cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hereditary neuropathies in children: The contribution of the new genetics

Although the prevalence of the hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies in childhood is not clearly established and the age of presentation may overlap the arbitrary boundary between pediatric and adult neurology, the recent explosion of genetic information regarding these conditions has completely altered our understanding and classification of these diseases. The current status of our understanding of the molecular basis of the hereditary neuropathies which might present in childhood is reviewed. The impact of this information on our concepts of the mechanisms operative in the production of the clinical signs and symptoms in these diseases is discussed.
Signal-dependent translation of a regulatory protein, Bcl-3, in activated human platelets

Circulating human platelets lack nuclei, cannot synthesize mRNA, and are considered incapable of regulated protein synthesis. We found that thrombin-activated, but not resting, platelets synthesize Bcl-3, a member of the IκB-α family of regulatory proteins. The time- and concentration-dependent generation of Bcl-3 in platelets signaled by thrombin was blocked by translational inhibitors, by rapamycin, and by inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, indicating that it occurs via a specialized translational control pathway that involves phosphorylation of the inhibitory protein 4E-BP1. After its synthesis in activated platelets Bcl-3 binds to the SH3 domain of Fyn (p59fyn), a Src-related tyrosine kinase. This, along with its expression in anucleate cells, suggests that Bcl-3 has previously unrecognized functions aside from modulation of transcription. We also demonstrate that platelets synthesize and secrete numerous proteins besides Bcl-3 after they adhere to fibrinogen, which mediates adhesion and outside–in signaling of these cells by engagement of αIIb/β3 integrin. Taken together, these data demonstrate that regulated synthesis of proteins is a signal-dependent activation response of human platelets.
Using cognitive learning theory to design effective on-line statistics tutorials.

Careful attention to principles of learning can improve the design of Web-based lessons and tutorials. Tutorials from the Web Interface for Statistics Education (WISE; http://wise.cgu.edu) demonstrate how specific principles can be integrated into Web design to enhance learning in two areas. First, the impact of students’ poor self-regulation abilities on Web-based learning is considered. Second, evidence that specific types of visual presentations improve learning is discussed. Finally, the need for empirical evaluation is emphasized. Specific research and examples from the WISE project are used to illustrate each of these points.
Criteria for selective path promotion in electrochemical reaction sequences

An analysis of consecutive electrochemical reactions is presented with some emphasis on organic electrocatalytic sequences. The effect of potential and electrode kinetic parameters on reaction selectivity and on current and rate distribution is examined in two model electrochemical reactors with channel flow or with complete mixing. Results and some examples demonstrate that the electrolyte potential is the most significant parameter for selectivity control of complex series reactions in electrochemical processing or energy generation. Criteria developed for selectivity and current or rate variation provide the basis for the design of electrochemical reactors and for optimal operation considerations with multiple electrode reactions. Such criteria and analyses apply to a number of working electrode configurations operating with ionic as well as molecular reactants.
Preparation and characterization of novel ''polyMOB'' polyanionic solid electrolytes with weak coulomb traps

We describe the synthesis of new chain polymers that contain weakly basic anionic mono-oxalato orthoborate (MOB) moieties in a polyether backbone at controllable anionic separations. The conductivities of these lithium-conducting polymers are found to be high relative to those of most conventional dry salt-in-polymer electrolytes. An ambient conductivity of about 10 � 5 Sc m � 1 has been obtained for a solid polymer with 14 ethyleneoxy repeating units. The electrochemical window for these materials is in excess of 4.5 V. These inexpensive benign materials should be very suitable as electrolytes for rechargeable lithium batteries. D 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
EFFECT OF TWO SYNTHETIC ESTROGENS ON THE LEVEL OF SERUM PROTEIN-BOUND IODINE IN MEN AND WOMEN WITH ATHEROSCLEROTIC HEART DISEASE

Forty-three postmenopausal women with ischemic heart disease were treated with placebo or with 0.005–0.04 mg. of ethinyl estradiol daily for one to eleven months. Seventy-two men with ischemic heart disease were treated with placebo, or 0.01–0.50 mg. of ethinyl estradiol daily, or 10–80 mg. of Manvene daily for one to eleven months. The concentration of serum protein-bound iodine (PBI) was determined before and after initiation of treatment. The results were as follows: 1) The average increase in PBI concentration over the baseline level was 1.7 μg. per 100 ml. for women and 2.1 μg. per 100 ml. for men receiving ethinyl estradiol, and 2.0 μg. per 100 ml. for men receiving Manvene. 2) Ethinyl estradiol in dosages less than 0.005 mg. daily in women, or 0.02 mg. daily in men, was apparently no more effective than placebo in raising the PBI level. 3) Ethinyl estradiol in the dosages used was about 5 to 6 times more active in raising the PBI level in women than in men.
Reliability and Minimum Detectable Change of Temporal-Spatial, Kinematic, and Dynamic Stability Measures during Perturbed Gait.

Temporal-spatial, kinematic variability, and dynamic stability measures collected during perturbation-based assessment paradigms are often used to identify dysfunction associated with gait instability. However, it remains unclear which measures are most reliable for detecting and tracking responses to perturbations. This study systematically determined the between-session reliability and minimum detectable change values of temporal-spatial, kinematic variability, and dynamic stability measures during three types of perturbed gait. Twenty young healthy adults completed two identical testing sessions two weeks apart, comprised of an unperturbed and three perturbed (cognitive, physical, and visual) walking conditions in a virtual reality environment. Within each session, perturbation responses were compared to unperturbed walking using paired t-tests. Between-session reliability and minimum detectable change values were also calculated for each measure and condition. All temporal-spatial, kinematic variability and dynamic stability measures demonstrated fair to excellent between-session reliability. Minimal detectable change values, normalized to mean values ranged from 1–50%. Step width mean and variability measures demonstrated the greatest response to perturbations with excellent between-session reliability and low minimum detectable change values. Orbital stability measures demonstrated specificity to perturbation direction and sensitivity with excellent between-session reliability and low minimum detectable change values. We observed substantially greater between-session reliability and lower minimum detectable change values for local stability measures than previously described which may be the result of averaging across trials within a session and using velocity versus acceleration data for reconstruction of state spaces. Across all perturbation types, temporal-spatial, orbital and local measures were the most reliable measures with the lowest minimum detectable change values, supporting their use for tracking changes over multiple testing sessions. The between-session reliability and minimum detectable change values reported here provide an objective means for interpreting changes in temporal-spatial, kinematic variability, and dynamic stability measures during perturbed walking which may assist in identifying instability.
Site-Specific Retinoic Acid Production in the Brain of Adult Songbirds

differential display, we searched for molecular compobiosynthesis, and function of retinoids in adult neuronal nents involved in song system regulation. We identified tissues remain poorly established. Retinoic acid-synthea cDNA (zRalDH) that encodes a class 1 aldehyde de- sizing activity has been detected in crude homogenates hydrogenase. zRalDH was highly expressed in various of adult rabbit brain (Dev et al., 1993), though the ensong nuclei and synthesized retinoic acid efficiently. zymes involved and their selectivity and precise localizaBrain areas expressing zRalDH generated retinoic tion were not determined. Studies on the brain distribuacid. Within song nucleus HVC, only projection neu- tion of the retinoic acid binding proteins CRABP-I and rons not undergoing adult neurogenesis expressed CRABP-II (Bailey and Siu, 1988; Zetterstrom et al., 1994) zRalDH. Blocking zRalDH activity in the HVC of juve- and of retinoid receptors (Krezel et al., 1999; Zetterstrom niles interfered with normal song development. Our et al., 1999) in rodents provide further suggestive eviresults provide conclusive evidence for localized reti- dence for the presence of retinoic acid in the adult vertenoic acid synthesis in an adult vertebrate brain and brate brain. However, neither the synthesis and presindicate that the retinoic acid‐generating system plays ence of retinoic acid nor its role in a specific brain system or function has been demonstrated in adults. a significant role in the maturation of a learned be
Identification of Learning Disabled Adolescents: A Bayesian Approach

The identification of learning disabled adolescents for program placement is a major concern of school personnel. An array of problems are associated with the identification of learning disabled populations ranging from the use of the best differentiating characteristics to the types of measures used. The identification model discussed in this article attempts to address some of these problems. The Bayesian approach is an alternative to traditional methods that rely primarily on psychometric data or classroom/clinical observation for identification decisions.
Imaging of Neurologic Conditions During Pregnancy and the Perinatal Period

Throughout pregnancy and the puerperium, a variety of hormonal and physiologic changes occur that are associated with pregnancy-specific neurologic conditions, which may also influence known preexisting medical conditions or bring previously unknown neurologic conditions to clinical attention. This article reviews the imaging of a spectrum of neurologic conditions that may be encountered in the pregnant or puerperal patient, the key physiologic changes that are most germane to the imaging of neurologic conditions, and the important safety considerations that are made when choosing and performing a diagnostic imaging test for the pregnant and puerperal patient.
A review of non-linear terahertz spectroscopy with ultrashort tabletop-laser pulses

Over the past decade, breakthroughs in the generation and control of ultrafast high-field terahertz (THz) radiation have led to new spectroscopic methodologies for the study of light-matter interactions in the strong-field limit. In this review, we will outline recent experimental demonstrations of non-linear THz material responses in materials ranging from molecular gases, to liquids, to varieties of solids – including semiconductors, nanocarbon, and correlated electron materials. New insights into how strong THz fields interact with matter will be discussed in which a THz field can act as either a non-resonant electric field or a broad bandwidth pulse driving specific resonances within it. As an emerging field, non-linear THz spectroscopy shows promise for elucidating dynamic problems associated with next generation electronics and optoelectronics, as well as for demonstrating control over collective material degrees of freedom.
THE SEARCH FOR ORIGINS OF DNA REPLICATION

The past decade has witnessed an explosion of new information about the nature of DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. Much of this information has resulted from the advent of novel methods for identifying and characterizing origins of DNA replication in the genomes of viruses, plasmids, and cells. These methods can map with remarkable precision sites where replication begins. In addition, they provide assays for origin activity that can be used to identify the sequence of events leading to the formation and activation of prereplication complexes at specific sites in chromosomal DNA. I summarize briefly the current view of eukaryotic replication origins and the methods that have been used to identify and characterize them. Selected methods that show promise for future applications are then described in detail in subsequent articles.
Modeling and analyzing the effects of periodic inspection on the performance of safety-critical systems

This paper presents a method for incorporating into Markov models of safety-critical systems, periodic inspections and repairs which occur deterministically in time. Both perfect and imperfect inspections and repairs can be modeled. Based on this new modeling technique, closed-form solutions are derived for a variety of important performance indexes including MTTF, MTTF/sub D/, MTTF/sub S/, average availability, and average probability of failing dangerously. The solutions are applied to an example system to illustrate how the method can be used to study the effects on performance of: (a) choices of the time-length between periodic inspections and repairs, and (b) improvements in inspection and repair techniques.
Report on auroral research at the University of Alaska

As Miscellaneous Publication No. III of the University of Alaska, a report on the results of auroral measurements and observations at the University of Alaska during the years 1930–1934 is now in the hands of the publisher. This research, made possible through the generosity of the Rockefeller Foundation, has been partially covered in several articles published in the Journal of Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity (December, 1931; June, 1932; September, 1933; September, 1935) by the late Professor Veryl R. Fuller. The present report includes the material published in these papers and extends the calculations made from simultaneous parallactic photographs obtained by Professor Fuller and his collaborators through December, 1934, at which time the five-year program, for which the grant was made, was completed.
Growth and Evolution of Asteroids

Asteroids are what is left of the precursors to the terrestrial planets. They are stunning in their diversity, ranging from charcoal-black worlds the size of a hilltop, spinning like a carnival ride, to dog-bone-shaped metallic remnants of some cataclysmically disrupted planetary core, to worlds as stately as Ceres and Vesta (and fragments thereof), to garden-variety fractured and blocky nuggets that dominate near-Earth space. Asteroid belts are common around Sun-like stars. When properly seen as unaccreted residues, as scraps on the floor of the planetary bakery, the diversity of asteroids can be fully appreciated, for to paraphrase Tolstoy, accreted planets are all alike; every unaccreted planet is unaccreted in its own way.
Effects of Obesity on Airway Responsiveness

Although obesity is a risk factor for asthma, the mechanistic basis for this relationship is not established. In this chapter, we review data from human subjects and animal models examining how obesity impacts a characteristic feature of asthma airway hyperresponsiveness. We focus on two aspects of obesity that may affect airway responsiveness: the impact of obesity on the mechanical properties of the lungs and chest wall, and the low-grade systemic inflammation that results from interactions between adipocytes and leukocytes that are recruited to obese adipose tissue. We also discuss the possibility that diet may contribute to airway hyperresponsiveness, either through direct effects of dietary constituents or by altering the gut microbiome. Determining how obesity promotes asthma may uncover novel therapeutic strategies that are effective in the obese asthmatic.
The role of collaborative inquiry in transforming faculty perspectives on use of reflection in engineering education

During the 2014–2015 academic year, engineering faculty members and students at California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly) met monthly in a collaborative inquiry dialogue group to discuss the role of reflection in transforming engineering education. This project is part of the larger Consortium to Promote Reflection in Engineering Education (CPREE) headed by the University of Washington. In this paper we describe the activities of the Cal Poly group involved with CPREE and how these activities have transformed the thinking and actions of participants. Collaborative inquiry dialogue involves self-organizing individuals into a small group to address a compelling question through repeated cycles of experimentation and reflection on the results of that experimentation. In this context, the faculty members involved (including the authors of this paper) have been meeting to discuss how use of reflection in the classroom and/or in a collaborative inquiry dialogue amongst colleagues might lead to transformation in engineering education practice and outcomes. The dialogue group serves as a safe container that allows for the possibility of transformational insights by participants — insights that change their view of themselves, the world, and their relationship to it. Using a qualitative self-report methodology in the tradition of an action research paradigm, we (the authors) reflected on what we believed we had gained from the collaborative inquiry dialogues. Broadly we have noticed that participation in the collaborative inquiry dialogue has led us to reconsider what reflection is and what it could be, to develop a greater appreciation for the role of reflective practices in engineering education, and to better recognize when reflection is occurring (and when it might not be) such that reflective behaviors can be encouraged and practiced. We also began to challenge assumptions we had made about our teaching practices and have noted that the collaborative inquiry provides an environment in which development of new thinking is possible.
A case study: Power measurement and optimization of DDR3 DIMM in servers

Optimization of memory power is an important design objective in any computer device. However, servers are especially a challenge because the number of DRAMs are large and in aggregate can consume up to 40% of the overall system power. This paper presents power measurement experiments under a variety of server system conditions. Some techniques are proposed to optimize the overall power consumption. The experiments must be carefully planned with defined workloads and voltage regulators of sufficient resolution so that the measurements can be used for both analysis and prediction. The primary objective of this work is to accurately project the power demand from the hardware measurements to confirm that all system DRAM configurations stay within their power budget.
Antagonism of vasopressin V1 receptors in NTS attenuates baroreflex control of renal nerve activity

Previous work has shown that arginine vasopressin (AVP) present in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) contributes to the control of peripheral cardiovascular parameters such as arterial pressure, heart rate, and sympathetic activity. In this study, we attempted to elucidate the influence of AVP in the NTS on baroreflex control of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) in urethan-anesthetized rats. To test the baroreflex, the aortic depressor nerve (ADN) was stimulated over a range of frequencies (1-15 Hz) to produce frequency-response curves for MAP and RSNA. The vasopressin V1-receptor antagonist [d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)]AVP (aAVP) was microinjected bilaterally or unilaterally into the caudal NTS to eliminate the influence of endogenous AVP on decreases in MAP and RSNA elicited by ADN stimulation. Bilateral microinjection of 10 or 100 ng aAVP significantly attenuated the decreases in RSNA elicited by ADN stimulation. Decreases in MAP were only attenuated following bilateral microinjection of 100 ng aAVP. Unilateral microinjection of the same doses of aAVP did not influence baroreflex control of MAP or RSNA. These results indicate that endogenous AVP within the NTS contributes to cardiovascular regulation. They also suggest that AVP within the NTS may specifically influence baroreflex control of RSNA.
Effect of Partition of Photo-Initiator Components and Addition of Iodonium Salt on the Photopolymerization of Phase-Separated Dental Adhesive

The polymerization kinetics of physically separated hydrophobic- and hydrophilic-rich phases of a model dental adhesive have been investigated. The two phases were prepared from neat resin containing 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate (BisGMA) in the ratio of 45:55 (wt/wt). Neat resins containing various combinations of popular photo-initiating compounds, e.g., camphoquinone (CQ), ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate (EDMAB), 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) and diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate (DPIHP) were prepared. To obtain the two phases 33 wt% of deuterium oxide (D2O) was added to the neat resins. This amount of D2O exceeded the miscibility limit for the resins. The concentration of each component of the photo-initiating system in the two phases was quantified by HPLC. When combined with CQ, DMAEMA is less efficient as a co-initiator compared to EDMAB. The addition of DPIHP as the third component into either CQ/EDMAB or CQ/DMAEMA photo-initiating systems leads to comparable performance in both the hydrophobic- and hydrophilic-rich phases. The addition of the iodonium salt significantly improved the photopolymerization of the hydrophilic-rich phase; the hydrophilic-rich phase exhibited extremely poor polymerization when the iodonium salt was not included in the formulation. The partition concentration of EDMAB in the hydrophilic-rich phase was significantly lower than that of DMAEMA or DPIHP. This study indicates the need for a combination of hydrophobic/hydrophilic photosensitizer and addition of iodonium salt to improve polymerization within the hydrophilic-rich phase of the dental adhesive.
Philanthropy and Identity: Gender and Ethnicity in London

During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, English Jews not only organized extensive charitable networks, they participated actively in philosophical discussions about philanthropy. Analysis of their words and deeds reveals deep tensions in the relationship between middle-class and poor Eastern Euro? pean immigrant Jews as well as anxiety about the image ofthe Jewish community within the dominant Christian society. Using the lens of philanthropy, this paper examines those conflicts and asks how ethnics and religious minorities negotiate the tensions between ethnic solidarity and broader attachments to their country of birth or adoption. Anglo-Jewry combined traditional Jewish and late Victorian approaches to philanthropy. Jewish charity, or tzedakah in Hebrew, comes from the root for righteousness, and was a religious obligation. As historian Nancy Green notes, it is a "collective responsibility" and "a form of intracommunal solidarity."1 Ac? cording to Jewish tradition donors must act in a manner that prevents the needy from feeling shame; ideally both those giving and receiving remain anonymous, implying that philanthropy was unconditional. According to rabbinic tradition, human possessions are really God's and the poor make it possible for the rich to fulfill a legal obligation or mitzvah. It was customary for Jewish communities to form societies for visiting the sick, feeding the hungry, and burying the dead; they supported widows, orphans, and scholars, and provided loans to promote self-sufficiency.2 Victorians also emphasized self-help, but were concerned to separate deserving from undeserving. Many were highly sensitive about avoiding pauperization or dependency, and generally Victorian assistance came with expectations of morality, cleaniiness, decorum, and sobriety. Toward the end of the nineteenth century, Jewish philanthropic services in Britain grew in size and sophistication with the arrival of Eastern European immigrants. The host Jewish community numbered about 60,000 in 1880 and had an influential middle class that was highly acculturated.3 The community, first settled by Jews of Spanish descent, also included German Jews and Eastern Europeans who began arriving at mid-century.4 Typical of Jewish communities around the world, Britain offered comprehensive religious institutions and ex? tensive social services. A tradition of asylum, jobs, and a liberal atmosphere also attracted Jews to England.5 The arrival of poor, foreign-looking Jews, however, aroused conflict for native-born, middle-class Jews. Poor Jews had the option of drawing on various resources, but the estab? lished Jewish community created separate charitable networks for their poor co-religionists, many of which resembied typical Victorian charities. In part this
Developmental modeling effects on the quantitative and qualitative aspects of motor performance.

Abstract The purpose of the present experiment was to replicate and extend previous developmental modeling research by examining the qualitative as well as quantitative aspects of motor performance. Eighty females of two age groups (5–0 to 6–6 and 7–6 to 9–0 years) were randomly assigned to conditions within a 2 × 2 × 2 (Age x Model Type x Rehearsal) factorial design. Children received either verbal instructions only (no model) or a visual demonstration with experimenter-given verbal cues (verbal model) of a five-part dance skill sequence. Children were either prompted to verbally rehearse before skill execution or merely asked to reproduce the sequence without prompting. Both quantitative (order) and qualitative (form) performances were assessed. Results revealed a significant age main effect for both order and form performance, with older children performing better than younger children. A model type main effect was also found for both order and form performance. The verbal model condition produced bett...
Mechanochemical functionalization of disulfide linked hydrogels

Poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels with disulfide linkages are functionalized through applied force. Compression or tension induces bond rupture at the relatively weak disulfide linkages, which will subsequently react through Michael-type addition with an acceptor molecule within the gel. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by patterning cell adhesion proteins through compression of a lithographically structured stamp, where cells predominately adhere to the compressed regions.
Hot Electrons in Microscale Thin-Film Schottky Barriers for Enhancing Near-Infrared Detection

Metallic microstructures composed from Au thin films were designed and fabricated to enhance the near-infrared detection of photodetectors based on GaAs. The devices showed significant increase in the photocurrent and the spectral response due to the generation of hot electrons in the Au thin films and their injection into the semiconductor. Enhancement in the order of 120% was achieved in the photocurrent after applying an array of Au thin films with a thickness of 10 nm. Furthermore, a photocurrent-sweep using red laser showed an increase in the photocurrent of the device, as the laser was swept over the Au thin film. The effect of adding Ti adhesive layer on damping the photocurrent enhancement was further studied by varying the thickness of Ti between 0 and 4 nm.
Secure communication among robots and humans with a human voice

As firefighting situations are urgent, the demand of firefighting robots communicating with a human in a natural language is increasing as it is efficient in that there is no need an commander to get trained for operating a controller. However, when communicating with a human in a natural language, there is an issue regarding security; firefighting robots are supposed to operate according to commands by an authorized commander, it is difficult that firefighting robots verify authentication with a human voice. However, it is still important to keep the communication between a human (a commander, not an adversary) and a firefighting robot secure due to any potential situation of a person setting fire on purpose and wanting to hinder firefighting tasks. Thus, I am currently researching to realize a secure and accurate communication in a human language.
Teacher Immediacy in the Classroom

Teacher immediacy is among the most widely researched constructs in classroom communication research. Most studies have drawn on the work of Mehrabian to explain the construct, manifest behaviors, and how students might approach or avoid a teacher who utilizes or does not utilize immediacy behaviors in the classroom. Mehrabian indicated that the effects of immediacy on a receiver in an interaction might be best understood through a proximity metaphor. Immediacy behaviors can produce a sense of liking, which might lead the receiver to approach the speaker. Conversely, nonimmediate behaviors typically do not produce feelings of liking, which lead the receiver to avoid the speaker. For more than 30 years and in as many as 200 studies, scholars have explored the effects of teacher immediacy on a host of classroom variables. Considerable controversy exists pertaining to the theoretical underpinnings, measurement of, and findings related to teacher immediacy. Keywords: student learning; student motivation; teacher immediacy
Optimizing production of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a parasitoid of the citrus greening disease vector Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psylloidea)

Abstract Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) established and spread throughout Florida following first release in 1999 for control of the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama) (Hemiptera: Psylloidea). Nevertheless, persistence of the pest and continued losses from citrus greening disease have created the need for more effective biological control, including mass rearing and augmentative release of T. radiata . However, information is lacking on efficiency of current rearing methods including ways to increase the proportion of hosts parasitized as a function of host density. This “functional response” has been studied under lab conditions, but not yet related to mass rearing efficiency. Three release rates of D. citri per flush shoot, four host: T. radiata ratios and five photophases were evaluated. Results indicated that 20 psyllid adults per flush provided optimal host density without excessive stickiness from honeydew. Sixty T. radiata females per cage of approximately 4800 nymphs provided most economical use of wasps and hosts. Progeny sex ratio was not influenced by parental sex ratio. A photophase of 12 h maintained high fecundity. A type II functional response was observed with estimates of handling time and searching efficiency falling within previously estimated ranges. Modifications in rearing parameters suggested by this study improved parasitoid production three-fold compared to previous procedures.
ORE CONTROLS AT THE MAHD ADH DHAHAB GOLD MINE, KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA

Mahd adh Dhahab is the largest of numerous ancient gold mines scattered through the Precambrian Shield of Saudi Arabia and the only one with recent production. Free gold and silver, tellurides, pyrite, galena, sphalerite, and chalcopyrite are in, and associated with, quartz veins and quartz veinlet stockworks. Country rocks consist of a sequence of pyroclastic and transported pyroclastic rocks of the Halaban (Hulayfah) Group that are locally highly silicified and potassium feldspathized.
Sociological Dimensions of Uprootedness

The present era seems to be a transitional period in terms of cultural time orientation. The progressive and dynamic future, which has been so much and for so long the temporal horizon of our civilization of modernity, seems in the 1970s to have lost much of its glitter, glamour, and magnetic appeal as a source of new waves of great expectations. As it becomes emptied of meaning for contemporary society, the future recedes in existential significance for contemporaries, and the historical past is becoming salient in its place.
Esther in the Portuguese Nation

As the story of Esther is removed from Iberia, relocated, and retold within the Portuguese Community in the diaspora, Poema de la Reyna Ester (1627) by Joao Pinto Delgado betrays a longing for the homeland and an exploration of the trials encountered in the diaspora by Iberian Jewish conversos. In this chapter, I explore the creation of a national identity that existed beyond borders and geographical determinations and instead exists in the language and literature of a diasporic community. Delgado’s poem carefully upholds and celebrates Esther as a heroine and savior of the Jewish people.
Risk and security on the Mexico-to-US migrant journey: women’s testimonios of violence

In this article, I argue that immigrants’ meanings, perceptions, and feelings of risk and (in)security are relational, multi-scalar, and contextual to lived experiences before, during, and after th...
Degradation of Polymeric Material used for Osteosynthesis and Comparison of Fracture Toughness between Test and FEA

Biodegradable polymers such as PLA, PGA, PLGA etc., inside the human body often pose a tough challenge for the orthopedic doctors and material scientists. Unlike metallic or ceramic implants, where deterioration of the mechanical properties has never been an issue, biodegradable polymeric implants, used for Osteosynthesis, deteriorate while the fractured bone is subjected to kinesiological stress during healing process. To understand how biodegradable materials lose its mechanical properties, an investigation into the influence of degradation process on Mode-I fracture toughness of poly (lactide-co-glycolide), PLGA 85:15 material was initiated. The objective of this study was to build an improved understanding of the deterioration of biodegradable polymers mechanical properties during in-vitro degradation and how this change may affect long term in-vivo performance of the implants. A simple mathematical relationship was established to understand the change in the Young’s modulus during the degradation process. Compact tension specimens were designed and molded for mode-I fracture criterion and then put in 3% concentrated Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to study the degradation process. FEA (Finite Element Analysis) was used to study the change in mechanical properties and then the results were compared with the physical test. Mode-I fracture toughness, KIC was measured and the behavior of the polymer was also identified. It was seen that the fracture toughness, KIC of PLGA 85:15 decreased with the progression of degradation. Finally, it was concluded that an increase in the Young’s modulus made PLGA 85:15 very brittle and hence resulted in reduced fracture toughness.
Functional 5′ UTR mRNA structures in eukaryotic translation regulation and how to find them

RNA molecules can fold into intricate shapes that can provide an additional layer of control of gene expression beyond that of their sequence. In this Review, we discuss the current mechanistic understanding of structures in 5' untranslated regions (UTRs) of eukaryotic mRNAs and the emerging methodologies used to explore them. These structures may regulate cap-dependent translation initiation through helicase-mediated remodelling of RNA structures and higher-order RNA interactions, as well as cap-independent translation initiation through internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs), mRNA modifications and other specialized translation pathways. We discuss known 5' UTR RNA structures and how new structure probing technologies coupled with prospective validation, particularly compensatory mutagenesis, are likely to identify classes of structured RNA elements that shape post-transcriptional control of gene expression and the development of multicellular organisms.
Strategic Communications for Peace Operations: The African Union’s Information War Against al-Shabaab

Despite widespread agreement that effective strategic communications are a necessary part of complex peace operations, many missions struggle to generate relevant capabilities and implement effective campaigns. This article analyzes the experiences of the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) as a case study of this problem. Specifically, it examines how the United Nations (UN) tried to fill the gap by hiring a consortium of private firms known as the AU-UN Information Support Team (IST) to wage a strategic communications campaign against al-Shabaab. The IST’s goal was to drive, as well as communicate, AMISOM’s success, improve the mission’s media presence, and develop a communications strategy. The IST played an innovative and important function for AMISOM but suffered from several significant challenges that reduced its effectiveness. The conclusion therefore identifies four main lessons from AMISOM’s experiences that could improve strategic communications for peace operations.
Strategic hospital partnerships: improved access to care and increased epilepsy surgical volume.

OBJECTIVESurgical treatment of patients with medically refractory focal epilepsy is underutilized. Patients may lack access to surgically proficient centers. The University of California, Irvine (UCI) entered strategic partnerships with 2 epilepsy centers with limited surgical capabilities. A formal memorandum of understanding (MOU) was created to provide epilepsy surgery to patients from these centers.METHODSThe authors analyzed UCI surgical and financial data associated with patients undergoing epilepsy surgery between September 2012 and June 2016, before and after institution of the MOU. Variables collected included the length of stay, patient age, seizure semiology, use of invasive monitoring, and site of surgery as well as the monthly number of single-surgery cases, complex cases (i.e., staged surgeries), and overall number of surgery cases.RESULTSOver the 46 months of the study, a total of 104 patients underwent a total of 200 operations; 71 operations were performed in 39 patients during the pre-MO...
Nobody gives a #%&!: a factorial survey examining the effect of criminological evidence on opposition to sex offender residence restrictions

This short report tests whether altering messages concerning the presentation (i.e., criminal justice actor experience vs. summary of scientific findings) or nature of criminological research findings (i.e., lack of crime control effect vs. collateral consequences) regarding the (in)efficacy of sex offender residence restrictions (SORR) would subsequently affect public support for this policy. The experimental conditions were presented in a factorial survey delivered to a national online panel, which was subsequently matched to a sampling frame representative of US adults on the basis of gender, age, race, education, ideology, and political interest (N = 970). Analysis of variance was used to estimate the impact of the experimental manipulations on SORR opposition. Support for SORR was high across all experimental conditions, and no manipulations were statistically associated with variation in opposition to the policy. The results support limited previous research suggesting that the public would continue to support SORR even in the lack of evidence to its effectiveness. This research suggests that altering the presenter or nature of research evidence subsequently produces no opinion change, at least in the form that was executed here. Further research on the mechanisms underlying the recalcitrance of SORR support is necessary.
Influence of Cytokines on the Growth Kinetics and Immunophenotype of Daughter Cells Resulting From the First Division of Single CD34+Thy-1+lin− Cells

There is a need to determine whether culture conditions may exist for ex vivo expansion of hematopoeitic stem cells (HSC), which favor solely proliferative self-renewal of HSC as opposed to proliferation with differentiation. Using single cells, we studied the effects of individual and combinations of cytokines in serum-free medium on the kinetics of the first cell doubling and the resulting phenotype of each of individual daughter cell. CD34+Thy-1+lin−cells were plated 1 cell per well in Terasaki plates in serum-free medium containing cytokines. Each well containing a single cell was monitored daily over 7 days for maintenance, division, or death. When division occurred in an individual well, the phenotype of the daughter cells was determined by staining with anti-CD34 fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)- and phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated lineage specific antibodies. The cumulative percent of wells with an undivided single cell, wells in which the cell had divided, and wells in which the cell had died were scored. The number of doublets with conserved phenotype (CD34+lin−) was compared to those wells with one or more differentiated daughter cells (CD34+lin+). Over 7 days, cells cultured in single factors showed that between 13% (interleukin-6 [IL-6]) and 29% (thrombopoietin [TPO]) of the cells were undivided, between 13% (IL-1) and 35% (TPO) of the cells doubled, and between 35% (TPO) and greater than 60% (IL-11, IL-1, or hepatocyte growth factor [HGF]) died. When combinations of cytokines were used over 7 days, between 5% (FLT-3 ligand [FLT-3L], stem cell factor [SCF], IL-3, IL-6, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [G-CSF], β nerve growth factor [βNGF]) and 22% (FLT-3L + HGF) of the cells remained undivided, between 15% (HGF, IL-1, IL-11, G-CSF) and 68% (SCF + TPO) of the cells had doubled and between 27% (FLT-3L + TPO) and 70% (HGF, IL-1, IL-11, G-CSF) died. The combination of FLT-3L + TPO induced the highest total percent (64.6%) of cells with conserved phenotype (percent conserved doublets + percent with 1 cell conserved), followed by SCF + TPO, (50%) and the combination of FLT-3L, SCF, IL-3, IL-6, G-CSF, βNGF (53%). These combinations also produced the highest yield of cells with conserved phenotype after one division (FLT-3L + TPO − 81 cells/100 initial cells, SCF + TPO − 68 cells/100 initial cells) ( P = .01). Observation of the time of the initial cell division and phenotype of the daughter cells allowed us to identify candidate combinations of cytokines that promote maintenance of lin− cells (TPO), or recruit the primitive cells to divide and undergo phenotypic self-renewal (FLT-3L + TPO, SCF + TPO).
Discovery and Development of Insect-Resistant Crops Using Genes from Bacillus thuringiensis

Abstract Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a ubiquitous, spore-forming soil bacterium that is well known for production of insecticidal proteins that are active on a wide range of pest insects. The potential of Bt to be used as an insecticide was recognized in the early twentieth century and since that time many Bt-based biopesticides have been commercialized. The advent of modern molecular biology tools made it possible to engineer plants to express the genes coding for Bt insecticidal proteins as a safe, convenient and highly effective means to protect plants from insect damage. The first Bt crop was commercialized in 1995, and today Bt corn, cotton and soybean are cultivated on ca. 76 million hectares in 27 countries. First generation products containing single Bt genes were followed by broader spectrum products containing multiple Bt genes with the most recent generation of products contain multiple Bt genes encoding proteins that target the same pest(s) but with differences in their mechanism of action (i.e. gene pyramids) as a means of increasing product durability. Developing Bt crops is a long and expensive process that by recent estimates averages 13 years at a cost of $136 million. The process of obtaining approvals by government regulatory agencies is among the most critical in the later stages of the development process and represents ca. 25% of the total cost in bringing a Bt crop to the market. Multiple factors drive the search for novel insect resistance (IR) traits and Bt remains a significant focus of new IR trait discovery.
Architectural Selection Using High Level Synthesis

Advances in semiconductor technology still governed by Moore’s law, have enhanced our ability to create extremely large and complex microelectronic systems. To utilize the increased number of transistors on a single chip, and to cope with the ever increasing demand for more functionalities in electronic systems, system-on-chip (SoC) based designs are being increasingly used. A growing trend in SoC design is to have heterogeneous processors on a single chip. In the embedded systems domain, a common performance enhancement strategy is to use dedicated co-processors on which the main processor can off-load compute intensive tasks. Compute intensive tasks such as encryption, decryption, compression, matrix multiplication, etc., were earlier done using software on the main processor. Therefore, a large number of sophisticated software algorithms exist and are often available in very efficient C-based implementations. Since time-to-market windows are forever shortening, reuse has become a mantra in the industry. Why not reuse efficient, well validated, and time tested software algorithms, and synthesize automatically for power/energy, area, and latency efficient implementations? Such a path to hardware would spare the designers the excessive time required to develop the co-processors from scratch as well as reduce the resources required to verify the hardware in RTL simulation, which is quite slow. With this goal in mind, we present here C2R compiler based [1] methodology for reusing existing C-based implementation of compute intensive algorithms. We also present, how one can systematically carry out architectural exploration at the C-level and automatically synthesize efficient hardware co-processors.
Radiation and Asbestos Fibers: Interaction and Possible Mechanism

The association between exposure to asbestos fibers and the development of bronchogenic carcinoma of the lung and diffuse mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum have been well established in both man (1,2) and experimental animals (3,4). Furthermore, cigarette smoking can enhance the incidence of lung cancers in asbestos workers in a synergistic fashion. (5). It is not known for certain whether specific chemicals or the high LET α-irradiation from deposited polonium is the important factor in carcinogenesis by cigarettes and its enhancement by asbestos. Previous studies from this laboratory have found that asbestos fibers, at a concentraction which itself was Ineffective in inducing oncogenic transformation in vitro did potentiate the oncogenicity of low LET ionizing radiation in a supra-additive fashion (6,7). Furthermore, leaching the fibers with acid to remove any possible chemical contaminants did not diminish their ability to enhance the oncogenic transforming potential of radiation (7). These results suggest that the mere physical presence of the fibers is crucial for the observed radiation-fiber interaction.