cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Streams of shared knowledge: computational expansion of knowledge-flow theory

In this article, we investigate empirically the theoretical split between emphases upon specialist vs trans-specialist knowledge in the organization – or more generally between exploitation and exploration – a split that divides knowledge-flow theory at present, and hence represents an important issue for knowledge management (KM). We review the relevant literature, articulate hypotheses, and employ computational experimentation to test them empirically. Our findings provide novel, insightful understanding of the factors that contribute toward understanding the relative balance between specialist vs trans-specialist knowledge in particular, and exploitation vs exploration more generally. We offer three main contributions: (1) we critique extant theory relating to the substitutability of specialist and interspecialist knowledge; (2) we offer new conceptual insight and empirical evidence concerning substitutability of these knowledge types in the organization; and (3) we demonstrate the empirical power of computational experimentation to examine KM questions of both theoretical and practical interest.
Horizontal cells in the zona incerta of the developing human telencephalon.

Durant le 4me mois de la vie foetale humaine, il existe dans la zone incerta du telencephale, des cellules dont l'axe est parallele a la surface du cerveau, c'est-a-dire perpendiculaire a la majorite des autres cellules nerveuses. Cette position serait en rapport avec la position, parallele aussi, des vaisseaux dans cette region du cerveau. Le role et le destin de ces cellules sont inconnus.
Glial Reactivity in Resistance to Methamphetamine-Induced Neurotoxicity

Neurotoxic regimens of methamphetamine (METH) result in reactive microglia and astrocytes in striatum. Prior data indicate that rats with partial dopamine (DA) loss resulting from prior exposure to METH are resistant to further decreases in striatal DA when re-exposed to METH 30 days later. Such resistant animals also do not show an activated microglia phenotype, suggesting a relation between microglial activation and METH-induced neurotoxicity. To date, the astrocyte response in such resistance has not been examined. Thus, this study examined glial-fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and CD11b protein expression in striata of animals administered saline or a neurotoxic regimen of METH on post-natal days 60 and/or 90 (Saline:Saline, Saline:METH, METH:Saline, METH:METH). Consistent with previous work, animals experiencing acute toxicity (Saline:METH) showed both activated microglia and astocytes, whereas those resistant to the acute toxicity (METH:METH) did not show activated microglia. Interestingly, GFAP expression remained elevated in rats exposed to METH at PND60 (METH:Saline), and was not elevated further in resistant rats treated for the second time with METH (METH:METH). These data suggest that astrocytes remain reactive up to 30 days post-METH exposure. In addition, these data indicate that astrocyte reactivity does not reflect acute, METH-induced DA terminal toxicity, whereas microglial reactivity does.
Steps Toward 8M Honeycomb Mirror Blanks: II. Experiments With Waffleplate And Honeycomb Casting

A technique for fabricating large low-cost light-weight borosilicate-glass mirrors for ground and space-based astronomy is described. This technique involves the remelting of glass into complex molds for vacuum-formed ceramic fiber and is used to cast in one piece either waffleplate or full honeycomb sandwich blanks. The construction of molds and the cycle for melting and annealing are described in detail. A 1.1-m square blank with a 22.4-cm-thick face and 1.6-cm ribs, 15-cm deep on 15-cm squares, has been cast, and a 1.8-m circular blank of full honeycomb construction is scheduled for production. The casting of blanks of up to 8-m in diameter is anticipated, with densities of 200 kg/sq m (like that of the ST mirror) being typical of casting.
Peer Reviewed: ACS Founders Were Analytical Chemists, Too

The 125-year growth of the American Chemical Society and the development of analytical chemistry are closely intertwined.
Kidney pathological changes in metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study.

Background The worldwide prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increasing and has been associated with chronic kidney disease. Kidney pathological findings in patients with metabolic syndrome have not been well described, as was explored in this study. Study Design Cross-sectional study. Setting & Participants We retrospectively screened clinical information for 146 patients who underwent elective nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma between January 2005 and March 2007 at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA. Twelve patients with metabolic syndrome were identified. Twelve age- and sex-matched patients who did not have any of the criteria for metabolic syndrome were used as controls. Predictor Presence of metabolic syndrome defined by using Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Outcomes Histological characteristics in each group, decrease in kidney function at 1-year follow-up. Measurements Two pathologists blinded to the clinical diagnosis independently evaluated nephrectomy specimens using Banff criteria to objectively assess histological characteristics. Results Baseline characteristics were similar between the 2 groups. On histopathologic examination, patients with metabolic syndrome compared with controls had a greater prevalence of tubular atrophy (P = 0.006), interstitial fibrosis (P = 0.001), and arterial sclerosis (P = 0.001), suggesting microvascular disease. Patients with metabolic syndrome had greater global (P = 0.04) and segmental glomerulosclerosis (P = 0.05). Glomerular volume and cross-sectional surface area were not different. The combined end point of tubular atrophy greater than 5%, interstitial fibrosis greater than 5%, and presence of arterial sclerosis was more prevalent in patients with metabolic syndrome (P = 0.003; odds ratio, 33; confidence interval, 2.9 to 374.3) than controls. After 1 year, estimated glomerular filtration rate was significantly lower in patients with metabolic syndrome compared with controls (P = 0.03). Limitations Small sample size, retrospective design. Conclusions We report a high prevalence of microvascular disease in patients with metabolic syndrome. There was a steeper decrease in kidney function over time in patients with metabolic syndrome, suggesting limited renal reserve. Aggressive screening and management may be warranted in patients with metabolic syndrome to protect kidney function.
Evaluation of graft patency during minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting with Doppler flow analysis.

Background. An objective method for determining intraoperative graft patency is an essential part of minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass. This study compares angiography and Doppler methods for graft analysis during minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass and presents long-term outcome in a cohort of patients. Methods. Between March and October 1997, 35 patients had elective minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass procedures in which the left internal mammary artery was anastomosed to the left anterior descending coronary artery. Immediate graft patency was determined with intraoperative angiography using selective injection of the left internal mammary artery from a femoral approach and with Doppler flow analysis using a 1-mm, 20-MHz Doppler probe placed directly on the graft. Results. There was immediate perfect patency with brisk flow in 91% of patients (32 of 35). A normal Doppler study, defined as a diastolic predominant pattern with a diastolic flow velocity of greater than 15 cm/second, was found in all patients with normal angiograms. All patients with abnormal angiograms also had abnormal Doppler flow. Thus, Doppler analysis was 100% accurate for confirming graft patency and for detecting failed grafts. All abnormal grafts were successfully revised, which allowed 100% early patency. Operative mortality was 2.8% (1 of 35) and there have been no late deaths at a follow-up of more than 2 years. One patient required angioplasty of the anastomosis (1 of 34, 2.9%), but none have required subsequent surgical intervention. Conclusions. Objective analysis of graft flow in the operating room is necessary to achieve 100% early graft patency with minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass operations. Doppler analysis is the preferred initial method, because it is safe, accurate, and rapid.
Spatial-frequency discrimination at low frequencies: evidence for position quantization by receptive fields.

In a recent study of spatial-frequency discrimination [ J. Opt. Soc. Am.72, 1367 ( 1982)], we reported evidence for the quantization of position in the human visual system with the fundamental unit of quantization being the photo-receptor spacing for spatial frequencies greater than 2 cycles per degree (c/deg). In this paper we extend our measurements to lower spatial frequencies, between 0.3 and 2, which we call the mid-spatial-frequency band, and find that this band of spatial frequencies shows similar evidence for spatial quantization. However, the spacing of the fundamental unit is about 0.056 deg or approximately seven or eight times the spacing of the foveal photoreceptor instead of about 0.008 deg or approximately equal to the spacing of foveal cones. We interpret this as evidence for a class of retinal receptive fields that we call spatial-sampling fields that perform a dual function of neural blurring and spatial sampling. We propose a scaled lattice model of spatial vision that allows apparently scale-free spatial processing while retaining the advantages of linear maps. The model generalizes the notion of hyperacuity to low-resolution tasks for which neural interpolation occurs not only on the photoreceptor sampling lattice to achieve hyperacuity but also on receptive-field sampling lattices to achieve lower resolutions.
Jane Addams and the ward boss revisited: class, politics, and public health in Chicago, 1890-1930.

Despite repeated obituaries that proclaim that the study of bosses and reformers has reached a dead end, troubling questions about power and class in the city persist. Scholars have long complained about the failure of the new social history to incorporate politics as a causal factor in its mode of analysis. In a series of essays, Terrence J. McDonald offers not only the most comprehensive indictment of this problem but also the most compelling recent appeal "to bring the state back in." Echoing previous critics, McDonald charges that politics has been marginalized in American scholarship, turning it into a static backdrop against which seemingly more important processes of ethnocultural strife and class formation were played out. Even the work of those such as Theda Skocpol and Ira Katznelson who have taken politics seriously is "contaminated" because it focuses too narrowly on pluralism, patronage, and machine rule. The burden of urban history, he proposes, rests upon the restoration of agency to government and ideology in the making of modern society. Our conceptualization of politics must undergo a transformation analogous to E. P. Thompson's reformulation of class from a static category into a dynamic process.' If postwar scholarship tended to restrict the study of urban politics within tight channels, the adoption of environmental perspectives can go a long way toward opening broad areas of the public sector for historical investigation. A closer look at the political formation of urban space will more fully expose the interplay among class, power, and government. One of the most distinguishing features of the industrial city was its tendency to sort itself out into specialized land uses and residential districts. Historians have asked few questions about the role of City Hall and partisan politics in drawing the boundaries of these landscapes of social segregation and exclusion. To what extent was the public sector responsible for horrible slums such as the one Jane Addams entered on the Near West Side of Chicago in the late i88os? As she came to understand, the environmental concerns of the working classes were pragmatically concentrated on their immediate surroundings: the home,
Ovarian and hypothalamic control of the daily surges of prolactin secretion during pseudopregnancy in the rat.

Cervical stimulation in the rat institutes a pattern of prolactin secretion consisting of two daily surges, one diurnal and one nocturnal, which continue for the greater part of pseudopregnancy. This contrasts with the diestrous day 1–2 interval of the estrous cycle wherein prolactin levels are low and relatively unchanging. A variety of noxious procedures such as aortic cannulation and serial blood sampling, sham ovariectomy and sham surgical cuts in the hypothalamus selectively and temporarily suppresses the diurnal prolactin surges of pseudopregnancy; the nocturnal surges remained unaffected. In the absence of the ovaries (removed on day 0 of pseudopregnancy) the diurnal prolactin surges have disappeared no later than day 5, whereas the nocturnal surges are present at day 6 but have disappeared by day 10. Hypothalamic retrochiasmatic cuts abolish immediately both surges. These results demonstrate the existence of an apparently unique kind of neuroendocrine reflex, copulation-induced, which results in r...
The Passing-By of the Ultimate God: The Theological Assessment of Modernity in Heidegger's Beiträge zur Philosophie

La pensee de Heidegger emprunte a Friedrich Holderlin le theme du divin comme fugitif. Si deconcertante que puisse etre cette affirmation, elle contient une sorte d'appel pour la mise en forme d'une theologie contemporaine. Cette notion de passage du Dieu absolu est une affirmation theologique de la modernite ainsi qu'une indication de la maniere dont une reflexion theologique peut exister dans notre monde contemporain
Evaluation of methods of insecticide application for control of smokybrown cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattidae)

The insecticide components of a previously developed integrated pest management system for smokybrown cockroaches, Periplaneta fuliginosa (Serville), were tested individually and at reduced application rates in 4 separate trials over 2 yr. A 2-bait combination (pellet and gel baits) did not significantly reduce cockroach abundance more than a single constituent bait alone. A targeted spray of trelamethrin was significantly less effective than a 2-bait combination. Residual activity of insecticides was determined with American cockroaches, P. Americana (L.), in a laboratory bioassay. Chlorpyrifos wettable powder remained active 27 d. Nematodes [ Steinemema carpocapsae (Weiser) ] applied as a spray solution did not effect the abundance of smokybrown cockroaches, and no cockroaches were recovered that exhibited nematode infection. Time needed to apply various insecticide treatments did not differ substantially (15-25 min per house), even for lower application rates.
CIMS measurements of HNO3 and SO2 at the South Pole during ISCAT 2000

Abstract HNO 3 and SO 2 were measured by chemical ionization mass spectrometry at the South Pole (SP) during ISCAT 2000 (December, 2000). HNO 3 mixing ratios averaged 22 pptv and ranged from less than 5 to 68 pptv. A simple steady state photochemical analysis indicates that most of the time HNO 3 is deposited to the snow with a lifetime of the order of a few hours. Periods of relatively high levels of HNO 3 and low levels of NO were observed when air from aloft was mixed downward, but the source of this HNO 3 is uncertain. One explanation for these observations is that free tropospheric air, enriched with NO x at lower latitudes, descends to the surface at SP; this process could be an important source of nitrate to the Antarctic Plateau. Another explanation is that these descending air parcels were previously in contact with the surface and enriched with snowpack emissions of NO x upwind of SP. The measured SO 2 mixing ratio was found to be less than 20 pptv on average. However, a simple steady state analysis of OH and H 2 SO 4 observations indicates that average SO 2 levels are most likely less than a few pptv.
WRKY42 Modulates Phosphate Homeostasis through Regulating Phosphate Translocation and Acquisition in Arabidopsis

The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) WRKY transcription factor family has more than 70 members, and some of them have been reported to play important roles in plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses. This study shows that WRKY42 regulated phosphate homeostasis in Arabidopsis. The WRKY42-overexpressing lines, similar to the phosphate1 (pho1) mutant, were more sensitive to low-inorganic phosphate (Pi) stress and had lower shoot Pi content compared with wild-type plants. The PHO1 expression was repressed in WRKY42-overexpressing lines and enhanced in the wrky42 wrky6 double mutant. The WRKY42 protein bound to the PHO1 promoter under Pi-sufficient condition, and this binding was abrogated during Pi starvation. These data indicate that WRKY42 modulated Pi translocation by regulating PHO1 expression. Furthermore, overexpression of WRKY42 increased root Pi content and Pi uptake, whereas the wrky42 mutant had lower root Pi content and Pi uptake rate compared with wild-type plants. Under Pi-sufficient condition, WRKY42 positively regulated PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTER1;1 (PHT1;1) expression by binding to the PHT1;1 promoter, and this binding was abolished by low-Pi stress. During Pi starvation, the WRKY42 protein was degraded through the 26S proteasome pathway. Our results showed that AtWRKY42 modulated Pi homeostasis by regulating the expression of PHO1 and PHT1;1 to adapt to environmental changes in Pi availability.
URL Manipulation and the Slippery Slope: The Case of the Harvard 119 Revisited

While computer ethics and information security courses try to teach computer misuse and unauthorized access as clear black and white examples, when examining the use and potentially misuse of URLs the discussion becomes less clear. This paper examines a number of computer use ethical scenarios focusing on the modification of URLs within Web browsers. Using the documented case of applicants to several Ivy-league schools as a discussion point, this paper presents a survey of U.S. students enrolled in information security and computer ethics classes, asking at what point does modifying the URL become hacking, and at what point does it become unethical. The findings of this study are discussed.
Design Of An Optical Linewidth Standard Reference Material For Wafers

Optical linewidth measurements on patterned wafers are complicated by the wide variety of materials and correspondingly wide variation in optical parameters, complex refractive index and thickness, used in the manufacture of integrated circuits. It has been shown that in addition to linewidth, two key parameters, the normalized local reflectance R and the optical phase difference Φ at the line edge, determine the characteristics of the optical image and, therefore, affect the accuracy and precision of linewidth measurements. Both of these parameters, R and Φ, are dependent upon the illuminating wavelength or spectral bandpass and the coherence parameter of the optical system. To achieve the measurement precision and accuracy required for VLSI dimensions (e.g., 10% tolerance for 1-μm linewidths), it is necessary to control coherence, spectral bandpass, and image integrity as well as to achieve reproducible edge detection and focus criteria. When a system can be operated without further operator intervention despite changes in the materials being mea-sured, it is possible to calibrate the linewidth measurement system using a standard fabri-cated from only a few materials representing a range of image characteristics. The desirable characteristics of such a standard are discussed with respect to durability, edge definition, and equivalence of the image characteristics to materials used in the manufacture of ICs. A prototype design consisting of combinations of SiO2 and chromium layers on a silicon substrate is presented.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mechanical behavior of a carbon nanotube turf

Carbon nanotubes grown on a substrate form a turf – a complex structure of intertwined nanotubes cross-linked by adhesive contact. We analyze the physical mechanism of deformation on the basis of: (i) standard and continuous stiffness nanoindentation; and (ii) micromechanical scaling analysis. At moderate strains, deformation is fully reversible, comprising small viscoelastic relaxation caused by the thermally activated sliding of contacts. The pre-existing strain energy of bent nanotubes produces a high initial tangent modulus, followed by an order of magnitude decrease in the tangent modulus.
Ferromagnetic Resonance in Manganese Ferrite Single Crystals

The microwave properties of two types of manganese ferrite single crystals have been investigated by means of the ferromagnetic resonance phenomenon from 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and at 24 000, 9100, 5600, and 2800 Mc/sec. The low resistivity of one of the crystals, believed to be related to the presence of divalent iron, led to significantly different microwave behavior. Resonance lines as narrow as 47 oe have been obtained; however the width depends markedly on crystal direction, temperature and microwave frequency. The $g$-values are close to 2.00 under all conditions. The anisotropy, although frequency insensitive, increases rapidly at low temperatures. The Kramers-Kr\"onig relations between absorption and dispersion are satisfied, and the line shape is roughly Lorentzian. Double resonances have been observed, and it is speculated that this may be a general phenomenon in single-crystal ferrites under suitable conditions.
Relativistic treatment of (p, n) reactions and the (n, e+) correlation function

The (n, e+) correlation function, measured in the weak decay of a state excited in a (p, n) reaction, has been found sensitive to relativistic effects. The correlation function now joins the (ϱ, γ) correlation function, and the spin difference function, as a sensitive probe of relativistic effects. We treat the 12C(p, n)12N reaction as an example.
Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of the low glycemic index treatment in pediatric epilepsy

Summary Purpose: To report the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of the low glycemic index treatment (LGIT) in pediatric epilepsy. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed on patients initiating the LGIT at the Massachusetts General Hospital between January 2002 and June 2008. Demographic and clinical information including seizure type, baseline seizure frequency, medications, blood chemistries, side effects, and anthropometrics were collected. Initiation of the LGIT was done in an outpatient setting. Patients were educated by a dietitian to restrict foods with high glycemic index and to limit total daily carbohydrates to 40–60 g. Change in seizure frequency was assessed at 1-, 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month follow-up intervals. Results: Seventy-six children were included in the study. Eighty-nine percent had intractable epilepsy (≥3 antiepileptic drugs). A greater than 50% reduction from baseline seizure frequency was observed in 42%, 50%, 54%, 64%, and 66% of the population with follow-up available at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, respectively. Increased efficacy was correlated with lower serum glucose levels at some time points, but not with β-hydroxybutyrate (BOHB) changes or ketosis status at any time point. Only three patients reported side effects (transient lethargy). Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was elevated in approximately one-third of follow-up laboratory studies. No significant changes were seen in body mass index (BMI) or BMI z-score at any follow-up interval. The most cited reason for treatment discontinuation was the restrictiveness of the diet, in 18 patients (24%). Conclusion: The LGIT was associated with reduced seizure frequency in a large fraction of patients, with limited side effects.
The Role of Surgery in the Management of Stage IV Neuroblastoma: A Single Institution Study

The role of surgery in the management of Stage IV neuroblastoma is still far from clear. Seventy-nine patients with this diagnosis presented to the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia during the 10-year period, 1977 to 1986. Four-year survival was 23%. A major resection of the primary tumor was undertaken in 54 patients. The timing of the procedure (at presentation or delayed) had no effect on survival. The patients were divided into three groups based on the extent of surgical resection: Group 1, no surgery or biopsy only (25); Group 2, complete gross resection (34); Group 3, incomplete resection with residual gross disease (20). Four-year survival was 16, 15, and 45%, respectively. The patients were then classified as favorable or unfavorable, on the basis of biological prognostic factors at presentation. When this analysis was combined with the extent of surgery it was discovered that Group 3 contained a higher proportion of favorable patients, accounting for the better survival. Within each group survival correlated with the expected prognosis. The outcome for a patient with Stage IV neuroblastoma depends on the biological characteristics of the tumor, and there is currently no evidence that these can be favorably altered by the timing or extent of surgical resection. Defining the appropriate role of surgery in the management of these patients will require a prospective randomized study which takes into account the inherent biological variability of the disease. © 1995 Wi1ey-Liss, Inc.
Homodyne and heterodyne optical interferometry for frequency dependent piezoelectric displacement measurement

The electromechanical coupling in piezoelectric materials has been widely studied however a unified view of this interaction as function of frequencies using different measurement techniques has not previously been available. This study examines and compares multiple optical based homodyne and heterodyne interferometry techniques for displacement measurement over a wide range of frequencies and including a comparison made by using a commercial Laser Doppler Vibrometer. Ferroelectric lead titanate PbTiO3 with high ferroelectric strain is studied in this work. Frequency dependence of the electromechanical displacement is obtained using multiple techniques and the emphasis is given to near resonant frequency interrogations.
Seeking the Place of Conscience in Higher Education: An Augustinian View

This article explores the place of conscience in higher education. It begins by reconstructing the place of conscience in Augustine’s thought, drawing on Augustine’s reading of Genesis 3, the Psalms, and his own spiritual journey. Its basic aim is to clarify Augustine’s account of conscience as self-judgment, identifying the conditions under which self-judgment occurs. After identifying these conditions it addresses the question: does conscience still have a place in modern higher education? It acknowledges the real limitations and obstacles to moral education when pursued in the context of the modern research university. However, it also argues that moral education proceeds in stages, and that educators can anticipate and clear a way for the place of conscience—though not, of course, without reliance on the movement of grace.
Cytokine combinations in immunotherapy for solid tumors: a review.

The use of cytokines alone or in combination with other cytokines or cytotoxic drugs has had a profound effect upon widely metastatic disease in many cases. However, despite the encouraging results in early trials, there is much room for improvement. Few responses to these combinations are complete, and toxicity has in some cases been quite severe. Changes in dose, route, or schedule of administration of the drugs, or the development of cytokine analogs may lead to more efficacious and less toxic regimens. In addition, new cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-7 and IL-12 are currently under investigation for potential use in future immunotherapy trials. These prospects and the use of cytokine combinations are promising advances in the treatment of human cancer.
Poster Sessions: Enhancing Interactive Learning during Student Presentations

Oral presentations in the classroom provide students with the opportunity to learn from each other's research and opinions. Poster sessions can enhance this learning experience by reducing the routine and anxiety normally associated with this activity, and by providing the instructor with the ability to maximize student participation despite class size and time constraints. This article suggests several dos and don'ts when conducting poster sessions in a classroom setting.
The BRCA2 gene product functionally interacts with p53 and RAD51

Germ-line mutations in the human BRCA2 gene confer susceptibility to breast cancer. Efforts to elucidate its function have revealed a putative transcriptional activation domain and in vitro interaction with the DNA repair protein RAD51. Other studies have indicated that RAD51 physically associates with the p53 tumor suppressor protein. Here we show that the BRCA2 gene product is a 460-kDa nuclear phosphoprotein, which forms in vivo complexes with both p53 and RAD51. Moreover, exogenous BRCA2 expression in cancer cells inhibits p53’s transcriptional activity, and RAD51 coexpression enhances BRCA2’s inhibitory effects. These findings demonstrate that BRCA2 physically and functionally interacts with two key components of cell cycle control and DNA repair pathways. Thus, BRCA2 likely participates with p53 and RAD51 in maintaining genome integrity.
A placebo-controlled crossover trial of D-cycloserine added to clozapine in patients with schizophrenia.

Abstract Background: d -Cycloserine, a partial agonist at the glycine recognition site of the NMDA receptor, has previously been shown to improve negative symptoms when added to conventional antipsychotics and, in one preliminary dose-finding study, worsened negative symptoms when added to clozapine. Methods: Seventeen schizophrenia outpatients treated with clozapine were assigned in random order to 6-week trials of d -cycloserine 50 mg/day and placebo in a crossover design separated by a 1 week placebo washout. Results: Eleven patients competed the 13-week study. d -Cycloserine significantly worsened ratings of negative symptoms compared to placebo but did not significantly affect ratings of psychotic symptoms. Conclusions: The differing effects of d -cycloserine on negative symptoms when added to clozapine compared to conventional antipsychotics suggests that activation of the glycine recognition site may play a role in clozapine’s efficacy for negative symptoms.
Spin-dependent x-ray absorption of MnO and MnF 2

A method to measure spin-dependent x-ray-absorption spectra that does not require long-range magnetic order is presented. It is based on the spin dependence of the emission spectrum. Using a high-resolution spectrometer to separate and select the different spin-polarized final states in the [ital K][beta] fluorescence spectrum of MnO and MnF[sub 2], spin-dependent absorption spectra in the vicinity of the Mn [ital K] edge were measured. Since this method uses the direction of the local magnetic moment as a reference it can be applied to paramagnetic and antiferromagnetic systems as well as to ferromagnetic.
The psychological side of Hempel's paradox of confirmation.

People often test hypotheses about two variables (X andY), each with two levels (e.g.,X1 andX2). When testing “IfX1, thenY1,” observing the conjunction ofX1 andY1 is overwhelmingly perceived as more supportive than observing the conjunction ofX2 andY2, although both observations support the hypothesis. Normatively, theX2&Y2 observation provides stronger support than theX1&Y1 observation if the former is rarer. Because participants in laboratory settings typically test hypotheses they are unfamiliar with, previous research has not examined whether participants are sensitive to the rarity of observations. The experiment reported here showed that participants were sensitive to rarity, even judging a rareX2&Y2 observation more supportive than a commonX1&Y1 observation under certain conditions. Furthermore, participants’ default strategy of judgingX1&Y1 observations more informative might be generally adaptive because hypotheses usually regard rare events.
Aggressive multimodal treatment of pleuropulmonary blastoma

Pleuropulmonary blastoma is a rare intrathoracic neoplasm almost solely confined to childhood. Survival is poor. The authors report 2 children with extensive intrathoracic disease who are long term survivors after multimodal therapy. Both children received multiagent neoadjuvant chemotherapy, followed by surgical resection to remove all gross tumor. Postoperative chemotherapy was given to both children; radiotherapy was also given in the second case because of a question of positive tumor margins. Experience supports the use of multimodal therapy, including an aggressive surgical approach in the potentially curative treatment of this tumor.
"Go Slow" or Crash: Education, Society, and New Technologies in Francophone West Africa

The history of computers is embedded in military research and training. Its increased role in education to access and exchange information, and to connect teachers, parents, and community, has not diminished its potential for military or industrial intelligence. Therefore, computers have deep political, social, and cultural implications for countries with no control over software and hardware production. In francophone West Africa, computer adoption is very slow. This article establishes the extent to which computers are used in education and research and critically examines some of the challenges their adoption poses. Drawing arguments from cultural critics concerned with the quality of our lives, it argues that the present slow pace of their adoption may be more of a blessing than a disadvantage if they cannot promote diverse literacies, indigenous forms of knowledge, and local cultures, and if they cannot help break the scientific isolation of those countries.
Continuous water‐level monitoring in the assessment of groundwater remediation and refinement of a conceptual site model

An Erratum has been published for this article in Remediation 16(1) 2005, 155–157. Water-level data collection is a fundamental component of groundwater investigations and remediation. While the locations and depths of monitored wells are important, the frequency of data collection may have a large impact on conclusions made about site hydrogeology. Data-logging water-level probes may be programmed to record water levels at frequent intervals, providing site decision makers with abundant, detailed information on the response of an aquifer to both anticipated and unforeseen stresses. In this study, a network of movable probes has provided several years of hourly water- level data. The understanding of the site's phytoremediation system has been enhanced by the continuous data, but subsequent insights into an unexpected situation regarding the site's infrastructure have been the most valuable result of the monitoring program. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Minimization of real power losses using reactive power control

Abstract Reactive power control in a power system is useful to improve the voltage profile and reduce the system power losses. The power loss is minimized with VAR sources as control variables (capacitors/inductors, SVSs and generator reactive powers) and variable transformer tap ratios. The constraints are on the bus voltage magnitudes. Two approximations are used to reduce the computation and memory requirements. The first approximation is that the decoupled load flow is used and the second is that the changes in bus phase angles due to changes in control variables and variations in the real component of the line current are neglected.
Evidence that tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced hyperinsulinemia prevents decreases of circulating leptin during fasting in rats.

Administration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) acutely increases leptin gene expression and circulating leptin concentrations in rodents and humans. Since TNF-alpha also induces hyperinsulinemia, and because insulin is a potent stimulator of leptin production, we hypothesized that elevated plasma insulin mediates TNF-alpha-induced increases of circulating leptin. To test this hypothesis, rats were made insulin-deficient with streptozotocin (STZ) and treated with subcutaneous implants that released insulin at a constant rate and thereby "clamped" insulin levels. STZ-diabetic and nondiabetic rats were injected with TNF-alpha or vehicle; plasma leptin, insulin, and glucose concentrations were measured during an initial 12-hour postinjection period of fasting and after a subsequent 12-hour period of refeeding. Food intake during the 12 hours after fasting was assessed as a physiologic correlate of changes in leptin concentrations. In nondiabetic rats, TNF-alpha increased plasma insulin (P =.016) and prevented the fasting-induced decrease of circulating leptin (P =.004) over the initial 12 hours compared with vehicle. Food intake during the refeeding period was 30% lower (P =.008) when the nondiabetic animals were injected with TNF-alpha. In contrast, TNF-alpha did not affect leptin concentrations in STZ-diabetic animals with clamped plasma insulin levels or their food intake during the refeeding period. These results suggest that TNF-alpha-induced hyperinsulinemia likely mediates the stimulatory effect of TNF-alpha on circulating leptin in vivo. Elevated leptin levels may in turn contribute to the effect of TNF-alpha to decrease food intake.
Magnetic resonance imaging–guided coronary interventions

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guidance for coronary interventions offers potential advantages over conventional x-ray angiography. Advantages include the use of nonionizing radiation, combined assessment of anatomy and function, and three-dimensional assessment of the coronary arteries leading to the myocardium. These advantages have prompted a series of recent studies in this field. Real-time coronary MR angiography, with low-dose catheter-directed intraarterial (IA) infusion of contrast media, has achieved in-plane spatial resolution as low as 0.8 x 0.8 mm2 and temporal resolution as short as 130 msec per image. Catheter-based IA injection of contrast agent has proven useful in the collection of multislice and three-dimensional images, not only for coronary intervention guidance, but also in the assessment of regional myocardial perfusion fed by the affected vessel. Actively visible guidewires and guiding catheters, based on the loopless antenna concept, have been effectively used to negotiate tortuous coronary vessels during catheterization, permitting placement of coronary angioplasty balloon catheters. Passive tracking approaches have been used to image contrast agent-filled coronary catheters and to place susceptibility-based endovascular stents. Although the field is in its infancy, these early results demonstrate the feasibility for performing MRI-guided coronary interventions. Although further methodological and technical developments are required before these methods become clinically applicable, we anticipate that MRI someday will be included in the armamentarium of techniques used to diagnose and treat coronary artery disease.
Low-temperature spectral properties of the respiratory chain cytochromes of mitochondria from Crithidia fasciculata.

Abstract Highly purified mitochondrial preparations from the trypanosomatid hemoflagellate, Crithidia fasciculata (A.T.C.C. No.11745), were examined by low-temperature difference spectroscopy. The cytochrome a+a3 α maximum of hypotonically-treated mitochondria reduced with succinate, was shifted from 605 nm at room temperature to 601 nm at 77 °K. The Soret maximum, found at 445 nm at 23 °C, was split at 77 °K into two approximately equally absorbing species with maxima at 438 and 444 nm. A prominent shoulder observed at 590 nm with hypotonically-treated mitochondria was not present in spectra of isotonic controls. The cytochrome b maxima observed in the presence of succinate plus antimycin A were shifted from the 431 and 561 nm positions observed at 23 °C to 427 and 557 nm at 77 °K. Multiple b cytochromes were not apparent. Unlike other soluble c-type cytochromes, the α maximum of cytochrome c555 was not shifted at 77 °K although it was split to give a 551 nm shoulder adjacent to the 555 nm maximum. This lack of a low-temperature blue shift was true for partially purified hemoprotein preparations as well as in situ in the mitochondrial membrane. Using cytochrome c555-depleted mitochondria, a cytochrome c1 pigment was observed with a maximum at 420 nm and multiple maxima at 551, 556, and 560 nm. After extraction of non-covalently bound heme, the pyridine hemochromogen difference spectrum of cytochrome c555-depleted preparations exhibited an α maximum at 553 nm at room temperature. The reduced rate of succinate oxidation by cytochrome c555-depleted mitochondria and the ferricyanide requirement for the reoxidation of cytochrome c1, even in the presence of antimycin, indicated that cytochrome c555-mediated electron transfer between cytochromes c1 and a+a3 in a manner analagous to that of cytochrome c in mammalian mitochondria.
RaPTEX: a resource-focused toolchain for rapid prototyping of embedded communication systems

This paper introduces the RaPTEX toolchain and its use for rapid prototyping and evaluation of embedded communication systems. This toolchain is unique for several reasons. First, by using static code analysis techniques, it is able to predict both the typical case and bounds for resource usage, such as computational, memory (both static and dynamic), and energy requirements. Typical software toolchains report only on partial memory requirements (only code and static data, but not stack memory) and ignore other the important resources. Second, it provides a graphical user interface with configurable software building blocks which allows easy creation and customization of protocol stacks. Third, it targets low-cost, low-energy hardware, allowing the creation of low-cost systems.We demonstrate the RaPTEX toolchain by evaluating different design options for an experimental ultrasonic communication system for biotelemetry in extremely shallow waters. The power, size, mass and cost constraints of this application make it critical to pack as much processing into the available resources as possible. The RaPTEX toolchain analyzes resource use, enabling the system to run safely closer to the edge of the resource envelope. The toolchain also helps users with the rapid prototyping of communication protocols for embedded systems by providing users with quick feedback on resource requirements. We demonstrate the use and output of the toolchain. We compare the accuracy of its predictions against measurements of actual execution of the actual underwater communication system on real hardware.
Teaching resource and information management using an innovative case-based conference

Physicians play a critical role in controlling resource use in medicine. This paper describes an innovative, interdisciplinary conference that teaches housestaff and medical students about resource and information management in the hospital setting. The objectives are to help foster communication between physicians and other members of the health care team, to improve the understanding of hospital reimbursement, and to influence attitudes toward practicing cost effectiveness. The conference structure includes the following components: case presentation by the treating physician and follow-up information provided by the primary care physician, a review of the itemized hospital bill, discussion of coding issues, discussion of hospital reimbursement comparing case data to institutional and state averages, and a summary of key take-home points and lessons.
Attenuation of the rate-decreasing effects of amphetamine on fixed-ratio responding in rats by hippocampal lesions.

Food-deprived rats were trained to barpress for a food reinforcement on a FR 6 schedule. After training, some received bilateral hippocampal lesions, some received bilateral cortical lesions, and some remained intact. Following postoperative recovery all rats were again food deprived and returned to the FR 6 schedule. Four doses of dl -amphetamine (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/kg) were given, in ascending and descending orders with 1 week between each drug administration. Intact controls and controls with cortical damage demonstrated decreased response rates after the 1.0- and 1.5-mg/kg doses, whereas the hippocampectomized rats were much less affected. These results indicate that hippocampal destruction may cause a reduced reaction to amphetamine under the procedures used in this study, but it is suggested that the effect of the hippocampal lesion on amphetamine-induced behaviors may be predicted from the effect of the drug on the behavior of intact animals.
Basis risk, partial takedown and hedging by financial intermediaries

In this paper we provide a model of futures market equilibrium in which both financial intermediaries and their customers are able to hedge both quantity and price risk. The interplay between alternative loan commitment arrangements and hedging decisions is examined in some detail. As an example we show conditions under which futures contracts can be used, in conjunction with a particular loan pricing scheme, to replicate another pricing mechanism. By considering both input and output price uncertainty we argue that, due to the ‘built-in’ hedge on their balance sheets, the equilibrium hedge ratios for both firms and intermediaries is less than one (that is, a partial hedge). This generalization also allows us to provide counterexamples to some commonly held beliefs concerning futures trading (for example, that hedgers would always want to avoid basis risk).
Base Effects on the Formation of Four- and Five-Coordinate Cationic Aluminum Complexes.

This work was conducted as part of our continuing effort to determine the factors that affect cation formation for organometallic aluminum complexes. In this study, the interactions of R2AlX (where R = Me, iBu, tBu; X = Cl, Br, I) with the monodentate bases thf, pyridine, NEt3, HNiPr2, H2NiBu, H2NtBu, and OPPh3 are examined to determine the role of the base in cation formation. These reactions resulted in the neutral adducts of the general form R2AlX·base (1−6, 8, 10, and 12) as well as the cationic complexes [R2Al(base)2]X (7, 9, and 11). The reactions of Me2AlX (where X = Cl, Br) with PMDETA (N,N‘,N‘‘,N‘‘‘-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine) and the catalytic activity of the resulting cationic complexes (13 and 14) are also discussed. All of the compounds were characterized by mp, IR, 1H-NMR, and elemental analyses, and in one an X-ray crystallographic study was carried out. X-ray data for 13: triclinic, P1, a = 6.9542(6) A, b = 12.2058(10) A, c = 13.2417(11) A, α = 106.236(2)°, β = 98.885(2)°, γ = 93.807(...