cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Bible in Bloom

tinues, the Bible, largely through the efforts of literary rather than biblical critics, may indeed regain its dubious status as a best-seller. The story begins in the seventies. Commentary published several articles on a literary approach to Scripture by the American critic Robert Alter. They led to a book, The Art of Biblical Narrative (1981). Subsequently appeared a companion, The Art of Biblical Poetry (1985). Next Alter collab orated with the British scholar Frank Kermode to edit The Literary Guide to the Bible (1987). Kermode had already written about the gospels (The Genesis of Secrecy, 1979). In The Literary Guide, biblical and secular authori ties from the United States, England, and Israel discussed individual books and general topics. The same year American Jewish authors produced a collection of essays entitled Congregation: Contemporary Writers Read the Jewish Bible. David Rosenberg, later to translate the book of J from Hebrew, edited it. Harold Bloom, ostensibly writing on Exodus, gave a synopsis of the ancient author J, an earnest of his book to come. Gabriel Josipovici, a British literary critic, then took another direction. In The Book of God: A Response to the Bible (1988) he explored the grand design of Scripture, acknowledging that the Canadian professor Northrop Frye had already pursued a parallel path in The Great Code: The Bible and Literature (1982). Last year Frye completed a sequel, Words with Power: Being a Second Study of "The Bible and Literature" (1990). The Book ofj now joins this enterprise. Of all the works, it has received the greatest public attention. Unlike the others, it enjoys a flamboyant style, an anti-religious bias, outlandish generalizations, and the particular belief that a woman wrote the document called J. These distinctive fea tures provoke spirited discussion from varied perspectives. This essay reviews The Book ofj from within biblical scholarship. To be
System Architecture for a Clinical Workstation Providing “Point of Use” Knowledge Access

Abstract A patient information system may not be able to incorporate the large array of knowledge and decision aids needed by the practicing physician. While microcomputer knowledge resources are becoming increasingly available it is unclear how to best use them in the clinical setting. This paper describes ”point of use” knowledge access using a “clinical workstation”. Patient data and medical knowledge are localized and coupled using a microcomputer “front end” to a mainframe clinical information system. Both physical and temporal barriers to knowledge access are overcome. In addition, a well developed ability to monitor users and applications forms the mainstay of our on-going evaluation and development process.
Deploying Robots With Two Sensors in K1, 6‐Free Graphs

Let G be a graph of minimum degree at least 2 with no induced subgraph isomorphic to K1, 6. We prove that if G is not isomorphic to one of eight exceptional graphs, then it is possible to assign two-element subsets of to the vertices of G in such a way that for every and every vertex the label i is assigned to v or one of its neighbors. It follows that G has fractional domatic number at least 5/2. This is motivated by a problem in robotics and generalizes a result of Fujita, Yamashita, and Kameda who proved that the same conclusion holds for all 3-regular graphs.
Pancreatic cancer (Exocrine)

There are two distinct types of pancreatic cancer, differentiated by whether they arise from exocrine or endocrine tissue. By far the most common (up to 95 %) are neoplasms of the exocrine pancreas, and they are the focus of this discussion. Most exocrine pancreatic neoplasms (90 %) are adenocarcinomas, and three quarters of them arise in the head of the pancreas. Neoplasms of the endocrine pancreas are relatively rare and differ both biologically and clinically from exocrine cancers. Because they affect endocrine tissue, they often cause recognizable hormonal symptoms; thus, they are often detected at early stages and are more successfully treated. Exocrine pancreatic cancers, in contrast, do not cause early symptoms, and when symptoms appear, they are often vague in nature. By the time significant pain, jaundice, or weight loss is evaluated, disease is usually advanced, and as many as 80 % of patients present with disease defined as regionally advanced or metastatic on imaging studies.
Regulation, Open-Access Transportation, and Productive Efficiency

This paper examines the initial impact of open-accesstransportation on firm efficiency. Under open-accesstransportation, firms provide transportation servicefor a general class of customers on anon-discriminatory basis. Open-access transportationmay enhance competition among firms, and lead toincreases in firm efficiency as well as lower prices forconsumers. The transportation program's impact onproductive efficiency is tested using a 1977–1989panel of 20 U.S. interstate natural gas pipelinecompanies. Results indicate that the program led to(i) a small reduction in transportation cost, and (ii)small increases in firm efficiency.
LEFT VENTRICULAR (LV) END SYSTOLIC WALL STRESS SHORTENING RELATIONSHIPS IN PRETERM INFANTS AND INFANTS OF DIABETIC MOTHERS (IDM)

LEFT VENTRICULAR (LV) END SYSTOLIC WALL STRESS SHORTENING RELATIONSHIPS IN PRETERM INFANTS AND INFANTS OF DIABETIC MOTHERS (IDM)
Respiratory control in the glucose perfused heart. A 31P NMR and NADH fluorescence study.

The phosphate metabolises, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), inorganic phosphate (Pi), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), are potentially important regulators of mitochondrial respiration in vivo. However, previous studies on the heart in vivo and in vitro have not consistently demonstrated an appropriate correlation between the concentration of these phosphate metabolites and moderate changes in work and respiration. Recently, mitochondrial NAD(P)H levels have been proposed as a potential regulator of cardiac respiration during alterations in work output. In order to understand better the mechanism of respiratory control under these conditions, we investigated the relationship between the phosphate metabolites, the NAD(P)H levels, and oxygen consumption (Q02) in the isovolumic perfused rat heart during alterations in work output with pacing. ATP, creatine phosphate (CrP), Pi and intracellular pH were measured using 31P NMR. Mitochondrial NAD(P)H levels were monitored using spectrofluorometric techniques. Utilizing glucose as the sole substrate, an increase in paced heart rate led to an increase in Q02 from 1.73 ± 0.09 to 2.29 ± 0.12 mmol Q2/h per g dry wt. No significant changes in the levels of Pi, PCr, ATP, or the calculated ADP levels were detected. Under identical conditions, an increase in heart rate was associated with a 23±3% increase in NAD(P)H fluorescence. Thus, under the conditions of these studies, an increase in Q02 was not associated with an increase in ADP or Pi. In contrast, increases in Q02 were associated with an increase in NAD(P)H. These data are consistent with the notion that increases in the mitochondrial NADH redox state regulate steady-state levels of respiration when myocardial work is increased.
Sonographic prenatal diagnosis of congenital Marfan syndrome

Congenital Marfan syndrome is a rare and severe disease of the newborn, causing devastating and often fatal effects on the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and musculoskeletal systems. Familial mutations of FBN1 have been studied and identified in Marfan syndrome, but the congenital variant is often due to de novo mutations, limiting the diagnostic capabilities of genetic screening. Ultrasound is essential for early diagnosis and management, yet few cases of sonographic diagnosis have been cited in the literature. This report outlines one such case of congenital Marfan syndrome diagnosed at 24-week ultrasound. Further detailed reports should aim to improve screening, diagnosis, and treatment of congenital Marfan syndrome to advance options in family planning and disease management.
Do Nitrogen Transformations In The Poleward Undercurrent Off Peru And Chile Have A Globally Significant Influence

Although it represents only about 0.01% of the total oceanic volume, the Poleward Undercurrent off the coasts of Peru and northern Chile is the site of globally significant nitrogen transformations. The cooccurrence of oxygen deficient (<~0.05 m1/1) waters and high fluxes of organic material causes the regional denitrification rate to comprise about 20% of the total marine rate and most of this occurs within the Undercurrent. Theoretical considerations and the existence of extremely low and extremely high nitrous oxide concentrations in and near the Undercurrent suggest that nitrous oxide turnover in this region occurs at much higher rates than in the “average ocean.”
Whatever Happened to Dewey and James? Discourse, Power, and Subjectivity in the Age of Standardization

John Dewey was an unequivocal critic of the idea of a standardized curriculum. He once wrote, “A single course of studies for all progressive schools is out of the question; it would mean abandoning the fundamental principle of connection with life-experiences.” William James, too, believed that productive schooling must begin with the child. He wrote of a “proper pedagogic moment” wherein the skilled teacher could seize upon the native impulses and interests of a child — a moment that could not be divined through “specific rules,” but rather “depend[ed] on close observation in the particular case.” Moreover, James warned presciently about deducing “definite programs and schemes and methods of instruction” from the field of psychology. “Psychology,” he wrote, “is a science, and teaching is an art” (TLK, 3).
Sustaining Collusion via a Fuzzy Trigger

Probability theory is the standard economic representation of uncertainty, although it is not always an accurate one. Fuzzy logic is an alternative representation that does not require individual beliefs regarding the explicit functional form of uncertainty. This paper applies fuzzy logic to an oligopoly trigger pricing game. The fuzzy trigger pricing game reverses the standard cyclical price war prediction; collusion-sustaining price wars are most likely to occur during times of high demand. The fuzzy model also predicts that markets with relatively volatile prices are more likely to undergo collusion-sustaining price wars. The predictions are consistent with available empirical evidence.
High bandwidth transimpedance amplifier design using active transmission lines

A transimpedance amplifier (TIA) is designed based on the first order wave equation. The feedback resistance is set as the objective function for transimpedance. The main feedback amplifier provides transimpedance and a wide band compensation amplifier determines the characteristics of overall TIA. The stability of the TIA is not affected due to the open loop nature of compensation. Simulation results show that the TIA achieves a 58 dB gain and 1.32 GHz bandwidth in a 0.25 /spl mu/m standard CMOS process.
Substrate Inhibition of Transglucosyl-Amylase by Maltose

Transglucosyl-amylase was inhibited by maltose when maltose served as a substrate. As a function of substrate concentration, the rates initially rose proportionately with increases of maltose levels until a maximal rate was attained. Further increases of maltose concentration decreased reaction rates. The attainment of a maximal rate with increasing substrate concentration and close correspondence between experimental and calculated rates indicated the involvement of ternary complex formation. Evidence also suggested that substrate inhibition is caused by maltose competing with water for the acceptor sites during complex formation.
Mass hysteria in Le Roy, New York: How brain experts materialized truth and outscienced environmental inquiry

Teenage schoolgirls in Le Roy, New York, captured the attention of the U.S. public in 2011 and 2012 when they developed acute motor and vocal tics. Dramatic images of the girls’ involuntary movements were briefly seen on national news and social media before clinical neurologists diagnosed the girls with “mass psychogenic illness” and required their retreat from media as part of the cure. Drawing from perspectives in medical and linguistic anthropology as well as the anthropology of expertise, we interrogate how this diagnosis, called “mass hysteria” in a previous generation of Freudian psychology, came to be favored over attribution to a potential environmental cause. Neurologists countered the evidential vagueness of environmental claims by suggesting that material proof of psychological origin could lie in fMRI data, contributing to a public narrative on female adolescent brains and rural U.S. communities that foreclosed environmental inquiry.
Urban and rural differences in end-of-life pain and treatment status on admission to a nursing facility.

Individuals receiving end-of-life (EOL) care may have needs that are unrecognized or treated inappropriately. Yet, very little is known about differences in pain and special-care needs of EOL patie...
Reservoir-induced Seismicity in China

A review of case histories of reservoir-induced seismicity (RIS) in China shows that it mainly occurs in granitic and karst terranes. Seismicity in granitic terranes is mainly associated with pore pressure diffusion whereas in karst terranes the chemical effect of water appears to play a major role in triggering RIS. In view of the characteristic features of RIS in China, we can expect moderate earthquakes to be induced by the construction of the Three Gorges Project on the Yangtze River.
Non-invasive detection of fatty liver in dairy cows by digital analyses of hepatic ultrasonograms.

During early lactation, many dairy cows develop fatty liver, which is associated with decreased health and reproductive performance. Currently, fatty liver can be detected reliably only by using liver biopsy followed by chemical or histological analysis, which is not practical in most on-farm situations. We tested whether digital analyses of hepatic ultrasonograms can be used to detect non-invasively fatty liver and estimate liver triacylglycerol content. A total of 49 liver biopsies and ultrasonograms were taken from 29 dairy cows within 2 weeks postpartum. The usefulness of 17 first- or second-order parameters from digital analysis of B-mode ultrasonograms were evaluated by discriminant, correlation, and regression analyses. A group of linear combinations of the 17 parameters correctly classified 40 of 49 samples into normal liver as well as mild, moderate and severe fatty liver when cut-off values were 1%, 5% and 10% and correctly classified 45 of 49 samples when cut-off values were 5% and 10% triacylglycerol of wet weight. A linear combination of 16 image parameters estimated triacylglycerol concentrations of 38 of the 39 liver samples below the cut-off value of 10% within 2·5% of liver wet weight, and a linear combination of 3 parameters estimated triacylglycerol concentrations of the 10 liver samples above the cut-off value of 10% within 2% of liver wet weight. Therefore, ultrasound imaging followed by digital analysis of sonograms has potential to non-invasively detect fatty liver and estimate liver triacylglycerol content.
Geological perspectives on the Monte Verde archeological site in Chile and pre-Clovis coastal migration in the Americas

Discovery of the Monte Verde archeological site in Chile overturned the previous consensus that the first Americans into the New World from Asia were the makers of Clovis projectile points, and rejuvenated the hypothesis that migration through the Americas occurred largely on portions of the Pacific continental shelf exposed by Pleistocene drawdown in eustatic sea level. The postulate of travel along a paleoshoreline now hidden underwater is an attractive means to posit pre-Clovis human movement southward from Beringia to Chile without leaving traces of migration onshore. Geologic analyses of the Pleistocene paleoenvironment at Monte Verde and of the morphology of the potential migration route along the continental shelf raise questions that have not been fully addressed. The periglacial setting of Monte Verde may call its antiquity into question and the narrowness of the Pacific continental shelf of the Americas makes it unlikely that people could travel the length of the Americas without impacting ground still onshore and no farther inland than Monte Verde itself. Geological perspectives on Monte Verde and coastal migration jointly suggest that the Clovis-first hypothesis for peopling the New World may have been abandoned prematurely.
Calcium Channels and Nifedipine Inhibition of Serotonin-Induced [3H]Thymidine Incorporation in Cultured Cerebral Smooth Muscle Cells

Cultures of smooth muscle cells were prepared from the basilar artery of adult guinea pigs. Passaged cultures (10–30 passages) that expressed serotonin receptors were studied using [3H]thymidine incorporation. When tested in quiescent medium, serotonin potently stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation (EC50 of 31 nM) by as much as 400% at 24 h. The number of cells was not significantly increased at 24 or 48 h. At concentrations of 10−8–10−5M 5-HT, [3H]thymidine uptake was reduced 40–50% by the dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel blocker, nifedipine (1 μM). To demonstrate a possible mechanism for the sensitivity to nifedipine, Ca2+ currents were measured using the whole cell patch clamp technique. The cells expressed dihydropyridine-sensitive L-type Ca2+ channels, but not other subtypes of Ca2+ channels, as indicated by the kinetic and voltage-dependent characteristics of the current and by the stimulatory effect of Bay K 8644. The magnitude of the Ca2+ currents was related exponentially to the membrane surface are...
Monitoring Medication Adherence by Unannounced Pill Counts Conducted by Telephone: Reliability and Criterion-Related Validity

AbstractBackground: Although demonstrated valid for monitoring medication adherence, unannounced pill counts conducted in patients’ homes are costly and logistically challenging. Telephone-based unannounced pill counts offer a promising adaptation that resolves most of the limitations of home-based pill counting. Purpose: We tested the reliability and criterion-related validity of a telephone-based unannounced pill count assessment of antiretroviral adherence. Method: HIV-positive men and women (N = 89) in Atlanta, Georgia, completed a telephone-based unannounced pill count and provided contemporaneous blood specimens to obtain viral loads; 68 participants also received an immediate second pill count conducted during an unannounced home visit. Results: A high degree of concordance was observed between the number of pills counted on the telephone and in the home (intraclass correlation [ICC] = .981, p < .001) and percent of pills taken (ICC = .987, p < .001). Adherence obtained by the telephone count and h...
Inhibition of dehydration-induced fusion between liposomal membranes by carbohydrates as measured by fluorescence energy transfer

The relative abilities of a number of naturally occurring carbohydrates to inhibit dehydration-induced fusion between palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine:phosphatidylserine (85:15) large unilamellar vesicles have been studied. Fusion events were quantified using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer technique. Trehalose was most effective at inhibiting fusion (0.4 g/trehalose/g lipid showed 30% probe intermixing), followed by maltose (60% intermixing), fructose (60%), sucrose (70%), glucose (80%), cellobiose, glycerol, raffinose, and myo-inositol (90%). The relative abilities of these carbohydrates to inhibit fusion correlate directly with their abilities to interact with phospholipids, maintain bilayer fluidity, and preserve biological membranes. The results are discussed in relation to the crystalline structure of the carbohydrates and their possible influence on level of interaction with phosphate head groups.
Climate Processes and Change

The 1997 Kyoto summit on climate change demonstrates the world community's desire to protect future generations from harmful effects induced by the anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases. On the other hand, the worldwide impacts of the 1997–1998 El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event serve as a reminder of how natural variability can strongly influence weather. In this book, Bryant provides a bird's-eye view of natural climate change over the last 2 million years, rather than the fish's-eye view of the more recent possible anthropogenic global warming. The key feature that sets this text apart is the perspective of climate change on a larger timescale. The author recognizes that climate is not constant, and that only small perturbations are necessary to shift climate into an extreme state. If this is the case, however, anthropogenic greenhouse gas forcing may also produce extreme climate change. Climate Processes and Change also differs from other texts by raising the awareness of uncertainties in historical observations, trends, and the complex and nonlinear relationships between observations and theory.
Parameter estimation for finite mixture distributions

Abstract In this paper we compare (numerically) two approaches to the estimation of the parameters of the component densities in a univariate mixture of normal distributions. One approach is based on a constrained maximum-likelihood (ML) algorithm; the other, on the fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering algorithm. Our study indicates that: (i) the ML method produces superior estimates when the component densities are “well-mixed”, while either algorithm provides good estimates for well-separated distributions; (ii) the FCM approach is almost always faster than the ML method; and (iii) initialization of the ML method with the output of FCM almost always improves both the run time and accuracy of the statistical estimates.
Packaged software: implications of the differences from custom approaches to software development

This paper contributes to the literature on software development in two ways. First, by discussing the packaged software domain relative to the more commonly studied custom information systems (IS) domain. Second, this paper presents our speculations on the implications of these differences between packaged and custom IS development. Regarding the first issue, while the two domains share many commonalities, the differences are also important to understand. To make this clear we discuss the differences at four levels: industry forces, approaches to software development, work culture and development team efforts. At each level, data from three case studies are used to illustrate the differences between the two domains. To develop our speculations, we contend that the differences between packaged software and the traditional, custom, approach to information systems development will be profound for five stakeholder groups: software development organizations, software development teams, software developers, software consumers and for researchers interested in software development.
Molecular mechanisms of experimental glomerulonephritis: an overview

Summary: Most glomerular diseases are autoimmune in nature with injury occurring as a consequence of antibody reacting with antigens on glomerular cell membranes or in glomerular matrix, or immune complex formation occurring on or near glomerular cell membrnes. Many of the structural and functional consequences of these events result from the response of resident glomerular cells to the injury, or may be induced by inflammatory effector cells derived from the circulation. In terms of glomerular cells, injury to the glomerular epithelial cell (GEC) may be induced by: (i) non-complement fixing antibodies which mimic the glomerular lesions of minimal change nephrotic syndrome/focal glomerular sclerosis; or (ii) by antibodies which fix complement leading to GEC attack by C5b-9 resulting in a lesion analogous to membranous nephropathy. C5b-9 also mediates antibody induced injury to the mesangial cell resulting in a mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis (IgA nephropathy, systemic lupus erythematosus; SLE) as well as to the glomerular endothelial cell (thrombotic microangiopathy, haemolytic uraemic syndrome). the effects of C5b-9 may be lytic (mesangial cell, glomerular endothelial cell; GEN) or sublytic (GEC) resulting in stimulation of local oxident and protease production. Both lytic and sublytic effects are substantially modulated by cell-bound complement regulatory proteins such as CD59 and Crry. When fixed or planted antigens are present in larger quantities and accessible to the circulation, complement activation generates chemotactic factors leading to neutrophil infiltration and producing injury through the myeloperoxidase (MPO)-H2-O2-halide system, a mechanism substantially augmented by platelet-neutrophil interaction (post-infectious glomerulonephritis [GN], SLE). Macrophages may also be localized in glomeruli by either immune adherence mechanisms or as a consequence of cell mediated immune reactions in the glomerulus. Macrophages differ from neutrophils in producing large amounts of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and procoagulants which contribute to crescent formation rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN).
High expansion foam fire control system for gloved boxes

The use of hazardous materials in gloved boxes has resulted in a need for rapid fire detection and extinguishment within the enclosures. Inert atmospheres and reduced atmospheres have been tested but have not yielded the degree of reliability required. An automatic high expansion foam system, which has given satisfactory results, is described by the authors.
Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring in the Emergency Department: Identifying Which Patients With Chest Pain Can Be Safely Discharged Home

Study objective Coronary artery calcium scoring (CACS) is a simple and readily available test for identifying coronary artery disease. Our objective is to evaluate whether a CACS of zero will identify chest pain patients who can be safely discharged home, without need for further cardiac testing. Methods This was a prospective observational cohort study conducted at an urban tertiary care hospital of stable patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with chest pain of uncertain cardiac cause. Patients with a normal initial troponin level, nonischemic ECG, and no history of coronary artery disease had stress myocardial perfusion imaging (SPECT) and CACS within 24 hours of ED admission. Cardiac events were defined as an acute coronary syndrome during the index hospitalization or in follow-up. CACS results were assessed in relation to SPECT findings and cardiac events. Results The 1,031 patients enrolled (mean [SD] age 54 [13] years) had a median CACS of 0 (61% with CACS of 0). The frequency of an abnormal SPECT ranged from 0.8% (CACS of 0) to17% (CACS>400). Cardiac events occurred in 32 patients (3.1%) during the index hospitalization (N=28) or after hospital discharge (N=4) (mean 7.4 [3.3] months). Only 2 events occurred in 625 patients with a CACS of 0 (0.3%; 95% confidence interval 0.04% to 1.1%). Thus, 2 of 32 patients with a cardiac event had a CACS of 0 (6%; 95% confidence interval 0.8% to 21%). Both of these patients developed increased troponin levels during their index visit but had normal serial ECG and SPECT study results and no cardiac events at 6-month follow-up. Conclusion A majority of patients (61% in our sample) evaluated for chest pain of uncertain cardiac cause have a CACS of 0, which predicts both a normal SPECT result and an excellent short-term outcome. Our results suggest that patients with a CACS of 0 can be discharged home, without further cardiac testing.
Solar wind stream evolution at large heliocentric distances: Experimental demonstration and the test of a model

A stream propagation model which neglects all dissipation effects except those occurring at shock interfaces, was used to compare Pioneer-10 solar wind speed observations, during the time when Pioneer 10, the earth, and the sun were coaligned, with near-earth Imp-7 observations of the solar wind structure, and with the theoretical predictions of the solar wind structure at Pioneer 10 derived from the Imp-7 measurements, using the model. The comparison provides a graphic illustration of the phenomenon of stream steepening in the solar wind with the attendant formation of forward-reverse shock pairs and the gradual decay of stream amplitudes with increasing heliocentric distance. The comparison also provides a qualitative test of the stream propagation model.
Interviewer Guides used in Cruelty Research

(1997). Interviewer Guides used in Cruelty Research. Anthrozoos: Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 180-182.
Line transect estimation of population size:the exponential case with grouped data

Gates, Marshall, and Olson (1968) investigated the line transect method of estimating grouse population densities in the case where sighting probabilities are exponential. This work is followed by a simulation study in Gates (1969). A general overview of line transect analysis is presented by Burnham and Anderson (1976). These articles all deal with the ungrouped data case. In the present article, an analysis of line transect data is formulated under the Gates framework of exponential sighting probabilities and in the context of grouped data.
Removal of oil films from stainless steel tubes

The contamination of metal surfaces with oil is a widespread problem in the chemical, metalworking, and automotive industries. The main source of oil fouling comes from the process fluids in various operations. For example, in a heat exchanger, the oil contaminates the equipment surface causing a lower heat-transfer efficiency. The fouled equipment leads to increased costs due to added heat-transfer area, maintenance, energy, and production losses caused by unit downtime. The removal of oil films from the inner surface of a stainless steel tube cell using aqueous cleaning solutions was studied. The two oils used in the cleaning experiments, Sunquench 1042 and heavy mineral oil, contained P{sup 32} labeled tributyl phosphate (TBP) as a radioactive tracer. The {beta}{sup {minus}} particles emitted from the radioactive TBP were detected by a CaF{sub 2} scintillator and used as a measure of the amount of oil remaining in the tube cell. Cleaning experiments performed at different flow rates, surface treatment, and surfactant concentrations indicated that initially the oil films were removed rapidly. At the end of the experiments, the oil removal rate reduced significantly, eventually becoming negligible. The stainless steel morphology affected oil removal significantly, and the rougher tube tended to retard the oilmore » removal. The rate and extent of the decontamination were significantly increased in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, a nonionic surfactant. Experimental data were compared to a hydrodynamic model based on the removal of a liquid contaminant from a solid surface by an immiscible fluid. The model deviated from the experimental data due to the presence of instabilities at the oil-water interface.« less
Parametric excitation of magnetostatic modes in circular ferromagnetic films.

Magnetoexchange modes of a normally magnetized thin film with cos(\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\varphi}) and sin(\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\varphi}) azimuthal dependence are found to be excited through a process analogous to the second-order Suhl instability. If the modes are not degenerate, only one of the modes will be excited in the steady state above threshold. This effect has implications on the validity of the random-phase approximation inherent in the S theory commonly used to model spin-wave interactions in bulk media.
The implications of increasing economic openness for real wages in developing countries, 1973–1990

Abstract Our study shows that increasing economic openness is neither necessarily good nor necessarily bad for real wage growth in developing countries. Economic growth, investment share growth, and productivity growth — not export share growth — are the determinants of real wage growth. We also find that the story of wage determination changed in the 1980s compared to the 1970s. This change may be due to the implications of heightened competitive pressures in the world market or it may be the result of the debt crisis. The main policy implication of our findings is that governments who want to promote growth and the living standards of their workers have to focus explicitly and primarily on increasing investment and productivity growth.
TfI15: Domain orientation change induced by ferroelectric fatigue process in lead zirconate titanate ceramics

Abstract Domain orientation change induced by ferroelectric fatigue process is investigated in lead zirconate titanate type ceramics using X-ray diffraction. For hard lead zirconate titanate ceramics, a conversion of the domains, from the orientations perpendicular to the cycling field to the orientation parallel to it, is verified. For soft lead lanthanum zirconate titanate ceramics near the tetragonal-rhombohedral morphotropic phase boundary, a rhombohedral to tetragonal phase conversion and consequent stabilization of the tetragonal phase is revealed. The results can be well explained by the gradual buildup of a directional pinning force which impedes ferroelectric switching. The reorientation and migration of the defects and/or space charge induced by the cycling electric field are proposed to be responsible for the buildup of the directional pinning force.
New developments in the understanding of cholera.

Recent advances in prevention and treatment of cholera have occurred in the areas of vaccine testing, modifications of oral-rehydration solutions (ORS), and antimicrobial treatment. Oral vaccines consisting of killed whole bacterial cells (WC) with and without the B-subunit of cholera toxin (BS) were shown to be effective in large trials in Bangladesh, Peru, and Vietnam. However, the trials did not resolve whether two or three doses of vaccine are required and whether BS adds significantly to the immune protection of WC. Live, attenuated bacterial vaccines that are immunogenic and have been shown protective in human volunteer studies are candidates for future field trials. Rehydration of patients is a lifesaving effort. The best ORS contains rice powder in place of glucose, and solutions with reduced osmolarity (245 mOsm/L, sodium 75 mEq/L) are as effective as standard ORS. Ciprofloxacin in a single dose is effective in adults, and erythromycin or ampicillin in multiple doses is effective in children.
The graph of Prisoners' Dilemma supergame payoffs as a function of the discount factor

Abstract The set of subgame perfect correlated equilibrium of the infinitely repeated discounted Prisoners' Dilemma depends on the discount factor. The graph of the correspondence of these equilibrium payoffs versus the discount factor is derived and presented. These results are especially applicable to situations in which there is a random chance of the supergame ending, or an exogenous probability of cooperative breakdown.
Unlicensed administration of medication. the California Supreme Court decision.

This article summarizes the California Supreme Court’s decision in American Nurses Association v. Torlakson concerning the administration of prescription medications, such as insulin injections for students with diabetes, by school personnel who are not licensed nurses. More specifically, the coverage includes (a) an overview of the legal history of this California case; (b) an analysis of the specific contours of the court’s ruling along with their applications and effects in California; and (c) a discussion of the more general legal implications for school nurses and school districts in other states.
Partial Derivative Games in Thermodynamics: A Cognitive Task Analysis.

Several studies in recent years have demonstrated that upper-division students struggle with the mathematics of thermodynamics. This paper presents a task analysis based on several expert attempts to solve a challenging mathematics problem in thermodynamics. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we highlight the importance of cognitive task analysis for understanding expert performance and show how the epistemic games framework can be used as a tool for this type of analysis, with thermodynamics as an example. Second, through this analysis, we identify several issues related to thermodynamics that are relevant to future research into student understanding and learning of the mathematics of thermodynamics.
Turnover Intent in an Urban Community College: Strategies for Faculty Retention.

High rates of faculty turnover can be costly to the reputation of an institution and to the quality of instruction. Community colleges may expect high rates of faculty turnover as an aging workforce retires. Other sources of attrition, however, can be attributed to organizational characteristics and the structural properties of faculty work. This study examined non-retirement turnover intent in an urban community college. Specifically, the study utilized an expectancy theory framework to explore the relationship between turnover intent and faculty perceptions of autonomy, organizational support for innovation, and collegial communication. The study population included all full-time faculty members employed by an urban community college in the southeastern U.S. Survey responses from 66% (N = 149) of the invited population revealed that organizational support for innovation had the strongest effect on turnover intent. Faculty who reported higher levels of support for innovation were less likely to indicate ...
Separated Hypersonic Turbulent Flow Measurements on Spoilers

Results are presented for a test program that measured heat transfer, pressure, and drag for a variety of spoiler geometries in hypersonic turbulent flow. Techniques are described whereby such measurements were made simultaneously on three spoilers mounted at the rear of a 6.3° half angle cone having bluntness ratios of 0, 0.082, and 0.164. Spoiler geometries include variations in height, angle, and contour which are thought to be representative of ablated shapes. Nominal freestream test conditions were Mach 11 and Reynolds number of 20 X 106 based on model length. Heat flux and pressure distributions along spoilers of different geometry are shown to correlate when plotted vs a distance coordinate normalized by the distance to maximum heat flux and pressure, respectively. The magnitudes of maximum heat flux and pressure are compared with current prediction techniques. Based on these comparisons, improved prediction methods are suggested that will enhance the ability to predict spoiler performance during re-entry deployment.
Pandemic Vaccines — The Legal Landscape

Pandemic Vaccines — The Legal Landscape Wendy Parmet writes that the recent H1N1 influenza vaccine program provides an important opportunity to assess the complex and perhaps paradoxical effects of vaccine laws during a pandemic.
Origin of organic matter in early solar system—IV. Amino acids: Confirmation of catalytic synthesis by mass spectrometry

Prebiotic organic matter in solar system, investigating contamination free amino acid catalytic synthesis from deuterated reactants
A mechanism for touch control of a sagittal five-link finger-hand

A five-link planar model of a hand with one finger is developed. The actuators are analogous to muscle force generators. Three control problems, stability, maintaining a constrained motion, and control of the force of constraint, are considered in this model. Two feedback loops-one time-invariant and one time-varying-appear to be adequate for control purposes. Digital computer simulations are presented to confirm the control strategy and its effectiveness.
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN SPOTTED DOLPHINS (STENELLA ATTENUATA) IN THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC OCEAN

We analyzed 4 meristic and 32 morphometric cranial traits of 612 adult specimens of spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuata) from the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean for sexual dimorphism. Eleven 5” latitude/longitude blocks with five or more of each sex were assessed with a two-way ANOVA for sex and geographic differences. Interaction between these two factors was found for six measurements, suggesting that the degree of sexual dimorphism varies geographically for a few characters (although in no discernible geographic pattern). Sexual dimorphism was demonstrated for 23 of the 36 characters, with differences ranging from 0.00 to 5.88 percent. Females characteristically had a longer rostrum, while males generally had larger skulls overall. In terms of number of characters, the extent of sexual dimorphism demonstrated for skulls of spotted dolphins goes considerably beyond that shown for any other small delphine. A discriminant function involving a combination of 10 characters enabled us to identify correctly the sex of more than 75 percent of the specimens. A procedure for correcting specimen measurements is outlined that would enable an investigator to combine male and female specimens in geographic variation studies. A term (zwitter) is proposed for use when referring to specimens where measurements have been corrected to take into account differences between the sexes. When studying morphological variation within a species, it can be important and informative to apportion variability into geographic and non-geographic components. Genetically controlled, non-geographic variation manifests itself in several ways, each of which may have distinct evolutionary implications. Sexual
ORIENTATIONAL EFFECTS IN THE DIRECT CL- + CH3CL SN2 REACTION AT ELEVATED COLLISION ENERGIES : HARD-OVOID LINE-OF-CENTERS COLLISION MODEL

Abstract The hard-sphere line-of-centers collision model can be extended analytically to include the orientational dependence of both the energy barrier and the critical distance of approach. This hard-ovoid line-of-centers model is applied to the translational activation of the bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2) reaction, Cl− + CH3Cl → ClCH3 + Cl−, for which a direct reaction mechanism was found in recent classical trajectory calculations. The model is compared with recent experiments and the classical trajectory calculations.
Probability density function approach for multidimensional turbulentflow calculations with application to in-cylinder flows in reciprocating engines

The probability density function (pdf) method is extended to two- and three-dimensional transient turbulent flows. The numerical approach couples a Lagrangian Monte Carlo method to solve for the joint pdf of velocity and scalar compositions with an Eulerian finite-volume algorithm to calculate mean pressure and a turbulence time scale. A general approach applicable to variable-density chemically reacting flows has been taken; the present results are for nearly uniform density inert flows.
Stimulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis by lipoic acid

Abstract Enzyme preparations from sheep seminal vesicles display an enhanced ability to synthesize prostaglandins, particularly prostaglandin F from polyunsaturated fatty acids if α-lipoic acid is present in the incubation mixture prior to the addition of fatty acid. The stimulation by lipoate is reversible, time dependent, and involves modifications of V and K m for oxygenase activity. Product studies, structure vs. activity studiesand purification data indicate that lipoate exerts its effect by a mechanism distinct from a glutathione-like metabolism of the endoperoxide linkage in prostaglandin G and prostaglandin H. In addition, product studies suggest that lipoate is not a cofactor for the endoperoxide isomerase component of prostaglandin synthetase. Purification of the endoperoxide synthesizing activity by ion-exchange chromatography and isoelectric focusing yields preparations which are more responsive to lipoate than microsomal preparations.
Reactive Intermediates Produced from the Metabolism of the Vanilloid Ring of Capsaicinoids by P450 Enzymes

This study characterized electrophilic and radical products derived from the metabolism of capsaicin by cytochrome P450 and peroxidase enzymes. Multiple glutathione and β-mercaptoethanol conjugates (a.k.a., adducts), derived from the trapping of quinone methide and quinone intermediates of capsaicin, its analogue nonivamide, and O-demethylated and aromatic hydroxylated metabolites thereof, were produced by human liver microsomes and individual recombinant human P450 enzymes. Conjugates derived from concomitant dehydrogenation of the alkyl terminus of capsaicin were also characterized. Modifications to the 4-OH substituent of the vanilloid ring of capsaicinoids largely prevented the formation of electrophilic intermediates, consistent with the proposed structures and mechanisms of formation for the various conjugates. 5,5'-Dicapsaicin, presumably arising from the bimolecular coupling of free radical intermediates was also characterized. Finally, the analysis of hepatic glutathione conjugates and urinary N-acetylcysteine conjugates from mice dosed with capsaicin confirmed the formation of glutathione conjugates of O-demethylated quinone methide and 5-OH-capsaicin in vivo. These data demonstrated that capsaicin and structurally similar analogues are converted to reactive intermediates by certain P450 enzymes, which may partially explain conflicting reports related to the cytotoxic, pro-carcinogenic, and chemoprotective effects of capsaicinoids in different cells and/or organ systems.
The Acquisition Risk

Can you make money through acquisitions? Despite thousands of mergers over the past two decades and scores of economic studies, there is remarkably little good information on this topic. The problem is that we have had little information about the performance of companies before they were acquired and even less about their performance after takeover.
The relationship between serum IgE and surface levels of FcϵR on human leukocytes in various diseases: Correlation of expression with FcϵRI on basophils but not on monocytes or eosinophils

Abstract Background: Expression of receptors for IgE (FcϵR) have been mainly studied on mast cells and blood basophils in the context of allergic disease. Some reports have noted limited expression of FcϵR on other leukocytes, including blood monocytes and eosinophils in certain patients. An association between human blood basophil expression of FcϵRIα and serum IgE has been noted among allergic subjects. Objective: Recent evidence supports regulation of FcϵRIα by free IgE on both mast cells and basophils. We hypothesized that this relationship would exist across an extremely wide range of IgE levels for human basophils, irrespective of underlying disease. We further examined whether a similar relationship existed between serum IgE and FcϵRIα or FcϵRII (CD23) expression on monocytes and eosinophils in these same subjects. Methods: Blood was obtained from nonallergic subjects (n = 3) and subjects with allergic asthma (n = 5), atopic dermatitis (n = 3), hypereosinophilic syndromes (n = 7), hyper-IgE syndrome (n = 6), helminth infestation (n = 6), or IgE myeloma (n = 1). Levels of serum IgE were determined by using RIA and ranged from 3 to 4.7 mg/mL. Levels of cell surface FcϵRIα, FcϵRII, and IgE were measured by using immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Results: Basophil surface IgE density and FcϵRIα expression correlated with serum IgE levels ( r = 0.67 and r = 0.46, respectively; P r = 0.09, P > .5, n=29), and low-level eosinophil FcϵRIα expression was only detected in a single asthmatic subject. CD23 expression was not detected on basophils or eosinophils, except for the eosinophils from the donor with IgE myeloma. CD23 was present on monocytes from some donors but did not correlate with serum IgE levels. Conclusions: In a variety of disease states, FcϵRIα expression by basophils, but not monocytes or eosinophils, correlated with serum IgE levels across a 6-log range of IgE. These data support the concept of in vivo regulation of FcϵRIα on basophils by serum IgE and further demonstrate that this is independent of allergic disease per se. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;106:514-20.)