cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the structure of evaporated bismuth oxide thin films

Abstract The bismuth oxide films evaporated from bulk Bi2O3 are shown to vary in stoichiometry. The as-evaporated low rate (1–5 A/sec) films are microcrystalline and bismuth rich, relative to Bi2O3, and their optical absorption edge broadens and shifts to lower energies. High rate (15–25 A/sec) films are morphous and oxygen-rich with an absorption edge shifted to higher energies. Thermal decomposition of the Bi2O3 during evaporation produces the variations in film stoichiometry. The high temperature δ-Bi2O3 observed in the as-evaporated low rate films and thermally treated amorphous films indicates the melt and the films are structurally similar. Thermal treatment of the low rate films results in the formation of the β-form. Comparison of X-ray and stoichiometry results suggests that β-Bi2O3 be expressed as β-Bi2O±3x, where x is the deviation from trioxide stoichiometry.
A simple procedure for assessing environmental effects on fatigue failure of solder joints

Etude experimentale sur des joints 60 Pb-40 Sn soumis a des essais de flexion rotative en cantilever dans l'air ou dans un environnement inerte. Determination de la duree de vie de fatigue
Adrenergic innervation of large arteries in the seal.

1. Radiological evidence for arterial constrictor responses during diving in the seal, Phoca vitulina, is presented. 2. A pattern of penetration of sympathetic fibres to the muscular media of supply arteries to vascular beds, subject to constriction during diving, is described. In a comparison study the cat was found to typify the more general case in which sympathetic fibres terminate at the muscularis-adventitial border. 3. The penetration of sympathetic terminals into the muscularis of supply arteries appears to provide a mechanism for maximal ‘recruitment’ of smooth muscle, which allows constriction of a vascular bed at a site proximal to the competitive influence of metabolically produced vasodilator materials which are known to act, in non-diving forms such as the cat, at the arteriolar level. 4. These results provide an extension of our understanding of the cellular and peripheral neurophysiological organization which allows the selective distribution of blood-flow and oxygen reserves in the seal and probably, by extrapolation, in other diving species.
Comprehensive analysis of LAMC1 genetic variants in advanced pelvic organ prolapse

Objective We sought to comprehensively evaluate the association of laminin gamma-1 ( LAMC1 ) and advance pelvic organ prolapse. Study Design We conducted a candidate gene association of patients (n = 239) with stages III-IV prolapse and controls (n = 197) with stages 0-I prolapse. We used a linkage disequilibrium (LD)–tagged approach to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in LAMC1 and focused on non-Hispanic white women to minimize population stratification. Additive and dominant multivariable logistic regression models were used to test for association between individual SNPs and advanced prolapse. Results Fourteen SNPs representing 99% coverage of LAMC1 were genotyped. There was no association between SNP rs10911193 and advanced prolapse ( P = .34). However, there was a trend toward significance for SNPs rs1413390 ( P = .11), rs20563 ( P = .11), and rs20558 ( P = .12). Conclusion Although we found that the previously reported LAMC1 SNP rs10911193 was not associated with nonfamilial prolapse, our results support further investigation of this candidate gene in the pathophysiology of prolapse.
Monomer reactivity ratios for acrylonitrile-methyl acrylate free-radical copolymerization

Nonlinear monomer reactivity ratios for the homogeneous free-radical copolymerization of acrylonitrile and methyl acrylate were determined from 1H NMR and real-time Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses. All 1H NMR data were obtained on polymers isolated at low conversions (<10%), whereas the FTIR data were collected in situ. The copolymerizations were conducted in N,N-dimethylformamide at 62 °C and were initiated with azobisisobutyronitrile. The real-time FTIR technique allowed for many data points to be collected for each feed composition, which enabled the calculation of copolymer compositions (dM1/dM2) with better accuracy. Monomer reactivity ratios were estimated with the Mayo–Lewis method and then were refined via a nonlinear least-squares analysis first suggested by Mortimer and Tidwell. Thus, monomer reactivity ratios at the 95% confidence level were determined to be 1.29 ± 0.2 and 0.96 ± 0.2 for acrylonitrile and methyl acrylate, respectively, which were valid under the specific system conditions (i.e., solvent and temperature) studied. The results are useful for the development of acrylonitrile (<90%) and methyl acrylate, melt-processable copolymer fibers and films, including precursors for carbon fibers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 2994–3001, 2004
Maturation of the electroretinogram in the dog.

Abstract Dogs 1–28 days old were exposed to flashes of white light and the electrical responses recorded from the retina. A small negative wave, the a wave, was first observed on Day 10. The a wave increased in amplitude from 17 μv at Day 11 to 60 μv at Day 28. The b wave did not appear until Day 15 and had an amplitude of 32 μv and a latency of 4.78 msec. The b wave increased from 32 μv at Day 15 to 88 μv at Day 28. The greatest rate of increase in the a-wave amplitude occurred between Day 11 and Day 18. The greatest rate of increase in amplitude of the b wave occurred between Day 15 and Day 22. The a wave demonstrated a greater decrease in latency than the b wave.
High pressure studies of (SN)x and S4N4

Abstract At high pressure S 4 N 4 and (SN) x thermally decompose to octameric S 8 plus nitrogen, or fibrous S x plus nitrogen, depending upon the magnitude of pressure. Measurements of the electrical conductivity as a function of temperature at high pressure indicated that (SN) x behaves metallically, and that the thermal decomposition process is associated with a sharp increase in resistance. S 4 N 4 , on the other hand, initially displays a semiconductor thermal behavior, but in excess of 30 to 35 kbar the decomposition is characterized by transient high conductance spikes as well as a turning point in the steady state resistance. The quenched product from the P-T decomposition boundary where the transients are observed is a black form of sulfur. The high conductance spikes are interpreted as due to a transitory metallic sulfur-nitrogen phase akin to (SN) x which exists until the nitrogen dissociates.
Two diverged human homeobox genes involved in the differentiation of human hematopoietic progenitors map to chromosome I, bands q41–42.I

Proteins encoded by homeobox containing genes are sequence-specific DNA binding proteins implicated in the control of gene expression in both developing and adult tissues. Two recently characterized human homeobox genes, HB9 and HB24, are highly expressed in CD34-positive marrow cells but not in CD34-depleted marrow cells, Their expression is readily down-regulated during the differentiation of hematopoietic progenitors to specific cell lineages. In this study, genomic DNA fragments isolated with HB9 (3 kb) and HB24 (6 kb) cDNAs were used to map their chromosomal location by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Both HB9 and HB24 DNA probes gave specific hybridization signals on chromosome 1. The hybridization loci were identified by combining fluorescence images of the probe signals with fluorescence banding patterns generated by cohybridization in situ with an Alu probe (R-like banding) and by DAPI staining (G-like). The results demonstrate that the loci of the HB24 and HB9 genes are within bands 1q41–q42.1. A cohybridization experiment utilizing both probes with two-color fluorescence imaging could not resolve separate loci for the two genes. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Optimizing features and models using the minimum classification error criterion

Discriminative feature extraction (DFE) has been proposed as a extension of MCE/GPD for the joint optimization of features and models. This study presents various configurations of this discriminative framework aimed at optimizing filter-bank parameters, using cepstrum and delta cepstrum as features, within an HMM-based system. Features and models are optimized either jointly or separately. Experimental results on the ISOLET database show that the joint optimization of features and models realizes the best performance: more than 13% absolute error rate reduction on the E-set task compared to an MLE-trained system using MFCCs and more than 1.85% absolute error rate reduction compared to an MCE-trained system using MFCCs.
Impact of Traumatic Birth Experience on Latina Adolescent Mothers

Background: The childbirth experience can be a wonderful event, or one of horror. One in 3 adult mothers appraises her childbirth experience as traumatic, with up to 10% of women reporting a severe traumatic stress response post-delivery. The impact of the birth experience on adolescents is unknown. Methods: Eighty-five Latinas ages 13 to 19 appraised their childbirth experience and reported symptoms of trauma impact as measured via the Impact of Event Scale (IES) within 72 hours of delivery. Descriptive statistics included demographic, obstetrical, and personal factors, and trauma scores. ANOVAs were used to examine differences in birth appraisal and trauma impact by demographic, obstetrical, and personal factors. Spearman rho and Pearson's r was used to compute correlations between birth appraisal, depression, and trauma impact. Results: One-third of adolescents appraised their childbirth as traumatic; one-half displayed symptoms of trauma impact. Items influencing appraisal of the birth experience incl...
The Role of PETE in Developing Joy-Oriented Physical Educators

The current focus on utilitarian outcomes (e.g., fitness, health, skill development) in physical education has not been effective in producing life-long movers and makes physical activity a duty to be performed. An alternative to a utilitarian focus is to have a joy-oriented focus in which physical activity is promoted because it is joyful, pleasurable, and personally meaningful. In this paper, we present factors that inhibit a joy-oriented focus in physical education and reasons physical education teacher education (PETE) programs have thus far failed to produce joy-oriented physical education teachers. We then present a new approach to PETE—the foundational approach—in which the joy of movement forms the foundation of and is threaded throughout the program. Ten specific changes to PETE programs are proposed to produce joy-oriented physical education teachers.
Borrelia hermsii Acquisition Order in Superinfected Ticks Determines Transmission Efficiency

Multilocus sequence typing of Borrelia hermsii isolates reveals its divergence into two major genomic groups (GG), but no differences in transmission efficiency or host pathogenicity are associated with these genotypes. To compare GGI and GGII in the tick-host infection cycle, we first determined if spirochetes from the two groups could superinfect the tick vector Ornithodoros hermsi. We infected mice with isolates from each group and fed ticks sequentially on these mice. We then fed the infected ticks on naive mice and measured GGI and GGII spirochete densities in vector and host, using quantitative PCR of genotype-specific chromosomal DNA sequences. Sequential feedings resulted in dual tick infections, showing that GGI or GGII primary acquisition did not block superinfection by a secondary agent. On transmission to naive mice at short intervals after acquisition, ticks with primary GGI and secondary GGII spirochete infections caused mixed GGI and GGII infections in mice. However, ticks with primary GGII and secondary GGI spirochete infections caused only GGII infections with all isolate pairs examined. At longer intervals after acquisition, the exclusion of GGI by GGII spirochetes declined and cotransmission predominated. We then examined GGI and GGII spirochetemia in mice following single inoculation and coinoculation by needle and found that GGI spirochete densities were reduced on multiple days when coinoculated with GGII. These findings indicate that dual GGI-GGII spirochete infections can persist in ticks and that transmission to a vertebrate host is dependent on the order of tick acquisition and the interval between acquisition and transmission events.
Isomerization Study of Aryltropane Analogs of Cocaine

Abstract Isomerization of brain imaging agents aryltropane cocaine analogs have been examined by HPLC under chemical conditions similar to those encountered during radiolabeling.
Interbody device footprint and endplate engagement characteristics: biomechanical implications.

COMMENTARY ON: Buttermann GR, Beaubien BP, Freeman AL, et al. Interbody device endplate engagement effects on motion segment biomechanics. Spine J 2009;9:564–573 (this issue) .
Anatomic exclusion from endovascular repair of thoracic aortic aneurysm.

Objectives We sought to define the current anatomic barriers to thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) stent grafting to guide future device development. Methods All patients presenting with TAA requiring repair were evaluated for endovascular repair during a 4-year period (2000 to 2004). The TAAs evaluated were those beginning distal to the left common carotid artery (LCCA) and ending proximal to the celiac artery. All patients in whom endovascular repair was indicated underwent cross-sectional imaging by computed tomography angiography and three-dimensional modeling of their thoracic and abdominal arterial anatomy. Patients were evaluated for endovascular TAA repair in the context of the inclusion/exclusion criteria of pivotal United States Food and Drug Administration trials of the Gore TAG and Medtronic Talent devices. Anatomic requirements included ≥20 mm of suitable proximal and distal neck length, and proximal and distal neck diameters of 20 to 42 mm. These trials allowed the use of femoral or iliac access, including the use of conduits, and permitted stent graft coverage of the left subclavian artery (LSA) after preliminary carotid–subclavian bypass. Patients rejected for medical reasons or who died during evaluation were not included in the review. Results A total of 126 patients (73 men, 53 women) with TAA located between the LCCA and celiac artery were screened for endovascular repair, and 33 (26%) were rejected for anatomic reasons. The remaining 93 patients underwent endografting (59 Talent, 34 TAG). Rejection was not significantly different by gender (16/73 men, 17/53 women, P = .22, NS). Most patients (28/33) were rejected for more than one criterion. Hostile proximal neck characteristics were the most prevalent reason for disqualification, despite the ability to cover the LSA to extend the proximal seal zone. Many of these patients (16/28) also had distal neck anatomy unsuitable for grafting. Overall, 19 patients had hostile distal necks. Difficulties with vascular access (diseased or tortuous iliac arteries, or a small caliber aorta) that could not be overcome even by use of conduits occurred in a significant fraction of patients (10/33). Conclusions Most patients with a TAA located between the LCCA and the celiac artery can be treated by endovascular repair. Patients excluded from TAA stent graft protocols for anatomic reasons most commonly have hostile proximal neck features that preclude endovascular repair with currently available devices. Transposition of arch vessels to facilitate greater use of existing stent grafts or development of new stent graft designs are needed to expand the applicability of TAA endovascular repair.
THE INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF LEYDIG IN THE HERMAPHRODITE PIG

A hermaphrodite pig, grown to maturity, weighing one hundred and eighty pounds, was reported to us by the meat inspector at the local abattoir. The general appearance of this animal resembled that of a sow, but there was one noticeable external genital malformation namely, the ventral labial commissure, which pointed upward rather than downward. The meat was condemned because of its boarish odor. Fortunately we were able to secure the external and internal genitalia intact. Protruding from the vulva is a clitoris, which, when unsheathed, is two inches long. It is spiral in shape and in size and configuration resembles a rudimentary penis. The vagina and urethra are in common for two inches, the common channel beginning at the cervix uteri and ending in the urogenital orifice.
Upper Bounds for the Energy Expectation in Time-Dependent Quantum Mechanics

We consider quantum systems driven by Hamiltonians of the formH+W(t), where the spectrum ofH consists of an infinite set of bands andW(t) depends arbitrarily on time. Let 〈H〈φ(t) denote the expectation value ofH with respect to the evolution at timet of an initial state φ. We prove upper bounds of the type 〈H〉φ(t)=O(tδ), δ>0, under conditions on the strength ofW(t) with respect toH. Neither growth of the gaps between the bands nor smoothness ofW(t) is required. Similar estimates are shown for the expectation value of functions ofH. Sufficient conditions to have uniformly bounded expectation values are made explicit and the consequences on other approaches to quantum stability are discussed.
Process-Oriented Analysis of Environmental Conditions Associated with Precipitation Fog Events in the New York City Region

An analysis of the environmental conditions associated with precipitation fog events is presented using 20 yr of historical observations taken in a region centered on New York, New York. The objective is to determine the preferred weather scenarios and identify physical processes influencing the formation of fog during precipitation. Salient synoptic-scale features are identified using NCEP–NCAR reanalyses. Local environmental parameters, such as wind speed and direction, temperature, and humidity, are analyzed using surface observations, while the vertical structure of the lower atmosphere is examined using available rawinsonde data. The analysis reveals that precipitation fog mostly occurs as a result of the gradual lowering of cloud bases as continuous light rain or light drizzle is observed. Such scenarios occur under various synoptic weather patterns in areas characterized by large-scale uplift, differential temperature advection, and positive moisture advection. Precipitation fog onset typically occurs with winds from the northeast at inland locations and onshore flow at coastal locations, with flows from the south to southwest aloft. A majority of the cases showed the presence of a sharp low-level temperature inversion resulting from differential temperature advection or through the interaction of warm air flowing over a cold surface in onshore flow conditions. This suggests a common scenario of fog formation under moistening conditions resulting from precipitation evaporating into colder air near the surface. A smaller number of events formed with cooling of the near-saturated or saturated air. Evidence is also presented of the possible role of shear-induced turbulent mixing in the production of supersaturation and fog formation during precipitation.
Effects of Accusations on the Accuser: The Moderating Role of Accuser Culpability

Recent research has shown that people can enhance their own reputations by accusing others of faults they possess. However, it is unclear by what mechanism accusing others of one's own misdeeds helps to enhance the reputation of the accuser, and there is no evidence for boundary conditions for this devious tactic. The present research provides evidence that accusations suggest information about the accuser's values and that it is the assumed values of the accuser that are responsible for increases in the accuser's reputation. Furthermore, the present research demonstrates that accusations may only be effective in increasing an individual's reputation when the individual has faults to deflect. When an individual possesses no faults, accusations can actually damage the individual's reputation.
Embedded Librarians and Reference Traffic: A Quantitative Analysis

ABSTRACT In 2007, Capella University librarians began an embedded librarian pilot in the School of Psychology postgraduate 1st courses. Embedded librarian programs give librarians the opportunity to meet distance students in their natural habitats by participating in classroom instruction. This is a relatively new area in library research. An analysis of Capella's 2007 library reference traffic revealed a 400% jump in reference transactions with psychology students, coinciding with the introduction of the embedded librarian program. This study establishes a statistically significant relationship between the number of embedded librarian interactions in the classroom and the increased number of general reference transactions. While this study may provide an encouraging case for libraries considering an embedded program who want to advertise their help services, it might also provide a discouraging case study for libraries who hope to drive down general reference questions through embedded librarian initiati...
Ovarian cancer: individualized and personalized care

During the past decade, a new paradigm in cancer therapeutics has emerged that offers the promise of personalized medicine, where the individual characteristics of a patient’s tumor can be evaluated and exploited. In this setting, the primary site of malignancy would become a secondary consideration; rather it would be the fundamental driving factor, the ‘molecular fingerprint’ of the tumor, that would determine the appropriate therapy. This concept of cancer therapy is still in its infancy, with prospective tumor genotyping being used on a limited, often experimental basis in specific disease sites such as the colon, breast and lung. As technology and understanding improve, many look forward to a time when all tumors can be interrogated for an array of known amplifications, mutations or deletions that drive neoplastic pathways and thus represent a potential Achilles’ heel that may confer sensitivity to targeted molecular therapies, and a better toxicity profile. This article will present the current stat...
Nacionalismo y antisemitismo Hannah Arendt sobre la cuestión judía y el Estado nación

The purpose of this article is to show that anti-Semitism as a social and political phenomenon has been central to the criticism made by Hannah Arendt to the nation state. Anti-Semitism, imperialism and totalitarianism present the need to find a new paradigm to conceptualize politics. The analysis of these elements allows us to pay special attention to the characteristics of democracies that could always become violent in the name of the nation, particularly against minorities and foreigners. Following the factors that structure Arendt’s analysis, this article offers three contributions: in the first part, an analysis is presented on the Emancipation and assimilation of Jews in the secular nation-states; in the second part, the creation of a culture of anti-Semitism based on the Dreyfus case is studied; and in the third part, the paradoxes of the nation-state in light of anti-Semitism are described.
Adaptive Control for the Generic Transport Model: A Derivative-Free Approach

This paper presents a derivative-free model reference adaptive controller design for NASA genetic transport model. The proposed architecture does not assume the ideal weights of a parameterized uncertainty are constant. In addition, it does not require modification terms like σor emodification, or applying a projection operator to the weight estimates, for uniformly ultimately boundedness. The proposed design is particularly advantageous for applications to aerospace systems that undergo a sudden change in dynamics, either due to reconfiguration, deployment of a payload, or structural damage.
Evaluation of the hydrometer for testing immunoglobulin G1 concentrations in Holstein colostrum

Hydrometer measurement in globulin and IgG1 concentration measured by the radial immunodiffusion technique were compared for 915 samples of first milking colostrum from Holstein cows. Least squares analysis of the relationship between hydrometer measurement and IgG1 concentration was improved by log transformation of IgG1 concentration and resulted in a significant linear relationship between hydrometer measurement and log10 IgG1 concentration; r2 = .469. At 50 mg of globulin/ml of colostrum, the recommended hydrometer cutoff point for colostrum selection, the sensitivity of the hydrometer as a test of IgG1 concentration in Holstein colostrum was 26%, and the negative predictive value was 67%. The negative predictive value and sensitivity of the hydrometer as a test of IgG1 in Holstein colostrum was improved, and the cost of misclassification of colostrum was minimized, when the cutoff point for colostrum selection was increased above the recommended 50 mg/ml.
Foreign Tax Credits

Taxation of the worldwide incomes earned by a country’s citizens or residents is an effective method of countering other countries’ attempts to lure business activity or investment capital through low tax rates. Regardless of where a country’s citizens live or conduct business or investment activities, they will pay at least the level of tax imposed by their home country on their business and investment income. To prevent this policy from resulting in overtaxation of foreign-source income, however, this strategy requires allowance for some form of credit against the domestic income tax for income taxes paid to foreign countries. Thus, most countries that tax the worldwide incomes of their citizens allow a foreign tax credit, subject to necessary limitations and restrictions to prevent abuse. This chapter discusses the basic principles of the foreign tax credit and the necessary limitations and restrictions.
The U.S. vs. Fiber Materials, Inc.:

Through close examination of the U.S. vs. Fiber Materials, Inc., this paper examines the documentation responsible for the overturning of a guilty verdict in one of the most highly acclaimed export control enforcement cases of the last decade. The jury’s verdict in the case was derived from the organizational memory of the regulating agency. Ultimately, historical records were unearthed which proved the agency’s memory to be egregiously inaccurate, and the defendants, after nearly twenty million dollars in legal fees and eight years in legal limbo, were subsequently acquitted of all charges. This case study highlights the disconnect between traditional record keeping practices and digital information systems. It identifies a knowledge-to-task gap in the policy area of export controls. It suggests a need for further refinement of the contextual qualities and attributes necessary for policy knowledge and reuse.
Systems Neuroscience: Shaping the Reward Prediction Error Signal

A recent study shows that midbrain GABA (inhibitory) neurons code for environmentally predicted rewards. These GABA neurons communicate with dopamine neurons, where the reward prediction is subtracted from delivered reward. Thus, the GABA prediction signal shapes the dopamine reward prediction error signal.
Regulation of Leptin and Leptin Receptor in the Human Uterus: Possible Roles in Implantation and Uterine Pathology

Early studies following the identification of leptin in (1994) by Zhang and colleagues indicated a number of roles for leptin in the reproductive system. These would include the regulation of gonadotropin secretion, a contribution to the onset of puberty, steroidgenesis and ovarian function, and of course a role in pregnancy, which was presaged by the early identification of the expression of the leptin message in the placenta. All of these aspects are currently reviewed in other chapters in this volume, however the question of uterine physiology has not been studied as extensively as the other areas. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce this potentially important area of leptin physiology and the relationship of the leptin system to normal and pathological uterine function. We are clearly in the beginning stages of understanding any roles that leptin may play in the regulation of uterine physiology and these will be introduced with appropriate citations that promise to be the subject of important research in the near future.
Growing Pains: The Role of Regulation in the Collaborative Economy

The rise of the collaborative economy has breathed new life into old industries. Everyday consumers now use the power of collaborative platforms like online marketplaces and on-demand services to rent, share, and swap their houses, cars, and homemade goods with their peers. As such platforms continue to grow in size and popularity, they will undoubtedly face numerous regulatory challenges, and how they respond to future roadblocks will determine their longevity. This paper examines the regulatory obstacles faced by the collaborative economy by providing three case studies focused on the regulatory experiences of Airbnb, Uber, and Lending Club. The observations from the three case studies indicate that regulation is an inevitable truth for the collaborative economy, and that it will be a key factor behind smoothing the integration of collaborative platforms into mainstream society.
Sarcospan Regulates Cardiac Isoproterenol Response and Prevents Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy-Associated Cardiomyopathy.

BackgroundDuchenne muscular dystrophy is a fatal cardiac and skeletal muscle disease resulting from mutations in the dystrophin gene. We have previously demonstrated that a dystrophin‐associated pr...
Castañeda on Plato, Leibniz and Kant

‘History of philosophy’ encompasses a wide spectrum of activities. On the one hand, there is what I shall call ‘HISTORY of philosophy’: though philosophy and not history, the main focus of HISTORY of philosophy is historical. HISTORY of philosophy investigates the written word of a philosopher from extant texts. At the other end of the spectrum is ‘history of PHILOSOPHY’, i.e., philosophy done in an historial setting. In many cases, an historical figure is a foil for comparisons between that philosopher and the author. Many such comparisons depend on very general theses about the structure or implications of a philosopher’s position. These theses are often stated in modern terms, not those familiar to the historical figure. Nevertheless, it is the aim of history of PHILOSOPHY to provide insight into the views of historical figures. Much work in ‘history of philosophy’ is somewhere between the two extremes; many passages are mixtures of various positions on the continuum for HISTORY of philosophy to history of PHILOSOPHY.
Suppression of WHITE COLLAR-independent frequency Transcription by Histone H3 Lysine 36 Methyltransferase SET-2 Is Necessary for Clock Function in Neurospora*

Abstract The circadian system in Neurospora is based on the transcriptional/translational feedback loops and rhythmic frequency (frq) transcription requires the WHITE COLLAR (WC) complex. Our previous paper has shown that frq could be transcribed in a WC-independent pathway in a strain lacking the histone H3K36 methyltransferase, SET-2 (su(var)3-9-enhancer-of-zeste-trithorax-2) (1), but the mechanism was unclear. Here we disclose that loss of histone H3K36 methylation, due to either deletion of SET-2 or H3K36R mutation, results in arrhythmic frq transcription and loss of overt rhythmicity. Histone acetylation at frq locus increases in set-2 KO mutant. Consistent with these results, loss of H3K36 methylation readers, histone deacetylase RPD-3 (reduced potassium dependency 3) or EAF-3 (essential SAS-related acetyltransferase-associated factor 3), also leads to hyperacetylation of histone at frq locus and WC-independent frq expression, suggesting that proper chromatin modification at frq locus is required for circadian clock operation. Furthermore, a mutant strain with three amino acid substitutions (histone H3 lysine 9, 14, and 18 to glutamine) was generated to mimic the strain with hyperacetylation state of histone H3. H3K9QK14QK18Q mutant exhibits the same defective clock phenotype as rpd-3KO mutant. Our results support a scenario in which H3K36 methylation is required to establish a permissive chromatin state for circadian frq transcription by maintaining proper acetylation status at frq locus.
Nitrogen Content and Total Osmotic Activity of Gastric Juice.

Summary1. In general, pilocarpine-stimulated greater curvature gastric pouch juice has a lower osmotic activity, and high total nitrogen content than does histamine-stimulated juice. 2. Fasting juices show highly variable relations between total nitrogen content and osmotic activity. 3. Pyloric pouch fasting juice has in our experience very much higher total nitrogen content than does greater curvature pouch juice. The osmotic activity of the former is nevertheless hypertonic with respect to blood. 4. There appears to be a partial correlation between total nitrogen content and osmotic activity of gastric juice. 5. Calculated and observed osmotic activities are in reasonable agreement for six greater curvature pouch samples in which free acid was present. 6. Calculated values were 12 to 24 m.E./K. lower than the observed osmotic activity values for three pyloric pouch juices without free acid. It is suggested that part of the deficit results from neglecting in the calculation the contribution of the nitrog...
Study on Optimal Application Rate of Nitrogen Fertilizer for Double Cropping Rice in Jiangxi Province

The experimental studies on the optimal application rate of nitrogen fertilizer for double cropping rice were conducted in 11 counties of Jiangxi province during 2011 ~ 2012. The results showed that: along with the increase in nitrogen fertilizer application rate,the rice yield increment per unit nitrogen revealed a declining trend,and both the nitrogen utilization rate and the agronomic utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer decreased unceasingly. The curve fitting equation was built to calculate the application rate of nitrogen fertilizer for obtaining the highest rice yield or the most economic rice yield. According to the calculative results combined with the agronomic utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer,it was concluded that the average most economic application rate of nitrogen fertilizer for early rice and late rice in Jiangxi province was 12. 6 and 15. 0 kg /667 m2 respectively.
Neural mechanisms of selective attention in the somatosensory system

Selective attention allows organisms to extract behaviorally relevant information while ignoring distracting stimuli that compete for the limited resources of their central nervous systems. Attention is highly flexible, and it can be harnessed to select information based on sensory modality, within-modality feature(s), spatial location, object identity, and/or temporal properties. In this review, we discuss the body of work devoted to understanding mechanisms of selective attention in the somatosensory system. In particular, we describe the effects of attention on tactile behavior and corresponding neural activity in somatosensory cortex. Our focus is on neural mechanisms that select tactile stimuli based on their location on the body (somatotopic-based attention) or their sensory feature (feature-based attention). We highlight parallels between selection mechanisms in touch and other sensory systems and discuss several putative neural coding schemes employed by cortical populations to signal the behavioral relevance of sensory inputs. Specifically, we contrast the advantages and disadvantages of using a gain vs. spike-spike correlation code for representing attended sensory stimuli. We favor a neural network model of tactile attention that is composed of frontal, parietal, and subcortical areas that controls somatosensory cells encoding the relevant stimulus features to enable preferential processing throughout the somatosensory hierarchy. Our review is based on data from noninvasive electrophysiological and imaging data in humans as well as single-unit recordings in nonhuman primates.
A new practical packet loss estimator for MPLS VPN services

For provisioning QoS guaranteed VPN services over packet-switching networks, the service controlling system must maintain the subscribed values of QoS parameters, especially the packet loss probability, to be below a preset number. Thus one of the main issues to be solved is to estimate the packet loss accurately and effectively based on the input stochastic traffic process. Inspired by the large deviation theory (LDT), two types of asymptotes loss estimator have been studied in the practical MPLS VPN networks: the large buffer asymptotic estimator (LBE) and the aggregate traffic approximation estimator (ATE). However, both estimators exhibit a large error from the actual loss ratio. A simple reactive estimator is proposed, which can adapt to the different contexts. The basic idea is to adjust the original estimator with one dynamic item that is based on the feedback of loss ratio measurement and adapt it to the changing of traffic model and buffer size. A series of experiments were devised to evaluate the performance of the new estimator under different traffic arrival models and different buffer sizes. The results show that the new practical estimator can calculate the loss probability more accurately.
On isoperimetric constants for log-concave probability distributions

Here, A is an arbitrary Borel subset of R of measure μ(A) with μ-perimeter μ(A) = lime↓0 μ(Ae)−μ(A) e , where Ae = {x ∈ R : |x − a| < e, for some a ∈ A} denotes an open e-neighbourhood of A with respect to the Euclidean distance. The quantity h(μ) represents an important geometric characteristic of the measure and is deeply related to a number of interesting analytic inequalities. As an example, one may consider a Poincare-type inequality ∫ |∇f | dμ ≥ λ1 ∫ |f | dμ
Selecting pedigrees for linkage analysis of a quantitative trait: the expected number of informative meioses.

Abstract With evidence of segregation at a major locus for a quantitative trait having been found, a logical next step is to select a subset of the pedigrees to include in a linkage study to map the major locus. Ideally this subset should include much of the linkage information in the sample but include only a fraction of the pedigrees. We previously described a strategy for selecting pedigrees for linkage analysis of a quantitative trait on the basis of a pedigree likelihood-ratio statistic. For quantitative traits controlled by a major locus with a rare dominant allele, the likelihood-ratio strategy extracted nearly all the information for linkage while typically requiring marker data on only about one-third of the pedigrees. Here, we describe a new strategy to select pedigrees for linkage analysis on the basis of the expected number of potentially informative meioses in each pedigree. We demonstrate that this informative-meioses strategy provides an efficient and more general means to select pedigrees for a linkage study of a quantitative trait.
Development of Instabilities Generated by Freestream Laser Perturbations in a Hypersonic Boundary Layer

A controlled, laser-generated perturbation was created in the freestream of the Boeing/U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research Mach 6 Quiet Tunnel. The freestream perturbation convected downstream in the wind tunnel to interact with a flared cone model. The model is a body of revolution bounded by a circular arc with a 3.0 m radius. Two different nose tips were used in this experiment: a 1.0 mm nose tip and a 0.16 mm nose tip. Fourteen fast pressure transducers were used to measure a wave packet generated in the cone boundary layer by the freestream perturbation. This wave packet grew large and became nonlinear before experiencing natural transition in quiet flow. Breakdown of this wave packet occurred when the amplitude of the pressure fluctuations at the most unstable second-mode frequency was approximately 10% of the surface pressure for a nominally sharp nose tip. The amplitude of the second-mode instability at the neutral point on the flared cone is estimated to be on the order of 10−7 times the...
Catalyst-Controlled Site-Selective Bond Activation

One ultimate goal of synthetic chemistry is to install or manipulate any functional group at any position of a molecule. This Account discusses the potential and possible approaches to use catalysis to enable a reaction to occur at one of many C–H bonds or at one of several nearly identical functional groups.
96 : Evolutionary conservation of STING, an innate immune effector and DNA sensor, in Drosophila melanogaster

The innate immune response provides the first line of defense against pathogens by responding to foreign molecules, such as cytosolic DNA or double-stranded RNA, by-products of bacterial and viral infections. The mammalian protein STING (STimulator of INterferon Genes), an intracellular sensor to by-products of pathogenic infection, is critical to the innate immune response and the induction of interferon beta, a potent antimicrobial molecule. In Drosophila, fat body cells contain surface receptors for the detection of pathogens in the hemolymph. Activation of these receptors stimulates the innate immune response, which is potentiated by the induction of antimicrobial peptides. While the mechanisms of cell surface receptor signaling in Drosophila are well understood, less is known about the intracellular sensors to pathogenic infection. Here we describe the identification of a Drosophila homologue of human STING, dSTING. We show that dSTING is a transmembrane protein that localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum. dSTING is capable of binding nucleic acids, which results in its perinuclear translocation, presumably necessary for the induction of antimicrobial peptides. In both S2 cells and adult flies, the loss of dSTING by RNA interference results in increased pathogen replication and mortality, correlated to decreased antimicrobial induction. Functional genomics analysis shows that the loss of dSTING results in the inability of flies to mount an innate immune response upon pathogenic infection. These results suggest that dSTING is the evolutionary ancestor of cytosolic pathogen-associated nucleic acid-sensing, responsible for a proper immune response to infection.
Hepatocyte paraffin 1 immunoexpression in esophageal brush samples

BACKGROUND Intestinal metaplasia (IM) is often a component of Barrett esophagus (BE) and is characterized by a distinctive type of epithelium. Because IM has the potential to progress to dysplasia or adenocarcinoma, an accurate identification of its presence is important clinically. A cytopathologic diagnosis of IM on esophageal brushings by morphology alone can be difficult. The authors investigated the role of hepatocyte paraffin 1 (Heppar-1) immunostaining as a possible marker of IM in cytologic samples of BE. METHODS Eleven samples each of BE with and without IM diagnosed on esophageal brushings were retrieved from the cytopathology files of The Johns Hopkins Hospital over an 8-year period (1993–2001). All 22 specimens were confirmed histologically on subsequent tissue biopsies. Slides initially were prepared by cytospin and stained with Papanicolaou stain. After destaining, the slides were immunostained with hepatocyte paraffin 1 (Heppar-1) antibody at 1:100 dilution employing conventional methodology. RESULTS Among the samples of BE with IM, 9 of 11 samples (82%) were immunoreactive for Heppar-1, compared with 0 of 11 specimens of BE with only cardiac-type metaplasia. The immunoexpression was cytoplasmic and granular and was seen only focally in the glandular fragments. CONCLUSIONS Heppar-1 was a moderately sensitive (82%) and highly specific (100%) immunomarker for IM in BE. It was easy to use in limited cytologic samples that originally were stained with Papanicolaou stain and is recommended for inclusion in morphologically difficult samples of BE with questionable IM. The immunostaining pattern predominantly was focal, necessitating a careful evaluation of positive reactions on cytologic samples. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Politicisation of the professions

Accounting can never be 'neutral' or 'independent' vis-a-vis its relationship to major social conflicts and controversies. This is a major implication of the case studies. 'Neutrality' or 'independence' has a fairly precise meaning in this context and is not based on rather vague notions 'evenhandedness', 'refusing to take sides' or a 'policy of non-interference'. Policies of 'inaction', far from being 'neutral' or 'independent', are highly partisan if they involve 'standing-by' and allowing injustices to happen. Many policies of 'non-interference' are, in reality, conspiracies with the status-quo: rather than being neutral and independent, they represent neo-conservative political stances. Professional independence and neutrality is defined here in terms of the capacity to affect social outcomes (usually the distribution of income or wealth). Conceived in these terms, there are very few cases where accounting can be said to be 'neutral' or 'independent'. 'Inaction' or 'non-interference' would not be apolitical or neutral according to this definition if, by refusing to influence a situation; one allows a particular social result to prevail over others.
Medicinal plants of two Mayan Healers from San Andres, Peten, Guatemala

This study records 81 species of medicinal plants used in San Andres, Peten. The primary source of information was an elderly Maya-speaking couple employed as traditional healers. Voucher specimens were collected, the majority from surrounding secondary forest; local names, medicinal uses, growth form, and habitat were noted. The plant families providing most species were Asteraceae and Rubiaceae. A lack of apprentices threaten continuation of this tradition in the community.
Interruptions In Private Health Insurance And Outcomes In Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Longitudinal Study.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus, which often originates during childhood, is a lifelong disease that requires intensive daily medical management. Because health care services are critical to patients with this disease, we investigated the frequency of interruptions in private health insurance, and the outcomes associated with them, for working-age adults with type 1 diabetes in the United States in the period 2001–15. We designed a longitudinal study with a nested self-controlled case series, using the Clinformatics Data Mart Database. The study sample consisted of 168,612 adults ages 19–64 with type 1 diabetes who had 2.6 mean years of insurance coverage overall. Of these adults, 24.3 percent experienced an interruption in coverage. For each interruption, there was a 3.6 percent relative increase in glycated hemoglobin. The use of acute care services was fivefold greater after an interruption in health insurance compared to before the interruption and remained elevated when stratified by age, sex, or diabetic c...
Molecular Mapping, Marker-Assisted Selection And MAP-Based Cloning In Tomato

Significant progress has been made in molecular marker research in tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., including generation of markers, development of maps, mapping of genes and QTLs, and fine-mapping, characterization and map-based cloning of genes and QTLs. Numerous types of molecular markers have been developed in tomato, including RFLPs, RAPDs, AFLPs, SSRs, CAPS, ESTs, COSs and SNPs. Several molecular maps of tomato have been developed based on different interspecific populations, including the saturated linkage map based on a L. esculentum × L. pennellii cross. Markers and maps have been utilized extensively to map genes and QTLs controlling agriculturally and biologically important traits and for marker-assisted improvement of many simple-inherited traits such as disease resistance. Marker information also has been used for fine mapping and map-based cloning of several major genes and QTLs. Comparatively, little progress has been made in improving complex traits via marker-assisted selection. However, rapid advances in developing more efficient and resolving markers and in refining QTL positions are expected to lead to a greater use of marker technology for crop improvement in tomato.