cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental Observations of Meteor Ablation

When micrometeoroids enter a planetary atmosphere, they heat up and lose mass through evaporation. The ablated mass is ionized through collisions with gas molecules, producing a plasma around the meteoroid which is visible to radar systems as a head echo. Radar observations of meteor head echoes play an important role in constraining the total mass of cosmic dust that is entering Earth's atmosphere. The nature of meteor head echoes is heavily influenced by the processes of ionization, heating, and drag that occur in meteor entry. To investigate these aspects of meteor ablation, experiments have been undertaken using the University of Colorado's 3 MV hypervelocity dust accelerator facility. U sing the accelerator, dust particles were shot at speeds of 1 - 70 km/s into an air chamber containing various gases held at pressures of 0.01 - 0.2 Torr to create simulated meteors. The air chamber contained multiple charge collectors to observe the charge production by the particles as they interacted with gas molecules and ablated. Experiments with iron and aluminum particles have determined the probability that an atom ablated from a meteor will produce an ion-electron pair, which is a steep function of velocity. Spatial observations of the charge production of iron and aluminum have been used to study the heating and ablation that meteors undergo when they enter an atmosphere. Further experiments with aluminum have investigated the drag that meteors experience, which is essential to understand in order to predict the amount of ionization that a meteor will produce. Observations of drag also act to constrain the total heating that meteors experience, and lend insight into the microphysical processes that occur during micrometeoroid entry into the atmosphere. Differential ablation has also been investigated, in which complex olivine and magnesite particles were observed to ablate more volatile elements before less volatile elements. These experiments enhance our understanding of meteor ablation with a variety of implications in atmospheric and space science, including improving our understanding of the chemistry of Earth's upper atmosphere and constraining the nature of Earth's dust environment.
Resting high-frequency heart rate variability is related to resting brain perfusion

We examined the neural correlates of resting cardiac vagal activity in a sample of 432 participants (206 male; 61 African American; mean age 42 years). Pulsed arterial spin labeling was used to quantify whole brain and regional cerebral blood flow at rest. High-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV) was used to measure cardiac vagal activity at rest. The primary aim was to determine whether brain regions implicated in regulating cardiac vagal reactions were also related to cardiac vagal activity at rest, and whether these associations varied by sex or race. Brain areas previously related to vagal reactivity were related to resting HF-HRV. Directionality of relationships differed between overall and regional flows. Some relationships were only observed in women and African Americans. There appears to be communality between brain regions associated with task-induced vagal reactivity and those associated with resting cardiac vagal activity.
The Lower Niger Bronze Industries: Creativity at the Center and Edges

Over 50 years ago William Fagg attributed a number of fascinating copper-alloy cast objects from southern Nigeria to a hypothetical Lower Niger Bronze Industry because they did not easily fit with the well-known bronzes from Benin City, Ife, and Igbo-Ukwu. As more metal works were found it became apparent there was too much diversity for them to have come from a single industry. Clearly there were several casting sources, probably including Benin City as a possible center. The edges are perhaps represented by the Benue Valley and Cross River areas as well as among peoples along the Niger River and in the Niger Delta. How did the objects and/or their makers migrate into southern Nigeria? What role did the European trade in metals play? As these objects come to rest in museum and private collections, we may never know exactly what routes they or their makers took in the past. Although there are hundreds of Lower Niger copper-alloy objects, they have never been systematically studied. This paper offers a progress report on the first comprehensive study of all works attributed to the Lower Niger Bronze Industries.
Quantifying the Bering Strait Oceanic Fluxes and their Impacts on Sea-Ice and Water Properties in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas and Western Arctic Ocean for 2013-2014

Abstract : The oceanic fluxes of volume, heat, and freshwater through the Bering Strait, the only oceanic input to the Arctic from the Pacific, are critical to the water properties of the Chukchi Sea, act as a trigger of sea-ice melt in the Chukchi, provide a subsurface source of heat to the Arctic in winter (with possible impacts on sea-ice), and are a major component of freshwater input to the Arctic (Figures 1 and 2). Quantification of these fluxes (which all vary significantly seasonally and interannually) is critical to understanding the physics of the western Arctic, including sea-ice retreat timing and patterns, and possibly sea-ice thickness. Recent data [Woodgate et al., 2012] show a 50% increase in the Bering Strait fluxes from 2001 to 2011 (Figure 2), and indicate that remote-sensed data are insufficient to assess the interannual variability in the throughflow and that year-round in situ moorings are currently the only effective way of quantifying the oceanic fluxes of volume, heat and freshwater from the Pacific to the Arctic.
Studies in the Growth and Nutrition of Dairy Calves: VI. The Addition of Hay and Grain to a Milk Ration for Calves

Summary From the work reported here it would appear that the following deductions are possible: 1. Milk though a suitable ration for young calves cannot maintain ruminants indefinitely. 2. The addition of a grain mixture of corn, oats, bran and oil meal to a ration consisting solely of milk impairs the growth of the calves and leads to death even more rapidly than a ration of milk only. 3. The cause of the earlier death on the addition of the grains is probably due to the depletion of the body stores of calcium due to the fact that the grains contain more magnesium than calcium and calcium must consequently be drawn from the body, especially the bones, to take care of this excess of magnesium. 4. The addition of alfalfa hay to a ration of milk or of milk, corn, oats, bran and oil meal will bring back to good growing condition animals which have fallen to a low place of nutrition on the rations mentioned. 5. Milk and alfalfa hay can be used to grow out calves satisfactorily. 6. The beneficial effects of the alfalfa hay are apparently not due absolutely to the nutrients it supplies as an abundance of nutrients had been provided in the other experimental rations. 7. It is apparently not probable that the alfalfa hay adds in appreciable amounts vitamines which might have been absent from the other rations used. 8. Where alfalfa is added to a ration of milk and the grain mixture used, it would appear that part of the beneficial effect of the alfalfa is due to the fact that it increases the calcium content as compared to the magnesium content of the ration and thus conserves the calcium stores of the body. 9. The main advantage derived from the alfalfa hay seems to be due to the fact that this feed, being bulky in character, helps to distend the digestive tract of the calf and so renders proper digestion possible.
Myopia and ambient lighting at night

Myopia, or short-sightedness, occurs when the image of distant objects, focused by the cornea and lens, falls in front of the retina. It commonly arises from excessive postnatal eye growth, particularly in the vitreous cavity. Its prevalence is increasing and now reaches 70-90% in some Asian populations1,2. As well as requiring optical correction, myopia is a leading risk factor for acquired blindness in adults because it predisposes individuals to retinal detachment, retinal degeneration and glaucoma. It typically develops in the early school years but can manifest into early adulthood2. Its aetiology is poorly understood but may involve genetic and environmental factors1,2, such as viewing close objects, although how this stimulates eye growth is not known3. We have looked at the effects of light exposure on vision, and find a strong association between myopia and night-time ambient light exposure during sleep in children before they reach two years of age.
Ca2+ binding to troponin C in skinned skeletal muscle fibers assessed with caged Ca2+ and a Ca2+ fluorophore. Invariance of Ca2+ binding as a function of sarcomere length

Ca2+ sensitivity of tension varies with sarcomere length in both skeletal and cardiac muscles. One possible explanation for this effect is that the Ca2+ affinity of the regulatory protein troponin C decreases when sarcomere length is reduced. To examine length dependence of Ca2+ binding to troponin C in skeletal muscle, we developed a protocol to simultaneously monitor changes in sarcomere length, tension, and Ca2+ concentration following flash photolysis of caged Ca2+. In this protocol, [Ca2+] was rapidly increased by flash photolysis of caged Ca2+, and changes in [Ca2+] due to photolysis and the subsequent binding to troponin C were assessed using a Ca2+ fluorophore. Small bundles of fibers from rabbit skinned psoas muscles were loaded with Ca2+ fluorophore (Fluo-3) and caged Ca2+ (dimethoxynitrophenamine or o-nitrophenyl-EGTA). The bundles were then transferred to silicone oil, where [Ca2+]free, tension, and sarcomere length were monitored before and after photolysis of caged Ca2+. Upon photolysis of caged Ca2+, fluorescence increased and then decayed to a new steady-state level within approximately 1 s, while tension increased to a new steady-state level within approximately 1.5 s. After extracting troponin C, fibers did not generate tension following the flash, but steady-state post-flash fluorescence was significantly greater than when troponin C was present. The difference in [Ca2+]free represents the amount of Ca2+ bound to troponin C. In fibers that were troponin C-replete, Ca2+ binding to troponin C did not differ at short (approximately 1.97 microm) and long (approximately 2.51 microm) sarcomere length, yet tension was approximately 50% greater at the long sarcomere length. These results show that the affinity of troponin C for Ca2+ is not altered by changes in sarcomere length, indicating that length-dependent changes in Ca2+ sensitivity of tension in skeletal muscle are not related to length-dependent changes in Ca2+ binding affinity of troponin C.
A simplified method for the calculation of diabetic diets.

1. A simplified method for the calculation of diabetic diets has been devised, utilizing a unit system of construction for the purpose of easy memorizing. 2. Clinical application of this method has confirmed its convenience and accuracy. 3. The historical and experimental background of the evolution of this modern simplified diabetic diet is discussed.
Feeding ecology of age-0 lake whitefish in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron

Abstract Age-0 lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis (11–160 mm total length) were collected from Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron during April–November 2009 and 2010 for diet analysis and for the evaluation of ontogenetic changes in feeding ecology. Lake whitefish ≤ 50 mm ate mainly zooplankton, after which their diets switched mainly to benthic macroinvertebrates. Cyclopoida were the dominant prey consumed by very small lake whitefish ( Daphnia were the most common cladoceran in the diets, but for fish 31–50 mm Bosminidae were also relatively important. Although the shift to Daphnia could represent an ontogenetic point when lake whitefish were large enough to effectively handle this prey, it also took place when the relative availability of Daphnia increased. Once lake whitefish were > 50 mm, Chironomidae larvae became a dominant prey item and this shift to benthivory coincided with a 55% increase in length-adjusted energy content between June and July. However, as fish grew (around 110–120 mm), Sphaeriidae and the benthic zooplankton Chydoridae became increasingly important in the diet. As these less energetically rich prey were incorporated into the diet, there were corresponding 21 and 15% decreases in length-adjusted energy content from July to August and September, respectively.
To wait or not to wait: Optimal ordering under lead time uncertainty and forecast updating

There has been a dramatic increase over the past decade in the number of firms that source finished product from overseas. Although this has reduced procurement costs, it has increased supply risk; procurement lead times are longer and are often unreliable. In deciding when and how much to order, firms must consider the lead time risk and the demand risk, i.e., the accuracy of their demand forecast. To improve the accuracy of its demand forecast, a firm may update its forecast as the selling season approaches. In this article we consider both forecast updating and lead time uncertainty. We characterize the firm's optimal procurement policy, and we prove that, with multiplicative forecast revisions, the firm's optimal procurement time is independent of the demand forecast evolution but that the optimal procurement quantity is not. This leads to a number of important managerial insights into the firm's planning process. We show that the firm becomes less sensitive to lead time variability as the forecast updating process becomes more efficient. Interestingly, a forecast-updating firm might procure earlier than a firm with no forecast updating. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2009
Acute diaphragmatic rupture caused by blunt trauma.

Abstract An acute ruptured diaphragm due to blunt trauma was found to be an injury sustained primarily by young men as a result of high speed automobile accidents. It was frequently associated with multiple injuries, such as a ruptured spleen and liver, and skeletal injuries, most commonly pelvic and rib fractures. The chest roentgenogram was diagnostic in ten of the eleven patients although serial films were required in two patients. When repair was performed early, the diaphragmatic laceration was attended with little mortality and morbidity. If surgery was delayed, serious complications were encountered and consisted of two instances of intrathoracic strangulated hollow viscus and one case of severe acute cardiopulmonary insufficiency. Associated injuries accounted for the remainder of the problems. In our experience early repair of the lacerated diaphragm is well tolerated and is further indicated to avoid the prolonged illness and technical problems encountered when the ruptured diaphragm is repaired months or years after injury.
Creep of Highly Anisotropic, Low-density Polyethylene

A SYSTEMATIC study of the creep properties of polymers possessing known anisotropy does not seem to have been attempted, probably because of the experimental difficulties involved. The few results reported are usually measurements of the creep extension in the direction of the applied tensile stress, made by following the separation of the specimen grips. End effects make this an unsatisfactory arrangement, especially when small samples are used. We have therefore developed an apparatus for measurement of the creep strain of specimens having a gauge length of as little as 0.5 in. The extensometer uses a linear displacement differential capacitor transducer, with a sensitivity better than 10−5 in., in a counter-balanced arrangement to reduce specimen loading to a minimum. The transducer sensitivity is equivalent to a strain of 2 × 10−5 for a gauge length of 0.5 in. The creep load is applied to the specimens using a lever loading system based on a well-proved design1. The results reported are for creep in the time range 5–100 s after application of the load. Other tests have shown that the transducer and control unit are stable, within the limit of sensitivity, for a period of at least 5 months.
Degradation and metabolism of tetraethyllead in soils

The objective of this study was to determine the disappearance of the leaded gasoline enhancer tetraethyllead (TEL), formation of degradation products, and mass balance in nonsterile and autoclaved Leon and Madison soils. Ethyl-1-14C-labeled TEL was used so that mineralization rates of TEL and mass balance could be determined.14C-TEL in nonsterile and autoclaved surface and subsurface samples of the two soils disappeared rapidly, and ionic ethyllead products, water soluble nonlead organic products and bound residues were rapidly formed. A small fraction (≤7.74%) of14C-TEL in nonsterile soil samples was mineralized to14CO2 in 28 days. Triethyllead (TREL) was the major ionic ethyllead product detected in both nonsterile and autoclaved soils; diethyllead (DEL) was occasionally detected. Recovery of14C from mass balance studies for all nonsterile and autoclaved soil samples after 28 days of incubation was poor, less than 50% of the14C applied. It appears that unknown volatile and/or gaseous organic products were the major degradation products of TEL in soils. Based on the observations of more rapid initial disappearance of14C-TEL, more rapid formation and more rapid disappearance of14C-DEL, and occurrence of14CO2 production in nonsterile soils, it was concluded that both biological and chemical degradation contributed to the degradation of TEL in soils, with chemical degradation being the major factor.
Time and frequency applications to automatic vehicle location

A newly emerging field of fleet vehicle command and control in the urban environment is discussed. The urban environment and economic considerations present a major challenge to the development of a location system which is of major interest to the time frequency community.
Optimizing Ligand Charges for Maximum Binding Affinity. A Solvated Interaction Energy Approach

We show that for a given binding site and a given spatial arrangement of atoms in a ligand, there exists an optimal set of partial charges at the atom centers that will optimize the net electrostatic binding free energy of the ligand. This optimal value can be calculated quite readily from a simple quadratic polynomial with coefficients derivable from a few continuum dielectric solvation calculations using a boundary element (BEM) solution of the Poisson equation. Three examples are presented: (a) the binding of cations to 18-crown-6 ether, (b) the calcium-binding sites of parvalbumin, and (c) ligand binding at the active site of the cysteine protease, cathepsin B. The calculations indicate that potassium is the preferred cation for binding to 18-crown-6 ether and that its charge of 1 eu is close to optimal for binding affinity. Similarly, the optimum charge for a monatomic ligand (with a calcium radius) in the calcium binding sites of parvalbumin is predicted to be about 1.8 eu, in agreement with this s...
Reliability and Construct Validity of the Learning Style Questionnaire.

The Learning Style Questionnaire is a new instrument designed to assess individual learning styles within an experiential learning model. The instrument contains 40 items in a semantic differential...
Where are the angles? Angular dependence (and independence) of orbitals and functions

Certain conditions under which a collection of atomic orbitals becomes angularly independent are considered. The results are applied to molecules of chemical interest. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Methionine as a Precursor of Methyl Sulfide in Cows’ Milk

Lactating cows were fed methionine and sulfur to determine their effect on methyl sulfide (Me2S) level in milk. Methyl sulfide production from separate in vitro fermentations of methionine, methionine sulfoxide, and methionine sulfone was determined in an attempt to account for decreased Me2S production following alfalfa hay storage. Gas chromatographic analysis for Me2S was performed on milk from six cows fed alfalfa hay alone, alfalfa hay plus 26 g 90% dl-methionine, and alfalfa hay plus 5 g sulfur daily. Methionine yielded more (P < .005) Me2S in milk than sulfur or hay alone, which were not significantly different from each other. In vitro fermentation of methionine, methionine sulfoxide, and methionine sulfone each with ground alfalfa and rumen fluid inoculum resulted in more (P < .01) Me2S from methionine and methionine sulfoxide during the first five hours, with the level of Me2S from methionine sulfone approaching that from the other amino acids only after six hours of fermentation. Methionine and its derivatives all produced more (P < .01) Me2S than did the control treatment, ground alfalfa hay with inoculum.
Generating closed 2-cell embeddings in the torus and the projective plane

If a graphG is embedded in a manifoldM such that all faces are cells bounded by simple closed curves we say that this is a closed 2-cell embedding ofG inM. We show how to generate the 2-cell embeddings in the projective plane from two minimal graphs and the 2-cell embeddings in the torus from six minimal graphs by vertex splitting and face splitting.
Authenticity and Heidegger's Antigone

Sophocles' Antigone is the only individual whom Heidegger names as authentic. But the usual interpretations of Heidegger's ‘authenticity’ (as being-towards-death, taking responsibility for norms, world-historical creation, and a neo-Aristotelian phronēsis) either do not apply to Antigone or do not capture what Heidegger finds significant about her. By working through these failures, I develop an interpretation of Heideggerian authenticity that is adequate to his Antigone. The crucial step is accurately identifying the finitude to which Antigone authentically relates: what Heidegger calls ‘uncanniness' (Unheimlichkeit). I argue that uncanniness names being's presencing through self-withdrawal and that Antigone stands authentically towards this in her responsiveness to the call of being and her reticence at the end of explanation. In conclusion, I consider Sophocles' own creative act, which bequeathed to the West an understanding of being and a vision of how to relate to it authentically. I argue that Sopho...
Adiabatic and self-consistent-field approximations for coupled vibrations: A simple two-mode comparison

Abstract A simple coupled harmonic oscillator model is used to test the SCF and adiabatic approximations for coupled-mode systems. Both approximations are quite good; both fail when the unperturbed frequencies of the two modes approach degeneracy. While for two-mode systems the approximations are roughly comparable, for real molecules, the more easily applied SCF is preferable. Semiclassical quantization may be used with both approximations.
Rentals, Sales, and Buybacks: Managing Secondary Distribution Channels:

The authors analyze a problem facing a durable product manufacturer who has to manage two “noncompeting” channel systems.ln particular, they focus on the practices of U.S. automakers who distribute...
Kinetics and thermodynamics of carbon segregation and graphene growth on Ru(0001)

Abstract We measure the concentration of carbon adatoms on the Ru(0 0 0 1) surface that are in equilibrium with C atoms in the crystal’s bulk by monitoring the electron reflectivity of the surface while imaging. During cooling from high temperature, C atoms segregate to the Ru surface, causing graphene islands to nucleate. Using low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM), we measure the growth rate of individual graphene islands and, simultaneously, the local concentration of C adatoms on the surface. We find that graphene growth is fed by the supersaturated, two-dimensional gas of C adatoms rather than by direct exchange between the bulk C and the graphene. At long times, the rate at which C diffuses from the bulk to the surface controls the graphene growth rate. The competition among C in three states – dissolved in Ru, as an adatom, and in graphene – is quantified and discussed. The adatom segregation enthalpy determined by applying the simple Langmuir–McLean model to the temperature-dependent equilibrium concentration seriously disagrees with the value calculated from first-principles. This discrepancy suggests that the assumption in the model of non-interacting C is not valid.
From metal‐catalyzed radical telomerization to metal‐catalyzed radical polymerization of vinyl chloride: Toward living radical polymerization of vinyl chloride

The metal-catalyzed radical polymerization of vinyl chloride (VC) in ortho-dichlorobenzene initiated with various activated halides, such as α,α-dihaloalkanes, α,α,α-trihaloalkanes, perfloroalkyl halides, benzyl halides, pseudohalides, allyl halides, sulfonyl halides, α-haloesters, α-halonitriles, and imidyl halides, in the presence of Cu(0)/2,2′-bipyridine, Fe(0)/o-phenantroline, TiCp2Cl2, and other metal catalysts is reported. The formation of the monoadduct between the initiator and VC was achieved with all catalysts. However, propagation was observed only for metals in their zero oxidation state because they were able to reinitiate from geminal dihalo or allylic chloride structures. Poly(vinyl chloride) with molecular weights larger then the theoretical limit allowed by chain transfer to VC were obtained even at 130 °C. In addition, the most elemental features of a living radical polymerization, such as a linear dependence of the molecular weight and a decrease of polydispersity with conversion, were observed for the most promising systems based on iodine-containing initiators and Cu(0), that is, ICH2PhCH2I/Cu(0)/bpy (where bpy = 2,2′-bipyridyl), at 130 °C. However, because of the formation of inactive species via chain transfer to VC and other side reactions, the observed conversions were in most cases lower than 40%. A mechanistic interpretation of the chain transfer to monomer in the presence of Cu species is proposed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3392–3418, 2001
Practice patterns of teaching testicular self-examination to adolescent patients

Testicular self-examination has been proposed as a screening technique for the early detection of testicular neoplasms. Previous work suggests that few adolescent males have received instruction in the technique. We report the results of a physician survey to assess the frequency with which self-examination is taught and to identify the reasons why some physicians do not teach testicular self-examination. Only 17.5% of the physicians surveyed taught testicular self-examination to adolescent male patients on a routine basis. Eighty-two percent stated that they were unfamiliar with the technique or had not thought about it.
Musculoskeletal conditions and employment

Objective. To describe the prevalence, incidence, and correlates of work disability among persons with musculoskeletal conditions. Methods. Literature review and analysis of the Health and Retirement Survey, a national, probability sample of community-based adults ages 51–61. Results. Clinical samples of persons with RA report work disability rates of 51% to 60%. Communitybased studies of persons with a broad range of musculoskeletal conditions find work disability rates of 38% to 72%, depending on the mix of symptoms and particular sampling strategy. Persons with musculoskeletal conditions and comorbidity are particularly prone to work loss, with three-quarters leaving work prior to the normal age of retirement. In multivariate models, after adjusting for demographic and functional characteristics, persons with musculoskeletal conditions actually are more likely to work than those without. Conclusions. Persons with musculoskeletal conditions have high rates of work disability, but given their level of impairment, are more likely to work than persons without musculoskeletal conditions.
Glutamine metabolism by animal cells growing in a synthetic medium.

Abstract 1. 1. During growth on synthetic medium MD 705 1 mouse L cells consume uniformly labeled 14C-glutamine. The cells convert this amino acid to carbon dioxide, cell substances and soluble extracellular products. 2. 2. In 3 days carbon dioxide accounts for approximately 15 per cent of the administered glutamine. This amount is not sufficient to be considered as a principal source of energy for the cells. 3. 3. The only amino acids of the medium that are formed from the carbon structure of glutamine are glutamic acid and proline. 4. 4. The carbon of glutamine is incorporated in small but significant amounts into protein, lipid, DNA, and RNA of the cell. 5. 5. The incorporation of glutamine into protein is constant and unaffected by dilution with glutamic acid.
Supports of Fourier transforms of scaling functions

Abstract We characterize the support G of the Fourier transform of the band-limited scaling function and give an approach to the construction of the scaling function. Based on the relations of translates of three point sets G, 1 2 G and G ∖ 1 2 G , we reveal an essential difference of scaling functions corresponding to MRA, weakly translation invariant MRA and translation invariant MRA. Moreover, we consider the case that support of the Fourier transform of the scaling function is a convex set. Finally, we show that the support of Fourier transform of any scaling function cannot be a closed ball.
Women in medicine. Fantasies, dreams, myths, and realities.

When little girls and young women discuss their thoughts about medical careers, listeners often consider the thoughts to be fantasies. The same thoughts of little boys and young men are considered to be dreams. The difference in reactions to illusions or capricious images (fantasies) vs conceived possibilities or probabilities (dreams) has stymied the budding careers of many women. These reactions, added to the myths regarding women and men, threaten the future of the medical profession in the United States. I hope to convince you of this by reviewing the current status of women in medicine and proposing alternatives to alleviate the problem. The gender gap in pay and occupations has narrowed during three periods of American history: the industrial revolution (1820 to 1850), the period from 1900 to 1930 in which there was a dramatic increase in white collar jobs, and now. 1 The current trend involves women entering higher-paying
Immunohistochemical identification of tissue culture cells.

SummaryCell lines of different species have been shown to be differentiated by immunohistochemical technics using properly absorbed antisera. In the work reported here the antisera were prepared against human and mouse tissues and reacted strongly with the connective tissue of the corresponding species in sections of adult human or adult mouse organs, respectively. These antisera also reacted individually with tissue culture cells of human and mouse organs. In all cases the use of the proper tissue in sufficient amounts to absorb the antiserums plays a crucial part in being able to demonstrate the specific staining of cells. Differentiation can be made even within the cell lines of a single species when unique components are present in one of them. The use of anti-myosin serum to detect muscle cells is an example. The technic of using paired labeled antiserum quickly and effectively demonstrates that very slight contamination can be recognized. Such a small contamination would be difficult to detect by ot...
Pt-encapsulated Pd-Co nanoalloy electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells

Pt-encapsulated PdxCo100−x nanoalloy electrocatalysts supported on carbon have been synthesized by a rapid microwave-assisted solvothermal (MW-ST) method within 15 min at as low as 300 °C. Subsequently, the samples have been heat treated at 900 °C in a reducing gas atmosphere to obtain Pt−Pd−Co nanoalloys. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the as-synthesized and 900 °C heat-treated samples reveals interesting changes in phase compositions and degree of alloying with Co and Pt contents and heat treatment. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data of the as-synthesized samples confirm Pt enrichment on the surface of the Pd−Co nanoparticles. Rotating disk electrode (RDE) and single cell proton exchange membrane fuel cell measurements reveal that the as-synthesized Pt-encapsulated Pd80Co20 (i.e., 75 wt % Pd80Co20 + 25 wt % Pt) with 20 wt % total metal loading on carbon or 5 wt % Pt exhibit higher catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) compared...
A point of view: quantitative and qualitative imbalance in disease pathogenesis; pulmonary surfactant protein A genetic variants as a model

The high degree of similarity at the molecular level, between humans and other species, has provided the rationale for the use of a variety of species as model systems in research, resulting in enormous advances in biological sciences and medicine. In contrast, the individual variability observed among humans, for example, in external physique, organ functionality and others, is accounted for, by only a fraction of 1% of differences at the DNA level. These small differences, which are essential for understanding disease pathogenesis, have posed enormous challenges in medicine, as we try to understand why patients may respond differently to drugs or why one patient has complications and another does not. Differences in outcome are most likely the result of interactions among genetic components themselves and/or the environment at the molecular, cellular, organ, or organismal level, or the macroenvironment. In this paper: (1) we consider some issues for multifactorial disease pathogenesis; (2) we provide a review of human SP-A and how the knowledge gained and the characteristics of the hSP-A system may serve as a model in the study of disease with multifactorial etiology; and (3) we describe examples where hSP-A has been used in the study of disease.
Evaluating the Use of Behavioral Skills Training to Improve School Staffs’ Implementation of Behavior Intervention Plans

Variations of behavioral skills training (BST) have been used to teach behaviorally oriented skills such as discrete trial teaching, guided compliance, the implementation of the picture exchange system, and safe guarding students with physical disabilities. One area that has not received much attention is evaluating school staff’s correct implementation of a behavior intervention plan (BIP). In the current investigation, we evaluated the use of BST to teach instructional staff in a special education setting how to correctly implement components of two students’ BIPs. Training consisted of two different phases: (a) verbal instructions and modeling and (b) rehearsal of the procedures. Results indicated that BST is effective at teaching staff components of BIP and that all staff’s implementation improved as a function of the training that was provided.
Schumpeter's Business Cycles as Business History

Business Cycles was Joseph Schumpeter's least successful book, measured by its professed aims and several other yardsticks. Yet the book has two vital aspects that have largely been overlooked. First, the prodigious research that went into its writing caused a significant change in Schumpeter's thinking about capitalism. It moved him to a more historical and empirical approach that shaped nearly all his subsequent work. And second, much of the book constitutes a preview of modern, rigorous business history. This article explores both of these elements—not in the spirit of rescuing a neglected classic, because the book is not a classic. Instead, Business Cycles is a noble failure that paid unexpected dividends both to the author and to scholarship.
MORALITY AND THE LAW: BOWERS AND THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY

This article examines the right of privacy with emphasis on the Supreme Court’s ruling in the case of Bowers v. Hardwick, as this case illustrates issues that arise in the context of government interference with citizen’s actions and with the broader context of morality and the law. I argue specifically that the Supreme Court erred in its ruling on the Bowers case by failing to recognize that the moral value of autonomy in this case outweighs the right of a state to establish statutes based on the perceived moral attitudes of its constituencies. I argue generally that moral principles can inform decisions about the ordering of the right of privacy and the moral claims that aim to limit the right.
Protein concentration with single-pass tangential flow filtration (SPTFF)

Abstract This paper presents a novel Cadence™ single-pass tangential flow filtration (SPTFF) process for protein concentration, operating in a continuous mode. The main advantages of the SPTFF technology have been highlighted in a benchmark comparison test versus conventional TFF. SPTFF modules consist of internally staged T-series cassettes for creating longer flow paths that result in significantly higher conversion in one pass. This eliminates the need for the conventional TFF recirculation loop. SPTFF utilizes flow ratio control to achieve target concentration factors and final product concentrations instantaneously. Bovine IgG solutions in PBS (5–45 g/L) were processed to achieve a concentration factor range of 3–25×, which resulted in permeate fluxes in the range of 10–70 L/m2/h over a feed-side pressure drop range of 25–65 psid. Ten cycles of high concentration, product recovery and cleaning were successfully completed with the same SPTFF module to demonstrate experimental reproducibility and process stability. A ∼45 g/L IgG feed solution was concentrated to 190–225 g/L during all cycles resulting in high product recoveries in the range of 95.7–98.9%.
The surfaces of metal oxides

The author reviews the present understanding of the electronic, geometric and chemisorption properties of metal oxide surfaces. It is restricted to experimental and theoretical studies of single-crystal oxide surfaces since only for those systems has it been possible to correlate surface properties with specific site geometry, ligand coordination, defect structure, etc. The geometric structures of the oxide surfaces that have been investigated to date are described in relation to bulk crystal structure and cation ligand coordination. The electronic structure of both perfect and defect surfaces is discussed for the various classes of metal oxides, and similarities and differences in their behaviour are correlated with surface geometry and cation electronic configuration. The chemisorption of several types of atoms and molecules on single-crystal oxide surfaces, both nearly perfect and containing point defects is reviewed and interpreted in terms of surface electronic and geometric structure. Some recent electron- and photon-stimulated desorption results on oxides are also reviewed, as the measurements of surface phonon and plasmon modes.
Constraints on Loan Sales and the Price of Liquidity

In the syndicated loan market, borrowers and syndicate arrangers sometimes employ contractual restrictions that influence a loan’s liquidity. We analyze two types of constraints on loan resales: (1) prior consent constraints implemented by the borrower or the syndicate’s lead arranger and (2) a minimum denomination requirement for loan sales. We hypothesize that constraints could be mechanisms for fostering relationships and/or facilitating the resolution of financial distress and find some support for each notion. We find that resale constraints are more likely when borrowers are small and have relatively poor credit ratings. We also find that loans with any type of constraint have higher all-in-spreads and are more likely to be secured than unconstrained loans and that the marginal cost of constraining liquidity is relatively high.
miRNAs and estrogen action

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, noncoding RNAs that generally base-pair within the 3' untranslated region of target mRNAs causing translational inhibition and/or mRNA degradation. Estradiol (E(2)) and other estrogen receptor (ER) ligands suppress or stimulate miRNA expression in human breast cancer cells, endometrial cells, rat mammary gland, and mouse uterus, and post-translationally regulate protein expression. Aberrant miRNA expression is implicated in estrogen-related breast and endometrial cancers, and several miRNAs downregulate ERα. The role of estrogen-regulated miRNA expression, the target genes of these miRNAs, and the role of miRNAs in health and disease is a 'hot' area of research that will yield new insight into molecular mechanisms of estrogen action.
Superselective arterial embolization in the liver transplant recipient: A safe treatment for hemobilia caused by percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage

Transcatheter arterial embolization is widely used to treat life-threatening iatrogenic hemobilia, although in the transplanted liver its use has only been reported in two cases. To evaluate more fully whether transcatheter embolization is safe and effective in transplant recipients, we retrospectively reviewed eight cases of severe hemobilia. These occurred after 128 percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage procedures performed during a 6-year period. In each case, angiography localized the bleeding to a specific intrahepatic branch that was then subselectively catheterized and occluded by transcatheter embolization. Bleeding was successfully controlled by this method in all eight patients with no immediate complications. The main, right, and left hepatic arteries were shown to be patent immediately after embolization by angiography in all patients. Duplex sonography performed in each case (1 to 4 months) after the procedure confirmed that patency was maintained in all patients. No patients developed liver abscesses, sepsis, or clinical liver infarctions after the embolization. No patients underwent retransplantation after embolization. Our experience shows that superselective transcatheter embolization is a safe, effective therapy to correct iatrogenic hemobilia in the liver transplant recipient without threatening the patency of the major hepatic arteries, the viability of the liver, or the integrity of the biliary tree.
ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR WHEEL AND RAIL WEAR PREDICTION

SUMMARY The wear algorithm described In this paper has the capability to predict the shapes into which rail vehicle wheels and rails wear in tangent track use. Results of the algorithm applied to a freight car model show that the wheel profiles wear into shapes that are nearly identical for four different wear model formulations examined.
Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia During the Second and Third Trimesters of Pregnancy

Fortunately, the occurrence of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) during pregnancy is rare. We report a case of successful fetal outcome with standard induction and consolidation treatment in the second and third trimesters, respectively. A 37-year-old woman in her second trimester (21 wks) of pregnancy was found to have acute myeloid leukemia. She elected to maintain the pregnancy and underwent induction with cytarabine and idarubicin. Her hospital course was complicated by Pseudomonas vesicularis and gram-positive bacilli (not Bacillus anthracis) septicemia, but she obtained complete remission. After discharge, a fetal echocardiogram at 26 weeks revealed a mildly dilated right ventricle with mild systolic dysfunction, and the left ventricle appeared smaller than normal with mild systolic dysfunction. The patient then received consolidation therapy with high-dose cytarabine. On day 14 of consolidation, filgrastim 16 mug/kg was added to improve stem cell mobilization. A total of 19.8x10(6) CD34+ cells/kg were collected with a single apheresis session. At 37 weeks, she delivered a viable female infant weighing 3 lbs 12 oz. Fetal abnormalities included acrocyanosis, shallow sacral dimple, short digits and limbs, and prominent frontal skull with mild macrognathia. A postnatal echocardiogram revealed a moderate-sized membranous ventricular septal defect. The ventricular septal defect proved significant and required surgical repair at 5 months. Approximately 4 weeks after delivery, the mother underwent autologous peripheral stem cell transplantation. Unfortunately, 100 days after transplantation, she had a relapse of AML. After a brief remission from a second induction, the patient died.
Acute Stress Disorder Symptomatology During Hospitalization for Pediatric Injury

ABSTRACT Objective To examine and identify predictors of acute stress disorder (ASD) and ASD symptomatology (ASDS) in children hospitalized for injuries. Method Fifty-four youths were assessed while hospitalized for injuries. Dependent variables were parent and nurse ratings of children's ASDS. Independent variables included children's prior trauma exposure and behavior problems, injury severity and permanence, brain injury, injury or death to family/friend(s), parental distress, and child reports of the injury/hospitalization experience as meeting criterion A for ASD. Results A total of 92.6% of children felt the current experience met criterion A, compared with 64.8% of parents. According to parent questionnaires, 4 subjects (7.4%) met DSM-IV criteria for ASD while another 12 (22.2%) had clinically significant but subsyndromal ASDS. Children's ASDS, as reported by parents, correlated highly with parental distress and ratings of children's prior psychopathology, and modestly with injury severity and family/friend(s) injured or killed. Nurses' ratings of children's ASDS correlated strictly with injury- and accident-related variables, and not with parent ratings of children's ASDS. Conclusions Children perceive injuries and hospitalizations as stressful. ASDS is widely though divergently reported by parents and nurses in children hospitalized for injury. Parental distress, children's prior psychopathology, and injury-related factors may be useful predictors of children's postinjury ASDS.
Experimental and theoretical investigation of mechanical disturbances in epoxy-impregnated superconducting coils. 3. Fracture-induced premature quenches

Abstract The theoretical correlation between shear stress and epoxy resin fracture developed in Part 2 was verified experimentally using a series of epoxy-impregnated, thin-walled superconducting test coils. A Lorentz shear stress field was created within the winding of each coil by placing it in a constant background magnetic field and energizing it with transport current, which was increased slowly at a constant rate. Because the boundary condition at each end of the test coil critically influenced the Lorentz shear stress field, which caused epoxy resin fracture, premature quench data were measured for test coils with different combinations of end boundary conditions. In test coils with both ends rigidly clamped, cracks occurred as transport current was increased; during a training sequence the test was terminated by a premature quench. Using acoustic emission and voltage signals, each premature quench was linked directly to a crack occurring near one of the ends. Test coils which had both ends unsupported, giving the winding freedom to expand radially, did not experience epoxy fracture and showed no premature quenches: these reached critical current at the first attempt.
Correcting an astigmatic, non-Gaussian beam

An off-axis spherical mirror is used to correct an astigmatic, non-Gaussian beam from a pulsed, frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser. The beam is then spatially filtered by a series of two pinholes to make the beam near Gaussian.