cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal Analysis of S-Band Microwave Backscattering From an Inland Reservoir Surface

This letter presents an analysis of the temporal characteristics of electromagnetic waves scattered from a time-varying reservoir surface at low grazing angles. The data collection campaigns were conducted using a polarimetric S-band radar at Wachusett Reservoir in MA, USA, and VV and HH polarized radar returns were simultaneously captured. The temporal behavior of the backscattering from the reservoir surface was analyzed for 180 distinct radar geometries, focusing in particular on the impact of polarization, radar geometry, and wind condition. To understand the shape of the Doppler spectrum, the power spectral density is estimated by a periodogram. In addition, decorrelation time, Doppler centroid, and variance are estimated and compared with the associated Doppler spectral width and peak Doppler frequency. Results show that Doppler spectral width, decorrelation time, and the standard deviation of Doppler spectra are correlated. In addition, the Doppler frequency shift induced by the motion of the water surface is analyzed by peak Doppler frequency and Doppler centroid, which show dependence on radar geometry and wind direction.
Introducing animatronics to HCI: extending reality-based interaction

As both software and hardware technologies have been improved during the past two decades, a number of interfaces have been developed by HCI researchers. As these researchers began to explore the next generation of interaction styles, it was inevitable that they use a lifelike robot (or animatronic) as the basis for interaction. However, the main use up to this point for animatronic technology had been "edutainment." Only recently was animatronic technology even considered for use as an interaction style. In this research, various interaction styles (conventional GUI, AR, 3D graphics, and introducing an animatronic user interface) were used to instruct users on a 3D construction task which was constant across the various styles. From this experiment the placement, if any, of animatronic technology in the realitybased interaction framework will become more apparent.
Chinese Enterprise Management

In order to analyze and understand management practices and organizational processes in a planned economy like that of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), it is necessary to examine the impact of broad societal-environmental variables (such as the economic, sociopolitical, and cultural systems) as constraints on the operations of industrial enterprises. This chapter will first examine the impact that each of these societal-environmental variables has on business and management systems. It will then discuss various aspects of enterprise management in China.
Electrical Properties of B Doped CVD Grown Polycrystalline Diamond Films

B doped diamond films were synthesized by microwave plasma CVD, and the crystal quality and the electrical properties were investigated. From SEM, clear facets were observed and X-ray diffraction data showed that only the diamond phase was present. Raman spectroscopy verified the presence of diamond and indicated that the crystal quality increased when B is incorporated in the films up to 400 ppm. SIMS analysis showed that on the order of 1020/cm3 (564 ppm) of B was incorporated in the diamond film with a gas phase B/C ratio of 400 ppm. Electrode patterns of Pt were fabricated on the films and electrical properties were investigated. Undoped diamond films showed rectifying contacts with small leakage currents and B doped diamond films with a B concentration of 400 ppm showed ohmic behavior. The B in these films had small activation energies, which indicates that impurity band conduction plays an important role.
Simple Algorithms For Sentiment Analysis On Sentiment Rich, Data Poor Domains.

Standard word embedding algorithms learn vector representations from large corpora of text documents in an unsupervised fashion. However, the quality of word embeddings learned from these algorithms is affected by the size of training data sets. Thus, applications of these algorithms in domains with only moderate amounts of available data is limited. In this paper we introduce an algorithm that learns word embeddings jointly with a classifier. Our algorithm is called SWESA (Supervised Word Embeddings for Sentiment Analysis). SWESA leverages document label information to learn vector representations of words from a modest corpus of text documents by solving an optimization problem that minimizes a cost function with respect to both word embeddings and the weight vector used for classification. Experiments on several real world data sets show that SWESA has superior performance on domains with limited data, when compared to previously suggested approaches to word embeddings and sentiment analysis tasks.
Business Information Visualization: A Visual Intelligence- Based Framework

Business Intelligence aims to improve decision quality. Research on BI achieving this goal is inconclusive, yet BI is still one of the top priorities among CIOs and is an active IS research area. A better understanding of the relationship between human intelligence and BI capabilities may lead to more fruitful BI endeavors. This paper proposes a conceptual framework that links capabilities of Business Information Visualization, a key modern BI enabler, to non-verbal (visual) intelligence abilities, and suggests propositional guidelines of how BI could improve decision making by impacting these intelligence abilities. The paper demonstrates that there is strong research support to suggest such linkages. Better understanding of what human abilities are important for better decisions, and what specific BI capabilities are needed to support these abilities will help improve the design, deployment, and utilization of BI tools, and, hopefully ultimately, achieve more efficient and effective business decisions.
Smoking Cessation: The Prescription that Every Smoker Should be Given

The burden that smoking places on health is easy to recognize. Cigarette smoking is the primary preventable cause of illness and death in the United States. Statistics are alarming, including the more than 400,000 deaths attributed to cigarette smoking per year (1). Also a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, cigarette smoking accounts for approximately 115,000 heart disease-related deaths and 27,000 deaths in the United States from strokes each year (2)
Social Growth in Autism

Let me begin with what I might be tempted to emphasize in describing the social behavior of the autistic individual I know best—what I would emphasize, and rightly, if I were a journalist collecting success stories for publicly supported education under PL 94–142. My daughter Jessica, the youngest of my four children, at 25 could easily be presented as a competent adult. Jessy has a part-time job in a college mailroom; she pays taxes. She cleans house, irons, sews, and cooks, responsibly and well. She paints exact, finely rendered, subtly colored acrylics, many of which have been exhibited and sold. She lives at home as a contributing member of her family. Her WAIS IQ 2 years ago was 106 (Verbal: 98, Performance: 116); on the Advanced version of the Raven Progressive Matrices Test, a test of exact observation and logical inference, she scored well above the 95th percentile, higher than all but a tiny fraction of university graduate students (Ellis, 1982). All this being true, why shouldn’t I make the claim every parent of a handicapped child dreams of—that she is normal?
Effect of sequential implanting with zeranol on steer lifetime performance.

Three trials involving 513 exotic crossbred steers were conducted to determine the effect of zeranol implanting in the suckling and growing phases on subsequent feedlot performance and carcass characteristics. Treatments were 1) unimplanted control, 0000; 2) implanted twice in the finishing phase, 00II; 3) implanted in the growing phase and twice in the finishing phase, 0III; 4) implanted in the suckling phase and twice in the finishing phase, I0II; 5) implanted in the suckling and growing phases with a single implant in the finishing phase, III0; and 6) implanted in the suckling and growing phases and twice in the finishing phase, IIII. Implanting in the suckling period did not significantly affect preweaning gain. Implanting in the growing period produced a treatment x trial interaction (P less than .05), but zeranol increased gains by an average of 8.4% over the three trials. Growing period gain was not influenced by implanting during suckling. Implanting twice during the finishing period increased gain (P less than .05) over unimplanted and III0 steers. Finishing gain was not influenced by previous suckling and(or) growing implant treatment. Lifetime ADG of steers was increased (P less than .05) by all implant treatments compared with unimplanted controls. Zeranol tended (P = .14) to improve feed conversion in the finishing phase. All implant treatments increased hot carcass weight (P less than .05), and all but III0 reduced fat deposition, as indicated by lower quality grade (P less than .05). Other carcass characteristics were not significantly affected by treatment. These trials demonstrated that implanting in the suckling and(or) growing phases of production did not reduce performance in the finishing phase.
Dengue virus nonstructural protein 1 vaccine protects against lethal challenge in interferon α/β receptor-deficient mice (P6348)

Dengue virus (DENV) is a flavivirus that infects 100 million people and causes severe disease in ~500,000 people annually. DENV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) is secreted by infected cells and found at high levels in patient sera during the acute illness. To investigate the potential for NS1 as a vaccine candidate, we examined the protective efficacy of immunization with recombinant NS1 protein against lethal DENV infection in a mouse model. Interferon α/β receptor-deficient mice were injected intraperitoneally 3 times over an 8-week period with 20 ug recombinant NS1 with different adjuvants, including alum, Sigma adjuvant system (SAS), CpG DNA, MF59 and/or monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA). Two weeks after the third immunization, vaccinated mice were infected with a lethal dose of DENV2. Vaccination with NS1 combined with SAS and CpG DNA provided complete protection against mortality along with reduced morbidity whereas mice immunized with NS1 combined with alum and/or CpG DNA displayed little or no protection against DENV2 challenge. All vaccination groups demonstrated comparable levels of total anti-NS1 IgG; however, mice immunized with SAS+CpG had higher levels of anti-NS1 IgG2b as compared to alum (p=0.057). Data comparing mice immunized with NS1 together with MPLA and MF59 will also be presented. Thus, immune responses to a DENV nonstructural protein can provide protection against severe disease and NS1 may provide an alternative vaccine against dengue.
Characterization of a bone biorepository: Comparison of bone metastases from breast, prostate, renal, lung cancers, and myeloma.

e24019Background: While bone is one of the most common sites of metastasis for many cancer types, lack of access to the necessary quantity and quality of human specimens limits the understanding of...
Obesity and asthma: What have we learned from animal models?

Abstract Obesity is a risk factor for incident asthma and worsens pre-existing asthma symptoms. Prior to 2002, investigators using animal models of asthma never considered obesity as a factor that could influence the development of lung inflammation or airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), two characteristic features of asthma. In 2002, investigators began to use obese mice to comprehend the effects of obesity on lung inflammation and AHR. In response to either atopic or non-atopic stimuli, investigators consistently demonstrated that obesity exacerbates increases in airway responsiveness but had inconsistent effects on lung inflammation. Therefore, to understand the advantages and disadvantages of using obese mice to study asthma associated with obesity, we subsequently discuss results from animal studies relevant to this subset of asthmatics, including potential mechanisms whereby obesity may either cause or worsen asthma. These studies may ultimately prove fruitful in the identification of new therapies to treat obese asthmatics who are often unresponsive to standard asthma medications.
Equilibrium analysis of carbon dioxide absorption in alkali solutions

To meet the growing need for CO2 capture and storage technology, Michigan Technological University is researching CO2 capture and storage using alkali solutions1. Without implementing emission controls, world energy emissions will rise from 29.7 billion t in 2007 to 42.4 billion t in 2035. The first objective of the project was to determine the optimal amount of alkali in solution for CO2 absorption. This was accomplished using theoretical equilibrium calculations and experimental absorption data for alkali solutions of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 weight %. As the % alkali in solution increased, so, too, did the ionic strength of the solution. Theoretical calculations took into account the effect increasing ionic strength will have on the solubility of gaseous CO2. The calculations assumed negligible formation of H2CO3, constant temperature and constant pressure. In the experimental setup, a 16% CO2/balance air gas mixture was bubbled through an Erlenmeyer flask filled with an alkali solution. The gas exiting the flask was fed to a gas analyzer to record the % CO2 in the exhaust gas stream. The % CO2 absorbed was taken as the % CO2 in the exhaust gas minus the % CO2 in the feed. Theoretical calculations found that as the % alkali in solution increases, the solubility of CO2 decreases. This was verified by experimental data, which found that a 2% alkali solution, by weight, was the ideal solution for CO2 absorption. Current research is focused on using the 2% alkali solution for permanent storage of CO2 via mineral carbonation to produce a value-added product.
FRACTURE RISK IN OBESE OLDER ADULTS WITH PHYSICAL FRAILTY: A NEW PHENOTYPE OF BONE FRAILTY?

AbstractAn obese body weight, once presumed protective against bone fractures in older adults, has recently been linked with reduced bone quality. Thus, we assessed indicators of fracture risk in obese (mean BMI 35 ± 5 kg/m2) female (n=58) and male (n=16) older adults (age =70 ± 6 yrs; 49% black) with functional limitations (mean Short Physical Performance Battery score = 8.9 ± 1.5 out of 12) who had qualified for an obesity reduction trial. Measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) using DEXA (Hologic, Horizon model A) in hip (femoral neck and total) and spine (lumbar vertebrae 1–4) revealed 11% had osteoporosis (t-score ≥ -2.5) and 30% had osteopenia (t-score -1.1 to -2.4). Thus, >40% of the cohort had either osteoporosis or osteopenia, including 8% of men (all with osteopenia) and 25% of black participants (1 osteoporosis; 8 osteopenia). As an indicator of need for treatment, Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) scores were calculated for those with osteopenia using femoral neck BMD, height, weight, age, gender, and race. None met the >20% major fracture threshold but 6 (all white) met the >3% hip fracture threshold. Thus, 17% (n=14) of the study population qualified for osteoporosis treatment as well as obesity reduction. These findings challenge the assumption that obesity protects against fracture. Fracture risk should be evaluated in obese older adults who are physically frail and this screening should include blacks as well as whites and men as well as women.
The Policy Characteristics and Organizational Dynamics of Social Marketing

Marketing can provide management orientation and policy frameworks that are compatible with public and nonprofit organizations (P&NPOs) perspectives. Marketing encourages P&NPOs to consider their ideologies, missions, problems, and opportunities strategically, and to manage their activities and performance carefully, responsively, and effectively. Fundamentally, marketing enables a P&NPOs to develop exchange relationships that can improve its chances of fulfilling its mission. Michael E. McGill and Leland Wooten find that P&NPOs are characterized by inherent goal ambiguity, process-dominated policy-making, existential policymakers, and indeterminate core technologies. The chapter presents an outline of the main policy characteristics of P&NPOs. Many P&NPOs strive for unique qualities and policy processes and thus differ along many policy dimensions: fundamental social ideology, guiding profession, scope and size of the operation, level of funding and support, quality of leadership, and comprehension of core technologies. However, P&NPOs possess varying ideologies and unconventional policy dynamics that can inhibit the adoption and development of social marketing orientations and practices.
Molecular Studies of Candidate Gene Somatic Mutations in Human Schwannoma Tumors

Schwannomas are benign Schwann cell tumors on the peripheral nerves that occur in the autosomal dominant conditions of NF2 (neurofibromatosis type 2) or schwannomatosis. NF2 is caused by germline mutations in the NF2 gene, and patients can form tumors when the remaining normal gene copy is mutated. In schwannomatosis, two genes are known to have germline mutations: SMARCB1 and LZTR1 , both near the NF2 gene on chromosome 22. Schwannomas in schwannomatosis have variable somatic deletions of multiple genes, and the tumors also have a risk of becoming malignant. These tumors can cause deformities, functional problems, substantial pain, and even lead to death. Schwannomas are difficult to treat because surgery involves cutting the affected nerves. There are currently no drug therapies, and due to the paucity of cell cultures and cell lines, there is a lack of molecular and cell biology data about schwannomas. The goal of this work was to better characterize a set of 20 tumors, to contribute information helpful in developing more targeted therapies. This involved loss of heterozygosity study using polymorphisms in or near the genes NF2 , LZTR1 and SMARCB1 to identify somatic deletions. DNA sequencing of SMARCB1 exons was also carried out to search for germline and somatic mutations. This work revealed several mutations that contribute new knowledge to the field.
Unexpected Lessons from a Mass Casualty Simulation: Strategies for Management of the Minimally Injured Can Increase Efficiency and Decrease Chaos

Introduction:The SALT Triage system has been advocated as an easy-to-use sorting and treatment system for mass casualty incidents (MCI). Minimally injured (GREEN) patients tend to be in the majority and may cause impediments to access and treatment of the most critically injured (RED). By identifying flaws in MCI communications that impair effective patient care, responders can be more effective.Aim:To discover strategies that effectively manage the minimally injured and leverage their help, increasing triage efficiency and treatment of the immediate casualties.Methods:Direct observation, after-action debriefing, and literature search.Results:The literature was vague regarding recommendations on a bystander and trained provider communication best practices. Feedback from standardized patients (actors) and participants during a structured debriefing following a 2018 American Society of Anesthesiology MCI exercise suggested that triaging providers under stress may communicate poorly, contributing to increased patient anxiety, disruptive behavior, and less effective team dynamics during a disaster. Strategies suggested include: eye contact; therapeutic touch (culturally appropriate); using slow, clear, reassuring speech; clearly explaining what is happening and why (sickest (RED and YELLOW) first priority, minimal (GREEN) next, expectant (BLACK) last); acknowledging their emotional state and their grief (not ignoring them); assigning nontechnical tasks to those capable of helping (putting pressure on a wound, moving casualties, or comforting the injured, dying, and the emotionally distraught).Discussion:Bystander engagement has been repeatedly identified as a means to increase the capacity of first responders to provide care to patients during an MCI. Utilization and management of the minimally injured and any uninjured bystanders and responders can become a force multiplier for the triage/treating responders. Developing a best practice dialogue to be used in training first responders could help improve many of these issues and augment current MCI training programs.
Wastewater analysis for nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, opioids and cannabis in New York City

According to current surveys and overdoses data, there is a drug crisis in the USA. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is an evolving discipline that analyses wastewater samples to detect drugs and metabolites to estimate drug consumption in a certain community. This study demonstrates how drug relative presence could be tracked by testing wastewater, providing real-time results, in different boroughs in New York City throughout 1 year. We developed and fully validated two analytical methods, one for 21 drugs and metabolites, including nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, opioids and cannabis markers; and another for the normalization factor creatinine. Both methods were performed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using positive electrospray ionization, achieving a limit of quantification of 5-10 ng/L for drugs and metabolites, and 0.01 mg/L for creatinine. These methods were applied to 48 one-time grab wastewater samples collected from six wastewater treatment plants in New York City (Manhattan, The Bronx, Queens and Brooklyn), eight different times throughout 2016, before and after major holidays, including Memorial Day, 4th of July, Labour Day and New Year's. In this study, the drug group normalized concentrations present in the wastewater samples, in decreasing order, were cocaine, nicotine, opioids, cannabis and amphetamines. When looking at individual compounds, the one with the highest normalized concentration was benzoylecgonine (BE), followed by cotinine, morphine and 11-nor-9-carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol (THCCOOH). To estimate community use, these concentrations were multiplied by the corresponding correction factor, and the most present were THCCOOH, followed by BE, cotinine and morphine. When comparing the treatment plants by drug group (nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, opioids and cannabis), samples collected from The Bronx had the highest normalized concentrations for nicotine, cocaine and opioids; The Bronx and Manhattan for cannabis; and Manhattan and Queens for amphetamines. In most of the cases, no effect due to holiday was observed. This study provides the first snapshot of drug use in New York City and how that changes between key calendar dates employing wastewater analysis.
Epidemiology of acute coronary syndrome co-existent with allergic/hypersensitivity/anaphylactic reactions (Kounis syndrome) in the United States: A nationwide inpatient analysis

Abstract Background The nationwide epidemiological data on Kounis Syndrome (KS), still remains indistinct in the United States (US) after it was first reported in 1991. Methods We assessed the prevalence of KS among patients primarily hospitalized for allergic/hypersensitivity/anaphylactic reactions. We then compared baseline demographics, comorbidities, and outcomes of KS with patients with only allergic/hypersensitivity/anaphylactic reactions using the National Inpatient Sample, 2007–2014. Results The cohort comprised of 235,420 patients primarily hospitalized with allergy/hypersensitivity/anaphylactic reactions. Of these, 2616 [1.1%; 0.2% unstable angina, 0.2% ST-elevation myocardial infarction & 0.7% non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction] patients experienced ACS and were identified as having KS. Patients with KS were older (mean 65.9 ± 14.1 vs. 57.2 ± 17.8 yrs), more often White (71.1% vs. 58.6%), male (46.4% vs. 39.9%) and Medicare enrollees (58.9% vs. 41.5%) admitted non-electively (96.8% vs. 95.3%) as compared to non-KS group (p Conclusions Overall US prevalence of KS among patients hospitalized for allergic/hypersensitivity/anaphylactic reactions is 1.1% with a subsequent all-cause inpatient mortality rate of 7.0%.
Fetal heart rate reaction to amniocentesis as an indicator of fetal well-being

The reaction of the FHR to amniocentesis in 43 pregnancies is reported. In 10 pregnancies the FHR reacted with deceleration. Eight of the 10 patients underwent subsequent labor and all developed fetal distress requiring cesarean section. In 31 pregnancies the FHR reacted with an acceleration. Twenty-five of these patients subsequently underwent labor without evidencing fetal distress and the remainder were delivered by cesarean section without labor. In two pregnancies no FHR response occurred following amniocentesis. In both no evidence of fetal distress occurred during labor. The significance of this test as an indicator of fetal well-being is discussed.
Residential cooling using separated and coupled precooling and thermal energy storage strategies

Abstract Increased residential cooling loads often correlate with peak electricity demand in warm and temperate climates. Solutions such as precooling and thermal energy storage (TES) being separately shown to shift energy use to off-peak times and reduce electricity expenses for commercial and residential applications. This study advances prior research to jointly implement and optimize precooling and TES strategies, and further develops a precooling strategy that dynamically adjusts precooling set points with respect to outdoor temperatures. Six strategies for residential cooling are evaluated and compared on metrics including system sizing, intraday dispatch, electricity use, energy expenditures, and investment rate of return. Case study data include a simulated one-year period for the cities of Phoenix, Los Angeles, and Kona in the United States. After accounting for capital cost, operating cost savings, and discount factors, a smart thermostat with the proposed dynamic precooling technique is found to have the best return on investment with payback rates between 0.2 and 6.2 years across all locations and rate structures. However, if technology costs lower or electricity rates change, it could be beneficial to use a combined approach with TES and precooling that gives the greatest reduction in daily on-peak demand and energy use at 75.6% and 78.5%, respectively. These individual and combined strategies provide value to ratepayers and electric utilities by reducing energy expenditures and shifting cooling loads to reduce system-wide peak demand.
Revascularization Strategies in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Acute Coronary Syndromes

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a highly prevalent condition that increases the incidence and complexity of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The purpose of this review is to summarize current evidence, uncertainties, and opportunities in the management of patients with CKD and ACS, with a focus on revascularization. Patients with CKD have been systematically under-represented or excluded from clinical trials in ACS. Available data, however, demonstrates that although patients with CKD and ACS benefit from revascularization, they are also less likely to receive recommended medical and revascularization therapies when compared to patients with normal kidney function. Despite the increased short-term risk of major morbidity and mortality, patients with CKD and ACS should be considered for an early invasive strategy while also trying to mitigate the risks of procedural related complications. Until evidence emerges from randomized clinical trials, the decision about revascularization strategy should involve multi-disciplinary collaboration, heart team consensus, and patient shared decision-making.
Teaching Algorithmic Bias in a Credit-Bearing Course

AbstractInformation literacy instruction has become increasingly nuanced with the widespread adoption of critical approaches to teaching and the ACRL Framework. Librarians are already teaching info...
Trials evaluating solarization and tarping for improved stale seedbed preparation in the Northeast USA.

Stale seedbeds are commonly used by organic vegetable farmers to reduce in-season weed density. The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of soil solarization (clear plastic) with subsequent flaming for stale seedbed preparation. A secondary objective was to compare the efficacy of solarization with tarping (black plastic). Solarization is an established weed management practice in warmer climates, but its efficacy in the humid continental Northeast USA was unknown. We hypothesized that solarization during May-June in Maine, USA would increase weed emergence, and could thereby contribute to depletion of the germinable weed seedbank and, with subsequent flaming, creation of an improved stale seedbed. We expected that firming soil with a roller prior to solarization would further increase weed emergence. Across four site-years of replicated field experiments and two on-farm trials we found that, contrary to expectations, 2 weeks of solarization reduced apparent weed emergence (density) in comparison to nonsolarized controls by 83% during treatment, and 78% after 2 weeks of observation following plastic removal and flaming. Rolling did not significantly affect weed density. Soil temperatures were elevated in solarized plots, reaching a maximum of 47◦ C at 5 cm soil depth, compared to 38◦ C in controls. Weed community analyses suggested that solarization might act as an ecological filter limiting some species. Addressing our secondary objective, two replicated field experiments compared the efficacy of solarization with tarping applied for periods of 2, 4, and 6 weeks beginning in July. Across treatment durations, solarization was more effective than tarping in one site-year, but tarping outperformed solarization in the other; this discrepancy may be explained by differences in weed species and soil temperatures between experiments. Overall, solarization and tarping are promising stale seedbed preparation methods for humid continental climates, but more work is needed to compare their relative efficacy.
Indonesia: Downstream linkages

Indonesia is the largest exporter of nickel ore and tin in the world and ranks among the biggest for copper and gold production. To add value to these minerals, Indonesia imposed an export ban which has recently been relaxed due to private sector pushback and falling revenues. While the short-term costs of the ban are apparent, the long-term impacts remain unclear. The Indonesia case study highlights the need to target downstream policies by sector and the shortcomings of blanket regulations. For nickel and copper, where Indonesia boasts world-class reserves, companies have largely remained and are more likely to build processing facilities. Indonesia’s weaker position in bauxite has meant that a lot of operations have shut down and investors have left due to the export ban.
Corporate Diversification and CEO Compensation: Evidence from the Moderating Effect of Firm Performance

This study explores whether firm performance moderates the relationshipbetween corporate diversification and CEO compensation. A sample of 2,448 CEOcompensations across 1,622 firms from 1997 to 2002 was used to test several hypotheses.Corporate diversification was divided into two categories (international and industry) andfirm performance was defined using both market-based and accounting-based measures.For the relationship between international diversification and CEO compensation, ourresults indicate that both market-based and accounting-based firm performance had asignificant negative effect on that relationship. Furthermore, accounting-based firmperformance was a better predictor of international diversification and CEOcompensation than market-based firm performance. For the relationship betweenindustry diversification and CEO compensation, however, our results show that onlymarket-based firm performance had a significant negative influence whereas accountingbased firm performance did not have any significant influence.
Understanding how beef cow trace mineral requirements relate to production parameters

Approximately 16 different minerals are required to support normal biological functions in beef cattle. Under grazing situations nearly all of these are adequately provided by forage and water. Minerals which are not met by dietary sources need to be supplemented. These minerals are grouped into two categories, macrominerals and microminerals. The macrominerals which are commonly supplemented to grazing animal diets include; sodium (as NaCl), potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sulfur. Only the microminerals which form a group called the essential trace minerals (ETMs) will be discussed in this report. Although false, a commonly held theory of trace mineral utilization is one which suggests that animals will consume trace minerals as they are needed. In reality, sodium as sodium chloride is the only mineral which animals have the innate ability to consume as needed. Therefore proper trace mineral intake is crucial when addressing potential deficiency situations. Seven trace minerals are considered essential to support normal physiological functions in beef cattle. These include: cobalt, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, selenium, and zinc. The level at which these ETM's are supplemented varies irt accordance with the amount and availability with the diet being consumed.
Experience-dependent refinement of natural approach responses towards specific visual stimuli in mice

Abstract Specific features of visual objects innately draw orienting and approach responses in animals, and provide natural signals of potential reward. In addition, the rapid refinement of innate approach responses enhances the ability of an animal to effectively and conditionally forage, capture prey or initiate a rewarding social experience. However, the neural mechanisms underlying how the brain encodes naturally appetitive stimuli and conditionally transforms stimuli into approach behavior remain unclear. As a first step towards this goal, we have developed a behavioral assay to quantify innate, visually-evoked approach behaviors in freely moving mice presented with simple, computer generated stimuli of varying sizes and speeds in the lower visual field. We found that specific combinations of stimulus features selectively evoked innate approach versus freezing behavioral responses. Surprisingly, we also discovered that prey capture experience selectively modified a range of visually-guided appetitive behaviors, including increasing the probability of approach and pursuit of moving stimuli, as well as altering those visual features that evoked approach. These findings will enable the use of sophisticated genetic strategies to uncover novel neural mechanisms underlying predictive coding, innate behavioral choice, and flexible, state-dependent processing of stimuli in the mouse visual system. Highlights Novel stimuli with specific visual features reliably elicit an approach in C57BL/6J mice. Introduction of motion to stimuli makes freezing the most probable behavioral response. Spontaneous behavioral responses are tuned to size, speed and visual field location. Prey capture experience selectively refines natural, visually-evoked approach behaviors.
Dissecting Fusiform PICA Aneurysm Repair With Trapping and an Unconventional End-to-Side Reanastomosis: 2-Dimensional Operative Video

Dissecting fusiform posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) aneurysms are rare and challenging.1,2 One common treatment is occlusion of the aneurysm and parent artery via an endovascular approach without revascularization.3 Revascularization of the artery requires an open microsurgical bypass or endovascular placement of a newer-generation flow diverter.4 We present an end-to-side reanastomosis of the PICA for treatment of a dissecting fusiform left PICA aneurysm with anatomy deemed unfavorable for endovascular treatment in a 62-yr-old man with subarachnoid hemorrhage. After discussions regarding risks, benefits, and alternatives to the procedure, the family consented to surgical treatment. A far-lateral craniotomy was performed, with partial condylectomy to widen the exposure. The cisterna magna was opened, and the dentate ligament was cut to visualize the vertebral artery. The PICA was identified and traced distally to the aneurysmal segment, which was circumferentially diseased. Perforators were noted immediately distal to the aneurysm. The aneurysm was then trapped, and the afferent artery was transected and brought to the sidewall of the distal artery. The recipient site was trapped with temporary clips, and a linear arteriotomy was made. An end-to-side reanastomosis was performed, temporary clips were removed, and hemostasis was achieved. Postoperative angiography confirmed bypass patency and preservation of the PICA perforators. Conventional reanastomosis of the parent artery after aneurysm excision is achieved by end-to-end reanastomosis. In contrast, we performed an unconventional end-to-side reanastomosis to revascularize the PICA while leaving the efferent artery in situ to protect its medullary perforators. This bypass is an example of a fourth-generation bypass.5,6 Used with permission from the Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona.
The complex genetics of symbiotic extended phenotypes across environments in a model mutualism

ABSTRACT A goal of modern biology is to develop the genotype-phenotype (G→P) map, a predictive understanding of how genomic information generates the organismal trait variation that forms the basis of both natural and managed communities. As microbiome research advances, however, it has become clear that many of these traits are governed by genetic variation encoded not only by the host’s own genome, but also by the genomes of myriad cryptic symbionts. Thus many ecologically-important traits are likely symbiotic extended phenotypes, and this recognition adds even more complexity to our conceptions of the G→P map. In model symbioses such as the legume-rhizobium mutualism, host growth and fitness often depend on genetic variation in symbiont partner quality, and our ability to manipulate host and symbiont genotype combinations, combined with increasingly precise sequencing and mapping approaches, provides an opportunity to characterize the genetic nature of these symbiotic extended phenotypes. Here we use naturally-occurring genetic variation in 191 strains of the nitrogen-fixing symbiont Ensifer meliloti in four mapping experiments to study the genomic architecture of symbiotic partner quality within and across environmental contexts and host genotypes. We demonstrate the quantitative genetic nature of symbiotic extended phenotypes, including extensive context-dependency in both the identity and functions of symbiont loci that control host growth. We additionally resolve a core set of universal loci from populations in the native range that are likely important in all or most environments, and thus, serve as excellent targets both for genetic engineering and future coevolutionary studies of symbiosis.
Assessing the Effectiveness of State Regulation and Enforcement of Hazardous Waste

This paper assesses the effectiveness of different state hazardous waste regulations and policies in promoting compliance using data for 8000 facilities across the United States. Because data on compliance is available only if a facility is inspected, the analysis uses a censored bivariate probit. Adoption of voluntary pollution prevention programs appears to decrease violations in general while adoption of strict liability and allocating a higher percentage of employees to regional offices appear to decrease Class 1 violations only. Although spending on waste programs also appears to decrease Class 1 violations, spending is positively correlated with the overall probability of violation.
Short-term modern life-like stress exacerbates Aβ-pathology and synapse loss in 3xTg-AD mice.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disorder that impairs memory and other cognitive functions in the elderly. The social and financial impacts of AD are overwhelming and are escalating exponentially as a result of population aging. Therefore, identifying AD-related risk factors and the development of more efficacious therapeutic approaches are critical to cure this neurological disorder. Current epidemiological evidence indicates that life experiences, including chronic stress, are a risk for AD. However, it is unknown if short-term stress, lasting for hours, influences the onset or progression of AD. Here, we determined the effect of short-term, multi-modal 'modern life-like' stress on AD pathogenesis and synaptic plasticity in mice bearing three AD mutations (the 3xTg-AD mouse model). We found that combined emotional and physical stress lasting 5 h severely impaired memory in wild-type mice and tended to impact it in already low-performing 3xTg-AD mice. This stress reduced the number of synapse-bearing dendritic spines in 3xTg-AD mice and increased Aβ levels by augmenting AβPP processing. Thus, short-term stress simulating modern-life conditions may exacerbate cognitive deficits in preclinical AD by accelerating amyloid pathology and reducing synapse numbers.
Long-Term Tillage and Crop Rotation Effect on Yield and Soil Carbon

Tillage system and crop rotation have long-term effects on soil productivity and soil quality components such as soil carbon and other soil physical, biological, and chemical properties. In addition, both tillage and crop rotation have effects on weed and soil disease control. There is a definite need for well-defined, long-term tillage and crop rotation studies across the different soils and climate conditions in the state. The objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term effects of different tillage systems and crop rotations on soil productivity.
Multiobjective Optimization of Large-Scale Structures

This paper presents a multiobjective optimization algorithm based on generalized compound scaling techniques. The algorithm handles any number of objective functions, similar to handling behavior constraints. This technique generates a partial Pareto set while solving the optimization problem. A reliability-ba sed decision criterion is used for selecting the best compromise design. The example cases considered in this work include various disciplines in airframe structures, such as stress, displacement, and frequency with hundreds of design variables and constraints. This paper also discusses the concept of Pareto-optima l solutions in the context of a multiobjective structural optimization problem and the commonly used methods of generating Pareto-optimal solutions.
Securing information flow via dynamic capture of dependencies

Although static systems for information flow security are well studied, few works address runtime information flow monitoring. Runtime information flow control offers distinct advantages in precision and in the ability to support dynamically defined policies. To this end, we here develop a new runtime information flow system based on the runtime tracking of indirect dependencies between program points. Our system tracks both direct and indirect information flows, and noninterference results are proved.
Velocity Shear Instabilities in the Anisotropic Solar Wind

The linear and quasilinear theory of perturbations in finite-β (β is the ratio of plasma pressure to magnetic energy density), collisionless plasmas, that have sheared (velocity) flows, is developed. A simple, one-dimensional magnetic field geometry is assumed to adequately represent solar wind conditions near the sun (i.e., at R ≃ 0.3 AU). Two modes are examined in detail: an ion-acoustic mode (finite-β stabilized) and a compressional Alfven mode (finite-β threshold, high-β stabilization). The role played by equilibrium temperature anisotropies, in the linear stability of these modes, is also presented. From the quasilinear theory, two results are obtained. First, the feedback of these waves on the state of the wind is such as to heat (cool) the ions in the direction perpendicular (parallel) to the equilibrium magnetic field. The opposite effect is found for the electrons. This is in qualitative agreement with the observed anisotropies of ions and electrons, in fast solar wind streams. Second, these quasilinear temperature changes are shown to result in a quasilinear growth rate that is lower than the linear growth rate, suggesting saturation of these instabilities.
RETHINKING THE ECONOMIC BASIS OF THE STANDARD OIL REFINING MONOPOLY: DOMINANCE AGAINST COMPETING CARTELS

The success of the Standard Oil monopoly is not well understood. Standard Oil first developed a monopoly over the refining of crude oil, though later extended its control to gathering pipelines, later still to trunk pipelines (from the western Oil Regions to East Coast ports) and, even later, expanded operations to include oil production (drilling) and retail sales at the time the Supreme Court ordered its dissolution 100 years ago, in 1911. Though there are several journalistic exposes of Standard Oil - Henry Demerest Lloyd and Ida Tarbell - as well as business histories - none very explanatory - the currently dominant theory of Standard Oil’s success is by Elizabeth Granitz and Benjamin Klein who assert that Standard Oil was chosen by oil shippers, the railroads, to police a railroad cartel. According to Granitz and Klein, the railroads split with Standard Oil the profits from cartelization of the crude and refined oil industry. This paper challenges that explanation, claiming that there were attempts to cartelize at all levels of the oil industry - producers, gathering pipelines, refiners, and the railroads. There are good economic reasons that explain why Standard Oil, a refiner and at the remote western location of Cleveland, secured a monopoly as against the producers and the railroads.
Amplification of picosecond pulses in a 140 GHz gyro-TWT

We report amplification of pulses as short as 400 ps in a 1 kW, 140 GHz gyro-TWT amplifier. To our knowledge, this is the first observation of picosecond pulse amplification in a gyro-amplifier. The pulses show measurable broadening due to two distinct phenomena: group velocity dispersion and spectral narrowing due to the finite gain bandwidth. Theoretical analysis is in good agreement with the observed broadening of the pulses. Picosecond pulses are useful for applications in spectroscopy and advanced radar.
Measurements of serotonin and related indoles using capillary electrophoresis with multiphoton-induced hyperluminescence.

Abstract We report the use of multiphoton-excited photochemistry to generate highly fluorescent products from hydroxyindoles fractionated in submicron capillary electrophoresis channels. In this approach, the near-infrared (750 nm) output from a modelocked titanium:sapphire laser is focused at the outlet of a 0.6-μm i.d. capillary, producing pulse intensities of ∼10 12 W cm −2 within a femtoliter focal volume. Hydroxyindole molecules migrating through the outlet aperture of the capillary intersect the beam focus, where absorption of three to four photons (∼1.65 eV photon −1 ) initiates a photobleaching reaction. The resultant hydroxyindole photoproducts produce broadband visible emission (λ max ≈ 500 nm) when excited with two additional near-IR photons and appear substantially more resistant to photobleaching than the parent hydroxyindoles. This multiphoton-induced conversion of analytes to hyperluminescent derivatives thus offers a more sensitive approach than UV fluorescence for detecting extremely small quantities of material. Mixtures of the hydroxyindoles serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), 5-hydroxytryptophan, and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid are reliably characterized (relative error ≈10%) in 100 s, with detection limits as low as ∼70 zmol (∼42,000 molecules). The sensitivity of this measurement strategy improves on the best previously reported results for capillary separations of indoles by more than one order of magnitude.