cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neutron diffraction determination of the number and displacement of the atoms in the diffuse ω-phase of Zr0·8Nb0·2

Abstract Alloys of Zr and Nb with Nb concentrations between 5 and 17 per cent undergo an athermal displacive transformation from b.c.c. to the hexagonal ω-phase. The ω start temperature depends on Nb concentration. The ω structure is derived from b.c.c. by the displacement of atom rows parallel to [111]. For Nb concentrations greater than ≅ 17 per cent the Bragg reflections characteristic of the ω-phase never develop under athermal conditions but a diffuse scattering in their vicinity is present. The alloy in this state is referred to as diffuse omega phase and omega domains cannot be imaged in the electron microscope. Coherence of the displaced atoms with the b.c.c. lattice allows the determination of the number of displaced atoms and their mean displacement from intensity measurements of the b.c.c. Bragg reflections. At 300°K some 32 per cent of the atoms in the Zr 0·8 Nb 0·2 alloy are displaced 56·2 per cent of the way to the ideal ω positions as represented by the AlB 2 structure. Both the number of atoms and their mean displacement increase as the temperature is lowered. We believe these results are the first to quantify the diffuse omega phase.
Using the H.I.S. Model in Counseling African-American Men

The H.I.S. (History, Identity, and Spirituality) model is a three-step approach to working with African-American men. Information from both the Biopsychosocial and the Affirmation models forms the basis of the H.I.S. model. However, this conceptual framework takes on a more holistic approach, incorporating universal concepts that are essential to effective counseling. Although the model has not been empirically tested, the implications are believed to be helpful for practicing counselors.
The Synergistic Effect of Natural Rubber on the Crystallization of Lithium Poly(Isoprene)S (Coral Rubber)

Abstract The influence of silver nitrate on the crystallization of poly(isoprene)s has been demonstrated as well as the synergistic effect of natural rubber on the crystallization of lithium catalyzed poly(isoprene). This synergism does not appear to be a “seeding” effect in the strictly definitive sense, since no seed crystals are actually added. In this case a better description of this effect might be cocrystallization where nucleation is promoted by the addition of a quantity of a highly regular similar species. Actually there is a good probability that the nucleating crystals themselves contain segments of the synthetic poly(isoprene). This conclusion is supported by the data shown in Figure 6 for a 50/50 mixture of natural rubber and a noncrystallizable Alfin polymer. The dilato meter curve for this mixture indicates that the 50 per cent non-crystallizable polymer has a slight retarding effect on the induction period for the crystallization of the natural rubber but the crystallization rate of the n...
Felix Cohen, Anti-Semitism and American Indian Law

Felix Cohen and his work and legacy are discussed in several new books, including an important intellectual biography of Cohen by Dalia Tsuk Mitchell. Using the Mitchell biography as a starting point, this essay discusses an important episode in Cohen's life, involving apparent anti-Semitism at the Department of Justice. Because the episode is not fully explored in this otherwise excellent biography, Cohen and his motivations in Indian law remain a mystery in some respects. The essay also discusses some of the paradoxes of Cohen's key involvement in federal Indian policy and the contemporary importance of some of his legacies in American Indian law.
Signals from the Crowd: Strategic Management and Learning Through Crowdsourcing:

One way to ensure broad organizational support of strategic management efforts is to include employees in strategic planning. An inclusive strategic planning process can spur creativity and innovation and increase organizational commitment to implementing change and has been shown to improve employee satisfaction, productivity, and retention. Crowdsourced strategic planning engages employees by using techniques traditionally used to engage external stakeholders. Turning these tools inward provides opportunities for a broad range of employees to develop a shared vision of a desired organizational state and to identify, develop, and sustain strategies to achieve that vision. This paper describes the design, implementation, and immediate outcomes of a crowdsourced strategic planning process at the U.S. Department of Transportation John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, a research-based public agency. The strategic planning process engaged about one-half of the workforce and resulted in the ide...
Solventless synthesis of monodisperse Cu2S nanorods, nanodisks, and nanoplatelets

Cu2S nanocrystals with disklike morphologies were synthesized by the solventless thermolysis of a copper alkylthiolate molecular precursor. The nanodisks ranged from circular to hexagonal prisms from 3 to 150 nm in diameter and 3 to 12 nm in thickness depending on the growth conditions. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) revealed the high chalcocite (hexagonal) crystal structure oriented with the c-axis ([001] direction) orthogonal to the favored growth direction. This disk morphology is thermodynamically favored as it allows the extension of the higher energy {100} and {110} surfaces with respect to the {001} planes. The hexagonal prism morphology also appears to relate to increased C−S bond cleavage of adsorbed dodecanethiol along the more energetic {100} facets relative to {001} facets. Monodisperse Cu2S nanodisks self-assemble into ribbons of stacked platelets. This solventless approach provides a new technique to synthesize anisotropic metal chalcogenide nanostructures with shap...
New Insight into Biomarkers of Human Mercury Exposure Using Naturally Occurring Mercury Stable Isotopes

Human exposure to methylmercury (MeHg) and elemental mercury vapor (Hg(0)(g)) are often estimated using total Hg concentrations in hair and urine, respectively. We investigated whether Hg stable isotopes could be used to better distinguish between exposure to Hg(0)(g) versus MeHg. We found that hair from North American dental professionals was characterized by high positive Δ(199)Hg values (mean = 1.86‰, 1 SD = 0.12‰, n = 11). This confirms that among people who regularly consume fish, total Hg concentrations in hair reflect exposure to MeHg. In contrast, we found that urine from the same individuals was characterized by a range of Δ(199)Hg values (0.29 to 1.77‰, 2 SD = 0.06‰, n = 12) that were significantly correlated to the number of dental amalgams in each individual's mouth. We hypothesize that fish-derived MeHg is demethylated within the body, causing mass-dependent fractionation and the excretion of inorganic Hg in urine. Mercury in urine therefore represents a mixture of demethylated fish-derived MeHg and amalgam-derived inorganic Hg. We estimate that the majority (>70%) of Hg in urine from individuals with <10 dental amalgams is derived from ingestion of MeHg in fish. These data suggest that within populations that consume fish, urine total Hg concentrations may overestimate Hg exposure from personal dental amalgams.
Analysis of Fractured Bolt of Plate Thermal Exchanger

The Macroscopic analysis,chemical composition analysis,SEM,EDAX observation and metallographic examination are conducted to study the fractured bolt of the plate thermal exchanger supplied by a certain factory.High density banded segregations and nonmetal impurities are observed around the central area of the material and many micro cracks exist along the segregations and impurities bands.The micro cracks promote growth to breaking when the bolt is under loading.
Study of Dust Cloud Spark Ignition

This paper analyzes the main purpose of dust cloud electric spark ignition study.The common electric spark ignition source in industry practice and its discharge energy,spark trigger circuit of the existing experimental device,the powder systems have been studied.Also it is analyzed the main errors of the determination of dust cloud ignition sensitivity by using capacitor energy and spark energy in the course of experiment.
Modeling and Simulation Research on Drag Parachute Inflation Motion of Target-sensitivity Projectile

Aiming at parachute having nonlinear flexible deformation features,finite element technology was applied to modeling and simulation research on drag parachute inflation motion of target-sensitivity projectile(TSP).Particle system is used to construct the 3D model of drag parachute.On the basis of considering the inner force in the canopy and the flow field inside it,the dynamics models during inflation process is built in the form of mass particles,and the numerical results through the simulation are validated to be in basic agreement with experiment's results.This research adapts to be used for an elementary design in the drag parachute of new TSP.
Expiratory flow rates: their role in asthma therapy.

When clinical manifestations of asthma are absent or ambiguous, objective evidence of airway obstruction can make the difference between appropriate and inappropriate treatment. At the level of patient self-management—on which effective therapy depends—an inexpensive, hand-held peak flow meter can determine, by measuring pulmonary function, the presence and severity of asthma.
Sonographic appearance of a cesarean scar pregnancy with placenta percreta invading the bladder in the first trimester and management with fertility preservation

A 36-year-old, gravida 8, para 6, woman with six prior cesarean sections presented at 6 weeks with a cesarean scar pregnancy. Medical management was performed initially; however, subsequent three-dimensional sonographic examinations revealed trophoblastic invasion into the bladder. This led to robotic-assisted partial cystectomy, fulguration of invaded pregnancy, and repair of the uterine defect. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 45:163-167, 2017.
Oral biofilms, oral and periodontal infections, and systemic disease.

PURPOSE Oral biofilms harbor several hundreds of species of bacteria as well as spirochetes, protozoa, fungi and viruses. The composition of the oral biofilm varies from health to disease. It is the source of microorganisms that cause dental and periodontal infections. Oral infections and periodontal disease have been implicated in the etiopathogenesis of several important chronic systemic diseases.
Suprascapular Nerve Release: General Principles

Suprascapular nerve neuropathy is a cause of shoulder pain and dysfunction resulting from compression or injury to the suprascapular nerve at either the suprascapular notch or the spinoglenoid notch. The symptoms closely mimic that of a rotator cuff tear and can manifest as refractory shoulder pain that has failed conservative measures. Operative indications include a compressive neuropathy that has failed nonoperative treatment. Both open and arthroscopic techniques have been shown to be safe and effective in decompressing the suprascapular nerve at both the suprascapular notch and spinoglenoid notch.
Reparameterization of COSMO-SAC for Phase Equilibrium Properties Based on Critically Evaluated Data

COSMO-SAC model was reparameterized with use of the critically evaluated data generated by the NIST ThermoData Engine for vapor–liquid equilibria, excess enthalpies for binary mixtures, and activity coefficients of binary mixture components. The calculated σ-profile library contained 897 individual compounds. The temperature-dependent σ profiles included contributions of up to 40 conformers of a molecule. Splitting of the H-bonding σ profiles into OH and non-OH parts decreased the root-mean square deviation from the experimental data points by about 10% compared to the model using one H-bonding parameter. The original UNIFAC model demonstrated comparable performance with the more advanced COSMO-SAC variation. The challenges of uncertainty evaluation for parameters of the model and the predicted values are discussed.
Offstream Water Use: Urban and Agricultural Uses

This chapter examines off stream water use for urban purposes and irrigation agriculture. For each sector, the chapter looks at the ways in which water is used, the spatial patterns of use, the selected quantity and quality characteristics associated with the use, and the role of conservation and water-use efficiency. Even though from a systems viewpoint it would be sensible to study the entire urban water system—water supply input and wastewater output—the chapter will only examine the supply side. A relatively new environmental impact associated with irrigation has been the mobilization of selenium in the subsoil. Many soils in the western United States contain selenium, a toxic heavy metal. Under the naturally dry conditions, selenium is relatively immobile in the soil. With irrigation and deep percolation it becomes mobile and is carried along in the drainage water.
Überbleibsel von der elektrochemischen Theorie

Bei der Entwicklung unserer neuen Valenztheorie konnten wir in vielen Punkten mit Werner ubereinstimmen. Als Motto wollen wir uber das folgende Kapitel seine Worte setzen: „Die elektrochemische Seite der Hauptvalenzabsattigung ist ein vom rein chemischen Vorgang verschiedener zweiter Vorgang, der ihn begleiten oder ihm folgen kann, aber nicht immer eintreten mus“.
The Role of Education in the Implementation of Shared Decision Making in Emergency Medicine: A Research Agenda

Shared decision making (SDM) is a patient-centered communication skill that is essential for all physicians to provide quality care. Like any competency or procedural skill, it can and should be introduced to medical students during their clerkships (undergraduate medical education), taught and assessed during residency training (graduate medical education), and have documentation of maintenance throughout an emergency physician's career (denoted as continuing medical education). A subgroup representing academic emergency medicine (EM) faculty, residents, content experts, and patients convened at the 2016 Academic Emergency Medicine Consensus Conference on SDM to develop a research agenda toward improving implementation of SDM through sustainable education efforts. After developing a list of potential priorities, the subgroup presented the priorities in turn to the consensus group, to the EM program directors (CORD-EM), and finally at the conference itself. The two highest-priority questions were related to determining or developing EM-applicable available tools and on-shift interventions for SDM and working to determine the proportion of the broader SDM curriculum that should be taught and assessed at each level of training. Educating patients and the community about SDM was also raised as an important concept for consideration. The remaining research priorities were divided into high-, moderate-, and lower-priority groups. Moreover, there was consensus that the overall approach to SDM should be consistent with the high-quality educational design utilized for other pertinent topics in EM.
Quantitative evaluation of the occupant kinematic response of the THUMS 50th-percentile male model relative to PMHS laboratory rollover tests.

ABSTRACTObjective: The objective of the current study was to evaluate the whole-body kinematic response of the Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS) occupant model in controlled laboratory rollover tests by comparing the model response to postmortem human surrogate (PMHS) kinematic response targets published in 2014.Methods: A computational model of the parametric vehicle buck environment was developed and the AM50 THUMS occupant model (Ver 4.01) was subjected to a pure dynamic roll at 360°/s in trailing-side front-row seating position.A baseline configuration was defined by a baseline posture representing the average of all PMHS postures, with a friction coefficient of 0.4 for the belt and 0.6 for the seat.To encompass challenges in controlling boundary conditions from the PMHS tests and ensure the robustness of the model evaluation, a total of 12 simulations were performed to investigate the following: 1. The effect of initial posture by adding 3 additional postures representing PMHS extremes.2. The effe...
Investigation of Aircrew Noise Exposure Onboard the NRC Dassault Falcon Aircraft Through Flight Testing

The NRC Dassault Falcon 20 is a small business jet operated by the NRC Flight Research Laboratory as a customizable research and experimental facility. As such, the NRC Falcon flies in a variety of cabin configurations and flight conditions including parabolas for microgravity. In-flight cabin noise measurements were performed on the NRC Falcon throughout a number of representative flight conditions. The data was analyzed in 1/3 rd octave bands in accordance with ISO 5129 and evaluated in accordance with the Canadian Aviation Occupational Health and Safety Regulations. It was determined that all aircrew equipped with properly fitted hearing protection will not be overexposed to noise while onboard the NRC Falcon. The most severe noise exposure was experienced at the rear of the cabin near the engines during level flight while accelerating to 300 KIAS. While not equipped with properly fitted hearing protection, an occupant will reach the maximum allowed noise dose in a cumulated 9 minutes and 36 seconds under these conditions.
Conflicting Discourses: Navigating the Tensions of Becoming a Literacy Coach

ABSTRACTDuring recent years, literacy coaching has become a widespread model of professional development for teachers in schools across the United States. However, there is a shortage of research and policy to inform the preparation and ongoing work of literacy coaches. In this article, the researchers use a modified version of Gee’s identity framework to examine teachers’ reflective writing as they learned about and practiced coaching in one school district. Findings show that teachers invoked multiple conflicting discourses of coaching that contributed to tensions in their work. The researchers argue that such tensions can stand in the way of educators constructing coaching identities that allow them to support and sustain meaningful professional development for teachers.
Effect of Preheat Treatment on Coal Liquefaction

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the effect of preheat treatment on coal liquefaction. In a study described in the chapter, the coal samples were Illinois No. 6 coal, and the solvents were anthracene oil, hydrogenated anthracene oil, and coal-derived recycle oil. The catalyst was molybdenum dithiophosphate. At the same pressure of hydrogen, the liquefaction of Illinois coal with AO was carried out in the absence of the catalyst after preheating at 250°C and 350°C. In the liquefaction of coal at 450°C for 15 min after preheating for 15 min, the pyridine solubles (PS) yields were higher than those in the one-stage liquefaction at 450°C for 15, 22, and 30 min. The toluene solubles (TS) yields were also higher than that of the one-stage liquefaction for 15 min. The effect of preheat treatment at lower temperature on PS and TS yields is believed to be the result of the coal swelling in solvent. In the catalytic hydroliquefaction of Illinois coal using various solvents, preheat treatment gave high TS and HS yields compared to those without preheat treatment. The effect of preheat treatment at lower temperature on TS and HS yields was believed to result from the swelling of coal.
Dynamic Recursive Model Class Selection for Classifier Construction

Before applying an automated model selection procedure, one must first choose the class (or family) of models from which the model will be selected. If there is no prior knowledge about the data that indicates the best class of models, then the choice is difficult at best. In this chapter, we present an approach to automating this step in classifier construction. In addition to searching for the best model, our approach searches for the best model class using a heuristic search strategy that finds the best model class for each recursive call of a divide-and-conquer tree induction algorithm. The end result is a hybrid tree-structured classifier, which allows different subspaces of a data set to be fit by models from different model classes. During search for the best model, the method considers whether and why a model class is a poor choice, and selects a better class on that basis. We describe an implementation of the approach, the MCS system, and present experimental results illustrating the system’s ability to identify the best model (and model class) efficiently.
Learning from Demonstration: Generalization via Task Segmentation

In this paper, a motion segmentation algorithm design is presented with the goal of segmenting a learned trajectory from demonstration such that each segment is locally maximally different from its neighbors. This segmentation is then exploited to appropriately scale (dilate/squeeze and/or rotate) a nominal trajectory learned from a few demonstrations on a fixed experimental setup such that it is applicable to different experimental settings without expanding the dataset and/or retraining the robot. The algorithm is computationally efficient in the sense that it allows facile transition between different environments. Experimental results using the Baxter robotic platform showcase the ability of the algorithm to accurately transfer a feeding task.
Analytical framework for sustainable supply-chain contract management

Abstract Investments in a supply chain (in distribution centers, stores, and with suppliers) face risk when buyer-supplier contracts do not adequately address the elements responsible for a sustainable exchange relationship. Supply chains become vulnerable due to natural and man-made catastrophes and due to ineffectiveness in operations. Contracts form the basis for communication and relationship management between a buyer and a supplier. We provide an analytical framework that addresses supply chain effectiveness (costs, risks, transaction costs, stakeholder issues) and would help inform managers who grapple with such concerns. We propose three factors (costs, benefits, and risks) that capture the objective nature and one parameter that deals with the subjective nature of sustainable contracts. To illustrate the framework we collect representative cost (objective) data from suppliers, integrate behavioral (subjective) elements, and employ constrained optimization techniques to compare five supplier-engagement contract policies. We then refine this cost-based solution, for a given contract policy, to develop three cost-benefit-risk trade-off formulations and illustrate them using simulated data. The framework addresses supplier and network-based externalities, supplier and network level effectiveness, and transaction costs, and thus provides a mechanism to enable a coordinator-driven sustainable supply network. The analysis informs contract development and evaluation process and helps align buyer-supplier interest in the long-run. We believe the analysis will help build sustainable buyer-supplier relations. Network coordinators who would benefit from our framework include original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), suppliers (say tier-1 suppliers in automotive industry), retailers (especially as retailers pursue private labels and become more involved in manufacturing and branding), etc.
Elementary operators and subalgebras

In this note, we construct an elementary operator on B(H) of length two which leaves invariant a nontrivial triangular subalgebra of B(H) but which cannot be written as a finite sum of elementary operators of length one that each leave the triangular subalgebra invariant.
Satisfaction and Importance Factors in Athletic Training Education.

Objective: To examine various institution and student demographics and the ratings of Satisfaction (SAT) and Importance (IMP) for several programmatic variables within Athletic Training Education Programs (ATEPs). Design and Setting: A survey of SAT and IMP ratings of programmatic variables conducted with accredited, entry-level ATEPs. Subjects: Students enrolled in their final semester/term. Measurements: Students' SAT and IMP was measured by asking students to rate, on a 10-point Likert scale, seven programmatic factors. Various institution/program (state versus private affiliation, athletic division, Carnegie classification, and university enrollment) and student (age, gender, self-reported grade point average) demographic data were collected. Results: The sample consisted of 403 students from 99 institutions. Total SAT and IMP was computed by calculating the mean score across all seven factors. An analysis of variance showed a significant difference (F2,275 = 4.25, P = .01) for SAT within Carnegie cla...
Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of a Fluorescence Polarization Pan-BET Bromodomain Probe

Several chemical probes have been developed for use in fluorescence polarization screening assays to aid in drug discovery for the bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) proteins. However, few of those have been characterized in the literature. We have designed, synthesized, and thoroughly characterized a novel fluorescence polarization pan-BET chemical probe suitable for high-throughput screening, structure-activity relationships, and hit-to-lead potency and selectivity assays to identify and characterize BET bromodomain inhibitors.
mRNA, rRNA and DNA quantitative stable isotope probing with H218O indicates use of old rRNA among soil Thaumarchaeota

Abstract RNA is considered to be a short-lived molecule, indicative of cellular metabolic activity, whereas DNA is thought to turn over more slowly because living cells do not always grow and divide. To explore differences in the rates of synthesis of these nucleic acids, we used H218O quantitative stable isotope probing (qSIP) to measure the incorporation of 18O into 16S rRNA, the 16S rDNA, amoA mRNA and the amoA gene of soil Thaumarchaeota. Incorporation of 18O into the thaumarchaeal amoA mRNA pool was faster than into the 16S rRNA pool, suggesting that Thaumarchaea were metabolically active while using rRNA molecules that were likely synthetized prior to H218O addition. Assimilation rates of 18O into 16S rDNA and amoA genes were similar, which was expected because both genes are present in the same thaumarchaeal genome. The Thaumarchaea had significantly higher rRNA to rDNA ratios than bacteria, though the 18O isotopic signature of thaumarchaeal rRNA was lower than that of bacterial rRNA, further suggesting preservation of old non-labeled rRNA. Through qSIP of soil with H218O, we showed that 18O incorporation into thaumarchaeal nucleic acids was generally low, indicating slower turnover rates compared to bacteria, and potentially suggesting thaumarchaeal capability for preservation and efficient reuse of biomolecules.
Chapter 94 – Female Genital Tract Infections and Immunity in Animal Models

This chapter reviews experimental animal studies of female genital tract infections by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1)—which leads to immunodeficiency and often death, human papillomavirus (HPV)—which causes genital warts and cervical cancer, and Chlamydia trachomatis —which causes infertility and ectopic pregnancy. The main animal model for human HIV-1 infection is rhesus monkeys infected with one of the many available strains of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) or chimeric simian/human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIV). Experimental evidence indicates that the main immune effector process controlling virus replication in infected monkeys and humans is cell-mediated immunity. Antibody plays an important role in controlling most viral infections, but the envelope proteins of HIV-1, to which neutralizing antibody binds—are exceptionally variable. By the time an infected individual mounts a neutralizing antibody response, the virus envelope can change and no longer be recognized by that antibody. In comparison to antibody-mediated immunity against HIV-1, cell-mediated immunity has two advantages: it recognizes core proteins of the virus that are better conserved than the envelope proteins, and T cell antigen recognition is inherently more cross-reactive than antibody recognition.
Numerical Monte Carlo simulations of charge transport across the surface of dye and cocatalyst modified spherical nanoparticles under conditions of pulsed or continuous illumination

Solar fuel constructs consisting of discrete light-absorbers and distinct redox-active electrocatalysts are well suited for numerical modeling of their charge-transfer processes. Herein by several series of Monte Carlo simulations employing spherical nanoparticle molecular supports, we identify conditions that result in the largest yield for forming specific redox states of electrocatalysts. In general, the yield for electrocatalyst oxidation/reduction increased as the self-exchange electron-transfer time constant decreased and/or the recombination time constant increased. When the number of electrocatalysts increased to more than one per nanoparticle, yields for oxidation/reduction of electrocatalysts decreased because oxidative/reductive equivalents were diluted among the larger number of electrocatalysts. As the light intensity increased the yield for oxidation/reduction of electrocatalysts increased both in absolute number and yield per absorbed photon. However, at extreme photon fluences the yield per absorbed photon decreased due to significantly faster recombination which is clear from the equal-concentration second-order nature of the recombination reaction in the number of oxidized/reduced molecules per nanoparticle. Results obtained using electrocatalysts that only required a single oxidation/reduction event for turnover were within error the same irrespective of whether optical excitation was simulated to occur as an initial pulse, to mimic pulsed-laser spectroscopic measurements, or with repeated photoexcitation events, to mimic conditions of solar illumination. However, when electrocatalysts required multiple oxidations/reductions for turnover the intensity of pulsed light required to obtain the same electrocatalyst turnover yield that was observed using repeated photoexcitation depended greatly on the electron-transfer time constants. In addition, at solar-relevant fluences the equal-concentration second-order kinetic process for recombination exhibited a first-order dependence on the number of nanoparticles that contained an oxidized/reduced molecule. The rate of electrocatalyst turnover after two redox events was also determined to have a first-order dependence on the concentration of oxidized/reduced molecules over most of the time that oxidized/reduced molecules were present. Collectively the solar-simulated data showed that even under the assumption of ideal kinetic processes and molecular and semiconductor densities of states, the observed kinetic behavior can be complex and change as a function of time and fluence. These observations suggest that results from pulsed-laser spectroscopic measurements are not always accurate predictors of the expected behavior of sunlight-illuminated dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells that drive multiple-charge-transfer reactions.
A decision network account of reasoning about other people’s choices

Abstract The ability to predict and reason about other people’s choices is fundamental to social interaction. We propose that people reason about other people’s choices using mental models that are similar to decision networks. Decision networks are extensions of Bayesian networks that incorporate the idea that choices are made in order to achieve goals. In our first experiment, we explore how people predict the choices of others. Our remaining three experiments explore how people infer the goals and knowledge of others by observing the choices that they make. We show that decision networks account for our data better than alternative computational accounts that do not incorporate the notion of goal-directed choice or that do not rely on probabilistic inference.
A Comment the ‘New’ History of American Capitalism

This essay reviews the "New History of Capitalism" (NHC) literature with specific attention to its claims about the relationship between capitalism and slavery. While others have critiqued severe deficiencies in the empirical dimensions of this literature, I focus upon the shortcomings in its conceptualization of "capitalism." In addition to being plagued by definitional imprecision surrounding its use of the term that causes NHC scholars to conflate the slave system with laissez-faire economic doctrines, this literature generally neglects the close historical association between classical economists and abolitionism. The ensuing confusion over the intellectual history of capitalism and its relationship to the emergence of economics as a social science leads several practitioners in the NHC literature to unwittingly adopt a modern iteration of the "King Cotton" economic thesis that was advanced by radical pro-slavery "fire eaters" on the eve of the American Civil War. While the two service opposite objectives with regards to slavery itself, they are shown to adopt eerily similar diagnoses of slavery's economic position in the world. As with its Confederate-era precursor, the NHC variant of this thesis errs in its attempt to reduce the complexities of an economy to a simplistic causal relationship based upon a single slave-produced crop.
Population-Attributable Risk for Cardiovascular Disease Associated With Hypertension in Black Adults.

Importance The prevalence of hypertension and the risk for hypertension-related cardiovascular disease (CVD) are high among black adults. The population-attributable risk (PAR) accounts for both prevalence and excess risk of disease associated with a risk factor. Objective To examine the PAR for CVD associated with hypertension among black adults. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective cohort study used data on 12 497 black participants older than 21 years without CVD at baseline who were enrolled in the Jackson Heart Study (JHS) from September 26, 2000, through March 31, 2004, and cardiovascular events were adjudicated through December 31, 2015. The Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study participants were enrolled from July 1, 2003, through September 12, 2007, and cardiovascular events were adjudicated through March 31, 2016. Data analysis was performed from March 26, 2018, through July 10, 2019. Exposures Normal blood pressure and hypertension were defined using the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association blood pressure guideline thresholds. Main Outcomes and Measures The PAR for CVD associated with hypertension, calculated using multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for CVD, coronary heart disease, heart failure, and stroke associated with hypertension vs normal blood pressure. Prevalence of hypertension among non-Hispanic black US adults 21 years and older without CVD was calculated using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011-2014. Results Of 12 497 participants, 1935 had normal blood pressure (638 [33.0%] male; mean [SD] age, 53.5 [12.4] years), 929 had elevated blood pressure (382 [41.1%] male; mean [SD] age, 58.6 [11.8] years), and 9633 had hypertension (3492 [36.3%] male; mean [SD] age, 62.0 [10.3] years). For a maximum 14.3 years of follow-up, 1235 JHS and REGARDS study participants (9.9%) experienced a CVD event. The multivariable-adjusted HR associated with hypertension was 1.91 (95% CI, 1.48-2.46) for CVD, 2.41 (95% CI, 1.59-3.66) for coronary heart disease, 1.52 (95% CI, 1.01-2.30) for heart failure, and 2.20 (95% CI, 1.44-3.36) for stroke. The prevalence of hypertension was 53.2% among non-Hispanic black individuals. The PAR associated with hypertension was 32.5% (95% CI, 20.5%-43.6%) for CVD, 42.7% (95% CI, 24.0%-58.4%) for coronary heart disease, 21.6% (95% CI, 0.6%-40.8%) for heart failure, and 38.9% (95% CI, 19.4%-55.6%) for stroke. The PAR was higher among those younger than 60 years (54.6% [95% CI, 37.2%-68.7%]) compared with those 60 years or older (32.0% [95% CI, 11.9%-48.1%]). No differences were present in subgroup analyses. Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that a substantial proportion of CVD cases among black individuals are associated with hypertension. Interventions to maintain normal blood pressure throughout the life course may reduce the incidence of CVD in this population.
LIKEtoKNOW.it: The Influencer Economy, An Exploratory Study

Social media has become a relevant part of consumers’ everyday lives and is being used for a number of activities including communicating, discussing, and online shopping. A natural outcome of greater integration of social media in people’s lives, influencer marketing is gaining traction and they have a wide reach through online markets and social media outlets. LIKEtoKNOW.it is one such influencer app and gives consumers the opportunity to shop from their favorite influencer’s Instagram posts. This current study is exploratory and utilizes modified Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) model to investigate the use of Like2Know.it by consumers and the influence of the app on their purchase intent and shopping behavior.
Pre‐targeted Imaging of Protease Activity through In Situ Assembly of Nanoparticles

The pre-targeted imaging of enzyme activity has not been reported, likely owing to the lack of a mechanism to retain the injected substrate in the first step for subsequent labeling. Herein, we report the use of two bioorthogonal reactions-the condensation reaction of aromatic nitriles and aminothiols and the inverse-electron demand Diels-Alder reaction between tetrazine and trans-cyclooctene (TCO)-to develop a novel strategy for pre-targeted imaging of the activity of proteases. The substrate probe (TCO-C-SNAT4) can be selectively activated by an enzyme target (e.g. caspase-3/7), which triggers macrocyclization and subsequent in situ self-assembly into nanoaggregates retained at the target site. The tetrazine-imaging tag conjugate labels TCO in the nanoaggregates to generate selective signal retention for imaging in vitro, in cells, and in mice. Owing to the decoupling of enzyme activation and imaging tag immobilization, TCO-C-SNAT4 can be repeatedly injected to generate and accumulate more TCO-nanoaggregates for click labeling.
Using simulation to study the last to enter service delay announcement in multiserver queues with abandonment

The Last to Enter Service (LES) delay announcement is one of the most commonly used delay announcements in queueing theory because it is quite simple to implement. Recent research has shown that using a convex combination of LES and the conditional mean delay are optimal under the mean squared error and the optimal value depends on the correlation between LES and the virtual waiting time. To this end, we show using simulation that it is important to be careful when using finite queue sizes, especially in a heavy traffic setting. Using simulation we demonstrate that the correlation between LES and the virtual waiting time can differ from heavy traffic results and can therefore have a large impact on the optimal announcement. Finally, we use simulation to assess the value of giving future information in computing correlations with virtual waiting times and show that future information is helpful in some settings.
Globalization, the Challenge of COVID-19 and Oil Price Uncertainty

The world population, approaching eight billion inhabitants, has seen some of the advantages as well as the challenges and disadvantages of a multilateral, global economy. Following World War II, u...
Perioperative Pain Management Strategies in the Age of an Opioid Epidemic

Abstract According to the US Department of Health and Human Services 2016 and 2017 data, an estimated 130 people per day died from opioid-related drug overdoses; 42,249 people died from overdosing on opioids; and 2.1 million people had opioid-use disorder. Health care organizations such as the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists, the Association of periOperative Registered Nurses, the American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses, the American Society of Anesthesiologists, the American College of Surgeons, and the American Medical Association have information related to pain management and/or the opioid epidemic on their Web sites. It is imperative for health care providers to be cognizant of, and use low-dose opioid/opioid-free pain management therapies. This article reviews the pain process and outlines low-dose opioid/opioid-free pain management modalities.
Valorization of Food Loss and Wastes: Feedstocks for Biofuels and Valuable Chemicals

Reduction in the amount of food loss and waste requires appropriate quantification method of the amount of food loss annually on the one hand and devising alternative use for foods that would otherwise end up as loss or waste. In this review, food loss and waste (FLW)were classified as avoidable, nonavoidable and possibly avoidable wastes based on inherent composition of several food categories. The current disposal methods of FLW were evaluated for its effectiveness and overall environmental impacts presented by landfills, composting and incineration. Alternative and sustainable alternative for management of food loss and waste include feedstocks for biofuel production, valuable chemicals and coproducts. This approach is renewable, environmentally friendly, improved social status through job creation for local communities and overall improved quality of life.
Management of calcified coronary artery bifurcation lesions

Calcified coronary artery bifurcation lesions (CBL) remain a challenge for the interventional cardiologist. Evidence regarding treatment of CBL is minimal. Optimal plaque modification is the most important step prior to stent deployment. Provisional stenting is the preferred strategy for most bifurcation lesions. However, two-stent strategy should be considered for BL with compromised large SB (>2.5 mm) supplying a large territory, >70% SB stenosis and lesions more than 5 mm long. In this contemporary review article, we present a simplified approach to treating CBL and demonstrate the approach to specific case examples using our newly developed mobile application, BifurcAID.
Policy evaluation in COVID-19: A graphical guide to common design issues

Policy responses to COVID-19, particularly those related to non-pharmaceutical interventions, are unprecedented in scale and scope. Researchers and policymakers are striving to understand the impact of these policies on a variety of outcomes. Policy impact evaluations always require a complex combination of circumstance, study design, data, statistics, and analysis. Beyond the issues that are faced for any policy, evaluation of COVID-19 policies is complicated by additional challenges related to infectious disease dynamics and lags, lack of direct observation of key outcomes, and a multiplicity of interventions occurring on an accelerated time scale. In this paper, we (1) introduce the basic suite of policy impact evaluation designs for observational data, including cross-sectional analyses, pre/post, interrupted time-series, and difference-in-differences analysis, (2) demonstrate key ways in which the requirements and assumptions underlying these designs are often violated in the context of COVID-19, and (3) provide decision-makers and reviewers a conceptual and graphical guide to identifying these key violations. The overall goal of this paper is to help policy-makers, journal editors, journalists, researchers, and other research consumers understand and weigh the strengths and limitations of evidence that is essential to decision-making.
Label-free multimodal multiphoton imaging with deep learning for cancer detection and diagnosis

Label-free multimodal nonlinear optical imaging and optical biopsies of fresh, unstained, resected tissue specimens offer a wealth of new biomarkers for assessing the tumor microenvironment and diagnosing disease. By developing widely coherent supercontinuum from photonic crystal fibers, new excitation wavelengths can be generated to tailor the light stimulus in new ways. As a result, Simultaneous Label-free Auto-fluorescence Multi-harmonic (SLAM) microscopy can visualize the rich intrinsic molecular, metabolic, and structural information in cells and tissues. Results suggest broad potential of this stain-free, slide-free, imaging technology and methodology for real-time point-of-procedure applications, including the histopathological assessment of living biopsy specimens.
Treatment with combination of all-trans retinoic acid and taxol induced differentiation and apoptosis in human malignant glioblastoma U87MG cells xenografted in athymic nude mice

1067 The diagnosis of glioblastoma, the most malignant and prevalent brain tumor, is considered as a death sentence in humans because all current therapeutic strategies remain so far ineffective in controlling the malignant growth of glioblastoma. Chemotherapy, which is almost always used at some point in the treatment regimen for glioblastoma, has shown little promise. For our current investigation, we used all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and taxol (TXL) alone and also in combination for controlling the growth of human malignant glioblastoma U87MG cells xenografted in athymic nude mice. For xenotransplantation of glioblastoma, 6 weeks-old athymic nude mice (Charles Rivers) were subcutaneously (sc) injected with the exponentially growing U87MG (5 million cells/mouse). Animals with 3 weeks-old glioblastoma xenografts were randomly divided into 4 groups: control, ATRA, TXL, and ATRA plus TXL. Animals in control group did not receive any therapy. Each animal in other group received intraperitoneally (ip) a daily dose of ATRA (1.5 μg/kg), or TXL (45 μg/kg), or ATRA (1.5 μg/kg) plus 4 h later TXL (45 μg/kg) for 7 days. Histopathological examination of H&E stained tumor sections showed that control group maintained characteristic growth of glioblastoma, ATRA alone inhibited tumor cell proliferation and caused astrocytic differentiation, TXL alone induced notable amounts of apoptosis, and ATRA plus TXL caused significant amounts of differentiation with apoptosis. In situ immunofluorescent labeling detected increased calpain expression in apoptosis. Also, in situ TUNEL and double immunofluorescent labeling demonstrated cell death with increased calpain expression in tumor sections treated with TXL, or ATRA plus TXL. Western blot analyses showed changes in expression of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins leading to increased Bax:Bcl-2 ratio, cytochrome c release from mitochondria, activation of calpain and caspase-3 for degradation of 270 kD α-spectrin at specific sites to generate correspondingly 145 kD spectrin breakdown product (SBDP) and 120 kD SBDP, also activation of caspase-12, and increased fragmentation of inhibitor-of-caspase-3-activated-DNase (ICAD) for completion of apoptotic death in tumors treated with TXL, or ATRA plus TXL. Western blot analyses further showed alterations in levels of expression of p65 NFκB, IκBα, JNK, p-JNK, and p-p38 proteins so as to favor the apoptotic process. Taken together, our investigation in animal model revealed that treatment of xenografted glioblastoma with ATRA plus TXL effectively controlled malignant growth. Further studies need to be conducted to see the efficacy of this combination therapy in brain itself using rats with allografted glioblastoma. This investigation was supported in part by the R01 grants from the NCI and NINDS of the NIH (Bethesda, MD), and also a grant from the State of SC.