cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some Biochemical Changes Associated with Paclobutrazol-Induced Adventitious Root Formation on Bean Hypocotyl Cuttings

Phaseolus vulgaris hypocotyl cuttings were placed in solutions containing either 0 (controls) or 43 μM paclobutrazol for 24 h after which they were placed in peat– perlite for 8 d. Paclobutrazol more than doubled the number of roots formed on the cuttings but did not affect individual root length. Compared with controls, treated cuttings exhibited increased activities of catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, malate dehydrogenase, protease and RNase in the base of the cuttings. These enhanced enzyme activities were particularly evident between 3 and 5 d after excision. The largest paclobutrazol-induced promotion of enzyme activity occurred with malate dehydrogenase which was increased more than 2-fold compared with the controls. In contrast, paclobutrazol reduced amylase activity in comparison to controls, suggesting that this enzyme may not be directly related to root formation. These data indicate that the enhancement of adventitious root formation by paclobutrazol is accompanied by changes in the activities of a number of enzymes which have previously been postulated to be involved in rooting. However, these changes in activity are generally greatest later in the rooting period, suggesting that they may be involved in the development rather than the initiation of roots.
Leveraging constraints and biotelemetry data to pinpoint repetitively used spatial features

Satellite telemetry devices collect valuable information concerning the sites visited by animals, including the location of central places like dens, nests, rookeries, or haul-outs. Existing methods for estimating the location of central places from telemetry data require user-specified thresholds and ignore common nuances like measurement error. We present a fully model-based approach for locating central places from telemetry data that accounts for multiple sources of uncertainty and uses all of the available locational data. Our general framework consists of an observation model to account for large telemetry measurement error and animal movement, and a highly flexible mixture model specified using a Dirichlet process to identify the location of central places. We also quantify temporal patterns in central place use by incorporating ancillary behavioral data into the model; however, our framework is also suitable when no such behavioral data exist. We apply the model to a simulated data set as proof of concept. We then illustrate our framework by analyzing an Argos satellite telemetry data set on harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in the Gulf of Alaska, a species that exhibits fidelity to terrestrial haul-out sites. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Characterization of Microplastic and Mesoplastic Debris in Sediments from Kamilo Beach and Kahuku Beach, Hawai'i

Sediment samples were collected from two Hawai'ian beaches, Kahuku Beach on O'ahu and Kamilo Beach on the Big Island of Hawai'i. A total of 48,988 large microplastic and small mesoplastic (0.5-8mm) particles were handpicked from the samples and sorted into four size classes (0.5-1mm, 1-2mm, 2-4mm, 4-8mm) and nine color categories. For all sizes combined the most common plastic fragment color was white/transparent (71.8%) followed by blue (8.5%), green (7.5%), black/grey (7.3%), red/pink (2.6%), yellow (1.2%), orange (0.6%), brown (0.3%) and purple (0.2%). Color frequency distribution based on both numbers and mass of particles was not significantly different among the various size classes nor between the two beaches. White and black/grey resin pellets accounted for 11.3% of the particles collected from Kahuku Beach and 4.2% of the particles from Kamilo Beach. Plastic type based on Raman Spectrometer analysis of a small representative subsample indicated that most of the fragments were polyethylene and a few were polypropylene.
14 – Software Technologies for Complex Control Systems

This chapter gives a brief tutorial on software technologies that are important for control applications. Software tools for control systems are aimed at design and analysis or at implementation. The most common design and analysis tool is MATLAB from Mathworks. MATLAB is often used in conjunction with the Simulink tool box to provide a graphical user interface along with some expanded simulation capabilities. To ease system implementation, the Real-Time Workshop tool box can be used to generate C code from a Simulink block diagram. The focus is on using middleware for integrating complex control systems. Middleware is beneficial for its ability to hide the network communications decisions from the user, its reuse in integrating multiple control system applications, and its ease of system evolution and reconfiguration. A further benefit from some middleware is its ability to integrate software written in different languages and running on different platforms.
1.2 Electrochemical Behavior of Metals in the Biological Milieu

Corrosion in the biological milieu presents the basic science background to understand the nature of corrosion processes associated with medical devices and the metallic biomaterials from which they are made. This chapter introduces the concepts of corrosion, the factors that affect corrosion (oxidation and reduction reactions), and the role of passive oxide films in the behavior of metallic biomaterials. Links between the environmental conditions, including biological molecules and mechanical factors, and interactions between the biological system and the metal–oxide surface are described. Current state-of-the-art corrosion testing methods including polarization testing, scratch testing, and impedance spectroscopy are described and related to currently used materials. The importance of the biological environment is also presented to provide a better understanding of how inflammation, infection, or other local conditions may enhance or alter corrosion behavior. Finally, aspects of corrosion that are not typically considered, including the reduction half-cells, are presented and shown to significantly affect cell behavior. Overall, much is known about corrosion in the biological milieu; however, there is also much that is not yet understood. This chapter lays the foundation upon which additional studies could be designed.
Performance Metrics for Multi-Aperture Computational Imaging Sensor

Determining the effective MTF, SNR and Sensor geometries of multi-aperture computational imaging architectures will allow the National Image Interpretability Rating Scale to be applied to computational imagers. An approach for determining these values is described.
On Scorched Earths and Bad Births: Scarantino's Misbegotten “Theory of Affective Pragmatics”

Andrea Scarantino (this issue) advances a newfangled “theory of affective pragmatics” (TAP), with the claim that “much of what we can do with language we can also do with non-verbal emotional expre...
Machine learning at the network edge for automated home intrusion monitoring

Monitoring of residences and businesses can be effectively performed using machine learning algorithms. As sensors and devices used for monitoring become more complex, having humans process the information to detect intrusions would be expensive and difficult to scale. We propose an automated home/business monitoring system which resides on edge servers performing online learning on streaming data coming from homes and businesses in the neighborhood. The edge servers run Open-NetVM, a Network Function Virtualization (NFV) platform, and host multiple machine learning applications instantiated on demand. This enables us to serve a set of customers in the neighborhood on a timely basis, permitting customization and learning of the behavior of each home. We combine the results of the multiple classifiers, with each classifier examining a distinct feature related to a distinct sensor, to finally infer whether the entry is a normal one or an intrusion. Our results show that our system is able to classify intrusions better than basing the decision on a single classifier, thus reducing false alarms. We have also shown that our system can effectively scale and monitor thousands of homes.
Consumer Culture and Political Ideology Plots in Social Media Campaigns

A number of studies are devoted to explicating global consumer culture and political ideology plots in traditional advertising. Nevertheless, studies of these plots in social media campaigns are sc...
Chemical and microstructural controls on viscoplasticity in Carbopol hydrogel

Abstract Many engineering and natural materials, as well as earth systems, exhibit a combination of elastic-plastic and viscous behaviors, but precisely evaluating their rheology, and the micromechanics and chemical-mechanical feedbacks governing such rheology, can be a challenge. The cross-linked polymer Carbopol has long been used to explore fundamental rheological behaviors, most recently including fracturing during viscous creep in nature. Here, through rheometer experiments we establish that Carbopol 940 is, to a first order, a Herschel-Bulkley material. However, we further establish that the yield stress and viscosity are affected by chemically-sensitive micromechanical controls, namely pH and concentration of the polymer mixture. We explore these effects via the novel use of cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Through the SEM imaging we show that there is a semi-quantitative relationship between pH, porosity at the >10-μm scale, and yield stress, a result of the ionic repulsion between polymer links at the molecular scale. We appeal to a model wherein the yield stress is a direct function of jamming expressed at the SEM scale, similar to those described in granular systems. As the pH of polymer dispersion increases, and the porosity decreases, the yield strength increases as a result of the increasingly jammed system. The initial viscosity is thus controlled by the yield stress, but after failure evolves with increasing shear rate due to characteristic unjammed flow of the material. The different controls on the yield stress versus viscous flow rates has implications for borehole engineering efforts (carbon capture and storage) employing Carbopol, and could prove instructive for modeling of natural viscoplastic deformation.
Promoter methylation of PGC1A and PGC1B predicts cancer incidence in a veteran cohort

AIM Previous studies suggest telomere shortening represses PGC1A and PGC1B expression leading to mitochondrial dysfunction. Methylation of CpG sites within these genes may interact with these factors to affect cancer risk. MATERIALS & METHODS Among 385 men, we identified 84 incidents of cancers (predominantly prostate and nonmelanoma skin). We examined associations between leukocyte DNA methylation of 41 CpGs from PGC1A and PGC1B with telomere length, mitochondrial 8-OHdG lesions, mitochondrial abundance and cancer incidence. RESULTS Methylation of five and eight CpG sites were significantly associated with telomere length and mitochondrial abundance at p < 0.05. Two CpG sites were independently associated with cancer risk: cg27514608 (PGC1A, TSS1500; HR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.19-2.03, FDR = 0.02), and cg15219393 (PGC1B, first exon/5'UTR; HR: 3.71, 95% CI: 1.82-7.58, FDR < 0.01). Associations with cg15219393 were observed primarily among men with shorter leukocyte telomeres. CONCLUSION PGC1A and PGC1B methylation may serve as early biomarkers of cancer risk.
Journey 'Round the Sun: STEREO science and spacecraft performance results

The Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory (STEREO) was originally designed as a two to five year heliocentric orbit mission to study coronal mass ejections (CMEs), solar energetic particles (SEPs), and the solar wind. After over ten years of continuous science data collection, the twin NASA STEREO observatories have significantly advanced the understanding of Heliophysics. This mission was the first to image CMEs all the way from the Sun to Earth and to observe the entire sphere of the Sun at one time. STEREO has demonstrated the importance of a point of view beyond the Sun-Earth line to significantly improve CME arrival time estimates and in understanding CME structure and trajectories and the longitudinal distribution of SEPs. STEREO was also the first to use one launch vehicle to insert two spacecraft into opposing heliocentric orbits, undergo a 3.5 month long superior solar conjunction, implement unattended daily science operations on two deep space observatories, maintain 7 arcsec continuous pointing without gyros, and detect and attempt to recover a spacecraft after a 22-month long communications anomaly at a range of 2 AU. This paper discusses the significant performance results after the first ten years of operations of the STEREO mission from its journey around the Sun.
Distinct distribution of rare us kshv genotypes in south texas

PURPOSE: Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV, or human herpesvirus 8) is etiologically associated with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). Although previous studies have assessed the geographic distribution of KSHV genotypes, the molecular epidemiology of KSHV remains largely unknown. The purpose of the present study was to examine the genotypes of KSHV isolates from KS patients in South Texas.METHODS: Eighteen KSHV isolates from 16 KS and 1 PEL patients in South Texas were collected between 1996 and 1998 and analyzed for KSHV subtypes by PCR sequencing of ORFK1 gene and KS330 fragment, and by PCR of ORFK15 gene. DNA sequences were aligned with known sequences and KSHV subtypes were assigned based on sequence variations.RESULTS: Of 18 KSHV isolates, 13 exhibited C subtype, and 5 exhibited A subtype in ORF K1 gene. ORF K15 genotyping showed that 10 of the isolates exhibited M form, of which 9 had C3 subtype. A unique C subtype isolate was found and classified as C6 clade. All of the M form KSHV isolates were found among KS patients over 50 years of age. Conversely, all KS patients under 40 years of age had only the P form KSHV isolates.CONCLUSIONS: In South Texas there is a distinct distribution of C3/M KSHV isolates, which are rarely found in other US regions (1 of 29). The C3/M KSHV genotype is more prevalent in HIV-negative elderly KS patients while the P-form of KSHV is more common among many young AIDS-KS patients.
5-HT 1A Partial Agonists as Anxiolytics and Antidepressants

Agonists of the 5-HT1A subtype of serotonin receptor have long been known to be efficacious in animal models of anxiety and depression (1). Together with the modest success of prototypes in the clinic, these observations have led to speculation as to their mechanism(s) of action. Particularly daunting has been the task of explaining how 5-HT1A agonists would be effective in clinical states traditionally viewed as being at opposite ends of a diagnostic continuum. The solution to this puzzle may involve their partial agonist nature which theoretically could provide the optimal degree of intrinsic activity for normalizing 5-HT neurotransmission in both hypo- and hypernormal states. This article will consider the possibility of 5-HT1A partial agonists as the desired endpoint in anxiolytic and antidepressant drug discovery and the potential therapeutic benefits of designing new molecules with various degrees of agonist potential. Where clinical data are lacking, patient outcomes will be extrapolated from laboratory experiments.
The Differential Impact of Monetary Policy on Blacks and Whites since the Great Recession

This paper studies the differential impact of monetary policy on labor market responses for blacks and whites since the start of the Great Recession. We estimate and quantify these differences using a somewhat unconventional approach to identifying an expansionary monetary policy shock. At the long horizon, we find that black employment is more sensitive to changes in monetary policy than that of whites. However, at the short horizon, black employment falls, whereas white employment immediately increases. Owing to such disparities, one might expect the central bank to be deeply engaged in understanding the causal mechanisms at play. Moreover, our findings raise concern that recent monetary policy tightening may adversely affect blacks disproportionately to whites.
Active THz Devices Using Hybrid Lead-Halide Perovskites

We demonstrate the use of organic-inorganic lead-halide perovskites to create active terahertz (THz) devices. Specifically, we use both two-dimensional and three-dimensional hybrid lead halide perovskites to selectively modulate the THz transmission properties. The devices require deposition of the perovskite directly onto a silicon substrate, but allow for control of THz transmission properties using a simple halogen lamp and a set of color filters.
Determinism and Agency

This chapter starts by contrasting reductionism and determinism with emergence and mind. How agency allows for the self-control of behavior making social life possible is noted. Conditioning is presented next and accounts for a great deal of human behavior. How we surmount it and make new forms of feeling and acting possible follows. What we are not free from is noted, and Eric Fromm’s suggestions on how to deal with the idea of free will are presented. Libet’s research findings that our brains gear into action milliseconds before we are actually conscious of our decision to act follow. How we can develop a viable sense of self under these conditions follows. Libet’s stance on protecting agency is explored next. Wegner’s reasons for viewing agency and self as illusions are reviewed next. G.H. Mead’s concept of emergence is then discussed, and this paves the way for agency as well as differences in Mead and Sperry on this subject.
TheRole of Back Buffer Layers and Absorber Propertiesfor >25% Efficient CdTe Solar Cells

As the performance of the front interface and the CdTe absorber are improved, minority carrier recombination at the back of the device will limit the photoconversion efficiency. To determine the li...
External validation of the simple prognostic score in a palliative care clinic at a comprehensive cancer center.

e19566 Background: Accurate survival predictions are essential for the optimal delivery of palliative care (PC). Clinical predictions of survival are notoriously inaccurate. Tools for making object...
Failure of combined factor VIII and cyclophosphamide to suppress antibody to factor VIII in hemophilia.

Two patients with hemophilia A and antifactor VIII antibodies were treated with infusions of factor VIII concentrates and intravenous cyclophosphamide in an attempt to suppress the antibody response. Factor VIII levels of 23% and 95% were achieved immediately postinfusion, and prompt control of bleeding ensued. Sequential antibody titers demonstrated no change in antibody response in either patient when compared to previous studies following factor VIII infusion alone. These results are in contrast to the previously reported suppression of factor VIII antibody in a nonhemophilic patient using an identical regimen.
Elucidating the stability of ligand-protected Au nanoclusters under electrochemical reduction of CO2

Ligand-protected gold nanoclusters are a novel class of particles that have attracted great interest in the field of catalysis due to their atomically-precise structure, high surface-to-volume ratio, and unique electronic properties. In particular, the anionic thiolate-protected Au25 nanocluster (NC), [Au25(SR)18]1−, with partially lost ligands, has been demonstrated to act as an active catalyst for the electrochemical reduction of CO2. However, the stability of this and other thiolate-protected NCs after partial ligand removal remains elusive. Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations and the recently developed thermodynamic stability model, we investigate the stability of [Au25(SR)18]1−, [Au18(SR)14]0, [Au23(SR)16]1−, and [Au28(SR)20]0 with ligand loss. Additionally, we examine the stability of the partially protected NCs upon adsorption of CO2 reduction reaction intermediates (i.e. H, CO, and COOH) on the different active sites generated after ligand removal. Our results reveal that the partially protected Au25 NC shows the highest stability compared to the other partially protected NCs in the presence of electrochemical reduction intermediates. We find that the presence of the COOH intermediate on the generated active sites stabilizes the Au25 NC almost as well as the removed ligands. Moreover, time-dependent DFT calculations and UV–Vis/Raman experiments suggest that the most probable ligand removal mode under electrochemical conditions is the one that generates S active sites, in agreement with the DFT ligand removal thermodynamic analysis. Importantly, this study demonstrates the robustness of the Au25 NC and offers a novel way to address stability of ligand protected NCs during electrocatalytic reaction conditions.
Paper Based Assay of Copper (II) Ion Using Egg White as a Natural Chromogenic Reagent

A green analytical paper based assay of Cu (II) has been developed using egg white protein as a natural reagent. Either crayon and pencil graphite, or laser engraver may be used to effectively crea...
Delayed quadriparesis after posterior spinal fusion for scoliosis: a case series.

A multicenter retrospective IRB exempt case series analyzing clinical and radiographical data of patients treated by three surgeons over the past two decades was conducted. To examine the factors involved in the development of quadriparesis in patients who underwent posterior spinal fusion for scoliosis. Delayed spinal cord infarcts usually present at the region of instrumentation according to reports from the Scoliosis Research Society. Nonetheless, there is a lack of data regarding factors associated with delayed quadriparesis following posterior spinal fusion Evaluated variables were age, Cobb angle, blood loss, and curve correction percentage. Postoperative imaging was also evaluated to determine factors indicative of the etiology of the quadriparesis. Eight patients presented delayed postoperative quadriparesis. All patients had a postoperative examination equal to that of baseline. The first patient deteriorated at 6 h postoperatively and the most delayed patient presented 4 days postoperatively. Six patients had neuromuscular disorders and 2 had adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Mean age was 13.7, mean curve magnitude was 78.7°, mean percent curve correction was 71% and the mean estimated blood loss was 1185 cc. Seven of eight patients had documented peri- or postoperative hypotension. Cervical infarction is the likely cause of delayed quadriparesis after posterior spinal fusion. Even though the underlying etiology continues to be unclear, postoperative hypotension, curve magnitude, percent curve correction, and the presence of cervical kyphosis/stenosis may be contributory and need to be closely evaluated. IV, Case Series
Distributed Finite-Time Economic Dispatch for Islanded Microgrids

In this paper, we investigate the economic dispatch problem in islanded microgrids and we propose a distributed finite-time algorithm to solve the economic dispatch problem. Different from the existing distributed algorithms which solve the economic dispatch problem asymptotically, the proposed algorithm can get the optimal solution in finite time and the bound of the convergence time only depends on the designed parameters in the proposed algorithm. The rapid convergence rate of the proposed algorithm makes it suitable for application in microgrids with penetration of large scale distributed generation resources. Numerical simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm.
Open-circuit Voltage Exceeding 840 mV for All-Sputtered CdS/CdTe Devices

Sputtering is an efficient way to fabricate CdTe solar cells. However, the open-circuit voltage (Voc) of a sputtered device is low compared to close space sublimation or vapor deposited CdTe devices. Here, we report an outstanding Voc > 840 mV and fill factor (FF) > 71.0% for all-sputtered CdS/CdTe solar cells. These results were achieved by solution-based copper (Cu) doping of CdTe by copper (II) chloride (CuCl 2 ) in deionized water. Compared with evaporated Cu, solution-based doping increased the Voc and FF, and improved the optoelectronic properties of the sputtered CdTe thin films. Capacitance-voltage measurements indicated that the free hole concentration increased by two-fold for CuCl 2 treated devices.
Law Students -- Avoid Malpractice and Embrace Technology!

This blog post provides a brief overview of the duty of competence with regards to technology. Several current examples of attorneys' failure to understand relevant technology are included. The post ends with a list of technologies with which law students may want to familiarize themselves.
Using Annotated Portfolios to Understand Webtext Author's Experiences and Design Practices: A Study of Convention and Innovation in Born-Digital Scholarship

This poster presentation addresses an important question to communication design scholars across a variety of fields: What decisions do webtext authors make when composing? How do they decide how to balance writing with meta-discourse, linearity with flexibility? Using an annotated portfolio method, the authors studied how webtext designers approached conventions and innovative practices in webtext composition.
Unternehmensplanung und Unschärfe

Jede unternehmerische Tatigkeit bedarf einer Planung, um deren Konse-quenzen so weit wie moglich erkennbar zu machen. Allerdings existiert keine eindeutige Auffassung des Begriffes Planung (vgl. dazu beispielsweise die bei Herrmann (1991, S. 23 f.) aufgefuhrten Definitionsversuche). Uberein-stimmung herrscht allerdings darin, das bei zunehmender Komplexitat der Unternehmensumwelt, zunehmender Grose des Unternehmens und daraus abzuleitender Notwendigkeit interner Abstimmung Planungsaktivitaten eine wachsende Bedeutung erlangen.
MadeCR: Correlation-based malware detection for cognitive radio

Cognitive Radio (CR) is an intelligent radio technology to boost spectrum utilization and is likely to be widely spread in the near future. However, its flexible software-oriented design may be exploited by an adversary to control CR devices to launch large scale attacks on a wide range of critical wireless infrastructures. To proactively mitigate the potentially serious threat, this paper presents MadeCR, a Correlation-based Malware detection system for CR. MadeCR exploits correlations among CR applications' component actions to detect malicious behaviors. In addition, a significant contribution of the paper is a general experimentation method referred to as mutation testing to comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness of the anomaly detection method against a large number of artificial malware cases. Evaluation shows that MadeCR detects malicious behaviors within 1.10s at an accuracy of 94.9%.
Metamagnetic Behavior of Triethylenetetrammonium Hexachlorocuprate(II), [C 6 H 22 N 4 ]CuCl 6

The compound triethylenetetrammonium hexachlorocuprate(II), [${\mathrm{C}}_{6}$${\mathrm{H}}_{22}$${\mathrm{N}}_{4}$]Cu${\mathrm{Cl}}_{6}$, exhibits two-dimensional magnetic behavior in the temperature range 20-75 K with an exchange constant of $\frac{J}{k}=19.4$ K derived from a fit of the data by the expansion of Baker et al. There is a phase transition to an antiferromagnetic state at 8.95 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.1 K, and the magnetization data suggest metamagnetic behavior.
The Long-Term Development of Local Retail and Services Sectors in Rural Southern Counties

This research examines the trend in retail and services capture, as measured by location quotients, in counties throughout the South from 1969 to 1997. Analysis indicates that location quotients have been falling on average in nonmetropolitan and trade shed counties in the retail and services industries. However, location quotient values have not, in general, been converging to any particular value. Further, there is substantial mobility (both upward and down-ward) in county location quotients over time. Both findings suggest that there is potential for success with public policy programs designed to help local com-munities capture more local spending.
Surface Waves — Difference Equations

The first study of surface waves dates back to the end of the nineteenth century with an article by Lord Rayleigh (1885). He considered a plane wave traveling along the free boundary of a solid half-space and decaying exponentially with depth. The continuum solid was assumed to be linear-elastic, homogeneous and isotropic. It was established that the velocity of such a wave is independent of the wavelength, i.e., the classical Rayleigh surface wave (RSW) is nondispersive. Because of propagating predominantly in a thin surface layer, the RSW can travel over long distances without considerable attenuation. Due to this, and some other unique properties, the RSW and other surface waves (SW) have found many uses in geophysics, seismology, signal processing and nondestructive evaluation. A review of these applications can be found in the edited volumes of Miklowitz and Achenbach (1978), Oliner (1978), Blakemore and Georgiou (1988), Mal and Singh (1991) Datta et al (1990) and Achenbach (1993).
Dissolution of human cholesterol gallstones in simulated chenodeoxycholate-rich and ursodeoxycholate-rich biles: An in vitro study of dissolution rates and mechanisms

Abstract We have compared the kinetics and physical-chemical mechanisms of human cholesterol gallstone dissolution in simulated normal, chenodeoxycholaterich, and ursodeoxycholate-rich "biles." Owing to reduced micellar cholesterol solubilizing capacities, dissolution rates in ursodeoxycholate-rich biles were initially slower than in normal or chenodeoxycholate-rich biles. At later time points, dissolution rates in ursodeoxycholate-rich bile became accelerated; this was shown to be associated with the development of a lamellar liquid-crystalline phase that took place first on the stones' surfaces and was then followed by dispersion of liquid-crystalline vesicles into the micellar solution. As subsequent dissolution occurred in a two-phase system of micelles and liquid-crystalline vesicles, the quantity of cholesterol solubilized exceeded micellar saturation. In normal and chenodeoxycholate-rich biles, no phase changes were observed either on the surfaces of the stones or in the micellar solution, and the quantity of cholesterol solubilzed was limited by micellar saturation. These results are consistent with phase equilibria diagrams of the simulated bile systems and suggest that the predominant physical-chemical mechanism of in vivo gallstone dissolution with ursodeoxycholic acid is via liquid crystalline dispersion of cholesterol. In contrast, micellar dissolution of cholesterol is the only mechanism possible with chenodeoxycholic acid.
Environmental Change Since the Woodland Period in the Mid-Ohio Valley: Results from Patton Bog Sediment Core Palynological Analyses

Palynological analyses of sediment cores from Patton Bog in southeastern Ohio recorded environmental changes from ca. 1000 B.C. to the present, representing the first pollen core analyzed from this region. Pollen data show an increase in prairie species, implying periodic expansion of grassland environments during the Woodland period coeval with the initial collection and eventual domestication of Eastern Agricultural Complex seeds. It is suggested that these environmental changes influenced human decisions concerning plant domestication and diet in the mid-Ohio Valley.
Cross-Modal Transfer of Avoidance Learning in Rats

Cross-modal avoidance learning was studied in 32 male, albino rats initially trained with either a visual or auditory CS. Half of the rats trained with each CS were retrained with the opposite CS and the rest with the same CS. Analysis indicated that avoidance training with a CS in one modality improves shock-avoidance conditioning with a CS in another sensory modality.
Measurement of a negatively buoyant plume in the coastal waters off freeport, Texas

Abstract Continuous discharge of a nominal 230 part per thousand brine solution was initiated in March 1980 at a rate of approx. 225,000 barrels/day ( 3.58 × 10 7 l/day ) from a submerged multiport diffuser in 70 ft (21.3 m) of water at a distance of 12.5 statute miles (20 km) off the Freeport, Texas coast. A measurement system is described which was designed and used to measure the excess salinity and areal extent of the negatively buoyant brine plume. This system consists of a towing sled in which an in situ conductivity, temperature and depth probe is mounted. The towing sled is towed by Texas A & M University's research vessel, R.V. Excellence, on a predetermined search course through the expected plume area. The probe continuously measures the salinity at distance of 10 in. (25.4 cm) above the sea floor. The measured salinity data are used to construct isohalines of the bottom area, or plume contours, which indicate the areal coverage of the plume and the magnitude of the excess salinity concentration. Vertical salinity profiles were also measured in the plume area to evaluate the vertical extent of the plume. Plume contours and vertical profiles constructed from the data collected on 22, 30 March and 10 April, 1980 are discussed. The largest excess salinity contour was 5 parts per thousand above ambient and the area inside this contour was 6 acres (0.02 km2. The highest vertical extent of the plume was 25 ft (4.6 m). These measurements indicated the bottom mounted diffuser system was successfully diluting the highly concentrated brine solution and natural processes of advection and diffusion were dispersing the plume satisfactorily.
Clinton's Education Policy and Intergovernmental Relations in the 1990s

This article describes key Clinton administration initiatives in education and the framework that underlies them. It then addressesfour aspects ofintergovernmental relationships highlighted by current federal policy: an emphasis on policy coherence within and across governments; the emerging importance of "national, " as opposed to federal, policy leadership; the acceptance of the key role of states in education policy; and, perhaps, more stability in thefederal system related to the convergence ofpolicy at all levels around results or outcomes.
Are Adolescents with Learning Disabilities Successfully Crossing the Bridge into Adult Life

This study investigated the adult adjustment of a statewide random sample of 911 individuals labelled learning disabled who had been graduated from school one year previously. Results are reported ...
Gas-liquid chromatography of protein amino acids separation factors.

Gas-liquid chromatography of natural protein amino acids in biological substances, noting separation characteristics
Adhesion force modeling and measurement for micromanipulation

It is well known that surface effect forces such as van der Waals, electrostatic, and surface tension forces dominate part interactions as part dimensions fall below approximately 100 microns. Many researchers have suggested manipulation strategies that either diminish the effect of these forces or use these forces to advantage. There is little work, however, that comprehensively analyzes, both theoretically and experimentally, the exact contributions of such phenomena as surface roughness, material properties, environmental conditions, etc. to part interactions at microscales. This paper describes our work in developing a high resolution force sensor using optical beam deflection techniques for characterizing object interactions at the microscale. The interactions among a variety of micropart shapes and materials of varying surface roughness and conductivity were analyzed under various environmental conditions. Experimental results of this analysis are presented.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The role of cardiac morbidity in short- and long-term mortality in injured older patients who survive initial resuscitation.

Abstract Background Elderly patients are an increasingly larger group of injured trauma care patients. Comorbidities influence outcome. Little is known of short- and long-term mortality in the elderly who survive initial resuscitation. Methods Short- and long-term mortality was retrospectively analyzed in 363 consecutively injured patients (Injury severity score >15) surviving more than 3 days after admission to a level 1 trauma center (including 197 patients >60 years). Cardiac morbidity was the focus. Results Survival to hospital discharge was similar comparing older patients with the entire group. Mortality increased incrementally with age. In older patients, cardiac morbidity was observed in 28% (fatal in 7); 2-year mortality was 36% (older group) and 60% (patients sustaining cardiac complications). Most elderly (80%) were discharged to long-term care. Conclusions Elderly who survive initial resuscitation are as likely to survive to discharge as younger patients, but long-term survival is significantly lower as age increases. Cardiac morbidity is associated with higher long-term mortality. Most elderly are discharged to long-term care.
Effect of feeding state on the response of horses to repeated bouts of intense exercise

Summary Four mature Standardbred horses were used in a 2-period cross-over design experiment to evaluate the effect of feeding state (fed or fasted) on metabolic response to 2 repeated bouts of exercise. Horses were either fasted 15 to 16 h before exercise or fasted for 12 h and then fed 2 kg of whole corn 2.5 to 3 h before exercise. In the first period, 2 horses in each feeding state were exercised. In the second period, the treatments were switched. The exercise test consisted of 2 exercise bouts separated by a 90 min recovery period. Each exercise bout included a warm-up phase and a high intensity phase (1600 m at 11 m/s on a 2% graded treadmill). Blood samples collected during the exercise test were analysed for glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), insulin and lactate concentrations. Fasted horses had lower insulin concentrations and higher NEFA concentrations at the onset of exercise (P<0.05). NEFA concentrations were consistently higher (P<0.05) in the fasted horses until the high intensity phase of the second exercise bout. Feeding state did not affect heart rate or plasma lactate responses to exercise. Plasma glucose concentrations tended to decline in the fed horses during the first exercise bout. Neither a positive nor a negative effect of feeding state on horses performing repeated bouts of intense exercise were found.
Association of Immunophilins with Mammalian TRPC Channels

Drosophila photoreceptor channels TRP and TRPL are held in a large signalplex by the scaffolding protein, INAD. Immunophilin FKBP59, another member of the signalplex, binds to both INAD and TRPL. Mutation P702Q or P709Q in the highly conserved TRPL sequence (701)LPPPFNVLP(709), eliminates TRPL interaction with FKBP59. The first leucylprolyl (LP) dipeptide in this region is conserved in mammalian TRPC channel proteins. However, the second LP is changed to isoleucylprolyl (IP) in TRPC1, -C4, and -C5, and valylprolyl (VP) in TRPC3, -C6, and -C7. The purpose of the present study was to determine if mammalian FKBP12 or FKBP52 interact with TRPC channel proteins. Using TRPC-specific antibodies, immunoprecipitations from Sf9 cells individually co-expressing each of the TRPC proteins along with the immunophilins showed that TRPC3, -C6, and -C7 interact with FKBP12, whereas TRPC1, -C4, and -C5 interact with FKBP52. The binding of FKBP12 and FKBP52 was specific and could be displaced by the immunosuppressant drug FK506, at concentrations of 0.5 and 10 microm, respectively. To evaluate TRPC-immunophilin interactions in vivo, immunoprecipitations were performed using membrane lysates of rat cerebral cortex. FKBP12 co-immunoprecipitated with TRPC3, -C6, and -C7 from rat brain, whereas FKBP52 was found to associate with TRPC1, -C4, and -C5. The association of immunophilins with the TRPC channels in rat brain lysates could be displaced by FK506. Receptor-mediated activation of TRPC6, stably expressed in HEK cells, was significantly inhibited by FK506, which also disrupted interaction between TRPC6 and the endogenous immunophilin found in HEK cells. Pro to Gln mutations in the first LP dipeptide in the putative FKBP binding domain eliminated FKBP12 and FKBP52 interaction with TRPC3 and -C6, and TRPC1 and -C4, respectively. However, mutual swap of VP and IP in TRPC3 and TRPC5 did not alter the association or the selectivity of the channels for their respective immunophilin binding partner. These results suggest that immunophilins are TRPC channel accessory proteins that play an important role in the mechanism of channel activation following receptor stimulation.
Monolithic GaAs dual-channel digital chirp synthesiser chip

A monolithic direct frequency synthesiser with logic, memory, and linear circuits integrated on the same chip was built with GaAs/AlGaAs H12L technology. The device was clocked at 450 MHz and is capable of operating as a conventional or chirp DDS. >
Combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone in advanced non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas

From July 1971 to July 1974, 58 patients with advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphomas were treated with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone (CVP) at Stanford Medical Center. Utilizing the histopathologic criteria of Rappaport el al., response to CVP was found to be significantly better in the nodular (96.6%) and the diffuse lymphocytic (100%) histologies as compared to the diffuse nonlymphocytic lymphomas (47.6%). A pathologically documented complete remission was obtained in 33.9% of patients and all but two remain disease free for periods of 2-28 months. Concurrent bleomycin was administered to 17 patients during CVP therapy and no improvement in response or median survival was noted. Prior radiation therapy delivered to 21 patients did not adversely affect their response to CVP or their survival. Splenectomy in 17 patients prior to CVP did not improve hematologic tolerance to chemotherapy except in those patients with prior radiation therapy, and there was no improvement in response to CVP or survival. CVP is effective in achieving complete remissions and extended disease-free survivals in advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphomas; both a nodular architecture and a diffuse lymphocytic histology are positive determinants for response to chemotherapy and improved median survival.
A Functional Approach to Transcriptome Profiling : Linking Gene Expression Patterns to Metabolites that Matter

Secondary metabolites or natural products have been isolated from many marine organisms. These metabolites often have important bioactive functions; however, very little information is available regarding the biosynthesis and regulation of many secondary metabolites. At a time when use of marine-derived metabolites is rapidly expanding in industry and pharmacological fields, a better understanding of the genetic mechanisms controlling secondary metabolite production is necessary. We review the recent development of a novel transcriptome profiling methodology that allows for rapid and high-throughput screening of changes in mRNA sequence pools. The application of genomics-based techniques and the integration of both biochemical and molecular data sets in marine organisms complement ongoing drug discovery efforts.
Psychotropic Drugs in Somatic Disorders

Current trends in the employment of psychotropic medication in somatic illness are considered, and some of the theoretical issues raised by this practice are explored. While much further clinical investigation is needed, a review is made of currently available knowledge regarding psychopharmacotherapy in specific clinical settings: pain, delirium, ischemic heart disease, gastrointestinal disorders, dermatological illness, and in renal, hepatic and pulmonary insufficiency.
Chemical studies on the dissolved organic matter in seawater. isolation and fractionation

Abstract The isolation and fraction of dissolved organic matter from seawater using charcoal and alumina chromatography are described. Specotrscopic studies demonstrate distint differences among organic matter from the open ocean, estuarine waters, and sediments.
138 GENETIC PARAMETER ESTIMATION FOR EMBRYO TRANSFER TRAITS

Genetic selection has made tremendous progress on economically important traits in the beef industry. Most of the progress has been from quantitative genetics through use of expected progeny differences (EPD). These values allow prediction of differences in progeny of a sire compared to progeny of other sires. Development of EPD for male and female reproductive traits has largely been ignored because of low heritability of reproductive traits, even though reproduction plays a vital role in the economics of beef operations. Therefore, continued research in the area of genetic selection for fertility is becoming increasingly important. Critical limiting factors for animal breeding programs using MOET nucleus schemes include variability in superovulatory response of donor animals and resulting pregnancy of transferred embryos. Thus, the overall objective of this research was to develop genetic parameters associated with MOET to assist producers in identifying animals with greater genetic merit for these protocols. Records were examined from a large-scale MOET system in beef cattle that contained data only for cows in which at least one transferable embryo was obtained. Data on these animals were extracted and analyzed on 10 425 transferred embryos (2900 collections) from 611 donor animals (Angus, Brangus, and Charolais) utilizing semen from 215 bulls. Phenotypic traits examined included pregnancy status of the recipient following transfer (ET-preg; determined by rectal palpation at 60 days post-transfer and/or confirmed calving date of recipient), number of transferable embryos per collection (ET-trans), and number of unfertilized ova at collection (ET-UFO). Basic statistical analysis and pedigree/trait files were developed using procedures in SAS (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Genetic parameters were estimated for a single-trait animal model using restricted maximum likelihood (REML) procedures in Wombat (Meyer K 2007 Zhejiang Uni. Science B 8, 815–821). Wombat also computed EPD and standard errors for each trait evaluated. The model included fixed effects of year as well as random animal and residual effects. The EPD for ET-preg ranged from –6.1 to 4.4% (SE = 2.2 to 4.2) for semen sires (sires of the transferred embryos) and –5.3 to 3.8% (SE = 3.2 to 4.2) for donor animals. Additionally, the heritability estimated for ET-preg was 0.03. Heritability estimated for ET-trans was 0.00, indicating minute genetic variation and thus, EPD were not presented. Heritability estimated for ET-UFO was 0.05 with EPD values (deviation of the number of UFO from the mean) ranging from –0.6 to 0.8 (SE = 0.3 to 0.6) for semen sires and –0.4 to 1.1 (SE = 0.5 to 0.6) for donor cows. As previously shown for reproductive traits, heritability of ET-preg, ET-trans, and ET-UFO was low. Genetic improvement in fertility by selection on embryo transfer traits is possible, but progress would be slow. Further studies are underway on a larger dataset to refine these estimates and to examine repeatability.
Training the next generation of pluripotent stem cell researchers

Human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have the unique properties of being able to proliferate indefinitely in their undifferentiated state and of being able to differentiate into any somatic cell type. These cells are thus posited to be extremely useful for furthering our understanding of both normal and abnormal human development, providing a human cell preparation that can be used to screen for new reagents or therapeutic agents, and generating large numbers of differentiated cells that can be used for transplantation purposes. PSCs in culture have a specific morphology and they express characteristic surface antigens and nuclear transcription factors; thus, PSC culture is very specific and requires a core skill set for successful propagation of these unique cells. Specialized PSC training courses have been extremely valuable in seeding the scientific community with researchers that possess this skill set.