cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Field testing of advanced ventilation controls for variable air volume systems

Results from the experimental phase of a larger research project are presented for three promising ventilation controls capable of meeting the ventilation requirements of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62-1989 (ASHRAE 1989) with low energy use. Each control dynamically adjusted the outdoor air (OA) requirement based upon occupancy and measured building zone loads. Credit for unvitiated air from over-ventilated spaces was also taken in each control. Controls 2 and 3 used primary airflow rate as an optimization variable to decrease the required OA flow rate, thus reducing the energy needed to condition OA. The supply air temperature in control 2 was a constant, but was an additional optimization variable in control 3. The three ventilation controls were achieved by the simulation/optimization algorithms resident in a stand-alone personal computer (PC) on site. A total of 24 days of performance data were collected. Typical day data sets for each control are presented in some detail. The objective of the experimental phase was to verify the reliability of the simulation/optimization algorithms resident in the on-site PC. That objective was met for each of the three controls since excellent agreement was found between the measured data and the control algorithm predictions.
Conversational programming: exploring interactive program analysis

Our powerful computers help very little in debugging the program we have so we can change it into the program we want. We introduce Conversational Programming as a way to harness our computing power to inspect program meaning through a combination of partial program execution and semantic program annotation. A programmer in our approach interactively selects highly autonomous "agents" in a program world as conversation topics and then changes the world to explore the potential behaviors of a selected agent in different scenarios. In this way, the programmer proactively knows how their code affects program execution as they explore various contexts. This paper describes conversational programming through design principles and use cases.
Performance analysis of optical shadow-casting correlators

We analyze the performance of two optical shadow-casting image correlators that use two-dimensional source arrays to encode the system point-spread function (PSF). The analysis of a standard shadow-casting correlator suggests that the angular divergence of the source array is a critical parameter in the determination of the maximum space–bandwidth product of the image and of the PSF that can be used with such a system. Further, the energy efficiency of a standard shadow-casting correlator is related inversely to the size of the PSF. We show that the constraints on energy efficiency and on the space–bandwidth product of the PSF can be overcome by beam steering the source elements. A modified shadow-casting correlator is proposed that uses phase-only blazed gratings to beam steer the sources. Experimental results generated by a mechanically beam-steered array are presented.
Morphology and properties of poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) scaffolds: Impact of process variables

Successful engineering of functional biological substitutes requires scaffolds with three-dimensional interconnected porous structure, controllable rate of biodegradation, and ideal mechanical strength. In this study, we report the development and characterization of micro-porous PVA scaffolds fabricated by freeze drying method. The impact of molecular weight of PVA, surfactant concentration, foaming time, and stirring speed on pore characteristics, mechanical properties, swelling ratio, and rate of degradation of the scaffolds was characterized. Results show that a foaming time of 60s, a stirring speed of 1,000 rpm, and a surfactant concentration of 5% yielded scaffolds with rigid structure but with interconnected pores. Study also demonstrated that increased foaming time increased porosity and swelling ratio and reduced the rigidity of the samples.
Variable temperature pressure broadening of HNO3 in the millimeter wave spectral region

Measurements were performed for both O2 and N2 broadening in the 100-380 K temperature range by using a heated equilibrium cell for elevated temperatures and the utilization of a collisionally cooled cell at the lower temperatures where HNO3 has a small vapor pressure. Observed pressure-broadening data can be fit to the normal empirical law, giving n values between 0.62 and 0.84.
An AC-DC rectifier for RF energy harvesting system

This paper presents an AC-DC rectifier that can provide high output voltage and power conversion efficiency (PCE), especially in low RF input power. In order to maximize the output voltage and PCE, the key design parameters optimization of the charge pump is discussed. Besides, to reduce the threshold voltage, the conventional Schottky-diodes are replaced by diode-connected MOSFETs which utilize native transistors with ultra low threshold voltage. A 5-stage rectifier is simulated by using harmonic balance nonlinear circuit analysis and implemented in 0.18 μm 1P6M CMOS technology with 0.06 sq mm die size. Measurement results showed that if a 150 kΩ load resistance is parallel with the rectifier output, DC voltage can reach to 2.6 V and PCE reaches as high as 46.43 % with input power of −10 dBm at a frequency of 900 MHz so as to light up a 2.4 V light-emitting diode (LED) lamp.
Instability of Flexible Strip Hanging Over Edge of Flat Frictional Surface

The conditions for an overhanging flexible strip to slide off a flat surface are investigated. This problem may be applicable to pieces of paper, fabric, leather, and other flexible materials, including plastic and metallic strips used herein for experimental comparisons. The critical overhang length depends on (a) the length, weight per unit length, and bending stiffness of the strip, (b) the coefficients of friction (CoFs) between the strip and both the surface and its edge, and (c) the inclination of the surface. The strip is modeled as an inextensible elastica. A shooting method is applied to solve the nonlinear equations that are based on equilibrium, geometry, and Coulomb friction. Three types of equilibrium shape are obtained. In the most common type, one end of the strip overhangs the edge and the other end contains a segment that is in contact with the surface. In another type, contact only occurs at the nonoverhanging end and at the edge. The third type involves the strip balancing on the edge of the surface. The ratio of the critical overhang length to the total strip length is plotted as a function of the surface CoF, edge CoF, and weight parameter for a horizontal surface. In most cases, this ratio increases as the CoFs and the strip's bending stiffness increase, and decreases as the strip's weight per unit length increases. The rotation of the strip at the edge tends to increase as the strip's weight per unit length, the strip's length, and the surface CoF increase, and to decrease as the strip's bending stiffness increases. Inclined surfaces are also considered, and the critical overhang length decreases as the surface slopes more downward toward the edge. The theoretical results are compared with experimental data, and the agreement is good.
5- 125 I-iododeoxyuridine as prototype for radionuclide therapy with Auger emitters

MANY of the physical and biological requirements for treating cancer with internally emitting radionuclides are met by 5-125I-iododeoxyuridine (125IUdR). The decay of 123I is associated with a highly localised deposition of energy1. Cascades of very low energy and thus densely ionising Auger electrons are released. In addition, a charge transfer reaction takes place leaving the resultant tellurium nucleus with a transient mean net charge of +9 (ref. 2). These unique physical characteristics can be used for cell destruction by labelling DNA with 125IUdR, a thymidine analogue. The marked radiotoxicity of 125I incorporated into DNA as 125IUdR has been demonstrated by lethality, mutations and DNA strand breaks in bacteria and bacteriophage3–7, by lethality and chromosome aberrations in mammalian cells cultured in vitro8–10, and by diminished survival of prelabelled tumour cells assayed in vivo11. The intranuclear location is of major importance: 125I located extracellularly9 or bound to cell membranes is much less toxic (unpublished work of R. L. Warters and K. G. Hofer). These findings suggested that 125IUdR might have significant anti-neoplastic activity. We tested this hypothesis in a murine ascites tumour model12,13. In a pilot study using therapeutic doses of 125IUdR, the agent substantially augmented the median and absolute survival of treated animals. The critical factors affecting treatment of a 1-d-old ascites tumour model with 125IUdR are detailed here.
Central sympathetic blockade ameliorates brain death-induced cardiotoxicity and associated changes in myocardial gene expression

Abstract Objective: Brain death results in cardiac injury and hemodynamic instability. After brain death, catecholamine levels surge in concert with increased expression of select myocardial gene products. Sympathetic blockade was used to investigate the effects of the adrenergic nervous system on myocardial gene expression in a rabbit model of brain death. Methods: A balloon expansion model of brain death in rabbits (n = 42) was used with and without sympathetic blockade (xylazine, acetylpromazine, and ketamine). Sham-operated and naive rabbits served as control animals. Over 4 hours, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, electrocardiographic results, catecholamine levels, myocardial histology, and messenger RNA levels were assessed. Results: Sympathetic blockade decreased basal catecholamine levels and blocked the catecholamine surge accompanying brain death. The typical hemodynamic instability, adverse electrocardiographic changes, and myocellular injury associated with brain death were all significantly decreased. Sympathetic blockade not only suppressed the previously reported increases in myocardial gene expression (cardiac and skeletal α-actin, egr-1, and heat shock protein 70) but also suppressed the expression of multiple other genes (α and β myosin heavy chain, calcium ATPase [sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ -adenosine triphosphatase pump, SERCA-2a], phospholamban [ryanodine receptor], and c- jun ). Conclusion: Central sympathetic blockade minimizes the hemodynamic instability associated with brain death and neutralizes the increased expression of multiple myocardial gene products associated with brain death. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002;124:1087-98
Design of a Compact Coaxial Magnetized Plasma Gun for Laboratory Studies of Plasma Relaxation

Summary form only given. We discuss the design of a compact coaxial magnetized plasma gun and its associated systems in detail. The plasma gun will be used for experimental studies of plasma relaxation to be conducted in the HELCAT facility at UNM. These studies will advance our knowledge of basic plasma physics in the areas of magnetic relaxation and space and astrophysical plasmas, including the evolution of active galactic jets. The gun will be powered by a 120 muF ignitron switched capacitor bank which is operated in a range of 5 ~ 10kV. High pressure gas will be puffed into an annular gap between the inner and outer coaxial electrodes. The applied high voltage ionizes the gas and creates a radial current sheet. The ~ 100kA discharge current generates toroidal flux and an external applied magnetic field provides poloidal flux. The axial JxB force ejects plasma out of the gun. If the JxB force exceeds the magnetic tension of the poloidal flux by a sufficient amount then a detached magnetized plasma will be formed. We plan to study the evolution of this plasma "bubble" as it interacts with a preexisting lower pressure background plasma.
Atomic layer growth of SiO2 on Si(100) using SiCl4 and H2O in a binary reaction sequence

Abstract The atomic layer control of SiO2 growth can be accomplished using binary reaction sequence chemistry. To achieve this atomic layer growth, the binary reaction SiCl4 + 2H2O → SiO2 + 4 HCl can be divided into separate half-reactions: (A) SiOH ∗ +SiCl 4 →SiOSiCl ∗ 3 +HCl , SiCl ∗ +H 2 O→SiOH ∗ +HCl , where the asterisks designate the surface species. Under the appropriate conditions, each half-reaction is complete and self-limiting and repetitive ABAB... cycles should produce layer-by-layer-controlled SiO2 deposition. The atomic layer growth of SiO2 thin films on Si(100) was achieved at temperatures from 600–680 K with reactant pressures from 1–50 Torr. These experiments were performed in a small high pressure chamber situated in an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) apparatus. This design couples high pressure conditions for film growth with an UHV environment for surface analysis using laser-induced thermal desorption (LITD), temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The controlled growth of a stoichiometric and chlorine-free SiO2 film on Si(100) was demonstrated using these techniques. SiO2 growth rates of approximately 0.73 ML of oxygen (1.1 A of SiO2) per AB cycle were obtained at 600–680 K. Additional vibrational spectroscopic studies performed in a second vacuum chamber utilized transmission Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) experiments on high surface area, oxidized porous silicon to monitor the surface species during the binary reaction sequence chemistry. These FTIR measurements observed the SiCl stretching vibration at 625 cm−1 and the SioH vibration at 3740 cm−1 and confirmed that each half-reaction was complete and self-limiting. These studies illustrate the feasibility of atomic-layer-controlled SiO2 growth and have determined the reactant pressures and substrate temperatures required for the SiO2 binary reaction sequence chemistry.
Expression of Interstitial Collagenase, 92-kDa Gelatinase, and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases-1 in Granuloma Annulare and Necrobiosis Lipoidica Diabeticorum

Abstract Granuloma annular (GA) and necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum (NLD) are disorders characterized by granulomatous inflammation and degenerative changes in collagen and elastic fibers. Because these disorders have often been described as being associated with altered extracellular matrix deposition, we studied the in situ expression of interstitial collagenase, 92-kDa gelatinase, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1. Twelve lesions each of GA and NLD of different histopathologic types and durations were examined. Interstitial collagenase mRNA was seen in histiocyte-like cells in one-third of the cases of both diseases, typically in younger lesions. In GA, collagenase mRNA was only detected in lesions of the palisading type. Signal for 92-kDa gelatinase mRNA was observed in eosinophils, which were present in low numbers in five of 12 GA and three of 12 NLD samples. The signal for this enzyme and the presence of eosinophils did not correlate with the age of lesion. TIMP-1 mRNA was consistently expressed by histiocyte-like cells in both disorders. In GA, TIMP-1 mRNA was detected at the outer edge of the palisading granulomas, but in NLD, inhibitor expression was seen in the perivascular and periadnexal accumulation of inflammatory cells. Our data indicate that collagenase and TIMP are expressed early in these disorders and that these proteins may contribute to stromal remodeling associated with necrobiotic lesions. Our results further indicate that the localization of TIMP-1 production may provide a distinction between the two disorders, whereas metalloproteinase expression is not sufficiently specific to aid in the differential diagnosis of GA and NLD.
Help Seeking and Treatment Use Among Suicidal College Students

Abstract Objectives: Many suicidal college students do not receive mental health treatment, and the reasons for this are not fully understood. This study examines how attitudes, beliefs, and social network factors relate to help seeking among suicidal students. Participants: A random sample of 8,487 undergraduate and graduate students from 15 US universities participated. Methods: A Web-based survey administered in spring 2009 examined correlates of mental health service utilization among students reporting serious thoughts of suicide in the previous year (n = 543). Results: Correlates of treatment use included perceived need, beliefs that treatment is effective, contact with service users, lower personal stigma, higher perceived stigma, fewer positive relationships, and sexual minority or Caucasian identity. Conclusions: Help seeking among suicidal students is associated with a range of personal and social network factors. Campus strategies to enhance help seeking should be tailored to address identified...
Weirton Steel—Ada in process control

Transformation of a totally mechanically operated hot strip steel rolling mill with no previous automation into one of the most automated rolling mills in the world. Most of the real-time software was written in Ada (500K+ LOC)
Use of monetary reinforcers by cocaine-dependent outpatients.

Monetary reinforcers have not been widely used as contingent reinforcers in the treatment of drug abuse, despite their demonstrated effectiveness. This is primarily due to concern that drug abusers will use monetary reinforcers to procure drugs. The present study addressed this concern by examining 48 cocaine-dependent outpatients' biweekly self-reports of how they used their earned reinforcers. For each subject, their reinforcement usage was classified into 12 higher-order categories and 34 subcategories. Usage proportions were calculated for each. Results indicated that monetary reinforcers were used very infrequently to acquire drugs or alcohol (2%). Reinforcers were used primarily for daily life activities (25%) (e.g., food and gas), money-related uses (18%) (e.g., savings and repaying debts), personal use (15%) (e.g., cosmetics and clothes), and household items (11%) (e.g., rent and bills). These findings challenge the concern that drug abusers use monetary reinforcers to purchase drugs and have important implications for the use of contingent monetary reinforcers in treatment settings.
Non-linear phenomena in forced vibrations of a nearly square plate: Antisymmetric case

Abstract Non-linear flexural vibrations of a nearly square plate when excited periodically with forces normal to the mid-plane of the plate are studied when the excitation frequency is near that of one of the antisymmetric modes. It is shown that there are two distinct cases, depending on whether the loading is “antisymmetric” or “symmetric”. The present work is concerned with the former case. The physical phenomena are due to a 1:1 resonance of the modes. The motions can be in one or the other of the antisymmetric modes or in mixed modes and can be in the form of travelling waves of “pseudo-standing” waves, which are travelling waves with jerky motions. The presence of Hopf bifurcations leads to amplitude-modulated travelling waves as well as period-doubling bifurcations to chaos. A global analysis for the undamped case shows global chaotic phenomena similar to those observed in the case of water waves.
Assembly of sugars on polystyrene plates: a new facile microarray fabrication technique

Abstract The work presented herein is a new noncovalent glycoarray assembly method for microplates created by simply mixing together an isocyanate-containing C 14 -hydrocarbon and an amine-containing carbohydrate. 2-Aminoethyl-β- d -galactopyranoside ( 1 ) was utilized in model studies and product formation was detected by both ESI-MS and lectin binding. The method has been further extended to array complex carbohydrates.
A parameter study of rigid lateral nozzles in cylindrical shells

Abstract The maximum shear stresses and stress resultants in the neighborhood of loaded, rigid, lateral nozzle attachments to shallow cylindrical shells are determined by the numerical solution of a set of singular integral equations. The loads applied to the nozzle are the normal force and the two overturning moments. Nozzles inclined from the main shell normal by 0°, 30°, 45°, and 60° are considered. Results for the radial nozzles show excellent agreement with existing solutions. The geometric parameters are varied over the useful range of values.
Renal obstructive dysplasia: ultrasound diagnosis and therapeutic implications.

57 cases of renal obstructive dysplasia (defined as the abnormal development of nephronic and ductal structures due to in utero obstruction of the urinary tract) were evaluated in terms of sonographic findings, renal and other associated anomalies, and current status of the child. More than one-third of the cases had bilateral disease and although not uniformly fatal bilateral involvement was associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In 12 of the 33 cases with unilateral dysplasia there was an association with contralateral renal problems including ureteropelvic junction obstruction, vesicoureteral reflux and aplasia. Almost one-half of the cases had congenital anomalies, these included VACTERL association, congenital heart disease, cranial abnormalities and gastrointestinal malformations. Fifteen stillborns and 12 of the patients with bilateral involvement and four with unilateral involvement have died. Four patients are on dialysis (two with bilateral involvement and two with unilateral renal obstructive dysplasia). Only one-quarter are otherwise normal. More serious problems are reported in this mixed age population of patients with obstructive renal dysplasia than has been identified in previous studies. Management decisions of the fetus and child must be based on this new age-expanded population.
Changes in archives’ philosophy and functions at the turn of the 20th/21st centuries

In the last 20–30 years the archives in Europe have undergone tremendous changes. Although the archives have always been ever changing but the changes have accelerated in the 1980s. Nowadays the archives have different requirements, way of thinking and values, they act and react differently as 30 years ago, i.e. they have a different philosophy. The new philosophy can be described in a few words: popularisation, transparency, openness, market approach, media culture and information-centricity. Archives have had basic functions such as to ensure rights, to provide historical sources, to participate in administration and to disseminate culture. The contents of these functions have also changed by the end of the century. Changes are determined by society. In my article I would explore how the dominant ideas and values of the Western world such as equality, freedom, democracy, free market and fair competition, as well as the societal and economic implementation of these ideas such as respect of human rights, transparency, globalisation, IT revolution, market approach, media culture, alienation and individualism have compelled the archives to change their philosophy and functions.
“… Do i love thee? Let me count …” toward an understanding of intuitive and automatic decision making

Abstract Image Theory is proposed as a descriptive theory of decision making. The first part of the paper documents the disenchantment with expected value and more rational models of decision making. A literature review presents a new emerging view of the decision process which suggests that decisions are made based on the extent to which alternatives fit with images. Image Theory is described in some detail as a way of defining in a fairly precise manner how this “fittingness” process works. Some research testing the theory is presented and the implications of these results for theory and practice are then discussed.
Small cell lung cancer bombesin receptors are antagonized by reduced peptide bond analogues

Abstract The potency of 3 reduced peptide bond analogues of bombesin (BN) was investigated using small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines. (Psi13, 14, Leu14)BN, (Psi9, 10, Leu14)BN and (Psi12, 13, Leu14)BN inhibited specific binding of 125I-GRP with IC50 values of 15, 90, and 600 nM. (Psi13, 14, Leu14)BN and (Psi9, 10, Leu14)BN did not elevate cytosolic Ca2+ levels but antagonized the increase in cytosolic Ca2+ caused by BN. (Psi13, 14, Leu14)BN antagonized the clonal growth of SCLC cells caused by BN. These data indicate that reduced peptide bond analogues may discrupt the autocrine growth cycle of SCLC cells by functioning as BN receptor antagonists.
Effect of secondary radiations on the performance of digital radiographic detectors

Blur and noise in radiographs are caused in part by the transport of fluorescent radiation in imaging detectors. We have studied this effect using a Monte Carlo radiation transport analysis which tracks radiations associated with K, L, and M shell transitions. Energy deposition distributions are accumulated which permit computation of the large area energy absorbtion and noise characteristics. Additionally, the spatial distribution of deposited energy is evaluated in a manner which permits determination of the line spread function and the auto-correlation function. The frequency dependent detective quantum efficiency, D QE(E, f), is subsequently determined by Fourier analysis. This novel method is illustrated by considering the response of a selenium direct digital detector to 120 keV x-rays. It is shown that fluorescent radiations associated with the composition of glass substrates cause a frequency dependent drop in D QE (E, f)/D QE (E, 0) of 10% to 22%.
The Idiosyncratic Narrator in␣Javier Cercas’s Soldados de Salamina

One of the key components of Javier Cercas’s novel Soldados de Salamina (2001) is its unreliable narrator, whose name is also Javier Cercas. This article proposes that we need to take a closer look at the psychology of this character as it is delineated in the text, not only because he turns out to be a more complex individual than is usually recognized, but also because his particular psychology has a significant bearing on the nature of his narratorial unreliability and how it manifests itself. Several categories of personality traits are identified: self-deprecating; libidinous/indiscreet; opinionated; superior; punctilious; over-precise; and error-prone, and then each is illustrated and analyzed in turn. Having established this psychological profile, of an idiosyncratic, quirky, and inconsistent individual with several internally contradictory features, we can contrast it with the various pronouncements made by the real Cercas about his fictional self, determine how these traits interact with the notion of the “relato real” favored by the narrator, and appreciate how, ultimately, this profile contributes substantially to the sense of contingency and undecidability that permeate the novel.
Search for fractionally charged particles.

An ion-source and a charge spectrometer have been built which make it possible to search in solid stable matter for particles with non-integral charge. The ion-source uses a beam of magnetically analyzed 30 keV Ar+ ions to sputter the sample in an ultra high vacuum environment. The charge spectrometer comprises a 3 MV Pelletron tandem accelerator followed by a 0.2% resolution electrostatic analysis system and a ΔE-E detector system. The entire apparatus has been constructed to be independent of mass over a mass range of 0.2 GeV/c2 to 250 GeV/c2. It is assumed that fractionally charged particle is able to bind an electron. A search has been carried out in samples of niobium and tungsten for fractionally charged particles (FCP) with fractional charge modulo 1/3. In particular, we have looked Z = N + 1/3; N = 0,1, . . . and Z = N + 2/3; N = 0,1. Upper limits have been obtained for the FCP concentration per target atom. These upper limits vary between 1 x 10-16 and 3 x 10-19 depending on the material searched and the charge state examined. Some interesting events have been seen. These are FCP candidates, but they can also be explained as improbable integrally charged events.
Semianalytic study of diamagnetism in a degenerate hydrogenic manifold

The occurrence of resonant states in regions of high potential, inferred from experiments over two decades, is traced to a familiar aspect of the diagonalization of finite Hamiltonian matrices. The diagonalization generates two sets of eigenstates localized in regions of high and low potential, respectively. These sets are related by a conjugation transformation that determines the relative numbers of set elements and the scale ratio of their eigenvalue spectra. The residual eigenstates are not localized.
Using vegetation to enhance in situ bioremediation

Vegetation can enhance in situ bioremediation processes in many applications. Microbial transformations occur in the soil external to the plant roots. Organic contaminants also enter vegetation and are transformed within plants. Research progress is reviewed with emphasis on recent experimental results and mathematical models of contaminant fate in systems where vegetation is present. Evapotranspiration provides a solar driven pump-and-treat system which helps bring contaminants to the rhizosphere and helps contain them on the site.
In situ regeneration of clean and ordered Pd(111) electrode surfaces by oxidative chemisorption and reductive desorption of iodine

Abstract The single-crystallinity of a Pd(111) electrode surface which has been subjected to electrochemical oxidation is not restored when the oxided surface is reduced back to the metal. Interfacial order can be re-established if the disordered surface is immersed at ambient temperatures in aqueous iodide. Application of sufficiently negative potentials leads to reductive desorption of the chemisorbed iodine to regenerate a clean and well-ordered Pd(111) surface. An Ar + -ion-bombarded Pd(111) surface can also be re-ordered by multiple sequences of electrochemical surface oxidation and reduction followed by several cycles of oxidative chemisorption and reductive desorption of iodine. The experiments were performed at pH 10 in order to prevent the dissolution of Pd surface layers and show that the re-ordering process is driven predominantly by the strong chemisorption of iodine. The present results constitute the first demonstration of a method, performed completely under electrochemical reaction conditions, for the regeneration of a clean and ordered noble-metal single-crystal surface.
Classifying color materials: Children are less holistic than adults

Abstract Much recent research indicates that children respond to materials which are separable for adults as though those materials were integral. The present studies examined differences between 5-year-olds and adults in the processing of integral materials. In Study 1, both children and adults made a majority of similarity classifications for those materials. However, the children were found to make fewer of those integral similarity classifications and more dimensional classifications than adults for materials varying in the integral dimensions of chroma and value. In Study 2, children's similarity judgments were also indicative of greater separability of those dimensions. For both children and adults, similarity ratings given in Study 2 were predictive of classification behavior in Study 1. Age differences in similarity ratings were also predictive of age differences in classification. The overall pattern of results is consistent with the idea that children's perception is neither more nor less holistic than that of adults. Whether children or adults are found to be more holistic depends on the nature on the material presented. With integral materials, young children respond in a manner which appears less holistic than that of adults.
A TD-DFT study of the absorption spectra of mono-nitrated fluoranthenes

Abstract The singlet electronic excited state properties of 1-, 2-, 3-, 7-, and 8-nitrofluoranthene (1-, 2-, 3-, 7-, 8-NF) were investigated using the time-dependent density functional method (TD-DFT) at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)//TD-B3LYP/6-311(d,p) level of theory. The simulated and experimental UV/Vis spectra are in good agreement, thus enabling assignments and interpretation of the observed absorption bands. The influence of the nitro group upon electronic spectra, and structure–spectroscopic–mutagenicity correlations are made. The absorption λ max (S 1 excitation energy) for the nitrated fluoranthenes are red-shifted by ∼10–30 nm vis-a-vis fluoranthene: with wavelength shifts dependent on the planarity of the nitro group relative to the aryl moiety. The chemical hardness and HOMO–LUMO energy gaps for the nitro-fluoranthenes are predicted in the range 3.5–3.8 eV and follow the order: fluoranthene (3.99 eV) > 7-NF (3.81 eV) > 2-NF (3.72 eV) ≈ 8-NF (3.71 eV) > 1-NF (3.52 eV) > 3-NF (3.50 eV).
Turing models of cortical folding on exponentially and logistically growing domains

The brain's cerebral cortex is folded into intricate patterns of gyri (hills) and sulci (valleys). The complete biological mechanism underlying the cortical folding process continues to remain elusive to this day. One proposed biological mechanism of cortical folding is the Intermediate Progenitor Model, which correlates patterns of regional self-amplification of neural intermediate progenitor cells with cortical folds. We construct mathematical models of cortical folding utilizing a Turing reaction-diffusion system on an exponentially or logistically growing prolate spheroidal domain. Patterns generated by our Turing system models represent prepatterns for regional activation of self-amplification of intermediate progenitor cells, which may be correlated with cortical folding patterns according to the Intermediate Progenitor Model. We observe that the presence of exponential domain growth generates a Turing pattern that is continually transient and evolves from one pattern to another. This differs from patterns generated by a static domain Turing system, which converge to a final pattern. We also observe that a logistically growing domain Turing system generates a pattern that is transient during the period of rapid domain growth, but then converges to a final pattern similar to a static domain Turing system. Our Turing models of cortical folding can be used to explain certain diseases of cortical folding.
Systemic Administration of Local Anesthetics to Relieve Neuropathic Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

We reviewed randomized controlled trials to determine the efficacy and safety of systemically administered local anesthetics compared with placebo or active drugs. Of 41 retrieved studies, 27 trials of diverse quality were included in the systematic review. Ten lidocaine and nine mexiletine trials had data suitable for meta-analysis (n = 706 patients total). Lidocaine (most commonly 5 mg/kg IV over 30-60 min) and mexiletine (median dose, 600 mg daily) were superior to placebo (weighted mean difference on a 0-100 mm pain intensity visual analog scale = -10.60; 95% confidence interval: -14.52 to -6.68; P < 0.00001) and equal to morphine, gabapentin, amitriptyline, and amantadine (weighted mean difference = -0.60; 95% confidence interval: -6.96 to 5.75) for neuropathic pain. The therapeutic benefit was more consistent for peripheral pain (trauma, diabetes) and central pain. The most common adverse effects of lidocaine and mexiletine were drowsiness, fatigue, nausea, and dizziness. The adverse event rate for systemically administered local anesthetics was more than for placebo but equivalent to morphine, amitriptyline, or gabapentin (odds ratio: 1.23; 95% confidence interval: 0.22 to 6.90). Lidocaine and mexiletine produced no major adverse events in controlled clinical trials, were superior to placebo to relieve neuropathic pain, and were as effective as other analgesics used for this condition.
Possible detection of thermal cyclotron lines from small sources within solar active regions

Theoretical spectra of thermal cyclotron line emission from solar active regions are presented for two frequency bands available at the Very Large Array (VLA). VLA synthesis maps of three active regions at 1380, 1540, and 1705 MHz are then presented. The maps of two of these regions show significant changes in the brightness temperature within these narrow frequency ranges. We show that these changes may be attributed to thermal cyclotron line emission in small regions (θ = 10″ to 30″) where the magnetic field is relatively constant with H = 125–180 G. An alternative interpretation, involving height-dependent variations in the physical conditions may also explain the changes in one of these regions. The potential to study coronal magnetic fields using VLA observations of cyclotron lines is also discussed.
Developing a Framework to Address Performance and Security Protocol Concerns in Identity Management for Interoperable Positive Train Control Systems

The timely delivery, correctness, integrity, and authenticity of signaling messages sent to trains running under Positive Train Control (PTC) are necessary to ensure safe train operations and to prevent the insertion of malicious messages or the alteration of authentic ones in transit in train control traffic. Mutual authentication of trains and messages must occur when a train enters a zone under PTC from dark territory, when a train moves from one railroad company’s network to another’s, when a train communicates with a Wayside Interface Unit, or when it communicates with the head of a work crew on the railroad line. We describe concerns about performance requirements and protocol security related to this process, and develop a framework for defining use cases, performance models, and secure methods to meet them.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
A New Subfamily of the Nudix Hydrolase Superfamily Active on 5-Methyl-UTP (Ribo-TTP) and UTP

A new subfamily of the Nudix hydrolases, identified by conserved amino acids upstream and downstream of the Nudix box, has been characterized. The cloned, expressed, and purified orthologous enzymes have major activities on the non-canonical nucleoside triphosphate 5-methyl-UTP (ribo-TTP) and the canonical nucleotide UTP. In addition to their homologous signature sequences and their similar substrate specificities, the members of the subfamily are inhabitants of or are related to the bacterial rhizosphere. We propose the acronym and mnemonic, utp, for the gene designating this unique UTPase.
Restricting CNS penetration of drugs to minimise adverse events: role of drug transporters

Some drug discovery approaches can benefit from restricting the access of compounds to the central nervous system (CNS) to minimise the risk of side-effects. Designing compounds that act as substrates for efflux transporters in the blood–brain barrier can achieve CNS restriction without significantly impairing absorption in the intestine. In vitro assays can be deployed to optimise a balance between passive permeability and active efflux via the ABC family transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1) and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP, ABCG2) whilst in vivo estimates of distribution of unbound concentrations of drug are needed to understand pharmacologically relevant exposure in peripheral and central compartments. This strategy can deliver significant CNS restriction whilst retaining good oral bioavailability, cell penetration and pharmacological activity. The possible risks of targeting P-gp and BCRP in orally delivered drugs are discussed.
MEDICAL REDUCTION OF STONE RISK IN A NETWORK OF TREATMENT CENTERS COMPARED TO A RESEARCH CLINIC

AbstractPurpose: We determined whether a network of 7 comprehensive kidney stone treatment centers supported by specialized stone management software and laboratory resources could achieve reductions in urine supersaturation comparable to those in a single research clinic devoted to metabolic stone prevention.Materials and Methods: Supersaturation values for calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate and uric acid in 24-hour urine samples were calculated from a set of kidney stone risk factor measurements made at a central laboratory site for the network and research laboratory for the clinic. Individual results and group outcomes were presented to each center in time sequential Table graphics. The decrease in supersaturation with treatment was compared in the network and clinic using analysis of variance.Results: Supersaturation was effectively reduced in the network and clinic, and the reduction was proportional to the initial supersaturation value and increase in urine volume. The clinic achieved a greater sup...
Highly conducting transparent thin films based on zinc oxide

Doped zinc oxide thin films were prepared by rf magnetron sputtering using the dopants Al, Ga, In, and Ge. The best results were obtained with Al and Ga doping where room temperature conductivities were as high as 1600 and 1800 ohm-1 cm-1, respectively. Hall measurements were performed at 77 K and 298 K. The Hall mobility as in the range of 9 to 22 cm2/Vs, and there was generally very little temperature dependence of the mobility or conductivity. Cation doping levels were as high as 10 at. %, but the conductivities did not increase beyond 3 at. % doping level. For films with high conductivity, electron carrier concentrations from Hall measurements were significantly lower than the concentrations of dopants. Optical measurements on the films showed that the average transmittance though the visible range is higher than 85%. The measurements also indicated a blueshift of the absorption edge with doping.
Water Treatment Residuals and Biosolids Co‐applications Affect Phosphatases in a Semi‐arid Rangeland Soil

Co‐application of biosolids and water treatment residuals (WTR) land has not been extensively studied but may be beneficial by sorbing excess biosolid‐borne or soil phosphorus (P) onto WTR, reducing the likelihood of off‐site movement. Reduction of excess soil P may affect the role of specific P‐cleaving enzymes. The research objective was to understand the long‐term effects of single co‐applications and the short‐term impacts of repeated co‐applications on soil acid phosphomonoesterase, phosphodiesterase, pyrophosphatase, and phytase enzyme activities. Test plots were 7.5 × 15 m with treatments consisting of three different WTR rates with a single biosolids rate (5, 10, and 21 Mg WTR ha−1; 10 Mg biosolids ha−1) surface co‐applied once in 1991 or reapplied in 2002. Control plots consisted of those that received no WTR–biosolids co‐applications and plots that received only 10 Mg biosolids ha−1. Plots were sampled to a 5‐cm depth in 2003 and 2004, and soil phosphatases and phytase enzyme activities were mea...
EMAP, an echinoderm microtubule-associated protein found in microtubule-ribosome complexes

The major non-tubulin polypeptide found associated with microtubules purified from unfertilized sea urchin eggs by cycles of pH-dependent assembly has a Mr of 77,000. The 77,000 Mr polypeptide is heat- and acid-labile, and is antigenically distinct from the mammalian brain MAPs, MAP-2 and tau. Affinity-purified antiserum against the 77,000 Mr polypeptide was used to survey a variety of cells and tissues for the presence of antigenically related polypeptides. A cross-reacting polypeptide, ranging in Mr from 72,000 to 80,000, was found in microtubule preparations from a wide variety of echinoderms, including sea urchins, starfish and sand dollars. Indirect immunofluorescence showed that the polypetide was found in interphase as well as mitotic microtubule arrays. No cross-reacting material was detected in microtubules isolated from marine molluscs, mammalian brain or mouse B16 cultured cells. Because the 77,000 Mr MAP is abundant in echinoderms, we have called it EMAP for echinoderm microtubule-associated protein. Although the precise function of the EMAP is not known, our data suggest that the EMAP is involved in the attachment of ribosomes to microtubules. Large numbers of ribosomes are attached to the walls of EMAP-containing microtubules, but not EMAP-deficient microtubules. Removal of the EMAP from the microtubule by salt-extraction results in the release of ribosomes from the microtubule, indicating that the EMAP may form part or all of the long tapered stalk that connects these two organelles.
Domestic service, privacy and the eighteenth-century metropolitan household.

Recent analysis of the public-private dichotomy in the eighteenth century has portrayed the London household as the locus of architectural innovation as elites distanced themselves from their domestic servants, so implicating it in a fundamental component of modernity, the ‘growth of privacy’. The master-servant divide allegedly widened over the course of the eighteenth century, trickling down from the nobility to the middling sorts. But the testimony of domestic servants demonstrates that much architectural innovation (like back stairs and servant bells) can be found in London houses well before the orthodox model allows, and their cultural transmission is by no means simply one of trickle-down. Continuity and complexity, rather than paradigmatic shift, are much more apparent, bringing into question the use of probate inventory or architectural evidence alone in charting cultural change.
On the analysis of wavelet-based approaches for print mottle artifacts

Print mottle is one of several attributes described in ISO/IEC DTS 24790, a draft technical specification for the measurement of image quality for monochrome printed output. It defines mottle as aperiodic fluctuations of lightness less than about 0.4 cycles per millimeter, a definition inherited from the latest official standard on printed image quality, ISO/IEC 13660. In a previous publication, we introduced a modification to the ISO/IEC 13660 mottle measurement algorithm that includes a band-pass, wavelet-based, filtering step to limit the contribution of high-frequency fluctuations including those introduced by print grain artifacts. This modification has improved the algorithm’s correlation with the subjective evaluation of experts who rated the severity of printed mottle artifacts. Seeking to improve upon the mottle algorithm in ISO/IEC 13660, the ISO 24790 committee evaluated several mottle metrics. This led to the selection of the above wavelet-based approach as the top candidate algorithm for inclusion in a future ISO/IEC standard. Recent experimental results from the ISO committee showed higher correlation between the wavelet-based approach and the subjective evaluation conducted by the ISO committee members based upon 25 samples covering a variety of printed mottle artifacts. In addition, we introduce an alternative approach for measuring mottle defects based on spatial frequency analysis of wavelet- filtered images. Our goal is to establish a link between the spatial-based mottle (ISO/IEC DTS 24790) approach and its equivalent frequency-based one in light of Parseval’s theorem. Our experimental results showed a high correlation between the spatial and frequency based approaches.
Field settlement locations on subtidal marine hard substrata: Is active larval exploration involved?

The role of larval exploration of surfaces in determining spatial patterns of settlement was examined in the field in a low-energy environment by comparing locations where larvae first contacted topographically complex surfaces to locations where larvae metamorphosed. The barnacle Balanus amphitrite and the bryozoan Bugula neritina both metamorphosed more frequently around the bases of bumps on surfaces than would be predicted from the distribution of initial surface contacts. Neither differential mortality nor passive erosion of larvae explains these results. Larvae also did not leave the surfaces once contacted. So, in this low-flow environment, the processes that govern the delivery of larvae to surfaces also determined where settlement occurs on a scale of tens of centimeters. Exploratory larval behavior was important over smaller spatial scales (mm–cm).