cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuropeptide Y-Related Peptides and their Receptors--Are the Receptors Potential Therapeutic Drug Targets?

A decade has passed since the discovery of neuropeptide Y (also known as neuropeptide tyrosine or NPY) by Tatemoto & Mutt (1, 2). This 36-amino-acid peptide, arguably the most abundant and widely distributed of neuropeptides discovered to date, has stimulated several thousand scientific publications . NPY seems to fulfill the main neurotransmitter criteria, since it i s stored in synaptic granulae (3), is released upon electrical nerve stimulation (4 , 5) and acts at specific receptors (e .g . 6). Initially, much NPY-related work concerned its coexistence with classical transmitters (e. g . , norepinephrine) and its possible role in cotransmission; these lines of investigation coincided with the general acceptance that neurons use multiple messenger molecules, at least one of which is commonly a peptide. NPY has been frequently used to study cotransmission, particularly in its relation to the "classical" neurotransmitter norepinephrine, in mediating sympathetic vasoconstriction (6-9) . Although the role of NPY as a modulator of coreleased transmitter remains a focus for many investigators, it has been appreciated that NPY may also be an important messenger in its own right , perhaps particularly in the brain, where NP Y
Meeting Family and Military Needs Through Military Child Care

This article summarizes results from a child care survey of military families conducted by the RAND Corporation in 2004 and draws policy implications for the military child care system. The article describes the military child care system, discusses the policy objectives of the system, and summarizes survey results that clarify the degree to which the Department of Defense is meeting its child care goals. The authors find evidence that despite its high quality, the military child care system fails to optimize readiness and retention of military members because these goals do not drive system policies or operations. The article offers suggestions for improving system outcomes.
Nitric oxide increases carbon monoxide production by piglet cerebral microvessels

Carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO) can be involved in the regulation of cerebral circulation. Inhibition of production of either one of these gaseous intercellular messengers inhibits newbo...
Utilization Of Special Needs Trusts For Disabled Loved Ones

This paper examines the advantages and disadvantages of using special needs trusts in order to provide assurance that families’ loved ones will be able to maintain a satisfactory standard of living while still remaining qualified for certain “needs based” government assistance programs, such as Supplemental Security Income and Medicaid. Legal and/or accounting professionals should be consulted to insure that appropriate decisions are made. As of September of 2002, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that 32.5 million Americans, or just over 11.5 percent of the population, live with some form of severe disability. Understandably, families of these disabled individuals often find themselves searching for a way to ensure that their loved one will be provided for, particularly when they are no longer around to support them. Increasingly, these families are turning to special needs trusts in order to provide assurance that their loved one will be able to maintain a satisfactory standard of living. Many considerations, however, must be made by such families in determining if a special needs trust is suitable for their needs. Extensive laws and regulations applicable to special needs trusts may make them less desirable options or preclude a family from taking advantage of them all together. This paper will examine special needs trusts, the advantages and disadvantages of such trusts, and the alternative approaches that may be taken when a special needs trust is found to be unsuitable.
Cyclin-dependent kinase pathways as targets for women's cancer treatment.

Summary Palbociclib, abemaciclib and ribociclib have demonstrated very promising clinical activity in breast cancer, liposarcoma, mantel cell lymphoma and melanoma. Moreover, CDK4/6 inhibitors have shown promising preclinical activity in glioblastoma, renal and ovarian cancer models that may provide directions for their future clinical development. Further preclinical and clinical research is needed to better understand mechanisms of resistance and develop rational combination therapies with other targeted agents.
If Ever the Twain Shall Meet: Graph Theoretical Dimensions of Formal and Informal Organization Structure

Formal and informal organization structure have been described as “opposing poles of a duality”—one which has yet to be fully resolved. The aim of this paper is to detail an approach to treating both structures in a comparable way, an approach that explicitly recognizes core and underlying commonalties. Two distinct analytical strategies are employed to this end. The first involves a detailed comparison and contrast of selected and relevant structural dimensions drawn from the two research streams. The second strategy involves the application of these dimensions to the study of network graphs of both the formal and informal structures of the same organization at the same point in time.
Ability of Practitioners to Estimate Client Acceptance of Single-Subject Evaluation Procedures

Practitioners' ability to estimate client acceptability of treatment evaluation procedures was investigated. Practitioners were able to predict accurately their clients' favorable responses to the use of single-subject procedures. The results lend support to those advocating continued research into variables affecting the use of systematic evaluation procedures by social work practitioners.
Law enforcement perceptions of their relationship with community: Law enforcement surveys and community focus groups

ABSTRACTThe Baton Rouge Area Violence Elimination (BRAVE) Project is a group violence reduction strategy based on the Boston Gun Project’s Operation Ceasefire. This violence reduction model is predicated on the idea that violence can be dramatically reduced when community members and law enforcement join together to directly engage with criminal groups. In Baton Rouge, selected law enforcement officers have received specialized training regarding the implementation of the BRAVE Project and additional training with regard to working with residents in the community. To that end, surveys and focus groups were administered to residents in the intervention target area to identify their perceptions of crime, law enforcement, and leaders in their community. In addition, law enforcement officers completed surveys that focused on their perceptions of crime and other problems in the target area and their thoughts about whether this intervention could be successful. Results suggest that law enforcement and community...
Comparison of plasma membrane FABP and mitochondrial isoform of aspartate aminotransferase from rat liver

A relationship between plasma membrane fatty acid binding protein (FABPpm), a putative membrane transporter for long-chain fatty acids, and the mitochondrial isoform of aspartate aminotransferase (m-AspAT) has been reported. Accordingly, we have compared the chemical and immunological properties of rat liver m-AspAT with those of rat liver FABPpm isolated by two procedures: 1) detergent solubilization of the membranes followed by purification via fatty acid affinity chromatography (FABP-1) or 2) salt extraction of the membranes and subsequent purification by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC; FABP-2). Comparison of the three protein preparations revealed no differences with respect to NH2-terminal amino acid sequence, amino acid composition, peptides from tryptic digests, AspAT enzymatic activity, isoelectric point, mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), retention on five different HPLC columns, and immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting of SDS-PAGE separated proteins with polyclonal antisera. Examination of the proteins by nondenaturing PAGE showed a consistent second band in FABP-1 and FABP-2 not always present in m-AspAT. However, whenever present, this band was immunoreactive with antibodies to both m-AspAT and FABP-1. Hence, FABP-1 and FABP-2 are indistinguishable from one another. They are also at least closely related, if not identical, to m-AspAT.
035 Prevalence and Motivation for Pubic Hair Removal among Women in the United States

Pubic hair grooming is a growing phenomenon and is associated with body image and sexual activity. A nationally representative survey of noninstitutionalized adults aged 18 to 65 years residing in the United States was conducted. Differences in demographic and sexual characteristics between groomers and nongroomers were explored. Four thousand one hundred and ninety-eight men completed the survey. Of these men, 2,120 (50.5%) reported regular pubic hair grooming. The prevalence of grooming decreases with age, odds ratio = 0.95 (95% confidence interval [0.94, 0.96]), p < .001. Adjusting for sexual frequency and sexual orientation, grooming is associated with performing and receiving oral sex. The majority of men report grooming in preparation for sexual activity with a peak prevalence of 73% among men aged 25 to 34 years, followed by hygiene (61%) and routine care (44%). The majority of men who remove their pubic hair groom the hair above the penis (87%), followed by the scrotum (66%) and the penile shaft (57%). Overall, pubic hair grooming is common among men aged 18 to 65 years in the United States. Younger ages are associated with greater rates of pubic hair grooming. Many men groom for sex, in particular oral sex, as well as for routine care and hygiene.
Expert Workers, Performance Standards, and On-the-Job Training: Evaluating Major League Baseball Umpires

This paper examines the role of changes in monitoring, technological innovation, performance standards, and collective bargaining as they relate to performance improvements among Major League Baseball umpires from 1988 through 2013. I find structural changes in performance concurrent with known bargaining struggles, and substantial improvements in performance after implementation of incentive pay and new technological monitoring and training. Not only do umpires improve performance in expected ways, but the variability in umpire performance has also decreased substantially. These changes have reduced offensive output often attributed to a crackdown on performance enhancing drug use in MLB.
ChIP Sequencing to Identify p53 Targets

Mutant p53 may activate target genes through the interaction of transcription factors or through histone modifications. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a method commonly used to study these types of protein interactions. In order to generate a list of target genes that may be activated through this mechanism, ChIP sequencing may be used. ChIP sequencing involves the mass parallel sequencing of ChIP DNA fragments. We describe a method by which to prepare chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing libraries and how to analyze sequencing data. In this procedure, prepared libraries have been sent to a core facility. The results have been verified using quantitative PCR.
Nerve Grafting And Neuromuscular Transfers

In today’s otolaryngology practice, surgeons frequently encounter situations in which soft-tissue augmentation is needed. Traditionally, fat, fascia, and nonvascularized muscle have been used for these purposes. This article reviews the history as well as the current applications and limitations of these materials. Although not ideal in all circumstances, these materials remain useful in selected situations.
Therapeutic alliance, empathy, and genuineness in individual adult psychotherapy: A meta-analytic review.

Objective: Alliance, empathy, and genuineness are each integral parts of the therapeutic relationship. No previous meta-analysis has explored the extent to which therapist empathy and genuineness c...
Effect of Music Interventions on Sedation in Children Undergoing Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Clinical Trial

Background : Although parenteral sedation is often required in MRI studies in children, it is stressful and increases the cost of healthcare. Objectives : We evaluated the impact of music interventions in children receiving parenteral sedation for MRI studies on total number of doses of sedation medications, sedation time, levels of cortisol and cytokines, sedation success, adverse events, parental satisfaction, and cost savings. Methods : We conducted a prospective open unblinded four-arm clinical evaluation of interventions on 471 children 1-12 years of age undergoing MRI and receiving parenteral sedation. Children were assigned to active music therapy (AMT), facilitated music listening (FML), and as comparison another intervention (child life intervention or CLI), or no intervention (NI); measures included number of doses of sedation medications, time of sedation, sedation success, adverse events, parental satisfaction, and salivary levels of the stress hormone cortisol and pro-inflammatory cytokines, before and after intervention. Results : The total number of sedation doses, total sedation time, and levels of salivary cortisol and cytokines did not differ between the four groups. One FMLA choice, Wee Sing Animal Songs , resulted in significant decrease in total sedation time and reduction of associated costs. Conclusions : The use of one type of FML led to decreased total sedation time in children. This is an important finding since FML is an inexpensive non-invasive intervention which could be of significant time and cost saving benefits.
Educational attainment does not modify the effect of educational interventions on blood pressure control: a secondary analysis of data from a randomised trial

SummaryObjectivesTo assess whether the effects of community-based educational interventions to improve blood pressure, weight and health behaviours benefit participants with lower educational levels more than those with higher educational levels.DesignSecondary data analysis.SettingTwo 12-month community-based educational interventions, one led by trained peers and one delivered by health professionals.ParticipantsA total of 403 hypertensive individuals, grouped by education (high school or less; 1–3 years college; 4 + years college).Main outcome measuresBlood pressure, weight, physical activity and fruit and vegetable intake.ResultsWe found that changes in blood pressure, weight and physical activity were similar across education levels; college graduates consumed more daily servings of fruits and vegetables at baseline (3.7 versus 3.6 for those with 12–15 years and 3.1 for those with < 12 years, p = 0.0112), and increased intake more after the intervention (+0.4 versus −0.1 and −0.1, p = 0.0142). The tw...
The Countability Indices of Certain Transformation Semigroups

The countability index C(S) of a semigroup S is defined to be the smallest positive integer N, if it exists, such that every countable subset of S is contained in a subsemigroup with N generators. If no such integer exists, we define C(S) = ∞. If S is noncommutative, C(S) ≥ 2. The rather surprising fact is that it is not all that rare for a full endomorphism semigroup to have count-ability index two. It has been known for quite a while, for example, that C(S(IN)) = 2 where S(IN) is the semigroup of all continuous selfmaps of the Euclidean N-cell, IN. In this paper, we recount the history of the subject and we discuss some recent results concerning the countability index of the endomorphism semigroup of a vector space. We conclude by showing that given any semigroup T, there exists a compact Hausdorff space X such that T can be embedded in S(X) and C(S(X)) = 2 where S(X) is the semigroup of all continuous selfmaps of X.
Organic photovoltaic devices

The deployment of solar energy as a major energy source in the near future depends mainly on a cost reduction of approximately two orders of magnitude in the manufacturing of present day cells. Much of the excess cost is directly attributable to the use of crystalline silicon. The present goal of most attempts to overcome these excessive costs is to convert to thin film processing. Presently, major emphasis along these lines is being given to the inorganic systems such as silicon and cadmium sulfide. It is the purpose of this paper to show that organic systems may also be possible. From a manufacturing point of view, organics seem to have a distinct advantage. The main thrust of this paper will be to compare organic systems directly with the inorganics from the aspect of required fundamental parameters. Before doing this, however, a brief description of a photovoltaic device will be given in order to demonstrate the origin of the desired parameters. Finally, the operation of an organic photovoltaic device will be described in some detail to illustrate the potential of these systems.
The Four-C Model of Creativity: Culture and Context

In this chapter, we highlight the Four-C Model of creativity, which traces creative development from mini-c (personal creativity) to little-c (everyday creativity) to Pro-c (expert creativity) to Big-C (genius creativity). We highlight the role of culture at each stage of the four C’s and pay particular attention to the transitions between each level of the model. We highlight such concepts as creative metacognition and feedback.
The Monocentric Model with Polycentric Employment: Ring versus Tract Estimates of the Negative Exponential Decline of Density

The increase in employment away from Central Business Districts raises questions about the continued applicability of the monocentric model and its prediction of the negative decline of density, yet the model continues to be used and produces reasonable results. This paper argues that while the development of multiple employment subcenters produces variation in density patterns resulting in declining goodness-of-fit of the negative exponential model when estimated using data for small areas, the overall pattern continues to be a general decline of density with distance. The negative exponential model is estimated using data on densities both for census tracts and concentric rings around the center for 43 large urban areas in the United States from 1950 to 2010. The R2 values for the estimates using the tract data decline steadily after 1970, while the ring estimates show only small decreases. It is further hypothesized that since more general measures of accessibility to employment may now better predict density at the tract level, distance to the center as a proxy incorporates increasing error, resulting in attenuation bias in the estimates of the density gradients, which was shown by comparing the tract and ring estimates.
SU25. Lack of Pupillary Modulation by Antisaccade Performance in Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective Disorder, and Psychotic Bipolar Disorder Suggests Reduced Top-Down Control During Response Preparation on an Executive Control Task

Background: Pupil dilation, a measure of physiological arousal, is associated with increased cognitive demand (Moresi et al, 2008) and response preparation in the antisaccade task. Greater change in pupil size during the preparatory period prior to saccade generation for correctly performed antisaccade trials vs prosaccade errors has been observed among healthy controls, perhaps reflecting inhibitory input from the frontal eye fields (FEF) and superior colliculus (SC) to brainstem regions responsible for saccade generation (Wang et al, 2015). The relationship between pupillary response and antisaccade performance in individuals across the psychosis spectrum is less established. Our objective was to examine differences in the relationship between changes in pupil size during the preparatory period and antisaccade performance in individuals across the psychosis spectrum and healthy controls. Methods: Individuals with schizophrenia (n = 47), schizoaffective disorder (n = 31), psychotic bipolar disorder (n = 67), and controls (n = 68) from the Chicago site of the Bipolar Schizophrenia Network on Intermediate Phenotype (BSNIP) study completed an antisaccade task, in which they were to inhibit the response to look to a target and generate an eye movement in the opposite direction. Percent change in pupil size from baseline during the 700-ms preparatory period prior to target appearance was measured for correct and incorrect antisaccade performance and compared across patient and control groups. Results: As reported previously (Reilly et al, 2015), patient groups had increased antisaccade error rate compared to controls, and this effect was greatest among schizophrenia and schizoaffective groups followed by the psychotic bipolar disorder group. Linear mixed-effects models revealed a greater increase in pupil size over the preparatory period for correct antisaccade trials compared to incorrect trials among healthy controls (P ≤ .001); this modulation of pupillary response and antisaccade performance was not observed among the patient groups (P’s > .9). Changes in pupillary response during the preparatory period were not related to current daily antipsychotic medication dose or current exposure among patient groups. Conclusion: Pupil size was modulated by antisaccade performance in healthy controls, such that greater pupil size in preparation for intact antisaccade performance compared to incorrect performance was observed. This relationship was not maintained in individuals with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or psychotic bipolar disorder. These findings suggest that reduced top-down control during the response preparation period, perhaps from FEF inputs to the SC, contributes to the deficits in executive control as assessed by the antisaccade task across the psychosis spectrum. Furthermore, these data provide support for pupillometry as a useful index of top-down control in cognitive tasks.
When Mothers’ Work Matters for Youths’ Daily Time Use: Implications of Evening and Weekend Shifts

Drawing upon the work-home resources model, this study examined the implications of mothers' evening and weekend shifts for youths' time with mother, alone, and hanging out with peers unsupervised, with attention to both the amount and day-to-day consistency of time use. Data came from 173 mothers who worked in the long-term care industry and their youths who provided daily diaries. Multilevel modeling revealed that youths whose mothers worked more evening shifts on average spent less time with their mothers compared to youths whose mothers worked fewer evening shifts. Youths whose mothers worked more weekend shifts, however, spent more time with their mothers and exhibited less consistency in their time in all three activity domains compared to youths whose mothers worked fewer weekend shifts. Girls, not boys, spent less time alone on days when mothers worked weekend shifts than on days with standard shifts. Older but not younger adolescents spent more time hanging out with friends on evening and weekend shift days, and their unsupervised peer time was less consistent across days when mothers worked more evening shifts. These effects adjusted for sociodemographic and day characteristics, including school day, number of children in the household, mothers' marital status and work hours, and time with fathers. Our results illuminate the importance of the timing and day of mothers' work for youths' daily activities. Future interventions should consider how to increase mothers' resources to deal with constraints on parenting due to their work during nonstandard hours, with attention to child gender and age.
Evolution of permeability and Biot coefficient at high mean stresses in high porosity sandstone

Abstract A series of constant mean stress (CMS) and constant shear stress (CSS) tests were performed to investigate the evolution of permeability and Biot coefficient at high mean stresses in a high porosity reservoir analog (Castlegate sandstone). Permeability decreases as expected with increasing mean stress, from about 20 Darcy at the beginning of the tests to between 1.5 and 0.3 Darcy at the end of the tests (mean stresses up to 275 MPa). The application of shear stress causes permeability to drop below that of a hydrostatic test at the same mean stress. Results show a nearly constant rate decrease in the Biot coefficient as the mean stress increases during hydrostatic loading, and as the shear stress increases during CMS loading. CSS tests show a stabilization of the Biot coefficient after the application of shear stress.
A description of defensive hiss types in the flat horned hissing cockroach (Aeluropoda insignis)

Acoustic communication can inform studies of behaviour and phylogeny in insect species. Despite there being 4600 described species of cockroach, few studies have focused on their ability to communicate acoustically. Cockroaches have been found to produce sound in a variety of ways. Species within the tribe Gromphadorhini produce sound through modified spiracles, often referred to as hisses. Sound parameters have been described for the species Gromphadorhina portentosa and Elliptorhina chopardi. Aeluropoda insignis, within the same tribe, produces sound and is morphologically similar to these two species, but no research has been published describing its acoustic signals. Our study explores the defensive acoustic signals of this species and indicates that A. insignis is capable of producing three classes of acoustic signals (whistles, whistle–hisses and hisses) associated with defensive behaviour. Sexes differed in the entropy and the frequency of their signals, with males producing signals with lower entropy and at higher frequency than females. Future studies on acoustic communication within Blattodea could give more insight into the complexity of signals and their relationship to behavioural context.
Domination of Pacific Islands in War and in the Nuclear Age

While the claiming of Pacific islands for Europe began early with the Spanish explorers, by the end of the nineteenth century almost all of them belonged to one power or another. German expansion began in 1884 through claims or purchases and was followed in kind by those of the British and the United States. Prior to World War I the German flag was flying over much of the western Pacific, but this changed dramatically at the end of the war when Japan assumed control of the German islands and promptly began to fortify and otherwise militarize them. The use of Pacific islands during World War II is briefly reviewed with emphasis on their alteration in preparation for war. The postwar period focuses on the use of Pacific islands for nuclear testing by the United States, Britain and France, and the movement toward decolonization and independence. However, for many island groups that had been militarized, the disruption that came with it did not go away with declarations of independence. The alteration of Pacific island culture, and the culture of dependence brought about during the twentieth century are described.
Social Work and Public Health: Charting the Course for Innovation

An introduction is presented in which the author discusses various reports within the journal on topics including the relationship between social work and public health in America, the skills of public health social workers, and efforts to improve population health and promote social justice.
Jasmonic and salicylic acid effects on bacterial etiolation and decline disease of creeping bentgrass

Abstract Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera), an important turfgrass on golf course putting greens can become plagued by bacterial etiolation disease caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae (Aaa). There are no known pesticides that have been shown to be effective in managing this disease. This series of hydroponic growth chamber studies investigated whether pre-treating plants with SA or JA could be effective in reducing disease symptoms of Aaa in creeping bentgrass ‘Penn-A4’ (Aaa sensitive) and ‘Tyee’ (more tolerant). The treatments included foliar application of 10 μmol/L SA, 20 μmol/L SA, 0.5 mM JA in 0.02% ethanol and 2 mM JA in 0.02% ethanol prior to exposure to heat stress (35 °C) and optimal temperature (23 °C) with or without Aaa inoculation. Physiological measurements included turf quality (TQ), leaf and root electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll content (CHL), photochemical efficiency and root viability. No significant differences were detected in either cultivar due to chemical or heat treatment alone, which indicates chemical treatments had specific effects on plant responses to bacteria and were not confounded by plant heat stress symptoms. SA application reduced Aaa disease symptoms of both cultivars under both optimal and high temperature treatments. At both 23 °C and 35 °C, the severity of disease in plants treated with SA was less than in control plants based on all measurements in our experiment. Creeping bentgrass ‘Tyee’ treated with JA showed significantly higher TQ than control plants at 35 °C. ‘Penn-A4’ treated with JA only showed significantly higher CHL than control at 23 °C. SA and JA treatments could be viable methods to induce creeping bentgrass tolerance of bacterial pathogens; however, field testing of these methods is needed.
Relationship between desired weight constructs and eating disorder severity following treatment for anorexia nervosa.

BACKGROUND Desired weight is an indicator of illness severity in youth with anorexia nervosa (AN), but its impact on eating disorder symptoms over time and in adults is unknown. This study examined longitudinal associations between two desired weight constructs (desired weight percentage, weight difference percentage) and eating disorder severity and body mass index (BMI) in patients aged 16-62 years old with AN presenting for inpatient or day hospital treatment. METHOD Participants (N = 160) completed the Eating Disorder Examination and measures of height and weight at treatment admission, discharge, and 3, 6, and 12 months post-discharge. Desired weight percentage was calculated as [desired BMI(desired weight in kg/height in meters2 )/healthy BMI] × 100. weight difference percentage was calculated as [(actual weight-desired weight)/actual weight] × 100. RESULTS At admission, participants were approximately 78.6% of a healthy BMI and desired to be 81% of a healthy BMI. During the year following treatment, participants were 89% of a healthy BMI, but wanted to be 86% of a healthy BMI. Individuals with lower desired weight percentage (wanting to be a lower percentage of a healthy BMI) or higher weight difference percentage (wanting to lose a larger percentage of weight) at treatment admission endorsed greater eating disorder severity across time. Additionally, individuals with higher desired weight percentage or weight difference percentage had higher BMIs at intake, and greater increases in BMI over time. DISCUSSION Results highlight that desired weight constructs represent correlates of illness severity in AN and may inform an individual's likely weight trajectory during and after treatment.
Dynamik neuronaler Netze

Nachdem wir Aufbau und Lernverfahren neuronaler Netze kennengelernt haben, soll untersucht werden, ob und in welchem Umfang sie die Dynamik des Gehirns (z.B. sensorische, motorische und kognitive Systeme) simulieren konnen.
On the Consumer Problem under an Informational Externality

We use the Hendricks and Kovenock (RAND J Econ 20(2):164–182, 1989) framework to study the consumer problem under an informational externality. The informational externality arises when each consumer of a social network is endowed with private information regarding the quality of a good. In such situations, the past purchasing decisions of the consumers are informative and, thus, are used as partially revealing signals of private information. Asymmetric information and the observability of actions render the consumer problem dynamic and strategic because the purchasing decision of a consumer affects the other consumers’ future payoffs through the learning process. We show that there exists a unique symmetric Bayesian–Nash equilibrium. The informational externality increases the likelihood for a consumer to refrain from purchasing the good immediately to make a more informed decision in the future.
The effect of drag reducing agents on corrosion in multiphase flow

The effect of drag reducing agents (DRA) on corrosion and flow regime has been studied in a 10 cm diameter, 18 m long plexiglass flow loop in 50% oil/water mixtures with carbon dioxide gas. Superficial liquid velocities between 0.1 and 1 m/s and gas velocities between 1 and 10 m/s respectively were studied. The corrosion rate was measured for stratified, slug and annular flow. The height of liquid film, slug velocity, and slug frequency were obtained from the video image using a super-VHS camera. The DRA effectiveness was examined for DRA concentrations between 0 and 75 ppm. Flow regimes maps were determined with 25 and 75 ppm DRA. These results were compared to the flow regime map with no DRA. The results indicate that the transition from stratified to slug flow is obtained at a higher superficial liquid velocities. This resulted in much lower corrosion rates due to the elimination of the highly turbulent slugs. The corrosion rate for stratified and annular flow did not generally reduce with adding DRA concentrations. For slug flow, the slug frequency decreased with the addition of 50 ppm DRA. This led to decrease of corrosion rate by almost 50%
Caregiving for Adult Pet Owners

Abstract The role of informal caregiver for an older adult is increasingly common. Research shows that there are many factors which shape the emotional experiences within this role. Unfortunately, the influence of the care recipient's pet has been largely overlooked. This chapter focuses on the impact a care recipient's pet may have on the caregiving experience, as well as the opportunities and issues that these pets may add to the caregiving experience.
Hybrid adaptive optics for high throughput volumetric OCM, and suppression of multiple scattering and speckle (Conference Presentation)

Optical coherence microscopy (OCM) provides non-invasive, label-free, cellular-resolution imaging based on optical scattering contrast. Its interferometric detection captures the optical field, providing opportunities for computational reconstruction. However, the depth coverage of OCM is restricted by defocus and photon collection, and its penetration depth is limited by multiple scattering (MS). Here, we propose integrating hardware and computational adaptive optics in different ways, to improve the throughput, penetration depth, and contrast of volumetric OCM. This hybrid adaptive optics (hyAO) approach splits the image formation process into a combination of hardware and computation components. For sparse sample imaging, we generated astigmatism using hardware adaptive optics (HAO) to achieve a more equalized photon distribution across depth, and removed the applied aberration (and defocus) via computational adaptive optics (CAO). We applied this hyAO method to perform 3D time-lapse imaging of in vitro fibroblast cell dynamics over a 1mm×1mm×1mm field-of-view with 2μm isotropic spatial resolution and 3-minute temporal resolution. The hyAO approach is not only beneficial for high-throughput volumetric imaging, but is also capable of suppressing MS/speckle. For scattering sample imaging, HAO was used to illuminate the sample volume with diverse aberrated point spread functions to decorrelate the MS/speckle fields, and CAO was applied to computationally mitigate the resolution penalty of these intentionally induced aberrations. By imaging with this aberration-diverse OCT using 12 volumetric reconstructions, we achieved a 10 dB enhancement in signal-to-background ratio at a USAF target plane beneath a scattering layer (7.2 scattering mean-free-path), and a 3× speckle contrast reduction within the scattering layer.
Growth hormone, glucocorticoid and thyroxine response to duration, intensity and wavelength of light in prepubertal bulls.

Effects of duration, intensity and wavelength of light on growth hormone (GH), glucocorticoids, thyrotropin (TSH) and thyroxine (T4) concentrations in serum were determined in prepubertal bulls maintained at 18 to 22 C and 60 tp 70% relative humidity. Mean GH was 8.3 +/- .8, 9.5 +/- 2.2 and 13.8 +/- 2.2 ng/ml (P greater than .10) during 6 weeks of exposure to 8 hr of light: 16 hr of dark (8L:16D), 16L:8D and 20L:4D, respectively. However, concentrations of GH were more variable (P less than .01) in bulle exposed to 16L:8D and 20L:4D than in bulls exposed to 8L:16D. Concentrations of GH averaged 10.6 +/- 1.3 and 13.6 +/- 2.6 ng/ml (P greater than .10) when intensities of light exposures were 22 and 540 lux. Variability of GH was greater (P less than .01) in bulls exposed to 540 lux. Increase in the duration of light by the addition of 8 hr of red (550 to 750 nm) or 8 of blue (300 to 427 nm) light to 8 hr of white (300 to 750 nm) light did not affect (P greater than .10) mean GH concentrations. Among experiments, concentrations of glucocorticoids decreased by 29 to 58% (P less than .05) when daily light exposures were increased from 8 to 15.7, 16 or 20 hours. Conversely, glucocorticoids increased by 118% (P less than .05) when light was decreased from 15.7 to 8 hr daily. Duration of light exposures did not effect concentrations of TSH or T4. Similarly, intensities of 22 and 540 lux and blue and red wavelengths of light did not affect average concentrations of glucocorticoids or T4. Injection of 33 microgram thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)/100 kg body weight increased (P less than .05) GH two- to five-fold above average basal values; however, duration, intensity and wavelength of light did not influence peak GH concentration or area of GH response curves after injection of TRH. We conclude that in comparison with 8 L, 16 L increased variance of GH without affecting average concentrations of GH, TSH or T4. In contrast, 16 L suppressed serum glococorticoids.
Investigating Postpartum Depression in the Adolescent Mother Using 3 Potential Qualitative Approaches

Adolescent mothers are twice as likely as their adult counterparts to have postpartum depression (PPD). Left undiagnosed and untreated, PPD can have significant consequences for the mothers, infants, families, communities, and society. Although the epidemiology has been well studied, there is a scarcity in the number of qualitative research studies being conducted to study this unique group of young women. Qualitative research is a perfect match to elicit the voices of adolescent mothers having PPD because the qualitative approach offers a way to gain insight, meaning, and understanding of a phenomenon that is still largely misunderstood and unaddressed. This article will discuss 3 major qualitative approaches (phenomenology, ethnography, and participatory action research) that may be employed to study PPD in the adolescent mother.
Pushing the Margins: Women of Color and Intersectionality in LIS. Rose L. Chou and Annie Pho, eds. Sacramento, CA: Library Juice Press, 2018. 508p. $35.00 (ISBN 978-1-63400-052-9).

It should come as no surprise to anyone in library and information science (LIS) that our profession is composed overwhelmingly of white women. In this environment, the stories of people of color, especially women of color, do not receive sufficient attention. Pushing the Margins: Women of Color and Intersectionality in LIS brings to the fore the perspectives of those who are often silenced or ignored.
Modes of Attention: Modes of Storytelling.

Precarity and care are of central concern to medical and cultural anthropologists today, given global trends in economic inequality and the suffering that results. The authors in this collection jo...
Predictors of College Success Outcomes in Emerging Adults: The Role of High School Dual Enrollment Courses:

The current study seeks to identify the role of dual enrollment participation on college outcomes among emerging adults. Data were used from the nationally representative High School Longitudinal S...
The RNA helicase DDX5 supports mitochondrial function in small cell lung cancer

DEAD-box helicase 5 (DDX5) is a founding member of the DEAD-box RNA helicase family, a group of enzymes that regulate ribonucleoprotein formation and function in every aspect of RNA metabolism, ranging from synthesis to decay. Our laboratory previously found that DDX5 is involved in energy homeostasis, a process that is altered in many cancers. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an understudied cancer type for which effective treatments are currently unavailable. Using an array of methods, including short hairpin RNA-mediated gene silencing, RNA and ChIP sequencing analyses, and metabolite profiling, we show here that DDX5 is overexpressed in SCLC cell lines and that its down-regulation results in various metabolic and cellular alterations. Depletion of DDX5 resulted in reduced growth and mitochondrial dysfunction in the chemoresistant SCLC cell line H69AR. The latter was evidenced by down-regulation of genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation and by impaired oxygen consumption. Interestingly, DDX5 depletion specifically reduced intracellular succinate, a TCA cycle intermediate that serves as a direct electron donor to mitochondrial complex II. We propose that the oncogenic role of DDX5, at least in part, manifests as up-regulation of respiration supporting the energy demands of cancer cells.
3D Pose Detection in Videos: Focusing on Occlusion.

In this work, we build upon existing methods for occlusion-aware 3D pose detection in videos. We implement a two stage architecture that consists of the stacked hourglass network to produce 2D pose predictions, which are then inputted into a temporal convolutional network to produce 3D pose predictions. To facilitate prediction on poses with occluded joints, we introduce an intuitive generalization of the cylinder man model used to generate occlusion labels. We find that the occlusion-aware network is able to achieve a mean-per-joint-position error 5 mm less than our linear baseline model on the Human3.6M dataset. Compared to our temporal convolutional network baseline, we achieve a comparable mean-per-joint-position error of 0.1 mm less at reduced computational cost.
Making the modern slum: the power of capital in colonial Bombay

Reading Making the Modern Slum in these times of a global pandemic is unsettling yet reassuring. Unsettling in the sense of the eerie similarities in the stigmatization and scapegoating of migrant ...
Predicting Parenting and Stepparenting Difficulties among Newly Remarried Parents

Positive parent-child relationships in cases of remarriage are associated with more harmonious stepfamily relationships; however, little research has focused on factors influencing parenting diffic...
Designing of homemade soiling station to explore soiling loss effects on PV modules

Abstract Due to soiling on Photovoltaic modules, the active area reduces causing loss in short circuit current of the device due to lower light transmittance. Soiling on Photovoltaic modules depends upon environmental factors like wind, humidity, dust composition, tilt angle, orientation, and material of the module. Soiling loss studies conducted in outdoor conditions are unreliable as environmental factors are uncontrolled and vary with time hence there is a need to explore an indoor soiling station having controlled environment and stimulated conditions. This study reports an indoor soiling station with controlled environment capable to simulate the daily outdoor soil cycle in few hours. The designed soiling station is featured with cost reduction, design improvements, and automation that has been designed to simulate the soiling effects to study the effects of environmental parameters under desired and controlled conditions. The proposed soiling station is capable to explore optimized soiling loss effects on Photovoltaic modules by varying tilt angle, humidity, wind speed, and temperature. The soiling uniformity in the soiling chamber was confirmed by using Scanning Electron Microscopy and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy while average diameter of soil particles was found to be 8.21 µm. The daily cycle of outdoor conditions has been performed on the module and it was found that after 7 daily soil cycles, the module lost 33.54% of short circuit current. In future work, same soiling station will be utilized to study effect of anti-soiling coating, economics of different cleaning processes, and the soiling loss at variable humidity, wind speed, and tilt angle.
Segmenting thoracic cavities with neoplastic lesions: a head-to-head benchmark with fully convolutional neural networks

Automatic segmentation of thoracic cavity structures in computer tomography (CT) is a key step for applications ranging from radiotherapy planning to imaging biomarker discovery with radiomics approaches. State-of-the-art segmentation can be provided by fully convolutional neural networks such as the U-Net or V-Net. However, there is a very limited body of work on a comparative analysis of the performance of these architectures for chest CTs with significant neoplastic disease. In this work, we compared four different types of fully convolutional architectures using the same pre-processing and post-processing pipelines. These methods were evaluated using a dataset of CT images and thoracic cavity segmentations from 402 cancer patients. We found that these methods achieved very high segmentation performance by benchmarks of three evaluation criteria, i.e. Dice coefficient, average symmetric surface distance and 95% Hausdorff distance. Overall, the two-stage 3D U-Net model performed slightly better than other models, with Dice coefficients for left and right lung reaching 0.947 and 0.952, respectively. However, 3D U-Net model achieved the best performance under the evaluation of HD95 for right lung and ASSD for both left and right lung. These results demonstrate that the current state-of-art deep learning models can work very well for segmenting not only healthy lungs but also the lung containing different stages of cancerous lesions. The comprehensive types of lung masks from these evaluated methods enabled the creation of imaging-based biomarkers representing both healthy lung parenchyma and neoplastic lesions, allowing us to utilize these segmented areas for the downstream analysis, e.g. treatment planning, prognosis and survival prediction.
Organic light-emitting diode microdisplay-enabled scalable visible-light 3D printing

Additive manufacturing has witnessed tremendous advances over the past years in pursuit of multiple scales and high production rates. An organic light-emitting diode microdisplay has been exploited in the construction of a visible light-based 3D printing platform that offers high-resolution, fast, and scalable additive manufacturing.
Modern Islamic Thought in a Radical Age: Religious Authority and Internal Criticism

Among traditionally educated scholars in the Islamic world there is much disagreement on the crises that afflict modern Muslim societies and how best to deal with them, and the debates have grown more urgent since 9/11. Through an analysis of the work of Muhammad Rashid Rida and Yusuf al-Qaradawi in the Arab Middle East and a number of scholars belonging to the Deobandi orientation in colonial and contemporary South Asia, this book examines some of the most important issues facing the Muslim world since the late nineteenth century. These include the challenges to the binding claims of a long-established scholarly consensus, evolving conceptions of the common good, and discourses on religious education, the legal rights of women, social and economic justice and violence and terrorism. This wide-ranging study by a leading scholar provides the depth and the comparative perspective necessary for an understanding of the ferment that characterizes contemporary Islam.