cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Literacy Orientation Survey: A Survey to Clarify Teachers' Beliefs and Practices.

Abstract The development of the Literacy Orientation Survey (LOS) is described. The LOS is an instrument for assessing teachers’ beliefs about literacy learning and classroom practices as they relate to constructivism. Content validity of the LOS was established by a panel of experts who reviewed the items, judging how well items reflected principles of constructivist approaches to literacy instruction. A draft survey of 44 items was administered to 110 teachers. Responses were factor analyzed. Thirty items, 15 belief statements and 15 practice statements, that respectively loaded at a .80 level were retained. The resulting LOS survey was administered to 30 different teachers in order to determine the reliability of the instrument. A test‐retest reliability coefficient was computed as r = .927. The LOS was subsequently administered to 95 teachers. Correlation between belief and practice items was .65. While the LOS was determined to have robust internal validity and reliability, questions remained about e...
119 Latino ethnicity and weight status

Abstract PURPOSE: It is well accepted that married individuals have better health than the unmarried, and that men benefit more from being married than women. The majority of studies that examine the extent to which marriage relates to health primarily focus on Whites and Blacks. However, little is known about how marital relates to health outcomes for Latinos. This research examines the association between marital status and physical health (i.e., Body Mass Index and weight gain) for Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cubans in the U.S. METHODS: We examined the BMI and weight change for 3,555 Mexican Americans, 1,353 Puerto Ricans and 907 Cubans ages 20 through 74 using the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES, 1982-1984). We used One-Way ANOVAS to examine the distribution of marital status by age, parity for women, socioeconomic status, (i.e., education and poverty), and cultural factors (i.e., generation status and acculturation level). We also employed multivariate analyses to estimate the association between marital status and weight net of age, parity, SES, and cultural factors. RESULTS: Married Mexican Americans have a higher BMI than their unmarried counterparts, after adjusting for the aforementioned factors. A similar pattern is found for Puerto Rican men and Cuban women. Unlike BMI, the association between marital status and weight gain is less uniform. Married Mexican American women, Puerto Rican men and Cuban women experienced more weight gain than the unmarried. For Cuban women, however, SES mediates the association between marital status and weight gain. CONCLUSION: Similar to Whites and Blacks, marital status among U.S. Latinos is independently related to the distribution of BMI and adult weight gain. Simply stated, married Latinos are at greater risk of having a higher BMI and gain more weight than their unmarried peers.
Scaling behavior of fluctuation conductivity of high-temperature superconductors in a magnetic field

Fluctuation conductivities of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathit{x}}$ and ${\mathrm{Tl}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathit{x}}$ films have been analyzed beyond the Gaussian approximation by using the two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) scaling functions in the critical region. Near the mean-field transition temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$(H), the fluctuation conductivity of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathit{x}}$ shows a 3D scaling behavior similar to that seen in the single crystal, suggesting that fluctuations are coherent over the adjacent Cu-O layers in this region. The fluctuation conductivity of ${\mathrm{Tl}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathit{x}}$ shows good agreement with 2D scaling behavior for temperatures higher than a few degrees above ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$(H), but a deviation occurs very near and below ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$(H). The poor scaling in that region may be caused by double transitions, which are systematically seen in the highly anisotropic high-${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ superconductors like ${\mathrm{Tl}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathit{x}}$, preventing the determination of the validity of a 2D scaling formula near and below ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$(H).
Mesh Convergence Studies for Thin Shell Elements Developed by the ASME Task Group on Computational Modeling

The ASME Task Group on Computational Modeling for Explicit Dynamics was founded in August 2008 for the purpose of creating a quantitative guidance document for the development of finite element models used to analyze energy-limited events using explicit dynamics software. This document will be referenced in the ASME Code Section III, Division 3 and the next revision of NRC Regulatory Guide 7.6 as a means by which the quality of a finite element model may be judged. One portion of the document will be devoted to a series of element convergence studies that can aid designers in establishing the mesh refinement requirements necessary to achieve accurate results for a variety of different elements types in regions of high plastic strain. These convergence studies will also aid reviewers in evaluating the quality of a finite element model and the apparent accuracy of its results. In this paper the authors present the results of a convergence study for an impulsively loaded propped cantilever beam constructed of LS-DYNA thin shell elements using both reduced and full integration. Three loading levels are considered; the first maintains strains within the elastic range, the second induces moderate plastic strains, and the third produces large deformations and large plastic strains.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Evaluation of colonic replacement of the esophagus in children

Abstract Replacement of the thoracic esophagus with an interposed segment of colon was done in 29 children with esophageal atresia, stricture, or varices. There were no deaths. One failed because of vascular insufficiency of the transplant. The incidence of early postoperative complications was high. Long-term clinical and radiological evaluations were generally quite satisfactory in terms of normal growth, absence of pulmonary and intestinal symptoms, and rapid emptying of the transplant.
GaAs distributed Bragg reflector lasers

Abstract An equivalent cavity approach is used to derive the oscillation condition of a distributed Bragg reflector laser. The oscillation frequencies and thresholds are determined graphically. The effect of lossy reflectors is discussed. Several advantages and potential applications of distributed Bragg reflector structures are pointed out. Experimental results on optically pumped GaAs lasers are presented.
Influence of carbon sources and electron shuttles on ferric iron reduction by Cellulomonas sp. strain ES6

Microbially reduced iron minerals can reductively transform a variety of contaminants including heavy metals, radionuclides, chlorinated aliphatics, and nitroaromatics. A number of Cellulomonas spp. strains, including strain ES6, isolated from aquifer samples obtained at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Hanford site in Washington, have been shown to be capable of reducing Cr(VI), TNT, natural organic matter, and soluble ferric iron [Fe(III)]. This research investigated the ability of Cellulomonas sp. strain ES6 to reduce solid phase and dissolved Fe(III) utilizing different carbon sources and various electron shuttling compounds. Results suggest that Fe(III) reduction by and growth of strain ES6 was dependent upon the type of electron donor, the form of iron present, and the presence of synthetic or natural organic matter, such as anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) or humic substances. This research suggests that Cellulomonas sp. strain ES6 could play a significant role in metal reduction in the Hanford subsurface and that the choice of carbon source and organic matter addition can allow for independent control of growth and iron reduction activity.
Global Debate and the Limits of the Bush Doctrine

The “Bush Doctrine” asserting the right to preemptively attack states that support or harbor terrorists and pursue weapons of mass destruction (WMD) has bitterly divided world opinion. Many seemingly long-settled questions of international politics, especially involving the unilateral use of force, have been reopened. Although we are concerned about the implications of the Bush Doctrine, we do not agree that it fundamentally changes world politics as some have asserted. Instead, we argue that the global debate leading up to the war in Iraq signals widespread support for existing international norms. Most states continue to see force as a last resort, properly subject to multilateral control in all but the most urgent cases of imminent self-defense. The nature of American diplomatic maneuverings in the United Nations and the public statements of high-level officials suggest that even the United States continues to recognize the importance of these norms.
Giant dipole resonance decay from fusion-fission and quasifission of hot thorium nuclei

Giant dipole resonance (GDR) {gamma} rays were measured in kinematic coincidence with fission fragments in the reactions {sup 16}O+{sup 208}Pb at 140 MeV, and {sup 32}S+{sup nat}W at 185, 215, and 230 MeV bombarding energy, leading to {sup {similar to}216,224}Th at a temperature of {ital T}{approx}1.8 to 2.1 MeV. The experiment determined the {gamma}-ray spectrum and the {gamma}-ray-fission fragment angular correlation as a function of fragment mass, kinetic energy, and total kinetic energy release. The coincidence {gamma}-ray spectra are fitted successfully and consistently in terms of the statistical decay of the hot compound system and of the fission fragments, when a large nuclear dissipation ({gamma}=10) and, for the {sup 32}S+{sup nat}W reaction, the GDR {gamma} emission during the quasifission process is included. The {gamma}-ray-fission fragment angular correlation indicates a deformed compound system in {sup 224}Th of either strongly prolate ({beta}=0.3) or noncollective oblate ({beta}={minus}0.1) shape. This is consistent with, but does not prove, a transition to a liquid drop shape having occurred at {ital T}{approx}1.8 MeV. The quasifission process is successfully included using regular extra-push and extra-extra-push energies and a quasifission lifetime {tau}{sub QF}=(20--40){times}10{sup {minus}21} sec. This is about ten times shorter than the compound nucleus fission lifetime in {supmore » 224}Th at this temperature.« less
Quantum tunneling photoacoustic spectroscopy for the characterization of thin films

Thin films continue to show great promise for improving a wide variety of devices in applications such as medical instrumentation, material processing, and astronomical instrumentation. While ellipsometry and reflectometry are standard characterization techniques for determining thickness and refractive index, these techniques tend to require highly reflective or polished films and rely on empirical equations. We have created Quantum Tunneling Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (QTPAS) that uses light induced ultrasound to obtain thickness and refractive index estimates of transparent films. We present QTPAS to be used for the estimation of properties of single layer films as an alternative to ellipsometry and give qualitative sample measurements of the technique's estimated parameters.
Isoflurane prevents platelets from enhancing neutrophil-induced coronary endothelial dysfunction

We evaluated whether platelets can enhance polymorphonuclear neutrophil-induced coronary endothelial dysfunction, and, after observing this, whether isoflurane can prevent the effect. Neutrophils, coronary artery segments, and platelets were obtained from 25 healthy dogs. Coronary artery rings were
Using Web-based Pedagogical Tools as Scaffolds for Self-regulated Learning

The purpose of the present study was to confirm previous research findings that different categories of Web-based pedagogical tools (WBPT) (e.g., collaborative and communication tools, content creation and delivery tools) supported different self-regulated learning (SRL) processes (e.g., goal setting, self-monitoring), and to further examine which WBPT were most effective in supporting student SRL while completing course assignments. The sample surveyed consisted of 65 students enrolled in three distributed courses. A mixed methods methodological approach was implemented. As expected, quantitative analyses confirmed that different WBPT supported different SRL processes. In addition, analyses of qualitative data collected revealed that WBPT were highly effective in activating the use of SRL processes necessary to support specific types of learning tasks required for completion of course assignments. Educational implications for using WBPT as scaffolds for SRL are discussed.
Polyguide technology for passive optical interconnects

DuPont has developed an optical interconnect technology consisting of polymer materials and fabrication and assembly processes. This technology, referred to as Polyguide, provides the user with the capability to mass produce channel optical waveguides that perform splitting, point to point interconnection, wavelength discrimination and other optical functions. These materials and processes make packaging practical. This has been demonstrated with optical printed wiring boards, connectorized multilayer ceramic modules and discrete pigtailed components. Critical interfacing requirements have also been met. These include the passively aligned attachment of single mode optical fiber arrays and the fabrication of low loss mirrors for coupling to laser diodes, LEDs, and photodectors. As part of the ARPA funded POLO project DuPont is advancing the fabrication and assembly processes to allow low cost deployment of optical interconnects. A description of current Polyguide technology and performance specifications will be presented. Demonstrations of packaging will be reviewed. This polymer system addresses most of the tasks required for the practical utilization of optical waveguides. Polyguide technology can enable optical connectivity and transmission in many new products.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cyclic cohomology of certain affine schemes

Cyclic cohomology of the commutative C-algebra A = C[x]/(f) associated with /eCf[^] is computed by making use of an explicitly constructed projective resolution. The result is H""(A)=Cm and Hodd(A)=Q, where m is the number of mutually distinct roots of /=0 in C.
Teachers’ Commitment to the Field and Teacher–Child Interactions in Center-Based Child Care for Toddlers and Three-Year-Olds

Defining teacher characteristics that are associated with effective teaching continues to be a challenging task for the field of early care and education. Much of the research examining classroom quality has focused solely on teacher characteristics such as education and experience; However, teachers’ commitment to the field of early care and education defined as including job satisfaction, perception of the job as a long-term career, education level, years of experience, and membership in a professional organization may be an important characteristic to consider in teachers’ interactions with children in the classroom, especially teachers of very young children. Using the NICHD Study of Early Child Care data at 15, 24, and 36 months, the present paper examines characteristics of early childhood teachers’ commitment to the field and the assessed quality of teacher–child interactions in the classroom. Results indicate that overall, these characteristics significantly predict the quality of teachers’ emotional and cognitive support provided to children as measured by the Observational Record of the Caregiving Environment (ORCE). Characteristics of commitment to the field were stronger predictors of the cognitive support than the emotional support teachers’ provide in classrooms. The current work provides important information to consider in discussions of how characteristics of early childhood teachers influence their interactions with children in classrooms.
Disorder-induced dynamic fluctuations in KTN

Abstract Quasielastic light scattering arising from fluctuations and Raman scattering from soft phonons have been observed in the cubic paraelectric phase and in the tetragonal and orthorhombic ferroelectric phases of KTa 1- x Nb x O 3 with x =0.10 and 0.28. An unpolarized, critically narrowing central component is observed in the cubic phase. In the tetragonal phase, this component, which results from E symmetry fluctuations, has a slowly varying width. These results are consistent with an eight-site, order- disorder model for the successive phase transitions.
Reactor vessel cladding separate effects studies

Abstract The existence of a layer of tough weld overlay cladding on the interior of a light-water reactor pressure vessel could mitigate damage caused during certain overcooling transients. The potential benefit of the cladding is that it could keep a short surface flaw, which would otherwise become long, from growing either by impeding crack initiation or by arresting a running crack. Two aspects critical to cladding behavior will be reported: irradiation effects on cladding toughness and the response of mechanically loaded, flawed structures in the presence of cladding. A two-phase irradiation experiment is being conducted. In the first phase, Charpy impact and tensile specimens from a single wire, submerged-arc stainless steel weld overlay were irradiated to 2 × 10 23 neutrons/m2 ( >1 MeV ) at 288°C. Typical, good quality pressure vessel cladding exhibited very little irradiation-induced degradation. However, ductile-to-brittle transition behavior, caused by temperature-dependent failure of the residual δ-ferrite, was observed. In contrast, specimens from a highly diluted, poor quality weldment were markedly embrittled. In the second phase of irradiations, now in progress, a commercially produced three-wire series arc weldment will be evaluated under identical irradiation and testing conditions as the first series. In addition, 0.5T compact specimens of both weldments and higher fluences will be examined. A two-phase program is also being conducted utilizing relatively large bend specimens that have been clad and flawed on the tension surface. The testing rationale is that if a surface flaw is pinned by the cladding and cannot grow longer, it will also not grow beyond a certain depth, thereby arresting the entire flaw in a stress field in which it would otherwise propagate through the specimen. The results of phase one showed that single wire cladding with low-to-moderate toughness appeared to have a limited ability to mitigate crack propagation. For the second phase, three-wire cladding has been deposited on a base plate with a very high ductile-to-brittle transition temperature allowing testing to ascertain the crack inhibiting capability of tough upper shelf cladding.
Binders and Pellet Stability in Development of Crustacean Diets1

Diets developed for shrimps and prawns require good stability to avoid disintegration from exposure to water and from the manipulation process of the animal during ingestion. Other important considerations in selection of a proper binder include its digest-ability by the animal and its effect on the textural characteristics of the extruded pellet. Changes in texture may significantly affect acceptability of the food. Alginates have proven to be effective binders, giving adequate pellet stability for up to 48 hours. Binding properties are affected by type and concentration of alginate used, composition of the diet, and presence and levels of sequestrants. Cereal fillers, providing large areas of gelatinized starch, also insure good stability under proper processing conditions. Starch gelatinization is affected by particle size as well as the moisture, time, and temperature of the processing procedure. Pre-gelatinized starches have particular application in imparting desirable stability properties. Ultimate choice may depend upon cost of the binder and its adaptability to large-scale commercial operations.
Transmissibility of the Monkeypox Virus Clades via Respiratory Transmission: Investigation Using the Prairie Dog-Monkeypox Virus Challenge System

Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is endemic within Africa where it sporadically is reported to cause outbreaks of human disease. In 2003, an outbreak of human MPXV occurred in the US after the importation of infected African rodents. Since the eradication of smallpox (caused by an orthopoxvirus (OPXV) related to MPXV) and cessation of routine smallpox vaccination (with the live OPXV vaccinia), there is an increasing population of people susceptible to OPXV diseases. Previous studies have shown that the prairie dog MPXV model is a functional animal model for the study of systemic human OPXV illness. Studies with this model have demonstrated that infected animals are able to transmit the virus to naive animals through multiple routes of exposure causing subsequent infection, but were not able to prove that infected animals could transmit the virus exclusively via the respiratory route. Herein we used the model system to evaluate the hypothesis that the Congo Basin clade of MPXV is more easily transmitted, via respiratory route, than the West African clade. Using a small number of test animals, we show that transmission of viruses from each of the MPXV clade was minimal via respiratory transmission. However, transmissibility of the Congo Basin clade was slightly greater than West African MXPV clade (16.7% and 0% respectively). Based on these findings, respiratory transmission appears to be less efficient than those of previous studies assessing contact as a mechanism of transmission within the prairie dog MPXV animal model.
Is Mo involved in Hydride Binding by the Four-Electron Reduced (E4) Intermediate of the Nitrogenase MoFe Protein?

We here report the first direct evidence addressing the possible involvement of Mo in substrate interactions during catalytic turnover. When the α-70Ile MoFe protein is freeze-trapped during H+ reduction under Ar, the majority of the resting state EPR signal from the molybdenum−iron cofactor (FeMo-co) disappears and is replaced by the S = 1/2 signal of an intermediate that has been shown to be the E4 MoFe state, which is activated for N2 binding and reduction through the accumulation of 4 electrons/protons by FeMo-co. ENDOR studies of E4 showed that it contains two hydrides bound to FeMo-co. We calculate that Mo involvement in hydride binding would require a vector-coupling coefficient for Mo of |KMo| ≳ 0.2 and determine KMo for the E4 intermediate state through 35 GHz ENDOR measurements of a 95Mo enriched MoFe protein, further comparing the results with those for the E0 resting state. The experiments show that Mo of the resting-state FeMo-co is perturbed by the α-70Ile substitution and that the isotropic...
BRCA1-mediated signaling pathways in ovarian carcinogenesis

The link between loss or defect in functional BRCA1 and predisposition for development of ovarian and breast cancer is well established. Germ-line mutations in BRCA1 are responsible for both hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, which is around 5–10% for all breast and 10–15% of all ovarian cancer cases. However, majority of cases of ovarian cancer are sporadic in nature. The inactivation of cellular BRCA1 due to mutations or loss of heterozygosity is one of the most commonly observed events in such cases. Complement-resistant retroviral BRCA1 vector, MFG-BRCA1, is the only approved gene therapy for ovarian cancer patients by the Federal and Drug Administration. Given the limited available information, there is a need to evaluate the effects of BRCA1 on the global gene expression pattern for better understanding the etiology of the disease. Here, we use Ingenuity Pathway Knowledge Base to examine the differential pattern of global gene expression due to stable expression of BRCA1 in the ovarian cancer cell line, SKOV3. The functional analysis detected at least five major pathways that were significantly (p < 0.05) altered. These include: cell to cell signaling and interaction, cellular function and maintenance, cellular growth and proliferation, cell cycle and DNA replication, and recombination repair. In addition, we were able to detect several biologically relevant genes that are central for various signaling networks involved in cellular homeostasis; TGF-β1, TP53, c-MYC, NF-κB and TNF-α. This report provides a comprehensive rationale for tumor suppressor function(s) of BRCA1 in ovarian carcinogenesis.
Design and manufacturing of a cylindrical polarimetric phased array radar (CPPAR) antenna for weather sensing applications

The design, modeling and initial measurement results of a mid-size cylindrical polarimetric phased array radar (CPPAR) antenna for weather sensing applications are presented. Elevation scanning is obtained using the frequency scanning concept while azimuth scanning is achieved through commutation. The cylindrical array consists of 950 patch elements mounted on the surface of a cylinder with diameter and height of 2 meters. The simulation and measurement results of the cylindrical antenna array are presented.
Low Power Tunneling Current Strain Sensor Using MOS Capacitors

Although microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) strain sensors have been widely researched and commercialized for decades, the increasing requirement for low power sensors is motivating research on new techniques. We present a new technology to make very low power sensors by measuring the tunneling current through a MOS capacitor. The tunneling current can be in the nanoamp range, which is a good alternative for low power sensing. We demonstrate a power consumption of a couple of nano-Watts with a minimum detectable strain of 0.00036%. The fabrication process is very simple and compatible with CMOS processes. We find that noise is lower in inversion region, and therefore, it is better to bias device to inversion region. To study the sensitivity in the inversion region, a model was developed to compute the strained tunneling current comprised of electron conduction band tunneling current and electron valence band tunneling current. The model fits our experiment very well. [2014-0127]
Synthesis, bioanalysis and biodistribution of photosensitizer conjugates for photodynamic therapy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was discovered in 1900 by Raab, and has since emerged as a promising tool for treating diseases characterized by unwanted cells or hyperproliferating tissue (e.g., cancer or infectious disease). PDT consists of the light excitation of a photosensitizer (PS) in the presence of O2 to yield highly reactive oxygen species. In recent years, PDT has been improved by the synthesis of targeted bioconjugates between monoclonal antibodies and PS, and by investigating PS biodistribution and PD. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of major developments in PS-immunoconjugate-based PDT and the bioanalysis of these agents, with a specific emphasis on anticancer and antimicrobial PDT.
A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, flexible-dose study of fluoxetine in the treatment of women with fibromyalgia.

Abstract Purpose To assess the efficacy of fluoxetine in the treatment of patients with fibromyalgia. Subjects and methods Sixty outpatients (all women, aged 21–71 years) with fibromyalgia were randomly assigned to receive fluoxetine (10–80 mg/d) or placebo for 12 weeks in a double-blind, parallel-group, flexible-dose study. The primary outcome measures were the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire total score (score range, 0 [no impact] to 80) and pain score (score range, 0–10). Secondary measures included the McGill Pain Questionnaire, change in the number of tender points, and total myalgic score. Results In the intent-to-treat analysis, women who received fluoxetine (mean [± SD] dose, 45 ± 25 mg/d) had significant ( P = 0.005) improvement in the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire total score compared with those who received placebo, with a difference of –12 (95% confidence interval [CI]: –19 to –4). They also had significant ( P = 0.002) improvement in the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire pain score (difference, –2.2 [95% CI: –3.6 to –0.9]), as well as in the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire fatigue ( P = 0.05) and depression ( P = 0.01) scores and the McGill Pain Questionnaire ( P = 0.01), when compared with subjects who received placebo. Although counts for the number of tender points and total myalgic scores improved more in the fluoxetine group than in the placebo group, these differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion In a 12-week, flexible-dose, placebo-controlled trial, fluoxetine was found to be effective on most outcome measures and generally well tolerated in women with fibromyalgia.
The effect of spatially marginal localities in modelling species niches and distributions

Aim We introduce and evaluate the potential effect of spatially marginal localities (specifically those protruding into unsuitable regions), in overestimating species niches and distributions when using ecological niche models (ENMs). Location North-western South America. Methods We built an ENM for the Caribbean spiny pocket mouse (Heteromys anomalus) using MaxEnt and climatic variables. This species typically inhabits extensive tropical forests but can also range into drier habitats through patches of mesic vegetation. We ranked occurrence records according to the suitability value they received, and retrieved habitat information from collectors' field notes and the literature to determine whether those receiving lower values correspond to spatially marginal localities protruding into unsuitable regions. We then built a model excluding a subset of such localities and compared its geographic and environmental prediction with that of the original model. Results Models differed substantially in their estimates of suitability. The original model resulted in an overly extensive prediction, considering as suitable hot and dry regions dominated by xerophytic vegetation. Records receiving the lowest suitability values in this model corresponded mainly to captures in patches of mesic forest surrounded by thorn scrub or savannas. The model calibrated without such records restricted suitability mostly to regions characterized by the typical habitat of the species. Main conclusions When it is not possible to use variables that are more proximal or have finer resolutions, we recommend building complementary models that, together, can provide a more realistic estimate of the species' niche and corresponding geographic distribution. Jointly interpreting these models, researchers may better differentiate between areas harbouring typical habitat and those where the species can be found only if locally favourable conditions exist. Such a distinction is of relevance for a wide range of applications relying on inferences obtained from ENMs.
Recoverable and reachable zones for control systems with linear plants and bounded controller outputs

In vector-matrix representation, input constraints for a completely controllable, linear system are imposed by constraining the input vector to belong to a compact, convex subset, Ω, of its vector space. Precise definitions are given for the maximum region of recoverability and the maximum region of teachability. Both regions depend on three parameters; the final or initial state, starting time, and terminal time. General properties of both regions are given. Three theorems are presented. The first gives a necessary and sufficient condition for the maximum region of recoverability to be the whole state space. The second relates the maximum region of recoverability and the maximum region of teachability for constant systems. The third theorem relates the maximum region of recoverability (for infinite travel time) for a "totally unstable" (all eigenvalue real-parts positive) constant system with the maximum region of recoverability (for infinite travel time) for the general constant system. Computational results for the maximum region of recoverability for the constant case are presented.
Chondrocyte-derived transglutaminase promotes maturation of preosteoblasts in periosteal bone

During endochondral development, elongation of the bone collar occurs coordinately with growth of the underlying cartilaginous growth plate. Transglutaminases (TGases) are upregulated in hypertrophic chondrocytes, and correlative evidence suggests a relationship between these enzymes and mineralization. To examine whether TGases are involved in regulating mineralization/osteogenesis during bone development, we devised a coculture system in which one cellular component (characterized as preosteoblastic) is derived from the nonmineralized region of the bone, and the other cellular component is hypertrophic chondrocytes. In these cocultures, mineralization is extensive, with the preosteoblasts producing the mineralized matrix, and the chondrocytes regulating this process. Secreted regulators are involved, as conditioned medium from chondrocytes induces mineralization in preosteoblasts, but not vice versa. One factor is TGase. In the cocultures, inhibition of TGase reduces mineralization, and addition of the enzyme enhances it. Exogenous TGase also induces markers of osteoblastic differentiation (i.e., bone sialoprotein and osteocalcin) in the preosteoblasts, suggesting their differentiation into osteoblasts. Two possible signaling pathways may be affected by TGase and result in increased mineralization (i.e., TGF-β and protein kinase A pathways). Addition of exogenous TGF-β2 to the cocultures increases mineralization; though, when mineralization is induced by TGase, there is no detectible elevation of TGF-β, suggesting that these two factors stimulate osteogenesis by different pathways. However, an interrelationship seems to exist between TGase and PKA-dependent signaling. When mineralization of the cocultures is stimulated through the addition of TGase, a concomitant reduction (50%) in PKA activity occurs. Consistent with this observation, addition of an activator of PKA (cyclic AMP) to the cultures inhibits matrix mineralization, while known inhibitors of PKA (H-89 and a peptide inhibitor) cause an increase in mineralization. Thus, at least one mechanism of TGase stimulation probably involves inhibition of the PKA-mediated signaling.
Tlc separation and identification of diastereomers of D‐ergonovine maleate

The resolution of D-lysergic acid D-2-propanolamide from D-lysergic acid L-2-propanolamide (ergonovine) by TLC and column chromatography is described. The compound was identified by comparison with authentic samples using TLC, circular dichroism, and other physical characteristics.
Blowhole colostomy for the urgent management of distal large bowel obstruction.

Abstract Background Complete obstruction of the distal colon or rectum often presents as a surgical emergency. This study evaluated the efficacy of blowhole colostomy versus transverse loop colostomy for the emergent management of distal large intestinal obstruction. Methods Retrospective chart review of all colostomy procedures (CPT 44320) performed for complete distal large bowel obstruction during the past 6 y in a university hospital practice was undertaken. Blowhole was compared with loop colostomy with a primary endpoint of successful colonic decompression. Results One hundred forty-one patients underwent colostomy creation during the study period. Of these, 61 were completed for acute obstruction of the distal colon or rectum (19 blowhole versus 42 loop colostomy). No differences between study groups were seen in age, gender, body mass index, malnutrition, American Society of Anesthesiology class, time to liquid or regular diet, 30-d or inhospital mortality, or rates of complications. Patients undergoing blowhole colostomy had significantly higher cecal diameters at diagnosis (9.14 versus 7.31 cm, P = 0.0035). Operative time was shorter in blowhole procedures (43 versus 51 min, P = 0.017). Postoperative length of stay was significantly shorter for blowhole colostomy (6 versus 8 d, P = 0.014). The primary endpoint of successful colonic decompression was met in all colostomy patients. Conclusions Diverting blowhole colostomy is a safe, quick, and effective procedure for the urgent management of distal colonic obstruction associated with obstipation and massive distention.
Game-theoretic paradigms in collaborative research: Part 2 – experimental design

In this two-part paper, we review in Part 1 game theory and information value theory , both of which determine the effectiveness of collaborative research, considering the coexistence of cooperation and competition among participating partners – including industrial enterprises and their sponsored university researchers. Different from other survey papers, we examine the relationship between these two subjects and its implication on field implementation of collaborative research results. We delineate the circumstances under which information dissemination can lead toward a stable and fruitful relationship among all participants. An iterative experimental tool, consisting of a computational model component and a face-to-face gaming component, is proposed to empirically test the likely success of collaborative research, dissemination and implementation in today’s information-based economy. The tool will generate a rich pool of data for the further development of the nascent field of information value theory.
High temperature studies of Urania in a thermal gradient

Abstract Studies of uranium dioxide subjected to a longitudinal temperature gradient in a sealed metal system have shown that if oxygen deficiency exists or is created in the UO2, a composition gradient is formed with decreasing oxygen concentrations at increasing temperatures. Based on experiments covering the range 1300 to 2500 °C, the oxygen migration is reversible and arrives at steady state conditions in less than six hours, with a heat of transport, Q ∗ , of about 23 kcal/ mole which is independent of the average oxygen deficiency and the atmosphere (hydrogen or argon). In a rhenium enclosed system which may be considered thermodynamically isolated, no measurable composition gradient can be formed in stoichiometric urania.
The Influence of Noise on the Measured Amplitudes of Distortion-Product Otoacoustic Emissions

This paper describes the influence of noise on the measured amplitudes of tonal signals, as determined using narrowband spectral analysis, that is, the technique typically used to measure distortio...
Enhanced fluctuations in a magnetized plasma due to a degenerate ion-wave instability.

Nondispersive LF mode in magnetized plasma with frequencies lower than ion cyclotron frequency, discussing plasma stability in presence of electron drift
Celestial Navigation with a Moral Compass: Setting an Ethical Course at the United States Naval Academy Spotlight on Aine Donovan

The moral education of military leaders in service academies was traditionally viewed as an integral aspect of effective military training. The method used at the United States Naval Academy relied upon a Kantian notion of principle-based reasoning. Yet as we enter the twenty-first century this model does not adequately address the needs of a mixed-gender peacekeeping force. The model that I propose relies on the acceptance of duty and obedience (i.e., justice) and the cultivation of reflective concern for individual choice and responsibility (i.e., caring). The practical manifestation of this balance is demonstrated through the explanation and justification of the case study approach to moral reasoning, role of mentoring, and the cultivation of moral sentiments. The latter goal of emotional attachment to moral decision making is, perhaps, the most important element to the current program at USNA. Professor Donovan was contacted about this research.
Investigating confined complex fluids with neutron reflectivity

Abstract Polymer molecules at solid or fluid interfaces have an enormous spectrum of applications in a wide variety of technologies, including lubrication, adhesion, and protective surface coatings. Over the past decade, neutron reflectivity has become a powerful tool for measuring the properties of ultrathin polymer layers at interfaces. We describe how the penetrating power of neutrons can be harnessed to probe the structure of ultra-thin polymer coatings trapped between two surfaces as a function of confinement. Figure 1 schematically depicts the fundamental question we are trying to answer-that is, what happens when two surfaces come into contact. In the case of two polymer “brush” layers in solution (Figure I), two possible scenarios are shown: the polymer layers compress but remain separate from each other or the polymer layers interpenetrate. Depending on the outcome, the adhesion, lubrication, or shear behavior of the surfaces can be greatly altered. Our goal is to understand what happens when pol...
Effects of Carbohydrates on Carbon Dioxide Excretion in Patients with Airway Disease

Thirteen patients with stable airway disease were fed a diet high in carbohydrates, and 35 minutes later metabolic and ventilatory effects were observed. The six patients who did not retain carbon dioxide increased their mean respiratory quotient from 0.86 ± 0.07 to 1.03 ± 0.04, their mean minute ventilation from 10.3 ± 3.0 to 12.8 ± 4.0 L/min, mean carbon dioxide production from 0.23 ± 0.04 to 0.29 ± 0.02 L/min, and mean oxygen consumption from 0.27 ± 0.07 to 0.29 ± 0.03 L/min (all P
Wide velocity range Doppler optical microangiography using optimized step-scanning protocol with phase variance mask

We propose a simple and optimized method for acquiring a wide velocity range of blood flow using Doppler optical microangiography. After characterizing the behavior of the scanner in the fast scan axis, a step-scanning protocol is developed by utilizing repeated A-scans at each step. Multiple velocity range images are obtained by the high-pass filtering and Doppler processing of complex signals between A-scans within each step with different time intervals. A phase variance mask is then employed to segment meaningful Doppler flow signals from noisy phase background. The technique is demonstrated by imaging in vivo mouse brain with skull left intact to provide bidirectional images of cerebral blood flow with high quality and wide velocity range.
Fault Orientation in the Eastern Tennessee Seismic Zone: A Study Using the Double-Difference Earthquake Location Algorithm

We use the double-difference earthquake location algorithm to relocate approximately 1,000 earthquakes in the eastern Tennessee seismic zone (ETSZ). We examine the earthquake hypocenter relocations in an effort to resolve fault orientations and thereby gain insights into the tectonics of the seismic zone. The analysis involves visual comparison of three-dimensional perspective plots of the hypocenter relocations oriented accord ing to focal mechanism nodal planes derived from events within several clusters of earthquakes. Relocations in the central, most seismically active, portion of the ETSZ indicate a diffuse west-striking, north-dipping zone of hypocenters. The orientation of this zone of hypocen ters is consistent with structure imaged by a previous seismic reflection profile that shows a reflective mid-to-upper crust with apparent dips of approximately 35° to the north. Relocation of a smaller cluster of earthquakes near the Tennessee-North Carolina border suggests a steeply dipping northwest trending fault in that area.
Diabetes subsequent to the birth of a large baby: A 16-yr prospective study

Abstract A 16-yr prospective study of 308 potential diabetics and 328 normal control patients identified during pregnancy indicates that the subsequent development of diabetes is related to the gestational blood glucose abnormality but not significantly associated with the birth of a large baby in the index pregnancy through this observation period. Although the incidence of diabetes was not affected, the severity to which the disease progressed in the potential diabetics was definitely associated with the event of bearing a large baby in the index pregnancy, in that the rate of decompensated diabetes was four times greater in those who bore a large baby than in those who bore a normal size baby. These conclusions were derived through the multifactor logistic risk model and the life-table technique and confirm that the birth of a large baby to a potential diabetic has strong prognostic value which is not explained by other factors including weight, family history of diabetes, level of blood glucose concentration during the index pregnancy and age, after adjustment for duration of follow-up.
Due Process and Targeted Killing of Terrorists

Targeted killing is extra-judicial, premeditated killing by a state of a specifically identified person not in its custody. States have used this tool, secretly or not, throughout history. In recent years, targeted killing has generated new controversy as two states in particular - Israel and the United States - have struggled against opponents embedded in civilian populations. As a matter of express policy, Israel engages in targeted killing of persons it deems members of terrorist organizations who are involved in attacks on Israel. The United States, less expressly, has adopted a similar policy against al Qaeda - particularly in the border areas of Afghanistan and Pakistan, where the CIA has used unmanned Predator drones to fire Hellfire missiles to attempt to kill al Qaeda leaders. This campaign of Predator strikes has continued into the Obama Administration. This Article explores the implications for targeted killing of the due process model that the Supreme Court has developed in Hamdi v. Rumsfeld and Boumediene v. Bush for detention of enemy combatants. Contrary to a charge leveled by Justice Thomas in his Hamdi dissent, this model does not break down in the extreme context of targeted killing. Instead, it suggests useful means to control this practice and heighten accountability. Our primary conclusion in this regard is that, under Boumediene, the executive has a due-process obligation to develop fair, rational procedures for its use of targeted killing no matter whom it might be targeting anywhere in the world. To implement this duty, the executive should, following the lead of the Supreme Court of Israel (among others), require an independent, intra-executive investigation of any targeted killing by the CIA. Such investigations should be as public as is reasonably consonant with national security. Even in a war-on-terror, due process demands at least this level of accountability for the power to kill suspected terrorists.