cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Taste and nicotine as determinants of voluntary tobacco use by hamsters.

Abstract Syrian hamsters consumed a commercial chewing tobacco in daily amounts equivalent to 2.6% of their body weights, even though food and water were always available. Daily intake increased gradually to this level over a period of 4 months. Commercial tobaccos contain a variety of flavoring agents, including sugars. Moistened, unflavored tobacco was consumed in much smaller amounts than the commercial tobacco. Addition of sucrose to the unflavored tobacco produced a concentration-dependent increase in daily consumption. Addition of nicotine to the drinking water did not affect daily fluid intake or food consumption, but produced a selective, dose-related decrease in comsumption of the commercial tobacco. These results indicate interactive roles for taste and nicotine in controlling the daily, voluntary, high-level use of tobacco by hamsters.
Two X-ray supernova remnants - G296.1 - 0.7 and 1E 1149.4 - 6209

Using the imaging X-ray detectors on the Einstein Observatory, what appear to be two overlapping galactic supernova remnants are discovered, one of which is clearly identified with the previously cataloged radio remnant G296.1-0.7. The other feature has no radio or optical counterpart. It is a nearly complete ring with a diameter of 20-25 arcmin, designated 1E 1149.4-6209. Because of its morphology, because there is evidence for supernova events in the vicinity, and because there seems to be no plausible alternative, 1E 1149.4-6209 is classified as a supernova remnant. This remnant and others like it, which may be found first in X-rays rather than radio or optical waves, may have important implications regarding the evolution of supernova remnants and the rate of supernovae in our Galaxy.
Band gap and index of refraction of CsH to 251 GPa

Optical transmission and reflectivity measurements were made on CsH to 251 GPa. The index of refraction for CsH, obtained from reflectivity measurements, varied linearly with fractional density from 1.28 at zero pressure to 3.21 at 251 GPa. The band gap, estimated by the absorption edge, was found to be 4.4 eV at zero pressure and closed to 1.9 eV at 251 GPa.
Laparoscopic Excision of Mesenteric Cysts: A Report of Two Cases

The authors report two cases of mesenteric cysts that were excised laparoscopically. Resection was accomplished with standard minimally invasive techniques and use of an ultrasonic scalpel. Both patients recovered promptly with minimal morbidity and returned to full activity within a short time. This reveals the suitability of minimally invasive surgery for this particular disease process.
Inhibition of lipoprotein lipase by the receptor-binding domain of apolipoprotein E.

Abstract A synthetic peptide (residues 139–153) corresponding to the receptor-binding domain of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) was tested for lipoprotein lipase (LPL) inhibitory properties. In systems using both natural and synthetic substrates, inhibition of LPL was observed. Using the synthetic substrate, 50% inhibition was observed at 50 μM while high concentrations completely inhibited LPL activity. These studies suggest an additional functional role for the receptor-binding domain of ApoE — modulation of LPL activity.
Upward Mobility and the Filtering Process

A major revision is proposed to current em pirical theories about filtering in the hous ing market The trickle-down model is overly simplified and one-sided because it focuses only on dwelling decline There is a second process — upward mobility — that must be expressly understood. The chief advantage of the upward mobility model is that it provides a more dynamic description of households' participation in the filtering process. The article begins by reviewing theories of the filtering pro cess and then proposes a unified model emphasizing the role of upward mobility. Following this, two data sets are analyzed to discover whether upward mobility is in fact as prevalent as postulated by the unified filtering model. A major question is whether it is possible for the housing market as a whole to be characterized by upward mobility.
The Couvade: A Review

Couvade is a term used to refer to a group of related male practices connected with childbirth, particularly in primitive societies. Ritual couvade and couvade syndrome are discussed below, and the theory is proposed that ritual couvade is a primitive analogue of the desires of contemporary men for a more participatory role in the birth of their children.
Radioactive targets for nuclear astrophysics research at LANSCE

During the past few years we have made measurements of (n,p) and (n,{alpha}) cross sections on several radioactive nuclei of importance to nuclear astrophysics. The measurements were made at the Manuel Lujan, Jr., Neutron Scattering Center (LANSCE) from thermal neutron energy to approximately 100 keV. Successful measurements have been completed on the radioisotopes {sup 7}Be, {sup 22}Na and {sup 36}Cl while preliminary data have been taken on targets of {sup 54}Mn and {sup 55}Fe. Similar measurements have also been made on the stable isotopes {sup 14}N, {sup 17}O and {sup 35}Cl. We are currently assembling a 4{pi} barium fluoride (BaF{sub 2}) detector which will allow us to expand our program to (n,{gamma}) measurements. The (n,{gamma}) (and in some cases future (n,p)) measurements will require targets with higher specific activity and greater chemical purity than we have so far been able to use. We discuss the fabrication techniques used for the samples produced so far, the requirements the future (n,{gamma}) targets must meet and our current plans for producing them, and the physics motivations for the measurements.
How) do regulated prices affect competitive entry

Explores how in the USA the Telecommunications Act of 1996 was designed to usher in an era of competition in all telecommunications markets. In practice, the initial explosion of competitive local exchange carriers (CLECs) and an $87 billion publicly traded valuation has fallen instead to less than 200 CLECs and a value of only $4 billion; and has been beset by litigation over the Act and the cost standard for implementing the Act’s unbundling provisions. Reviews studies to date that attempt to determine the extent to which the prices for unbundled network elements (UNEs) have affected competitive entry into local exchange markets; presents new evidence and summarizes the effect of UNE policy on competitive entry.
Acoustic radiation force impulse imaging for real-time observation of lesion development during radiofrequency ablation procedures

When performing radiofrequency ablation (RFA) procedures, physicians currently have little or no feedback concerning the success of the treatment until follow-up assessments are made days to weeks later. To be successful, RFA must induce a thermal lesion of sufficient volume to completely destroy a target tumor or completely isolate an aberrant cardiac pathway. Although ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and CT-based fluoroscopy have found use in guiding RFA treatments, they are deficient in giving accurate assessments of lesion size or boundaries during procedures. As induced thermal lesion size can vary considerably from patient to patient, the current lack of real-time feedback during RFA procedures is troublesome. We have developed a technique for real-time monitoring of thermal lesion size during RFA procedures utilizing acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging. In both ex vivo and in vivo tissues, ARFI imaging provided better thermal lesion contrast and better overall appreciation for lesion size and boundaries relative to conventional sonography. The thermal safety of ARFI imaging for use at clinically realistic depths was also verified through the use of finite element method models. As ARFI imaging is implemented entirely on a diagnostic ultrasound scanner, it is a convenient, inexpensive, and promising modality for monitoring RFA procedures in vivo.
S-parameter measurements for oblique angles of incidence and Brewster angle studies for metamaterial samples

To date, most numerical and experimental studies of metamaterials are limited to normally incident plane waves with the magnetic field parallel to the axis of the inductive structure. In this article, the reflected field response of three types of Split Ring Resonator (SRR) media are measured as a function of incident field polarization, angle of incidence and frequency, using an automated free space focused beam measurement system. The measured results are compared with simulated data generated using the experimentally retrieved complex permittivity and permeability tensors from normal incidence measurements. It is concluded that there is no classical Brewster angle (zero reflection for a given angle of incidence). However, we observe a reflection minimum for all angles of incidence in a small range of frequencies close to the plasmon frequency for all orientations of the SRRs for perpendicular polarization. This will indeed have important low observable applications. In parallel polarization, SRR media are transparent for small angles of incidence. For both polarizations, the effect of anisotropy becomes significant as the angle of incidence increases and a significant change in the reflected field is observed. Thus, considering the anisotropic nature of such metamaterials is important when designing applications. In this article, we also independently verify the assumed constitutive models and property retrieval using normal incidence measurements, using oblique incidence scans. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2619–2624, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21986
Search for all self-avoiding paths for molecular graphs

Abstract An algorithm which finds all paths through a molecular skeleton (graph) is described. Programs implementing this algorithm in PL/1, BASIC and FORTRAN are described and illustrative examples are shown. The number of paths in a graph increases rapidly with the number of cycles, but for most molecular graphs counting all paths is a practical task. Input to the programs is the connectivity relationships for a molecule either explicitly or in the form of an adjacency matrix. As output, one may obtain all paths (by listing of the atoms involved) or only the total number of paths of each length. The latter is of interest for characterization of structures, and is convenient in subsequent comparisons and searches for structural similarities. It is suggested that the number of paths in a graph be considered as a useful quantitative measure of the complexity of a graph or structure.
SURVIVAL AND METABOLISM OF THE HARPACTICOID COPEPOD THOMPSONULA HYAENAE (THOMPSON) FED ON DIFFERENT DIATOMS

Survival times and oxygen consumption rates have been determined for a benthic harpacticoid copepod, Thompsonula hyaenae (Thompson), when fed different algal diets. Nauplii and adults lived slightly longer on a diet of Navicula sp. than did those fed N. pelliculosa or a mixture of both naviculoid species. Mean numbers of harpacticoids hatched were significantly higher in cultures of N. pelliculosa. Metabolic rates of non-gravid females fed for one week on N. sp. were significantly lower than those fed N. pelliculosa or the mixture. There was no significant difference in oxygen uptake between animals fed N. pelliculosa and those fed the mixed culture. The smaller size and lower food energy content of N. pelliculosa are reflected in the higher respiratory rates of animals led this diatom species.
Social pressures for assortative mating

Two experiments explored the degree to which dating couples assort on physical and psychological traits. Experiment I demonstrates that 59 couples show similarities on a number of physical and non-physical (psychological) traits. Correlations are significantly different from randomized pairs and from zero when individuals rate the degree to which their partner shares similar traits. Correlations range from 0.35 to 0.66 for traits related to reproduction (i.e. interest in sex, marriage, and reproduction). Approximately equal levels of assortment occur for physical and psychological traits, and in short- and long-term relationships. Experiment II shows that subjects can reassort individual photographs of 12 dating couples presented in a random array significantly better than chance. The frequency with which the 50 subjects reassort couples is significantly correlated with the rated degree of similarity for those couples (r = 0.50). Moreover, attributions of reproductive potential are significantly related to judgments of couple similarity (r = 0.78 to 0.99).
Archetypical Conductive Polymer Structure for Specific Interaction with Proteins

A series of 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) functionalized polypyrrole terpolymers, capable of specific binding to IgE antibodies (proteins), have been synthesized using oxidizing initiator, ammonium persulfate and were characterized by 1H-NMR, IR, DSC, Light Scattering etc. The terpolymers were composed of monomers and macromonomers: monomer (pyrrole), macromonomer A (pyrrole with pendant ethylene glycol) and macromonomer B (pyrrole with pendant DNP) with specific functionality of conductance, processiblity and binding, respectively. The terpolymers are found to be semiconductive, (5 × 10−6 S cm−1) by itself without the addition of doping agents. Molecular dynamics simulation of terpolymer shows that the DNP-(2,4-dinitrophenyl) functional group extends out from the polymer backbone and thus, is available for binding. The DNP functional groups on the terpolymer achieve steady state binding with anti-DNP IgE proteins at nanomolar concentrations in solution. The terpolymer was blended with sulfonated polystyrene an...
In vitro insulin-stimulated conversion of [U-14C]glucose to 14CO2 by rat thymocytes.

Addition of bovine insulin to thymocytes from adrenalectomized rats resulted in stimulation of [U-14C]glucose conversion to 14CO2. A significant enhancement of 14CO2 formation by insulin occurred by 30 min of incubation, and was consistently observed at an insulin concentration of 10-8 M. The response to insulin was similar at 0.55 and 1.1 mM glucose, and was obtained at three cell concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 × 108 cells/ml). The incorporation of [3H]leucine into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable material was significantly increased by 10-6 and 10-8 M insulin. Cycloheximide, at a level of 2.5 × 10-5 M, suppressed [3H]leucine incorporation by 93% and inhibited the stimulation of 14CO2 formation by insulin. We conclude that insulin can enhance the formation of 14CO2 from [U-14C]glucose by thymocytes in vitro, and that this response may require the synthesis of one or more proteins. (Endocrinology 102: 751, 1978)
Adenovirus ADP protein (E3-11.6K), which is required for efficient cell lysis and virus release, interacts with human MAD2B

The human subgroup C adenovirus (Ad) protein named adenovirus death protein (ADP) (previously named E3-11.6K) is synthesized at very late stages of infection when it mediates efficient lysis of cells and release of adenovirus to infect other cells. ADP is an integral membrane N-linked, O-linked palmitoylated glycoprotein of 101 amino acids (aa) that localizes to the nuclear membrane, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and Golgi. It has a single membrane spanning region (roughly aa 40-60) and is oriented with aa 1-40 in the lumen and aa 61-101 in the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. Using aa 61-101 of Ad2 ADP as bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen, we isolated a cDNA for a 211-aa protein that initially was not in the database but has now been published by others with the names human MAD2B, MAD2L2, and REV7. ADP binds strongly to human MAD2B not only in yeast but also in GST pull-down experiments and in coimmunoprecipitations of ADP and MAD2B synthesized in vitro or in vivo. ADP mutants with deletions throughout the bait region do not interact with human MAD2B, whereas a Pro69Pro70 to Ala69Ala70 mutant in the "basic-proline" domain of ADP does interact. Northern blot analyses indicate that human MAD2B is expressed ubiquitously. Human MAD2B is about 25% identical to human MAD2, a spindle assembly checkpoint protein. Two human A549 cell lines were made that constitutively overexpress MAD2B. Wild-type adenovirus lyses these cells significantly more slowly than it lyses parental A549 cells, raising the possibility that ADP and MAD2B act in opposition and suggesting that the ADP-MAD2B interaction is biologically relevant.
Reexamining What We Think We Know: A Lesson Learned From Tamil Refugees:

This article describes a project designed to create a culturally appropriate tool to assess trauma in Tamil people who have fled civil war in Sri Lanka. In addition to being culturally appropriate,...
Data transfers in the grid: workload analysis of globus GridFTP

One of the basic services in grids is the transfer of data between remote machines. Files may be transferred at the explicit request of the user or as part of delegated resource management services, such as data replication or job scheduling. GridFTP is an important tool for such data transfers since it builds on the common FTP protocol, has a large user base with multiple implementations, and it uses the GSI security model that allows delegated operations.This paper presents a workload analysis of the implementation of the GridFTP protocol provided by the Globus Toolkit. We studied more than 1.5 years of traces reported from all over the world by Globus GridFTP installed components. Our study focuses on three dimensions: first, it quantifies the volume of data transferred and characterizes user behavior. Second, it attempts to show how tuning capabilities are used in practice. Finally, it quantifies the user base as recorded in the database and highlights the usage trends of this software component.
ADHD: the diagnostic process from different perspectives.

CASE. By the time she was 9 years old and in the middle of her third grade year, Julie's parents realized that she had a problem with learning compared to other children. Her mother said that she was always flighty-daydreaming and not consistently connected when talking to her friends or family members. At open house, her second grade teacher commented that Julie is a good kid, a smart kid, but she is often not attentive during class discussions. Reading skills were described as somewhat slower than with other children her age. Because she was making progress and did not exhibit any disruptive behaviors, Julie's second grade teacher and parents decided to observe her over the next year. In the third grade, Julie was not able to keep up with the class in reading. She read slowly and often had difficulty when asked questions about a story she had read in class. Her math skills were above average and her spelling was at the class level. Julie's parents described social interactions as bubbly-sometimes too quick to talk when in a group of other girls. She had several friends but friendships were rarely sustained. Julie's father noted that she seemed to worry a lot about her appearance and how other kids felt about her. She was especially fearful of shots in the pediatrician's office and barking dogs. She enjoyed going to her ballet class, but often cried and seemed worried about her performance prior to recitals. Julie was an only child. Her parents had a solid marriage and often engaged Julie in weekend activities. They both worked full-time; her mother taught English as a second language and her father worked in construction. Her mother completed college although she recalled struggling with math. She described herself as a worrier and endorsed fears about flying, meeting new people and taking vacations. She stated that she experienced anxiety when there were changes in her adult life (e.g., a new school assignment or planning a meeting with her principal). Julie's father completed high school but had a history of reading problems. He took special reading classes beginning in elementary school, but as an adult, he rarely read a newspaper or a novel. He recalled that teachers told his parents that he was hyperactive and that his overactivity in class and poor attention impaired his learning. In the pediatrician's office, Julie was observed to be initially shy but could be engaged in conversation. Her speech was clear and intelligible although she answered questions with short phrases. She was not hyperactive but her attention to directions and questions was limited. Growth parameters, a screening audiogram, visual acuity and a complete physical examination were normal.
Pulling microcrystals of Co, Fe and Co-Fe alloys from their melts

Abstract Microcrystals of Co, Fe and a Co-Fe alloy were pulled from their melts using the pedestal growth method with laser heating. The crystals were grown reproducibly with either constant diameter or a conical shape by controlling the laser power and the speed of the feed rod. The as-grown crystals were qualitatively characterized by X-ray techniques. The crystals of Co and Fe were found to be single and of high quality, while the Co-Fe alloys were single but of low quality. The effect of phase transformations on crystal quality is discussed.
PRECLINICAL EVALUATION OF THE RELIABILITY OF A 50 MEV RACETRACK MICROTRON

Abstract Purpose : A 50 MeV racetrack microtron has been installed and tested at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. It is designed to execute multi-segment conformal therapy automatically under computer control using scanned X ray and electron beams from 10 to 50 MeV. Prior to acceptance of the machine from the manufacturer, formal reliability testing was carried out. Only in this way could confidence be gained in its usefulness for routine 3D computer-controlled conformal therapy. Materials and Methods : To assess reliability, a set of 25 multi-segment test cases, each consisting of 10 to 17 fixed segments, was developed. The field arrangements and modalities for some of the test cases were identical to 3D conformal treatments that were being delivered with multiple static fields on conventional linear accelerators at our institution. Other cases were designed to explore reliability under more complex sets of conditions. These cases were “treated” repeatedly during a total period of 45 hours, over 5 days. During the treatments, ion chambers attached to the head of the machine provided dosimetric data for each field. Data from sensors connected to every set-up parameter (for example, couch positions, gantry angle, collimator leaf positions, etc.) were recorded and verified by an external computer. Results : While preliminary tests indicated an interlock rate of 5%, final reliability test results demonstrated an interlock fault rate of approximately 0.5%. The reproducibility of dosimetric data and geometric setup parameters was within specifications. As an example, leaf position reproducibility in the patient plane was within 0.5 mm for 97% of the setups. The times required to carry out treatments were recorded and compared with the times to carry out identical treatments on a conventional linear accelerator with cerrobend blocks. Areas where additional time savings can be achieved were identified. Conclusion : As an integral part of acceptance testing, the Scanditronix MM50 was rigorously tested for reliability. The machine successfully passed these tests, providing increased confidence in its usefulness for routine 3D conformal therapy.
States, Ideologies, and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of Iran, Nicaragua, and the Philippines

Between 1979 and 1986 Iran, Nicaragua, and the Philippines underwent dramatic political and social revolutions. This book examines the conditions and processes that gave rise to revolutions and their outcomes, through an in-depth analysis of economic and political developments in these countries. The book studies the background to revolution provided by state formation and development, economic intervention, the states' vulnerabilities, and the social consequences of their development policies. Extensive primary data is used to analyze the impact of the collective actions and ideologies of the major social groups involved - students, clergy, workers, and capitalists - and how they affected the potential for a successful revolutionary outcome. Parsa challenges prevailing theories of social revolution and develops an alternative model that incorporates variables from a wide variety of perspectives. His book provides a valuable framework within which to understand the causes of revolutions, their mechanics and development, and their outcomes.
The Doppler Effect in the Canal Rays in Neon

The neon spectrum in the ultraviolet between 2500A and 4000A from a canal-ray tube was examined for Doppler effects. Potentials up to 24,000 volts were applied to excite the discharge. Doppler effects were found to be present among the stronger lines in the first and second spark spectra of neon and, with only two exceptions, were absent from the arc spectrum lines. About fifty strong and faint lines showing Doppler effects were observed. The canal-ray stream consists of rapidly moving neon atoms which radiate only when in the ionized state. Neon behaves similarly to argon at high voltages and differs from most gases in that the radiation from the canal rays is almost entirely from atoms in the ionized state.
Massive thymic hyperplasia in an adolescent.

Abstract Massive thymic hyperplasia (weight, >100 gm) is a rare lesion in adolescents, and most of the anterior mediastinal masses are true neoplasms. We present a case of massive thymic hyperplasia, in which a 680-gm thymus was resected from a 15-year-old boy. We also present the computed tomographic scan appearance of this lesion, which differed from that previously described, and correlate the histological and radiological findings.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF PICKLING CUCUMBERS TO BLOATER DAMAGE BY CARBONATION

The susceptibility of pickling cucumbers to bloater damage was studied by artificial carbonation of brined cucumbers with mixtures of CO2 in N2. Bloater damage was induced within a few hours by carbonation of heated and unheated cucumbers, independent of microbial growth, suggesting that a physical-chemical mechanism causes bloating. Evidence indicated, however, that biological factors may also influence bloating. Unheated, brined cucumbers bloated only slightly when carbonation was begun immediately after brining, or about a month or longer after brining. The cucumbers bloated extensively, however, when carbonation was begun between about 1 and 30 days after brining. Damage was more closely associated with % saturation than with concentration of dissolved CO2. Serious bloater damage was prevented when CO2 in brines was maintained below 50% saturation. Bloater damage resulted within a few hours, however, if brine CO2 greatly exceeded this level. Cucumbers varied in tolerance to CO2 before development of serious damage. The method herein reported for controlling levels of CO2 in the brine may be useful in further study of factors that influence the susceptibility of cucumbers to bloater damage.
Dyes as tracers for vadose zone hydrology

[1] Dyes are important tracers to investigate subsurface water movement. For more than a century, dye tracers have provided clues about the hydrological cycle as well as flow and transport processes in the subsurface. Groundwater contamination often originates in the vadose zone. Agrochemicals applied to the soil surface, toxic compounds accidentally spilled by human activities, and contaminants released from waste repositories leach through the vadose zone and can ultimately pollute groundwater resources. Dyes are an important tool to assess flow pathways of such contaminants. This review compiles information on dyes used as hydrological tracers, with particular emphasis on vadose zone hydrology. We summarize briefly different human-applied tracers, including nondye tracers. We then provide a historical sketch of the use of dyes as tracers and describe newer developments in visualization and quantification of tracer experiments. Relevant chemical properties of dyes used as tracers are discussed and illustrated with dye intermediates and selected dye tracers. The types of dyes used as tracers in subsurface hydrology are summarized, and recommendations are made regarding the use of dye tracers. The review concludes with a toxicological assessment of dyes used as hydrological tracers. Many different dyes have been proposed as tracers for water movement in the subsurface. All of these compounds, however, are to some degree retarded by the subsurface medium. Nevertheless, dyes are useful tracers to visualize flow pathways.
Use of external ventriculostomy and intrathecal anti-fungal treatment in cerebral mucormycotic abscess

Mucormycosis is an invasive fungal infection associated with a high mortality. Cerebral mucor abscesses can result secondary to rhinocerebral or hematogenous spread. Amphotericin B, posaconazole, and aggressive surgical resection are the hallmarks of treatment. While amphotericin is typically administered intravenously, less is known about the use of intrathecal amphotericin B. We describe a 42-year-old man who developed a cerebellar mucor abscess after undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplant for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome. In the post-operative period he was admitted to the neurocritical care unit and received liposomal amphotericin B intravenously and through an external ventricular drain. This patient demonstrates that utilization of an external ventricular drain for intrathecal antifungal therapy in the post-operative period may warrant further study in patients with difficult to treat intracranial fungal abscesses.
Fetal Origins of Adult Disease

Dr. David Barker first popularized the concept of fetal origins of adult disease (FOAD). Since its inception, FOAD has received considerable attention. The FOAD hypothesis holds that events during early development have a profound impact on one's risk for development of future adult disease. Low birth weight, a surrogate marker of poor fetal growth and nutrition, is linked to coronary artery disease, hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance. Clues originally arose from large 20th century, European birth registries. Today, large, diverse human cohorts and various animal models have extensively replicated these original observations. This review focuses on the pathogenesis related to FOAD and examines Dr. David Barker's landmark studies, along with additional human and animal model data. Implications of the FOAD extend beyond the low birth weight population and include babies exposed to stress, both nutritional and nonnutritional, during different critical periods of development, which ultimately result in a disease state. By understanding FOAD, health care professionals and policy makers will make this issue a high health care priority and implement preventive measures and treatment for those at higher risk for chronic diseases.
Role of single word variables in recall of statistical approximations to English.

Free recall of lists at different orders of approximation to English was compared to the recall of the same lists when the order of the words had been scrambled to destroy their sequential organization. Recall of the organized lists showed the typical improvement with increasing order of approximation. Recall of the scrambled lists was unrelated to the original order of approximation. The results indicate that increased recall with increasing order of approximation to English is not produced by systematic differences in the characteristics of the individual words comprising the approximations. When recall of the organized lists was scored in terms of the number of longer sequences present in recall, the number of recalled sequences of any given length increased as order of approximation to English increased, with the first order list showing proportionally less organization in recall than the second and higher order lists.
Detailed mapping of riparian vegetation in the middle Rio Grande River using high resolution multi-spectral airborne remote sensing

Abstract This paper describes procedures used to map riparian vegetation in the middle Rio Grande River, New Mexico. Airborne multi-spectral digital images were acquired at 0.5 m spatial resolution over the riparian corridor of the Middle Rio Grande River in July 2001. The images were corrected for lens vignetting effects, lens radial distortions, rectified to a base map, mosaicked, calibrated in terms of reflectance and classified. The classification accuracy was assessed using ground truth information obtained through comprehensive field campaigns and independent ground truth information. Surface areas of vegetation classes and in-stream features were extracted from the classified imagery. A longitudinal vegetation distribution analysis was conducted to study the changes in vegetation and water surface areas along the river. This analysis showed an increase in surface areas of the invasive type of vegetation Tamarisk ( Tamarix ramosissima ) in the downstream direction corresponding to decreases in water surface areas and flow. This indicates significant impacts on the river ecosystem due to many factors. The high resolution airborne remote sensing proved to be a powerful tool for mapping riparian vegetation which is very hard to map using satellite imagery due to its complexity, high diversity, and spatial variability occurring at finer scales.
On 1-factors of point determining graphs

Abstract A graph G is said to be point determining if and only if distinct points of G have distinct neighborhoods. For such a graph G, the nucleus is defined to be the set G″ consisting of all points ν of G for which G-ν is a point determining graph. In [4], Summer exhibited several families of graphs H such that if G0 = H, for some point determining graph G, then G has a 1-factor. In this paper, we extend this class of graphs.
Is Superplasticity in the Future of Nanophase Materials

The ultrafine grain sizes and high diffusivities in nanophase materials assembled from atomic clusters suggest that these materials may have a strong tendency toward superplastic mechanical behavior. Both small grain size and enhanced diffusivity can be expected to lead to increased diffusional creep rates as well as to a significantly greater propensity for grain boundary sliding. Recent mechanical properties measurements at room temperature on nanophase Cu, Pd, and TiO2, however, give no indications of superplasticity. Nonetheless, significant ductility has been clearly demonstrated in these studies of both nanophase ceramics and metals. The synthesis of cluster-assembled nanophase materials is described and the salient features of what is known of their structure and mechanical properties is reviewed. Finally, the answer to the question posed in the title is addressed.
Some effects of food and water deprivation on metabolism in black-tailed prairie dogs, cynomys ludovicianus

Abstract 1. 1. Prairie dogs deprived of food and water at normal room temperatures can survive for long periods (without apparent ill effects after 6 weeks) with weight losses approaching 50%. 2. 2. During food and water deprivation during the summer respiratory exchange ratio drops below 0.7, oxygen consumption decreases, and rectal temperature drops slightly. Unlike winter experimental animals, prairie dogs deprived of food and water in summer became dehydrated and azotemic. Furthermore, plasma triglyceride and ketone concentrations of these animals were much lower than those of winter experimental and control prairie dogs. 3. 3. Typical mammalian responses to starvation, such as azotemia. hypoglycemia, and ketosis do not develop in winter starved prairie dogs, and their blood chemistry has many characteristics resembling that of black bears in winter sleep. Some possible metabolic adaptations are discussed. 4. 4. Similar concentrations (range: 62–180 pg/ml) of aldosterone were found in summer expetimental and control prairie dogs.
Masculine and feminine honor codes

AbstractWe present a study on the importance of masculine and feminine honor and attitudes towards sex roles in Spain and the Netherlands. Honor is more important in Spanish than in Dutch culture. Participants were asked to rate the extent to which gender-neutral (e.g., caring for reputation) and gendered (e.g., assertiveness, modesty) honor attributes were desirable in their culture for each sex. We also measured attitudes towards sex-roles in different domains (e.g., work, marriage). The Spanish participants rated gender-neutral honor attributes as more desirable than the Dutch participants did. Both Spanish and Dutch participants rated masculine honor attributes as more desirable for men, and feminine honor attributes as more desirable for women. Participant's sex emerged as the most important predictor of attitudes towards sex roles, with males expressing more traditional attitudes than females. Taken together, the results indicate that masculine and feminine honor are expressions of pan-cultural idea...
Detection of long eukaryote-specific pyrimidine runs in repetitive DNA sequences and their relation to single-stranded regions in DNA isolated from sea urchin embryos.

Polypyrimidines, 50 to 200 nucleotides in length, have been found in the nuclear DNA of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus embryos. The distribution of lengths of pyrimidine runs resulting from depurination of main-density band sea urchin DNA, separated by CsCl gradient centrifugation, is the same as that obtained from the unfractionated DNA. When embryo DNA is separated into unique and repetitive sequence fractions, the polypyrimidines having more than 50 nucleotides are associated, for the most part, with the repetitive sequence fractions of the DNA. Removal of regularly spaced, naturally occurring, single-stranded regions (by digestion with Aspergillus oryzae S1 nuclease) from morula stage native DNA causes a partial depletion of polypyrimidines 60 to 80 nucleotides in length. Treatment of gastrula stage native DNA, which lacks single-stranded regions, with S1 nuclease does not alter the size pattern of polypyrimidines, compared with untreated embryo DNA. Removal of single-stranded regions from repetitive sequence morula stage DNA by treatment with S1 nuclease also causes a reduction in polypyrimidines 60 to 80 nucleotides in length. It is concluded that eukaryote-specific polypyrimidines, 50 to 200 nucleotides in length, are associated primarily with repetitive sequence DNA and that a portion of the isostichs (see Introduction) 60 to 80 nucleotides in length occur at nonrandom sites which are single-stranded during pre-gastrula stage development. This latter conclusion, and a previous finding that these single-stranded regions occur as staggered pairs (on opposite strands) at the center of native unit length sections of duplex morula stage DNA, suggests that the 60 to 80 nucleotide-length polypyrimidines may be in register with sites which demarcate bidirectional replication regions along the genome.
A Computer‐based Employee Skills Inventory System

The process of designing, developing and implementing a computer‐based employee skills inventory system within the Ford Motor Company is described. Important factors influencing the success of such a system are focused on from the perspective of an industrial/organisational psychologist. It is argued that the key to successful consultation is the adoption of a collaborative style that encourages and supports the active involvement of management and employees.
Measurement of imagery mediated performance

The present study attempted to circumvent previous problems in measuring imagery due to memory processing requirements in the tasks used. Objective performance measures and self-reports of clarity and ease of visual imagery production were derived from incidental learning, picture memory, and signal detection tasks. The tasks were administered in two different orders to 16 male and 16 female subjects. The three measures from each of the tasks were intercorrelated to determine the consistency of individual differences. Recall of paired nouns imagined as interacting, in the incidental learning task, and recall of object locations from imagined pictures in the picture memory task, were significantly correlated. However, the incidental learning and picture memory tasks yielded correlations of zero magnitude with reductions in detection of visual signals during imagining of nouns in the signal detection task. These findings were attributed to the use of imagery in memory processing rather than to effects of imagery production per se. Ratings of image clarity and ease of producing images were consistently correlated with each other but not with performance measures.
Generation and Characterization of Mice Carrying a Conditional Allele of the Wwox Tumor Suppressor Gene

WWOX, the gene that spans the second most common human chromosomal fragile site, FRA16D, is inactivated in multiple human cancers and behaves as a suppressor of tumor growth. Since we are interested in understanding WWOX function in both normal and cancer tissues we generated mice harboring a conditional Wwox allele by flanking Exon 1 of the Wwox gene with LoxP sites. Wwox knockout (KO) mice were developed by breeding with transgenic mice carrying the Cre-recombinase gene under the control of the adenovirus EIIA promoter. We found that Wwox KO mice suffered from severe metabolic defect(s) resulting in growth retardation and all mice died by 3 wk of age. All Wwox KO mice displayed significant hypocapnia suggesting a state of metabolic acidosis. This finding and the known high expression of Wwox in kidney tubules suggest a role for Wwox in acid/base balance. Importantly, Wwox KO mice displayed histopathological and hematological signs of impaired hematopoeisis, leukopenia, and splenic atrophy. Impaired hematopoeisis can also be a contributing factor to metabolic acidosis and death. Hypoglycemia and hypocalcemia was also observed affecting the KO mice. In addition, bone metabolic defects were evident in Wwox KO mice. Bones were smaller and thinner having reduced bone volume as a consequence of a defect in mineralization. No evidence of spontaneous neoplasia was observed in Wwox KO mice. We have generated a new mouse model to inactivate the Wwox tumor suppressor gene conditionally. This will greatly facilitate the functional analysis of Wwox in adult mice and will allow investigating neoplastic transformation in specific target tissues.
Radiation heat transfer at a surface having both specular and diffuse reflectance components

Abstract A method of analysis has been devised for determining the radiant interchange among surfaces, each of which may have both specular and diffuse reflectance components. The formulation uses and generalizes the exchange factor concept (which was initially devised for specularly-reflecting surfaces) and the radiosity concept (which was initially devised for diffusely-reflecting surfaces). Various forms of the analytical method are presented that are suitable either for overall engineering-type computations or for more detailed local investigations. Specific analytical and numerical consideration is given to radiant interchange in cylindrical and conical cavities and to radiant transport through a circular tube. Results are presented for various subdivisions of the surface reflectance into specular and diffuse components. In general, it is found that the radiant efflux from a cavity increases as the specular component becomes a larger fraction of the surface reflectance. A similar statement applies for the transmission of radiant energy through a tube.
Oxidation of the Cu ( 100 ) Surface Induced by Local Alkalization

In this work we present an electrochemical and in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) study of locally induced oxidation of the Cu(100) surface in naturally aerated 0.1 M NaClO 4 , pH≤ 4 acidic solutions. The oxygen reduction reaction induces a near-electrode alkalization by the steady generation of OH - , producing a decaying pH gradient from the surface toward the bulk of the solution. The pH gradient profile and the concomitant surface processes are dependent upon the bulk solution pH, polarization potential, and polarization time. The local alkalization occurring in the presence of dissolved oxygen in the solution influences substantially the surface properties. These are manifested by distinctive changes in electrochemical behavior and illustrated by in situ STM images in solutions with different bulk pH values. A semiquantitative estimate suggests almost 6 units of pH increase near the Cu(100) electrode in 0.1 M NaClO 4 solution with bulk pH 2 after 25 min of polarization at anodic potentials. The similarity between electrochemical and STM results obtained in naturally aerated solution with bulk pH 4 and those registered in alkaline solutions with pH 9 confirms the local alkalization effect.
Dark fraction and blinking of water-soluble quantum dots in solution

Water-soluble quantum dots (qdots) have been introduced as bright fluorophores into life sciences research. Although various photophysical pathologies of qdots have been found, how their biological applications will be affected --- particularly in the native biological environment --- has not been evaluated. By fluorescence coincidence analysis and fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy, we studied the dark fraction of free-diffusing qdots in aqueous solution. We were able to detect individual qdots and found significant heterogeneity --- well-distinguished dark qdots and bright qdots. We estimated the bright fraction of Qdot525-Streptavidin to be about 55%. Blinking events were also noticed in fluorescence coincidence analysis, with “on/off” timescale from submilliseconds to tens of milliseconds.
Adiabatic Modes in Cosmology

We show that the field equations for cosmological perturbations in the Newtonian gauge always have an adiabatic solution, for which a quantity $\mathcal{R}$ is nonzero and constant in all eras in the limit of large wavelength, so that it can be used to connect observed cosmological fluctuations in this mode with those at very early times. There is also a second adiabatic mode, for which $\mathcal{R}$ vanishes for a large wavelength, and in general there may be nonadiabatic modes as well. These conclusions apply in all eras and whatever the constituents of the universe, under only a mild technical assumption about the wavelength dependence of the field equations for a large wavelength. In the absence of anisotropic inertia, the perturbations in the adiabatic modes are given for a large wavelength by universal formulas in terms of the Robertson-Walker scale factor. We discuss an apparent discrepancy between these results and what appears to be a conservation law in all modes found for a large wavelength in the synchronous gauge: it turns out that, although equivalent, the synchronous and Newtonian gauges suggest inequivalent assumptions about the behavior of the perturbations for a large wavelength.