cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptation to telescopic spectacles: vestibulo-ocular reflex plasticity.

The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is a mechanism for the production of rapid compensatory eye movements during head movements. To investigate the adaptation of this reflex to spectacle magnifiers, the effect on the VOR of a brief period of wearing telescopic spectacles during head rotation was studied in normal subjects. VOR gain, as measured in darkness, was defined to be the ratio of compensatory slow phase eye velocity to head velocity. Initial VOR gain as measured for vertical axis sinusoidal head rotation at 0.1 Hz, amplitude 60°/sec, was about 0.7. After 15 min adaptation by sinusoidal rotation during the viewing of a remote video display through X2, X4, or X6 binocular telescopic spectacles, 47-70% of subjects exhibited significant VOR gain increases of 7-46%. These increases were measured with occlusion of the unmagnified visual field peripheral to the telescopes during adaptation. There was considerable interindividual variability in adaptation to telescopic spectacles. Telescopic spectacle power had little or no effect on the amount of VOR change after adaptation, although all telescope powers produced a greater VOR gain change than did adaptation without telescopes. Testing of VOR gain at multiple frequencies indicated that adaptation to telescopic spectacles by rotation at a single sinusoidal frequency induces VOR gain changes across a broad spectrum of frequencies of head rotation. When the unmagnified peripheral visual field was unobstructed during adaptation, VOR gain increases were significantly less than when the unmagnified peripheral visual field was occluded, and were similar to those observed during adaptation without the wearing of telescopic spectacles at all. VOR gain adaptation was associated with amelioration of symptoms of oscillopsia and motion discomfort initially experienced by about 20% of subjects wearing telescopic spectacles. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sri 30:159-170,1989
Cytokine gene transfer

This chapter focuses on gene transfer, which has played a significant role in understanding the biological activity of cytokines, the role of cytokines in disease, and for the development of clinical approaches for treating a wide variety of diseases. Gene transfer of cytokines to cells in culture or in vivo can be accomplished by a variety of gene transfer vectors, including both viral- and non-viral-based vectors. For specific gene transfer applications, certain vectors have their own advantages and disadvantages. The majority of phase I clinical trials using cytokine gene transfer have not shown significant efficacy. However, it is likely that if the biology of cytokines is known, especially on how multiple cytokines work synergistically to regulate the immune response, then the cytokine gene therapy will play a significant role in the treatment of many human diseases.
Image-guided cranial irradiation-induced ablation of dentate gyrus neurogenesis impairs extinction of recent morphine reward memories.

Dentate gyrus adult neurogenesis is implicated in the formation of hippocampal-dependent contextual associations. However, the role of adult neurogenesis during reward-based context-dependent paradigms-such as conditioned place preference (CPP)-is understudied. Therefore, we used image-guided, hippocampal-targeted X-ray irradiation (IG-IR) and morphine CPP to explore whether dentate gyrus adult neurogenesis plays a role in reward memories created in adult C57BL/6J male mice. In addition, as adult neurogenesis appears to participate to a greater extent in retrieval and extinction of recent ( 1 week posttraining) memories, we specifically examined the role of adult neurogenesis in reward-associated contextual memories probed at recent and remote timepoints. Six weeks post-IG-IR or Sham treatment, mice underwent morphine CPP. Using separate groups, retrieval of recent and remote reward memories was found to be similar between IG-IR and Sham treatments. Interestingly, IG-IR mice showed impaired extinction-or increased persistence-of the morphine-associated reward memory when it was probed 24-hr (recent) but not 3-weeks (remote) postconditioning relative to Sham mice. Taken together, these data show that hippocampal-directed irradiation and the associated decrease in dentate gyrus adult neurogenesis affect the persistence of recently-but not remotely-probed reward memory. These data indicate a novel role for adult neurogenesis in reward-based memories and particularly the extinction rate of these memories. Consideration of this work may lead to better understanding of extinction-based behavioral interventions for psychiatric conditions characterized by dysregulated reward processing.
Surface Geophysical Investigations for Hazardous Waste Sites

Surface geophysical surveys provide regional and site-specific subsurface information for hazardous waste investigations. The surveys can be used: (1) during the reconnaissance phase of an investigation, (2) for obtainingdetailed site-specific information, and (3) for monitoring purposes after detailed investigations have been completed. The choice of the geophysical method used in a survey depends on: (1) a knowledge of the geologic and hydrologic conditions and (2) the type of contaminant and its suspected depth. The different methods measure different physical properties which can be interpreted as geologic features or, if the target is man-made, as cultural features. The ambiguity inherent in geophysical methods can be reduced by conducting two or more surveys that measure different physical properties.
The Ocean Mesoscale Regime of the Reduced-Gravity Quasigeostrophic Model

AbstractA statistical-equilibrium, geostrophic-turbulence regime of the stochastically forced, one-layer, reduced-gravity, quasigeostrophic model is identified in which the numerical solutions are ...
Operational Differences in Plant-Based Diet Indices Affect the Ability to Detect Associations with Incident Hypertension in Middle-Aged US Adults.

BACKGROUND Several distinct plant-based diet indices (PDIs) have been developed to characterize adherence to plant-based diets. OBJECTIVE We contrasted 5 PDIs in a community-based cohort by assessing characteristics of the diet and evaluating whether these PDIs are associated with risk of incident hypertension. METHODS Using FFQ data from adults (45-64 y, n = 8041) without hypertension at baseline in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, we scored participants' diets using the overall PDI (oPDI), healthy PDI (hPDI), less healthy (unhealthy) PDI (uPDI), provegetarian diet index, and PDI from the Rotterdam Study (PDI-Rotterdam). For the oPDI, provegetarian diet, and PDI-Rotterdam, higher intakes of all or selected plant foods received higher scores. For the hPDI, higher intakes of plant foods identified as healthful received higher scores. For the uPDI, higher intakes of less healthy plant foods received higher scores. All indices scored higher intakes of animal foods lower. We examined agreement between indices, and whether scores on these indices were associated with risk of hypertension using Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS The PDIs were moderately-to-strongly correlated and largely ranked subjects consistently, except for the uPDI. Over a median follow-up of 13 y, 6044 incident hypertension cases occurred. When adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, other dietary factors, and health behaviors, the highest compared with the lowest quintile for adherence to the oPDI, hPDI, and provegetarian diet was associated with a 12-16% lower risk of hypertension (all P-trend <0.05). Highest adherence to the uPDI was associated with a 13% higher risk of hypertension, when clinical factors were further adjusted for (P-trend = 0.03). No significant association was observed with the PDI-Rotterdam. The oPDI, hPDI, and provegetarian diet moderately improved the prediction of hypertension. CONCLUSIONS In middle-aged US adults, despite moderate agreement in ranking subjects across PDIs, operational differences can affect the ability to detect diet-disease associations, such as hypertension.
Improvement of diagnostic yield in carbamoylphosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) molecular genetic investigation by RNA sequencing.

Carbamoylphosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) deficiency is a rare inborn error of metabolism leading often to neonatal onset hyperammonemia with coma and high mortality. The biochemical features of the disease are nonspecific and cannot distinguish this condition from other defects of the urea cycle, namely N-acetylglutamate synthase deficiency. Therefore, molecular genetic investigation is required for confirmation of the disease, and nowadays this is done with increasing frequency applying next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques. Our laboratory has a long-standing interest in CPS1 molecular genetic investigation and receives samples from centers in Europe and many other countries. We perform RNA-based CPS1 molecular genetic investigation as first line investigation and wanted in this study to evaluate our experience with this approach as compared to NGS. In the past 15 years, 297 samples were analyzed, which were referred from 37 countries. CPS1 deficiency could be confirmed in 155 patients carrying 136 different genotypes with only a single mutation recurring more than two times. About 10% of the total 172 variants comprised complex changes (eg, intronic changes possibly affecting splicing, deletions, insertions, or deletions_insertions), which would have been partly missed if only NGS was done. Likewise, RNA analysis was crucial for correct interpretation of at least half of the complex mutations. This study gives highest sensitivity to RNA-based CPS1 molecular genetic investigation and underlines that NGS should be done together with copy number variation analysis. We propose that unclear cases should be investigated by RNA sequencing in addition, if this method is not used as the initial diagnostic procedure.
Abstract 54: Addressing Cardiovascular Health Using Artificial Intelligence: Randomized Clinical Trial to Increase Physical Activity in Cancer Survivors Using Intelligent Voice Assist (Amazon Alexa) for Patient Coaching

Importance: Physical Activity (PA) has numerous health benefits to cancer survivors, but motivation remains problematic. Coaching may increase PA and improve survivorship outcomes, but it is challe...
Heart Transplantation Outcomes in Adults with Postpartum Cardiomyopathy

Purpose Postpartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a prevalent cause of end-stage heart failure in women, from which about 10% will require heart transplantation. We aimed to further evaluate long-term heart transplant (HT) outcomes in this cohort of patients and compare them to all other heart transplant recipients. Methods The UNOS registry was queried for all cardiac transplants in the registry from 1987 to 2019 to compare characteristics and outcomes for PPCM-patients and all other HT patients. Hazard ratios (HR) were calculated using multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. Survival curves were generated with the Kaplan Meier method. Results Between 1987 and 2019, 63,142 patients received a heart transplant. Of these patients, 666 women had a heart transplant in which the indication was PPCM. These patients tended to be younger (p 20% (22.2% vs. 9.4%, p Conclusion Despite being a younger cohort with less chronic medical issues, PPCM had worse survival compared to non-PPCM patients with increased sensitization as well as increased use of IABP and VAD support. Further study is warranted to address these findings.
The Acute and Long Term Toxicity of Dextromethorphan in the Developing Brain (P6.312)

Objective: The objective of this study was to understand the short and long term toxicity of Dextromethorphan (DXM) on the developing brain. Background: DXM, a commonly used antitussive and a drug that is now also being used in many neurological diseases in children, has acute and long term toxicities that have been demonstrated in animal models in adult rodents. However its effects on the developing brain have not been studied. Because DXM blocks NMDA receptors, the developing brain may be particularly vulnerable to its potential toxic effects. Design/Methods: We determined the behavioral effects of DXM after acute (20 min post dose) and after chronic administration (daily dosing ×10 days P30–40 with behavioral testing done on P41–45) in C57BL/6 mice. We studied three groups: I, II and III (DXM 40 mg/kg/day, 20, and vehicle respectively). Such doses result in serum levels that are comparable to both levels achieved in overdose by abusers and levels achieved during treatment of neonatal hyperglycinemia in infants. Results: Acute toxicity: There were no differences among the 3 groups in any of the following tests: Open Field, Rotarod, Grip Strength, Gait Analysis, and Tail Suspension (ANOVA p>0.05 in all comparisons). However, there was a difference in the Beam Walking Test in both time (p=.041, LSD test) and amount of slips (p=.023, Tukey test). Long-term toxicity: There were no differences among the 3 groups in any of the following tests: Forced Swimming, Novel Object, and Social Affiliation (p>.05 in all cases.) There was a difference in discerning Social Novelty. (p=.047, Tukey test) Conclusions: In acute doses, DXM caused motor skill impairments. Long-term administration of DXM at high doses in the developing brain caused an impairment in sociability, specifically in the ability to discern social novelty. This is of potential clinical importance in treating pediatric patients with DXM. Study Supported by: The Cure AHC Foundation Grant Disclosure: Dr. Richardson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hunanyan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Azar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ratliff has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mikati has nothing to disclose.
Climate change and dermatology: An introduction to a special topic, for this special issue.

Anthropogenic global climate change is a well-documented phenomenon, which has led to average global temperatures climbing to approximately 1deg C above preindustrial(1850-1900) levels, with even higher regional deviations in some areas and significantly increased average warming in densely populated urban centers. In 2018, the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change set a threshold of 1.5 deg C of average warming (above the pre-industrial baseline), beyond which our planet will become significantly less hospitable to human life. However, adverse human health impacts are already occurring due to current levels of global climate change, as summarized by publications such as The Lancet's annual "Countdown on Health and Climate Change"; initiated in 2016. The human health impacts of climate change are truly cross-disciplinary, with nearly every medical specialty either already facing or set to face effects. The field of dermatology is not immune to these risks. This special issue of the International Journal of Women's Dermatology is dedicated to the cross section of dermatology and climate change. This initial article will serve as an overview to introduce readers to the topic and to lay the groundwork for the rest of the issue. We are delighted to work with the Women's Dermatological Society and welcome their support for this dedicated issue. Herein you will read from up-and-coming stars in the field and established experts, including articles on the following key areas: Infectious diseases, environmentally-friendly office practices, sunscreens & the environment, refugee health, heat-related illness, the effect of air pollution on the skin, the impact of climate change on pediatric dermatology, implications for skin cancer, and skin issues related to flooding and extreme weather events.
Chronic Kidney Disease and the Dialysis Patient

A 64-year-old male with chronic hypercalcemia presented for elective four-gland parathyroidectomy with auto-transplantation. He had a history of end-stage kidney disease and was intermittently hemodialyzed at home via a tunnelled central venous catheter in his right internal jugular vein. Other past medical history included diabetes mellitus (DM) (type two) for the preceding 16 years, longstanding essential hypertension, four myocardial infarctions with subsequent coronary artery bypass grafting 2 years prior to this visit, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and obstructive sleep apnea requiring continuous positive airway pressure support at night. He was a non-smoker and had a body mass index of 35 kg/m2. He reported good functional capacity with no exertional angina.
A Curious Case of MRSA Bacteremia and Septic Pulmonary Embolism Secondary to Peripheral Venous Catheter.

Background. Central venous catheters (CVCs) have been frequently associated with septic thrombophlebitis, bacteremia, and septic emboli. Right-sided infective endocarditis is seen concurrently in patients with septic pulmonary emboli. A case of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia and septic pulmonary emboli secondary to infected peripheral venous catheter (PVC) is reported. Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) showed no evidence of infective endocarditis. Case Presentation. A 44-year-old female presented to E.R. with left upper extremity pain and swelling at the previously inserted peripheral 18-gauge intravenous catheter site. She also had chest pain, which worsened with inspiration. The patient was found to be in septic shock. Her clinical condition deteriorated acutely. Right upper extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary emboli were seen on imaging. Blood cultures grew MRSA. Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiograms showed no vegetations. The patient responded well to appropriate antibiotics and anticoagulation. Conclusion. Peripherally inserted catheters are an important portal for pathogen entry and need periodic site assessment and frequent evaluation of their need for insertion. Septic pulmonary emboli can also be seen without any evidence of right-sided infective endocarditis.
Antitumour necrosis factor therapy is associated with de novo Crohn's disease after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis.

AIM Tumour necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) have revolutionized the management of moderate to severe ulcerative colitis (UC) since their approval for UC in 2005. However, many patients ultimately require surgery with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA). Development of de novo Crohn's disease (CD) following IPAA is an increasingly common and devastating complication, sometimes progressing to pouch failure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of preoperative TNFi exposure and the development of de novo CD after IPAA. METHOD A prospective single-centre inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) registry was searched for consecutive patients with UC undergoing IPAA during a 25-year period ending July 2018. Patients with preoperative CD or IBD-unclassified were excluded. De novo CD was diagnosed upon endoscopic evidence of five or more mucosal ulcers proximal to the ileal pouch any time after surgery and/or pouch fistula occurring more than three months after ileostomy closure. RESULTS The study cohort consisted of 400 patients with a median follow-up of 44.0 (IQR 11-113) months. Sixty-two (16%) patients developed de novo CD 28.0 (IQR 6-67) months following ileostomy closure. Survival analysis of TNFi era patients revealed a significant increase in de novo CD risk in those with preoperative TNFi exposure. Multivariable proportional hazards modelling revealed two independent predictors for de novo CD development: older age was protective (HR 0.89 per 5-year increase; P = 0.009) and preoperative TNFi exposure was hazardous (HR 2.10; P = 0.011). CONCLUSION This prospective study is the first to suggest an association between preoperative TNFi exposure and the development of de novo CD.
Complementary Assets and the Choice of Organizational Governance: Empirical Evidence From a Large Sample of U.S. Technology-Based Firms

Despite the considerable volume of research on technology commercialization, the role of complementary assets in driving technology commercialization remains controversial. In this paper, we provide a balanced perspective that integrates notions from transaction costs, firm capabilities, and industrial organization studies. In particular, we analyze the offsetting effects of the nature, ownership, and strength of downstream complementary assets on the gains from trade and transaction costs from alternative technology commercialization strategies. These strategies include competition in the product market, licensing, forming a technological joint venture, and selling the company to, or merging it with, holders of complementary assets. We test our hypotheses using a unique dataset encompassing commercialization transactions occurring between 1996 and 2002, among 545 technology-based firms. Our results suggest that innovators operating in industries requiring cospecialized complementary assets or possessing weak downstream capabilities, which are both associated with relatively higher sunk costs of entry in the product markets, are more likely to merge with incumbents rather than compete in the product market. Findings also suggest that innovating firms operating in industries requiring cospecialized complementary assets or possessing weak downstream capabilities, which are also associated with higher transaction costs, are more likely to adopt more integrated cooperative commercialization solutions.
Outcomes of hepatitis C virus seropositive donors to hepatitis C virus seronegative liver recipients: A large single center analysis.

Abstract Introduction and objectives The success of direct-acting antivirals (DAA) has transformed the management of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and has led to the expansion of the deceased donor organ pool for liver transplantation. Material and methods We present a single center retrospective review of liver transplantations performed on HCV-seronegative recipients from HCV-seropositive organs from 11/2017 to 05/2020. HCV nucleic acid testing (NAT) was performed on HCV-seropositive donors to assess active HCV infection. Results 42 HCV-seronegative recipients underwent a liver transplant from a HCV-seropositive donor, including 21 NAT negative (20 liver, 1 simultaneous liver kidney transplant) and 21 NAT positive liver transplants. Two (9.5%) HCV antibody positive/NAT negative recipients developed HCV viremia and achieved sustained virologic response with DAA therapy. The remaining patients with available data (19 patients) remained polymerase chain reaction (PCR) negative at 6 months. 20 (95%) of HCV antibody positive/NAT positive recipients had a confirmed HCV viremia. 100% of patients with available data (15 patients) achieved SVR. Observed events include 1 mortality and graft loss and equivalent rates of post-transplant complications between NAT positive and NAT negative recipients. Conclusions HCV-seropositive organs can be safely transplanted into HCV-seronegative patients with minimal complications post-transplant.
Nitrogen fixation by thermophilic blue-green algae (cyanobacteria): temperature characteristics and potential use in biophotolysis.

Thermophilic, nitrogen-fixing, blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) were investigated for use in biophotolysis. Three strains of Mastigocladus laminosus were tested and were found to be equally effective in biophotolysis as judged by nitrogenase activity. The alga, M. laminosus NZ-86-m, which was chosen for further study, grew well in the temperature range from 35 to 50°C, with optimum growth at 45°C, at which temperature acetylene reduction activity was also greatest. The maximum tolerable temperature was 55°C. Acetylene reduction activity was saturated at a light intensity of 1 × 104 ergs cm−2 s−1. Atmospheric oxygen tension was found to be slightly inhibitory to acetylene reduction of both slowly growing and exponentially growing cultures. Nonsterile continuous cultures, which were conducted to test problems of culture maintenance, could be operated for 2 months without any significant decrease in nitrogenase activity or contamination by other algae. Nitrogen-starved cultures of M. laminosus NZ-86-m produced hydrogen at comparable rates to Anabaena cylindrica. The conversion efficiency of light to hydrogen energy at maximum rates of hydrogen production was 2.7%.
THE EFFECT OF ARGININE VASOPRESSIN (AVP) ON RENAL VASCULAR RESISTANCE (RVR) IN NEWBORN LAMBS DURING HYPOXEMIA (HPX)

THE EFFECT OF ARGININE VASOPRESSIN (AVP) ON RENAL VASCULAR RESISTANCE (RVR) IN NEWBORN LAMBS DURING HYPOXEMIA (HPX)
Disorders of Sex Development

Phenotypic sex results from the differentiation of internal ducts and external genitalia under the influence of hormones and other factors. When discordance occurs among three processes (chromosomal, gonadal, phenotypic sex determination), a disorder of sex development (DSD) is the result. This has previously been identified as “intersex” or “intersexuality” but new nomenclature has replaced the use of the term intersex and now refers to it as DSD. The diagnosis and management of DSD conditions can be confusing because of the wide spectrum in physical appearance often observed. An important issue with any DSD evaluation is not to get overwhelmed by the enormity of the differential diagnosis possibilities. Instead, by working systematically through the differential diagnosis pathway based on the physical exam and laboratory findings, many possible diagnoses can be discarded along the way.
Macrophage-Specific ErbB4 is Induced by DSS Colitis and Regulates Macrophage Survival

The ErbB4 receptor tyrosine kinase is induced in the colonic epithelium in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and the ErbB4-specific ligand neuregulin-4 is protective in murine colitis models. Inter...
Introduction to Susan Opotow's SPSSI Presidential Address

It is an honor and a pleasure for me to introduce Susan Opotow as she gives her 2009 SPSSI Presidential address. Although I will keep my remarks short, I want to share a bit about Susan’s career and her contributions to SPSSI. Susan took her BA at Antioch College and then a master’s degree in counseling from the Banks Street College. She began her career as a teacher and guidance counselor in the New York City School system. She then entered the doctoral program in social and organizational psychology at Columbia University where she completed her dissertation under the direction of former SPSSI President Mort Deutsch (1960–1961). Her first full-time academic appointment was with the Graduate Program in Dispute Resolution at the University of Massachusetts at Boston where she served as an associate and then a full professor from 1996 until 2007. In that year she moved to become a Professor of Sociology at City University of New York’s (CUNY) John College of Criminal Justice and a Professor in the CUNY Graduate Center’s Criminal Justice and Social and Personality graduate programs. Susan’s scholarly work has focused on the social psychology of conflict and injustice. Her dissertation was an experimental study of the scope of justice: namely whether or not students believe the Bombardier beetle deserves to be treated fairly. Both sides of the scope of justice, exclusion and inclusion, have been recurrent concerns in Susan’s research. She has examined this in several domains including the treatment of animals, affirmative action, environmental and rangeland conflicts, torture, and the American Civil War Reconstruction. Although she has made noteworthy contributions on other topics as well (e.g., a theory of hate,
Dose response of SQ 20, 858 in chronic renal hypertension.

Summary Renal hypertension was produced in 13 Sprague Dawley rats by ligating both poles of one kidney followed in one week by unilateral nephrectomy. To evaluate the blood pressure lowering effect of a synthetic peptide derived from Bothrops Jararaca venom (which inhibits angiotensin's converting enzyme), SQ 20,858 (SQ) was injected subcutaneously, biweekly into 11 chronic renal hypertensive and 2 normotensive animals. Eleven normotensive controls and 2 renal hypertensive animals were untreated. The average systolic pressure before treatment of the renal hypertensive group was 189 mmHg at 18 weeks and fell to only 180 using 0.4 mg/100g of SQ. Doubling the drug to 0.8 mg/100g further reduced the systolic pressure to 170 mmHg. Only after the dose of 20 mg/100g was given did the pressure drop to normotensive levels of 162 mmHg, which using paired data was a significant decrease (P
Effect of temperature on thromboelastography and implications for clinical use in newborns undergoing therapeutic hypothermia

Effect of temperature on thromboelastography and implications for clinical use in newborns undergoing therapeutic hypothermia
Modelling of CBN tool crater wear in finish hard turning

The wear of cubic boron nitride (CBN) cutters, commonly used now in the finish turning of hardened parts, is an important issue that needs to be addressed for hard turning to be a viable technology due to the high costs of CBN cutters and the down-time for tool change. Chipping and tool breakage, which lead to early tool failure, are both prone to take place under the effect of crater wear. The objective of this study is to develop a methodology to model the CBN tool crater wear rate to both guide the design of CBN tool geometry and optimise cutting parameters in finish hard turning. First, the wear volume losses due to the main wear mechanisms (abrasion, adhesion, and diffusion) are modelled as functions of cutting temperature, stress, and other process attributes respectively. Then, the crater wear rate is predicted in terms of tool/work material properties and cutting configuration. Finally, the proposed model is experimentally validated in finish turning of hardened 52100 bearing steel using a low CBN content insert. The comparison between the prediction and the measurement shows reasonable agreement and the results suggest that adhesion is the main wear mechanism over the investigated range of cutting conditions .
Protective effect of eicosapentaenoic acid on ouabain toxicity in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes.

Abstract Isolated neonatal cardiac myocytes have been utilized as a model for the study of cardiac arrhythmogenic factors. The myocytes respond to the toxic effects of a potent cardiac glycoside, ouabain at 0.1 mM, by an increase in their spontaneous beating rate and a reduction in amplitude of contractions resulting within minutes in a lethal state of contracture. Incubating the isolated myocytes for 3-5 days in culture medium enriched with 5 microM arachidonic acid [20:4 (n-6)] had no effect on the development of lethal contracture after subsequent exposure to 0.1 mM ouabain. By contrast, incubating the myocytes for 3-5 days with 5 microM eicosapentaenoic acid [20:5 (n-3)] completely prevented the toxic effects of ouabain at 0.1 mM. There were no measurable differences in the degree to which ouabain inhibited Na,K-ATPase activity by comparing the control with the arachidonic acid- or the eicosapentaenoic acid-enriched myocytes. No differences in bumetanide-inhibitable 86Rb flux were observed between the three preparations. However, measurements with fura-2 of cytosolic free calcium levels indicated that control and arachidonic acid-enriched myocytes developed toxic cytosolic calcium concentrations of 845 +/- 29 and 757 +/- 64 nM, respectively, on exposure to 0.1 mM ouabain, whereas in eicosapentaenoic acid-enriched myocytes, physiologic calcium levels (214 +/- 29 nM) were preserved. Incubating the myocytes with eicosapentaenoic acid (5 microM) for 3-5 days resulted in a small reduction of arachidonic acid and a small but significant increase of eicosapentaenoic acid in membrane phospholipids of the myocytes.
Understanding Adolescent and Family Influences on Intimate Partner Psychological Violence During Emerging Adulthood and Adulthood

The intergenerational transmission of violence directed toward intimate partners has been documented for the past three decades. Overall, the literature shows that violence in the family of origin leads to violence in the family of destination. However, this predominately cross–sectional or retrospective literature is limited by self–selection, endogeneity, and reporter biases as it has not been able to assess how individual and family behaviors simultaneously experienced during adolescence influence intimate partner violence throughout adulthood. The present study used data from the Iowa Youth and Families Project (IYFP; N = 392; 52 % Female), a multi–method, multi–trait prospective approach, to overcome this limitation. We focused on psychological intimate partner violence in both emerging adulthood (19–23 years) and adulthood (27–31 years), and include self and partner ratings of violence as well as observational data in a sample of rural non-Hispanic white families. Controlling for a host of individual risk factors as well as interparental psychological violence from adolescence (14–15 years), the results show that exposure to parent–to–child psychological violence during adolescence is a key predictor of intimate partner violence throughout adulthood. In addition, negative emotionality and the number of sexual partners in adolescence predicted intimate partner violence in both emerging adulthood and adulthood. Exposure to family stress was associated positively with intimate partner violence in adulthood but not in emerging adulthood, whereas academic difficulties were found to increase violence in emerging adulthood only. Unlike previous research, results did not support a direct effect of interparental psychological violence on psychological violence in the next generation. Gender differences were found only in emerging adulthood. Implications of these findings are discussed in light of the current literature and future directions.
Numerical and experimental turbulent heat transfer results for a one-sided heated rectangular duct

Complementary numerical and experimental studies were made of the heat transfer characteristics of a hydrodynamicaUy developed turbulent flow passing through a flat rectangular duct. One, of the principal walls of the duct was maintained at a uniform temperature different from the fluid inlet temperature, while the other walls of the duct were adiabanc. Results were obtained for the local, quasi-local, and average Nusselt numbers in the thermal entrance region and for the fully developed Nusselt number. Both heal and mass transfer versions of the problem were investigated. Excellent agreement prevailed between the experimentally and numerically determined quasi-local Sherwood numbers at a succession of axial stations in the mass transfer entrance region, thereby establishing the analytical model and the numerical solution method. Heat transfer results for airflow were obtained from the numerical solutions for Reynolds numbers between 10,000 and 100,000. It was found that away from the immediate neighborho...
On the use of global and specific measures in assessing the self-esteem of males and females

General measures of self-esteem have often been unsuccessful in predicting specific behaviors or self-reports, particularly those of female subjects. To explore this problem, this study examined the relationship between a general measure of self-esteem and specific measures of agentic and communal self-esteem in a sample of 79 female and 97 male undergraduates. Three agentic measures were found to account for a greater proportion of the variance in general self-esteem scores of males (51%) than of females (33%). This difference was accentuated when traditionally sex-typed subjects were compared separately; the percentages for these groups were 45% for masculine males and 14% for feminine females. Differences between male and female subjects regarding the communal measure were small and nonsignificant. Implications for sex typing and the measurement of self-esteem are considered.
Vitamin D status and brush border membrane vesicles: 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 induced destabilization

Purified chick duodenal brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) were used to assess the effect of vitamin D on intestinal Ca2+ transport and membrane stability. BBMV preparations are right-side-out as judged by a nine-fold increase in accessibility of lactoperoxidase to core material actin in the presence of Triton X-100. Freshly prepared BBMV from vitamin D-deficient chicks support both sodium-dependent glucose transport and Ca2+ uptake. In vivo treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 results in an 85% increase in the Vmax of Ca2+-uptake from 2.2 to 3.9 nmol/min/mg protein. The Km of Ca2+-uptake (0.9 mM) is independent of the vitamin D status of the chick. The majority of BBMV derived from vitamin D-replete chicks were destabilized and rendered incapable of supporting either sodium-dependent glucose uptake or Ca2+ uptake if they were held at 0-4 degrees C for 2 to 24 h. In 40 separate experiments, 80% of membranes derived from vitamin D-replete chicks showed characteristics of destabilization, whereas only 24% of all control membranes exhibited a lack of viability.
CONTINUITY OF QUARK AND HADRON MATTER

We review, clarify, and extend the notion of color-flavor locking. We present evidence that for three degenerate flavors the qualitative features of the color-flavor locked state, reliably predicted for high density, match the expected features of hadronic matter at low density. This provides, in particular, a controlled, weak-coupling realization of confinement and chiral symmetry breaking in this (slight) idealization of QCD.
Time resolved friction during dry sliding of metal on metal

Abstract In the present study, plate impact pressure–shear friction experiments are conducted to provide insight into time-resolved dry sliding characteristics of metal on metal at normal pressures of approximately 1.5 GPa, slip speeds up to 60 m/s and interfacial temperatures as high as 800°C. The plate impact friction experiments represent a significant improvement over conventional dynamic friction experiments by allowing control of interfacial tractions with the use of combined pressure–shear loading waves instead of manipulating actuator motion. Also, by measuring the combined normal and transverse motion of the rear surface of the target plate, critical frictional parameters such as the applied normal pressure, the interfacial slip resistance, and the interfacial slip speeds can be interpreted by using the framework of one-dimensional plane wave analysis. The experiments are conducted on a Carpentor Hampden tool-steel (D3)/Ti–6Al–4V tribo-pair. The frictional state at the tribo-pair interface is varied by varying the impact velocity and/or the surface roughness of the impacting surfaces. Moreover, by appropriate selection of flyer and target plate thickness the tribo-pair interface is subjected to step changes in normal pressure and step changes in applied shear stress. The results of these experiments provide new insights into the evolution of interfacial sliding resistance with accumulated interfacial slip, and its dependence on surface roughness, slip velocity, normal pressure and interfacial temperature.
Primary yolk‐sac (endodermal sinus) tumor of the prostate

A primary yolk-sac (endodermal sinus) tumor of the prostate occurring in a 51-year-old man is described, and the difficulties associated with classification of this tumor are discussed. Yolk-sac tumors have been reported to arise in several extragonadal sites, but to our knowledge this is the first documented case of a germinal cell tumor occurring the the prostate. This tumor in extragonadal sites carries a grave prognosis. Despite radical surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, this patient died 10 months after the tumor was diagnosed.
Green Chemical Engineering Aspects of Reactive Distillation

Reactive or catalytic distillation technology combines chemical synthesis steps with separations by distillation. This combination can lead to intensified, high-efficiency process systems with significant green engineering attributes. New applications and understanding have prompted growth in the use of reactive distillation for a variety of chemical syntheses, especially esterifications and etherifications involving oxygenated hydrocarbons. We describe several applications and the potential and tradeoffs for reactive distillation technology in the context of green engineering principles.
Simultaneous determination of copper, iron, manganese and zinc in bovine liver and estuarine sediment using flame atomic absorption spectrometry with background correction

Abstract The simultaneous flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of copper, iron, manganese, and zinc in bovine liver and estuarine sediment was investigated. Two methods, namely nitric acid and nitric acid/hydrogen peroxide were used to obtain the solid samples in a suitable aqueous-type form. For the marine sample, the nitric acid dissolution method for copper and zinc were acceptable (± 15% of certified values). For bovine liver, both methods gave acceptable results for all four metals. In general, Smith-Hieftje background correction gave better results than deuterium arc or no background correction.
Nonexercise activity thermogenesis: a way forward to treat the worldwide obesity epidemic

d i f s b v a Obesity is an epidemic with already catastrophic consequences [1]. When a doctor sees a patient with obesity, not only does the doctor need to be cognizant that obesity affects every organ system, but the doctor also needs to be aware that it affects the patient’s self-perception [2]. Patients think about their obesity and the discrimination they experience because of it approximately 5 times every hour [3,4]. It is unfortunate, because it is the combination of the patient with, not only their inbuilt genetic makeup, but also the environment in which they find themselves [5] that is preventing the patient from moving and has precipitated their obesity. Obesity not only results in the patient experiencing medical issues, discrimination, and negative feelings, the costs, to corporate America are staggering. Obesity alone raises annual per capita medical costs by $2741 (in 2005 dollars) [6]. However, a patient with obesity with multiple complications can cost a company $7000–$10,000 per person per year more than their lean counterpart [7]. One and one half billion people have obesity [1]. One alf of the children in Beijing are obese [8]. The rate of ccentuation of obesity in India is so rapid that it has the apability of slowing its growing economy. The rapid inrease in obesity is a global issue [9]. There is debate as to whether it is the chair or the knife nd fork that has caused the increase in obesity rates. During he past 150 years, data from multiple studies have shown hat food intake has remained relatively constant. The U.K. ata have suggested that as the obesity rates doubled since he 1980s [10], the caloric intake actually declined. Howver, concomitantly with that there has been a progressive nd systematic decline in energy expenditure, first with rbanization and now with the computer and car revoluions. Obesity occurs in the persistence of positive energy
Sea-Floor Spreading near the Galapagos

Seismicity, volcanism, and a linear pattern of very large magnetic anomalies that show symmetry about a broad negative anomaly suggest that a type of sea-floor spreading occurs near the Galapagos Islands in the east-equatorial Pacific. This spreading results from the tensile stresses generated by different spreading directions of two adjacent segments of the East Pacific Rise, and it is suggested that the area be called the Galapagos Rift Zone.
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 undergoes microsecond to millisecond motions at sites of matrix metalloproteinase-induced fit.

Abstract The N-terminal, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-inhibitory fragment of recombinant, human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1) exhibits varied backbone dynamics and rigidity. Most striking is the presence of chemical exchange in the MMP-binding ridge reported to undergo conformational change upon MMP binding. Conformational exchange fluctuations in microseconds to milliseconds map to the sites of MMP-induced fit at residues Val29 through Leu34 of the AB loop and to the Ala65 and Cys70 “hinges” of the CD loop of TIMP-1. Slow chemical exchange is also present at the type I turn of the EF loop at the base of the MMP-binding ridge. These functional slow motions and other fast internal motions are evident from backbone 15 N spin relaxation at 500 and 750 MHz, whether interpreted by the model-free formalism with axial diffusion anisotropy or by the reduced spectral density approach. The conformational exchange is confirmed by its deviation from the trend between R 2 and the cross-correlation rate η. The magnetic field-dependence indicates that the chemical exchange broadening in the AB and CD loops is fast on the time-scale of chemical shift differences. The conformational exchange rates for most of these exchanging residues, which can closely approach MMP, appear to be a few thousand to several thousand per second. The slow dynamics of the TIMP-1 AB loop contrast the picosecond to nanosecond dynamics reported in the longer TIMP-2 AB loop.
Images and icons.

Nanoscale objects cannot be seen in the traditional sense, but that should not stop us from thinking about how we visualize the nanoworld, as Chris Toumey reports.
The Behavior of Vermilion-Suppressor in Mosaics.

This fact indicates that the suppressor operates on a stage of the reaction other than that at which the difference between wild type and vermilion is established. It is interesting in this connection that the color changes in the pupal development of the eye of flies in which vermilion is suppressed resemble those of the wild type, not those of vermilion. The effect of the suppressor must therefore be exerted before the onset of pigment formation.
The use of polymeric milling media in the reduction of contamination during mechanical attrition

Aluminum samples were milled in a high-energy ball mill at times ranging from 10 to 500 min in stainless vial/media and nylon vial/media. The crystallite size of aluminum milled in the stainless steel setup reached a plateau at 25 nm around 100 min, whereas the crystallite size of aluminum milled in the nylon setup reached the same plateau at 500 min. Contamination studies were conducted using x-ray fluorescence, hydrogen-carbon-nitrogen analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. Although organic contamination due to the nylon milling media was high at 12 wt% when milled for 500 min, it is shown that the contaminant could be easily removed by thermal treatment.
Hyperkalemia and ventricular tachycardia after outpatient ureteral valve reimplantation: a case report

Objective This study aimed to report on a toddler who presented with progressively worsening abdominal pain and obstructive uropathy 1 week after ureteral valve reimplantation. Acute renal failure resulted in critical hyperkalemia. Methods Chart review of presentation, physical examination, laboratory tests, and treatment. Results Initial potassium level was 10 mEq/L; ventricular tachycardia was observed and treated. Conclusions More commonly, hyperkalemia results from overuse/overdose of supplementation or in patients with known renal failure. Although less common, obstructive uropathy should be considered in any patient with recent instrumentation of the urinary tract and coincident complications can be significant.