cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary Toxicology: Population Adaptation in Response to Anthropogenic Pollution

Anthropogenic activity has affected nearly every environment on the planet. The changes that have occurred as a consequence of human activities have altered aquatic habitats by exacerbating already existing extreme environments and by introducing novel stressors. In some cases, particularly adjacent to heavily industrialized areas, these changes have introduced sufficient novel selective pressures to drive resident populations to genetically adapt in order to survive in the altered habitats, while species that were unable to adapt have been extirpated from these extreme environments. In this chapter, we aim to explore the effects of natural and novel stressors, resulting from anthropogenic activity, on fish populations. We will provide an overview of the possible multi-generational outcomes of anthropogenic contamination, as well as explore documented examples of population-wide changes that have occurred. We present case studies, including population responses to UV light, radionuclides, and metals contamination, as well as adaptational responses to persistent organic pollutants. Through this examination, we aim to not only give an overview of the existing evolutionary changes in fish populations in response to anthropogenic contamination, but also identify future areas of research on the impacts, long-term persistence, and ecological significance of these effects.
A Technique for the Generation of Pressure-Shear Loading Using Anisotropic Crystals

In this investigation, Y-cut quartz crystals are used as pressure-shear generators, and X-cut quartz and 6061-T6 aluminum are used as test specimens. The coupled longitudinal and shear motion generated within the Y-cut crystal can be transmitted into a test specimen bonded to the rear surface of the crystal, and monitored using velocity interferometer techniques. Experiments on X-cut quartz and 6061-T6 aluminum demonstrate applicability of the technique. Results obtained in this investigation are compared with numerical solutions obtained using the finite difference wave propagation code TOODY.
Lactic Acid, Microbially Produced

Lactic acid, or 2-hydroxypropionic acid (CH3CHOHCOOH) (molecular weight 90.06 kDa), was first manufactured on a commercial scale in the United States by lactic acid bacterial fermentation of sugar substrates in 1883. Since this early work, lactic acid bacteria in the genus Lactobacillus and molds in the genus Rhizopus have been employed in manufacturing lactic acid. Advances in understanding the molecular genetics of both lactic acid bacteria and molds offer opportunities for developing improved cultures for use in commercial scale lactic acid production. Lactic acid bacteria produce either l(+), d(−), or racemic dl lactic acid. Molds produce only l(+) lactic acid. Both batch and continuous processes can be used for producing lactic acid, but commercial scale processes generally are operated in the batch mode. Suitable raw materials include glucose, sucrose, lactose, starch, or waste materials containing them. Lactic acid bacteria require sources of amino acid and B vitamins to meet requirements for growth and lactic acid production while molds utilize inorganic nitrogen sources such as ammonium salts. Production process controls involve computerized control of pH and temperature, and monitoring of substrate utilization and lactic acid production. Lactic acid can be recovered from the fermentation broth after removal of the cells by precipitation as calcium lactate, and extraction and purification by ion exchange, distillation, and continuous counter current extraction. Commercial applications of lactic acid and its salts or esters include foods, cosmetics and personal care products, cleaning agents in electronics and semiconductor manufacturing, and in biodegradable polymers for medical devices or for packaging materials.
Augmented Reality for Next Generation Infrastructure Inspections

This article introduces the use of emerging augmented reality technology to enable the next generation of structural infrastructure inspection and awareness. This work is driven by the prevalence o...
Diet and trophic interactions of a circumglobally significant gelatinous marine zooplankter, Dolioletta gegenbauri (Uljanin, 1884).

Gelatinous zooplankton play a crucial role in marine planktonic food webs. However, primarily due to methodological challenges, the in situ diet of zooplankton remains poorly investigated and little is known about their trophic interactions including feeding behaviour, prey selection and in situ feeding rates. This is particularly true for gelatinous zooplankton including the marine pelagic tunicate, Dolioletta gegenbauri. In this study, we applied an 18S rRNA amplicon metabarcoding approach to identify the diet of captive-fed and wild-caught D. gegenbauri on the midcontinental shelf of the South Atlantic Bight, USA. Sequencing-based approaches were complimented with targeted quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses. Captive-fed D. gegenbauri gut content was dominated by pico-, nano- and micro-plankton including pico-dinoflagellates (picozoa) and diatoms. These results suggested that diatoms were concentrated by D. gegenbauri relative to their concentration in the water column. Analysis of wild-caught doliolids by quantitative real-time PCR utilizing a group-specific diatom primer set confirmed that diatoms were concentrated by D. gegenbauri, particularly by the gonozooid life stage associated with actively developing blooms. Sequences derived from larger metazoans were frequently observed in wild-caught animals but not in captive-fed animals suggesting experimental bias associated with captive feeding. These studies revealed that the diet of D. gegenbauri is considerably more diverse than previously described, that parasites are common in wild populations, and that prey quality, quantity and parasites are likely all important factors in regulating doliolid population dynamics in continental shelf environments.
Promoting Oral Health in Appalachia: Effects of Threat Label and Source Accent on Message Acceptance

ABSTRACTThis study examined the effects of threat label (i.e., the name assigned to a health threat) and source accent (i.e., the source’s manner of pronunciation) on Appalachian residents’ accepta...
General Spatial Dynamics of Rigid Bodies

The planar problems examined in Chap. 5 do not describe a number of the dynamical behaviors found in 3-D problems such as gyroscopic effects. In this chapter we describe the spatial dynamics of rigid bodies and the numerical solutions of the equations of motion using both Euler angles and Euler parameters. We again examine both a Newton-Euler approach and Lagrange’s equations. There are many other methods and issues that could be considered for 3-D problems that we will leave to more advanced treatments of dynamics.
Nanotechnology based highly sensitive IoT capable sensing device

Abstract It is hypothesized that development of gold nanoclusters over monolayer graphene film changes its sensing properties. Monolayer graphene is utilized in a resistive configuration and gold nanoclusters are developed via sputtering deposition. An interface circuit is designed with 45 nm technology Cadence tools. An internet of things (IoT) device is developed to transmit the sensing parameter. Our results show that the monolayer graphene sensor’s resistance decreases by 1.7% in response to 5% CO2 while it increases by 0.84% after development of gold nanoclusters. Sensor’s fabrication, testing results, with simulation of interface circuit and results of IoT are presented and discussed
A meta-analysis of selected near-road air pollutants based on concentration decay rates.

Abstract Traffic-related air pollution has been associated with various health risks for human populations living near roadways. Understanding the relationship between traffic density and dispersion of vehicle-released air pollutants is important for assessing human exposure to near-road air pollutants. We performed a literature survey targeting publications containing measurement data of traffic-related air pollutants near roads with distance information on their concentration distribution. Concentration decay rates over down-wind distance away from major roads were calculated for black carbon (BC), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NO2 or NOx) and meta-data analysis on these rates was performed. These analyses showed metadata-based exponential decay rates of 0.0026, 0.0019, 0.0004, and 0.0027 m−1 for BC, CO, NO2 and NOx, respectively. Using these measurement data-based decay rates, concentrations for BC, CO, NO2 and NOx over various near-road distances were predicted. These results are useful for enhancing exposure modeling and thus more reliably assessing the health risk of exposure to near road air pollution.
Political Theory Pedagogy as Radical Practice

This chapter presents the work of Sheldon S. Wolin and Leo Strauss as it pertains to the politics of pedagogy. Their work shares the assumption that teaching is the transmission of knowledge. In contrast to this approach, I defend Jacques Derrida’s concept of textual interpretation because it displaces the authority of the instructor, increases the interpretive range of texts and opens a space for the voice of students. This chapter thus puts into question the authority, hierarchy and knowledge nexus present in Wolin and Strauss’s work and develops a form of radical political theory pedagogy as the practice of equality.
Vocabulary and grammar development in children with autism spectrum disorder, fragile X syndrome, and Down syndrome

Abstract Strong vocabulary and grammatical abilities are important throughout development, and difficulties with language can increase an individual's risk of negative academic, occupational, and social outcomes. Impairments in language are common for individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), fragile X syndrome (FXS), and Down syndrome (DS). As such, there has been increasing interest in understanding the unique language phenotypes of children with these neurodevelopmental disorders. This review synthesizes the current empirical research on vocabulary and grammar development in children, adolescents, and adults with ASD, FXS, and DS in order to describe the specific pattern of linguistic impairments found within each clinical disorder. We also outline recommendations and directions for future research in this area.
Further Analysis of Dynamic Strain Aging in Context of an Internal State Variable Constitutive Formalism

Observations and analyses of dynamic strain aging in several metals are revisited. Common experimental trends are reviewed. A model of transport of solutes to a dislocation core is presented and predictions of the model are compared to experimental observations. A key element of the analysis is the influence of strain aging on the rate of structure evolution. The evidence presented here, based on strain-rate change measurements performed by Mulford and Kocks in Inconel 600, is that indeed the predominant effect of strain aging is to influence the rate of structure evolution. Estimates are presented for the rate of structure evolution and the extent of transport of solutes to the dislocation core in Inconel 600. While intriguing trends in hardening are observed, no fundamental insight is presented for the mechanism that contributes to the increased rate of structure evolution during strain aging.
The Decision to Publish Gutierrez-Alvarez et al., "Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Gene 5 Modulates Pathogenesis in Mice".

The paper "Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus Gene 5 modulates pathogenesis in mice" by Gutierrez-Alvarez et al., in this issue of the Journal of Virology (1), demonstrates that the MERS-CoV accessory protein, Gene 5, also known as ORF5, plays a major role in MERS-CoV pathogenesis.….
Marginal MAP Estimation for Inverse RL under Occlusion with Observer Noise.

We consider the problem of learning the behavioral preferences of an expert engaged in a task from noisy and partially-observable demonstrations. This is motivated by real-world applications such as a line robot learning from observing a human worker, where some observations are occluded by environmental objects that cannot be removed. Furthermore, robotic perception tends to be imperfect and noisy. Previous techniques for inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) take the approach of either omitting the missing portions or inferring it as part of expectation-maximization, which tends to be slow and prone to local optima. We present a new method that generalizes the well-known Bayesian maximum-a-posteriori (MAP) IRL method by marginalizing the occluded portions of the trajectory. This is additionally extended with an observation model to account for perception noise. We show that the marginal MAP (MMAP) approach significantly improves on the previous IRL technique under occlusion in both formative evaluations on a toy problem and in a summative evaluation on an onion sorting line task by a robot.
Integration of Host Plant Resistance and Cultural Tactics for Management of Root- and Stem-Feeding Insect Pests in Rice

The rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel, is the most important early-season pest of rice in the U.S. Additionally, lepidopteran stem-boring pests particularly the invasive Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar), are increasingly becoming problematic in Louisiana rice. Although insecticidal seed treatments have been widely adopted and have proven highly effective against weevils and stemborers, alternative management tactics are needed. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of flood timing and rice cultivar on rice water weevil and stemborer infestations. Field experiments were conducted in Crowley, Louisiana, from 2019–2020. In each year, early- and late-planted trials were established according to a split-split-plot randomized block design. Four commonly grown rice cultivars were selected and were either treated or not treated with a chlorantraniliprole seed treatment. Permanent flood was established at normal timing (approximately the five-leaf stage) or delayed by two weeks. Seed treatment reduced weevil densities and stemborer injury by 70–84% and 87–94%, respectively, across planting dates, years, cultivars, and flood timings. The rice cultivar ‘Jupiter’ consistently supported the highest numbers of immature weevils, whereas low levels of stemborer injury were observed in ‘Jazzman-2’. Weevil densities were 72% and 20% lower in plots subjected to delayed flood compared to normal flood timing in the 2019 and 2020 late-planted trials, respectively. Reductions of 79% and 93% in stemborer injury in the 2019 early- and late-planted trials, respectively, were observed in delayed flooded plots. Weevil and stemborer infestations negatively affected rice yields, with losses among cultivars ranging from 14–49%. Yield losses were generally lower in plots subjected to delayed flood compared to normal flood timing but the difference was only significant in the 2020 late-planted trial. Our data suggest that the combination of cultivar resistance and delayed flooding can serve as a valuable component of an integrated pest management program for both rice water weevil and stemborers.
Investigation of the dynamic performance of the M939 truck/M198 medium towed howitzer combination

This paper describes an effort by the US Army Tank–automotive and Armaments Command, Research, Development & Engineering Center (TACOM–TARDEC) to validate a dynamic model of an M923 cargo truck towing a howitzer, and subsequently, use that model to investigate the dynamic performance of the combination while conducting a full matrix of tests to evaluate its stability and handling during braking manoeuvres in response to varying loading and operational conditions. The Analytical Simulation Team (AMSTA–TR–VP) of the Virtual Prototyping Business Group was tasked by the Combat Support Office (TACOM–CSO) to develop and validate high–resolution, computer–based models of the M939 Series Truck (with 14 × R20 tyres) towing an M198, medium, 155 mm howitzer (with 11 × R20 tyres) for the purpose of investigating truck/howitzer dynamic stability while negotiating specially designed on–road braking manoeuvres over a range of vehicle speeds. The follow–on analysis is also intended to determine what influences the 7257+ kilogram (kg) howitzer has on the stability of the truck during braking manoeuvres when the truck is operating in an unloaded condition.
Designing Instruction Through Cognitive Theory, Problem Solving, and Learning Transfer: An Ethnographic Case Study

Adult Basic Education teachers indicate they need unique tools to help their students gain critical thinking and problem-solving skills. This ethnographic study provides a view into the process of designing such instruction by a team of graduate students whose expertise is in the area of learning and teaching rather than instructional design.
Solar glint suppression in compact planetary ultraviolet spectrographs

Solar glint suppression is an important consideration in the design of compact photon-counting ultraviolet spectrographs. Southwest Research Institute developed the Lyman Alpha Mapping Project for the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (launch in 2009), and the Ultraviolet Spectrograph on Juno (Juno-UVS, launch in 2011). Both of these compact spectrographs revealed minor solar glints in flight that did not appear in pre-launch analyses. These glints only appeared when their respective spacecraft were operating outside primary science mission parameters. Post-facto scattered light analysis verifies the geometries at which these glints occurred and why they were not caught during ground testing or nominal mission operations. The limitations of standard baffle design at near-grazing angles are discussed, as well as the importance of including surface scatter properties in standard stray light analyses when determining solar keep-out efficiency. In particular, the scattered light analysis of these two instruments shows that standard "one bounce" assumptions in baffle design are not always enough to prevent scattered sunlight from reaching the instrument focal plane. Future builds, such as JUICE-UVS, will implement improved scattered and stray light modeling early in the design phase to enhance capabilities in extended mission science phases, as well as optimize solar keep out volume.
Attributing events to individuals in multi-inhabitant environments

Intelligent environment research has resulted in many useful tools such as activity recognition, prediction, and automation. However, most of these techniques have been applied in the context of a single resident. A current looming issue for intelligent environment systems is performing these same techniques when multiple residents are present in the environment. In this paper we investigate the problem of attributing sensor events to individuals in a multi-resident intelligent environment. Specifically, we use a naive Bayesian classifier to identify the resident responsible for a unique sensor event. We present results of experimental validation in a real intelligent workplace testbed and discuss the unique issues that arise in addressing this challenging problem. (8 pages)
A Dynamical Shape Prior for LV Segmentation from RT3D Echocardiography

Real-time three-dimensional (RT3D) echocardiography is the newest generation of three-dimensional (3-D) echocardiography. Segmentation of RT3D echocardiographic images is essential for determining many important diagnostic parameters. In cardiac imaging, since the heart is a moving organ, prior knowledge regarding its shape and motion patterns becomes an important component for the segmentation task. However, most previous cardiac models are either static models (SM), which neglect the temporal coherence of a cardiac sequence or generic dynamical models (GDM), which neglect the inter-subject variability of cardiac motion. In this paper, we present a subject-specific dynamical model (SSDM) which simultaneously handles inter-subject variability and cardiac dynamics (intra-subject variability). It can progressively predict the shape and motion patterns of a new sequence at the current frame based on the shapes observed in the past frames. The incorporation of this SSDM into the segmentation process is formulated in a recursive Bayesian framework. This results in a segmentation of each frame based on the intensity information of the current frame, as well as on the prediction from the previous frames. Quantitative results on 15 RT3D echocardiographic sequences show that automatic segmentation with SSDM is superior to that of either SM or GDM, and is comparable to manual segmentation.
Specters and Images: When the Levees Broke – A Requiem in Four Acts

Spike Lee's When the Levees Broke: A Requiem in Four Acts (2006) is examined as a witnessing on the national scale of the trauma felt by those who experienced flooding in the aftermath of Katrina. The premise is that national acknowledgment of the wound, and this mourning, can only happen as the silence following trauma is drawn into public discourse. Spike Lee does this with a variety of interlocking filmic techniques including archival footage, interviews, vistas of devastation and commentary through music. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of proximity to a geographical range limit on the physiology of a tropical bird

Summary 1. Species’ geographical ranges can be limited by a variety of biotic and abiotic factors. Physiological challenge in response to unsuitable environmental conditions can establish limits to geographical ranges. 2. We studied the physiology of Song Wrens (Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus) across their geographical range on the isthmus of Panama, an area characterized by a strong rainfall gradient. Wrens are common on the Caribbean slope of the isthmus where annual rainfall is greatest, but wren abundance declines towards the south as annual rainfall declines. Song Wrens are completely absent from the driest third of the isthmus. 3. We searched for the existence of a physiologically induced distribution limit by measuring body condition (an integrative measure of energy balance), hematocrit (% packed red blood cells in a given blood sample), and corticosterone levels (CORT, a steroid hormone that regulates the availability of energy and the endocrine stress response) in males and females. We caught birds by luring them into nets when they responded to playback of conspecific song. 4. Wrens living in drier habitat near the geographical range edge were significantly more likely to have abnormally low hematocrit scores. Baseline CORT levels were negatively associated with rainfall in one of our three best-fit path models, indicating potential energetic challenge in some individuals. Maximum CORT levels during a 60-min period of restraint correlated significantly only with sex, being higher in females. Birds with the poorest body condition lived at the dry end of the gradient. Birds on the wet end of the gradient responded fastest to conspecific song. 5. Environmental conditions vary across geographical ranges and may influence the physiological conditions of organisms, thereby enforcing limits to species’ distributions. Highly specialized species, such as birds of the rain forest understory, may be especially susceptible to environmental variation associated with changing climatic conditions.
Certified Real-Time Solution of Parametrized Partial Differential Equations

Engineering analysis requires the prediction of (say, a single) selected “output” se relevant to ultimate component and system performance:* typical outputs include energies and forces, critical stresses or strains, flowrates or pressure drops, and various local and global measures of concentration, temperature, and flux. These outputs are functions of system parameters, or “inputs”, μ, that serve to identify a particular realization or configuration of the component or system: these inputs typically reflect geometry, properties, and boundary conditions and loads; we shall assume that μ is a P-vector (or P-tuple) of parameters in a prescribed closed input domain D ⊂ ℝp. The input-output relationship se(μ): D → ℝ thus encapsulates the behavior relevant to the desired engineering context.
A Psychometric Comparison of the Beck Depression Inventory and the Inventory for Diagnosing Depression in a College Population

The relationship between the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Inventory for Diagnosing Depression (IDD) was evaluated in a college population. The BDI is an established self-report depression instrument. The IDD is a relatively new self-report depression instrument. The IDD was designed to address the BDI's lack of full correspondence with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., rev.) (DSM-III) through DSM-IV criteria. The two instruments were found to be highly correlated and Cronbach's alpha was found to be high for each instrument. The diagnostic performance of three BDI cutoff scores was found to vary considerably when compared to IDD diagnostic criteria. Implications for selection and use of self-report depression inventories are discussed.
O-31 - ANS arousal and cognitive functioning in bipolar disorder

Introduction Previous theories about the etiology of cognitive dysfunction in bipolar disorder (BD) emphasize trait factors such as chronic neurological impairment. State factors that may contribute to cognitive deficits in BD have not yet been considered. Objective The purpose of this study was to examine changes in autonomic nervous system (ANS) arousal in response to cognitive challenge. The study aimed to determine whether ANS arousal during cognitive testing was associated with test performance in patients with BD and healthy controls (HC). Method Twenty-eight euthymic patients with BD and twelve HC completed the study. Participants completed mood (BDI-II, YMRS), anxiety (STAI), and substance abuse (DAST, AUDIT) measures. They were then connected to an ECG device, a sensitive thermometer (i.e. measuring figure temperature) and electrodes that measure Galvanic skin Response (GSR). After a 5-minute baseline measurement at rest, participants completed a computerized neuropsychological battery (CNS-VS). Results The group with BD reported significantly more mood symptoms and scored higher on a measure of state anxiety than HC. At baseline and during testing, analysis revealed higher ANS arousal on all physiological measures in the BD group relative to HC. In addition, the relative increase in arousal from baseline to testing was higher in the BD group. HC scored higher than patients with BD on most memory, attention and executive measures, with effect sizes ranging from 0.8 to 1.3. Conclusions Acute ANS arousal in response to cognitive challenge, as measured by neuropsychological testing, may increase cognitive deficits in people with BD.
The North Carolina independent living program: A comparison of outcomes for participants and nonparticipants☆

Effectiveness of a state independent living program (ILP) was evaluated by comparing outcomes for program participants and nonparticipants in four core areas: housing, education, employment, and financial self-sufficiency. One to three years after discharge from care, ILP participants were more likely to be living independently or paying all of their housing expenses while living with others than were the nonparticipants. Program participants also reported a higher level of educational attainment and aspirations. There were no statistically significant differences regarding employment or financial self-sufficiency. Findings are compared with those of similar studies, and recommendations for program modification are described.
An oligonucleotide probe specific to the centromeric region of human chromosome 5

The authors have designed a 28-mer alpha satellite oligonucleotide probe that, at high stringency, hybridizes specifically to the centromeric region of human chromosome 5. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization they also find that, under low-stringency conditions, this oligomer hybridizes to chromosomes 1, 5, and 16. The hybridization to chromosome 16 was somewhat unexpected since clonally derived probes from this alphoid DNA subset hybridize to chromosomes 1, 5, and 19 at high stringency. They also compare and contrast the sequences of previously cloned alphoid DNAs from chromosomes 5, 16, and 19 in the region corresponding to the oligomer. This oligonucleotide should facilitate the genomic and cytogenetic analysis of human chromosome 5.
Dynamic Logic Applied to SAR Data for Parameter Estimation Behind Walls

Identifying and localizing targets within buildings using exterior sensors will offer superior advantages to the military and law enforcement communities. Research on wall-penetrating radar has produced significant advances in recent years regarding this topic. However, wall parameter ambiguities, multiple reflections, clutter, and measurement noise pose significant challenges to developing robust detection and estimation methods. In the present work we demonstrate can be mitigated using dynamic logic (DL), an adaptive method for iterative maximum likelihood.
Sensitivity of an advanced Compton telescope

ABSTRACT The Advanced Compton Telescope (ACT) should provide well over an order-of-magnitude improvement insensitivity compared to other previous or planned instruments in low-energy gamma-ray astronomy. Thiswill be needed in the study of the nuclear line/MeV region of the gamma-ray spectrum. Such an instrumentcovers a broad range of science objectives, ranging from the study the 56 Ni light curves of supernovae andmeasurements of supernova dynamics, to 26 Al, 22 Na, and 60 Fe maps of the galaxy, and the first gamma-raypolarization observations probing the geometry of the emission regions of a variety of objects such asAGN, pulsars, and gamma ray bursts. These objectives depend critically on the sensitivity that can beachieved. We present a study of the sensitivity that can be achieved by the ACT, considering estimates ofbackgrounds, position resolution, energy resolution, Doppler broadening, and recoil electron tracking.Efficiency questions are considered that arise from passive materials within the active volume and trackreconstruction. A sensitivity estimate for ACT is presented for a reasonable instrument size andconfiguration.Keywords: gamma-ray, Compton, astrophysics
Synthesis of alkyl substituted cyclobutenediones by free radical chemistry. Carbon for nitrogen replacement in the α-Amino acid Bioisostere -- 34-Diamino-3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione.

Abstract A novel free radical method for the synthesis of alkyl substituted cyclobutenediones was demonstrated, allowing for incorporation of a variety of functionalities. The synthesis of an analog of NMDA antagonist 1 was thereby facilitated.
Atmospheric transmission measurements at HF and DF laser wavelengths.

Recently, a simple technique using a heterodyne radiometer to measure the atmospheric attenuation with fine spectral resolution along the earth to space path was demonstrated at 10.6 ..mu..m. Measurements of the atmospheric transmission are reported at selected HF and DF laser lines with high spectral resolution using the same technique. These measurements are compared with calculated values.
Photochemical smog systems: heterogeneous decay of ozone.

Fox et al. (1) describe the results of two experiments from which they conclude that "dilution as opposed to static experimental conditions may prove to be more important if smog chamber data are to be used as guides in developing certain future control strategies." Although the above suggestion may be correct, the evidence presented by Fox et al. (1) is incomplete in at least one serious aspect.
The Effect of Options on Stock Prices: 1973 to 1995

I show that the effect of option introductions on underlying stock prices is best described by a two-regime switching means model whose optimal switch date occurs in 1981. In accordance with previous studies, I find positive abnormal returns for options listed during 1973 to 1980. By contrast, I find negative abnormal returns for options listed in 1981 and later. Possible causes for this switch include the introduction of index options in 1982, the implementation of regulatory changes in 1981, and the possibility that options expedite the dissemination of negative information. AN INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT ISSUE IN THE STUDY of financial markets is the extent to which options interact with their underlying stocks. Although Black and Scholes (1973) view options as redundant securities, Ross (1976) theorizes that stock prices in incomplete markets are generally affected by the
Introduction to SMART designs for the development of adaptive interventions: with application to weight loss research

The management of many health disorders often entails a sequential, individualized approach whereby treatment is adapted and readapted over time in response to the specific needs and evolving status of the individual. Adaptive interventions provide one way to operationalize the strategies (e.g., continue, augment, switch, step-down) leading to individualized sequences of treatment. Often, a wide variety of critical questions must be answered when developing a high-quality adaptive intervention. Yet, there is often insufficient empirical evidence or theoretical basis to address these questions. The Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial (SMART)—a type of research design—was developed explicitly for the purpose of building optimal adaptive interventions by providing answers to such questions. Despite increasing popularity, SMARTs remain relatively new to intervention scientists. This manuscript provides an introduction to adaptive interventions and SMARTs. We discuss SMART design considerations, including common primary and secondary aims. For illustration, we discuss the development of an adaptive intervention for optimizing weight loss among adult individuals who are overweight.
Long-term ingrowth and apposition of porous hydroxylapatite implants.

Bone implant materials are often used to fill in bone gaps that frequently result from orthognathic and craniofacial reconstruction. The substrate hydroxylapatite (HA) is commonly implanted into the bone voids, resulting from these conditions due to its established biocompatibility and osteoconductive properties. The porous structure of HA provides a three-dimensional guideline for fibrovascular ingrowth, facilitating the process that ultimately results in the deposition of new bone. Porous HA (Interpore, 200) implants were implanted in the mandible or maxilla of nine humans and removed after 14–30 months (19.1-month mean). There was no evidence of an inflammatory response. The sample composition and apposition against the implant were determined using point counting and a digitizing tablet and software. Percent ingrowth in available space (%IAS) was defined as %Bone/(%Bone + %Void). A new measure of implant saturation (%IAS − %Apposition of bone) was established to help determine the fundamental manner in which long-term HA implants incorporate bone. In the mean, the samples were composed of 27% bone, 21% void, and 53% implant. The apposition percentages averaged 60% bone, 16% void, and 24% soft tissue. The %IAS averaged 58%, and implant saturation averaged −3%, indicating that a near-balance between the implant and surrounding bone has been established. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 36, 560–563, 1997.
Elimination of false codes in an asynchronous parallel successive approximation A/D converter

We report on a scheme to eliminate false codes generated due to switching delays among the output bits of an asynchronous parallel successive approximation analog-to-digital converter (SA-ADC) developed by Lin and Liu [1]. False output codes are eliminated by converting the binary outputs to Gray codes. A novel asynchronous parallel gray-to-binary converter is introduced to effectively reduce switching delays from 10.0 - 26.5 ns to 767 - 962 ps, when operating with a 50 kHz triangular input and 2V power supply. Simulated INL and DNL are less than ± 0.4 LSB and ± 0.45 LSB, respectively, at 800 μW of power consumption. Measurement results of the ADC, fabricated in 0.5-μm CMOS technology, show the efficacy of the proposed scheme to remove false codes.
The betacyanins and their distribution

Abstract Thirty-eight species, including thirteen previously uninvestigated genera, in ten families usually grouped in the Centrospermae were surveyed by electrophoresis and chromatography for the presence of betacyanin and anthocyanin pigments. Betacyanins were observed in all thirty-eight species but no anthocyanins were detected.
Record temperatures measured

Globally 2002 could prove to be the warmest year on record, according to the Meteorological Office of the United Kingdom. Already, the average temperature in the Northern Hemisphere for the first six months of 2002 is .73°C above average, the warmest in 143 years, the Met Office announced on 31 July
Modeling polyethylene solutions in near and supercritical fluids using the sanchez-lacombe model

Abstract Effectiveness of the Sanchez-Lacombe model in predicting the high pressure phase behavior of solutions of polyethylene standards of molecular weights 2,150, 16,400, 108,000, and 420,000 in n-pentane and n-pentane-carbon dioxide binary solvents has been evaluated. It is shown that by proper adjustment of the characteristic temperature for the polymer, which is achieved by using data for one molecular weight sample, variations with respect to concentration and pressure are correctly predicted. The model correctly predicts also the solvent-dependent shift from LCST (Lower Critical Solution Temperature) to UCST (Upper Critical Solution Temperature) type behavior for these solutions upon increase in, the carbon dioxide content of the n-pentane-carbon dioxide binary solvent.
A module mechanism for constraints in Smalltalk

ThingLab II, a rewrite of ThingLab, provides two representations of objects: fully-exposed and interpreted Things, or hidden and compiled Modules. Both representations provide the full power of the ThingLab II constraint hierarchy (an ordering of constraint preferences), and both can be manipulated by the graphical user-interface. This paper briefly describes Modules and their environmental support in ThingLab II. It also describes the process by which the ModuleCompiler translates a collection of objects (a ThingLab II Thing) into a single object with compiled and optimized Smalltalk-80 methods (a Module).
Effect of Whole Cottonseed, Gossypol, and Ruminally Protected Lysine Supplementation on Milk Yield and Composition

To determine whether the gossypol content of the diet affected availability of dietary Lys, 4 cows with ruminal and duodenal cannulas and 16 intact cows in early lactation were assigned to diets containing either glanded cottonseed, glanded cottonseed plus 15 g/d of ruminally protected Lys, glandless cottonseed, or glandless cottonseed plus 15 g/d of ruminally protected Lys. The experimental design was a 4 x 4 Latin square design with 3-wk experimental periods. Gossypol concentrations in plasma were lower when cows were fed glandless cottonseed. Lysine supplementation increased the flow and percentage of Lys in duodenal digesta and increased the concentration of Lys in plasma. Neither type of cottonseed nor Lys supplementation affected dry matter intake. Yields of milk and fat-corrected milk from cannulated cows were not affected by diet, but yields from intact cows were increased by Lys supplementation. For both cannulated and intact cows, Lys supplementation increased the percentage of milk protein, and milk protein yield was increased by Lys in intact cows. Dietary gossypol did not affect the response to Lys, indicating that dietary gossypol had little or no effect on the availability of Lys for dairy cows.
CHARACTERIZATION AND PREDICTORS OF PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN PROGRESSION RATES AFTER RADICAL RETROPUBIC PROSTATECTOMY

Purpose: Detectable serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) after radical prostatectomy indicates recurrent disease and treatment failure. We characterized PSA recurrence after prostatectomy and identified predictors of rapid PSA progression.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 165 patients with detectable PSA after radical prostatectomy to characterize the rate of PSA increase and correlate this rate with the possible predictors of rapid PSA progression known at prostatectomy.Results: For a median of 48 months postoperatively we followed 142 patients with PSA recurrence after radical prostatectomy who received no immediate adjuvant therapy. PSA doubling time was less than 6, greater than 6, 12, 18 and 24 months in 46%, 54%, 18%, 11% and 9% of cases, while time to PSA 50 ng./ml. was greater than 5, 10, 15 and 20 years in 69%, 34%, 22% and 9%, respectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that rapid PSA doubling time was associated with Gleason secondary gra...
Dependency of K a -band reflectarray unit cell reflection properties on the spacing between antenna elements

In this paper, effects of inter-element spacing on the performance of reflectarray unit cells are studied to provide guidelines for an optimum reflectarray design. A reflectarray unit cell is designed at 32 GHz which is the frequency of interest for reflectarray's space applications. By changing the distance between the reflectarray elements from 0.35 to 0.85 λ0 in E plane and 0.45 to 0.95 λ0 in H plane, the resonant frequency is varied from 30.5 to 32.5 GHz (representing more than 6% change), the reflection phase is shifted by 140°, bandwidth is decreased by 4% and the maximum reflection loss is increased by 1.3 dB. To prove the concept, two 5×5 sub-arrays with different inter-element spacing are fabricated, measured and compared with simulations with good agreement.
The texture of embodiment: Foundation for medical ethics

In our everyday lives we mostly act through our bodies towards the world. Only at moments of resistance, disruption or disintegration do we turn our attention directly to the body. Readers, for instance, of journals like this one turn pages and study passages relatively unaware of their bodies. Perhaps a stomach rumbles, attempting to cope with breakfast, but for the most part the reader only hopes to find a tolera? bly interesting paper to settle down with, one that does not run on forever. That is, until she is jostled, has her foot stepped on, spills hot coffee on herself. Then, suddenly, the body demands attention ? and she turns to it immediately, as we all would. For no demands are so urgent, so undeniable as those of the body, that most intimate of the worldly objects. As Merleau-Ponty suggests in the opening quotation, it is the body that maintains our entire life-world ? thus a bodily crisis becomes, inevitably, a total crisis of that world. How is it that we are to grasp this body which is at once our very self and our greatest obstacle? It is at times our most willing servant, and at others our most feared adversary. In the first part of these re? marks I will focus on just this tensed duality which is the very texture of embodiment, drawing on a number of phenomenologists to sketch the dominant features of our bodily presence in the world. Next, I want
Constant Sensitivity Circuit for Solid State Nuclear Radiation Counters

The utilization of solid state counters in tactical radiological instruments for measuring intensities and doses of fallout gamma rays offers advantages over Geiger-Mueller (GM) counters such as a much wider dynamic range and low operating voltages. Their very small size is suitable for use in miniaturized equipment. However, these devices have a serious problem if used in a mixed, fast neutron/gamma environment such as is encountered e.g. in a battlefield where tactical nuclear weapons are used and neutrons, prompt, initial gammas and fallout gammas are killing factors of comparable importance. Exposure to fast neutrons reduces seriously their sensitivity. This makes the solid state counters at this time unacceptable for use in Army tactical surveillance equipment and in other applications where according to requirements the performance must not be impaired by exposure to fast neutrons. It seems to be possible to reduce to some extent this neutron generated damage by improving the crystal counters.
The thermolysis of di-p-tolyltitanocene and di-m-tolyltitanocene with acetylenes: further evidence for aryne- or o-phenylene-titanocene intermediates

Abstract The thermolyses of di- p -tolyltitanocene and di- m -tolyltitanocene with diphenylacetylene, 2-butyne and hexafluoro-2-butyne have been investigated. Di- p -tolyltitanocene reacts with each acetylene to produce a mixture of two isomeric benzotitanoles in approximately equal amounts, whereas di- m -tolyltitanocene and each acetylene afford three isomeric benzotitanoles in an approximate 1 : 1 : 2 ratio, as evidenced by proton NMR analysis of the reaction products. These results lend further evidence for the formation of aryne-or o -phenylene-titanocene intermediates in the thermolyses of diaryltitanocenes. Steric effects play an important role in the addition of acetylene to these intermediates.
Fermionic and bosonic interference during spin rotation through 2π radians

Spinor wavef unctions change their sign under 2π rotation, an effect observable in interference experiments1,2. Several experiments have used magnetic precession of neutrons to implement rotations3–7. Other investigators have observed phenomena in molecular, nuclear or atomic systems with integral spin that have been identified as interference effects produced by 2π rotation8–11. I describe here a distinction between experiments on spin-1/2 neutrons and those on bosons, one that is crucial to interpreting these experimental results. Following recent work on interpreting magnetic precession as rotation12,13, I show how to resolve Zeilinger's thought experiment12, which actually measures the spin direction of two partial beams, with Byrne's point13 that the recombined beam of neutrons has been rotated only π rad when the relative rotation between two partial beams is 2π. The essential distinguishing step lies in recognizing the lack of geometric significance, in general, of the mathematical parameter that equals 2πin the boson case.
Investor flows and the assessed performance of open-end mutual funds

Abstract Open-end equity funds provide a diversified equity positions with little direct cost to investors for liquidity. This study documents a statistically significant indirect cost in the form of a negative relation between a fund's abnormal return and investor flows. Controlling for this indirect cost of liquidity changes the average fund's abnormal return (net of expenses) from a statistically significant −1.6% per year to a statistically insignificant −0.2% and also fully explains the negative market-timing performance found in this and other studies of mutual fund returns. Thus, the common finding of negative return performance at open-end mutual funds is attributable to the costs of liquidity-motivated trading.