cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“The reports of my death are greatly exaggerated”—Artificial intelligence research in accounting

Abstract Gray et al. (2014) examined the productivity of expert systems/artificial intelligence research in accounting and came to the conclusion that both research on and practice use of expert systems/artificial intelligence had waned since the late 1990s. In our study, we reconsider these findings based on a broader view that is ‘artificial intelligence’ centric versus ‘expert systems’ centric. The results show that while there was a bit of a lull in the late 1990s, artificial intelligence research in accounting has continued to steadily increase over the past 30 years. Further consideration of artificial intelligence techniques as embedded modules in integrated audit support systems also suggest that use by practice continues to be robust. Based on these findings, we make a call for much more research on the usability, and use, of artificial intelligence techniques in accounting domains. Contrary to earlier perceptions, the research domain remains vibrant and holds great potential for AIS researchers to take a leadership role in advancing the field.
Activities of Chloroplast Fragments: I. HILL REACTION AND ASCORBATE-INDOPHENOL PHOTOREDUCTIONS

Hill activity with ferricyanide and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and photoreduction of NADP and methyl red supported by ascorbate and 2,6-dichloroindophenol were studied as a function of the size of chloroplast fragments. Sonic treatment of chloroplasts resulted in a decrease in Hill activity with NADP and ferricyanide. The decrease was accompanied by a change in the dependency of the reduction rate upon ferricyanide concentration and light intensity. With either electron acceptor, the Hill activity was highest with fragments of medium size and decreased with decreasing size of the fragments. The photoreduction of NADP and methyl red with ascorbate and 2,6-dichloroindophenol increased after sonic treatment. The larger fragments were less active than the sonically disrupted chloroplasts, whereas the small fragments showed a very high activity; that is, they were several times more active than the larger fragments or sonically treated chloroplasts. Evidence is presented to indicate that the increase in the activity induced by sonic treatment was due to an increased accessibility of the electron-donating reaction.
Ingredients for a Positive Safety Culture

With Thanksgiving on the horizon, many of us are planning ahead for our favorite and most elaborate meal of the year. We make shopping lists, line up our kitchen hardware, choreograph our stoves and microwaves, and delegate dessert to the people we trust. It works best when managed from the top down (by my UC Berkeley friend Matt Francis, for example), with attention to detail, careful risk assessment (are you sure you want to beta test that new recipe on this day?), and contingency plans (i.e., find out in advance which pizza places are open). It’s a good thing the stakes are not all that high should things take a wrong turn.
On the use of between–within models to adjust for confounding due to unmeasured cluster-level covariates

ABSTRACTBetween–within models are generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) for clustered data that incorporate a random intercept together with fixed effects for within-cluster and between-cluster covariates; the between-cluster covariates represent the cluster means of the within-cluster covariates. One popular use of these models is to adjust for confounding of the effect of within-cluster covariates due to unmeasured between-cluster covariates. Previous research has shown via simulations that using this approach can yield inconsistent estimators. We present theory and simulations as evidence that a primary cause of the inconsistency is heteroscedasticity of the linearized version of the GLMM used for estimation.
β Cells that Resist Immunological Attack Develop during Progression of Autoimmune Diabetes in NOD Mice

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease that involves immune-mediated destruction of β cells. How β cells respond to immune attack is unknown. We identified a population of β cells during the progression of T1D in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice that survives immune attack. This population develops from normal β cells confronted with islet infiltrates. Pathways involving cell movement, growth and proliferation, immune responses, and cell death and survival are activated in these cells. There is reduced expression of β cell identity genes and diabetes antigens and increased immune inhibitory markers and stemness genes. This new subpopulation is resistant to killing when diabetes is precipitated with cyclophosphamide. Human β cells show similar changes when cultured with immune cells. These changes may account for the chronicity of the disease and the long-term survival of β cells in some patients.
The interrelationship of microstructure and hardness of human coronal dentin using reference point indentation technique and micro-Raman spectroscopy.

Abstract Objectives The aim of this paper is to determine the interrelationship between the microstructure – in terms of chemical composition and crystallinity – to the microhardness of coronal dentin. Methods Dentin microhardness was tested by a novel reference point indenter and compared to the traditional Knoop hardness method. Micro-Raman spectroscopy was used to determine the chemical composition and crystallinity of dentin. Results From the occlusal groove to the border of the coronal pulp chamber, dentin hardness decreased from superficial dentin (SD) to deep dentin (DD). Mineral/organic matrix ratios (phosphate/C H and phosphate/amide I) also decreased from SD to DD; however, this change was significant (P −1 , decreased significantly going from superficial to deep dentin. Significance For the first time, the interrelationship between the microstructure and the mechanical properties of coronal dentin was determined by using the novel reference point indentation technique and micro-Raman spectroscopy. We hypothesize that the decrease in hardness from superficial to deep dentin can potentially be explained by decreased mineral content and increased carbonate content, which is also associated with decreased crystallinity. Collectively, there is a positive association between dentin hardness and mineral content and a negative association between dentin hardness and carbonate content.
Rivaroxaban program for acute venous thromboembolism upon ED discharge, with focus on utility of commercially available dose pack

Abstract Objective To evaluate the impact of a rivaroxaban discharge initiative on the efficacy and safety of acute venous thromboembolism treatment in emergency department patients. Practice innovation Patients discharged on rivaroxaban from the emergency department were provided extensive counseling along with a commercially-available medication dose pack by the ED pharmacist. Patients were contacted by phone until they had obtained outpatient follow-up and remained adherent to anticoagulation beyond the initial first month of treatment. Methods In this retrospective chart review over a thirteen month period, efficacy and safety outcomes were compared between patients with intervention versus those who received usual care. Efficacy was defined by reduced 90-day readmission rates due to nonadherence or treatment failure, and improved medication adherence beyond the first month from discharge. Safety was determined by comparing 90-day readmission rates due to bleeding or adverse event. Results 41 patients received intervention with rivaroxaban, and 34 patients received usual care, with 76% prescribed rivaroxaban and remaining patients started on enoxaparin alone (6%) or enoxaparin plus warfarin (18%). Improved treatment efficacy in the intervention group was not found to be statistically significant. Safety outcomes were similar between the two groups. Conclusion Home treatment of acute VTE, facilitated by medication dose pack, is a promising tactic to ensure both immediate and long-term treatment efficacy and safety. Further studies are warranted to demonstrate clinical superiority of this intervention.
Butter fly Feeding Preferences of Lantana camara Cultivars and Lantana montevidensis ‘Weeping Lavender’ in the Landscape and Nectar Characteristics

Abstract In landscape studies conducted in 2002 and 2003, Lantana camara (L.) ‘New Gold’ and ‘Radiation’ were visited by native butterflies to a greater extent than the remaining eight lantana in the studies. Other lantana visited preferentially but not as consistently included L. camara ‘White Doves’, ‘Firewagon’, ‘Confetti’, and Lantana montevidensis (Spreng.) ‘Weeping Lavender’. In general, the lowest visitation was experienced by L. camara ‘Cherry’ and ‘Carlos’. Total visit duration by one randomly selected butterfly was greater for ‘New Gold’, ‘Radiation’, ‘Firewagon’, and ‘White Doves’ than the remaining lantana. Plant characteristics including inflorescence number, number of flowers per inflorescence, percentage of yellow flowers per inflorescence, growth index, flower morphology, and flower color characteristics differed among cultivars. Cultivar differences that consistently correlated with visitation preferences were inflorescence number in 2002 and 2003, flower number per inflorescence in 2003,...
Improving the functionality of tamura directionality on solar images

Directionality as a textural parameter is a great tool in many image-based tasks including the automated analysis of medical, geographical, or astronomical images. Tamura directionality is a popular parameters that measures the degree of texture directionality of images. In this study, we review the original idea and also address some ambiguities present in the original definition that play an important role in the effectiveness of this parameter. Then, we propose different ideas to attack each of the addressed ambiguities and find an optimal setting that maximizes the effectiveness of this parameter. Lastly, we evaluate the effect of our modifications on a large collection of solar images captured by the Solar Dynamic Observatory mission. We show that such modifications significantly improve the effectiveness of this parameter. Although, different settings might be obtained for images with different sort of texture, the methodology for finding an optimal setting remains the same regardless. The goal of our study is to make sure that parameters that are being frequently used in several areas, especially in the interdisciplinary research between solar physicists and computer scientists, are calculated accurately and effectively.
Review of bedside surgeon-performed ultrasound in pediatric patients.

Abstract Purpose Pediatric surgeon performed bedside ultrasound (PSPBUS) is a targeted examination that is diagnostic or therapeutic. The aim of this paper is to review literature involving PSPBUS. Methods PSPBUS practices reviewed in this paper include central venous catheter placement, physiologic assessment (volume status and echocardiography), hypertrophic pyloric stenosis diagnosis, appendicitis diagnosis, the Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST), thoracic evaluation, and soft tissue infection evaluation. Results There are no standards for the practice of PSPBUS. Conclusions As the role of the pediatric surgeon continues to evolve, PSPBUS will influence practice patterns, disease diagnosis, and patient management. Type of Study Review Article. Level of Evidence Level III.
The Child Victim

The sexual abuse of children includes many different kinds of behavior. One study has shown that only one-third of the reported cases involved rape or incest and that two-thirds involved molestation, which is defined as noncoital sexual contact (Sgroi, 1975). A sexual assault is nonconsensual manual, oral, or genital contact by the offender with the genitalia of the victim. Incest is coital contact between a blood relative and a child. Rape is defined, state by state, in the same way that it is for adult victims, but statutory rape is a special category of offense in which the law considers rape to have occurred, even though the victim may have consented, because the victim was younger than a legally defined “age of consent” (Breen, Greenwald, & Gregory, 1972).
Drug-Receptor Interactions

It is commonly accepted today that drugs, hormones, or other small molecules that gain access to biological systems bring about their effects by interacting with macromolecules present in the biological system. These macromolecules can then be assigned the term “receptor” for that particular small molecule. Sometimes the assignment of receptors for drugs can be quite straightforward, as in the case of organophosphate insecticides. These agents are enzyme inhibitors, chemically reacting with serine residues in a number of esterase enzymes. The enzymes associated with the hydrolysis of acetylcholine are therefore receptors for organophosphates, and the pharmacological and toxicological effects of these agents can be explained, virtually entirely, by the interaction of the organophosphate with these enzymes.
Lake Ontario Paleoshorelines and Submerged Prehistoric Site Potential in the Great Lakes

Numerous maritime cultural landscapes have been situated around the North American Great Lakes throughout the historic period. Archaeological sites surrounding the Great Lakes indicate that they were equally crucial to pre-Contact residents, although it is currently unknown precisely when prehistoric lifeways changed to maritime cultures. As Great Lake shorelines have been very dynamic, reconstructing past human activities on the Great Lakes requires an understanding of lakeshore change and processes. Lake Ontario, the smallest Great Lake but culturally and geologically rich, is a perfect example of the need for geological consideration when recreating cultural landscapes. This chapter discusses where maritime occupation sites may have survived submergence in Lake Ontario along three different paleoshorelines roughly coincident with the Paleoindian, Early Archaic, and Middle Archaic periods as a beginning step in reconstructing pre-Contact maritime landscapes of the lake.
The Distribution of the Local Time of Brownian Motion with Drift

In this paper Brownian motion with drift is considered, and explicit formulas are given for the distribution function, the density function, and the moments of the local time of the process and of the local time of the absolute value of the process.
Relationships Between Evaluations of Self and Parents by Children from Intact and Divorced Families

In the present study 639 fifth through eighth grade boys and girls from a total of 14 school districts across the State of Kansas voluntarily filled out evaluative surveys for each of the following...
Orphaned Middle Cerebral Artery Side-to-Side In Situ Bypass as a Favorable Alternative Approach for Complex Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysm Treatment: A Case Series.

Objective Middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms have continued to be primarily managed microsurgically. In cases of complex MCA aneurysms, revascularization could facilitate effective aneurysm treatment. The MCA candelabra provides excellent candidates for in situ side-to-side bypass. In the present case series, we have described applications of MCA in situ side-to-side bypass for the management of complex MCA aneurysms, along with a review of the pertinent data. Methods A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained neurosurgical patient database was performed to identify all patients treated with MCA side-to-side in situ bypass. Six consecutive patients were identified and included in the present series, representing a single-surgeon experience from February 2016 to November 2018. Results Of the 6 complex MCA aneurysms, all were unruptured, and one half had been treated via a minipterional approach that also allowed for simultaneous anterior communicating artery aneurysm clipping in 1 case. The median temporary occlusion time for anastomosis was 33 minutes (interquartile range [IQR], 30.3–35 minutes). Bypass patency was confirmed in all cases both intraoperatively and postoperatively. The median hospitalization time was 4.5 days (IQR, 2–8 days). The median follow-up period was 5.5 months (IQR, 2.8–22.3 months). All patients had achieved excellent or good (≤1) modified Rankin scale scores at discharge and during the follow-up period. No mortalities occurred, and no technical, bypass-related, or ischemic morbidities had developed. Conclusions Our experience with MCA side-to-side in situ bypass has demonstrated its safety and utility in complex MCA aneurysm management. The favorable anatomy of the MCA branches allows for minimally invasive revascularization and clipping that can potentially reduce the hospitalization time and incidence of perioperative morbidity.
Immunotherapy for Parkinson’s disease

With the increasing prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD), there is an immediate need to interdict disease signs and symptoms. In recent years this need was met through therapeutic approaches focused on regenerative stem cell replacement and alpha-synuclein clearance. However, neither have shown long-term clinical benefit. A novel therapeutic approach designed to affect disease is focused on transforming the brain's immune microenvironment. As disordered innate and adaptive immune functions are primary components of neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis, this has emerged as a clear opportunity for therapeutic development. Interventions that immunologically restore the brain's homeostatic environment can lead to neuroprotective outcomes. These have recently been demonstrated in both laboratory and early clinical investigations. To these ends, efforts to increase the numbers and function of regulatory T cells over dominant effector cells that exacerbate systemic inflammation and neurodegeneration have emerged as a primary research focus. These therapeutics show broad promise in affecting disease outcomes beyond PD, such as for Alzheimer's disease, stroke and traumatic brain injuries, which share common neurodegenerative disease processes.
Abstract B26: A novel dietary advanced glycation end product (AGE) model to assess impact on tumor progression

Advanced glycation end products, or AGEs, and their corresponding receptor, the receptor for AGE (RAGE), have roles in several chronic diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease due to their proinflammatory properties. Recently AGE: RAGE signaling has been implicated in a number of cancers, including prostate and breast cancer; however, how AGE: RAGE signaling effects these cancers has not been elucidated. To examine this, we have developed a novel dietary AGE tumor model. Our regular and AGE (TestDiet DIO 58G7) diets consist of equal %k/cal from fat, protein, and carbohydrate; however, the predominant source of carbohydrate in the control diet is starch and in the AGE diet is sugar. To generate the high-AGE diet we autoclave at 120°C for 15 min. In the high-AGE diet, the autoclaving mimics the cooking process in foods and induces the formation of AGEs, allowing us to observe the effects of chronic AGE consumption on both normal developmental processes as well as tumor formation and progression. Specifically, we have been able to show the impact of this diet during time periods where the breast is more susceptible to chronic AGE consumption, namely the “windows of susceptibility.” Additionally, we have applied this novel dietary model to the RAGE null (-/-) mice to explore the role of AGE:RAGE signaling further. Specifically, we have shown that chronic consumption of a high-AGE diet disrupts normal pubertal growth in the mammary gland through the recruitment of aberrant stroma, including fibroblasts and macrophages, and that these aberrant changes persist into adulthood. We further show that dietary AGEs promote aggressive tumor growth through manipulation of the tumor microenvironment and that this is RAGE dependent. We propose that this dietary model can be used as an in vivo method to examine the impact of dietary AGEs on the TME and as a mechanism for potential therapeutic and preventative strategies. Citation Format: Reid K. Schuster, Bradley A. Krisanits, Jamie Randise, Lourdes M. Nogueira, Kristi Helke, Amanda C. LaRue, David P. Turner, Victoria J. Findlay. A novel dietary advanced glycation end product (AGE) model to assess impact on tumor progression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Evolving Landscape of Cancer Modeling; 2020 Mar 2-5; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B26.
Treatment of Urinary Incontinence in Patients With Erectile Dysfunction

Abstract Introduction Concurrent urinary incontinence (UI) and erectile dysfunction (ED) can greatly damage a patient's quality of life. Owing to the intertwined anatomy, treatment options for one most certainly have implications on the other. Objective The aim of this review is to characterize and elucidate the treatment patients with postprostatectomy UI undergoing concurrent or subsequent treatment of ED. These principles can be extrapolated to all patients with UI and ED. Methods The literature on postprostatectomy UI treatment in the context of concurrent ED was reviewed through a Medline search. Original research using quantitative and qualitative methodologies was considered. Results The epidemiology, workup, and management of postprostatectomy UI being mindful of ongoing or future ED treatments are the main outcome measures. Owing to the intertwined anatomy, treatment options for UI and ED have implications on the other. It is essential for the surgeon to obtain an understanding of the patient's degree of bother for each process, personal preference on treatment options, and management of expectations. Surgical treatment options include a combination of the artificial urinary sphincter, sling, inflatable penile prosthesis, semi-rigid penile prosthesis, and new techniques such as the Mini-Jupette. The appropriate combinations will be determined by patient factors of dexterity, preference, degree of leakage, history of radiation, and so on. The decision of staged vs dual implant will be largely driven by the surgeons' preference, payor limitations, and comfort level. This issue is particularly challenging in redo cases where we advocate for cuff downsizing or tandem cuff before the transcorporal approach is used with the goal of preserving sexual function. Conclusion The concurrent treatment of ED and UI requires thoughtful workup, meticulous attention to detail, and an armamentarium of surgical skills. It is crucial for the surgeon to understand and manage patient expectations in treating these delicate and difficult pathologies. Ajay D, Mendez MH, Wang R, et al. Treatment of Urinary Incontinence in Patients With Erectile Dysfunction. Sex Med Rev 2021;9:593–604.
Epithelial Malignant Tumors of the Cervix: Neuroendocrine Tumors

Neuroendocrine tumors of the cervix are epithelial neoplasms with morphologic and immunophenotypic evidence of neuroendocrine differentiation. This group of tumors includes low-grade neuroendocrine tumors (grades 1–2) and high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas (grade 3), the latter of which may be either small cell or large cell type. Overall, neuroendocrine tumors are rare comprising 2% of all invasive cervical neoplasms, the majority of which are small cell carcinomas. In most cases, high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 or 18 is identified as an etiologic factor. Treatment for early-stage, high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas is radical hysterectomy, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiation. The prognosis of low-grade neuroendocrine tumors of the cervix is related to the disease stage. Grade 1 neuroendocrine tumors of the cervix portend the best prognosis. High-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas are associated with poor clinical outcome for all stages, with high recurrence rates and a 5-year survival of 15% to 40%.
Compressive optical interferometry under structural constraints.

Compressive sensing (CS) combines data acquisition with compression coding to reduce the number of measurements required to reconstruct a sparse signal. In optics, this usually takes the form of projecting the field onto sequences of random spatial patterns that are selected from an appropriate random ensemble. We show here that CS can be exploited in ‘native’ optics hardware without introducing added components. Specifically, we show that random sub-Nyquist sampling of an interferogram suffices to reconstruct the field modal structure despite the structural constraints of the measurement system set by its limited degrees of freedom. The distribution of the reduced (and structurally constrained) sensing matrices corresponding to random measurements is provably incoherent and isotropic, which helps us carry out CS successfully. We implement compressive interferometry using a generalized Mach-Zehnder interferometer in which the traditional temporal delay is replaced with a linear transformation corresponding to a fractional transform. By randomly sampling the order of the fractional transform, we efficiently reconstruct the modal content of the input beam in the Hermite-Gaussian and Laguerre-Gaussian bases.
Hippocampal Asymmetry of Regional Development and Structural Covariance in Preterm Neonates

Premature birth is associated with high prevalence of neurodevelopmental impairments in surviving infants. The hippocampus is known to be critical for learning and memory, the putative role of hippocampus dysfunction remains poorly understood in preterm neonates. Particularly, hemispherical asymmetry of the hippocampus has been well-noted, either structurally or functionally. How the preterm birth impairs the hippocampal development, and to what extent the hippocampus was impaired by preterm birth asymmetrical has not been well studied. In this study, we compared regional and local hippocampal development in term born neonates (n=361) and prematurely born infants at term-born equivalent age on MRI studies (n = 53) using T2 MRI images collected from the Developing Human Connectome Project (dHCP); We compared 1) volumetric growth; 2) shape development in the hippocampal hemispheres using Laplace-Beltrami eigen-projection and boundary deformation between the two groups; and 3) structural covariance between hippocampal vertices and the cortical thickness in cerebral cortex regions. We demonstrated that premature infants have smaller volume for the right hippocampi, while no difference was observed for the left hippocampi. Lower thickness was observed in the hippocampal head in both hemispheres for preterm neonates compared to full-term peers, while an accelerated hippocampal thickness growth rate was found in left hippocampus only. Structural covariance analysis demonstrated that in premature infants, the structural covariance between hippocampi and limbic lobe were severely impaired compared to healthy term neonates only in left hemisphere. These data suggest that the development of the hippocampus during the third trimester may be altered following early extrauterine exposure, with high degree of asymmetry. These findings suggested that the hippocampus shows high degree of vulnerability, particularly asymmetrical vulnerability or plasticity, in preterm neonates at the term-born equivalent age compared to full-term healthy controls.
Individual Differences in Reward-Based Learning Predict Fluid Reasoning Abilities

The ability to reason and problem-solve in novel situations, as measured by the Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices (RAPM), is highly predictive of both cognitive task performance and real-world outcomes. Here we provide evidence that RAPM performance depends on the ability to reallocate attention in response to self-generated feedback about progress. We propose that such an ability is underpinned by the basal ganglia nuclei, which are critically tied to both reward processing and cognitive control. This hypothesis was implemented in a neurocomputational model of the RAPM task, which was used to derive novel predictions at the behavioral and neural levels. These predictions were then verified in one neuroimaging and two behavioral experiments. Furthermore, an effective connectivity analysis of the neuroimaging data confirmed a role for the basal ganglia in modulating attention. Taken together, these results suggest that individual differences in a neural circuit related to reward processing underpin human fluid reasoning abilities.
Combined Oxytocin and Cognitive Behavioral Social Skills Training for Social Function in People With Schizophrenia.

Background A significant proportion of people with schizophrenia are characterized by impaired ability to socially engage with others. The development of effective interventions for social functioning remains a central therapeutic challenge. Cognitive-behavioral social skills training (CBSST) has been found to improve social functioning in schizophrenia, but with only medium effect sizes. Intranasal oxytocin also has prosocial effects, but also only with modest effect sizes. This study assessed whether the addition of intranasal oxytocin to CBSST can strengthen their impact on social function. Methods Participants (N = 62) with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder entered a 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial with a 3-month follow-up evaluation at 2 sites: Maryland and San Diego. Participants were randomized to either intranasal oxytocin 36 IU (3 sprays) twice a day (n = 31) or intranasal placebo-oxytocin (3 sprays) twice a day (n = 31). All participants received CBSST plus a social cognition skills training module (48 total sessions). Results There were no significant treatment group differences in social functioning, positive symptoms, negative symptoms, defeatist beliefs, or asocial beliefs. The interpretation of treatment effects was complicated by site effects, whereby participants in San Diego began the trial with greater severity of impairments and subsequently showed greater improvements compared with participants in Maryland. Conclusions The results did not support the utility of add-on intranasal oxytocin to psychosocial rehabilitation interventions like CBSST for improvement in social function (ClinicalTrials.gov trial number: NCT01752712).
The limited effects of partisan and consensus messaging in correcting science misperceptions

The spread of COVID-19 misinformation highlights the need to correct misperceptions about health and science. Research on climate change suggests that informing people about a scientific consensus ...
Preserving observability in synchrophasors using Optimal Redundancy Criteria (ORC)

This paper presents a linear programming based solution for an Optimal Placement of Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) problem (OPP) under contingency situations. With the increasing usage of synchrophasors or PMUs for smart grid monitoring and control, the problem of PMU placement has become a major concern due to high installation costs. This paper uses a Linear Programming (ILP) approach to find optimal solutions. This paper shows that performance of the LP constraints and formulation makes the approach very attractive for smaller utilities with limited budgets. This is investigated with and without zero injection cases in the CPLEX solver. This paper also proposes an index called the Optimal Redundancy Criteria (ORC) that assists utilities in providing redundant observability for critical buses in the system. The proposed approach yields optimal solutions for full and redundant observabilities within 15 milliseconds (ms) for test bed cases such as the IEEE 14, 30, 57, 118, and 300 bus systems, and a 208 bus Southern region Indian power grid (SRIPG).
The emotional divide: Alpha wave asymmetry of the frontal lobes during mild, moderate and high fear commercials.

Advertising is embedded into everyday American life. Many television commercials aim to connect with the audience on an emotional level. Amongst these emotions, fear is often used to gain consumer attention. Theorists believe that moderate fear is the most effective level of fear to gain consumer attention, and cause behavioral changes. The emotion of fear also has effects on human physiology. Two different theories describe that the emotion of fear is linked to frontal lobe asymmetry, claiming that the emotion of fear will activate the right side of the frontal lobes. This study examined the modulated levels of fear (low, moderate and high) to determine if fear does activate the right hemisphere of the frontal lobes. Specifically, this study predicted that moderate fear would activate the right hemisphere of the frontal lobes by decreasing amplitude and frequency of alpha EEG waves, more than low and high fear. Significant results were not found when comparing moderate fear to low and high fear in the right frontal lobe. However, mean scores for moderate fear compared to low and high fear scores reveal a trend of activation indicating moderate fear to activate the right hemisphere more than the other two levels of fear. Also, results show significant differences in alpha activation when moderate fear was compared to happy and neutral advertisements.
Rapid Diagnosis of Infection by Gas-Liquid Chromatography: Analysis of Sugars in Normal and Infected Cerebrospinal Fluid

A highly reproducible procedure was developed for gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of trimethylsilyl derivatives of normal human cerebrospinal fluid. Fourteen normal human cerebrospinal fluid samples tested with this procedure contained α- and β-glucose as well as isomers of two unidentified sugars. Chromatographic changes in three cases of meningeal inflammation (two cryptococcosis and one thalamic astrocytoma) were limited to decreased concentrations of all sugars. In one case of early meningitis, the concentrations of the unknown sugars decreased before glucose. Now that a reproducible chromatogram of the trimethylsilyl derivatives of normal human cerebrospinal fluid has been established, more samples of abnormal cerebrospinal fluid should be prepared by these methods and examined by gas-liquid chromatography. It may be possible to identify unique products of infectious agents which will permit rapid diagnosis of central nervous system infection.
A tool for assessing the text legibility of digital human machine interfaces

A tool intended to aid qualified professionals in the assessment of the legibility of text presented on a digital display is described. The assessment of legibility is primarily for the purposes of designing and analyzing human machine interfaces in accordance with NUREG-0700 and MIL-STD 1472G. The tool addresses shortcomings of existing guidelines by providing more accurate metrics of text legibility with greater sensitivity to design alternatives.
The Individualization of War: From War to Policing in the Regulation of Armed Conflicts

In a celebrated humanitarian move, wartime regulation has evolved from a predominantly state-oriented set of obligations — which viewed war as an inter-collective effort — to a more individual-focused regime. In fact, the regulation of armed conflict increasingly resembles, at least in aspiration, the regulation of police activities, in which it is the welfare of individuals, rather than the collective interest of the state, that takes center stage. I demonstrate that many contemporary debates over the laws of war, including the distinction between the jus ad bellum and jus in bello, proportionality, detention of combatants, and reparations for victims implicate exactly the tension between collectivism and individualism in the regulation of armed conflict. I further argue that notwithstanding the humanitarian benefits of the move to greater concern over the human rights of those affected by war, reimagining war as a policing operation harbors real dangers that must not be overlooked. These include imagining more of policing as war, inhibiting military action for the protection of others, and inviting more aggressive acts “short of war” against targets around the world.
Adaptive structures for multiple-input noise cancelling applications

This paper is concerned with problems in which the interference present in a primary signal is reduced using a sum of M linearly-filtered reference signals. These latter signals contain interference components which are correlated with that present in the primary. Examples occur in antenna array processing and in multiple-axis seismometer recordings of geophysical data. In the structures of interest, the linear filters are adaptive and employ a lattice configuration. Previous work in this area has been restricted to the case of a single reference signal. The multiple-reference case is shown to have unique characteristics which do not appear in the single-dimensional case. Examples illustrating this difference are presented.
Antrum motility as a stimulus for gastric secretion.

Summary Observations have been recorded concerning the effects of various procedures such as removal of vagus innervation, transplantation of the antrum to the abdominal wall and into the colon, on the total output of gastric juice from a Pavlov pouch. It is concluded that the hormonal or antrum phase of gastric secretion is most important, the nervous phase of secretion is somewhat less, and the intestinal phase is least important in provoking the secretion of gastric juice from a Pavlov accessory stomach pouch. The antrum of the stomach, transplanted into the colon, causes a greater secretion of gastric juice than is produced when the antrum is in its normal location. This secretion may continue even though the original blood supply to the antrum is divided, and it is nourished by newly formed blood vessels from the colon. In the absence of other factors, the development of pressure within the isolated colon containing an antrum transplant as a result of peristalsis is a profound stimulation for antrum function. The significance of this finding as a possible explanation for the increase in gastric secretion accompanying pyloric stenosis in man is suggested.
Selective Detection of Live Pathogens via Surface-Confined Electric Field Perturbation on Interdigitated Silicon Transducers

Detection of physical changes of cells is emerging as a new diagnostic approach to determine their phenotypical features. One of such changes is related to their viability; live (viable) cells are more voluminous than the dead ones, and monitoring this parameter in tissue cells becomes essential in fields such as drug discovery and hazard evaluation. In the area of pathogen detection, an analytical system capable of specifically detecting viable cells with the simple sample preparation and detection process would be highly desirable since live microorganisms can rapidly increase their numbers even at extremely low concentration and become a severe health risk. However, current sensing strategies cannot clearly determine the viability of cells, and hence they are susceptible to false-positive signals from harmless dead pathogens. Here we developed a robust electronic immunoassay that uses a pair of polycrystalline silicon interdigitated electrodes for the rapid detection of pathogens with high specificity for live cells. After bacterial cells were specifically anchored to the surface of the antibody-modified electrode, the characteristic geometry of the transducer enables the selective detection of viable cells with a limit of detection of 3 x 10(2) cfu/mL and an incubation time of only 1 h. The CMOS compatible fabrication process of the chip along with the label-free, reagent-less electronic detection and the easy electrode regeneration to recycle for another impedance measurement make this approach an excellent candidate for oncoming economical in-field viable-cell detection systems, fully integrable with sophisticated signal processing circuits.
Recurrent depression, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes among middle-aged and older adult women.

Abstract Background The goal of this study was to investigate the concurrent and prospective relationships between a history of single and recurrent major depression disorder (MDD) and the medical conditions of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes using a community sample of middle- and older-aged women. Methods Data from women (n=557 at baseline; mean age=55.7 years) participating in a two-wave longitudinal study (5-year interval) were used to examine associations between single and recurrent MDD, assessed with a structured clinical interview, and three self-report indicators of CVD (heart attack or myocardial infarction, stroke, angina), major CVD risk markers (hypertension, high cholesterol), and diabetes. Analyses were conducted to evaluate hypotheses which proposed that recurrent depression would be significantly associated with the three medical outcomes, but not single episode MDD. Results After controlling for a range of important covariates (e.g., BMI, smoking, alcohol use), cross-sectional analyses indicated that recurrent MDD, but not single episode MDD, significantly predicted CVD risk and diabetes. Prospective analyses indicated that recurrent MDD, but not single episode MDD, increased the risk for CVD and diabetes. Limitations The sample was a predominantly white, middle-class sample so generalizability of findings may be limited for minorities and men. Reliance on self-report data may have biased the findings. Conclusions These findings suggest the benefits of measuring single versus recurrent MDD when investigating the risk of depression on chronic diseases. Findings also suggest the importance of identifying individuals suffering from recurrent MDD early in their lifespan with the goal of preventing future depressive episodes.
O2 reduction and CO oxidation at the Pt-electrolyte interface. The role of H2O and OH adsorption bond strengths

Abstract The nature of surface sites on which OH(ads) forms in acid and basic electrolytes is discussed based on the analysis of experimental results in the literature and the results of quantum calculations. Theoretical evidence is given for OH(ads) forming in acid solution on Pt surfaces by the reaction Pt  OH 2 ⋯ OH 2 ( OH ) 2 ↔ Pt  OH ⋯ H +  OH 2 ( OH 2 ) 2 + e − ( U ) ( i ) and an analysis of experimental results suggests that in base it forms by the reaction Pt  OH 2 ⋯ OH − ( HOH ) 2 ↔ Pt  OH ⋯ H  OH ( HOH ) 2 + e − ( U ) ( ii ) The reversible potential for reaction (i) is calculated to be 0.62 V, which is essentially the onset potential for OH(ads) formation in weak acid electrolytes. It is suggested that OH(ads) forms at potentials as low as ∼0.17 V in weak basic electrolyte by reaction (ii) where H2O molecules bond by lone-pair donation to unblocked Ptδ+ sites of the hydrided electrode surface, and that as the potential is increased to the double layer region, beginning at 0.4 V, H2O no longer bonds with the surface to participate in this reaction. This behavior would explain the ∼0.3 V prewave in CO(ads) oxidation by OH(ads). At the potential of zero charge, ∼0.6 V, H2O again adsorbs and the reaction resumes. It is concluded based on experimental and theoretical evidence that four-electron O2 reduction on Pt electrodes at low overpotentials requires a special site characterized by a relatively small ratio of OH to H2O adsorption bond strengths and or a higher activation energy for OH(ads) formation by reaction (i), as well as a weak ability to adsorb anions.
The origin of myoblasts and the problem of dedifferentiation.

Abstract Skeletal muscle of dystrophic mice was injured, thymidine- 3 H was administered and the mice were left for a period of 10 to 27 days to allow the regeneration of muscle fibers which would then contain many radioactive nuclei. When the muscle was reinjured, it was shown by radioautography that the newly regenerating fibers also contained many radioactive nuclei. These experimental results were consistent with the hypothesis that new muscle fibers are formed by cells originating from the injured fibers, but did not exclude the possibility of participation by connective tissue cells. Connective tissue overlying skeletal muscle was injured in normal and dystrophic mice. Thymidine- 3 H was injected to label connective tissue cells proliferating in response to injury and then the underlying muscle was injured. Many strongly radioactive leucocytes and connective tissue cells were seen in radioautographs four days after muscle injury but the basophilic myotubes did not contain any nuclei which gave strong reactions. However, very weak reactions were commonly seen over myotube nuclei and were attributed to reutilization of thymidine- 3 H released through degeneration of leucocytes. This was tested by repeating the experiment with the modification that a two week interval separated the injury to connective tissue from the injury to muscle. Radioautographs of such doubly injured areas revealed a lack of strongly radioactive leucocytes and the complete absence of radioautographic reactions over nuclei in basophilic myotubes. With this demonstration of non-participation by connective tissue cells in muscle regeneration, and in conjunction with a previous experiment which ruled out leucocyte participation, it has been shown rather conclusively that the origin of myoblasts during regeneration is from cells which form within injured muscle fibers. Results of the current and previous experiments on muscle regeneration were reviewed in respect to dedifferentiation and redifferentiation and were considered to support the hypothesis that cells in the adult are irreversibly differentiated in respect to being members of a particular cell population even though the morphology of a cell might vary greatly due to various environmental influences.
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry method for selectively producing either singly or multiply charged molecular ions.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) is noted for its ability to produce primarily singly charged ions. This is an attribute when using direct ionization for complex mixtures such as protein digests or synthetic polymers. However, the ability to produce multiply charged ions, as with electrospray ionization (ESI), has advantages such as extending the mass range on mass spectrometers with limited mass-to-charge (m/z) range and enhancing fragmentation for structural characterization. We designed and fabricated a novel field free transmission geometry atmopsheric pressure (AP) MALDI source mounted to a high-mass resolution Orbitrap Exactive mass spectrometer. We report the ability to produce at will either singly charged ions or highly charged ions using a MALDI process by simply changing the matrix or the matrix preparation conditions. Mass spectra with multiply charged ions very similar to those obtained with ESI of proteins such as cytochrome c and ubiquitin are obtai...
Scattering of electromagnetic waves from dielectric coated conducting spheres

Several series of rigorous numerical calculations of the backscatter cross section of a conducting sphere with a thin lossless dielectric coating were carried out. The ratio of the radius to wavelength was varied from about 0.02 to 10.0; the dielectric constant of the coating was taken to be 2.56, 4.0, or 6.0; and the thickness of the coating was 0.1 or 0.05 times the outer radius of the coated sphere. Curves of the results are presented which indicate that the backscatter cross section of a coated sphere may be increased by as much as a factor of ten over that of an uncoated sphere of the same size, and, due to interference effects, an even greater decrease may be obtained. Further, small changes (less than one per cent) in the thickness or dielectric constant of the coating, or in the wavelength, may bring about large changes in the cross section. The numerical results are also compared with some experimental measurements, and with predictions of a "creeping-wave" type of analysis carried out by Helstrom.