cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generation and detection of Z-DNA.

Publisher Summary Z-DNA is the only known helical conformation of DNA that is left-handed. The Z-DNA helix is longer and thinner than B-DNA, and the bases lie relatively farther from the helix axis, creating a single deep, narrow groove. This chapter discusses the techniques available for inducing the formation of Z-DNA and detecting it. The left-handed helical sense means that any torsional stress directed opposite the right-handed helical sense of B-DNA will tend to favor the formation of Z-DNA. The syn-anti alternation dictates that alternating purine–pyrimidine sequences most easily form Z-DNA because pyrimidines favor the anti orientation, whereas purines can accommodate either the syn or the anti conformation. Because of the displacement of the bases from the helix axis, Z-DNA can be stabilized by adding bulky groups at sites that are sterically hindered in B-DNA but become more accessible in the Z conformation. Similarly, certain chemicals that react at those accessible sites can be used to recognize Z-DNA. The overall conformational differences between B-DNA and Z-DNA permit the two structures to be distinguished by many nucleases and DNA-binding proteins, which generally recognize right-handed DNA, and by antibodies specifically directed against Z-DNA.
The In Vitro Metabolism of Testosterone by Human Skin1

Recent reports from this laboratory have indicated the participation of many human tissues in the in vitrometabolism of testosterone (1, 2, 3, 4). The amount of testosterone metabolism calculated on a cellular basis by means of desoxy-pentose nucleic acid (DNA) determination is exceptionally high for breast cancer and human skin tissues, as is shown in Figure 1. This report deals with the preliminary findings of a more detailed study of testosterone metabolism by human skin. The effects upon steroid metabolism following the quick freezing of biopsies were determined. Samples of skin from several different body areas were compared, particularly those areas which varied in type and in the concentration of dermal appendages. A comparison of metabolic rates of adjacent biopsies was made. A preliminary comparison of the rate of metabolism between normal and diseased skin was also attempted.
Environmental Archaeology: BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SEDIMENTOLOGY AND SOILS SCIENCE

To the field archaeologist the most obvious – and often the most abundant – constituent of a site is dirt … Dirt, properly called soil or sediment, is the subject matter of sedimentology. SCHIFFER 1987: 200 Sediments are composed variously of particles of disaggregated rock, dust from whatever source, bits of dead animals and plants, and chemical precipitates. Their deposition on the surface of the Earth or the bottom of lakes and seas creates threedimensional sedimentary bodies (deposits) which are subsequently modified in characteristic ways by the five spheres of the climate system. In company with bedrock, sediments underlie the landforms on which life processes occur. For archaeologists, sediments are the enclosing medium and the environment for the physical and chemical remains that comprise archaeological sites. INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS In contrast to the readiness with which archaeologists borrow geomorphological techniques for identification and description of landforms, developments in petrographic techniques seem to be adopted slowly and reluctantly by them. Methods for the technical description and interpretation of sediments and soils, particularly, need further development and more intensive application in archaeology. As with fish that cannot be expected to be aware of water, archaeologists often take for granted the materials within which their sites occur, rather than seeing them as problems and interpretive opportunities. Skilled geoarchaeological work remains, regrettably, a specialist domain instead of being incorporated as a matter of course in all field work. Minerals are inorganic chemical compounds in crystalline form; rocks are composed primarily of minerals, sometimes accompanied by organic detritus and chemical precipitates. Mineral matter of the regolith recirculates through cycles of exposure, erosion, deposition, and burial at the surface of the Earth.
Computer modeling results on ALL-SI cascade solar cells

The properties of a cascade solar cell made entirely of silicon are investigated numerically with the goal of developing an optimal silicon solar cell grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. The cascade cell is modeled as two standard back-surface field cells with abrupt junctions connected by a tunnel junction. A cascade cell would have approximately twice the open-circuit voltage of a single cell. If the minority carriers generated in the front cell can be reflected before reaching the tunnel junction, then the cascade cell will show an increase in efficiency over a single cell by a percentage point.
Abstract 170: Aspirin Reduces Mortality Caused by Intracranial Aneurysm Rupture in mPGES-1 Deficient Mice

Inflammation plays an important role in formation and rupture of intracranial aneurysms. Prostaglandin (PG) E2, a by-product of microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase (mPGES)-1, is associated with inflammation and cerebrovascular dysfunction. We hypothesized that mPGES-1 deficiency protects against rupture of intracranial aneurysms. Intracranial aneurysms were induced in mPGES-1 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice with DOCA-salt hypertension and an intracranial injection of elastase. Systolic blood pressure and water intake (1% saline) was similar in WT and mPGES-1 KO mice. All WT mice survived 3 weeks after surgery and did not develop signs of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The majority of WT mice [73% (8/11)] developed aneurysmal dilatations in the cerebral arteries without evidence of SAH. In contrast, half of mPGES-1 deficient mice died or showed signs of SAH during follow-up (P 0.05). Another group of mPGES-1 KO mice were treated with aspirin (6 mg/kg/d) or vehicle (water) by gavage since day 2 after surgery. Mortality caused by symptomatic aneurysm rupture was significantly reduced in aspirin (25% (3/12) vs vehicle (58% (7/12)) treated mPGES-1 KO mice (P<0.05). In conclusion, we found that genetic deficiency of mPGES-1 is associated with increased aneurysm rupture (p<0.01) and mortality (p<0.05) in a mouse model of intracranial aneurysms. Aspirin treatment significantly reduced mortality in mPGES-1 KO mice (P<0.05). Therefore, mPGES-1 and aspirin appear to play a protective role against rupture of intracranial aneurysms in mice.
Experiments in reflex control for industrial manipulators

Experiments in automatic collision avoidance for robots using acceleration-based reflex control are described. Acceleration-based reflex control responds to acceleration commands from higher levels, as opposed to prior reflex control approaches based on position commands from higher levels. Reflex control is exerted in configuration space and assumes either inherent dynamic decoupling of the robot links or feedback decoupling. Implementation of acceleration-based reflex control for 3-D collision avoidance using a General Electric GP132 robot is described. Collision avoidance with respect to stationary obstacles is guaranteed. In addition, performance measurements illustrate how the reflexes introduce no significant distortion to higher-level controllers when reflex action is not required. >
Reflections on the Distance Learning Controversy

Abstract: Recent enthusiasm for on-line distance learning among administrators in American colleges and universities has provoked a strong faculty reaction in favour of traditional classroom teaching. Overlooked in the controversy is the long history of experimentation with text-based computer-mediated communication. This article argues that that experience has lessons for us today which may help to resolve the controversy over distance learning. Resume: L'enthousiasme recent pour l'enseignement en ligne a distance parmi les administrateurs dans les colleges et universites americains a provoque une vive reaction de la part du corps professoral, qui prone l'enseignement en classe traditionnel. Dans cette controverse, on oublie la longue histoire d'experimentations avec la communication assistee par ordinateur et fondee sur les textes. Cet article soutient que cette histoire peut aujourd'hui nous apprendre des lecons qui pourraient aider a resoudre la controverse sur l'apprentissage a distance.
Adolescent motherhood: Comparison of outcome with older mothers

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there were differences in maternal role attainment behaviors for three age groups (15–19, 20–29, 30–42 years) of 294 first-time mothers over a 1-year period. Interviews and questionnaires were completed at early postpartum, 1, 4, 8, and 12 months. Findings are in agreement with more recent research that the health status of adolescent mothers and their infants does not differ greatly from that of older mothers during the first year of motherhood. The adolescent's infant's growth and development were not handicapped. There were no group differences in feelings of love for the infant. The adolescent mother consistently scored lower than older mothers on observed and self-rated maternal competency behaviors. The adolescent mother derived greater gratification in the mothering role than older mothers through 8 months; at 12 months, the 20–29-year-old mother scored higher in gratification. The help received from the adolescent's mother declined at 8 and 12 months suggesting an increased need for social support from other sources at this time.
C2 fragmentation energy of C60 revisited: theory disagrees with most experiments

Following our earlier work on the subject, we have carried out density functional theory (DFT) and second-order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) calculations of the dissociation energy of the reaction C60 yields C58 + C2 using polarized basis sets and geometries optimized with DFT methods. The present theoretical results support an electronic fragmentation energy D(sub e) around 10-11 eV in disagreement with most experimental results that place the dissociation energy D(sub o) (including zero point energy) around 7-8 eV. The plausible errors remaining in the theoretical calculations are unlikely to account for this big difference (2-4 eV).
Business Ethics Index: Latin America

For almost 10 years, the Business Ethics Index (BEI) has measured consumers’ perceptions of business ethical behavior in the USA and numerous other countries. This article expands the BEI to five Latin American countries (Brazil, Bolivia, Mexico, Argentina, and Colombia). The BEI of Argentina and Bolivia were similar in magnitude to the USA, whereas those for Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico were distinctly higher. The component sub-indices showed divergent patterns. The major ethical concerns for Brazil and Bolivia concerned service, whereas Mexico and Argentina complained about overpricing.
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS UPON THE GROWTH OF EXCISED ROOT TIPS.

Little work has been reported on the effect of different temperatures upon the growth of excised root tips in sterile nutrient solutions. White (6) working with root tips of wheat found the optimum temperature for their growth to be between 26? and 27? C. This investigation was undertaken to determine the effect of different temperatures upon the growth behavior of excised root tips of dent corn, cotton, sunflower, and Burpee's Extra Early pea.
The Lift/Cruise Fan Propulsion System for VTOL Applications

The high by-pass ratio tip-turbine driven lift and lift cruise fan offers the unique arrangement of a single type propulsion system fulfilling the many requirements for a VTOL application. This simple, compact, lightweight system offers high efficiency (low SFC) with the high static thrust at take-off required for VTOL and STOL operation. The lift cruise fan is a logical outgrowth of the tip-turbine lift fan technology backed by over 600 hr of testing since 1959. The significant test problem accomplishments for the cruise fan are presented as well as a representative VTOL transport-type application.Copyright © 1964 by ASME
Multiple Pulmonary Resections in the Treatment of Osteogenic Sarcoma

Abstract More than 80% of patients with osteogenic sarcoma develop pulmonary metastases within two years and, if untreated, die from their disease within a few months. With surgical resection of pulmonary metastases, solitary or multiple, nearly half the patients we treated were alive and free of disease two years after resection. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy have been of limited value in treating metastatic osteogenic sarcoma. Early detection of pulmonary metastases by roentgenographic follow-up examination at frequent intervals and surgical excision of all metastases, by repeated thoracotomies if necessary, appear to be the treatment of choice.
E-Field, H-Field, and Combined Field Solution for Arbitrarily Shaped Three-Dimensional Dielectric Bodies

ABSTRACT In this work, we present three sets of formulations viz. the electric field integral equation (EFIE) formulation, the magnetic field integral equation (MFIE) formulation, and the combined field integral equation (CFIE) formulation for analyzing the three dimensional homogeneous dielectric bodies Illuminated by an Incident plane wave. In the process of solving these equations, the dielectric object Is approximated by planar triangular patches. On the surface of each triangle, two orthogonal vector functions are defined to approximate the equivalent electric and magnetic currents. These two vector functions serve as basis functions In the solution of the integral equations using the method of moments. The solution procedure thus obtained Is simple, efficient and yields good results. Sample numerical results such as Induced equivalent electric and magnetic currents and far scattered fields are presented for the case of a dielectric sphere and cylinder using all three formulations. The results are co...
Modeling metal cation-phosphate interactions in nucleic acids: activated dissociation of Mg+, Al+, Cu+, and Zn+ complexes of triethyl phosphate.

Threshold collision-induced dissociation techniques are employed to determine the activation energies (AEs) and bond dissociation energies (BDEs) of metal cation-triethyl phosphate complexes, M+(TEP), where M+ = Mg+, Al+, Cu+, and Zn+. Activated dissociation resulting in loss of ethene, C2H4, corresponds to the primary and lowest energy pathway for all four systems examined. Sequential loss of additional C2H4 molecules and loss of the intact TEP ligand is also observed at elevated energies. Theoretical calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory are used to determine the structures, vibrational frequencies, and rotational constants of neutral TEP and the M+(TEP) complexes, transition states, intermediates, and products of the activated dissociation of these complexes. Theoretical AEs and BDEs are determined from single point energy calculations at the B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,2p) level using the B3LYP/6-31G* optimized geometries. The agreement between the calculated and measured AEs for elimination of C2H4 i...
A greedy tree growing algorithm for the design of variable rate vector quantizers (image compression)

A technique for directly designing a variable-rate tree-structured vector quantizer by growing the tree one node at a time rather than one layer at time is presented. The technique is a natural extension of a tree growing method for decision trees. When the tree is pruned with a generalized algorithm for optimally pruning trees, improvement is measured in the signal-to-noise ratio at high rates over pruning a fixed-rate tree-structured vector quantizer of the same initial rate. The growing algorithm can be interpreted as a constrained inverse of the pruning algorithm. >
H3K4me3 Breadth Is Linked to Cell Identity and Transcriptional Consistency

Trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4me3) is a chromatin modification known to mark the transcription start sites of active genes. Here, we show that H3K4me3 domains that spread more broadly over genes in a given cell type preferentially mark genes that are essential for the identity and function of that cell type. Using the broadest H3K4me3 domains as a discovery tool in neural progenitor cells, we identify novel regulators of these cells. Machine learning models reveal that the broadest H3K4me3 domains represent a distinct entity, characterized by increased marks of elongation. The broadest H3K4me3 domains also have more paused polymerase at their promoters, suggesting a unique transcriptional output. Indeed, genes marked by the broadest H3K4me3 domains exhibit enhanced transcriptional consistency rather than increased transcriptional levels, and perturbation of H3K4me3 breadth leads to changes in transcriptional consistency. Thus, H3K4me3 breadth contains information that could ensure transcriptional precision at key cell identity/function genes.
Special Sensor Ultraviolet Limb Imager: an ionospheric and neutral density profiler for the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program satellites

The Naval Research Laboratory is developing a series of far- and extreme-ultraviolet spectrographs (800 to 1700 A) to measure altitude profiles of the ionospheric and thermospheric airglow from the U.S. Air Force Defense Meteorological Satellite Program's Block 5D3 satellites. These spectrographs, which comprise the Special Sensor Ultraviolet Limb Imager (SSULI), use a near-Wadsworth optical configuration with a mechanical grid collimator, concave grating, and linear array detector. To image the limb, SSULI employs a rotating planar SiC mirror that sweeps the field of view perpendicular to the limb of the Earth. In the primary operating mode, the mirror sweeps the instrument field of view through 17 deg to view tangent heights from about 50 to 750 km. The SSULI detectors use microchannel plate intensification and wedge-and-strip decoding anodes to resolve 256 pixels in wavelength dispersion. The detector is windowless and uses an o-ring sealed door to protect the Csl photocathode from exposure prior to insertion in orbit. The altitude distributions of the airglow measured by the SSULI sensors will be used to infer the altitude distributions of electrons and neutral species. At night, electron densities will be determined by measurement of ion recombination nightglow. Daytime electron densities will be obtained from measurements of multiple resonant scattering of O+ 834-A radiation produced primarily by photoionization excitation of atomic oxygen. Dayside neutral densities and temperatures will be inferred from the measurement of dayglow emissions from N2 and O produced by photoelectron impact excitation.
The Social Organization of Deviants

In this paper, we present a framework for understanding the social organization of deviants—the patterns of relationships between deviant actors. Deviants organize in forms of varying sophistication. Beginning with the least sophisticated form, we discuss loners, colleagues, peers, mobs and formal organizations. A comparative analysis of these five forms suggests that organizational sophistication has several consequences for deviants and social control agents: it affects the complexity of deviant operations, the types of socialization and services provided to deviants, the members' involvement in deviance, and the security of the members' deviant operations. Some implications for the study of social organization are then considered.
Collaborative behavioral management: integration and intensification of parole and outpatient addiction treatment services in the Step’n Out study

Integration of community parole and addiction treatment holds promise for optimizing the participation of drug-involved parolees in re-entry services, but intensification of services might yield greater rates of technical violations. Collaborative behavioral management (CBM) integrates the roles of parole officers and treatment counselors to provide role induction counseling, contract for pro-social behavior, and to deliver contingent reinforcement of behaviors consistent with contracted objectives. Attendance at both parole and addiction treatment are specifically reinforced. The Step’n Out study of the Criminal Justice–Drug Abuse Treatment Studies (CJ-DATS) randomly allocated 486 drug-involved parolees to either collaborative behavioral management or traditional parole with 3-month and 9-month follow-up. Bivariate and multivariate regression models found that, in the first 3 months, the CBM group had more parole sessions, face-to-face parole sessions, days on which parole and treatment occurred on the same day, treatment utilization and individual counseling, without an increase in parole violations. We conclude that CBM integrated parole and treatment as planned, and intensified parolees’ utilization of these services, without increasing violations.
Conversion rates in laparoscopic colorectal surgery: a predictive model with, 1253 patients

Background This study aimed all develop a mathematical model for predicting the conversion rate for patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery.
let your life speak: assessing the effectiveness of a program to explore meaning, purpose, and calling with college students

Typical career planning courses assist students with the self-assessment process, career exploration, and decision making. Although this assistance is helpful, college students are increasingly concerned with issues of meaning and calling (P. Braun, 2005). The authors describe and test the effectiveness of the Let Your Life Speak course, a program to help students articulate their framework of life meaning and increase their sense of vocational calling. Results indicate an increase in sense of vocational calling, greater confidence in ability to achieve goals, and a deepened framework of life meaning. Moreover, 96% reported they would recommend the course to others.
Maternal serum α-fetoprotein screening of fetal trisomies

Abstract Thirty-two trisomy pregnancies were retrospectively studied in which the maternal serum level of α-fetoprotein was determined prior to amniocentesis. Median levels of α-fetoprotein in serum (0.83 multiples of the median) and in amniotic fluid (0.72 multiples of the median) were lowered, but this was statistically significant only in the case of amniotic fluid.
Abnormal brain morphology in patients with isolated cleft lip, cleft palate, or both: a preliminary analysis

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether adult men with cleft lip and palate (CLP) have aberrant cerebral morphology. Design: Brain morphology of 14 adult men with isolated CLP were analyzed and compared with 14 healthy controls matched for sex, age, and parental socioeconomic status. Setting: The research took place at a large, tertiary care hospital, with participation on an outpatient basis. Participants: The 14 males with CLP were recruited from a large cleft lip and palate registry, while their 14 matched controls were selected from a registry of healthy volunteers collected via the Mental Health Clinical Research Center. Results: The males with CLP have significantly smaller cerebellar size (p = .04), significantly larger frontal lobes (p = .02), and significantly smaller temporal and occipital lobes (p = .02; p = .009, respectively). No significant difference in gray/white matter ratios or laterality were found. Conclusions: Adult males with CLP have a significantly differ...
A Historical Perspective on the “Fish Tumors or Other Deformities” Beneficial Use Impairment at Great Lakes Areas of Concern

The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement defines Areas of Concern as geographic areas that fail to meet the general or specific objectives of the agreement where such failure has caused or is likely to cause impairment of beneficial use of the area's ability to support aquatic life. One of the beneficial use impairments, fish tumors or other deformities, is defined by the International Joint Commission to occur when the incidence rate of fish tumors and other deformities exceeds rates at unimpacted or control sites, or when survey data confirm the presence of neoplastic or preneoplastic liver tumors in bullhead or suckers. Brown bullhead, a benthic species with a limited home range, have frequently been used as indicator species in U.S. Areas of Concern. While there is strong field evidence for an association between PAH exposure and hepatic neoplasia in brown bullhead, laboratory investigations would strengthen the association. There is less evidence linking specific classes of chemicals in the environment to orocutaneous neoplasia in brown bullhead. Studies on orocutaneous neoplasia of brown bullhead should focus on assessing the presence or absence of viruses and on epidermal exposure to specific chemicals and chemical mixtures. Lastly, the effects of covariates such as length, age, and gender on the prevalence of liver and skin neoplasms should be investigated. This paper reviews the state of science on the fish tumors or other deformities beneficial use impairment. Subsequent papers address specific issues related to this impairment and provide recommendations for standardized criteria.
Synthesis of multivalent tuberculosis and Leishmania-associated capping carbohydrates reveals structure-dependent responses allowing immune evasion.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania are intracellular pathogens that can survive in macrophages—the very white blood cells of the immune system responsibl...
Subjective scoring of divergent thinking: Examining the reliability of unusual uses, instances, and consequences tasks.

The present research examined the reliability of three types of divergent thinking tasks (unusual uses, instances, consequences/implications) and two types of subjective scoring (an average across all responses vs. the responses people chose as their top-two responses) within a latent variable framework, using the maximal-reliability H statistic. Overall, the unusual uses tasks performed the best for both scoring types, the instances tasks had less reliable scores, and the consequences tasks had poor reliability and convergence problems. The discussion considers implications for test users, differences between average scoring and top-two scoring, and the problem of whether divergent thinking tasks are interchangeable.
The earth system modeling framework: interoperability infrastructure for high performance weather and climate models

Weather forecasting and climate modeling are grand challenge problems because of the complexity and diversity of the processes that must be simulated. The Earth system modeling community is driven to finer resolution grids and faster execution times by the need to provide accurate weather and seasonal forecasts, long term climate projections, and information about societal impacts such as droughts and floods. The models used in these simulations are generally written by teams of specialists, with each team focusing on a specific physical domain, such as the atmosphere, ocean, or sea ice. These specialized components are connected where their surfaces meet to form composite models that are largely self-consistent and allow for important cross-domain feedbacks. Since the components are often developed independently, there is a need for standard component interfaces and "coupling" software that transforms and transfers data so that outputs match expected inputs in the composite modeling system. The Earth System Modeling Framework (ESMF) project began in 2002 as a multi-agency effort to define a standard component interface and architecture, and to pool resources to develop shareable utilities for common functions such as grid remapping, time management and I/O. The ESMF development team was charged with making the infrastructure sufficiently general to accommodate many different numerical approaches and legacy modeling systems, as well as making it reliable, portable, well-documented, accurate, and high performance. To satisfy this charge, the development team needed to develop innovative numerical and computational methods, a formal and rigorous approach to interoperability, and distributed development and testing processes that promote software quality.ESMF has evolved to become the leading U.S. framework in the climate and weather communities, with users including the Navy, NASA, the National Weather Service, and community models supported by the National Science Foundation. In this talk, we will present ESMF's evolution, approach, and future plans.
OBSERVATIONS ON NORMAL SYNOVIAL FLUID OF CATTLE : I. THE CELLULAR CONSTITUENTS AND NITROGEN CONTENT.

1. The astragalotibial (hock) joints of normal young beef cattle contain large and uniform quantities of synovial fluid which is easily accessible for study. 2. Nucleated cells found in such synovial fluid are similar in numbers and types to those described previously in normal rabbits' synovia. 3. The fact that 90 to 95 per cent of all nucleated cells present are actively phagocytic implies that the function of these cells is the removal of the products of wear and tear from the articular cartilages and synovial membranes. 4. Red blood corpuscles seem to be present in numbers directly proportional to the trauma to which the synovial membrane is subjected. 5. The astragalotibial joints of young beef cattle contain from 3 to 5 times more fluid than do the corresponding joints of stable cattle. More debris and unidentified solid material is found in the latter group of animals. 6. The total nitrogen content of this synovial fluid was found to be 169 mg. per 100 cc. The approximate total protein content was calculated to be 680 mg. or 0.68 per cent per 100 cc. 7. No correlation between the total protein level and the total cell counts of isolated specimens of synovial fluid is possible from these data. 8. Further studies of synovial fluid and of its chemical similarity to blood serum of the same animals are in progress. 9. Articular cartilage defects occurring in the articular cartilages of the carpometacarpal joints are described. (A more detailed study of these articular cartilage lesions, the age at which they appear, possible causative factors, etc., is now being made.)
Introduction to electron crystallography.

This introduction describes the contributions to this topical issue, and in some cases gives observations on the importance and implications of these articles. Subsequently, there is a discussion of the phase problem and its solution using the unitary equation. This equation, which is true for all known scattering processes, provides a firm theoretical basis for the direct methods of phasing. Microsc. Res. Tech. 46:69–74, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Teaching kids to cope: a preventive mental health nursing strategy for adolescents.

TOPIC. The theoretical base, implementation, and effectiveness of Teaching Kids to Cope (TKCO). PURPOSE. To inforin clinicians about the benefits nnd uses of TKCO, a 10-week psychoeducational group interziention designed to enhance the coping repertoire of adolescents. SOURCE. Authors' clinical experience. CONCLUSIONS. Follozuing the TKCO intervention, students demonstrated less depressive symptomatology and improved coping behaviors. Further research is needed to test the intervention on a larger group and to determine its effectiveness.
On the Incoherencies in Web Browser Access Control Policies

Web browsers' access control policies have evolved piecemeal in an ad-hoc fashion with the introduction of new browser features. This has resulted in numerous incoherencies. In this paper, we analyze three major access control flaws in today's browsers: (1) principal labeling is different for different resources, raising problems when resources interplay, (2) runtime changes to principal identities are handled inconsistently, and (3)browsers mismanage resources belonging to the user principal. We show that such mishandling of principals leads to many access control incoherencies, presenting hurdles for web developers to construct secure web applications. A unique contribution of this paper is to identify the compatibility cost of removing these unsafe browser features. To do this, we have built WebAnalyzer, a crawler-based framework for measuring real-world usage of browser features, and used it to study the top 100,000 popular web sites ranked by Alexa. Our methodology and results serve as a guideline for browser designers to balance security and backward compatibility.
Review of optical glasses: current applications and future needs

High-precision optical systems demanded by much of today's advanced technology requires a renewed interest in optical glasses. Improvements in the manufacturing process of established optical glass, and the development of new specialty glasses (e.g., low index, high index, UV, or IR glasses) makes glass a viable option for many applications that heretofore required the use of other less desirable materials, such as hygroscopic crystals, or materials with a high thermal coefficient of refractive index. A review of current applications for optical glass and a look at future needs are discussed.
Enthalpic relaxation of convective desiccated trehalose-water glasses

Abstract Minimizing molecular mobility for desiccation preservation of biologics close to ambient temperature using trehalose glasses require quantitative characterization of their enthalpic relaxation at various end water contents. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to characterize three different water contents: 0%, 1.5% and 10% over a wide range of aging temperatures. Results showed the characteristic time ( τ ) varies both with the water content and the aging temperature. τ increased with lowered aging temperature but showed a non-monotonous relationship as a function of water content. Fragility of trehalose glasses was analyzed using thermophysical parameters obtained from relaxation studies. The study showed trehalose to be a fragile glass former at all water contents, with 0% water samples showing a relatively stronger glass. A compromise between molecular mobility and glass fragility led to an optimal water content close to 1.5% and an aging temperature close to room temperature. This would ensure a τ value of 9000 h, which corresponds to a storage period of a year.
Effects of Adding Fat and Lasalocid to Diets of Dairy Cows

Abstract Holsteins (n = 12) and Jerseys (n = 12) averaging 90 d postpartum were fed 70 d in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of breeds and diets containing 3.0 or 6.8% ether extract with or without 36.7 mg/kg lasalocid in the diet DM. For many variables, the breeds responded differently. Holsteins usually performed better on high fat diets without lasalocid and Jerseys responded better to lasalocid. Influence of increased dietary fat generally was small except when fat acted synergistically with lasalocid. Dry matter intake was depressed substantially only when lasalocid was added to the higher fat diet. This detrimental effect precipitated a reduction in milk production. Dietary lasalocid reduced 4% FCM yield, milk fat percent, and milk fat yield without any lasalocid × fat interactions on these variables; however these reductions were much larger with Holsteins than Jerseys. Feeding lasalocid decreased ruminal acetate and increased ruminal propionate, but the changes were smaller with Jerseys. Higher fat diets increased serum cholesterol, but increases were less with Jerseys than with Holsteins. After 56 d of feeding, increased dietary fat and lasalocid had little influence on digestibility of feed nutrients. Adaptation to lasalocid feeding appeared to be gradual and prolonged, extending beyond 35 d. Results suggest no economically important beneficial synergistic effects from feeding added fat plus lasalocid to lactating dairy cows.
Grosseteste and the Theory of Papal Sovereignty

‘Because of the obedience by which I am bound to the Apostolic See…filially and obediently, I do not obey, I oppose, I rebel.’ The more we learn of Robert Grosseteste's achievements as theologian and scientist the less likely does it seem that he will be remembered in the future—as he used to be in the past—principally for this letter of defiance concerning papal provisions in the diocese of Lincoln. Yet the letter itself remains something of an enigma in spite of all the attention it has received from a long line of scholars. It may seem an unprofitable task to go gleaning in a field where workers like Maitland and Sir Maurice Powicke have helped with the harvest, but we would suggest that Grosseteste's direct refusal to obey an unambiguous papal command has never been adequately analysed from one obvious point of view—as an extreme instance of a classical problem of political theory, the right to resist an unjust command of a divinely ordained power.
OpenII: an open source information integration toolkit

OpenII (openintegration.org) is a collaborative effort to create a suite of open-source tools for information integration (II). The project is leveraging the latest developments in II research to create a platform on which integration tools can be built and further research conducted. In addition to a scalable, extensible platform, OpenII includes industrial-strength components developed by MITRE, Google, UC-Irvine, and UC-Berkeley that interoperate through a common repository in order to solve II problems. Components of the toolkit have been successfully applied to several large-scale US government II challenges.
Effects of hyperosmolarity on ligand processing and receptor recycling in the hepatic galactosyl receptor system.

Binding, endocytosis, and degradation of asialo-orosomucoid (ASOR) mediated by the galactosyl (Gal) receptor were examined in isolated rat hepatocytes in complete media supplemented with an osmolite. The specific binding of 125I-ASOR to cells at 4°C was unaffected by up to 0.4 M sucrose or NaCl. Unlike sucrose or NaCl, mannitol stimulated 125I-ASOR binding at low concentrations but inhibited binding at higher concentrations. Continuous internalization at 37°C, which requires receptor recycling, was completely blocked at 0.2 M sucrose or 0.15 M NaCl, corresponding in each case to a total osmolality of about 550 mmol/ kg. This effect was reversed and endocytic function was restored by washing the cells, indicating that cell viability was unaffected. The rate of degradation of internalized 125I-ASOR was also inhibited by increasing sucrose concentrations. This inhibition is due to a block in the delivery of ligand to lysosomes and not an effect on degradation per se. In the presence of 0.2 M sucrose, the rate and extent of endocytosis of surface-bound 125I-ASOR were, respectively, 33.0 ± 8.1% and 69.4 ± 10.5% (n = 8) of the control without sucrose. Under these conditions, the dissociation of internalized receptor-ASOR complexes was completely inhibited. When sucrose was added, the effect on the endocytosis of surface-bound 125I-ASOR was virtually immediate. Previous studies showed that about 40% of the surface-bound 125I-ASOR which is internalized can return to the cell surface still bound to receptor (Weigel and Oka: J Biol Chem 259:1150, 1984). If 0.2 M sucrose was added after endocytosis occurred, 125I-ASOR still returned to the cell surface, although the rate and extent of return were inhibited by more than 50%. Interestingly, hyperosmolarity is the only treatment we have found which can reversibly inhibit, although only partially, the endocytosis of surface-bound 125I-ASOR.
Simplified model for effect of Ge doping on silica fibre acoustic properties

A simplified model for the effect of Ge doping on the longitudinal acoustic modulus and acoustic damping coefficient of silica fibres is presented. The model provides the longitudinal acoustic velocity, Brillouin spectral width, and Brillouin gain coefficient as a function of the Ge concentration. The model only requires knowledge of high-level, easily-measurable physical properties of the bulk fictive materials. The model and experimental data were found to be in excellent agreement.
Genetic variation in brain-derived neurotrophic factor val66met allele is associated with altered serotonin-1A receptor binding in human brain

Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) regulates brain synaptic plasticity. BDNF affects serotonin signaling, increases serotonin levels in brain tissue and prevents degeneration of serotonin neurons. These effects have hardly been studied in human brain. We examined the relationship of the functional val66met polymorphism of the BDNF gene to serotonin 1A (5-HT(1A)) receptor binding in vivo. 50 healthy volunteers (HV) and 50 acutely depressed, unmedicated patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) underwent PET scanning with the 5-HT(1A) receptor ligand, [(11)C]WAY-100635 and a metabolite corrected arterial input function. A linear mixed effects model compared 5-HT(1A) receptor binding potential (BP(F), proportional to the number of available receptors) in 13 brain regions of interest between met allele carriers (met/met and val/met) and noncarriers (val/val) using sex and C-1019G genotype of the 5-HT(1A) receptor promoter functional polymorphism as covariates. There was an interaction between diagnosis and allele (F=4.23, df=1, 94, p=0.042), such that met allele carriers had 17.4% lower BP(F) than non-met carriers in the HV group (t=2.6, df=96, p=0.010), but not in the MDD group (t=-0.4, df=96, p=0.58). These data are consistent with a model where the met allele of the val66met polymorphism causes less proliferation of serotonin synapses, and consequently fewer 5-HT(1A) receptors. In MDD, however, the effect of the val66met polymorphism is not detectable, possibly due to a ceiling effect of over-expression of 5-HT(1A) receptors in mood disorders.
Bronchogenic carcinoma in patients under age 40

Eighty-nine patients aged 19 to 39 years were treated for bronchogenic carcinoma at Roswell Park Memorial Institute between 1973 and 1983. The male to female ratio was 1.6:1. The vast majority of patients were habitual cigarette smokers. Forty-four patients (49%) had adenocarcinoma or bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma. Twenty-seven (30%) had large cell undifferentiated carcinoma. Nine (10%) had small cell carcinoma and 6 (7%), squamous cell carcinoma. At the time of diagnosis, 2 patients (2%) had stage I disease, 3 (3%) had stage II disease, 30 (34%) had stage IIIA disease, 28 (32%) had stage IIIB disease, and 26 (29%) had stage IV disease. Only 3 patients survive. Median survival of all patients was 7.5 months. Median survival of patients whose tumor was surgically resected was 17.5 months. Advanced stage of disease at the time of diagnosis characterized this group of young patients with primary cancer of the lung. The brief duration of symptoms and the poor survival suggest this is a more aggressive tumor in younger patients than in older patients.
The computer-aided design optimization of integrated broadband amplifiers

A design automation program has been implemented to optimize the design of lowpass, broadband integrated amplifiers. Dc conditions, device geometry and all passive elements can be adjusted to provide optimum small-signal performance.
The dielectric properties of yttria-stabilized zirconia

Abstract The dielectric properties of yttria-stabilized cubic zirconia were measured over a wide range of frequency (100 to 1 × 10 10 Hz) and temperature (25 to 200°C). The dielectric constant and loss increased with temperature owing to the presence of mobile oxygen vacancies. At high frequencies, a decrease in the dielectric constant and a corresponding increase in the dielectric loss were observed. Comparisons were made with other materials that have point defects. The effects of different yttria additions on the microwave dielectric loss were also studied.
Effects of uremic toxins on transport and metabolism of different biopharmaceutics drug disposition classification system xenobiotics.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is recognized to cause pharmacokinetic changes in renally excreted drugs; however, pharmacokinetic changes are also reported for drugs that are nonrenally eliminated. Few studies have investigated how uremic toxins may affect drug transporters and metabolizing enzymes and how these may result in pharmacokinetic/metabolic changes in CKD. Here, we investigated the effects of uremic toxins and human uremic serum on the transport of the prototypical transporter substrate [3H]-estrone sulfate and three Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) drugs, propranolol, losartan, and eprosartan. We observed a significant decrease in [3H]-estrone sulfate, losartan, and eprosartan uptake with some uremic toxins in both transfected cells and rat hepatocytes. The uptake of losartan was decreased in rat and human hepatocytes (28% and 48%, respectively) in the presence of hemodialysis (HD) serum. Time-course studies of losartan showed a 27%, 65%, and 68% increase in area under the curve (AUC) in the presence of HD serum, rifampin, and sulfaphenazole, respectively. Intracellular losartan AUC decreased significantly in the treatment groups, and the metabolite AUC decreased by 41% and 26% in rifampin- and sulfaphenazole-treated group, respectively. The intracellular AUC of eprosartan increased 190% in the presence of HD serum. These studies indicate that the uremic toxins contained in HD serum play an important role in drug disposition through drug transporters, and that there would be differential effects depending on the BDDCS classification of the drug. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 100:3831–3842, 2011
Formation of ill-defined concepts as a function of category size and category exposure

Three experiments investigated the formation of ill-defined concepts using dot pattern stimuli. Previous research had varied category size (the number of different category exemplars presented during training) and found that subsequent transfer to new exemplars improved as a function of increasing category size. However, the category size effect could have been due partially to a bias to classify new stimuli into larger categories and/or to the amount of exposure to the category, a factor that was confounded with category size. Experiment 1 removed the source of potential response bias and still obtained a category size effect, although the latter variable remained confounded with category exposure. Experiments 2 and 3 varied category size and category exposure independently. Results suggested that category exposure may have contributed to findings that had previously been attributed to category size.
Attitudes about rehabilitating sex offenders: Demographic, victimization, and community-level influences

Abstract In this study, attention was given to how demographic, victimization, and community-level factors contribute to the belief that sex offenders can be rehabilitated. A survey was conducted with 746 residents of Norfolk and Virginia Beach, Virginia. A vast majority of the sample thought it was impossible to rehabilitate sex offenders, and a sizeable proportion of respondents indicated that they did not know whether sex offenders could be rehabilitated. Results showed that very few factors predicted attitudes about rehabilitating sex offenders. The implications call for expanded efforts to educate the public about sex offenders, as well as strategies for strengthening support for rehabilitation. In particular, it is argued that more attention should be given to identifying the punitive aspects of rehabilitation and increasing awareness about treatment strategies among policymakers. The authors also call for reconceptualizing rehabilitation so the concept is driven by practical matters rather than politics.