cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Working memory deficits in BXSB mice with neocortical ectopias

Approximately 40-60% of BXSB/MpJ-Yaa mice exhibit neocortical ectopias, which are misplaced clusters of neurons in layer I of cortex. These ectopias are usually located in the prefrontal and/or motor region of cortex in BXSB mice, and are similar in appearance to those found in postmortem analyses of the brains of dyslexic humans. Several within-strain learning differences between mice with ectopias and those without have been reported. In particular, ectopic BXSB mice exhibited superior reference memory learning, but inferior working memory learning in several studies from our laboratory. This study used the Morris water maze delayed matching-to sample task and the water radial-arm maze to asses working memory in female BXSB mice with and without ectopias. In the delayed matching-to sample task, a hidden escape platform remained in a constant position for each four-trial session, but changed position between sessions. Trial 2 was the measure of working memory, i.e., how well did the mouse remember where the platform was located for that session. In the water version of the eight-arm radial maze, hidden escape platforms were located in four of the eight arms, and each platform was removed from the maze once found. This enabled us to assess working and reference memory simultaneously. Ectopic mice demonstrated working memory deficits during the first part of the delayed matching-to sample task compared to nonectopics. Similarly, ectopics made more working memory errors during the latter half of radial-arm maze testing, while not differing from nonectopics in reference memory performance. Additionally, there were significant correlations between measures of working memory in the radial-arm maze and working memory in a delayed matching-to-sample task. These findings are in agreement with other studies demonstrating working memory deficits in ectopic BXSB mice.
MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION, SPECIES CONCEPTS, AND CLASSIFICATION OF AN UNUSUAL FOSSIL CENTRIC DIATOM (BACILLARIOPHYTA) FROM WESTERN NORTH AMERICA1

The classification system of diatoms (Bacillariophyta) is based almost entirely on the organization and structure of their silica cell walls. We have discovered Miocene freshwater fossils that contain valves of two different orders within the same organism. Within frustules of the genus Ellerbeckia Crawford, a genus of the order Melosirales, are contained frustules of the genus Actinocyclus Ehrenberg, a member of the Coscinodiscales. Based on the abundance of each morphotype, they appear to be able to reproduce themselves. The ability of a single diatom taxon to express this degree of morphological variability is unprecedented. These results suggest species concepts in diatoms may be in need of review and challenge the basis of the classification system for this widely distributed and ecologically important group of organisms.
To The End Of Theory‐Practice ‘Apartheid’: Encountering The World

A historical and comparative examination of ethnographic practice in sixteen nations around the globe reveals that theory-practice relations in anthropology and ethnography (A/E) have been shaped and re-shaped over time and space by complex contextual influences. This paper explores the evolution of theorypractice relationships in A/E over various regions of the world, tracing the beginning of a theory-practice ‘split’ from its origin under British colonialism, to its reappearance and institutionalization in post-World War II America, and postulating its absence in the ‘Second and Third Worlds’. Global practice in ethnography now appears to be converging toward a re-integration of theory and application across multiple disciplines and professions (a ‘hybrid’ approach), as ethnographers work to address urgent and poorly understood problems that are not well theorized.
Role of Wetlands in Reducing Phosphorus Loading to Surface Water in Eight Watersheds in the Lake Champlain Basin

A landscape-level approach was applied to eight rural watersheds to assess the role that wetlands play in reducing phosphorus loading to surface waters in the Lake Champlain Basin. Variables summarizing various characteristics of wetlands within a watershed were calculated using a geographic information system and then compared to measured phosphorus loading through multiple regression analyses. The inclusion of a variable based on the area of riparian wetlands located along low- and medium-order streams in conjunction with the area of agricultural and nonwetland forested lands explained 88% of the variance in phosphorus loading to surface waters. The best fit model coefficients (Pload = 0.86Ag + 0.64For − 30Ripwet + 160) suggest that a hectare of riparian wetland may be many times more important in reducing phosphorus than an agricultural hectare is in producing phosphorus. These results provide additional support for the concept that protection of riparian wetlands is an important management strategy for controlling stream water quality in multiuse landscapes.
Primer for the Interim Chair

Being successful in the role of an Interim Chair requires an approach to transitional leadership that is different from that of individuals filling the Chair role permanently. This article reviews pertinent literature on the topic. The author reviewed the literature, cited pertinent articles, and supplemented with personal experiences as an Interim Chair. The author highlights several key questions that one should ask before taking an Interim Chair position to ensure that he or she has proper support and the skills to do the job, and he presents strategies for developing a transition leadership agenda and mechanisms to gain faculty support. Finally, the author offers practical suggestions for how individuals can develop the skills that may enable them to successfully perform the role of Interim Chair. By careful attention to organizational dynamics and to ensuring proper support, an Interim Chair can be an effective force for moving a department forward. The experience of Interim Chairs needs to be researched quantitatively to fill a large gap in the literature.
Bimodal distribution of sensitivity of SCE induction by diepoxybutane in human lymphocytes. II. Relationship to baseline SCE frequency

Environmental and genetic factors have been implicated as important sources of individual variation in baseline sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency in humans. The current study was designed to test whether the frequency of baseline SCEs in 58 normal blood donors is associated with previously observed variations in SCE frequencies induced by diepoxybutane (DEB). Because 12 subjects were current cigarette smokers and smoking is known to be an in vivo inducer of baseline SCE frequencies, we specifically tested whether higher baseline SCE frequencies in smokers would be associated with in vitro sensitivity to SCE induction by DEB. Analysis of variance showed that DEB-induced SCE frequencies were significantly associated with baseline SCE frequencies; those who were sensitive to SCE induction by DEB were more likely to have higher baseline SCE frequencies. This effect, however, was independent of in vivo induction of SCE by smoking. Chromosomal sensitivity to the induction of SCE by DEB explained approx. 15-20% of the variation in baseline SCE. This was similar in magnitude to the effect of cigarette smoking. Because increased sensitivity to DEB-induced SCEs is common in normal blood donors (approx. 24%) and is associated with an increase in baseline SCEs, it should be investigated as a source of bias and/or a potential marker of sensitivity to environmental mutagens in future cytogenetic studies.
A more cost-effective EMAP benthic macrofaunal sampling protocol.

Benthic macrofaunal sampling protocols in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) are to collect 30 to 50 random benthic macrofauna [defined as animals retained on a 0.5 mm (East and Gulf Coasts, USA) or a 1.0 mm mesh sieve (West Coast, USA)] samples per reporting unit using a 0.044 m2 (East and Gulf Coasts) or 0.1 m2 (West Coast) grab. Benthic macrofaunal community conditions in the reporting unit are characterized by cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) on end points of interest, such as number of species (S), abundance (A), and Shannon--Wiener diversity (H′). An EMAP and a companion field study were conducted concurrently in Tillamook Bay (Oregon, USA) to compare the cost effectiveness of benthic macrofauna samples collected using the EMAP West Coast (0.1 m2 × ≥7 cm deep, 1.0 mm mesh), a 0.01 m2 × 5 cm deep, 1.0 mm mesh, and a 0.01 m2 × 5 cm deep, 0.5 mm mesh sampling protocol. Cost was estimated in relative laboratory sample-processing time. Sampling protocols were judged equally effective for EMAP purposes if, after linear transformation to adjust for scale changes in end point distributions, their S, A, and H′ CDFs were not significantly different. The 0.01 m2 × 5 cm deep, 1.0 mm mesh sampling protocol was the most cost effective.
Helenic fault tolerance for robots

Abstract In robot applications where the consequences of system failure are unbearable, fault tolerance is mandatory. Fault tolerant robots continue to function correctly despite component failures. Fault tolerant robots can be designed using the Helenic architecture. This architecture uses non-homogeneous functional modular redundancy and a democratic dynamic weighted voting algorithm for redundancy management to achieve fault tolerance. The benefits offered are increased reliability, maintainability, common mode failure resistance, and significant cost reductions. To demonstrate the fault tolerance capabilities of this system architecture, a 5 wheel omnidirectional mobile robot with sensors, computing elements and actuators was designed and simulated. Simulation results verify the robot's ability to continue ‘correct’ operation despite internal subsystem failures.
Asymptotic equivalence of Fokker-Planck and diffusion solutions for large time

Abstract Some recent results of Beals and Protopopescu are obtained for a different class of problems using a simpler method of proof.
Matrix-specific activation of Src and Rho initiates capillary morphogenesis of endothelial cells

Interstitial collagen I stimulates microvascular endothelial cells to form solid cords that imitate precapillary structures found during angiogenesis. Time-lapse microscopy identified cell retraction and disruption of cell-cell contacts as early critical steps in collagen I-induced capillary morphogenesis. These early stages paralleled collagen I activation of Src kinase and GTPase Rho through beta1 integrins. The Src inhibitor PP2, dominant-negative Src, and Rho inhibitor exoenzyme C3 transferase each inhibited collagen I induction of actin stress fibers that mediate cell retraction and each inhibited capillary morphogenesis. Collagen I also disrupted VE-cadherin from intercellular junctions through a Src-dependent mechanism; both the Src inhibitor PP2 and dominant-negative Src preserved VE-cadherin localization to regions of cell-cell contact. An active Src mutant disrupted VE-cadherin and cell-cell contacts similarly to collagen I. In sharp contrast, laminin-1 did not induce capillary morphogenesis, and laminin-1 did not induce activation of Src or Rho. Rather, laminin-1 induced persistent activation of the GTPase Rac. Thus, these studies identify activation of Src and Rho as key mechanisms by which collagen I provokes capillary morphogenesis of microvascular endothelial cells, and they define marked differences between the functions of collagen I and laminin-1 in regulating endothelial cell morphogenesis.
AniViz: A Template-Based Animation Tool for Volume Visualization

Interactive visualization is the key to insightful exploration. Animation can effectively convey a complex process or structure. Deriving a sequence of desired keyframes is a painstaking process entailing much trial and error. To help alleviate this problem, we developed AniViz-a tool for making visualization animations of time-varying, multivariate volume data. AniViz is an animation tool following two principles. First, it's desirable to directly turn the results of data exploration and visualization into animation content. Second, users can create a complex animation sequence by combining several simple effects. Such effects, and operators to combine them, are fine-tuned via an intuitive user interface.
Using Relational Stories to Predict the Trajectory Toward Marital Dissolution: The Oral History Interview and Spousal Feelings of Flooding, Loneliness, and Depression

This study examines the ability of relational history narratives collected through the Oral History Interview (OHI) to predict the trajectory of feeling flooded by a spouse's negative emotions, loneliness, depressive symptoms, and marital satisfaction across a three-year period, as the trajectory patterns of these marital factors are associated with divorce. Participants scoring highest on marital bond (a score ascertained from marital storytelling behaviors and representing positive perceptions of one's spouse and relationship) reported the highest levels of satisfaction and lowest levels of loneliness, flooding, and depression over time. There were significant differences between men and women on flooding, but for each of the other outcome variables, the couples with the lowest marital bond scores exhibited different gender patterns than the couples with higher marital bond scores. The identification of these precursors to divorce suggests therapeutic applications for relational history narratives.
Structure and evolution of four POU domain genes expressed in mouse brain.

Abstract Four mouse POU domain genomic DNA clones--Brain-1, Brain-2, Brain-4, and Scip--and Brain-2 cDNA, which are expressed in adult brain, were cloned and the coding and noncoding regions of the genes were sequenced. The amino acid sequences of the four POU domains are highly conserved; sequences in other regions of the proteins also are conserved but to a lesser extent. The absence of introns from the coding regions of the four POU domain genes and the similarity of amino acid sequences of the corresponding proteins suggest that the coding region of the ancestral class III POU domain gene lacked introns and therefore may have originated by reverse transcription of a molecule of POU domain mRNA followed by insertion of the cDNA into germ cell genomic DNA. Additional duplications of the ancestral class III POU domain gene (or mRNA) would create the Brain-1, Brain-2, Brain-4, and Scip genes.
A comprehensive study on the inactivation of Escherichia coli under nonthermal technologies: High hydrostatic pressure, pulsed electric fields and ultrasound

The inactivation of Escherichia coli under selected treatments using high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), pulsed electric fields (PEF), and ultrasound (US) was studied in apple juice. HHP was carried out from 300 to 600 MPa (0.5–7 min, 21 °C), PEF was applied from 23.07 to 30.76 kV/cm (20–40 °C) using up to 21 pulses, and US was performed in continuous and pulsed mode at 120 μm and temperature from 50 to 60 °C (0–30 min). The best treatment was HHP that inactivated 7 log of bacterial cells in less than 1 min. US also showed positive results (>6 log reduction) after 5 min when temperature was kept at 60 °C regardless of the operation mode. Inactivation with PEF showed about 5 log reduction using the highest electric field strength. The color of the juice showed some changes after processing; the L* value parameter was significantly different (p < 0.05) in almost all the samples treated with the three technologies. Weibull and Fermi's equations were used to describe the inactivation curves from high hydrostatic pressure, pulsed electric fields and ultrasound, showing that first equation described better the PEF survivor's curve (R ≥ 0.9898) and the second one fitted better the HHP and US data (R ≥ 0.9969). Finally, electron microscopy was able to show the lethal damage on the cells after processing with nonthermal technologies. Using SEM injures in cell surface such as broken membranes, perforations, and cell debris were observed. Meanwhile, TEM depicted some internal damage in the cells, such as the lack and agglomeration of cytoplasm content and the change in cellular shape. Indeed these nonthermal technologies represent viable options for apple juice pasteurization achieving the 5-log reduction FDA-required standard for alternative pasteurization methods.
A Characterization of First-Order Phase Transitions for Superstable Interactions in Classical Statistical Mechanics

We give bounds on finite-volume expectations for a set of boundary conditions containing the support of any tempered Gibbs state and prove a theorem connecting the behavior of Gibbs states to the differentiability of the pressure for continuum statistical mechanical systems with long-range superstable potentials. Convergence of grand canonical Gibbs states is also studied.
Validation of a personality measure of managerial performance.

Recent interest in the characteristics of effective managers raises the notion that personality factors may be part of the effectiveness syndrome. Modern research in personality systematics makes it possible to refine and extend earlier analyses of this topic. A job analysis of three levels of management in a large trucking company identified the personality characteristics of good managers, as described by peers and subordinates. These managers and a large group of incumbents (n=372) completed the Hogan Personality Inventory (HPI). Managers were assigned scores reflecting their status in the organization; they also were rated by their supervisors. A subset of HPI components were significantly associated with the criteria, with correlations ranging from .22 to .66. These components were combined and used in five separate validity studies. The resulting measure was significantly associated with managerial performance in a variety of organizational settings. These results are consistent with the growing body of evidence suggesting that a coherent set of noncognitive characteristics promotes managerial performance across organizational types.
Effects Of Lateral Subtractive Inhibition Within The Context Of A Polar-Log Spatial Coordinate Mapping

A simulation implementing Lateral Subtractive Inhibition (LSI) in a 2D coordinate space was developed providing the means to determine the effects of varying fundamental parameters of the operation. The strength of inhibition between receptors (sensor elements) as a function of distance is variable (the weighting function), as is the absolute size of the neighborhood of receptor interaction. Several different methods of performing the LSI operation were looked at before finding a method that was realizable in a computer simulation. The problems of implementing LSI in software are described in some detail. Application of LSI to a polar-log mapped coordinate system is considered in more than one aspect. The operation can be applied before or after the mapping, with weights dependent on either linear or exponential distances between receptors. The differences between these methods are examined. A set of experiments was devised in order to determine the usefulness of LSI to extract edge and curvature information.
Funeral Directors and Bereaved Children: Beliefs and Experiences

As one component of an ongoing project to develop resources for bereaved children and families, funeral directors were surveyed about their experiences and practices with bereaved children. About one-third of respondents reported that they provided services specifically for bereaved children. Of these, some were proactive (reaching out to provide services) whereas others were reactive (responding only when information or services were requested). Many of the participant funeral directors found that families mediated children's involvement or experiences. Often, the parents were perceived as an impediment to optimal experiences for the child. Many funeral directors who did not provide services described being encumbered by a lack of resources, or they perceived that other individuals or organizations in the community were filling that need.
Effective absorption coefficients for radiant energy transport in nongrey, nonscattering gases

Integrated intensities for thermal radiation heat transfer in nongray nonscattering gas approximated, deriving effective absorption coefficient
Degradation of benz[a]anthracene by Mycobacterium vanbaalenii strain PYR-1.

Cultures of Mycobacterium vanbaalenii strain PYR-1 grown in mineral salts medium and nutrients in the presence of benz[a]anthracene metabolized 15% of the added benz[a]anthracene after 12 days of incubation. Neutral and acidic ethyl acetate extractable metabolites were isolated and characterized by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and uv–visible absorption, gas chromatography/mass (GC/MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral analysis. Trimethylsilylation of the metabolites␣followed by GC/MS analysis facilitated identification of metabolites. The characterization of metabolites indicated that M. vanbaalenii initiated attack of benz[a]anthracene at the C-1,2-, C-5,6-, C-7,12- and C-10,11-positions to form dihydroxylated and methoxylated intermediates. The major site of enzymatic attack was in the C-10, C-11 positions. Subsequent ortho- and meta-cleavage of each of the aromatic rings led to the accumulation of novel ring-fission metabolites in the medium. The major metabolites identified were 3-hydrobenzo[f]isobenzofuran-1-one (3.2%), 6-hydrofuran[3,4-g]chromene-2,8-dione (1.3%), benzo[g]chromene-2-one (1.7%), naphtho[2,1-g]chromen-10-one (48.1%), 10-hydroxy-11-methoxybenz[a]anthracene (9.3%), and 10,11-dimethoxybenz[a]anthracene (36.4%). Enzymatic attack at the C-7 and C-12 positions resulted in the formation of benz[a]anthracene-7,12-dione, 1-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)-2-naphthoic acid, and 1-benzoyl-2-naphthoic acid. A phenyl-naphthyl metabolite, 3-(2-carboxylphenyl)-2-naphthoic acid, was formed when M. vanbaalenii was incubated with benz[a]anthracene cis-5,6-dihydrodiol, indicating ortho-cleavage of 5,6-dihydroxybenz[a]anthracene. A minor amount of 5,6-dimethoxybenz[a]anthracene was also formed. The data extend and propose novel pathways for the bacterial metabolism of benz[a]anthracene.
Neural closure associative processor

Abstract A new bidirectional neural associative processor (AP) is described for rapidly searching a hierarchical database that is stored as an adjacency matrix. The processor can answer relatively complex queries formulated as combinations of set closures, unions, intersections, and complementations. A processor that performs general set operations results, as well as a system that can answer various knowledge base queries and guide a knowledge base search. We refer to this as a closure associative processor. It can also be called an adjacency matrix associative processor, a type lattice processor, a multiple inheritance network processor, or an implicit knowledge processor. The processor's relation to other neural associative processors is discussed. An optical implementation and several examples of answering queries are presented.
Evaluation of the role of multiple hydrogen bonding in offering stability to negative ion adducts in electrospray mass spectrometry.

An experimental approach, electrospray mass spectrometry (ES-MS), and a theoretical approach employing computer modeling, have been used to characterize the interaction between small inorganic anions and neutral analyte molecules that form anionic adduct species in negative mode ES mass spectrometry. Certain anionic adducts of small saccharides (e.g., α-D-glucose, sucrose) have shown exceptional stability in ES mass spectra even when internal energies are raised at high “cone” voltages. Computer modeling studies reveal that multiple hydrogen bonding strengthens the interaction between these neutral molecules and the attaching anion. The equilibrium structures and stabilization energies of these anionic adducts have been evaluated by semi-empirical, ab initio, and density functional theory (DFT) methods. Chloride anion is found to be capable of forming “bridging” hydrogen bonds between monosaccharide rings of polysaccharides resulting in the stabilization of chloride adducts, thus reducing the tendency for the glycosidic bond to decompose. Moreover, the tendency for various hydroxyl hydrogens on saccharide molecules to dissociate in the form of HA (A−, anion) during decomposition of anionic adducts, thereby forming [M − H]−, has also been evaluated by computer modeling.
Optofluidic microscope and its applications in biology

In this article, we will demonstrate a novel optical imaging device that can be directly integrated into a microfluidic network, and therefore enables on-chip imaging in a microfluidic system. This micro imaging device, termed optofluidic microscope (OFM) is potentially free of bulk optics and is based on a nanohole array defined in a nontransmissive metallic layer that is patterned onto the floor of the microfluidic channel. The operation of the optofluidic microscope will be explained in details and its performance is examined by using a popular animal model, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Images from a large population of nematode worms are efficiently acquired within a short time frame. The quality of the OFM images of C. elegans and the morphological characteristics revealed therein are evaluated. Two groups of early-stage C elegans larvae, wild-type and dpy-24 are successfully separated even though their morphological difference at the larval stage is subtle. The experimental results support our claim that the methodology described therein can be effectively used to develop a powerful tool for fulfilling high-resolution, high-throughput imaging task in microfluidics-based systems.
L'hydrométéorologie Opérationnelle à Electricité de France

Le savoir-faire de l'hydrometeorologie moderne, pour la regulation, la gestion, la securite de la ressource en eau, s'appuie essentiellement sur des reseaux de mesure de parametres de quantite et qualite de l'eau des rivieres et fleuves, fonctionnant en temps reel ou en temps differe. Apres traitement et validation de l'information ainsi acquise, les banques de donnees structurees constituent un capital indispensable a la realisation d'etudes hydrologiques (frequence d'apports saisonniers, annuels - courbes de debits classes...) et au calage de modeles de simulation pour optimiser des amenagements en projet ou en exploitation. De meme, les observations a pas de temps fin servent a construire et a ajuster, puis recaler en operationnel les modeles de prevision a court terme 1 a 48 heures, pour l'exploitation et la securite : de precipitation - debit de propagation d'amont en aval pour les crues lentes, en etroite interdependance avec les donnees interpretees d'observations et de previsions de la meteorologie dynamique. Avec les donnees hydroclimatologiques on elabore des previsions d'apports a long terme (un a plusieurs mois) des crues de fusion nivale en montagne, et egalement des courbes de tarissement de fleuves en etiage. Les banques de donnees sont egalement precieuses pour evaluer les probabilites des risques de precipitations intenses extreme, des risques de volume et debit de pointe de crues rares. Dans le domaine de la qualite de l'eau, EDF a acquis une expertise pour ameliorer la gestion et la protection de la vie piscicole et des milieux vegetaux aquatiques, et dispose de procedures sous assurance qualite pour realiser des operations de bathymetrie et de vidange de barrage. Enfin, la multiplication des usages de l'eau, parfois antagonistes, avec une prise en compte de la protection de l'environnement, a conduit a la reflexion et a l'elaboration d'outils de gestion quantitative economique de la ressource en eau, integrant progressivement la gestion qualitative.
Down's syndrome: paradox of a tumour repressor.

Having three copies of chromosome 21 reduces the incidence of solid tumours in people with Down's syndrome. Studies in mice provide clues to why, and highlight a complex gene–function relationship. Some epidemiological studies have suggested that individuals with Down's syndrome (who carry three copies of chromosome 21, known as trisomy 21) show a reduced incidence of solid tumours. Other studies failed to confirm this. Experiments in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down's syndrome, trisomic for about 100 genes, may have resolved these contradictory findings. They reveal that trisomy for a subset of mouse equivalents of chromosome 21 genes reduces the incidence of some intestinal tumours, yet the presence of one copy of the same genes increases the number of tumours. The dosage-dependent effect is attributed to the Ets2 transcription factor. So Ets2, known until now as an oncogene, is also a tumour repressor, and is a potential target for anticancer prophylaxis.
Dose-response relationship between aortic infusions of polymerized bovine hemoglobin and return of circulation in a canine model of ventricular fibrillation and advanced cardiac life support.

OBJECTIVES Return of spontaneous circulation after cardiac arrest may be a function of vital organ perfusion. Selective aortic perfusion and oxygenation with oxygenated ultrapurified polymerized bovine hemoglobin improves vital organ perfusion and is an effective adjunct in the treatment of cardiac arrest. This study determined the dose-response relationship between intra-aortic oxygenated ultrapurified polymerized bovine hemoglobin and return of spontaneous circulation. DESIGN Randomized, interventional study, using a clinically relevant model of ventricular fibrillation with a prolonged arrest time and cardiopulmonary resuscitation based on external chest compression and aortic occlusion with oxygenated ultrapurified polymerized bovine hemoglobin infusion. SETTING University, resuscitation research laboratory. SUBJECTS Fasted, mongrel dogs (> 20 kg). INTERVENTIONS After alpha-chloralose anesthesia, blood gases and vital signs were normalized. Electrocardiogram, aortic arch, and intraesophageal pressures were measured continuously. A descending aortic occlusion-infusion balloon catheter was placed through the femoral artery. Ventricular fibrillation was induced and basic life support was begun after 10 mins. Interanimal differences in basic life support were minimized by standardization of the esophageal pulse pressure and aortic blood gases. At 13 mins, the aortic occlusion balloon was inflated and a dose of 10, 20, or 30 mL/kg of ultrapurified polymerized bovine hemoglobin was infused at 300 mL/min. Defibrillation was attempted at the end of the infusion. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Only two of five animals given 10 mL/kg of ultrapurified polymerized bovine hemoglobin had return of spontaneous circulation, vs. four of five animals given 20 mL/kg, and all seven animals given 30 mL/kg. All resuscitated animals were alive at 1 hr after return of spontaneous circulation. CONCLUSIONS There is a dose-response relationship between the volume of oxygenated ultrapurified polymerized bovine hemoglobin administered by selective aortic perfusion and oxygenation and return of spontaneous circulation after prolonged cardiac arrest. This result supports the hypothesis that vital organ flow is causally related to improved outcome.
Linear sweep voltammetry of adsorbed neutral red

Abstract The strong adsorption of neutral red on mercury causes its linear sweep voltammetry to be adsorption controlled over a wide range of conditions. At pH 4.5 or below, the surface coverage of DH + increases monotonically from 1 monlayer in 3×10 −7 M solution to ca. 3 monolayers in 3×10 −4 M solution, and to a good approximation the monomeric, dimeric and tetrameric forms of the dye are adsorbed equally strongly. The morphology of the adsorption peak indicates that interactions between adsorbed molecules are substantial and that the nature of these interactions changes from moderately repulsive below pH 4 to strongly attractive above pH 6. Over this pH range the voltammograms of 2×10 −4 M dye narrow progressively and ultimately split into two extremely sharp peaks. The first of these corresponds to the single voltammetric peak observed for dilute dye solutions, wheres the second represents the reduction of an electrochemically distinguishable phase of adsorbed dye. Above pH 9 the isotherm for adsorption of D exhibits an abrupt increase when the bulk concentration exceeds the equilibrium solubility.
Remote sensing applications for precision agriculture: A learning community approach

Abstract Farmers throughout the world are constantly searching for ways to maximize their returns. Remote Sensing, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and Global Positioning Systems (GPS) may provide technologies needed for farmers to maximize the economic and environmental benefits of precision farming. However, most farmers do not have the skills to utilize these technologies effectively. Through a learning community approach led by the Upper Midwest Aerospace Consortium (UMAC), information was shared among scientists, agricultural producers, and data providers. Farmers and ranchers received value-added information derived from AVHRR, MODIS, ETM+, IKONOS, DigitInc's DALSA camera system and Positive Systems' ADAR 5500 digital aerial camera, over four growing seasons. Emphasis has been placed on reducing the time between data acquisition and delivery of value-added products to farmers, developing practical uses for the data and providing basic training so that the end users could understand how to interpret the information. Farmers and ranchers in rural areas were connected via wide-bandwidth satellite link to a central distribution center at the University of North Dakota. The farmers participated actively in evaluating the usefulness of inputs derived from remotely sensed data, sometimes even by conducting experiments on fertilizer and fungicide applications and assessing the economic benefits. Resulting applications included management zone delineation, verifying the effectiveness of variable-rate fertilizer applications, verifying the effectiveness of fungicide applications, quantifying the loss due to accidental spray drift damage, selecting acres within sugar beet fields under the Payment in Kind program, and monitoring physical damage due to insect, inundation, wind and hail. Several other in-field, early season management practices were also reviewed using high-resolution images.
Novel childhood ALL susceptibility locus BMI1-PIP4K2A is specifically associated with the hyperdiploid subtype

To the editor: A recent genome-wide association study of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) by Xu et al[1][1] has identified a novel susceptibility locus encompassing BMI1 - PIP4K2A at chr10p12.31-12.2, bringing the number of known ALL risk loci to 5 (including ARID5B , IKZF1 , CEBPE, and
The systemic immune state of super-shedder mice is characterized by a unique neutrophil-dependent blunting of TH1 responses.

Host-to-host transmission of a pathogen ensures its successful propagation and maintenance within a host population. A striking feature of disease transmission is the heterogeneity in host infectiousness. It has been proposed that within a host population, 20% of the infected hosts, termed super-shedders, are responsible for 80% of disease transmission. However, very little is known about the immune state of these super-shedders. In this study, we used the model organism Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, an important cause of disease in humans and animal hosts, to study the immune state of super-shedders. Compared to moderate shedders, super-shedder mice had an active inflammatory response in both the gastrointestinal tract and the spleen but a dampened TH1 response specific to the secondary lymphoid organs. Spleens from super-shedder mice had higher numbers of neutrophils, and a dampened T cell response, characterized by higher levels of regulatory T cells (Tregs), fewer T-bet+ (TH1) T cells as well as blunted cytokine responsiveness. Administration of the cytokine granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and subsequent neutrophilia was sufficient to induce the super-shedder immune phenotype in moderate-shedder mice. Similar to super-shedders, these G-CSF-treated moderate-shedders had a dampened TH1 response with fewer T-bet+ T cells and a loss of cytokine responsiveness. Additionally, G-CSF treatment inhibited IL-2-mediated TH1 expansion. Finally, depletion of neutrophils led to an increase in the number of T-bet+ TH1 cells and restored their ability to respond to IL-2. Taken together, we demonstrate a novel role for neutrophils in blunting IL-2-mediated proliferation of the TH1 immune response in the spleens of mice that are colonized by high levels of S. Typhimurium in the gastrointestinal tract.
Climatic control of the late Quaternary turbidite sedimentology of Lake Kivu, East Africa: Implications for deep mixing and geologic hazards

The Lake Kivu catchment in the East African Rift is subject to various geologic hazards, including frequent volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and potential limnic overturns and degassing events. Integration of high-resolution seismic reflection data, 14 C dated sediment cores, and lake-floor bathymetry reveals large axial and transverse turbidite systems in the eastern basin of the lake. The turbidites were sourced by hyperpycnal river flows during exceptional floods, and the temporal occurrence of the turbidites was climatically controlled. The turbidite record over the past ∼12 k.y. is correlated with the regional paleohydrologic records from tropical East Africa. Our study suggests that flood-introduced turbidites preserved in deep lakes are indicators of hydrological changes, and that extreme floods in Lake Kivu9s recent history may have triggered deep mixing events. This study also has implications for the current degassing efforts in Lake Kivu; potential geologic hazards may be triggered by extraordinary turbidity currents, and need to be considered in the design and deployment of gas extraction facilities.
EFFICIENCY AND SURVIVAL: THE IMPACT OF THE INTERNATIONAL COFFEE AGREEMENT'S DEMISE ON COSTA RICA'S COOPERATIVE COFFEE PROCESSING, 1988–2005

**: This paper uses a profit per member (or dividend) frontier model to analyze the impact of the 1989 demise of the International Coffee Agreement on a group of Costa Rican coffee processing cooperatives. Firm-level data on costs span the period from 1988/89 to 1992/93 and information on cooperative survival covers 1988/89 to 2004/05. The more efficient member-owned enterprises survived the crisis. An increasing cost of servicing the smallest farmers may constitute an incentive to restrict membership, however. Dividends fall as investor-owned firms compete to buy farmers' raw coffee. Still, member loyalty does enable cooperative processors to maintain scale economies and market share. Despite several bankruptcies, cooperative firms in Costa Rica processed 40 percent of the national crop in 2004/05, the same proportion as in 1988/89.
The biology of the black larval mutant of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta

Abstract A mutant of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, was found to form black melanized cuticle in the last larval instar. This black phenotype is due to a single sex-linked gene whose expression can be changed by one or more modifier genes. The expression of the mutant phenotype is prevented by juvenile hormone (JH) application at the time of head cap apolysis during the moulting cycle to the last larval instar. The bl mutant is equally as sensitive to JH at this time as is a neck-ligated wild type larva, ruling out an absence of hormone receptors or a difference in JH metabolism. The bl corpora allata were found to be less active at this time than were those of the wild type larva, suggesting that the defect resides in the control of the corpora allata. Since selection for complete expression of the bl phenotype is easy, this mutant provides the basis for an ultrasensitive JH bioassay to be described in a forthcoming paper.
Thermodynamics of sulfur chemisorption on metals: V. Alumina-supported iridium

Abstract The isosteric heats of adsorption of sulfur chemisorbed on indium (dispersed on alumina) have been evaluated from measurements of the equilibrium Ir(s) + H2S Ir[S(a)] + H2(g) over a temperature range from 450 to 900 K. With increasing surface coverage the enthalpy of formation of the adlayer declines from a value of Δ H∘ f = −219 to −149 kJ · mol −1 [ with 1 2 S 2 (g) as the reference state]. The heats of adsorption at low surface coverages of sulfur are correlated with the optical density of states at the Fermi energy for a number of metals studied.
Fifty Years of Study of S-P-A Systems: Past Limitations and a Future Direction

Abstract Prognostic Soil-Plant-Atmosphere (S-P-A) system models should be made as robust as possible; that is, parameters should be independent of variables and constant during applications with similar initial conditions (no calibration). However, avoiding calibration requires more cooperation among neighboring disciplines with a commensurate increase in time and effort for development. An example is provided to illustrate the unfortunate consequences of inadequate cooperation among disciplines. Perhaps institutional disciplinary structures are becoming too overbearing, so that scientists are constantly tempted to take shortcuts that make cooperation with colleagues in different disciplines more unlikely. If practitioner scientists would rekindle a close relationship with philosophers of science, who study the actual conduct of science, a more realistic perspective might evolve to reduce institutional structural impediments and connect scientists more closely to the larger community that needs and supports them. Certainly persistence would be required to begin and sustain such a process of change.
Deterring Cheating in Online Environments

Many Internet services depend on the integrity of their users, even when these users have strong incentives to behave dishonestly. Drawing on experiments in two different online contexts, this study measures the prevalence of cheating and evaluates two different methods for deterring it. Our first experiment investigates cheating behavior in a pair of online exams spanning 632 students in India. Our second experiment examines dishonest behavior on Mechanical Turk through an online task with 2,378 total participants. Using direct measurements that are not dependent on self-reports, we detect significant rates of cheating in both environments. We confirm that honor codes--despite frequent use in massive open online courses (MOOCs)--lead to only a small and insignificant reduction in online cheating behaviors. To overcome these challenges, we propose a new intervention: a stern warning that spells out the potential consequences of cheating. We show that the warning leads to a significant (about twofold) reduction in cheating, consistent across experiments. We also characterize the demographic correlates of cheating on Mechanical Turk. Our findings advance the understanding of cheating in online environments, and suggest that replacing traditional honor codes with warnings could be a simple and effective way to deter cheating in online courses and online labor marketplaces.
Preprocedural statin use is associated with a reduced hazard of postprocedural myonecrosis in patients undergoing rotational atherectomy--a propensity-adjusted analysis.

Incidence of myonecrosis in patients undergoing rotational atherectomy was evaluated by preprocedural statin use. The incidence of any myonecrosis (24.1% vs 52.3%, P P
Unified Model for Pulsars

Unified model for pulsars involving electron population inversion and laser type transition
Why Rome trembles: "E avanti a lui tremava tutta Roma!" (Tosca, Act II).

Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most common neurologic disorders—20 times more prevalent than PD; it affects up to 6% of the population and as many as 23% of elderly individuals.1 In spite of its frequent occurrence, the neuropathologic substrate of ET remains unknown. β-adrenergic blockers, primidone, gabapentin, and alprazolam have proven efficacy for the treatment of ET, although benefit varies greatly, and many patients remain functionally disabled in spite of optimal medical treatment.2 In 1987, using FDG PET, Hallett and Dubinsky reported relative hyper metabolism in the ipsilateral inferior olivary nucleus of six ET patients during tremor activation,3 and, in a 1993 study of eight ET patients at rest, they reported relative hyper metabolism in the medulla and thalamus, but not in cerebellar cortex.4 Subsequent [15O]water PET and fMRI studies of ET patients during involuntary tremor have consistently revealed bilateral activation of the cerebellum, …
Contrast-induced nephrotoxicity: the effects of vasodilator therapy.

The increasingly frequent use of contrast-enhanced imaging for diagnosis or intervention in patients with peripheral vascular disease has generated concern about the incidence and avoidance of contrast-induced nephrotoxicity (CIN). In this prospective study, we sought to identify those patients at greater risk of developing CIN and to evaluate the efficacy of vasodilator therapy with dopamine in limiting this complication. Baseline serum creatinine (Cr) concentrations were obtained on admission and daily for up to 72 hr after angiography in 222 patients undergoing 232 angiographic procedures. The preangiographic treatment was varied at 2-month intervals for 1 year. All patients received an intravenous infusion of 5% dextrose and 0.45% normal saline at a rate of 75 to 125 ml/hr. During the first interval patients received 12.5 g of 25% mannitol immediately prior to their contrast load, in addition to intravenous fluids. During the next 2-month period the patients were given renal dose dopamine intravenously (3 micrograms/kg/min) commencing the evening before angiography and continued to the next morning. During the latter half of the study the treatment regimens were modified so that the use of mannitol was restricted to patients with diabetes mellitus and dopamine to patients with serum creatinine concentrations of > or = 2 mg/dl. Postangiographic elevation in Cr occurred in 2, 10.4, and 62% of studies in patients with baseline creatinine levels of or = 2.0 mg/dl, respectively. None of the patients receiving dopamine experienced an elevation in creatinine. There was no statistical correlation between age, diabetes, or medication with calcium channel blockers and CIN.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Structure and properties of magmatic liquids: from haplobasalt to haploandesite

As a step toward structural characterization of magmatic liquids and to correlate their structure with melt properties, in-situ, high-temperature structural data have been obtained along the joins Na2Si3O7- Na2(NaAl)3O7,and Na2Si4O9-Na2(NaAl)4O9. A total of 211 data points containing anionic speciation information have been determined and combined with published structure data from other alkali aluminosilicate melt systems. Numerical description of the relationship between abundance of structural units, XQi, temperature, and bulk composition was derived by stepwise regression of expressions such as: XQi = a + b · (NBO/T) + c · T + d/T + e · [Al/(Al + Si)] + f · [Al/(Al + Si)]2. The equilibrium constants, K, for the two relevant anionic equilibria, 2Q3⇔ Q2+Q4 (1), and 2Q2⇔ Q1+Q3 (2), were determined at temperatures above the glass transition. The enthalpy of reaction for the anionic equilibria was extracted from the linear relationships, ln K = a + b/T. The enthalpy values for reaction (1) are in the range −30–70 kJ/mol and are systematic functions of Al/(Al+Si) and ionization potential of the metal cation. The enthalpy is not sensitive to bulk melt polymerization. The configurational heat capacity of individual anionic species were derived by combining structure data for metal oxide silicate melts with published thermodynamic data. The configurational entropy and heat capacity of other aluminosilicate melts were then estimated from those data combined with the data on abundance of structural units. The topological and mixing contributions to those parameters were also evaluated. The topological contribution to both heat capacity and entropy represents more than 90% of the total value.