cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A probability model for the electricity price duration curve under an oligopoly market

In this paper, we propose a new formulation for the "price duration curve" (PDC) using probability considerations and provide a procedure for constructing it. This curve is expected to be useful in the long-term prediction of market prices and is similar in spirit to the load duration curve. It shows the proportion of time over a given time horizon during which the real-time market price of electricity is expected to exceed specified dollar amounts. The price over a long term is a stochastic quantity that depends on physical factors such as production cost, load, generation availability, unit commitment, and transmission constraints. It also depends on economic factors such as strategic bidding and load elasticity. We illustrate a procedure for constructing a stochastic system-based model for the PDC, taking into account the randomness associated with load and generator outages. The effects of unit commitment, transmission congestion, and transmission outages are not considered. We use two economic models. One is due to Bertrand and represents perfect competition. The other model is due to Rudkevich et al. who have given a closed-form expression for the market-clearing price in an oligopoly consisting of several identical firms.
Associations of Recreational Physical Activity and Leisure Time Spent Sitting With Colorectal Cancer Survival

Purpose Little is known about the association of recreational physical activity or leisure time spent sitting with survival after colorectal cancer diagnosis. This study examined the associations of prediagnosis and postdiagnosis recreational physical activity and leisure time spent sitting with mortality among patients with colorectal cancer. Patients and Methods From a cohort of adults without colorectal cancer at baseline in 1992-1993, we identified 2,293 participants who were diagnosed with invasive, nonmetastatic colorectal cancer up to mid-2007. At baseline, before their cancer diagnosis, and again after their cancer diagnosis, participants completed detailed questionnaires that included information concerning recreational physical activity and leisure time spent sitting. Results During a maximum follow-up of 16.1 years after colorectal cancer diagnosis, 846 patients with colorectal cancer died, 379 of them from colorectal cancer. Engaging in 8.75 or more metabolic equivalent (MET) hours per week of...
Determination of deep trapping states of the hole blocking layer in multilayer amorphous selenium X-ray detectors using transient dark current analysis1

The density of defect states near the valence band of the hole blocking layer (commonly called the n-layer) is determined by analyzing the transient dark current behavior of multilayer amorphous se...
6.02 Synthesis of Amines and Ammonium Salts

This chapter reviews displacement reactions to prepare amines and ammonium ions that involve nitrogen nucleophiles. The first part presents substitution reactions of halide and sulfonate leaving groups with amines and amine equivalents. Broader leaving group reactivities are noted for certain allylic systems. For example, ester and carbonate derivatives of Baylis–Hillman adduct alcohols are aminated by conjugate addition/elimination pathways. Allyl ethers can be activated by chlorosulfonyl isocyanate (CSI) to produce carbamates by an S N i process. In addition, the activation of alcohols toward displacement by the Mitsunobu reaction and its variants is discussed. The second part covers transition metal-catalyzed allylic aminations. Mechanistic and regiochemical differences between Pd, Rh, and Ir are highlighted. Asymmetric allylic aminations are covered, with examples provided regarding the influence of chiral ligands, nucleophiles, and substrate structure on enantioselectivity. Methods to prepare primary amines by the direct allylation of ammonia and indirectly using ammonia surrogates are included.
Effect of relative humidity on HCl formation from the reaction of H2SO4 and HNO3 with NaCl particles

Short path gas cell Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to analyze the production of hydrochloric acid (HCl) gas from the reaction of sodium chloride (NaCl) particles and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) or nitric acid (HNO3) at a range of relative humidity (2–95 %). HCl was produced from both acids, and reached equilibrium in 10 min for both H2SO4 and HNO3 acids. The equilibrium is thought to be a result of two competing reactions which produce HCl and sequester it back into the NaCl particles. The HCl production from H2SO4 was instantaneous, but its production from HNO3 involved an induction period of a few minutes. The equilibrium HCl conditions observed here have implications in influencing the pH of aerosol particles, and consequently the acidity of precipitation in the atmosphere.
Beyond Recycling: Developing “Deep” Sustainability Competence

The purpose of this chapter is to advance a competency framework for sustainability, arguing that sustainability initiatives should move beyond basic awareness to deeper knowledge, including understanding of root causes, and development of political skills. This chapter’s discussion and critique of sustainability competence is grounded in data from more than 500 undergraduate residents’ responses to seven open-ended questions about sustainability initiatives in the residence halls; what sustainability means to them; their environmental values, attitudes, and behaviors. These data were analyzed using qualitative methods to determine students’ understanding and definition of sustainability; their green behaviors; and the impact of perceptions about sustainability on green behaviors. Along the three competency domains (awareness, knowledge, and skills), respondents’ understanding of sustainability was overwhelmingly environmental (recycling, and reducing waste), and skills did not extend beyond individual actions. Sustainability initiatives must not only develop individual-level competencies (i.e. awareness of personal consumption, reduction of personal waste and energy usage), but also equip individuals to act at institutional and structural levels (i.e. advocating for changes in policy and practices). An expanded conceptualization of sustainability competence would be useful for educators to design initiatives that deepen sustainability competence, developing students’ capacity for thinking and acting systemically.
Transactional Pleading: A Proportional Approach to Rule Eight in the Wake of Bell Atlantic v. Twombly

Bell Atlantic v. Twombly may represent a judicial attempt to reconcile the many, seeming inapposite interpretations of FRCP 8 that have been perpetuated for the past fifty years. If this is so, Justice Souter and his divided court have failed. Regardless of the Court's intent, its refusal to acknowledge its intent to alter the standard has only contributed to pleading confusion. In the past, the courts have followed a rules-based approach to the pleadings, asserting that one pleading standard applicable in every situation. Multiple rules for judging the pleadings have always existed and this Note offers an amendment to FRCP 8 that explicitly permits their existence in the same procedural universe. However, any approach that acknowledges a spectrum rather than a single rule must articulate - at least on a policy basis - when each standard should be applied. The pleading standards currently applied by the courts serve an important function within our legal system. In some situations the pleadings must fill a gate-keeping role and may justifiably require a higher degree of particularity. In others, the pleadings are necessary only to prevent surprise and any requirement for specificity is unnecessary and inequitable. The certainty touted by the current rule-based pleading system is at best illusory as, at least with regard to the pleadings, certainty in outcome is unattainable. Instead, a transparent pleading system that articulates when each standard is appropriate provides practitioners and courts with specific, quantifiable criteria to apply and argue. By providing transparency in reasoning, the transactional standard achieves the more attainable goal of ensuring certainty in process. This note proposes an amendment to FRCP 8 that requires plaintiffs to plead a varying degree of factual particularity that is proportional to the dangers of both over-restriction and abuse in any given situation.
New Directions in Illness Behaviour Research

Mechanic has defined illness behaviour as “The manner in which persons monitor their bodies, define and interpret their symptoms, take remedial actions, and utilize the health care system.” This definition encompasses an immense range of behaviours as well as cognitive and affective processes. The disciplines relevant to the study of illness behaviour, defined in this fashion, include psychology, sociology, economics, education, anthropology, and medicine. It would be presumptuous to attempt to specify what new directions in each of these areas will or should be. Rather, the purpose is to review the major trends in the assumptions, questions, and methodologies of illness behaviour research and the fundamental ways in which future research probably will differ from past work.
Teaching a Human Sexuality Course: What Are Counseling Students Thinking?

ABSTRACTThe pervasiveness of sexual issues in counseling suggests the necessity of educating counseling students about relevant topics. Students enrolled in a human sexuality course anonymously submitted topical questions and secrets/fantasies. Following a content analysis, findings depicted themes of content and tone that provided curricular implications for counselor educators.
Effect of Plasma Treatment on Crystallization Behavior of Amorphous Silicon Films

The crystallization of amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) by thermal annealing is of great interest for display and silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technologies, though long anneal times (about 20 hrs) at 600 °C are typically required. We report that a room temperature hydrogen plasma exposure in a parallel plate diode type Reactive Ion Etcher (RIE) can reduce this crystallization time by a factor of five. This plasma enhanced crystallization can be spatially controlled by masking with patterned oxide, so that both amorphous and polycrystalline areas can be realized simultaneously at desired locations. This effect is due to the creation of seed nuclei at the surface, which enhance crystallization rates.
Respiratory Frequency in Birds Selected for High-and Low-Oxygen Consumption

Abstract Measurements of respiratory frequency at 6 weeks were taken among unselected progeny in lines of chickens which had been selected for high-and low-oxygen consumption at 3 weeks (Poultry Sci. 51: 591–597). In three generations, 1,692 birds were measured. The high-oxygen birds had a mean approximately 10 respirations per minute higher than the low-oxygen birds. All comparisons between lines, both within sexes and with sexes combined, were very highly significant (P ≤ 0.001). A comparison of 251 control birds with the lines in 1971 indicated that the control mean was 9.4 respirations per minute higher than the mean for the low-oxygen birds.
Restless legs syndrome, sleep, and quality of life among adolescents and young adults.

Objective:Clinical reports in children implicate restless legs syndrome (RLS) with sleep and behavior problems. However, population-based studies on this association in adolescents and young adults...
Single-Molecule Conductance through Multiple π-π-Stacked Benzene Rings Determined with Direct Electrode-to-Benzene Ring Connections

Understanding electron transport across π-π-stacked systems will help to answer fundamental questions about biochemical redox processes and benefit the design of new materials and molecular devices. Herein we employed the STM break-junction technique to measure the single-molecule conductance of multiple π-π-stacked aromatic rings. We studied electron transport through up to four stacked benzene rings held together in an eclipsed fashion via a paracyclophane scaffold. We found that the strained hydrocarbons studied herein couple directly to gold electrodes during the measurements; hence, we did not require any heteroatom binding groups as electrical contacts. Density functional theory-based calculations suggest that the gold atoms of the electrodes bind to two neighboring carbon atoms of the outermost cyclophane benzene rings in η(2) fashion. Our measurements show an exponential decay of the conductance with an increasing number of stacked benzene rings, indicating a nonresonant tunneling mechanism. Furthermore, STM tip-substrate displacement data provide additional evidence that the electrodes bind to the outermost benzene rings of the π-π-stacked molecular wires.
Biological Studies of a Ground Beetle, Pterostichus lucublandus,,

Pterostichus lucublandus Say (Coleoptera: Carabidae) has a trans-American distribution and is commonly found in cultivated fields with high moisture. It overwinters as an adult in the soil or beneath surface trash and is most active from May to early July. Oviposition occurs from May to early September, and 1 female may produce as many as 462 eggs. Young adults are somewhat active in fields from August to early October. The mean time for development in the laboratory was 76 days from egg to adult.
Effectiveness and Reliability of Metal Diffusion Barriers for Copper Interconnects

Cu has two advantages over Al for sub-quarter micron interconnect application: (1) higher conductivity and (2) improved electromigration reliability. However, Cu diffuses quickly in SiO2 and Si, and must be encapsulated. Polycrystalline films of Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) Ta, W, Mo, TiN, and Metal-Organo Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) TiN and Ti-Si-N have been evaluated as Cu diffusion barriers using electrically biased-thermal-stressing tests. Barrier effectiveness of these thin films were correlated with their physical properties from Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Secondary Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) analysis. The barrier failure is dominated by “micro-defects” in the barrier film that serve as easy pathways for Cu diffusion. An ideal barrier system should be free of such micro-defects (e.g., amorphous Ti-Si-N and annealed Ta). The median-time-to-failure (MTTF) of a Ta barrier (30 nm) has been measured at different bias electrical fields and stressing temperatures, and the extrapolated MTTF of such a barrier is > 100 year at an operating condition of 200C and 0.1 MV/cm.
Substituent effects on rates and torquoselectivities of electrocyclic ring-openings of N-substituted 2-azetines.

Transition structures for the conrotatory electrocyclic ring-opening reactions of N-substituted 2-azetines were computed with the density functional M06-2X/6-31+G(d,p). A wide range of substituents from π acceptors (e.g., CHO, CN) to π donors (NMe2, OMe) was explored. Acceptor substituents delocalize the nitrogen lone pair and stabilize the reactant state of 2-azetines, while donors destabilize the 2-azetine reactant state. The conrotatory ring-opening is torquoselective, and the transition state for the outward rotation of the N-substituent and inward rotation of the nitrogen lone pair is preferred. This transition structure is stabilized by an interaction between the nitrogen lone pair and the vacant π* orbital. The activation free energies are linearly related to the reaction free energies and the Taft σR0 parameter.
Epidemiological surveillance on acute flaccid paralysis in Dejiang County of Guizhou from 2004-2012

[Objective]To continuously maintain the polio-free status in Dejiang County,provide scientific basis for elimination of poliomyelitis.[Methods]The data from acute flaccid paralysis( AFP) monitoring system in Dejiang County during 2004-2012 were analyzed and evaluated. [Results]A total of 27 AFP cases were reported in Dejiang County from 2004-2012,and the average annual reporting rate was 2. 62 / lakh. The cases were found in 12 towns,accounting for 60%. The sex ratio of AFP cases was 2 ∶ 1.The incidence rate in males and females was 3. 36 / lakh and 1. 82 / lakh respectively,the male-to-female ratio in incidence rate was1. 68 ∶ 1,and there was no significant difference in incidence rate between males and females(χ2= 2. 35,P ﹥ 0. 05). The patients aged 1-7 years old accounted for 62. 96% of total cases. After 60 days of follow-up,16 of 27 AFP cases recovered,and 11cases did not recover. The rate of residual paralysis was 40. 74%( 3 cases died). The rate of residual paralysis in people with full immunization was 37. 5%,while that in people with non-complete immunization was 66. 67%,and the difference was not significant(χ2= 0. 94,P ﹥ 0. 05). The incidence rate in 0-7 year-old age group and 8-14 year-old age group was 3. 28 / lakh( 17/517 937) and 1. 95/lakh( 10/513 251),and there was no significant difference(χ2= 2. 35,P ﹥ 0. 05). 9 cases were reported in local area,accounting for 33. 33 %,and 18 cases were found in other counties,accounting for 66. 67 %.[Conclusion]AFP monitoring system in Dejiang County runs well. In order to maintain the polio-free status,it is necessary to carry out the routine immunization,strengthening immunity,supplementary immunization and AFP qualified sample collection,and strengthen the medical personnel' report consciousness of AFP to improve the report rate of first diagnosis. Strengthening AFP diagnosis level of medical institutions to avoid the missed diagnosis,misdiagnosis and omission,enhancing the collection rate of AFP qualified sample,and increasing the monitoring sensitivity are the key emphasis in work in the future.
Certificate creating using office groupware in cbuilder

Method about how to create automatically by Office groupware of C++ Builder was elaborated according to the requirement of current standardization certificates. Method greatly improved the convenience of the date-testing output, and also had wide and applicable foreground in modern testing and measurement technology. Two methods of Word document transfer were compared, and detailed process of creating the certificate by Word was enumerated. This method perfect auto-testing system of instruments, highly promoting working efficiency,and saving cost.
Spinal Intradural, Extramedullary Ependymoma with Astrocytoma Component: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Ependymomas are common spinal lesions, with the vast majority arising in an intramedullary location. Several cases have been described in the literature of ependymomas in an intradural, extramedullary location. The authors present a case of a 56-year-old female who presented with several weeks of lower back pain and weakness. MRI revealed an intradural, extramedullary enhancing mass at L1-L2. The mass was successfully resected surgically. Pathologic evaluation revealed a low grade glioma with components of both ependymoma and pilocytic astrocytoma with MUTYH G382D mutation. Extramedullary ependymomas are very rare tumors. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case of ependymoma/astrocytoma collision tumors described in an extramedullary location.
Social anxiety and vulnerability for problematic drinking in college students: the moderating role of post-event processing

Socially anxious college students are at increased risk for engaging in problematic drinking (i.e. heavy or risky drinking) behaviors that are associated with the development of an alcohol use disorder. The present study examined whether post-event processing (PEP), repeatedly thinking about and evaluating one's performance in a past social situation, strengthens the association between social anxiety and vulnerability to problematic drinking among college students. Eighty-three college drinkers with high or low social anxiety participated in a social interaction task and were exposed to a manipulation that either promoted or inhibited PEP about the social interaction. Among participants randomized to the PEP promotion condition, those with high social anxiety exhibited a greater urge to use alcohol after the social interaction and greater motivation to drink to cope with depressive symptoms over the week following the manipulation than did those with low social anxiety. These findings suggest that targeting PEP in college drinking intervention programs may improve the efficacy of such programs for socially anxious students.
Redox Signaling through DNA

Biological electron transfer reactions between metal cofactors are critical to many essential processes within the cell. Duplex DNA is, moreover, capable of mediating the transport of charge through its π-stacked nitrogenous bases. Increasingly, [4Fe4S] clusters, generally redox-active cofactors, have been found to be associated with enzymes involved in DNA processing. DNA-binding enzymes containing [4Fe4S] clusters can thus utilize DNA charge transport (DNA CT) for redox signaling to coordinate reactions over long molecular distances. In particular, DNA CT signaling may represent the first step in the search for DNA lesions by proteins containing [4Fe4S] clusters that are involved in DNA repair. Here we describe research carried out to examine the chemical characteristics and biological consequences of DNA CT. We are finding that DNA CT among metalloproteins represents powerful chemistry for redox signaling at long range within the cell.
Modeling intestinal disorders using zebrafish

Although the zebrafish was initially developed as a model system to study embryonic development, it has gained increasing attention as an advantageous system to investigate human diseases, including intestinal disorders. Zebrafish embryos develop rapidly, and their digestive system is fully functional and visible by 5days post fertilization. There is a large degree of homology between the intestine of zebrafish and higher vertebrate organisms in terms of its cellular composition and function as both a digestive and immune organ. Furthermore, molecular pathways regulating injury and immune responses are highly conserved. In this chapter, we provide an overview of studies addressing developmental and physiological processes relevant to human intestinal disease. These studies include those related to congenital disorders, host-microbiota interactions, inflammatory diseases, motility disorders, and intestinal cancer. We also highlight the utility of zebrafish to functionally validate candidate genes identified through mutational analyses and genome-wide association studies, and discuss methodologies to investigate the intestinal biology that are unique to zebrafish.
The Feasibility of an Exergaming Program in Underserved Older African Americans

The study tested the feasibility and efficacy of an exergaming program in underserved older African American communities. The study is a single-group with pre- and posttest design. Twelve female pa...
18F-FDG PET/CT of Malignant Angiomyolipoma With Tumor Thrombus.

AbstractRenal angiomyolipomas are the most common renal mesenchymal tumors. While classic angiomyolipomas are benign, there are a number of other subtypes. Epithelioid variants are potentially malignant and may be indistinguishable from renal cell carcinoma on imaging. We present a 52-year-old woman
The perform, achieve and trade scheme in India: An effectiveness analysis

Abstract India's flagship scheme for energy efficiency is Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT). Under PAT, obligated industries are required to achieve targets either by implementing energy efficient technologies or by purchasing energy efficiency certificates (ESCerts). We ask two questions: is PAT effective so far? Is PAT likely to be effective in future? We conclude the following: the targets are not strict enough to add energy efficiency activities beyond business-as-usual; long-term investment in energy efficiency may not happen; the PAT market may not form; many equity issues remain unaddressed; and, it is too early to assess transaction costs. Based on best practices, the policy implications are: set additional targets that account for rising energy costs; promote long-term investments via clear and consistent goals; create a functioning PAT market platform to ensure cost-effectiveness; reduce equity concerns via normalized targets and standardized auditing; and, keep transaction costs low.
Effects of Trial Duration on Intrasession Reliability of Single Leg Balance Testing on Stable and Unstable Surfaces

Context: Single leg balance testing is a commonly used tool in sports medicine; however, there has been no consensus on trial duration needed to obtain reliable measures. Objective: This investigation sought to determine the minimum trial duration required to obtain the highest intrasession single and average trial reliability for single leg balance testing on stable and unstable surfaces using dominant and nondominant limbs. Design: Intrasession reliability. Setting:Biomechanics laboratory. Participants: 70 healthy (35 men, 35 women), physically active young adults aged 22.8 ± 2.8 y divided into 3 subgroups (n = 10, 30, 30) across a 3-phase study. Methods:3 phases of single leg balance testing were performed. For phase 1, the duration of time each participant could maintain posture on each limb/surface were computed. Phase 2 considered performance for 6 cumulative time intervals (5s, 10s, 15s, 20s, 25s, 30s). Phase 3 served to solidify results of phase 2 by computing reliability of 15s trials. Main outco...
Recognizing connection to nature: Perspectives from the field

The researcher conducted 17 semistructured interviews with environmental education professionals working in the field of nature connection to better understand how practitioners define and measure ...
Synthesis and in vitro characterization of a P2X7 radioligand [123I]TZ6019 and its response to neuroinflammation in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease

The purinergic receptor P2X ligand-gated ion channel 7 (P2X7 receptor) is a promising imaging target to detect neuroinflammation. Herein, we report development of a potent iodinated radiotracer for P2X7 receptor, [123I]TZ6019. The radiosynthesis of [123I]TZ6019 was accomplished by allylic-tin precursor iodination using [123I]NaI with good radiochemical yield of 85% and high radiochemical purity of > 99%. Human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK-293) cell line stably transfected with the human P2X7 receptor was used to characterize the binding affinity of TZ6019 by fluorescence, radioactive competitive, and saturation binding assays. A radioligand competitive binding assay with [123I]TZ6019 demonstrated that the nonradioactive compound TZ6019 has an IC50 value of 9.49 ± 1.4nM, and the known P2X7 receptor compound GSK1482160 has an IC50 value of 4.30 ± 0.86nM, consistent with previous reports. The radioligand saturation binding assay and competitive assay revealed that [123I]TZ6019 specifically bound to the human P2X7 receptor with high affinity (Ki = 6.3 ± 0.9nM). In vitro autoradiography quantification with brain slices collected from 9-month old P301S tau transgenic mice along with wild type controls, revealed higher binding of [123I]TZ6019 (35% increase) in the brain of P301S transgenic mice (n = 3, p = 0.04) compared to wild type controls. The immunofluorescence microscopy confirmed that expression of P2X7 receptor was colocalized with astrocytes in the tauopathy P301S transgenic mice. [123I]TZ6019 has specific binding for P2X7 receptor and has great potential to be a radiotracer for screening new compounds and quantifying expression of P2X7 receptor in neuroinflammation related diseases.
Homeplace Is also Workplace: Another Look at Lucy Foster in Andover, Massachusetts

Racialized captive labor in Massachusetts was carried into the 19th- and early 20th-century landscape. Data from the census on the occupations of people in households were limited until 1850. Women’s labor was invisible. Yet, it is known that the labor of women required a plurality of roles and functions. This is especially true for African American women, who, with limited opportunities for employment, often found themselves in the same working relationships they had in captivity. Lucy Foster, in Andover, Massachusetts, was one such individual. As a captive African and a free person of color, Miss Foster performed many undocumented duties in her lifetime. However, when her archaeological assemblage is analyzed in light of the plurality of labor duties required to maintain a household and the census data for people of color in Andover, the daily life of a single Black woman emerges. Lucy’s large ceramic collection might be indicative of a focal point in the African American community for religious and national holidays and Black commemoration celebrations.
Non-VMAT2 inhibitor treatments for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia

Abstract Although VMAT2-inhibitors are now established as first-line treatment for tardive dyskinesia, not all patients respond to, or tolerate them. Numerous other agents have been adopted to treat tardive dyskinesia, but with variable results and generally lower quality methodologic reports. Amantadine is the most promising but benzodiazepines, branched chain neutral amino acids, Vitamin B6, several nutraceuticals, and botulinum toxin injections might help some patients. In all cases, better placebo controlled trials are needed before definitive recommendations can be made.
Sintering regimes and resulting microstructure and properties of binder jet 3D printed Ni-Mn-Ga magnetic shape memory alloys

Abstract Binder jet 3D printing was used to produce magnetic shape memory alloy samples with densities increasing from 45% to 99% with increasing sintering temperature from 1000 °C to 1100 °C for 2 h. Within this temperature range, the sintering mechanisms, microstructural evolution, phase transformation and magnetic behavior were investigated and categorized in three different sintering regimes. X-ray diffraction showed that the pre-alloyed ball-milled Ni49.7Mn30Ga20.3 powder has the austenite phase, however, twinned 14 M modulated martensite is present over the entire sintering temperature range with an increasing formation of martensite twins with temperature. At the low temperature sintering regime (
Modern flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices

Abstract: This chapter describes the primary modern FACTS devices currently deployed worldwide. Modern FACTS devices are based on the concept of the voltage source converter (VSC) to inject a controllable AC waveform at the fundamental frequency into the power system to alter the power flow at a bus or across a transmission line. This chapter reviews the three primary modern FACTS devices: the static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), the static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), and the unified power flow controller (UPFC). The state-space nonlinear model is provided for each device as well as a typical control method. The chapter concludes with a brief overview of future trends in FACTS devices including the interline power flow controller and VSC-based high voltage DC systems.
Path Calculation of F

Wright (1922) originally derived his system for calculating individual inbreeding coefficients from his general method of path coefficients, or standardized partial regression coefficients (Wright 1934). As used in calculating inbreeding, paths point out the flow of identical genes, and the coefficients are identity probabilities. The path coefficient method constitutes a geometric approach to analysis, as opposed to the algebraic approach of Fisherian statistics. Path coefficients are still employed for many analytical purposes, especially in human genetics (Li 1975) and the social sciences, although somewhat out of favor in quantitative genetics.
Ensnared by colorblindness: Discourse on health care disparities

Objective: Race consciousness serves as the foundation for Critical Race Theory (CRT) methodology. Colorblindness minimizes racism as a determinant of outcomes. To achieve the emancipatory intent of CRT and to reduce health care disparities, we must understand: 1) how colorblindness “shows up” when health care professionals aim to promote equity; 2) how their colorblindness informs (and is informed by) clinical prac­tice; and 3) ways to overcome colorblind­ness through strategies grounded in CRT. Design/Setting/Participants: We conducted 21 semi-structured interviews with key informants and seven focus groups with personnel employed by a large Minnesota health care system. We coded transcripts in­ductively and deductively for themes using the constant comparative method. We used a race-conscious approach to examine how respondents’ accounts align or diverge from colorblindness. Results: Evading race, respondents consid­ered socioeconomic status, cultural differ­ences, and patients’ choices to be the main contributors to health disparities. Few criti­cized the behavior of coworkers or that of the organization or acknowledged structural racism. Respondents strongly believed that all patients were treated equally by provid­ers and staff, in part due to race-neutral care processes and guidelines. Respondents also used several semantic moves common to colorblindness to refute suggestions of racial inequality. Conclusions: Colorblindness upholds the racial status quo and inhibits efforts to promote health equity. Drawing on CRT to guide them, health care leaders will need to develop strategies to counter personnel’s tendency to focus on axes of inequality other than race, to decontextualize patients’ health behaviors and choices, and to depend heav­ily on race-neutral care processes to produce equitable outcomes. Ethn Dis. 2018;28(Sup­pl 1):235-240; doi:10.18865/ed.28.S1.235
It’s all about the money: an exploration of probation fees

The goal of this research was to explore how the probation requirement to pay supervision fees affects the experiences of probation. Using qualitative methods, I reveal how probation fees affected ...
Work-in-Progress: Making Machine Learning Real-Time Predictable

Machine learning (ML) on edge computing devices is becoming popular in the industry as a means to make control systems more intelligent and autonomous. The new trend is to utilize embedded edge devices, as they boast higher computational power and larger memories than before, to perform ML tasks that had previously been limited to cloud-hosted deployments. In this work, we assess the real-time predictability and consider data privacy concerns by comparing traditional cloud services with edge-based ones for certain data analytics tasks. We identify the subset of ML problems appropriate for edge devices by investigating if they result in real-time predictable services for a set of widely used ML libraries. We specifically enhance the Caffe library to make it more suitable for real-time predictability. We then deploy ML models with high accuracy scores on an embedded system, exposing it to industry sensor data from the field, to demonstrates its efficacy and suitability for real-time processing.
Compact 1.9 THz Multi-Pixel Local Oscillator Chain

Single-pixel heterodyne receivers are severely limited in their capability to map large areas on the sky. We report on the development of THz multi-pixel local oscillator sources that ought to enable THz array receivers of the future. We demonstrate a prototype 16-pixel chain at 1.9 THz. Output power in excess of $> 10$ microwatts has been demonstrated per pixel from this compact chain.
The Academic Setting

This chapter briefly introduces scholarly debates in the field of nationalism, on the one hand, still split between modernists and their critics, and on the other, divided over the nature, typology and history of the nation and nationalism. It also proposes to distinguish between “civic” and “territorial nationalisms” in its own theoretical approach to the ethnic/civic dichotomy, taking into the account critiques of civic nationalism, in order to apply the dichotomy to the research puzzle.
α-Synuclein pathology in Parkinson’s disease and related α-synucleinopathies

Over 20 years ago, the synaptic protein α-synuclein was identified as the primary component of the Lewy bodies (LBs) that are a sine qua non of Parkinson's disease (PD). Since that time, extensive research has demonstrated that α-synuclein pathology is not only a hallmark of PD, but can also cause neuronal dysfunction and death. Detailed staging of α-synuclein pathology in the brains of patients has revealed a progressive pattern of pathology that correlates with the symptoms of disease. Early in the disease course, PD patients exhibit motor dysfunction, and α-synuclein pathology at this stage is primarily found in regions controlling motor function. At later stages of disease as patients' cognitive function deteriorates, α-synuclein pathology can be found in cortical structures responsible for higher cognitive processing. The stereotypical progression of α-synuclein pathology through the brain over time suggests that there may be a physical transmission of pathological α-synuclein from one area of the brain to another. The transmission hypothesis posits that an initial seed of pathological α-synuclein in one neuron may be released and taken up by another vulnerable neuron and thereby initiate pathological misfolding of α-synuclein in the recipient neuron. In recent years, convergent evidence from various studies has indicated that pathological protein transmission can occur in the human brain. Cell and animal models based on the transmission hypothesis have shown not only that pathological α-synuclein can be transmitted from cell-to-cell, but that this pathology can lead to neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. The α-synuclein transmission hypothesis has profound implications for treatment of what is currently an intractable neurodegenerative disease. In this review, we explore the evidence for cell-to-cell transmission of pathological α-synuclein, the current understanding of how pathological α-synuclein can move to a new cell and template misfolding, and the therapeutic implications of α-synuclein transmission.
131. Aortocoronare Venenbypässe in normothermer Ischämie ohne Möglichkeit der Transfusion von Blut- oder Blutderivaten

Bei uber 1350 Coronarbypassoperationen von Okt. 1969 bis Febr. 1972 bewahrten sich Techniken, die bei der Operation von 6 Patienten ohne Moglichkeit einer Bluttransfusion zur Anwendung kamen: 1. Herzstillstand in Blutleere ohne Unterkuhlung; 2. Bevorzugung des linken Kranzarteriensystems zur Verkurzung der Operationszeiten. Von den 6 Patienten verstarb einer nach 13 Monaten bei weit fortgeschrittener Coronarerkrankung am Linksversagen.
Ponownie darwinizm kontra inteligentny projekt

It is a review of Michael J. Behe’s book titled Darwin’s Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution (The Free Press, New York 1996), containing the criticism of evolutionary theory. During last years, according to the author, this is the most refined attack on Darwinian evolution, but he disagrees with Behe. He criticizes his concept of irreducible complexity and proposes his own evolutionary solution to the problem of origin of irreducibly complex biochemical systems.
Alt-White? A Gendered Look at “Victim” Ideology and the Alt-Right

Interest in the Alt-Right has grown due to its apparent influence on the 2016 presidential election. Despite growing literature on the Alt-Right as an entity, limited attention has been given to th...
The Moderating Effect of the Service Context on the Relationship Between Price and Post-Consumption Perceptions of Service Quality

A stream of marketing research indicates that price often affects consumers' pre-purchase perceptions of quality. Interestingly, however, most studies that have assessed the effect of price on quality have utilized physical products rather than services. Moreover, the effect of price on assessments of quality has typically measured before respondents have an opportunity to consume the target product. This paper reports the results of a study that found that the effect of price on post-purchase perceptions of service quality is contingent on consumers' perceptions of contextual cues. Specifically, only when consumers evaluate contextual cues to be worse than their expectations does a higher price increase their perceptions of service quality. Implications of these findings and avenues for future research in services are discussed.
Why Are All Us Parallel Numerical Analysts Doing Parallel Software Tools

Anyone attending (parallel) numerical computation conferences recently is likely to have noticed that a decent number of numerical analysts are actually working on software tools for parallel computation, such as languages, interfaces, modeling systems, visualization tools, or other aspects of programming environments. There are several possible explanations for this phenomenon. Among them: 1. There is no interesting research to be done on parallel numerical algorithms themselves. 2. All the interesting questions in parallel numerical computation are computer science issues. 3. The numerical analysts are doing this work because the “real” computer scientists haven’t, or won’t.
Combining LMS with PID control for H-bridge controlled thermal electric cooler (TEC)

In the field of IR technology careful regulation of temperature elements, such as blackbodies or temperature targets is important, particularly for calibration. Feedback based controllers, independent of state space, such as Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controllers, are a popular and effective way to control these temperature systems. In this paper we explore different types of control for a prototype heated reference target. We show that we can use a combination of PID and Least Means Square (LMS) closed loop adaptive control to determine both the optimal weight proportion and the magnitude of the weights for optimal power draw. This allows us to develop a faster and more optimal controller than by manually tuning the weights by hand.
Why Healthcare Workers Should Not Be Prioritized in Ventilator Triage.

The COVID-19 pandemic has overwhelmed some healthcare systems and threatens to overwhelm others, raising the issue of how scarce resources should be allocated. These resources may include intensive...
Global transcriptome analysis of rat dorsal root ganglia to identify molecular pathways involved in incisional pain.

To develop non-opioid therapies for postoperative incisional pain, we must understand its underlying molecular mechanisms. In this study, we assessed global gene expression changes in dorsal root g...
Long-term Place Recognition through Worst-case Graph Matching to Integrate Landmark Appearances and Spatial Relationships

Place recognition is an important component for simultaneously localization and mapping in a variety of robotics applications. Recently, several approaches using landmark information to represent a place showed promising performance to address long-term environment changes. However, previous approaches do not explicitly consider changes of the landmarks, i,e., old landmarks may disappear and new ones often appear over time. In addition, representations used in these approaches to represent landmarks are limited, based upon visual or spatial cues only. In this paper, we introduce a novel worst-case graph matching approach that integrates spatial relationships of landmarks with their appearances for long-term place recognition. Our method designs a graph representation to encode distance and angular spatial relationships as well as visual appearances of landmarks in order to represent a place. Then, we formulate place recognition as a graph matching problem under the worst-case scenario. Our approach matches places by computing the similarities of distance and angular spatial relationships of the landmarks that have the least similar appearances (i.e., worst-case). If the worst appearance similarity of landmarks is small, two places are identified to be not the same, even though their graph representations have high spatial relationship similarities. We evaluate our approach over two public benchmark datasets for long-term place recognition, including St. Lucia and CMU-VL. The experimental results have validated that our approach obtains the state-of-the-art place recognition performance, with a changing number of landmarks.
The consequences of dam passage for downstream-migrating American eel in the Penobscot River, Maine

American eel (Anguilla rostrata) often pass hydropower dams during adult spawning migrations. We conducted a 4-year acoustic telemetry study that characterized passage risks through two dams (West ...
BeatNet: CRNN and Particle Filtering for Online Joint Beat Downbeat and Meter Tracking.

The online estimation of rhythmic information, such as beat positions, downbeat positions, and meter, is critical for many real-time music applications. Musical rhythm comprises complex hierarchical relationships across time, rendering its analysis intrinsically challenging and at times subjective. Furthermore, systems which attempt to estimate rhythmic information in real-time must be causal and must produce estimates quickly and efficiently. In this work, we introduce an online system for joint beat, downbeat, and meter tracking, which utilizes causal convolutional and recurrent layers, followed by a pair of sequential Monte Carlo particle filters applied during inference. The proposed system does not need to be primed with a time signature in order to perform downbeat tracking, and is instead able to estimate meter and adjust the predictions over time. Additionally, we propose an information gate strategy to significantly decrease the computational cost of particle filtering during the inference step, making the system much faster than previous sampling-based methods. Experiments on the GTZAN dataset, which is unseen during training, show that the system outperforms various online beat and downbeat tracking systems and achieves comparable performance to a baseline offline joint method.
Secondary Pulmonary Vein Stenosis Due to Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection Repair in Children: Extravascular MDCT Findings.

Purpose: To evaluate extravascular findings on thoracic MDCT angiography in secondary pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) due to total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) repair in children. Materials and Methods: All patients aged ≤18 years with a known diagnosis of secondary PVS after TAPVC repair, confirmed by echocardiography, conventional angiography, and/or surgery, who underwent thoracic MDCT angiography studies between July 2008 and April 2021 were included. Two pediatric radiologists independently examined MDCT angiography studies for the presence of extravascular thoracic abnormalities in the lung, pleura, and mediastinum. The location and distribution of each abnormality (in relation to the location of PVS) were also evaluated. Interobserver agreement between the two independent pediatric radiology reviewers was studied using kappa statistics. Results: The study group consisted of 20 consecutive pediatric patients (17 males, 3 females) with secondary PVS due to TAPVC repair. Age ranged from 2 months to 8 years (mean, 16.1 months). In children with secondary PVS due to TAPVC repair, the characteristic extravascular thoracic MDCT angiography findings were ground-glass opacity (19/20; 95%), septal thickening (7/20; 35%), pleural thickening (17/20; 85%), and a poorly defined, mildly heterogeneously enhancing, non-calcified soft tissue mass (17/20; 85%) which followed the contours of affected pulmonary veins outside the lung. There was excellent interobserver kappa agreement between two independent reviewers for detecting extravascular abnormalities on thoracic MDCT angiography studies (k = 0.99). Conclusion: Our study characterizes the extravascular thoracic MDCT angiography findings in secondary pediatric PVS due to TAPVC repair. In the lungs and pleura, ground-glass opacity, interlobular septal thickening, and pleural thickening are common findings. Importantly, the presence of a mildly heterogeneously enhancing, non-calcified mediastinal soft tissue mass in the distribution of the PVS is a novel characteristic thoracic MDCT angiography finding seen in pediatric secondary PVS due to TAPVC repair.