cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An ideal associated gas film model for highly expanded surface films

Abstract An ideal associated gas film model is proposed for highly expanded insoluble nonionic surface films, based on a single equilibrium constant for stepwise addition to form aggregates ranging from two molecules to infinity. This model yields a single-parameter equation of state, which appears to be superior to the van der Waals equation for describing the properties of the surface film from near the point of “liquid vapor” equilibrium to infinite expansion. This equation provides a simple method for calculating the thermodynamic properties of gaseous and condensed films, and is particularly useful for estimating the mixing properties of films.
Modeling Myopic Decisions: Evidence for Hyperbolic Delay-Discounting within Subjects and Amounts

Abstract Hyperbolic and exponential discounting functions were compared as models of subjects′ present valuations of delayed rewards. Previous comparisons have been limited by relying on the assumption that discounting rate is independent of reward size; we avoided this limitation by making all comparisons within reward sizes. In Experiment 1, using real rewards in a simulated auction, and in Experiment 2, using hypothetical rewards, we offered subjects five monetary rewards at six delays each and asked them to indicate the smallest amount that they would accept immediately in exchange for those rewards. Both discounting functions were then fit to the six reported amounts for each reward using nonlinear regressions. In both experiments, although both functions fit the data very well, the hyperbolic function fit better for all of the delayed rewards. Furthermore, the hyperbolic function better described the data for 20 of 21 and 14 of 18 subjects in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively.
Motivational interviewing delivered by diabetes educators: Does it improve blood glucose control among poorly controlled type 2 diabetes patients? ☆ ☆☆

Abstract Aim To determine whether glycemic control is improved when motivational interviewing (MI), a patient-centered behavior change strategy, is used with diabetes self management education (DSME) as compared to DSME alone. Methods Poorly controlled type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients ( n =234) were randomized into 4 groups: MI+DSME or DSME alone, with or without use of a computerized summary of patient self management barriers. We compared HbA1c changes between groups at 6 months and investigated mediators of HbA1c change. Results Study patients attended the majority of the four intervention visits (mean 3.4), but drop-out rate was high at follow-up research visits (35%). Multiple regression showed that groups receiving MI had a mean change in HbA1c that was significantly lower (less improved) than those not receiving MI ( t =2.10; p =0.037). Mediators of HbA1c change for the total group were diabetes self-care behaviors and diabetes distress; no between-group differences were found. Conclusions DSME improved blood glucose control, underlining its benefit for T2DM management. However, MI+DSME was less effective than DSME alone. Overall, weak support was found for the clinical utility of MI in the management of T2DM delivered by diabetes educators.
Modular Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of an Adolescent Female With Selective Mutism and Social Phobia A Case Study

Selective mutism (SM), a debilitating disorder usually appearing in childhood, is diagnosed when an individual capable of speaking fails to speak in social situations in which there is an expectati...
Adults Usually Believe Young Children: The Influence of Eliciting Questions and Suggestibility Presentations on Perceptions of Children’s Disclosures

Do people realize the danger of asking misinformed children yes-no questions? Study 1 confirmed that disclosures children made during free recall in an earlier suggestibility study were more accurate than disclosures following "yes" responses to yes-no questions, which in turn were more accurate than disclosures following "no" responses. In Studies 2 and 3, college students watched interviews of children and judged the veracity of these three disclosure patterns. Participants generally believed false reports representing the first two patterns, although watching expert testimony that included a videotaped example of a false report reduced trust in prompted disclosures. Results document the need to inform forensic decision-makers about the circumstances associated with erroneous responses to yes-no questions.
Grass Carp Stocking Model for Coldwater Lakes

Abstract A simple model employing various physical, biological, recreational, and management attributes was developed to establish stocking recommendations for grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella in coldwater lakes and ponds. Eight attributes were considered to be key factors influencing stocking densities and probable success of aquatic vegetation control when grass carp are stocked: water temperature (as a function of lake elevation); density, distribution, and species of aquatic plants; human disturbance; lake management objective; and size and ploidy (diploidy or triploidy) of the fish stocked. The first five attributes are used, through a series of sequentially nested attribute comparisons, to establish a nonadjusted stocking rate range for each lake. To arrive at a final stocking recommendation, the nonadjusted rate is modified to account for the remaining three attributes. The model addresses the ecological role and importance of aquatic vegetation in lakes and establishes desirable vegetation densi...
Eichler cohomology theorem for automorphic forms of small weights

Let Γ be an H-group. In 1974 Marvin Knopp conjectured that the Eichler cohomology group, with base space taken to be the set of all functions holomorphic in the upper half-plane, of polynomial growth at the real line (including oo), and with a weight k,multiplier system v linear fractional action of r, is isomorphic to the space of cusp forms on r of weight 2 — κ and multiplier system D, in the range 0 < κ < 2. In this article the authors prove the conjecture by making essential use of Hans Petersson's "principal parts condition" for automorphic forms (1955).
The effect of hyper-osmotic stress on food vacuole formation in Paramecium tetraurelia and Paramecium calkinsi

Summary The ability of Paramecium tetraurelia and Paramecium calkinsi to form food vacuoles under severe hyper-osmotic stress was compared. P. tetraurelia shows some moderate acclimation of the feeding mechanism to hyper-osmotic stress, but P. calkinsi has a much wider tolerance and can form food vacuoles under conditions of salinity stress it would rarely encounter in nature. Recovery of the ability to form food vacuoles under high salinity stress is part of the set of adaptations P. calkinsi has for living in tidal marshes.
HL-91-technetium-99m: a new marker of viability in ischemic myocardium.

Technetium 99m-HL91 is a new hypoxia imaging agent that demonstrates increased uptake in ischemic, viable myocardium. This study was performed to determine whether HL91 is taken up by nonviable myocardium. Twenty-three Krebs-Henseleit buffer-perfused, isolated rat hearts were studied. Tc-99m-HL91 300 μCi was infused over 10 minutes, followed by a 60-minute clearance. Myocardial activity was monitored by use of an NaI crystal. Four groups were studied: control (flow=12 mL/min, n=7), low flow (flow=1 mL/min, n=6), no flow/reflow (60 minutes no flow/60 minutes reflow before Tc-99m-HL91 infusion, flow=12 mL/min, n=5), and cyanidetreated (before Tc-99m-HL91 infusion, flow=12 mL/min, n=5). Injury was assessed by creatine kinase, transmission electron microscopy, and triphenyltetrazolium chloride. Control (no injury) and cyanide-treated (severe injury) hearts demonstrated low uptake (6.3±0.5 mean±SEM and 5.7±1.2 μCi, respectively) and low 60-minute retention (13.8%±2.2% and 13.7%±3.9%, respectively). Low-flow hearts (minimal injury) demonstrated markedly increased uptake (43.5±2.8 μCi, P<.01) and increased 60-minute retention (33.2% ±2.9%, P<.01) compared with control. No-flow/reflow hearts (moderate injury) demonstrated intermediate uptake (8.7±0.5 μCi, P<.05 to control), although retention was not significantly different (18.9%±3.5%, P=ns). Severely and rapidly injured myocardium demonstrated Tc-99m-HL91 peak uptake and retention indistinguishable from normal. Moderately injured myocardium demonstrated uptake intermediate between severely injured and low-flow-induced ischemic, viable myocardium. Thus Tc-99m-HL91 is not taken up or retained in nonviable and irreversibly injured myocardium.
Leiomyoma of the ciliary body.

Leiomyomas of the uveal tract are extremely rare tumors. There is not much clinical significance to these neoplasms, as they do not represent a considerable percentage of all the uveal tumors. They are, however, of great pathologic interest and have caused a considerable amount of speculation as to their genesis, histologic differentiation, and clinical picture.
Data Compaction in the Polygonal Representation of Images

Data Compaction in the Polygonal Representation of ImagesMinsoo Suk and Hyun -Taek ChangDepartment of Electrical and Computer EngineeringSyracuse UniversitySyracuse, New York 13244 -1240, U. S. A.AbstractAn efficient data compaction algorithm which reduces the total number ofvertices in the polygonal representation
NEIGHBORHOOD NORMS AND SUBSTANCE USE AMONG TEENS.

This paper uses new data from the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey (L.A. FANS) to examine how neighborhood norms shape teenagers’ substance use. Specifically, it takes advantage of clustered data at the neighborhood level to relate adult neighbors’ attitudes and behavior with respect to smoking, drinking, and drugs, which we treat as norms, to teenagers’ own smoking, drinking, and drug use. We use hierarchical linear models to account for parents’ attitudes and behavior and other characteristics of individuals and families. We also investigate how the association between neighborhood norms and teen behavior depends on: (1) the strength of norms, as measured by consensus in neighbors’ attitudes and conformity in their behavior; (2) the willingness and ability of neighbors to enforce norms, for instance, by monitoring teens’ activities; and (3) the degree to which teens are exposed to their neighbors. We find little association between neighborhood norms and teen substance use, regardless of how we condition the relationship. We discuss possible theoretical and methodological explanations for this finding.
A pain in the NEC: Research challenges and opportunities

This lecture will describe how the properties of heparin-binding EFG-like growth factor (HB-EGF) can be utilized to protect the intestines from necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), to augment the effects of stem cells in the treatment of NEC, and to improve the production of tissue-engineered intestine. It will also explore the role of the enteric nervous system in the development of NEC.
Internal Extinction of Disc Galaxies: I. High Resolution Extinction Map of NGC 6946

Traditionally, it has been believed that extinction effects due to dust within the interstellar medium of external galaxies are rather small and can largely be ignored. Over the last 10 years, however, considerable doubt has been cast over the evidence to support this comfortable idea, and it has become clear that a more detailed analysis is required. Here, a new technique for mapping the extinction in disc galaxies with high resolution is presented. This technique has been applied to the Sc galaxy NGC 6946. The results show that dust extinction significantly affects both the overall brightness and appearance of the galaxy. The total extinction is found to be A_B=0.45 – somewhat larger than the value of A_B=0.2 usually quoted for an Sc galaxy. When corrected for dust the morphology more closely resembles that of an Sb galaxy rather than an Sc galaxy. The most surprising result of this work is finding interarm regions that suffer high extinction. It appears that these regions appear faint because of the high extinction and not as a result of low stellar density. There are also interarm regions that suffer little extinction; these are therefore truly regions of low stellar density.
Abstract 4331: Characterization of targeted overexpression of Claudin-1 transgenic mice

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Disruption of cell-cell junctions and changes in the expression of junctional proteins is a critical event in the progression of cancer. We have previously reported a tumor stage specific increase in the expression of a tight junction protein, Claudin-1, in colorectal cancer and its association with tumor-growth and metastasis. Furthermore, our studies have shown that in colon cancer cells, claudin-1 expression is regulated by a complex interaction between APC, Smad4 and β-catenin, three important regulators of colorectal carcinogenesis. We wanted to investigate the consequence of overexpression of claudin -1 in vivo specifically in the colon. We have generated a transgenic mouse model in which Claudin-1 is expressed under the control of the villin promoter. The villin promoter is expressed in the adult intestinal epithelium and has been frequently used for intestinal-specific overexpression of several genes of interest. Western blot analysis demonstrated a robust expression of claudin-1 in the colon, small intestine and cecum of transgenic mice while low levels of expression were present in wild type mice. These results are confirmed with immunohistochemistry analysis where claudin-1 was largely expressed on the membrane in the same tissues. Colonic permeability was assayed using FITC-dextran, however, there was no significant difference between the flux of FITC-dextran in wild-type and transgenic mice. Real-Time PCR analysis for inflammatory cytokine expression showed a decrease in IL-10 mRNA in transgenic mice compared to that of wild-type mice. Further, treatment with Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS) to induce colitis showed a significant decrease in body weight of claudin-1 transgenic mice as compared to wild type mice on DSS. An increase in disease severity was observed in transgenic mice as determined by histology scoring, as well as a significant difference in the ratio of colon weight to colon length. Claudin-1 expression in transgenic mice is localized to the membrane, where it maintains its normal function. Further experiments with this model include combined treatment with DSS and AOM to examine the effect of Claudin -1 overexpression in inflammation-induced-tumorigenesis as well as performing crosses with sporadic models of tumorigenesis involving mutations in the APC gene, to examine the role of claudin-1 upregulation in tumor formation and progression. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4331. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4331
The influence of confinement and curvature on the morphology of block copolymers

In the bulk, at equilibrium, diblock copolymers microphase separated into nanoscopic morphologies ranging from body-centered cubic arrays of spheres to hexagonally packed cylinders to alternating lamellae, depending on the volume fraction of the components. However, when the block copolymers are forced into cylindrical pores, where the diameter of the pores are only several repeat periods of the copolymer morphology or less, then commensurability of the copolymer period and the pore diameter can impose a frustration on the microdomain morphology. In addition, due to the small pore diameter, a curvature is forced on the microdomain morphology. In combination with interfacial interactions between the blocks of the copolymer and the pore walls, the preferential segregation of one component to the walls, spatial confinement and forced curvature are shown to induce transitions in the fundamental morphology of the copolymers seen in the bulk. Lamellar morphologies transformed into torus-type morphologies, cylinders are forced into helices, and body-centered cubic arrays of spheres are force into helical arrays of spheres due to these restraints. The novel morphologies, not accesssible in the bulk, open a large array of nanoscopic structures that can be used as templates and scaffolds for the fabrication of inorganic nanostructured materials. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 3377–3383, 2005
Neprilysin protects neurons against Aβ peptide toxicity

In recent years, studies have suggested that accumulation of amyloid beta (Abeta) peptide in the brain plays a key role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The steady-state level of Abeta peptide in the brain is determined by the rate of production from amyloid precursor protein (APP) via beta- and gamma-secretases and degradation by the activity of several enzymes. Neprilysin (NEP) appears to be the most potent Abeta peptide-degrading enzyme in the brain. Decreasing the activity of NEP (due to genetic mutations, age or diseases that alter the expression or activity of NEP) may lead to accumulation of the neurotoxic Abeta peptide in the brain; in turn this leads to neuronal loss. We investigated the efficacy of lentivirus-mediated over-expression of NEP to protect neuronal cells from Abeta peptide in vitro. Incubation of hippocampal neuronal cells (HT22) over-expressing NEP with the monomeric from of Abeta peptide decreases the toxicity of Abeta peptide on the neuronal cells, as measured through cell viability. We conclude that over-expression of NEP by a gene therapy approach in areas vulnerable to Abeta peptide aggregation in AD brain may protect the neurons from the toxicity effects of Abeta peptide and this promises a great potential target for altering the development of AD.
Reduction of pendent ester groups in polycarbonates by use of diborane

A series of polycarbonates with pendent ester groups have been synthesized. These ester groups have been converted to hydroxyl functionalities by reduction with diborane in tetrahydrofuran. The number of methylene groups in the pendent chain has a large effect on the reducibility of the ester.
Observations of natural behaviour of yellowtail flounder derived from data storage tags

Electronic data storage tags (DSTs) were used to monitor natural behaviour of adult yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea) in relation to depth, temperature, time of day, and season. Over a 2-year period, a total of 543 fish tagged with DSTs were released during June of each year. Results from 29 tags revealed that yellowtail flounder exhibit diel and seasonal variations in depth and temperature. The results also show, for the first time in this species, that during various times of the year yellowtail flounder make extensive off-bottom movements at night and can remain off bottom for several hours.
Computer architecture issues in superconductive microprocessors

Results on instruction use in general-purpose computers and some techniques used in conventional high-performance computer architectures are described. Synchronous and asynchronous computer architectures are discussed, and three representative superconductor circuit technologies and the architecture proposed for each of them are described. The architectures are the quantum flux parametron, modified variable threshold logic, and rapid single-flux-quantum logic. Superconductive digital systems are also examined. >
5-Axis In-Line Measurement System for Laser Materials Processing

The dimensional and positional information is very important for laser materials processing of components, especially for laser cladding-based additive manufacturing. Therefore, inspection of the component based on its original CAD model is essential to ensure the component meeting the geometrical requirements. In general, the processed component has to be dismounted from the laser fabrication system before it can be inspected, which is time-consuming and may introduce alignment error from datum.In this paper, a 5-axis in-line measurement system is introduced, in which a non-contact laser measuring method along with CAD/CAM software is integrated to a laser materials processing system. An algorithm has been developed to automatically generate NC programs for measurement and comparison for outside features of components. Therefore, the inspection can be performed just after the component has been fabricated on the same system. Comparing to a 3-axis measuring system we reported before, the developed 5-axis inline measurement system provides much more flexibility, accessibility and accuracy for performing measurement on site. The developed in-line measuring capability can extend the functionality of conventional laser materials processing system and significantly shorten inspection time.Copyright © 2013 by Crown in Right of Canada
Personalised and dynamic image precompensation for computer users with ocular aberrations

Most of the computer users with ocular aberrations such as myopia, hyperopia and other high-order aberrations are subject to visual blurring, which may impede the efficient interactions with the co...
Duration of Plague (Yersinia pestis) Outbreaks in Black-Tailed Prairie Dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) Colonies of Northern Colorado

Plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, triggers die-offs in colonies of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus), but the time-frame of plague activity is not well understood. We document plague activity in fleas from prairie dogs and their burrows on three prairie dog colonies that suffered die-offs. We demonstrate that Y. pestis transmission occurs over periods from several months to over a year in prairie dog populations before observed die-offs.
Erosion of the Tsangpo Gorge by megafloods, Eastern Himalaya

At the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, the Yarlung-Tsangpo River plunges through the Himalaya to drop >2 km through the Tsangpo Gorge. Upstream, relict glacial dams and impounded lake terraces suggest that Quaternary lakes as large as 800 km 3 catastrophically drained through the gorge as megafloods. We report on new megaflood deposits downstream of the gorge and use detrital zircon U-Pb provenance data to demonstrate that these high-magnitude events originated in Tibet, and more effectively focused erosion in the gorge than both the extremely erosive modern peak flows and one of the largest landslide-dam outburst floods ever documented. Our findings support the proposition that in this steep, narrow gorge, where hillslope angles are near the threshold angle of bedrock failure, megafloods provide a mechanism to rapidly evacuate hillslope material and focus erosion on channel-adjacent hillslopes. Although megaflood frequency remains unconstrained, we demonstrate the capability of these events to contribute substantially to rapid exhumation in this region.
Experimental and Modeling Studies of a Four-Trophic Level Predator-Prey System

Experimental studies of a microbial food chain involving organic carbon substrates,Enterobacter aerogenes, and ciliate protozoansParamecium primaurelia andDldinium nasutum were conducted in stirred, aerated batch cultures. Quantitative measurements were made of organic carbon levels and of cell numbers, mean cell volumes, and total biovolumes for all three microbial populations. A mathematical model based on Monod kinetics was developed to describe this four-trophic level predator-prey system. The model was formulated in terms of biovolume, which is the product of cell numbers and mean cell size, and includes terms for bio-volume decay. Batch culture data were used to derive parameter values, and model simulations were compared to experimental results. Despite the significance ofParamecium-Didinium studies in ecological literature, the entire food chain has not been previously studied or modeled.
Metaphor and the discourse of virology: HIV as human being

Most analysis of the metaphors of AIDS has considered lay rather than scientific discourse. In general, that analysis has uncovered linguistic strategies that tend to distance the disease from people who are healthy. Moreover, it has criticized those strategies insofar as they categorize and dehumanize the AIDS patient. My own analysis, however, focuses on the writing of Robert Gallo, one of the virologists who claimed credit for isolating the HIV as the cause of AIDS. By examining Gallo's popular and scientific writing, I uncover the metaphor system that underlies his work — and perhaps the work of other virologists studying the HIV. I find in Gallo's writing a system of metaphor that personifies and humanizes the HIV (or the HTLV-III as he originally named it). This system differs significantly from lay systems that tend to objectify AIDS. I argue that the metaphor system that underlies Gallo's work is in fact productive, but that it might preclude other ways of conceptualizing the disease and its causes. The co-factor theory, for instance, entails a different metaphoric system entirely. I suggest that AIDS researchers might examine their own language in an effort to critique the metaphors they use and explore the possibility of using new metaphors.
Product differentiation: Key to Macau's gaming revenue growth

For a tourism destination, the purpose of revenue management is to maximise the amount and minimise the risk of tourism revenue. This paper demonstrates how Macau can maintain a stable gaming revenue growth via product differentiation in the face of competition from emerging gaming destinations in Asia. Macau has recently opened its gaming market by bringing in Las Vegas gaming operators. While the introduction of Las Vegas-style casinos should help modernise Macau's gaming industry, Macau's market advantage is being threatened by the proliferation of Las Vegas-style destinations in the region. This paper proposes a revenue management strategy for Macau. It suggests that Macau should distinguish itself from other competing destinations by providing differentiated gaming service products. Enhancing its traditional VIP room operations is an effective way to achieve this goal. Implementing such a revenue management strategy, Macau will be able to preserve its risk-taker market and minimise the revenue risk posed by upcoming competition in the region.
Serial Intravascular Ultrasound Analysis of the Impact of Lesion Length on the Efficacy of Intracoronary γ-Irradiation for Preventing Recurrent In-Stent Restenosis

Background —The relation between lesion length and effectiveness of brachytherapy is not well studied. Methods and Results —We compared serial (postintervention and follow-up) intravascular ultrasound findings in 66 patients with native coronary artery in-stent restenosis (ISR) who were treated with 192 Ir (15 Gy delivered 2 mm away from the radiation source). Patients were enrolled in the Washington Radiation for In-Stent Restenosis Trial (WRIST; ISR length, 10 to 47 mm; n=36) or Long WRIST (ISR length, 36 to 80 mm; n=30). External elastic membrane, stent, lumen, and intimal hyperplasia (IH; stent minus lumen) areas and source-to-target (intravascular ultrasound catheter to external elastic membrane) distances were measured. Postintervention stent areas were larger in WRIST and smaller in Long WRIST patients ( P P P =0.0006). Similarly, minimum lumen cross-sectional area significantly decreased in both WRIST and Long WRIST patients ( P P P =0.0567). The maximum source-to-target distance was longer in Long WRIST than in WRIST, and it correlated directly with ISR length ( r =0.547, P r =0.352, P =0.0038 and r =0.523, P r =0.378, P Conclusions —Brachytherapy may be less effective in longer ISR lesions because of the greater variability and longer source-to-target distances in diffuse ISR.
Guidelines for the Use of Orexigenic Drugs in Long-Term Care

Undernutrition is defined as a state induced by nutrient deficiency that may be improved solely by administration of nutrients. By this definition, provision of adequate protein and energy sources should reverse the clinical presentation and correct the problem. However, a large number of patients who seem to be undernourished fail to respond to refeeding. A developing understanding of the acute-phase inflammatory response to illness and the role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of chronic illness has challenged the current diagnostic paradigm of undernutrition. In the presence of adequate food, weight loss is most often due to cytokine-associated cachexia and anorexia. Failure of appetite, or anorexia, may play a role in involuntary weight loss. Intervention for involuntary weight loss should aim first at the provision of adequate calories and protein, often in the form of high-density nutrition supplements. However, cytokine-mediated cachexia is remarkably resistant to hypercaloric feeding. With continued weight loss, the use of an orexigenic drug should be considered. Orexigenic drugs have been demonstrated to improve appetite and produce weight gain. The mechanism is unknown but may relate to suppression of proinflammatory cytokines. General guidelines for the use of orexigenic agents are presented. Although much work remains to be done, anticytokine drugs seem to be a promising avenue for the treatment of involuntary weight loss.
Analysis of EPR correlated twin beam generation by frequency doubling in a dual ported resonator

Using a self-consistent squeezing analysis, we show that a pair of entangled twin beams can be generated in the harmonic output from a dual ported frequency doubling cavity.
A new proof of a theorem of Magidor

We give a new proof using iterated Prikry forcing of Magidor's theorem that it is consistent to assume that the least strongly compact cardinal is the least supercompact cardinal.
Theatre for women's participation in sustainable development

A series of dramatised images appears early in the introduction to Theatre for Women's Participation in Sustainable Development. An indigenous Mayan woman squats in the corner of her home near a co...
The Child the Stork Brought Home

The Child the Stork Brought Home. Directed by Gillian Goslinga. 2000.59 minutes, color.Distributed by Documentary Educational Resources, (800) 569-6621, 101 Morse Street, Watertown, MA 02472, http://www.der.org.
First graders' literacy and self-regulation gains: The effect of individualizing student instruction

Abstract We examined the effect of individualizing student instruction (ISI; N = 445 students, 46 classrooms) on first graders' self-regulation gains compared to a business-as-usual control group. Self-regulation, conceptualized as a constellation of executive skills, was positively associated with academic development. We hypothesized that the ISI intervention's emphasis on teacher planning and organization, classroom management, and the opportunity for students to work independently and in small groups would promote students' self-regulation. We found no main effect of ISI on self-regulation gains. However, for students with weaker initial self-regulation, ISI was associated with greater self-regulation gains compared to peers in control classrooms. The ISI effect on self-regulation was greater when the intervention was more fully implemented.
A win‐win project: developing redundant managers in a work context

A Kent TEC project “EXPAND”, developed with European Social Fund funding under its ADAPT strand and managed by Hilary Temple Associates, has successfully completed its first of two pilot years. It places redundant or early‐retired managers as business mentors in small and medium enterprises to assist them with expansion activities. These “Grey Angels” also undertake an individualised management development programme using the Senior Management Standards and other appropriate benchmarking tools. The totality of the project helps the Grey Angel identify further education or training needs, seek re‐employment, self‐employment, or continued consultancy with the host company. It also increases self‐esteem. The companies benefit from the manager’s accumulated wisdom and expertise, not just for the specific project but in general business development terms. Some Grey Angels also act as mentors to youngsters placed with the company under a Youthstart programme also managed by Kent TEC.
Cytoprotective properties of melatonin: presumed association with oxidative damage and aging

For years melatonin, a molecule widely produced in both the plant and animal kingdom, was thought to function exclusively as a synchronizer of seasonal reproduction, adjuster of the biological clock, sleep-inducing agent, and immune system stimulator. More recently melatonin has also been found to be a free-radical scavenger and antioxidant. Although pharmacologic levels (higher than those normally present endogenously) of melatonin possess substantial protective activity against molecular damage inflicted by free radicals, its role as a physiologic antioxidant is currently under active investigation. Toxic free radicals have been implicated in a variety of age-associated degenerative diseases, as well as in aging itself. Because melatonin production falls substantially during aging, the loss of this antioxidant is theorized to be instrumental in the degenerative processes associated with advanced age. The exogenous administration of melatonin has been found to be effective in reducing macromolecular damage that is normally seen in experimental models of age-related diseases. How effective melatonin will be in terms of deferring aging, however, must await the outcome on subsequent studies.
A quantitative method to analyze the quality of EIA information in wind energy development and avian/bat assessments

Abstract The environmental impact assessment (EIA) has been a tool for decision makers since the enactment of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). Since that time, few analyses have been performed to verify the quality of information and content within EIAs. High quality information within assessments is vital in order for decision makers, stake holders, and the public to understand the potential impact of proposed actions on the ecosystem and wildlife species. Low quality information has been a major cause for litigation and economic loss. Since 1999, wind energy development has seen an exponential growth with unknown levels of impact on wildlife species, in particular bird and bat species. The purpose of this article is to: (1) develop, validate, and apply a quantitative index to review avian/bat assessment quality for wind energy EIAs; and (2) assess the trends and status of avian/bat assessment quality in a sample of wind energy EIAs. This research presents the development and testing of the Avian and Bat Assessment Quality Index (ABAQI), a new approach to quantify information quality of ecological assessments within wind energy development EIAs in relation to avian and bat species based on review areas and factors derived from 23 state wind/wildlife siting guidance documents. The ABAQI was tested through a review of 49 publicly available EIA documents and validated by identifying high variation in avian and bat assessments quality for wind energy developments. Of all the reviewed EIAs, 66% failed to provide high levels of preconstruction avian and bat survey information, compared to recommended factors from state guidelines. This suggests the need for greater consistency from recommended guidelines by state, and mandatory compliance by EIA preparers to avoid possible habitat and species loss, wind energy development shut down, and future lawsuits.
Ion/Ion Reactions in the Gas Phase: Proton Transfer Reactions Involving Multiply-Charged Proteins

Multiply-charged cations derived from electrospray of bovine ubiquitin and horse skeletal muscle apomyoglobin have been subjected to reactions with anions derived from glow discharge ionization of ...
Unconscious fantasy: a reconsideration of the concept

Despite general agreement about the clinical importance of unconscious fantasy, the concept itself has remained unclear. After reviewing Freud's work on the subject, the conceptual dilemma is specified: where in current psychoanalytic theory do we place this important, dynamically repressed, structuralized mental content? Three conceptual paths have been followed in attempting to deal with this problem. The first emphasizes the structural, tripartite model, discarding topographic concepts. The second replaces the structural model with a schema model borrowed from academic psychology. The third combines the structural and topographic models. None of these approaches is entirely satisfactory and without problems. Because of their central role in mental life, unconscious fantasies deserve careful definition. They should be distinguished from conscious fantasies and daydreams as well as from the process of fantasizing. They are differentiated from other varieties of unconscious content by their enduring quality and their organized, storylike quality reflecting the distortions typical of the primary process. As dynamically unconscious templates from the childhood past, they shape subsequent compromise formations and are relatively impervious to new experience. The development of psychoanalytic theory from a macrostructural to a microstructural emphasis is discussed in relation to the unconscious fantasy concept.
Control of Clostridium perfringens in a model roast beef by salts of organic acids during chilling.

Control of Clostridium perfringens germination and outgrowth by the following salts of organic acids, sodium lactate [Purasal™S/SP (Purasal); 1.50, 3.00 and 4.80%], sodium lactate supplemented with sodium diacetate [Purasal™ Opti.form™ (Optiform), 1.50, 3.00 and 4.80%], buffered sodium citrate [Ional™ (Ional), 0.75, 1.00 and 1.30]) and buffered sodium citrate supplemented with sodium diacetate [Ional Plus™ (Ional Plus), 0.75, 1.00 and 1.30%] was evaluated during continuous chilling of a model roast beef product. Beef rounds were ground through an 1/8′’ plate and NaCl, potato starch and potassium tetra pyrophosphate were added to final concentrations of 0.85, 0.25 and 0.20%, respectively, and mixed. Portions (250 g) of the meat were mixed with either Purasal (1.5, 3.0 or 4.8%), Optiform (1.5, 3.0 or 4.8%), Ional (0.75, 1.0 or 1.3%) or Ional Plus (0.75, 1.0 or 1.3%) along with a control that did not have any added antimicrobials. Each product (10 g) inoculated with C. perfringens spores (ca. 2.2 log10 spores/g) was packaged into vacuum bags (2 in. × 3 in.), vacuum sealed, heated to 60C within 1 h, and subsequently chilled from 54.4C to 7.2C in 18 or 21 h following exponential chilling rates. Products were sampled immediately after cooking to enumerate the C. perfringens populations (spores surviving heat treatment) and subsequent to chilling (total C. perfringens populations, including spores and vegetative cells resulting from germination and outgrowth of the spores). Chilling of cooked, model ground roast beef resulted in germination and outgrowth of C. perfringens spores; the population densities increased by 4.13 and 4.40 log10 CFU/g, following 18 and 21 h chill rates, respectively. Incorporation of Purasal (1.5–4.8%), Optiform (1.5–4.8%), Ional and Ional Plus (0.75–1.3%) substantially (P ± 0.05) inhibited germination and outgrowth of C. perfringens spores. Incorporation of antimicrobial ingredients resulted in ± 1.0 log10 CFU/g increase of the pathogen, except for model roast beef with Ional Plus at 0.75% concentration, following 18 h chilling rate. Similar results were obtained when 21 h chilling rate was followed, with roast beef containing ingredients (at all the concentrations) resulting in either reductions or ± 1.0 log10 CFU/g growth in total C. perfringens populations, except for Purasal and Ional Plus at 1.5 and 0.75% concentrations, respectively. Use of sodium salts of organic acids in formulation of model roast beef can reduce the risk of C. perfringens spore germination and outgrowth during extended chilling rates.
ABC transporters: how small machines do a big job

Transporters from the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily operate in all organisms, from bacteria to humans, to pump substances across biological membranes. Recent high-resolution views of ABC transporters in different conformational states provide clues as to how ATP might be used to drive the structural reorganizations that accompany membrane transport. Importantly, it now appears that a putative translocation pathway running through the center of the transporter might be gated alternately, either at the inside or the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane, coupling substrate translocation to a cycle of ATP-dependent conformational changes. ATP binding and ATP hydrolysis have distinct roles in this cycle: binding favors the outward-facing orientation, whereas hydrolysis returns the transporter to an inward-facing conformation.
EXPRESSION OF BCL-2 AND BCL-X IN BLADDER CANCER

AbstractPurpose: TP53 and RB1 gene mutations in bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) are correlated with grade, stage, recurrence, and survival and may correlate with tumor cell apoptotic potential. Overexpression of the bcl-2 and bcl-X anti-apoptotic genes has been correlated with poor prognosis and chemotherapy resistance in other systems. Similar studies have not been performed in TCC. We thus sought to determine expression of bcl-2 and bcl-X in TCC and correlate these with stage, survival and abnormal pRb or p53 expression.Materials and Methods: Forty-two TCC samples (19 Ta and 23 locally advanced tumors) and normal urothelial controls were examined. Immunohistochemistry for p53, pRb, bcl-2 and bcl-X was performed on an automated system using indirect streptavidin biotin/horseradish peroxidase staining. Western immunoblot analysis was performed on bladder cancer cell lines to further characterize bcl-X expression. Recurrence-free and disease-specific survival were retrospectively determined. Kapl...
A Semiparametric Analysis of Gasoline Demand in the United States Reexamining The Impact of Price

The evaluation of the impact of an increase in gasoline tax on demand relies crucially on the estimate of the price elasticity. This article presents an extended application of the Partially Linear Additive Model (PLAM) to the analysis of gasoline demand using a panel of U.S. households, focusing mainly on the estimation of the price elasticity. Unlike previous semiparametric studies that use household-level data, we work with vehicle-level data within households that can potentially add richer details to the price variable. Both households and vehicles data are obtained from the Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey (RTECS) of 1991 and 1994, conducted by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). As expected, the derived vehicle-based gasoline price has significant dispersion across the country and across grades of gasoline. By using a PLAM specification for gasoline demand, we obtain a measure of gasoline price elasticity that circumvents the implausible price effects reported in e...
Dynamics of Keratinocytes in Vivo using 2H2O Labeling: A Sensitive Marker of Epidermal Proliferation State

A heavy water (2H2O) labeling method recently developed to measure cell proliferation in vivo is applied here to the measurement of murine epidermal cell turnover and to investigate conditions in which keratinocyte proliferation is either inhibited or stimulated. The technique is based on incorporation of 2H2O into the deoxyribose moiety of deoxyribonucleotides in dividing cells. Label incorporation and die-away studies in cells isolated from C57BL/6J mouse epidermis revealed the replacement rate to be 34%–44% per wk (half-life of 1.6–2 wk). The kinetics provided evidence of a non-proliferative subpopulation of cells (10%–15% of the total) within the epidermis. Topical administration of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate for 3 wk increased epidermal cell proliferation by 55% in SENCAR mice. Topical addition of lunasin, an anti-mitotic agent from soy, decreased epidermal cell proliferation modestly though significantly (16% given alone, 9% given with carcinogens). Caloric restriction (by 33% of energy intake) for 4 wk decreased the epidermal cell proliferation rate by 45% in C57BL/6J mice. In summary, epidermal cell proliferation can be measured in vivo using 2H2O labeling in normal, hyper- and hypo-proliferative conditions. Potential applications of this inherently safe method in humans might include studies of psoriasis, wound healing, chemopreventive agents, and caloric intake.
Biochemical and cytogenetic effects in rats caused by short-term ingestion of Aroclor 1254 or Firemaster BP6.

Male rats were fed either 0, 5, 50, or 500 ppm Aroclor 1254 (ARO) or Firemaster BP6 (FM) mixed in ground rat chow for 2, 3, or 5 wk. The relative biological response to the two chemicals sometimes varied with dose level. For example, for some parameters FM caused a greater effect than ARO at the 5 and 50 ppm levels, but not at the 500 ppm level, where, presumably, the maximum response was attained. The experimental design did not permit a totally unambiguous comparison of all the responses to ARO and FM. Some apparent differences in biochemical responses determined at sacrifice may have been partly due to the fact that, for the 3 wk study, rats were exposed to FM 48 hr longer than to ARO, and thus the comparison of ARO and FM toxiclties should be considered tentative. The following evaluations were made, based on the assumption that this 2 day difference had no effect. Relative kidney and testis weights, hematology, SGPT, SGOT, BUN, plasma corticosterone, rate of liver protein synthesis per gram of tissue...
The role of unequal cleavage and the polar lobe in the segregation of developmental potential during first cleavage in the embryo of Chætopterus variopedatus.

The inequality of the first cleavage division of the Chaetopterus embryo is caused by the production of a small polar lobe and the internal shifting of the first cleavage spindle. This division produces a two-celled embryo containing a small AB and a large CD blastomere. These blastomeres have different morphogenetic potentials. Only the larvae resulting from isolated CD blastomeres are able to form bioluminescent photocytes, eyes and lateral hooked bristles. The removal of the polar lobe during first cleavage does not have a great effect on development. These lobeless embryos display a normal pattern of cleavages through the time of mesentoblast formation. The resulting larvae are essentially normal, however they do not form functional photocytes. If the CD cell is isolated after the removal of the first polar lobe, the resulting larva is virtually identical to those formed by the intact CD cell except it lacks the photocyte cells. These results indicate that two separate pathways are involved in the segregation of developmental or morphogenetic potential which takes place during first cleavage. One set of factors, which are necessary for photocyte formation, are associated with the first polar lobe. Other factors that are necessary for the formation of the eyes and lateral hooked bristles are segregated by the unequal cleavage which results from an internal shifting of the cleavage spindle. The removal of a large portion of the vegetal region of the embryo during first cleavage leads to the production of larvae which display a decreased ability to form eyes and lateral hooked bristles. These embryos frequently display an abnormal pattern of cleavages. They do not form the primary somatoblast or the mesentoblast. These results indicate that the vegetal region of the CD cell of Chaetopterus is analogous to polar lobes which have been studied in other species, and is therefore important in the specification of the D quadrant. These features of the first cleavage of Chaetopterus are a combination of those displayed by forms with direct unequal cleavage and other forms which cleave unequally through the production of large polar lobes. The significance of these findings is discussed relative to the origins of these different types of unequal cleavage.