cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Navajo Healing Project

The articles in this issue represent some of the first fruits of the Navajo Healing Project, a collaborative work by a group of Navajo and non-Navajo researchers dedicated to understanding the nature of the therapeutic process in contemporary Navajo religious healing. Life in Navajo land today proves the outdatedness of any simple dichotomy between tradition and modernity/postmodernity. Many of those who explicitly define themselves as traditional Navajos do so in full awareness of the contemporary context in which that identity takes on meaning, while at the same time the anomalies of modern life are often taken very much in stride by even elderly, monolingual Navajo people. One of the most striking ways in which this complexity is evident is in the large area of Navajo life in which religion and spirituality are intimately entwined with health care and healing. Indeed, healing is the central theme of Navajo religion, while the sacred is the central element in Navajo medicine. Just as Navajos orient themselves geographically within a territory defined by four sacred mountains aligned with the four cardinal points, today they orient themselves medically in a field of vital interaction among four modes of healing: conventional biomedicine, Traditional Navajo healing, Native American Church (NAC) healing, and Navajo Christian faith healing. The Navajo, or Dine, are speakers of an Athabaskan language, and their contemporary homeland is located geographically in the "four-corners" region where New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Colorado meet. The reservation is an institution of the U.S. federal government, its boundaries established by an imposed treaty in 1868 as the condition for the Navajos' release from captivity at Bosque Redondo, near Fort Sumner in eastern New Mexico. The collective trauma of the Long Walk, their forced march into captivity following military defeat at the hands of the infamous Kit Carson, is critical to contemporary Navajos' identity as a people. According to the 1990 census, the population of the Navajo Nation was 155,276, of which 96 percent was American Indian. Although precise figures are not available, as many as another 50,000 Navajos, for a total population of roughly 200,000, may live in various other regions of the United States, many maintaining close ties to their homeland. Given the size and geographical expanse of Navajoland, it is not surprising that there exists a degree of regional cultural variation among Navajos, though this may have become less salient as more paved roads have decreased isolation over the past 20 years.
A combination of methods for the preparation of highly intact mitoplasts from beef heart mitochondria

Beef heart mitochondria are noted for difficulty of fractionation compared to mitochondria from other tissues. A method that would give the desired efficiency while leaving the inner membrane intact did not seem to be available. Four variables, alone and in all possible combinations, were evaluated for their effectiveness in fractionation. These variables were treatment with digitonin, hypotonic swelling, phospholipase A2 predigestion, and addition of high concentrations of EDTA. The efficiency of fractionation was evaluated by electron microscopy and marker enzyme assays. Highly intact mitoplasts were obtained when the mitochondria were treated with digitonin together with intense hypotonic swelling, or moderate hypotonic swelling and phospholipase A2 predigestion, or EDTA addition and phospholipase predigestion. The enzyme GTP:AMP phosphotransferase was found to be located exclusively in the matrix compartment.
Pregnancy-Associated Factors Affecting Organic Phosphate Levels and Oxygen Affinity of Garter Snake Red Cells

Pregnancy in Thamnophis elegans is associated with an increase in the nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) concentration and a concomitant decrease in the oxygen affinity of the adult red cell. Red cell NTP levels rise at about the time of ovulation and peak during mid-gestation. Since plasma progesterone levels appear to have a similar profile, we examined the influence of progesterone on this phenomena. Surgical removal of the corpora lutea (CL), primary site of progesterone release, plus fetuses abolished the pregnancy-associated effect on red cell NTP levels. Removal of the CL alone resulted in NTP levels intermediate to those of the red cells of the nonpregnant and the pregnant groups. Progesterone implants in nonpregnant females, as well as in males, caused red cell NTP concentrations to rise. These data support the hypothesis that progesterone, secreted by the CL, in the presence of the fetus, is largely responsible for the pregnancy-associated increase in the red cell NTP concentration.
How Retailers’ Recommendation and Return Policies Alter Product Evaluations

Abstract This research investigates the interactive effects of retailers’ recommendations and return policies on consumers’ post-purchase evaluations of products which yield a mixed attribute performance. This article presents an account of the consumers’ post-purchase product evaluation process, in which counterfactual thinking plays a central role. Two studies show that consumers’ post-purchase evaluations of products, which yield a mixed attribute performance, tend to be more favorable under lenient return policies than under restricted return policies when retailers offer recommendations during the pre-purchase decision-making process, but more favorable under restricted return policies than under lenient return policies when retailers offer no recommendations.
WYSINWYX: What you see is not what you eXecute

Over the last seven years, we have developed static-analysis methods to recover a good approximation to the variables and dynamically allocated memory objects of a stripped executable, and to track the flow of values through them. The article presents the algorithms that we developed, explains how they are used to recover Intermediate Representations (IRs) from executables that are similar to the IRs that would be available if one started from source code, and describes their application in the context of program understanding and automated bug hunting.Unlike algorithms for analyzing executables that existed prior to our work, the ones presented in this article provide useful information about memory accesses, even in the absence of debugging information. The ideas described in the article are incorporated in a tool for analyzing Intel x86 executables, called CodeSurfer/x86. CodeSurfer/x86 builds a system dependence graph for the program, and provides a GUI for exploring the graph by (i) navigating its edges, and (ii) invoking operations, such as forward slicing, backward slicing, and chopping, to discover how parts of the program can impact other parts.To assess the usefulness of the IRs recovered by CodeSurfer/x86 in the context of automated bug hunting, we built a tool on top of CodeSurfer/x86, called Device-Driver Analyzer for x86 (DDA/x86), which analyzes device-driver executables for bugs. Without the benefit of either source code or symbol-table/debugging information, DDA/x86 was able to find known bugs (that had been discovered previously by source-code analysis tools), along with useful error traces, while having a low false-positive rate. DDA/x86 is the first known application of program analysis/verification techniques to industrial executables.
Moral responsibility and agents’ histories

To what extent should an analysis of an agent’s being morally responsible for an action that he performed—especially a compatibilist analysis of this—be sensitive to the agent’s history? In this article, I give the issue a clearer focus than it tends to have in the literature, I lay some groundwork for an attempt to answer the question, and I motivate a partial but detailed answer.
Nonequilibrium many-body theory and mode-confinement effects in semiconductor microcavity lasers

The recent development of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers or whispering-gallery mode microdisk lasers opens the possibility of altering the photon density of states and the spontaneous carrier lifetime of the active medium. In this paper we investigate the corresponding changes of the stationary and dynamical emission properties of these microcavity lasers. We present a quantum mechanical theory for the coupled photon- carrier system in a semiconductor microcavity which includes the relevant nonequilibrium and many-body effects in the carrier system and mode confinement effects in the photon system. The theory considers the spectral interplay of stimulated and spontaneous emission and the cavity loss according to a kinetic equation for the spectral laser intensity. The nonequilibrium dynamics of the carrier system is discussed in terms of a Boltzmann equation which includes carrier-photon, carrier-carrier and carrier-phonon scattering.
Nonlinear Behavior of Posttensioned Hybrid Coupled Wall Subassemblages

This paper discusses the nonlinear load-deformation behavior of coupling beam subassemblages in a new type of hybrid coupled wall system for seismic regions. Coupling of concrete walls is achieved by posttensioning steel beams to the walls using unbonded posttensioning tendons. Different from conventional hybrid coupled wall systems, the coupling beams of the new system are not embedded into the walls. One of the most important advantages of the new system is that it can be used to couple existing walls as a part of a strengthening and retrofit scheme. This paper describes an analytical investigation of the nonlinear behavior of coupled wall subassemblages that include a coupling beam and the adjacent wall regions at a floor level. The effect of structural design parameters such as the amount of posttensioning, beam properties, and wall properties on the behavior of the subassemblages, including the amount of coupling, energy dissipation, and deformation capacity is investigated. A simple design method to estimate the nonlinear load-deformation behavior of the subassemblages is developed. The investigation is based on an analytical model using fiber elements, which is verified by comparing with a finite element model. The results indicate that unbonded posttensioned steel coupling beams with initial stiffness similar to embedded steel beams can be designed to provide stable levels of coupling without experiencing significant damage over large nonlinear cyclic deformations. The amount of coupling between the walls can be controlled by changing the posttensioning force.
Fluorescent Spot Test Method for Specific Detection of β-Lactamases

Abstract A simple, sensitive fluorescent spot test method for specific detection of microbial beta-lactamases has been developed, based on the modification of a previously disclosed method (K. C. S. Chen, October 23, 1990, U.S. Patent 4,965,193). The new fluorescence developer used in the present study consisted of 0.5 mM HgCl 2 , in 0.5 M sodium citrate buffer, pH 4.5, prepared in 0.5% formaldehyde aqueous solution. A β-lactam substrate solution consisting of a β-lactam antibiotic with an acyl side chain containing an α-amino group and an α-phenyl group, or its derivatives, was incubated with a β-lactamase-producing organism. One volume of the fluorescence developer was added to 4 vol of the incubated β-lactam substrate solution, followed by heating the mixture at 45°C for 10 min. The mixture was spotted on filter paper. Production of fluorophore indicated β-lactamase activity. Each fluorophore was analyzed by TLC and its chemical identity was determined. Using ampicillin as the penicillinase substrate and cephalexin as the cephalosporinase substrate, the new method can be conveniently carried out by using dropping bottles for storing and dispensing the substrate solutions and the fluorescence developer. This modified method also provided more favorable conditions for the penicillinases to remain active during fluorescence development. Therefore, the sensitivity of the test was increased.
Error propagation in astro-inertial guidance systems for low-thrust missions

The propagation of position and velocity errors caused by instrument errors in astro-inertial guidance systems for low-thrust space missions is analyzed by two methods that supplement each other For the case of orbit-sustain ing in the upper atmosphere, a strict nonlinear method based on Hamilton-Jaco bi's partial differential equation is employed, since the problem becomes separable in parabolic coordinates The regions of possible deviations from the unpeiturbed orbit are determined by a pure algebraic process and without an explicit knowledge of the perturbed orbits The influence of the second harmonic upon the region of possible motion is analyzed for the axially symmetric case using the existing integrals of motion in this nonsepaiable case Low-thrust missions beyond or bit-sustaining are analyzed by a first-order perturbation theory An explicit analytic solution is derived using elliptic 01 bits as unperturbed reference trajectories A general classification of the possible deviation based upon this explicit solution is given The errors due to the linearization are discussed by comparison with numeiical integration of the exact differential equation of motion and the results based upon the separation of Hamilton-Jacobi's partial differential equation
On the Flow Structure Due to Corotating Disks With a Ventilated Hub

The effects of hub ventilation on the flows tructure between corotating disks enclosed in a stationary cylindrical shroud have been studied using quantitative flow visualization. The ventilation flow resulted from the pumping of the rotating disks. The geometry of the ventilation holes and the total open area were varied and the flow structure was compared to the solid hub case. Many of the features present in the solid hub case remained in modified form. The radial extent of the region purged by the through-flow was independent of the hub open area, which ranged from 3.4 to 37.5 percent of the total hub area. Additionally, the radial extent of the purged region was found to be independent of the Reynolds number
Black holes and the SYM phase diagram

Making combined use of the matrix and Maldacena conjectures, the relation between various thermodynamic transitions in super Yang-Mills (SYM) theory and supergravity is clarified. The thermodynamic phase diagram of an object in DLCQ M theory in four and five non-compact space dimensions is constructed; matrix strings, matrix black holes, and black p-branes are among the various phases. Critical manifolds are characterized by the principles of correspondence and longitudinal localization, and a triple point is identified. The microscopic dynamics of the matrix string near two of the transitions is studied; we identify a signature of black hole formation from SYM physics. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Relationships among different domains of attitudes towards alcoholism: Model cost and treatment

Abstract This study sought to examine the relationships between three domains of attitudes toward alcoholism. The attitudinal domains chosen were Model, Cost and Treatment . A 66-item Likert-style questionnaire was administered to 296 psychology students. Analysis by the novel application of Canonical correlation permitted an economical and psychologically comprehensible assessment of the association among the three domains. The results indicated the existence of a complex network linking the domains of model, cost and treatment whereby attitudes in one domain were believed to influence, (or be influenced by), attitudes in other domains. Implications of these findings were discussed for; (1) educational efforts directed towards alcoholism and (2) the effects of publicising public health statistics concerned with alcoholism costs upon other attitudes towards alcoholism.
Laventiana annectens, new genus and species: fossil evidence for the origins of callitrichine New World monkeys.

Abstract A previously unidentified middle Miocene primate from the La Venta deposits of Colombia is intermediate between squirrel monkeys (Saimiri) and callitrichines (marmosets and tamarins) in the morphology of the lower molars, mandible, and talus. Laventiana annectens is closely related to Saimiri and to Cebus (capuchin monkeys) yet resembles the probable callitrichine morphotype, demonstrating that archaic relatives of a Saimiri-like stock were suitable structural ancestors for the enigmatic callitrichines. Laventiana is also more primitive than Saimiri (= Neosaimiri) fieldsi from the same fauna, further increasing the likelihood that the latter is a lineal ancestor of modern squirrel monkeys.
Near infrared spectrum of hydrogen selenide

$^{*}$Supported by the National Science Foundation. $^{1}$R.A. Hill and T.H. Edwards, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 53, 516, Abstract TB16. $^{2}$ R.A. Hill and T.H. Edwards, J. Mol. Spectroscopy 9, 494 (1962).
7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene plus near-u.v. light initiates DNA damage and repair in Chinese hamster cells.

Earlier results on the photodynamic action of several carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and particularly 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), have been extended to determine if DMBA + near-u.v. light produces damage to DNA. DMBA by itself (30 min, approximately 24 degrees C) introduces relatively few breaks into genomic DNA. The addition of near-u.v. light, however, inserts large numbers of single-strand breaks in a dose-dependent way. Incubation following exposure initially results in the rapid repair of these breaks. A primary role for DNA damage in photodynamic cell killing is not supported by other observations, however. First, caffeine, an inhibitor of radiation-associated DNA repair processes, has only a minor effect on the oxygen-dependent killing of cells exposed to DMBA + u.v. light. Second, along with the repair of DNA breaks, the insertion of additional breaks becomes evident leading to a massive breakdown of genomic DNA due to an endonucleolytic-like attack. And third, lethally affected cells rapidly lose their surface attachment. Because light induces damage in DNA when DMBA is present, it is likely that DMBA becomes closely associated with DNA. Thus, a starting point for mutagenic and carcinogenic action in the absence of light is suggested although activation of DMBA by a P-450 system does not appear to be a prerequisite of DMBA-DNA association. Still, DNA as such may not be the initial or the primary target for light-induced cell killing. In addition to interacting with DNA, DMBA is sequestered by membranes, suggesting that killing results from an oxygen-dependent release of catabolic enzymes. These enzymes, which may come from lysosomes, degrade DNA but concomitantly release surface-attached cells into the medium.
Substrate binding to NO-ferro-naphthalene 1,2-dioxygenase studied by high-resolution Q-band pulsed 2H-ENDOR spectroscopy.

The active site of naphthalene 1,2-dioxygenase (NDO) contains a Rieske Fe−S cluster and a mononuclear non-heme iron, which are contributed by different α-subunits in the (αβ)3 structure. The enzyme catalyzes cis-dihydroxylation of aromatic substrates, in addition to numerous other adventitious oxidation reactions. High-resolution Mims 2H-ENDOR (electron nuclear double resonance) spectra have been recorded for the NO−ferrous center of NDO bound with the substrates d8-naphthalene, d2-naphthalene, d8-toluene, d3-toluene, and d6-benzene; samples were prepared in a D2O buffer to test for solvent-derived ligands; spectra were collected for enzymes with the Rieske diiron center in both its oxidized and reduced states. A sharp quartet ENDOR pattern from a nearby deuteron of the substrate in a major binding geometry (denoted as A) was detected for all perdeuterated substrates. Examination of the sample prepared with 1,4-di-deutero-naphthalene shows that the signal arises from D1. Analysis of two-dimensional (2-D) ...
Ultrastructural localization and distribution of free cholesterol (3β-Hydroxysterols) in tissues

A method is described for the ultrastructural demonstration of free cholesterol in glutaraldehyde-fixed tissues by the use of digitonin. Characteristic reaction products permit localization of free cholesterol in extracellular as well as intracellular compartments. In numerous cell types, digitonin-induced alterations indicated the presence of cholesterol focally in plasma membranes and in membranes of nuclei, rough endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, secretory granules, and cytoplasmic vacuoles. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that free cholesterol is a widely distributed constituent of cell membranes in general and of surface membranes in particular.
SUMO Conjugation to the Matrix Attachment Region-binding Protein, Special AT-rich Sequence-binding Protein-1 (SATB1), Targets SATB1 to Promyelocytic Nuclear Bodies Where It Undergoes Caspase Cleavage

SATB1 (special AT-rich sequence-binding protein-1) provides a key link between DNA loop organization, chromatin modification/remodeling, and association of transcription factors at matrix attachment regions (MARs). To investigate the role of SATB1 in cellular events, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen that identified SUMO-1, Ubc9, and protein inhibitor of activated STAT (PIAS) family members as SATB1 interaction partners. These proteins, working in concert, enhanced SUMO conjugation to lysine-744 of SATB1. Overexpression of SUMO or PIAS in Jurkat cells, which express high levels of endogenous SATB1, exhibited enhanced caspase cleavage of this MAR-associating protein. Sumoylation-deficient SATB1 (SATB1(K744R)) failed to display the characteristic caspase cleavage pattern; however, fusion of SUMO in-frame to SATB1(K744R) restored cleavage. A SUMO-independent interaction of inactive caspase-6 and SATB1 was noted. A subset of total cellular SATB1 localized into promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies where enhanced SATB1 cleavage was detected subsequent to caspase activation. These results reveal a novel sumoylation-directed caspase cleavage of this key regulatory molecule. The role of regulated proteolysis of SATB1 may be to control transcription in immune cells during normal cell functions or to assist in efficient and rapid clearance of nonfunctional or potentially damaging immune cells.
The Role of the Cholecystokinin-B/Gastrin Receptor Transmembrane Domains in Determining Affinity for Subtype-selective Ligands(*)

We have examined the role of transmembrane domain amino acids in conferring subtype-selective ligand affinity to the human cholecystokinin-B (CCK-B)/gastrin receptor. Fifty-eight residues were sequentially replaced by the corresponding amino acids from the pharmacologically distinct CCK-A receptor subtype. 125I-CCK-8 competition binding experiments were performed to compare all mutant CCK-B/gastrin receptor constructs with the wild type control. Affinities for the nonselective agonist, CCK-8, as well as the subtype-selective peptide (gastrin), peptide-derived (PD135,158), and nonpeptide (L365,260 and L364,718) ligands were assessed. All of the mutants retained relatively high affinity for CCK-8, suggesting that the tertiary structure of these receptors was well maintained. Only eight of the amino acid substitutions had a significant effect on subtype selective binding. When compared with the wild type, single point mutations in the CCK-B/gastrin receptor decreased affinity for gastrin, L365,260, and PD135,158 up to 17-, 23-, and 61-fold, respectively. In contrast, the affinity for L364,718 increased up to 63-fold. None of the single amino acid substitutions, however, was sufficient to fully account for the subtype selectivity of any tested compound. Rather, CCK-B/gastrin receptor affinity appears to be influenced by multiple residues acting in concert. The 8 pharmacologically important amino acids cluster in the portion of the transmembrane domains adjacent to the cell surface. The spatial orientation of these residues was analyzed with a rhodopsin-based three-dimensional model of G-protein coupled receptor structure (Baldwin, J. M.(1993) EMBO J. 12, 1693-1703). This model [Abstract] predicts that the 8 crucial residues project into a putative ligand pocket, similar to the one which is well established for biogenic amine receptors (Caron, M. G., and Lefkowitz, R. J.(1993) Recent Prog. Horm. Res. 48, 277-290; Strader, C. D., Sigal, I. S., and Dixon, R. A.(1989) Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 10, Dec. Suppl., 26-30).
Subcellular Metabolite Transport and Carbon Isotope Kinetics in the Intramyocardial Glutamate Pool

The pathophysiological state of the cell must be translated into the mitochondria to meet the demands for oxidative energy production. Metabolite exchange across the mitochondrial membrane provides this communication and was observed with 13C NMR spectroscopy of hearts oxidizing [2-13C]butyrate at normal or high cytosolic redox state. Previous NMR observations of 13C turnover within the glutamate pool of intact tissues have indicated its relationship with metabolic flux through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, but the direct influence of isotope exchange between the TCA cycle intermediates in the mitochondria and the cytosolic glutamate pool has been much less considered. This current study was designed to determine whether the physical transport of metabolites across the mitochondrial membrane of intact heart tissues could be discerned as a rate determinant for isotope turnover in the NMR-detectable glutamate pool. 13C entry into glutamate provided measures of TCA cycle flux and the interconversion be...
1039 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE INCIDENCE OF RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (RDS) AND MATERNAL TOXEMIA

Einstein Medical College, Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Ctr. Dept. Ped. & SUNY-Downstate Medical Ctr., Brooklyn. We have analyzed the relationship between RDS and maternal toxemia in 2107 premature infants weighing between 1000 and 2199 g born from Jan.1968 to Dec.1975 at Downstate Medical Center. Two-hundred and forty-six mothers developed toxemia. The incidence of RDS (15%) in the toxemia group was significantly (p<0.001) lower than that (30%) in the non-toxemia group. In infants whose gestational age was 34 wk or less, the incidence was 21% in the toxemia group and 35% in the non-toxemia group (p<0.001). In infants whose gestational age was 35 wk or more, the incidence (6%) in the toxemia group was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that (15%) in the non-toxemia group. Toxemia was classified into 6 groups; mild pre-eclampsia (1),severe pre-eclampsia (2),antepartum eclampsia (3), intrapartum eclampsia (4),hypertensive before pregnancy with toxemia (5),hypertensive before pregnancy without toxemia (6). The incidence of RDS was 21% in group 1,13% in 2,9% in 3, 0% in 4,10% in 5 and 15% in 6. It appears that the incidence of RDS was inversely related to the severity of maternal toxemia (group 1-4). The incidence of RDS was significantly (p<0.005) lower in infants of mothers who had hypertension before pregnancy with or without toxemia. Our study demonstrated the low incidence of RDS in premature infants of toxemic mothers and inverse relationship between the development of RDS and the severity of maternal toxemia.
GABA-A receptor β3 and α5 subunit gene cluster on chromosome 15q11-q13 and bipolar disorder : A Genetic Association Study

There is accumulated evidence that the genes coding for the receptor of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, may be involved in the pathogenesis of affective disorders. In a previous study, we have found a genetic association between the GABA-A receptor α5 subunit gene locus (GABRA5) on chromosome 15q11–of 13 and bipolar affective disorder. The aim of the present study was to examine the same subjects to see if there exists a genetic association between bipolar affective disorder and the GABA receptor β3 subunit gene (GABRB3), which is located within 100 kb from GABRA5. The sample consisted of 48 bipolar patients compared to 44 controls (blood donors). All subjects were Greek, unrelated, and personally interviewed. Diagnosis was based on DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria. The marker used was a dinucleotide (CA) repeat polymorphism with 12 alleles 179 to 201 bp long; genotyping was successful in all patients and 43 controls. The distribution of GABRB3 genotypes among the controls did not deviate significantly from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. No differences in allelic frequencies between bipolar patients and controls were found for GABRB3, while this locus and GABRA5 did not seem to be in significant linkage disequilibrium. In conclusion, the GABRB3 CA-repeat polymorphism we investigated does not present the observed association between bipolar affective illness and GABRA5. This could be due to higher mutation rate in the GABRB3 CA-repeat polymorphism, but it might also signify that GABRA5 is the gene actually associated with the disease. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Selenium is required for normal upregulation of myelin genes in differentiating oligodendrocytes

The purpose of this study was to characterize the selenium requirement for the normal differentiation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells. In primary mixed glial cultures prepared from newborn rat brains, the overall growth of cultures, as seen from the total RNA yield, was not significantly affected by selenium. However, 30 nM selenium was required for the normal upregulation the proteolipid protein, basic protein, and myelin-associated glycoprotein gene expression assessed by Northern blot analysis. Selenium deprivation during initial, rapid phase of the gene upregulation irreversibly suppressed the genes, indicating the existence of a critical period in oligodendrocyte differentiation. In purified oligodendrocyte cultures prepared by mechanical dislodging of progenitor (O-2A) cells from mixed glial cultures, total cell number and total RNA yield were virtually unaffected by selenium deprivation; however, the developmental upregulation of the myelin genes was profoundly attenuated. Immunocytochemical analysis confirmed the suppressive effect of selenium deficiency on the differentiation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells, as seen from a significant decrease in the population of GalC+ and O4+ cells. Because the number of GC+ cells was more reduced than the number of O4+ cells, the results indicate that selenium deficiency may specifically inhibit the progression from immature to mature oligodendrocytes.
The distributional effects of public higher education: A comment

This paper argues that the evidence presented in the currently available studies does not allow any conclusions to be drawn regarding the distributional effects of public higher education. The source of the problem lies in the use of one year as a sampling frame. It is shown that valid inferences may not be drawn from such a sample. The evaluation of the distributional effects of public higher education must be based on lifetime income and tax streams.
Habitat Associations and Effects of Urbanization on Macroinvertebrates of a Small, High-Plains Stream

ABSTRACT We described the relations between abundance of macroinvertebrates and several habitat variables in Crow Creek within F.E. Warren Air Force Base, Laramie County, Wyoming. Water velocity and longitudinal location showed the highest numbers of significant correlations with abundance of macroinvertebrate taxa. Changes in the macroinvertebrate community with changes in longitudinal location appeared to result from increasing urbanization with downstream movement. Caenis lattipennis, Ceratopogonidae, and Dubiraphia sp. were rare in the downstream portion of the study reach that has received substantial human disturbance.
The Compensatory Effect of Graphic Organizers on Descriptive Text

AbstractThe study investigated the use of graphic organizers to compensate for text that was less than optimal in its organization. Tenth graders (N = 114) read two versions of an expository passage that differed only in structure (comparison versus description). Both experimental groups studied a graphic organizer that had been constructed to reflect the comparison text structure. On immediate and delayed recall measures, the experimental groups recalled significantly more than the control groups only under the descriptive text condition. Results support assimilation encoding theory and suggest that organizers aid recall when readers must reorganize information but do not help when reorganization is unnecessary. All students, regardless of reading level, benefited from the use of graphic organizers.
Mössbauer effect study of metal particle tape stability

Abstract Mossbauer spectroscopy was used to examine the stability of two commercial metal particle tapes which had been exposed either to the short-term accelerant Battelle II environment or long-term laboratory ambient atmosphere. Two Mossbauer techniques were employed: transmission Mossbauer spectroscopy (TMS) determines the average tape parameters, while conversion electron Mossbauer spectroscopy (CEMS) is sensitive only to the medium surface layer. The CEMS data for both tapes exposed to the Battelle II environment showed far more degradation than the corresponding TMS data, in agreement with depth-sensitive recording data. We find that enhanced corrosion continues to occur years after the tapes are removed from the Battelle II environment. In contrast, tape samples exposed solely to laboratory ambient showed no surface corrosion ( A depth ) after several years. The corrosion product on the particulate surfaces is found not to be the previously surmised oxychloride and/or chloride, but is most likely an oxyhydroxide or oxide, as inferred from the high magnetic ordering temperature. The magnetic characteristics of the corrosion product differ markedly from those of the original spinel oxide stabilization shell.
Pelvic muscle profile types in response to pelvic muscle exercise

The purpose of this research was to describe the contractile response of pelvic muscle to exercise (PME). Pelvic muscle pressure curves from ten randomly selected records from a larger study of 65 women with urodynamically demonstrated stress urinary incontinence (SUI) were analyzed. The subjects completed a PME protocol that lasted 16 weeks. Five pressure curves before and after 16 weeks of exercise were analyzed and classified according to pressure-time profile types. Descriptive statistics revealed decreases in urine loss variables and increases in pelvic muscle pressure curve variables. Changes in profile characteristics suggested an increase in type II muscle fiber recruitment; recruitment of type I fibers that appeared less fatigable; and increased contractile force of both type I and type II fibers. Changes were analyzed by descriptive statistics and by reference to putative types. Reference to profile types may be useful to PME prescription to enhance fiber type-specific performance.
Indications and contraindications for the use of molar sodium lactate.

The experience with molar sodium lactate has been extended to include 101 patients. Certain indications and relative contraindications to its use have crystallized. Administration of this agent is shown to be a physiologic and effective method for treating patients with severe hyperpotassemia, multiple Stokes-Adams, attacks, and cardiac arrest, particularly that occurring in the operating room complicating cardiac surgery. For many patients in these categories, sodium lactate was life saving even though it was generally given after other more commonly used drugs and methods of therapy had proved ineffective in restoring cardiac rhythm. In the total group of patients untoward effects were few.
The initial density of avian eggs derived from the tables of Schönwetter

Two independent sources are presented which show that in spite of differences in relative yolk content, the density of egg content is virtually the same, namely, 1.031 g/cm3, SD=0.003, n=41. This constant allows one to calculate egg volume provided egg mass, shell thickness, shell mass, and surface area of the egg are known and to predict the initial egg density (egg mass/egg volume) using the surface area equation ofPaganelli et al. 1974. Measured initial egg densities reported in the literature for 53 species are compared with calculated values, using for each species the egg dimensions reported in Schonwetter's tables. The mean difference=−0.04 %, SD=0.8 %. Initial egg density values were calculated for all species listed inSchonwetter's Handbuch, and for extant, non-passerine birds ranged from 1.049 to 1.19 g/cm3 (n=3217). Density changes during incubation are discussed.
Almost sure convergence rates for system identification using binary, quantized, and regular sensors ☆

Abstract This paper presents almost sure convergence rates for system identification under binary, quantized, and regular sensors. To accommodate practical model complexity constraints, the system under consideration is represented by a modeled part together with an unknown-but-bounded unmodeled dynamics. Under uncorrelated noise sequences, identification errors with different sensor types are studied and tight error bounds are obtained without information or constraints on noise moment conditions. The results are then extended to correlated noise sequences whose remote past and distant future are asymptotically independent. In both cases, almost sure error bounds of the laws of iterated logarithms type are derived.
A rapid and convergent synthesis of the integrastatin core

The tetracyclic core of the integrastatin natural products has been prepared in a convergent and rapid manner. Our strategy relies upon a palladium(II)-catalyzed oxidative cyclization to form the central [3.3.1]-dioxabicycle of the natural product core. Overall, the core has been completed in only 4 linear steps from known compounds.
Predicates definable over transformational derivations by intersection with regular languages

The main result of this paper is that a regular-based transformational grammar which meets the condition on recoverability of deletions and which uses filter and postcyclic transformations can generate any recursively enumerable language. From this follows immediately that context free or context sensitive based transformational grammars which meet the condition on recoverability of deletions and which use filter and postcyclic transformations can generate any recursively enumerable language. These problems are investigated with a view to their implications for the current framework of transformational theory of grammars of natural languages.
Thomson Scattering in Inertial Confinement Fusion Research

Thomson scattering [1] using short-wavelength probe lasers [2] is the standard diagnostic to characterize high-density inertial confinement fusion (ICF) plasmas [3]. Its unique capability to measure plasma parameters such as temperatures, densities, plasma flow, and ionization stages with high accuracy together with possible measurements of plasma wave fluctuations is now widely recognized in the area of laser-produced plasma research. Initially, many basic Thomson scattering experiments with applications to ICF have been performed [4] on the Nova laser facility at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory that produced hot mm-scale plasmas with laser energies of up to 30 kJ. More recently, we have also begun to perform Thomson scattering experiments at a second large facility namely the Omega laser facility at the University of Rochester [5].
Constituent theory of large-mass production

It is argued that the study of the production of a pair of particles with large invariant mass can provide information on the dynamics of hadronic constituents in a similar way to the study of large-transverse-momentum reactions. A general framework for the analysis and interpretation of these reactions is developed in terms of hadron-irreducible subprocesses and the constituent-interchange model. Counting rules are developed that predict the energy and mass dependence of the cross section. In particular, the production of a massive lepton pair or hadron pair in reactions with photon or hadron beams is discussed. A particularly interesting process that is discussed involves the production of a massive hadron pair in electron-positron annihilation. Its importance in measuring properties of generalized structure functions is emphasized.
Design and implementation of a quadrature RF volume coil for in-vivo MR brain imaging of rhesus macaque monkey in a stereotaxic head frame

We describe the design and implementation of a unique coil for in-vivo rhesus macaque brain imaging in a stereotaxic device. The RF volume coil consists of a 2 turn solenoid and a saddle coil configured and fed in quadrature. Finite difference time domain method was used to design the coil. Images acquired show excellent homogeneity and SNR throughout the monkey's brain.
Computer model for determination of the physiologic correlates of the impedance cardiovasculogram associated with acute heart failure

The cardiovasculogram (CVG) is the graphical depiction of the electronic signals generated by the technique of impedance cardiography (ICG) by measurement of the mechanical function of the cardiac cycle. Previous studies have suggested that the presence of a prominent ldquoOrdquo wave in the CVG may be a sensitive indicator of fluid volume overload during episodes of decompensated heart failure. In this study, a computer model of a circulatory system interfaced with a simulated bioimpedance technology is used to determine which physiologic elements may be associated with the typical changes seen in the CVG during acute heart failure.
Laser Raman Spectroscopy in Studies of Corrosion and Electrocatalysis

Laser Raman Spectroscopy (LRS) has become an important tool for the in-situ structural study of electrochemical systems and processes in recent years. Following a brief introduction of the experimental techniques involved in applying LRS to electrochemical systems, we survey the literature for examples of studies in the inhibition of electrode reactions by surface films (e.g., corrosion and passivation phenomena) as well as the acceleration of reactions by electro-sorbates (electrocatalysis). We deal mostly with both normal and resonance Raman effects on fairly thick surface films in contrast to surface-enhanced Raman investigations of monolayer adsorbates, which is covered in another lecture.
Foam Fractionation of Particles in Low Gravity

Foam fractionation of heavy particles has been obtained aboard an aircraft that provides a low-gravity environment by flying parabolic trajectories. Results for large silica, glass, and steel pellets (>0.2 mm) show that, using minimally supporting froths, both mass transport and separation are possible. For single-pass batch separations in low gravity, concentration factors reached threefold (compared with a ninefold theoretical limit and no separation in unit gravity). The impact of reduced gravity is discussed for splitting large particle sizes from low surfactant fluids; possible interest includes bubbling premium biologicals (whole cells, proteins, and viruses, etc.) from native solutions without surfactant addition or membrane disruption. Nomenclature R = average particle radius RB = average bubble radius 7^max,g = maximum radius for particles at unit gravity V = bubble velocities A/V/W = probability of particle entrainment and floatation K = Schledko's material constant for particle-bubble interactions p = particle density a = foam surface tension = wetting angle
Activation of Endogenous Cdc42 Visualized in Living Cells

Signaling proteins are tightly regulated spatially and temporally to perform multiple functions. For Cdc42 and other guanosine triphosphatases, the subcellular location of activation is a critical determinant of cell behavior. However, current approaches are limited in their ability to examine the dynamics of Cdc42 activity in living cells. We report the development of a biosensor capable of visualizing the changing activation of endogenous, unlabeled Cdc42 in living cells. With the use of a dye that reports protein interactions, the biosensor revealed localized activation in the trans-Golgi apparatus, microtubule-dependent Cdc42 activation at the cell periphery, and activation kinetics precisely coordinated with cell extension and retraction.
Modeling Human-Robot Interaction with Petri-Nets

Robots are an ever present part of the workplace. Effective interaction strategies and interfaces are needed to ensure optimal human-robot interaction. Building upon job and cognitive work analysis as traditional methodologies, Petri nets are introduced as a modeling tool for humanrobot interaction. Basic components of the nets are described and utilizing data from search-and-rescue UAV operations, operator nets are constructed. Analysis of the networks yielded several significant findings. Petri nets provide several advantages beyond traditional methodologies and are seen as a useful tool for modeling human-robot interactions.
Impact origin of Archean cratons

Archean cratons consist of crustal granite-greenstone terrains (GGTs) coupled to roots of strong, buoyant cratonic lithospheric mantle (CLM). Although this association is unique to the Archean and formed from ca. 4.0 to 2.5 Ga, the origins of terrestrial cratons are debated. I propose that crustal plateaus, quasi-circular craton-like features (∼1400–2400 km diameter, 0.5–4 km high), on Earth’s sister planet Venus might serve as analogs for Archean cratons. Crustal plateaus, which are isostatically supported by a compositionally controlled low-density root, host a distinctive surface called ribbon-tessera terrain. Ribbon-tessera also occurs as arcuate-shaped inliers in the Venus lowlands, widely interpreted as remnants of rootless crustal plateaus. Within each crustal plateau, surface ribbon-tessera terrain comprises a vast igneous province analogous to terrestrial GGTs, and the plateau root is analogous to CLM. Crustal plateaus and ribbon-tessera terrain collectively represent Venus’ oldest preserved features and surfaces, and they formed during an ancient period of globally thin lithosphere. To explain the linked features of crustal plateaus, a bolide impact hypothesis has been proposed in which a large bolide pierces ancient thin lithosphere, leading to massive partial melting in the sublithospheric mantle. In this model, melt escapes to the surface, forming an enormous lava pond, which evolves to form ribbon-tessera terrain; mantle melt residue forms a strong, resilient buoyant root, leading to plateau support and long-term stability of an individual crustal plateau. Building on the similarity of GGT–CLM and Venus crustal plateaus, I propose an exogenic hypothesis for Archean craton formation in which a large bolide pierces thin Archean lithosphere, causing localized high-temperature, high-fraction partial melting in the sublithospheric mantle; melt rises, forming an igneous province that evolves to form a GGT, and melt residue develops a complementary CLM. By this mechanism, Archean cratons may have formed in a spatially and temporally punctuated fashion at a time when large bolides showered Archean Earth.
Environmental trends in extinction during the Paleozoic

Extinction intensities calculated from 505 Paleozoic marine assemblages divided among six environmental zones and 40 stratigraphic intervals indicate that whole communities exhibit increasing extinction offshore but that genera within individual taxonomic classes tend to have their highest extinction onshore. The offshore trend at the community level results from a concentration of genera in classes with low characteristic extinction rates in nearshore environments. This finding is consistent with the ecologic expectation that organisms inhabiting unpredictably fluctuating environments should suffer more extinction than counterparts living under more predictably equitable conditions.