cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extreme co-movements and extreme impacts in high frequency data in finance

Abstract Extreme co-movement and extreme impact problems are inherently stochastic control problems, since they will influence the decision taken today and ultimately influence a decision taken in the future. Extreme co-movements among financial assets have been reported in the literature. However, extreme impacts have not been carefully studied yet. In this paper, we use the newly developed methodology to further explore extreme co-movements and extreme impacts in financial market. Particularly, two FX spot rates are studied. Based on the results of our analysis with FX returns, we conclude that there exist extreme co-movements and extreme impacts in FX returns and care has to be taken when we employ portfolio optimization models, especially models without the ability of handling extreme dependencies.
Rheological Study on the Fractal Nature of the Protein Gel Structure

The effects of ionic strength on fractal structures in heat-induced gels prepared from globular proteins were investigated in the framework of a fractal aggregation of colloidal particles. All gels formed at 90 °C exhibited power law relationships between the storage shear modulus (G‘) and protein concentration. At 25 mM NaCl, the fractal dimension, d (∼2.2), calculated based on the value of the power law exponent agreed with those for reaction-limited cluster−cluster aggregation. Further addition of NaCl (50, 80, 500, 1000 mM) decreased the values of d (∼1.8), which agreed with d for diffusion-limited cluster−cluster aggregation. These results suggest that the predominant effect of an increase in ionic strength on globular protein gelation is ascribed to shielding charges on the surface of the proteins, thereby increasing the reaction probability of protein aggregation. The effective structure-determining rheological properties of heat-induced protein gels are characterized by fractal dimensions deduced ...
Investigating the ‘‘Why’’ in Whypox: Casual and Systematic Explorations of a Virtual Epidemic

Learning scientists have created and used virtual worlds to support players’ historical, scientific, and ecological inquiries. Much less explored has been the impact of community events on players’ investigations in virtual worlds. The authors present here the case of a community event Whypox, a virtual epidemic whose annual outbreak in Whyville affects players’ communication and appearance. The authors analyze the different levels of participation ranging from casual to systematic in which players searched out more information about the Whypox, participated in online discussions about its causes and investigated different scenarios with simulations. The discussion examines ethical concerns, the contributions of our findings for the design of such community events, and educational resources in virtual worlds to support informal learning.
Genetic Variability of Elemental Concentration in Winter Wheat Straw

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) occupied 79% of the Pacific Northwest (PNW) total acreage devoted to wheat production in 2007 and represented the foundation of many agricultural enterprises in this region. Straw produced as a co-product of the grain crop has potential as a feedstock for bioenergy production, but certain elements, including silicon (Si) and alkalis, that are characteristic of cereal straws restrict their use in thermochemical technologies. Little is known about genotypic differences in the elemental content among PNW winter wheat cultivars or the amount of macro- and micronutrients removed by straw harvest. In this study, the concentrations of Si and 19 other elements in straw harvested from 20 wheat cultivars grown at three locations in Oregon were quantified. There was significant genetic variability in the concentration of certain elements among these cultivars, and location affected the element accumulation. The Si content varied 3-fold, ranging from 10 604 to 30 903 mg kg−1. On av...
Infrared and raman spectra, vibrational assignment and barriers to internal rotation for methyldisilylamine

Abstract The Raman spectra of gaseous and liquid (SiH 3 ) 2 NCH 3 and (SiH 3 ) 2 NCD 3 have been recorded to within 10 cm −1 of the exciting line. The IR spectra of (SiH 3 ) 2 NCH 3 and (SiH 3 ) 2 NCD 3 have been recorded from 80 cm −1 to 3800 cm −1 in the gaseous state, and from 80 cm −1 to 450 cm −1 in the solid state. A vibrational assignment has been made, and from the low-frequency vibrational data, an upper limit of 3.3 kcal mol −1 was calculated for the barrier to internal rotation of the silyi groups, whereas a barrier of ~450 cal was calculated for internal rotation of the methyl group. It is concluded that there exists a significantly strong d π — p π interaction in methyldisilylamine.
Interactions and Interiors of the Coastal Chumash

Abstract Incorporating landscape archaeology and Chumash ethnohistory, we consider some lesser known facets of inter-village interaction in the northern California Bight. Utilizing the concepts of taskscapes, places, routes, and viewsheds, we evaluate archaeological data sets from Santa Cruz Island and the Oxnard Plain on the adjacent mainland. In particular, we discuss how travel routes and the distribution of resources, of both land and sea, were facilitated and/or controlled through site placement, intermarriage, and ceremonial integration. Although emphasis is placed on the Late Period (A.D. 1300-1782), it is also necessary to situate these interpretations within the broader context of middle (4500-1500 B.C.) and late Holocene settlement (1500 B.C.-present). In the end, we argue that the interior places, land-based travel routes, and terrestrial resources of these coastal regions, as well as the demand for products from the mainland interior, were important and changing parts of Chumash exchange and i...
FOXJ1 Prevents Cilia Growth Inhibition by Cigarette Smoke in Human Airway Epithelium In Vitro

Airway epithelium ciliated cells play a central role in clearing the lung of inhaled pathogens and xenobiotics, and cilia length and coordinated beating are important for airway clearance. Based on in vivo studies showing that the airway epithelium of healthy smokers has shorter cilia than that of healthy nonsmokers, we investigated the mechanisms involved in cigarette smoke-mediated inhibition of ciliogenesis by assessing normal human airway basal cell differentiation in air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures in the presence of nontoxic concentrations of cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Measurements of cilia length from Day 28 ALI cultures demonstrated that CSE exposure was associated with shorter cilia (P < 0.05), reproducing the effect of cigarette smoking on cilia length observed in vivo. This phenotype correlated with a broad CSE-mediated suppression of genes involved in cilia-related transcriptional regulation, intraflagellar transport, cilia motility, structural integrity, and basal body development but not of control genes or epithelial barrier integrity. The CSE-mediated inhibition of cilia growth could be prevented by lentivirus-mediated overexpression of FOXJ1, the major cilia-related transcription factor, which led to partial reversal of expression of cilia-related genes suppressed by CSE. Together, the data suggest that components of cigarette smoke are responsible for a broad suppression of genes involved in cilia growth, but, by stimulating ciliogenesis with the transcription factor FOXJ1, it may be possible to maintain close to normal cilia length despite the stress of cigarette smoking.
Regions of extreme synonymous codon selection in mammalian genes

Recently there has been increasing evidence that purifying selection occurs among synonymous codons in mammalian genes. This selection appears to be a consequence of either cis-regulatory motifs, such as exonic splicing enhancers (ESEs), or mRNA secondary structures, being superimposed on the coding sequence of the gene. We have developed a program to identify regions likely to be enriched for such motifs by searching for extended regions of extreme codon conservation between homologous genes of related species. Here we present the results of applying this approach to five mammalian species (human, chimpanzee, mouse, rat and dog). Even with very conservative selection criteria, we find over 200 regions of extreme codon conservation, ranging in length from 60 to 178 codons. The regions are often found within genes involved in DNA-binding, RNA-binding or zinc-ion-binding. They are highly depleted for synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) but not for non-synonymous SNPs, further indicating that the observed codon conservation is being driven by negative selection. Forty-three percent of the regions overlap conserved alternative transcript isoforms and are enriched for known ESEs. Other regions are enriched for TpA dinucleotides and may contain conserved motifs/structures relating to mRNA stability and/or degradation. We anticipate that this tool will be useful for detecting regions enriched in other classes of coding-sequence motifs and structures as well.
Modeling and Numerical Simulation of Gaseous Flows in Micro Geometries

In this paper, our recent work in studying gaseous flow and heat transfer in micro geometries are summarized. Both continuum-based approaches and DSMC method is used to predict characteristics of micro flow in slip and transition flow regime. A new analytic solution for micro channel flow is proposed. The results in micro Couette flow, channel flow and backward facing step flow show that the rarefied flow in micro geometries exhibit unique and complicated behaviors. Our efforts in exploring the flow and heat transfer mechanism for micro gaseous flow are useful in broad engineering applications of micro mechanical devices and system.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Adhesive wear polishing of molybdenum alloy

Abstract Mechanical polishing of molybdenum alloy (0.5% Ti, 0.1% Zr) was investigated. The test specimens were 25-mm diameter spheres. Using conventional abrasive methods, the wear rate during polishing was too low to achieve the desired metallographic surface quality. The low abrasive wear rate was explained by the presence of a hard oxide film on the surface of the alloy. An alternative polishing method based on adhesive wear was developed.
Validation of a plasticity bond model for steel reinforcement

The validation of a plasticity model for bond between ribbed, steel bars and concrete is discussed. The model relates local slip and radial dilation to bond stress and radial confinement stress, i.e. it provides an interface characterization of the behaviour of a finite-thickness region around the bar—the bond zone. The validation study considers experimental results from six independent investigations. The specimens are all pull-out specimens but differ significantly in size and configuration. Models for each specimen, based on a single bond model calibration, reproduce the experimental results with acceptable accuracy. The response over the full range of slip and the mode of failure are examined. Some of the model's strengths, weaknesses, and potential improvements are discussed. For the most part, the models predicts the experimental bond strength within 20 per cent and exhibits the potential to predict both pull-out and splitting failures. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leptin stimulates Xenopus lung development: evolution in a dish

SUMMARY The transition from uni- to multicellular organisms required metabolic cooperativity through cell-cell interactions mediated by soluble growth factors. We have empirically demonstrated such an integrating mechanism by which the metabolic hormone leptin stimulates lung development, causing the thinning of the gas exchange surface and the obligate increase in lung surfactant synthesis. All of these processes have occurred both phylogenetically and developmentally during the course of vertebrate lung evolution from fish to man. Here we show the integrating effects of the environmentally sensitive, pleiotropic hormone leptin on the development of the Xenopus laevis tadpole lung. The process described in this study provides a mechanistically integrated link between the metabolic regulatory hormone leptin and its manifold downstream effects on a wide variety of physiologic structures and functions, including locomotion and respiration, the cornerstones of land vertebrate evolution. It provides physiologic selection pressure at multiple levels to progressively generate Gene Regulatory Networks both within and between organs, from cells to systems. This model provides a cipher for understanding the evolution of complex physiology.
Mid- and far-infrared absorption of alkali borate glasses and the limit of superionic conductivity

Transmission spectra of alkali borate glass films of known thickness have been studied as a function of film thickness in the frequency range 50–2000 cm−1, and the composition range 0–70 mol % Na2O. The apparent absorption coefficient of the Na+ ‘‘rattling’’ mode at ≊200 cm−1 becomes almost independent of film thickness for d>5 μ, implying that the absorption coefficient α of the bulk glass can be determined with reasonable accuracy. α proves to be a linear function of alkali oxide content. We use the value of α to estimate the ionic conductivity at infrared frequencies, and argue that this value establishes the theoretical maximum for superionic conductivity—it lies some 10 orders of magnitude above the ambient temperature conductivity of the high alkali glass. It is suggested that the peak value of the IR conductivity is connected to the ac conductivity of glass by a log σ(f) vs log f regime of unit slope [specifically σ/(S cm−1)=10−12.3f ] up to 100 GHz, followed by a short f2 regime. The mid‐IR spectr...
Lymphoid Organs for Peritoneal Cavity Immune Response: Milky Spots

Milky spots are located in the omentum of the peritoneal cavity and their classification as lymphoid organs has been debated. In this issue of Immunity, Rangel-Moreno et al. (2009) provide compelling data to consider them as unique secondary lymphoid organs.
K α x-ray satellite intensities with proton impact on Al to Fe at a fixed scaled velocity

The $K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ x-ray satellite intensities were measured with proton impact at a scaled velocity (relative to that of the $L$-shell electron) ${V}_{L}=2.1$ for $Z=13\ensuremath{-}20$ and ${V}_{L}=1.0$ for $Z=20\ensuremath{-}26$. The intensity ratios $\frac{{I}_{K,1L}}{{I}_{K,0L}}$ are found to be well characterized by multiple-Coulomb ionization predictions. Taking into account the fluorescence yields, the comparisons of the measured intensity ratio with the corresponding ratio of theoretical vacancy cross sections yield a set of empirical vacancy-rearrangement correction factors. Theoretical estimates of these factors based on the atomic transition rates of McGuire are in reasonable over-all agreement with the extracted values.
Analysis of interleaved end-notched flexure specimen for measuring mode II fracture toughness

Compliance and strain energy release rate of homogeneous and interleaved end-notched flexure specimens for mode II fracture characterization are investigated with shear deformation beam theory and finite element analysis. Interleaving refers to a thin layer of polymer film being placed at the midplane of the beam. Analytical results are correlated with numerical finite element results for a wide range of interleaf thicknesses. The finite element results revealed that the compliance and energy release rate remained virtually the same whether the crack was within the interlayer or between the interlayer and the composite. Furthermore, within the accuracy of the numerical modeling, the asymmetric crack configuration did not render the specimen mixed mode, (GI=0). Close agreement was observed between sandwich beam theory and finite element analysis.
Laser-ultrasonic detection of hidden corrosion in aircraft structure

Corrosion has been recognized as a serious problem in the maintenance of aging aircraft. The Industrial Materials Institute (IMI) has explored the use of laser-ultrasonics for the detection of hidden corrosion in metallic lap joint structures. For inspection with painted surfaces, IMI has shown that a resonance spectroscopy approach using a simple two-layer model can be used to determine the thickness of the paint layer and of the top metal skin. Validation of the model has been made using a test sample with a broad range of paint thickness. Once combined with a numerical inversion method, the model is used to produce a thickness map of the top metal skin from measured resonance frequencies. Results from standard samples with flat-bottom holes showed that the laser-ultrasonic technique could detect metal loss below 1%. The reliability of the method was also demonstrated on accelerated corrosion samples. Comparison to X-ray images showed that the laser-ultrasonic method presented a thickness map that had the same accuracy as the X-ray system without the need for dismantling the sample. These results indicated that laser-ultrasonics could be a useful tool not only to inspect aircraft during routine maintenance but also to provide valuable data in the study of corrosion inception and growth in lap joint structures.
Manufacturing outsourcing - can you get it right?

To reduce costs, many companies have focused on their core businesses while outsourcing all the rest. In line with this strategy, many well-known brands in the high-tech industry have outsourced most of their manufacturing. Although cost reduction may be a driver to outsource manufacturing, by no means should anyone just look at cost reduction in the definition of an outsourcing strategy. It affects the whole enterprise, its supply chain and its way of operation. This paper discusses the outsourcing framework at Hewlett Packard, and offers some tips for outsourcing.
Measuring Communication in the Surgical ICU: Better Communication Equals Better Care

Background The Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations reports that communication breakdowns are responsible for 85% of sentinel events in hospitals. Patients in surgical ICUs are the most vulnerable to communication errors. Fellows and residents are an integral part of the surgical ICU team, but little is known about resident–fellow communication and its impact on surgical ICU patient outcomes. The objective of this study is to describe resident–fellow patient care communication patterns in the surgical ICU and correlate established communication patterns with short-term outcomes. Study Design A prospective observational trial was conducted for 136 consecutive surgical ICU days. We evaluated resident–fellow communication of four cardiorespiratory events: hypotension, new arrhythmias, tachypnea, and desaturation. We prospectively defined three short-term outcomes: improved, not improved, and worse. An intervention was attempted to improve communication. Results Three hundred twelve events were collected (166 observational and 146 interventional). PGY3 residents covered approximately 60% of days in both phases. PGY3 residents were responsible for 73% of communication errors in the observational phase and 59% of communication errors in the interventional phase. Communication errors were more likely in the late shift (p Conclusions Communication errors occurred more frequently during the late shift. These communication errors were associated with worsened short-term outcomes. Improved communication in the surgical ICU is a fruitful target to improve clinical outcomes.
Excited-State Distortions and Electron Delocalization in Mixed-Valence Dimers: Vibronic Analysis of the Near-IR Absorption and Resonance Raman Profiles of [Fe(2)(OH)(3)(tmtacn)(2)](2+).

The near-IR transition associated with valence delocalization in the class III mixed-valence dimer [Fe(2)(OH)(3)(tmtacn)(2)](2+) is studied using variable-temperature (VT) electronic absorption and resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopies to gain insight into the properties of electron delocalization in this dimer. Laser excitation into this absorption band leads to dominant resonance Raman enhancement of totally-symmetric [Fe(2)(OH)(3)](2+) core vibrational modes at 316 and 124 cm(-)(1), descriptions of which are calculated from a normal coordinate analysis. Vibronic analysis of the near-IR resonance Raman excitation profiles and VT-absorption bandshapes using an anharmonic excited-state model provides a description of the geometric distortions accompanying this excitation. The excited-state distortion is dominated by expansion of the [Fe(2)(OH)(3)](2+) core along the Fe.Fe axis, reflecting the significant Fe-Fe sigma --> sigma character of this transition. The ground-state sigma-interaction between the two metals has been identified as the orbital pathway for valence delocalization, and the sigma --> sigma distortion analysis is used to quantify the structural dependence of the electronic-coupling matrix element, H(AB), associated with this pathway. The dominant role of totally-symmetric nuclear coordinates in the absorption and RR spectroscopies of [Fe(2)(OH)(3)(tmtacn)(2)](2+) is also discussed in relation to the Q(-) vibrational coordinate and the vibronic spectroscopies of other class II and class III mixed-valence dimers. It is shown that intensity contributions from the Q(-) coordinate to the absorption and RR spectra of [Fe(2)(OH)(3)(tmtacn)(2)](2+) are small relative to those of the totally-symmetric coordinates due to the inefficient change-in-curvature mechanism by which the Q(-) coordinate gains intensity, compared to the efficient excited-state displacement mechanism allowed for totally-symmetric coordinates. This is in contrast with the dominance of the Q(-) coordinate over other totally-symmetric coordinates observed in intervalence transfer (IT) absorption and RR spectroscopies of class II mixed-valence complexes.
Cigarette smoking among Asian American and Pacific Islander college students: implications for college health promotion.

Asian Americans (AA) and Pacific Islanders (PI) are an understudied population for health and tobacco use, which is alarming for a fast growing U.S. population. Research in smoking among AA and PI ...
Genetic analysis of two bacterial RNA polymerase mutants that inhibit the growth of bacteriophage T7

The Escherichia coli mutants 7009 and BR3 are defective in the growth of bacteriophage T7. We have previously shown that both of these mutant hosts produce an altered RNA polymerase which is resistant to inhibition by the T7 gene 2 protein (De Wyngaert and Hinkle 1979). In both strains, the mutation which prevents T7 growth is closely linked to rifA (rpoB). Both mutants are complemented by transformation with a multicopy plasmid carrying rpoB and rpoC but not by a plasmid carrying only rpoB. This indicates that the mutations reside in rpoC, the structural gene for the beta' subunit of RNA polymerase. When a single copy of the wildtype rpoC allele is introduced into the mutant using the transducing phage lambda drifd18, the mutant allele is dominant over wildtype. The lambda drifd18 transductant also remains unable to support the growth of T7 in the presence of rifampin. This supports our conclusion that the mutation is in rpoC. We have measured the growth of T7 phage, the kinetics of phage DNA synthesis, and the structure of replicative DNA intermediates in several transductants, and compared these results with those obtained in the original mutant strains.
The RSCG algorithm on distributed memory architectures

In this paper, we demonstrate the scalability of the Reduced System Conjugate Gradient (RSCG) algorithm on distributed memory architectures. We present speed-up results obtained on the Intel iPSC/860 that compare one-, two-, and three-dimensional decompositions of the domain for both positive definite and positive semidefinite test problems. We develop a model for the RSCG algorithm to analyze computational and communication costs. The model is validated using experimental data and then used to examine and predict behavior of the RSCG algorithm as a function of architecture parameters including communication latency and transmission times and memory access costs.
Vasomotor conditioning and awareness.

The relationship between conditioning, generalization, and extinction of digital vasoconstriction, and subject awareness of CS-US sequence was investigated. Subjects were randomly assigned to four groups and within-group awareness was controlled through the manipulation of instructional parameters. Results indicated that vasomotor conditioning occurred only in those subjects that were judged to be aware of relevant conditioning stimulus relationships. Conditioned responses were found to extinguish almost immediately when subjects were informed of shock cessation. These findings were interpreted as being consistent with an approach which distinguishes between conditioning and relational learning.
Weight and weightlessness: administrative court efforts to weigh psycho-social impacts of proposed environmentally hazardous facilities

This paper reviews the 25-year battle to have psychosocial impacts of contamination weighed in US administrative permit decisions. Despite the establishment of a professional literature and successful application in toxic torts, psychosocial (including psychological) impacts from the siting of hazardous environmental facilities have neither been reviewed substantively in environmental impact statements nor listed as an issue for adjudication in the issuance of permits by regulatory agencies. The reasons for this lag are explored through a detailed examination of key cases according to two sets of factors: personalistic versus environmental; and professional versus paradigmatic.
Multisensor satellite observations of aerosol effects on warm clouds

[1] A global multisensor satellite examination of aerosol indirect effects on warm oceanic clouds is presented. The study centers on the water path response of cloud to aerosol burden. A unique element of the study is a rigorous rain screening methodology that is utilized to separate the responses of nonraining and raining clouds. It is demonstrated that high aerosol environments are associated with reduced liquid water path in nonprecipitating clouds and that the reduction in liquid water path reduces the albedo enhancement expected from decreasing effective radius. Furthermore the reduction in liquid water path is greater in thermodynamically unstable environments than in stable environments suggesting a greater sensitivity of cumulus cloud than stratiform cloud liquid water path to aerosol. In sharp contrast with nonprecipitating clouds, the cloud liquid water path of transitional and precipitating clouds increases dramatically with aerosol, which may be indicative of an inhibited coalescence process. The evidence further indicates that increasing aerosol requires greater amounts of cloud condensate before the onset of precipitation. Additional support for this hypothesis is found in a reduction in the probability of precipitation by as much as 10% depending on the thermodynamical state of the environment. Independent estimates of the broadband cloudy-sky albedo are used to confirm that the cloud albedo responds to the trends that are identified in the liquid water path. In particular, it is found that the water path effect dominates the cloud albedo response for precipitating and transitional clouds. Finally, regional analysis demonstrates that the magnitude of the relationship between aerosol and cloud albedo is greatest in the extratropics and subtropical stratus regions primarily in the winter hemisphere. These relationships are used to estimate the magnitude of the first indirect effect as −0.42 W/m2.
Spatially resolved two-dimensional Fourier transform electron spin resonance

Abstract Fourier transform ESR methods have been extended to permit spatially resolved two-dimensional (2D)-ESR experiments. This is illustrated for the case of 2D-electron-electron double resonance (2D-ELDOR) spectra of nitroxides in a liquid that exhibits appreciable cross-peaks due to Heisenberg spin exchange. The use of spin-echo decays in spatially resolved FT-ESR is also demonstrated.
Differential distribution of interleukin-1α and interleukin-1β proteins in human placentas

Abstract Interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were identified in samples of first trimester and term placentas by immunocytochemistry using two sets of polyclonal antibodies to recombinant IL-1. All samples contained the two species of IL-1, which predominated in different types of cells: IL-1α was contained primarily in placental villous trophoblastic and stromal cells whereas IL-1β was localized to cells in fetal and maternal blood. With respect to the cellular localization of the two proteins, early and late gestation tissues were similar. Although these results were generally consistent for the two sets of antibodies, differences were noted in the binding patterns of the individual reagents. The findings in this study provide strong support for the postulate that IL-1 modulates placental development and suggest that IL-1α may be the preferred species in extraembryonic tissues.
Interspecies activation of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase by apolipoprotein A-I isolated from the plasma of humans, horses, sheep, goats and rabbits.

Abstract The abilities of apolipoprotein A-I species isolated from humans, horses, sheep, goats and rabbits to activate purified human lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase and the enzyme from homologous plasmas and plasma of other mammalian species were compared. Each purified apolipoprotein A-I species was individually incorporated into phosphatidylcholine cholesterol vesicles by the cholate dialysis method to form proteoliposome common substrates (apolipoprotein A-I/phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol molar ratio of 1:250:12.5) for the enzyme activity assay. All apolipoprotein A-I species tested had the ability, but with different effectiveness, to activate plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase from their own and other animal species and from purified human lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase. Horse apolipoprotein A-I was nearly as effective as human apolipoprotein A-I, whereas apolipoproteins A-I from goats, sheep or rabbits were, in descending order, slightly less effective than either horse or human apolipoprotein A-I in activating human plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase. A similar trend in ability to activate purified human lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase by these apolipoprotein A-I species was seen, but apolipoprotein A-I from sheep, goats and rabbits was only about 55–65% as effective as human apolipoprotein A-I. In general, apolipoprotein A-I from the same animal species as the lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase enzyme was a better activator of the enzyme than was apolipoprotein A-I from another animal species. Comparison of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activities of each plasma paired with its own apolipoprotein A-I, which reflects the level of the enzyme in the plasma, revealed descending levels of the enzyme's activity (nmol/h per ml) as follows: humans (98.9 ± 10.3), horses (90.7 ± 10.6), sheep (69.6 ± 9.7), goats (64.9 ± 9.2) and rabbits (52.0 ± 6.2). Studies with DEAE-Sepharose columns, gel electrophoresis and proteoliposome substrates demonstrated that apolipoprotein A-I from these mammalian species are similar in molecular charge and weight and are functionally similar in lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activation.
Emotion work in the public sector: a focus on the essence of public service

For public sector administrators to facilitate discourse, mediate acrimony, and de–escalate volatile situations, emotional awareness and skilful control of emotions are a necessary yet often neglected part of the job. After more than a decade of research, it is not clear as to whether public sector employees' ability to regulate their emotions leads to producing positive consequences for themselves and the services they provide. This prompts for comparative perspectives and analysis from the public sector. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between individual characteristics of emotion work, emotion work requirements, and false face acting, and their impact on pride in work and burnout. Findings reject the argument that emotional exhaustion, or burnout, is a result of the emotional labour process, and instead suggest that emotional labour is a rewarding process in which individuals can improve their social skills and bring self–awareness about the nature of their work.
The cytoplasmic capping complex assembles on adapter protein nck1 bound to the proline-rich C-terminus of Mammalian capping enzyme.

Cytoplasmic capping is catalyzed by a complex that contains capping enzyme (CE) and a kinase that converts RNA with a 5′-monophosphate end to a 5′ diphosphate for subsequent addition of guanylic acid (GMP). We identify the proline-rich C-terminus as a new domain of CE that is required for its participation in cytoplasmic capping, and show the cytoplasmic capping complex assembles on Nck1, an adapter protein with functions in translation and tyrosine kinase signaling. Binding is specific to Nck1 and is independent of RNA. We show by sedimentation and gel filtration that Nck1 and CE are together in a larger complex, that the complex can assemble in vitro on recombinant Nck1, and Nck1 knockdown disrupts the integrity of the complex. CE and the 5′ kinase are juxtaposed by binding to the adjacent domains of Nck1, and cap homeostasis is inhibited by Nck1 with inactivating mutations in each of these domains. These results identify a new domain of CE that is specific to its function in cytoplasmic capping, and a new role for Nck1 in regulating gene expression through its role as the scaffold for assembly of the cytoplasmic capping complex.
Arterial blood levels of energy substrates and evidence for renal glucose production in the baboon infant.

Summary: The age-related changes in fasting arterial levels of energy substrates and insulin were studied at birth and/or 6 wk in eleven baboon infants. In addition, the renal contribution to glucose release in the primate infant was estimated. Arterial blood glucose levels were similar in six fasted newborns and in nine fasted 6-wk-old infants. Arterial blood lactate, alanine, pyruvate, glutamate, and glutamine levels were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in the new born animals, and β-hydroxybutyrate was significantly higher in the older animals (P < 0.001). Arterial plasma insulin levels were low in both groups. Levels of blood glucose in the inferior vena cava below the renal vein were significantly lower than levels in the aorta (P < 0.01). In contrast, levels of blood glucose in the inferior vena cava above the renal vein were significantly higher than in the aorta (P < 0.05). Computed renal vein glucose levels were higher than those in the aorta (P < 0.01). In the newborn infants, there was significant renal uptake of lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and glutamine (P < 0.01), and release of β-hydroxybutyrate (P < 0.05). In the older animals, there was renal uptake of alanine, lactate, pyruvate, and glycerol (P 0.01). Mean cardiac output per kg body weight did not differ significantly in the newborn and 6-wk-old infants. Lactate uptake was potentially responsible for 59% of mean renal glucose output in the newborn and 76% of mean renal glucose output in the older infant. Net renal glucose release in eight 6-wk-old infants was estimated to be 3.5 ± 1.1 μM/min · kg (95% confidence limits, 0.7 < 3.5 < 6.2). Net renal glucose release in three newborn infants was 4.7, 5.4, and 19.8 μM/min · kg. There was a significant linear relationship between arterial lactate levels and renal glucose production in the older infants (P < 0.05). Extremely low arterial pH was associated with increased renal glucose release in the newborn, and high arterial pH with decreased or absent glucose release in the 6-wk-old animals. Speculation: The primate infant kidney has a capacity for gluconeogenesis which is apparently enhanced by acidosis and lactate availability. In the stressed human neonate, it is possible that renal gluconeogenesis could be a significant and uncontrolled source of new glucose, leading to hyperglycemia.
FOUR PROPOSITIONS ABOUT INTERNATIONAL LABOUR STANDARDS

International labour rights organisations pay considerable attention to the working conditions in less developed countries. For labour rights activists, labour standards such as collective bargaining rights and maternal leave promote economic progress. We argue that this perspective has the causation backwards and that it is economic development that causes the codification of improved working conditions.
Comparison of soluble proteins associated with disease resistance induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide and by viral necrosis

Abstract Infiltration of tobacco leaves with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) results in the acquisition of systemic resistance to subsequent bacterial infection. By means of gel electrophoresis, we have investigated the changes in soluble protein composition of Nicotiana tabacum cv. “Bottom Special” leaves after they were infiltrated with LPS from Pseudomonas solanacearum . A new protein band (approximate molecular weight 31800) was present in leaves infiltrated with LPS, but not in those infiltrated with phosphate buffer. In time course experiments, the accumulation of the new protein as well as the increase in relative content of at least two other proteins were correlated with the appearance of resistance to bacterial multiplication in tobacco tissues. The new protein band did not co-migrate with the “pathogenesis-related” (PR) proteins that accumulated in tobacco leaves infected with tobacco necrosis virus or tobacco mosaic virus (strain 1952-D). The PR proteins were present in tissues infiltrated with LPS as well as in extracts of tissues infiltrated with virulent and avirulent strains of P. solanaceamm , but their presence was not correlated with the acquisition of resistance to bacterial multiplication.
TU-EE-A1-03: Determining the Air-Kerma Strength of 1cm Coiled Brachytherapy Sources

Purpose: To show the ability of a large‐volume free‐air chamber to experimentally determine the air‐kerma strength of a new 1cm 103Pd coiled brachytherapy sources and show its potential for determining the air‐kerma strength of longer (2–6cm) coiled sources. Method and Materials: A Variable Aperture Free‐Air Chamber (VAFAC) has been constructed for making air‐kerma rate measurements of low‐energy photon‐emitting brachytherapy sources with photon energies up to 70 keV. The VAFAC has been used to determine the air‐kerma strength of 1cm coiled brachytherapy sources. The present US air‐kerma strength standard for low dose rate (LDR) brachytherapy sources is the National Institute of Standards and Technology Wide‐Angle Free‐Air Chamber (NIST WAFAC). The results obtained with the VAFAC were compared to air‐kerma strengths determined with an Accredited DosimetryCalibration Laboratory (ADCL) well ionization chamber (traceable to the NIST WAFAC) and direct measurement in the NIST WAFAC. At present, the WAFAC is unable to measure the air‐kerma rate of the coiled sources longer than 1cm due to its geometric limitations. The VAFAC does not have the same geometric limitations as the NIST WAFAC, which extends its capabilities to measure sources up to 6cm in length. Results: It has been shown that air‐kerma strengths determined for three 1cm length coils with the VAFAC are within 1% agreement with both an ADCL well ionization chamber and NIST WAFAC values. Conclusion: This work shows that the VAFAC can accurately determine the air‐kerma strength of 1cm 103Pd coiled brachytherapy sources. It also shows the ability of the VAFAC to measure sources up to 6cm in length, a feat which was previously impossible due to the limitations of the NIST WAFAC. Conflict of Interest: Research sponsored by RadioMed Corporation.
QCD predictions for the jet activity in direct photon events at the tevatron

Abstract Cross sections and event characteristics for direct production in association with 1, 2, or 3 jets are analyzed within the framework of perturbative QCD. While many of the salient features are similar to W or Z production, the much larger event rates will allow a considerably more detailed comparison of experiment and theory. At the Tevatron about 3000 γ+3-jet events are expected above p T ( γ )=10 (GeV) and p T =15 GeV with an itegrated luminosity of 5 pb −1 .
The impact of larval and adult dietary restriction on lifespan, reproduction and growth in the mosquito Aedes aegypti

Abstract Dietary restriction extends lifespan in many organisms, but little is known about how it affects hematophagous arthropods. We demonstrated that diet restriction during either larval or adult stages extends Aedes aegypti lifespan. A. aegypti females fed either single or no blood meals survived 30–40% longer than those given weekly blood meals. However, mosquitoes given weekly blood meals produced far more eggs. To minimize reproduction's impact on lifespan, adult mosquitoes were fed artificial blood meals containing A. aegypti fed artificial blood meals containing 25 mg/ml of BSA had significantly shorter lifespans than those fed either 10 or 5 mg/ml. To assess the impact of larval dietary restriction on adult lifespan, we maintained larval A . aegypti on 2X, 1X (normal diet), 0.5X or 0.25X diets. Adult mosquitoes fed 0.5X and 0.25X larval diets survived significantly longer than those fed the 2X larval diet regardless of adult diet. In summary, dietary restriction during both larval and adult stages extends lifespan. This diet-mediated lifespan extension has important consequences for understanding how dietary restriction regulates lifespan and disease transmission.
Ground-state spin pairing of general-spin linear-chain Heisenberg models

Simple products of singlet-coupled spin pairs are identified as exact eigenstates for a certain class of antiferromagnetically signed linear-chain Heisenberg models with both bond-length alternation and next-nearest-neighbor interactions. Where such an eigenstate becomes a ground state, a cusp is noted to arise in the ground-state energy. Differences between the spin-1/2 and higher-spin cases appear.
Form and Universal in Boethius

Contrary to the claims of recent commentators, I argue that Boethius holds a modified version of the Ammonian three-fold universal (transcendent, immanent, and conceptual). He probably identifies transcendent universals as divine ideas, and accepts too forms immanent in corporeal particulars, most likely construing these along the Aphrodisian lines that he hints at in a well-known passage from his second commentary on Porphyry's Isagoge. Boethius never states the theory of the three-fold form outright, but I attempt to show that this theory nevertheless underlies and gives structure to what Boethius has to say on the topic.
Stuck in traffic: Patterns of powder adhesion

The adhesion of fine particles to surfaces is important for applications ranging from drug delivery to fouling of solar cells. In this letter, we show that powder adhesion can occur in unexpected patterns, concentrating particular grain types in some locations and clearing them from others, and we propose a straightforward traffic model that appears to reproduce many of the behaviors seen. The model predicts different patterns depending on inter-particle cohesion, and we find in both experiment and model that adhesion occurs in three distinct stages.
Corrosion-Fatigue Behavior of Aluminum Alloy 5083-H131 Sensitized at 448 K (175 °C)

The fatigue crack growth behavior of aluminum alloy 5083-H131 has been systematically studied as a function of degree of sensitization for aging at 448 K (175 °C). Fatigue crack growth rates were measured at load ratios of 0.1 and 0.85, in vacuum, air, and a corrosive aqueous environment containing 1 pct NaCl with dilute inhibitor. Sensitization does not affect the fatigue crack growth behavior of Al 5083-H131 significantly in vacuum or air, at low- or high-load ratio. For high-load ratio, in the 1 pct NaCl+inhibitor solution, the threshold drops by nearly 50 pct during the first 200 hours of aging, then it degrades more slowly for longer aging times up to 2000 hours. The change in aging behavior at approximately 200 hours seems to be correlated with the transition from partial coverage of the grain boundaries by β Al3Mg2 phase, to continuous full β coverage. ASTM G-67 mass loss levels below approximately 30 mg/cm2 do not exhibit degraded corrosion-fatigue properties for R = 0.85, but degradation of the threshold is rapid for higher mass loss levels.
Nonradioactive, ultrasensitive site-specific protein–protein photocrosslinking: interactions of α-helix 2 of TATA-binding protein with general transcription factor TFIIA and transcriptional repressor NC2

We have developed an approach that enables nonradioactive, ultrasensitive (attamole sensitivity) site-specific protein–protein photocrosslinking, and we have applied the approach to the analysis of interactions of α-helix 2 (H2) of human TATA-element binding protein (TBP) with general transcription factor TFIIA and transcriptional repressor NC2. We have found that TBP H2 can be crosslinked to TFIIA in the TFIIA–TBP–DNA complex and in higher order transcription–initiation complexes, and we have mapped the crosslink to the ‘connector’ region of the TFIIA α/β subunit (TFIIAα/β). We further have found that TBP H2 can be crosslinked to NC2 in the NC2–TBP–DNA complex, and we have mapped the crosslink to the C-terminal ‘tail’ of the NC2 α-subunit (NC2α). Interactions of TBP H2 with the TFIIAα/β connector and the NC2α C-terminal tail were not observed in crystal structures of TFIIA–TBP–DNA and NC2–TBP–DNA complexes, since relevant segments of TFIIA and NC2 were not present in truncated TFIIA and NC2 derivatives used for crystallization. We propose that interactions of TBP H2 with the TFIIAα/β connector and the NC2α C-terminal tail provide an explanation for genetic results suggesting importance of TBP H2 in TBP–TFIIA interactions and TBP–NC2 interactions, and provide an explanation—steric exclusion—for competition between TFIIA and NC2.
The seasonal fluctuation of limnetic Chaoborus punctipennis and its role as a pest in drinking water.

A continuous sampling system made it possible for the first time to record seasonal fluctuations in numbers of limnetic Chaoborus punctipennis (Say). Peak numbers were reached in late spring, early fall, and midwinter, These limnetic larvae became a nuisance when drawn into a potable water-supply system.
An Introduction to Linear Regression and Correlation

An introduction to linear regression and correlation , An introduction to linear regression and correlation , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
An Analysis of the Gamma-Ray Burst No-Host Problem

The lack of galaxies inside gamma-ray burst (GRB) error boxes has often been used to argue against the cosmological interpretation of this phenomenon. The fundamental problem with host galaxy tests is that our understanding of GRBs is too limited for constructing a sensitive measure of the presence of suitable hosts. In this paper the origin of the "no-host" problem is explained, and the tests used to make these inferences are evaluated. It is shown that these analyses are too dependent upon factors unrelated to bursts or to their host galaxies and that normal galaxies have not been eliminated as possible hosts. New data from a near-infrared sample of third Interplanetary Network error boxes, which reached levels deep enough to detect galaxies at every position, show the brightest galaxies to be at the distances (z ~ 0.2) and luminosities (L ~ 0.6L*) that are predicted by the simplest assumptions about cosmological GRBs.