cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of light-trapping microscale-textured surfaces for efficient organic solar cells

Organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells suffer from low charge carrier mobilities of polymers, which renders it important to achieve complete optical absorption in active layers thinner than optical absorption length. Active layers conformally deposited on light-trapping, microscale textured, grating-type surfaces is one possible approach to achieve this objective. In this report, we analyze the design of such grating-type OPV cells using finite element method simulations. The energy dissipation of electromagnetic field in the active layer is studied as a function of active layer thickness, and pitch and height of the underlying textures. The superiority of textured geometry in terms of light trapping is clearly demonstrated by the simulation results. We observe 40% increase in photonic absorption in 150 nm thick active layer, for textures with 2 μm pitch and 1.5 μm height.
Faculty Supply And Demand In Education

To obtain a snapshot of current faculty supply and demand in education, a survey was distributed to the 752 American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education institutions; 408 were returned. The survey asked for vacancies, applicants, failed searches, minority hires, and reasons for shortages for 1997 to 1998 and 1998 to 1999. Vacancies averaged 4.0 per institution; applicants, 14.2 per opening. Openings increased by 34%; applicants decreased by 19%. Failed searches averaged 25%. Minority hires totaled 21.1%. Areas of need included early childhood, elementary, library, mathematics, reading, and special education. Reasons for shortages included other educational institutions attracting candidates (73%) and higher salaries in K-12 (72%). No significant differences were found for institutional size, type, or sponsor. Conclusions include: (a) demand is greater than supply; (b) shortages are more critical in some areas; (c) minority hires may be increasing; and (d) other educational institutions and K-12 ...
A serial concatenation approach to iterative demodulation and decoding

Iterative demodulation and decoding of convolutionally encoded data is treated as a special case of the previously proposed serial concatenation of interleaved codes. It is shown that by exploiting the recursive nature of the differential modulation schemes (for example, DBPSK, DQPSK, CPM, etc.), large interleaving gains can be achieved similar to serial concatenation schemes. We also show that when memoryless modulation is used, precoding can be used to create a rate-1 recursive inner code in order to obtain interleaving gains without adding redundancy from the inner code.
A network infrastructure for IP mobility support in metropolitan areas

The original design of the Internet and its underlying protocols did not anticipate users to be mobile. With the growing interest in supporting mobile users and mobile computing, a great deal of work is taking place to solve this problem. For a solution to be practical, it has to integrate easily with existing Internet infrastructure and protocols, and offer an adequate migration path toward what might represent the ultimate solution. In that respect, the solution has to be incrementally scalable to handle a large number of mobile users and wide geographical scopes, and well performing so as to support all application requirements including voice and video communications and a wide range of mobility speeds. In this paper, we present a survey of the state-of-the-art and propose a scalable infrastructure to support mobility in Internet protocol networks. In that respect, we exploit local area network (LAN) technologies to create the network infrastructure necessary to offer connectivity to mobile users across any geographical area (building, campus and metropolis). The intrinsic properties of LAN technologies and their underlying protocols, namely flat address space, transparent learning and low complexity renders this solution particularly cost effective for supporting user mobility. In particular, we propose a network topology and a set of protocols that render the infrastructure scalable to a large geographical area and many users.
On “Thermodynamics” of Rational MapsI.¶Negative Spectrum

We study the pressure spectrum P(t) of the maximal measure for arbitrary rational maps. We also consider its modified version \(\) which is defined by means of the variational principle with respect to non-atomic invariant measures. It is shown that for negative values of t, the modified spectrum has all major features of the hyperbolic case (analyticity, the existence of a spectral gap for the corresponding transfer operator, rigidity properties, etc). The spectrum P(t) can be computed in terms of \(\). Their Legendre transforms are the Hausdorff and the box-counting dimension spectra of the maximal measure respectively. This work is closely related to a paper [32] by D. Ruelle.
Unsupported or Turned Against Understanding How Two Types of Negative Social Reactions to Sexual Assault Relate to Postassault Outcomes

Social reactions to disclosures of sexual assault have significant effects on women's post-assault outcomes (see Ullman, 2010, for a review). The Social Reactions Questionnaire (SRQ; Ullman, 2000) measures these reactions (as reported by survivors) and aggregates them into positive and negative scales. However, studies indicate that only some "negative" reactions have a negative valence for survivors whereas others produce a mixed (positive and negative) valence. The current study compares a one-primary-factor model of "negative reactions" to a model with two primary factors that we have labeled "turning against" and "unsupportive acknowledgement." Results showed that although one primary factor was plausible, two primary factors provided a better fit to the data. To assess the discriminant validity of the two factors, we performed regressions predicting social support, psychological adjustment, and coping behaviors. Analyses supported the hypotheses that reactions of being turned against were related to social withdrawal, increased self-blame, and decreased sexual assertiveness whereas reactions of unsupportive acknowledgment were related to both adaptive and maladaptive coping. Against predictions, depression and PTSD were more related to receiving unsupportive acknowledgment than to receiving turning against reactions. Implications for interventions and research are discussed. Importantly, almost all women (94%) in our sample received reactions that acknowledged that an assault occurred but failed to provide support, and this lack of support was associated with worse coping than even more hostile reactions such as being blamed or stigmatized. Therefore, there seems a great need for effective programs to train community members to respond to survivors with the kind of emotional and tangible support that promotes better outcomes.
The Formation of Striped Phases by Charge Localization in Vanadium Phosphates

The compound (H3O)1.5{[VO(H2O)]PO4}3·2.5H2O is a new member of a series of vanadium phosphates containing vanadium in both plus four and five oxidation states. Charge ordering occurs in these mixed vanadium phosphate layered compounds forming striped phases with different periodicities. The VOPO4 layers undulate as a consequence of differences in the O-O atom distances in the ordered V(V)O6 and V(IV)O6 octahedra.
Progress in anomalous transport research in toroidal magnetic confinement devices

Transport is the outstanding physics issue in the quest for fusion by magnetic confinement. In spite of the intrinsic difficulty, a great deal of progress has been made in the past 25 years. Experiments have gone from being dominated by high anomalous losses, of the order of Bohm diffusion losses, to operation with no anomalous transport. This success is due to a combination of improved experimental infrastructure and the high degree of knowledge on how to control plasma discharges, Both have made it possible to access enhanced confinement regimes and to unravel new effects in confinement physics. Although there is not yet a complete understanding of the dynamical mechanisms underlying the anomalous transport process, there is some understanding of important components such as the ion transport loss mechanism at the plasma core and of the main mechanism for turbulence suppression in the enhanced confinement regimes.
Switching Statistics of a Flagellar Motor: First-Passage Time and Dynamic Binding

Bacterial chemotaxis relies on the clockwise-to-counterclockwise switching (and the reverse CCW-to-CW switching) of the flagellar motor’s rotational direction. Yet, despite its central role, the switch mechanism remains poorly understood. Here we study the switch statistics of the flagellar motor using computer simulations that combine first-passage time ideas and the property of dynamic binding of CheY-P to FliM. The simulated clockwise bias and switching frequency as a function of CheY-P concentration agree with the experimental results for E. coli. Moreover, the simulation results show a robust peak, which is present in some experimental reports, in the distribution of the time intervals of both clockwise and counterclockwise rotation.
PSMIX: an R package for population structure inference via maximum likelihood method.

Background Inference of population stratification and individual admixture from genetic markers is an integrative part of a study in diverse situations, such as association mapping and evolutionary studies. Bayesian methods have been proposed for population stratification and admixture inference using multilocus genotypes and widely used in practice. However, these Bayesian methods demand intensive computation resources and may run into convergence problem in Markov Chain Monte Carlo based posterior samplings.
Telomeres, the nucleolus and aging

Reactivation of telomerase in cultured human cells extends their replicative life span beyond the Hayflick limit. How telomere shortening triggers cell senescence and whether it contributes to aging in vivo are under investigation. Studies in yeast have revealed another site critical to cellular aging: the nucleolus. The accumulation of ribosomal DNA circles is a cause of aging in this organism. The possible relevance of this mechanism to human aging is also being considered.
Hyperglycemia in ED patients with no history of diabetes

Abstract Introduction The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of incidentally discovered hyperglycemia in patients with non–glucose-related complaints and to consider the potential care implications. Methods A retrospective chart review identified patients older than 18 years with obtained serum glucose levels. Patients with diabetic ketoacidosis were excluded. Three levels of hyperglycemia (≥126, ≥140, and ≥200 mg/dL) were considered. Results Of 2473 adult patients, 290 patients (11.7%) had serum glucose values greater than or equal to 126 mg/dL. There were 154 patients with hyperglycemia and no prior history of diabetes (6.2% of the emergency department [ED] population, 53.1% of those with hyperglycemia). Conclusion More than half of the patients found to be hyperglycemic had no known history of diabetes and were being seen for a non–glucose-related complaint. The reason for this prevalence and its impact on the health of these patients is unclear. Whether ED intervention would be helpful remains unanswered.
Current Zero Deformation by Interaction of the Air Blast Arc with the Test Circuit

Interaction of the gas blast arc with the electrical network causes a deformation in the waveshapes of the arc current and voltage around the current zero region. The deformation can help the arc make the transition from the conducting to the non-conducting state before a high reverse voltage appears across it. The contribution of shunt resistance and capacitance to the deformation is investigated for an air blast arc in a test circuit. The time dependence of the arc conductance is obtained from a model that incorporates the energy balance equation and the details of the axial profile of the arc. The roles of the shunting elements in determining the RRRV across the arc and its ability to withstand it are explored. The time dependence of arc parameters around current zero is also investigated.
Menno Simons Research

Research in the realm of Mennonite thought, history and biography has been increasing since the beginning of this century and particularly since World War II. Approximately 120 doctoral dissertations alone were written in Europe and America since World War II dealing with some aspect of Anabaptism-Mennonitism. Numerous factors could be given as reasons. In Europe some confessional and denominational prejudices are disappearing because of the changing pattern of the European religio-cultural and political life. Some liberal Protestant theologians have become interested in the Left Wing Reformation and stimulated research in this field. On the other hand, the more tradition- bound scholars also have inspired the younger generation to investigate Anabaptism. The improved status of the Free Church in Europe has, since the great upheavals resulting from World Wars I and II, stimulated research. The old notion that the state church is the church and the splinter groups are sects is on its way out in European thinking. In America the theological and denominational atmosphere has more or less been of the nature of “to believe and let believe.” Anabaptism, as a Left Wing of the Reformation, has found more attention in the realm of research than any other group of its size since World War II.
Decomposition of the drivers of the U.S. hospital spending growth, 2001–2009

United States health care spending rose rapidly in the 2000s, after a period of temporary slowdown in the 1990s. However, the description of the overall trend and the understanding of the underlying drivers of this trend are very limited. This study investigates how well historical hospital cost/revenue drivers explain the recent hospital spending trend in the 2000s, and how important each of these drivers is. We used aggregated time series data to describe the trend in total hospital spending, price, and quantity between 2001 and 2009. We used the Oaxaca-Blinder method to investigate the relative importance of major hospital cost/spending drivers (derived from the literature) in explaining the change in hospital spending patterns between 2001 and 2007. We assembled data from Medicare Cost Reports, American Hospital Association annual surveys, Prospective Payment System (PPS) Impact Files, Medicare Provider Analysis and Review (MedPAR) Medicare claims data, InterStudy reports, National Health Expenditure data, and Area Resource Files. Aggregated time series trends show that high hospital spending between 2001 and 2009 appears to be driven by higher payment per unit of hospital output, not by increased utilization. Results using the Oaxaca-Blinder regression decomposition method indicate that changes in historically important spending drivers explain a limited 30% of unit-payment growth, but a higher 60% of utilization growth. Hospital staffing and labor-related costs, casemix, and demographics are the most important drivers of higher hospital revenue, utilization, and unit-payment. Technology is associated with lower utilization, higher unit payment, and limited increases in total revenue. Market competition, primarily because of increased managed care concentration, moderates total revenue growth by driving lower unit payment. Much of the rapidly rising hospital spending growth in the 2000s in the United States is driven by factors not commonly known or well measured. Future studies need to explore new factors and dynamics that drive longer-term hospital spending growth in recent years, particularly through the channel of higher prices.
Historical decline and probable extinction of the Jamaican Golden Swallow Tachycineta euchrysea euchrysea

The endemic Jamaican subspecies of the Golden Swallow Tachycineta euchrysea euchrysea has been rare and locally distributed since its discovery in 1847. By the 1950s, its geographic range had contracted to a small region along the northern frontier of Cockpit Country. The last unequivocal sight records occurred in the early 1980s, raising strong concern about the swallow’s conservation status. I conducted an island-wide search for the swallow from 1994 through 2012. Standardised censuses of aerial insectivores at 1,281 sites, including the last redoubts of the Golden Swallow in Trelawny Parish, revealed no evidence of the species. These surveys and the absence of documented sight records during the past three decades suggest that the Jamaican race of the Golden Swallow is close to extinction if not already extinct. The cause of the population decline is unknown but is most likely linked to chronic predation by introduced mammalian predators, particularly the arboreal black rat Rattus rattus.
Influence of compensatory renal growth on susceptibility of primary cultures of renal cells to chemically induced injury.

Primary cultures of rat renal proximal tubular (PT) and distal tubular (DT) cells from control and uninephrectomized (NPX) Sprague-Dawley rats were established to study whether the altered toxicological responses identified in freshly isolated cells are maintained in culture. Previous work showed that primary cultures of PT cells from hypertrophied rat kidneys maintained their differentiated properties, as evidenced by their high respiratory rate, active transport function, transport and metabolism of glutathione, and their hypertrophic phenotype. In the present study, primary cultures of PT cells from NPX rat kidneys, but to a much lesser extent DT cells, were more susceptible to cellular injury induced by either mercuric chloride, KCN, or tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBH), than corresponding cells from normal rat kidneys. Direct comparisons of cytotoxicity and lipid peroxidation induced by tBH in freshly isolated renal cells showed that the primary cultures of cells from NPX rat kidneys retained their altered susceptibility relative to cells from control rats. These results show that primary cultures of PT cells from NPX rats are more sensitive to cellular injury induced by three mechanistically distinct toxicants, demonstrating their usefulness in the study of the molecular and biochemical basis for the altered phenotype of compensatory renal growth. This is the first report validating the use of a mammalian renal cell culture model to study the
Characterization of a Novel Nonclassical T Cell Clone with Broad Reactivity against Human Renal Cell Carcinomas

A CD4 + T cell clone (HC/2G-1) was established by stimulating peripheral blood T cells from a patient with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with dendritic cells preincubated with the autologous apoptotic renal tumor line in the presence of IFN-α. It recognizes the autologous RCC and most allogeneic RCC lines by IFN-γ release (10 of 11 lines) and lysis (9 of 10 lines), but does not recognize multiple EBV B cells or fibroblasts. It shows little or no recognition of a panel of melanomas, breast cancers and non-small–cell lung cancers. Phenotypically, HC/2G-1 is CD3 + CD4 + TCR αβ + , but CD161 − CD16 − NKG2D − . Tumor recognition by clone HC/2G-1 was not blocked by Abs to HLA class I or class II, but was significantly reduced by anti-TCR αβ Ab. Furthermore, tumor recognition was β 2 -microglobulin-independent. HC/2G-1 does not use a Vα or Vβ described for classical NKT cells, but rather Vα14 and Vβ2.1. Allogeneic T cells cotransfected with mRNAs encoding the α and β chains of the HC/2G-1 TCR recognized renal tumor lines, demonstrating that tumor recognition is TCR-mediated. Interestingly, TRAIL appears to play a role in tumor recognition by HC/2G-1 in that reactivity was blocked by anti-TRAIL Ab, and soluble TRAIL could enhance IFN-γ secretion by HC/2G-1 in response to renal tumors. Our findings suggest that clone HC/2G-1 represents a novel type of CD4 + cell that has broad TCR-mediated recognition of a determinant widely expressed by RCC.
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF A FIBER‐FREE COCONUT PROTEIN EXTRACT OBTAINED BY AN ENZYMIC‐CHEMICAL METHOD

The fiber-free coconut extract obtained by an enzymic-chemical method (J. Food Sci. 38: 607) proved to have a higher protein nutritive value than that of the original coconut meal. The improvement is attributable in part to the fact that the fiber of unmodified coconut meal has an unfavorable effect on the nutritive value of coconut protein. Amino acid analysis revealed that the extracted protein had a higher total essential amino acid content including a higher lysine content and a higher lysineto-arginine ratio than the original coconut meal.
Effect of stocking sub-yearling Atlantic salmon on the habitat use of sub-yearling rainbow trout

Abstract Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) restoration in the Lake Ontario watershed may depend on the species' ability to compete with naturalized non-native salmonids, including rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) in Lake Ontario tributaries. This study examined interspecific habitat associations between sub-yearling Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout as well as the effect of salmon stocking on trout habitat in two streams in the Lake Ontario watershed. In sympatry, Atlantic salmon occupied significantly faster velocities and deeper areas than rainbow trout. However, when examining the habitat use of rainbow trout at all allopatric and sympatric sites in both streams, trout habitat use was more diverse at the sympatric sites with an orientation for increased cover and larger substrate. In Grout Brook, where available habitat remained constant, there was evidence suggesting that trout may have shifted to slower and shallower water in the presence of salmon. The ability of sub-yearling Atlantic salmon to affect a habitat shift in rainbow trout may be due to their larger body size and/or larger pectoral fin size. Future studies examining competitive interactions between these species during their first year of stream residence should consider the size advantage that earlier emerging Atlantic salmon will have over rainbow trout.
Race as the Benu: A Reborn Consciousness for Teachers of our Youngest Children

72 Inspired by the Egyptian mythology of the benu bird, a bird that lives for centuries until it builds itself a nest of cinnamon twigs and sets the nest and itself on fire to be reborn from its ashes, in this article, I name the racial death and rebirth that I believe whites must go through – guided by the efforts, experience, and knowledge of persons of color – in order to experience a new racial identity constructed from love. This discussion draws from theorizations derived from a nine-month long ethnographic study of race and racism in the home and community contexts of three young white children. Further application of my learning lead me to propose that such a rebirth must begin with early childhood teacher educators, classroom teachers, and pre-service teachers because of the impact their teaching has in the lives of young children. I argue for explicitly teaching about the social, political, and economic intentionality with which whiteness was designed and is perpetuated as a racist construct. In other words, that which was “socially constructed must be socially destroyed . . . [and socially reconstructed if we are] to achieve our humanity” (Boutte, personal communication, 2012). Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE
Stylet Penetration by Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) into Host Leaf Tissue

Silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring, adults and nymphs feed on the phloem tissue of host plant leaves. Infested leaves were rapidly fixed to prevent the insects from withdrawing their mouthparts. The adult stylet bundle enters the labial groove of the labium between the first and second segments and is completely contained within the labium except during feeding. Stylet length is equal to the combined length of labial segments 2, 3, and 4. Stylet penetration can be determined by examining the position that the stylet enters the labial groove. The physical force necessary for adult stylet penetration is derived from changes in the position of the whitefly head during feeding. The head is bent over the labium, which is attached to the leaf surface, forcing the stylet bundle down the labial groove and into the host tissue. Nymphal stylet lengths were found to be longer than previously reported, and of sufficient length to reach the phloem tissue in cotton and hibiscus leaves from essentially any position on the abaxial leaf surface.
Wrapping it up in a person: Examining employment and earnings outcomes for Ph.D. recipients.

In evaluating research investments, it is important to establish whether the expertise gained by researchers in conducting their projects propagates into the broader economy. For eight universities, it was possible to combine data from the UMETRICS project, which provided administrative records on graduate students supported by funded research, with data from the U.S. Census Bureau. The analysis covers 2010–2012 earnings and placement outcomes of people receiving doctorates in 2009–2011. Almost 40% of supported doctorate recipients, both federally and nonfederally funded, entered industry and, when they did, they disproportionately got jobs at large and high-wage establishments in high-tech and professional service industries. Although Ph.D. recipients spread nationally, there was also geographic clustering in employment near the universities that trained and employed the researchers. We also show large differences across fields in placement outcomes.
Capability revisited: Ally’s capability and dispute initiation

The main questions explored here are whether alliances lead to conflict between member states and non-member states and whether the capability of allies is a source of this effect. Building on the opportunity framework, this study argues that, with more confidence in military success due to support from allies, challenger states are more likely to be emboldened and to initiate disputes. The empirical analyses show that the capability of allies has an increasing effect on dispute initiation of member states against non-member states. This increasing effect becomes stronger as the level of common interests between the allies increases. The test results consistently suggest that alliances embolden member states to initiate disputes against non-member states, and also that alliances are more likely to aggravate, but not mute, dispute initiation against member states.
A Comparison of the Traditional University Introductory Courses in Zoology and the Newer University Introductory Courses in Biology

in terms of its stress upon zoology, botany, bacteriology, and biology. The emphasis upon biology is defined as one in which there is no specific reference to any of the other disciplines as such, only to biology in general. The emphases upon these disciplines shall only be determined for that portion of the text material which is found to be oriented toward the subject matter. That material which is directed toward
DFT study of the ExBox·aromatic hydrocarbon host-guest complex.

The structures of ExBox4+ 1 and its host–guest complexes with the linear acenes benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, and tetracene were optimized using DFT (ωB97X-D/6-311G(d,p)) in both the gas and solution phases. The structure of 1 systematically varies as it moves from the gas to solution to the solid phase: the outward bending of the triaryl fragment diminishes in this series. The structures of the complexes with anthracene and tetracene are in very good agreement with their X-ray structures. The gas phase binding energy is linearly related to the size of the acene, with the binding free energy of all complexes predicted to be exoergonic in both gas and solution phases.
The Responses of Reticulitermes spp. and Zootermopsis angusticollis (Isoptera) to Extracts from Woods Decayed by Various Fungi

Responses were studied of Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), R. virginicus (Banks), R. hesperus Banks, and Zootermopsis angusticollis (Hagen) to extracts from woods rotted by 25 different fungi. The responses of R. hesperus and Z. angusticollis did not suggest a good attractant source. R. flavipes responded strongly to the known attractant from Lenzites trabea Pers. ex Fr., and somewhat less strongly to the extract from Daedalea quercina (L.) Fr. R. virginicus responded well to both Poria monticola (b) Murr. and P. cocos (Schw.) extracts. No combinations of fungus extracts elicited a response from R. flavipes , but R. virginicus responded well to a mixture of P. monticola and P. cocos extracts.
Anticipating Ground-Water Contamination by New Technologies and Chemicals: The Case of Chlorinated Solvents in California

The discovery of the widespread contamination of the Californian alluvial-basin aquifers by plumes of dissolved-phase chlorinated solvents (TCE, CFCs, TCA, PCE) in the period 1979–1981 was partly the result of recommended industrial waste-disposal practices during the preceding decades. In order for the present contamination to have been anticipated and minimized, several conditions would all have to have been met by about 1950. First, chlorinated solvents would have to have been identified as potential drinking-water contaminants such that the disposal of chlorinated solvents on dry soil would have been prohibited (or strictly regulated) and accidental spills rapidly cleaned up. Second, monitor-well networks would have to have been operational up-gradient of water-supply wells and near solvent-using facilities, and gas-chromatographic methods capable of detecting aqueous contamination well below 1 ppm would have to have been in widespread use. Third, a paradigm explaining the subsurface migration and fate of dense nonaqueous phase liquids would have to have been published and widely accepted at approximately the same time as the identification of chlorinated solvents as potential drinking-water contaminants. Unfortunately, the first two of these conditions were not met until the 1970s and the third not until the 1980s. Furthermore, all three conditions were not only necessary, but also were complementary requirements for the anticipation of ground-water contamination in the Californian basins.
Microparticles in sickle cell anaemia: promise and pitfalls.

Summary Blood from patients with sickle cell disease contains microparticles (MP) derived from multiple cell sources, including red cells, platelets, monocytes and endothelial cells. MPs are of great interest because of their disease associations, their status as promising biomarkers, and the intercellular communications they mediate. To illustrate the likelihood of their relevance in sickle cell disease, we discuss the nature of MP, their profiling in sickle disease, some caveats relevant to their detection, their roles in supporting coagulation and the disparate influences they may exert upon the pathobiology of sickle cell disease.
Patterns of Inflammation in Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Histologic and Bacteriologic Study

AbstractIn a series of 162 cases of surgically resected hyperplastic prostates the incidence of inflammation is 98.1 per cent. Six morphologic patterns of inflammation are described: 1) segregated glandular inflammation? 2) periglandular inflammation, 3) diffuse stromal inflammation, 4) isolated stromal lymphoid nodules, 5) acute necrotizing inflammation and 6) focal granulomatous inflammation. The most common pattern, segregated glandular inflammation, is characterized by intraluminal neutrophils and foamy macrophages and by chronic inflammatory cells in the surrounding stroma. No significant morphological differences are found among groups of cases with positive and negative evidence by culture of bacterial prostatic infection. Quantitative but not qualitative morphologic differences are found between cases of gram-negative infections and infection by gram-positive organisms that often are considered non-pathogens.
Dominance regions in the Homicidal Chauffeur Problem

This paper studies pursuit-evasion games that feature two players moving in the plane, where one is a pursuer and the other is an evader. The goal of the pursuer is to capture the evader, which requires the distance between the pursuer and the evader to become smaller than a prescribed constant. The goal of the evader is to avoid capture. Specifically, this paper focuses on the Homicidal Chauffeur problem, where the pursuer has a speed advantage, but the evader has a maneuverability advantage. The key achievement of this paper is that it analyzes the game using dominance regions, where a point in the environment is said to be dominated by the evader if the evader can reach the point without being captured, regardless of the actions of the pursuer. This analysis method has recently been applied to games with obstacles and games with uncertain measurements, but in those cases the players all move with simple motion, where they are able to turn instantaneously. Dominance regions have not been applied to the Homicidal Chauffeur problem in the existing literature. One benefit of this approach is that the optimal strategies follow from the construction of the dominance regions.
Calibration of medical diagnostic classifier scores to the probability of disease.

Scores produced by statistical classifiers in many clinical decision support systems and other medical diagnostic devices are generally on an arbitrary scale, so the clinical meaning of these score...
A 65nm CMOS 88–105 GHz DDFS-based fractional synthesizer for high resolution planetary exploration spectroscopy

This paper presents a fractional 88–105 GHz frequency synthesizer module developed to support THz spectrometer instruments for planetary exploration. The presented module features low power operation and a small form factor to be compatible with the demanding payload requirements of NASA planetary missions. The core of the module is a CMOS System-on-Chip (SoC) containing a 50 GHz phase-lock loop and W-band frequency doubler, driven by a direct digital frequency synthesizer (DDFS) and DAC to provide finely tuned reference frequencies allowing fractional operation. The chip contains a wide range of calibration functions for temperature and radiation exposure compensation. The demonstrated module draws a total of 152 mW of power from a USB connection and provides coverage from 88–105 GHz with output powers up to −15 dBm. The offered mid-band phase noise is measured at 89.5 dBc/Hz evaluated at 1 MHz offset from the carrier.
Chemical Analysis of Hair Segments and Short-Term Dietary Variation: Results for the Ancient Site of Chongos (Peru)

One of the major questions about pre-Inca societies in Peru and other areas of South America is the spread and importance of maize agriculture and its relationship with the development of complex societies. While archaeological studies to answer dietary questions have long been done on faunal and floral remains, chemical analysis of human remains has provided quantitative data on the importance of particular foods for individuals, and thus potential variation in dietary patterns based on sex, age, status, etc. The majority of such studies have been done on human bone, due to preservation issues, with the results referring to average diets over at least the last several years of the individual’s life.
MYOCARDIAL OXYGENATION USING BLOOD LEVEL-OXYGEN DEPENDENT SEQUENCE IN MAGNETIC RESONANCE DETERMINES MYOCARDIAL ENERGETICS AND CAPILLARY DENSITY

Background: By exploiting the paramagnetic properties of deoxyhemoglobin, blood oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) can detect myocardial ischemia. Our aim was to validate whether BOLD detects microvascular abnormalities. We employed a porcine model of post-infarction LV
Abstract 18909: Poly-ADP-Ribose Polymerase (PARP) Inhibition Enhances Ischemic/Diabetic Wound Healing by Promoting Angiogenesis Through FOSL1

Introduction: Amputations resulting from poor perfusion associated with ischemic/diabetic wounds is a major health problem globally. To improve upon limb-salvage therapeutics, a better understandin...
Self-organizing MAC Protocol Switching for Performance Adaptation in Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper presents a distributed MAC protocol switching mechanism for maximizing network throughput in the presence of traffic and topology heterogeneity. The key idea behind dynamic MAC switching is for each node to use its local topology and traffic density information to decide the most suitable MAC protocol that can maximize the MAC layer throughout in the neighborhood. A formal MAC switching rule is developed using analytical formulation of the MAC throughput available in the literature. NS2 based simulation experiments demonstrate that with the proposed MAC switching strategy, nodes in a mesh network are able to achieve maximum MAC throughput by adaptively choosing the appropriate MAC protocol in the presence of heterogeneity in terms of data rate and node population.
Whole genome analysis of six organophosphate-degrading rhizobacteria reveals putative agrochemical degradation enzymes with broad substrate specificity

Six organophosphate-degrading bacterial strains collected from farm and ranch soil rhizospheres across the Houston-metropolitan area were identified as strains of Pseudomonas putida (CBF10-2), Pseudomonas stutzeri (ODKF13), Ochrobactrum anthropi (FRAF13), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (CBF10-1), Achromobacter xylosoxidans (ADAF13), and Rhizobium radiobacter (GHKF11). Whole genome sequencing data was assessed for relevant genes, proteins, and pathways involved in the breakdown of agrochemicals. For comparative purposes, this analysis was expanded to also include data from deposited strains in the National Center for Biotechnology Information’s (NCBI) database. This study revealed Zn-dependent metallo-β-lactamase (MBL)-fold proteins similar to OPHC2 first identified in P. pseudoalcaligenes as the likely agents of organophosphate (OP) hydrolysis in A. xylosoxidans ADAF13, S. maltophilia CBF10-1, O. anthropi FRAF13, and R. radiobacter GHKF11. A search of similar proteins within NCBI identified over 200 hits for bacterial genera and species with a similar OPHC2 domain. Taken together, we conclude from this data that intrinsic low-level OP hydrolytic activity is likely prevalent across the rhizosphere stemming from widespread OPHC2-like metalloenzymes. In addition, P. stutzeri ODKF13, P. putida CBF10-2, O. anthropi FRAF13, and R. radiobacter GHKF11 were found to harbor glycine oxidase (GO) enzymes that putatively possess low-level activity against the herbicide glyphosate. These bacterial GOs are reported to catalyze the degradation of glyphosate to α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and suggest a possible link to AMPA that can be found in glyphosate-contaminated agricultural soil. The presence of aromatic degradation proteins were also detected in five of six study strains, but are attributed primarily to components of the widely distributed β-ketoadipate pathway found in many soil bacteria.
Learning in Wireless Control Systems Over Nonstationary Channels

This paper considers a set of multiple independent control systems that are each connected over a nonstationary wireless channel. The goal is to maximize control performance over all the systems through the allocation of transmitting power within a fixed budget. This can be formulated as a constrained optimization problem examined using Lagrangian duality. By taking samples of the unknown wireless channel at every time instance, the resulting problem takes on the form of empirical risk minimization, a well-studied problem in machine learning. Due to the nonstationarity of wireless channels, optimal allocations must be continuously learned and updated as the channel evolves. The quadratic convergence property of Newton's method motivates its use in learning approximately optimal power allocation policies over the sampled dual function as the channel evolves over time. Conditions are established under which Newton's method learns approximate solutions with a single update, and the subsequent suboptimality of the control problem is further characterized. Numerical simulations illustrate the near-optimal performance of the method and resulting stability on a wireless control problem.
The investment case for folic acid fortification in developing countries

There is compelling evidence that neural tube defects can be prevented through mandatory folic acid fortification. Why, then, is an investment case needed? At the core of the answer to this question is the notion that governments and individuals have limited resources for which there are many competing claims. An investment case compares the costs and benefits of folic acid fortification relative to alternative life-saving investments and informs estimates of the financing required for implementation. Our best estimate is that the cost per death averted through mandatory folic acid fortification is $957 and the cost per disability-adjusted life year is $14.90. Both compare favorably to recommended life-saving interventions, such as the rotavirus vaccine and insecticide-treated bed nets. Thus, there is a strong economic argument for mandatory folic acid fortification. Further improvements to these estimates will require better data on the costs of implementing fortification and on the costs of improving compliance where regulations are already in place.
The optimal use of silicon pixel charge information for particle identification

Abstract Particle identification using the energy loss in silicon detectors is a powerful technique for probing the Standard Model (SM) as well as searching for new particles beyond the SM. Traditionally, such techniques use the truncated mean of the energy loss on multiple layers, in order to mitigate heavy tails in the charge fluctuation distribution. We show that the optimal scheme using the charge in multiple layers significantly outperforms the truncated mean. Truncation itself does not significantly degrade performance and the optimal classifier is well-approximated by a linear combination of the truncated mean and truncated variance.
LEAD: learning-enabled energy-aware dynamic voltage/frequency scaling in NoCs

Network on Chips (NoCs) are the interconnect fabric of choice for multicore processors due to their superiority over traditional buses and crossbars in terms of scalability. While NoC’s offer several advantages, they still suffer from high static and dynamic power consumption. Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) is a popular technique that allows dynamic energy to be saved, but it can potentially lead to loss in throughput. In this paper, we propose LEAD - Learning-enabled Energy-Aware Dynamic voltage/frequency scaling for NoC architectures wherein we use machine learning techniques to enable energy-performance trade-offs at reduced overhead cost. LEAD enables a proactive energy management strategy that relies on an offline trained regression model and provides a wide variety of voltage/frequency pairs (modes). LEAD groups each router and the router’s outgoing links locally into the same V/F domain, allowing energy management at a finer granularity without additional timing complications and overhead. Our simulation results using PARSEC and Splash-2 benchmarks on a 4 × 4 concentrated mesh architecture show an average dynamic energy savings of 17% with a minimal loss of 4% in throughput and no latency increase.
FUELCYC, a New Computer Code for Fuel Cycle Analysis: Part II. Examples of Applications

Examples are given of the application of computer code FUELCYC to fuel cyele analysis of pressurized water, organic moderated, and heavy water reactors. Properties of these reactors evaluated include the flux energy spectrum, :hanges in fuel composition and effective cross sections on irradiation, and changes in power density distribution. The effects of diIferent initial fuel enrichments and six different fuel and poison management procedures on the average burnup of fuel, its maximum burnup, the peak-to-average power density ratio, and fuel cycle costs are investigated. Fuel cycle costs may be reduced by having good neutron economy, high burnup, and a steady fueling procedure in which neutrons are not wasted in control polson. Of the fueling methods examined, out-in fueling, or some discontinuous approximation to it, seems best because of its flat power- density distribution and relatively low fuel cycle cost. Where mechanically feasible, bidirectional axial fueling is also advantageous because of the uniform fuel burnup it makes possible and its low fuel cycle cost. (auth)
Columnar Organization in Visual Cortex in Non-Human Primates and Man

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the evidence for functional columns in man and lower primates. The visual world as imaged on the retina is two-dimensional; therefore, it seems sensible to preserve these spatial relationships in subsequent cortical maps. Only spatially unlimited two-dimensional axis runs parallel to the cortical layers, which is presumably why the cortical retinotopy and related maps are arranged parallel to the layers. A modular architecture permits several of these retinotopic maps representing different kinds of information to coexist in the same plane, while keeping intermap (vertical, cross-laminar) connections as short as possible. In a cortical module, different functional maps are accommodated within the same cortical area by cutting each map up into roughly equal-sized chunks and arranging them in a systematic array of stripes or dots. This preserves the original neighborhood relations as much as possible in the transformed map. A number of tracer studies have shown that functionally similar columns in different areas are often anatomically interconnected.
Flow Cytometric Analysis of Kinase Signaling Cascades

Flow cytometry offers the capability to assess the heterogeneity of cellular subsets that exist in complex populations, such as peripheral blood, based on immunophenotypes. We describe methodologies to measure phospho-epitopes in single cells as determinants of intracellular kinase activity. Multiparametric staining, using both surface and intracellular stains, allows for the study of discrete biochemical events in readily discernible lymphocyte subsets. As such, the usage of multiparameter flow cytometry to obtain proteomic information provides several major advantages: (1) the ability to perform multiparametric experiments to identify distinct signaling profiles in defined lymphocyte populations, (2) simultaneous correlation of multiple active kinases involved in signaling cascades, (3) profiling of active kinase states to identify signaling signatures of interest rapidly, and (4) biochemical access to rare cell subsets such as those from clinically derived samples or populations that comprise too few in numbers for conventional biochemical analysis.
Developing Culturally Responsive Programs to Promote International Student Adjustment: A Participatory Approach

International students in the United States face acculturative stress, yet few seek counseling. In this paper, we highlight a participatory approach to develop culturally and contextually competent programs to enhance international student adjustment and engagement. We combined findings from the Acculturative Stress Scale of International Students (ASSIS) with interviews eliciting international student concerns and ideas for programming. On the ASSIS, randomly selected international students (n=40) expressed high levels of acculturative stress. These students, along with key informants (n=5) and international student leaders (n=8) formed focus groups, and provided suggestions for programs. Based on these formative results, we developed and described a variety of programs. Our experiences with participatory approaches suggest a promising avenue for enhancing cultural and contextual competence in international student programming.