cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence‐Based Review of Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Neurological Disorders

Several neurologic disorders have been treated with therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE). Case reports, case series, and clinical trials have published results regarding the outcomes in such patients. The data gathered have been used to formulate evidence-based guidelines, which can be used to guide therapy in patients with these neurological disorders. Adequately designed and powered randomized controlled trials have proven the efficacy of TPE in some disease entities, while other diseases are lacking such data. In the latter, decisions for the use of TPE must be made using the limited published data available. In this review, we discuss the published evidence regarding the use of TPE in neurological disorders, focusing on the most recent guidelines published by the American Society of Apheresis in 2010 and the American Academy of Neurology in 2011.
Passages to America: Perspectives on the New Immigration

'Once I thought to write a history of the immigrants in America. Then I discovered that the immigrants were American history.' Ironically, those famous opening lines of Oscar Handlin's 'The Uprooted' ring truer today than they did when he penned them in 1950. As Handlin would add in a postscript to the second edition of his book two decades later, immigration was already 'a dimly remote memory, generations away, which had influenced the past but appeared unlikely to count for much in the present or future'; and ethnicity, not a common word in 1950, seemed then 'a fading phenomenon, a quaint part of the national heritage, but one likely to diminish steadily in practical importance.' After all, the passage of restrictive national-origins quota laws in the 1920s, the Great Depression and World War II had combined to reduce the flow of immigrants to America to its lowest point since the 1820s. But history is forever ambushed by the unexpected. Handlin might have been surprised, if not astonished, to find that in at least one sense the 'American Century' ended much as it began: the United States again became a nation of immigrants, and it is again being transformed in the process. Not since the peak years of immigration before World War I have so many millions of strangers sought to make their way in America. They make their passages legally and illegally, aboard jumbo jets and in the trunks of cars, by boat and on foot; incredibly, in 1990 a Cuban refugee came across the Straits of Florida riding a windsurfer. Never before has the United States received such diverse groups - immigrants who mirror in their motives and social class origins the forces that forged a new world order in the second half of the 20th century and who are, unevenly, engaged in the process of becoming the newest members of American society.
Isolation of the disparity vergence late components

The "dual mode" theory for the control of disparity vergence eye movements states that two control components, a preprogrammed "initial" component and a feedback control "late" component, mediate the motor response. Previous experimental work has isolated and studied the initial component contribution, but little is known of the late component vergence response. Using a newly developed isolation technique, late component responses were separated from the initial component responses. It is hypothesized that a slow velocity late component does exist and can be isolated.
Peto's paradox and the promise of comparative oncology

The past several decades have seen a paradigm shift with the integration of evolutionary thinking into studying cancer. The evolutionary lens is most commonly employed in understanding cancer emergence, tumour growth and metastasis, but there is an increasing realization that cancer defences both between tissues within the individual and between species have been influenced by natural selection. This special issue focuses on discoveries of these deeper evolutionary phenomena in the emerging area of 'comparative oncology'. Comparing cancer dynamics in different tissues or species can lead to insights into how biology and ecology have led to differences in carcinogenesis, and the diversity, incidence and lethality of cancers. In this introduction to the special issue, we review the history of the field and outline how the contributions use empirical, comparative and theoretical approaches to address the processes and patterns associated with 'Peto's paradox', the lack of a statistical relationship of cancer incidence with body size and longevity. This burgeoning area of research can help us understand that cancer is not only a disease but is also a driving force in biological systems and species life histories. Comparative oncology will be key to understanding globally important health issues, including cancer epidemiology, prevention and improved therapies.
Overview of electronic nose algorithms

The electronic nose is a natural match for physiologically motivated odor analysis. Both the olfactory system and the electronic nose consist of an array of chemical sensing elements and a pattern recognition system. This paper reviews different approaches to chemical data analysis (i.e., chemometrics) found in both commercial and experimental electronic nose systems. The electronic nose algorithms discussed include those based on statistical methods, standard artificial neural network approaches, and those based on advanced biological models of the olfactory system.
Reversibility of the low-salt transition of chromatin core particles

The low-salt transition of chromatin core particles is reversible if the monovalent cation concentration is kept above 0.2 mM. Exposure of the particles to salt concentrations below this value results in a nonreversible secondary transition. The nonreversible changes are relatively slow with a half-time of about 15 minutes. Once exposed to such low ionic strength, the particles then begin to refold with increasing salt in at least two steps over a much higher ionic strength range than is required for the usual low-salt transition. The refolding is very fast, with a half-time less than a minute. Small differences between particles which had or had not been exposed to very low salt persist even when the particles are returned to near physiological ionic strengths.
DSM-5 personality traits discriminate between posttraumatic stress disorder and control groups.

The relevance of personality traits to the study of psychopathology has long been recognized, particularly in terms of understanding patterns of comorbidity. In fact, a multidimensional personality trait model reflecting five higher-order personality dimensions—negative affect, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism—is included in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and represented in the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5). However, evaluation of these dimensions and underlying personality facets within clinical samples has been limited. In the present study, we utilized the PID-5 to evaluate the personality profile elevation and composition of 150 control veterans and 35 veterans diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Results indicated that veterans with PTSD endorsed significantly more personality pathology than control veterans, with scores on detachment and psychoticism domains most clearly discriminating between the two groups. When personality domain scores were considered as parts of each subject’s personality profile, a slightly different picture emerged. Specifically, the PTSD composition was primarily characterized by detachment and negative affect, followed by disinhibition, psychoticism, and antagonism in that order of relative importance. The profile of the control group was significantly different, mostly accounted for differences in antagonism and psychoticism. Using these complementary analytic strategies, the findings demonstrate the relevance of personality pathology to PTSD, highlight internalizing features of PTSD, and pave the way for future research aimed at evaluating the role of shared maladaptive personality traits in underlying the comorbidity of PTSD and related disorders.
THE IDENTIFICATION OF DEPRESSED PATIENTS WHO HAVE A DISORDER OF NE METABOLISM AND/OR DISPOSITION

Abstract The data abstracted here lead us to conclude that in a subgroup of depressed patients who may be identified clinically (primary affective disorders), biochemically (low MHPG), and pharmacologically (good response to desipramine, imipramine, and amphetamine), there is a significant alteration in the metabolism and/or disposition of NE which is integral to the depressive illness per se.
W(p,t) reactions. II. Odd target

Data for the /sup 183/W( p,t)/sup 181/W reaction are presented. States corresponding to the coupling of the odd neutron to collective excitations of the even core are identified and used to test the microscopic structure of these collective excitations. In particular, the proposed nature of the pairing isomers observed in the neighboring even nuclei is confirmed. Information concerning the previously observed anomalous population of 2/sup +/ states in this mass region is also presented.
Spontaneous transverse spatial pattern formation due to stimulated Brillouin scattering of counterpropagating optical beams

Abstract Counterpropagating laser beams can couple to acoustic phonons and cause efficient simultaneous generation of both Stokes and anti-Stokes fields. This results in a combination of dynamic oscillation and spontaneous transverse spatial symmetry breaking.
Increasing response rates in a survey of Medicaid enrollees: the effect of a prepaid monetary incentive and mixed modes (mail and telephone).

Objectives:We sought to evaluate the effect of pairing a mixed-mode mail and telephone methodology with a prepaid $2.00 cash incentive on response rates in a survey of Medicaid enrollees stratified by race and ethnicity.Research Design:Sampling was conducted in 2 stages. The first stage consisted of
The Evolution of Regional Accreditation in Higher Education: The Role of the North Central Association, 1895-1934.

This paper traces the factors which led to one regional association, the North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools, adopting an accreditation role by default rather than by design. The failure of National Bodies to adopt this role is also high‐lighted, although their influence on regional bodies is clearly indicated. The change from a resources‐based to a process‐based accreditation system has been part of the long evolutionary process, but the difficulties inherent in this approach still confront the American system of Higher Education
The role of megakaryocytes in skeletal homeostasis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Purpose of review This review provides an update on the role of megakaryocytes in skeletal homeostasis, and discusses these findings in the context of rheumatoid arthritis. Recent findings Thrombocytosis is a common complication of rheumatoid arthritis, and is presumably caused by an up-regulation in megakaryocytopoiesis. In general, patients with rheumatoid arthritis exhibit localized joint bone erosion with systemic bone loss, and rheumatoid arthritis patients with thrombocytosis tend to have more severe disease. Interestingly, in addition to their role in rheumatoid arthritis with thrombocytosis, it has been demonstrated recently that megakaryocytes play a dual role in regulating skeletal mass by inhibiting bone resorption while simultaneously stimulating bone formation. This seeming contradiction in the putative role of megakaryocytes in skeletal regulation and rheumatoid arthritis is the focus of this review. Summary In rheumatoid arthritis there are substantial increases in the levels of several pro-inflammatory pleiotropic cytokines. As would be expected, in addition to their role in inflammation, these cytokines play a critical role in the megakaryocytopoiesis seen in patients who develop reactive thrombocytosis, and these cytokines also are known to regulate osteoclastogenesis. Thus, it appears that in rheumatoid arthritis with reactive thrombocytosis, the ability of the cytokines to enhance osteoclastogenesis outweighs the ability of megakaryocytes to inhibit osteoclastogenesis.
Observations on experimental boron hydride exposures.

Abstract 1. 1. Acute and subacute studies on HEF have established a linear relationship between serum borane levels and clinical signs of toxicity. 2. 2. Repeated exposure to low levels results in tissue accumulation and the appearance of toxic effects is a function of time and dose. 3. 3. The cumulation of HEF in tissues limits the usefulness of the test procedure as a diagnostic aid in cases of chronic human exposure.
Line-related bacteremia in umbilical venous and percutaneous central venous catheters in neonates 1426

Line-related bacteremia in umbilical venous and percutaneous central venous catheters in neonates 1426
Adolescent Outcomes of Children With Early Speech Sound Disorders With and Without Language Impairment

Purpose In this study, the authors determined adolescent speech, language, and literacy outcomes of individuals with histories of early childhood speech sound disorders (SSD) with and without comorbid language impairment (LI) and examined factors associated with these outcomes. Method This study used a prospective longitudinal design. Participants with SSD (n = 170), enrolled at early childhood (4–6 years) were followed at adolescence (11–18 years) and were compared to individuals with no histories of speech or language impairment (no SSD; n = 146) on measures of speech, language, and literacy. Comparisons were made between adolescents with early childhood histories of no SSD, SSD only, and SSD plus LI as well as between adolescents with no SSD, resolved SSD, and persistent SSD. Results Individuals with early childhood SSD with comorbid LI had poorer outcomes than those with histories of SSD only or no SSD. Poorer language and literacy outcomes in adolescence were associated with multiple factors, includi...
Assessment of left ventricular function during treadmill exercise with a new method of motion correction of first-pass radionuclide angiography using a multiwire gamma camera

Background: Earlier studies with first-pass radionuclide angiography during treadmill exercise used Anger(single-crystal) or multi-crystal gamma camera, a technetium tracer and either did not correct for motion or used external point sources. Motion correction by such dual-isotope method is limited to plane movement corrections and inherently assumes that the patient is rotationally fixed. Method: In this study we used a Multiwire gamma camera (MWGC), a generator-produced Ta-178, which has a low energy and a short half-life (9.3 min) and a novel method of motion correction during treadmill exercise testing. Motion correction was achieved by incorporating an electromagnetic tracking device to track the movement of left ventricle (LV) center, based on real-time six-dimensional position and orientation of a sensor attached to the patient's back, and LV center rotation in patient's chest contour. Result: We studied 72 patients who had normal rest and stress gated single-photon emission tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion images. There were 42 men and 30 women, aged 51±12 years. The resting gated SPECT LV ejection fraction (EF) was 61±10% (range 26 to 87%). The resting EF in the upright position by MWGC was 58±11% ( r = 0.33, p = 0.005 vs gated SPECT). At peak exercise the EF by MWGC was 62±24% if uncorrected for motion and 70±11% when motion corrected. A normal response to exercise , defined as resting EF>50%, and an increase in EF from rest to exercise of 5% or more, was seen in 22 patients (30%) with the uncorrected method and 42 patients (58%) with the corrected method (p < 0.05). Abnormal EF response despite normal perfusion is not unexpected in patients with hypertension or other conditions. Conclusion: Thus, assessment of LV function at rest or peak treadmill exercise is feasible with a MWGC and a novel motion correction algorithm. The method may offer a cost-effective and rapid screening strategy to identify low- and high-risk patients with suspected or known CAD.
Myosin VI Regulates Endocytosis of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a cyclic AMP-regulated Cl- channel expressed in the apical plasma membrane in fluid-transporting epithelia. Although CFTR is rapidly endocytosed from the apical membrane of polarized epithelial cells and efficiently recycled back to the plasma membrane, little is known about the molecular mechanisms regulating CFTR endocytosis and endocytic recycling. Myosin VI, an actin-dependent, minus-end directed mechanoenzyme, has been implicated in clathrin-mediated endocytosis in epithelial cells. The goal of this study was to determine whether myosin VI regulates CFTR endocytosis. Endogenous, apical membrane CFTR in polarized human airway epithelial cells (Calu-3) formed a complex with myosin VI, the myosin VI adaptor protein Disabled 2 (Dab2), and clathrin. The tail domain of myosin VI, a dominant-negative recombinant fragment, displaced endogenous myosin VI from interacting with Dab2 and CFTR and increased the expression of CFTR in the plasma membrane by reducing CFTR endocytosis. However, the myosin VI tail fragment had no effect on the recycling of endocytosed CFTR or on fluid-phase endocytosis. CFTR endocytosis was decreased by cytochalasin D, an actin-filament depolymerizing agent. Taken together, these data indicate that myosin VI and Dab2 facilitate CFTR endocytosis by a mechanism that requires actin filaments.
Defending Against Physical Destruction Attacks on Wireless Sensor Networks

In order to defeat physical destruction attacks on wireless sensor networks, the base station (BS) need have the ability to continuously self-monitor the change of the WSN's coverage performance. In this paper, we propose a secure coverage inference protocol (SCIP) which can provide the BS an accurate and in-time measurement of the current connected coverage in an energy-efficient way, and our SCIP is resilient to attacks from external adversaries as well as to attacks from compromised nodes.
Trigeminal neuralgia treatment outcomes following Gamma Knife radiosurgery with a minimum 3-year follow-up.

Effective short-term outcomes have been well documented for trigeminal neuralgia (TN) patients treated with Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) with reported success rates of 70–90 % with median follow-up intervals of 19–75 months. Fewer series, however, have described uniform long-term follow-up data. In this study, we report our long-term institutional outcomes in patients treated with GKRS after a minimum follow-up of 36 months. Thirty-six consecutive patients with medically intractable TN received a median radiation dose of 45 Gy applied with a single 4-mm isocenter to the affected trigeminal nerve. Follow-up data were obtained by clinical examination and telephone questionnaire. Outcome results were categorized based on the Barrow Neurological Institute (BNI) pain scale with BNI I–III considered to be good outcomes and BNI IV–V considered as treatment failure. BNI facial numbness score was used to assess treatment complications. The incidence of early pain relief was high (80.5 %) and relief was noted in an average of 1.6 months after treatment. At minimum follow-up of 3 years, 67 % were pain free (BNI I) and 75 % had good treatment outcome. At a mean last follow-up of 69 months, 32 % were free from any pain and 63 % were free from severe pain. Bothersome posttreatment facial numbness was reported in 11 % of the patients. A statistically significant correlation was found between age and recurrence of any pain with age >70 predicting a more favorable outcome after radiosurgery. The success rate of GKRS for treatment of medically intractable TN declines over time with 32 % reporting ideal outcome and 63 % reporting good outcome. Patients older than age 70 are good candidates for radiosurgery. This data should help in setting realistic expectations for weighing the various available treatment options.
A note on the generalized effects of assortative mating.

Several twin studies of multiple abilities and educational and socioeconomic variables suggest that a single common factor underlies the contribution of mate selection and cultural inheritance to the covariation of such measures. Theoretical analysis shows that this finding is consistent with a mechanism of mate selection in which specific abilities are merely components of a composite latent variable for which there is assortative mating. We question how far measures of specific abilities reflect behavioral traits of independent adaptive significance.
GROWTH DISTRIBUTION IN THE LIGHT-GROWTH RESPONSE OF PHYCOMYCES

Elongation of sporangiophores marked with numerous starch grains was photographically recorded in the steady state and during the light-growth response when the rate is more than doubled. From these records the spatial distribution of growth within the cell's growth zone was derived. Stimulation by a single saturating flash of light speeds growth proportionally in all parts of the growing zone, maintaining the same pattern of growth distribution as in the steady state. This finding implies that light is absorbed and acts locally throughout the length of the cell's growth zone. Cohen and Delbruck's proposal of a partial spatial separation of light reception and growth is discussed.
Crystallite growth kinetics in isothermallyannealed sol-gel films

Abstract Raman scattering methods were used to investigate the isothermal devitrificationkinetics of sol-gel deposited amorphous titania films as a function of annealing temperature. Time-dependent line intensity variations, indicative of a crystalline anatase phase, generated a sigmoidal growth curve which was analyzed in terms of a modified Avrami equation based on the diffusion-limited mass transport model. The observed spheroidal growth morphology evident in transmission electron micrographs supports this model. Both film refractive index and crystallization rate are influenced by solution equilibration time which controls the condensation of titania precursors into titanium-oxygen oligomers in these low pH solutions.
Growth-Inhibitory Effects of Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors on Human Prostate Carcinoma Cell Lines

Growth stimulation of a variety of cell types by the neurotransmitter serotonin has been reported. We have examined the effects of three serotonin-uptake inhibitors, 6-nitroquipazine, zimelidine and fluoxetine (Prozac, Eli Lilly Co., Indianapolis, Indiana) on human prostate carcinoma cell lines. In vitro, all 3 of these compounds inhibited the proliferation of PC-3, DU-145 and LNCaP cells in a dose-dependent manner. Also, all 3 compounds blocked the uptake of a radiolabeled analog of serotonin by the prostate carcinoma cell lines. The order of potency for inhibition of growth as well as for serotonin uptake was fluoxetine > zimelidine > 6-nitroquipazine. The growth of subcutaneous, PC-3 xenografts in athymic nude mice was significantly inhibited by fluoxetine. These results implicate biogenic amines such as serotonin in the growth of prostate carcinoma cells and indicate the potential use of serotonin-uptake inhibitors for the treatment of prostate cancer.
Clots vs bugs: who's ahead?

Whether or not vertebrate blood clotting has a major role in defending against microbial infection has long been a matter of debate. Apart from the mere physical barrier that a fibrin clot presents against external invaders when plugging a wound, is there a strategy specifically targeted against the pathogen?
HYPERLEXIC CHILDREN READING

Eight hyperlexic children participated in the study. All had language delays, displayed difficulties in integrated behaviour and interpersonal relationships, and learned to read with little or no formal instruction (usually before the age of 5 years). Tests assessing cognitive and academic functioning were administered. In general, nonverbal skills were stronger than verbal skills. Reading ability was in the grade 4 to grade 6 range as based upon Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT) Reading Recognition scores. A wide variety of tests assessing phonological and lexical reading routes, as well as metalinguistic processing, were also administered. It appeared that the hyperlexic children were able to reach the lexicon via both the visualorthographic and phonological pathways. Error analysis indicated the former was preferred. Hyperlexic children had an organized, though limited, lexicon. Imagery had a significant effect on their reading. Further, they were able to comprehend single words and sentences, but not paragraphs. As only 3 of the 8 children seemed to have metalinguistic awareness, it becomes problematic whether the 'cognitive unconscious' is necessary for reading. Also, while the hyperlexic children might have acute visual registration mechanisms for written language, they have abstracted grapheme-phoneme transformation rules as indicated by their ability to read pseudowords.
Open grid computing environments: advanced gateway support activities

We describe three case studies for providing advanced support for TeraGrid Science Gateways as part of our participation in the Advanced User Support (AUS) team. These case studies include providing workflow support, robust job management, and mass job submission to existing gateways targeting computational chemistry, biophysics, and bioinformatics, respectively. Selected tools from the Open Grid Computing Environments and other projects were used, demonstrating the need for flexibility when integrating tools from multiple software providers into specific gateways' software stacks.
Iterative solution of multicomponent permeator model equations

Abstract Countercurrent and recycle permeator model equations require a trial and error (iterative) solution procedure. Although the iterative calculations are simple for a binary system, the calculations for a multicomponent system are greatly complicated because there are M - 1 independent mole fractions in an M component system. This paper describes a systematic method to find the multicomponent solution vector using a direct search maximization routine which is a modification of the complex method of Box.
Differential age effects in semantic and episodic memory, Part II: Slope and intercept analyses.

This study tested for dissociations between age-related slowing in peripheral and central processes across semantic and episodic memory tasks. We report the mixed-model analysis of variance (ANOVA) results using reaction time (RT), error, and data from four different experimental tasks and eight data sets (the four tasks involved either multiple sessions or different stimuli) conducted on the same 80 participants (40 younger and 40 older adults). An earlier paper (Allen, Sliwinski, Bowie, & Madden, in press) reported the factor analysis and structural equation modeling results of this study. We employed two semantic memory tasks (lexical decision and multiplication verification) using data from two different sessions (for a total of four semantic data sets), and two episodic memory tasks (hybrid visual search and memory search with digits and withwords as stimuli). For RT analyses, we found Age 2 Task interactions for all four episodic memory data sets, but no Age 2 Task interactions for the four semantic...
TRANSFORM: Embodiment of "Radical Atoms" at Milano Design Week

RANSFORM fuses technology and design to celebrate the transformation from a piece of static furniture to a dynamic machine driven by streams of data and energy. TRANSFORM aims to inspire viewers with unexpected transformations, as well as the aesthetics of a complex machine in motion. This paper describes the concept, engine, product, and motion design of TRANSFORM, which was first exhibited at LEXUS DESIGN AMAZING 2014 MILAN in April 2014.
Specific relonic patterns from non‐specific or useless laboratory data

Discusses how in 20 different hepato‐biliary diseases, relonics for the first time, identifies previously unknown systemic relational networks of biochemical imbalances/dysbalances which can be used as prototype patterns for early diagnosis, instant monitoring of treatment response, and individualized treatment adjustments.
On the modification of conalbumin by acid. I. Electrophoretic and sedimentation studies on conalbumin prepared by ammonium sulfate precipitation from acid solutions

Abstract Conalbumin prepared by ammonium sulfate precipitation at pH 3 followed by dialysis and storage in salt-free solution at neutral reaction is a modification of the protein as it occurs in egg white. Electrophoretic patterns indicate that a modified conalbumin, designated as C 4 , is probably the form present in the salt-free stock solution, although the possibility that other electrophoretic modifications of the proteins are also present to a slight extent has not been excluded. In buffers at pH 4.5–7.5 modification C 4 undergoes the following transformations: C 4 → C 3 → C 2 → C 1 Sedimentation studies reveal that each of these four electrophoretic modifications of conalbumin can exist in both monomeric and aggregated states. Sedimentation studies indicate that in sulfate-free media at pH 3 the protein is monodispersed at low ionic strengths, whereas aggregation precedes precipitation at high ionic strengths. In the presence of sulfate ions at pH 3 the protein is aggregated even at very low ionic strengths.
History of Dental Prophylaxis

Dental prophylaxis, today considered one of the most important services of the profession, has not always been regarded as a significant aspect of dentistry by practitioners as well as by patients.
Salivary Response to Lemon Juice as a Measure of Introversion in Children

The relationship between introversion, as measured by the Junior Eysenck Personality Inventory, and salivation to lemon juice was examined with 10 boys and 10 girls at CA 8, 10, and 12. Boys salivated significantly more than girls to lemon juice stimulation (P < .05), but comparable sex differences also occurred in salivation to water by control Ss. Introversion correlated .43 (P < .01) with salivation for all 25 girls but not for boys (r = .19). Ss who were in the upper third of the total group on extraversion showed significantly less salivation to lemon juice than did Ss in the lower third (P < .025), which is consistent with Eysenck's theoretical analysis.
FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF CLAY: IX, INFLUENCE OF PARTICLE SHAPE ON PROPERTIES OF SUSPENSIONS

The flow properties of suspensions containing monodisperse particles of muscovite, kaolinite, halloysite, and orthoclase were measured at various concentrations to determine the influence of particle shape. It was found that the particle shape had a considerable effect in dispersed suspensions, the more isometric particles yielding the lower viscosity. Particle shape made no difference in flocced suspensions.
Reconstruction from in-line electron holograms by digital processing

Abstract The digitized in-line electron holograms recorded in an HB-5 STEM instrument were reconstructed by computer processing in place of optical reconstruction. The important parameters of the holograms, namely the spherical aberration and defocus, can be obtained from the electron Ronchigrams. The reconstructed image shows some improvement in resolution as compared with the STEM bright field image. The main limitations appear to be mechanical vibration, drift of the specimen, the relatively small number of pixels in the images, and the uncertainties in determining the spherical aberration coefficient and defocus value.
The influence of hydrogen on the stress-corrosion cracking of low-strength Al-Mg alloys

There is growing evidence for hydrogen uptake in aluminum alloys and its contribution to the crack growth of high-strength aluminum alloys, but less evidence for low-strength alloys. This paper summarizes the evidence for hydrogen uptake in a low-strength alloy, AA5083, and its contribution to the stress-corrosion cracking of this alloy. A key factor is the anodic dissolution of grain boundary β phase (Al3Mg2) and the associated hydrogen reduction that accompanies this dissolution.
An Energy Minimization Approach to Automatic Traffic Camera Calibration

We present a method for automatic calibration of traffic cameras. The problem is formulated as one of energy minimization in reduced road-parameter space, from which internal and external camera parameters are determined. Our approach combines bottom-up processing of a video to find a vanishing point, lines in the background, and a directed activity map, along with top-down processing to fit a road model to these detected features using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). Enhanced autocorrelation along the dashed lines is used in conjunction with a best-fit road model to find road-to-image parameters. To maximize both robustness to noise and flexibility (e.g., to handle cases in which the camera is looking straight down the road), a single-vanishing-point length-based approach (VWL, according to the taxonomy in the work of Kanhere and Birchfield) is used. On a large number of data sets exhibiting a wide variety of conditions (including distractions such as bridges and on/off-ramps), our approach performs well, achieving less than 10% error in measuring test lengths in all cases.
Antioxidant performance of mixed tocopherols in styrenic block copolymers

Mixed tocopherols (MT) containing a predominance of γ-tocopherol were evaluated for antioxidant (AO) performance in polybutadiene- and polyisoprene-based styrenic block copolymers (SBS and SIS, respectively) by using oxidative induction time as a measure of AO performance. A conventional hindered phenolic AO and α-tocopherol (vitamin E) were evaluated in comparison. MT exhibited significantly higher performance than the controls in both SIS and SBS polymers. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 12:73–77, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers
Measurement of the mechanical state of a low alloy steel at elevated temperature

Load relaxation tests on a Cr-Mo-V steel are used to generate stress-strain rate curves at high temperature. It is shown that the mechanical state as described by these curves is sensitive to the deformation history, such that the alloy undergoes a hardening and subsequent softening as strain is accumulated. However, these changes are quite small in successive tests and it is shown that results at different temperatures can be made to coincide by a suitable translation of the strain rate scale at nearly constant mechanical state. The result is a stress-strain rate curve over about twelve orders of magnitude in strain rate so that initial creep rates at stresses far beyond the range covered at each temperature can be estimated.
Weight-specific health-related quality of life in adolescents with extreme obesity.

The objectives of this multisite study were to: (i) examine differences by gender and race on generic and weight- specific health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in adolescents with extreme obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2) and (ii) explore HRQOL differences based on treatment pursued (behavioral vs. bariatric surgery). Study participants included 145 obese adolescents (mean age = 15.3 years; 68% female; 46% black; mean BMI = 50.6) referred to pediatric weight management programs. Participants completed generic (PedsQL) and weight-specific (Impact of Weight on Quality of Life-Kids (IWQOL-Kids)) HRQOL measures. Generic and weight-specific measures indicated global (e.g., all domains) HRQOL impairment and significant differences by race. Physical, emotional, and social scores of the PedsQL (Ps < 0.01) and the physical comfort and body esteem scores of the IWQOL-Kids (Ps < 0.001) were significantly higher for black compared to white adolescents with extreme obesity. Extremely obese adolescents pursuing bariatric surgery reported similar HRQOL to adolescents pursuing behavioral treatment (n = 30 matched pairs). HRQOL did not differ for extremely obese adolescents based on type of treatment sought, but race/ethnicity should be considered when characterizing these youth. Although racial differences in adolescent body image/esteem have been reported, it is unknown why black adolescents with extreme obesity would report less impact of weight on their physical functioning. Overall, these data suggest that HRQOL is not homogenous in adolescents with extreme obesity.
Provider-Driven Development of a Measurement Feedback System to Enhance Measurement-Based Care in VA Mental Health

Abstract Given the importance of implementing measurement-based care (MBC) to enhance the quality of care provided to veterans with mental health disorders, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) has developed guidelines and a mandate for MBC and use of specific measures. Nonetheless, current use of MBC for mental health in VA is low and easily extractable outcomes are not available within the electronic medical record (EMR). This paper reviews obstacles to MBC for mental health in VA and the potential for a measurement feedback system (MFS) to overcome these obstacles. This paper reports the results of a local VA provider survey of barriers to MBC and describes a multidisciplinary, provider-driven local process to develop a software-based MFS to address some of these barriers. This MFS, named COMMEND ( Co llaborative M ental health M anagement EN hanced D ashboard), was developed in an iterative fashion with ongoing feedback from providers. It was created to interface with VA’s EMR and provide a way to easily input patient intervention and outcome information, create a progress note, and visualize interventions and outcomes over time on a single graph. This paper describes a pilot implementation of this tool, including a qualitative description of how it was incorporated into a particular provider’s workflow, how features were adapted based on provider feedback, and initial implementation data. Lastly, plans are described to study factors affecting successful implementation and explain how local experiences may be applicable for providers in a variety of settings.
Metastatic carcinoma of prostate 23 years after radical prostatectomy.

Abstract Carcinoma of the prostate may present with metastatic disease many years aftertreatment. We present a patient with adenocarcinoma of the prostate, “cured” by radical perineal prostatectomy in 1962, with the first signs of metastases presenting in 1985. This emphasizes the importance of long-term follow-up of patients with prostate carcinoma.
Transverse sinus thrombosis after internal jugular vein ligation.

Abstract Background: Cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis is a rare condition with a wide range of causes and a highly variable presentation. It can lead to significant morbidity, but scant literature is available describing diagnosis and treatment when this occurs after ligation of the internal jugular vein. Objectives: To discuss potential risk factors for cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis after ligation of the internal jugular vein, and present current options for diagnosis and treatment. Case Report: A 23-year-old male construction worker was brought to the Emergency Department by Emergency Medical Services after sustaining a severe neck laceration from a hand-held grinder. He was treated with ligation of the left internal jugular vein, but subsequently developed severe headaches and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure. A magnetic resonance venogram of the head revealed a left transverse sinus thrombosis requiring treatment with anticoagulation. The placement of a lumboperitoneal shunt was ultimately needed for relief of his symptoms. Conclusions: Early diagnosis and aggressive therapeutic interventions are critical to prevent further morbidity in patients who develop cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis after ligation of the internal jugular vein.
A Stable Thin‐Film Lithium Electrolyte: Lithium Phosphorus Oxynitride

The electrochemical and optical properties of lithium phosphorus oxynitride (Lipon) thin films have been studied with an emphasis on the stability window vs. lithium metal and the behavior of the Li/Lipon interface. Impedance measurements made between {minus}26 and 140 C show that Lipon exhibits a single, Li{sup +}-ion conducting phase with an average conductivity of 2.3 ({+-}0.7) {times} 10{sup {minus}6} S/cm at 25 C and an average activation energy of E{sub a} = 0.55 {+-} 0.02 eV. No detectable reaction or degradation was evident at the Li/Lipon interface, and linear sweep voltammetry measurements on three-electrode cells indicated that Lipon is stable from 0 to about 5.5 V with respect to a Li{sup +}/Li reference. The complex refractive index of Lipon was measured by spectroscopic ellipsometry. Optical bandgaps of 3.45 and 3.75 eV were obtained from the ellipsometry data and from optical absorption measurements, respectively.
Comparison of SAR based GMTI and standard GMTI in a dense target environment

SAR-MTI is a generalization of SAR processing and can work with only a single-phase center. SAR-MTI requires formation of a stack of SAR images assuming different sensor ground speeds. Each image will capture a different set of target velocities, and the complete set of images will focus all target speeds less than a desired maximum speed regardless of direction and target location. SAR-MTI has no minimum detectable velocity. SAR-GMTI will have higher resolution than standard GMTI because the SAR based processing allows longer coherent processing intervals (CPI). A realistic dense moving target scenario was simulated using SAR-GMTI detection and standard GMTI detection was simulated for this scenario and the frequency of unresolved targets was compared. SAR-GMTI suffered many fewer unresolvable target pairs because of its smaller resolution cell and because it inherently detects in a 3 dimensional space vs. a two dimensional space. Furthermore SAR-GMTI does not have a clutter notch, which eliminated about 15% of the moving targets for standard GMTI.
The Use of Theory in Sexuality Research

The status of any area of science can be gauged by an examination of its scientific theory. The opening article in this issue presents a metatheoretical perspective of scientific theory, including ...
Effect of large amplitude pitching motions on the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of flat-plate wings

Large-amplitude unsteady motion effects on the aerodynamic force and stability characteristics of flat-plate wings were investigated in a wind tunnel for the cases of two delta wings with respective leading edge sweeps of 70 and 45 deg, and a rectangular wing whose aspect ratio was equal to that of the 70-deg delta wing. Attention was given to the effects of reduced frequency and mean angle of attack. It is found that lags in vortex burst location and separation/reattachment of flow on the upper surface of the wing produced large overshoots and hysteresis loops in normal force and pitching moment coefficients that were a strong function of mean oscillation angle and reduced frequency.
RENORMALIZATION OF POTENTIAL SCATTERING IN A ONE-DIMENSIONAL NON-LUTTINGER LIQUID: CONDUCTION AND X-RAY FERMI-EDGE SINGULARITY

We review some of our recent results on the potential scattering in a weakly interacting one-dimensional(1D) electron gas. The technique we developed is a poor man's renormalization group procedure in the scattered wave basis. This technique can treat the renormalizations of the scattering on the barrier and the scattering between the electrons in a coherent way, and it allows us to find the scattering amplitudes on a localized potential of arbitrary strength for electrons at any energy. The obtained phase shifts are used to study the Fermi-edge singularity in an interacting 1D electron system, where anomalous exponent of the power-law singularity in the vicinity of the edge is found. The transmission coefficient is directly related to the conductance of a 1D channel by the Landauer formula. Simple formulas that describe the conductance at any temperature are derived. In spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ systems, the electron–electron backscattering induces renormalizations of the interaction constants, which causes the...
Central American maras: from youth street gangs to transnational protection rackets

Most of the empirical research on Central American street gangs, called maras, has been published only in Spanish. Reviewing that literature, the American scholarship on gangs, and my own research on Central American gangs from the mid-1990s, this article depicts the processes through which the maras (Mara Salvatrucha and the Eighteenth Street Gang) evolved from youth street gangs in the late 1980s to protection rackets with features of transnational organisations. Intense migratory flows between El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and the United States, and the hard-line suppression policies against youth gangs in institutionally weak Central American countries created the conditions that prompted networking and organisation among Central American street gangs. This article highlights the changes in the dynamics of violence and the transformations in the gangs' social spaces to illustrate the evolution of the maras.
Colour form representation test: a developmental method for the study of cognition in schizophrenia.

The Colour Form Representation Test (CFR) was devised as one of a series of develop-mentally rooted objective measures of schizophrenic cognitive dysfunction. Based on the observations of Piaget and others in relation to the conceptual use of colour, form and representational cues, it provided a four-level response hierarchy corresponding to the preverbal and early verbal stages of cognitive growth. The CFR was tested with 66 schizophrenics and 42 non-psychotic subjects and found to distinguish between these two groups and among schizophrenic subtypes. It showed significant correlations with measures of cognitive and attentional dysfunction and, longitudinally, was observed to be a reliable instrument that reflected the differential therapeutic outcome of various schizophrenic groups. The research potential of the CFR and its relevance to developmental and psychophysiological theories of schizophrenic cognitive disorder were discussed.
The Case for Anne Brontë’s Marginalia in the Author’s Own of The Tenant of Wildfell Hall

AbstractThis essay examines some of Anne Bronte’s marginalia in the controversial author’s own copy of The Tenant of Wildfell Hall to argue that, based on the revisions to the second volume, we should consider this edition as significantly contributing to studies on Anne Bronte. Further, this essay asserts that the marginalia make Helen Huntingdon appear to be an even stronger heroine, as well as illuminating Anne Bronte’s writing habits and her belief in the central importance of the diary to the novel.