cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Site-specific characterization of the N-linked glycans of murine prion protein by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray mass spectrometry and exoglycosidase digestions.

The murine prion protein PrP gene encodes a protein of 254 amino acids with two consensus sites for Asn-linked glycosylation at codons 180 and 196. A partial site-specific study of the N-linked glycans from hamster PrP has previously been carried out by mass spectrometry [Stahl, N., Baldwin, M. A., Teplow, D. B., Hood, L., Gibson, B. W., Burlingame, A. L., and Prusiner, S. B. (1993) Biochemistry 32, 1991−2002] and revealed that the glycosylation at Asn-181 (equivalent to mouse 180) is heterogeneous, comprising over 30 glycoforms. The identification of the glycosylated peptide spanning Asn-197 was not reported. Recent technical advances in electrospray mass spectrometry now provide the sensitivity to detect low femtomole quantities of glycopeptides with >5000 mass resolution and 30 ppm mass measurement [Medzihradszky, K. F., Besman, M. J., and Burlingame, A. L. (1998) Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 12, 472−478]. This performance coupled with stepwise exoglycosidase digestion has been employed to establish th...
MRI in venous thromboembolic disease

We evaluated the ability of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to detect deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). MR venography was performed on 217 patients suspected of having DVT. Cine-MR imaging of the pulmonary arteries was performed in 14 other patients who were thought to have PE based on other imaging studies. In a third group of 5 patients, MR pulmonary angiograms were performed in the sagittal and coronal planes with a multislice fast gradient recalled echo technique. All but one of the 217 MR venograms were technically adequate. In 72 patients with correlative imaging studies (venography and ultrasound) MR venography was 99% sensitive and 95% specific. On the basis of follow-up (mean 8.3 months), no false-negative MR venograms were detected in an additional 64 patients. In 11 other patients MR revealed a diagnosis other than DVT. Cine-MR showed PE in all 14 patients evaluated. MR pulmonary arteriography demonstrated filling defects consistent with acute PE in 2 of 3 patients with acute PE; in the third patient only a questionable filling defect was seen. Coarctations or webs were found in the pulmonary arteries of both patients with chronic PE. These preliminary data suggest that MR imaging may be able to evaluate both the peripheral venous and the pulmonary arterial component of venous thromboembolic disease. Further technical refinement and more extensive clinical experience will be required to establish the role of this method in diagnosing pulmonary embolism, but MR venography is now used routinely in our hospital for the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis.
Acoustically Orienting Parasitoids: Fly Phonotaxis to Cricket Song

Larviparous female tachinid flies are attracted to taped cricket songs. In the laboratory flies deposit larvae on a cricket mounted to a speaker; the larvae burrow through the cricket's exoskeleton...
Risky Behavior in Teens With Cystic Fibrosis or Sickle Cell Disease: A Multicenter Study

Objective To determine the prevalence and age of onset of common risky behaviors such as smoking and sexual activity in teens with cystic fibrosis and those with sickle cell disease and to compare their behaviors with those of adolescents in the general population. Design Survey. Setting All five major pediatric tertiary care centers in North Carolina (study participants with sickle cell disease or cystic fibrosis) and North Carolina public schools (comparison population). Participants Three hundred twenty-one adolescents with cystic fibrosis or sickle cell disease aged 12 to 19 years (mean age, 15.6 years; 49% female). Demographically matched comparison teens for each group were selected from 2760 in-school adolescents (mean age, 16.0 years; 51% female). Main outcomes measures Prevalence of tobacco and marijuana use, alcohol use, sexual intercourse, sexually transmitted diseases, seat belt use, weapon carrying, and age of onset of these behaviors. Results Chronically ill teens reported significantly less lifetime and current use of tobacco, marijuana, and alcohol; less sexual intercourse; less weapon carrying, less drunk driving, and more seat belt use than their peers. Nonetheless, 21% of the teens with cystic fibrosis and 30% of those with sickle cell disease had smoked; sexual intercourse was reported by 28% and 51%, respectively. Age of onset of these behaviors was frequently older for the chronically ill teens. Conclusion Teens with cystic fibrosis or sickle cell disease took more potentially damaging health risks than might be expected, although the prevalence was lower than reported by their peers. Future longitudinal studies should examine the relationships between chronic illness, physical and psychosocial maturation, and risky behavior. Screening for psychosocial issues, including risky behaviors, should be incorporated into the routine health care of chronically ill teens.
Blood Glucose Monitoring and Glycemic Control in Adolescence: Contribution of Diabetes-Specific Responsibility and Family Conflict

Purpose To examine age and time trends in responsibility for diabetes management tasks and diabetes-specific family conflict and their relationship to blood glucose monitoring (BGM) frequency and blood glucose control (HbA1c).
Poly(methyl α-trifluoromethylacrylate) as a positive electron beam resist

A mechanistic hypothesis is presented which explains the radiation chemistry of poly(methyl α-haloacrylate)s. In order to test the hypothesis poly(methyl α-trifluoromethylacrylate) PMTFMA was synthesized together with copolymers of methyl methacrylate (MMA), and the α-trifluoromethyl analog. The mechanistic hypothesis predicts that PMTFMA should have a higher G scission than PMMA and that it should have no crosslinking propensity. This prediction was verified by experiment. Imaging of PMTFMA as a positive e-beam resist is also presented. The new material is a more sensitive resist than PMMA.
Influenza A virus hemagglutinin containing basolateral localization signal does not alter the apical budding of a recombinant influenza A virus in polarized MDCK cells.

Abstract Morphogenesis of influenza virus is a complex multistep process involving transport of all viral components as either individual or subviral components to the specified assembly site and interaction among the viral components in an ordered fashion to initiate the budding process. Envelope glycoprotein(s) is believed to be the major determinant in selecting the viral budding site since the majority of the viral glycoproteins are directed to the budding site independent of other viral components. Influenza viruses bud from the apical surface of polarized epithelial cells and all three envelope proteins, hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and M2, are also targeted independently to the apical surface. Since HA is the major viral envelope protein, we decided to test whether basolaterally expressed HA can make the virus bud from the basolateral surface. Accordingly, we introduced the tyrosine-based basolateral-sorting signal to the cytoplasmic tail of HA by changing Cys561 → Tyr561 and generated a transfectant virus by reverse genetics. Compared to the parent WSN virus, the mutant virus (HAtyr virus) contained less HA on its envelope. While the wild-type (wt) HA was >95% apical, the mutated HA (HAtyr) was approximately 60% basolateral in both transfected and virus-infected polarized MDCK cells. Also, HAtyr protein exhibited a much higher rate of endocytosis than the wt HA, in both apical and basolateral surface of transfected as well as virus-infected cells. However, the HAtyr virus, similar to wt WSN virus, was seen to bud almost exclusively (>99%) from the apical side of polarized MDCK cells. This finding was confirmed by using neuraminidase to facilitate virus release, by treating the collected virus particles with trypsin to cleave HA0 → HA1 and HA2, by protein analysis of released virus particles, and finally, by electron microscopy. Therefore HA, the major glycoprotein alone, does not determine the budding site, and other factor(s), possibly both viral and host, is responsible for selecting the budding site of influenza virus.
Multilayer X-ray spectrometry in the 20–80 Å region: A molecular orbital analysis of CO and CO2 in the gas and solid states

Optimized multilayer X-ray spectrometry, using lead myristate and lead stearate analyzers (2d values of 80 and 100 A) has been applied to the measurement of the O--Kα and the C--Kα spectral bands from CO and CO2 in the gas and solid phases. The LII, III spectra were also measured for argon in the gas and solid states under similar conditions in order to identify and to minimize any non-molecular components in the CO and CO2 spectra. These molecular orbital data have been related to those obtained with X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and grating X-ray spectroscopy. The consistency of the results of these complementary measurements is excellent. The ionization energies for the C and O 1s levels have been determined to be 295.4 and 542.0 eV for CO and 296.8 and 540.3 eV for CO2. The MO data have also been compared with that predicted from the symmetry, strength and binding energy of the molecular orbital spectral components as calculated using the currently available computational models, CNDO/2, MINDO/3, MNDO, extended Huckel and ab initio. The molecular orbital calculated results for these organic compounds, CO and CO2, are not in as good agreement with the experimental data as previously demonstrated for molecular orbital spectra measured for C--Kα and the LII, III bands of Cl, S and P for both organic and inorganic compounds.
Authigenic “spherules” in K-T boundary sediments at Caravaca, Spain, and Raton Basin, Colorado and New Mexico, may not be impact derived

The K-T boundary interval at Barranco del Gredero, Caravaca, Spain, consists of three units: a light gray Cretaceous marl, a 1- to 3-mm-thick ferruginous clay called the “K-T boundary impact layer” because of its content of shock-metamorphosed quartz grains, and an overlying greenish-gray clay. A conspicuous feature of the impact layer is its content of potassium-feldspar particles called “sanidine spherules” by some authors. The particles consist of a porous mesh-work of prismatic potassium-feldspar crystals clearly of authigenic origin. Their shape, distribution, and texture suggest that they are not altered basaltic melt droplets formed during impact of an extraterrestrial object as advocated by some proponents of the impact-extinction theory of Alvarez. Moreover, authigenic spherules also occur in a thin kaolinitic claystone layer at the K-T boundary in continental sedimentary rocks of the Raton Basin, Colorado and New Mexico. This layer is overlain by another claystone (5–8 mm thick) that records the abrupt appearance of shock-metamorphosed quartz grains in the local stratigraphic section. Four compositional types of spherules (kaolinite, goyazite, layered goyazite/kaolinite, and jarosite) occur in the lower of the two claystone layers. Because the spherules are (1) not in a bed containing shock-metamorphosed minerals, (2) common at some and rare at other localities, and (3) hollow and form peculiarly shaped intergrown masses suggest that they are not altered microtektites or melt droplets.
How much gabbro is in ocean seismic layer 3

Ocean seismic layer 3 is distinguished from layer 2 by higher velocities, lower variability, and lower gradients in velocity with depth. Based on studies of rocks recovered from ophiolites and walls of fracture zones, most models of lower ocean crust correlate seismic layer 3 with sequences of gabbroic lithologies. The average velocity (6.5 km/s) for a vertical seismic profile in a gabbro sequence at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Hole 735B is consistent with refraction values for layer 3. However, the Q (inverse attenuation) obtained from these data, after correction to temperature and pressure conditions in lower crust, are too low to be consistent with amplitudes of signals observed in refraction experiments. Laboratory measurements of Q on gabbros from Hole 735B and ophiolites are also one to two orders of magnitude lower than seismic refraction Q. These results indicate that the gabbro sequence at Hole 735B cannot be typical of seismic layer 3. Based on Q, upper layer 3 may be metadolerite, and lower layer 3 may include interbedded gabbros and ultramafics. Serpentine is highly attenuating and is unlikely to be a major component.
Objectives, accomplishments, and future plans of IGCP project 143, remote sensing and mineral exploration

Abstract The International Geological Correlation Programme (IGCP) is a worldwide cooperative research programme that began in 1974 under the auspices of the International Union of Geological Sciences. Because of the global availability of Earth resources data collected by satellites and the great interest among geologists in taking advantage of these new sources of information, a project was begun in 1976 to improve the rate of technology transfer in the field of remote-sensing exploration for energy and mineral resources. Conducting joint workshops in cooperation with COSPAR has been an important part of this project. It is to be hoped the project will improve our capability to explore, identify, and develop new resources to meet the burgeoning demands of society.
Application of probe beam deflection to study the electrooxidation of copper in alkaline media

Abstract The reaction mechanism of the electrooxidation of copper was investigated in alkaline solutions, from pH 12 to 14, using probe beam deflection. The application of this technique simultaneously with electrochemical experiments provides useful information concerning the chemical species formed from electrochemical as well as chemical reactions involved during the formation and dissolution of copper oxides. The concentration gradients at the electrode-electrolyte interface provide distinctive patterns showing significant changes in the corrosion behavior of the copper with increasing pH.
Genetic deficiency of heme oxygenase-1 impairs functionality and form of an arteriovenous fistula in the mouse.

Vascular access dysfunction contributes to patient morbidity during maintenance hemodialysis. In this study we determined if knockout of heme oxygenase-1 predisposed to malfunction of arteriovenous fistulas. After three weeks, all fistulas in wild type mice were patent whereas a third of the fistulas in knockout mice were occluded and these exhibited increased neointimal hyperplasia and venous wall thickening. Heme oxygenase-1 mRNA and protein were robustly induced in the fistulas of the wild type mice. In the knockout mice there was increased PAI-1 and MCP-1 expression, marked induction of MMP-2 and MMP-9, but similar expression of PDGFα, IGF-1, TGF-β1, VEGF, and osteopontin compared to wild type mice. We conclude that heme oxygenase-1 deficiency promotes vasculopathic gene expression, accelerates neointimal hyperplasia and impairs the function of arteriovenous fistulas.
Usefulness of intracoronary infusion of fluorocarbon distal to prolonged coronary occlusion by angioplasty balloon in dogs.

Abstract Several reports have described beneficial effects of intravenous fluorocarbon in experimental animals for treatment of acute myocardial ischemia,1–5 and of fluorocarbon cardioplegia for surgically induced cardiac arrest.6 Because of its high oxygen solubility and its small particle size, fluorocarbon has been used in percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) during inflation of the balloon catheter.7 This article describes morphologic and hematologic findings in 10 dogs in which coronary arterial occlusion was produced by balloon inflation for 1 hour, during which time fluorocarbon was infused in 5 dogs through the balloon catheter into the artery distal to the occlusion.
The Medium Versus the Message: The Issue of Access to TV News

The decade of the 1960's was a tumultuous period for the American polity, and thus far the 1970's have been equally so, if for different reasons. During these same years network news programs emerged as America's most used and most trusted source of information about national affairs. Taken together, these news programs have given us a dramatic and interpretive record of our time. Strange as it may seem, until 1968 no one—not even the networks themselves—maintained an archive of television news tapes. While an interested person could have reviewed past editions of newspapers and magazines at a local library, past television newscasts were not available for study until Vanderbilt University acted. The Vanderbilt Television News Archive has videotaped the three networks' evening news programs off-the-air in Nashville since August, 1968. The archive has also taped other historic public affairs programs, including presidential nominating conventions, the Senate Watergate Hearings, and the Judiciary Committee's impeachment proceedings. From the beginning Vanderbilt informed the networks that it was archiving this material because the public interest required that it be saved and made available for research. In December, 1973, CBS brought suit against the university to stop the Vanderbilt effort. A trial may occur in the near future.
Copolymerization characteristics of S‐vinyl‐O‐tert‐butylthiocarbonate

Poly-S-vinyl-O-tert-butylthiocarbonate is an excellent precursor to poly(vinyl mercaptan) because the tert-butyloxycarbonyl blocking group can be removed by either acid hydrolysis or thermolysis under conditions which minimize the oxidation of the liberated mercaptan to disulfide. Dilatometric studies of the homopolymerization of S-vinyl-O-tert-butylthiocarbonate demonstrated that the polymerization rate was directly proportional to the concentration of free-radical initiator; no thermal initiation was observed. The molecular weight of the homopolymers and copolymers ranged from 30,000 to 50,000 (GPC). Copolymerization of S-vinyl-O-tert-butylthiocarbonate (M2) with styrene, (r1 = 3.0, r2 = 0.2), methyl methacrylate (r1 = 1.40, r2 = 0.17) and vinyl acetate (r1 = 0.04, r2 = 11.0) indicated that a sulfur atom adjacent to the vinyl group increases the resonance stability (Q2 = 0.5) and the electron density (e2 = −1.4) of the double bond and the corresponding radical. Water-soluble copolymers could be prepared by incorporating either N-vinylpyrrolidone (r1 = 0.12, r2 = 3.94) or N-isopropylacrylamide (r1 = 1.17, r2 = 0.3) with M2. The water solubility of the copolymers decreased markedly when the tert-butyloxycarbonyl group was removed. Copolymers of M2 with N-vinyl-O-tert-butylcarbamate (r1 = 0.13, r2 = 5.10) were utilized to prepare crosslinked poly(vinyl amine–vinyl mercaptan); the crosslinking resulted from urea linkages formed during thermolysis of the copolymer.
Ingroup Identity Moderates the Impact of Social Explanations on Intergroup Attitudes: External Explanations Are Not Inherently Prosocial

Social explanations-causal frameworks used to understand group status and action-shape intergroup attitudes and emotions. Yet, different theoretical perspectives offer divergent predictions regarding associations between external explanations-which construe group actions or outcomes as being caused by forces outside of the group-and consequent attitudes toward outgroups. Specifically, whereas the authors' social explanations framework suggests that external explanations regarding a low-status group will foster prosocial responses, other perspectives suggest that external explanations will foster defensive responses. Four studies using both implicit and explicit measures suggest that predictions from the social explanations framework capture the psychology of dominant group members weakly identified with the dominant ingroup, whereas predictions of defensiveness characterize the psychology of high-identifiers. A major implication is that social explanations do not have fixed meanings and that external explanations-despite being typically seen as prosocial-do not necessarily elicit positive responses to outgroups.
Effect of a low chloride diet on lactating Holstein cows.

Twenty primiparous lactating Holstein cows were fed diets supplemented with either .5% sodium chloride or .75% sodium bicarbonate. Those fed the latter diet conserved chloride by reducing the chloride concentration in urine, feces, and, to a small but nonsignificant amount, in milk. The low chloride diet did not affect consumption of feed dry matter and water or milk production and composition. There was no indication of pica or other aberrant taste behavior. One half of the cows in each diet group was given free choice salt block of trace elements. Those fed the low chloride diet consumed more salt (337 versus 149 g/cow per wk). When chloride requirements have been established and data on chloride composition become more widely available, it will be possible to include both sodium and chloride in diet formulations and omit salt. This will reduce the amount of salt needed as either a sodium or chloride supplement.
Narada: an environment for specification and execution of multi-system applications

Describes Narada, an environment in which multi-system; applications can be defined using high-level specifications, without dealing explicitly with the details of task synchronization and data exchange. Once an application is defined, it can be executed automatically, providing location transparency and resolving most of the hardware and software incompatibilities. The paper discusses the task specification language used by Narada and shows how it can be used as an intermediate execution language for multidatabase query languages and to support various extended transaction models. The paper also discusses how programs specified in this language can be executed in a heterogeneous computing environment consisting of autonomous software systems. >
Cancer in the Global Health Era: Opportunities for the Middle East and Asia

The global burden of cancer is rising with almost 70% of cancer cases being in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).The Middle East and Asia have two thirds of the world's population and the largest regional concentration of LMICs. Because of massive demographic and epidemiologic transitions, cancer mortality is projected to increase substantially in these populations. Lung cancer among men and breast cancer among women are the most prominent cancer sites in both the Middle East and Asia. Enhanced tobacco control and managing obesity are the most important measures for effective control of most cancers. However, detailed research is required within each population to best identify risk factors and to develop evidence-based methods for cancer prevention. International collaborations are an essential step in facilitating this process, because it can improve cancer registries, create robust infrastructure, improve skills of personnel and lead to effective cancer control and prevention.
Impact of Small Miscuts of (0001) Sapphire on the Growth of AlxGa1-xN/AlN

In this paper, using chemical etching, atomic force microscope (AFM) and High- resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD), we report a study of the effect of various small miscuts of (0001) sapphire substrate (<1°) and the way to further improve the material quality. A set of AlN epilayers and AlN/AlxGa1-xN Superlattices (SLs) were grown by Migration-enhanced Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MEMOCVD) on vicinal (0001) sapphire substrates. The threading dislocation density was found to be very sensitive to the miscut angles. The etch pit density reduced to 7×106 cm-2 for normal-oriented (0°-off) from the starting value of 7×107 cm-2 for 0.5°-off. We found the surface morphologies can be easily controlled by the different substrate miscut angles. The 1-2 Monolayers (MLs) step flow morphology for normal- oriented substrate changed to step bunches of 10 MLs height for 0.5°-off substrate. Correspondingly, AFM Root Mean Square (RMS) increased from 1.52 to 9.15 A with a 5um×5um scan. This finding may help enhance the quality of full structure UVLED material and eventually improve the lifetime of UVLEDs.
Teaching Observational Methods: Time Sampling, Event Sampling, and Trait Rating Techniques

This in-class activity permits the systematic observation of spontaneous human behavior as simulated on television and provides one effective way to demonstrate and compare time sampling, event sampling, and trait rating techniques. Students responded favorably to this activity, and many reported that it increased their understanding of the different observational techniques.
Integration of Back-Gate doping for 15-nm node floating body cell (FBC) memory

Key process features of a scaled, high-performance planar FBC memory fabricated on 25-nm undoped Si and 10-nm BOX SOI substrates are presented. Back-Gate (BG) doping process is revealed to be a critical part of the FBC integration. BG dopant loss due to oxidation and high-temperature processes is minimized to enable high performance at scaled diffusion widths (W g =50 nm, W=85 nm) suitable for 15-nm technology node.
Genetics of local adaptation in the laboratory: flowering time quantitative trait loci under geographic and seasonal conditions in Arabidopsis.

Flowering time in Arabidopsis thaliana is controlled by a large number of genes and various environmental factors, such as light and temperature. The objective of this study was to identify flowering time quantitative trait loci (QTL) under growth conditions simulating seasonal conditions from native geographic locations. Our growth chambers were set to simulate the spring conditions in Spain and Sweden, with appropriate changes in light color, intensity and day length, as well as temperature and relative humidity. Thus the Sweden-like spring conditions changed more dramatically compared to Spain-like spring conditions across the duration of our experiment. We have used these conditions to map QTL responsible for flowering time in the Kas-1/Col-gl1 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) across two replicate blocks. A linkage map from 96 RILs was established using 119 markers including 64 new SNPs markers. One major QTL, mapping to the FRIGIDA (FRI) locus, was detected on the top of chromosome 4 that showed significant gene×seasonal environment interactions. Three other minor QTL also were detected. One QTL mapping near FLOWERING LOCUS M (FLM) showed an epistatic interaction with the QTL at FRI. These QTL×environment and QTL×QTL interactions suggest that subtle ecologically relevant changes in light, temperature, and relative humidity are differentially felt by alleles controlling flowering time and may be responsible for adaptation to regional environments.
Functional linkages among morphology, feeding performance, diet and competitive ability in molluscivorous sunfish

Pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) and redear (Lepomis microlophus) sunfish are phylogenetic sister species that are specialized for molluscivory. The native ranges of these two sunfishes are allopatric, except for a small region of overlap in the Carolinas. However, for purposes of sport fishery enhancement, redear have been introduced into many northern lakes where pumpkinseed populations were native. As a result, a large zone of artificial sympatry of pumpkinseed and redear populations has been created in the last decade in lakes of southern Michigan. In this study I examined the feeding performance and diets of co-occurring redear and pumpkinseed both in Michigan lakes and in laboratory studies of these sunfish species from those lakes. Previous research on these species suggests that redear are morphologically and behaviorally more specialized for molluscivory than pumpkinseed, and results from the present study showed that at a given size, the crushing capacity of redear was -2X greater than that of pumpkinseed. For at least the smaller size classes of sunfish, the extent' of molluscivory was constrained by crushing strength. Therefore, greater crushing strength of redear allowed them to undergo an ontogenetic niche shift from a diet of predominantly soft-bodied invertebrates to a diet of snails at a smaller size than co-occurring pumpkinseed. Once molluscivorous, redear consumed larger snails than did pumpkinseed. Diet analysis also showed that following their earlier niche shift, redear were significantly more mol- luscivorous than sympatric pumpkinseed. Summing the effects of greater individual con- sumption of snails by redear and the effects of a greater proportion of a redear population being molluscivorous due to their earlier niche shift, redear were predicted to be more proficient competitors for snails. It appeared, however, that the superior feeding ability of redear on hard-bodied prey may have come at the cost of reduced efficiency at feeding on soft-bodied invertebrates.
Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Capitellar Fractures with Headless Screws

BACKGROUND: The outcome of operatively treated capitellar fractures has not been reported frequently. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the clinical, radiographic, and functional outcomes following open reduction and internal fixation of capitellar fractures that were treated with a uniform surgical approach in order to further define the impact on the outcome of fracture type and concomitant lateral column osseous and/or ligamentous injuries. METHODS: A retrospective evaluation of the upper extremity database at our institution identified sixteen skeletally mature patients (mean age, 40 ± 17 years) with a closed capitellar fracture. In all cases, an extensile lateral exposure and articular fixation with buried cannulated variable-pitch headless compression screws was performed at a mean of ten days after the injury. Clinical, radiographic, and elbow-specific outcomes, including the Mayo Elbow Performance Index, were evaluated at a mean of 27 ± 19 months postoperatively. RESULTS: Six Type-I, two Type-III, and eight Type-IV fractures were identified with use of the Bryan and Morrey classification system. Four of five ipsilateral radial head fractures occurred in association with a Type-IV fracture. The lateral collateral ligament was intact in fifteen of the sixteen elbows. Metaphyseal comminution was observed in association with five fractures (including four Type-IV fractures and one Type-III fracture). Supplemental mini-fragment screws were used for four of eight Type-IV fractures and one of two Type-III fractures. All fractures healed, and no elbow had instability or weakness. Overall, the mean ulnohumeral motion was 123° (range, 70° to 150°). Fourteen of the sixteen patients achieved a functional arc of elbow motion, and all patients had full forearm rotation. The mean Mayo Elbow Performance Index score was 92 ± 10 points, with nine excellent results, six good results, and one fair result. Patients with a Type-IV fracture had a greater magnitude of flexion contracture (p = 0.04), reduced terminal flexion (p = 0.02), and a reduced net ulnohumeral arc (p = 0.01). An ipsilateral radial head fracture did not appear to affect ulnohumeral motion or the functional outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the presence of greater flexion contractures at the time of follow-up in elbows with Type-IV fractures or fractures with an ipsilateral radial head fracture, good to excellent outcomes with functional ulnohumeral motion can be achieved following internal fixation of these complex fractures. Type-IV injuries may be more common than previously thought; such fractures often are associated with metaphyseal comminution or a radial head fracture and may require supplemental fixation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Variation of Densities and Refractive Indices in Tempered Glass

A knowledge of density distributions in tempered glass is helpful in better understanding the tempering process. Since the densities and refractive indices of a glass are uniquely related, density distributions were determined by a schlieren technique which gives a direct measure of index gradients. The advantages of this nondestructive approach are that it yields the location of each density fraction within the glass and that it is equally applicable to fragments and whole pieces of tempered glass. Thus, it also allows observation of changes in local densities which accompany fracture and the release of internal stresses.
Uranium‐sulfilimine chemistry. The preparation of Cp2*UCl2(HNSPh2) and its hydrolysis with HNSPh2 · H2O

The reaction of Cp2*UCl2 with HNSPh2 produces Cp2*UCl2(HNSPh2), which is the first structurally characterized complex of a sulfilimine. The hydrolysis of Cp2*UCl2(HNSPh2) with HNSPh2 · H2O yields a tetrauranium cluster whose heavy atom structure has been determined by x-ray diffraction and which is formulated as a UIV/UV complex: [Cp*(Cl)(HNSPh2)U(μ3-O)(μ2-O)2U(Cl)(HNSPh2)2]2. Uran-Sulfilimin-Chemie Darstellung von Cp2*UCl2(HNSPh2) und dessen Hydrolyse mit HNSPh2 · H2O Die Reaktion von Cp2*UCl2 mit HNSPh2 ergibt Cp2*UCl2(HNSPh2), das den ersten strukturell charakterisierten Komplex eines Sulfilimins darstellt. Die Hydrolyse von Cp2*UCl2(HNSPh2) mit HNSPh2 · H2O ergibt einen Tetrauran-Cluster, dessen Schweratomstruktur rontgenographisch bestimmt wurde und der als UIV/UV-Komplex [Cp*(Cl)(HNSPh2)U(μ3-O)(μ2-O)2U(Cl)(HNSPh2)2]2 formuliert wird.
Decreased atherosclerotic lesion formation in human serum paraoxonase transgenic mice.

Background— Serum paraoxonase (PON1), an enzyme carried on HDL, inhibits LDL oxidation, and in human population studies, low PON1 activity is associated with atherosclerosis. In addition, PON1 knockout mice are more susceptible to lipoprotein oxidation and atherosclerosis. To evaluate whether PON1 protects against atherosclerosis and lipid oxidation in a dose-dependent manner, we generated and studied human PON1 transgenic mice. Methods and Results— Human PON1 transgenic mice were produced by using bacterial artificial chromosome genomic clones. The mice had 2- to 4-fold increased plasma PON1 levels, but plasma cholesterol levels were unchanged. Atherosclerotic lesions were significantly reduced in the transgenic mice when both dietary and apoE-null mouse models were used. HDL isolated from the transgenic mice also protected against LDL oxidation more effectively. Conclusions— Our results indicate that PON1 protects against atherosclerosis in a dose-dependent manner and suggest that it may be a potential ...
Philosophy of science and the quantitative-qualitative debates: Thirteen common errors

One of the most important benefits of the qualitative-quantitative &bate in evaluation has been the increased awareness it has brought evaluators about philosophy of science. But evaluators are rarely philosophers, and consequently their presentations of philosophical material may contain errors. This article highlights thirteen common errors of this kind, and discusses some implications of these errors for the quantitative-qualitative debate.
Differential Processing of Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins by Rhinovirus 2A Proteases from Different Species and Serotypes

Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) from the HRV-A, HRV-B, and HRV-C species use encoded proteases, 2Apro and 3Cpro, to process their polyproteins and shut off host cell activities detrimental to virus replication. Reactions attributed to 2Apro include cleavage of eIF4G-I and -II to inhibit cellular mRNA translation and cleavage of select nucleoporin proteins (Nups) within nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) to disrupt karyopherin-dependent nuclear-cytoplasmic transport and signaling. Sequence diversity among 2Apro proteases from different HRV clades, even within species, suggested individual viruses might carry out these processes with unique mechanistic signatures. Six different recombinant 2Apro proteases (A16, A89, B04, B14, Cw12, and Cw24) were compared for their relative substrate preferences and cleavage kinetics using eIF4G from cellular extracts and Nups presented in native (NPC) or recombinant formats. The enzyme panel attacked these substrates with different rates or processing profiles, mimicking the preferences observed during natural infection (A16 and B14). For eIF4G, all 2Apro proteases cleaved at similar sites, but the comparative rates were species specific (HRV-A > HRV-C ≫ HRV-B). For Nup substrates, 5 of the 6 enzymes had unique product profiles (order of Nup selection) or reacted at different sites within Nup62, Nup98, and Nup153. Only A16 and A89 behaved similarly in most assays. Since each type of karyopherin receptor prefers particular Nups or uses a limited cohort of binding motifs within those Nups, the consequences of individual 2Apro avidities could profoundly affect relative viral replication levels, intracellular signaling, or extracellular signaling, all of which are underlying triggers for different host immune responses.
POLYCESTA PLANA NELSON, A NEW SPECIES FROM BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR, MEXICO (COLEOPTERA: BUPRESTIDAE)

Polycesta plana Nelson, new species, is described from two females found in the mountains of Baja California Sur. It is figured and compared to other species presented in the key by Barr (1949).
A message passing approach to multiagent gaussian inference for dynamic processes

In [1], we introduced a novel distributed inference algorithm for the multiagent Gaussian inference problem, based on the framework of graphical models and message passing algorithms. We compare it to current state of the art techniques and we demonstrate that it is the most efficient one in terms of communication resources used. Moreover, we show experimentally that it outperforms the other methods in terms of estimation error on a general class of problems, even in presence of data loss.
The Influence of Cohabitation on Male and Female Fertility

This chapter focuses on exploring how cohabitation influences male and female fertility. When examining the cohabitation effect on fertility, I incorporate race and ethnicity into the analysis and investigate the fertility differentials by gender due to cohabitation across racial and ethnic groups. In addition, the chapter takes the interaction effects between cohabitation and socioeconomic factors, family-background covariates and the proximate determinants into consideration when exploring the cohabitation and fertility relationship. By examining data from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) Cycle 6, the results show that cohabitation has a stronger positive effect on male than on female fertility through mediating with an individual’s family-background characteristics and the proximate determinants. In addition, non-Hispanic whites and Hispanics are found to share more similarities than differences as compared to blacks in the cohabitation and fertility relationship. The chapter discusses the mechanisms that may explain the fertility differentials by gender and across race and ethnicity due to cohabitation. It also highlights the implications drawn from this research.
The Artificial Attention Model and Algorithm Baseline Testing over the Parameter Space

Computational models of attention can be used to mitigate data overload especially when multiple sensors provide feeds to a human observer who is not present in the same environment as the network of sensors. Computational models of attention use a variety of functional components to find a balance between reorienting to new events and stimuli and focusing on currently active and relevant events by guiding one or more sampling processes. This research reports the results from tests of the performance of several functional components of one computational attention model that has been designed to address overload from multiple sensor feeds. The functional components tested include parallel center and surround sampling processes, exploratory drive, and temporal dependencies. The tests map algorithm sampling behavior over its parameter space independent of environmental input – establishing baseline performance prior to testing performance when multiple objects move and new events occur.
Electro-Discharge Machining of Ceramics (Part 2)

Electroconductive sialon-titanium nitride ceramic composite was machined with the electro-discharge machining method. Surface damage caused during machining in machined members was evaluated with the three point bend test. The machined and fracture surface were observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The effects of machining conditions on the surface damage were discussed. Heat treatment of machined members was carried out in air for recovering their strength. Effects of the pulse duration and duty factor on the strength of machined members were noticiable. The flexural strength of machined member increased with decreases in pulse current and duty factor. Annealing in air had a good effect on the strength of a machined member. The highest strength of machined member attained after annealing was 856MPa, which was about the average flexural strength of the original body.
Academic Libraries: Should Strategic Planning be Renewed?

As strategic plans developed in the 1990s reach maturity, it is crucial to question the use and impact of strategic planning in academic libraries. This article reviews the origins of strategic planning and its various uses in academic libraries, and then discusses several positive and negative impacts of strategic planning on academic libraries and associations. The inclusion of fundraising, the acknowledgment of the political impact to strategic planning, the continued preparation in the use of technology and understanding the strengths and weaknesses of the process may have a positive impact for academic libraries. Until empirical evidence of the strategic planning process in libraries is shared with the academic community, researchers must look to literature reviews, cited application of the strategic planning process, and the advice of the experienced for a renewed vision of the strategic planning process. Thirty-five years after strategic planning checked into the library, can strategic pla...
Evaluation of a Tongue Input Method for Control of Environmental Appliances

Interfaces to environmental appliances are not well suited for populations with severe disabilities such as spinal cord injury (SCI). A system called the Tongue Drive System (TDS) has been developed to allow control by movement of the tongue, providing a wireless, wearable Human Computer Interface (HCI). This system has been integrated with an Android smartphone for controlling of appliances in the users’ environments through infrared (IrDroid) and the X10 (X10 Commander) home automation protocols. Both finger (touch-screen) and tongue (TDS) input methods were compared on their effectiveness in the control of a television and lamps. The results of the experiment show that the TDS provides a usable input for the control of common household devices, as each of the subjects was able to complete all of the required tasks. Touch screen performance was 2.96 and 2.05 times faster than TDS input in X10 Commander and IrDroid application, respectively. X10 control had an error rate of 0.27 errors per action and no errors for touch input. The error rate of the IrDroid application was 0.30 and 0.17 errors per action for touch and TDS, respectively. The results show that the TDS can be used in conjunction with a remote controller to carry out actions using environmental devices.
Making the Paris Agreement Work

In the December 2015 Paris Agreement of the parties to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, nations unanimously agreed to a goal of net zero greenhouse gas emissions by the second half of this century, and a plan for achieving that goal. The challenge now is implementation. This article briefly outlines the key features of the Paris Agreement as well as the daunting challenge of meeting its goals. It suggests six essential elements of an approach to encourage or incentivize parties to greater ambition. These are 1) achieving the targets set in nations’ intended nationally determined contributions; 2) setting and achieving more ambitious short-term and long-term goals; 3) creating technical, policy, and legal pathways to decarbonization; 4) creating a race to the top in reducing greenhouse gas emissions; 5) widespread public participation and support; and 6) a global social movement. It also describes ways in which all parts of civil society, including lawyers and policy makers, can help make the Agreement work.
The Firm in the Context of Class Conflict

As economists watched the US economy face the prospect of deindustrialization, many of them took solace in the promise of a service economy in which information rather than real capital goods would become the strategic resource. This new perception of the future, helped to spark an interest in the theory of the firm. In Chapter 2, I showed how first fixed capital and then generalized factors of production became the central focus of the theory of the firm, however deficient that theory might have been.
Labour Economic Policy, March 1974–May 1975: ‘A Phoney Phase’

This chapter outlines the economic policy strategy during the first year of the 1974–79 Labour Government. I argue that the domestic political imperatives that guided and limited the Government’s policy choices during this period stemmed from its arrival in power in the midst of a worldwide recession with a minority position in Parliament, an ideologically divided Cabinet, a left-of-center Manifesto, and a Social Contract partnership with the trade unions. However, the financing-over-adjustment emphases in the international political economy (discussed in Chapter 4) proved to be a relatively favorable environment, given the Government’s domestic constraints. Conditions changed, however, in June 1975 with the first sustained run on sterling and the emergence and intensification of external pressure on the Government for policy retrenchment.
Dysphagia-related quality of life in oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy: Psychometric properties of the SWAL-QOL instrument.

Introduction: The Swallowing Quality of Life instrument (SWAL-QOL) is a patient-reported outcome (PRO) measure of swallowing-related quality of life (SR-QoL). Its psychometric properties in oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) are not known. Methods: We administered the SWAL-QOL to U.S. OPMD Registry participants. We described SR-QoL profiles and assessed reliability and validity. Results: Mean composite score in 113 individuals with OPMD was 54.4 ± 20.7, indicating moderate impairment. Severe impairments were observed in eating duration, burden, and fatigue scales. Internal consistency reliability of all scales was found to be satisfactory, and 9 of 10 scales demonstrated adequate test-retest reliability. Data confirmed 86% of hypotheses, supporting construct validity. The SWAL-QOL limitations in OPMD include: floor/ceiling effects in 7 of 10 scales and low specificity of sleep, fatigue, and communication scales for dysphagia. Discussion: SR-QoL is reduced in OPMD. Given several limitations of the SWAL-QOL, development of an improved dysphagia-specific QoL instrument for OPMD is warranted. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.