cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic relationships of colubroid snakes based on mitochondrial DNA sequences

We used a 694 bp length of the mitochondrial ND4 gene from 40 genera to infer phylogenetic relationships among colubroid snakes. The goals of this study were to identify conserved subsets of ND4 sequence data that could be used to address (1) which nominal higher-level colubroid taxa are monophyletic, and (2) the relationships among the monophyletic lineages identified. Use of transversions only proved the most reliable and efficient means of retrieving colubroid relationships. Transversion parsimony and neighbour-joining analyses identify similar monophyletic higher-level taxa, but relationships among these lineages differ considerably between the two analyses. These differences were affected by the inclusion/exclusion of (1) transitions, (2) autapomorphies, and (3) the boid outgroups. Saturation effects among the transitions, uninformativeness of autapomorphies for clustering taxa, and long-branch and base-compositional problems among the boids lead us to regard the tree resulting from transversion parsimony analysis rooted with Acrochordus as the best current estimate of colubroid phylogenetic relationships. However, several aspects of this proposed phylogeny need further testing (e.g. the apparent diphyly of Natricinae is especially controversial). Relationships retrieved using all colubroid taxa are not obtained when sparsely or unevenly sampled experimental subsets of taxa are used instead, suggesting that long-branch problems can severely compromise elucidation of colubroid relationships if limited taxonomic sampling strategies are followed. We discuss the importance of this finding for previous molecular attempts to assess colubroid relationships. Our analyses confirm the historical validity of several nominal colubroid families and subfamilies, establish polyphyly of a few, but generally fail to resolve relationships among the monophyletic taxa we identify. More conservative character information will be required to confidently resolve the last issue.
Who are the spatial voting violators

Abstract Most applied work on spatial voting theory has sought to measure whether voters choose the candidates whose ideological positions are closest to theirs. Few of these studies have used the most basic measurement tool of proximity voting that the American National Election Studies (ANES) provide. This article uses ANES seven-point ideological placements from 1972 through 2004 to distinguish between spatial voters and voters who are ideologically closer to one candidate yet vote for another candidate. For each of these cycles, between 9 and 15% of voters are spatial voting violators. These individuals demonstrate below-average levels of political knowledge, activism, and interest, yet considering the direction of the violation yields a mix of potential incentives for violations.
A conversation with Vijay Pande

The director of Stanford University's Pande Lab discusses how his work with large-scale, distributed simulation is being used to study protein folding and its connection to disease.
Binary Time Series Approach to Spectrum Prediction for Cognitive Radio

One of the major goals of cognitive radio (CR) is to alleviate the inefficient use of the spectrum. CR can sense the spectrum steadily and gather information about the evolution of the spectrum in time. Spectrum occupancy information can be used for both learning the usage of the spectrum and predicting the future occupancy status. In this study, the use of binary time series for spectrum occupancy characterization and prediction is proposed. Both deterministic and non-deterministic occupancy schemes are examined. Numerical results and discussions are presented.
Minnelide reduces tumor burden in preclinical models of osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma is the most common bone cancer in children and adolescents with a 5-year survival rate of about 70%. In this study, we have evaluated the preclinical therapeutic efficacy of the novel synthetic drug, Minnelide, a prodrug of triptolide on osteosarcoma. Triptolide was effective in significantly inducing apoptosis in all osteosarcoma cell lines tested but had no significant effect on the human osteoblast cells. Notably, Minnelide treatment significantly reduced tumor burden and lung metastasis in the orthotopic and lung colonization models. Triptolide/Minnelide effectively downregulated the levels of pro-survival proteins such as heat shock proteins, cMYC, survivin and targets the NF-κB pathway.
Therapy for Head Lice Based on Life Cycle, Resistance, and Safety Considerations

The timing of head lice maturation most favorable to their survival in the presence of anti-lice agents is the maximum time as an ovum (12 days) and the shortest possible time of maturing from newly hatched nymph to egg-laying adult (8.5 days). Pediculicides that are not reliably ovicidal (pyrethroids and lindane) require 2 to 3 treatment cycles to eradicate lice. Ovicidal therapies (malathion) require 1 to 2 treatments. Treatment with an agent to which there is genetic resistance is unproductive. In the United States, lice have become increasingly resistant to pyrethroids and lindane but not to malathion. Treatment with malathion has favorable efficacy and safety profiles and enables the immediate, safe return to school. Nit combing can be performed adjunctively. No-nit policies should be rendered obsolete.
Use of velocity of ultrasound to monitor gravitational separation in dispersions

La mesure de la vitesse de passage des ultrasons permet l'evaluation de la sedimentation/cremage dans les dispersions. L'etude, en fonction de la concentration de l'emulsion, permet d'analyser le mecanisme de separation et, dans certains cas, les proprietes de la couche sediment/creme. Application aux produits laitiers
“Vital Industry” and Women's Ventures: Conceptualizing Gender in Twentieth Century Business History

In 1935 Fortune magazine published a series of articles on “Women in Business” whose true subject was the absence of women in business. Published anonymously but written by Archibald MacLeish, the articles distinguished between the relatively few women in “general business” or “business proper” and the greater number “engaged in the business exploitation of femininity.” MacLeish asserted that this was “not merely an arbitrary” distinction, for businesses dominated by men were “vital industries.” Vital is a significant adjective from a man known to choose his words carefully, with its connotations of fundamental, indispensable, robust, animate, and, not least, virile. Unlike men's efforts in business, said MacLeish, “feminine success in the exploitation of women proves nothing but the fact that women are by nature feminine.” That is, women's ventures in cosmetology, fashion and styling, department store buying, advertising to women, and the women's press resulted from a state of being, not a will to action. As MacLeish put it, “Elizabeth Arden is not a potential Henry Ford. She is Elizabeth Arden. It is a career in itself but it is not a career in industry.”
Intelligent systems at the Office of Naval Research

A brief description is presented of the intelligent systems program at the Office of Naval Research. The programs that are currently considered important are described and an indication is given of why the issues are considered important to the US Navy. A general view of the status and future of AI is also provided.
Regulation of HOXA-10 and its expression in normal and abnormal endometrium

HOXA-10 is a member of a family of genes that serve as transcription factors during development and have been shown to be important for uterine function. Using immunohistochemistry and RNAse protection assays (RPA), HOXA-10 was shown to be expressed in both epithelial and stromal cells with increased expression during the window of implantation. By in-vitro culture of isolated endometrial epithelium or stroma, HOXA-10, expression was increased after treatment with oestradiol (10(-8) mol/l) with or without progesterone (10(-6) mol/l). In stromal cells, oestradiol and progesterone both appeared to increase HOXA-10 expression and were additive. Relaxin (30 ng/ml) appeared to further increase stromal HOXA-10 expression. HOXA-10 expression during the window of implantation was compared in normal menstrual cycles to endometrium from women with endometriosis and suspected defects in uterine receptivity. Little or no difference was seen in luminal, glandular or endothelial HOXA-10 expression but a significant reduction in stroma HOXA-10 expression was noted in women with endometriosis. In conclusion, HOXA-10 is a hormone-regulated endometrial transcription factor that appears to be responsive to both ovarian steroids and relaxin. The appearance of this nuclear protein during the window of implantation in epithelium and stroma may offer new insight into the regulation of uterine receptivity and assist in the identification of other genes that are critical to the establishment of a successful pregnancy.
Is the Resource-Based “View” a Useful Perspective for Strategic Management Research? Yes

Here I examine each of the major issues raised by Priem and Butler (this issue) about my 1991 article and subsequent resource-based research. While it turns out that Priem and Butler's direct criticisms of the 1991 article are unfounded, they do remind resource-based researchers of some important requirements of this kind of research. I also discuss some important issues not raised by Priem and Butler—the resolutions of which will be necessary if a more complete resource-based theory of strategic advantage is to be developed.
Design, fabrication and measurement of CNT based ISFET for NANO devices

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in monitoring and controlling of pH. It has become an important aspect of many industrial wastewater treatment processes. At the same time, the demand for smaller electronic devices used for various industrial and commercial applications has greatly increased. Micro and nano materials, such as Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) are known for their excellent electrical and mechanical properties, as well as for their small size, therefore they are good candidates to manufacture micro or nano electronic devices. These devices can be used for pH control. However, this cannot be achieved unless CNTs with metallic or semiconducting band structures can be successfully deposited and separated. In these processes, microchip fabrication and deposition of CNTs using Dielectrophoresis are involved. An Atomic Force Microscope is used to test the conductivity of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with a conductive cantilever-tip. The resistance and the I–V characteristics of the carbon nanotube can be obtained to describe its electrical properties. Ultimately, this technological development will lead towards the efficient and effective manufacturing of CNT-based ISFET for pH sensor application.
Large Margin Hidden Markov Models for Automatic Speech Recognition

We study the problem of parameter estimation in continuous density hidden Markov models (CD-HMMs) for automatic speech recognition (ASR). As in support vector machines, we propose a learning algorithm based on the goal of margin maximization. Unlike earlier work on max-margin Markov networks, our approach is specifically geared to the modeling of real-valued observations (such as acoustic feature vectors) using Gaussian mixture models. Unlike previous discriminative frameworks for ASR, such as maximum mutual information and minimum classification error, our framework leads to a convex optimization, without any spurious local minima. The objective function for large margin training of CD-HMMs is defined over a parameter space of positive semidefinite matrices. Its optimization can be performed efficiently with simple gradient-based methods that scale well to large problems. We obtain competitive results for phonetic recognition on the TIMIT speech corpus.
Einstein’s Universe

It was 1917 when Albert Einstein proposed his model of the universe. In this chapter we discuss the definition of Einstein’s Universe (EU) as presented in the article Einstein’s Static Universe: An Idea Whose Time Has Come Back ?
Nuclear factor-kappa B localization and function within intrauterine tissues from term and preterm labor and cultured fetal membranes

Background: The objective of this study was to quantify the nuclear localization and DNA binding activity of p65, the major transactivating nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) subunit, in full-thickness fetal membranes (FM) and myometrium in the absence or presence of term or preterm labor. Methods: Paired full-thickness FM and myometrial samples were collected from women in the following cohorts: preterm no labor (PNL, N = 22), spontaneous preterm labor (PTL, N = 21), term no labor (TNL, N = 23), and spontaneous term labor (STL, N = 21). NF-kappaB p65 localization was assessed by immunohistochemistry, and DNA binding activity was evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based method. Results: Nuclear p65 labeling was rare in amnion and chorion, irrespective of clinical context. In decidua, nuclear p65 labeling was greater in the STL group relative to the TNL cohort, but there were no differences among the TNL, PTL, and PNL cohorts. In myometrium, diffuse p65 nuclear labeling was significantly associated with both term and preterm labor. There were no significant differences in ELISA-based p65 binding activity in amnion, choriodecidual, and myometrial specimens in the absence or presence of term labor. However, parallel experiments using cultured term fetal membranes demonstrated high levels of p65-like binding even the absence of cytokine stimulation, suggesting that this assay may be of limited value when applied to tissue specimens. Conclusions: These results suggest that the decidua is an important site of NF-kappaB regulation in fetal membranes, and that mechanisms other than cytoplasmic sequestration may limit NF-kappaB activation prior to term.
An XML-enabled data extraction toolkit for web sources

Abstract The amount of useful semi-structured data on the web continues to grow at a stunning pace. Often interesting web data are not in database systems but in HTML pages, XML pages, or text files. Data in these formats are not directly usable by standard SQL-like query processing engines that support sophisticated querying and reporting beyond keyword-based retrieval. Hence, the web users or applications need a smart way of extracting data from these web sources. One of the popular approaches is to write wrappers around the sources, either manually or with software assistance, to bring the web data within the reach of more sophisticated query tools and general mediator-based information integration systems. In this paper, we describe the methodology and the software development of an XML-enabled wrapper construction system—XWRAP for semi-automatic generation of wrapper programs. By XML-enabled we mean that the metadata about information content that are implicit in the original web pages will be extracted and encoded explicitly as XML tags in the wrapped documents. In addition, the query-based content filtering process is performed against the XML documents. The XWRAP wrapper generation framework has three distinct features. First, it explicitly separates tasks of building wrappers that are specific to a web source from the tasks that are repetitive for any source, and uses a component library to provide basic building blocks for wrapper programs. Second, it provides inductive learning algorithms that derive or discover wrapper patterns by reasoning about sample pages or sample specifications. Third and most importantly, we introduce and develop a two-phase code generation framework. The first phase utilizes an interactive interface facility to encode the source-specific metadata knowledge identified by individual wrapper developers as declarative information extraction rules. The second phase combines the information extraction rules generated at the first phase with the XWRAP component library to construct an executable wrapper program for the given web source.
Formalizing Information Flow Control in a Model-Driven Approach

Information flow control is a promising formal technique to guarantee the privacy and desired release of our data in an always connected world. However, it is not easy to apply in practice. IFlow is a model-driven approach that supports the development of distributed systems with information flow control. A system is modeled with UML and automatically transformed into a formal specification as well as Java code. This paper shows how the this specification is generated and presents several advantages of a model-driven approach for information flow control.
Many-Field Packet Classification for Software-Defined Networking Switches

Packet classification is a core problem for OpenFlow-based software-defined networking switches, which required 38 packet header fields per flow to be examined against thousands of rules in a ruleset. With the trend of continue growing number of fields in a rule and the number of rules in rule set, it will be a great challenge to design a high performance packet classification solution with the capability to easy update new rule and fields. In this paper, we present a scalable many-field packet classification algorithm with varying rulesets and its prototype implementation on a graphics processing unit. The proposed algorithm constructs multiple lookup tables and merges partial lookup results for a small ruleset to accelerate the overall packet classification process by using effective bit positions in a ruleset with three selecting metrics: wildcard ratio, independence index, and diversity index. Those lookup tables made with effective bit positions are flat with a low rule replication ratio. Besides, they are adjustable to meet different implementation environments for a good performance scalability between different ruleset sizes. Our prototype on a single NVIDIA K20C GPU achieves 198 MPPS, 186 MPPS, 163 MPPS throughput for 1K, 32K, and 100K 15-field ruleset.
Angular Velocity and Range of Motion in the Vertical and Standing Broad Jumps

Abstract Cinematographic records were taken of the vertical and standing broad jumps, and strength measurements made of the isometric extensor strength of the hip, knee, and ankle joints for eighteen men and eleven women. A comparison of range of motion of joint actions and maximal angular velocities for men and women indicated distinct time-force coordinations of the various joint actions in the performance of the vertical and standing broad jumps. No general relationship nor pattern of relationships was found between isometric extensor strength and maximal angular velocity.
Fault-tolerant software - Experiment with the sift operating system

Results are presented of an experiment conducted in the NASA Avionics Integrated Research Laboratory (AIRLAB) to investigate the implementation of fault-tolerant software techniques on fault-tolerant computer architectures, in particular the Software Implemented Fault Tolerance (SIFT) computer. The N-version programming and recovery block techniques were implemented on a portion of the SIFT operating system. The results indicate that, to effectively implement fault-tolerant software design techniques, system requirements will be impacted and suggest that retrofitting fault-tolerant software on existing designs will be inefficient and may require system modification.
Atmospheric pressure laser-induced acoustic desorption chemical ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry for the analysis of complex mixtures.

We present a novel nonresonant laser-based matrix-free atmospheric pressure ionization technique, atmospheric pressure laser-induced acoustic desorption chemical ionization (AP/LIAD-CI). The technique decouples analyte desorption from subsequent ionization by reagent ions generated from a corona discharge initiated in ambient air or in the presence of vaporized toluene as a CI dopant at room temperature. Analyte desorption is initiated by a shock wave induced in a titanium foil coated with electrosprayed sample, irradiated from the rear side by high-energy laser pulses. The technique enables facile and independent optimization of the analyte desorption, ionization, and sampling events, for coupling to any mass analyzer with an AP interface. Moreover, the generated analyte ions are efficiently thermalized by collisions with atmospheric gases, thereby reducing fragmentation. We have coupled AP/LIAD-CI to ultrahigh-resolution FT-ICR MS to generate predominantly [M + H]+ or M+• ions to resolve and identify th...
In Vivo and In Vitro Studies on the Effect of Gentamicin Sulfate on the Efficacy of the Turkey Herpesvirus Vaccine

In vitro studies indicate that the titer of the cell-free or cell-associated turkey herpevirus (HVT) vaccine was not appreciably reduced when incubated with .1, .2, or .3 mg of gentamicin sulfate for up to 2 hr. However, the titer of both the cell-free and cell-associated HVT vaccines was reduced when incubated with .4 mg of gentamicin sulfate for 2 hr. However, in vivo studies show that the incidence of Marek's disease (MD) in chickens which were vaccinated with the cell-free or cell-associated HVT vaccine which had been incubated with ,1, .2, .3, or .4 mg of gentamicin sulfate up to 2 hr was not increased when compared to chickens receiving only the HVT vaccine. The results of other laboratory studies also show that there was no increase in the incidence of MD when comparing chickens which received either 1360 or 6360 PFU of cell-free HVT vaccine or 1250 or 5690 PFU of cell-associated HVT vaccine to those vaccinated with the same doses of cell-free or cell-associated HVT vaccine containing .2 mg of gentamicin sulfate.
Oral or written language: the consequences for cognitive development in Africa, the United States and England.

The distinction between speaking an oral language and speaking a written language is applied to different cultural groups in the United States and Africa. It is shown that these two patterns of lan...
Synthesis of a new type of zwitterionic-comb-like polyacrylamide

A new type of zwitterionic-comb-like polyacrylamide was synthesized by AM and(9-Carboxy-nonyl)-dimethyl-[2-methyl-acryloyloxy-ethyl]-ammonium bromide(CNDMAM).Copolymerization was initiated by a multi-initiating system of ammonium persulfate,sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate and AIBN.The monomer CNDMAM not only had long side hydrophilic chain which make up the copolymer comb-like polymer,but also was betaine-type zwitterionic compound.The configuration of the zwitterionic-comb-like polyacrylamid could be found by FT-IR.The effect factors of copolymerzation were studied and results showed that the optimum technical parameters were: ρ(initiatior)=16 mg/L,ρ(AIBN)=10 mg/L,ω(monomer)=18%,ρ(EDTA)=100 mg/L,ρ(Urea)=100 mg/L,ρ(Sodium formate)=100 mg/L,pH=8 and the initiation temperature was 15 ℃.Under above conditions,the limiting viscosity number of the copolymer could reach to 19.95.
Determination and Content of Flavonoids in Potato Peel

The procedure for flavonoid extraction from potato peel was studied and optimal conditions determined using potato as experimental material. In the experiment, flavonoids in potato peel was extracted, separated, and evaluated by clearance of 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) hydrazyl(DPPH). Through single factor experiments, extraction efficiency was studied under different extraction solvents, temperatures, times, as well as the ratios of solid to liquid. An orthogonal experiment was designed based on changes in 4 factors and 3 levels to determine the best conditions for flavonoid extraction in potato peel. The experiment showed that extracted flavonoids in potato peel in 80% acetone solution with the ratio of 1: 10 of solid to liquid at 50° C for 3 h could get the ideal result. Under these conditions, the DPPH clearance rate was 84.62% and the content of flavonoids in dried potato peel was 10.95 mg /g DW. Potato peel contained higher flavonoids than other fruit peels which has a similar antioxidant activity.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment of Vascular Contact of the Facial Nerve in the Asymptomatic Patient.

Objective The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of facial nerve vascular contact on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients without hemifacial spasm (HFS). Study Design Our radiology database was queried to identify consecutive adult patients without a history of HFS, intracranial tumor, brain radiation therapy, intracranial surgery, traumatic brain injury, or trigeminal nerve vascular compression. One hundred high-resolution MRIs of the posterior fossa were independently reviewed by two neuroradiologists for facial nerve vascular contact (200 sides). Main Outcome Measures The prevalence of vascular nerve contact in the non-HFS patient, the location of contact along the facial nerve, the culprit vessel, and severity of compression was recorded. Results The presence of vascular contact in the non-HFS patient may be as high as 53%. It is typically mild to moderate in severity, most commonly involves the cisternal portion, and usually caused by the anterior inferior cerebellar artery. Conclusion Vascular contact of the facial nerve is frequently identified in asymptomatic individuals but tends to be more peripheral and mild compared with previous descriptions of neurovascular contact in HFS patients. These results should be considered in assessing the candidacy of HFS patients for microvascular decompression.
Role of autotransplantation in Hodgkin's disease

Autologous bone marrow transplantation is being used with increasing frequency to treat patients with relapsed or refractory Hodgkin’s disease. Patients most likely to benefit from this procedure include those with chemotherapy sensitive disease, good performance status, and limited exposure to conventional chemotherapy regimens. Many questions regarding the optimal timing of transplantation, the most active preparative regimen, and the best source of hematopoietic rescue remain unanswered. Future studies should better define the role of transplantation in Hodgkin’s disease and lead to improved results.
Anatomic and Physiologic Imaging of Alzheimer’s Disease

This article reviews the neuroimaging of AD, including CT, magnetic resonance (MR), positron emission tomography (PET), and single photo emission CT (SPECT), as well as some of the newer techniques of MR spectroscopy and functional MR imaging. Functional studies, such as PET and SPECT, map cerebral metabolism or perfusion and improve the specificity of dementia diagnosis. In addition, functional imaging may demonstrate metabolic or perfusion abnormalities that precede morphologic changes on MR or CT. Recent developments suggest that a combination of functional and anatomical studies may best differentiate AD from non-AD dementias and aging.
Contrasting cloud composition between coupled and decoupled marine boundary layer clouds

Marine stratocumulus clouds often become decoupled from the vertical layer immediately above the ocean surface. This study contrasts cloud chemical composition between coupled and decoupled marine stratocumulus clouds for dissolved nonwater substances. Cloud water and droplet residual particle composition were measured in clouds off the California coast during three airborne experiments in July–August of separate years (Eastern Pacific Emitted Aerosol Cloud Experiment 2011, Nucleation in California Experiment 2013, and Biological and Oceanic Atmospheric Study 2015). Decoupled clouds exhibited significantly lower air-equivalent mass concentrations in both cloud water and droplet residual particles, consistent with reduced cloud droplet number concentration and subcloud aerosol (D_p > 100 nm) number concentration, owing to detachment from surface sources. Nonrefractory submicrometer aerosol measurements show that coupled clouds exhibit higher sulfate mass fractions in droplet residual particles, owing to more abundant precursor emissions from the ocean and ships. Consequently, decoupled clouds exhibited higher mass fractions of organics, nitrate, and ammonium in droplet residual particles, owing to effects of long-range transport from more distant sources. Sodium and chloride dominated in terms of air-equivalent concentration in cloud water for coupled clouds, and their mass fractions and concentrations exceeded those in decoupled clouds. Conversely, with the exception of sea-salt constituents (e.g., Cl, Na, Mg, and K), cloud water mass fractions of all species examined were higher in decoupled clouds relative to coupled clouds. Satellite and Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System-based reanalysis data are compared with each other, and the airborne data to conclude that limitations in resolving boundary layer processes in a global model prevent it from accurately quantifying observed differences between coupled and decoupled cloud composition.
Risky Business: Breastfeeding Promotion Policy and the Problem of Risk Language

ABSTRACTOver the past decades, the rhetoric surrounding breastfeeding promotion policy has been increasingly focused on couching formula feeding in terms of “risk” rather than, as had been the norm, focusing on the “benefits” of breastfeeding. We examine this major policy shift in breastfeeding promotion and public health efforts. Analyzing qualitative data collected from 214 expectant mothers exposed to differently worded breastfeeding promotion materials, we identify several overwhelming trends in evaluations of the materials by those women exposed to “risk” language. These trends, we argue, point to strategic and normative reasons to reconsider this policy shift to the language of risk.
Orientalism and International Law: A Matter of Contemporary Urgency

Inspired by Edward Said's writing, this article considers Orientalism as a lens through which to observe the operations of international law in the contemporary world. Orientalist perspectives can ...
A funny thing happened when my scientist self and my practitioner self became an integrated scientist-practitioner: A tale of two couple therapists transformed

In this article we provide a conceptual discussion and personal narratives of what it is like to be counseling psychology faculty who have maintained constant involvement in providing psychotherapy throughout our faculty careers. In the context of discussing this special career pathway, we propose a developmental model for the integrated scientist–practitioner, where the dual roles of scientist and therapist are fused into a whole professional self. We utilize emotionally focused couple therapy as an exemplar for what we consider to be a synergistic integration of our roles as graduate level counseling psychology researchers, educators, clinical supervisors and therapists.
Analysis of error in interpolation-based pathline tracing

Chandler et al. [COJ15] presented interpolation-based pathline tracing as an alternative to numerical integration for advecting tracers in particle-based flow fields and showed that their method has lower error than a numerical integration-based method for particle tracing. We seek to understand the sources of the error in interpolation-based pathline tracing. We present a formal analysis of the theoretical bound on the error when advecting pathlines using this method. We characterize the error experimentally using characteristics of the flow field such as neighborhood change, flow divergence, and trajectory length. Understanding the sources of error in an advection method is important to know where there may be uncertainty in the resulting analysis. We find that for interpolation-based pathline tracing the error is closely related to the divergence in the flow field.
Assessment of incidence of occurrence of fractures of posteriors malleolus region: a retrospective analysis

Background: Fracture of ankle joint involving posterior malleolus easily causes traumatic arthritis and prognosis of this fracture is poor. There are a number of controversies regarding the indications for fixation of fragments of posterior malleolus. Some studies report that if the articular surface at the distal end of the tibia accounts for more than twenty five percent, then fixation of posterior malleolus fragments should be done. In this retrospective study we evaluated the treatment effect of ankle joint fractures involving the posterior malleolus and analyzed the impact of different posterior malleolus fragment sizes on the treatment effect. Methods: A total of 52 subjects, including 23 males and 29 females, were selected for the present study. Patients with a definitive diagnosis of ankle joint fracture with involvement of the posterior malleolus and undergoing open reduction internal fixation surgery for the same were included in the present study. Mean age of the patients was 41.3 years. Results: Significant results were observed with respect to posterior malleolus fragment size and arthritis score of two groups. Non- significant results were observed with respect to difference in the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, Visual analogue scale (VAS) rating under various conditions and patient satisfaction rating. Conclusions: Treatment effect on all 52 cases of ankle joint fractures involving posterior malleolus fractures were satisfactorily.
Middle ear adenomatous neuroendocrine tumors: a 25-year experience at MD Anderson Cancer Center

Neuroendocrine tumors are extremely rare in the middle ear. We reviewed our institutional experience with middle ear adenomatous neuroendocrine tumors (MEANTs). We searched our institution's pathology files to identify patients treated from 1990 to 2015 who had lesions classified as middle ear adenomas, adenomatous tumors, adenomatous tumors with neuroendocrine differentiation, carcinoid tumors of the middle ear, low-grade neuroendocrine tumors of the middle ear, and neuroendocrine carcinomas of the middle ear and identified 14 such patients for whom follow-up information was available. Herein, we review the pathology and differential diagnosis of these patients' tumors and discuss the management and follow-up of these patients. Our report adds to the series cases of MEANTs with recurrences, lymph node involvement, distant metastases, and tumor-related deaths. Our experience suggests that, although these tumors have long been considered to be low-aggression neoplasms, long-term follow-up studies to ascertain this supposed benignity are warranted.
Special Education Policy Change: Addressing the Disproportionality of English Language Learners in Special Education Programs in Rural Communities

Research suggests that disproportionate representation of culturally and linguistically diverse students in special education has been a recurring topic of concern in the field of special education within the United States. Over the past few years, this concern has shifted to focus on the disproportionate representation of English Language Learners (ELLs) in categories of mild to moderate disabilities, specifically within the category of learning disabilities. Although improvements in educational policy have been made through federal legislation, local rural school districts continue to battle this concern, especially those in rural areas. The following article focuses on the recommendations for development, implementation, and evaluation of local policy change to improve the disproportionate representation of ELL students within rural school districts.
ICU-related PTSD - A review of PTSD and the potential effects of collaborative songwriting therapy.

HighlightsPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has many causes, including ICU-induced trauma.Lasting ICU-induced PTSD affects a significant portion of ICU patients.Music Therapy (MT) is a beneficial and underutilized treatment for ICU-induced PTSD.Collaborative Songwriting Therapy is potentially mo
Use of slag (CaO-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 -MgO) droplet as a catalyst to grow MgO whiskers through VLS mechanism

Abstract MgO whiskers have a variety of potential applications like nanoelectronics, sensing devices and to improve mechanical properties of high temperature superconductors like MgB2, and MgO-C refractory used in the steel industry. The growth of whiskers is known to be catalyzed by the presence of a liquid droplet at the whisker tip, generally known as the vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth mechanism. Several metallic systems like Au, Mg-Si, Al-Mg and Ni have been used as a catalyst. In this work, it was found that a CaO-Al2O3-MgO-SiO2 mixture (a typical ladle slag used in steelmaking) can facilitate the growth of MgO whiskers. This was first observed, in this work, during a steel-slag equilibrium experiment conducted in a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) using an MgO crucible. MgO whiskers observed after the experiment had a slag droplet on the tip of whiskers. Subsequently, targeted experiments were conducted to find the possible sources of magnesium vapor and the usability of slag to grow whiskers in MgO-C refractory. Results show that the slag can facilitate the growth of MgO whiskers in an MgO-C pellet.
Managing Environmental Risks

A world with acute health problems, economic depression, war or the threat of nuclear annihilation, and high injury rates is not one where environmental issues are likely to be the focus of attention. Only when short-term health problems are under control, income is at a high level, and other immediate threats such as war are viewed as being under control is the environment likely to emerge as a major social concern (Lave, 1980a). The late 1960s was such a time in the United States and in much of the developed world. Spectacular progress had been made in lowering the infant mortality rate and vanquishing infectious disease. Trauma was viewed as basically being under control, due in part to the creation of the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). The perceived threat of nuclear war had receded far from the preoccupation of the early 1950s. Per capita income had increased steadily in the post-war period and fears of a deep depression had evaporated with the steady performance of the economy over two and a half decades. In short, immediate, high-level concerns had been satisfied and other issues might emerge to take their place.
A Harming Hand: The Predatory Implications of Government Backed Student Loans

Although economic research is near unanimous finding that college is a good investment, there is growing concern about the impact that student debt and defaults have on student borrowers. Using the Department of Education's College Scorecard, I document a new stylized fact about cross-sectional return heterogeneity across schools. Motivated by this fact, I then construct a basic informed lending model to study the optimal way to encourage greater college attendance via loan policies. I show that under a socially optimal guarantee scheme, a social planner will want to pool all students at a single, uniform rate. This optimal policy, however, will result in weak students accepting predatory offers.
E. Bement & Sons V. National Harrow Company: The First Skirmish between Patent Law and the Sherman Act

In the 1890s, the Sherman Act presented a host of unknowns for patent owners and lax enforcement enabled the proliferation of trusts like the Harrow Trust embodied in the practices of National Harrow. Bement, a profligate license violator, ended up fighting the trust all the way to the Supreme Court, but the surprising outcome left an enduring impression on the interplay between antitrust and patent law. In this way, the case has been both important and forgotten over time. Given the outcome in Actavis, and the possibility for a change of personnel on the Court that may shift it further to Chief Justice Roberts’s dissenting view, perhaps the time has come for this forgotten case to be remembered for the way in which it pushed along the important patent-antitrust cases of the twentieth century.
From Alpha to Omega Women: Ancient Greek Origins and Contemporary Re-visions

In this chapter Taylor Porter probes the roots of violent women in tragedy and how some contemporary playwrights, directors, and actors have adapted these works. Beginning with the wellspring of Western literature, Greek myth and theatre, she appraises Medea, including an analysis of Deborah Warner’s production (2002); the myth of Philomele through Timberlake Wertenbaker’s Love of the Nightingale (1990); The Baachae; and Caryl Churchill and David Lan’s A Mouthful of Birds (1986) (based on The Baachae). In different ways, they embody the basic tropes of maternal violence, from evil monster to possessed psychotic. In a startling contemporary representation of Medea-like figures, Suzan-Lori Parks’s Red Letter Plays, In the Blood (1998) and Fucking A (2000), reveal the impact of structural violence on maternal violence, forcing us to consider our part in the mothers’ choices.
Extremely preterm fetal sheep lung responses to antenatal steroids and inflammation

Background The efficacy of antenatal steroids for fetal lung maturation in the periviable period is not fully understood. Objective We sought to determine the lung maturational effects of antenatal steroids and inflammation in early gestation sheep fetuses, similar to the periviable period in human beings. Study Design Date-mated ewes with singleton fetuses were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups (n = 8/group): (1) maternal intramuscular injection of betamethasone; (2) intraamniotic lipopolysaccharide; (3) betamethasone + lipopolysaccharide; and (4) intraamniotic + intramuscular saline (controls). Fetuses were delivered surgically 48 hours later at 94 days’ gestation (63% term gestation) for comprehensive evaluations of lung maturation, and lung and systemic inflammation. Results Relative to controls, first, betamethasone increased the fetal lung air space to mesenchymal area ratio by 47% but did not increase the messenger RNAs for the surfactant proteins-B and -C that are important for surfactant function or increase the expression of pro-surfactant protein-C in the alveolar type II cells. Second, betamethasone increased expression of 1 of the 4 genes in surfactant lipid synthetic pathways. Third, betamethasone increased genes involved in epithelium sodium channel transport, but not sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase or Aquaporin 5. Fourth, lipopolysaccharide increased proinflammatory genes in the lung but did not effectively recruit activated inflammatory cells. Last, betamethasone incompletely suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced lung inflammation. In the liver, betamethasone when given alone increased the expression of serum amyloid A3 and C-reactive protein messenger RNAs. Conclusion Compared the more mature 125-day gestation sheep, antenatal steroids do not induce pulmonary surfactants during the periviable period, indicating a different response.
Reproducing Clinically Significant Multi-Organism Cultures to Improve Clinical Microbiology Education and Practice.

Medical microbiology courses focus on clinically relevant organisms, but designing laboratory experiments that mimic clinical specimens can be challenging. Many clinical specimens produce multi-organism cultures, which are difficult to reproducibly create in the academic laboratory. With experience with only single organism cultures, students may find it challenging to transition to the clinical laboratory where they must identify pathogens and normal flora from mixed cultures. Here, we present protocols for the creation of multi-organism cultures for mock wound, stool, urine, and throat cultures with medically relevant bacteria that allow these principles to be taught in an academic laboratory prior to clinical experiences.
Too Pretty for Homework: Sexualized Gender Stereotypes Predict Academic Attitudes for Gender-Typical Early Adolescent Girls:

Sexualized gender stereotypes (SGS) are commonly endorsed by adolescent girls. These stereotypes include the notion that girls can enhance their social status by prioritizing their sexualized attra...
Altered Gut Microbiota: A Link Between Diet and the Metabolic Syndrome

Diet with increased intake of energy-rich foods has long been implicated in the etiology of metabolic syndrome. In recent years, an increasing body of evidence has emerged that suggests that the intestinal microbial flora or "gut microbiota" may play a crucial role in the development of metabolic syndrome and associated disorders. Studies on animals and humans have shown that diet-induced changes in gut microbiota may be causally involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. This article reviews the available evidence from studies on animal models and humans with or without metabolic syndrome that have investigated the impact of diet on intestinal microbial composition and activity on the metabolic syndrome. The underlying mechanisms or pathways that link diet and altered gut microbiota to the development of metabolic syndrome are discussed with special emphasis on gut microbiota-induced changes in intestinal short-chain fatty acids, metabolic endotoxemia, low-grade systemic inflammation, and innate immune system activation and their inter-relationships to metabolic syndrome.
Perspectives on Global Public Health Informatics

Public health professionals’ functions are rapidly expanding beyond their countries’ borders. Many academic centers are recognizing the importance of global health and are creating programs to train students to meet this growing demand. Global health centers and institutes also are being created to focus on the research and programmatic efforts needed to understand the burden of disease worldwide, as well as the financial, political, medical, policy, workforce, and infrastructure issues surrounding any solutions. Due to this emerging interest by the public health community, we need to understand where the intersection between global health and informatics occurs. For many years, the promise of what technology can do to alleviate suffering and support disease surveillance and other public health activities took precedence over understanding the environment in which the technology has to function. People and their participation in the implementation of the technological solution are critical for success. In resource-poor environments, the deployment of technological solutions faces other challenges for success. Lack of stable electrical power, availability of Internet connections, and a workforce that can support the information technology remain barriers to successful implementation. Yet, through experiences in the implementation of information technology as supported by international donors and the US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, lessons are being learned to move forward towards the benefits that global health informatics can bring.
Fear of Success

The apparent paradox that some people fear or avoid success has been the focus of a good deal of interest and research in the last two decades. Two discernable lines of thinking appear in the literature on fear of success. One, which for purposes of differentiation will be called neurotic fear of success, was first chronicled in the psychoanalytic literature by Freud (1915/1959) and later by Horney (1937), Menninger (1938), and others. The distinguishing factor in the neurotic fear of success is that the anchor of the syndrome is unconscious and irrational, although as the research demonstrates, powerful and quite predictable in its consequences. After Pappo’s (1972) ground-breaking work produced a questionnaire to identify success fearers, there followed a resurgence of interest in the 1970s and 1980s with the empirical investigations of Cohen (1974) and Canavan-Gumpert, Garner, and Gumpert (1978a).
Original Theories and Current Studies

When the first author was a graduate student, some of his professors would argue about the five most influential works in formal political theory. Their lists included classics that affected a wide audience, not just works that were technically advanced. Kenneth Arrow’s Social Choice and Individual Values, Mancur Olson’s Logic of Collective Action, and Anthony Downs’ An Economic Theory of Democracy frequently made the list. Others were discussed, but Buchanan and Tullock’s The Calculus of Consent always seemed to be in the top five.