cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visual Receptive Fields Sensitive to Absolute and Relative Motion during Tracking

Some neurons in the visual cortex of awake monkeys visually tracking a moving target showed receptive fields that were excited only by stimulus motion relative to a background, while other neurons responded to any kind of stimulus motion. This result was found with two methods, one in which tracking eye movements were identical in both relative-motion and absolute-motion conditions, and another in which stimulus motions on the retina were identical in both conditions. This response pattern can differentiate translation of the retinal image during eye movement from motion of objects in the world.
Dopaminergic modulation of aldosterone secretion in the rat.

The dopamine antagonist metoclopramide (MCP) has been shown to acutely stimulate aldosterone secretion in vivo. To determine whether a dopaminergic mechanism is involved in the regulation of aldosterone secretion, we examined the effect of minipump infusion of MCP (iv) and/or angiotensin II (All; sc) upon plasma aldosterone, adrenal capsular All receptors, and 18-hydroxylase activity in rats maintained on high sodium intake. During normal sodium intake, plasma aldosterone was elevated from 8.3 ± 1.3 to 35.4 ± 3.2 μg/dl after 2-day infusion of a nonnatriuretic dose of All (25 μg/min) and to 15.0 ± 1.8 ng/dl after the infusion of 1.2 Mg/min MCP. All receptors were unchanged by MCP infusion, and rose from 1014 ± 98 to 1638 ± 98 fmol/mg after All infusion. During high sodium intake, the infusion of either All or MCP alone produced no change in plasma aldosterone or All receptors. However, after simultaneous infusion of All and MCP, plasma aldosterone rose from 4.5 ± 1.2 to 32.5 ± 2.7 ng/dl, All receptors incr...
RESPONSES OF ADULT WHITE-CROWNED SPARROWS TO PLAYBACK OF SONG PHRASES: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ONTOGENY OF SONG RECOGNITION

Abstract We examined the contribution of individual song phrases to territorial behavior in Nuttall's White-crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli) in the Bodega, California, dialect area. We presented territorial adult males with playbacks of five song types: local conspecific song, three single phrase types of local conspecific song, and Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia) song. Local conspecific song evoked the strongest response, measured in latency to flight, number of flights, average and closest distance from playback speaker, and vocal response. Of individual song phrases, the trill evoked the strongest response, and the whistle evoked the weakest. Combining these results with those of previous studies on young birds, we describe a model of developmental change from responsiveness to all phrase types in dependent fledglings, through reliance on a species-universal phrase as a cue for song learning, to the use of a more variable, dialect-distinct phrase as a territorial signal by adults. Re...
Effects of caudate nuclei or frontal cortical ablations in cats and kittens: Paw usage

Abstract A modified Wisconsin General Test Apparatus was used to evaluate the paw usage of adult cats with bilateral aspiration lesions of the caudate nuclei, unilateral removals of the caudate, or bilateral removal of the frontal cortices. Lesions were inflicted either between 9 and 36 days of age of as adults (>15 months of age). Intact and sham-operated cats served as controls. The animals' ability to retrieve chunks of meat through a narrow opening was evaluated for 10 trials on 5 consecutive days. Intact and sham-operated cats showed a dominant movement consisting of a sweeping, sequential, forward, lateral, and medial thrust of the paw to envelop or hook the food with the claws. The animals with lesions showed definite changes in both the paw attitude and the number of swipes required to obtain the pieces of meat. Most severely affected were adult-operated and kitten-operated acaudates, where the dominant attitude was a straight, clubfooted movement with a pronated limb that was quite inaccurate, often many centimeters from the meat. Successful retrievals were usually followed by perseverative responding at that site. In neither of these groups was there a significant change in either attitude or accuracy as a function of training. The unilateral acaudates showed many of the same changes, but all improved with training. The adult-operated afrontals were extremely inconsistent in their behavior and showed a random mixture of normal swipes and dysmetric jabs. The kitten-operated afrontals often missed the meat by several centimeters but improved with practice. These data suggest that (a) the caudate nuclei have a role in controlling the attitude and direction of paw movements; (b) specific defects in paw usage may contribute to the deficits in speed of bar pressing that we have reported for acaudates; (c) the slowness in afrontal cats is probably due to inconsistencies and dysmetria; and (d) pre- and/or postlesion experience may have contributed to differences seen between adult- and kitten-operated groups.
Fault-tolerant polarization-insensitive photonic delay line architectures using two-dimensional digital micromirror devices

Abstract A binary multichannel photonic delay line (PDL) module is introduced that gives balanced loss switched states and a polarization-insensitive operation via the use of binary operation Digital Micromirror Devices (DMDs). Experimental demonstration of a DMD-based PDL architecture is performed for a 6.84-ns time delay design. Experimental results include a 25-beam feed interchannel crosstalk test indicating a
Comparison of milk output between mothers of preterm and term infants: the first 6 weeks after birth.

This study reports the temporal pattern of milk output in 2 groups of lactating mothers during the first 6 weeks postpartum. A study aim was to examine if the average milk output for postpartum day...
Spatial Ability Mediates the Gender Difference in Middle School Students' Science Performance

Prior research has demonstrated a male advantage in spatial skills and science achievement. The present research integrated these findings by testing the potential role of spatial skills in gender differences in the science performance of eighth-grade students (13–15 years old). In 'Study 1' (N = 113), the findings showed that mental rotation ability mediated gender differences in physical science and technology/engineering test scores. In 'Study 2' (N = 73,245), science performance was examined in a state population of eighth-grade students. As in 'Study 1', the results revealed larger gender differences on items that showed higher correlations with mental rotation. These findings underscore the importance of considering spatial training interventions aimed at reducing gender differences in the science performance of school-aged children.
A method for the bacterial elicitation of a hypersensitive-like response in plant cell cultures

Abstract Suspension cultures of carrot and tobacco cells respond to the inoculation of an incompatible bacterium ( Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola ) by the development of a reaction similar to the hypersensitive response (HR). The effects of changes in the composition of the medium and in the concentrations of plant cells and of bacteria have been determined. The response of the suspension culture cells showed the same bacterial strain specificity as the response of tobacco leaves. In addition, the inhibition of the HR by the prior inoculation of a small number of bacteria seen in leaves was also seen in suspension cultures.
Leg length inequality and epiphysiodesis: Review of 96 cases

A retrospective analysis of 96 patients who underwent an epiphysiodesis procedure for leg length discrepancy was performed. Forty patients were identified who had an open Phemister-type epiphysiodesis. Fifty-six patients underwent a percutaneous epiphysiodesis procedure. All patients' medical records and radiographs were reviewed for complications. No angular deformities or epiphysiodesis failures occurred in the open group; however, one deep infection requiring intravenous antibiotics and serial surgical debridement was successfully treated. Five complications occurred in the percutaneous group. The complications included two superficial infections, two failures of physeal arrest, and one postoperative angular deformity. The occurrence of complications in the two groups was not statistically significant. Regular follow-up and radiographic evaluation of patients who have undergone a percutaneous epiphysiodesis is essential. Failure of physeal arrest and angular deformities are rare in this patient population, but they can occur.
An Approach to Executive System Maintenance in Disk-Based Systems

The use of disk files as the resident store for executive system components has presented particular problems in the areas of system integrity and system maintenance. The former is easily met with conventional techniques, but the latter is more difficult because of the need to optimize diskallocation at the time the system is edited in order to minimize access time to system components. However, the time required to produce an optimally allocated system edit is prohibitive for debugging purposes. An approach to solving this problem is to develop a quick patch editing facility which can be used at any point in the job stream for debugging purposes, and to use the conventional, slow facility only when a permanent change is needed. A particular implementation of the quick editor is described in detail, and the extension of this kind of facility for time-sharing systems is discussed.
Real-time Acoustic Elastic Property Monitoring of Compacts During Compaction

A nondestructive, real-time acoustic technique for determining elastic properties of compacts during compaction is presented. An acoustic time-of-flight study was conducted, and the extraction of the linear elastic properties of calcium carbonate compacts was demonstrated. To verify the results of the acoustic experiments, a uniaxial compaction investigation was also carried out using a computer-controlled press with an instrumented die. Good agreement between linear elastic properties determined using both acoustic experiments and compaction force-displacement data was observed. This technique has the potential to be used as a real-time compaction monitoring tool.
Corrosion behavior of sensitized austenitic (AISI 304) stainless steel in a sulfidizing atmosphere

Abstract Studies on the sulfidation behavior of sensitized austenitic (AISI 304) stainless steel were carried out in moist and dry H 2 S atmospheres in the temperature range 200–400°C. The reaction process resulted in parabolic kinetics. The parabolic rate constants in moist H 2 S were considerably higher than in dry H 2 S. The sulfication rate of sensitized stainless steel was appreciably higher than that of solution-treated stainless steel. A strongly adherent sulfide scale of the nature ( FeCr ) 1− x S was found to form on the steel surface. The scale consisted of two regions. The inner region was porous chromium-rich (FeCr)S, whereas the outer region was compact and nickel-rich ( Fe  Ni ) 1− x S .
WHEN AND HOW SHOULD WE VISUALIZE

The following article is first in a contemplated series dcaling with the snbject uf visual commnications for the geographer. The series is an outgrowth of articles and letters to the editor, dealing with the use of visual aids at Association meetings, that have appeared in recrnt issucs of this periodical.
Autoradiographic localization of ornithine decarboxylase in mouse kidney by use of radiolabeled α-difluoromethylornithine

Ornithine decarboxylase, a key enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis and cell growth, has been localized in mouse kidney by autoradiography after administration of radiolabeled α-difluoromethylornithine. This drug is an enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase and forms a covalent bond with the enzyme. It was found that ornithine decarboxylase is present in all cell types studied but that the highest content occurs in the proximal convoluted tubules followed by the distal convoluted tubules and the collecting tubules. The majority of the enzyme is located in the cytoplasm but about 10–15% is present in the nuclei (often associated with nucleolus-like components) of the cells of the proximal and distal convoluted tubules. The labeled ornithine decarboxylase was lost rapidly from both nucleus and cytoplasm of all the cell types examined, and labeling by radioactive α-difluoromethylornithine was greatly reduced if the mice were pretreated for 5 h with cycloheximide to block protein synthesis. These results indicate that ornithine decarboxylase turns over rapidly in all of the cells.
Constant low-dose ultraviolet light therapy for psoriasis

In a bilateral comparison study, symmetric plaques of psoriasis were used to compare the effects of a constant low dose (3 minutes, 30 seconds) of ultraviolet light therapy to the standard increasing ultraviolet light dose. The low constant dose of ultraviolet light was as efficacious in clearing psoriasis lesions as the higher increasing dose.
The Economic Organization of Science, the Firm, and the Marketplace

Among the various institutional structures of an economy like the firm and the marketplace is one that is like no other. Science is unique. This uniqueness raises an important question: why does science exist? From an economic perspective, there are two potentially meaningful approaches to the existence of science. They both encompass institutional pluralism. A substitutes theory of comparative institutions presupposes the primacy of the commercial marketplace over firms—that firms substitute for the market when markets fail. This theory has not been used to explain the existence of science. A complements theory postulates that many simultaneous institutional responses, including science, are necessary for creating an efficient and equitable economy. The economic function of science is to produce fundamental theoretical abstractions about our world. Scientific theories are public goods that would not likely be produced within the governance structures of commercial markets and firms. The aim is to complem...
The Histopathology of Ankylosing Spondylitis: Are There Unifying Hypotheses?

This article examines some fundamental features of the histopathology of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) such as inflammation in the entheses and syndesmophyte formation. This may be linked to the generation of transforming growth factor in inflammation, which can stimulate bone formation, and to the molecular composition of entheses where molecules are present, such as the proteoglycan aggrecan, that are normally found in cartilage. Immunity to these molecules is observed in patients with AS and in experimental immunity to aggrecan, or the G1 domain only, which can cause spondylitis. Involvement of other tissues (the eye and arterial vessels) may be due to crossreactive immunity.
Assessment of lamb wave dispersion in cornea using shear wave imaging optical coherence tomography (SWI-OCT)

The characteristics of lamb wave propagation in cornea can be of great importance for the quantitative measurement of corneal viscoelasticity. Here, we report the use of shear wave imaging optical coherence tomography (SWI-OCT) to assess the dispersion of lamb wave propagation in an ex vivo rabbit cornea. The temporal displacement profile of lamb wave propagation is obtained with SWI-OCT. From the spectral analysis on the corneal lamb wave, the phase information of the wave propagation can be extracted, which is used to quantify the phase velocity at different frequencies. The dependence of the phase on the propagation distance is presented with 2-D depth-resolved mapping at typical frequency components with micro-scale spatial resolution. Results indicate that the obtained lamb wave dispersion curve agrees well with the analytical approximation and demonstrate the feasibility of using SWI-OCT to study the dispersion of lamb wave propagation in cornea.
βα-Hairpin Clamps Brace βαβ Modules and Can Make Substantive Contributions to the Stability of TIM Barrel Proteins

Non-local hydrogen bonding interactions between main chain amide hydrogen atoms and polar side chain acceptors that bracket consecutive βα or αβ elements of secondary structure in αTS from E. coli, a TIM barrel protein, have previously been found to contribute 4–6 kcal mol−1 to the stability of the native conformation. Experimental analysis of similar βα-hairpin clamps in a homologous pair of TIM barrel proteins of low sequence identity, IGPS from S. solfataricus and E. coli, reveals that this dramatic enhancement of stability is not unique to αTS. A survey of 71 TIM barrel proteins demonstrates a 4-fold symmetry for the placement of βα-hairpin clamps, bracing the fundamental βαβ building block and defining its register in the (βα)8 motif. The preferred sequences and locations of βα-hairpin clamps will enhance structure prediction algorithms and provide a strategy for engineering stability in TIM barrel proteins.
Radio frequency tumor ablation: improving therapeutic efficacy with combined therapies

Radiofrequency (RF) tumor ablation has been demonstrated as a reliable method for creating thermally induced coagulation necrosis using either a percutaneous approach with image-guidance or direct surgical placement of thin electrodes into tissues to be treated. Early clinical trials with this technology have studied the treatment ofhepatic, cerebral, and bony malignancies. More recently this technology has been used to treat a host of malignant processes throughout the body. However, limitations in the technique and tumor biophysiology prevent optimal treatment of all desired lesions. Hence, investigators are studying combined methods of tumor destruction using RF ablation and adjuvant therapies that can modulate tumor biophysiology. These include using agents to alter tissue conductivity and blood flow, as well as combining RE with chemotherapy. Recent results using the combination therapy approach will be discussed.
Configural Advantage in Global Markets

Abstract Achieving a sustainable competitive advantage in global markets depends on the geographic scope and diversity of the firm’s operations and their interlinkage, as well as on the extent of market integration and interdependence. The spatial configuration of the firm’s assets, capabilities, and resources and the ability to manage and use these resources effectively are crucial elements of the firm’s global strategy. The authors examine the nature of a firm’s configural advantage in global markets in terms of its key components, capabilities, and management issues.
A materials database for exploring material properties

A materials database that includes more than 2,500 solids with thermo-chemical and physical properties has been constructed to study the effect of chemical composition, structure, and constituent element properties on the solids. The correlation between compound entropy and the sum of constituent element entropy is clearly established and even better linear relations are possible when the solids are separated according to their crystal structure or compositional types such as carbide or oxide. A number of hydrides have been examined with this approach and many more studies involving other classes of compounds are possible.
The medieval guild in cyberclothes: International dimensions of industry certification in information technology

To standardise protocols and knowledge so that they could draw on a borderless workforce, the information technology and telecommunications industries developed a new class of industry certification in the 1990s. As of mid-2000, approximately 2.5 million of these certifications had been earned by approximately 1.65 million people worldwide, half outside the US. These credentials are awarded by third-party examination, with three commercial testing firms operating at 5000 sites in 140 countries. Students prepare for the examinations in a variety of ways, including course work at commercial schools with both physical facilities and virtual presence in dozens of countries. This paper focuses on the status of IT certification in six countries (Australia, France, Germany, Russia, Spain and the UK), and the behaviour of six major certifying authorities (Microsoft, Cisco, SAP, Sun Microsystems, Oracle and Novell). It highlights (1) the ways that these certifying authorities behave in the countries at issue,(2) variations in opportunities for students to prepare for certification, by country, and (3)flexibility in the languages of instruction/preparation and the languages of examination in the IT certification system. Because this certification system lies outside formal tertiary systems, it is not subject to government data-gathering in any country, hence we know little about the backgrounds of those who seek/earn these credentials. The paper suggests and encourages three lines of research inquiry (basic descriptive tasks, comparative curriculum studies and assessment studies) that can enlighten the role of this growing parallel universe in tertiary education.
Perspectives on software

Summary The preceding guidelines represent generic considerations for evaluating software in the language arts and are by no means exhaustive. From each guideline, teachers and curriculum directors can create more specific rules or ask critical questions of the software under scrutiny: “Are instructions clear?” “Is the presentation logical and well-organized?” “Is the content such that it encourages creative problem solving, the appropriate writing process given the genre studied?” Finally, as teachers and curriculum directors wade through the morass of available instructional software from persuasive marketeers on the one hand and the proliferation of evaluation guides on the other, they must critically assess, from their own professional perspectives, what role technology is currently playing in the “big picture” of schools and what role technology should and could play. Technology should encourage teachers to express themselves as thinkers, researchers, and activists—while it encourages the profession to rethink the role of computers and all computational media in education. If individual software packages do not encourage or at least speak implicitly to this issue, they should seriously be reconsidered for any other overriding value they may have before they are adopted as part of a program's curriculum.
Multicenter clinical trial using next-generation Internet technology

The capacity to evaluate therapies in a multi-center clinical trial for a rare disease like X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) can be improved by establishing a network for transmitting magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data using current Internet and Next Generation Internet (NGI) technologies. A Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) 3.0 application has been installed; it functions as a storage service class provider (SCP), query/retrieve SCP and central database. Sites with query/retrieve (Q/R) service class user (SCU) applications have access to the images. Using the DICOM Q/R SCU application, timing studies of image retrieval for a standard Internet connection and an NGI connection have been conducted. Standard Internet results indicate that performance is affected by bandwidth limitation and is constrained by network traffic, inhibiting the standard Internet as a useful tool for real-time therapy evaluation. NGI results indicate a higher and more consistent data throughput. The increased transmission speed along with the promise of improved quality of service offered by the NGI connection allows for physicians to discuss the images, correlate them with other disease findings, measure disease severity, and request additional MRI studies in real-time permitting a more efficient clinical evaluation strategy. The elimination of variability of transmission speed is no less significant, allowing the physicians to reserve the time needed for such consultations.
Beyond Kalman filters: practical design of nonlinear filters

This paper describes a new exact nonlinear filter which generalizes the Kalman filter. The filter will be explained using block diagrams, for maximal clarity, in addition to detailed equations. A comparison with the Kalman filter will be given, highlighting the similar structure and low computational complexity. Using this block diagram comparison, engineers who are familiar with the Kalman filter will readily grasp the new nonlinear filter technique.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Basic perioperative transesophageal echocardiography examination: a consensus statement of the American Society of Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists.

Scott T. Reeves, MD, FASE, Alan C. Finley, MD, Nikolaos J. Skubas, MD, FASE, Madhav Swaminathan, MD, FASE, William S. Whitley, MD, Kathryn E. Glas, MD, FASE, Rebecca T. Hahn, MD, FASE, Jack S. Shanewise, MD, FASE, Mark S. Adams, BS, RDCS, FASE, and Stanton K. Shernan, MD, FASE, for the Council on Perioperative Echocardiography of the American Society of Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Charleston, South Carolina; New York, New York; Durham, North Carolina; Atlanta, Georgia; Boston, Massachusetts
Does the Public Hold Abused Women Responsible for Protecting Children

The responses of 632 Michigan residents to a public opinion survey showed that the respondents thought that children’s exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) is damaging to children but that m...
Down the yellow chip road: Hypertext portfolios in Oz

Abstract Students often encounter hypertext in the process of research, both when they read hypertextually annotated materials and when they organize and write using the software as a means of electronically footnoting their own texts. In the creative writing class described in this article, however, students used hypertext to develop their writing portfolios. Much like Kansas Dorothy who ventured into Oz, a “tornado” carried these students and their teacher from the safe Paperland to the yellow chip road of electronic portfolios. Although, at times, the project was more electrocuting than electrifying, their portfolios were uniquely nonlinear in nature; new blended genres were ushered in by a marvelous array of guide figures, hot button links, and even a Tin Man. Student creativity moved beyond Kansas into the full-color world of the yellow chip road.
Diabatic quasi-geostrophic surface frontogenesis

Abstract Diabatic processes are included in a quasi-geostrophic model of surface frontogenesis due to an imposed horizontal deformation field. Analytic solutions are found for prescribed heating and for conditional instability of the second kind (CISK) parameterizations of cumulus convection. The solutions for prescribed heating show that condensational heating has no direct effect on the surface potential temperature field. Indirectly this heating aloft may alter the surface frontogenesis by its induced ageostrophic horizontal divergences, but such an effect is estimated to be small Condensational heating does, however, increase the strength of the mid-tropospheric frontogenesis and intensifies the vertical velocity above the surface front. In contrast prescribed boundary layer heating (e.g., surface heat transfer, subcloud evaporative cooling) modifies the surface temperature field directly and can also create a strong ageostrophic convergence near the ground. Solutions for CISK heating parameterization...
An ordered sequential mechanism for Factor IX and Factor IXa binding to platelet receptors in the assembly of the Factor X-activating complex.

To define the contributions of the Ω-loop of the Gla (γ-carboxyglutamic acid) domain and the EGF2 (second epidermal growth factor) domain of FIXa (Factor IXa) in the assembly of the FX-activating complex on activated platelets and phospholipid membranes, three recombinant FIXa chimeras were prepared with corresponding residues from the homologous coagulation protein, FVII: (i) Gly4–Gln11 (FIXa7Ωloop), (ii) Cys88–Cys124 (FIXa7EGF2), and (iii) both Gly4–Gln11 and Cys88–Cys124 (FIXa7Ωloop7EGF2). All three chimeras were similar to wild-type FIXa, as assessed by SDS/PAGE, active-site titration, content of Gla residues, activation rates by FXIa and rates of FXa generation in solution. Titrations of FX or FVIIIa on SFLLRN peptide-activated platelets and on phospholipid vesicles in the presence of FVIIIa revealed normal substrate and cofactor binding to all chimeras. In kinetic assays in the presence of phospholipid vesicles and FVIIIa, compared with wild-type FIXa Kd, app∼4 nM, the FIX7Ωloop chimera showed a 1.6-fold increase in Kd, app, the FIX7EGF2 chimera had a 7.4-fold increase in Kd, app, and the FIX7Ωloop7EGF2 chimera showed a 21-fold increase in Kd, app. In kinetic assays and equilibrium platelet-binding assays with activated platelets and FVIIIa, compared with wild-type FIXa (Vmax∼5 nM min−1; Kd, app∼0.5 nM; Bmax∼550 sites/platelet; Kd∼0.5 nM), the FIX7Ωloop chimera displayed 2-fold decreases in Vmax and Bmax and 2-fold increases in Kd, app and Kd. The FIX7EGF2 chimera displayed 2-fold decreases in Vmax and Bmax and 10-fold increases in Kd, app and Kd. The FIX7Ωloop7EGF2 chimera showed non-saturable curves and severely impaired rates of FXa generation, and non-saturable, non-specific, low-level binding to activated platelets. Thus both the Gla domain Ω-loop (Gly4–Gln11) and the EGF2 domain (Cys88–Cys124) are required to mediate the normal assembly of the FX-activating complex on activated platelets and on phospholipid membranes.
On Raman scattering from selected M2AC compounds

We report on the one-phonon Raman scattering spectra from the following M2AC MAX-phase ternary carbides: Ti2AlC, V2AlC, Cr2AlC, Nb2AlC, Ta2AlC, Ti2InC, Hf2InC, V2GeC, Cr2GeC, V2AsC, and Nb2AsC. We also report the results of calculations of the Γ-point, Raman-active phonon energies for these phases based on density functional theoretical simulations, including the effect of the k-point sampling on the convergence of phonon energies. Good agreement between all measured and calculated Γ-point Raman-active optical phonon energies is obtained.
Effects of early and recent maternal employment on children from low-income families

The effects of early maternal employment (employment during the child's first 3 years) and recent maternal employment (employment during the previous 3 years) on 189 second-grade children from low-income families were examined. Maternal employment was related to a number of selection factors. In comparison to mothers who were not employed, employed mothers scored higher on a mental aptitude test and were more highly educated. Both early and recent maternal employment were also associated with measures of the current family functioning: there was less poverty and higher HOME environment scores when mothers were employed. Hierarchical multiple regressions showed that children's math achievement was positively predicted by early maternal employment and children's reading achievement was positively predicted by recent maternal employment, even after controlling for selection effects and current family environment. These results are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms by which maternal employment may affect children's development.
A Novel DDoS Attack Defending Framework with Minimized Bilateral Damages

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks are one of the most damaging threats against Internet based applications. Many of the DDoS defense mechanisms may unintentionally deny a certain portion of legitimate user accesses by mistaking them as attackers or may simply not block enough traffic to adequately protect the victim. Other better performing systems have not yet to reach adoption because of designs that require a substantial investment into the Internet infrastructure before offering much effectiveness. This paper proposes Heimdall, a novel traffic verification based framework to protect legitimate traffic from bilateral damages. Based on a proof-of-work technique and application of distributed hash ID, aside from protecting established connections, our system can validate new initial request for communication and open valid channels between users and the protected server. Through intensive simulation experiments on the ns-2 network simulator, we verified that Heimdall scheme can effectively protect legitimate communications and filter out malicious flows with very high accuracy.
The Formation Al2O3/V2O3 Multilayer Structures by High-Dose Ion Implantation

High-resolution TEM, RBS-channeling and x-ray-diffraction techniques have been used to characterize multilayered structures formed by the high-dose co-implantation of vanadium and oxygen into single crystals of cx-A1 2 0 3 . Thin, two-dimensional multilayered structures have been formed by implanting c -axis and a -axis-oriented single crystals of A1 2 03 at room temperature with vanadium (10 17 ions/cm 2 at 300 keV) and oxygen (2 × 10 17 ions/cm 2, 120 keV) followed by a rapid anneal at 1000oC. Cross-sectional TEM studies showed thatthis process produced a buried layer of V 2 O 3 located about 120 nm below the A1 2 O 3 surface. X-raydiffraction investigations revealed that this layer is epitaxially oriented in three dimensions with respect to the host A1 2 O 3 lattice. The orientational relationship was subsequently confirmed by RBS/ channeling techniques. V 2 O 3 exhibits a first-order phase transition at about 155 K that is accompanied by striking changes in its electrical and opticalproperties, and this phase transition was observed through in-situ TEM cooling studies ofcross-sectional samples.
Random walks on compact groups and the existence of cocycles

We show that certain skew products in ergodic theory are isomorphic to the shifts defined by random walks. We conclude the existence of cocycles for any finite measure preserving ergodic automorphism or flow, taking values in an arbitrary compact group, which determine ergodic skew products.
Spring forward: female Muslim soccer players in Iraqi Kurdistan

In the wake of the Arab Spring, there has been increased interest in female athleticism in the Middle East. In part, this stems from the fact that women have participated in the uprisings in unprecedented numbers. It is also tied to larger socio-economic changes that have occurred in the Middle East, both before and after the rebellions. Based on fieldwork and in-depth interviews, the present study offers an ethnographic account of an all-female soccer team in Sulaimani, a somewhat culturally progressive city located in north-east Iraqi Kurdistan. A growing body of academic research considers the impact of female Muslim athleticism in the Middle East, but the Kurdish region of Iraq remains virtually unexamined. As Kurdish female Muslim athletes, the women in this study, experience a complex set of interwoven social forces that include family, religion, gender, identity and the pro-democracy movements sweeping through the Middle East. In exploring these themes, I demonstrate how the culture of Iraqi Kurdis...
Sunk costs account for rats' decisions on an intertemporal foraging task

Decision makers commit the sunk cost fallacy when they are influenced by previous investments instead of estimated future returns [1]. As resources previously allocated toward an outcome are irrecoverable, adaptive choices should be based only on the future benefits that could result from available options. Humans clearly show sensitivity to sunk costs in a wide range of situations [1]; however, there is at best mixed evidence that other species are affected by sunk costs, leading to the suggestion that sunk cost sensitivity depends on complicated cognitive/meta-cognitive mechanisms unlikely to be present in non-human animals [2]. We tested the extent to which rats are influenced by previous investment and expected future gains in a naturalistic foraging context. Rats foraged for food on a circular path outfitted with three equidistant feeder sites. Each feeder was associated with a delay that remained fixed within a session. Six sets of delays were chosen to create six session types, across which the opportunity cost of time [3] varied. Upon approaching a feeder, subjects made a stay/go decision; if they remained until the delay expired, food pellets were dispensed. Otherwise, they were free to proceed to the next site. We computed the optimal strategy for each session type following the prey selection model of foraging theory [4]. Each feeder location was modeled as a prey type with a handling time equal to its delay. Given these parameters, we found that the rate-maximizing strategy in all session types was to wait for food at only the shortest-delayed site. Our subjects did not employ this strategy. Instead, rats nearly always accepted both short and medium length delays, and often waited for even the longest delay. We tested several possible explanations for rats’ behavior on this task, including satisficing [5], operant matching [6] and integration over shorter temporal horizons. We also ran a reinforcement learning [7] model of the task over a range of discounting rates and action selection parameters. None of these matched the observed behavior. The sunk cost effect predicts that as investment in a option increases, willingness to abandon that option decreases. Running between feeder locations entails an energetic investment that could bias subjects towards waiting out long delays despite the resulting decrease in reward rate. We fit an aversion parameter A to model subjects’ reluctance to skip feeder sites. Subjects’ unwillingness to abandon sites varied across session types, indicating energetic expenditure (which is equal across sessions) cannot fully account for their suboptimal behavior. Interestingly, we found that A correlated positively with opportunity cost. These data suggest that rats’ decisions are influenced by sunk costs, and that the investment they track likely incorporates both energetic costs and the reinforcement statistics of the environment.
Beating the Multiplex Disadvantage in Shot-Noise-Limited Interferometry with Self-Adaptive Filtering

A new data acquisition scheme is presented which produces interferograms with constant standard deviations from shot-noise-limited signals. This is accomplished by tuning the frequency response of the data acquisition system in real time in response to the noise in the interferogram. A constant amount of shot noise is recorded with each datum, regardless of signal intensity, so that the multiplex disadvantage is nullified for these data.
A Steerable Dual-Channel Microwave Radiometer for Measurement of Water Vapor and Liquid in the Troposphere

Abstract An instrument that remotely senses the integrated amounts of water vapor and liquid on a path through the atmosphere is discussed. The vapor and liquid are measured simultaneously but independently by microwave radiometers. Comparison of the accuracy in measurement of vapor is made with radiosondes, and of liquid with an independent method employing transmission from a geosynchronous satellite. The instrument is designed for unattended operation; examples of measured data are given. Applications including observations for weather forecasting, weather modification, solar-radiation studies, and instrumentation for geodetic metrology are also discussed.
Spinal anesthesia for orthopedic surgery: a detailed video assessment of quality.

Background: Subarachnoid blocks are considered routine anesthetic procedures important in the daily practices of most anesthesiologists. However, few data exist regarding modern failure rates or quality-compromising behaviors. Methods: Sixty adult patients having orthopedic surgery under spinal anesthesia were enrolled in this prospective and observational video study. Through a detailed high definition video review, we aimed to define our subarachnoid block failure rate and identify associated quality-compromising behaviors. Results: An intrathecal injection either failed to generate a surgical block or was aborted secondary to difficulty in 7 patients (11.6%). A procedurally difficult subarachnoid block occurred in 17 patients (29%). Eight patients required greater than 10 mins of needling to complete the subarachnoid block. Body mass index represented an independent risk factor for long procedure times. There were 27 incidences of quality-compromising behaviors that included likely violation of aseptic technique, hemorrhage, poor positioning, damaged needles, thecal sac transfixation, high-lumbar needle placement, repetition of previously failed maneuvers, failure to provide skin anesthesia, and prolonged procedure times. Certified registered nurse anesthetist status predicted a greater-than-4-fold risk of subarachnoid block failure. Discussion: The failure rate and quality-compromising behaviors identified in this study challenge the generalized assumption that performing a subarachnoid block in the orthopedic population is a simple procedure. The number and nature of the combined failed and difficult subarachnoid blocks suggest the need for quality improvement. Further research is needed to assess whether the use of image guidance may be a possible solution to navigate difficult anatomical pathology and confirm correct needle and drug placement.
Theoretical Aerodynamics in Today's Real World, Opportunities and Challenges

*† In spite of the CFD revolution, significant challenges still face aerodynamicists in predicting and controlling various classes of flows. These include three-dimensional separation, boundary layer transition, interaction of separation and transition such as on reentry capsules, multi-element airfoils and wings, UAV low Reynolds number flows and high angle of attack applications. Others include multi-body flows such as those occurring in store and stage separation, “stiff” combustion reacting and unsteady flows as well as plasma aerodynamics and turbulence, to name a few. In many cases, diverse multiple scales are involved and the proper identification and treatment of associated disparate length and time scales is critical in obtaining accurate prediction and effective control. The solution of such multi-scale problems can be a hurdle to effective domain decomposition, even overset, unstructured adaptive gridding and ultimately, solution accuracy. Theoretical insights can help make proper decisions on numerical pre-processing, solution, post-processing and interpretation. Opportunities for a combined theoretical, computational and experimental approach will be discussed. These will be illustrated by examples from the author’s experience. As compared to the limited “pen and paper” theoretical methods of the 50’s, illustrations will be given of the effectiveness of combined asymptotics, similitude, group invariance, approximate physics-based modeling and numerical methods for conceptual vehicle design, flow control innovation, identification of key parameters, leveraging of computational solutions, reducing the parameter space as well as providing added insight into the basic physical processes. These will be related to tradeoffs between accuracy and response speed in typical aerospace environments.
Combining the LEAP preconditioner with FETI-DP

The newly introduced Locally Exact Algebraic Preconditioner (LEAP) is combined with the well established FETI-DP method to provide robust and scalable iterative convergence. This is achieved by adopting a single-level version of LEAP, sufficient to deduce scalable results due to treatment of domain-edges by FETI-DP. It is experimentally shown that the LEAP can significantly improve the order of convergence of FETI-DP to make it more efficient and robust.
Development of Logical Reasoning and the School Performance of African American Adolescents in Relation to Socioeconomic Status, Ethnic Identity, and Self-Esteem:

This study explored the deductive reasoning and school performance of 330 African American adolescents and the relation of reasoning and school performance to socioeconomic status (SES), ethnic identity, and self-esteem. As expected, there was a systematic increase in selection task reasoning performance across adolescence, and high SES students outscored low SES students in reasoning performance and school grades. Ogbu’s cultural-ecological theory, which predicts an inverse relationship between cognitive performance and ethnic idfentity strength, was not supported because better reasoning performance was associated instead with stronger ethnic identity. Steele’s stereotype-threat theory, which predicts that there will be an association between global self-esteem and school grades in early adolescent African Americans that subsequently decreases across adolescence, was partially supported. Self-esteem and grades were strongly related in 6th graders, not significantly related in 10th and 12th graders, yet ...
Proposal for topologically unquenched QCD

A proposal is presented for simulating an improvement on quenched QCD with dynamical fermions which interact with the gluon configuration only via the topological index of the latter. Strengths and shortcomings of the method are discussed and it is argued that the approximation - though being crude - shares some qualitative aspects of full QCD which relate to the issue of chiral symmetry breaking.
Why proofs by mathematical induction are generally not explanatory

Proposed accounts of scientific explanation have long been tested against certain canonical examples. Various arguments are paradigmatically explanatory, such as Newton's explanations of Kepler's laws and the tides, Darwin's explanations of various biogeographical and anatomical facts, Wegener's explanation of the correspondence between the South American and African coastlines, and Einstein's explanation of the equality of inertial and gravitational mass. Any promising comprehensive theory of scientific explanation must deem these arguments to be genuinely explanatory. By the same token, there is widespread agreement that various other arguments are not explanatory examples so standard that I need only give their familiar monikers: the flagpole, the eclipse, the barometer, the hexed salt and so forth. Although there are some controversial cases, of course (such as 'explanations' of the dormi ti vevirtue variety), philosophers who defend rival accounts of scientific explanation nevertheless agree to a large extent on the phenomena that they are trying to save. Alas, the same cannot be said when it comes to mathematical explanation. Philosophers disagree sharply about which proofs of a given theorem explain why that theorem holds and which merely prove that it holds.1 This kind of disagreement makes it difficult to test proposed accounts of mathematical explanation without making controversial presuppositions about the phenomena to be saved.
Enhancing the Culture of Research Ethics on University Campuses

Institutions create their own internal cultures, including the culture of ethics that pervades scientific research, academic policy, and administrative philosophy. This paper addresses some of the issues involved in institutional enhancement of its culture of research ethics, focused on individual empowerment and strategies that individuals can use to initiate institutional change.
The Dichloroacetate Dilemma: Environmental Hazard versus Therapeutic Goldmine—Both or Neither?

BackgroundDichloroacetate (DCA) is known to environmental scientists as a by-product of water chlorination and as a metabolite of industrial solvents, including Superfund chemicals. In contrast, DC...