cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
State of the art: Evaluation and interpretation of soil consolidation tests

The consolidation characteristics of natural soils vary widely depending on their stress history, void ratio, and structure. The standard method of measuring consolidation properties involves the incremental loading of specimens of soil, but other methods using controlled loading techniques have been useful in improving the understanding of soil compressibility. The various test methods and their influence on the evaluation of consolidation properties are reviewed in the paper. The interpretation of preconsolidation pressure for some soils is greatly influenced by the rate of loading. Total consolidation settlements can be estimated reasonably well from good oedometer tests, but predictions of the rate of settlement are usually quite unreliable in the primary consolidation stage. The ability to evaluate and interpret consolidation tests has been improved where the tests have been carried out in conjunction with field observations. More research of this kind is needed to improve the usefulness of consolidation theories and testing.
The Commonwealth Caribbean: Family Policy in the Caribbean Community (CARICOM)

The CARICOM region comprises 19 mostly English-speaking Caribbean countries, with a combined population of 16 million. A secretariat provides the umbrella for policy-making; decisions rely on consensus among heads of government. Common interests invite unity, but challenges arise from nationalistic goals and agendas shaped by foreign aid agencies. Issues of poverty, health, ­education, gender inequities, and employment are addressed in social policy frameworks based on traditions and inherited legislation from Great Britain and Europe, influenced by local ethnic norms. Strides have been made regarding domestic violence, education, equal employment opportunities, and maternal and child health. Gaps exist in services to indigenous peoples and men as a group. ­Low-income families and workers in the informal sector are underserved; tensions about work and family balance affect women generally. Family policy is mainly implicit, with some explicit inroads evident through the CARICOM Charter of Civil Society and agreements to establish family law and family court systems. Jamaica leads the way with a National Parenting Policy. Progress is hampered by uncoordinated programs and unclear objectives. More explicit family policies will sharpen focus on family development goals. International aid agencies need to work within CARICOM’s systems rather than undermine harmonization.
Cloning and sequence analysis of the structural gene for the bc1-type Rieske iron-sulfur protein from Thermus thermophilus HB8.

Received September 8, 1997; accepted January 5, 1998 The structural gene encoding the Rieske iron-sulfur protein from Thermus thermophilus HB8 has been cloned and sequenced. The gene encodes a protein of 209 amino acids that begins with a hydrophilic N-terminus followed by a stretch of 21 hydrophobic amino acids that could serve as a transmembrane helix. The remainder of the protein has a hydrophobicity pattern typical of a water-soluble protein. A phylogenetic analysis of 26 Rieske proteins that are part of bc\ or b6f complexes shows that they fall into three major groups: eubacterial and mitochondrial, cyanobacterial and plastid, and five highly divergent outliers, including that of Thermus. Although the overall homology with other Rieske proteins is very low, the C-terminal half of the Thermus protein contains the signature sequence CTHLGC-(13X)-CPCH that most likely provides the ligands of the [2Fe-2S] cluster. It is proposed that this region of the protein represents a small domain that folds independently and that the encoding DNA sequence may have been transferred during evolution to several unrelated genes to provide the cluster attachment site to proteins of different origin. The role of individual residues in this domain of the Thermus protein is discussed vis-a-vis the three-dimensional structure of the bovine protein (Iwata et al., 1996 Structure 4, 567-579).
Answering Non-Standard Queries in Distributed Knowledge-Based Systems

In this paper we present a query answering system for solving nonstandard queries in a distributed knowledge based system (DKBS). Our system is different from solving queries on a conventional distributed database or cooperative database in the sense that it discovers rules, if needed, and uses them to resolve unknown attributes. In [12], the rules used to resolve unknown attributes are discovered directly from the tables (relational databases) either locally or on remote sites. In this paper, the rule discovery process is dependent on descriptions of objects which will never be stored in our system (they either do not exist or we have no interest in storing them). Such descriptions are called either locally-negative (1-negative) or globally-negative (g-negative) terms. L-negative terms refer to the situation when only a local site of DKBS is taken into cosideration. If any site of DKBS is considered for storing the data, we use g-negative terms instead.
Analysis of Protein Co-Occupancy by Quantitative Sequential Chromatin Immunoprecipitation

Sequential Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (SeqChIP) is a powerful technique for analyzing the simultaneous association of two different proteins with genomic DNA sequences in vivo. Cellular Protein-DNA complexes are cross-linked with formaldehyde (UNIT ), and are purified via two successive immunoprecipitations, with each immunoprecipitation targeting a different protein. Protein-DNA cross-links are then reversed and DNA sequences of interest are analyzed by quantitative PCR. At each genomic region, calculated SeqChIP co-occupancy values are compared to occupancy values of singly immunoprecipitated samples. The extent of enrichment brought about by the second immunoprecipitation relative to the singly immunoprecipitated sample is directly correlated with the degree of co-occupancy between the two proteins at the genomic location assayed. In principle, the technique is not limited to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cells from a wide variety of organisms can be used.
Outcomes and Characteristics of Patients Discharged Alive from Hospice

Objectives: To describe outcomes and characteristics of patients discharged alive from hospice. Design: Prospective cohort study using a telephone survey. Setting: Hospices (n=18) participating in the Population-Based Palliative Care Research Network during the 1-year study period. Participants: English-speaking adults (n=164) who were discharged alive from participating hospices during the 1-year study period. Measurements: Mortality within 6 months of hospice discharge. Results: Thirty-five percent (n=48) of the 139 patients with known outcomes died within 6 months of hospice discharge, 15 of whom (31%) died without hospice readmission. There were no significant associations between sex (P=.77), length of hospice service (P=.99), diagnosis (P=.73), discharge disposition (P=.54), admission evidence of prognosis of less than 6 months to live (P=.22–.95), Karnofsky score at admission or change between admission and discharge (P=.39, P=.38, respectively), or duration of hospice care after stabilization (P=.83) and mortality within 6 months after hospice discharge. Age (P=.11), discharge Karnofsky score (P=.17), and reason for discharge being improved or stabilized condition (P=.13) trended toward statistical significance. The strongest predictor of mortality after hospice discharge was a report that the patient's condition had worsened (hazard ratio=10.2, 95% confidence interval 4.5–23.4). Conclusion: One-third of patients who were discharged from hospice died within 6 months of hospice discharge, indicating ongoing eligibility for hospice care even under the strictest interpretation of hospice eligibility criteria. Patients who are discharged from hospice care should be evaluated frequently, especially within the first weeks to months after discharge, for changes in status, unmet needs, and potential hospice readmission.
Should Antitrust Education be Mandatory (for Law School Administrators)

The Executive Committee of the Association of American Law Schools has adopted a Statement of Good Practices that purports to limit the times when law schools may make offers to hire faculty members at other schools. Schools are generally not to make offers for indefinite appointments to professors on other faculties after March 1, subject to extension for two months with the consent of the incumbent's dean. They also are not to make offers contemplating resignation from a current faculty position more than two weeks following those deadlines. Proceeding on the assumption that the AALS policy, whose express terms are precatory, speaks to what is in fact an agreement among law schools, this essay concludes this policy memorializes an understanding in violation of Federal antitrust law.
Hispanic Men in the United States: Acculturation and Recent Sexual Behaviors With Female Partners, 2006-2010.

Objectives. We examined Hispanic men’s recent risky and protective sexual behaviors with female partners by acculturation.Methods. Using the 2006–2010 National Survey of Family Growth, we performed bivariate analyses to compare acculturation groups (Hispanic Spanish-speaking immigrants, Hispanic English-speaking immigrants, Hispanic US natives, and non-Hispanic White men) by demographics and recent sexual behaviors with women. Multivariable logistic regression models for sexual behaviors by acculturation group were adjusted for demographics.Results. Compared with Hispanic Spanish-speaking immigrants, non-Hispanic White men were less likely to report exchange of money or drugs for sex (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.1, 0.9), but were also less likely to report condom use at last vaginal (AOR = 0.6; 95% CI = 0.4, 0.8) and anal sex (AOR = 0.4; 95% CI = 0.3, 0.7). Hispanic US natives were less likely to report condom use at last vaginal sex than were Spanish-speaking immigra...
Nutritional, developmental, and genetic influences on relative sitting height at high altitude†

The study explores how nutritional status, developmental exposure to high-altitude hypoxia, and genetic ancestry influence relative sitting height in two groups of high-altitude Bolivian children aged 8 through 13 years of age: 253 rural Aymara children of very low socioeconomic status and 273 children of upper socioeconomic status from the capital city of La Paz. The rural Aymara children on average have longer trunks relative to stature, but there is also overlap in body proportions between the two groups of children. The 20% of each sample in the region of overlap was examined to investigate influences on relative sitting height. Nutritional effects on relative sitting height are suggested by the finding that Aymara children with relatively long legs are taller, heavier, and fatter than other Aymara children. Developmental and genetic influences on relative sitting height are suggested by the finding that high relative sitting heights in elite urban children are associated with a greater percentage of time lived at high altitude and with parents born in Bolivia. Separating developmental and ancestry effects is difficult because the two are closely interconnected in the urban children. The results of this study suggest that influences on growth in relative trunk and leg length are similar to those that affect other aspects of growth in Andean populations. They also highlight the fact that because relative sitting height gradually decreases prior to adolescence and then increases, the interpretation of variation in body proportions in children is not always straightforward. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Characterization of neuronal/glial differentiation of murine adipose-derived adult stromal cells

Neural tissue has limited capacity for intrinsic repair after injury, and the identification of alternate sources of neuronal stem cells has broad clinical potential. Preliminary studies have demonstrated that adipose-derived adult stromal (ADAS) cells are capable of differentiating into mesenchymal and non-mesenchymal cells in vitro, including cells with select characteristics of neuronal/glial tissue. In this study, we extended these observations to test the hypothesis that murine (mu) ADAS cells can be induced to exhibit characteristics of neuronal and glial tissue by exposure to a cocktail of induction agents. We characterized the differentiation of muADAS cells in vitro using immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting, and examined whether these cells respond to the glutamate agonist N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). We found that induced muADAS cells express proteins indicative of neuronal/glial cells, including nestin, GFAP, S-100, NeuN, MAP2, tau, and beta-III tubulin. Induced muADAS cells express gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the NR-1 and NR-2 subunits of the glutamate receptor, GAP-43, synapsin I, and voltage-gated calcium channels. Finally, induced muADAS cells demonstrate decreased viability in response to NMDA. These findings suggest that muADAS cells can be induced to exhibit several phenotypic, morphologic, and excitotoxic characteristics consistent with developing neuronal and glial tissue.
Modelling the arithmetic of statistical distributions

Examples of extended arithmetics include range, polynomial, dimensional, extended precision and fault tolerant arithmetic, and arithmetic on distributions of random variables. APL2's defined operators and general arrays enable the programmer to easily define such extensions. In this paper we will discuss some extended arithmetics and a prototype of arithmetic on statistical distributions that we have implemented in APL2 [1]. In this prototype, distributions take the place of numbers and the ordinary arithmetic scalar functions are replaced by derived functions that take distributions as arguments and return distributions as results. For ordinary addition, the natural derived function is convolution. Design issues and application examples are discussed.
Transfer from serial to paired-associate learning

Groups with preliminary free recall were added to an experiment testing the position hypothesis in serial to paired-associate transfer. The Ss with paired-associate lists that had pairings related to the serial list positions did better than all other groups, indicating that such differences are not completely attributable to interference in previous studies.
T cell receptor repertoire diversity and clonal expansion in human neonates

Newborn human infants, particularly those born prematurely, are susceptible to infection with a variety of microorganisms. We questioned whether limitations in the T cell repertoire contribute to the neonatal immunocompromised state. To describe developmental changes of the T cell repertoire, cDNA segments corresponding to third complementarity regions (CDR3) of human umbilical cord blood T cell receptors (TCR) from 24-41-wk gestational age were amplified with TCR family-specific probes. The resulting amplified CDRs were visualized by fingerprinting and single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. At 24-wk gestation there were no limitations in TCRBV family usage, and the degree of CDR3 size heterogeneity was not different from the adult. However, earlier in gestation, CDR3s were shorter for all families and gradually increased in size until term. The extent of oligoclonal expansion observed in cord blood was greater than in adult peripheral blood (p = 0.03). T cell oligoclonal expansion was greatest at 29-33-wk gestation and declined toward term. Expansions were detectable in both CD4+ and CD8+ subpopulations. Our findings indicate that the genetic mechanisms of repertoire diversification appear intact as early as 24 wk of gestation, but repertoire diversity is limited as a result of smaller CDR3 sizes. In addition, there was a developmentally regulated progression of oligoclonally expanded T cells. These differences in the TCRBV repertoire add to the body of evidence demonstrating immaturity of the neonatal immune system. However, the role that these subtle differences are likely to play in the relative immunodeficiency of the neonate remains to be determined.
Hiring Effective Secondary School Counselors

Today's effective school counselors are integral in education reform, school leadership, and student achievement. It is typically the responsibility of building principals to hire effective school ...
ENHANCEMENT OF THE MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF TTF-TCNQ (TETRATHIAFULVALENE-TETRACYANOQUINODIMETHANE) BY COULOMB CORRELATIONS.

In order to gain some insight into the nature of the interactions in TTF-TCNQ (tetrathiafulvalene-tetracyanoquinodimethane), we compare the magnitude of the observed magnetic susceptibility $\ensuremath{\chi}$ with the predictions of two simple models. First we consider a tight-binding band of noninteracting electrons and find that the magnitude of the observed high-temperature $\ensuremath{\chi}$ is large compared to that calculated using the expected bandwidth. The same conclusion is also reached by a more general consideration of the magnitude of the product $T\ensuremath{\chi}$. It is concluded that at high temperatures $\ensuremath{\chi}$ is enhanced. We then compare the observed $\ensuremath{\chi}$ to calculations using a Hubbard model with on-site Coulomb repulsion energy $U$. $\ensuremath{\chi}$ is calculated in both the low-$U$ and large-$U$ limits and, in either limit, the large magnitude of $\ensuremath{\chi}$ can be readily accounted for. Using these two results, a relationship between the two parameters $U$ and the bandwidth $4t$ is obtained, knowing the magnitude of $\ensuremath{\chi}$ at 300 K. From independent estimates of $4t$, it is concluded that $U$ is comparable or larger than $4t$, at least on one stack. Additional evidence for and against the presence of Coulomb interactions in TTF-TCNQ is summarized.
A law of the iterated logarithm for distributions in the generalized domain of attraction of a nondegenerate Gaussian law

When operators T n exist such that for sums S n of n i.i.d. copies of a finite-dimensional random vector X we have T n S n is shift-convergent in distribution to a standard Gaussian law, a necessary and sufficient condition on the distribution of X is given for the appropriate law of the iterated logarithm using the operators T n to hold. Our result extends certain well-known real line L.I.L.'s; it utilizes a necessary and sufficient condition due to Hahn and Klass for T n to exist giving a Gaussian limit law, and employs a second moment technique due to Kuelbs and Zinn.
Modification of the acute toxicity of mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals in the mouse by prefeeding with antioxidants.

Abstract Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) fed to male mice for 4 wk gave significant protection against mortality caused by ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS), n -propyl or isopropyl methanesulphonate, ethylene dibromide, diethylnitrosamine and cyclophosphamide. It did not protect male mice against X-rays, methyl methanesulphonate (MMS), N -methyl- N ′-nitro- N -nitrosoguanidine or dipropylnitrosamine, but female mice were protected from the lethal effects of MMS. Other agents, such as butylated hydroxyanisole, 1,2-dihydro-6-ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl quinoline and sodium phenobarbitone also gave protection against EMS toxicity. The protection, when it occurred, may have been due to the induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes.
Long-term regulation of short-term transmitter release properties: retrograde signaling and synaptic development

Abstract The dynamics of presynaptic transmitter release are often matched to the physiological properties and functions of the postsynaptic cell. In organisms ranging from cats to crickets, evidence suggests that retrograde signaling is essential for matching these presynaptic release properties to individual postsynaptic partners. Retrograde interactions appear to control the development of presynaptic, short-term facilitation and homo-synaptic depression through local, retrograde signaling at the synapse.
Current-carrying capacity of carbon nanotubes

The current carrying capacity of ballistic electrons in carbon nanotubes that are coupled to ideal contacts is analyzed. At small applied voltages, electrons are injected only into crossing subbands, the differential conductance is ${4e}^{2}/h.$ At applied voltages larger than $\ensuremath{\Delta}{E}_{\mathrm{NC}}/2e$ $(\ensuremath{\Delta}{E}_{\mathrm{NC}}$ is the energy level spacing of first noncrossing subbands), electrons are injected into noncrossing subbands. The contribution of these electrons to current is determined by the competing processes of Bragg reflection and Zener-type intersubband tunneling. In small diameter nanotubes, Bragg reflection dominates, and the maximum differential conductance is comparable to ${4e}^{2}/h.$ Intersubband Zener tunneling can be non-negligible as the nanotube diameter increases, because $\ensuremath{\Delta}{E}_{\mathrm{NC}}$ is inversely proportional to the diameter. As a result, with increasing nanotube diameter, the differential conductance becomes larger than ${4e}^{2}/h,$ though not comparable to the large number of subbands into which electrons are injected from the contacts. These results may be relevant to recent experiments in large diameter multiwall nanotubes that observed conductances larger than ${4e}^{2}/h.$
Resistivity of a metal between the Boltzmann transport regime and the Anderson transition

We study the transport properties of a finite three-dimensional disordered conductor, for both weak and strong scattering on impurities, employing the real-space Green function technique and related Landauer-type formula. The dirty metal is described by a nearest-neighbor tight-binding Hamiltonian with a single s orbital per site and random on-site potential (Anderson model). We compute exactly the zero-temperature conductance of a finite-size sample placed between two semi-infinite disorder-free leads. The resistivity is found from the coefficient of linear scaling of the disorder-averaged resistance with sample length. This ``quantum'' resistivity is compared to the semiclassical Boltzmann expression computed in both Born approximation and multiple scattering approximation.
Verification and Validation Studies for a Laminar Non-Premixed Methane/Air Flame

In this paper, verification and validation analysis for a nonpremixed methane/air laminar flame is presented. Numerical results were obtained using the finite volume method on structured grids. The verification of the numerical solutions was performed by using the Grid Convergence Index (GCI) and Richardson extrapolation techniques. A set of three different grids is used to calculate the error due to discretization where each grid was generated by doubling the number of cells in each direction of the coarser grid. The local value of GCI was used to calculate the observed order of convergence of the numerical method for local values of temperature and mass fractions of reaction products at various points along the flow domain. The largest error band at the finest grid solution was observed to be 4.6% for the static temperature, 0.5% for the mass fraction of methane and 2.9% for the mass fraction of water vapor. Finally the numerical results were validated with experimental data using the local measurements of temperature and species mass fractions. The results indicate that there is relatively good agreement between the present results and experimental data although a simple one-step reaction model was used for the methane/air combustion. The average deviation was found to be around 25%, 21% and 10% for temperature, methane mass fraction and water vapor mass fraction respectively.© 2006 ASME
FLITECAM: a 1- to 5-um camera for testing the performance of SOFIA

We describe the requirements, constraints, and goals for FLITECAM, the first light IR test experiment camera being built at UCLA for SOFIA. The camera must allow testing of the testing of the telescope/observatory and provide first- light images for public outreach and publicity. In addition, the camera should become a facility-class instrument for use by the general SOFIA user community. The camera is relatively simple and inherits many of the designs from previous instruments built in the IR Imaging Detector Laboratory at UCLA. It will offer wide-field imaging, high- resolution imaging for observing diffraction-limited images at >= 3 micrometers , low-resolution grism spectroscopy, and pupil-viewing. FLITECAM will be delivered for observatory tests in early 2001. The project will not formally start until NIRSPEC is delivered and commissioned at the Keck Observatory.
INFRARED LASER OPTOGALVANIC SPECTROSCOPY OF NH3 AND NO2

Infrared laser optogalvanic (LOG) spectra of portions of the NO2 ν3 band at 6.2 µm and the NH3 ν2 band at 9.5 µm have been recorded at Doppler-limited resolution using cw tunable diode lasers. A novel cell design, using adjustable electrode positions and an orthogonal geometry between the probe laser and discharge axis allows two contributions to the LOG signal to be identified, one associated only with the negative glow.
The influence of hysteresis on nonlinear resonance

Abstract This paper deals with the phenomenon of nonlinear resonance which occurs in an electrical oscillatory circuit containing a saturable iron core with hysteresis. An analytical expression for the magnetization curve of the iron core is assumed. The amplitude characteristic and the frequency response curves of the oscillation are obtained by using the method of harmonic balance. The stability of oscillations is discussed through the method of slowly-varying amplitude and phase of the oscillations. A noteworthy fact regarding the influence of hysteresis is the appearance of an isolated portion in the frequency response curves. A physical interpretation of this phenomenon is given.
Chemistry — the lingua franca of the medical and biological sciences

Despite a large cultural difference between chemists and biologists, chemistry is becoming the common language for all the biological sciences. Now the challenge is to teach the language of scientific achievement to the public and to our representatives in Washington.
A longitudinal analysis of some risk and protective factors in marijuana use by adolescents receiving child welfare services

Abstract The present study sought to identify risk and protective factors in marijuana use by adolescents involved in child welfare services. Longitudinal records of 1797 adolescents were extracted from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being data set. The obtained multivariate results from generalized estimating equations showed that an adolescent's likelihood of being a current marijuana user rose with prior lifetime use of the drug and was also associated with out-of-home child welfare services, perceived parental monitoring, perceived closeness to parent, engagement with school environment, and age. Implications for child welfare services are discussed.
The Accuracy of Evaluations Made by Logical and Illogical Raters Using a Mixed Standard Scale Format

The present study compared rating accuracy of logical and illogical raters on mixed standard scales. A laboratory methodology was used so that the true level of ratee performance would be available and Cronbach's (1955) accuracy components could serve as dependent measures. Analyses indicated that illogical raters were less accurate than were logical raters, but only on differential evaluation. Implications for personnel practice and future research are discussed.
The “Freight Allowed” Method of Price Quotation

Development of the policy, 232.— Freight allowed to destination, 233.— Freight allowed and prepaid, 234.— Freight allowed within zones, 235.— Freight allowed to distributing points, 236.— Characteristics of goods sold freight allowed, 237.— Reasons given by sellers, 237.— Real reason for the policy, 240.— Discrimination involved in the policy, 242.— The open f.o.b. factory policy, 243.— Summary, 245.
Continuous separation of non-magnetic particles inside ferrofluids

We present a novel and label-free continuous flow non-magnetic microparticle separation scheme in a microfluidic device under static magnetic fields. The separation process is conducted inside water-based ferrofluids. We exploit the difference in particle sizes to achieve binary separation of microparticles with high throughput. We demonstrate size-based separation (1 and 9.9 μm, 1.9 and 9.9 μm, 3.1 and 9.9 μm) of microparticles with a minimum of 105 particles/h throughput and close to 100% separation efficiency.
Larval fish assemblages and associations in the north-east Pacific Ocean along the Oregon coast, winter-spring 1972–1975

Consistent patterns of larval fish distributions were found to occur along the Oregon coast between the Columbia River and Cape Blanco during winter-spring months for the years 1972–1975. Six data sets from March 1972, April 1972, March 1973, April 1973, March 1974 and March 1975 were analyzed using the pattern recognition techniques of numerical classification. Data included 306 bongo net samples containing 34 029 larval fish in 93 taxa. Coastal, transitional, and offshore assemblages (station groups) were present in each of the sampling periods. The region of transition from coastal to offshore assemblages roughly paralleled the shelf-slope break. Coastal and offshore species associations (species groups) were also always present. Species in the coastal and offshore groups never co-occurred. The consistency of these patterns is probably related to the spawning location of adults and to the predominate longshore coastal circulation patterns. Differences in the extent of offshore distribution of the coastal assemblages among years reflected differences in local coastal wind patterns. Differences in the dominant taxa and their relative abundances within assemblages may reflect variation in timing of spawning and survival of larvae in the planktonic phase. Despite the differences, the persistent occurrence of three major assemblages, coastal, transitional and offshore, and three major species groups from year to year supports the idea that these patterns of larval fish distributions are constant features over the continental shelf region off Oregon. The constancy of these patterns over four years suggests that transport may not be a major cause of larval fish mortality and recruitment failure in this region.
Hemolysis after mitral valve repair: mechanisms and treatment.

Abstract Background The objectives of this study were to determine the mechanisms of hemolysis after mitral valve repair and to determine outcomes after surgical treatment (mitral replacement or re-repair). Methods Between 1981 and 2002, 32 patients (mean age, 58 years) presented with hemolytic anemia after mitral valve repair for degenerative, rheumatic, or ischemic mitral regurgitation (MR). Three types of annuloplasty were used at the initial mitral valve repair: Cosgrove-Edwards, Carpentier-Edwards, and bovine pericardial (Perigard). The diagnosis and the mechanisms of hemolysis were investigated with laboratory testing and echocardiography. Results Median interval from initial mitral valve surgery to diagnosis of hemolysis was 3 months (range, 1 week to 4 years). At presentation, mean hematocrit was 27.5% ± 4.9% and 22 patients (69%) required transfusion. Echocardiographic findings varied. Twenty-four patients (77%) had grade 3 or 4 MR. Mitral regurgitant jet types included fragmentation (11 patients, 34%), acceleration (10, 31%), slow deceleration (5, 16%), collision (4, 13%), and free jet (2, 6%). Mitral valve replacement was performed in 28 patients, mitral valve re-repair in 3, and 1 patient did not undergo reoperation. At reoperation the mitral valve repair was physically intact in 25 of 31 patients (81%). There were 2 hospital deaths in patients having reoperation (6%). Actuarial survival was 95% at 1 year and 85% at 5 years. In 1 patient recurrent mechanical hemolysis developed caused by a perivalvular leak after mitral valve replacement. Conclusions Hemolysis is a mode of failure of mitral valve repair. Patients with hemolysis generally present within 3 months of mitral valve repair. Although echocardiographic features varied, most patients had high-grade MR and regurgitant jets that fragmented or accelerated. Mitral valve replacement yields favorable outcomes for patients with hemolysis after mitral valve repair.
Comparison of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in normal eyes using time-domain and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.

Purpose To compare retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness measurements between 3 different spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) instruments (Spectralis; Heidelberg Engineering; Cirrus; Carl Zeiss Meditec; RTVue; Optovue, Inc) and one time-domain OCT (Stratus; Carl Zeiss Meditec). Design Prospective, cross-sectional study. Methods RNFL thickness was measured on both eyes of 40 normal subjects using Stratus, Spectralis, RTVue, and Cirrus OCT on the same day. Scans were repeated 2 to 8 weeks later in the same fashion. Agreement with Stratus was evaluated for each SD-OCT and intervisit reproducibility was assessed for all machines. Results Mean RNFL thickness determined by each of the 3 SD-OCT instruments was highly correlated with Stratus (r = 0.87–0.91). The mean RNFL thickness (mean ± standard deviation) was 110.1 ± 12.8 μm for Stratus, 106.6 ± 12.8 μm for Spectralis, 98.7 ± 10.9 μm for Cirrus, and 112.8 ± 13.2 μm for RTVue. The average differences between each SD-OCT and Stratus for mean RNFL thickness were all statistically significant ( P ≤ .001), as were most quadrant measurements. All 4 instruments demonstrated excellent intraclass correlation coefficient values for mean RNFL thickness (0.90–0.97). However, intervisit variability was lowest for RTVue as evidenced by reproducibility values, followed by Stratus, Cirrus, and Spectralis (6.59, 8.83, 8.89, and 11.72 μm, respectively). Conclusions RNFL measurements taken with Spectralis, RTVue, and Cirrus all have excellent correlation to Stratus, with good reproducibility in normal eyes. Despite high correlations, RNFL values are significantly different between instruments and should not be used interchangeably.
THE AUSTRALASIAN ELEMENT IN THE HAWAIIAN FLORA

The flora of the Hawaiian Islands, as is well known, is a highly specialized one, a very large percentage of the species being peculiar to the archipelago. This remarkable degree of endemism is, of course, due to the extreme isolation of the Islands. The origin of the existing flora has been the subject of a good deal of speculation, and there is a wide difference of opinion as to how plants have reached this remote region. The most generally accepted theory of the origin of the archipelago is that the islands have been built up by volcanic action from a deep-seated submarine ridge, and have always been completely isolated and far removed from any land mass of considerable size. This necessarily implies that the present rich indigenous flora has been introduced from outside since the emergence of the islands. Opposed to this view is the theory that the archipelago, as it now exists, is but a remnant of a much larger land-mass which has been in subsidence for a very long period, and that very extensive subsidence has also occurred throughout Polynesia, and to a lesser extent in Australasia. Among the reasons for this assumption is the widespread development of coral-reefs in the Pacific, especially in Polynesia and northeastern Australia. The existence of active coral-reefs involves continuous subsidence,' and the absence of large land-masses in mid-Pacific, with the innumerable small islands and reefs, can be explained most satisfactorily on the assumption that these coral islands and reefs are the remnants of a sunken continent, or continental islands. The floor of the great Pacific basin is still very imperfectly explored; but an examination of such maps as have been published 2 reveals some very interesting facts concerning the relation of the Hawaiian Archipelago to the regions of the southern Pacific. Between Hawaii and North America, and extending almost completely round the islands, is an enormous area of extremely deep water, the Tuscarora and Belknap Deeps. To the west, however, is a much shallower area which connects with the relatively shallow seas of Polynesia and Australasia, between which and Hawaii are no considerable areas comparable with the great deeps separating Hawaii from America. It is possible,
Modeling microbiological and chemical processes in municipal solid waste bioreactor, part II: application of numerical model BIOKEMOD-3P.

Biodegradation process modeling of municipal solid waste (MSW) bioreactor landfills requires the knowledge of various process reactions and corresponding kinetic parameters. Mechanistic models available to date are able to simulate biodegradation processes with the help of pre-defined species and reactions. Some of these models consider the effect of critical parameters such as moisture content, pH, and temperature. Biomass concentration is a vital parameter for any biomass growth model and often not compared with field and laboratory results. A more complex biodegradation model includes a large number of chemical and microbiological species. Increasing the number of species and user defined process reactions in the simulation requires a robust numerical tool. A generalized microbiological and chemical model, BIOKEMOD-3P, was developed to simulate biodegradation processes in three-phases (Gawande et al. 2009). This paper presents the application of this model to simulate laboratory-scale MSW bioreactors under anaerobic conditions. BIOKEMOD-3P was able to closely simulate the experimental data. The results from this study may help in application of this model to full-scale landfill operation.
Key design features of the MARS blanket and shield

Abstract This paper gives a general description of the MARS blanket design. The key issues discussed are the overall maintenance approach, blanket thermal hydraulics (including MHD effects), neutronic performance, liquid metal corrosion, blanket stresses and lifetime, safety under accident conditions and waste disposal.
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE THROUGH ACTIVATION OF GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE.

Abstract 1. 1. Evidence is presented that the principal mechanism by which adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the function of the adrenal cortex is by activation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase d -glucose 6-phosphate:NADP+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.49). This results in an increased rate of reduction of nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) by a transfer of H+ and electrons from glucose 6-phosphate. Reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) is utilized by specific hydroxylases and other enzymes in the formation of all the classes of adrenal steroids from endogenous cholesterol. The specific activity of purified adrenal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was increased by αs-ACTH and by other preparations of ACTH. Other dehydrogenase enzymes were not activated by ACTH. Other trophic hormones of the anterior pituitary were without effect on adrenal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-phosphate did not activate adrenal dehydrogenases. 2. 2. The major source of glucose-6-phosphate in vivo is preformed glycogen, since the rate of phosphorylation of glucose is much slower than the rate of the activated glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase to utilize glucose 6-phosphate. Glucose 6-phosphate diverts to glycogen formation in the absence of or with low levels of ACTH. 3. 3. The rate of production of NADPH is the principal rate-limiting mechanism in the synthesis of adrenal steroids. There is an interplay between steroid hormones such as estrogens that inhibit glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and ACTH which activates. The enzyme sites involved in activation by ACTH are probably not the same as those involved in the inhibition to NADP+ binding by estrogens. The normal physiological balance between oxidized and reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide was adequated for maximal rates of generation of corticoids from cholesterol that were stimulated by maximal rates of production of NADPH. 4. 4. ACTH markedly stimulated corticoid synthesis in cell-free preparations of adrenal cortex that were supplemented with glucose 6-phosphate. A plot of rate of NADPH production by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase against rate of corticoid synthesis is a rectangular hyperbola. The steepness of the curve varies with the amount of ACTH activation, the concentration of NADP+ and glucose 6-phosphate, and the integrity of the microsomal-mitochondrial components to utilize NADPH for hydroxylations.
Leukocyte Esterase Dipstick as a Rapid Screening Test for Vaginitis and Cervicitis

Abstract Study Objective To assess the ability of vaginal and cervical leukocyte esterase (LE) dipstick to detect vaginitis and cervIcItis. Design A prospective, cross-sectional study to assess the ability of the LE dipstick of vaginal secretions to detect tricho-monads, candida, and bacterial vaginosis and the LE dipstick of vaginal and cervical secretions to detect gonococcal and chlamydia infection and polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs). Setting : An inner city shelter facility clinic. Participants 183 sexually active, nonmenstruating females aged 13–21 years ( x ¯ = 17.7, SD=1.98 years) 47% black, 40% white, and 11% Hispanic. Outcome measures Sensitivity (SN), specificity (SP), positive and negative predictive values (PVP, PVN), with 95% confidence intervals, of vaginal and cervical LE dipstick ⩾ trace in detecting vaginal and cervical infections. Results A positive vaginal LE had a moderately high SN and PVN but poor SP and PVP in detecting trichomonas and candida vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis. A positive vaginal and cervical LE had a high SN and PVN but poor SP and PVP in detecting gonorrhea and chlanlydia infection. A positive cervical LE had a moderate SN and low SP in detecting PMNs on Gram stain. Conclusions The LE dipstick of vaginal and cervical secretions was only a moderately good screening test for vaginal infection but a good screening test for cervical infection.
Simultaneous stereo particle image velocimetry and double-pulsed planar laser-induced fluorescence of turbulent premixed flames

Abstract A new technique was developed and applied to the study of flame structure and flame–vortex interaction in turbulent premixed flames. Turbulent premixed flames were probed using simultaneous stereo particle image velocimetry (PIV) and a double-pulsed acetone planar laser-induced fluorescence system (PLIF). Two double-pulsed Nd:YAG lasers operating at 532 and 266 nm were used for the PIV and acetone PLIF measurements, respectively. The stereo PIV images were acquired using two double-frame CCD cameras, and two ICCD cameras were used to capture the PLIF signal. The diagnostic system was applied to study turbulent methane–air stoichiometric premixed flames at relatively high Reynolds numbers. Flame merging and the creation of pockets of both products and reactants were detected, and a very strong interaction between the flame front and the vortex structures was suggested in the simultaneous PIV/PLIF images. Double-pulsed PLIF data obtained for different time delays allowed statistical study of flame development. Three-dimensional turbulent fluxes of mean progress variable were obtained. It was shown that the fluxes obey the gradient diffusion hypothesis. The proposed diagnostic increases flexibility and range of measurements available for premixed flames.
Intraspecific density dependence and a guild of consumers coexisting on one resource.

The importance of negative intraspecific density dependence to promoting species coexistence in a community is well accepted. However, such mechanisms are typically omitted from more explicit models of community dynamics. Here I analyze a variation of the Rosenzweig-MacArthur consumer–resource model that includes negative intraspecific density dependence for consumers to explore its effect on the coexistence of multiple consumers feeding on a single resource. This analysis demonstrates that a guild of multiple consumers can easily coexist on a single resource if each limits its own abundance to some degree, and stronger intraspecific density dependence permits a wider variety of consumers to coexist. The mechanism permitting multiple consumers to coexist works in a fashion similar to apparent competition or to each consumer having its own specialized predator. These results argue for a more explicit emphasis on how negative intraspecific density dependence is generated and how these mechanisms combine wit...
Clonal competition with alternating dominance in multiple myeloma

Emerging evidence indicates that tumors can follow several evolutionary paths over a patient's disease course. With the use of serial genomic analysis of samples collected at different points during the disease course of 28 patients with multiple myeloma, we found that the genomes of standard-risk patients show few changes over time, whereas those of cytogenetically high-risk patients show significantly more changes over time. The results indicate the existence of 3 temporal tumor types, which can either be genetically stable, linearly evolving, or heterogeneous clonal mixtures with shifting predominant clones. A detailed analysis of one high-risk patient sampled at 7 time points over the entire disease course identified 2 competing subclones that alternate in a back and forth manner for dominance with therapy until one clone underwent a dramatic linear evolution. With the use of the Vk*MYC genetically engineered mouse model of myeloma we modeled this competition between subclones for predominance occurring spontaneously and with therapeutic selection.
Current Practices In Glass Optical Waveguide Fabrication

Several methods of fabricating optical waveguides which are currently being studied will be described. This will include a discussion of the doped deposited silica techniques being used in the preparation of commercially available low-loss fibers, and other techniques presently being developed, such as double crucible melting techniques, plastic-clad glass fibers, and rod-in-tube techniques. The impact of the fabrication technique on such fiber performance parameters as peak refractive index difference, index gradients, dispersion, attenuation and durability will be explored. The economics of the various process will be superficially examined in terms of raw materials costs and availability, as well as their purity requirements.© (1975) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Acoustic assessment of mean grain size in pharmaceutical compacts

An ultrasonic non-destructive technique for the microstructure length-scale characterization of solid dosage pharmaceutical tablets is presented. The technique is based on the relationship between the attenuation of longitudinal ultrasonic elastic waves and the size of micro-structural features in the tablet material. In the reported experiments, the ultrasonic attenuation in microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)-lactose monohydrate (LMH) blended pharmaceutical compacts is measured by means of two pitch-catch experiments. The frequency dependent attenuation coefficient for the MCC-LMH compacts is then related to the mean grain diameter for each compact. For verification purposes, the mean grain diameter of the compacts was also established using micro-scale X-ray computerized tomography (MicroXCT). The mean grain diameters established by both routines agree well, and support the efficacy of the ultrasonic attenuation technique. The microstructure of a pharmaceutical compact (i.e., grain sizes and micro-feature size distribution) has been shown to have a profound effect on its mechanical properties, namely hardness, porosity, and mass density distribution, and in turn, can critically impact the dissolution profile and structural integrity of a compact. The ultrasonic technique presented provides a non-destructive and rapid method for determining the mean grain diameter size for powder compacts, thus providing a more timely and cost-effective method, compared to traditional techniques, of characterizing a compact's internal microstructure.