cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pelvic Ring Fractures

Pelvic ring injuries are often secondary to high energy mechanisms and may be associated with substantial hemorrhage, morbidity, and mortality. Associated injuries in the chest, abdomen, spine, head, and extremities are common. Early identification and appropriate treatment of pelvic fractures is critical in emergencies and can potentially be life-saving. Different classification systems exist based on mechanism of injury (Young-Burgess) and fracture stability (Tile) and can help guide management.
Chapter 22. Anti-Osteoporosis Agents

Publisher Summary Although significant progress has been made in both prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, it remains a major health concern of increasing magnitude for several reasons, such as an aging population, improved diagnostic procedures, and increasing public awareness. Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and enhanced bone fragility, resulting in an increased risk of fractures. It results from a deficit in new bone formation versus resorption during the ongoing remodeling process. The objective of anti-osteoporosis therapy is to maintain or increase bone mass and bone strength, thereby reducing the risk of fractures. Anti-osteoporosis therapy falls into two classes; anti-resorptive and bone restorative (or anabolic) agents. Anti-resorptive therapy targets bone resorption, reducing bone turnover, and thereby preventing bone loss. It has been the major focus and current therapies fall into this class. More recently, the focus has shifted onto bone restoration. Bone restoration therapy when approved would seek to restore bone to osteopenic skeletons, thereby reducing the likelihood of skeletal fracture. Anti-resorptive therapy is preventative, while bone restoration is the treatment of osteoporosis. As more emphasis is placed on the treatment of osteoporosis, restoration of lost bone, it is not sufficient just to increase bone mass; to reduce the rate of fractures the new bone must be biomechanically sound.
Handbook of Clinical Social Work

(1984). Handbook of Clinical Social Work. Journal of Education for Social Work: Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 78-81.
Inherited Thrombophilias and Early Pregnancy Loss

Inherited thrombophilias are a heterogeneous group of conditions which have been associated with a variety of pregnancy complications, including early and late fetal loss, intrauterine growth restriction, abruptio placentae, and preeclampsia.1 As the functional significance of the burgeoning list of thrombophilic conditions is better understood, more rational and thoughtful approach to their detection and usefulness in clinical practice will likely emerge. While dominant conditions, such as antithrombin deficiency are rarely present without clinical manifestations, other less thrombogenic mutations, such as factor V Leiden, often are not associated with obvious pregnancy complications, as noted by the finding that the presence of heterozygous factor V Leiden is associated with a 0.2% risk of maternal thromboembolism. Emerging data suggests the quality and quantity of thrombophilic conditions, in addition to genetic and environmental influences create a ‘threshold milieu’ for the clinical manifestation of these heterogeneous prothrombotic conditions. This review will summarize the current knowledge of thrombophilic conditions and their association with first trimester pregnancy outcome.
A RATIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL FAITH: REMARKS IN RESPONSE TO PROFESSOR AMSTERDAM

There are a few substantive thoughts about the future that I wanted to share before letting you get acquainted with each other at the reception. But in order to talk about the future, I will have to go back to the past. On a beautiful spring day, April 5, 1588, there was a young woman in an advanced state of pregnancy strolling along a beach on the south coast of England when she had an experience that is directly comparable to sitting in your office at the World Trade Center and seeing an airplane heading for your window. She saw the 2,400 ships of the Spanish Armada, with 30,000 men aboard bent on invading England. The shock drove the young woman into labor, and she gave birth to a son who eventually grew up to be the English philosopher named Thomas Hobbes. And Hobbes, who is the source of this story about the circumstances of his birth, wrote in his famous work Leviathan that the origin of the state was in people’s fear of violent death at the hands of others, whether they be criminals or enemy soldiers, and that the success of a state should be measured only by the degree of its ability to protect us—not by its success in achieving any other goal, but simply by looking to the extent to which it provided physical safety from violence. The premise is that people are fundamentally creatures of emotion, and
Greek Tragedy and Ancient Healing: Poems as Theater and Asclepian Temple in Miniature

This paper explores some of the healing processes at work in Poetry Therapy by examining two healing traditions that were contemporary in Athens of the fifth century B.C. The tragic drama depicted the unthinkable and unspeakable in ways that allowed members of the audience to participate in the dual roles of sufferer-participant and empathizer-observer. The Asclepian healing procedure helped the sufferer find the appropriate balance between remembering and forgetting, and created an ambiance in which his/her personal healing dream could arise. Today Poetry Therapy unites the powerful healing forces inherent in these ancient Greek practices, which accounts for some of its therapeutic power.
The Final Countdown: Regulatory Focus and the Phases of CEO Retirement

CEO retirement represents the most common reason for executive succession in the United States and globally, with important implications for many stakeholders. Yet a comprehensive theory of late-ca...
Unusual case of dasatinib-associated acute bilateral hyphemas leading to blindness in a patient with chronic myeloid leukaemia.

Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disorder with an incidence of 1–2 cases per 100 000 adults per year.1 Since the International Randomized Study of Interferon and STI571 trial (IRIS trial) in 2003, treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has become the standard of care for patients with newly diagnosed CML in the chronic phase.2 Dasatinib is a second-generation TKI and is generally well tolerated, with cytopenias, gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and fluid retention being the most commonly observed side effects.3–5 Bleeding complications, although unusual, have been reported with dasatinib, with an incidence ranging from 8% to 24%.3–6 The most commonly reported site of bleeding is the GI tract.3 5 We report an unusual case of dasatinib-associated bleeding presenting with acute bilateral hyphemas, which, to our knowledge, is the first report of its kind.
Improved mobility, cognition and disease severity in Corticobasal Degeneration of an African-American male after 12 weeks of Adapted tango: a case study

Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) has no available treatment to slow disease progression and generally resists drug therapy. CBD has symptoms and decreased quality of life similar to Parkinson's disease. Adapted Tango, a successful rehabilitation for Parkinson's, may address CBD. A 63-year-old African-American male with CBD (alias: YD; CBD duration=2 years) was evaluated for motor, cognitive and psychosocial function before, immediately after, one-month after and six-months after 12 weeks of 20, bi-weekly 90-minute AT lessons. After intervention, disease-related motor symptoms improved and YD reported fewer problems in non-motor experiences of daily living, which include mood, cognition, pain, fatigue, etc. Motor symptoms remained above baseline at six-month posttest. YD's balance confidence improved post-intervention, but declined below baseline at six-month posttest. Quality of life was maintained despite worsened depression. YD improved or maintained executive function, and visuospatial function and attention at posttest and one-month posttest. At posttest, YD maintained mobility and improved on dynamic balance. At one-month posttest, most mobility measures had improved relative to baseline. Yet, YD showed executive function and overall motor decline six months post-intervention. AT may have temporarily slowed disease progression, and improved or maintained mobility and cognition. Gains were poorly maintained after six months. Further study is warranted.
Failure of Intravenous or Intracardiac Delivery of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells to Improve Outcomes after Focal Traumatic Brain Injury in the Female Rat

Mesenchymal stromal cells secrete a variety of anti-inflammatory factors and may provide a regenerative medicine option for the treatment of traumatic brain injury. The present study investigates the efficacy of multiple intravenous or intracardiac administrations of rat mesenchymal stromal cells or human mesenchymal stromal cells in female rats after controlled cortical impact by in vivo MRI, neurobehavior, and histopathology evaluation. Neither intravenous nor intracardiac administration of mesenchymal stromal cells derived from either rats or humans improved MRI measures of lesion volume or neurobehavioral outcome compared to saline treatment. Few mesenchymal stromal cells (<0.0005% of injected dose) were found within 3 days of last dosage at the site of injury after either delivery route, with no mesenchymal stromal cells being detectable in brain at 30 or 56 days post-injury. These findings suggest that non-autologous mesenchymal stromal cells therapy via intravenous or intracardiac administration is not a promising treatment after focal contusion traumatic brain injury in this female rodent model.
The effect of atmosphere on the composition of wire arc additive manufactured metal components

ABSTRACTThe effects of atmospheric contamination on wire arc additively manufactured (WAAM) components were studied by producing AM multilayer parts under controlled conditions. Gas impurity levels...
Sugar-sweetened beverage prices: Variations by beverage, food store, and neighborhood characteristics, 2017.

Abstract Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption is associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. A number of U.S. jurisdictions have levied volume-based specific SSB taxes. This study estimated baseline mean SSB prices across categories and sizes as this will help to determine the percentage increase in price resulting from the imposition of specific taxes. Data on food store SSB prices were collected in 2017 in Cook County, IL, St. Louis City/County, MO, Oakland, CA, and Sacramento, CA (N = 11,767 product-level observations from 581 stores). Data were weighted to represent volume sold by category and size. Mean prices per ounce were computed across categories and sizes. Linear regression models, clustered on store, were run to estimate associations between price per ounce and product characteristics, neighborhood (linked by census tract) characteristics, store type, and site. Weighted summary statistics show that the mean price of SSBs was 4.8 cents/oz. Soda was least expensive (3.4 cents/oz), followed by sports drinks (4.8 cents/oz), juice drinks (5.2 cents/oz), ready-to-drink tea/coffee (7.8 cents/oz), and energy drinks (19.9 cents/oz). Prices were higher for individual-sized (9.6 cents/oz) compared to family-sized drinks (>1 L/multi-pack; 3.5 cents/oz). Regression results revealed that prices were lower in stores in majority non-Hispanic black tracts and varied by beverage characteristics and store type but not tract-level socioeconomic status. Given substantial variation in prices by SSB category, a penny-per-ounce SSB tax, if fully passed through, would increase soda prices by 29% versus 5% for energy drinks, highlighting the potential importance of different specific tax rates across beverage categories.
Pharmacoepigenetics and Pharmacoepigenomics of Valproate in Neurodegenerative Disease

Abstract Valproic acid (VPA) is a multitarget therapeutic that also functions as a histone deacetylase inhibitor. It is commonly prescribed for a number of diseases and disorders including epilepsy, bipolar disorder, and migraines. In recent years VPA has been explored as a potential therapeutic in neurodegenerative diseases for its neuroprotective properties including Alzheimer, Parkinson, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. VPA acts on a number of pathways that overlap in these neurodegenerative diseases. While the exact mechanism of action of its neuroprotection has yet to be fully elucidated, several potential mechanisms have been identified. These include a decrease in accumulation of toxic proteins (e.g., Aβ species), attenuation of the proinflammatory response, upregulation of neurotrophic factors, decrease in apoptotic mechanisms, and increased neuronal survival. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge and future directions related to the use of VPA in neurodegeneration.
VA-ECMO as a Bridge to Heart Transplantation: Quantification of Mortality Trends over the Last Decade

Purpose VA-ECMO technology has rapidly progressed over the last twenty years, leading to expanded indications and usage. Historically, patients bridged to transplant (BTT) following VA-ECMO have had higher post-transplant mortality than those bridged on other platforms. Whether the association between VA-ECMO and post-transplant mortality has improved over time with background technological improvements is unknown and potentially confounded by differences in comorbidities of VA-ECMO BTT patients across time. Methods We analyzed all 27,495 adult patients in the United Network for Organ Sharing database who underwent heart transplantation between 6/30/2004 and 12/30/2018, excluding re-transplantation or multiple organ transplantation. We quantified the associated hazard ratio of mortality in the first year in VA-ECMO BTT patients vs. all other transplanted patients. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models controlling for recipient, donor, and transplant risk factors and models matched on the propensity for VA-ECMO BTT were compared. Hazard ratios were compared across time in 2-year intervals given the historically low annual rate of VA-ECMO BTT. Results VA-ECMO was used as BTT in 176 patients and increased in the percent of cases over time (0.5% in 2004, 1.39% in 2018). Age, gender, and ethnicity were similar in VA-ECMO BTT patients over time. Overall, VA-ECMO BTT was independently associated with increased post-transplant mortality (HR 3.3; 95% CI 2.2, 5.0). While mortality in all transplanted patients decreased after 2010 (HR 0.8; CI 0.72, 0.87), there was no significant interaction between time and the association between VA-ECMO BTT and post-transplant mortality (p=0.49). Similar results were observed with propensity-matched models. Conclusion Though VA-ECMO technology has advanced and overall mortality after heart transplantation has improved in the last decade, improvement in VA-ECMO BTT post-transplant survival has not been observed.
No Cases of Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis after Administration of Gadoxetic Acid

Background Gadoxetic acid (GA) has distinctive pharmacokinetic properties with important applications in hepatobiliary imaging. However, there are limited data evaluating the safety of GA administration in patients with impaired kidney function and the incidence of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF). Purpose To evaluate safety of GA regarding risk of NSF in patients with impaired kidney function. Materials and Methods This retrospective study identified all GA-enhanced MRI (hereafter, GA MRI) examinations performed between July 2008 and December 2019 through a search of the electronic medical record. Serum creatinine values within 180 days or less of each GA MRI examination were retrieved and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated. The eGFR value nearest to each MRI examination was used. A separate search in the electronic medical record was also performed to identify patients with NSF. Dermatologists, nephrologists, and nephrologists at our institution were surveyed for any cases of NSF. In patients with NSF, all MRI examinations performed and contrast agents administered to these patients were recorded. Results Overall, 7820 GA MRI examinations were identified, performed in 5351 patients (3022 women and 2329 men). These included 299 examinations (242 patients) with eGFR of 30-44 mL/min/1.73 m2 and 183 examinations (157 patients) with eGFR less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2. There were 109 examinations (in 94 patients) with eGFR of 15-29 mL/min/1.73 m2, 40 examinations (in 39 patients) with eGFR less than 15 mL/min/1.73 m2, and 34 examinations in 27 patients undergoing hemodialysis. Seventeen patients with eGFR less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 or undergoing dialysis underwent GA MRI two or more times. Eighteen patients with biopsy-confirmed NSF were identified, none of whom were exposed to GA. The mean follow-up period for GA MRI examinations performed in patients with severe kidney impairment was 4.2 years (range, 0.2-11.3 years). Conclusion Gadoxetic acid may be safe with respect to nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in this patient population, although further studies are needed to confirm this. © RSNA, 2020 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Davenport and Shankar in this issue.
Maternal Socialization is Associated with Prosocial Behavior in At-Risk Young Children.

Prosocial behaviors are a key component of young children’s developing social competence. The current study examines the impact of two types of maternal socialization on young children’s prosocial ...
Multi-Armed Bandit Load Balancing User Association in 5G Cellular HetNets

Using a reinforcement learning multi-armed bandit (MAB) technique, we design a centralized and a semi-distributed online algorithms, for performing load balancing user association in multi-tier heterogeneous cellular networks. The proposed algorithms guarantee user association solutions that satisfy load balancing constraints among the base stations (BSs) by employing a central load balancer (CLB). At each time step, these algorithms provide real-time associations which give the best-to-date network spectral efficiency. In the centralized approach, the CLB performs base station assignments which determine the action for each user equipment (UE) to update its reward. In the semi-distributed approach, each UE proposes an association action based on its local information and communicates with the BS for an associated reward. Numerical results show that the proposed MAB-based algorithms exhibit fast convergence and reach closely a near-optimal benchmark centralized solution.
Electrode/electrolyte interface and interface reactions of solid oxide cells: Recent development and advances

Abstract High temperature solid oxide cells (SOCs) consisted of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) are considered one of the most environmentally friendly and efficient energy conversion technology to store renewal energy from sun and wind in hydrogen and generate electricity from the fuels such as hydrogen and natural gas with high efficiency and very low greenhouse gas emission. Over the last few decades, the development of SOC technologies in particularly SOFCs has experienced significant progress and much of the recent research have paid great efforts in understanding the processes occurring at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces. As electrochemical reactions mainly proceed at the gas, electrode and electrolyte three phase boundaries (TPBs), the microstructure and properties of the electrode/electrolyte interfaces thus play a crucial role in determining the overall cell performance and durability. Herein, we review the progress and achievements in the fundamental researches of the electrode/electrolyte (mainly oxygen-conducting) interface evolution behavior under open circuit and polarization conditions. Studies involving interfacial phenomena such as interface formation and reactions, element segregation and diffusion, micropore formation and delamination are summarized and discussed in detail. Besides, the state of the art characterization techniques that have been employed to examine the interface behavior are reviewed. Finally, the challenges and prospects of the interface research in the improvement of the performance and durability of a SOC device are discussed.
Articulating the canon: The sociology of medical education from 1980 to 2000.

An exciting development in the sociology of medical education has been its recent return as a distinct scholarly conversation in medical sociology. During the 1980s and 1990s, the sociology of medi...
An Update on the downer cow syndrome

Originally, the downer cow condition was often thought of as a separate entity, but more recently it is commonly considered to be a complication of parturient hypocalcemia (“milk fever”). Minnesota research indicates that it would be more accurate to think of it as a complication of primary recumbencies due to a variety of causes. The most common cause of primary recumbency, however, is hypocalcemia, and therefore, this view is really a detailed refinement of the generally held notion. While there appear to be a variety of conditions responsible for primary recumbency, all recumbent animals are susceptible to pressure damage. Pressure damage, then, is the common factor uniting all forms of primary recumbency and a common complication of all forms of recumbency.
Tariffs as a Form of Taxation

Before the income tax was instituted in the United States and other countries, tariffs were one of the primary methods used to raise revenue for government. In recent decades, tariffs have been used more to protect domestic industry from foreign competition than to raise revenue. It might not be inaccurate to say that the public interest would better be served by abolishing all tariffs, since in the aggregate, the vast majority of people stand to gain much more than they would lose by doing away with tariffs.
Knowledge infrastructures in science: data, diversity, and digital libraries

Digital libraries can be deployed at many points throughout the life cycles of scientific research projects from their inception through data collection, analysis, documentation, publication, curation, preservation, and stewardship. Requirements for digital libraries to manage research data vary along many dimensions, including life cycle, scale, research domain, and types and degrees of openness. This article addresses the role of digital libraries in knowledge infrastructures for science, presenting evidence from long-term studies of four research sites. Findings are based on interviews ( $$n=208$$ ), ethnographic fieldwork, document analysis, and historical archival research about scientific data practices, conducted over the course of more than a decade. The Transformation of Knowledge, Culture, and Practice in Data-Driven Science: A Knowledge Infrastructures Perspective project is based on a 2 $$\times $$ 2 design, comparing two “big science” astronomy sites with two “little science” sites that span physical sciences, life sciences, and engineering, and on dimensions of project scale and temporal stage of life cycle. The two astronomy sites invested in digital libraries for data management as part of their initial research design, whereas the smaller sites made smaller investments at later stages. Role specialization varies along the same lines, with the larger projects investing in information professionals, and smaller teams carrying out their own activities internally. Sites making the largest investments in digital libraries appear to view their datasets as their primary scientific legacy, while other sites stake their legacy elsewhere. Those investing in digital libraries are more concerned with the release and reuse of data; types and degrees of openness vary accordingly. The need for expertise in digital libraries, data science, and data stewardship is apparent throughout all four sites. Examples are presented of the challenges in designing digital libraries and knowledge infrastructures to manage and steward research data.
Regulation of Lipopolysaccharide Sensitivity by IFN Regulatory Factor-2

IFN regulatory factors (IRFs) are a family of transcription factors and include several members that regulate expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory genes. Mice with a targeted mutation in IRF-2 (IRF-2(-/-)) were studied after injection of LPS to evaluate the importance of IRF-2 in the regulation of endotoxicity. IRF-2(-/-) mice were highly refractory to LPS-induced lethality. Although hepatic TNF-alpha mRNA and circulating TNF-alpha were significantly elevated in LPS-challenged IRF-2(-/-) mice, levels of IL-1, IL-12, and IFN-gamma mRNA and protein, as well as IL-6 protein, were significantly lower than levels seen in LPS-challenged IRF-2(+/+) mice. IRF-2(-/-) mice were also more refractory to TNF-alpha challenge than were control mice, which was consistent with their diminished sensitivity to LPS, yet no significant difference in the mRNA expression of TNFRs was observed. IL-12R beta 2 mRNA levels from LPS-challenged IRF-2(-/-) mice were significantly different after 1, 6, and 8 h, suggesting that both diminished IL-12 and altered IL-12R expression contribute to the paucity of IFN-gamma produced. IRF-2 knockout mice also failed to sustain LPS-inducible levels of IRF-1 and IFN consensus sequence binding protein mRNA expression, two transacting factors required for IL-12 transcription, perhaps as a result of diminished IL-1 beta, IL-6, and IFN-gamma levels. Liver sections from IRF-2(+/+) and IRF-2(-/-) mice were analyzed 6 h after a typically lethal injection of LPS. IRF-2(-/-) mice exhibited greater numbers of apoptotic Kupffer cells than did wild-type mice, suggesting a novel anti-apoptotic role for IRF-2. Collectively, these findings reveal a critical role for IRF-2 in endotoxicity, and point to a previously unappreciated role for IRF-2 in the regulation of apoptosis.
Statistical and Dynamical Aspects of Hot Nucleus De-Excitation

Recent experiments designed to explore fragment emission dynamics, time scales for fragment emission from highly excited nuclei, and multifragment emission processes are summarized. Reactions studied include 18.5 AMeV 136Xe + 48Ti, 30 AMeV 32S + Ag and 35 AMeV 40Ca + 40Ca. Nuclei with excitation energies of 3-6 MeV/u are produced in these reactions.
The immunological functions of saposins.

Saposins or sphingolipid activator proteins (SAPs) are small, nonenzymatic glycoproteins that are ubiquitously present in lysosomes. SAPs comprise the five molecules saposins A–D and the GM2 activator protein. Saposins are essential for sphingolipid degradation and membrane digestion. On the one hand, they bind the respective hydrolases required to catabolize sphingolipid molecules; on the other hand, saposins can interact with intralysosomal membrane structures to render lipids accessible to their degrading enzymes. Thus, saposins bridge the physicochemical gap between lipid substrate and hydrophilic hydrolases. Accordingly, defects in saposin function can lead to lysosomal lipid accumulation. In addition to their specific functions in sphingolipid metabolism, saposins have membrane-perturbing properties. At the low pH of lysosomes, saposins get protonated and exhibit a high binding affinity for anionic phospholipids. Based on their universal principle to interact with membrane bilayers, we present the immunological functions of saposins with regard to lipid antigen presentation to CD1-restricted T cells, processing of apoptotic bodies for antigen delivery and cross-priming, as well as their potential antimicrobial impact.
The association of cardiovascular disease with the long-term incidence of age-related maculopathy: the Beaver Dam eye study.

Abstract Purpose To examine the association between cardiovascular disease and its risk factors and the 10-year incidence of age-related maculopathy. Design Population-based cohort study. Participants Persons 43 to 86 years of age at baseline examination from 1988 to 1990, living in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, of whom 3684 persons participated in a 5-year follow-up examination and 2764 participated in a 10-year follow-up examination. Methods Standardized protocols for physical examination, blood collection, administration of a questionnaire, and stereoscopic color fundus photography to determine age-related maculopathy. The Kaplan–Meier (product–limit) survival approach and discrete linear logistic regression were used in the data analysis. Main outcome measures Incidence and progression of age-related maculopathy. Results When age, gender, and history of heavy drinking, smoking, and vitamin use were controlled for, higher systolic blood pressure at baseline was associated with the 10-year incidence of retinal pigment epithelial depigmentation (risk ratio [RR] per 10 mmHg systolic blood pressure, 1.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–1.18; P = 0.02) and exudative macular degeneration (RR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.06–1.41; P = 0.006). Higher pulse pressure at baseline was associated with the incidence of retinal pigment epithelial depigmentation (RR per 10 mmHg, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.07–1.28; P P = 0.03), exudative macular degeneration (RR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.14–1.60; P P = 0.03). Higher serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol at baseline was associated with pure geographic atrophy (RR per 10 mg/dl high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.05–1.58; P = 0.01). Physical activity at baseline was associated with the incidence of geographic atrophy (RR in those who worked up a sweat 5 times a week compared with those who did not, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.02–0.91; P = 0.04) exudative macular degeneration (RR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.08−0.87; P = 0.05), and progression of age-related maculopathy (RR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.47–1.00; P = 0.05). Neither a history of stroke nor heart attack was associated with the incidence or progression of age-related maculopathy. Conclusions These findings indicate relationships between higher pulse pressure (a presumed indicator of age-related elastin and collagen changes in Bruch's membrane) and systolic blood pressure with an increased 10-year incidence of some lesions defining early age-related maculopathy and exudative macular degeneration.
First-principles calculations of the Urbach tail in the optical absorption spectra of silica glass.

We present density-functional theory calculations of the optical absorption spectra of silica glass for temperatures up to 2400K. The calculated spectra exhibit exponential tails near the fundamental absorption edge that follow the Urbach rule, in quantitative agreement with experiments. We discuss the accuracy of our results by comparing to hybrid exchange correlation functionals. We derive a simple relationship between the exponential tails of the absorption coefficient and the electronic density-of-states, and thereby establish a direct link between the photoemission and the absorption spectra near the absorption edge. We use this relationship to determine the lower bound to the Urbach frequency regime. We show that in this frequency interval, the optical absorption is Poisson distributed with very large statistical fluctuations. We determine the upper bound to the Urbach frequency regime by identifying the frequency at which transition to Poisson distribution takes place.
Internet Jurisdiction: A Survey of Legal Scholarship Published in English and United States Case Law

This study provides a survey of the case law and legal literature analyzing jurisdiction for claims arising out of Internet activity in the United States. A companion study, released simultaneously, explores similar issues as they are treated in the German legal system. The goal of the report is to identify trends in legal literature and case law and to serve as a comprehensive, objective resource to assist scholars and policy-makers looking to learn about the issues of jurisdiction on the Internet. The U.S. study shows that most academic scholarship discusses all three aspects of jurisdiction law — personal jurisdiction, choice of law and jurisdiction to enforce — within the individual articles. In addition, the literature treats a noticeably wide variety of legal areas — including, for example, analyses of specific cases, particular issues related to e-commerce, and the regulation of online speech — but overall, does not appear to have a consensus on an approach or solution that cuts across the varied areas of law addressed by the scholarship. Thus, in effect, a review of academic scholarship shows that Internet jurisdiction is as varied as the legal issues and fields of law it permeates.With respect to U.S. case law, Fordham CLIP's research indicates that issues surrounding Internet jurisdiction gravitate toward the Ninth Circuit and the Second Circuit more so than other federal circuits. Moreover, contrary to the body of academic literature, the research demonstrates that U.S. courts predominantly adjudicate matters of personal jurisdiction in Internet cases rather than other subsets of jurisdiction, and that Internet jurisdiction issues trend toward intellectual property and defamation cases. Lastly, the case law shows that, although the Zippo and Calder decisions remain the clear, predominant legal standards and tests for Internet jurisdiction matters, when and how these rules are applied by U.S. courts lacks uniformity.
Dithiafulvenyl-substituted phenylacetylene derivatives: synthesis and structure–property–reactivity relationships

A series of regioisomers for dithiafulvenyl-substituted phenylacetylene derivatives was synthesized and characterized to show structure-dependent electronic properties and different reactivities in their oxidized states.
A hydrogen-based oxidation mechanism relevant to planetary formation

Article history: It is now generally accepted that the Moon formed by collision of a Mars-sized impactor with the Earth (Hartmann and Davis, 1975), a process termed "the Giant Impact". The oxygen isotope compositions of both bodies are indistinguishable (Wiechert et al., 2001), a result that would require extensive chemical homogenization. Recent simulations have been developed that predict intimate mixing immediately following the impact (Canup, 2012; ´ Cuk and Stewart, 2012; Pahlevan and Stevenson, 2007), minimizing the oxygen isotope problem. Nevertheless, striking chemical differences remain. We propose that the process of hydrogen degassing and loss to space during magma cooling can explain differences in the water content, oxygen fugacity ( f (O2)), and isotopic composition of Cl and H in the Earth-Moon system. At low f (O2), H2 gas is the stable O-H phase in basalts. The low solubility and rapid diffusivity of H2 explain the presently dry character of most lunar samples. Many of the apparently discrepant observations regarding the hydrous character of the Moon are reconciled by H2 degassing. Early H2 degassing also explains the high f (O2) of Earth's mantle. A loss of only 1/3 'ocean equivalent' water from Earth by hydrodynamic escape of H2 would shift the f (O2 )o f the upper mantle from the very low oxidation state equivalent to the Moon and other primitive differentiated bodies to its present oxidized state (near the fayalite-magnetite-quartz buffer). No other processes, such as late addition of material to Earth or injection of Fe 3+ -rich deep mantle materials to the upper mantle are required to explain the early elevated oxidation state of Earth's upper mantle.
The Reliance on and Demand for Adjunct Faculty Members in America’s Rural, Suburban, and Urban Community Colleges

Drawing on a survey of chief academic officers at 347 community colleges nationwide, this study examined the impact of institutional type (rural, suburban, urban) on reliance on and demand for adjunct faculty members. Findings indicated that rural institutions rely less on adjuncts, whereas both rural and urban institutions report high levels of unmet demand within specific disciplines.
General Permanence Conditions for Nonlinear Difference Equations of Higher Order

w . m w . w . where f : 0, ` a 0, ` and the initial values x , . . . , x g 0, ` . 0 1ym Ž . In studying the global behavior of the solutions of Eq. 1 , we often need Ž . to establish that 1 is permanent, i.e., it has the property that every one of its solutions is eventually confined within a fixed compact interval regardless of the initial values chosen. Permanence is needed directly or indirectly in establishing other properties such as persistent bounded oscillaw x tions or the global attractivity of fixed points. For example, in 6 permanence of the equation
Development of low temperature Li-ion electrolytes for NASA and DoD applications

Both NASA and the U.S. Army have interest in developing secondary energy storage devices with improved low temperature performance to meet the demanding requirements of space missions and man-portable applications.
Observations on spine deformity and syringomyelia.

Objective Spine deformities, notably scoliosis, are known to occur in conjunction with syringomyelia. This study aims to analyze the effect of laminectomies performed in the course of treatment of syringomyelia. It examines the incidence, severity, and type of spine deformity as it relates to the extent and location of laminectomies performed. Methods Records of 169 patients were analyzed for evidence of spinal deformity on imaging studies for the extent of the syringomyelic cavities and for previous surgical procedures on the spine. This analysis included patients with syringomyelia related to Chiari malformation, as well as patients with primary spinal pathology. Results Spinal deformities were encountered in 41% of Chiari-syringomyelia patients who had not undergone previous surgery and in 57% of such patients who underwent reoperation. Scoliosis, the most common type of deformity encountered, was likely to be mild in patients who had not undergone previous surgery and severe in reoperated patients. Spine deformity was significantly more common in those patients who had more extensive bone removal. Conclusion Complete laminectomy should be avoided whenever possible in patients with syringomyelia because local denervation of the axial musculature, added to loss of medial anterior horn cells from syringomyelia, favors the development of spine deformities. This is particularly true of laminectomies performed at the junctional areas of the spine, i.e., cervical-thoracic and thoracolumbar. Hemilaminectomy usually suffices for shunt placement; instrumented stabilization should be considered in patients undergoing full laminectomy, especially those considered to be at high risk of developing deformity.
Electrospray ionization high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry.

High-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) is a new technique that separates gas-phase ions at atmospheric pressure (760 Torr) and room temperature. A FAIMS instrument acts as an ion filter and can be set to continuously transmit one type of ion. Despite the stringent requirement for a flow of clean, dry gas in the FAIMS analyzer region, a method of coupling electrospray to FAIMS has been developed. The identity of the electrospray ions separated by FAIMS was determined using mass spectrometry (FAIMS−MS). The theory of FAIMS is discussed, and electrospray FAIMS−MS spectra of several compounds in modes P1, P2, N1, and N2 are presented. Ions appearing in P1 and N1 modes tend to have mobilities that increase as a function of increasing electric field strength, whereas ions appearing in P2 and N2 modes tend to have mobilities that decrease. In general, low-mass ions are focused in P1 and N1 modes, whereas larger ions (e.g., proteins) are focused in P2 and N2 modes. Short-chain peptides, ...
Membrane labeling and immobilization viacopper-free click chemistry

Copper-free click chemistry was employed to derivatize membrane bilayers. This approach uses an azido-lipid conjugate presented on liposomes, which can be labeled in bioorthogonal fashion viacyclooctyne-tagged reagents. An immobilization-based approach using streptavidin-coated microplates was exploited to evaluate membrane derivatization.
Metabolism and Toxicity of Trichloroethylene and S-(1,2-Dichlorovinyl)-L-Cysteine in Freshly Isolated Human Proximal Tubular Cells

Trichloroethylene (Tri) caused modest cytotoxicity in freshly isolated human proximal tubular (hPT) cells, as assessed by significant decreases in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity after 1 h of exposure to 500 microM Tri. Oxidative metabolism of Tri by cytochrome P-450 to form chloral hydrate (CH) was only detectable in kidney microsomes from one patient out of four tested and was not detected in hPT cells. In contrast, GSH conjugation of Tri was detected in cells from every patient tested. The kinetics of Tri metabolism to its GSH conjugate S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)glutathione (DCVG) followed biphasic kinetics, with apparent Km and Vmax values of 0.51 and 24.9 mM and 0.10 and 1.0 nmol/min per mg protein, respectively. S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (DCVC), the cysteine conjugate metabolite of Tri that is considered the penultimate nephrotoxic species, caused both time- and concentration-dependent increases in LDH release in freshly isolated hPT cells. Preincubation of hPT cells with 0.1 mM aminooxyacetic acid did not protect hPT cells from DCVC-induced cellular injury, suggesting that another enzyme besides the cysteine conjugate beta-lyase may be important in DCVC bioactivation. This study is the first to measure the cytotoxicity and metabolism of Tri and DCVC in freshly isolated cells from the human kidney. These data indicate that the pathway involved in the cytotoxicity and metabolism of Tri in hPT cells is the GSH conjugation pathway and that the cytochrome P-450-dependent pathway has little direct role in renal Tri metabolism in humans.
A parallelization of the simplex method

This paper presents a parallelization of the simplex method for linear programming. Current implementations of the simplex method on sequential computers are based on a triangular factorization of the inverse of the current basis. An alternative decomposition designed for parallel computation, called the quadrant interlocking factorization, has previously been proposed for solving linear systems of equations. This research presents the theoretical justification and algorithms required to implement this new factorization in a simplex-based linear programming system.
Non-cooperative bargaining of N ⩾ 3 players

Abstract Extensions to N ⩾ 3 players of Rubenstein's (1982) bargaining model with fixed common discount factor are considered. If voting takes place simultaneously, then any partition of the cake is a subgame-perfect Nash equilibrium outcome.
Hydromagnetic wave propagation and excitation of Schumann resonances

Abstract The possibility of excitation of the Earth-ionosphere cavity by hydromagnetic waves propagated through the ionosphere is investigated. Propagation through the ionosphere is studied at frequencies near the lowest resonant frequencies of the Earth-ionosphere cavity (7–30 c/s) by use of Epstein's method. In this method, certain mathematical functions are assumed as layer profiles and the wave equation is transformed into the hypergeometric equation. The analysis is based on macroscopic equations for a partially ionized inhomogeneous plasma embedded in the Earth's magnetic field. It is assumed that hydromagnetic waves are incident from above and propagated parallel to the Earth's magnetic field. Power transmission coefficients are calculated employing complex refractive index profiles which approximate those obtained from available ionospheric data. The transmission coefficients, calculated for various times of day, show that maximum transmission occurs around local midnight and minimum transmission around local noon. The various single particle and instability mechanisms which could possibly lead to generation and amplification of hydromagnetic waves in the ionosphere are briefly discussed. The expected characteristics of electromagnetic noise in the Earth-ionosphere cavity resulting from excitation by hydromagnetic waves and by worldwide thunderstorm activity are discussed.
CDR Walking Mutagenesis for the Affinity Maturation of a Potent Human Anti-HIV-1 Antibody into the Picomolar Range

We describe the investigation of methodologies for the creation of very high affinity human antibodies. The high affinity human antibody b4/12 was optimized for its affinity to the human envelope glycoprotein gp120 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Five libraries of b4/12 were constructed by saturation mutagenesis of complementarity-determining regions (CDRs). Libraries of antibody Fab fragments were displayed on the surface of filamentous phage and selected in vitro for binding to immobilized gp120. Sequential and parallel optimization strategies of CDRs were examined. The sequential CDR walking strategy consistently yielded b4/12 variants of improved affinity in each of the four different optimization sequences examined. This resulted in a 96-fold improvement in affinity. Additivity effects in the antibody combining site were explored by combining independently optimized CDRs in the parallel optimization strategy. Six variants containing optimized CDRs were constructed. Improvement of affinity based on additivity effects proved to be unpredictable but did lead to a modest improvement in affinity. Indeed, only one of the six combinations demonstrated additivity. The highest affinity Fab prepared using this strategy was improved 420-fold in affinity. The affinity of this Fab was 15 pM as compared to 6.3 nM for b4/12. Examination of the kinetics of Fab binding to gp120 revealed that improvements in affinity were dominated by a slowing of the off-rate of the Fab. The methodology presented here provides a route for the improvement of the affinities of antibodies typical of tertiary immune responses into the picomolar range. Such improvements may have profound effects on the utility of antibodies as therapeutic and prophylactic agents.
The Election sermon: Primer for revolutionaries

Rhetorical analysis of occasion, audience, speaker, and speech is applied to a type of speaking that was popular in America between 1763 and 1783. The resulting portrait provides background which can enrich the study of a particular election sermon. It demonstrates, moreover, that the annual sermons followed a distinct pattern, and that in so doing, they popularized and reinforced by repetition the major philosophical underpinnings of the Revolution.
CYTOLOGICAL AND CYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON CYTAMOEBA BACTERIFERA LABB'E, 1894.

Cytamoeba bacterifera from urodeles ( Batrachoseps attenuatus, Aneides lugubris, A. flavipunctatus and Dicamptodon ensatus ) show a thin peripheral ring of DNA and a less definite, heterogeneous central portion after Feulgen treatment; toluidine blue reveals a similar configuration. Exposure to DNA-ase and RNA-ase, followed by toluidine blue and Feulgen treatment, substantiates the localization of DNA; RNA is present in small quantity and restricted to the periphery of the parasite. Mitochondria (2–5μ long rod-shaped, central bodies) can be detected with Janus Green B, and osmium tetroxide yields a dark central mass of rods and granules as well as peripheral granules; Sudan Black IV is without action. Zymohexase and acid phosphatase can be detected by cytochemical means, but peroxidase, lipase, urease and alkaline phosphatase were not noted. From the evidence presented, C. bacterifera is considered a living entity and is tentatively relegated to the Piroplasmida. The writer would like to express his appreciation to Dr R. S. Bray of the American Foundation for Tropical Medicine, Harbel, Liberia, for his counsel and suggestions.