cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
More Than an Ally

This qualitative case study provides a counternarrative to the literature of White teachers who are unsuccessful in bridging the achievement gap and disrupts the assumed meaning of solidarity between successful White teachers and their African American students. As part of successful classroom practice, this teacher interrogated his own whiteness and worked to create relationships of solidarity with students. Solidarity in multicultural and multiracial classrooms is difficult to build and a deeper concept than many theorists have acknowledged. The success of this teacher suggests that the creation of relationships of solidarity may be an effective framework to describe successful White teachers.
Measuring residents’ perceptions of defensible space compared to incidence of crime

The study is an exploration of the perceptions of defensible space, crime and fear of crime among residents in three large metropolitan neighborhoods. The goals are to identify the specific physical characteristics that lead residents to perceive hypothetical neighborhoods as defensible or indefensible, measure residents’ perceptions of crime and fear of crime based on personal experiences and observations of their actual neighborhoods, and determine whether perceptions were consistent with crime prevention scholars’ definitions of defensible neighborhoods. The findings support second-generation crime prevention through environmental design premises about the importance of both physical environment characteristics and social characteristics when designing or evaluating residential areas for defensible space. Policy implications are discussed.
Occupational Value Socialization in Business and Professional Families

Different patterns of association between family relationships and male college seniors' vocational values were found in business and professional origin groups when four socioeconomic indicators were controlled. Familial closeness and communication were positively related to businessmen's sons' evaluation of extrinsic rewards; in the professional families, these variables tended to be positively related to sons' intrinsic concerns. Similarly, relationships between family variables and sons' values in the business origin group depended on the functional focus of the father's work.
Word alignment baselines

Simple baselines provide insights into the value of scoring functions and give starting points for measuring the performance improvements of technological advances. This paper presents baseline unsupervised techniques for performing word alignment based on geometric and word edit distances as well as supervised fusion of the results of these techniques using the nearest neighbor rule.
Merleau-Ponty: The triumph of dialectics over structuralism

It is truly astonishing that not one of the numerous commentators on the thought of Merleau-Ponty, not even those who have been concerned with his philosophy of language, have given much serious attention to what seems to me to be the pivotal work in his development, namely The Prose of the World. This work is, of course, devoted primarily to the philosophy of language, which was not at all stages of his development at the center of his philosophical investigations. Nevertheless, from the years 1949 to roughly 1959 it was the question of language which was at the center of his preoccupations. Moreover, if we go back to the period shortly after he took up teaching at the Sorbonne in Paris, and when he presented his candidacy for the chair of philosophy at theCollege de France, he described the work on this book, The Prose of the World, as being an integral part, perhaps the most important part, of the future culmination of his philosophical career.1
Simultaneous sensing of temperature, CO, and CO 2 in a scramjet combustor using quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy

A mid-infrared laser absorption sensor was developed for gas temperature and carbon oxide (CO, CO2) concentrations in high-enthalpy, hydrocarbon combustion flows. This diagnostic enables non-intrusive, in situ measurements in harsh environments produced by hypersonic propulsion ground test facilities. The sensing system utilizes tunable quantum cascade lasers capable of probing the fundamental mid-infrared absorption bands of CO and CO2 in the 4–5 µm wavelength domain. A scanned-wavelength direct absorption technique was employed with two lasers, one dedicated to each species, free-space fiber-coupled using a bifurcated hollow-core fiber for remote light delivery on a single line of sight. Scanned-wavelength modulation spectroscopy with second-harmonic detection was utilized to extend the dynamic range of the CO measurement. The diagnostic was field-tested on a direct-connect scramjet combustor for ethylene–air combustion. Simultaneous, laser-based measurements of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide provide a basis for evaluating combustion completion or efficiency with temporal and spatial resolution in practical hydrocarbon-fueled engines.
Nickel(II) and Palladium(II) Polymerization Catalysts Bearing a Fluorinated Cyclophane Ligand: Stabilization of the Reactive Intermediate(1)

The synthesis and characterization of Ni(II) and Pd(II) α-diimine olefin polymerization catalysts bearing a fluorinated cyclophane-based ligand were performed. Fluorine was placed in such a manner as to interact with the metal center from the axial direction. The catalysts were active in the polymerization of ethylene, showing substantial differences in both catalytic behavior and polymer size and structure as compared to their nonfluorinated analogues. Both catalysts afforded polymer of comparatively low branching density and high molecular weight. The Ni(II) catalysts, from precursor [Ni(acetylacetonato)(F-Cyc)]+ salts (F-Cyc = fluorinated cyclophane), exhibited enhanced thermal stability by remaining active after 70 min with little loss in polymerization activity at 105 °C. The Pd(II) catalysts from salts of [Pd(F-Cyc)Me(NCR)]+ (NCR = nitrile) afforded polymer of molecular weights far higher than the nonfluorinated analogue. Additionally, polymerization activity was directly related to ethylene feed pr...
Food, drugs, and alcohol--a common temporal pattern of use.

Two samples of college students (n = 42) in a weight-control program were shown to deviate from their diets in a temporal pattern found in previous studies for the abuse of street drugs and alcohol. Implications for the treatment of various types of substance abuse and eating disorders are discussed. Language: en
The development of microfabricated devices for influenza A detection and genotyping

Abstract We report initial steps towards development of microfluidic devices for detection and genotyping of influenza A viruses, by extending a design by Burns et al. [Science 282 (1998) 484] for human genotyping. Our first new device for influenza A genotyping carries out two reactions in series as well as an electrophoretic gel separation in a glass-silicon device around 3 cm wide and 10 cm long. Construction of the device utilizes solid-state electronics microfabricated in silicon and glass, deposition of resistive heaters for thermal cycling, a reaction chamber for restriction digestion, and a miniature gel separation column, with DNA driven by an electric field produced by miniature microfabricated electrodes. Detection of bands is by fluorescence, with an external light source; photodiode detectors can be either external or microfabricated into the device. The device is tested using restriction digestion on-chip and separating the products on an electrophoresis gel. The possible uses for devices of this type in tracking influenza variants, including H1, H3, H5, H9, and other subtypes, and in early recognition of emergence of variants with worldwide pandemic potential, are explored.
Manufacture of pooled platelets in additive solution and storage in an ELX container after an overnight warm temperature hold of platelet-rich plasma.

The processing of whole blood–derived platelet-rich plasma (PRP) to a platelet concentrate and platelet-poor plasma is currently performed within 8 hours to comply with the requirements to manufacture fresh frozen plasma. Maintaining PRP at room temperature for a longer period can have the advantage of shifting the completion of component manufacture onto day shifts. Pairs of ABO-identical prepooled platelets were manufactured by the PRP method, using the current approach with platelet storage in a CLX HP container (Pall Medical, Covina, CA) and plasma, or a novel approach with an 18- to a 24-hour room temperature hold of the PRP and the manufacture of pooled platelets in a glucose-containing additive solution (AS) and storage in a new ELX container (Pall Medical). Standard in vitro assays were performed on days 2, 5, and 7. The results showed that the AS platelets in ELX have in vitro characteristics that are equivalent or superior to those of the standard product.
Battle Management System (BMS): An Optimization for Military Decision Makers

Military commanders are continuously faced with the problem of choosing between multiple courses of action (COA) based on current intelligence. The Battle Management System (BMS) is an event-based simulation that optimizes each Blue force move based on the anticipated loss by the Red force from that move, tempered by the anticipated loss to Blue's own force. Specifically, the Blue (Offensive) commander must choose to send forces along alternative routes to the objective given his intelligence about Red (Defense) force disposition. Each combination of forces positioned on East and West routes is referred to as a Course of Action (COA). He then has opportunities to engage or continue to advance without engagement at several event points along the way which occur when his sensors and weapons come into range of Red. Similarly, Red can choose to engage or not engage each time the advancing Blue force enters an engagement envelop for a different weapon system. Blue advances until the forces are in physical contact (Range = 0).
Finite Element Investigation of Out-of-Position Failure Modes for the Knee-Thigh-Hip of a 50th Percentile Male During a Frontal Car Crash

The introduction of air bags has reduced injuries to the upper region of the body for occupants of vehicles in frontal crashes, such as head and thorax. Airbags have not, however, improved the safety of occupants with respect to injuries to the lower extremities. Though lower extremity injuries are usually not life threatening, they can have long lasting physical and psychosocial consequences. A validated Knee-Thigh-Hip (KTH) finite element model of a 50th percentile male was used to investigate injury mechanisms during frontal car crashes with the occupant in different positions. Simulations of frontal impacts were performed with the Knee-Thigh-Hip joints at different angles of thigh flexion, adduction and abduction. Results show that the failure mechanism can significantly depend on the occupant position prior to impact. Failure mechanisms in the simulations were compared to results found in literature to ensure the model provides a useful tool for predicting fractures in the lower limb resulting from out-of-position frontal vehicle crashes.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The relationship between enteral formula contamination and length of enteral delivery set usage.

Twenty-one delivery sets were collected from 21 patients who had received continuous Osmolite feedings over 24 hours. Delivery sets were then taken to the laboratory and hung for an additional 48 hours. In the laboratory, the delivery sets were rinsed with tap water and Osmolite was added every 12 hours. Formula samples were obtained from the delivery sets after they had been used for 24 hours, and every 12 hours during the additional 48 hours in the laboratory. Formula contamination was assessed by determining bacterial counts. Unacceptable contamination was defined as bacterial counts ≥ 105 cfu/mL.The mean bacterial count was 2.8 × 105 cfu/mL at 24 hours, and all subsequent mean counts increased over time. There were statistically significant differences among the mean log bacterial counts at all time periods (p ≤ 0.0005) except between 36 hours and 48 hours (p = 0.019). Of the 21 delivery sets, 23.8% were unacceptably contaminated at 24 hours, and by 48 hours, 42.9% were unacceptable. These findings su...
A new instrument for facilitating the administration of intravenous fluid

Abstract A new instrument called an intravenous clamp is presented. It is a needle holder with the characteristic feature that it fixes a needle in one of the veins at the antecubital fossa and still allows moderately free motion of the elbow joint during an infusion, thus eliminating the use of the arm board. Its value is best demonstrated during prolonged intravenous procedures and with nonco-operative patients who resist restraint. The use of this instrument to facilitate the administration of plasma to the war wounded enroute from battle field to hospital is suggested.
IMF draping around the geotail - IMP 8 observations

The draping pattern for the full range of IMF directions is mapped in the GSM yz-plane using a large data set for studying magnetic field draping around the tail. Based on the maps, it is concluded that the dominant pattern is draping as found by Ohtani and Kokubun (1991) and Sanchez and Siscoe (1990). A new finding is that the draping pattern is rotated relative to the plane formed by the IMF and the aberrated x-axis, with the degree of rotation varying from zero for strongly northward and southward IMF to a peak of 17 deg for moderately southward IMF. It is also found that the tail radius is bigger for southward IMF than for northward IMF.
the Rock Creek rodeo: excess and constraint in men's lives

In a society whose members believe that it is based on choices made by individuals, choices that involve sacrifices of individuality, men who lead conventional lives are likely to ponder whether they have given up too much. This American dilemma is, I argue, confronted and temporarily resolved for certain of the men of Rock Creek, Montana, during the local Fourth of July rodeo. Through this event men are able to relive and transcend their pasts in such a way as to conclude that they, as responsible citizens, have indeed appropriately controlled but not significantly relinquished their autonomy as men. In conclusion I suggest that the oscillations in rodeo (and other rituals) between the liminal and the normal have, by virtue of their very structure, their movement in and out of society, a special salience and efficacy in the American context for the enactment of such existential issues concerning the relationship of the individual to society.
Exploring Needs of Sex Workers From the Kamathipura Red-Light Area of Mumbai, India

Kamathipura is considered to be Asia's largest red-light area and is located in Mumbai, India. It has approximately 5,000 sex workers. The majority of the sex workers are trafficked as minors from ...
The fine structure of haltere sensilla in the blowfly Calliphora erythrocephala (Meig.), with scanning electron microscopic observations on the haltere surface

Abstract The dipteran haltere incorporates large numbers of regularly disposed mechanoreceptors providing the sensory input enabling the vibrating haltere to function as a gyroscopic organ of equilibrium. Campaniform sensilla of the basal and scapal regions have been investigated by light and transmission electron microscopy, and these observations are augmented by scanning electron studies of the cuticle overlying the groups of sensilla. Each sensillum possesses a specialized fan-shaped terminal containing a complex and ordered association of microtubules and filaments. The transmission of stress to this region via the cuticle, and its possible role in transduction is considered. The fine structure of apical and basal sections of the distal sensory process and associated sheath cells is described; the functional significance of the distribution of mitochondria and other components is discussed. The organization of haltere chordotonal sensilla is described briefly, and compared with other mechanoreceptors with particular reference to microtubules and scolopale structures.
Micro-particle transport and deposition in a human oral airway model

Laminar-to-turbulent air flow for typical inhalation modes as well as micro-particle transport and wall deposition in a representative human oral airway model have been simulated using a commercial finite-volume code with user-enhanced programs. The computer model has been validated with experimental airflow and particle deposition data sets. For the first time, accurate local and segmentally averaged particle deposition fractions have been computed under transitional and turbulent flow conditions. Specifically, turbulence that occurs after the constriction in the oral airways for moderate and high-level breathing can enhance particle deposition in the trachea near the larynx, but it is more likely to affect the deposition of smaller particles, say, St<0.05. Particles released around the top/bottom zone of the inlet plane more easily deposit on the curved oral airway surface. Although more complicated geometric features of the oral airway may have a measurable effect on particle deposition, the present simulations with a relatively simple geometry exhibit the main features of laminar-transitional-turbulent particle suspension flows in actual human oral airways. Hence, the present model may serve as the “entryway” for simulating and analyzing airflow and particle deposition in the lung.
An Analysis of Problems in Metadata Records

Metadata plays an important role in digital libraries. But to be useful, metadata records must be problem free. When problems are present in the metadata, resources are not correctly represented and users are not able to reap the benefits of metadata. To minimize, if not eliminate, such problems, it is essential to understand the kinds of problems that can occur in metadata records. In this paper, problems found in metadata records as reported in the literature are compared and analyzed. It is found that five categories of metadata problems can be identified. These are the problems of Incorrect Values, Incorrect Elements, Missing Information, Information Loss, and Inconsistent Value Representation. Given that these problems are detrimental to the services that can be provided by metadata, preventive or corrective measures need to be put in place so as to ensure that the benefits derived from using metadata balance the costs and efforts spent in the creation of metadata records.
Melancholia: A movie review

Melancholia, a drama written and directed by Lars von Trier, starring Kirsten Dunst, Charolette Gainsbourg, and Keifer Sutherland, is a film that embraces depression and the environmental stressors that contribute to it. The two main protagonists, Justine and Claire, highlight two different manifestations of depression. The film is divided into two parts. The first part of the film introduces the characters and focuses on Justine's wedding and her personality. She is a young woman experiencing feelings of unhappiness, loneliness, and sadness. Justine tries to drown her depression behind an outrageously expensive wedding. Although she attempts to suppress her emotions, it just isn't enough. Her depressive feelings begin to overwhelm her, leading to an unsuccessful wedding day.
Amphiphysin II (SH3P9; BIN1), a Member of the Amphiphysin/Rvs Family, Is Concentrated in the Cortical Cytomatrix of Axon Initial Segments and Nodes of Ranvier in Brain and around T Tubules in Skeletal Muscle

Amphiphysin (amphiphysin I), a dominant autoantigen in paraneoplastic Stiff-man syndrome, is a neuronal protein highly concentrated in nerve terminals, where it has a putative role in endocytosis. The yeast homologue of amphiphysin, Rvs167, has pleiotropic functions, including a role in endocytosis and in actin dynamics, suggesting that amphiphysin may also be implicated in the function of the presynaptic actin cytoskeleton. We report here the characterization of a second mammalian amphiphysin gene, amphiphysin II (SH3P9; BIN1), which encodes products primarily expressed in skeletal muscle and brain, as differentially spliced isoforms. In skeletal muscle, amphiphysin II is concentrated around T tubules, while in brain it is concentrated in the cytomatrix beneath the plasmamembrane of axon initial segments and nodes of Ranvier. In both these locations, amphiphysin II is colocalized with splice variants of ankyrin3 (ankyrinG), a component of the actin cytomatrix. In the same regions, the presence of clathrin has been reported. These findings support the hypothesis that, even in mammalian cells, amphiphysin/Rvs family members have a role both in endocytosis and in actin function and suggest that distinct amphiphysin isoforms contribute to define distinct domains of the cortical cytoplasm. Since amphiphysin II (BIN1) was reported to interact with Myc, it may also be implicated in a signaling pathway linking the cortical cytoplasm to nuclear function.
Efficacy of Volunteerism for Role-Loss Depression: A Complement to Weinstein, et al.

Weinstein, et al. (1995) noted that volunteer work is related to decreased boredom and an increased sense of purpose in life, however, additional salient factors likely contribute to the therapeuti...
The Effect of Nutritional Status on Heart Transplant Survival in Patients under Two Years of Age

Purpose Nutritional status has been shown to affect survival after heart transplant (HTx) in adults and older children. The impact of nutritional status on survival to HTx and HTx outcomes in children Methods and Materials Children 0-2 years listed for HTx from 1997-2011 were identified from the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network database. Weight-for-height z-scores and percent ideal body weight (%IBW) were calculated at listing and at transplant. Nutritional status was categorized using the Waterlow criteria based on %IBW. The impact of nutritional status on survival to HTx was evaluated using logistic regression analysis and 1-year post-HTx survival was analyzed using Cox proportional hazard models. Results 1,653 children were included. At listing, 899 (55%) were categorized as normal nutrition status, 445 (27%) mildly wasted, 203 (12%) moderate or severely wasted, and 106 (6%) with elevated weight-to-height (W:H) ratio. Moderate or severe wasting (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] 1.9; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.3, 2.7) and elevated W:H ratio (AOR 1.6; CI 1.1, 2.6) were independent risk factors for wait-list mortality. Among 1,167 patients who underwent HTx, 87% (n=1,016) survived 1-year post-HTx. Pre-transplant nutritional status was not significantly associated with the need for early reoperation, dialysis, incidence of infection, stroke, rejection prior to hospital discharge, or 1-year mortality. Conclusions Moderate or severe wasting and elevated W:H ratio by Waterlow criteria are independent risk factors for wait-list mortality in patients
Shifts in frequency tuning of electroreceptors in androgen-treated mormyrid fish

Several species of mormyrid electric fish have a sex difference in the pulse waveform of their electric organ discharge (EOD). Field studies in Gabon, West Africa have shown for one such species,Brienomyrus brachyistius (triphasic), that the sexually mature male EOD differs in shape and is nearly twice the duration of the EODs of females and juveniles. Fourier analysis reveals that differences in EOD duration correlate with those in the EOD power spectrum which has a peak at 0.3 kHz in males and 1.3 kHz in females and juveniles. We find a corresponding sex difference in the frequency tuning of at least one class of electroreceptors known as Knollenorgans. The average ‘best’ or ‘characteristic’ frequency of Knollenorgans is lower in males compared to females and juveniles. This correlates with a lower peak in the power spectrum of the male's pulse. When females are treated with gonadal androgens, their EODs increase 2–3 fold in duration, and the power spectra of their pulses are correspondingly lowered to match that of mature males. The average best frequency of Knollenorgans decreases by nearly 1 kHz which matches the downward shift of their EOD's power spectrum. For a second species ofBrienomyrus (sp. 2) which is commercially imported from Nigeria, we have not detected a sex difference in the power spectrum or duration of the EOD. The power spectrum peaks at about 4.2 kHz in males, females, and juveniles. Androgens, however, do cause a coincident downward shift in the average peak of the EOD power spectrum (from 4.2 to 1.3 kHz) and the average best frequency of Knollenorgans (from 2.3 to 1.4 kHz). Specimens ofBrienomyrus (sp. 2) that have been electrically silenced by surgical means are tuned, on the average, only 0.2 kHz higher than control animals. Silenced animals that have been treated with androgens are tuned, on the average, 0.2 kHz below controls. The results suggest that electroreceptor tuning is only partially modifiable during androgen treatment if the electroreceptors arenot being stimulated by an external electrical stimulus, i.e. the animal's own EOD. Since androgen treatment has a dramatic effect on receptor tuningonly in intact fish, it seems likely that retuning isnot due to a direct action of androgens on receptors, but rather due to the action of the principal electrical stimulus upon the receptors, i.e. the EOD. The implications of such results for the development of species and sex differences in electro-receptor tuning is discussed.
Kris Gutiérrez: designing with and for diversity in the learning sciences

This article reviews the significance of the theoretical and practical contributions of Kris Gutierrez to research on science education. Gutierrez’s ideas about design and equity have inspired scholars to investigate how to leverage learners’ everyday practices to make meaningful connections to disciplinary-based knowledge and skills. Her work has provided valuable direction on how to engage the challenges of organizing for more equitable futures through critical understanding of cultural diversity as a resource for transformative learning.
Hair cell tufts and afferent innervation of the bullfrog crista ampullaris

Within the bullfrog semicircular canal crista, hair cell tuft types were defined and mapped with the aid of scanning electron microscopy. Intracellular recording and Lucifer Yellow labeling techniques were used to study afferent responses and arborization patterns. Dye-filled planar afferent axons had mean distal axonal diameters of 1.6-4.9 microns, highly branched arbors, and contacted 11-24 hair cells. Dye-filled isthmus afferent axons had mean distal axonal diameters of 1.8-7.9 microns, with either small or large field arbors contacting 4-9 or 25-31 hair cells. The estimated mean number of contacts per innervated hair cell was 2.2 for planar and 1.3 for isthmus afferent neurons. Data on evoked afferent responses were available only for isthmus units that were observed to respond to our microrotational stimuli (less than 3 degrees/s peak rotational velocity). Of 21 such afferent neurons, 8 were successfully dye-filled. Within this small sample, high-gain units had large field arbors and lower-gain units had small field arbors. The sensitivity of each afferent neuron was analyzed in terms of noise equivalent input (NEI), the stimulus amplitude for which the afferent response amplitude is just equivalent to the RMS deviation of the instantaneous spike rate. NEI for isthmus units varied from 0.63 to 8.2 degrees/s; the mean was 3.2 degrees/s.
The interaction of Chaoborus size and vertical distribution determines predation effects on Daphnia

Summary 1. Larvae of Chaoborus, the phantom midge, are important pelagic planktivores in many freshwater lakes and ponds. The effect of Chaoborus on its prey depends on its size, especially mouth gape diameter, and vertical migration pattern, which affects predator–prey spatial overlap. These two features vary considerably in different Chaoborus species and instars. In this study, the interacting effects of both Chaoborus size and vertical distribution on population growth of Daphnia pulex was analysed with a field enclosure experiment and a matrix population model. 2. In the field experiment, Daphnia were grown in four replicated treatments that included a control (no Chaoborus) and three combinations of instar III and IV Chaoborus of two species (C. trivittatus and C. americanus). Parameters of the matrix model were based on differences between Chaoborus species and instars in capture and ingestion of Daphnia of differing sizes (prey vulnerability) and in vertical overlap with Daphnia in each treatment (density risk). 3. In comparison with the control, the two treatments containing the smaller, migratory C. americanus showed a significant effect on Daphnia population growth rate, while the treatment containing only the larger, non-migratory C. trivittatus did not. The model accurately simulated these effects. 4. A Daphnia predation risk model, which uses prey vulnerability and density risk parameters, illustrated the individual and combined effect of the different Chaoborus types on Daphnia. Daphnia have a high prey vulnerability to the large C. trivittatus, but overall predation risk was low because of very little overlap. On the contrary, the smaller C. americanus affects only a small range of Daphnia instars, each with a low vulnerability, yet those instars that were vulnerable had a very high density risk because of an increased overlap. 5. This analysis of Daphnia predation risk parameters with coexisting Chaoborus species strongly supports an integrated approach using both size and vertical distribution to determine the ultimate predation effect on Daphnia.
A Constrained Linear Estimator for Multiple Regression

“Improper linear models” (see Dawes, Am. Psychol. 34:571–582, 1979), such as equal weighting, have garnered interest as alternatives to standard regression models. We analyze the general circumstances under which these models perform well by recasting a class of “improper” linear models as “proper” statistical models with a single predictor. We derive the upper bound on the mean squared error of this estimator and demonstrate that it has less variance than ordinary least squares estimates. We examine common choices of the weighting vector used in the literature, e.g., single variable heuristics and equal weighting, and illustrate their performance in various test cases.
A Lower Bound for the Translative Kissing Numbers of Simplices

(K) of a d-dimensional convex body K is the maximum number of mutually non-overlapping translates of K that can be arranged so that all touch K. In this paper we show that \(\) holds for any d-dimensional simplex \(\) (\(\)). We also prove similar inequalities for some, more general classes of convex bodies.
Polymeric Schiff bases. XIII - The direct synthesis of cross-linked polymeric azomethines.

Cross-linked polymers obtained by direct reaction of aryl polycarbonyls with aryl polyamines, studying char yields effect
Mediation of hippocampal mossy fiber long-term potentiation by cyclic AMP

Repetitive activation of hippocampal mossy fibers evokes a long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic responses in pyramidal cells in the CA3 region that is independent of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation. Previous results suggest that the site for both the induction and expression of this form of LTP is presynaptic. Experimental elevation of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) both mimics and interferes with tetanus-induced mossy fiber LTP, and blockers of the cAMP cascade block mossy fiber LTP. It is proposed that calcium entry into the presynaptic terminal may activate Ca(2+)-calmodulin-sensitive adenylyl cyclase I which, through protein kinase A, causes a persistent enhancement of evoked glutamate release.
Cognitive Neuropsychology of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders

Advances in the treatment of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have dramatically improved survival rates over the past 10 years, but HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain highly prevalent and continue to represent a significant public health problem. This review provides an update on the nature, extent, and diagnosis of HAND. Particular emphasis is placed on critically evaluating research within the realm of cognitive neuropsychology that aims to elucidate the component processes of HAND across the domains of executive functions, motor skills, speeded information processing, episodic memory, attention/working memory, language, and visuoperception. In addition to clarifying the cognitive mechanisms of HAND (e.g., impaired cognitive control), the cognitive neuropsychology approach may enhance the ecological validity of neuroAIDS research and inform the development of much needed novel, targeted cognitive and behavioral therapies.
Speculations about the Upper Miocene change in abyssal Pacific dissolved bicarbonate δ13C

Abstract New data from three Tasman Sea cores support Keigwin's [1] observation that the δ 13 C of Pacific benthic foraminifera (and by inference bottom-water TCO 2 ) decreased by 0.7‰ at about 6.5 Myr B.P. Simple box models are developed and used to test several hypotheses about the cause of the δ 13 C decrease. We favor the idea that the δ 13 C shift was due to a rapid change in TCO 2 cycling within the oceans (such as would result from either a decrease in upwelling rate, or an increase in the fraction of PO 4 3− reaching the deep oceans in particulate organic matter and a corresponding drop in the preformed PO 4 3− concentration). The δ 13 C decrease across the shift might reflect either a global decrease in upwelling rate, or a different abyssal circulation pattern before the shift.
Wiener's lemma for localized integral operators

Abstract In this paper, we introduce two classes of localized integral operators on L 2 ( R d ) with the Wiener class W and the Kurbatov class K of integral operators as their models. We show that those two classes of localized integral operators are pseudo-inverse closed non-unital subalgebra of B 2 , the Banach algebra of all bounded operators on L 2 ( R d ) with usual operator norm.
Comparison of quenching rate constants of CO(a3Π) at 300 and 77 K

Abstract The rate constants for quenching of CO(a3Π) by H2, D2, O2, CO, CH4, C2H2 and C2H4 have been measured at 300 and 77 K by the flowing afterglow technique using helium as the carrier gas. The temperature dependence of the rate constants was ≈ T0.5 which suggests that the efficient quenching by these molecules does not involve formation of long-lived complexes. The decay rates of CO(a3Π) in pure helium provide an estimate of the diffusion coefficient for CO(a3Π).
The Illusion of Presence in Immersive Virtual Reality during an fMRI Brain Scan

The essence of immersive virtual reality (VR) is the illusion it gives users that they are inside the computer-generated virtual environment. This unusually strong illusion is theorized to contribute to the successful pain reduction observed in burn patients who go into VR during woundcare (www.vrpain.com) and to successful VR exposure therapy for phobias and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The present study demonstrated for the first time that subjects could experience a strong illusion of presence during an fMRI despite the constraints of the fMRI magnet bore (i.e., immobilized head and loud ambient noise).
Improving FPGA Placement With Dynamically Adaptive Stochastic Tunneling

This paper develops a dynamically adaptive stochastic tunneling (DAST) algorithm to avoid the “freezing” problem commonly found when using simulated annealing for circuit placement on field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The main objective is to reduce the placement runtime and improve the quality of final placement. We achieve this by allowing the DAST placer to tunnel energetically inaccessible regions of the potential solution space, adjusting the stochastic tunneling schedule adaptively by performing detrended fluctuation analysis, and selecting move types dynamically by a multi-modal scheme based on Gibbs sampling. A prototype annealing-based placer, called DAST, was developed as part of this paper. It targets the same computer-aided design flow as the standard versatile placement and routing (VPR) but replaces its original annealer with the DAST algorithm. Our experimental results using the benchmark suite and FPGA architecture file which comes with the Toronto VPR5 software package have shown a 18.3% reduction in runtime and a 7.2% improvement in critical-path delay over that of conventional VPR.
The effect of baseplate mutations on the requirement for tail-fiber binding for irreversible adsorption of bacteriophage T4.

The glucose residues of the lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli B are an essential part of the receptor for the tail fibers of phage T4. We isolated a mutant of E. coli B which is temperature-sensitive in the incorporation of glucose into lipopolysaccharide. With this strain the glucose content of the lipopolysaccharide, and thus the concentration of receptor on the cell surface, is decreased with increasing growth temeprature. As expected, the rate at which T4 infects these cells is also decreased. A higher density of receptor is required for infection than is necessary for attachment of the phage, which suggests that several tail fibers must be bound simultaneously for a particle to adsorb irreversibly. The effect of reduced receptor concentration on infection was determined for several T4 host range mutants which have altered proteins in their baseplates that render them unstable. These strains require a lower density of receptor than wild-type T4 for infection. This indicates that an alteretion in the baseplate can reduce the requirement for tail-fiber binding. We conclude that the tail fibers act co-operatively to destabilize the base plate and thereby help to trigger tail contraction.
GPU-accelerated Monte Carlo simulations of dense stellar systems

Computing the interactions between the stars within dense stellar clusters is a problem of fundamental importance in theoretical astrophysics. However, simulating realistic sized clusters of about 106 stars is computationally intensive and often takes a long time to complete. This paper presents the parallelization of a Monte Carlo method-based algorithm for simulating stellar cluster evolution on programmable Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). The kernels of this algorithm involve numerical methods of root-bisection and von Neumann rejection. Our experiments show that although these kernels exhibit data dependent decision making and unavoidable non-contiguous memory accesses, the GPU can still deliver substantial near-linear speed-ups which is unlikely to be achieved on a CPU-based system. For problem sizes ranging from 106 to 7 × 106 stars, we obtain up to 28× speedups for these kernels, and a 2× overall application speedup on an NVIDIA GTX280 GPU over the sequential version run on an AMD© Phenom™ Quad-Core Processor.
Dietary whey protein lowers serum C-peptide concentration and duodenal SREBP-1c mRNA abundance, and reduces occurrence of duodenal tumors and colon aberrant crypt foci in azoxymethane-treated male rats

We evaluated partially hydrolyzed whey protein (WPH) for inhibitory effects on the development of colon aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and intestinal tumors in azoxymethane (AOM)-treated rats. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats and their progeny were fed AIN-93G diets containing casein (CAS, control diet) or WPH as the sole protein source. Colons and small intestines from the male progeny were obtained at 6, 12, 20 and 23 weeks after AOM treatment. At 6 and 23 weeks, post-AOM, WPH-fed rats had fewer ACF than did CAS-fed rats. Intestinal tumors were most frequent at 23 weeks, post-AOM. At this time point, differences in colon tumor incidence with diet were not observed; however, WPH-fed rats had fewer tumors in the small intestine (7.6% vs. 26% incidence, P=.004). Partially hydrolized whey protein suppressed circulating C-peptide concentration (a stable indicator of steady-state insulin secretion) at all four time points relative to the corresponding CAS-fed animals. The relative mRNA abundance for the insulin-responsive, transcription factor gene, SREBP-1c, was reduced by WPH in the duodenum but not colon. Results indicate potential physiological linkages of dietary protein type with circulating C-peptide (and by inference insulin), local expression of SREBP-1c gene and propensity for small intestine tumorigenesis.
Finite element analysis of the human thorax

Abstract Two elastic finite-element models of the thoracic system are presented to analyze the effect of imposed loads. A flexural model for the cartilage is derived to account for the significant difference between its tension and compression moduli. The two structural models studied are: first, the thoracic cage (skeleton) by itself, and second, the thoracic body including the cage, the muscles and the internal parts. The ribs, cartilages, sternum, vertebrae, intervertebral discs, muscles, and gross lung and heart organs are modelled by various types of finite elements, viz. beams, plates, membranes and solids. Eleven static and two dynamic loading cases are considered and the stresses and displacements under each loading are calculated. Comparisons are made between the skeletal model and the whole thorax model. This paper presents the static loadings as the first part of the development. The dynamic effects of the thoracic body by various types of finite elements will be considered in the second part to be presented separately.
To catch a killer. What can mycobacterial models teach us about Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of the global tuberculosis epidemic. To combat this successful human pathogen we need a better understanding of the basic biology of mycobacterial pathogenesis. The use of mycobacterial model systems has the potential to greatly facilitate our understanding of how M. tuberculosis causes disease. Recently, studies using mycobacterial models, including M. bovis BCG, M. marinum, and M. smegmatis have significantly contributed to understanding M. tuberculosis. Specifically, there have been advances in genetic manipulation of M. tuberculosis using inducible promoters and recombineering that alleviate technical limitations in working with mycobacteria. Model systems have helped elucidate how secretion systems function at both the molecular level and during virulence. Mycobacterial models have also led to interesting hypotheses about how M. tuberculosis mediates latent infection and host response. While there is utility in using model systems to understand tuberculosis, each of these models represent distinct mycobacterial species with unique environmental adaptations. Directly comparing findings in model mycobacteria to those in M. tuberculosis will illuminate the similarities and differences between these species and increase our understanding of why M. tuberculosis is such a potent human pathogen.
The challenge of autonomy and dependence in franchised channels of distribution

Abstract An enduring challenge for franchise management involves the reconciliation of (1) the franchisor’s desire for standardization, consistency, and control for the preservation of its goodwill and brand equity, and (2) the franchisee’s quest for autonomy, especially because franchises are frequently sold on the platform of be your own boss and have historically attracted would-be franchisees with self-employment histories and strong streaks of independence and autonomy. Building on arguments derived from agency theory, resource dependence theory, the locus of control argument, and the countervailing power premise, the present study attempts to evaluate (1) the interrelationships between the concepts of autonomy and dependence, and (2) the influence of competition, success, experience, and multi-unit ownership as determinants of the various autonomy-dependence perceptions. It is suggested that, contrary to the dominant perspective nested in the markets versus hierarchy dichotomy, which portrays the sentiments of dependence and autonomy as opposing theoretical variables (i.e., they are envisioned to exist only in high-low combinations of these two constructs), even their high-high and low-low combinations can emerge within a franchise setting, and that these diverse behavioral settings entail unique management challenges. The empirical portion of the study utilizes data drawn from the franchised channel of fastfood restaurants. The results support the emergence of all four combinations of dependence and autonomy (i.e., the traditional high-low combinations as well as the high-high and low-low combinations), suggesting that behavioral settings of franchises are indeed richer than hitherto imagined. It appears that because franchisee-franchisor relationships encompass several domains, they each feel dependent on the other party in certain domains, and simultaneously, autonomous in other domains. The environmental factor of competition, the relationship factor of business success experienced in the franchise system, and the structural factor of multi-unit ownership emerged as significant predictors of dependence and autonomy. Notably, however, the countervailing power argument was not supported by the data. The multi-unit ownership effects were especially strong and provided a more direct test of the alignment of goals and incentives envisioned by agency theory. We conclude by identifying four categories of franchisees with distinct gestalts that franchisors would do well to learn to manage in the spirit of portfolio management.
A novel two-dimensional echocardiographic image analysis system using artificial intelligence-learned pattern recognition for rapid automated ejection fraction.

Objectives We sought to test the hypothesis that a novel 2-dimensional echocardiographic image analysis system using artificial intelligence-learned pattern recognition can rapidly and reproducibly calculate ejection fraction (EF). Background Echocardiographic EF by manual tracing is time consuming, and visual assessment is inherently subjective. Methods We studied 218 patients (72 female), including 165 with abnormal left ventricular (LV) function. Auto EF incorporated a database trained on >10,000 human EF tracings to automatically locate and track the LV endocardium from routine grayscale digital cineloops and calculate EF in 15 s. Auto EF results were independently compared with manually traced biplane Simpson’s rule, visual EF, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a subset. Results Auto EF was possible in 200 (92%) of consecutive patients, of which 77% were completely automated and 23% required manual editing. Auto EF correlated well with manual EF (r = 0.98; 6% limits of agreement) and required less time per patient (48 ± 26 s vs. 102 ± 21 s; p Conclusions Auto EF can automatically calculate EF similarly to results by manual biplane Simpson’s rule and MRI, with less variability than visual EF, and has clinical potential.