cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial distributions of ozonolysis products from human surfaces in ventilated rooms.

Ozone has adverse effects on human health. Skin oil on the human surface acts as an ozone sink indoors, producing oxidation products that can cause skin and respiratory irritations. Concentrations of ozone and oxidation products near human surfaces, including the breathing zone, can be modulated by indoor ventilation modes and human surface conditions. The objective of this study is to examine concentrations and spatial heterogeneity of ozone and ozonolysis products under representative ranges of indoor ventilation, clothing, and breathing conditions. Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation in conjunction with a chemical kinetic model, details of ozone reactions with the human surface and subsequent chemical reactions are examined. The results show that primary ozonolysis products are concentrated near the soiled clothing, while the secondary products are relatively well distributed throughout the room. Increasing indoor air mixing enhances the ozone deposition to the human surface, thereby resulting in higher emission rates of oxidation products in the room. Soiled clothing consumes more ozone than clean clothing and accordingly produces ~ 65% more primary products and ~15% more secondary products. The results also reveal that unsaturated hydrocarbons from the human breath, such as isoprene, contribute to only ~0.5% of ozone removal compared to ozone deposition to the human surface.
Lessons Learned from an Academic, Interdisciplinary, Multi-Campus, Research Collaboration.

Background: The formation of productive academic research groups can be difficult, especially in environments without a robust and existing research infrastructure. Idaho and Alaska, are Institutional Development Award (IDeA)-eligible states, historically receiving low levels of funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Purpose/Methods: We present a case study highlighting an academic research collaboration established across two-disciplines, three-career stages, and three-campuses utilizing distance technology. Results: One lesson learned from our experiences is that regardless of position (junior or senior faculty) or time at the institution/department (new or established), it is important to reach out to others. Collaborations require conscientious effort to establish and maintain. Second, a psychologically safe space must be created, establishing trust. Lastly, in order to eliminate distractions, optimize team performance, and improve deliverables, the team must have a shared mission. Team members must recognize, appreciate, and fully utilize each other and available resources. Conclusion: Our experiences and lessons learned can be utilized by others to strengthen opportunities to form and grow interdisciplinary research collaborations and develop a stronger research infrastructure. Article Type: Note
Sex differences in factors predicting post-treatment opioid use.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Several reports have documented risk factors for opioid use following treatment discharge, yet few have assessed sex differences, and no study has assessed risk using contemporary machine learning approaches. The goal of the present paper was to inform treatments for opioid use disorder (OUD) by exploring individual factors for each sex that are most strongly associated with opioid use following treatment. DESIGN Secondary analysis of Global Appraisal of Individual Needs (GAIN) database with follow-ups at 3, 6 and 12 months post-OUD treatment discharge, exploring demographic, psychological and behavioral variables that predict post-treatment opioid use. SETTING One hundred and thity-seven treatment sites across the United States. PARTICIPANTS Adolescents (26.9%), young adults (40.8%) and adults (32.3%) in treatment for OUD. The sample (n = 1,126) was 54.9% male, 66.1% white, 20% Hispanic, 9.8% multi-race/ethnicity, 2.8% African American and 1.3% other. MEASUREMENT Primary outcome was latency to opioid use over 1 year following treatment admission. RESULTS For women, regularized Cox regression indicated that greater withdrawal symptoms [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.31], younger age (HR = 0.88), prior substance use disorder (SUD) treatment (HR = 1.11) and treatment resistance (HR = 1.11) presented the largest hazard for post-treatment opioid use, while a random survival forest identified and ranked substance use problems [variable importance (VI) = 0.007], criminal justice involvement (VI = 0.006), younger age (VI = 0.005) and greater withdrawal symptoms (VI = 0.004) as the greatest risk factors. For men, Cox regression indicated greater conduct disorder symptoms (HR = 1.34), younger age (HR = 0.76) and multiple SUDs (HR = 1.27) were most strongly associated with post-treatment opioid use, while a random survival forests ranked younger age (VI = 0.023), greater conduct disorder symptoms (VI = 0.010), having multiple substance use disorders (VI = 0.010) and criminal justice involvement (VI = 0.006) as the greatest risk factors. CONCLUSION Risk factors for relapse to opioid use following opioid use disorder treatment appear to be, for women, greater substance use problems and withdrawal symptoms and, for men, younger age and histories of conduct disorder and multiple substance use disorder.
Return to play criteria among shoulder surgeons following shoulder stabilization.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to survey the members of North American and European shoulder surgery and sports medicine societies to evaluate their criteria for deciding when an athlete can safely return to play (RTP) following shoulder stabilization surgery. Methods A survey was sent to the members of the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES), American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine (AOSSM), European Society for Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery and Arthroscopy (ESSKA), and European Society for Surgery of the Shoulder and the Elbow (SECEC). Surgeons were asked which criteria they used to determine when an athlete can return to play following the arthroscopic Bankart repair and Latarjet procedures, with additional questions on how time from surgery and participation in collision sports affect return. Results Overall, 317 surgeons responded to the survey. Following arthroscopic Bankart repair, the most common criteria used were time (98.7%), strength (74.8%), and range of motion (70%). The most commonly reported time point was 4 months (43.8%), and the majority used an additional time period, most commonly 2 months (38.2%), before allowing a collision athlete to return to play (75.4%). Interestingly, the addition of a remplissage procedure did not affect decision making regarding RTP in most cases (92.1%). Following the Latarjet procedure, the most common criteria used were time (98.4%), strength (67.5%), and range of motion (65.9%). Less than half reported using imaging to assess for radiographic union before allowing patients to return to play (47%), and the most common modality was plain radiography (80%). The most common time point was 4 months (33.1%), and the majority reported waiting an additional period of time, most commonly by 2 months (25.9%), before allowing a collision athlete to return to play (59.6%). Conclusion Despite the absence of evidence-based guidelines on when athletes can safely return to play following shoulder stabilization surgery, there exists minimal variability in recommendations between North American and European shoulder surgeons. Further research is required to better define criteria for RTP after the arthroscopic Bankart repair and Latarjet procedures.
Robust Hazardous Materials Closed-Loop Supply Chain Network Design with Emergency Response Teams Location:

Hazardous materials (hazmat) storage and transportation pose threats to people’s safety and the environment, which creates a need for governments and local authorities to regulate such shipments. T...
Golden Shares and Social Enterprise

Social enterprises—for-profit companies with public-interest missions—are now ubiquitous, yet few have emerged from the realm of small business. The main obstacle to their growth is a gap in trust between managers and investors, with each side lacking any legal assurance that the other will pursue both profits and purpose. Too often, these misgivings limit businesses’ access to capital. Beyond new legal forms created to accommodate this sector, some social entrepreneurs have adopted inventive organizational structures as part of a growing global movement called steward ownership. In the United States, the leading form is the golden share model, in which a Delaware public benefit corporation with dual-class stock grants all voting rights to managers, all economic rights to investors, and critical veto rights to an independent foundation. This Article is the first to address this movement and its potential to advance social enterprise. The golden share model begins to close this sector’s trust gap from one side, by assuring managers that investors cannot divert a company from its mission. But from the other side, the gap may widen even further, as investors worry that managers will ignore that mission and abuse their unchecked authority. To bridge this gap, novel applications of established industry practices and familiar legal concepts, like impact metrics and voting trusts, could vastly improve the model. With these practical proposals, social entrepreneurs could retain independence in pursuing their missions, while attracting the capital needed to achieve them at scale.
Eosinophils set DNA traps in allergic asthma.

The underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms for asthma remain incompletely understood. A new study now shows that eosinophils release DNA traps that stimulate pulmonary neuroendocrine cell-mediated amplification of the allergic asthma response.
On the Mechanism of Gunshot Residue Particle Formation

The results of the present study are consistent with the hypothesis that gunshot residue is formed by the condensation of vaporized bullet and primer materials that segregate into metallic and compound particles. Some of the metallic vapors are oxidized and “scavenged” by oxygen and sulfur-rich primer compounds, among which the sulfur compounds appear to be more effective. The “bullet” particles of the residue thus originate in the bullet material, and the “primer” particles are a mixture of primer-derived and bullet-derived materials.
Anthrax Pathogenesis and Host Response

Anthrax has been both a scourge and a fundamental model for infectious disease studies for over a century. Death associated with systemic anthrax is mimicked in animals challenged with anthrax lethal toxin, a virulence factor believed to affect only macrophages. Animals depleted of macrophages become resistant to the toxin, while reintroduction of cultured macrophages into depleted animals restores sensitivity. These studies and others implicate an active role for the innate immune system in the demise of the anthrax victim. Many of the molecular factors and events in the cascade of lethal events during anthrax infections have now been identified. Other recent overviews of anthrax pathogenesis and toxins include those by Stephen (1986), Friedlander (1990), Leppla (1995), and Hanna and Collier (1997).
Complete transposition of the aorta and a levoposition of the pulmonary artery; clinical, physiological, and pathological findings.

Abstract A new clinical syndrome is described. The malformation consists of a transposed aorta, a large pulmonary artery which arises primarily from the right ventricle and partially overrides the ventricular septum, a high ventricular septal defect, and right ventricular hypertrophy. Clinically, in this instance the heart was but slightly, if at all, enlarged; there was a systolic murmur and thrill. Cyanosis dated from birth. Clubbing of the extremities developed at an early age. The red blood cell count, the level of the available hemoglobin, and the hematocrit reading were increased. The electrocardiogram showed evidence of right ventricular hypertrophy. The x-ray films of the heart showed fullness of the pulmonary conus and increased hilar shadows. Upon fluoroscopy, the pulmonary vessels showed faint expansile pulsations. The oxygen saturation of the arterial blood was abnormally low and fell still further with exercise. In brief, the clinical syndrome associated with this malformation resembled that of an Eisenmenger complex, except that cyanosis dated from birth. The two conditions showed a further difference in that, in the Eisenmenger complex, exercise causes an increase in the consumption of oxygen per liter of ventilation, whereas in this malformation, exercise causes a decline in the oxygen consumption per liter of ventilation. Intracardiac catheterization studies revealed a higher oxygen content in the pulmonary artery than in the femoral artery. It is probable that the volume of blood which entered the pulmonary artery from the right ventricle was equal to that directed from the left ventricle into the aorta. The extensive intimal changes in pulmonary arterioles appeared to be sufficient to account for the increased resistence in the pulmonary vascular bed.
Flow-cytometric and histological progression to malignancy in Barrett's esophagus: Prospective endoscopic surveillance of a cohort

Abstract To determine whether or not flow-cytometric evidence of aneuploidy and increased G2/tetraploid fractions predispose to neoplastic progression in Barrett's esophagus, 62 patients with Barrett's esophagus were evaluated prospectively for a mean interval of 34 months. Nine of 13 patients who showed aneuploid or increased G2/tetraploid populations in their initial flow-cytometric analysis developed high-grade dysplasia or adenocarcinoma during follow-up, none of the 49 patients without these abnormalities progressed to high-grade dysplasia or cancer ( P
Heating of solar and stellar chromospheres and coronae by MHD waves

The two general classes of models that deal with the required heating of stellar chromospheres and coronae assume that outer stellar atmospheres are heated by hydrodynamic or by magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves and that these waves are generated by turbulent motions in the stellar convection zones. This paper considers the types of MHD waves and the source of these waves in stars like sun, the efficiency of the generation of MHD waves, and the manner of propagation and energy dissipation of MHD waves. It is shown that the basic criteria for the validity of any theory of MHD wave heating must account for the mean level of heating observed in stellar chromospheres and coronae, and for the range of radiative losses observed for a given spectral type. It is also required that the MHD wave heating theory accounts for the existence of inhomogeneities in stellar atmospheres. The results obtained indicate that magnetic tube waves might supply enough energy for the chromospheric and coronal heating and might also account for the observed range of variations of stellar radiative losses for a given spectral type.
Alzheimer’s Disease: Longitudinal CT Studies of Ventricular Change

A 3-year longitudinal study was conducted with 50 Alzheimer’s disease patients and 45 elderly control subjects. All study participants received an extensive evaluation that included brain CT at baseline and follow-up. Quantitation of ventricular size, using both linear and volume methods, revealed highly significant cross-sectional and longitudinal differences between the Alzheimer patients and control subjects. Specifically, the annual rate of change in ventricular volume was approximately 9% in the Alzheimer patients and approximately 2% in the controls. The presence of age-related white matter lesions had no effect on the clinical course of the patients or on the changes in ventricular size. Among the Alzheimer patients, the rate of clinical decline was strongly related to the rate of change in ventricular size. Baseline ventricular measurements were of no value in predicting the subsequent rate of clinical deterioration or ventricular enlargement. The results suggest that changes in ventricular size closely reflect the clinical changes in Alzheimer patients.
Property analysis of triglyceride-based thermosets

Abstract Triglycerides with acrylate functionality were prepared from various oils and model triglycerides. The triglyceride-acrylates were homopolymerized and copolymerized with styrene. The cross-link densities of the resulting polymer networks were predicted utilizing the Flory–Stockmayer theory. Although the model predictions overestimated the cross-link density, the trends in the cross-link density predictions matched the experimental results. In both cases, the cross-link density was found to increase gradually at low levels of acrylation and then linearly at higher levels of acrylation. The deviation in the experimental results and model predictions were the result of intramolecular cross-linking. Approximately 0.5 and 0.8 acrylates per triglyceride were lost to intramolecular cyclization for homopolymerized triglyceride-acrylates and triglycerides copolymerized with styrene, respectively. The glass transition temperature ( T g ) increased approximately linearly with the cross-link density from as low as −50 °C to as high as 92 °C. Simple models accurately predicted the effect of cross-link density on T g . The tensile strength and modulus of triglyceride-based polymers increased exponentially at low levels of acrylate functionality, but increased linearly at higher levels of acrylate functionality, as predicted by vector percolation theory.
Policy capturing and the distribution of CETA title VI project grant monies

Abstract The application of computer assisted policy capturing to an ill-structured problem environment is presented. The development of a project proposal evaluation model for use by Comprehensive Employment and Training Act Prime Sponsors in the distribution of Title VI Emergency Jobs Act monies is discussed, stressing the necessity for active involvement by all affected parties. The use of this model to aid in the distribution of over $15 million in grant monies is then discussed. This process may be generalized to decision-making in both public and private agencies.
Abnormalities of Serum Magnesium in Critically III Dogs: Incidence and Implications

Summary Serum magnesium (Mg) is an infrequnetly measured electrolyte in small animal patients. Currently, little is known about the prevalence and significance of abnormalities in serum Mg in animals. Therefore, a prospective study was performed to examine the incidence and clinical implications of abnormalities in serum Mg levels in critically ill dogs. Serum Mg and other electrolytes were measured in 93 normal dogs housed at the Purina Pet Care Center and in 48 ill dogs admitted to a small animal critical care unit. The normal reference range for canine serum Mg was determined to be 1.89 – 2.51 mg/dl. Based on this range, 54% of the critically ill dogs were hypomagnesemic ( 2.51 mg/dl). Of the electrolytes measured in these patients, serum Mg had the highest prevalence of abnormal values. Hypomagnesemic patients had a significantly higher incidence of concurrent hypokalemia and hyponatremia (p < 0.05), as well as a longer length of hospitalization (p < 0.05) than their normomagnesemic counterparts. Hypermagnesemic patients were 2.6 times more likely not to survive their illness when compared to patients with normal serum Mg levels. Abnormalities in serum Mg appear to be common in critically ill dogs. These patients commonly have other concurrent electrolyte abnormalities. Since serum Mg is not routinely measured, the presence of hypokalemia or hyponatremia should alert the clinician to the possibility of coexisting hypomagnesemia. The clinical implications of hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia in ill dogs appear to involve prolonged hospitalization and increased mortality, respectively: however, the exact etiology remains undetermined.
Reversal of a soman-induced effect on neuromuscular function without reactivation of cholinesterase.

Abstract The isotonic response of the anterior tibial muscle of the rat to indirectly applied dual stimuli was studied in normal and soman-poisoned animals. Indirectly induced dual responses of the muscle are of equal amplitude in the normal animal at the interstimulus intervals employed, but, in the soman-poisoned animal, the response to the second of the dual stimuli is impaired. The amplitude of the second response is directly related to the time interval between the stimuli. Maximal effect on the dual response is evident after a dose of 0.1 mg/kg of soman. This effect of soman which is accompanied by inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in the anterior tibial muscle can be partly or completely reversed, depending upon the dose of soman, by administration of piperidylmethylandrostanediol without reactivation of muscle acetylcholinesterase.
Investigation Of Formation Kinetics Of CrSi 2 , TaSi 2 And Pt 2 Si By Ion Beam Mixing

Bilayers of Si/metal (metal on top) and metal/Si (Si on top) were annealed in vacuum to produce the Si/silicide/metal and metal/silicide/Si configurations, respectively. The sandwich structures were then irradiated with Xe ions of energies ranging from 125 to 300 keV such that the Xe ions traverse only one of the two interfaces (metal-silicide or silicide-Si). In the case of CrSi 2 , irradiation above 150°C induces further and laterally uniform growth of a stoichiometric layer of silicide, but only when the Cr/CrSi 2 interface is traversed, not when the other interface is traversed. We conclude that the formation of CrSi 2 is an interface-limited process, which is consistent with the linear time dependence of the growth of CrSi 2 under thermal annealing, and that the limiting reaction occurs at the Cr/ CrSi 2 interface. On the other hand, in TaSi 2 for temperatures up to 500°C, and in Pt 2 Si at room temperature, Xe ions penetrating through only one of either of the two interfaces does not induce silicide growth in a layer-by-layer fashion. This observation is consistent with the fact that under thermal annealing, the growth of Pt 2 Si is a diffusion-controlled process. The absence of further growth of TaSi 2 is attributed to unidentified processes which control the formation of the silicide.
Nasal Cytology in Clinical Practice

Analysis of the nasal cytology provides information regarding the pathophysiology and response to therapy of the airway. This paper reviews the techniques for obtaining and interpreting specimens. ...
Dislocation identification and in situ straining in the spinodal Fe30Ni20Mn25Al25 alloy.

Dislocations in the spinodal alloy Fe(30)Ni(20)Mn(25)Al(25), which is composed of alternating BCC and B2 (ordered BCC) phases, have been investigated using weak-beam transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The alloy was compressed at room temperature in an as-hot-extruded state to strains of approximately 3% for post-mortem dislocation analysis. Dislocations with a/2 Burgers vectors were found to glide in pairs on both {110} and {112} slip planes. TEM in situ straining experiments were also performed on both the as-extruded alloy and an arc-melted alloy. The in situ straining observations confirmed that dislocations were able to pass between both spinodal phases. Partial dislocation separations were relatively wide in the BCC phase and narrow in the B2 phase. Dislocation glide, as opposed to twinning (both of which have been observed in other BCC-based spinodals), was also found to be the only room temperature deformation mechanism.
ENERGY RELEASE INTEGRAL FOR FINITE ELASTIC AND VISCOELASTIC MATERIALS.

The energy release integral ofRice andCherepanov type is derived more generally by employing an energy balance equation which is often used in continuum mechanics. Several results are observed from this energy release integral. The integral is then applied to the tearing test of a finite viscoelastic material. An equation is established to relate the energy release rate and the average strain concentration along the notch surface, a more general result than the one obtained previously for the finite elastic materials.
Relationship between elevated arterial stiffness and increased left ventricular mass in adolescents and young adults.

Objective To determine whether arterial stiffness relates to left ventricular mass (LVM) in adolescents and young adults. Study design Demographic, anthropometric, laboratory, echo, carotid ultrasound and arterial stiffness data were obtained in 670 subjects 10 to 24 years of age (35% male, 62% non-Caucasian). Global stiffness index (GSI) was calculated from five measures of carotid artery stiffness, augmentation index, brachial distensibility, and pulse wave velocity (1 point if ≥95th% for subjects with body mass index t tests. Models were constructed to determine whether GSI was an independent determinant of LVM index or relative wall thickness (RWT). Results The S group had more adverse cardiovascular risk factors, higher LVM index and RWT ( P ≤ .05) with a trend for abnormal cardiac geometry. Independent determinants of LVM index were higher GSI, age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, glycated hemoglobin A1c, male sex, and sex–by–heart rate interaction (r 2 = 0.52; P ≤ .05). GSI was also an independent determinant of RWT. Conclusions Increased arterial stiffness in adolescents and young adults is associated with LVM index independently of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Screening for arterial stiffness may be useful to identify high risk adolescents and young adults.
The effects of rewarder familiarity and differential reward preference on intrinsic motivation

The effects of differentially preferred extrinsic rewards and familiarity of rewarder on subsequent intrinsic motivation for a reading task were investigated in 96 second-, third-, and fourth-grade children. The results revealed that children rewarded by a controlling familiar person spent less time with a book and read fewer words than those rewarded by an unfamiliar person, except when no reward was offered. For the controlling familiar groups, the high-preference reward condition resulted in significantly less time spent with the book than did the no-reward condition. For the unfamiliar groups, in contrast, the high-preference condition resulted in significantly more time spent with the book than did the no-reward condition. These findings are discussed within the context of cognitive evaluation theory.
Thyromimetic effects of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine sulfate in hypothyroid rats.

Several parameters of the effects of thyroid hormone were examined in hypothyroid thyroidectomized (Tx) rats treated with T3 sulfate (T3S) or T3 [0.46 (low dose) or 2.3 (high dose) nmol/day for 10 days, ip]. Tx rats showed a marked degree of growth retardation, which improved significantly after treatment with both doses of T3S and T3. The mean serum GH level was markedly reduced in Tx rats, and it improved significantly to similar levels after treatment with the high dose of T3S and the low dose of T3. Type I monodeiodinase (MD) activity was markedly reduced in liver and kidney tissues of Tx rats. It increased significantly in Tx rats treated with the high dose of T3S; the latter values were similar to those observed in Tx rats treated with the low dose of T3. Hepatic and renal type I MD activities increased to supranormal levels in Tx rats treated with the high dose of T3. Cardiac outer ring (5') monodeiodination of 3',5'-diiodothyronine to 3'-monoiodothyronine was also significantly reduced in Tx rats,...
The activation of prophenoloxidase during melanization of the pupal blood of the Chinese Oak silkmoth, Antheraea pernyi

Abstract Freshly drawn pupal blood of Antheraea pernyi showed no phenoloxidase activity but contained the enzyme as an inactive precursor or prophenoloxidase. When the blood was incubated at 0°C, it exhibited a sigmoid increase in phenoloxidase activity; blood diluted with distilled water and also redissolved acetone powders of the blood behaved likewise. The blood itself developed a much lower final level of specific activity than did either of the other preparations. But the addition of NaCl to freshly diluted blood or to redissolved acetone powders decreased the rate of phenoloxidase formation in these solutions and greatly lowered the enzyme's final level. These results suggest that inorganic ions in the blood prevent it from developing its full phenoloxidase activity. Dilution of melanized blood or of acetone powder-NaCl solutions initiated a gradual increase in phenoloxidase activity whereas the addition of NaCl to preexisting enzyme initiated a gradual decline. Thus, NaCl appears to influence the equilibrium of a step in the conversion of prophenoloxidase to phenoloxidase. However, given concentrations of NaCl inhibited the formation of enzyme more than they did the activity of pre-existing enzyme, which suggests that the affected equilibrium has a tendency to stabilize. Whether incubated at 0 or 25°C, the blood developed essentially the same level of phenoloxidase activity. But diluted blood and redissolved acetone powders developed much more activity at 0°C than they did at 25°C. The inhibitory action of the higher temperature took effect rapidly and was irreversible. The rate of phenoloxidase formation showed two pH optima, at 6·4 and 7·0—a finding which suggests that the conversion of prophenoloxidase to phenoloxidase occurs in two steps.
Untapped Source of Diplomats

In her speech at the American Association for the Advancement of Science annual meeting in February (AAAS is the publisher of Science ), Secretary of State Madeleine Albright indicated her interest in facilitating a scientifically literate State Department (News Focus, “Science gains at State
Geographic and seasonal distributions of CO transport pathways and their roles in determining CO centers in the upper troposphere

Abstract. Past studies have identified a variety of pathways by which carbon monoxide (CO) may be transported from the surface to the tropical upper troposphere (UT); however, the relative roles that these transport pathways play in determining the distribution and seasonality of CO in the tropical UT remain unclear. We have developed a method to automate the identification of two pathways ("local convection" and "advection within the lower troposphere (LT) followed by convective vertical transport") involved in CO transport from the surface to the UT. This method is based on the joint application of instantaneous along-track, co-located, A-Train satellite measurements. Using this method, we find that the locations and seasonality of the UT CO maxima in the tropics were strongly correlated with the frequency of local convective transport during 2007. We also find that the "local convection" pathway (convective transport that occurred within a fire region) typically transported significantly more CO to the UT than the "LT advection → convection" pathway (advection of CO within the LT from a fire region to a convective region prior to convective transport). To leading order, the seasonality of CO concentrations in the tropical UT reflected the seasonality of the "local convection" transport pathway during 2007. The UT CO maxima occurred over Central Africa during boreal spring and over South America during austral spring. Occurrence of the "local convection" transport pathway in these two regions also peaked during these seasons. During boreal winter and summer, surface CO emission and convection were located in opposite hemispheres, which limited the effectiveness of transport to the UT. During these seasons, CO transport from the surface to the UT typically occurred via the "LT advection → convection" pathway.
The evaporation and combustion of levitated arrays of two, three and five droplets at a hot surface

The interactions between droplets in several geometrical arrays in Leidenfrost evaporation and combustion on a hot surface were studied. Comparisons between evaporation and burning times of isolated droplets, two- and three-droplet linear arrays, and a five-droplet array (a centre droplet surrounded by four droplets) were made. The liquids studied were water, n -heptane, and n -hexadecane at 0.101 MPa and at surface temperatures above their respective Leidenfrost values. A range of centre distance to initial droplet diameter ratios, L / d 0 , were studied (2 L / d 0 L / d 0 → ∞). The flames around each droplet, however, merged as the droplets were brought closer together. In three- and five-droplet arrays more significant interactions were observed, with the edge droplets in the arrays burning faster than the centre droplets. The results are explained on the basis of flame-height measurements for the arrays. In pure evaporation, though, the droplets evaporated without regard for their neighbours.
The Bacterial Flora of the Forehead and Back of Alaskan Native Villagers in Summer and in Winter

The bacterial flora of the forehead and back of Eskimo and Indian villagers in arctic Alaska was determined in midsummer and in winter (temperature -29° to -46°C). Specimens collected by the wet swab method were transported overnight, chilled, to Seattle in buffered diluent with Triton X-100. Control tests showed good survival of principal skin organisms with moderate or large initial populations and a disproportionately greater loss with an initial sparse population. Results of these studies are compared with earlier studies of the forehead flora of a Seattle urban population. On most Alaskan subjects Propionibacterium acnes was more abundant than staphylococci on both sites and both organisms had greater population densities on the forehead than on the back. Population densities for P. acnes varied from none detected to more than 10 6 per cm 2 on the forehead and 10 5 per cm 2 on the back. For coagulase-negative staphylococci the range was from none detected to more than 10 5 per cm 2 on the forehead and the back. The proportion of subjects with relatively abundant or relatively sparse populations of P. acnes and of staphylococci did not change seasonally. Of 51 staphylococcal isolates, 65% were S. epidermidis , 22% S. capitis , and 10% S. hominis, P. saceharolyticus was found on a minority of subjects on both sites. The kinds of organisms found on the forehead and their variable individual population densities were essentially the same on the Alaskan villagers and the Seattle subjects.
Panic and depressive disorders among psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents

Sixty-one adolescents hospitalized on an inpatient psychiatric unit were evaluated to determine whether they met criteria for panic and affective disorders according to Research Diagnostic Criteria. Ten (16%) and 15 (24%) met criteria for definite or possible panic disorder. Fifteen (24.5%) had major depressive disorder (MDD) endogenous subtype, 10 (16%) had MDD nonendogenous subtype, 8 (13%) had minor depressive disorder (mDD), and 27 (44%) had no diagnosable mood disorder. Four adolescents with definite panic disorders were diagnosed as having MDD endogenous subtype, three MDD, two mDD, and one had no diagnosable depressive disorder. The mean total score on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) was significantly higher among those subjects with definite panic attacks compared with those with either possible or no panic. Patients with definite panic disorder showed significant increases on the HRSD items of guilt, decreased work and interest, psychological and somatic anxiety, and weight loss compared to these samples.
The Supreme Court and Freedom of Expression, 2010–2011

(2012). The Supreme Court and Freedom of Expression, 2010–2011. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 107-123.
Inequalities between Arrival Averages and Time Averages in Stochastic Processes Arising from Queueing Theory

A common scenario in stochastic models, especially in queueing theory, is that an arrival counting process both observes and interacts with another continuous time stochastic process. In the case of Poisson arrivals, Wolff Wolff, R. W. 1982. Poisson arrivals see time averages. Opns. Res.30 223-231. recently proved that the proportion of arrivals finding the process in some state is equal to the proportion of time it spends there under a lack of anticipation assumption. Inspired by Wolff's approach, in this paper we study the related interesting question of when do we have inequalities between these proportions. We establish two-sided inequalities under the following three assumptions: i the interarrival time distributions are of type NBUE or NWUE, ii the process being observed have monotone sample paths between arrival epochs, and iii the state of the process does not depend on future jumps of the arrival process. These assumptions are typically true in all standard queueing models and hence our results have wide implications. Stochastic inequalities between limiting distributions of interest, when they exist, also follow easily from our main result.
Gender and the prerogatives of dating and marriage: an experimental assessment of a sample of college students

Experimental data were used to study the amount of support men and women have to pursue nonsexual and sexual activities without their partner in the contexts of dating and marriage. Attention was also focused on whether a partner's independent behavior would be seen as less acceptable in marriage than in dating. The results showed that marriage did reduce a partner's right to engage in outside involvements. However, only males saw marriage as more restrictive than dating. Moreover, these restrictions were not directed at women primarily, but were directed at both male and female target persons. Where differences were found between male and female prerogatives in marriage and dating, they appeared to favor females, providing evidence that among college students some of the structures associated with intimate relationships supported women's interests over men's.
Epidemiology of Shoulder Dislocations Presenting to Emergency Departments in the United States

BACKGROUND: The epidemiology of traumatic shoulder dislocations is poorly understood. The aim of the current study was to determine the incidence of shoulder dislocations presenting to hospital emergency departments in the United States and define demographic risk factors for these injuries. METHODS: The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, a probability sample of all injuries presenting to emergency departments in the United States, was queried for shoulder dislocations from 2002 through 2006. Patient and injury characteristics were analyzed. United States Census data were utilized to calculate incidence rates for the United States population and subgroups. Incidence rate ratios were then calculated with respect to age, sex, and race. RESULTS: A total of 8940 shoulder dislocations were identified, resulting in an overall incidence rate in the United States of 23.9 (95% confidence interval, 20.8 to 27.0) per 100,000 person-years. The male incidence rate was 34.90 (95% confidence interval, 30.08 to 39.73) per 100,000 person-years, with an incidence rate ratio of 2.64 (95% confidence interval, 2.39 to 2.88) relative to the female incidence rate. It was found that 71.8% of the dislocations were in males. Stratified by decade, the maximum incidence rate (47.8 [95% confidence interval, 41.0 to 54.5]) occurred in those between the ages of twenty and twenty-nine years; 46.8% of all dislocations were in patients between fifteen and twenty-nine years of age. There were no significant differences based on race. Dislocations most frequently resulted from a fall (58.8%) and occurred at home (47.7%) or at sites of sports or recreation (34.5%). Overall, 48.3% of injuries occurred during sports or recreation. CONCLUSIONS: The estimated incidence rate of shoulder dislocations in the United States is 23.9 per 100,000 person-years, which is approximately twice the previously reported value. A young age and male sex are risk factors for shoulder dislocation in the United States population. Language: en
Evaluating physical and biological influences on sedimentation in a tidal freshwater marsh with 7Be

Key differences exist between tidal fresh- and saltwater marshes, such as the relative importance of mineral versus organic sedimentation and plant species diversity, that likely result in different drivers of sedimentation. In tidal freshwater marshes, we hypothesize that vegetation composition, along with physical marsh features (i.e., elevation and tidal channels), play a critical role in sedimentation. This hypothesis is evaluated in Dyke Marsh Preserve (Potomac River, VA, USA) by examining sediment character (grain size, organic content) and deposition rates across the marsh in spring and summer 2010 and 2011. 7 Be is especially well suited to capture seasonal sedimentation patterns owing to its short half-life (53.3 d) and ability to assess both sediment deposition and erosion. However, its use in marshes can be challenging, especially due the presence of vegetation. In this study, 7 Be-derived sedimentation rates are compared with sediment deposition observed on ceramic tiles to assess its utility in tidal freshwater marshes, and biophysical influences on sediment deposition are examined through statistical models. 7 Be- and tile-derived sedimentation rates show similar spatial and temporal patterns, with highest rates occurring at sites closer to tidal channels, highlighting the importance of sediment availability. In addition, complex feedbacks between sedimentation and the plant community are discussed. 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A GEOMETRIC CRITERION FOR POSITIVE TOPOLOGICAL ENTROPY

We prove that a diffeomorphism possessing a homoclinic point with a topological crossing (possibly with infinite order contact) has positive topological entropy, along with an analogous statement for heteroclinic points. We apply these results to study area-preserving perturbations of area-preserving surface diffeomorphisms possessing homoclinic and double heteroclinic connections. In the heteroclinic case, the perturbed map can fail to have positive topological entropy only if the perturbation preserves the double heteroclinic connection or if it creates a homoclinic connection. In the homoclinic case, the perturbed map can fail to have positive topological entropy only if the perturbation preserves the connection. These results significantly simplify the application of the Poincare-Arnold-Melnikov-Sotomayor method. The results apply even when the contraction and expansion at the fixed point is subexponential.
Iterative feature construction for improving inductive learning algorithms

Inductive learning algorithms, in general, perform well on data that have been pre-processed to reduce complexity. By themselves they are not particularly effective in reducing data complexity while learning difficult concepts. Feature construction has been shown to reduce complexity of space spanned by input data. In this paper, we present an iterative algorithm for enhancing the performance of any inductive learning process through the use of feature construction as a pre-processing step. We apply the procedure on three learning methods, namely genetic algorithms, C4.5 and lazy learner, and show improvement in performance.
It is time for physicians to embrace cost-effectiveness and cost utility analysis research in the treatment of spinal pain.

It is time for physicians to embrace cost-effectiveness and cost utility analysis research in the treatment of spinal pain Simon Dagenais, DC, PhD, Scott Haldeman, DC, MD, PhD*, Peter B. Polatin, MD Department of Environmental Health, Science, and Policy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92701, USA CAM Research Institute, 2102 Business Center Drive, Irvine, CA 92612, USA Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Box 951772, CA 90095, USA Research Division, Southern California University of Health Sciences, 16200 E. Amber Valley Dr., Whittier, CA 90604, USA Department of Psychiatry, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX 75390, USA
The Expanding Concept of Just Compensation and the Role of the Appraiser

Compensation for injury to business profits in eminent domain actions has long been the focus of controversy. Historically, the federal and state courts explicitly excluded profits or goodwill from a determination of an award. Under this scheme the measure of compensation quickly settled on the market value of the condemned realty. Where injury to profits was especially evident, the courts sometimes allowed future returns to the business to be included as a factor which would influence the market value. They also developed, in some states, the “specialty” doctrine where the business was unique in any number of ways. Still, the measures of compensation adopted in these cases may have been inadequate to return the business owner to the same financial position as before a taking. In this paper, we review an expanded theory of just compensation currently emerging in the courts and indicate the measure of compensation necessary to effectively return the business owner to the same financial position after a taking as before. We also show that traditional awards have been less than adequate in cases where the cash flows accruing to a business are dependent, in some fashion, on the expropriated realty. Finally, we indicate the nature of awards under a jurisdiction which is unique in the sense that it explicitly requires consideration of all elements of loss resulting from expropriation of business properties. Those awards represent a departure from previous compensation measures and conform to those indicated by the theory developed in this paper. The role of the appraiser is outlined under this expanded system of compensation.
A hybrid grouping genetic algorithm for the cell formation problem

The machine-part cell formation problem consists of constructing a set of machine cells and their corresponding product families with the objective of minimizing the inter-cell movement of the products while maximizing machine utilization. This paper presents a hybrid grouping genetic algorithm for the cell formation problem that combines a local search with a standard grouping genetic algorithm to form machine-part cells. Computational results using the grouping efficacy measure for a set of cell formation problems from the literature are presented. The hybrid grouping genetic algorithm is shown to outperform the standard grouping genetic algorithm by exceeding the solution quality on all test problems and by reducing the variability among the solutions found. The algorithm developed performs well on all test problems, exceeding or matching the solution quality of the results presented in previous literature for most problems.
OPTIMUM MULTIPLE-SKIP TRAJECTORIES

Abstract In his classical paper on the “Schematic Study of Long-Range Semi-Ballistic Trajectories”, Pierre Contensou has proposed a type of entry trajectory which consists of a series of skip sub-arcs, intercalating with Keplerian sub-arcs in the vacuum. It has been suggested that under favorable conditions, using this trajectory, the range can be extended as compared with the pure atmospheric glide mode. Another possible application of this type of multiple-skip trajectory is to use it for the rotation of the line of apsides in aeroassisted orbital transfer. In this paper, we shall present the extensive numerical results obtained in the study of the general problem of multiple-skip trajectories with specified range. By using a modified set of dimensionless variables and a new set of adjoint variables, the variational problem consists of integrating a set of five non-linear differential equations subject to end-constraints. It is found that for low entry speed, the maximum range problem exhibits the typical phugoid motion in pure atmospheric glide, while with high entry speed, a multiple-skip trajectory can be used to extend the range as predicted by Contensou. When the multiple-skip trajectory is used to rotate the line of apsides of elliptic orbit, the new solution shows significant fuel saving as compared with the case where only one atmospheric passage is considered.