cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improved Extrapolation of Hepatobiliary Clearance from in Vitro Sandwich Cultured Rat Hepatocytes through Absolute Quantification of Hepatobiliary Transporters

Previously we have reported that hepatobiliary transporter expressions in sandwich cultured hepatocytes (SCH) are altered 2- to 5-fold. This change could limit the model's predictive power for in vivo biliary clearance. The present study was designed to better establish in vitro to in vivo correlation (IVIVC) of biliary clearance. Eleven compounds representing the substrates of Mrp2/Abcc2, Bcrp/Abcg2 and Bsep/Abcb11 were tested in the sandwich cultured rat hepatocyte (SCRH) model. Simultaneously, the absolute difference of hepatobiliary transporters between rat livers and SCRH at day 5 post culture was determined by LC-MS/MS. This difference was integrated into the well-stirred hepatic prediction model. A correction factor named "g_factor" was mathematically defined to reflect the difference in hepatobiliary transporter expressions between the SCRH model and in vivo models, as well as the contribution of multiple transporters. When the g_factor correction was applied, the in vivo biliary clearance prediction was significantly improved. In addition, for those compounds which are poorly permeable and/or undergo transporter-dependent active uptake, the known intracellular concentrations of substrates were used to estimate intrinsic bile clearance. This led to further improvement in the prediction of in vivo bile secretion. While the rate-limiting processes of uptake transporters in the SCRH model remain to be further determined, we showed that integration of the absolute difference of hepatobiliary transporter proteins and transport contributions could improve the predictability of SCRH model. This integration is fundamental for increased confidence in the IVIVC of human biliary clearance.
A Study of Single Event Upsets in Static RAMS's

Several types of CMOS static random access memories (RAMs) have been tested in a cyclotron for susceptibility to single event upsets and latchup such as might occur in earth orbit or interplanetary space. No upsets have been observed for neutron fluences of 10 to the 11th n/sq cm and higher or proton fluences of 10 to the 9th protons/sq cm.
Re-evaluating the recipient criteria for organ transplants.

Recently, a subspecialist at a well-known children’s hospital communicated to the parents of a 3-year-old girl with Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome, a rare genetic condition that, in her case, included considerable cognitive disability, that she would not receive transplantation because of her intellectual defi cit. Soon after, in the face of national media attention — much of it negative — the institution issued a statement indicating that intellectual ability was not a factor in its program’s transplant eligibility decision-making process.
Cyclooxygenase-1 Overexpression Decreases Basal Airway Responsiveness but Not Allergic Inflammation

Pharmacological inhibition or genetic disruption of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 or COX-2 exacerbates the inflammatory and functional responses of the lung to environmentally relevant stimuli. To further examine the contribution of COX-derived eicosanoids to basal lung function and to allergic lung inflammation, transgenic (Tr) mice were generated in which overexpression of human COX-1 was targeted to airway epithelium. Although no differences in basal respiratory or lung mechanical parameters were observed, COX-1 Tr mice had increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid PGE(2) content compared with wild-type littermates (23.0 +/- 3.6 vs 8.4 +/- 1.4 pg/ml; p 0.05). To eliminate the presumed confounding effects of COX-2 up-regulation, COX-1 Tr mice were bred into a COX-2 null background. In these mice, the presence of the COX-1 transgene did not alter allergen-induced inflammation but significantly attenuated allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness, coincident with reduced airway leukotriene levels. Collectively, these data indicate that COX-1 overexpression attenuates airway responsiveness under basal conditions but does not influence allergic airway inflammation.
Synthesis of [(HIPTNCH2CH2)3N]V compounds (HIPT = 3,5-(2,4,6-i-Pr3C6H2)2C6H3) and an evaluation of vanadium for the reduction of dinitrogen to ammonia.

Red-black [HIPTN3N]Cr (1) ([HIPTN3N]3- = [(HIPTNCH2CH2)3N]3- where HIPT = 3,5-(2,4,6-i-Pr3C6H2)2C6H3 = HexaIsoPropylTerphenyl) can be prepared from CrCl3, while green-black [HIPTN3N]Cr(THF) (2) can be prepared from CrCl3(THF)3. Reduction of {1|2} (which means either 1 or 2) with potassium graphite in ether at room temperature yields [HIPTN3N]CrK (3) as a yellow-orange powder. There is no evidence that dinitrogen is incorporated into 1, 2, or 3. Compounds that can be prepared readily from {1|2} include red [HIPTN3N]CrCO (4), blood-red [HIPTN3N]CrNO (6), and purple [HIPTN3N]CrCl (7, upon oxidation of {1|2} with AgCl). The dichroic (purple/green) Cr(VI) nitride, [HIPTN3N]CrN (8) was prepared from Bu4NN3 and 7. X-ray studies have been carried out on 4, 6, and 7, and on two co-crystallized compounds, 7 and [HIPTN3N]CrN3 (65:35) and [HIPTN3N]CrN3 and 8 (50:50). Exposure of a degassed solution of {1|2} to an atmosphere of ammonia does not yield "Cr(NH3)" as a stable and well-behaved species analogous to Mo(NH3). An attempt to reduce dinitrogen under conditions described for the catalytic reduction of dinitrogen by [HIPTN3N]Mo compounds with 8 yielded a substoichiometric amount (0.8 equiv) of ammonia, which suggests that some ammonia is formed from the nitride but none is formed from dinitrogen.
The Impact Of Integration, Affirmative Action, And Diversity On Minority Student Recruitment At The University Of Alabama: A Longitudinal Perspective

This paper explores the University of Alabama's positions, actions, policies, and accomplishments over the past forty years with respect to minority representation among its students and faculty. The impact and progression of these initiatives by the University of Alabama demonstrates strides have been made. The paper also examines the University's recruiting efforts to attract more minority faculty and students. The transition from integration to affirmative action to diversity in higher education also are examined.
Posttranscriptional Regulation of Mammalian Circadian Clock Output

Circadian clocks are present in many different cell types/tissues and control many aspects of physiology. This broad control is exerted, at least in part, by the circadian regulation of many genes, resulting in rhythmic expression patterns of 5-10% of the mRNAs in a given tissue. Although transcriptional regulation is certainly involved in this process, it is becoming clear that posttranscriptional mechanisms also have important roles in producing the appropriate rhythmic expression profiles. In this chapter, we review the available data about posttranscriptional regulation of circadian gene expression and highlight the potential role of Nocturnin (Noc) in such processes. NOC is a deadenylase-a ribonuclease that specifically removes poly(A) tails from mRNAs-that is expressed widely in the mouse with high-amplitude rhythmicity. Deadenylation affects the stability and translational properties of mRNAs. Mice lacking the Noc gene have metabolic defects including a resistance to diet-induced obesity, decreased fat storage, changes in lipid-related gene expression profiles in the liver, and altered glucose and insulin sensitivities. These findings suggest that NOC has a pivotal role downstream from the circadian clockwork in the post-transcriptional regulation genes involved in the circadian control of metabolism.
Localization of a β-Actin Messenger Ribonucleoprotein Complex with Zipcode-Binding Protein Modulates the Density of Dendritic Filopodia and Filopodial Synapses

The dendritic transport and local translation of mRNA may be an essential mechanism to regulate synaptic growth and plasticity. We investigated the molecular mechanism and function of β-actin mRNA localization in dendrites of cultured hippocampal neurons. Previous studies have shown that β-actin mRNA localization to the leading edge of fibroblasts or the growth cones of developing neurites involved a specific interaction between a zipcode sequence in the 3′ untranslated region and the mRNA-binding protein zipcode-binding protein-1 (ZBP1). Here, we show that ZBP1 is required for the localization of β-actin mRNA to dendrites. Knock-down of ZBP1 using morpholino antisense oligonucleotides reduced dendritic levels of ZBP1 and β-actin mRNA and impaired growth of dendritic filopodia in response to BDNF treatment. Transfection of an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-β-actin construct, which contained the zipcode, increased the density of dendritic filopodia and filopodial synapses. Transfection of an EGFP construct, also with the zipcode, resulted in recruitment of endogenous ZBP1 and β-actin mRNA into dendrites and similarly increased the density of dendritic filopodia. However, the β-actin zipcode did not affect filopodial length or the density of mature spines. These results reveal a novel function for an mRNA localization element and its binding protein in the regulation of dendritic morphology and synaptic growth via dendritic filopodia.
Optical read-out of digital magnetic recording

The theoretical aspects of saturation magnetic recording have been under investigation at the Electronics Division of The National Cash Register Company for several years. One conclusion of this study pointed out a significant difference between tape and drum (or disk) systems in regard to their storage density limitations.
Informing climate policy given incommensurable benefits estimates

Abstract The determination of long-term goals for climate policy, or of near-term mitigation effort, requires a shared conception among nations of what is at stake. Unfortunately, because of different attitudes to risk, problems of valuing non-market effects, and disagreements about aggregation across rich and poor nations, no single benefit measure is possible that can provide commonly accepted basis for judgment. In response to this circumstance, a portfolio of estimates is recommended, including global variables that can be represented in probabilistic terms, regional impacts expressed in natural units, and integrated monetary valuation. Development of such a portfolio is a research task, and the needed program of work suggested.
Acquired thrombophilia: a hitherto unrecognized procoagulant-antithrombin imbalance.

Patients with inherited acquired or iatrogenic diseases of low antithrombin activity were studied to determine whether a distinct pathogenetic characteristic was present. Serum antithrombin and heparin-antithrombin assays revealed an interrelationship between increased serum procoagulants decreased antithrombin and a tendency towards thrombosis. The antithrombin clotting time was found to be inversely related to the level of circulating procoagulants and directly related to the level of antithrombin. These result from a procoagulant-antithrombin inter-molecular reaction. It was apparent that patients with acquired thrombophilia had an excessive number of procoagulants or tightly bound antithrombin molecules. The diagnostic implications of the findings are discussed.
Does Descriptive Representation Facilitate Women's Distinctive Voice? How Gender Composition and Decision Rules Affect Deliberation

Does low descriptive representation inhibit substantive representation for women in deliberating groups? We address this question and go beyond to ask if the effects of descriptive representation also depend on decision rule. We conducted an experimentondistributivedecisions,randomizingthegroup’sgendercompositionanddecisionrule,includingmanygroups, and linking individuals’ predeliberation attitudes to their speech and to postdeliberation decisions. Women’s descriptive representation does produce substantive representation, but primarily under majority rule—when women are many, they are more likely to voice women’s distinctive concerns about children, family, the poor, and the needy, and less likely to voice men’s distinctive concerns. Men’s references shift similarly with women’s numerical status. These effects are associated with group decisions that are more generous to the poor. Unanimous rule protects women in the numerical minority, mitigating some of the negative effects of low descriptive representation. Descriptive representation matters, but in interaction with the decision rule.
Characterization of accelerated iron-ion-induced damage in gap junction-competent and -incompetent thyroid follicular cells

Abstract Green, L. M., Bianski, B. M., Murray, D. K., Rightnar, S. S. and Nelson, G. A. Characterization of Accelerated Iron-Ion-Induced Damage in Gap Junction-Competent and -Incompetent Thyroid Follicular Cells. Radiat. Res. 163, 172–182 (2005). Early- and late-passage cultures of Fischer rat thyroid cells differ in their growth properties and gap junction competency. Previous studies comparing early- and late-passage cultures exposed to γ rays and proton beams revealed that differences in growth rate did not influence their responses; however, the presence of connexin 32 gap junctions conferred resistance to γ radiation. To further assess differences in radiation quality, suspension cultures of early- and late-passage cells were exposed to accelerated iron ions, and their comparative biological responses were measured. The iron-ion-irradiated cells displayed sustained levels of incorporated dUTP, reflecting persistent DNA damage. These results were supported by the frequency of chromosomal damage measur...
Carbohydrate Composition of the α-Subunit of Human Choriogonadotropin (hCGα) and the Free α Molecules Produced in Pregnancy: Most Free α and Some Combined hCGα Molecules Are Fucosylated

The carbohydrate compositions of pregnancy-derived hCG alpha (dissociated from intact hCG) and free alpha-subunit were analyzed using a combination of chemical analysis, lectin affinity chromatography, and glycosidase sensitivity. For direct compositional analysis, parallel samples were hydrolyzed in trifluoroacetic acid and analyzed for sialic acid and neutral sugars without prior derivatization. Separation of the monosaccharides was achieved by HPLC on a Dionex CarboPac column eluted at high pH, and the resolved monosaccharides were quantified by pulsed amperometric detection. The amounts of sugar that were found relative to peptide indicated the presence of two N-linked oligosaccharides per molecule on both hCG alpha and free alpha. Free alpha contained 2.5-fold higher amounts of sialic acid and galactose as well as a higher amount of N-acetylglucosamine than did hCG alpha. Free alpha also contained a 6-fold higher amount of fucose than did hCG alpha (1.2 vs. 0.2 residues of fucose/molecule). Serial fractionation of intact hCG alpha and free alpha molecules by lectin affinity chromatography indicated that virtually all of the hCG alpha-subunits contained at least one Concanavalin-A (Con-A)-binding site, whereas as many as 32% of the free alpha molecules could not bind to Con-A. Chromatography on Lens culinaris (Lch) resulted in 12% binding of hCG alpha and approximately 72% binding of free alpha (80-85% of the Con-A-bound free alpha and 47-48% of the Con-A-nonbound free alpha bound to Lch). Endoglycosidase-H (endo-H) treatment of hCG alpha released a portion of the oligosaccharides. The endo-H-released material appeared to be a monoantennary hybrid based on DEAE-binding properties and carbohydrate composition. In contrast to hCG alpha, free alpha was completely resistant to endo-H treatment. Incubation of endo-H-resistant hCG alpha with glycopeptidase-A resulted in the release of two components, which could be separated into monoantennary and biantennary fractions on the basis of size and charge. The collective data suggest that hCG alpha contains primarily monoantennary hybrid oligosaccharide structures and relatively little fucose. In contrast, free alpha contains primarily multiantennary oligosaccharide structures, and most of the free alpha molecules contain at least one oligosaccharide with fucose attached to the asparagine-linked N-acetylglucosamine residue.
The Effects of Excess Irradiance on Photosynthesis in the Marine Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum.

The response of Phaeodactylum tricornutum to excess light was remarkably similar to that observed in higher plants and green algae and was characterized by complex changes in minimal fluorescence yields of fully dark-adapted samples and declines in maximum variable fluorescence levels and oxygen evolution rates. In our study the parallel decreases in the effective rate constant for photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry, the variable fluorescence yield of a dark-adapted sample, and light-limited O2 evolution rates after short (0–10 min) exposures to photoinhibitory conditions could not be attributed to damage or down-regulation of PSII reaction centers. Instead, these changes were consistent with the presence of nonphotochemical quenching of PSII excitation energy in the antennae. This quenching was analogous to that component of nonphotochemical quenching studied in higher plants that is associated with photoinhibition of photosynthesis and/or processes protecting against photoinhibition in that it did not relax readily in the dark and persisted in the absence of a bulk transthylakoid proton gradient. The quenching was most likely associated with photoprotective processes in the PSII antenna that reduced the extent of photoinhibitory damage, particularly after longer exposures. Our results suggest that a large population of damaged, slowly recovering PSII centers did not form in Phaeodactylum even after 60 min of exposure to excess actinic light.
Quantification of the passive and active biaxial mechanical behaviour and microstructural organization of rat thoracic ducts.

Mechanical loading conditions are likely to play a key role in passive and active (contractile) behaviour of lymphatic vessels. The development of a microstructurally motivated model of lymphatic tissue is necessary for quantification of mechanically mediated maladaptive remodelling in the lymphatic vasculature. Towards this end, we performed cylindrical biaxial testing of Sprague–Dawley rat thoracic ducts ( n = 6) and constitutive modelling to characterize their mechanical behaviour. Spontaneous contraction was quantified at transmural pressures of 3, 6 and 9 cmH2O. Cyclic inflation in calcium-free saline was performed at fixed axial stretches between 1.30 and 1.60, while recording pressure, outer diameter and axial force. A microstructurally motivated four-fibre family constitutive model originally proposed by Holzapfel et al . (Holzapfel et al . 2000 J. Elast. 61, 1–48. ([doi:10.1023/A:1010835316564][1])) was used to quantify the passive mechanical response, and the model of Rachev and Hayashi was used to quantify the active (contractile) mechanical response. The average error between data and theory was 8.9 ± 0.8% for passive data and 6.6 ± 2.6% and 6.8 ± 3.4% for the systolic and basal conditions, respectively, for active data. Multi-photon microscopy was performed to quantify vessel wall thickness (32.2 ± 1.60 µm) and elastin and collagen organization for three loading conditions. Elastin exhibited structural ‘fibre families’ oriented nearly circumferentially and axially. Sample-to-sample variation was observed in collagen fibre distributions, which were often non-axisymmetric, suggesting material asymmetry. In closure, this paper presents a microstructurally motivated model that accurately captures the biaxial active and passive mechanical behaviour in lymphatics and offers potential for future research to identify parameters contributing to mechanically mediated disease development. [1]: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010835316564
Body Rhythms/Biological Clocks

Chronobiology is the study of biological rhythms. In animals the master biological clock is located in the hypothalamus. Peripheral clocks have also been found in various cells, tissues, and organs. Disruptions of biological rhythms are implicated in general performance decrements and certain medical and psychiatric conditions. Chronotherapeutic modalities include light therapy, wake therapy, shifting of sleep-wake schedules, dark therapy, melatonin, and its synthetic receptor agonists. An improved alignment of biological rhythms with the environmental light-dark exposure and societal demands can have important and broad implications for performance (academic, occupational, and athletic), health, and well-being.
Abraham Acosta. Thresholds of Illiteracy: Theory, Latin America, and the Crisis of Resistance. New York: Fordham UP, 2014. xiv + 276 pp.

Review of Abraham Acosta. Thresholds of Illiteracy: Theory, Latin America, and the Crisis of Resistance. New York: Fordham UP, 2014. xiv + 276 pp.
Correlating cellular imaging of a p65-fusion reporter with protein interactions using the HaloTag technology

2822 The study of complex protein networks in living cells is facilitated by the use of technologies which offer multiple applications. Here we study a cell-based model of the NFκB signaling pathway using a reporter-fusion protein technology to both functionally label, and immobilize and capture, p65 and its binding partners. p65 fusion constructs were made using the HaloTag™ Interchangeable Labeling Technology and expressed by in vitro translation, or in vivo by transient or stable transfection. Following expression in rabbit reticulocyte lysates or mammalian cell lines, the fusion protein was directly immobilized onto HaloLink™ agarose beads without prior purification steps. This approach achieved successful capture of the p65 fusion protein as well as co-capture of its binding partner IκB, as demonstrated by western blotting. Fusion proteins were also captured using streptavidin-coated beads following labeling of the p65-fusion with a biotinylated HaloTag ligand. The p65-fusion was visualized in living cells following transfection and labeling with fluorescent ligands. In both transiently and stably transfected cells, the signal was localized to the cytoplasm. Following fluorescent labeling and treatment with TNFα in vivo, nuclear translocation of the p65-fusion construct was visualized by time lapse confocal imaging. At intervals after treatment, cell lysates were obtained, fractionated into nuclear and cytoplasmic pools, and probed with IκB or p65 antibodies. Western blot analysis revealed a time-dependant degradation and reappearance of IκB in the cytoplasm, as well as correlative evidence for translocation of the p65-fusion protein into the nucleus. Finally, this technology was applied to study the DNA promoter binding activity of the p65-fusion protein by cross-linking TNFα treated samples with paraformaldehyde and then capturing DNA fragments using HaloLink. The covalent attachment and rapid binding rate of the HaloTag ligands to the reporter protein has made possible a large set of applications that span the areas of imaging, high content analysis and proteomics. Here the versatility of the technology permitted the generation of a broad set of data using a single fusion construct to study NFκB signaling in vitro and in vivo.
Immunotherapeutic targeting of HSP90 client proteins in BRAF-inhibitor resistant melanoma

Meeting abstracts Therapy options for patients with advanced stage melanoma have improved steadily over the past decade, with recent clinical successes noted for BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi). BRAFi such as dabrafenib are highly specific for BRAF mutant, BRAFV600E, which is expressed in approximately 50
Electromagnetic Properties of Flaky Carbonyl Iron Particles Produced By High-energy Ball Milling

The fabrication and electromagnetic properties of flaky carbonyl iron particles produced by high-energy planetary ball milling in different rotating speed and time were studied.The results show that when the ball milling rotating speed is 200 r/min,carbonyl iron particles turn into flake-like structure after milling,and the aspect ratio of the powders increases with the milling time increasing,the complex permittivity and permeability improve.The aspect ratio increases with the ball milling speed increasing while plenty of flaky iron particles turn into fine,flour particles,which result in the deterioration of the magnetic properties.When the ball milling rotating speed is 200 r/min,the microwave absorbing materials containing the flaky carbonyl iron particles obtained by ball milling after 16 h exhibit a reflection less than-10 dB in the 418 GHz frequency range with a maximal peak of-29 dB.
The Neglected Inguinal Hernia

The pediatric indirect inguinal hernia is by far the most common anomaly requiring surgical correction. Modern advances in pediatric surgical and anesthetic techniques and the improved preoperative and postoperative care of children have made the elective pediatric herniorrhaphy a remarkably safe procedure. Many centers in this country and abroad are treating the uncomplicated inguinal hernia in infants and children in the outpatient clinic. The safety of this practice is impressive even in the very young.
Radio Propagation in a Plasma

The behavior of radio waves in the terrestrial ionosphere has been meticulously described in several well-known texts and monographs, such as those by Rawer (1952), Mitra (1952), Ratcliffe (1959), Kelso (1964), Davies (1965, 1969, 1990), Wait (1970), Yeh and Liu (1972), Budden (1985), Kelley (1989). The purpose of this chapter is to review the fundamental processes whereby radio waves interact with the ionosphere, thereby laying a foundation for our understanding of the various radio techniques to be described in following chapters. Detailed derivations will not be given, since they are contained in the books cited above. Some of the most important aspects of the historical development of magnetoionic theory can be found in the works of Gillmor (1984). Salient points in the development of theories which describe the propagation of radio waves in the ionosphere will be included as each new topic is introduced. A very interesting bit of historical research on the origin of the term “ionosphere” was reported by Gillmor (1976), who concluded that Sir Robert Watson-Watt coined the term in a letter to the secretary of the British Radio Research Board in 1926. The acceptance of the term was aided by H. Plendl as “die Ionosphare” and it came into wide use during the period 1932–1934 when Watson-Watt, Appleton, Ratcliffe, Dieminger, Ranzi, Martyn, Mitra, and others used the term in papers and books. Before the term “ionosphere” was accepted, it was variously called the Kennelly-Heaviside layer, the upper conducting layer, the ionized upper atmosphere, and other rather ponderous names!
Grazing-incidence dye laser: current status

Recently a modified form of the grazing-incidence pulsed dye laser was described.1 This new form is virtually identical to the previous one2 except that care was taken to create a compact geometrical arrangement of elements that assured a well-defined optical path. The major changes were the adoption of longitudinal pumping, the use of a much smaller flowing dye cell (2-mm path length), and an increase in the fractional portion of the cavity occupied by the diffraction grating.
Physical protection system design.

This chapter discusses various aspects of the physical protection system (PPS). Once a PPS is designed or characterized, it must be analyzed and evaluated to ensure that it meets the physical protection objectives. The PPS design must allow the combination of protection elements working together to assure protection rather than regarding each feature separately. Implementation of the PPS design addresses the systematic and integrated protection of assets in anticipation of adversary attacks, rather than in reaction to attacks after they occur. PPS system performs better if detection is as far from the target as possible and delays are near the target. In addition, there is close association between detection and assessment. The ultimate objective of a PPS is to prevent the accomplishment of overt or covert malevolent actions and these objectives are accomplished by either deterrence or a combination of detection, delay, and response. Delay is the slowing down of adversary progress and it can be accomplished by people, barriers, locks, and activated delays. The relationship of PPS functions is also elaborated in the chapter.
Geometric optimization and mechanical risk mmitigation in 2.5D flip-chip packages using parametric finite element analysis (FEA) simulations

This study is focused on geometric optimization of a 2.5D interposer based single die flip-chip package. Parametric analyses using the well-established global-local finite element method (FEM) technique have been conducted on the package at both the pre and post encapsulation (or underfill) stages. At the pre and post encapsulation phases, effects of geometric parameters which included variations in silicon die dimensions, interposer dimensions and substrate dimensions were analyzed to determine the corresponding mechanical risks associated during the die bonding and capping process. The geometric optimization at the macro-scale was focused on reducing die-underfill shear stresses and strains in the thermal interface material (TIM). At the local level, studies were geared towards understanding the impact of geometric variables on the solder inelastic strain and stresses within the back end of the line layers within the chip. The results presented from both these modeling analyses will provide configurations that reduce the overall mechanical risks in 2.5D packages and provide guidelines for geometric optimization of such packages.
Self-Centered Inequity Aversion and the Mass Politics of Taxation

The politics of economic crises brings distributive economic conflict to the fore of national political debates. How policy should be used to transfer resources between citizens becomes a central p...
Full Range Analysis of Eccentrically Stiffened Plates

A method of analysis of eccentrically stiffened plate structures in the elastic-plastic range is presented. The method, which is based on the incremental finite element displacement approach, employs layered beam elements attached to layered plate elements in order to be able to describe the process of plastification. The developed approach allows studying of the entire load-deformation behavior and of the process of plastification of complex shaped and loaded stiffened plate structures and, therefore, will ultimately permit a more rational design of such structures.
Leader Talk and the Creative Spark: A Research Note on How Leader Motivating Language Use Influences Follower Creative Environment Perceptions

Garden variety creativity has a vital but often overlooked role in business. Garden variety creativity happens whenever someone develops a new way of dealing with a workplace issue. It contrasts wi...
Management of complications of sacral neuromodulation

Abstract Sacral neuromodulation is an effective treatment strategy for fecal incontinence. This is a minimally invasive technique that has significant improvement over medical therapy. Complications related to sacral nerve stimulator placement include pocket complications, lead complications, infection, pain, and lack or loss of efficacy. While most complications can be managed by conservative means including medication or reprogramming, the reoperation rate for sacral nerve stimulation can be as high as 39%, including replacement of a lead, battery, or complete explant of the device. More study is needed to determine the risk factors for these complications and preventative measures.
Introduction: Nanotechnology, Society, and Ethics*

Foreword The Double Language of Science, and Why It Is So Difficult to Have a Proper Public Debate about the Nanotechnology Program, Jean-Pierre Dupuy Introduction Nanotechnology, Society and Ethics,Patrick Lin and Fritz Allhoff 1. Foundational Issues.1.1 On the Autonomy and Justification of Nanoethics, Fritz Allhoff 1.2 The Presumptive Case for Nanotechnology, Paul B. Thompson 1.3 The Bearable Newness of Nanoscience, or: How Not to Get Regulated Out of Business, Arthur Zucker 2. Risk & Regulation.2.1 Ethics, Risk, and Nanotechnology: Responsible Approaches to Dealing with Risk, Commission de l'Ethique de la Science et de la Technologie (CEST) 2.2 Intuitive Toxicology: The Public Perception of Nanoscience, David M. Berube 2.3 Environmentalism Holism and Nanotechnology, Thomas M. Powers 3. Industry & Policy.3.1 Nanotechnology's Future: Considerations for the Professional, Ashley Shew 3.2 The Tangled Web of Tiny Things: Privacy Implications of Nano-electronics, Jeroen van den Hoven 3.3 Carbon Nanotube Patent Thickets, Drew L. Harris 4. The Human Condition.4.1 Ethical Aspects of Nanomedicine: A Condensed Version of the EGE Opinion 21, European Group on Ethics 4.2 Emerging Issues in Nanomedicine and Ethics, Raj Bawa and Summer Johnson 4.3 Nanoscience, Nanoscientists, and Controversy, Jason Scott Robert 5. Global Issues.5.1 Nanotechnology and the Poor: Opportunities and Risks for Developing Countries, Todd F. Barker, Leili Fatehi, Michael T. Lesnick, Timothy J. Mealey, Rex R. Raimond 5.2 Cultural Diversity in Nanotechnology Ethics, Joachim Schummer 5.3 Transnational Nanotechnology Governance: A Comparison of the US and China, Evan S. Michelson and David Rejeski
Análisis de la redistribución de las regalías en la región del llano. periodo 2011-2014

At the beginning of the 21st century, those economies with extensive production of raw materials saw their incomes and investment levels grow in this sector. The Colombian economy was not the exception, and in recent years, the main activities that have driven economic growth are those related to mining and hydrocarbons, which demand changes in its administration. For this reason, the Government in the economic and fiscal framework policy promoted a series of reforms that created the General System of Royalties, in order to improve conditions of social and regional equity, and in turn promote the development of the country through the redirecting these to the whole national territory. The purpose of this research is to analyze of royalties in the Region of the Llano period 2011-2014, through the behavior of the Regional Compensation Fund in the reallocation of resources between the producing and non-producing departments.
Quantitative analysis of temporal structure in Cuban guaguancó drumming

We examine the temporal properties of cyclical drumming patterns in an expert performance of Afro-Cuban rumba recorded in Santiago de Cuba. Quantitative analysis of over 9,000 percussion onsets col...
Use of Shed Snake Skin as a Model Membrane for in Vitro Percutaneous Penetration Studies: Comparison with Human Skin

The potential usefulness of shed snake skin as a model membrane for transdermal research was examined. There are similarities between shed snake skin and human stratum corneum in terms of structure, composition, lipid content, water permeability, etc. The permeability of various compounds and the contribution of several functional groups to the permeability were also found to be similar between shed snake skin and human skin. Moreover, the permeability of compounds through shed snake skin was increased by Azone, one of the most extensively studied transdermal penetration enhancers. Considering the similarities between shed snake skin and human skin, ease of storage and handling, and low cost, shed snake skin may offer a good model membrane for transdermal research.
Phase response theory explains cluster formation in sparsely but strongly connected inhibitory neural networks and effects of jitter due to sparse connectivity.

We show that jitter induced by sparse connectivity can destabilize global synchrony but not a two-cluster state with two smaller clusters firing alternately. On the other hand, conduction delays st...
Circadian lipid synthesis in brown fat maintains murine body temperature during chronic cold

Ambient temperature influences the molecular clock and lipid metabolism, but the impact of chronic cold exposure on circadian lipid metabolism in thermogenic brown adipose tissue (BAT) has not been studied. Here we show that during chronic cold exposure (1 wk at 4 °C), genes controlling de novo lipogenesis (DNL) including Srebp1, the master transcriptional regulator of DNL, acquired high-amplitude circadian rhythms in thermogenic BAT. These conditions activated mechanistic target of rapamycin 1 (mTORC1), an inducer of Srebp1 expression, and engaged circadian transcriptional repressors REV-ERBα and β as rhythmic regulators of Srebp1 in BAT. SREBP was required in BAT for the thermogenic response to norepinephrine, and depletion of SREBP prevented maintenance of body temperature both during circadian cycles as well as during fasting of chronically cold mice. By contrast, deletion of REV-ERBα and β in BAT allowed mice to maintain their body temperature in chronic cold. Thus, the environmental challenge of prolonged noncircadian exposure to cold temperature induces circadian induction of SREBP1 that drives fuel synthesis in BAT and is necessary to maintain circadian body temperature during chronic cold exposure. The requirement for BAT fatty acid synthesis has broad implications for adaptation to cold.
Occupational Participation and Quality of Life in Persons With Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease (cGVHD): An Exploratory Study

Date Presented 04/05/19 This study explored the relationship between participation and quality of life (QOL) in transplant survivors with cGVHD. Participants lost nearly 30% of their global participation following the onset of cGVHD. Losses were especially notable in high-demand leisure activities. Retained global activity was associated with better physical and mental QOL. OTs can play a key role in promoting participation and well-being among persons with cGVHD. Primary Author and Speaker: Emily Rosenthal Contributing Authors: Sandra Mitchell, Steven Pavletic, Leora Comis
Differences in Female and Male-to-Female Transgender Facial Skin Micro-Vessel Density.

Importance: The risk of hematoma formation after rhytidectomy is gender associated and can lead to postoperative complications. The literature to help explain and elucidate the mechanism behind thi...
Evaluation of the entrustable professional activities (EPAs) of the population health promoter domain by North Dakota pharmacists.

Background Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) are a list of professional tasks that pharmacy educational organizations support, and accreditation organizations encourage, for assessment by colleges and schools of pharmacy. Objective This manuscript evaluates the perceived frequency of performing EPAs in the population health promoter (PHP) domain among pharmacists practicing in North Dakota. Methods This survey evaluated the self-reported EPA activities of registered pharmacists living and practicing in North Dakota. For EPAs and supporting tasks in the 6 domains (including the PHP domain), respondents were asked to self-report the number of times during the last 30 days that they perform the task, using a 6 point response scale (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more times). There were 990 pharmacists surveyed, and 457 (46.1%) of pharmacists responded. Results Within the PHP domain, pharmacists reported performing "Minimize adverse drug events and medication errors" most frequently (mean=3.4, SD=2.0), followed by "Ensure that patients have been immunized against vaccine-preventable diseases" (mean=2.3, SD 2.3), "Maximize the appropriate use of medications in a population" (mean=2.2, SD 2.3), and "Identify patients at risk for prevalent diseases in a population" (mean=1.3, SD=1.9). In these Core EPAs PHP domains, the clinical pharmacists reported the highest level, followed by pharmacy managers and staff pharmacists. Conclusions Pharmacists in North Dakota currently perform some population health promoter activities, but not at a consistent and high level. Most of the health prevention activities were medication-related and oriented towards individual patients (micro-level), rather than at a community (population-based) macro-level.
Successful Strategies for IPv6 Rollouts. Really.: Knowing where to begin is half the battle.

The design of TCP/IP began in 1973 when Robert Kahn and I started to explore the ramifications of interconnecting different kinds of packet-switched networks. We published a concept paper in May 1974, and a fairly complete specification for TCP was published in December 1974. By the end of 1975, several implementations had been completed and many problems were identified. Iteration began, and by 1977 it was concluded that TCP (by now called Transmission Control Protocol) should be split into two protocols: a simple Internet Protocol that carried datagrams end to end through packet networks interconnected through gateways; and a TCP that managed the flow and sequencing of packets exchanged between hosts on the contemplated Internet. This split allowed for the possibility of realtime but possibly lossy and unsequenced packet delivery to support packet voice, video, radar, and other realtime streams.
Proposed Framework for complete analysis when teaching Regression in Supervised Machine Learning.

It could be challenging for students and instructors to piece together a different regression concepts to coherently perform a complete data analysis. I propose using a framework which reinforces the detailed steps towards regression in Supervised Machine Learning, to be reiterated throughout the coursework. This is based on past literatures supporting reiterated and systematic teaching. Such could also mitigate the applicable and visible educational gap between Novices and Experts in teaching such concepts to Primary and Secondary School students.
A descriptive pilot study of the immediate impacts of COVID-19 on dental and dental hygiene students' readiness and wellness.

Background The ongoing novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted dental students training across the U.S. academic dental institutions by moving classroom instruction to an online modality, limiting patient care, canceling external rotations, and rescheduling of licensure examinations. Objective The aim of this study was to assess the immediate impacts of COVID-19 on students' readiness to enter clinical practice or residency and its association with well-being (anxiety, perceived stress, coping and social support, and resilience). Methods An online REDCap survey was distributed to 407 D1-D4 year dental students and 29 DH3-DH4 year dental hygiene students enrolled at a U.S. dental school. The survey consisted of readiness and wellness measures as well as socio-demographic variables. Results Overall response rate was 58% (N = 252) ranging from 40% among D4 students to 72% among D1 students. About half (55%) of the respondents were White, a third (34%) Asians and 5% were African Americans. Ninety-two percent were non-Hispanics while 62% were female. Overall mean (SD) anxiety score was 6.5 (5.3) and 26% of respondents reported moderate or severe levels of anxiety. Anxiety score differed significantly by gender with females reporting higher anxiety levels, mean (SD) = 7.3 (5.5) versus 5.2 (4.7) for males; P = 0.002). Furthermore, mean anxiety score differed significantly among the dental school classes, ranging from 5.5 (5.3) among D2 students to 11.8 (6.2) in DH4 students (P = 0.02). Conclusion Academic dental institutions need to be responsive to the heightened anxiety and uncertainly levels of students and provide responsive training and support to mitigate its effects.
Solution size variation of linear and dendritic bis-MPA analogs using DOSY-1H NMR

Dendrimers are globular, multi-functional, monodisperse macromolecules with perfect structure fidelity. Their architecture is composed of a series of branched polymeric arms, composed within “wedges”, that emanate from a central core. Their structure contains a high density of functional groups located at their periphery, referred to as the “outer shell”. Due to their globular structure, it is assumed that the relative “size” of a dendrimer does not fluctuate greatly between solvents. This may be due to the inability of the branched arms, or wedges, to significantly expand or collapse (comparative to analogous linear polymers) owing to steric barriers from branching, especially at higher generations. In contrast, it is expected that a linear polymer, of similar molecular weight to a dendrimer analog, would have a greater degree of size variation dependent on solvent-polymer interactions. This stems from its innate flexibility and greater conformational flexibility. For this investigation, analogous dendritic and linear bis-MPA polyesters as well as poly(caprolactone) (PCL) were analyzed using size-measuring techniques including gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and diffusion ordered spectroscopy-nuclear magnetic resonance (DOSY-1H NMR).
Data-based negotiator allocation management

Abstract Negotiation abilities are difficult to assess, and negotiation outcomes are difficult to predict. This leads to possible deficiencies in resource allocation for negotiation tasks. In this article, we discuss the merits of a data-based approach for the allocation of negotiators to negotiation tasks. We provide a framework for negotiation allocation management that includes a method for assessing negotiator strength. The negotiator strength measure compares observable negotiation outcomes relative to similar outcomes in similar situations. We provide examples for using our framework and show evidence for its appeal when using industry data. We discuss implications for managers and provide key takeaways.
The Political Economy of Reviving Industrial Policy in Uganda

Industrial policy is enjoying a resurgence. Though the revival of industrial policies has been generally associated with the prioritisation of increasing exports, several African countries have int...
Drawing Boundaries around PARADISE.

Fight-or-flight systems evolved to support humans through acute physiological threats that are now less common than chronic cardiovascular stress. Progressive activation of the sympathetic nervous ...
A practical depth-of-interaction PET/MR detector with dichotomous-orthogonal-symmetry decoding.

Conventional dual-end depth-of-interaction (DOI) PET detector readout requires two 2D SiPM arrays; with top and bottom SiPM reading the same pixel, there is information redundancy. We proposed a dichotomous-orthogonal-symmetric (DOS) dual-end DOI readout to eliminate this redundancy to significantly reduce SiPM usage, electronic channels, and heat load. Reflecting films are used within the scintillator array to channel light exiting the top along the X-direction, while light exiting the bottom is channeled along the orthogonal Y-direction. Despite the unidirectional channeling on each end, the top readout can provide X-Y information using two 1-D SiPM arrays; similarly, the bottom readout also provides X-Y information with two 1-D SiPM arrays. Thus four 1-D SiPM arrays (4xN) are used to decode XYZ to replace two 2D SiPM arrays (2NxN); SiPM usage is reduced from 2N**2 to 4N. Monte Carlo simulations (GATE) were carried out to study the XY decoding accuracy, energy resolution, and DOI resolution. Coupling the DOS-DOI design with a channel-decoding scheme, an array of 15x15 LSO (2.4x2.4x20 mm pixels) can be decoded by 18 SiPMs (2 rows of nine 3x3mm SiPM) on top and 18 SiPMs at bottom, thus achieving a 10X reduction in SiPM usage, electronic channels and heat load. For BGO detectors, an 8x8 array (2.4x2.4x20 mm pixels) can be achieved with 6.4X reduction. Simulations show 5-6mm DOI resolution, 0.45-0.96mm XY decoding blurring, 20-24% energy resolution. This study shows the feasibility of the DOS-DOI design. Even comparing to non-DOI detectors, there is a 5X/3X SiPM reduction for LSO/BGO. The proposed detector may yield practical ultrahigh-resolution PET/MR systems with depth-of-interaction with a production cost below current non-DOI systems.