cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Tables to Teach Mathematics.

Are you looking for activities that are simple enough so that every student can contribute, even your slowest ones? The construction of tables is such an activity. For example, you may wish to have your students construct a table listing the deci mal equivalents of the reciprocals of in tegers. Allow your students to draw num bers from a hat or to obtain numbers by some other random process. Tell them to divide 1 by their number and continue di viding until the digits in the quotient re peat. To help students check their work on this project and to keep them from becoming discouraged, you may wish to show them a technique involving a pocket calculator (table 1). Steps 1 and 2 obtain a partial quotient without round-off error. Steps 3 through 5 obtain the next block of numbers for the new dividend. TABLE 1
Integrating genetic and environmental forces that shape the evolution of geographic variation in a marine snail

Temporal and spatial patterns of phenotypic variation have traditionally been thought to reflect genetic differentiation produced by natural selection. Recently, however, there has been growing interest in how natural selection may shape the genetics of phenotypic plasticity to produce patterns of geographic variation and phenotypic evolution. Because the covariance between genetic and environmental influences can modulate the expression of phenotypic variation, a complete understanding of geographic variation requires determining whether these influences covary in the same (cogradient variation) or in opposing (countergradient variation) directions. We focus on marine snails from rocky intertidal shores as an ideal system to explore how genetic and plastic influences contribute to geographic and historical patterns of phenotypic variation. Phenotypic plasticity in response to predator cues, wave action, and water temperature appear to exert a strong influence on small and large-scale morphological variation in marine snails. In particular, plasticity in snail shell thickness: (i) may contribute to phenotypic evolution, (ii) appears to have evolved across small and large spatial scales, and (iii) may be driven by life history trade-offs tied to architectural constraints imposed by the shell. The plasticity exhibited by these snails represents an important adaptive strategy to the pronounced heterogeneity of the intertidal zone and undoubtedly has played a key role in their evolution.
Bending Toward Justice: The Search for Sustainable Energy

During the weeks leading up to a decision by the U.S. government over whether to allow a Canadian company to construct a 1,700-mile pipeline to carry tar-sands oil from Alberta to the Gulf of Mexico, environmentalists and clean-energy advocates mounted a huge opposition campaign. But they were joined in their resistance to the Keystone XL pipeline by two public figures that you might not immediately associate with energy policy: the Dalai Lama of Tibet and Archbishop Desmond Tutu of South Africa.
Molecular Biology of Human Apolipoproteins B and E and Associated Diseases of Lipoprotein Metabolism

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the molecular biology of human apolipoproteins B and E and associated diseases of lipoprotein metabolism. The protein components of lipoproteins are called apolipoproteins and have been designated apoA-I, apoA-II, apoA-IV, apoB, apoCI, apoCII, apoCIII, apoD, and apoE. Analysis of the secondary structure of apolipoproteins indicates that they contain extensive regions of amphipathic helices containing nonpolar and polar surfaces. In these structures, the nonpolar surface of the helix is presumed to interact with nonpolar lipids, such as cholesteryl ester and triglycerides, and the polar surface supposedly interacts with the polar head group of the phospholipid and with the aqueous phase. apoE is a ligand for the cellular recognition and catabolism of lipoproteins by the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (B/E) receptor and possibly by other types of receptors. The receptor binding domain of apoE is in the vicinity of residues 139–169. It is synthesized mainly by the liver. However, substantial amounts of apoE are also synthesized by all of the peripheral tissues. Following synthesis, apoE is modified intracellularly with carbohydrate chains containing two, four, or six sialic acid residues. ApoE is secreted mostly in the modified form and is subsequently demodified in plasma by an unknown mechanism.
Enhancing Collaboration Across the Research Ecosystem: Using Libraries as Hubs for Discipline-Specific Data Experts

Computationally-intensive, cross-disciplinary research collaborations are difficult to create and maintain over time, though many yield impressive results. The need for researchers to share, maintain, and manage data is increasing, while also integrating new tools and approaches to make their work more impactful. The University Libraries at Virginia Tech has a team of disciplinary data and informatics consultants working to connect research environments on campus with emerging library services enabling collaboration across disciplines. Partnerships with university-level research service providers, such as high-performance computing (HPC) services and statistical data consulting, have presented interesting use cases and innovative solutions to common problems. While traditional library services may not overlap with high performance computing environments, new library services (such as data management, publishing, curation, archiving, and preservation) provide new avenues for collaboration and situate the libraries in a unique position in relation to research ecosystems. Moving large datasets from HPC environments into research environments present significant barriers to research data sharing between collaborators; working with libraries to make these datasets better organized and documented lowers some of these barriers.Discipline-specific informatics consulting allows researchers to integrate new tools and approaches to solve research questions. Here, we highlight the utilization, need, and scope of informatics and research data management services in and around libraries, while also providing examples of how these services have created new collaborations and adoption of improved research practices surrounding data management and integration of computationally intensive techniques (e.g. bioinformatics, humanistic informatics, etc.). This work lays the foundation for these services in an academic setting and the influence of such on the practice and experience of understanding data.
Effect of carbamide peroxide bleaching on enamel characteristics and susceptibility to further discoloration.

Abstract Statement of problem Whether tooth whitening alters the surface topography of enamel causing an increase in surface roughness that could increase susceptibility to restaining is unclear. Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate whether immersing enamel in common solutions produces a color change of ΔE greater than 2; whether the highest concentration carbamide peroxide bleaching agent produces the greatest ΔE; whether bleaching increases the susceptibility to further staining by common solutions; and whether morphologic changes to the enamel surface are observed after staining and bleaching as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Material and methods Forty-five extracted human teeth were immersed in 5 solutions (wine, coffee, tea, soda, and water) for 15 days at 80°C, and the change in ΔE was assessed with a colorimeter. The teeth were bleached using different concentrations of carbamide peroxide (20%, 35%, and 44%) and ΔE was measured at different time intervals. The teeth were then restained with the same solutions. The ΔE after initial staining was compared with the ΔE after bleaching and restaining of the same teeth. SEM was performed at baseline, after staining, bleaching, and restaining to evaluate the changes in the enamel surface topography. EDS was used to determine the elemental composition of tooth surfaces after restaining. Results All liquids caused a ΔE greater than 2 after 15 days. The concentration of bleaching agent was not significantly associated with ΔE for any stain types. No significant difference was found in the rate of staining between initial staining and restaining after bleaching. However, a significant effect of time was found for the staining, where the overall ΔE increased by 0.34 for each day in the solution (P Conclusions Based on SEM observation, bleaching teeth with carbamide peroxide does not increase the susceptibility of enamel to staining and does not alter the topography of the enamel. Using higher bleaching concentrations did not increase tooth whitening as a function of time.
Attributes of Animalist Thinking

In Chapter 3, Donald Wesling explains four modes of thought that are shared by all eight of the example-figures that he brings forward in Chapter 4. These attributes of animalist thinking are: Creativity, or the idea that the senses continually bring in new materials for cognizing, feeling, and saying; Embodied Mind, or the idea that the body, as part of nature, participates in the showing of things; Dialogism, or the idea that ordinary thinking is a continual performance of the many betweens, including me-other, perceiver-perceived, feedback-calibration; and Amplification of Affect, or the premise that in living beings change is everything, and involves a series of interruptions, which are discontinuities in perceiving. Wesling concludes Chapter 3 by analyzing Annie Dillard’s essay on being startled by a wild weasel.
Teaching Video NeuroImages: Mirror therapy against phantom pain

A 74-year-old man presented with phantom pain secondary to left brachial plexus avulsion (BPA) following a motorcycle accident. He described severe pain (10/10) and presence of a “third arm” with onset 4 weeks after trauma. Neurologic examination showed a left flail arm without sensation.
“Tomorrow is the busiest day of the week”: Executive functions mediate the relation between procrastination and attention problems

We examined whether executive functions (EFs) mediate the relation between procrastination and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in college students. Participants: One hundre...
Thermal roots of correlation-based complexity

Bayesian maxent lets one integrate thermal physics and information theory points of view in the quantitative study of complex systems. Since net surprisal (a free energy analog for measuring “departures from expected”) allows one to place second law constraints on mutual information (a multimoment measure of correlations), it makes a quantitative case for the role of reversible thermalization in the natural history of invention, and suggests multiscale strategies to monitor standing crop as well. It prompts one to track evolved complexity starting from live astrophysically observed processes, rather than only from evidence of past events. Various gradients and boundaries that play a role in availability flow, ranging from the edge of a wave-packet to the boundary between idea-pools, allow one to frame wide-ranging correlations (including that between a phenomenon and its explanation) as delocalized physical structures. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2008 This paper was submitted as an invited paper resulting from the “Understanding Complex Systems” conference held at the University of Illionis-Urbana Champaign, May 2005
Impact of Project ECHO Models of Medical Tele-Education: A Systematic Review

Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes (ECHO) and related models of medical tele-education are rapidly expanding; however, their effectiveness remains unclear. This systematic review examines the effectiveness of ECHO and ECHO-like medical tele-education models of healthcare delivery in terms of improved provider- and patient-related outcomes. We searched English-language studies in PubMed, Embase, and PsycINFO databases from 1 January 2007 to 1 December 2018 as well as bibliography review. Two reviewers independently screened citations for peer-reviewed publications reporting provider- and/or patient-related outcomes of technology-enabled collaborative learning models that satisfied six criteria of the ECHO framework. Reviewers then independently abstracted data, assessed study quality, and rated strength of evidence (SOE) based on Cochrane GRADE criteria. Data from 52 peer-reviewed articles were included. Forty-three reported provider-related outcomes; 15 reported patient-related outcomes. Studies on provider-related outcomes suggested favorable results across three domains: satisfaction, increased knowledge, and increased clinical confidence. However, SOE was low, relying primarily on self-reports and surveys with low response rates. One randomized trial has been conducted. For patient-related outcomes, 11 of 15 studies incorporated a comparison group; none involved randomization. Four studies reported care outcomes, while 11 reported changes in care processes. Evidence suggested effectiveness at improving outcomes for patients with hepatitis C, chronic pain, dementia, and type 2 diabetes. Evidence is generally low-quality, retrospective, non-experimental, and subject to social desirability bias and low survey response rates. The number of studies examining ECHO and ECHO-like models of medical tele-education has been modest compared with the scope and scale of implementation throughout the USA and internationally. Given the potential of ECHO to broaden access to healthcare in rural, remote, and underserved communities, more studies are needed to evaluate effectiveness. This need for evidence follows similar patterns to other service delivery models in the literature.
Substantialität, Personalität und Einfachheit

Als christliche Theologen des lateinischen Mittelalters begannen, eine systematisierte Form der Gotteslehre zu entfalten, die heute meist als ›klassischer Theismus‹ bezeichnet wird, war die theologische Verwendung der Begriffe ›Substanz‹ (griech. ousia, lat. substantia/ natura) und ›Person‹ (griech. hypostasis, lat. persona) langst fest etabliert. Das wahrscheinlich im 5. Jahrhundert verfasste ps.-athanasianische Glaubensbekenntnis weist auf die vor allem fur die Trinitatstheologie unverzichtbare Funktion der Termini hin, indem es den Kern des katholischen Gottesglaubens darin sieht, »dass wir den einen Gott in der Dreifaltigkeit und die Dreifaltigkeit in der Einheit verehren, indem wir weder die Personen vermischen noch die Substanz trennen« (DH 75). Gott als Substanz zu bezeichnen, bedeutet demnach, die Gottheit als das den Personen Gemeinsame zu benennen.
Erratum: “The Northern Sky Optical Cluster Survey. IV. An Intermediate-Redshift Galaxy Cluster Catalog and the Comparison of Two Detection Algorithms” (AJ, 128, 1017 [2004])

NSCS J000001+051909 0.00506 5.31906 0.19 0.00 36.0 0.0 751 A NSCS J000002+085519 0.00924 8.92179 0.22 0.24 27.0 33.0 679 AV NSCS J000006+081630 0.02513 8.27492 0.37 0.36 25.9 31.9 679 AV NSCS J000014+052333 0.05645 5.39243 0.00 0.24 0.0 11.0 751 V NSCS J000026+103803 0.11002 10.63405 0.00 0.17 0.0 36.0 679 V
A Review of: “John Hartley and Kelly Mcwilliam (Eds.). Story Circle: Digital Storytelling Around the World.”

Those in the self-described digital storytelling “movement” place themselves in a line that stretches back to the traditions of folk art and autobiography, and more recently in the growth of commun...
ARTivismo político y teoría queer: hacia una politización de la autobiografía femenina

The purpose of queer theory is to challenge normality, not just heterosexuality. The interests of queer theory extend to a more general deconstruction of contemporary social ontology and arise from structures and labels imposed by the dominant culture. My study analyzes the autobiographical visual art of Argentine photographer Gabriela Liffschitz and Chicano artist Laura Aguilar. Both artists parody the male perspective and challenge expectations through their photographic projects. To this end, Liffschitz disrupts the visual convention of the female breast regarded as a sexual object for male appropriation and pleasure, and Aguilar does the same by reassessing the obese female body. I attempt to show the benefits of using the term “queer” to its full potential without restricting its scope of research. Key words: Female autobiography; Gabriela Liffschitz; Laura Aguilar; Queer theory
Policy and the structure of roll call voting in the US house

Competition in the US Congress has been characterised along a single, left-right ideological dimension. We challenge this characterisation by showing that the content of legislation has far more predictive power than alternative measures, most notably legislators’ ideological positions derived from scaling roll call votes. Using a machine learning approach, we identify a topic model for final passage votes in the 111th through the 113th House of Representatives and conduct out-of-sample tests to evaluate the predictive power of bill topics relative to other measures. We find that bill topics and congressional committees are important for predicting roll call votes but that other variables, including member ideology, lack predictive power. These findings raise serious doubts about the claim that congressional politics can be boiled down to competition along a single left-right continuum and shed new light on the debate about levels of polarisation in Congress.
Extrapolating Green's functions using the waveguide invariant theory.

The broadband interference structure of sound propagation in a waveguide can be described by the waveguide invariant, β, that manifests itself as striations in the frequency-range plane. At any given range (r), there is a striation pattern in frequency ( ω ), which is the Fourier transform of the multipath impulse response (or Green's function). Moving to a different range ( r + Δ r ), the same pattern is retained but is either stretched or shrunken in ω in proportion to Δ r, according to Δ ω / ω = β ( Δ r / r ). The waveguide invariant property allows a time-domain Green's function observed at one location, g(r,t), to be extrapolated to adjacent ranges with a simple analytic relation: g ( r + Δ r , t ) ≃ g ( r , α ( t − Δ r / c ) ), where α = 1 + β ( Δ r / r ) and c is the nominal sound speed of 1500 m/s. The relationship is verified in terms of range variation of the eigenray arrival times via simulations and by using real data from a ship of opportunity radiating broadband noise (200–900 Hz) in a shallow-water environment, where the steep-angle arrivals contributing to the acoustic field have β ≈ 0.92.
Immuno-oncology for Gynecologic Malignancies

Patients with advanced and/or recurrent gynecologic cancers derive limited benefit from currently available cytotoxic and targeted therapies. Successes of immunotherapy in other difficult-to-treat malignancies such as metastatic melanoma and advanced lung cancer have led to intense interest in clinical testing of these treatments in patients with gynecologic cancers. Currently, in the realm of gynecologic oncology, the FDA-approved use of immune checkpoint inhibitors is limited to microsatellite instable cancers and PD-L1-positive cervical cancer. However, there has been an exponential growth of clinical trials testing immunotherapy approaches, both alone and in combination with chemotherapy and/or targeted agents, in patients with gynecologic cancers. This chapter reviews some of the major reported and ongoing immunotherapy clinical trials in patients with endometrial, cervical, and epithelial ovarian cancer.
A hypothesized role for dysregulated bradykinin signaling in COVID-19 respiratory complications.

As of April 20, 2020, over time, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in 157 970 deaths out of 2 319 066 confirmed cases, at a Case Fatality Rate of ~6.8%. With the pandemic rapidly spreading, and health delivery systems being overwhelmed, it is imperative that safe and effective pharmacotherapeutic strategies are rapidly explored to improve survival. In this paper, we use established and emerging evidence to propose a testable hypothesis that, a vicious positive feedback loop of des-Arg(9)-bradykinin- and bradykinin-mediated inflammation â injury â inflammation, likely precipitates life threatening respiratory complications in COVID-19. Through our hypothesis, we make the prediction that the FDA-approved molecule, icatibant, might be able to interrupt this feedback loop and, thereby, improve the clinical outcomes. This hypothesis could lead to basic, translational, and clinical studies aimed at reducing COVID-19 morbidity and mortality.
Approach to the Sexual History and Physical Exam

Taking a sexual history is an important facet of adolescent health that can be challenging for healthcare providers. Adolescents and young adults aged 13–24 are at increased risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) due to risky sexual behaviors. Many of these high-risk behaviors are influenced by related risk behaviors such as drug and alcohol intake, peer norms, and sexual health education (or lack thereof). The long-term consequences of STIs can include fertility problems and maternal-fetal transmission of infections, in addition to the obvious public health risks of continued transmission in the community. For these reasons, it is essential to take a thorough sexual history using the methods outlined below. Providers should aim to make the patient feel comfortable by reinforcing normalcy and maintaining confidentiality in their interaction. Finally, the physical exam is crucial in forming a differential diagnosis of any symptoms that a patient might be experiencing. This chapter will provide insight into methods of obtaining a sexual history from a patient in a professional, comfortable, and efficient manner.
Quantifying the ‘press and peel’ removal of particulates using elastomers and gels

Abstract Elastomers and gels have been proposed for the gentle ‘press and peel’ cleaning of soil or grime from substrates of cultural and/or historic significance. However, there has been limited understanding that connects the physical and chemical properties of these soft materials to the required physical properties for removing adhered particles from surfaces. In this work, we quantified the cleaning efficacy for a range of elastomers and hydrogels in order to probe the effects of material chemistry, elastic modulus, thickness, and the number of repeated cleaning treatments on the removal of artificial soil from a substrate. We developed a quantitative measure of cleaning efficacy via a simple experimental method that relies on image processing of the interface prior to and after cleaning to measure the removal of soil particulates. The results suggest there are two material requirements that must be satisfied for a successful cleaning: 1) efficient contact with soil particulates on the substrate and 2) favorable chemical interactions with soil particulates to facilitate their removal. Cleaning efficacy is enhanced by decreasing the effective stiffness of the material. Repeated cleaning treatments on the same spot with pristine material can also further remove artificial soil with each subsequent application. In order to highlight the applicability of soft, solvent-free elastomers for cleaning applications, a commercially available silicone elastomer was used to remove particulate contaminants from a historic wax cylinder.
Fuel-Cladding Chemical Interaction of a Prototype Annular U-10Zr Fuel with Fe-12Cr Ferritic/Martensitic Cladding

As an alternative fuel form, annular metallic fuel design eliminated the liquid sodium bond between the fuel and the cladding, providing back-end fuel cycle and other benefits. The fuel-cladding chemical interaction (FCCI) of annular fuel also presents new features. Here, state-of-the-art electron microscopy and spectroscopy techniques were used to study the FCCI of a prototype annular U-10wt%Zr (U-10Zr) fuel with ferritic/martensitic HT-9 cladding irradiated to 3.3% fission per initial heavy atom (FIMA). Compared to sodium-bonded solid fuels, negligible amounts of lanthanides were found in the FCCI layer in the investigated helium bonded annular fuel. Instead, most of the lanthanides were retained in the newly formed UZr2 phase at the fuel center region. The interdiffusion of iron and uranium resulted in tetragonal (U,Zr)6Fe phase (space group I4/mcm) and cubic (U,Mo)(Fe,Cr)2 phase (space group Fd3 m). The (U,Mo)(Fe,Cr)2 phase contains a high density of voids and intergranular uranium monocarbides of NaCl-type crystal structure (space group Fm3 m). At the interface of the interdiffusion zone and inner cladding, a porous lamellar structure composed of alternating Cr-rich layers and U-rich layers was observed. Next to the lamellar region, the unexpected phase transformation from body centered cubic (BCC) ferrite (α-Fe) to tetragonal binary Fe-Cr σ phase (space group P42/mnm) occurred and tetragonal Fe-Cr-U-Si phase (space group I4/mmm) was identified. Due to the diffusion of carbon into the interdiffusion zone, carbon depletion inside the HT-9 led to the disappearance of the martensite lath structure, and intergranular U-rich carbides formed as a result of the diffusion of uranium into the cladding. These detailed new findings reveal the unique features of the FCCI behavior of annular U-Zr fuels, which could be a promising alternative fuel form for high burnup fast reactor applications.
Conducting real-world evidence studies on the clinical outcomes of diabetes treatments

Real-world evidence (RWE), the understanding of treatment effectiveness in clinical practice generated from longitudinal patient-level data from the routine operation of the healthcare system, is thought to complement evidence on the efficacy of medications from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). RWE studies follow a structured approach. (1) A design layer decides on the study design, which is driven by the study question and refined by a medically informed target population, patient-informed outcomes, and biologically informed effect windows. Imagining the randomized trial we would ideally perform before designing an RWE study in its likeness reduces bias; the new-user active comparator cohort design has proven useful in many RWE studies of diabetes treatments. (2) A measurement layer transforms the longitudinal patient-level data stream into variables that identify the study population, the pre-exposure patient characteristics, the treatment, and the treatment-emergent outcomes. Working with secondary data increases the measurement complexity compared to primary data collection that we find in most RCTs. (3) An analysis layer focuses on the causal treatment effect estimation. Propensity score analyses have gained in popularity to minimize confounding in healthcare database analyses. Well-understood investigator errors, like immortal time bias, adjustment for causal intermediates, or reverse causation, should be avoided. To increase reproducibility of RWE findings, studies require full implementation transparency. This article integrates state-of-the-art knowledge on how to conduct and review RWE studies on diabetes treatments to maximize study validity and ultimately increased confidence in RWE-based decision making.
HISC analysis for valves in the subsea oil and gas industry

Hydrogen-induced stress cracking (HISC) corrosion is known as a major threat to duplex and super duplex materials in subsea oil and gas industry. These failures are significant in terms of loss of asset, loss of production, and negative effects on health, safety, and environment (HSE) such as environmental pollution. Although some studies especially by Det Norske Veritas have been done on HISC, this phenomenon is not completely clear. Det Norske Veritas (DNV) has developed a guideline for the design of duplex components based on the DNV-RP-F112 standard to prevent HISC. But there is a lack of literature for placing the guideline into the practice especially for the subsea valves. Thus, the methodology is to use DNV guideline and apply stress-strain method to a 2″ subsea axial flow check valve in Mono-Ethylene-Glycol (MEG) to assess the HISC. Equivalent von Mises stress has been used for stress analysis in the HISC model. Body of the valve as the main pressure containing part prone to HISC has been selected for the analysis and finally the allowable stresses of materials based on ASME criteria have been applied. The principal applied loads on the body of the valve from piping including axial, radial and tangential are taken from the piping stress analysis report. The equivalent von Misses stress, membrane and membrane plus bending have been evaluated from ANSYS through stress linearization. The membrane as well as membrane plus bending stress are compared with their limitations provided according to DNV guideline. The HISC limits given by DNV depends on material allowable stress, material quality factor and an allowable factor on mechanical strength. A coarse grain material which provides more conservative HISC analysis is assumed in this model. The methodology in ASME B31.3, process piping code has been considered to calculate the material allowable stress. The results prove that the valve can be used in operation without HISC corrosion failure.
Data-Driven Computation of Robust Control Invariant Sets With Concurrent Model Selection

Set invariance in the presence of uncertainty and disturbance is of central importance for the safety of control systems. This article proposes a data-driven method to compute an approximation of a minimal robust control invariant set (mRCI) from experimental data. For a given dynamical model with additive and multiplicative uncertainty, the proposed method is able to compute a polytopic mRCI with fixed complexity via linear programming (LP). Moreover, the method can be combined with model selection to enable mRCI computation directly from experiment data when the system dynamics are unknown. Specifically, given a model structure, our algorithm begins by identifying the set of admissible models with constraints extracted from the experimental data. Each model in the set of admissible models contains information about the nominal model and the characterization of the model uncertainties. Then, two iterative algorithms based on robust optimization are proposed to compute an mRCI while simultaneously searching for a model ``optimal'' with regard to the mRCI computation and the corresponding invariance-inducing controller. Finally, the method is demonstrated in an experiment with an autonomous vehicle lane-keeping control example.
Intravenous iron supplementation after liver surgery: Impact on anemia, iron, and hepcidin levels-a randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Background Anemia is a recognized risk factor for perioperative related morbidity and mortality and is frequently reported in liver surgeries with an estimated incidence of 32%. We aim to assess the impact of intravenous iron administration in the immediate postoperative period on anemia and iron status as well as to determine the kinetics of hepcidin after liver surgery. Methods The HepciFer trial, a randomized controlled trial, included 50 patients undergoing liver surgery. In accordance with the randomization process, patients received either ferric carboxymaltose (15 mg/kg, maximum 1 g) or placebo 4 hours after surgery. Results The mean hemoglobin level, 7 days after surgery, did not differ significantly between the intervention and control group (11.1 ± 1.8 g/dL and 10.4 ± 1.6 g/dL, respectively) with a mean difference of +0.7 g/dL ([95% confidence interval, −0.3 to +1.7], P = .173). Within patients receiving intravenous iron supplementation, none presented biological signs of functional iron deficiency. Hepcidin levels remained significantly higher during the observation period in the intervention group. Inflammatory biomarkers, red blood cells transfusion rate and hospital duration of stay were similar between groups. Conclusion Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose administration did not result in a significant increase of hemoglobin levels 7 days after surgery. However, this study suggests that intravenous iron supplementation in the immediate postoperative settings prevents functional iron deficiency. Intravenous iron supplementation overcame the hepcidin-mediated blockade of iron absorption and should be considered as the preferred route of administration in the postoperative period.
Secrecy's End

The United States government runs a massive system of national security secrecy. In 2017 (the last year for which there are data), over four million Americans with security clearances classified just over 49 million documents, a system that cost American taxpayers an estimated at $18.39 billion. This Article examines this massive yet poorly understood system of secrecy, asking what it aims to achieve, whether it serves those ends, and how it might serve them better. It begins by exploring why the system was created in the first place. It turns out that the now-ubiquitous classification system is a 20th century invention. In an odd twist, the criminal law enforcement of the rules preceded the rules themselves—the modern classification system did even not exist when the 1917 Espionage Act, which remains in effect today, passed in a fit of xenophobic wartime fear. In the years since World War II, Presidents have enjoyed almost complete control over the classification system, issuing executive orders that set the rules by which not only the executive branch must abide, but anyone who might come into contact with classified information must abide as well. Indeed, Congress itself has been caught in the vise, unable to release, for example, the full contents of a 2014 report on torture committed by the CIA because the CIA refused to declassify the information it contained. This system has produced a number of pathologies—keeping information from the public, intimidating the press, making selective prosecution possible, and subjecting current and former government officials to significant restrictions on their speech. Perhaps most important of all, it has too often undermined the purpose that it is supposed to serve: national security. Overclassification makes our secrets harder to protect, can lead to bad decision-making, and in the end often fails to effectively protect much of the information that really matters. The Article considers whether, given these failures, the system of secrecy as we know it should be brought to an end. If we gave up on the post-war experiment and ended the system of classification, what then? Taking the idea of ending the system of secrecy seriously is a way to think about not just what is wrong about the existing system but what is right and valuable about it as well. Those lessons form the foundation for concrete reform proposals that are more ambitious than reforms of the past and yet feasible.
Effects of atmosphere composition during direct ultraviolet-light patterning of solution-deposited In2O3 thin film transistors

Abstract Sol-gel synthesis is widely used to fabricate metal oxide thin films by solution, but it requires high-temperature thermal annealing to fully convert precursors to metal oxides. Exposure to Ultraviolet (UV) light before thermal annealing of precursor films has been shown to reduce the conversion temperature, with the added benefits of film patterning when done through a shadow mask and improved device performance. However, the mechanism by which UV exposure under different atmospheric compositions affects the properties of metal oxide films after thermal annealing has not been investigated. Here, we control the atmospheric composition during UV-patterning—prior to high-temperature thermal annealing—of In2O3 sol-gel films which serve as the semiconductor in thin-film transistors. Despite all films being annealed at 250°C in air after UV patterning, films exposed to UV under oxygen-containing atmospheres have higher metal-oxygen-metal bonding and exhibit higher transistor mobility compared to the films exposed to UV under N2 atmosphere. The origin of the effect of atmospheric composition on mobility is studied through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and is revealed to be the result of the reformation of the nitrate species in the films under more oxidizing atmospheres during UV exposure. These nitrates can be completely removed by thermal annealing, facilitating more complete metal-oxygen-metal bond formation, which is reflected in higher OI XPS signal and transistor mobility. In contrast, films processed under N2 atmosphere during UV exposure contain nitrite species that cannot be removed by thermal annealing, resulting in less metal-oxygen-metal bond formation and lower mobility.
Friction stir extrusion of aluminum AA6061 into isostatically molded graphite

Abstract This work investigates existing metal-graphite joining methods with friction stir extrusion (FSE) proposed as a viable alternative joining process. Current joining methods for these materials, including adhesives, mechanical fastening, and brazing, all have shortcomings that are desired to be avoided. Aluminum AA6061-T6 is used with isostatically molded graphite to establish a proof-of-concept for metal-graphite FSE. Empirically determined operating conditions were established that reduced force spikes, vibration, and FSE flaws while preventing significant defects in the final product. Successful metal-graphite FSE joints were created and tested in lap shear compression loading. A comparison of the FSE joint strength to the strength of brazed joints is presented. Metal-graphite FSE is concluded as a viable joining technique in low-load applications. Process optimization for future work and methods of joint strength enhancement are discussed.
Effect of Variable Priority Training on Police Officer Driving Performance and Workload.

Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of police injuries and deaths in line of duty. These crashes have been mainly attributed to the use of in-vehicle technologies while driving. Police officers receive extensive training on driving skills; however, limited training is provided on the use of in-vehicle technologies. Variable priority training (VPT) is a computer-based training that has shown promising results in improving multi-tasking performance. Eighteen police officers participated in a driving simulation study to assess the effect of VPT on officers' performance and workload. Findings suggested that although VPT was effective in improving officers' performance in dual and multi-task simulations across the training sessions, this effect was not generally transferred to driving. However, the VPT might be effective for training of high-demand situations involving pursuit driving and multiple secondary tasks. The findings can be beneficial for police agencies to improve training protocols.
ION MOLECULE PLASMA CHEMISTRY IN REDUCING PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES

Plasma chemistry (ion molecule chemistry) is discussed; its basic principles set forth as they are known, and applications to the chemistry of the giant planets, Earth, Venus, and Mars are mentioned. Plasma chemistry has grown out of the studies using the mass spectrometer and the general field of radiation chemistry, and, in fact, is a subdiscipline of radiation chemistry. It probably has important applications to radiobiology. It almost certainly has important applications to planetary atsmospheric chemistry. Future research is needed to elucidate fully its principles and to give us a full understanding of the way matter behaved in the early days of the solar system when intense radioactivity assured a great deal of ionization. In a general way, reducing gases (containing hydrogen) are much more reactive than oxidizing ones. This means that the giant planets have atmospheres very sensitive and susceptible to polymer formation and it seems most likely that something like crude oil and proteins can be raining out on Jupiter. The colors may be derived from such material. Earth, Venus, and Mars on the other hand, have oxidized atmospheres and are relatively inert. Early in the history of the Earth and Venus the atmospheres probably were reducing and polymeric matter such as amino acids (Miller-Urey) could have been produced.
NANO materials and composites for electronic and photo packaging

The advances of semiconductor technology are highly dependent on the advances of polymeric materials. These include the use of polymers as adhesives (both conductive and nonconductive), interlayer dielectrics (low-k, low loss dielectrics), encapsulants (discrete and wafer level packaging), embedded passives (high-k and high-Q materials), superhydrophobic selfcleaning lotus effect surfaces, etc. In this presentation, we will review some of the recent advances of polymeric materials and polymer nanocomposites currently being investigated for these types of applications, such as lead-free electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs) for fine pitch and high current density interconnects, flip chip and wafer level underfills, superhydrophobic self-cleaning lotus effect surfaces, as well as high-k and high-Q nanocomposites for embedded capacitors and inductors. These nano materials and process will have important application in electronic and photonic packaging applications.
Thinking about Growth: And Other Essays on Economic Growth and Welfare

Editors' preface Preface Part I. Growth and the Economists: 1. Thinking about growth 2. Economics of growth Part II. Studies in Long-Term Growth: 3. Resource and Output Trends in the United States since 1870 4. Economic growth in the United States: a review article 5. Manpower, capital, and technology 6. Rapid growth potential and its realization: the experience of capitalist economies in the postwar period 7. Catching up, forging ahead, and falling behind Part III. Long Swings in Economic Growth: 8. The nature and significance of Kuznets cycles 9. The passing of the Kuznets cycle Part IV. Growth and Welfare: 10. Economic goals and social welfare in the next generation 11. Growing up in an affluent society 12. The retreat from economic advance: changing ideas about economic progress 13. Welfare quandaries and productivity concerns.
New views of information processing: implications for intelligent decision support systems

In this chapter I combine several different paths of thought. First, I briefly review developments in the study of human information processing, in particular, those based upon parallel activation structures which operate by a form of generalized pattern matching. Second, I review some issues of human error and demonstrate that the problems are not so much in the making of the error as in the difficulty of discovering the errors, once made. Finally, I conclude with an analysis of the implications for Intelligent Decision Support Systems. The purpose of this chapter is to point out potential issues, problems, and directions of approach.
In Vitro knock out of Inducible Cyclicamp Early Repressor(ICER) in zebrafish cell lines through the use of the CrispR/Cas9 system (LB530)

ICER is a dominant negative transcriptional regulator induced by cAMP and it binds to CREB or CREM in order to repress cAMP-mediated gene expression. Inhibin alpha, Inha, has been shown to regulat...
Gender and Urban Space

Applying a gender perspective to cities reveals how spatial structure and social structure are mutually constitutive. This article reviews the ways cities have reflected and reinforced gender relations in the United States from the turn of the twentieth century to the present. First, I discuss ways in which women in industrial cities challenged the ideology of separate spheres. Next, I suggest that the post–World War II city was shaped by an era of high patriarchy similar to the architectural high modernism of the same era, and in the third section, I explore how that urban structure limited women's opportunities outside the home. In the fourth part, I examine changes in the concept of gender as it expanded beyond masculine and feminine categories to include lesbians, gays, and transgender individuals. The article ends with a review of how women's and gay rights movements, gentrification, and planning practices have shaped a more gender-neutral contemporary metropolis.
Specific Inhibition of Nuclear RNA Polymerase II by α-Amanitin

alpha-Amanitin, a toxic substance from the mushroom Amanita phalloides, is a potent inhibitor of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II (the nucleoplasmic form) from sea urchin, rat liver, and calf thymus. This compound exerts no effect on the activity of polymerase I (nucleolar form) or polymerase III (also nucleoplasmic). The inhibition is due to a specific interaction with polymerase II or with a complex of DNA and polymerase II.
Figure of merit for the quality of ZrO2 coatings on stainless steel and nickel-based alloy surfaces

Abstract A figure of merit (FOM) has been developed to define the quality of ceramic (e.g., ZrO 2 ) coatings on metal and alloy [Type 304SS and Alloy 600] surfaces. Zirconia (ZrO 2 ) coatings were developed as a means of protecting the metal/alloy surfaces from stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in boiling water reactor (BWR) primary heat transport circuits, by inhibiting the cathodic reaction (reduction of oxygen and hydrogen peroxide) on the surface external to the crack. The distribution of pores in the coating plays an important role in corrosion prevention, such that the lower the porosity of the coating, the better the protection afforded to the system against SCC. Since the reactors operate at high temperature (e.g., at 288 °C under full power conditions), the temperature dependence of the FOM was investigated. The figure of merit (FOM) was developed by measuring impedance data over a wide range of frequency (10 mHz–5 kHz) at temperatures of 25, 100, 200, and 288 °C in hydrogenated, buffered solutions, with the hydrogen electrode reaction (HER) being used as a “fast” redox couple. An “equivalent circuit” analog was first developed from the bare surface impedance data and this analog was then employed in a second step to model the pore bottom in defining the pore distribution on the coated surface. A lognormal distribution (LND) of the pores was assumed and the parameters of the LND were determined using a constrained optimization technique to fit the model to the experimental data for the coated surface at different temperatures. The results suggest that, as temperature increases, the coating becomes more porous, making the substrate more susceptible to corrosion cracking. At 288 °C, 87% of the SS and 85% of the Ni-alloy surfaces become porous with the pore radius varying from 0.0001 cm to 0.01 cm.
Investigation of stationary and nonstationary wind data using classical Box-Jenkins models

Abstract Autoregressive models are used to investigate stationary and nonstationary wind data collected in the field. Nonparametric techniques are currently used to classify the records as stationary or nonstationary. The autoregressive models for the stationary and nonstationary records are compared using a Kruskal-Wallis test and conclusions are drawn. An alternative method for defining stationarity based on the autoregressive model is proposed.
Job sharing their first year: a narrative of two partnered teachers’ induction into middle school science teaching

Abstract This paper is a narrative of the induction of two middle school science teachers as partners in a job sharing arrangement. The partners began paired teaching in lieu of student teaching. The author retells the women's story of how they worked together, supporting each other in attempting to implement student-centered practices. His past experiences as a beginning science teacher guided his understanding of their story. Their mutual support in this story is likened to partners in a marriage. These two women mentored each other through the difficulties of their first year through ongoing dialogue on practice, supportive assistance, and modeling.