cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flying Qualities Specifications and Design Standards for Unmanned Air Vehicles

An increasing number of unmanned air vehicle (UAV) systems are being developed for use by the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps. The adequate design and development of UAV platforms is crucial to future fleet operations. Flying qualities standards and criteria are currently deficient for UAVs and rely heavily on manned air vehicle standards and guidance. UAV specific missions, tasking, and payload requirements warrant development of new standards and criteria. Inadequate flying qualities specifications for UAVs may lead to reduced operational effectiveness, high loss rates, increased development cost and delays, and unnecessary design requirements. Typical guidance used in developing UAV platform system specifications for flying qualities has been MIL-F-8785, MIL-HDBK-1797, MIL- HDBK-516, and ADS-33-PRF. These documents, developed as manned specifications, are correlated to pilot comfort and abilities, and have not been updated to address UAV specific needs and requirements. Current UAV specifications do not take into account sensor and payload mission requirements, and changes in basic flying qualities criteria that would allow more flexibility to the UAV designer without compromising airworthiness or mission performance. For example, traditional stall warning devices that ensure safe margin for pilots could be replaced with requirements for sensors and software that recognize and recover from upset conditions when they occur. Modifications to the existing manned flying qualities specifications go well beyond removing requirements for stick force gradients, but delve into the basic stability and control requirements of the airborne system itself. A UAV design should be aided, not hampered, by the more than 100 years of manned aviation history, to reach its full potential for mission performance. This paper briefly assesses the contents of the various fixed wing flying qualities specifications, identifies certain deficiencies with respect to UAVs, and proposes the development of new flying qualities criteria, specifications, and design standards specific to UAV platforms. Additionally, this paper identifies key research areas for the future.
Location and identification of the genes for adenovirus type 2 early polypeptides

Abstract Virus-specific RNA was prepared from cells early after adenovirus type 2 infection and fractionated by hybridization to specific fragments of viral DNA. The viral mRNA was used to program cell-free protein synthesis, and the products were analyzed by electrophoresis. The genes for the early polypeptides of apparent molecular weight 44,000, 15,000, 72,000, 15,500, 19,000, and 11,000 daltons were located, respectively, between positions 0–4.1, 4.1–16.7, 58.5–70.7, 75.9–83.4, 89.7–98.6, and 89.7–98.6 of the conventional adenovirus DNA map. The polypeptide of molecular weight 72,000 daltons was shown to be the single-strand DNA-binding protein described by others. RNAs from three different adeno-transformed cell lines each program the synthesis in vitro of predominantly the 15K polypeptide, as well as variable amounts of the polypeptide of molecular weight 44,000 daltons. The genes for these two polypeptides are located in the portion of DNA known to be required for transformation of rodent cells by adenovirus.
Am I Not a Husband and a Father? Re-membering Black Masculinity, Slave Incarceration, and Cherokee Slavery in The Life and Adventures of Henry Bibb, an American Slave

The greatest of my adventures came off when I arrived at Jefferson City. There I expected to meet an advertisement for my person; it was there I must cross the river or take a steamboat down; it was there I expected to be interrogated and required as to whether I was actually a free man or a slave. If I was free, I should have to show my free papers; and if I was a slave I should be required to tell who my master was. (166, emphasis added)
TNFα-activated stromal COX-2 signalling promotes proliferative and invasive potential of colon cancer epithelial cells

Objectives Up to now it has been unclear whether stromal/epithelial interaction affects progression of colon cancer. This study was designed to examine effects of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)-activated stromal cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) signalling on proliferation and invasiveness of colon cancer epithelial cells. Materials and methods Cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA and protein were determined by real-time PCR and western blotting and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was assayed by radioimmunoassay. Cell proliferation and invasiveness were determined by transwell chamber assays and protein kinase C (PKC) was assayed by Biotrak™ PKC Assay System. Results Our results indicated that TNFα, a powerful inflammatory cytokine, strongly promoted COX-2 expression and PGE2 production in colon cancer-associated fibroblasts. Using in vitro assays for estimating proliferative and invasive potential, we discovered that activation of stromal COX-2 signalling significantly promoted proliferation and invasiveness of colon cancer epithelial cells. In addition, selective COX-2 inhibitor N-[2-(Cyclohexyloxy)-4-nitrophenyl]methanesulfonamide, blocked such proliferative and invasive effects on the cancer epithelial cells. In this process, PKC was involved in activation of COX-2 signalling in the fibroblasts. Conclusion We conclude that activation of stromal COX-2 signalling by TNFα played a major role in promoting proliferation and invasiveness of colon cancer epithelial cells.
Performance prediction and calibration for a class of multiprocessors

A model for predicting multiprocessor performance on iterative algorithms is developed. Each iteration consists of some amount of access to global data and some amount of local processing. The iterations may be synchronous or asynchronous, and the processors may or may not incur waiting time, depending on the relationship between the access time and processing time. The effect on performance of the speed of the processor, memory, and the interconnection network is studied. The model also illustrates the significant impact on performance of decomposing an algorithm into parallel processes. The model's predictions are calibrated with experimental measurements. >
A high dose of MPTP overcomes the protective effect of selegiline against dopaminergic neurotoxicity.

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) at 90 mg kg-1 s.c., a dose lethal in non-pretreated mice, was well tolerated in selegiline [-)-deprenyl)-pretreated mice and produced persistent depletion of striatal dopamine and its metabolites one week after the last of four daily injections. The protective effect of selegiline against dopaminergic neurotoxicity of MPTP can thus be overridden by a high dose of MPTP that would be lethal without selegiline pretreatment.
Adult-Onset Stuttering Treated With Anticonvulsants

• Stuttering and aphasia emerged as salient clinical features in an adult with multifocal brain damage and paroxysmal EEG activity. Anticonvulsant treatment was associated with reversal of the stuttering and with marked improvement in language abilities.
Divergence-free interpolation of vector fields from point values — exact ∇ ⋅B = 0 in numerical simulations

In astrophysical magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and electrodynamics simulations, numerically enforcing the ∇·B= 0 constraint on the magnetic field has been difficult. We observe that for point-based discretization, as used in finite-difference type and pseudo-spectral methods, the ∇·B= 0 constraint can be satisfied entirely by a choice of interpolation used to define the derivatives of B. As an example we demonstrate a new class of finite-difference-type derivative operators on a regular grid which has the ∇·B= 0 property. This principle clarifies the nature of ∇·B≠ 0 errors. The principles and techniques demonstrated in this Letter are particularly useful for the magnetic field, but can be applied to any vector field. This Letter serves as a brief introduction to the method and demonstrates an implementation showing convergence.
The New Role of the Governor.

About twenty years ago, Mr. Bryce, with microscopic vision, observed that the state governor was "not yet a nonentity.'' On the other hand the state legislature was "so much the strongest force in the several states that we may almost call it the Government and ignore all other authorities."2 The strangeness of sound with which these statements strike our ears at the present day is indicative of the length of the road which we have since traveled and of the change which has taken place within recent years in the relative positions of the governor and the legislature in our state governments. The unmistakable tendency which now prevails in many quarters towards an enlargement of the power of the governor directs attention anew to the administrative and political position which that officer occupies and to the manner in which his influence and prestige have been, and may be still further, increased. The administrative position of the governor has been unsatisfactory since the original organization of the state governments. The first state constitutions were largely adaptations of the colonial charters to new conditions and were framed in the light of colonial experience. The conflicts that had taken place between the colonial governors, appointed by the crown, and the colonial legislatures, composed of representatives of the people, had embittered the colonists against the exercise of executive authority. Hence, in the new state constitutions, the predominant legal position was assigned to the legislature, which was made the controlling and regulating force in the state governments, while the executive was rendered weak and inefficient both in organization and function. As Madison
Cystic adventitial disease of the popliteal artery: features on 3T cardiovascular magnetic resonance

Cystic adventitial disease (CAD) of the popliteal artery is a rare vascular disease of unknown etiology in which a mucin-containing cyst develops in the adventitial layer of the artery. We report the case of a 26-year-old male with CAD of the right popliteal artery diagnosed non-invasively with 3 Tesla cardiovascular magnetic resonance and confirmed on post-operative histopathology.
Cognitive and somatic events associated with discriminative changes in heart rate.

In Experiment 1, 23 males were given instructions to think about anxiety-provoking cognitive events (n= 12) or relaxing cognitive events (n= 11) during 20 30-sec training trials. Significant pretrial-to-trial increases in heart rate were noted during anxiety instructions and significant pretrial-to-trial decreases in heart rate were detected during relaxation instructions. In Experiment 2,39 males were again given instructions to think about anxiety-provoking events (n= 19) or relaxing events (n= 20) during 20 30-sec training trials. In addition, half of the subjects in each of these instructional conditions were given digital heart rate feedback consistent with their instructions (e.g., were reinforced for heart rate increases during anxiety instructions), whereas half of the subjects in each instructional condition were given feedback inconsistent with their instructions (e.g., were reinforced for heart rate decreases during anxiety instructions). As in Experiment 1, significant pretrial-to-trial increases in heart rate occurred during anxiety instructions and significant pretrial-to-trial decreases in heart rate were noted during relaxation instructions. The type of feedback which subjects received had no effect on the heart rate changes. The heart rate changes in both experiments were generally accompanied by parallel changes in respiratory rate but not by changes in chin muscle tension. It appears that cognitive events can produce increases and decreases in heart rate which are comparable in magnitude to those noted during biofeedback.
Power-efficient switching-based CMOS UWB transmitters for UWB communications and Radar systems

This paper presents a new carrier-based ultra-wideband (UWB) transmitter architecture. The new UWB transmitter implements a double-stage switching to enhance RF-power efficiency, reduce dc-power consumption, and increase switching speed and isolation, while reducing circuit complexity. In addition, this paper also demonstrates a new carrier-based UWB transmitting module implemented using a 0.18-mum CMOS integrated pulse generator-switch chip. The design of a UWB sub-nanosecond-switching 0.18-mum CMOS single-pole single-throw (SPST) switch, operating from 0.45 MHz to 15 GHz, is discussed. The design of a 0.18-mum CMOS tunable impulse generator is also presented. The edge-compression phenomenon of the impulse signal controlling the SPST switch, which makes the generated UWB signal narrower than the impulse, is described. Measurement results show that the generated UWB signal can vary from 2 V peak-to-peak with 3-dB 4-ns pulsewidth to 1 V with 0.5 ns, covering 10-dB signal bandwidths from 0.5 to 4 GHz, respectively. The generated UWB signal can be tuned to cover the entire UWB frequency range of 3.1-10.6 GHz. The sidelobe suppression in the measured spectrums is more than 15 dB. The entire CMOS module works under a 1.8-V supply voltage and consumes less than 1 mA of dc current. The proposed carrier-based UWB transmitter and the demonstrated module provide an attractive means for UWB signal generation for both UWB communications and radar applications
Challenges to the Programmatic Implementation of Ready to Use Infant Formula in the Post-Earthquake Response, Haiti, 2010: A Program Review

Background and Objectives: Following the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, infant and young child feeding was identified as a priority nutrition intervention. A new approach to support breastfeeding mothers and distribute ready-to-use infant formula (RUIF) to infants unable to breastfeed was established. The objective of the evaluation was to assess the implementation of infant feeding programs using RUIF in displaced persons camps in Port-au-Prince, Haiti during the humanitarian response. Methods: A retrospective record review was conducted from April–July, 2010 to obtain data on infants receiving RUIF in 30 baby tents. A standardized data collection form was created based on data collected across baby tents and included: basic demographics, admission criteria, primary caretaker, feeding practices, and admission and follow-up anthropometrics. Main Findings: Orphans and abandoned infants were the most frequent enrollees (41%) in the program. While the program targeted these groups, it is unlikely that this is a true reflection of population demographics. Despite programmatic guidance, admission criteria were not consistently applied across programs. Thirty-four percent of infants were undernourished (weight for age Z score ,22) at the time of admission. Defaulting accounted for 50% of all program exits and there was no follow-up of these children. Low data quality was a significant barrier. Conclusions: The design, implementation and magnitude of the ‘baby tents’ using RUIF was novel in response to infant and young child feeding (IYCF) in emergencies and presented multiple challenges that should not be overlooked, including adherence to protocols and the adaption of emergency programs to existing programs. The implementation of IYCF programs should be closely monitored to ensure that they achieve the objectives set by the humanitarian community and national government. IYCF is an often overlooked component of emergency preparedness; however to improve response, generic protocols and pre-emergency training and preparedness should be established for humanitarian agencies.
Current harmonics and acoustic noise in AC adjustable speed drives

AC adjustable-speed drives (ASDs) are finding increased opportunities for applications in which acoustic noise is a major consideration for acceptability. The major source of noise in an ASD is the excitation of the motor by nonsinusoidal currents. For load characteristics that simulate the performance required for fans and compressors, ASDs based on induction motors, permanent-magnet motors, and switched reluctance motors have been examined for correlation between current and acoustic noise. The effects that the specific types of noise produced by drives have on human subjects is examined with regard to temporary and permanent hearing-threshold shifts. >
In the Zeal to Synthesize A Call for Congruency

In this column, the author provides a clear explanation of the nature of meta-analysis, systematic reviews, integrative reviews, meta-synthesis, and metasummary along with a discussion of the paradigms that support each. Also the appropriateness of these methods of synthesis and a recommendation as to their use is discussed in terms of the utility of research.
The Fourier scope: An optical instrument for measuring LCD viewing-angle characteristics

— An optical system called the Fourier scope is an improved alternative to the conoscopic microscope for instant measurement of LCD viewing-angle patterns. The Fourier scope includes a hand-held detecting head for measuring on-line flat-panel LCDs, and allows non-critical measurement distances ranging from millimeters to centimeters, a viewing-angle range of ±70°, the use of true color patterns describing color fidelity or dispersion effects, and approximately linear viewing-angle coordinates.
Randomized Comparison of Anatomic and Electrogram Mapping Approaches to Ablation of Typical Atrial Flutter

IsthmusAblation. Introduction: The cavotricuspid isthmus can be ablated using an anatomic approach or an electrogram mapping approach in which sites at which there is a gap in the line of block are targeted. The aim of this study was to compare the anatomic and electrogram mapping approaches for creating a line of block in the cavotricuspid isthmus after an initial, unsuccessful anatomically directed ablation line. Methods and Results: The subjects of this study were 63 patients with isthmus-dependent atrial e utter in whom a single series of contiguous applications of radiofrequency energy guided by e uoroscopy in the cavotricuspid isthmus did not result in complete block. The patients were randomly assigned to additional ablation on an anatomic basis (n 5 31) or guided by single potentials or narrowly split double potentials during coronary sinus pacing (n 5 32). After every 15 applications of radiofrequency energy, the alternate approach was used until complete block was achieved. Before cross-over, complete block was achieved in 6 patients (19%) with the anatomic approach compared with 19 patients (59%) with the electrogram mapping approach (P < 0.005). The electrogram mapping approach also was more effective than the anatomic approach in achieving complete isthmus block after the e rst cross-over (72% vs 23%, P < 0.005) and after the second cross-over (80% vs 42%, P < 0.05). Conclusion: When there is incomplete block after an initial series of applications of radiofrequency energy in the cavotricuspid isthmus, complete block is achieved more efe ciently with an electrogram mapping approach than with an anatomic approach. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 13, pp. 662-666, July 2002)
THE EVOLUTION OF SELF-REGULATED TRANSPOSITION OF TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS

This paper examines the conditions under which self-regulated rates of transposition can evolve in populations of transposable elements infecting sexually reproducing hosts. Models of the evolution of both cis-acting regulation (transposition immunity) and trans-acting regulation (transposition repression) are analyzed. The potential selective advantage to regulation is assumed to be derived from the deleterious effects of mutations associated with the insertion of newly replicated elements. It is shown that both types of regulation can easily evolve in hosts with low rates of genetic recombination per generation, such as bacteria or bacterial plasmids. Conditions are much more restrictive in organisms with relatively free recombination. In haploids, the main selective force promoting regulation is the induction of lethal or sterile mutations by transposition; in diploids, a sufficiently high frequency of dominant lethal or sterile mutations associated with transpositions is required. Data from Drosophila and maize suggest that this requirement can sometimes be met. Coupling of regulatory effects across different families of elements would also aid the evolution of regulation. The selective advantages of restricting transposition to the germ line and of excising elements from somatic cells are discussed.
Perspectives on Centenarian Research

Increased emphasis on centenarian research is needed in order to probe the nature of life near the end of the potential span of the species, gain insights into major historical events, assess beliefs and attitudes that may have persisted, and ponder the implications of such longevity on social institutions. The recent acquisition by the University of Georgia of the extensive centenarian data files of Belle Boone Beard is stimulating research on the very old. Efforts to date include identifying and collecting demographic data from living centenarians or their caregivers, examining the at titudes of youth toward different age groups of the elderly and centenarians' attitudes toward youth, and conducting intensive life history interviews with a limited number of persons 100 years old or older. The rapid increase of the very old population sug gests that colleges and universities have an opportunity as well as an obligation to probe the nature and implications of "second century" people.
Distinct Signaling Roles of Ceramide Species in Yeast Revealed Through Systematic Perturbation and Systems Biology Analyses

Ceramide, the central molecule of sphingolipid metabolism, is an important bioactive molecule that participates in various cellular regulatory events and that has been implicated in disease. Deciphering ceramide signaling is challenging because multiple ceramide species exist, and many of them may have distinct functions. We applied systems biology and molecular approaches to perturb ceramide metabolism in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and inferred causal relationships between ceramide species and their potential targets by combining lipidomic, genomic, and transcriptomic analyses. We found that during heat stress, distinct metabolic mechanisms controlled the abundance of different groups of ceramide species and provided experimental support for the importance of the dihydroceramidase Ydc1 in mediating the decrease in dihydroceramides during heat stress. Additionally, distinct groups of ceramide species, with different N-acyl chains and hydroxylations, regulated different sets of functionally related genes, indicating that the structural complexity of these lipids produces functional diversity. The transcriptional modules that we identified provide a resource to begin to dissect the specific functions of ceramides.
Component development and integration issues for MOEMS

Following over a decade of MOEMS component development, attention in the research, development and commercial arenas has begun a significant shift to system-level integration of these structures. Applications abound in fields including optical communications, integrated sensors and bio/chemo diagnostics. Furthermore, the impending need for wafer- level integration of MOEMS with logic and actuation is driving R&D into developing a compatible process flow for ultimate, low-cost technology deployment. This paper will describe recent advances in MOEMS development and integration projects at the UAlbany Institute for Materials (UAIM). This discussion will focus on operational details of selected MOEMS projects including diffractive/reflective arrays, VCSEL arrays, and integrated sensor systems. These research and development details will be presented against a backdrop of the NanoFab 200 at UAIM, a unique 200 mm wafer prototyping and integration facility. In particular, reconfigurable diffractive and reflective arrays are currently under development in several complementary programs at UAIM. These programs encompass optical interconnect studies, active spectroscopy and metrology development. This paper will present the current status of these programs that are focused on optical performance improvements, process flow integration, packaging and lifetime tests. To complement these activities, selected MOEMS components are being integrated with VCSEL arrays for application to a variety of sensor systems. Development details of the VCSEL arrays and compatibility issues with custom MOEMS systems will be described. Finally, selected details of 200mm wafer-level integration studies will be presented to illustrate challenges and opportunities.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Forbidden but Not Suppressed: a 'Vernacular' Land Market in Svosve Communal Lands, Zimbabwe.

This article examines the status of land tenure in Zimbabwe following the 'Fast Track' land reforms of 2000–3. It finds that post-reform land tenure remains strongly dualist, with land sales and rental prohibited on the land (about two thirds of the total) classified as 'A1' resettlement or 'communal areas', while tradeable leases apply to much of the remainder, classified as 'commercial land'. The article draws on fieldwork in Svosve Communal Area and on previous studies on land transactions in Zimbabwe to argue that land sales and rental transactions are an enduring feature of land use in Zimbabwe's 'communal areas'. Moreover, the article argues that, despite government prohibition, there is evidence that such transactions are being fuelled by increasing demand for land arising from the collapse in the non-farm economy in Zimbabwe. The article argues that while the logic of informal (or 'vernacular') land sales and rental is widely recognized by land users in communal and resettlement areas, government prohibition, in favour of asserting land allocation rights of customary authorities, is driven by considerations of political control of the rural vote. Cet article examine l'etat du foncier au Zimbabwe a la suite du programme accelere de reforme fonciere (Fast Track) entre 2000 et 2003. Il constate que le foncier post-reforme reste fortement dualiste, avec d'un cote des terres classees zones « communales » ou de reinstallation A1 (environ un tiers du total) frappees d'une interdiction de vente ou de location, et de l'autre essentiellement des terres « commerciales » auxquelles s'appliquent des baux negociables. L'article s'appuie sur des travaux menes dans la zone communale de Svosve et sur des etudes precedentes sur les transactions foncieres au Zimbabwe pour soutenir que les transactions de vente et de location foncieres sont une constante de l'utilisation des terres dans les « zones communales » du Zimbabwe. De plus, l'article soutient qu'en depit de l'interdiction gouvernementale, il semble que ces transactions soient alimentees par la demande croissante de terres resultant de l'effondrement de l'economie non agricole au Zimbabwe. L'article affirme que, alors que la logique de vente et de location fonciere informelle (ou « vernaculaire ») est largement reconnue par les utilisateurs de terres des zones communales et de reinstallation, l'interdiction gouvernementale qui encourage les autorites coutumieres a revendiquer leurs droits d'affectation des terres est mue par des considerations de controle politique du vote rural.
Looking you in the mouth: abnormal gaze in autism resulting from impaired top-down modulation of visual attention

People with autism are impaired in their social behavior, including their eye contact with others, but the processes that underlie this impairment remain elusive. We combined high-resolution eye tracking with computational modeling in a group of 10 high-functioning individuals with autism to address this issue. The group fixated the location of the mouth in facial expressions more than did matched controls, even when the mouth was not shown, even in faces that were inverted and most noticeably at latencies of 200–400 ms. Comparisons with a computational model of visual saliency argue that the abnormal bias for fixating the mouth in autism is not driven by an exaggerated sensitivity to the bottom-up saliency of the features, but rather by an abnormal top-down strategy for allocating visual attention.
Estimating and adjusting for ancestry admixture in statistical methods for relatedness inference, heritability estimation, and association testing

It is well known that genetic association studies are not robust to population stratification. Two widely used approaches for the detection and correction of population structure are principal component analysis and model-based estimation of ancestry. These methods have been shown to give reliable inference on population structure in unrelated samples. We evaluated these two approaches in Mexican American pedigrees provided by the Genetic Analysis Workshop 18. We also estimated identity-by-descent sharing probabilities and kinship coefficients, with adjustment for ancestry admixture, to confirm documented pedigree relationships as well as to identify cryptic relatedness in the sample. We also estimated the heritability of the first simulated replicate of diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Finally, we performed an association analysis with simulated DBP, comparing the performance of an association method that corrects for population structure but does not account for relatedness to a method that adjusts for both population and pedigree structure. Analyses with simulated DBP were performed with knowledge of the underlying trait model.
Jagtia kunradensis , a new genus and species of clawed lobster (Decapoda: Nephropidae) from the Upper Cretaceous (Upper Maastrichtian) Maastricht Formation, The Netherlands

Abstract A new genus and species of clawed lobster, Jagtia kunradensis, is described from the Upper Cretaceous (Upper Maastrichtian) Kunrade Limestone facies of the Maastricht Formation, The Netherlands. Three nephropid lobster genera and at least three species (Oncopareia bredai Bosquet, 1854, sensu Tshudy, 1993, Oncopareia sp. Tshudy, 1993, Hoploparia beyrichi Schluter, 1862, and Jagtia kunradensis) have now been collected from limestones of the Maastrichtian type area (southeastern Netherlands and northeastern Belgium). Cladistic methods were employed in re-evaluating the phylogenetic relationships of the nephropid lobsters, including Jagtia. These analyses indicate that Jagtia is part of a clade that includes the recent Thymops and Thymopsis. The new genus is the first fossil form to be closely allied with these deep-water genera.
The Poverty of 'Corruption': Confusions and Disagreements About the Rotten in Politics

During the debate over what was then known as the McCain-Feingold campaign finance reform bill, Senator Mitch McConnell took issue with the claim that the bill would combat corruption. “How can there be corruption if no one is corrupt?” McConnell asked, “That’s like saying the gang is corrupt but none of the gangsters are.” Such rhetorical tropes pose a dilemma for those who would define corruption. One response would be to dispute the implicit definition of corruption. Students of political theory and empirical political science have proposed numerous definitions of corruption, yet there is little consensus on definitions. This poses a problem for measurement, but it also poses a problem for political discourse. It is easy for those who have competing objectives or ideologies to talk past each other or to compete over whose definition is “correct.” In our opinion, however, the problem is not one of definition; classical and modern philosophers have shown more agreement than disagreement in their conceptualization of the term, and debates over definition often descend into semantics. Rather, the problem is that the object of corruption is often unspecified in contemporary political discussions. Who, or what, can be corrupted, and what are the implications of specifying (or failing to specify) the object to which one is referring? In this paper we explore common themes in philosophers’ definitions of corruption. We note the different objects of corruption in these treatments, including individuals, institutions, states, peoples, and the various tools or procedures used by these various actors. Adjudicating in common whether a particular object is corrupt involves agreeing on appropriate standards for that object. At the same time, however, for many objects of possible corruption these standards are perennially disputed; this is especially true when the object at issue is an institution or perhaps an entire regime. Consequently, by discussing the corruption of these objects people are, whether they know it or not, drawn into perennial, fundamental questions of political life, questions which, if pursued thoughtfully, lead to the classical topics of political theory about the nature of justice and about the human and common good served and sought by those objects. Rather than proffering another definition of corruption that would apply to all possible objects or attempting to settle these permanent political questions, the paper wishes to clarify how political discourse often confuses standards appropriate to different objects of corruption and to highlight how political discourse about corruption often implicates us in classical questions of political philosophy.
Industrial social work as an arena for practice

Paul A. Kurzman, Ph.D., is Professor and Chairperson, World of Work Pro gram, Hunter College School of Social Work, City University of New York, New York, New York. Sheila H. Akabas, Ph.D., is Associate Professor and Director, Industrial Social Welfare Center, Columbia University School of Social Work, New York, New York. Portions of this article were presented at a conference "A World of Work Per spective for Social Work Education," Racine, Wisconsin, April 1979. The work was funded in part by the Lois and Samuel Silberman Fund and the Johnson Foundation. DILEMMAS AND OPPORTUNITIES quietly—or perhaps not so quietly—a may be translated into specific activi revolution has taken place. New workties and programs whereby social work ers have entered the labor force. can fulfill the commitment noted in the Women, members of minority groups, Working Statement on Purpose of and the disabled have brought new Social Work to "mutually beneficial in skills and new needs into the workteraction between individuals and soci place, and they are making new deety in order to improve the quality of mands on employers and trade unions. life for everyone." This article will at In their concern about conditions in tempt to explore this issue within a these work institutions, consumers, definitional framework. It will examine environmentalists, and students have the history of industrial social work, its been defined as relevant publics. New present structure, and the use of laws have been passed to guide actions knowledge and skills in this field of and expectations in the world of work. practice, all of which both confirm and Among others, the Occupational Safety strain the professional identity of the and Health Act, Employee Retirement industrial social worker. Income Security Act, Age Discrimina tion in Employment Act, and affirma tive action as provided for in Title VII of the "Civil Rights Act and Title V of The dilemmas of industrial social work the Vocational Rehabilitation Act have are worthy of examination. The first established new requirements for trade strain between professional opportu unions and employers. nity and professional predicament con The myth that work and the rest of sists of the very abundance of opportu life exist in two separate worlds has nity, which becomes apparent in the been exposed for the denial of reality it definition of this field of practice. The represents.1 No longer will workers authors define the population of inter buy the notion that their work roles and est as workers and the auspices as trade other roles are unconnected. No longer unions and employing organizations, are communities willing to accept the The unit of attention encompasses the concept that the behavior of work inpoints of interaction where service de stitutions is economic, the behavior of livery or policy positions adopted by communities social, and never the these institutions affect the availability twain shall meet.2 The "revolution" in of services and the enactment of social
Dust ignition of pure and encapsulated paraffin phase change materials

Abstract In this study, the dependence of the flammable concentration on particle size is investigated for Phase Change Material (PCM) and Encapsulated Phase Change Material (EPCM) particles using a novel continuous particle dispersion apparatus into which a propane flame is introduced creating a test akin to the flash-point test for liquids. The results show that the threshold concentration is a strong function of particle size. For tested particles with size ranging from 290 μm to 750 μm, the threshold concentration is above the predictions based on an instantaneous heat transfer limit, and is approximately linear with the particle size, following a heat transfer limited ignition model. For sizes above ≈1 mm, the particles behave like the bulk material, and ignition is not observed for the concentrations tested. The results obtained here are important for the safe construction, handling, and operation of systems using PCM and other particles.
Time-Asymptotic Evolution of Spatially Uniform Gaussian Vlasov Fluctuation Fields

We consider Vlasov fluctuations from a spatially uniform, infinitely extended plasma equilibrium and derive the appropriate Braun–Hepp evolution equations (with regularized potential). Assuming a Gaussian initial fluctuation field (of the form associated with the relevant central limit theorem), we show that at long times the fluctuating force field converges in law to a stationary Gaussian process. We also illustrate how the time-asymptotic fluctuating force field is formally associated with the diffusion matrix and drift vector for the Balescu–Guernsey–Lenard kinetic equation.
A Case Study of Cross-Dressing Using a Strategic Therapy Lens in Couple’s Counseling

There are two goals for presenting this article. The first goal is to consider socialized gender roles, clinical treatment, and strategic marriage therapy and to present a case study detailing the ...
Immunocytochemical Discordance in Localization of Pregnancy Specific beta-1 glycoprotein, Alpha-Fetoprotein and Human Chorionic gonadotropin in Testicular Cancers

AbstractImmunocytochemical discordance of human chorionic gonadotropin, alpha-fetoprotein and pregnancy specific beta-1 glycoprotein was studied in formaldehyde-fixed tissues of 26 patients with germinal testicular cancer. The cellular localization of these 3 markers has been correlated with the serum markers in the 26 patients. Serum alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin and specific beta-1 glycoprotein were elevated in 15 of 26 (58 per cent), 17 of 26 (65 per cent) and 7 of 26 (27 per cent) patients, respectively, and in 22 of 26 (85 per cent) when all markers were considered. The cellular alpha-fetoprotein was localized in 5 of 26 (19 per cent), human chorionic gonadotropin in 12 of 26 (46 per cent) and specific beta-1 glycoprotein in 9 of 26 (35 per cent) patients. When all the markers were considered 15 of 26 patients (58 per cent) had either alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin or specific beta-1 glycoprotein localized in the cancer cells.
Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Enables Observations of Previously Undetectable Secondary Organic Aerosol Components at the Individual Particle Level.

The first use of surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to detect trace organic and/or inorganic species in ambient atmospheric aerosol particles is presented. This new analytical method provides direct, spectroscopic detection of species present at attogram to femtogram levels in individual submicrometer atmospheric particles. An array of spectral features resulting from organic functional groups in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) material were observed in individual particles impacted on silver nanoparticle-coated substrates. The results demonstrate the complexity of organic and inorganic species in SOA formed by oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) at the single particle level. While SOA composition is frequently assumed to be homogeneous between and within individual particles, substantial particle-to-particle variability in SOA composition and changes on scales <1 μm were observed. The observations obtained with this new method demonstrate the power of SERS to probe difficult ...
TU-AB-BRA-07: Distortion-Free 3D Diffusion MRI On An MRI-Guided Radiotherapy System for Longitudinal Tumor Response Assessment

Purpose: To develop a reliable, 3D distortion-free diffusion MRI technique for longitudinal tumor response assessment and MRI-guided adaptive radiotherapy(RT). Methods: A diffusion prepared 3D turbo spin echo readout (DP-TSE) sequence was developed and compared with the conventional diffusion-weighted single-shot echo-planar-imaging (DW-ssEPI) sequence in a commercially available diffusion phantom, and one head-and-neck and one brain cancer patient on an MRI-guided RT system (ViewRay). In phantom study, the geometric fidelity was quantified as the ratio between the left-right (RL) and anterior-posterior (AP) dimension. Ten slices were measured on DP-TSE, DW-ssEPI and standard TSE images where the later was used as the geometric reference. ADC accuracy was verified at both 0°C (reference ADC available) and room temperature with a range of diffusivity between 0.35 and 2.0*10−3mm2/s. The ADC reproducibility was assessed based on 8 room-temperature measurements on 6 different days. In the pilot single-slice in-vivo study, CT images were used as the geometric reference, and ADC maps from both diffusion sequences were compared. Results: Distortion and susceptive-related artifact were severe in DW-ssEPI, with significantly lower RL/AP ratio (0.9579±0.0163) than DP-TSE (0.9990±0.0031) and TSE (0.9995±0.0031). ADCs from the two diffusion sequences both matched well with the vendor-provided values at 0°C; however DW-ssEPI fails to provide accurate ADC for high diffusivity vials at room temperature due to high noise level (10 times higher than DP-TSE). The DP-TSE sequence had excellent ADC reproducibility with <4% ADC variation among 8 separate measurements. In patient study, DP-TSE exhibited substantially improved geometric reliability. ROI analysis in ADC maps generated from DP-TSE and DW-ssEPI showed <5% difference where high b-value images were excluded from the latter approach due to excessive noise level. Conclusion: A diffusion MRI sequence with excellent geometric fidelity, accurate and highly reproducible ADC measurements was proposed for longitudinal tumor response assessment using an MRI-guided RT system. Yu Gao acknowledges research support from ViewRay.
Leadership in Medical Practice

Physicians have achieved many successes prior to their emergence into the private practice domain. Throughout medical school and residency training they have exemplified shrewd judgments and keen decision making. They have studied and worked with learned and skillful teachers. However, the realization that this preparation may not completely suffice will become evident. The roles of manager and leader are bestowed upon the physician regardless of personal preferences. Thus a new body of knowledge and array of skills must be included in the physician’s armamenterium of talents.
Parametric scaling of neutral and ion excited state densities in an argon helicon source

We report measurements of the absolute density and temperature of ion and neutral excited states in an argon helicon source. The excited ion state density, which depends on ion density, electron density, and electron temperature, increases sharply with increasing magnetic field in the source. The neutral argon metastable density measurements are consistent with an increasing ionization fraction with increasing magnetic field strength. The ion temperature shows no evidence of increased heating with increasing magnetic field strength (which has only been observed in helicon sources operating at driving frequencies close to the lower hybrid frequency). The measurements were obtained through cavity ring down spectroscopy, a measurement technique that does not require the target excited state to be metastable or part of a fluorescence scheme; and is therefore applicable to any laser accessible atomic or ionic transition in a plasma.
Design and Evaluation of a Dual Mechanical Port Machine and System

A Dual Mechanical Port (DMP) machine is a brand new type of electric machine, promising in many applications such as multi-source hybrid traction, integrated starter and generator, variable gearboxes and so forth. In this paper, the dynamic model is established and analyzed. Further, a prototype machine is designed and evaluated by finite element analysis. Several important operation modes are highlighted and the whole control system block diagram is configured for dynamics investigation. The control algorithms with the overall system operation performance are evaluated by computer simulation.
The Economic Approach to Cooperation and Trust

A rapidly growing empirical literature from across the social sciences relates social capital to a diverse array of indicators of well-being, including economic growth (Knack & Keefer, 1997), labor force participation (Aguilera, 2002), violent crime (Galea, Karpati, & Kennedy, 2002), political corruption (La Porta et al., 1997), and even self-reported happiness (Bjornskov, 2003). Of all the phenomena thought to be affected by social capital, health and health-related outcomes have received the greatest attention, evidenced in part by the contributions in this volume. Yet, despite repeated findings of a statistical association between social capital and various health outcomes and risk factors, as well as the existence of plausible causal pathways linking social capital to individual health,3 many health economists are skeptical of the importance of social capital for health (e.g., Mellor & Milyo, 2005).
Anisotropic mesh adaptation for finite element solution of Anisotropic Porous Medium Equation

Abstract Anisotropic Porous Medium Equation (APME) is developed as an extension of the Porous Medium Equation (PME) for anisotropic porous media. A special analytical solution is derived for APME for time-independent diffusion. Anisotropic mesh adaptation for linear finite element solution of APME is discussed and numerical results for two dimensional examples are presented. The solution errors using anisotropic adaptive meshes show second order convergence.
Social Facilitation with Non-Human Agents: Possible or not?:

As interactions with non-human agents increase, it is important to understand and predict the consequences of human interactions with them. Social facilitation has a longstanding history within the...