cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of controlled release of potassium nitrate from a highly swelling binary polymeric blend of alginate and carboxymethyl cellulose

Highly water absorbing and homogeneous binary biopolymeric blends in bead form were prepared of calcium alginate and carboxymethyl cellulose by solution cast method. The prepared blends were evaluated for controlled delivery of KNO 3 taking it as a model agrochemical. The beads characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to investigate the molecular structure and morphology of beads. The swelling experiments were performed for different compositions of beads and at varying pH and temperature of the aqueous media. The release experiments were performed under static and varying experimental conditions and the release data obtained were conductometrically fitted to Ficks equation to evaluate diffusion coefficients of released KNO 3 . The release results were further analyzed by Ficks power law equation, and the possible mechanisms of KNO 3 release were explored at different experimental conditions.
Frequency response characteristics of ankle plantar flexors in humans following spinal cord injury: Relation to degree of spasticity

Frequency response characteristics of the ankle plantar flexors were studied in adults both with and without spinal cord injury (SCI) to determine how the muscle contractile properties change after SCI, and to see if there is a relation between the severity of spasticity and how the properties change. Ten controls and ten complete, chronic spinal cord injured subjects were tested, where the tibial nerve was stimulated electrically in a stochastic manner with the ankle fixed isometrically at various joint angles. A nonparametric linear frequency response function was derived, from which a second-order transfer function was calculated. The contractile dynamics were then characterized by the three classic second-order parameters: gain, damping ratio, and natural frequency. We found that in subjects with low degrees of spasticity (as determined by clinical evaluation), the contractile dynamics presented the largest changes, in which the speed of contraction increased significantly while there were no statistical differences in the gains between the two groups. This similarity emerged even though there was noticeable atrophy in the SCI patient group. Differences between the controls and subjects with high levels of spasticity were markedly different, in that these SCI subjects had slower contractile speeds than the controls, but significantly lower gains. Moderately spastic subjects fell somewhere in between, where the speed of muscle contraction increased modestly yet the gain was significantly smaller than that of the control subjects. These findings indicate that in subjects with chronic spinal cord injury, the severity of spasticity can significantly influence the degree of change in muscle contractile properties. It appears that high degrees of spasticity tend to preserve contractile dynamics, while in less spastic subjects, muscle contractile properties may display faster response characteristics. © 2002 Biomedical Engineering Society.
Explicit Continuous Models for Double-Gate and Surrounding-Gate MOSFETs

Explicit continuous models for both double-gate (DG) and surrounding-gate (SG) MOSFETs are presented. These models evolve from previous DG and SG MOSFETs models, which need to solve implicit equations for intermediate parameters by numerical iteration or the table lookup method. By developing approximate explicit solutions for the intermediate parameters, we can express the drain current, terminal charge, transconductance, and transcapacitance as explicit functions of applied voltages as well as the structural parameters. High accuracy and efficiency, combined with inherited favorable features from the previous models, make these new models suitable for circuit simulation programs.
Processing of reactor-produced 188W for fabrication of clinical scale alumina-based 188W/188Re generators

Abstract The traditional technique for processing of reactor-irradiated 186 W-enriched tungsten oxide (WO 3 ) targets involves formation of 188 W-sodium tungstate solutions by target dissolution in 0.1 M NaOH. Following long irradiations (> 21 days) in the ORNL High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) the 186 WO 3 targets contain a NaOH-insoluble 188 W-labeled black solid (approx. 30–50% of total activity) which decreases the yield and specific activity of the processed 188 W (e.g. 5–6 mCi/mg 186 W for a 79-day irradiation). The black material is postulated to represent a “tungsten blue” insoluble polymeric form of tungsten oxide, which we have now found to dissolve in 0.1 M NaOH containing 5% sodium hypochlorite solution. Complete dissolution results in a significant increase in the yield and specific activity of sodium 188 W-tungstate. As an alternative approach, irradiated 186 W-enriched metal targets dissolve in sodium hydroxide solution by cautious addition of 188 W-tungstate solutions prepared from processing of such metal targets show no evidence of residual black insoluble material. Specific activity values for completely dissolved HFIR-irradiated 186 W targets have increased to 10 mCi/mg (43.5 days) and 12.9 mCi/mg (49.2 days). Large clinical scale (> 1 Ci) generators prepared from hypochlorite-processed 186 W oxide or peroxide-processed 186 W metal targets exhibit the expected 188 Re high yield and low 188 W breakthrough.
Sensor-based terrain acquisition: the 'sightseer' strategy

Concerns a special case of the problem of robot motion planning, in which a mobile robot is required to build a complete map of an unfamiliar scene populated with a finite number of unknown objects (obstacles). The robot has a sort of sensory feedback equivalent to stereo vision or a range finder, and is expected to generate a reasonably short path during the operation. The terrain acquisition problem is formulated as that of continuous motion planning, and an algorithm that allows obstacles to be of arbitrary shape is presented. The upper bound on the algorithm's performance is estimated in terms of the length of the generated paths and is shown to be linear in the perimeters of the obstacles in the scene. >
Wide-band target depth estimation in a scattering ocean environment

This paper concerns target depth estimation using wideband active sonar multipath returns. Detailed full-field modeling of target returns is complicated by spectral amplitude and phase distortions induced by unknown target scattering, uncertainty in the bulk group delay, and unmodeled propagation effects. However, since the relative delays of the multipath return are relatively robust to modeling errors, the approach considered in this work consists of estimating a subset of the relative delays present in the data and using them with a depth-dependent likelihood function derived from ray-traces based on the ocean environment. This maximum-likelihood depth estimate (MLDE) algorithm is compared with an alternative full-field matched-field depth estimate (MFDE) approach in terms of results obtained with a real mid-frequency active sonar.
Characterization of inorganic coordination complexes by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry

We report the direct laser desorption/ionization (LDI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometric (MALDI-TOFMS) analysis of four inorganic coordination complexes: monometallic [Ir(dpp)(2)Cl(2)](PF(6)), homonuclear trimetallic ([(bpy)(2)Ru(dpp)](2)RuCl(2))- (PF(6))(4), and heteronuclear [(tpy)Ru(tpp)Ru(tpp)RhCl(3)](PF(6))(4) and ([(bpy)(2)Ru(dpp)](2)IrCl(2))(PF(6))(5) (dpp = 2,3-bis-(2'-pyridyl)pyrazine, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, tpy = 2,2',6',2"-terpyradine, tpp = 2,3,5,6,-tetrakis-(2'-pyridyl)pyrazine). Spectral intensities and fragmentation patterns are compared and evaluated for instrument parameters, matrix selection, and matrix-to-analyte ratio. Direct LDI and MALDI mass spectra of the monometallic complex showed the same ion peaks and differed only in the relative peak intensities. Direct LDI of the trimetallic complexes produced only low-mass fragments containing one metal at most. MALDI spectra of the trimetallic complexes exhibited little fragmentation in the high-mass region (>1500 Da) and less fragmentation in the low-mass region compared to direct LDI. Significant fragments of the molecules were detected and identified, including ligand fragments, intermediate-mass fragments such as [Ru(tpy)](+), and molecular ions with varying degrees of PF(6)(-) loss ([M - n(PF(6))](+), where n = 1-3). A correlation exists between the solution-phase electrochemistry and the observed [M - n(PF(6))](+) series of peaks for the trimetallic complexes. Proper matrix selection for MALDI analysis was vital, as was an appropriate matrix-to-analyte ratio. The results demonstrate the applicability of MALDI-TOFMS for the structural characterization of labile inorganic coordination complexes.
Fuzzy agents bargaining at a farmer's market

Computational models of the bargaining process at a farmers' market require modeling subjective preferences of the buyers and sellers and their subjective assessments of the produce. The proposed fuzzy agents based model employs a number of fuzzy inference systems modeled as Standard Additive Models that perform the subjective decision making for the agents. Survey results of different vendors and customers at different farmers' markets provide the rule base coded in these fuzzy expert systems. The results show a steady convergence to a bargain weighted towards the greedier of the two players. Repeated simulations with the proposed model of varying buyers, sellers and the produce indicate that fuzzy agents can model bargaining at a farmers' market.
An Emergent Theoretical Model for Interventions Encouraging Physical Activity (Mall Walking) Among Older Adults

The meaning of and motivations for mall walking among older adults over the age of 60 are explored based on the findings of a qualitative study of mall walkers at a single site. Findings suggest that elements of three extant theoretical frameworks are relevant for promoting physical activity in this age group: (a) symbolic interactionism, (b) social cognitive theory, and (c) social breakdown and competence. This article proposes a synthesis of certain aspects of these three theoretical orientations into a theoretical model for interventions encouraging a popular type of unsupervised physical activity, mall walking, among independent, community-dwelling older adults.
Cucurbitacins and predation of the spotted cucumber beetle, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi.

Two hypotheses about the relationship of diabroticina beetles and plants in the family Cucurbitaceae are tested: (1) evolution of sensory receptors for cucurbitacins by diabroticina beetles was in part due to the predator protection offered by ingestion of these compounds, and (2) commercial varieties of cucurbitacin-producing cucumber offer Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber chemical protection from some potential sources of natural control Spotted cucumber beetles fed either 'Marketmore 70′ cucumber which contains cucurbitacin-C or 'Marketmore 72′ which totally lacks cucurbitacin were presented to four species of vertebrate predators that commonly occur in the summer and/or winter habitats of D. u. howardi: Bufo americanus, B. fowleri, Peromyscus maniculatus, Colinus virginianus. None of the four species were significantly deterred from preying on beetles that had eaten Marketmore 70 cucumber. These results do not support either of the two hypotheses. The limitations of these negative results as evidence for refutation of the first hypothesis are discussed. RESUME Les cucubitacines et la lutte biologique contre Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber Deux hypotheses concernant les relations entre les Diabroticina et les Cucurbitaceae ont ete examinees: (1) l'evolution chez les Diabroticina des recepteurs pour les Cucurbitacines est due en partie a la protection contre les predateurs apportee par la consommation de ces produits (2) les varietes modernes de concombres produisant de la cucurbitacine fournissent a D. undecimpunctata howardi Barber une protection chimique contre quelques sources potentielles de lutte biologique. Des D. undecimpunctata howardi, ayant consomme soit des concombres 'Marketmore 70′ contenant de la cucurbitacine C, soit des concombres 'Marketmore 72′ qui ont totalement perdu leur cucurbitacine, ont ete presentes a quatre especes de vertebres predateurs, qui s'observent frequemment dans les habitats d'ete ou d'hiver de D. undecimpunctata howardi soient Bufo americanus, B. fowleri, Peromyscus maniculatus, Colinus virginianus. Aucune de ces quatre especes n'est significativement dissuadee d'attaquer les coleopteres qui on consomme les concombres 'Marketmore 70′. Ces resultats n'etayent aucune des deux hypotheses. La discussion porte sur les limites de ces resultats negatifs comme preuve de la refutation de l'hypothese 1.
Quantitative fractography for estimating whole bone properties of manatee rib bones

The goals of this study were to estimate the stress at failure and the fracture toughness of whole manatee ribs fractured in impact; and to determine whether typical watercraft are capable of generating enough energy to break manatee ribs upon impact. The unique construction of manatee ribs enabled us to apply quantitative fractographic techniques to measure some fracture mechanics parameters. Adult manatee bone behaves more like a ceramic than other types of bone. Due to this, we were able to see many of the features observed for brittle fracture in ceramics. We were able to identify crack origins, and make quantitative measurements of crack size. Failure stress was constant across body size despite the increase in rib size as the animals grow. Similarly, flaw size was the same for all animals regardless of body size. Fracture toughness for whole ribs (measured as the critical stress intensity factor, K C) calculated from strain gage data was 8 MPa m1/2. This value was greater than that reported for small sample specimens, suggestive of R-curve behavior in this bone. There were no differences between the sexes in their ability to resist fracture. Kinetic energy calculations indicated that recreational boats commonly found in Florida waters are capable of generating sufficient energy to fracture manatee ribs upon impact.
Modern Revival of the Folk Dance

(1936). Modern Revival of the Folk Dance. Research Quarterly. American Physical Education Association: Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 27-41.
Abstract 501: Up-Regulation of Inflammatory Mediators and Markers of Metabolic Deraignment in ESRD as Studied by Biochip Array Analysis

Introduction: End stage renal disease represents a complex syndrome with multiple pathophysiological processes involving vascular, inflammatory, thrombotic, and metabolic deraignment. To understand the pathophysiology of this complex syndrome, profiling of mediators of inflammation and metabolic deraignment provides a unique approach. This study was designed to utilize biochip array technology to compare the biomarker profiles of a maintenance hemodialysis cohort (n=81) with healthy normal male and female volunteers (n=41). Materials and Methods: Blood samples from the ESRD group were collected prior to the hemodialysis, centrifuged immediately, and frozen at -80 degrees Celsius. The normal samples represented citrated plasmas from 41 healthy individuals, which were processed in an identical manner as the ESRD group. High sensitivity inflammatory cytokine chips to profile IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, VEGF, IFN-gamma, IL1-alpha, IL1-beta, MCP1, and EGF and metabolic array chip to analyze C-Peptide, ferritin, resistin, insulin, leptin, and PAI-1 were used employing Evidence Investigator (Randox, UK). Results: In the inflammatory biochip array analysis, except for IL-2 and EGF, all the inflammatory biomarkers were found to be significantly higher than the normal group (p Conclusions: These results clearly demonstrate the complexity of the pathophysiologic event in ESRD patients. A widespread increase in the inflammatory mediators, coupled with the higher levels of metabolic deraignment markers suggest that the ESRD patients not only have an ongoing inflammatory process but also sustain metabolic deraignment as evident by the results obtained by the metabolic array chip. Profiling of these mediators not only provides an understanding of the pathogenesis of this condition, but may be helpful in the risk stratification and clinical management of these patients.
Observability and Sensor Placement Problem on Highway Segments: A Traffic Dynamics-Based Approach

Traffic congestion is a major problem on highways. To analyze this problem and then design different ways of reducing congestion, researchers need to observe traffic conditions on highways. Sensors are used to record and collect traffic data on highways. However, sensors must be placed efficiently to maximize the information collected and minimize monetary cost. This paper presents a novel approach for studying the observability problem on highway segments by utilizing linearized traffic dynamics about steady-state flows. First, we analyze the observability problem in terms of sensor placement and then present a method for comparing scenarios having different sensor placements along a highway. Different sensor placement scenarios are compared using the condition number of the observability matrix for the modeled system. Simulations are performed for various different numbers of highway cells, and then, generalized results are provided. We also discuss steps needed to extend this methodology to a general traffic network system.
High-resolution dynamic speech imaging with deformation estimation

Dynamic speech magnetic resonance imaging (DSMRI) is a promising technique for visualizing articulatory motion in real time. However, many existing applications of DSMRI have been limited by slow imaging speed and the lack of quantitative motion analysis. In this paper, we present a novel DS-MRI technique to simultaneously estimate dynamic image sequence of speech and the associated deformation field. Extending on our previous Partial Separability (PS) model-based methods, the proposed technique visualizes both speech motion and deformation with a spatial resolution of 2.2 × 2.2 mm2 and a nominal frame rate of 100 fps. Also, the technique enables direct analysis of articulatory motion through the deformation fields. Effectiveness of the method is systematically examined via in vivo experiments. Utilizing the obtained high-resolution images and deformation fields, we also performed a phonetics study on Brazilian Portuguese to show the method's practical utility.
Adapting to a New World: English Society in the Seventeenth-Century Chesapeake

Often compared unfavorably with colonial New England, the early Chesapeake has been portrayed as irreligious, unstable, and violent. In this important new study, James Horn challenges this conventional view and looks across the Atlantic to assess the enduring influence of English attitudes, values, and behavior on the social and cultural evolution of the early Chesapeake. Using detailed local and regional studies to compare everyday life in English provincial society and the emergent societies of the Chesapeake Bay, Horn provides a richly textured picture of the immigrants' Old World backgrounds and their adjustment to life in America. Until the end of the seventeenth century, most settlers in Virginia and Maryland were born and raised in England, a factor of enormous consequence for social development in the two colonies. By stressing the vital social and cultural connections between England and the Chesapeake during this period, Horn places the development of early America in the context of a vibrant Anglophone transatlantic world and suggests a fundamental reinterpretation of New World society. |Based on literary and legal sources, this study reveals how legal contests involving women, children, African-Americans, and the poor of the 19th-century South led to a rethinking of families, sexuality, and the social order.
Fishtail magnetization in single crystal Tl2Ba2CuO6

We report extensive magnetization measurements on single crystals of Tl2Ba2CuO6 superconductors. The fishtail magnetization is found to disappear above a characteristic temperature (∼60 K), which corresponds to a crossover temperature in the temperature dependence of the irreversibility line. Since the low temperature irreversibility field can be modeled by a Josephson coupled layered system, we propose that the fishtail magnetization in the Tl2Ba2CuO6 system is due to dimensional crossover.
Separation Control using Plasma Actuators: 2-D and Edge Effects in Steady Flow in Low Pressure Turbines

A Dielectric Barrier Discharge plasma actuator is o perated in quiescent air and in flow over a Low Pressure Turbine (LPT) airfoil at a Reynolds number of 50,000 (based on exit velocity and suction surface length) and inlet free -stream turbulence intensity of 2.5%. Measurements of velocity and total pressure are taken with constant and intermittent operation of the actuator to study the effects of e xcitation frequency and amplitude on flow velocity, and the effects of the intermittent signa l parameters on separation control. LPT measurements are also taken with opposite and aligned actuator orientations, and downstream of the span-wise plasma discharge edge. The objectives of this paper are: a) to investigate the authority of the plasma actuator fo r control of bypass transition and separation of low Reynolds number flows in LPT airfoil geometries, b) to comment on the relationship between separation control and frequency of disturbance, and c) to examine the role of three-dimensional vortical disturbances on separation control. Control is demonstrated with the actuator imparting momentum opposite to the flow direction, showing that it is possible to use disturbances alo ne to destabilize the flow and effect transition. No frequencies of strong influence are found over the range tested, indicating that a broad band of effective frequencies exists. Edge effects are found to considerably enhance separation control.
Phytoplankton community and its relationship with environment factors in the Yalujiang River Estuary

In order to study the structure of the phytoplankton community of the Yalujiang River and its influencing factors,phytoplankton samples were collected from the Yalujiang River Estuary and its adjacent waters in March,2009.A total of 48 phytoplankton species were identified,including forty-one diatoms,six dinoflagellates and one golden-brown alga.Phytoplankton species can be divided into three ecological groups: eurythermal taxa,warm water taxa and warm temperature taxa,and the eurythermal taxa was the dominant group.The average number of phytoplankton cell was 4.67 × 108/ m3,and the cell number decreased from the inner section of the Yalujiang River estuary to open sea.The survey results showed that the structure of phytoplankton community was simple with Skeletonema costatum as the main dominant species.From the correlation analysis,it is concluded that temperature and salinity were the major limit factors for the number of phytoplankton cells,and the Yalujiang River runoff had made a great impact on the number of phytoplankton cells.
Determination of multiresidue pesticides in vegetables and fruits by gel-permeation cleanup and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Objective:To establish a method for determination of organophosphorus,carbamate,pyrethroid,organochlorine pesticides in vegetables and fruits by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(GC/MS) and selected ion monitoring(SIM).Methods: The pesticides were extracted with acetonitrile by ultrasonic wave.The extract was cleaned-up by Auto-Gel-Permeation Cleanup(GPC).The analysis was performed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(GC/MS) and selected ion monitoring(SIM).Retention time and specific ions were used to confirm the pesticides.Results: The calibration curves of 34 pesticides were linear(correlatiom coefficient r0.99) within the range of 0.003 μg/ml～10 μg/ml.The recoveries were ranged from 55.3%～128.1%,the relative standard deviations(RSD) of the method was 20% for each case,and the limit of determination(LOD),defined in terms of 3 times baseline noise was 0.006 mg/kg～0.05 mg/kg.Conclusion: The method is suitable for determining pesticides in fruits and vegetables.
Effect of Environment Condition on Equipments in Computer Monitoring and Control Room

A large number of electronic components are used in computer monitoring and control room.As they are easily affected,environmental requirements are put forward for the computer rooms.From monitoring of thus parameters,such as temperature,humidity,dust,vibration,noise,and electromagnetic interference in computer monitoring and control rooms,this article explains the effects of environment condition on equipments inside.
Variation in residential prismatic blade production and status during the early classic at Palo Errado, Veracruz

Intrasite variation in the production and consumption of obsidian prismatic blades is investigated at the Protoclassic to early Late Classic period site of Palo Errado in Veracruz, Mexico. There, the recovery of macrodebitage, as well as eraillure flakes, platform overhang flakes, and debitage with 90 degree angles between dorsal scars indicates that local blade production occurred at the site from imported marcocores and large polyhedral cores. In addition, detailed ceramic and obsidian data from excavated contexts demonstrate that the elite were involved in blade production and consumption, while the inhabitants of Mound 9, a non-elite, residential workshop locus, were specializing in prismatic blade production for exchange. At some point in the Early Classic period, the elite of the site undergo a significant change that intensifies their use of status markers, such as serving ware and personal adornment that corresponds to a decrease in elite blade production and an increase in blade consumption. However, no change in how blades are used by the elite is evident in this transition. While the vast majority of the obsidian artifacts recovered were made from Zaragoza-Oyameles obsidian, significant intrasite variation in minor sources, as well as the types of blades recovered and degree of edge wear suggests that the elite and nonelite participated independently in a variety of obsidian provisioning networks. In the case of the Mound 9 residents, the ceramic and obsidian assemblage suggests that their economic independence corresponded to a physical and ideological separation from the rest of the site. In general the production and consumption of obsidian does not suggest its use in a local political economy. Rather, the inhabitants of Palo Errado may have been exchanging and obtaining obsidian commodities within local and regional marketplaces.
Feminism as Fairness

Eze engages Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s talk, “We Should All Be Feminists,” and restates the importance of feminism as ethics. Eze uses John Rawls’s concept of justice as fairness as a tool to interpret Adichie’s call for fairness. Rawls suggests the concept of the original position, which is a thought experiment that proposes a condition in which people are free, and are able to make choices about the principles that would guide their lives. Rawls’s idea of the original position and works of fiction have one thing in common: they ask people to deploy their imaginations and visualize ideal situations in which fairness is the norm. Eze concludes his discussion by examining Adichie’s fictions as instantiations of her ethical call.
On the Spatial Impedance Control of Levitated Platforms

Abstract This paper looks at the control of mechanical impedance of six degree-offreedom, electrodynamically levitated platforms, assuming small motions. Geometric potential function, exponential map and quaternion-based methods are compared. Theoretical and simulation results are given.
Lorentz Invariance Violation and the Observed Spectrum of Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays

There has been much interest in possible violations of Lorentz invariance, particularly motivated by quantum gravity theories. It has been suggested that a small amount of Lorentz invariance violation (LIV) could turn of photomeson interactions of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) with photons of the cosmic background radiation and thereby eliminate the resulting sharp steepening in the spectrum of the highest energy CRs predicted by Greisen Zatsepin and Kuzmin (GZK). Recent measurements of the UHECR spectrum reported by the HiRes and Auger collaborations, however, indicate the presence of the GZK effect. We present the results of a detailed calculation of the modification of the UHECR spectrum caused by LIV using the formalism of Coleman and Glashow. We then compare these results with the experimental UHECR data from Auger and HiRes. Based on these data, we find a best fit amount of LIV of 4.5+1:5 ..4:5 x 10(exp -23),consistent with an upper limit of 6 x 10(exp -23). This possible amount of LIV can lead to a recovery of the cosmic ray spectrum at higher energies than presently observed. Such an LIV recovery effect can be tested observationally using future detectors.
Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond

This paper presents a conceptual model and reviews the empirical evidence to support a nightly bedtime routine as a key factor in the promotion of not only healthy sleep, but also of broad development and wellbeing in early childhood. A bedtime routine embodies the characteristics of nurturing care and early child stimulation, which are deemed to be essential for positive outcomes, especially for at-risk children. Furthermore, common, adaptive components of a bedtime routine can contribute to an array of positive developmental outcomes beyond improved sleep, inclusive of language development, literacy, child emotional and behavioral regulation, parent-child attachment, and family functioning, among other outcomes. These bedtime routine components include activities in the broad domains of nutrition (e.g., feeding, healthy snack), hygiene (e.g., bathing, oral care), communication (e.g., reading, singing/lullabies) and physical contact (e.g., massage, cuddling/rocking). A bedtime routine can provide multiple benefits to child and family functioning at a time of day that many parents are present with their children. Although additional research on hypothesized routine-related child outcomes and mechanisms of action are needed, promoting a bedtime routine may be a feasible and cost-effective method to promote positive early childhood development worldwide, particularly for socioeconomically disadvantaged and other at-risk young children.
THE DILEMMA PORTFOLIO: A STRATEGY TO ADVANCE THE STUDY OF SOCIAL DILEMMAS IN ORGANIZATIONS

Collective action is at the heart of successful organizations. Successful collective actions can be elusive, however, given that organizational actors can see some collective actions as social dilemmas, where actors have incentive to not contribute but if all adopt this strategy the collective action fails. Unfortunately, much of the research on traditional social dilemmas is limited due to the lack of contextual factors likely to be critical in organizational settings. We articulate a portfolio approach to the study of social dilemmas in the organizational context, arguing that to understand dilemma behavior is to understand each actor9s portfolio of collective actions, goals to purse, resources to allocate, and partners with whom to collaborate. We provide social dilemma illustrations at the individual, team, unit, and firm levels and discuss how such phenomena could be studied within the portfolio approach. The intent is that the organizational researcher, in addition to the social dilemma researcher, will see social dilemmas as a way to understand how and why actors allocate scarce personal and organizational resources to collective actions when incentives suggest otherwise, and as a consequence, why some organizational collective actions succeed while others fail.
Review of Selected Three-Dimensional Numerical Sea Breeze Models

A review of three-dimensional sea breeze models is presented, with emphasis on model formulation and application, including simulation of transport and diffusion processes in coastal environments. Problem areas are discussed, and recommendations made for future model development.
Identification and evaluation of antivirals for Rift Valley fever virus

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is the causative agent of Rift Valley fever (RVF) that affects both livestock and humans. There are neither fully licensed RVF vaccines available for human or animal use, nor effective antiviral drugs approved for human use in the U.S. To identify antiviral compounds effective for RVF, we developed and employed a cell-based high-throughput assay using a recombinant RVFV MP-12 strain, which expresses Renilla luciferase in place of the NSs protein, to screen 727 small compounds purchased from the National Institutes of Health. Twenty-three compounds were initially identified using the screening assay. Two compounds, 6-azauridine and mitoxantrone, also inhibited the replication of the parental MP-12 strain encoding the NSs gene, with limited cytotoxic effects. The respective 50% inhibitory concentrations were 29.07 μM and 79.85 μM when tested with the parental MP-12 strain at a multiplicity of infection of 2. The compounds were further evaluated using the STAT-1 KO mouse model. At one hour post intranasal inoculation of MP-12 strain, mice were intranasally treated with each indicated compound twice daily. Mice treated with either placebo or 6-azauridine displayed severe weight loss and reached the threshold for euthanasia with obvious neurologic symptoms. Onset of disease was, however, delayed in mice treated with either ribavirin or mitoxantrone. The results indicated that mitoxantrone can reduce the severity of diseases in RVFV-infected mice. Our studies build the foundation for the initial screening and efficacy studies of RVF antivirals in a BSL-2 environment, avoiding the higher risks of BSL-3 exposure with wild-type virus.
Nonsalicylate nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs augment prestimulated acid secretion in rabbit parietal cells: Investigation of the mechanisms of action

Abstract The effects of nonsalicylate nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on acid secretion were studied in isolated rabbit parietal cells. Indomethacin, naproxen, and carprofen (10 −6 −10 −4 mol/L) potentiated histamine-, forskolin-, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine-, and dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate-stimulated acid secretion without affecting basal acid secretion. This augmentation of secretagogue-stimulated acid secretion was dependent on extracellular calcium because potentiation was abolished by calcium depletion of the medium or in the presence of the calcium antagonist lanthanum chloride. Potentiation was independent of the H 2 and muscarinic receptors and did not appear to involve guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins. Proton pump activity was unaffected by indomethacin. Furthermore, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs increased calcium efflux through the plasma membrane, as measured by calcium 45, and decreased endogenous prostaglandin E 2 content. Exogenous dimethyl prostaglandin E 2 inhibited the potentiating effect of these drugs on histamine-stimulated but apparently not on dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate-stimulated acid secretion. The data indicate that nonsalicylate nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs interacted at a postreceptor site between adenylate cyclase and the proton pump. The potentiating effects of these drugs were regulated by calcium and possibly modulated by prostanoids.
Gene Signatures of Inflammatory Breast Cancer: Epithelial Plasticity and a Cancer Stem Cell Phenotype

Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is the most lethal variant of locally advanced breast cancer and carries with it a very low survival rate of 40 % at 5 years. IBC does not present as a lump but rather mimics characteristics of an inflammation that first appears as swelling of the breast, with edema, redness, and common lymph node involvement. The physical changes in the breast are associated with the presence of nests of aggregated tumor cells, defined as tumor emboli that are encircled by lymphatic vessels, effectively blocking lymphatic drainage. Little is understood about IBC, in part due to the lack of preclinical models that recapitulate its distinct characteristics. This chapter provides an overview of our studies that have profiled all available preclinical models of IBC, including two new models recently developed, to elucidate the molecular underpinnings of this lethal variant of breast cancer. Our studies demonstrate that IBC is enriched for cells that express CD44+ and CD133+ and have aldehyde dehydrogenase-1 (ALDH1) activity, supporting a cancer stem cell/tumor initiating phenotype, associated with a very high metastatic potential to multiple distant organ sites. IBC has a distinct gene signature including E-cadherin expression with associated loss of expression of ZEB1, a transcriptional repressor of E-cadherin. IBC is also characterized by loss of expression of genes within the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) signaling pathway, which is permissive for cohesive invasion by IBC tumor emboli. Taken together, these studies suggest that IBC is a very distinct variant of breast cancer characterized by epithelial plasticity, enrichment of a stem cell phenotype, and cohesive invasion as an adaptive survival mechanism, consistent with the definition of IBC as the most metastatic variant of breast cancer.
Laparoscopic-Assisted Bladder Reconstruction

When conservative management of the neurogenic bladder fails to produce a bladder of adequate capacity or compliance, augmentation cystoplasty may be employed. It is a challenging and time-consuming procedure that is frequently performed in addition to other reconstructive procedures such as bladder neck reconstruction, appendicovesicostomy, or antegrade continence mechanism procedure. Traditionally, reconstructive surgeons have used large, midline incisions for maximal exposure in order to achieve optimal technical results. A laparoscopic-assisted technique may reduce the morbidity of a major reconstructive procedure by decreased postoperative pain, quicker convalescence, improved cosmesis, and shorter hospital stay. While pure laparoscopic and robotic-assisted reconstructions have been described, an initial laparoscopic mobilization in combination with a Pfannenstiel incision is a technique that may be accessible to most pediatric urologists while achieving the goals of minimally invasive surgery.
FoxO1 and FoxA1/2 form a complex on DNA and cooperate to open chromatin at insulin-regulated genes.

We have previously shown that cooperative, interdependent binding by the pioneer factors FoxO1 and FoxA1/2 is required for recruitment of RNA polymerase II and H3K27 acetylation to the promoters of...
Automated Immunohistochemistry Overview

The past decade has produced major innovations and a great variety of features available in automated staining instruments. This chapter is a “buyer’s guide” for automated IHC instruments. For those new to the topic of automated staining, it begins with discussions of the advantages and disadvantages of automated versus manual staining techniques to help you decide if automation is the right choice for your laboratory. The basics of the general types of mechanics that differentiate the platforms are illustrated. Industry jargon about “open” and “closed” systems are better defined. To help with creating a thoughtful business plan to justify the budget expense of automation, the considerations that include the cost and potential savings of operating the equipment over and above the purchase price are presented. The different strategies for slide capacity and continuous processing that affect overall test throughput are described. A comprehensive feature comparison table is included to reveal how the current clinical instruments stack up side by side. With the information in this chapter you will know how to evaluate whether an instrument is right for you and understand the value of technological advancements as they arrive in the future.
Sources and Impact of Time Pressure on Opioid Management in the Safety-Net.

Purpose: This study sought to understand clinicians9 and patients9 experience managing chronic noncancer pain (CNCP) and opioids in safety-net primary care settings. This article explores the time requirements of safer opioid prescribing for medically and socially complex patients in the context of safety-net primary care. Methods: We qualitatively interviewed 23 primary care clinicians and 46 of their patients with concurrent CNCP and substance use disorder (past or current). We also conducted observations of clinical interactions between the clinicians and patients. We transcribed, coded, and analyzed interview and clinical observation recordings using grounded theory methodology. Results: Clinicians reported not having enough time to assess patients9 CNCP, functional status, and risks for opioid misuse. Inadequate assessment of CNCP contributed to tension and conflicts during visits. Clinicians described pain conversations consuming a substantial portion of primary care visits despite patients9 other serious health concerns. System-level constraints (eg, changing insurance policies, limited access to specialty and integrative care) added to the perceived time burden of CNCP management. Clinicians described repeated visits with little progress in patients9 pain or functional status due to these barriers. Patients acknowledged clinical time constraints and reported devoting significant time to following new opioid management protocols for CNCP. Conclusions: Time pressure was identified as a major barrier to safer opioid prescribing. Efforts, including changes to reimbursement structures, are needed to relieve time stress on primary care clinicians treating medically and socially complex patients with CNCP in safety-net settings.
Quality Improvement in Athletic Training Education on Female Athlete Triad

There are significant health risks associated with the female athlete triad (Triad), therefore early detection and prevention is key. Athletic trainers often serve as the frontline defense and can have a crucial role in identifying the Triad. Yet knowledge, confidence, and practice standards in the recognition, referral and treatment is lacking. The purpose of the following Quality Improvement document is to provide athletic trainers with a framework for improving Triad-specific knowledge, confidence, and practice standards. The 2014 Female Athletic Triad Coalition consensus statement provides an evidence-based risk stratification system for detection and referral of the Triad. The Coalition suggests including Triad-specific preparticipation examination (PPE) screening questions and utilization of the Female Athlete Triad Cumulative Risk Assessment on all clearance and return to play decisions for female athletes. Though there are efforts to educate athletic trainers about disordered eating in athletes, these efforts do not specifically include the Triad. Many female athletes are currently being cleared at their PPE without being adequately assessed for this syndrome or without appropriate referral for management and treatment. Therefore, it is important for ATs to improve their knowledge, confidence, and practice standards specific to the Triad.
Transfer Tax Avoidance: The Impact of Perpetuities Restrictions Before and after Generation Skipping Taxation

This Article explores the impact of perpetuities restrictions prior to and after the enactment of the generation-skipping transfer tax system (“GST”). First, the Article explains how perpetual tax avoidance via Wisconsin-based trusts was possible before the enactment of generation-skipping taxation. The author gives Particular focus to the use of special powers of appointment as a means of achieving perpetual tax avoidance. Then, based on conflict of laws rules, the Article shows how citizens of any state could have selected the laws of Wisconsin to govern the validity of property dispositions. The Article goes on to demonstrate the impact of generation-skipping taxation on tax avoidance devices and shows how the generation-skipping prevents perpetual tax avoidance but prolonged avoidance via trusts is still possible. The Article concludes with recommendations for corrective action by Congress, including a proposal to eliminate prolonged tax avoidance.
Shoes, running economy and distance running performance

Racing flats for distance running have evolved from being highly flexible with minimal cushioning to being very stiff in longitudinal bending with thick and resilient midsole cushioning. I will hig...
PEDIATRICS: Crib deaths exact needless toll of grief in infants' families

(1969). PEDIATRICS: Crib deaths exact needless toll of grief in infants' families. Hospital Topics: Vol. 47, No. 2, pp. 69-73.
Algorithmic Knowledge Gaps: A New Horizon of (Digital) Inequality

Algorithms serve as gatekeepers and arbiters of truth online. Understanding how algorithms influence which information individuals encounter better enables them to properly calibrate their reception of the information. Yet, knowledge of platform algorithms appears to be limited and not universally distributed. In line with the long history of knowledge inequities, we suggest that algorithmic knowledge varies according to socioeconomic advantage. We further argue that algorithms are experience technologies in that they are more easily understood through use. Nevertheless, socioeconomic background continues to shape information and communication technology use, thereby further influencing disparities in algorithmic knowledge. Using data from a survey of a random sample of Internet users in the United States, we found support for the relationship between algorithmic knowledge and socioeconomic background in the context of online search. The findings provide preliminary evidence that extant structural inequalities underlie algorithmic knowledge gaps in this domain.
Performance assessment in full-scale simulators – A case of maritime pilotage operations

Abstract The subject bias in the assessment of maritime simulator training in education is unnerving. Researchers repeatedly point to the need for enunciated assessment criteria for human assessors to achieve more reliable performance evaluations. Moreover, the integration of inter-subjective opinions on how assessment tools are both developed and weighted could diminish individual biases. In the current paper, a study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of a proposed computer-aided performance assessment (CAPA) tool for maritime pilotage assessment is reported. The proposed assessment tool was developed using the Analytical Hierarchy Process and Bayesian Network, with the intention of standardising the calculation and weighting of the performance indicators. A between-subject experiment (n = 16) has been conducted to test the reliability and validity of the CAPA-tool compared to conventional assessment methods when evaluating a pre-defined simulated pilotage operation. The interrater reliability was fair. The absolute reliability for assessing the technical competencies was good for the CAPA-tool and unacceptable for the control condition. The absolute reliability for assessing teamwork was unacceptable for both conditions. Evidence of construct validity has not been found. The experiment demonstrated the potential for higher reliability in the performance assessment of maritime simulator training, especially for assessing technical competencies. In parallel, it also confirmed the lack of reliability associated with using conventional assessment methods, which should inspire further research and development of maritime simulator assessment methods. The proposed CAPA-tool can be applied in education and training of maritime navigation training using full-mission bridge simulators, particularly for assessing pilotage operations.