cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Novel polymeric composites from microemulsions

Abstract A novel approach to prepare composites of different porosity and morphology is demonstrated. Instead of blending two polymers, hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomers are solubilized in microemulsions and then polymerized to obtain composites with the desired properties. This technique is exemplified by the polymerization of microemulsions containing styrene and acrylamide as the hydrophobic and hydrophilic monomer, respectively. Different types of surfactants were used in formulating the microemulsions: anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cationic cetyltriethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and zwitterionic octadecyl dimethyl betaine (C18DMB). The clear or bluish microemulsions were stable at room temperature and at the polymerization temperature of 55°C. No gross phase separation was observed during polymerization. The morphology and thermal behaviour of the composites resulting from microemulsion polymerization are strongly influenced by the surfactant, which is trapped inside the solid. C18DMB produced the largest pore size and most rigid composite. Use of SDS or CTAB led to a random copolymer, poly(styrene- co -acrylamide), with a single glass transition temperature ( T g ) of 151 ± 2°C, which is intermediate between the T g values of the two homopolymers. The composite obtained using C18DMB was more heterogeneous, with polystyrene-rich and polyacrylamide-rich domains in addition to the copolymer. The T g values of the polystyrene-rich (89 ± 1°C) and polyacrylamide-rich (171 ± 1°C) domains are lower than those of the corresponding homopolymers (99 ± 1°C and 175 ± 1°C, respectively). Apparently, C18DMB acts as a plasticizer in the composite.
The intubating LMA: a comparison of insertion techniques with conventional tracheal tubes.

Purpose: To compare the performance of the intubating laryngeal mask airway (ILMA) in assisting blind tracheal intubation with conventional tracheal tubes of different curvatures and the frequency of possible associated complications.
On controllability of systems of the form\(\dot x\)=A(t)x+g(t, u)

In an earlier paper, the author established a sufficient condition for controllability of systems of the form\(\dot x\)=A(t)x+g(t, u). This condition is a growth condition which generalizes the concept of an asymptotically proper system introduced by LaSalle for linear systems. The purpose of this paper is examine and apply this growth condition. We first show that the condition is also necessary for controllability. Then, we use these results to consider the controllability of perturbations of the above system. The main result of the paper is a class of systems which in many applications can be assumed to be controllable.
Tribological properties of carbon- and nitrogen-implanted Si(100)

The knowledge of tribological properties of silicon is important due to its potential application for micromechanical devices. The present work focuses on the friction and wear studies of single crystal silicon (100) implanted with carbon and nitrogen at 60 keV. These tests were performed using a pin-on-disc (POD) apparatus with a 52100 pin, under contact stress of 225 MPa and at 35% relative humidity. Changes in surface roughness before and after the wear tests were studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations and ion-channeling measurements revealed amorphous phases for all the implanted species at all doses. Although the surface hardness measurements performed by nano-indentation indicated no improvement in surface hardness for samples implanted with carbon, the tribological studies indicated an improvement in wear and frictional properties. We relate this improved wear behavior to the formation of amorphous SiC.
Variation of parameters in Becke-3 hybrid exchange-correlation functional

We have investigated the consequences of varying the three parameters in Becke's hybrid exchange-correlation functional, which includes five contributions: Hartree–Fock exchange, local exchange, Becke's gradient exchange correction, local correlation, and some form of gradient correlation correction. Our primary focus was upon obtaining orbital energies with magnitudes that are reasonable approximations to the electronic ionization potentials; however, we also looked at the effects on molecular geometries and atomization enthalpies. A total of 12 parameter combinations was considered for each of three different gradient correlation corrections: the Lee–Yang–Parr, the Perdew-86, and the Perdew–Wang 91. Five molecules were included in the study: HCN, N2, N2O, F2O, and H2O. For comparison, a Hartree–Fock calculation was also carried out for each of these. The 6-31+G** basis set was used throughout this work. We found that the ionization potential estimates can be greatly improved (to much better than Hartree–Fock levels) by increasing the Hartree–Fock exchange contribution at the expense of local exchange. In itself, this also introduces major errors in the atomization enthalpies. However, this can be largely or even completely counteracted by reducing or eliminating the role of the gradient exchange correction. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 21: 227–238, 2000
alpha 2-Adrenergic receptors appear in rat salivary glands after reserpine treatment.

The regulation of central and peripheral adrenergic receptors by various chemical, physiological, pharmacological and pathological stimuli has been the subject of intense study1,2. For example, drug treatments can produce relatively small changes in the density of existing receptor binding sites in a variety of tissues. The α-adrenergic receptors in rat salivary gland tissue have been studied using radioligand receptor binding techniques3. We have recently identified and characterised α1-adrenergic receptors in the rat submandibular gland4, but surprisingly, α2-adrenergic receptor binding was not detectable. We now report that a single treatment of reserpine results in the appearance of α2-adrenergic binding sites within 12 h. Continued treatment with the drug produces further increases in the number of α2-adrenergic receptors, such that after 7 days the levels of α1- and α2-adrenergic receptors are similar. This is the first example of a drug treatment resulting in the appearance of a receptor type which was not previously detectable.
The Legitimacy of International Governance: A Coming Challenge for International Environmental Law?

This article is about a problem only just becoming visible: the legitimacy of international environmental law, and more specifically, the perception that the international environmental process is insufficiently democratic. Until now, international lawyers have tended to focus on what environmental standards are needed and how those standards can be made effective. But as decision-making authority gravitates from the national to the international level, the question of legitimacy will likely emerge from the shadows and become a central issue in international environmental law. This article seeks to clarify the nature of the legitimacy challenge and to survey possible sources of legitimacy for international institutions.
Sidestepping the Rayleigh limit for LoS spatial multiplexing: A distributed architecture for long-range wireless fiber

While existing wireless systems rely on rich scattering environments to obtain spatial multiplexing gains, such gains are also available for line-of-sight (LoS) point-to-point links if the range is small enough. For fixed antenna separation (limited by node form factor) and carrier frequency (limited by available electronics), the range up to which multiple degrees of freedom are available is limited by the Rayleigh criterion. In this paper, we propose a distributed architecture for sidestepping this criterion, leading to spatial multiplexing gains at ranges much larger than those dictated by node form factor and carrier frequency constraints. Although the antenna spacings at the transmitter and the receiver are not large enough to support spatial multiplexing, the use of relays spread out over a larger area enables synthesis of a full rank MIMO channel. We focus specifically on the design of air-to-ground wireless fiber links over ranges of tens of kilometers, which have the following features in addition to relay-enabled spatial multiplexing: (a) the small carrier wavelength enables large beamforming gains even for nodes of compact form factor, (b) the large available bandwidths enable multiGigabit speeds for each spatially multiplexed data stream.
The influence of legal status on the labor market impact of immigration.

This article explores US labor market changes that would take place as a result of an amnesty that would regularize the status of undocumented workers without changing the total size of the alien workforce. The theoretical analysis suggests that the influence of legal status on market wage rates and on minimum wage enforcement is weak and that to the extent that there is an effect it depends on particular institutional arrangements. Although data are not adequate for a definite measurement of these effects those data that are available support this conclusion. It appears that the presence of undocumented as opposed to resident aliens can weaken union organizing efforts. (authors)
Optimum low-gate-field and high-gate-field stability of amorphous silicon thin-film transistors with a single plastic-compatible gate nitride deposition process

The threshold voltage stability of a-Si thin-film transistors (TFT's) is important both at low and high gate electric fields. Low gate voltage operation is required to drive OLEDs in pixels with low TFT power loss with the TFT in saturation. High gate voltages are needed for maximum gate switching speed [1], as desired for integrated display peripheral drivers. At low gate electric fields, the TFT threshold voltage shift is dominated by breaking of weak Si-Si bonds and electron trapping by the resulting dangling bonds, while at high gate field, electron trapping in the gate nitride dominates [2]. Therefore, different gate nitride processes are conventionally required for the best TFT stability at high and low gate voltages. In this abstract, (i) we demonstrate a single gate nitride deposition process (using standard PECVD growth) which is optimum for stability for both low-field driving and high-field switching applications. Furthermore, (ii) the nitride deposition temperature is limited to 300°C which is compatible with high-temperature clear plastic substrates[3], unlike the previous best low-field results which required 350°C [4].
Validity and reliability of the Experience-Sampling Method.

To understand the dynamics of mental health, it is essential to develop measures for the frequency and the patterning of mental processes in every-day-life situations. The Experience-Sampling Method (ESM) is an attempt to provide a valid instrument to describe variations in self-reports of mental processes. It can be used to obtain empirical data on the following types of variables: (a) frequency and patterning of daily activity, social interaction, and changes in location; (b) frequency, intensity, and patterning of psychological states, i.e., emotional, cognitive, and conative dimensions of experience; (c) frequency and patterning of thoughts, including quality and intensity of thought disturbance. The article reviews practical and methodological issues of the ESM and presents evidence for its short-and long-term reliability when used as an instrument for assessing the variables outlined above.
A solvable stochastic differential game in the two-sphere

In this paper a two person zero sum stochastic differential game is formulated and explicitly solved where the state of the game evolves in a two dimensional sphere. The game is described by a stochastic equation that is the sum of the control strategies of the two players and a Brownian motion in the two-sphere. The problem formulation uses the property that the two-sphere is a rank one compact symmetric space. For a suitable payoff that reflects the geometry of the compact symmetric space, a direct method provides optimal control strategies. This approach does not require solving either the Hamilton-Jacobi-Isaacs equations or backward stochastic differential equations. The value of the game is also given. The game problems include both finite and infinite time horizons. Some extensions of this model to other solvable stochastic differential games is noted.
Theoretical bcc ⇆ fcc Transitions in Metals via Bifurcations under Uniaxial Load

Pseudopotential models are used to study large strain, axial loading of the alkali metals. Various bcc $\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\rightleftarrows}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}$fcc transitions are found to be associated with bifurcations from primary to secondary branch paths, under strict uniaxial load. Theoretically, other systems (e.g., the $\ensuremath{\beta}$-brasses) are expected to behave similarly.
Expression of the yeast PIS1 gene requires multiple regulatory elements including a Rox1p binding site.

The PIS1 gene is required for de novo synthesis of phosphatidylinositol (PI), an essential phospholipid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PIS1 gene expression is unusual because it is uncoupled from the other phospholipid biosynthetic genes, which are regulated in response to inositol and choline. Relatively little is known about regulation of transcription of the PIS1 gene. We reported previously that PIS1 transcription is sensitive to carbon source. To further our understanding of the regulation of PIS1 transcription, we carried out a promoter deletion analysis that identified three regions required for PIS1 gene expression (upstream activating sequence (UAS) elements 1-3). Deletion of either UAS1 or UAS2 resulted in an ∼45% reduction in expression, whereas removal of UAS3 yielded an 84% decrease in expression. A comparison of promoters among several Saccharomyces species shows that these sequences are highly conserved. Curiously, the UAS3 element region (-149 to -138) includes a Rox1p binding site. Rox1p is a repressor of hypoxic genes under aerobic growth conditions. Consistent with this, we have found that expression of a PIS1-cat reporter was repressed under aerobic conditions, and this repression was dependent on both Rox1p and its binding site. Furthermore, PI levels were elevated under anaerobic conditions. This is the first evidence that PI levels are affected by regulation of PIS1 transcription.
New iron complexes from nucleophile addition/carbonylation of η4-(1,3-diene)tricarbonyliron(0) complexes

Abstract A series of novel organoiron complexes has been isolated and studied by 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, and IR spectroscopy. Addition of LiC(CH 3 ) 2 CN to (1,3-cyclohexadiene)tricarbonyliron produces an intermediate which is only stable at low temperature and which is assigned the homoallyl—Fe(CO) 3 anion structure. The intermediate rearranges on warming into a stable complex, for which full spectral data support the structure as an allyl—Fe(CO) 3 anionic species. Interception of the first formed intermediate with CO gives an acylferrate complex with an olefin unit still bound to iron, and methylation then occurs at oxygen to produce an unusual internally-bound (alkene)(methoxyalkylidene)tricarbonyliron species.
Model for Dynamic Analysis of Wood Frame Shear Walls

A discrete three-degree-of-freedom model of a wood frame shear wall has been developed that is suitable for design-type analyses. The model captures the salient features of the wall response, is amenable to exact closed-form solution, and has the flexibility to account for variations in wall geometry, framing and sheathing materials, fastener type, and spacing. Sheathing-to-stud connections are modeled using a linear viscoelastic element; a method is presented for determining the connection properties using the results of full-scale shear wall tests and a closed-form solution for the test excitation. Results show that the model accurately predicts the hysteretic behavior of the wall for low to moderate displacements; at larger displacements the linear model captures the overall behavior (effective stiffness and energy dissipation), but, as would be expected, fails to predict the pinched hysteresis observed in the tests. Finally, a response spectrum analysis is conducted of a single-story wood frame structure to demonstrate how the model can be used for design-type analyses.
Larval survival and plant injury of Cry1Ab-susceptible, -resistant, and -heterozygous genotypes of the sugarcane borer on transgenic corn containing single or pyramided Bt genes☆

Transgenic corn (Zea mays L.) products expressing multiple Bt proteins targeting a same group of insect pests have become commercially available in the U.S. The first commercialized pyramided Bt corn technologies for managing lepidopteran pests include Genuity VT Triple Pro and Genuity SmartStax .I n thisstudy,larvalsurvivalandplantinjuryofCry1Ab-susceptible(Cry1Ab-SS),-resistant(Cry1Ab-RR),andheterozygous (Cry1Ab-RS) genotypes of the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis F., on five commercial corn hybrids were evaluatedin a leaf tissue bioassayand two greenhouse trials during 2010e2011. The five hybrids included two non-Bt corn and three Bt corn hybrids representing three transgenic technologies: YieldGard Corn Borer, Genuity VT Triple Pro, and Genuity SmartStax. YieldGard Corn Borer corn contains a single Bt protein (Cry1Ab), while Genuity VT Triple Pro and SmartStax contain two and threepyramided Crygenestargeting above-ground lepidopteranpests,respectively.An averageof 75.5% of larvae survived after 6 d on non-Bt corn leaf tissue. The 6-d survivorship on Cry1Ab corn leaf tissue was 3% for Cry1Ab-SS,19% for Cry1Ab-RS, and 35% for Cry1Ab-RR larvae, while none of the three insect genotypes survived for 6-d on the leaf tissue of the two pyramided Bt corn hybrids. After 21 d on whole plants in the greenhouse, 42.6e62.5% of larvae survived on non-Bt corn plants. Larval survivorship rates on YieldGard Corn Borer plants after 21 d in the greenhouse were 4.7e5.6% for Cry1Ab-SS, 29.4e32.5 % for Cry1Ab-RS, and 36.6e45.6% for Cry1Ab-RR. Both pyramided Bt corn hybrids were very effective against D. saccharalis regardless of the insect genotype with 21-d survivorship of <2% for Cry1Ab-SS and Cry1AbRS, and <5% for Cry1Ab-RR. Cry1Ab-RS and eRR caused significant entry/exit holes and tunneling inside the plant stalks of non-Bt andYieldGard cornplants, while theycaused little injury on the two pyramided Btcornhybrids.ThedatageneratedfromboththeleaftissueandwholeplanttestsshowedthattheCry1Abresistant D. saccharalis was susceptible to the pyramided Bt corn hybrids. The results suggest that the pyramided Bt corn containing Genuity VT Triple Pro or SmartStax traits should offer a means for Cry1Ab resistance management in D. saccharalis.
Separation of the schrödinger equation in thin films

Abstract The restriction of the thickness dimension of thin films is directly used in an analysis of the general problem of electrons in thin films, resulting in a Born-Oppenheimer-like approximate separation of the problem.
Ecology and Change in the Agricultural System of the Kaonde of Northwestern Zambia

The Kaonde inhabit the savanna woodland plateaus of the Northwestern Province of Zambia. Primarily subsistence farmers, they have developed an agricultural system that consists of a chitemene form of long fallow cultivation and various forms of continuous cultivation. The different cultivation systems involve the exploitation of different environmental locations, where they are characterised by different agricultural practices and crop assemblages. Spatial variations in agricultural land use reflect locally varying environmental conditions. Given the prevalence of the tsetse fly, the Kaonde do not raise livestock, but over the last two decades some Kaonde farmers have engaged in fish-farming as a dietary supplement and cash crop. The Northwestern Province is the least populated, least developed, and most rural province in Zambia, yet recent population growth, notably in the close-settled zone around Solwezi Township (the provincial capital), has led to changes in the Kaonde agriculture system. Population pressure has led to the shortening of the fallows associated with long fallow cultivation, and an increased emphasis on existing forms of continuous cultivation. In a modified fashion, changes in Kaonde agricultural practices support the main contention of the Boserup theory that increases in population lead to the intensification of agriculture.
Inducible variation in hypoxia tolerance across the intertidal-subtidal distribution of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis

The distribution of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis spans a steep gradient of environmen- tal stress between intertidal and subtidal habitats, and can provide insight into population-scale pat- terns and underlying processes of variation in physiological tolerances. I conducted a 7 wk reciprocal transplant of mussels between the upper intertidal and subtidal portion of their natural depth distri- bution, and then assayed their tolerance to either aerial exposure or submerged hypoxia in the labo- ratory. Intertidal mussels transplanted back to the intertidal had a tolerance to aerial exposure 50% higher than subtidal mussels that remained in the subtidal. That difference can be explained by changes in mussel physiology induced by ambient conditions, since the tolerance of mussels trans- planted between the intertidal and subtidal became similar to mussels occurring naturally in each habitat. The tolerance of mussels to submergence in hypoxic water —an environmental stress exacerbated by anthropogenic factors that experimental mussels had not encountered in the field — followed a pattern qualitatively similar to the aerial exposure assay: intertidal mussels had higher survivorship in hypoxic water than those from the subtidal, and an elevated tolerance was induced by transplanting subtidal individuals to the intertidal. These results suggest that the response of mussels to a change in environmental conditions could vary between the center and edge of their depth distribution as a function of stress previously encountered.
The origins of ambient biological sound from coral reef ecosystems in the Line Islands archipelago

Although ambient biological underwater sound was first characterized more than 60 years ago, attributing specific components of ambient sound to their creators remains a challenge. Noise produced by snapping shrimp typically dominates the ambient spectra near tropical coasts, but significant unexplained spectral variation exists. Here, evidence is presented indicating that a discernible contribution to the ambient sound field over coral reef ecosystems in the Line Islands archipelago originates from the interaction of hard-shelled benthic macro-organisms with the coral substrate. Recordings show a broad spectral peak centered between 14.30 and 14.63 kHz, incoherently added to a noise floor typically associated with relatively “white” snapping shrimp sounds. A 4.6 to 6.2 dB increase of pressure spectral density level in the 11 to 17 kHz band occurs simultaneously with an increase in benthic invertebrate activity at night, quantified through time-lapse underwater photography. Spectral-level-filtered recordings of hermit crabs Clibanarius diugeti in quiet aquarium conditions reveal that transient sounds produced by the interaction between the crustaceans' carapace, shell, and coral substrate are spectrally consistent with Line Islands recordings. Coral reef ecosystems are highly interconnected and subtle yet important ecological changes may be detected quantitatively through passive monitoring that utilizes the acoustic byproducts of biological activity.
Children's attachment to both parents from toddler age to middle childhood: links to adaptive and maladaptive outcomes

We examined children’s attachment security with their mothers and fathers in a community sample (N = 100). At 25 months, mothers, fathers, and trained observers completed Attachment Q-Set (AQS). At...
A quantitative overview of radiosensitivity of human tumor cells across histological type and TP53 status

Purpose: We have previously shown in a limited number of tumor cell lines derived from only two histological types that clonogenic survival patterns fall into radiosensitivity groups, each group associating with a specific genotype. We now establish a global, quantitative description of human tumor cells based on genotype-dependent radiosensitivity across histological types.Methods: We measure clonogenic radiosensitivity in 39 human tumor cell lines that vary in histological type (colorectal, glioblastoma, prostate, bladder, teratoma, breast, melanoma and liver) and expression of several genes purported to influence radiosensitivity: ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated), TP53 (tumor protein 53), CDKN1A (cyclin-dependent kinase N1A), 14-3-3σ (an isoform of the 14-3-3 gene) and DNA mismatch repair genes. For each survival curve we use the linear-quadratic model and a linear-linear model to extract multiple coefficients and seek correlation across histological types.Results: Under one-parameter analysis, surv...
Strain and satisfaction in caregivers of veterans with chronic illness

Veterans' health care has shifted towards outpatient treatment, and because of the high prevalence of chronic illness in veterans, more caregiving has been required of their families. The purpose of this study was to identify predictors of caregiver (CG) strain and satisfaction associated with caring for veterans with chronic illness. Data were collected using telephone interviews of 120 dyads. Strain was associated with helping with instrumental activities of daily living, using counseling and prayer for coping, accompanying veteran to appointments, help/advice from friends, paid help, exercising, and depression. Satisfaction was associated with veteran health, CG social support, age, and depression. Innovative and easily accessible interventions are needed to mitigate sources of strain in CGs of chronically ill veterans.
Fractionated irradiation alters enteric neuroendocrine products

Radiation profoundly alters the contractile activity of the small intestine and colon. We hypothesized that some motor changes of the gut might be secondary to impaired neural input to smooth muscle or abnormal release of gut endocrine peptides. The density of products within peptidergic and cholinergic nerves and gut endocrine cells was estimated in six normal controls and six dogs who had received 1500 cGy in six equal fractions of 250 cGy. Choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P, peptide YY (PYY), and motilin were measured in tissue specimens divided into mucosalsubmucosal (MS) and muscularis externa (ME) layers. Tissue samples were obtained from the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and proximal and distal colon. In addition, serum levels of motilin and PYY were determined before and during the administration of 1500 cGy in four separate dogs instrumented to record upper gut contractile activity. Intrinsic cholinergic activity as estimated by choline acetyltransferase activity was unchanged, while acetylcholinesterase activity increased in the MS layers of distal small bowel and colon. VIP was increased in the MS layers of jejunum and proximal colon as well as in the ME layers the jejunum and ileum. By contrast, substance P increased in the jejunal and proximal colonic MS layers and in the ME layers of the jejunum and ileum. Duodenal and jejunal motilin levels markedly decreased after radiation exposure, while serum motilin levels continued to cycle at a decreased peak level with migrating motor complexes. Colonic PYY remained unchanged but serum PYY levels decreased after irradiation. Increased neuronal synthesis and inhibition of neurotransmitter release are potential explanations for elevated tissue concentrations of VIP, substance P, and acetylcholinesterase. There appeared to be differences in the sensitivity of gut endocrine cells to irradiation. Changes in gut regulatory peptides and cholinergic enzyme activity occur with fractionated doses of abdominal irradiation, while the same schedule of irradiation produces striking changes in the canine small intestinal and colonic motor activity. It is therefore likely that alterations of contractile events may be produced by changes in gut neuroendocrine products.
DMD-based adaptive spectral imagers for hyperspectral imagery and direct detection of spectral signatures

Dispersive transform spectral imagers with both one- and two-dimensional spatial coverage have been demonstrated and characterized for applications in remote sensing, target classification and process monitoring. Programmable spatial light modulators make it possible to adjust spectral, temporal and spatial resolution in real time, as well as implement detection algorithms directly in the digitally controlled sensor hardware. Operating parameters can be optimized in real time, in order to capture changing background and target evolution. Preliminary results are presented for short wave, mid-wave, and long-wave infrared sensors that demonstrate the spatial and spectral versatility and rapid adaptability of this new sensor technology.
Zinc-67 NMR study of zinc ions in water and in some nonaqueous and mixed solvents

Solutions of zinc salts in water, methanol (MeOH), dimethylformamide (DMF) and binary mixtures of water with the two nonaqueous solvents were studied by zinc-67 NMR measurements. Anhydrous zinc nitrate solutions in DMF and MeOH show upfield, concentration independent, chemical shifts at −27 and −19 ppm, respectively, vs. the aqueous solution standard. Addition of DMF or MeOH to an aqueous solution of a zinc salt results in a diamagnetic shift but for the addition of acetonitrile a paramagnetic shift results. In all cases the signal was broadened very considerably, e.g., in ZnCl2 solution the linewidth increased from ∼40 to ∼600 Hz in going from water to 35% aqueous MeOH. Both67Zn and13C NMR failed to show any complexation of Zn2+ ion by crown ethers in aqueous solution. A gradual addition of EDTA, of diaza-18-crown-6 or of tetraazacyclotetradecane resulted in an immediate broadening of the67Zn signal which became undetectable when one equivalent of a ligand was added.
Radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer in obese women.

Abstract Objective: To estimate the morbidity, adequacy of surgery, and survival of obese women undergoing radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Methods: Patients with stage I and IIa cervical cancer and a body mass index (BMI) over 30 kg/m 2 and absolute weight greater than 85 kg explored with the intent for radical hysterectomy between 1986 and 1998 were identified. Patient characteristics, surgical, pathologic, and follow-up data were extracted and survival curves were generated. Results: Forty-eight obese women were identified who were explored for radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection. The median BMI was 36 kg/m 2 , and the median weight was 95 kg. Thirty-five patients (73%) had stage Ib1 disease. Despite the obesity of the study group, none had severe comorbidity. The procedure was completed in 46 patients, and abandoned in two because of metastatic disease. For patients undergoing radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection, median blood loss was 800 mL. No patient developed fistulas. Residual tumor was present in 26 (57%) hysterectomy specimens, and margins were without disease in 45 specimens (98%). A median of 26 pelvic lymph nodes were obtained per procedure, and six patients (13%) had positive nodes. Five-year overall and disease-free survival are 84% (95% confidence interval [CI] 70.9, 97.5) and 80% (95% CI 65.2, 93.8), respectively, at a median follow-up of 36 months. Conclusion: In this carefully selected obese group, we demonstrate that radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection can be performed with adequate surgical resection, acceptable morbidity, and excellent survival.
Geostatistical modeling of riparian forest microclimate and its implications for sampling

Predictive models of microclimate under various site conditions in forested headwater stream – riparian areas are poorly developed, and sampling designs for characterizing underlying riparian microclimate gradients are sparse. We used riparian microclimate data collected at eight headwater streams in the Oregon Coast Range to compare ordinary kriging (OK), universal kriging (UK), and kriging with external drift (KED) for point prediction of mean maximum air temperature (Tair). Several topographic and forest structure characteristics were considered as site-specific parameters. Height above stream and distance to stream were the most important covariates in the KED models, which outperformed OK and UK in terms of root mean square error. Sample patterns were optimized based on the kriging variance and the weighted means of shortest distance criterion using the simulated annealing algorithm. The optimized sample patterns outperformed systematic sample patterns in terms of mean kriging variance mainly for sma...
Near-field optical microscopy at the liquid/air interface

Abstract We have used an uncoated, tapered single-mode optical fiber to measure evanescent decay lengths above the liquid/air interface for the liquids glycerol, mineral oil, and water. The ability to detect evanescent fields from above demonstrates that near-field microscopy of the liquid/air interface is possible. The evanescent decays are compared with predicted decay lengths and with the decay above a quartz prism. Gravity waves are seen in all three liquids, with wave amplitudes inversely proportional to the viscosity of the liquid. These waves interfere with but do not preclude near-field approach to the interface. We also describe the simultaneous measurements of evanescent decay and shear force strength as the probe approaches a quartz prism.
Cigarette Warnings: Recall of Content as a Function of Gender, Message Context, Smoking Habits and Time:

The purpose of the present study was to assess the degree to which smokers and nonsmokers can recall warning information about the hazards of smoking, as a function of message context, time and gender. Subjects were presented with printed messages, advertisements, or cigarette packs containing the four currently used warnings. Recall of the message content was measured immediately after viewing the message, as well as one week later. In general, recall of the informational content of the messages was poor. However, there were differences among the experimental conditions. Smokers recalled more information than nonsmokers, and more information was recalled from the printed messages and the cigarette packs, than from the magazine advertisements. In addition, there were differences in the percentages of information recalled from the four messages. Suggestions for changes in the message content and design are offered, based on the currently available guidelines.
Three-dimensional object shape recognition using cross sections

This paper describes a computationally efficient 3D object surface matching algorithm. In the proposed method, object and model surfaces are scaled to be in a unit cube in the 3D space. They are then sliced along the magnitude axis and the resultant object and model surface cross sections are represented in binary image format. The cross- sections' centroids of an unknown object and the models of different shapes are computed in their respective binary images. The resultant cross-sections are translated to the origin of the spatial plane using the centroids. Major and minor axes of the plane cross sections are aligned with the coordinate axes of the spatial plane. Matching of the aligned cross sections is done in the direction of the gradient of the cross section boundary by computing the shape deformation as the Euclidean distance between the object boundary points and the corresponding points in the model cross section boundary. The shape deformation distances measured in different cross sections are average and the minimum average shape deformation distance is used to identify the model best matching to the object of unknown classification.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Method effects and the meaning of measurement.

Although the idea of a method effect in psychological measurement seems intuitively straightforward—that is, it is said to occur when any characteristic of a measurement procedure contributes variance to scores beyond what is attributable to variance in the attribute of interest—much of the surrounding conceptual vocabulary remains confused. In part, these confusions can be traced to deeper confusion in the human science literature regarding the meaning of measurement. In particular, the thinking of human scientists about method effects has been shaped by (a) received wisdom regarding why method effects are problematic to begin with, and, therefore, what corrective measures are appropriate, (b) the formal and implied semantics of psychometric techniques that have been developed to model method effects, and (c) general philosophical undercurrents that have contributed to the collective understanding of psychological measurement. Notably, tensions between lines of thought that can be broadly characterized as empiricist and realist have contributed to uneven thinking surrounding the concept of a method effect. In this paper, it is argued that it may be possible to formulate an account of what method effects are that is coherent not only across different research traditions in the human sciences, but also with thinking found in other scientific disciplines; however, doing so requires a more explicit commitment to a realist position on measurement than is generally forthcoming from human scientists. By examining these issues, this paper hopes to contribute to semantic clarity regarding not just method effects, but also the meaning of measurement in psychology.
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Pik-Red) Leaf Carboxypeptidase: Identification, N-terminal Sequence, Stress-Regulation, and Specific Localization in the Paraveinal Mesophyll Vacuoles

Wounding of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) leaves causes systemic induction of a serine-type carboxypeptidase activity. We find this activity to be present in several isoforms. Antibodies raised against the leaf carboxypeptidase inhibited the enzyme activity and the immunoprecipitates were resolved into a 69-kDa polypeptide and a doublet of 35/37-kDa proteins on SDS-PAGE. Immunoblot analysis of the leaf proteins also immunodecorated the 69-kDa and 35/37-kDa proteins. Amino acid sequence analysis of the amino-terminus of the tomato leaf 69-kDa carboxypeptidase I [Sorenson et al. (1986) Carlsberg Res. Commun. 51: 475], sharing Ala as the N-terminus and the sequences, AlaProGln and LeuProGlyPhe. Superimposition of a chemical stress (copper treatment) on wounding apparently lowered wound-induced carboxypeptidase activity in the leaf, suggesting that cupric ions might interact with the wound signal. Immunogold electron microscopy indicated that the leaf carboxypeptidase was specifically localized within the inclusions of vacuoles of vascular parenchyma cells. In cupric ion-treated tissues, carboxypeptidase was found redistributed to other parts of the cell, indicating that this treatment, but not wounding, causes general vacuolar membrane damage.
Relatives' affective style and the expression of subclinical psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia

High expressed emotion (EE) is a measure of hostile, critical, and emotionally overinvolved attitudes expressed by a family member about a psychiatrically ill relative during an interview conducted in the patient's absence. EE is a robust predictor of relapse in schizophrenia, yet attempts to identify clinical characteristics that differentiate patients from high versus low EE families have mostly yielded negative findings. However, in a previous study, we found that patients with schizophrenia from high EE families exhibited greater levels of subclinical psychopathology when interacting with family members than did patients from low EE families. Patients from high EE families (N=32) also demonstrated considerable heterogeneity in their expression of subclinical psychopathology. The present study extends our previous work by demonstrating that this heterogeneity in patient subclinical psychopathology was associated with the extent to which family members expressed high EE congruent behaviors--as measured by the affective style (AS) coding system--when directly interacting with their patient-relative. Elevations in anxious/agitated behaviors and hostile/unusual behaviors were observed among patients whose high EE relatives behaved in a manner consistent with their EE status. These findings support a complex, bidirectional model of the role of high EE attitudes in influencing the course of schizophrenia.
Endowed chairs in entrepreneurship: deans’ preferences versus chair holders’ expericences

Business school deans’ feelings about the importance of various teaching research and service activities in the roles played by holders of endowed chairs in Entrepreneurship were contrasted with the views of chair holders themselves, based on their experiences. Differences were highlighted and discussed. Results suggest that the chair holder role is negotiated between multiple constituencies, with deans’ influence being strong but limited. Implications for individuals aspiring to hold chairs are discussed.
Pressure effects on superconducting and magnetic transitions in layered sodium cobalt oxides, NaxCoO2

The results of dc magnetization measurements under hydrostatic (heliumgas) pressure are presented for an ambient pressure superconductor Na0.35CoO21.4D2O and its precursor compound Na0.75CoO2 known to combine metallic conductivity with an unusual magnetic state below ∼22K.
The Latest Word from Thoughtful Executives

This is the first of what we hope will be a continuing dialogue between management practitioners and scholars. Beyond encouraging dialogue, we hope this section of AME will provide practitioners with a forum to communicate with the research community about problems or issues they are facing which are most in need of immediate attention. AME is grateful to John Montgomery and Tony Clancy, members of its Executive Advisory Panel, for suggesting and helping to prepare this first “Executive Voice.” John begins by giving his perspective on the need for a bridge between researchers and practitioners around research topic identification. Tony then tosses out the first topic for consideration: the virtual corporation, telecommuting and the concept of team. We invite researchers and practitioners who have investigated these topics to send the results of their work to AME for publication consideration. We also invite practitioners to send us their ideas for consideration in a future “Executive Voice” column. Editor
Error Quantization Effects in Compensatory Tracking Tasks

A series of experiments were performed to determine the effect of error signal quantization on human operator compensatory tracking performance. Single-axis, dual-axis, and cross-coupled critical tracking tasks were utilized with a variety of quantization formats. The controlled element dynamics were chosen so as to force the operator to generate varying amounts of lead equalization. The single-and dual-axis critical tasks served as sensitive indicators of display format effects, with the single-axis task yielding information concerning the operator's effective time delay while tracking. The cross-coupled task allowed measurement of the operator's attentional workload margin while using the quantized displays. The results indicate increased operator time delays and attentional workload when using the quantized display formats.
Utilization of positional isotope exchange experiments to evaluate reversibility of ATP hydrolysis catalyzed by Escherichia coli Lon protease.

Lon protease, also known as protease La, is an ATP-dependent serine protease. Despite the presence of a proteolytic Ser–Lys dyad, the enzyme only catalyzes protein degradation in the presence of ATP. Lon possesses an intrinsic ATPase activity that is stimulated by protein and certain peptide substrates. Through sequence alignment and analysis, it is concluded that Lon belongs to the AAA+ protein family. Previous kinetic characterization of the ATPase domain of Escherichia coli Lon protease implicates a half-site reactivity model in which only 50% of the ATP bound to Lon are hydrolyzed to yield ADP; the remaining ATPase sites remain bound with ATP and are considered non-catalytic. In this model, it is implied that ATP hydrolysis is irreversible. To further evaluate the proposed half-site reactivity model, the reversibility of the ATPase activity of E. coli Lon was evaluated by positional isotope exchange experiments. The ATPase reactions were conducted in the 18O-enriched buffer such that the extent of 18O...
The effect of daclizumab on brain atrophy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

Daclizumab is a monoclonal antibody that reduces inflammation in multiple sclerosis (MS). Through a retrospective analysis, our objective was to determine whether daclizumab treatment reduces the rate of brain structure atrophy in comparison to a mixture of other disease-modifying therapies (mainly different interferon β preparations). We analyzed MRI examinations (1332 scans from 70 MS cases) obtained between 2000 and 2011 in a single center and processed with an automated brain segmentation method. We used mixed-effects multivariable linear regression models to determine whether a median of 4.3 years of daclizumab therapy in 26 patients altered rates of brain-volume change, controlling for variations in MRI protocol. The control group consisted of 44 patients not treated with daclizumab. We found that supratentorial brain volume declined by 5.17 ml per year (95% confidence limits: 3.58–6.77) off daclizumab therapy. On daclizumab, the annual rate of volume loss decreased to 3.72 ml (p=0.01). The rate of ventricular enlargement decreased from 1.26 to 0.42 ml per year (p<0.001). Focused analysis suggests that reduction in gray matter atrophy rate most likely underlies these results. In summary, in this retrospective analysis, daclizumab therapy substantially decreased the rate of brain atrophy in relapsing-remitting MS in comparison to other disease-modifying therapies, predominantly interferon β.
The New Welfare Law: “Tough on Work”

The passage of the new welfare law and its provisions for a new program, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), continues a thirty-year tradition of attempting to replace welfare with work. Within the context of increased flexibility for states to administer welfare programs, TANF includes a goal of inceasing work efforts by welfare recipients and imposes new work requirements on both recipients and states. These work requirements are expected to apply to 70% of all adults receiving welfare by 2002. This article analyzes the work requirements imposed on both recipients and states by TANF and evaluates the states' capacity to serve increasing numbers of welfare recipients. The options available to states are outlined and their feasibility is reviewed in light of experience under prior welfare employment programs. The article concludes with an assessment of job availability for welfare recipients and the prospects of employment for alleviating poverty for lesser-skilled women workers.
In vivo fluorescence spectroscopy for the diagnosis of skin diseases

The feasibility of detection of skin cancer using in vivo NADH fluorescence is investigated. The results of a series of measurements on normal skin and cancerous skin suggest that the major chromophore is keratin.