cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Joystick acquisition in tufted capuchins ( Cebus apella )

A number of nonhuman primate species have demonstrated the ability to use a joystick to control a cursor on a computer screen, yet the acquisition of this skill has not been the focus of systematic inquiry. Here, we examined joystick acquisition in four tufted capuchins under two directional relationships of joystick movement and resultant cursor displacement, isomorphic and inverted. To document the natural history of the acquisition of this skill, we recorded the development of visual tracking of the cursor and body tilting. Rates of acquisition were comparable between the two conditions. After mastering the task in one condition, subjects remastered the task at an accelerated rate in the opposing condition. All subjects significantly increased or maintained high proportions of cursor tracking throughout acquisition. All subjects demonstrated a postural tilt while moving the cursor from the mid-phase of acquisition through task mastery. In the isomorphic condition, all subjects tilted significantly more often in the direction of goal location than in the opposite direction. In three of the four series of tilting that were scored for subjects in the inverted condition, tilting occurred significantly more often toward the direction of goal location than the direction of required hand movement. Together these findings suggest that body tilting participates in the organization of directional movement of the cursor rather than reflecting merely the motoric requirements of the task (to manipulate a joystick).
Gender Differences in Employment and Earnings in Science and Engineering in the US.

Abstract College-educated women are less than half as likely as men to be employed in science and engineering (SE and if they are, earn about 20 percent less. Using data from the 1993 National Survey of College Graduates, we estimate jointly, determinants of S&E employment and earnings in both S&E and non-S&E jobs. Taking account of gender differences in education (including S&E degrees), work experience and occupational characteristics, we can explain 60 percent of the gender differential in S&E employment and up to two-thirds of the earnings differential in S&E jobs. We find some evidence of gender earnings discrimination in S&E jobs, but less of it than in non-S&E jobs. We also show that the likelihood a worker selects S&E employment depends on her expected pay differential between S&E and non-S&E jobs, as well as on expected gender earnings discrimination in both S&E and non-S&E labor markets.
The Impact of Work Environment, Instrumentality Beliefs, Perceived Labor Union Image, and Subjective Norms on Union Voting Intentions.

A model of the unionization process is proposed, tested, and generally supported. The constructs of work environment, instrumentality beliefs, and labor union image are hypothesized as trigger, aug...
Reaction of Elementary Carbon and Hydrogen in High-Frequency Discharge

IT has been recently reported1 that hydrogen atoms produced by the action of microwave discharge on hydrogen gas can react with solid carbon only when the latter is in the plasma. Similar observations have been made independently in this laboratory. The results of these and subsequent experiments have led to a possible mechanism for the participation of carbon in such a system.
Coefficients of combining concept classes in a collection

This report considers combining information to improve retrieval. The vector space model has been extended so different classes of data are associated with distinct concept types and their respective subvectors. Two collections with multiple concept types are described, ISI-1460 and CACM-3204. Experiments indicate that regression methods can help predict relevance, given query-document similarity values for each concept type. After sampling and transformation of data, the coefficient of determination for the best model was .48 (.66) for ISI (CACM). Average precision for the two collections was 11% (31%) better for probabilistic feedback with all types versus with terms only. These findings may be of particular interest to designers of document retrieval or hypertext systems since the role of links is shown to be especially beneficial.
An alternatively spliced form of rodent α-synuclein forms intracellular inclusions in vitro: role of the carboxy-terminus in α-synuclein aggregation

In the rat, the α-synuclein gene is alternatively spliced and exists in three forms, rat synuclein 1 (rSYN1), synuclein 2 (rSYN2) and synuclein 3. rSYN2 cDNA encodes a 149 amino acid protein that is homologous to rSYN1 and human α-synuclein for the first 100 amino acids, but is divergent for the 49 amino acid carboxy-terminal region. We demonstrate here that rSYN2 forms small aggregates throughout the cytoplasm when overexpressed in human H4 cells, whereas rSYN1 expression is diffuse. Inhibition of the proteasome promotes the formation of larger, cytoplasmic rSYN2 inclusions in transfected cells. Although a survey of the available databases suggests that there is no human splice form equivalent of rSYN2, thus arguing against a direct role in Lewy body formation and Parkinson's disease, these data nonetheless suggest that modifications of the carboxy-terminal region of α-synuclein predispose it to inclusion formation.
Attitudes toward Suicide: German and U.S. Nationals

The Suicide Opinion Questionnaire (SOQ) was administered to two samples of adult volunteers: 172 Germans and 172 U.S. nationals. An analysis of the results indicated five major findings: 1) statistically significant gender differences in attitudes toward suicide were obtained in both samples. 2) These gender differences showed consistency across the two samples. 3) Statistically significant differences between German and United States samples were obtained on all eight SOQ scales. 4) The differences between countries were significant for both males and females considered separately, with one exception. 5) Finally, four SOQ scales showed significant but modest correlation with age in both samples.
A pilot study of the prevalence of leg pain among women with endometriosis

Radiating leg pain is a common symptom presenting in manual therapy practices. Although this symptom has been reported as a complication of endometriosis, its prevalence and characteristics have not been studied. We surveyed members of a national endometriosis support group with endometriosis using a self-administered, mailed questionnaire. The main outcome measures were the prevalence and characteristics of leg pain. Of 94 respondents, leg pain was reported by 48 women (51%), and was bilateral in 59% of these symptomatic women. The likelihood of experiencing leg pain was related to weight gain since age 18, age, and height. The most common treatments tried included exercise, over-the-counter medications, and massage therapy, all with variable results. These data support leg pain as a prevalent complication of endometriosis, and that the disease may affect multiple peripheral nerves. Manual therapists should remain aware to this possible etiology for radiating pain.
Abstract B90: Patient navigation significantly reduces delays in breast cancer diagnosis in the District of Columbia

Background: Delays in follow-up after breast cancer screening may contribute to disparities in breast cancer outcomes. To eliminate breast cancer disparities in Washington, D.C., The GW Cancer Institute established the D.C. Citywide Patient Navigation Research Program (DC-PNRP), which is one of nine national PNRP sites funded by the National Cancer Institute and the American Cancer Society to evaluate the effectiveness of patient navigation. The primary objective of this study is to determine the impact of patient navigation in reducing breast cancer diagnostic time, defined as the number of days from abnormal screening to definitive diagnosis. Methods: This is a prospective study of 1922 women (728 navigated and 1194 concurrent race-matched records-based non-navigated) examined for breast cancer between 1998 and 2010 at nine hospitals and clinics located in Washington, D.C. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for significant differences in diagnostic time between navigated and non-navigated women, while controlling for race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white (NHW), non-Hispanic black (NHB), Hispanic), type of health insurance (private, government, none), and age at abnormal screening ( Results: Unadjusted average—geometric mean (95% CI)—diagnostic times (in days) were 23.9 (20.5, 27.8) for navigated and 37.2 (33.0, 41.8) for non-navigated women (p Conclusions: The time required for navigated women to reach a definitive diagnosis following an abnormal screening was significantly shorter as compared to non-navigated women. While navigation was effective overall, the program proved to be more helpful for Hispanics and NHW than for NHB, especially among women aged 60+ years. Barriers preventing a rapid diagnostic resolution for NHB need to be explored further. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(10 Suppl):B90.
The Johns Hopkins Oncology Clinical Information System

The Johns Hopkins Oncology Center has developed and maintains a clinical information system to support patient care, education, research, and administrative functions. It operates on a dedicated minicomputer (PDP-II) programmed in MUMPS. Clinical information collected includes patient medical status and laboratory values. Data are used daily in patient care and also in support of retrospective and prospective research. The use of the system to manage a large blood pheresis program and to study and treat infectious disease is described. Administrative functions include patient and personnel scheduling, program evaluation, and projects directed toward control of costs.
Continuous Phase Modulation for Fiber-Optic Links

Advances in photonics, silicon electronics and digital signal processing (DSP) have converged to enable highly efficient transmission across fiber optic channels. Single wavelength data rates of 112 Gb/s are sought for wide deployment based on QPSK transmission, coherent detection, and digital demodulation. Here we examine continuous phase modulation (CPM) as a means to enhance performance and reach of coherent optical links. We quantify the robustness of the constant amplitude CPM format to spectral filtering and nonlinearities in comparison to QPSK. The challenges of generating and receiving the CPM waveform are considered and a novel CPM transmitter architecture is proposed.
Case report: treatment of androgen deficiency in the aging male

Androgen deficiency in the aging male is a common condition affecting millions of middle-aged and elderly men. The diagnosis is made with a high index of suspicion based on symptoms, use of an easily completed questionnaire, a physical examination, and laboratory test results showing a decrease in serum testosterone levels. Treatment can be easily accomplished with injections, patches, or gels that allow transcutaneous administration of testosterone. This article will discuss the pathophysiology of androgen deficiency in aging men, the contraindications for using hormone replacement therapy, and suggestions for monitoring patients on hormone replacement therapy.
Distance Learning Resources at Geriatric Education Centers

Abstract Under the Geriatric Initiatives of the Bureau of Health Professions, Health Resources and Services Administration, USDHHS, Geriatric Education Centers (GEC) are established to ensure quality health care for older adults through geriatric and gerontology education. Distance Learning (DL) technology is an approach GECs are using to keep up with the demands for training and other resources. A questionnaire was distributed to 44 GECs to determine use of DL methods. Based on 33 responses, a return rate of 69%, 15 GECs offer a range of DL geriatric training programs. Eighty-five percent intend to have training programs using DL technology by the year 2000. GECs also use DL technology to conduct meetings, plan conferences, hold clinical consultations, conduct research, and disseminate information. Formal faculty training on DL is offered at six Centers; however, 15% are unable to access advanced technology. Results show a range of available DL geriatric educational resources and a strong interest to exp...
Experimental and theoretical studies of the kinetics of the reactions of OH radicals with acetic acid, acetic acid-d3 and acetic acid-d4 at low pressure.

The kinetics of the reactions of OH with acetic acid, acetic acid-d3 and acetic acid-d4 were studied from 2 to 5 Torr and 263−373 K using a discharge flow system with resonance fluorescence detection of the OH radical. The measured rate constants at 300 K for the reaction of OH with acetic acid and acetic acid-d4 (CD3C(O)OD) were (7.42 ± 0.12) × 10-13 and (1.09 ± 0.18) × 10-13 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 respectively, and the rate constant for the reaction of OH with acetic acid-d3 (CD3C(O)OH) was (7.79 ± 0.16) × 10-13 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. These results suggest that the primary mechanism for this reaction involves abstraction of the acidic hydrogen. Theoretical calculations of the kinetic isotope effect as a function of temperature are in good agreement with the experimental measurements using a mechanism involving the abstraction of the acidic hydrogen through a hydrogen-bonded complex. The rate constants for the OH + acetic acid and OH + acetic acid-d4 reactions display a negative temperature dependence described...
Women's mental health clinic: a naturalistic description of the population attended in the San Diego VA Health Care System during a one year period.

Abstract Background Due to specific gender predispositions to present certain illnesses, increasing incorporation of women in the U.S. military system represents an important challenge to both medical and mental health providers. The aim of this report is to describe the main characteristics of the population attended in a mental health women's clinic at the San Diego Veterans Administration (VA) health care system. Method Present study is a comprehensive clinical report based on a retrospective analysis of data. The authors searched the San Diego VA Health Care database to find the main epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the population attended during a one year period. Epidemiological and clinical features of the sample are presented. Authors also describe, using clinical examples, the most important psychopathological expressions. Results The most prevalent psychiatric diagnosis was major depressive disorder ( n =28; 19.51%) followed by dysthymic disorder ( n =8; 19.51%) and bipolar disorder ( n =3; 7.31%). Authors discuss the importance of three variables: social isolation, quality of adaptive mechanisms and the role of self-stigmatization as crucial factors related to patient's clinical outcomes. Limitations The main limitation of this review derives from its naturalistic and descriptive methodology. Conclusions The majority of patients treated in our clinic experience some type of affective disorder. Main factors associated to recovery are: social integration and spiritual support, utilization of mature defense mechanisms and upper-level coping strategies and psycho-educational interventions directed to prevent self stigmatization. Clinicians should be aware of these factors in order to promote “upper-level coping strategies”.
A generic modelling technique for the stochastic analysis of C/sup 3/I systems

A method is described for representing stochastically the behaviour of a C/sup 3/I system for the purposes of analysing its operational effectiveness. The principles of the modelling technique are explained in which a state space is constructed from discrete and continuous variables, and transitions between states are specified. This captures the discrete nature of events such as detections, decisions and message transfer within the C/sup 3/I system, as well as the continuous nature of entity location and movement within the physical environment. By suitably designing the state space, Measures of effectiveness appropriate to the problem of interest may be derived from the solution to the problem expressed as probability distributions over the state space. The principles upon which the method is based are explained and the method formulated mathematically for a number of examples arising from surveillance and command and control by way of demonstration.
Some notes on the effects of low salinity on brine shrimp Artemia salina (L., 1758) in the Great Salt Lake, Utah (Branchiopoda, Anostraca)

Determination des effets de la faible salinite provoquee par une innondation, sur la population de A. salina
Analytic study of the fifth order integrable nonlinear evolution equations by using the tanh method

Abstract The tanh method is used to derive explicit travelling wave solutions for two fifth order integrable nonlinear evolution equations. The fifth order KdV equation (fKdV) and the fifth order Caudrey–Dodd–Gibbon (CDG) equation are used as vehicles for our analysis. New families of solitary wave solutions and periodic solutions are formally obtained for these equations. The presented framework reveals quite a number of useful features of the method used here.
Dr. J. F. Thorpe's “Caged” Compound

As Dr. J. F. Thorpe has apparently found difficulty in representing his newly discovered tricarboxvlic acid by a formula in the plane of the paper (vide Proc. Chem. Soc, vol. xxvii., p. 347), may I suggest as being as good as the one he suggested if not preferable to it.
Explore the Causes of Health-Care-Acquired Infections: Who Is at Fault?

Review of: Partnering to Heal video simulation from the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services Healthcare-Associated Infections Initiative.
Mis)understanding mirror neurons

Summary It is hard to imagine a class of neurons that has generated more excitement than mirror neurons, cells discovered by Rizzolatti and colleagues [1] in macaque area F5 that fire both during action execution and action observation. We suggest, however, that the interpretation of mirror neurons as supporting action understanding was a wrong turn at the start, and that a more appropriate interpretation was lying in wait with respect to sensorimotor learning. We make a number of arguments, as follows. Given their previous work, it would have been natural for Rizzolatti's group to interpret mirror neurons as involved in action selection rather than action understanding. They did not make this assumption because, at the time, the data suggested that monkey behavior did not support such an interpretation. Recent evidence shows that monkeys do, in fact, exhibit behaviors that support this alternative interpretation. Thus, the original basis for claiming that mirror neurons mediate action understanding is no longer compelling. There are independent arguments against the action understanding claim and in support of a sensorimotor learning origin for mirror neurons. Therefore, the action understanding theory of mirror neuron function requires serious reconsideration, if not abandonment.
34: Adrenocortical 20α-hydroxysteroid oxidoreduotase at various ages

Bovine adrenal 20α-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase has been measured in various age groups. Fetal ( 33-35 weeks gestation);newborn;calf(prepuberal) and adult The substrate 20α-hydroxyprogesterone was used under conditions favoring oxidation. Results are as nM of progesterone produced/gm. protein/ 4 hours. Highest levels were in prepuberal calves:228-250 units. The second highest but much lower was in newborns, 68-73 units. Fetal glands had no activity and adult glands were low, 2-7 units. The highest levels in prepuberal tissue suggests the oxidoreductase reduces progesterone and precludes it from further conversion and side chain cleavage to C-19 steroids. With adrenarche the activity drops probably accounting for rises of the adrenal C-19 steroids at this time. Such a system may also operate in the gonads and represent an additional mechanism for onset of puberty. Absence of this oxidoreductase in the fetus is consistent with the known high levels of C-19 steroids. It is to be noted that under the conditions employed, 17α, 20α - dihydroxyprogesterone as substrate did not undergo oxidation. All measurements of extracts were made by suitable derivatives on GLC chromatography.
Usability and assessments of multimodal interaction in the SPEAK! system: an experimental case study

Abstract This article discusses an experimental evaluation of an adaptive, multimodal user interface which generates context-sensitive help for guiding a user's interaction with an information retrieval system. Test users were studied during their interaction with three versions of the SPEAK! system. Two versions offered active help, either in the form of spoken or written output, whereas a control version provided standard passive help texts only. The study was explorative in nature and mainly relied on qualitative data analyses. In order to evaluate the dialogue guidance/active help approach and the influence of the output modes, evaluation criteria focused on usability and subjective satisfaction of users with the interaction. The study was designed to be open for the exploration of typical usage patterns and the users own evaluation criteria. Data from the observations, users*think-aloud comments, and an open-ended questionnaire were combined and further qualified by differential analyses considering ...
The Amazing Miss Burchfield

What goes around, comes around: the woman who once solicited others to produce manuscripts for PAR is now the subject of a manuscript. Laverne Burchfield was managing editor of this journal for 15 volumes, from 1943 to 1958, and in ASPA's early days before it had an executive director, she served as secretary/treasurer for the association and she wrote the proposal that funded the first executive director. This is her biography—a woman passionately committed to the world of public service, the world of ideas, and, simply, the world in its natural splendor.
Aquaporin-dependent water permeation at the mouse ocular surface: in vivo microfluorimetric measurements in cornea and conjunctiva.

PURPOSE Fluorescence methods were developed to quantify membrane and tissue water permeabilities at the ocular surface and to compare water transport in wild-type mice versus transgenic mice lacking each of the water channels, aquaporin (AQP)-1, -3, and -5, normally expressed in cornea or conjunctiva. METHODS Membrane water permeabilities (P(f)(mem)) of calcein-stained surface epithelial cells were measured from the kinetics of fluorescence quenching in response to rapid (<0.2 seconds) changes in extraocular fluid osmolarity. Tissue water permeabilities (P(f)(tiss)) across intact cornea and conjunctiva--the relevant parameters describing water movement into the hyperosmolar tear film in vivo--were determined by a dye-dilution method from the fluorescence of Texas red-dextran in an anisosmolar solution in a microchamber at the ocular surface. RESULTS Osmotic equilibration occurred with an exponential time constant (tau) of 1.3 +/- 0.2 seconds (P(f)(mem) = 0.045 cm/s) in calcein-loaded corneal epithelial cells of wild-type mice, slowing 2.1 +/- 0.4-fold in AQP5-deficient mice; tau was 2.4 +/- 0.1 seconds in conjunctiva (P(f)(mem) = 0.025 cm/s), slowing 3.6 +/- 0.7-fold in AQP3-deficient mice. In dye-dilution experiments, P(f)(tiss) of cornea was 0.0017 cm/s and decreased by greater than fivefold in AQP5-deficient mice. P(f)(tiss) in AQP5-null mice was restored to 0.0015 cm/s after removal of the epithelium. P(f)(tiss) of conjunctiva was 0.0011 cm/s and was not sensitive to AQP3 deletion. CONCLUSIONS These results define for the first time the water-transporting properties of the two principal ocular surface barriers in vivo. The permeability data were incorporated into a mathematical model of tear film osmolarity, providing insights into the pathophysiology of dry eye disorders.
Historical Inputs and Natural Recovery Rates for Heavy Metals and Organic Biomarkers in Puget Sound during the 20th Century

Anthropogenic burdens recorded in sediment reveal a case for recalculating natural recovery rates. Such new models would forecast the continued increase in nonpoint source inputs in the 21st century.
Assessing Students' Career Needs at a Small Private University.

The career-relevant characteristics of psychology majors at a small private university, a program of career development, and a student assessment of the program's effectiveness are identified and described. I focus on the results of the students' assessment. A questionnaire was distributed to a random sample of majors. Students rated sources and types of career information. Students gave higher ratings to the value of information about careers and career implementation skills than to information about career aptitudes and interests. Implications include continuing to educate students about the importance of gaining self-knowledge as a part of the career development process and continuing to provide a wide variety of sources and types of career information.
Oscillatory motor network activity during rest and movement: an fNIRS study.

Coherent network oscillations (< 0.1 Hz) linking distributed brain regions are commonly observed in the brain during both rest and task conditions. What oscillatory network exists and how network oscillations change in connectivity strength, frequency and direction when going from rest to explicit task are topics of recent inquiry. Here, we study network oscillations within the sensorimotor regions of able-bodied individuals using hemodynamic activity as measured by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Using spectral interdependency methods, we examined how the supplementary motor area (SMA), the left premotor cortex (LPMC) and the left primary motor cortex (LM1) are bound as a network during extended resting state (RS) and between-tasks resting state (btRS), and how the activity of the network changes as participants execute left, right and bilateral hand (LH, RH and BH) finger movements. We found: (i) power, coherence and Granger causality spectra had significant peaks within the frequency band (0.01-0.04 Hz) during RS whereas the peaks shifted to a bit higher frequency range (0.04- 0.08 Hz) during btRS and finger movement tasks, (ii) there was significant bidirectional connectivity between all the nodes during RS and unidirectional connectivity from the LM1 to SMA and LM1 to LPMC during btRS, and (iii) the connections from SMA to LM1 and from LPMC to LM1 were significantly modulated in LH, RH and BH finger movements relative to btRS. The unidirectional connectivity from SMA to LM1 just before the actual task changed to the bidirectional connectivity during LH and BH finger movement. The unidirectionality could be associated with movement suppression and the bidirectionality with for preparation, sensorimotor update and controlled execution. These results underscore that fNIRS is an effective tool for monitoring spectral signatures of brain activity, which may serve as an important precursor before monitoring the recovery progress following brain injury.
A Systematic Review and Psychometric Evaluation of Adaptive Behavior Scales and Recommendations for Practice

Adaptive behavior scales are vital in assessing children and adolescents who experience a range of disabling conditions in school settings. This article presents the results of an evaluation of the design characteristics, norming, scale characteristics, reliability and validity evidence, and bias identification studies supporting 14 norm-referenced, informant-based interviews and rating scales designed to measure adaptive behaviors. To derive these results, the manuals for each of these scales were reviewed using a standardized coding procedure, and information about each scale was double-coded by reviewers. Findings reveal that several evidence-based adaptive behavior scales are available to school psychologists. Concluding recommendations address selection and use of adaptive behavior scales as part of a comprehensive assessment, using the optimal methods of administration of adaptive behavior scales, and interpreting resultant scores that have demonstrated the highest levels of reliability and the larg...
Pseudomonas syringae Leaf Blight, a New Disease of Kalmia latifolia.

In spring and fall of 1997, and in February 1998, Kalmia latifolia cv. Olympic Fire plants with severe leaf blight symptoms were submitted to the Oregon State University Plant Clinic from a commercial nursery. The primary symptom was a dark purple leaf blight, often associated with the leaf mid-rib. Disease progressed down the petioles and into twigs, causing blackening of affected tissues and leaf drop. Abundant bacterial streaming was observed oozing from the margins of affected tissue when examined at ×100. Isolations from affected tissues were made onto King's medium B (KB). A fluorescent bacterium was recovered and identified as Pseudomonas syringae by the Biolog system of identification. Identity was confirmed by fatty acid methyl ester analysis performed by Larry Barnes (Texas A&M University, College Station). Attempts to determine the pathovar were unsuccessful. A single colony isolate of the bacterium was raised on KB. Koch's postulates were completed by the following procedures. A bacterial suspension was made from a 24-h-old agar culture of this isolate with phosphate buffer with 0.2% gelatin (PBG). The concentration of the suspension was adjusted to 8 × 107 cells per ml by direct enumeration. Five milliliters of the suspension was atomized onto young leaves on six twigs of Kalmia latifolia. Controls consisted of young leaves on four twigs atomized with 5 ml of PBG. Twigs receiving the inoculum or the PBG were enclosed in plastic bags and maintained at room temperature near a north-facing window. Symptoms appeared 6 days later: dark purple spots on the margins of inoculated leaves and blight symptoms near the leaf mid-rib. Symptoms did not appear on PBG-sprayed leaves. Pseudomonas syringae was successfully reisolated from surface-disinfested inoculated leaves but not from leaves sprayed with PBG. This is the first report of Pseudomonas syringae causing a leaf blight of Kalmia.
Thermodynamic efficiency limit of excitonic solar cells

Excitonic solar cells, comprised of materials such as organic semiconductors, inorganic colloidal quantum dots, and carbon nanotubes, are fundamentally different than crystalline, inorganic solar cells in that photogeneration of free charge occurs through intermediate, bound exciton states. Here, we show that the Second Law of Thermodynamics limits the maximum efficiency of excitonic solar cells below the maximum of 31% established by Shockley and Queisser [J. Appl. Phys. 32, 510 (1961)] for inorganic solar cells (whose exciton-binding energy is small). In the case of ideal heterojunction excitonic cells, the free energy for charge transfer at the interface, \ensuremath{\Delta}$G$, places an additional constraint on the limiting efficiency due to a fundamental increase in the recombination rate, with typical \ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Delta}$G$ in the range 0.3 to 0.5 eV decreasing the maximum efficiency to 27% and 22%, respectively.
Antidepressant Treatment in the Primary Care Office: Outcomes for Adjustment Disorder Versus Major Depression

Background. Antidepressants are widely used by primary care physicians. Very little comparative data exists regarding the newer antidepressants in regards to efficacy in naturalistic primary care outpatient settings where the treatment of adjustment disorder and major depressive disorder is concerned. Our objective was to determine if there is a difference in antidepressant effectiveness between disorders in the newer antidepressants (SSRIs) in a primary care setting when a formal systematic depression treatment protocol is used.Method. A retrospective review of 63 major depression patients and 33 adjustment disorder patients in a primary care setting was undertaken. Patients had been prescribed mostly SSRIs. DSM-IV symptoms, PHQ-9 depression rating scale scores, and functional disability reports were systematically used to evaluate partial and full remission from patients’ depressive states.Results. Neither depressed patients, nor adjustment disordered patients demonstrated a difference in clinical respo...
Size effect of the alkali ions on their diffusion rates in silver halides

Abstract A review of the diffusion of alkali ions in AgCl and AgBr indicates that in addition to the nonlinear temperature dependence of gf, gb and gm also varies nonlinearly with temperature. For Cs+, the recently obtained unexpected result that its diffusivity in AgCl is much larger than that in AgBr is due to the strain effects for a larger oversized solute. The correlation of the migration energy of the solutes with ionic size mismatch agrees with the trend predicted by Mullen's Theory.
Stressors, Academic Performance, and Learned Resourcefulness in Baccalaureate Nursing Students

High stress levels in nursing students may affect memory, concentration, and problem-solving ability, and may lead to decreased learning, coping, academic performance, and retention. College students with higher levels of learned resourcefulness develop greater self-confidence, motivation, and academic persistence, and are less likely to become anxious, depressed, and frustrated, but no studies specifically involve nursing students. This explanatory correlational study used Gadzella's Student-life Stress Inventory (SSI) and Rosenbaum's Self Control Scale (SCS) to explore learned resourcefulness, stressors, and academic performance in 53 baccalaureate nursing students. High levels of personal and academic stressors were evident, but not significant predictors of academic performance (p = .90). Age was a significant predictor of academic performance (p = < .01) and males and African-American/Black participants had higher learned resourcefulness scores than females and Caucasians. Studies in larger, more diverse samples are necessary to validate these findings.
The specific substance from Diplococcus pneumoniae Type 31

Abstract The capsular polysaccharide (or specific substance, S) of Diplococcus pneumoniae Type 31 (S.31) contains l -rhamnose, d -galactose, and a glucuronic acid in the approximate molar ratios of 2:2:1. The glucuronic acid is linked to a d -galactose moiety in the polymer. The polysaccharide is very susceptible to hydrolytic cleavage, indicating that one or more of the sugar components may occur in its furanose form. The molecular weight, obtained from sedimentation and diffusion studies, was 120,000. The sedimentation behavior is that which would be expected for a linear polymer.
Context-dependent olfactory enhancement of optomotor flight control in Drosophila

Sensing and following the chemical plume of food odors is a fundamental challenge faced by many organisms. For flying insects, the task is complicated by wind that distorts the plume and buffets the fly. To maintain an upwind heading, and thus stabilize their orientation in a plume, insects such as flies and moths make use of strong context-specific visual equilibrium reflexes. For example, flying straight requires the regulation of image rotation across the eye, whereas minimizing side-slip and avoiding a collision require regulation of image expansion. In flies, visual rotation stabilizes plume tracking, but rotation and expansion optomotor responses are controlled by separate visual pathways. Are olfactory signals integrated with optomotor responses in a manner dependent upon visual context? We addressed this question by investigating the effect of an attractive food odor on active optomotor flight control. Odorant caused flies both to increase aerodynamic power output and to steer straighter. However, when challenged with wide-field optic flow, odor resulted in enhanced amplitude rotation responses but reduced amplitude expansion responses. For both visual conditions, flies tracked motion signals more closely in odor, an indication of increased saliency. These results suggest a simple search algorithm by which olfactory signals improve the salience of visual stimuli and modify optomotor control in a context-dependent manner, thereby enabling an animal to fly straight up a plume and approach odiferous objects.
Quantitative autoradiographic evidence for axonal transport of imipramine receptors in the central nervous system of the rat

Interruption of the ascending serotonin axons of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) in the rat brain produced a progressive time-dependent accumulation of imipramine receptors (labeled for autoradiography with [3H]imipramine). The largest accumulation of receptors occurred during the first 12 h at the caudal aspect of the lesion. An electrolytic lesion of the nucleus raphe dorsalis, administered 24 h prior to interruption of the medial forebrain bundle, markedly reduced the number of imipramine receptors on the caudal side of the lesion, while a significant accumulation was still evident on the rostral aspect. These results suggest that imipramine receptors are undergoing the process of orthograde axonal transport to terminals in the forebrain from the neuronal perikarya found in the nucleus raphe dorsalis. These receptors may also be undergoing retrograde transport back to their cell bodies of origin.
A 77-GHz to 90-GHz bidirectional amplifier for half-duplex front-ends

A W-band, bidirectional constructive wave amplifier is proposed that eliminates the need for a T/R switch. The amplifier allows amplification of either a forward or backward traveling wave. The measured amplifier has a peak gain of 16 dB and bandwidth of 14.5 GHz at 90 GHz and the center frequency can be electronically controlled between 77 and 90 GHz. The circuit is fabricated in a 0.12 µm SiGe BiCMOS process, occupies an area of 0.47 mm2, and consumes approximately 32 mA from a 2 V supply. To the author's knowledge, this is the first W-band, bidirectional amplifier in a silicon/silicon-germanium process.
Synthesis of E Isomer and Crystal Structures of E and Z Isomers of 3-(2,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)acrylonitrile

Details of the synthesis of the E isomer of 3-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)acrylonitrile, and the X-ray crystal structures of both the E and Z isomers of this compound are presented. The E isomer crystallizes in the P21/c space group with cell parameters, a = 8.5659(17) A, b = 16.399(3) A, c = 11.224(2) A, α = 90°, β = 95.27(3)°, γ = 90°and Z = 4. The Z isomer crystallizes in the Pca21 space group with cell parameters, a = 4.1223(8) A, b = 19.113(4) A, c = 19.453(4) A, α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 90° and Z = 4. Synthesis of E isomer and X-ray crystal structure determination of both E and Z isomers of 3-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)acrylonitrile are presented.
Effects of simulated rat damage on yields of macadamia trees

Abstract Rattus rattus damages 5–10% of the developing macadamia ( Macadamia integrifolia ) nut crop each year, but the impact on yields of mature nuts has not been well documented. We evaluated the effects of simulated damage on yields of mature nuts at two locations on the island of Hawaii during the 1995 crop season. We removed 10 or 30% of the developing nut clusters from 5-year-old trees at 90, 120, or 150 days post-anthesis (dpa) and evaluated yields of mature nuts at 210–215 dpa. Removal of 10% of the crop load had no measurable effect on yields of mature nuts regardless of when damage was inflicted. Yields of trees with 30% of nut clusters removed differed from the control (no nut clusters removed) only when damage was inflicted at 150 dpa. These results raise questions about the cost-effectiveness of current rodent control programs, especially during early nut development. Growers may be able to tolerate damage to 10% of their developing nuts without suffering economic losses, and may be able to sustain losses as high as 30% provided that damage is incurred before 120 dpa. Damage control efforts should focus on reducing damage after 150 dpa. However, high rat populations and damage prior to 150 dpa might indicate the need to apply measures to reduce damage later in the crop cycle.
Metabolism in the dog before and after splenectomy

SummaryFour dogs in nitrogen equilibrium were studied as to total output of nitrogen in urine and feces, output of ammonia, creatin and creatinin in the urine, and iron and fat in the feces. In each a preliminary control period of seven days was followed by like periods at intervals after splenectomy varying from three days to three months.In three of the four animals the removal of the spleen caused no change in nitrogen metabolism, fat utilization or iron elimination. Two of these animals showed no change in the blood picture and the third only a slight non-progressive anemia. A fourth animal which developed eventually a moderately severe anemia showed slight loss of weight, a disturbance of nitrogen balance and of creatin-creatinin partition and an increased elimination of iron.The following conclusions are reached: (1) that the removal of the normal spleen in an animal which remains otherwise normal causes no disturbance of metabolism: (2) that when disturbances of metabolism occur they are in all pro...
Symposium: Locke and the veil of perception - Preface

: This Symposium comprises five papers on Locke's theory of sense perception. The authors are John Rogers, Gideon Yaffe, Lex Newman, Tom Lennon, and Martha Bolton. There are also comments on the papers, both individually and as a group, by Vere Chappell. In addition to Locke's view of perception, the papers deal with the nature of Lockean ideas and with the question whether Locke is committed to skepticism regarding the external world. The authors (and the commentator) disagree in their readings of Locke on these issues, but most maintain – and some argue – that he holds a representative theory of perception, and that he is not an external-world skeptic.
Prospective preoperative determination of mucinous pancreatic cystic neoplasms.

Abstract Background. Optimal management of pancreatic cystic neoplasms includes identification and resection of mucinous neoplasms. This study was performed to assess the accuracy of preoperative variables in determining a mucinous lesion. Methods. Patients referred for a cystic neoplasm were prospectively assessed by presenting symptoms, blinded radiologic review, and endoscopic ultrasound-guided cyst aspirate analysis. Patients who were symptomatic, or had aspirate findings of a mucinous neoplasm were resected. Results. Eighty-seven patients were enrolled over a 22-month period ending in December 2001. There were 56 (64%) women and 31 (36%) men, with a mean age of 63 (27-86) years. Thirty-five (40%) patients were resected including 24 (69%) women and 11 (31%) men with a mean age of 58 years. Twenty-eight (80%) patients who had resection were symptomatic. Specimen histology included 18 (51%) mucinous neoplasms, 8 (23%) serous neoplasms, 4 (11%) ductal or neuroendocrine carcinomas, and 3 (9%) pseudocysts. The positive predictive value (PPV) for cyst-aspirate extracellular mucin (83%) was significant in predicting a mucinous neoplasm (P =.009). No other aspirate variables (amylase, carcinoembryonic antigen, CA15-3, viscosity), or patient characteristics were predictive of final histology. Diagnostic agreement between all 3 radiologists was 8% (P =.98). At a median follow-up of 12 months, no patients who were observed required resection. Conclusions. Patients with suspected pancreatic cystic neoplasms can be selectively treated on the basis of symptoms and cyst-aspirate mucin analysis. Symptomatic and mucin containing lesions should be resected. Surgery 2002;132:628-34.
Reduction in the free indole‐3‐acetic acid levels in Alaska pea toy the gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor uniconazol

The gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor uniconazol reduces both the elongation and indole-3-acetic acid content of growing Pisum sativum cv. Alaska intemodes. Both internode growth and indole-3-acetic acid content in uniconazol-treated plants can be elevated by gibberellin A3 treatment. The lengths of the growing intemodes are directly related to the indole-3-acetic acid contents.
Lipoprotein correlates of LDL particle size

Abstract Correlations of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) predominant particle diameters (PPD) were investigated in samples taken from the San Antonio Family Heart Study. A frequency histogram showed LDL PPD occurs in at least two distinct modes, at about 25.5 and 26.9 nm, with the nadir at about 26.2 nm. Triglyceride (TG) concentrations were strongly correlated with LDL PPD, accounting for nearly 50% of the variation. However, examination of the relationship between TG concentrations and LDL PPD showed considerable overlap of the two LDL size categories for samples having intermediate levels of TG (1–3 mmol/l). In order to examine the factors associated with particle size variation within this region of overlap, 163 pairs of samples, which contrasted peak particle diameters, were matched for TG concentrations and for sex and age. In this matched set, LDL-related measures (i.e. LDL-C, apoB, apoE, and TG concentrations) did not differ. However, several high-density lipoprotein (HDL) measures were significantly related to the LDL particle size category. This category predicted a substantial proportion of variation in HDL-C (9.7%) and apoAI (7.5%) concentrations, and in HDL size distributions of cholesterol (13.6%) and apoAI (10.3%). Other traits related to insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) (glucose and insulin concentrations, blood pressure, and adiposity measures) were tested for association with the LDL size category. None of these traits were related to LDL size after adjusting for TG, except fasting and postchallenge glucose concentrations which showed modest correlations ( P -values were 0.02 and 0.05, respectively). The data suggest that in addition to the strong effects of TG, there is also an aspect of LDL particle size variation that is strongly associated with variation in HDL concentration and particle size distribution, perhaps reflecting common metabolic determinants of lipoprotein size.
DRINKING WATER CONTAMINANTS (ARSENIC, CADMIUM, LEAD, BENZENE, AND TRICHLOROETHYLENE). 2. EFFECTS ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE, EGG QUALITY, AND EMBRYO TOXICITY IN BROILER BREEDERS

Broiler breeder hens were used to determine the effect of drinking water containing a low concentration of a chemical mixture (arsenic, 0.8 ppm; benzene, 1.3 ppm; cadmium, 5.1 ppm; lead, 6.7 ppm; and trichloroethylene, 0.65 ppm) and a high (10 times greater than the low concentration of the chemical mixture) levels of the chemical mixture. These chemicals are present in ground water near hazardous waste sites. Water consumption significantly decreased in chickens provided the high concentration of the chemical mixture, whereas feed consumption was not affected in any treatment. There was a linear relationship between increasing concentration of the chemical mixture in drinking water and decreasing body weight of hens. The low concentration of the chemical mixture significantly decreased egg production and egg weight, and increased percentage embryonic mortality. These results suggest that reproductive function in hens is sensitive to adverse effects of contaminated drinking water.
Stress Processes in Pregnancy and Preterm Birth

Preterm birth (PTB) is of epidemic proportions in the United States, particularly among African Americans. Its consequences range from risk of infant mortality to lifelong disease and disability. Stress is a contributor to preterm labor and delivery. This article summarizes research on stress as a risk factor for PTB. As is evident in considering the complex mechanisms, psychological science has much to contribute to addressing this important health issue.