cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laser-Desorption Tandem Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry with Continuous Liquid Introduction

A new method to combine aqueous sample introduction with matrix assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry (MS) for interfacing liquid-chromatographic techniques, such as capillary electrophoresis, to MS is described. Aqueous sample solution is introduced directly into the ion source of a time-of-. flight (TOF) mass spectrometer through a fused silica capillary; evaporative cooling results in ice formation at the end of the capillary. The ice can be made to extrude continuously by using localized resistive heating. With direct laser desorption, molecular ions from proteins as large as bovine insulin (5734 Da) can be produced. Two-step desorption/photoionization with a variety of wavelengths is demonstrated, and has the advantages of improved resolution and shot-to-shot reproducibility. Ion structural information is obtained using surface-induced dissociation with an in-line collision device in the reflectron mirror of the TOF instrument. Product ion resolution of ~70 is obtained at m/z77. Extensive fragmentation can be produced with dissociation efficiencies between 7-15% obtained for molecular ions of small organic molecules. Efficiencies approaching 30% are obtained for larger peptide ions.
Induction of cytotoxic T cells and their antitumor activity in mice transgenic for carcinoembryonic antigen.

In order to develop immunotherapy strategies that are based on eliciting immune responsiveness to the self-antigen, human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), we examined whether cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity against CEA could be elicited in CEA-transgenic and nontransgenic mice. CEA-transgenic [C57BL/6-TGN(CEAGe)18FJP] and nontransgenic mice were primed with CEA-transfected syngeneic fibroblasts in combination with Corynebacterium parvum. Spleen cells from immunized mice were cultured with irradiated syngeneic MC-38 colon carcinoma cells transfected with CEA (MC-38.CEA) as stimulators prior to the measurement of CTL activity. Primed nontransgenic spleen cells showed augmented CTL activity against MC-38.CEA cells as compared with control parental MC-38 cells, nontransfected or transfected with vector only. Moreover, primed CEA transgenic spleen cells showed augmented CTL activity against MC-38.CEA cells that was similar to that observed in nontransgenic mice. All CTL clones derived from either transgenic or nontransgenic mice showed cross-reactivity with MC-38 cells expressing the CEA-related antigen, nonspecific cross-reacting antigen, but not biliary glycoprotein. CEA-specific CTL clones were not identified. Adoptive transfer of cloned CTL resulted in inhibition of MC-38.CEA but not MC-38.BGP tumor growth. Tumor cures were elicited in mice treated with a combination of cloned CTL and cyclophosphamide. Histopathological examination of CEA-expressing colons from either immunized mice or recipients of cloned CTL did not reveal any autoimmune reactions. These studies demonstrate that CTL recognizing cross-reactive class I epitopes on the CEA molecule can be induced in transgenic mice. The expression of these epitopes on tumor cells creates effective targets for CTL in vivo without inducing adverse reactions in CEA-expressing normal tissues. Since anti-CEA CTL have been generated in humans, CEA-transgenic mice may be a useful model to study vaccines that are based on CTL effector mechanisms.
MAPPING FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS BY THE BOX-AND-WHISKER

The box-and-whisker diagram, described here, is a simple but effective device for portraying frequency distributions clearly, accurately, and fully. It is a useful means for providing legends and category divisions for choropleth maps, being capable of handling skewed distributions without suppressing the skewness. Maps are used to illustrate the utility of the method for examining different types of distributions and for making map comparisons to discover relationships among variables.
Pharmaceutical Science Faculty Publication Records at Research-Intensive Pharmacy Colleges and Schools

Objective. To determine yearly (phase 1) and cumulative (phase 2) publication records of pharmaceutical science faculty members at research-intensive colleges and schools of pharmacy. Methods. The publication records of pharmaceutical science faculty members at research-intensive colleges and schools of pharmacy were searched on Web of Science. Fifty colleges and schools of pharmacy were randomly chosen for a search of 1,042 individual faculty members’ publications per year from 2005 to 2009. A stratified random sample of 120 faculty members also was chosen, and cumulative publication counts were recorded and bibliometric indices calculated. Results. The median number of publications per year was 2 (range, 0-34). Overall, 22% of faculty members had no publications in any given year, but the number was highly variable depending on the faculty members’ colleges or schools of pharmacy. Bibliometric indices were higher for medicinal chemistry and pharmaceutics, with pharmacology ranking third and social and administrative sciences fourth. Higher bibliometric indices were also observed for institution status (ie, public vs private) and academic rank (discipline chairperson vs non-chairperson and professor vs junior faculty member) (p<0.01 for each). The median number of cumulative publications per faculty member was 34 (range, 0-370). Conclusion. Significant differences exist in yearly and cumulative publication rates for faculty members and bibliometric indices among pharmaceutical science disciplines and academic ranks within research-intensive colleges and schools of pharmacy. These data may be important for benchmarking purposes.
BETAMETHASONE INDUCTION OF LECITHIN SYNTHESIS AND PHOSPHATIDIC ACID PHOSPHATASE IN FETAL LUNG

We studied the effect of maternal glucocorticoid treatment on lecithin synthesis by lung slices and on the activity of three key enzymes (phosphatidic acid phosphatase (PAPase), choline phosphotransferase and phosphatidylglycerolphosphate synthetase) involved in surfactant synthesis. Pregnant rabbits (n=23) were injected with betamethasone (acetate plus phosphate) at 0.25 mg/ kg IM (1 or 2 doses) or with saline (controls), and fetal tissues were obtained at 26 days gestation 12-48 hr after treatment. Glucocorticoid activity in maternal and fetal plasma reached peak levels of 129 and 33 μg/dl cortisol equivalents, respectively, at 1-2 hr and returned to preinjection levels (4.2 and 1.4) between 24 and 48 hr. Treatment significantly increased the rate of choline incorporation into lecithin (pmol/mg tissue/hr) and the activity of PAPase (nmol P/mg protein/min) in lung, but not liver, homogenate. Mean ±SE values are: There was no significant change in the other lung enzymes. We conclude that betamethasone, at a dose equivalent to that used in human prenatal therapy, stimulates both lecithin synthesis and the specific activity of PAPase in fetal rabbit lung.
Purification of mouse liver thymidylate synthetase by affinity chromatography using 10-methyl-5,8-dideazafolate as the affinant.

Thymidylate synthetase (methylenetetrahydrofolate: 2′-deoxyuridine-5′-monophosphate C-methyltransferase; EC 2.1.1.45) from neonatal mouse liver has been purified 714-fold by affinity chromatography on aminohexylsepharose bound 10-methyl-5,8-dideazafolate.
Jak1 expression is required for mediating interleukin-4-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate and Stat6 signaling molecules.

The Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, and Fes tyrosine kinases have been demonstrated to undergo tyrosine phosphorylation in response to interleukin (IL)-4 stimulation in different cell systems. However, it is not clear which, if any, of these kinases are responsible for initiating IL-4-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of intracellular substrates in vivo In the present study, we have utilized a mutant Jak1-deficient HeLa cell line, E1C3, and its parental Jak1-expressing counterpart, 1D4, to analyze the role of Jak1 in mediating IL-4-induced tyrosine phosphorylation events. IL-4 treatment rapidly induced tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 and IRS-2 in 1D4 but not in E1C3 cells. IL-4-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat6 was pronounced in 1D4 cells, while no IL-4-induced Stat6 phosphorylation was detected in E1C3 cells. IL-4 also induced Stat6 DNA binding activity from lysates of 1D4 but not E1C3 cells utilizing a radiolabeled immunoglobulin heavy chain germline e promotor sequence (Ie) in an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Reconstitution of Jak1 expression in E1C3 cells restored the ability of IL-4 to induce IRS and Stat6 tyrosine phosphorylation. These results provide evidence that Jak1 expression is required for mediating tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of crucial molecules involved in IL-4 signal transduction.
Interactive graphic design using automatic presentation knowledge

We present three novel tools for creating data graphics: (1) SageBrush, for assembling graphics from primitive objects like bars, lines and axes, (2) SageBook, for browsing previously created graphics relevant to current needs, and (3) SAGE, a knowledge-based presentation system that automatically designs graphics and also interprets a user's specifications conveyed with the other tools. The combination of these tools supports two complementary processes in a single environment: design as a constructive process of selecting and arranging graphical elements, and design as a process of browsing and customizing previous cases. SAGE enhances userdirected design by completing partial specifications, by retrieving previously created graphics based on their appearance and data content, by creating the novel displays that users specify, and by designing alternatives when users request them. Our approach was to propose interfaces employing styles of interaction that appear to support graphic design. Knowledge-based techniques were then applied to enable the interfaces and enhance their usability.
Acetabular retroversion in post slipped capital femoral epiphysis deformity

Purpose While the femoral deformity in post slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) hips has been implicated in the development of femoral acetabular impingement, little has been studied about the acetabular side. The purpose of our study was to determine the frequency of morphologic changes suggestive of acetabular retroversion in patients who have sustained a SCFE.
Patenting and US academic research in the 20th century: The world before and after Bayh-Dole

Abstract The dramatic growth of patenting and licensing of publicly funded research by American research universities in the closing quarter of the 20th century has stimulated some of the highest-profile debates in science and technology policy today. The issue of what aspects of academic research should be public – and what private – lies at the heart of each of these debates. The movement of academic scientists into commercialisation of discoveries and inventions has been extolled by some as a new model of academic research, one which facilitates economic and social returns from universities. At the same time, this trend has been criticised by others as representing a socially inefficient ‘privatisation’ of academic research and as a threat to the ethos of science itself. This paper places these debates in historical context, with a review of changes in American universities’ patenting policies, procedures and practices throughout the 20th century, an assessment of the logic underlying the passage of the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, and an overview of its effects on economic returns from university research.
Superconducting properties of actinide compounds and other recent results

Resistivity of (Th, U)Be13 under pressure may show the restoration of the onset of electron coherence. Unseparated rare earth elements can be used for preparation of high-Tc superconductors.
Modulation of immunity and host resistance by micro-organisms

* Veterans Administration Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. tDivision of Allergy, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Palo Alto Medical Research Foundation, Palto Alto, California, and Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, California, USA. ~Section of Cancer Biology, Division of Radiation Oncology, Malinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Missouri, USA.
On n-dimensional sampling theorems

Two n-dimensional nonuniform-sampling theorems are proved, which possess additional freedom for constructing recovery functions. One of these implies the n-dimensional uniform-sampling theorem for functions with band-limited Fourier transforms, which also has been proved here through distribution theory. Balth van der Pol's 1959 conjecture on nonuniform sampling for time function is a consequence of these two theorems. For either case, the recovery functions are analytic.
The Effect of a Hypermedia Learning Environment on Middle School Students' Motivation, Attitude, and Science Knowledge

Abstract This study examined the effect of a hypermedia-enhanced problem-based learning environment in astronomy on sixth-graders' science knowledge, attitude toward learning science, and motivation toward learning. It was found that the students had significantly increased their science knowledge from pretest to posttest and also retained much of what they had learned after two weeks. Students' attitudes toward science and their intrinsic goal orientation were significantly higher after using the technology application. Students' science knowledge scores were positively related to their attitudes and intrinsic goal orientation. Such findings suggested that this hypermedia learning environment had a positive impact on the sixth-graders.
Response of Native and Exotic Grasses to Increased Soil Nitrogen and Recovery in a Postfire Environment

Native plant recovery following wildfires is of great concern to managers because of the potential for increased water run-off and soil erosion associated with severely burned areas. Although postfire seeding with exotic grasses or cultivars of native grasses (seeded grasses) may mitigate the potential for increased run-off and erosion, such treatments may also be detrimental to long-term recovery of other native plant species. The degree to which seeded grasses dominate a site and reduce native plant diversity may be a function of the availability of resources such as nitrogen and light and differing abilities of native and seeded grasses to utilize available resources. We tested the hypothesis that seeded grasses have higher growth rates than native grasses when nitrogen and light availability is high in a greenhouse experiment. To determine how differing resource utilization strategies may affect distribution of native and seeded grasses across a burned landscape, we conducted botanical surveys after a wildfire in northern New Mexico, U.S.A., one and four years after the fire. In the greenhouse study we found seeded grasses to produce significantly more biomass than native grasses when nitrogen and light availability was high. Seeded grasses increased in cover from 1–4 years after the fire only in areas where total soil nitrogen was higher. Increased cover of seeded grasses did not affect recovery of native grasses, but it did lead to reduced native species richness at small scales. The potential negative long-term consequences of seeding with exotic grasses should be considered in postfire rehabilitation treatments.
Chiroptical properties of S-alanine conformational isomers

Abstract The chiroptical properties of several S-alanine (zwitterionic and nonzwitterionic), S-alanine cation, and S-alanine anion structural isomers are calculated from LCAO-MO-SCF-CI wave functions constructed on the semiempirical CNDO MO model. Electronic excited states are constructed in the virtual orbital-configuration interaction approximation. We calculate and report the transition energies, dipole strengths, reduced rotatory strengths, and dissymmetry factors for the four lowest energy singlet-singlet transitions as a function of a single conformational variable (the angle between the CαCOO′ plane and the CCαN plane, where C ≡ carboxylate C atom, N ≡ ammonium or amino N atom, and Cα ≡ α-carbon atom) for zwitterionic and nonzwitterionic S-alanine, the S-alanine anion, and the S-alanine cation. The ground state dipole moments and first three ionization potentials are also computed and reported for the various S-alanine species. Electric dipole transition integrals are calculated in the dipole velocity formalism and all two-center contributions to these and the magnetic dipole transition integrals are included. The calculated rotatory strengths are compared with experimental circular dichroism spectra reported for S-alanine and with predictions based on sector rules which have been proposed for α-amino acids.
Human Toll-like receptor 4 recognizes host-specific LPS modifications

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the principal proinflammatory component of the Gram-negative bacterial envelope and is recognized by the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-MD-2 receptor complex. Bacteria can alter the acylation state of their LPS in response to environmental changes. One opportunistic bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, synthesizes more highly acylated (hexa-acylated) LPS structures during adaptation to the cystic fibrosis airway. Here we show that human, but not murine, TLR4-MD-2 recognizes this adaptation and transmits robust proinflammatory signals in response to hexa-acylated but not penta-acylated LPS from P. aeruginosa. Whereas responses to lipidIVA and taxol are dependent on murine MD-2, discrimination of P. aeruginosa LPS structures is mediated by an 82-amino-acid region of human TLR4 that is hypervariable across species. Thus, in contrast to mice, humans use TLR4 to recognize a molecular signature of bacterial-host adaptation to modulate the innate immune response.
Constancy and divergence of amylase loci in four species of Tribolium (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae).

Abstract 1. 1. Isoamylases of three different developmental stages of four closely-related species of Tribolium are compared. 2. 2. Results suggest that a common embryonic amylase locus is highly conserved, whilst loci expressed in larval and adult stages have diverged. 3. 3. Implications of these findings for the evaluation of proposed cladistic relationships are discussed.
Comparison of mechanical techniques of cardiopulmonary resuscitation: survival and neurologic outcome in dogs.

Abstract Three currently available mechanical devices for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) were compared using a canine cardiac arrest model. Twenty-four-hour survival without neurologic deficit was the goal. A group of 30 large mongrel dogs was divided equally among Thumper ® CPR, simultaneous compression and ventilation (SCV) CPR, and vest CPR. Ventricular fibrillation was induced electrically, and after 3 minutes of no intervention, one of the three types of mechanical CPR was performed for 17 minutes. SCV CPR and vest CPR produced significantly greater aortic and right atrial systolic pressures than Thumper CPR ( P P
Redundant genes and the evolution of robustness

In this paper we demonstrate that pressure for robustness combined with function sets containing redundant genes can cause an evolutionary system to avoid a more fit solution in favor of a more robust solution. It is also shown that this trend depends significantly on the mutation rate used.
Elevated growth CO2 delays drought stress and accelerates recovery of rice leaf photosynthesis

Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) and predicted changes in rainfall frequency and intensity could have considerable impact on crop growth and yield. Our objective was to assess rice leaf photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism in response to decreased soil water availability at elevated growth [CO2]. Rice (Oryza sativa [L.] cv. IR-72) was grown season-long in eight sunlit, controlled-environment chambers at two daytime [CO2] of 350 μmol mol−1 (ambient) and 700 μmol mol−1 (elevated). Drought stress was imposed during panicle initiation and anthesis growth phases. At elevated [CO2], midday leaf photosynthetic CO2 exchange rates (CER) and concentrations of chlorophyll (Chl) were higher at most sampling dates, whereas total soluble protein (TSP) decreased on several sampling dates, compared with plants at ambient [CO2]. Furthermore, elevated [CO2] increased midday leaf sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS) activity throughout the season, and enhanced midday leaf sucrose and starch accumulation during early reproductive phases, but not during later reproductive phases. Near the end of drought periods, water deficit caused substantial decreases in midday leaf CER and concentrations of Chl and TSP, with concomitant reductions in photosynthetic primary products and SPS activity. These drought-induced effects were more severe for plants grown at ambient than at elevated [CO2]. Plants grown under elevated [CO2] were able to maintain midday leaf photosynthesis, and to some extent other photosynthetic-related parameters, longer into the drought period than plants grown at ambient [CO2]. In addition, midday leaf CER recovered from water deficit more rapidly in the elevated [CO2] treatment. Thus, in the absence of other potential climate stresses, rice grown under future increases in atmospheric [CO2] may be better able to tolerate drought situations.
Using C++ in CS1/CS2

Statement from Michael Berman: We started using C++ in CS2 in Fall 1993. In Fall 1994 we will start using C++ in our CS 1 class. Our motivation for using C++ came from several directions. First, we use C in advanced courses, and needed a better place in the curriculum to introduce C (or, better, C++). Second, we wanted a language that could fully support implementation of abstract data types and OOP. Third, external forces (employers, MIS department, and a future Engineering School) pointed towards C++. There’s no time in CS UCS2 to learn everything about C++, but I don’t think you need to. Ideally, the relevant features are covered as they are needed. I am developing a CS2 textbook based on this approach. Introducing features in this way is nearly impossible in C, but is actually easier in C++ because pre-written classes can be used to hide some of the complexity of the language.
Prospects and challenges for multi-relational data mining

This short paper argues that multi-relational data mining has a key role to play in the growth of KDD, and briefly surveys some of the main drivers, research problems, and opportunities in this emerging field.
Heritable Factors Influence Sexual Orientation in Women

• Homosexual female probands with monozygotic cotwins, dizygotic cotwins, or adoptive sisters were recruited using homophile publications. Sexual orientation of relatives was assessed either by asking relatives directly, or, when this was impossible, by asking the probands. Of the relatives whose sexual orientation could be confidently rated, 34 (48%) of 71 monozygotic cotwins, six (16%) of 37 dizygotic cotwins, and two (6%) of 35 adoptive sisters were homosexual. Probands also reported 10(14%) nontwin biologic sisters to be homosexual, although those sisters were not contacted to confirm their orientations. Heritabilities were significant using a wide range of assumptions about both the base rate of homosexuality in the population and ascertainment bias. The likelihood that a monozygotic cotwin would also be homosexual was unrelated to measured characteristics of the proband such as self-reported history of childhood gender nonconformity. Concordant monozygotic twins reported similar levels of childhood gender nonconformity.
Selenium Atom-Specific Mutagenesis (SAM) for Crystallography, DNA Nanostructure Design, and Other Applications

Since oxygen and selenium are in the same elemental family, the replacement of oxygen in nucleic acids with selenium does not significantly change the local as well as overall structures, which preserves the nucleic acid structures in a predictable manner. Furthermore, the valuable differences in chemical and electronic properties enable various functions and applications, including crystallization, phase determination, and high-resolution structure determination in X-ray crystallography, base-pair high fidelity, nanotechnology, and molecular imaging. This chapter briefly introduces the selenium-modified nucleic acids (SeNA), the selenium atom-specific mutagenesis (SAM), and their potentials in DNA nanotechnology.
Semi-conductor integrated technical data manager

The author describes the architecture of the Semi-Conductor Integrated Technical Data Manager (SCIM) system. SCIM is a design automation system that integrates data and controls the processes that are required for the release of the masterslice to manufacturing. The two key components of the system are the relational database and its functional controller. As the data are generated by the design community, the relational database allows for the integration of all independent data elements across the design life cycle. The functional controller ensures the integrity of the process and that it is in compliance with the ground-rule specifications. In particular, the authors address the creation and integration of the product matrix, the wafer map (or stepping plan), and the technology ground rules, which are all central to the release of masterslice design data to manufacturing. >
Endometrial Ablation with a Thermal Balloon: The First 10 Years

Thermal balloon endometrial ablation (BEA) was introduced approximately 10 years ago as the first automated replacement for hysteroscopic endometrial ablation (HEA) in women with chronic abnormal uterine bleeding. Putative advantages included similar or improved clinical outcomes, and reduction of both adverse outcomes and the total cost of care, all with reduced requirements for operator skill. The published literature contains 1191 cases of BEA performed with instruments from 4 manufacturers, including a number of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing the devices with HEA, usually performed by experts. In comparative RCTs, clinical and health-related quality of life outcomes as well as patient satisfaction and rate of subsequent uterine surgery appear similar in follow-up intervals that ranged from 1 to 5 years. There is a suggestion of reduced risk of adverse events with BEA, but the differences are small. There are no rigorous evaluations of resource use. The level of surgeon expertise in HEA arms of available RCTs potentially improves quality and decreases complications over what might be expected in the general population. Thus BEA seems equivalent to HEA when performed by expert surgeons with respect to most outcomes. Effectiveness studies of the two interventions should be conducted in community settings and should evaluate resource use.
Preoperative Imaging Techniques for Perforator Selection in Abdomen-Based Microsurgical Breast Reconstruction

The clinical application of perforator-based flaps for microsurgical breast reconstruction has increased exponentially over the past 10 years. The benefits of the procedure are thought to be that it produces less postoperative pain, lowers abdominal morbidity, and allows for better preservation of muscles at the donor site compared with conventional musculocutaneous flaps. The disadvantages of perforator flaps are that they are more difficult to harvest, which can result in a longer operative time and higher costs. The vascular anatomy of the deep inferior epigastric artery and its perforating branches in the abdominal wall varies greatly not only among individuals but also from one side of the abdomen to the other. Perforator location, number, caliber, and the intramuscular trajectory of the branches all impact the design and harvest of the flap. The creation of a presurgical map of the vessels on the abdomen can facilitate surgical planning and could decrease operating room time, reduce intraoperative complications, and lead to improved outcomes. This article reviews the available techniques for preoperative planning with the currently available imaging modalities: hand-held Doppler, color Doppler (duplex) ultrasound, CT angiography, and MR angiography.
Prevalence of Jugular Bulb Abnormalities and Resultant Inner Ear Dehiscence: a Histopathologic and Radiologic Study

Objective: Jugular bulb (JB) abnormalities including high riding JB and JB diverticulum can erode inner ear structures and cause hearing loss, dizziness, and tinnitus. This study investigates 1) the prevalence of JB abnormalities, and 2) their erosion into inner ear structures using temporal bone histopathology and computed tomography (CT).Method: A total of 1579 temporal bones and 100 CT of the temporal bones (200 ears) were reviewed. The presence of a high JB was recorded as was its erosion into inner ear structures. Accompanying demographic and clinical information was reviewed.Results: High JB was noted in 8.2% (130/1579) of temporal bone specimens, and in 8.5% (17/200) of cases radiologically. Histologically, high JB were more common on the left side, in women, and in those greater than 40 years old. There was no significant increase in the prevalence of high JB over age 40 years. High JB eroded inner ear structures in 34% (44/130) of cases histologically and 18% (3/17) radiologically. The vestibular...
Physiological Changes in the Circulation after Birth

The purpose of this essay is to bring together some of the evidence which has accumulated and the theories which have been discussed over the last few centuries as to the nature of the changes in the circulation after birth. The evidence is lopsided, first, because so much of the experimental work is very recent (and therefore probably ill-digested), and second, because, although a good deal is known about the fetal and newborn lamb, little is known about other species. The use of the lamb for such studies is traditional. Fabricius (91) wrote that he had provided a precise anatomical description of the fetus of the lamb because the fetal lamb, as well as the fetal ox, had been singled out for description by the ancients; a fetal or newborn lamb was, no doubt, as easily come by in sixteenth century Padua as elsewhere today, and is of a size such that dissection and experiment are not difficult. So far as the relatively few observations on the human infant are concerned, it would appear that the changes in its circulation after birth are not unlike those in the lamb.
An integrated approach to the design and performance evaluation of distributed systems

Iterative transformation of performance models into operational systems is a desirable goal for rapid prototyping technologies. The author describes an approach to transforming a hybrid model into an operational system that can be shown to satisfy its performance specifications. A hybrid model merges operational modules with abstract simulation modules. The capabilities supported by the methodology include: (a) interrupt handling, (b) integration of distributed software and hardware components, and (c) evaluation of the effect of upgrading existing hardware components. The author also describes how simulation algorithms can be adapted to execute hybrid modules. The PIPS (partially implemented performance models) methodology can handle interruptible processes and include the execution of hybrid models in which the physical module executes faster than the logical module. >
Multiview panoramic cameras using mirror pyramids

A mirror pyramid consists of a set of planar mirror faces arranged around an axis of symmetry and inclined to form a pyramid. By strategically positioning a number of conventional cameras around a mirror pyramid, the viewpoints of the cameras' mirror images can be located at a single point within the pyramid and their optical axes pointed in different directions to effectively form a virtual camera with a panoramic field of view. Mirror pyramid-based panoramic cameras have a number of attractive properties, including single-viewpoint imaging, high resolution, and video rate capture. It is also possible to place multiple viewpoints within a single mirror pyramid, yielding compact designs for simultaneous multiview panoramic video rate imaging. V.S. Nalwa (1996) first described some of the basic ideas behind mirror pyramid cameras. We analyze the general class of multiview panoramic cameras, provide a method for designing these cameras, and present experimental results using a prototype we have developed to validate single-pyramid multiview designs. We first give a description of mirror pyramid cameras, including the imaging geometry, and investigate the relationship between the placement of viewpoints within the pyramid and the cameras' field of view (FOV), using simulations to illustrate the concepts. A method for maximizing sensor utilization in a mirror pyramid-based multiview panoramic camera is also presented. Images acquired using the experimental prototype for two viewpoints are shown.
Mere Ethnography: Some Problems in Its Use in Educational Practice.

This article is the text of the Past Presidential Address delivered at the Annual Business Meeting of the Council on Anthropology and Education, Los Angeles, California, November 17, 1978.
Iron-58 and Neutron Activation Analysis: A Non-Radioactive Method for Tracing Hemoglobin Iron

To develop a non-radioisotopic alternative to radioactive Fe-59 as a hemoglobin iron tracer, we evaluated Fe-58 and neutron activation analysis (NAA). Upon irradiation with thermal neutrons, stable isotope Fe-58 is converted to radioactive Fe-59 through (n,gamma) neutron reaction; its radioactivity measured by a gamma counter is proportional to the original Fe-58 present. Organ samples from rats infused with Hb or saline were analyzed along with a 10 mg Hb as a standard (105 nanograms of Fe-58). The measured values of Fe-58 in tissues were compared with those derived from the literature tissue iron contents. The amount of Fe-58 in normal tissue is extremely low yet detectable by NAA demonstrating high sensitivity. Measured values of Fe-58 from tissues were generally correlated well with literature derived values (e.g., brain: 0.19 and 0.15 ng/mg tissue; kidney: 0.6 and 0.7 ng/mg tissue, respectively). The results indicate that Fe-58 can be used as a non-radioactive tracer for absorption, distribution, metabolism, and distribution studies of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers.
Erythroderma after autologous bone marrow transplantation modified by administration of cyclosporine and interferon gamma for breast cancer

Abstract Background: Allogeneic graft-versus-host disease is associated with decreased rates of tumor relapse. The addition of interferon gamma to cyclosporine, given to induce graft-versus-host disease after autologous bone marrow transplantation, increases the extent of the cutaneous eruption. Objective: Our purpose was to describe the clinical and histologic cutaneous changes in 10 patients with breast cancer who received interferon gamma to potentiate graft-versus-host disease after autologous bone marrow transplantation modified by cyclosporine. Methods: Ten women receiving autologous bone marrow transplantation modified by the administration of cyclosporine and interferon gamma were observed clinically with sequential biopsy of the skin weekly and at the time of cutaneous eruptions. Results: Erythroderma (stage 3) developed in five women after the first or second administration of interferon gamma. At least one skin biopsy specimen from 7 of the 10 women showed grade 2 changes of graft-versus-host reaction, including all patients with erythroderma. Epidermal intercellular edema was prominent in these specimens with expression of keratinocyte HLA-DR and intercellular adhesion molecule 1. Induction of keratinocyte HLA-DR and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 expression was not observed in specimens from normal skin during administration of interferon gamma. Conclusion: This protocol causes a more widely distributed cutaneous eruption, including erythroderma (50%), than autologous bone marrow transplantation and cyclosporine administration alone (3%). Whether it will affect survival is unknown.
Wide bandgap transistor amplifiers for improved performance microwave power and radar applications

The generation of high RF output power, on the order of 100s to 1000s of watts necessary for transmitters for radars and wireless communications systems, remains a difficult challenge for semiconductor devices. RF power devices fabricated from standard semiconductors such as Si and GaAs are limited in the RF output capability by the inherent breakdown voltage of the semiconductor material. Recently, the development of wide bandgap semiconductors, such as SiC and GaN and related heterostructures, offers the potential to fabricate transistors with an order of magnitude improved RF output power compared to traditional devices. The wide bandgap semiconductor transistors offer the potential to fabricate high power transmitters for radars and communications systems, thereby permitting full semiconductor realization of advanced systems. However, the wide bandgap semiconductor devices currently suffer from several physical effects that are limiting the RF performance, and thereby, their application. These limitations are discussed and solutions presented.
Reflecting on the experience of injury at Virginia Tech

In the aftermath of the killing at Virginia Tech on April 16, 2007, a vast amount of media coverage has been dedicated to the personal accounts of those affected by the disaster. Guided by the presumption that a subject’s account of what he or she observes and feels faithfully reflects reality, the uncritical elevation of experience naturalizes accounts of injury produced by the event itself. Framed by Joan W. Scott’s examination of the evidence of experience, I consider how foundational treatments of experience are used to narrate the disaster, effectively leading to its dehistoricization. In response, I propose a reading of the event that considers the question, "What does it means to be injured?" as a starting point for historicizing experience.
Psychological aspects of low back pain: summary.

Low back pain causes lost time in industry and the military service. Psychologists often are consulted when the low back pains seem not to have any physical foundation or are greater than seems appropriate. Surgery may not relieve the low back pains if psychological factors play a large role. Studies of low back pain which have used the MMPI and tests derived from the MMPI are reviewed; demographic and intrapsychic factors linked with low back pain through research are discussed.
Transient free‐surface flows: Fluid advancing through a bed of cylinders

The flow of a viscous liquid into a bed filled with a regular array of cylinders was observed experimentally and simulated numerically. Viscous forces were always dominant, as is expected to be the case in many actual resin transfer molding operations. Excellent agreement on the shape of the free surface was found between experiment and simulation over the full experimental range. The work accordingly validates a very simple algorithm for representing the surface motion of a fluid at its contact line with a solid surface, and extends its use to surfaces with smaller radii of curvature than considered previously. Consequently, this algorithm is expected to be valid for fluid flow into any irregularly shaped empty domain and to be useful in molding operations in inferring the presence of voiding, and of molecular orientations and conformations adjacent to fibers or other solids.
Evaluation of Drone Brood Removal for Management of Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) in Colonies of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Northeastern United States

The efficacy of drone brood removal for the management of Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman in colonies of the honey bee, A. mellifera L., was evaluated. Colonies were treated with CheckMite+ in the fall of 2002. The following spring, quantities of bees and brood were equalized, but colonies were not retreated. The brood nest of each colony consisted of 18 full-depth worker combs and two full-depth drone combs. Each worker comb had <12.9 cm2 of drone cells. Standard management practices were used throughout the season. Colonies were randomly assigned to one of two groups. In the control group, drone combs remained in place throughout the season. In the treatment group, drone combs were removed on 16 June, 16 July, 16 August, and 16 September and replaced with empty drone combs (16 June) or with drone combs removed on the previous replacement date. In the early fall, the average mite-to-bee ratio in the control group was significantly greater than the corresponding ratio in the treatment group. Drone brood removal did not adversely affect colony health as measured by the size of the worker population or by honey production. Fall worker populations were similar in the two groups. Honey production in treatment colonies was greater than or similar to production in control colonies. These data demonstrate that drone brood removal can serve as a valuable component in an integrated pest management program for V. destructor and may reduce the need for other treatments on a colony-by-colony basis.
Molecular mechanisms underlying the divergent roles of SPARC in human carcinogenesis.

Abstract Communication between the cell and its surrounding environment, consisting of proteinaceous (non-living material) and extracellular matrix (ECM), is important for biophysiological and chemical signaling. This signaling results in a range of cellular activities, including cell division, adhesion, differentiation, invasion, migration and angiogenesis. The ECM non-structural secretory glycoprotein called secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), plays a significant role in altering cancer cell activity and the tumor's microenvironment (TME). However, the role of SPARC in cancer research has been the subject of controversy. This review mainly focuses on recent advances in understanding the contradictory nature of SPARC in relation to ECM assembly, cancer cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, apoptosis and tumor growth.
Respiration of Yeast in Water Containing Deuterium Oxide

Harvey and Taylor1 have shown that concentrated heavy water markedly inhibits the respiration of 2 species of luminous bacteria and diminishes the luminescence of one form (Bacillus fischeri). The effect on the respiration of Bacillus fischeri was such that if the curve relating effect on respiration with concentration of heavy water is extrapolated, zero respiration is indicated in 100% heavy water. Reduction of respiration of Vibrio phosphorescens was not so great.Experiments with yeast indicate that the effect of heavy water on respiration of this organism is also not so great. These are detailed below together with a study of the respiration in as near 100% heavy water as is experimentally feasible considering the hygroscopic properties of D2O. Pacsu2 has reported a 9-fold reduction of yeast fermentation (CO2 production) in approximately 100% D2O and 1.6 reduction in 60% D2O).The heavy water was provided by Professor H. S. Taylor, and had been prepared by electrolysis and burning of deuterium and oxyg...
Taxes, Investors, and Managers: Exploring the Taxation of Foreign Investors in U.S. REITs

ABSTRACT Exploiting a 2004 reduction in a unique capital gains withholding tax for foreign investors in U.S. publicly traded REITs, this paper explores both the sensitivity of real estate investors to changes in their own taxes and the reaction of real estate managers to changes in their investors' taxes. We find that both foreign investors and REIT managers responded to the tax change. This is consistent with taxes both restricting the flow of foreign capital into U.S. REITs and affecting the management of their real estate properties. To our knowledge, this is the first paper documenting that U.S. managers change their U.S. operations in response to the tax positions of foreign investors. This work should spur further study of the interplay between real estate and income taxes, the role of taxes on foreign portfolio investment, and the role of taxes on real managerial decisions. It should also be informative to policymakers who recently relaxed the discriminatory tax treatment for foreign investors in U...
Unpacking Ethnic Preferences Theory and Micro-Level Evidence From North India

Much of the recent scholarship about ethnicity in comparative politics has focused on why ethnicity becomes a salient cleavage. Yet opinions still diverge as to how ethnicity matters. This article tests three hypotheses relevant to this question. Building on recent arguments, it first hypothesizes that voters take the ethnicity of parties and candidates into consideration. Second, it hypothesizes that wherever ethnicity is politically salient, it matters beyond coethnicity—that is, voters’ decisions are guided by ethnicity even when they are choosing among non-coethnics. Third, it argues that the advantage conferred by ethnicity is mediated by non-ethnic factors. A large vignette experiment carried in 2013 in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh provides strong support for each of these hypotheses. These results imply that the influence of ethnicity on voting behavior may be subtler and more complex than what the main theories of ethnic politics usually assume.
Angiopoietins and Other Non-VEGF Antiangiogenic Targets in Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma

In recent years, there has been a treatment paradigm shift in the management of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with the approval of multiple agents which inhibit tumor angiogenesis via the VEGF pathway. These drugs have resulted in clinically significant improvements in patient outcome; however, despite their usefulness, patients eventually stop responding to these drugs. Given the importance of tumor angiogenesis in RCC progression, further understanding of mechanisms in which tumor cells evade VEGF pathway inhibition therapies will be critically important in continuing to improve clinical outcomes for these patients. Multiple non-VEGF pathway mechanisms exist for stimulating and sustaining tumor angiogenesis. This chapter reviews several non-VEGF-directed angiogenesis pathways important in RCC and discusses their current and future role in the development of novel RCC therapies.
Learning Predictive Substructures with Regularization for Network Data

Learning a succinct set of substructures that predicts global network properties plays a key role in understanding complex network data. Existing approaches address this problem by sampling the exponential space of all possible subnetworks to find ones of high prediction accuracy. In this paper, we develop a novel framework that avoids sampling by formulating the problem of predictive subnetwork learning as node selection, subject to network-constrained regularization. Our framework involves two steps: (i) subspace learning, and (ii) predictive substructures discovery with network regularization. The framework is developed based upon two mathematically sound techniques of spectral graph learning and gradient descent optimization, and we show that their solutions converge to a global optimum solution -- a desired property that cannot be guaranteed by sampling approaches. Through experimental analysis on a number of real world datasets, we demonstrate the performance of our framework against state-of-the-art algorithms, not only based on prediction accuracy but also in terms of domain relevance of the discovered substructures.
A national survey of music education majors’ confidence in teaching improvisation:

The purpose of the study was to investigate undergraduate music education majors’ confidence in teaching improvisation, according to the NAfME (1994) K–12 Achievement Standards. Specific research q...