cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Macrophage α1 AMP-activated Protein Kinase (α1AMPK) Antagonizes Fatty Acid-induced Inflammation through SIRT1 *

In this study, we aim to determine cellular mechanisms linking nutrient metabolism to the regulation of inflammation and insulin resistance. The nutrient sensors AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and SIRT1 show striking similarities in nutrient sensing and regulation of metabolic pathways. We find that the expression, activity, and signaling of the major isoform α1AMPK in adipose tissue and macrophages are substantially down-regulated by inflammatory stimuli and in nutrient-rich conditions, such as exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), free fatty acids (FFAs), and diet-induced obesity. Activating AMPK signaling in macrophages by 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β4-ribofuranoside or constitutively active α1AMPK (CA-α1) significantly inhibits; although inhibiting α1AMPK by short hairpin RNA knock-down or dominant-negative α1AMPK (DN-α1) increases LPS- and FFA-induced tumor necrosis factor α expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assays show that activation of AMPK by CA-α1 in macrophages significantly inhibits LPS- or FFA-induced NF-κB signaling. More importantly, in a macrophage-adipocyte co-culture system, we find that inactivation of macrophage AMPK signaling inhibits adipocyte insulin signaling and glucose uptake. Activation of AMPK by CA-α1 increases the SIRT1 activator NAD+ content and SIRT1 expression in macrophages. Furthermore, α1AMPK activation mimics the effect of SIRT1 on deacetylating NF-κB, and the full capacity of AMPK to deacetylate NF-κB and inhibit its signaling requires SIRT1. In conclusion, AMPK negatively regulates lipid-induced inflammation, which acts through SIRT1, thereby contributing to the protection against obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Our study defines a novel role for AMPK in bridging the signaling between nutrient metabolism and inflammation.
The choice of a monetary instrument in a small open economy: The case of Korea

Abstract Using a small macroeconometric model of Korea, this paper evaluates the correct choice of a monetary instrument (either the money stock or the interest rate), the optimal multiperiod policy, and the value of current information on some monetary varialbles.
A Review of EDVOTEK - The Biotechnology Education Company

Review of : EDVOTEK - The Biotechnology Education Company, a science equipment and supplies vendor specializing in biotechnology materials for middle school, high school and undergraduate college students.
Impact of Oncotype DX Recurrence Score in the Management of Breast Cancer Cases

Abstract Background Oncologists have used clinicopathologic features to guide treatment decisions for their breast cancer patients; however, more recently, results of multigene assays are also being considered. A popular assay, Oncotype DX (Genomic Health), stratifies node-negative breast cancer patients into groups that are at low, intermediate, or high risk for distant recurrence and guides decisions about adjuvant chemotherapy utilization. Objective We studied the impact of Oncotype DX recurrence score (ODxRS) compared with that of clinicopathologic features on adjuvant chemotherapy utilization in node-negative breast cancer patients and in node-positive breast cancer patients, and we evaluated whether clinicopathologic features impact the decision for adjuvant chemotherapy utilization in a subset of node-negative breast cancer patients with an intermediate-risk ODxRS. Methods A retrospective study from a single academic institution was performed on 425 patients with invasive breast carcinoma. Results Adjuvant chemotherapy utilization most significantly correlated with a high-risk ODxRS ( P P Conclusion ODxRS, if available, heavily impacts adjuvant chemotherapy utilization and more so than any clinicopathologic factor in node-negative breast cancer patients. Node-negative breast cancer patients in the intermediate-risk group whose tumors were high grade were more likely to receive adjuvant chemotherapy.
Antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferative responses in vaccinated and Hypoderma lineatum-infested calves

Abstract Cattle infested with the common cattle grub, Hypoderma lineatum (Villers) develop specific humoral antibodies and a cellular immune reaction, defined by delayed-type hypersensitivity, to purified H. lineatum proteins. This investigation was designed to study the antigen-specific bovine lymphocyte response to hypodermin A (HyA), a serine protease of larval first-instar H. lineatum. Calves were vaccinated with either native or denatured HyA, and challenge-infested with H. lineatum. The kinetic development of a cellular immune response to HyA was monitored during vaccination and infestation. The HyA-specific responses were highly variable and weak during vaccination and infestation. Although HyA-specific lymphocyte blastogenic responses were observed, no correlation was noted between the magnitude of antigen-specific, peripheral lymphocyte proliferation and larval mortality. In striking contrast to responses observed during infestation, intense HyA-specific lymphocyte responses were observed with 3 calves 6 months after recovery from infestation. In addition, those responses were further heightened by a 250 μg booster injection of pure HyA.
The locus ceruleus: a possible neural focus for genetic differences in emotionality.

The Maudsley Reactive and Non-Reactive strains have been developed as a model for the study of individual variations in stress-reactivity, and many differences in biobehavioral systems have been found between them. This review discusses limitations of the ‘emotionality’ construct in accounting for differences between the Maudsley strains and offers an alternative, theoretical approach. Amaral and Sinnamon have proposed that the locus ceruleus (LC) plays a stress-attenuating role in mediating behavioral, physiological and neuroendocrine response to prepotent, emergency-provoking stimuli and, building upon this formulation, it is proposed that the LC has been an important focus for gene action in the Maudsley model. It is suggested that the LC of the Non-Reactive strain is more strongly activated by stressful stimuli than the LC of Reactive rats, and is the basis of many of the behavioral and physiological differences between them. Behavioral and biochemical evidence consistent with this proposition is reviewed. Identification of the LC as a target for gene-action in the Maudsley model has an important advantage. It substitutes variations at a specific anatomic location in the brain for a loosely defined construct like emotionality, and the hypothesis is amenable to empirical tests by a variety of experimental approaches.
The layman's use of trait and behavioral information to predict behavior

Abstract This study investigated conditions that determine subjects' preferences for information about another person's traits versus his specific past behavior in order to predict his future behavior. The similarity-dissimilarity between the situation for which past behavior was available and the one to which predictions had to be made strongly influenced the choice of specific behavioral information versus more general trait information. As expected, behavioral information was preferred most when the situation to which behavior had to be predicted was highly similar to the one for which the past behavioral data were available. On the other hand, more general trait information was preferred in predicting to situations that were not directly similar to those for which past behavioral information was available. The effect of the temporal span covered by available information was also explored.
Photon trapping and energy transfer in multiple-dye plastic matrices: an efficient solar-energy concentrator

Experiments are described illustrating enhanced photon trapping and efficient energy transfer in mixed-dye planar solar concentrators containing, for example, Rhodamine 6G and Coumarin 6. These concentrators intercept more of the solar spectrum to give an enhanced photon-flux gain that exceeds the single-dye concentrator. It is also shown that the energy absorbed by the donor dye is transferred efficiently into the emitting acceptor by two competing processes.
Cavitation Investigation of Hydrofoils for Marine Hydrokinetic Turbines

Three different hydrofoil sections were investigated in the recently renovated High-Speed Cavitation Tunnel (HiCaT) at the University of New Hampshire: a NACA 0015 (reference foil), a NACA 63-424, and a bidirectional version of the NACA 63-424 hydrofoil. Bi-directional hydrofoils are of interest for marine renewable energy conversion, since they allow the elimination of pitch control mechanisms on marine hydrokinetic turbines. Hydrofoil lift and drag were measured for different velocities, pressures, and angles of attack. For some experimental conditions, comparative PIV measurements were performed in the near-wake region. A cavitation inception model for marine hydrokinetic turbines was derived. Cavitation numbers for inception were obtained for the two NACA 63-424 foils by varying pressure at constant speed as well as by varying speed at constant pressure. The performance of the NACA 63-424 and the bidirectional NACA 63-424 was compared.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
A novel analytical approach to the prediction of respiratory diaphragm motion based on external torso volume change.

An analytical approach to predict respiratory diaphragm motion should have advantages over a correlation-based method, which cannot adapt to breathing pattern changes without re-calibration for a changing correlation and/or linear coefficient. To quantitatively calculate the diaphragm motion, a new expandable 'piston' respiratory (EPR) model was proposed and tested using 4DCT torso images of 14 patients. The EPR model allows two orthogonal lung motions (with a few volumetric constraints): (1) the lungs expand (ΔVEXP) with the same anterior height variation as the thoracic surface, and (2) the lungs extend (ΔVEXT) with the same inferior distance as the volumetrically equivalent 'piston' diaphragm. A volume conservation rule (VCR) established previously (Li et al 2009 Phys. Med. Biol. 54 1963–78) was applied to link the external torso volume change (TVC) to internal lung volume change (LVC) via lung air volume change (AVC). As the diaphragm moves inferiorly, the vacant space above the diaphragm inside the rib cage should be filled by lung tissue with a volume equal to ΔVEXT (=LVC–ΔVEXP), while the volume of non-lung tissues in the thoracic cavity should conserve. It was found that ΔVEXP accounted for 3–24% of the LVC in these patients. The volumetric shape of the rib cage, characterized by the variation of cavity volume per slice over the piston motion range, deviated from a hollow cylinder by −1.1% to 6.0%, and correction was made iteratively if the variation is >3%. The predictions based on the LVC and TVC (with a conversion factor) were compared with measured diaphragm displacements (averaged from six pivot points), showing excellent agreements (0.2 ± 0.7 mm and 0.2 ± 1.2 mm, respectively), which are within clinically acceptable tolerance. Assuming motion synchronization between the piston and points of interest along the diaphragm, point motion was estimated but at higher uncertainty (~10% ± 4%). This analytical approach provides a patient-independent technique to calculate the patient-specific diaphragm motion, using the anatomical and respiratory volumetric constraints.
Safety of Noninvasive Brain Stimulation in Children and Adolescents

Abstract Background Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial current stimulation (tCS) have the potential to mitigate a variety of symptoms associated with neurological and psychiatric conditions, including stroke, cerebral palsy, autism, depression, and Tourette syndrome. While the safety of these modalities has been established in adults, there is a paucity of research assessing the safety of NIBS among children. Objective To examine the existing literature regarding the safety of NIBS techniques in children and adolescents with neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders. Methods An electronic search was performed on online databases for studies using NIBS in individuals less than 18 years of age. Non-English publications, diagnostic studies, electroconvulsive therapy, single/dual pulse TMS studies, and reviews were excluded. Adverse events reported in the studies were carefully examined and synthesized to understand the safety and tolerability of NIBS among children and adolescents. Results The data from 48 studies involving more than 513 children/adolescents (2.5–17.8 years of age) indicate that the side effects of NIBS were, in general, mild and transient [TMS: headache (11.5%), scalp discomfort (2.5%), twitching (1.2%), mood changes (1.2%), fatigue (0.9%), tinnitus (0.6%); tCS: tingling (11.5%), itching (5.8%), redness (4.7%), scalp discomfort (3.1%)] with relatively few serious adverse events. Conclusion Our findings indicate that both repetitive TMS and tCS are safe modalities in children and adolescents with various neurological conditions, especially when safety guidelines are followed. The incidence of adverse events appears to be similar to that observed in adults; however, further studies with longer treatment and follow-up periods are needed to better understand the benefits and tolerance of long-term use of NIBS in children.
Dry Spot Formation and Changes in Liquid Composite Molding: I—Experimental:

Dry spot formation and changes in liquid composite molding (LCM) were investigated by flow visualization experiments. The dry spot size can be reduced by three mechanisms: (1) it can be compressed ...
247 DIETARY INFLUENCES ON THEOPHYLLINE PHARMACOKINETICS IN CHILDREN

We have examined the influence of diet on theophylline (T) pharmacokinetics in 14 asthmatic children, receiving chronic oral T. Doses from 4.2-8.8 mg/kg were given in an amount determined to yield therapeutic serum levels. Each patient was placed on 3 separate diets with different proportions of protein and carbohydrate and with constant fat and calories. Sequential serum T levels were obtained following a single oral dose on day 12 of each test diet. T half-life (t½) decreased on high protein (P) diet to a mean of 4.75 hr. compared to 6.76 on normal (N) diet and increased to 18.10 on high carbohydrate (C) diet (both p < .001). The metabolic clearance rate rose from a mean of .045 L/kg/hr on N to .055 on P and decreased to .037 during C (both p < .001). The apparent volume of distribution remained unchanged, except for an increase from .423 L/kg to .988 on C (p < .01). Multiple linear regression function demonstrated t½ differences to correlate significantly only with dietary changes. No abnormal blood chemistries were detected during any test periods. These results clearly show the effect of diet on T pharmacokinetics in children.
Petrogenetic and Tectonic Significance of Rift-Related Pre-Early Cambrian Mafic Dikes, Central Taurides, Turkey

Widespread swarms of tholeiitic dikes of pre-Early Cambrian age intrude Cadomian post-collisional Late Neoproterozoic granitoid rocks of the Sandikli Basement Complex in the Central Taurides, and the succession is disconformably overlain by Early Cambrian rift-controlled clastic and mafic rocks of the Gogebakan Formation. The studied dikes show distinct negative anomalies for Nb, Zr, Hf, and Ti, and enrichment of Th and LREE. These data indicate a MORB signature with subduction-modified mantle chemistry. The dikes are less intensely enriched in LREE with rather unfractionated spider diagrams ([Nb/Yb]N = 1.10-4.28) than N-MORB, and lack conclusive chemical evidence of crustal contamination. All analyzed rocks possess slightly negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.77-1.02). The dikes show sharp negative Nb and Ta anomalies relative to LREE and low Ti/Y, Zr/Y, and Nb/U ratios, suggesting that they were derived through incorporating subduction-released fluids at the source during the partial melting of a spinel l...
The use of arm vein in lower-extremity revascularization: results of 520 procedures performed in eight years.

Abstract Purpose: The absence of an adequate ipsilateral saphenous vein in patients requiring lower-extremity revascularization poses a difficult clinical dilemma. This study examined the results of the use of autogenous arm vein bypass grafts in these patients. Methods: Five hundred twenty lower-extremity revascularization procedures performed between 1990 and 1998 were followed prospectively with a computerized vascular registry. The arm vein conduit was prepared by using intraoperative angioscopy for valve lysis and identification of luminal abnormalities in 44.8% of cases. Results: Seventy-two (13.8%) femoropopliteal, 174 (33.5%) femorotibial, 29 (5.6%) femoropedal, 101 (19.4%) popliteo-tibial/pedal, and 144 (27.7%) extension "jump" graft bypass procedures were performed for limb salvage (98.2%) or disabling claudication (1.8%). The average age of patients was 68.5 years (range, 32 to 91 years); 63.1% of patients were men, and 36.9% of patients were women. Eighty-five percent of patients had diabetes mellitus, and 77% of patients had a recent history of smoking. The grafts were composed of a single arm vein segment in 363 cases (69.8%) and of spliced composite vein with venovenostomy in 157 cases (30.2%). The mean follow-up period was 24.9 months (range, 1 month to 7.4 years). Overall patency and limb salvage rates for all graft types were: primary patency, 30-day = 97.0% ± 0.7%, 1-year = 80.2% ± 2.1%, 3-year = 68.9% ± 3.6%, 5-year = 54.5% ± 6.6%; secondary patency, 30-day = 97.0% ± 0.7%, 1-year = 80.7% ± 2.1%, 3-year = 70.3% ± 3.4%, 5-year = 57.5% ± 6.2%; limb salvage, 30-day = 97.6% ± 0.7%, 1-year = 89.8% ± 1.7%, 3-year = 82.1% ± 3.3%, 5-year = 71.5% ± 6.9%. Secondary patency and limb salvage rates were greatest at 5 years for femoropopliteal grafts (69.8% ± 12.8%, 80.7% ± 11.8%), as compared with femorotibial (59.6% ± 10.3%, 72.7% ± 10.5%), femoropedal (54.9% ± 25.7%, 56.8% ± 26.9%,) and popliteo-tibial/pedal grafts (39.0% ± 7.3%, 47.6% ± 15.4%). The patency rate of composite vein grafts was equal to that of single-vein conduits. The overall survival rate was 54% at 4 years. Conclusion: Autogenous arm vein has been used successfully in a wide variety of lower-extremity revascularization procedures and has achieved excellent long- and short-term patency and limb salvage rates, higher than those generally reported for prosthetic or cryopreserved grafts. Its durability and easy accessibility make it an alternative conduit of choice when an adequate saphenous vein is not available. (J Vasc Surg 2000;31:50-9.)
Sequence-Selective Peptide Detection by Small Synthetic Chemosensors Selected from an Encoded Combinatorial Chemosensor Library

Synthetic chemosensors hold great potential in many diagnostic applications. In this study, we describe the design and preparation of the first encoded combinatorial library of chemosensors for tripeptides. Subsequent screening of the library resulted in the discovery of novel chemosensors able to distinguish between random tripeptides.
Amygdala activity during sexual behavior in the male cat

Abstract Electrophysiological recordings from two male cats with electrodes in the suprasylvian cortex, basolateral complex of the amygdala, anterior and posterior hypothalamus, and reticular formation were obtained during sexual activity. Only the amygdala showed correlated changes, which consisted of a depression of characteristic 40 cps spindling during the intromission stage and an increase in the immediately subsequent withdrawal stage. Neither cortical synchronization nor a cessation in respiration accompanied the amygdaloid depression, suggesting that a third influence, in addition to arousal and olfactory input, is necessary for amygdaloid spindling. Our data support the notion that the limbic system is involved in the sexual activity of the male cat.
Stochastic spatial models of host-pathogen and host-mutualist interactions II

Plant community structure is shaped by interactions among plants and their pathogens and mutualists (collectively called symbionts). Some symbionts are highly specialized, others are generalists, adding to the complexity of interactions. The development of a conceptual framework that is based on idealized models is a necessary step in reaching a level of understanding that would allow us to predict outcomes of these interactions. In this paper, we introduce spatially explicit, stochastic models of multispecies host-symbionts interactions with a specific focus on how the degree of specialization affects coexistence of multiple hosts and their symbionts, and, in case of coexistence, what spatial patterns result. Our rigorous results, supplemented by simulations, give a complete description of the behavior of these host-symbionts models. It is proved analytically that generalist symbionts have only a limited effect on the structure of host communities which, in contrast, can be significantly altered by speci...
Simultaneous chromium(VI) reduction and phenol degradation in an anaerobic consortium of bacteria

Abstract Simultaneous removal of Cr(VI) and phenol was investigated in an anaerobic consortium of bacteria supplemented with a Cr(VI)-reducing organism, Escherichia coli ATCC 33456. Neither E. coli nor the anaerobic phenol-degrading consortium culture was acclimated to Cr(VI) prior to the batch experiments. Optimum Cr(VI) reduction was observed at a phenol concentration of 200 mg/l at an initial Cr(VI) concentration of 2.0 mg/l. The interaction between E. coli and phenol-degraders was observed by varying initial concentrations of chromate, phenol and phenol-degrader/ E. coli ratio in the anaerobic consortium. Higher phenol-degrader/ E. coli ratios resulted in higher rates of Cr(VI) reduction. The highest observed cumulative Cr(VI) reduced per unit weight of metabolite utilized by E. coli (1.25 mg Cr(VI)/mg organic acids consumed) approximated the theoretical value (1.32 mg Cr(VI)/mg organic acids consumed). A positive correlation noted between phenol degradation and Cr(VI) reduction indicated that E. coli utilized metabolites formed from phenol degradation as electron donors for Cr(VI) reduction.
BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF FELBAMATE IN CHILDHOOD EPILEPTIC ENCEPHALOPATHY (LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME)

Summary.-The behavioral effects of felbamate were assessed in 20 persons (ages 2 to 19 years) who were participating in a compassionate plea protocol for children with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Parents completed a questionnaire concerning aspects of behavioral change once all medications were in a constant regimen. Significant improvements were suggested in social hnctioning, intellectual functioning, motor functioning, attention and concentration, alertness, initiative, variability in performance, and memory. There was a tendency for these effects to reverse when the drug was discontinued. Lennox-Gastaut syndrome is a severe childhood epileptic encephalopathy characterized by early onset (typically age 3 to 5 yr.), multiple types of seizure, and electroencephalographic abnormdties (slow spke-wave EEG). It leads to mental retardation in 90 to 95% of all cases and is often very resistant to antiepileptic drug treatment (3). Behavioral abnormalities such as hyperactivity and attention problems, poor or fluctuating school performance or psychomotor retardation are common either due to the condition or to the mehcations used for treatment. Felbamate (Felbatol; Carter Wallace) is a new antiepileptic drug with a preclinical profile suggesting efficacy in patients with multiple types of seizures (2). Because it is chemically related to meprobamate, felbamate may also be behaviorally active. At the time this study was performed, felbamate did not yet have FDA approval and the most concerning side-effects attributable to the drug (not secondary to rise in serum levels of other medications) were weight loss and sleep disturbances. Since general marketing of the drug, both aplastic anemia (a rare form of bone marrow failure) and liver failure have been reported. Felbamate remains on the market but is recommended for use only for patients with severe epilepsy for whom the benefits outweigh the risks (FDA advisory warning). The behavioral effects of felbamate were assessed in 24 children who were participating in a compassionate plea protocol to ascertain the drug's
Quantification of gene expression after painful nerve injury: validation of optimal reference genes

Stably expressed housekeeping genes (HKGs) are necessary for standardization of transcript measurement by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Peripheral nerve injury disrupts expression of numerous genes in sensory neurons, but the stability of conventional HKGs has not been tested in this context. We examined the stability of candidate HKGs during nerve injury, including the commonly used 18S ribosomal RNA, β-tubulin I and β-tubulin III, actin, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT1), and mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 (MAPK6). Total RNA for cDNA synthesis was isolated from dorsal root ganglia of rats at 3, 7, and 21 days following either skin incision alone or spinal nerve ligation, after which the axotomized and adjacent ganglia were analyzed separately. Relative stability of HKGs was determined using statistical algorithms geNorm and NormFinder. Both analyses identified MAPK6 and GAPDH as the two most stable HKGs for normalizing gene expression for qRT-PCR analysis in the context of peripheral nerve injury. Our findings indicate that a prior analysis of HKG expression levels is important for accurate normalization of gene expression in models of nerve injury.
Modular checking for buffer overflows in the large

We describe an ongoing project, the deployment of a modular checker to statically find and prevent every buffer overflow in future versions of a Microsoft product. Lightweight annotations specify requirements for safely using each buffer, and functions are checked individually to ensure they obey these requirements and do not overflow. Our focus is on the incremental deployment of this technology: by layering the annotation language, using aggressive inference techniques, and slicing warnings by checker confidence, teams must pay only part of the cost of annotating a program to achieve part of the benefit, which provides incentive for further annotation. To date over 400,000 annotations have been added to specify buffer usage in the source code for this product, of which over 150,000 were automatically inferred, and over 3,000 potential buffer overflows have been found and fixed.
Laser-Induced Heating of a Multilayered Medium Resting on a Half-Space: Part I—Stationary Source

L'equation relative au transfert de chaleur est resolue en employant la transformation de Laplace dans le domaine temporel et la transformation de Hankel dans le domaine spatial. Inversion numerique de la transformation de Laplace par la methode de Crump. Inversion de la transformation de Hankel par la regle de Simpson
Effect of Alloying on the Resistance of Cu-10% Ni Alloys to Seawater Impingement

Abstract Cu-Ni castings and wrought pipes nominally contain 1% Fe to 2% Fe, which is added to improve the Cu-Ni alloy's erosion-corrosion resistance. After fabrication, Cu-Ni products are solution ...
Determination of absolute solid-liquid interfacial free energies in metals

Abstract A method is described for determining absolute values for the solid-liquid interfacial free energy γSL in metals. This technique depends on the equilibrium established at the intersection of a low-angle grain boundary with the solid-liquid interface. The variation with boundary misorientation of the dihedral angle at the root of a tilt-boundary groove is shown theoretically to depend on γSL in a simple manner. Data obtained from electron microscopy studies of solid-liquid interfacial grooves in pure bismuth, and then analyzed with the theory developed here, yield a value for γSL = 61.3 erg/cm2—in substantial agreement with, but about 15% larger than, the value obtained from homogeneous nucleation experiments. The influence of various factors usually neglected in homogeneous nucleation theory, such as anisotropy in γSL , interface diffuseness, interface extensiveness, etc., are interpreted in the light of the independent determination of the interfacial free energy. Limitations and possible pitfalls in applying the new method are discussed in considerable detail.
Fungal wound infection (not colonization) is independently associated with mortality in burn patients.

Abstract : Objective: To analyze the occurrence of fungal wound infection (FWI) after thermal injury and its relationship to mortality. Background: FWI is an uncommon but potentially lethal complication of severe thermal injury. Methods: The records of patients with thermal burns admitted to a single burn center (1991 2002) were reviewed. Analyses accounted for total burn size (TBS, percentage body surface area), full-thickness burn size (FTBS, percentage body surface area), age, inhalation injury, sex, and fungal-status category. Fungal colonization and infection were determined histopathologically. Results: Criteria for inclusion were met by 2651 patients. Each patient s fungal-status category was defined according to the deepest level of fungal involvement observed during the hospital course: no fungus (2476 patients), fungal wound colonization (FWC, 121 patients), or fungal wound infection (FWI, 54 patients). Median TBS (9%, 47%, 64%, respectively) and mortality (5%, 27%, 76%, respectively) varied significantly among fungal-status groups. Logistic regression was used to detect significant independent associations. FWI was associated with higher TBS. Mortality was associated with TBS, FTBS, inhalation injury, FWI, and age. Unlike FWI, FWC was not independently related to mortality, the greater observed mortality in FWC being explained by other variables such as TBS. The odds ratio for FWI (8.16) suggested about the same mortality impact as augmenting TBS by 33%. A midrange TBS of 30% to 60% was required for most of the detectable association of FWI with mortality. Conclusions: FWI accompanies larger burns and is associated with mortality in burn patients, particularly in those with TBS 30% to 60%. This association is independent of burn size, inhalation injury, and age.
Measuring psychological similarity of faces

Recognition memory for unfamiliar other-race faces is poorer than for unfamiliar own-race faces. This observation would be understandable if the within group homogeneity of Japanese faces was greater than white American faces. In a test of this question, both decision time and correctness of same-different judgments offered no evidence to support the hypothesis of differential within group homogeneity.
Expression of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Correlates with Resistance to Paclitaxel in Human Patient Tumors

Preclinical results indicate acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) and basic FGF (bFGF) present in solid tumors as a cause of broad-spectrum chemoresistance, whereas earlier clinical studies suggest that bFGF expression is associated with opposing outcomes in patients. We investigated the relationship between FGF expression and paclitaxel activity in tumors from bladder, breast, head and neck, ovarian, and prostate cancer patients. Tumors (n = 96) were maintained in three-dimensional histocultures, retaining tumor–stromal interaction. Bladder tumors were treated with paclitaxel for 2 h, and the other tumors for 24 h. Antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of paclitaxel were quantified and correlated with expression of aFGF, bFGF, P-glycoprotein (Pgp), p53, and bcl-2. Fifty-one percent (49/96) and 63% (61/96) of tumors showed aFGF and bFGF staining, respectively. aFGF expression was positively correlated with tumor stage (p < 0.01), and bFGF expression with tumor grade and Pgp expression (p < 0.05). Paclitaxel inhibited antiproliferation in 86% of tumors (83/96), with an average inhibition of 46 ± 19% (mean ± SD) in the responding tumors. Paclitaxel also induced apoptosis in 96% of tumors (92/96), with an average apoptotic index of 12 ± 7% in the responding tumors. aFGF expression did not correlate with tumor sensitivity to paclitaxel, whereas bFGF expression showed an inverse correlation (p < 0.01). bFGF expression was a stronger predictor of paclitaxel resistance compared to Pgp, p53, or Bcl-2. These results support a role of bFGF in paclitaxel resistance in human patient tumors.
Nerve fiber growth on defined hydrogel substrates

Cultured neurons become attached to hydrogel substrates prepared from 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate but grow few nerve fibers unless fibronectin, collagen, or nerve growth factor is incorporated into the hydrogel. Antibodies to fibronectin inhibit nerve fiber growth on hydrogels containing fibronectin, which suggests that growing neurons interact directly with proteins trapped in the hydrogel. The adhesive requirements for attachment of neurons appear distinct and possibly less specific than those for fiber growth. Defined hydrogel substrates offer a controlled method for analyzing complex substrates that support nerve fiber growth and neuronal differentiation.
From CSR1 to CSR2 The Maturing of Business-and-Society Thought

This 1978 paper outlines a conceptual transition in business and society scholarship, from the philosophical-ethical concept of corporate social responsibility (corporations' obligation to work for...
Ciliary Inclusion Disease: Report of a New Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Variant

Biopsies from 6 children with clinical presentations suggestive of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) displayed respiratory epithelial cells with disorganized accumulations of basal bodies within the cytoplasm and large intracytoplasmic vesicles into which projected numerous microvilli and cilia. Microvilli, but few cilia, were present at the cell surface. Ultrastructural study revealed a variety of nonspecific abnormalities but demonstrated the cilia generally to be morphologically normal, suggesting that the cause of cilia malfunction was not any recognized primary cause or secondary effect. Repeat studies from 2 patients produced similar findings. It is proposed that this entity, termed ciliary inclusion disease, represents a variant form of PCD manifesting as a consequence of improper ciliogenesis caused by inhibited cytoskeleton-regulated migration of basal bodies to the luminal surface of the airway respiratory epithelial cells.
Using data profiles to select digital asset management systems (DAMS)

Many grants, including grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF) require recipients to utilize data management plans; some grants, like those given by NSF, require recipients to place their data in searchable data repositories. It is difficult to find one data repository that meets every researcher's needs. To solve this problem, we utilized Purdue's Data Curation Profile Toolkit to interview researchers at our university and assist in developing data profiles/plans. These profiles provided the Digital Asset Management (DAM) project team with valuable information about the researchers' data needs. The DAM project team created a matrix of the researchers' data needs and used the matrix to evaluate the credentials of 24 Digital Asset Management Systems (DAMS). The team was able to select the DAMS that met the needs of researchers. Using this method, any university could select a DAMS and be confident that it would meet the needs of the researchers it was intended to serve.
A dynamic workflow framework for mass customization using web service and autonomous agent techniques

Custom software development and maintenance is one of the key expenses associated with developing automated systems for mass customization. This paper presents a method for reducing the risk associated with this expense by developing a flexible environment for determining and executing dynamic workflow paths. Strategies for developing an autonomous agent-based framework and for identifying and creating web services for specific process tasks are presented. The proposed methods are outlined in two different case studies to illustrate the approach for both a generic process with complex workflow paths and a more specific sequential engineering process.
Corticotropin-releasing factor, serotonin, and sex: keys to the castle of depressive illness.

The author is supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (R01 MH073826 and P50 MH082999). Disclosure: The author has nothing to disclose. For article see page 3709 Abbreviations: CRF, Corticotropin-releasing factor; CRFR, CRF receptor; HPA, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal; 5-HT, serotonin.
Largest Vertebrate Vomeronasal Type 1 Receptor Gene Repertoire in the Semiaquatic Platypus

Vertebrate vomeronasal chemoreception plays important roles in many aspects of an organism's daily life, such as mating, territoriality, and foraging. Vomeronasal type 1 receptors (V1Rs) and vomeronasal type 2 receptors (V2Rs), 2 large families of G protein-coupled receptors, serve as vomeronasal receptors to bind to various pheromones and odorants. Contrary to the previous observations of reduced olfaction in aquatic and semiaquatic mammals, we here report the surprising finding that the platypus, a semiaquatic monotreme, has the largest V1R repertoire and nearly largest combined repertoire of V1Rs and V2Rs of all vertebrates surveyed, with 270 intact genes and 579 pseudogenes in the V1R family and 15 intact genes, 55 potentially intact genes, and 57 pseudogenes in the V2R family. Phylogenetic analysis shows a remarkable expansion of the V1R repertoire and a moderate expansion of the V2R repertoire in platypus since the separation of monotremes from placentals and marsupials. Our results challenge the view that olfaction is unimportant to aquatic mammals and call for further study into the role of vomeronasal reception in platypus physiology and behavior.
The New Mental Health Parity Law: Issues and Concerns for Public and Private Sector Employers

On October 3, 2008, Congress passed the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Act (MHPAA) as part of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008. The MHPAA does not require insurance providers to offer insurance coverage for mental illness and addictions, but if they are covered, there must be parity with other health coverage. This article summarizes the MHPAA and discusses the possible consequences to public sector employers. The authors also explore the possible court challenges to the MHPAA under the Eleventh Amendment.
What Are Older Latinos Told About Physical Activity and Cognition? A Content Analysis of a Top-Circulating Magazine:

Objectives: Physical activity (PA) may reduce risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The objectives of this study were to: (a) Compare the content of English and Spanish PA-focused articles in American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) magazines; and (b) Determine whether these articles discuss PA as a potential correlate of AD. Method: AARP (English) and AARP Segunda Juventud (Spanish) magazines were assessed for PA coverage from 2009 to 2010. Articles were analyzed using nonparametric tests. Results: A total of 63 articles discussed PA (48 English; 15 Spanish). In AARP English, 70.8% of articles discussed formal exercise, while 53.3% of Spanish articles discussed formal exercise. Only three English articles mentioned that PA has the potential to reduce risk of AD. No Spanish articles mentioned this association. Discussion: Spanish content did not adequately present cognitive health information. Culturally appropriate media coverage is needed to inform diverse populations about cognitive health...
Zinc absorption in women: comparison of intrinsic and extrinsic stable-isotope labels.

Fractional absorption of extrinsic and intrinsic zinc from milk-based formulated diets was measured in 10 young women by using a simultaneous triple-isotope method based on fecal monitoring of unabsorbed enriched stable-isotope labels. Zinc intake was held nearly constant (mean zinc intake = 1.48 mumol.kg body wt-1.d-1) throughout the 18-d controlled feeding phase of the study by addition of extrinsic 64Zn to all formula feedings, with substitution of the extrinsic 67Zn label for some of the 64Zn when formula intrinsically labeled with 70Zn was given. Fractional absorption values of intrinsic and extrinsic zinc labels, 0.267 +/- 0.092 (mean +/- SD) and 0.282 +/- 0.086, respectively, were highly correlated (r = 0.83, P less than 0.05) and did not differ significantly. The ratio of fractional absorption of the extrinsic to that of the intrinsic label, 1.08 +/- 0.20 (mean +/- SD), was not significantly different from unity. The results show that extrinsic labeling by use of enriched stable isotopes is a valid means of determining zinc absorption from milk-based diets in adult humans.
Gene expression profile of rat adipose tissue at the onset of high-fat-diet obesity

Morbid obesity is the result of massive expansion of white adipose tissue (WAT) and requires recruitment of adipocyte precursor cells and their supporting infrastructure. To characterize the change in the expression profile of the preexisting WAT at the start of obesity, when adipocyte hypertrophy is present but hyperplasia is still minimal, we employed a cDNA subtraction screen for genes differentially expressed in epididymal fat pads harvested 1 wk after the start of a 60% fat diet. Ninety-six genes were upregulated by at least 50% above the WAT of control rats receiving a 4% fat diet. Of these genes, 30 had not previously been identified. Sixteen of the 96 genes, including leptin, adipocyte complement-related protein 30 kDa, and resistin, were predicted to encode a signal peptide. Ten of the 16 had been previously identified in other tissues and implicated in cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, cell cycle control, and angiogenesis. One was a novel gene. Twenty-nine novel fragments were identified. Thus, at the onset of high-fat-diet-induced obesity in rats, adipose tissue increases its expression of factors previously implicated in the expansion of nonadipocyte tissues and of several uncharacterized novel factors. The only one of these thus far characterized functionally was found to promote lipogenesis.
Chromatin Dynamics and Gene Positioning

The mammalian cell nucleus provides a landscape where genes are regulated through their organization and association with freely diffusing proteins and nuclear domains. In many cases, specific genes are highly dynamic, and the principles governing their movements and interchromosomal interactions are currently under intensive study. Recent investigations have implicated actin and myosin in chromatin dynamics and gene expression. Here, we discuss our current understanding of the dynamics of the interphase genome and how it impacts nuclear organization and gene activity.
SEVR: A LPD Metric for a 3-D Battle Space

A new metric, the spherical equivalent vulnerability radius (SEVR), for evaluating the low probability of detection (LPD) attributes of emitting systems is developed and proposed. The metric extends the classical CEVR to three dimensions. The SEVR is defined as the radius of an equivalent sphere defined by the actual detection volume around a receiver given a desired level of vulnerability. The extension makes possible a vulnerability assessment of emitting platforms capable of maneuvering in up to six-degrees-of-freedom (e.g. aircraft) while accounting for ground, airborne, and space borne threats operating in arbitrary geometries with respect to the emitter. We demonstrate how to evaluate the LPD performance using the SEVR and its value as a single parameter summary statistic versus classic CEVR in a test case scenario. As is shown, the primary factors affecting the SEVR are the spatial selectivity of the emitting system antenna and the threat interceptors' sensitivity. A major benefit of the SEVR is eliminating explicit intercept geometry from the evaluation. Of particular interest is the application of SEVR in the design and evaluation of communications antennas for stealth aircraft, as well as in mission planning.
Low-noise slot antenna SIS mixers

We describe quasi-optical SIS mixers operating in the submillimeter band (500-750 GHz) which have very low noise, around 5 h/spl nu//k/sub B/ for the double-sideband receiver noise temperature. The mixers use a twin-slot antenna, Nb/Al-Oxide/Nb tunnel junctions fabricated with optical lithography, a two-junction tuning circuit, and a silicon hyperhemispherical lens with a novel antireflection coating to optimize the optical efficiency. We have flown a submillimeter receiver using these mixers on the Kuiper Airborne Observatory, and have detected a transition of H/sub 2//sup 18/O at 745 GHz. This directly confirms that SIS junctions are capable of low-noise mixing above the gap frequency. >
Direct Measurements of the Mechanical Strength of Carbon Nanotube–Poly(methyl methacrylate) Interfaces

Understanding the interfacial stress transfer between carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and polymer matrices is of great importance to the development of CNT-reinforced polymer nanocomposites. In this paper, an experimental study is presented of the interfacial strength between individual double-walled CNTs and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) using an in situ nanomechanical single-tube pull-out testing scheme inside a high-resolution electron microscope. By pulling out individual tubes with different embedded lengths, this work reveals the shear lag effect on the nanotube-polymer interface and demonstrates that the effective interfacial load transfer occurs only within a certain embedded length. These results show that the CNT-PMMA interface possesses an interfacial fracture energy within 0.054-0.80 J/m(2) and a maximum interfacial strength within 85-372 MPa. This work is useful to better understand the local stress transfer on nanotube-polymer interfaces.
The influence of type 1 diabetes on pancreatic weight.

Previous studies of pancreases obtained at autopsy or by radiography note reduced pancreas weight (PW) and size, respectively, in type 1 diabetes; this finding is widely considered to be the result of chronic insulinopenia. This literature is, however, limited with respect to the influence of age, sex, anthropometric factors and disease duration on these observations. Moreover, data are sparse for young children, a group of particular interest for type 1 diabetes. We hypothesised that the pancreas-to-body weight ratio would normalise confounding inter-subject factors, thereby permitting better characterisation of PW in type 1 diabetes. Transplant-grade pancreases were recovered from 216 organ donors with type 1 diabetes (n = 90), type 2 diabetes (n = 40) and no diabetes (n = 86). Whole-organ and head, body and tail weights were determined. The relative PW (RPW; PW [g] / body weight [kg]) was calculated and tested for normalisation of potential differences due to age, sex and BMI. PW significantly correlated with body weight in control donors (R 2 = 0.76, p < 0.001) while RPW (1.03 ± 0.36, mean ± SD) did not significantly differ across ages (0–58 years). Donors with type 1 diabetes (0.57 ± 0.18, p < 0.001), but not those with type 2 diabetes (0.93 ± 0.30), had significantly lower RPW. The relative weights of each pancreatic region from donors with type 1 diabetes were significantly smaller than those of regions from control donors and donors with type 2 diabetes (p < 0.001). Perhaps most interestingly, the RPW was not significantly associated with duration of type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes. RPW allows for comparisons across a wide range of donor ages by eliminating confounding variables. These data validate an interesting feature of the type 1 diabetes pancreas and underscore the need for additional studies to identify the mechanistic basis for this finding, including those beyond the chronic loss of endogenous insulin secretion.