cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nuclear Data Sheets for A=208

Abstract Level schemes, spin and parity assignments, and decay properties are presented for all nuclei with mass number A=208. Experimental data and adopted values are given along with conclusions as to the spin and parity assignments. The presentation of the nuclear properties is given in the light of the data and current theoretical ideas. Where reasonably well established, shell-model configurations have been noted for many levels in 208 Pb and 208 Bi. Compilers have attempted to point out inconsistencies in the data and resolve the discrepancies when possible. No reaction data exist for 208 Tl although this nucleus could be studied by 210 Pb(d,a) since 210 Pb targets have been fabricated. Although the levels in 208 Pb have been studied in many ways, the neutron stripping and proton pickup data are not entirely satisfactory owing to either too low a bombarding energy or experimental resolution. There are no lifetime measurements for excited states in 208 Bi except for an isomeric level. All tabulated C 2 S and C 2 S ′ direct-reaction strengths are derived from distorted-wave Born approximation reaction theory unless otherwise noted. The reader is referred to the invidual papers for details of these calculations as well as those regarding the analysis of decay of isobaric analog resonances.
Empowering students with specific learning disabilities: Jim’s concept of unit fraction

Abstract Cognitive differences have historically led to deficit assumptions concerning the mathematical experiences that children with learning disabilities (LD) can access. We argue that the problem can be located not within children but instead as a mismatch between features of instruction and children’s unique learning abilities. In this paper, we investigate how one elementary school child, Jim, with specific visual motor integration differences constructed a unit fraction concept. Through ongoing and retrospective analysis of data drawn from seven sessions, we uncovered three key features of Jim’s development that become connected and coordinated over time: (a) Use of midpoints and “sameness” to construct unit fractions as one-level structures, (b) Connecting constructed unit fractions with number relationships, and (c) Coordinating unit fractions across multiple wholes through iteration as two-level structures. Contributions of this work include insights into Jim’s unique abilities alongside instructional design components helpful for intervention planning: (a) Utilizing wide, accessible tasks that encourage multiple means of contextualizing, representing, and expressing knowledge, (b) Carefully considering constraints of representational materials to support operations and connections, and (c) Bridging existing knowledge to new activity. Results support a continued exploration and gathering of evidence toward a new framework for interventions called Small Environments that begins in the teacher’s responsiveness to children’s complex mathematical reasoning and specific learning abilities.
Catheter directed interventions for pulmonary embolism: current status and future prospects

Introduction: Catheter directed interventions (CDIs) have evolved over the past decade in an attempt to reduce the complications of systemic thrombolysis, while providing equivalent therapeutic benefits.Areas covered: CDIs include a wide array of catheters that incorporate ultrasound technology, the infusion of thrombolytics through multi-side hole catheters and suction thrombectomy systems. We present a contemporary review summarizing the different catheter directed interventions currently available for acute PE, their indications, technical considerations, clinical effectiveness, complication rates and long-term outcomes.Expert opinion: For intermediate high-risk PE patients without a contraindication for thrombolysis, CDIs should be considered in patients at risk for clinical decompensation. For high risk PE patients with a major contraindication to thrombolytic therapy, suction thrombectomy can be considered in places with appropriate clinical and technical expertise.
Optic nerve head reactive retinal astrocytic tumor treated with photodynamic therapy

Abstract Purpose To describe the unusual presentation and the treatment course of a case of bilateral optic nerve head reactive retinal astrocytic tumor (RRAT). Observations A 29 year-old woman with bilateral optic disc masses presented with declining vision refractory to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections. After total loss of vision in her left eye, diagnostic enucleation and histopathology was consistent with RRAT. Staged photodynamic therapy (PDT) treatments over a period of four months in the better seeing eye resulted in stabilization of vision, improvement in intraretinal and subretinal fluid, and shrinkage of the optic disc mass. Conclusions In this unusual case of bilateral vision-threatening optic nerve head RRAT that were refractory to multiple therapies including anti-VEGF injections, PDT demonstrated safety and efficacy. Diagnostic work-up included whole exome sequencing (WES) that was negative for mutations in genes related to von-Hippel-Lindau (VHL), neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis, and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2 α .
The conserved AAA-ATPase PCH-2 TRIP13 regulates spindle checkpoint strength

The length of the cell cycle delay imposed by the spindle checkpoint, also referred to as the spindle checkpoint strength, is controlled by the number of unattached kinetochores, cell volume, and c...
Skeletal muscle growth and expression of skeletal muscle alpha-actin mRNA and insulin-like growth factor I mRNA in pigs during feeding and withdrawal of ractopamine.

Sixty crossbred barrows were used to study the effect of ractopamine (a phenethanolamine/beta-adrenergic agonist) treatment and its withdrawal on muscle growth and on the relative abundance of skeletal muscle alpha-actin (sk-alpha-actin) mRNA and of liver and longissimus muscle IGF-I mRNA at 4 wk. Ractopamine was fed (20 ppm) for periods of 2, 4, and 6 wk (six pigs per group). Additional pigs (four per group) were fed ractopamine (20 ppm) for 6 wk and then slaughtered 1, 3, and 7 d after withdrawal of ractopamine. Ractopamine increased (P < .05) longisimus muscle weight and protein content, although protein concentrations were not different. The increased muscle weight and protein content attained by feeding ractopamine for 6 wk was retained when ractopamine was withdrawn. The RNA and DNA concentrations did not change, whereas total DNA and RNA content per muscle was 18 and 26.7% greater, respectively, in ractopamine-treated pigs at 4 wk, but there were no differences at 2 or 6 wk or among the withdrawal groups. The relative abundance of sk-alpha-actin mRNA in the longissimus muscle was 41 and 62% greater (P < .05) in treated animals at 2 and 4 wk but was similar to that in controls at 6 wk and during the withdrawal period. The relative abundance of IGF-I mRNA in liver and longissimus muscle was not altered with ractopamine treatment for 4 wk. These results indicate that the ractopamine-enhanced muscle growth may result from increased myofibrillar gene expression at the pretranslational level, which is maximal with short-term treatment of ractopamine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A Reform Agenda for Administrative Adjudication

In August, the U.S. Justice Department issued a 129-page report entitled Modernizing the Administrative Procedure Act, based on a summit the department held at the end of 2019. As the title suggests, the report argues that now is the time to modernize the Administrative Procedure Act of 1946 (APA). Like most of the legislative APA modernization proposals in recent years, the Justice Department’s reform efforts largely focus on agency rulemaking. Absent from most conversations about APA reform is the modernization of administrative adjudication. Yet, the vast majority of regulatory actions today take place via adjudication, not rulemaking. As ACUS has documented, the United States has roughly 2,000 administrative law judges and more than 10,000 administrative judges who hold hearings and decide millions of cases each year. If we turn our administrative reform attention toward agency adjudication, here are what seem to me to be the top four areas for reform. First, we must attempt to reconcile the constitutional tensions in administrative adjudication between adjudicator decisional independence and political control of agency adjudication. Second, we must reform the new world of agency adjudication that is not governed by the APA’s formal adjudication provisions in order to protect individuals navigating those adjudicative systems. Third, we must modernize mass agency adjudication through quality assurance measures, including improved agency appellate review and effective use of artificial intelligence. Fourth, and related, we must explore ways to eliminate the “refugee roulette” in immigration adjudication by bringing more consistency and procedural fairness to the system. This reform agenda, sketched out in this Essay, identifies some proposals in each area that have been recommended by scholars, bar associations, federal agencies, and policymakers. In mentioning these various recommendations, I do not intend to endorse each one. In fact, some I would likely oppose. They present difficult policy considerations, and the pros and cons cannot be exhaustively examined in this Essay. But I hope this reform agenda will provide a roadmap for further empirical inquiry, as well as increased scholarly, policy, and political attention. With the 117th Congress and President Joe Biden taking office in January, the 75th anniversary of the APA may be the ideal time for such legislative reform. And adjudication reform efforts have the potential to draw bipartisan support—for reasons similar to why the First Step Act of 2018 succeeded in the 115th Congress.
Caribbean Bananas: The Macroeconomic Impact of Trade Preference Erosion

This paper examines the macroeconomic effects of the erosion of trade preferences, with a focus on the export of Caribbean bananas to Europe. Estimates are made of the magnitude of implicit assistance provided over a period of three decades to eastern Caribbean countries through banana trade preferences. The value of such assistance rose until the early 1990s, and has declined precipitously since then. Using vector autoregressive analysis, the paper finds that changes in the level of implicit assistance have had a considerable macroeconomic impact, especially on Caribbean real GDP growth.
Classifying locations and delineating space: An introduction

Abstract This paper provides a discussion of the choices that need to be made to classify locations and aggregate them into larger units such as cities or metropolitan areas. It also selectively surveys related literature with a focus on the contributions published in this special issue.
Moral Responsibility and Practice in the Life-World

As a point of departure, I propose to focus here on the lived patterns in terms of which the things, living entities, and events I encounter are placed within the scope of my immediate experience. It would be impossible to overemphasize the fact that the structural approach I am about to adopt is not purely formal in nature. No matter how insistent I may be in bringing out the organizational dimensions of the world, such will necessarily appear, to some degree or other, to be determined by contributions made by the contentual aspects of experience, just as elsewhere it was found that placing emphasis on the contents of the world did not exclude but required some attention to matters of pattern and organization.1 With such admonitions in mind, I may now safely attempt to enter into the analysis of the structural features of the life-world.
DRAM Row Activation Energy Optimization for Stride Memory Access on FPGA-Based Systems

FPGA-based systems consisting external memory have been extensively employed in data intensive applications such as signal, image, and network processing. Memory energy is a dominating factor in the overall system energy dissipation. In particular, when performing non-sequential memory access patterns, significant amount of energy is dissipated due to frequent memory row activations. In this paper, we consider the classic stride memory access pattern and evaluate the energy consumption in DRAM. Lower bounds on DRAM energy consumption are derived for this widely used memory access pattern which introduces row-wise writing and column-wise reading memory operations. To achieve the lower bounds of the DRAM energy consumption, we remap data onto DRAM for both row-wise and column-wise memory operations. This significantly reduces the latency brought by frequent DRAM row activations due to column-wise memory operations. We validate experimentally our analysis using 2-D FFT as a benchmark application on FPGA-based system. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed optimizations result in 74.8 %\(\sim \)77.7 % reduction in energy consumption of the overall system compared with the baseline for 1024\(\times \) 1024, 4096\(\times \) 4096, and 8192\(\times \) 8192 points 2-D FFTs, respectively.
A quadrature oscillator for LTE/LTE-A standards with an improved quadrature-mode stability

This paper introduces a quadrature oscillator for LTE/LTE-A standards with an improved quadrature mode stability using transformers. In Inductor-based (L-based) quadrature voltage controlled oscillators (QVCO), there exist two stable quadrature modes. When a transformer is used in place of an inductor in a QVCO, it is shown that the selected quadrature mode of oscillation is different from and more stable than the L-based QVCO. This additional stability ensures that only one mode of oscillation in T-based QVCOs is selected whereas in L-based QVCOs, cascode transistors are commonly used for this purpose. This is demonstrated using an oscillator designed in a commercially available 130 nm CMOS process. The oscillator provides a tuning range of 40.6% (2620–3033, 3423–4446 MHz), a phase noise of −112 dBc/Hz at an offset of 2.5 MHz from 3033 MHz, and a maximum power consumption of 26.4 mW from a 1.2 V supply.
Death Penalty and Age

In a landmark decision, the Supreme Court of the United States banned the execution of offenders who were under the age of 18 years at the time of their offense. In their 5–4 opinion, the Court stated that there had been a growing national consensus against the death penalty for youthful offenders, and noted their belief that these offenders were less culpable for their actions because of deficits in decision-making ability, impulse control, and maturity. Of interest, in 2006, the Court declined to hear a case that addressed the constitutionality of the death penalty for aged prisoners (i.e., Allen v. Ornoski). For many years, it has been recognized that the process of aging is associated with changes in cognitive abilities that may negatively impact flexibility of thought, perspective taking, decision making, and memory. It can be readily seen that these deficits, like those associated with youth, may put the aged prisoner in a position in which the imposition of capital punishment violates the Eighth Amendment of the United States Constitution. To date however, this issue has not been heard by the Supreme Court. Keywords: juvenile death penalty; young offenders; elderly offenders; Eighth Amendment; capital punishment
Restructuring for Whom? Race, Class, Gender, and the Ideology of Invisibility

This paper examines how changes resulting from economic restructuring affect views of racial inequality across different race, class, and gender groups. First reviewing some of the consequences of restructuring for different race, class, and gender groups, the paper also reviews research documenting the different views of racial inequality held by dominant and subordinate groups. The paper concludes by examining how race-blind ideologies affect discussions of race and multiculturalism and suggests that race-blind thinking has thwarted teaching about structural racism.
Old Materials + New Design Techniques = Lighter Steering Systems

New or exotic materials are now available to the design engineer for execution of his designs. However, when the cost objectives for the component or system preclude the use of these materials, the engineer must resort to the standard, low-cost lightweight materials, such as SAE 308 aluminum. Careful design and the use of new or special design techniques will still allow sizeable weight reduction. Two examples illustrating different methods of designing or testing around the properties of old and familiar materials are taken from the design of the steering system of the 1978 Fairmont and 1979 Ford Mustang, where a 46% reduction in system weight was achieved without the use of expensive high strength materials.
Organizational identity in a changing environment: when is a change a transformation?

(1997). Organizational Identity in a Changing Environment. Administration in Social Work: Vol. 21, No. 3-4, pp. 169-187.
Student Perceptions of Online Learning: An Analysis of Online Course Evaluations

Student evaluations of teaching provide a wealth of information about students’ experiences in higher education. Colleges and universities, though, as a whole, need to spend more time mining these evaluations to better understand student perceptions of their college coursework. These evaluations are especially helpful to better understand students’ experiences in online courses, which, despite continued growth, are still relatively new for most faculty and students. The analysis of seven years of student evaluations at a metropolitan research university is presented in the following article. The purpose of the analysis was to better discern students’ experiences online as well as to address commonly held assumptions about online learning (e.g., that teaching evaluations are lower for online courses). Results indicate that students in this sample actually do rate online courses lower than face-to-face courses. The article concludes with situating these results in the larger student evaluation literature as...
Linking Procedural Justice to Turnover Intentions: A Longitudinal Study of the Mediating Effects of Perceived Job Characteristics

The present study examined the mediating role of perceived job characteristics on the relationship between procedural justice and turnover intentions. The results of a longitudinal field study (N = 82) indicate that the relationship between procedural justice and turnover intentions was partially mediated by perceived job characteristics. Additionally, it was found that the mediating effects remained significant, even when controlling for negative affectivity. The implications of the findings for research and practice are discussed.
Generic on-line discovery of quantitative models for service level management

Quantitative models are needed for a variety of management tasks, including (a) identification of critical variables to use for health monitoring, (b) anticipating service level violations by using predictive models, and (c) on-going optimization of configurations. Unfortunately, constructing quantitative models requires specialized skills that are in short supply. Even worse, rapid changes in provider configurations and the evolution of business demands mean that quantitative models must be updated on an on-going basis. This paper describes an architecture and algorithms for on-line discovery of quantitative models without prior knowledge of the managed elements. The architecture makes use of an element schema that describes managed elements using the common information model (CIM). Algorithms are presented for selecting a subset of the element metrics to use as explanatory variables in a quantitative model and for constructing the quantitative model itself. We further describe a prototype system based on this architecture that incorporates these algorithms. We apply the prototype to on-line estimation of response times for DB2 Universal Database under a TPC-W workload. Of the approximately 500 metrics available from the DB2 performance monitor, our system chooses 3 to construct a model that explains 72% of the variability of response time.
Road segmentation using multipass single-pol synthetic aperture radar imagery

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a remote sensing technology that can truly operate 24/7. It's an all-weather system that can operate at any time except in the most extreme conditions. By making multiple passes over a wide area, a SAR can provide surveillance over a long time period. For high level processing it is convenient to segment and classify the SAR images into objects that identify various terrains and man-made structures that we call “static features.” In this paper we concentrate on automatic road segmentation. This not only serves as a surrogate for finding other static features, but road detection in of itself is important for aligning SAR images with other data sources. In this paper we introduce a novel SAR image product that captures how different regions decorrelate at different rates. We also show how a modified Kolmogorov-Smirnov test can be used to model the static features even when the independent observation assumption is violated.
Psychosocial issues in colorectal cancer survivorship: the top ten questions patients may not be asking

Advances in colorectal cancer screening and treatment have increased survivorship significantly in recent years. This has led to an increased emphasis on the need for continuing patient care long after cancer treatment is completed. Colorectal cancer survivors may face a number of psychosocial issues following treatment, including cancer-related distress, adjustment to physical changes following treatment, and challenges related to returning to work. Although there are many resources available to assist with these challenges, many patients may not seek this information from their providers during follow-up care visits. This article highlights some of the most common patient concerns related to survivorship in colorectal cancer and serves as a reminder to ask about these concerns throughout the course of treatment and follow-up care.
Importance of the assimilation of Argo float measurements on the Meridional Overturning Circulation in the South Atlantic

[1] The meridional overturning circulation (MOC) and meridional heat transport (MHT) obtained from two GFDL coupled models, with and without data assimilation, are examined and compared with observations collected at nominally 34°S in the South Atlantic. The results demonstrate that the performance of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamic Laboratory (GFDL) coupled data assimilation (CDA) model is quite different between the two periods, 1979–2002 and 2003–2007, due to the assimilation of Argo data in later period. The MOC components from the GFDL CDA during 1979–2002 are similar to those from GFDL CM2.1 IPCC simulation, both give weak boundary currents and strong interior overturning transport compared to observations. However, after assimilating temperature and salinity profiles from the Argo floats, the performance of the GFDL CDA is greatly improved in terms of representing the observed MOC and MHT structure: the transports of boundary currents are twice as strong as those during pre-Argo period, and the overturning flow in the interior region is reduced. Possible causes for the changes in model performance are discussed.
Modulation of human nuclear receptor LRH-1 activity by phospholipids and SHP

The human nuclear receptor liver receptor homolog 1 (hLRH-1) plays an important role in the development of breast carcinomas. This orphan receptor is efficiently downregulated by the unusual co-repressor SHP and has been thought to be ligand-independent. We present the crystal structure at a resolution of 1.9 A of the ligand-binding domain of hLRH-1 in complex with the NR box 1 motif of human SHP, which we find contacts the AF-2 region of hLRH-1 using selective structural motifs. Electron density indicates phospholipid bound within the ligand-binding pocket, which we confirm using mass spectrometry of solvent-extracted samples. We further show that pocket mutations reduce phospholipid binding and receptor activity in vivo. Our results indicate that hLRH-1's control of gene expression is mediated by phospholipid binding, and establish hLRH-1 as a novel target for compounds designed to slow breast cancer development.
Analysis of the packaging enclosing a counterfeit pharmaceutical tablet using Raman microscopy and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy

Abstract Counterfeit medicine is a serious global problem. Vibrational spectroscopy combined with chemometric methods can be used to combat the pharmaceutical counterfeit problem. In this study, packages containing counterfeit tablets were analyzed using Raman microscopy and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy. Two color regions were analyzed and different chemical origins from the color region could be resolved by two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy. Univariate Raman images were used to show the spatial distribution of the chemical components and confirm the findings of two-dimensional correlation analysis.
Demonstration of presence of acanthamoeba mitochondrial DNA in brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid by PCR in samples from a patient who died of granulomatous amebic encephalitis.

Free-living amebae of the genus Acanthamoeba are causal agents of granulomatous amebic encephalitis in humans, almost exclusively in immunocompromised hosts. The prognosis is poor, and the mortality is high. Because the symptoms are nonspecific, diagnosis can be difficult and is often made
Self and space, resistance and discipline: a Foucauldian reading of George Orwell's 1984

The novel 1984, George Orwell's nightmarish vision of totalitarianism published after the Second World War, remains relevant in the twenty‐first century. Orwell's concerns regarding the abuse of power, the denial of self, and the eradication of both past and future continue to resonate in contemporary discussions of politics and society. Geographers, however, have directed minimal attention to the spatiality embedded within 1984. Accordingly, in this paper I examine the theoretical implications of space, resistance and discipline as manifest in the novel. Drawing on the theoretical insights of Michel Foucault, I detail how the spatial and temporal control of everyday activities serves to discipline spaces within a totalitarian society. Moreover, I suggest that 1984 illustrates how the production of knowledge through the act of writing may forge spaces of resistance within disciplined spaces. This paper contributes, therefore, in two areas, these being resistance geographies and fictive geographies.
Melting of multilayer films: Further studies of a Potts lattice-gas model

Using a Potts lattice-gas model of solid and liquid film adsorption, we have studied, in mean-field theory and in Monte Carlo simulations, the melting of solid physically adsorbed films with long-ranged (van der Waals) adsorbate-substrate interactions and short-ranged adsorbate-adsorbate interactions; the case of long-ranged adsorbate-adsorbate interactions has been studied in mean-field theory only. The substrate-adsorbate potential is constructed in such a way as to produce melting, which can proceed by either first-order or continuous (critical) phase transitions depending on the film thickness; that is, the melting transition is first order in thicker films and continuous in thinner films. The work complements earlier model studies by Conner and Ebner, which allow melting to be either first order or to proceed continuously with no phase transition. We discuss the possible relevance of the model to real systems.
Darley and the psychosocial side

''Arthur, when am I going to be me again? This is not what I had in mind for'me.' After some more rehab will I be me again?'' ''When you're thrown into a pool, and you can't swim, and you don't have a life preserver, that's the way I felt for a long time. In other words, struggling.'' ''The pain of watching somebody that you love going through pain, going through agony, that is the hardest part.'' ''I was a composer and a conductor for Heaven's sake. I've conducted in most of the great music venues of the world. They don't know that. They treat me like an eccentric old man. They sure don't know who I am. Maybe that's because I'm not anymore.'' ''I thought they had cut my tongue out. I had gone in for surgery on my wisdom teeth; they had put me under general anesthesia; and I developed a stroke during the surgical procedure. When I awoke and struggled to find words, I thought for sure I had lost my tongue. But it was far worse than that, as I was to find out.''
Hominid occupation of the East-Central Highlands of Ethiopia in the Plio–Pleistocene

Stone artefacts and fossil evidence suggest that hominids did not reach the high plateau of Ethiopia until ~1.5 Myr ago. Contact between hominids of the plateau and the Rift Valley seems likely.
KINETICS OF NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND GROWTH IN PHYTOPLANKTON1

Microscopic algae can grow rapidly in natural waters that are extremely low in essential macro and micro nutrients. Yet, their nutrient uptake systems exhibit only mediocre nutrient affinities, the saturation constants being often 10–1000 times the (estimated) ambient concentrations. The large difference which exists between the saturation constants for growth (Ku) and short term uptake (Kp) are due to the acclimation capabilities of the organisms. Over the acclimation range, Ku, to Kp the algae can maintain maximum growth rate by modulating both their internal nutrient quotas (Q) and their maximum short term nutrient uptake rates (Pmax) in response to variations in external nutrient concentrations. The commonly assumed hyperbolic relationships for steady growth and uptake (viz “chemostat theory”) are coherent with a hyperbolic expression for short term uptake including a variable maximum (Pmax). The ratio of the saturation constants for growth and uptake is then directly related to the extreme in quotas and maximum uptake rates: Kμ/Kρ= Qmin/Qmaxρmax/ρQmax. This result is applicable even when the exact hyperbolic laws are not. Published data on Fe, Mn, P and N limitation in algae are generally in accord with the theory and demonstrate a wider acclimation range for trace than for major nutrients.
X-Ray Absorption Studies of Poly(vinylferrocene) Polymers for Anion Separation

X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was used to study the electrochemical incorporation of perrhenate anion, from a 0.1 M NH 4 ReO 4 solution, into poly(vinylferrocene) (PVFc) and a modified PVFc (a copolymer of 30% t-butyl acetylferrocene and 70% t-butyl divinyl ferrocene). The polymers were deposited on a carbon cloth current collector from a solution of the polymers in CH 2 Cl 2 . In situ XAS measurements were done at the Fe K edge on the reduced polymers and at 0.9 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Ex situ XAS was done at the Re L 3 edge after oxidation of the polymers at 0.9 V. The oxidized electrodes were washed in water to remove dissolved NH4ReO4 in the electrode pores. XAS was done both on wet-washed electrodes and on electrodes that were dried. XAS showed that at 0.9 V the Fe was oxidized from a ferrocene to a ferrocenium moiety and the Fe--C bond distance increased from 2.05 to 2.08 A. Both the X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) results are consistent with having >75% of the ferrocene moieties in the polymer oxidized at 0.9 V. The Fe K-edge EXAFS showed no direct indication of interaction of Fe with ReO - 4 . At the Re L 3 edge the only indication of interaction of ReO - 4 with the polymers was a slight change in the XANES features.
Dyadic Green's function for magnetic current source in compressible anisotropic plasma

By making use of the recently formulated compressivity tensor for anisotropic and compressible media, the dyadic Green's function for a magnetic current source in such media is derived. A new dyadic operator is defined, which makes possible the expression of the Green's function in a concise form.
623 EFFECT OF HUMAN MILK AND VEGETABLE OIL-CONTAINING FORMULAS ON DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID OF PRETERM RED CELL MEMBRANE PHOSPHOLIPIDS

623 EFFECT OF HUMAN MILK AND VEGETABLE OIL-CONTAINING FORMULAS ON DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID OF PRETERM RED CELL MEMBRANE PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Robust adaptive stabilization with multiple H/sub /spl infin// uncertainty models and switching

We consider a simple robust adaptive stabilization problem based on an H/sub /spl infin// uncertainty model with a discrete unknown parameter. In the proposed problem formulation, the unknown plant is assumed to belong to one of N possible uncertainty models, where each model is described by a known, linear nominal plant with H/sub /spl infin// bounds on the unmodeled dynamics. We show that if each of the models can be robustly stabilized with a linear time-invariant (LTI) controller, then there exists a single adaptive (possibly nonlinear and time-varying) controller that simultaneously robustly stabilizes all the N possible uncertainty models. The adaptive controller can provide the same level of stability robustness as the LTI controllers, and introduces, at most, a bounded transient in the output. Our approach is based on a simple switching algorithm and a novel application of H/sub /spl infin// filtering methods.
Learner Performance in Mandarin Immersion and High School World Language Programs: A Comparison.

This study compared the Mandarin performance of elementary immersion program students and high school world language program students in the same school district. A cross-sectional design was employed to gather information on Mandarin proficiency of fourth and fifth graders and Level 4 and Level 5 (AP Chinese) high school students who took the Mandarin Standards-Based Measurement of Proficiency assessment at the end of the school year. Results indicated that immersion students slightly outperformed the comparison high school group in reading but lagged slightly behind in writing and speaking skills, for which assessment tasks required higher levels of cognitive awareness. Findings also showed that while only a few nonheritage speakers in the high school world language program continued to Level 5 (AP), most nonheritage speakers remained in the immersion program for the full duration and performed as well, or nearly as well, as the heritage speakers when exiting the program. Further studies are needed, but the findings provide a strong rationale for the role of Mandarin immersion programs in assisting students to develop higher levels of linguistic proficiency in Mandarin.
A Low-CO2-Inducible Gene Encoding an Alanine:[alpha]-Ketoglutarate Aminotransferase in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

At low-CO2 (air) conditions, the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii acquires the ability to raise its internal inorganic carbon concentration. To study this adaptation to low CO2, cDNA clones induced under low-CO2 growth conditions were selected through differential screening. One full-length clone is 2552 bp, with an open reading frame encoding 521 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence shows about 50% identity with alanine:[alpha]-ketoglutarate aminotransferase (Ala AT, EC 2.6.1.2) from plants and animals, and the mRNA of this clone increased 4- to 5-fold 4 h after cells were switched from high-CO2 to low-CO2 growth conditions. The expression of the enzyme and its activity also increased accordingly at low-CO2 growth conditions. To study the physiological role of Ala AT, a pyridoxal phosphate inhibitor, aminooxyacetic acid, was added at 40 [mu]M to the growth medium when cells were beginning to adapt to low CO2. This caused a 30% decrease in the maximum photosynthetic rate in air-adapting cells 8 h later. The addition of the inhibitor also caused the cells to excrete glycolate, a photorespiratory intermediate, but did not change the apparent affinity of the cell for external CO2. These physiological studies are consistent with the assumption that Ala AT is involved in the adaptation to low-CO2 conditions.
A unified approach to modeling the HIV infection in pediatric and adult AIDS risk groups

The best surrogate immunological marker of the progression of the HIV infection towards AIDS is shown to be the percentage of lymphocytes that are CD4+ T cells (CD4%); this marker permits a unified description of the infection in all risk groups, pediatric as well as adult. An analysis of the data shows that although a below average CD4% is a necessary condition for the development of AIDS, it is not sufficient; there is no critical CD4 value below which an infected immediately develops one of the opportunistic infections characteristic of clinical AIDS. An analysis of CD4 cell density data suggests that the time-dependence of a cohort's mean CD4 density after infection with HIV is independent of its preinfection value. This result implies that the length of the incubation period for developing AIDS in an infected is independent of the subject's preinfection CD4 density value. An analysis of the HIV incubation period distributions for the various AIDS risk groups indicates that the distributions are represented by mathematically different curves, probably due to differences in viral load at infection time in the adult risk groups. An immunological model is advanced which could correctly explain why viral propagation in the lymphatic organs in homo sapiens continues throughout the incubation period until the organs' viral burden destroys their ability to function properly. This model also describes the possible critical event that triggers the onset of clinical AIDS.
Use of Nonnatal Tributaries for Lake-Rearing Juvenile Chinook Salmon in the Lake Washington Basin, Washington

Abstract Ocean-type juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) can be present in the nearshore areas of Lake Washington and Lake Sammamish, WA for 4–5 months (January–June) and may encounter nonnatal tributaries. The use of these tributaries is not well known. We determined the presence of juvenile Chinook salmon in 12 tributaries through nighttime snorkel surveys from March to June. At one heavily-used tributary, we determined their temporal and spatial distribution by conducting surveys every two to three weeks from February to June. Additionally, we determined whether delta areas of tributaries are used by juvenile Chinook salmon by comparing their density and diet to other lakeshore sites. Of 12 streams surveyed, juvenile Chinook salmon were observed in eight. The abundance of Chinook salmon appeared to be related to a variety of factors including proximity to the natal stream, stream gradient, and stream size. In an intensively-monitored stream, juvenile Chinook salmon were found primarily in...
Reversing the Hands of Time: Changing the Mapping From Seeing to Saying

To describe a scene, speakers must map visual information to a linguistic plan. Eye movements capture features of this linkage in a tendency for speakers to fixate referents just before they are mentioned. The current experiment examined whether and how this pattern changes when speakers create atypical mappings. Eye movements were monitored as participants told the time from analog clocks. Half of the participants did this in the usual manner. For the other participants, the denotations of the clock hands were reversed, making the big hand the hour and the little hand the minute. Eye movements revealed that it was not the visual features or configuration of the hands that determined gaze patterns, but rather top-down control from upcoming referring expressions. Differences in eye-voice spans further suggested a process in which scene elements are relationally structured before a linguistic plan is executed. This provides evidence for structural rather than lexical incrementality in planning and supports a “seeing-for-saying” hypothesis in which the visual system is harnessed to the linguistic demands of an upcoming utterance.
Long-Term Results of Ingelman-Sundberg Denervation Procedure for Urge Incontinence Refractory to Medical Therapy

ABSTRACTPurpose: Urge incontinence refractory to anticholinergic medication and behavioral techniques is a therapeutic challenge. We evaluated the durability of the modified Ingelman-Sundberg detrusor denervation procedure as minimally invasive surgical therapy for intractable urge incontinence.Materials and Methods: Patients presenting with severe urge incontinence unresponsive to medical and/or behavioral therapy were injected subtrigonally with 10 ml. 0.25% bupivacaine. The patients were contacted 24 hours later to determine whether they experienced a decrease in urgency and urge incontinent episodes. The 28 patients with temporary resolution of symptoms were offered operative management. All patients were evaluated with history, physical examination and fluoroscopic urodynamics. The procedure consists of transvaginal dissection of the perivesical fascia from the area of the trigone, including sharp division of the terminal branches of the pelvic nerve.Results: A total of 28 patients 28 to 83 years old...
PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN IN MANAGEMENT:A DISTINCT FEMININE LEADERSHIP

Throughout American industry, there is more evidence now than ever before of the need for change. Many analysts are pointing to the traditional leadership style used in the vast majority of American companies as a major obstacle to growth and improvement. Sixty‐eight per cent of college educated women reported job discrimination, especially at the upper corporate level, because of their sex (The New York Times, 1982). The relationship between what will be required for corporate survival and the innate talents of women managers has not been recognised enough by corporate leadership (Loden, 1985). It seems that women managers possessing certain distinct feminine talents and characteristics may be better prepared to cope with the challenges of the future than many traditional males. The skills they were encouraged to leave behind when they entered the world of management are finally being recognised as critical to their companies' long‐term health and viability.
The Diffusion Constant for Two-State Brownons

We calculate the diffusion constant for two-state brownons when the change of state is not, as usually assumed, Markovian. The correction to the non-interchanging species result is found to be exactly expressible in terms of the Laplace transforms of the sojourn time densities.
Long-Term Reliability and Validity of Alcoholism Diagnoses and Symptoms in a Large National Telephone Interview Survey

The long-term reliability and validity of telephone lay interview assessments of alcoholism were examined in the context of a large national community-based survey of over 8,000 male Vietnam era veterans. A subsample of 146 men was interviewed twice by telephone using the same structured interview an average of 15 months apart to evaluate the long-term reliability of alcoholism symptoms and diagnoses. In addition, a search of Department of Veterans Affairs patient treatment files of inpatient hospitalizations between 1970 and 1993 yielded a subsample of 89 interviewed men with a past discharge diagnosis of alcohol dependence. The test-retest reliability of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence diagnoses was good, with kappa coefficients of 0.74 and 0.61, respectively. The reliability of individual alcoholism symptoms was fair to good, with kappas of 0.46 to 0.67. Ninety-six percent of individuals identified by Department of Veterans Affairs patient treatment files as having an alcohol dependence diagnosis were correctly diagnosed by the telephone interview. The results of the present study provide additional evidence for the long-term reliability and validity of lifetime alcoholism diagnoses, and suggest that the reliability and validity of telephone interview assessments of alcoholism are as good as that of an in-person interview. Telephone administration of structured psychiatric interviews appears to be an attractive alternative to in-person interviewing for gathering information about alcoholism and alcohol-related problems.
Novel homo- and hemizygous mutations in EZH2 in myeloid malignancies.

Systematic application of single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays (SNP-As) as a karyotyping tool led to the realization that segmental somatic uniparental disomy (UPD) is a common defect in many cases of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), MDS/MPN and acute myeloid leukemia (AML).1 Discovery of UPD9p paved the way for identification of the JAK2V617F mutation in MPN. Since then, through application of SNP-A, several new mutations have been identified in the homozygous configuration in the malignant cells of patients with hematological malignancies. These include mutations in CBL2, 3 and TET2,4 for example. Similarly, SNP-A analysis demonstrated that MPL5 or TP536 mutations can occur in homozygous configurations. Assays of JAK2V617F mutant allele burden consequent to UPD are increasingly being utilized clinically because of diagnostic and prognostic relevance. Based on these observations, it can be postulated that areas of somatic UPD may identify regions that harbor mutations in the regions affected by the copy number neutral loss of heterozygosity/UPD.7 If found, somatic UPD most often spans large areas of the affected chromosome, thus making identification of mutated target genes quite challenging.
Gaining access to shiftworkers through labor unions

In this paper, we provide the procedures used to gain access to shiftworkers who served as subjects in a work-sleep study. Our experiences in gaining the cooperation of labor union organizations and their members are described in detail, as are characteristics of the surveyed workers.
Sustainable marketing, equity, and economic growth: a resource-advantage, economic freedom approach

Sustainable marketing may be viewed as marketing that is within, and supportive of, sustainable economic development. Peattie (The Marketing Review 2(2):129–146, 2001) maintains that sustainable economic development poses major challenges for marketing. These challenges concern futurity, equity, and needs/wants. This article focuses on the equity and needs/wants challenges of sustainable development and argues that public policies and programs (of wealthy nations, poor countries, or bodies such as the United Nations) can improve economic equity by promoting the economic growth of poor countries. Furthermore, it argues that a major reason why past efforts to promote the economic growth of poor countries have so often failed is that such (allegedly) pro-growth policies have been guided by an impoverished theory of economic growth. Specifically, this article (1) discusses the implications of sustainable development for marketing, (2) shows seven ways that sustainable marketing and resource-advantage (R-A) theory intersect, (3) argues that the cause of sustainable marketing is furthered by promoting economic growth, (4) identifies the two major, radically different, theories of economic growth: neoclassical, static-equilibrium growth theory and dynamic competition growth theory, (5) shows how the two theories make four radically different, testable predictions, and (6) reviews the empirical evidence concerning the four predictions. The article concludes that the equity and needs/wants challenges of sustainable development and the cause of sustainable development more generally can be addressed by poor nations pursuing economic growth, which in turn implies that public policy should focus not on increasing investment, but on institutions that favor economic freedom and dynamic competition.