cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the CVD-grown two-dimensional materials via image clustering.

Machine learning (ML) techniques have been recently employed to facilitate the development of novel two-dimensional (2D) materials. Among various synthesis approaches, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has demonstrated tremendous potential in producing high-quality 2D flakes with good controllability, enabling large-scale production at a relatively low cost. Traditionally, the quality of CVD-grown samples can be manually evaluated based on optical images which is labor-intensive and time-consuming. In this paper, we explored a data-driven unsupervised quality assessment strategy based on image clustering via integrating self-organizing map (SOM) and k-means methods for optical image analysis of CVD-grown 2D materials. The high matching rate between the clustering results and material experts’ labels indicated a good accuracy of the proposed clustering algorithm. The proposed unsupervised ML methodology will provide materials scientists with an effective tool kit for efficient evaluation of CVD-grown materials’ quality and has a broad applicability for various material systems.
A Comparison of Declarative and Hybrid Declarative-Procedural Models for Rover Operations

The MAPGEN [2] (Mixed-initiative Activity Plan GENerator) planning system is a great example of a hybrid procedural/declarative system where the advantages of each are leveraged to produce an effective planner/scheduler for Mars Exploration Rover tactical planning. We explore the adaptation of the same domain to an entirely declarative planning system (ASPEN [4] Activity Scheduling and Planning ENvironment), and demonstrate that, with some translation, much of the procedural knowledge encoding is amenable to a declarative knowledge encoding.
Extramammary Paget Disease

EMPD is an intraepidermal adenocarcinoma most often limited to the epidermis, with typical cases affecting genital skin in women and men. In patients with invasive disease, prognosis is based on the degree of invasion, with tumors less than 1 mm deep having very low mortality. Careful evaluation for an underlying malignancy should be carried out to exclude life-threatening disease, but the association of many coexistent malignancies is controversial. Reported underlying adnexal adenocarcinoma may, at least in some patients, represent invasive spread of primary epidermal disease. Mohs surgery has proven effective in the treatment of EMPD, and the implementation of CK7 immunostaining shows promise in further reducing the recurrence rate. Alternative treatments, including topical treatment with imiquimod and 5-fluorouracil as well as photodynamic therapy, may be effective in select cases of EMPD.
A Case Study of IT Chargeback in a Government Agency

This case study describes the implementation of an IT chargeback system within Nevadas Department of Public Safety. The development and deployment of the system is explained within the context of the legislative mandates for the department. Both the benefits and the substantial number of problems introduced by the system are identified.
Fred Shafizadeh: 1924-1983

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the contributions of Fred Shafizadeh to carbohydrate chemistry. Fred's major contributions are in the area of combustion and pyrolysis of cellulosic materials. At Montana, he developed a research program for unravelling the complex, consecutive, and concurrent reactions involved in the pyrolysis, combustion, and flame-proofing of cellulosic materials. The interaction of natural fuels and energy, resulting in the formation of volatile, combustible materials and the spreading of flaming combustion, was investigated through the analysis of the thermal properties and the pyrolytic reactions of the various components including cellulose and hemicelluloses. The thermal degradation of these compounds was, in turn, investigated by using a variety of model compounds to ascertain the mechanism of cleavage of the glycosidic bond and the decomposition of sugar units at different temperatures. In the area of waste utilization, Fred's program on the heat content, gasification, and carbonization of forest fuel is now recognized as a major step in the understanding of forest fires. Fred's courage and his capability to delve into multidisciplinary problems, involving a range of subjects from physical chemistry to cellular biology, is clearly reflected in his penetrating analysis and his article on the morphology and biogenesis of cellulose and plant cell-walls.
Preserving Privacy in On-Line Analytical Processing Data Cubes

Privacy in electronic society is drawing more and more attention nowadays. Privacy concerns cause consumers to routinely abandon their shopping carts when too much personal information is being demanded. The estimated loss of internet sales due to such privacy concerns is as much as $18 billion according to analysts [17]. Ongoing efforts such as the platform for privacy preferences (P3P) [9],[43] help enterprises make promises about keeping private data secret, but they do not provide mechanisms for them to keep the promises [11]. Unfortunately, keeping one’s promises is usually easier said then done. Privacy breaches may occur in various ways after personal data have been collected and stored in the enterprise’s data warehouses.
Single‐ and multiple‐dose pharmacokinetics of tofacitinib in healthy Chinese volunteers

Abstract Tofacitinib is an oral Janus kinase inhibitor. The objective of this phase 1, open-label study was to characterize the single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics (PK) of tofacitinib in 12 healthy, adult Chinese volunteers. Eligible subjects received oral tofacitinib 10 mg once daily on days 1 and 6 and twice daily on days 2-5. Blood samples were collected on day 1 predose and over 24 hours postdose (day 2 predose), predose on days 3-6, and over 12 hours postdose on day 6. PK parameters were calculated using noncompartmental analysis. Mean concentration-time profiles for days 1 and 6 were similar, with median time to peak concentration of 0.5 hours on both days. Plasma concentrations declined rapidly following attainment of peak concentrations, with a mean terminal half-life of 3.3 hours on day 1 (single dose) and 2.5 hours on day 6 (multiple dose). No accumulation in plasma occurred with twice-daily administration: accumulation ratio of 1.04. The rapid absorption, elimination, and systemic exposures (peak and area under the concentration-time curve) observed in healthy Chinese volunteers in this study are similar to those previously reported in white subjects.
Reciprocal Peer-Questioning A Strategy for Teaching Students How to Learn from Lectures

o be successful in school, students must be able to understand and remember information presented in classroom lectures. This is not an easy task. In order to learn from a lecture, students need to engage in a number of different cognitive tasks. They must focus their attention on the lecture while it is being delivered, understand the ideas presented, organize the content in some manner, accurately store the new material in their memory, and be able to recall it at a later time, such as
A scanning thermal microscopy system with a temperature dithering, servo-controlled interface circuit

This paper describes a thermal imaging system which includes a customized micromachined thermal probe and circuit interface for a scanning microscopy instrument. The probe shank is made from polyimide for mechanical compliance and high thermal isolation, and has a thin-film metal tip of /spl ap/50 nm in diameter. The circuit provides closed-loop control of the tip temperature and also permits it to be dithered, facilitating scanning microcalorimetry applications. This paper explains system design and optimization including both electrical and thermal analyses. Sample scans of patterned photoresist demonstrate noise-limited resolution of 29 pW/K in thermal conductance. Applications of the thermal imager extend from ULSI lithography research to biological diagnostics.
Protein value of feather meal for ruminants as affected by blood additions

In situ digestion and growth studies were conducted to determine the effects of adding blood to feather meal. In the in situ and digestion studies, soybean meal (SBM), blood meal (BM), feather meal (Fth) and two combinations of 55% raw blood and 45% feathers (RB + F) were used. Feathers and blood were combined either before or after steam hydrolysis of feathers. Ruminal escape protein of Fth was greater than that of SBM but less than that of BM (P less than .10) determined in situ after 12 h of incubation. Ruminal in situ protein digestion was lower (P less than .10) than for the other treatments (P less than .10) when blood was hydrolyzed with feathers. Total tract digestibility was similar (P greater than .10) for SBM, BM and the mixture of RB + F when the blood was not hydrolyzed. In the growth study, calves were supplemented with urea, SBM, BM, Fth or a combination of BM and Fth (BM + Fth; each supplied an equal portion of supplemental protein). The slope ratio technique was used to evaluate the protein sources. The most efficiently used protein sources were BM and BM + Fth compared to SBM and Fth (P less than .05). There was a numerical but not significant (P greater than .1) complementary effect of adding BM to Fth. Soybean meal and Fth had similar protein efficiencies (P greater than .20). Estimated amino acid flow to the small intestine based on in situ amino acid degradation suggested that the complementary effect observed for BM + Fth was due to BM supplying lysine and Fth providing sulfur amino acids.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity in human amniotic fluid

Amniotic fluid samples obtained from normal pregnancies during gestation were used to quantitate the levels of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity. It is concluded that: (1) PEPCK activity was highest in the amniotic fluid cells of midtrimester pregnancies as compared to those of pregnancies close to term; (2) the activity of PEPCK seen in the amniotic fluid supernatant was about one fourth to one half of that seen in the amniotic cells; (3) the amniotic fluid supernatant PEPCK activity fluctuated very little during the entire gestation.
Influence of silver grain size, roughness, and profile on the extraordinary fluorescence enhancement capabilities of grating coupled surface plasmon resonance

Since the development of fluoroimmunoassays, researchers have sought a method of substantially enhancing fluorescence intensity to extend the limits of detection to new levels of sensitivity. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and metal enhanced fluorescence has long been a topic of research and has led to the development of prism- and grating-based SPR systems. However, with the wide coupling range and ease of exciting SPR on plasmonic gratings with a simple microscope objective, they have tremendous potential for revolutionizing the fields of plasmonics, fluorescence, and sensors. In an effort to better understand the influence of grating profile and metal film properties on the extraordinary fluorescence enhancement capabilities of plasmonic gratings, a novel microcontact printing process and different metal deposition techniques were used to fabricate silver gratings with varying grain diameters, roughnesses, heights, and duty cycles using thermal evaporation and RF sputtering. The resulting plasmonic gratings exhibited fluorescence enhancements up to 116× that of dye-coated glass slides using an epifluorescence microscope, much higher than more expensive prism-based SPR systems. This silver grating represents an extraordinary opportunity to quickly and easily enhance fluorescence and widen the detection limits of common fluorescence based assays with little to no equipment modification.
Development of Student Writing in Biochemistry Using Calibrated Peer Review

This study investigating the effectiveness of Calibrated Peer Review (CPR ) ™ in a senior-level biochemistry class had three purposes: to (a) compare the CPR process for feedback with TA-generated feedback in improving students' ability to write scientific abstracts; (b) compare CPR results for males and females; and (c) observe whether CPR improved the quality of student writing. Statistical analyses of three assignments by 50 students indicated significant differences between CPR and TA feedback on student writing quality. In addition, while scores of students who received TA feedback decreased, scores of students who had CPR improved. Students also progressed in CPR-generated measures of their writing and reviewing abilities. A separate analysis including 256 students found no significant differences between males and females. In addition, students' writing showed statistically significant improvement in CPR-generated scores.
Prepregnancy obesity: A complex risk factor for selected birth defects

Obesity is associated with increased risk of many adverse health conditions. During pregnancy, obesity presents particularly important challenges for both mother and baby. Over the last 20 years, studies have emerged indicating an association between prepregnancy weight and risks of birth defects. However, few studies have examined the mechanisms through which this association occurs. Understanding the underlying mechanisms may provide clues to public health strategies for the prevention of birth defects associated with maternal obesity. This article briefly reviews existing literature on the association between maternal obesity and birth defects, discusses potential underlying mechanisms, and suggests research needed to improve our understanding of this important association.
Interleukin-5 (IL-5) and IL-6 define two molecularly distinct pathways of B-cell differentiation.

Abstract Interleukin-5 (IL-5) and IL-6 have both been reported to act as B-cell differentiation factors by stimulating activated B cells to secrete antibody. However, it has not been possible to directly compare the effects of these two lymphokines because of the lack of a suitable B-cell line capable of responding to both. We have identified a clonal, inducible B-cell lymphoma, CH12, that has this property. Both IL-5 and IL-6 can independently stimulate increases in steady-state levels of immunoglobulin and J-chain mRNA and proteins, and they both induce the differentiation of CH12 into high-rate antibody-secreting cells. Nevertheless, there are significant differences in the activities of these two lymphokines. First, while IL-6 acts only as a differentiation factor, IL-5 also augments the proliferation of CH12 cells. Second, the differentiation stimulated by IL-5 but not by IL-6 is partially inhibited by IL-4. Inhibition of IL-5-induced differentiation was not at the level of IL-5 receptor expression, since IL-4 did not inhibit IL-5-induced proliferation. Third, IL-5 but not IL-6 stimulated increased mouse mammary tumor proviral gene expression in CH12 cells. These results demonstrate that while both IL-5 and IL-6 may act as differentiation factors for B cells, they induce differentiation by using at least partially distinct molecular pathways. Our results also establish that B cells characteristic of a single stage of development can independently respond to IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6.
On the effect of surface gravity waves on mixing in the oceanic mixed layer

Abstract We apply a one-dimensional mixed layer model, based on second moment closure of turbulence, to study the effects of surface gravity waves on mixing in the oceanic mixed layer. The turbulent kinetic energy injected near the surface by breaking waves, and the kinetic energy input from Langmuir circulations that may exist in the presence of surface gravity waves, are both parameterized and included in the turbulence model. As expected, the wave breaking elevates both the turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate in the upper few meters, well above the classical values expected from similarity theory for shear layers adjacent to a boundary. While there is a significant impact on mixed layer properties near the surface, wave breaking-induced turbulence decays rapidly with distance from the surface and hence the overall effects on the mixed layer are small. On the other hand, the energy input to turbulence from Langmuir cells elevates the turbulent kinetic energy and mixing throughout the mixed layer, and is therefore more effective in deepening the mixed layer. While the changes in sea surface temperature (SST) brought about by the inclusion of Langmuir cells are rather small on diurnal time scales, they can be appreciable over seasonal time scales. Nevertheless, these SST changes are well within the uncertainties in the modeled SST resulting from an imperfect knowledge of the air–sea fluxes used to drive the mixed layer models.
Inhalational and enteral conscious sedation for the adult dental patient

There are clearly many safe and effective sedatives available to the dental practitioner for reducing patient fear and improving their level of comfort. Careful consideration needs to be given to the objectives of the sedation when deciding which pharmacologic agents to use because they all possess slightly different clinical characteristics and various degrees of risk. Patient selection also is critical when making decisions about sedation because the patient's expectations and general health status factor into keeping the procedure safe. N2O/O2 sedation is an excellent choice for managing the mildly fearful dental patient or when minimal sedation is desirable. Among the sedatives administered enterally, the benzodiazepines are the most commonly used, and for good reason. These drugs are safe, effective, and offer a host of different personalities from which the dentist can choose. If used wisely and thoughtfully, the dentist can tailor the effects and duration of onset and recovery to the needs of the patient and the expected parameters of the appointment. When N2O/O2 sedation is combined with a single enteral sedative, a more profound level of CNS depression is achieved that can be modestly altered by changing the concentration of inhaled nitrous oxide. With these many pharmacologic alternatives, many different dental patient populations can be sedated in a safe, effective manner, thus allowing the delivery of most dental treatments in a setting of reduced psychologic and physiologic stress. These pharmacologic sedatives have truly opened up a wonderful world of possibilities for the comfortable delivery of dental care, and should be integrated into every office's repertoire for delivery of care.
Lorenz–Mie Scattering by Spheres: Some Newly Recognized Phenomena

The following new phenomena recently brought to light by the Lorenz–Mie theory of scattering of electromagnetic radiation by spheres are reviewed: invisible particles, negative absorption, photophoresis, anisotropic photoelectron emission, Raman and fluorescent scattering by molecules embedded in dielectric spheres, enhanced Raman scattering by molecules adsorbed on colloidal spheres, and absorption and luminescence of dye coated spheres.
American medicine and the politics of race

Straw men play a major role in the debate over racial disparity in American medicine. Most have been deployed by the disparities-denying right, but progressives intent on "outing" racism have sent forth their share. This essay flushes out the straw men while attempting to understand the competing moral premises that drive the politics of health care disparity. At bottom, arguments about the scope of disparity and discrimination in medical care are disputes about the appropriate scope of personal responsibility for life circumstances. Further research into the factors that correlate with racial differences in health care can shed light on the circumstances that bring about these differences. Whether these circumstances, once understood, should be deemed acceptable is a moral and political matter, and sharp differences over the scope of personal and public responsibility for these circumstances are inevitable. Such disagreements, however, distract us from efforts to reach common ground solutions to agreed-upon inequities in health care.
Computational verifiability and feasibility of the ASCI program

The Advanced Strategic Computing Initiative aims to replace physical nuclear weapons testing with computer simulations. This focuses much needed attention on an issue common to all Grand Challenge computation programs: how do you get confidence, as opposed to mere guidance or suggestion, out of a computer simulation? Making the simulation of some physical phenomena rigorous and immune to the usual discretization and rounding errors is computationally expensive and practised by a vanishing, small fraction of the HPCC community. Some of ASCIs proposed computing power should be placed not into brute force increases in particle counts, mesh densities, or finer time steps, but into methods that increase confidence in the answers it produces. This will place the debate over ASCI's validity on scientific instead of political grounds.
Differential Assessment of Financial and Relationship Distress: Implications for Couples Therapy

This study examined the role of financial conflicts, problem-solving communication deficits, and global relationship distress among couples in marital therapy and couples seeking assistance at a nonprofit agency providing financial counseling services. Analyses comparing these two groups of couples with each other and with a third group of couples from the general community yielded a two-component model for differential assessment and intervention with couples experiencing financial concerns. Differences in findings for husbands and wives provided additional implications for effective interventions with these couples.
The "fatty pancreas allograft": anatomopathologic findings and clinical experience.

Abstract Thirty-three hematoxylin and eosin–stained sections from 7 turned down pancreata from donors with body mass index (BMI) of 33.3 (range, 28–42) were examined. There was more fat infiltration between the superficial pancreatic lobules, interspersed with superficial islands of pancreatic tissue with its vessels and ductules. Thicker fatty interlobular septa were observed with numerous intralobular fat vacuoles. One organ had widespread autolysis. No microthrombi were noted. One pancreas from a 24-year-old donor with BMI of 30 was transplanted successfully. The “fatty pancreas” can be defatted and used for transplantation.
Electrons in artificial atoms

Progress in semiconductor technology has enabled the fabrication of structures so small that they can contain just one mobile electron. By varying controllably the number of electrons in these 'artificial atoms' and measuring the energy required to add successive electrons, one can conduct atomic physics experiments in a regime that is inaccessible to experiments on real atoms.
Theoretical proposal predicting anomalous magnetoresistance and quadratic Hall effect in the partially ordered state of MnSi

Abstract In [B. Binz, A. Vishwanath, V. Aji, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 (2006) 207202], a magnetic structure that breaks time reversal symmetry in the absence of net magnetization was proposed as an explanation for the high pressure “partially ordered” state of MnSi. Here we make explicit the anomalous magneto-transport properties of such a state: a magnetoresistivity which is linear and a Hall conductance which is quadratic in the applied magnetic field. Field cooling procedures for obtaining single domain samples are discussed. The anomalous effects are elaborated in the case of three geometries chosen to produce experimentally unambiguous signals of this unusual magnetic state; e.g., it is predicted that a field in z -direction induces an anisotropy in the x – y plane. Another geometry leads to a Hall voltage parallel to the magnetic field.
Intestinal transport of selenium-75 selenomethionine.

When measured simultaneously, selenium-75 selenomethionine accumulated identically with sulfur-35 methionine across everted hamster intestinal sacs in the presence of carrier methionine. The apparent Km for L-methionine transport was 0.8 x 10-3M, as calculated from the beta emissions of S35-methionine or the gamma emissions of Se75-selenomethionine. Absorption of Se75-selenomethionine from the gastrointestinal tract of man also occurred, with peak blood levels being reached in about 3 hours. Because of the 122-day half-life of selenium-75 and its multiple gamma emissions, Se75-selenomethionine may serve as a tool in evaluating amino-acid absorption.
XIV—Knowing How

I argue from the possibility of basic intentional action to a non-propositional theory of knowing how. The argument supports a broadly Anscombean conception of the will as a capacity for practical knowledge.
SEED Framework of Early Language Development: The Dynamic Coupling of Infant–Caregiver Perceiving and Acting Forms a Continuous Loop during Interaction

The research and theory described here evolved from fine-grained descriptions of early word learning based on videotapes of infants and their families in the US and Mexico. This naturalistic approach led to theorizing about the perceptual processes underlying the caregiver's role in assisting infants' early word learning. Caregivers educate infants' attention by synchronizing the saying of a word with a dynamic gesture, a show, in which they display the object/referent to the infant. By making this perceptual information prominent, infants can detect an amodal invariant across gesture and speech. Doing so brackets the word and object within the auditory and visual flow of events and constitutes the basis for perceiving them as belonging together. Stemming from the earlier naturalistic work, we designed eye-tracking experiments to test three hypotheses: 1) infants will attend more to an object when the referring word is said if the speaker uses a dynamic, synchronized show gesture, rather than a static or asynchronous gesture; 2) a show gesture will be most effective in drawing attention away from the mouth to the object when the referring word is spoken; and 3) the use of a show gesture will lead to enhanced word learning. These experiments confirmed our hypotheses, establishing that infants detected referent-word relations best when the speaker used a show gesture. These results support the SEED Framework of early language development which delineates how the situated, culturally embodied, emergent, and distributed character of caregiver-infant interaction nurtures communicative behavior. The ability to communicate germinates and takes root during social interaction, as the dynamically-coupled perceiving-and-acting of infants and caregivers forms a continuous loop, each of them unceasingly affecting the other. These findings have implications for the design of cognitive systems in autonomous robots, especially “tutor spotting” and detecting “acoustic packages.”
Radiated sound and turbulent motions in a blunt trailing edge flow field

Abstract The dipole sound produced by edge scattering of pressure fluctuations at a trailing edge is most often an undesirable effect in turbomachinery and control surface flows. The ability to model the flow mechanisms associated with the production of trailing edge acoustics is important for the quiet design of such devices. The objective of the present research was to experimentally measure flow field and acoustic variables in order to develop an understanding of the mechanisms that generate trailing edge noise. The results of these experiments have provided insight into the causal relationships between the turbulent flow field, unsteady surface pressure, and radiated far field acoustics. Experimental methods used in this paper include particle image velocimetry (PIV), unsteady surface pressures, and far field acoustic pressures. The model investigated had an asymmetric 45° beveled trailing edge. Reynolds numbers based on chord ranged from 1.2 × 10 6 to 1.9 × 10 6 . It was found that the small-scale turbulent motions in the vicinity of the trailing edge were modulated by a large scale von Karman wake instability. The broadband sound produced by these motions was also found to be dependant on the “phase” of the wake instability.
Some extensions of Luce's measures of risk

In this paper we extend measures of risk proposed by Luce. A new exponential model of risk is developed that may be empirically more acceptable than the log model of Luce. Expectation principle is often employed in the construction of measures of risk. Empirical studies, however, suggest that this principle may not be valid. We suggest a generalization of the expectation principle and show as examples how two measures of Luce can be modified to incorporate this generalized expectation principle. Finally, the gambles with gains only are perceived by some subjets to have no risk at all. A new concept of riskiness that is based on the choice between two gambles is defined.
The Social Ecology and Economic Development of Ciudad Juarez

The Social Ecology and Economic Development of Ciudad Juarez. Gay Young (ed.). Boulder: Westview Press, 1986. 175 pp. $35.00 (paper). ISBN 0-8133-7248-8
Transgenic animal models of neurodegenerative diseases and their application to treatment development.

Neurodegenerative disorders of the aging population affect over 5 million people in the US and Europe alone. The common feature is the progressive accumulation of misfolded proteins with the formation of toxic oligomers. Previous studies show that while in Alzheimer's disease (AD) misfolded amyloid-β protein accumulates both in the intracellular and extracellular space, in Lewy body disease (LBD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Multiple System Atrophy (MSA), Fronto-Temporal dementia (FTD), prion diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and trinucleotide repeat disorders (TNRD), the aggregated proteins accumulate in the plasma membrane and intracellularly. Protein misfolding and accumulation is the result of an altered balance between protein synthesis, aggregation rate and clearance. Based on these studies, considerable advances have been made in the past years in developing novel experimental models of neurodegenerative disorders. This has been in part driven by the identification of genetic mutations associated with familial forms of these conditions and gene polymorphisms associated with the more common sporadic variants of these diseases. Transgenic and knock out rodents and Drosophila as well as viral vector driven models of Alzheimer's disease (AD), PD, Huntington's disease (HD) and others have been developed, however the focus for this review will be on rodent models of AD, FTD, PD/LBD, and MSA. Promising therapeutic results have been obtained utilizing amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic (tg) models of AD to develop therapies including use of inhibitors of the APP-processing enzymes β- and γ-secretase as well as vaccine therapies.
Silent pulmonary embolism in patients with distal deep venous thrombosis: Systematic review

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this investigation was to determine the prevalence of silent pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients with deep venous thrombosis (DVT) limited to the calf veins. Methods This is a systematic review. We attempted to identify all published investigations that reported the prevalence of silent PE in patients with infrapopliteal DVT. Studies were identified by searching PubMed through January 2014. The search was augmented by manually reviewing the references in all original articles and in reviews. Results The prevalence of silent PE in patients with DVT limited to the calf veins was described in 6 investigations. Pooled data showed a prevalence of 24 of 183 (13.1%) (95% CI 8.9-18.8%). Conclusion Silent PE in patients with DVT limited to the calf veins is not rare. Imaging at the time of diagnosis of calf vein DVT, typically with a perfusion scan alone, may be useful, but there is an economic cost and exposure to radiation.
The Newer Radiographic Contrast Media

The 1980s witnessed the development of many new contrast agents useful in radiographic and MRI to enhance the contrast discrimination between tissues and improve lesion conspicuity. In addition to improved efficacy, these agents are generally safer and cause less patient discomfort than older radiographic contrast media. The injection of any foreign material into the body always holds some risk, however, and it is the responsibility of clinicians and radiologists jointly to use these agents judiciously in the best interest of the patient.
Effect of prostaglandins and epinephrine on the level of cyclic AMP-14C of smooth muscle from the rhesus monkey.

Abstract The effects of prostaglandins (PG) and epinephrine on the level of cyclic AMP-14C (adenylate cyclase activity) of myometrium from pregnant rhesus monkeys (145–160 days) were measured. Adenylate cyclase activity was determined from the formation of cyclic AMP-14C from ATP labeled by incubation with adenine-8-14C. PGE2 (2.8 μM) increased cyclic AMP-14C levels both with and without caffeine (2.5 μmM). When 2.5 mM caffeine was present the effects of PGE1 and PGE2 (2.8 μM), like those of PGF1α and PGF2α, were similar; the PGE series, however, had a greater effect on cyclic AMP-14C. Similar differences between the series E and F prostaglandins were observed in concentrations from 0.28 to 5.6 μM. Epinephrine also increased cyclic AMP-14C levels of myometrium; the addition of propranolol (33 μM) decreased the effect of epinephrine but did not alter the effect of PGE2. The basal level of cyclic AMP-14C in the myometrium of pregnant rhesus monkeys was 2.5-fold higher than that of taenia coli from nonpregnant monkeys. The addition of caffeine to the medium increased cyclic AMP-14C concentrations slightly in taenia coli and, on a percentage basis, the addition of PGE2 in the presence of 2.5 mM caffeine caused similar increases in cyclic AMP-14C levels in taenia coli and in myometrium. Epinephrine (10 μM) also increased the cyclic AMP-14C concentration of the taenia coli.
Periodontal disease, oxidative stress, and risk for preeclampsia

Background: Maternal periodontal infection is associated with an increased risk for preeclampsia. Periodontal infection is also associated with increased oxidative stress. Our objective was to determine the relationship among maternal periodontal disease, maternal oxidative stress, and the development of preeclampsia.Methods: A secondary analysis of prospectively collected data from the Oral Conditions and Pregnancy Study was performed. A cohort of healthy women enrolled at 140/90 mmHg and ≥1+ proteinuria on a catheterized specimen. Maternal blood was assayed for 8-isoprostane concentrations using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and stratified as elevated (≥75th percentile) o...
Numerical Study of Conjugate Heat Transfer Due to Growth of a Vapor Bubble During Flow Boiling of Water in a Microchannel

The present study is performed to numerically investigate temperature distribution at the channel walls during growth of a vapor bubble inside a microchannel. The microchannel is of 200 μm square cross section and a vapor bubble nucleates at one of the walls, with liquid flowing in through the channel inlet. Constant heat flux boundary condition is specified at the bottom wall of the microchannel. The complete Navier-Stokes equations along with continuity and energy equations are solved using the SIMPLER method. The liquid vapor interface is captured using the level set technique. The conjugate heat transfer problem is solved at the bottom and side walls. The bubble grows rapidly due to heat transfer from the walls and soon turns into a plug filling the entire channel cross section. The temperature distribution at the channel walls is studied for different values of wall heat flux. The bubble growth rate is found to increase with increase in wall heat flux. High temperatures are noted at the wall below the bubble base due to vapor contact causing axial temperature gradients. Areas of high heat transfer are also seen to exist in the thin layer of liquid between bubble and the channel sidewalls.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Water Utility Privatization and Regulation: Lessons from the Global Experiment

ABSTRACT Privatization of the water and wastewater industries is a global experiment that raises a variety of issues, including whether and how economic regulation should be applied to private service providers. Alternate models are emerging both for privatization and regulation. The United States, Great Britain, France, and Argentina provide contrasting approaches. In the course of privatizing state-owned enterprises, nations may need to build their institutional capacity to regulate in order to prevent abuses of monopoly power and further policy goals, including efficiency economic development, environmental protection, and equity goals.
Epidermal Keratinocyte Growth: Changes in Protein Composition and Synthesis of Keratins in Differentiating Cultures

The epidermal skin layer undergoes extensive changes in all areas of metabolism as the lowermost basal cell differentiates into a dead structure that forms the upper, protective stratum corneum. Epidermal keratinocyte differentiation was studied in vitro using primary epidermal keratinocyte cultures that grow from a basal cell monolayer to a differentiating and proliferating, multilayered keratinocyte structure. Specific groups of proteins that form complex structures as keratinocyte differentiation occurs were studied. The quantities and synthesis of the proteins forming the tonofilamentous bundles, keratohyaline granules, and cornified cell envelopes in these cultures were determined. The selective solubilities of these proteins in a series of buffers were exploited to separate the proteins into 6 fractions. Protein assays, [3H]-amino acid pulse labeling, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and fluorography were used to quantitate and characterize the proteins extracted from basal monolayers and from stratifying and fully differentiated keratinocyte cultures. The results showed that multilayered, more differentiated cultures accumulated the greatest amount of keratin, keratohyaline granule, and cell envelope proteins, although there was no apparent increase in the synthesis of these proteins in the more differentiated cultures. These cultures showed extensive disulfide cross-linking of the keratins. Covalent keratin bonding occurred at least 6 hr after the synthesis and rapid noncovalent bonding of the polypeptides into keratins; thus various stages of keratin formation were identified. The differentiation of the epidermis appeared to be a complex, orderly, and regulated process that can be studied in vitro using this epidermal cell culture system.
Bonding Changes in Compressed Superhard Graphite

Compressed under ambient temperature, graphite undergoes a transition at ∼17 gigapascals. The near K-edge spectroscopy of carbon using synchrotron x-ray inelastic scattering reveals that half of the π-bonds between graphite layers convert to σ-bonds, whereas the other half remain as π-bonds in the high-pressure form. The x-ray diffraction pattern of the high-pressure form is consistent with a distorted graphite structure in which bridging carbon atoms between graphite layers pair and form σ-bonds, whereas the nonbridging carbon atoms remain unpaired with π-bonds. The high-pressure form is superhard, capable of indenting cubic-diamond single crystals.
Effective nonrenormalizable theories at one loop

Methods for calculating one-loop corrections to effective nonrenormalizable theories are described in these lectures.
Comparative analysis of hairpin ribozyme structures and interference data

Great strides in understanding the molecular underpinnings of RNA catalysis have been achieved with advances in RNA structure determination by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. Despite these successes the functional relevance of a given structure can only be assessed upon comparison with biochemical studies performed on functioning RNA molecules. The hairpin ribozyme presents an excellent case study for such a comparison. The active site is comprised of two stems each with an internal loop that forms a series of non-canonical base pairs. These loops dock into each other to create an active site for catalysis. Recently, three independent structures have been determined for this catalytic RNA, including two NMR structures of the isolated loop A and loop B stems and a high-resolution crystal structure of both loops in a docked conformation. These structures differ significantly both in their tertiary fold and the nature of the non-canonical base pairs formed within each loop. Several of the chemical groups required to achieve a functioning hairpin ribozyme have been determined by nucleotide analog interference mapping (NAIM). Here we compare the three hairpin structures with previously published NAIM data to assess the convergence between the structural and functional data. While there is significant disparity between the interference data and the individual NMR loop structures, there is almost complete congruity with the X-ray structure. The only significant differences cluster around an occluded pocket adjacent to the scissile phosphate. These local differences may suggest a role for these atoms in the transition state, either directly in chemistry or via a local structural rearrangement.
The excitation and damping of solar oscillations

Present theories suggest two classes of excitation processes which may be responsible for the observed amplitudes of solar p-mode oscillations—self-excitation of the modes via an overstability mechanism such as the K mechanism 2, and stochastic excitation by turbulent convection2–4. We now have data which stand in support of the latter mechanism. Linear overstability calculations are still ambiguous, because of the uncertainties involved in including turbulent viscous damping of the modes. Nevertheless no calculation predicts overstable f-modes, and these modes are observed on the Sun. Furthermore no nonlinear damping mechanism has yet been proposed which would limit the growth of overstable modes to their observed amplitudes. Assuming the modes are stably damped, the theory of mode excitation by convective turbulence now gives mode amplitudes that are in agreement with observations4. In this letter we use data from Big Bear Solar Observatory to compare theory and observation in detail. In particular, our data show that the energy per oscillation mode is nearly constant at low mode frequencies, and is approximately independent of degree at low degrees. The total energy in all the oscillation modes is estimated at ∼1034erg.
The autistic moment in psychotherapy

This is a report on the author's experience in treating four autistic children and their families. The importance of making available the therapist's own autism is stressed. The difficulty in doing this and reverting defensively to an administrative approach is described. A previous paper discussed the “corrective autistic experience” with a focus on the autistic person. This follow-up describes the “autistic moment” which is a relational experience between the therapist and both the autistic person and the autistic family. The family needs to have an experience of its own autism as a continuum of normal before it can relate to an autistic child. To the extent that the therapist can bring his own autism into the therapy can the family experience its own. The patients are the person, the relationships, the family, and the therapist.
Selective attention in the speeded classification and comparison of multidimensional stimuli

Selective attention was studied when subjects were required to make either speeded classifications of single stimuli or comparisons of pairs of multidimensional stimuli. Experiment 1 established that subjects were able to attend selectively to form when the irrelevant dimension of size or shading varied in a speeded-classification (card-sorting) task. Experiment 2 confirmed this finding in a discrete-trials task. However, subjects werenot able to filter out irrelevant dimensional disparity in a comparably designed simultaneous-comparison (i.e., “same”-“different”) task. Mean “same” reaction time increased monotonically with increases in disparity between the two stimuli on the irrelevant dimension. Experiment 3 also revealed a monotonie increase in “same” RT as a function of irrelevant disparity in a successive-comparison task. These results were discussed in terms of a normalization model proposed by Dixon and Just (1978) in which it is assumed that a subject equates the two stimuli on the irrelevant dimension before deciding that they are the same along the relevant dimension. It was concluded that: (1) although subjects can efficiently filter out irrelevant disparity in a speeded-classification task, interference due to irrelevant disparity is obtained in the comparison tasks, (2) a common process such as normalization does not necessarily underlie performance in the speeded-classification and comparison tasks, (3) the ability to attend selectively to a stimulus dimension may be task determined as well as stimulus determined, and (4) contrary to the Dixon and Just proposal, normalization of irrelevant disparity occurs in a comparison task, even when the relevant dimension is represented as a separate encoding feature.
Index four orientable embeddings and case zero of the Heawood conjecture

Abstract By imposing a special symmetry, we are able to construct index four triangular embeddings of graphs in compact orientable 2-manifolds. Because of the complexity of the current graphs required, such embeddings have heretofore been unattainable, but the imposed symmetry reduces the problem to constructing a special kind of index two current graph. We illustrate the method with a solution for case zero of the Heawood conjecture, using an abelian group, thus completing a constructive proof of the Heawood map color theorem, and eliminating the need for Galois field theory and nonabelian groups in its solution. The method has also been used in the determination of the genus of K n , n , n , n .
A systematic approach for healthcare marketing behaviour in developing countries: The case of Turkey

This study investigates the impact of healthcare marketing on the wellness and preventive healthcare of Turkish citizens. The findings suggest a non-significant link between preventive healthcare behaviours and health knowledge. Moreover, those programmes instituted by the Public Health Ministry and other health-oriented businesses which have an impact on healthy lifestyle do not seem to be a total success. Evidently there is a different perspective that exists regarding the use of advertising and promotion campaigns to inform and educate citizens about the importance of healthcare.
GGE Biplot Exploration of Resistance to Sheath Blight Disease in Doubled-Haploid Lines of Rice

Development of cultivars resistant to sheath blight (SB) disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn is an important breeding objective for the southern U.S. rice (Oryza sativa L.) industry. The aim of this research was to explore performance, genotype (G) and genotype x environment (GE) interactions, and stability for SB resistance of 322 doubled-haploid (DH) lines of the SB2 mapping population produced by the RiceCAP project. Analysis was performed by heritability-adjusted genotype plus genotype x environment interaction (HA-GGE) biplot analysis, Huhn's nonparametric stability statistics, median polish, and additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI). Genetic material was evaluated in replicated plots for 2 yr (2006 and 2007) in Louisiana and Arkansas. A single mega-environment was identified consisting of the four year-location combinations. Heritability-adjusted genotype plus genotype x environment interaction biplot analyses identified 11 DH lines with high and stable levels of resistance at both locations. Five susceptible DH lines were also identified with greater stability than the susceptible parent used to develop the SB2 population. Results from Huhn's nonparametric approach and median polish complemented those of HA-GGE biplot analysis. Material identified in this study represents a potential source of high and stable SB resistance for cultivar development that warrants additional field-plot evaluation.