cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phospholipid degradation and edema development in cold-injured rat brain

Development of brain edema following various pathological insults occurs after some delay. The mechanism of the delay is poorly understood. Using an in vivo model of cold-injury to study the time course of edema development, the present study indicates that the initiation of phospholipid degradation and rapid release of endogenous polyunsaturated fatty acids occurs within 1 min. Evans blue staining was slightly increased in the lesioned area at 1 min and was more profound at 30 min and at 24 h. The cerebral water content was unchanged at 1 min but was significantly increased at later times. The content of thiobarbituric acid-reactive malondialdehyde (MDA) was normal at 1 min but decreased at 30 min and at 24 h. The lipid-soluble fluorescence of MDA conjugates was also decreased concomitant with the degradation of membrane phospholipids at 24 h. Furthermore, Na+, K+-ATPase activities were consistently decreased in traumatized cortex from 24 h to 48 h after the cold-injury. These data indicate that the degradation of membrane phospholipids, the rapid release of polyunsaturated fatty acids and increased blood-brain barrier permeability are very early events underlying the subsequent development of vasogenic edema induced by cold-injury.
Quantitative studies of mitoses in cerebral hemispheres of fetal rats.

Abstract In continuation of our study of 15-day fetal rat brain development, evidence was obtained of a single layer of mitoses, situated away from the ventricle at a mean depth of 75% of the thickness of the cell layer of cerebral hemispheres (‘deep mitoses’). Their number is 17.9% of ventricular mitoses and their spindles are perpendicular to spindles of ventricular mitoses. Their distribution is not correlated with distribution of ventricular mitoses. The fate and destination of these deep mitotic cells is at present unknown; the possibility that they are mitoses of the capillaries has been discussed.
High tolerance to abiotic stressors and invasion success of the slow growing freshwater snail, Melanoides tuberculatus

Considerable research has been conducted to determine traits common to invasive species with the goal of predicting, preventing, or managing invasions. The importance of physiological tolerance to abiotic stressors in the ability of invasive species to establish and displace native species has been hypothesized to be important although there are few actual tests of the hypothesis in the literature. In freshwater molluscs it has been suggested that high fecundity is the most important trait for invasion success and that physiological tolerance to abiotic conditions is unlikely to play a significant role. We examined the tolerance to abiotic stressors using a known invasive snail species (Melanoides tuberculatus) that has a much slower growth rate and fecundity than a native species it has displaced (Biomphalaria glabrata). We tested the hypothesis that M. tuberculatus would have significantly greater tolerance to natural and anthropogenic abiotic stressors (cadmium, malathion, temperature extremes, and desiccation) which may provide a mechanism for displacement of B. glabrata. A time-to-event analysis was used to determine relative tolerance between species. M. tuberculatus was significantly more tolerant to the tested abiotic stressors than B. glabrata with the exception of low temperature (5°C). Stress tolerance may partly explain the ability of M. tuberculatus to displace B. glabrata despite having a much lower growth rate and fecundity. These results also suggest that M. tuberculatus is likely to have a strong advantage in disturbed or polluted habitats. Identifying those traits most important for the invasion success of particular species could be used to better inform removal strategies and may allow for improved predictions of invasion potential.
The introduction of venereal disease into Tahiti: a re-examination.

18th century and the discovery of Tahiti for the Europeans in 1767 added considerably to this cult. The early descriptions of an idyllic, primitive society, where presumably not even man was vile, were used as a measure of the shortcomings of European 'civilization', and it was but a short step from this to the suspicion that European influence could do nothing but corrupt such an earthly paradise.1 It is small wonder then that the argu ment as to which European nation was responsible for the introduction of venereal disease into Tahiti claimed much attention in the journals of the men who visited the island soon after its discovery. The first European known to have landed on Tahiti was the Englishman Samuel Wallis, captain of the Dolphin, who discovered the island on 18 June 1767.2 He and his crew enjoyed a stay of about a month, and approxi mately eight months after their departure two French ships, La Boudeuse and L'Etoile, commanded by Louis-Antoine de Bougainville arrived and spent some 10 days on Tahiti.3 Since these were the first two Europeans to visit the island, both Wallis and Bougainville argued vehemently that the other brought venereal disease to the people. The French position was put forward again as recently as 1945,4 whereas the British have been content to rest their case on the defence presented by Wallis. The purpose of this paper is to examine the arguments of the English and the French in the light of the medical knowledge available about syphilis in the 18th cen tury?a point of view not yet given sufficient attention in this debate. The argument is complicated by the fact that the two major venereal diseases, syphilis and gonorrhoea, were not thought to be separate in the
Relative ion sputtering yield measurements by integration of secondary ion energy distribution using a retarding-dispersive Ion energy analyzer

The application of a retarding-dispersive energy analyzer as the pre-filter of a quadrupole mass analyzer has made it possible to combine a standard high-speed Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer (SIMS) and a high-resolution secondary-ion energy analyzer into one instrument. Data taken with this instrument indicate the presence of very significant high-energy tails in the energy distribution of all observed secondary ions, even with relatively low (2 keV) primary ion energies. The shape of the energy distribution varies widely from element to element, for atomic compared to molecular species sputtered from a clean metal surface, and depends, for a given species sputtered from a metal surface, on the degree of surface oxidation.
Protonenemission durch Bor und Phoshor unter der Einwirkung energiereicher α-Strahlen

Bor und Phosphor wurden mitα-Strahlen von 8,6 cm Reichweite beschossen und die Energien der dabei emittierten Protonengruppen fur Winkel von 900, teilweise auch fur Winkel von 00, mit Hilfe eines Proportionalzahlers gemessen. Gleichartige Messungen wurden auch furα-Strahlen kurzerer Reichweite durchgefuhrt. Die gefundenen Werte sind am Schlus der Arbeit in § 7 zusammengestellt.
Homing in on Intracellular Aβ

In this issue of Neuron, a study by Billings et al. points to intracellular Aβ as a possible cause of neuronal dysfunction. In a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, Billings et al. link appearance of intraneuronal Aβ to cognitive impairments and then show that "clearance" of intraneuronal Aβ by anti-Aβ antibodies restores cognitive deficits.
Luminescent ruthenium(II)- and rhenium(I)-diimine wires bind nitric oxide synthase.

Ru(II)− and Re(I)−diimine wires bind to the oxygenase domain of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOSoxy). In the ruthenium wires, [Ru(L)_2L‘]^(2+), L‘ is a perfluorinated biphenyl bridge connecting 4,4‘-dimethylbipyridine to a bulky hydrophobic group (adamantane, 1), a heme ligand (imidazole, 2), or F (3). 2 binds in the active site of the murine iNOSoxy truncation mutants Δ65 and Δ114, as demonstrated by a shift in the heme Soret from 422 to 426 nm. 1 and 3 also bind Δ65 and Δ114, as evidenced by biphasic luminescence decay kinetics. However, the heme absorption spectrum is not altered in the presence of 1 or 3, and Ru−wire binding is not affected by the presence of tetrahydrobiopterin or arginine. These data suggest that 1 and 3 may instead bind to the distal side of the enzyme at the hydrophobic surface patch thought to interact with the NOS reductase module. Complexes with properties similar to those of the Ru−diimine wires may provide an effective means of NOS inhibition by preventing electron transfer from the reductase module to the oxygenase domain. Rhenium−diimine wires, [Re(CO)_3L_1L_1‘]+, where L_1 is 4,7-dimethylphenanthroline and L_1‘ is a perfluorinated biphenyl bridge connecting a rhenium-ligated imidazole to a distal imidazole (F_8bp-im) (4) or F (F_9bp) (5), also form complexes with Δ114. Binding of 4 shifts the Δ114 heme Soret to 426 nm, demonstrating that the terminal imidazole ligates the heme iron. Steady-state luminescence measurements establish that the 4:Δ114 dissociation constant is 100 ± 80 nM. Re−wire 5 binds Δ114 with a K_d of 5 ± 2 μM, causing partial displacement of water from the heme iron. Our finding that both 4 and 5 bind in the NOS active site suggests novel designs for NOS inhibitors. Importantly, we have demonstrated the power of time-resolved FET measurements in the characterization of small molecule:protein interactions that otherwise would be difficult to observe.
Joint replacement in the geriatric orthopaedic patient

Abstract Total hip arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty are two of the most commonly performed orthopaedic procedures. With the tremendous success in relieving pain and restoring function, the indications for total joint arthroplasties (TJA) have been extended to the elderly patient. As the elderly portion of our population increases in both absolute and percentage terms we can expect an increased demand for TJA. This paper reviews the particularities of performing TJA on the elderly patient. The goal of this paper is to provide the orthopaedic surgeon with a framework within which to care for the elderly TJA patient. We discuss the nonoperative management of lower extremity arthritis. We review the orthopaedic preoperative assessment of the elderly patient and the role of medical internists and subspecialists to determine surgical risk and to identify and prevent potential postoperative complications. Specific surgical considerations are addressed for performing TJA on the elderly patient and techniques for both a hybrid total hip arthroplasty and a cemented total knee arthroplasty are discussed. Postoperative management considerations are then addressed.
Odor‐aversion learning by rats following LiCl exposure: Ontogenetic influences

The influence of LiCl preexposure on odor-aversion conditioning produced by an odor-LiCl pairing was studied in rats 7-31 days old. LiCl preexposure interfered with the acquisition of the odor aversion in both young and old pups. The time course of this effect depended, however, on the age of the pups. It lasted much longer (over 24 hr) if pups 8-17 days old were preexposed to LiCl than if the pups were preexposed when 30 days old (less 12 hr). Alternative interpretations of these data were discussed, and it was suggested that the age-dependent differences in the time course of the LiCl preexposed effect may be determined in part by age-related differences in the rat's excretory processes that clear lithium from the circulatory system.
Levels for pyribenzamine and benadryl in blood and urine following a single orally administered dose.

Abstract 1.1. Blood levels and urinary excretion of Benadryl and Pyribenzamine, respectively, were determined in each of ten subjects following a single dose of 400 milligrams. 2.2. Values in the blood for Benadryl began to rise within sixty minutes and reached an average peak of 1.07 micrograms per cubic centimeter between 90 and 120 minutes. With Pyribenzamine an appreciable rise was first evident at 120 minutes and the trend was still upward at 180 minutes. 3.3. Within the first twenty-four hours 46.0 and 20.1 per cent of the ingested Benadryl and Pyribenzamine, respectively, were excreted in the urine.
Female preferences for male physiques.

Abstract A pair comparison design was used to gather information concerning female preferences for male physiques. By independently varying the size of one of four body areas (the arms, upper trunk, lower trunk, or legs), 19 male silhouettes were constructed. Thurstone scale values indicating relative preferences among these silhouettes were generated for each of 64 female subjects. Correlations were calculated between subject variables, e.g., own physical appearance, personal habits, male and female sex-role attitudes, etc., and the underlying preference factors for male physiques. While the bulk of the significant correlations were low, accounting for approximately 5–10% of the variance, the general trend of the results suggest that women's preferences for male physiques can be summarized in terms of feminine and masculine sex-role stereotypes. Women who are traditionally feminine show a preference for traditionally masculine physiques, i.e., tapering V physiques, while less traditional women express more nonstereotyped preferences. It is also suggested that a female's preferences for male physiques may serve as an initial delimiter in narrowing the field of eligibles in heterosexual pairing.
Coronary microvascular responses to reductions in perfusion pressure. Evidence for persistent arteriolar vasomotor tone during coronary hypoperfusion.

The goals of this study were to test the following hypotheses: 1) Coronary autoregulatory adjustments to decreases in perfusion pressure occur primarily in coronary arterioles (less than 150 microns in diameter). 2) Small coronary arteries (greater than 150 microns in diameter) can be recruited to participate in the autoregulatory adjustments as perfusion pressure is progressively lowered. 3) Small arterioles are the location of vasodilator reserve in the coronary microcirculation during hypoperfusion. Studies were performed in anesthetized open-chest dogs in which coronary perfusion pressures were reduced to 80, 60, 40, and 30 mm Hg. During reductions in coronary perfusion pressure, measurements were made of systemic hemodynamics, myocardial blood flow (radioactive microspheres), and coronary microvascular diameters. Arterial pressure and heart rate were largely unchanged during the experimental maneuvers. Measurements of microvascular diameters in the beating heart were performed during epi-illumination via a stroboscopic light source synchronized to the cardiac cycle using fluorescence intravital microscopy. Coronary autoregulatory adjustments were evident during reductions in perfusion pressure from control (96 mm Hg) to 80 and 60 mm Hg. Blood flow was unchanged from control, and active vasodilation of coronary arterioles was observed. At 80 mm Hg, only coronary arterioles dilated (4.4 +/- 1.2%), whereas at 60 mm Hg both small arteries (4.9 +/- 2.2%) and arterioles (6.9 +/- 1.2%) demonstrated significant vasodilation (p less than 0.05). The magnitude of dilation (i.e., percent increase in diameter) was inversely related to the initial diameter; that is, the arterioles dilated to a greater extent, percentage wise, than the small arteries. At 40 mm Hg, myocardial blood flow decreased slightly from that under control conditions, but coronary arterioles dilated to a greater extent than at 60 mm Hg (8.1 +/- 1.6%); yet, microvessels were incompletely vasodilated, because adenosine produced a further increase in microvessel diameter (12.5 +/- 2.1%) (p less than 0.05). At a perfusion pressure of 30 mm Hg, arterioles demonstrated a decrease in vascular diameter (-0.2 +/- 2.1%), which was reversed by adenosine (11.1 +/- 3.1%). From these results we concluded the following: 1) Coronary autoregulatory adjustments involve primarily coronary arteriolar vessels, but small coronary arteries can be recruited to participate in the autoregulatory response. 2) The magnitude of vessel dilation appears to be inversely related to vascular diameter. 3) Coronary arterioles are not maximally vasodilated during coronary hypoperfusion, and these vessels may be the source of persistent vasomotor tone during coronary insufficiency.
Evaluation of a Pet Program in Prison—The Pal Project at Lorton

AbstractWe studied a program that permitted a selected number of prisoners to keep pets. We observed the physiological and behavioral effects of this contact and retrospectively examined the effect of pet possession on the frequency and severity of disciplinary offenses. The presence of a pet did not affect the rise in blood pressure associated with talking to the experimenters. However, blood pressure during interaction with the pet was always lower than blood pressure during conversation with the experimenters. Pet ownership had a small effect on the number but not the severity of disciplinary offenses. We concluded that this pet program provided valuable recreation for prisoners but had only small and inconsistent effects on antisocial behavior as defined by the prison staff.
Corrigendum to "Surface based analysis of diffusion orientation for identifying architectonic domains in the in vivo human cortex" [NeuroImage 69 (2013) 87-100].

Jennifer A. McNab ⁎, Jonathan R. Polimeni, Ruopeng Wang, Jean C. Augustinack, Kyoko Fujimoto, Allison Stevens, Christina Triantafyllou, Thomas Janssens, Reza Farivar, Rebecca D. Folkerth , Wim Vanduffel, Lawrence L. Wald a R.M. Lucas Center for Imaging, Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA b A.A. Martinos Center for Imaging, Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA c Laboratory for Neuroand Psychophysiology, K.U. Leuven Medical School, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium d McGill Vision Research Unit, Department of Opthalmology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada e Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA f Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Maternal diabetes: an independent risk factor for major cardiovascular malformations with increased mortality of affected infants.

Background Intensive medical care of women with diabetes has reduced their risks of bearing infants with congenital anomalies. To assess the preventive potential of preconceptional care, the data of a population-based study of cardiovascular malformations (CVM) were analyzed to determine the morphogenetic specificity of maternal diabetes risks, the morbidity and mortality of the infants, and maternal characteristics that might affect these risks. Methods The Baltimore-Washington Infant Study was a case-control study (1981-1989) that included all live born infants with confirmed CVM; control infants were a representative sample of the birth cohort. A questionnaire administered in home visits recorded parental information on social, medical, occupational, and environmental factors. For these analyses of preconceptional diabetes risks, the case group excluded chromosomal and mendelian disorders and was divided into 3 developmental categories and 12 diagnostic groups. Results Preconceptional maternal diabetes was strongly associated with CVM of early embryonic origin (odds ratio [OR] = 4.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.8–7.9) and with cardiomyopathy (OR = 15.1, 95% CI 5.5–41.3), but not with obstructive and shunting defects (OR = 1.4, 95% CI 0.7–3.0). There was heterogeneity within these developmental categories: among laterality defects, diabetes was associated only with cardiovisceral and atrioventricular discordance (OR = 10.0, 95% CI 3.7–27.0); among outflow tract anomalies, the risk was strongly associated with normally related great arteries (OR = 6.6, 95% CI 3.2–13.3) but not with simple transpositions; and among atrioventricular septal defects, diabetes was associated with the complete but not with the partial forms (OR = 22.8, 95% CI 7.4–70.5). The association in early CVM was strongest among infants with multisystem, predominantly VACTERL, anomalies. All-cause mortality of infants with CVM was 39% among those with diabetic mothers and 17.8% in those with nondiabetic mothers. Deceased infants of diabetic mothers were also more likely to have extracardiac anomalies (P = 0.041), to be born prematurely (P = 0.007), and to have low birth weight (P = 0.011). Multivariate analyses of maternal factors revealed no significant confounders of the diabetes associations. Conclusions The evidence of diabetes-induced major cardiac defects is of urgent clinical significance. The effectiveness of early preconceptional care in the prevention of congenital anomalies has been demonstrated repeatedly. Teratology 64:98–106, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Genetic association studies of complex traits: design and analysis issues

Most common diseases and many important quantitative traits are complex genetic traits, with multiple genetic and environmental variables contributing to the observed phenotype. Because of the multi-factorial nature of complex traits, each individual genetic variant generally has only a modest effect, and the interaction of genetic variants with each other or with environmental factors can potentially be quite important in determining the observed phenotype. It remains largely unknown what sort of genetic variants explain inherited variation in complex traits, but recent evidence suggests that common genetic variants will explain at least some of the inherited variation in susceptibility to common disease. Genetic association studies, in which the allele or genotype frequencies at markers are determined in affected individuals and compared with those of controls (either population- or family-based), may be an effective approach to detecting the effects of common variants with modest effects. With the explosion in single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery and genotyping technologies, large-scale association studies have become feasible, and small-scale association studies have become plentiful. We review the different types of association studies and discuss issues that are important to consider when performing and interpreting association studies of complex genetic traits. Heritable and accurately measured phenotypes, carefully matched large samples, well-chosen genetic markers, and adequate standards in genotyping, analysis, and interpretation are all integral parts of a high-quality association study.
Substrate polarization by residues in delta 5-3-ketosteroid isomerase probed by site-directed mutagenesis and UV resonance Raman spectroscopy.

delta 5-3-Ketosteroid isomerase (KSI: EC 5.3.3.1) of Pseudomonas testosteroni catalyzes the isomerization of delta 5-3-ketosteroids to delta 4-3-ketosteroids by the stereospecific transfer of the steroid 4 beta-proton to the 6 beta-position, using Tyr-14 as a general acid and Asp-38 as a base. Ultraviolet resonance Raman (UVRR) spectra have been obtained for the catalytically active double mutant Y55F + Y88F, which retains Tyr-14 as the only tyrosine residue (referred to as the Y14(0) mutant), and the Y14F mutant, which has 50,000-fold lower activity. The UVRR results establish that binding of the product analog and competitive inhibitors 19-nortestosterone or 4-fluoro-19-nortestosterone to the Y14(0) mutant does not result in the formation of deprotonated Tyr-14. The UVRR spectra of the steroid inhibitors show large decreases in the vinyl and carbonyl stretching frequencies on binding to the Y14(0) enzyme but not on binding to the Y14F enzyme. These changes cannot be mimicked by protonation of the steroids. For 19-nortestosterone, the vinyl and carbonyl stretching frequencies shift down (with respect to the values in aqueous solution) by 18 and 27 cm-1, respectively, on binding to Y14(0) KSI. It is proposed that the changes in the steroid resonance Raman spectrum arise from polarization of the enone moiety via the close proximity of the charged Asp-38 side chain to the vinyl group and the directional hydrogen bond between Tyr-14 and the 3-carbonyl oxygen of the steroid enone. The 230-nm-excited UVRR spectra do not, however, show changes that are characteristic of strong hydrogen bonding from the tyrosine hydrogen. It is proposed that this hydrogen bonding is compensated by a second hydrogen bond to the Tyr-14 oxygen from another protein residue. UVRR spectra of the Y14(0) enzyme obtained using 200 nm excitation show enhancement of the amide II and S Raman bands. The secondary structure of KSI was estimated from the amide II and S intensities and was found to be low in alpha-helical structure. The alpha-helix content was estimated to be in the range of 0-25% (i.e., 10 +/- 15%).
Binding, trafficking and accumulation of serum amyloid A in peritoneal macrophages.

Murine serum amyloid A1.1 (SAA1.1) has been conjugated with the fluorophore Texas Red (TxR), and its interaction with peritoneal macrophages has been visualized by scanning confocal microscopy. Binding of TxR–SAA to cell surfaces was inhibited by an excess of unlabelled SAA indicating the involvement of saturable receptors. Internalized TxR–SAA was seen initially as small punctate signals which in some cells evolved into a fine fluorescent network, a pattern typical of tubular endosomes. Colocalization of TxR–SAA with Cy5-labelled low density lipoprotein (LDL) but not with Oregon Green-labelled transferrin suggested that SAA trafficked through endosomes and lysosomes for degradation rather than through recycling compartments. Consistent with this catabolic pathway, macrophages loaded with TxR–SAA lost fluorescence within several days after being shifted to a fluorophore-free medium. In sharp contrast to this, cells maintained under amyloid-forming conditions, i.e. in the presence of unlabelled SAA and amyloid-enhancing factor (AEF) before and after treatment with TxR–SAA, remained brightly fluorescent over the course of 5 days. Immunocytochemistry verified the accumulation of SAA within macrophages. These findings support the hypothesis that a decreased catabolism of internalized SAA plays a role in AA amyloid pathogenesis.
Dynamic spatial simulation modeling of the population - Environment matrix in the Ecuadorian Amazon

This research uses multithematic and spatially explicit data combined from a longitudinal socioeconomic and demographic survey conducted in 1990 and 1999, GIS coverages of resource endowments and geographic accessibility, and a classified Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite time series. The goal was to combine such data with expert knowledge, a set of analytic results, and dynamic modeling approaches to describe, explain, and explore the causes and consequences of land use and cover change (LUCC) in the northern Oriente region of the Ecuadorian Amazon. First, a cellular automaton (CA) model representing LUCC was developed using a time series of remotely sensed Landsat TM images for a 90 000-ha intensive study area within the region and calibrated using alternative images from the time series. The classified images were linked to spatially referenced biophysical and socioeconomic coverages used as input data, and then combined with ‘rules’ derived from empirical analyses. Second, the CA model was used i...
Minotaure: On Ethnography and Animals

The surrealist magazine Minotaure (1933–39) demonstrated a vivid interest in ethnography as it set out to explore the “human” according to an early twentieth-century ethnographic conception of universality that proposed to undercut the rule of Western culture over the definition of humanity. The surrealists, however, went even further by extending this exploration to the animal: The pages of Minotaure constantly juxtapose humans and animals and bring forth an empirical redefinition of the human through the observation of its purported other. As a result, they give shape to a nonanthropocentric ethnography that searches for the “sources” of humanity apart from familiar Western humanist presuppositions. Their endeavor raises important questions about ethnography itself as it brings us in a novel way to this fundamental question: What constitutes the human, beyond the pervasive divide between culture and nature?
Overcoming naïve mental models in explaining the Doppler shift: An illusion creates confusion

A perceptual auditory illusion is described that may contribute to students’ misunderstanding of the physical principles of the Doppler shift. The illusion advances the formation of naive mental models about the change in observed frequency that occurs as a sound source passes a stationary observer. Factors that may cause misunderstanding are addressed including the following: (i) the semantic distinctions between physical “frequency” and perceptual “pitch,” (ii) the influence of dynamic loudness on pitch, and (iii) the ambiguity of the word “rise” in describing the wave mechanics of the Doppler shift. Implications for teaching the principles of the Doppler shift include addressing the origin of naive beliefs and using the illusion as a salient and conspicuous example of a breakdown of the correspondence between physics and perception.
The creation of an integrated sustainability curriculum and student praxis projects

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to share the content and early results from an interdisciplinary sustainability curriculum that integrates theory and practice (praxis). The curriculum links new topical courses concerning renewable energy, food, water, engineering and social change with specialized labs that enhance technological and social‐institutional sustainability literacy and build team‐based project collaboration skills.Design/methodology/approach – In responses to dynamic interest emerging from university students and society, scholars from Environmental Studies, Engineering, Sociology, Education and Politics Departments united to create this curriculum. New courses and labs were designed and pre‐existing courses were “radically retrofitted” and more tightly integrated through co‐instruction and content. The co‐authors discuss the background and collaborative processes that led to the emergence of this curriculum and describe the pedagogy and results associated with the student projects.Find...
Prise en charge du syndrome de la traversée thoraco-brachiale chez les adolescents

Alors que le syndrome de la traversee thoraco-brachiale (STTB) est connu pour atteindre les patients adolescents, les donnees rapportees sont limitees a de petites series ou a des cas individuels. La prise en charge du STTB chez des adolescents presente plusieurs particularites, comme celle d'intervenir chez des patients pour lesquels la croissance osseuse pourrait ne pas etre complete. De plus, les interventions chirurgicales peuvent entrainer une descolarisation. Le but de cette etude etait d'evaluer nos resultats sur une grande serie de jeunes patients presentant un STTB, afin de fournir des arguments a une prise en charge optimale. Au cours d'une revue retrospective, nous avons identifie tous les patients âges de moins de 20 ans qui ont eu une resection de la premiere cote pour un STTB durant une periode de 11 ans (aout 1994 - septembre 2005) dans un seul hopital universitaire. L'histoire clinique, l'indication, les details operatoires et les donnees concernant le suivi ont ete obtenus d'apres les dossiers. Durant la periode d'etude, 18 patients
Classification of Singular Fibers on Rational Elliptic Surfaces in Characteristic Three

We list all possible configurations of singular fibers on rational elliptic surfaces in characteristic three and prove that no others exist. In total, we find 267 distinct configurations. Configurations of purely multiplicative fibers in characteristic three are compared to those in characteristics zero and two.
Characteristics of Monami Wave in Submerged Vegetated Flow

Flow through submerged vegetation with inflection in the vertical profile of flow velocity exhibits instability at the interface of vegetation and overflow and causes generation of Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices. In case of flexible vegetation, the vortices cause periodic movement of stems called a monami wave. In this paper, the geometry of a bending stem is derived and the amplitude of the monami wave is calculated as a function of the bending angle. Using continuity and momentum equations, the stem geometry, combined with the temporal density stratification due to the periodic motion of stems, is analyzed to determine the frequency of the monami wave. The wave period, combined with the amplitude, explains the interfacial monami wave. The amplitude and period are derived in terms of easily measurable flow and vegetation parameters.
Radiosensitization of Malignant Glioma Cells through Overexpression of Dominant-Negative Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays an important role in neoplastic growth control of malignant gliomas. We have demonstrated that radiation activates EGFR Tyr-phosphorylation (EGFR Tyr-P) and the proliferation of surviving human carcinoma cells, a likely mechanism of accelerated cellular repopulation, a major cytoprotective response after radiation. We now investigate the importance of radiation-induced activation of EGFR on the radiosensitivity of the human malignant glioma cells U-87 MG and U-373 MG. The function of EGFR was inhibited through a genetic approach of transducing cells with an Adenovirus (Ad) vector containing dominant-negative (DN) EGFR-CD533 (Ad-EGFR-CD533) at efficiencies of 85–90%. The resulting cells are referred to as U-87-EGFR-CD533 and U-373-EGFR-CD533. After irradiation at 2 Gy, both of the cell lines exhibited a mean 3-fold increase in EGFR Tyr-P. The expression of EGFR-CD533 completely inhibited the radiation-induced activation of EGFR. In clonogenic survival assays after a single radiation exposure, the radiation dose for a survival of 37% (D 37 ) for U-87-EGFR-CD533 cells was 1.4- to 1.5-fold lower, relative to cells transduced with AdLacZ or untransduced U-87 MG cells. This effect was amplified with repeated radiation exposures (3 × 2 Gy) yielding a D 37 ratio of 1.8–2.0. In clonogenic survival studies with U-373 MG cells, the radiosensitizing effect of EGFR-CD533 was similar. Furthermore, in vivo studies with U-87 MG xenografts confirmed the effect of EGFR-CD533 on tumor radiosensitization (dose enhancement ratio, 1.8). We conclude that inhibition of EGFR function via Ad-mediated gene transfer of EGFR-CD533 results in significant radiosensitization. As underlying mechanism, we suggest the disruption of a major cytoprotective response involving EGFR and its downstream effectors, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase. The experiments demonstrate for the first time that radiosensitization of malignant glioma cells through disruption of EGFR function may be achieved by genetic therapy approaches.
Synthesis of design production with integrated digital fabrication

Presented is a research project that demonstrates cross-scale design production with physical examples. Designers today have begun using rapid prototyping to materialize designs of a variety of materials from plastic to metal and ceramics. They also use CAD/CAM to materialize full-scale building components during construction with metal, stone, and a variety of woods. Dilemmas are found in the translation of a description that drives rapid prototyping tools and descriptions that drive CAD/CAM machinery for full-scale component manufacturing. This paper presents a method to produce designs with test results that drive varying types of digital fabrication devices across scales from one geometric file. Presented is an integration of machines, materials, and modeling resulting as a full-scale house and a redefinition of construction components, assembly and building shape. Final results demonstrate a relationship between design artifacts built by rapid prototyping and full-scale CNC construction.
Physical activity compliance: differences between overweight/obese and normal-weight adults.

intensity activity than their normal-weight counterparts. Although 71% to 94% of those studied met 1995 recommendations, only 13% of overweight/obese subjects and 26% of normal-weight participants met 2002 exercise recommendations. Discussion: These results suggest that daily minutes spent in moderate-intensity activity or greater are associated with weight status and that the 2002 IOM recommendations may be difficult to meet even for normal-weight individuals.
Where education and mental health meet: developmental prevention and early intervention in schools.

There is growing recognition that traditional strategies, such as pullout special education programs and on-site casework and guidance, are no longer sufficient to address the staggering needs of a growing number of troubled children entering U.S. schools. This paper introduces a school-based prevention and intervention method for young adolescents called Responsive Advocacy for Life and Learning in Youth (RALLY). Prevention practitioners, a new role developed by the program, work in classrooms and after-school settings to provide nonstigmatizing support to students. Using a three-tiered prevention model, practitioners integrate a mental health and educational focus to foster students' academic, social, and emotional success. The intervention involves all children of an age cohort in middle schools. The practitioners are developmental specialists who create relationships with youth, teachers, and families in high-risk environments and serve triage functions to existing community and health care institutions. The RALLY intervention builds on normative developmental and developmental psychopathology theory, especially a risk and resilience framework. The paper describes the principles behind the practice and how the work in this field has created innovations in theory and a new impetus for research.
“What Happens on the Van, Stays on the Van”: The (Re)Structuring of Privacy and Disclosure Scripts on an Appalachian Mobile Health Clinic:

Over the past two decades, mobile health clinics have emerged to address the health needs of underserved populations. Mobile clinics offer curbside care in the primary settings of people's lives: churches, parking lots, grocery stores, and community centers. Drawing on 18 months of ethnographic fieldwork, I explore how physical and symbolic space helps shape the (re)writing of traditional health care scripts of provider-patient confidentiality and medical disclosure in a mobile clinic serving residents of 21 counties in southeastern Ohio. This analysis centered on how clinic staff members blurred the symbolic and physical space of privacy, merged personal and professional discourses, and triaged multiple patient disclosures in the face of social and spatial constraints.
Teaching Skills and Health-related Fitness Through a Preservice Gymnastics Program

(2007). Teaching Skills and Health-related Fitness Through a Preservice Gymnastics Program. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 78, No. 5, pp. 35-44.
Membrane Transporters and Antifungal Drug Resistance

Over the last 30 years or so, the incidence of invasive fungal infections in man has risen dramatically. Patients that become severely immunocompromised because of underlying diseases such as leukemia or recently, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or patients who undergo cancer chemotherapy or organ transplantation, are particularly susceptible to opportunistic fungal infections. Although Candida species continue to be the major pathogenic fungi in these patients, cryptococcosis, aspergillosis, and coccidioidomycosis, among others, have become increasingly important mycoses. Antifungal drugs currently being used in clinic include polyene antibiotics, azole derivatives and 5-fluorocytosine. With the exception of the latter, all other drugs possess mechanisms of action aimed at disrupting the integrity of the fungal cell membrane by either interfering with the biosynthesis of membrane sterols or by inhibiting sterol functions. However, one significant obstacle preventing successful antifungal therapy is the dramatic increase in drug resistance, especially against azole antimycotics. Among the major mechanisms by which fungi invoke drug resistance is the overexpession of extrusion pumps able to facilitate the efflux of cytotoxic drugs from the cell thus leading to decreased drug accumulation and diminished concentrations. Since the initial observations that azole resistance by fungi may be caused by overexpression of multidrug efflux transporter genes, significant advances have been achieved primarily with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans. The purpose of this review is to discuss various aspects of multidrug resistance in fungi such as antifungal drug mechanisms of action and fungal molecular genetics in the context of targeted drug discovery. The role that membrane transporter proteins play in drug resistance in various species of Candida, Aspergillus and Cryptococcus will be address in more detail, as will be their importance as selective drug targets in the design of novel antifungal agents.
Progress of the quantum nano-optics of semiconductors group at Optical Sciences

The history of semiconductor quantum optics group in the College of Optical Sciences will be discussed. The work from planar microcavities including VCSELs, photonic crystal cavities leading to the observation of strong-coupling between an L3 cavity and a quantum dot, and now metallic cavities coupled to quantum wells and quantum dots will be described.
Chicken Parvovirus–Induced Runting-Stunting Syndrome in Young Broilers

SUMMARY. Previously we identified a novel parvovirus from enteric contents of chickens that were affected by enteric diseases. Comparative sequence analysis showed that the chicken parvovirus (ChPV) represented a new member in the Parvoviridae family. Here, we describe some of the pathogenic characteristics of ChPV in young broilers. Following experimental infection, 2-day-old broiler chickens showed characteristic signs of enteric disease. Runting-stunting syndrome (RSS) was observed in four of five experimental groups with significant growth retardation between 7 and 28 days postinoculation (DPI). Viral growth in small intestine and shedding was detected at early times postinoculation, which was followed by viremia and generalization of infection. ChPV could be detected in most of the major tissues for 3 to 4 wk postinoculation. Immunohistochemistry staining revealed parvovirus-positive cells in the duodenum of inoculated birds at 7 and 14 DPI. Our data indicate that ChPV alone induces RSS in broilers a...
Relationship between Rider Trajectory and Injury Outcome in Motorcycle-to-Barrier Crashes:

In collisions with traffic barriers, motorcyclists have a much higher risk of fatality than other road users. Many databases focus on the vehicle when reporting the sequence of events; however, in motorcycle collisions, the vehicle and rider often separate and follow different trajectories. The aim of this study was to determine how rider trajectory influences injury outcome. Rider trajectories in barrier collisions were determined through an analysis of police accident reports from New Jersey (2007 to 2011). Seven trajectories were identified: upright, sliding, vaulting, ejected (same side landing), ejected (side unknown), ejected into barrier, and separated before barrier impact. Google Earth Street View was used to verify the barrier type in each collision. Of the 442 single-vehicle motorcycle-to-barrier collisions reported in New Jersey, police accident reports were analyzed for 430 crashes and the barriers were identified for 342 of these crashes (77.4% of all crashes). In the analyzed crashes, 361 r...
Hand/foot splitting and the ‘re-evolution’ of mesopodial skeletal elements during the evolution and radiation of chameleons

One of the most distinctive traits found within Chamaeleonidae is their split/cleft autopodia and the simplified and divergent morphology of the mesopodial skeleton. These anatomical characteristics have facilitated the adaptive radiation of chameleons to arboreal niches. To better understand the homology of chameleon carpal and tarsal elements, the process of syndactyly, cleft formation, and how modification of the mesopodial skeleton has played a role in the evolution and diversification of chameleons, we have studied the Veiled Chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus). We analysed limb patterning and morphogenesis through in situ hybridization, in vitro whole embryo culture and pharmacological perturbation, scoring for apoptosis, clefting, and skeletogenesis. Furthermore, we framed our data within a phylogenetic context by performing comparative skeletal analyses in 8 of the 12 currently recognized genera of extant chameleons. Our study uncovered a previously underappreciated degree of mesopodial skeletal diversity in chameleons. Phylogenetically derived chameleons exhibit a ‘typical’ outgroup complement of mesopodial elements (with the exception of centralia), with twice the number of currently recognized carpal and tarsal elements considered for this clade. In contrast to avians and rodents, mesenchymal clefting in chameleons commences in spite of the maintenance of a robust apical ectodermal ridge (AER). Furthermore, Bmp signaling appears to be important for cleft initiation but not for maintenance of apoptosis. Interdigital cell death therefore may be an ancestral characteristic of the autopodium, however syndactyly is an evolutionary novelty. In addition, we find that the pisiform segments from the ulnare and that chameleons lack an astragalus-calcaneum complex typical of amniotes and have evolved an ankle architecture convergent with amphibians in phylogenetically higher chameleons. Our data underscores the importance of comparative and phylogenetic approaches when studying development. Body size may have played a role in the characteristic mesopodial skeletal architecture of chameleons by constraining deployment of the skeletogenic program in the smaller and earliest diverged and basal taxa. Our study challenges the ‘re-evolution’ of osteological features by showing that ‘re-evolving’ a ‘lost’ feature de novo (contrary to Dollo’s Law) may instead be due to so called ‘missing structures’ being present but underdeveloped and/or fused to other adjacent elements (cryptic features) whose independence may be re-established under changes in adaptive selective pressure.
Respect-Worthiness and Dignity

I hope to have established by now that people who are oppressed have an obligation to resist their oppression. What I want to consider now is what we are to make of people who fail to do so. I have argued that such people are guilty of failing to fulfil an important moral obligation; this makes their behaviour immoral. The question now is whether it is possible for these failures to reach a point where the person committing them no longer deserves moral respect. If this is possible, then there is a concern that past failures to fulfil the obligation of self-respect could vitiate future instances of this obligation. Someone who fails to respect herself might literally become unworthy of respect.
A postreductionist framework for protein biochemistry.

As biochemistry ventures out from its reductionist roots, concentration effects and high surface-to-volume ratios will challenge our current understanding of biological systems, with colloidal and surface chemistry leading to new insights and approaches. How must our thinking change, what new tools will we need and how will these new tools be developed?