cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 16. Antiviral Agents

Publisher Summary There have been so many new developments in the chemotherapy of DNA virus diseases alone that this review is confined to the agents that are active against DNA viruses. Although hundreds of compounds with antiviral activity have been identified, few possess sufficient selectivity toward the virus to give good therapeutic responses in vivo . Inhibition of viral or cellular functions in virus-infected cells leads to an inhibition of virus replication. In contrast, inhibition of cellular functions in uninfected cells produces cytotoxicity in vitro that is manifested as bone marrow suppression, gut ulceration, immune suppression, etc. in vivo . The herpesviruses are the most important human pathogens among the DNA-containing viruses. There are five types of human herpesviruses. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 is responsible for a spectrum of infections that range from herpes labialis (“cold sores”) to sight and life-threatening diseases, such as herpes keratitis and encephalitis. HSV type 2 causes genital lesions in both males and females, and may be transmitted to newborn during delivery. Vidarabine drug has a firmly established role in the management of human herpesvirus infections. Even though vidarabine does not act as an absolute chain terminator, it is possible that incorporation of aAMP into DNA retards subsequent chain elongation. Recent work with mammalian DNA polymerase δ strengthens this possibility. Now it seems clear that only those that act by selectivity utilizing or inhibiting unique viral functions will be developed into drugs. To detect such compounds, biochemical, in vitro and in vivo tests need to be used that distinguish between viral and cellular functions.
Rendering and managing spherical data with sphere quadtrees

Most databases for spherically distributed data are not structured in a manner consistent with their geometry. As a result, such databases possess undesirable artifacts, including the introduction of "tears" in the data when they are mapped onto a flat file system. Furthermore, it is difficult to make queries about the topological relationship among the data components without performing real arithmetic. The sphere quadtree (SQT), which is based on the recursive subdivision of spherical triangles obtained by projecting the faces of an icosahedron onto a sphere, eliminates some of these problems. The SQT allows the representation of data at multiple levels and arbitrary resolution. Efficient search strategies can be implemented for the selection of data to be rendered or analyzed by a specific technique. Furthermore, sphere quadtrees offer significant potential for improving the accuracy and efficiency of spherical surface rendering algorithms as well as for spatial data management and geographic information systems. Most importantly, geometric and topological consistency with the data is maintained.
Space, Place, & Symbol: Utilizing central places to understand intergroup conflict dynamics

This article will present a new way of capturing highly dynamic intergroup differentiation processesAÂ through applying a spatial perspective. Drawing from my experiences collected during several fieldAÂ research visits to Bosnia aimed at assessing Post-Dayton intergroup relations, and inspired by the worksAÂ of Doreen Massey, Michel De Certeau, and Rom HarrAÂ©, I will suggest that one key to understandingAÂ how groups interpret the behavior of other groups lies in the meaning groups ascribe to the place ofAÂ their interaction. With the rules of a place limiting the range of actions social agents can chose from, anAÂ understanding of A¢â¬â¢normalA¢â¬â¢ behavior is established; which in the same second positions all other possible actsAÂ as outside the local moral order. Thus making the right to interpret a central place a favorable position andAÂ the interpretation of such a place into a strong positioning act influencing the terms of future interactions.AÂ Deciphering the dominant political meanings of central places on which intergroup interactions take placeAÂ therefore becomes a promising way of understanding intergroup positioning processes. ApproximatingAÂ to the meanings local groups ascribe to central places, however, is in need of a thorough interpretationalAÂ framework; one possible framework, based on analyzing the symbols that are used in the interpretationalAÂ acts themselves, will round up this spatial approach to understanding intergroup interactions.
Isolation and immunophenotyping of human and rhesus macaque dendritic cells.

Publisher Summary Dendritic cells (DCs) represent a highly specialized bone marrow-derived subpopulation of leukocytes. They perform an essential role as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the induction and regulation of adaptive immune responses. DCs migrate from the blood to peripheral tissues, where they reside in an immature state, awaiting an antigen encounter. Immature DCs respond rapidly to the foreign antigens and employ several antigen internalization methods, such as phagocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and macropinocytosis. The chapter discusses the in vitro differentiation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells. The detection and sorting of subsets of dendritic cells can be done by (1) identification and quantification of dendritic cells, (2) isolation of dendritic cells from blood, (3) isolation of dendritic cells from lymph nodes and tonsil samples, (4) enrichment of dendritic cells by magnetic bead depletion before flow cytometric sort, (5) flow cytometric gating strategies, (6) direct isolation of dendritic cells using dendritic cell isolation kits, and (7) identification of dendritic cells in nonhuman primates. The sorted blood or lymph node DCs may not display a characteristic dendritic morphology directly after the isolation procedure. They usually are rounded with reniform nuclei and few or no dendrites. However, short-term culture of the cells leads to the development of dendrites and increases in cellular size. Thus, the culture and activation of dendritic cells can be achieved by phenotyping of differentiated dendritic cell subsets.
The Need for a Failure Model for Security

Researchers in fault tolerance have long made use of the notion of a failure model, which describes the different ways a component in a system can fail. For example, a node can fail quietly (that is, it send out no information), it can fail with respect to timing (that is, send out information too late), it can fail arbitrarily, or it can fail maliciously. The intent of the failure model for fault tolerance is to make it possible to develop different types of algorithms that address different kinds of failures.
In Situ emulsification and mobilization of gasoline range hydrocarbons using surfactants

Abstract In this article the conditions that govern surfactant‐enhanced emulsification and mobilization of petroleum hydrocarbons in soil are reviewed. The effect of soil properties, groundwater constituents, and differing surfactant solutions on the emulsification process is discussed. A constant head soil flushing apparatus used to characterize surfactant‐enhanced mobilization of m‐xylene is described. Data showing the effect of surfactant‐enhanced mobilization on m‐xylene removal efficiency in washed sand is presented. Flushing solutions were used at concentrations from below to well above the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the surfactants used. Removal efficiencies are shown to vary with surfactant concentration and with surfactant type. Flushing solutions of anionic, nonionic, and anionic/nonionic surfactant mixtures were evaluated.
Using Goodwill Impairment To Effect Earnings Management During SFAS No. 142s Year Of Adoption And Later

Prior research (Bens and Heltzer, 2004) shows that the market penalizes firms less for reporting goodwill write-downs below-the-line than it does for presenting them above-the-line. Only in 2002, the year SFAS No. 142 became effective, did goodwill impairments enjoy below-the-line treatment. The current research provides evidence that firms “cherry picked” this year to recognize large impairment losses, thus removing much of the burden from future years when these losses otherwise would have been reported above-the-line. The study also indicates that, even though the number of firms taking goodwill write-offs declined subsequent to 2002, those entities that did so seemed to be taking these discretionary hits because earnings were already depressed in the current year. As such, the big bath earnings management observed in the year of adoption in previous studies (Jordan and Clark, 2004 and 2005) appears to continue even though these impairment losses no longer receive favorable below-the-line treatment.
Climate-driven increases in storm frequency simplify kelp forest food webs

Climate models predict a dramatic increase in the annual frequency and severity of extreme weather events during the next century. Here we show that increases in the annual frequency of severe storms lead to a decrease in the diversity and complexity of food webs of giant kelp forests, one of the most productive habitats on Earth. We demonstrate this by linking natural variation in storms with measured changes in kelp forest food web structure in the Santa Barbara Channel using structural equation modeling (SEM). We then match predictions from statistical models to results from a multiyear kelp removal experiment designed to simulate frequent large storms. Both SEM models and experiments agree: if large storms remain at their current annual frequency (roughly one major kelp-removing storm every 3.5 years), periodic storms help maintain the complexity of kelp forest food webs. However, if large storms increase in annual frequency and begin to occur year after year, kelp forest food webs become less diverse and complex as species go locally extinct. The loss of complexity occurs primarily due to decreases in the diversity and complexity of higher trophic levels. Our findings demonstrate that shifts in climate-driven disturbances that affect foundation species are likely to have impacts that cascade through entire ecosystems.
New Evidence Concerning Polar Eskimo Isolation1

Evidence provided by a nineteenth century collection of Polar Eskimo material culture suggests the possibility of contact over a longer continuous period of time with Eskimos of northeastern Canada and southwest Greenland than has previously been noted.
Dose descriptors for computed tomography.

A weakness in the dose descriptor, the computed tomographydosimetry index, is discussed and an alternate descriptor is proposed. The new descriptor, the equivalent rectangular width, conveniently expresses the spatial spread of dose and is simply derived from customary dose measurements. A measure of performance, which expresses the relative size of the volume being imaged with respect to the volume receiving the dose, is suggested for computed tomography.
Supervisor Sex and Subordinate Influence Strategies

This study explored the beliefs of men and women about what influence strategies they would consider using in a work-related disagreement with their supervisor as a function of their own sex and the sex of their supervisor. Subjects rated the likelihood of their taking each of 40 actions in order to get their own way. As expected, women considered using personal/dependent and negotiation strategies more than men; men considered using coercion/offering rewards for cooperation more than women. In addition, persons considering interaction with a female supervisor reported less likelihood of using reasoning and negotiation strategies and a greater likelihood of withdrawing from conflict than persons with a male supervisor.
Prenatal Ethanol Exposure Decreases GAP‐43 Phosphorylation and Protein Kinase C Activity in the Hippocampus of Adult Rat Offspring

Consumption of moderate quantities of ethanol during pregnancy produces deficits in long-term potentiation in the hippocampal formation of adult offspring. Protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated phosphorylation of the presynaptic protein GAP-43 is critical for the induction of long-term potentiation. We tested the hypothesis that this system is affected in fetal alcohol-exposed (FAE) rats by measuring GAP-43 phosphorylation and PKC activity in the hippocampus of adult offspring of rat dams that had consumed one of three diets throughout gestation: (a) a 5% ethanol liquid diet, which produced a maternal blood ethanol concentration of 83 mg/dl (FAE); (b) an isocalorically equivalent 0% ethanol diet (pair-fed); or (c) lab chow ad libitum. Western blot analysis using specific antibodies to PKC-phosphorylated GAP-43 revealed that FAE rats had an approximately 50% reduction in the proportion of phosphorylated GAP-43. Similarly, we found that PKC-mediated incorporation of 32P into GAP-43 was reduced by 85% in hippocampal slices from FAE rats compared with both control groups. FAE animals also showed a 50% reduction in total hippocampal PKC activity, whereas the levels of six major PKC isozymes did not change in any of the diet groups. These results suggest that GAP-43 phosphorylation deficits in rats prenatally exposed to moderate levels of ethanol are not due to alterations in the expression of either the enzyme or substrate protein, but rather to a defect in kinase activation.
Preoperative neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio predicts death among patients with localized clear cell renal carcinoma undergoing nephrectomy

Abstract Objectives The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is an indicator of the systemic inflammatory response. An increased pretreatment NLR has been associated with adverse outcomes in other malignancies, but its role in localized (M0) clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remains unclear. As such, we evaluated the ability of preoperative NLR to predict oncologic outcomes in patients with M0 ccRCC undergoing radical nephrectomy (RN). Methods and materials From 1995 to 2008, 952 patients underwent RN for M0 ccRCC. Of these, 827 (87%) had pretreatment NLR collected within 90 days before RN. Metastasis-free, cancer-specific, and overall survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Multivariate models were used to analyze the association of NLR with clinicopathologic outcomes. Results At a median follow-up of 9.3 years, 302, 233, and 436 patients had distant metastasis, death from ccRCC, and all-cause mortality, respectively. Higher NLR was associated with larger tumor size, higher nuclear grade, histologic tumor necrosis, and sarcomatoid differentiation (all, P Conclusions Our results suggest that NLR is independently associated with increased risks of cancer-specific and all-cause mortality among patients with M0 ccRCC undergoing RN. Accordingly, NLR, an easily obtained marker of biologically aggressive ccRCC, may be useful in preoperative patient risk stratification.
Electrocardiographic Leads III. Synthesis

This concluding paper of a series of three on electrocardiographic leads indicates how leads that should be superior to many now in use may be constructed. The design of leads to obtain accurate representations of the mean cardiac vector in the usual planes of reference, methods for the improvement of several of the conventional leads, and a unipolar lead of a new type are emphasized.
Implications of Gender Differences for Managers

Expectations about barriers to promotion in management of 26 men and 19 women in an MBA program were similar but men were viewed as risk takers and as making better use of contacts. Men and women also differed on factors of monetary rewards, security, and friendship but both liked challenges
Reactions of multidentate ligands with ligated alkali cation complexes: self-exchange and “sandwich” complex formation kinetics of gas phase crown ether–alkali cation complexes

Abstract Natural abundance isotopic labeling has been employed to study the reactions of labeled LM + complexes with L (L = triglyme, TG; 12-crown-4, C4; 15-crown-5, C5; 18-crown-6, C6; or 21-crown-7, C7; M = Li, Na, K, Rb, or Cs) in the gas phase using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Reaction efficiencies for both ligand exchange and the formation of 2:1 ligand:metal “sandwich” complexes were determined. For a given ligand, self-exchange rates generally decrease with increasing metal size, while the sandwich complex formation rates show strong dependence on the relative sizes of the metal ions and ligand cavities. Acyclic TG complexes undergo self-exchange more rapidly than the analogous cyclic C4 complexes, whereas the sandwich complex formation rates are faster for the C4 complexes. Sandwich formation rates show a weak positive pressure dependence, as increased pressure leads to increased collisional stabilization of the complexes. Extrapolation of the rates to the zero pressure limits still yields significant rates, reflecting radiative stabilization. The self-exchange reactions have weak, negative pressure dependences, suggesting they are in direct competition with sandwich complex formation. Analysis of the sandwich complex formation radiative association kinetics yields estimates of binding enthalpies for attachment of the second ligand. Trends in the binding enthalpies, like the kinetics, show strong dependence on the relative sizes of the metal ions and ligand cavities. For a given metal, binding of a second TG is weaker than binding of a second C4. Binding enthalpies for the second ligand are in every case substantially less than calculated binding enthalpies for the first ligand to attach to a given metal.
Paleoecology of crocodile and whale‐bearing strata of oligocene age in North America

Sediments that accumulated along the coastline of southeastern North America during the late Paleogene lie just beneath the present land surface within the state of South Carolina. Recent discoveries in these deposits by the Charleston Museum, Charleston, South Carolina have brought to light a new vertebrate assemblage. These materials are derived from two local stratigraphic units, the Ashley and Chandler Bridge formations of late Oligocene (Chattian) age. The common occurrence of a large estuarine crocodile (Eosuchia) and several cetaceans (Archaeoceti and Odontoceti) in these beds is the basis for a paleoenvironmental reconstruction which associates these forms as scavenger and prey, respectively. An hypothesis proposes that with a burgeoning whale population during the late Paleogene stranding events became commonplace and in turn provided a new food source for a number of predators and scavengers not the least of which were large coastal plain crocodilians. A taphonomic mode is discussed and faunal a...
Non-reciprocal cross-incompatibility in Trichogramma deion

In non-reciprocal cross-incompatibility (NRCI), the crossing of a female of a strain A with a male of a strain B results in hybrid offspring, whereas the reciprocal cross produces few or no hybrids. Only females are of hybrid origin in Hymenoptera because they arise from fertilized eggs; males arise from unfertilized (haploid) eggs. Crosses between many strains of Trichogramma deion showed some degree of NRCI. Crosses between a T. deion culture collected in Seven Pines, California (SVP) with one from Marysville, California (MRY) showed an extreme form of NRCI in which practically no female offspring was produced when MRY females were crossed with SVP males. The reciprocal cross produced a close to normal proportion of female and male offspring. Detailed studied of this cross indicated that 1) the female offspring produced in the compatible interstrain cross were not the result of parthenogenesis but were true hybrids, 2) the incompatible interstrain cross did not produce female offspring because fertilized eggs died during development, 3) the death of these eggs could not be prevented by either antibiotic or temperature treatment, 4) cytoplasmically inherited factors causing NRCI could be discounted because backcrossed females with the genome of MRY and the cytoplasm of SVP, exhibit the NRCI relationship characteristic of their genome. Therefore the NRCI between these strains appears to be caused by a modification coded for by the nuclear genes of MRY that results in incompatibility when SVP sperm fertilizes MRY eggs. In addition the level of incompatibility in crosses between the SVP females and MRY males is temperature sensitive, the higher the rearing temperature the lower the level of compatibility.
Street justice: A moral defense of order maintenance policing

The conventional wisdom of liberal due process maintains that it is the primary function of the judicial system to provide for incapacitation, punishment, and or treatment of offenders. However, the reality is that police officers perform all of these functions as a community-based institution. Despite administrative and legal due process, superficial professionalism, and constant exhortations which deny the validity of these functions, i.e., “street justice,” it remains an important and essential role of the police institution. This article explores the functional role of “street justice” and the related factors which require this kind of policing.
Design, fabrication, and performance of preferential-order volume grating waveguide couplers.

Both a nonfocusing and a focusing preferential-order volume grating waveguide coupler were designed, fabricated, and tested. These volume grating couplers are designed to outcouple a 633-nm wave guided in an adjacent polyimide waveguide film. The slanted-fringe volume gratings are recorded holographically by the interference of two 364-nm waves. The dynamics of the holographic photopolymer HRF600X001 are investigated in relation to the interaction with the guided wave. The fabricated couplers exhibited a preferential coupling of 98%, a spatial coupling rate of 3.6 mm-1, and a coupling efficiency of 95%. The focusing grating coupler focused the outcoupled beam to a focal line with a full width at half-maximum of 10.49 µm located 25 mm above the grating.
Experimental Determination of Temperature Profiles by Ground-Based Microwave Radiometry

Abstract A one-week experiment was conducted to evaluate a dual-frequency microwave radiometer for recovering low altitude temperature profiles; the two-channel radiometer operated at 53.5 and 54.5 GHz. Meteorological support included radiosondes, helicopters, and an instrumented 150 m tower. Statistical inversion of 13 radiometer angular scan data sets resulted in an average rms error of 2.0 K up to 3 km for the microwave system. Significant features of thermal inversion structure were recovered. A continuous set of fixed-angle brightness observations correlated well with temperatures measured on the tower. The statistical inversion method and the Backus-Gilbert method were applied to the analysis of the accuracy and the spatial resolution of the ground-based system. Model calculations were performed to estimate the effects of departures from horizontal stratification and of significant time variation in temperature structure during an elevation scan.
ACS chemical neuroscience molecule spotlight on begacestat (GSI-953)

A “second generation” γ-secretase, Begacestat (GSI-953), which is more selective against Notch-signaling, has shown promise in recent Phase I clinical trials. Begacestat, a novel, 2,5-disubsitituted thiophene sulfonamide from Wyeth (now Pfizer) is under evaluation for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
The influence of loss aversion on mountain bikers' behavioral intentions.

Public involvement in management decision making has received increased attention from researchers in recent years. These studies, however, have rarely considered differences in behavior resulting from gains and losses, despite ample evidence that individuals’ behavior is not the same across situations. Individuals are often more sensitive to losses than gains, which research suggests is related to ownership (real or perceived) of the item lost. We present evidence from a within-subjects quasi-experimental design to test whether mountain bikers’ reported intentions differ between gain based and loss based conditions. These data were analyzed using a multi-step repeated measures analysis of variance and repeated measures analysis of covariance. The results suggest that losses are more powerful than gains in motivating public engagement in management decision making. Further, the type of action was also shown to influence behavioral intentions. Additional analyses provide support to the claim that, centrality, used as a proximate measure of ownership, moderates the contextual effects on behavioral intentions. Thus, loss aversion, moderated by ownership, is a plausible explanation of stakeholder involvement.
Probing Inhomogeneous Vibrational Reorganization Energy Barriers of Interfacial Electron Transfer

An atomic force microscopy (AFM) and confocal Raman microscopy study of the interfacial electron transfer of a dye-sensitization system, i.e., alizarin adsorbed upon TiO2 nanoparticles, has revealed the distribution of the mode-specific vibrational reorganization energies encompassing different local sites (∼250-nm spatial resolution). Our experimental results suggest inhomogeneous vibrational reorganization energy barriers and different Franck−Condon coupling factors of the interfacial electron transfer. The total vibrational reorganization energy was inhomogeneous from site to site; specifically, mode-specific analyses indicated that energy distributions were inhomogeneous for bridging normal modes and less inhomogeneous or homogeneous for nonbridging normal modes, especially for modes far away from the alizarin−TiO2 coupling hydroxyl modes. The results demonstrate a significant step forward in characterizing site-specific inhomogeneous interfacial charge-transfer dynamics.
Creating a multimedia classroom

By tradition, Carnegie Mellon University seeks innovative ways to integrate computing and advanced technology into research and education. This ambition extends to classroom design as well.
Immunology of theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus infection

Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) is a single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the family of picornaviruses. Intracranial inoculation of susceptible mouse strains with TMEV results in biphasic disease, consisting of early acute disease that resembles poliomyelitis, followed by late chronic demyelinating disease that is characterized by the appearance of chronic inflammatory demyelinating lesions. Susceptibility to TMEV infection is genetically controlled by three loci: one that maps to the H-2D region of the major histocompatibility complex, one to the beta-chain constant region of the T-cell antigen receptor, and one located on chromosome 3. Both early acute and chronic late demyelinating diseases are immunologically mediated. T cells appear to play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. TMEV-induced demyelinating disease in mice has extensive similarities with multiple sclerosis, and it is considered one of the best experimental animal models for multiple sclerosis.
Delay, deny, delete and destroy: American conservatism and environmental protection

In the American political lexicon, the term NIMBY has become quite prominent. To it should be added, NIMEY and NIMTO; i.e. not in my election year and not in my term of office. The current U.S. federal administration is dominated in all three branches by ideological and pragmatic conservatives. Hostility toward the national environmental agenda which they inherited has been masked by subtle rhetoric and skilful use of the levers of power. The Bush administration has used the powers of the Executive to delay implementation of pending environmental initiatives, deny access of traditional environmental "players" to the process, delete from public access critical information and destroy environmental protections via use of the regulatory authority, control of the budget and cooperation with a mostly compliant Congress. This paper explores the skillfully crafted "big picture" of the Bush agenda toward the environment and their efforts at de–legitimizing the American environmental movement. Special emphasis will be paid toward the Bush administration efforts at: 1) delaying implementation of national and international policies with regard to climate change in the name of "science"; 2) opening up military lands and bases from compliance with environmental laws in the name of military preparedness; 3) removing information vital to action in the courts and in the field with regard to environmental hazards in the name of national security; 4) development of national energy plans with no legitimate input from the environmental community; 5) delaying implementation of vital air quality initiatives while waiting on Congress to pass their "Clean Skies" initiative; 6) shrinking the budgets of key environmental agencies and sources of environmental information including EPA, NASA, NOAA, OSHA and others.
Surfactant-Induced Modulation of Light Emission in Porous Silicon Produced by Metal-Assisted Electroless Etching

Photoluminescent porous silicon (PSi) was produced by Pt-assisted electroless chemical etching of p--Si in a 1:1:2 (v/v/v) solution of HF, methanol, and H2O2. Upon irradiation with ultraviolet light PSi produced under these conditions luminesces with a peak emission near 590 nm that is sufficiently intense to be visible by eye. Because PSi light emission is an attractive modality for chemical sensing, the effect of charged surfactant adsorbates on the photoluminescence (PL) intensity was investigated. PSi was exposed to aqueous solutions of cationic, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and anionic, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), surfactants as a function of solution concentration and pH. Adsorption produces both chemical and physical changes at the PSi−solution interface, which were followed by a combination of PL and infrared absorption spectroscopy. Luminescence is quenched in the presence of CTAB and enhanced in the presence of SDS, both in a pH-dependent manner, the behavior being explained by a dep...
Delayed ovulation and pregnancy outcome: effect of environmental toxicants on the neuroendocrine control of the ovary

In the female rat, we have shown that a burst exposure to environmental toxicants known to alter noradrenergic function will block the ovulatory surge of LH when administered during a sensitive period on the day of vaginal proestrus. Such treatments will delay ovulation by 24 h and affect embryo survival. These results demonstrate clearly that brief, appropriately timed, toxicant exposure can initiate a cascade of changes that can alter reproductive outcome. However, we also found that continued exposure to the same compound is without an apparent influence on the reproductive capacity of the female, indicating that the female can become tolerant to such adverse reproductive effects. These observations raise a number of questions concerning the approaches currently used to examine potential reproductive toxicants. In this review, we describe the consequences of appropriately timed exposures to chlordimeform and dithiocarbamates on the timing of ovulation and subsequent alterations in pregnancy outcome. We also review the available literature on phenobarbital delays in ovulation and oocyte function in the rodent and the relevance to ovulatory delays in the human.
Effect of Ethanol on the Solubilization of Hydrocarbon Emulsion Droplets in Nonionic Surfactant Micelles

Light scattering was used to study the effects of ethanol on the mass transport of hydrocarbon molecules from emulsion droplets to nonionic surfactant micelles.n-Hexadecane oil-in-water emulsions (10 wt%) with a mean droplet diameter of 0.97 μm stabilized by 2 wt% polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, were prepared. These emulsions were diluted to 0.04 wt%n-hexadecane using a series of aqueous solutions containing different concentrations of ethanol (0 to 20 wt%) and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (0 or 2 wt%). The time dependence of the droplet concentration and size distribution were monitored at 30°C using light scattering. The molecular flux of the solubilization process increased with increasing ethanol concentration, but the maximum amount of oil solubilized per unit amount of surfactant was independent of ethanol concentration. The data are interpreted in terms of the molecular processes that occur during solubilization.
HLA-DR3 transgenic mice immunized with adenovirus encoding the thyrotropin receptor: T cell epitopes and functional analysis of the CD40 Graves' polymorphism.

The major histocompatibility (MHC) molecule HLA-DR3 is a susceptibility gene for Graves' disease (GD) in Caucasians. Mice lacking murine MHC and expressing human HLA-DR3 develop thyrotropin recepto...
Dense Tethered Layers by the “Grafting-To” Approach

The advantages of the grafting-to approach for the formation of tethered polymer layers, or polymer brushes, include construction under ambient conditions, precise control of polymer molecular weight, and control of dispersity. These advantages are counterbalanced by the relatively low grafting density typically achieved. We developed a method, based on segmental adsorption and high solution concentration, for achieving significant increases in surface attachment density. The method can be used with substrates of any geometry and requires only a minimum of polymer solution. The experimental results revealed that there is a solution concentration, inversely related to molecular weight, above which there is no additional increase in tethered chain density. The surface attachment density was determined by two complementary techniques, solution depletion and ellipsometry, and consistent trends were found.
Early Dilation in the Treatment of Esophageal Disruption

During the past four years, 11 patients with disruption of esophageal continuity have received dilation therapy prior to the healing of the fistula. In 7 patients undergoing transhiatal esophagectomy with a cervical esophagogastric anastomosis, anastomotic leaks within 2 to 13 days (average, 8 days) after operation were treated by drainage, bedside esophageal dilations to at least a 46F bougie, and supplemental jejunostomy tube feedings. Bougienage was performed within 1 to 12 days (average, 6 days) of the diagnosis of a leak, and oral intake was not discontinued for more than 72 hours average. Fistula drainage stopped within 1 to 12 days (average, 6 days) of dilation in all patients. Four patients referred with chronic intrathoracic esophageal disruptions (2, middle third and 2, distal third) following resection of diverticula (2), esophageal dilation (1), and trauma from Harrington rods (1) were also treated successfully by drainage, esophageal dilation, or both. Periesophageal inflammation associated with an esophageal leak, esophageal spasm due to local irritation, or relative anastomotic narrowing may all contribute to obstruction distal to an esophageal disruption and adversely affect spontaneous closure. Dilation of the leaking esophagus is not dangerous if performed carefully and selectively, and in fact may promote healing of the injury.
Early physical health consequences of disaster exposure and acute disaster-related PTSD

A sample of adults (N=666) was interviewed 6 months after the devastating 1999 floods and mudslides in Mexico. Comparisons between sample data and population norms pointed to significant postdisaster elevations in physical health symptoms across a variety of domains. With age, gender, and predisaster mental health and living conditions controlled, severity of exposure was related to higher physical symptoms. The effects of severity of exposure dropped out of the equations when postdisaster posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were taken into account. The effects of acute PTSD on health symptoms were largely, but not completely, accounted for by concurrent depressed affect, with criterion symptoms reflecting intrusion and arousal most likely to show a specific effect. Although previous research examined stressors from the distant past, here the role of PTSD as a mediator of the trauma-health relation was demonstrated with recent disaster exposure and acute PTSD, in a very different population.
Engineering considerations in the use of catalyzed sodium alanates for hydrogen storage

Abstract The hydrogen storage properties of catalyzed NaAlH 4 (and associated Na 3 AlH 6 ) were studied in relation to various practical engineering considerations. Properties measured were cyclic capacity, charging and discharging rates, thermal effects, gaseous impurities, volume changes, low temperature plateau pressures and detailed isothermal desorption kinetics over the temperature range 23–180°C. Two materials were evaluated, one mechanically milled with the liquid alkoxides Ti(OBu n ) 4 and Zr(OPr i ) 4 and one milled with dry TiCl 3 as catalyst precursors. The alkoxide-catalyzed materials had low reversible capacities and released significant levels of hydrocarbon impurities during H 2 discharge. These problems were virtually eliminated with the inorganic TiCl 3 catalyst precursor. The NaAlH 4 and Na 3 AlH 6 decomposition kinetics of TiCl 3 -catalyzed Na-alanate conform to Arrhenius behavior with activation energies of 79.5 and 97 kJ/mol H 2 , respectively. Measured absorption and desorption kinetics were surprisingly good and it is shown that 3–4.5 wt.% H 2 can be stored and recovered in reasonable times at 100–125°C. It may even be ultimately possible to use the NaAlH 4 decomposition reaction to provide 3 wt.% H 2 at room temperature for low-rate applications.
Generation of non‐isotropic unstructured grids via directional enrichment

A procedure for the generation of highly stretched grids suitable for Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) calculations is presented. In a first stage, an isotropic (Euler) mesh is generated. In a second stage, this grid is successively enriched with points in order to achieve highly stretched elements. The element reconnection is carried out using a constrained Delaunay approach. Points are introduced from the regions of lowest stretching towards the regions of highest stretching. The procedure has the advantages of not requiring any type of surface recovery, not requiring extra passes or work to mesh concave ridges/corners, and guarantees a final mesh, an essential requirement for industrial environments. Given that point placement and element quality are highly dependent for the Delaunay procedure, special procedures were developed in order to obtain optimal point placement. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Place de l’hypothermie régulée dans le cadre de l’arrêt cardiaque

Resume L’arret cardiaque est un probleme de sante publique du fait de sa frequence et de sa mortalite particulierement elevee. Ce mauvais pronostic justifie de nouvelles approches therapeutiques, comme l’hypothermie regulee mise en œuvre apres recuperation d’une activite cardiaque efficace, qui a permis une amelioration du pronostic neurologique, notamment lorsque cet arret survient a l’occasion d’un trouble du rythme choquable. Les recommandations ont etendu cette pratique au cadre des troubles du rythme non choquables, ainsi qu’a d’autres situations plus rares. De nouveaux travaux de recherche sur ce theme sont indispensables afin de permettre la poursuite de l’amelioration du pronostic de ces patients.
FUENTES DE PRUEBA Y MEDIOS DE PRUEBA EN EL PROCESO CIVIL

El proposito de este articulo es explicar la distincion teorica entre fuentes de prueba y medios de prueba en el campo del enjuiciamiento civil. A partir de la llamada concepcion racionalista o cog-noscitivista de la prueba en juicio, se sostiene que tanto fuentes como medios constituyen datos empiricos que sirven de sustento a la actividad probatoria y al resultado de esta. En este sentido, ambos son elementos (personas y cosas) que suministran informacion sobre hechos. La diferencia entre uno y otro radica en el escenario donde se situan, pues mientras las fuentes de prueba se ubican en un plano previo y ajeno al proceso jurisdiccional, los medios de prueba se instalan en el contexto del juicio. La relacion entre ambos surge, en definitiva, del modo como cada sistema de enjuiciamiento determina la procedencia de los medios de prueba; en otras palabras, el asunto consiste en resolver cuales fuentes de prueba pueden ser incorporadas a un juicio como medios de prueba relevantes y juridicamente admisibles.
Aortic dissection: Anatomy, consequences, and causes

All aortic dissections are characterized by separation of their media in a course parallel to that of the flow of blood. In addition to the medial longitudinal dissection, a continuous more or less transverse intimal and medial tear is identified in all but a few ((5%) patients.’ In nearly 70% of patients (Table I), the tear which marks the beginning of the dissection, is located in the ascending aorta, usually about 2 cm cephalad to the sinotubular junction, which corresponds to the cephalad extension of the aortic valve cuspsl-’ (Figs. 1 to 8). The entrance tear or laceration is in the aortic arch in about 10% of patients, in the descending thoracic aorta (Figs. 9 to 14) (mainly the isthmic portion)1 in about 20%, and rarely (about 2%) in the abdominal aorta (Fig. 15). The entrance tear, in general, involves about one half the circumference of the aorta, occasionally much1 less, and rarely, the entire aortic circumference.8 In contrast to the entrance tear, a reentry tear is identified far less frequently-only in about 10% of the patients collected from previous reports by Hirst et al.’ (Table II). Its location is the aorta in about half of them (most commonly the abdominal portion, next the descending thoracic portion, and last, the ascending portion), and in the other half a peripheral artery (most commonly one or more iliac arteries).’ Rarely,
Small‐scale sea ice deformation in the Beaufort Sea seasonal ice zone

[1] During spring 2003, the deformation of a single lead in the Beaufort Sea was investigated using four Global Positioning System recording stations. The lead was situated in first-year ice, in the transition zone between multiyear, and seasonal ice packs. We discuss the opening rate and shear of this lead in the context of weather system forcing of the Beaufort Sea sea ice. It is found that in an opening mode, the lead displays semidiurnal fluctuations in divergence. It was also observed that the lead predominately ridged first-year ice in closing. The volume of ice ridged was the same order of magnitude as ice growth within the study region during the time period studied. Further work is required to fully understand the implications of the subdiurnal forcing of the ice pack on deformation in the shear zone at the edge of the perennial ice pack in the Beaufort Sea. This study provides information about the temporal and spatial scales that must be resolved in these future investigations.
Recursive functions in a data base language for complex objects

Abstract The work presented in this paper demonstrates a new method for recursive queries in a complex object data base system. The method is called functional recursion. Most previous approaches express recursive queries by set oriented recursion, i.e. they allow us to define a set M recursively by an equation M = ƒ(M) . In contrast to set oriented recursion, functional recursion as defined in this paper allows the user to define a function ƒ recursively by an equation ƒ = F(ƒ) . As opposed to recursive functions written in a conventional programming language, the termination criterion which sometimes is rather complex does not have to be programmed by the user but is given implicitly. By providing appropriate parameters to a function, the user can integrate a selection into the recursion in a convenient and natural way. This is not the case for set oriented recursion. When using set recursion, the user is forced to formulate a query which computes more than really needed. It is the task of the optimizer then to push the subsequent selection into the recursion. This means that the user cannot write the query in a natural way and the system then has to figure out what the user wanted. All these problems are avoided when using recursive functions as defined in this paper. Moreover, a solution based on key oriented duplicate elimination is presented which solves the problem of lists and arithmetics in the context of recursive functions. The method is illustrated by bill-of-materials examples and by a railroad example.
Instantaneous three-dimensional concentration measurements in the self- similar region of a round high-Schmidt-number jet

The virtually instantaneous three-dimensional concentration fields in the self-similar region of natural or unexcited, circularly excited and weakly buoyant round jets of Reynolds number based on nozzle diameter of 1000 to 4000 are measured experimentally at a spatial resolution of the order of the Kolmogorov length scale. Isoconcentration surfaces are extracted from the concentration field. These surfaces along with their geometrical parameters are used to deduce the structure and modal composition of the jet. The concentration gradient field is calculated, and its local topology is classified using critical-point concepts.Large-scale structure is evident in the form of ‘clumps’ of higher-concentration jet fluid. The structure, which has a downstream extent of about the local jet diameter, is roughly axisymmetric with a conical downstream end. This structure appears to be present only in fully turbulent jets. The antisymmetric two-dimensional images previously thought to be axial slices of an expanding spiral turn out in our data to instead be slices of a simple sinusoid in three dimensions. This result suggests that the helical mode, when present, is in the form of a pair of counter-rotating spirals, or that the +1 and −1 modes are simultaneously present in the flow, with their relative phase set by initial conditions.In terms of local structure, regions with a large magnitude in concentration gradient are shown to have a local topology which is roughly axisymmetric and compressed along the axis of symmetry. Such regions, which would be locally planar and sheet-like, may correspond to the superposition of several of the layer-like structures which are the basic structure of the fine-scale passive scalar field (Buch & Dahm 1991; Ruetsch & Maxey 1991).
Precipitation Production in a Large Montana Hailstorm: Airflow and Particle Growth Trajectories

Abstract Computations of air motion and precipitation growth using winds derived from Doppler radar measurements were analyzed to reveal important flow features that influenced the production of precipitation during the nearly steady phase of a well-observed severe storm in Montana that produced hail as large as 5 cm in diameter. The storm had many features commonly associated with supercells, though it exhibited a gently sloping overhang on its low-level inflow side, rather than the more classical vaulted structure. Formed initially as the right member of a splitting storm pair, it moved slowly eastward while embedded in moderately sheared environmental winds. Characteristic hail growth trajectories and precipitation fallout positions are considered in conjunction with the deduced embryo sources and formation regions. Based on particle growth calculations, measurements by radar and research aircraft, cloud photography and direct hailstone examination, four general sources of hail embryos were apparent: 1...