cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SUSY at the ILC and solving the LHC inverse problem

Recently a large scale study of points in the MSSM parameter space which are problematic at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has been performed. This work was carried out in part to determine whether the proposed International Linear Collider (ILC) could be used to solve the LHC inverse problem. The results suggest that while the ILC will be a valuable tool, an energy upgrade may be crucial to its success, and that, in general, precision studies of the MSSM are more difficult at the ILC than has generally been believed.
Selling students short: Racial differences in teachers’ evaluations of high, average, and low performing students

Education scholars document notable racial differences in teachers’ perceptions of students’ academic skills. Using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort, this study advances research on teacher perceptions by investigating whether racial differences in teachers’ evaluations of first grade students’ overall literacy skills vary for high, average, and low performing students. Results highlight both the overall accuracy of teachers’ perceptions, and the extent and nature of possible inaccuracies, as demonstrated by remaining racial gaps net literacy test performance. Racial differences in teachers’ perceptions of Black, non-White Latino, and Asian students (compared to White students) exist net teacher and school characteristics and vary considerably across literacy skill levels. Skill specific literacy assessments appear to explain the remaining racial gap for Asian students, but not for Black and non-White Latino students. Implications of these findings for education scholarship, gifted education, and the achievement gap are discussed.
Noninvasive assessment of pulmonary vascular resistance using Doppler tissue imaging of the tricuspid annulus.

Background Pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) are important hemodynamic parameters in patients with advanced cardiopulmonary disease. We undertook this study to determine whether Doppler tissue imaging of the tricuspid annulus could be used to assess PAP and PVR noninvasively. Methods We studied 50 consecutive patients with suspected chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension referred to our center for evaluation. We performed preoperative transthoracic echocardiography with Doppler tissue imaging of the tricuspid annulus. All patients then underwent cardiac catheterization with invasive determination of cardiac output, PAP, and PVR. Results The systolic velocity of the tricuspid annulus (tS m ) had an inverse relationship with catheterization-derived mean PAP, with a correlation coefficient of −0.493 ( P = .0003). The inverse correlation of tS m with catheterization-derived PVR was more striking, with a correlation coefficient of −0.710 ( P m ). Conclusions Doppler tissue imaging of the lateral tricuspid annulus is a useful clinical tool that can provide a noninvasive estimate of PVR in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. In this population, decreasing values of tS m predicted progressively higher measurements of PVR.
Smoking intensity and severity of specific symptom clusters in posttraumatic stress disorder.

Smoking prevalence among patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is over 40%. Baseline data from the VA Cooperative Studies Program trial of integrated versus usual care for smoking cessation in veterans with PTSD (N = 863) were used in multivariate analyses of PTSD and depression severity, and 4 measures of smoking intensity: cigarettes per day (CPD), Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), time to first cigarette, and expired carbon monoxide. Multivariate regression analysis showed the following significant associations: CPD with race (B = -7.16), age (B = 0.11), and emotional numbing (B =0 .16); FTND with race (B = -0.94), education (B = -0.34), emotional numbing (B = 0.04), significant distress (B = -0.12), and PHQ-9 (B = 0.04); time to first cigarette with education (B = 0.41), emotional numbing (B = -0.03), significant distress (B = 0.09), and PHQ-9 (B = -0.03); and expired carbon monoxide with race (B = -9.40). Findings suggest that among veterans with PTSD, White race and emotional numbing were most consistently related to increased smoking intensity and had more explanatory power than total PTSD symptom score. Results suggest specific PTSD symptom clusters are important to understanding smoking behavior in patients with PTSD.
Luddite: An Information-Theoretic Library Design Tool

We present an algorithm for the design of either combinatorial or discrete informative libraries. This approach is based on information theoretic techniques used extensively in coding theory. We have extended the information theoretic formalism to include an arbitrary number of property distribution constraints, such as Lipinski “drug-like” distributions. The method is demonstrated by comparing and contrasting a variety of different libraries selected from a single combinatorial source pool of compounds.
HABITAT FRAGMENTATION IMPACTS ON EPIPHYLLOUS BRYOPHYTE COMMUNITIES IN CENTRAL AMAZONIA

Tropical deforestation is a progressive process resulting in the conversion of rain forest into a mosaic of mature forest fragments, pasture, and degraded habitat. Understanding the long-term effects of habitat fragmentation on tropical plant community structure is critical to predicting how alterations to the landscape will impact tropical biodiversity. The objective of this study was to examine fragmentation effects on the composition, abundance, and species richness of epiphyllous (leaf-inhabiting) bryophytes. I conducted this research in an experimentally fragmented forest reserve in central Amazonia where data on the distribution and abundance of 65 bryophyte taxa were analyzed from 16 1-ha sample plots located in continuous forest and fragments. Epiphyll communities inhabiting small (1- and 10-ha) fragments exhibited lower species richness, abundance, and among-site compositional variation than those from 100-ha fragments and continuous forest plots. Reduced epiphyll diversity in small fragments is ...
Regulation of Hyalophora cecropia fat body hexokinase by hexose phosphates common to the pathways of glycolysis, glycogen and trehalose synthesis.

Abstract 1. 1. Hexokinase from Hyalophora cecropia fat body has been partially purified and characterized. 2. 2. Hexokinase has a broad band of activity between pH 7·0–8·8, with an optimum at pH 8·4. 3. 3. Employing sucrose density gradient centrifugation of a partially purified preparation, a preliminary mol. wt of 64,000 was obtained. 4. 4. Larval and pupal fat body hexokinase had—toward glucose—identical K m 's (1·3 × 10 −3 M ), and K i 's (3·5 × 10 −3 M ) for GIP. 5. 5. The enzyme is non-competitively inhibited by G6P and F6P ( K i 's = 3·0 × 10 −4 M and 4·0 × 10 −4 M), and un-competitively inhibited by ADP and AMP ( K i = 1·5 × 10 −3 M and 0·9 × 10 −2 M). 6. 6. F1P, F16P, ATP T6P, UDP-Glucose, Trehalose and 3′,5′-cyclic AMP were without effect on the rate of hexokinase-catalyzed G6P formation. 7. 7. Since even small quantities of G1P or G6P will inhibit hexokinase, it is proposed that phosphoglucomutase and G1P-uridyltransferase play key roles in regulating the fiow of exogenous and endogenous precursors into synthesized trehalose.
Algae—resource or scourge? Part II—economics and environment

Part 1 (in the previous issue of the journal) dealt with energy from marine algal forms, while part 2 is concerned with their economics and environment. Aquaculture has become well implanted, particularly in Asia where it has led to economic success. It has gained a good foothold in Europe, while lagging behind in the United States. Algae can, apparently, play a larger role in industrial and energy needs. There is, however, another aspect of algae culture and utilization: environmental concern has been voiced, motivated by both cultivation and natural proliferation.
Carotid intima-media thickness and risk for coronary heart disease

Despite advances in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease in the United States, its burden remains significant. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), measured noninvasively with B-mode ultrasound, is an indicator of subclinical vascular disease that has been associated with established cardiovascular risk factors as well as incident and prevalent cardiovascular disease in large epidemiologic studies. As a clinical tool, CIMT has the potential to refine risk stratification in individual patients who may otherwise be at intermediate cardiovascular risk based on conventional risk assessment algorithms. Future clinical trials are needed to determine whether CIMT-guided risk reduction can lead to improved cardiovascular outcomes.
Productivity measures for information systems

Abstract While much has been written concerning information systems productivity, defining and measuring it have proved to be difficult. There are few, if any, recognized standards, and those tools that are used with regularity tend to be technically oriented. Senior executives find the results provided them by these techniques difficult to interpret in ways meaningful to them and to the decisions they must make. It is clear that many top managers have become frustrated with this state of events and that they are determined to improve the situation. Methods for doing this, however, are not readily available. A variety of techniques which have been or which are used in practice are described, together with their strengths and weaknesses. Some of these are extremely technical in nature, others are not. Further, an attempt is made to describe a set of comprehensive measures. In addition, steps being taken by one organization to remedy senior executive frustration with information systems productivity measures are outlined in the context of a case study. Also, a method for presenting information productivity results in business terms also is demonstrated.
Hierarchical particle filtering for target tracking in multi-modal sensor networks

We propose a filtering method, called hierarchical particle filtering, for multi-modal sensor networks in which the unknown state vector is observed, through the measurements, in a hierarchical fashion. We partition the state space and the measurement space into lower dimensional subspaces. At each stage, we find an estimate of one partition using the measurements from the corresponding partition, and the information from the previous stages. We use hierarchical particle filtering for joint initiation, termination and tracking of multiple targets using multi-modal measurements. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed filtering method accurately identifies the number and the categories of targets, and produces a lower mean-squared error (MSE) compared to the MSE obtained using a standard particle filter.
Involvement of the serotonergic system in the hypoactive and antinociceptive effects of nicotine in mice

Abstract Pretreatment with the 5-HT 2 antagonist ketanserin and the 5-HT 1A 2 antagonist spiperone did not reduce nicotine-induced hypomotility in mice, nor did MDL 7222, a selective 5-HT 3 antagonist. In addition, 8-OH-DPAT and buspirone, 5-HT 1A agonists, had no significant effects on nicotine-induced hypomotility. However, 8-OH-DPAT and buspirone did reduce the antinociceptive effects of nicotine in a dose-dependent manner. 8-OH-DPAT blockade of this nicotine effect was reversed by spiperone, a 5-HT 1A 2 antagonist. Nicotine's ED 50 was increased from 1.00 mg/kg (0.90–1.68) to 2.00 mg/kg (1.6–2.55) and 2.66 (1.7–3.51) by buspirone and 8-OH-DPAT, respectively. Ketanserin, spiperone and MDL 7222 had no significant effect on nicotine-induced antinociception. The present data suggest an important role of 5-HT 1A receptors in the modulation of antinociceptive actions of nicotine.
Growth in Conversion Foundations: Implications for Health Education

Abstract A dramatic trend in health care today is the sale of nonprofit service delivery organizations to for-profit businesses. The monies from these sales are frequently used to create nonprofit foundations whose goal is to benefit the community's quality of life. The rapid growth in the number of these “conversion” foundations, their ties to the local communities, and their interest in broadly addressing the underlying determinants of health have great implications for health educators and present specific challenges for the discipline of health education. Health educators can offer valuable skills to these foundations, including the ability to make community assessments more valid and comprehensive; ensure that funded activities are community driven; assist with planning; foster a vision of foundation practice that promotes collaboration and coalition building; and aid with evaluation of work of both the foundation and its grantees. The challenges for the discipline of health education include fosteri...
Directed self-assembly of field-responsive fluids in confined geometries

We present an investigation into the important physical principles associated with the self-assembly of magnetorheological (MR) fluids in the microfluidic setting. We concentrate on the role of channel topology in influencing the resulting microstructure. In particular, using Brownian dynamics simulations, we show how a variety of geometrically-simple confining microchannels can be used to strongly control the lattice type and orientation in self-assembled MR fluids. Additionally, we demonstrate how topographical features can be used to dictate the order (or disorder) of the steady-state structure. We highlight the similarities and differences between our three-dimensional microchannel system and the structures and dynamics observed in two-dimensional confined systems. Furthermore, we present an example of the introduction of local magnetic field inhomogeneity and its strong influence over the resulting self-assembled MR fluid structure.
Ultra-Hard Bainitic Steels Processed through Low Temperature Heat Treatment

Relative high carbon steel bearing Cr and Mo with microstructure consisting of nanoscaled bainitic laths and certain amount of retained austenite was produced through the combination of rolling and isothermal/multi-step heat treatment at low temperatures. The effect of the heat treatment temperature, time and path on the volume fraction of retained austenite and the width of bainitic lath was investigated. Nanoindentation was applied to inspect the separate hardness of the tiny bainite and retained austenite for different heat treatment parameters. The results showed that bainitic lath treatedt at 250°C was much thinner than that at 300°C and the volume fraction of retained austenite changed with different heat treatment temperatures, time and paths. The nanohardness of the baintic lath and retained austenite also changed with the processing of both carbon partitioning and displacive transformation for different heat treatment paths.
Endogenous opioids and opiate antagonists modulate the blood pressure of the spontaneously hypertensive rat

Abstract Endogenous opioids have been implicated as modulators of the central nervous system regulation of blood pressure and heart rate. Whether these neuropeptides participate in blood pressure regulation in hypertension is unknown. To begin to study this question, we examined the response to opiate antagonists and agonists in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and the normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat. The long-acting opiate antagonist naltrexone, 2.5 μg/kg, was injected into the lateral ventricle of the brain in awake, freely-moving SHR and produced a significant 19 mmHg decrease in mean arterial blood pressure compared to basal blood pressure ( p
Low-Temperature Magnetic Susceptibility of Ferrous Oxalate Dihydrate

The magnetic susceptibility ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{p}$ of powdered Fe${\mathrm{C}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}2${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O has been measured between 1.3 and 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Above \ensuremath{\sim}80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{p}=\frac{3.40}{(T+25.4)}$ (cgs/mole). ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{p}$ exhibits a broad, rounded maximum near 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and a sharp peak at 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. X-ray structural evidence indicates that ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{++}$ions in this material are linked in chains by oxalate groups. Assuming an antiferromagnetic intrachain exchange constant $J=\ensuremath{-}4.9k$, it is possible to obtain a reasonable fit of the data above 25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K with the susceptibility computed for Ising interactions and $S=2$. If the upper maximum is due to chain ordering, the lower maximum then appears to be associated with the cooperative onset of long-range spin order in three dimensions induced by interchain coupling.
Integration of proprietary SE’s using a Software Product Line approach

Simulation systems traditionally require tight integration between the producer, often a simulation engine (SE), and consumers such as visualization applications, analytical applications, and even other SEs. Innovative devices are being developed by small companies with limited resources and proprietary APIpsilas, making it prohibitively expensive to integrate their SEs into an HLA simulation architecture. This expense creates a barrier to entry for the small company and inhibits inclusion of the device in important simulation exercises that would allow DoD to conduct evaluation experiments that demonstrate the viability of such devices. In this paper we describe an interoperable simulation framework that allows different types of simulation producers and consumers to be easily integrated using a loosely coupled service oriented architecture generated using a software product line.
Using cost-effectiveness analysis to define a breast cancer benefits package for the uninsured.

Objectives. In 1999, California was considering legislation to fund breast cancer treatment for its uninsured. We sought to define the most cost-effective breast cancer benefits package in order to inform this debate.
Short-range pressures between liquid bilayer membranes

Abstract For many years a large, short-range repulsive interaction has been observed between a variety of hydrated surfaces. The physical origin of this ubiquitous interaction has been controversial. In the case of lipid bilayers, proposed mechanisms include a hydration pressure, due to water polarization and/or hydrogen-bond reorientation by the bilayer surface, and several types of entropic (steric) pressures, due to motion of individual lipid molecules or undulations of the entire bilayer. This review focuses on a number of recent osmotic stress/X-ray diffraction experiments performed with phosphatidylcholine bilayers designed to determine the distance range where each of these pressures dominates. At very short interbilayer separations (less than about 4 A), the pressure-distance curve depends on the volume fraction of head groups at the interface, indicating the presence of a large steric barrier arising from direct interactions between head groups from opposing bilayers. The range of this steric pressure can be increased by the addition of lipids with larger head groups, such as glycolipids or lipids with covalently attached polymers (polyethylene glycol lipids). For intermediate interbilayer separations (about 2–10 A), the pressure-distance curves are similar for liquid-crystalline and crystaline phosphatidylcholine bilayers, the pressure-fluid spacing realationship is nearly independent of temperature, and the magnitude of the pressure depends on the dipole potential. In this range of fluid spacings we argue that the pressure can be best accounted for by a hydration pressure. For interbilayer spacing greater than about 10 A, the magnitude and range of the observed pressure depend on temperature and on the bending modulus of the bilayer. These observations provide compelling evidence for the presence of a longer-range undulation pressure, that markedly influences the hydration properties of phospholipid bilayers.
An exploration of the relationship between youth assets and engagement in risky sexual behaviors.

Abstract Purpose To examine the relationship between specific youth assets and adolescents' engagement in risky sexual behaviors, as measured by an Aggregate Sexual Risk score, and to specifically explore which youth assets and demographic variables were predictive of youth engagement in risky sexual intercourse. Methods A total of 2108 sexually active high school students attending public high schools in a southern state completed a self-report questionnaire that measured youth assets. Based upon responses to items measuring risk behaviors, an Aggregate Sexual Risk score was calculated for each student. Unconditional logistic regression and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationships between the assets and the Aggregate Risk Score. Four separate analyses (white females, white males, black females, and black males) were conducted. Results In general, the patterns in all four groups indicated that students who had an Aggregate Risk Score of ≥ 3 (high risk) possessed less of the measured youth assets. The assets that were most significantly associated with engagement in risky sexual behaviors included self peer values regarding risky behaviors, quantity of other adult support , and youths' empathetic relationships . Thus, students who reported not having these assets were significantly more likely to engage in the risky sexual behaviors. Conclusions Results underscore the relationship of specific youth assets to sexual risk behaviors. Health researcher and practitioners who work to prevent teen pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections among teenagers need to understand and acknowledge these factors within this population so that the assets can be built or strengthened.
Lift -Off Process to get Free-Standing High Quality Single Crystal Diamond Films and Suspended Single Crystal Diamond Devices

Freestanding and suspended single crystal diamond devices, micro disks and beam structures, have been fabricated on single crystal diamond substrates using a lift-off process employing ion implantation followed by electrochemical etching. The ion implantation created subsurface damage in the diamond while the top surface was sufficiently undamaged that a subsequent homo-epitaxial diamond layer could be grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). After the CVD growth and patterning by lithography and reactive ion etching, the underlying damage layer was etched/removed by an electrochemical etch. Different implant ions and energies were simulated and tested to optimize the process. The electrochemical etching process was monitored by an optical video technique. The electrochemical etching process used both ac and dc applied electrical potentials. Photoluminescence (PL), Raman spectra, and polarized light transmission microscopy have been used to characterize the implanted substrate and lift-off films. AFM has been used to monitor the surface changes after mechanical polishing, ion implantation, CVD growth and the lift-off process. This research has revealed that the parameters of ion implantation (implant species, dose and energy) dramatically affect the lift-off process. The etching mechanism and critical parameters are discussed in this work. PL spectroscopy indicated differences between the uppermost layers of the homo-epitaxial film and the lift-off interface. Three principal classes of defects have been observed: growth defects inherent in the diamond substrates (type Ib, HPHT), defects induced by the polishing process and associated stress, and point defects.
Stability and elastic properties of hydrogen-loaded Ti 1-x Al x alloys: An ab initio study

In order to improve our understanding of hydrogen embrittlement occurring in ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$ alloys, we calculated the equilibrium structure and the elastic constants of bulk Ti, Al, the ordered alloy ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{3}$Al, as well as their hydrides, using the ab initio density-functional formalism. Complementary results of calculations for ordered systems, substitutional impurities, and small clusters reproducing defect geometries show that hydrogen loading leads to a reduction of the shear modulus of ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$ alloys. We found that on the electronic level, the softened shear response is reflected in a valence charge depletion in the (0001) planes of the Ti-based lattice, which occurs only when both Al and H are present. These results shed light on the problem of why fracture is facilitated upon hydrogen loading of metallic Ti containing Al impurities.
Temperature dependence of the steady state recoverable compliance of amorphous polymers

Abstract The steady state recoverable compliance, Je (cm2/dyne), of a poly(dimethyl siloxane) with an estimated weight-average molecular weight of 4.1 × 105 was determined over the temperature range −45° to 152°C. It was found that Je was inversely proportional to the absolute temperature in the range of reduced temperatures, T r = T T g from about 2 to 3. However, at temperatures where Tr
Charge transfer in small hydrogen bonded clusters

High level ab initio and density functional calculations on clusters of water with acetate, methylammonium, and dimethylphosphate show that charge is transferred from the hydrogen bond acceptor to the hydrogen bond donor. The amounts of charge transferred are small, between 0.01 and 0.05 electron per hydrogen bond, but increase nearly linearly with the number of hydrogen bonds. The transfer of charge is not an artifact of the computation, since charge is also transferred in the limit of zero basis set superposition error. Calculations on a number of hydrogen bonded clusters show that the semiempirical AM1 and PM3 methods give excellent agreement with high level MP2 charge transfer effects, especially for AM1. Our results indicate the importance of charge transfer in hydrogen bond interactions.
SPECIES PACKING, AND WHAT COMPETITION MINIMIZES

Species competing exclusively for renewing resources are shown to obey simultaneous differential equations equivalent to the conditions for minimizing a certain quadratic form. In this sense competition acts to select species abundances giving the best least-squares fit in an expression [Formula: see text] Thus the number of species which can coexist competitively is limited mostly by the inequality of the interspecies competition coefficients and not appreciably by their magnitude. Seasonality and number of resources become the main factors limiting the number of coexisting species.
Numerical prediction of turbulent flow over airfoil sections with a new nonequilibrium turbulence model

A new nonequilibrium turbulence closure model has been developed for computing wall bounded two-dimensional turbulent flows. This two-layer eddy viscosity model was motivated by the success of the Johnson-King model in separated flow regions. The influence of history effects are described by an ordinary differential equation developed from the turbulent kinetic energy equation. The performance of the present model has been evaluated by solving the flow around three airfoils using the Reynolds time-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. Excellent results were obtained for both attached and separated turbulent flows about the NACA 0012 airfoil, the RAE 2822 airfoil, and the Integrated Technology A 153W airfoil. Based on the comparison of the numerical solutions with the available experimental data, it is concluded that the new nonequilibrium turbulence model accurately captures the history effects of convection and diffusion on turbulence.
EFFECT OF INSTANTANEOUS FLASHES ON ADAPTATION OF THE EYE. EFFECTS OF BRILLIANT FLASHES ON LIGHT AND DARK ADAPTATION.

Effect of Instantaneous Flashes on Adaptation of the Eye: Effects of Brilliant Flashes on Light and Dark Adaptation
Signal transmission through the dark-adapted retina of the toad (Bufo marinus). Gain, convergence, and signal/noise.

Responses to light were recorded from rods, horizontal cells, and ganglion cells in dark-adapted toad eyecups. Sensitivity was defined as response amplitude per isomerization per rod for dim flashes covering the excitatory receptive field centers. Both sensitivity and spatial summation were found to increase by one order of magnitude between rods and horizontal cells, and by two orders of magnitude between rods and ganglion cells. Recordings from two hyperpolarizing bipolar cells showed a 20 times response increase between rods and bipolars. At absolute threshold for ganglion cells (Copenhagen, D.R., K. Donner, and T. Reuter. 1987. J. Physiol. 393:667-680) the dim flashes produce 10-50-microV responses in the rods. The cumulative gain exhibited at each subsequent synaptic transfer from the rods to the ganglion cells serves to boost these small amplitude signals to the level required for initiation of action potentials in the ganglion cells. The convergence of rod signals through increasing spatial summation serves to decrease the variation of responses to dim flashes, thereby increasing the signal-to-noise ratio. Thus, at absolute threshold for ganglion cells, the convergence typically increases the maximal signal-to-noise ratio from 0.6 in rods to 4.6 in ganglion cells.
The evolution of innovative debt and equity structures: the securitisation of US lodging real estate finance

The mid-1990s saw the alignment of real estate and capital markets. The primary driver of this convergence was the emergence of securitisation for real estate debt and equity markets. The evolution of the innovative instruments introduced during this period and their resulting impact on financing the US lodging industry are discussed in this paper. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications.
Grammatical context constrains lexical competition in spoken word recognition

When perceiving spoken language, listeners must match the incoming acoustic phonetic input to lexical representations in memory. Models that quantify this process propose that the input activates multiple lexical representations in parallel and that these activated representations compete for recognition (Weber & Scharenborg, 2012). In two experiments, we assessed how grammatically constraining contexts alter the process of lexical competition. The results suggest that grammatical context constrains the lexical candidates that are activated to grammatically appropriate competitors. Stimulus words with little competition from items of the same grammatical class benefit more from the addition of grammatical context than do words with more within-class competition. The results provide evidence that top-down contextual information is integrated in the early stages of word recognition. We propose adding a grammatical class level of analysis to existing models of word recognition to account for these findings.
Thermal Conduction in Liquid Helium II. II. Effects of Channel Geometry

The critical heat-current density W/sub c/ in liquid helium II has been measured as a function of temperature in channels of various geometries. For channels of both circular and rectangular cross section W/sub c/ varies almost inversely with channel diameter, but for the same hydraulic diameter W/sub c/ is almost 25% smaller in rectangular channels. In channels with more irregular cross sections, W/sub c/ is much smaller than in cylindrical channels of the same hydraulic diameter. The hydraulic diameter is thus not a useful parameter for comparing data obtained in channels of different shape. The temperature dependence of W/sub c/ is in all cases similar to that reported in I for a cylindrical channel, and suggests that W/sub c/ may be associated with ordinary turbulence below about 1.7 deg K but at higher temperatures is caused by some other mechanism. The effects of varying the channel length and shape of orifice were also studied. Shortening one of the channels to 60% of its original length had no observable effect on W/sub c/. W/sub c/ was also unaffected by moderate changes in orifice shape, but a severe constriction apparently disrupted the subcritical flow region so completely that W/sub c/ could notmore » be measured at all. Various theories of the origin of the critical velocity are discussed in the light of these measurements. (auth)« less
Publishing Mixed Methods Research

Max Bergman and I have completed our first year serving as editors for the Journal of Mixed Methods Research (JMMR). During that time, we have reviewed a considerable number of manuscripts and other publications in the field of mixed methods research. Each manuscript submitted to JMMR is reviewed by three anonymous reviewers, sometimes an associate editor, and both editors. This sequence of reviewing provides us with a rich base for recognizing what is desirable and what is undesirable in manuscripts submitted to JMMR. We use this editorial as an opportunity to provide insights that add to those provided by Creswell and Tashakkori (2007) after their first year as editors. We draw from several other sources as well, including several chapters in the Sage Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioral Research (2nd ed.; Tashakkori & Teddlie, 2010) and selected articles that appeared in JMMR across its 5 years of publication. JMMR continues to publish two kinds of articles: empirical and theoretical/methodological. Empirical articles (10,000-word limit) report the methods used in mixed methods studies with a focus on how the use of mixed methods advances our thinking about this approach. Theoretical and methodological articles each have an 8,000-word limit. Theoretical/methodological articles explore theoretical concepts, philosophical assumptions, and other relevant concepts such as ethics and quality in mixed methods research. Methodological articles explain particular methodological approaches that contribute to the understanding of mixed methods research. The major reason that manuscripts are rejected by the editors is that they do not address the contribution that is made to advancing understandings of mixed methods research. Sometimes manuscripts include only quantitative or only qualitative approaches; sometimes they include both quantitative and qualitative approaches, but there is no integration of the methods, analysis, or reporting of findings. Sometimes, authors do not make reference to other literature in the field of mixed methods research, despite the ever-increasing number of resources that are emerging. Reference to these resources is necessary to support the argument that the submitted study contributes to advancing the field of mixed methods research. Making sure that a manuscript includes both quantitative and qualitative components and that there is an integration of these components is necessary, but not sufficient, to successfully publish a mixed methods article in JMMR. Additional criteria need attention to ensure that the quality of submitted manuscripts is worthy of publication. In terms of empirical mixed methods studies, Onwuegbuzie and Collins (2010) remind researchers that a quality manuscript is enhanced by planning and conducting a high-quality study. Thus, they recognize that the development of a quality mixed methods manuscript begins with Editorial
Lithium lengthens circadian period but fails to counteract behavioral helplessness in rats

We report the results of an additional study investigating whether lithium-induced lengthening of circadian period would alter escape performance in rats previously subjected to inescapable shock
Hole Mobility and Its Enhancement with Strain for Technologically Relevant III-V Semiconductors

Background: III-V semiconductors are one of the most promising device candidates for future high-speed, low-power logic applications due to their high electron mobility. Recently, high performance III-V n-FETs have been demonstrated [1]. However, for CMOS logic, there is a significant challenge of identifying high mobility III-V p-FET candidates [2]. Strain in silicon initially in Si layers on relaxed SiGe buffer layers, later from SiGe spacers / spacer caps has been successful in significantly enhancing the pMOS performance and is now employed ubiquitously in the industry. Use of strain to reduce hole effective masses by splitting the heavy-hole (hh) and light-hole (lh) valence bands was first demonstrated in p-channel InGaAs/ (Al)GaAs [3-4]. More recently, the technique has been applied to strained InSb [5], GaSb [6] and InGaSb [7] based channels for improving hole nobility (μh). Given the many choices available for materials, stoichiometry, strain, channel orientation, a modeling effort is necessary to evaluate different options and narrow down the choice for experimentation.
Ependymoma: ultrastructural studies of two cases.

Several unusual ultrastructural findings in two ependymomas are reported. In case 1, a grade I ependymoma of the fourth ventricle, there were rosettes, perivascular pseudorosettes, and tumor cells having unusual intracytoplasmic vacuoles by light microscopy. Ultrastructurally, these vacuoles were frequently microrosettes as well as scattered, degenerated cytoplasmic processes of tumor cells. The lumina of some of the microrosettes were bordered by abnormally long and malformed zonulae adherentiae. In case 2, a recurrent grade III ependymoma of the third ventricle, there were rosettes and perivascular pseudorosettes as well as more cellular and anaplastic areas by light microscopy. Ultrastructurally, the cytoplasmic processes of tumor cells in perivascular pseudorosettes contained frequent dense-core vesicles and occasional parallel arrays of microtubules. These structures do not occur in normal mammalian ependymal cells but do occur in the ependymal tanycyte, a related cell that is plentiful in the walls ...
Energy Distributions in Unimolecular Reactions

The present paper describes results on modes of anharmonically coupled oscillators in a molecule, the role of energy exchange and near-degeneracy. and quasi-periodic versus ergodic theory of unimolecular reactions. The quasi-periodic one is a formal generalization of Slater's harmonic oscillator theory. Spectral decomposition of a classical trajectory for the molecule provides insight into the molecular spectrum. both in the low(quasi-periodic) and high (ergodic) energy regimes. The role of quantization of transition states in unimolccular reactions and a relation to vibrational adiabaticity are analyzed. Results obtained on energy distribution of translational energy of molecular beam reactions involving intermediate complexes and tight exit channel transition states are described together with the relation to intramolecular energy randomization.
The Freedom of God in the Theology of Karl Barth

The freedom of God is a major theme in the theology of Karl Barth. He treats of it at length in several places in the Church Dogmatics. It is a basic constituent of the being of God, and it plays a central part in the systematic connection between the being of God and his acts, as that is developed in the doctrine of election. It is the latter that will be examined in this article.
Oocyte retrieval following continued stimulation five days beyond ovulation yields live birth after frozen embryo transfer.

There is often a narrow time window for cancer patients to accomplish fertility preservation before cancer treatment initiation. Despite attempts at pituitary blockade, premature ovulation prior to oocyte retrieval may occur. In that situation, conventional practice dictates cancellation of the cycle. There is no existing literature regarding oocyte quality and yield in stimulated cycles in which ovulation occurs in the early follicular phase prior to hCG trigger. Here we report a case of continued ovarian stimulation 3 days beyond documented ovulation in a woman with breast cancer, with the cycle yielding embryos capable of resulting in a successful twin pregnancy after transfer to a gestational surrogate.
The Unresearched Phenomenon of "Hotel Circuits"

The significance of international circuit tourism has been neglected by hospitality researchers. Yet it has profound implications for the marketing strategies and development philosophies of international hotel groups whose expansion plans increasingly target multiple leisure locations in prime destination regions. This study presents an assessment of current initiatives taken by the hotel industry to parlay a single vacation into stays at two ormore hotels. An interpretation is proposed in terms of five categories of incentives. They range from implicit incentives, which sensitize the market to multihotel vacation planning, to explicit multihotel scenarios. Given the growing geographical density and overlap of hotel groups' coverage of leisure destinations, master-planning-and not just marketing-of hotel networks should become a new research priority.
Comparison of topical 5-fluorouracil formulations in actinic keratosis treatment

AbstractBackground: Actinic keratoses (AKs) are common and may progress to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). While cryotherapy is the most commonly used treatment for AKs, it is only suitable for treating a few lesions at a time. Topical medications such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) allow for more generalized treatment of AKs in the setting of multiple lesions. Objective: To evaluate and discuss clinical trials examining the efficacy of 5-FU cream formulations (0.5% and 5%), as 5% 5-FU has four times greater systemic absorption. Methods: We conducted Pubmed and Embase searches (1965 to 13 April 2009) to find studies evaluating the efficacy of 5-FU cream monotherapy (0.5% and 5%) in treating multiple AKs of the face and scalp. We only included studies employing standard treatment regimens (as per the US FDA), with an endpoint of complete clearance. Results: Nine studies met our criteria. At 4 weeks post-treatment, complete clearance rates of 0.5% and 5% 5-FU ranged from 16.7% to 57.8% and 43% to 100%, respectivel...
Potency and penetration of telavancin in staphylococcal biofilms

Due to the emergence of staphylococcal biofilm infections, the need for advanced antibiotics is crucial. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the potency and penetration of telavancin against staphylococcal biofilms using two different biofilm models. Multiple staphylococcal strains, including meticillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus ATCC 700787, heterogeneously vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus ATCC 700698 and meticillin-sensitive Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, were grown and treated in drip-flow reactors to determine log reductions due to telavancin treatment. After 3 days of biofilm growth and 24 h of treatment, mean log reductions for telavancin ranged from 1.65 to 2.17 depending on the bacterial strain tested. Penetration was evaluated qualitatively using confocal scanning laser microscopy to image the infiltration of fluorescently labelled antibiotic into a staphylococcal biofilm grown in a flow cell. Fluorescently labelled telavancin rapidly penetrated the biofilms with no alteration in the biofilm structure.
Natalizumab for the treatment of Crohn's disease.

Natalizumab (Tysabri®, formerly known as Antegren®, Elan Pharmaceuticals [Elan; San Francisco, CA, USA] and Biogen Idec [Biogen; Cambridge, MA, USA]) is a humanized monoclonal antibody against α4 integrin, which inhibits leukocyte adhesion and migration into inflamed tissue. The drug has been shown to be more efficacious than placebo in inducing response and maintaining remission in moderate-to-severe Crohn’s disease. There have been reports of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after treatment with natalizumab in Crohn’s disease and multiple sclerosis. It has been otherwise well tolerated, although it is associated with an increased risk of infections, especially influenza and influenza-like illness. The drug is not approved in Europe for the treatment of Crohn’s disease, but it is approved in the USA for the treatment of both multiple sclerosis and moderate-to-severe Crohn’s disease. Owing to the risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, it can only be given under the TOUCH program, wh...
Television viewing and sleep are associated with overweight among urban and semi-urban South Indian children

Background Childhood obesity is an emerging problem in urban Indian children and increases in childhood overweight and obesity may be major contributors to the adult obesity epidemic. Thus, identifying potential risk factors for childhood obesity and formulating early interventions is crucial in the management of the obesity epidemic. The present study was aimed at evaluating dietary and physical activity patterns as determinants of overweight in a sample of children.
On flow correlation attacks and countermeasures in mix networks

In this paper, we address issues related to flow correlation attacks and the corresponding countermeasures in mix networks. Mixes have been used in many anonymous communication systems and are supposed to provide countermeasures that can defeat various traffic analysis attacks. In this paper, we focus on a particular class of traffic analysis attack, flow correlation attacks, by which an adversary attempts to analyze the network traffic and correlate the traffic of a flow over an input link at a mix with that over an output link of the same mix. Two classes of correlation methods are considered, namely time-domain methods and frequency-domain methods. Based on our threat model and known strategies in existing mix networks, we perform extensive experiments to analyze the performance of mixes. We find that a mix with any known batching strategy may fail against flow correlation attacks in the sense that for a given flow over an input link, the adversary can correctly determine which output link is used by the same flow. We also investigated methods that can effectively counter the flow correlation attack and other timing attacks. The empirical results provided in this paper give an indication to designers of Mix networks about appropriate configurations and alternative mechanisms to be used to counter flow correlation attacks.
HDTV/CDTV compatible coding with recursive estimation

A two-layer coding approach with a spatial pyramid to achieve compatibility has been known to have several advantages. The first layer can have optimal performance. Rate control can be distributed between layers. However, the compression performance and the overall complexity at the high resolution layer suffer because of the requirement of compatibility. Therefore, good compatibility prediction is a crucial factor for a spatial scalability approach. In the paper, the authors focus on obtaining the best compatibility prediction, assuming that a spatially upsampled block and a motion compensated block are available. A spatio-temporal averaging technique has been shown to provide improvement. With a linear regression analysis, further improvement in prediction is shown. Better compatibility prediction can be obtained by assigning the spatio-temporal weights adaptively for individual pixels. The authors found that a pel-adaptive recursive estimation using Kalman filters gives a good compatibility prediction. The new difference signal has the statistical property of white Gaussian noise. The additional complexity is moderate and the bits for sending side information is insignificant. The resultant picture quality of the approach approximates the picture quality of the noncompatible single-layer approach. >