cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal-aware processing-in-memory instruction offloading

Abstract With the advent of die stacking technology and big data applications, Processing-in-memory (PIM) is regaining attention as a promising technology for improving performance and energy efficiency. Although various PIM techniques have been proposed in recent studies for effectively offloading computation from the host, the thermal impacts of PIM offloading have not been fully explored. This paper investigates the thermal constraints of PIM and proposes techniques to enable thermal awareness for efficient PIM offloading. To understand the thermal effects of 3D-stacked designs, we measure the temperature of a real Hybrid Memory Cube (HMC) prototype and observe that compared to conventional DRAM, HMC reaches a significantly higher operating temperature, which causes thermal shutdowns with a passive cooling solution. Even with a commodity-server cooling solution, when in-memory processing is highly utilized, HMC fails to maintain the temperature of the memory dies within the normal operating range. In this paper, we propose a collection of software- and hardware-based techniques to enable thermal-aware PIM offloading by controlling the intensity of PIM offloading at runtime. Our evaluation results show that the proposed techniques achieve up to 1.4 × and 1.37 × speedups compared to non-offloading and naive offloading scenarios.
Species Association Among Predaceous and Phytophagous Apple Mites (Acari: Eriophyidae, Phytoseiidae, Stigmaeidae, Tetranychidae)

Predator–predator, predator–prey, and prey–prey associations among nine species of mites were studied in a plot of 100 “Red Delicious” apple (Malus pumila Miller) trees from 1990 to 1997. In 1990, seven-year-old trees were inoculated with Panonychus ulmi (Koch), Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) or both, and sprayed with azinphosmethyl (alone or plus endosulfan), or nothing. The species Zetzellia mali (Ewing) (Acari: Stigmaeidae), Amblyseius andersoni Chant (Acari: Phytoseiidae), Eotetranychus sp., Bryobia rubrioculus (Scheuten) (Acari: Tetranychidae), and Aculus schlechtendali Nalepa (Acari: Eriophyidae) were already present or immigrated into plots, and Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt) and Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten (Acari: Phytoseiidae) were introduced. Yule's V association index was used to measure positive, neutral, or negative interspecific associations for each species pair, because of its robustness with spatially autocorrelated data. We found that pesticide and release treatments did not greatly affect the association results, but there were strong seasonal differences. Predator–predator associations were the strongest and most consistent, showing negative associations in the early and mid seasons, and neutral ones in late season. Negative associations of T. pyri with other predators were the strongest, which is consistent with evidence that this mite can detect other predators on a leaf. Predator–prey seasonal associations were mixed, with some positive and others negative, with most significant associations occurring in the mid season. One prey–prey interaction was positive, again in mid season, most likely because of similar habitat preferences.
Digital humanities, libraries, and collaborative research: New technologies for digital textual studies

How can librarians at college and undergraduate libraries contribute to digital humanities research? This study describes The Greek Key, a working prototype Virtual Research Environment (VRE) for t...
Localized Actual Meteorological Year File Creator (LAF): A tool for using locally observed weather data in building energy simulations

Abstract The Localized Actual Meteorological Year File Creator (LAF) application provides web-based access to real meteorological data and processes it into a weather file suitable for building energy modeling. Building energy consumption is affected by what is inside the building (such as occupants, appliances, HVAC systems, etc.) and by what is outside: the weather conditions the building is exposed to. However, freely available weather data files are limited to a number of specific locations, usually airports, which are often located away from city centers where buildings are concentrated. The authors have developed a new tool that supports the investigation and quantification of micro-climate conditions on building energy consumption. LAF is built on the Python open-source programming language and has a Graphical User Interface (GUI) that allows users to create custom weather data files for building energy simulations. Many sets of actual meteorological year weather data for long time periods are publicly available online (such as the MesoWest database) for thousands of locations in the US. LAF selects weather data according to user specifications and automatically processes it through an API across multiple weather stations and multiple time periods. The user may easily select a specific location, time frame, and time step that best meets their needs. This article presents a useful tool for energy modelers, building designers and operators to assist with building performance analysis and optimization.
Determining Emotional Tone and Verbal Behavior in Patients With Tinnitus and Hyperacusis: An Exploratory Mixed-Methods Study

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the emotional tone and verbal behavior of social media users who self-identified as having tinnitus and/or hyperacusis that caused self-described n...
Development of Overgeneral Autobiographical Memory in Offspring of Depressed Mothers.

Maternal depression increases the risk for offspring cognitive vulnerabilities, which may be a mechanism underlying the intergenerational transmission of depression. Little is known about how cogni...
Estimating Pedestrian Moving State Based on Single 2D Body Pose.

The Crossing or Not-Crossing (C/NC) problem is important to autonomous vehicles (AVs) for safe vehicle/pedestrian interactions. However, this problem setup often ignores pedestrians walking along the direction of the vehicles' movement (LONG). To enhance the AVs' awareness of pedestrians behavior, we make the first step towards extending the C/NC to the C/NC/LONG problem and recognize them based on single body pose. In contrast, previous C/NC state classifiers depend on multiple poses or contextual information. Our proposed shallow neural network classifier aims to recognize these three states swiftly. We tested it on the JAAD dataset and reported an average 81.23% accuracy. Furthermore, this model can be integrated with different sensors and algorithms that provide 2D pedestrian body pose so that it is able to function across multiple light and weather conditions.
FLASH HYDROPYROLYSIS AND METHANOLYSIS OF BIOMASS WITH HYDROGEN AND METHANE

The process chemistry of the flash pyrolysis of biomass (wood) with the reactive gases, H2 and CH4 and with the non-reactive gases He and N2 is being determined in a 1 in. downflow tubular reactor at pressures from 20 to 1000 psi and temperatures from 600 to 1000°C. With hydrogen, flash hydropyrolysis leads to high yields of methane and CO which can be used for SNG and methanol fuel production. With methane, flash methanolysis leads to high yields of ethylene, benzene and CO which can be used for the production of valuable chemical feedstocks and methanol transportation fuel. At reactor conditions of 50 psi and 1000°C and approximately 1 sec residence time, the yields based on pine wood carbon conversion are up to 30% for ethylene, 25% for benzene, and 45% for CO, indicating that over 90% of the carbon in pine is converted to valuable products. Pine wood produces higher yields of hydrocarbon products than Douglas fir wood; the yield of ethylene is 2.3 times higher with methane than with helium or nitrogen, and for pine, the ratio is 7.5 times higher. The mechanism appears to be a free radical reaction between CH4 and the pyrolyzed wood. There appears to be no net production or consumption of methane. A preliminary process design and analysis indicates an economically competitive system for the production of ethylene, benzene and methanol based on the methanolysis of wood.
Simulated production of OH, HO2, CH2O, and CO2 during dilute fuel oxidation can predict 1st-stage ignition delays

Abstract Chemical kinetics simulations are used to explore whether detailed measurements of relevant chemical species during the oxidation of very dilute fuels (less than 1 Torr partial pressure) in a high-pressure plug flow reactor (PFR) can predict autoignition propensity. We find that for many fuels the timescale for the onset of spontaneous oxidation in dilute fuel/air mixtures in a simple PFR is similar to the 1st-stage ignition delay time (IDT) at stoichiometric engine-relevant conditions. For those fuels that deviate from this simple trend, the deviation is closely related to the peak rate of production of OH, HO2, CH2O, and CO2 formed during oxidation. We use these insights to show that an accurate correlation between simulated profiles of these species in a PFR and 1st-stage IDT can be developed using convolutional neural networks. Our simulations suggest that the accuracy of such a correlation is 10–50%, which is appropriate for rapid fuel screening and may be sufficient for predictive fuel performance modeling.
Crying about a strategic wolf: A theory of crime and warning

Abstract We analyze cheap talk warnings about a strategic adversary, with applications to cybersecurity and national security. Each period an expert receives a noisy private signal about whether an attack by the adversary is feasible. The expert wants to warn a decision maker while also maintaining credibility for future warnings, but unlike in a standard cheap talk game, the adversary can undermine the expert's credibility by delaying attack. While such delays increase “warning fatigue,” they also make the expert less tempted to exaggerate so as to avoid too many false alarms. We show that the net effect of a strategic adversary can be better incentive alignment between the expert and decision maker that benefits them both. Moreover, we show that sometimes the expert and decision maker benefit from the expert's ability to exaggerate, as this can induce more defensive action and more strategic delay.
Sub-regional CO2 Storage Resource and Containment Assessment of Cambrian and Ordovician Formations in Eastern Ohio

The CO2 storage resources and containment effectiveness of deep Cambrian and Ordovician geologic formations were evaluated in eastern Ohio, USA, to evaluate the potential of geologic carbon storage to act as a greenhouse gas reduction strategy in the northwest sub-region of the Appalachian basin. Data compilation, geologic characterization, and storage reservoir and caprock feasibility assessments were conducted following systematic workflows that are consistent with other widely used and internationally recommended approaches for site screening, site selection, and resource classification. Results of this prospective storage resource assessment suggest there are suitable options for deep saline CO2 storage and containment in select areas of central and east-central Ohio. This study provides the foundation of technical expertise and knowledge required to advance carbon capture and storage in the Appalachian basin region. A continued effort is needed to conduct site-specific characterization and ranking of selected areas to determine qualified sites for CO2 injection in the eastern Ohio study area.
‘Aamir’s just a dork’: Ms. Marvel’s re-vision of Islam in America

Much of the scholarship to date on the phenomenally popular Kamala Khan focuses on ways this titular character of the Ms. Marvel comic series complicates constructions of gender, religion, and immi...
Sudden Unexplained Death in Epilepsy

Sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (SUDEP) accounts for 7–17% of deaths among people with epilepsy. Both cardiac and pulmonary derangement have been postulated as proximate causes. Patients with uncontrolled seizures are at greatest risk for SUDEP, and experiencing tonic-clonic seizures, taking multiple antiepileptic drugs and having coexisting neurologic disease further increase the risk.
Improved simulation of 19th-and 20th-century North Atlantic hurricane frequency after correcting historical sea surface temperatures

Confidence in dynamical and statistical hurricane prediction is rooted in the skillful reproduction of hurricane frequency using sea surface temperature (SST) patterns, but an ensemble of high-resolution atmospheric simulation extending to the 1880s indicates model-data disagreements that exceed those expected from documented uncertainties. We apply recently developed corrections for biases in historical SSTs that lead to revisions in tropical to subtropical SST gradients by ±0.1°C. Revised atmospheric simulations have 20% adjustments in the decadal variations of hurricane frequency and become more consistent with observations. The improved simulation skill from revised SST estimates not only supports the utility of high-resolution atmospheric models for hurricane projections but also highlights the need for accurate estimates of past and future patterns of SST changes.
Providing Palliative and Hospice Care to Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer.

Abstract Objectives To describe palliative, concurrent, and hospice care in pediatric oncology in the United States (US), we present a clinical scenario illustrating palliative and hospice care, including eligibility for concurrent care, insurance coverage and billing, barriers to accessing quality pediatric palliative and hospice care, and implications for oncology nursing practice. Data Sources Peer-reviewed articles, clinical practice guidelines, professional organizations, and expert clinical opinion examining pediatric oncology, palliative care, and hospice care. Conclusion Understanding the goals of palliative and hospice care and the differences between them is important in providing holistic, goal-directed care. Implications for Nursing Practice Oncology nurses play a pivotal role in supporting the goals of pediatric palliative care and hospice care and in educating patients and their families. Nurses form trusting relationships with pediatric oncology patients and their families and are in a position to advocate for best palliative care practices as disease progresses to end of life, including when appropriate concurrent care or hospice.
Immune Microenvironment Landscape in CNS Tumors and Role in Responses to Immunotherapy

Despite the important evolution of immunotherapeutic agents, brain tumors remain, in general, refractory to immune therapeutics. Recent discoveries have revealed that the glioma microenvironment includes a wide variety of immune cells in various states that play an important role in the process of tumorigenesis. Anti-tumor immune activity may be occurring or induced in immunogenic hot spots or at the invasive edge of central nervous system (CNS) tumors. Understanding the complex heterogeneity of the immune microenvironment in gliomas will likely be the key to unlocking the full potential of immunotherapeutic strategies. An essential consideration will be the induction of immunological effector responses in the setting of the numerous aspects of immunosuppression and evasion. As such, immune therapeutic combinations are a fundamental objective for clinical studies in gliomas. Through immune profiling conducted on immune competent murine models of glioma and ex vivo human glioma tissue, we will discuss how the frequency, distribution of immune cells within the microenvironment, and immune modulatory processes, may be therapeutically modulated to lead to clinical benefits.
The role of omalizumab in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis.

Introduction: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) poses a significant healthcare challenge, with diminished quality of life for patients and high costs and resource utilization for...
Priorities of Municipal Policy Makers in Relation to Physical Activity and the Built Environment: A Latent Class Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To examine policy makers' public policy priorities related to physical activity and the built environment, identify classes of policy makers based on priorities using latent class analysis, and assess factors associated with class membership. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey data from municipal officials in 94 cities and towns across 6 US states were analyzed. PARTICIPANTS: Participants (N = 423) were elected or appointed municipal officials spanning public health, planning, transportation/public works, community and economic development, parks and recreation, and city management. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Participants rated the importance of 11 policy areas (public health, physical activity, obesity, economic development, livability, climate change, air quality, natural resource conservation, traffic congestion, traffic safety, and needs of vulnerable populations) in their daily job responsibilities. Latent class analysis was used to determine response patterns and identify distinct classes based on officials' priorities. Logistic regression models assessed participant characteristics associated with class membership. RESULTS: Four classes of officials based on policy priorities emerged: (1) economic development and livability; (2) economic development and traffic concerns; (3) public health; and (4) general (all policy areas rated as highly important). Compared with class 4, officials in classes 1 and 3 were more likely to have a graduate degree, officials in class 2 were less likely to be in a public health job/department, and officials in class 3 were more likely to be in a public health job/department. CONCLUSIONS: Findings can guide public health professionals in framing discussions with policy makers to maximize physical activity potential of public policy initiatives, particularly economic development. Language: en
To Switch or Not to Switch? Phenotypic switching is sensitive to multiple inputs in a pathogenic fungus

Candida albicans is the most commonly isolated human fungal pathogen and uses a diverse repertoire of morphological transitions to aid colonization and infection. In a recent paper we discuss how one of these transitions, the white-to-opaque switch, is affected both by cell stress and by several other conditions that change the rate of cell growth. Based on our findings, we propose that the master regulator of the white-to-opaque switch, WOR1, acts as a sensitive monitor of both intrinsic and environmental conditions.
Competition as a rivalrous process

The Theory of Economic Equilibrium was written in the period of what George Shackle calls the “Years of High Theory”. Unlike the works that Shackle discusses, da Empoli’s volume received little attention and played no part in shaping the analytical formulations of the time. The Theory of Economic Equilibrium offered an alternative to the then conventional approach to the treatment of competition as an adjective. For da Empoli, competition was a rivalrous process, a verb. It is arguable that had da Empoli’s formulations found their way into the literature of the time, the recent revival of interest in competition as a process would now be at a more advanced state.
Low-Cost Interface Using a Parallel Port and Visual Basic

The design of a low-cost interface is described that uses the parallel port of a PC to control experiments that require from 1 to 8 outputs in combination with 1 to 4 inputs using the programming language Visual Basic® 2008 Express Edition that is freely distributed. This interface allows for controlling response-input consoles and experimental chambers that can be used in experiments with humans and nonhuman animals using only a computer. To facilitate the application of the interface in experiments on behavior analysis, the use of micro switches and photobeam sensors for recording responses as well as the use of devices controlled via micro relays is described.
Purification and Properties of the Acetohydroxy Acid Isomeroreductase of Salmonella typhimurium

α-Acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase, which catalyzes both the second step specific to valine biosynthesis and the third step specific to isoleucine biosynthesis, has been purified from derepressed Salmonella typhimurium. The enzyme appears to be homogeneous in the ultracentrifuge and by immunodiffusion in agar. The molecular weight, as determined by sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation, is approximately 220,000. The enzyme is stereospecific for the B side of NADPH. At pH 7.5, the optimal pH for the isomeroreductase, the reversibility of the reaction cannot be shown, but at higher values the reaction is readily reversible. The pH optimum of the reverse reaction is about 9.4. The purified enzyme catalyzes the isomerization of α-keto-β-hydroxyisovalerate to α-acetolactate and the NADPH-linked reduction of α-keto-β-hydroxyisovalerate to α,β-dihydroxyisovalerate as well as the over-all conversion of α-acetolactate to α,β-dihydroxyisovalerate. The ratio of these activities remains constant during purification and the coenzyme and Mg++ requirements suggest that the isomerase and reductase activities are inherent properties of the enzyme. However, experiments with labeled substrate indicate that α-keto-β-hydroxyisovalerate is not a free intermediate of the over-all reaction.
Role of IL-18 in Acute Lung Inflammation

We have examined the role of IL-18 after acute lung inflammation in rats caused by intrapulmonary deposition of IgG immune complexes. Constitutive IL-18 mRNA and protein expression (precursor form, 26 kDa) were found in normal rat lung, whereas in inflamed lungs, IL-18 mRNA was up-regulated; in bronchoalveolar (BAL) fluids, the 26-kDa protein form of IL-18 was increased at 2–4 h in inflamed lungs and remained elevated at 24 h, and the “mature” protein form of IL-18 (18 kDa) appeared in BAL fluids 1–8 h after onset of inflammation. ELISA studies confirmed induction of IL-18 in inflamed lungs (in lung homogenates and in BAL fluids). Prominent immunostaining for IL-18 was found in alveolar macrophages from inflamed lungs. When rat lung macrophages, fibroblasts, type II cells, and endothelial cells were cultured in vitro with LPS, only the first two produced IL-18. Intratracheal administration of rat recombinant IL-18 in the lung model caused significant increases in lung vascular permeability and in BAL content of neutrophils and in BAL content of TNF-α, IL-1β, and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant, whereas intratracheal instillation of anti-IL-18 greatly reduced these changes and prevented increases in BAL content of IFN-γ. Intratracheal administration of the natural antagonist of IL-18, IL-18 binding protein, resulted in suppressed lung vascular permeability and decreased BAL content of neutrophils, cytokines, and chemokines. These findings suggest that endogenous IL-18 functions as a proinflammatory cytokine in this model of acute lung inflammation, serving as an autocrine activator to bring about expression of other inflammatory mediators.
A First Course in Differential Equations

Preface to the Third Edition.-1. First-Order Differential Equations.- 2. Second-Order Linear Equations.- 3. Laplace Transforms.- 4. Linear Systems.- 5. Nonlinear Systems.- 6. Computation of Solutions.- Appendix A. Review and Supplementary Exercises.-Appendix B. Matlab(R) Supplement.- References.- Index.
Is Corporate Social Responsibilty a Determinant Factor on Revenue and Profits? A Study on Top 100 Canadian Manufacturing Companies

This study explores the effects of Corporate Social Responsibilty (CSR) activities on reveue and profits of the top 100 manufacturing companies of Canada. Each company`s most recent annual report (2010 or 2009) has been studied and CSR activities have been noted. The data then analyzed to measure the effects of three major CSR activity headings, namely employee, environment and community on revenue and profit. The analysis consist of each major activity and its related categories. Firstly, each activity and its categories individually matched against revenue and results are analysed. Secondly activities and their categories jointly matched agains revenue and profit and results are analysed. Thirdly, the impact of activities are analysed to substantiate if there is a relation between a particular industry and CSR activities. Findings show that, profit sharing, design of ecofriendly products, membership to an international environmental organization, supporting community`s health and arts and culture are the categories that effect companies` revenue and profitability and CSR issues are not industry specific on the contrary it is an across the board issue.
Amino acid analyses of R and CK chondrites

Exogenous delivery of amino acids and other organic molecules to planetary surfaces may have played an important role in the origins of life on Earth and other solar system bodies. Previous studies have revealed the presence of indigenous amino acids in a wide range of carbon-rich meteorites, with the abundances and structural distributions differing significantly depending on parent body mineralogy and alteration conditions. Here we report on the amino acid abundances of seven type 3–6 CK chondrites and two Rumuruti (R) chondrites. Amino acid measurements were made on hot water extracts from these meteorites by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Of the nine meteorites analyzed, four were depleted in amino acids, and one had experienced significant amino acid contamination by terrestrial biology. The remaining four, comprised of two R and two CK chondrites, contained low levels of amino acids that were predominantly the straight chain, amino-terminal (n-ω-amino) acids β-alanine, and γ-amino-n-butyric acid. This amino acid distribution is similar to what we reported previously for thermally altered ureilites and CV and CO chondrites, and these n-ω-amino acids appear to be indigenous to the meteorites and not the result of terrestrial contamination. The amino acids may have been formed by Fischer–Tropsch-type reactions, although this hypothesis needs further testing.
Sublingual immunization with an engineered Bacillus subtilis strain expressing tetanus toxin fragment C induces systemic and mucosal immune responses in piglets.

Abstract Sublingual (SL) and intranasal (IN) administration of a Bacillus subtilis -based tetanus vaccine was tested in piglets, which more closely mimic the human immune system than mice. Piglets were immunized by the SL, IN or oral routes with vaccine expressing tetanus toxin fragment C, or commercial tetanus vaccine given by intramuscular injection as a control. Tetanus toxoid specific ELISA and passive neutralization tests were used to measure IgG and IgA levels in serum and mucosal secretions, and assess protective serum antibodies, respectively. The nature of the immune response was explored by MHC Class II, TGF-β1 expression, and ELISA assays for multiple cytokines. SL or IN immunization of piglets induced neutralizing tetanus toxoid specific serum antibody and local salivary and vaginal IgA responses. Standard tetanus vaccine resulted in systemic antibodies, whereas oral administration of the Bacillus -based vaccine was ineffective. Further analyses indicated a balanced Th1/Th2 response to SL or IN immunization. Conclusion This study demonstrates for the first time that SL or IN administration is effective for inducing both systemic and mucosal responses in a piglet model, indicating that SL or IN delivery of a B . subtilis -based tetanus vaccine can be a simple, non-invasive, low cost strategy to induce immunity to tetanus.
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR CLINICAL PHOTOGRAPHY IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH

Clinical photography is an important tool for teaching practitioners and field workers about the clinical manifestations of famine and undernutrition, particularly with respect to the Global South. Current international guidelines for clinical photography are not consistently applied or enforced, which has led to violations of privacy and rights, particularly for patients and victims of disaster in the Global South. Combining existing clinical photography guidelines from the North with ongoing clinical ethics debates in the South, this paper explores approaches to establishing photography guidelines throughout the world that will be sensitive to the privacy and dignities of all patients and victims of emergencies.
Effect of Cocaine-Related Environmental Stimuli on the Spontaneous Electroencephalogram in Polydrug Abusers

Relationships between the spontaneous electroencephalogram (EEG), self-reports of cocaine craving, and cerebral glucose metabolism, determined using 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose and positron emission tomography, were assessed during the presentation of either neutral or cocaine-related environmental stimuli. In cocaine users but not non-drug-abusing controls, EEG power in the alpha1 and alpha2 frequency bands was significantly lowered during presentation of the drug-related stimuli when compared with the neutral test session. Decreases in alpha1 power were negatively correlated with increases in global glucose metabolism but were not correlated with either the time course or the magnitude of craving throughout the 30-min test session. Although EEG desynchronization is related to global brain metabolism, the difference in the time courses between EEG power and craving suggests that self-reports of cue-elicited cocaine craving do not simply reflect increases in the state of cortical arousal.
Bulk and surface plasmons and localization effects in finite superlattices.

We consider the propagation of bulk and surface plasmons in a finite superlattice structure composed of alternating layers of materials A and B, with the whole structure resting on a substrate. An implicit dispersion relation is derived allowing the dielectric constant of each material to be a function of frequency. We then present numerical examples for the case where material A is a metal and the remaining materials have frequency-independent dielectric constants. We explore three types of material configurations: (1) a finite number of layers of A and all other materials being taken with \ensuremath{\epsilon}=1; (2) the same as case (1), but here with the dielectric constant of material B increased by 5%; and (3) a realistic geometry appropriate for Al films separated by ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ layers on a ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ substrate. The dispersion curves in case (1) are similar to those for an infinite superlattice of the same material parameters. The primary difference is that for thin superlattice structures, there is a splitting of the frequencies of the surface modes. In case (2) the symmetry of the system is lowered and there is strong localization, particularly for the surface modes. Case (3) also shows unique features, the most interesting being the existence of a mode which changes character from bulk nature to a surface mode and then back to a bulk mode.
PGCapping: exploiting power gating for power capping and core lifetime balancing in CMPs

Optimizing the performance of a chip multiprocessor (CMP) within a power cap has recently received a lot of attention. However, most existing solutions rely solely on DVFS, which is anticipated to have only limited actuation ranges in the future. Power gating shuts down idling cores in a CMP, such that more power can be shifted to the cores that run applications for better CMP performance. However, current preliminary studies on integrating the two knobs focus on deciding the power gating and DVFS levels in a tightly coupled fashion, with much less attention given to the direction of decoupled designs. By decoupling the two knobs that may interfere with each other, individual knob management algorithms can be less complex and more efficient to take advantage of the characteristics of different knobs. This paper proposes PGCapping, a decoupled design to integrate power gating with DVFS for CMP power capping. To fully utilize the power headroom that is reserved through power gating, PGCapping enables per-core overclocking on turned-on cores that run sequential applications. However, per-core overclocking may make some cores age much faster than others and thus become the reliability bottleneck in the whole system. Therefore, PGCapping also uses power gating to balance the core lifetimes. Our empirical results on a hardware testbed show that the proposed scheme achieves up to 42.0% better average application performance than five state-of-the-art power capping baselines for realistic multi-core applications, i.e., a mixed group of PARSEC and SPEC CPU2006 benchmarks. Furthermore, our extensive simulation results with real-world traces demonstrate that a lightweight lifetime balancing algorithm (based on power gating) can increase the CMP lifetime by 9.2% on average.
Mineralization of Collagen May Occur on Fibril Surfaces: Evidence from Conventional and High-Voltage Electron Microscopy and Three-Dimensional Imaging

The interaction between collagen and mineral crystals in the normally calcifying leg tendons from the domestic turkey, Meleagris gallopavo, has been investigated at an ultrastructural level with conventional and high-voltage electron microscopy, computed tomography, and three-dimensional image reconstruction methods. Specimens treated by either aqueous or anhydrous techniques and resin-embedded were appropriately sectioned and regions of early tendon mineralization were photographed. On the basis of individual photomicrographs, stereoscopic pairs of images, and tomographic three-dimensional image reconstructions, platelet-shaped crystals may be demonstrated for the first time in association with the surface of collagen fibrils. Mineral is also observed in closely parallel arrays within collagen hole and overlap zones. The mineral deposition at these spatially distinct locations in the tendon provides insight into possible means by which calcification is mediated by collagen as a fundamental event in skeletal and dental formation among vertebrates.
Optical lithography with chromeless phase-shifted masks

Chromeless phase-shifting is a novel concept that completely avoids the use of chrome for pattern formation in optical lithography. This scheme uses 180 degree(s) phase-shifters on transparent glass to define patterns. The method relies on the destructive interference between phase-shifters and clear areas at the edges of the phase-shifters to define dark or opaque areas on the mask. Gratings sufficiently small (named dark-field gratings) will produce sufficient interference to completely inhibit the transmission of light. The combination of these effects makes it possible to form a wide range of patterns, from line-space patterns to isolated bright or dark areas. The lithography simulators SPLAT and SAMPLE were used to understand the principles behind this new scheme, and to verify various pattern designs. Simulation and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the concept.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Rationing, subsidies, and ELES consumption functions: An application to China

Abstract The usefulness of extended linear expenditure systems (ELES) in macroeconomic models of less industrialized nations is undermined by the existence of rationing and/or subsidies. This article examines the theoretical implications of rationing and subsidies on the ELES structural model. Results indicate that choosing among alternative rationing models in nontrivial as the selection prejudices the impact of rationing on savings and the consumption of nonrationed commodities.
Sleep deprivation-induced neuronal damage may be due to nicotinic acid depletion

Prolonged sleep deprivation induces chromatolysis of central nervous system neurons. This unusual form of neuronal damage is curiously similar to the neuronal damage seen in pellagra. It is proposed that the neuronal damage of prolonged sleep deprivation is a consequence of nicotinic acid depletion.
Impulsivity and cigarette craving among adolescent daily and occasional smokers.

Introduction Impulsivity is a multi-dimensional construct that is robustly related to cigarette smoking. While underlying factors that account for this relation are not well understood, craving has been proposed as a central mechanism linking impulsivity to smoking. In order to further refine our understanding of associations between impulsivity and cigarette craving, the current study examined the association between impulsivity and tonic and cue-elicited craving among a sample of adolescent smokers. We expected trait impulsivity would be positively associated with both tonic and cue-elicited craving, and that this relationship would be stronger among daily vs. occasional smokers.
The adult attachment Interview and observed couple interaction: Implications for an intergenerational perspective on couple therapy

One of the assumptions of intergenerational family therapy is that how a person thinks and talks about family-of-origin experiences has important implications for current family relationships. The Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) is a measure of attachment security based on how coherently the person can discuss attachment experiences in childhood. This study examined the relationship between attachment security, as measured by the AAI, and couple interaction, as measured by the Georgia Marriage Q-Sort (GMQ), in a sample of 28 couples in therapy for relationship problems. During a conflict resolution discussion, those individuals who were less coherent in discussing their family of origin expressed more negative affect, less respect, less openness, more avoidance, and less willingness to negotiate when interacting with their partner. No evidence of intra-couple effects or "buffering" was found. The findings support a key assumption of intergenerational approaches to family therapy and suggest that applying attachment theory is a promising direction for refining and developing new interventions for couples.
Brush cytology of the biliary tract: Retrospective study of 278 cases with histopathologic correlation

Bile aspiration during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography or percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography has been used as a diagnostic tool in the evaluations of pancreatic and biliary tree strictures for the last two decades. However, recently biliary tract brush cytology has become the method of choice in evaluating pancreatic/biliary tract abnormalities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of pancreatobiliary lesions by an endobiliary cytotechnique. From 1993-1999, 278 pancreatobiliary brushings were performed at our institutions. Cytologic material was air-dried for Diff-Quik stain or fixed in ethanol for Papanicolaou staining. The cytologic diagnoses were classified in three categories: 1) benign, 2) atypical/suspicious, or 3) malignant. Subsequent surgical biopsy was available in 87 (31%) patients. There were 150 males and 128 females with a mean age of 63 yr (range 22-97); 167 (60%) were benign cases. Follow-up surgical material was available in 39 cases, seven of which showed adenocarcinoma; 67 of all cases (24%) were atypical/suspicious cases. Follow-up surgical material was available in 31 cases, 17 (55%) of which showed adenocarcinoma; 32 cases (12%) were malignant cases. Follow-up surgical material was available in 15 cases. All 15 cases were in agreement with the cytologic diagnosis. Twelve (4%) cases were unsatisfactory for cytologic examination. Follow-up surgical material was available in two cases. One case showed mucinous cystadenoma of the pancreas. The other case showed benign duct epithelium. Our study shows a sensitivity of 68% and a specificity of 100%. Of the atypical cases, 55% were malignant on follow-up biopsy. Brush cytology of pancreatobiliary strictures is the most widely used technique in the diagnosis of carcinoma, with a high degree of specificity.
Fishing with friends: using tabletop games to raise environmental awareness in aquariums

We present the design and evaluation of an exhibit on the consequences of overfishing that we deployed at a local aquarium. The exhibit, Fishing with Friends, is a multiplayer game in which visitors compete to earn money by catching fish. As the game progresses, overzealous fishing results in damage to a simulated ocean ecosystem. Our goal is to encourage visitors to reflect on damage caused by overfishing and discuss strategies to preserve shared ocean resources. Aquariums are leading the effort to inform the general public about issues of marine sustainability. However, it is challenging to make these complex topics engaging and accessible to a diverse audiences in real-world settings. We conducted a study with 523 visitors at the aquarium to evaluate our design. Results from a questionnaire suggest that engagement with Fishing with Friends improved our target audience's awareness of environmental issues compared to those who were not exposed to the game. Our results also highlight challenges of using interactive tabletops displays in crowded and chaotic exhibit halls. On average, 52.6 visitors interacted with the game every hour that the exhibit was on display; this rapid flow limited engagement and presented unique design challenges that we discuss in this paper. Future work will be needed to assess longer term impacts and to compare game play to other forms of interactive and non-interactive interventions.
After the Demise of the Discrepancy: Proposed Learning Disabilities Diagnostic Criteria

Pending legislation and positions taken by the U.S. Department of Education may radically alter current learning disabilities (LD) definitions and diagnostic approaches. Proposals include eliminating a discrepancy model and incorporating a more comprehensive approach to LD assessment but one based on more subjective clinical judgment. Although this effort to change is laudable, it does not address the residual problems that will continue to plague the field: the lack of specificity of the construct of LD and the inconsistent and idiosyncratic approach to diagnosis taken by practitioners and researchers across and within states. This article proposes a new LD classification model that transcends educational and psychiatric systems of diagnosis, calls for a uniform and national diagnostic system, and suggests renaming the disorder (e.g., developmental learning delay).
Study on Effect of eWOM: A Literature Review and Suggestions for Future Research

Electronic word of mouth (eWOM) plays a significant role in consumer purchase decisions. The influence of eWOM even changes the life style of consumers and it has brought unprecedented opportunities and challenges for marketing activity. Therefore, eWOM communication has received extensive attention from both academics and practitioners for decades. The current study on eWOM is following two lines. The first line regards eWOM as an outcome of consumers' post purchase behavior and the second line considers eWOM as a driver of consumers' purchase behavior. The objective of this paper is to review prior studies to provide a better understanding of eWOM's effect on consumers and corporate. Based on the literature review, several issues that need to be addressed in the future research are identified.
Combined optimal control and state estimation for the purposes of maneuver detection and reconstruction

A new type of estimator that incorporates optimal control and outputs a control policy is developed and analyzed in this study. The estimator is developed in a similar manner to a Kalman Algorithm with an almost identical form, but has additional properties for more accurate tracking, maneuver detection, and maneuver reconstruction. Unlike the Kalman Algorithm, this estimator frees up the initial state, which results in an algorithm that decouples a priori state uncertainty and dynamics uncertainty. The dynamic uncertainty inflates the state covariance in an automatic fashion that prevents filter saturation. The algorithm also outputs control estimates that may be used to both identify the presence of mismodeled dynamics and quantify those mismodeled dynamics. An example application demonstrates the maneuver detection and reconstruction properties of this estimator in an orbit determination problem where the dynamics are mismodeled.
Scaling Unsupervised Risk Stratification to Massive Clinical Datasets

While rare clinical events, by definition, occur infrequently in a population, the consequences of these events can be drastic. Unfortunately, developing risk stratification algorithms for these conditions requires large volumes of data to capture enough positive and negative cases. This process is slow, expensive, and burdensome to both patients and caregivers. This paper proposes an unsupervised machine learning approach to address this challenge and risk stratify patients for adverse outcomes without use of a priori knowledge or labeled training data. The key idea of the approach is to identify high-risk patients as anomalies in a population. Cases are identified through a novel algorithm that finds an approximate solution to the k-nearest neighbor problem using locality sensitive hashing (LSH) based on p-stable distributions. The algorithm is optimized to use multiple LSH searches, each with a geometrically increasing radius, to find the k-nearest neighbors of patients in a dynamically changing dataset where patients are being added or removed over time. When evaluated on data from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP), this approach successfully identifies patients at an elevated risk of mortality and rare morbidities. The LSH-based algorithm provided a substantial improvement over an exact k-nearest neighbor algorithm in runtime, while achieving a similar accuracy.
Radiation theraphy treatment planning: an L2 approach

We formulate the radiation theraphy treatment planning (RTTP) problem as constrained optimization in L^2. This is accomplished by first describing the dose operator as a bounded operator from ''Treatment Space'' into ''Patient Space''-both suitable L^2 spaces. Within this context we examine two problems of interest in RTTP. First, we take the case where the sources of radiation are fixed a priori and provide algorithms which lead to the optimal choices of beam profiles for these sources. Secondly, we look at the problem of simultaneously choosing the sources and beam profiles and also suggest an algorithm for this case.
Moderate caloric restriction increases type 1 IGF receptors and protein synthesis in aging rats

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is an anabolic hormone that mediates the actions of growth hormone (GH) and is found at lower concentrations in aged animals. These decreases in GH and IGF-1 appear to have important physiological consequences for aging, since protein synthesis decreases with age, and administration of GH and/or IGF-1 has been shown to increase protein synthesis. The present study was designed to determine (a) the relationship between the age-related changes in rates of tissue protein synthesis and plasma IGF-1 concentrations, (b) type 1 IGF receptor density in tissues and (c) whether long-term moderate caloric restriction, which is known to increase life-span, affects these relationships. Male Brown Norway rats were fed ad libitum or caloric-restricted (60% ad libitum) from 14 weeks of age and sacrificed at different ages. In ad libitum fed animals there were age-related decreases in plasma IGF-1 concentrations (14%) and in the rates of protein synthesis of the heart (36%) and liver (38%). Type 1 IGF receptor density remained constant in all tissues with age. The caloric-restricted animals exhibited plasma IGF-1 concentrations 33 to 42% lower than the ad libitum fed animals. However, rates of protein synthesis increased by 70 and 30% in heart and diaphragm, and this increase was associated with 60 to 100% increases in type 1 IGF receptor densities when compared with ad libitum fed animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)