cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Giant shoot apical meristems in cacti have ordinary leaf primordia but altered phyllotaxy and shoot diameter.

d Background and Aims Shoot apical meristems (SAMs) in most seed plants are quite uniform in size and zonation, and molecular genetic studies of Arabidopsis and other model plants are revealing details of SAM morphogenesis. Some cacti have SAMs much larger than those of A. thaliana and other seed plants. This study examined how SAM size affects leaf primordium (LP) size, phyllotaxy and shoot diameter. d Methods. Apices from 183 species of cacti were fixed, microtomed and studied by light microscopy. d Key Results Cactus SAM diameter varies from 93 to 2565 mm, the latter being 36 times wider than SAMs of A. thaliana and having a volume 45 thousand times larger. Phyllotaxy ranges from distichous to having 56 rows of leaves and is not restricted to Fibonacci numbers. Leaf primordium diameter ranges from 44 to 402 mm, each encompassing many more cells than do LP of other plants. Species with high phyllotaxy have smaller LP, although the correlation is weak. There is almost no correlation between SAM diameter and LP size, but SAM diameter is strongly correlated with shoot diameter, with shoots being about 189·5 times wider than SAMs. d Conclusions Presumably, genes such as SHOOT-MERISTEMLESS, WUSCHEL and CLAVATA must control much larger volumes of SAM tissue in cacti than they do in A. thaliana, and genes such as PERIANTHIA might establish much more extensive fields of inhibition around LP. These giant SAMs should make it possible to more accurately map gene expression patterns relative to SAM zonation and LP sites. a 2004 Annals of Botany Company
Keeping the Unit Safe: Mapping Psychiatric Nursing Skills

BACKGROUND: The de-escalation skills of inpatient psychiatric nurses are considered key to violence prevention. Yet their efficacy and translation into practice remains in question. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to describe the de-escalation skills of psychiatric nurses. In the process, the investigators uncover ways nurses interact with patients to create and maintain a safe environment. STUDY DESIGN: Grounded theory methods are used to collect and analyze data derived from staff interviews and direct observation of milieu interactions. RESULTS: Staff behaviors are seen to create a safe milieu and promote a positive unit culture. Skills critical to maintaining a safe environment center on nurses’ awareness, attending, caring, and connecting. CONCLUSIONS: The behaviors identified in this study are at the heart of managing the clinical context of acute psychiatric units. Attention to these behaviors is especially critical in light of the staff expertise needed to keep the unit safe.
Judicial Ethics, Law Clerks and Politics

This article discusses ethics for judges and law clerks when law clerks run for office in New York.
The integration of optical flow and deformable models with applications to human face shape and motion estimation

We present a formal methodology for the integration of optical flow and deformable models. The optical flow constraint equation provides a non-holonomic constraint on the motion of the deformable model. In this augmented system, forces computed from edges and optical flow are used simultaneously. When this dynamic system is solved, a model-based least-squares solution for the optical flow is obtained and improved estimation results are achieved. The use of a 3-D model reduces or eliminates problems associated with optical flow computation. This approach instantiates a general methodology for treating visual cues as constraints on deformable models. We apply this framework to human face shape and motion estimation. Our 3-D deformable face model uses a small number of parameters to describe a rich variety of face shapes and facial expressions. We present experiments in extracting the shape and motion of a face from image sequences.
PerM: Efficient Mapping of Short Sequencing Reads with Periodic Full Sensitive Spaced Seeds

Motivation: The explosion of next generation sequencing data has spawned the design of new algorithms and software tools to provide efficient mapping for different read lengths and sequencing technologies. In particular, ABI’s sequencer (SOLiD system) poses a big computational challenge with its capacity to produce very large amounts of data, and its unique strategy of encoding sequence data into color signals. Results: We present the mapping software, named PerM (Periodic Seed Mapping) that uses periodic spaced seeds to significantly improve mapping efficiency for large reference genomes when compared to state-of-the-art programs. The data structure in PerM requires only 4.5 bytes per base to index the human genome, allowing entire genomes to be loaded to memory while multiple processors simultaneously map reads to the reference. Weight maximized periodic seeds offer full sensitivity for up to three mismatches and high sensitivity for four and five mismatches while minimizing the number random hits per query, significantly speeding up running time. Such sensitivity makes PerM a valuable mapping tool for SOLiD and Solexa reads.
Noninvasive monitoring of autonomic cardiovascular control during stress

The authors examined noninvasively the autonomic cardiovascular control during Valsalva maneuver. In order to assess the extent of the control, heart rate (HR), T-wave amplitude (TWA), pulse transit time (PTT), and finger pulse volume (FPV) were monitored continuously through a PC-based computer system. Results show that Valsalva maneuver can be used as a noninvasive means of manipulating autonomic effects on the heart and blood vessels and that the system is effective for monitoring these effects. >
Inhibition of Cyclic AMP Accumulation in Intact NCB‐20 Cells as a Direct Result of Elevation of Cytosolic Ca2+

: Earlier studies established that adenylyl cyclase in NCB-20 cell plasma membranes is inhibited by concentrations of Ca2+ that are achieved in intact cells. The present studies were undertaken to prove that agents such as bradykinin and ATP, which elevate the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) from internal stores in NCB-20 cells, could inhibit cyclic AMP (cAMP) accumulation as a result of their mobilization of [Ca2+]i and not by other mechanisms. Both bradykinin and ATP transiently inhibited [3H]cAMP accumulation in parallel with their transient mobilization of [Ca2+]i. The [Ca2+]i rise stimulated by bradykinin could be blocked by treatment with thapsigargin; this thapsigargin treatment precluded the inhibition of cAMP accumulation mediated by bradykinin (and ATP). A rapid rise in [Ca2+]i, as elicited by bradykinin, rather than the slow rise evoked by thapsigargin was required for inhibition of [3H]cAMP accumulation. Desensitization of protein kinase C did not modify the inhibitory action of bradykinin on [3H]cAMP. Effects of Ca2+ on phosphodiesterase were also excluded in the present studies. The accumulated data are consistent with the hypothesis that hormonal mobilization of [Ca2+]i leads directly to the inhibition of cAMP accumulation in these cells and presumably in other cells that express the Ca2+-inhibitable form of adenylyl cyclase.
Optimum Routes in Communication Systems with Channel Capacities and Channel Reliabilities

Given a communication system in which there is associated with each channel a channel capacity and a channel reliability, algorithms are developed for finding routes between a given pair of stations, with maximum capacity and with reliability not less than some prescribed minimum value.
A facilitated cyclic ether formation and its potential application in solid-phase peptide and organic synthesis.

A "trimethyl lock" system has been known to facilitate lactonization reactions through what has been termed a stereopopulation control mechanism. We have found that a similar trimethyl lock system can also facilitate cyclic ether formation with the concomitant release of a carboxylic acid in the presence of anhydrous tetrabutylammonium fluoride. To study this base-mediated trimethyl lock-facilitated cyclic ether formation, we synthesized fifteen model compounds. All model compounds underwent base-mediated cyclic ether formation in high yields at 0 degree C to room temperature (r.t.) with the concomitant release of the attached carboxylate. Such a system potentially could be used for the development of a two-dimensional linker for solid phase peptide and organic synthesis.
Verification of microarchitectural refinements in rule-based systems

Microarchitectural refinements are often required to meet performance, area, or timing constraints when designing complex digital systems. While refinements are often straightforward to implement, it is difficult to formally specify the conditions of correctness for those which change cycle-level timing. As a result, in the later stages of design only those changes are considered that do not affect timing and whose verification can be automated using tools for checking FSM equivalence. This excludes an essential class of microarchitectural changes, such as the insertion of a register in a long combinational path to meet timing. A design methodology based on guarded atomic actions, or rules, offers an opportunity to raise the notion of correctness to a more abstract level. In rule-based systems, many useful refinements can be expressed simply by breaking a single rule into smaller rules which execute the original operation in multiple steps. Since the smaller rule executions can be interleaved with other rules, the verification task is to determine that no new behaviors have been introduced. We formalize this notion of correctness and present a tool based on SMT solvers that can automatically prove that a refinement is correct, or provide concrete information as to why it is not correct. With this tool, a larger class of refinements at all stages of the design process can be verified easily. We demonstrate the use of our tool in proving the correctness of the refinement of a processor pipeline from four stages to five.
An RNA enhancer in a phage transcriptional antitermination complex functions as a structural switch

Antitermination protein N regulates the transcriptional program of phage λ through recognition of RNA enhancer elements. Binding of an arginine-rich peptide to one face of an RNA hairpin organizes the other, which in turn binds to the host antitermination complex. The induced RNA structure mimics a GNRA hairpin, an organizational element of rRNA and ribozymes. The two faces of the RNA, bridged by a sheared GA base pair, exhibit a specific pattern of base stacking and base flipping. This pattern is extended by stacking of an aromatic amino acid side chain with an unpaired adenine at the N-binding surface. Such extended stacking is coupled to induction of a specific internal RNA architecture and is blocked by RNA mutations associated in vivo with loss of transcriptional antitermination activity. Mimicry of a motif of RNA assembly by an RNA–protein complex permits its engagement within the antitermination machinery.
Behavioral Implications of Big Data's Impact on Audit Judgment and Decision Making and Future Research Directions

SYNOPSIS: This paper addresses information processing weaknesses and limitations that can impede the effective use and analysis of Big Data in an audit environment. Drawing on the literature from p...
Impact of Atrial Fibrillation on Healthcare Utilization in the Community: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

BackgroundAtrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with increased risk of hospitalization. Little is known about the impact of AF on utilization of noninpatient health care or about sex or race diffe...
Tiam1-IRSp53 Complex Formation Directs Specificity of Rac-Mediated Actin Cytoskeleton Regulation

The exchange factor Tiam1 regulates multiple cellular functions by activating the Rac GTPase. Active Rac has various effects in cells, including alteration of actin cytoskeleton and gene expression, via binding to and modulating the activity of diverse effector proteins. How individual Rac effectors are selected for activation and regulated in response to upstream signals is not well understood. We find that Tiam1 contributes to both of these processes by binding to IRSp53, an adaptor protein that is an effector for both Rac and Cdc42. Tiam1 directs IRSp53 to Rac signaling by enhancing IRSp53 binding to both active Rac and the WAVE2 scaffold. Moreover, Tiam1 promotes IRSp53 localization to Rac-induced lamellipodia rather than Cdc42-induced filopodia. Finally, IRSp53 depletion from cells prevents Tiam1-dependent lamellipodia induced by Tiam1 overexpression or platelet-derived growth factor stimulation. These findings indicate that Tiam1 not only activates Rac but also contributes to Rac signaling specificity through binding to IRSp53.
Cold tests of a spoke cavity prototype for RIA

We report results of high-power pulse conditioning of a superconducting niobium spoke cavity for the RIA (Rare Isotope Accelerator) project. The 350 MHz, v/c=0.4 structure has a design accelerating gradient of 5 MV/m. With the recent operation of a 5-kW, 350 MHz amplifier and a series of pulse and helium conditioning operations, the design goal has been met with an input power of less than 10 W at T = 4.3 K. Experimental measurements of the cavity mechanical and vibrational properties and measurements of X-rays resulting from field emission are presented. Results of additional cavity surface reprocessing using newly installed chemical polish and high-pressure rinse facilities will also be reported.
Tense switching in narrative English discourse of Navajo and Western Apache speakers

This paper summarizes some characteristics of Navajo and Western Apache speakers' tense switching in English and some observations on native English speakers' tense switching. It is suggested to teachers who have Southwestern Indian students in their classes to avoid restricting students to one particular tense in an artificial manner and to approach interlingual tense switching within a contrastive framework.
NMDA receptor structures reveal subunit arrangement and pore architecture

N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are Hebbian-like coincidence detectors, requiring binding of glycine and glutamate in combination with the relief of voltage-dependent magnesium block to open an ion conductive pore across the membrane bilayer. Despite the importance of the NMDA receptor in the development and function of the brain, a molecular structure of an intact receptor has remained elusive. Here we present X-ray crystal structures of the Xenopus laevis GluN1-GluN2B NMDA receptor with the allosteric inhibitor, Ro25-6981, partial agonists and the ion channel blocker, MK-801. Receptor subunits are arranged in a 1-2-1-2 fashion, demonstrating extensive interactions between the amino-terminal and ligand-binding domains. The transmembrane domains harbour a closed-blocked ion channel, a pyramidal central vestibule lined by residues implicated in binding ion channel blockers and magnesium, and a ∼twofold symmetric arrangement of ion channel pore loops. These structures provide new insights into the architecture, allosteric coupling and ion channel function of NMDA receptors.
IMMUNITY IN MUMPS : III. THE COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST AS AN AID IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF MUMPS MENINGOENCEPHALITIS.

1. Fifty-one patients exhibiting signs and symptoms compatible with the clinical syndrome of acute aseptic meningoencephalitis have been studied by means of the complement fixation test for the demonstration of antibody reacting with the virus of mumps or its products. 2. In 17 of these individuals in whom the clinical diagnosis could be made with assurance because of an associated enlargement of the salivary glands, the test yielded evidence of recent infection with the virus. 3. In 16 patients without involvement of the salivary glands the results of the test likewise indicated recent infection with this virus. 4. In the remaining 18 patients the test gave no evidence of a recent infection with the virus. 5. Except for histories of recent exposure obtained from certain of the individuals in whom the complement fixation test was considered to be positive, the characteristics of the disease and the data afforded by the usual laboratory studies failed to distinguish the last 2 groups. 6. On the basis of these findings, it is concluded that the complement fixation test should be of value in the diagnosis of those cases of acute aseptic meningoencephalitis in which the virus of mumps is the etiologic agent and in which involvement of the salivary glands is slight or absent.
I.—The Geological History of South Africa

The subject of this address is a brief acount of the succession, thickness, and geological history of the South African, and more especially of the Transvaal, formations. The information necessary for such an account is of course very incomplete, but in broad outline the succession is now known, and some speculation as to the physical conditions that prevailed during the building up of the region may perhaps be permitted. I propose to deal with the period of the geological history of this country that came to an end with the close of Karroo times. The Karroo period ends with the Stormberg rocks (Rhaeitic), and since that time South Africa has, with the exception of a small coastal area, been a land surface, and the rocks have consequently been exposed uninterruptedly to the forces of denudation.
The anatomy of a follow‐up

This article describes the methods that were used to maximize subject retention in an 8-12 year follow-up study of 454 men. Guidelines and suggestions are given regarding follow-up structure, strategies to relocate lost subjects, and efforts to maintain contact and ensure subject cooperation. Through these methods all 454 subjects have been located, and at the present time an estimated 98% or greater will be completely evaluated at follow-up. Hopefully these suggestions will be helpful to researchers and clinicians interested in longitudinal studies.
Inside the Museum: Galicia Jewish Museum: Re-defining the role of the Jewish museum in a post-communist Poland

For nearly 15 years, Dr. Jonathan Webber, a historian of Polish Jewry and a keen observer of contemporary Jewish life, and Chris Schwarz, a photographer and cultural activist, wandered every inch o...
The Detection and Characterization of Nanoparticulate Heavy Metals in Epithelial Tissues in Patients with Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy

Certain diseases have been associated with the administration of heavy elements as contrast agents to patients undergoing medical imaging procedures. Recently, the presence of gadolinium (Gd) administered as a paramagnetic contrast agent for MRI contrast studies was associated with the incidence of Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy (NFD), also called Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (NSF). To determine specific causation, Gd and other metallic nanoparticles in various tissues must be detected directly and characterized in-situ. This is done to develop specific mechanisms for the chemical modification of the metal elements as the result of a biologic response. Fixed biopsies embedded in paraffin were sectioned at 3-5 μm thick, deparaffinized by hand (xylene and 100% ethyl alcohol), placed on carbon planchettes, and allowed to air dry. Deparaffinized tissues were examined using a field emission SEM (FE-SEM) to directly detect and image the presence of Gd as well as other metals. Backscatter electron (BSE) imaging (20kV) was used to discern metal particles within tissues. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) (15kV) was used to verify the specific elements present. This allowed for the spatial characterization of the nanoparticles within the tissues but due to the physical limitations of SEM/EDS, quantification of the amount of metal was not possible. Mass concentration of the metal elements was determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) on digested tissues. Thick tissue sections, >30 μm, were used for ICP-MS to provide enough mass for detection. These sections were taken from the histology blocks adjacent to the thin sections used in the FE-SEM. Gadolinium was detected in skin, heart, lung and liver tissues. The highest concentrations were found in heart and skin; both had average tissue concentrations greater than 200μg/g (100-450μg/g range). In skin, gadolinium nano-particulates were readily seen near cell body locations in autopsy samples and within the cells in biopsy samples. The cells where gadolinium was most easily found were along blood vessels. In the cells the agglomerates appear granular with a size of less than 100 nm. They are diffused throughout the cell but as of this time not associated with any particular cell structure. Subsequent work using TEM will examine that aspect as well as the specific ultrastructure and chemistry of the nanoparticles. In this investigation, gadolinium was detected in the tissues of a number of patients with NSF. Although neither dispositive of a pathophysiologic mechanism, nor proof of causation, the detection and quantification of gadolinium within tissues of NSF patients is supportive of the epidemiologic association between exposure to gadolinium containing contrast material and development of the disease.
Effect of oviductal fluids on oxidative phosphorylation in spermatozoa.

SummaryResults are presented that confirm an increase in oxygen uptake by porcine spermatozoa incubated in the presence of estrous oviductal fluids and indicate that increased oxygen uptake is paralleled by a proportional increase in energy production. Spermatozoa incubated in the presence of nonestrous oviductal fluid consumed more oxygen than controls; however, P/O ratios were significantly lower.
Stimulation of rat uterine collagen synthesis by relaxin.

AbstractImmature, ovariectomized, estrogen-primed rats respond to the administration of porcine relaxin by an increase in the incorporation of labeled amino acids ([14C]leucine, [14C]phenylalanine, [3H]proline) into uterine proteins in vitro. The maximum response occurs about 12 hr after a single injection of 0.1 mg relaxin in benzopurpurine 4B solution; subsequently, the relaxin effect declines but is still apparent after 24 hr. Smaller, but still significant increases in incorporation rates can be induced by relaxin in the absence of estrogen priming. Uterine collagen synthesis, as indicated by the incorporation of [3H]proline and its conversion to hydroxyproline, appears to be a primary target of the relaxin stimulus, since the effect of relaxin upon proline incorporation into uterine collagen is significantly greater than its effect upon labeling of noncollagen protein.
Treatment of nitrite-induced methemoglobinemia with hyperbaric oxygen.

SummaryHyperbaric oxygen decreases nitrite-induced mortality and methemoglobinemia. The action of HPO in reducing methemoglobin levels is brought about by hindering the oxidation of hemoglobin by nitrite. HPO had no effect on the erythrocyte reductase systems in reducing methemoglobin.
THROMBUS IN TRANSIT ACROSS THE PATENT FORAMEN OVALE

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is common occurring in approximately 10-35% of patients. Paradoxical emboli are less so, but we presume that a paradoxical embolism causes cryptogenic stroke in patients with a PFO. It is rare to find a thrombus in transit. Case Description: 62 year old male presented
Nonresponse Bias in Student Evaluations of Teaching

Response rates in student evaluations of teaching (SET) surveys are often low, especially when conducted online. These lower response rates raise the question of nonresponse bias. This article examines a data set comprising student evaluations of 6,754 business courses occurring over an 11-year period to investigate whether response rate is related to SET scores and distributions. The authors found that an increased response rate was associated with lower average SET scores for high-SET teachers, and associated with higher average SET scores for low-SET teachers. Furthermore, the authors found that low response rates are associated with lower variance in SET scores. Implications are discussed.
Psychotherapies and Somatic Therapies in Affective Disorders

The past two decades have witnessed an unprecedented growth in the number of treatments available for affective disorders both in pharmacotherapies and in the psychotherapies. This article reviews the scientific issues in evaluating the psychotherapies, vis-a-vis somatic therapies, as well as the special problems in assessing the efficacy of combined treatments.
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of bladder and prostate: nuclear DNA patterns studied by flow cytometry.

AbstractNuclear deoxyribonucleic acid ploidy studies with paraffin-embedded archival tumor specimens were performed by flow cytometry on extracted nuclei from 13 embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas of the bladder and prostate. Preparation of embedded tissue specimens into single dissociated nuclei was by the Hedley technique and they were stained with propidium iodide according to the Vindel0v method. Before the era of chemotherapy, 6 of 7 patients died of disease at a median of 5.5 months post-treatment. All 6 deaths occurred in patients with deoxyribonucleic acid aneuploid patterns that were stage II or greater. The 1 survivor had a deoxyribonucleic acid aneuploid pattern and stage I disease and is alive at 12 years of followup. Since 1971, 6 patients were treated with primary polychemotherapy and surgery. All 6 patients are alive without evidence of disease at a mean followup of 75 months (range 12 to 180 months). All 6 patients had deoxyribonucleic acid aneuploid tumors. One patient was stage I and 5 patients...
Optimal multi-focus contourlet-based image fusion algorithm selection

Multi-focus image fusion is becoming increasingly prevalent, as there is a strong initiative to maximize visual information in a single image by fusing the salient data from multiple images for visualization. This allows an analyst to make decisions based on a larger amount of information in a more efficient manner because multiple images need not be cross-referenced. The contourlet transform has proven to be an effective multi-resolution transform for both denoising and image fusion through its ability to pick up the directional and anisotropic properties while being designed to decompose the discrete two-dimensional domain. Many studies have been done to develop and validate algorithms for wavelet image fusion, but the contourlet has not been as thoroughly studied. When the contourlet coefficients for the wavelet coefficients are substituted in image fusion algorithms, it is contourlet image fusion. There are a multitude of methods for fusing these coefficients together and the results demonstrate that there is an opportunity for fusing coefficients together in the contourlet domain for multi-focus images. This paper compared the algorithms with a variety of no reference image fusion metrics including information theory based, image feature based and structural similarity based assessments to select the image fusion method.
Localization of noise in a reverberant environment

The effect of room acoustics on the human ability to localize a broad-band noise wasstudied in a variable-acoustics concert hall, the Espace de Projection (ESPRO) at theInstitut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique (Hartmann, 1983). In thatstudy the noise was turned on slowly to eliminate attack transients. Listeners provedable to localize such slow-onset noise accurately, substantially more accurately thanthey could localize a complex tone with a slow onset. The explanation given for thisadvantage with noise was that its ﬁne structure is transient and can trigger the prece-dence effect, a perceptual process that enhances the accuracy of sound localizationin rooms (Wallach, Newman, and Rosenzweig, 1949; Litovsky, Colburn, Yost andGuzman, 1999). A question left unanswered at that time was whether the availabilityof an attack transient might further enhance the localization of noise in a room. Thatquestion is addressed here.The ESPRO study also revealed an interesting decision-making strategy withslow onsets. The listeners tended to make their decisions early, while the noise en-velope was still rising. During this interval, the reverberant ﬁeld of the room had notfully formed and the direct sound stood out by comparison. It was conjectured thatlisteners chose to exploit this early advantage, even though the direct sound was stillrelatively faint. As a result, it is possible that the ESPRO experiments did not fairlyrepresent the ability of the listeners to localize noise based on steady-state conditionsonly. The present study introduces a new onset method whereby only the steady-statesound ﬁeld is available to the listeners.Still another ﬁnding of the ESPRO study was that listeners localized noise lessaccurately in a reverberant conﬁguration of the hall than in an absorbing conﬁgura-tion. To account for the increased error with increased reverberation, it was proposedthat reverberated sound acts as a masker that obscures the direct sound, an effect thatcould be quantiﬁed by a direct-reverberant sound power ratio. That ratio is a key pa-rameter in the present study. In sum, the present study was undertaken to learn more
Inorganic-Organic Thiol-ene Coated Mesh for Oil/Water Separation.

A highly efficient mesh for oil/water separation was fabricated by using a superhydrophobic and superoleophilic coating of thiol–ene hybrid, consisting of pentaerythritol tetra(3-mercaptopropionate) (PETMP), 2,4,6,8-tetramethyl-2,4,6,8-tetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane (TMTVSi), and hydrophobic fumed silica nanoparticles, via a simple two-step fabrication process. Spray deposition and UV curing photopolymerization were sequentially performed, during which solvent evaporation provides microscale roughness while nanoparticle aggregation forms nanoscale roughness. The hierarchical morphologies were stabilized after UV curing photopolymerization. High contact angle (>150°) and low roll-off angle (<5°) were achieved due to the multiscale roughness structure of the hierarchical morphologies. These coatings also have excellent chemical resistance, as well as temperature and pH stability, after curing.
Symposium introduction to Hayekian themes in The Order of Public Reason

This introduction provides an overview of the papers in the symposium on Hayekian themes in The Order of Public Reason.
Isolated Unilateral Tongue Atrophy: A Possible Late Complication of Juxta Cephalic Radiation Therapy

BACKGROUND Isolated unilateral hypoglossal nerve injury is extremely rare. It may be caused by radiation therapy targeting neoplasms of the cephalic region. CASE REPORT A 51-year-old man with synovial sarcoma of the left upper arm status post extensive radiation therapy in 1980 presented in late 2014 with gradual onset of speech difficulty and difficulty moving his tongue for a couple of weeks. Neurological examination revealed isolated left-sided unilateral tongue atrophy. Postradiation residual extensive cicatrix with erythema over the whole left upper extremity extending to the neck on the affected side was noticed. On head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before and after administration of gadolinium, he was found to have asymmetrically fatty striations, atrophy, and fibrosis in the left tongue consistent with radiation toxicity. The patient's tongue weakness persisted without improvement. CONCLUSIONS The diagnosis of unilateral hypoglossal nerve injury is usually difficult. Detailed neurological examinations and thorough investigations including head MRI are very helpful. Previous exposure to radiation therapy is a potential cause of hypoglossal nerve injury. To our knowledge, this is the first case report that presents isolated unilateral tongue atrophy as a late complication of juxta cephalic radiation therapy.
Material Negotiations: Women Writing the Short Story

The short story’s etymology begins, according to a bevy of critics, with its definition by Edgar Allan Poe in his 1842 review of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s ‘Twice-Told Tales’. In it, he asserted that the short story was a unique genre whose primary trait was unity of impression, a single effect created by the force of narrative totality—what happens when one reads a short story in one sitting. The short story did exist before 1880; however, in the 1880s and 1890s it became a linchpin of periodical literature. Dean Baldwin characterizes publishing conditions in the early Victorian period as ‘traditional, even a bit sleepy’ due to the dominance of triple-decker novels and the influence of lending libraries like Mudie’s, but as lending libraries began to collapse in the 1890s, so too did the three-volume novel’s stranglehold on the market. The short story’s profile in the literary periodical rose so quickly that writers such as H.G. Wells later exclaimed that in the 1890s, ‘short stories broke out everywhere’. The proliferation of periodicals enabled the rise of the short story as a complex genre notable for its diversity.
Content-driven detection of cyberbullying on the instagram social network

We study detection of cyberbullying in photo-sharing networks, with an eye on developing early-warning mechanisms for the prediction of posted images vulnerable to attacks. Given the overwhelming increase in media accompanying text in online social networks, we investigate use of posted images and captions for improved detection of bullying in response to shared content. We validate our approaches on a dataset of over 3000 images along with peer-generated comments posted on the Instagram photo-sharing network, running comprehensive experiments using a variety of classifiers and feature sets. In addition to standard image and text features, we leverage several novel features including topics determined from image captions and a pretrained convolutional neural network on image pixels. We identify the importance of these advanced features in assisting detection of cyberbullying in posted comments. We also provide results on classification of images and captions themselves as potential targets for cyberbullies.
Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy

Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) is a radiation delivery technique that allows “dose sculpting” to improve target coverage while sparing normal tissues. In an IMRT plan, the number of photons delivered (or “fluence”) varies within a field. Such variability can be used to avoid normal structures with lower radiation tolerance than the cancer and increases the ability to provide focal treatment. It does require significant quality assurance and consideration of patient setup and target motion to ensure treatment accuracy. While the technique itself is not more efficacious in achieving biochemical control, its ability to spare normal tissues allows for dose escalation, which does provide improved prostate cancer control. For prostate cancer, the cancer control benefit of dose escalation has driven a widespread adoption of IMRT for definitive external beam radiotherapy.
Should Side Effects Influence the Selection of Antidiabetic Therapies in Type 2 Diabetes

There are currently over 40 different drugs in 12 distinct classes approved in the USA to treat patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This review summarizes our current knowledge about potential side effects of antidiabetic therapy and attempts to apply it to a clinical practice setting. Given the heterogeneity of both the patients and the disease, it is mathematically impossible to test every available drug combination in long-term outcome, prospective, randomized blinded fashion before a clinician decides which agent(s) to prescribe to a specific patient in a given situation. To complicate the clinician’s dilemma, there is lack of available tests to predict an individual’s response or propensity to side effects. Further, the data available are derived from small, short-term registration trials and typically focus on relative rather than absolute risks of any given drug and do not address the potential adverse outcomes if a patient’s diabetes remains untreated. Clinicians have to personalize their choice of antidiabetic therapy based both on the specific characteristics of the patient in front of them (stage of diabetes and its complications, overall health status, socioeconomic situation, other medications present, desire to improve control of diabetes, etc.) and the current knowledge about the relative and absolute balance of benefits and risks of any individual medication in that specific patient. It has to be recognized that this requires constant re-evaluation as database of our experience with antidiabetic therapy expands.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation: A single-center experience in the present era

Abstract Objective Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation has been used as a bridge to lung transplantation in patients with rapid pulmonary function deterioration. The reported success of this modality and perioperative and functional outcomes are varied. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all patients who underwent lung transplantation at our institution over 1 year (January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2015). Patients were divided into 2 groups depending on whether they required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support as a bridge to transplant; preoperative characteristics, lung transplantation outcomes, and survival were compared between groups. Results Of the 93 patients, 12 (13%) received bridge to transplant, and 81 (87%) did not. Patients receiving bridge to transplant were younger, had higher lung allocation scores, had lower functional status, and were more often on mechanical ventilation at listing. Most patients who received bridge to transplant (n = 10, 83.3%) had pulmonary fibrosis. Mean pretransplant extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support was 103.6 hours in duration (range, 16-395 hours). All patients who received bridge to transplant were decannulated immediately after lung transplantation but were more likely to return to the operating room for secondary chest closure or rethoracotomy. Grade 3 primary graft dysfunction within 72 hours was similar between groups. Lung transplantation success and hospital discharge were 100% in the bridge to transplant group; however, these patients experienced longer hospital stays and higher rates of discharge to acute rehabilitation. The 1-year survival was 100% in the bridge to transplant group and 91% in the non–bridge to transplant group (log-rank, P = .24). The 1-year functional status was excellent in both groups. Conclusions Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation can be used to safely bridge high-acuity patients with end-stage lung disease to lung transplantation with good 30-day, 90-day, and 1-year survival and excellent 1-year functional status. Long-term outcomes are being studied.
Does globalisation affect the shadow economy

We investigate the impact of globalisation on the shadow economy using panel data for 119 countries. Our evidence suggests that globalisation matters in mitigating shadow development. More specifically, we find that political globalisation reduces the shadow economy, whereas economic and social globalisations have limited statistical support after controlling for important factors that affect the size of the shadow economy. Overall, these results are robust after accounting for an alternative measure of the shadow economy, outliers, endogeneity and alternative model specifications.
Linguistic Privilege and Justice: What Can We Learn from STEM?

AbstractThe linguistic privilege of native speakers in scientific communication, both oral and written, has been widely reported to influence researchers’ publications and careers in and beyond academia. I examine social structure and communication in the Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) fields through the example of big science and attempt to answer the question of why language injustice has a less significant effect on non-native scientists and engineers than on philosophy scholars. I do so by scrutinizing the role of signs and nonlinguistic boundary objects in STEM practice and written communication. I also argue that although high-energy physics is relatively linguistically inclusive, it is marked by linguistic privilege of certain groups that bears a structural character which is not common in STEM and is predominant mainly in megascience. I finally suggest that insofar as rhetoric in STEM is generally modest, its practices can serve as an example for analytic philosophy, which...
The Role of Thromboelastography Testing in the Emergency Medicine, Trauma Center, and Critical Care Environments

Thromboelastography (TEG) has been gaining attention for its potential use in a variety of disease of states to guide therapies and determine prognosis. This review will explore recent research specifically regarding the use of thromboelastography in the emergency, trauma, and critical care clinical environments. Thromboelastography has its drawbacks. TEG has wide operator and machine variability. Known coagulopathic states may exhibit normal viscoelastic results, indicating inconsistent results. Thromboelastography has shown to decrease transfusion of blood products in traumatic hemorrhage. In sepsis, both hypercoagulable and hypocoagulable states occur. Patients with certain neurological conditions may have disparate results on viscoelastic testing. Patients with intracranial bleeding and hematoma expansion were found to be hypocoagulopathic, whereas acute ischemic stroke patients tend to have hypercoagulopathic results. The bottom line is that thromboelastography requires further study before standard utilization for emergency and critical care departments.
Evaluation of Double Stranded RNA for the Prevention of Infectious Myonecrosis Virus (IMNV) in Litopenaeus vannamei

Double stranded RNA was synthesized in vitro with sequences corresponding to portions of the IMNV genome and were injected into shrimp prior to challenge with IMNV. This is the first time these methods have been used to prevent IMN in shrimp.
Penile Girth Enlargement Strategies: What's the Evidence?

Abstract Introduction Most men seeking penile girth augmentation have physiologically normal penises but may suffer from severe preoccupation with penis size known as penile dysmorphophobic disorder. Aim To describe the medical, procedural, and reconstructive techniques available for penile girth enhancement and to review the success and complications of each modality. Methods A comprehensive review of peer-reviewed publications on the topic was performed through a PubMed search. Key search terms included penis, enhancement, enlargement, phalloplasty, reconstruction, girth, and augmentation. Main Outcome Measure We wanted to summarize the motivations behind penile girth enhancement and review the outcomes for girth augmentation treatments. Results Various medical, traction, injection, prosthetic, and reconstructive modalities have been studied for penile girth enhancement, with increases in girth ranging from 0-4.9 cm. Complications were reported in a minority of patients, but they may be devastating and include penile fibrosis, sexual dysfunction, device infection, and death. Conclusion A variety of penile girth augmentation techniques have been studied. Clinical guidelines are lacking, and complications of penile girth enhancement are likely underreported. Until more rigorous investigation with accurate reporting of complications is achieved, penile girth augmentation procedures should be considered experimental. Hehemann MC, Towe M, Huynh LM, et al. Penile Girth Enlargement Strategies: What’s the Evidence? Sex Med 2019;7:535–547.
Cultural Discourses About Immigration, Mothering, and Disability in Korea: An Ethnographic Interview Study

This paper investigates ableism in the context of marriage-labor immigration in Korea, as demonstrated in the circulating discourses about mothering, cultural others, and deficits. I use examples from ethnographic interviews to underline the deficit perspective prevalent in Korean society, associating marriage-labor immigrant families with insufficiency, inferiority, and disability. Cultural Discourses About Immigration, Mothering, and Disability in Korea: An Ethnographic Interview Study by MinSoo Kim-Bossard is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Based on a work at https://rdsjournal.org/index.php/journal/article/view/853. Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at https://rds.hawaii.edu.
Knowledge, beliefs, and concerns about bone health from a systematic review and metasynthesis of qualitative studies.

Background Patients with low bone density or osteoporosis need information for effective prevention or disease management, respectively. However, patients may not be getting enough information from their primary care providers or other sources. Inadequate disease information leaves patients ill-informed and creates misconceptions and unnecessary concerns about the disease. Objective We systematically reviewed and synthesized the available literature to determine patient knowledge, beliefs, and concerns about osteoporosis and identify potential gaps in knowledge. Methods A systematic search was conducted for full-text qualitative studies addressing understanding, literacy, and/or perceptions about osteoporosis and its management, using Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, ERIC, PsychINFO, Psyc Behav Sci Collec, and PubMed, from inception through September 2016. Studies were selected by two reviewers, assessed for quality, and themes extracted using the Joanna Briggs Institute data extraction tool. Thematic analysis was used to identify themes and subthemes. Results Twenty-five studies with a total of 757 participants (including 105 men) were selected for analysis out of 1031 unique citations. Selected studies were from Australia, Canada, Denmark, Norway, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Four main themes emerged: inadequate knowledge, beliefs and misconceptions, concerns about osteoporosis, and lack of information from health care providers. Participants had inadequate knowledge about osteoporosis and were particularly uninformed about risk factors, causes, treatment, and prevention. Areas of concern for participants included diagnosis, medication side effects, and inadequate information from primary care providers. Conclusion Although there was general awareness of osteoporosis, many misconceptions and concerns were evident. Education on bone health needs to reinforce areas of knowledge and address deficits, misconceptions, and concerns.