cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capture of small paramagnetic particles by magnetic forces from low speed fluid flows

High gradient magnetic separators are able to capture small, dilute, paramagnetic particles from high velocity fluid flows. Capture cross sections are computed and correlated with dimensionless groups for a bare ferromagnetic collector.
Statistical Backwards Induction: A Simple Method for Estimating Recursive Strategic Models

We present a simple method for estimating regressions based on recursive extensive-form games. Our procedure, which can be implemented in most standard statistical packages, involves sequentially estimating standard logits (or probits) in a manner analogous to backwards induction. We demonstrate that the technique produces consistent parameter estimates and show how to calculate consistent standard errors. To illustrate the method, we replicate Leblang’s (2003) study of speculative attacks by financial markets and government responses to these attacks.
Metal ion recognition and molecular templating in self-assembled monolayers of cyclic and acyclic polyethers

Our recent work with cyclic and acyclic polyether self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold is presented. A series of dithia-crown-tetrathiafulvalene derivatives with one or two disulfide groups has been prepared, and their SAMs on gold have been characterized by electrochemistry and by reflection–absorption infrared spectroscopy. These SAMs are extremely stable on repeated electrochemical potential scans and can selectively recognize alkali metal ions. Acyclic polyether derivatives can also self-assemble on gold to yield selective metal ion recognition domains. Impedance spectroscopy data for these SAMs fit the Langmuir isotherm and allow the determination of ion association constants. Some of the SAMs prepared with new acyclic polyether derivatives are able to detect potassium cations selectively when templated in their presence. These structures are believed to be a consequence of ion “imprinting” during the process of SAM formation.
Inhibition of Mutant GNAQ Signaling in Uveal Melanoma Induces AMPK-Dependent Autophagic Cell Death

Oncogenic mutations in GNAQ and GNA11 genes are found in 80% of uveal melanoma. These mutations result in the activation of the RAF/MEK signaling pathway culminating in the stimulation of ERK1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinases. In this study, using a siRNA strategy, we show that mutant GNAQ signals to both MEK and AKT, and that combined inhibition of these pathways with the MEK inhibitor selumetinib (AZD6244) and the AKT inhibitor MK2206 induced a synergistic decrease in cell viability. This effect was genotype dependent as autophagic markers like beclin1 and LC3 were induced in GNAQ-mutant cells, whereas apoptosis was the mechanism of cell death of BRAF-mutant cells, and cells without either mutation underwent cell-cycle arrest. The inhibition of MEK/ATK pathways induced activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the GNAQ-mutant cells. The downregulation of AMPK by siRNA or its inhibition with compound C did not rescue the cells from autophagy, rather they died by apoptosis, defining AMPK as a key regulator of mutant GNAQ signaling and a switch between autophagy and apoptosis. Furthermore, this combination treatment was effective in inhibiting tumor growth in xenograft mouse models. These findings suggest that inhibition of MEK and AKT may represent a promising approach for targeted therapy of patients with uveal melanoma.
Link Transmission Model for Air Traffic Flow Management

solution with the dual decomposition method converges to the global optimum. The major contribution of the proposed modeling and optimization framework is that it is about 6 times faster than a previously developed largecapacity cell transmission model. It is also shown that the proposed optimization method obtains an equally optimal solution as the large-capacity cell transmission model. In the meantime, the proposed model is capable of including bothgrounddelayandairbornedelay,whilethelarge-capacitycelltransmissionmodelincludesairbornedelayonly. The traffic forecasting capability of the new model is also examined statistically at the sector level and the national level. It is shown that the sector counts are predicted with relative errors of less than 20% for over 80% of the highaltitude sectors in the United States. Further analysis also suggests that the accuracy of the proposed model is comparable with the other two aggregate models in the literature.
Skill decomposition by self-categorizing stimulus-response units

Endowing robots with the ability of skill learning enables them to be versatile and skillful in performing various tasks. This paper proposes a skill-decomposition framework, which differs from previous work in its capability of decomposing a skill by self-categorizing it into significant stimulus-response units (SRU). The proposed skill-decomposition framework can be realized by stages with a 5-layer neuro-fuzzy network with supervised learning, resolution control and reinforcement learning, to enable robots to identify a sufficient number of significant SRUs for accomplishing a given task. Computer simulations and experiments with a Pioneer DX-3 mobile robot were conducted to validate the self-categorization capability of the proposed skill-decomposition framework in learning and identifying significant SRUs from task examples.
Homology modeling, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations elucidated α-fetoprotein binding modes

An important mechanism of endocrine activity is chemicals entering target cells via transport proteins and then interacting with hormone receptors such as the estrogen receptor (ER). α-Fetoprotein (AFP) is a major transport protein in rodent serum that can bind and sequester estrogens, thus preventing entry to the target cell and where they could otherwise induce ER-mediated endocrine activity. Recently, we reported rat AFP binding affinities for a large set of structurally diverse chemicals, including 53 binders and 72 non-binders. However, the lack of three-dimensional (3D) structures of rat AFP hinders further understanding of the structural dependence for binding. Therefore, a 3D structure of rat AFP was built using homology modeling in order to elucidate rat AFP-ligand binding modes through docking analyses and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Homology modeling was first applied to build a 3D structure of rat AFP. Molecular docking and Molecular Mechanics-Generalized Born Surface Area (MM-GBSA) scoring were then used to examine potential rat AFP ligand binding modes. MD simulations and free energy calculations were performed to refine models of binding modes. A rat AFP tertiary structure was first obtained using homology modeling and MD simulations. The rat AFP-ligand binding modes of 13 structurally diverse, representative binders were calculated using molecular docking, (MM-GBSA) ranking and MD simulations. The key residues for rat AFP-ligand binding were postulated through analyzing the binding modes. The optimized 3D rat AFP structure and associated ligand binding modes shed light on rat AFP-ligand binding interactions that, in turn, provide a means to estimate binding affinity of unknown chemicals. Our results will assist in the evaluation of the endocrine disruption potential of chemicals.
Unusual combination of bilateral testicular microlithiasis and tubular ectasia of the rete testis with left intra‐ and extratesticular varicocele in a 17‐year‐old boy

We describe the rare combination of testicular microlithiasis, unilateral intra/extratesticular varicocele, and tubular ectasia of the rete testis in a 17-year-old boy who presented with testicular pain following a trauma. He had a prior history of undescended testis and orchiopexy in childhood. His workup included a normal abdominal ultrasound and a sperm analysis demonstrating a low sperm count with sperm dysmotility. A follow-up ultrasound was unchanged, and he has been managed conservatively. This combined set of findings has not been previously reported.
Near-field radiative heat transfer between metamaterial thin films

We investigate near-field radiative heat transfer between two thin films made of metamaterials. The impact of film thickness on magnetic and electric surface polaritons (ESPs) is analyzed. It is found that the strength as well as the location of magnetic resonance does not change with film thickness until the film behaves as semi-infinite for the dielectric function chosen in this study. When the film is thinner than vacuum gap, both electric and magnetic polaritons contribute evenly to near-field radiative heat transfer. At larger film thicknesses, ESPs dominate heat transfer due to excitation of a larger number of modes. Results obtained from this study will facilitate applications of metamaterials as thin-film coatings for energy systems.
Biogeography of Exostema (Rubiaceae) in the Caribbean Region in Light of Molecular Phylogenetic Analyses

Abstract Exostema (Rubiaceae) comprises 25 neotropical woody species, ranging from western South America and Mesoamerica to the West Indies, with 19 species occurring in Cuba and Hispaniola. Biogeographical hypotheses based upon a phylogenetic analysis of morphological data depict a South American origin for the group, with species radiations in the Greater Antilles. Molecular phylogenetic analyses were conducted using ITS and rbcL sequence data for a sample of 14 species of Exostema and nine species from eight closely related genera. Results indicate that Exostema is paraphyletic with respect to Coutarea, Erithalis, and Chiococca. Hypotheses invoking independent South American origins for subclades of Exostema are not supported. Coutarea and the South American Exostema species form a clade sister to the Caribbean Exostema species with terminal inflorescences. Relationships among axillary flowered Exostema species are not well resolved. Distribution, ecology, and seed traits indicate over-water dispersal ...
Effects of oxygen plasma treatment on the performance of CdTe thin-film solar cells

CdTe solar cell devices are a promising technology, but they still have room for improvement before the theoretical efficiency of 30% is reached. In this study, we fabricate CdTe devices using close space sublimation to deposit CdTe and chemical bath deposition for the CdS layer. We explore the effects of oxygen plasma treatment on both the F-doped SnO2 (FTO) layer of commercial glass substrates and the CdS layer before depositing the CdTe absorber layer. While plasma cleaning the FTO results in a marked improvement in conversion, treating the CdS layer further improves performance. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy show no distinct changes in morphology on the CdS layer as a result of the plasma treatment. It is anticipated that plasma treatment induces a drastic reduction in the amount of organics on the substrates and modifies the chemistry of the surface of CdS layers; which may account for the observed performance improvements.
Importance of Ground Water in Our National Economy

Typical ground water problems in six areas in United States are reviewed and it is concluded that solution of each must rest on adequate knowledge of character and capacity of ground water reservoirs involved and on comprehensive planning.
Evaluation of Neurotoxicity and Radiation Effects of BNCT in Rats Following Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption and Intracarotid Injection of BPA or BSH

The blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is formed by tight junctions of endothelial cells lining cerebral blood vessels and capillaries, effectively limits the delivery of most water soluble chemotherapeutic agents to brain tumors and surrounding brain tissue.1 Using the F98 rat glioma model, we recently have reported that osmotic blood-brain barrier disruption (BBB-D), produced by the intracarotid (i.c.) infusion of a hyperosmotic solution of mannitol, followed by i.c. administration of BPA or BSH significantly enhanced tumor boron delivery and the efficacy of BNCT in F98 glioma bearing rats.2, 3, 4 BPA and BSH have not been shown to have any significant short term neurotoxic and long term adverse radiation effects at doses that have been used clinically for BNCT.5,6 Since osmotic BBB-D transiently opens tight endothelial cell junctions of capillaries in both normal brain and tumor of the infused cerebral hemisphere,7 there is an increase in normal brain boron levels. However, by 2.5 hours these fall to values similar to those obtained following i.v. injection.2, 3, 4 The purpose of present study was to evaluate the short term neurotoxic and the long term neuropathologic and functional effects of BBB-D and i.c. infusion of BPA or BSH in non-tumor bearing rats following BNCT studies similar to those carried out in tumor bearing animals.2, 3, 4
Editorial Comment: New Directions in Orthopaedic Education.

I n 1819, American author Washington Irving published his famous book about a fictional character who falls asleep for 20 years, and when he awakens, struggles with the enormous changes that have occurred in his village. Similarly, the articles published in this education symposium highlight the evolution of orthopaedic graduate medical education, and offer a glimpse into the changes that are on the horizon, leading us to ask, ‘‘If we woke up in 20 years, what would orthopaedic education be like?’’ Ultimately, the orthopaedic educator has the responsibility to contribute to the development of a workforce that meets the musculoskeletal needs of society. The training environment must be cost-effective and equally prioritize patient safety, quality of care, and resident education. Although we should take pride in what we have done in the past, we believe these articles will inspire you to think differently about the future of resident education and how we can better achieve our ultimate goal. This can, perhaps, be conceptualized in three domains: (1) Whom we train, (2) what we teach, and (3) how we teach. It all starts with the identification of those individuals who will constitute our future workforce. Despite the prevalence of musculoskeletal problems in our society, medical students do not receive adequate exposure to orthopaedic surgery in undergraduate medical-school curricula. Although this has obvious implications for their opportunity to learn the basics of musculoskeletal care, it also limits the pool of applicants who will pursue a career in orthopaedic surgery. This is concerning in a profession noted for its lack of diversity, and we must persevere in our efforts to address this gap on behalf of the public and the next J. Lawrence Marsh MD
The dependence of yield stress on strain rate as determined from ball-indentation tests

A ball-indentation experiment was conducted to explore the possibility of using this test for the investigation of strain-rate dependence of yield properties of materials. The initial velocities of indentation used were between 0.0002 and 3 ips. Force and depth of penetration were measured continuously during a test. Using these and the results given in a previous report, the dependence of yield pressure of the indentation test on penetration velocity is shown for a range of velocities from 0.0002 to 300 ips. Results are presented for annealed C1018 steel, annealed 1100 F and annealed 6061-T6 aluminums. For all materials tested, the dependence of yield stress on strain rate seems to be derivable from the ball-indentation results by using Tabor's empirical formulas and an equation relating strain rate and velocity of penetration. The increase of yield pressure over the range of indentation velocities is 100 percent for steel, 30 percent for 1100 aluminum and 20 percent for 6061 aluminum.
The Privacy Paradox: E-Commerce and Personal Information on the Internet

The proliferation of commerce on the internet has opened up a Pandora's box of ethical concerns regarding technology, its use, and its impact. Technology places within our grasp things that were formerly difficult to even imagine. Today we can buy everything from a pencil to a car via the internet in a matter of minutes, if not seconds. And there is a limitless amount that we can acquire for "free." The recent Napster controversy is evidence of this. There is even software available that enables us to keep track of our personal information so that we do not have to keep re-keying in the data. What is becoming scarce, arguably, is our privacy. As we transmit an increasing amount of personal information over the internet, such informa tion?including personal data as well as details of our buying habits?is increasingly becoming more accessible by others, less private to us (Froomkin, 2000; Lester, 2001 ; Reidenberg, 2000). While we react today as if this is a new concern, the issue has emerged repeatedly over the decades (Alderman and Kennedy, 1995; Barrett, 1997; Forester, 1985; Johnson, 1985; Johnson and Snapper, 1985). For example, in the 1960s, people were disturbed by the introduction of national credit cards. Concerns arose again in the 1980s with the rise of Caller ID. People responded with outrage when they found out that businesses with 800 numbers had immediate access to their phone numbers. Businesses such
Critical Success Factors for Managing Technology-Intensive Teams in the Global Enterprise

The challenges of managing culturally diverse and globally dispersed project teams are examined in a field study of technology-intensive product developments. The article aims to improve the unders...
Electron Localization of Anions Probed by Nitrile Vibrations

Localization and delocalization of electrons is a key concept in chemistry, and is one of the important factors determining the efficiency of electron transport through organic conjugated molecules, which have potential to act as “molecular wires”. This, in turn, substantially influences the efficiencies of organic solar cells and other molecular electronic devices. It is also necessary to understand the electronic energy landscape and the dynamics that govern electron transport capabilities in one-dimensional conjugated chains so that we can better define the design principles for conjugated molecules for their applications. We show that nitrile ν(C≡N) vibrations respond to the degree of electron localization in nitrile-substituted organic anions by utilizing time-resolved infrared detection combined with pulse radiolysis. Measurements of a series of aryl nitrile anions allow us to construct a semiempirical calibration curve between the changes in the ν(C≡N) infrared (IR) shifts and the changes in the el...
Cat-scratch disease.

Cat-scratch disease is a self-limited disease associated with contact with cats that causes regional lymphadenopathy in children and young adults. Recently identification of the probable causative organism, a gram-negative, non-acid-fast coccobacillus, has been achieved through special staining techniques from skin inoculation sites and involved lymph tissue. Differential diagnosis includes a variety of other infectious diseases and neoplasms. Diagnosis of cat-scratch disease can be made by presence of typical clinical findings, history of exposure to cats, results of skin testing to cat-scratch antigen, and in some circumstances, biopsy or fine-needle aspiration from skin inoculation site or involved lymph nodes. Future developments awaiting culture of the suspected bacterium include a vaccine for prevention, rapid diagnostic methods, and antimicrobial testing.
Sperm-oolemmal interaction: role of the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) adhesion peptide

The Arg-Gly-Asp tripeptide (RGD) plays a wide-spread role in cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix recognition. We demonstrated that an RGD-containing peptide (Arg-Gly-Asp-Val, RGDV) inhibits both oolemmal binding and penetration of zona-free hamster eggs by human spermatozoa in vitro when added to the incubation medium. These results suggest that RGD-containing proteins may play a role in sperm-oolemmal interactions required for fertilization
Substrate Binding, Catalysis, and Product Release

Enzymes catalyze reactions by forming complexes with their substrate(s), accelerating the chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy for the reaction, and then releasing the product(s). The enzyme has to have sufficient affinity for a substrate to form a complex with it at the physiological concentration of this molecule. Conversely, however, too great an affinity for the substrate usually results in too great an affinity for the product, so that product release becomes rate limiting. The maximum rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is limited, in fact, by the relationship between the equilibrium and the kinetic constants called the Haldane relationship, and one element of this restriction is the affinity of the substrate.
Cloning of a cDNA Encoding Class II Specific DNA Binding Protein

The class II molecules of the HLA complex are expressed primarily on immunocompetent cells including B-cells, activated T cells, and macrophages. A coordinate level of expression is seen between the class II α and β subunits. Recent studies have focused on the mechanisms underlying this coordinate level of expression, and have localized most regulatory control to the 5′ upstream region of the class II genes specifically to sequences that have been termed the Z (or W), X, and Y boxes (1–3). We designed our studies to isolate and characterize the regulatory proteins that interact with the X and Y boxes of the DRα gene. We found a number of nuclear proteins that bind to the class II box. Based on the cells from which the nuclear proteins were isolated, these proteins appear to be both negative and positive regulatory factors. We have directly cloned a cDNA corresponding to a gene that encodes a protein which appears relatively specific for the Y box, and the transcription of this gene appears inversely proportional to class II expression.
The Greening of Chilean Wineries Through Specialized Services

It is widely recognized that conventional wine-producing practices can seriously damage the environment (Desta 2008). Environmental damage occurs throughout the wine value chain due to inputs (such as chemicals, energy, packaging materials and water) and outputs (such as organic waste, solid and liquid waste, CO2 emissions and a water footprint). Within this context, there has been growing pressure around the world to improve the environmental sustainability of the wine sector over the past two decades. The issue of environmental sustainability has arisen in part from the wine sector itself, due to the negative impacts of climate change (less rainfall and more frequent and extreme weather conditions) it has suffered. Moreover, wine consumers are increasingly concerned with reducing their carbon footprint (CF), which is another pressure on winemakers to improve their environmental impact.
Stages of Personality Development

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the idea of personality stages and types. The structure of personality is based on the idea of personality stages and types. The idea that there are types of people and stages in the development of personality is as old as recorded history, and older than any attempts at measurement. In relation to personality, stage theories of moral judgment are well known for recent years. The distinctive feature of this theory is that knowledge of the highest or end state is used to define previous states. Further, ego-development and its stages are discussed. Major instrument of the study ego development has been the Sentence Completion Test (SCT). The SCT has proven to be well adapted to the task of refining the definition of the stages in accordance with data from thousands of cases. The theory of ego development has been criticized, because it does not present each stage as a logically coherent whole. It does not prescribe higher stages as better, and it “confuses” structure with content. The stages of moral development and the stages of ego development are very similar at the lower stages, but at the higher stages it is harder to draw exact parallels. The same comments hold for many other developmental stage theories propounded in recent years.
Oil and terrorism: an investigation of mediators

Do states with oil wealth experience more terrorism and, if so, why? Drawing from the intrastate war literature, this study considers several factors that prospectively mediate the relationship between oil wealth and terrorism: state weakness; rentier state authoritarianism; corruption of government officials; income inequality; human rights violations; foreign military intervention; and heightened separatist activity. Based on structural equation modeling on a sample of 130 non-OECD countries for the period 1970–2012, the paper produces two main empirical findings. First, while onshore oil production increases terrorist attacks in countries, on- and offshore production and oil revenues from exports do not increase such attacks. Second, the impact of oil on terrorism is mediated through increased human rights abuses. Exploitation of oil is found to be associated with a worsening of physical integrity rights abuses that, in turn, lead to popular grievances that help to fuel terrorist campaigns.
Gender and the Gaze: Sor Juana, Lacan, and Spanish Baroque Poetry

There are few motifs more ubiquitous in Renaissance and Baroque poetry than those that link falling in love to the eyes. Based at least in part on Theophrastus, as Halstead has pointed out (11320), this notion of love describes a process by which one is captivated by looking at the object of desire, prompting an exchange of humors or spirits. If the love is returned, both lovers feel complete and satisfied, but if the object of desire does not reciprocate, one feels empty because one has given one’s soul to another while receiving nothing in return. Garcilaso’s Soneto VIII is a splendid illustration of this relationship between love, eyes, and the soul:
Nicotine dependence, internalizing symptoms, mood variability and daily tobacco use among young adult smokers.

Abstract Introduction Cigarette use among young adults continues to rise. As young adults transition to college and assume other adult roles and responsibilities, they are at risk for the development of mental health problems and for the progression of substance use problems. Previous studies suggest that individual differences in negative and positive mood contribute to cigarette use in established college-aged smokers, but less is known whether fluctuations in mood influence daily cigarette use, controlling for trait levels of internalizing symptoms and nicotine dependence. Methods Data for this study came from a sample of college students (N = 39, 59% female, mean age 20.4 years) who reported regular cigarette use and participated in a 21-day ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study assessing within-individual variation in cigarette use and mood. Results A three-level hierarchical linear model accounting for the structure of 1896 occasions of cigarette use nested within days and individuals indicated that within-individual variability in positive mood was associated with cigarette use at each occasion, after taking into account baseline levels of nicotine dependence and internalizing problems. Conclusions Daily shifts in positive moods are importantly associated with consuming cigarettes throughout the day.
A Measure of the Potential Impact of Hospital Community Health Activities on Population Health and Equity.

Context Many hospitals in the United States are exploring greater investment in community health activities that address upstream causes of poor health. Objective Develop and apply a measure to categorize and estimate the potential impact of hospitals' community health activities on population health and equity. Design, setting, and participants We propose a scale of potential impact on population health and equity, based on the cliff analogy developed by Jones and colleagues. The scale is applied to the 317 activities reported in the community health needs assessment implementation plan reports of 23 health care organizations in the Minneapolis-St Paul, Minnesota, metropolitan area in 2015. Main outcome measure Using a 5-point ordinal scale, we assigned a score of potential impact on population health and equity to each community health activity. Results A majority (50.2%) of health care organizations' community health activities are classified as addressing social determinants of health (level 4 on the 5-point scale), though very few (5.4%) address structural causes of health equity (level 5 on the 5-point scale). Activities that score highest on potential impact fall into the topic categories of "community health and connectedness" and "healthy lifestyles and wellness." Lower-scoring activities focus on sick or at-risk individuals, such as the topic category of "chronic disease prevention, management, and screening." Health care organizations in the Minneapolis-St Paul metropolitan area vary substantially in the potential impact of their aggregated community health activities. Conclusions Hospitals can be significant contributors to investment in upstream community health programs. This article provides a scale that can be used not only by hospitals but by other health care and public health organizations to better align their community health strategies, investments, and partnerships with programming and policies that address the foundational causes of population health and equity within the communities they serve.
Finding My Way: A Phenomenology of Fathering in the NICU

Background:Historically, the relationship between infant and mother in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) has been the main focus of parenting research, leaving a gap in the literature regarding the paternal experience.Purpose:The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of the lived
Lumbar Spinal Stenosis in Older Adults

Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a frequent cause of low back pain among adults, caused by a narrowing impinging on the spinal cord or nerve roots. Several conditions cause LSS, including disc herniation, spondylolisthesis, tumor, fractures, and other degenerative changes. Back pain is frequently experienced. MRI is the radiologic modality of choice. Radiographic evidence of LSS may not correlate well with symptoms. An increase in utilization of surgery has been noted. However, surgery has no significant benefit over more conservative options. An appropriate risk/benefit discussion between the patient and an interdisciplinary medical team is optimal.
Reductive Coupling of Unactivated Alkenes and Alkynes

Significant advances have been made in the study of catalytic reductive coupling of alkenes and alkynes over the past 10 years. This work will discuss the progress made in early transition metal and lanthanide series catalytic processes using alkyl metals or silanes as the stoichiometric reductants and the progress made in the use of late transition metals for the same reactions using silanes, stannanes and borohydrides as the reductant. The mechanisms for the reactions are discussed along with stereoselective variants of the reactions.
Lattice modes in ferroelectric perovskites. II. Pb 1 − x Ba x Ti O 3 including BaTi O 3

The Raman measurements of the ferroelectric PbTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ reported previously are extended to the ferroelectric system $({\mathrm{Pb}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{x})\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ including the end member BaTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. The measurements were made on crystals of BaTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, very small crystals for several $x$, and powders using the powder Raman technique. The expected $3n\ensuremath{-}3$ optic modes are accounted for at all $x$ including BaTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. These modes in BaTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ obey the proper selection rules and disappear and reappear abruptly at the transition temperature ${T}_{c}$ when approached from below or above, respectively. This is contrary to what is often suggested in the literature. Of course there are other broad bands observed in BaTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ that do not disappear at ${T}_{c}$. These broad bands are only found for $x\ensuremath{\approx}0.9 \mathrm{to} 1$. Similarly, the room-temperature data show that the lowest soft $E(\mathrm{TO})$ mode is overdamped only for $x\ensuremath{\approx}0.9 \mathrm{to} 1$. For smaller $x$ it is underdamped at room temperature. However, the linewidth of the underdamped soft $E(\mathrm{TO})$ mode behaves in a singular manner as ${T}_{c}$ is approached from below as is found in PbTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. For $x=0.9 \mathrm{and} 1$ this singular behavior is not observed. The data on the soft $E(\mathrm{TO})$ mode in BaTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ show that the shape of the response is practically independent of temperature in agreement with earlier work. Also, the intensity is practically independent of temperature in strong disagreement with earlier work. We cannot unambiguously determine the undamped frequency and linewidth of this mode, and we feel that the temperature dependences of these quantities, for the soft $E(\mathrm{TO})$ mode in BaTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, are not as yet determined. The frequency of the modes is a fairly continuous function of $x$ even though there are several phase transitions on the BaTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$-rich end. Lastly, some discussion of the temperature dependence of the dielectric constant in terms of impurities and the concept of dirty displacive ferroelectrics is given. Very large enhancements of the static dielectric constant can be obtained due to interaction with the soft modes.
Use of photoaffinity crosslinking and molecular modeling to analyze the global architecture of ribonuclease P RNA

Bacterial ribonuclease P (RNase P), an endonuclease involved in tRNA maturation, is a ribonucleoprotein containing a catalytic RNA. The secondary structure of this ribozyme is well established, but comparatively little is understood about its 3-D structure. In this analysis, orientation and distance constraints between elements within the Escherichia coli RNase P RNA-pre-tRNA complex were determined by intra- and intermolecular crosslinking experiments. A molecular mechanics-based RNA structure refinement protocol was used to incorporate the distance constraints indicated by crosslinking, along with the known secondary structure of RNase P RNA and the tertiary structure of tRNA, into molecular models. Seven different structures that satisfy the constraints equally well were generated and compared by superposition to estimate helix positions and orientations. Manual refinement within the range of conformations indicated by the molecular mechanics analysis was used to derive a model of RNase P RNA with bound substrate pre-tRNA that is consistent with the crosslinking results and the available phylogenetic comparisons.
Multinomial Problems in Geometric Probability with Dirichlet Analysis

A variety of new combinatorial results are obtained using the recently developed technique of Dirichlet Analysis, which utilizes the study of Dirichlet integrals. These results are stated as seventeen problems which are geometrical or combinatorial in nature.
Rates of Synthesis and Selective Loss into the Bile of Four Rat Liver Proteins and the Polymeric IgA Receptor

Hepatocytes have three distinct plasma membrane (PM) surfaces: apical (bile canaliculus), basal (blood) and lateral. Each domain contains distinct membrane proteins, such as the apical proteins, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) and HA4 (Ecto-ATPase) (Hubbard et al., 1985, Bartles et al., 1985), a basolateral protein, CE9, (Hubbard et al., 1985) and a basolateral protein which is concentrated on the lateral surface, HA321 (Braiterman and Hubbard, 1985). We have determined the half-lives and cellular amounts of these four PM molecules, their rates of synthesis and the amount of loss from the cell that can be accounted for by their release into bile. We have compared these values to those for the pIgA-receptor (pIgA-R), a sacrificial receptor, which travels first to the basolateral surface where it can bind pIgA, is then transported to the apical surface, and is subsequently cleaved externally and released into the bile as secretory component (SC) (Brown and Koppel, 1989).
Coping with the black swan in psychophysics

Aberrant responses that are associated with lapses in attention and microsleeps during a behavioral experiment violate basic assumptions underlying signal detection theory. These responses (i.e., the black swan events) occur infrequently but could lead to severe biases in the estimated perceptual sensitivity (d’) and misinterpretations of the data. When adaptive procedures are used to estimate behavioral thresholds, performance lapses occurring early in an adaptive track may cause convergence failures. Moreover, microsleeps may become more frequent as the task difficulty decreases, leading to potential instabilities in common adaptive procedures. Through a series of Monte-Carlo simulations, the potential effects of performance lapses on typical psychophysical tasks (e.g., Yes/No, 2-alternative forced choice) were demonstrated. Several possible experimental and computational techniques to cope with performance lapses were investigated. These included (1) introducing additional parameters representing performance lapses into the psychometric model, (2) allowing a “Not Sure” response category, and (3) screening and removing the likely aberrant responses. These simulation studies provide useful guidelines to design adaptive psychophysical procedures for subject populations from which performance lapses are expected (e.g., young children and behaving animals).Aberrant responses that are associated with lapses in attention and microsleeps during a behavioral experiment violate basic assumptions underlying signal detection theory. These responses (i.e., the black swan events) occur infrequently but could lead to severe biases in the estimated perceptual sensitivity (d’) and misinterpretations of the data. When adaptive procedures are used to estimate behavioral thresholds, performance lapses occurring early in an adaptive track may cause convergence failures. Moreover, microsleeps may become more frequent as the task difficulty decreases, leading to potential instabilities in common adaptive procedures. Through a series of Monte-Carlo simulations, the potential effects of performance lapses on typical psychophysical tasks (e.g., Yes/No, 2-alternative forced choice) were demonstrated. Several possible experimental and computational techniques to cope with performance lapses were investigated. These included (1) introducing additional parameters representing perfo...
Barriers and facilitators to clinical information seeking: a systematic review.

Objective The study sought to identify barriers to and facilitators of point-of-care information seeking and use of knowledge resources. Materials and methods We searched MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Library from 1991 to February 2017. We included qualitative studies in any language exploring barriers to and facilitators of point-of-care information seeking or use of electronic knowledge resources. Two authors independently extracted data on users, study design, and study quality. We inductively identified specific barriers or facilitators and from these synthesized a model of key determinants of information-seeking behaviors. Results Forty-five qualitative studies were included, reporting data derived from interviews (n = 26), focus groups (n = 21), ethnographies (n = 6), logs (n = 4), and usability studies (n = 2). Most studies were performed within the context of general medicine (n = 28) or medical specialties (n = 13). We inductively identified 58 specific barriers and facilitators and then created a model reflecting 5 key determinants of information-seeking behaviors: time includes subthemes of time availability, efficiency of information seeking, and urgency of information need; accessibility includes subthemes of hardware access, hardware speed, hardware portability, information restriction, and cost of resources; personal skills and attitudes includes subthemes of computer literacy, information-seeking skills, and contextual attitudes about information seeking; institutional attitudes, cultures, and policies includes subthemes describing external individual and institutional information-seeking influences; and knowledge resource features includes subthemes describing information-seeking efficiency, information content, information organization, resource familiarity, information credibility, information currency, workflow integration, compatibility of recommendations with local processes, and patient educational support. Conclusions Addressing these determinants of information-seeking behaviors may facilitate clinicians' question answering to improve patient care.
Magnesium Infusion for Refractory Non-surgical Pheochromocytoma Crisis

Pheochromocytoma crisis is a rare medical emergency characterized by severe hypertension, shock, and multiorgan failure. Despite its widespread availability, low cost and wide therapeutic index, magnesium sulfate has primarily been utilized as an adrenergic antagonist during pheochromocytoma resection. This case report describes a 57-year-old male with recurrent nonsurgical pheochromocytoma and crisis refractory to adrenergic antagonism. Initiation of magnesium sulfate continuous infusion provided rapid hemodynamic control in the setting of inoperable disease. This case highlights the role and dosing of magnesium sulfate in the management of pheochromocytoma crisis.
Thrombocytopenia After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: What Is Really Going On?

In a multivariate model, the drop-in platelet count (DPC) was significantly higher in patients treated with a balloon expandable valve (BEV) than a self-expandable valve (SEV) (36.3% ± 15.1% vs. 27.7% ± 14.4%, p < .001). In a univariate model, a higher DPC post-transcatheter aortic valve replacement was observed in patients requiring alternate access and lower contrast volume. The platelet count nadir was nearly a day later in patients implanted with a BEV compared with an SEV. At 30 days, there was a higher rate of adverse events and mortality in patients with a high DPC. At 1 year, there was no significant difference in mortality rates between the high DPC group and the low DPC group.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients increase medio-lateral stability and limit changes in antero-posterior stability to curb energy expenditure.

Abstract Background A relationship exists between step width and energy expenditure, yet the contribution of dynamic stability to energy expenditure is not completely understood. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients’ energy expenditure is increased due to airway obstruction. Further, they have a higher prevalence of falls and balance deficits compared to controls. Research question Is dynamic stability different between COPD patients and controls; and is the association between dynamic stability and energy expenditure different between groups? Methods Seventeen COPD patients (64.3 ± 7.6years) and 23 controls (59.9 ± 6.6years) walked on a treadmill at three speeds: self-selected walking speed (SSWS), −20%SSWS, and +20%SSWS. Mean and variability (standard deviation) of the anterior-posterior (AP) and medio-lateral (ML) margins of stability (MOS) were compared between groups and speed conditions, while controlling for covariates. Additionally, their association to metabolic power was examined. Results The association between stability and power did not significantly differ between groups. However, increased metabolic power was associated with decreased MOS AP mean (p The MOS ML mean for COPD patients was greater than that of healthy patients (p = 0.02). MOS AP mean decreased as speed increased and differed by group (p = 0.048). For COPD patients, a plateau was observed at SSWS and did not decrease further at +20%SSWS compared to controls. MOS AP variability (p Significance Patients with COPD operate at the upper limit of their metabolic reserve due to an increased cost of breathing. To compensate for their lack of stability, they walked with larger margins of stability in the ML direction, instead of changing the stability margins in the AP direction, due to its association with energy expenditure.
Expressive language abilities of boys with idiopathic autism spectrum disorder and boys with fragile X syndrome + autism spectrum disorder: Cross-context comparisons:

Background and aimsUnderstanding the unique expressive language profiles of children with phenotypically similar, but distinct neurodevelopmental disorders, such as idiopathic autism spectrum disor...
Screening for genetic mutations in patients with neuropathy without definite etiology is useful.

To determine the clinical usefulness of systemic genetic testing in neuropathies without definite etiology. We systematically performed genetic testing in all patients with neuropathy who did not have a definite etiology, seen at our neuromuscular clinic between 2017 and 2020. The testing consisted of an inherited neuropathy panel (72–81 genes), which used next-generation sequencing technology. We screened 200 patients. Pathogenic mutations were found in 30 (15%). PMP22, TTR and GJB1, accounted for 83.3% of positive mutations. The management was altered in four patients (2%). Two patients were found to have hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis and were started on TTR gene silencers. Two patients were being treated for demyelinating autoimmune neuropathy and were diagnosed with CMT1A and CMTX. Screening for genetic mutations in patients with neuropathy without a definite etiology is useful. While only a minority of patients with unsuspected inherited neuropathy tested positive, the findings altered management in some, improving morbidity and, perhaps, mortality.
Clinical significance of neonatal screening for enterovirus

Objective To explorer the significance of screening for enterovirus when newborn patients hospitalized in neonatal room. Methods All cases were collected in neonatal room from May, 2009 to May, 2010. Every newborn patient was isolated and collected specimens (including stool and throat swabs). These clinical specimens were directly tested by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ( RT - PCR) assay with universal enterovirus, CA16 - specific and EV71 - specific primers. The epidemiologic studies on enterovirus for EV PCR -positive individuals and their close contacts were carried out. Results The modes of transmission of neonatals enteroviral infections were: intrauterine infection, intrapartum infection, and puerperal infection and their infection rates were 2.72% , 6.285, 15.76% respectively. Conclusions Screening in all newborns for preventing enterovirus infection plays equally important role in pre - hospitalization and during hospitalization. Key words: Newborn; Enterovirus; Screening; Intrauterine infection; Intrapartum infection
Biomechanics of Osteo-Synthetics

Osteo-synthetics play critical roles in skeletal tissue regeneration by supporting mechanical integrity as well as enhancing cell–tissue interaction to facilitate tissue formation. These roles can be fulfilled by the functional design of porous architectures to provide proper load bearing and mass transportation for the neo tissue formation. These require a simultaneous design for mechanical and mass transport properties. In this chapter, trends for introducing osteo-synthetics in the clinical setting, design parameters for capable implants, and influence of implant physical characteristics on osteointegration are extensively reviewed, followed by introduction of a novel numerical approach to integrate all these factors. We applied a homogenization-based topology optimization scheme to design the three-dimensional unit microstructures for the desired scaffolds. The target effective bulk modulus and isotropic diffusivity are obtained by the optimized porous microstructure. Cross-property bounds between the desired bulk moduli and diffusivities are adapted to determine the defined targets for a given porosity.
Structures, Multicenter π-Bonding, and Spin Equilibria in the Mixed-Valence Trimers of Tetramethyltetrathiafulvalene Cation-Radicals

Pancake bonding between partially oxidized tetramethyltetrathiafulvalene (TMTTF) moieties was examined via X-ray structural, spectral, and magnetic susceptibility measurements of the salts comprisi...