cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Random-Walk Technique for Measuring the Electromagnetic Environment in Electrically Large Reflective Spaces

An efficient and accurate “walk-around” technique is presented for making on-site measurements of the electromagnetic environment in enclosed reflective spaces found in ship below-deck compartments, aircraft cabins and bays, and buildings such as hangars and prefabricated metal storage facilities. To assess the potentially disruptive or harmful effects to electronics equipment or ordnance from accumulated radio frequency emissions, these reverberant spaces are characterized as overmoded complex cavities, and a statistical analysis is exercised to obtain important information about maximum and average power densities in the space and their associated uncertainties. This new technique utilizes lightweight and portable test equipment, and is particularly well suited for measurements in field-operational spaces, where the use of more conventional techniques has been proven to be very difficult due to severe constraints on time, working volume, equipment size and weight, and test costs. The efficiency and accuracy of the walk-around technique are demonstrated in this paper by comparison to measurements obtained by the more conventional techniques in a large reverberation chamber. Results indicate a substantial reduction in test time, a vast improvement in the ease of test execution that can be realized at remote sites, and equal or better accuracy in the characterization of the electromagnetic environment.
Geldanamycin Treatment Ameliorates the Response to LPS in Murine Macrophages by Decreasing CD14 Surface Expression

Geldanamycin (GA) is an antibiotic produced by Actinomyces, which specifically inhibits the function of the heat shock protein 90 family. Treatment of a murine macrophage cell line (J774) with GA resulted in a reduced response to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as visualized by a decrease of NF-kappaB translocation into the nucleus and secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). To elucidate the mechanism of this effect, the expression of CD14, the formal LPS receptor, was analyzed. Cells treated with GA showed a reduced level of surface CD14 detected by immunostaining, whereas the expression of other surface receptors, such as FC-gamma receptor and tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNF-R1 and TNF-R2), was unaffected. The reduced surface level of CD14 was not due to a reduction in its expression because CD14 steady state mRNA levels or the total cellular pool of CD14 was not altered by GA treatment. Surface CD14 was more rapidly internalized after GA treatment (2-3 h) than after incubation with cycloheximide. Immunostaining of permeabilized cells after GA treatment revealed a higher intracellular content of CD14 colocalizing with calnexin, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein. These results suggest that the decrease in CD14 surface expression after GA treatment is due to rapid internalization without new replacement. These effects may be due to the inhibition of Hsp90 and Grp94 by GA in macrophages.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae elongation factor 2 is phosphorylated by an endorenous kinase

Mammalian cells contain a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase that specifically phosphorylates and inactivates elongation factor 2 (EF-2) in response to hormones and other agents which increase intracellular Ca2+ concentrations. Therefore, it has been proposed that the rate of translation in mammals is regulated by EF-2 phosphorylation. In the present study, EF-2 purified from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is shown to be a substrate for the mammalian EF-2 kinase. Furthermore, evidence was obtained using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and peptide mapping which suggests that yeast EF-2 is a substrate for an endogenous kinase which phosphorylates the same site as the mammalian EF-2 kinase. Based on these findings, we propose that in yeast as in higher eukaryotes, the protein synthesis elongation cycle is regulated by phosphorylation of EF-2.
The timing of Class II treatment.

In our presentation at the Early Treatment Symposium, we attempted to summarize results from prospective randomized clinical trials at the Universities of North Carolina and Florida that examined the timing of treatment for Class II malocclusions. However, the actual presentation became a live example of randomization: an untimely Trojan horse virus randomly distributed figures generated from data tables during the PowerPoint presentation. I hope this summary will clarify the results that were supposed to be clarified at
CNS Microvascular Pericytes Express Macrophage-like Function, Cell Surface Integrin αM, and Macrophage Marker ED-2

CNS pericytes are an integral part of the blood-brain (BBB), but their function is not well understood. We questioned whether primary cultured CNS pericytes have immune potential. Primary cultured pericytes exhibit phagocytic activity when exposed to fluorochrome-conjugated polystyrene beads and antibody-coated zymosan. Maximum phagocytic activity occurred by 3 hr. Pericytes were found to express the macrophage markers ED-2 and the integrin subunit CD11b (alpha M) in culture as well as on isolated microvessels. Pericytes did not express the macrophage marker ED-1. We confirm the heterogeneity of cultured CNS pericytes with regard to expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin. In conclusion, pericytes express macrophage surface antigens and have the ability to perform at least some immune function. CNS pericytes may therefore have a role in neuroimmune networks at the BBB.
Gradient limitation in accelerating structures imposed by surface melting

A rough picture is beginning to emerge of the physics behind the maximum gradient that can be sustained in an accelerating structure without producing surface damage at a level sufficient to cause a measurable change in the rf properties of the structure. Field emission sites are known to trigger the formation of so-called plasma spots in regions of high dc or rf surface electric fields. A single plasma spot has a finite lifetime (/spl sim/20-50 ns) and leaves behind a single crater. In the rf case, some fraction of the electrons emitted from the spot pick up energy from the rf field and back-bombard the area around the spot. Depending on the gradient, pulse length and available rf energy, multiple spots can form in close proximity. The combined back-bombardment power density from such a spot cluster can be sufficient to raise the surface temperature to the melting point in tens of nanoseconds over an area on the order of 100 microns in diameter. This molten area can now support a plasma capable of emitting several kiloamperes of electrons with an average energy of 50-100 kV. This is sufficient beam power to collapse the field in a traveling structure in 30 ns or so. The plasma also exerts a tremendous pressure on the molten surface, sufficient to cause a macroscopic amount of material to migrate toward a region of lower surface field. Over time, this process can modify the profile of the iris tip and produce an unacceptable change in the phase shift per cell.
Salience modulates 20–30 Hz brain activity in Drosophila

Fruit flies selectively orient toward the visual stimuli that are most salient in their environment. We recorded local field potentials (LFPs) from the brains of Drosophila melanogasteras they responded to the presentation of visual stimuli. Coupling of salience effects (odor, heat or novelty) to these stimuli modulated LFPs in the 20-30 Hz range by evoking a transient, selective increase. We demonstrated the association of these responses with behavioral tracking and initiated a genetic approach to investigating neural correlates of perception.
Left and right atrial volume by freehand three-dimensional echocardiography: in vivo validation using magnetic resonance imaging.

Introduction: Measurement of left and right atrial size is important for the management of arrhythmias, valvular and congenital heart disease. We have demonstrated that freehand three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography is more accurate and reproducible than two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography for measurement of left ventricular mass and volume. However, no prior study has validated the accuracy of freehand 3D for the determination of left or right atrial volume Methods: End-systolic (maximum) left and right atrial volumes were determined in 21 volunteer patients and normal subjects by one, two, and freehand 3D trans-thoracic echocardiography and compared to volumes obtained by gradient recalled magnetic resonance imaging. Three-dimensional echocardiographic determination of atrial volume was obtained using an acoustic spatial locator, a line-of-intersection display, and a surface reconstruction algorithm. Two-dimensional echocardiographic atrial volumes were obtained from apical biplane images of the left atrium and an apical single plane image of the right atrium using a summation of disks method. One-dimensional (1D) estimates of left atrial volume were determined by cubing the M-mode 1D antero-posterior dimension obtained on the parasternal long axis view. Results: An excellent correlation was obtained between freehand 3D echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the left atrium ( r =0·90, SEE=9·6 ml) and for the right atrium ( r =0·91, SEE=8·8 ml) with a small bias (left atrium 5·25 ml, right atrium 12·06 ml) and narrow limits of agreement (left atrium 22·14 ml, right atrium 25·54 ml). Two-dimensional echocardiography correlated less well (left atrium r =0·87, SEE=10·23 ml, right atrium r =0·79, SEE=19·74 ml), and had a higher bias (left atrium 14·46 ml, right atrium 8·99 ml) and larger limits of agreement (left atrium 24·37 ml, right atrium 41·16 ml). One-dimensional estimates of left atrial volume correlated poorly with magnetic resonance determined left atrial volume ( r =0·80, SEE=6·61 ml) and had unacceptably high bias (45·09 ml) and limits of agreement (35·52 ml). Inter-observer variability was lowest for 3D echocardiography (left atrium 7·2 ml, 11%, right atrium 8·7 ml, 16%). Conclusions: Freehand 3D echocardiography using the line of intersection display for guidance of image positioning and a polyhedral surface reconstruction algorithm is a valid, accurate, reproducible method for determining left and right atrial volume in humans that is comparable to magnetic resonance imaging and is superior to current 1D and 2D echocardiographic techniques.
Altruistic self-removal of health-compromised honey bee workers from their hive.

Social insect colonies represent distinct units of selection. Most individuals evolve by kin selection and forgo individual reproduction. Instead, they display altruistic food sharing, nest maintenance and self-sacrificial colony defence. Recently, altruistic self-removal of diseased worker ants from their colony was described as another important kin-selected behaviour. Here, we report corroborating experimental evidence from honey bee foragers and theoretical analyses. We challenged honey bee foragers with prolonged CO2 narcosis or by feeding with the cytostatic drug hydroxyurea. Both treatments resulted in increased mortality but also caused the surviving foragers to abandon their social function and remove themselves from their colony, resulting in altruistic suicide. A simple model suggests that altruistic self-removal by sick social insect workers to prevent disease transmission is expected under most biologically plausible conditions. The combined theoretical and empirical support for altruistic self-removal suggests that it may be another important kin-selected behaviour and a potentially widespread mechanism of social immunity.
Impedance Control of a Pneumatic Actuator for Contact Tasks

This paper presents a method for the impedance control of a pneumatic linear actuator for tasks involving contact interaction. The method presented takes advantage of the natural compliance of pneumatic actuators such that a load cell, typically used in impedance control, is not required. The central notion of the method is that by departing from a stiff actuation system, low-bandwidth acceleration measurements can be used in lieu of high-bandwidth force measurements. The control methodology presented contains an inner loop to control the pressure on two sides of a pneumatic cylinder, while an outer loop enforces an impedance relationship between external forces and motion and commands desired pressures to the inner loop. The inner loop enforces the natural compliance of the pneumatic actuator by controlling both the sum and difference of the pressures on both sides of the pneumatic actuator. This is accomplished by utilizing two three-way proportional spool valves instead of a four-way valve typically used in fluid power control. Experimental results are shown demonstrating the pressure tracking control of the inner loop. Experimental results are also shown that demonstrate the impedance tracking of the outer loop for free motion and the transition from free motion to contact.
Schematizing without a Concept? Imagine that!

The aim of this paper is to elucidate what Kant describes as the \free lawfulness of the imagination" in judgments of beauty in aesthetic terms, as called for by the distinctive nature of beauty. I argue that the aesthetic activity of the imagination differs from the theoretical activity of the imagination, and that the difference between the two has an aesthetic ground in terms of the special form of beautiful objects and the special value of beauty. In contrast to the theoretical activity of the imagination, the aesthetic activity of the imagination must be free of concepts and laws but nonetheless lawful otherwise it would not be able to unify the forms of beautiful objects, to attribute necessity to them, and by so doing to be adequate to the value of those objects as beautiful objects. On that basis, I aim to show that Kant's theory is not committed to the absurd view that some scholars have attributed to him: the view that everything we judge must be judged to be beautiful.
Thermal Stability of Rare Earth Oxide Coated Superhydrophobic Microstructured Metallic Surfaces

In this paper, we present a method of generating nearly superhydrophobic surfaces from Femtosecond Laser Surface Processed (FLSP) metallic substrates and the study of their thermal stability at high temperatures. Using an FLSP process, hierarchical micro/nano structures were fabricated on stainless steel 316 after which a 200 nm Cerium Oxide (CeO2) film was sputtered onto the surface. Before CeO2 deposition, the contact angle of sample was measured. Post CeO2 deposition, the contact angles were measured again. As a result of the cerium oxide deposition, the contact angle of the originally hydrophilic FLSP surface turned near superhydrophobic with an equilibrium contact angle of approximately 140°. Subsequently, the coated surfaces were annealed in air. The surface maintained its high contact angle from room temperature to about 160°C, after which it lost its hydrophobicity due to hydrocarbon burn off. For each annealing temperature, we monitored the chemical composition for the cerium oxide-coated FLSP surface using energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Under a nitrogen rich annealing environment, the nearly superhydrophobic FLSP metallic surface maintained its high contact angle up to temperatures as high as 350°C. To further understand the physics behind the observed phenomenon, we investigated two additional samples of polished stainless steel 310 again coated with 200 nm of CeO2.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Militarism in Nazi Thought and in the American New Religious Right

Richard V. Pierard's essay on "Protestant Support for the Political Right in Weimar Germany and Post-Watergate America" provides historians and political scientists with a conceptual frame work with which to analyze similarities and differences concerning religious support for the growth of the radical right in two historical periods in two different countries with intriguing parallels in politi cal experience.1 However, Pierard is correct in warning scholars about the pitfalls of comparative history, and he rightly cautions against pushing the analogy between Weimar Germany and recent American history too far. Moreover, this writer agrees that if and when fascism comes to the United States, it will be a homemade variety in numerous ways dissimilar to that which held sway in many parts of the world in the 1930s and 1940s. It may not be the "friendly fascism" suggested by Pierard and political scientist Ber tram Gross, but it certainly will be as American as apple pie and professional football in its political and social manifestations.2
Young children demystifying and remaking the university through critical play

This article, part of a four-year research partnership with a multilingual faith community and its school, explores what happened when we invited young children in an aftercare program to inquire i...
Contralateral Suppression of Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions in Children with Cystic Fibrosis: Effects of Tobramycin

The role of the medial efferent system in altering and/or regulating outer hair cell function in the mammalian cochlea has been proposed by a number of investigators. This study measured contralateral suppression of distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, treated for lung infections with low to moderate cumulative doses of tobramycin, to ascertain the contributions of the efferent-based mechanisms in the development of ototoxicity. The results showed significant suppression of DPOAEs in tobramycin-treated children compared to both nondrug-treated CF and normal children of similar ages. Since DPOAE amplitudes were comparable across the drug-treated and control groups of subjects, pronounced DPOAE suppression in the drug-treated group may be attributed to the instability of the cochlear amplifier induced by the tobramycin treatment. These findings also suggest that enhanced contralateral suppression may be the first sign of a developing ototoxicity.
Regulation of Brain Renin: Evidence for an Independent Brain Renin

1. We examined the effects of various physiological states on systemic and brain renin activities. Activation of the systemic renin-angiotensin system (RAS) by renal ischaemia, captopril or continuous renin infusions had no effect on whole brain or pituitary renin activities. Suppression of circulating renin by bilateral nephrectomy or antirenin antibody injection did not influence brain renin. 2. Brain or pituitary renin activities remained unchanged with various endocrine-metabolic disorders such as hypo- or hyper-thyroidism, diabetes and hypophysectomy. 3. Treatment with reserpine or propranolol resulted in significant decrease in brain and pituitary renin levels. 4. We conclude that brain renin activity appears to be generally independent of the systemic RAS. Inhibition of sympathetic activity, however, resulted in suppression of brain renin, suggesting a close interaction between the two systems.
“Prison Ain’t Free Like Everyone Thinks” Financial Stressors Faced by Incarcerated Women

Most women in prison are poor and suffer from health problems prior to and during incarceration. Policies that impose inmate medical co-payment fees do not consider gender-specific health needs or other financial stressors faced by women in prison. We examine the financial needs and concerns of incarcerated women through the lens of gender and behavioral economics. We conducted individual interviews with 95 women incarcerated in a medium/maximum security prison in the United States. Women described several common financial stressors during confinement: paying for medical care, "working for pennies," staying in contact with loved ones, and relying on others. In an attempt to remain gender neutral, prison polices often do not consider gender-based differences between male and female prisoners. When gender neutrality is applied to financial policies surrounding access to healthcare, incarcerated women are profoundly disadvantaged and left to make consequential trade-offs with scarce financial resources. Our findings provide important insight into financial stressors facing incarcerated women and provide evidence to support the elimination of mandatory medical co-payment fees for incarcerated women.
Laboratory Evaluation of Ultrahigh-Performance Concrete Shear Key for Prestressed Adjacent Precast Concrete Box Girder Bridges

AbstractPrecast adjacent box girder bridges have become a preferred solution in several states due to their simple structure, economy, and ease of construction. However, longitudinal cracks often appear along the shear keys between adjacent box girders. With its superior strength and durability, ultrahigh-performance concrete (UHPC) has been used as an alternative grout material to reduce shear key cracking and enhance load transfer. The objective of the present research was to evaluate the performance of UHPC in shear keys using direct shear, direct tension, and flexural tests. Also, this study determined the effectiveness and functionality of shear reinforcement bars by applying direct shear load on specimens with shear reinforcement. In the direct shear test, a steel frame was placed around the specimens to allow the shear key to experience pure shear force. The direct shear test established the cracking threshold and ultimate shear strength of each shear key with and without shear reinforcement bars. ...
Taming dissent: the United States and the Italian centre-left, 1948–1978

Italy was the first country in which the United States tested its ‘political warfare’, the integrated application of overt and covert strategies to stabilise internal politics. This article illustrates that while America’s most intrusive and aggressive methods against Communist power in Italy often backfired, its diplomatic use of Italy’s interplay of domestic politics and foreign policies was relatively successful. It was an indirect method that hinged on America’s flexibility towards the moderate centre-left forces. American counterintuitive toleration and sometimes encouragement of mild political and cultural dissent in Italy helped refute and isolate the determined opposition of the strong Italian Communist Party.
Karma and the Myth of the New Indian Super Woman: Missing Women in the Indian Workforce

Women’s education and employment are considered fundamental to the development of national economic growth, empowerment and maximization of human potential. And yet the latest reports from India indicate that while women’s educational opportunities are expanding, curiously, their labour force participation is declining. What explains this gap between women’s educational attainment and their labour force participation? Where are the missing women? This ethnographic study of women who were once employed in high status careers illuminates how class, gender and notions of motherhood mutually shape the meanings and economic value of women’s work at the intersection of the family and labour market such that women in India ‘choose’ to withdraw from the workforce.
Cell–Cell Signaling in the Testis and Ovary

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the regulatory signals that mediate cellcell interactions in the testis and ovary. Transforming growth factor-α (TGFα) is an epidermal growth factor (EGF) superfamily member, and is produced by Sertoli, peritubular, and Leydig cells. TGFα can act as a growth stimulator on all the major cell types in the testis. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is produced by Sertoli cells and influences peritubular cells and Leydig cells. Although PDGF in the adult may also be produced by the Leydig cell, it appears to be a factor produced within the seminiferous tubules that acts on adjacent peritubular and Leydig cells. Another factor that is only produced by Sertoli cells is stem cell factor (SCF)/kit ligand (KL), which has a direct role in regulating spermatogonial cell proliferation. Granulosa cells are the primary cell type in the ovary that provides the physical support and microenvironment required for the developing oocyte. Granulosa cells are actively differentiating cells with several distinct populations. Alteration and progression of cellular differentiation is required during folliculogenesis from the arrested primordial stage of development through ovulation to the luteal stage of development. Estrogen biosynthesis is controlled by the enzyme aromatase, which requires androgen produced by the theca cells as a substrate. The granulosa cells differentiate and estrogen biosynthesis increases with the follicle development. Another important cell type in the ovary is the ovarian theca cell. These are differentiated stromal cells that surround the follicle and are termed as theca interstitial cells. The inner layer of cells, the theca interna, has a basement membrane separating it from the outermost layer of mural granulosa cells. One of the major functions of theca cells in species such as cattle, humans, and rodents is the secretion of androgens, which are used by granulosa cells to produce estrogen.
Systematic review of transgastric ERCP in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patients

Balloon-assisted endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatoscopy (ERCP) in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) patients is technically challenging due to anatomic and accessory constraints, thus success rates are modest. Transgastric ERCP (TG-ERCP) offers a viable alternative. We aimed to systematically review the literature on TG-ERCP in RYGB patients to better define the technical approaches, success rates, and adverse events of this procedure. A computer-assisted search of the Embase and PubMed databases was performed to identify studies that focused on the techniques and clinical outcomes of TG-ERCP. Two investigators independently identified studies and abstracted relevant data. The literature search yielded 26 eligible studies comprising 509 TG-ERCP cases. Access to the excluded stomach to facilitate ERCP was achieved laparoscopically in 58% of reported cases, via open surgery (6% of reported cases), by antecedent placement of a percutaneous gastrostomy tube (33%), or with endoscopic ultrasound assistance (3%). Successful gastric access was reported in 100% of cases and successful ductal cannulation in 98.5%. Adverse events were reported in 14% of cases; 80% of these were related to gastrostomy creation and the rest were attributable to ERCP. Wound infections (n = 19, 3.7%) were the most common gastrostomy-related adverse event, and post-ERCP pancreatitis (n = 7, 1.4%) was the most common ERCP-related adverse event. No deaths were reported. Based on existing observational studies, TG-ERCP appears to be a safe and highly effective approach in patients with RYGB anatomy. Additional research and clinical experience are needed to more precisely define the risk-benefit ratio and optimal technique of TG-ERCP.
Relative metabolizable energy values for fats and oils in young broilers and adult roosters

Our goal was to determine if relative bioavailability values (RBV) for fats and oils (lipids) determined in adult roosters are different than RBV determined with young broiler chickens. Lipids that were expected to have widely varying ME content were evaluated using a slope-ratio approach in adult roosters (Exp. 1) via the precision-fed rooster assay (PFRA) and broiler chicks via a growth assay (Exp. 2). The same lipids were tested in both experiments and were refined corn oil (RCO), a 2:1 blend of stearic acid (C18:0) with RCO (SAB1), a 1:1 blend of C18:0 with RCO (SAB2), tallow (TW), poultry fat (PF), and corn oil from a corn ethanol plant (DDGSCO). In Exp. 1, roosters were tube-fed diets containing 0, 5, and 10% of supplemental lipid in ground corn. In Exp. 2, diets consisted of 0, 5, and 10% supplemental lipid in an amino-acid fortified corn-soybean meal diet. Chicks were limit-fed test diets from 10 to 20 d posthatch to maintain energy as the growth-limiting factor. The TMEn of diets or BW gain of chicks were regressed on supplemental lipid level. The RBV were calculated as the regression coefficient of the test lipid divided by that of RCO. For Exp. 1 a non-linear response was observed for SAB2; however, the RBV for SAB1 (22%), TW (72%), PF (96%), and DDGSCO (90%) were as expected. The RBV of SAB1 and TW were lower (P < 0.001) than RCO, while PF and DDGSCO were not different than RCO. For Exp. 2, BW increased linearly in proportion to the energy content of the lipid sources. The RBV of SAB1 (22%), SAB2 (46%), and TW (76%), were lower (P < 0.001) than RCO, while PF (96%) and DDGSCO (97%) were not different than RCO. Excellent agreement was obtained for RBV between the two assays, with rooster and chick values being similar and the ranking of the lipids being the same for the two assays.
A Formal Machine–Learning Approach to Generating Human–Machine Interfaces From Task Models

User-centered design (UCD) is an approach for creating human–machine interfaces that are usable and support the human operator's tasks. UCD can be challenging because designers can fail to account for human–machine interactions that occur due to the concurrency between the human and the other system elements. Formal methods are tools that enable analysts to consider all of the possible system interactions using a combination of formal modeling, specification, and proof-based verification. However, creating formal interface design models can be extremely difficult. This work describes a method that supports UCD by automatically generating formal designs of human–machine interface behavior from task-analytic models. The resulting interface design will always support the behavior captured in the task model. This paper describes the method and demonstrates its capabilities with three case studies: a light switch, a vending machine, and a patient-controlled analgesia pump. The produced designs are validated with formal verifications to prove that they support their associated tasks. Results and future research are discussed.
Model order sensitivity in ARMA-based electromechanical mode estimation algorithms under ambient power system conditions

This paper presents the results of a model order sensitivity study performed on ARMA-based electromechanical mode estimation algorithms under ambient power system conditions. Both single- and multichannel versions of the Yule-Walker (YW) and Least Squares (LS) approaches are considered along with a Recursive Maximum Likelihood (RML) estimator. An extensive Monte Carlo study was performed using a reduced-order model of the Western United States power system, where it was seen that while all of the algorithms had similar accuracy in their best case scenarios, the YW algorithms were far less sensitive to changes in model order. These results are supported with a study using data measured from the actual WECC system. Additionally, the study revealed a numerical instability inherent to the RML approach that has identified an important area of future work.
The formation, elements of success, and challenges in managing a critical care program: part II.

Leaders of critical care programs have significant responsibility to develop and maintain a system of intensive care. At inception, those clinician resources necessary to provide and be available for the expected range of patient illness and injury and throughput are determined. Simultaneously, non-ICU clinical responsibilities and other expectations, such as education of trainees and participation in hospital operations, must be understood. To meet these responsibilities, physicians must be recruited, mentored, and retained. The physician leader may have similar responsibilities for nonphysician practitioners. In concert with other critical care leaders, the service adopts a model of care and assembles an ICU team of physicians, nurses, nonphysician providers, respiratory therapists, and others to provide clinical services. Besides clinician resources, leaders must assure that services such as radiology, pharmacy, the laboratory, and information services are positioned to support the complexities of ICU care. Metrics are developed to report success in meeting process and outcomes goals. Leaders evolve the system of care by reassessing and modifying practice patterns to continually improve safety, efficacy, and efficiency. Major emphasis is placed on the importance of continuity, consistency, and communication by expecting practitioners to adopt similar practices and patterns. Services anticipate and adapt to evolving expectations and resource availability. Effective services will result when skilled practitioners support one another and ascribe to a service philosophy of care.
Metric development for evaluating inertia's locational impacts on system primary frequency response

Power systems are changing with the integration of substantial amounts of renewable energy, lightweight turbine generators and electronic devices. This trend results in less resource inertia and may consequently worsen system primary frequency response. This paper develops several metrics to effectively quantify the impacts of resource inertia on power system dynamic performances. Governor and inertial responses are the two primary contributors to alleviate frequency deviations during the first few seconds after the system experiences some contingency events that result in imbalance between the demand and the generation. Burdens on governors caused by inertia reduction are also evaluated. To provide insightful, realistic simulation results, synthetic electric grid models are used to investigate inertia's impacts and their locational dependence.
Analytic Assessments of the Economics, Reliability, and Operating Impacts of Wind Power Plants

This paper summarizes a number of projects undertaken at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) that focus on the analysis and modeling of large-scale wind generation. The findings indicate that wind power plants can provide significant economic benefits to the generating system. Potential problems caused by the intermittency of a wind plant can be significantly reduced by accurate wind forecasting, geographic dispersion of turbines within a plant, as well as disperse wind-generating facilities. Wind plants do not require significant backup facilities because risk-analysis techniques assess the risk of system failure on a system-wide basis.
Operator π in the Interactive Unfoldings of EA 3 and EA −3

In the previous chapter, we saw that the Process Grammar operators B and C, which cannot be modeled in the cusp catastrophesA3 andA-3, can be modeled in the Interactive Unfoldings of EA3 and EA-3.We shall now see, similarly, that the Process Grammar operator p fails to be modeled in the cusp catastrophes A3 and A-3, but can be modeled in the Interactive Unfoldings of EA3 and EA-3. This will lead to the discovery of additional interesting structure in Interactive Singularity Theory.
A RIGIDITY THEOREM IN COMPLEX DYNAMICS

We consider a parabolic domain allowing critical points. Its bound ary is shown to be either real analytic or non-rectifiable. If the associated holomorphic map has only nonrecurrent critical points the stronger dichotomy holds that either the boundary is real analytic or its Hausdorff dimension is greater than 1.
Radical cystectomy in regionally advanced bladder cancer.

SUMMARY The distinction pathologically of invasive tumors confined to the muscularis propria from those that penetrate the bladder wall and invade the perivesical fat or adjacent organs is a critical prognostic determinant. Nodal metastases are evident in approximately one half of patients with tumors pathologically staged as P3b or greater. Five-year survival rates after radical cystectomy with or without preoperative irradiation for stage P3b tumors range from 17% to 46%. Long-term survival is the exception when bladder cancer invades the pelvic sidewall or adjacent structures, yet cystectomy can provide palliation and accurate staging and can be considered in the context of combination therapy. Supravesical diversion can provide palliation when there is nodal disease above the bifurcation or pelvic fixation. The optimal role of adjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of regionally advanced bladder cancer is yet to be defined. Tannock has delineated the many serious pitfalls inherent in interpreting nonrandomized trials of new therapies 54 (see also his article elsewhere in this issue). Randomized trials are currently under way to determine if survival can be improved with adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy and the most efficacious timing of chemotherapy administration. Clinicians should generally resist the tendency to treat all patients with these regimens until it is clear that we are truly improving the outcome of therapy and the quality of life for our patients.
Emerging investigator series: it's not all about the ion: support for particle-specific contributions to silver nanoparticle antimicrobial activity

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and other ionizing engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are candidates for the development of antimicrobial agents due to their efficacy, multiple modes of bacterial inactivation, and tunability with respect to both the magnitude and mechanisms of antimicrobial activity. Exploiting this versatility requires elucidating the bacterial inactivation pathway(s) of the ENM, and in particular, the link between material properties and the desired biological endpoint. The mechanisms of antimicrobial activity for macrosilver, Ag salts, and AgNPs have been widely studied, and largely attribute this activity to the release of Ag ions via oxidation and dissolution of the surface Ag atoms. However, it has also been established that Ag ion exposure alone does not elicit the same bacterial response as exposure to AgNPs, which suggests that the observed antimicrobial activity is induced not only by solubilized ions but also by the ENM itself. Resolving the role of the AgNP is critical to informing design of nano-enabled antimicrobials a priori. Herein, we present a systematic review of the AgNP antimicrobial activity literature and specifically focus on studies that scale Ag ion controls to the likely quantities of bioavailable Ag released from AgNPs. This literature selection criterion reveals the critical role of scaled ion controls in distinguishing ion and particle contributions to the observed antimicrobial activity. Overall, our analysis of this literature indicates that in most cases of bacteria exposure to AgNPs, particle-specific activity is observed and acts in concert with and/or independently from solubilized Ag ions alone. These results are exciting and suggest that more efficacious Ag- and ENM-enabled antimicrobials can be obtained through ENM design.
Enduring behavioral effects of weaning-through-puberty cocaine dosing in the rat

To determine whether cocaine administration during a developmental period corresponding to middle and late childhood results in enduring changes in behavior, we injected rats with 5 or 20 mg/kg/d of cocaine s.c. from weaning (postnatal day 21; P21) through P60; controls included uninjected and vehicle-injected controls. The 20-mg/kg dose resulted in a transient, male-limited weight reduction for the last 10 days of dosing, which rapidly recovered to normal after dosing ceased. Approximately 5 months later, the subjects were given a brief battery of behavioral tests. Female 20-mg subjects received fewer reinforcements than control subjects in a DRL-20 task. Female subjects also displayed altered patterns of cocaine-stimulated changes in open-field activity. No significant lasting effects were seen in males. These data suggest that the central nervous system retains sufficient plasticity into later development to produce long-lasting functional changes in response to drug administration and that cocaine consumption during the rat equivalent of childhood produces very long lasting plastic changes in behavior.
You’re like me and I like you: Mediators of the similarity–liking link assessed before and after a getting-acquainted social interaction:

Several mediators of the similarity–liking link were examined in a laboratory study that involved previously unacquainted individuals interacting to become acquainted and that also included a prein...
Three Applications of the Siegel Mass Formula

We present three applications of the Siegel mass formula, using the explicit upper bounds for densities derived in Bourgain and Demeter (Int Math Res Not 2015(11):3150–3184, 2014).
163) Healthy Subjects Respond Less and Response Bias becomes Progressively Conservative during Vigilance to Painful Heat

Although hypervigilance plays an important role in some chronic pain syndromes, experimental vigilance toward pain is infrequently studied. We studied vigilance to pain by assessing performance during a Continuous Performance Task (CPT) where subjects detect moderately painful targets occurring in a train of mildly painful nontargets. The CPT was divided into 4 10-minute blocks. After each block, 30 subjects (16 F) rated pain intensity, pain unpleasantness, and stimulus salience. Response bias, a measure from signal detection theory (SDT), was calculated by averaging the Z-transformed false alarm probability and the Z-transformed hit probability, then multiplying the result by -1. Average bias became more conservative during time on task (F= 15.8; p
Social Analysis in Service-Learning: A Way for Students to Discover Catholic Social Teaching

Many Catholic colleges and universities incorporate community service-learning as a teaching strategy that exemplifi es Catholic mission and identity. This article shows how service-learning courses can teach students about an essential part of the Catholic tradition, Catholic Social Teaching, by engaging students in a process of social analysis.
Fingerprinting Marcellus Shale waste products from Pb isotope and trace metal perspectives

Abstract Drill cuttings generated during unconventional natural gas extraction from the Marcellus Shale, Appalachian Basin, U.S.A., generally contain a very large component of organic-rich black shale because of extensive lateral drilling into this target unit. In this study, element concentrations and Pb isotope ratios obtained from leached drill cuttings spanning 600 m of stratigraphic section were used to assess the potential for short and long term environmental impacts from Marcellus Shale waste materials, in comparison with material from surrounding formations. Leachates of the units above, below and within the Marcellus Shale yielded Cl/Br ratios of 100–150, similar to produced water values. Leachates from oxidized and unoxidized drill cuttings from the Marcellus Shale contain distinct suites of elevated trace metal concentrations, including Cd, Cu, Mo, Ni, Sb, U, V and Zn. The most elevated Mo, Ni, Sb, U, and V concentrations are found in leachates from the lower portion of the Marcellus Shale, the section typically exploited for natural gas production. In addition, lower 207 Pb/ 206 Pb ratios within the lower Marcellus Shale (0.661–0.733) provide a distinctive fingerprint from formations above (0.822–0.846) and below (0.796–0.810), reflecting 206 Pb produced as a result of in situ 238 U decay within this organic rich black shale. Trace metal concentrations from the Marcellus Shale leachates are similar to total metal concentrations from other black shales. These metal concentrations can exceed screening levels recommended by the EPA, and thus have the potential to impact soil and water quality depending on cuttings disposal methods.
Impact of Self-heating on Performance and Reliability in FinFET and GAAFET Designs

Modern transistors such as FinFETs and gate-all-around FETs (GAAFETs) suffer from excessive heat confinement due to their small size and three-dimensional geometries, with limited paths to the thermal ambient. This results in device self-heating, which can reduce speed, increase leakage, and accelerate aging. This paper characterizes the temperature for both the 7nm FinFET and 5nm GAAFET sub-structures and analyzes its impact on circuit performance (delay and power) and reliability (bias temperature instability, hot carrier injection, and electromigration). On average, logic gates in a circuit heat up by 12K for 7nm SOI FinFET and by 17K for 5nm GAAFET designs. This rise in temperature accelerates delay degradation due to bias temperature instability and hot carrier injection by up to 25% in FinFET and 39% in GAAFET designs, and also degrades the electromigration-induced time to failure of wires by up to 38% in SOI FinFET and 45% in GAAFET technologies.
The Prisoner Shouting Puzzle and Variations

The following game, which we call the “Prisoner Shouting Puzzle,” pits prisoners against a prisoner warden. One hundred prisoners are each given a hat by the prison warden, and each hat has a label...
Synthesis, structure and photophysical properties of a 2D network with gold dicyanide donors coordinated to aza[5]helicene viologen acceptors.

A recently synthesized photoluminescent organic acceptor, 5,10-dimethyl-5,10-diaza[5]helicene is shown to react with dicyanoaurate anions to form a 2D network N,N-dimethylaza[5]helicene dicyanoaurate. The structure of the synthesized complex was investigated via X-ray crystallography showing the presence of [Au(CN)2]− dimers and monomers within the helicene framework. Photophysical measurements between 298 K and 10 K indicate quenching of the [Au(CN)2]− anion by 5,10-dimethyl-5,10-diaza[5]helicene via an electron transfer. A Stern–Volmer and Rehm–Weller analysis shows that this is a result of quenching from transfer of an electron from [Au(CN)2]− anions to 5,10-dimethyl-5,10-diaza[5]helicene as opposed to resonance energy transfer. DFT calculations were performed to support the assignment of an electron transfer.
OPN binds alpha V integrin to promote endothelial progenitor cell incorporation into vasculature

Angiogenesis is fundamental to the expansion of the placental vasculature during pregnancy. Integrins are associated with vascular formation; and osteopontin is a candidate ligand for integrins to promote angiogenesis. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are released from bone marrow into the blood and incorporate into newly vascularized tissue where they differentiate into mature endothelium. Results of studies in women suggest that EPCs may play an important role in maintaining placental vascular integrity during pregnancy, although little is known about how EPCs are recruited to these tissues. Our goal was to determine the αv integrin mediated effects of osteopontin on EPC adhesion and incorporation into angiogenic vascular networks. EPCs were isolated from 6 h old piglets. RT-PCR revealed that EPCs initially had a monocyte-like phenotype in culture that became more endothelial-like with cell passage. Immunofluorescence microscopy confirmed that the EPCs express platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule, vascular endothelial cadherin, and von Willebrand factor. When EPCs were cultured on OPN-coated slides, the αv integrin subunit was observed in focal adhesions at the basal surface of EPCs. Silencing of αv integrin reduced EPC binding to OPN and focal adhesion assembly. In vitro siRNA knockdown in EPCs,demonstrated that OPN stimulates EPC incorporation into human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) networks via αv-containing integrins. Finally, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry localized osteopontin near placental blood vessels. In summary, OPN binds the αv integrin subunit on EPCs to support EPC adhesion and increase EPC incorporation into angiogenic vascular networks.
T-cell neoplasms in the spleen

Hematopoietic neoplasms involving the spleen are uncommon, but T cell neoplasms involving the spleen are extremely rare. The rarity of splenic involvement by T cell neoplasms has resulted in a limited body of literature describing their splenic characteristics. As a result, our purpose in this review article is to provide and summarize some of the characteristics seen by different T cell neoplasms that may involve the spleen.