cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cloning and characterization of the mouse short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase gene.

Short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD) is one of four straight-chain length specific enzymes involved in the first step of fatty acid β-oxidation. To further understand the similarities between the members of this gene family, to characterize how the gene is regulated, and to determine if there is coordinate regulation between these similar genes, we have isolated genomic clones containing the mouse Acads gene. We show that Acads is a compact, single-copy gene approximately 5000 bp in size. We sequenced the entire coding portion of the gene, all of the intron/ exon junctions, and an 850-bp segment upstream of the translation start site. We have determined that the gene consists of 10 exons ranging in size from 57 bp to 703 bp, and 9 introns ranging in size from 80 bp to approximately 700 bp. The 5′ region of the mouse Acads gene lacks a TATA box or a CAAT box, is GC rich, and also lacks any similarity to the related gene, medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. This is the initial report of the gene structure and 5’ regulatory sequence of the short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase gene in any species.
Adding l-3-(2-Naphthyl)alanine to the Genetic Code of E. coli

An unnatural amino acid, l-3-(2-naphthyl)alanine, has been site-specifically incorporated into proteins in Escherichia coli. An orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase was evolved that uniquely aminoacylates the unnatural amino acid onto an orthogonal amber suppressor tRNA, which delivers the acylated amino acid in response to an amber nonsense codon with translational fidelity greater than 99%. This result, together with the in vivo site-specific incorporation of O-methyl-l-tyrosine reported previously, demonstrate that this methodology may be applicable to a host of amino acids. The expansion of the genetic code to include amino acids beyond the common 20 would provide an opportunity to better understand and possibly enhance protein (and perhaps organismal) function.
PROPERTIES OF THE NEUTRON GAS AND APPLICATION TO NEUTRON STARS.

Abstract The binding energy of the neutron gas is calculated in Brueckner theory with Ingber's potential which is derived from meson theory. Allowance is then made for the reduction of the pressure due to protons, electrons, mucns, and pions. Reservations must be made even at nuclear matter densities due to the uncertainty in the N-π - and N-Σ- interaction. The resulting equation of state is used to calculate the structure of neutron stars with central densities up to 10 15 g/cm 3 . (A mass of 0.62 M ⊙ is found at 10 15 g/cm 3 .) It is not possible, however, to determine the maximum neutron star mass, because the central density would exceed 10 15 g/cm 3 , beyond which non-relativistic many-body calculations break down.
Safety design concepts for seismic structures

Abstract A nonstationary stochastic process, having statistical characteristics similar to actual earthquakes, was developed using a random signal generator and an analog computer. Dynamic models of multistory structures were also programmed on analog computer circuits to obtain many simulations in a relatively short period of time. The dynamic behavior of multistory seismic structures, with the addition of low-cost passive motion reduction devices, was studied using the analog simulation. It was demonstrated that such devices as (a) an absorber attached to the roof (b) a nonlinear spring between the foundation and structure, and (c) a damping mechanism at the first floor can be extremely effective in reducing the seismic response and thus the probability of failure of a multistory structure.
Decoding Fidelity at the Ribosomal A and P Sites: Influence of Mutations in three Different Regions of the Decoding Domain in 16S rRNA

The involvement of defined regions of Escherichia coli 16S rRNA in the fidelity of decoding has been examined by analyzing the effects of rRNA mutations on misreading errors at the ribosomal A and P sites. Mutations in the 1400-1500 region, the 530 loop and in the 1050/1200 region (helix 34) all caused readthrough of stop codons and frameshifting during elongation and stimulated initiation from non-AUG codons at the initiation of protein synthesis. These results indicate the involvement of all three regions of 16S rRNA in decoding functions at both the A and P sites. The functional similarity of all three mutant classes are consistent with close physical proximity of the 1400- 1500 region, the 530 loop and helix 34 and suggest that all three regions of rRNA comprise a decoding domain in the ribosome.
Kinetic studies of ketone hydrogenation over Raney nickel catalyst

Abstract Using a Raney nickel catalyst, the hydrogenation kinetics of liquid-phase acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl n -propyl ketone and diethyl ketone each were investigated via the initial-rate method. Acetone and methyl n -propyl ketone had similar hydrogenation rates. Also, methyl ethyl ketone and diethyl ketone had similar hydrogenation rates, but they were about two-fold less than acetone and methyl n -propyl ketone. As determined by the initial-rate studies, these four reactions were successfully described by a Langmuir–Hinshelwood model with dissociated hydrogen adsorption. To apply this model to an industrial setting, long-term batch experiments were conducted using a mixture of ketones that would be derived from biomass. A set of parameters was obtained that successfully correlated the reaction over a wide range of temperatures and pressures. With respect to hydrogen pressure, the reaction rate was found to be first-order rather than the half-order reported in the literature. Kinetic data taken at three different temperatures indicated that the reaction follows the Arrhenius/van't Hoff law.
Outcomes comparison of head and neck free tissue transfers in three different hospital populations.

Background: There are no previous studies investigating the outcomes (medical complications, surgical complications, and overall survival) of patients undergoing free tissue transfers of the head and neck in three different hospital populations: private, public (county), and veterans administration (VA). Subjects: Consecutive patients who underwent free tissue transfers of the head and neck by a single surgeon between July 2000 and July 2008. Methods: Data were reviewed for pre-operative variables (prior irradiation and chemotherapy, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score); free tissue transfer characteristics (flap area, harvest and ischemia times); intra-operative variables (estimated blood loss, fluid administration); postoperative variables (medical/surgical complications, intensive care unit (ICU) and total hospital days); and posttreatment mortality. Results: There were 57, 47, and 61 patients comprising the study populations at the private hospital, public hospital, and VA hospital, respectively. Statistically significant factors were: age (mean years: 64.1, 51.9, and 62.6; P < 0.0001), intraoperative fluid administration (mean mL: 4,945, 6,273, 6,113; P = 0.008), ICU days (2.4, 2.0, 7.7; P < 0.0001), and total hospital days (9.5, 11.5, 17.0; P = 0.0002). Four (7%), five (11%), and four patients (7%), respectively, experienced total flap loss requiring an additional flap (P = ns). Prior irradiation and/or chemotherapy, ASA score, and free tissue transfer characteristics did not differ significantly among the hospital populations. There were no significant differences in posttreatment Kaplan–Meier survival curves (P = 0.299). Conclusion: Free tissue transfer can and should be performed in different hospital populations with comparably high rates of success. Theauthor maintained a high level of participation in the surgeries and postoperative care across the different hospital settings. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2009.
Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence. 68. Detection of Sodium Ion with a Ruthenium(II) Complex with Crown Ether Moiety at the 3,3‘-Positions on the 2,2‘-Bipyridine Ligand

We show here how a Ru(bpy)2(CE-bpy) complex can be used for the ECL detection of sodium ion in both aqueous and nonaqueous media. Recognition of Na+ by the crown ether moiety in CE-bpy results in a significant increase in the ECL emission intensity of the complex.
A comparison of reported and unreported noncrash events

Two sources of data for the investigation of noncrash-related injuries are compared: police accident reports and a hospital emergency room monitoring system. Two main issues are considered: the extent to which these sources provide similar descriptions of the noncrash event, and an assessment of these data sources for investigation of noncrash events. Several critical features between the two types of data collection systems can be summarized from the analysis. First, reliance solely on police reports would indicate that there are very few cases of injuries as a result of noncrash events. Second, a narrow view of causes of injuries in noncrash events are found in the police report cases: most were ejections, while interior impacts were more common in the hospital cases. Third, noncrash events appear to be similar to other "household" accidents, with the injured child transported by the parent/guardian to the hospital. In summary, the police report investigations provide a limited view of the extent of noncrash events. Data sources such as hospital monitoring systems are more productive than police reports in studies directed at nonstandard traffic accident events, such as the noncrash.
Fault tree models for reliability analysis of an FDDI token ring network

As suggested by the title the purpose of this paper is twofold. One goal is to analyze the reliability of the FDDI token ring, and the other is to demonstrate the usefulness of the fault tree concept in the design and analysis of a complex system. Combinatorial and markov chain analysis of FDDI reliability leads to a complex model that at times is difficult to validate. The fault tree model, however, is easy to construct, verify and solve. Fault tree models are built for two examples of FDDI token rings. We also consider the impact of the link "wrap-around" recovery mechanism on system reliability. It turns out that the use of the "wrap-around" does not always improve system reliability.
Action-variable perturbation theory

Abstract A quantum mechanical perturbation theory based upon the recently introduced quantum action variable is developed and illustrated. Unlike Rayleigh-Schrodinger or other asymptotic theories, this theory can provide a natural solution for the bound states of any potential.
A Rapid Hexane‐free Method for Analyzing Lycopene Content in Watermelon

ABSTRACT: Lycopene is a red carotenoid with antioxidant properties and potential health benefits. Current methods to assay lycopene content are time-consuming and require organic solvents. This report discusses a rapid and reliable light-absorption method to assay watermelon lycopene content that uses no organic solvents. Light absorption of 152 watermelon flesh purees was measured with a xenon flash colorimeter/spectrophotometer that can measure actual light absorption from opaque samples; results were compared with a hexane extraction method. The puree absorbance method gave a precise linear relationship (R2= 0.98) to lycopene content and was independent of lycopene concentrations or watermelon variety within the lycopene concentration measured (24 mg/g to 88 mg/g fresh weight).
Optimization of Linear Discrete-Time Systems with Random Time Delays

Linear discrete-time systems containing state and control variables which are randomly delayed are studied. The original system with randomly delayed variables is transformed to another system in which independent random variables appear as plant parameters. For the reformulated system the optimal control which minimizes a quadratic cost is determined. It is also the optimal control for the original problem. The approach is illustrated by an example which describes a production-inventory system.
Variation tolerant logic mapping for crossbar array nano architectures

Bottom-up self-assembly nanofabrication process yields nanodevices with significantly more variations compared to the conventional top-down lithography used in CMOS fabrication. This is in addition to an increased defect density expected for self-assembled nanodevices. Therefore, it is one of the major design challenges to tolerate variation, in addition to defect tolerance, in emerging nano architectures. In this paper, we present a solution for variation tolerant logic mapping for FET based crossbar array nano architectures using Simulated Annealing. Furthermore, we extended the framework for defect tolerance. Experimental results including comparison with exact method confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Racing of the Biological Pacemaker

Over the past decade, rapid progress in the molecular studies of cardiac ion channels and stem cells biology has led to efforts to create a biological pacemaker to supplement the widely-used electronic pacemaker. We will review the main concepts of cardiac pacemaker activities in different heart regions and the approaches to design a working biological pacemaker. We will focus on how to use the gene- and cell-based approaches to meet the requirements of a working biological pacemaker. Possible future development and precautions for creation of an effective biological pacemaker superior to the electronic counterpart are also discussed along with recent patents.
A low cost wafer based W-band phased array

Phased arrays are groups of antennas in which the relative phases of the feeding signals are varied so that a sharp radiation pattern of the array can be formed by reinforcing the radiated field in a particular direction while suppressed elsewhere. This property allows it to be widely used for radar and satellite communications. Traditionally, the high cost of the underlying complex feeding network and the number of the PA modules feeding the antennas has prevented it from wide use in commercial applications. On the other hand, W-band radar systems centered at 94GHz are gaining popularity as the smaller wavelength of electromagnetic waves at this frequency provides better resolution and higher gain for a fixed antenna aperture dimension. In this paper, a low cost W-band phased antenna array based on a single wafer packaging concept is proposed. The approach takes advantage of the modern GaAs integrated circuit fabrication capability to enable a wafer based phased array which provides W-band signal generation and radiation over the aperture. The electronic scanning capability of the phased array is constructed with the integration of the heterodyne-frequency scan [1–2] in elevation and conventional phase shift scanning in azimuth. To provide the lowest loss in RF signal distribution throughout the radiation aperture, an array of slotted waveguide is used, which couples the LO signal vertically to the wafer array, where W band sub-harmonic signal generation takes place. The architecture of the antenna array system package is summarized below and the main focus would be on the functionality and the performance of the on-wafer antenna array.
Promoting well-being: Time for a paradigm shift in health and human services

The promotion of personal, relational, and collective well-being has evolved markedly in the last three decades. However positive and needed, recent developments in health promotion require further conceptual clarification and synergistic applications. To assist with conceptual clarification, this article proposes to distinguish among sites, signs, sources, and strategies of well-being. With respect to applications, progress is discussed along four domains: temporal, ecological, participation, and capabilities. The temporal domain refers to the timing of interventions and entails a continuum from reactive to proactive strategies. The ecological domain pertains to the site of interventions, ranging from person-centered to community-centered. The participation domain refers to voice and choice of citizens and consumers in delivery of services and access to resources. At one end of this continuum there is empowerment, while at the opposite end we see disempowerment and detachment. Finally, the capabilities domain refers to the concentration on either strengths or deficits. This article argues that a singular focus on strength, prevention, empowerment, or community conditions is insufficient. It presents a framework for the conceptual integration of these four approaches, while illustrating the benefits of their synergy and the risks of their fragmentation. It is high time for a paradigm shift in health and human services, and this article argues that only a new approach that focuses on strengths, prevention, empowerment, and community conditions can make considerable progress towards the achievement of well-being for all.
Negative production of acetoin in the photochemistry of aqueous pyruvic acid.

Recently, Griffith et al. reported that acetoin is a major product of the photolysis of aqueous pyruvic acid (PA), and proposed that its mechanism of formation involves the thermal decarboxylation of α-acetolactic acid (AL) intermediate (1). This finding is in contrast with a previous study by Guzman et al., based on experiments performed under similar conditions, which reported the formation of two major products: 2,3-dimethyl tartaric acid ( A ) and 2-(3-oxobutan-2-yloxy)-2-hydroxypropanoic acid ( B ) (2⇓–4). Both A and B result after triplet radical pairs are formed via long-range (proton-coupled) electron transfer between carbonyl groups (5). Product B can thermally decompose into acetoin, but its carbonyl chromophore absorbs at λmax ∼ 285 nm vs. 276 nm for acetoin (2). In fact, Guzman et al. had shown … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: marcelo.guzman{at}uky.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
A dynamic Bayesian approach to real-time estimation and filtering in grasp acquisition

In this work, we develop a general solution to a broad class of grasping and manipulation problems that we term as C-SLAM for contact simultaneous localization and modeling, where the robots need to accurately track the motions of the contacted bodies and the locations of contacts, while simultaneously estimating important system parameters, such as body dimensions, masses and friction coefficients between contacting surfaces. Our solution framework is based on a dynamic Bayesian inference framework, and hence, we refer to it as Dynamic Bayesian C-SLAM (DBC-SLAM). DBC-SLAM combines an NCP-based dynamic model with the dynamic Bayesian network, and incorporates model parameter estimation as an intrinsic part of the overall inference procedure. We show two preliminary “proof-of-concept” examples that demonstrate the use of DBC-SLAM in robotic contact tasks.
In Ten California Counties, Notable Progress In System Integration Within The Safety Net, Although Challenges Remain

When fully implemented, the Affordable Care Act will expand insurance coverage to the currently uninsured, and experiments in delivery and payment under the law’s auspices could produce greater efficiencies in how care is delivered. Both factors may accelerate the development of one viable model to streamline care, integrated delivery systems—coordinated care networks that deliver all needed health services to a defined population. Through interviews and surveys, we examined ten California counties that participated in two federally and locally funded initiatives to redesign how care is delivered to predominantly poor and uninsured populations. We found substantial progress in assessing and managing access to specialists, monitoring and promoting quality, and offering disease management and care coordination training in a majority of counties. However, efforts to coordinate care, electronically disseminate patient information, and align financial incentives were less successful or more difficult to assess...
Surveillance of viral gastroenteritis in Japan : pediatric cases and outbreak incidents

Surveillance results from pediatric cases and outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis in Japan are presented. In winter, both small round structured virus (SRSV, or Norwalk-like viruses) and rotavirus were detected from infants with gastroenteritis; however, in recent years, the prevailing time of SRSV infection has preceded that of rotavirus infection. Most nonbacterial gastroenteritis outbreaks were related to SRSV infection, and >60% of the outbreaks were caused by contaminated food. In small-sized outbreaks, raw oysters were the primary source of transmission. In large-sized outbreaks, school lunches and catered meals that were served at schools, banquet halls, and hospitals were most often implicated in the transmission of foodborne gastroenteritis.
Antimicrobial Resistance to Linezolid

Acquired resistance to linezolid, the first approved oxazolidinone, has been selected in laboratory experiments and has been observed in clinical isolates of gram-positive cocci. This resistance has typically been associated with single-nucleotide changes in varying numbers of copies of the genes encoding 23S ribosomal RNA. In the current environment of increasingly prevalent resistance to standard antibiotics, linezolid is an important drug because of its activity against a number of clinically significant gram-positive cocci, including multidrug-resistant staphylococci and enterococci. Although resistance to linezolid remains uncommon, the development of resistance by clinical isolates should prompt increased attention to susceptibility testing for this agent and should be taken into account in consideration of the therapeutic use of this drug.
Does Overcorrecting minus lens therapy for intermittent exotropia cause myopia

Background Overcorrecting minus lens therapy has been used as a treatment for intermittent exotropia. It is based on the principle that an exotropic deviation will be decreased by stimulating accommodative convergence with additional minus power in spectacles. Because excessive accommodation has been implicated as a cause of myopia, there is theoretical concern that overcorrecting minus lens therapy for exotropia may cause myopia. Objective To investigate the effect of overcorrecting minus lens therapy for exotropia on the progression of myopia. Design A retrospective chart review. Subjects and Methods Seventy-four patients with intermittent exotropia were treated with overcorrecting minus lens therapy for at least 6 months (6-month treatment group), and a 34-patient subset of them received overcorrecting minus lens therapy for 5 years (5-year treatment group). The mean change in refractive error (spherical equivalent of the fixing eye) of these 2 groups 5 years after initial examination was compared with the mean change in refractive error of a control group of 45 patients with intermittent exotropia who did not receive overcorrecting minus lens therapy. Results At the time of initial examination, the mean (±SD) refractive error was 0.00±1.40 diopters (D) in the control group, 0.00±1.50 D in the study group, and −0.10±1.50 D in the 5-year study group, all of which were essentially identical. Five years after initial examination, the mean change in refractive error was −1.40±2.80 D in the control group, −1.52±1.80 D in the 6-month treatment group, and −1.54±1.80 D in the 5-year treatment group. These differences in the change in refractive error (myopic shift) were not statistically significant ( t test), and the differences are clinically unimportant. Conclusion Overcorrecting minus lens therapy for intermittent exotropia does not appear to cause myopia.
Generalised Gibbs sampler and multigrid Monte Carlo for Bayesian computation

SUMMARY Although Monte Carlo methods have frequently been applied with success, indiscriminate use of Markov chain Monte Carlo leads to unsatisfactory performances in numerous applications. We present a generalised version of the Gibbs sampler that is based on conditional moves along the traces of groups of transformations in the sample space. We explore its connection with the multigrid Monte Carlo method and its use in designing more efficient samplers. The generalised Gibbs sampler provides a framework encompassing a class of recently proposed tricks such as parameter expansion and reparameterisation. To illustrate, we apply this new method to Bayesian inference problems for nonlinear state-space models, ordinal data and stochastic differential equations with discrete observations.
Service Migration in an Enterprise System Architecture

This paper briefly reviews the state of Enterprise System Architecting (ESA) and concludes that assumptions of incremental technical evolution (overlaid by selective organizational changes such as mergers or business growth/failure) are a driving force for ESA design. The paper proposes that ESAs evolve through a punctuated view of development  that new capabilities arise because of environmental, not primarily technical, drivers. It proposes a new model for ESA capability delivery  the service migration model - that no longer locates and delivers data to a processing site, but rather, as data sets reach the hundreds of gigabytes to the terabyte range, delivers services to the data set sites. It discusses the issues and implications for management decisions regarding ESA choices.
Vitreous fluid and/or urine glucose concentrations in 1335 civil aviation accident pilot fatalities.

During aviation accident investigations, vitreous fluid and urine samples from pilot fatalities are analyzed for glucose and blood for hemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c)) to monitor diabetic pilots and to discover other pilots with undiagnosed/unreported diabetes. The prevalence of elevated glucose concentrations in fatally injured pilots was evaluated by searching the Civil Aerospace Medical Institute's Toxicology Database for the period 1998-2005. Out of 1335 pilots involving 363 vitreous fluid, 365 urine, and 607 vitreous fluid and urine analyses, 43 pilots had elevated glucose in vitreous fluid (>125 mg/dL) and/or in urine (>100 mg/dL). Of the 20 pilots whose blood samples were analyzed, nine had >6% HbA(1c)-four were known diabetics, and five were unknown diabetics. Urinary glucose levels were elevated in all 13 known hyperglycemic pilots. A considerable number of pilots (30 of 43) had elevated glucose and HbA(1c) (5 of 20), suggesting undiagnosed/unreported diabetic conditions. Language: en
Preservice Teachers' Reflections on Effective Strategies for Teaching Latino ESL Students.

Latinos represent the fastest growing population in U.S. schools, and teachers face an increasingly demanding educational context in which to teach. The goal of this article is to present vignettes drawn from classroom observations conducted by preservice teachers in urban areas. Preservice teachers capture the dilemma faced by many teachers who feel unprepared to work with the growing number of second language learners. Preservice teachers shared their in-class interactions with Latino students and documented follow-up conversations with urban teachers. By drawing on these reflections, teachers can appreciate the critical role of supporting Latino students in the mainstream classroom.
Sindbis virus RNA polymerase is degraded by the N-end rule pathway.

Abstract Upon infection of animal cells by Sindbis virus, four nonstructural (ns) proteins, termed nsP1-4 in order from 5' to 3' in the genome, are produced by posttranslational cleavage of a polyprotein. nsP4 is believed to function as the viral RNA polymerase and is short-lived in infected cells. We show here that nsP4 produced in reticulocyte lysates is degraded by the N-end rule pathway, one ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic pathway. When the N-terminal residue of nsP4 is changed by mutagenesis, the metabolic stabilities of the mutant nsP4s follow the N-end rule, in that the half-life of nsP4 bearing different N-terminal residues decreases in the order Met greater than Ala greater than Tyr greater than or equal to Phe greater than Agr. Addition of dipeptides Tyr-Ala, Trp-Ala, or Phe-Ala to the translation mixture inhibits degradation of Tyr-nsP4 and Phe-nsP4, but not of Arg-nsP4. Conversely, dipeptides His-Ala, Arg-Ala, and Lys-Ala inhibit the degradation of Arg-nsP4 but not of Tyr-nsP4 or Phe-nsP4. We found that there is no lysine in the first 43 residues of nsP4 that is required for its degradation, indicating that a more distal lysine functions as the ubiquitin acceptor. Strict control of nsP4 concentration appears to be an important aspect of the virus life cycle, since the concentration of nsP4 in infected cells is regulated at three levels: translation of nsP4 requires read-through of an opal termination codon such that it is underproduced; differential processing by the virus-encoded proteinase results in temporal regulation of nsP4; and nsP4 itself is a short-lived protein degraded by the ubiquitin-dependent N-end rule pathway.
ARE FACTOR ENDOWMENTS FATE

In recent theories of comparative development, the role of institutional differences has been crucial. Yet, what explains comparative institutional evolution? We investigate this issue by studying the coffee exporting economies of Latin America. Although homogeneous in many ways, they experienced radically different paths of economic (and political) development, which is conventionally traced to the differential organization of the coffee industry. We show that the different forms that the coffee economy took in the 19th century was critically determined by the legal environment determining access to land, and that different laws resulted from differences in the nature of political competition and the backgrounds of political elites. Our analysis suggests that explanations of institutional differences that stress economic fundamentals can only be part of the story. At least in the economies that we study, while geography, factor endowments and technology are clearly important, their implications for the institutional structure and thus development are conditional on the form that political competition takes in society. For interesting variations in economic outcomes, endowments are not fate.
The Menstrual Cycle and Migraine: A Time-Series Analysis of 20 Women Migraineurs

This study examined the prevalence of menstrually related headache and the relationship between the menstrual cycle and stress in a group of young women migraineurs sampled from a general population. Participants (N = 20) meeting International Headache Society criteria for migraine with or migraine without sure and not meeting criteria for menstrual migraine, provided daily headache activity, perceived stress, cognitive appraisal, and coping strategy data during two menstrual cycles. Multiple regression was used to analyze these data following a time-series approach in which the phases of the menstrual cycle were used as predictors of variation in each participant's headache, stress, appraisal, and coping data. Analyses revealed that fewer participants than expected showed significant relationships between their menstrual cycle and their headache activity (20%). However, for these women the amount of variation explained by the menstrual cycle was substantial. We suggest that, though some women's migraines vary with their menstrual cycle, the number of women substantially affected may be much smaller than has been estimated in the literature. Relationships between the menstrual cycle and the stress process were also found; however, inconsistencies between this and a previous study in our laboratory suggest that the nature of this relationship may vary across women migraineurs.
Not all ST-segment changes are myocardial injury: hypercalcaemia-induced ST-segment elevation.

ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction is an important, life-threatening diagnosis that requires quick diagnosis and management. We describe the case of an 83-year-old man with coronary artery disease, ischaemic cardiomyopathy with left ventricular ejection fraction of 15%, newly diagnosed multiple myeloma that had an initial ECG showing ST-segment elevation in anterior leads V1–3 and ST-segment depression in lateral leads concerning for an ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Troponins were negative and his calcium was 3.55 mmol/L. It was thought that the ECG changes were not indicative of cardiac ischaemia but, rather, hypercalcaemia. He was treated with fluids, diuretics and zolendronic acid, with subsequent resolution of ST-segment changes. This case demonstrates that one must consider disease other than myocardial ischaemia as the culprit of ST-segment changes if physical examination and history do not point towards myocardial injury, as unnecessary invasive revascularisation procedures have inherent risks.
Single molecule localizations by pattern matching

Super-resolution localization microscopy methods rely on accurate and fast localization algorithms. We introduce a simple algorithm for the localization of imaged objects based on the search of the best-correlated center. This approach yields tracking accuracies that are comparable to those of Gaussian fittings in typical low signal-to-noise ratios, but with 6× faster execution. The algorithm can be adapted to localize objects that do not exhibit radial symmetry or have to be localized in higher dimensional spaces.
Beyond Hammurabi: A Public Service Definition of Ethics Failure

This article expands the conceptualization of ethics failure in the study and practice of the public service. Various definitions of ethics failure are tied to the two central approaches, internal and external, to controlling ethics failure. The historical antecedents of these approaches are also discussed. Recent criticisms from the literature of conventional formulations of ethics failure, which focus on financial fraud and its legal controls and remedies, are
Disturbed state concept as unified constitutive modeling approach

Abstract A unified constitutive modeling approach is highly desirable to characterize a wide range of engineering materials subjected simultaneously to the effect of a number of factors such as elastic, plastic and creep deformations, stress path, volume change, microcracking leading to fracture, failure and softening, stiffening, and mechanical and environmental forces. There are hardly available such unified models. The disturbed state concept (DSC) is considered to be a unified approach and is able to provide material characterization for almost all of the above factors. This paper presents a description of the DSC, and statements for determination of parameters based on triaxial, multiaxial and interface tests. Statements of DSC and validation at the specimen level and at the boundary value problem levels are also presented. An extensive list of publications by the author and others is provided at the end. The DSC is considered to be a unique and versatile procedure for modeling behaviors of engineering materials and interfaces.
Running a Risk: Expectant Mothers Respond to “Risk” Language in Breastfeeding Promotion

This study was designed to investigate the use of “risks of formula” language versus “benefits of breastfeeding” language in breastfeeding promotion texts. Three hundred and nine expectant mothers read and then assessed “risk” or “benefit” texts promoting breastfeeding. Assessment of “risk” versus “benefit” texts and the impact of text exposure on feeding intent were examined using ordinary least squares and logistic regression analyses. Respondents were significantly more likely to reject “risk” language than “benefit” language, and few differences in feeding intent were discovered between groups exposed to differently worded texts. Additional findings include relationships between breast modification, rejection of “risk” text, and intent to feed formula. The results provide insights into the effectiveness of “risk language” strategies, women's responses to different strategies, and underexplored demographic variables (e.g., breast modification).
Response to Critics

I am grateful to Tambar, Bejan, Stern and Makdisi for their comments on my book. Writing from their distinctly different archives, they bring a set of questions to the fore in relation to my argume...
Sequential cranial MR findings of asymptomatic and neurologically symptomatic HIV+ subjects.

PURPOSE To compare results of a prospective MR and clinical reevaluation of HIV+ asymptomatic and neurologically symptomatic subjects who had had initially abnormal cranial studies to determine what cranial MR changes occur and how these changes correlate with serial neurologic and neuropsychologic findings. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-one asymptomatic (n = 20) and neurologically symptomatic (n = 11) subjects seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV+) were prospectively reevaluated by cranial magnetic resonance (MR) one to two years following an initially abnormal MR of the brain. RESULTS All 31 HIV+ subjects with initial abnormal MR had abnormal follow-up scans (showing atrophy and/or white matter lesions). Twenty-seven showed no progression of MR abnormalities (among whom were 18 with minimally abnormal scans who remained asymptomatic with improved or static neuropsychologic performance). Of the four subjects with scan changes (all with clinically suspected HIV encephalopathy), one showed MR, clinical, and neuropsychologic test improvement; the remaining three showed MR (n = 3), neurologic (n = 3), neuropsychologic (n = 1) worsening and autopsy (n = 1) confirmed the presence of HIV-1 containing multinucleated giant cells in the brain. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that: 1) Progression of intracranial MR abnormalities due to HIV-1 is seen only in a minority of HIV+ subjects over a 1- to 2-year time period, only in those neurologically symptomatic, and correlates with clinical deterioration. 2) Minor cerebral MR abnormalities seen in HIV+ subjects who remain neurologically asymptomatic do not change over a 1- to 2-year period. 3) Although HIV is known to infect the brain early, it may, nevertheless, not routinely do significant anatomical damage early on in the disease, as based on MR criteria.
Location System of Impact Point Based on Acoustics Detecting Technique

This paper establishes a location system of impact point through dual-core architecture based on MCU and ARM,by means of acoustics detecting technique.The system is composed of subsystems like pre processing,wireless transmission,signal processing and location evaluation.We used wavelet analysis technology to design analysis algorithm of sound signals by MATLAB,and programmed software package by VC.The system transfers information by means of microwave radio network technology,considering the influence of complex external disturbance on detection results.
Implementation effect of Global Fund to floating population TB control program in Wuzhong District of Suzhou City

[Objective]To evaluate the implementation effect of Global Fund to floating population TB control program in Wuzhong District of Suzhou City,provide a scientific basis for TB control.[Methods]The data on discovery and treatment of TB patients in floating population in Wuzhong District from 2007-2010 were collected and analyzed.[Results]1.4 million RMB of special funds for floating population program had been input in the 4 years since implementation.There were 1 104 cases of newly registered active TB and 598 cases of newly registered smear positive TB in floating population.During 2006-2009,the cure rate of smear positive TB in local population was 89.91%,and that in the floating population reached 84.78%.[Conclusion]By strengthening the management of TB patients in floating population and carrying out the standardized treatment,the project has basically reached the requests of the national TB control programme.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus ORF7a Inhibits Bone Marrow Stromal Antigen 2 Virion Tethering through a Novel Mechanism of Glycosylation Interference.

UNLABELLED Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) emerged in November 2002 as a case of atypical pneumonia in China, and the causative agent of SARS was identified to be a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (BST-2; also known as CD317 or tetherin) was initially identified to be a pre-B-cell growth promoter, but it also inhibits the release of virions of the retrovirus human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) by tethering budding virions to the host cell membrane. Further work has shown that BST-2 restricts the release of many other viruses, including the human coronavirus 229E (hCoV-229E), and the genomes of many of these viruses encode BST-2 antagonists to overcome BST-2 restriction. Given the previous studies on BST-2, we aimed to determine if BST-2 has the ability to restrict SARS-CoV and if the SARS-CoV genome encodes any proteins that modulate BST-2's antiviral function. Through an in vitro screen, we identified four potential BST-2 modulators encoded by the SARS-CoV genome: the papain-like protease (PLPro), nonstructural protein 1 (nsp1), ORF6, and ORF7a. As the function of ORF7a in SARS-CoV replication was previously unknown, we focused our study on ORF7a. We found that BST-2 does restrict SARS-CoV, but the loss of ORF7a leads to a much greater restriction, confirming the role of ORF7a as an inhibitor of BST-2. We further characterized the mechanism of BST-2 inhibition by ORF7a and found that ORF7a localization changes when BST-2 is overexpressed and ORF7a binds directly to BST-2. Finally, we also show that SARS-CoV ORF7a blocks the restriction activity of BST-2 by blocking the glycosylation of BST-2. IMPORTANCE The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) emerged from zoonotic sources in 2002 and caused over 8,000 infections and 800 deaths in 37 countries around the world. Identifying host factors that regulate SARS-CoV pathogenesis is critical to understanding how this lethal virus causes disease. We have found that BST-2 is capable of restricting SARS-CoV release from cells; however, we also identified a SARS-CoV protein that inhibits BST-2 function. We show that the SARS-CoV protein ORF7a inhibits BST-2 glycosylation, leading to a loss of BST-2's antiviral function.
Oxygen and Perfusion Kinetics in Response to Fractionated Radiation Therapy in FaDu Head and Neck Cancer Xenografts Are Related to Treatment Outcome.

Purpose To test whether oxygenation kinetics correlate with the likelihood for local tumor control after fractionated radiation therapy. Methods and Materials We used diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to noninvasively measure tumor vascular oxygenation and total hemoglobin concentration associated with radiation therapy of 5 daily fractions (7.5, 9, or 13.5 Gy/d) in FaDu xenografts. Spectroscopy measurements were obtained immediately before each daily radiation fraction and during the week after radiation therapy. Oxygen saturation and total hemoglobin concentration were computed using an inverse Monte Carlo model. Results First, oxygenation kinetics during and after radiation therapy, but before tumor volumes changed, were associated with local tumor control. Locally controlled tumors exhibited significantly faster increases in oxygenation after radiation therapy (days 12-15) compared with tumors that recurred locally. Second, within the group of tumors that recurred, faster increases in oxygenation during radiation therapy (day 3-5 interval) were correlated with earlier recurrence times. An area of 0.74 under the receiver operating characteristic curve was achieved when classifying the local control tumors from all irradiated tumors using the oxygen kinetics with a logistic regression model. Third, the rate of increase in oxygenation was radiation dose dependent. Radiation doses ≤9.5 Gy/d did not initiate an increase in oxygenation, whereas 13.5 Gy/d triggered significant increases in oxygenation during and after radiation therapy. Conclusions Additional confirmation is required in other tumor models, but these results suggest that monitoring tumor oxygenation kinetics could aid in the prediction of local tumor control after radiation therapy.
A deformation processed β-Ti + Y metal–metal composite

A Ti-20V-20Y deformation processed metal–metal composite was deformed axisymmetrically by extrusion and swaging to a true strain of 5.9. Tensile strength, ductility, Y phase thickness and spacing, and preferred crystallographic orientation were examined at several levels of true strain as the deformation progressed. The Ti-V metastable BCC solid solution matrix developed a (110) fiber texture. The Y second phase developed a \(\left\langle {10\overline 1 0} \right\rangle \) fiber texture that constrained the Y phase to deform in plane strain. Relatively high tensile ductility was observed at all levels of deformation processing strain.
How the Vestibulocerebellum Builds an Internal Model of Self-motion

The vestibulocerebellum transforms raw vestibular signals into central estimates of head motion. One well-studied transformation is the extraction of head tilt and translation from vestibular signals, which requires integrating signals from two different vestibular sensors: the semicircular canals and the otoliths. Here we review how tilt and translation are encoded in the vestibulocerebellum. We focus on computational aspects: we present the theoretical framework of tilt–translation discrimination, as well as the mathematical methods used to model how cerebellar neurons encode tilt and translation. We also present the experimental and statistical frameworks that allow identifying which variables are encoded by individual cerebellar neurons and probing into the underlying multisensory integration operations.
The Promise of New Technologies to Reduce, Refine, or Replace Animal Use while Reducing Risks of Drug Induced Liver Injury in Pharmaceutical Development

Drug induced liver injury (DILI) has contributed more to marketed pharmaceutical withdrawals and clinical development failures than any other human organ toxicity. DILI seen in animal studies also frequently leads to the discontinuation of promising drug candidates very early in the pipeline. This manuscript reviews and critically assesses the current regulatory expectations; the current drug development approaches, strategies, and gaps; and the numerous exciting opportunities becoming available to address these gaps through technological advances. Emerging integrated pharmaceutical development strategies, while far from uniform, have generally evolved to currently inform early DILI risk potential using supplemental assays for reactive metabolite formation, mitochondrial toxicity, inhibition of bile salt transport, and cellular imaging endpoints including cytotoxicity. Despite these approaches and robust animal testing, significant gaps in addressing human DILI remain. Increasingly sophisticated in vitro humanized test systems, new animal models, emerging computational models, and novel translational biomarkers are being introduced to improve our ability to more accurately predict DILI. Expectations are high for a future state with more predictive tools and problem solving strategies that will improve pharmaceutical discovery and development in relation to understanding human DILI risk potential and make it less dependent on animal studies for successfully developing safer drug candidates.
In Retrospect: A decade of shared genomic associations.

A paper that analysed genetic variants in 14,000 people to identify disease-associated regions set the standard for collaborative genome-wide association studies and provided methodological advances whose effects are still felt today.