cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Computation of Jealous Emotion

The computational role of jealous emotion has been proposed in a model of emotion, in which the desirable gain (or loss) is used as a measure for computing the emotional feedback that assesses the discrepancy between what an individual wants and gets. The jealous emotion is elicited when the perception that the other individuals have more than one has, or that the desire of wanting what others have, but cannot get. Such self-identified error measure is used as an internal measure to monitor the incongruence between model prediction and actual outcome, such that the accuracy of predictions by the brain can be assessed. Jealousy can serve as a motivating signal to an individual to self-correct errors that may exist. This error signal signifies the incongruence between the desirable and the actual outcomes. This (unhappy) jealous emotion provides the necessary feedback to self-correct any potential source of errors, which may originate from the errors in (input) perception, (output) execution or (internal) model. An ultimatum game (UG) paradigm is used to elicit self-generated emotion. Results showed that the emotional intensity of jealousy is inversely proportional to perceived gains (and proportional to the perceived losses). Subjective jealousy biases are represented by shifting of the emotional stimulus-response function. This suggested that jealousy can be resolved by correcting (1) the perception of unfairness (perceptual error), (2) wrong decision (execution error) and (3) faulty assumption of entitlement (model prediction error) in this experimental UG paradigm. The results confirmed the hypothesis that self-regulated jealousy is processed cognitively in proportional to the perceived loss, when one wants to gain something that one cannot get. Implications on emotional intelligence are also addressed.
Limitations on the role of pore pressure in gravity gliding

A simple model has been developed to evaluate the gravity gliding of Nappes in sedimentary terranes. Three factors play a critical role in the model: (1) the ratio of horizontal to vertical stress, (2) the rate of fluid flow to the detachment horizon, and (3) the permeability of lithologies immediately above that horizon. If the ratio of horizontal to vertical stress is less than one, this ratio limits the maximum attainable pore pressure through hydrofracture. Existing in situ stress measurements suggest that vertical hydrofracturing rather than gravity gliding might be the result of elevated pore pressures unless a low-strength cap rock exists. If the stress ratio exceeds one, a relatively simple equation relates the cap rock permeability and fluid flow necessary for gravity gliding. Effective cap-rock permeabilities less than 10/sup -4/ to 10/sup -5/ MD are required for gravity gliding in a sedimentary basin. Based on available in situ permeability measurements, only shales and evaporites could have sufficiently low permeabilities on a regional scale. 24 references.
In vitro oxidative metabolism of 6-mercaptopurine in human liver: insights into the role of the molybdoflavoenzymes aldehyde oxidase, xanthine oxidase, and xanthine dehydrogenase.

Anticancer agent 6-mercaptopurine (6MP) has been in use since 1953 for the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and inflammatory bowel disease. Despite being available for 60 years, several aspects of 6MP drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics in humans are unknown. Molybdoflavoenzymes such as aldehyde oxidase (AO) and xanthine oxidase (XO) have previously been implicated in the metabolism of this drug. In this study, we investigated the in vitro metabolism of 6MP to 6-thiouric acid (6TUA) in pooled human liver cytosol. We discovered that 6MP is metabolized to 6TUA through sequential metabolism via the 6-thioxanthine (6TX) intermediate. The role of human AO and XO in the metabolism of 6MP was established using the specific inhibitors raloxifene and febuxostat. Both AO and XO were involved in the metabolism of the 6TX intermediate, whereas only XO was responsible for the conversion of 6TX to 6TUA. These findings were further confirmed using purified human AO and Escherichia coli lysate containing expressed recombinant human XO. Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), which belongs to the family of xanthine oxidoreductases and preferentially reduces nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), was shown to contribute to the overall production of the 6TX intermediate as well as the final product 6TUA in the presence of NAD+ in human liver cytosol. In conclusion, we present evidence that three enzymes, AO, XO, and XDH, contribute to the production of 6TX intermediate, whereas only XO and XDH are involved in the conversion of 6TX to 6TUA in pooled HLC.
Stand Dynamics of an Old-Growth Eastern Hemlock-Hardwood Forest in West Virginia

ABSTRACT: Cathedral State Park (CSP) is a 54-ha, old-growth, eastern hemlock-hardwood forest located in the central Appalachian Mountains of West Virginia. Hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) (Adelges tsugae Annand) is an exotic insect that currently threatens eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.) in its native range, and was found in CSP in 2002. In 2006, field plots established in 2000 were re-measured to assess adelgid-induced changes to forest structure and species composition. The herbaceous plant community was also measured during the 2006 growing season to describe how the ground flora has changed since it was originally surveyed in 1965. In addition, characteristics of snags and downed dead wood in CSP were compared to published data on 25 old-growth hemlock-hardwood stands in the eastern United States. From 2000 to 2006, little HWA-induced change occurred in CSP. Density and basal area of overstory hemlock did not change, while snag density and basal area decreased over time. However, more than ...
On-the-fly maintenance of series-parallel relationships in fork-join multithreaded programs

A key capability of data-race detectors is to determine whether one thread executes logically in parallel with another or whether the threads must operate in series. This paper provides two algorithms, one serial and one parallel, to maintain series-parallel (SP) relationships "on the fly" for fork-join multithreaded programs. The serial SP-order algorithm runs in O(1) amortized time per operation. In contrast, the previously best algorithm requires a time per operation that is proportional to Tarjan's functional inverse of Ackermann's function. SP-order employs an order-maintenance data structure that allows us to implement a more efficient "English-Hebrew" labeling scheme than was used in earlier race detectors, which immediately yields an improved determinacy-race detector. In particular, any fork-join program running in T1 time on a single processor can be checked on the fly for determinacy races in O(T1) time. Corresponding improved bounds can also be obtained for more sophisticated data-race detectors, for example, those that use locks.By combining SP-order with Feng and Leiserson's serial SP-bags algorithm, we obtain a parallel SP-maintenance algorithm, called SP-hybrid. Suppose that a fork-join program has n threads, T1 work, and a critical-path length of T∞. When executed on P processors, we prove that SP-hybrid runs in O((T1/P +PT,/i>∞)lg
The 1907 Admission of Land-Grant University Depository Libraries: A 90-Year Perspective.

Abstract This presentation of how land-grant university libraries became federal depository libraries in 1907 examines the principal legislative statutes creating the land-grant university system. It proceeds to cover how a congressional Printing Commission, concerned with eliminating duplicative governmental publications, also produced legislation granting federal depository status to the libraries of land-grant universities. There is also discussion of the presence of GPO Access gateways at many land-grant university depositories and the continuing relevance of the land-grant university service ideal to the depository library program during its transition to an increasingly electronic environment. The historical evolution of America's rural electric industry, community network movement, and federal information resource management initiatives also present potentially useful service models for emerging electronic depositories.
Early recognition and rapid intervention of sepsis: Implementation of a focused educational initiative emphasizing early goal-directed therapy in the emergency department

Introduction: Prompt recognition of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)/sepsis and early initiation of goal-directed therapy in the emergency department is vital for improved patient outcomes. The aim of this educational initiative was to implement an educational program detailing the imperative steps within the “golden hour” of early recognition and intervention of SIRS/sepsis in the emergency department and analyze the effectiveness of the intervention. Methodology: This performance improvement project was the program evaluation of a mandatory educational initiative, incorporating a retrospective, repeated measures, test-retest, time series design for registered nurses working in the emergency department who were specifically trained in the emergency department triage (n = 38), at an emergency department between January 2008-March 2008. Conclusions/Significance: Results of the statistical analysis showed a positive change between pre-test (t1) and initial post-test (t2) scores, (t1 and t2) p = .000, (95% CI -5.072, -3.402), indicating understanding of the educational material provided and between (t1) and one-month post-test (t3) scores, (t1 and t3) p = .0001, (95% CI -5.345, -3.780), showing retention of the educational material. The educational initiative implemented in the emergency department was beneficial in educating the nurses and resulted in practice change at the facility. As a result, the educational initiative was implemented as a house-wide annual nursing competency. The initiative was instrumental in the development of a house-wide interprofessional, collaborative sepsis task force.
2-Phenoxypyridyl Dinucleating Ligands for Assembly of Diiron(II) Complexes: Efficient Reactivity with O2 To Form (μ-Oxo)diiron(III) Units

A series of 2-phenoxypyridyl and 2-phenoxyimino ligands, H(2)L(R,R') [2,2'-(5,5'-(1,2-phenylenebis(ethyne-2,1-diyl))bis(pyridine-5,2-diyl))diphenol, where R = H, Me, or t-Bu, and R' = H or Ph] and H(2)BIPS(Me,Ph) [(3,3'-(1E,1'E)-(3,3'-sulfonylbis(3,1-phenylene)bis(azan-1-yl-1-ylidene))bis(methan-1-yl-1-ylidene)bis(5-methylbiphenyl-2-ol)], were synthesized as platforms for nonheme diiron(II) protein model complexes. UV-vis spectrophotometric studies and preparative-scale reactions of L(R,R') or BIPS(Me,Ph), where L(R,R') and BIPS(Me,Ph) are the deprotonated forms of H(2)L(R,R') and H(2)BIPS(Me,Ph), respectively, with iron(II) revealed that the presence of sterically protective o-phenol substituents is necessary to obtain discrete dinuclear species. The reaction of L(Me,Ph) with iron(II) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) afforded the doubly bridged compound [Fe(2)(L(Me,Ph))(2)(THF)(3)] (1), which was characterized in the solid state by X-ray crystallography. A large internal cavity in this complex facilitates its rapid reaction with dioxygen, even at -50 degrees C, to produce the thermodynamically stable [Fe(2)(mu-O)(L(Me,Ph))(2)] (2) species. Reaction of (18)O(2) instead of (16)O(2) with 1 led to a shift in the Fe-O-Fe vibrational frequency from 833 to 798 cm(-1), confirming the presence of the (mu-oxo)diiron(III) core and molecular oxygen as the source of the bridging oxo group. The L(Me,Ph) ligand is robust toward oxidative decomposition and does not display any reversible redox activity.
The Global Economic Crisis and the Politics of Non‐Transitions

This paper investigates the effects of the global economic crisis (GEC) on political change. A number of emerging European economies have experienced political turnover, but in other emerging and transition economies, government turnover and regime change have been comparatively rare. Two factors – incumbent governments' responsibility for the current crisis and their responsiveness to its domestic economic effects – shape the political effects of the GEC. Outside Europe, most emerging economies have experienced this crisis as an external shock to trade and investment rather than a domestic financial crisis. As a consequence, their governments have experienced less severe economic contractions, and have been able credibly to portray themselves as victims of, rather than causes of, the economic difficulties that they currently face. By placing political turnover in emerging Europe in comparative perspective, this argument provides a new perspective on the consequences of economic integration on national politics for emerging economies around the world.
Toward Optimal Sensor Density for Improved Freeway Travel Time Estimation and Traveler Information

Accurate freeway travel time estimates are critical for transportation management and traveler information - both infrastructure-based and in-vehicle. Infrastructure managers are interested in estimating optimal freeway sensor density for new construction and retrofits. This paper describes a concept developed from first principles of traffic flow for establishing optimal sensor density based on the magnitude of under-and over-prediction of travel time during shock passages when using the midpoint method. A suggested aggregate measure developed from vehicle hours traveled (VHT) is described for a reasonable range of detector densities. Extensions of the method to account for both recurring and nonrecurring congestion are included. Finally some suggestions for future research are described.
Development of a comprehensive, multiscale ''one-atmosphere'' modeling system: application to the Southern Appalachian Mountains

Abstract A comprehensive three-dimensional Eulerian photochemical model (URM-1ATM) was developed that simulates urban and regional gas and size-resolved aerosol concentrations of pollutants in the atmosphere and both wet and dry deposition. In this study, RAMS and EMS-95 are used to generate meteorological and emission input files, respectively. The modeling system is then applied to simulate the evolution, transport, and removal of atmospheric pollutants over the Eastern US for the 11–19 July 1995 episode. Performance statistics are calculated for ozone, speciated fine particles, and acid deposition mass fluxes.
Rapid Triacylglycerol Turnover in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Requires a Lipase with Broad Substrate Specificity

When deprived of nitrogen (N), the photosynthetic microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii accumulates large quantities of triacylglycerols (TAGs), making it a promising source of biofuel. Prominent transcriptional changes associated with the conditions leading to TAG accumulation have been found, suggesting that the key enzymes for TAG metabolism might be among those that fluctuate in their expression during TAG synthesis and breakdown. Using a Saccharomyces cerevisiae lipase null mutant strain for functional complementation, we identified the CrLIP1 gene from Chlamydomonas based on its ability to suppress the lipase deficiency-related phenotypes of the yeast mutant. In Chlamydomonas, an inverse correlation was found between the CrLIP1 transcript level and TAG abundance when Chlamydomonas cultures were reversibly deprived of N. The CrLIP1 protein expressed and purified from Escherichia coli exhibited lipolytic activity against diacylglycerol (DAG) and polar lipids. The lipase domain of CrLIP1 is most similar to two human DAG lipases, DAGLα and DAGLβ. The involvement of CrLIP1 in Chlamydomonas TAG hydrolysis was corroborated by reducing the abundance of the CrLIP1 transcript with an artificial micro-RNA, which resulted in an apparent delay in TAG lipolysis when N was resupplied. Together, these data suggest that CrLIP1 facilitates TAG turnover in Chlamydomonas primarily by degrading the DAG presumably generated from TAG hydrolysis.
Poliheuristic Theory and Crisis Decision Making: A Comparative Analysis of Turkey with China

Abstract. Poliheuristic theory (PH) is an innovative attempt to conceptualize decision making in a way that recognizes patterns deriving from both cognitive and rational schools of thought about how foreign policy is made. Crisis decision making, a setting in which the political aspects emphasized by PH can be expected to operate, is the subject of this article. The study focuses on Turkey and China, two important states that frequently are characterized as sui generis and possibly unsuited to comparative analysis in the context of any overarching theory. As will become apparent, PH is capable of explaining crisis decision making for China and Turkey and the common pattern we explore is perhaps only the tip of the iceberg when it comes to cross-national application of the theory within the crisis domain.Resume. La theorie poliheuristique (PH) est une tentative novatrice de concevoir la prise de decision en reconnaissant l'apport des modes de comportement issus des ecoles de pensee cognitive et rationnelle. Cet article porte sur la politique etrangere en temps de crise et offre un cadre politique au sein duquel les modes de comportement identifies par la theorie poliheuristique devraient normalement operer. Plus particulierement, l'etude se concentre sur le cas de la Chine et de la Turquie, deux Etats souvent consideres comme singuliers et possiblement inadaptes a l'analyse theorique de la politique etrangere comparee. Toutefois, comme cet article le demontre, la PH est en mesure d'expliquer de maniere comparee la prise de decision de la Chine et de la Turquie en temps de crise. Les conclusions de recherche laissent penser que cette etude pourrait bien etre le prelude de nombreuses recherches employant la PH dans le domaine de la politique etrangere comparee en temps de crise.
Surface Chemistry on Microclusters: Recent Results from Silicon and Germanium Cluster Beams

Supersonic cluster beam techniques have recently produced some fascinating new information as to the surface chemistry and physics of small (2–100 atom) clusters of various semiconductors. For example, it appears that silicon clusters exhibit a remarkably pronounced alternation in reactivity as a function of cluster size. For ammonia chemisorption certain clusters such as Si33 +, Si39 +, and Si45 + have been found to be almost completely inert, while neighboring clusters such as Si36 and Si45 + chemisorb ammonia readily. Such sharply patterned reactivity results may provide significant clues as to the detailed nature of semiconductor surface restructuring and the consequent effects of this restructuring upon the surface chemistry.
Adaptive step-size digital controller for switching frequency auto-tuning

A switching frequency auto-tuning digital controller for a power converter with adaptive step-size is presented in this paper. The controller automatically tracks and finds the switching frequency of a power converter in order to achieve highest power conversion efficiency under variable conditions and load. The adaptive controller utilizes a proposed adaptive variable-step-size function to improve the convergence speed and convergences error. The auto-tuning controller with the proposed adaptive step-size function is discussed and verified in this paper.
An endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphism is associated with preeclampsia.

Objective. We sought to test the hypothesis that a polymorphism of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene (NOS3) is associated with preeclampsia.Methods. We collected and performed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on genomic DNA from pregnant patients with and without preeclampsia. Patient history and clinical course were evaluated.Main Outcome Measure(s). Frequency of the intron 4 polymorphism of NOS3 (designated allele A) among patients with preeclampsia compared with controls. Clinical features of patients with preeclampsia and the A allele compared with those patients with preeclampsia who did not have the A allele.Results. The frequency of the A allele was 0.10 among controls versus 0.39 among patients with preeclampsia (p < 0.01). The odds ratio of developing preeclampsia when at least one A allele was present was 6.5 [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.1–19.7]. After adjusting for ethnic variation, the odds ratio increased to 7.2 (95% CI: 2.0–25.5). Among patients with preeclampsia, systolic blood ...
Body Image and Psychosocial Adjustment in Adolescent Cancer Survivors

Examined body image and social adjustment in 21 adolescents who had completed cancer treatment and a healthy comparison group. Subjects completed questionnaires assessing body image and social adjustment and were videotaped during an interview. Raters blind to health status independently rated subjects' attractiveness. Cancer survivors reported less than half as many social activities as the healthy controls. No group differences were found on social anxiety, loneliness, or composite body image scores. However, within the cancer group, adolescents who had been off treatment longer reported lower self-worth, more social anxiety, and more negative body image perceptions, but were not rated as less attractive by observers. Findings suggest body image concerns and social anxiety may not develop until several years after treatment termination.
On aggregate traffic generation with multifractal properties

This paper studies time scaling and queueing behavior of aggregate traffic that is asymptotically self-similar and also exhibits small time-scale irregularities introduced via a cascade construction. The main contribution of the paper is to provide some insight into how to choose an appropriate cascade construction in order to obtain desired scaling and queueing properties. It is found that the largest time-scale of mass redistribution has far more influence on queueing behavior than the number of stages in the cascade. Thus, appropriate queueing behavior can be achieved by using one or two stages of mass redistribution, perhaps derived from the actual network dynamics.
Responsiveness and Validity of the Six-Minute Walk Test in Individuals With Traumatic Brain Injury

Background A simple test of aerobic fitness for patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) that is valid, reliable, and responsive to change is needed to provide clinicians a functional measure of cardiorespiratory capacity. Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the validity and responsiveness to change of the Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) in individuals with TBI. Design A cohort, pretest-posttest, comparison study was conducted. Methods Twenty-one patients performed the 6MWT upon admission to and prior to discharge from a postacute rehabilitation facility. Heart rate and distance traveled were recorded. A physiologic cost index (PCI) (beats per meter) was calculated based on steady-state heart rate. At discharge, all participants were able to perform a graded treadmill exercise test to exhaustion during which peak oxygen consumption (Vo2) was measured. Results Between admission and discharge, mean total distance increased from 342.6 m (SD=127.0) to 408.9 m (SD=124.2), and work increased from 27,185 kg·m (SD=10,528) to 34,114 kg·m (SD=12,057). The effect size indexes were 1.10 and 1.12 for distance and work, respectively. Correlations ( r ) between the discharge peak Vo2 and the discharge 6MWT distance, PCI, and work were .58, −.61, and .47, respectively. Limitations Stratification by gait speed may have improved responsiveness, especially for the slow ambulators. Conclusions All measures correlated well with peak Vo2, establishing an acceptable level of criterion-related (concurrent) validity. The addition of heart rate and calculating the PCI was only slightly better at predicting peak Vo2, albeit nonsignificant, than a simple measure of total distance. The 6MWT provides a good estimate of peak aerobic capacity, and some measures are more responsive to change than others in patients recovering from TBI.
Participation of the lipoprotein receptor LRP1 in hypoxia-HSP90α autocrine signaling to promote keratinocyte migration

Hypoxia is a microenvironmental stress in many pathological conditions, including wound healing and tumor invasion. Under hypoxia, the cells are forced to adapt alternative and self-supporting mechanisms. Understanding these mechanisms may lead to new insights into human disorders. We report here a novel autocrine signaling mechanism by which hypoxia promotes human keratinocyte (HK) migration. First, hypoxia triggers HKs to secrete heat shock protein 90-alpha (HSP90α) via a HIF1-dependent pathway. The secreted HSP90α in turn promotes migration, but not proliferation, of the cells. Disruption of the secretion or extracellular function of HSP90α blocked hypoxia-stimulated HK migration. The ubiquitously expressed surface receptor, LRP1 (LDL-receptor-related protein 1), mediates the HSP90α signaling. Inhibition of LRP1 binding to extracellular HSP90α by neutralizing antibodies or genetic silencing of the LRP1 receptor by RNAi completely nullified hypoxia-driven HK migration. Finally, re-introducing a RNAi-resistant LRP1 cDNA into LRP1-downregulated HKs rescued the motogenic response of the cells to hypoxia. We propose that the hypoxia-HSP90α-LRP1 autocrine loop provides previously unrecognized therapeutic targets for human disorders such as chronic wounds and cancer invasion.
PMP: performance-driven multilevel partitioning by aggregating the preferred signal directions of I/O conduits

In this paper, we present a new performance-driven multilevel partitioning algorithm, which calculates the timing gain of a move in the move-based partitioning strategies based on the aggregation of preferred signal directions. In addition, we propose a new timing-aware multilevel clustering algorithm that uses the connection strength of an edge as the primary objective, and the maximum depth or the maximum hop-count of any path containing the edge as a tiebreaker for the clustering step. These ideas are integrated into a general multilevel partitioning framework, which consists of three phases: uncoarsening, initial partitioning, and coarsening and refinement phases. The benchmarks show that, on average, we can reduce delay by 14.6%, while increasing the cutsize by 1.2% when compared to hMetis (Karygpis et al., 1997).
A new coding theorem for three user discrete memoryless broadcast channel

We propose a new coding technique based on nested coset codes and derive a new achievable rate region for a general three user discrete memoryless broadcast channel (DMBC). We identify an example of a three user binary broadcast channel for which the proposed achievable rate region strictly outperforms that obtained by a natural extension of Marton’s [1] rate region. As a step towards deriving the achievable rate region for the general three user DMBC, we introduce the new elements of our coding theorem through a new class of broadcast channels called 3-to-1 broadcast channels.
The Potential of Downpayment Assistance for Increasing Homeownership Among Minority and Low-Income Households

The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential for downpayment assistance efforts to increase homeownership. The study analyzes data from the 1996 panel of the Survey of Income and Program Participation, which tracks some 11,000 renter house- holds over a 3-year period. The analysis has two stages. In the first stage, a parametric proportional hazard model is estimated of the transition to homeownership based on a variety of demographic and financial characteristics of each household and on economic conditions in the markets in which those households reside. In the second stage, the results of the hazard model are used to simulate the impact of cash grants to households on the probability of their becoming homeowners over time. The simulations are run for all renter households and for subgroups of low-income, African-American, and Hispanic households. Results confirm that liquid financial assets are statistically significant pre - dictors of homeownership. Although the importance of wealth in predicting homeowner- ship is in keeping with the findings of previous research, a somewhat surprising finding is that the largest impact on the probability of homeownership is associated with savings of between $0 and $1,000; although savings of between $1,000 and $5,000 have a lower marginal impact on this probability, savings of between $5,000 and $20,000 add only slightly to the likelihood of buying, and savings above $20,000 have no statistically significant impact. These results suggest that downpayment assistance programs that provide even modest amounts of assistance can have a significant impact on the number of low-income and minority households that buy homes.
What factors influence how two languages are coded in one brain: comment on "The bilingual brain: flexibility and control in the human cortex" by Buchweitz and Prat.

For many years, researchers have wondered how two languages are represented in one brain. Of particular interestis the ﬁnding of selective impairment of a single language in bilinguals [1,2].Naturally,thisleadstothequestionofwhat factors might be determining which language is preserved and which is lost. It also leads to the possibility thateach language may have different neural representations.Neuropsychologistsaroundtheturnofthetwentiethcenturyidentiﬁedthreefactorsthathelptodeterminethebrainbases of bilingualism: age of acquisition, language proﬁciency and cognitive control. Ribot, considered by many tobe the father of French psychology, found that patients often forgot their most recent memories ﬁrst and the oldestmemories last [3–5].Basedonthisheproposedtheideathat“ageofacquisition”wascrucialfortheformationofmemories, a ﬁnding that is still relevant today [6,7].Shortlythereafter,Pitressuggestedthatfamiliaritywouldplayacrucialroleintheresistanceoflanguagetobreakdown[8].Languageproﬁciency,asithasbeentermedtoday,hasbeen found to play a central role in the neural representation of bilingualism [9–11].Finally,OttoPotzl,anAustrianneurologist, based on work with patients was the ﬁrst to suggest a switch mechanism that was responsible for control-ling the language that was used at that moment [12].Theimportanceofcontrolhascometotheforefrontofbilinguallanguage research when switching between languages [13],overcominginterferencefromamoredominantlanguage[14],andthepossiblebeneﬁtsofverbalcontrolonnon-verbalcontroltasks[15].Whatemergesfromthisliteratureisboth a richness of history in neuropsychology coupled with newfound interest in this ﬁeld with the emergence of newtechnologies with which brain activity can be measured and manipulated.Buchweitz and Prat [16] piece on the bilingual brain adds signiﬁcantly to this growing body of work while at thesame time allowing further examination of the factors identiﬁed by neuropsychologists many years ago. The authorsdiscuss issues of neural representation with regard to semantic processing, orthographic representation, and ﬁnallyexecutive control. It is on this ﬁnal topic that the current piece provides its strongest contribution. One aspect thatdeserves considerable consideration is the distinction between learning via experience relative to learning throughinstruction. The distinction between experience which involves the basal ganglia relative to explicit instruction whichinvolves the cortex is particularly fascinating. This distinction also carries implications for the other two main issuesthat frame the literature. Do these two systems help to differentiate high and low proﬁciency bilinguals? What aboutchild learners and adults? Does learning a language early in life or later in life involve the basal ganglia and cortex
Demythologizing the Legal History of the Jehovah's Witnesses and the First Amendment

In 2002, for the first time in more than 20 years, the Supreme Court of the United States decided a case involving the First Amendment rights of Jehovah's Witnesses. The Court ruled that Witnesses cannot be required to give their names to local government authorities in order to obtain permits before going door-to-door to distribute their publications and preach their religious message. While the amount of new law being generated by the religion's followers has slowed, scholars have finally begun in recent years to give significant attention to the legal history of the Jehovah's Witnesses, and, in particular, to their phenomenal wave of constitutional litigation. Shawn Francis Peters' Judging Jehovah's Witnesses: Religious Persecution and the Dawn of the Rights Revolution is the most recent, and broadest, historical account of the Witnesses' legal activities. Peters focuses on the period of the late 1930s through the mid-1940s, a time when persecution of the Witnesses was at its peak and the Supreme Court decided a flurry of major First Amendment cases involving the Witnesses. Peters' book shares a fundamental flaw with previous accounts of the legal history of the Jehovah's Witnesses. He has chosen to passionately and unequivocally support the Witnesses' side of each and every one of the legal battles he describes. In Peters' hands, every episode in the Witnesses' legal struggles becomes a story about how an extraordinarily brave and dedicated Witness challenged an indefensible rule of law, and how every case ultimately resulted in either a watershed victory for liberty, or a disheartening judicial failure to protect our freedom. This Review considers the problems that arise in trying to force the history of the Jehovah's Witnesses into a uniform narrative of courageous opposition to unjust legal restrictions and prejudice. This form of legal history idealizes and oversimplifies the events underlying the cases and the issues they raise. Part I of this Review describes Peters' approach, and how he consistently frames the legal history of the Witnesses as a confrontation between righteous dedication and legal harassment. Part II suggests that Peters and other historians have been so determined to applaud the Witnesses' effect on the law that they have overlooked the equally significant question of how participating in these legal activities affected the Witnesses. Part III closely examines one particular case in which the Supreme Court considered the First Amendment rights of Jehovah's Witnesses, in order to suggest how Peters' approach to the legal history of the Witnesses can distort representation of the facts underlying cases as well as analysis of the meaning and significance of the cases as legal precedent. Finally, Part IV suggests that Peters, like others, has also neglected the opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of the Witnesses' legal history through comparison of the Witnesses to other religious groups.
Oracle v. Google: Protección de derecho de autor sobre elementos funcionales de programas computacionales que pone en riesgo la interoperabilidad y la innovación

El caso Oracle v. Google proporciona una buena oportunidad de reflexion sobre el alcance de la proteccion de los derechos de autor sobre programas computacionales en tanto obras funcionales. Este caso se refiere al uso por Google de las interfaces de programacion de aplicaciones (API), desarrolladas por Sun (Oracle hoy) como parte del lenguaje de programacion Java creado con el proposito de estandarizar la comunicacion entre diferentes capas de programas computacionales. Para desarrollar Android en forma compatible con los programas computacionales programados en lenguaje Java, Google tomo los encabezados y la secuencia, estructura y organizacion (SSO) de treinta y siete APIs de Java. El caso tiene una enorme repercusion en el entendimiento del ambito de proteccion del derecho de autor sobre programas computacionales que son obras funcionales por naturaleza. Una revision de la realidad economica en el desarrollo de programas computacionales muestra que existen importantes economias de red que se intentan capturar a traves de la interoperabilidad mediante el desarrollo de estandares. Esta realidad no debe ser ignorada a la hora de disenar la politica de derecho de autor sobre proteccion de programas computacionales, de tal forma de prevenir dano a la innovacion futura. Si el derecho de autor falla en esta tarea, la normativa de libre competencia podria ser capaz de proporcionar algunas soluciones que se exploran aqui. Normal 0 21 false false false ES-CL JA X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabla normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-ansi-language:ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-language:ES;}
Suppression of the Rice Weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Inside and Outside of Burlap, Woven Polypropylene, and Cotton Bags by the Parasitic Wasp, Anisopteromalus calandrae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

In simulated warehouse rooms, single release of 50 pairs of the parasitic wasp, Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard), in 8,250 g of scattered wheat infested with ca. 1,500 rice weevils, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), resulted in 76.1% suppression. Small bags of cotton, burlap, and woven polypropylene containing 275 g of infested wheat retarded the ingress of A. calandrae , because none of the cotton bags and only 30.0 and 47.0% of the burlap and polypropylene bags, respectively, contained parasitized weevils. Overall, 12.9 and 18.7% of the S. oryzae populations were suppressed in burlap bags and polypropylene bags, respectively. However, when only bags containing parasitized weevils were considered, suppression averaged ca. 55% in the burlap and 49% in the polypropylene. A. calandrae significantly reduced the number of S. oryzae emerging from scattered infested wheat, thus protecting uninfested wheat inside cotton, burlap, and polypropylene bags placed adjacent to the infested wheat.
Phosphorylation of p70(S6k) correlates with increased skeletal muscle mass following resistance exercise

High-resistance exercise training results in an increase in muscle wet mass and protein content. To begin to address the acute changes following a single bout of high-resistance exercise, a new model has been developed. Training rats twice a week for 6 wk resulted in 13.9 and 14.4% hypertrophy in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles, respectively. Polysome profiles after high-resistance lengthening contractions suggest that the rate of initiation is increased. The activity of the 70-kDa S6 protein kinase (p70(S6k)), a regulator of translation initiation, is also increased following high-resistance lengthening contractions (TA, 363 +/- 29%; EDL, 353 +/- 39%). Furthermore, the increase in p70(S6k) activity 6 h after exercise correlates with the percent change in muscle mass after 6 wk of training (r = 0.998). The tight correlation between the activation of p70(S6k) and the long-term increase in muscle mass suggests that p70(S6k) phosphorylation may be a good marker for the phenotypic changes that characterize muscle hypertrophy and may play a role in load-induced skeletal muscle growth.
Simultaneous determination of 56 elements in urine by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Objective To establish a method for simultaneous determination of 56 elements in urine by octopole reaction sysem inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry( ORS-ICP-MS). Methods Urine was diluted 10 times with 2% HNO3,and then 56 kinds of elements such as lead,arsenic,mercury,cadmium,chromium,etc were determined by ORS-ICP-MS with0. 1% ethyl alcohol as matrix matching agent. Results The detection limit of each element was between 0. 001 μg / L-0. 200 μg / L; the linear relationship was good; the correlation coefficients for all the target elements were above 0. 999. The additive recovery rates of the samples were 85%-105%; the relative standard deviations were less than 5%. The standard substance of toxic elements in urine was analyzed,and the results were in the reference range of the standard value. Conclusion The method was proved to be simple,rapid,accurate and reliable and could applied to the analysis of sample with satisfactory results. It's suitable for simultaneous determination of multi-elements in urine of the sudden public health event and in a large number of clinical urine samples.
Toward an Integrated Space Strategy for Disaster Management

The world community could better mitigate the human and economic losses caused by disasters if data from current and planned Earth Observation (EO) satellites were employed more effectively in disaster management support. Satellites have long been used to support forecasting of intensive weather hazards such as tropical cyclones, severe storms and flash flooding. However, although there have been numerous research and operational demonstrations that illustrate the potential usefulness of EO satellite data for a broader range of hazards, the operational application of these data to other hazards is rare. To address this opportunity, the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) has initiated a project on disaster management support. Within that project, several hazard teams have been formed.
"It's More of a Mindset Than a Method": UX Practitioners' Conception of Design Methods

There has been increasing interest in the work practices of user experience (UX) designers, particularly in relation to approaches that support adoption of human-centered principles in corporate environments. This paper addresses the ways in which UX designers conceive of methods that support their practice, and the methods they consider necessary as a baseline competency for beginning user experience designers. Interviews were conducted with practitioners in a range of companies, with differing levels of expertise and educational backgrounds represented. Interviewees were asked about their use of design methods in practice, and the methods they considered to be core of their practice; in addition, they were asked what set of methods would be vital for beginning designers joining their company. Based on these interviews, I evaluate practitioner conceptions of design methods, proposing an appropriation-oriented mindset that drives the use of tool knowledge, supporting designers' practice in a variety of corporate contexts. Opportunities are considered for future research in the study of UX practice and training of students in human-computer interaction programs.
Static Task Scheduling

Depending on the granularity of the different parts of a program we have low and high level spreading for fine and coarse grain program modules respectively. Most instances of the spreading problem are NP-Complete [GaJo79]. In this chapter we discuss optimal solutions for some instances of high level spreading, and efficient heuristics for the intractable cases.
Going by the Book: Connecting Public Administration to Political Theory

Before there was public management, there was political theory: what should government do? What actions by the state are to be considered legitimate? What is justice? What is public virtue? As Barth (2002) reminded us in this journal last October, those of us who teach public management too frequently neglect these seminal questions for the necessary but inevitably more mundane skills of the profession-budgeting, planning, human resources management, policy analysis. But these practical subjects did not emerge from a void; they are inextricably bound up with our constitutional system, and that system in turn is the outgrowth of great philosophical debates about the proper ordering of human communities. It can be extremely rewarding for students to visit those debates. (One would love to say revisit, but that would be inaccurate; virtually none of them have any familiarity with this intellectual history.) I teach at the School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUT). Last semester an adjunct professor and I offered a class called "The Classic Confrontation: Policy Then and Now." Its reception by the students suggests that similar efforts might fill an underappreciated void in public affairs education; however, in the interests of full disclosure, this class had a hook.Thanks to a nonprofit organization called The Remnant Trust, we were able to bring original texts, rare first editions of the works we assigned, into the classroom each week.
The French Revolution and the Middle East

The question of the impact of the French Revolution on the Middle East will here be considered under three separate headings, namely: the political-military impact of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic period; the intellectual-political impact of the ideas of the Enlightenment and of liberal French ideas from the revolutionary period and after; and the development of revolutionary and rebellious movements in the Middle East and their relation, if any, to the French Revolution. Before launching on these topics it is important to note that, from at least the eighteenth century until after World War II, French was the language of culture and foreign education throughout the Middle East, as in much of the rest of the world. This meant that persons with foreign language knowledge got most of their European-based ideas from French thinkers, whether or not the recipient had any special “natural” affinity for French above other ideas. Hence, even someone who, left to an open choice, might have tended, say, to adopt English rather than French liberal notions was in fact more likely to read and cite French thinkers. The origins of this pattern antedate the French Revolution and had little to do with that revolution, but it may lead some to overstate the influence of the French Revolution on Middle Eastern ideas.
In Situ Examination of Effects of Pressure Differential on Compressible Cake Filtration

A synchrotron X-ray absorbance technique was used to monitor suspended solids concentration changes in compressible filter cakes formed at different constant pressure differentials. Results for a kaolin slurry and an activated sludge manifested the markedly higher compressibility of the latter sludge. A model developed to describe effects of pressure differential on filtrate production behavior of an ideal compressible slurry indicated that the kaolin slurry behaved as such. However, the activated sludge was not ideal because changes in pressure differential did not cause the idealized change in filtrate production rate. A thin skin of activated sludge solids at the filter medium accounted for the non-ideal compressive behavior. Porewater pressure data acquired 0.86 mm above the filter medium during activated sludge filtration provided evidence of skin formation and its effect - virtually the total pressure drop occurred within this 0.86 mm region throughout cake formation (after which shrinkage began). Hence, significant effective stresses required to consolidate the sludge cake did not develop in most of the cake until cake formation was complete and shrinkage began.
K-CLASP: A Tool to Identify Phosphosite Specific Kinases and Interacting Proteins

Few methods are available to discover the cellular kinase that phosphorylates a specific amino acid, or phosphosite, on a protein. In addition, identifying the associated proteins bound near a phosphosite during phosphorylation would provide insights into cell biology and signaling. Here, we report K-CLASP (Kinase Catalyzed CrossLinking And Streptavidin Purification) as a method for both phosphosite-specific kinase identification and the discovery of kinase interacting proteins. K-CLASP offers a powerful tool to discover unanticipated protein–protein interactions in phosphorylation-mediated biological events.