cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perceiving and recognizing three-dimensional forms

When presented with a single two-dimensional picture of a three-dimensional object, the human visual system is often able to: (1) interpret the 2D projection as a 3D shape, and (2) recognize the 3D object that produced the 2D image. How these twin tasks of perception and recognition are accomplished remains one of the most debated questions in the field of vision. This thesis examines this question in a few domains, both computationally and experimentally, and arrives at the following conclusions: (1) It is possible to account for human 3D shape recovery performance in constrained domains by positing the existence of a few biases towards specific kinds of shapes. (2) In a general setting, the perception of 3D shapes involves learning and is likely to be mediated by recognition processes. This conclusion runs counter to the traditional notion of a perception to recognition processing hierarchy. (3) The processes subserving the recognition of 3D shapes may use highly viewpoint-dependent internal representations for at least some classes of objects. (4) The memory requirements of view-dependent representation schemes can be greatly reduced by the use of quasi-invariants comprising sets of qualitative measurements. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Complexes of CO2, COS, and CS2 with the Super Lewis Acid BH4+ Contrasted with Extremely Weak Complexations with BH3: Theoretical Calculations and Experimental Relevance1

Structures and energies of the complexes of CO2, COS, and CS2 with BH4+, a super Lewis acid (1−4a), were calculated with the density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-311+G** level. Each of the complexes 1−4a contains a hypercoordinate boron with a three-center two-electron (3c-2e) bond. Formation of 1−4a from the complexation of CO2, COS, and CS2 with BH4+ was calculated to be exothermic by 26−42 kcal/mol. At the same B3LYP/6-311+G** level calculations indicate that complexation of CO2, COS, and CS2 with neutral BH3 leads only to very weak complexes (1−4c) with relatively long B−O or B−S bonds. The computational results shed new light on related experimental studies of the ready and extremely mild superacid induced ionic hydrogenation of CO2, COS, and CS2 with NaBH4 to methane.
A Systematic Methodology for the Design Development and Scale-up of Complex Chemical Processes. The Role of Control and Concurrent Design

The paper presents a coherent methodology for the development of the design and control for new complex nonlinear chemical processes. The method uses concurrent design in which control considerations are an important part at all phases of the development and design. Control is used to compensate for the impact of the model uncertainties on the design. The method indicated is based on the author's experience and summarizes his recent work focusing on safe scale-up and the ability to meet specifications, which minimize the development cost and in most cases eliminate the need for large pilot plants.
An Evaluation of Mesoscale Model Predictions of Down-Valley and Canyon Flows and Their Consequences Using Doppler Lidar Measurements during VTMX 2000

Abstract A mesoscale model, a Lagrangian particle dispersion model, and extensive Doppler lidar wind measurements during the Vertical Transport and Mixing (VTMX) 2000 field campaign were used to examine converging flows over the Salt Lake valley in Utah and their effect on vertical mixing at night and during the morning transition period. The simulated wind components were transformed into radial velocities to make a direct comparison with about 1.3 million Doppler lidar data points and to evaluate critically the spatial variations in the simulated wind fields aloft. The mesoscale model captured reasonably well the general features of the observed circulations, including the daytime up-valley flow; the nighttime slope, canyon, and down-valley flows; and the convergence of the flows over the valley. When there were errors in the simulated wind fields, they were usually associated with the timing, structure, or strength of specific flows. The simulated flow reversal during the evening transition period prod...
Relativistic collapse model with tachyonic features

A finite relativistic model for free particles, which describes the collapse of the statevector, is presented.
Reflected third harmonic generated by picosecond laser pulses

Third harmonic generation detection for strongly absorbing media in reflection with neodymium-glass mode-locked laser, measuring nonlinear susceptibilities of semiconductors and metals
L-DOPA-quinone inactivates tryptophan hydroxylase and converts the enzyme to a redox-cycling quinoprotein

Tryptophan hydroxylase, the initial and rate limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HT), is inactivated by the quinone of L-DOPA. L-DOPA itself has no effect on enzyme activity. The inactivation of tryptophan hydroxylase could be prevented by glutathione (GSH), dithiothreitol, cysteine, and ascorbic acid but not by scavengers of hydrogen peroxide (catalase), hydroxyl radical (DMSO), or superoxide (superoxide dismutase). All cysteinyl residues within tryptophan hydroxylase are modified after treatment with L-DOPA-quinone as revealed by loss of DTNB-reactivity and formation of cysteinyl-DOPA residues. L-DOPA-quinone also converts tryptophan hydroxylase to a redox-cycling quinoprotein. These results suggest a possible mechanism of 5-HT neuronal damage in Parkinson's Disease by a redox-cycling quinoprotein.
Methamphetamine-associated memory is regulated by a writer and an eraser of permissive histone methylation.

Background Memories associated with drugs of abuse, such as methamphetamine (METH), increase relapse vulnerability to substance use disorder by triggering craving. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is essential to these drug-associated memories, but underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Posttranslational chromatin modifications, such as histone methylation, modulate gene transcription; thus, we investigated the role of the associated epigenetic modifiers in METH-associated memory. Methods Conditioned place preference was used to assess the epigenetic landscape in the NAc supporting METH-associated memory ( n = 79). The impact of histone methylation (H3K4me2/3) on the formation and expression of METH-associated memory was determined by focal, intra-NAc knockdown (KD) of a writer, the methyltransferase mixed-lineage leukemia 1 ( Mll1 ) ( n = 26), and an eraser, the histone lysine (K)-specific demethylase 5C ( Kdm5c ) ( n = 38), of H3K4me2/3. Results A survey of chromatin modifications in the NAc of animals forming a METH-associated memory revealed the global induction of several modifications associated with active transcription. This correlated with a pattern of gene activation, as revealed by microarray analysis, including upregulation of oxytocin receptor ( Oxtr ) and FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene ( Fos ), the promoters of which also had increased H3K4me3. KD of Mll1 reduced H3K4me3, Fos and Oxtr levels and disrupted METH-associated memory. KD of Kdm5c resulted in hypermethylation of H3K4 and prevented the expression of METH-associated memory. Conclusions The development and expression of METH-associated memory are supported by regulation of H3K4me2/3 levels by MLL1 and KDM5C, respectively, in the NAc. These data indicate that permissive histone methylation, and the associated epigenetic writers and erasers, represent potential targets for the treatment of substance abuse relapse, a psychiatric condition perpetuated by unwanted associative memories.
Muscarinic Signaling in the Cochlea: Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Effects on Efferent Feedback and Afferent Excitability

Acetylcholine is the major neurotransmitter of the olivocochlear efferent system, which provides feedback to cochlear hair cells and sensory neurons. To study the role of cochlear muscarinic receptors, we studied receptor localization with immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-PCR and measured olivocochlear function, cochlear responses, and histopathology in mice with targeted deletion of each of the five receptor subtypes. M2, M4, and M5 were detected in microdissected immature (postnatal days 10–13) inner hair cells and spiral ganglion cells but not outer hair cells. In the adult (6 weeks), the same transcripts were found in microdissected organ of Corti and spiral ganglion samples. M2 protein was found, by immunohistochemistry, in olivocochlear fibers in both outer and inner hair cell areas. M3 mRNA was amplified only from whole cochleas, and M1 message was never seen in wild-type ears. Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) were unaffected by loss of Gq-coupled receptors (M1, M3, or M5), as were shock-evoked olivocochlear effects and vulnerability to acoustic injury. In contrast, loss of Gi-coupled receptors (M2 and/or M4) decreased neural responses without affecting DPOAEs (at low frequencies). This phenotype and the expression pattern are consistent with excitatory muscarinic signaling in cochlear sensory neurons. At high frequencies, both ABRs and DPOAEs were attenuated by loss of M2 and/or M4, and the vulnerability to acoustic injury was dramatically decreased. This aspect of the phenotype and the expression pattern are consistent with a presynaptic role for muscarinic autoreceptors in decreasing ACh release from olivocochlear terminals during high-level acoustic stimulation and suggest that muscarinic antagonists could enhance the resistance of the inner ear to noise-induced hearing loss.
Defense against infection with filamentous fungi in rainbow trout.

Abstract 1. 1. Healthy rainbow trout effectively resisted infection after subcutaneous inoculation with isolates of filamentous fungi recovered from cutaneous infections in fish. 2. 2. The organisms were capable of growth on the tissues of freshly sacrificed fish following inoculation by the same method. 3. 3. Microscopic examination of the inoculation sites revealed a prominent cellular infiltrate with higher proportions of neutrophils than those found at control sites or in peripheral blood. Inflammatory cells were found to be adherent to the surface of fungal hyphae removed from the inoculation site after 24–72 hr. 4. 4. Neither precipitating antifungal antibody nor plasma factors capable of inhibiting fungal growth were found in the fish used in these experiments. 5. 5. These studies suggest that inflammatory cells, particularly neutrophils, may be involved in the defense against filamentous fungi by rainbow trout.
Adaptive Region of Interest (ROI) detection and tracking for respiration measurement in thermal video

Respiration rate is a key guide for evaluating the physiological state of an individual during triage. Recent work has shown that high resolution thermal cameras can passively and remotely obtain respiration signals under controlled environmental conditions. This paper introduces an automatic end-to-end respiration signal measurement (through signal detection) approach based on statistical computation of the image intensities around the human nostril area in a thermal video. A method is presented to detect and track the nostril area and to calculate statistical values of the pixel intensity around the nostril area and correlate the statistical values with respiration signals from a contact sensor such as transducer belt. Results are based upon data collected from 200 subjects across two different experiments. This work provides not only a new image processing tool for tracking facial ROIs in thermal imagery, but also enhances our capability to provide non-contact, remote, passive, and real-time methods for measuring respiration for security and medical applications.
Counting Objects with a Combination of Horizontal and Overhead Sensors

In this paper we consider the problem of planning sensor observations for a network of overhead sensors which will resolve ambiguities in the output of a horizontal sensor network. More specifically, we address the problem of counting the number of objects detected by the horizontal sensor network, using the overhead network to aim at specific areas to improve the count. We consider several different overhead sensor models. The main theme of our results is that, even though observation planning is intractable for such a network, a simple, greedy algorithm for controlling the overhead sensors guarantees performance with bounded and reasonable suboptimality. Our results are very general and make few assumptions about the specific sensors used.
Training personnel in multinational businesses: An inoculation approach

Abstract A significant need for expanded personnel training programs and facilities in multinational businesses exists in these rapidly changing times. William McGuire's inoculation theory has been adapted to create an inoculation agenda which consists of 10 elements which constitute the focus of a developmental program: (1) Linguistic variables, (2) Individual Identity and Status, (3) Historical and Political Climates of the Host Culture, (4) Social Values and Structure, (5) Economic Trends and Conditions, (6) Technological Language Vocabularies, (7) Nonverbal Cues and Signals, (8) Family Orientations and Traditions, (9) Managerial Skills, and (10) Company Objectives and Policies. Reactions of overseas personnel to these 10 elements, working separately or together, may either facilitate or frustrate employees' abilities to communicate effectively while on overseas assignments. This proposal has far reaching implications and potential for use and reuse when entering or re-entering various cultures.
Biology, ecology, and prevalence of dust mites

The house dust mites D. farinae, D. pteronyssinus, and E. maynei are sources of multiple potent allergens in the indoor environment. They are common inhabitants in homes worldwide. Many biologically significant studies have revealed how well adapted these mites are to the microhabitats in homes. Ambient RH is a key factor in determining where these mites are found. Many aspects of the biology of house dust mites are not understood. A greater understanding of the biology of dust mites may reveal new strategies for controlling dust mites and their allergens in homes.
Natural products in drug discovery – Creating a new vision

“If only they had chosen to develop natural product drugs in a sustainable manner at the turn of the century”. In 2050, when the Earth has a population of at least 9 billion, will this be our legacy as the world contemplates the costs and availability of synthetic and gene-based products for primary health care? For most people in the world, plants, in their various forms, remain a primary source of health care. However, in the developed countries, natural products derived from plants assume a very minor role as prescription and over-the-counter products, even with the widespread use of phytotherapeutical preparations. With the continuing decline of natural products in large scale, ultrahigh-throughput screening programs in pharmaceutical industry, and acknowledging the recent history of the relationship between humankind and the Earth, it is essential that we consider what are the health care issues that we are leaving for our descendants? Where do our responsibilities as global citizens and scientists coalesce? What is the vision for natural product research that we must create now in order to maintain the choices of drug discovery and pharmaceutical development for future generations? In order to assist us in creating this vision, we will examine some facets of how natural products must be involved globally in a sustainable manner for improving health care. We will discuss access to the biome, the acquisition, analysis and dissemination of plant knowledge, the safety and efficacy of traditional plant remedies, analytical and biotechnology development, and natural product structure diversification and drug discovery potential. Finally, we will address the question of who will fund this vision?
The benefits of the Kyoto Protocol to developing countries

The Kyoto Protocol relies on incentive-based regulations layered underneath a global cap on net emissions of greenhouse gases. Within the Kyoto Protocol are opportunities and constraints for signatory nations. Of concern to developing nations are the constraints the Kyoto Protocol could place on future growth. We examine the constraints and the opportunities offered to developing countries within the Kyoto Protocol. By identifying the potential costs and benefits the Kyoto Protocol has to offer to developing countries and by examining the incentives each create, we hope to spark serious investigations into ways to minimize the potential costs of entering the Kyoto Protocol and take full advantage of the potential benefits.
Alaskan villagers' views on problem drinking: "those who forget".

Statewide statistics suggest that problems relating to alcohol abuse represent a major public health problem for Native Alaskans but very little is known about alcohol use on a community level, due to deficient reporting mechanisms and a lack of relevant research. The research reported here was designed to begin to fill this stated need. Alcohol use patterns, the extent of drinking, and associated problems as perceived by residents of two Alaskan Eskimo villages are documented. The structure and effects of alcohol programs in the villages, which represent local attempts to manage alcohol, are also examined. The research demonstrates that it cannot be assumed that all Native Alaskan communities have the same scale of drinking and consequent problems. Differential response to alcohol programs, which have essentially the same structure, is demonstrated and related to the recent development of contrasting levels of community organization in the two villages, which share a common cultural tradition. The utilit...
Outer membrane protein subtypes and investigation of recurrent Haemophilus influenzae type b disease.

Ten previously healthy patients, ages 3 to 26 months, developed recurrent episodes of deep-tissue Haemophilus influenzae type b infections from 4 to 191 days (median=28 days) after the last day of antibiotic therapy given for the first episode. None of the patients had a persistent focus of infection and eight were considered to have had adequate therapy for the initial episode. Bacteremia, without evidence of relapse at the site of the original infection, was documented in eight of the ten recurrent episodes. The ampicillin susceptibilities of the HITB isolates changed between episodes in two of the patients. Blood or CSF isolates from both episodes in seven patients were examined for biotypes and outer membrane protein subtypes. Concordance of both biotype and OMP subtype was present for all seven paired isolates, including the two pairs in which the HITB ampicillin sensitivities had changed. These data imply that some patients become reinfected with their original HITB isolates and that OMP and capsular antigens do not always elicit protective immunity, even after natural infection.
Immune reactions to P2 protein in human inflammatory demyelinative neuropathies.

The significance of immune reactions against peripheral nervous system antigens in the human inflammatory polyneuropathies is still uncertain. Using a very sensitive assay, we found greatly increased levels of anti-P2 antibodies in sera of animals with experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) but no increases in humans with acute Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), chronic relapsing polyneuritis (CRIP), axonal neuropathy, or normals. P2 protein and CNS basic protein did not induce any increased proliferation in lymphocytes of GBS or CRIP patients. We conclude that P2 and BP appear unlikely to be targets for humoral or cellular immune reactivity in GBS or CRIP.
The Heat-Shock Factor is not Activated in Mammalian Cells Exposed to Cellular Phone Frequency Microwaves

Abstract Laszlo, A., Moros, E. G., Davidson, T., Bradbury, M., Straube, W. and Roti Roti, J. The Heat-Shock Factor is not Activated in Mammalian Cells Exposed to Cellular Phone Frequency Microwaves. Radiat. Res. 164, 163–172 (2005). There has been considerable interest in the biological effects of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation, given the explosive growth of cellular telephone use, with the possible induction of malignancy being a significant concern. Thus the determination of whether nonthermal effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation contribute to the process leading to malignancy is an important task. One proposed pathway to malignancy involves the induction of the stress response by exposures to cell phone frequency microwaves. The first step in the induction of the stress response is the activation of the DNA-binding activity of the specific transcription factor involved in this response, the heat-shock factor (HSF). The DNA-binding activity of HSF in hamster, mouse a...
Effects of calcium and verapamil on vesicourethral smooth muscle of rabbits.

Abstract Isolated smooth muscle strips from the rabbit bladder body, bladder base, and proximal urethra were contracted with ionic calcium (Ca 2+ ) alone and with the calcium-selective ionophore A23187, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and direct electrical stimulation. The effects of Ca 2+ and the calcium entry blocker verapamil on spontaneous muscle activity and on contractions induced by these agonists were examined. Ca 2+ free Tyrode's solution and verapamil, 1 × 10 −7 M and above, relaxed all of the vesicourethral smooth muscle strips. In addition verapamil, 1 × 10 −8 to 1 × 10 −6 M depending on the particular stimulant employed, noncompetitively inhibited smooth muscle contractions elicited by Ca 2+ acetylcholine, norepinephrine, ATP, and direct electrical stimulation. It was concluded that transmembrane Ca 2+ influx was important not only in the maintenance of tone and spontaneous phasic muscle activity, but also for the activation of contractions induced by all of the stimulants tested. The data also suggest that intracellular Ca 2+ fraction(s) participate in the contractile responses to acetylcholine and norepinephrine challenge, but not to contractions evoked by ATP or electricity.
Measurements of a Machian transient mass fluctuation

The prediction of a novel transient mass fluctuation expected in relativistic theories of gravitation that satisfy the “globally-local” Mach condition (that the cosmic gravitational potential is roughly equal to the square of the speed of light) is set forth. Cosmological consequences of the Mach condition are mentioned, and an experiment that tests the prediction is discussed. The apparatus, procedure, and results of this experiment are described. The predicted effect is seen with better than order of magnitude accuracy.
Pathfinder. Developing a solar rechargeable aircraft

Some assignments, both civilian and military, are better performed by unmanned, long-endurance, solar rechargeable aircraft high in the atmosphere than by satellites in low Earth orbits. These aircraft would have more flexible flight paths and would be far less costly than satellites to design, build, and operate. In collaboration with AeroVironment, Inc., the authors developed a lightweight flying wing, called Pathfinder, that uses present-day technologies in photovoltaics, power electronics, aerodynamics, and guidance and control. Because of its light weight, 30 m wingspan, and intended high peak altitude (2025 km), Pathfinder is span loaded; that is, the weight of all components is distributed as evenly as possible across the five modules that make up its wing. Flight tests have proven the soundness of the concepts and components.
Bradykinin inhibits M current via phospholipase C and Ca2+ release from IP3-sensitive Ca2+ stores in rat sympathetic neurons

A variety of intracellular signaling pathways can modulate the properties of voltage-gated ion channels. Some of them are well characterized. However, the diffusible second messenger mediating suppression of M current via G protein-coupled receptors has not been identified. In superior cervical ganglion neurons, we find that the signaling pathways underlying M current inhibition by B2 bradykinin and M1 muscarinic receptors respond very differently to inhibitors. The bradykinin pathway was suppressed by the phospholipase C inhibitor U-73122, by blocking the IP3 receptor with pentosan polysulfate or heparin, and by buffering intracellular calcium, and it was occluded by allowing IP3 to diffuse into the cytoplasm via a patch pipette. By contrast, the muscarinic pathway was not disrupted by any of these treatments. The addition of bradykinin was accompanied by a [Ca2+]i rise with a similar onset and time to peak as the inhibition of M current. The M current inhibition and the rise of [Ca2+]i were blocked by depletion of Ca2+ internal stores by thapsigargin. We conclude that bradykinin receptors inhibit M current of sympathetic neurons by activating phospholipase C and releasing Ca2+ from IP3-sensitive Ca2+ stores, whereas muscarinic receptors do not use the phospholipase C pathway to inhibit M current channels.
Characteristic firing behavior of cell types in the cardiorespiratory region of the nucleus tractus solitarii of the rat

The present in vitro study was performed to characterize neurons within dorsal regions of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), principally at the level of area postrema, and known to receive inputs predominantly from cardiovascular and respiratory afferents (i.e. cardiorespiratory NTS). This report describes 4 classes of neurons (S1-S4) that were silent at their resting membrane potential and received relatively short (< 3.6 ms) and consistent latency synaptic inputs (+/- 0.4 ms) comprising either an EPSP or EPSP/IPSP sequence following low intensity electrical stimulation of the solitary tract (ts). Intracellular recording with sharp electrodes were used to characterize neuron types based on their different firing response patterns to injection of depolarizing current. S1 cells showed a single action potential; S2 fired repetitively; S3 produced a 2-5 spike burst coincident with the start of the current pulse and S4 neurons showed delayed excitation. Accommodation of firing frequency was seen in S2, S3 and some S4 cells. The voltage dependency of the different discharge patterns of the 4 cell groups was tested by current pulse stimulation at different holding potentials. However, in the majority of cells in any one cell class the firing pattern was qualitatively similar. Based on these findings it is suggested that the different firing characteristics reflect differences in intrinsic membrane properties between neuron classes. Representative examples from each of the defined cell classes were further studied in current and voltage clamp using the whole cell patch technique to define the presence and role of certain ionic currents in the firing response patterns of the 4 cell groups. In the current clamp configuration the firing behavior of S1 neurons (single spiking) was unaltered during exposure to 4-aminopyridine (4-AP; 2 mM), cobalt chloride (Co; 5 mM), norepinephrine (NE; 20 microM) and muscarine chloride (50 microM). It is suggested that the relatively low excitability of this neuron is due a persistent outward current which occurred at -40 mV during depolarizing voltage steps in the voltage clamp configuration. A common characteristic of S2 neurons (repetitively firing) was that they showed accommodation during current injection which was greatly attenuated in the presence of Co or NE. In addition, 4-AP slowed the firing frequency, reduced the afterhyperpolarization and broadened the spike width of S2 cells. Interestingly, the amount of accommodation observed in S2 cells was variable for cells of this class and was proportional to the magnitude of a Co-sensitive inward current present during depolarizing voltage steps between -45 to -5 mV.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Reactive content of the optical potential

A simple unitarity relation is derived for the elastic projectile-nucleus scattering amplitude. This result provides an alternative interpretation and justification for the ordinary distorted wave impulse approximation, and thus may serve to correct a misapprehension concerning this approximation which might erroneously be obtained from recent trends in the literature.
Next-Generation Sequencing of Small RNAs from HIV-Infected Cells Identifies Phased microRNA Expression Patterns and Candidate Novel microRNAs Differentially Expressed upon Infection

ABSTRACT HIV infection of CD4+ T cells induces a range of host transcriptional changes in mRNAs as well as microRNAs that may coordinate changes in mRNAs. To survey these dynamic changes, we applied next-generation sequencing, analyzing the small RNA fraction of HIV-infected cells at 5, 12, and 24 h postinfection (RNA-Seq). These time points afforded a view of the transcriptomic changes occurring both before and during viral replication. In the resulting small RNA-Seq data set, we detected a phased pattern of microRNA expression. Largely distinct sets of microRNAs were found to be suppressed at 5 and 12 h postinfection, and both sets of changes rebounded later in infection. A larger set of microRNA changes was observed at 24 h postinfection. When integrated with mRNA expression data, the small RNA-Seq data indicated a role for microRNAs in transcriptional regulation, T cell activation, and cell cycle during HIV infection. As a unique benefit of next-generation sequencing, we also detected candidate novel host microRNAs differentially expressed during infection, including one whose downregulation at 24 h postinfection may allow full replication of HIV to proceed. Collectively, our data provide a uniquely comprehensive view of the changes in host microRNAs induced by HIV during cellular infection. IMPORTANCE New sequencing technologies allow unprecedented views into changes occurring in virus-infected cells, including comprehensive and largely unbiased measurements of different types of RNA. In this study, we used next-generation sequencing to profile dynamic changes in cellular microRNAs occurring in HIV-infected cells. The sensitivity afforded by sequencing allowed us to detect changes in microRNA expression early in infection, before the onset of viral replication. A phased pattern of expression was evident among these microRNAs, and many that were initially suppressed were later overexpressed at the height of infection, providing unique signatures of infection. By integrating additional mRNA data with the microRNA data, we identified a role for microRNAs in transcriptional regulation during infection and specifically a network of microRNAs involved in the expression of a known HIV cofactor. Finally, as a distinct benefit of sequencing, we identified candidate nonannotated microRNAs, including one whose downregulation may allow HIV-1 replication to proceed fully.
Sentio, ergo sum: "motivation" reconsidered.

(1967). Sentio, Ergo Sum: “Motivation” Reconsidered. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 65, No. 1, pp. 91-107.
LIGHT-DARK CYCLE AND MITOTIC INDEX IN ASELLUS-AQUATICUS (L) (CRUSTACEA, ISOPODA)

The circadian variation of the mitotic index during spermiohistogenesis was studied in Asellus aquaticus (L.). The actual number of metaphases and prometaphases was determined at the end of each hour of light or darkness over a 24 h period in animals bred under LD 12:12. The number of the metaphases and prometaphases decreases during the light period and sharply increases in the last 3 hrs of the dark period. This variation in the proliferative activity suggests that photoperiod can play a role in the synchronization of mitosis.
Final-state symmetry of Na 1s core-shell excitons in NaCl and NaF

We report measurements of the Na 1s contribution to the nonresonant inelastic x-ray scattering (NRIXS) from NaCl and NaF. Prior x-ray absorption studies have observed two pre-edge excitons in both materials. The momentum-transfer dependence (q dependence) of the measured NRIXS cross section and of real-space full multiple scattering and Bethe-Salpeter calculations determine that the higher-energy core excitons are s type for each material. The lower-energy core excitons contribute at most weakly to the NRIXS signal and we propose that these may be surface core excitons, as have been observed in several other alkali halides. The analysis of the orbital angular momentum of these features leads to a discussion of the limited sensitivity of NRIXS measurements to d-type final states when investigating 1s initial states. In this case the s- and p-type final density of states can be characterized by measurements at a small number of momentum transfers. This is in contrast to the case of more complex initial states for which measurements at a large number of momentum transfers are needed to separate the rich admixture of accessible and contributing final-state symmetries.
Benzyne : higher-level theoretical evidence for the weak triple bond

Abstract The infrared spectrum of ortho-benzyne has been a challenge to theory and experiment alike for some time. Ab initio molecular quantum mechanics has been applied to this problem at a level of theory significantly higher than previously possible. Second-order perturbation theory (MP2) using a triple-zeta-plus-double-polarization (TZ + 2P) basis set predicts the CC harmonic vibrational frequency to be 1943 cm − . With the anticipated small downward correction for anharmonicity, this result is in close agreement with two recent experiments, but in poor agreement with four earlier laboratory studies. Theory unequivocally predicts a weak triple bond for benzyne.
Latissimus dorsi free flaps for complex ischiosacral defects.

Abstract Background Free tissue transfer for coverage of complex wounds in the ischial and sacral area can be limited by the lack of adequate recipient vessels. Methods We reviewed the records of 3 patients seen between August 2002 and December 2005 who underwent free tissue transfer to ischiosacral defects. Results Two patients were quadriplegic, and 1 patient was ambulatory. The gluteal vessels were used as recipients in 2 patients, and 1 patient had an arteriovenous loop to the femoral vessels. All flaps were successful and all wounds healed. Conclusions A free latissimus flap to the ischiosacral area can be effective, and both local (gluteal) and regional (femoral) vessels can serve as recipient vessels.
Remarks on Balance in Generalized Tate Cohomology

We consider two pairs of complete hereditary cotorsion theories \({\left( {\mathcal{P},\mathcal{M}} \right)},{\left( {\mathcal{M},\mathcal{I}} \right)}\;{\text{and}}\;{\left( {\mathcal{C},\mathcal{L}} \right)}{\left( {\mathcal{L},\mathcal{E}} \right)}\) on the category of left R-modules, such that \(\mathcal{P} \subset \mathcal{C}.\) We prove that for any left R-modules M, N and for any n ≧ 1, the generalized Tate cohomology modules \(\widehat{{{\text{Ext}}}}^{n}_{{\mathcal{C},\mathcal{P}}} {\left( {M,N} \right)}\) can be computed either using a left \(\mathcal{C}{\text{ - resolution}}\) of M and a left \(\mathcal{P}{\text{ - resolution}}\) of M or using a right \(\mathcal{E}\hbox{-and}\) a right \(\mathcal{I}{\text{ - resolution}}\) of N.
Acidosis alters the hyperthermic cytotoxicity and the cellular stress response

Abstract Heat stroke mortality is worsened in the presence of acidosis. Using cell culture as an in vitro model of exertional heat stress, we have shown that physiologic acidosis (pH 6.8) significantly increases cell death from hyperthermia. We have further demonstrated that acidosis augments the heat response of the human HSP70 3′ untranslated region. These studies provide an in vitro model for study of the mechanisms of injury in exertional heat stress.
A RE-EXAMINATION OF THE PROXY HYPOTHESIS

In this study we examine whether the proxy hypothesis can explain the puzzling negative relation between real stock returns and expected inflation. Our study improves upon previous tests that suffer from model misspecification and are incomplete. With correctly specified models, we provide a comprehensive test using data from four major industrialized nations during the period of floating exchange rates. Results do not support the proxy hypothesis.
On the effectiveness of genetic search in combinatorial optimization

In this paper, we study the e cacy of genetic algorithms in the context of combinatorial optimization. In particular, we isolate the e ects of cross-over, treated as the central component of genetic search. We show that for problems of nontrivial size and di culty, the contribution of cross-over search is marginal, both synergistically when run in conjunction with mutation and selection, or when run with selection alone, the reference point being the search procedure consisting of just mutation and selection. The latter can be viewed as another manifestation of the Metropolis process. Considering the high computational cost of maintaining a population to facilitate cross-over search, its marginal bene t renders genetic search inferior to its singletonpopulation counterpart, the Metropolis process, and by extension, simulated annealing. This is further compounded by the fact that many problems arising in practice may inherently require a large number of state transitions for a near-optimal solution to be found, making genetic search infeasible given the high cost of computing a single iteration in the enlarged state-space. A short version will appear in Proc. 10th ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, Genetic Algorithms and Optimization Track, February, 1995. Supported in part by NSF grant CCR-9204284 0
Vestibular neuritis, or driving dizzily through Donegal.

Dr. Richard T. Johnson relates his experience of a sudden onset of vertigo without hearing loss. Old textbooks incorrectly stated that the symptoms resolve within a few days or weeks.
A formulation of the integrated facility layout, product selection and process planning problem

Abstract A mathematical formulation for integrated production system planning is proposed. The economic decision model integrates product selection, capacity planning, process planning, and facility layout. The network structure of the material flow constraints facilitates the solution.
The Unusual Reactivities of Amphitrite ornata Dehaloperoxidase and Notomastus lobatus Chloroperoxidase Do Not Arise from a Histidine Imidazolate Proximal Heme Iron Ligand

Notomastus lobatus chloroperoxidase (NCPO) and Amphitrite ornata dehaloperoxidase (DHP) catalyze the halogenation of phenols and dehalogenation of halophenols, respectively. Both enzymes require peroxide for activity and have recently been shown to contain histidine (His) as their proximal heme iron ligand. DHP is the only heme enzyme known to catalyze peroxide-dependent defluorination reactions, and NCPO is the first His-ligated heme-containing peroxidase capable of chlorinating halogen acceptors using chloride as the halogen donor. To probe the roles of the proximal His ligands in the mechanism of action of these two novel peroxidases, they have been examined by resonance Raman and infrared spectroscopy to determine the vibrational properties of their deoxyferrous and ferrous−CO derivatives. Previous studies of His-ligated heme proteins have revealed characteristic distinctions between dioxygen-binding globins and peroxidases. In the latter, the spectral properties are indicative of strong hydrogen bond...
Portfolio Selection with Quadratic Utility Revisited

Considering a simple portfolio selection problem by agents with quadratic utility, an apparently counterintuitive outcome results. When such a choice is over two assets that can be ordered in terms of riskiness, an agent that is more risk averse may optimally invest a larger portion of wealth in the riskier asset. It is shown that such an outcome is not counterintuitive, since for the portfolios from which agents optimally choose, a larger proportion of investment in the riskier asset leads to a less risky portfolio.
Infantile spasms provoked by partial seizures

Abstract A case of infantile spasms that were persistently preceded by a partial seizure is presented. The absence of normal interhemispheric communication through the corpus callosum excludes rapid secondary generalization via this route as a possible explanation for bilateral spasms. A mechanism implicating the brainstem as the common source of infantile spasms and their characteristic hypsarrhythmic EEG pattern is discussed.
The rationality of the OECD foreign-balance forecasts for the USA

Abstract A recent study has documented that the OECD forecasts of the USA foreign balance are biased. This paper, in the spirit of intertemporal models of the current account, advances the hypothesis that the bias is due to the tendency to underpredict the surge in demand which follows periods of rising consumer indebtedness. The empirical results are consistent with this hypothesis. They also indicate that the bias is more severe than originally thought, but, on the positive side, associated with some easily identifiable periods. Both the theoretical and the empirical analysis should be of interest to economists who study the impact of exchange rate changes on a country's balance of payments, and to policy makers and market participants who condition their decisions on expectations about future developments.
Dawn‐dusk electric field asymmetry of the Io plasma torus

The effects of a combined convection and corotation electric field across the Io plasma torus are considered. A dawn-to-dusk electric field E sub C will modify the orbits of charged particles shifting them toward dawn. The radial drift imposed by the perturbed orbits implies a local time-dependent modulation of low-energy ion and electron temperatures with particles hotter at dusk than at dawn. With E sub C approximately 4 mV/m, the orbits near 6 Jupiter radii would be shifted by approximately 0.2 Jupiter radius. Then the electron temperature would be 20% higher at dust than at dawn, an effect which could explain the local time asymmetry of EUV intensity found by the Voyager ultraviolet spectrometer. The source of the convection electric field is internal to the magnetosphere, and is attributed to the tailward escape of Iogenic and Jovian plasma beyond the Alfven surface.
Interstitial Nitrate Profiles and Oxidation of Sedimentary Organic Matter in the Eastern Equatorial Atlantic

Pore-water nitrate concentrations in six pelagic eastern equatorial Atlantic cores increase from bottom water values (22 micromolar) to 40 micromolar at a depth of about 5 centimeters, then decrease to undetectable levels at depths as shallow as 40 centimeters. These nitrate concentrations and concentration gradients reflect zones of oxygen reduction, nitrate reduction, and sulfate reduction in the sediments. The estimated benthic flux of nitrate to the ocean from our data is much less than the total globalflux of nitrate to deep waters, even though these equatorial sediments underlie a productive upwelling zone. The estimated denitrification rate in our study area suggests that pelagic sediments may be important sites of marine denitrification.
Airborne Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu concentration by particle size near a Pb smelter

Abstract A study of airborne Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu was conducted on 2 farms: a test farm exposed to a lead smelter and associated sources of lead contamination in the New Lead Belt of southeast Missouri, and a control farm outside the lead production area. An Andersen eight-stage impactor sampler was used on both farms to collect air samples during winter, spring and summer seasons. The trace element concentrations were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The concentrations of all four elements were higher on the test farm than on the control farm in all of the three seasons. Approximately 66% of the Pb. 88% of the Cd. 73% of the Zn and 54% of the Cu was composed of particles smaller than 4.7 μm the upper practical limit of respirable size.
Co-adsorption of propene and nitrogen oxides on Cu-ZSM-5: An FTIR study

Cu-ZSM-5 catalysts have generated substantial automotive interest. This work deals with interactions between nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons on these materials from 25 to 225°C using infrared spectroscopy. Co-adsorption of NO with propene on CuHZSM5 produced only marginal spectral differences compared to the state of preadsorbed propene on the catalyst, indicating minimal interactions between the adsorbates. Oxygen addition to NO plus propene on CuHZSM5 resulted in appreciable NO oxidation. Propene adsorption decreased considerably, apparently due to a strong affinity of NO2 for the hydrocarbon. The spectra also suggest additional carbonylation and carboxylation of adsorbed hydrocarbons due to NO2. In the presence of NO2 and hydrocarbons on CuHZSM5, a band appeared at 2590 cm−1. This band did not emerge during similar adsorption on HZSM5. The co-adsorption experiments indicate the following order for extent of interactions between the oxidants and propene on CuHZSM5: NO < O2 < NO2.
The First Takeoff of a Biologically Inspired At-Scale Robotic Insect

Biology is a useful tool when applied to engineering challenges that have been solved in nature. Here, the emulous goal of creating an insect-sized, truly micro air vehicle is addressed by first exploring biological principles. These principles give insights on how to generate sufficient thrust to sustain flight for centimeter-scale vehicles. Here, it is shown how novel manufacturing paradigms enable the creation of the mechanical and aeromechanical subsystems of a microrobotic device that is capable of Diptera-like wing trajectories. The results are a unique microrobot: a 60 mg robotic insect that can produce sufficient thrust to accelerate vertically. Although still externally powered, this micromechanical device represents significant progress toward the creation of autonomous insect-sized micro air vehicles.
“I’m a Keep Rising. I’m a Keep Going Forward, Regardless”: Exploring Black Men’s Resilience Amid Sociostructural Challenges and Stressors

A growing number of health and social science research findings document Black men’s adversities, but far less is known about their strengths. The purpose of this study was to explore resilience among low-income, urban, Black men. Semistructured interviews produced rich narratives, which uncovered numerous sociostructural stressors in men’s lives, such as racism, incarceration, and unemployment. Most men were resilient despite these challenges, however, and described five main forms of resilience: (a) perseverance; (b) a commitment to learning from hardship; (c) reflecting and refocusing to address difficulties; (d) creating a supportive environment; and (e) drawing support from religion/spirituality. Analysis of men’s challenge and resilience narratives revealed the need to understand and promote low-income, urban, Black men’s resilience via a broader ecosocial perspective which acknowledges the importance of social and community-level protective factors to support individual men’s efforts to survive and thrive amid their adversities.
Webponder: An Innovative Cloud Service for Application Description and Provisioning

This paper describes Webponder, a technology that enables fast and agile creation of business applications without traditional programming. Specifically Webponder can be deployed as a cloud service that enables the following: Application Description, a process of defining a type of business application; Application Provisioning, a process of creating an instance of an application type and deploying it in the Cloud. Compared to traditional licensed software and software-as-a-service (SaaS) applications, Webponder is particularly suitable for building those community-based applications that are ad hoc and/or ever-evolving in nature, and often need fast development and agile update. Webponder provides a cost-effective alternative, in terms of cost and time-to-market, to the provisioning of these applications. In addition, Webponder is easy to be adopted and integrated with other enterprise applications or Cloud services as it is based upon open standards and provides a Web service interface.