cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HOLONIC AND AGENT-BASED CONTROL

Abstract Currently industrial automation systems are built using a hierarchical top-down approach, yielding tightly coupled and low flexibility systems. Holonic and intelligent agent-based industrial control systems have the potential to be much more highly robust and flexible systems with very loose coupling between subsystems. This paper explores Rockwell Automation's current agent philosophy, application experience, and the obstacles to widespread adoption of agent technology in industrial automation systems.
Risk evaluation of cyanobacteria-dominated algal blooms in a North Louisiana reservoir

Cyanobacteria blooms may produce toxins thatare harmful to invertebrates and fishinhabiting aquatic systems. The objectives ofthis risk evaluation were: (1) to investigatethe potential toxicity (i.e., adverse effectsof cyanobacteria on the survival, reproduction,and behavior) of Lyngbya-dominated algalblooms from a North Louisiana reservoir to Daphnia magna and Pimephales promelas;and (2) to develop mitigation strategies forthis cyanobacteria infestation using physicaland chemical methods. Survival and reproductionof D. magna populations significantlydecreased after exposure to reservoircyanobacteria collected in spring in comparisonwith populations of test organisms exposed toeither Chlorophyta species or a combination ofreservoir cyanobacteria and Chlorophytaspecies. In April 1998, reservoir cyanobacteriaalso elicited a significant avoidance reactionby juvenile P. promelas (20–30 d).However, cyanobacteria collected in August andDecember (1997) did not cause adverse effectsfor either D. magna or P. promelasin terms of survival, reproduction, orbehavior. A physical control method, loweringthe water level of the reservoir (i.e.,drawdown), was simulated in the laboratory for8, 20, and 35 d. After re-saturation of algalpopulations with nutrient enriched medium, theyrecovered to 132.9, 129.4, and 23.7% oforiginal chlorophyll a concentrations,respectively. Herbicide application resulted in>78% decrease in chlorophyll aconcentration of reservoir cyanobacteria by7-d after initial herbicide application. Todecrease risk(s) of Lyngbya-dominatedcyanobacteria and maintain seasonal control inthis reservoir, drawdown in conjunction withherbicide application or recurrent herbicideapplication is recommended prior to onset ofcyanobacteria proliferation.
Linkage Mapping of DNA Markers Generated with Specific and Non-Specific Gene Primers in Soybean

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been used extensively in the construction of linkage maps for many cultivated crops including soybean, [Glycine max (L.) Merr]. In this study, four sets of oligonucleotide primer pairs of known genes (pearl millet Adh 1, nodule specific proline-rich protein, Drosophila homeobox, heat shock protein), several different combinations from kits A, D, E, and J of arbitrary primers and five primer pairs of soybean simple sequence repeats of varying length (Satt 9, Satt 20, Satt 42, Satt 64, and Satt 30) were utilized in PCR to identify molecular markers which were then used to construct a genetic linkage map. DNA for the PCR reactions was isolated from 65 recombinant inbred soybean lines resulting from crossing PI 290,136 and BARC-2 (Rj4), followed by self-pollination for seven generations without selection. Mapmaker 3.0, a computer package, was used for construction of the linkage map. A total of 43 polymorphic markers were identified; 30 markers were linked and distributed among 5 linkage groups while 13 markers were unlinked. Arbitrary primers revealed more polymorphisms than specific primers. A combination of arbitrary primers A5 and A18 revealed the maximum number of polymorphic bands. Five observed linkage groups can be expanded in future soybean research by using additional markers.
Membrane Traffic and Compartmentalization within the Secretory Pathway

A wide variety of processes necessary for cell growth and homeostasis are carried out within the secretory pathway of eukaryotic cells. These include biosynthesis and assembly of protein complexes, lipid biosynthesis and metabolism, and protein processing, degradation, and secretion. These functions occur within distinct membrane-bound compartments, or organelles, which communicate by membrane transport pathways. Movement of protein and lipid through these pathways involves the formation, targeting, and fusion of membrane-bound transport intermediates. Regulation of the organization and function of this membrane system is crucial for enabling cells to selectively transport and localize protein and lipid in response to changing cellular needs.
Nominalization in Locally Standard Grammar

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses nominalization in locally standard grammar. The theory of locally standard grammar is applied to the analysis of nominalization in English. The locally standard approach to linguistic theory treats natural language as a structure resembling a manifold, in which every sentence is an element of a class of sentences that can be charted by an algebra of formulas that represents the structure of standard predicate logic. In this framework, the deep structure of nominalization may be characterized in terms of the arithmetizabilty of standard syntax, which is locally realized in English. The relevant parts of the theory of locally standard grammar are presented in the chapter. The theory of quasi-propositions is developed and applied to the locally standard analysis of nominalization. The chapter also discusses the possibility of a syntactic treatment of modality in the framework of the theory of quasi-propositions.
Expanded Blaum–Roth Codes With Efficient Encoding and Decoding Algorithms

An expansion of Blaum–Roth codes by incorporating a vertical parity on $p\times p$ arrays, where $p$ is a prime number, is described. The vertical parity allows for the local recovery of a symbol within a column without invoking the remaining columns. Efficient encoding and erasure decoding procedures are presented, in particular, for the case of two column parities.
Circulating Tumor Cells: High-Throughput Imaging of CTCs and Bioinformatic Analysis

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) represent novel biomarkers, since they are obtainable through a simple and noninvasive blood draw or liquid biopsy. Here, we review the high-definition single-cell analysis (HD-SCA) workflow, which brings together modern methods of immunofluorescence with more sophisticated image processing to rapidly and accurately detect rare tumor cells among the milieu of platelets, erythrocytes, and leukocytes in the peripheral blood. In particular, we discuss progress in methods to measure CTC morphology and subcellular protein expression, and we highlight some initial applications that lead to fundamental new insights about the hematogenous phase of cancer, as well as its performance in early-stage diagnosis and treatment monitoring. We end with an outlook on how to further probe CTCs and the unique advantages of the HD-SCA workflow for improving the precision of cancer care.
Urinary NT-proBNP as a potential noninvasive biomarker for screening of pulmonary hypertension in preterm infants: a pilot study

This pilot study aimed to determine the feasibility of urinary NT-proBNP (NT-proBNP) as a potential noninvasive screening marker for pulmonary hypertension (PH). A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted. Preterm infants (PI) (birthweight <1500 gm and <30 weeks gestational age (GA)) were enrolled. Serial urinary NT-proBNP measurements and echocardiograms (ECHO) were performed at 28, 32, and 36 weeks. Thirty-six patients were included in the final analysis (BPD-PH group = 6, BPD group = 20, control = 10). Urinary NT-proBNP levels were higher in the BPD-PH group compared with BPD and control groups at all study intervals. A urine NT-proBNP cutoff level of 2345 pg/ml at 28 weeks of GA had a sensitivity and specificity of 83.3% and 84.2%, respectively, for detection of BPD-PH (AUC 0.816, p = 0.022). Urinary NT-proBNP measurement is feasible in preterm infants and appears to be a good noninvasive screening tool for PH.
Keeping connected while living apart: an exploration of a prison contact maintenance program

With the increase in incarceration rates, researchers have turned their attention to the broader social implications of removing family members from home and putting them behind bars. This causes a...
Learning Continuous-Time Dynamics by Stochastic Differential Networks

Learning continuous-time stochastic dynamics is a fundamental and essential problem in modeling sporadic time series, whose observations are irregular and sparse in both time and dimension. For a given system whose latent states and observed data are high-dimensional, it is generally impossible to derive a precise continuous-time stochastic process to describe the system behaviors. To solve the above problem, we apply Variational Bayesian method and propose a flexible continuous-time stochastic recurrent neural network named Variational Stochastic Differential Networks (VSDN), which embed the complicated dynamics of thesporadic time series by neural Stochastic Differential Equations (SDE). VSDNs capture the stochastic dependency among latent states and observations by deep neural networks. We also incorporate two differential Evidence Lower Bounds to efficiently train the models. Through comprehensive experiments, we show that VSDNs outperform state-of-the-art continuous-time deep learning models and achieve remarkable performance on prediction and interpolation tasks for sporadic data.
Histopathologic and clinical outcomes of Milan System categories "non-diagnostic" and "non-neoplastic" of salivary gland fine needle aspirations.

Introduction The Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology (MSRSGC) specifies six categories with estimated risks of malignancy (ROM) and suggested management. The estimated ROM is 25% for Non-Diagnostic (ND) category, and 10% for Non-Neoplastic (NN). This study aimed to investigate histopathologic and clinical outcomes of MSRSGC categories ND and NN at the authors’ institution. Materials and methods Cytopathology fine needle aspiration reports from 2008-2020 were searched for the word “salivary”, “parotid”, and “submandibular”. Cases fitting Non-Diagnostic (ND) and Non-Neoplastic (NN) categories were identified. Follow-up cyto-/histopathologic and clinical data were extracted. Results There were 43 ND and 46 NN cases. The average age was 58.3 years. Neoplastic lesions were found in 13 of 43 (30%) ND and 3 of 46 (6.5%) NN. The rate of malignancy in ND category was 14.0% (6/43) and 0% (0/46) in NN category. Four cases in ND (9.3%) and 6 (13.0%) in NN had no neoplasm and instead had an underlying reactive condition (e.g., chronic sialadenitis) or inflammatory lesion (e.g., lymphoepithelial cyst) on histologic follow-up. There was no follow-up pathology in 46.5% NDs (20/43) and 82.6% NNs (38/46); however, no lesions were apparent clinically with a mean follow-up of 3 years and 1.5 years, respectively. Conclusions MSRSGC categories ND and NN are helpful for reporting salivary gland FNA results. With proper clinical and radiologic correlation, ROM of NN is low; however, ROM of ND remains significant. Repeat FNA after correlation for ND cases seems prudent as neoplasms and malignancies may have gone undetected.
Too different to solve climate change? Experimental evidence on the effects of production and benefit heterogeneity on collective action

Abstract Though a global phenomenon, climate change will impact different countries to varying degrees. Different countries and industries also vary in how cost effectively they can mitigate climate change. These heterogeneities—one in marginal benefits derived from greenhouse mitigation (“benefit heterogeneity”), the other in marginal productivity in organizing collective action toward greenhouse mitigation (“production heterogeneity”)—have not been sufficiently studied, nor have they been directly compared. The paper tests for the effects of these two heterogeneities in a linear public goods setting, allowing the identification of different drivers of cooperative behavior. We find that heterogeneous assemblies are less able to collectively provide a public good such as greenhouse gas mitigation. Crucially, the type of heterogeneity matters. When there are less-productive mitigators, or when mitigation benefits other actors more than oneself—scenarios that mirror the incentives facing many developed nations—collective action is least effective. Results suggest that emphasizing reciprocity may improve collective action toward mitigation, but this depends on whose behavior is reciprocated. In addition to these empirical findings, the paper advances a methodological innovation. Whereas previous studies manually sorted individuals into contribution groups, which is impractical in larger data sets and yields difficult-to-replicate classifications, this paper uses machine learning to classify players according to their conditional contribution behavior.
Benefit-Based Revenue Streams and Financial Health: The Case of Arts and Cultural Nonprofits:

A large number of empirical studies have discussed the revenue diversification strategy for nonprofits, but little attention has been paid to the components of revenue portfolios, even though each ...
The Rule of Law in the U.S.-China Tech War

U.S. policy is increasingly being influenced by suspicion of links between Chinese companies and the Chinese party-state and military. Competition over the technological future between the world’s two largest economies has produced a legal thicket of statutes, regulations, and executive orders in areas including foreign investment, data storage and privacy, and access to the U.S. capital markets. These regimes were created or bolstered due to legitimate concerns about the geo-economic impact of transactions that implicate control over advanced technology and data. Yet regulatory uncertainty engendered by the legal landscape has greatly complicated many aspects of the prosaic but fundamental work of producing innovative companies and technologies: cross-border investment and data flow, mergers and acquisitions, and talent recruitment. In this chapter, we approach the big policy issues in the U.S.-China tech war from the ground up, by exploring how the legal regimes recently developed in both countries to wage the tech war and operationalize technological decoupling affect cross-border deal making and domestic innovation. We fear that ironically, the rule of law necessary to maintain continued vibrancy in U.S. high-tech sectors is being compromised by some of the very actions ostensibly taken to protect these sectors from malign foreign influence. We conclude by offering some concrete policy suggestions to improve the transparency and effectiveness of national security and data protection regimes in the U.S. while advancing a second crucial objective – maintaining a regulatory environment conducive to technological innovation.
Utilization, Complications, and Costs of Inpatient versus Outpatient Total Elbow Arthroplasty

BackgroundAlthough total hip and knee arthroplasty have largely moved to the outpatient setting, total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) remains a predominantly inpatient procedure. Currently, evidence on t...
Thermographic evaluation of the relative heat loss by area in man after swimming.

Regional differences in skin temperature (Ts) were determined by infrared radiography in four competitive swimmers of varying body compositions, prior to, after 5 min of immersion in water (Tw) at 23.5 degrees C, and after a 500-m freestyle swim at a training pace. Decreases in skin temperature that correlated with skinfold thickness were seen post-immersion (r = 0.56, p less than 0.05). After swimming, skin temperatures were highest in regions overlying active muscle masses and were independent of skinfold thickness. These regions were the deltoids, trapezius, triceps and biceps brachi, and pectorals. Swimming increased the extent of warmer skin surface areas and gradient Ts-Tw, over which heat loss could occur. Language: en
Numbers and distribution of Double-crested Cormorants on the upper Mississippi river

-Historic records indicate that Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) were common breeders and abundant during migration on the Upper Mississippi River from St. Paul, Minnesota, to St. Louis, Missouri, during the 1940s and 1950s. Their numbers declined in the midto late-1950s, remained low through the 1970s, and began to increase somewhat in the late 1980s. Aerial surveys of migrating cormorants and ground surveys at cormorant colonies during 1991-1993, indicate that numbers have not returned to historic levels. Only 500-2,000 cormorants were seen during spring migration 1992-1993; and 5,000-7,000 during fall migration 1991-1992; whereas, tens of thousands were reported in the 1940s and 1950s. Four hundred ninety-six nests were counted at 4 colonies in 1992, and 545 nests were counted in 9 colonies in 1993; whereas, during the 1940s and 1950s, about 2,500 birds were reported nesting in 4 locations. Pools 6 and 13 have always attracted breeding and migrating cormorants, currently attract the largest numbers of cormorants during migration, and still support breeding colonies. Received 26 September 1996, accepted 1 9January 1997.
Tribocharging of materials used in tape heads and associated ESD damage

Triboelectrification of tapes by read/write heads can result in either increased error rates or permanent damage to the heads through electrostatic discharge (ESD). We have studied triboelectrification of tapes when rubbed by different tape head materials in order to understand this phenomenon. The triboelectrification phenomenon can be modeled as a Thevenin equivalent battery or current source whose magnitude is highly dependent not only on materials but on physical parameters such as tape speed, wrap angle, the direction of tape (for multi-material substrates) and the complete electrical circuit. In this report we will discuss the different physical parameters which affect the tribocharging of tape by different tape and head materials. We also show that tribocharging can cause ESD damage.
Problems and Issues in Evaluating Econometric Models

Publisher Summary As in most scientific disciplines, there is in economics a considerable gap between econometric theory and practice. While the actual practice of applied economists is only occasionally up to the best available procedures as determined by econometric theorists, it is also true that econometric theory frequently ignores the hard and often most relevant procedural problems faced by applied economists or theorists wishing to test their hypotheses. This chapter discusses the main issues that provided the initial motivation for the Conference on Econometric Methodology held in Ann Arbor in June 1977. The editors and organizers of the conference decided to concentrate on certain major themes. The chapter discusses these themes. The first theme involves the degree of detail and precision with which a model is specified. The second and related theme has to do with the robustness of a model's inferences to errors in the specification of the model.
“If only my eyes were different”: The loss of identity and the under-utilization of black children’s educational potential — rethinking social justice and assimilation

This study explores how social identity is formed in the United States of America. In particular, it examines the social, economic and educational problems experienced by underachieving Black American children and issues of social inequality along with their implications for social justice. Against the background of matters of group identity and its maintenance or loss, the author reflects on the under-utilization of Black American children’s educational and human potential. She also suggests a rationale for re-conceiving the goal of social justice and how it is to be achieved, as well as the paradigm of cultural assimilation.
Influence of Process Parameters on the Mechanical Response of Various Layers Processed Using Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS)

During the DMLS process, sintering of the top layer creates melting and heat affected zone in previously sintered layers. In this paper, we will examine the effects of any given process parameter, such as laser power and laser scanning speed, on the mechanical properties and microstructural morphology within the processed layers.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Chromatin structure and gene regulation in higher plants.

Publisher Summary Chromatin is the material of which chromosomes are composed. When chromatin is removed from the cell, fixed, or spread in order to study it biochemically or microscopically, undoubtedly some of its inherent properties are altered. The exact composition of chromatin then depends not only upon the organism and cell type from which it is isolated but also upon the method of isolation. In general terms, chromatin consists mainly of about equal parts by weight of DNA and a group of low-molecular weight basic proteins, the histones, and varying proportions of a diverse group of other proteins that for convenience are called “nonhistone chromatin proteins.” Furthermore, the studies suggest that there is more than one type of active chromatin. Active chromatin is based on higher order structure and on the structure of individual nucleosomes. In addition, there are variations of the active structure within these two general categories, and upon occasion changes of chromatin structure from inactive to active involve both higher order changes and changes at the nucleosome level.
Real-time, profile-corrected single snapshot imaging of optical properties

A novel acquisition and processing method that enables real-time, single snapshot of optical properties (SSOP) and 3-dimensional (3D) profile measurements in the spatial frequency domain is described. This method makes use of a dual sinusoidal wave projection pattern permitting to extract the DC and AC components in the frequency domain to recover optical properties as well as the phase for measuring the 3D profile. In this method, the 3D profile is used to correct for the effect of sample’s height and angle and directly obtain profile-corrected absorption and reduced scattering maps from a single acquired image. In this manuscript, the 3D-SSOP method is described and validated on tissue-mimicking phantoms as well as in vivo, in comparison with the standard profile-corrected SFDI (3D-SFDI) method. On average, in comparison with 3D-SFDI method, the 3D-SSOP method allows to recover the profile within 1.2mm and profile-corrected optical properties within 12% for absorption and 6% for reduced scattering over a large field-of-view and in real-time.
Integration of the Baltic States into the EU and Institutions of Fiscal Convergence

This paper evaluates the functioning, suitability, and effectiveness of the Maastricht convergence criteria regarding fiscal policy and the Stability and Growth Pact for the Baltic States. We argue that the Maastricht fiscal targets from the Baltic perspective should be considered as long-term goals as opposed to short-run objectives of fiscal policy. Using the European Commission's approach as well as impulse response and variance decomposition techniques, we assess the fiscal discipline and cyclical sensitivity of each state's budget to changes in output gap. Empirical evidence indicates that Estonia and Latvia have been more successful in maintaining fiscal discipline than Lithuania during 1996-2000. We also observe that the Stability and Growth Pact signed in July 1997 would offer enough room for automatic fiscal stabilizers in Estonia and Latvia, but not necessarily in Lithuania. Policy implications of the findings for future perspectives are also discussed.
Maternal exposure to tamoxifen during pregnancy increases carcinogen-induced mammary tumorigenesis among female rat offspring

Tamoxifen is under investigation as a potential chemopreventive agent in women of child-bearing age who are at an increased risk to develop breast cancer. However, because tamoxifen may act as an estrogen in the fetus and high fetal estrogenic activity, in turn, may increase subsequent breast cancer risk, we wanted to determine the effects of a maternal exposure to tamoxifen during pregnancy on offspring's susceptibility to mammary tumorigenesis. Pregnant rats were injected s.c. with 20 microg of tamoxifen or oil vehicle daily during days 15 and 20 of gestation. In utero exposure to tamoxifen caused abnormalities in the development and function of the reproductive track, including a delayed puberty onset and changes in uterine wet weights. The tamoxifen-exposed offspring, treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]antracene (DMBA) at the age of 45 days, developed an increased incidence of mammary tumors. In week 18 after DMBA administration, 50% of the vehicle-controls had developed mammary tumors, whereas tumor incidence in the tamoxifen group was 95%. In addition, a significantly higher number of tumors in the tamoxifen-exposed group kept growing (rather than stopped growing or regressed) than in the control group. Furthermore, histopathological examination revealed that the mammary tumors in the tamoxifen offspring were less differentiated and exhibited a more aggressive phenotype, compared with the tumors growing in the controls. These results suggest that a maternal exposure to tamoxifen during pregnancy acts as an estrogen in the fetal mammary gland and increases the susceptibility to breast cancer among female offspring.
Cysi–Lysi+3–Lysi+4 Triad: A General Approach for PEG-Based Stabilization of α-Helical Proteins

PEGylation is an important strategy for enhancing the pharmacokinetic properties of protein drugs. Modern chemoselective reactions now enable specific placement of a single PEG at any site on a protein surface. However, few rational structure-based guidelines exist for selecting optimal PEGylation sites. Here, we explore the impact of PEGylation on the conformational stability of α-helices using an α-helical coiled coil as a model system. We find that maleimide-based PEGylation of a solvent-exposed i position Cys can stabilize coiled-coil quaternary structure when Lys residues occupy both the i + 3 and i + 4 positions, due to favorable interactions between the PEG-maleimide and the Lys residues. Applying this Cysi–Lysi+3–Lysi+4 triad to a solvent-exposed position within the C-terminal helix of the villin headpiece domain leads to similar PEG-based increases in conformational stability, highlighting the possibility of using the Cysi–Lysi+3–Lysi+4 triad as a general strategy for PEG-based stabilization of h...
Sets of uniqueness and multiplicity forl p,α

The spaces χp,α induce a classification of the closed subsets Θ ofT, the reals modulo 1, as sets of (p,α) multiplicity (or (p, α uniqueness) as Θ is (or is not) the support of a non-zero distribdtion ψ such that ψ4 (n) ∈ χp,α.
Coupled ocean‐atmosphere models: 21st International Liege Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics

Global-scale ocean dynamics related to El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) was the focus of the 21st International Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics. ENSO provides modelers a great deal of data revealing correlation between sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies and atmospheric pressure differentials in the tropics. (See Enfield [1989] for an excellent review of the data.) The meeting was held May 8–12, 1989, at the University of Liege, Belgium. More than 50 scientists attended, from Australia, Belgium, Canada, Federal Republic of Germany, France, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, People's Republic of China, Spain, U.K., U.S., and U.S.S.R.
A pseudo-outbreak of Aureobasidium species lower respiratory tract infections caused by reuse of single-use stopcocks during bronchoscopy.

Objective: To investigate and control an apparent outbreak of lower respiratory tract infections due to Aureobasidium species. Design: Outbreak investigation. Setting: University-affiliated medical center. Patients: Nine patients who underwent bronchoscopy between June and August 1998. Results: Ten bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid cultures from nine patients grew Aureobasidium species during the outbreak period; whereas, respiratory specimens from only two patients grew Aureobasidium species during the preceding 6 years. No patient was judged to have true infection due to Aureobasidium species either before or after bronchoscopy. Nine of the 10 bronchoscopies that yielded Aureobasidium species were performed in the outpatient bronchoscopy suite. The Aureobasidium isolates were not associated with any one bronchoscope. Observation of bronchoscopy procedure revealed that plastic stopcocks labeled for single use were reused on different patients during BAL. There was no record of how many times each stopcock was being reused. After each use, the stopcocks were placed in an automated disinfection machine designed for bronchoscopes. Culture of the stopcocks after they had been “disinfected” yielded a heavy growth of Aureobasidium species, while culture of fluid from the automated disinfection machine was negative. Reuse of the stopcocks was halted, and, during the following 6-month period, Aureobasidium species were not isolated from any BAL specimen. Conclusions: Reuse of medical equipment labeled for single use is potentially hazardous, especially if no quality control system is in place to monitor sterility and function after reprocessing.
A Note on the Mechanics of Seismic Faulting

Summary In the following paper an infinitely long shear crack lying in an infinitely deep elastic solid is considered as a model of a strike slip fault. The faces of the crack are stuck together by friction which increases linearly with the depth measured from the surface of the Earth. It is shown that if the interaction between the crack surfaces is just dry friction, with a drop from static to kinetic friction, the crack cannot produce a seismic shock. The case in which the interaction between the crack surfaces is Coulomb frictional failure (soil plasticity) with an initial cohesive strength is considered, and it is shown that if the cohesive strength undergoes a static to kinetic drop and then reheals under static conditions, the crack can produce more than one seismic shock provided that the loading on the Earth's crust increases in time. The depth to which the crack will propagate downward into the Earth under a given driving stress acting on the crust is given. The conclusion of this note is that if a shear crack in the crust is to give rise to seismic shocks, the interaction between the crack faces must entail some cohesive strength (i. e. a kinetic drop in dry friction is insufficient to produce shocks) and if the crack is to continue to produce shocks while the loading on the Earth does not increase indefinitely, the crack must penetrate deeply enough into the crust to influence the compliance of the crust as a whole.
Base Cultures: Sex Workers and Servicemen in Occupied Japan

This article examines how the bodies of Japanese women became a key site of political and cultural contestation during the Allied occupation. The sale of sex, once legally recognized and regulated, became a conspicuous symbol of postwar chaos. Ostracizing sex workers who catered to servicemen provided a means to display an abiding nationalism without directly confronting the occupiers. But these women were also indispensable in the economy of military base cities. Journalists and social critics sought to discern or impose order by devising elaborate taxonomies, cartographies, health regimes, and moral codes. Sex workers were active participants in this process, but their personal testimonies show how their lives defied categorization. When the Diet finally intervened with the 1956 Prostitution Prevention Law, it was merely the culmination of a long process involving every segment of Japanese society.
A Review of Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, Volume 15

Book reviewed in this article: Ralph L. Piedmont and David O. Moberg, Eds. (2005). Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, Volume 15.
Atmospheric Fate of Chlorobromomethane: Rate Constant for the Reaction with OH, UV Spectrum, and Water Solubility

The rate constant for the reaction of CH2ClBr with OH was measured by both flash photolysis resonance fluorescence and discharge flow electron paramagnetic resonance techniques over the temperature range 277−370 K. The Arrhenius expression × 10-12 exp{−(978 ± 72)/T} cm3 molecule-1 s-1 was derived from a composite fit to both data sets. Absorption cross-sections of CH2ClBr were measured from 187 to 290 nm at 295 K. The solubility of CH2ClBr in water was also estimated to determine if such a process could be important in determining the atmospheric lifetime of CH2ClBr. The atmospheric lifetime and ozone depletion potential for CH2ClBr were estimated.
Equilibrium and structural properties of the PuH system

Abstract The findings of recent work on PuH are described and employed in resolving several inconsistencies in the reported properties of plutonium hydride. Results of pressure measurements establish the nature of a large hysteresis effect and suggest revisions in the phase diagram. The existence of five hydride phases between the dihydride and trihydride compositions is indicated. Recently reported properties and neutron diffraction data are employed in formulating conceptual models for bonding and hydrogen accommodation in the fluorite-related hydride solid solution. Evidence for the existence of vacancy clusters in the cubic hydride is presented, and the influence of cation and anion ordering on various hydride properties is discussed.
7T Brain MR Imaging of Neurosarcoidosis: Preliminary Observations (S08.006)

Objective: To describe imaging characteristics of neurosarcoidosis on unenhanced 7T MRI. Background Non-caseating granulomatous inflammation in sarcoidosis is characterized by organized collections of mononuclear phagocytes, cells that are known to sequester microscopic quantities of calcium, iron and ferritin. We hypothesized that 7 tesla MR phase imaging, due to its high spatial resolution, sensitivity to these compounds, and ability to visualize tiny venous structures, would reveal novel features of neurosarcoidosis not currently visualized using 3T MRI. Design/Methods: Pilot study of 7T MRI in patients with neurosarcoidosis. Diagnosis was established by confirmatory biopsy of CNS tissue or extra-CNS tissue in patients with an otherwise typical neurological syndrome. Participants underwent imaging on a 7T GE scanner using a 2D T2*-weighted gradient echo sequence at 190 x 260 micron in-plane resolution (TR/TE=250/12 msec, 20 degree flip angle, 2 mm slice thickness, 3 signal averages). Magnitude and unwrapped phase images were generated from the raw image data using in-house software. Results: 7T MRI was performed in six patients with CNS sarcoidosis, 3 with definite disease and 3 with probable disease (the latter established by mediastinal/lung biopsy). All participants were on immunosuppressive therapy at time of imaging, and four had active disease at the time 7T MRI was performed. Three distinctive imaging features emerged: 1) several enhancing lesions at 3T were seen as T2* hypointense nodules on 7T images; 2) lesions seen on 3T T2-weighted sequences tended to spread across multiple veins in the white matter on 7T, rather than a single vein; 3) perimedullary veins on 7T sometimes appeared distorted in regions that corresponded to areas of meningeal and perivascular enhancement on 3T. These features differ in several respects from initial reports of 7T MRI of demyelinating plaques in MS. Conclusions: Active neurosarcoidosis lesions exhibit distinctive features on 7T MRI that may assist in noninvasive diagnosis. Supported by: American Academy of Neurology Clinical Research Training Fellowship (JMG). Disclosure: Dr. Gelfand has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Journal Watch Neurology. Dr. Green has received personal compensation for activities with Novartis and Biogen Idec as a consultant and/or participant on an advisory board and adjudication committee. Dr. Hess has nothing to disclose.
Development of multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection of Salmonella genus, Salmonella subspecies I, Salm. Enteritidis, Salm. Heidelberg and Salm. Typhimurium.

Aims The aim of this research was to develop multiplex PCR assay that could simultaneously detect Salmonella genus, Salmonella subsp. I, Salm. Enteritidis, Heidelberg and Typhimurium because these Salmonella serovars are the most common isolates associated with poultry products. Methods and Results Five primers were utilized to establish multiplex PCR and applied to Salmonella isolates from chickens and farm environments. These isolates were identified as Salmonella subsp. I and 16 of 66 isolates were classified as Salm. Enteritidis, while Heidelberg or Typhimurium was not detected. We also spiked three Salmonella strains on chicken breast meat to evaluate the specificity and sensitivity of multiplex PCR as well as qPCR to optimize quantification of Salmonella in these samples. The optimized multiplex PCR and qPCR could detect approx. 2·2 CFU of Salmonella per gram after 18 h enrichment. Conclusions The multiplex PCR and qPCR would provide rapid and consistent results. Also, these techniques would be useful for the detection and quantification of Salmonella in contaminated poultry, foods and environmental samples. Significance and Impact of the Study The strategy for the rapid detection of Salmonella serovars in poultry is needed to further reduce the incidence of salmonellosis in humans. The optimized multiplex PCR will be useful to detect prevalent Salmonella serovars in poultry products.
Collaborative calibration of three established reference preparations for specific proteins in human sera as secondary standards for IgA, IgM, and IgG

Collaborators from eight nations calibrated the World Health Organization International Reference Preparation for Six Human Serum Proteins, the First British Standard for Human Serum Proteins, and the United States National Reference Preparation for Specific Human Serum Proteins against the World Health Organization International Reference Standard for Human Serum Immunoglobulins: IgA, IgG, and IgM in international units. Our single radial immunodiffusion results indicate that within-collaborator variability of relative potency accounted for about three-fourths of the total variability in this study. The standard error of the mean relative potency, expressed as percentage of its mean value, was less than 2·3% for all analytes in all preparations and its overall mean was 1·5%. This study indicates the high degree of assay agreement that can be obtained among national and international reference preparations by a procedure that utilizes the potency of a common reference preparation as compared to the use of local standards.
Effect of Ouabain on Cardiac Output of Anesthetized Rat.

SummaryThe cardiac output of anesthetized albino rats increased following administration of ouabain in doses of from 0.05 to 0.09 mg/kg i.v. Mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate were unchanged; calculated total peripheral resistance decreased. Signs of toxicity were not observed over a dose range of from 0.01 to 0.05 mg/kg despite the appearance of the positive inotropic effects.
The Project 8 Radiofrequency Tritium Neutrino Experiment

Abstract The Project 8 experiment aims to determine the electron neutrino mass by measuring the spectrum of tritium beta decay electrons near the 18.6 keV endpoint. Unlike past tritium experiments, which used electrostatic and magnetostatic spectrometers, Project 8 will detect decay electrons nondestructively via their cyclotron radiation emission in a magnetic field. An individual electron is expected to emit a detectable pulse of microwaves at a frequency which depends on the electron energy. Precise measurement of these pulse frequencies is a novel spectroscopy technique particularly well-suited for the high rate, high precision, low background needs of a tritium experiment. The collaboration is currently operating a prototype designed to detect single 83mKr conversion electron decays in an 0.9T magnetic field. We report on recent activities on the prototype, and on progress towards the design of a large tritium experiment with new neutrino-mass sensitivity.
Audiovestibular Testing in Patients with Meniere's Disease

In this article, the present state of the art with respect to audiovestibular testing for Meniere's disease (MD) is reviewed. There is no gold standard for MD diagnosis, and the classic dictum is that even the "best" tests yield positive results in only two-thirds of patients with MD. Still, we advocate the use and further investigation of advanced audiovestibular testing in patients with MD in an attempt to answer the questions that confront any clinician who cares for patients with audiovestibular symptoms.
Stochastic Models for Strategic Resource Allocation in Nonprofit Foreclosed Housing Acquisitions

Abstract Increased rates of mortgage foreclosures in the U.S. have had devastating social and economic impacts during and after the 2008 financial crisis. As part of the response to this problem, nonprofit organizations such as community development corporations (CDCs) have been trying to mitigate the negative impacts of mortgage foreclosures by acquiring and redeveloping foreclosed properties. We consider the strategic resource allocation decisions for these organizations which involve budget allocations to different neighborhoods under cost and return uncertainty. Based on interactions with a CDC, we develop stochastic integer programming based frameworks for this decision problem, and assess the practical value of the models by using real-world data. Both policy-related and computational analyses are performed, and several insights such as the trade-offs between different objectives, and the efficiency of different solution approaches are presented.
The effect of metacresylacetate and camphorated chlorophenol on the dental pulp.

Abstract 1. 1. Metacresylacetate, camphorated chlorophenol, and a mixture of the two (CR 25 per cent and CP 75 per cent) were used on freshly cut dentine. They caused histologic changes of the pulp, consisting of hyperemia, edema, and hemorrhagic disturbances of the odontoblastic layer. 2. 2. Metacresylacetate caused severe pulp reactions and prevented the production of secondary dentine. 3. 3. A mixture of the antiseptics produced a milder reaction than that caused by metacresylacetate and more severe than that elicited by camphorated chlorophenol. 4. 4. Camphorated chlorophenol caused the least severe reaction. 5. 5. In the control teeth, it was observed that the pulp can biologically tolerate cavity preparation at a speed of 270,000 r.p.m. under the influence of air and water coolants. 6. 6. A reaction of the dentine (rebound response), consisting of irregular dentine on the wall opposite the dentinal tubules, was observed. This reaction was greatest with camphorated chlorophenol and milder with the mixture of antiseptics, it disappeared with metacresylacetate.
Segmented flow injection, UV digestion, and amperometric detection for the determination of total cyanide in wastewater treatment plant effluents.

The currently approved method for the analysis of total cyanide (TCN) in wastewaters has remained virtually unchanged in the 25 years since its initial use; this despite its subjection to a number of interferences, many of which provide a positive bias in cyanide measurements, including the formation of TCN during sample processing and some of which remain undocumented to this day. In particular, many municipal wastewater treatment plant chlorinated effluents throughout North America have often been cited for permit violations on the levels of total cyanide in their effluents measured using this methodology. A recently developed procedure for the analysis of TCN in various matrixes that utilizes segmented flow injection for sample transport and reaction, on-line acidic UV digestion for conversion of complexed cyanide to HCN, and amperometric detection achieved within 4 min of sample injection is demonstrated on chlorinated effluents discharged from municipal wastewater treatment plants. Through a systemat...
Effects of morphine and morphine withdrawal on adrenergic neurons of the rat rostral ventrolateral medulla.

In urethane anesthetized rats, iontophoretic application of morphine or alpha-methylnoradrenaline (alpha-MNE) inhibited (80-100%) the discharges of all putative adrenergic (C1) cells of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). The effect of morphine was blocked selectively by naloxone while that of alpha-MNE was blocked selectively by the alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist idazoxan. Putative C1 cells were inhibited (75-100%) by low i.v. doses of clonidine (10-15 micrograms/kg). Most cells (7/10) were also inhibited by morphine i.v. (81% at 7 mg/kg). Two cells were slightly excited at doses below 2 mg/kg and inhibited at higher doses. Three cells were excited only. All effects of morphine i.v. were reversed by naloxone (1 mg/kg, i.v.). Intravenous administration of naloxone to morphine-dependent rats increased significantly the firing rate of all putative C1 adrenergic cells (from 5.8 +/- 0.9 spikes/s to 12.3 +/- 1.5 spikes/s; n = 8). During withdrawal these cells could still be inhibited (80-100%) by i.v. injection of clonidine (15 micrograms/kg). C-Fos expression induced by naltrexone-precipitated withdrawal was examined in the brainstem of freely moving morphine-dependent rats pretreated with clonidine or saline before injection of the opioid antagonist. The locus coeruleus (LC) of the same rats was examined for comparison. Morphine withdrawal without clonidine treatment significantly increased the number of Fos-like-immunoreactive (Fos-LIR) cells in the RVLM and LC. Clonidine pretreatment (1 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced the number of withdrawal-activated Fos-LIR cells in LC by 81%. In the RVLM this reduction averaged 37% for all cell types and 48% for C1 adrenergic cells. Further, a very large proportion of RVLM neurons that expressed c-Fos during morphine withdrawal (83%) were immunoreactive for alpha 2A-adrenergic receptors. This study suggests that, like noradrenergic cells of the LC, C1 adrenergic neurons of the RVLM are: (i) inhibited by both opiate and alpha 2-adrenergic receptor agonists; and (ii) activated during naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal. Since C1 cells are considered essential to sympathetic tone generation, their inhibition by morphine may contribute to the hypotensive effects of this opioid agonist in non-dependent individuals. Their excitation during opiate withdrawal may also contribute to the autonomic activation that characterizes this syndrome. Finally, inhibition of C1 cells by clonidine may contribute to the clinically recognized efficacy of this drug to attenuate autonomic signs of opiate withdrawal.
Contrast Enhancing Microscopy by Multi-pass Phase Conjugation

We have developed a bright field microscopy technique by phase conjugation and multiple transmission of a coherent light source. For microscopic biomaterial, we demonstrate all-optical contrast enhancement and aberration reduction.
Mentoring and networking: how to make it work.

Mentoring and networking are critical components for success in science. Here the importance and steps required for good mentoring and networking are described.
Evaluation of the electrostatic potential at the surface of an ionic solid

Abstract A method to evaluate the electrostatic potential at and near the surface of a semi-infinite ionic solid is presented. It utilizes the Ewald equation for an infinite crystal and Parry's extension of the Ewald equation for an infinite slab. The method was applied to calculate the potentials at the (100), (110), (021), and the (111) surfaces of NaCl. Results for the nonpolar (100) and (110) surfaces agree with results by other methods. Results for the polar (111) surface differ from results of slab calculations. The difference is thought to be due to the presence of a second surface in the slab calculations. Its application to a relaxed surface is also demonstrated.