cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
International Federation of Ophthalmological Societies statutes and regulations.

Abstract PURPOSE: To provide an understanding of the structure, role, and responsibility of the International Federation of Ophthalmological Societies, the International Council of Ophthalmology, and the International Congress of Ophthalmology. These established entities have recently codified their statutes and regulations and registered them in Zurich, Switzerland. METHODS: The International Council of Ophthalmology, which serves as the executive body of the International Federation of Ophthalmological Societies, used historical operating documents to prepare the statutes and regulations, which were reviewed and adopted by the International Federation of Ophthalmological Societies at the 28th International Congress of Ophthalmology in Amsterdam on June 23, 1998. RESULTS: The statutes and regulations of the International Federation of Ophthalmological Societies, the International Council of Ophthalmology, and the International Congress of Ophthalmology are available to supranational ophthalmological organizations, national ophthalmological societies, other ophthalmological organizations, and individual ophthalmologists. CONCLUSIONS: The statutes and regulations of the International Federation of Ophthalmological Societies, the International Council of Ophthalmology, and the International Congress of Ophthalmology provide a basis for an organizational structure in international ophthalmology. The International Congress of Ophthalmology, first held in 1857, is the longest continuing international meeting in medicine. The International Council of Ophthalmology was established in 1927, and the International Federation of Ophthalmological Societies was formed in 1933. These organizations coordinate the International Congress of Ophthalmology, which convenes with the International Federation of Ophthalmological Societies every 4 years. The International Council, as the executive body, meets annually. The International Council of Ophthalmology has for decades worked to coordinate and facilitate interchange, education, and standards in international ophthalmology. Currently, the International Council of Ophthalmology, working with other international organizations, is creating an international ophthalmology strategic plan, which includes focus on ophthalmic training, continuing education, advocacy for the preservation and restoration of vision, clinical guidelines, and research. (Am J Ophthalmol 2000;130:224–231. Published by Elsevier Science Inc.
Heritability of Milk Yield at Different Herd Means and Variance for Production

Abstract Heritability of milk yield was estimated at three levels each of herd mean and standard deviation of Modified Contemporary Average for both Holsteins and Jerseys. As herd mean increased, Holstein heritabilities were erratic (.222, .163, and .206), and Jersey heritabilities increased (.246, .291, and .331). Asherd standard deviation increased, Holstein heritabilities increased slightly (.178, .193, and .206), while Jersey heritabilities increased substantially (.254, .293, and .371). Heritabilities were consistently larger for Jerseys than for Holsteins.
Simulation of deep turbulence compensation for a laser phased array

The performance of a 127 element phased array laser system is simulated for the case of an extended target in the presence of strong atmospheric turbulence. The phases of the individual sub-apertures of a phased array laser system can be controlled to compensate for the beam quality degradation caused by atmospheric turbulence. This is done by setting the phases of the sub-apertures to the conjugate of the phase received from a beacon located at the target. As the level of turbulence increases, the ability of an adaptive optics system to correct for turbulence decreases; the quality of this compensation decreases due to increases in both scintillation and fitting error. In the case where the laser system itself is used to create the beacon on an extended target, the quality of the beacon produced is also degraded by this atmospheric turbulence and this further impacts the quality of the compensation. This study simulates a 10 km tactical engagement to quantify the performance impacts due to turbulence, and the portion of this impact due to the inability of the system to form a perfect beacon in these conditions. Performance is measured by both Strehl ratio and power delivered within a near diffraction limited circle. Results are presented comparing uncompensated, compensated with a perfect beacon, and compensated with simulated beacon cases as the level of turbulence increases.
Visible multiphoton dissociation of gallium trimethyl: Time-resolved multiphoton ionization of gallium atoms

A new technique is introduced enabling the creation and detection of specific states of metal atoms with ideal time and spatial resolution. The technique is applied to the problem of the nascent state distribution of gallium atoms from multiphoton dissociation of gallium trimethyl and to the fine structure changing collisions between gallium ((4p 1 ) 2 P J ) and ethylene.
The effective annual rate on cash discounts: a clarification

Abstract Conceptually, cash discounts offered but not taken represent interest expense to the buyer and interest revenue to the seller. This paper identifies inconsistencies among seven intermediate accounting textbooks regarding how to express the cost of cash discounts as an effective annual rate. A correct formula for computing the effective annual rate on cash discounts is derived and compared with textbook formulas. Appendix A generalizes the correct formula to noninterest-bearing notes and notes receivable discounted at a bank.
An Experimental Investigation of Yield Surfaces and Loading Surfaces of Pure Aluminum With Stress-Controlled and Strain-Controlled Paths of Loading

Tension-torsion tests with a computer controlled servohydraulic testing machine are reported. Yield surfaces were obtained during a load controlled path, which includes combined stress creep, as well as during a strain controlled path, which includes combined stress relaxation. These surfaces and their relation to the corresponding loading surfaces is discussed. The development of plastic strain increments and their relation to the yield surfaces and loading surfaces is also discussed.
Is the τ a hadron

Abstract We show that, if the τ particles interact strongly in a manner like that implied by QCD-type gauge theories for elementary fermions of their mass, that one expects a detectable τ+τ− resonance in the e+e− total cross section. The experimental absence of such a resonance is shown to put a strict upper limit on the τ fine-structure constant of α τ ⪕ 0.06 . This limit implies that the τ is probably not a hadron.
Fishermen's wives: A case study of a middle atlantic coastal fishing community

Ethnographic fieldwork and a social survey were employed to generate descriptive information and internal comparisons among 67 fishermen's wives from Harkers Island, North Carolina, and to make comparisons between these females and 167 nonfishermen's wives and 37 married fishermen (their husbands) from the island. Results indicated that the fishermen's wives were substantially unenthusiastic about their husbands' occupational choice and suggested that these females may exercise a dissuasive influence upon the intergenerational perpetuation of fishing as a way of life. Very few significant differences were found in 107 comparative tests with the two other subject categories, suggesting substantial cultural homogeneity among residents from the research site and the persistence of a strong maritime tradition.
Computer Programs to Demonstrate Some Hypothesis-Testing Issues

Abstract Three computer programs are presented, which can be used to demonstrate some issues that should be considered in conducting hypothesis tests.
An orb-weaver spider exploits an ant-acacia mutualism for enemy-free space.

Exploiters of protection mutualisms are assumed to represent an important threat for the stability of those mutualisms, but empirical evidence for the commonness or relevance of exploiters is limited. Here, I describe results from a manipulative study showing that an orb-weaver spider, Eustala oblonga, inhabits an ant-acacia for protection from predators. This spider is unique in the orb-weaver family in that it associates closely with both a specific host plant and ants. I tested the protective effect of acacia ants on E. oblonga by comparing spider abundance over time on acacias with ants and on acacias from which entire ant colonies were experimentally removed. Both juvenile and adult spider abundance significantly decreased over time on acacias without ants. Concomitantly, the combined abundance of potential spider predators increased over time on acacias without ants. These results suggest that ant protection of the ant-acacia Acacia melanocerus also protects the spiders, thus supporting the hypothesis that E. oblonga exploits the ant–acacia mutualism for enemy-free space. Although E. oblonga takes advantage of the protection services of ants, it likely exacts little to no cost and should not threaten the stability of the ant–acacia mutualism. Indeed, the potential threat of exploiter species to protection mutualisms in general may be limited to species that exploit the material rewards traded in such mutualisms rather than the protection services.
Synthesis and characterization of semiconducting nanowires for gas sensing

Quasi one-dimensional nanostructures of semiconducting metal oxides are promising for the development of nano-devices. Tin, indium, and zinc oxides were produced in form of single-crystalline nanowires through condensation from vapor phase. Such a growth occurs in controlled thermodynamical condition and size reduction effects on the electrical and optical response to gases have been exploited. Preparation, microstructural, and electrical characterization of nanowires are presented and the peculiarities of these innovative structures are highlighted.
HOW WOMEN RESHAPE THE PRISON GUARD ROLE

This article describes the innovative job performance strategies used by women who work as guards in men's prisons. It suggests that women guards perform the job differently from men guards not only because women face structural and discriminatory barriers on the job but also because most women bring to the job a set of prior experiences, skills, and abilities different from those of most men. One of the reasons women may fail to receive positive performance evaluations in jobs traditionally held by men is that they are being evaluated on the basis of how well their work behavior matches that of men doing the same work. This article argues that there are multiple ways to perform jobs and that to expect women to perform jobs in the same manner as their male colleagues is a form of gender bias. Women should be judged by how effective they are, not by whether their approaches to work are similar to those of men.
Altered dynamics in Lck SH3 upon binding to the LBD1 domain of Herpesvirus saimiri Tip

The Tip protein from Herpesvirus saimiri interacts with the SH3 domain from the Src-family kinase Lck via a proline-containing sequence termed LBD1. Src-family kinase SH3 domains related to Lck have been shown to be dynamic in solution and partially unfold under physiological conditions. The rate of such partial unfolding is reduced by viral protein binding. To determine if the Lck SH3 domain displayed similar behavior, the domain was investigated with hydrogen exchange and mass spectrometry. Lck SH3 was found to be highly dynamic in solution. While other SH3 domains require as much as 10,000 sec to become totally deuterated, Lck SH3 became almost completely labeled within 200 sec. A partial unfolding event involving 8-10 residues was observed with a half-life of approximately 10 sec. Tip LBD1 binding did not cause gross structural changes in Lck SH3 but globally stabilized the domain and reduced the rate of partial unfolding by a factor of five. The region of partial unfolding in Lck SH3 was found to be similar to that identified for other SH3 domains that partially unfold. Although the sequence conservation between Lck SH3 and other closely related SH3 domains is high, the dynamics do not appear to be conserved.
Local environmental effects on the structure of the prion protein

Abstract Prion diseases are neurodegenerative diseases causally linked to the partial unfolding and subsequent misfolding and aggregation of the prion protein (PrP). While most proteins fold into a single low energy state, PrP can fold into two distinct isoforms. In its innocuous state, denoted as PrP C , the protein has predominantly α-helical secondary structure, however, PrP C can misfold into an isoform rich in extended structure capable of forming toxic and infectious aggregates. While prion disease is believed to be a protein-only disease, one not requiring any non-protein elements for propagation, the different environments the protein finds itself in vivo likely influence its ability to misfold and aggregate. In this review we will examine various molecules, covalent modifications and environments PrP faces in vivo and the effect they have on PrP's local environment and, potentially, conformation. Included in this discussion are: (1) pH, (2) carbohydrates, (3) lipid membranes, (4) metal ions, and (5) small molecules. To cite this article: M.L. DeMarco, V. Daggett, C. R. Biologies 328 (2005).
Ecological relations between hermit crabs and their shell-supplying gastropods: Constrained consumers

Abstract Hermit crabs are critically dependent upon gastropod shells for their survival and reproductive fitness. While anecdotal reports have suggested that hermit crabs may be capable of removing live gastropods from their shells to access the essential shell resource, no systematic experiments have been conducted to investigate this possibility. This paper reports experiments on both marine (Pagurus bernhardus) and terrestrial (Coenobita compressus) hermit crabs in which crabs were paired in the laboratory with the gastropods whose shells they inhabit in the field. Pairings included both shelled and naked crabs and spanned the full range of the gastropod life cycle. Neither marine nor terrestrial hermit crabs were successful at removing live gastropods from their shells. Furthermore, only a small fraction of the crabs (5.7%) were capable of accessing shells in which the gastropod had been killed in advance, with its body left intact inside the shell. Finally, although hermit crabs readily entered empty shells positioned on the surface, few crabs (14.3%) were able to access empty shells that were buried just centimeters beneath them. These results suggest that hermit crabs are constrained consumers, with the shells they seek only being accessible during a narrow time window, which begins following natural gastropod death and bodily decomposition and which typically ends when the gastropod's remnant shell has been buried by tidal forces. Further experiments are needed on more species of hermit crabs as well as fine-grained measurements of (i) the mechanical force required to pull a gastropod body from its shell and (ii) the maximum corresponding force that can be generated by different hermit crab species' chelipeds.
Functions of fibroblast growth factors in vertebrate development

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a class of secreted polypeptide ligands which mediate diverse cellular responses during embryonic, fetal, and postnatal vertebrate development. The purposes of this review are to provide a condensed overview of FGFs and their receptors, to catalog and categorize the functions of FGFs in vertebrate development, to present recent discoveries relating to the interplay of FGFs with other secreted ligands in the control of tissue growth and patterning, and to discuss several potential directions for future research in the field.
Dispersion-free fiber transmission for femtosecond pulses by use of a dispersion-compensating fiber and a programmable pulse shaper.

We demonstrate nearly distortionless 2.5-km fiber transmission of sub-500-fs pulses, using a combination of standard single-mode fiber, dispersion-compensating fiber, and a programmable pulse shaper for simultaneous quadratic and cubic dispersion compensation. The dispersion-compensating fiber corrects the bulk of the quadratic and the cubic phases for the single-mode fiber, and the fiber-pigtailed programmable pulse shaper exactly compensates the residual dispersion terms. Together these elements permit complete recompression of pulses, which first broaden by ?400 times in the single-mode fiber.
A laboratory investigation of personality type and break-taking behavior

Abstract The Type A personality trait is characterized by time urgency and competitiveness and has been shown to have an impact on human performance in a variety of settings. A laboratory study was conducted to assess the effect of personality type on the break-taking behavior of participants asked to perform a fatiguing overhead work task. Sixteen subjects (eight classified as Type A individuals and eight classified as Type B individuals) performed 40 repetitions of a simple assembly task in an overhead position and were allowed to take breaks as needed. The dependent measures included the time to complete the experiment, the average cycle time, the number of breaks taken, the total amount of break time, and the average pain level experienced during the whole experiment. The results of this study showed a wide range in the work–rest strategies employed by the participants. Some chose regularly scheduled breaks, others seemed to identify a specific pain threshold at which they would take a break, while still others adopted a strategy of taking a small number of longer breaks. Interestingly, personality type did not have a significant effect on the break-taking behavior of the participants as defined by our dependent measures. Further, an analysis of a cadre of additional potential covariates (upper extremity anthropometric characteristics, pain level at break time, etc.) did not provide any additional predictive ability in the analysis of the break-taking behavior. The results do show that these intra-individual “strategies” that the participants employed in performing this fatiguing task appear to be stable over the duration of the experiment, indicating that there are probably additional individual characteristics that may be driving the response, providing an interesting direction for future research. Relevance to industry Work-related musculoskeletal disorders continue to be a considerable problem in many industries. Personal characteristics of the worker may influence their exposures to recognized risk factors, and the evaluation of personality type relative to one component of work style (break-taking behaviors) is the focus of this work.
Theoretical studies of the modern turbomolecular pump

Abstract It is important to complement and improve the theory of the turbomolecular pump for the purpose of calculating accurately its pumping characteristics and optimising the blade design. Further investigations on the pumping mechanism of a single stage modern turbomolecular pump are made according to the theory of transmission probability. A new model to explain the pumping mechanism of a single stage is proposed under the condition that the blade-to-molecule velocity ratio is
Objective Assessment of Skills in Intraocular Surgery (OASIS).

Objective To establish an objective ophthalmic surgical evaluation protocol to assess residents' surgical competency and improve residents' surgical outcomes. Participants Eight experts in resident education from comprehensive ophthalmology, cornea, glaucoma, and retina services; 2 chief residents (postgraduate year 5 [PGY5]); and resident representatives from PGYs 2, 3, and 4 participated in the development of an objective assessment tool of skills in resident cataract surgery. Methods Analysis of all resident cataract surgeries performed at our service from July 2001 to July 2003 led to the development of a 1-page objective evaluation form to assess residents' skills in cataract surgery. A panel of surgeons at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary reviewed the database and the evaluation form and provided constructive feedback. Results Development of a unique database of all resident cataract cases and constructive feedback by experts in resident teaching assisted in creating a 1-page evaluation form entitled Objective Assessment of Skills in Intraocular Surgery (OASIS). Conclusions OASIS has face and content validity and can be used to assess, objectively, surgical events and surgical skill. We believe the OASIS evaluation form and database will be a valuable tool for assessing ophthalmology residents' surgical skills at other residency programs as well.
Chlorophyll sensitized charge separation in phospholipid vesicles.

— Chlorophyll (chl) a in sonicated egg yolk lecithin vesicles, even with local concentrations of 0.1 M, exists in its monomeric form as is evident by the absorption, circular dichroic and EPR spectra of such suspensions. With the water soluble oxidants, K3Fe(CN)6 or SmCl3, it is possible to photoproduce the chl cation radical. With K3Fe(CN)6 as acceptor the formation and decay kinetics can be explained by a second order process influenced by diffusion of the water soluble components in this heterogenous system. With the exception of an iron-sulfur protein isolated from Rhodospirillum ruhrum, we have not detected a photochemical reaction of chl with various iron-sulfur proteins or ubiquinone.
Genetic lineage tracing defines distinct neurogenic and gliogenic stages of ventral telencephalic radial glial development.

Background Radial glia comprise a molecularly defined neural progenitor population but their role in neurogenesis has remained contested due to the lack of a single universally accepted genetic tool for tracing their progeny and the inability to distinguish functionally distinct developmental stages.
Hydrolysis of picolinylprolines by prolidase. A general mechanism for the dual-metal ion containing aminopeptidases.

The velocity of enzymic cleavage of 4-substituted picolinylprolines by swine kidney prolidase approaches that of physiological dipeptides, but depends substantially upon the nature of the pyridine-ring substituent. The pH dependence of kcat/Km for picolinylproline is sigmoidal, with optimum activity on the acidic limb and a delimiting enzymic pKa of 6.6, unlike glycylproline (bell-shaped pH profile, maximum at pH 7.7). Productive chelation to an active site metal ion by the N terminus of substrates is indicated, with a water molecule ligated to that hyper(Lewis)acidic center prior to substrate binding supplying the pKaof 6.6. The rate-governing catalytic step differs according to the 4-substituent on the picolinyl residue; productive binding is slow in the case of electron-withdrawing groups, but subsequent nucleophilic addition to the metal ion-activated scissile linkage becomes controlling with more basic pyridine rings. Rate constants yield a Br-type correlation with substrate pKa, providing a gauge of active-site Lewis acidity. A mechanism is suggested involving the cooperative participation of two especially acidic metal ions positioned adjacently within the active site (situated as in an homologous and structurally characterized aminopeptidase), with both serving to stabilize a bridging carboxamide-hydrate intermediate.
Categorical Person Perception in Computer-Mediated Communication: Effects of Character Representation and Knowledge Bias on Sex Inference and Informational Social Influence

This experiment investigated the effects of arbitrarily assigned characters and sex-linked knowledge bias on the sex inference about an anonymous interactant in text-based CMC. In a 2 (participant's sex: man vs. woman) × 2 (knowledge bias: sports vs. fashion) × 2 (partner's character: man vs. woman) between-subjects experiment (N = 163), participants played a trivia game with an ostensible partner. As hypothesized, self-proclaimed expertise in a sex-typed topic evoked stereotype-consistent sex inferences. In addition, women tended to factor in the partner's character in inferring the person's sex, although men did not show the corresponding tendency. Character effects extended to conformity behavior, such that participants were more likely to conform to the male-charactered than female-charactered partner when answering male-oriented questions. Findings are discussed in light of the Social Identity model of Deindividuation Effects (SIDE) and the stereotypes-as-explanations account.
Predictive modeling of thermoelastic energy dissipation in tunable MEMS mirrors

The design of microstructures with a high quality factor Q value is of significant importance in many microelectromechanical sys- tem MEMS applications. Thermoelastic damping can cause an intrinsic energy loss that affects the Q value of high-frequency resonance in those devices such as MEMS mirrors. We deal with the simulation and analysis of thermoelastic damping of MEMS mirrors based on the finite element method. Four designs of MEMS mirrors with different geometric shapes are studied. In each model, the dynamic responses of the sys- tem subjected to thermoelastic damping are compared to those of the undamped modes. Then we present a systematic parametric study on both the resonant frequency and the Q value as functions of various representative parameters. These results are useful for early prediction of thermoelastic energy loss, not only restricted to the MEMS mirrors but also applicable in more general MEMS resonators and filters design.
Theory of the optical properties of phonon systems with disordered force constants, with application to NH4Cl

Abstract A theory of systems with substitutional disorder is presented. The theory treats off-diagonal disorder and is thus suitable for application to systems with disordered force constants. An example of such a system, to which particular consideration is given, is NH 4 Cl, which has a disordered phase in which the force constants between NH 4 + ions are disordered because there are two equally probable orientations of an NH 4 + ion within a unit cell. The effect of disorder, in particular the breakdown of k-conservation, on the optical properties of such systems is studied via a calculation of the single-particle Green's function. Both the optical absorption and Raman cross section are shown to be related to the self-energy of this Green's function, and expressions for these quantities are obtained which are exact to second order in the ratio of order-dependent to non order-dependent force constants. The major qualitative features of the expression for the Raman cross section are found to be in good agreement with existing Raman scattering data on NH 4 Cl.
Crack azimuths on Europa: the G1 lineament sequence revisited

Abstract The tectonic sequence in the anti-jovian area covered by regional mapping images from Galileo's orbit E15 is determined from a study of cross-cutting relationships among lineament features. The sequence is used to test earlier results from orbit G1, based on lower resolution images, which appeared to display a progressive change in azimuthal orientation over about 90° in a clockwise sense. Such a progression is consistent with expected stress variations that would accompany plausible non-synchronous rotation. The more recent data provide a more complete record than the G1 data did. We find that to fit the sequence into a continual clockwise change of orientation would require at least 1000° (>5 cycles) of azimuthal rotation. If due to non-synchronous rotation of Europa, this result implies that we are seeing back further into the tectonic record than the G1 results had suggested. The three sets of orientations found by Geissler et al. now appear to have been spaced out over several cycles, not during a fraction of one cycle. While our more complete sequence of lineament formation is consistent with non-synchronous rotation, a statistical test shows that it cannot be construed as independent evidence. Other lines of evidence do support non-synchronous rotation, but azimuths of crack sequences do not show it, probably because only a couple of cracks form in a given region in any given non-synchronous rotation period.
Collaborative online projects for English language learners in science

This paper summarizes how collaborative online projects (COPs) are used to facilitate science content-area learning for English Learners of Hispanic origin. This is a Mexico-USA partnership project funded by the National Science Foundation. A COP is a 10-week thematic science unit, completely online, and bilingual (Spanish and English) designed to provide collaborative learning experiences with culturally and linguistically relevant science instruction in an interactive and multimodal learning environment. Units are integrated with explicit instructional lessons that include: (a) hands-on and laboratory activities, (b) interactive materials and interactive games with immediate feedback, (c) animated video tutorials, (d) discussion forums where students exchange scientific learning across classrooms in the USA and in Mexico, and (e) summative and formative assessments. Thematic units have been aligned to U.S. National Science Education Standards and are under current revisions for alignment to the Common Core State Standards. Training materials for the teachers have been integrated into the project website to facilitate self-paced and independent learning. Preliminary findings of our pre-experimental study with a sample of 53 students (81 % ELs), distributed across three different groups, resulted in a 21 % statistically significant points increase from pretest to posttest assessments of science content learning, t(52) = 11.07, p = .000.
An internal element of the measles virus antigenome promoter modulates replication efficiency

The cis-acting sequence elements that direct measles virus (MV) genome synthesis reside in the 109 base non-coding region at the 5′ trailer (3′ antigenomic) end of MV genome that makes up the antigenomic promoter (AGP). The MV-AGP nucleotides 79–96, corresponding to nucleotide hexamers 14, 15 and 16 (the C′ element), show sequence similarity with the equivalent region of many paramyxoviruses and are analogous to the three nucleotide hexamers that form the second replication control element in the Sendai virus AGP. In this study, results of two independent procedures demonstrate that the MV C′ element also is a replication control sequence. Results of in vivo nucleotide selection experiments show that selection pressure for retaining the wild type nucleotides at the first position of each of the three hexamers, and for the fifth position of the 14th hexamer was relatively high. However, with continued replication, preference for the conservation of wild type nucleotides across the entire C′ element was clearly evident. Results of mutational analysis of individual nucleotides in one or more hexamers in a measles-helper-virus driven reporter gene rescue system agreed with these results. Substitutions at the first position of the 14th, the 15th or the 16th hexamers reduced minireplicon activity dramatically. In contrast, changes at the other five positions of any one hexamer had little or no effect on minireplicon activity, even when all the five bases were changed at the same time. However, when minireplicons were analyzed which contained point mutations at equivalent positions in all three hexamers, it was evident that the nucleotides, particularly those at the 5th position, were also important components of the C′ element. This pattern of sequence requirement in the C′ element based on mutational analysis could be described as a distinct motif, 5′-(GNNNAN)2GNNNCN-3′, that is important for MV replication.
More effective field theory for non-relativistic scattering

Abstract An effective field theory treatment of nucleon-nucleon scattering at low energy shows much promise and could prove to be a useful tool in the study of nuclear matter at both ordinary and extreme densities. The analysis is complicated by the existence a large length scale - the scattering length — which arises due to couplings in the short distance theory being near critical values. I show how this can be dealt with by introducing an explicit s-channel state in the effective field theory. The procedure is worked out analytically in a toy example. I then demonstrate that a simple effective field theory excellently reproduces the 1S0 np phase shift up to the pion production threshold.
Ultrasound produced by wings of adults of Heliothis zea

Abstract Certain noctuid moths in flight generate a series of ultrasonic clicks (sounds) that are synchronous with their wingbeats. These clicks in the bollworm moth, Heliothis zea , were found to be caused by momentary contact of the tips of the forewings at the top of the flight stroke during vigorous flight. The maximum distance that an individual H. zea moth could detect the flight-generated clicks of another H. zea proved to range from 70 to 100 cm based on the response of the tympanic nerve.
Fine Structure in the Helium Band Lines

As is now well known, the electron levels of He2 fall into two systems, p-He2 and o-He2, paralleling the p-He and o-He terms. The o-He2 and p-He2 levels are, on theoretical grounds, probably respectively triplets and singlets like the corresponding atomic levels (cf. especially W. Weizel, Zeits. f. Physik, 51, 328; 52, 175; 54, 321; 1928–29). But no evidence of triplet structure in the o-He2 levels has been reported, except probably in one perturbed 5π rotational level (cf. G. H. Dieke, NATURE, Mar. 23, 1929). This is not altogether surprising, since the o-He terms show only very narrow fine structures, the largest separations being in the 23P term (3P0 – 3P1, Δρ = 0.991, 3P1 – 3P2, Δρ = 0.077).
Transient solution for megajoule energy release in a lumped‐parameter series RLC circuit

A method is developed for optimizing the energy release from a megajoule capacitive discharge in a series RLC circuit with an RL load. Both the resistance and inductance of the load are represented by effective values that characterize their behavior during the discharge. Using Kirchhoff's laws, equations utilizing the load impedance and the external circuit impedance are derived for determining the instantaneous load voltage and energy characteristics. A program (ERES) computes and displays the load characteristics and the circuit current. Use of the ERES program allows a designer to perturbate values of the circuit elements in order to produce the desired time distribution for the load energy input.
Inducing Liouville theory from topologically massive gravity

Abstract The well-known relationship between three-dimensional Chern-Simons theories and two-dimensional Wess-Zumino-Witten models may be understood as a straightforward consequence of symmetry breaking at the boundary of a three-manifold. In the standard Faddeev-Popov gauge fixing of a Chern-Simons path integral, the gauge group fails to decouple at the boundary, inducing instead a WZW action. From this point of view, the topological nature of Chern-Simons theory is no longer crucial. In particular, it is shown that (dynamical) topologically massive gauge theories give rise to WZW actions, and that topologically massive gravity induces a two-dimensional gravitational (Liouville) action. The equivalence of the three-dimensional local Lorentz anomaly and the associated two-dimensional conformal anomaly is demonstrated, and some new light is shed on the relationship between Liouville theory and the SL(2, R ) WZW model.
Visualization of Ventricular Septal Defects by Cardiac Ultrasonography

Anatomically true cross-sectional ultrasonic images of the heart have demonstrated ventricular septal defects in 25 patients with this lesion as an isolated anomaly or in conjunction with other defects. In two additional patients a defect was visualized but confirmation was not obtained. Ventricular septal defects were not demonstrated in 13 other patients in whom this lesion was identified by other techniques. In these instances the lesion was not sought for, was inaccessible, or was too small to image. Defects were manifested by the septum overriding the posterior great artery, septal discontinuity immediately below the posterior semilunar valve, or a discontinuity caudal to the posterior semilunar valve. It appears that cardiac ultrasonography may be able to demonstrate most of the common larger ventricular septal defects occurring in the infracristal region of the septum.
State Practice in the Management and Allocation of Transboundary Ground Water Resources in North America

Throughout the world, international and state political boundaries divide ground water resources into politically convenient jurisdictions. Subsurface water, however, does not recognize such borders and flows freely without regard to overlying politics. This disregard for the political dimension, coupled with the growing global importance of fresh water, has the potential for aggravating disputes and conflicts over the use, allocation, and preservation of such resources. To date, widely accepted norms of international law applicable to transboundary aquifers have yet to emerge. However, local and regional agreements, including both formal and unofficial arrangements, suggest the emergence of state practice that should be considered as bases for emerging customary international law. This paper reviews transboundary ground water agreements in North America at both the subnational and international levels. These range from informal memoranda of understanding between bordering sister cities, to formal international agreements involving nations. Significantly, the majority of the arrangements identified are unofficial pacts without formal endorsement of the respective governments, and most were concluded at the subnational level. Although the agreements and their scope vary dramatically, many commonalities do exist. These include an emphasis on generally accepted international principles of cooperation, prior notification of planed activities, sharing of data and information, and public participation. They also underscore a preference for subsidiarity and for developing local solutions for local issues. In addition to identifying these commonalities, this paper reviews the legal mechanisms employed by the parties in an effort to better appreciate drafting and enforcement concerns. Furthermore, dissimilarities related to differences in geology, climate, local needs, and other unique factors are addressed. Finally, the paper considers the changing function of regional agreements and their role in the development of international custom, and concludes by emphasizing the importance and effectiveness of local and regional agreements that are tailored to local characteristics and circumstances.
Building theories of reading ability: On the relation between individual differences in cognitive skills and reading comprehension ☆

Abstract To date most theories of reading ability have emphasized a single factor as the major source of individual differences in performance. However there has been little agreement on what that factor is. However, candidates have included visual discrimination, phonological and semantic recoding, short-term memory, and utilization of linguistic knowledge and context. The single- factor theories are summarized. Literature is then reviewed to show that no single-factor theory is likely to be right, because a very wide range of component skills and abilities has in fact been shown to correlate with reading success. Among them are discrimination of letter location and letter order during perceptual recognition, use of orthographic regularity as an aid to visual code formation, use of spelling-to-sound regularity in phonological recoding, memory for word order, spontaneous identification of syntactic relations, flexibility in prediction from syntactic and semantic context, and context-specificity in semantic encoding. It is concluded that more complex, multifactor models of reading ability are required, and some recent attempts to collect data conducive to such a model are described. In the process, three different approaches to identifying factors relevant to reading success are delineated. These are general abilities assessment, learning potential assessment, and component skills analysis. Two methods of conducting component skills analysis are presented, and it is recommended that they be used as converging operations. Finally, the results of a component skills analysis are used to construct a tentative example of a class of hierarchical models of reading ability that can be pursued developmentally.
Classification of image pixels based on minimum distance and hypothesis testing

In this article, we introduce a new method of image pixel classification. Our method is a nonparametric classification method which uses combined evidence from the multiple hypothesis testings and minimum distance to carry out the classification. Our work is motivated by the test-based classification introduced by Liao and Akritas (2007). We focus on binary and multiclass classification of image pixels taking into account both equal and unequal prior probability of classes. Experiments show that our method works better in classifying image pixels in comparison with some of the standard classification methods such as linear discriminant analysis, quadratic discriminant analysis, classification tree, the polyclass method, and the Liao and Akritas method. We apply our classifier to perform image segmentation. Experiments show that our test-based segmentation has excellent edge detection and texture preservation property for both gray scale and color images.
Plasmon energy gain and double ionization satellites in the Be Auger spectrum

Abstract Two relatively weak, higher energy satellites are observed at 18 and 38 eV above the Be KVV Auger spectrum. The lower energy satellite is assigned to coupling of energy from bulk plasmon de-excitations ( h ω ∼ 18 eV) with Auger electrons and the higher energy event to Auger electrons ejected from Be atoms with doubly ionized K levels.
Size-depth tradeoffs for Boolean formulae

Abstract We present a simplified proof that Brent/Spira restructuring of Boolean formulas can be improved to allow a Boolean formula of size n to be transformed into an equivalent log depth formula of size O ( n α ) for arbitrary α >1.
The validity of incivility measures in public housing

Both criminologists and policy makers have argued that abandoned cars, buildings, and apartment units, public drunkenness, graffiti, and other assorted unpleasantries communicate to many persons, the absence of both formal and informal social control. Wilson and Kelling hypothesized that these incivilities, or signs of disorder, lead to a higher rate of crime, victimization, and residents' perceptionof the fear of crime. In his recent review of the incivilities thesis, Taylor identified four types of measurement strategies for incivilities including residents' perceptions and on-site assessments. Using data from two public housing developments in inner-city Denver, this paper measures incivilities using both of these strategies. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis reveal that these two strategies appear to index different factors (between-measurement heterogeneity), and that variation also exists within on-site assessments (within-measurement heterogeneity). Thus the analysis fails to find eviden...
Nanoscale engineering of photoelectron processes by charging quantum dots

Novel approach to control of photoelectron processes is based on nanoscale engineering of 3D potential profile employing quantum dots with built-in charge (Q-BIC). Charging of quantum dots creates local potential barriers around single dots, if dots are arbitrary distributed in the medium, and collective barriers around dot clusters, rows etc, if quantum dots form specific structures. Manipulations with potential barriers provide an effective tool for suppression of fast capture processes of photocarriers by quantum dots. This allows one to increase the photocarrier lifetime and to reduce the recombination losses. The charging of dots also enhances the electron coupling to infrared radiation and multi-step absorption of sub-gap photons. Q-BIC nanomaterials have a number of attractive features to be used in photovoltaic and sensing applications.
Against the Privatization of Water: An Indigenous Model for Improving Existing Laws and Successfully Governing the Commons

Abstract The privatization of water is being strongly promoted by the World Bank in Peru and other countries as a solution to the problems commonly afflicting irrigation and water management, a proposal that has inspired strong protest among peasant farmers throughout the Andes. A viable alternative to it is presented here, one that would allow the Bank to do many of the things it would like to in creating water markets while making a serious effort, not only to protect the rights of small farmers in the region, but to improve dramatically the way that irrigation is carried out in many areas. This counterproposal is based on the fundamental principles of an indigenous Andean model for management.
Why doctors and their organisations must help tackle climate change: an essay by Eric Chivian.

Doctors are ideally placed to provide people with compelling, concrete examples of the medical consequences of climate change, argues Eric Chivian. Not only do they have the ability to turn around the potentially destructive changes to the environment caused by human behaviour, but they also have the responsibility to do so
Covalent Functionalization and Electron-Transfer Properties of Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanofibers: The Importance of Edge-Plane Sites

The use of covalently bonded molecular layers provides a way to combine the outstanding stability and electrochemical properties of carbon-based structures with the unique properties of molecular structures for applications such as electrocatalysis and solar conversion. The functionalization of vertically aligned carbon nanofibers (VACNFs) with 1-alkenes, using ultraviolet light, was investigated as a potential way to impart a variety of different functional groups onto the nanofiber sidewalls. We report how variations in the nanofiber growth rate impact both the amount of exposed edge-plane sites and the resulting electrochemical activity toward Ru(NH3)63+/2+ and Fe(CN)63−/4− redox couples. Measurements of the distribution of surface oxides show that surface oxides are unaffected by the grafting of alkenes to the nanofibers. Carbon nanofiber reactivity was also compared to multiwalled and single-walled carbon nanotubes. Our results demonstrate that edge-plane sites are preferred sites for photochemical g...