cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Power-Assisted Particulate Bone Grafting Effectively Prevents Osseous Defects After Cranial Vault Reconstruction.

BACKGROUND Cranial vault reconstruction (CVR) is the gold standard in the operative treatment of craniosynostosis. Full thickness osseous defects (FTOD) of the calvaria have been observed in 5% to 15% patients after CVR, with higher rates cited in the fronto-orbital advancement (FOA) subset. Particulate bone graft (PBG) harvested manually has been shown to decrease FTOD after FOA from 24% to 5.5%. The authors used a modified technique using a powered craniotome, with the hypothesis that the technique would also improve outcomes. METHODS A retrospective review was performed of patients who underwent CVR for craniosynostosis between 2004 and 2014. Patient demographics, diagnosis, age, operative details, and postoperative care were reviewed in detail. Categorical, nonparametric variables were compared by Fisher exact tests. RESULTS A total of 135 patients met inclusion criteria. The most common diagnoses were metopic (n = 41), sagittal (n = 33), and unilateral coronal craniosynostosis (n = 31); 65% (n = 88) underwent FOA, 29% (n = 39) underwent single-stage total vault reconstruction, and 6% (n = 8) had a posterior vault reconstruction. CVR was performed without PBG in 95 patients and with PBG in 40 patients. Without PBG, FTOD were discovered on clinical examination in 18% of patients (n=17): 11 presented with subcentimeter defects, while 6 had larger defects requiring revision cranioplasty (6% operative revision rate). Among those receiving PBG, 1 patient presented a subcentimeter FTOD (2.5% FTOD incidence and 0% operative revision rate). CONCLUSION Particulate bone graft harvested with a powered device decreases the rate of FTOD and reoperation rate after CVR for craniosynostosis.
Target tracking via recursive Bayesian state estimation in radar networks

Modern cognitive radar networks incorporating intelligent and cognitive support-modules can actively adjust the radar-target geometry and optimally select a subset of radars to track the target of interest. Based on the theories of dynamic graphical models (DGM) and recursive Bayesian state estimation (RBSE), we propose a framework for single target tracking in mobile and cooperative radar networks, jointly considering path planning and radar selection. We formulate the tracking procedure as two iterative steps: (i) solving a combinatorial problem based on the expected cross-entropy measure to select the optimal subset of radars and their locations, and (ii) tracking the target using RBSE technique. We simulate the proposed framework using an illustrative example in 2-D space and demonstrate the tracking performance.
Childhood Schizophrenia Assessment and Treatment: A Developmental Approach

To diagnose schizophrenia in childhood, the child must meet the same diagnostic criteria as schizophrenic adults and adolescents. Despite the effects of developmental factors, hallucinations, delusions, and formal thought disorder can be reliably assessed in childhood schizophrenia. This article reviews studies in the clinical assessment of schizophrenic symptoms in childhood, the difficulties involved in the differential diagnosis, and treatment.
The Role of Abiotic and Coupled Biotic/Abiotic Mineral Controlled Redox Processes in Nitrate Reduction

Abstract Nitrogen is a major nutrient element which often limits productivity in natural and agroecosystems. Paradoxically, nitrogen is also readily lost through processes such as denitrification in soil environments. Historically, heterotrophic denitrification has been studied assuming soil organic carbon is the sole electron donor with little recognition for coupling with other elemental cycles. Recent discoveries have emerged which show a strong coupling between the iron and nitrogen cycles. Where soil iron(III) is utilized as a terminal electron acceptor during organic carbon respiration, the resulting iron(II) can serve as an electron donor during nitrate reduction. One example is the reduction of nitrate coupled to iron(II) oxidation by mixotrophic microorganisms in a process called nitrate-dependent, iron(II) oxidation. Nitrate-dependent, iron(II) oxidation is shown to occur in a moderately well-drained and a well-drained agricultural soil under anoxic conditions. The rates of nitrate reduction by heterotrophic bacteria are comparable to those by iron(II) oxidizers. Another example is the abiotic reduction of nitrate by iron(II) minerals which form in anoxic soil environments such as green rust. There is also the possibility of coupled biological–abiological processes where microbial Fe(III) reduction to Fe(II) is coupled to secondary chemical reactions involving nitrite and siderite, the latter represents an important Fe(II) mineral. These results underscore the complexity of the nitrogen cycle and will hopefully inspire future studies that will unravel the mechanisms behind soil Fe(II) oxidation by nitrate.
Skeletal muscle satellite cell cultures.

Publisher Summary Skeletal muscle satellite cell culture techniques have provided a means for coupling muscle structural and physiological observations to cellular and molecular explanations. Intrinsic properties of these myogenic cells have been studied in vitro , and it has become apparent that the satellite cell has properties that are distinctly different from those of embryonic or fetal myogenic cells. This chapter describes two types of satellite cell culture procedures—(1) monolayer mass cultures of dissociated satellite cells and (2) single muscle fiber cultures with their associated satellite cells—and discusses their application. In both cases, cells and fibers are isolated directly from experimental subjects. The general cellular processes that have been studied in satellite cell culture systems include activation from the quiescent state, migration, proliferation, and differentiation or return to quiescence. There are advantages and disadvantages to each of the culture systems and one single culture system may not be adequate for addressing all experimental questions.
Thriving Systems and Beauty

Christopher Alexander’s framework of living structure exploring the form and relationships of physical architecture explains the affinity that exists between the observer and the architecture. Alexander persuasively argues that the experience of life demonstrated in his image comparison experiments is conveyed through a lens sensitive to 15 discernible properties that evoke an observer’s sense of satisfaction in what they see. I believe that Alexander chose the term “life” without defining it to have each observer tap into their own visceral sense of satisfaction. Thus, Alexander’s framework bridges a distance in our understanding that separates what we think of as objective design quality and what observers experience as subjective design quality, what we call beauty.
Advanced multilayer mirror design to mitigate EUV shadowing

In this work, we demonstrate a method to design the Mo-Si multilayer stack of an EUV photomask to increase the optical efficiency of shadowing-orientation equal lines and spaces imaged under dipole illumination. We achieve this using a computational framework written in the PyTorch machine learning library, which is capable of optimizing the multilayer for partially-coherent imaging rather than specular reflectivity. After computing optimal multilayer designs for both 0.33 and 0.55 NA EUV systems, we verify the improvements via RCWA simulation. We demonstrate optical efficiency gains of up to 22%=14% for the 0.33/0.55 NA systems, respectively.
The Body of the Future

It is a comforting fact that the human body confronted by Hippocratic physicians is the same as that treated by doctors of today, and that no differences are expected to appear tomorrow. However, although the structure and function of the body are enduring facts, medical science and physicians of different eras have behaved as if they were dealing with a body that itself is different. It is their conceptions of how the body works that in large part determine the behavior of physicians in its regard. While beliefs about structure and function are rooted in the reality of the body, there can be no doubt about the changes in these ideas through the ages. Such a change appears to be occurring during this century as a result of which the body is reacquiring the purpose it lost in the eighteenth century.
Detection of Autoantibodies for Type 1 Diabetes Using Label-Free Optical Sensors

Autoantibodies against pancreatic islet antigens such as insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and insulinoma associated protein-2 (IA-2) are well established in Type 1 diabetes (T1D) panels. Detecting their levels is clinically diagnostic of T1D. Sensitive detections are particularly important for providing predictive and screening values. Herein, we demonstrate the multiplexed detection of them using the label-free optical sensors. As low as 0.05 U/ml of three autoantibodies can be readily detect in serum, more sensitive than the available commercial ELISA kit.
CO 2 Adsorption and Oxidative Degradationof Silica-Supported Branched and Linear Aminosilanes

An array of aminosilanes is synthesized and grafted onto a mesoporous silica support to evaluate the effect of aminosilane structure on CO2 adsorption and oxidative stability. Both linear (NH2(CH2)...
US Firearm-Related Mortality: National, State, And Population Trends, 1999-2017.

Nationwide firearm-related mortality rates increased in 2015–17 after remaining relatively stable in 1999–2014. Recent increases are reflected across most states and demographics to varying degrees...
Screen-printed soft triboelectric nanogenerator with porous PDMS and stretchable PEDOT:PSS electrode

The recent development on wearable and stretchable electronics calls for skin conformable power sources that are beyond current battery technologies. Among the many novel energy devices being explored, triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) made from intrinsically stretchable materials has a great potential to meet the above requirement as being both soft and efficient. In this paper, we present a lithography-free and low-cost TENG device comprising a porous-structured PDMS layer and a stretchable PEDOT:PSS electrode. The porous PDMS structure is formed by using self-assembled polystyrene beads as the sacrificial template and it is highly ordered with great uniformity and high structural stability under compression force. Moreover, the porous PDMS TENG exhibits improved output voltage and current of 1.65 V and 0.54 nA compared to its counterpart with non-porous PDMS with 0.66 V and 0.34 nA. The effect of different loading force and frequency on the output response of the TENG device has also been studied. This work could shed light on diverse structural modification methods for improving the performance of PDMS-based TENG and the development of intrinsically stretchable TENG for wearable device applications.
A Bayesian hierarchical model for related densities by using Pólya trees

Bayesian hierarchical models are used to share information between related samples and to obtain more accurate estimates of sample level parameters, common structure and variation between samples. When the parameter of interest is the distribution or density of a continuous variable, a hierarchical model for continuous distributions is required. Various such models have been described in the literature using extensions of the Dirichlet process and related processes, typically as a distribution on the parameters of a mixing kernel. We propose a new hierarchical model based on the Polya tree, which enables direct modelling of densities and enjoys some computational advantages over the Dirichlet process. The Polya tree also enables more flexible modelling of the variation between samples, providing more informed shrinkage and permitting posterior inference on the dispersion function, which quantifies the variation between sample densities. We also show how the model can be extended to cluster samples in situations where the observed samples are believed to have been drawn from several latent populations.
Assessing the Effects of a Paired TBL Session and Patient Simulation on Pharmacy Student HIV Treatment Knowledge.

Description of the Problem: Pharmacists can play a crucial role in monitoring, counseling, and providing adherence checks across practice pharmacy settings; but they may not gain experience in this area until after graduating from pharmacy school. Statement of Innovation: Students participated in an intentionally aligned team-based learning session followed by completion of an HIV patient treatment worksheet and an HIV patient care simulation. This sequence was assessed using the HIV Treatment Knowledge Scale. Description of the Innovation: Second-year pharmacy students (N=48, 98% response rate) participated in a baseline knowledge assessment before a four-hour HIV team-based learning (TBL) session, which included the use of an online HIV Patient Management Simulator. Students were administered the scale again post-session. Three days before the simulation, students had access to an HIV patient treatment worksheet that was required to be completed before the simulation. Ten days after the initial assessment, students participated in an HIV patient simulation where they proposed a new antiretroviral plan while also addressing monitoring, barriers, and maximizing adherence for the patient. Post-simulation, students were again administered the scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon and paired t-tests, as appropriate. Critical Analysis: A total of 48 second-year pharmacy students participated. HIV knowledge increased significantly post-TBL (p < 0.001). Post-simulation, scores improved, but not significantly (p = 0.291). Knowledge on 15 of the 21 items on the HIV Treatment Knowledge Scale significantly improved from pre-TBL to post-simulation (p ≤ 0.025). Next Steps: Future investigation should focus on the impact that HIV simulation training has on skills, abilities, confidence, and empathy.
Isolated Active-Clamped SEPIC PFC Converter Based on SiC Devices and Integrated Magnetics

An isolated active-clamped SEPIC PFC converter based on SiC devices and integrated magnetics is presented. Multiple advantageous features are achieved with a single integrated four-winding magnetic structure, including zero voltage switching (ZVS) for the SiC MOSFETs, isolated output, lossless clamp for the output diode and ripple steering for the input inductor current. Power density is significantly improved by integrating the input inductor with the isolation transformer. Input current ripple reduction can be achieved by adjusting the leakage inductances. A fourth winding together with a low cost, low current rating diode is used to suppress the resonance induced by the parasitic capacitance of the output diode and to clamp the peak voltage across the output diode. With the integrated magnetic structure (IMS), the favorable features of the SiC devices are exploited and their parasitics induced adverse impact is reduced. The performance of the converter with the IMS is verified with a 1.5kW prototype switching at 200 kHz. The power density of the converter is increased by 21% compared to the converter with discrete magnetics.
Principals’ Sensemaking of Leading Under Accountability And Innovation Policies

U.S. federal policies No Child Left Behind and Race to the Top resulted in a policy overlap that created unique challenges and opportunities for administrators. This study examined principals’ perc...
OKG-Soft: An Open Knowledge Graph with Machine Readable Scientific Software Metadata

Scientific software is crucial for understanding, reusing and reproducing results in computational sciences. Software is often stored in code repositories, which may contain human readable instructions necessary to use it and set it up. However, a significant amount of time is usually required to understand how to invoke a software component, prepare data in the format it requires, and use it in combination with other software. In this paper we introduce OKG-Soft, an open knowledge graph that describes scientific software in a machine readable manner. OKG-Soft includes: 1) an ontology designed to describe software and the specific data formats it uses; 2) an approach to publish software metadata as an open knowledge graph, linked to other Web of Data objects; and 3) a framework to annotate, query, explore and curate scientific software metadata. OKG-Soft supports the FAIR principles of findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reuse for software. We demonstrate the benefits of OKG-Soft with two applications: a browser for understanding scientific models in the environmental and social sciences, and a portal to combine climate, hydrology, agriculture, and economic software models.
Chapter 16 – Particle Accelerators

This chapter describes the sources − accelerators − that can be used to obtain energetic charged particles, and secondarily neutrons and photons, that can induce nuclear reactions or chemical changes. Thus we include various accelerators for producing beams of charged particles as well as targets for neutron production. Electrons can be accelerated by the same principles as positive ions but in the following paragraphs we will focus on the acceleration of positive ions because these are more useful for nuclear reactions. Although accelerators can be used to produce neutrons, a more copious neutron source is the nuclear reactor, see Chapter 19. Small neutron sources, consisting of the spontaneous fissioning nuclide 252Cf or of mixtures of elements like radium and beryllium in which nuclear transmutations (mostly (α,n)-reactions) produce neutrons, are discussed in § 10.5.
Advancing real-time flood prediction in large estuaries: iFLOOD a fully coupled surge-wave automated web-based guidance system

Abstract Real-time flood forecasting computational frameworks that can dynamically integrate oceanic, coastal and estuarine processes are becoming essential to provide accurate and timely information for emergency response and planning in largely populated estuaries during extreme events. This study presents a newly developed real-time total water flood guidance system that is fully automated based on the coupled surge-wave (ADCIRC + SWAN) model and provides water level forecasts in the Chesapeake Bay for a lead-time of 84 h twice a day displayed on a web-based public interface. This system improved the current total water level predictions in the Bay (RMSE
Perceptions and Preparedness: Preservice Music Educators and Popular Music Teaching Skills:

The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions of undergraduate music education majors regarding the skills needed to teach popular music classes, and their comfort level with those skill...
Management of Relapsed and Refractory ALL

Management of relapsed and/or refractory (R/R) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) presents a challenge given the poor response to salvage chemotherapy historically and seldom durable responses. There is an urgent need for novel treatment strategies. Over the past several years, the novel immune-based therapies targeting several surface antigens, including CD19, CD20, and CD22 expressed on B-lymphoblasts have demonstrated encouraging results in R/R ALL. These therapies have changed the treatment paradigm. The optimal use of these agents remains to be determined. In this chapter, we will discuss the current treatment landscape for adult patients with R/R ALL.
Is the patient infected with SARS-CoV-2?

The US Food and Drug Administration currently uses the nasopharyngeal swab specimen as the reference standard for evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 assays. We propose that the patient-infected status algorithm is a superior way to classify whether an individual is infected or not infected.
Sexual Identity, Sexual Behavior and Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in Black Cisgender Sexual Minority Men: The N2 Cohort Study in Chicago

This study investigated sexual identity and behavior and their potential associations with PrEP use and attitudes in cisgender Black gay and bisexual men. A total of N = 173 (mean age 25.2) participants from the Neighborhoods and Networks (N2) Study in Chicago were included. Of these, 104 were gay-identified and reported sex with men only (GSMO), 26 were gay-identified and reported sex with men and women (GSMW), 8 were bisexual-identified and reported sex with men only (BSMO), and 35 were bisexual-identified and reported sex with men and women (BSMW). Reporting sex with men and women in the past 6 months, RR = 0.39, 95% CI [0.17, 0.89], identifying as bisexual, RR = 0.52, 95% CI [0.29, 0.92], and the combination of the two, RR = 0.24, 95% CI [0.07, 0.76] were significantly associated with lower rates of current oral PrEP use. Black bisexual-identifying men who reported sex with men and women were significantly more likely to have discontinued oral PrEP, RR = 2.50, 95% CI [1.14, 5.50], than Black gay-identified men who reported sex with men only. Participants who had not used oral PrEP before reported lower levels of interest in long-acting injectable PrEP than those who were currently using oral PrEP, RR = 0.56, 95% CI [0.40, 0.79]. No other significant differences were found. Overlooking the combination of sexual identity and behavior may mischaracterize PrEP rates and miss uniquely vulnerable subgroups. Black gay and bisexual men who had not used oral PrEP may be particularly disinterested in long-acting injectable PrEP.
A Preliminary Study of Nursing Practice Patterns Concerning Dysphagia Diet Modification: Implications for Interprofessional Education With SLPs

Purpose Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) are trained to evaluate and treat dysphagia. One treatment method is to modify diet consistency or viscosity to compensate for swallowing dysfunction and...
A knowledge-based approach to using efficiency estimation in program synthesis

This paper describes a system for using efficiency knowledge in program synthesis. The system, called LIBRA, uses a combination of Knowledge-based rules and algebraic cost estimates to compare potential program implementations. Efficiency' Knowledge is used to control the selection of algorithm and data structure implementations and the application of optimizing transformations. Prototypes of programming constructs and of cost estimation techniques are used to simplify the efficiency analysis process and to assist in the acquisition of efficiency Knowledge associatod with new coding Knowledge. LIBRA has been used to guide the selection of implementations for several programs that classify, retrieve information, sort, and generate prime numbers.
Sir John Coxe Hippisley: That "Busy Man" in the Cause of Catholic Emancipation

The late 18th and early 19th centuries represent a critical time for the emergence of modernity in western political life. Of particular interest is the confluence at that time of increased religious toleration with political reform. Research for an earlier study, Parliamentary Politics of a County and its Town: General Elections in Suffolk and Ipswich in the Eighteenth Century (Westport, 2002), led to an examination of Sir John Coxe Hippisley, MP (1747�1825). In many ways, his political career is an exemplar of the broader conflicts of contemporary English political life writ small. Set between 1790 and 1818, Hippisley's parliamentary career is fascinating, for while he was an active and precocious supporter of catholic emancipation, he represented Sudbury in Suffolk, a borough with a high proportion of protestant dissenters. His constituents found Hippisley's enthusiasm for catholic emancipation repugnant, but not so much so that they could not be convinced to continue to vote for him if the price was right. Consequently a constant and expensive wooing of his constituents marked his parliamentary career. On a national level, Hippisley's constant and public pursuit of catholic emancipation, coupled with his equally avid quest for preferment, led to a series of quixotic contradictions in his political behaviour. Hippisley and his political adventures thus represent a crucial development stage in the movement for religious freedom in England and the west, as well as providing an illuminating case study on the dynamics of local politics in the time leading up to the first great age of reform.
THEORIZING WEB 2.0

This article explores the conceptual problems surrounding popular definitions of Web 2.0 and proposes an alternative approach to understanding the cultural dimension of Web 2.0. Drawing parallels between the discursive and analytical challenges of Web 2.0 and online communities, this article suggests that a theoretical framework, based on Bourdieu's theory of field and habitus, can be applied to theorizing Web 2.0 sites. This framework re-conceives websites as structured spaces that interact with given dispositions, or modes of engagement, that make users' practice and participation meaningful. Applying this framework, an analysis of online communities and their evolution from 1998 to 2004 demonstrates a shift in community fields that suggests an increasing tendency towards personalist modes of engagement.
Using thermodynamic impact for detecting refrigerant leaks in vapor compression equipment

A technique for detecting refrigerant leaks by utilizing their impact on the thermodynamic states of the vapor compression cycle is described. Simulation and laboratory experiments were performed to determine which of 7 inexpensive measurements contribute significantly to detection confidence. Experimental results show that suction line superheat and liquid line subcooling are the minimum measurements needed to detect and isolate refrigerant leaks from the other faults considered and provides 99.9% detection confidence with 5.5% charge loss. The addition of a hot gas line temperature sensor improves performance by allowing a 4.3% loss of charge to be detected with the same confidence. Adding more measurements did not enable smaller leaks to be detected.
Criterios de calidad de una buena práctica para la aplicación de las TIC a nivel de institución

El articulo presenta una lista de criterios de calidad para una buena practica en la aplicacion de las TIC en instituciones latinoamericanas. La reflexion se hace a partir de los resultados de una consulta a expertos en los cursos escolares 2008-2009 y 2009-2010 entre profesores, investigadores y lideres de educacion de America Latina y el Caribe. Las respuestas, comentarios y sugerencias permitieron la elaboracion de un documento de trabajo como evidencia exploratoria al estudio experimental aun en proceso sobre nuevos ambientes de aprendizajes.
Stolen Husbands, Foreign Wives: Mixed Marriage, Identity Formation, and Gender in Colonial Egypt, 1909-1923

This paper explores the multiple ways in which Egyptian women and men conceptualized mixed marriage between Egyptian men and European women from 1909 to 1923. It argues that mixed marriage in colonial Egypt was a contested site of national identity formation that attracted the growing attention of writers. The debates on mixed marriage provide convincing evidence of the political and cultural anxieties which often underwrote experiments in colonial modernity. I aim to situate mixed marriage—where these anxieties particularly coalesced—as a place in which notions of colonial modernity were produced and reproduced as a condition for the enlightenment and progress of the Egyptian nation and its citizens, most notably its women. As the sources make clear, tensions about marriage between Egyptian men and European women evolved out of the particular circumstances of the British occupation. These anxieties coalesced particularly in critiques that often portrayed mixed marriage as endangering the marital futures of Egyptian women, and the political and cultural identities of mixed marriage offspring, the family, and the Egyptian nation by extension. An analysis of these debates will reveal that mixed marriage was often portrayed as an impediment—and sometimes as a facilitator—to Egypt's path of modernity. I argue that these writers used mixed marriage to critique Egyptian men's and women's gendered roles as fathers, husbands, mothers, and wives. In doing so, they aimed to construct a new vision of the family and society as sites of modernity where the Egyptian colony could reform and prove to be 'modern' and, thus, worthy of political independence.
Adolescent suicide attempters: post‐attempt course and implications for treatment

The empirical literature on the follow-up outcome of adolescents following a suicide attempt is reviewed. Findings on eventual completed suicide, repeat attempts, and general psychological functioning are summarized. This group of adolescents is noteworthy for their poor compliance with outpatient treatment following a suicide attempt. Studies designed to enhance treatment compliance with these adolescents are reviewed. Finally, the small literature on empirical treatment trials with adolescent suicide attempters is reviewed. Clinical implications for the management of the acute suicidal crises and the psychotherapy of these adolescents are presented. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Giving circles : Growing grassroots philanthropy

Giving circles entail individuals pooling money and other resources and then deciding together where to give these away. More than this, they educate members about community issues, engage members in voluntary efforts, provide social opportunities, and maintain independence from any particular charity. This article reports on an exploratory study of giving circles in the United States, addressing the questions: What are giving circles and their impacts and how are they unique to the new philanthropy environment? The article concludes by discussing the implications of the giving circle movement for philanthropic and nonprofit professionals.
Quantum transport in indium nitride nanowires

Transport measurements are performed under the variations of temperature and magnetic field on single crystalline InN nanowires. Conduction at low temperature reveals a three-dimensional Mott variable range hopping mechanism. With rising temperature, a semiconductor-to-metal transition is observed around 80 K. In addition, the nanowire exhibits negative magnetoresistance under both parallel and perpendicular fields due to the suppression of the electron wave function interference. A field direction asymmetry on the change of magnetoresistance is examined, attributing to the conduction channel anisotropy.
SUBADIABATIC AND SUPERADIABATIC PERFORMANCE OF A TWO-SECTION POROUS BURNER

ABSTRACT Flames may be stabilized in porous media at velocities either above or below the laminar flame speed. These two regimes are often called superadiabatic and subadiabatic, respectively. In this paper, several burners are investigated experimentally at both superadiabatic and subadiabatic conditions. The upper and lower velocity limits of stable combustion are reported. For equivalence ratios of 0.70 and below, both sub- and superadiabatic performance was seen. For both sub- and superadiabatic performance, the flame was stabilized at or near the interface between the upstream and downstream sections of porous media. The lower velocity limit for superadiabatic performance was extinction of the flame. The upper limit for superadiabatic performance was blowoff, which occurred for all burners at a flow velocity several times the adiabatic laminar flame speed, a phenomenon which is attributed to heat recirculation within the porous media. For equivalence ratios above 0.70, only subadiabatic performance w...
Fluids with Several Phase Transitions

For a fluid in which the interaction potential has a hard core plus a negative part, softening of the hard core can produce a second transition if a first already exists. We give a general argument for the occurrence of the second transition in the lattice gas, plus explicit results for one-dimensional fluid models with two first-order transitions. One such model also provides an example of the breakdown of the law of rectilinear diameters.
Automated assembly of flip-up micromirrors

Abstract Batch fabrication of microelectromechanical systems utilizing flip-up microstructures is limited by the manual assembly process required to lift the structures off the substrate. This problem is solved with the use of an automated assembly system integrated on the die with the flipup structures. A microelectromechanical automated assembly system consisting of a vertical thermal actuator, a linear assembly micromotor, and a self-engaging locking mechanism is presented in this paper. The vertical thermal actuator is used to lift one end of the plate off the substrate. This provides the linear assembly micromotor with the leverage needed to push the plate up into a position where the self-engaging locking mechanism secures the plate. A CMOS drive system has been developed to control the automated assembly system. When combined with the automated assembly system, CMOS control allows flip-up microstructures to be assembled without any operator intervention. The automated assembly system is demonstrated with a scanning micromirror and a corner cube reflector.
Optical speckle angular correlation and fractal property of a composite of cancer/normal cell layers with application for laboratory monitoring of drug efficacy

Breast cancer cells and normal cells were grown on glass substrates and investigated via laser generated speckles. The optical speckle pattern of a layer was investigated via angular correlation and fractal dimension analysis. A porous silicate slab with various water contents was used as calibration. The angular correlation and its associated Fourier transform results were consistent with the property of the cells. The speckle intensity data can be treated as a random series and the Higuchi method was used to explore the fractal property of the random series. The fractal dimension results differentiated the cancer cells (fractal dimension about 1.5) from the normal cells (fractal dimension about 1.8). The Fourier transformed series showed fractal dimension results consistent with cell functions. A composite of breast cancer/normal cell matrix was built with cancer cell layers embedded within normal cell layers. The optical speckle pattern of a composite was investigated and computer modeling was used to extract the embedded cancer cell fractal dimension information. The measurement of the efficacy of a drug was simulated with the monitoring of the effect of added chemicals in the growth media. Laboratory optical speckle pattern monitoring of the effect of added chemicals was discussed. The extension for early cancer detection in mammography was also discussed and an example of the application of the anisotropic spatial variation of the fractal dimension via the Higuchi fractal method was presented.
The Toxicologic Interactions Resulting from Inhalation of Carbon Black and Acrolein on Pulmonary Antibacterial and Antiviral Defenses

The goal of this study was to investigate whether coexposures to carbon black and acrolein result in a toxicologic interaction having effects on lung defenses against infectious agents. This aim was accomplished through in vivo studies with inhalation challenges of infectious agents that probe the functional integrity of the multicomponent system that comprises the integrated defenses of the lungs. Staphylococcus aureus was used for the alveolar macrophage (AM) surveillance phagocytic system, Proteus mirabilis for the dual phagocytic system composed of AMs and inflammatory polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), Listeria monocytogenes for the lymphokine-mediated arm of the acquired cellular immune response, and influenza A virus for the cytotoxic T-cell-mediated effector mechanism of cellular immunity. Exposures of Swiss mice to target concentrations of 10 mg/m3 of carbon black and 2.5 ppm acrolein for 4 hr/day for 4 days suppressed the intrapulmonary killing of S. aureus a day after exposure with a return to control levels by Day 7. In contrast, the coexposure enhanced the intrapulmonary killing of P. mirabilis which correlated with a significant increase in accessory phagocytic PMNs recovered from the lungs. Combined exposure to carbon black and acrolein also resulted in impaired elimination of L. monocytogenes and influenza A virus from the lungs. Neither exposure to carbon black alone nor exposure to acrolein alone had any effect on the functional integrity of lung defenses against the four infectious agents. These data demonstrate the effects of the toxicologic interaction of coexposures to an inert particle and acrolein on innate and acquired defenses of the lungs. The mechanism for the enhanced biologic effect may be that the carbon black particle acts as a carrier mechanism for acrolein to the deep lung.
Kierkegaard: What does the subjective individual risk?

In Part I of this paper, I examine a confusion concerning Kierkegaard's epistemology and its relation to his distinction between objective and subjective truth. This examination reveals the way in which the question of 'risk' associated with the subjective arises in the context of the objective/subjective distinction for Kierkegaard. In Part II, I ask: 'What does the subjective individual risk?
Flow cytometric analyses of lectin binding to rat alveolar macrophages

The binding characteristics of ten FITC-labeled plant lectins (Con-A, MPA, BPA, PNA, WGA, SBA, UEA-I, DBA, GS-I, GS-II) to lavaged rat alveolar macrophages were assessed by flow cytometry. The alveolar macrophages (AM) were incubated with varying concentrations of each lectin in a pinocytosis-inhibiting buffer. In addition to measuring lectin-associated green fluorescence, the electronic cell volumes and axial light loss characteristics of the AM were also measured flow cytometrically. These latter parameters were found to be good indicators of cell agglutination caused by some of the lectins, and, in conjunction with green fluorescence measurements, usefully serve to determine optimal or nonagglutinating lectin concentrations for flow cytometric studies. With the exception of UEA-I, all of the lectins examined bound to AM, although a wide range of binding was observed among the lectins. At subagglutinating concentrations, Con A, MPA, BPA, PNA, WGA, SBA, and GS-I bound to the AM with unimodal patterns. Histograms of lectin-associated fluorescence intensity obtained with DBA clearly presented a pattern consistent with a more complex, bimodal distribution of labeled AM, suggesting the presence of at least two subset populations. The low-intensity distribution of AM represented congruent to 70% of the cells, while the more strongly labeled subset represented congruent to 15% of the parent AM population. The remaining balance of the AM was identified as another subpopulation by the failure to detectably bind to the DBA. While GS-II bound to all of the AM, this lectin labeled about 5% of the cells much more intensely than the bulk of the population. Thus, two subset populations of AM could be resolved according to their differing avidities for the GS-II lectin.
WITHDRAWN: A Role for Endocytic Cycling in Hyphal Growth

Available online. This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy .
Evaluation of the release of mutagens from diesel particles in the presence of physiological fluids

The Ames Salmonella typhimurium plate incorporation assay was used to evaluate the mutagenicity of organics extracted from diesel exhaust particles. Organic solvents were more efficient than physiological fluids in removing mutagens from diesel particles, with dichloromethane extracts having the greatest mutagenic activity of the solvents examined. Serum and lung cytosol were more effective than acellular lung lavage fluid in releasing mutagenic activity from diesel particles. The mutagenic activity of diesel particle organics preextracted with dichloromethane is greatly reduced upon the addition of serum and lung cytosol to organics. Subsequently, incubation of protease with serum and lung cytosol-bound diesel organics increases the mutagenic activity. Fluorescence intensity was quantitated and found to correlate with mutagenic activity in the organic and serum extracts, but not the lung cytosol extracts. These studies suggest that substantial mutagenic activity is released from diesel particles upon incubation with serum and lung cytosol.
Microencapsulation of oil droplets by aerosol techniques—I. Metal oxide coatings

Abstract The solubility and reactivity of titanium and aluminum alkoxides in dodecane, diesel oil and distillation fractions of the latter are reported. When solutions of alkoxide in oil are nebulized and the thus formed droplets reacted with water vapor, metal oxide microcapsules form around the oil solvent and have morphologies and porosities dependent on reaction conditions.
Oxidative Addition of N−C and N−H Bonds to Zerovalent Nickel, Palladium, and Platinum

Reactions of chelating pincer-type PNP ligands based on the bis(ortho-phosphinoaryl)amine substructure and containing either an N−H (PN(H)P, 1) or N−Me (PN(Me)P, 2) central moiety with group 10 complexes have been explored. Reactions with MCl2 (MCl2 = NiCl2, (COD)PdCl2, (COD)PtCl2, COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) proceed readily with the loss of either HCl or MeCl and the formation of (PNP)MCl (7) where PNP is an anionic, meridional amido-PNP ligand. Alkylation of (PNP)MeCl with MeMgCl gives (PNP)MMe (9), and reaction of (PNP)MCl with excess NaBH4 provides (PNP)MH (8). (PNP)MH (8) compounds react with CDCl3 to regenerate (PNP)MCl (7). The transformations 7 → 8 → 7 → 9 are sluggish for M = Pt compared with M = Ni or Pd. Solid-state structures of (PNP)PdH (8b-Pd) and (PNP)PdMe (9b-Pd) were determined. The environment about Pd in either structure is approximately square planar with a meridional amido-PNP ligand. Reactions of 1 and 2 with LnM0 (Ln = (COD)2, (PPh3)4, (PBut3)2) proceed in some cases via N−H or N−C ox...
Alternating zinc fingers in the human male associated protein ZFY: refinement of the NMR structure of an even finger by selective deuterium labeling and implications for DNA recognition.

ZFY, a male-associated Zn-finger protein encoded by the human Y chromosome, exhibits a distinctive two-finger repeat: whereas odd-numbered domains fit a general consensus, even-numbered domains exhibit systematic differences. Do these odd and even sequences encode structurally distinct surfaces for DNA recognition? As a first step toward answering this question, we have recently described the sequential 1H NMR assignment of a representative nonconsensus Zn finger (designated ZFY-6T) based on 2D NMR studies of a 30-residue peptide [Kochoyan, M., Havel, T.F., Nguyen, D.T., Dahl, C.E., Keutmann, H. T., & Weiss, M.A. (1991) Biochemistry 30, 3371-3386]. Initial structural modeling by distance geometry/simulated annealing (DG/SA) demonstrated that this peptide retained the N-terminal beta-hairpin and C-terminal alpha-helix (beta beta alpha motif) observed in consensus Zn fingers. However, the precision of this initial structure was limited by resonance overlap, which led to ambiguities in the assignment of key NOEs in the hydrophobic core. In this paper these ambiguities are resolved by selective deuterium labeling, enabling a refined structure to be calculated by DG/SA and restrained molecular dynamics. These calculations provide a detailed view of the hydrophobic core and protein surface, which are analyzed in reference to previously characterized Zn fingers. Variant (even) and consensus (odd) aromatic residues Y10 and F12, shown in an "aromatic swap" analogue to provide equivalent contributions to the hydrophobic core [Weiss, M.A., & Keutmann, H.T. (1990) Biochemistry 29, 9808-9813], nevertheless exhibit striking differences in packing interactions: Y10--but not F12--contributes to a contiguous region of the protein surface defined by putative specificity-determining residues. Alternating surface architectures may have implications for the mechanism of DNA recognition by the ZFY two-finger repeat.
Intermediate-term patency of upper arm arteriovenous fistulae for hemodialysis access in children.

Abstract Purpose The goal of this study was to estimate the 2-year cumulative thrombosis-free survival of basilic vein transposition (BVT) and brachiocephalic fistulae in children. Methods All children who underwent BVT or brachiocephalic fistula construction at a tertiary care children's hospital from June 2001 to July 2006 were reviewed. Kaplan-Meier analysis, log-rank test, and proportional hazards regression were done. Results Sixteen children (7 girls) with inadequate forearm veins underwent creation of 18 fistulae (12 BVT, 6 brachiocephalic). Median age was 14 (9-19) years. Mean (±SE) operative times for BVT and brachiocephalic fistulae were 3.4 (± 0.6) hours and 1.9 (±0.4) hours, respectively. The overall 2-year cumulative survival rate was 74% (BVT, 66%; brachiocephalic fistula, 83%). Four fistulae failed (1 brachiocephalic, 3 BVT) and 14 fistulae were censored (5, patent fistula; 4, renal transplantation; 2, unrelated death; 1, elective conversion to peritoneal dialysis; 1, surgical ligation of fistula; 1, lost to follow-up). Of 18 fistulae, 6 underwent additional interventions (4, percutaneous angioplasty; 2, surgical thrombectomy). There were no significant differences in survival times based on fistula type, prior transplant status, age, or operative time. Conclusions Brachiocephalic and BVT fistulae create reliable hemodialysis access for children who have inadequate forearm veins to allow construction of more distal fistulae.
Observation of a possible neutral sheet in the corona

A linear coronal ray, centered on a large helmet, is prominent in white-light photographs taken at the 1922 eclipse. It extends from near the limb to 4 R⊙, has minimum width 9″ arc, and persisted for at least 35 min. Examination reveals that the ray marks the cleavage between the domes of a twin-arch streamer which in turn is associated with two large, distinct chromospheric active regions. The ray is interpreted as the edge-on aspect of a coronal neutral sheet which separates areas of presumed opposite magnetic polarity in the two surface regions.
Giant blocks in the South Kona landslide, Hawaii

A large field of blocky sea-floor hills, up to 10 km long and 500 m high, are gigantic slide blocks derived from the west flank of Mauna Loa volcano on the island of Hawaii. These megablocks are embedded in the toe of the South Kona landslide, which extends ∼80 km seaward from the present coastline to depths of nearly 5 km. A 10–15-km-wide belt of numerous, smaller, 1–3-km-long slide blocks separates the area of giant blocks from two submarine benches at depths of 2600 and 3700 m depth that terminate seaward 20 to 30 km from the shoreline. Similar giant blocks are found on several other major submarine Hawaiian landslides, including those north of Oahu and Molokai, but the South Kona blocks are the first to be examined in detail using high-resolution bathymetry, dredging, and submersible diving. Dredging of two of the giant blocks brought up pillowed tholeiitic lava. Observations from the U.S. Navy submersible Sea Cliff on the asymmetrically steep eastern flank of one block 10 km long and 300 m high revealed a succession of fractured massive basalt, laminar lava flows, hyaloclastite, and pillow lavas. Chemical analyses of dredged lava identified 19 units that overlap compositionally with lavas from the south rift-zone ridge of Mauna Loa. Sulfur content indicates that most of the lavas were erupted in subaerial and shallow submarine (