cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Aquatic Robot Propelled by an Internal Rotor

Unmanned aquatic vehicles and robots are of tremendous importance in a variety of applications. In this paper, we present the model of an underactuated aquatic robot that is propelled by an internal rotor. The propulsion of the robot is based on the exchange of momentum between the body and water that is mediated by the creation of vorticity at the trailing edge of the robot. The robot does not have any external fins, propellers, or articulated joints allowing for very easy fabrication. Experimental data on its locomotion and maneuverability are presented.
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: Treatment Options

The publication by Norwood and colleagues from Boston Children’s Hospital in 1983 represented a paradigm shift in the care of children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) (Norwood et al. 1983). Prior to this surgical innovation, children were given compassionate care only and survival without intervention was and remains zero at 1 year (Siffel et al. 2015). The focus of this chapter will be on the first-stage reconstruction, and interstage period of children with HLHS, bidirectional Glenn/Hemi-Fontan, and the modified Fontan are covered elsewhere. Early operative mortality for stage I reconstruction was significant, 34 % at 30 days, but has improved significantly in a number of centers (Murdison et al. 1990; Hraska et al. 2000; McGuirk et al. 2006). The initial operation has also changed significantly over time, from the central shunt originally described to modified Blalock-Taussig shunts with a tendency toward smaller shunt size. Although the Norwood operation provided children with HLHS an opportunity for surgical intervention, a number of children were still dying on the first postoperative day from acute cardiovascular collapse. Jobes and colleagues at Philadelphia Children’s Hospital were able to demonstrate that the precise control of CO2 levels would ameliorate the coronary steal and provide a more optimal postoperative course (Jobes et al. 1992). Despite this, discovery balance of the systemic and pulmonary circulations remained problematic and sudden cardiovascular collapse was not completely eliminated and mortality in the late 1990s remained in 15–20 %(Bartram et al. 1997).
Preparing Special Educators Highly Qualified in Content: Alternative Route Certification for Unlicensed Teachers in Rural Georgia:

The shortage of highly qualified special educators is most pronounced in rural schools serving populations characterized by poverty, low achievement, disability, and cultural diversity. The result ...
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Electrochemical Properties of Alluaudite Na1.702Fe3(PO4)3 as a Sodium-Ion Battery Cathode

Sodium-ion batteries hold promise as an enabling technology for large-scale energy storage that is safer, less expensive, and lower environmentally impactful than their equivalent lithium-ion batteries. Reported herein is the one-pot hydrothermal synthesis, crystal structure, and electrochemical properties of a promising sodium-ion battery cathode material, an alluaudite phase of Na1.702Fe3(PO4)3. After ball milling and carbon coating, this material exhibits a reversible capacity of ∼140 mAh/g with good cycling performance (93% of the initial capacity is retained after 50 cycles) and excellent rate capability. This alluaudite compound and its method of preparation is a promising cathode for large-scale battery applications that are earth-abundant and sustainable.
Milder clinical and biochemical phenotypes associated with the c.482G>A (p.Arg161Gln) pathogenic variant in cobalamin C disease: Implications for management and screening.

Abstract Introduction Cobalamin C disease is a multisystemic disease with variable manifestations and age of onset. Genotype-phenotype correlations are well-recognized in this disorder. Here, we present a large cohort of individuals with cobalamin C disease, several of whom are heterozygous for the c.482G > A pathogenic variant (p.Arg161Gln). We compared clinical characteristics of individuals with this pathogenic variant to those who do not have this variant. To our knowledge, this study represents the largest single cohort of individuals with the c.482G > A (p.Arg161Gln) pathogenic variant. Methods A retrospective chart review of 27 individuals from 21 families with cobalamin C disease who are followed at our facility was conducted. Results 13 individuals (48%) are compound heterozygous with the c.482G > A (p.Arg161Gln) on one allele and a second pathogenic variant on the other allele. Individuals with the c.482G > A (p.Arg161Gln) pathogenic variant had later onset of symptoms and easier metabolic control. Moreover, they had milder biochemical abnormalities at presentation which likely contributed to the observation that 4 individuals (31%) in this group were missed by newborn screening. Conclusion The c.482G > A (p.Arg161Gln) pathogenic variant is associated with milder disease. These individuals may not receive a timely diagnosis as they may not be identified on newborn screening or because of unrecognized, late onset symptoms. Despite the milder presentation, significant complications can occur, especially if treatment is delayed.
Preoperative risk factors for unexpected postoperative intensive care unit admission: A retrospective case analysis

Abstract Introduction The purpose of this retrospective case–control study was to investigate preoperative risk factors for unexpected postoperative intensive care unit (ICU) admissions in patients undergoing non-emergent surgical procedures in a tertiary medical centre. Methods A medical record review of adult patients undergoing elective non-cardiac and non-transplant major surgical procedures during the period of January 2011 through December 2015 in the operating rooms of a large university hospital was carried out. The primary outcome assessed was unexpected ICU admission, with mortality as a secondary outcome. Demographic data, length of hospital and ICU stay and preoperative comorbidities were also obtained as exposure variables. Propensity score matching was then employed to yield a study and control group. Results The group of patients who met inclusion criteria in the study and the control group that did not require ICU admission were obtained, each containing 1191 patients after propensity matching. Patients with acute and/or chronic kidney injury (odds ratio (OR) 2.20 [1.75–2.76]), valvular heart disease (OR: 1.94 [1.33–2.85]), peripheral vascular disease (PVD) (OR: 1.41 [1.02–1.94]) and congestive heart failure (CHF) (OR: 1.80 [1.31–2.46]) were all associated with increased unexpected ICU admission. History of cerebrovascular accident (CVA) (OR: 3.03 [1.31–7.01]) and acute and/or chronic kidney injury (OR: 1.62 [1.12–2.35]) were associated with increased mortality in all patients; CVA was also associated with increased mortality (OR: 3.15 [1.21–8.20]) specifically in the ICU population. Conclusions CHF, acute/chronic kidney injury, PVD and valve disease were significantly associated with increased unexpected ICU admission; patients with CVA suffered increased mortality when admitted to the ICU.
Evaluation of microalgae concentrates as partial fishmeal replacements for hybrid striped bass Morone sp.

Abstract Processed microalgae concentrates recently have been considered potentially viable alternatives to partially replace fishmeal (FM) and fish oil in aquafeeds. Two feeding trials were conducted to evaluate incremental replacement of FM and soy protein concentrate (SPC) with different types of microalgae in the diet of hybrid striped bass. Microalgae evaluated in feeding trial 1 included dried products from monocultures of Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Nanochloropsis salina, as well as mixed cultures of those two species. Several preparations of Chlorella sp. lipid extracted by various means as well as bluegreen algae biomass (BGAB) also were evaluated. In feeding trial 2, the microalgae products supporting most efficient fish performance in feeding trial 1 were reassessed along with mixed cultures of Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Nanochloropsis salina as well as BGAB. Two additional mixed cultures of Nanochloropsis salina with Amphora sp. or Cylindrotheca sp. also were evaluated. Algae products were substituted to replace either 10, 15 or 20% of protein provided equally from menhaden FM and SPC in the Reference diet. All diets were isonitrogenous (40% crude protein) and isocaloric (3.3 kcal digestible energy g−1), and each were fed to triplicate groups of juvenile fish with average initial weights (+SEM) of 15.1 ± 0.6 g and 21.4 ± 1.3 g/fish in feeding trials 1 and 2, respectively for 7 weeks. Weight gain and feed efficiency ratio (FER) of hybrid striped bass were high (>330% of initial weight and 0.79) but significantly (P
Parallel hash collision search by Rho method with distinguished points

In this paper, we realized a memory efficient general parallel Pollard's rho method for collision search on hash functions introduced by Van Oorschot and Wiener in 1996. This utilizes the principles of the birthday paradox to greatly increase the probability of a finding a collision, while using significantly less memory than the classic birthday attack, and allowing a larger portion of the subject hash function to be searched before running out of memory by saving only a few select digests called distinguished points. Using our implementation, we are able to find an average of 50 MD5 half collisions in the first hour of searching using a distributed memory high performance computing system called Penzias (one of CUNY HPC systems) on 32 processors. We then extend the technique with Cyrillic character replacement to search for meaningful MD5 half collisions. Next we analyze and measure how the performance of our implementation scales with different processor counts. Finally, we experiment with how the rarity of distinguished points affects the rate at which collisions are found at varying numbers of processors.
Clinical Effects of Immunoglobulin Administration in Patients with Major Burn Injury

Depletion of serum Immunoglobulins following burns, particularly of Immunoglobulin G (IgG), has been well documented for over 20 years [1–3]. This deficiency has been associated with the incidence of septic complications [3–4]. The markedly reduced serum level is probably due principally to leakage and catabolism, rather than an intrinsic failure of Immunoglobulin production. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) concentration is diminished far less than the levels of either IgG or immunoglobulin A (IgA) [3], IgM being a larger molecule. IgG production in cultured lymphocytes from burn patients is normal or supernormal [5], and although IgM production, requiring helper T-cell-derived factors for B cell differentiation, is deficient [6], this deficiency is more than compensated for by the large size and relative lack of leakage of the molecule. Because patients with major burns often have serum IgG concentrations as low as 300 mg% following admission, a level clearly associated with the risk of septic complications, and since IgG concentration returns to normal without specific therapy within 10–14 days of injury, there has been a great deal of interest in the administration of immunoglobulin products to burn patients within the first 2 weeks of injury in an effort to restore normal serum concentration.
MEASUREMENTS OF THE REACTION $gamma$p $Yields$ phip WITH UNPOLARIZED BREMSSTRAHLUNG.

We have measured the differential photoproduction cross section $\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{\mathrm{dt}}$ for the production of $\ensuremath{\phi}$ mesons as a function of $t$ at a photon energy of 12 GeV from $|t|=0.2$ ${(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$ to $|t|=1.0$ ${(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$, and as a function of photon energy from 6 to 19 GeV at a $|t|$ of 0.6 ${(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$. Our results, and all other world data, fall on a universal curve. The slope of the Pomeranchukon trajectory deduced from this experiment is ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}=\ensuremath{-}0.03\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.13$.
Geometry Sharing Placement

The ability to arrange devices such that critical structures are shared between several devices is the layout designer’s most powerful tool for the reduction of layout induced parasitics and the improvement of layout density. This chapter introduces unique features which allow us to optimize dynamically such geometry sharing during placement1. These features have been added as a functional layer on top of the topologically-constrained placement function described in Chapters 2.0 and 3.0.
Symbolic Use of Weaving Designs: A Case Study

The processes of syncretism between Mesoamerican and European religion and art still engender scholarly interest, particularly among those studying textiles and their production. Pang (1977) and Johnson (1976) have explored aspects of the amalgamation. I hope to add to their work by tracing several possible survivals of prehispanic designs in the weaving of one village, Santo Tomas Jalieza, Oaxaca. I attempt to place weaving there in its religious and historic context, hoping that this method will prove useful for others.
Extreme solutions of equations

In the previous chapter we have encountered a number of statements S, for which the predicate transformers wlp(S,?) and wp(S,?) were given in closed form. In the next chapter we shall encounter a statement for which the predicates wlp(S,X) and wp(S,X) are given as solutions of equations of the form $${\text{Y }}:{\text{ }}\left[ {{\text{b}}.\left( {{\text{X}},{\text{Y}}} \right)} \right].$$ (0)
The Role of a Multidisciplinary Aerodigestive Program

The evaluation and care of children with complex swallowing, respiratory, and gastrointestinal problems is often challenging due to the need for multiple subspecialists and diagnostic procedures. Barriers to communication and disjointed care are some of the pitfalls that multidisciplinary aerodigestive programs aim to overcome. In this chapter, we will review the history of modern aerodigestive clinical programs, including proposed definitions, goals, and missions, as well as potential limitations and future challenges.
Recurring Episodes of Thermal Stress Shift the Balance From a Dominant Host-Specialist to a Background Host-Generalist Zooxanthella in the Threatened Pillar Coral, Dendrogyra cylindrus

Most scleractinian corals form obligate symbioses with photosynthetic dinoflagellates (family Symbiodiniaceae), which provide differential tolerances to their host. Previously, research has focused on the influence of symbiont composition and the dynamic processes of symbiont repopulation during single episodes of hyperthermal events, followed by years of less-stressful conditions. In contrast, this study characterized for the first time, the role of Symbiodiniaceae species changes in response to annually recurring hyperthermal events, a scenario soon expected to become the norm. Consecutive hyperthermal events during summer 2014 and 2015 along the Florida Reef Tract offered a unique opportunity to study bleaching susceptibility and recovery under recurrent annual hyperthermal scenarios. We utilized Illumina amplicon sequencing of the chloroplast 23S DNA region to assess with fine resolution the Symbiodiniaceae diversity associated with pillar coral, Dendrogyra cylindrus. Our findings show diverse assemblages of Symbiodiniaceae species and that some cryptic members are not transient associates but persistent and ecologically relevant, especially during recurrent annual warming events. This was evidenced by changes in relative abundance from the typically dominant host-specialist endosymbiont, Breviolum dendrogyrum, to B. meandrinium a host-generalist species common to corals in the family Meandrinidae but occurs at background densities in most coral colonies of D. cylindrus. The rise in abundance of B. meandrinium associated strongly with bleaching resistance in the coral host during two consecutive hyperthermal events. In some cases, host-compatible background symbionts can rapidly increase in abundance during episodes of stress and may impart physiological resilience to rapid environmental change; and thus, represents a potentially important ecological process by which symbiotic corals acclimatize to changing ocean conditions.
Shades of Blue and Gray: A Comparison of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview for Assessment of Depression Syndrome in Later Life.

Background and objectives Psychiatric research lacks the equivalent of a thermometer, that is, a tool that accurately measures mental disorder regardless of context. Instead, the psychometric properties of scales that purport to assess psychopathology must be continuously evaluated. To that end, this study evaluated the diagnostic agreement between the eight-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD-8) and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-short form (CIDI-SF) in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Research design and methods Data come from 17,613 respondents aged >50 from the 2014 wave of the HRS. Kappa coefficients were used to assess the agreement between the 2 instruments on depression classification across a range of thresholds for identifying case status, including variation across subgroups defined by age, race/ethnicity, and gender. Results The point prevalence of depression syndrome estimated by the CESD was higher than that estimated by the CIDI-SF (CESD: 9.9%-19.5% depending on the cutoff applied to the CESD vs CIDI-SF: 7.7%). Assuming CIDI-SF as the gold standard, the CESD yielded a sensitivity of 56.2%-70.2% and specificity of 84.7%-94.0% across the range of cutoffs. The agreement on depression classification was weak (κ = 0.32-0.44). Discussion and implications Depression cases identified by the CESD have poor agreement with those identified by the CIDI-SF. Conceptually, psychological distress as measured by the CESD is not interchangeable with depression syndrome as measured by the CIDI-SF. Population estimates of depression among older adults based on the CESD should be interpreted with caution.
Bleeding Complications After Percutaneous Native Kidney Biopsy: Results From the Boston Kidney Biopsy Cohort.

Background The major risk of kidney biopsy is severe bleeding. Numerous risk factors for bleeding after biopsy have been reported, but findings have been inconsistent. Methods We retrospectively reviewed medical records of adult patients enrolled in a native kidney biopsy cohort study to identify major bleeding events (red blood cell [RBC] transfusions, invasive procedures, kidney loss, or death). We used logistic and linear regression models to identify characteristics associated with postbiopsy RBC transfusions and decline in hemoglobin within a week after the procedure. Results Major bleeding events occurred in 28 of 644 (4.3%) patients (28 required an RBC transfusion, 4 underwent angiographic intervention, and 1 had open surgery to control bleeding). No patient lost a kidney or died because of the biopsy. Postbiopsy RBC transfusion risk was driven by the baseline hemoglobin level (odds ratio [OR] 13.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.4–34.1 for hemoglobin Conclusion Biopsies were generally well tolerated. Baseline hemoglobin was the dominant risk factor for RBC transfusions, but female sex and eGFR
Development and characterization of infectious clones of two strains of Usutu virus

Abstract Usutu virus (USUV; genus Flavivirus; family Flaviviridae) is a mosquito-borne, positive-sense RNA virus that is currently causing significant die-offs in numerous bird species throughout Europe and has caused infections in humans. Currently, there are no molecular clones for USUV, hence, hindering studies on the pathogenesis and transmission of USUV. In this report, we demonstrate the development and characterization of infectious clones for two modern strains of USUV isolated from Europe and Africa. We show that the infectious clone-derived viruses replicated similarly to the parental strains in both mammalian and insect cells. Additionally, we observed similar levels of replication and pathogenesis in two mouse models. This reverse genetics system will aid the scientific community in studying and developing USUV infection, transmission, diagnostics, and vaccines.
Effect of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant on the development of second primary malignancies in multiple myeloma patients

Autologous stem cell transplant (aHSCT) is associated with improved survival for multiple myeloma (MM) patients but may be associated with second primary malignancy (SPM) development. Using the California Cancer Registry linked to statewide hospitalization data, we determined the cumulative incidence (CMI) of SPMs more than 1 year after MM diagnosis, accounting for the competing risk of death. AHSCT recipients were matched 1:2 to non-aHSCT patients. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) were estimated using the Fine and Gray method. Among 16,331 patients, 933 (5.7%) developed a SPM more than 1 year after diagnosis. The 10-year CMI of developing any SPM was 6.6%, 5.7% for solid tumor SPM and 0.9% for hematologic malignancies. The 10-year CMI of developing any SPM was similar among aHSCT [9.1% (7.7–10.7%)] and non-aHSCT [7.5% (6.5–8.6%)] (P = 0.26) recipients and there was no difference in solid-tumor SPMs (P = 0.98). The 10-year CMI of hematologic SPMs was higher among aHSCT recipients [2.1% (1.4–2.9%) vs. 0.8% (0.5–1.2%); P = 0.005], corresponding to a 1.3% absolute increase and an aHR of 1.51 (1.01–2.27). Ten-year myeloma-specific and non-cancer mortality rates were 59% (58.2–60.0%) and 18.1% (17.4–18.8%), respectively. Although aHSCT was associated with a small increase in hematologic SPMs, mortality was driven by MM and non-cancer causes.
The Economics of the Soy Kit as an Appropriate Household Technology for Food Entrepreneurs

Background:The ability for women to operate as food entrepreneurs presents opportunities to leverage at-home production technologies that not only support family nutrition but also generate income....
Thermal chiral anomaly in the magnetic-field-induced ideal Weyl phase of Bi1-xSbx.

The chiral anomaly is the predicted breakdown of chiral symmetry in a Weyl semimetal with monopoles of opposite chirality when an electric field is applied parallel to a magnetic field. It occurs because of charge pumping between monopoles of opposite chirality. Experimental observation of this fundamental effect is plagued by concerns about the current pathways. Here we demonstrate the thermal chiral anomaly, energy pumping between monopoles, in topological insulator bismuth–antimony alloys driven into an ideal Weyl semimetal state by a Zeeman field, with the chemical potential pinned at the Weyl points and in the absence of any trivial Fermi surface pockets. The experimental signature is a large enhancement of the thermal conductivity in an applied magnetic field parallel to the thermal gradient. This work demonstrates both pumping of energy and charge between the two Weyl points of opposite chirality and that they are related by the Wiedemann–Franz law. A thermal signature of the chiral anomaly is reported in an ideal Weyl semimetal.
Continuous Myoelectric Prediction of Future Ankle Angle and Moment Across Ambulation Conditions and Their Transitions

A hallmark of human locomotion is that it continuously adapts to changes in the environment and predictively adjusts to changes in the terrain, both of which are major challenges to lower limb amputees due to the limitations in prostheses and control algorithms. Here, the ability of a single-network nonlinear autoregressive model to continuously predict future ankle kinematics and kinetics simultaneously across ambulation conditions using lower limb surface electromyography (EMG) signals was examined. Ankle plantarflexor and dorsiflexor EMG from ten healthy young adults were mapped to normal ranges of ankle angle and ankle moment during level overground walking, stair ascent, and stair descent, including transitions between terrains (i.e., transitions to/from staircase). Prediction performance was characterized as a function of the time between current EMG/angle/moment inputs and future angle/moment model predictions (prediction interval), the number of past EMG/angle/moment input values over time (sampling window), and the number of units in the network hidden layer that minimized error between experimentally measured values (targets) and model predictions of ankle angle and moment. Ankle angle and moment predictions were robust across ambulation conditions with root mean squared errors less than 1° and 0.04 Nm/kg, respectively, and cross-correlations (R2) greater than 0.99 for prediction intervals of 58 ms. Model predictions at critical points of trip-related fall risk fell within the variability of the ankle angle and moment targets (Benjamini-Hochberg adjusted p > 0.065). EMG contribution to ankle angle and moment predictions occurred consistently across ambulation conditions and model outputs. EMG signals had the greatest impact on noncyclic regions of gait such as double limb support, transitions between terrains, and around plantarflexion and moment peaks. The use of natural muscle activation patterns to continuously predict variations in normal gait and the model's predictive capabilities to counteract electromechanical inherent delays suggest that this approach could provide robust and intuitive user-driven real-time control of a wide variety of lower limb robotic devices, including active powered ankle-foot prostheses.
Staying the course: Decision makers who escalate commitment are trusted and trustworthy.

Escalation of commitment-the tendency to remain committed to a course of action, often despite negative prospects-is common. Why does it persist? Across three preregistered experiments (N = 3,888), we tested the hypothesis that escalating commitment signals trustworthiness. Experiments 1-2, respectively, revealed that decision makers who escalated commitment were perceived as more trustworthy and entrusted with 29% more money by third-party observers. Experiment 3 revealed that decision makers who escalated commitment subsequently made more trustworthy choices, returning 15% more money than those who de-escalated. Decision makers were equally likely to escalate commitment in public versus in private, possibly because they previously internalized how others would evaluate them. Complementing research examining cognitive factors driving escalation of commitment, the present work reveals that accounting for the reputational causes and consequences of decisions to escalate enhances understanding of why escalation is so common and suggests how organizations might reduce it. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Chaos, Territory, Art: Deleuze and the Framing of the Earth

This paper is about the ontology, the materiality and logical structure of art. While I am not trained in the visual arts or architecture, nonetheless I see there are many points of overlap, regions of co-occupation, that concern art and philosophy, and it is these shared concerns that I want to explore. I want to discuss the ‘origins’ of art and architecture, but not the historical, evolutionary or material origins of art – an origin confirmable by some kind of material evidence or research – but rather, the conceptual origins of art, what concepts art entails, assumes and elaborates. These of course are linked to historical, evolutionary and material forces, but are nevertheless conceptually, that is to say, metaphysically or ontologically separable from them. Art, according to Deleuze, does not produce concepts, though it does address problems and provocations. It produces sensations, affects, intensities, as its mode of addressing problems, which sometimes align with and link to concepts, the object of philosophical production, the way philosophy deals with problems. Thus philosophy may have a place, not in assessing art, but in addressing the same provocations or incitements to production as art faces, through different means and with different effects and consequences.
Effect of Eating at Various Times on Subsequent Performances in the 440-Yard Dash and Half-Mile Run

Abstract For each of three time intervals (1/2 hr., 1 hr., and 2 hr.) between eating and running and for a control run (no eating for at least 3 hr. before running), eight subjects ran ten trials for the 440-yd. dash and eight other subjects ran nine trials for the half-mile run. The criterion score was the mean of ten trials (440 yd.) and the mean of nine trials (half-mile) for each time interval and for the control run. The analysis of the data indicates that, according to the F ratio, the eating of a small meal 1/2 hr., 1 hr. or 2 hr. before running has no adverse effect on the running times for the 440-yd. dash or the half-mile run.
SiO2 Chemical Vapor Deposition at Room Temperature Using SiCl4 and H 2 O with an NH 3 Catalyst

Silicon dioxide films were deposited at room temperature using a catalyzed chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reaction. The film growth was accomplished using the reaction and catalyzed with ammonia . The catalyst lowered the required temperature for CVD from >900 K to 313–333 K. The ammonia also reduced the and pressures required for efficient CVD from several torr to >500 mTorr. In situ spectroscopic ellipsometry was used to optimize the reactant pressures, catalyst pressure, and reaction temperature. The ellipsometric investigations measured CVD rates that varied from 0.1 A/min to >16 A/min depending on temperature and reactant pressures. Rutherford backscattering measurements obtained nearly stoichiometric films with a Si/O ratio of 1:2.1. Atomic force microscopy images displayed a smooth surface topography with a roughness similar to CVD films grown at high temperatures. Catalysis by the Lewis base may be general and may facilitate the low temperature CVD of other materials. © 2000 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Intergenerational strategic behavior and crowding out in a general equilibrium model

The return of large government budget deficits should encourage us to resume analysis of their effects. Two topics deserving further attention are the importance of correctly modeling the form of intergenerational relationships and clarification of the extent to which deficits crowd out private investment. This paper presents an overlapping generations model in which children seek to manipulate the size of the end-of-life bequest they receive from the parent – similar to the manipulation observed in the Samaritan’s dilemma. I first use numerical simulations to show this intergenerational strategic behavior does not negate the debt neutrality assertions of Ricardian equivalence. Then, by introducing capital gains and inheritance taxes, I show the crowding out effect of government debt is notably smaller in models with strategic behavior; manipulation by children increases the importance of bequests, which forces parents to save (and bequeath) a larger portion of a debt-financed tax cut. In spite of the neutrality of debt under lump sum taxes, including intergenerational strategic behavior can significantly influence the outcome of government tax policies. Given the restrictive nature of the conditions required for Ricardian equivalence to hold, it may be more useful to measure how near to or far from Ricardian equivalence a particular policy or economy comes rather than simply determining whether or not it holds in that environment.
The Effects of Sucrose and Various Salts on the Growth and Lysosomal Enzyme Activity of L5178Y Cells

L5178 Y murine leukemic cells do not seem to be affected by sucrose in the same manner as other mammalian cells. Although there is active uptake of sucrose with no concomitant metabolism, there is no increase in vacuolation or cell size and there is only a slight increase in acid phosphatase, acid protease and β-glucuronidase activities. However, the glycosidases are significantly elevated in the presence of 0.08 M sucrose. This may be due to a specific induction of these enzymes by the sucrose not related to a general increase in lysosomes. As the sucrose concentration is raised, a depression of the growth rate and an elevation of glycosidase activities occurs, reaching a maximum at 0.08 M sucrose. This depression of growth with a concomitant increase in generation time is primarily a result of the increased osmolarity of the medium; the same effect is observed with increased concentrations of NaCl. Although the growth effects are similar with either sucrose or NaCl, the elevation of glycosidase activity occurs only with increased concentrations of sucrose. Sucrose-induced vacuolation with an increase in cell size is not evident in L5178 Y cells; therefore this effect does not seem to be common to all mammalian cells, even though it has been reported for LS cells, Chinese hamster fibroblasts, and chick bone rudiments and in vivo for liver cells.
An enlarged cell technique for the conformal FDTD method to model perfectly conducting objects

A conformal finite-difference time-domain (CFDTD) method has been put forward by S. Dey and R. Mittra (see IEEE Microwave Guided Wave Lett., vol.7, p.273-5, 1997) to model curved perfectly conducting objects. The method deforms the grid locally to accommodate the curvature of the PEC surface, and therefore, avoids the staircase error of the conventional FDTD method in approximating boundaries. However, sometimes the deformed grid may be too small to obtain a stable solution. This instability can be removed by using a smaller time step, at the expense of more times steps being required. We introduce an efficient, yet accurate, technique, the enlarged cell technique (ECT), to obtain a stable solution without the need to reduce the time step (Xiao, T. and Liu, Q.H., IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon. Lett., vol.14, p.551-3, 2004). This technique has a clear geometric and physical explanation and is easy to implement. Unlike CFDTD methods, the ECT sacrifices neither accuracy nor efficiency in treating small distorted cells.
Vascular access for hemodialysis

Establishing and maintaining adequate vascular access is essential to providing an appropriate dialysis dose in patients with end-stage renal disease. Complications related to vascular access have a significant role in dialysis-related morbidity and mortality. The National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) clinical practice guideline for dialysis access was last updated in 2000 and provides a framework for the optimal establishment and maintenance of dialysis access, and treatment of complications related to dialysis access. This paper reviews the 2000 K/DOQI dialysis access guideline as well as updated information published subsequently.
Trace-element sanidine/glass distribution coefficients for peralkaline silicic rocks and their implications to peralkaline petrogenesis

Abstract Sanidine/glass distribution coefficients for 11 trace elements have been determined on six peralkaline and two subalkaline silicic rocks. Distribution coefficients for Na, Sc, Fe, Cs, La, Ce, Sm, Tb and Lu from this study and the literature show little variation, within analytical uncertainty, for silicic rocks of peralkaline and subalkaline affinity. Distribution coefficients for Eu and Rb show a marked decrease with increasing peralkalinity. This variation may be the result of the decrease in the degree of polymerization from subalkaline to peralkaline silicic melts. Previous studies involving modelling of peralkaline rocks have selected, incorrectly, Eu and Rb sanidine/glass distribution coefficients determined from subalkaline silicic rocks.
Stirring the embers : High-sensitivity VLBI observations of GRB 030329

We present high-sensitivity Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observations 806 days after the {gamma}-ray burst of 2003 March 29 (GRB 030329). The angular diameter of the radio afterglow is measured to be 0:347 {+-} 0:09 mas, corresponding to 0:99 {+-} 0:26 pc at the redshift of GRB 030329 (z = 0:1685). The evolution of the image size favors a uniform external density over an R{sup -2} windlike density profile (at distances of R {approx}> 10{sup 18} cm from the source), although the latter cannot be ruled out yet. The current apparent expansion velocity of the image size is only mildly relativistic, suggesting a nonrelativistic transition time of tNR {approx} 1 yr. A rebrightening, or at least a significant flattening in the flux decay, is expected within the next several years as the counterjet becomes visible (this has not yet been observed). An upper limit of <1.9c is set on the proper motion of the flux centroid.
Impediments to change: An application of force-field analysis to Leader Master Teacher training in an elementary level science systemic reform initiative

This study identifies Leader Master Teachers’ (LMTs) perceptions of restraining and driving forces in the implementation of an elementary level science systemic reform initiative. A group process technique utilizing Lewin’s force-field analysis concept provided the framework for professional development activities for 124 LMTs. Categories of supporting and restraining forces to implementation were created. Follow-up interviews determined the successes and problems experienced by LMTs as a result of action taken to reduce constraints. This study provided evidence that LMTs now share a portion of the burden of implementation and this initiative is gradually progressing toward successful implementation.
In situ Rutherford backscattering analysis of radiation-induced segregation☆

Abstract Radiation-induced segregation of Ni-12.7 at.% Si during 2.0 MeV He and 3.25 MeV Kr irradiation has been investigated. Using high resolution Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, the rate of segregation of Si at the irradiated surface was determined. During the He irradiation, the amount of Si segregation was found to be proportional to the square root of the dose. From the dependence of segregation on temperature, for both He and Kr irradiations, an apparent activation enthalpy of 0.3 eV was deduced for the segregation process. A comparison of the segregation rates during the He and Kr irradiations revealed that on the basis of calculated dpa rates, He irradiation is significantly (∼6 ×) more effective than Kr irradiation for inducing segregation.
A rapid assay for thymidylate synthetase.

Rapid assay for thymidylate synthetase as specific and sensitive measure of enzyme activity
Diffusion in confinement as a microscopic relaxation mechanism in glass-forming liquids

Abstract Using quasielastic neutron scattering, we compare dynamics in single-element liquids, glass-forming selenium and non glass-forming gallium. There is a single jump-diffusion process in gallium, whereas in selenium there is also a faster, spatially localized process. The fast and slow processes describe β- and α-relaxation, respectively. We then analyze an archetypical glass-former, glycerol, to show that the two-component fit, with β- and α-relaxations explicitly separated, yields the correct value for the translational diffusion coefficient and provides information on the spatial localization of the β-relaxation that is not experimentally accessible otherwise.
bcl-2 expression decreases methyl mercury-induced free-radical generation and cell killing in a neural cell line.

Methyl mercury neurotoxicity is associated with a broad range of neuropathologic and biochemical disturbances which include induction of oxidative injury. Treatment of the hypothalamic neural cell line GT1-7 with 10 μM methyl mercury (MeHg) for 3 h resulted in increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and decreased levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), associated with 20% cell death. Cells transfected with an expression construct for the anti-apoptotic proto-oncogene, bcl-2, displayed attenuated ROS induction and negligible cell death. Twenty-four-h exposure to 5 μM MeHg killed 56% of control cells, but only 19% of bcl-2-transfected cells. By using diethyl maleate to deplete cells of GSH, we demonstrate that the differential sensitivity to MeHg was not due solely to intrinsically different GSH levels. The data suggest that MeHg-mediated cell killing correlates more closely with ROS generation than with GSH levels and that bcl-2 protects MeHg-treated cells by suppressing ROS generation.
HPLC-Assisted Automated Oligosaccharide Synthesis

A standard HPLC was adapted to polymer supported oligosaccharide synthesis. Solution-based reagents are delivered using a software-controlled solvent delivery system. The reaction progress and completion can be monitored in real time using a standard UV detector. All steps of oligosaccharide assembly including loading, glycosylation, deprotection, and cleavage can be performed using this setup.
The effects of affirmative action in higher education

Abstract We use the National Longitudinal Survey of Freshmen (NLSF) to analyze the effects of affirmative action on college outcomes for among the 1999 cohort of freshmen in 28 selective colleges and universities. We develop indices of affirmative action at the individual and institutional levels to test the validity of two charges leveled by critics of affirmative action: that it undermines minority performance by placing academically unprepared students into competitive schools without the required skills and abilities (the mismatch hypothesis) and that it stigmatizes all minorities as academically challenged and intellectually weak to produce added psychological pressure that undermines academic performance (the stereotype threat hypothesis). We find no evidence for the mismatch hypothesis. If anything, individual students with SAT scores below the institutional average do better than other students, other things equal. We do, however, find evidence consistent with the hypothesis of stereotype threat, although the effect is not particularly strong compared with other determinants of academic success.
Regulation of the different chromatin states of autosomes and X chromosomes in the germ line of C. elegans.

The Maternal-Effect Sterile (MES) proteins are essential for germline viability in Caenorhabditis elegans . Here, we report that MES-4, a SET-domain protein, binds to the autosomes but not to the X chromosomes. MES-2, MES-3, and MES-6 are required to exclude MES-4 and markers of active chromatin from the X chromosomes. These findings strengthen the emerging view that in the C. elegans germ line, the X chromosomes differ in chromatin state from the autosomes and are generally silenced. We propose that all four MES proteins participate in X-chromosome silencing, and that the role of MES-4 is to exclude repressors from the autosomes, thus enabling efficient repression of the Xs.
Estimating the long-term cost to serve new customers in joint distribution

Continuous approximation on distribution costs for single customers is studied.We analyze the impacts of both routing and allocation models on cost to serve.Attributes for estimation are constructed based on geographical dispersion.The estimation model provides robust costing results to support pricing. One of the most important concerns for logistics service providers is to identify the distribution cost to serve each new customer for pricing. Compared to the analysis through cost allocation on delivery routes, cost estimation possesses the advantage of robust costing rules but is a very challenging problem due to the complex collaborative mechanisms of distribution. Based on the activities leading to a distribution cost, we analyze the relationship between multiple geographic factors and cost, and then construct appropriate attributes for estimation. Combining a data selection approach and regression or artificial neural network techniques, a prediction scheme is proposed to build models, and an explicit continuous approximation model is suggested for efficient implementation. Computational experiments demonstrate the importance of the constructed attributes and the accuracy of the proposed cost estimation method. The impacts from cost stability and delivery frequency are examined to provide further explanation and support for practical implementation.
The Use of Chest Wall Muscle Flaps to Close Bronchopleural Fistulas: Experience with 21 Patients

Nineteen patients with bronchopleural fistulas associated with tuberculosis and 2 patients with fistulas following resection for bronchiectasis underwent closure of the fistulas with pedicled flaps of chest wall muscle. The muscle grafting was combined with a limited thoracoplasty in 13 patients. The initial myoplasty produced prompt fistula closure in 15 patients and delayed closure in 2 others. A repeat myoplasty was successful in 2 patients in whom the initial myoplasty failed. Compared with other methods of treating bronchopleural fistulas used during the same period, muscle grafting carried a higher rate of successful fistula closure and a lower mortality rate.
ACTIVE SUPPRESSION OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN ALLOTYPE SYNTHESIS II. TRANSFER OF SUPPRESSING FACTOR WITH SPLEEN CELLS

The mechanism of chronic allotype suppression in (SJL x BALB/c)F1 mice has been investigated by means of cell transfer studies. These mice are phenotypically negative for serum Ig-1b, the paternal allotype determinant on γG2a immunoglubulin, as a result of perinatal exposure to maternal anti-Ig-1b. When spleen or bone marrow (B) cells from suppressed mice were injected into irradiated BALB/c "indicator" hosts, detectable levels of Ig-1b were demonstrated in the sera of a majority of the recipients early after transfer. These results indicate that Ig-1b-producing cells or their precursors are present in the lymphoid tissues of suppressed mice, even though they are not expressed. Within 5–7 wk, it was no longer possible to detect Ig-1b in the sera of these hosts, although cells producing another paternal allotype (Ig-4b) were shown to persist. Control BALB/c mice, injected with spleen and B cells from normal mice, continued to produce high levels of immunoglobulin carrying this allotype. The disappearance of serum, Ig-1b occurred most frequently in the recipients of suppressed spleen cells. Similar results were obtained using a mixture of spleen cells from normal and suppressed mice. Ig-1b production in the recipient mice ceased within a few weeks, even though the majority of cells in the mixture were obtained from normal (nonsuppressed) donors. The data are interpreted as evidence that chronic allotype suppression in mice is actively maintained by cells which are resident in the lymphoid tissues, splenic cells being the most effective. These cells are capable of proliferating in a new host and exerting their suppressive influence on Ig-1b-producing cells and/or their precursors.
Proposed molecular mechanism for the colloidal nanocatalysis of the hexacyanoferrate III–thiosulfate electron transfer reaction: On the involvement of a Prussian blue analogue complex intermediate

Attenuated total reflectance (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopic methods were used to study the mechanism of the reaction between hexacyanoferrate III (HCFIII) and thiosulfate catalysed, by colloidal platinum nanostar (PtNSs). A dynamic flow cell was fabricated and used for in situ FTIR and optical measurements for the reaction near zero-time after mixing the reacting materials. It is proposed here that the mechanism of this reaction takes place via a Prussian blue analogue complex intermediate, whereby the HCFIII reacts with the PtNS surface atoms prior to reacting with the thiosulfate reactant. Further, it is proposed here that the complex occurs on the PtNSs surface and that platinum atoms move through multiple redox cycles as they are oxidized and reduced by the reactants. When the reaction is complete, the Pt atoms largely return to their ground state through reduction by excess thiosulfate in solution. In this way, the majority of the Pt atoms are thought to remain associated with the same nanoparticle throughout the reaction, thus providing evidence for a heterogeneous particle surface mediated nanocatalysis.