cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advances in zinc sensors for studying zinc release events from pancreatic cells

This paper describes the fabrication and characterization of the analytical properties of fluorescence-based zinc ion sensing glass slides and antibody based zinc sensors and their application in monitoring zinc release from beta pancreatic cells. The zinc ion indicator ZnAF-2 {6-[N- [N', N'-bis (2-pyridinylmethyl)-2-aminoethyl] amino-3',6'-dihydroxy-spiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-[9H] xanthene]-3-one} was modified to include a sufficiently long linking aliphatic chain, with a terminal carboxyl functional group. The activated carboxyl-modified ZnAF-2 was conjugated to the amino silanized surface of glass slides and to free amino groups of the A2B5 antibody molecules. The sensors were used to monitor zinc ion release events from glucose-stimulated pancreatic cells.
Distances to Planetary Nebulae

Finding distances to planetary nebulae remains a frustrating undertaking, but significant progress has been made over the past several years. This review covers primarily work done on distances since 1980, with some references to earlier papers. Some interesting new methods have been tried recently and some methods that have been used for years have been refined. Missions such as the Hubble Space Telescope and Hipparcos may provide new data on distances. Advances in ground-based telescopes and instruments will make possible new studies of distances.
Longitudinal patterns in flathead catfish relative abundance and length at age within a large river: effects of an urban gradient

We investigated the spatial variation of flathead catfish (Pylodictis olivaris) relative abundance and growth in the 274 km long Kansas River to determine if population dynamics of catfish are related to urbanization. Electrofishing was conducted at 462 random sites throughout the river in summer, 2005–2006 to collect fish. Relative abundance of age 1 fish (≤200 mm), subadult (>200–400 mm) and adult fish (>400 mm) ranged from 0.34 to 14.67 fish h−1, mean length at age 1 was 165 (range: 128–195) mm total length (TL) and mean length at age 3 was 376 mm TL (range: 293–419 mm TL). The proportion of land use within 200 m of the river edge was between 0 and 0.54 urban. River reaches with high relative abundance of age 1 flathead catfish had high relative abundance of subadult and adult catfish. River reaches with fast flathead catfish growth to age 1 had fast growth to age 3. High urban land use and riprap in the riparian area were evident in river reaches near the heavily populated Kansas City and Topeka, Kansas, USA. Reaches with increased number of log jams and islands had decreased riparian agriculture. Areas of low urbanization had faster flathead catfish growth (r = 0.67, p = 0.005). Relative abundance of flathead catfish was higher in more agricultural areas (r = −0.57, p = 0.02). Changes in land use in riverine environments may alter population dynamics of a fish species within a river. Spatial differences in population dynamics need to be considered when evaluating riverine fish populations. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Borehole fluid chemistry of DSDP Holes 395A and 534A results from Operation Dianaut

Fluid samples were obtained in two Deep Sea Drilling Project boreholes, during wireline re-entry logging of Operation DIANAUT in the Atlantic Ocean. Chemical compositions of borehole fluids in Hole 395A suggest the presence of bottom water in the entire borehole, with no evidence of interaction with the borehole wall or of exchange with formation waters. Fluids from Hole 534A show compositional changes relative to seawater, suggesting an input of fluid from the formation into the borehole. The borehole fluid data, in combination with data on the chemistry of the pore fluids of the sediments at this site, suggest the presence of an aquifer at a depth below 700 mbsf, the depth of a blockage of the hole.
Scale-Dependent Properties of Optimal Perturbations on a Zonally Varying Barotropic Flow

The scale-dependent characteristics of the optimal perturbations in a zonally asymmetric barotropic model are examined. The dependence of the optimal energy growth on the initial scale is investigated through the calculations of spectrally constrained optimal perturbations. Considering an optimization time of t 5 3 days, and a basic state containing an idealized Asian jet, the optimal amplification factor generally increases with the decrease of the imposed initial scale. In the absence of diffusion, the most amplifying scale becomes the smallest scale in the model. An energetics analysis shows that the energy conversion in the optimal excitation process is dominated by the shear straining term, with a sharp increase in the scale of the perturbation accompanying the explosive energy growth. These results show the similarity between the optimally growing process in the zonally asymmetric system and the shear straining process in a parallel shear flow. Except when a small t is considered or a sufficiently strong diffusion is used in the system, the optimal energy growth for small-scale disturbances sensitively depends on the zonally varying feature of the basic state. With t 5 3 days, the optimal amplification factors for small-scale disturbances are reduced significantly when the idealized Asian jet is shortened by only one-fifth. At the same time, those for medium- and large-scale disturbances are almost unaffected by the change of the basic state. The reasons for this contrast of the sensitivity property between the small and large scales are discussed.
Mutagenicity and mutation spectra of 2-acetylaminofluorene at frameshift and base-substitution alleles in four DNA repair backgrounds of salmonella

Abstract We used colony probe hybridization procedures to determine the mutations in ∼ 600 revertants of the −1 frameshift allele hisD3052 and ∼ 200 revertants of the base-substitution allele hisG46 of Salmonella typhimurium induced by 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) in the presence of Aroclor-induced rat liver S9. 2-AAF was primarily a frameshift mutagen, exhibiting 5 times more frameshift than base-substitution activity. The only frameshift mutation 2-AAF induced at the hisD3052 allele was a hotspot (−2) deletion within the sequence CGCGCGCG. The addition of the pKM101 plasmid had a small effect on the mutagenic potency of 2-AAF at this allele in a uvr+ background and no effect on the mutation spectra in either a uvr+ or uvr− background. The small amount of base-substitution activity exhibited by 2-AAF at the hisG46 allele required the presence of both the pKM101 plasmid and the uvrB mutation. The base substitutions were G · C → T · A transversions (86%) and G · C → A · T transitions (14%), and 85% of the substitutions were at the second position of the CCC target of the hisG46 allele; the remainder were at the first position. We propose that the hotspot frameshift may be initiated by N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene adducts located at the C(8) position of any of the guanines except the first one in the CGCGCGCG hotspot sequence. The mutation might then result from correct incorporation of cytosine opposite the adducted guanine, followed by a 2-base slippage according to our recently proposed correct-incorporation/slippage model. The hotspot mutation may also result from a 2-AAF-induced B- to Z-DNA transition at the repeating GpC site as well as by the action of enzymes involved in DNA metabolism, such as DNA resolvases or topoisomerases, on DNA structures that have been distorted by 2-AAF adducts. The small amount of 2-AAF-induced base-substitution activity may be due to mispairing of adenine opposite the minor aminofluorene adduct at the C(8) position of guanine.
The clinical spectrum of sport-related traumatic brain injury

Acute and chronic sports-related traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are a substantial public health concern. Various types of acute TBI can occur in sport, but detection and management of cerebral concussion is of greatest importance as mismanagement of this syndrome can lead to persistent or chronic postconcussion syndrome (CPCS) or diffuse cerebral swelling. Chronic TBI encompasses a spectrum of disorders that are associated with long-term consequences of brain injury, including chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), dementia pugilistica, post-traumatic parkinsonism, post-traumatic dementia and CPCS. CTE is the prototype of chronic TBI, but can only be definitively diagnosed at autopsy as no reliable biomarkers of this disorder are available. Whether CTE shares neuropathological features with CPCS is unknown. Evidence suggests that participation in contact-collision sports may increase the risk of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer disease, but the data are conflicting. In this Review, the spectrum of acute and chronic sport-related TBI is discussed, highlighting how examination of athletes involved in high-impact sports has advanced our understanding of pathology of brain injury and enabled improvements in detection and diagnosis of sport-related TBI.
Progressive failure analysis of inelastic space truss structures

Abstract In general, the progressive failure analysis of space truss systems can only be adequately evaluated with both material and geometric nonlinearities considered. This paper utilizes constitutive relationships to provide the fundamental modeling of elastic and inelastic member behavior, coupled with a geometrically nonlinear finite element model. Modeled member material behavior modes include: buckling, yielding, inelastic post-buckling, unloading, and reloading. Geometric nonlinearity is based on iteratively correcting the linearized updated Lagrangian space truss displacement equations. Interaction of the nonlinear loading behavior results in structure force redistribution which can lead to member failure, unloading, or reloading. Such behavior can lead to the progressive failure of a space truss structure. The developed model traces the sequence of localized buckling, yielding, and inelastic member response. Results are presented to demonstrate model capabilities for representing the inelastic, progressive failure response of space truss structures.
The fragmented warehouse: Location assignment for unit-load picking

In traditional warehouses, all items of the same stock-keeping units (SKUs) are usually co-located. However, the emergence of automatic identification and tracking technologies like RFID, enables us to consider free-form storage. We consider the strategy of storing identical items in a fragmented manner. The storage of identical SKUs in different locations creates new optimization opportunities by enabling more numerous picking route choices beyond standard unique location sets. Multiple storage location problems are not as well understood as the co-located storage case, and the complexity is greater. We present an abstract warehouse model to explore the storage location assignment problem in warehouse systems involving unit-load order picking and illustrate how multiple copies of items affect optimal location assignment. We introduce a provably optimal strategy involving a concept called ?order pressure.? We provide an optimal arrangement method for unit-load pick-orders and show how relative item probabilities affect clustering and distribution.
The morphogenesis of glutamic acid decarboxylase in the neostriatum of the cat: neuronal and ultrastructural localization.

Abstract Correlative light and electron microscopic immunohistochemical methods were adapted for a descriptive analysis of the normal time course and pattern of expression and intraneuronal localization of the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in the neostriatum (Ns) of fetal, postnatal and adult cats. The differentiation of this synthesizing enzyme demonstrated the establishment of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transmitter identity in these neurons and their connections. The structural modifications of these GABAergic profiles revealed the morphogenesis of important inhibitory synaptic inputs in the Ns. The expression of GAD began during late fetal development and proceeded in a diagonal gradient from the first-formed ventrolateral putamen to the last-formed dorsomedial caudate nucleus. The frequency of GAD-positive elements increased with age particularly during the early postnatal period. After the initial expression of GAD, 3 interrelated processes contributed to its differentiation: (1) enzyme accumulation; (2) enzyme association with membranous organelles and (3) progressive elaboration of neuronal infrastructure. Synaptogenesis was both coincident and subsequent to GAD differentiation. Two principal types of GABAergic structures, cell bodies and axonal ‘terminals’, were evident from the initiation of GAD expression. The GABAergic cell bodies were polymorphic by and after the day of birth and consisted of ubiquitous medium sized cells (often having somatic and/or dendritic spines) and rare large sized cells (apparently aspiny and confined to a limited region of the Ns). The GABAergic axonal terminals changed from growth cone and prototerminal forms to mature bouton en passage and bouton terminaux forms establishing axosomatic and axodendritic contracts, having symmetric synaptic specializations and providing inputs to both medium- and large-sized GABAergic target neurons.
The effects of government initiatives on the professionalization of occupations

Abstract Over the past 15 years a series of federal initiatives and laws have changed the nature of the way that the federal government conducts business. One impact of these changes has been a concentration on the professionalization of certain occupations within the federal government, monitored by the federal government, or supported by the federal government. A review of these laws and the literature on professionalization of occupations is provided. Then examples of federal influence on the professionalization of three fields are provided: library paraprofessionals, victim services providers, and contract specialists. Finally, the implications of the federal government influence on professionalization for human resource management are discussed.
Winter jet stream trends over the Northern Hemisphere

Trends in the speed and probability of winter jet stream cores over the Northern Hemisphere were measured for 1958–2007, and related changes in the thermal structure of the troposphere were identified. Eddy-driven jet (EDJ) core speeds and probabilities increased over the midlatitudes (40–60°N), with changes as large as 15% (speed) and 30% (probability). These increasing trends are collocated with increases in baroclinicity driven by a spatially heterogeneous pattern of height change consisting of large-scale warming with cooling centres embedded poleward of 60°N. The cooling centres reduced high-latitude baroclinicity, making jet cores poleward of 60°N less frequent and weaker. Over the west and central Pacific, subtropical jet stream (STJ) core probabilities remained relatively constant while core speeds increased by as much as 1.75 m/s decade−1 in association with Hadley cell intensification. The STJ shifted poleward over the east Pacific and Middle East, and an equatorward shift and intensification of the STJ were found over the Atlantic basin–contributing to an increased separation of the EDJ and STJ. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Phytoliths in sediment as indicators of grass pollen source

Abstract Phytolith and pollen analyses of soil samples and of sediment cores in southwestern Louisiana show that phytoliths add valuable information whenever Gramineae pollen is a significant component of the pollen assemblage. The environments sampled include dry prairie, poorly drained prairie, intermediate marsh, and salt marsh. Dumbbell shaped phytoliths dominate samples from the dry prairie; rondel shaped phytoliths increase along the waterlogging/salinity gradient and dominate salt marsh samples. The ratio of dumbbell shaped phytoliths to rondel shaped phytoliths changes significantly along this environmental gradient and provides a means of refining pollen based interpretations of an estuarine sediment core. The phytolith ratio indicates whether grass pollen in the core comes from marsh taxa or from southwestern Louisiana's natural tallgrass prairie. This simple phytolith ratio shows promise for resolving the interpretive dilemma resulting from Gramineae's prominence in both very dry and very wet environments.
Functional characteristics of the midbrain periaqueductal gray

The major functions of the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG), including pain and analgesia, fear and anxiety, vocalization, lordosis and cardiovascular control are considered in this review article. The PAG is an important site in ascending pain transmission. It receives afferents from nociceptive neurons in the spinal cord and sends projections to thalamic nuclei that process nociception. The PAG is also a major component of a descending pain inhibitory system. Activation of this system inhibits nociceptive neurons in the dorsal horn of the sinal cord. The dorsal PAG is a major site for processing of fear and anxiety. It interacts with the amygdala and its lesion alters fear and anxiety produced by stimulation of amygdala. Stimulation of PAG produces vocalization and its lesion produces mutism. The firing of many cells within the PAG correlates with vocalization. The PAG is a major site for lordosis and this role of PAG is mediated by a pathway connecting the medial preoptic with the PAG. The cardiovascular controlling network within the PAG are organized in columns. The dorsal column is involved in pressor and the ventrolateral column mediates depressor responses. The major intrinsic circuit within the PAG is a tonically-active GABAergic network and inhibition of this network is an important mechanism for activation of outputs of the PAG. The various functions of the PAG are interrelated and there is a significant interaction between different functional components of the PAG. Using the current information about the anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology of the PAG, a model is proposed to account for the interactions between these different functional components.
Structure and properties of spinodally decomposed Cu-Ni-Fe alloys

Abstract This investigation is concerned with the structural spinodal decomposition and accompanying changes in properties of a 51.5 Cu-33.5 Ni-15.0 Fe alloy after solution treatment and fast quenching. Transmission electron microscopy and diffraction, and magnetic analysis were the principal techniques employed. During aging the two-phase microstructure coarsens such that the mean wavelength is determined by a (time) 1 3 law. Eventually, coherency is lost when λ ~ 1000 A, interfacial dislocations with b = a 2 〈110〉 are created and the coarsening rate is accelerated. During loss of coherency there is a change to tetragonal symmetry and then cubic again once the interface consists of a complete network of dislocations. Magnetic measurements show that the changes in composition during the spinodal transformation occur very rapidly and are best described by square wave fluctuations along 〈100〉. Results of mechanical testing, Curie temperature and wavelength measurements indicate the age hardening response is controlled principally by the difference in lattice parameter of the two phases, in agreement with the internal stress theory of Mott and Nabarro.
EFFECTS OF STIMULI, ORDER OF PRESENTATION AND SEQUENCE ON CONSERVATION OF NUMBER: A METHODOLOGICAL NOTE

Summary. Errors in the analysis of data in Experiment 1 of a paper by Kahn and Garrison (1973) are reported. Appropriate strategies for analysing order and sequence effects are described and the Kahn and Garrison data are reanalysed using these methods.
Finite difference computation of head-related transfer function for human hearing

Modeling the head-related transfer function (HRTF) is a key to many applications in spatial audio. To understand and predict the effects of head geometry and the surrounding environment on the HRTF, a three-dimensional finite-difference time domain model (3D FDTD) has been developed to simulate acoustic wave interaction with a human head. A perfectly matched layer (PML) is used to absorb outgoing waves at the truncated boundary of an unbounded medium. An external source is utilized to reduce the computational domain size through the scattered-field/total-field formulation. This numerical model has been validated by analytical solutions for a spherical head model. The 3D FDTD code is then used as a computational tool to predict the HRTF for various scenarios. In particular, a simplified spherical head model is compared to a realistic head model up to about 7 kHz. The HRTF is also computed for a realistic head model in the presence of a wall. It is demonstrated that this 3D FDTD model can be a useful tool for spatial audio applications.
Risk Aversion and Price Risk in Duality Models of Production: Comment

In his November 1992 article, Barry Coyle explores the possibility of accounting for price risk in a dual framework. In his analysis, mean and variance are treated as independent variables. In the present note, I show that for many plausible risk models, mean and variance may not be scaled independently, so that the proposed indirect utility function is not linear homogeneous in expected output prices, the covariance matrix of output prices, and input prices. Further, when the mean and variance are defined to be functions of some common factors, the derivative of the indirect utility function with respect to expected output prices will not yield the supply function.
Individual Differences in the Perception of Crowding

From a consideration of social overload theory it was hypothesized that personality variables concerned with the perception of and the reaction to social stimulation are related to an individual's susceptibility to crowding. Predicted relationships were observed for affiliation and arousal seeking as these variables were positively correlated with the number of figures that subjects placed in a model room until they perceived the room to be crowded. These relationships are discussed as a function of both sex and the subject's perception of the nature of the social situation.
Statistical Analysis for Multisite Trials Using Instrumental Variables With Random Coefficients

Multisite trials can clarify the average impact of a new program and the heterogeneity of impacts across sites. Unfortunately, in many applications, compliance with treatment assignment is imperfect. For these applications, we propose an instrumental variable (IV) model with person-specific and site-specific random coefficients. Site-specific IV coefficients can be interpreted as site-average effects of program participation or as site-average effects of participation for the compliers. The validity of these interpretations depends on the analyst's assumptions. Within the framework of a two-level hierarchical linear model, we propose three ways to estimate the mean and variance of these site-specific effects: (a) estimate the impact of program participation and its standard error in each site, then combine these site-specific statistics to estimate the mean and variance of the true site effects; (b) estimate the mean and variance of the effect of treatment assignment on the outcome and the mean and variance of the effect of treatment assignment on program participation; then combine these results to obtain estimates of the mean and variance of the effect of program participation; and (c) use Site by Treatment interactions as multiple instruments. If we assume the IV coefficients to be homogenous across sites, the three approaches are equivalent to variants of familiar two-stage least squares estimates with site fixed effects. Estimates based on our model are valid under a weaker assumption: that site-average levels of compliance are independent of site-average effects of program participation. To illustrate our approach, we evaluate a district-wide policy intended to increase math instructional time in math for low-achieving students. Finally, we discuss how Method (c) can be extended to incorporate multiple mediators.
Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor. A histochemical and ultrastructural study.

The tissue representing calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor was taken from the posterior mandible of a 45-year-old Caucasian man. The histologic components of the tumor were: 1. sheets of polyhedral epithelial cells, 2. homogeneous substance, and 3. dystrophic calcification. The homogeneous substance reacted metachromatically to methyl and crystal violet and fluoresced yellow following Thioflavin T. However, it stained equivocally for amyloid with Congo red, and exhibited weak birefringence with polarized microscope and yellow fluorescence. The homogeneous substance consisted of densely packed microfibrils, 50–150 A in diameter, deposited within, as well as between, the tumor cells. Since the ultrastructural characteristics of the fibrillar material were unlike amyloid associated with the reticuloendothelial cells, it is postulated that the epithelial tumor cells may be producing some other fibrillar protein such as keratin or enamel matrix.
Interpreting scattering from random porous solids: A model of fully penetrable spherical voids

Abstract A structural model based on randomly placed fully penetrating spheres is presented for the interpretation of small angle scattering data from porous solids. At sufficiently high void fractions this model describes a complex pore space of tortuous passages. The distribution of sphere sizes allows for the flexibility to handle broad as well as narrow pore size distributions. The model computations are only slightly more complex than those for models based on discrete spheres. In addition, the model enables interpretation of scattering data for systems where the use of Porod and/or Guinier analysis is not appropriate. The model prediction of internal surface areas and pore parameters for a well-characterized alumina sample is in good agreement with data obtained by alternative characterization techniques.
Microstructure and mechanical properties of severely deformed powder processed Ti–6Al–4V using equal channel angular extrusion

Abstract The present work focuses on the microstructural evolution and resulting room temperature mechanical properties of P/M Ti–6Al–4V severely deformed at different temperatures (550–800 °C) using equal channel angular extrusion. The effects of the extrusion temperature and number of passes on the microstructural evolution and ambient temperature mechanical properties were investigated.
Sowing "Seeds of Goodness" in Depression-Era Chile: Politics, the "Social Question," and the Labor Ministry's Cultural Extension Department

A contributor to La Lei , the journalistic mouthpiece of Chile's reformist Radical Party, attended a peculiar cultural event on a mild spring evening in 1909 that evidently made quite an impression. Workers with their spouses and children, all donning their best suits and dresses, had gathered in one of the capital's dance halls to enjoy what the onlooker grasped as an evening of “aesthetic enjoyment without ostentation.” As the writer noted, “For three hours I was enchanted by the order, by the discretion, by the culture of the dancers. [The cultured worker] is a natural friend of order, he does not let himself be convinced by high-sounding words, nor does he accept subversive ideas; the revolutionary preaching of the Utopians and those without spirits repulse him. He loves tranquillity and has a profound respect for republican laws. A man of this nature is not only a pillar of our democracy but also an unceasing producer of wealth and social well being.” What the writer recognized as “culture” evidently was conducive to the perpetuation of liberal democracy, the defense of the economic order, and the preservation of social peace during the so-called Parliamentary Republic (1891-1925). Indeed, if workers were culturally educated, if they properly understood, imitated, and enjoyed a “mainstream” culture, they would be less apt to engage in disruptive political endeavors, or so it was suggested in La Lei .
Modeling alliance activity: an iterated prisoners' dilemma with exit option

We present and solve a new, more accurate model of behavior within alliance activity. The model is essentially an iterated prisoners' dilemma with an exit option in each stage of the alliance. The proposed solution results in each partner receiving its opportunity cost as its expected average pay-off in the alliance. Managerial implications include: identification of where to focus efforts to improve alliance cooperation and performance; and an explanation for why more sophisticated partnership strategies than tit-for-tat are likely to be superior in this game. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scattering mechanisms of heavy and light holes in p-type gallium antimonide

Abstract It is not known if the scattering probabilities of two kinds of holes in p-type gallium antimonide are the same. In the present paper we found by mobility measurements in the temperature range 77–300 K that the scattering probabilities of heavy and light holes are not the same and they depend not only on the number of the final allowed states in the band of the the heavy holes into which are scattered, but also on a reduced effective mass.
Fourier transform of the reciprocal of the RPA dielectric constant

Abstract Analytic expressions are obtained by a successive approximation technique for the Fourier transform of the reciprocal of the RPA static longitudinal dielectric constant. Simple forms are presented for the structure detail of charge screening in an electron gas.
Structure and mechanical properties of faults in the North Anatolian Fault system from InSAR observations of coseismic deformation due to the 1999 Izmit (Turkey) earthquake

[1] We study the structure and mechanical properties of faults in the North Anatolian Fault system by observing near-fault deformation induced by the 1999 Mw 7.4 Izmit earthquake (Turkey). We use interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and Global Positioning System observations to analyze the coseismic surface deformation in the near field of the Izmit rupture. The overall observed coseismic deformation is consistent with deformation predicted by a dislocation model assuming a uniform elastic crust. Previous InSAR studies revealed small-scale changes in the radar range across the nearby faults of the North Anatolian fault system (in particular, the Mudurnu Valley and Iznik faults) (e.g., Wright et al., 2001). We demonstrate that these anomalous range changes are consistent with an elastic response of compliant fault zones to the stress perturbation induced by the Izmit earthquake. We examine the spatial variations and mechanical properties of fault zones around the Mudurnu Valley and Iznik faults using three-dimensional finite element models. In these models, we include compliant fault zones having various geometries and elastic properties and apply stress changes deduced from a kinematic slip model of the Izmit earthquake. The best fitting models suggest that the inferred fault zones have a characteristic width of a few kilometers, depth in excess of 10 km, and reductions in the effective shear modulus of about a factor of 3 compared to the surrounding rocks. The characteristic width of the best fitting fault zone models is consistent with field observations along the North Anatolian Fault system (Ambraseys, 1970). Our results are also in agreement with InSAR observations of small-scale deformation on faults in the Eastern California Shear Zone in response to the 1992 Landers and 1999 Hector Mine earthquakes (Fialko et al., 2002; Fialko, 2004). The inferred compliant fault zones likely represent intense damage and may be quite commonly associated with large crustal faults.
Complete Convergence and the Law of Large Numbers

We begin by listing some standard definitions in the theory of probability. A probability space is a set Ω of elements ω together with a σ-field m of subsets of Ω on which is defined a completely additive measure P such that P(Ω) = 1. A real-valued P-meastirable function X = X (ω) is a random variable, and the function \(F\left( x \right) = P\left\{ {X \leqslant x} \right\}\) where {} denotes the set of all ω to such that the relation within the braces holds, is the distribution function of X. The sets of a sequence A1,A2,… are independent if for every finite set i1,…, in of distinct integers, \(P\left( {\mathop \prod \limits_{r = 1}^n {A_{{i_r}}}} \right) = \mathop \prod \limits_{r = 1}^n P({A_{{i_r}}})\),and the random variables of a sequence X1, X2 ... are independent if, for every sequence x1, x2, … of real numbers, the sets \(\left\{ {{X_1} \leqslant {x_1}} \right\},\left\{ {{X_2} \leqslant {x_2}} \right\}\), … are independent.
Hearing screening in the neonatal intensive care unit: follow-up of referrals.

Purpose The goal of this study was to examine the rate of diagnostic testing after newborn hearing screening (NHS) referral, evaluate timeliness of follow-up, and evaluate the use of multilevel aud...
Test of an electric-shock analog to illness-induced aversion

Previous research investigating the differences in associability between illness and shock with taste cues have failed to control for the duration and mode of presentation of these two aversive stimuli. In the present experiment a distinctively flavored liquid preceded 1 hr of lithium chloride illness, pulsed electric shock, or continuous electric shock. Rats did not drink either while ill or while being shocked. When two-bottle preference tests were administered in their home cages, however, rats avoided the liquid after it was paired with illness, but not after it was paired with electric shock, even when the shock was continuous and lasted as long as the illness. These results lend support to a view of adaptive specializations in learning wherein the effectiveness of a cue is restricted by the nature of its consequence.
Potassium-Argon Ages of Igneous Intrusive Rocks in Peru

THE Andean Mountain system in Peru has experienced extensive igneous activity, a significant portion of which was intrusive. A principal feature of this part of the Andes is the coastal batholith, which extends approximately 1,800 km parallel to the coast1 and has been assigned a post-Lower Cretaceous pre-Oligocene intrusive age, with some preference for the Upper Cretaceous2.
Growth pattern of Bacillus popilliae in Japanese beetle larvae

Abstract Induction of milky disease in 50% of Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica) larvae by feeding requires about 109 spores of Bacillus popilliae per gram of soil. The infectious process occurs in four phases: (1) An initial incubation phase of about 2 days during which there is no evidence of infection in the hemolymph. (2) A vegetative phase of poliferation in the hemolymph which lasts until day 5 when prespores occur and a few spores first are observed. (3) An intermediate phase between day 5 and day 10 characterized by concomitant vegetative growth, prespore formation, and sporulation; maximum vegetative populations of about 109 cells per ml hemolymph occur during this phase but the number of spores exceed that of vegetative cells by the end of the phase. (4) Thereafter, a sporulation phase which terminates by day 14 to day 21 with typical milkness and death of larvae; vegetative populations steadily decline and large numbers of spores accumulate during this phase. Milky larvae contain an average of 5 × 1010 spores per ml hemolymph. Throughout the process microscopic evidence indicates many vegetative cells die without forming spores; dead cells disappear from the hemolymph by some unknown lytic or phagocytic process. Thus the massive spore populations which characterize milky disease result from accumulation of spores during a prolonged period of simultaneous vegetative growth and sporulation rather than from an extended period of exclusively vegetative growth followed by sporulation of most cells.
Minimal realizations of transfer-function matrices by means of matrix continued fraction

Abstract The matrix continued fraction technique is utilized to obtain the minimal realization of a transfer-function matrix with various inputs and outputs. If the ratio of the rank and the order of a square transfer-function matrix is an integer and there are no numerically ill-conditional elements in the matrix, then the matrix Routh algorithm is applied for the minimal realization. A method is also presented to deal with ill-conditional cases.
The role of gallium-67 tumour scintigraphy in patients with small, non-cleaved cell lymphoma.

Two hundred and thirty-four scintigraphic studies were performed in 34 patients (27 men, 7 women, age 17.3±7.7 years) with small, non-cleaved cell lymphoma who had follow-up for 3–96 months (mean 21.6±21.7 months). Whole-body scintigraphy was performed 48–72 h following i.v. injection of 370 MBq gallium-67 citrate. “Gold standards” for truth determinations were surgery, autopsy, histology, axial x-ray computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography and clinical follow-up. Overall, 181 of 234 studies were true negative. Eighty proven sites of disease had true positive 67Ga uptake (in 21 patients/37 studies). Nineteen sites (in 12 patients/15 studies) were false positive. In addition, 31 benign lesions were detected and interpreted correctly in terms of non-malignancy. Ten lymphoma sites (in 6 patients/10 studies) were missed by scintigraphy. Overall, sensitivity of gallium scintigraphy was 89% when calculated by sites and 79% when calculated by studies. Corresponding specificities were 91% and 92%, respectively. Positive predictive values were 81% (sites) and 71% (studies), and negative predictive values 95% (sites and studies). Thus, gallium scintigraphy proved to be a sensitive and specific method for staging and follow-up in patients with small, non-cleaved cell lymphoma.
Cofilin undergoes rapid dephosphorylation in stimulated neutrophils and translocates to ruffled membranes enriched in products of the NADPH oxidase complex. Evidence for a novel cycle of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation

Neutrophils contain a 21-kDa phosphoprotein that undergoes rapid dephosphorylation upon stimulation of these cells with the chemoattractant N-fMet-Leu-Phe (fMLP), activators of protein kinase C [e.g., 4 beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)] or the calcium ionophore A23187. This phosphoprotein was identified as the non-muscle form of cofilin by peptide sequencing and immunoblotting with specific antibodies. Evidence is presented that in neutrophils cofilin is regulated by a continual cycle of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, and that the phosphatase undergoes activation during cell stimulation. Experiments with a wide variety of antagonists further suggested that the protein kinase that participates in these reactions may be a novel enzyme. The kinetics of cofilin dephosphorylation in neutrophils stimulated with fMLP or PMA were very similar to those observed for superoxide (O2-) release. Immunofluorescent studies revealed that cofilin was present throughout the cytosol of resting neutrophils and underwent rapid translocation to the F-actin-rich, ruffled membranes of stimulated cells. Cytochemical analysis further revealed that the ruffled membranes also contained large amounts of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a product of the O2-/H2O2-generating activity of stimulated neutrophils (NADPH oxidase). Cofilin is therefore well placed to participate in the continual polymerization and depolymerization of F-actin that is thought to give rise to the oscillatory pattern of H2O2 production observed under certain conditions.
Continuum simulation of dislocation dynamics: predictions for internal friction response

The amplitude dependent mechanical loss due to bosing of an idealized Frank-Read Source is studied using both simulation and analytical techniques. Dislocations are modeled within isotropic elasticity theory, and are assumed to be in the over-damped limit.
The basis of a simple synergy: reconstruction of joint equilibrium trajectories during unrestrained arm movements

The framework of the equilibrium-point hypothesis was used to reconstruct equilibrium trajectories (ETs) of the elbow and of the wrist during fast voluntary movements in one of the joints. Natural movement variability was used as the source of perturbations that are necessary to reconstruct ETs based on a series of trials at the same motor task. Time patterns of muscle torques were calculated using the inverse dynamics technique. A second-order linear model was used to calculate the instantaneous position of the joint compliant characteristic at different times during the movement. ETs in the focal joint were N-shaped, similar to ETs described earlier for single-joint movements. ETs in the non-focal joint represented a single oscillatory cycle whose peaks were timed similarly to the peaks of the N-shaped ETs in the focal joint. Peak-to-peak ET amplitude in the wrist during elbow movements could be of a similar amplitude or even bigger than peak-to-peak ET amplitude in the elbow while the actual trajectory in the wrist was an irregular, low-amplitude flapping, and the actual trajectory in the elbow was a typical, sigmoid curve. An explicit relation among control variables to the two joints is suggested as the foundation of a simple synergy whose purpose is to preserve control over the trajectory of the limb's endpoint in the presence of joint coupling.
Physical and biological processes underlying the sudden surface appearance of a red tide in the nearshore

The sudden appearance at the surface of an alongshore-parallel band of red tide near Huntington Beach, California, is described in high spatial and temporal resolution using novel instrumentation including a global positioning system–tracked jet-ski. The scale of the surface chlorophyll a (Chl a) band was small (, 200 m crossshore) and ephemeral (3 h) compared with the subsurface extent of the red tide (, 2 km, . 7 d). The red tide was dominated by the regionally common dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum (F. Stein) and had developed as a subsurface Chl a layer during the 7 d prior to the surface appearance. A few hours before the surface appearance, a subsurface patch of elevated Chl a (Chl a . 30 m gL 21) was observed in 13-m total depth in the trough of a shoreward-propagating internal wave, consistent with dinoflagellate vertical swimming interacting with the internal wave-driven convergence. Internal wave-breaking–induced vertical mixing in , 8-m water depth vertically spread the Chl a patch to the surface, creating the alongshore surface band , 500 m from shore. Both the subsurface Chl a patch and the surface Chl a band were prevented from entering the surf-zone by a density barrier of warm water adjacent to the beach. These high-resolution observations emphasize the role of nearshore physical dynamics in controlling the duration and intensity of red tide exposure to coastal habitats.
In search of sustainable agricultural systems for the Llano Estacado of the U.S. Southern High Plains

Abstract Crop production on the Llano Estacado of the Texas High Plains has used precipitation and supplemental irrigation with water pumped from the Ogallala aquifer at rates that have far exceeded recharge for many years. Over 20% of the U.S. cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) crop is produced currently in this once vast grassland. Most of this cotton is produced in monoculture systems that are economically risky and contribute to wind-induced erosion and depletion of ground water resources. Although large numbers of cattle are found in this region, little integration of livestock and crop production exists. Integrated crop–livestock systems could improve nutrient cycling, reduce soil erosion, improve water management, interrupt pest cycles, and spread economic risk through diversification. Two whole-farm scale systems compared (1) a cotton monoculture typical of the region; and (2) an alternative integrated system that included cotton, forage, and Angus-cross stocker beef steers (initial body weight 249 kg). Steers grazed the perennial warm-season grass ‘WW-B. Dahl’ old world bluestem [Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz) S.T. Blake] in sequence with rye (Secale cereale L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from January to mid-July when they were sent to the feedyard for finishing. Grass seed were harvested from bluestem in October. Cotton in the alternative system was grown in a two-paddock rotation with the wheat and rye. Cotton was harvested from both systems in October. At the end of 5 years, the alternative system reduced needs for supplemental irrigation by 23% and for nitrogen fertilizer by 40% compared with the conventional cotton monoculture. Fewer chemical inputs including pesticides were required by the alternative system. Soil with perennial grass pasture was lower in predicted soil erosion and was higher in soil organic carbon, aggregate stability, and microbial biomass than soil where continuous cotton was grown. Profitability was greater for the alternative system until cotton lint yields reached about 1500 kg ha−1 for the continuous cotton system. Differences between the systems became larger as depth to ground water increased. Systems that are less dependent on supplemental irrigation and less consumptive of non-renewable resources and energy-dependent chemical inputs appear possible, but further improvements are required to ensure sustainability of agricultural systems for the future in the Texas High Plains.
Distribution and multi-annual abundance trends of the copepod Temora longicornis in the US Northeast Shelf Ecosystem

The average spatial distribution and annual abundance cycle are described for the copepod Temora longicornis from samples collected on broadscale surveys (1977-2006) and along continuous plankton recorder transects (1961-2006) of the US Northeast continental shelf ecosystem. After its annual low in winter, T. longicornis abundance begins to increase in coastal waters with the northern progression of spring conditions. Annual maximum shelf concentrations were found in the more southern inshore waters of the region during the summer months. Abundance throughout most of the ecosystem increased sharply in the early 1990s and remained high through 2001. During this period, the copepod became more numerous and widespread in offshore shelf waters. Abundance declined to approximately average levels in 2002 for the remainder of the time series, but its extended offshore range remained intact. Correlation analysis found that the copepods interannual abundance variability had a significant negative relationship with surface salinity anomalies throughout the ecosystem, with higher correlations found in the northernmost subareas. Temora longicornis abundance in the ecosystem's southernmost subarea (Middle Atlantic Bight) did not increase in the 1990s and was found to be negatively correlated to surface temperature, indicating that continued global warming could adversely impact the copepods annual abundance cycle in this region.