cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unmasking of insulin receptors in fat cells and fat cell membranes. Perturbation of membrane lipids.

Digestion of isolated fat cells, fat cell membranes, and liver cell membranes with phospholipase C and phospholipase A from various sources leads to a 3- to 6-fold increase in the specific binding of 125I-insulin to receptors in the structures. Calcium is required for digestion with phospholipase A, and digestion with phospholipase D is without effect. In contrast to the studies with insulin, the specific binding of glucagon to its receptor in fat cells or fat cell membranes is diminished or destroyed after digestion with phospholipase C. The increase in the specific binding of insulin to fat cells or membranes after phospholipase digestion reflects an increase in the total quantity of receptor available for interaction with this hormone, and is not accompanied by a change in the affinity of the receptor-insulin complex. The effects of digestion with phospholipase C are observed even after severely modifying the normally exposed receptors by tryptic digestion. The rates of association and dissociation of the insulin-receptor complex, and the equilibrium constants of the complex, are nearly identical in native and phospholipase C-treated cells. Extraction of membrane lipids with organic solvents increases the capacity of the membrane to specifically bind insulin. Addition of the extracted lipids, or of certain phospholipids, such as phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine (dipalmityl), to phospholipase C-treated (and washed) membranes results in a partial reversal of the effects of phospholipase digestion. Certain lipid compounds (digitonin, vitamin K5) can partially mimic the effects of phospholipase digestion. The principal protein component of bee venom, mellitin, which can interact strongly with membrane phospholipids, increases the binding of insulin to fat cell membranes. Certain polyene antibiotics (nystatin, amphotericin B) which probably selectively disrupt sterol components of membranes, are without effect; whereas filipin, which can disrupt phospholipid structures, enhances the specific binding of insulin to membranes. The present studies indicate that displacement of phospholipids from liver and fat cell membranes can result in the unmasking of substantial quantities of insulin receptor which is probably identical with that normally exposed to the solvent in these cells.
Teenage Marriage, and the Socioeconomic Status of Hmong Women

The Hmong, who began migration to the United States of America in the latter half of the 1970s, represent a largely unstudied segment of the Asian-American population. Traditional practices such as teenage marriage were widely reported in the early years after migration began, but have been left relatively unexamined more recently. Explicit focus on Hmong women has been largely absent in recent research. This paper examines the relationships between marriage patterns, education and earnings among Hmong women in the United States. Using results from a survey of 186 Hmong women, the results of this study indicate high rates of teenage marriage, as well as associations between early marriage, marital abuse, and both low earnings and lower levels of educational attainment among women married as teenagers compared to Hmong women who waited until adult age to marry. There were signs of encouragement, including higher than anticipated rates of educational attainment among the sample overall. Marital stressors such as spousal abuse remain prevalent, especially among Hmong women who married in their teenage years. Implications of this research are discussed for both practitioners and for future directions in research within the Hmong-American community.
Clinical Pathologic Quiz

Rosette-like structures in the bone marrow of a child with recent treatment for Neuroblastoma: the story of red cells in a “green machine”!
Ectopic pregnancy after hysterectomy may not be so uncommon: A case report and review of the literature.

Abstract Background Ectopic pregnancy after hysterectomy is a very uncommon event, but its frequency is increasing. Since first reported by Wendler in 1895, 71 cases of post-hysterectomy have been reported. Case A woman, 2years after an abdominal supracervical hysterectomy, presented with a ruptured fallopian tube ectopic pregnancy. Conclusion Any woman, even after hysterectomy but with ovaries in situ, who presents with an acute abdomen or abdominal–pelvic pain should be screened for pregnancy.
Diffuse pulmonary meningotheliomatosis: A diagnostically challenging entity on fine-needle aspiration cytology

Diffuse pulmonary meningotheliomatosis (DPM) is an exceedingly rare entity consisting of multiple minute pulmonary meningothelial-like nodules profusely involving the lungs. To the best of our knowledge, we present the first cytologic description of this uncommon lesion from a 57-year-old nonsmoking woman. Computerized tomographic-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology from a left upper lobe nodule showed whorled/nested clusters of elongated cells with oval nuclei, clear pseudonuclear inclusions, nuclear grooves/indentations, smooth nuclear contours, fine granular chromatin, inconspicuous nucleoli, and abundant fibrillary cytoplasm with indistinct cell borders. The subsequent pulmonary wedge resections confirmed the diagnosis of DPM. As this condition is exceptionally rare, familiarity with these cytologic features is of the essence to accurately establish this challenging diagnosis.
Effect of alcohol and stress on emotion and physiological arousal

Forty-eight male normal drinkers were given a beverage to drink containing either tonic plus alcohol or tonic alone, and then were asked to perform arithmetic problems under either stressful or nonstressful conditions. Self-report measures of positive and negative affect and actual measures of physiological arousal (pulse rate and finger pulse volume) were collected at four times: baseline, ascending limb of the blood concentration BAC curve. Results indicated that (a) the stress manipulation was effective in increasing negative and actual physiological arousal, (b) subjects were more accurate in estimating the amount of alcohol they consumed under stressful than under nonstressful conditions, (c) alcohol was not effective in reducing the negative affect or physiological arousal produced by the stress, and (d) alcohol was effective in reducing negative affect and increasing positive affect under nonstressful conditions. These results support the growing body of research that suggests that alcohol produces a complex pattern of responses, one of which may be the enhancement of mood under nonstressful conditions.
Hume's Theory of Mental Representation

Hume's arguments in the Treatise require him to employ not only the copy principle, which explains the intrinsic properties of perceptions, but also a thesis that explains the representational content of a perception. I propose that Hume holds the semantic copy principle, which states that a perception represents that of which it is a copy. Hume employs this thesis in a number of his most important arguments, and his doing so enables him to answer an important objection concerning the status of the copy principle. I further argue that the semantic copy principle is necessary, a priori, and discovered through an analysis of our general idea of representational content.
Fallibilism and concessive knowledge attributions

In this paper Jason Stanley challenge the claim made by Lewis that the contextualist semantics for ‘know’ gives the best explanation for the oddity caused by the claim made by falibilism. Stanley explains the oddity of falibilism without embracing contextualism. Thus, he appeals to a knowledge account of assertion to conclude that the contextualist motivation presupposed by Lewis is not so compelling, since it is not necessary to appeal to semantics in order to explain the oddity of falibilism.
The positioning of clitic pronouns in Spanish

Abstract Conditions on rules affecting the positioning of Spanish clitic pronouns within a transformational framework are discussed. It is argued that the Specified Subject Condition and the Tensed Sentence Condition are irrelevant to the analysis. The primary conditions which must be satisfied for a clitic pronoun to move from one verb to another are that the verbs must be adjacent to each other and that the target verb must be ‘superior’ to the source verb. It is proposed that the work done by transformations can be greatly reduced if clitic pronouns are generated adjacent to their verbs by the phrase structure rules. This phrase structure analysis allows the straight-forward explanation of some data which are troublesome for the full transformational analysis. The Clause Reduction analysis of clitic positioning is discussed and rejected. Finally, some still unexplained facts are presented.
Human patient simulator for training oral and maxillofacial surgery residents in general anesthesia and airway management.

Since Horace Wells discovered nitrous oxide as a general anesthetic agent for the extraction of teeth in 1844, oral and maxillofacial surgeons have been intimately involved in the development, use, and promotion of anesthesia. 1 Anesthesia has been most instrumental in shaping our specialty’s place in the health care field and a few far-sighted dentists who had extraordinary compassion for their patients, helped to promote the importance of anesthesia to the profession of oral and maxillofacial surgery. The first oral and maxillofacial surgery residencies were established at Cincinnati General and the University of Michigan Hospitals in 1917. In the early years, anesthesia training for oral and maxillofacial surgeons involved preceptorship, with pioneering oral surgeons acting as the instructors and their offices serving as the training facilities; while others gained their anesthesia training in nurse anesthetist programs. Hospital anesthesia in the United States was administered primarily by nurse anesthetists until the establishment of a medical specialty of anesthesiology after World War II. When the medical specialty developed, it controlled residency training for anesthesiologists and took over the training of nurse anesthetists as well. As time progressed, physician anesthesiologists replaced nurse anesthetists as the persons responsible for hospital anesthesia training programs. During the late 1940s and into the 1950s, the American Society of Oral Surgeons did much to persuade training centers to establish hospital-based anesthesia programs for oral surgeons. Because oral surgeons use significant intravenous and inhalational analgesia and anesthesia in their practice, 2 it became imperative that they were competent in the basics of sedation and airway management. Structured training and experience in general anesthesia finally became available during this time, and oral surgery trainees began to receive training in departments of anesthesiology. Traditionally residents have been trained in anesthesia with a combination of classroom learning and hands-on clinical application in the operating room. Today, with the advent of human patient simulators, the method to train oral and maxillofacial surgery residents in anesthesia and sedation, along with anesthesia residents themselves, is evolving. Because patient simulators have demonstrated educational value for teaching critical care skills including advanced cardiac life support without exposing real patients to risk, 3 we developed a training program to help oral and maxillofacial residents gain the required sedation, analgesic, and airway management skills necessary for modern oral surgery practice. We present the use of the METI (Medical Educational Technologies Incorporated, Sarasota, FL) human patient simulator (HPS) for the structured training of oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS) residents in the basics of general anesthesia, intravenous analgesia/sedation, and airway management skills.
Eastern Tropical Ocean Response to Changing Wind Systems: with Application to El Niño

Abstract El Nino is an anomalous condition that historically has been studied in the coastal region of the eastern tropical South Pacific. The phenomenon is commonly characterized there by the rapid appearance of anomalously high sea level and sea surface temperatures, and southward transport of the warmer, fresher equatorial waters. Observational evidence also suggests that El Nino is associated with a large-scale weakening of the equatorial wind systems over a large extent of the ocean interior. The problem investigated here is whether these ocean and atmosphere events are dynamically connected. A model is used to follow the initial baroclinic response of the eastern Pacific Ocean to different distributions of interior wind stress change. Model results suggest the following conclusions. Changes in the meridional wind field cannot cause an El Nino event. Changes in the zonal wind field outside of the equatorial band (roughly ±5° of latitude) are not important in generating El Nino. A symmetric weakening ...
Characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci in the red harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex barbatus

The red harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex barbatus, is a monogynous, polyandrous species: each ant colony is founded by a single queen that has mated with one or more males. To study levels of polyandry within a colony, as well as relationships among colonies, we developed 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci for P. barbatus. With the number of alleles per locus ranging from 3 to 39, and expected heterozygosities of 0.58–0.95, these markers promise to be useful in the study of colony and population genetic structure.
Quantitative study of oxygen enhancement of sputtered ion yields. I. Argon ion bombardment of a silicon surface with O2 flood

Abstract A novel quantification approach is applied to determine in situ the amount of surface oxygen within the sputtered particle escape depth during steady-state sputter depth profiling of silicon under simultaneous oxygenation with an oxygen flood gas or with an oxygen primary ion beam. Quantification is achieved by comparing the secondary ion intensities of 16 O that is adsorbed or implanted at the Si surface with the measured peak intensities of a calibrated 18 O ion implant used as a reference standard. Sputtered ion yields can thereby be related to surface oxygen levels. In the present work the dependences of the partial silicon sputter yield Y and of the positive and negative secondary ion useful yields UY(X ± ) (X = B, O, Al, Si, P) on the oxygen/silicon ratio, O/Si, in the sputtered flux are studied for 40 Ar + bombardment of Si with simultaneous O 2 flooding. The silicon sputter yield is found to decrease with increasing flood pressure and O/Si ratio by up to a factor of 3. Both positive and negative secondary ion yields are enhanced by the presence of oxygen at the silicon surface. The useful ion yield of Si + scales non-linearly with the atom fraction of surface oxygen; this behavior is shown to invalidate models that suggest that Si + ion yield enhancement is dominated either by isolated oxygen atoms or by formation of SiO 2 precipitates. In contrast a microscopic statistical model that assumes that local Si + ion formation depends only on the number of oxygen atoms coordinated to the Si atom to be ejected fits the ion yield data quantitatively.
Sizes and locations of coronal mass ejections - SMM observations from 1980 and 1984-1989

A statistical description of the sizes and locations of 1209 mass ejections observed with the SMM coronagraph/polarimeter in 1980 and 1984-1989 is presented. The average width of the coronal mass ejections detected with this instrument was close to 40 deg in angle for the entire period of SMM observations. No evidence was found for a significant change in mass ejection widths as reported by Howard et al. (1986). There is clear evidence for changes in the latitude distribution of mass ejections over this epoch. Mass ejections occurred over a much wider range of latitudes at the times of high solar activity (1980 and 1989) than at times of low activity (1985-1986).
Fibroepithelial polyps of ureter.

Abstract A case of benign fib roepithelial polyp of the right ureter is reported because of lack of symptoms referable to the polyp. absence of ureteric dilatation proximal to the mass, and the rarity of a mass projecting through the ureteric orifice producing a filling defect in the bladder.
Cooperative versus non-cooperative game theoretical techniques for Energy Aware Task scheduling

This paper proposes energy-efficient scheduling algorithms for distributed heterogeneous grids. The conservation of energy consumption has a tirade of effects that improve system reliability, increases in the lifespan of the system, ideally with only a linear degradation in performance. With a few restrictions and proper modeling, we convert the Energy Aware Task Allocation (EATA) problem into a Bargaining game, wherein the machines compete with each other. Although we have done work previously in addressing the EATA problem, the question arises whether the players should cooperate or not. In this paper, we compare cooperative and non-cooperative games for the EATA problem on a heterogeneous set of machines. The contribution of the paper is not just the comparison of the two approaches but also two new algorithms for the EATA problem with energy consumption as the primary objective. The energy savings generated by the proposed algorithms is achieved through Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) at the processor level. The comparison leads to some interesting results, highlighting the strength of each scheme.
The Protective Role of Attachment to God Against Eating Disorder Risk Factors: Concurrent and Prospective Evidence

This short-term longitudinal study explored whether a secure relationship with God would protect young women (N = 231, M = 19.2) from the impact of four risk factors for eating disturbance: pressure to be thin; thin-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction; and dieting. Analyses showed that women with secure attachment to God experienced reduced levels of each risk factor. Prospective data showed that pressure to be thin and thin-ideal internalization predicted body dissatisfaction only for women with an anxious insecure attachment to God. The data indicate that women who feel loved and accepted by God are buffered from eating disorder risk factors.
Clinical instruction and student outcomes

Despite changes that have taken place in health care systems, few changes have occurred in undergraduate clinical nursing education. High patient acuity and great needs for skilled technical nursing care make demands for clinical competence among newly graduated nurses across the United States an on-going concern (Matsumura, Callister, Palmer, Cox, & Larsen, 2004; Orsolini-Hain & Malone, 2007). This integrated literature review explores factors that influence student clinical outcomes and examines ways current clinical nursing education best supports student learning outcomes. A literature search was conducted using the terms nursing education and clinical education using the CINAHL database. Fourteen articles that met the inclusion criteria and focused on student outcomes were included in this review. Findings indicated that wise use of skills laboratories, consistent clinical placement, supportive clinical learning environments, and effective coaching by clinical educators positively affect student outcomes. Findings indicate that more vigorous research is needed to determine optimal faculty-student ratios, clinical hours, and clinical sequence in undergraduate nursing education.
Labeling Theory in Deviance Research: A Critique and Reconsideration

The labeling, or interactionist, theory of deviance is reviewed and critically evaluated with brief attention focused on alternative formulations as these have influenced the labeling conception. D...
Anaemia in bursectomized irradiated chickens.

WE have found that a significant percentage of bursectomized irradiated chickens develop a severe anaemia. White leghorn chickens (DeKalb strain 161) were surgically bursectomized when they hatched and given 600 r. of X-irradiation as previously described1. Control animals received X-irradiation only. The animals were housed in conventional animal quarters and given free access to water and food. At 8 weeks of age heparinized blood samples were collected from a wing vein, and red and white blood cells were counted using the Natt–Herrick stain2. Blood smears were prepared and stained with Wright–Giemsa stain, and were examined for the presence of immature erythrocyte forms. Further, the number of lymphocytes per microscopic high power visual field was determined. The haemoglobin concentrations and the haematocrits of the blood samples were determined. The Coombs direct test10 was performed on the blood samples, using a rabbit antiserum raised against chicken IgG as antiglobulin reagent.
Microstructural characterization of a creep-deformed SiC whisker-reinforced Si3N4

Abstract Constant compressive stress-creep experiments have been conducted in the temperature and stress ranges of 1470–1720 K and 50–350 MPa, respectively, on a 30 vol% SiC whisker-reinforced Si 3 N 4 composite containing sintering aids of 1.5 wt% Al 2 O 3 and 6.0 wt% Y 2 O 3 . This work focuses on two independent creep experiments conducted at 1470 and 1620 K, both in the stress range 50–350 MPa. At 1620 K, the stress exponent, n , exhibited a bilinear behavior with n n >1 in the high-stress regime. This behavior was not observed at 1470 K. Various electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques have been used to completely characterize the microstructure of the as-received, annealed, and crept materials. Transmission electron microscopy observations on samples taken before and after the change in n at 1620 K were compared to observations on material crept at 1470 K to clarify the microstructural phenomena controlling the break in the creep curve. Interfaces between Si 3 N 4 grains and the whisker reinforcement were examined using high-resolution electron microscopy. The relationships between observed microstructural changes and high-temperature mechanical properties are presented.
Internet cruising with the Internet Hunt

Heard of some interesting new resource on the Internet? Wondering how to get access? Feeling like the Internet is a confusing collection of tools and data? Archie, telnet, gopher, WAIS, Usenet, FTP, world‐wide‐web, Freenet, finger …
Wave propagation in a random particulate composite at long and short wavelengths

Abstract This paper is concerned with an experimental determination of the longitudinal and the shear wave velocities, 〈 C 1 〉 and 〈 C 2 〉, in a random particulate composite at both the long and the short wavelength limits. An extensive investigation of the problem has been carried out by using thirty-five specimens with three different ball sizes and five different volume fractions of inclusions. Let δ = λ / a , where λ is the shortest of the four wavelengths and a is the inclusion radius. When δ ⪢ 1, the experiments were found to be in good agreement with the available long-wavelength (or static) analyses; the wave propagation was found to be fairly non-dispersive; and contrary to the key assumption of long-wavelengths, these theories have been shown to be good down to δ = 1.15. When δ ≈ 1, the incident time-harmonic sinusoidal toneburst is severely distorted; neither 〈 C 1 〉 nor 〈 C 2 〉 could be measured. When δ ⪡ l , the distortion disappears, the wave propagation becomes, once again, weakly dispersive, but 〈 C 1 〉 is significantly higher than its long-wavelength limit. Finally, some evidence is presented which indicates that the wave-propagation may be occurring along two separate branches: (1) the lower or the acoustical branch; and (2) the upper or the optical branch. These are separated by a cut-off range of frequencies corresponding to δ ≈ 1.
Photoinduced Inter- and Intra-Ion-Pair Electron Transfer Reactions in N-(p-Benzoylbenzyl)-N,N,N-tri-n-butylammonium Triphenyl-n-butylborate and -Gallate Salts

The photoreduction of N-(p-benzoylbenzyl)-N,N,N-tri-n-butylammonium triphenyl-n-butylborate (1) and gallate (2) was studied using nano- and picosecond laser flash photolysis. An electron transfer reaction from the borate or the gallate counteranion to the excited triplet state of the benzophenone moiety (BP*3) was demonstrated. This reaction leads to the formation of benzophenone radical anion (6) and the boranyl radical, the latter of which dissociates rapidly to form butyl radical. The electron transfer rate was found to depend on the polarity of the solvent. In neat benzene, the short lifetime of the triplet obtained (300 ± 150 ps) indicates an intramolecular process and that the compounds exist as tight ion pairs. The addition of 1% MeCN increases the triplet lifetime up to 1.2 ns. The formation of a solvent-separated ion pair was suggested in this solvent mixture. However, in the polar solvent MeCN, 1 and 2 exist partially as free ions as determined by their dissociation constants. A diffusion-contro...
The Development of a Computer Simulation Model of Driver Performance to Predict Accident Probability

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) is sponsoring the development of a computer simulation model of driver/vehicle system performance in various accidently likely traffic scenarios. Its acronym is DRIVEM (Driver Vehicle Effectiveness Model). By modeling driver detection of critical events (e.g., lead car deceleration), evasive maneuver decision making, control inputs, and the subsequent vehicle trajectory, DRIVEM can translate the diverse research data on driver performance into quantitative predictions of accident probability. When the model is fully developed, NHTSA will have an analytic tool to permit it to quickly and inexpensively compare alternative crash avoidance measures. This paper summarizes the development of DRIVEM, its submodels, its limitations, and needed refinements.
Positive solutions for infinite semipositone problems with falling zeros

Abstract We consider the positive solutions to the singular problem (P) { − Δ u = a u − f ( u ) − c u α in Ω u = 0 on ∂ Ω where 0 α 1 , a > 0 and c > 0 are constants, Ω is a bounded domain with smooth boundary and f : [ 0 , ∞ ) → R is a continuous function. We assume that there exist M > 0 , A > 0 , p > 1 such that a u − M ≤ f ( u ) ≤ A u p , for all u ∈ [ 0 , ∞ ) . A simple example of f satisfying these assumptions is f ( u ) = u p for any p > 1 . We use the method of sub–supersolutions to prove the existence of a positive solution of (P) when a > 2 λ 1 1 + α and c is small. Here λ 1 is the first eigenvalue of operator − Δ with Dirichlet boundary conditions. We also extend our result to classes of infinite semipositone systems.
Atmospheric Chemistry of Selected Hydroxycarbonyls

Using a relative rate method, rate constants have been measured at 296 ± 2 K for the gas-phase reactions of the OH radical with 1-hydroxy-2-butanone, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 1-hydroxy-3-butanone, 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-butanone, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butanone, and 4-hydroxy-3-hexanone, with rate constants (in units of 10-12 cm3 molecule-1 s-1) of 7.7 ± 1.7, 10.3 ± 2.2, 8.1 ± 1.8, 16.2 ± 3.4, 0.94 ± 0.37, and 15.1 ± 3.1, respectively, where the error limits include the estimated overall uncertainty in the rate constant for the reference compound. Rate constants were also measured for reactions with NO3 radicals and O3. Rate constants for the NO3 radical reactions (in units of 10-16 cm3 molecule-1 s-1) were 1-hydroxy-2-butanone, <9; 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 6.5 ± 2.2; 1-hydroxy-3-butanone, <22; 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-butanone, <22; 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butanone, <2; and 4-hydroxy-3-hexanone, 12 ± 4, where the error limits include the estimated overall uncertainties in the rate constants for the reference compounds. N...
Solution of the 3-D Schrodinger Equation with Tensor Effective Mass based on Perfectly Matched Layer and Spectral Element Methods

A simple and systematic algorithm based on the perfectly matched layer (PML) method and spectral element method (SEM) is introduced to solve the 3-D Schrodinger equation with tensor effective mass. This algorithm extends the lead regions of a device into artificial PML media, where a modified Schrodinger equation is satisfied. The interface between the physical and PML media has zero reflection coefficients, thus waves attenuating rapidly into the PML region before transmitting to the contact boundary. This algorithm provides a highly effective open boundary condition in solving quantum transport problems. The additional PML region can be designed such that less than -100 dB incoming waves are reflected by this artificial material with the implementation of the spectral element method. Consequently, the solution of the Schrodinger equation and thus the current in the original device region do not deviate from the correct solution. In this algorithm, the transmitted wave function is treated as a total wave instead of being decomposed into waveguide modes, therefore, it significantly simplifies the problem in comparison with conventional open boundary conditions. The implementation of the tensor effective mass provides an excellent tool to study strain effects along any arbitrary orientation. Within this PML implementation, the spectral element method has been applied to achieve an error that exponentially decreases with the increase of the polynomial order and sampling points. This accuracy has been demonstrated by comparing the numerical and analytical results from waveguide examples, and its utility is illustrated by multiple-port devices and nanotube devices.
Interpretation of the forms of inclusions in bean systemically infected with tobacco mosaic virus.

Abstract Various forms of inclusions were observed in fixed epidermal cells of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Prince) within 7 days after inoculation with the Lister and Thresh bean strain of tobacco mosaic virus. Examination of living cells showed that the inclusions, unlike the nuclei and in spite of their large size, were freely carried about in the cytoplasmic stream. Observations of rotating inclusions indicated that the supposedly different forms of inclusions are actually only different views of one type. In one view, arbitrarily defined as the profile view, the inclusion generally is spindle-shaped and it appears to have striations running throughout its length. If the inclusion is rotated around a striation line as an axis through 90° from the profile view, the face view is observed and the inclusion now may appear as a granular ameboid body or as a rounded clear homogeneous inclusion with internal circular markings. Viewed at various other angles, the inclusion may appear oval to spindle-shaped with various internal fibrous markings. Only the profile showed a weak birefringence. Addition of weak acid to living tissue resulted in the rounding of the striated spindle profile views, disappearance of the striations, and the formation of virus needle crystals at right angles to the original striations. The proposed model of the inclusion is a pack of disks of various diameters.
Can human autonomic classical conditioning occur without contingency awareness? The critical importance of the trial sequence

Abstract Most evidence suggests that awareness of the CS–US contingency is necessary for human autonomic conditioning. However, Schultz and Helmstetter (2010) reported unaware skin conductance conditioning using difficult-to-discriminate visual CSs. We sought to replicate these findings with procedures nearly identical to Schultz and Helmstetter among 66 participants. Results replicated the findings of significantly greater autonomic responding to CS+ than CS−; however, participants also demonstrated greater expectancy of shock to CS+ than CS− despite being classified as unaware. The differential expectancy and conditioning occurred only on trials that followed a CS+/CS− alternating sequence. On non-alternating trials, there was significantly higher expectancy and skin conductance responding to CS− compared to CS+. These results indicate that what initially appeared to be unaware differential conditioning was likely due to differential expectancy arising from a predictable trial sequence. These results underscore the critical importance of controlling for trial sequence effects in the study of learning.
Stochastic analysis of noisy gene expression

We give an overview of the numerical and analytical methods for modeling and analysis of cellular noise in gene regulatory networks.
Slip Systems and Initiation of Plasticity in a Body-Centered-Cubic Titanium Alloy

To determine statistically relevant microstructure-yield correlations in three-dimensional (3-D) microstructures, large volumes comprised of many grains must be studied. With the aim of limiting computational loads without reducing the fidelity of the volume being simulated, this work investigates the use of reduced constitutive parameters, specifically the number of available slip systems, to analyze initial plastic flow in the microstructure. This is performed by embedding a 3-D reconstruction of a single-phase beta-Ti microstructure in a finite element (FE) computational model and subjecting it to a number of loading conditions. Three separate single-crystal plasticity formulations were used for each loading: reduced 12 slip systems (〈111〉{110} family), reduced 24 slip systems (〈111〉{110} + 〈111〉{112} families), and full 48 slip systems (〈111〉{110} + 〈111〉{112} + 〈111〉{123} families). The analysis results show that the 24-slip-system model accurately predicts the global stress-strain behavior and locations of initial yield under all loadings, with no more than 10 pct error in the spatial description of local state variables compared to the full 48-slip-system model. The 12-slip-system model generally follows the full model predictions and provides an even better cost improvement, but with errors in excess of 40 pct in local descriptions. Computational cost and data reduction are improved by 26 and 53 pct, respectively.
Human Copper Transporter 1 Lacking O-Linked Glycosylation Is Proteolytically Cleaved in a Rab9-positive Endosomal Compartment

The human copper transporter hCTR1 is a homotrimer composed of a plasma membrane protein of 190 amino acids that contains three transmembrane segments. The extracellular 65-amino acid amino terminus of hCTR1 contains both N-linked (at Asn15) and O-linked (at Thr27) sites of glycosylation. If O-glycosylation at Thr27 is prevented, hCTR1 is efficiently cleaved, removing ∼30 amino acids from the amino terminus. We have now investigated (i) the site of this cleavage, determining which peptide bonds are cleaved, (ii) the mechanism by which glycosylation prevents cleavage, and (iii) where in the cell the proteolytic cleavage takes place. Cleavage occurs in the sequence Ala-Ser-His-Ser-His (residues 29–33), which does not contain previously recognized protease cleavage sites. Using a series of hCTR1 mutants, we show that cleavage occurs preferentially between residues Ala29–Ser30–His31. We also show that the O-linked polysaccharide at Thr27 blocks proteolysis due to its proximity to the cleavage site. Moving the cleavage site away from the Thr27 polysaccharide by insertion of as few as 5 amino acids allows cleavage to occur in the presence of glycosylation. Imaging studies using immunofluorescence in fixed cells and a functional green fluorescent protein-tagged hCTR1 transporter in live cells showed that the cleaved peptide accumulates in punctate structures in the cytoplasm. These puncta overlap compartments were stained by Rab9, indicating that hCTR1 cleavage occurs in a late endosomal compartment prior to delivery of the transporter to the plasma membrane.
Kondo temperature of a quantum dot

We study the dependence of the Kondo temperature on the gate voltage in a strongly blockaded quantum dot with a small single-particle level spacing. We show that the dependence cannot be fitted to that of the Anderson impurity model with the gate voltage-independent level width. The effect originates in high-order tunneling processes, which make a dominant contribution to the exchange amplitude when the gate voltage is tuned away from the middle of the Coulomb blockade valley.
Simulated training in colonoscopic stenting of colonic strictures: validation of a cadaver model.

Aim There are currently no available simulation models for training in colonoscopic stent deployment. The aim of this study was to validate a cadaver model for simulation training in colonoscopy with stent deployment for colonic strictures. Method This was a prospective study enrolling surgeons at a single institution. Participants performed colonoscopic stenting on a cadaver model. Their performance was assessed by two independent observers. Measurements were performed for quantitative analysis (time to identify stenosis, time for deployment, accuracy) and a weighted score was devised for assessment. The Mann–Whitney U-test and Student's t-test were used for nonparametric and parametric data, respectively. Cohen's kappa coefficient was used for reliability. Results Twenty participants performed a colonoscopy with deployment of a self-expandable metallic stent in two cadavers (groups A and B) with 20 strictures overall. The median time was 206 s. The model was able to differentiate between experts and novices (P = 0. 013). The results showed a good consensus estimate of reliability, with kappa = 0.571 (P < 0.0001). Conclusion The cadaver model described in this study has content, construct and concurrent validity for simulation training in colonoscopic deployment of self-expandable stents for colonic strictures. Further studies are needed to evaluate the predictive validity of this model in terms of skill transfer to clinical practice.
Biological Impact of the TSHβ Splice Variant in Health and Disease

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), a glycoprotein hormone composed of alpha and beta chains, is produced by thryrotrope cells of the anterior pituitary. Within the conventional endocrine loop, pituitary-derived TSH binds to receptors in the thyroid, resulting in the release of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). T4 and T3 in turn regulate nearly every aspect of mammalian physiology, including basal metabolism, growth and development, and mood and cognition. Although TSH-beta has been known for years to be produced by cells of the immune system, the significance of that has remained largely unclear. Recently, a splice variant of TSH-beta (TSH-beta-v), which consists of a truncated but biologically functional portion of the native form of TSH-beta, was shown to be produced by bone marrow cells and peripheral blood leukocytes, particularly cells of the myeloid/monocyte lineage. In contrast, full-length native TSH-beta is minimally produced by cells of the immune system. The present article will describe the discovery of the TSH-beta-v and will discuss its potential role in immunity and autoimmunity, inflammation, and bone remodeling.
Time-band limiting matrices and lamé's equation

Proprietes des fonctions de Gegenbauer. Equation de Lame. Equation determinant l'existence d'une matrice tridiagonale commutante. Demonstration de la non-existence d'une matrice tridiagonale commutante pour l'equation de Lame. Etudes numeriques
Fast vesicle transport in PC12 neurites: velocities and forces

Although the mechanical behavior of single-motor protein molecules such as kinesin has been carefully studied in buffer, the mechanical behavior of motor-driven vesicles in cells is much less understood. We have tracked single vesicles in neurites of PC12 cells with a spatial precision of ±30 nm and a time resolution of 120 ms. Because the neurites are thin, long, straight, and attached to the surface of planar cover glasses, the velocity of individual vesicles could be measured for times as long as 15 s and distances as long as 15 μm. The velocity of anterograde vesicles was in most cases constant for periods of 1–2 s, then changed in a step-like fashion to a new constant velocity. The viscoelastic modulus felt by the vesicles within live PC12 cells was determined from the Brownian motion, using Mason’s generalization of the Stokes–Einstein equation. From Stokes’ law, the drag force at the smallest sustained velocity was 4.2±0.6 pN for vesicles of radius 0.30–0.40 μm, about half the maximum force which conventional kinesin can develop during bead assays in buffer. We interpret the observed velocity steps as changes of ±1 or occasionally ±2 in the number of active motor proteins dragging that vesicle along a microtubule. Assuming that the motor is conventional kinesin, which hydrolyzes one ATP per 8 nm step along the microtubule, the motor protein efficiency in PC12 neurites is approximately 35%.
The Social Participation of Blacks: A Proposed Synthesis of Two Competing Theories

Discrepant findings have typified the research concerning the social participation of blacks in America. The bulk of the findings would seem to posit three competing theories, one emphasizing low participation levels on the part of blacks, and the later two emphasizing high levels of social participation. These theories are examined and a synthesis of the “isolation” and “compensation” models is proposed. By examining both formal and informal types of social participation on the part of blacks, it is argued that both theories are viable toward explaining variation within black participation levels in particular and toward mediating the discrepant findings as they have been previously offered in general. Some support is found for such a proposed synthesis.
A lower bound for distributed averaging algorithms on the line graph

We derive lower bounds on the convergence speed of a widely used class of distributed averaging algorithms. In particular, we prove that any distributed averaging algorithm whose state consists of a single real number and whose (possibly nonlinear) update function satisfies a natural smoothness condition has a worst case running time of at least on the order of n2 on a line network of n nodes. Our results suggest that increased memory or expansion of the state space is crucial for improving the running times of distributed averaging algorithms.
Antilisterial effects of free fatty acids and monolaurin in beef emulsions and hot dogs

Abstract This study was undertaken to screen fatty acids, conjugated isomers of linoleic acid (CLA), and monolaurin for antilisterial effects in broth, and to further test the active compounds in cooked comminuted beef and hot dogs. Capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid, CLA and monolaurin were screened in sterile nutrient broth at concentrations of 5 to 700 μg/ml. The media were inoculated with ∼10 3 cfu/ml of L. monocytogenes strain Scott A and incubated at 32°C for up to 8 days. Cell enumeration data showed that lauric acid was most inhibitory, followed by monolaurin, and capric acid. Tests in comminuted sterile beef stored at 5°C for 21 days showed log cfu/g of: 8.5 (control), 7.3 (500 μg/g lauric acid), and 4.7 (500 lauric acid+300 capric acid). Similar results were observed in beef hot dog emulsion to which lauricidin, lauric acid, capric acid, and the acid combination were added prior to heat treatment. At 500 μg/g, monolaurin and lauric acid caused similar delayed growth effects at 5°C, whereas the combination of the two acids showed enhanced inhibition on prolonged storage. Nonetheless, the observed 5-log increase in numbers of L. monocytogenes during 45 days of storage indicates limited control of the pathogen in refrigerated cooked meat products.
Child dissociation and the family context

Forty boys and their parents completed measures of dissociation, state anxiety, and perceptions of parental behaviors. Mothers completed a behavior problems checklist about their sons. The results indicated a correspondence between fathers' and sons' dissociation scores. In addition, links were found between parental dissociation, parental inconsistency and rejection, and child dissociation. The findings are discussed in the context of several recently proposed models of the etiology of child dissociative disorders.
A q-analog of the 5F4(1) summation theorem for hypergeometric series well-poised in SU(n)

Abstract As an application of a general q -difference equation for basic hypergeometric series well-poised in SU ( n ), an elementary proof is given of a q -analog of Holman's SU ( n ) generalization of the terminating 5 F 4 (1) summation theorem. This provides an SU ( n ) generalization of the terminating 6 Φ 5 summation theorem for classical basic hypergeometric series.
The endogenous chromophore of retinal G protein-coupled receptor opsin from the pigment epithelium.

The recent identification of nonvisual opsins has revealed an expanding family of vertebrate opsin genes. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and Muller cells contain a blue and UV light-absorbing opsin, the RPE retinal G protein-coupled receptor (RGR, or RGR opsin). The spectral properties of RGR purified from bovine RPE suggest that RGR is conjugated in vivo to a retinal chromophore through a covalent Schiff base bond. In this study, the isomeric structure of the endogenous chromophore of RGR was identified by the hydroxylamine derivatization method. The retinaloximes derived from RGR in the dark consisted predominantly of the all-trans isomer. Irradiation of RGR with 470-nm monochromatic or near-UV light resulted in stereospecific isomerization of the bound all-trans-retinal to an 11-cisconfiguration. The stereospecificity of photoisomerization of the all-trans-retinal chromophore of RGR was lost by denaturation of the protein in SDS. Under the in vitroconditions, the photosensitivity of RGR is at least 34% that of bovine rhodopsin. These results provide evidence that RGR is bound in vivo primarily to all-trans-retinal and is capable of operating as a stereospecific photoisomerase that generates 11-cis-retinal in the pigment epithelium.
Random quasiperiodic halftone process

Images that have been halftoned with a periodic screen may suffer from several kinds of defects, including Moire patterns which result when the original image contains periodic structures with periods near that of the screen. A random quasiperiodic halftone process is proposed to eliminate these defects. The process can be implemented either as a contact screen or electronically. The statistical mean and covariance of the spectrum of the halftone image are derived. Experimental work confirms the results of the analysis and shows the effectiveness of the random quasiperiodic process in eliminating the defects found in periodically halftoned images.
Effect of Decreased Glucose Concentration on Cerebrovascular Tone In Vitro

We studied the effect of decreased glucose concentration on cerebrovascular tone in vitro. Segments of rat middle cerebral arteries (MCA) were isolated, cannulated at both ends with glass micropipettes, and pressurized to 85 mm Hg. Decreasing the glucose in the extraluminal bath and luminal perfusate from 5.5 mmol/L to 1.0 or 0.5 mmol/L for 1.5 hours each had no significant effect on the diameter of the arteries. When all the glucose was removed from the extraluminal bath and luminal perfusate for 1.5 hours, the MCA dilated by 23% [252 +/- 24 (SD) microns to 311 +/- 7 microns (P < .5, n = 7)]. This dilation was 80% of the maximum dilation produced by removal of Ca+2 from the bathing solutions. Neither removal of the endothelium nor inhibition of the ATP-sensitive K channels with 10(-5) mol/L glibenclamide altered the response of the isolated MCA to the removal of glucose. We conclude that rat MCA are relatively more resistant to substrate limitation compared to the brain as a whole.
A tale of timing and transport.

Abstract Excitatory and inhibitory synapses show long-term plasticity, but spike timing-dependent plasticity was seen only at excitatory connections. No longer. In this issue of Neuron , Woodin et al. demonstrate that coincident pre- and postsynaptic activity acts on the neuronal K + /Cl − cotransporter KCC2 to shift the reversal potential for Cl − and thus alters the effectiveness of GABAergic synapses.