cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vaccination of Mice with a Yop Translocon Complex Elicits Antibodies That Are Protective against Infection with F1 Yersinia pestis

Yersinia pestis, the bacterial agent of plague, secretes several proteins important for pathogenesis or host protection. The F1 protein forms a capsule on the bacterial cell surface and is a well-characterized protective antigen but is not essential for virulence. A type III secretion system that is essential for virulence exports Yop proteins, which function as antiphagocytic or anti-inflammatory factors. Yop effectors (e.g., YopE) are delivered across the host cell plasma membrane by a translocon, composed of YopB and YopD. Complexes of YopB, YopD, and YopE (BDE) secreted by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis were purified by affinity chromatography and used as immunogens to determine if antibodies to the translocon could provide protection against Y. pestis in mice. Mice vaccinated with BDE generated high-titer immunoglobulin G antibodies specific for BDE, as shown by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting, and were protected against lethal intravenous challenge with F1− but not F1+ Y. pestis. Mice passively immunized with anti-BDE serum were protected from lethal challenge with F1− Y. pestis. The YopB protein or a complex of YopB and YopD (BD) was purified and determined by vaccination to be immunogenic in mice. Mice actively vaccinated with BD or passively vaccinated with anti-BD serum were protected against lethal challenge with F1− Y. pestis. These results indicate that anti-translocon antibodies can be used as immunotherapy to treat infections by F1− Y. pestis.
Estimation of moisture content of forest canopy from SAR data

During several field campaigns in spring and summer of '94, the NASA/JPL airborne synthetic aperture radar (AIRSAR) collected data over the southern and northern study sites of BOREAS. Among the areas over which radar data were collected was the young jack pine (YJP) tower site, which is generally characterized as having short (2-1 m) but closely spaced trees with a dense crown layer. In this work, the authors use the AIRSAR data over this YJP stand from several different dates, and estimate the dielectric constant and hence the moisture content of its branch layer components. This is accomplished by applying a nonlinear estimation algorithm to the data assuming a parametric model of scattering derived from a discrete-component forest model. The results thus obtained show how the environmental conditions affected the moisture state of this forest stand over a period of six months. The results are compared to the available ground-truth measurements of moisture content and dielectric constant.
Programmable Spectrum Analyzer

The 492P is a fully programmable version of the 492 Spectrum Analyzer. It interfaces to other equipment using the IEEE-488 (GP!B) Standard bus. Describes the special features, technology and applications supported by the spectrum analyzer.
Optical Aberrations Of Correlators

Optical correlators are subject to point-spread and field aberrations in both the Fourier (filter) plane and the correlation (output) plane. These aberrations can be both quantitatively and qualitatively different within a given system. Analysis of a simple correlator using identical spatial light modulators in the input and filter planes shows that even a well-corrected system of this type will be limited in performance by diffraction effects.
Estrogen affects levels of Bcl-2 protein and mRNA in medial amygdala of ovariectomized rats.

The survival factor Bcl-2 is a cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) gene product implicated in mediating some of estrogen’s effects on neuroprotection. Previously, we showed an effect of estradiol benzoate (E) on numbers of neuron-specific protein (NeuN)- and phosphorylated CREB (pCREB)-positive cells in medial (MeA), but not central (CeA), amygdala of ovariectomized rats. To determine whether these effects are accompanied by an E-induced increase in Bcl-2, we examined the effects of E on levels of Bcl-2 protein and mRNA in MeA and CeA of ovariectomized rats treated with E regimens resulting in moderate (2.5μg E for 4 or 14 days) or high (10μg E for 14 days) plasma estradiol levels. As a physiological control, we showed that all E treatments increased uterine wet weight relative to vehicle; 10μg E for 14 days also increased uterine weight compared to that seen with lower E levels. Western blot analysis revealed that all E groups displayed an increase in uterine Bcl-2 protein levels compared to vehicle. We found that 2.5μg and 10μg E for 14 days increased levels of Bcl-2 gold immunolabeling compared to vehicle and 2.5μg E for 4 days in MeA, but not CeA. We measured Bcl-2 mRNA levels in vehicle and 2.5μg E for 14 days groups. There was a significant increase in Bcl-2 mRNA levels in MeA, but not CeA, of E-treated ovariectomized rats compared with vehicle controls. The E-induced increase in protein and mRNA levels of Bcl-2 in MeA may be important for neuroprotection in this region.
Mechanistic Insights into Two-Phase Radical C-H Arylations.

Kinetic, spectroscopic, and computational studies of radical C–H arylations highlight the interplay between chemical and physical rate processes in these multiphase reactions. Anomalous concentration dependences observed here may be reconciled by considering the role of phase transfer processes that mediate concentrations in each phase. In addition, understanding interactions through phase boundaries enables their use in optimization of reaction performance.
Analyzing the Data Management Environment in a Master's-level Institution

ABSTRACT The data management environments at research-intensive institutions have been studied extensively. Few studies, however, have assessed the environments at institutions that are not classified as research-intensive, where scholarship and obtaining external funding is still highly encouraged. Using results from semi-structured interviews with faculty from an array of disciplines, the authors describe the research processes and data concerns at a Master's-level institution. A comparison of the results illustrate that, at least at this institution, faculty face very similar issues as those identified at research-intensive organizations and many of the same practices and services could be implemented on a smaller scale.
Using Conjoint Analysis to Investigate the Value of Interdependent Privacy in Social App Adoption Scenarios

Applying a conjoint study approach, we conduct the first research to quantify the monetary value which users place on their friends’ personal information. Utilizing the scenario of social app adoption, we further investigate the impact of the comprehensiveness of shared profile information on valuation, and vary the data collection context, i.e., friends’ information is not relevant (T1), or is relevant (T2) to app functionality. The monetary value (measured in US$) which individuals associate with friends’ full profile information in T1 ($1.56) differs significantly from the valuation in T2 ($0.98). However, the difference across data collection context is not significant for friends’ less sensitive basic profile information (valued at $0.23 in T1, and $0.07 in T2). When considering the self-reported number of online friends, the average valuation for a single friend’s profile information is not higher than three cents and as low as a mere fraction of a cent.
The association between social media use and sleep disturbance among young adults

Abstract Introduction Many factors contribute to sleep disturbance among young adults. Social media (SM) use is increasing rapidly, and little is known regarding its association with sleep disturbance. Methods In 2014 we assessed a nationally representative sample of 1788 U.S. young adults ages 19–32. SM volume and frequency were assessed by self-reported minutes per day spent on SM (volume) and visits per week (frequency) using items adapted from the Pew Internet Research Questionnaire. We assessed sleep disturbance using the brief Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) sleep disturbance measure. Analyses performed in Pittsburgh utilized chi-square tests and ordered logistic regression using sample weights in order to estimate effects for the total U.S. population. Results In models that adjusted for all sociodemographic covariates, participants with higher SM use volume and frequency had significantly greater odds of having sleep disturbance. For example, compared with those in the lowest quartile of SM use per day, those in the highest quartile had an AOR of 1.95 (95% CI = 1.37–2.79) for sleep disturbance. Similarly, compared with those in the lowest quartile of SM use frequency per week, those in the highest quartile had an AOR of 2.92 (95% CI = 1.97–4.32) for sleep disturbance. All associations demonstrated a significant linear trend. Discussion The strong association between SM use and sleep disturbance has important clinical implications for the health and well-being of young adults. Future work should aim to assess directionality and to better understand the influence of contextual factors associated with SM use.
Graduating with Debt: Student Loans under the Bankruptcy Code

Student loan debt in the United States exceeds $1.1 trillion — more than any other type of consumer debt except for mortgage loans — while new education lending continues at an explosive pace. In this book, the authors offer expert knowledge to enable bankruptcy and consumer credit professionals to assist clients in dealing with student loan debt. The book introduces readers to the basics of student loan debt, including different types of loans and loan-forgiveness programs, delinquency and default, and administrative and non-judicial remedies for borrowers having trouble repaying their loans.
The Supreme Court and the Civil Rights State

This paper examines how the Supreme Court has helped to shape the extensive regulatory regime that constitutes the American civil rights state. By "civil rights state" I mean not just the abstract rights and policies announced by the courts, Congress, and federal agencies, but the dense institutional structures developed over the decades to define the meaning of such key terms as "discrimination" and "equal opportunity," to establish detailed guidelines for the many public officials and private parties subject to civil rights laws, to monitor their compliance, and to impose sanctions on those who fail to comply. The paper looks both at the role the Warren and Burger Courts played in building the civil rights state and at the many ways in which the Rehnquist and Roberts Courts have sought to prune it.
The Effects of Diversity Training on Faculty and Students’ Classroom Experiences

In response to the changing face of postsecondary education, efforts have been made to provide faculty and staff with training in multicultural and diverse perspectives. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of faculty participation in a Summer Diversity Training Institute. Focus group interviews were conducted with both faculty participants and the students of faculty attendees to determine the impact of the Institute on classroom dynamics, instruction, and assessment. Findings revealed that faculty participation in the Institute was beneficial in the sense that instructors’ personal growth was most frequently evidenced through attitudinal and curricular changes. Students experienced a greater sense of community, personal growth, and conflict resolution skills by being in the classes taught by faculty trained in multicultural course development. As the demographics of higher education change to include more diverse populations, research must determine the effects of multicultural programming and training on both faculty and student participants.
Gustatory Behavioral Responses of the Adult Blow Fly Phormia regina Reared on Sugar-Containing Media

The extension of the proboscis of the adult blow fly, Phormia regina (Meigen) was used as the positive behavioral criterion in response to stimulation of the tarsal taste hairs with sugar solutions. Stimulus-percent response curves for 3 sugars were determined for flies that had been reared on liver, an artificial control medium, or experimental media to which sugars were added. The order of sensitivity was sucrose, fructose, glucose. Flies reared on the artificial control medium showed a decrease in sensitivity to fructose and glucose when compared with flies reared on liver. Addition of 0.25 M glucose to the rearing medium decreased the sensitivity of the adults to sucrose and glucose. Addition of 0.25 M fructose or 0.2 M mannose to the rearing medium had no effect. Addition of 0.2 M lactose or 0.1 M lactose plus 0.1 M fructose to the rearing medium decreased the sensitivity of the adults to sucrose and fructose.
A Phylogeny of the Woodcreepers (Dendrocolaptinae)

AnSTP,CT.--A phylogeny of 42 species representing the 13 genera of woodcreepers (Furnariidae: Dendrocolaptinae) was constructed by means of a numerical-cladistic analysis of morphological characters from the hindlimb muscles, bill, nostrils, feet, and tail. A tree stable at the generic level was produced, but the characters used did not effectively delineate relationships between species in the large genera Lepidocolaptes and Xiphorhynchus. Monophyly of the Dendrocolaptinae was supported. Drymornis bridgesii was hypothesized to be the sister species of the other woodcreepers, followed by Nasica longirostris. Beyond these forms, the genera Dendrocincla, Deconychura, Sittasomus, and Glyphorhynchus lie basal to the remaining genera. This is consistent with their recognition as "intermediate forms," although the basal position of Drymornis and Nasica does not agree with that hypothesis. Among polytypic genera, the monophyly of Dendrocincla, Campylorhamphus, Xiphocolaptes, and Dendrocolaptes was supported, whereas Deconychura appears to be paraphyletic. Monophyly of Hylexetastes, Xiphorhynchus, and Lepidocolaptes remains uncertain. Received 25 June 1993, accepted 13 November 1993. THE WOODCREEPERS (Furnariidae: Dendroco
The multiplication theorem for Fredholm operators

(1987). The Multiplication Theorem for Fredholm Operators. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 94, No. 1, pp. 68-70.
Hypoxia induces changes in phospholipase A2 in rat proximal tubules : evidence for multiple forms

Increased free fatty release during hypoxia is believed to contribute to cell injury. This phenomenon is likely to be mediated through activation of specific isoforms of phospholipase A2 (PLA2). In this study, PLA2 enzymatic activity was measured in cell-free extracts prepared from rat renal proximal tubules. Both soluble and membrane-associated PLA2 activity were detected. All PLA2 activity detected during normoxia was Ca2+ dependent. Fractionation of cytosolic extracts by gel filtration revealed three peaks of PLA2 activity. Exposure of tubules to hypoxia resulted in stable activation of soluble PLA2 activity, which correlated with disappearance of the highest molecular mass form (> 100 kDa) and appearance of a low-molecular-mass form (approximately 15 kDa) of PLA2. Hypoxia also resulted in release of a low-molecular-mass form of PLA2 into the extracellular medium. Pretreatment of tubules with glycine before hypoxia blocked this release of PLA2 but not activation of soluble PLA2 activity. These studies provide direct evidence for PLA2 activation during hypoxia and suggest that multiple mechanisms regulate free fatty acid release associated with hypoxia injury.
Crisis and Degeneration

The pace of history in the Horn accelerated in the early 1970s. Sudan changed course sharply after its communist party tried to overthrow Nimeiry in July 1971. He survived by the skin of his teeth. Complicity has never been proven, but he concluded the Soviets had abetted the communists’ coup.1 July 1971 was a watershed for Ethiopia too, though the reason was not immediately obvious. Vice President Spiro Agnew arrived in Addis Ababa early in the month on a mission that appeared puzzlingly routine at the time. His purpose — not revealed even to senior officers of the American Embassy — was to tell Haile Selassie that the U.S. was changing its policy toward China. He encouraged the emperor to do what he wished to advance Ethiopia’s interests. Subsequent events are a measure of the energy and statesmanship of which the Lion of Judah was still capable as he neared 80. In October he took a delegation including his most trusted advisers and several senior aristocrats to China, met with Mao and Chou En-lai and came back with agreements that both countries immediately began implementing. In return for establishing diplomatic relations, Mao promised to stop supporting Eritrean insurgents and inaugurate an economic aid program, including construction of an east-west highway across the center of the country.
Gait-Induced Epilepsy

A 3 year-old boy with gait-induced seizures is reported from University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
The heart of the matter: Outcome reporting bias and registration status in cardio-thoracic surgery

Abstract Background Our objective is to compare registered outcomes to published reports; to evaluate for discrepancies favoring statistically significant outcomes; to examine funding source and likelihood of outcome reporting bias; and to evaluate for any temporal trends in outcome reporting bias. Methods PubMed was searched for randomized controlled trials published between 2008 and 2015 from 4 high impact cardio-thoracic journals: European Journal of Cardio-thoracic Surgery (EJCS), The Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery (JCS), The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (JTCS), and Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery (ACS). Data was collected using a standardized extraction form. Results We reviewed 287 articles, of which 214 (74.6%) did not meet registration criteria. Of those 214, 94 (43.9%) were published in the EJCS, 34 (15.9%) in JCS, 86 (40.2%) in JTCS, and 0 (0%) in the ACS. Of the remaining 73 articles, 34 (46.6%) had a discrepancy between the primary outcome registered and the published outcome, and 11 of the 34 reported p-values favoring the change. We also found that 12 of the 73 registrations had updated primary outcomes from the initial report to the final report. The timing of registration was an incidental finding showing 14 (19.1%) articles retrospectively registered, 29 (39.7%) registered during patient enrollment, and 30 (41.1%) registered prospectively. Conclusion The results indicated that selective outcome reporting is prevalent in cardio-thoracic surgery journals. The more concerning issue, however, is the lack of registration or provision of registration number for randomized controlled trials within these journals.
Arrhythmias in Adults with Congenital Heart Disease: What Are Risk Factors for Specific Arrhythmias?

Introduction An increasing number of patients with congenital heart disease are now surviving into adulthood. This has also led to the emergence of complications from the underlying congenital heart disease, related surgical interventions, and associated combordities. While the prevalence of particular arrhythmias with specific congenital heart disease has been previously described, a detailed analysis of all lesions and a large number of comorbidities has not been previously published. Methods Admissions with congenital heart disease were identified in the National Inpatient Sample. Associated comorbidities were also identified for these patients. Univariate analysis was done to compare those risk factors associated with specific arrhythmias in the setting of congenital heart disease. Next, regression analysis was done to identify what patient characteristics and comorbidities were associated with increased risk of specific arrhythmias. Results A total of 52,725,227 admissions were included in the analysis. Of these, 109,168 (0.21%) had congenital heart disease. Of those with congenital heart disease, 27,088 (25%) had an arrhythmia at some point. The most common arrhythmia in those with congenital heart disease was atrial fibrillation, which was noted in 86% of those with arrhythmia followed by atrial flutter which was noted in 20% of those with congenital heart disease. The largest burden of arrhythmia was found to be in those with tricuspid atresia with a 51% prevalence of arrhythmia in this group followed by Ebstein anomaly which had an arrhythmia prevalence of 39%. Increasing age, male gender, double outlet right ventricle, atrioventricular septal defect, heart failure, obstructive sleep apnea, transposition of the great arteries, congenitally corrected transposition, and tetralogy of Fallot were frequently noted to be independent risk factors of specific arrhythmias. Conclusion Approximately, 25% of adult admissions with congenital heart disease are associated with arrhythmia. The burden of arrhythmia varies by the specific lesion and other risk factors as well. Understanding of these can help in risk stratification and can help devise strategies to lower this risk.
Sequential series multijunction dye-sensitized solar cells (SSM-DSCs): 4.7 volts from a single illuminated area

Sequential series multijunction dye-sensitized solar cells (SSM-DSCs), which are mechanically stacked single illuminated area DSC devices wired in series, are reported to have exceptionally high photovoltages (Voc) ranging from 1.9–4.7 V from 2–5 stacked subcells. The use of multiple photoactive films under one area within the SSM-DSC framework is made possible by fine-tuning the thickness of TiO2 in each device and by judicious dye selection to allow for excellent light distribution among the films, termed as “photon management”. The SSM-DSC approach allows for incorporation of materials designed to use the maximal potential energy of photons in each region of the solar spectrum. Importantly, SSM-DSCs were observed to maintain high Voc under low-light conditions, rendering these systems very attractive for indoor applications. Additionally, an SSM-DSC was found to have a solar-to-fuel conversion efficiency of 2% (2.7% including H2 production) for the reduction of CO2 to CO with IrO2 and Au2O3 electrocatalysts, without an external bias.
Quantifying the inductive bias in concept learning (extended abstract)

We show that the notion of bias in inductive concept learning can be quantified in a way that directly relates to learning performance, and that this quantitative theory of bias can provide guidance in the design of effective learning algorithms. We apply this idea by measuring some common language biases, including restriction to conjunctive concepts and conjunctive concepts with internal disjunction, and, guided by these measurements, develop learning algorithms or these classes of concepts that have provably good convergence properties.
Employing Healthcare Transition Planning Tools

This chapter describes steps taken to introduce and promote the use of an electronic medical record-based transition planning tool (TPT) at a large children’s hospital as a method to improve AYASHCN knowledge and skills to facilitate successful HCT. A description of the Texas Children’s Hospital TPT is presented first, followed by quality improvement methods used to promote its use, summary data on TPT use, and then four vignettes of clinics that piloted the process of implementing the TPT as part of a quality improvement study, before the TPT became available system-wide.
Use of Nanostructures for High Brightness Light-Emitting Diodes

Light-emitting diodes or LEDs are expected to play a major role in efforts to utilize less energy for lighting applications due to their high efficiency, long operating life, and other “green” characteristics. The history of LEDs began in the 1960s. Since that time, the performance has increased exponentially while the cost has decreased dramatically. LEDs dominate the market for monochromatic displays and indicators, and are slated to provide an increasing share of the white light market. During the last decade, advances in efficiency have been obtained partly as a result of the use of nanotechnology. LEDs and lasers provided some of the first applications for quantum-well structures with nm dimensions. Future advances will almost certainly be linked to advances in the use of quantum wire and quantum dot structures. They appear to offer attractive new alternatives for single-junction white light generation. The use of self-assembled structures also offers the promise of allowing the fabrication of high efficiency devices in highly defected materials, such as those grown on less expensive substrates. This chapter reviews the basic aspects of LED devices and materials, with a focus on the AlGaInP system for red and yellow emitters and AlGaInN for blue, green, and white emitters, all grown by the organometallic vapor phase epitaxial technique. The focus is on the present and future use of nanotechnology for lighting applications.
Standing male equine urogenital endoscopic surgery.

Standing female urogenital endoscopic surgery is facilitated by the more dorsal location of the organs of the female reproduction tract. The most common reason for laparoscopic surgery on the female urogenital system is ovariectomy; however, the technique has been used to diagnose periparturient or reproductive diseases and to perform surgical embryo transfer. Standing surgical approaches avoid the risk and expense of general anesthesia, but these techniques are limited by the temperament and size of the patient and the availability of facilities for restraint. Owner acceptance of laparoscopic procedures is excellent. It is anticipated that standing endoscopic surgery may become the preferred technique for applicable procedures.
Prediction of Cyclic Growth of Cracks and Debonds in Aluminum Sheets Reinforced With Boron/Epoxy

An analysis was developed to predict the cyclic growth of cracks and debonds in cracked metal sheets reinforced with uncracked composite sheets. Inplane and interlaminar stresses, the stress intensity at the crack tip, and the strain-energy-release rate at the debond front were calculated with complex-variable Green’s functions. An incremental analysis was developed that used the stress intensity to predict crack growth and the strain-energy-release rate to predict debond growth. To evaluate this analysis, fatigue tests were conducted on two panels having different thicknesses; each panel consisted of a cracked aluminum sheet bonded to an uncracked boron/epoxy sheet. For both panels, the predicted crack growths agreed with experimental values. In one panel, a significant debond occurred and was predicted by the analysis. In the other panel, the debond was very localized and somewhat smaller than predicted.
Beyond Risk Analysis: Aspects of the Theory of Individual Choice Under Risk

Risk analysts are concerned primarily with determining risks—with establishing the probability of undesirable events. Yet, once risks are known, decision makers are still faced with the task of choosing among competing risky courses of action. How can they make these choices in a rational manner? This question has been much studied by economists and psychologists, particularly under the rubric of “expected utility theory.” In this paper, some of the basic concepts of this subject are investigated from a mathematical perspective. The paper focuses on two main topics: (1) how risk and certainty are represented in expected utility theory, and why; and (2) the independence of behavior under certainty from behavior under “continuous” risk.
Anatomy and Histology of Cartilage

Cartilage is a connective tissue structure that is composed of a collagen and proteoglycan-rich matrix and a single cell type: the chondrocyte. Cartilage is unique among connective tissues in that it lacks blood vessels and nerves and receives its nutrition solely by diffusion [1]. In fetal life, cartilage forms the template for the majority of the skeleton but persists in selected locations into adulthood including articular surfaces, ribs, ears, and the tracheobronchial tree. Structurally, cartilage provides a firm material which, depending on subtype, is adapted to resist and damp compressive and tensile forces. Functionally, it plays important roles in skeletal development, growth and repair, joint articulation, lubrication, and patency of the respiratory tract. Although the mechanical properties of cartilage are functions of the extracellular matrix, it is the chondrocyte that directs the synthesis and composition of the matrix. Though few in number, chondrocytes also mediate critical pathways of regeneration and growth by highly regulated signal transduction pathways that are now becoming better understood [2, 3].
Men’s Groups

Groups of men have existed throughout history. Men have congregated in all male groups in every society to accomplish a wide variety of political, social, religious, economic, recreational, and personal tasks. Most of these groups, whether large in size, such as an all-male army or religious order, or small, such as a meeting of the male tribal leaders in a primitive society or a gathering of a totally male corporate board of directors in an industrial society, have both reflected and served to maintain cultural definitions of masculine and feminine gender roles. Quite simply, men have met in all-male groups to perform certain functions which have most often been separated from the functions women perform. The purpose of this chapter is to describe a type of men’s group which differs from these other exclusively male groups. The specific functions of this type of men’s group are to encourage examination of how the masculine gender role is experienced by individual men and to explore new ways of enacting this role.
Postmortem proteolysis in longissimus muscle from beef, lamb and pork carcasses

Postmortem proteolysis in skeletal muscle and factors affecting this process were examined in pork, lamb and beef longissimus muscles 0 to determine the cause of differences in meat tenderness among these species. Fat thickness differed among species in the following order: pork > beef > lamb. The following patterns were observed for rate of temperature and pH decline: lamb > pork > beef and pork > beef > lamb, respectively. At 1 d postmortem, pork was the most tender, followed by beef and lamb, respectively. Between 1 and 14 d of postmortem storage, lamb LM was the most improved in tenderness, followed by beef and pork, respectively. Species did not differ (P > .05) in LM collagen solubility. Pork LM from fed pigs had the highest (P c .05) level of cathepsins B .e L and cystatin(s) activities, whereas no differences (P > .05) were observed among the species for cathepsin B activity. The lowest (P c .01) Ca2+depen&nt protease (COP)-II and CDP inhibitor activities were observed in pork LM. Beef LM had the highest CDP inhibitor activity (P c .05) but was intermediate in CDP-II activity. No differences were observed among species for CDP-I activity. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of myofibrils isolated at 0, 1 and 14 d postmortem indicated that by d 1, desmin hydrolysis was most extensive in pork muscle, followed by lamb and beef. This difference in the rate of myofibrillar protein hydrolysis may account for the differences observed in the rate of postmortem tenderization in LM among these species.
Session I Discussion with Oscar Avalle and Daniel Reifsnyder

Dr. Watson: With joint implementation, as you said, some developing countries, are nervous. Is it possibly that it is the type of project that is making them nervous? Many of the projects that have been mentioned to date have been reforestation-type projects, offsets to emissions in the developed world. I see joint implementation as the potential to effectively achieve elements of sustainable development by developed and developing countries work­ing together to have much more efficient, less polluting technologies and industries in the developing countries.
Genomic analysis of response to lactic acidosis in human cancers

2054 The tumor microenvironment has a significant impact on tumor development. Two important determinants of this environment are hypoxia and lactic acidosis. We developed genome-scale gene expression studies aiming to dissect transcriptional responses of HMEC cells to lactic acidosis and hypoxia in vitro , and explore how they are linked to tumor clinical phenotypes in vivo . Statistical methods were applied to derive experimental signatures for these phenotypes and analyze their associations to heterogeneous sets of published breast cancer datasets. We find lactic acidosis elicits expression responses dominated by acidosis which are unrelated to hypoxia and it serves as an independent biomarker of good prognosis in tumor progression. Additionally, we identified an inverse relationship between the lactic acidosis response and Akt pathways and showed that lactic acidosis could inhibit Akt activation and glycolytic phenotypes of cancer cells. These observations suggest mechanisms to rationalize the association between lactic acidosis responses with favorable clinical outcomes in human cancers. This reciprocal information acquired from in vitro perturbations and in vivo clinical phenotypes via microarray led to novel findings of roles played by key characteristics of the tumor microenvironment and the distinction between physiological parameters and cellular responses.
Oligosaccharide synthesis on soluble high-molecular weight pHEMA using a photo-cleavable linker

Oligosaccharide synthesis on organic solvent soluble, high molecular weight poly(2-hydroxyethylmethylacrylate) (pHEMA) is described. The pHEMA-bound oligosaccharide could be recovered after each reaction in 90–95% yield using a precipitation method. The methodology was used to synthesize a model tri-galactoside in 48% overall yield and a trisaccharide from the outer core domain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysacchride (LPS) in 39% yield. The use of a photo-cleavable linker is also demonstrated to produce reducing-end protected oligosaccharides.
Can an Attractive Potential Increase the Pressure of an Ideal Electron Gas

We examine the intuitive, classical idea that an interactive system involving commonly used attractive potentials should always have a pressure which is less than that of an ideal Fermi gas. We find that quantum effects are of crucial importance and that, while this idea is normally correct, under certain circumstances, the pressure can exceed that of the ideal Fermi gas.
Multisite HPV infections in the United States (NHANES 2003-2014): An overview and synthesis.

Abstract HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the U.S., infecting both anogenital and oral sites. Nationally representative data are collected through the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). However, changing designations of HPV genotypes as high or low risk and varying underlying populations as new results are reported have made direct comparison of results difficult. We reanalyzed HPV data from NHANES derived from self-collected cervicovaginal swabs (women ages 18–59, 2003–14), penile swabs (men ages 18–59, 2013–14), and oral rinses (men and women ages 18–69, 2009–14), using consistent populations and definitions across NHANES cycles. These data strengthen our understanding of age trends in HPV prevalence: cervicovaginal prevalence decreases with age, penile prevalence increases with age, and oral prevalence is bimodal but with an earlier first peak in women. There is strong evidence for reduced prevalence of vaccine genotypes (6, 11, 16, 18) in vaccinated men and women (ages 18–24) at both genital (RR 0.2 (0.1–0.3) in women and 0.7 (0.1–5.4) in men) and oral sites (RR 0.1 (0.0–1.3) in women; no infections detected in vaccinated men). A more complete picture of the burden of HPV in the U.S. is emerging, including evidence for reduced HPV genital and oral prevalence in vaccinated individuals.
Reoperation Rates and Costs of Radial Head Arthroplasty Versus Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Radial Head and Neck Fractures: A Retrospective Database Study:

Background: We conducted a retrospective study to compare reoperation/conversion rates and costs between open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) and radial head arthroplasty (RHA) in patients w...
Scalable Package-level RFI Filter for Digital Clock Noise Mitigation in 5-GHz and future 6-GHz WiFi Applications

Digital clock frequency greater than 5-GHz is demanded due to fast signal processing for computer platforms. System-on-chip (SoC) and WiFi radio co-existence risk becomes increasing and has to be mitigated to support increasing data throughput requirement. Scalable package RFI filter solutions are studied for 5-GHz and future 6-GHz WiFi applications in the paper. Conventional RFI mitigation solutions have been investigated in package and board levels by on-board shielding and decoupling filter strategies. However, the solutions depend on PCB designs and RF component characteristics. Scalability and effectiveness of the solutions are therefore limited. In this study, an inductive meander structure is implemented at ground pad of the RF capacitor and allows tailoring effective filter frequency, which improves scalability of the package RFI filter solution. In addition, integrated package LC filter is designed with meander inductors and comb capacitor and shows effective filter frequency of 6.72 GHz and GHz-noise reduction of about 8 dB. This work provides effective and scalable gigahertz on-die clock noise mitigation solutions for WiFi applications.
Curve Fitting, Linear Algebra, and Solver in an Analytical Chemistry Course: A Facile and Safe Activity Suitable for the Classroom Setting

Undergraduate analytical chemistry courses emphasize fundamental stoichiometric and physicochemical analytical techniques with statistical analysis and linear calibrations. Higher-level data analys...
Infrared and Visible Electrochromic Semiconductor Colloid Quantum Dots

Charging of semiconductor nanoparticles is a basic issue that may be behind many unexplained effects including blinking, Stark effects and dipole moments. Spectroelectrochemistry has provided a deep insight into the possibility of redox processes involving the quantum states of nanocrystals. It is now possible to inject electrons in the conduction band of several quantum dot materials leading to switchable and reversible electrochromic changes in the visible and in the mid-IR spectral ranges. There remains still to explain the mechanism underlying the fluorescence quenching observed during charging.
Dynamic algorithms for LIS and distance to monotonicity

In this paper, we provide new approximation algorithms for dynamic variations of the longest increasing subsequence (LIS) problem, and the complementary distance to monotonicity (DTM) problem. In this setting, operations of the following form arrive sequentially: (i) add an element, (ii) remove an element, or (iii) substitute an element for another. At every point in time, the algorithm has an approximation to the longest increasing subsequence (or distance to monotonicity). We present a (1+є)-approximation algorithm for DTM with polylogarithmic worst-case update time and a constant factor approximation algorithm for LIS with worst-case update time O(n є) for any constant є > 0.
An efficient method to integrate polynomials over polytopes and curved solids

Abstract In this paper, we present an efficient approach to compute the integral of monomials and polynomials over polyhedra and regions defined by parametric curved boundary surfaces. We use Euler's theorem for homogeneous functions in combination with Stokes's theorem to reduce the integration of a monomial over a three-dimensional solid to its boundary. If the solid is a polytope, through a recursive application of these theorems, the integral is further reduced to just the evaluation of the monomial and its derivatives at the vertices of the polytope. The present approach is simpler than existing techniques that rely on repeated use of the divergence theorem, which require the antiderivative of the monomials and the projection of these functions onto hyperplanes. For convex and nonconvex polytopes, our approach does not introduce any approximation for the integration of monomials. For curved solid regions bounded by surfaces that admit a parameterization, the same approach yields simplified formulas to compute the integral of any homogeneous function, including monomials. For surfaces parameterized by polynomial surfaces (such as Bezier surface triangles and B-spline patches), the method yields machine-precision accuracy for the volumetric integration of monomials with an appropriate quadrature rule. Numerical examples over regions bounded by polynomial surfaces and rational surfaces are presented to establish the accuracy and efficiency of the method.
Environmental factors-mediated behavior of microplastics and nanoplastics in water: A review

The release of plastics in nature is an increasing global concern due to their degradation from microplastics (MPs) and even to nanoplastics (NPs), which are being recognized as a potential global threat to humans and environment. This paper summarizes the current knowledge on the effect of different environmental factors on the aggregation of MPs and NPs in aquatic environment. Stability (or extent of aggregation) of MPs and NPs varies with pH, ionic strength, ion type (monovalent, divalent, and trivalent), kind of minerals, and natural organic matter (NOM) of the aquatic environment. Electrostatic interactions between particles at different pH and ionic strength caused by salts of different valents govern the aggregation. In the presence of minerals (or inorganic colloids), net surface charge of mineral and surface potential of MPs and NPs (i.e., positive or negative surface functionality) play important roles in the heteroaggregation of MPs and NPs. In the presence of NOM, additional complex interactions including hydrophobic interactions and bridging are also involved in the aggregation of particles. Understanding the interactions of MPs and NPs of different surface charge with diverse environmental factors at a wide range of environmental conditions is pivotal to assess the mobility and the fate of degraded plastic particles and their risk to human health and ecological systems.
Spatially-Resolved Proteomic Analysis of the Lens Extracellular Diffusion Barrier

Abstract Purpose The presence of a physical barrier to molecular diffusion through lenticular extracellular space has been repeatedly detected in multiple species. This extracellular diffusion barrier has been proposed to restrict the movement of solutes into the lens and to direct nutrients into the lens core via the sutures at both poles. The purpose of this study is to characterize the molecular components that could contribute to the formation of this barrier. Methods Three distinct regions in the bovine lens cortex were captured by laser capture microdissection guided by dye penetration. Proteins were digested by endoproteinase Lys C and trypsin. Mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomic analysis followed by gene ontology (GO) and protein-protein interaction network analysis was performed. Results Dye penetration showed that lens fiber cells first shrink the extracellular spaces of the broad sides of fiber cells followed by closure of the extracellular space between narrow sides at normalized lens distance (r/a) of 0.9. Accompanying the closure of extracellular space of the broad sides, dramatic proteomic changes were detected including up-regulation of several cell junctional proteins. AQP0 and its interacting partners ERM proteins were among a few proteins that were upregulated accompanying the closure of extracellular space of the narrow sides suggesting a particularly important role for the major lens membrane protein AQP0 in controlling the narrowing of the extracellular spaces between lens fiber cells. The results also provided important information related to biological processes that occur during fiber cell differentiation such as organelle degradation, cytoskeletal remodeling and GSH synthesis. Conclusions The formation of lens extracellular diffusion barrier is accompanied by significant membrane and cytoskeletal protein remodeling.
Interdependent self-construal and number of Twitter followers: consumer responses to alcohol industry corporate social responsibility (CSR) campaign on Twitter

Twitter has become an important means of communicating alcohol industry CSR campaigns. However, little is known about individual differences in consumer responses to CSR campaigns in the context of...
Reservoir Geomechanics: Compressive and tensile failures in vertical wells

The principal topics I address in this chapter are the relationships among in situ stress magnitudes, rock strength and the nature of compressive and tensile failures that can result from the concentration stress around a wellbore. To establish the principles of wellbore failure with relatively simple mathematics, I consider in this chapter only vertical wells drilled parallel to the vertical principal stress, S v . In Chapter 8 I generalize this discussion and consider deviated wells of arbitrary orientation in an arbitrarily oriented stress field. In some ways every well that is drilled can be thought of as a rock mechanics experiment. The formation surrounding the wellbore wall is subject to a stress concentration that varies strongly with the position around the well and the distance from the wellbore wall. The way in which this formation responds to the stress concentration is a function of both the stress field and rock strength. As discussed in Chapter 7, detailed knowledge of the nature of wellbore failure (especially as revealed by wellbore imaging, as discussed in Chapter 5) allows one to estimate (or constrain) the magnitude and orientation of in situ stresses at depth. In some cases it also allows one to obtain direct information about rock strength in situ . The concentration of stress around wellbores can lead to compressive failures known as stress-induced breakouts and/or tensile failure of the wellbore wall that we will refer to as drilling-induced tensile wall fractures.
Validation and error characterization for the Global Precipitation Measurement

In this paper, we have dealt with the validation and error characterization for the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) research initiative. The GPM is a three-year on-orbit duration program with a five-year duration goal. The Core satellite launch is scheduled tentatively for Fall 2008. Presently, GPM is in formulation stage in which the team is developing concepts and requirements prior to design work. As a part of formulation, ground validation is developing its requirements with a top level schedule requirement of commencing GV operations two years prior to the Core satellite launch. The rationale is that GV will benefit from a two-year head start in preparation for the Core observations. The requirements for GV are being developed in collaboration with, and vetted by, the precipitation science community.