cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reverberation Envelope Statistics and Their Dependence on Sonar Beamwidth and Bandwidth

In order to combat high reverberation power levels in shallow water operational areas, active sonar systems have employed increased bandwidth transmissions and larger arrays. Both of these techniques have the effect of limiting the contribution of reverberation in each range-bearing resolution cell of the sonar by decreasing the cell size, which can also have an adverse effect on the probability density function (PDF) of the reverberation induced matched filter envelope. This effect is examined using real data in conjunction with a recently developed model [1, 2] predicting that the shape parameter of K-distributed reverberation is proportional to the range-bearing resolution cell size. Estimation of the shape parameter of the K-distribution from real data as a function of the beamwidth of the towed-array receiver confirms this relationship. Although a similar effect may be expected for changes in the bandwidth of the transmit waveform, real data analysis indicates that, as bandwidth increases, the shape parameter estimate first decreases as expected but then increases, implying the data become more Rayleigh-like at higher bandwidths. An explanation for this counterintuitive effect is proffered wherein it is hypothesized that increasing bandwidth over-resolves scatterers in range but not in angle. After accounting for the size of the scatterers with respect to the size of the range resolution cell in the model of [1, 2], the shape parameter of an equivalent K-distribution for circular scatterers is seen to closely resemble the observed data.
Widening the Debate on Educational Reform: Prevention as a Viable Alternative:

Current debate on educational reform and on delivery of special education services has neglected the area of prevention. In a highly stressed service delivery system, preventive services demand consideration as a viable alternative to current service delivery models. While not replacing remedial programs, prevention would greatly expand the scope of services offered and lower stress on remedial programs. In turn, remedial programs could address children with more extreme needs instead of being the only alternative available to regular classroom placement.
The fragility of statistically significant results in otolaryngology randomized trials

Abstract Objectives The American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery regards randomized controlled trials as class A evidence. A novel method to determine the robustness of outcomes in trials is the fragility index. This index represents the number of patients whose status would have to change from a non-event to an event to make a statistically significant result non-significant. Methods Investigators included otolaryngology journals listed in the top 10 of one or both of Google Scholar Metrics and Clarivate Analytics' Journal rankings. For inclusion, a randomized controlled trial needed to report a one-to-one random assignment of participants to condition, contain two parallel arms or have used a two-by-two factorial design, and report at least one statistically significant dichotomous outcome. Results Sixty-nine trials met inclusion criteria. The median fragility index was three events (interquartile range 1–7.5). Median sample size was 72 (interquartile range 50–102.5). Modest correlations were observed between fragility index and total sample size (r = 0.27) and fragility index and event rate (r = 0.46). Investigators found no correlation between fragility index and impact factor or Science Citation Index. In 39% (27/69) of trials, the number lost to follow-up was equal to or greater than the fragility index. Conclusion A median fragility index of 3 indicates that three people, on average, are needed to alter the outcomes in otolaryngology trials. This indicates that the results of two-group randomized controlled trials reporting binary endpoints published in otolaryngology journals may frequently be fragile.
Views on aging among undergraduates, faculty, and staff: Domain-specific measurement invariance and comparisons.

ABSTRACTViews on aging have been shown to reliably predict various psychological and physical health outcomes. To our knowledge, this is the first study exploring domain-specific views on aging usi...
Elder sexual abuse and implicit agism: examining the warm-incompetent bias among mock jurors

Implicit ageist beliefs about the warmth and incompetence of older adults may influence jurors’ perceptions and judgments of an older adult’s competence in legal cases hinging on capacity and conse...
Networked Control and Optimization for Widescale Integration of Power Electronic Devices in Residential Homes

Power electronics devices are emerging at residential houses, including electric vehicles, energy storage systems, solar photovoltaic systems, and variable-speed air conditioners. Little work has been done on scalable and end-to-end architectures for integrating and engaging large number of residential behind-the-meter assets to provide grid services. In this paper, a framework for integration of a demand management system, home energy management system, and residential smart inverters is presented. Full measured results of inverter response to control signals is also presented.
Earnings Management and the Performance of Seasoned Equity Offerings: Evidence from Japanese Issuers

Studies examining the US seasoned equity offerings suggest that managers of the issuing firms involved in aggressive earnings management prior to the issue in order to sell shares at inflated prices. In this study we investigate earnings management made by managers around the time of seasoned equity offerings among 901 Japanese issuers from 1976-1999. In contrast to the findings of the US issuers, we find that Japanese managers tend to choose not to manage earnings prior to the stock offerings but rather defer earnings management to the post-issue period to cover up poor firm performance. Additionally, our analysis of stock returns of the issuers suggests that post-issue stock underperformance is most severe in the first two years after the issue. It appears that investors have been successful in undoing the accounting maneuvers made by the issuers and have set the firms' post-issue stock prices according to their fundamental values.
DNA-Scaffolded Proximity Assembly and Confinement of Multienzyme Reactions

Cellular functions rely on a series of organized and regulated multienzyme cascade reactions. The catalytic efficiencies of these cascades depend on the precise spatial organization of the constituent enzymes, which is optimized to facilitate substrate transport and regulate activities. Mimicry of this organization in a non-living, artificial system would be very useful in a broad range of applications-with impacts on both the scientific community and society at large. Self-assembled DNA nanostructures are promising applications to organize biomolecular components into prescribed, multidimensional patterns. In this review, we focus on recent progress in the field of DNA-scaffolded assembly and confinement of multienzyme reactions. DNA self-assembly is exploited to build spatially organized multienzyme cascades with control over their relative distance, substrate diffusion paths, compartmentalization and activity actuation. The combination of addressable DNA assembly and multienzyme cascades can deliver breakthroughs toward the engineering of novel synthetic and biomimetic reactors.
Transport of Associative Polymers in Low-Permeability Carbonates

Carbonate reservoirs are heterogeneous from pore scale to field scale. Waterflood in carbonate reservoirs often leaves behind a substantial amount of oil due to pore-scale and large-scale bypassing. Polymer flooding can improve sweep efficiency and oil production. Most EOR polymers cannot be transported through low-permeability (< 30 mD) rocks. Hydrophobically modified associative polymers (APs) associate with each other during passage through pore throats and give a larger flow resistance than conventional polymers (Flopaam) of the same molecular weight. The goal of this work is to investigate the transport of associative polymers in low-permeability carbonate reservoirs (less than 50 md). An associative polymer similar in molecular weight to Flopaam 3330 was investigated in this study. Polymer rheology and the effect of salinity were studied at 60 °C. Mechanical shearing and aggressive filtration were used to modify the particle size distribution in polymeric solutions and improve transport through tight cores. Single-phase polymer transport experiments were performed in outcrop Edwards Yellow and Indiana limestone cores. Mechanical shear degradation reduced the particle size and improved the transport of the associative polymer in low-permeability carbonate cores. The permeability reduction factor and the residual resistance factor were higher for the sheared AP polymers than those for the sheared Flopaam polymer. The resistance factors for the associative polymer were higher than those for Flopaam for a given shear viscosity. Coreflood experiments with AP showed the evidence of two propagation fronts: polymer concentration front and pressure gradient stabilization front due to polymer network formation and polymer adsorption. As AP polymer concentration increased, permeability reduction factor, resistance factor, residual resistance factor and polymer adsorption increased. All the coreflood experiments suggest successful polymer transport in low-permeability carbonate cores even at significantly high polymer concentrations with pre-shearing.
A holistic empathic design through cognitive load theory: response to Tracey and Hutchinson

This article reflects upon the work by Tracey and Hutchinson, Empathic design: Imagining the cognitive and emotional learner experience. Educational Technology Research and Development, 67(5), 1259–1272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-019-09683-2 , 2019, “Empathic design: imagining the cognitive and emotional learner experience”. They examined a notion of empathic design in the instructional designer’s practice of redesigning a course to promote interaction and collaboration among physicians, radiobiologists, and radiation physicists. Albeit the empathic design is important in designing any instruction including the ones in digital learning environments, instructional designers need to consider more aspects related to learner’s emotional experiences. Cognitive load theory can guide instructional designers towards identifying learner’s potential emotional experiences based on intrinsic, extrinsic, and germane cognitive load. Future suggestions and needs to consider other types of affective domain are also discussed.
Elbow Imaging with an Emphasis on MRI

The elbow is a complex joint made up of three separate articulations within a common capsule. The proximal ulna articulates with the trochlea and functions as a hinge joint, while the proximal radioulnar joint provides for rotational movement of the forearm. The radiocapitellar joint allows for both hinge and rotational movements. Together, these allow for flexion and extension of the arm and, in conjunction with the distal radioulnar joint at the wrist, pronation and supination as well.
Guillain Barre Syndrome as a Complication of COVID-19: A Systematic Review (1197)

Objective: To review the literature on Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS) as a complication of COVID-19, examine factors contributing to clinical presentations and summarize the pathophysiologic mechanisms that might be implicated in the development of such complications. Background: GBS has been linked to different coronavirus strains as MERS-CoV and Zika. In January 2020, the first case of GBS due to COVID-19 was documented in China. However, the increasing reports of GBS cases haven’t yet been determined to be para-infectious or postinfectious complications of COVID-19 infection. Design/Methods: We have searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and COCHRANE databases and identified 45 case reports and 12 case series. The following keywords were used: Guillain Barre Syndrome, GBS, Miller Fisher syndrome, MFS, SARS-CoV2 and COVID-19. These cases were summarized in a table showing demographics, clinical presentations, investigations, and global distribution of the cases. Results: The total number of reported cases was 84. 53 cases had positive COVID-19 PCR at the time of diagnosis. Only four cases showed positive antiganglioside antibodies. Most of the cases had albumino-cytologic dissociation. Only 33 cases have anosmia and dysgeusia mentioned in their reports, and they were present prior to GBS diagnosis in 16 cases. Almost all cases received intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) or Plasmapheresis (PLEX) and most of the case has shown clinical improvement. 12 cases didn’t show improvement, and 9 cases were complicated by progressive respiratory failure. Conclusions: GBS cases are likely to increase in the future as complications of COVID-19. GBS in particular is a critical complication in COVID-19, as it can lead to respiratory failure, which directly affects clinical outcomes. Further studies are needed to identify whether these neurologic complications are directly related to COVID-19 infection, or they are a part of a post-infectious syndrome. Disclosure: Dr. Aladawi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Elfil has nothing to disclose. Dr. Abu-Esheh has received personal compensation for serving as an employee of BAHA Abu-eager, MD PC. Dr. Abu-Esheh has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Allergan. Dr. Abu-Esheh has received personal compensation in the range of $50,000-$99,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Amgen. Dr. Abu-Esheh has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Lilly. Dr. Abu-Jazar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Armouti has nothing to disclose. Ahmed Bayoumi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Piccione has nothing to disclose.
Expertise of Surgeons Publishing Novel Techniques in the Journal of Wrist Surgery

Introduction Recent efforts to standardize reporting of surgeon experience in novel technique publications have recommended reporting of Tang level of expertise (LOE). Question/Purpose The aim of this study was to document trends in LOE reporting for novel technique articles published in the Journal of Wrist Surgery and evaluate whether author experience affects novel research outcomes. Methods A total of 261 articles published from 2018 to 2020 were reviewed. Articles describing novel surgical techniques were included and examined for Tang LOE. Author variables were collected online. Results Eight percent (21/261) of articles discussed novel surgical techniques and one reported LOE. Nearly half (47.6%) of articles did not conduct statistical analysis. Four (19.0%) reported insignificant statistical results and 7 (33.3%) reported significant findings. All significant statistical findings were positive. Number of prior related publications by the senior author did not affect new technique result significance (p = 0.34). Discussion From 2018 to 2020, only one article documented LOE. Authors' variables, including number of prior related publications, were not correlated with significant results in their new publications. This may suggest that an author's established experience in a novel technique, quantified by prior publications on the topic, does not make one more likely to achieve significantly better or worse outcomes in their reviewed Journal of Wrist Surgery study. Conclusions Tang LOE is an important way for readers to classify expertise and should be reported, and potentially modified to better define contributing variables.
Heterogeneity of Ca2+-Permeable AMPA/Kainate Channel Expression in Hippocampal Pyramidal Neurons: Fluorescence Imaging and Immunocytochemical Assessment

The presence of Ca2+-permeable AMPA/kainate (Ca-A/K) channels on hippocampal pyramidal neurons (HPNs) has been controversial, although they are present on many forebrain GABAergic neurons. We combined high-resolution fluorescence Ca2+ imaging with surface AMPA receptor (AMPAR) subunit immunocytochemistry to examine the expression of functional Ca-A/K channels in dissociated hippocampal neurons at the subcellular level. In GABAergic neurons [identified by glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) immunocytochemistry], focal application of AMPA induced large dendrosomatic intracellular [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) rises, consistent with their known strong Ca-A/K channel expression. Surface immunostaining for the AMPAR subunits GluR1 and GluR2 revealed abundant dendritic GluR1 puncta containing little or no GluR2, which, when present, was limited to diffuse staining in the soma and proximal dendrites. In contrast, the majority of HPNs (putatively identified by morphological criteria and lack of GAD labeling) showed little or no AMPA-induced [Ca2+]i rise. Correspondingly, most HPNs showed strong dendritic labeling for both GluR1 and GluR2 that colocalized extensively. A subpopulation of HPNs, however, displayed noticeable [Ca2+]i rises that began and often reached their highest levels in discrete dendritic regions. In these HPNs, levels of GluR1 relative to GluR2 were higher, and GluR1 was often present without overlying GluR2. The present studies, which are the first to directly examine the relationship between the local complement of cell surface AMPAR and the presence of dendritic Ca-A/K channels, clearly indicate that considerable cell surface GluR2 does not preclude the presence of Ca-A/K channels and further show that HPNs display considerable heterogeneity in terms of apparent Ca-A/K channel expression.
Osteoarthritis of the hand and wrist in the post poliomyelitis population.

Abstract People with a chronic motor disability of the legs become increasingly more dependent upon their upper limbs for mobility and self-care skills as they age. Many of them complain of hand and wrist pain. A cross-sectional study of 61 post-poliomyelitis survivors was done to determine the prevalence of osteoarthritis within this population and to determine any inherent risk factors. Each subject underwent a radiographic evaluation of both hands and wrist as well as a detailed physical examination. A questionnaire was used to ascertain a history of hand activity, use of canes/crutches, walkers and wheelchairs. The mean age of the population sample was 49 ± 6 with a mean duration of disability of 35 ± 4 years. The prevalence of moderate or severe osteoarthritis of either the hand or wrist was 13% whereas the prevalence was 68% when cases with mild arthritic changes were also included. The risk factors associated with hand and wrist osteoarthritis in this population included age, lower limb weakness, use of an assistive devices, and severity of disability.
Total Joint Replacement: Lower Extremities†

In experience with total joint replacement in the lower extremity, to date, total hip arthroplasty has been the most successful. Total arthroplasty operations as applied to the knee and ankle are giving promising results. These methods offer new avenues for relief of pain and deformity and stabilization of arthritic joints in the lower extremity.
Animal Learning and Behavior

The study of animal learning and behavior has a rich tradition within the field of psychology. While learning has many definitions across fields, a useful framework for animal learning is defining it as a process in which behaviors are modified as a result of experience, provided that the change in behavior cannot be attributed to innate response tendencies, rapid change of stimuli (Domjan, 2006), developmental maturation, or temporary state factors (such as fatigue; see Runyon, 1977). Keywords: comparative psychology; operant conditioning; classical conditioning
Comparison of the Oxoid Signal blood culture system with supplemented peptone broth in a pediatric hospital.

We compared the Oxoid Signal bottle (Oxoid, U.S.A.) with supplemented peptone broth (SPB) tubes (B-D Vacutainer; Becton Dickinson Vacutainer Systems) for performing blood cultures in a pediatric hospital. Blood from 3,066 samples was divided equally between the two systems. Of 131 probable pathogens isolated, 121 were detected in the Signal bottle and 111 were detected in the SPB tubes (P greater than 0.05). Of 167 probable contaminants, 122 grew in the Signal bottle and 109 grew in the SPB tubes (P greater than 0.05). The recovery of staphylococci, both probable pathogens and probable contaminants, was increased in the Signal bottle. The recoveries of other organisms, including streptococci, members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, and yeasts, were similar in the two systems. However, the Signal bottle failed to detect three isolates of Haemophilus influenzae, and the time to availability of isolated colonies of other isolates of H. influenzae was delayed. Overall, the Signal bottle was easy and convenient to use, and its innovative detection system should facilitate the early recognition of positive cultures. If its ability to recover H. influenzae can be improved, the Signal bottle could be a useful alternative to existing systems for use in a pediatric setting.
Properties of fractionated spleen cells from NZB/W mice.

Abstract The unit gravity sedimentation technique was used to separate spleen cells from sevveral strains of mice. Settling patterns (plot of cell number against settling rate) were similar for BALB/c, DBA/2, C3H/He, and NZB/W mice of different ages. In particular, no subpopulation was found by this technique to be missing from the spleens of old NZB/W mice. A number of functional studies performed with the separated cells proved more informative than the settling patterns themselves. Fractions of cells which sedimented at a rate of between about 6 mm/hr and 10 mm/hr were enriched in responsiveness to PHA, Con A, and allogeneic cells. These fractions obtained from old NZB/W mice lacked such activities. However, the active fractions from young NZB/W spleens, which were enriched in θ-bearing cells, could restore the responsiveness of old NZB/W mice to primary immunization with sheep erythrocytes. These studies indicate that functional separation of spleen cells from NZB/W mice is possible and that activities lacking in whole spleens from old NZB/W mice are also lacking in the separate fractions. The ability to restore helper T cell function in old NZB/W mice with active fractions from young NZB/W mice has implications for further study and treatment of their autoimmune disease.
On van der waals interactions between macroscopic bodies having inhomogeneous dielectric susceptibilities

Abstract We have derived an expression for the van der Waals interaction between two semi-infinite media across a planar region within which there is an exponential variation of the dielectric susceptibility. The result reduces in two known limits to Lifshitz' original result for a constant dielectric across the planar region and to a result for a triple-layer structure derived by Ninham and Parsegian. For this calculation in the nonretarded limit the free energy of interaction is treated as the sum of surface mode electromagnetic oscillators. By means of numerical calculations and analysis, we find that continuous spatial dependence of dielectric properties presents qualitatively new features for the van der Waals forces between large bodies.
The role of short synthetic adhesion peptides in regenerative medicine; The debate

This paper constitutes the judgment on the four-paper debate in the same issue of this journal on the motion that ‘‘the use of short synthetic adhesion peptides, like RGD, is the best approach in the design of biomaterials that guide cell behavior for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering”. It is concluded that this motion is carried on the basis that the concept of installing multifunctionality and modularity in peptides is the more powerful concept, coupled with the potential attractiveness of retaining a chemically defined product, without any possibilities of disease transmission, and relative inexpensiveness and clearer regulatory pathways.
Conversion of tranquilizers to antidepressants by removal of one N-methyl group

Abstract Certain nonanaleptic or even sedative tertiary amines are converted to antidepressant agents by N-demethylation to monomethylamines. This is the case with imipramine and some of its congeners, as well as with amitriptyline. The present work shows that demethylation of certain phenothiazines such as promazine and triflupromazine also converts potent tranquilizers to anti-depressant agents. Since N-demethylation is a common reaction in drug metabolism these observations may have a wide significance in pharmacology.
Student Success Skills: A Structured Group Intervention for School Counselors

This article describes the Student Success Skills (SSS) small group intervention developed for school counselors targeting academic outcomes. The SSS program is based on extensive reviews of research about the skills students need to be successful. Studies supporting program effectiveness are briefly reviewed and show consistent patterns of improved academic achievement outcomes for treatment group students. The structured group format and intervention are described in detail. Effective school counselor group work practice is described.
A preliminary study of African Americans with agoraphobia: Symptom severity and outcome of treatment with in vivo exposure.

Eighteen African American and 57 White agoraphobic outpatients were compared on symptom severity. The groups did not differ on severity of depression or fear of fear, or on frequency of panic attacks. However, Black clients were more severely phobic than White clients on self-report, assessor, and behavioral measures. Forty-three White and 15 Black clients provided posttest data after treatment with in vivo exposure. Both Black and White clients improved, but Black clients remained more severe at treatment's end on measures of phobia and changed somewhat less with treatment on these variables. Differences were generally less evident at follow-up, but African Americans did show less change on frequency of panic attacks and on one measure of avoidance.
A Robust Approach for Analyzing a Heterogeneous Structural Ensemble

Intrinsically unstructured proteins (IUPs) are widespread in eukaryotes and participate in numerous cellular processes, but a structural explanation of the mechanisms they employ to recognize and bind their diverse targets has proved elusive. Transcriptional activator domains (TADS) are one class of IUPs that function by recruiting other factors into transcription complexes. TADS utilize electrostatic interactions to recognize binding partners, but it is unclear how an unstructured protein could perform this activity. To investigate this question, principal component analysis was performed on the atomic contact maps of an experimentally restrained ensemble of human p53TAD. This analysis permitted the identification of persistent structural features and their relative probabilities. Thirteen clusters of structures were identified that represented 98% of the ensemble. Potential surfaces of the aligned clusters showed the negative charges of the highly acidic p53TAD are uniformly organized on one face of the clusters. This observation provides a structural basis for the recruitment of other factors into transcription complexes and further supports the hypothesis that IUPs have evolved under selection to maintain specific structural features.
Enhancement of heme oxygenase-1 synthesis by glutathione depletion in Chinese hamster ovary cells.

Abstract Chinese hamster ovary cells cultured in vitro were used to assess the role of glutathione metabolism in the induction of the 32-kDa stress protein. Enhanced synthesis of the 32-kDa protein was observed after cells were incubated with CdCl 2 or diethylmaleate and protein was subjected to SDS-PAGE followed by fluorography. Concomitantly, in both cell preparations an increase in heme oxygenase activity was observed. Proteins from CdCl 2 -and diethylmaleate-treated cells were subjected to Western blotting and protein crossreacting with either rabbit antibody to rat liver heme oxygenase-1 (32,000 M r ) or rat testis heme oxygenase-2 (36,000 M r ) quantitated. The analysis indicated that the CdCl 2 treatment increased the intensity of the HO-1 band 5.5-fold while the diethylmaleate treatment increased it three-fold relative to control. Neither treatment affected the intensity of HO-2 antibody binding. Incubation of cells with buthionine sulfoximine, under conditions which resulted in ⩾90% of the intracellular glutathione being depleted, enhanced synthesis of a 32-kDa protein when assayed by SDS-PAGE. This protein exhibited a M r similar to the 32-kDa protein induced by either CdCl 2 or diethylmaleate treatment. Proteins from buthionine sulfoximine and diethylmaleate-treated cells were mixed together and subjected to 2D PAGE. The resulting fluorograph demonstrated that both treatments produced identical patterns. In contrast, incubation of cells in diamide, a thiol oxidizing compound, resulted in enhanced synthesis of the 110-, 90-, and 73-kDa heat shock proteins but not the 32-kDa protein. The data presented have shown that depletion of glutathione by two independent methods, conjugation and inhibition of synthesis, enhances the synthesis of a 32-kDa protein identified as heme oxygenase-1; oxidation of glutathione, on the other hand did not. We interpret this to indicate that glutathione depletion rather than conjugation or oxidation represents one pathway for induction of heme oxygenase-1.
Correlation of computer-quantitated treadmill exercise electrocardiogram with arteriographic location of coronary artery disease

Abstract Graded treadmill exercise testing and coronary cinearteriographic studies were carried out on 86 patients with angina pectoris. At rest, all patients demonstrated a normal S-T segment on the modified bipolar lead V 5 recording used. The computer-quantitated S-T segment response to exercise was correlated with the location and extent of obstructive coronary artery disease. The coronary cineartertograms were reviewed by 3 physicians and stenosis of 75 percent or greater was considered significant. All patients showed at least this degree of stenosis in 1 or more major coronary arteries, and 83 of 86 exhibited 90 percent or greater stenosis in at least 1 artery. Thirty-one patients had stenosis in a single artery, 43 had stenosis in 2 arteries and 12 had significant lesions in all 3 major arteries. In 70 of the 86 (82 percent) patients, a positive S-T segment response developed during or immediately after exercise. In 12 of the 16 with a negative response, disease was limited to a single artery. In 11 of the 12 the disease was restricted to the right coronary or left circumflex arteries. Of the 12 patients with an isolated stenosis of the left anterior descending artery, 11 (92 percent) had a positive S-T segment response. Of 55 patients with 2- or 3-vessel disease, 51 (93 percent) demonstrated a positive S-T response. Graded treadmill exercise testing in 80 patients with chest pain, normal coronary art eriograms and normal left ventricular function revealed 4 (5 percent) with a false positive S-T segment response. The possible mechanisms underlying the high incidence of false negative exercise electrocardiographic tests in patients with disease isolated to the right coronary or left circumflex artery are discussed.
Negative Labor Vailues and the Joint Production Technique: A Debate in the Marxian Transformation Problem

This short paper focuses on a debate between M. Morishima and G. Catephores on the one hand, and I. Steedman on the other. It deals with the question of negative labor value in a commodity produced under joint production techniques with no fixed capital and examines the feasibiliy of that question. It demonstrates that Steedman's position, regardless of its internal consistency, is implausible, and that Morishima and Catephores's critique of Steedman is subject to certain limitations. It may be possible to overcome these limitations along the lines suggested, if the latter scheme is to be valid under more general circumstances.
Regulation of neuronal morphology and function by the tumor suppressors Tsc1 and Tsc2

Mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 tumor suppressor genes lead to tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), a dominant hamartomatous disorder that often presents with mental retardation, epilepsy and autism. The etiology of these neurological symptoms is unclear and the function of the TSC pathway in neurons is unknown. We found that in post-mitotic, hippocampal pyramidal neurons of mice and rats, loss of Tsc1 or Tsc2 triggered enlargement of somas and dendritic spines and altered the properties of glutamatergic synapses. Furthermore, loss of a single copy of the Tsc1 gene was sufficient to perturb dendritic spine structure. Morphological changes required regulation of the actin-depolymerization factor cofilin at a conserved LIM-kinase phosphorylation site, the phosphorylation of which was increased by loss of Tsc2. Thus, the TSC pathway regulates growth and synapse function in neurons, and perturbations of neuronal structure and function are likely to contribute to the pathogenesis of the neurological symptoms of TSC.
Diets of Lake Michigan Salmon and Maximum Size of Alewife Prey

ABSTRACT The diets of Lake Michigan salmon were determined by examining stomach contents of sport-caught salmon. The study was conducted from 2001 through 2008 when the population of principal forage (i.e., the alewife) was declining and there was a decrease in salmon stocking. The largest alewives were measured to determine upper size limits utilized by salmon. Sixty-four charter boat trips were taken with a total catch of 713 salmon (430 coho salmon, 210 chinook salmon, 34 rainbow trout, 27 lake trout, 11 brown trout, and one pink salmon). Small alewives were the predominant prey of salmon. Of the coho salmon stomachs with prey, 97.7% contained alewives, and for chinook salmon, 99.5 % contained alewives. Other occasional prey items were smelt, sticklebacks, yellow perch, and blackflies. No round gobies were found in the diet. The largest alewives in the diets were 178 mm and only 9.6% of the alewives were greater than 152 mm. Coho salmon had fewer empty stomachs (13%) than chinook salmon (51.8%), and co...
Organ discrimination through organ-specific nonhistone chromosomal proteins

Abstract Prefractionation of chromosomal proteins in 5 m urea with stepwise increase in NaCl molarity has been used to facilitate the examination of nonhistone chromosomal proteins isolated from various rabbit tissues. Electrophoretic analysis on polyacrylamide gels under denaturing conditions of the protein fractions derived from brain, liver, heart, and submandibular salivary gland chromatins displays reproducible compositional differences in nonhistone chromosomal proteins. The enzymatic removal of 48% of protein-bound phosphate with alkaline phosphatase does not significantly alter the electrophoretic mobility of these proteins. With the present technique, it is estimated that chromatin polypeptides (of average M r 100,000) occurring in greater than 3 × 10 4 copies per genome can be detected. At this level of sensitivity, a significant fraction of total nonhistone chromosomal proteins manifests organ specificity.
Molecular biogeography and diversification of the endemic terrestrial fauna of the Hawaiian Islands

Oceanic islands have played a central role in biogeography and evolutionary biology. Here, we review molecular studies of the endemic terrestrial fauna of the Hawaiian archipelago. For some groups, monophyly and presumed single origin of the Hawaiian radiations have been confirmed (achatinelline tree snails, drepanidine honeycreepers, drosophilid flies, Havaika spiders, Hylaeus bees, Laupala crickets). Other radiations are derived from multiple colonizations (Tetragnatha and Theridion spiders, succineid snails, possibly Dicranomyia crane flies, Porzana rails). The geographic origins of many invertebrate groups remain obscure, largely because of inadequate sampling of possible source regions. Those of vertebrates are better known, probably because few lineages have radiated, diversity is far lower and morphological taxonomy permits identification of probable source regions. Most birds, and the bat, have New World origins. Within the archipelago, most radiations follow, to some degree, a progression rule pattern, speciating as they colonize newer from older islands sequentially, although speciation often also occurs within islands. Most invertebrates are single-island endemics. However, among multi-island species studied, complex patterns of diversification are exhibited, reflecting heightened dispersal potential (succineids, Dicranomyia). Instances of Hawaiian taxa colonizing other regions are being discovered (Scaptomyza flies, succineids). Taxonomy has also been elucidated by molecular studies (Achatinella snails, drosophilids). While molecular studies on Hawaiian fauna have burgeoned since the mid-1990s, much remains unknown. Yet the Hawaiian fauna is in peril: more than 70 per cent of the birds and possibly 90 per cent of the snails are extinct. Conservation is imperative if this unique fauna is to continue shedding light on profound evolutionary and biogeographic questions.
Charged-Pion Lifetime and a Limit on a Fundamental Length

The lifetime of the charged pion has been determined in flight. The agreement of our result, 26.02 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.04 nsec, with experiments of comparable precision made with pions at rest provides the most precise verification of time dilation. In the model of Lundberg and R\'edei this comparison sets an upper limit on a fundamental length of 3 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$ cm. Using the measurements of velocity and momentum for both ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, we also obtain $\frac{m({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+})}{m({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}})}=1.0002\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0005$.
Shifting attention among working memory representations: testing cue type, awareness, and strategic control

It is well known that visual working memory (VWM) performance is modulated by attentional cues presented during encoding. Interestingly, retrospective cues presented after encoding, but prior to the test phase also improve performance. This improvement in performance is termed the retro-cue benefit. We investigated whether the retro-cue benefit is sensitive to cue type, whether participants were aware of their improvement in performance due to the retro-cue, and whether the effect was under strategic control. Experiment 1 compared the potential cueing benefits of abrupt onset retro-cues relying on bottom-up attention, number retro-cues relying on top-down attention, and arrow retro-cues, relying on a mixture of both. We found a significant retro-cue effect only for arrow retro-cues. In Experiment 2, we tested participants' awareness of their use of the informative retro-cue and found that they were aware of their improved performance. In Experiment 3, we asked whether participants have strategic control o...
Exponential Random Graph (p*) Models as a Method for Social Network Analysis in Communication Research

Since the 1970s, communication researchers have utilized social network analysis to understand mass, health, organizational, and interpersonal communication. This article introduces communication researchers to a new class of social network analysis methods, exponential random graph (p*) models. This new method represents the latest advancement in social network methodology and will enhance the trajectory of social network research in the communication discipline. The benefits of this class of models include allowing for the simultaneous estimation of attribute and structural parameters, accounting for the interdependent nature of network data, and retaining the complexity of network observations throughout the analysis. An example analysis using data from Shumate, Fulk, and Monge (2005) is provided to illustrate the potentials of exponential random graph modeling. Five different social network software programs capable of the analysis discussed in this article are introduced with regard to their respecti...
Formation of periodontal tissues around subcutaneously transplanted hamster molars.

Thepurpose ofthepresent investigation istodetermine whether thedeveloping tooth hasaformative influence uponthetissues whichsurround itand,ifso,howfarthe influence extends andhowlongitlasts. Invitro microdissection studies haveindicated thattheenamel organofthedeveloping tooth exerts avariety ofinfluences inwardly uponthemesenchyme within itthedental papilla. Itsepithelium isbelieved toinfluencetheinitial condensation ofmesenchyme toformthedental papilla, thedifferentiationofodontoblasts, andthegeneral shaping ofthetooth crownandroots. However, thepossibility thattheenamel organmightalsoexert influence outwardly uponthe surrounding mesenchyme ofthedental sachasnotbeenexperimentally tested. The transformation ofthedental sacintothedefinitive periodontium, consisting ofthe periodontal ligament andalveolar bone, proceeds simultaneously withthegrowth and development oftheroots. Thissuggests somekindofco-ordinating influence between periodontium development andthedevelopment ofthetooth proper. Inorder totest whether suchaninfluence exists, theenamel organ anddental papilla ofthedeveloping hamster molar weredissected fromtheir dental sacbefore rootformation, transplanted intoconnective tissue whichordinarily doesnotformperiodontium, andallowed to develop. Itwasfoundthatallhealthy specimens recovered after 4weeksinthehost hadorganized periodontium around themselves; this suggests theexistence ofanorganizing influence emanating fromthedeveloping root. Theextent oftheinfluence wasfoundtobelimited totheperiodontal ligament anda relatively thinshell of alveolar bonearound theroots andboneinthespace between theroots. Cells forming bonearound transplants seemtohavebeensupplied bythehost. The stimulus forconversion ofhostcells intoosteoblasts probably camefromtheenamel organanditsderivative-Hertwig's epithelial rootsheath. Thisstimulus wasfound to
Ionic channels in plants: potassium transport

A descoberta de canais ionicos presentes na membrana plasmatica tem ajudado a elucidar importantes mecanismos fisiologicos em animais e plantas. Mecanismos associados ao crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas, tais como germinacao, movimento foliar, abertura e fechamento de estomatos, absorcao de ions pelas raizes e armazenamento de nutrientes estao ligados ao transporte de potassio. Estudos descrevendo a regulacao do transporte deste nutriente por acido abscisico (ABA), Ca++, luz e outros fatores sao apresentados. Os tipos de canais que regulam a saida e entrada de potassio na celula, e as interacoes destes com os sinais externos, sao discutidos.
Managerial cognition, sunk costs, and the evolution of industry structure

A significant body of research investigates whether intraindustry competitors hold a common pattern of beliefs (or schema). Some work suggests that socially constructed shared beliefs, not technology-based economic factors, determine industry structure. While research on managerial cognition is important because it helps strategy researchers incorporate bounded rationality into otherwise hyper-rational theories, we take issue with the notion that the social construction works independently of economic factors. Empirical studies looking for shared beliefs find conflicting results. Some work suggests that managers in an industry share a common set of beliefs; other work finds the opposite (managers do not share common beliefs). Understanding, if and to what extent, managerial cognition influences industry structure and competitive heterogeneity would greatly expand our understanding of strategy and firm performance. We model bounded rationality, cognition (belief formation), competition (economic restraints), and industry structure (competitive heterogeneity). We find that competitive pressure and bounded rationality induce agents (firms or managers) to focus their attention on nearby competitors. Thus, firms develop biased estimates of their competitive environment. These estimates correlate with the estimates of nearby firms. Thus, clusters of firms will have similar beliefs resulting in stable strategic and performance heterogeneity within an industry. However, as competitive pressures and the costs of strategic change decrease, managerial beliefs tend to converge, and the pattern of strategies that emerges is consistent with those predicted by economic theory, even under conditions of bounded rationality. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interlinked Markets and the Cash Crop: Food Crop Debate in Land-Abundant Tropical Agriculture

The purpose of this article is to illustrate how such institutions do arise in the African context under certain preconditions. It is argued that the lack of a land market, due largely to a "non-capitalist conception of property rights over land,"3 along with other conditions to be examined below, leads to the failure of labor and private-sector credit markets. In response, indigenous institutions have evolved to cope with the market failures.
Dense admissible sequences

A sequence of integers in an interval of length x is called admissible if for each prime there is a residue class modulo the prime which contains no elements of the sequence. The maximum number of elements in an admissible sequence in an interval of length x is denoted by?*(x). Hensley and Richards showed that?*(x) > π(x) for large enough x. We increase the known bounds on the set of x satisfying?*(x) π(x). We also find values of x satisfying?*(x) > 2π(x/2). This shows the incompatibility of the conjecture π(x+y)-π(y) ≤ 2π(x/2) with the prime k-tuples conjecture.
Role of Carbohydrates in Proline Accumulation in Wilted Barley Leaves

The effect of wilting on proline synthesis, proline oxidation, and protein synthesis—all of which contribute to proline accumulation—was determined in nonstarved barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) leaves. Nonstarved leaves were from plants previously in the light for 24 hours and starved leaves were from plants previously in the dark for 48 hours. Wilted leaves from nonstarved plants accumulated proline at the rate of about 1 μmole per hour per gram of fresh weight whereas wilted leaves from starved plants accumulated very little proline. Wilting caused a 40-fold stimulation of proline synthesis from glutamate in nonstarved leaves but had very little effect in starved leaves. Proline oxidation and protein synthesis, on the other hand, were inhibited by wilting in both nonstarved and starved leaves. Thus, the role of carbohydrates in proline accumulation is to supply precursors for the stimulated proline synthesis. These results further indicate that the main metabolic response causing proline to accumulate in wilted barley leaves is the stimulation of proline synthesis from glutamate. The difference between these results and those obtained with beans is discussed. Wilting caused an increased conversion of glutamate to other products. In nonstarved leaves, conversion to organic acids as well as to proline was increased. In starved leaves, wilting caused an increase in the conversion of glutamate to glutamine, aspartate, asparagine, and organic acids.