cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Six of One, Half a Dozen of the Other: Problems With Working Fixed and Rotating Shifts

This study examined the relationship between shift patterns and role stressors and strains, as well as the extent to which situational variables and individual variables mediate the relationship between shift patterns and strains. Using survey data from 397 Israeli nurses, the author found that nurses working fixed day (vs. rotating) shifts reported less strains, but more stressors. Individual and situational variables mediated the relationship between shift pattern and both affective commitment and intention to leave, respectively. Younger age and higher role ambiguity might account for fully rotating shift nurses’ reports of intention to leave, and being an older, full-time employee with little role conflict and ambiguity might explain why fixed day (vs. rotating) shift nurses report greater affective commitment.
Selected quantitative applications of digital rheoplethysmography.

Abstract The continuous curves of the time courses of volumes, rates, and accelerations in inflow, outflow, and differences between inflow and outflow in the digits during a single pulse cycle are amenable to various quantitative analyses. These analyses permit a better definition of digital blood flow and provide an additional approach to the study of the physiologic mechanisms responsible for the central and peripheral circulatory states in health and disease. Selected analyses have been presented of more than 300 such digital rheoplethysmograms of ten normal and abnormal subjects; many other analyses are, of course, possible. Among selected analyses presented are one that simplifies a comparison of the relative proportions of total digital inflow and outflow for any segment of the pulse cycle, one that demonstrates readily the moment-to-moment lag in outflow with respect to inflow, one that describes temporally the variations in volume inflow as percentage of total inflow, and one that may serve as a possible index of the circulatory reserve. Differences in the state of the peripheral or central portions of the circulation are readily reflected in these various curves of the rheoplethysmogram, such as those observed for the resting state, vasoconstriction, aortic valvular insufficiency, and other states discussed in this report. In general, the increase or decrease in digital inflow was essentially symmetric and proportional throughout the pulse cycle, even with extreme vasoconstriction or vasodilatation. Particularly significant exceptions were noted in some subjects with aortic valvular insufficiency. The rate of digital flow was observed to be essentially as rapid as that reported for the brain, was over 50 per cent of that reported for the liver, about one-eighth of that reported for the kidney, and several times that reported for the body as a whole. The reasons for these high rates of digital flow are not known but may be related to thermal regulation, as well as other factors, such as those concerned with meeting the needs of the tactile sense so highly developed in the tips of the digits. Errors in the method may be minimized by careful attention to technique. With proper modifications, the rheoplethysmographic method and its analyses may be adapted for use with other organs.
Competent clinical supervision: Emerging effective practices

With the recognition that clinical supervision is a distinct professional practice comes the necessity for identification of effective practices. In this competency-based era, a meta-theoretical, interpersonal framework is provided in competency-based clinical supervision in which specific attention is paid to the strengths and emerging competencies of the supervisee and to the clinical and supervision competencies of the supervisor. In this article, the authors address the state of the literature on effective clinical supervision and the specific knowledge, skills, and attitudes that comprise competent supervision. A brief summary of research on several particular pivotal areas (e.g. alliance, multicultural competence, legal, and ethical issues) is included. A self-assessment device is provided for both current supervisors and supervisors-in-preparation to assess readiness, competence, and areas in which additional training and experience are desirable. Finally, a vignette illustrating the implementation...
SNS target tests at the LANSCE-WNR in 2001 – Part II

Abstract It has been observed that stopping of an 800 MeV proton pulse in liquid mercury, such as in the United States Spallation Neutron Source (SNS), leads to cavitation that can affect the mercury vessel. This paper discusses pitting that was observed on mercury container walls after 100–200 proton pulses obtained at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center Weapons Neutron Research facility (LANSCE-WNR). It was found that the degree of cavitation-induced pitting was dependent on the geometry and composition of the container. As expected, very hard surfaces were particularly effective for resisting deformation from cavity collapse.
The use of doubly-labeled 13C-acetate in the study of streptolydigin biosynthesis

Using [13C2]acetate the biosynthesis of streptolydigin has been investigated. It has been demonstrated that a total of 4 acetate units are incorporated into the antibiotic, 3 into the acyl side chain and 1 into the tetramic acid portion.
Compressibility data and virial coefficients for helium, neon and one mixture

Abstract A Burnett apparatus has been utilized to collect precise volumetric data for the HeNe system. Compressibility factors and virial coefficients are reported for the pure components and a 49.4 mole % He mixture between 1 and 37 atm at 40, 0 and −40°C. The interaction second virial coefficient for the mixture has also been calculated for the experimental temperature.
Effect of Deuterium Oxide on the Culturing of Penicillium janczewskii II.: Isolation of Fully Deuterated Griseofulvin

Fully deuterated griseofulvin was isolated in pure form from P. janczewskii grown in a completely deuterated medium. Direct fermentation and a replacement culture technique were used. The isolated antibiotic was purified by thin-layer chromatography and characterized by ultraviolet, infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. The extent of incorporation of deuterium during biosynthesis at the various proton sites in the molecule was determined.
Physiological triggering mechanisms in childhood epilepsy.

Some general rules and aphorisms concerning the physiological mechanisms of seizures are discussed. Environmental triggering factors are frequently encountered, and are often unique and reproducible for the particular patient. It is likely that the triggering specificity is a reflection of the anatomy and pathophysiology of the seizure focus in the particular patient.
Control of Electrostatic Interactions Between F-Actin And Genetically Modified Lysozyme in Aqueous Media

The aim for deterministic control of the interactions between macroions in aqueous media has motivated widespread experimental and theoretical work. Although it has been well established that like-charged macromolecules can aggregate under the influence of oppositely charged condensing agents, the specific conditions for the stability of such aggregates can only be determined empirically. We examine these conditions, which involve an interplay of electrostatic and osmotic effects, by using a well defined model system composed of F-actin, an anionic rod-like polyelectrolyte, and lysozyme, a cationic globular protein with a charge that can be genetically modified. The structure and stability of actin–lysozyme complexes for different lysozyme charge mutants and salt concentrations are examined by using synchrotron x-ray scattering and molecular dynamics simulations. We provide evidence that supports a structural transition from columnar arrangements of F-actin held together by arrays of lysozyme at the threefold interstitial sites of the actin sublattice to marginally stable complexes in which lysozyme resides at twofold bridging sites between actin. The reduced stability arises from strongly reduced partitioning of salt between the complex and the surrounding solution. Changes in the stability of actin–lysozyme complexes are of biomedical interest because their formation has been reported to contribute to the persistence of airway infections in cystic fibrosis by sequestering antimicrobials such as lysozyme. We present x-ray microscopy results that argue for the existence of actin–lysozyme complexes in cystic fibrosis sputum and demonstrate that, for a wide range of salt conditions, charge-reduced lysozyme is not sequestered in ordered complexes while retaining its bacterial killing activity.
Children's Memory and Proximity to Violence

Abstract The study examined 133 school-age children's memory of a sniper attack at their elementary school. Researchers analyzed the role that spatial representation, memory markers, inner plans of action, and strategies of recall played in the memory process. In recalling the event, exposed children reduced their degree of life threat, while nonexposed children increased their proximity to the violence. Clinical and forensic implications are discussed.
Gonadectomy and the development of age-dependent polydipsia and the intake of NaCl solutions in the SWR/J mouse.

Abstract Gonadectomies were performed at 25 days of life in SWR/J mice, a strain known to develop age-dependent nephrogenic diabetes insipidus with females drinking far more than males. Effect of gonadectomy was different for each of the 3 nonreproductive behaviors studied. (1) Ovariectomy reduced the age-dependent polydipsia seen in females, but castration was without effect in males. (2) Castration of males resulted in a lower intake of an isotonic NaCl solution, making the castrated males similar to the sham-operated and ovariectomized females, which did not differ. (3) For the short-term activity measurement sham-operated males did not differ from sham-operated females and castrated males did not differ from ovariectomized females. In each sex, gonadectomy reduced activity.
5-nucleotidase activity in aortas of arteriosclerotic breeder rats

Abstract The activity of the enzyme, 5-nucleotidase was measured, chemically and histochemically, in the aortas of male and female control rats, free of arterial disease, as well as male and female breeder rats which develop microscopic and grossly-visible arteriosclerosis of the aorta, respectively. Female rats manifested much greater aortic 5-nucleotidase activity than male rats. Very little difference could be detected between the aortic enzyme activity of male control rats and male breeder rats which had aortic microscopic lesions only. However, there was a significant and progressive increase in aortic 5-nucleotidase activity commensurate with and paralleling the progression of the severity of arteriosclerosis as well as its anatomical spread from the abdominal aortic segment to the arch and lastly, the thoracic aortic segment. The histochemical tests demonstrated that 5-nucleotidase activity first appears in the tunica intima coincidental with the appearance and accumulation of mucopolysaccharide. As the intimal mucopolysaccharide is converted into collagen the 5-nucleotidase activity disappears. In the media, 5-nucleotidase activity becomes diffusely and strongly positive in close proximity to the internal elastic membrane. As the medial degenerative changes become more exacerbated and calcific changes appear the 5-nucleotidase reaction becomes most intense. These chemical and histochemical observations are construed to be an indication of the hormonal effects of repeated breeding inducing medial smooth muscle cell changes in association with 5-nucleotidase activity to affect ground substance and connective tissue changes which favor sclerosis and calcification of the aortic wall of breeder rats.
Oil of turpentine — a disappearing allergen

Oil of turpentine has become an infrequent allergen because of its replacement by the petroleum product white spirit, its deliberate exclusion from industrial products, and because the balsam oils used nowadays do not contain the sensitiser delta 3-carene. On the basis of the generally low incidence of sensitisation being currently recorded, the International Contact Dermatitis Group recommend that oil of turpentine be removed from standard patch test series.
The fine structure of a microplate-microtubule array, microfilaments and polyhedral body associated microtubules in several species of Anabaena

A microplate-microtubule array was observed in Anabaena sp. (B-378). This structure consists of an arched plate, about 8 nm thick, and various microtubules, 12 nm in diameter and 50 nm long, arranged in rows. The microtubules project at right angles from one side of the plate into the cytoplasm or towards the plasma membrane. Up to twelve microplate-microtubule arrays were observed in a single section of a cell. Microfilaments, about 2.8 nm in diameter and of undetermined length, were observed in four isolates of Anabaena. The microfilaments were always found in bundles, nwhich varied in size, up to 0.63 mum across and 0.91 mum long. Microtubules, 10 nm in diameter and about 150 nm in length, were observed associated with one facet of polyhedral bodies in 8 out of 20 isolates of Anabaena. The microtubules occurred in groups of up to 20 or more, and were always oriented with the long axis parallel to the facet of a polyhedral body. In cross section, the microtubules had an electron transparent lumen 5 nm wide and a wall 2.5 nm thick. These structures are compared to previously described microtubules and microfilaments.
Expression of storage-protein genes during soybean seed development.

Mature seeds of Glycine max (L.) Merr. contain two major storage proteins, a glycosylated 7S protein (conglycinin) and a non-glycosylated 11S protein (glycinin). Accumulation of these proteins and their mRNAs during seed development in cv. Provar was studied by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by “Northern” (DNA-RNA) hybridization. The 11S acidic and basic subunits and the 7S α′ and α subunits began to accumulate 18–20 d after pollination, shortly after the termination of cell division in developing cotyledons, whereas the 7S β and 11S A-4 subunits were not detected until one to two weeks later, during the maturation phase of development. Messenger RNAs for 7S and 11S proteins were first detected 14–18 d after pollination, several days before the accumulation of storage proteins. Extracts from embryonic axes contained reduced levels of the 7S α subunit, very little 11S protein, no detectable 7S β or 11S A-4 subunits, and an additional 7S subunit not found in cotyledons. Soybean axes and cotyledons therefore differ in their synthesis of seed storage proteins.
Sotalol for the protection of turkeys from the development of β‐aminopropionitrile‐induced aortic ruptures

1. The influence of feeding 2 levels of sotalol on the incidence of beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN)-induced aortic ruptures of immature turkeys was determined.2. Four of 22 turkeys fed 0.12% sotalol and 0.07% BAPN died of aortic ruptures, but 6 of 21 turkeys fed only BAPN died of the syndrome.3. Blood pressure, heart rate, aortic tensile strength, and aortic structure as seen by light- and electron-microscope were similar in turkeys fed BAPN alone or both BAPN and 0.12% sotalol concurrently.4. In a second experiment, 13 of 24 turkeys fed 0.7% BAPN alone died of aortic ruptures, but only 2 of 24 turkeys fed BAPN and 0.2% sotalol concurrently died of the disease.5. Aortic tensile strength was lower, heart rate was faster, alterations of aortic elastic fibres as seen by light- and electron-microscope were more severe, and aortic salt soluble collagen with a higher amino acid content was increased in turkeys fed only BAPN, as compared to turkeys fed both BAPN and 0.2% sotalol.
The J.H.B. archive report the papers of Harry Hamilton Laughlin, eugenicist

A partir de la correspondance encore existante de H. H. Laughlin, a l'universite de Kirksville, les AA. retracent la vie et l'oeuvre d'un partisan americain de l'eugenisme, entre 1910 et 1940. L'immigration aux USA. C.M. Goethe, C. Davenport.
Scaling and domain growth in a model-C system.

Some aspects of domain growth and associated dynamical scaling behavior in a quenched tricritical system are studied by a detailed numerical simulation of a version of model C. We found that dynamical scaling is obeyed for both conserved and nonconserved variables. The domain-growth law in the interconnected regime as well as in the droplet regime is consistent with the modified Lifshitz-Slyozov law for both the conserved and the nonconserved variables, in agreement with earlier theoretical predictions.
Instant winners: Legal change in transition and the diffusion of state lotteries*

This paper investigates the determinants of legal change in a public choice framework. An empirical model explaining the timing and probability of decisions to adopt state-operated lotteries is developed. Employing a Tobit estimator and explicitly considering the effects of state-specific constitutional and political structures, spending and tax policies, and federal revenue importation, evidence is presented showing that legal change is much like economic change: Lotteries are more likely to be adopted and to be adopted earlier where the costs are lowest relative to expected benefits. State legislatures appear to be the main beneficiaries of this public choice process.
Probability of Winning at Tennis I. Theory and Data

The probability of winning a game, a set, and a match in tennis are computed, based on each player's probability of winning a point on serve, which we assume are independent identically distributed (iid) random variables. Both two out of three and three out of five set matches are considered, allowing a 13-point tiebreaker in each set, if necessary. As a by-product of these formulas, we give an explicit proof that the probability of winning a set, and hence a match, is independent of which player serves first. Then, the probability of each player winning a 128-player tournament is calculated. Data from the 2002 U.S. Open and Wimbledon tournaments are used both to validate the theory as well as to show how predictions can be made regarding the ultimate tournament champion. We finish with a brief discussion of evidence for non-iid effects in tennis, and indicate how one could extend the current theory to incorporate such features.
Konjac Flour Gel as Fat Substitute in Low‐fat Prerigor Fresh Pork Sausage

Prerigor trimmings from four lean cuts of pork carcasses (n = 3) were used to manufacture three replications of low-fat (10%) fresh pork sausage containing konjac flour gel, at 0, 10 or 20% levels and compared to a 40% fat control. Treatment sausages showed equal or improved cooked yields, slightly higher shear force (kg/g) and sensory textural attributes, but rated slightly lower in juiciness. As konjac flour gel levels increased, shear force and sensory textural attributes became more like the control. Storage time had minimal effect on quality and shelf life. Acceptable low-fat, prerigor pork sausage can be produced with 10–20% incorporation of konjac flour gel.
Behind, Between, and Beyond Anthropomorphic Models of Ultimate Reality

The plurality of models of ultimate reality is a central problem for religious philosophy. This essay sketches what is involved in mounting comparative inquiries across the plurality of models. In order to illustrate what advance would look like in such a comparative inquiry, an argument is presented to show that highly anthropomorphic models of ultimate reality are inferior to a number of competitors. This paper was delivered as a keynote address during the APA Pacific 2007 Mini-Conference on Models of God.
A Concerted Mechanism for Ethane Hydroxylation by the Particulate Methane Monooxygenase from Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath)

The ethanol samples in the isolated alcohol/water mixtures were converted into their (2R)-2-acetoxy-2-phenylethanoate derivatives (2-34 mCi). Examination of the well-resolved {sup 3}H NMR spectra for these derivatives produced an exceptionally consistent set of stereochemical data. When corrected for the enantiomeric purity of the ethyl tosylate starting materials, the data clearly show that the reaction occurs with complete retention of configuration, i.e., with 100% stereoselection. Barring substantial slowing of the carbon-carbon bond rotation of the ethyl radical when bound to the enzyme, this result rules out mechanisms proceeding via alkyl radical (and/or cation) structures, even very short-lived ones, as such intermediates would have to have a lifetime of < 1 x 10{sup -14} s in order not to undergo any detectable C-C bond rotation, i.e., the capture reaction would have to be much faster than the decay of a transition state. The data instead point to a mechanism in which C-H bond cleavage is preceded by bond formation at the alkyl carbon, i.e., one proceeding through a pentacoordinated carbon species. 29 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab.
Two-dimensional interferometric and synthetic aperture imaging with a hybrid terahertz/millimeter wave system.

We have developed an interferometric synthetic aperture incoherent imaging system at 94 GHz, in which a high-power electronic millimeter wave source (Gunn Oscillator) is integrated with a continuous-wave terahertz (THz) photomixing detection system to achieve a high signal-to-noise ratio. Imaging of a point source located 10 m away from the detector array is presented. Two-dimensional THz reflective images of an extended object with different shapes are reconstructed with only four detectors by use of rotational synthesis.
Reminiscence and arousal: Replications and the matter of establishing a phenomenon

The experiment presented here was designed to produce reminiscence of “high-arousal” (high- GSR) verbal material but failed to do so. An outline for classifying replications and their role in establishing a phenomenon was used to evaluate this experiment and several related ones. It was concluded that the arousal-recall effect contains more than one phenomenon and is dependent upon unique experimental conditions not yet specified.
Perceived vs retinal relationships in the Ponzo illusion

In order to evaluate the relative contribution of perceived and retinal image relationships as determiners of the Ponzo perspective illusion, the comparison lines were located physically either in the same plane as the background converging lines or in a separate plane nearer to the O. Data from 24 Ss indicated that perceived are more important than retinal image relations but that the latter may contribute to the illusory effect.
Improving detection of coronary morphological features from digital angiograms. Effect of stenosis-stabilized display.

BACKGROUNDWe have developed a digital display method that stabilizes the motion of a stenosis in sequential frames of a coronary angiogram, allowing it to be scrutinized at high display frame rates. The purpose of this study was to determine whether this technique improves visual detection of low-contrast luminal morphological features.METHODS AND RESULTSAn observer detection study was conducted using computer-simulated arterial segments containing known target features, inserted into clinical digital coronary angiograms. Four observers performed a forced-choice detection of a simulated filling defect in each of 320 angiograms using the conventional and stenosis-stabilized dynamic displays (at 7.5, 15, and 32 frames per second) and a single-frame static display (total of 8960 detections). In a second simulated clinical task, three observers detected a bridging stenotic lumen in 600 angiograms using the two displays (3600 detections). In a third experiment, two angiographers rated the likelihood of intralu...
The Application of Archival Concepts to a Data-Intensive Environment: Working with Scientists to Understand Data Management and Preservation Needs

The collection, organization, and long-term preservation of resources are the raison d’etre of archives and archivists. The archival community, however, has largely neglected science data, assuming they were outside the bounds of their professional concerns. Scientists, on the other hand, increasingly recognize that they lack the skills and expertise needed to meet the demands being placed on them with regard to data curation and are seeking the help of “data archivists” and “data curators.” This represents a significant opportunity for archivists and archival scholars but one that can only be realized if they better understand the scientific context.
Extending problem-solving procedures through reflection.

Abstract A large-sample (n = 75) fMRI study guided the development of a theory of how people extend their problem-solving procedures by reflecting on them. Both children and adults were trained on a new mathematical procedure and then were challenged with novel problems that required them to change and extend their procedure to solve these problems. The fMRI data were analyzed using a combination of hidden Markov models (HMMs) and multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA). This HMM–MVPA analysis revealed the existence of 4 stages: Encoding, Planning, Solving, and Responding. Using this analysis as a guide, an ACT-R model was developed that improved the performance of the HMM–MVPA and explained the variation in the durations of the stages across 128 different problems. The model assumes that participants can reflect on declarative representations of the steps of their problem-solving procedures. A Metacognitive module can hold these steps, modify them, create new declarative steps, and rehearse them. The Metacognitive module is associated with activity in the rostrolateral prefrontal cortex (RLPFC). The ACT-R model predicts the activity in the RLPFC and other regions associated with its other cognitive modules (e.g., vision, retrieval). Differences between children and adults seemed related to differences in background knowledge and computational fluency, but not to the differences in their capability to modify procedures.
On nonspecificity of fuzzy sets with continuous membership functions

A measure of nonspecificity is proposed for fuzzy sets with continuous membership functions defined, in general, on the n-dimensional Euclidean space R/sup n/. The proposed measure is restricted to fuzzy sets that are convex. The measure is justified in terms of the usual axiomatic requirements.
Nutrient release from decomposing foliar litter of three tree species with special reference to calcium, magnesium and potassium dynamics

Calcium, magnesium and potassium dynamics in decomposing litter of three tree species were measured over a two-year period. The speices studied were flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), red maple (Acer rubrum) and chestnut oak (Quercus prinus). The order of decomposition was:C. florida>A. rubrum>Q. prinus. Calcium concentrations increased following any initial leaching losses. However, there were net releases of Ca from all three litter types since mass loss exceeded the increases in concentration. Net release of Ca by the end of two years from all three species combined was 42% of initial inputs in litterfall. Magnesium concentrations increased in the second year, following decreases due to leaching during the first year inC. florida andA. rubrum litter. Net release of Mg by the end of two years was 58% of initial inputs. Potassium concentrations decreased rapidly and continued to decline throughout the study. Net release of K by the end of two years was 91% of initial inputs. These data on cation dynamics, and similar data on N, S and P dynamics from a previous study, were combined with annual litterfall data to estimate the release of selected nutrients from foliar litter of these tree species at the end of one and two years of decomposition. The relative mobility of all six elements examined in relation to mass loss after two years was; K>Mg>mass>Ca>S>P>N.
Queuing model based end-to-end performance evaluation for MPLS Virtual Private Networks

Monitoring the end-to-end Quality-of-Service (QoS) is an important work for service providers' Operation Support System (OSS), because it is the fundamental requirement for QoS provisioning. However, it is in fact a challenging work, and there are few efficient approaches to address it. In this paper, for Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), we propose a queuing model based end-to-end performance evaluation scheme for OSS to monitor the end-to-end delay, which is one of the important QoS metrics. By means of a queuing model, we deduce the relationship between the end-to-end delay and the information available in the Management Information Base (MIB) of routers, and then we present the evaluation scheme which avoids the costly per-packet measurement. The complexity of the proposed scheme is much lower than existing schemes. Extensive simulation results show that the proposed scheme can efficiently evaluate the end-to-end performance metrics (the estimation error is nearly 10%).
The effect of a soap film on a catenary: measurement of surface tension from the triangular configuration

A chain assumes the well-known shape known as a catenary when it hangs loosely from two points in a gravitational field. The correct solution of the catenary was one of the early triumphs of the newly invented calculus of variations at the end of the 17th century. Here we revisit the catenary and show that, for a chain hanging from a horizontal rod, three new and distinct configurations are possible if a soap film covers the area bounded by the chain and the rod. We first review the general problem and discuss the conditions under which the chain assumes a concave, triangular or convex configuration. The deciding factor is the strength of surface tension relative to the gravitational force per unit length of the chain. The conditions under which the chain assumes the shape of a perfect triangle are discussed in greater detail and analysed to obtain the tension along the chain. The triangular configuration is especially intriguing to undergraduates and may be used as a simple experiment to obtain the surface tension of the soap solution by measuring just one angle of the triangle.
Hypnosis and Cognition

This article summarizes the contributions of hypnosis to our understanding of cognition. These contributions have been especially salient in the study of memory, and include source amnesia and the distinction between episodic and semantic memory; the occurrence of semantic priming in implicit (unconscious) memory; and paramnesia (false memory). Posthypnotic amnesia shows that explicit and implicit memory can be dissociated even under optimal encoding conditions. The hypnotic alterations of perception may expand the scope of central executive control over “low-level” sensory and perceptual processes, and offer a new perspective on perceptual couplings. Implicit (unconscious) perception in hypnosis is not subject to the same analytic limitations encountered in masked priming. In the study of “high-level” thought processes, hypnosis has played an important role in understanding the formation of delusional beliefs, and of intuitions in problem-solving. Studies of hypnosis suggest that automatic processes can be “de-automatized,” as in the reversal of Stroop interference by suggestions for hypnotic agnosia. In social cognition, Orne’s analysis of demand characteristics laid the foundations for the cognitive revolution in social psychology, by underscoring the status of subjects—and people outside the laboratory—as active, sentient, problem-solving agents. The search for correlates of hypnotizability led to the incorporation of openness to experience as a major cognitive dimension in the structure of personality. One topic for future research is the relationship between hypnotizability in children and their development of a theory of mind. Studies of hypnosis in children may shed new light on the development of the imagination.
Tracking the rise of stem cell tourism

Aims: Driven by hype surrounding stem cell research, a number of clinics around the world currently offer ‘stem cell therapies’ to patients. These unproven interventions have attracted policy interest owing to the risks they may pose to patients and to the progress of legitimate translational stem cell research, yet remarkably little data exists about the patients who undergo these unproven therapies or their experiences. We sought to characterize this patient population. Materials & methods: We developed a comprehensive data set of blogs written by patients (or their caretakers) about their experiences with unproven stem cell therapies. Results & conclusions: Analyzing these data suggests that unproven stem cell therapies are increasing rapidly in popularity and are attracting a wide range of patients – both young and old and with a diverse collection of medical conditions. These results should help clinicians advise individual patients and help policymakers devise strategies to mitigate the risks these ...
Effects of the Flavonoid Chrysin on Nitrofurantoin Pharmacokinetics in Rats: Potential Involvement of ABCG2

Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) is an ATP-binding cassette efflux transporter, important in drug disposition and in the development of multidrug resistance in cancer. Flavonoids, a large class of natural compounds widely present in the diet and herbal products, have been shown in vitro to be BCRP inhibitors. The flavonoid chrysin is a potent inhibitor of BCRP, inhibiting the efflux of mitoxantrone with an IC(50) of 0.39 microM in BCRP-overexpressing human MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential pharmacokinetic interactions between chrysin and nitrofurantoin (a specific BCRP substrate) in rats. In Madin-Darby canine kidney cells expressing human BCRP or murine Bcrp1, the polarized transport of nitrofurantoin was effectively inhibited by chrysin at concentrations of 20 and 100 microM. Compared with the vehicle-treated group, p.o. coadministration of chrysin (200 mg/kg) significantly increased the area under the curve (AUC) and C(max) of nitrofurantoin (10 mg/kg) by 1.76- (p < 0.01) and 1.72-fold (p < 0.05), respectively. When nitrofurantoin (2 mg/kg) was given i.v., administration of chrysin (50 mg/kg i.p.) significantly increased the AUC of nitrofurantoin (123 +/- 34.0 versus 91.5 +/- 18.0 microg/ml x min in controls, p < 0.05). Moreover, the cumulative hepatobiliary excretion of nitrofurantoin (1.5 mg/kg i.v.) was significantly decreased by approximately 75% at the end of 120 min after the coadministration of chrysin (50 mg/kg i.p.). Taken together, these results indicate that the flavonoid chrysin significantly inhibits nitrofurantoin transport mediated by human BCRP and murine Bcrp1. Bcrp1 inhibition by chrysin is likely one potential mechanism for the observed chrysin-nitrofurantoin pharmacokinetic interactions in rats.
A comparison of gait with solid, dynamic, and no ankle-foot orthoses in children with spastic cerebral palsy.

Background and Purpose. This study compared the effects of dynamic ankle-foot orthoses (DAFOs) with a plantar-flexion stop, polypropylene solid ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs), and no AFOs on the gait of children with cerebral palsy (CP). These orthoses were used to reduce the excessive ankle plantar flexion during the stance phase of gait. Subjects and Methods. Ten children with spastic CP (6 with diplegia and 4 with hemiplegia) were tested after wearing no AFOs for an initial 2-week period, solid AFOs for 1 month, no AFOs for an additional 2 weeks, and DAFOs for 1 month. The effects of the two orthoses and no AFOs on lower-extremity muscle timing, joint motions, and temporal-distance characteristics were compared. Results. Both orthoses increased stride length, decreased cadence, and reduced excessive ankle plantar flexion when compared with no orthoses. No differences were found for the gait variables when comparing the two orthoses. Conclusion and Discussion. Based on the data, the authors believe that although both orthoses would be recommended for children with spastic CP and excessive ankle plantar flexion during stance, additional individual factors should be considered when selecting either orthosis.
Implementing Intelligent Techniques for the Advanced Alarm Processing

A major power system disturbance could trigger hundreds and sometimes thousands of individual alarms and events. A better and simpler description of the problems affecting the power system is an urgent need for the operators. The task of an Intelligent Alarm Processor (IAP) is to analyze thousands of alarm messages and extract the information that explains cause- effect sequences associated with the network events. In this sense, Fuzzy Reasoning Petri-nets is a very powerful intelligent technique to deal with the complexities of the power system fault and alarm processing. A graphical FRPN model is build in this paper based on the optimal structure and uses fuzzy logic parameters to effectively tackle the uncertainties. Case studies are presented to demonstrate the capability of the IAP under real fault scenarios.
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS The Road to Transparency in Survey Research

“Despite the urge to proclaim and disseminate in textbook fashion the evolving methodological bases for the newly developed art of survey research, it was increasingly recognized that no one could really prescribe what constituted acceptable practice across the range of varying uses and applications. Instead, AAPOR moved in the direction of disclosure: no rules for conducting surveys would be pronounced but, in the tradition of all science, survey researchers should be required to describe adequately just what they did so that their findings could be objectively evaluated.” Hollander (1992:68) After decades of effort, we have yet to reach the place where survey researchers “describe adequately just what they do so that their findings can be objectively evaluated.” AAPOR opted long ago to push for methodological disclosure rather than to write rules for research. While the latter appeared to be too difficult of a route, the path to transparency has also turned out to be rugged and uphill. At various points along the way, we have appeared to gain little ground and wondered if the climb was worth it. But, for a variety of reasons, the summit is visible now. If we act boldly in coming months and years, AAPOR can make a significant difference in how survey research is practiced and understood. There is still much work to do, the terrain is still difficult, but a route has opened that offers the best chance we have had to achieve the goal of a transparent science of survey research. Let’s examine the new landscape.
Area 4 has layer IV in adult primates

There are opposing views about the status of layer IV in the primary motor cortex (area 4). Cajal described a layer IV in area 4 of adult humans. In contrast, Brodmann found layer IV in developmental but not in adult primates and called area 4 'agranular'. We addressed this issue in rhesus monkeys using the neural marker SMI-32, which labels neurons in lower layer III and upper layer V, but not in layer IV. SMI-32 delineated a central unlabeled cortical stripe in area 4 that corresponds to layer IV, which was populated with small interneurons also found in layer IV in 'granular' areas (such as area 46). We distinguished layer IV interneurons from projection neurons in the layers above and below using cellular criteria. The commonly used term 'agranular' for area 4 is also used for the phylogenetically ancient limbic cortices, confusing areas that differ markedly in laminar structure. This issue pertains to the systematic variation in the architecture across cortices, traced from limbic cortices through areas with increasingly more elaborate laminar structure. The principle of systematic variation can be used to predict laminar patterns of connections across cortical systems. This principle places area 4 and agranular anterior cingulate cortices at opposite poles of the graded laminar differentiation of motor cortices. The status of layer IV in area 4 thus pertains to core organisational features of the cortex, its connections and evolution.
Not Just Anywhere, Anywhen: Mapping Change through Studio Work

In this autoethnographic, institutional narrative, we describe the evolution of a Studio program at an open-access, regional campus of a state university. The Studio, first conceptualized by Grego and Thompson, is a one-credit writing workshop taken by students concurrently enrolled in a composition course. Developing this program necessitated incur- sion into an institutional landscape that we learned was not transparent, unclaimed, or uncontested. In remaking that landscape, we came to understand the crucial roles of space and place, power and colonization, in institutional change and in the teaching of writing. Institutional spaces are never transparent, unclaimed, or uncontested; thus remaking an institutional landscape involves issues of power and colonization. Postcolonial theories helped us think about the shifting and asymmetrical relations of power embroiling us as we struggled to bring about change in our campus's approach to at-risk students. We argue that the contradictions and confusions students experience in the university embody the work in Studio, and that these contradictions must not be smoothed out in any narrative we write or theorizing we attempt.
Effects of alcohol sensitivity on P3 event-related potential reactivity to alcohol cues.

Although alcoholics and individuals at risk for alcoholism often show smaller amplitude of the P3 event-related brain potential (ERP), recent data (K. Namkoong, E. Lee, C. H. Lee, B. O. Lee, & S. K. An, 2004) indicate that alcohol-related cues elicit larger P3 amplitude in alcoholics than in controls. Little is known concerning the ERP profiles or alcohol cue reactivity of social drinkers at risk for alcoholism due to low sensitivity to alcohol’s effects. Participants differing in alcohol sensitivity viewed images of alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages while ERPs were recorded and provided information about their alcohol use patterns at baseline and 4 months later. Compared to high-sensitivity participants, those low in sensitivity showed larger P3s to alcohol cues, even when recent alcohol use was statistically controlled for. Moreover, the P3 elicited by alcohol cues predicted alcohol use at follow-up, a finding supporting the idea that P3 amplitude reflects the motivational significance of substance-related cues. These findings point to risk status, not consumption history, as an important predictor of cue reactivity effects.
Fraternity and sorority leaders and members: a comparison of alcohol use, attitudes, and policy awareness

Background: Studies have documented that members of college fraternities and sororities (i.e., Greeks) drink more heavily and experience more alcohol-related consequences than other students. Few studies have examined the role of Greek leaders in the socialization of Greek members. Objectives: The present study investigated how alcohol-related attitudes and behaviors among Greek leaders differ from the attitudes and behaviors of members. Methods: At a single university, two anonymous surveys were conducted in 2006 and 2007 (N = 726 and 757, respectively) at fraternity and sorority chapter meetings. All individuals present at the meetings were invited to participate. One-way analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs), controlling for age and sex, were conducted to examine the effect of leadership status on alcohol-related attitudes and behaviors. Zero-inflated negative binomial regression was used to analyze the effect of leadership status on alcohol-impaired driving. Results: Few differences were found between Gree...
Dual busy tone multiple access (DBTMA)-performance results

The dual busy tone multiple access (DBTMA) scheme was designed for distributed multi-hop networks. The protocol uses the RTS/CTS dialogue to reserve the shared channel. In multi-hop networks, some nodes in the range of the transmitter and/or the range of the receiver might not be able to hear a successful RTS/CTS message exchange. This may lead to access collisions and data destruction. Hence we use two narrow bandwidth busy tones, to notify neighbor nodes of the on-going use of the channel. In this paper, we analyze the capacity of the DBTMA protocol. The effects of various parameters on the network utilization in multi-hop networks are also discussed. We compare, through analytical results and simulation means, the performance of the DBTMA protocol with schemes that solely use the RTS/CTS dialogue to prevent collisions and we show that DBTMA provides superior performance to such schemes.
Hemoglobin and iron-evoked oxidative stress in the brain: protection by bile pigments, manganese and S-nitrosoglutathione.

In the present in vitro and in vivo study we investigated the pro-oxidant effects of hemoglobin, as well as the antioxidant effects of its metabolites, in the brain. Incubation of rat brain homogenates with hemoglobin (0–10 μM) but not hemin induced lipid peroxidation up to 24 h (EC50 = 1.2 μM). Hemoglobin's effects were similar to ferrous ion (EC50 = 1.7 μM) and were blocked by the chelating agent deferoxamine (IC50 = 0.5 μM) and a nitric oxide-releasing compound S-nitrosoglutathione (IC50 = 40 μM). However, metabolites of hemoglobin — biliverdin and bilirubin — inhibited brain lipid peroxidation induced by cell disruption and hemoglobin (biliverdin IC50 = 12–30 and bilirubin IC50 = 75–170 μM). Biliverdin's antioxidative effects in spontaneous and iron-evoked lipid peroxidation were further augmented by maganese (2 μM) since manganese is an antioxidative transition metal and conjugates with bile pigments. Intrastriatal infusion of hemoglobin (0–24 nmol) produced slight, but significant 20–22% decreases i...
Sustaining Sustainability: Creating a Systems Science in a Fragmented Academy and Polarized World

From climate change, deforestation, and depletion of fossil fuels to overexploited fisheries, species extinction, and poisons in our food and water, our society is unsustainable and it is getting worse fast. Many advocate that overcoming these problems requires the development of systems thinking. We have long been told that the unsustainability of our society arises because we treat the world as unlimited and problems unconnected when we live on a finite “spaceship Earth” in which “there is no away” and “everything is connected to everything else.” The challenge lies in moving from slogans to specific tools and processes that help us understand complexity, design better policies, facilitate individual and organizational learning, and catalyze the technical, economic, social, political, and personal changes we need to create a sustainable society. Here I outline a design for a systems science of sustainability that rises to this challenge. Where the dynamics of complex systems are conditioned by multiple feedbacks, time delays, accumulations, and nonlinearities, our mental models generally ignore these elements of dynamic complexity; where the consequences of our actions spill out across time and space and across disciplinary boundaries, our universities, corporations, and governments are organized in silos that focus on the short term and fragment knowledge. I describe how sustainability research, teaching, and engagement with the policy process can be organized to provide scientifically grounded, reliable knowledge that crosses disciplinary boundaries, that engages multiple stakeholders, that grapples with unavoidable issues of ethics, values, and purpose, and that leads to action.