cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Product Graphs are Sum Graphs

AbstractGiven a set S of positive integers, the sum graph G+ (S) has S as its node set with two nodes x and y adjacent if and only if x + y ∊ S. Then a sum graph is isomorphic to the sum graph of some S. Provided 1 ∉ S, the product graph of S and a product graph are defined similarly. We show that every sum graph is a product graph, and conversely.
A Patient in Whom One Pathologist Says She Has Cancer, and Another Says that the Lesion Is Benign

Follicular adenoma and minimally invasive follicular carcinoma are thyroid neoplasms that share many clinical and pathologic characteristics. The distinction between them is crucial, however, because while follicular adenoma is entirely benign and requires no additional treatment, follicular carcinoma possesses the capacity for aggressive behavior and, as a result, is usually treated with completion thyroidectomy and subsequent radioactive iodine. While the criteria for distinguishing the two tumors are seemingly straightforward, there are many subtleties and pitfalls in interpreting follicular thyroid neoplasms, as the experienced surgical pathologist knows all too well. Due to the significance of resolving the differential diagnosis between follicular adenoma and follicular carcinoma, if any doubt persists after ample tissue sampling and extensive evaluation of a tumor, a second opinion from an expert in thyroid pathology can be an invaluable resource.
Development of Candle Soot Based Carbon Nanoparticles (CNPs)/Polyaniline Electrode and Its Comparative Study with CNPs/MnO2 in Supercapacitors

Abstract In this article we report a facile method to create a polyaniline (PANI) nanorod/carbon nanoparticle (CNP) composite structure that is suitable for supercapacitor use. A network of CNPs was conveniently produced on the surface of a nickel foam by collecting candle soot above a burning candle. The PANI nanorods were then electrochemically deposited on the CNP network, forming a star-like interconnected 3D structure. As a comparison, MnO2 particles were also deposited on the CNP network to produce a broccoli-like structure. The electrochemical properties of these two composites were examined using cyclic voltammetry, cyclic charge-discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The two electrodes exhibited different electrochemical behaviors: high capacitance at low current densities and marked deterioration at high ones for CNPs/PANI and relatively low but stable capacitance for CNPs/MnO2. The reasons for this distinction were discussed based on the structures and material properties of the electrodes.
Eukaryotic transposable elements: probes for identifying and studying genes important in mammalian development.

The DF given weekly by the RBIT in 14 thalassemia/hemoglobinopathy patients decreased the frequency of URIs and febrile illnesses in 5/10 patients. Five of the six patients had absence of frequent enteritis. There were no instances of pneumonia and otitis media in two patients with frequent infections before DF. Skin color was improved within 3 months. Most of the patients became more active at the same hematocrit level. The height and weight in eight patients was normal. The total number of blood transfusions in all patients was significantly decreased. It is advisable to use weekly DF infusion by RBIT in the patient who cannot afford to use the infusion pump and the full program of iron chelation.
Complete Genome Sequence of Bacillus Phage Belinda from Grand Cayman Island.

ABSTRACT Soil from George Town, Grand Cayman Island, yielded the bacteriophage Belinda, isolated on Bacillus thuringiensis DSM 350. We present here the analysis of the complete genome sequence of 162,308 bp, with 298 predicted genes. The genome also contains three tRNA genes. Belinda belongs to the C1 cluster of Bacillus phages.
Asymmetric C7 pedicle subtraction osteotomy for correction of rigid cervical coronal imbalance secondary to post-traumatic heterotopic ossification: a case report, description of a novel surgical technique, and literature review

Deformities of the cervical spine are uncommon in the coronal plane. In this report, a unique case of a 31-year-old male with a fixed, 30° left coronal deformity due to heterotopic ossification 3 years status post poly-trauma was treated with an asymmetric C7 pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO). Case report. Pre-operatively, the patient had a fixed 45-degree left tilt of his neck and radiographs demonstrated a rigid 30° scoliosis, 7 cm coronal imbalance, and 4 cm negative sagittal balance, diffuse bridging bone between the spinous processes and the facet joints of C5 to T1 bilaterally. An asymmetric C7 PSO with C2–T3 posterior spinal fusion was completed without complication. There was residual 9° coronal deformity, 2.9 cm left coronal imbalance, and 2.3 cm sagittal imbalance. He had a marked improvement in his function, as assessed by the SF-36 physical component score (pre-op 31.1; post-op 44.7) and mental component score (pre-op 46.0; post-op 66.8). Post-operatively, neck disability index scores also improved (pre-op 38; post-op 16). Although the patient passed away from a drug overdose 14 months post-operatively, he did not report neck pain, he had not sought evaluation from another physician for his neck, and he had not undergone a subsequent neck operation before his passing. In this one patient, an asymmetric C7 PSO was performed safely. While it was effective in addressing a fixed cervical coronal imbalance, its efficacy and safety profile should be confirmed in larger cohorts.
The DinJ/RelE Toxin-Antitoxin System Suppresses Bacterial Proliferation and Virulence of Xylella fastidiosa in Grapevine

Xylella fastidiosa, the causal agent of Pierce's disease of grapes, is a slow-growing, xylem-limited, bacterial pathogen. Disease progression is characterized by systemic spread of the bacterium through xylem vessel networks, causing leaf-scorching symptoms, senescence, and vine decline. It appears to be advantageous to this pathogen to avoid excessive blockage of xylem vessels, because living bacterial cells are generally found in plant tissue with low bacterial cell density and minimal scorching symptoms. The DinJ/RelE toxin-antitoxin system is characterized here for a role in controlling bacterial proliferation and population size during plant colonization. The DinJ/RelE locus is transcribed from two separate promoters, allowing for coexpression of antitoxin DinJ with endoribonuclease toxin RelE, in addition to independent expression of RelE. The ratio of antitoxin/toxin expressed is dependent on bacterial growth conditions, with lower amounts of antitoxin present under conditions designed to mimic grapevine xylem sap. A knockout mutant of DinJ/RelE exhibits a hypervirulent phenotype, with higher bacterial populations and increased symptom development and plant decline. It is likely that DinJ/RelE acts to prevent excessive population growth, contributing to the ability of the pathogen to spread systemically without completely blocking the xylem vessels and increasing probability of acquisition by the insect vector.
Thermodynamic Studies on the Mg-B System Using Solid State Electrochemical Cells

This study provides a reasonable evaluation of the Mg-B binary system. Magnesium and Boron (Mg-B) alloys were investigated to determine their thermodynamic properties employing solid state electrochemical cells based on CaF2 electrolyte represented as \( (-) {\text{Pt}},{\text{Ar}}/\left\{ {{\text{Mg}} + {\text{CaMgF}}_{4} } \right\}\left\| {{\text{CaF}}_{2} } \right\|\{ [{\text{Mg}} - {\text{B}}]_{\text{alloy }} + {\text{CaMgF}}_{4} \} /{\text{Ar}},{\text{Pt}}(+) \) Investigations were performed over the temperature range of 773–873 K to measure the electromotive force (EMF), which was used to derive the partial Gibbs Free energies of the alloys in the composition range of XB = 0.07 to 0.95. The activities of Mg were also calculated from partial Gibbs Free energies. The activities of Mg in MgB2 , MgB4 , and MgB7 were expressed as a function of temperature respectively, ln aMg = 4.27–9.32 × 103/T, ln aMg = −7.54 + 6.67×103/T, and ln aMg = 4.93–19.57 × 103/T, where T is the temperature in K. From this expression, the activity of Mg for these intermediate phases can be extrapolated at a higher temperature to get the accurate phase boundaries for the Mg-B system.
Amount of blood in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Source Citation Brouwers PJ, Dippel DW, Vermeulen M, et al. Amount of blood on computed tomography as an independent predictor after aneurysm rupture. Stroke. 1993 Jun;24:809-14.
Working length and proximal screw constructs in plate osteosynthesis of distal femur fractures.

Abstract Background The study purpose is to evaluate the working length, proximal screw density, and diaphyseal fixation mode and the correlation to fracture union after locking plate osteosynthesis of distal femoral fractures using bridge-plating technique. Methods A four-year retrospective review was performed to identify patients undergoing operative fixation of distal femur fractures with a distal femoral locking plate using bridge-plating technique for the metadiaphyseal region. Primary variables included fracture union, secondary surgery for union, plate working length, and diaphyseal screw technique and configuration. Multiple secondary variables including plate metallurgy and coronal plane fracture alignment were also collected. Results Ninety-six patients with distal femur fractures with a mean age 60 years met inclusion criteria. None of the clinical parameters were statistically significant indicators of union. Likewise, none of the following surgical technique parameters were associated with fracture union: plate metallurgy, the mean working length, screw density and number of proximal screws and screw cortices. However, diaphyseal screw technique did show statistical significance. Hybrid technique had a statistically significant higher chance of union when compared to locking (p = 0.02). All proximal locking screw constructs were 2.9 times more likely to lead to nonunion. Conclusions Plating constructs with all locking screws used in the diaphysis when bridge-plating distal femur locking plates were 2.9 times more likely to incur a nonunion. However, other factors associated with more flexible fixation constructs such as increased working length, decreased proximal screw number, and decreased proximal screw density were not significantly associated with union in this study.
LA TEORÍA DEL DERECHO DE CONTRATOS Y SU RELACIÓN CON LA DOGMÁTICA

espanolRESUMEN: Este trabajo pretende contribuir al incipiente desarrollo de la teoria contemporanea del derecho de contratos en Chile. El derecho de contratos requiere ser justificado politicamente, y la teoria del derecho de contratos cumple un rol fundamental en dicha justificacion. El articulo analiza la necesidad de una teoria del derecho contractual, explora su metodologia y formula la distincion entre el rol de la dogmatica y el de la teoria. Finalmente, se analiza la relacion entre ambas. EnglishABSTRACT: The object of this paper is to contribute to the growing development of contemporary contract theory in Chile. Contract law requires political justification, and contract theory plays a crucial role in such justification. The paper analyzes the need for a theory of contract law, explores its methodology and draws a distinction between the role of contract doctrine and contract theory. Finally, the paper analyzes their relationship.
The Interoperability Test Study of Electric Vehicle A.C. Charging Spot

The interoperability test between electric vehicle and charging equipment plays an important role on the popularization and application of electric vehicles. The principle of control pilot circuit of charging equipment is introduced firstly. Based on new national standard and the new charging interoperability test specification, the interoperability testing device of A.C. charging spot is designed and the device is used to test the interoperability test items. The test results show that the following problems exist in the interoperability test of the charging spot: (1) the potential of power supply exceeds the allowable range of ± 0.8V. (2) Charging connection control timing does not meet the standard requirements. (3) When the charging spot is under abnormal condition, it can't disconnect the AC power supply circuit within the specified time.
A concise history of simulation output analysis

This paper offers a concise history of simulation output statistical analysis during the last six decades. Given the space limitations and historical perspective, we focus on the creation of the main concepts and methodologies that shaped the area, and proceed with a brief description of their developmental stages. We direct most of our attention to mean and quantile estimation, especially for steady-state simulations, since the bulk of the literature has been in this area, but briefly mention other topics like density estimation.
The Colorado Lee Wave Program

The National Center for Atmospheric Research has, for the last two winters, undertaken investigations of lee waves and orographic wind phenomena in the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains near Boulder, Colorado. During February 1968 the observational program was conducted in cooperation with the Air Force HI-CAT Program, the Canadian National Research Council, ESSA, The Explorer’s Research Corporation and the White Sands Missile Range. All of these agencies contributed aircraft and personnel for operation of a joint flight program aimed at obtaining, for the first time, synchronous quantitative data on lee waves and associated turbulence phenomena from the surface to 70,000 feet above representative Rocky Mountain topography. To an extent the program was successful, in that several cases of moderate amplitude lee waves were observed with 3 or 4 aircraft. Two of these have been partially analyzed and some results are presented. The most significant result of the 1968 program was the large amplitude of both standing gravity waves and turbulence in the stratospheric levels sampled by the HI-CAT U-2. No complete explanation of these effects is offered, but a relation recently proposed by Scorer appears relevant.
Etiology and Clinical Course of Pseudoseizures: Relationship to Trauma, Depression, and Dissociation

Twenty-seven outpatients with video-EEG-documented pseudoseizures were interviewed by a psychiatrist to determine the historical course of seizures and diagnose the current presence of these DSM-III-R diagnoses: affective disorders (85%), dissociative disorders (85%), and posttraumatic stress disorder (33%). Their mean (26.7) and median (26.9) Dissociative Experiences Scale scores were elevated. Eighty-eight percent of subjects had sustained significant trauma, including sexual abuse/rape (77%) and physical abuse (70%). Four psychodynamic pathways to pseudoseizures were noted. Most commonly, pseudoseizures originated from dissociated personalities or ego states, were expressions of dissociated memories of child abuse, and were triggered by recent stresses or traumas.
User-centered critical parameters for design specification, evaluation, and reuse: modeling goals and effects of notification systems

Responding to the need within the human-computer interaction field to address ubiquitous and multitasking systems more scientifically, this research extends the usefulness of a new research framework for a particular class of systems. Notification systems are interfaces used in a divided-attention, multitasking situation, attempting to deliver current, valued information through a variety of platforms and modes in an efficient and effective manner. Through review of literature and experiences with empirical dual-task perceptual studies, we recognize a lack of unifying framework for understanding, classifying, analyzing, developing, evaluating, and discussing notification systems—fundamentally inhibiting scientific growth and knowledge reuse that should help designers advance the state-of-the-art. To this end, we developed a framework (referred to as the IRC framework) for notification systems research based on a core taxonomy of critical parameters describing user goals. Next, we extend the framework, focusing on three key aspects: (1) a system description process , allowing articulation of abstract design objectives that focus on critical user requirements; (2) interface usability evaluation tools, enabling comparison of the design and user's models, while supporting generalizability of research and early identification of usability concerns; and (3) design comparison and reuse mechanisms , saving time and effort in requirements analysis and early design stages by enabling design reuse and appreciation of design progress. Results from this research include the development of tools to express IRC design models (IRCspec) and user's models (IRCresults ), and the extension of the critical parameters concept. Validation studies with novice designers show sufficient assessment accuracy and consistency. Leveraging these tools that help designers express abstract, yet critical, design intentions and effects as classification and retrieval indices, we develop a repository for reusable design knowledge (a claims library ). Responding to challenges of design knowledge access that we observed through initial user testing, we introduce a vision for an integrated design environment (LINK-UP) to operationalize the IRC framework and notification systems claims library in a computer-aided design support system. Proof-of-concept testing results encourage the thought that when valuable design tools embody critical parameters and are coupled with readily accessible reusable design knowledge, interface development will improve as a scientific endeavor.
Reversible magnetic properties of c-axis-oriented superconducting Bi 2 Sr 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O 10

Magnetization measurements on {ital c}-axis-oriented bulk superconducting Bi{sub 2}Sr{sub 2}Ca{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 10} have been carried out with the magnetic field applied parallel to the {ital c} axis. Fitting the results to the variation model for magnetization suggested by Hao and Clem shows that the Ginzburg-Landau parameter {kappa} is nearly constant for 74{le}{ital T}{le}86 K, with the value of 170 at 74 K, and slowly increases with temperature from {similar to}86 to {similar to}100 K. {kappa} diverges in the vicinity of {ital T}{sub {ital c}}. This unusual temperature dependence of {kappa}({ital T}) could come from extended fluctuation effects and a limitation of the Hao-Clem theory, which may fail to describe this extremely anisotropic Bi-based superconductor. By fitting the data with the value of {kappa} equal to 170, the deduced values of some of the superconducting parameters are {ital H}{sub {ital c}}(0)=10 600 Oe, {xi}(0){sub {ital a}{ital b}}=10.5{plus minus}0.6 A, {lambda}(0){sub {ital a}{ital b}}=1940{plus minus}13 A, {ital dH}{sub {ital c}2}/{ital dT}{congruent}{minus}3.68 T/K near {ital T}{sub {ital c}}.
Investigations of Bi substitution in NdBa2Cu3Oy

Attempts to substitute Bi for Nd in orthorhombic NdBa2Cu3O y , prepared in air or oxygen at about 950°C led instead to formation of Ba2NdBiO6, a new cubic compound witha=0.8703 nm. The possibility was then explored of preparing superconducting (Nd1−x Bi x )Ba2Cu3O y , by first forming the tetragonal phase at 880–950°C in nitrogen or argon followed by reheating in oxygen or air at 250–500°C in order to insert the additional oxygen required to yield the orthorhombic form while avoiding oxidation of Bi3+ to Bi5+. X-ray diffraction studies, electrical conductivity measurements, and thermogravimetric analysis of products indicate that Bi does not enter the NdBa2Cu3O y , lattice in either the tetragonal or the orthorhombic phase. Ba2NdBiO6 clearly forms on reheating in oxygen or air even at low temperatures, and evidence is presented that a poorly crystallized oxygen-deficient form of this compound is already present prior to the reheating.
Flexible and accurate decoding of neural populations through stochastic comodulation

Abstract Sensory-guided behavior requires reliable encoding of information (from stimuli to neural responses) and flexible decoding (from neural responses to behavior). In typical decision tasks, a small subset of cells within a large population encode task-relevant stimulus information and need to be identified by later processing stages for relevant information to be transmitted. A statistically optimal decoder (e.g., maximum likelihood) can utilize task-relevant cells for any given task configuration, but relies on complete knowledge of the relationship between the task and the stimulus-response and noise properties of the encoding population. The brain could learn an optimal decoder for a task through supervised learning (i.e., regression), but this typically requires many training trials, and thus lacks the flexibility of humans or animals, that can rapidly adjust to changes in task parameters or structure. Here, we propose a novel decoding solution based on functionally targeted stochastic modulation. Population recordings during different discrimination tasks have revealed that a substantial portion of trial-to-trial variability in cell responses can be explained by stochastic modulatory signals that are shared, and that seem to preferentially target task-informative neurons (Rabinowitz et al., 2015). The variability introduced by these modulators corrupts the encoded stimulus signal, but we propose that it also serves as a label for the informative neurons, allowing the decoder to solve the identification problem. We show in simulations of a modulated Poisson spiking model that a linear decoder with readout weights proportional to the estimated neuron-specific strength of modulation achieves performance close to an optimal decoder.
Post-Cardiac Transplant Survival of Patients Supported by the Heartmate 3 Devices: A UNOS Analysis

Introduction Post cardiac transplant outcomes of patients supported with the Heartmate 3 left ventricular assist device (LVAD) have not been previously reported. The purpose of this analysis was to report status at the time of transplant and survival by continuous flow (CF) device type. Hypothesis Patients supported with a HeartMate 3 LVAD will have a similar post-transplant survival to other contemporary CF-LVADs. Methods The study cohort included adult patients supported on contemporary, continuous flow (CF) devices in the UNOS registry who underwent cardiac transplant between the years 2014-2018, prior to the 2018 UNOS allocation system change. The analysis was limited to patients who underwent initial LVAD implantation in 2014 and beyond to allow post-transplant comparisons among patients with similar LVAD support times. Multivariable cox regression was performed to assess the association between LVAD type and post-transplant survival. Results The study cohort consisted of 3,117 patients who underwent cardiac transplant while on LVAD support (Heartmate 2: 1,545, Heartmate 3: 179, HeartWare (HVAD): 1,393). No patients supported on Heartmate 3 devices were transplanted for pump thrombosis during this time period. Patients supported on the Heartmate 3 were less likely to be listed 1A for complications at the time of transplant (Heartmate3: 28 % (51/179), Heartmate 2: 44 % (680/1,545), HVAD 37 % (511/1,393, p Conclusions Patients supported with Heartmate 3 LVAD at the time of transplant have similar survival after transplant compared to other contemporary CF devices in this early experience. No patients with a Heartmate 3 were transplanted for device thrombosis.
Spatial-Temporal Distribution and Impact Factors Analysis of Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Activity in Hubei China

The cloud-to-ground lightning is a serious weather disaster, which has great harm to human security and fundamental construction. This paper explores the spatial-temporal distribution of cloud-to-ground lightning at Hubei Province in 2015. We firstly compute the Moran’s index and the local Moran’s index of the cloud-to-ground lightning density in each month. The distribution of the occurrence count, density and Moran’s indexes is a parabola, and the peak locates in April and May of 2015. Then, we test the Moran’s index results by p-value. The analysis shows that about 10% cloud-to-ground lightning region is clustered. Finally, we observed the probability of the lightning density is Quasi-Poisson distribution and fit the lightning density by General Additive Model (GAM). The experiment indicates precipitation, terrain roughness, altitude can be used for effectively predicting the ground lightning density level.
Novel porous ceramic tube-supported polymer layer membranes for acetic acid/water separation by pervaporation dewatering

Abstract New polymer-ceramic hybrid membranes consisting of sulfonated polybenzimidazole (sPBI) coating layer on porous ceramic tube supports have been successfully developed for acetic acid/water separation by selective pervaporation removal of water from the liquid mixtures. The enabling preparation procedure that were critical to form crack/defect-free polymer layer coated intimately on the wall surface of ceramic support tubes is reported. Air humidity during dip coating, the dying method, and pre-mixing of polymer solution were found critical to the intimate adherence, crack-free, and uniformity of the coating membrane layer on the wall of porous ceramic tube. Our hybrid membranes have shown a high-flux selective separation performance data: 2.5–10 times higher flux than previously reported state-of-the-art value (~0.15 LMH) for free-standing sPBI polymer membranes. Also, the ceramic tube-supported membranes provide better mechanical ruggedness, pervaporation stability, and a unique platform for large scale multi-tube membrane module applications.
The electrocardiogram of the premature infant

Abstract 1. 1. Serial electrocardiograms were taken on 88 premature infants from birth to 7 weeks of age. The tracings of the same age-group were subdivided into 4 weight-groups. 2. 2. Ten infants died; 8 of these contributed tracings only for the first age-group. Those electrocardiograms proved to be no different from the tracings obtained in the surviving infants, and were included in the total group for statistical purposes. 3. 3. Mean heart rate increased with age, from 125 at birth to 170 bpm at the oldest age-group studied, whereas the Q-T c was found to be relatively prolonged. Tall and pointed P waves were found occasionally in Leads II and V 1 , whereas the QRS voltage was frequently lower than that of normal full-term babies. 4. 4. The average P axis remained between 50 and 60 degrees for all age-groups. The maximal QRS and T axes presented a wide scatter in both the frontal and horizontal planes. The QRS axis was usually directed rightward, downward, and anteriorly, except for 4 babies in the first age-group in whom a marked posterior orientation was observed. The T axis was directed mainly leftward and posteriorly, forming an angle with the QRS axis which increased until the infants were 90 hours old, and which then gradually decreased with increasing age. The initial vectors of the QRS were oriented in an anterior or left lateral direction, becoming more anterior with age, whereas the final vectors tended to be situated in an opposite direction. 5. 5. The only findings that could be related to the weight of the infants were the significantly greater occurrence of a q in Lead V 6 , and of negative T waves in right precordial leads in babies who were lighter in weight. These changes probably reflect a greater degree of immaturity.
Identification of Somatically Acquired Gene Mutations In the Kineome and Exome In CLL

Abstract 2410 The pathogenesis of CLL remains incompletely understood. While acquired chromosomal aberrations have been demonstrated to influence CLL biology and clinical behavior, it remains unclear what single gene defects other than p53 or ATM mutations contribute to or cause the CLL phenotype. In particular, recurrent gene mutations that are increasingly found in other hematological malignancies have not yet been identified in CLL. Further, the discovery of stereotypical immunoglobulin receptor genes in CLL has been advanced in support of the involvement of autoantigenes in the pathogenesis of CLL and thus a pro-proliferative or anti-apoptotic gene mutation may possibly not exist in CLL. Given that kinase genes are often the targets for recurrent gene mutations and given the prospect for identification of drugable targets, we have analyzed 515 kinase genes in a discovery panel of 23 well characterized CLL samples (in DNA from CD19+ sorted cells) and tested their somatic nature in CD3+ cell-derived DNA from the same patients. A total of 8308 different exon sequences were analyzed. We identified six individual kinase gene mutations ( WEE1 , NEK1 , BRAF , KDR , MAP4K3 and TRPM6) , each occurring once in a separate CLL case as well as >1450 non-synonymous polymorphisms but no recurrent kinase gene mutations were identified. Interestingly, mutations in all these genes but NEK1 had previously been identified in cancer genome projects of cancers of the breast, colorectum, pancreas and glioblastome multiforme and WEE1, BRAF and KDR have established roles in cancer biology. Next we used solution exon capture of genomic DNA followed by Solexa-based next gen exome sequencing on 8 paired CLL derived DNA samples (FACS-sorted CD19+ versus CD3+ paired samples), including 2 samples with known p53 mutations. Using stringent criteria for mutation calling, we identified 69 mutated genes including the 2 cases of p53 mutations. None of the mutated genes were recurrent. Work is in progress to estimate the frequency of mutations in these genes in a wider panel of CLL cases. In summary, our data provide practical information about the mutations state of the CLL kineome and exome with implications for CLL biology/pathogenesis. This data should motivate additional exome sequence analyses of more CLL samples to fully capture and describe the mutation load in CLL. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Mechanisms Involved in the Electrolytic Fabrication of Carbon Nanostructures

The formation of various forms of carbon nanostructures in molten salts, including spherical carbon nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanoscrolls, graphene and carbon encapsulated structures has been found to depend on various processing parameters, including the morphology of the graphite feed material and electrochemical conditions such as the molten salt temperature, the cathode current density and the atmosphere of the molten salt electrolysis process. The mechanisms involved in the formation of these carbon nanostructures can be speculated by the correlation between the characteristics of the products and the processing parameters. This chapter concerns various possible mechanisms by which the electrolytic formation of carbon nanostructures in molten salts can be explained.
Achievement motivation theory: Balancing precision and utility

Abstract The articles in this special issue review the impressive bodies of research that have been generated from achievement motivation theories, emphasizing developments over the past 20 years. In this commentary, I first discuss some of the most noteworthy contributions that have emerged from each of the theories. I then discuss the extent to which there are commonalities across theories; I point out that whereas there is some overlap, this overlap allows for precision in research, but also at times leads to confusion for practitioners and policymakers. Finally, I discuss the degree of alignment between current motivation theory and contemporary education policy and practice. Motivation researchers are examining some important contemporary practice- and policy-related issues; nevertheless, this research has not been systematic across theories.
Chapter 13 – Calcium Phosphate Cements

Publisher Summary Calcium oxide is the main ingredient in conventional portland cements. As limestone is the most abundant mineral in nature, it has been easy to produce portland cement at a low cost. The high solubility of calcium oxide makes it difficult to produce phosphate-based cements. However, calcium oxide can be converted to compounds, such as silicates, aluminates, or even hydrophosphates, which then can be used in an acid–base reaction with phosphate, forming CBPCs. The cost of phosphates and conversion to the correct mineral forms add to the manufacturing cost, and hence calcium phosphate cements are more expensive than conventional cements. For this reason, their use has been largely limited to dental and other biomedical applications. Calcium phosphate cements have found application as structural materials, but only when wollastonite is used as an admixture in magnesium phosphate cements. Because calcium phosphates are also bone minerals, they are indispensable in biomaterial applications and hence, form a class of useful CBPCs that can not be substituted by any other.
Rapid SmallSat Mission Formulation: Integrated and Concurrent Modeling in JPL's Team Xc

The Innovation Foundry at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is developing a new tool suite for rapid concurrent and collaborative spacecraft mission architecture design with Team Xc. Team Xc is JPL's agile and rapid design team for Earth orbiting and interplanetary CubeSat and SmallSat missions of “ESPA-class” (approximately 180 kg mass) and below. Previously successful spacecraft designs that have come from Team Xc include the MarCO CubeSat mission that traveled with the Insight lander to Mars in 2018, as well as the RainCube mission that continues to operate successfully in Earth orbit. Since Team Xc began in 2013, concurrent design models and data transfer across spacecraft subsystems have been critical to its success as a rapid design center. These models allow engineers to collaborate and share information, enabling the construction of a self-consistent design by passing parameters such as mass and power between study participants. The current model framework is built using Excel and Phoenix ModelCenter, but JPL has embarked on a multi-year effort to migrate these models to a new web-based framework that gives more flexibility, features, speed, and performance. Called the Foundry Furnace, this framework is composed of three main applications: the Integrated Modeling Environment, which allows study participants to build spacecraft designs and create analysis models, the Hardware Catalog, which stores spacecraft hardware components and their associated parameters across subsystems, and the Common Resources Database, which defines the ontology that allows the individual applications to communicate with each other across a common language. The Foundry Furnace is enabling a new model architecture for Team Xc, one that allows study participants to conduct integrated analyses and trade studies across subsystems, such as resizing required reaction wheel torques based on the size of the solar arrays, within the same modeling environment. Study participants also have access to a rich catalog of hardware items which can be expanded over time as new systems become available. This paper will provide an overview of the Foundry Furnace architecture, with particular emphasis on the construction and integration of Team Xc models across multiple subsystems. Current results indicate that the model framework shows great promise in its applications moving forward, as Team Xc transitions to using it operationally for customers.
The Galápagos Islands: biogeographic patterns and geology.

In the traditional biogeographic model, the Galapagos Islands appeared a few million years ago in a sea where no other islands existed and were colonized from areas outside the region. However, recent work has shown that the Galapagos hotspot is 139 million years old (Early Cretaceous), and so groups are likely to have survived at the hotspot by dispersal of populations onto new islands from older ones. This process of metapopulation dynamics means that species can persist indefinitely in an oceanic region, as long as new islands are being produced. Metapopulations can also undergo vicariance into two metapopulations, for example at active island arcs that are rifted by transform faults. We reviewed the geographic relationships of Galapagos groups and found 10 biogeographic patterns that are shared by at least two groups. Each of the patterns coincides spatially with a major tectonic structure; these structures include: the East Pacific Rise; west Pacific and American subduction zones; large igneous plateaus in the Pacific; Alisitos terrane (Baja California), Guerrero terrane (western Mexico); rifting of North and South America; formation of the Caribbean Plateau by the Galapagos hotspot, and its eastward movement; accretion of Galapagos hotspot tracks; Andean uplift; and displacement on the Romeral fault system. All these geological features were active in the Cretaceous, suggesting that geological change at that time caused vicariance in widespread ancestors. The present distributions are explicable if ancestors survived as metapopulations occupying both the Galapagos hotspot and other regions before differentiating, more or less in situ.
Tuning the Strength and Ductility Balance of a Metastable Titanium Alloy

Titanium (Ti) alloys are ubiquitous in the aerospace, defense, and biomedical industries for their high strength to density ratios and good corrosion resistance. Ti alloys are typically optimized for strength, but improved work hardening characteristics and ductility would broaden their use in engineering applications. Here we show desirable combinations of strength and ductility, including a fourfold increase in yield strength, without commensurate losses in ductility, are exhibited, overcoming the strength/ductility tradeoff. This is achieved by nanoscale ω phase precipitates produced by natural and artificial aging, in concert with TRansformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP), in alloy Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (wt.%) for the first time. These deformation mechanisms can be tailored to design microstructures, opening up the mechanical property and performance landscape for lightweight, Ti structural applications, analogous to the design of advanced high strength steels with unique properties for automotive applications that result in energy savings via lightweighting and crashworthiness
Differences in the platelet mRNA landscape portend racial disparities in platelet function and suggest novel therapeutic targets.

The African American (AA) population displays a 1.6 to 3-fold higher incidence of thrombosis and stroke mortality compared to European Americans (EA). Current anti-platelet therapies target the ADP-mediated signaling pathway, which displays significant pharmacogenetic variation for platelet reactivity. The focus of this study was to define underlying population differences in platelet function in an effort to identify novel molecular targets for future anti-platelet therapy. We performed deep coverage RNA-Seq to compare gene expression levels in platelets derived from a cohort of healthy volunteers defined by ancestry determination. We identified >13,000 expressed platelet genes of which 480 were significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between AAs and EAs. DEGs encoding proteins known or predicted to modulate platelet aggregation, morphology or platelet count were up-regulated in AA platelets. Numerous G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), ion channels, and pro-inflammatory cytokines not previously associated with platelet function were likewise differentially expressed. Many of the signaling proteins represent potential pharmacologic targets of intervention. Notably, we confirmed the differential expression of cytokines IL32 and PROK2 in an independent cohort by qRT-PCR, and provide functional validation of the opposing actions of these two cytokines on collagen-induced AA platelet aggregation. Using GTEx whole blood data, we identified 516 eQTLs with Fst values >0.25, suggesting that population-differentiated alleles may contribute to differences in gene expression. This study identifies gene expression differences at the population level that may affect platelet function and serve as potential biomarkers to identify CVD risk. Additionally, our analysis uncovers candidate novel druggable targets for future anti-platelet therapies.
An Experimental Analysis: The Effects of Security Controls on Human Behavior in Online Social Media

In the context of behavioral analysis, online security control mechanisms can be classified as an aversive stimulus that is part of the contingencies that control the behavior of Internet users. The prior presentation of an aversive stimulus may decrease the likelihood of an user emitting a response or have other behavioral effects that can affect the user, the online community and/or the services of online social media. Taking the viewpoint of an experimental analysis of behavior as reference, this paper demonstrates empirically how the manipulation of a security control in the behavior contingencies of an online social chat service can considerably affect the behavior pattern of users in a social setting. The results may contribute to understand of the effects of aversive stimuli on the Internet and to assist in studies aiming to develop architectures that preserve the usability and security of online systems. The trend towards using this type of environment is growing considerably and, in general terms, we believe that this study may contribute to the science of behavior analysis and the development of security controls that necessarily involve the understanding of human behavior to perceive, understand and act upon the risks and threats involved in these environments.
Albumin as a Prognostic Indicator in Pre-Intubated Patients With SARS-CoV-2: A Retrospective, Multi-Institutional Study.

Background Much effort has been placed on evaluating serological tests that can predict worsening prognosis in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Endotracheal intubation in SARS-CoV-2 is associated with a higher risk of mortality. While studies have evaluated serological markers that can predict worsening prognosis, the likelihood of intubation in these patients has not been evaluated. The objective of this study was to determine if any serum marker corresponded to oxygen escalation or de-escalation in SARS-CoV-2-infected pre-intubated patients. Methodology This retrospective study reviewed 1,754 SARS-CoV-2 patients in the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation (NYCHHC) system who required non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) such as continuous positive airway pressure or bilevel positive airway pressure. All patients were above the age of 18, were not terminally ill and requiring hospice care, and were admitted to the NYCHHC system between March 1, 2020 and May 17, 2020. SARS-CoV-2 serological labs were collected for five days for patients initiated on NIPPV, such that day one was 24 hours after NIPPV initiation. Results Multivariate and univariate linear regression modeling on this population cohort was remarkable for a significant association between serum albumin levels and oxygen escalation or de-escalation from NIPPV. Conclusions We conclude that serum albumin level may have further utility in predicting oxygen escalation in pre-intubated patients with SARS-CoV-2, especially in a low-resource and high-demand setting.
Executive functioning profiles in adolescence: Using person-centered approaches to understand heterogeneity

Abstract The current study investigated patterns in executive functioning (EF) skills in adolescents (N = 991; 48.8% male; 81% White; mage = 14.91) and examined how EF profiles were associated with adolescent wellbeing. Eight EF skills, comprising foundational, complex, and affective EF, were assessed via self-rated EF, parent-reported EF, and neuropsychological tasks. A latent profile analysis (LPA) revealed four distinct EF profiles representing unique constellations of higher, lower, or mixed performance across all eight EF skills. When compared across domains, profiles characterized by higher foundational and complex EF skills exhibited positive, contemporaneous associations with academics, mental health, and health behaviors. Profiles characterized by discordant or mixed performance also exhibited unique strengths, such as positive peer relationships. Findings indicate that person-centered approaches to examining EF may reveal important sources of heterogeneity that have functional significance for health and wellness.
The Case for Intracellular pH in Insulin Action

At the outset, it should be emphasized that it is impossible to change only one species of ion inside the cell. Moreover, although one ion may be predominant in a given signal system (e.g., Ca2+ in excitation—contraction coupling), it is unlikely that ions are the only signal system, or that only one ion is involved, in the case of insulin.
Pediatric ovarian torsion: a pictorial review

Imaging is crucial in expediting the diagnosis and guiding definitive therapy in children with ovarian torsion. This article reviews the multimodality spectrum of imaging findings in pediatric ovarian torsion, focusing primarily on US appearances. We describe predisposing conditions that can lead to torsion, the pathological basis of the radiologic findings in ovarian torsion, and the common diagnostic pitfalls.
Introduction Current Status of Endorphins and Opiate Antagonists in Psychiatry An Overview

One of the major advances in neuroscience research of the early 1970s was the discovery of opiate receptors (Pert and Snyder, 1973; Simon et al.,1973; Terenius, 1973) and the endogenous opioid peptides. Two pentapeptides, Met- and Leu-enkephalin (corresponding to β-lipotropin sequence 61–65), were the first endogenous morphinomimetic compounds to be detected and isolated from brain tissue (Hughes, 1975; Hughes et al.,1975). The endorphins (α, γ, β) were subsequently isolated and shown to be comprised of longer-chain amino acid sequences of β-lipotropin (β-LPH): α- and γ-endorphin are identical to amino acid sequences 61–76 and 61–77 of β-LPH, respectively, and β-endorphin (“C-fragment”) is identical to amino acid sequence 69–91 of β-LPH. All of these endorphins have tyrosine as the NH2-terminal amino acid, which could be considered crucial in exerting various physiological/pharmacological effects.
Energies and fine structures of 1 s 2 2 snp ( n =2,3) 1 P o and 3 P 2 , 1 , 0 o states of Be-like ions

The energies and wave functions of the Be-like 1${\mathit{s}}^{2}$2snp (n=2,3) $^{1}$${\mathit{P}}^{\mathit{o}}$ and $^{3}$${\mathit{P}}_{2,1,0}^{\mathit{o}}$ states are calculated with a full-core plus correlation method for ions from B ii to Ne vii, Mg ix, and Si xi . The relativistic corrections and fine structures are calculated with the first-order perturbation theory. Higher-order effects are estimated. The calculated excitation energies (relative to the 1${\mathit{s}}^{2}$2${\mathit{s}}^{2}$ ground state) are compared with the experiment. Intermediate coupling between the $^{3}$${\mathit{P}}_{1}^{\mathit{o}}$ and $^{1}$${\mathit{P}}_{1}^{\mathit{o}}$ states is also considered. Most of the predicted $^{3}$${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{J}}^{\mathit{o}}$ energies agree with the experiment to within a few ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. The fine-structure splittings of the 1${\mathit{s}}^{2}$2s2p $^{3}$${\mathit{P}}_{2,1,0}^{\mathit{o}}$ states calculated in this work all agree with the best experimental data in the literature. Our results show that for systems of Z\ensuremath{\ge}9, it is critically important to consider intermediate coupling. For Si xi , it shifts the 2s2p $^{3,1}$${\mathit{P}}_{1}^{\mathit{o}}$ levels by 86 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ and the 2s3p $^{3,1}$${\mathit{P}}_{1}^{\mathit{o}}$ energies by 193 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. The predicted 2s2p $^{1}$${\mathit{P}}^{\mathit{o}}$ energies are slightly higher than the experimental data; the discrepancy increases from 14 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ for Z=5 to 93 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ for Z=14.