cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Boundary Spanning in Channels of Distribution

This research is an investigation into “boundary spanning" activities and strategies in channels of distribution. A questionnaire was sent to 668 firms in order to address four research hypotheses related to “boundary spanning" information processing and uncertainty reduction strategies of channels. Measures of channel performance were also obtained separately. The major findings indicate the importance of boundary spanning activities and strategies for channel efficiency and effectiveness. Implications for managerial practice are also outlined.
The vertical distribution of iron stable isotopes in the North Atlantic near Bermuda

Seawater dissolved iron isotope ratios (δ^(56)Fe) have been measured in the North Atlantic near Bermuda. In a full-depth profile, seawater dissolved δ^(56)Fe is isotopically heavy compared to crustal values throughout the water column (δ^(56)Fe_(IRMM-014) = +0.30‰ to +0.71‰). Iron isotope ratios are relatively homogenous in the upper water column (between +0.30‰ to +0.45‰ above 1500 m), and δ^(56)Fe increases below this to a maximum of +0.71‰ at 2500 m, decreasing again to +0.35‰ at 4200 m. The δ^(56)Fe profile is very different from the iron concentration profile; in the upper water column [Fe] is variable while δ^(56)Fe is relatively constant, and in the deeper water column δ^(56)Fe varies while [Fe] remains relatively constant. The δ^(56)Fe profile is also not well correlated with other hydrographic tracers in the North Atlantic such as temperature, salinity, or the concentrations of oxygen, phosphate, silica, and CFC-11. The dissimilarity between δ^(56)Fe profiles and profiles of [Fe] and other hydrographic tracers shows that Fe isotope ratios provide a unique sort of information about ocean chemistry, and they suggest that Fe isotopes may therefore be a valuable new tool for tracing the global sources, sinks, and biogeochemical cycling of Fe.
Discrete-Event Simulation versus Constrained Graphic Modelling of Construction Processes

Effective construction project planning and control requires the development of a model of the project’s construction processes. The Critical Path Method (CPM) is the most popular project modelling method in construction since it is relatively simple to use and reasonably versatile in terms of the range of processes it can represent. Several other modelling techniques have been developed over the years, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. Linear scheduling, for example, has been designed to provide highly insightful visual representations of a construction process, but unfortunately is largely incapable of representing non-repetitive construction work. Discrete-event simulation is generally agreed to be the most versatile of all modelling methods, but it lacks the simplicity in use of CPM and so has not been widely adopted in construction. A new graphical constraint-based method of modelling construction processes, Foresight, has been developed with the goal of offering the simplicity in use of CPM, the visual insight of linear scheduling, and the versatility of simulation. Earlier work has demonstrated the modelling versatility of Foresight. As part of a continuing study, this paper focuses on a comparison of the Foresight approach with discrete-event construction simulation methods, specifically Stroboscope (a derivative of CYCLONE). Foresight is shown to outperform Stroboscope in terms of the simplicity of the resultant models for a series of case studies involving a number of variants of an earthmoving operation and of a sewer tunnelling operation. A qualitative comparison of the two approaches also highlights the superior visual insight provided by Foresight over conventional simulation, an attribute essential to both the effective verification and optimization of a model.
A Note on the Short Run Expansion Path for the Firm

There is some confusion about the nature of the short run expansion path for the firm as presented in many intermediate microeconomics textbooks. The traditional view is that the short run expansion path (SREP) is a horizontal line since capital is fixed. However, this approach ignores the firm's ability to use less than (but not more than) the amount of capital it is stuck with in the short run. We show that the traditional horizontal SREP is still valid when one allows the firm to reduce its capital for output reductions in the short run.
Recent Developments in Intellectual Property Law in Nigeria

Key Point – This article provides an overview of the developments in the field of Intellectual Property (IP) in Nigeria and highlights key issues in 10 recent judgments on IP Law in Nigeria. The cases are organized thematically according to the type of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) protected under the Nigerian legal system such as trademarks, copyrights, patents, and designs. Practical Significance – To provide a practical insight into the laws and practice of IPR in Nigeria through the review of decided cases & reported judgments. Within the limits of candor, brevity and clarity, I have attempted as much as possible to summarize the cases reviewed.
Yes, She Was!

Ford's "Helen Keller Was Never in a Chinese Room" claims that my argument in "How Helen Keller Used Syntactic Semantics to Escape from a Chinese Room" fails because Searle and I use the terms `syntax' and `semantics' differently, hence are at cross purposes. Ford has misunderstood me; this reply clarifies my theory.
Optimizing spinal anesthesia for ambulatory surgery

Background and Objectives Spinal anesthesia is used for ambulatory surgical procedures. We provide an overview of the use of local anesthetics, use of continuous techniques, and use of adjuncts for optimization of spinal anesthesia for ambulatory surgery. Methods Review of current literature and critical analysis of selected manuscripts. Results Small doses of lidocaine (approximately 40 mg) and bupivacaine (approximately 7.5 mg) are appropriate for ambulatory surgery. Increasing concentration of local anesthetic solution may result in increased duration of anesthesia and recovery. While use of hyperbaric solutions consistently produce more cephalad sensory block, use of isobaric solutions provide adequate sensory and motor block for lower extremity surgical procedures. The use of continuous techniques may provide valuable anesthetic titration, as small doses of spinal anesthetics may produce highly variable results. Epinephrine is not recommended as an adjunct due to prolongation of recovery time. In contrast, intrathecal fentanyl may prolong surgical anesthesia without prolonging recovery. Conclusions Ambulatory spinal anesthesia may be optimized by selection of dose, concentration, and baricity of local anesthetic. Use of a continuous technique or an intrathecal adjunct may also be valuable means to optimize spinal anesthesia for ambulatory surgery.
Social Work and Social Development: Theories and Skills for Developmental Social Workers, by Midgley, J., & Conley, A. (Eds.)

Social Work and Social Development, edited by James Midgley and Amy Conley with contributions by experts in many areas of practice, extends Midgley's (1995) previous work on social development theo...
Switched tracking control of a human limb during asynchronous neuromuscular electrical stimulation

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a method commonly used for rehabilitation whereby an applied electrical stimulus induces muscle contractions. NMES can also evoke functional movements; however, a fundamental limitation is the early onset of fatigue. Asynchronous stimulation is a method that can reduce fatigue by utilizing multiple stimulation channels to segregate and switch between different sets of motor units. However, one limitation is that switching introduces discontinuities since each set of motor units responds differently to stimulation. Therefore, there is a need to design a controller which considers the switching dynamics and differing muscle response. In preliminary work, a control law was developed for asynchronous stimulation. However, the previous control design required there to be a finite window of time where the control voltage is transitioned from one channel to another. Since a transition period is undesirable in practice (as it will lead to increased fatigue), a switched systems analysis is used in the present work to design a controller that allows for instantaneous switching. The developed controller yields semiglobal exponential tracking of a desired angular trajectory for a person's knee-shank complex. The result of the work is promising for the implementation of asynchronous stimulation for closed-loop rehabilitative procedures and in assistive devices as an approach to limit NMES-induced fatigue while tracking a desired trajectory.
Developmental expression of foxA and gata genes during gut formation in the polychaete annelid, Capitella sp. I

SUMMARY Most bilaterian animals have evolved a through gut that is regionally specialized along the anterior–posterior axis. In the polychaete annelid, Capitella sp. I, the alimentary canal is subdivided into a buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus, midgut, and hindgut. Members of the Fox and GATA families of transcription factors have conserved functions in patterning ectodermal and endodermal gut components. We have isolated and characterized expression of one FoxA gene (CapI-foxA) and four GATA genes (CapI-gataB1, CapI-gataB2, CapI-gataB3, and CapI-gataA1) from Capitella sp. I. Both gene families are expressed in the developing gut of this polychaete. CapI-foxA, an ortholog of the FoxA subgroup, is expressed in vegetal hemisphere micromeres of cleavage-stage embryos, in multiple blastomeres within and surrounding the blastopore during gastrulation, and throughout morphogenesis of the pharynx, esophagus, and hindgut. The CapI-gataB genes group within the vertebrate GATA4/5/6 subfamily, appear to be products of lineage-specific gene duplication, and are expressed in specific domains of endomesoderm. CapI-gataB1 is expressed in endoderm precursors and throughout developing midgut endoderm, and is particularly prominent at anterior and posterior midgut boundaries. CapI-gataB2 is co-expressed with CapI-gataB1 in midgut endoderm, and is also expressed in visceral mesoderm. CapI-gataB3 is limited to and coexpressed with CapI-gataB2 in visceral mesoderm. CapI-gataA1 groups within the vertebrate GATA1/2/3 subfamily and is expressed primarily in ectodermal tissues of the brain, ventral nerve cord, lateral trunk, and both pharyngeal and esophageal regions of the foregut. Collectively, the CapI-foxA and CapI-gata genes show patterns of expression that span almost the entire length of the developing alimentary canal, consistent with a role in gut development.
Introduction to manufacturing applications [simulation]

This tutorial introduces manufacturing applications of simulation through three illustrative example applications. These examples illustrate the additional understanding of system behavior gained by the use of simulation models. Individuals using simulation should use a structured process in applying simulation. The second example illustrates this structured process. The examples also illustrate the use of both stochastic and deterministic variables in modeling manufacturing systems.
The innovative inductive calibration technique for partial discharge detection apparatus

The recently devised inductive calibration technique (ICT) for partial-discharge detection offers several advantages over the conventional direct and indirect calibration methods. These include negligible loading of the test circuit, better reproduction of the true partial discharge pulse frequency spectrum and isolation from the applied AC test voltage (i.e. the ICT can be performed in the presence of high voltage). The key specifications for the ICT include an applied charge range of approximately 0.1 to >10 pC, calibration pulse risetime of approximately 3 ns, adjustable pulse repetition rate and negligible loading impedance (i.e. 0.02 Omega in parallel with 4 mu H). The design, implementation and usage of the ICT are described. Calibration plots that were determined for a typical partial discharge detection system via the ICT and direct calibration method are compared. >
Optimal quadratic detection using bilinear time-frequency and time-scale representations

Bilinear time-frequency representations (TFRs) and time-scale representations (TSRs) are potentially very useful for detecting a nonstationary signal in the presence of nonstationary noise or interference. As quadratic signal representations, they are promising for situations in which the optimal detector is a quadratic function of the observations. All existing time-frequency formulations of quadratic detection either implement classical optimal detectors equivalently in the time-frequency domain, without fully exploiting the structure of the TFR, or attempt to exploit the nonstationary structure of the signal in an ad hoc manner. We identify several important nonstationary quadratic detection scenarios which are "naturally" suited for TFR/TSR-based detectors; that is, in which TFR/TSR-based detectors are both optimal and exploit the many degrees of freedom available in the TFR/TSR. We also derive explicit expressions for the corresponding optimal TFR/TSR kernels. The proposed TFR/TSR detectors are directly applicable to many important radar/sonar detection problems. >
Applying TQM to R&D

Summary form only given. The author attempts to explain how to effectively apply TQM (total quality management) to R&D through the use of a new, integrative model for key TQM and R&D processes. Drawing upon basic management theories, the literature, the author's 15 years of experience as an engineer and R&D executive, and ongoing research with several R&D organizations, the model relates the general concept of TQM with the Hoshin planning, process improvement, and new product development processes. The author has examined implications for applying TQM to R&D, suggesting the problems and the benefits, and how to overcome the shortcomings through a more comprehensive view of TQM that employs innovation as much as improvement and maintenance. >
Modeling the physiochemistry of levoglucosan during cellulose pyrolysis.

Abstract Levoglucosan is the main product of cellulose pyrolysis and also a potential platform chemical for biobased products. Previously we reported that during cellulose pyrolysis, levoglucosan is initially a liquid that is subject to the competing processes of evaporation and polymerization. While levoglucosan that evaporates can be transported out of the pyrolysis reactor and recovered, the non-volatile anhydro-oligosaccharides are trapped within the reactor where they dehydrate to char and low molecular weight compounds. We propose a physiochemical model for pyrolysis of levoglucosan using experimentally determined kinetic parameters for evaporation and polymerization of levoglucosan. After verifying the accuracy of the model, we used it to simulate behavior of levoglucosan under fast pyrolysis conditions. The simulation results showed that increasing the sample mass and applying higher heating rates promote polymerization of levoglucosan at the expense of evaporation. The detrimental effects of heating rate on levoglucosan evaporation suggest that although increased amounts of levoglucosan form during cellulose pyrolysis when higher heating rates are applied, much of the levoglucosan cannot be recovered as vapor because it turns into oligosaccharides that subsequently dehydrate to light oxygenates and char. Adopting experimental conditions that enhance the evaporation of levoglucosan, such as higher sweep-gas rates or reduced system pressures in combination with higher heating rates, is highly recommended for increasing levoglucosan recovery.
Flux-corrected transport II: Generalizations of the method

Abstract The recently developed method of Flux-Corrected Transport (FCT) can be applied to many of the finite-difference transport schemes presently in use. The result is a class of improved algorithms which add to the usual desirable properties of such schemes—conservation, stability, second-order (in some cases) accuracy, etc.—the property of maintaining the intrinsic positivity of quantities like density, energy density, and pressure. Illustrations are given for algorithms of the Lax-Wendroff, leapfrog, and upstreaming types. The errors introduced by the flux-correction process which lies at the heart of the method are cataloged and their effect described. Phoenical FCT, a refinement which minimizes residual diffusive errors, is analyzed. Applications of FCT to general fluid systems, multidimensions, and curvilinear geometry are described. The results of computer tests are shown in which the various types of FCT are compared with one another and with some conventional algorithms.
Photoreactions of 6-(1′-triazolyl)uracils. Synthesis of 7,8-disubstituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines and pyrimido[4,5-c]isoquinolines

Abstract A series of 6-(1′-triazolyl)uracils 4a–f were subject to photolysis at 254 nm in acetonitrile. The C 4′ , C 5′ -disubstituted triazoles 4a–c afforded pyrrolo[2,3- d ]pyrimidines 5a–c whereas mono-substituted triazoles gave rise to polymeric mixtures. C 5′ -phenyl substituted adducts 4e,f generated pyrimido[4,5-c]isoquinolines 7 and 8 via a novel photorearrangement process.
Mechanisms of Aneuploidy

Accurate chromosome segregation during cell division is essential for genome integrity. Errors in chromosome segregation are irreversible and lead to a state of aneuploidy where the number of chromosomes in a cell or organism is not a multiple of the haploid number of chromosomes. Aneuploidy reduces fecundity and is a frequent cause of inherited birth defects. In addition, aneuploidy is very common in solid tumors where it is associated with poor patient prognosis. Recent work has revealed the most common pathways by which chromosomes mis-segregate leading to aneuploidy. Moreover, answers to the key question of how cells respond to aneuploidy are beginning to emerge.
Diffraction grade crystals of Escherichia coli serine hydroxymethyltransferase

Abstract Diffraction grade crystals of serine hydroxymethyltransferase were obtained after extensive screening of source of enzyme, purification procedures, ligand binding and crystallization conditions. Serine hydroxymethyltransferase purified from Escherichia coli crystallizes in two forms that are suitable for cystal structure determination.
Sheath-core differences caused by rapid thermoxidation during melt blowing of fibers

In melt-blown fibers there exists a radial variation in molecular weight. This difference is caused by the very rapid (<25 ms) diffusion and thermoxidation reaction of oxygen with the polymer in the fiber sheath. The core remains unaffected. The difference in molecular weight makes the fibers suitable for thermal bonding. A technique based on intrinsic viscosity measurements was developed for measuring sheath and core molecular weights. A complex mathematical model was developed to account for rapid diffusion and thermoxidation. The experimental molecular weight measurements are well-fit by the model.
Metastatic carcinoma of penis complicated by hypercalcemia

A fifty-three-year-old man with epidermoid carcinoma of the penis metastatic to the right inguinal lymph nodes and adjacent areas was found to have persistent hypercalcemia. Associated with this biochemical abnormality was an elevated parathormone activity in the absence of any bony metastases. Other than a transient response to furosemide-inducded diuresis he was refractory to treatment with oral inorganic phosphates and mithramycin. Ablation of the primary tumor did not affect his hypercalcemia. However, when therapy using external irradiation and parenteral bleomycin was directed to the metastases, his serum calcium stabilized and became normal and remained so until further progression of his humor. We postulate that the penile cancer metastases were elaborating parathyroid hormone-like substances responsible for the hypercalcemia and suppression of normal parathyroid activity.
Methods of Suicide and Implications for Suicide Prevention.

Examined annual variations in the methods used for suicide in the United States in recent years (1962-1975) by sex and ethnic groups (white males, white females, nonwhite males, nonwhite females). Virtually all of the increase in United States suicide rates between 1962 and 1975 can be attributed to the increase in suicides by firearms. The increase in suicides by firearms, which occurred in all sex-ethnic groups, accompanied marked increases in the availability of firearms, which is a preferred, socioculturally accepted method of suicide in the United States. These results present a mirror image of the reductions in suicide rates in Great Britain and Vienna when the availability of the most preferred method of suicide in those locales (toxic domestic gas) was reduced. The data from this and other studies suggest that the physical availability of the more culturally accepted methods of suicide is a major determinant of suicide rates and that suicides may be prevented by decreasing the availability of the most common methods of suicide to suicidal individuals.
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy of the Face: Current Treatment Recommendations

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) of the face is an infrequently reported clinical pain syndrome characterized by dysesthesia, hyperalgia, hyperpathia, and allodynia. Treatment strategies, extrapolated from RSD and causalgia of the extremities, remain variable and poorly defined. Sympathetic blockade is generally the diagnostic and therapeutic treatment of choice; however, the frequency, timing, and duration of injections; need for neurolytic blocks; and role of sympathectomy are not well understood. The objectives of this report are to highlight the clinical behavior of facial RSD and contrast its essential differences from extremity RSD in response to standard treatment regimes. The case studies of two patients with this syndrome, following vascular surgery in the neck, are retrospectively reviewed with existent reported cases. Age, gender, etiology, symptoms, onset, triggers, and examination findings; timing, duration, and method of treatment; and outcome are summarized, forming the database for this study. Findings demonstrate an infrequent association of vasomotor and sudomotor changes with facial RSD, and lack of progression to a dystrophic or an atrophic stage, in contrast to extremity RSD. Furthermore, treatment response to sympathetic blockade is durable and less critically dependent on timing. The authors conclude that facial RSD has a favorable prognosis and should be managed conservatively with nonneurolytic stellate ganglion blocks, even when initiated as a delayed and repetitive injection series.
A Robust Edge Encoding Technique for Energy-Efficient Multi-Cycle Interconnect

In this paper, we propose a new circuit technique for on-chip communication, the edge encoding technique, to reduce the energy consumption in multi-cycle interconnects. Both average and worst-case energy are reduced by desynchronizing the edges of rising and falling transitions. In a 1.2 V 65-nm CMOS technology, the proposed approach achieves up to 34% energy reduction with no latency overhead over optimally designed conventional busses due to coupling capacitance reductions. The technique further reduces energy consumption by 39% with iso-throughput at the expense of one-cycle latency. Energy savings are shown to be both larger and more robust to process, voltage, and temperature variations than previous techniques.
Image vectorization using optimized gradient meshes

Recently, gradient meshes have been introduced as a powerful vector graphics representation to draw multicolored mesh objects with smooth transitions. Using tools from Abode Illustrator and Corel CorelDraw, a user can manually create gradient meshes even for photo-realistic vector arts, which can be further edited, stylized and animated. In this paper, we present an easy-to-use interactive tool, called optimized gradient mesh, to semi-automatically and quickly create gradient meshes from a raster image. We obtain the optimized gradient mesh by formulating an energy minimization problem. The user can also interactively specify a few vector lines to guide the mesh generation. The resulting optimized gradient mesh is an editable and scalable mesh that otherwise would have taken many hours for a user to manually create.
Constituent quark scaling violation due to baryon number transport

In ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions at $\sqrt{{s}_{NN}}\ensuremath{\approx}200$ GeV, the azimuthal emission anisotropy of hadrons with low and intermediate transverse momentum (${p}_{T}\ensuremath{\lesssim}4$ GeV/c) displays an intriguing scaling. In particular, the baryon (meson) emission patterns are consistent with a scenario in which a bulk medium of flowing quarks coalesces into three-quark (two-quark) ``bags.'' While a full understanding of this number-of-constituent-quark (NCQ) scaling remains elusive, it is suggestive of a thermalized bulk system characterized by colored dynamical degrees of freedom---a quark-gluon plasma (QGP). In this scenario, one expects the scaling to break down as the central energy density is reduced below the QGP formation threshold; for this reason, NCQ-scaling violation searches are of interest in the energy scan program at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. However, as $\sqrt{{s}_{NN}}$ is reduced, it is not only the initial energy density that changes; there is also an increase in the net baryon number at midrapidity, as stopping transports entrance-channel partons to midrapidity. This phenomenon can result in violations of simple NCQ scaling. Still in the context of the quark coalescence model, we describe a specific pattern for the breakdown of the scaling that includes different flow strengths for particles and their antipartners. Related complications in the search for recently suggested exotic phenomena are also discussed.
Evidence of genetic diversity generated by recombination among avian coronavirus IBV

Previously, we demonstrated that the DE072 strain of IBV is a recombinant which has an IBV strain D1466-like sequence in the S gene. Herein, we analyzed the remaining 3.8 kb 3' end of the genome, which includes Gene 3, Gene 4, Gene 5, Gene 6, and the 3' non-coding region of the DE072 and D1466 strains. Those two viruses had high nucleotide similarity in Gene 4. However, the other individual genes had a much different level of sequence similarity with the same gene of the other IBV strains. The genome of five IBV strains, of which the complete sequence of the 3' end of the genome has been determined, were divided at an intergenic (IG) consensus sequence (CTGAACAA or CTTAACAA) and compared phylogenetically. Phylogenetic trees of different topology indicated that the consensus IG sequences and the highly conserved sequence around this regions may serve as recombination 'hot spots'. Phylogenetic analysis of selected regions of the genome of the DE072 serotype field isolates further support those results and indicate that isolates within the same serotype may have different amounts of nucleotide sequence similarity with each other in individual genes other than the S gene. Presumably this occurs because the consensus IG sequence serves as the template switching site for the viral encoded polymerase.
The European Parliamentary Assembly: Techniques of Emerging “Political Control”

The English parliamentary system emerged from the dramatic struggle between the English Parliament and the Crown over the principle of political or “democratic” control. For leaders of the Commons such as Edward Coke a single false step beyond the line of the sovereign's endurance meant the Tower of London. Another struggle in a different key and on a different level has begun with little publicity on the Continent. The European Parliamentary Assembly in the newly established European Communities is seeking to assert some degree of control and influence not only over the mushrooming Commissions, but also over the powerful Councils of Ministers. Obviously, there is no danger of an irate Council of Ministers confining the obstreperous parliamentarians to the dungeons of Strasbourg. Moreover, the European Parliamentary Assembly is far from being a parliament. Members of the Community “executive” such as Jean Monnet have encouraged rather than fought the Assembly. In these as in other respects the analogy with the development of the English parliamentary system must not be pressed too far. But the broad contours of the contest, the pressures and counter-pressures, the use and abuse of legal argument, and the reliance on genuine and fabricated precedent offer an interesting study in the development of a parliamentary body.
Whole-field residual stress measurement in rail using Moiré interferometry and Twyman/Green interferometry via thermal annealing

A novel whole-field residual stress measurement technique is developed using moire interferometry and Twyman/Green interferometry coupled with thermal annealing. The technique is successfully applied to residual stress measurement in rail. In the measurement, a high temperature resistant 1200-lines/mm cross grating is made on a rail transverse slice surface. The whole-field residual stress relief is achieved by thermal annealing. Moire interferometry and Twyman/Green interferometry are employed to obtain the in-plane and out-of-plane deformations generated by the residual stress relaxation. The whole-field strain redistribution due to the residual stress relief is calculated, and the whole-field residual stress distribution, including the possible stress concentration, is then obtained. Because of the three-dimensional nature of the residual stress relaxation and the measurement, the three-dimensional residual stress reconstruction sometimes becomes possible based on some plausible assumptions. In this paper, the principle of the experimental theory, technique and procedures are described. Three-dimensional residual stress reconstruction in a rail using a transverse slice is shown. Its comparison to the hole-drilling method with moire interferometry is also presented.
The identification of electrical conductivity from potential measurements

Abstract In this paper we estimate an elliptic coefficient in a second order elliptic Neumann boundary value problem from the laboratory measurements of the state. We are given a formulation of the problem compatible with the laboratory experiment and determine regularity, stability, and approximation properties of the optimal estimator. The weak equation error model is used to incorporate the constraints imposed of the state function along with penalization to enforce constraints. Numerical examples are provided to compare with laboratory measurements.
Evidence to suggest that the spontaneous release of acetylcholine from rat hippocampal tissue is carrier-mediated

The effect ofl- andd-stereoisomers of 2-(4-phenylpiperidino) cyclohexanol (AH 5183) on the spontaneous release of acetylcholine (Ach) from rat hippocampal tissue was studied.l-AH 5183 was approximately 100 times more potent than wasd-AH 5183 in reducing spontaneous ACh release. Spontaneous ACh release was also temperature dependent. These results may suggest that the spontaneous release of ACh from brain tissue is carrier-mediated.
Oxygen Exchange and Diffusion in Calcia‐Stabilized Zirconia

Oxygen diffusion was measured by the sectioning technique on single-crystal and polycrystalline specimens of Zr0.858Ca0.142CO1.858. The diffusion coefficient, which may be represented by the equation D= 0.01818+0.068-0.015 exp - (31, 200 × 4300)/RTcm2/sec agrees with that calculated from the electrical conductivity and an oxygen transport number of 1. The oxygen surface exchange coefficient may be represented by α= 0.078+0.443-0.066 exp - (22,800 × 4400/RT cm/sec The quantitative influence of ignoring the exchange rate on the apparent diffusion coefficient is discussed.
Simultaneous Position and Number of Source Estimates using Random Set Theory

Joint estimation and detection for multi-sensor and multi-target algorithms are often hybrids of both analytical and ad-hoc approaches at various levels. The intricacies of the resulting solution formulation often obscures design intuition leaving many design choices to a largely trial and error based approach. Random Finite Set Theory (RFST)1,2 is a formal generalization of classical probability theory to the random set domain. By treating multi-target and multi-sensor jointly, RFST is able to provide a systematic theoretical framework for rigorous mathematical analysis. Because of its set theory domain, RFST is able to model the randomness of missed detection, sensor failure, target appearance and disappearance, clutter, jammer, ambiguous measurements, and other practical artifacts within its probability framework. Furthermore, a rigorous statistical framework, the Finite Set Statistics, has been developed for RFST that includes statistical operations such as: Maximum Likelihood, Bayesian prediction-correction filter, sensor fusion, and even the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRB). In this paper we will apply RFST to jointly detect and locate a target in a power-aware wireless sensor network setting. We will further derive the CRB using both classical and RFST approaches as verification. Then we will use analytical results in conjunction with simulations to develop insights for choosing the design parameters.© (2008) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Combination rule for deviant CSL grain boundaries at triple junctions

Abstract The well-known sigma combination rule governs the connectivity of coincidence site lattice (CSL) grain boundaries at triple junctions, but is only strictly applicable for ideal CSL boundaries. Here, we extend this relationship to boundaries that deviate from ideal CSL misorientations, and derive a complementary rule that relates their angular deviations. This “deviation limit rule” states that the angular deviation of one boundary at a triple junction is at most equal to the sum of the other two deviation angles. This analysis also provides insight into apparent violations of the sigma combination rule, which can arise when one boundary deviates beyond the allowable limit for CSL classification.
The Politics of Pedagogy: Expectations and Reality for Information Literacy in Librarianship.

Summary The ways librarians learn to teach, their educational paths to the profession, and current employer expectations are significant aspects of an ongoing national dialogue on information literacy. For over 15 years, our profession has discussed information literacy in terms of how we can actively teach our students research skills. The authors illustrate the importance of instruction and information literacy skills in academic libraries on several fronts: market needs, literacy standards, and graduate preparation for meeting the needs and standards from the employer's perspective (as expressed in advertisements) and from the employee's perspective (as manifest in survey responses).
Discussion of ``quantitative X-ray fluorescence analysis using solid solution specimens—a theoretical study of the influence of the quality of primary radiation''

Abstract Comments on an article by R. Tertian in Spectrochimica Acta questioning his denial of the existence of an effective wavelength defined as a consequence of the mean value theorem of integral calculus.
Should status II patients be removed from the pediatric heart transplant waiting list: A multi-institutional study

Background The survival benefit of cardiac transplantation (CTx) among Status 2 (stable outpatient) adult recipients has been questioned, but few studies have addressed this issue in pediatric patients. This study examined the following hypothesis: “Status 2 pediatric recipients have a survival benefit with CTx.” Methods Between 1993 and 2003, 2,375 patients were listed for CTx at 24 institutions; 614 (26%) of these patients were Status 2. By multivariate competing outcomes hazard function analysis, death after listing and post-transplant survival were analyzed. Results A single-phase hazard function described the risk of death after listing, with 20% actual mortality within 2 months after Status 1 listing. The “natural history” of Status 2–listed patients was estimated by the risk of death, whereas waiting and risk of deterioration to Status 1 at CTx (weighted by the probability of death at 3 months after Status 1 listing). At 4 months after CTx, survival with CTx exceeded the predicted “natural Hx” survival in all diagnostic categories out to 4 years of follow-up. Conclusions Pediatric patients currently listed as Status 2 have a survival benefit with transplant out to at least 4 years. A pediatric allocation system restricted to Status 1 patients could only be justified if the vast majority of such patients could be transplanted within 1 to 2 months.
Glucose Taste Thresholds in Cariesfree Naval Recruits

Glucose taste detection thresholds were determined in 41 cariesfree recruits and 53 recruits with caries experience. Cariesfree detection thresholds ranged from 5 to 45 mM/ liter, with a mean of 13.4 ± 1.7 whereas that of the control group ranged from 5 to 50 mM/ liter with a mean of 22.3 ± 1.7 (P < 0.01). A Kilmogorov-Smirnov two-sample test demonstrated a significant difference in the distribution of thresholds between the two groups (P < 0.01). These observations are in accordance with previous studies demonstrating that cariesfree recruits display lower sucrose taste detection thresholds than recruits with caries experience.
A FURTHER UNDERSTANDING OF STOCK DISTRIBUTIONS: THE CASE OF REVERSE STOCK SPLITS

In this study we analyze reverse stock splits and demonstrate that the total risk of returns to reverse splitting securities declines after the split, yet systematic risk remains essentially unchanged. In general, securities have negative abnormal stock returns at reverse split announcements, though smaller companies have stronger negative reactions. Companies forced to reverse split have positive wealth effects.
Selective removal of composite sealants with near-UV laser pulses

It is often necessary to replace pit and fissure sealants and composite restorations. This task is complicated by the necessity for complete removal of the remaining composite to enable suitable adhesion of new composite. Previous studies have shown that lasers pulses from a frequency-tripled Nd:YAG laser (355-nm) can selectively remove residual composite after orthodontic bracket removal on enamel surfaces. UV laser light is preferentially absorbed by polymeric resins and the organic content of the tooth enamel. The objective of this study was to determine if such laser pulses are suitable for selective removal of the old composite from pit and fissure sealants and restorations without damaging surrounding sound tissues. Optical coherence tomography was used to acquire optical cross sections of the occlusal topography and peripheral tooth structure non-destructively before application of the sealants, after sealant application, and after sealant removal with 355-nm laser pulses with intensities ranging from 0-10 J/cm 2 . Thermocouples were used to monitor the temperature in the pulp chamber during composite removal under clinically relevant ablation rates, i.e., 30 Hz and 30 mJ per laser pulse. At an irradiation intensity of 1.3 J/cm 2 pit and fissure sealants were completely removed without visible damage to the underlying enamel. At intensities above 1.5 J/cm 2 , the laser removes the resin layer while at the same time preferentially etching the surface of the enamel. Temperature excursions in the pulp chamber of extracted teeth was limited to less than 5°C if air-cooling was used during the rapid removal (1-2 min) of sealants, water-cooling was not needed. This is the first presentation of a method for the selective removal of composite restorative materials without damage to the underlying sound tooth structure.
War journalists and forces of gatekeeping during the escalation and the de-escalation periods of the Iraq War:

Since the invasion of Iraq in 2003, war journalists have reported news from the battlefields and streets of Baghdad to the world audiences. As the violent conflict in Iraq winds down, so do the war reporting operations in Iraq. Based on in-depth interviews with 23 war correspondents, this study investigates gatekeeping forces that affected the journalists’ news coverage of the Iraq War. The study found that the war journalists singled out personal judgment, an individual-level gatekeeping force, to be the most salient element in reporting the escalation period of the Iraq War. However, the journalists responded that financial constraints and deference to audience interest, organizational-level, and social institutional-level gatekeeping forces determined the direction and the volume of the war reporting more saliently during the de-escalation period of the Iraq War.
Enhanced Migratory Waterfowl Distribution Modeling by Inclusion of Depth to Water Table Data

In addition to being used as a tool for ecological understanding, management and conservation of migratory waterfowl rely heavily on distribution models; yet these models have poor accuracy when compared to models of other bird groups. The goal of this study is to offer methods to enhance our ability to accurately model the spatial distributions of six migratory waterfowl species. This goal is accomplished by creating models based on species-specific annual cycles and introducing a depth to water table (DWT) data set. The DWT data set, a wetland proxy, is a simulated long-term measure of the point either at or below the surface where climate and geological/topographic water fluxes balance. For species occurrences, the USGS' banding bird data for six relatively common species was used. Distribution models are constructed using Random Forest and MaxEnt. Random Forest classification of habitat and non-habitat provided a measure of DWT variable importance, which indicated that DWT is as important, and often more important, to model accuracy as temperature, precipitation, elevation, and an alternative wetland measure. MaxEnt models that included DWT in addition to traditional predictor variables had a considerable increase in classification accuracy. Also, MaxEnt models created with DWT often had higher accuracy when compared with models created with an alternative measure of wetland habitat. By comparing maps of predicted probability of occurrence and response curves, it is possible to explore how different species respond to water table depth and how a species responds in different seasons. The results of this analysis also illustrate that, as expected, all waterfowl species are tightly affiliated with shallow water table habitat. However, this study illustrates that the intensity of affiliation is not constant between seasons for a species, nor is it consistent between species.
Effects of arginine modification on the photocycle of halorhodopsin

Exhaustive reaction with phenylglyoxal removed 9 of the 12 arginine and 1 of the 2 lysine residues in detergent-solubilized halorhodopsin, without affecting the chromophore. The consequences of this extensive removal of positive charges on various chloride-binding equilibria and the photochemistry were evaluated. No significant effects were seen on the affinity of Site I to chloride and on the increase in the pKa of Schiff-base deprotonation, which is caused by the chloride binding at this site. No significant effects were seen on the affinity of Site II to chloride, either. However, the photocycle of the pigment was affected. Kinetic modeling of the observed changes in flash-induced absorption changes suggests that the modification increases the affinity of the main halorhodopsin photointermediate to chloride by about fourfold. If chloride translocation involves release of chloride from this intermediate during the transport cycle, the result might explain the observed partial inhibitory effects on chloride transport. Plausible models of chloride translocation include reversible binding of the anion by positively charged groups, strategically arranged in the protein. The results indicate that two of the three spectroscopically observable chloride-dependent equilibria do not depend on a large number of positively charged residues in the protein. To the extent that the unaffected equilibria represent association and dissociation which occur during chloride translocation, at least part of the chloride translocation might be accomplished with the participation of only a few positively charged residues.
Optimal Attitude Control of a Rigid Body Using Geometrically Exact Computations on SO(3)

An efficient and accurate computational approach is proposed for a nonconvex optimal attitude control for a rigid body. The problem is formulated directly as a discrete time optimization problem using a Lie group variational integrator. Discrete time necessary conditions for optimality are derived, and an efficient computational approach is proposed to solve the resulting two-point boundary-value problem. This formulation wherein the optimal control problem is solved based on discretization of the attitude dynamics and derivation of discrete time necessary conditions, rather than development and discretization of continuous time necessary conditions, is shown to have significant advantages. In particular, the use of geometrically exact computations on SO(3) guarantees that this optimal control approach has excellent convergence properties even for highly nonlinear large angle attitude maneuvers.
Comparison of cloud microphysics parameterizations for simulation of mesoscale clouds and precipitation

Abstract Cloud physics parameterizations are comprehensively reviewed in order to examine their theoretical bases and to evaluate their applicability to mesoscale modeling. The constant distribution functions of hydrometeors assumed in previous work are found to be unrealistic. To circumvent this problem, new parameterizations are developed for mixing ratios of water vapor, cloud water, rain water, cloud ice, graupel and snowflakes. Equations are derived from theoretical considerations and multiple regression applied to results of simulations with a cloud model that incorporates sophisticated treatments of microphysics and dynamics. In a Lagrangian air parcel model under variable atmospheric conditions, the new parameterizations give consistent results and are computationally more efficient than previously available parameterizations.
Visible, less visible, and invisible work: patterns of collaboration in 20th century chemistry

We chronicle the use of acknowledgments in 20th century chemistry by analyzing and classifying over 2,000 specimens covering a 100-year period. Our results show that acknowledgment has gradually established itself as a constitutive element of academic writing--one that provides a revealing insight into the structural nature of subauthorship collaboration in science. Complementary data on rates of coauthorship are also presented to highlight the growing importance of teamwork and the increasing division of labor in contemporary chemistry. The results of this study are compared with the findings of a parallel study of collaboration in both the social sciences and the humanities.
EDIF: The Standard for Workstation Intercommunication

The current version of EDIF, an evolving format for data transfer between CAD/CAE workstations, supports gate array and semicustom IC design.