cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy in the elderly

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) results from deposition of β-amyloid in the media and adventitia of small arteries and capillaries of the leptomeninges and cerebral cortex and is a major cause of lobar intracerebral hemorrhage and cognitive impairment in the elderly. CAA is associated with a high prevalence of magnetic resonance imaging markers of small vessel disease, including cerebral microbleeds and white matter hyperintensities. Although advanced CAA is present in approximately ¼ of brains with Alzheimer disease (AD), fewer than half of CAA cases meet pathologic criteria for AD. This review will discuss the pathophysiology of CAA and focus on new imaging modalities and laboratory biomarkers that may aid in the clinical diagnosis of individuals with the disease.
Do pediatric chief residents recognize details of prepubertal female genital anatomy: a national survey.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate how well a group of recently trained pediatric chief residents could label anatomic structures on two different photographs of female prepubertal genitalia. Additionally, the study sought to explore aspects of pediatric training in sexual abuse and clinical practice issues surrounding the routine genital examination. Method: A 38-item questionnaire was mailed to pediatric chief residents at all of the officially listed pediatric residency-training programs in the continental US. Comparisons were made between this study and the responses to two previous surveys, which asked a more heterogeneous group of physicians to label one of the photographs used in the study. The second photograph was added because of its improved clarity of each anatomic structure when compared to the first photograph used in the previous studies. The study also asked about clinical practice issues surrounding the prepubertal genital examination. Results: An overall response rate of 73% was achieved and analysis was done on 139 respondents. One-half of chief residents thought that their training during residency on sexual abuse was inadequate for practice. Sixty-four percent of chief residents correctly labeled the hymen on the photograph used in the previous studies, which was not significantly different from the 62% and 59% of physicians who correctly labeled the hymen in the previous surveys. In the second photograph, which more clearly displayed the various anatomic structures, 71% correctly labeled the hymen. Conclusion: Pediatric chief residents reported variable amounts of training on issues pertaining to child sexual abuse during residency, think that this time was inadequate, and, while doing slightly better than a more diverse group of previously studied physicians, did not achieve 100% accuracy in identifying basic genital structures correctly on two different photographs.
A third restriction endonuclease from Xanthomonas malvacearum

Abstract An additional sequence-specific endonuclease, XmaIII, has been partially purified from Xanthomonas malvacearum. XmaIII recognizes ten cleavage sites in adenovirus 2 DNA, two sites in bacteriophage lambda and no site in either simian virus 40 DNA or φX174 DNA. It recognizes the sequence and cleaves at the sites indicated by the arrows. No other endonuclease with this particular nucleotide sequence specificity has been reported.
Effects of platelet-derived growth factor isoforms on calcium release from neonatal mouse calvariae

Abstract Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is the major growth factor in serum for cells of mesenchymal origin and induces many different activities, including bone resorption. Since the initial report that PDGF stimulated calcium release from bone organ cultures, it has been shown that PDGF is a dimeric protein consisting of two disulfide bonded polypeptides encoded by different genes. Three isoforms of the two gene products have been isolated. We compared the capacity of each isoform to stimulate calcium release from radiolabeled mouse calvariae. PDGF-AB from human platelets and recombinant PDGF'-BB isoforms significantly stimulated calcium release at 5 ng/ml, but not in lower doses. Recombinant PDGF-AA did not induce calcium release. Indomethacin blocked the stimulated bone resorption, suggesting a prostaglandin-mediated mechanism of action. PDGF-induced calcium release was compared to TGF-β1 in the organ culture system. Approximately a 10-fold greater concentration of PDGF-AB and PDGF-BB was required to achieve a similar degree of calcium release as found in TGF-β1 treated calvariae. Thus, TGF-β1, PDGF-AB, and PDGF-BB significantly stimulated calcium release from mouse calvariae. This response is specific in that PDGF-AA did not stimulate calcium release.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FAMILIAL STYLE AND CREATIVE POTENTIAL OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN

Summary.-The relationship between familial style and creative potential in preschool children was explored with a sample of 32 children (17 girls, 15 boys) and their parents. The children's ages ranged from 36 to 61 months (M = 51). The children were given the Multidimensional Stimulus Fluen? hleasure as an assessment of creative potential. Parents completed FACES 111, a measure of family interaction patterns. Analysis yielded a positive though nonsignificant r of .32 between FACES adaptability and total fluency of the stimulus fluency measure and a significant negative r of -.34 (p<.05) for FACES cohesion and total fluency of children. Regression analyses indicated that, when cohesion and adaptability are used together, 15% of the variance can be accounted for.
Exploring Orientation in Remaking High School Readers’ Literacies and Identities ☆

In taking as its focus classroom instructional discourse, this study builds upon a program of research into the academic literacy practices of a classroom for “gifted and talented” students that successfully integrated “general college preparatory” students. The study applies aspects of Bourdieu’s concept of habitus and Gee’s theory of socioliteracy to observe “principles” in the teacher’s pedagogical discourses. By describing three dominant “orienting” discourses in relation to a student’s responses and performances, the analysis demonstrates concordances between the teacher’s and the student’s principles. The implications of these concordances for thinking about detracking or destreaming of students and teachers are considered.
The effects of amobarbital sodium on differential instrumental conditioning and subsequent extinction

Twenty-four rats received 54 differential instrumental conditioning trials (single stimulus presentation) in which an approach to one stimulus was reinforced and to a second was nonreinforced, followed by 24 extinction trials in which approaches to either were nonreinforced. Twelve animals received a 20 mg/kg amobarbital sodium injection (i. p.) ten minutes before the six daily trials and 12 received an equal volume isotonic saline injection. The drug did not affect terminal response latency to the reinforced stimulus but resulted in shorter latencies to the nonreinforced stimulus in both initial acquisition and extinction. These data support the hypothesis that amobarbital at this dose level has a specific attenuating effect on those anticipatory processes related to aversive emotion-producing events.
Varying-coefficient single-index signal regression

Abstract The penalized signal regression (PSR) approach to multivariate calibration (MVC) assumes a smooth vector of coefficients for weighting a signal or spectrum to predict the unknown concentration of a chemical component. P-splines (i.e. B-splines and roughness penalties, based on differences) are used to estimate the coefficients. In this paper we allow the PSR coefficient vector to vary smoothly along a covariate (e.g. temperature), which results in a smooth surface on the wavelength–temperature domain. Estimation is performed using two-dimensional tensor product P-splines. As such, a slice of this surface effectively estimates the vector of coefficients at any arbitrary temperature. As an added generalization, we further relax the implicit assumption of an identity link function by allowing an unknown, but explicit, link function between the linear predictor and the response. Again, we allow the signal's link function to vary smoothly along a covariate, which produces a two-dimensional link surface . The unknown link surface is also estimated using two-dimensional P-splines, which is sliced at the same arbitrary temperature to bend prediction. Typically we use a common covariate (e.g. temperature) to vary the associated link function, as with the signal coefficients, but nothing prohibits the use of two different ones. We term our method: varying single-index signal regression (VSISR). The methods presented are grounded in penalized regression, where difference penalties are placed on the rows and columns of the tensor product coefficients. Each row and column of each surface has its own tuning parameter. An application to ternary mixture data illustrates that both the varying-coefficient and varying-nonlinearity (due to the link) are present. External prediction performance comparisons are made for both the identity link varying-coefficient penalized signal regression (VPSR) and partial least squares (PLS).
Competition between multiphoton fluorescence and multiphoton ionization in NO

A nitrogen laser pumped tunable dye laser has been used to observe the three-photon ionization of NO through a two-photon resonance with the C2II state. Fluorescence is also observed from this state. The wavelength dependence of both signals have been measured. A reaction mechanism is postulated, which includes the initial two-photon excitation of the C2II state as the rate-limiting step. This mechanism predicts the observed second-order intensity dependence of the ionization signal and shows that the simple rate equation treatment is valid in this system.
The growth and decay of acceleration waves of arbitrary form in bkz viscoelastic fluids

Abstract The article explores the amplitude behavior of an acceleration wave of arbitrary form propagating into a particular non-linear viscoelastic fluid with memory. The media is assumed to obey the incompressible, isotropic and isothermal BKZ constitutive model. Investigation is restricted to waves propagating into regions which have been at rest in their reference configuration. Specific cases of plane, cylindrical and spherical wave fronts are examined. The results indicate that the acceleration wave amplitude (which is transverse) obeys a similar equation as found by Varley for simple materials, and hence will always decay.
Local Government Responses to Fiscal Stress: Evidence from the Public Education Sector

This article investigates local government responses to fiscal stress through the lens of the K–12 public education sector, examining two major policy options available to school districts for managing fiscal hardship: (1) cutting costs, especially through layoffs, and (2) raising revenues locally through voter referenda. The article employs district-level administrative and survey data from California and Indiana to examine whether school districts exhibit features of a rational or natural system—in which their behaviors largely reflect fiscal pressures only—or whether they exhibit features of an open system in which nonfinancial factors also shape responses. In Indiana, district fiscal characteristics explain differences in cost-cutting and revenue-raising behaviors; there is little empirical evidence that school districts exhibit features of an open system. In California, both fiscal and environmental attributes, including poverty characteristics, average student achievement levels, and the enrollment of English learner students, explain school district behaviors.
Generalization in olfactory detection of chemical cues containing carbonyl functions by tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum)

Tiger salamanders generalize behaviorally between carbonyl-containing odorants (e.g., aldehydes or cycloalkanones). However, responding does not generalize from such odorants to stimulus compounds with comparable molecular shapes and dimensions but different functional groups. Discrimination between aldehydes and a ketone is temporarily impaired by two-step covalent modification of the olfactory epithelium. Two-step modification of the olfactory epithelia also impairs, but does not obliterate, olfactory detection, and generalization persists even during the period of impairment. These results are interpreted as implying the existence of carbonyl-binding, “generalist” olfactory receptors in addition to other classes of “generalist” receptors that are not affected by two-step modification. Generalization is inferred to require overlap in the response profile of more than one class of receptor.
Alkyl Chain Length and the Spectral Characteristics of p -Aminophenones

We report on the syntheses of some p-aminophenones with different lengths in their alkyl chains. In the mass spectra, beginning with p-amino-n-butyrophenone, the m/e 135 ion forms and its intensity increases sharply with alkyl chain length. The lengthening of the alkyl chain increases the intensity of the IR CH stretching absorption in the region of 3000-2800 cm−1 but decreases the complexity in the absorption region from 3.00 ppm to about 0.80 ppm in the PMR spectra.
Pituitary-adrenocortical response to shock-induced stress in normal and hypothalamic hyperphagic rats.

Abstract Several previous experiments have reported that mediobasal hypothalamic lesions that include the ventromedial nuclei result in decreased adrenal weights and impaired pituitary-adrenocortical responses to stress. In the present experiment, lean and obese rats with lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus that spared the median eminence were found to have normal adrenal weights and normal elevations in plasma corticosterone to shock-induced stress. The previous results were attributed to incidental damage to adjacent structures, particularly the median eminence. Lean but not obese VMH-lesioned rats were found to have higher baseline corticosterone levels.
Nuclear magnetic resonance of oriented molecules in lyotropic liquid crystalline media: Pyridine, 4-cyanopyridine and benzonitrile

Proton distance ratios for pyridine, benzonitrile and 4-cyanopyridine have been obtained in a potassium laurate lyotropic mesophase and compare favorably with values for different thermotropic solvents. Order matrices indicate a preference for the C2v symmetry axis of the molecules to be aligned along the optical axis of the mesophase.
Functions of baseplate components in bacteriophage T4 infection: II. Products of genes 5, 6, 7, 8, and 10

Abstract Thermolabile mutants in genes 5, 6, 7, 8, and 10 of phage T4D, which are inactivated more rapidly than wild type at high temperatures, have been used to examine the functions of these gene products in phage adsorption. Comparison of the thermolabilities of whole phage and urea treated particles, the yield of active urea treated phage from heat inactivated phage particles, and the infectivity of heated particles on spheroplasts enabled us to determine that P10 functions only at an early stage of infection whereas P5, P6, P7, and P8 are involved at later stages.
Evidence of Biofilm on Adenoid and Sinus Mucosa in Pediatric Chronic Rhinosinusitis

Conclusions: Findings indicate a similar prevalence of biofilm on adenoid tissues using confocal microscopy regardless of infectious versus obstructive process, bringing into question the clinical significance of the presence of biofilm on pediatric adenoid mucosal samples. One possibility is that biofilms are fairly ubiquitous, and it is the individual’s inflammatory response to the biofilm that dictates a disease pattern. Additionally, confocal imaging requires subjective interpretation of a small section of tissue, resulting in a high possibility of sampling error and bias. Biofilm identification criteria need to be defined and standardized. METHODS AND MATERIALS
Development of the kitten substantia Nigra: A rapid golgi study of the early postnatal period

Abstract The rapid Golgi method was used to describe the morphological maturation of substantia nigra (SN) neurons and the surrounding afferent axons. Observations were made from 25 kittens grouped at 1–3, 7–10, 18–24, and 40–55 days of age. Although variability in dendritic development among neurons is seen at each age, a common maturational sequence can be defined. The dendritic shafts at 1–3 and 7–10 days exhibit prominent varicosities and thin filiform processes along their shafts, and growth cones at their tips. The dendrites at 18–24 days are longer, thicker, and have more regular contours proximally, while varicosities and filiform processes persist distally. Neurons in this age group display shorter, spine-like processes although adult cells are known to lack typical spines 30,33 . By 40–55 days, most dendritic surfaces are smooth with only scattered appendages distally. Computer-assisted measurements of dendritic growth in pars compacta neurons demonstrate a 42% increase in dendritic lengths. The number of dendrites per neuron and the number of branches per dendrite do not change between the youngest and oldest age groups. The afferent connectivity in the kitten SN is en passant in character. Two axonal types are identified at all ages. Most prominent is a thin fiber with irregularly spaced varicosities and terminal expansions 1 μm in diameter. These swellings correspond, most likely, to the type I terminals described ultrastructurally and shown to be neostriatal in origin. The second axonal type is thicker, with branches that end in clusters of enlargements, 1–2 μm in diameter. The origin of this second type is unknown.
Adenosine triphosphate and organic carbon in the Cariaco Trench

Abstract Measurements were made of the vertical distribution of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), sulfide (HS − ), and dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC and POC) within the water column of the Cariaco Trench. All three profiles indicate a large active microbial population (15 μg Cl −1 ) at the depth interval corresponding to the oxic-anoxic interface (350 to 400 m). The average concentrations of POC (60 μg 1 −1 and ATP (5 to 12 ng 1 −1 ) within the lower portion of the anoxic zone (> 500 m) are between 4 and 12 times greater than values previously reported from oxygenated oceanic environments. Significant chemical and biological differences (HS − and ATP) were observed between the eastern and western basin stations. These results are discussed relative to the processes involved in periodic renewal of the deep anoxic waters.
Pattern recognition using stochastic cellular automata

In this paper, we study pattern recognition using stochastic cellular automata (SCA). A learning system can be defined by three rules: the encoding rule, the rule of internal change, and the quantization rule. In our system, the data encoding is to store an image in a stable distribution of a SCA. Given an input image f (epsilon) F, one can find a SCA t (epsilon) T such that the equilibrium distribution of this SCA is the given image f. Therefore, the input image, f, is encoded into a specification of a SCA, t. This mapping from F (image space) to T (parameter space of SCA) defines SCA transformation. SCA transformation encodes an input image into a relatively small vector which catches the characteristics of the input vector. The internal space T is the parameter space of SCA. The internal change rule of our system uses local minima algorithm to encode the input data. The output data of the encoding stage is a specification of a stochastic dynamical system. The quantization rule divides the internal data space T by sample data.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Caffeine extraction rates from coffee beans with supercritical carbon dioxide

The extraction of caffeine from whole coffee beans with supercritical carbon dioxide was studied in a continuous-flow extraction apparatus. Decaffeination rates were determined as a function of CO2 flow rate, temperature and pressure by continuously monitoring the caffeine in the effluent with a flame ionization detector. Soaking the raw beans in water prior to decaffeination enhanced the rate of extraction, which increased markedly with water content. Using CO2 saturated with water also increased the rate of extraction. The rate of decaffeination increased with pressure and temperature and was influenced by both intraparticle diffusion in the water-soaked beans and external mass transfer. A mathematical model based on a linear-driving-force approximation of mass transfer and partitioning of caffeine between the water and the supercritical CO2 describes the time-dependent process. The partition coefficient for caffeine distributed between water and supercritical CO2, the only parameter determined from the dynamic extraction rate data, increases with temperature and pressure.
Inhalant use among American Indian youth.

According to the U. S. Indian Health Service, substance abuse is the most urgent health problem facing American Indians. Inhalants are among the first drugs used by Indian youth, with first use occurring at approximately the same time as the onset for cigarette smoking. Although prevalence rates vary among Indian subpopulations, Indian youth generally have much higher rates of inhalant use than non-Indian youth. Furthermore, while other drugs are showing a downward trend among Indian youth, inhalant use is increasing slightly. This paper examines this phenomena by reviewing related epidemiological, social, and clinical issues.
SPIN RESONANCE OF DONORS IN CdS

R.3 Hyperfine structure due to interaction with Ni6’ has been detected”’ in samples doped with nickel enriched to contain 83 per cent of that isotope. The principal axes of the hyperfine interaction are the same as those of the g-tensor, and one finds the principal values A, = 10.3, A, 6 16, A, = 12.2 (in units of 1O-a cm-l) in the directions corresponding to g, = 2.1128, g, = 2.0294, and g, = 2.0176.
Assessing left ventricular filling pressure with flow-directed (Swan-Ganz) catheters. Detection of sudden changes in patients with left ventricular dysfunction.

The accuracy with which pulmonary pressures reflect sudden changes in left ventricular (LV) pressures was studied in 15 patients without mitral disease. Mean pulmonary artery (PA), pulmonary artery end-diastolic (PAd), mean pulmonary capillary (PC), and pulmonary capillary V wave (PCa) pressures were compared with simultaneous LV diastolic pressures measured before (LV pre V) and after atrial systole (LVEDP). Recordings were made at rest and after angiography. There were significant correlations (r > 0.75, P
Serum Insulin, Obesity, and the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Black and White Adults: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study: 1987–1998

OBJECTIVE—In this study, we tested the hypothesis that fasting serum insulin is higher in nonobese black adults than in white adults and that high fasting insulin predicts type 2 diabetes equally well in both groups. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—At the baseline examination (1987–1989) of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, fasting insulin and BMI were measured in 13,416 black and white men and women without diabetes. Participants were examined at years 3, 6, and 9 for incident diabetes based on fasting glucose and American Diabetes Association criteria. RESULTS—Fasting insulin was 19.7 pmol/l higher among nonobese (BMI CONCLUSIONS—Nonobese black women have higher fasting insulin levels than nonobese white women, and fasting insulin is an equally strong predictor of diabetes in both groups. These results suggest one mechanism to explain the excess incidence of diabetes in nonobese black women but do not explain the excess among black men. Future research should evaluate additional factors: genetic, environmental, or the combination of both, which might explain higher fasting insulin among black women when compared with white women.
Structure, function and biological properties of integrin alpha v beta 3 on human melanoma cells.

Human melanoma represents one of the most metastatic cancers in man. The capacity of melanoma cells to invade a variety of tissues and extracellular matrices is, in part, due to their repertoire of adhesion receptors. To this end, human melanoma cells express multiple integrin cell adhesion receptors among these is the vitronectin receptor, αvβ3. This adhesion receptor enables melanoma cells to attach to a wide variety of extracellular matrix components containing the sequence Arg-Gly-Asp. This review will focus on the biosynthetic, biochemical and biological properties of this receptor expressed on the surface of human melanoma cells.
Psychosis and bronchial asthma.

Observations on 32 cases of bronchial asthma and psychosis were studied with regard to the occurrence of asthmatic symptoms in various stages of the psychotic process. Three cases were presented in detail, illustrating the two most common relationships between asthmatic symptoms and psychotic episodes. These were (a) co-existence, by which is meant the presence of asthmatic symptoms prior to psychosis, during the psychosis and during remissions when they occur; and (b) antagonism, by which is meant sence during the overt psychosis, and their reappearance during remission. Both relationships were occasionally observed in the same patient during different psychotic episodes, depending on the level of psychosis.
Hydride formation in Zr1−xCexMn2 (x = 0.2, 0.3)

Abstract Hydrogen absorption has been carried out on the Zr 1− x Ce x Mn 2 ( x = 0.2, 0.3) system. The host metals absorb 3.2–3.5 hydrogen atoms per formula unit accompanied by an expansion of 21%–28% in unit cell volume without change in crystal structure. The hydrogen vapor pressure is raised by about a factor of 8 for composition x = 0.3 without appreciably impairing the hydrogen capacity. The pressure-composition isotherms of the hydride of Zr 0.7 Ce 0.3 Mn 2 gave an indication of two hydride phases. The kinetics of hydrogen absorption and desorption were found to be very rapid.
Gene-environment interactions of novel variants associated with head and neck cancer.

Background A genome-wide association study for upper aerodigestive tract cancers identified 19 candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We used these SNPs to investigate the potential gene-gene and gene-environment interactions in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) risk.
Tax increment financing: a theoretical inquiry

Abstract This paper offers an analysis of tax increment financing (TIF), adding to a small theoretical literature on this important fiscal instrument. The analysis exploits the theoretical connection between property values and public-good levels, which is the subject of a large literature in local public finance. Using this approach, the paper shows that localized public improvements are likely to be opposed by property owners outside the affected area, who pay higher property taxes with no offsetting benefits. By using tax revenue captured from overlapping jurisdictions, TIF may circumvent this opposition, allowing the city to implement the public improvement without an increase in its tax rate. TIF is not always viable as a financing method, however, because it may not generate enough additional revenue. The analysis shows that TIF’s viability is ensured only when the public good is at least moderately underprovided relative to the socially optimal level. In the case where the public good is slightly underprovided, a public improvement is desirable, but TIF is not viable. Finally, the analysis shows that the public-good level ultimately chosen under TIF need not be efficient, with both under- and overprovision being possible outcomes. Thus, while TIF may allow a city to carry out needed public improvements, the stimulus it provides may be excessive.
Treatment of “hypertensive encephalopathy” (accelerated hypertension). Part II

1. 1. Patients with “accelerated” or “malignant” hypertension should be treated vigorously. If emergency treatment is successful, and azotemia is not present, longrange prognosis is good. 2. 2. The parenteral drugs of choice are reserpine or pentolinium (Ansolysen). If reserpine is ineffective after several doses, intravenous diazoxide (if available) and intravenous ethacrynic acid should be given. 3. 3. Trimethaphan is the drug of choice in treating the patient with “accelerated” hypertension and pulmonary edema. 4. 4. Oral medication should be started as soon as possible after gastrointestinal symptoms are under control. 5. 5. In patients with accelerated hypertension and azotemia, blood pressure lowering is approached more cautiously, but is indicated in an attempt to reverse the vascular factors that may complicate the underlying renal disease. Prognosis in these cases is guarded even after successful blood pressure reduction.
Clustering Heterogeneous Data Sets

Recent years have seen an increasing interest in clustering data comprising multiple domains or modalities, such as categorical, numerical and transactional, etc. This kind of data is sometimes found within the context of clustering multiview, heterogeneous, or multimodal data. Traditionally, different types of attributes or domains have been handled by first combining them into one format (possibly using some type of conversion) and then following with a traditional clustering algorithm, or computing a combined distance matrix that takes into account the distance values for each domain, then following with a relational or graph clustering approach. In other cases where data consists of multiple views, multiview clustering has been used to cluster the data. In this paper, we review the existing approaches such as multiview clustering and discuss several additional approaches that can be harnessed for the purpose of clustering heterogeneous data once they are adapted for this purpose. The additional approaches include ensemble clustering, collaborative clustering and semi-supervised clustering.
Fecal and urinary excretion of [3H]-aldosterone and its sex dependence in rats.

Abstract Following subcutaneous injection of [ 3 H]-aldosterone, the excretion of [ 3 H]-radioactivity in the urine was demonstrated to be sex-dependent in both adrenalectomized and intact rats. More radiometabolites of aldosterone were excreted in the urine of the male rats than the female rats. The excretion of [ 3 H]-radioactivity in the feces of these rats was also sex-dependent. In contrast, more radiometabolites of aldosterone were excreted in the feces of the females than the males. In both male and female rats, adrenalectomized and intact, the principal route of excretion of aldosterone and its metabolites was via the feces. In all rats, the urinary excretion of the radiometabolites of aldosterone consisted of an initial major peak within the first few hours and a subsequent smaller peak, 6–18 h post-injection of the [ 3 H]-aldosterone. The enterohepatic circulation of aldosterone and its metabolites appears to be responsible for this second peak of radiometabolites excreted in the urine, but its relationship to the initial [ 3 H]-radioactivity excreted in the urine remains unclear. The majority of the radiometabolites excreted in both the urine and feces of these rats are polar non-extractable metabolites of aldosterone. The quantities of free aldosterone and tetrahydroaldosterone extractable from both the urine and feces of these rats represent very small percentages of the administered [ 3 H]-aldosterone.
Living donor lung transplantation.

Living donor lobar lung transplantation (LDLLT) was originally developed in the early 1990s, in response to the growing number of patients who were dying while awaiting suitable cadaveric donors for lung transplantation. The procedure involves bilateral lung transplantation using the right lower lobe from one living donor to replace the right lung of the recipient, and the left lower lobe from another living donor to replace the left lung. Because both of the patient’s lungs are replaced by lobes from healthy donors, our early experience was confined to children and young adults with cystic fibrosis who, by virtue of their small size, were predicted to receive adequate pulmonary reserve after receiving only two pulmonary lobes. In order to minimize ethical issues regarding the risks of subjecting two healthy donors to a lobectomy for each transplant, only parents or siblings were originally considered as potential donors. Once successful recipient and donor outcomes and safety were established, the use of living lobar lung transplantation expanded to include recipients with a wide range of pulmonary diseases, including other suppurative diseases of the lung, as well as pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary fibrosis, and pulmonary obstructive disease. Criteria for lung donation have expanded as well. Whereas the number of living donor lung transplants has decreased in the US due to the success of the lung allocation scoring system implemented by the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network in 2005, its use has expanded in countries like Japan, where waiting times for cadaveric lungs remain exceptionally long.
A Gauss measure on the set of interval exchange transformations.

Abstract An interval exchange transformation is a piece-wise order-preserving isometry of a finite interval. In previous works the author has reduced certain questions about interval exchange transformations to questions about the ergodic behavior of a related class of transformations, with domain the body of all interval exchange transformations. The latter questions can be answered with the aid of Gauss measures for the related transformations; by Gauss measure is understood a conservative, ergodic invariant measure whose density is a rational function. The present note describes the construction of such Gauss measures.
Role of Lattice Oxygen in Photocatalytic Oxidation on TiO2

In the presence of low-intensity UV lights, lattice oxygen is extracted from the TiO{sub 2} surface at room temperature by adsorbed formic acid. Transient photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) and decomposition (PCD) of formic acid to CO{sub 2} and H{sub 2}O were combined with interrupted reaction and temperature-programmed desorption to directly show that lattice oxygen is the oxidizing species during PCD, whereas adsorbed oxygen oxidizes organics during PCO. The rates of lattice oxygen extraction and diffusion of lattice oxygen from the TiO{sub 2} bulk to the surface to replenish the extracted oxygen were measured. The initial rate of decomposition (oxidation) of formic acid in the absence of gas-phase O{sub 2} is one-seventh the rate in 3% O{sub 2}. Lattice oxygen vacancies are readily replenished by O{sub 2} in the dark at room temperature, but H{sub 2}O does not re-oxidize them, even during UV exposure. Surface diffusion of formic acid to active sites does not limit photocatalytic reaction. Lattice oxygen extraction causes slow deactivation of TiO{sub 2}.
Thermal denaturation of epidermis from hereditary diseases of keratinization.

Abstract Isometric contraction of stratum corneum during heating in water revealed differences between normals and some patients with inherited disorders of keratinization. The palmar scales in patients with ichthyosis vulgaris, lamellar ichthyosis, and keratosis palmaris et plantaris contracted when heated without prior extraction with polar organic solvents; normal palmar stratum corneum requires prior extraction before contraction. In these diseases the scales from the general body epidermis were not different from normal stratum corneum or intraepidermal blister tops. X-ray diffraction analysis of these tissues before and after contraction showed the same changes in the fibrous proteins as occur in normal stratum corneum during contraction. The data suggest that the α-fibrous protein itself is normal in these diseases but that there is an alteration in the sequence of maturation which occur in the stratum corneum. Similar studies from the blisters of patients with dominant and recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa revealed no abnormalities. The failure of stratum corneum from the harlequin fetus to contract even after organic solvent extraction further supports the hypothesis that the conformational change of the fibrous proteins from alpha to beta is responsible for epidermal contraction.
A multiple, virtual-workspace interface to support user task switching

An interface is presented that is designed to help users switch among tasks on which they are concurrently working. Nine desirable properties for such an interface are derived. It is argued that a key constraint to building interfaces that support task switching is that low user-overhead switching among tasks requires a large amount of display space, whereas actual display space is limited. A virtual workspace design is presented that greatly speeds the inevitable task-switching induced window faulting. The resulting interface is presented as a study in theory-based human-interface design. It is shown how in this case theory is important in inspiring a design, but design entailments outside the theory raise new issues that must be faced to make the design viable. These design experiences, in turn, help inspire new theory.
Processing of identity and position information in normal and disabled readers

Abstract Processing of identity and position information was investigated in normal and disabled readers at two grade levels (third/fourth grade and sixth grade). Two partial-report tasks were used. The identity task consisted of visual presentation of a five-letter array, followed by a probe letter. Subjects responded yes for a match and no for a mismatch (identity response). The identity + position task was identical except that an additional response was required on correct yes trials: subjects reported the position of the probe letter in the array (position response). Both grade level and reading ability differences were found on the identity response measure, but not on the position response measure. Results were inconsistent with the hypothesis that disabled readers have difficulties in processing order information. Reader ability differences in identity processing attenuated somewhat with age. Serial position functions for both identity and position responses suggested the presence of a left-to-right scanning operation in both age and ability groups. Reader ability differences in processing letter identities were discussed in the context of current theories of reading acquisition.
Element analysis in hair by x-ray fluorescence.

Abstract An x-ray fluorescence method is described that allows for the quantitative determination of the weight fraction of zinc and calcium and the semiquantitative determination of sulfur in a single strand of human hair. An analytical technique that includes absolute calibration is presented and the self-absorption effect analyzed. The limit of detectability of the method is about 0.024 mg zinc per gram of hair for zinc and 0.020 mg calcium per gram of hair for calcium in a 10 minute integration. Modifications are suggested which should lower these values by at least a factor of 10. A washing procedure to be used in preparing hair for element analysis in projected biomedical research studies is described.
The “open” exit foramen: A new sign of unilateral interfacetal dislocation or subluxation in the lower cervical spine

The purpose of this study was to describe the “open” exit foramen as a new sign associated with unilateral interfacetal dislocation or subluxation (UID/S) of the cervical spine. Three blinded observers evaluated 20 randomly ordered axial imaging examinations (9 with UID/S and 11 traumatized control patients) assessing for presence or absence of the open exit foramen sign at the level of injury. The clinical observations were then quantified by measuring the width of the involved cervical exit foramen at the level of injury on axial computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging in nine patients with UID/S. These measurements were also compared to the width of contralateral uninvolved exit foramen at the level of UID/S and to ipsi- and contralateral exit foramen measurements of 20 control patients with acute cervical spine injuries but no UID/S. Measurements were analyzed using Student’st-test. Calculated sensitivity and specificity for blinded reviewer detection of the open exit foramen sign in cases of UID/S vs. traumatized controls were 78% and 79%, respectively. Quantitative measurements indicate the involved exit foramen was enlarged by an average of 3.9 mm compared to the contralateral exit foramen at the levels of UID/S, whereas controls demonstrated only 0.9 mm of foraminal asymmetry (P<0.01). In cases of UID/S, asymmetric widening of the exit foramen occurs in the axial plane, resulting in the open exit foramen sign. Blinded review confirms that this sign is clinically helpful in identifying the level and side of UID/S on axial imaging studies.
African American faculty expressing concerns: breaking the silence at predominantly white research oriented universities

A Delphi method was used with a panel of 24 African American faculty employed at 43 predominantly white doctoral extensive universities to arrive at a group consensus on a list of concerns that African American faculty in general experienced or held. Using the Delphi method a panel of African American faculty initially worked from a list of eight concerns (i.e., lack of mentor; little guidance about the tenure and promotion process; social isolation and lack of collegiality; excessive and token committee assignments; research viewed as trivial and discounted; little guidance about the academic workplace; limited opportunities to participate in departmental and institutional decision making; and infrequent occasions to assume leadership positions) to the development of a list of 13 concerns after employing three rounds of the Delphi method. The implication from the expressing of these concerns is that universities have a portion of their faculty that are yet experiencing racism, subtle and even overt discr...
Vibration of Tethered Microstructure Profilers

Abstract Although loosely tethered turbulence profilers have many advantages, they are prone to resonant vibrations at frequencies in the dissipation range when they are falling rapidly or when the tether is strummed. Using the Advanced Microstructure Profiler as a case study, we have found that the major vibration in the dissipation range corresponds to the natural frequency of the first bending mode of the pressure tube. This resonance is excited when the AMP falls faster than about 0.5 m s−1 and when the tether is drawn taut and strummed, either by rapid drift of the ship or by large current shear in the upper ocean. Knowing the source of the resonance, we demonstrate with a simple beam model that it can be moved to frequencies higher than the dissipation range by using a shorter, larger-diameter pressure tube. Accurate estimation of the natural frequency, however, requires a finite-element numerical model since the frequency is sensitive to joints and to the position of heavy objects, such as batterie...
Corrigendum: Differences in predicted catch composition between two widely used catch equation formulations

Ref.: Ref: Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 66: 126–132, 2009. I correct three related typographical errors in the introduction of this paper, which were brought to my attention by T. Garrison (University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Seattle, WA 98195, USA). In each case the e–X term should have been 1 – e–X: Eq: 2:Original : Ct 1⁄4 F M þ F Nte M F Corrected : Ct 1⁄4 F M þ F Ntð1 e M Þ
Managing international interdependence: CEO characteristics in a resource-based framework

This study's basic argument is that the level of a firm's international interdependence influences the pattern of CEO characteristics ideal for enabling a CEO to contribute to firm performance. In ...
Sample return from the lunar South Pole-Aitken Basin

Abstract Automated sample return missions to the South Pole — Aitken Basin on the lunar far side are proposed as the best means of addressing major problems concerning the early impact history of the inner solar system, the nature of very large impact events, and the early differentiation of rocky planets. The opportunity to propose such missions has been opened by the recommendations of the U. S. National Research Council's Decadal Study of Solar System Exploration and the creation by NASA of the New Frontiers Program, which will support missions of intermediate cost, between the Discovery Program and large missions. A proposal for a South Pole — Aitken Basin Sample Return Mission was submitted to the Discovery Program in 2000, but not fimded. The New Frontiers Program, with a somewhat less stringent budget constraint, should allow several of the potential risks associated with the Discovery proposal to be addressed, including scientific and programmatic risks. A principal goal of current mission studies is to determine whether, within the New Frontiers Program's cost constraints, two separate samples could be collected from areas of different post-Basin geological history. If accepted by the New Frontiers Program, a South Pole — Aitken Basin sample return mission could be flown as early as 2008–2009.
Combination Anti-Gene Therapy Targeting c-myc and p53 in Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines

Gene therapy clinical trials targeting p53 and other genes are underway in nongynecologic cancer systems. To explore the potential for antigene therapy in gynecologic oncology, we examined the in vitro effects of oligonucleotides targeting c-myc and p53 in the ovarian cancer cell lines CAOV-3, SKOV-3, and BG-1. The ATP cell viability assay was used to measure growth effects after 6-day treatments with 27-mer antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxyribonucleotides (oligos) targeting the Puf/nm23 binding region of c-myc and promoter/ATG region of p53. A random sequence of the p53 27-mer was used as a control, and an untransformed fibroblast cell line was used for comparison. IC50 was defined as the oligo concentration required for 50% growth reduction compared to untreated controls. Synergistic vs antagonistic effects of oligo combinations were quantitated by combination indexes (CI) as calculated from median effect parameters by the methods of Chou and Talalay. Mean +/- SE IC50's of c-myc and p53 antisense oligos in CAOV-3 and SKOV-3 ranged from 1.0 +/- 0.2 to 9.7 +/- 1.3 microM. The IC50's of c-myc oligos were consistently lower than corresponding p53 oligos in all cell lines (P 16 microM). Nonspecific toxicity was observed at concentrations of 16 microM for all cell lines except in BG-1, where maximal growth stimulation occurred at this concentration with anti-p53 oligos. Growth stimulation was also observed in BG-1 with anti-c-myc and anti-c-myc/p53 combinations at intermediate doses, with inhibition at higher doses. While c-myc/p53 combinations in CAOV-3 were synergistic (CI 3.2). Phosphorothioate oligos directed against c-myc and p53 in different cell lines were shown to have both antiproliferative and stimulatory activity, as single agents and in combination, at concentrations that are achievable in vivo. Because of the complex patterns of effects, further in vitro studies are warranted before considering clinical trials with these agents in gynecologic cancers.
The Importance of Personal and Contextual Factors in Resolving Conflict Between Sexual Identity and Christian Upbringing

This study explores how gay, lesbian, and queer (GLQ) individuals who are raised in Christian families resolve conflict between their sexual identity and religious beliefs. Semistructured interview...