cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NEGATIVE LABOUR VALUES AND THE PRODUCTION POSSIBILITY FRONTIER

Steedman's theoretical finding of negative labour values associated with positive equilibrium prices has been criticised on the grounds that this situation obtains only in inefficient economies. A recent paper by Hosoda claims that this criticism is valid only in two-dimensional joint-product systems. It is argued here that the dimensionality of the system is of no relevance to the “inefficiency critique” of Steedman. Rather, the validity of the critique turns on matters relating to the growth rate and the rate of profit. The argument that processes inefficient in a static context may be viable in the context of von Neumann growth is considered, and the implications for the labour theory of value are assessed. Marx's critique of capitalist economic calculation is supported by reference to the divergence of Sraffian prices and Samuelsonian values when the rate of profit is in excess of the rate of growth.
High-speed electrostatic micro-hydraulics for sensing and actuation

In this paper, we report a novel architecture for significant performance enhancement of previously introduced electrostatic micro-hydraulic structures. We develop a 2-D multi-physics model for analysis of our first generation electrostatic micro-hydraulic system (straight-wall architecture) used for sensing and actuation. Using this model, we design and fabricate a new sloped-wall device with a time constant 400× less than that of earlier designs, while maintaining other specification. The optimized electrostatic micro-hydraulic systems are successfully fabricated and tested. Micro-hydraulic structures of various geometries exhibit a measured bandwidth of 50 to 70 Hz, which corresponds to a sensor response time of about 18 ms.
Analysis of optimal and nearly optimal sequencing policies for a closed queueing network

We analyze sequencing policies designed to most effectively utilize the resources of a closed queueing network representation of a manufacturing system. A continuous time Markov decision process formulation is used to compare the performance of optimal sequencing policies and a heuristic developed by analyzing a heavy traffic approximation of the system.
Effects of soil structure destruction on methane production and carbon partitioning between methanogenic pathways in tropical rain forest soils

[1] Controls on methanogenesis are often determined from laboratory incubations of soils converted to slurries. Destruction of soil structure during slurry conversion may disrupt syntrophic associations, kill methanogens, and/or alter the microsite distribution of methanogenic activity, suppressing CH4 production. The effects of slurry conversion on methanogenesis were investigated to determine if disruption of aggregate structure impacted methanogenesis, substrate utilization, and C partitioning between methanogenic pathways. Soils were collected from the tropical rain forest life zone of the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico, and exposed to different physical disturbances, including flooding and physical homogenization. Slurry conversion negatively impacted methanogenesis. Rates of CH4 production declined by a factor of 17 after well-aggregated soils were converted to slurries. Significantly more C-13-acetate was recovered in CO2 compared to CH4 after slurry conversion, suggesting that methanogens consumed less acetate after slurry conversion and may have competed less effectively with other anaerobes for acetate. Isotopic data indicate that the relative partitioning of C between aceticlastic and hydrogenotrophic pathways was unchanged after slurry conversion. These data suggest that experiments which destroy soil structure may significantly underestimate methanogenesis and overestimate the potential for other microorganisms to compete with methanogens for organic substrates. Current knowledge of the factors that regulate methanogenesis in soil may be biased by the findings of slurry-based experiments, that do not accurately represent the complex, spatially heterogeneous conditions found in well-aggregated soils.
Comparison of Pixel-based and Object-based classification for glacier change detection

This research paper compares the result of Object based and Pixel based classification techniques for glacier change detection on Landsat Thematic mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) imageries. The objective of this study is to see which classification method performs better for change detection in mountainous regions. Northern face of Himalayan region, The study area is undergoing climate change in the form of rapid melting of glacial ice mass, expansion of the existing lakes and creation of new lakes. This results in Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) and breach or outburst from ice and ‘moraine dams’ causing devastating floods downstream. The global warming phenomenon worldwide has resulted in a significant decrease in glacial cover. Glacier's change monitoring and permafrost-related hazards have long been studied using remote sensing data and techniques to assess the damage. The world is facing a serious problem of handling the climate change issue and its effects on humans as well as on natural resources. Glaciers are considered as one of the best indicators of climate change [1]. Landsat TM/ETM+ images were used for glacier change monitoring of Turkey's mountains project, Mount Suphan. The results show that about ¾ of total area of suphan glacier has been lost in 23 years. Traditional image classification methods use only the spectral information at pixel level without considering the shape of underlying objects [2]. However, object-based image classification process uses spectral and spatial dimensions (shape of feature) in order to perform classification. In this study, multi temporal Landsat TM and ETM+ image from 1990 to 2010 have been used. Initially, the traditional pixel-based classification was performed on Landsat thematic layers and layers developed from indices like NDVI and NDSII. Then object-based classification of these images was carried out. The comparison of the classification results (both qualitative and quantitative) show that the object-based approach gives about 10–15% higher accuracy, much better results in terms of area estimation and change detection of snow covered areas as compared to traditional pixel-based classification. The results also indicate that object based classification is more useful in mountainous regions to avoid confusion among classes produced by shadows.
Evaluation of the Effects of a Head-mounted Display on Ocular Accommodation

We evaluated a commercially produced head-mounted display (HMD) to determine its short-term effects on human ocular accommodation. Thirteen subjects (seven men and six women, ranging from 13 to 44 years old) were tested for changes in a number of parameters before and after viewing a full-length movie (approximately two hours) on a HMD. As a control, subjects were also tested before and after viewing a movie on a high-quality NTSC color television, and also before and after a one-hour intermission. Accommodation dynamics and range were measured. Data showed wellknown trends due to subject age. Only one statistically significant change was found: a slight increase in the latency of relaxation accommodation after HMD viewing.
Polymyositis associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia

A 53-year-old man with chronic myelogenous leukemia developed progressive proximal muscle weakness with electromyographic and histologic features consistent with polymyositis. Although the association of polymyositis with solid tumors is well recognized, an association with hematologic malignancies has not been firmly established. A survey of the world medical literature reveals one previously reported case of polymyositis and one of dermatomyositis associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia. We conclude that polymyositis does occur in association with chronic myelogenous leukemia. Recognition of this association is important, since treatment of polymyositis can be successful.
Using Nonlinear Geostatistical Models in Estimating the Impact of Salinity on Crop Yield Variability

Three nonlinear geostatistical models—disjunctive kriging (DK), indicator kriging (IK), and probability kriging (PK)—were used to develop conditional probability (CP) maps based on soil salinity thresholds for two crops, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and corn (Zea mays L.). The CP maps divide alfalfa and corn fields into zones with different probabilities to reach a specific yield potential (YP) at a specific soil salinity threshold. The objectives of this study were to: (i) compare the performance of the DK, IK, and PK models in developing CP maps; (ii) compare actual alfalfa and corn yield samples with the YP estimated by the three models; and (iii) provide guidance for precision management of agriculture by considering the output of the models used in this study. Yield data were collected at alfalfa and corn fields to compare the actual data with those estimated by the models. The results of this study show that the CP maps developed using the three geostatistical models are efficient in assessing the impact of soil salinity on the spatial variability of alfalfa and corn yield. The comparison of the actual yield data with the estimated CP maps from the three models showed good agreement. The IK and PK models generated very similar estimates for each of the zones; however, the zones generated by both of these models are slightly different from the zones generated using the DK model. The information from this study can be used for precision management of agricultural resources.
Stipulated definitions and elementary logic

The author discusses the effects of stipulated definitions and the frequent misuse of definitions and their effects upon debate. He also explores the role of extravagant stipulation and possible solutions to the problem as it appears in intercollegiate debate.
Statistical Estimation & Inference of Cell Counts from ELISPOT Limiting Dilution Assays

The ELISPOT assay is often used for cell count determination in immunological studies. Automated methods are needed to estimate cell concentrations from spot counts obtained from the assay. Three major distributions are assumed for observational cell counts. For each assumed distribution, individual least squares (LS)/ maximum likelihood and/or individual robust least squares (RLS) are applied for parameter estimation. Distributions of study endpoints (derived variables), defined as percentages of antigen-specific memory cell per total immunoglobulin G (IgG), are investigated to provide a basis for hypothesis testing. We show, under some weak conditions, that the distribution of endpoint estimates across subjects is approximately the same within a group. Thus, the t -test or the Wilcoxon Rank Sum test can be applied to detect group differences. These methods are compared through simulations and application to real data.
Effects of isolated atomic collision cascades on SiO 2 /Si interfaces studied by scanning tunneling microscopy

Si(100) wafers with oxide thicknesses of 40 and 200 A\r{} were implanted with ${\mathrm{Ge}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{As}}^{+}$ ions with energies from 20 keV to 1 MeV. Low ion doses, \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{11}$ ions/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, were used to avoid overlap of collision cascades. The extent of cascade damage at the ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$/Si interface due to single ion impacts was examined by scanning tunneling microscopy after the oxide layer was removed by HF. The surface topography in the form of craters was found to relate to the cascade damage rather than to the removal of atoms by sputtering. There is a 1:1 correlation between the number of ion impacts and the number of craters. The crater diameter as a function of implant-ion energy agrees well with theoretical estimates of the lateral extent of the cascade due to nuclear energy deposition at the interface.
Effect of a liquid Phase on Superplasticity of 2‐moI%‐Y203‐StabiIlzed Tetragonal Zirconla Polycrystals

.. . A small addition of CuO to 2-mol%-Yz03-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals significantly enhances superplasticity by forming an amor hous grain-boundary phase containing primarily Cu', Y", Zr", and 0'-. This phase apparently melts at around 1130°C, but it already provides a fast diffusion path even below the melting temperature. There are abrupt changes in stress exponent, activation energy, and grain size exponent across the melting temperature. Superplasticity is diffusion-controlled below the melting temperature and is interfaced-controlled above that. [Key words: yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals, plasticity, liquid phase, creep, grain boundaries.]
Two steps forward in bedside monitoring of lung mechanics: transpulmonary pressure and lung volume

For many decades, pressure-based respiratory mechanics have served to aid the judgment of clinicians when monitoring mechanical ventilation and making important decisions in respiratory care. However, measurements based on airway pressure (PAW) alone have limited ability to generate individualized insights for a diverse patient population with varied pathologic conditions. While the passive lungs are the primary target of attention, PAW-based interpretations may be influenced by differences in breathing pattern, alterations in chest wall activity (including diaphragmatic function), changes in lung volume, asymmetry of lung disease, abdominal distension, etc. All of these factors may complicate the interpretation of respiratory mechanics and make fixed criteria for safe ventilation difficult to apply.
Melt detection in Antarctic ice-sheets using spaceborne scatterometers and radiometers

Backscatter measurements from the Sea Winds on QuikSCAT scatterometer are used to determine periods of surface freeze and melt on Antarctic ice-shelves. A maximum likelihood method is used to infer the daily ice-surface conditions for various study points located on the Ronne, Ross, Larsen, Fimbul, Amery, and Shackleton ice-shelves. Criteria for determining the dates of melt-onset and freeze-up for each Austral summer are presented. Validation of the ice-state and melt-onset date estimates is performed by analyzing the corresponding brightness temperature (T/sub b/) measurements from special sensor microwave/imager (SSM/I) radiometers. QuikSCAT /spl sigma//spl deg/ measurements from 1999 through 2003 are analyzed and found to be very useful for determining periods of melt in Antarctic ice-sheets and provide high temporal and spatial resolution ice-state estimates.
Fabrication and Characterization of SnO2/Graphene Composites as High Capacity Anodes for Li-Ion Batteries

Tin-oxide and graphene (TG) composites were fabricated using the Electrostatic Spray Deposition (ESD) technique, and tested as anode materials for Li-ion batteries. The electrochemical performance of the as-deposited TG composites were compared to heat-treated TG composites along with pure tin-oxide films. The heat-treated composites exhibited superior specific capacity and energy density than both the as-deposited TG composites and tin oxide samples. At the 70th cycle, the specific capacities of the as-deposited and post heat-treated samples were 534 and 737 mA·h/g, respectively, and the corresponding energy densities of the as-deposited and heat-treated composites were 1240 and 1760 W·h/kg, respectively. This improvement in the electrochemical performance of the TG composite anodes as compared to the pure tin oxide samples is attributed to the synergy between tin oxide and graphene, which increases the electrical conductivity of tin oxide and helps alleviate volumetric changes in tin-oxide during cycling.
Recent Horizontal Transfer of Mellifera Subfamily Mariner Transposons into Insect Lineages Representing Four Different Orders Shows that Selection Acts Only During Horizontal Transfer

We report the isolation and sequencing of genomic copies of mariner transposons involved in recent horizontal transfers into the genomes of the European earwig, Forficula auricularia; the European honey bee, Apis mellifera; the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata; and a blister beetle, Epicauta funebris, insects from four different orders. These elements are in the mellifera subfamily and are the second documented example of full-length mariner elements involved in this kind of phenomenon. We applied maximum likelihood methods to the coding sequences and determined that the copies in each genome were evolving neutrally, whereas reconstructed ancestral coding sequences appeared to be under selection, which strengthens our previous hypothesis that the primary selective constraint on mariner sequence evolution is the act of horizontal transfer between genomes.
Projection and Quasi-Projection Operators for Electron Impact Resonances on Many-Electron Atomic Targets

In Chapter 1, we dealt with the theory and applications of the projection-operator formalism to two-electron systems. The reason for singling out two-electron autoionization systems (implying a one-electron target) was given in Chapter 1; to repeat briefly, the fact that the target eigenfunctions are known analytically and the special character of a one-electron target allow exact projection operators in the Feshbach sense(1) to be written down, which thereby allows precision calculations of the composite (two-electron) system approaching the accuracy of ordinary two-electron bound-state systems to be carried out [cf., for example, Ref. 2]. In the case of autoionization of two- or more electron target systems, the inability of achieving comparable precision arises from two causes: not only can we not give the exact eigenfunctions analytically, but we cannot even supply a formal, explicit expression for the projection operators that we need at the outset.
Un petit mot sur y

Dans cet article, l’hypothese est postulee qu’il existe en francais deux clitiques y, qui sont homonymes. Le y argumental correspond a un argument verbal ou adjectival. Il se trouve dans sa position preverbale grâce a une regle de deplacement. Le y adjoint correspond presque toujours a un locatif. Il est interprete comme un adjoint verbal, et donc est genere directement dans sa position de surface.
SOME LAW OF THE ITERATED LOGARITHM TYPE RESULTS FOR THE EMPIRICAL PROCESS

Summary We consider Z±n= sup0< t ≤ 1/22 U±n (t)/(t(1- t))1/2, where + and -denote the positive and negative parts respectively of the sample paths of the empirical process Un. U±n and Un are seen to behave rather differently, which is tied to the asymmetry of the binomial distribution, or to the asymmetry of the distribution of small order statistics. Csaki (1975) showed that log Z±n/log2n is the appropriate normalization for a law of the iterated logarithm (LIL) for Z±n we show that Z-n/(2 log2n)1/2 is the appropriate normalization for Z-n. Csorgo & Revesz (1975) posed the question: if we replace the sup over (0,1/2) above, by -the sup over [an, 1-an] where an0, how fast can an0 and still have |Zn|/(2 log2n)1/2 maintain a finite lim sup a.s.? This question is answered herein. The techniques developed are then used in Section 4 to give an interesting new proof of the upper class half of a result of Chung (1949) for |Un(t)|. The proofs draw heavily on James (1975); two basic inequalities of that paper are strengthened to their potential, and are felt to be of independent interest.
BEHAVIOR OF RATS UNDER FIXED CONSECUTIVE NUMBER SCHEDULES: EFFECTS OF DRUGS OF ABUSE

Four rats responded under a simple fixed consecutive number schedule in which eight or more consecutive responses on the run lever, followed by a single response on the reinforcement lever, produced the food reinforcer. Under this simple schedule, dose-response curves were determined for diazepam, morphine, pentobarbital, and phencyclidine. The rats were then trained to respond under a multiple fixed consecutive number schedule in which a discriminative stimulus signaled when the response requirement on the run lever had been completed in one of the two fixed consecutive number component schedules. Under control conditions, the percentage of reinforced runs under the multiple-schedule component with the discriminative stimulus added was much higher than the percentage of reinforced runs under the multiple-schedule component without the discriminative stimulus. All of the drugs decreased the percentage of reinforced runs under each of the fixed consecutive number schedules by increasing the conditional probability of short run lengths. This effect was most consistently produced by morphine. The drugs produced few differences in responding between the multiple fixed consecutive number components. Responding under the simple fixed consecutive number schedule, however, was affected at lower doses of the drugs than was responding under the same fixed consecutive number schedule when it was a component of the multiple schedule. This result may be due to the difference in schedule context or, perhaps, to the order of the experiments.
Power electronic converter and system control

This paper deals with modern control systems technology that is frequently applied to power conversion systems. The discussion goes far beyond the basic level of switch control in switching regulators. System-level control issues are important in expanding the market base of power electronics. Improvement in system performance involves not only the use of advanced control techniques, but also the integration of several converters or converter systems into a larger system. A fully controlled rectifier and an induction motor drive system are presented as typical applications to illustrate the use of many techniques for controlling power converters. The paper then points out how a wide variety of control techniques can be applied to enhance the controller performance and bandwidth in power electronics. These techniques include observers and adaptive control, nonlinear control, sliding and dead-beat control, and intelligent control. Finally, the paper points out how power electronic system performance can be enhanced through the use of condition monitoring and diagnostics.
Cost Pass-Through in the U.S. Automobile Market

We study cost pass-through in the U.S. automobile market using a framework that incorporates the effects of cost changes on input decisions. We find that accounting for firms' factor-market decisions significantly increases measured cost pass-through, although we reject the hypothesis of full cost pass-through and constant markups. In addition, our evidence suggests that cost shocks common to all manufacturers have a greater effect on prices than do model-specific cost shocks. Finally, we examine how pass-through varies with manufacturer nationality, finding that U.S. firm cost pass-through exceeds that of European and Asian firms.
Development of a multi-AUV SLAM testbed at the University of Michigan

This paper reports the modifications involved in preparing two commercial Ocean-Server AUV systems for simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) research at the University of Michigan (UMich). The UMich Perceptual Robotics Laboratory (PeRL) upgraded the vehicles with additional navigation and perceptual sensors including 12-bit stereo down-looking Prosilica cameras, a Teledyne 600 kHz RDI Explorer DVL for 3-axis bottom-lock velocity measurements, a KVH single-axis fiber-optic gyroscope for yaw rate, and a WHOI Micromodem for communication, along with other sensor packages discussed forthwith. To accommodate the additional sensor payload, a new Delrin nose cone was designed and fabricated. Additional 32-bit embedded CPU hardware was added for data-logging, real-time control, and in-situ real-time SLAM algorithm testing and validation. Details of the design modification, and related research enabled by this integration effort, are discussed herein.
ESTIMATING POPULATION PROJECTION MATRICES FROM MULTI-STAGE MARK-RECAPTURE DATA

Multi-stage mark–recapture (MSMR) statistics provide the best method for estimating the transition probabilities in matrix population models when individual capture history data are available. In this paper, we improve the method in four major ways. We use a Markov chain formulation of the life cycle to express the likelihood functions in matrix form, which makes numerical calculations simpler. We introduce a method to incorporate capture histories with uncertain stage and sex identifications, which allows the use of capture history data with incomplete information. We introduce a simple function that allows multinomial transition probabilities to be written as functions of covariates (time or environmental factors). Finally, we show how to convert transition probabilities estimated by the MSMR method into a matrix population model. These methods are applied to data on the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis).
The American College of Cardiology Board of Governors: an idea incubator and instrument for action.

![Figure][1] What is the BOG and why should I care? It is a privilege to serve as chair of the American College of Cardiology (ACC) Board of Governors (BOG) this year. It is my mission to illuminate the integral value that ACC chapters and their leaders provide to cardiovascular
Options for Administering Individual Accounts in Social Security

Individual accounts have become a popular feature in Social Security reform proposals during the past several years. However, the precise meaning of "individual accounts" is unclear, as approaches vary greatly in their financing, management, and structure. Proposals differ in large part because some objectives conflict with others. Two such conflicts are of particular importance: the implications of a centralized administration and the implications of allowing workers to make relatively unconstrained investment choices. Designing a system of mandatory individual Social Security accounts involves balancing these conflicting objectives. This brief details how the Latin American, United Kingdom, Swedish and federal Thrift Savings Plan models balance these objectives. A decentralized approach like that followed in the United Kingdom can offer workers a wide range of investment choices and create an effective barrier to political interference in fund management, but it is likely to mean higher administrative costs. The Latin American model is almost as expensive and offers workers fewer investment choices, but it also minimizes the risk of low benefits as a result of poor investment choices by workers. The relatively new Swedish model aims to produce worker choice almost as great as that in the United Kingdom but with lower administrative costs and more consumer protection. This requires giving the government a greater administrative role than in the U.K. or Latin American models. Administrative costs can be lowered with more centralized management of the process, most notably through the Thrift Savings Plan model. These lower costs are possible, however, in part because fewer investor services and investment options are offered, and they include a somewhat greater risk of political interference in investment management decisions. No model is superior on all criteria. If individual accounts are to be incorporated into the U.S. Social Security system, a consensus will have to be developed about the proper balance among these various objectives.
Epidemiology of Stone Disease

Urinary lithiasis is a common condition in many parts of the world, with a peak prevalence of 5–10% in Western societies (Stamatelou et al. 2003; Lieske et al. 2006). While the symptomatic stone event garners most attention from patients and physicians alike, emerging evidence suggests that stone disease should be considered a systemic disorder, characterized by a chronic metabolic condition that is periodically punctuated by a symptomatic stone event. A thorough understanding of the epidemiology of stone disease provides important insights into potential strategies for managing patients with urinary lithiasis. This chapter will provide an overview of the prevalence of stone disease, discuss contextual factors that may influence the development of kidney stones, and delineate mutable and fixed risk factors for the disease.
Preparation and Thermal Properties of CuO Particles

The current article reports a synthetic method for the production of sodium oleate-capped crystalline copper(II) oxide particles which can be readily dispersed in hydrocarbons such as hexane, octane, dodecane, and eicosane to achieve colloids of very high concentration. Mass concentrations of up to 20% (1.65 M) were achieved in octane, dodecane, and eicosane and remained stable for at least 10 days at room temperature as observed by visible spectroscopy. Quasi-spherical particle shape was observed with the largest fraction possessing a diameter of 9 nm and 90% of the population existing within the range 5−15 nm. The colloidal systems were characterized using FAA, XRD, TEM, UV−Vis, DSC, and a simple device inspired by Newton’s law of cooling which was employed to measure cooling/heating rates. Thermodynamic measurements of CuO/SOA particles suspended in dodecane and eicosane reveal a decrease in Cp, ΔHfus, and cooling/heating rates of the resulting colloid with large increases in particle mass concentratio...
Durations of the Immature Stadia of Coeloides brunneri (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) at Various Constant Temperatures, with Descriptions of the Five Larval Instars

Oviposition by C. brunneri Viereck was obtained in the laboratory, using larvae of the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, as hosts, and the parasites were reared individually at various constant temperatures between 55° and 100° F. The shortest durations of the individual immature stages, and the corresponding temperatures, were: egg, 21 hours (95°); first larval stadium, 21 hours (88°) ; second stadium, 15.5 hours (85°) ; third stadium, 12 hours (85°); fourth stadium, 17 hours (85°); fifth stadium, nondiapause, 125 hours (80°) ; pupa, 117 hours (82°). Average total developmental time declined from 98.4 days at 55° to 14.1 days at 85°, but was the same (15.8 days) at 90° and at 75°. Head capsule widths proved unsatisfactory for identifying larval stages, as they overlapped greatly. The setal patterns of the second, third, and fourth instars were similar but were unlike those of the first or the fifth instars, which in turn were dissimilar. All larval stages had a distinct, lightly sclerotized head, 13 postcephalic segments, and 9 pairs of circular spiracles.
Electron Transfer to SF6 and Oriented CH3Br

Previous experiments have suggested that different negative ions are formed by electron transfer to different ends of a molecule. To investigate this possibility, a crossed molecular beam apparatus has been constructed to mass-analyze the ions produced in collisions between fast K atoms and oriented molecules. Initial studies are reported on ion formation in collisions of unoriented SF6 and oriented CH3Br. For lab energies ≈ 5−30 eV, Br- is the only ion observed from CH3Br, and its formation is favored by attack at the Br-end of CH3Br. The Br and CH3 ends have the same energetic threshold for forming Br-. SF5-, SF6-, and F- ions are observed from SF6 and O2- from O2. These ions are formed over a range of energies unlike those formed by electron attachment and suggest that the nascent negative ion can be stabilized by the accompanying positive K+.
Institutional Birth in Uganda: The Interplay of Individual Characteristics, Physical Accessibility, and Social Context

A national representative sample of women of reproductive age in Uganda was recruited to examine the individual and contextual influences on women's propensity to seek facility-based childbirth as opposed to childbirth at home. Findings reveal that use of birthing care services is poor in Uganda; roughly 45% of women have given birth in a medical institution. Proximity to a hospital is associated with higher odds of facility-based childbirth. Social constructs of a community also explain structural barriers to institutional births in Uganda; women living in an area where women have higher educational levels as well as those living in a socioeconomically advantaged community were more likely to give birth at a health facility. The results emphasize that efforts to improve the use of maternal health care would require interventions focused on increasing girls’ education. Further, the results support a call for more actions to reduce financial barriers and increase awareness of the importance of maternal hea...
Investigation on the Status of Microbial Contamination in the Process of Traditional and Standard Sheep Slaughter in Xinjiang

【Objective】The quality of meat is directly affected by health status during the sheep slaughter process.For the purpose of knowing some information of the microbial pollution situation of sheep butchered in traditional and standardization slaughtering in Xinjiang,this test chose representative sheep slaughterhouses to detect the total number of the colony and coli group by taking samples from the surface of sheep and every link of the slaughtering.【Method】According to the GB/T4789.2-2010 and GB/T4789.3-2010,a total of 350 samples,35 samples from the air in the workshop,14 samples of cutting tools and 15 samples from the hands of butchers were collected to determine the total numbers of colony and the coli group of cattle carcass,involving cattle carcass before and after wash.【Result】The total numbers of colony are 3.36 and 3.13 Logcfu/cm2 on cattle carcass before and after washing in standardization slaughtering(P0.05),and 3.54 Logcfu/cm2 in traditional slaughtering.The coli group are 2.60 and 2.47 LogMPN/cm2 on cattle carcass before and after washing in standardization slaughtering(P0.05),and 2.84 LogMPN/cm2 in traditional slaughtering.【Conclusion】The tests revealed that the microbial pollution degree of the carcass sheep surface in traditional slaughtering is higher than the surface in standardization slaughtering.
Application of Yellow Rice Wine Dry Yeast to Increase the Yield of Arak

Arak production by solid fermentation method(by yeast wine,saccharifying enzyme and weat starter)and arak production by liquid fermentation method were compared through small-scale tests and the results indicated that the quality and the yield of arak by solid fermentation method was satisfactory and the relative technical conditions were summed up as follows:0.075 % yellow rice wine dry yeast,0.2 % saccharifying enzyme,8 % weat starter,5 d fermentation at 30 ℃ and then 1.5 d fermentation at 25 ℃.Besides,yellow rice wine dry yeast was a good substitute of self-made yeast,which could increase liquor yield by above 5 %.(Tran.by YUE Yang)
Staphylococcus Epidermidis in Diabetic Urological Patient

We present 6 patients in whom prosthetic failure occurred because of sepsis owing to Staphylococcus epidermidis. Such failure occurs in grafts in other areas and is caused by the high resistance of the organism to conventional antibacterial measures. Therapy with appropriate antibiotics, that is aminoglycosides, vancomycin and rifampin, and the need for an early operation are stressed.
Gender Role in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Retrospective Analysis of Perioperative Outcomes in US Patients

Abstract Background Women present later than men for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with more severe osteoarthritic disease but achieve comparable functional improvement and implant survival and also lower rates of revision. Despite these findings, there is significant underutilization of the procedure for women compared to men. Methods We conducted a retrospective study to address the lack of information in the literature concerning the immediate and short-term perioperative outcomes between genders. The National Hospital Discharge Survey was evaluated between 2001 and 2010 for men and women undergoing primary TKA in the United States. Differences in gender, patient demographics, comorbidities, complications, length of stay, and discharge disposition were analyzed and identified. Results The growth in TKA was 145% for men and 131% for women over the 10-year period. Women presented with significantly higher rates of obesity, morbid obesity, postoperative transfusion rate, and length of stay. In contrast, men showed a greater proportion of diabetes, postoperative wound infections, and increased mortality rates. Males were also more likely to be discharged to home, whereas females were more likely to be discharged to rehabilitation facilities. Conclusion Our findings provide important insight into the perioperative outcomes that may be influencing gender disparity in TKA.
Ideological Differences in Epistemic Motivation: Implications for Attitude Structure, Depth of Information Processing, Susceptibility to Persuasion, and Stereotyping

Abstract In an extended elaboration of the theory of political ideology as motivated social cognition, we describe ideological differences in epistemic motivation and their consequences for attitude structure, depth of information processing, susceptibility to persuasion, and stereotyping. Liberals score higher than conservatives on need for cognition and open-mindedness, whereas conservatives score higher than liberals on intuitive thinking and self-deception. These differences help to explain greater attitudinal certainty and stability among conservatives, greater ambivalence and more self-reported thinking among liberals, and stronger correspondence between “gut” and “actual” feelings as well as implicit and explicit attitudes among conservatives. Liberals are more likely to process information systematically, recognize differences in argument quality, and to be persuaded explicitly by scientific evidence, whereas conservatives are more likely to process information heuristically, attend to message-irrelevant cues such as source similarity, and to be persuaded implicitly through evaluative conditioning. Conservatives are also more likely than liberals to rely on stereotypical cues and assume consensus with like-minded others.
Schema Theory and Measurement in Mass Communication Research: Theoretical and Methodological Issues in News Information Processing

The schema construct has received considerable attention in the mass communication literature during the last decade because it has helped to explain the cognitive processes associated with information processing. However, the fuzziness of the concept and difficulties associated with schema measurement may have prevented it from blossoming into a more widely used theoretical construct. This chapter endeavors to explicate the schema construct as it applies to mass communication research. It concludes with recent examples of schema measurement strategies that have been employed by social psychologists and communication researchers.
Trading under the New Plan

After 1933 German trade was conducted in a collection of separate bi-lateral markets. Each of these markets had its special distinguishing characteristics; within each market the exchange procedures were adapted to the needs of trade with that market and the terms of trade which resulted reflected the relative bargaining power of the countries concerned. Germany’s success in exploiting its international market varied between countries. It is convenient, therefore, to consider Germany’s trade by geographical areas.
From Syntactic Structures to Aspects of the Theory of Syntax

This chapter discusses the progress made in linguistic theory in the years following the writing of Syntactic Structures . This period was characterized by close to total agreement by generative grammarians on all the major issues and was capped by three complementary works, which collectively would define the next decade's research strategy: (1) Katz and Fodor (1963) that took the initial steps to incorporate semantics into generative grammar, (2) Katz and Postal (1964) that hypothesized that underlying structures alone serve as input to the semantic component, and (3) Chomsky (1965), which, by eliminating generalized transformations in favor of phrase structure recursion, allowed, for the first time, a level of deep structure to be defined. The level of deep structure in Aspects is defined by the application of three sets of rules: phrase structure rules, subcategorization rules, and rules of lexical insertion. Chomsky referred to the first two collectively as the base rules. The provision of categorial information is the task of the phrase structure rules, which generate a phrase marker, each node of which is labeled with a particular category symbol. Grammatical relations are then defined as wholly derivative relations between categories.
RhoA Signaling and Synaptic Damage Occur Within Hours in a Live Pig Model of CNS Injury, Retinal Detachment.

Purpose The RhoA pathway is activated after retinal injury. However, the time of onset and consequences of activation are unknown in vivo. Based on in vitro studies we focused on a period 2 hours after retinal detachment, in pig, an animal whose retina is holangiotic and contains cones. Methods Under anesthesia, retinal detachments were created by subretinal injection of a balanced salt solution. Two hours later, animals were sacrificed and enucleated for GTPase activity assays and quantitative Western blot and confocal microscopy analyses. Results RhoA activity with detachment was increased 1.5-fold compared to that in normal eyes or in eyes that had undergone vitrectomy only. Increased phosphorylation of myosin light chain, a RhoA effector, also occurred. By 2 hours, rod cells had retracted their terminals toward their cell bodies, disrupting the photoreceptor-to-bipolar synapse and producing significant numbers of spherules with SV2 immunolabel in the outer nuclear layer of the retina. In eyes with detachment, distant retina that remained attached also showed significant increases in RhoA activity and synaptic disjunction. Increases in RAC1 activity and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were not specific for detachment, and sprouting of bipolar dendrites, reported for longer detachments, was not seen. The RhoA kinase inhibitor Y27632 significantly reduced axonal retraction by rod cells. Conclusions Activation of the RhoA pathway occurs quickly after injury and promotes synaptic damage that can be controlled by RhoA kinase inhibition. We suggest that retinal detachment joins the list of central nervous system injuries, such as stroke and spinal cord injury, that should be considered for rapid therapeutic intervention.
Self-optimizing Web system

We propose a new architecture for a self-optimizing Web system that adaptively tunes its performance according to changes in workload characteristics. To realize the system, the authors have developed the integrated performance analysis tool (IPAT) to monitor and simulate the performance of Web systems. IPAT can be used as a testing tool for constructing Web sites. It also performs a comprehensive analysis of Web system performance and detects bottleneck candidates within Web systems. The road map and technical problems for the realization of the system are also discussed.
Bridging Communities for Better HIT: Streaming Conversations from WISH on Challenges, Strategies, and Opportunities

Health Information Technology (HIT) has enormous potential to transform healthcare, and optimal design and implementation of HIT has to incorporate diverse fields' perspectives, including medicine, engineering, design, anthropology, and other related disciplinary areas. WISH workshop at CHI 2017 is designed to bring together researchers and practitioners for shared conversations and nurture a common community of practice. This SIG will further facilitate open, cross-disciplinary conversations with diverse CHI participants about the future of WISH, disclosing the closed conversations among steering committee members and organizers of WISH to the CHI audience for additional input. We will discuss methods, study designs, and dissemination within and across communities. We will discuss issues around challenges of designing, implementing, and evaluating interactive health technologies. This SIG will explore opportunities in growing a nurturing community and developing a research agenda that will drive future innovations in healthcare.
Synthesis of 3,3′-Disubstituted Indolenines Utilizing the Lewis Acid Catalyzed Alkylation of 2,3-Disubstituted Indoles with Trichloroacetimidates

Trichloroacetimidates function as effective electrophiles for the selective C3-alkylation of 2,3-disubstituted indoles to provide 3,3′-disubstituted indolenines. These indolenines are common synthetic intermediates that are often utilized in the synthesis of complex molecules. Effective reaction conditions utilizing Lewis acid catalysts have been determined, and the scope of the reaction with respect to indole and imidate reaction partner has been investigated. This chemistry provides an alternative to base promoted and transition-metal-catalyzed methods that are more commonly utilized to access similar indolenines.
Genomic Landscape of Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma

Recent comprehensive molecular analysis allowed the identification of unique molecular signatures in pheochromocytomas (PHEOs) and paragangliomas (PGLs). Here we summarize the main pathway clusters activated by PHEO- and PGL-susceptibility genes: pseudohypoxic, kinase, and Wnt signaling. Molecular characterization and clustering of PHEOs and PGLs may help in the application of principles of personalized medicine and in decision making for targeted therapy of these tumors.
Estimating degree of mechanical anisotropy in dystrophic and control rectus femoris in boys using VisR ultrasound, in vivo

Previous work has shown that the degree of anisotropy in tissue can be assessed using Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) imaging performed with a geometrically asymmetric excitation. In this work, we investigate the clinical relevance of mechanical anisotropy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Anisotropy assessment was performed using relative elasticity (RE) and relative viscosity (RV) parameters measured by Viscoelastic Response (VisR) ultrasound. These parameters were evaluated as the ratio of their respective values obtained with two orthogonal transducer orientations, i.e. parallel and perpendicular to the muscle fiber direction, to represent the transverse over the longitudinal RE or RV. In a pilot clinical feasibility study performed in six, 7.9–10.4 year-old boys with (DMD) and five age-matched boys with no known neuromuscular disorders, VisR anisotropy imaging was performed in vivo in the rectus femoris (RF) serially for a total of 22 time points in DMD and 12 time points in control boys. Both the RE and RV anisotropy ratios in the RF muscles of boys with DMD were significantly higher (Wilcoxon, p<0.05) than those of healthy control boys (Median [IQR] — RE: DMD = 1.51 [0.87], Control = 0.88 [0.69], RV: DMD = 1.04 [0.71], Control = 0.74 [0.25]). Higher RE and RV ratios suggested increased transverse relative to longitudinal elastic and viscous moduli in the DMD versus the control cohort, which is consistent with expected muscle fiber fragmentation, fibrosis, and fatty deposition in DMD. These results suggest that VisR RE and RV anisotropy ratios are clinically relevant for noninvasively assessing muscle degeneration due to DMD and other causes.
Established and Future Promising Fertility Preservation Options in Adolescence and Adults

Over the past decades, due to a high number of cancer survivors, the demands for fertility preservation have been raised dramatically, and this might come from recent progress in the cancer prognosis and diagnosis procedures. For those who are involved in cancer diseases, there are multiple options regarding their fertility preservation which can be selected based on patient’s age, the risk of gonadal involvement, the time available and the type of cancer with different advantages and disadvantages. Among all possible options, embryo cryopreservation for females and semen freezing for males are the most applicable method, however other options such as gonadal tissue cryopreservation, and oocyte cryopreservation are other promising options which would be considered if the partner was not available. As conclusion, this is noteworthy that women with cancer must benefit from adequate consultations regarding their possible fertility preservation options and immediate correct consultations definitely can help families to make their mind to choose best available options.