cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nutritional Benefits of Flavonoids

Plant flavonoids are an important part of the diet because of their effects on human nutrition. These phyto-chemicals can modulate lipid peroxidation involved in atherogenesis, thrombosis, and carcinogenesis. Known properties of the flavonoids include free radical scavenging, strong antioxidant activities in preventing oxidation, inhibition of low density lipoproteins (LDL), inhibition of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes (phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase), and antiinflammatory actions. We found that dealcoholized red wine and red grapes are important sources of flavonoid antioxidants that are potent inhibitors of in vitro oxidation of LDL. The activity of commercial wines to protect LDL from oxidation was compared with the activity of pure phenolic compounds found in wine. The procyanidin dimers and trimers and the monomers catechin, epicatechin, and myricetin had the highest antioxidant activity. The monomers gallic acid, quercetin, caffeic acid, rutin, ellagic acid, sinapic acid, and cyanidin had lower antioxidant activity. These flavonoids are found in many fruits and vegetables in a great variety of structures and specificities. As potent antioxidants, flavonoids may be especially important in protecting against human disease. They represent a positive potential in our diet that requires further research to improve our understanding of their mechanism of action.
Initial-boundary value problems for a reaction-diffusion equation

A novel approach that utilizes Fokas’s unified transform is employed for studying a reaction-diffusion equation with power nonlinearity formulated either on the half-line or on a finite interval with data in Sobolev spaces. This approach was recently introduced for initial-boundary value problems involving dispersive nonlinear equations such as the nonlinear Schrodinger and the Korteweg-de Vries equations. Thus, the present work extends the new approach from dispersive equations to diffusive ones, demonstrating the universality of the unified transform in the analysis of nonlinear evolution equations on domains with a boundary.A novel approach that utilizes Fokas’s unified transform is employed for studying a reaction-diffusion equation with power nonlinearity formulated either on the half-line or on a finite interval with data in Sobolev spaces. This approach was recently introduced for initial-boundary value problems involving dispersive nonlinear equations such as the nonlinear Schrodinger and the Korteweg-de Vries equations. Thus, the present work extends the new approach from dispersive equations to diffusive ones, demonstrating the universality of the unified transform in the analysis of nonlinear evolution equations on domains with a boundary.
A Review of Smart Grid Restoration to Enhance Cyber-Physical System Resilience

The growth in electricity demand and the development of grid modernization have increased the complexity of power grid and driven the grid more vulnerable to extreme events like environmental disasters or man-made attacks. Those disruptions can cause outages, cascading failures, and blackouts. The objectives of this paper are to 1) review the recent development addressing the aforementioned challenges with the focus on the impact of extreme events on power system resilience, and 2) discuss the application of smart grid technologies to provide faster restoration techniques and enhance power system resilience. Moreover, challenges and opportunities for future work to enhance smart grid resilience have also been discussed in this paper. The ultimate goal is to present a summary of state-of-the-art and stimulate interests in the area of cyber-physical- human resilience of smart grid.
Promoting psychological health in women with SCI: Development of an online self-esteem intervention.

Abstract Background There are no known interventions addressing self-esteem in women following spinal cord injury (SCI). Objectives To test the feasibility of an online self-esteem intervention for women with disabilities, as modified for women with SCI. Method We conducted a randomized, controlled feasibility test of a self-esteem intervention (N = 21). Participants were randomly assigned to the intervention or control group that received intervention materials at the end of the study. Intervention participants met as avatars for 7 weekly real-time group sessions in Second Life (SL), a free online virtual world. Feasibility indicators were study engagement, acceptability of SL and the intervention, and improvements on measures of psychological health promoting behaviors, social support, self-efficacy, self-esteem, and depression. Results Intervention participants (n = 10) were highly engaged, and most described the SL program as more enjoyable and more convenient than in-person programs. All rated the intervention as “good” (n = 4) or “very good” (n = 6), and all 10 rated themselves has having made positive life changes as a result of the program. Intervention participants experienced significantly greater change than controls on two measures of health-promoting behavior (Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II Spiritual Growth/Self-actualization; Interpersonal Relations). Examining change in the intervention group using regression analyses, we found medium-to-large effects of the intervention on these behaviors and measures of depression (CESD-10, PHQ-9). The intervention had small effects on remaining measures. Conclusion We found preliminary support for the feasibility of this modified self-esteem intervention offered in SL. Such programming may help circumvent barriers to community-based psychological services and may improve psychological health.
Distributed robust statistical learning: Byzantine mirror descent

We consider the distributed statistical learning problem in a high-dimensional adversarial scenario. At each iteration, m worker machines compute stochastic gradients and send them to a master machine. However, an α-fraction of m worker machines, called Byzantine machines, may act adversarially and send faulty gradients. To guard against faulty information sharing, we develop a distributed robust learning algorithm based on mirror descent. This algorithm is provably robust against Byzantine machines whenever α ∈ [0,1/2). For smooth convex functions, we show that running the proposed algorithm for T iterations achieves a statistical error bound $\tilde O\left( {1/\sqrt {mT} + \alpha /\sqrt T } \right)$. This result holds for a large class of normed spaces and it matches the known statistical error bound for Byzantine stochastic gradient in the Euclidean space setting. A key feature of the algorithm is that the dimension dependence of the bound scales with the dual norm of the gradient; in particular, for probability simplex, we show that it depends logarithmically on the problem dimension d. Such a weak dependence is desirable in high-dimensional statistical learning and it has been known to hold for the classical mirror descent but it appears to be new for the Byzantine gradient scenario.
German soldiers and the occupation of France, 1940–1944: by Julia S. Torrie, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2018, 276 pp., US$105.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-1-1084-7128-2, US$29.99 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-1084-5759-0

Julia S. Torrie's book considers the German Occupation of France during the Second World War through the lived and recounted experience of German soldiers themselves, and particularly their endeavo...
Pets and the eighteenth-century British family

Pets became increasingly common members of British families over the course of the eighteenth century. This was also a period of change in the meaning and makeup of the human family, and attitudes ...
Quasi-Static State Analysis of Differential, Difference, Integral, and Gradient Systems

This book is based on a course on advanced topics in differential equations given in Spring 2010 at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences. It describes aspects of mathematical modeling, analysis, computer simulation, and visualization in the mathematical sciences and engineering that involve singular perturbations. There is a large literature devoted to singular perturbation methods for ordinary and partial differential equations, but there are not many studies that deal with difference equations, Volterra integral equations, and purely nonlinear gradient systems where there is no dominant linear part. Designed for a one-semester course for students in applied mathematics, it is the purpose of this book to present sufficient rigorous methods and examples to position the reader to investigate singular perturbation problems in such equations. Titles in this series are co-published with the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences at New York University.|This book is based on a course on advanced topics in differential equations given in Spring 2010 at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences. It describes aspects of mathematical modeling, analysis, computer simulation, and visualization in the mathematical sciences and engineering that involve singular perturbations. There is a large literature devoted to singular perturbation methods for ordinary and partial differential equations, but there are not many studies that deal with difference equations, Volterra integral equations, and purely nonlinear gradient systems where there is no dominant linear part. Designed for a one-semester course for students in applied mathematics, it is the purpose of this book to present sufficient rigorous methods and examples to position the reader to investigate singular perturbation problems in such equations. Titles in this series are co-published with the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences at New York University.
Notes on Barnacles (Cirripedia: Thoracica) from the Gulf of Mexico

Examination of several collections of barnacles from the northern and western Gulf of Mexico made over the last 30 years has improved our knowledge of the distributions of several taxa previously considered to be absent or rare in those regions. Conchoderma auritum (Linnaeus) and Heterolepos sp. aff. comuta (Darwin) are recorded for the first time from the Gulf of Mexico. Conchodermn ourirum, Conchodermn virgarum (Spengler), Hereralepos eoinufo (Darwin), Bahnus trigonus (Darwin), Bahnus venusrus Darwin, and Baianus amphitrite omphirrire Darwin have broad distributions outside the Gulf of Mexico. Tetrnclito sralacrifero srolncrifera (Lamarck) is abundant in the intertidal zones of the southwestern Gulf, but rare elsewhere in the Gulf of Mexico outside the Florida Keys. Spatial segregation of Oerolnsmis hoeki (Stebbing) and Ocrolasmis lowei (Darwin) on a host crab is discussed.
Preparation of pure sodium derivatives of heteropoly molybdates and tungstates

Abstract A method is described for the preparation of pure sodium derivatives of heteropoly molybdates and tungstates. Cryoscopic studies have been carried out in sodium sulfate decahydrate for both the ammonium and sodium derivatives of the hexamolybdogallate(III) and hexamolybdochromate(III) anions. Stability constants have been determined for [ X Mo 6 O 24 H 6 ] 3− , where X is Ga(III) and Cr(III), in 1·0M and 3·0M NaClO 4 . The preparation of [C(NH 2 ) 3 ] 3 [CrMo 6 O 24 H 6 ] is described. The crystallographic unit cell was determined by a single crystal X-ray study. The unit cell contains one formula weight.
Predictive Model for Design of Fixed-Bed Adsorbers: Single-Component Model Verification

A predictive mathematical model for fixed-bed adsorber design that incorporates both liquid and solid phase resistances to mass transfer is verified for four different single-component systems under normal operating conditions. The adsorbates chosen for model verification were selected on the basis of representing a broad range of diffusive and adsorptive properties. Mass transfer limitations for the adsorbates vary from primarily intraparticle mass transfer resistance to primarily liquid-phase mass transfer resistance, and adsorption capacities vary over an order of magnitude. The general agreement between model predictions and fixed-bed performance under a wide variety of conditions confirms the model validity for predicting single-component adsorber behavior. Related papers by the writers describe model development, parameter estimation, and multicomponent model verifications.
Acquisition of gender labels: A test for toddlers

A test of gender discrimination in response to familiar labels was developed and given to 17- to 42-month-old children. A pretest employing pictures of familiar objects was presented first to ensure that subjects could perform a discrimination task, followed by separate gender tests comprised of photographs of stereotypically masculine and feminine children and adults. There were no sex differences in performance for the gender tests, but among the youngest children, more boys than girls could not be tested. Psychometric aspects of the tests were investigated and found adequate. The tests allow individual children to be classified as to gender-labeling ability and provide a useful tool for investigating gender knowledge.
Anthropomorphic interface for robot arm programming through a data glove

The objective of this paper is to present an implementation of a system in which a data glove worn on a human hand is interfaced with a robot. A controlling program translates the movements done by the glove into robotic motion. This implementation may have future prospects in remote handling in a protected or hazardous factory environment. The equipment used in this implementation were two robots and their controllers, a data glove and it's controller, an X-Y glove sensor system and a personal computer. >
Preparation and characterization of calcium-binding and other hydrophobic proteins from synaptic membranes

A number of hydrophobic proteins have been separated and purified to varying degrees from synaptic membranes derived from bovine brain. The proteins, which have been obtained using preparative acrylamide gel electrophoresis, have been analyzed for molecular weight, amino acid composition, peptide mapping, N-terminal amino acids, and for their ability to bind calcium and ATP. A number of the proteins bound calcium, the greatest binding being associated with a component having a molecular weight of 1.6 - 10(4), a binding capacity of 4 calcium/molecule, and a Km of 1.5 - 10(-5) M. An acidic tryptic peptide derived from this protein was evidently responsible for the calcium-binding. ATP binding appeared to be confined largely to the higher molecular weight proteins. From the peptide mapping there appears to be a similar acidic component in a number of the proteins exhibiting calcium-binding. ATP-binding was associated mainly with the high molecular weight proteins, particularly those which consisted of numerous basic tryptic peptides.
A Comprehensive and Automated Approach to Intelligent Business Processes Execution Analysis

Business process management tools have traditionally focused on supporting the modeling and automation of business processes, with the aim of enabling faster and more cost-effective process executions. As more and more processes become automated, customers become increasingly interested in managing process executions. Specifically, there is a desire for getting more visibility into process executions, to be able to quickly spot problems and areas for improvements. The idea is that, by being able to assess the process execution quality, it is possible to take actions to improve and optimize process execution, thereby leading to processes that have higher quality and lower costs. All this is possible today, but involves the execution of specialized data mining projects that typically last months, costs hundreds of thousands of dollars, and only provide a specialized, narrow solution whose applicability is often relatively short in time, due to the ever changing business and IT environments. Still, the need is such that companies undertake these efforts. To address these needs, this paper presents a set of concepts and architectures that lay the foundation for providing users with intelligent analysis and predictions about business process executions. For example, the tools are able to provide users with information about why the quality of a process execution is low, what will be the outcome of a certain process, or how many processes will be started next week. This information is crucial to gain visibility into the processes, understand or foresee problems and areas of optimization, and quickly identify solutions. Intelligent analysis and predictions are achieved by applying data mining techniques to process execution data. In contrast to traditional approaches, where lengthy projects, considerable efforts, and specialized skills in both business processes and data mining are needed to achieve these objectives, we aim at automating the entire data mining process lifecycle, so that intelligent functionality can be provided by the system while requiring little or no user input. The ambitious end goal of the work presented in this paper is that of laying the foundation for a framework and tool that is capable of providing analysts with key intelligence information about process execution, affecting crucial IT and business decisions, almost literally at the click of a button.
Effect of dietary supplementation with branched-chain amino acids on spontaneous motor activity and muscle function in beta,beta'-iminodipropionitrile-treated rats: a model for motorneuropathy.

Kitahara, Y., T. Maki and K. Torii. Effect of dietary supplementation with branched-chain amino acids on spontaneous motor activity and muscle function in β,β′-iminodipropionitrile-treated rats: A model for motorneuropathy. Physiol Behav 62(3) 453–462, 1997.—β,β′-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN)-induced muscle weakness in rats is a model for motorneuropathy diseases. The effects of oral administration of branched-chain amino acids on the progression of muscle weakness and muscle atrophy induced by the administration of IDPN in the drinking water, were investigated in this study. The spontaneous motor activity of the animals, as measured with a running wheel, slowly declined after IDPN administration, reaching a steady and low level at approximately week 15. Progressive muscle weakness and muscle atrophy were observed beginning at approximately 15 weeks after the initiation of administration of IDPN. Administration of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) as a dietary supplement did not improve the lowered spontaneous motor activity seen in IDPN animals, but it did significantly improve measures of postural weakness and muscle strength [range of F values (2, 24) = 4.1–9.5, p < 0.05]. Plasma creatinine of the IDPN-treated rats was markedly elevated, and BCAA administration also significantly suppressed this elevation [F(2, 24) = 41.2, p < 0.05]. Moreover, although BCAA in plasma were elevated in the rats administered BCAA [range of F values (2, 21) = 25.7–29.7, p < 0.05], skeletal muscle showed no differences (at the p < 0.05 level) in the amounts of BCAA, whether or not BCAA were administered. These data suggest that the BCAA taken up in the skeletal muscle were utilized in the muscle of motorneuropathic rats and improved muscle function, such as energy metabolism, and that the BCAA treatment is one important therapeutic approach for retarding the progression of muscle weakness seen in certain neuromuscular disorders.
Safety and efficacy of continuous insulin infusion in noncritical care settings

Increasing evidence suggests that in hospitalized adult patients with and without diabetes, hyperglycemia is associated with increased risk of complications, prolonged length of hospitalization, and death.1–5 Past studies have shown that intensive glucose control in the intensive care unit (ICU) with continuous insulin infusion (CII) improves clinical outcomes by reducing the risk of multiorgan failure, systemic infection, and mortality. Effective management of hyperglycemia, an independent marker of poor outcome,1,3,6 is also associated with a decreased length of ICU and hospital stay7–9 and decreased total hospitalization cost.10 Based on several observational and interventional studies, improved control of blood glucose (BG) has been recommended for most adult patients with critical illness.2,6,11 Detrimental effects of hyperglycemia on outcome are not limited to patients in the ICU setting and CII has increasingly been used in non-ICU settings. In such patients, the presence of hyperglycemia has been associated with prolonged hospital stay, infection, disability after hospital discharge, and death.1,3,6 In general medicine and surgery services, however, hyperglycemia is frequently overlooked and inadequately addressed. Numerous reports have shown that sliding scale regular insulin (SSRI) continues to be the most common insulin prescribed regimen in the non-ICU setting.12 This regimen is challenged by limited and variable efficacy and continued concern for hypoglycemia13; thus, a more structured, target-driven protocol such as scheduled SC insulin or a CII protocol could facilitate glycemic control in the non-ICU setting. Recently, we reported that a scheduled regimen using basal-bolus insulin subcutaneously was safe, effective, and superior to SSRI in controlling BG levels in hospitalized subjects with type 2 diabetes. As in many institutions in the United States, we have used CII protocols as an alternative to subcutaneous (SC) insulin for the management of persistent hyperglycemia in non-ICU areas during the past 10 years, particularly during the postoperative period, transplant recipients, or patients transferred from the ICU. There is, however, no clinical evidence regarding the safety, efficacy, or outcomes with the use of CII in the non-ICU setting. Accordingly, we analyzed our experience on the efficacy and safety of CII in the management of hyperglycemia in general medicine and surgical services.
Leaving an Abusive Partner: Exploring Boundary Ambiguity Using the Stages of Change Model

The Stages of Change Model has helped researchers and practitioners explore the process of leaving an abusive partner, but it does not account for the changes in relational boundaries unique to this process. In this paper, we integrate the concept of boundary ambiguity into the Stages of Change Model to explore potential sources of boundary ambiguity in the process of leaving. We theorize that Boss’s two types of boundary ambiguity may be present at different points of the leaving process and are perceptual barriers to leaving permanently. We also theorize that potential sources of boundary ambiguity emerge from women and their partners’ decisions and actions in the process of leaving. Implications and future directions for research and practice are discussed.
Circuit-level approach to improve the temperature reliability of Bi-stable PUFs

Silicon Physical Unclonable Functions (PUF) have shown great promise for implementing chip IDs in a secure and inexpensive way. Bi-stable PUFs are particularly attractive as they inherently generate binary data. One of the major problems with bi-stable PUFs is their reliability to temperature variations. In this work, we improve the reliability of bi-stable PUFs by exploiting the differences between pMOS and nMOS in the threshold voltage (Vth) variation and in the dependence of Vth on temperature. Based on the 90nm simulations, the proposed circuit-level techniques show about a 70% reduction in the number of unreliable bits. We show that significant area savings can be achieved with improved reliability as the cost of error correction codes (ECC) implementation can be greatly minimized. We further show the applicability of the proposed technique in 130nm and 65nm technologies.
The Future of Climate: Potential for Interaction and Surprises

Surprises, by the very definition of the word, deal with unforeseen aspects of an issue. In the context of global warming, nearly all assessments recognise a wide range of uncertainty owing to a variety of processes that are not yet fully quantifiable, such as the feedback effects of clouds, soil organic matter changes, photosynthetic enhancement, changes in species composition or populations and alterations in the extent of snow and ice fields with climate changes. These feedback mechanisms could amplify or damp by up to several times projections made using preliminary calculations that neglect their proper interaction. Such assessments try to estimate these uncertainties and typically have suggested that if carbon dioxide (or its radiative equivalent in methane, chlorofluorocarbons, nitrous oxides etc.) were to double and be held fixed indefinitely (i.e. an ‘equilibrium’ experiment), then globally-averaged surface air temperatures would rise by about 1.5–4.5°C (Table 1) (National Academy of Sciences, 1978, 1987; Houghton et al., 1990, 1992). This canonical range reflects the best estimate of the subjective judgements (i.e. intuition) of broad cross-sections of knowledgeable scientists across a wide range of institutions over the uncertainties associated with these feedback processes. They are not surprises, strictly speaking, as variation within this range is anticipated, even though we cannot assign more than subjective or intuitive probability as to whether the actual climatic sensitivity to equilibrium C02 doubling would be nearer the higher or lower end of the range. Scientific intuition and some calculations have even suggested a modest chance (perhaps 10 per cent) for temperature warming above the upper 4.5°C limit or below the 1.5°C lower limit (Jager, 1987) — and this would constitute a ‘surprise’, as most of the knowledgeable scientific community consider it much more probable that the actual sensitivity will turn out within the canonical 1.5–4.5°C range
Presence and significance of phenyl-substituted fatty acids in bovine rumen contents.

Abstract Phenylacetic and 3-phenylpropionic acids were demonstrated in rumen ingesta. They are derived at least in part from phenylalanine and tyrosine, respectively. The two acids appear to contribute to the odor of rumen ingesta and their presence is an indication of inefficiently utilized amino acids or proteins.
Achieving natural product synthesis and diversity via catalytic networking ex vivo

Abstract Recent studies on ex vivo synthesis of natural products reveal that even complex multistep pathways can be successfully reconstructed. Genetic engineering of such reconstituted pathways has already been used to generate ‘unnatural' natural products related to the original compound. In the future, it may be possible to use these approaches to make natural products that are currently inaccessible to conventional synthesis.
A new approach to the design of stable proteins

We propose a simple algorithm to design a sequence which fits a given protein structure with a given energy. The algorithm is a modification of the Metropolis Monte Carlo scheme in sequence space with an evolutionary temperature which sets the energy scale. There is a one to one correspondence between this optimization scheme and the Ising model of ferromagnetism. This analogy implies that the design algorithm does not encounter multiple-minima problems and is very fast. The algorithm is tested by «predicting» the primary structures of four proteins. In each case the calculated primary structures had statistically significant homology with the natural structures
Aberrant gene expression in cultured mammalian bone cells demonstrates an osteoblast defect in osteopetrosis

Osteopetrosis is a skeletal condition in which a generalized radioopacity of bone is caused by reduced resorption of bone by osteoclasts. However, it has recently been shown that during skeletal development in several osteopetrotic rat mutations specific aberrations occur in gene expression reflecting the activity of the bone forming cells, osteoblasts, and the development of tissue organization. To evaluate their pathogenetic significance, progressive osteoblast differentiation was studied in vitro. Primary cultures of normal osteoblasts undergo a sequential expression of cell growth and tissue-related genes associated with development of skeletal tissue. We report that osteoblast cultures can be established from one of these mutants, toothless; that these cells in vitro exhibit similar aberrations in gene expression during cell proliferation and extracellular matrix formation and mineralization observed in vivo; and that an accelerated maturation sequence by mutant osteoblasts mimics the characteristic skeletal sclerosis of this disease. These data are the first direct evidence for an intrinsic osteoblast defect in osteopetrosis and establish an in vitro model for the study of heritable skeletal disorders.
Differential Response Properties of IB4-Positive and -Negative Unmyelinated Sensory Neurons to Protons and Capsaicin

Activation of unmyelinated (C-fiber) nociceptors by noxious chemicals plays a critical role in the initiation and maintenance of injury-induced pain. C-fiber nociceptors can be divided into two gro...
Alternative methods for the analysis of robot arm dynamics

Beginning with an outline of the accepted methods for kinematic analysis of robot manipulators, the structure of the dynamical system is provided using two complementary approaches. The first of these is based on Lagrangian techniques while the second is a modified version of Hollerbach's recursive formula. The results of both methods are demonstrated for the particular case of a PUMA robot, and the code for both algorithms is provided in the Appendix.
Magnetoresistance in Iron and Cobalt to 150 kOe

Magnetoresistance anisotropy and field dependence have been studied in single crystals of iron and cobalt in fields up to 150 kOe in the temperature range 1-4.2 K. The crystals of iron and cobalt had residual resistance ratios up to $\ensuremath{\sim}4600$ and $\ensuremath{\sim}400$, respectively. The relation $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\rho}}{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}}=a{B}^{n}$ has been studied for both metals and in the case of iron the exponent $n$ approaches values in the range 1.8-1.9 for fields up to 90 kOe and then decreases to the range 1.3-1.5 at 150 kOe. This decrease in the exponent has been observed for all field and current directions measured suggesting that extensive magnetic breakdown may occur. A preliminary measurement on iron to 215 kOe shows $n$ decreasing to less than 1 for some field directions. Cobalt shows saturation behavior for most field and current directions but values of $ng1$ are observed for certain specific directions. The magnetoresistance rotation curves for iron exhibit sharp minima consistent with narrow bands of open orbits in the 100 g and 110 g directions. Minima are also observed which indicate open orbits in the 310 g, 410 g, and 530 g directions. The behavior of cobalt suggests open orbits parallel to the basal plane and possibly along the $c$ axis. Both metals show Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations which appear to be related to small pockets of the Fermi surface corresponding to ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$-${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ electrons per atom. In iron oscillations with frequencies in the range 1-6.2 MG have been observed while in cobalt three oscillations with frequencies of 1.07, 3.57, and 11.63 MG have been observed. The low-frequency oscillation in cobalt has been studied as a function of angle and indicates that two distinct branches exist as the field is rotated away from the $c$ axis. Oscillations are observed on only one branch at a time and the behavior suggests the possible presence of magnetic breakdown. The data on both iron and cobalt have been compared to models of the Fermi-surface topology in these metals.
Density of states of the random-hopping model on a Cayley tree

We formulate an integral equation and recursion relations for the configurationally averaged one-particle Green's function of the random-hopping model on a Cayley tree of coordination number \ensuremath{\sigma}+1. This formalism is tested by applying it successfully to the nonrandom model. Using this scheme for 1\ensuremath{\ll}\ensuremath{\sigma}l\ensuremath{\infty}, we calculate the density of states of this model with a Gaussian distribution of hopping matrix elements in the energy range ${E}^{2}$g${E}_{c}^{2}$, where ${E}_{c}$ is a critical energy described below. The singularity in the Green's function which occurs at energy ${E}_{1}^{(0)}$ for \ensuremath{\sigma}=\ensuremath{\infty} is shifted to complex energy ${E}_{1}$ (on the unphysical sheet of energy E) for small ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. This calculation shows that the density of states is a smooth function of energy E around the critical energy ${E}_{c}$=Re${E}_{1}$, in accord with Wegner's theorem. In this formulation the density of states has no sharp phase transition on the real axis of E because ${E}_{1}$ has developed an imaginary part. Using the Lifschitz argument, we calculate the density of states near the band edge for the model when the hopping matrix elements are governed by a bounded probability distribution. This case is also analyzed via a mapping similar to those used for dynamical systems, whereby the formation of energy band can be understood.
Methanesulfonic acid in coastal Antarctic snow related to sea-ice extent

Proxy records of biogenic sulfur gas obtained from ice cores suggest that variability in marine biogenic sulfur emissions may reflect changes in climate. Increased sea-ice extent has previously been proposed as one cause of relatively high methanesulfonic acid (MSA) in glacial-age ice core samples. The authors have analyzed MSA, one of the oxidation products of the biogenic sulfur gas dimethylsulfide, from snowpit samples recovered from a coastal site in Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica. Time series of MSA correlate significantly with the longest continuous record available of Southern Ocean sea-ice extent (two decades).
Scattering And Depolarization By Rough Surfaces Full Wave Approach

In this paper the principal elements of the full wave approach to problems of scattering and depolarization by rough surfaces are summarized. Both deterministic and random rough surfaces are considered in detail and the full wave solutions are compared with earlier solutions based on physical optics and perturbation theories. It is shown that since the full wave approach accounts for both specular point scattering as well as Bragg scattering in a self-consistent manner, it resolves the discrepancies between the physical optics and perturbation solutions and bridges the wide gap between them. Thus, on applying the full wave approach to scattering by composite random rough surfaces it is not necessary to restrict the analysis to surfaces that can be treated as perturbed physical optics problems. The full wave solutions are shown to satisfy duality,reciprocity and realizability relations in electromagnetic theory and the results are invariant to coordinate transformations. The full wave approach also accounts for coupling between the radiation fields, the lateral waves and the surface waves that constitute the complete expansions of the fields and it can be applied directly to problems of scattering at near grazing angles.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cell loss in the trochlear nucleus of the chick during normal development and after radical extirpation of the optic vesicle.

Counts have been made of the number of cells in the trochlear nucleus in a series of 22 normal chicks between the ninth day of incubation and the seventy-fifth day after hatching, and in seven animals in which the optic vesicle and adjoining mesoderm were removed during the second day of incubation. Between the ninth and seventeenth days of incubation the number of cells in the normal trochlear nucleus declines from just under 1400 to a little under 700, indicating a cell loss of approximately 50% over this eight day interval. From the seventeenth day onwards there is a further slight fall to between 500 and 600 cells and this number is maintained into the third month after hatching. Following excision of the optic vesicle there is an earlier, and more severe, loss of neurons in the trochlear center, the number of cells being reduced to just under 1000 at the eleventh day of incubation and falling to just over 300 by the sixth day after hatching. Despite this marked cell loss, at no stage is there any gross evidence of neuronal disintegration or phagocytosis. The possible factors responsible for the normally occurring cell loss and for the hypoplasia in the trochlear nucleus after removal of the optic vesicle are discussed.
The maximum of phosphate adsorption at pH 4.0: why it appears on aluminum oxides but not on iron oxides.

We conducted a series of phosphate adsorption experiments with alumina and hematite at a range of initial P concentrations and pH values. We found that at low initial P concentration of <323 μmol/L for alumina and <194 μmol/L for hematite, phosphate adsorption showed a plateau from pH 2.5 to pH 6.5, followed by an abrupt decrease at pH 6.5−7.0. However, as initial P concentration increased, adsorption on alumina displayed a sharp maximum at pH 4.0, while adsorption on hematite exhibited a steep increase with decreased pH but did not seem to reach a maximum even at pH < 3.0. Using surface complexation theory, this study proves that the adsorption maximum at pH 4.0 for alumina results from (1) phosphate being adsorbed preferentially as protonated complexes at low pH and high surface P coverage and (2) surface electric potential approaching a plateau with decreased pH due to the absence of proton-reactive but phosphate-nonreactive triply coordinated hydroxyls at transformed surfaces of Al oxides. The absence...
A retrofit approach for heat exchanger networks

Abstract This paper presents a two-stage procedure for the optimal redesign problem of existing heat exchanger networks. In the first stage, a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model is proposed for the retrofit at the level of matches that is based upon a classification of the possible structural modifications. The objective function of this optimization model seeks to minimize: (a) the cost of purchasing new heat exchangers; (b) the cost of additional area; and (c) the piping cost, and is subject to a set of constraints that describe: (a) the heat flow model; (b) the area estimation; (c) the calculation of additional area; and (d) the match—exchanger assignments. The solution of the retrofit model at the level of matches provides information about the process stream matches and their heat loads, the placement/reassignment of new and existing heat exchangers, estimates of the required area of each match and the required increase or decrease of area in each heat exchanger, and estimates of the repiping cost associated with introducing new matches, installing new heat exchangers, moving existing exchangers and repiping streams. In the second stage, the information generated in the first stage is used to postulate a superstructure containing all possible network configurations. The solution of a nonlinear programming problem (NLP) based upon this superstructure gives a retrofitted heat exchanger network. The proposed procedure is demonstrated with three example problems.
Cognitive function in untreated hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.

Purpose of reviewThe brain is an important target organ for thyroid hormone, and alterations in mood and cognition may occur with thyroid dysfunction. Recent advances in the field of cognitive neurosciences have allowed more sensitive and focused testing of cognitive domains in patients with altered
Time for a Change: A Review of Fostering Now and other Programmes of Research on Children in Need

Fostering Now (Sinclair, 2005) is one of the most important books on foster care in recent years. It presents new information and is part of a series of publications on children's services designed...
Photovoltaic‐Concentrator Based Power Beaming For Space Elevator Application

The MClimber team, at the Student Space Systems Fabrication Laboratory of the University of Michigan, has developed a prototype robotic climber for competition in the NASA sponsored Power Beaming Challenge. This paper describes the development of the system that utilizes a simple telescope to deliver an 8 kW beam to a photovoltaic panel in order to power a one kilometer climb. Its unique approach utilizes a precision GPS signal to track the panel. Fundamental systems of the project were implemented using a design strategy focusing on robustness and modularity. Development of this design and its results are presented.
757-5 Hemodynamic Effects of Synthetic Human Brain Natriuretic Peptide Infusion in Patients with Severe Congestive Heart Failure: A Placebo-controlled, Crossover Trial

Brain natriuretic peptide IBNP) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) are naturally-occurring peptide hormones with vasodilating and natriuretic properties, Although the two peptides are structurally similar, the primary site of synthesis, receptor binding properties and metabolic clearance pathways of BNP are distinct from those of AN P. While the plasma concentrations of both BNP and ANP are increased in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), the biologic significance of this increase is uncertain since the vasodilatory effects of exogenous ANP are attenuated in patients with CHF. To determine if the vasodilating effects of BNP are similarly attenuated in patients with CHF, the acute hemodynamic effects of exogenous synthetic human BNP infusion (Scios Nova) were determined in 10 patients with chronic NYHA Class III congestive heart failure (mean age 55 yrs, mean LVEF 21%) in a doubleblind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. BNP or matching placebo solutions were administered intravenously in 4 incremental doses ranging 0.003-0.1 JLg!kgfmin over 6 hours on two consecutive days. Heart rate (HR). mean arterial pressure (MAP). mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP). pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) and cardiac index (CI) were measured before study drug administration on each day and 60 and 90 minutes after each upward dose increment. Hemodynamic measurements before drug administration and peak hemodynamic responses to administration of human BNP and placebo were as follows: HR MAP PAP PCWP CI Before Placebo 72 ± 9 81 ± 8 36 ± 8 23 ± 5 2.3 ± 0.3 Peak Placebo 83 ± 12 75 ± 7 35 ± 8 21 ± 6 23 ± 0.3 Before BNP 72 ± 11 85 ± 10 38 ± 7 25 ± 5 2.1 ± 0.3 Peak BNP 88 ± 20 68 ± 9 * 22 ± 7 * 10 ± 5 * 2,7 ± 0.5 † * indicates p l 0.01 versus peak placebo † indicates p = 0.055 versus peak placebo Two patients did not tolerate the highest dose of BNP because of transient symptomatic hypotension. In conclusion, short-term intravenous infusion of human BNP acutely improves hemodynamic function in patients with advanced CHF. These findings contrast with previous studies demonstrating attenuated acute hemodynamic effects of exogenous ANP and suggest that the physiologic and pharmacologic roles of these two natriuretic peptide hormones may differ.
Mycobacterium avium associated with chronic pulmonary disease in a Queensland resident

Bacteriological investigation over an 11-year period has implicated Mycobacterium avium ser I as the most probable cause of chronic pulmonary disease in a resident of south-eastern Queensland. Although the patient had contact with domestic fowls and a pet budgerigar, the source of the organism is uncertain.
Duality of the action of hydrogen on the mechanical behavior of steels and structural optimization of their hydrogen resistance

On the basis of our own experimental results and data available in the literature, we propose a phenomenological model of the dual character of the influence of hydrogen that takes into account its plasticizing and embrittling action on deformation and fracture of metals. Based on this model, we have formulated new criteria on the basis of which one can develop hydrogen-resistant chromium–nickel steels and obtain analytic dependences for predicting their mechanical characteristics in hydrogen from those determined in air. The plasticizing action of hydrogen has been used is some technological methods of increasing the workability and durability of steel articles.
Evolutionary conservation in myoblast fusion.

The fusion of myoblasts into myofibers has been studied extensively in Drosophila, but it is not known if the same mechanisms operate in vertebrates. A new study suggests an unanticipated degree of similarity in zebrafish.
Regulation of Cortisol Uptake in Mammary Tissue of Cows

Mammary tissue explants from four nonlactating, nonpregnant cows were placed into culture with media containing various combinations of insulin, prolactin, growth hormone, 17beta-estradiol, dexamethasone, and progesterone. Combinations of insulin, prolactin, growth hormone, or 17beta-estradiol had no effect on cytoplasmic or nuclear uptake of tritiated cortisol compared with values at zero time. Combinations containing dexamethasone of progesterone reduced cytoplasmic and nuclear uptake of tritiated cortisol. To examine inhibition by progesterone of binding of tritiated cortisol, mammary tissue from each of four lactating, nonpregnant and four nonlactating, nonpregnant cows were placed in flasks containing tissue culture medium 199, tritiated cortisol (2 ng/ml), and progesterone at concentrations of 0, 10(-12), 10(-11), 10(-10), 10(-9), 10(-8), 10(-7), 10(-6), or 10(-5) X 6.4 M. Cytoplasmic uptake of tritiated cortisol into nonlactating tissue decreased linearly as progesterone increased, whereas tritiated cortisol uptake in lactating tissue did not decrease until progesterone exceeded 10(-7) M. We postulated progesterone is sequestered in milk fat of cytoplasm of lactating tissue whereas in nonlactating tissue progesterone is available to compete with cortisol at sites of cortisol binding.
The nature and determinants of adjunctive behavior

Abstract A review of the various behaviors induced as adjuncts to the behaviors under direct schedule control is given. The similarities among these adjunctive behaviors are described in terms of their intensities, temporal loci, and the variables which produce them. The relation of adjunctive behavior to displacement activities, adjustive, and toxic behavior is discussed. The general nature of adjunctive behavior is described in terms of a formal definition.
Complexation of dichlorocarbene by methylanisoles

Abstract Dichlorocarbene generated by laser flash photolysis of dichlorodiazirine readily forms UV–vis active π- and O-ylidic complexes with methylanisole derivatives.
Surface morphology of MBE-grown GaAs(001)-(2×4) and GaAs(001)-faceted surfaces investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy

Abstract Scanning tunneling microscopy is used to study the morphology of nominally flat p-type (2 × 4)-reconstructed GaAs(001) and faceted n-type GaAs(001) surfaces. On the flat surfaces the effect of the MBE growth rate on the island structures was investigated. A detailed statistical analysis of the STM images of individual growths was performed to calculate the step-density and the step-length ratio of the islands. The density of the steps parallel to the dimers, A-type steps, is about twice the density of the steps perpendicular to the dimers, B-type steps. The length ratio of step A to step B was calculated to be 2.4 : 1. The images obtained on the faceted surface reveal predominantly a (2 × 4) local ordering. There is also an increased anisotropy in the local island shape in comparison to the flat surfaces.
Neurobiology: A matter of balance

The types of chemical signal that a neuron synthesizes and communicates with were thought to be genetically encoded and largely invariable. It seems, though, that if a neuron's activity changes, so too do its signals.