cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for frost on Rhea's surface

We have observed Rhea (S5) at 1.6 and 2.2 microns at Mt. Wilson using the Caltech photometer on the 1.52 m and 2.54 m telescopes. The infrared spectral reflectances relative to 0.55 micron are 0.8 at 1.65 micron and 0.6 at 2.2 microns. Such absorption bands in the near infrared are not consistent with spectra of most rocks or minerals; even carbonaceous chondritic materials have nearly flat reflectances over this spectral region. Frosts, however, have strong absorption bands in the 1-3 microns region. In particular, the broadband infrared reflectances of Rhea are similar to those of the Galilean satellites Europa (J2) and Ganymede (J3) and also the rings of Saturn. Rhea's low density, high albedo and relatively flat reflectance from 0.3 to 1.1 micron as well as the low infrared reflectances reported here are consistent with the presence of water ice on Rhea's surface.
Whistler mode wave packets in the Earth's foreshock region

Measurements of the velocity of discrete whistler-mode wave packets in the region upstream of the earth's bow shock are presented. Data from the dual magnetometers aboard the ISEE 1 and 2 spacecraft was used to determine the time delay between the appearance of a wavefront at each spacecraft in order to obtain the wave velocity in the spacecraft frame, and from it the intrinsic wave phase velocity. Results from the 11 events characterized by sufficiently large velocities reveal the wave packets to exhibit a nearly perfectly circular polarization with the packet field rotating in the left-hand sense about the ambient field direction in the spacecraft frame. In the plasma rest frame, these waves are found to be right-handed polarized waves with frequencies several times the proton gyrofrequency which are attempting to propagate upstream against the solar wind but are in fact being carried towards the earth by the solar wind flow.
Water, proton, and ion transport: from nanotubes to proteins

Remarkably, protein channels transporting polar substances such as water, protons, and ions are often lined by predominantly non-polar residues. The unique structural, dynamic, and thermodynamic properties of water and ions in molecular confinement help explain this puzzling observation. Computer simulations of solvated nanotubes and proteins show that weakly polar cavities can be filled by water at equilibrium, but such filling is highly sensitive to small variations in the polarity of the cavity. In the filled state, water forms wires and clusters held together by tight hydrogen bonds. Simulations on quantum energy surfaces also show that 1D water wires in hydrophobic environments facilitate rapid proton motion. The unique properties of water in weakly polar channels help explain the rapid flow of water through molecular pores, the controlled proton flow in enzymes, the gating of ion transport through membrane channels, and the function of mitochondrial proton pumps.
Attitudes toward death and dying among second-year medical students

Abstract One hundred fifteen second-year Wright State University School of Medicine students were given a death and dying attitude survey derived from Shneidman (14) to explore medical student altitudes toward death and dying. It was hypothesized that medical students' attitudes would differ according to sex, religion, marital status, religiosity, and type of geographic origin. Responses to selected death and dying questions were also compared to responses from a national survey of death and dying attitudes to determine possible differences between medical students and the survey population. Steady results of chi-square analyses include statistically significant relationships (using a 0.05 comparisonwise error rate) among certain demographic variables, for example, religion and geographic origin, and attitudes toward the dying process. Implications for patient care and medical education based on survey results are discussed.
Darier's disease: a kindred with a large number of cases

Over 70 cases of keratosis follicularis (Darier's disease) were noted in a study of a single kindred consisting of more than 200 individuals. Data were obtained through questionnaires, interviews and physical examinations. Results strongly support an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance since the ratio of affected to unaffected members was I:I and there were nearly equal numbers of males and females with this condition. Large sibships were common in this kindred, which extended over seven generations, and most of the affected individuals were located in the southwestern New York-northwestern Pennsylvania region of the United States.
The effect of hot spots on the noise characteristic of large-area bipolar transistors

Abstract Measurements indicate that when hot spots are formed in large-area silicon power transistors, the 1 f noise increases and a new noise component with a 1 f 2 spectrum shows up. The increase in 1 f noise is attributed to the decrease in effective device area when the hot spot is formed. The noise with a 1 f 2 spectrum is attributed to a thermal feedback effect in the hot spot.
Self-assembly of needle-like layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanocrystals on hydrochar: characterization and phosphate removal ability

Ongoing efforts are being made to develop biochar materials that can enhance phosphate sorption for application as a mitigation method to prevent phosphorus transport. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) embedded in a biochar matrix by liquid-phase deposition has been shown to have high phosphate adsorption capabilities, but this pyrolysis-based technique is complex and costly. This study successfully prepared a hydrochar–LDH nanocomposite material using a one-step hydrothermal method. Morphological analysis indicated that needle-like nano-sized LDH crystals were well formed within the hydrochar matrix. The hydrochar–LDH nanocomposite demonstrated rapid phosphate sorption kinetics and a maximum sorption capacity of 386 mg g−1, which is comparable to the biochar–LDH nanocomposites prepared by liquid-phase deposition. The comparable sorption capacity of the hydrochar–LDH nanocomposite presents an attractive phosphate sorbent material that can be produced using a cost-effective, simple procedure.
Some aspects of the hematology and immunology of the hibernating and non-hibernating woodchuck (Marmota monax)

Abstract 1. 1. The hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cell count, white blood cell count and differential blood smear were followed for a period of 1 year in the woodchuck (Marmota monax). 2. 2. It was concluded that there was no significant hemoconcentration in the woodchuck during the hibernation period. Thus the red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hematocrit and hemoglobin did not appear to be significantly increased during hibernation. The same was true of serum values of lipid, cholesterol and protein previously recorded. 3. 3. The differential count of blood smears revealed a marked variation in the types of white blood cells encountered throughout the year. Neutrophiles were increased during the hibernation period and the lymphocytes were decreased. There is little variation in the monocytes, eosinophiles and basophiles. 4. 4. Anti sera was prepared by injecting special preparations of woodchuck serum into rabbits. Immunoelectrophoresis was performed on these sera and comparison made between humans and hibernating and non-hibernating animals. 5. 5. No major differences were observed between hibernating and nonhibernating animals. It was noted, however, that the band in the fibrinogen region was greatly decreased or absent in hibernating animals. It is thought that this may be the reason that the clotting mechanism of blood is inhibited during hibernation.
Display blocks: a set of cubic displays for tangible, multi-perspective data exploration

This paper details the design and implementation of a new type of display technology. Display Blocks are a response to two major limitations of current displays: dimensional compression and physical-digital disconnect. Each Display Block consists of six organic light emitting diode (OLED) screens, arranged in a cubic form factor. We explore the possibilities that this type of display holds for data visualization, manipulation and exploration. To this end, we accompany our design with a set of initial applications that leverage the form factor of the displays. We hope that this work shows the promise of display technologies which use their form factor as a cue to understanding their content.
Quantitative indices of alcohol effects on the rat

Six behavioral tasks, as influenced by four alcohol doses, were investigated in an attempt to differentiate between dose level effects with quantitative indices. Four treatment groups of four Ss each received six behavioral tasks. Respiration rate and shock avoidance revealed significant differences for five of six possible mean pairs. The remaining tasks, i.e., light-heat aversion, activity, water hazard, and plank walking, provided varied delimitation of dose effects.
Research urged on impacts of chronic oil releases to marine environment

U.S. government agencies, academia, and industry should mount a major research effort to better understand and evaluate risks posed to humans and the marine environment from chronic petroleum releases, a 23 May report by the U.S. National Research Council (NRC) recommends. The report,“Oil in the Sea: Inputs, Fates, and Effects,” found that, annually, more than 260,000 metric tonnes of petroleum are released into the waters off North America from natural and anthropogenic sources, and 1.3 million metric tonnes are released into oceans worldwide.
Mechanistic studies of the radical S-adenosyl-L-methionine enzyme DesII: EPR characterization of a radical intermediate generated during its catalyzed dehydrogenation of TDP-D-quinovose.

DesII, a radical S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) enzyme from Streptomyces venezuelae, catalyzes the deamination of TDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-d-glucose to TDP-3-keto-4,6-dideoxy-d-glucose in the desosamine biosynthetic pathway. DesII can also catalyze the dehydrogenation of TDP-d-quinovose to the corresponding 3-keto sugar. Similar to other radical SAM enzymes, DesII catalysis has been proposed to proceed via a radical mechanism. This hypothesis is now confirmed by EPR spectroscopy with the detection of a TDP-d-quinovose radical intermediate having a g-value of 2.0025 with hyperfine coupling to two spin 1/2 nuclei, each with a splitting constant of 33.6 G. A significant decrease in the EPR line width is observed when the radical is generated in reactions conducted in D2O versus H2O. These results are consistent with a C3 α-hydroxyalkyl radical in which the p-orbital harboring the unpaired electron spin at C3 is periplanar with the C−H bonds at both C2 and C4.
Effect of 13‐cis‐retinoic acid and 4‐hydroxyphenyl‐all‐trans‐retinamide on human tumor colony formation in soft agar

We studied the effects of 13-cis-retinoic acid (13cRA) and 4-hydroxyphenyl-all-trans-retinamide (4HPR) on the proliferation of clonogenic human tumor colony-forming units (TCFU) from patient biopsies in soft agar. Continuous exposure (5 X 10(-6)M) to 13cRA and 4HPR reduced colony formation to less than 50% of control in 49% and 31% of cases, respectively. This suggests that these retinoids have antiproliferative activity against TCFU. Continuous exposure to 13cRA reduced the number of TCFU to 30% of control in 22.6% of cases while 4HPR reduced colony formation to less than 30% of control in only 10% of patients tested. Prospective in vitro/in vivo correlations for 13cRA indicated that clinical resistance was correctly predicted in 4 of 4 cases treated while clinical response was predicted in 2 of 2 cases (one minor and one partial response). These data suggest that retinoids may have modest antitumor effects and that inhibition of TCFU growth in vitro may be used to screen for such activity.
Determination of elastic moduli in anisotropic media from ultrasonic contact measurements

Abstract When laminae are smaller than the wavelengths that measure them, a composite appears homogeneous and anisotropic. Composites are often subjected to high temperature gradients during their fabrication which can result in residual stresses, and damage in the form of oriented microcracking may result. Oriented microcracks will render a normally isotropic material anisotropic. Similarly, the resultant of a cracked anisotropic composite is a complex combination of the two component anisotropies. This work attempts to separate experimentally the anisotropic effects of vertically oriented microcracks from a background that is already anisotropic. A physical model was constructed in which vertical fracturing was superposed on a transversely isotropic material. The final specimen displayed orthorhombic symmetry. Laboratory measurements were made at ultrasonic frequencies to determine the elastic moduli of this material. From these moduli, the elastic properties of the original background, as if it had no vertical cracks, were determined as well as the additional compliance that the cracks add to the system.
Lithography target optimization with source-mask optimization

In the very low k 1 regime in optical lithography, aggressive RET such as strong off-axis illumination causes significant forbidden pitches and lithography hotspots for aggressive designs. Various lithography retargeting techniques have been introduced to mitigate these process window failures. This paper proposes to bring the lithography target optimization into the Source-Mask Optimization (SMO) flow to achieve better SMO solutions at an earlier process development stage. Through this tight integration of lithography target optimization and source mask optimization, lithography target, source, and mask can be tuned together to provide the best overall process window for the newly defined targets. This improvement is demonstrated using a simple SMO test case for the 20-nm metal layer. Then at the later development stage, retargeting rules can be extracted from these optimized lithography targets, and they can be applied in the normal mask optimization process. This lithography target optimization flow can provide a faster tuning process for the lithography target rules at an early process development stage, and can provide optimized retarget rules for mask optimization process too. New challenges for retargeting in double patterning lithography are also discussed.
Analysis of in situ rapid solidification of submicron Al-Ge eutectic powders using transmission electron microscopy

Submicron powders of Al-30.3 at. pct Ge (eutectic), produced by electrohydrodynamic atomization, have been analyzed in a transmission electron microscope operating at 120 kV. Amorphous and complex crystalline structures were observed in the as-atomized condition. By using the electron beam as a local heating source, powders could be either annealed at temperatures below their melting point or melted. Molten powders were quenched at various cooling rates by altering the rate of beam obstruction. Using this technique, nonequilibrium structures were produced including metastable phases and mixed amorphous/crystalline microstructures. These various structures have been related to cooling rates and compared to the as-atomized structures. Crystallization of the amorphous regions produced by this technique has also been studied.
Robot learning control based on recurrent neural network inverse model

A non-linear model-based feedforward, feedback, and learning controller is presented. This controller can control a non-linear plant such as a robot whose dynamics are initially unknown. In the feedforward part, a recurrent neural network (RNN) is used to model the inverse dynamics of the plant. In the feedback part, a PD controller is added to handle unmodeled dynamics and disturbances. Furthermore, an add-on learning controller is established to reduce tracking errors for repetitive tasks. The controller is validated with the control of a simulated two-joint manipulator. Simulation results show that the controller can successfully learn the inverse dynamics of a robot, perform accurate tracking for a general trajectory, and improve its own performance over the repetitions of a trajectory, with and without a payload change. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Asymmetric Construction of Rings A–D of Daphnicyclidin Type Alkaloids

The aza-Cope-Mannich reaction and ring-closing metathesis are key steps in the assembly of intermediates containing rings A−D of Daphniphyllum alkaloids of the daphnicyclidin type such as daphnipaxinin and oldhamine A.
Women, work, violence and the neo-liberal moment

From Mathura to Manorama: resisting violence against women in India, by Kalpana Kannabiran and Ritu Menon, New Delhi, Women Unlimited and ICES, 2007, vi+ 201 pp., ISBN 81-88965-35-9 Women and labour organizing in Asia: diversity, autonomy and activism, edited by Kaye Broadbent and Michele Ford, Abingdon, Routledge, 2008, xvii+174 pp., ISBN 978-0-415-41315-2 Labour, globalization and the state: workers, women and migrants confront neoliberalism, edited by Debdas Banerjee and Michael Goldfield, Abingdon, Routledge, 2007, xiv+263 pp., ISBN 978-0-415-44923-6 One of the surprising effects of neo-liberalism has been to shift progressive politics away from labour organizing towards NGO-led campaigns against social harms. Reading labour histories and feminist histories together, it is argued that the new politics of resistance needs a new language which combines broad feminist analysis with grassroots labour organizing strategies.
Evidence for 4d Ferromagnetism in 2D Systems: Ru Monolayers on C(0001) Substrates.

The first observation of $4d$ ferromagnetism in two-dimensional systems is reported. Using Auger electron spectroscopy, we find that the initial growth of Ru on a C(0001) substrate is lateral until a homogeneous monolayer film is formed. The magnetic properties of the films are studied using spin polarized secondary electron spectroscopy. For one monolayer Ru on C(0001), below a surface Curie temperature of approximately 250 K, nonzero in-plane spin polarization is observed and found to saturate in an applied field of a few tenths of an Oe. The results are discussed in the light of theoretical predictions.
Pre-election polling and third party candidates

I analyze voters’ incentives in responding to pre-election polls with a third party candidate. Third party supporters normally have an incentive to vote strategically in the election by voting for one of the major candidates. But these voters would vote third party if the third party candidate is doing surprisingly well in the polls. Because voters are more likely to vote third party if the third party candidate is doing well in polls, voters who like the third party candidate best have an incentive to claim they will vote third party in the polls so that more voters will ultimately vote third party in the election. The differing incentives faced during polls and elections accounts for why third party candidates do better in polls than in elections.
Elicitation and modification of the rabbit's nictitating membrane reflex following prenatal exposure to cocaine.

Abstract The nictitating membrane (NM) reflex was assessed in adult Dutch-belted rabbits exposed to cocaine in utero. The intensity threshold for eliciting the reflex was increased in cocaine progeny and the amplitude of the reflex was decreased at the lower stimulus intensities. However, cocaine and saline progeny showed equivalent rates of habituation of the NM reflex when tested with a suprathreshold eliciting stimulus. Reliable modification of the NM reflex was obtained when the reflex-eliciting stimulus was preceded by an auditory stimulus at intervals of 100–800 ms. Cocaine and saline progeny exhibited an increase in the peak amplitude of the reflex, a shortening of the latency of the reflex, and a shortening of the latency to achieve peak amplitude of the reflex as a function of increases in the interstimulus interval. Furthermore, cocaine progeny showed significantly longer response latencies than saline progeny across all interstimulus intervals, although neither the peak amplitude nor the latency to achieve peak amplitude was affected. Thus, prenatal exposure to cocaine affected elicitation of the defensive NM reflex to an aversive stimulus but did not affect the sensorimotor integration necessary for modification of the reflex by antecedent stimulation.
Pluto-Charon mutual event predictions for 1986

Circumstances are tabulated for 81-Pluto-Charon mutual events occurring during the 1986 opposition. The deepest and longest events will occur in February and reach a depth of about 0.15 mag. Observations of these events will lead to an accurate determination of the satellite's orbit, the diameters of the two bodies, the mean density of the system, and crude albedo maps of one hemisphere on each object.
Sutural bone deposition rate and strain magnitude during cranial development.

It is widely believed that rapid growth of the human brain generates tensile strain in cranial sutures, and that this strain influences the rate of bone deposition at the sutural margins during development. We developed general theoretical techniques for estimating sutural bone deposition rate and strain magnitude during mammalian cranial development. A geometry-based analysis was developed to estimate sutural bone deposition rate. A quasi-static stress analysis was developed to estimate sutural strain magnitude. We applied these techniques to the special case of normal cranial development in humans. The results of the bone deposition rate analysis indicate that average human sutural bone deposition rate is on the order of 100 μm/day at 1 month of age and decreases in an approximately exponential fashion during the first 4 years of life. The results of the strain analysis indicate that sutural strain magnitude is highly dependent on the assumed stiffness of the sutures, with estimated strain at 1 month of age ranging from approximately 20 to 400 microstrain. Regardless of the assumed stiffness of the sutures, the results indicate that sutural strain magnitude is small and decreases in an approximately exponential fashion during the first 4 years of life. The finding that both sutural bone deposition rate and strain magnitude decrease with increasing age is consistent with quasi-static tensile strain in sutures influencing sutural osteoblast activity in a dose-dependent manner. However, the small magnitude of the predicted strains suggests that tissue level strains in sutures may be too small to directly influence osteoblast biology. In light of these results, we suggest other biomechanical mechanisms, such as a tension-induced angiogenic environment in the sutures or mechanotransduction in the underlying dura mater, through which tension across sutures may regulate the rate of bone deposition in sutures.
Selective solid-liquid extraction of lithium halide salts using a ditopic macrobicyclic receptor.

A ditopic salt receptor that is known to bind and extract solid NaCl, KCl, NaBr, and KBr into organic solution as their contact ion pairs is now shown by NMR and X-ray crystallography to bind and extract solid LiCl and LiBr as water-separated ion pairs. The receptor can transport these salts from an aqueous phase through a liquid organic membrane with a cation selectivity of K+ > Na+ > Li+. However, the selectivity order is strongly reversed when the receptor extracts solid alkali metal chlorides and bromides into organic solution. For a three-component mixture of solid LiCl, NaCl, and KCl, the ratio of salts extracted and complexed to the receptor in CDCl3 was 94:4:2, respectively. The same strong lithium selectivity was also observed in the case of a three-component mixture of solid LiBr, NaBr, and KBr where the ratio of extracted salts was 92:5:3. This observation is attributed to the unusually high solubility of lithium salts in organic solvents. The study suggests that ditopic receptors with an abili...
Psychiatric symptoms and distress differ between patients with postherpetic neuralgia and peripheral vestibular disease.

Objective: No previous studies have investigated the psychiatric characteristics of patients with postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). Similarly, no studies have been performed on patients with different chronic somatic symptoms due to a defined medical disease to compare the characteristics of psychiatric morbidity associated with each etiology. Methods: After completing the subscales of the Symptom Checklist 90-R, a psychiatrist administered the Diagnostic Interview Schedule to all subjects. The psychiatric comorbidity in 35 patients with pain due to PHN was compared with a control group of 34 patients with the nonpainful aversive symptom of vertigo due to a peripheral vestibular disorder that caused unilateral hypofunction. Results: PHN patients had significantly more symptoms of major depression and somatization disorder. No significant differences were found between groups for psychiatric diagnoses. Patients with PHN reported significantly lessacutely distressing somatic symptoms. Conclusion: These results suggest that the psychiatric symptoms of patients with PHN are distinct from nonspecific acute distress and may be related to the experience of suffering from chronic neuropathic pain. Patients with PHN may not meet criteria for a psychiatric diagnosis, but their psychiatric comorbidity places them at substantial risk for increased pain, suicidal ideation, sustained disability, and the numerous complications of excessive medical evaluation and treatment. Patients with PHN should be evaluated specifically for psychiatric symptoms to reduce potential negative consequences through appropriate treatment.
680 MIXING CARBOHYDRATES(CHO) - ADDITIVE AND COMPETITIVE EFFECTS ON ABSORPTION

When intestinal absorptive function is limited, it may be possible to enhance CHO absorption by combining CHOs having different digestive-absorptive pathways. Employing single pass perfusion studies in partially atrophic amylase-free canine jejunal Thiry-Vella fistulae we found that absorption of glucose(G), sucrose(S), and long chain glucose polymers (LCGP) was saturable with infusion conc. of 882, 378, and 347 mg/dl respectively. Absorption of S and LCGP was additive even from solutions containing 900 mg/dl of each sugar (S=159±16, LCGP=70±6, mixture=235±22 μgms/cm/min.). Virtually no G was found in the fistula effluents (<0.1 mg/ml). Adding 900 mg S to 900 mg LCGO did not improve CHO absorption beyond values for 900 mg/dl of G infused alone (378±16 μgms/cm/min.). Addition of the Vmax conc. (400 mg/dl) of LCGP to the Vmax conc. of G (900 mg/dl) causes mutual inhibition of the absorption of both (G, 346±23 vs. 232±25; LCGP, 63±8 vs. 28; p<.001). Additive absorption occurs with addition of 400 mg/dl LCGP to 500 mg/dl of G (LCGP=56±8, G=152±8, mixture=208±10). Conclusions: 1)For G polymers and S, hydrolysis, not absorption of the resultant monosaccharides, is rate limiting for jejunal assimilation. 2)G and LCGP either interact in the glycocalyx or compete for absorptive pathways. 3)S does not compete with LCGP for absorption. Speculation: In formulating enteral feedings or rehydration solutions mixtures of S and LCGP may enhance absorption, but addition of LCGP to G may be deleterious.
Wilfred Owen and Abram

(1986). Wilfred Owen and Abram. Women's Studies: Vol. 13, The Female Imagination and the Modernist Aesthetic, pp. 49-61.
Wind-Tunnel Modelling of the Influence of Vegetation Structure on Saltation Threshold

The influence of vegetation structure on saltation threshold was investigated using uniformly spaced arrays of non-erodible roughness elements on a bed of erodible sand in an wind tunnel. Structural variables tested using arrays of solid cylinders included element aspect ratio (height/diameter) and lateral cover (total frontal-silhouette area per unit ground area). In agreement with previous studies, increase in saltation threshold above the value for bare sand was strongly related to lateral cover. Increasing aspect ratio from 0.25 to 4 tended to enhance the increase in saltation threshold at a given lateral cover. An approximate fit to the results could be obtained using a relation proposed by Raupach et al. (Journal of Geophysical Research, 1993, 98D, 3023–3029). Porous elements were constructed as clusters of narrow, vertically oriented cylinders (model ‘stems’), forming porous model plant bodies that were cylindrical in overall shape. Low-porosity elements were found to be approximately 50 per cent more effective in increasing saltation threshold than either solid or high-porosity elements. The ratio of plant-body frontal-silhouette area (based on overall dimensions) to total stem frontal-silhouette area was found to be a useful measure of plant-body porosity for wind erosion studies. Some conventional measures of vegetation amount fail to account for changes in vegetation structural attributes that may strongly influence aeolian processes.
Interferometric-probe monitors for self-diagnostics of phase-shifting mask performance

A pattern and interferometric-probe technique is introduced for self-testing the effective phase-depth, transmission, and edge effects of shifted regions of a phase-shifting mask (PSM). Both manufacturing error and image intensity imbalance between regions of differing phase necessitate an accurate, feature-dependent measurement. Through utilizing the coherent spillover (proximity effect) from a phase-etched pattern onto a phased-probe, any phase or transmission error is converted into a signal, measurable on either an AIMS tool or observed as an exposed probe in printed resist. The orthogonality of phase and transmission error allows amplification of each separately with either a 0° or 90° probe. The intensity change is a linear function of phase or transmission error and depends only on the size of the pattern and probe used. For example, a simple target of radius 3.1 λ/NA responds with 1% of the clear field intensity per degree of phase error. Simulation studies of several embodiments are shown as well as a mathematical theory describing the monitor's behavior. Target sensitivity is greater than existing image-plane analysis techniques for most feature types, to include phase trenches and contact arrays, and does not require through-focus analysis. Functionality is only slightly affected by lens aberrations and probe-manufacturing errors. Mask manufacturing is relatively simple and can be placed on a special test mask or interspersed in a production mask layout.
Combination chemotherapy with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum, oncovin, and bleomycin (COB) in advanced head and neck cancer: phase II.

Twenty-eight consecutive patients with advanced head and neck epidermoid carcinoma were treated with a single course of combination chemotherapy which included high dose cis-platinum II, vincristine, and bleomycin. All patients except one were evaluable for drug response and toxicity. The overall toxicity was mild and tolerable except in one patient who had fatal nephrotoxicity. Thirteen patients (48%) had a partial regression, and five with minimal response did improve, giving an overall response rate of 67%. More responses were noted in previously untreated patients, especially those with oral or hypopharyngeal tumors without distant metastases. Definite histological changes were seen in a few patients in remission. Objective tumor response was associated with subjective improvement, and, possibly, a prolonged survival.
Frequency of Conduction Disturbances After Edwards SAPIEN Percutaneous Valve Implantation

Disturbances in atrioventricular conduction and the additional need for a permanent pacemaker are recognized complications after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). We analyzed the incidence of postprocedural conduction disorders and the need for permanent pacemaker implantation in patients undergoing TAVR with the Edwards SAPIEN valve. In 125 consecutive patients with symptomatic, severe aortic stenosis undergoing TAVR, a standard 12-lead electrocardiogram was obtained before and serially after the procedure. The cohort was divided into 2 groups with regard to the post-TAVR appearance of conduction disturbances, defined as left bundle branch block, right bundle branch block, fascicular hemiblock, atrioventricular block, and the need for a permanent pacemaker. The patients with and without conduction disturbances were compared. After TAVR, 19 patients (15.2%) met the study definition of a "new conduction defect" and 5 patients (4%) required a permanent pacemaker because of an advanced atrioventricular block. New left bundle branch block appeared in 5 patients (4%) and left anterior hemiblock in 9 (7.2%). No new right bundle branch block or left posterior hemiblock was observed. Although most baseline, echocardiographic, and procedural characteristics were equally distributed, the patients with new conduction disturbances more often had diabetes mellitus and peripheral vascular disease. Also, they more often were taking an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker, and the procedure was performed more often with apical access (12 [63.2%] vs 7 with femoral access [36.8%], p = 0.002). In conclusion, although the incidence of conduction disturbances was high after TAVR using the Edwards SAPIEN valve, with a significant increase in the rate of left bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock, the need for permanent pacemaker implantation after TAVR with this valve remained low.
Hormones and autoimmunity: animal models of arthritis

Hormones, particularly those involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal and -adrenal axes (HPG and HPA), play important roles in various animal models of autoimmunity such as systemic lupus erythematosus in mice and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice and rats, and the streptococcal cell wall, adjuvant and avridine arthritis models in rats. Intimately linked to the subject of hormones and autoimmunity are gender, sex chromosomes and age. The importance of these factors in the various animal models is emphasized in this chapter. Several major themes are apparent. First, oestrogens promote B-cell dependent immune-complex mediated disease (e.g. lupus nephritis) but suppress T-cell dependent pathology (CIA in mice and rats), and vice versa. Second, testosterone's effects are complicated and depend on species and disease model. In rats, testosterone suppresses both T-cell and B-cell immunity. In mice, the effects are complex and difficult to interpret, e.g. they tend to enhance CIA arthritis and suppress lupus. Sex chromosome/sex hormone interactions are clearly involved in generating these complicated effects. Third, studies in Lewis and Fischer F344 rats exemplify the importance of corticosteroids, corticotrophin releasing hormone and the HPA axis in the regulation of inflammation and the predisposition to autoimmune diseases. Fourth, the HPA axis is intimately linked to the HPG axis and is sexually dimorphic. Oestrogens stimulate higher corticosteroid responses in females. The animal model data have major implications for understanding autoimmunity in humans. In particular, adrenal and gonadal hormone deficiency is likely to facilitate T-cell dependent diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, while high oestrogen levels or effects, relative to testosterone, are likely to promote B-cell dependent immune-complex-mediated diseases such as lupus nephritis.
All-inside meniscal repair devices

All-inside meniscal repair devices provide an alternative to traditional suture techniques. Each device or system has a unique set of characteristics in regard to configuration, biochemical and biomechanical profile. This article reviews the specifications and current literature available for the all-inside devices and systems available today. Given the rapid development of these devices, they are likely to assume an expanded role in arthroscopic meniscal fixation.
When Is Fluid in the Mastoid Cells a Worrisome Finding

Mastoiditis is a common clinical entity that is technically present in all cases of otitis media; only a minority of cases actually represents the otolaryngologic emergency of acute coalescent mastoiditis. When reviewing an image with a radiologic diagnosis of mastoiditis, looking for key signs such as destruction of bony septa and considering patient presentation can help distinguish mild mastoiditis from acute coalescent mastoiditis.
Gender, Accounts, and Rape Processing Work

Guided by gendered organization theory and organizational frame analysis, this study explores officials' accounts offender and rape processing work. The data are from qualitative interviews with 47 Florida officials who process rape victims in law enforcement, hospital emergency room, prosecution, and rape crisis contexts. Results indicate that gender “at the level of the group” is a fluid cultural resource that officials use in contradictory ways (Thome 1993). Five gender frames account for why women, men or neither are superior in processing work. Overall, results support gendered organization theory, showing that (a) gender and work are fused in ways that mutually reproduce each other, (b) gender is part of official policy and practice in some organizations, (c) most processing work is performed within a gendered division of labor, and (d) processors mobilize gender informally even when policy or protocol say it is irrelevant. The results challenge cultural beliefs that women are better than men at work with rape victims. Comparative research is needed to document the prevalence of gender accounts, arrangements, and policies across organizations, jobs, and genders, and to assess them relative to victim and organizational outcomes.
Optimal Control of Reactive Power flow for Improvements in Voltage Profiles and for Real Power Loss Minimization

A mathematical formulation of the optimal reactive power control (optimal VAR control) problem and results from tests of the algorithm are presented in this paper. The model minimizes the real power losses in the system. The constraints include the reactive power limits of the generators, limits on the load bus voltages, and the operating limits of the control variables, i.e., the transformer tap positions, generator terminal voltages and switchable reactive power sources. Real power economic dispatch is accomplished by standard techniques.
Dynamic regulation of gastric autoimmunity by thyroid hormone.

Neonatal thymectomy (NTX) of BALB/c mice between days 1 and 3 post-birth leads to a high incidence of autoimmune gastritis involving T cells and autoantibodies. Although progress has been made in understanding various immunological events associated with that disease process, much remains to be learned about the regulatory factors which control autoimmune gastritis. In this study we have examined the potential for neuroendocrine hormones of the hypothalamus‐ pituitary‐thyroid (HPT) axis to alter the outcome of experimental autoimmune gastritis in NTX mice. As reported here, thyroxine administered to young adult NTX mice during an active phase of disease development dramatically reduced the incidence of gastritis and the overall severity of disease, and lowered the levels of anti-parietal cell antibodies. In contrast, treatment of young NTX mice with thyroxine or other HPT hormones prior to the onset of disease had no beneficial effect on gastritis, but instead resulted in significantly higher anti-parietal cell antibody levels compared to non-hormone-treated NTX mice or to NTX mice treated as adults. Reverse transcriptase spectratype analyses of 22 Vb gene junctional sites revealed pronounced oligoclonality and limited junctional diversity in stomach lymphocytes from untreated NTX mice compared to normal mice or thyroxine-treated NTX mice. These findings identify a set of dynamic immune‐endocrine interactions, linked to critical development-dependent events, that are involved in the expression and regulation of peripheral autoimmunity.
Generalized Notions of Concavity with an Application to Capacity Management

We introduce a generalization of K-concavity termed weak (K1, K2)-concavity and show how it can be used to analyze certain dynamic systems arising in capacity management. We show that weak (K1, K2)-concavity has two fundamental properties that are relevant for the analysis of such systems: First, it is preserved for linear interpolations; second, it is preserved for certain types of linear extensions. In capacity management problems where both buying and selling capacity involve a fixed cost plus a proportional cost/revenue term, interpolations and extensions are fundamental building blocks of the optimality analysis. In the context of the capacity management problem studied by Ye and Duenyas (2007), we show that weak (K1, K2)-concavity is sufficient to prove the general structure of the optimal policy established in that paper.
Extending software change impact analysis into COTS components

As software components and middleware occupy more and more of the software engineering landscape, interoperability relationships point to increasingly relevant software change impacts. Packaged software now represents over thirty-two percent of the software in most organizations. While traceability and dependency analysis frameworks have effectively supported software impact analysis in the past, they do not adequately addressed this trend. As software systems grow in size and complexity, their dependency webs of information also extend beyond most software engineers ability to comprehend them. We examine research for extending current software change impact analysis to incorporate interoperability dependency relationships for addressing distributed applications and explores three dimensional (3D) visualization techniques for more effective navigation of software changes.
Reexamining Michaelis-Menten Enzyme Kinetics for Xanthine Oxidase.

Abbreviated expressions for enzyme kinetic expressions, such as the Michaelis-Menten (M-M) equations, are based on the premise that enzyme concentrations are low compared with those of the substrat...
Improvement of surface carrier mobility of HfO/sub 2/ MOSFETs by high-temperature forming gas annealing

The surface electron mobility of HfO/sub 2/ NMOSFETs with a polysilicon gate electrode was studied in terms of the effects of high-temperature forming gas (FG) annealing. The high-temperature FG annealing significantly improved the drive current or the surface electron mobility of the NMOSFETs. Improvements were also observed in the subthreshold swings and the C-V characteristics, indicating a reduction in interfacial state density (D/sub it/). The D/sub it/ reduction was quantitatively confirmed by charge pumping current measurements. The mobility enhancement was achieved without degrading the equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) or gate leakage current. Different surface preparations, such as NH/sub 3/ or NO annealing, were explored to examine their effects on the NMOSFET performance. Mobility enhancement due to high-temperature FG annealing was also observed on these samples. Whereas NH/sub 3/ surface nitridation was effective in scaling EOT, the NO-annealed sample exhibited the highest mobility. Similar improvements were also observed on HfO/sub 2/ PMOSFETs, in terms of subthreshold swings, drive current, and surface hole mobility.
Journal of Radiology Case Reports - Policies

This article describes aim and policies for authors and readers of the interactive Journal of Radiology Case Reports.
Treatment of Brain Metastases in Patients with Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Lessons from Treatment of Other Tumors

Abstract Brain metastases are common in patients with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and are usually fatal. About half of all patients who develop brain metastases will remain symptomatic at their time of death, even if the immediate cause of death is not neurologic. While it has been argued that the obtundation that sometimes comes with brain metastases may be a relatively easy way to die, studies which have examined the quality of life of individuals developing brain metastases dispute this. For most patients and their families, the impairment of physical, cognitive, and affective function which accompanies most brain metastases is highly distressing and can be seen as a “loss” of the patient even before his/her death. Thus, improved treatment of overt brain metastases will be of palliative value, and eradication of microscopic disease in the brain may cure patients whose disease in other sites has been eradicated. Prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) for patients who have achieved a complete response to induction therapy markedly reduces the risk of central nervous system relapse and modestly but significantly improves survival. Despite the use of PCI, many patients with SCLC will develop brain metastases, and there is increasing interest in surgical treatment of patients with solitary lesions and the use of systemic chemotherapy in treating patients, with both SCLC and non–small-cell lung cancer, who have multifocal brain metastases which are minimally symptomatic, particularly when these patients also have extracranial metastatic disease.
Sur l'existence locale pour une équation de scalaires actifs

Resume Dans cette Note, nous etudions l'existence locale des solutions pour l'equation du scalaire actif ∂ t θ + u ⋅ ∇ θ = 0 ou u = − ∇ ⊥ ( − Δ ) − 1 + β / 2 θ . Cette equation correspond a l'equation d'Euler quand β = 0 et a l'equation quasi-geostrophique quand β = 1 . Nous montrons l' existence locale dans l'espace H 1 + β + ϵ , ou ϵ > 0 , pour 1 β 2 . Un resultat recent de Chae, Constantin, Cordoba, Gancedo et Wu montre l'existence locale dans H 4 . L'amelioration est due a des nouvelles estimations plus precises du commutateur, et l'exposant fractionnaire est obtenu par un traitement different de la non-linearite en utilisant une inegalite double du commutateur.
Initial performance evaluation of a modular, large-area detector PET scanner for small animal imaging

The biophysical conditions under which most positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of small animals takes place are often poorly characterized and highly variable. And as such, one frequently needs to balance the desire to achieve high spatial resolution with the need to, for example, capture transient phenomena or survey large regions in brief periods. Since these tradeoffs are application dependent, it is desirable that such imaging systems be flexible for meeting varying needs in imaging performance. To this end we describe a PET system under development that incorporates modular detectors and provides application-specific scanning configurations. Our current prototype consists of two opposing flat-panel single-layer LSO detector heads from a high resolution research tomograph system - with adjustable detector separation, energy and coincidence window widths, and scan geometry. Preliminary measurements demonstrate a spatial resolution of 1.6 mm and an absolute detection sensitivity of ~8% at the center of the prototype. For mouse-sized phantoms and 7 cm detector separation, the 250-750 keV energy window was found to yield the optimal noise equivalent count rate curve
Making Services Work for Poor People

The weak link between public spending in health and education, and health and education outcomes can be partially explained by the fact that the delivery of services that are critical to human development -- health, education, water and sanitation -- are widely failing poor people. The money is often spent on private goods or on the non-poor; it often fails to reach the frontline service provider; incentives for service delivery by providers are weak; and poor people sometimes fail to demand these services. This paper examines the experience with alternative mechanisms for service delivery -- contracting out to the private and NGO sectors, community participation, co-financing by service beneficiaries -- and shows that this, as well as the experience of more traditional public sector provision, can be interpreted by looking at three principal-agent relationships in the service-delivery chain: between policymakers and providers; between clients and providers; and between clients (as citizens) and policymakers. Weaknesses in one or more of these relationships can lead to service-delivery failure, while attempts to strengthen one may not always work because of deficiencies in other links in the chain. Copyright 2004, Oxford University Press.