cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Containment Studies for an Atomic Power Plant

Summary of structural aspects of insuring complete containment for Enrico Fermi Atomic Power Plant near Monroe, Mich, in improbable event of accident, is given; probable effects of accident are lis...
Eliminating Mosquitoes with Precision Guided Sterile Males

Abstract The mosquito Aedes aegypti is the principal vector for arboviruses including dengue/yellow fever, chikungunya, and zika, infecting hundreds of millions of people annually. Unfortunately, traditional control methodologies are insufficient, so innovative control methods are needed. To complement existing measures, here we develop a molecular genetic control system termed precision guided sterile insect technique (pgSIT) in Aedes aegypti. PgSIT uses a simple CRISPR-based approach to generate sterile males that are deployable at any life stage. Supported by mathematical models, we empirically demonstrate that released pgSIT males can compete, suppress, and eliminate mosquitoes in multigenerational population cages. This platform technology could be used in the field, and adapted to many vectors, for controlling wild populations to curtail disease in a safe, confinable, and reversible manner.
The effect of Rhodococcus rhodochrous supplementation on black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) development, nutrition, and waste conversion

Black soldier fly larvae are mass produced globally for use as livestock, poultry, and aquaculture feed. Efforts are continuously seeking processes optimising larval rate of growth, size, and waste...
Atypical antipsychotics: Managing adverse effects

PURPOSE The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of common adverse effects and management strategies related to atypical antipsychotic use. CONCLUSIONS Atypical antipsychotics are commonly prescribed. While effective, atypical antipsychotics are associated with metabolic syndrome, extrapyramidal symptoms, and tardive dyskinesia, among others adverse effects. Management strategies can mitigate adverse effects and promote optimum quality of life. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS To be able to identify and manage adverse effects associated with the use of atypical antipsychotics, it is important to build a supportive therapeutic environment at each interaction with patients and their caregivers.
Examining the Practices of Generating an Aim Statement in a Teacher Preparation Networked Improvement Community

Background and ContextContinuous improvement and networked improvement science have emerged as prominent approaches to improving schools. Although continuous improvement approaches have generated p...
Di(indenyl)beryllium.

The bonding in beryllocene, [BeCp2 ], took decades to establish, owing to its unexpected mixed hapticity structure (i.e., [Be(η5 -Cp)(η1 -Cp)]). Beryllium complexes containing the indenyl ligand, which is a close relative of the cyclopentadienyl anion, but which is also known to exhibit its own bonding peculiarities (e.g., facile η5 ⇄ η3 shifts), have remained unknown. Standard metathetical approaches to their synthesis (e.g., with K[Ind'] + BeX2 in an ether solvent) give rise to intractable oils from which nothing identifiable can be isolated. In contrast, mechanochemical preparation, involving the solvent-free grinding of BeBr2 and potassium indenides, leads to the production of discrete (indenyl)beryllium complexes, including [Be(C9 H7 )2 ] (1) and [Be{1,3-(SiMe3 )2 C9 H5 }Br] (2). The former displays η5 /η1 -coordinated ligands in the solid state, but DFT calculations indicate that an η5 /η5 -conformation is less than 5 kcal mol-1 higher in energy.
ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT OF AMERICAN SHIPBUILDING AND THE POTENTIAL FOR COMMERCIAL COMPETITIVENESS

Defense conversion and commercial shipbuilding competitiveness have become major goals of the government in maintaining the U.S. shipbuilding base. The government enacted the National Shipbuilding and Shipyard Conversion Act of 1993, established a National Shipbuilding Initiative, disbursed ARPA funds for various enhancement projects, and provided support to the industry through Maritech. Yet these initiatives may not help to revive the industry and reestablish it as world class. In this paper the reasons for the lack of competitiveness and the effects of the proposed government measures are discussed in economic terms. The differences between U.S. and foreign shipbuilding costs are analyzed in a rational manner without subterfuge under clouds of real or imagined protection or subsidies offered. The conclusions are that U.S. Government involvement in encouragement or protection has a very high price and that the U.S. shipbuilding industry may have a better chance of survival and revival with less or no government aid, protection, and involvement.
Meaning in Landscape Architecture and Gardens

While we all live our lives in designed landscapes of various types, only on occasion do we consider what these landscapes mean to us and how they have acquired that significance. Can a landscape architect or garden designer really imbue new settings with meaning, or does meaning evolve over time, created by those who perceive and use these landscapes? What role does the selection and arrangement of plants and hard materials play in this process and just where does the passage of time enter into the equation? These questions collectively provide the core material for Meaning in Landscape Architecture and Gardens, a compendium of four landmark essays written over a period of twenty years by leading scholars in the field of landscape architecture. New commentaries by the authors accompany each of the essays and reflect on the thinking behind them as well as the evolution of the author’s thoughts since their original publication. Although the central theme of these writings is landscape architecture broadly taken, the principal subject of several essays and commentaries is the garden, a subject historically plentiful in allusions and metaphors. As a whole Meaning in Landscape Architecture and Gardens offers the general reader as well as the professional a rich source of ideas about the designed landscape and the ways by which we perceive, consider, react, and dwell within them – and what they mean to us. The essays have been perennial favorites in landscape courses since their original publication in Landscape Journal. Bringing them together – bolstered by the new commentaries – creates a book valuable to all those creating gardens and landscapes, as well as those teaching and studying these subjects.
Anonymity and the Law

Anonymous publishing has a centuries-long history, but the internet and other new technologies have made it both easier and harder to mask one's identity while engaging with the public. Digital technologies also encourage people to share information with a broad audience, which can be either a blessing or a curse. Issues arising in the digital context include whether internet service providers should be required to identify their users to litigants; whether the use of cameras by governments and private individuals invade a right to be functionally anonymous in public; and whether social network sites online should be allowed to mine personal data and photographs for information that can be used in marketing as well as in connecting users. Keywords: anonymization service; disinhibition; erasure; facial recognition; privilege; social reading; surveillance; web surfing
The implications in conditional logic

Given a logical system with disjunction (V) and negation (¬), we call implication, the derived operation defined by p ⇒ q ≡ (¬p) V q. Conditional logic is the 3-valued logic associated with short-circuit evaluation, and up to anti-isomorphism, is the unique non-commutative regular extension of Boolean logic to 3 truth values. The two anti-isomorphic conditional logics (left to right and right to left evaluation) yield quite different implications. We study the 3-element algebras associated with each of these operations, and for each of them a complete set of laws and a recursive formula for the free spectrum is obtained.
Effects of protein denaturants of the urea-guanidinium class on bulk water structure: An infrared study☆

Abstract The O-D stretching frequency of HDO in liquid water has been studied as a function of concentration for some well-known protein denaturants of the urea-guanidinium class. Data on the effects of various concentrations of denaturant on the stretching frequency are tabulated. The study indicates that the denaturing effectiveness of a particular compound is not generally related to changes induced in bulk water structure.
Serum luteinizing hormone follicle-stimulating hormone and testosterone responses to gonadotropin-releasing factor in males with varicoceles.

Five infertile males, ages 25 to 35, with oligospermia and varicocele had following gonadotropin-releasing hormone (LRF) infusion a rise of serum follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone levels which was not different from that of normal fertile males. The response of these hormones to LRF infusion was unaltered by spermatic vein ligation, but a significant elevation of the sperm count occurred. Thus, improvement in sperm count following spermatic vein ligation is not mediated via changes in peripheral gonadotropin or testosterone concentrations.
The Dark Day in New England

REFERRING to your paragraph in last week's NATURE (p. 540) about the remarkable phenomenon which occurred in New England on September 6, I find in the recently-published “History of Lynn, Massachusetts”, the following:—
3D measurements using a programmable projector and a grating

Pattern projection using physical gratings or interference effects has successfully been used to perform 3D measurements of parts. However, such systems lack the flexibility to adjust light levels over the area illuminated, leaving some areas too dark or too light to measure, or the ability to mask out parts of the illumination field, often creating spurious reflections and noise from areas not of interest. LCD/DMD digital projection systems have been used to create flexible projection of patterns, but they are limited in their resolution and ability to accurately reconstruct a smooth light pattern such as a sine wave, creating more a binarized approximation. This paper describes a method that combines together a computer-interfaced projector, such as an LCD or DMD based projector, with a high-resolution pattern projection system. The result is a system that has high depth resolution, but with the added flexibility of a programmable light source to control light levels and areas of illumination. This paper will discuss the pros and cons of this method, and suggest ways this approach might be applied to difficult part measurement problems.
The reproductive consequences of male cooperation in the red howler monkey: paternity exclusion in multi-male and single-male troops using genetic markers

Variance in male reproductive success in single and multi-male red howler (Alouatta seniculus) troops was examined through paternity exclusion using genetic markers. Coalitions of relatives were compared to coalitions of non-relatives with regard to duration, stability, and number of offspring expected for each participant based on paternity exclusion results. No evidence of paternity by males living outside of the troop was found. In multi-male troops, only the dominant male was found to father offspring conceived during his tenure. This was the only male observed to mount females. In both troops examined genetically wherein a status change had occurred, paternity changed with status. Coalitions of relatives and potential relatives lasted significantly longer than coalitions of non-relatives, and experienced fewer status changes between males. A direct advantage of forming a coalition for both dominant and subordinate red howler males resulted from the superior competitive ability of coalitions over single males in establishing and maintaining tenure in the limited number of female troops in the population. Although the mating success of a subordinate male in a coalition appears to be extremely low, his chances of achieving membership in a bisexual troop as a single male may be even lower. Since the majority of troops in the population during any given year were multi-male or age-graded male (85%–96%), the number of troops that a single male would be able to invade unaided was very small. A subordinate male may be able to assume dominance, particularly if he is a subadult. In coalitions in which males are related, the subordinate male will further benefit from inclusive fitness. A dominant male that forms a coalition with a relative can expect to have longer reproductive tenure than in a troop with a non-relative, thereby producing more offspring and directly enhancing his fitness. Anecdotal evidence suggests that males choose relatives over non-relatives as coalition partners when possible.
Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): initiation of summer diapause.

Tobacco budworm, Heliothts virescens (F.), larvae placed in the insectary in late June and July entered pupal diapause and did not emerge until late September and early October except for one or two instances when low temperatures occurred during pupation. Pupal diapause initiated from March through July resulted in adult emergence in September and early October. Duration of the high-temperature-induced diapause pupal stage when pupae were transferred to cooler temperatures ranged from 14 days at 30°C to 69 days at 15°C. This postdiapause development was significantly longer than pupal development of nondiapause insects. Duration of the postdiapause pupal stage varied with temperature conditions inducing and terminating diapause. Postdiapause development was slower for individuals induced to diapause at lower temperatures (32.6°C) than for those individuals induced to diapause at higher temperatures (40°c). Response of sterile male hybrid pupae resulting from the cross of female H. subfiexa (Guenee) and male H. virescens was similar to that of H. virescens male pupae in relation to high-temperature conditions inducing diapause and low-temperature conditions terminating diapause.
Evaluating individuals in team projects

In 1999, most computer science students participate in at least one group project in some class prior to graduation. However, assessing individual student contributions to a group project is a difficult task faced by instructors of these classes. In this paper, we have compiled a wide range of assessment instruments, and identified situations where they can be effective. This paper is a compilation of potential evaluation strategies. No comparison is made among the many strategies nor are particular techniques ranked above or below others. The goal is simply to provide a wide range of potential team evaluation techniques. Since each technique evaluates a particular characteristic and different team project courses have different goals it is up to the instructor to choose the techniques that best evaluate the individual in light of the course goals.
ERYTHROCYTE DIAMETER IN TRAGULUS JAVANICUS, THE CHEVROTAIN OR MOUSE DEER.

Erythrocytes in fixed organs of Tragulus javanicus, the mouse deer or chevrotain, were measured and found to average 1.5 m in diameter. This confirms Gulliver's observations, made over a century ago, of the minuteness of these cells. It appears, from the literature, that Tragulus was considered to be a musk deer by Gulliver and others in his day. This probably accounts for the listing by most text-books, even recent ones, of the musk deer as having the smallest mammalian erythrocyte. How the musk ox got into the picture is somewhat of a mystery. It is the mouse deer (Tragulus) that has the smallest erythrocyte, not the musk deer (Moschus) and most certainly not the musk ox (Ovibos).
Attraction of specific thalamic input by cerebral grafts depends on the molecular identity of the implant.

Abstract The cerebral cortex of mammals differentiates into functionally distinct areas that exhibit unique cytoarchitecture, connectivity, and molecular characteristics. Molecular specification of cells fated for limbic cortical areas, based on the expression of the limbic system-associated membrane protein (LAMP), occurs during an early period of brain development. The correlation between this early molecular commitment and formation of specific thalamocortical connections was tested by using a transplantation paradigm. We manipulated the phenotype of donor limbic and sensorimotor neurons by placing them in different cortical areas of host animals. Labeling of transplanted tissue with the lipophilic dye 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3'3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine was used to assay host thalamic neurons projecting to the donor tissue. We found that limbic thalamic axons successfully projected into cortical transplants (i) when LAMP was expressed by early committed limbic cortical neurons, irrespective of their host location, and (ii) when LAMP was expressed by uncommitted sensorimotor progenitor cells whose fate was altered by their new host locale. Thus, the response of cortical neurons to both intrinsic and environmental cues that influence their molecular phenotype has an important anatomical correlate, the development of specific patterns of thalamocortical connectivity.
A General Framework for Convective Trigger Functions

Abstract A general framework for the trigger function used in convective parameterization routines in mesoscale models is proposed. The framework is based on the diagnosis of the accessibility of potential buoyant energy. Specifically, the trigger function 1) estimates the magnitude of the largest vertical velocity perturbation from a source layer and 2) calculates the total amount of inhibition between the source layer and the level of free convection. The calculation of perturbation magnitude accounts for such factors as subgrid-scale inhomogeneities, a convective boundary layer, and convergence within the source layer. Specific formulations to quantify these factors are proposed. The trigger is tested in a simulation using the PSU–NCAR mesoscale model MM5. The event chosen for simulation is a summertime case exhibiting a variety of environments. The results of this simulation are compared with a simulation using the Fritsch–Chappell (FC) trigger function. It is found that decisions made by the new trig...
Trialkylboron/lanthanide metallocene hydride chemistry: polydentate bridging of (HBEt3)- to lanthanum.

The reaction of [(C5Me5)2LaH]x with BEt3 is reported, and the solid-state structures of the lanthanum product (C5Me5)2La[(μ-H)(μ-Et)2BEt], 1, and its THF adduct (C5Me5)2La(THF)[(μ-H)(μ-Et)BEt2], 2, are compared with that of the hydride-bridged “tuckover” complex (C5Me5)2La(μ-H)(μ-η1:η5-CH2C5Me4)La(C5Me5), 3.
Glucose-6-phosphatase and type 1 glycogen storage disease: some critical considerations.

There now is compelling evidence that hydrolysis of glucose-6-phosphate (Glc-6-P) in intact hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane preparations involves four integral components of the membrane: a Glc-6-P specific transporter (T1), a nonspecific enzyme (E) with its active site facing the lumen, and two other transport systems to mediate rapid and reversible fluxes of the hydrolytic products, inorganic phosphate (Pi) and glucose, i.e. (T2) and (T3), respectively. T2 also mediates transport of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) and carbamylphosphate. This concept readily and completely reconciles all known characteristics of the glucose-6-phosphatase (Glc-6-P'ase) system provided appropriate considerations are given to: (1) the quantitative contribution of E residing in membranes lacking a permeability barrier; (2) the kinetic restrictions imposed by T1 and T2; and (3) the influences of the endocrine, developmental and nutritional state on the kinetic relationship between the capacities to transport and hydrolyze. A broaderbased understanding and application of these principles in the study of Glc-6-P'ase is needed to ensure accurate diagnosis of type 1 glycogen storage disease (GSD) and minimize unnecessary controversy. The view that the enzyme in native ER membranes is conformationally constrained is not supported by direct measurements of the catalytic turnover number. Finally, we describe the marked deficiencies of rapid filtration assays of Glc-6-P and PPi “uptake” as a direct method of diagnosis of types 1b and 1c GSD.
Young off-axis volcanism along the ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge

The growth of oceanic plates at mid-ocean ridges, crustal accretion, occurs by a combination of magmatic and tectonic processes. Magmatic processes along ridges spreading at fast, intermediate and slow rates, continually add volcanic material to a centrally located spreading axis. This creates a narrow band of young volcanic rocks. However, at ridges spreading at ultraslow rates, diminished volcanism allows entire blocks of mantle to spread on the sea floor by tectonic processes. Remote imaging has advanced our observational understanding of crustal accretion, but temporal constraints are required to quantitatively understand ultraslow-spreading ridge construction. Here, we use U-series eruption ages of volcanic rocks collected from the ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge. Unexpectedly, we find young volcanic eruption ages that are broadly dispersed throughout the rift valley, indicating that crustal accretion of young volcanic rocks is not confined to a narrow central spreading axis. As areas of young volcanism are observed close to distinct fault surfaces, we propose that the widely dispersed volcanism may result from magma rising along faults. Our results indicate that axial-centric spreading models may not accurately describe crustal accretion at ultraslow-spreading ridges, prompting the re-evaluation of these models. Mid-ocean ridges grow through tectonic and volcanic processes. Uranium-series dating of volcanic rocks at the ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge reveals widely dispersed, young, off-axis volcanism that is spatially coincident with fault surfaces. Faults may therefore provide a mechanism for the wide dispersal of magma at ultraslow-spreading ridges.
Effectiveness of Local Antibiotic Delivery with an Osteoinductive and Osteoconductive Bone-Graft Substitute

Background: The morbidity associated with open fractures and open fracture treatment is well established. An osteoinductive and osteoconductive bone-graft substitute that prevents infection would decrease the number of procedures required to treat contaminated fractures by eliminating the need for surgical removal of cement beads and perhaps autograft harvest. We hypothesized that the combination of tobramycin-impregnated calcium sulfate pellets and demineralized bone matrix would prevent the establishment of infection in a contaminated fracture model. Methods: A unicortical 12-mm-diameter defect was created in the proximal tibial metaphysis of twenty-nine Spanish goats. After contaminating the wounds with an infective dose of Staphylococcus aureus, we divided the animals into four groups. The negative control group received no treatment, the positive control group received tobramycin-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate beads, the demineralized bone matrix group received 2.5 mL of demineralized bone matrix, and the experimental group received tobramycin-impregnated calcium sulfate pellets with 2.5 mL of demineralized bone matrix. Radiographs were made and intraosseous tissue cultures were performed on postoperative day 21. Results: The cultures showed no evidence of intramedullary infection in the experimental or the positive control group, but they were positive for Staphylococcus aureus in six of the seven goats in the negative control group and seven of the eight goats in the demineralized bone matrix group. Conclusions: The combination of tobramycin-impregnated calcium sulfate pellets and demineralized bone matrix was effective in preventing intramedullary Staphylococcus aureus infection in a contaminated goat fracture model. Clinical Relevance: The local delivery of antibiotic with growth enhancers can prevent the establishment of intramedullary infection in association with open fractures. Such a combination therapy could potentially eliminate the need for surgical removal of cement beads and reduce the number of autografts harvested, thereby reducing the morbidity of open fracture treatment.
Electronic data interchange: a new frontier for global standards policy

Electronic data interchange(EDI) has become an important enabling technologyfor the creation ofa globalbusinessenvironment.It is also raisingissuesfor globalstandardspolicy. This articletraces the evolution ofEDI standards in the United States and in the Euro­ peanCommunity.It illustratesthefundamentallydiffer­ ent perspectiveson standardspolicy by contrasting the approachto EDlstandardsdevelopmenteach has taken.. EDI standardsdevelopmentin the UnitedStates, consistent w~th th~ ~~~;an prefere,~ce for r:zarket-based, pluralistPOlley is bottom-up, reflecting a competitive policy per, 'pective. In contrast, the EDI standards development process in the European Community, wherestandardsare viewedas a vehicle for unification is a "top-down;" exhibiting a cooperative poliey per­ spective. Given the differences in approach, compro­ mise is required on both sides if the global harmoniza­ tion ofEDI standards is to be achieved.
CLIENTS' POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE EXPRESSIVENESS WITHIN THEIR FAMILIES AND ALEXITHYMIA '

49 prospective clients from a midwestern urban community, who sought counseling at a university training clinic, completed the Self-expressiveness in the Family Questionnaire and the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale. As predicted, the positive self-expressiveness scores were significantly negatively correlated -.52 with scores on alexithymia, and the negative self-expressiveness scores were significantly positively correlated .34 with alexithymia. These results support the premise that mental health clients' self-reported lack of positive expressiveness and abundance of negative expressiveness within their family context may be attributes associated with their tendency to be alexithymic.
Comparative stereochemistry of the fragmentations of oxychlorocarbenes, chlorocarbonates, and chlorosulfites in the 3-nortricyclyl/5-norbornen-2-yl system

Fragmentations of the title precursors in polar solvents proceed via similar ion pairs to mixtures of exo-2-chloro-5-norbornene and 3-nortricyclyl chloride. The stereochemical course of the conversions is mainly determined by least motion chloride return in ion pair intermediates.
A Technique for Electronically Recording Aphid Feeding and Salivation

APHID feeding and salivation has long intrigued entomologists. The knowledge of when and where these activities occur in the plant may contribute to the solution of the problems of plant virus acquisition and inoculation by aphids as well as by other insects. At present, no satisfactory techniques exist to detail these activities. In our search for a method to explain these phenomena, we developed a technique to record electronically some phases of aphid feeding and salivation within a plant or other electrically conductive substrates.
Behavioral effects of hindbrain vasotocin in goldfish are seasonally variable but not sexually dimorphic

We have previously demonstrated that centrally administered vasotocin (VT) inhibits social approach toward same-sex conspecifics in male and female goldfish, and that this behavioral effect is dependent upon VT projections to the hindbrain. We now show that there are no sex differences in sensitivity to the behavioral effects of VT, though differences do exist in responsiveness across seasons in both sexes. A central dose of 1 microg, but not 200 ng, inhibited social approach in goldfish in non-reproductive condition, whereas a dose as low as 40 ng inhibited social approach in fish in full reproductive condition. In males and females in full reproductive condition, social approach behavior was facilitated by central administration of 500 ng of a V(1A) specific antagonist. In addition, the behavioral effects of exogenously administered central VT were blocked by central administration of 1 microg of a V(1A) antagonist. These results demonstrate that the propensity to approach a conspecific, a simple behavior underlying many social interactions, is controlled by a V(1A)-like receptor, and that VT's behavioral effects depend on reproductive context. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that the seasonal changes in behavioral responsiveness to VT are associated with changes in the expression of a V(1A)-like receptor in the hindbrain, but not the mid- or forebrain, indicating that the seasonal regulation of social approach behavior likely depends on the local modulation of the expression of this receptor within a primitive peptide circuit in this species.
Investigation of uranyl nitrate ion pairs complexed with amide ligands using electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry and density functional theory.

Ion populations formed from electrospray of uranyl nitrate solutions containing different amides vary depending on ligand nucleophilicity and steric crowding at the metal center. The most abundant ...
A Generalization of Shift-Register Sequence Generators

Abstract : The paper examines the questions of the existence and the design of feedback shift-register sequence generators (FSR) capable of producing sequences with periods longer than obtained by the classical linear or nonlinear feedback shift-register techniques. This capability is achieved by cyclically modifying the effective connections in the feedback loop. A description of the behavior of the classical n-stage FSR in terms of cyclic transformations on its state space X sub n is formulated and used to analyze the behavior of the proposed generalized n-stage feedback shift-register, the (m, n)-FSR. The latter is shown to be capable of producing sequences of maximal period m(2 raised to the n power) for any m and n by cyclic application of properly chosen transformations. (Author)
Elements very rapidly measurable by INAA in biological and environmental materials

In connection with the increasing usage of reference materials in INAA work, and with the continuing interest in this laboratory in rapid analyses via very short-lived induced activities, 13 biological and 8 environmental reference materials have been processed, under rapid analysis conditions, by the reactor-flux INAA Advance Prediction Computer Program. The results described show that a total of 33 induced (n, γ) activities of 26 elements are detectable in these 21 reference materials, in total analysis times ranging from 1.5 to 192 seconds.
Late Interleukin-6 Escalates T Follicular Helper Cell Responses and Controls a Chronic Viral Infection

Multiple inhibitory molecules create a profoundly immunuosuppressive environment during chronic viral infections in humans and mice. Therefore, eliciting effective immunity in this context represents a challenge. Here, we report that during a murine chronic viral infection, interleukin-6 (IL-6) was produced by irradiation-resistant cells in a biphasic manner, with late IL-6 being absolutely essential for viral control. The underlying mechanism involved IL-6 signaling on virus-specific CD4 T cells that caused up-regulation of the transcription factor Bcl6 and enhanced T follicular helper cell responses at late, but not early, stages of chronic viral infection. This resulted in escalation of germinal center reactions and improved antibody responses. Our results uncover an antiviral strategy that helps to safely resolve a persistent infection in vivo.
Development of Multichannel Devices with an Array of Electrospray Tips for High-Throughput Mass Spectrometry

The basic principles of multichannel devices with an array of electrospray tips for high-throughput infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) have been developed. The prototype plastic devices were fabricated by casting from a solvent-resistant resin. The sample wells on the device were arranged in the format of the standard 96-microtiter well plate, with each sample well connected to an independent electrospray exit port via a microchannel with imbedded electrode. A second plastic plate with distribution microchannels was employed as a cover plate and pressure distributor. Nitrogen gas was used to pressurize individual wells for transport of sample into the electrospray exit port. The design of independent microchannels and electrospray exit ports allowed very high throughput and duty cycle, as well as elimination of any potential sample carryover. The device was placed on a computer-controlled translation stage for precise positioning of the electrospray exit ports in front of the mass...
Chronic toxicity of two food colors, brilliant blue FCF and indigotine.

Abstract Brilliant Blue FCF (FD & C Blue No. 1) and Indigotine (FD & C Blue No. 2) were fed to groups of 24 Osborne-Mendel rats for two years at dietary levels of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0%. Growth inhibition occurred in the male animals fed Indigotine at the 2.0 and 5.0% levels. No effect was observed on survival, hematology, or organ weights. No significant pathologic changes were observed in animals fed either color. Five beagle dogs received a dietary level of 2.0%, and three dogs a level of 1.0% of Brilliant Blue FCF for one year. One dog died after 17 days on the 2% dietary level and another died after 46 weeks on the 1% level. Indigotine was fed to beagle dogs for periods up to two years at dietary levels of 1.0 and 2.0%. Four of the six dogs at the 2.0% level died during the two years, and one of the four at the 1.0% level was sacrificed in a moribund condition. All the deaths were attributed to intercurrent virus infections. No clinical signs, gross lesions, or microscopic pathology were attributed to intercurrent virus infections. No clinical signs, gross lesions, or microscopic pathology were attributed to ingestion of Brilliant Blue FCF or Indigotine; however, because of deaths from intercurrent virus infections a no-effect level has not been established for Indigotine. Subcutaneous injections of 30 mg of Brilliant Blue FCF or 20 mg of Indigotine into rats weekly for two years produced fibrosarcomas at the site of injection. Other than acute convulsive deaths of some of the test mice immediately after injection, no deleterious effects attributable to the weekly subcutaneous injection of 2.5 mg of Indigotine were observed over a two-year period.
Electronic structure of ZnGeP 2 : A detailed study of the band structure near the fundamental gap and its associated parameters

Full-potential linear muffin-tin orbital band-structure calculations of ${\mathrm{ZnGeP}}_{2}$ in the local-density approximation (LDA) indicate several close-lying conduction-band minima at different points in the Brillouin zone. Quasiparticle results available for the zinc-blende ``parent'' compound GaP are used to estimate corrections beyond the LDA. Even including these corrections, ${\mathrm{ZnGeP}}_{2}$ appears to be truly indirect rather than pseudodirect, as has been suggested in the literature. The experimental evidence is reviewed. The standard assignment of features in optical data pertaining to the absorption edge is questioned and a tentative new interpretation is presented in light of our multiple conduction-band minima model. Related band-structure parameters, such as band-gap deformation potentials, effective masses at each of the minima, and the valence-band effective Hamiltonian are determined.
Laparoendoscopic approaches to common bile duct stones.

Since the advent of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, there has been a debate regarding the most effective approach to intraoperative management of choledocholithiasis. Although transcystic duct extraction has been effective, the integration of flexible endoscopic methodology into the laparoscopic procedure has facilitated management of difficult cases. Variations of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography may be used during laparoscopic cholecystectomy or facilitated after the surgery by maneuvers at the time of operation. These techniques have been extremely effective in facilitating the laparoscopic treatment of common bile duct stones.
Leibniz on Concurrence and Efficient Causation

Leibniz defends concurrentism, the view that both God and created substances are causally responsible for changes in the states of created substances. Interpretive problems, however, arise in determining just what causal role each plays. Some recent work has been revisionist, greatly downplaying the causal role played by created substances-arguing instead that according to Leibniz only God has productive causal power. Though bearing some causal responsibility for changes in their perceptual states, created substances are not efficient causes of such changes. This paper argues against such revisionism; not only was Leibniz a consistent advocate of concurrentism (at least in his "mature" years), but also his account of concurrentism involves both God and created substances as efficient causes of the changes in the states of created substances.
International communications and information in the 1990s: Forces and trends

This article outlines the major worldwide communications and information trends and forces with which business and political leaders may have to deal in the 1990s
Solvent Free High Purity Solid C60: Optical Properties

Abstract We describe a method for obtaining solvent free high purity C60. Purities of as great as 99.97 % have been obtained. Films grown from this high purity source material have been studied using photoluminescence spectroscopy. In addition, films have been grown with intentional addition of solvent impurities. Spectral broadening due to impurity-induced site disorder is observed in the photoluminescence spectra of these films.
Developing Effective Brochures for Increasing Knowledge of Environmental Problems: The Case of the Gypsy Moth

Abstract Although knowledge of environmental problems has been identified as an important predictor of environmentally responsible behavior, few studies have empirically evaluated educational information for promoting such knowledge. This study evaluated the effectiveness of educational brochures in increasing participants' knowledge about the environmental problem of gypsy moth infestations and associated action strategies. The results suggest that brochures that rated high in communication effectiveness were most useful in increasing knowledge. These brochures used headings and textual connections liberally, explicitly described appropriate behavior, and contained concrete words. However, there were some tradeoffs with respect to brochure effectiveness. A brochure with color photographs, color-coded headings, and several other visual features was more effective than predicted despite its less than carefully written text. A highly personalized booklet brochure with a different title and cartoon-like draw...
High resolution X-ray diffraction imaging of lead tin telluride

High resolution X-ray diffraction images of two directly comparable crystals of lead tin telluride, one Bridgman-grown on Space Shuttle STS 61A and the other terrestrially Bridgman-grown under similar conditions from identical material, present different subgrain structure. In the terrestrial, sample 1 the appearance of an elaborate array of subgrains is closely associated with the intrusion of regions that are out of diffraction in all of the various images. The formation of this elaborate subgrain structure is inhibited by growth in microgravity.
Larger putamen size in antipsychotic-naïve individuals with schizotypal personality disorder.

Abstract Objective To (a) compare the size of the dorsal and ventral striatum (caudate and putamen) in a large sample of antipsychotic-naive individuals with schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) and healthy control participants; (b) examine symptom correlates of striatal size in SPD. Methods The left and right caudate and putamen were hand-traced on structural MRI at five dorsal to ventral slice levels in 76 SPD and 148 healthy control participants. A Group × Region (caudate, putamen) × Slice (1–5: ventral, 2, 3, 4, dorsal) × Hemisphere (left, right) mixed-model MANOVA was conducted on size relative to whole brain. Results Primary results showed that compared with the controls, the SPD group showed (a) larger bilateral putamen size overall and this enlargement was more pronounced at the most ventral and dorsal levels; in contrast, there were no between-group differences in caudate volume; (b) larger bilateral size of the striatum ventrally, averaged across the caudate and putamen. Among the SPD group, larger striatal size ventrally, particularly in the left hemisphere was associated with less severe paranoid symptoms. Conclusions Striatal size is abnormal in SPD and resembles that of patients with schizophrenia who respond well to antipsychotic treatment. The results suggest that striatal size may be an important endophenotype to consider when developing new pharmacological treatments and when studying factors mitigating psychosis.
High-frequency modulation characteristics of red VCSELs

The authors have measured small- and large-signal modulation response characteristics of a red VCSEL (λ = 670 nm). A small-signal 3 dB bandwidth of 11 GHz was recorded at a bias current of 16 mA. The small-signal response for each bias current was fit to an analytic model to determine the resonance and damping factor. From these data the differential gain coefficient and K-factor were estimated. Large signal digital measurements were conducted showing suitability of this device for data communication applications. An open eye diagram at the receiver output is presented with no pre-bias current applied and the VCSEL modulated at 155 Mbit/s demonstrating the possibility of direct logic-level drive.
The Homeopathic Image, or, Trauma, Intimacy and Poetry

The concept of trauma has recently expanded its reach to include what otherwise might be understood as intimate experience. This overextension represents a threat to our ability to conceptualize intimate experiences, hence to use concepts to engage in intimate communication. An analysis of Wallace Stevens' poem "The Auroras of Autumn", demonstrates how poetry provides a supplemental vehicle for the communication of intimate experiences. Poetry is therefore characterized as an essential element in ethical life.
Wavelet analysis of the turbulent jet

Abstract The wavelet transform is applied to two-dimensional dye concentration data in turbulent jets at moderate Reynolds numbers. This reveals the nature and limitations of scale similarity of the inner structure of the scalar, and the stringiness associated with small scales. For comparison, two-dimensional Brownian motion is also treated.
Theoretical aspects of sterilization of tissue culture medium by depth filtration

Filtration theory is briefly reviewed with regard to possible application to sterilization by filtration. Of the different devices tested, Seitz asbestos sheets, acid-treated to remove toxic materials, offered most advantages for routine use and scale-up potential. The standard law of Hermans and Bredee best expressed mathematically, the filtration of tissue culture media sterilized by Seitz No. 6 laboratory filters. Data are presented showing the correlation between the performance of the Seitz No. 6 filter, and the Seitz No. 200 plate and frame press (involving a scale-up ratio of up to 400 to 1). An expression: derived from experimental data obtained, expressing time in terms of pressure, surface area, and volume of filtrate, enabled prediction of filtration parameters with accuracy acceptable for engineering purposes for unclarified media, and greatly improved for media which had been initially clarified. The influence of streaming potential is discussed with regard to its influence on the course of a filtration.
Numerical Integration of a Nonlinear, Singular Integro-Partial Differential Equation

Abstract A method for numerical integration of a nonlinear, singular integro-partial differential equation is presented. The method consists in evaluating the singular integral by a least-squares approximation technique. A predictor-corrector formula is employed to integrat- the ordinary differential equations obtained after the spatial discretization of the partial integrodifferential operator. Results of the procedure developed are compared with those obtained with the Newton-Gregory formula for evaluating the integral. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the algorithm. The influence of parameters in the equation on the behavior of the algorithm is discussed.
Morphology, composition, and function of struts between cardiac myocytes of rat and hamster

The morphology, composition, and function of struts that interconnect the lateral surfaces of cardiomyocytes were examined in the hearts of rats and hamsters. Methods included brightfield and fluorescent light microscopy, secondary and backscatter scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy in conjunction with silver stain, cationic dye, and antibody to type-I collagen. These studies reveal a twisted, beaded appearance and a complex substructure of collagen fibrils embedded in a ground substance that has a positive reaction with cationic dye. A hierarchy of patterns of branching and attachment was seen among intercellular struts ranging in diameter from 0.1 μm to several urn. The hypothesis that struts tether not only the surfaces but the contractile lattices of laterally adjacent myocytes is supported by the following: (a) the attachments of struts to the collagen weave of the sarcolemma, often lateral to the level of Z bands, (b) the presence of collagen type I in a composite material arrangement, (c) the relative dispositions and configurational changes of struts and myocyte surfaces in various physiological states and induced, non-physiological perturbations of cardiac muscle, (d) the corrugated sarcolemmas with infoldings near Z bands, and (e) the continuity of intracellular filaments from Z bands to the inner aspect of the sarcolemma in relaxed and contracted myocytes. Implications of struts acting as tethers and sites for storage of energy in the motions of myocytes during the cardiac cycle are discussed.
C-AXIS ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GRAPHITE

Small crystals of natural graphite showing no evidence of twinning were found in a sample of marble from the Lead Hill mine (Ticonderoga, New York). They were isolated, handled very carefully to avoid deformation, and their $c$-axis conductivity determined. It was found to be about 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{2}$${(\mathrm{ohm}\mathrm{cm})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, in accord with previous measurements of less perfect crystals. It is shown that much of the variability in the measurements of larger, less perfect crystals is caused by nonuniform current flow. However, evidence is adduced to indicate that the actual $c$-axis conductivity of natural graphite crystals does vary somewhat.