cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Document Analysis of the National Association for the Education of Young Children's Developmentally Appropriate Practice Position Statement: What Does it Tell Us about Supporting Children with Disabilities?

With the increasing frequency of young children with disabilities being included in early childhood classrooms, there is a critical need for early childhood educators and professionals to take an analytical look at the standards guiding early childhood education. By completing a qualitative document analysis of the developmentally appropriate practice (DAP) position statement of the National Association for the Education of Young Children, the author explored what the statement articulates regarding children with disabilities included in early childhood classrooms. This discussion explicates what teachers may take away from DAP regarding disabilities and the gaps it leaves for individual interpretation in classrooms. Findings indicate that while DAP and inclusive practices have much in common, the position statement lacks the specificity necessary to assist general early childhood teachers in implementing individualized approaches.
For to Speke Frenche Trewely: The French language in England, 1000–1600. Its status, description and instruction

The first grammatical descriptions of the French language were produced in England, several centuries before the first grammar written in French (but also several centuries after the Norman Conquest). This book describes the status of French in England during the period from the marriage of Emma of Normandy to thelred (1004) to the fixing of a (relatively) standard pedagogical scheme for the teaching of French of English speakers (ca. 1600). During this period French passed from a native language to a second language, became the official language of the legal profession, and ultimately fell back to a position of social accomplishment. At the same time, different pedagogical and descriptive traditions developed to meet these various needs. Here Kibbee traces the interaction of cultural, intellectual, social and technological history with the elaboration of a grammatical tradition. The book includes a bibliography and indexes of names, titles and subjects.
Doctoral Gero-Psychology Training in Primary Care: Preliminary Findings from a Clinical Training Project

This article provides descriptive information and preliminary program evaluation data regarding a University based doctoral training program with a special focus on gero-psychology training in a primary care setting. The program sought to combine the resources of a University, an urban public hospital, and an academic medical center to develop geropsychology didactic and clinical training experiences, and specifically direct services to minority elders. Preliminary program findings suggest that educational and service objectives may be simultaneously achieved. A relatively modest increment in didactic training resulted in measurable gains in knowledge and interest. While the integration of geropsychology into primary care medicine presents some formidable challenges, preliminary data suggest great potential for further expansion of training and geropsychological services in primary care to meet the burgeoning mental health needs of older adults.
Mapping cerebrovascular reactivity using concurrent fMRI and near infrared spectroscopy

Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) reflects the compensatory dilatory capacity of cerebral vasculature to a dilatory stimulus and is an important indicator of brain vascular reserve. fMRI has been proven to be an effective imaging technique to obtain the CVR map when the subjects perform CO2 inhalation or the breath holding task (BH). However, the traditional data analysis inaccurately models the BOLD using a boxcar function with fixed time delay. We propose a novel way to process the fMRI data obtained during a blocked BH by using the simultaneously collected near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) data as regressor 1 . In this concurrent NIRS and fMRI study, 6 healthy subjects performed a blocked BH (5 breath holds with 20s durations intermitted by 40s of regular breathing). A NIRS probe of two sources and two detectors separated by 3 cm was placed on the right side of prefrontal area of the subjects. The time course of changes in oxy-hemoglobin (Δ[HbO]) was calculated from NIRS data and shifted in time by various amounts, and resampled to the fMRI acquisition rate. Each shifted time course was used as regressor in FEAT (the analysis tool in FSL). The resulting z-statistic maps were concatenated in time and the maximal value was taken along the time for all the voxels to generate a 3-D CVR map. The new method produces more accurate and thorough CVR maps; moreover, it enables us to produce a comparable baseline cerebral vascular map if applied to resting state (RS) data.
Food limitation in salt marsh fiddler crabs Uca rapax (Smith) (Decapoda : Ocypodidae)

Abstract Two Uca rapax (Smith) populations were tested for food limitation in a Spartina salt marsh in Florida. Food supply was artificially increased by adding thin-cut Spartina . After a lag corresponding to the decomposition time of the grass, this resulted in a relative increase in fiddler crab population density, recruitment, and organic content. These results support the hypothesis that salt marsh fiddler crabs are food limited in biomass, and possibly in production, in spite of the abundance of detritus resulting from the large primary production in their habitat. Possible causes for food limitation are (a) lag in detritus availability from dead Spartina , (b) high density of consumers, (c) constraints on feeding time or space, (d) low assimilation efficiency, and (e) quality of the food resource. Fiddler crab burrows are known to enhance Spartina growth. Thus, one function of burrows may be to reduce food limitation.
Idols, Fetishes and Foreskins: The Other of Religion

L'A. analyse le rapport de Jacques Derrida au judaisme, notamment a travers l'acte symbolique qu'est la circoncision. Celle-ci n'est pas simplement la figure de l'indetermination de l'identite et de la difference. Elle est le signe de l'identite et de la difference du Juif. A cause de sa singularite, la circoncision fait echo a la singularite supposee de l'identite individuelle. Comme signe de la judaite, la circoncision menace de subvertir l'autorite, sinon la vie. Derrida affirme que le Juif n'a pas d'essence ce qui est le cas de l'homme juif postmoderne condamne a l'impossibilite d'ecrire et de ne pas ecrire
Affective social robots

For human-robot interaction to proceed in a smooth, natural manner, robots must adhere to human social norms. One such human convention is the use of expressive moods and emotions as an integral part of social interaction. Such expressions are used to convey messages such as ''I'm happy to see you'' or ''I want to be comforted,'' and people's long-term relationships depend heavily on shared emotional experiences. Thus, we have developed an affective model for social robots. This generative model attempts to create natural, human-like affect and includes distinctions between immediate emotional responses, the overall mood of the robot, and long-term attitudes toward each visitor to the robot, with a focus on developing long-term human-robot relationships. This paper presents the general affect model as well as particular details of our implementation of the model on one robot, the Roboceptionist. In addition, we present findings from two studies that demonstrate the model's potential.
Spectral discrimination of Cannabis sativa L. leaves and canopies.

The growing of marijuana (Cannabis sativa L.) on public lands poses problems to the environment and the public. Remote sensing offers a potential way of monitoring public lands for the production of marijuana. However, very little information on the spectral properties of marijuana is available in the scientific literature. Our objectives were to characterize the spectral properties of the leaves of marijuana and various other plants that occur where marijuana is grown in the eastern United States, simulate canopy reflectance, and identify wavebands for discriminating marijuana from other plants. In a series of replicated field experiments, the basic factors affecting marijuana growth and reflectance, including planting date, plant density, and N-fertilization were varied. Leaf optical properties were measured periodically during the growing season with a spectroradiometer and integrating sphere. As N-fertilization rate decreased, the marijuana plants produced leaves with lower chlorophyll concentrations and higher reflectance values in the visible wavelength region, particularly at 550 nm. The reflectance spectra of the herbaceous dicot species examined were very similar to the spectrum of marijuana. The reflectance spectra of the monocots and the trees differed significantly from the spectrum of marijuana, particularly in the green and near-infrared wavelength regions. Canopy reflectance spectra of marijuana and several representative species were simulated for a wide range of LAI and background reflectances. Major differences in canopy reflectance of marijuana and other plants were observed near 550 nm, 720 nm, and 800 nm. Dense canopies of maryjuana were more spectrally discriminable from other vegetation than sparse canopies. Thus, based on measured leaf spectra and simulated canopy reflectance spectra, we would choose several relatively narrow (i.e., 30 nm or less) spectral bands in the green (550 nm), red (670 nm), red edge (720 nm), and the near-infrared (800 nm) to discriminate marijuana leaves and canopies from other species. Much of the leaf spectral information is also available in the canopy reflectance data.
Regulation of Transgenic Class II Major Histocompatibility Genes in Murine Langerhans Cells

I-E is a class II major histocompatibility complex molecule normally expressed by Langerhans cells, A series of transgenic mice were developed previously that carry E α d gene constructs with promoter-region deletions that cause expression of I-E by different cell types when maintained on a B6 (I-E[–]) genetic background. To study cis-acting gene sequences that regulate expression of class II proteins by Langerhans cells, we identified trans genie I-E expression by tissue immunoperoxidase staining and by epidermal cell suspension lmmunofluorescence cytometry. Mice with a transgene containing 1.4 kilobase pairs (kb) of flanking sequence 5' to the E α initiation site expressed barely detectable levels of I-E on a tiny percentage of Langerhans cells, indicating that sequences promoting Langerhans cell expression of E α exist between 2.0 and 1.4 kb 5' of the E α initiation site. Removal of an additional 170 bp of 5' flanking sequence caused near-normal levels of expression by approximately one third of epidermal Langerhans cells, which contrasts with studies that showed minimal transgene expression by splenic dendritic cells in these animals, Thus, sequences between 1.4 and 1.23 kb 5' of the E α initiation site decrease expression of I-E by epidermal Laugerhans cells, but enable I-E expression by splenic dendritic cells, These studies identify Langerhans cell-specific regulatory sequences and genetic regions controlling major histocompatibility complex class II gene expression in Langerhans cells and splenic dendritic cells. The genetic regions identified may be particularly important because differential regulation of class II major histocompatibility complex protein synthesis by Langerhans cells and dendritic cells may be crucial to immune functions of intact animals.
Incidence of Serum Precipitins Against Organic-Dust Antigens in Different Populations by Counterimmunoelectrophoresis

The incidence of serum antidust and antifungal precipitins was determined by counterimmunoelectrophoresis in 317 atopic and nonatopic subjects of three geographic areas (north central, southern, and western United States). The selected lyophilized crude antigens employed were from house dust, Micropolyspora faeni, Candida albicans, Alternaria tenuis, Aspergillus fumigatus, Puccinia coronata, Cantharellus cibarius, and Amborsia trifida. Antidust precipitins were detected with high frequency in atopic and nonatopic subjects of each geographic area (48 to 71 percent of different population subgroups). Precipitin reactions were generally intense and often multiple, in keeping with the marked heterogeneity of the crude dust antigen employed. Antidust precipitins were also present in serum fractions precipitated with ammonium sulfate and in IgG-rich fractions obtained by gel filtration (Sephadex G-200) and diethylaminoethyl-cellulose chromatography. Precipitins against crude somatic fungal and actinomycetic antigens were detected with considerably less frequency in all populations surveyed, and antiragweed precipitins were not detected. Our results suggest that prolonged environmental exposure to diverse, ubiquitous organic dusts results in a "normal" serum precipitating-antibody response. They also extend our previous finding of a high precipitin response against organic dusts in residents of the Gulf south area compared to other geographic areas.
Direct evidence of electron spin polarization from an organic-based magnet:[FeII(TCNE)(NCMe)2][FeIIICl4]

Direct evidence of an organic-based magnet with a finite electron spin polarization at the Fermi edge is shown from spin-resolved photoemission of the [FeII(TCNE)(NCMe)2][FeIIICl4] organic-based magnet. The 23% majority-based spin polarization at the Fermi edge is observed at 80 K in zero applied field. Ab initio calculations at the density functional level (0 K) are in accord with a semiconductor with 100% majority-based electron spin polarization at the band edges, commensurate with our experimental results and model prediction for a half-semiconductor. Organic-based magnets may prove to be important for realizing polarized electron injection into semiconductors for magnetoelectronic applications.
Modeling the competitive dissociation of protonated 2,3-butanedione. The enthalpy of formation of methylhydroxycarbene.

The enthalpy of formation of methylhydroxycarbene, CH3COH, has been determined from measurements of the threshold energy for collision-induced dissociation of protonated 2,3-butanedione in a flowing afterglow-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer and found to be 16 ± 4 kcal/mol, 57 ± 4 kcal/mol higher than that of acetaldehyde. From the measured enthalpy of formation, the difference between the first and second C−H BDEs in ethanol is found to be 17 kcal/mol, which implies a singlet−triplet splitting of 28 kcal/mol in the carbene. The activation energies for loss of ketene and carbon monoxide from protonated butanedione are found to be 60 ± 4 and 50 ± 4 kcal/mol, respectively. On the basis of experimental and computational results, the loss of carbon monoxide is proposed to proceed through a tight transition state. Although calculations also suggest a tight transition state for loss of ketene, the experimental data indicate that it occurs via a loose transition state, possibly forming by proton transfer alon...
The wonders of Pratolino

Abstract The ‘wonders’ (meraviglie) of the 16th-century gardens of the Medici villa at Pratolino, about six miles north of Florence off the road to Bologna, amazed foreign travellers, and particularly the English, from the first detailed account by the Frenchman Montaigne in 1580 through the mid 18th century, but now all that remains are the colossal figure of the Apennines hunched lonely over a small lake, the stalactite-lined Grotto of Cupid, and a small octagonal chapel with a few other ruined vestiges set in a broad English landscape park. It is one of the incongruities of fate that an English park should supplant the Italian gardens, for Pratolino played at least a minor role in the formulation of the 18th-century English garden.
Observations of Titan from the Cassini Composite Infrared Spectrometer

The Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) is a Fourier transform spectrometer flying on the Cassini spacecraft at Saturn. Since 2004 CIRS has observed the atmosphere and surface of Titan in the 7-1000 micron spectral range.
Analysis of coherent gradient sensing (CGS) by fourier optics

A coherent laser beam reflected or transmitted from a deforming plate specimen acquires an optical path difference (phase change) which is related to the deformation and stress field. The optical method of Coherent Gradient Sensing (CGS) uses two parallel grating plates to displace (shear) and recombine the distorted light beam emerging from the specimen. Fringes are produced on the image plane by the interference of the shifted and unshifted beams. The fringe pattern is related to the spatial difference of the phase in the shearing direction. If the shearing distance is small enough, the spatial difference of the phase approximates to its gradient. Each fringe in the image represents a locus of equal gradient component of the phase in the shearing direction. The technique is interpreted by means of wave optics, using the Fraunhofer approximation and the paraxial theory of lenses. The assumptions made in earlier analyses have been removed here. A more precise analysis based on Fourier optics is presented. The simplicity of the optical setup and variable resolution of the technique have led to its frequent use in the area of solid mechanics, including fracture mechanics. Some examples are discussed in the second half of this paper.
Depression and CHD risk: How should we intervene?

Depression is common in the community and is a risk factor for the development of coronary heart disease (CHD). In patients with CHD, the prevalence of major depression is nearly 20% and the prevalence of minor depressive disorder is approximately 27%. When present in patients with existing CHD, depression is independently associated with worse outcome, including higher morbidity and mortality, and worse health status. Observational studies suggest that use of antidepressant medications in patients with CHD is associated with decreased risk of cardiovascular events. However, only one randomized controlled trial, the ENRICHD (Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease) study, was designed to evaluate whether treatment of depression in patients with CHD can improve cardiac prognosis. Although the study showed that cognitive behavior therapy was better than usual care in improving depression, there was no improvement in all-cause mortality or recurrent cardiac events. There have been no clinical trials specifically designed to evaluate whether pharmacologic treatment of depression improves cardiovascular outcomes in patients with CHD. Thus, there is a clear need for additional trials testing interventions to improve cardiac prognosis based on treatment of depression. In the meantime, depression remains an important illness in its own right and deserves treatment. Safe and effective treatments of depression in patients with CHD include cognitive behavior therapy and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
Children with autism illuminate the role of social intention in word learning.

To what extent do children with autism (AD) versus typically developing children (TD) rely on attentional and intentional cues to learn words? Four experiments compared 17 AD children (M age = 5.08 years) with 17 language- and 17 mental-age-matched TD children (M ages = 2.57 and 3.12 years, respectively) on nonverbal enactment and word-learning tasks. Results revealed variability in all groups, but particularly within the AD group. Performance on intention tasks was the most powerful predictor of vocabulary in the AD group but not in the TD groups. These findings suggest that word learning cannot be explained exclusively by either attentional or intentional processes, and they provide evidence of a special role for intentional understanding in the vocabulary development of AD children.
Zinc pyrithione induces ERK- and PKC-dependent necrosis distinct from TPEN-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells

Zinc dyshomeostasis can induce cell death. However, the mechanisms involved have not been fully elucidated in prostate cancer (PCa) cells, which differ dramatically from normal cells in their zinc handling ability. Here, we studied the effects of the ionophore Zn-pyrithione (ZP) and the chelator N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine (TPEN). Both compounds induced cell death at micromolar concentrations when incubated with androgen-dependent (LNCaP), androgen-independent (PC3, DU145) and androgen-sensitive (C4-2) PCa cell-lines. Compared to PCa cells, RWPE1 prostate epithelial cells were less sensitive to ZP and more sensitive to TPEN, but total cellular zinc levels were changed similarly. ZnSO4 enhanced the toxicity of ZP, but inhibited the effects of TPEN as expected. The morphological/biochemical responses to ZP and TPEN differed. ZP decreased ATP levels and stimulated ERK, AKT and PKC phosphorylation. DNA laddering was observed only at low doses of ZP but all doses of TPEN. TPEN activated caspase 3/7 and induced PARP-cleavage, DNA-fragmentation, ROS-formation and apoptotic bodies. PKC and ERK-pathway inhibitors, and antioxidants protected against ZP-induced but not TPEN-induced death. Inhibitors of MPTP-opening protected both. Cell death in response to TPEN (but not ZP) was diminished by a calpain inhibitor and largely prevented by a caspase 3 inhibitor. Overall, the results indicated primarily a necrotic cell death for ZP and an apoptotic cell death for TPEN. The enhanced sensitivity of PCa cells to ZP and the apparent ability of ZP and TPEN to kill quiescent and rapidly dividing cells in a p53-independent manner suggest that ZP/TPEN might be used to develop adjunct treatments for PCa.
Computer-aided fixture design : a review

Abstract This paper reviews some of the current developments in computer-aided fixture design (CAFXD), and proposes directions for future research initiatives. The literature has indicated a growing interest in the development of computer-aided fixture design systems. The motivation for this manufacturing research is stimulated by the desire to reduce setup and production costs, and the potential rewards of automation. Most of the papers published have centred on the micro aspects of fixture design that addressed singular problems; but as the research matures, more systems will be directed towards an integration with other computer-aided engineering tools for total fixture design. In this paper the recent developments in CAFXD and projections for emerging systems are presented.
Simple digital technique for efficient frequency locking of diode-pumped Nd:YAG lasers

A simple and easy to implement digital technique for frequency locking of a pair of diode-pumped solid state lasers is presented. The beat frequency of the two lasers, suitably prescaled, is compared to a reference oscillator. The error signal is used to drive the slave laser via its in-built PZT. An Allan variance of 1 part in 10/sup -6/ over a typical measurement time of 0.1s, over the whole range of synthetic wavelengths of interest, proves the effectiveness of the locking system.
17α-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate Access in the Louisiana Medicaid Population

Abstract Preterm birth and its associated neonatal morbidities remain pertinent health care and economic issues in the United States. Progesterone supplementation in the form of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate has been reported to reduce the risk for recurrent preterm birth in women with a prior spontaneous preterm delivery, but several barriers contribute to its underutilization. The Affordable Care Act has increased the number of women receiving insurance coverage for pre- and perinatal care. However, the increase in insurance coverage has not necessarily facilitated access to standard therapies such as progesterone for the prevention of preterm birth. Data from Louisiana illustrate this point, and the state has responded by developing educational programs and the nation’s first pay-for-performance strategy targeting the initiation of progesterone therapy.
Reform of budget control in higher education

Abstract This paper argues that budget controls to restrict university flexibility are unnecessary where state government is able to fund on the basis of per-unit subsidies and to evaluate the effects of such subsidies on institutional behavior. After an initial discussion of the nature of the problem, the paper is organized into the following sections to develop the argument: (i) an analysis of the incentives faced by budgeteers and institutions, (ii) an evaluation of budget controls, (iii) an explanation of the resistance of budgeteers to experimentation with alternatives to traditional budget controls, (iv) a proposal for such experimentation and conclusions on appropriate uses of management controls in budgeting for higher education.
On the effects of monetary policy shocks in developing countries

Using annual data for a sample of developing countries, the time-series evidence indicates the allocation of monetary policy shocks, both expansionary and contractionary, between price inflation and output growth. Subsequently, cross-country regressions evaluate factors that underlie the difference in these allocations and their implications. The real effects of monetary shocks increase as the elasticity of aggregate demand increases with respect to monetary shocks. Nonetheless, capacity constraints hamper the output adjustment to monetary shocks and increase price inflation. Across countries, trend output growth increases with the output response to monetary shocks. Consistent with the stabilizing function of monetary policy, the variability of output growth decreases in the face of monetary fluctuations across countries. In contrast, monetary fluctuations increase the trend and variability of price inflation across countries.
Piso-triquetral pain syndrome after carpal tunnel release

Hypothenar pain was a major complaint in 1.1% of patients 6 months after operation in 500 consecutive carpal tunnel releases. Pain, discomfort, and loss of grip strength was noticed mostly during activities requiring full hand grip or activities associated with use of the heel of the hand, such as pushing up from a chair, or pushing open a door with the flat palm. The pain originated from the piso-triquetral joint, possibly a result of intercarpal alignment change after carpal tunnel release. Pisiform excision was curative, with complete relief of symptoms and return of strength and dexterity. Awareness of this syndrome and systemic evaluation of the piso-triquetral joint preoperatively and postoperatively, as presented here, are essential in the management of this condition.
INTRA-RATER RELIABILITY OF A TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION TECHNIQUE TO OBTAIN MOTOR EVOKED POTENTIALS

The purpose of this study was to determine the intra-rater reliability of motor evoked potentials (MEP) obtained through transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). TMS was applied over the primary motor cortex of 16 healthy subjects. Motor thresholds, MEP latencies, and amplitudes were recorded from the contralateral upper limb on 6 occasions over 15 days. An intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC 2,1) was used to estimate reliability. The ICCs ranged from 0.60 to 0.92 for all MEP measures except amplitude (ICC = 0.01 to 0.34). MEPs obtained with the TMS technique described are generally reliable, although MEP amplitudes demonstrated less consistency.
ESCALATION AS A REACTION TO PERSISTENT ANNOYANCE

In two experiments on reactions to persistent annoyance from another person, participants employed a very orderly verbal escalation sequence that fit a cascading Guttman scale. This began with requests and moved on to demands, and then to complaints, angry statements, threats, harassment, and abuse, in that order. The more escalated the tactic, the fewer people used it. People seldom skipped a step on the way to their most escalated tactic. Two possible explanations for this pattern seemed plausible in light of the data, that it is due to either a widely snared try‐try‐again script or a declining hierarchy of thresholds. Verbal escalation was associated with a negative view of the annoyer's character, while physical escalation was associated with blame and feelings of frustration and anger. Escalation was discouraged by membership in the same group as the annoyer. Loud noise did not encourage escalation in general but promoted the use of angry statements.
How Electronic Full Text Journals Impact Interlibrary Loan Article Requests at a Small, Liberal Arts University

Abstract In academic libraries today, many journals are accessible as full text via various databases or direct subscriptions. The number of journals available in this format generally rises each year, and this growth inevitably changes patterns of academic library use. Many librarians wonder if the increasing availability of electronic full text journals will decrease or even eliminate the need for interlibrary loan of articles. Alternatively, as more articles are available electronically, will patrons want more via interlibrary loan? To study the relationship, this research report examines interlibrary loan requests and availability of e-journals at the Blough-Weis library at Susquehanna University, a small liberal arts college, over the course of ten years (1995/1996-2004/2005). Using data from the interlibrary loan and serials departments, the study quantifies the change in the number of interlibrary loan article requests and determines whether increased electronic journal access causes a decline or a...
In situ removal of ammonium ions from hybridoma cell culture media: Selection of adsorbent

Various ion-exchange resins and zeolite Phillipsite-Gismondine were tested for their potential application as adsorbents for thein situ removal of ammonium ions from animal cell culture media in attempting to increase hybridoma cell density and MAb productivity. A zeolite, Phillipsite-Gismondine demonstrated the best performance in terms of NH4 + adsorption capacity, selectivity and autoclavability among the various adsorbents tested. The biocompatibility of Phillipsite-Gismondine was also tested and the result showed improvement in cell density, viability, and antibody productivity.
PLATO AND THE NEED FOR LAW

Was there a major change in Plato's views on the role and importance of law? It can be argued that he held in both ‘Republic’ and ‘Laws’ that law and administrators are essential to a state of the best kind, but legislators are not, since legislation has been done by the founders. This interpretation seems to be incompatible with passages in ‘Statesman’, in which the status and role of law appear to be positively downgraded. The appearance of a contradiction between such passages and the insistence in ‘Laws’ on the importance of law is created by failure to recognize different uses of ‘nomoi’, as guiding rules of skill or as rules of law. What Plato says about the contrast between ideal and actual rulers commits him to the distinction, whether or not he had clearly formulated it for himself. An afterword recommends Plato's way of handling laws dealing with criminal attempt.
Adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase: Interaction with guanidinium compounds

Abstract Adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase consists of two dissimilar subunits which form inactive holoenzyme with the stoichiometry R 2 C 2 (R represents the regulatory and C represents the catalytic subunit, respectively). A ubiquitous protein kinase inhibitor protein (PKI) also interacts with C and inhibits its activity. Using ionexchange chromatography to resolve C from C·PKI complex, we find that Mg·ATP enhances complex formation between C and PKI. We also find that guanethidine and other guanidinium compounds inhibit complex formation. Using ion-exchange resolution, we also find that guanethidine retards and MgATP enhances the rate of formation of type II holoenzyme from its components. Guanidinobenzimidazole and guanethidine are competitive inhibitors of enzyme activity with respect to protein or peptide substrates with K i values of 3 and 4 m m , respectively. Results from steady-state kinetic analysis are consistent with the idea that inhibition is based on competition between the guanidinium compound and the arginyl group of the peptide or protein substrate. We therefore propose the idea that the protein kinase inhibitor and the regulatory subunit interact with the domain of the catalytic subunit complementary to the protein substrate. Occupancy of this domain prevents the C subunit from interacting with protein substrates and thereby inhibits enzyme activity.
Endogenous attention and illusory line motion reexamined

P. Downing and A. Treisman's (1997) failure to replicate an effect of endogenous attention on the direction of illusory line motion (ILM) was reexamined. Four experiments with slightly modified stimulus presentation methods based on gradient theories of ILM found that endogenous attention directed to 1 of 2 similar priming objects is capable of influencing experienced motion direction within a subsequently presented line. The endogenous effect on ILM was consistent with a concomitant response-time discrimination task, was robust across naive and informed participants, occurred whether eye fixation was monitored or not, and occurred under conditions where multiple motion response categories were available to participants. The endogenous effect disappeared when participants moved their eyes to the attended item, when there was no motivation to endogenously attend, and when the presentation methods of P. Downing and A. Treisman (1997) were used.
Autonomous splicing and complementation of in vivo-assembled spliceosomes

We have used an in vivo system generating assayable amounts of a specific pre-mRNA to study the relationship between splicing and an operationally defined nuclear matrix preparation (NM). When NM is prepared by extraction of DNase I-treated nuclei with an approximately physiological concentration of KCl (0.1 M), a portion of NM-associated precursor can be spliced in vitro in the presence of ATP and Mg2+ and in the absence of splicing extract ("autonomous splicing"). We propose that the autonomous reaction, which does not exhibit a temporal lag and is half-complete in 5 min, occurs in fully assembled, matrix-bound ribonucleoprotein complexes (in vivo spliceosomes). Extraction of the NM with concentrations of KCl greater than 0.4 M eliminates autonomous splicing but leaves behind preassembled complexes that can be complemented for splicing with HeLa cell nuclear extract. The splicing complementing factor, representing one or more activities present in the nuclear extract and also in the cytoplasmic S100 fraction, is relatively heat resistant, devoid of an RNA component, and does not bind to DEAE-Sepharose in 0.1 M KCl. It exists in the nucleus in two forms; bound to autonomous spliceosomes and free in the nucleoplasm. Biochemical features of the complementation reaction, and conditions for reversible uncoupling of the two splicing steps are described and discussed.
Optimal sensor configuration for flexible structures with multi-dimensional mode shapes

A framework for deciding the optimal sensor configuration is implemented for civil structures with multi-dimensional mode shapes, which enhances the applicability of structural health monitoring for existing structures. Optimal sensor placement (OSP) algorithms are used to determine the best sensor configuration for structures with a priori knowledge of modal information. The signal strength at each node is evaluated by effective independence and modified variance methods. Euclidean norm of signal strength indices associated with each node is used to expand OSP applicability into flexible structures. The number of sensors for each method is determined using the threshold for modal assurance criterion (MAC) between estimated (from a set of observations) and target mode shapes. Kriging is utilized to infer the modal estimates for unobserved locations with a weighted sum of known neighbors. A Kriging model can be expressed as a sum of linear regression and random error which is assumed as the realization of a stochastic process. This study presents the effects of Kriging parameters for the accurate estimation of mode shapes and the minimum number of sensors. The feasible ranges to satisfy MAC criteria are investigated and used to suggest the adequate searching bounds for associated parameters. The finite element model of a tall building is used to demonstrate the application of optimal sensor configuration. The dynamic modes of flexible structure at centroid are appropriately interpreted into the outermost sensor locations when OSP methods are implemented. Kriging is successfully used to interpolate the mode shapes from a set of sensors and to monitor structures associated with multi-dimensional mode shapes.
Introduction: The Use of Spreadsheet Software in the Application of Management Science and Operations Research

Spreadsheets can play an important role in the MS/OR practitioner's toolkit. This is because they are an effective software development platform, supporting powerful commercial MS/OR add-ins and providing advantages in deploying models to clients. Spreadsheets also provide access to the power of MS/OR for large numbers of unsophisticated end-user modelers. In this special issue, we highlight the benefits of spreadsheet MS/OR across 10 different high-impact applications.
Challenges to screening and evaluation of memory impairment among Hispanic elders in a primary care safety net facility.

Objective Implement a memory impairment screening procedure for elderly Hispanic primary care patients, and analyze its yield and challenges to further triage and diagnostic evaluation. Methods Three hundred twenty nine Hispanic patients aged ≥60 years or proxy informants were enrolled from outpatient primary care clinics at an urban safety-net medical center. Patients were screened for memory impairment using the WHO-UCLA AVLT; for those without consent capacity, proxies were given the IQCODE. Bilingual research assistants conducted in-person or telephone screening. Age, gender, education, comorbidities, acculturation, overall health, access to care, and memory concerns were assessed as potential predictors of memory impairment. Based on identified implementation challenges, a multi-disciplinary stakeholder committee proposed revised approaches to increase diagnostic evaluation and sustainability. Results Of 677 eligible patients approached, 329 (49%) were screened, and 77 (23%) met criteria for memory impairment using the WHO-UCLA AVLT (N = 60) or the IQCODE (N = 17). Only male gender and higher comorbidity uniquely predicted memory impairment (ps < 0.05). Few screen-positive patients declined further triage and evaluation, but a substantial proportion could not be subsequently contacted. Challenges to implementing a memory screening program included staff time and adequate clinic space for in-person screening; challenges to follow-up of positive screening results included inability to contact patients and lack of primary care continuity to facilitate further triage and referral. Conclusions Nearly one-fourth of primary care Hispanic elders screened as memory-impaired, but few factors predicted positive screening. Stakeholder-guided adaptations are needed—particularly in resource-constrained settings—to overcome challenges to further diagnostic evaluation and referral. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chaos and quantum fluctuations in the Hénon-Heiles and four-leg potentials.

Using the idea of the Gaussian effective potential due to Stevenson [Phys. Rev. D 30, 1712 (1984)], the effect of quantum fluctuations on chaotic behavior is studied in the H\'enon-Heiles and four-leg potentials.
Albumin synthesis and secretion by isolated morphologically characterized avian hepatic parenchymal cells

Abstract Cell suspensions were prepared from rooster liver by sequential perfusion with EGTA (ethyleneglycol-bis-(β-aminoethyl ether) N,N′-tetraacetic acid) and collagenase. Tissue morphology during disaggregation showed the appearance of discrete intercellular spaces in response to EGTA perfusion. This effect apparently permits the collagenase greater access to the liver cells and accounts for the greater cell yields obtained with the sequential procedure. The cell suspensions contained 95% parenchymal cells, and the enrichment for parenchymal cells was found to occur at two stages in the disaggregation procedure. Parenchymal cells remain viable in suspension culture for several hours and continue to synthesize and secrete serum albumin. Analysis of albumin secretion shows a minimum processing time of 30 min. between synthesis and secretion while intracellular albumin attains an apparent steady state after approximately 100 min. of labeling with [ 3 H]-leucine. These studies indicate that rooster parenchymal cells can be used to examine the processing and secretion of proteins by a cell committed to the constitutive secretion of multiple protein products.
Induction of alkaline phosphatase in choriocarcinoma cells by 1-β-D-arabinofuranosyl-cytosine, mitomycin C, phleomycin, and cyclic nucleotides

Alkaline phosphatase is induced in cultured human choriocarcinoma cells by three inhibitors of DNA synthesis which alter DNA structure: 1-β-D-arabinofuranosyl-cytosine, mitomycin C, and phleomycin. No induction is observed with the inhibitors, hydroxyurea and thymidine, which do not alter DNA structure. Cyclic AMP, analogs of cyclic nucleotides, and sodium butyrate also induce alkaline phosphatase in these cells. Among the cyclic nucleotides tested, dibutyryl cyclic AMP is the best inducer, whereas dibutyryl cyclic GMP is a poor inducer. Induction of alkaline phosphatase by inhibitors of DNA synthesis or by exposure to dibutyryl cyclic AMP appears to utilize different mechanisms. Maximum induction is observed after simultaneous addition of both types of inducers at the concentrations found to be optimal for each inducer alone. Under these conditions, the induced activity is equal to or greater than the sum of the activities induced by each inducer. RNA synthesis and protein synthesis are required for induction. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP added to cultures of choriocarcinoma cells is not degraded in the culture medium, but is extensively degraded in the cells. Nevertheless, significant amounts of dibutyryl and monobutyryl cyclic AMP are found intracellularly throughout the experiment. Since the cellular uptake of dibutyryl cyclic AMP is extremely slow, the amount of butyrate released by intracellular degradation cannot account for the observed induction. Neither the rate of uptake nor the stability of dibutyryl cyclic AMP are changed by the addition of 1-β-D-arabinofuranosyl-cytosine to the culture medium. Furthermore, 1-β-D-arabinofuranosyl-cytosine inhibits the induction by sodium butyrate. The results indicate that butyrate is not the major mediator of induction by dibutyryl cyclic AMP.
Solubility of PdI2 in nitrate and perchlorate solutions

Abstract This paper reports the solubilities of PdI 2 as measured in nitric acid by a tracer technique and in water, calcium nitrate and sodium perchlorate solutions by a specific ion electrode technique. The tracer technique measures all the soluble iodine species, whereas the specific ion electrode measures only simple iodide ions(I − ). When compared on the basis of ionic strength, the values obtained in the nitrate solutions by the two methods were in reasonable agreement. The solubilities in perchlorate solution were much higher than in nitrate, possibly because of ionic equilibria involving Pd 4+ , but this was not resolved in this work. The activity product constant, K ap(PdI 2 ) = (2.5 ± 0.4) × 10 −23 (25°C), was calculated from PdI 2 solubility in water. With this value and the standard electrode potentials from the literature, the free energy of formation for PdI 2 was calculated to be −13.6 kcal mole −1 .
Modeling of Annealing of High Concentration Arsenic Profiles

Understanding the diffusion and activation of arsenic is critical for the formation of low resistance ultra-shallow junctions as required for nanoscale MOS devices. In this work, we use results of ab-initio calcultions in order to gain insight into the fundamental process involved in arsenic activation/deactivation. Utilizing continuum modeling, we find it is possible to account for both the very rapid initial deactivation of arsenic as well as the strongly superline independence of interstitial supersaturation on doping level which accompanies deactivation. The critical process is the rearrangement of A s-atoms via in testitial mediated diffusion leading to ejection of silicon atoms from arsenic complexes and formation of arsenic-vacancy clusters.
An efficient method for computation of the manipulator inertia matrix

An efficient method of computation of the manipulator inertia matrix is presented. Using spatial notations, the method leads to the definition of the composite rigid-body spatial inertia, which is a spatial representation of the notion of augmented body. The previously proposed methods, the physical interpretations leading to their derivation, and their redundancies are analyzed. The proposed method achieves a greater efficiency by eliminating the redundancy in the intrinsic equations as well as by a better choice of coordinate frame for their projection. In this case, removing the redundancy leads to greater efficiency of the computation in both serial and parallel senses. >
High-frequency time-domain modeling of GaAs FETs using hydrodynamic model coupled with Maxwell's equations

A high frequency full wave model for microwave and millimeter wave GaAs Field Transistors (FET) is presented. The consists of two coupled models for the solid-state and electromagnetic parts of the problem. In the solid-state part, a hydrodynamic model consisting of the conservation equations for carrier density, energy, and momentum is utilized. All the conservation equations are solved with minimum simplifications. On the electromagnetic side, a 3D model consisting of Maxwell's equations is used. The time domain simulation of the device is performed using finite difference method. Numerical results of the presented model for a 0.5 /spl mu/m MESFET show that wave effect plays a crucial role in modulating fields and electron velocities inside the active device. The wave propagation is detected and found to cause considerable variations in field distribution and electron velocities. >
Simulation of multipath fading/ghosting for analog and digital television transmission in broadcast channels

An approach to the simulation of many of the channel impairments attributed to multipath fading and ghosting of a television signal is discussed. The use of the Hewlett Packard 11759D Dynamic Ghosting Simulator, which is capable of generating fading models ranging from static transmission conditions to dynamic cases of airplane flutter, tower sway, and reception by a mobile receiver in the simulation is described. All of these conditions can be used to subject future receivers, equalizers, and ghost cancellation circuitries to field-testing within the laboratory environment. >
Stability of vertices in random boolean cellular automata

Based on computer simulations, Kauffman (Physica D, 10, 145-156, 1984) made several generalizations about a random Boolean cellular automaton which he invented as a model of cellular metabolism. Here we give the first rigorous proofs of two of Kauffman's generalizations: a large fraction of vertices stabilize quickly, consequently the length of cycles in the automaton's behavior is small compared to that of a random mapping with the same number of states; and reversal of the states of a large fraction of the vertices does not affect the cycle to which the automaton moves. © 1991 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.