cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 294: CD4+ T cells Isolated from Preeclamptic Women Produce a Preeclampsia-Like Phenotype in Pregnant Nude-Athymic Rats

Preeclampsia (PE) is the development of hypertension, with proteinuria, during the second half of pregnancy and is associated with an altered immune function, resulting in a chronic state of inflammation, which is believed to play an important role to increase vasoconstrictors such as Endothelin (ET-1) and autoantibodies as well as much of the pathophysiology associated with PE. It has been previously shown that women with PE have an altered CD4 + T cell population compared to normal pregnant women. In addition, Ana Zenclussen’s lab has shown that adoptive transfer of activated T helper 1 like splenocytes increased blood pressure, fetal rejection and cytokines secreted from uterine cells when transferred to normal pregnant mice. However, mechanisms causing the increased blood pressure and renal abnormalities were not further investigated. The purpose of this study was to determine if CD4 + T cells isolated from placentas of PE patients have altered consequences during pregnancy compared to those collected from normal pregnant (NP) women that may further define their role in causing the pathophysiology of PE. CD4 + T cells were isolated from placentas of PE and NP women, using magnetic anti-CD4 antibodies, cultured in TexMACS medium (Miltenyi Biotec) with IL-2 at 37°C in 5% CO 2 , and injected intraperitoneally into first timed pregnant, nude-athymic rats on day 12 of gestation. On day 18 carotid catheters were implanted and on day 19 MAP was measured and blood and tissues were collected. MAP was significantly increased from 125±3 mmHg in rats injected with NP CD4 + T cells to 140±9 mmHg in rats injected with PE CD4 + T cells. Circulating inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α were measured and found to be increased in rats exposed to PE vs NP CD4 + T cells (TNF-α- PE=142.4 pg/mL, NP=79.4 pg/mL; IL-6 - PE=311.6 pg/mL, NP=277.8 pg/mL). Renal cortical ET-1 mRNA expression was found to be increased 4.5 fold in rats exposed to PE CD4+ T cells compared to those exposed to NP CD4+ T cells (p=0.06). These data suggest an important role for placental CD4 + T cells stimulated in women with PE to cause hypertension and inflammation and renal abnormalities during the course of this disease.
The hidden dangers of electronic publishing

Cet article definit neuf sortes de dangers que peuvent cacher les publications electroniques, ces dangers sont rassembles en trois groupes : les dangers relatifs a la reputation, les dangers relatifs a la propriete intellectuelle, et les dangers relatifs a l'integrite organisationnelle
Structure of the DNA-EcoRI Endonuclease Recognition Complex

The 3 A structure of the co-crystalline recognition complex between EcoRI endonuclease and the cognate oligonucleotide TCGCGAATTCGCG has been solved by the ISIR method using a platinum isomorphous derivative [1,2,3]. Refinement is in progress. The endonuclease-DNA recognition complex consists of a distorted double helix and a protein dimer composed of identical subunits related by a two-fold axis of rotational symmetry (see Fig. 1). The distortions of the DNA are not seen in the crystal structure of the dodecamer, CGCGAATTCGCG [4]; hence they are induced by the binding of the protein. The distortions are concentrated into separate features which are localized disruptions of the double helical symmetry. These disruptions appear to have structural consequences which propagate over long distances through the DNA via twisting and perhaps bending effects. They are therefore referred to as neo-kinks (see Figs. 2 and 3). The type I neo-kink spans the central two-fold symmetry axis of the complex and it introduces a net unwinding of 25° into the DNA. This increases the separation of the DNA backbones across the major groove thereby facilitating access by the protein to the base edges, which are at the floor of the groove. The type-I neo-kink also re-aligns adjacent adenine residues within the central AATT tetranucleotide so as to create the detailed geometry necessary for amino acid side chains to bridge across these purines (see below).
A new training method for precision-limited analog neural networks

Neural networks with a large number of neurons can be implemented in hardware if the precision of the weights and inputs is limited. This paper centers on situations where two conditions are present; first, that the neural network is implemented using limited precision hardware, and second, that the weights were calculated using higher precision values than can be stored in the hardware. This paper shows that limited precision weights in the target system can result in forward calculation errors that are sufficiently large to cause classification mistakes in an example problem. The cause of classification mistakes is identified in terms of topological features in weight-space. A numerical calculation, that demonstrates the existence of weight-space regions where such errors occur, is presented. The Big Valley Search algorithm is proposed to overcome the effects of limited storage. Experimental results are presented to show that the Big Valley Search algorithm can be used to overcome implementation problems encountered when implementing a fault classifier using an analog neural network chip. Using experimental results, the requirement for chip-in-loop (CIL) programming of analog chips is shown to be unnecessary. >
DETERMINATION OF ORGANOTIN STRUCTURES IN ANTIFOULING COATINGS BY MOSSBAUER SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES

In characterizing the leaching properties of antifouling coatings containing organotin compounds, it has become necessary to determine the structure of the tin species in the coating. An extensive investigation of the Mossbauer parameters of numerous tin compounds of the type R 3 SnX (R = n-butyl, n-propyl, phenyl; X = I, Br, C1, OH, OAc, F) has shown that the quadrupole splitting parameter and ρ (ratio of isomer shift to quadrupole splitting) are related to the molecular geometry. The Mossbauer parameters for organotin polymers used in antifouling coatings and conventional coating formulations containing organotin compounds have been obtained. The quadrupole splitting and ρ value in these cases are sensitive to structural changes which occur in the organotin compounds upon incorporation into these coating matrixes. Mossbauer studies have been performed on the compounds [(C 4 H 9 ) 3 Sn] 2 O, (C 4 H 9 ) 3 SnOAc, (C 4 H 9 ) 3 SnF in various matrices and solvent systems, and the results are discussed in the context of the behavior of these compounds in the coating systems.
A Monte-Carlo model for time-resolved fluorescence from a two-layered turbid medium

A Monte-Carlo model capable of simulating time-resolved excitation and fluorescence photon flights within a stratified, two-layered turbid medium is described. The simulation is used to model time-resolved fluorescence from epithelial tissues containing distinct fluorophores in each layer.
ENZYME ACTIVITIES DURING HEPATIC INJURY CAUSED BY CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.

Rats injected with carbon tetrachloride show markedly elevated plasma glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and plasma fumarase but, at the same time, these enzyme activities do not decrease in the liver. Three mechanisms are proposed which may account for the increase in plasma enzymes: first, a transfer of the enzyme systems from the necrotized liver cell to the plasma; second, the synthesis of plasma enzymes as the response to hepatic injury; third, disruption of the mitochondrion.
Second harmonic generation from a nanopatterned isotropic nonlinear material

Second harmonic generation (SHG) from a nanopatterned isotropic nonlinear material (GaAs) located inside the subwavelength gaps of a metallic coaxial array is demonstrated. The SHG results from the strong electromagnetic fields in the vicinity of the coaxial gaps; the signal strength is comparable to that from z-cut LiNbO3 even though the path length is much shorter (∼100 nm compared to 14 μm). Numerical simulations are in good agreement with the experimental data. The observation of a peak-wavelength blue shift between the SH spectrum and the linear transmission spectrum is explained.
The benefit of directly comparing autism and schizophrenia for revealing mechanisms of social cognitive impairment

Autism and schizophrenia share a history of diagnostic conflation that was not definitively resolved until the publication of the DSM-III in 1980. Though now recognized as heterogeneous disorders with distinct developmental trajectories and dissociative features, much of the early nosological confusion stemmed from apparent overlap in certain areas of social dysfunction. In more recent years, separate but substantial literatures have accumulated for autism and schizophrenia demonstrating that abnormalities in social cognition directly contribute to the characteristic social deficits of both disorders. The current paper argues that direct comparison of social cognitive impairment can highlight shared and divergent mechanisms underlying pathways to social dysfunction, a process that can provide significant clinical benefit by informing the development of tailored treatment efforts. Thus, while the history of diagnostic conflation between autism and schizophrenia may have originated in similarities in social dysfunction, the goal of direct comparisons is not to conflate them once again but rather to reveal distinctions that illuminate disorder-specific mechanisms and pathways that contribute to social cognitive impairment.
Accelerating Dissertation Writing: Case Study

In an application of Zimmerman's productive avoidance technique, to accelerate dissertation writing, an S who had postponed writing her dissertation for 2 yr. deposited $50 in cash with E. Five dol...
Effect of Humidity and Temperature Changes on Orthodontic Direct-Bonding Adhesive Systems

Plastic brackets were bonded to 560 extracted human teeth with use of two orthodontic adhesive systems: (1) methyl methacrylate resin bonded to a sealant that was polymerized using ultraviolet light, and (2) self-polymerizing methyl methacrylate resin bonded directly to the etched enamel. Tensile and shearlike tests were performed. Prolonged exposure to heat, moisture, and severe temperature changes decreased the shearlike strength of both adhesives. Both systems were adequately strong to withstand routine orthodontic and estimated masticatory forces.
The College Experience for Students with Chronic Illness: Implications for Academic Advising.

A purposive sample (2 males, 3 females) of students (aged 18–29 years) with chronic illness completed standardized measures and a semi-structured interview. Content analysis of the interview data revealed two themes: stress exacerbating symptoms of illness and a desire for a support group on campus. Viewed through the theory of emerging adulthood, participants' social support data suggest that some college students with chronic illness are challenged by the developmental tasks of this life stage due to their health issues. Male students with chronic illnesses may be at a higher risk than females for college adjustment problems. The growing population of those with a diagnosis can benefit from developmental advising that includes validation of their particular challenges and appropriate intervention.
Shear Force Effects on Sidewall Penetration of Extended Dislocations in Phosphorus Implanted Emitters

Phosphorus implanted emitters are known to have a dislocation network formed to relieve the strain caused by the lattice contraction of solute phosphorus ir, silicon. The extension of the dislocation network into the emitter-base regior, has also been related to the degradation of leakage current and the generatiol, of excess noise in an NPN bipolar transistor. The penetration of the extendeot dislocation network is shown in this paper to be related to a shear force. The shear force is the resultant of the compressive force generated from the solute phosphorus and an induced surface force generated from the thick oxide layer over the emitter formed during high temperature heat treatments. This shear force can pull the dislocation network through the junction sidewall.
Synthesis and biological characterization of a covalent conjugate between interferon and ricin toxin B chain.

Abstract Human interferon (IFN)-α has been covalently conjugated to ricin toxin B chain (RTB) using the heterobifunctional crosslinking reagent, N -succinimidyl-3(2-pyridyldi-thio)propionate (SPDP). Conjugate molecules (RTB:IFN) were purified by preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and assayed for antiviral activity on human GM-258 fibroblasts in the presence or absence of competing concentrations of galactose, the specific sugar employed by RTB for cell surface binding. While the antiviral activity of native IFN-α was unchanged in the presence of galactose, the antiviral activity of RTB:IFN was markedly diminished in the presence of galactose at concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 m M . These studies demonstrate that IFN-α can exert an antiviral effect on human fibroblasts after binding to the receptor of another ligand molecule (i.e., RTB).
Nonlinear Modeling of Time Series Using Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS)

Abstract Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) is a new methodology, due to Friedman, for nonlinear regression modeling. MARS can be conceptualized as a generalization of recursive partitioning that uses spline fitting in lieu of other simple fitting functions. Given a set of predictor variables, MARS fits a model in the form of an expansion in product spline basis functions of predictors chosen during a forward and backward recursive partitioning strategy. MARS produces continuous models for high-dimensional data that can have multiple partitions and predictor variable interactions. Predictor variable contributions and interactions in a MARS model may be analyzed using an ANOVA style decomposition. By letting the predictor variables in MARS be lagged values of a time series, one obtains a new method for nonlinear autoregressive threshold modeling of time series. A significant feature of this extension of MARS is its ability to produce models with limit cycles when modeling time series data that...
Maternal serum unconjugated estriol as a predictor for Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome and other fetal conditions.

Abstract Objective To assess the clinical value of low maternal serum unconjugated estriol (E3) level for diagnosing Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome and other fetal clinical conditions in pregnant members of a large health maintenance organization. Methods We studied serum unconjugated E3 levels in 120,071 gravidas having California Expanded Alpha-Fetoprotein prenatal screening at 15–20 weeks’ gestation during a 5-year period. Results Of the 120,071 women, 323 (0.27%) had low unconjugated E3 levels (less than or equal to 0.2 ng/mL, or 0.15 multiples of the median). Excluding women who were screened too early or who had indeterminate screening results, 103 (0.08%) women with unexplained low unconjugated E3 level remained; of these 103 women, 33 had negative screening results and 68 had positive screening results, and two were tested too late for interpretation. Intrauterine fetal death occurred in 39 (57%) of the 68 women with low unconjugated E3 and positive screening results and occurred in two (6%) of the 33 women with low unconjugated E3 levels and negative screening results, a significant difference ( P Conclusion Low maternal serum unconjugated E3 diagnosed more cases of steroid sulfatase deficiency and undetected intrauterine fetal death than Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome (1:60,000 prevalence), although the clinical importance of having this information prenatally is uncertain.
Gastroesophageal Reflux as a Reversible Cause of Allograft Dysfunction After Lung Transplantation

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is increasingly recognized as contributing to a number of pulmonary disorders. The relationship of GER to pulmonary allograft dysfunction after lung transplantation is unknown. In this report, we describe a lung transplant recipient who developed an acute decline in pulmonary function several months after a retransplantation for chronic rejection. A pulmonary workup at that time, including bronchoscopy with biopsy, revealed bronchial inflammation with no allograft rejection or infection. Because of increasing GI symptoms after retransplantation, the patient also underwent additional testing, which revealed severe acid reflux. The treatment of this patient's acid reflux with Nissen fundoplication surgery resulted in a prompt and sustained improvement in his pulmonary function. We suggest that GER should be considered among the potential causes of allograft dysfunction after lung transplantation.
Fluorescence energy transfer in the rapid-diffusion limit.

Energy transfer is enhanced by translational diffusion of the donor and acceptor [Steinberg, I. Z. & Katchalski, E. (1968) J. Chem. Phys. 48, 2404-2410]. The effect of diffusion on energy transfer depends on Dτ0/s2, in which D is the sum of the diffusion coefficients of the donor and acceptor, τ0 is the lifetime of the donor in the absence of transfer, and s is the mean distance between donors and acceptors. In most previous studies, Dτ0/s2 ≪ 1, corresponding to the static limit. We report here steady-state and kinetic fluorescence experiments showing that Dτ0/s2 ≫ 1, the rapid-diffusion limit, can be attained by using Tb3+ chelated to dipicolinate as a long-lived energy donor (τ0 = 2.2 msec). The concentration of rhodamine B, the energy acceptor, resulting in 50% transfer was 0.67 μM, which is three orders of magnitude less than the concentration giving 50% transfer in the static limit. The dependence of the transfer efficiency on diffusion coefficients varying from 5 × 10-11 to 1.5 × 10-4 cm2/sec, spanning the range from the static limit to the rapid-diffusion limit, is in excellent agreement with theory. It is evident that energy donors with millisecond or longer excited state lifetimes can be used to probe translational motions in membranes and other assemblies. Energy transfer in the rapid diffusion limit is sensitive to the distance of closest approach (a) of the donor and acceptor. For a Tb·(DPA)3 chelate trapped inside the aqueous space of a membrane vesicle containing eosin phosphatidylethanolamine, a = 10 A. The transverse location of chromophores in model membranes and biological membranes can be determined by this technique.
A role for CNS α-2 adrenergic receptors in opiate-induced muscle rigidity in the rat

A number of potential neurochemical mediators of opiate-induced muscle rigidity have been proposed based on the results of systemic drug studies and on knowledge of the brain sites implicated in opiate rigidity. The effects of i.c.v. pretreatment with selected opioidergic, alpha adrenergic and serotonergic drugs on muscle rigidity induced with systemic injection of the potent opiate agonist alfentanil (ALF) were investigated in spontaneously ventilating rats. The opiate antagonist methylnaloxonium (MN; 0.2-14 nmol), alpha-2 adrenergic agonists dexmedetomidine (DEX; 0.4-42 nmol) or 2-(2,6-diethylphenylamino)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride (ST91; 4-400 nmol), alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist prazosin (PRZ; 7-70 nmol) or serotonergic antagonist ketanserin (KET; 18-550 nmol) were injected i.c.v. (10 microliters) and ALF (500 micrograms/kg s.c.) was administered 10 min later. S.c. electrodes were used to record gastrocnemius electromyographic activity. Both MN and DEX dose-dependently and potently antagonized ALF-induced rigidity. ST91 produced shorter-lived, less profound, antagonism of ALF rigidity. PRZ, at the highest dose tested, produced a delayed and modest reduction in ALF rigidity. A large, non-selective, dose of KET incompletely attenuated ALF rigidity. These results lend support to the hypothesis that central opioid and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors mediate opiate-induced muscle rigidity in the rat.
Meat consumption as a key impact on tropical nature: a response to Laurance et al.

Laurance et al.’s recent review in TREE entitled ‘Agricultural expansion and its impacts on tropical nature’ [1] provides a valuable summary of how agricultural is affecting the diversity of tropical terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. However, we believe that a major factor driving the loss of tropical ecosystems and biodiversity was not given sufficient attention and deserves further discussion. Of the eight points discussed by Laurance et al. as ‘key challenges ahead’, no mention was made of the challenges posed by increasing per capita meat consumption.
Experimental Alteration of the Sugar and Ketone Levels of the Blood of Ruminants in Relation to Ketosis

Summary A study was made of the interrelation of the sugar and ketone levels of the blood of ruminants by means of experimental alteration of each of these substances. Under the conditions of these experiments, it was not possible to produce conditions similar to field ketosis by alteration of blood sugar levels. Alloxan injection produced a typical diabetic condition, with high levels of both blood sugar and ketones. By means of insulin injections it was possible to maintain the blood sugar at low levels for periods of several days, but in no case was there any increase in blood ketones. Alteration of blood ketones by the administration of ketogenic fatty acids produced temporary changes in blood composition resembling ketosis. Blood ketones were high and blood sugar was low. Non-ketogenic fatty acids did not cause these changes. The administration of the ketone bodies themselves likewise caused no depression of blood sugar.
The use of reactive polymer coatings to facilitate gene delivery from poly (ε-caprolactone) scaffolds

Abstract To functionalize biomaterials for bioconjugation, a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) polymerization technique was utilized to modify material surfaces. Poly [(4-amino-p-xylylene)-co-(p-xylylene)] (PPX–NH2) was deposited on inert polycaprolactone (PCL) surfaces to provide a reactive amine layer on the substrate surfaces. The biocompatibility of PPX–NH2 was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. The results demonstrated that cells continuously proliferated on CVD treated PCL surfaces with high survival rates. Biotin was conjugated on modified PCL surfaces to immobilize avidin for binding of biotinylated adenovirus. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination illustrated that adenoviruses were evenly bound on both 2-D films and 3-D scaffolds, suggesting CVD was capable of modifying various substrates with different geometries. Using a wax masking technique, the biotin conjugation was controlled to immobilize avidin on specific sites. Due to the virus binding specificity on CVD-modified surfaces, cell transduction was restricted to the pattern of immobilized virus on biomaterials, by which transduced and non-transduced cells were controlled in different regions with a distinct interface. Because CVD was functional in different hierarchies, this surface modification should be able to custom-tailor bioconjugation for different applications.
On a Parabolic Variational Inequality Related to a Sandpile Problem

In this paper, we study the existence of solutions of the variational inequality $$\begin{aligned} \left\{ \begin{array}{l} \int _Q u_t (v-u) dx dt + \int _Q {\Phi }(|\nabla _x v(x,t)|) dx dt - \int _Q {\Phi }(|\nabla _x u(x,t)|) dx dt \\ \ge \int _Q f(x,t, u(x,t)) [v(x,t) - u(x,t)] dx dt , \quad \forall v\in \mathcal{K } , \\ u\in \mathcal{K }\; {\mathrm{and}}\; u(0) = u_0, \end{array} \right. \end{aligned}$$ where \(Q = (0, \tau ) \times \Omega \) and \({\Phi }\) is an \(N\)-function. Both coercive and noncoercive cases are considered. We use a topological argument in the coercive case, while a sub-supersolution approach is followed in the noncoercive case.
High-temperature calorimetry in metal + hydrogen systems 1. Ta + H2 at 703 K

The partial enthalpies of solution of hydrogen in Ta + H solid solutions have been measured under near equilibrium conditions at 700 K by microcalorimetry. The results are compared with similar data in the literature derived from equilibrium work. They suggest that precision high-temperature calorimetry should be a very powerful technique for detailed studies of the thermodynamics of metal + hydrogen systems.
Tunicamycin alters channel gating characteristics of junctional and extrajunctional acetylcholine receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes

The acute effects of tunicamycin on mouse junctional and extrajunctional acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) expressed in Xenopus oocytes, distinct from its ability to block N-glycosylation of the protein, was examined at the single channel level. Tunicamycin reduced the frequency of ACh-activated single channel openings and prolonged the mean channel open times of AChRs in a dose-dependent manner, without affecting inward conductances. Continuous application of ACh to both junctional and extrajunctional AChR channels very slowly decreased the number of channel opening events, and tunicamycin accelerated this process. These results suggest that tunicamycin alters channel gating kinetics and accelerates transition towards a desensitized state.
The rheological behaviors of screen-printing pastes

Abstract Typically, the printing paste consists of vehicles and inorganic powders, in which vehicles refer to solvent, resin and additives and inorganic powders refer to functional powders and glass powders. A variety of functional pastes are prepared depending on printing needs, while rheological behaviors such as the paste liquidity, thixotropy, and viscoelastic properties will influence printing quality. This study is designed to measure the yield stress, thixotropy, and viscosity at different shear rates of commercially available screen-printing pastes and self-prepared pastes by using a rheometer. In addition, it dynamically measures rheological properties such as viscoelastic. This study also involves the discussion over the viscosity change of commercially available pastes at various shear rates to acquire the association between paste liquidity and printing. Also, with the preparation of vehicles and pastes, the study is intended to observe the impact of various fillers on paste rheological behaviors in a steady-state and dynamic rheological test, offering a reference for selection of solution during paste preparation and using the effects of binders and fillers on the system's rheology to control the conditions, e.g. viscosity, thixotropy and viscoelasticity, for preparation of pastes that fit screen-printing requirements.
Mitochondrial Morphogenesis, Dendrite Development, and Synapse Formation in Cerebellum Require both Bcl-w and the Glutamate Receptor δ2

Bcl-w belongs to the prosurvival group of the Bcl-2 family, while the glutamate receptor delta2 (Grid2) is an excitatory receptor that is specifically expressed in Purkinje cells, and required for Purkinje cell synapse formation. A recently published result as well as our own findings have shown that Bcl-w can physically interact with an autophagy protein, Beclin1, which in turn has been shown previously to form a protein complex with the intracellular domain of Grid2 and an adaptor protein, nPIST. This suggests that Bcl-w and Grid2 might interact genetically to regulate mitochondria, autophagy, and neuronal function. In this study, we investigated this genetic interaction of Bcl-w and Grid2 through analysis of single and double mutant mice of these two proteins using a combination of histological and behavior tests. It was found that Bcl-w does not control the cell number in mouse brain, but promotes what is likely to be the mitochondrial fission in Purkinje cell dendrites, and is required for synapse formation and motor learning in cerebellum, and that Grid2 has similar phenotypes. Mice carrying the double mutations of these two genes had synergistic effects including extremely long mitochondria in Purkinje cell dendrites, and strongly aberrant Purkinje cell dendrites, spines, and synapses, and severely ataxic behavior. Bcl-w and Grid2 mutations were not found to influence the basal autophagy that is required for Purkinje cell survival, thus resulting in these phenotypes. Our results demonstrate that Bcl-w and Grid2 are two critical proteins acting in distinct pathways to regulate mitochondrial morphogenesis and control Purkinje cell dendrite development and synapse formation. We propose that the mitochondrial fission occurring during neuronal growth might be critically important for dendrite development and synapse formation, and that it can be regulated coordinately by multiple pathways including Bcl-2 and glutamate receptor family members.
Effects of Sidewall Boundary Layers in Two-Dimensional Subsonic and Transonic Wind Tunnels

A transonic similarity rule which accounts for the effects of attached sidewall boundary layers in two-dimensional wind tunnels is presented along with results of an experimental investigation of sidewall boundary-layer effects. The rule appears valid provided the sidewall boundary layer both remains attached in the vicinity of the model and occupies a small enough fraction of the tunnel width to avoid substantial three-dimensional interaction with the model.
Political Context and the Turnout of New Women Voters after Suffrage

Many observers expected new women voters to respond to their political context in distinctive ways. Some scholars anticipated that newly-enfranchised women—lacking political interest and experience—would be volatile and highly responsive to context. Others expected political isolation and norms proscribing political activity would insulate women from political stimuli. We test these competing predictions with a Bayesian approach to ecological inference and a unique set of aggregate data. We find that the responsiveness of women's turnout is strikingly similar to that of men. However, the lesser impact of electoral competition, and the greater effect of electoral laws and prior suffrage activism, suggest that the experience of and response to disenfranchisement shaped women's turnout after the vote was won.
Age-related changes in behavioral components in relation to changes in global Type A behavior.

The current study is one of a series of studies undertaken to investigate long-term changes of the Type A behavior pattern (TABP) in surviving subjects of the Western Collaborative Group Study. Behavioral components were scored for 565 Structured Interviews (SI) of returning subjects using a recently developed methodology. Scores were compared with component ratings from the 1960-1961 intake interviews to isolate specific elements of change and evaluate their magnitude in relation to changes in global TABP. Test-retest correlations for seven behavioral components of the SI support the notion of moderate stability ranging in value from .29 to .55. Significant mean changes in component scores were observed for Type A Content, Exactingness, Competitiveness, and Hostility. Changes in Competitiveness and Hostility were Type A dependent, showing reliable increases in Type A subjects but not in Type B subjects. The observed changes in Hostility, Competitiveness, and Exactingness support the overall change in the Type A direction observed in previous analyses of these data.
Reticulum cell sarcoma (histiocytic lymphoma) of the orbit

Abstract The clinical and pathologic features of 13 patients with biopsy-proven reticulum cell sarcoma of the orbit are reviewed. All of the patients were adults, in contrast to many previous reports that have emphasized how common this tumor is in children. Eight patients presented with proptosis and without prior diagnosis of lymphoma, and 5 patients developed orbital deposits in the course of a known systemic lymphoma. Of the 8 patients whose orbital biopsies established the diagnosis, 4 were found concomitantly to have other sites of disease, and 4 patients developed other evidence of lymphoma from 2 to 15 months after orbital biopsy. None of the cases in this series was interpreted as a primary orbital lymphoma. The histopathologic findings, the problem of histogenesis, and the need for systemic staging of cytologically malignant orbital lymphoma are discussed
Real-time feedback control of flow-induced cavity tones—Part 2: Adaptive control

Abstract An adaptive generalized predictive control (GPC) algorithm was formulated and applied to the cavity flow-tone problem. The algorithm employs gradient descent to update the GPC coefficients at each time step. Past input–output data and an estimate of the open-loop pulse response sequence are all that is needed to implement the algorithm for application at fixed Mach numbers. Transient measurements made during controller adaptation at fixed Mach number revealed that the controller coefficients converged to a steady state in the mean, and this implies that adaptation can be turned off at some point with no degradation in control performance. The control algorithm demonstrated multiple Rossiter mode suppression at fixed Mach numbers of 0.275, 0.32, and 0.38, provided the plant model was updated for each Mach number. However, as in the case of fixed-gain GPC, the adaptive GPC was limited by spillover in sidebands around the suppressed Rossiter modes. The algorithm was also able to maintain suppression of multiple cavity tones as the freestream Mach number was varied over a modest range (0.275–0.29). Beyond this range, stable operation of the control algorithm was not possible due to the fixed plant model in the algorithm.
How Location Governs Toll‐Like Receptor Signaling

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of innate immune system receptors responsible for recognizing conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). PAMP binding to TLRs initiates intracellular signaling pathways that lead to the upregulation of a variety of costimulatory molecules and the synthesis and secretion of various cytokines and interferons by cells of the innate immune system. TLR-induced innate immune responses are a prerequisite for the generation of most adaptive immune responses, and in the case of B cells, TLRs directly regulate signaling from the antigen-specific B-cell receptor. The outcome of TLR signaling is determined, in part, by the cells in which they are expressed and by the selective use of signaling adaptors. Recent studies suggest that, in addition, both the ligand recognition by TLRs and the functional outcome of ligand binding are governed by the subcellular location of the TLRs and their signaling adaptors. In this review we describe what is known about the intracellular trafficking and compartmentalization of TLRs in innate system's dendritic cells and macrophages and in adaptive system's B cells, highlighting how location regulates TLR function.
Efficiency and weight of voltage multiplier type ultra lightweight d.c.-d.c. converters

This paper presents an analytical and experimental study of a capacitor-diode voltage multiplier without a transformer which offers the possibility of high efficiency with light weight. D.c.-d.c. conversion efficiencies of about 94 percent were achieved at output powers of 150 watts at 1000 volts using 8× multiplication. A detailed identification of losses was made, including forward drop losses in component, switching losses, reverse junction capacitance charging losses, and charging losses in the main ladder capacitors.
Estimation of relative antibody affinity at the level of the antibody-secreting cell during maturation of the immune response.

Abstract The relative affinity of specific antibody secreted by mouse spleen cells following primary immunization with SRBC was estimated by competitive inhibition assay of antibody secreted by PFC as well as by inhibition of observed PFC number. Inhibition of direct and of indirect anti-SRBC plaque assays by the addition of specific antigen (SRBC stromata) gave sigmoid inhibition profiles from which the concentration of antigen required to inhibit 50% of the plaques (PI 50 ) was determined, Alternatively, the sum of the cube of individual plaque diameters (Σd 3 ) provided a measure of total anti-SRBC antibody secreted by PFCs from which the concentration of antigen required to inhibit 50% of the antibody (Ab 50 ) was determined. Ab 50 , rather than PI 50 : (a) was a more sensitive measure of inhibition by antigen; (b) decreased following immunization indicating a progressive increase in mean antibody affinity; and (c) correlated with the results of hemolysin transfer experiments, an independent measure of mean affinity of circulating anti-SRBC antibody. From theoretical considerations, estimation of mean antibody affinity requires quantitative analysis of fractional antibody inhibition by antigen. Determination of Ab 50 , rather than PI 50 , provides an estimate of bound and of free antibody and therefore should provide a more valid estimate of the relative antibody affinity at the cellular level. Experimentally, utilizing Ab 50 analysis, the IgM and IgG responses of C3H mice to immunization with SRBC demonstrated a progressive increase in affinity during maturation of the immune response.
Enhanced Mantle Conductivity from Sulfide Minerals, Southern Sierra Nevada, California

Petrographic studies of peridotitic xenoliths entrained in late Quaternary basalts from beneath the southern Sierra Nevada have revealed the presence of accessory sulfide minerals along grain boundaries and fractures. Equilibration temperatures from the xenoliths are sufficiently high that the molten sulfides coexist with the basaltic melt. Sulfides are extremely conductive relative to the solid matrix or the basaltic melt, so a small fraction can increase the bulk conductivity of the mantle appreciably. Previous estimates of 2–5% partial melt from magnetotelluric measurements can be plausibly reduced to less than 1%. Such low melt percentages have longer residence times in the mantle and are more consistent with the volumetrically minor late Quaternary basalt flows and the primitive basalt compositions.
Comparing Multicomponent Interventions to Improve Skin Care Behaviors and Prevent Recurrence in Veterans Hospitalized for Severe Pressure Ulcers

Abstract Objective To compare a multicomponent motivational interviewing (MI)/self-management (SM) intervention with a multicomponent education intervention to improve skin-protective behaviors and prevent skin worsening in veterans with spinal cord injury (SCI) hospitalized for severe pressure ulcers (PrUs). Design Single-blinded, prospective, randomized controlled trial. Setting Six Veterans Affairs SCI centers. Participants Veterans admitted for a severe (stage III/IV) PrU were followed up to 6 months postdischarge. Intervention Telephone-based individual MI counseling plus SM skills group (SM+MI; n=71) versus an active control group of telephone-based individual educational counseling plus group education (n=72). Main Outcome Measures Self-reported skin-protective behaviors, objective skin worsening. Results Intention-to-treat analyses found nonsignificant increases in skin behaviors in the SM+MI versus education control intervention arms at 3 and 6 months. The difference in behaviors used between SM+MI and education control intervention participants was 4.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], −11.3 to 2.7) (0–3mo) and 3.0% (95% CI, –8.7 to 3.9) (0–6mo). High rates of skin worsening were observed (n=74, 51.7%), usually within 3 months postdischarge and most frequently within the month postdischarge. Skin worsening, skin-related visits, and readmissions did not differ by study arm. Study limitations are presented. Conclusions For persons with chronic SCI and severe PrUs, complicated by multiple comorbidities, a primary focus on improving patient behavior is likely insufficient to address the complex problem of PrUs in SCI. More health care systems–level changes such as collaborative care may be needed to reduce PrU recurrence, especially in this era in which many people are discharged from the hospital unhealed or with little sitting tolerance.
Effect of intercalation in graphite epoxy composites on the shielding of high energy radiation

The half-thickness and mass absorption coefficient of 13.0 keV x-rays, 46.5 keV γ-rays, and 1.16 MeV βƟ particles have been measured for pristine, bromine intercalated, and iodine monobromide intercalated pitch-based graphite fiber composites. Since these materials have been proposed to replace aluminum structures in spacecraft, the results were compared to aluminum. Pristine graphite epoxy composites were found to have about 4.0 times the half-thickness, and 40% of the mass absorption of aluminum for ionizing radiation. Bromine intercalation improved performance to 90% of the half-thickness, and 1.7 times the mass absorption coefficient of aluminum. Iodine monobromide extended the performance to 70% of the half-thickness and 3.0 times the mass absorption of aluminum. Thus, intercalation not only makes up the deficiency conventional composites have in shielding components from ionizing radiation, but actually confers advantages in mass and thickness over aluminum. The βƟ particle shielding of all the materials tested was found to be very effective. The shielding of all of the materials was found to have nearly the same mass absorption coefficient of 17.8 ± 0.9 cm2/g. Inelastic scattering processes were found to be important in βƟ particle shielding; however, the extent of inelastic scattering and thus the distribution of energies of the transmitted electrons did not vary with material.
The cDNA for the heart/muscle isoform of bovine cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIa encodes a presequence.

We have used mixed oligonucleotide probes to isolate a cDNA for the heart/muscle isoform of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) subunit VIa (COX VIa-H) from a bovine heart cDNA library in λgt10. This cDNA, and a second one isolated upon rescreening, predict a 97 amino acid COX VIa precursor protein comprised of a 12 amino acid, basic presequence plus an 85 residue mature VIa protein. The presence of a presequence contrasts with the rat heart COX VIa cDNA.
Modelling of epitaxial thin-film growth on fcc(100) substrates at low temperatures

Long-lived diffracted intensity oscillations have been observed experimentally during thin-film deposition in several systems at temperatures below which thermally-activated diffusion is thought operative. Several models are presented for growth on fcc(100) substrates which can account for these observations. The requirement of a four-fold hollow, rather than atop, adsorption site dramatically influences film structure. Distinct, but short-lived, oscillations are found here even for random immobile adsorption. The prescription of deposition dynamics is also fundamental. Introducing a ‘downward funneling’ propensity, very short-range ‘transient mobility’ after deposition, or ‘knockout mechanisms’ greatly enhances the quasi-steady nature of film growth. The latter is reflected in a slowly-increasing or quasi-periodic film interface width. Long-lived intensity oscillations are also produced, despite the absence of any long-range mobility.
Effects of neonicitinoid seed treatments on soybean aphid and its natural enemies

Insecticidal seed treatments are increasingly being applied to soybeans in North America, and several recent studies question what they add to current pest management. Here, we examine the effects of two neonicotinoid insecticidal seed treatments on insect populations (pest and natural enemies) in SD soybeans over 2 years. Moreover, we conducted laboratory experiments to determine the duration that seed treatments remained effective against the soybean aphid (Aphis glycines, Hemiptera: Aphididae) and how thiamethoxam affected survival of one of the aphid’s predators, Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) on soybean. Soybean aphids, thrips, and grasshopper populations were unaffected by the insecticidal seed treatments in the field. The laboratory trial revealed that all bioactivity of the seed treatments against soybean aphids was gone within 46 days after planting, prior to aphid populations damaging the crop. Bean leaf beetles, a sporadic pest in our area, were reduced by the seed treatments. But, there were no yield benefits of insecticidal seed treatments over the 2 years of the study at this location. Natural enemy communities were significantly reduced by thiamethoxam seed treatments relative to the untreated control, particularly populations of Nabis americoferus (Hemiptera: Nabidae). Chrysoperla (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) adults were reduced in the imidacloprid-treated plots. In the laboratory, rearing O. insidiosus on soybean plants treated with thiamethoxam resulted in higher mortality for both the nymphs and the adult stage. Offering the predator insect prey on the thiamethoxam-treated plants improved survival of the adult stage, but not the nymphal stage. This work confirms that insecticidal seed treatments offer little benefit to soybean producers of the Northern Great Plains and adds to the discussion by suggesting that generalist predators are adversely affected by the insecticides.
Multiple engagement wet clutch heat transfer model

To optimize the thermal performance of transmission wet clutches during multiple engagements, a general thermal numerical model has been developed. At every cycle, temperatures are computed throughout the clutch materials until a periodic steady state is achieved. One cycle is characterized by (a) an engagement period where the separator plate is contacting the friction lining with heat being generated while some cooling is provided by the oil passing through friction material grooves; (b) a locked stage of separator plate and friction lining contact during which the heat generation is zero while oil cooling through the grooves continues; and (c) a cooling period with the separator plate completely disengaged from the friction lining while the oil cools both surfaces. Temperatures are calculated from the transient numerical solution of the heat conduction equation in two dimensions. The finite difference technique based on an implicit numerical scheme is employed. This approach is verified by comparison w...
A theoretical justification for Japanese nemawashi/ringi group decision making and an implementation of a nemawashi/ringi group decision support system

Abstract The success of Japanese group decision making suggested an investigation into some of the concepts involved, an attempt to provide a theoretical framework to explain this success, and the development of a computer architecture to support this style of group decision making. The Japanese style of group decision making relies heavily on the concept of nemawashi, in which a coordinator or facilitator is responsible for moving the group to consensus. An application of Arrow's theorem provides a theoretical justification for why this approach succeeds. An architecture is developed for a system which provides decision support to the coordinator, and which uses only inexpensive and widely available technology. The system was originally developed as a P ortable version of an E ntrepreneurs' G roup Decision Support System and was called PEG. PEG provides an integrated system in which a variety of group decision models are readily accessible to the coordinator, and also facilitates communications among the group members and between the group and the coordinator. PEG also provides a method for combining the experts' quantitative estimates so as to provide a minimum-variance unbiased consensus.
Users’ role in the purchase: their influence, satisfaction and desire to participate in the next purchase

Buying center literature assumes that users are part of the purchase process. This study examines that assumption by exploring the role of the user in the purchase. Because purchases are made within the context of the history of previous purchases, understanding process satisfaction may be as important as satisfaction with the product. Therefore, this study also examines user satisfaction with the product and purchase process. Findings indicate that not all users participate, and those who do achieve little individual influence. Collectively, though, users are important in the early stages of the decision. There was, however, no differences in satisfaction between users and non‐users with either process or product. Implications include focusing on users to get decision processes started.