cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Into That Silent Sea: Trailblazers of the Space Era, 1961–1965 by Francis French and Colin Burgess

Into That Silent Sea: Trailblazers of the Space Era, 1961-1965 Francis French and Colin Burgess. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2007. Americans (and Russians, too, for that matter) have always found in their spacemen the faults they wished they had. Many of America's first astronauts drove too fast, drank too much, and left their pants in unexpected places, and when the public found out, they didn't mind so much. Soviet cosmonauts often came off as goodnatured farm boys-dim bulbs who took their knocks without complaint and, when necessary, died tending their machines in good socialist fashion. More recent works, about Apollo astronauts haunted by their mind-bending lunar travels or cantankerous Russians tending broken space stations, feed the same yearnings. If only we had their problems, readers dream. The earliest accounts of 1960s astronauts fawned over their seeming lack of introspection; more recent works, like Francis French's and Colin Burgess's Into That Silent Sea, suggest that spacemen felt their experiences more deeply than anyone realized. Rather than recounting the first five years of American and Soviet spaceflight in simple narrative form, the authors let the spacefarers (and would-be spacefarers like female aviator Wally Funk) speak for themselves through ten chronological character studies of figures familiar to spaceflight enthusiastslike first person in space Yuri Gagarin and the enigmatic and larger-than-life Project Mercury astronaut "Gordo" Cooper, who passed away while proofreading the manuscript. With unusual access to their sources, the authors enrich conventional accounts of these characters, walking a delicate line between history and hagiography. An account of the life and death of Gagarin begins the volume: a miraculous fairy tale of an uneducated Soviet youth's cruel upbringing in Nazi-occupied territory. Improbably finding himself a pilot cadet in 1955 (at a time when some American astronauts were already experienced engineers and combat pilots), polite, unflappable Gagarin became the first human being in space only six years later. Sadly for him, this feat ended his flying career; the seven years of life Gagarin enjoyed upon his return to Earth were punctuated by international celebrity, a drunken fall off a balcony, and a fatal airplane crash at the tender age of thirty-four. A cipher even in death, Gagarin epitomizes the black hole of astronaut biography: whether very deep or very dull, spacemen too often take their stories with them. From Russia with love, Silent Sea moves to Florida, where, through the eyes of people like nurse Dee O'Hara and helicopter pilot Jim Lewis, the authors recount the flights of the first Americans in space, Alan Shepard and "Gus" Grissom, both now deceased. …
The scale of chiral symmetry breaking with l = 1 quarks in SU(2) gauge theory

Abstract We obtain the ratio R 1 R 1 2 of chiral symmetry breaking scales for quarks in the l = 1 and l = 1 2 representations of SU(2). 〈 ψ ψ〉 is computed for the zero temperature theory in the quenched approximation on a 10 4 lattice and the value R 1 R 1 2 = 6.6 ± 1.0 is extracted. This result is consistent with a previous estimate of the ratio of relevant scales which compared the chiral symmetry restoration temperatures T 1 and T 1 2 for the two representations and found T 1 T 1 2 = 8.6 ± 4.5 . The new l = 1 data scales according to asymptotic freedom.
25-Hydroxyvitamin D3-1 alpha-hydroxylase in porcine hepatic tissue: subcellular localization to both mitochondria and microsomes.

Abstract In vitro studies were performed to assess the ability of hepatic homogenates, mitochondria, and microsomes to 1 alpha-hydroxylate 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3]. Addition of 25(OH)D3 to either hepatic mitochondria or microsomes caused a concentration-dependent increase in the production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]. Hepatic homogenates also produced purported 1,25(OH)2D3, although at a much reduced efficiency as compared with hepatic mitochondria or microsomes. Purported 1,25(OH)2D3 synthesized by hepatic mitochondria or microsomes was identified by its mobility on several high-performance liquid chromatographic systems and, ultimately, by its ability to interact with the bovine thymus 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor protein. Production of 1,25(OH)2D3 by hepatic mitochondria and microsomes was dependent on time of incubation, protein content, and pH of incubation medium, and it required an adequate source of reducing equivalents. Generation of 1,25(OH)2D3 by these organelles could be totally blocked by the cytochrome P-450 inhibitor ketoconazole. The microsomal 1 alpha-hydroxylase could not be saturated even at the highest concentration (240 microM) of 25(OH)D3 used. The mitochondrial 1 alpha-hydroxylase, however, displayed saturation at approximately 40 microM 25(OH)D3. Eadie-Hofstee reciprocal plot analysis of the hepatic mitochondrial 1 alpha-hydroxylase gave a Km of 17 microM 25(OH)D3 and a Vmax of 481 pg of 1,25(OH)2D3 per min per mg of protein. Because of its inability to achieve substrate saturation, meaningful kinetic parameters could not be calculated for the hepatic microsomal 1 alpha-hydroxylase. These data demonstrate the liver to be an even more dynamic organ than was previously believed with respect to vitamin D metabolism in that the liver has the potential to produce 1,25(OH)2D3 in situ by at least two separate mechanisms.
The role of health literacy and communication habits on previous colorectal cancer screening among low-income and uninsured patients.

Objective To determine the association between health literacy, communication habits and colorectal cancer (CRC) screening among low-income patients.
Bacterial Primary Colonization and Early Succession on Surfaces in Marine Waters as Determined by Amplified rRNA Gene Restriction Analysis and Sequence Analysis of 16S rRNA Genes

The nearly universal colonization of surfaces in marine waters by bacteria and the formation of biofilms and biofouling communities have important implications for ecological function and industrial processes. However, the dynamics of surface attachment and colonization in situ, particularly during the early stages of biofilm establishment, are not well understood. Experimental surfaces that differed in their degrees of hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity were incubated in a salt marsh estuary tidal creek for 24 or 72 h. The organisms colonizing these surfaces were examined by using a cultivation-independent approach, amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis. The goals of this study were to assess the diversity of bacterial colonists involved in early succession on a variety of surfaces and to determine the phylogenetic affiliations of the most common early colonists. Substantial differences in the representation of different cloned ribosomal DNA sequences were found when the 24- and 72-h incubations were compared, indicating that some new organisms were recruited and some other organisms were lost. Phylogenetic analyses of the most common sequences recovered showed that the colonists were related to organisms known to inhabit surfaces or particles in marine systems. A total of 22 of the 26 clones sequenced were affiliated with the Roseobacter subgroup of the α subdivision of the division Proteobacteria (α-Proteobacteria), and most of these clones were recovered at a high frequency from all surfaces after 24 or 72 h of incubation. Two clones were affiliated with the Alteromonas group of the γ-Proteobacteria and appeared to be involved only in the very early stages of colonization (within the first 24 h). A comparison of the colonization patterns on the test surfaces indicated that the early bacterial community succession rate and/or direction may be influenced by surface physicochemical properties. However, organisms belonging to the Roseobacter subgroup are ubiquitous and rapid colonizers of surfaces in coastal environments.
Overview of the hearsay speech understanding research

Haarsay is the generic name for much of the speech understanding research in the computer science department at Carnegie-Mellon University (CMU). The major goals of this research include the investigation of computer knowledge-based problem-solving systems and the practical implementation of speech input to computers. An emphasis of this effort is the design of system structures for efficient implementation of such systems.
Conversations with Veterinary Students: Attitudes, Ethics, and Animals

AbstractInterviews were conducted with 24 graduating veterinary students to examine (a) changes in their attitudes toward animals; (b) the types of experiences and procedures that they found personally distressing; (c) their perceptions of the most important ethical issues that they will face in private practice; and (d) their responses to euthanizing animals. Students' responses differed considerably. For example, about half of the students claimed that they were not affected by euthanasia, but another 25% still were struggling with this aspect of their professional role. Rationalization was a common mechanism by which the students attempted to deal with stressful experiences. It is argued that the moral dilemmas faced by veterinary students mirror the ethical ambiguities inherent in human-animal relationships.
Severe but Reversible Neurotoxicity from Acyclovir

Excerpt To the editor: A few cases of mild to moderate neurologic toxicity caused by intravenous acyclovir therapy have been reported recently (1-5). We present the case of an immunocompetent patie...
Leisure-Time Physical Activity and the Risk of Nonfatal Myocardial Infarction in Postmenopausal Women

Background: Few studies have examined the association of physical activity with coronary heart disease among women. Objective: To examine whether participation in physical activity during leisure time decreases the risk of myocardial infarction in postmenopausal women. Method: A population-based, case-control study among enrollees of the Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound, a health maintenance organization based in Seattle, Wash. Cases were postmenopausal women who sustained an incident nonfatal myocardial infarction during the period 1986 through 1991. Controls were a random sample of Group Health Cooperative enrollees who were frequency matched to the cases by age and calendar year. Participation in physical activity during leisure time was assessed from a telephone interview. A total of 268 cases and 925 controls were interviewed. Results: After adjustment for potential confounding factors, the odds ratios for nonfatal myocardial infarction for women in the second, third, and fourth quartile of total energy expenditure, relative to women in the first quartile, were 0.52 (95% confidence interval, 0.34 to 0.80), 0.40 (95% confidence interval, 0.26 to 0.63), and 0.40 (95% confidence interval, 0.25 to 0.63), respectively. Similar odds ratios were associated with the energy expended in nonstrenuous leisure-time physical activity, and with walking for exercise. Conclusion: This case-control study suggests that the risk of myocardial infarction among postmenopausal women is decreased by 50% with modest leisure-time energy expenditures, equivalent to 30 to 45 minutes of walking for exercise three times a week. (Arch Intern Med. 1995;155:2302-2308)
Intrusions and anomalous Vp/Vs ratios associated with the New Madrid seismic zone

[1] Detailed P wave velocity (Vp) and S wave velocity (Vs) models and Vp/Vs ratios were determined for a major portion of the New Madrid seismic zone using arrival times recorded by the New Madrid seismic network and Portable Array for Numerical Data Acquisition (PANDA) stations. We performed a simultaneous inversion for P and S wave velocities and hypocentral locations, yielding the most detailed tomographic image of the upper portion of the crust to date. Low Vp and high Vs anomalies resulted in low Vp/Vs ratios that correspond to the major arms of seismicity north of the intersection of the Cottonwood Grove–Blytheville Arch (CG-BA) fault with the Reelfoot fault. The unusual low Vp/Vs values can be attributed to the presence of quartz-rich rocks. Two regions contain anomalous Vp and Vs values and Vp/Vs ratios that cannot be attributed to variations in rock composition and are probably produced by overpressured fluids. One region is located on the hanging wall of the northern portion of the Reelfoot fault and is aseismic. The other region corresponds to a portion of the southern Reelfoot fault that experiences swarm activity. A distinct velocity contrast exists across the CG-BA fault at depths exceeding 4.65 km; basement rocks southeast of the fault have Vp values that are 4%–6% slower than values for rocks located to the northwest. The most logical explanation is that the fault follows a preexisting structural feature or lithologic change in basement rocks.
Design of high-efficiency RF Class-D power amplifier

In this paper, the losses in a Class-D RF switching power amplifier and their frequency dependence are described. The losses analyzed are the switching, conduction, and gate drive losses. A 300 W, 13.56 MHz, Class-D circuit is designed in the traditional manner to illustrate the magnitude of the different types of loss. A circuit using the ZVS equations developed in this paper is designed. An experimental circuit is built using standard IRF540 devices in TO220 packages. That circuit does not meet its performance goals because of the package inductance. A new low inductance half-bridge package is introduced to solve this problem. Techniques for circuit layout and power measurements for RF applications are also presented in the experimental section. A low loss gate drive circuit is also presented using a Class-E circuit to provide the drive power. The experimental results confirm the accuracy of the design equations derived in this paper. >
Pressure Inactivation of Enteric Viruses in a Seafood Salad-Like Product

High pressure processing (HPP) is a nonthermal processing technology that can inactivate foodborne viruses. This study assessed the protective effects of food components on virus inactivation by HPP in a seafood salad model. Virus-inoculated seafood samples (cod, shrimp, tuna, and clams) with or without mayonnaise were pressure-treated at 5°C. The seafood salad provided a protective effect on HPP inactivation compared to cell culture medium. Inactivation in seafood salad varied greatly due to the complex nature of the food matrix. When seafood salad ingredients were isolated, mayonnaise alone had a 2.0-log10 PFU/g protective effect for all viruses, unlike albumin, which did not affect virus inactivation, providing some insight into the roles individual ingredients may play on HPP inactivation of viruses in foods.
Combined mass and energy balance analysis of an electrochemically modulated equilibrium stage process

Abstract A cyclical electrochemical process for the removal of a solute from a feed phase and concentrating it in a receiving phase is studied. The extraction and release of the solute are based on the complexation reactions with the reduced and oxidized forms of the complexing agent in a third contacting phase. The magnitude of the two distribution coefficients play an important role in this equilibrium process. A combination of mass and energy balances are used to determine the amount of solute transferred from a feed phase to a receiving phase using a graphical method. The minimum theoretical voltage required for this process is derived and found to be dependent on the reaction equilibrium constants. The work involved in such a process is also a function of the reaction equilibrium constants, the ratio of carrier to solute concentration, and the number of stages required for a certain separation criteria. The thermodynamic efficiency can be large, compared to some other separation processes, with the appropriate combination of the key parameters.
Osmotic properties of a proliferating and differentiating line of cells from the bone marrow of the rat

The effects of cellular differentiation on the osmotic properties of a proliferating line of bone marrow cells has been investigated. This population proliferated and differentiated into distinct maturation phases which have been separated quantitatively by velocity sedimentation at 1g in a Ficoll gradient. Certain osmotic characteristics were evaluated. The volume of osmotically active water increased linearly with maturation. The osmotically inactive volume was variable during proliferation and maturation. Several correlations that concerned the exosmotic movement of water were noted, as follows: (1) membrane permeability to water increased with an increase in the diameter of the nucleus, (2) the ratio of osmotically active water to mean corpuscular volume increased with an increase in the diameter of the nucleus, (3) membrane permeability to water increased with an increase in the osmotically active water normalized to the mean cell volume, and (4) the heat of activation associated with the permeability of the membrane to water increased during maturation and varied inversely with the ratio b/MCV. These results were used to assess the effects of cellular maturation on membrane function and the state of water in a maturing cell population. The permeability data suggest that charged groups on membrane proteins and phospholipids can vary the state of water in the membrane from a thermodynamically mobile state to an “ice-like” state. These unusual properties may be a direct result of a dynamic and functional relationship between cellular water and active biological macromolecules.
Determination of polyamines in digestive and reproductive tissues of adult Asterias vulgaris (echinodermata: asteroidea)

1. 1. The polyamines spermine, spermidine and putrescine were extracted from tissues of Asterias vulgaris and quantitated using thin layer chromatography. 2. 2. In the pyloric caeca, mean (±SE) levels of spermine, spermidine and putrescine were 138(15), 86(24) and 415(77) nmol/g wet wt tissue, respectively. In the testes, levels were 95(12), 13(6) and <6 nmol/g wet wt. In the ovaries, levels were 105(9), 11(0.8) and 15(8) nmol/g wet wt. 3. 3. High levels of polyamines in the pyloric caeca may be related to secretion or excretion in this tissue. 4. 4. We hypothesize that polyamines will be important in the regulation of cellular activity in these tissues during the annual reproductive cycle.
Review of the Secondary Flows of Complex Fluids

A survey of secondary flows of viscoelastic liquids in straight tubes is given including recent work pointing at striking analogies with transversal deformations associated with the simple shearing of solid materials. The importance and implications of secondary flows of viscoelastic fluids in heat transfer enhancement are explored together with the difficulties in detecting weak secondary flows (dilute, weakly viscoelastic solutions) in a laboratory setting. Recent new work by the author and colleagues which explores for the first time the structure of the secondary flow field in the pulsating flow of a constitutively nonlinear simple fluid in straight tubes of arbitrary cross-sections is summarized. Arbitrary conduit contours are obtained through a novel approach to the concept of domain perturbation. Time averaged, mean secondary flow streamline contours are presented for the first time for triangular, square and hexagonal pipes.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Metamodeling using extended radial basis functions: a comparative approach

The process of constructing computationally benign approximations of expensive computer simulation codes, or metamodeling, is a critical component of several large-scale multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) approaches. Such applications typically involve complex models, such as finite elements, computational fluid dynamics, or chemical processes. The decision regarding the most appropriate metamodeling approach usually depends on the type of application. However, several newly proposed kernel-based metamodeling approaches can provide consistently accurate performance for a wide variety of applications. The authors recently proposed one such novel and effective metamodeling approach—the extended radial basis function (E-RBF) approach—and reported highly promising results. To further understand the advantages and limitations of this new approach, we compare its performance to that of the typical RBF approach, and another closely related method—kriging. Several test functions with varying problem dimensions and degrees of nonlinearity are used to compare the accuracies of the metamodels using these metamodeling approaches. We consider several performance criteria such as metamodel accuracy, effect of sampling technique, effect of sample size, effect of problem dimension, and computational complexity. The results suggest that the E-RBF approach is a potentially powerful metamodeling approach for MDO-based applications, as well as other classes of computationally intensive applications.
641 THERAPY OF CHRONIC NONSPECIFIC DIARRHEA OF CHILDHOOD: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY

Chronic nonspecific diarrhea of childhood (CNDC) is a common and frequently frustrating problem seen between 6 and 30 months of age. It is characterized by 2 or more loose, voluminous, foul smelling stools per day for more than 4 weeks, unassociated with pain or failure to thrive. The etiology of this disorder is unknown and little information as to proper treatment is available. In order to assess bulk agents as therapy in this problem, 19 consecutive children with the clinical diagnosis of CNDC were studied. A 24 hour diet recall and stool examination for parasites, bacteria, occult blood, pH, and carbohydrate were obtained. All patients were negative for carbohydrate intolerance and occult blood. One child had campylobacter and 2 had giardia as the cause of their diarrhea. Sixteen remaining children were treated first with an unrestricted diet for 1 week, then psyllium containing bulk agents for 2 weeks (1 tbsp bid), and if no response, cholestyramine (2½ gms qid) for 2 weeks. 81% of the patients responded to therapy. Three (19%) responded to normalization of the diet only, 9 (56%) to psyllium, and 1 (6%) to cholestyramine. Only 3 (19%) did not respond. Of the patients who responded, most did so promptly and required only 2-3 weeks of therapy. A therapeutic approach consisting of normalization of the diet and bulk agents seems to be an effective mode of therapy in this common childhood disorder.
Effects of task structures on attention allocation optimality

The experiment reported examined the hypothesis that more optimal allocations would occur between time-shared tasks that place heavy demands on common processing resources (similar task structures) than tasks that utilize separate resources (dissimilar task structures). Two dual task configurations differing in their degree of demand for common resources were employed. The structurally similar pairs consisted of two compensatory tracking tasks whereas the dissimilar pair consisted of a tracking and a short term memory task. Demand for common resources was further manipulated by employing four combinations of different I/O modalities for the memory task. Relative use of the task-specific resources were manipulated through priority instructions and dynamic difficulty changes. Results generally support the hypothesis and suggest that certain dimensions that defined the resources (stages of processing, I/O modalities, and processing codes) assert greater influence on allocation optimality than others. Implica...
Double-wall nanotube as vibrational system: Mathematical approach

In this paper, we present a recently developed mathematical model for short double-wall carbon nanotubes. The model is governed by a system of four hyperbolic equations representing the two Timoshenko beams coupled through the Van der Waals forces. The system is equipped with a four-parameter family of the boundary conditions and can be reduced to an evolution equation. This equation defines a strongly continuous semi-group. Spectral properties of the semi-group generator are presented in the paper. We show that it is an unbounded non-selfadjoint operator with compact resolvent. Moreover, this operator is a relatively compact perturbation of a certain selfadjoint operator. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zeeman Effects in the Arc, First Spark, and Second Spark Spectra of Yttrium

Exposures to the yttrium arc in silver, burned in the Bitter electromagnet at fields of 85,000 oersteds, yielded interpretable Zeeman effects of the first three spectra of yttrium—Yt I, Yt II, Yt III. Zeeman patterns arising from transitions between energy states of the doubly-ionized atom were observed in the range 2950–2360A. Lande g factors were calculated for the 4d, 5s, and 5p energy levels. Magnetic splitting of lines in the first spark spectrum of yttrium permitted the determination of g values for 59 of the 61 known energy levels. Zeeman effects of the arc lines of yttrium were observed for lines of high intensity only. Inclusion of data of B. E. Moore and of W. F. Meggers gave fairly complete information of the Zeeman effects of Yt I. Over-all g sums pertaining to the singly-ionized atom verify the g-sum rule exceptionally well in spite of large variations of individual g values from the theoretical Ls values. Term classifications were verified in the majority of cases.
Methodological limitations and N-budget differences among a restored tallgrass prairie and maize agroecosystems

Abstract Interpretation of elemental balances requires careful assessment of component terms and their errors, especially for the major terms of the nitrogen (N) budget which has implications for environmental health. This study reports results from independent field measurements of major annual N-budget components, including atmospheric deposition, fertilizer added, net mineralization, residue returned, soil storage changes of inorganic N, leaching, and plant uptake. Measurements were made in a restored tallgrass prairie and optimally and deficiently N-fertilized, no-tillage and chisel-plowed maize (Zea mays L.) agroecosystems on Plano silt loam soil (fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Argiudoll (USDA); Haplic Phaeozem (approximate FAO)) in Wisconsin between 1995 and 1999. Denitrification and N losses due to runoff were assumed negligible and bulk density was assumed uniform with depth and across ecosystems. Annual inorganic N leaching was negligible in the restored prairie, but represented 3–57% of the amount of fertilizer-N applied in the optimally N-fertilized agroecosystems. On an annual basis, closure of the inorganic-N budget yielded cumulative errors that were often undesirably large; indicating methodological problems with quantifying ecosystem N cycling in situ. Increased spatial sampling is required to reduce individual measurement errors of two components with large uncertainties; namely net N-mineralization and soil inorganic N changes. Profile-scaled net N-mineralization generally did not balance with the residue N input from the previous year, but the imbalance agreed with the N-budget imbalance. Both results suggest that the prairie is accumulating N slowly, the deficiently N-fertilized maize plots are losing N more rapidly, and the optimally N-fertilized maize plots have too large an uncertainty to be interpreted confidently. Nitrogen-use efficiency, defined on a N-uptake basis, did not differ among the prairie and deficiently N-fertilized maize for 3 out of 5 years, but the prairie was significantly more efficient than the optimally N-fertilized maize.
Legal and Ethical Considerations for Mental Health Professionals Related to End-of-life Care and Decision Making

This article reviews legal and ethical considerations that mental health professionals will want to consider when being involved with people who are considering end-of-life care options and making ...
Mesoscopic cavity quantum electrodynamics with quantum dots

We describe an electrodynamic mechanism for coherent, quantum-mechanical coupling between spatially separated quantum dots on a microchip. The technique is based on capacitive interactions between the electron charge and a superconducting transmission line resonator, and is closely related to atomic cavity quantum electrodynamics. We investigate several potential applications of this technique which have varying degrees of complexity. In particular, we demonstrate that this mechanism allows design and investigation of an on-chip double-dot microscopic maser. Moreover, the interaction may be extended to couple spatially separated electron-spin states while only virtually populating fast-decaying superpositions of charge states. This represents an effective, controllable long-range interaction, which may facilitate implementation of quantum information processing with electron-spin qubits and potentially allow coupling to other quantum systems such as atomic or superconducting qubits.
All glamour, no substance? How public relations majors and potential majors in an exemplar program view the industry and function

Abstract Studies in public relations often conclude that the field is misunderstood [Kopenhaver, L. L. (1985). Aligning values of practitioners and journalists. Public Relations Review , 11 (1), 34–42; Stacks, D. W., Botan, C., & Turk, J. V. (1999). Perceptions of pubic relations education. Public Relations Review , 25 , 9–29] and misrepresented in media [Spicer, C. (2000). Public relations in a democratic society: Value and values. Journal of Public Relations Research , 12 (1), 115–130]. Public relations professionals themselves often do not know what is involved in or support public relations education [Wright, D. K., & Turk, J. V. (2007). Public relations knowledge and professionalism: Challenges to educators and practitioners. In E.L. Toth (Ed.), The future of excellence in public relations and communication management: Challenges for the next generation (pp. 571–588). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum]. Both the special issue ( Public Relations Review , 1999) on public relations education and a following study published in this journal [Bowen, S. A. (2003). I thought it would be more glamorous: Preconceptions and misconceptions of public relations among students in the principles course. Public Relations Review , 29 , 199–214] argued that public relations majors often do not realize what is involved in the academic discipline or the professional field. This research builds on the findings of those studies to ask: are public relations educators doing any better in communicating the core competencies, responsibilities, knowledge requirements, skills, and abilities of the discipline and the public relations major? Through the use of 10 focus groups across majors at a top research university, we can see that little is known about public relations among non-majors, but public relations majors can articulate the requirements and functions of the field. Several primary areas of confusion emerged about public relations related to: marketing or promotion, spinning the truth, image, and public relations as a career choice. These ideas show a critical lack of transparency in public relations. Credibility of the public relations function is hampered by this failure to communicate about the functions and core competencies of the field. Implications for both the public relations practice and for public relations education are discussed.
Temporal adaptations in visual systems of deep-sea crustaceans

The temporal characteristics of the visual systems of deep-sea crustaceans were examined at varying light levels. Experimental organisms were collected off Hawaii and southern California in 1991 and 1992, and continually maintained in the dark. At the University of California Santa Barbara Marine Laboratory, the temporal components of both visual interneuron activity and electroretinograms (ERGs) of adult Gnathophausia ingens were tested at threshold and with background light levels up to 6 log units above threshold. To compare these responses with those of mid-water organisms inhabiting shallower depths, the temporal characteristics of the ERGs of Oplophorus spinosus and juvenile G. ingens were assessed. Adults of both species showed little or no change in the time components of their responses when light-adapted, except for the response latency. There was also no evidence of a circadian rhythm in visual sensitivity. O. spinosus, a vertical migrator, and juvenile G. ingens, which inhabit a shallower depth than the adults, exhibited more rapid responses than adult G. ingens. These varying responses are considered adaptations to the differences in light levels at the characteristic depths of the organisms.
The automation design advisor tool ADAT: Development and validation of a model-based tool to support flight deck automation design for nextgen operations

NextGen aviation will require an even greater reliance on automation than current-day operations. Therefore, systems with problems in human-automation interaction must be identified and resolved early, well before they are introduced into operation. This paper describes a research and software development effort to build a prototype automation design advisor tool ADAT for flight deck automation. This tool uses models of human performance to identify perceptual, cognitive, and action-related inefficiencies in the design of flight management systems. Aviation designers can use the tool to evaluate and compare potential flight deck automation designs and to identify potential human-automation interaction concerns. Designers can compare different flight management systems in terms of specific features and their ability to support pilot performance. ADAT provides specific, research-based guidance for resolving problematic design issues. It was specifically designed to be flexible enough for both current-day technologies and revolutionary NextGen designs. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Factorial henselian rings with non-factorial completions

Abstract We present a class of Noetherian, local, analytically normal, factorial domains with factorial henselizations but not necessarily factorial completions. These properties are exploited to furnish examples of (1) a henselian, non-approximation ring in characteristic zero, (2) a total breakdown of the descent property for divisorial ideals over three-dimensional rings, and (3) a Cohen-Macaulay ring with all formal fibres Gorenstein but with no Gorenstein modules.
Furthest neighbours in space

Abstract A finite subset of the union of the polar axis and the equator of a sphere is called a suspension. We prove that if n points in 3-space determine the maximum number of furthest neighbours then they form a suspension. The exact maximum and the optimal arrangement are also given. This sharpens a result of Avis, Erdos and Pach.
An extension of HZETRN for cosmic ray initiated electromagnetic cascades

Abstract Safe and efficient mission operations in space require an accurate understanding of the physical interactions of space radiation. As the primary space radiation interacts with intervening materials, the composition and spectrum of the radiation environment changes. The production of secondary particles can make a significant contribution to radiation exposure. In this work, the NASA space radiation transport code, HZETRN, is extended to include the transport of electrons, positrons, and photons. The production of these particles is coupled to the initial cosmic ray radiation environment through the decay of neutral pions, which produce high energy photons, and through the decay of muons, which produce electrons and positrons. The photons, electrons, and positrons interact with materials producing more photons, electrons and positrons generating an electromagnetic cascade. The relevant cross sections, transport equation, and solution method are introduced. Electron and positron production in Earth’s atmosphere is investigated and compared to experimental balloon-flight measurements. Reasonable agreement is seen between HZETRN and data.
Role of the C9 methyl group in rhodopsin activation: characterization of mutant opsins with the artificial chromophore 11-cis-9-demethylretinal.

Activation of the visual pigment rhodopsin involves both steric and electrostatic interactions between the chromophore and opsin within the retinal-binding site. Removal of the C9 methyl group of 11-cis-retinal inhibits light-dependent activation of the G protein, transducin, suggesting a direct steric contact. More recently, we have shown that steric interactions lead to receptor activation when Gly121 in the middle of transmembrane helix 3 is replaced by larger hydrophobic residues. In order to understand in more detail the role of the C9 methyl group of retinal in the structure and function of rhodopsin, we first studied the properties of recombinant 9-dm-Rho (opsin reconstituted with 11-cis-9-demethylretinal). The 9-dm-Rho pigment displayed a blue-shifted λmax, increased hydroxylamine reactivity, and decreased ability to activate transducin. These properties are consistent with the hypothesis that the C9 methyl group is a crucial structural anchor for the correct docking of the chromophore in its bind...
The logic of scientific and religious principles

In every domain, the philosopher finds some principle which is unfalsifiable in so far as all experience is interpreted in accordance with it. This principle is tautologous or analytic-within-its domain in that it defines fundamental terms with which it characterizes experiences: Newton’s Laws define “mass” and “the equality of times”; the Principle of the Rectilinear Propagation of LIght defines “light”; the Principle of Evolution defines “adaptation” and “natural selection”; and the Principle of the Conservation of Energy defines “a closed system.” Moreover, each principle is employed as a methodological rule or a tacit imperative to the investigator to interpret experience or to draw inferences in accordance with it. Nevertheless, each principle has empirical content: not only by virtue of its place within its respective domain but also because there are sufficient rules of correspondence which make the statement-form empirically relevant; not only because the principle itself is taken to be true but also because empirical inferences are drawn in accordance with it. To construe these principles as mere counterfactuals would be clearly incorrect. Counterfactuals, as Rescher would characterize them, are “belief-contravening suppositions” because certain beliefs are excluded if one is to be consistent. Although this is certainly true of these principles, the range of beliefs contravened is far larger than those beliefs excluded in mere laws of nature. For, to give up these principles would be to give up explaining the entire domain of experience to which they are applicable.
Lithium adsorption on the graphite (0001) surface

Initial exposure of single-crystal graphite samples to lithium vapor from a molecular beam source results in no long-range order in the lithium overlayer as observed by low-energy electron diffraction over the temperature range 80-500 K and coverage range 0.01-5 monolayers. A hexagonal close-packed incommensurate structure is observed only after annealing the surface to ~500 K. Auger electron spectroscopy measurements of the lithium $\mathrm{KVV}$ transition for a multilayer coating prior to annealing reveal an Auger electron energy of 51 eV (that of metallic lithium), whereas after annealing the Auger energy shifts to 42 eV. This energy shift is due to diffusion of lithium into the bulk graphite and formation of a lithiumgraphite submonolayer structure with resultant change of the lithium electronic configuration from that of metallic lithium to a configuration similar to that in lithium compounds such as ${\mathrm{LiB}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{LiN}}_{3}$, and LiF. The hcp incommensurate two-dimensional structure is a lithium structure on the surface with no indication of lithium residing within the top surface layers. This phase shows no phase transitions over the temperature range 80-500 K.
Response to Dettmers et al. (2012): Great Lakes Fisheries Managers Are Pursuing Appropriate Goals

ABSTRACTAfter reading the article by Dettmers et al. in the November 2012 issue of Fisheries (“Management of Alewife Using Pacific Salmon in the Great Lakes: Whether to Manage for Economics or the Ecosystem?”), we feel compelled to respond and to present a different perspective on this important management issue. Despite the generally positive contribution to Great Lakes literature made by this article, it contains several inaccuracies concerning the past and current state of Great Lakes ecosystems. Dettmers et al. present an oversimplification of options currently available to Great Lakes fisheries managers; a false dichotomy describing only two future options for management of these fisheries. We submit that managers could strive to “… maintain a diverse salmonid community, [while proceeding] (to the extent possible) with native species rehabilitation” and we conclude that, “… on each of the Great Lakes, managers are pursuing appropriate goals, managing the aquatic resources of the lakes for the greates...
Primary fibroblasts of Cockayne syndrome patients are defective in cellular repair of 8-hydroxyguanine and 8-hydroxyadenine resulting from oxidative stress

Cockayne syndrome (CS) is a genetic human disease with clinical symptoms that include neurodegeneration and premature aging. The disease is caused by the disruption of CSA, CSB, or some types of xeroderma pigmentosum genes. It is known that the CSB protein coded by the CS group B gene plays a role in the repair of 8-hydroxyguanine (8-OH-Gua) in transcription-coupled and non-strand discriminating modes. Recently we reported a defect of CSB mutant cells in the repair of another oxidatively modified lesion 8-hydroxyadenine (8-OH-Ade). We show here that primary fibroblasts from CS patients lack the ability to efficiently repair these particular types of oxidatively induced DNA damages. Primary fibroblasts of 11 CS patients and 6 control individuals were exposed to 2 Gy of ionizing radiation to induce oxidative DNA damage and allowed to repair the damage. DNA from cells was analyzed using liquid chromatography/isotope dilution mass spectrometry to measure the biologically important lesions 8-OH-Gua and 8-OH-Ade. After irradiation, no significant change in background levels of 8-OH-Gua and 8-OH-Ade was observed in control human cells, indicating their complete cellular repair. In contrast, cells from CS patients accumulated significant amounts of these lesions, providing evidence for a lack of DNA repair. This was supported by the observation that incision of 8-OH-Gua- or 8-OH-Ade-containing oligodeoxynucleotides by whole cell extracts of fibroblasts from CS patients was deficient compared to control individuals. This study suggests that the cells from CS patients accumulate oxidatively induced specific DNA base lesions, especially after oxidative stress. A deficiency in cellular repair of oxidative DNA damage might contribute to developmental defects in CS patients.
A rapid technique for producing ethanol dependence in the rat.

Abstract Ethanol dependence in the rat is demonstrated following 2–4 days of intragastric intubation with 8–12 g/kg/day. Withdrawal symptoms include tremulousness, hyperactivity, and seizures. Nutritional deficiency is shown to be an insufficient explanation of the withdrawal symptoms produced.
End-of-life LCA allocation methods: Open loop recycling impacts on robustness of material selection decisions

Materials selection decisions exhibit great influence on the environmental performance of firms through their impact on processing technology, product form, and supply chain configuration. Consequently, materials dictate a product's environmental profile via the burden associated with extraction and refining, transformation from material to product, product performance characteristics during use, and potential recovery at end-of-life (EOL). While lifecycle assessment (LCA) methods provide quantitative input to a product designer's materials selection decision, LCA implementations are evolving and disparate. This work explores several analytical variations of LCA related to the allocation of recycling impacts at product EOL and the implications of these variants across a range of contexts. Stylized analyses across a range of materials are presented, focusing on materials with varying primary and secondary materials production burdens. This work illustrates that a) the application of distinct EOL allocation methods give different values of cumulative environmental impact for the same material, b) these impacts change at differing rates between the various methods, and c) these disparities can result in different rank ordering of materials preference. Characterizing this behavior over a range of parameters illustrates the potential trends in allocation method bias for or against particular materials classes.
Schopenhauer's Proof that Thing-in-ltself is Will

In a bold series of pronouncements, Arthur Schopenhauer maintains that the Kantian thing-in-itself is Will. The division between the world as Will and representation, with its impressive array of implications, is Schopenhauer's most important and distinctive contribution to metaphysics. To understand what Schopenhauer means by ‘Will’ (der Wille) as opposed to the empirical ‘will’, and his reasons for identifying thing-in-itself with Will, we must look in detail at two related arguments by which Schopenhauer proposes to link these concepts. The arguments appear in the first and second editions of Schopenhauer's masterwork, The World as Will and Representation. The differences between the two versions appear to represent a change in his thinking about the most persuasive way to demonstrate the nature of thing-in-itself. The arguments are reconstructed for the sake of comparison, and critically evaluated in light of a variety of objections. While Schopenhauer's first, analogical, argument is inconclusive, his second argument offers a highly defensible inference identifying thing-in-itself as Will.
Predictors of performance on three developmentally sensitive neuropsychological tests in children with and without traumatic brain injury

Objective: To determine the effect of age and vocabulary as predictors of performance on neuropsychological tests in children with and without traumatic brain injury (TBI).Setting and participants: In the first study, 213 school-age children were evaluated in their public school environment. In the second study, 65 children with a history of TBI were examined in a medical centre.Major outcome measures: Age of the child and two estimates of intellectual functioning (Vocabulary and Block Design) were used to predict performance on the Barrow Neurological Institute Screen for Higher Cerebral Functions in School-Age Children (BNIS-C), a verbal fluency task and the Halstead Finger Tapping Test (HFTT).Results: In study 1, the exact age of the child was the strongest predictor of performance (e.g. 47.5% of the variability on the BNIS-C) in normal school-age children. Vocabulary level accounted for less than 10% of the variability across the three measures. In children with TBI (study 2; n= 65) age effects remain...