cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Amino Acid Control of Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis in Bacillus subtilis

Abstract We have characterized the response of Bacillus subtilis cells to amino acid starvation, in regard to the total instantaneous rates of RNA synthesis, and the levels of guanine nucleotides thought to be involved in the mechanisms of amino acid control in a different prokaryote (Escherichia coli). We find, in agreement with earlier studies, that the formation of stable RNA species comprises only 16% of the normal instantaneous rate of RNA synthesis in B. subtilis. During arginine starvation, the instantaneous rate is reduced by 65 to 77%, showing that messenger RNA synthesis is substantially inhibited: the smallest reduction in the rate of messenger RNA synthesis compatible with our data is 58%. A reduction of this magnitude is consistent with the results of several other studies, briefly reviewed, of amino acid control of RNA synthesis in both E. coli and B. subtilis. We conclude that amino acid control pertains to transcription per se, i.e. the formation of both stable and unstable RNA molecules. Arginine starvation of B. subtilis elicits a sudden accumulation of the regulatory guanine nucleotides MS I (ppGpp) and MS II, and an equally sudden contraction of the GTP pool. Thus, the involvement of the MS nucleotides in the mechanism of amino acid control seems to be common to prokaryotes as divergent as E. coli and B. subtilis. We conclude that the general reduction in the rate of transcription in amino acid-starved B. subtilis cells may be due to direct inhibition by the MS nucleotides, or the diminished supply of GTP, or both.
Role of TRPV1 channels in renal haemodynamics and function in Dahl salt‐sensitive hypertensive rats

This study tests the hypothesis that dysfunction of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) channels occurs and contributes to the decrease in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and sodium/water excretion in Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive rats. Recirculating Krebs–Henseleit buffer added with inulin was perfused at a constant flow in the isolated kidneys of Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) or Dahl salt-resistant (DR) rats fed a high-salt (HS) or low-salt (LS) diet for 3 weeks. Perfusion pressures (PP) were pre-adjusted to three levels (∼100, ∼150 or ∼190 mmHg) with or without phenylephrine. Capsaicin, a selective TRPV1 agonist, in the presence or absence of capsazepine, a selective TRPV1 antagonist, was perfused. Basal GFR, urine flow rate (UFR) and Na+ excretion (UNaV) were significantly lower in DS-HS than in DR-HS, DS-LS and DR-LS rats. Capsaicin caused pressure-dependent decreases in PP and increases in GFR, UFR and UNaV in all groups, with less magnitude of decreases in PP and increases in GFR, UFR and UNaV in DS-HS than in DR-HS, DS-LS and DR-LS rats. Capsazepine completely blocked the effect of capsaicin on PP, GFR, UFR and UNaV in all groups. Thus, these results show that TRPV1 function is impaired in the kidney of DS rats fed a high-salt diet, which may contribute to the decrease in GFR and renal excretory function in DS rats in the face of salt challenge.
Суффиксация при образовании жаргонных существительных в сопоставлении с деривационными процессами в нормативном русском языке

В статье сопоставляются деривационные процессы при формировании субстантивной лексики в современном сленге и в нормативном русском языке. Анализ современных жаргонных словарей указывает на асимметрию в способах словопроизводства в литературном языке и жаргоне: по сравнению с морфологическим способом лексико-семантический способ словообразования имеет больший удельный вес в сленге. На основании данных жаргонных словарей и русских интернетных источников проведен анализ жаргонных существительных, образованных с помощью суффиксации. Сопоставлена продуктивность формантов в литературном и жаргонном словообразовании, а также рассмотрены основные способы создания экспрессии в жаргонных существительных, образованных путем суффиксации. Среди суффиксов для производства жаргонных слов наибольшую активность обнаруживали такие форманты, как -ага/-яга, -ак/-як, -ан/-ян, -ик, -к(а), -ла/-ло, -лово/-лево, -ник, -ня, -он, -уха/-юха, -щик. Приведены многочисленные примеры, иллюстрирующие продуктивность той или иной суффиксальной модели, с указанием значения деривата, нормативности производящей основы, а также иных релевантных характеристик.
Rad-Hard Electronics Development Program for SSC Liquid-Argon Calorimeters

The development program for radiation-hard low-noise low-power front-end electronics for SSC calorimetry is described. Radiation doses of up to 20 MRad and neutron fluences of 1014 neutrons/cm2 are expected over ten years of operation. These effects are simulated by exposing JFETs to neutrons and ionizing radiation and measuring the resulting bias, leakage current and noise variations. In the case of liquid-argon calorimeters, a large part of the front-end circuitry may be located directly within the low-temperature environment (90 K), placing additional constraints on the choice of components and on the design. This approach minimizes the noise and the response time. The radiation damage test facilities at Argonne will also be described. These include sources of neutrons, electrons, and gamma radiation.
Simultaneous Multikilobar Compressional Shock-Wave Generation and Probing Using Short-Pulse Lasers

There is reason to believe that compressional shocks exceeding tens of kilobars drive some forms of condensed matter into nonequilibrium conditions not found in other environments, different, for example, from that encountered in statically compressed materials at the same ambient temperature and pressure. In some molecular systems shocks appear to produce anomalous electrical and optical properties1 and a unique form of nonthermal chemistry.2-4 Consequently, there has recently been a growing interest in the use of lasers as in situ, time-resolved probes of intramolecular energy transfer processes and subsequent chemistry occurring in condensed media under shock loading.
Modeling Across Scales: Discrete Geometric Structures in Homogenization and Inverse Homogenization

Imaging and simulation methods are typically constrained to resolutions much coarser than the scale of physical micro-structures present in body tissues or geological features. Mathematical and numerical homogenization address this practical issue by identifying and computing appropriate spatial averages that result in accuracy and consistency between the macro-scales we observe and the underlying micro-scale models we assume. Among the various applications benefiting from homogenization, Electric Impedance Tomography (EIT) images the electrical conductivity of a body by measuring electrical potentials consequential to electric currents applied to the exterior of the body. EIT is routinely used in breast cancer detection and cardio-pulmonary imaging, where current flow in fine-scale tissues underlies the resulting coarse-scale images. In this paper, we introduce a geometric approach for the homogenization (simulation) and inverse homogenization (imaging) of divergenceform elliptic operators with rough conductivity coefficients in dimension two. We show that conductivity coefficients are in one-to-one correspondence with divergence-free matrices and convex functions over the domain. Although homogenization is a non-linear and non-injective operator when applied directly to conductivity coefficients, homogenization becomes a linear interpolation operator over triangulations of the domain when re-expressed using convex functions, and is a volume averaging operator when re-expressed with divergence-free matrices. We explicitly give the transformations which map conductivity coefficients into divergencefree matrices and convex functions, as well as their respective inverses. Using weighted Delaunay triangulations for linearly interpolating convex functions, we apply this geometric framework to obtain a robust homogenization algorithm for arbitrary rough coefficients, extending the global optimality of Delaunay triangulations with respect to a discrete Dirichlet energy to weighted Delaunay triangulations. We then consider inverse homogenization, which is known to be both non-linear and severely illposed, but that we can decompose into a linear ill-posed problem and a well-posed non-linear problem. Finally, our new geometric approach to homogenization and inverse homogenization is applied to EIT.
Excited states of 4He.

The energies of highly deformed ''four-particle--four-hole'' states of /sup 4/He are calculated using Skyrme-like interactions. The J = 0, 2, and 4 projected states are then considered. Deformed harmonic oscillator wave functions are used in which two oscillator lengths, b/sub x/ and b/sub 0/, are allowed to vary. Both the energies and the stability of the states are studied as a function of the amount of fi- nite range energy in the interaction. Then a less restricted Hartree-Fock calculation is performed for the intrinsic state energies of both ''four-particle--four-hole'' states and ''two-particle--two-hole'' states. All the states considered come low enough in energy so as to be associated with the excited states of /sup 4/He in the 20 to 35 MeV range.
High-Energy Physics Particle Detector Magnets

The sections in this article are 1 The Development of Detector Solenoids 2 The Defining Parameters for Thin Solenoids 3 Thin Detector Solenoid Design Criteria 4 Magnet Power Supply and Coil Quench Protection 5 Design Criteria for The Ends of a Detector Solenoid 6 Cryogenic Cooling of a Thin Detector Solenoid
Antifungal effects of Allium sativum (garlic) extract against the Aspergillus species involved in otomycosis

Otomycosis due to saprophytic keratolytic fungi represents a small percentage of clinical external otitis. Although there are certain antibacterial and antifungal agents available, they usually are very caustic, potentially ototoxic and cannot be used if the ear drum is perforated. Garlic is utilized as a folk medicine in many countries for its antimicrobial and other beneficial properties. In response to a lack of otic preparations, the authors studied the efficacy of garlic extracts against the fungi belonging to the genus Aspergillus which are the most common cause of this infection. Aqueous garlic extract (AGE) and concentrated garlic oil (CGO) along with various commercial garlic supplements and pharmaceutical prescriptions were used in an in-vitro study. AGE and especially CGO were found to have antifungal activity. These agents showed similar or better inhibitory effects than the pharmaceutical preparations and demonstrated similar minimum inhibitory concentrations.
Genetic control and intracellular localization of glutamate oxaloacetic transaminase in maize.

Glutamate oxaloacetic transaminase (l-aspertate: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, E.C. 2.6.1.1; GOT) was found to occur in five distinct electrophoretic forms in different tissue extracts from a number of highly inbred strains of Zea mays L. No major qualitative differences were detected in the various tissues examined, and the isozyme patterns did not undergo changes during temporal development of any given inbred strain. Cell fractionation studies showed one isozyme to be associated with the mitochondria (mGOT), another to be exclusively associated with the soluble fraction (sGOT), and a third to be associated with the glyoxysomes (gGOT). The glyoxysomal form occurs as two electrophoretically distinct variants which exist in different inbred strains of maize. The gGOT variants are under the control of two codiminant alleles (Got 1 A and Got 1 B ) at the Got 1 locus (isozyme5, gGOT). The genetic data and gene dosage effects suggest that GOT in maize is functionally a dimer.
The Use of Research Material in Resident, and Field Teaching

Abstract It is always a pertinent question as to just how we can best use our research material to teach practical lessons so that the student may fully grasp it and make the practical application. This includes resident or college teaching as well as extension or field teaching. Considerable thought and time has been devoted to the study of this problem by the members of the Poultry Department of the North Carolina State College with the result that eight charts have been prepared which have proved to be of considerable value in our work. The drawings are made on heavy white paper mounted on compo-board. The sections are each two feet by three feet and are hinged in pairs so that they can easily be folded and stored. They can be used in the class room, or in field lectures, or they may be used as a part of a disease . . .
Rotational Diffusion and Trans-cis Isomerization of Substituted Diphenyl Polyenes in the Compressible Region of Supercritical Fluids

We examine rotational diffusion and trans-cis isomerization of two diphenyl polyenes, diphenylbutadiene (DPB) and hydroxymethyl-stilbene (HMS) in supercritical fluid CO2 and ethane. The results of density dependent rotational diffusion measurements are interpreted using a model which we have recently developed for rotational diffusion in compressible fluids. Comparison of DPB and HMS fluorescence lifetimes indicate that the rate of the isomerization reaction of DPB is nearly independent of density while HMS exhibits a strong density dependence in CO2. Analysis of the HMS data using Kramers theory indicates that the density dependence is the result of solvent-solute frictional interactions.
Media Review: The New Digital Shoreline: How Web 2.0 and Millennials are Revolutionizing Higher Education

(2013). Media Review: The New Digital Shoreline: How Web 2.0 and Millennials are Revolutionizing Higher Education. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice: Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 345-350.
The role of phosphorylation in the α-adrenergic-mediated inhibition of rat hepatic pyruvate kinase

Phenylephrine in the presence of 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine and propanolol caused a 40-50% inhibition of pyruvate kinase (type L) activity in isolated hepatocytes, which was accompanied by a 2-3-fold increase in the phosphate content of the enzyme. These changes were blocked by the alpha-adrenergic antagonist dihydroergocryptine and could not be accounted for by the slight increase in cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity generated by the alpha-adrenergic agonist. It is concluded that a significant component of the inhibition of hepatic pyruvate kinase mediated by alpha-adrenergic agonists can be attributed to a cyclic AMP-independent alteration in the phosphorylation state of the enzyme.
A Three-Dimensional Finite Element Method for Nonsteady State Temperature Distribution in the Rolling Process

The temperature is a key factor that affects the metal deformation and the material property in the rolling process. The metal deformation is often carried along with the variety of temperature. Moreover, the plastic work is converted into the thermal energy during the process of the metal deformation. Therefore, the numerical simulation of the rolling process should take the temperature factors into consideration to improve the prediction accuracy. In this paper, we use the full three-dimensional Rigid-plastic finite element method to predict the temperature distribution which relate to linear or non-linear boundary condition of the free surface. Based on the simulation, the impact of radiant heat-transfer coefficient on the temperature prediction can be obtained. The comparison of the calculated results between the linear and non-linear boundary conditions demonstrates that the temperature obtained on the linear boundary condition has higher accurateness than that obtained on the non-linear boundary condition.
Model Studies of the Effect of Surface Roughness and Mechanical Interlocking on Adhesion

The apparent strength of adhesion has been measured for a soft elastic layer adhering to model porous substrates, consisting of rigid plates containing regular arrays of cylindrical holes. Two cont...
Animal cultures and a general theory of cultural evolution

Abstract A review of evidence reveals that animal traditions are phylogenetically widespread, appearing in all major vertebrate classes and in the Insecta. Some, but not all, of these traditions fit a general definition of culture, and the evidence further indicates that the cultural traditions of some avian and mammalian species may constitute complex cultural systems. The general definition of culture employed here is based on a concensus of anthropological thought and on population thinking. Population thinking is then used to develop a general theory of branching-reticulate cultural evolution. This theory identifies the causal mechanisms for change and the resultant patterns of change in human and nonhuman cultures. Cultural evolution is viewed at three levels: microevolution; evolution of cultural institutions; and the evolution of cultural lineages and systems. The parallels with, and differences between, organic and cultural evolution are discussed in detail. The theory of branching-reticulate cultural evolution is then applied to specific instances of change in several avian and mammalian cultures.
Method of Soil Sampling following Subsurface Banding of Solid Manures

Soil sampling guidelines do not exist for fields fertilized with solid manures applied in bands. The objective of this work was to describe the distribution of mineral nutrients and total C and propose a method of taking soil samples that represent the fertility level of a field following manure application in narrow bands below the soil surface. Systematic soil core samples were taken from no-till cotton (L.) plots fertilized with poultry litter in subsurface bands spaced ≈1 m apart and analyzed for total C, total N, and extractable P, K, Mg, Cu, Mn, Fe, and Zn. The results showed that total C and most of the mineral nutrients were not evenly or randomly distributed in the space between and across the bands because of the manure placement in narrow bands, nutrient movement away from the band, and plant uptake. Concentrations of P, K, Mg, Zn, Cu, and B in the soil samples taken over the band were elevated by up to 50 fold compared to the positions away from the band. This distribution shows that taking random soil samples from fields fertilized with manures in bands is not appropriate and that some systematic sampling schemes must be used to more accurately represent the soil nutrient status. We describe a new sampling method that takes into account the band width and the spacing between consecutive bands. The method is based on a proportional mixing of soil cores taken at predetermined distances from the manure band including one core directly over the band.
MODELING NONPOTENTIAL MAGNETIC FIELDS IN SOLAR ACTIVE REGIONS

Electric currents are present in the coronae above solar active regions, producing nonpotential magnetic fields that can be approximated as nonlinear force-free fields (NLFFFs). In this paper NLFFF models for two active regions observed in 2002 June are presented. The models are based on magnetograms from SOHO MDI and are constrained by nonpotential structures seen in BBSO Hα images and TRACE EUV images. The models are constructed using the flux rope insertion method. We find that the axial fluxes of the flux ropes are well constrained by the observations. The flux ropes are only weakly twisted, and electric currents flow mainly at the interface between the flux rope and its surroundings. In one case, the flux rope is anchored with both ends in the active region; in the other case, the flux rope extends to the neighboring quiet Sun. We find that the magnetic fields in these active regions are close to an eruptive state: the axial flux in the flux ropes is close to the upper limit for eruption. We also derive estimates for magnetic free energy and helicity in these regions.
Bayesian and CAPM estimators of the means: Implications for portfolio selection

Abstract This paper compares active investment policies under three alternative models for estimating expected stock returns: the historical sample mean, a shrinkage or Bayesian estimator and a CAPM-based estimator. The out-of-sample performance of actively managed U.S. industry portfolios is analyzed for these three estimators over the period 1931 to 1987. It is found that the classical method, based on historical means and covariances, leads to the worst forecasts and out-of-sample performance, and is generally outperformed by shrinkage estimators. An active portfolio with expected returns based on the CAPM produced the best results among all actively managed portfolios; this strategy, as we show, closely matches a simple buy-and-hold the market rule.
Omnipotence and concurrence

In this paper, we will provide an explication of the concept of omnipotence. What we intend to provide is a clear notion of omnipotence which satisfies three objectives. First, the explication should remain faithful to the idea of God's almighty power as understood in the Judeo-Christian tradition. It would be easy to formulate a definition of omnipotence while ignoring its conceptual relations with other essential theistic notions, but the worth of such an approach is dubious. Therefore we will rely on some of the essential tenets of theism as boundary conditions for the philosophical investigation. The dogmas which especially fill this role are the doctrines of God's providence and the free choice of creatures.
A Rare Case of Primary Gastric HIV-Associated Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma: Relapsed Disease Treated With Pemetrexed

We present a case of a patient with HIV/AIDS who presented with abdominal pain and melena and was found to have gastric peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL). He was treated with 6 cycles of EPOCH with a complete response. Within 3 months, he had central nervous system (CNS) and soft-tissue relapse. He was subsequently treated with 3 cycles of intravenous pemetrexed and experienced a second complete response. To our knowledge, there are fewer than 100 reports of HIV-associated PTCL worldwide as of 2010, and among these cases involvement of the stomach as the primary site of extranodal disease is exceptionally rare. The disease carries a poor prognosis and current standard therapies highlight the importance of HIV/AIDS disease control and the need for more studies on therapies and the role of transplantation in refractory or relapsed HIV-associated PTCL.
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from the deep terrestrial subsurface.

Various natural environments have been examined for the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and/or novel resistance mechanisms, but little is known about resistance in the terrestrial deep subsurface. This study examined two deep environments that differ in their known period of isolation from surface environments and the bacteria therein. One hundred fifty-four strains of bacteria were isolated from sediments located 170–259 m below land surface at the US Department of Energy Savannah River Site (SRS) in South Carolina and Hanford Site (HS) in Washington. Analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that both sets of strains were phylogenetically diverse and could be assigned to several genera in three to four phyla. All of the strains were screened for resistance to 13 antibiotics by plating on selective media and 90% were resistant to at least one antibiotic. Eighty-six percent of the SRS and 62% of the HS strains were resistant to more than one antibiotic. Resistance to nalidixic acid, mupirocin, or ampicillin was noted most frequently. The results indicate that antibiotic resistance is common among subsurface bacteria. The somewhat higher frequencies of resistance and multiple resistance at the SRS may, in part, be due to recent surface influence, such as exposure to antibiotics used in agriculture. However, the HS strains have never been exposed to anthropogenic antibiotics but still had a reasonably high frequency of resistance. Given their long period of isolation from surface influences, it is possible that they possess some novel antibiotic resistance genes and/or resistance mechanisms.
A general model of litter decomposition in the northern Chihuahuan Desert

Abstract Numerous empirical studies have described the pathways of mass, C and N flows during decomposition, but there remains a paucity of data on underlying mechanisms in arid ecosystems. In the northern Chihuahuan Desert, termites remove large quantities of litter and act as carbon and nitrogen sinks, contributing to low soil fertility. In their absence, decomposition at the soil surface is primarily driven by abiotic weathering, but studies suggest buried litter decay occurs through microbiological activities. We develop a general, synthetic model to examine the interactions between buried litter, decomposer microorganisms, and C and N pools in this ecosystem. Our goal is to explore the mechanisms underlying observed patterns of decomposition in arid systems using a modelling approach that balances simplicity with enough detail to suggest the reasons for system behavior. To this end, we utilize elements of existing models, interfacing microbial physiology and population dynamics with empirical observations of C and N pool dynamics, litter mass loss and changing C:N ratios. Good agreement was achieved between simulated and observed patterns of mass loss and nitrogen concentrations once a time lag describing the microbial colonization of litter was included. Model results indicate nutrient availabilities may be determined by relatively short-term carbon dynamics mediated by microflora since soil organic matter and nitrogen content are low. Model behavior also suggests decomposer organisms immobilize nitrogen from surrounding soils, accounting for the elevated quantities observed within decaying materials. Past hypotheses have proposed that soil flora and fauna partially decouple decomposition processes from abiotic constraints in this system. This study indicates that the pattern of microbial activities, accounting for the decomposition of buried materials in the absence of termites, is primarily determined by climatic conditions.
Failure of bromocriptine to alter the qualitative characteristics of human growth hormone in acromegaly

Abstract The role of bromocriptine as a therapeutic agent for acromegaly is uncertain. In the present study we have attempted to determine whether bromocriptine therapy causes qualitative changes in plasma human growth hormone (hGH) in acromegaly. When eight paired samples obtained before and during bromocriptine therapy were filtered over Sephadex G-100 there was no difference in the elution profiles. When the “little” hGH peak from each of the eight paired samples was pooled, lyophilized, and assayed in both radioreceptor assay (RRA) and radioimmunoassay (RIA), the RRA RIA before treatment was not different than during treatment. When bromocriptine in pharmacologically significant concentrations was incubated with cultured human lymphocytes in vitro, there was no alteration in hGH binding properties. These results demonstrate directly that bromocriptine does not change the form or receptor-reactive properties of plasma hGH and, further, that the drug does not alter at least one form of human growth-hormone receptor.
The ratio of effective building height to street width governs dispersion of local vehicle emissions

Analysis of data collected in street canyons located in Hanover, Germany and Los Angeles, USA, suggests that street-level concentrations of vehicle-related pollutants can be estimated with a model that assumes that vertical turbulent transport of emissions dominates the governing processes. The dispersion model relates surface concentrations to traffic flow rate, the effective aspect ratio of the street, and roof level turbulence. The dispersion model indicates that magnification of concentrations relative to those in the absence of buildings is most sensitive to the aspect ratio of the street, which is the ratio of the effective height of the buildings on the street to the width of the street. This result can be useful in the design of transit oriented developments that increase building density to reduce emissions from transportation.
To Transform History: Early Mormon Culture and the Concept of Time and Space

The literature of the current generation treating the Jacksonian period of American history suggests persuasively that although the citizenry of that time enjoyed widespread consensus about many important matters, many remained about which there was profound disagreement. American life abounded in antithetical and unresolved issues: tensions between pastoral and urbane, the unrequited yearning for a simpler way of life in a time when Americans were beginning to embrace more complex modes of economic, political, and social life; the conflict between an exuberant, secular American optimism about the promise of life and the often hysterical anxiety of the religious over a ripeness of sin and the approaching destruction of the wicked and the end of the world. And the slavery dilemma began to shake American society in the 1830-1850 generation. The idea of counter culture in early nineteenth century America should be considered against the background of such cultural tensions.
Intelligent Information Retrieval: An Introduction.

Researchers are exploring the application of artificial intelligence techniques to information retrieval with the goal of providing intelligent access to online information. This article surveys several such systems to show what is possible in the lab today, and what may be possible in the lab today, and what may be possible in the library or office of tomorrow. Systems incorporating user modeling, natural language understanding, and expert sytems technology are presented
The development of the mid‐intestine in melanoplus differentialis (acrididae : Orthoptera)

A histological study has been made of the developing mid-gut or mesenteron of Melanoplus differentialis from diapause until after hatching. The primitive mid-gut consists at first of a single laver os squamous epithelium surrounding the yolk; to this is added later an outer layer. These two layers give rise to the muscular and connective tissue elements of the definitivo mid-gut. Near the of hateching, vitellophanges which have been present in the yolk since earlier stages migrate peripherally to form a lining upon the inner surface of the primitive mid-gut. The vitellophage nuclei divide to form the smaller nuclei of the definitive epithelium of the mid-gut. The vitellophage nuclei divede to form the smaller nuclei of the definitive epithelium of the mid-gut. The development of the definitive mesenteron fron the primitive mid-gut takes place rapidly and occurs near the time of hatching.
Spin and parity analysis of KK-bar pi system in the D and E/iota regions.

We have performed a high-statistics experiment on the reaction ..pi../sup -/p..-->..K/sup +/K/sup 0/..pi../sup -/n at 8.0 GeV/c. A Dalitz-plot analysis of the K/sup +/K/sup 0/..pi../sup -/ system finds that the D(1285) is a J/sup P/G = 1/sup + +/ state coupling predominantly to a delta..pi.. decay channel, while the E(1420) peak consists mostly of a J/sup P/G = 0/sup - +/ wave with a substantial delta..pi.. decay mode. There is little evidence of a 1/sup + +/ resonance at the E mass.
Fiber-Matrix Adhesion and Its Effect on Composite Mechanical Properties: IV. Mode I and Mode II Fracture Toughness of Graphite/Epoxy Composites

To optimize the level of fiber-matrix adhesion an understanding of the relationship between fiber-matrix interfacial bond strength and the mechanical and frac ture behavior of composites is essential. This study establishes the relationship between fiber-matrix interfacial shear strength (ISS) and interlaminar fracture toughness (both Mode I and Mode II) and failure modes for graphite/epoxy composites. A well defined and characterized graphite fiber/epoxy system was chosen in which the level of adhesion be tween fiber and matrix was changed by using the same graphite fibers with different sur face treatments. These surface treatments changed the level of adhesion between the fiber and matrix thus resulting in an increase of the fiber-matrix ISS by over a factor of two while the fiber and matrix properties remained unchanged. The Mode I and Mode II tests were conducted by the double cantilever beam (DCB) and end-notch flexure (ENF) tests methods, respectively. The Mode I fracture toughness (GIC) of composi...
Effects of nitric oxide and cGMP on inhibin A and inhibin subunit mRNA levels from cultured rat granulosa cells

Abstract Objective To determine the effects of nitric oxide (NO) and cGMP on inhibin A and inhibin subunit mRNA levels from cultured rat granulosa cells. Design Basic research study. Setting University research laboratory. Animal(s) Primary cell culture of granulosa cells obtained from estrogen-treated, immature Sprague-Dawley female rats. Intervention(s) Functionally immature rat granulosa cells were incubated for 48 hours with media alone; FSH; forskolin; the NO generator DETA/NO; an inhibitor of soluble guanylyl cyclase (ODQ); and/or a cell-permeable cGMP analog. Main outcome measure(s) Media concentrations of inhibin A were measured by solid-phase immunosorbent assay. Inhibin α and βA subunit mRNA levels were determined by Northern and slot blot analyses. Result(s) Whereas FSH caused a 20-fold increase in inhibin A levels compared with untreated granulosa cells, the NO generator DETA/NO significantly inhibited FSH-stimulated inhibin A concentrations. Similarly, cotreatment with FSH plus dibutyryl cGMP significantly attenuated inhibin A concentrations, compared with those in cells treated with FSH alone. Incubation with forskolin (FSK) stimulated inhibin A levels sevenfold, whereas cotreatment with FSK plus DETA/NO or FSK plus dibutyryl cGMP effectively decreased inhibin A concentrations. The effects of NO on inhibin A levels were not prevented by cotreatment with an inhibitor of soluble guanylyl cyclase. In addition, there was no influence of DETA/NO or dibutyryl cGMP on inhibin subunit mRNA levels. Conclusion(s) These findings indicate that NO and cGMP can attenuate inhibin A concentrations through actions at one or more post-FSH receptor sites. These influences may reflect inhibition of inhibin A secretion, rather than gene expression and protein synthesis. In addition, NO decreases inhibin A concentrations through both cGMP-dependent and -independent pathways. These results suggest local roles for NO and cGMP in the regulation of granulosa cell function.
Retrograde versus antegrade percutaneous aortic balloon valvuloplasty: immediate, short- and long-term outcome at 2 years.

Background: The short- and long-term vascular risks and hemodynamic benefits of antegrade versus retrograde percutaneous aortic balloon valvuloplasty (PAV) have not been clearly established. With the advent of percutaneous aortic valve replacement strategies, more valvuloplasties are being performed. The antegrade approach may reduce vascular complications, particularly in patients with peripheral vascular disease (PVD). Comparing the clinical efficacy and complications of each technique is warranted. Methods: A cohort of 157 consecutive patients undergoing PAV between 2000 and 2006 were included in the study. Of these, 46 (29%) patients underwent antegrade PAV and 111 (71%) retrograde PAV. Choice of vascular approach (antegrade or retrograde) were determined by operator preference. The rate of death, nonfatal vascular complications, and 2-year survival was explored. Results: The mean age of the study population was 79 years. Patients undergoing antegrade PAV were more likely hypertensive (56% vs. 39%, P = 0.001) with PVD (41% vs. 18%, P = 0.004). Nevertheless, logistic Euroscores were no different between the groups (antegrade 18% vs. retrograde 14%; P = 0.30). Baseline and postprocedural valve areas were also similar. However, patients undergoing antegrade PAV had significantly fewer vascular complications (2% vs. 19%; P = 0.005). Two-year follow-up revealed no significant difference in death (antegrade 81% vs. retrograde 69%; P = 0.16), stroke, congestive heart failure, and surgical aortic valve replacement. Conclusions: The hemodynamic benefit of PAV occurs regardless of the selected vascular approach. The antegrade technique results in significantly fewer vascular complications and similar long-term outcomes. Antegrade PAV is feasible and safe, particularly in patients with PVD. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Human skin penetration of a copper tripeptide in vitro as a function of skin layer.

Objective and design Skin retention and penetration by copper applied as glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine cuprate diacetate was evaluated in vitro in order to assess its potential for its transdermal delivery as an anti-inflammatory agent.
Physical activity, psychological complaints, and occupational health.

Commentary on the paper by Bernaards et al (see page 10) Occupational health professionals and researchers are primarily concerned with examining and preventing the specific health effects of exposures to chemical and physical agents that are unique to the work environment. When looking beyond work related diseases to other diseases and broader health outcomes such as disability, absenteeism, and general health status, we must also consider the effects of factors outside of work, and the interaction of these factors with work exposures. The article by Bernaards and colleagues1 provides further evidence of the importance of taking a broader view of worker health and safety. The study by Bernaards and colleagues used data from the Dutch SMASH study (Study on Musculoskeletal disorders, Absenteeism, Stress, and Health), a three year prospective cohort study of over 1700 Dutch workers. Baseline and annual questionnaire data on strenuous leisure time physical activity were used to predict four health outcomes: depression, emotional exhaustion, perceived general health status, and work absenteeism due to psychological complaints. The study found that strenuous leisure time physical activity was associated with a lower risk of depression, emotional exhaustion, and poor general health, as well as with a lower risk of work absenteeism due to psychological complaints. The beneficial effects of exercise were strongest in persons with sedentary jobs. These results join those of a few other longitudinal studies showing that higher levels of leisure time physical activity are associated with lower risks of future depression and depressive symptoms.2,3 Surprisingly, this study found that strenuous physical activity at a frequency of once or twice a week was associated with lower risks of depression than exercise at three or more times per week. Unfortunately, the relatively small number of workers in the highest category of exercise frequency meant that …
Predicting efflux ratios and blood-brain barrier penetration from chemical structure: combining passive permeability with active efflux by P-glycoprotein.

In order to reach their pharmacologic targets, successful central nervous system (CNS) drug candidates have to cross a complex protective barrier separating brain from the blood. Being able to predict a priori which molecules can successfully penetrate this barrier could be of significant value in CNS drug discovery. Herein we report a new computational approach that combines two mechanism-based models, for passive permeation and for active efflux by P-glycoprotein, to provide insight into the multiparameter optimization problem of designing small molecules able to access the CNS. Our results indicate that this approach is capable of distinguishing compounds with high/low efflux ratios as well as CNS+/CNS– compounds and provides advantage over estimating P-glycoprotein efflux or passive permeability alone when trying to predict these emergent properties. We also demonstrate that this method could be useful for rank-ordering chemically similar compounds and that it can provide detailed mechanistic insight ...
Factors Affecting Fry Production of Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieui) in South Branch Lake, Maine

Abstract The early life history of the smallmouth bass was studied for two summers (1971-1972) in South Branch Lake, Penobscot County, Maine, to determine what factors were affecting fry production. The spawning behavior of one male with two females is described. Nesting success for the two spawning seasons was 67% and 77%, respectively, with an average of 3,943 fry rising off each nest. Nest fanning by males did not measurably increase egg survival but did reduce mortality of sac-fry. Egg mortality was highest in the nests of smaller males (less than 400 mm) with large egg deposits. A water level drop was considered the primary cause for the lower nesting success in 1971.
Lifestyle Modifies the Relationship Between Body Composition and Adrenergic Receptor Genetic Polymorphisms, ADRB2, ADRB3 and ADRA2B: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial of Physical Activity Among Postmenopausal Women

Genetic variations in the adrenergic receptor (ADR) have been associated with body composition in cross-sectional studies. Recent findings suggest that ADR variants may also modify body composition response to lifestyle. We assessed the role of ADR variants in body composition response to 12 months of resistance training versus control in previously sedentary postmenopausal women. Randomized trial completers were genotyped for A2B Glu9/12 by fragment length analysis, and B2 Gln27Glu and B3 Trp64Arg by TaqMan (n = 148, 54% hormone therapy users). Associations between genotypes and body composition, by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, were analyzed using univariate models. There was no main effect of individual genes on change in body composition, however, gene × exercise interactions were observed for A2B Glu9/12 and B2 Gln27Glu on change in lean soft tissue (LST, p = 0.02); exercisers on the A2B Glu9− background gained LST compared to a loss among controls over 12 months (p < 0.05), with no significant intervention effect on the A2B Glu9+ background. Similarly, there was a significant LST gain with exercise on the B2 Glu27+ background compared to loss among controls and no intervention effect on the B2 Glu27− background. A non-significant association between total body fat (TBF) and B3 Trp64Arg persisted among sedentary controls only when intervention groups were separated (%TBF gain with B3 Arg64+ carriage, p = 0.03); exercisers lost TBF regardless of genotype. In summary, effect modification by lifestyle was demonstrated on ADRA2B, B2, and B3 genetic backgrounds. Individuals with certain ADR genotypes may be more vulnerable to adverse changes in body composition with sedentary behavior, thus these candidate genes warrant further study.
An Electrical Capacitance Based Measurement Method for Soot Load Estimation in a Diesel Particulate Filter

Abstract This paper presents a novel approach of Particulate Material (soot) measurement in a Diesel particulate filter using Electrical Capacitance Tomography. Modern Diesel Engines are equipped with Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF's), as well as on-board technologies to evaluate the status of DPF because complete knowledge of DPF soot loading is very critical for robust efficient operation of the engine exhaust after treatment system. In course of time, soot will be deposited inside the DPFs which tend to clog the filter and hence generate a back pressure in the exhaust system, negatively impacting the fuel efficiency. To remove the soot build-up, regeneration (active or passive) of the DPF must be done as an engine exhaust after treatment process at pre-determined time intervals. Since the regeneration process consume fuel, a robust and efficient operation based on accurate knowledge of the particulate matter deposit (or soot load) becomes essential in order to keep the fuel consumption at a minimum. In this paper, we propose a sensing method for a DPF that can accurately measure in-situ soot load using Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT). Simulation results show that the proposed method offers an effective way to accurately estimate the soot load in DPF. A hardware-in-loop bench has been built to further develop this sensing concept and experimentally verify the associated measurement technology. Preliminary experimental data is very promising. The proposed method is expected to have a profound impact in improving overall PM filtering efficiency (and thereby fuel efficiency), and durability of a Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) through appropriate closed loop regeneration operation.
Pauperism and poverty: Henry George, William Graham Sumner, and the ideological origins of modern American social science

This paper examines the relationship between the development of industrial capitalism and the development of modern social science in the United States through the writings of two of the best–known writers on social science in the late nineteenth century: Henry George, the apostle of the rights of labor and author of the classic critique of private ownership of land, Progress and Poverty; and William Graham Sumner, the arch defender of the rights of capital and author of a pioneering treatise on Folkways. The paper traces and analyzes their mutual movement away from classical political economy and toward a new social psychology in response to rising economic inequality. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Integration Versus Disintegration: A Grounded Theory Study of Adolescent and Young Adult Development in the Context of Perinatally-Acquired HIV Infection

Adolescents/young adults with perinatally-acquired HIV infection experience a number of issues that impact developmental tasks. No study to date has described the process by which this occurs. The purpose of this grounded theory study was to describe the process by which HIV infection impacts adolescent/young adult development. Interviews were conducted and analyzed with 25 participants age 18 to 24. Six core categories emerged that were used to generate a theory, integration versus disintegration, that describes how perinatal HIV impacts participants' development. The results of this study provide unique clinical considerations for pediatric and adult clinicians providing care for this population.
B -trees with inserts and deletes: why free-at-empty is better than merge-at-half

Abstract The space utilization of B -tree nodes determines the number of levels in the B -tree and hence its performance. Until now, the only analytical aid to the determination of a B -tree's utilization has been the analysis by Yao and related work. Yao showed that the utilization of B -tree nodes under pure inserts is 69%. We derive analytically and verify by simulation the utilization of B-tree nodes constructed from a mixture of insert and delete operations. Assuming that nodes only merge (i.e., are freed) when they are empty we show that the utilization is 39% when the number of inserts is the same as the number of deletes. However, it there are just 5% more inserts than deletes, then the utilization is over 62%. We also calculate the probability of splitting and merging. We derive a simple rule-of-thumb that accurately calculates the probability of splitting. We also model B -trees that merge half-empty nodes. The utilization of merge-at-half B -trees is slightly larger than the utilization of free-at-empty B -trees, but the restructuring rate is much higher. For most purposes, this implies that free-at-empty B -trees are a better implementation choice than merge-at-half B -trees. We present two models for computing B -tree utilization, the more accurate of which remembers items inserted and then deleted in a node.