cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving yield through the application of process window OPC

As the industry progresses toward more challenging patterning nodes with tighter error budgets and weaker process windows, it is becoming clear that current single process condition Optical Proximity Corrections (OPC) as well as OPC verification methods such as Optical Rules Checking (ORC) performed at a single process point fail to provide robust solutions through process. Moreover, these techniques can potentially miss catastrophic failures that will negatively impact yield while surely failing to capitalize on every chance to enhance process window. Process-aware OPC and verification algorithms have been developed [1,2] that minimize process variability to enhance yield and assess process robustness, respectively. In this paper we demonstrate the importance of process aware OPC and ORC tools to enable first time right manufacturing solutions, even for technology nodes prior to 45nm such as a 65nm contact level, by identifying critical spots on the layout that became significant yield detractors on the chip but nominal ORC could not catch. Similarly, we will demonstrate the successful application of a process window OPC (PWOPC) algorithm capable of recognizing and correcting for process window systematic variations that threaten the overall RET performance, while maintaining printed contours within the minimum overlay tolerances. Direct comparison of wafer results are presented for two 65nm CA masks, one where conventional nominal OPC was applied and a second one processed with PWOPC. Thorough wafer results will show how our process aware OPC algorithm was able to address and successfully strengthen the lithography performance of those areas in the layout previously identified by PWORC as sensitive to process variations, as well as of isolated and semi-isolated features, for an overall significant yield enhancement.
Immunohistological localization of N-acetylindolealkylamines in pineal gland, retina and cerebellum

Abstract An immunohistological method has been used for visualization of N-acetylindolealkylamines (N-acetylindoles) in the pineal gland, retina and cerebellum using antibody highly specific for two N-acetylindoles; namely, N-acetylserotonin and melatonin. Staining by a double antibody technique using fluorescein or peroxidase labeling revealed that N-acetylindole is present not only in the parenchymal cells of the pineal gland but also in the outer nuclear layer of the retina and in the granule and Golgi II cells of cerebellum. Because N-acetylindole was found in the retina and cerebellum even after pinealectomy, we can speculate that extrapineal biosynthesis of N-acetylindole may occur. The observation of staining for N-acetylindole in cerebellum of rat, rhesus monkey and man suggests that N-acetylindolealkylamines may be present in the central nervous tissue of all mammals.
Chemical effects following the 34S(n,γ)35S reaction in gaseous-sulphur compounds☆☆☆

Abstract The chemical behaviour of 35 S formed by the 34 S( n , γ) reaction has been studied in gaseous H 2 S, SO 2 , SF 6 , CH 3 SH, and thiophene. We obtained the reaction by sealing the gases in quartz ampules and irradiating them with thermal neutrons in the Livermore pool-type reactor (LPTR). Among the effects studied were those of pressure, surface area, and additive gases including argon, nitric oxide, oxygen and hydrogen. The 35 S was recovered in gaseous compounds and in deposits on the walls of the ampules; the chemical composition of both portions of activity was determined by aqueous chemistry using carriers. The results are consistent with a model in which the original molecule is broken up in the recoil process and the resulting fragments containing 35 S react with the surroundings only after they have slowed to thermal energies; in general, the final chemical form of the 35 S is determined by the chemical environment in which it is produced rather than by its original oxidation state or chemical form. However, irradiations of mixtures of several gases with NO gave results possibly indicating that the chemical form of the 35 S immediately after molecular disruption may depend upon the nature of the original molecule.
Turbulence and diffusion over inhomogeneous terrain

This paper provides an overview of some aspects of atmospheric boundary-layer dispersion processes over homogeneous and complex terrain. Special emphasis is placed on a discussion of the boundary-layer scaling regimes over homogeneous terrain and the characteristics of the dispersion processes associated with each of these regimes. The paper points out that vertical concentration profiles usually deviate substantially from a Gaussian distribution. The mean flow and turbulence over a low hill is dealt with, and in the inner layer the turbulence levels are increased due to the mean flow speed-up. In the outer layer the turbulence is modified by the rapid distortion effect. In a middle layer the turbulence is reduced due to the effect of a hill-induced streamline curvature. The paper concludes that the flow perturbations introduced by large-scale hills and valleys invalidate the use of simple approximations for describing atmospheric dispersion processes, and that it is necessary to utilize the full set of equations of motion.
Ice Sheet Stability and Sea Level

Volume changes in the Antarctic Ice Sheet are poorly understood, despite the importance of the ice sheet to sea-level and climate variability. Over both millennial and shorter time scales, net water influx to the ice sheet (mainly snow accumulation) nearly balances water loss through ice calving and basal ice shelf melting at the ice sheet margins ( 1 ). However, there may be times when parts of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) are lost to the oceans, thus raising sea levels. On page 901 of this issue, Bamber et al. ( 2 ) calculate the total ice volume lost to the oceans from an unstable retreat of WAIS, which may occur if the part of the ice sheet that overlies submarine basins is ungrounded and moves to a new position down the negative slope (see the figure).
Multidimensional Configuration-Space Models of the Electronic Factor in Electron Transfer by Superexchange: Implications for Models of Biological Electron Transfer

We employ multidimensional configuration-space models to investigate the electronic factor that appears in theories of electron transfer. Of particular interest is the electronic factor in models of long-range biological electron transfer (ET), which is thought to occur via a bridge-mediated superexchange mechanism. The configuration-space electron tunneling fluxes that we calculate give explicit information on the relative importance of many-electron effects such as correlation and hole vs particle transfer. The results from our models lead to a nonintuitive indication that simple state-space perturbation theory expressions for the electronic factor can lead to incorrect interpretations of electron-transfer processes. In particular, we find that the exclusion of lower-energy bridge bound states may misrepresent the bridge attractive potential and may result in significant errors in the electronic factor contribution to the electron-transfer rate. The importance of the lower energy bridge levels in descri...
Handling frequent updates of moving objects

A critical issue in moving object databases is to develop appropriate indexing structures for continuously moving object locations so that queries can still be performed efficiently. However, such location changes typically cause a high volume of updates, which in turn poses serious problems on maintaining index structures. In this paper we propose a Lazy Group Update (LGU) algorithm for disk-based index structures of moving objects. LGU contains two key additional structures to group ``similar'' updates so that they can be performed together: a disk-based insertion buffer (I-Buffer) for each internal node, and a memory-based deletion table (D-Table) for the entire tree. Different strategies of ``pushing down'' an overflow I-Buffer to the next level are studied. Comprehensive empirical studies over uniform and skewed datasets, as well as simulated street traffic data show that LGU achieves a significant improvement on update throughput while allowing a reasonable performance for queries.
A multi-reference coupled-cluster method for molecular applications

Abstract A new size-extensive, multi-reference coupled-cluster method that properly includes the important effects of semi-internal excitations is presented and
Local intranasal immunotherapy for grass-allergic rhinitis

In a double-blind controlled study, local intranasal immunotherapy was evaluated for the treatment of grass pollenosis. On the basis of serum grass-specific IgE levels, 50 grass-allergic patients were randomly divided into three groups and treated with either an aqueous solution of mixed-grass extract, a formaldehyde-modified mixed-grass extract (allergoid), or a histamine solution (placebo). Intranasal solutions were administered in gradually increasing doses over a preseasonal 10 wk period, adverse local reactions from the aqueous grass extract were frequent during treatment. Few adverse reactions occurred from the allergoid or histamine solutions. During the pollen season, patients receiving both grass extracts had much lower symptom/medication scores than patients receiving placebo. The severity of eye symptoms was the same in all groups. After treatment, serum grass-specific IgE rose in patients receiving aqueous and allergoid extract; no change was noted in patients receiving placebo therapy. Grass nasal secretory-specific IgA titers in each group did not change during the study. The results of this study suggest that local intranasal immunotherapy with either aqueous or allergoid grass extracts is clinically effective for the treatment of grass pollenosis. Adverse reactions associated with the aqueous extract may limit its usefulness. No correlation was present between the secretory immune response and clinical benefit.
A unique quinolineboronic acid-based supramolecular structure that relies on double intermolecular B-N bonds for self-assembly in solid state and in solution

The boronic acid functional group plays very important roles in sugar recognition, catalysis, organic synthesis, and supramolecular assembly. Therefore, understanding the unique properties of this functional group is very important. 8-Quinolineboronic acid (8-QBA) is found to be capable of self-assembling in solid state through a unique intermolecular B-N bond mechanism reinforced by intermolecular boronic anhydride formation, π-π stacking, and hydrogen bond formation. NMR NOE and diffusion studies indicate that intermolecular B-N interaction also exists in solution with 8-QBA. In contrast, a positional isomer of 8-QBA, 5-quinolineboronic acid (5-QBA) showed very different behaviors in crystal packing and in solution and therefore different supramolecular network. Understanding the structural features of this unique 8-QBA assembly could be very helpful for the future design of new sugar sensors, molecular catalysts, and supramolecular assemblies.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE FUNCTIONAL PRONEPHROS IN LARVAE OF AMBYSTOMA OPACUM AS STUDIED BY LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.

The functional pronephros in early larvae of Ambystoma opacum, studied in serial sections, consists of an anterior and posterior nephrostome, respective proximal tubules which fuse into a common proximal tubule, a ciliated intermediate segment, and a distal tubule, which leaves the pronephros posteriorly as the nephric duct. In the coelom medial to each pronephros is a glomus, arising from the dorsal aorta. In electron micrographs of osmium-fixed, methacrylate-embedded pronephros and glomus, the fine structure generally resembles that seen in adult kidneys. Proximal tubule cells show a brush border of irregular microvilli, tubular invaginations, resorption granules, and very few basal infoldings. Cells of the distal tubule have numerous radially-oriented mitochondria, and the basal infoldings are generally well developed. The fine structure of the nephric duct seems to resemble that of the distal tubule. Cells of the nephrostomes and intermediate segment bear cilia of usual fine structure, and contain melanin granules, lipid droplets and slender mitochondria. The glomus resembles a glomerulus in having an endothelium with sparse pores, a basement membrane, and epithelial cells with numerous interdigitating foot processes. The similarity at the fine structure level between the pronephros and the more posterior mesonephros and metanephros of adult vertebrates suggests the serial homology of vertebrate nephrons, and thus constitutes further evidence for the archinephros or holonephros theory of the origin of vertebrate kidneys.
The use of antimicrobial agents after diagnosis of viral respiratory tract infections in hospitalized adults: antibiotics or anxiolytics?

Objective. Because extensive antibiotic use by inpatients has been associated with the development of multidrug‐resistant organisms, we aimed to determine which variables were associated with the use of antibiotics after viral respiratory tract infection diagnosis among adult patients admitted to the hospital with respiratory symptoms. Methods. A retrospective cohort study was conducted at 2 affiliated urban hospitals in Pennsylvania. We identified all adult patients admitted to the hospital during the period from November 1, 2005, through August 1, 2007, with a viral assay positive for influenza A or B, parainfluenza, adenovirus, or respiratory syncytial virus. Among these patients, we identified those who received antibiotics after the diagnosis of viral RTI. Data on demographics; comorbidities; and physical examination, laboratory, and radiographic findings were ascertained to identify risk factors for antimicrobial use among these patients. Results. A total of 196 hospitalized patients with positive v...
An Empirical Demonstration of the Convergence of Common Macro- and Micro-organization Measures1

Examination was made of the reliability and convergent and discriminant validity of multiple methods of work attribute measurement. Conceptually distinct constructs of technology, social system str...
Body mass, polymorphisms in obesity-related genes, and the risk of developing breast cancer among women with benign breast disease.

Abstract Background : A cohort study was conducted among post-menopausal women to determine whether genetic polymorphisms in selected obesity-related genes ( PPARG , LPL , LEPR , PON1 , PON2 , TNF-α ) were associated with the progression of benign breast disease (BBD) to breast cancer and whether the selected polymorphisms modified the association between body mass and breast cancer among women with BBD. Methods : Among participants in an ongoing cohort study, 994 Caucasian post-menopausal women had a breast biopsy for BBD. Of these women, 61 subsequently developed breast cancer. A short questionnaire was administered at baseline in 1989. Genotypes were determined using DNA extracted from blood collected in 1989. Results : In this cohort, body mass index (BMI) was positively associated with the risk of developing breast cancer. In contrast, polymorphisms in PON1 ( Gln192Arg ) and LEPR ( IVS2 + 6920 ) were associated with a decreased risk of developing invasive breast cancer. No statistically significant associations were observed for polymorphisms in PPARG , PON2 , LPL , or TNF and breast cancer risk or for interactions between the polymorphisms and BMI and breast cancer risk. Conclusions : The findings suggest that specific polymorphisms in the PON1 and LEPR genes may play a role in progression of BBD to breast cancer among post-menopausal Caucasian women.
Highlights on ACM HPDGIS 2011: the Second International ACM SIGSPATIAL Workshop on High Performance and Distributed Geographic Information Systems (HPDGIS) 2011: (Chicago, Illinois - November 1, 2011)

The ACM SIGSPATIAL HPDGIS 2011 workshop was held in Chicago, Illinois, USA on November 1, 2011 in conjunction with the 19th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information System, and was a great success. High performance computing and distributed systems have become prominent elements in the landscape of communication, computing, and information technologies due to the increasingly computationally and data intensive nature of geospatial problems in numerous fields and significant requirements for service-oriented computing and collaborative problem solving. Efficient handling of massive spatial databases, shared and role-based access to distributed data, and high-end computing services are fundamental to the real-time and near-real-time responses required by many GIS and associated decision support applications. The second international ACM SIGSPATIAL HPDGIS workshop was hence designed to bring together researchers and practitioners to map out the fundamental research areas centered on advances in high performance computing, distributed systems, and their applications to Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and spatial analysis. The primary objective of the workshop series is to provide an overarching forum in which participants discuss the state-of- the-art, share research progress and activities, and establish future directions for research and education in HPDGIS.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs attenuate proliferation of colonic carcinoma cells by blocking epidermal growth factor-induced Ca++ mobilization.

Numerous studies suggest that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit colorectal carcinogenesis. We have previously reported that NSAIDs, in human colonic carcinoma cells (Caco-2), attenuate epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced cellular proliferation through a process independent of their inhibitory effects on prostaglandin synthesis. Furthermore, separate studies have also suggested that NSAIDs inhibit EGF-induced store-operated Ca++ influx. Thus we developed the hypothesis that NSAIDs may limit the activity of EGF by altering intracellular Ca+ + ([Ca++],) mobilization. Scrumdeprived Caco-2 cells were employed for all experimentation. [Ca ++], was measured with Fluo-3 and extracellular Ca + + influx was monitored by quenching Fluo-3 fluorescence with Mn++. Proliferation was quantitated with two assays: cellular nucleic acid and total protein content. Caco-2 cells exposed to EGF demonstrated an initial increase in [Ca++], which was blocked by neomycin, an inhibitor of IP, generation, and the phospholipase C inhibitor U73122 but not U73343 (inactive control). This was followed by sustained extracellular Ca++ influx, which was attenuated with calcium-free buffer (—Ca + +), the store-operated Ca++ channel blocker lanthanum, indomethacin, ibuprofen, and aspirin. In subsequent studies, cells were treated with either serum-free media or EGF ± the aforementioned inhibitors, and again scrum starved. Cells exposed to F.GF ± the inactive phospholipase C inhibitor U73343 demonstrated a significant increase in nucleic acid and protein. However, proliferation induced by EGF was not observed when [Ca+ + ], elevation was prevented by blocking either internal Ca++ store release via phospholipase C/IP3 or sustained Ca++ influx through store-operated Ca++ channels. Sustained [Ca++], elevation, as induced by EGF, appears to be required for mitogenesis. These data support our premise that one mechanism whereby NSAIDs may attenuate colonic neoplasia is by blocking EGF-induced Ca++ mobilization.
Focused helical appendiceal computed tomography: Technique and interpretation

This article reviews a focused helical appendiceal computed tomographic technique and discusses an approach to appendiceal computed tomographic interpretation.
The origin of centrosomes in parthenogenetic hymenopteran insects

A longstanding enigma has been the origin of maternal centrosomes that facilitate parthenogenetic development in Hymenopteran insects. In young embryos, hundreds of microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) are assembled completely from maternal components. Two of these MTOCs join the female pronucleus to set up the first mitotic spindle in unfertilized embryos and drive their development. These MTOCs appear to be canonical centrosomes because they contain gamma-tubulin, CP190, and centrioles and they undergo duplication. Here, we present evidence that these centrosomes originate from accessory nuclei (AN), organelles derived from the oocyte nuclear envelope. In the parasitic wasps Nasonia vitripennis and Muscidifurax uniraptor, the position and number of AN in mature oocytes correspond to the position and number of maternal centrosomes in early embryos. These AN also contain high concentrations of gamma-tubulin. In the honeybee, Apis mellifera, distinct gamma-tubulin foci are present in each AN. Additionally, the Hymenopteran homolog of the Drosophila centrosomal protein Dgrip84 localizes on the outer surfaces of AN. These organelles disintegrate in the late oocyte, leaving behind small gamma-tubulin foci, which likely seed the formation of maternal centrosomes. Accessory nuclei, therefore, may have played a significant role in the evolution of haplodiploidy in Hymenopteran insects.
Full aperture tilt measurement technique with a laser guide star

A technique for measuring a full aperture tilt (FAT) with a laser guide star (LGS) is proposed. It is shown that information about a FAT is lost in a conventional LGS scheme because of the reciprocity of propagation paths. As a consequence neither the conventional LGS scheme nor its modifications with the receiver coaxial with the transmitter can be used to sense the FAT. A bistatic scheme that permits us to overcome the above difficulty is considered. This scheme permits us to single out the tilt component corresponding to the transmitting beam which is highly correlated with the FAT for a natural star. The tilt component corresponding to the reflected wave can be averaged out by averaging a LGS image motion over its angular extent. Such an averaging, however, does not affect the tilt component corresponding to the transmitting beam. This tilt conservation effect occurs due to the fact that a random motion of the transmitting beam causes a displacement of the LGS as a whole. The accuracy of measuring a FAT with a LGS is determined and the requirements for the measurement scheme are discussed.
Bioadhesive‐Based Dosage Forms: The Next Generation

Prolonged contact time of a drug with a body tissue, through the use of a bioadhesive polymer, can significantly improve the performance of many drugs. These improvements range from better treatment of local pathologies to improved drug bioavailability and controlled release to enhanced patient compliance. There are abundant examples in the literature over the past 15 years of these improvements using first generation or "off-the-shelf" bioadhesive polymers. The present mini-review will remind us of the success achieved with these first-generation polymers and focus on proposals for the next-generation polymers and attendant benefits likely to occur with these improved polymeric systems.
The political ecology of land-use change: Affluent ranchers and destitute farmers in the Mexican Municipio of Alamos

This paper examines the interactions between the environment political and economic policies and changes in land use and land quality by focusing on one region in northwest Mexico where dramatic transformations have occurred since the early 1970s. A political ecology approach is used to examine the nature and causes of environmental change at different scales of analysis to address the importance of meanings assigned to ecological systems and the effect of human-environmental interactions on natural resources. The objective of the study is to uncover the different circumstances under which farmers and ranchers have affected environmental change and how land-use decisions interact with political economic and environmental drivers through history. An emphasis is placed on the complexity of interactions between drivers and on understanding differences in perspectives between large-scale commercial ranchers more diversified small-scale farmers and ejidatarios bureaucrats and environmentalists. The study concludes that strategies for reducing deforestation and developing reasonable community based plans that promote sustainable livelihoods must consider the local and external causes of deforestation the difficulty of environmental monitoring and intraregional differences in environmental and socioeconomic parameters. (authors)
Cold atoms as a coolant for levitated optomechanical systems

Optically trapped dielectric objects are well suited for reaching the quantum regime of their center-of-mass motion in an ultrahigh-vacuum environment. We show that ground-state cooling of an optically trapped nanosphere is achievable when starting at room temperature, by sympathetic cooling of a cold-atomic gas optically coupled to the nanoparticle. Unlike cavity cooling in the resolved-sideband limit, this system requires only a modest cavity finesse and it allows the cooling to be turned off, permitting subsequent observation of strongly coupled dynamics between the atoms and sphere. Nanospheres cooled to their quantum ground state could have applications in quantum information science or in precision sensing.
Two Dimensions of Moral Reasoning: Social Principledness and Social Humanism in Cross-Cultural Perspective

Summary A project was undertaken to (a) provide evidence from three contrastive cultural contexts for the cross-cultural operativity of two proposed underlying dimensions of moral reasoning and (b) examine the relationship holding between them. The first dimension, social principledness, relates to a readiness in making sociopolitical decisions to differentiate between a conventional and a personal standard of morality; while the second, social humanism, to a readiness to grant priority to the human implications of such decisions. Questionnaires distributed to 336 Hong Kong residents and 76 French and 52 American university students provide strong evidence of internal consistency in each dimension in each culture, of uniformity in the operation of each dimension cross-culturally, and of validity for each dimension as defined. Correlational analysis indicates the lack of any necessary interdependence between the dimensions. The results represent a challenge to Kohlberg's assumption (9) of a necessary link ...
Virtual World Entrepreneurship

Virtual worlds are three-dimensional environments in which individuals represented by avatars can buy and sell virtual content and real world products. Virtual world entrepreneurs have been able to generate significant, real world profits in these simulated environments. Extending the work of Zhao, Seibert, and Hills [1], the authors examine the role of virtual world technology self-efficacy and virtual world entrepreneurial learning as indirect predictors of virtual world entrepreneurial intentions. Findings from three waves of data collected during a field study reveal that virtual world entrepreneurial self-efficacy mediates these relationships. Implications and future research on entrepreneurship in virtual worlds are discussed.
1787 AEROSOL INHALATION TEACHING DEVICE

Aerosol administration of beta agonists is generally considered the most effective route to achieve bronchodilation in asthma. Canister nebulizers of beta agonists are widely used but many patients fail to learn the proper aerosol inhalation technique and hence do not benefit from it.
On the nature of longitudinal solutions to Maxwell's equations in the Lorentz gauge

Abstract In the Lorentz gauge, Maxwell's equations provide four polarizations which can be interpreted as one time-like photon, two transverse space-like photons and one longitudinal space-like photon. It is shown that these solutions indicate the existence of novel longitudinal electric and magnetic fields, denoted E II and B II respectively, and which can be represented in terms of delta functions travelling at the speed of light. Thus E II and B II are novel, physically meaningful fields which are manifestly covariant and which are consistent, in the Lorentz gauge, with special relativity.
Growth of oxide single crystals by topotactic reaction

Single crystals of MgO have been heated with crystals of Al2O3, Fe2O3 and TiO2 on cut and polished faces, in known relative crystallographic orientations. The initial product in every case was a spinel phase witha0=8.38 A, oriented with its axes parallel to those of MgO. Crystals reacted in different orientations gave the same product, but kinetic rates appeared to differ. CaO and TiO2 crystals, treated in the same way, gave an unoriented product.
Revolts in Syria: Tracking the Convergence Between Authoritarianism and Neoliberalism:

With the popular revolt in Syria entering its ninth month, it is becoming more evident that the current regime is reaching its historical limits. To understand the origin of these revolts, however, one needs to explore the longer-term history. This report situates Syria’s uprisings within the wider Arab trajectory and argues that the state socialist model built by the Syrian Ba’ath in the 1960s has given way to an organic relationship between Westernized merchant classes and authoritarian forces. However, the increasing fusion between neoliberal and authoritarian forces also created the possibilities for the social revolts.
Periprostatic local anesthesia eliminates pain of office-based transrectal prostate biopsy

Up to 96% of patient who undergo prostate biopsy report pain. We performed periprostatic local anesthesia injection in an effort to improve patient acceptance of prostate biopsy. Sixty patients were randomized to receive either local injection of lidocaine in the periprostatic nerves or no anesthetic. Lidocaine was injected through a 7-inch spinal needle placed through a transrectal ultrasound biopsy guide. Ten-core biopsies were immediately performed. Following biopsy, all patients gave a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) assessment of their pain experienced during biopsy.A majority of patients reported Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores in the moderate (28.6%) or severe (28.6%) ranges unless local anesthesia was given. Only one of 27 patients (3.7%) receiving local anesthetic reported moderate pain, and none reported severe pain. Mean VAS pain scores were 1.4 in the anesthetic group and 4.5 in the control group (P<0.0001). No difficulty was encountered from scarring in the five patients who underwent nerve spring radical retropubic prostatectomy following local anesthetic injection. Periprostatic injection of local anesthetic essentially eliminates pain from prostate biopsy. Nerve-sparing radical retropubic prostatectomy is not more difficult as a result.
Trouble in the empire of the gaze: Woman, scopophilia, and power in several seventeenth‐century works

(1997). Trouble in the empire of the gaze: Woman, scopophilia, and power in several seventeenth‐century works. Lit: Literature Interpretation Theory: Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 123-133.
Kidney transplantation for end-stage renal failure in liver transplant recipients with hepatitis C viral infection.

BACKGROUND End-stage renal failure after successful liver transplantation (LTx) has been described in up to 5% of patients. Kidney transplantation (KTx) has been the treatment of choice in these cases. However, in recipients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), the augmentation of immunosuppression after KTx may result in an increased viral load. This, in turn, may adversely affect the liver allograft. METHOD The present study retrospectively examined the outcome in 17 patients (3 females and 14 males, mean age 51.1+/-11.3 years) who received KTx after LTx. The mean interval from LTx to KTx was 57.6+/-32.1 months. The mean follow-up was 41.7+/-20.5 months after KTx, and 99.6+/-37.7 months after LTx. Sixteen of the 17 patients received tacrolimus-based immunosuppression at the time of KTx. RESULTS During the follow-up period, one patient underwent combined liver and kidney retransplantation 3.7 years after KTx and 12.7 years after LTx. She subsequently died secondary to primary nonfunction. Four other patients died, two of lung cancer, one of pancreatitis/sepsis, and one of severe depression leading to noncompliance. A total of 29 episodes of biopsy-proven acute renal allograft rejection (1.7 episodes/ patient) were encountered and treated with steroids. Seven patients experienced a rise in liver function tests during the period of increased steroid dosage. Four patients received no treatment, and their liver function returned to baseline. The remaining three were treated with interferon. Overall 1- and 3-year actuarial patient and liver allograft survival was 88% and 71% (after renal transplantation); corresponding 1- and 3-year actuarial graft survival was 88% and 61%. Twelve patients are alive with normal liver function. One patient is on dialysis, because of renal allograft loss to noncompliance. CONCLUSION In this series, LTx recipients with HCV infection were able to undergo KTx with a reasonable degree of success. KTx should be offered for end-stage renal failure after LTx, even in the presence of HCV infection, to individuals with stable liver function and no signs of liver failure.
Career Research Interests and Training of Genetic Counseling Students

Research is important to validate clinical services, provide information on the effectiveness of practice techniques, and develop the knowledge base of a clinical profession. Genetic counseling students from American Board of Genetic Counseling (ABGC) accredited training programs were surveyed to determine their career research interests and interest in pursuing a hypothetical doctoral degree in genetic counseling. Genetic counseling program directors were surveyed to assess the emphasis on research training within their programs. A substantial number (46%, n = 92) of genetic counseling students are interested in performing research in their careers and many (40%, n = 80) would pursue a doctoral degree in genetic counseling if it was available. Students and directors from programs with a thesis requirement reported a significantly higher emphasis on career research preparation than those from programs without a thesis requirement. The results of this study indicate that future genetic counselors are interested in contributing to the research base that will advance the field. This study suggests a need to strengthen research training within ABGC accredited graduate programs and explore the development of a doctoral degree option in genetic counseling.
Racist Thinking and Thinking about Race: What Children Know but Don't Say

|H | ow is it that racialist thinking is so easily transformed into racist thinking? Why do people so quickly move from recognizing racial categories to using them as a basis for the distribution of resources, power, and authority? What accounts for the predisposition to make inferences about unobservable qualities, such as intelligence, employability, threat, and honesty, based on observations of racial group membership. Whether or not people do so is indisputable. Evidence from the social science literature, the media, and casual observation suggests that prejudice and discrimination based on racial group membership is pervasive, especially in the United States. Why they do so, and under what circumstances, is less well understood. These sorts of questions serve as the focal point of Lawrence Hirschfeld's paper "The Conceptual Politics of Race." In an attempt to address them, Hirschfeld takes as his point of departure two perspectives on the complex relationship between race as a category of power and race as a category of mind. Psychologists, Hirschfeld contends, view race as a category of power because it is a category of mind. That is, the race concept, and associated phenomenon such as prejudice, in-group favoritism/out-group enmity, and other cognitive biases are viewed as mere
HUMAN PROTOPORPHYRINOGEN OXIDASE : EXPRESSION, PURIFICATION, AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CLONED ENZYME

Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (E.C.1.3.3.4) catalyzes the oxygen-dependent oxidation of protoporphyrinogen IX to protoporphyrin IX. The enzyme from human placenta has been cloned, sequenced, expressed in Escherichia coli, purified to homogeneity, and characterized. Northern blot analysis of eight different human tissues show evidence for only a single transcript in all tissue types and the size of this transcript is approximately 1.8 kb. The human cDNA has been inserted into an expression vector for E. coli and the protein produced at high levels in these cells. The protein is found in both membrane and cytoplasmic fractions. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity in the presence of detergents using a metal chelate affinity column. The purified protein is a homodimer composed of subunits of molecular weight of 51,000. The enzyme contains one noncovalently bound FAD per dimer, has a monomer extinction coefficient of 48,000 at 270 nm and contains no detectable redox active metals. The apparent K(m) and Kcat for protoporphyrinogen IX are 1.7 microM and 10.5 min-1, respectively. The enzyme does not use coproporphyrinogen III as a substrate and is inhibited by micromolar concentrations of the herbicide acifluorfen. Protein database searches reveal significant homology between protoporphyrinogen oxidase and monoamine oxidase.
Transmigration of titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles in rats after inhalation exposure

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been used extensively in the manufacturing of white pigment and has generally been regarded as a nuisance dust in animals and man. After inhalation exposure, little is known about transmigration routes and potential toxic effects of translocated particles in other organs. In order to answer these questions, rats were exposed to TiO2 by inhalation exposure at concentrations of 0, 10, 50, and 250 mg/m3 for 2 years. A few free particles were retained in the nasal and tracheobronchial epithelium without any cellular damage, but aggregates of dust-laden macrophages (dust cells) were found in the lymphoid tissue of the submucosa. Inhaled particles were mostly engulfed by alveolar macrophages and confined sharply to the alveolar duct region at 10 and 50 mg/m3, while dust cells were scattered throughout alveoli at 250 mg/m3. A fraction of the inhaled particles was retained in the membranous pneumocytes and interstitial macrophages. A dense accumulation of dust cells was found in the perivascular and peribronchial lymphoid tissue. Some dust cells entered peribronchial lymphatics or pulmonary blood vessels and the general circulation. Dust cells in the hyperplastic peribronchial lymphoid tissue were exposed directly in the luminal surface of the airways and were subsequently eliminated via airways. Massive dust deposition was observed in the tracheobronchial lymph nodes. Dust transmigration was markedly reduced in the cervical lymph nodes, and only a trace amount of dust particles was found in the mesenteric lymph nodes. Some dust cells entered either blood or lymphatic vessels in the lymph nodes and then migrated into the general circulation. The incidence of extrapulmonary dust deposition in the liver or spleen was increased in a dose-related fashion similar to the lung dust burden. Since there was no tissue response to translocated particles in the lymph nodes, spleen, or liver, potential adverse health effects appear to be negligible.
A common universe—questionable responses to tropical rainfall and aridity in Africa and Asia

Much of the world lacks sufficient rainfall to regularly replenish aquifers and surface storage or receives excessive rainfall resulting in serious erosion and health issues by way of water-borne diseases. Residents adjust to these climatic realities in different ways. Desert peoples have learned to conserve water in order to sustain the minimal potable water requirements and agricultural-animal husbandry development necessary for life. In one country, this finely tuned balance between supply and demand has been negatively impacted by political and economic decisions to encourage agricultural exports by mining subsurface fossil aquifers. Governments in tropical regions have been guilty of neglect or worse by failing to provide their peoples with the tools necessary for obtaining safe drinking water. In the former case, mining of subsurface water threatens the very future existence of society. In at least one tropical country, over dependence upon outside agencies to provide what government might best prioritize for its own funding has caused a disconnect between donor expectations and local realities thus delaying eradication of easily preventable diseases.
Organic Polymeric Electrochromic Devices: Polychromism with Very High Coloration Efficiency

The electrochromic properties of electrodeposited poly(1,4-bis(2-[3‘,4‘-ethylenedioxy]thienyl)-2-methoxy-5-2‘ ‘-ethylhexyloxybenzene) (P(BEDOT-MEHB)), a material for polymer electrochromic displays, are reported in detail. While the polymer is transparent in the fully oxidized state, two absorption bands obtained in the visible region for the neutral and partially oxidized polymer are due to two different colors from the same material. Compared to other inorganic or organic electrochromic materials, the P(BEDOT-MEHB) films exhibited very high coloration efficiency values: as high as 680 cm2/C at 535 nm and −360 cm2/C at 760 nm. The films have the advantage of exhibiting cathodic and anodic coloration. The space created by the methoxy ethylhexyloxy benzene between EDOT units on the polymer backbone makes the injection/rejection of the negatively charged counterions inside/outside of the polymer easier, resulting in higher doping levels than PEDOT at the same optical density. Very well-defined electrochemi...
Second-order many-body perturbation study of solid hydrogen fluoride under pressure.

A linear-scaling, embedded-fragment, second-order many-body perturbation (MP2) method with basis sets up to aug-cc-pVTZ is applied to the antiparallel structure of solid hydrogen fluoride and deuterium fluoride under 0–20 GPa of ambient pressure. The optimized structures, including the lattice parameters and molar volume, and phonon dispersion as well as phonon density of states (DOS), are determined as a function of pressure. The basis-set superposition errors are removed by the counterpoise correction. The structural parameters at 0 GPa calculated by MP2 agree accurately with the observed, making the predicted values at higher pressures a useful pilot for future experiments. The corresponding values obtained by the Hartree–Fock method have large, systematic errors. The MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ frequencies of the infrared- and Raman-active vibrations of the three-dimensional solids are in good agreement with the observed and also justify previous vibrational analyses based on one-dimensional chain models; the non-coincidence of the infrared and Raman mode pairs can be explained as factor-group (Davydov) splitting. The exceptions are one pair of modes in the librational region, for which band assignments based on a one-dimensional chain model need to be revised, as well as the five pseudo-translational modes that exist only in a three-dimensional treatment. The observed pressure dependence of Raman bands in the stretching region, which red-shift with pressure, is accounted for by theory only qualitatively, while that in the pseudo-translational region is reproduced with quantitative accuracy. The present calculation proves to be limited in explaining the complex pressure dependence of the librational modes. The hydrogen-amplitude-weighted phonon DOS at 0 GPa is much less structured than the DOS obtained from one-dimensional models and may be more realistic in view of the also broad, structureless observed inelastic neutron scattering spectra. All major observed peaks can be straightforwardly assigned to the calculated peaks in the DOS. With increasing pressure, MP2 predicts further broadening of bands and breach of the demarcation between the pseudo-translational and librational bands.
Metabolic mapping of the oculomotor system in MPTP-induced parkinsonian monkeys.

The quantitative autoradiographic 2-{14C}deoxyglucose method was used to map the distribution of alterations of local cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (lCMRGlc) in the oculomotor system of l-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine-(MPTP)-induced parkinsonian monkeys. The lCMRGlc was decreased in the frontal eye fields and in the paralamellar mediodorsal thalamus in the parkinsonian monkeys as compared to normal controls. No changes in lCMRGlc were observed in other areas of the oculomotor system. L-Dopa therapy reversed the oculomotor symptoms in these monkeys, as well as the decrease of lCMRGlc in the frontal eye fields and the paralamellar mediodorsal thalamus. Because the frontal eye fields are known to be involved in the initiation of voluntary saccades, these findings suggest a functional anatomical basis for the oculomotor deficits in Parkinson's disease.
Automatic analysis of microearthquake network data

Abstract The microearthquake data collected by the dense network of seismographs in California may contain a wealth of information about the tectonic process, structure and properties of the earth's crust. However, before this data can be fully exploited for the purposes of earthquake prediction research, a relatively automatic, accurate, and uniform procedure for the analysis of seismic data is needed. A simple algorithm which identifies earthquakes and times first arrivals using data from an array of single component seismometers is being studied. The algorithm is simple enough that it could easily be implemented on a microprocessor monitoring a single station in real time. A unique aspect of the algorithm is that it not only picks arrivals but also objectively determines arrival time accuracy. Earthquakes are located by an iterative method. First, the most accurate arrivals are used to locate the event. Then arrivals which do not agree with this location are repicked using a more sensitive algorithm. This process is repeated until a stable location is obtained. For clear, unambiguous arrivals, the arrival times determined by the algorithm agree to within a few hundredths of a second of arrival times determined by an analyst. For weaker, more ambiguous arrivals, computer picks and hand picks are always within the accuracy prescribed by the algorithm. Using such an algorithm in routine processing of seismic data could require as little as 2 percent of the human effort now required by manual processing, and would provide for the first time, an accurate objective data base for earthquake prediction research. Syntactic structural analysis (a formal method of symbolic description) of seismic wave-forms is being investigated as a tool to improve the descriptive capability of the algorithm and as a formalism in which other picking algorithms can be expressed easily and compared. Using syntactic procedures to automatically provide descriptions of the first-arrival waveform is proposed as way of providing useful information about the earth that is not presently available on a routine basis.
Behaviors of three BCC metals during non-proportional multi-axial loadings: experiments and modeling

Abstract Non-proportional torsion–tension and biaxial-compressive experimental results are presented on tantalum, tantalum alloy with 2.5% tungsten, and AerMet 100 steel. These test results form a comprehensive set of data to show the material behaviors at finite strain and wide strain-rate range. Using the parameter set determined from uniaxial constant strain-rate compressive and tensile tests, the capability of a new constitutive model (Khan, A.S., Liang, R., 1999. Behaviors of three BCC metal over a wide range of strain rates and temperatures: experiments and modeling. International Journal of Plasticity 15, 1089–1109) is shown to accurately predict complex loading paths of current experimental results. Using von Mises equivalent strain, stress, and strain rate, the constitutive model gives excellent predictions of these non-proportional experimental results.