cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Between Deference and Distinction: Interaction Ritual Through Symbolic Power in an Educational Institution:

In this article I provide a meso-level account of the interactional-institutional link by revisiting Goffman's analysis of deference and demeanor in light of Bourdieu's discussion of institutional ...
Carrier concentration and temperature dependence of the electronic transport properties of epitaxial PbTe and PbTe/PbSe nanodot superlattices

The electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, and power factor of $n$- and $p$-type PbTe were calculated over the temperature range of 300--700 K and carrier concentration range of $1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{17}\ensuremath{-}4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{19}\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ by using the Boltzmann transport equation and relaxation time approximation and were compared to measurement results. A three-band model for PbTe was used and included scattering from screened polar optical phonons as well as the deformation potential of acoustic and optical phonons. Nonparabolicity and anisotropy of the principal conduction and valence bands at the $L$ point in the Brillouin zone were taken into account, and the calculated transport properties were in excellent agreement with measurement results over the full range of carrier concentrations and temperatures. The Lorenz number was also calculated and seen to vary from 0.54 to 0.89 of ${L}_{0}$ $(2.44\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}\text{ }\text{W}\text{ }\ensuremath{\Omega}\text{ }{\text{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}2})$ depending on the carrier concentration and temperature. The measured in-plane transport properties of epitaxially grown $n$- and $p$-type PbTe/PbSe nanodot superlattice (NDSL) samples with $\ensuremath{\sim}13%$ PbSe by volume fraction are also presented and discussed in comparison to the baseline homogeneous PbTe. The presence of the PbSe nanodots in a PbTe matrix was observed to reduce the carrier mobility by $\ensuremath{\sim}25%--35%$ while having no effect on the Seebeck coefficient, thus resulting in a reduced power factor for PbTe/PbSe NDSLs compared to PbTe. The properties of the NDSL samples were also observed to have the same temperature dependence as PbTe.
Relationship among p53, stage, and prognosis of large bowel cancer.

PURPOSE: We designed a study to determine whether increases in p53 protein in primary carcinomas of the colon or rectum correlate with overall survival. Mutations of the tumor suppressor gene p53 are detectable by immunocytochemical methods in colorectal cancers because of accumulation of nuclear p53 protein. METHODS: IgG1 monoclonal antibody to human p53 protein (PAb 1801) was used to detect p53 in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival tumors resected from 84 patients with tumor limited to the bowel wall. A multivariate analysis was performed using five prognostic pathobiologic variables compared with the level of staining of the p53 product. RESULTS: Nuclear p53 protein was observed in 52 (62 percent) of 84 colorectal cancer patients with Stage T2 or T3, N0, M0 disease. Patients with strong expression (3+ and 4+) of p53 appeared to die from their disease sooner than those with weak expression (1+ and 2+), although this was not statistically significant (P >0.59). Thirty-two patients did not express nuclear p53 by immunocytochemical methods. When these patients were analyzed in combination with the strong p53 expressors, the trend toward decreased survival increased (P>0.15). CONCLUSIONS: This data suggest that lack of p53 expression may also predict an adverse outcome in colorectal cancer. However, before the immunocytochemical method can be used clinically as a prognostic indicator, the colorectal cancer patients with zero expression should be studied further to clarify the functional status of p53 in their tumors.
A multivariate analysis of federally mandated school wellness policies on adolescent obesity.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the effects of school wellness policies mandated by the 2004 Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act on the prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents. Methods Multivariate logistic regressions, adjusted for clustering within school districts, were used to estimate the effects of district-level wellness policies on the odds of overweight and obesity among adolescents. The analyses were performed on a population-based sample obtained from the Utah Population Database, a compilation of vital characteristic, administrative, and genealogical records on all residents in Utah. Models controlled for individual, maternal, and familial characteristics, as well as characteristics of school district of residence. Self-reported body mass index was taken from drivers license data. Results Each additional component included in a district's wellness policy was associated with as much as: 3.2% lower odds in the prevalence of adolescent overweight (OR = .968; 95% CI = .941–.997), 2.5% lower odds of obesity (OR = .975; CI = .952–.997), and 3.4% lower odds of severe obesity (OR = .966; CI = .938–.995). Wellness policy components related to diet were significantly associated with lower body mass indexes across all three thresholds, whereas those related to physical activity had significant associations for lower odds of severe obesity only. Conclusion Results suggest that school wellness policies can significantly reduce the risk of adolescent obesity. Further research should address specific policy components that are most effective in various populations, as well as the level of commitment that is required at both the school- and district-levels for sustained effect.
Effect of grain boundary sliding on steady creep of polycrystals

Abstract The effect of grain boundary sliding on steady state creep of polycrystalline metals is analyzed by modeling the grain structure by an infinite two-dimensional array of regular hexagons in plane strain. A pure power-law relation is assigned to the grains and a Newtonian viscosity to the grain boundaries. The finite element method is used to approximately solve the resulting nonlinear boundary value problem. In this way, the overall stress-strain rate relation of the polycrystal is determined, and the contribution to total strain rate due to grain boundary sliding is calculated for various values of the hardening exponent. The results are compared with those of all other existing models.
Low-energy (5 250 eV) electron-stimulated desorption of H + , H + 2 , and H + ( H 2 O) n from low-temperature water ice surfaces

Low-energy $(5--250\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV})$ electron-stimulated desorption (ESD) has been used to study the production and removal of ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$, $\mathrm{H}_{2}{}^{+}$, and ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}{({\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O})}_{n=1--8}$ from porous amorphous solid water (PASW), amorphous solid water (ASW), and crystalline (CI) water ice films. The threshold energies for ESD of ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ and $\mathrm{H}_{2}{}^{+}$ from CI and ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}({\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O})$ from both PASW and ASW are $\ensuremath{\sim}22\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$. There is also a $\mathrm{H}_{2}{}^{+}$ yield increase at $\ensuremath{\sim}40\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ and a $\ensuremath{\sim}70\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ threshold for ESD of ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}{({\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O})}_{n=2--8}$ for all phases of ice. $\mathrm{H}_{2}{}^{+}$ production and desorption involves direct molecular elimination and reactive scattering of an energetic proton. Both of these channels likely involve localized two-hole one-electron and∕or two-hole final states containing $4{a}_{1}$, $3{a}_{1}$, and∕or $2{a}_{1}$ character. The $70\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ cluster ion threshold implicates either an initial $(2a_{1}{}^{\ensuremath{-}2})$ state localized on a monomer or the presence of at least two neighboring water molecules each containing a single hole. The resulting correlated two-hole or two-hole, one-electron configurations are localized within a complex and result in an intermolecular Coulomb repulsion and cluster ion ejection. The ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}{({\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O})}_{n}$ yields are highest from PASW relative to ASW and CI and decrease with temperature, whereas the $\mathrm{H}_{2}{}^{+}$ yields are highest for CI and increase with temperature. The temperature effects and cluster ion distributions are accounted for by distance and temperature dependent hole screening. Changes in screening, hole lifetimes and hopping probabilities are greatest for ${a}_{1}$ levels. This is supported by valence band photoemission studies of ice as a function of temperature.
Hybrid Power: A 2003 Perspective for the Decade

Hybrid power generation systems are evolving as attractive candidates for high-efficiency production of electric energy and a near-zero emission of primary pollutants. Hybrids, by definition, are a combination of two or more power generation technologies that create a synergistic value greater than the sum of the individual parts. Examples include fuel cells integrated with gas turbines, fuel cells integrated with photovoltaics, and heat engines integrated with wind generation. This paper describes the evolution of hybrid systems for both distributed power generation and central power generation as anticipated for this decade, the development requirements and application opportunities, and strategies that utilize both fossil and renewable fuels to achieve the dramatic increase in electrical efficiency that hybrid systems portend.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Cognitive dissonance and locus of control: interface of two paradigms.

Summary On the basis of a social learning theory analysis of the cognitive dissonance effect, it was hypothesized that locus of control would mediate attitude change in a forced compliance paradigm (N = 90 male and female college students). The classical cognitive dissonance effect was obtained when freedom of choice was stressed, but when locus of control was removed as a covariate, the effect disappeared. Results are discussed as suggesting the desirability of considering S variables in future attitude change research.
Is the participation argument self-defeating?

The incoherence argument does not work against the participationist defense of democracy. It remains to be seen whether the participationist argument is successful. In order to assess this argument we must determine the worth of the traits of character that are assumed to result from participation in democratic institutions and how their worth compares to that of other important aspects of political systems. Also, the factual claims asserted by the participationists must be assessed. It is these issues that must be addressed by advocates and opponents of the participation argument.
Deadlocks and methods for their detection, prevention and recovery in modern operating systems

%haring and allocating system resources between running and new processes is an operating system task. In a multiprocessing environment, allocation of resources can become a point of conflict. Such conflict may lead the system into a state known as deadlock. The scope of the topic is to identify the conditions for deadlocks, distinguish the different circumstances that lead to this undesirable state, and identify the methods for detection, prevention, and recovery.
P-Wave Dispersion: An Indicator of Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction in Children With Neurocardiogenic Syncope

Neurocardiogenic syncope is the most frequent cause of fainting in childhood and adolescence. Although head-up tilt table testing (HUTT) was previously considered as the reference standard in the diagnosis of syncope, in children with a typical history of reflex syncope, normal physical examination, and electrocardiogram (ECG) are sufficient to cease investigation; however, according to recent reports, TT is indicated in patients in whom this diagnosis cannot be proven by initial evaluation. The hypothesis of this study is that P-wave dispersion (PWD) can be a useful electrocardiographic predictor of cardiac autonomic dysfunction in children with vasovagal syncope (VVS). The study was designed prospectively and included 50 children with positive and 50 children with negative HUTT who presented with at least two previous unexplained episodes of syncope as well as 50 sex- and age-matched healthy children as the control group. All standard 12-lead ECGs were obtained in patients and controls, and the difference between maximum and minimum durations of the P wave was defined as the PWD. A total of 100 children with VVS and 50 healthy controls were evaluated for the study. The P maximum values of HUTT-positive (HUTT[+]) patients were significantly greater than those in the HUTT-negative (HUTT[−]) and control groups(p < 0.05). In addition, mean PWD values were 50.2 ± 18.5, 39.6 ± 11.2 and 32.0 ± 11.2 ms in the HUTT(+), HUTT(–), and control groups, respectively. The difference between groups was statistically significant (p < 0.05). We suggest that PWD is an early sign of cardiac autonomic dysfunction in children with neurally mediated syncope and can be used as a noninvasive electrocardiographic test to evaluate orthostatic intolerance syndromes.
PubsOnline: open source bibliography database

Universities and colleges, departments within universities and colleges, and individual researchers often desire the ability to provide online listings, via the Web, of citations to publications and other forms of information dissemination. Cataloging citations to publications or other forms of information dissemination by a particular organization facilitates access to the information, its use, and citation in subsequent publications. Listing, searching, and indexing of citations is further improved when citations can be searched on by additional key information, such as by grant, university resource, or research lab.This paper describes PubsOnline, an open source tool for management and presentation of databases of citations via the Web. Citations with bibliographic information are kept in the database and associated with attributes that are grouped by category and usable as search keys. Citations may optionally be linked to files containing an entire article. PubsOnline was developed with PHP and MySQL, and may be downloaded from http://pubsonline.indiana.edu/.
A 190‰ drop in atmosphere's Δ14C during the “Mystery Interval” (17.5 to 14.5 kyr)

Reconstructions of atmospheric Δ14C for the deglacial period reveal a 190 ± 10‰ drop between 17.5 and 14.5 kyr before present, during the ‘mystery interval’. While it appears that the major contributor must be the mixing between an isolated low radiocarbon abyssal reservoir and the remainder of the ocean, a combination of 14C measurements on coexisting benthic and planktic foraminifera shells and 13C/12C measurements on benthic foraminifera make it difficult to identify a sufficiently large volume for this reservoir. An alternative scenario, based on higher 14C production rates between about 38 and 18 kyr ago, would escape the need for a large, isolated reservoir prior to the mystery interval but instead would call for a better ventilated ocean afterwards. The addition of 14C-deficient sedimentary carbon appears not to be an important contributor. While the unlikely explanation that the half-life of 14C is 15% greater than the accepted value (5730 yr) would eliminate the steady decrease in the 14C/C over the last 40 kyr, it would not explain the steep drop which occurred between 17.5 and 14.5 kyr.
Abstract 1012: Osteopontin mediates loss of tumor suppressive activity of Merlin in breast cancer

The neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) tumor suppressor gene encodes a cytoskeletal/membranous protein, Merlin. Inactivation of the NF2 gene is known to cause tumors of the nervous system in humans and multiple cancers in mice. Although Merlin9s role as a tumor suppressor has been well studied in other systems, its function in breast cancer is unknown. In this study, we have determined that the expression of Merlin protein is decreased in breast cancer tissues. Concomitantly, we observed increased expression of osteopontin (OPN), a malignancy-promoting protein that induces activation of Akt phosphorylation. Thus, there is an inverse correlation between the expression of Merlin and OPN in breast cancer. Ectopic restoration of Merlin in breast cancer cells significantly reduced attributes of malignant behavior as assessed in vitro by foci formation, soft agar colony formation, and invasion. In vivo, breast cancer cells stably expressing Merlin displayed reduced tumor growth and progression in athymic mice. Further, our investigations reveal that OPN-initiated activation of Akt signaling results in phosphorylation of Merlin at Serine 315 that targets it for proteasome-mediated degradation. Thus, our studies elucidate the utility of Merlin as an important biomarker in breast cancer and also identify a novel mechanism for the loss of Merlin expression in breast cancer. Moreover, our studies demonstrate the ability of Merlin to act as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1012. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1012
On Imagining the Afterlife

The author argues for three interconnected theses which provide a cognitive account for why humans intuitively believe that others survive death. The first thesis, from which the second and third theses follow, is that the acceptance of afterlife beliefs is predisposed by a specific, and already well-documented, imaginative process - the offline social reasoning process. The second thesis is that afterlife beliefs are social in nature. The third thesis is that the living imagine the deceased as socially embodied in such a way as to continue to fulfill on-going social obligations with others. The author further suggests six reasons why the fantasy/reality distinction breaks down for the imaginer such that the continued existence of the decedent in the afterlife is believed to be real. Finally, the author suggests avenues for further research which would support this cognitive account.
The Relationship of Partial Metric Varieties and Commuting Powers Varieties

Holland et al. (Algebra Univers 67:1–18, 2012) considered varieties \({\mathcal E}_n\) of lattice-ordered groups defined by partial metrics, and showed for all n that \({\mathcal E}_n\) is contained within the variety \({\mathcal L}_n\) defined by xnyn = ynxn. They also showed that if n were prime, then \({\mathcal E}_n = {\mathcal L}_n\). Letting \({\mathcal A}^2\) denote the metabelian variety (defined at the beginning of Section 2), this article continues their work, showing that for all n, \({\mathcal L}_n \cap {\mathcal A}^2 \subseteq {\mathcal E}_n\) while showing that if n is not prime, \({\mathcal L}_n \not\subseteq {\mathcal E}_n\).
Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT): pediatric applications

The purpose of this article is to describe theoretical and research bases for constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT), to discuss key features and variations in protocols currently in use with children, and to review the results of studies of efficacy. CIMT has been found to be an effective intervention for increasing functional use of the hemiparetic upper extremity in adults with chronic disability from stroke. CIMT developed out of behavioral research on the phenomenon of "learned nonuse" of an upper extremity, commonly observed following sensory and/or motor CNS injury, in which failure to regain use persists even after a period of partial recovery. CIMT includes three key elements: (1) constraining the use of the less-impaired upper extremity (UE); (2) intensive, repetitive daily therapist-directed practice of motor movements with the impaired UE for an extended period (2-3 weeks); and (3) shaping of more complex action patterns through a process of rewarding successive approximations to the target action. Mechanisms responsible for success are thought to be separate but complementary, that is, operant conditioning (reversal of learned nonuse) and experience-driven cortical reorganization. CIMT has recently been extended to children with hemiparesis secondary to perinatal stroke or other CNS pathology. Numerous case studies, as well as a small number of randomized controlled or controlled clinical trials have reported substantial gains in functional use of the hemiplegic UE following CIMT with children. Protocols vary widely in terms of type of constraint used, intensity and duration of training, and outcome measures. In general, all report gains in functional use, with minimal or no adverse effects. Continued research is needed, to clarify optimal protocol parameters and to further understand mechanisms of efficacy.
Dual-energy photon attenuation for soft tissue analysis

The mass attenuation coefficients σI and σA of collimated low energy gamma radiation emitted from point sources of 125I and 241Am have been measured in components of lean beef and fatty tissue. The ratio R = σI/σA for comminuted fatty tissue/muscle mixtures was approximately linearly related to the extractable fat content determined by the standard method of soxhlet extraction and a least squares analysis gave a residual standard deviation of ±2% extractable fat. R was unaffected by fluctuations in sample temperature over the range 20 to − 10°C and could be measured without knowledge of the sample thickness or packing density. Comparative measurements of attenuation relative to that of water were more reproducible than absolute values. Factors influencing the attenuation in soft tissues were assessed by adopting a three-component mixture model: that the soft tissues were composed of extractable fat (R/RW = 0.759 ± 0.004), fat-free dry solids (R/RW = 1.089 ± 0.008) and water (R/RW = 1). The likely effects of variations in the fatty acid composition of the fat, and of variations in the protein and mineral contents of the dry solids, are discussed.
Transport in gapped bilayer graphene: The role of potential fluctuations

We employ a dual-gated geometry to control the band gap $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ in bilayer graphene and study the temperature dependence of the resistance at the charge neutrality point, ${R}_{\text{NP}}(T)$, from 220 to 1.5 K. Above 5 K, ${R}_{\text{NP}}(T)$ is dominated by two thermally activated processes in different temperature regimes and exhibits $\text{exp}{({T}_{3}/T)}^{1/3}$ below 5 K. We develop a simple model to account for the experimental observations, which highlights the crucial role of localized states produced by potential fluctuations. The high-temperature conduction is attributed to thermal activation to the mobility edge. The activation energy approaches $\ensuremath{\Delta}/2$ at large band gap. At intermediate and low temperatures, the dominant conduction mechanisms are nearest-neighbor hopping and variable-range hopping through localized states. Our systematic study provides a coherent understanding of transport in gapped bilayer graphene.
The pediatric airway

Good airway management technique is an essential skill for physicians in most specialties. This article begins with a review of basic airway anatomy and the physiology of the uninstrumented airway. This subject is of particular importance given the increasing use of procedural sedation and the increased recognition of sleep-disordered breathing in infants and children. A discussion of the various artificial airways and their advantages and disadvantages follows. The difficult airway is an important contributor to both patient morbidity and mortality. It is important to have a planned management approach available for the anticipated and, more importantly, the unanticipated difficult airway. The recommendations of the American Society of Anesthesiologists Taskforce on the Management of the Difficult Airway have good application for this important problem. The fetus with the prenatal diagnosis of a lesion that predicts a difficult airway presents a particular challenge. The utilization of an ex-utero intrapartum treatment method is presented as an important approach for the delivery and airway management of these infants. This section closes with a discussion of the prehospital airway management of the pediatric patient.
Implications of supersymmetric SO(10) grand unification

We investigate the properties of a class of supersymmetric SO(10) grand unified models with an intermediate mass scale M/sub R/ corresponding to the breaking of left-right symmetry. We consider the possibility that the supersymmetry-breaking scale M/sub S/ coincides with M/sub R/ and study the constraints imposed on the value of M/sub R/ by low-energy parameters such as sin/sup 2/theta(M/sub W/) and ..cap alpha../sub strong/(M/sub W/) for different plausible scenarios for the mass spectrum of the supermultiplet fields. We find that the allowed values of M/sub R/ are greater than 10/sup 10/ GeV. If, however, the supersymmetry-breaking scale M/sub S/>M/sub R/ and M/sub S/ is chosen as a free parameter, lower intermediate mass scales are possible. Some implications of our model are noted.
Modification of hemoglobin S with dimethyl adipimidate contribution of individual reacted subunits to changes in properties

Abstract Both chemically modified and cross-linked derivatives were formed when dimethyl adipimidate, an antisickling agent, reacted with hemoglobin S. About 1.3 mol dimethyl adipimidate (DMA) were incorporated into each mol of globin subunit. β s subunits were more reactive towards DMA and participated to a greater extent in cross-linking reactions than did α subunits. Dimethyl adipimidate modification of hemoglobin S caused an increase in oxygen affinity in either the presence or absence of 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (DPG), a small decrease in Bohr effect and co-operativity, and a small but significant destabliization of the conformation of deoxyhemoglobin. Hybrids containing either α-modified ( α t β c s or β s -modified ( α c β t s ) subunits were used to demonstrate that, in the absence of 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid, modification of α subunits accounts for the increase in oxygen affinity and change in conformation of deoxyhemoglobin. Modification of β s subunits had little effect on oxygen affinity, although cooperativity and the Bohr effect were slightly decreased. In contrast, the effect of 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid on oxygen affinity was decreased only in β s modified hybrids ( α c β t s ). The solubility of both concentrated and dilute solutions of deoxyhemoglobin S was increased by dimethyl adipimidate. The increase in solubility of dimethyl adipimidate-treated hemoglobin S in 1.9 M phosphate buffer arose from modification of α and β s subunits. Thus the antisickling effect of dimethyl adipimidate can be attributed to the modification of both α and β s subunits.
Reagentless measurement of aminoglycoside antibiotics in blood serum via an electrochemical, ribonucleic acid aptamer-based biosensor.

Biosensors built using ribonucleic acid (RNA) aptamers show promise as tools for point-of-care medical diagnostics, but they remain vulnerable to nuclease degradation when deployed in clinical samples. To explore methods for protecting RNA-based biosensors from such degradation we have constructed and characterized an electrochemical, aptamer-based sensor for the detection of aminoglycosidic antibiotics. We find that while this sensor achieves low micromolar detection limits and subminute equilibration times when challenged in buffer, it deteriorates rapidly when immersed directly in blood serum. In order to circumvent this problem, we have developed and tested sensors employing modified versions of the same aptamer. Our first effort to this end entailed the methylation of all of the 2′-hydroxyl groups outside of the aptamer’s antibiotic binding pocket. However, while devices employing this modified aptamer are as sensitive as those employing an unmodified parent, the modification fails to confer greater ...
Scaling up Innovative Technology-Based Mathematics

We report on the initial attempts at evaluating at scale a particular technological/curricular innovation that enables more students to develop deeper knowledge. The methods, issues, and findings of the current pilot experiment speak not only to the success of SimCalc MathWorlds, the focus of our research program, but also to the evaluation at scale of a broad class of representationally innovative technologies and to the merit of long-term investment in design-based research. In particular, we present conditions and findings from a completed pilot experiment involving 21 seventh-grade mathematics teachers from Texas. Pilot outcomes suggest that (a) innovative representational technologies can have an important impact on student learning, (b) considerable impact can be found across a wide range of teachers and conditions, and (c) these gains can be detected even in the absence of other desirable conditions. In particular, detection of student gains does not, in our case, depend on having a long-term conte...
Molar size and diet in the Strepsirrhini: Implications for size-adjustment in studies of primate dental adaptation

Among the Strepsirrhini, molar size does not exhibit a consistent dietary signal when body mass is used to size-adjust molar dimensions. This observation is also true for anthropoid primates, but when postcanine size is expressed relative to the size of the facial skeleton in this clade, folivorous anthropoids tend to have relatively larger postcanine teeth than anthropoids in other dietary categories. The contrast in the results generated by these two independent size variables appears to be related to systematic differences in facial size in the Anthropoidea, particularly between short-faced colobines and long-faced cercopithecines. The goal of this study was to determine whether a similar pattern of relationships characterizes strepsirrhines. Data on molar area, facial size, body mass, and diet for forty-three extant strepsirrhines and seven subfossil lemurs were analyzed using phylogenetic generalized least squares. Results indicate that strepsirrhine folivores tend to have larger molars than frugivores relative to the size of the facial skeleton. Insectivorous species exhibit a wide range of variation in relative molar size that appears to be taxonomically patterned: lorisids in this dietary category resemble folivores, whereas galagids resemble frugivores. These results confirm the generality of the anthropoid pattern and support the idea that, in some contexts, it may be useful to consider elements of the masticatory system relative to their functional and developmental environments rather than to overall organismal size. The biological significance of having large postcanine teeth relative to the size of the face, but not body mass, is discussed with reference to a model that identifies the size of the oral cavity as the most functionally relevant standard for assessing the relative size of the postcanine dentition.
Interdiffusion in γ (face-centered cubic) Ni-Cr-X (X=Al, Si, Ge, or Pd) alloys at 900 °C

Interdiffusion in nickel (Ni)-chromium (Cr) (face-centered cubic γ phase) alloys with small additions of aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), or palladium (Pd) was investigated using solid-to-solid diffusion couples. Ni-Cr-X alloys having compositions of Ni-22at.% Cr, Ni-21at.%Cr-6.2at.%Al, Ni-22at.%Cr-4.0at.%Si, Ni-22at.%Cr-1.6at.%Ge, and Ni-22at.%Cr-1.6at.%Pd were manufactured by arc casting. The diffusion couples were assembled in an Invar steel jig, encapsulated in Ar after several hydrogen purges, and annealed at 900 °C in a three-zone tube furnace for 168 h. Experimental concentration profiles were determined from polished cross sections of these couples by using electron probe microanalysis with pure element standards. Interdiffusion fluxes of individual components were calculated directly from the experimental concentration profiles, and the moments of interdiffusion fluxes were examined to determine the average ternary interdiffusion coefficients. The effects of ternary alloying additions on the diffusional behavior of Ni-Cr-X alloys are presented in the light of the diffusional interactions and the formation of a protective Cr2O3 scale.
Thiazole carboxanilide fungicides: A new structure—activity relationship for succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors

Structure-activity relationships have been examined for a series of thiazole carboxanilides as inhibitors of succinate dehydrogenase. Electron withdrawing and lipophilic effects are important parameters with regard to the anilide ring. Electron-withdrawing effects along with steric limitations are also important in the thiazole 2-position. Maximization of this unique structure activity relationship led to the synthesis of the most powerful succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors yet reported. This succinate dehydrogenase inhibitory activity was found to translate directly to high fungitoxicity toward Rhizoctonia solani (Kuhn).
A New Feedforward Neural Network Structural Learning Algorithm—Augmentation by Training With Residuals

A fully automatic feedforward neural network structural and weight learning algorithm is described. The Augmentation by Training with Residuals, ATR, requires neither guess of initial weight values nor the number of neurons in the hidden layer from users. The algorithm takes an incremental approach in which a hidden neuron is trained to model the mapping between the input and output of current exemplars, and is augmented to the existing network. The exemplars are then made orthogonal to the newly identified hidden neuron and used for the training of next hidden neuron. The improvement continues until a desired accuracy is reached. This new structural and weight learning algorithm is applied to the identification of a two-degree-of-freedom planar robot, a Van der Pol oscillator and a Mackay-Glass equation. The algorithm is shown to be effective in modeling all three systems and is far superior to a linear modeling scheme in the case of the robot.
Transcription factor p91 interacts with the epidermal growth factor receptor and mediates activation of the c-fos gene promoter

Transcription factor p91 contains a SH2 domain and is activated by tyrosine phosphorylation. Here we demonstrate that epidermal growth factor (EGF) induces rapid tyrosine phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p91. Through its SH2 domain, p91 directly interacts with the EGF receptor in a ligand-dependent manner. p91 is a necessary component of an EGF-induced DNA-binding factor that recognizes a previously identified regulatory element, SIE (c-sis-inducible element), in the c-fos gene promoter. Activated p91 stimulates SIE-dependent transcription in vitro. Cotransfection of an SIE-containing reporter with a p91 expression vector shows that p91 is a positive transcriptional regulator of the c-fos gene promoter. These studies suggest that EGF uses a direct signaling pathway to control nuclear transcriptional events.
Evaluation of a portocaval venograft and ameroid ring for the occlusion of intrahepatic portocaval shunts in dogs.

Objective— To evaluate the use of a portocaval venograft and ameroid constrictor in the surgical management of intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (PSS). Study Design— Prospective, clinical study. Animal Population— Ten client-owned dogs with intrahepatic PSS. Methods— Portal pressure was measured after temporary suture occlusion of the intrahepatic PSS. In dogs with an increase in portal pressure greater than 8 mm Hg, a single extrahepatic portocaval shunt was created using a jugular vein. An ameroid ring was placed around the venograft and the intrahepatic PSS was attenuated. Transcolonic pertechnetate scintigraphy was performed before surgery, 5 days after surgery, and 8 to 10 weeks after surgery. Dogs with continued portosystemic shunting were evaluated further by laparotomy or portography. Clinical outcome and complications were recorded. Results— Mean (± SD) portal pressure increased from 6 ± 3 to 19 ± 6 mm Hg with PSS occlusion; in all 10 dogs, the increase in portal pressure was greater than 8 mm Hg. There were no intraoperative complications, and, after creation of the portocaval shunt, the intrahepatic PSS could be completely ligated in 8 of 10 dogs. The final portal pressure was 9 ± 4 mm Hg. Postoperative complications included coagulopathy and death (1 dog), ascites (3 dogs), and incisional discharge (3 dogs). Five of 8 dogs had continued portosystemic shunting at 8 to 10 weeks after surgery. Multiple extrahepatic PSS were demonstrated in 4 of these dogs. Clinical outcome was excellent in all 9 surviving dogs. Conclusions and Clinical Significance— The surgical technique resulted in a high incidence of multiple extrahepatic PSS. Short-term clinical results were promising, but long-term outcome must be evaluated further.
Molecular forms of lactoferrin in stool and urine from infants fed human milk.

ABSTRACT: The molecular forms of lactoferrin (LF) were examined in stools and urine collected at 2.5 or 5 wk of age from very low birth wt infants fed either a cow's milk formula or a fortified human milk preparation. LF was not found by Western blotting in excreta from infants fed cow's milk. In contrast, intact and fragmented forms of IF were detected in stools and concentrated urine of each infant who received human milk. Only intact LF was detected in the fortified human milk preparation, whereas many types of LF fragments were present in the stools and urine. The approximate molecular wt of the most prominent fragments were 44, 38, 34, and 32 kD. However, the stools also displayed lower molecular wt fragments that were not found in urines of those infants. The LF fragments in those excreta were similar in size to those produced in vitro by limited digestion of apo-LF with trypsin. Furthermore, fragments produced by in vitro proteolysis were immunoreactive in an ELISA for LF. Thus, the fragments of LF in stools of very low birth wt infants fed human milk appeared to be produced by in vivo proteolysis, and the close resemblance between the LF fragments in the stools and urine suggests that the urinary LF fragments originated in the gastrointestinal tract. It remains unclear, however, whether the whole LF molecules that were fragmented were derived solely from ingested LF in human milk or in part from LF produced by the infant in response to human milk feedings.
NDRO plated wire preparation, stabilization, and aging

The literature describes plated wire suitable for nondestructive read-out (NDRO) memory operation, prepared from different NiFe electrolytes and process sequences. The NiFe films may be grouped into three categories based on the differences in their Ni-Fe composition fluctuation. In this paper, two types of NiFe electrolytes are studied. The development of NDRO characteristics is shown to require different processing for each electrolyte because of the differences in electrochemical behavior of the electrolytes and the metallurgical structures produced. The stabilization and aging of these films also depend on processing. The maximum temperature used for stabilization depends on the thiourea concentration in the NiFe bath and is independent of the nature of the substrate and the film thickness. Above this maximum temperature, changes in properties depend on the composition gradient in the film and on the differential thermal expansion between substrate and film. Magnetostriction changes during stabilization are observed and explained by interdiffusion with the substrate or homogenization of the film. These changes also reflect the different composition gradients of the films. Aging of wires decreases with decreasing concentration of thiourea; greater stability is shown to be most likely due to the large grain size and low impurity concentration of the NiFe films. Preliminary evidence from films made with saccharin containing electrolytes suggests that similar effects are present.
Cell antigens recognized by rabbit antibodies specific for oligomannosyl determinants

Rabbit antibodies to cell wall mannans of various microbial strains and their mutants were found to be cross-reactive to cell carbohydrates of mammalian sperm and 4-6-days-old blastocysts. Immunochemical studies indicate that oligomers of alpha1 yields to 2, alpha1 yields to 3, alpha1 yields to 6, and probably also alpha yields to 4 linked mannose residues of sperm carbohydrates are available for antibody binding. At least 80 percent of binding activity of a yeast mannan antibody to sperm can be effectively inhibited by specific haptens or digestion with exo-alpha-D-mannosidase, an enzyme activity highest in testicular tissue. In order to determine the role of this enzyme in the metabolism of the cross-reactive mannan antigens of sperm, the relative amount of a specific alpha-linked oligomannosyl determinant of bovine sperm from homozygous normals was compared to that of hetero-zygous carriers of alpha-mannosidase deficiency. Extensive cross-reactivity between the microbial and mammalian oligomannosyl determinants suggest that these are conserved structures in cell carbohydrates, although the organization of these units in the microbial cell wall lipopolysaccharide has very little similarity to the carbohydrate moieties of mammalian glycoproteins.
Structure of Sodium 4-(1'-Heptylnonyl)benzenesulfonate Adsorbed on Alumina Using 2H NMR

Abstract Deuterium NMR has been used to probe the molecular dynamics and structure of the surfactant sodium 4-(1′-heptylnonyl)benzenesulfonate (SHBS) adsorbed from water solution onto alumina. In order to investigate the dynamics of the headgroup, the phenyl ring of the surfactant was specifically deuterated. Two different surface coverages were studied in the temperature range of -30 to 80°C. At the adsorption plateau, evidence for the presence of two distinct surfactant domains of approximately equal intensities, on the alumina surface, was found. One domain, the inner layer next to the solid surface, gave rise to a quadrupole splitting in the 2 H NMR spectrum similar to that found for the surfactant in lamellar liquid crystals, whereas the second domain, the outer layer, gave rise to a broad unsplit resonance indicating a more isotropic environment. The chemical exchange between the two domains was found to be slow on the NMR timescale. At a lower coverage, a broad unsplit resonance appeared in the NMR spectrum, showing that the molecular motions are not sufficiently anisotropic to cause any observable quadrupole splittings. With increasing temperature, resonances for both samples were narrowed, and the quadrupole splitting was reduced, reflecting more rapid reorientations of the surfactant molecules.
The interaction of Pcf11 and Clp1 is needed for mRNA 3′-end formation and is modulated by amino acids in the ATP-binding site

Polyadenylation of eukaryotic mRNAs contributes to stability, transport and translation, and is catalyzed by a large complex of conserved proteins. The Pcf11 subunit of the yeast CF IA factor functions as a scaffold for the processing machinery during the termination and polyadenylation of transcripts. Its partner, Clp1, is needed for mRNA processing, but its precise molecular role has remained enigmatic. We show that Clp1 interacts with the Cleavage-Polyadenylation Factor (CPF) through its N-terminal and central domains, and thus provides cross-factor connections within the processing complex. Clp1 is known to bind ATP, consistent with the reported RNA kinase activity of human Clp1. However, substitution of conserved amino acids in the ATP-binding site did not affect cell growth, suggesting that the essential function of yeast Clp1 does not involve ATP hydrolysis. Surprisingly, non-viable mutations predicted to displace ATP did not affect ATP binding but disturbed the Clp1-Pcf11 interaction. In support of the importance of this interaction, a mutation in Pcf11 that disrupts the Clp1 contact caused defects in growth, 3'-end processing and transcription termination. These results define Clp1 as a bridge between CF IA and CPF and indicate that the Clp1-Pcf11 interaction is modulated by amino acids in the conserved ATP-binding site of Clp1.
Spot fuel markets' influence on the spot electricity market using Leontief model

Nowadays, the new electric industry has segmented the vertically integrated utility into a horizontally integrated set of companies. This segmentation promotes competition in the different sectors (generation, transmission, and distribution). However, generation presents the highest level of competitiveness. Generation is not only involved in selling power but also ancillary services. Prices of energy are directly related with prices in fuel such that any variation in fuel prices will be reflected in energy prices to consumers. Therefore, the operation of the electricity market is related with other markets, such as fuel markets, transportation markets, and environmental markets. This document presents an overview of fuel markets impact in the electricity spot market. Leontief energy model is used to model the interaction among the different markets in a more global viewpoint The interaction of markets is analyzed by simulating an energy market with small number of participants.
Contextual Modeling for Meeting Translation Using Unsupervised Word Sense Disambiguation

In this paper we investigate the challenges of applying statistical machine translation to meeting conversations, with a particular view towards analyzing the importance of modeling contextual factors such as the larger discourse context and topic/domain information on translation performance. We describe the collection of a small corpus of parallel meeting data, the development of a statistical machine translation system in the absence of genre-matched training data, and we present a quantitative analysis of translation errors resulting from the lack of contextual modeling inherent in standard statistical machine translation systems. Finally, we demonstrate how the largest source of translation errors (lack of topic/domain knowledge) can be addressed by applying document-level, unsupervised word sense disambiguation, resulting in performance improvements over the baseline system.
Energetics and Dynamics of a Cyclic Oligosaccharide Molecule in a Confined Protein Pore Environment. A Molecular Dynamics Study

Interaction between a transmembrane pore protein α-hemolysin and a cyclic oligosaccharide β-cyclodextrin results in a system that can be viewed from several different perspectivesas an ion channel modified by a noncovalent adapter, thus providing a pivotal building block for the novel single molecule sensor devices, as a model protein−carbohydrate complex, whose structural, dynamical and energetic properties can be helpful in understanding the mechanisms of protein−carbohydrate recognition in biological systems, and as an example of a self-assembling supramolecular system. The detailed understanding of mechanisms of intermolecular interactions in such complexes is, therefore, of wide interest. We have performed a set of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations (20 ns of total reported simulation time) of a β-cyclodextrin (βCD) molecule confined inside the lumen of the α-hemolysin channel (αHL). For comparison, the 8 ns dynamics of a free βCD in bulk aqueous solution was also performed. A detailed analysis of t...
Astrocytes function in matching blood flow to metabolic activity.

The brain possesses an intrinsic regulatory mechanism to maintain an adequate supply of O2 and nutrition despite local increases in neuronal activity. Brain astrocytes function as an intermediary cell type by responding to glutamate released from activated neurons, and they couple cerebral blood flow by producing cytochrome P-450-derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids that induce vasodilation and increase capillary density.