cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fertility of Eggs of Mexican Bean Beetles from Females Mated Alternately with Normal and Apholate-Treated Males

Adult male Mexican bean beetles, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, were sterilized by feeding on bean foliage treated with apholate. When normal females were mated alternately first with the treated and then with normal males, the hatch was almost completely nonviable at first, became increasingly viable, decreased again to about 50% sterile, and finally rose to normal. When the first mating was with a normal male, the depression in viability caused by matings with sterile males was less. The greatest influence on viability was that of the most recent mating, but earlier matings did contribute.
GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL VARIATION IN LIFE-HISTORY TRAITS OF A MONOCARPIC PERENNIAL: A DECADE-LONG FIELD EXPERIMENT.

Directional and stabilizing selection tend to deplete additive genetic variance. On the other hand, genetic variance in traits related to fitness could be retained through polygenic mutation, spatially varying selection, genotype- environment interaction, or antagonistic pleiotropy. Most estimates of genetic variance in fitness-related traits have come from laboratory studies, with few estimates of heritability made under natural conditions, particularly for longer lived organisms. Here I estimated additive genetic variance in life-history characters of a monocarpic herb, Ipomopsis aggregata, that lives for up to a decade. Experimental crosses yielded 229 full-sibships nested within 32 paternal half- sibships. More than 5000 offspring were planted as seeds into natural field sites and were followed in most cases through their entire life cycle. Survival showed substantial additive genetic variance (genetic coefficient of variation - 54%). Small differences at seedling emergence were magnified over time, such that the genetic variability in survival was only detectable by tracking the success of offspring for several years starting from seed. In contrast to survival, reproductive traits such as flower number, seeds per flower, and age at flowering showed little or no genetic variability. Despite relatively high levels of additive genetic variation for some life-history characters, high environmental variance in survival resulted in very low heritabilities (0-9%) for all of these characters. Maternal effects were evident in seed mass and remained strong throughout the lengthy vegetative period. No negative genetic correlations between major components of female fitness were detected. Mean corolla width for a paternal family was, however, negatively correlated with the finite rate of increase based on female fitness. That negative correlation could help to maintain additive genetic variance in the face of strong selection through male function for wide corollas.
Kinetics of S-Nitrosation Processes in Aqueous Polymer Solution for Controlled Nitric Oxide Loading: Toward Tunable Biomaterials

An understanding of the nitrosation processes that dictate S-nitrosothiol formation in the presence of a polymer is crucial toward the controlled synthesis of nitric oxide (NO)-releasing materials, an important class of biomaterials that mimic the natural function of cells. Herein, the kinetics of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) formation in the presence of dextran under a variety of nitrosation conditions, including the nitrosating agent and the dextran concentration, are reported. When comparing nitrous acid and t-butyl nitrite as the nitrosating agent, the use of nitrous acid results in 100% nitrosation of the thiol sites within less than a minute and t-butyl nitrite requires more than 5 min to reach completion. This trend establishes nitrous acid as a highly efficient nitrosating agent. In the presence of increasing dextran concentration from 0 w/v% to 10 w/v%, the extent of nitrosation decreases by approximately 5% and 30% using nitrous acid and t-butyl nitrite, respectively. With sufficient reaction tim...
Damage Threshold for Pear Psylla Nymphs (Homoptera: Psyllidae)

Pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster, nymph density was related to honeydew russet on fruit of ‘Bartlett’ and ‘Anjou’ varieties. Regression analyses were performed for both peak nymph density and accumulated nymph feeding days as independent variables and damage index as the dependent variable. Damage index was based on U.S. grade standards for fresh market pears and was the sum of percent U.S. 2 grade plus two times the percent culls. These regressions projected that a peak nymph density of 0.3 nymph per leaf on both varieties produced detectable fruit damage. Eighteen and nine nymph feeding days per leaf would produce fruit injury on ‘Bartlett’ and ‘Anjou,’ respectively. Factors affecting these parameters and implications to pear pest management are discussed.
What Should Be Chronic: The Animal, the Model, or Both?

The systematic review of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) therapy in pulmonary fibrosis by Srour and Thebaud published in a recent issue of Stem Cells Translational Medicine is critically reviewed; Rubio et al. suggest that bleomycin-induced lung injury in aged mice studied over time is a more clinically applicable model for human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Changes and Significance of Matrix Metalloproteinase and Its Tissue Inhibitor in Plasma and Cardiac Muscle of Rats with Chronic Cardiac Failure Induced by Volume Overload

Objective To observe the changes of matrix metalloproteinase-8(MMP-8) and its tissue inhibitors of metallopreteinase-1(TIMP-1) in plasma and cardiac muscle of rats with chronic cardiac failure induced by volume overload,and to explore those roles in phy-siology of chronic cardiac failure.Methods Seventeen male SD rats were randomly divided into 2 groups as follows:9 shunt rat models were established by abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava shunt operation and 8 rats after sham operation served as controls.Hemodynamic and echocardiographic measurements were obtained 8 weeks after surgery.Meanwhile,MMP-8 and TIMP-1 concentrations in plasma were eva-luated.MMP-8 mRNA and TIMP-1 mRNA expressions were detected by using real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method in cardiac muscle.Results Left ventricular systolic pressure,difference of left ventricular pressure,left ventricular diastolic,left ventricular peak rate of contraction,left ventricular peak rate of relaxation were significantly reduced in the shunt group compared with those in control group(Pa0.05,0.01).Compared with control group,left ventricular end diastolic pressure were significantly increased in shunt group(P0.05).Compared with control group,the plasma levels of MMP-8 and TIMP-1 mRNA increased significantly in shunt group(Pa0.05).The expressions of MMP-8 mRNA and TIMP-1 mRNA in cardiac muscle were similar between the 2 groups(Pa0.05).The ratio of MMP-8/TIMP-1 significantly decreased in shunt group as compared with that in control group,which was more significant in right ventricular than that in left ventricular.Conclusion MMP-8 and TIMP-1 are involved in ventricular remodeling in rats with chronic cardiac failure resulting from volume overload.
Relinquishing World Power: Britain’s Financial Crises of 1966–7

By early 1966 the main arguments for and against the east of Suez role had been introduced into the debate over withdrawal. As the controversy wore on, it gradually came to be accepted that the maintenance of stability in the Indian Ocean area during a transitional period was the core issue. The economic and political viability of former colonies had to be ensured, and strong ties with Britain continued. In this context, some type of withdrawal seemed certain. The main question that remained was how substantial the withdrawal would be and what, if any, role Britain should play in the area in the future. Even so, the writing was far from on the wall for the world role. Numerous policy options remained. Staunch advocates of the world role were confident that any withdrawals made in the late 1960s, a period of severe economic duress, could be reversed in better times.
Nature, the Subordinate Logos

Setting aside for the moment the actual conflicts, cross-overs and affinities, it might be said of the idea of nature during the period that the earlier unity theories of Herder and Goethe were replaced by the formalism of Kant and Schiller which in turn yielded to the revived emphasis on unity in the nature-mysticism of Schelling and the early Romantics.
Cosmic worm in the cave: Steering a high-performance computing application from a virtual environment

Developing graphic interfaces to steer high-performance scientific computations has been a research subject in recent years. Now, computational scientists are starting to use virtual reality environments to explore the results of their simulations. In most cases, the virtual reality environment acts on precomputed data; however, the use of virtual reality environments for the dynamic steering of distributed scientific simulations is a growing area of research. We present in this paper the initial design and implementation of a distributed system that uses our virtual reality environment, the CAVE, to control and steer scientific simulations being computed on remote supercomputers. We discuss some of the more relevant features of virtual reality interfaces, emphasizing those of the CAVE, describe the distributed system developed, and present a scientific application, the Cosmic Worm, that makes extensive use of the distributed system.
Absence of Inducible Costimulator (ICOS) on Alloreactive T Cells Reduces Graft-versus-Host-Disease While Leaving Graft-Versus-Tumor Activity Intact.

Inducible costimulator (ICOS) is a member of the B7 family that is expressed on activated and memory T cells and is involved in the regulation of TH1 and TH2 effector cytokine production after CD3/TCR stimulation. Studies with ICOS inhibition or ICOS−/− recipients have demonstrated prolonged allograft survival after heart or liver transplantation in animal models. To study the role of ICOS expression on alloreactive T cells in graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), we used allogeneic MHC class I and II disparate hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) models. We first analyzed the expression of ICOS by transferring CFSE-labeled donor T cells into irradiated allogeneic recipients and observed an increased expression of ICOS on alloreactive T cells compared to non-alloreactive T cells. We then studied B6-ICOS−/− alloreactive T cells and found intact proliferation in vivo (as determined by adoptive transfer of CFSE labeled T cells and donor T cell numbers in the spleen of allo-HSCT recipients), intact cytotoxicity, intact up regulation of activation markers, but decreased IFN-γ production in vitro. We then performed GVHD experiments in two models with full MHC class I and II disparity and observed significantly less GVHD morbidity and mortality in recipients of ICOS−/− donor T cells. Furthermore, histopathological analysis demonstrated less GVHD in all target organs (skin, liver, small bowel and large bowel) of recipients of ICOS−/− splenic T cells compared to recipients of wild type T cells. We harvested target organs (spleen, thymus, liver and gut) on days 7, 14, and 21 to examine donor T cell content (naive and activated T cells) and found no significant difference in the total T cell numbers and subpopulations. Interestingly, in GVHD/graft-versus-tumor (GVT) experiments, ICOS−/− donor T cells displayed intact GVT activity, while their GVH activity was diminished. We then tested the levels of IFN-γ in the sera of mice undergoing GVHD and observed decreased serum levels in recipients of B6-ICOS−/− T cells. In conclusion, alloreactive ICOS−/− donor T cells display less GVHD morbidity and mortality due to decreased IFN-γ production, while proliferation, infiltration and GVT activity remain intact. These data suggests that strategies to inhibit ICOS could be useful for the prevention and/or treatment of GVHD in recipients of an allo-HSCT.
Polymer Brush-Modified Microring Resonators for Partition-Enhanced Small Molecule Chemical Detection

Silicon photonic microring resonators have emerged as a promising technology for the sensitive detection of biological macromolecules, including proteins and nucleic acids. However, not all species of interest are large biologics that can be targeted by highly specific capture agents. For smaller organic chemicals, including many toxic and regulated species, a general approach to improving sensitivity would be desirable. By functionalizing the surface of silicon photonic microring resonators with polymer brushes, small molecules can selectively partition into the surface-confined sensing region of the optical resonators. This in turn leads to response enhancements in excess of 1000% percent, relative to non-functionalized sensors, for representative targets including 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate, a simulant for highly toxic organophosphates, Bisphenol A, an industrial pollutant, as well as other small organic analytes of interest. There are many polymer brush chemistries compatible with silicon resonators, making this a general strategy towards tuning sensor selectivity and specificity by optimizing interactions between the agent(s) of interest and the polymer construct.
Electrochemical CO2 reduction on Au surfaces: mechanistic aspects regarding the formation of major and minor products.

In the future, industrial CO2 electroreduction using renewable energy sources could be a sustainable means to convert CO2 and water into commodity chemicals at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. This study focuses on the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 on polycrystalline Au surfaces, which have high activity and selectivity for CO evolution. We explore the catalytic behavior of polycrystalline Au surfaces by coupling potentiostatic CO2 electrolysis experiments in an aqueous bicarbonate solution with high sensitivity product detection methods. We observed the production of methanol, in addition to detecting the known products of CO2 electroreduction on Au: CO, H2 and formate. We suggest a mechanism that explains Au's evolution of methanol. Specifically, the Au surface does not favor C–O scission, and thus is more selective towards methanol than methane. These insights could aid in the design of electrocatalysts that are selective for CO2 electroreduction to oxygenates over hydrocarbons.
Sensitivity and Specificity of Empiric Treatment for Sexually Transmitted Infections in a Pediatric Emergency Department.

Objective To determine test characteristics of provider judgment for empiric antibiotic provision to patients undergoing testing for a sexually transmitted infection. Study design We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional electronic health record review of all patients aged 13-19 years who had Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) testing sent from an urban, academic pediatric emergency department in 2012. We abstracted data, including patient demographics, chief complaint, sexually transmitted infection test results, and treatment. We calculated test characteristics comparing clinician judgment for presumptive treatment for a sexually transmitted infection with the reference standard of the actual results of testing for a sexually transmitted infection. Results Of 1223 patient visits meeting inclusion criteria, 284 (23.2%) had a positive GC and/or CT test result. Empiric treatment was provided in 615 encounters (50.3%). Provider judgment for presumptive treatment had an overall sensitivity of 67.6% (95% CI, 61.8-73.0) and a specificity of 55% (95% CI, 51.7-58.2) for accurate GC and/or CT detection. Conclusions Many adolescents tested for GC and CT receive empiric treatment at the initial emergency department visit. Provider judgment may lack sufficient sensitivity and specificity for identifying infected patients, resulting in the potential for undertreatment of true disease, overtreatment of uninfected patients, or both.
"Relations, Routines, and Forms: A Theory of Organizational Social Structure"

This paper addresses a shortcoming in theories of organizational forms; namely, that none of the major theories in use today are generalizable across cultures and resource niches. Relational Models...
Familial and Social Influences in Career Exploration for Female Youth of Color: A Study of Relational Cultural Theory

Counseling research on female youth of color has been limited in the application of theoretical frameworks that engage families in a practical sense regarding career issues. In this direct content ...
Airfares and oil prices: ‘Feathers and Rockets’ adjustments

Abstract One reason that the US Department of Justice is examining collusion within the airline industry may be the small (12%) decline in airfares that follows a large (57%) drop in crude oil prices. This relatively small response could be caused by three mechanisms related to the oil market; (1) slow rates of adjustment, (2) airfares adjust asymmetrically to changes in the oil market, or (3) asymmetric adjustments within the oil market that are communicated symmetrically to airfares. I evaluate these hypotheses by estimating a cointegrating vector autoregression model from monthly data and testing the error correction mechanism for asymmetry. Although small, estimated rates of adjustment indicate that the large reduction in oil prices has been passed to airfares. Tests of the error correction model do not provide evidence for asymmetric adjustments between airfares and oil market. Contrary to the relation between crude oil and motor gasoline prices, prices for jet fuel adjust faster to reductions in crude oil prices and so cannot be responsible for the relatively small decline in airfares. Although the CVAR model does not identify an oil-related mechanism that can generate the small decline in airfares relative to the large decline in the price for crude oil, this absence does not imply the converse, that airlines collude to set airfares.
Performance of Resonant Modulation in the Millimeter-Wave Frequency Range: Multi-Subcarrier Modulation

Optical transmitters capable of efficiently transporting several millimeter-wave (mm-wave) subcarriers to/from fiber-fed antenna sites in indoor/outdoor mm-wave mobile/point-to-point wireless networks are of considerable importance in mm-wave free space links [101, 102]. Future deployment of a fiber infrastructure in these systems rests primarily upon the availability of low-cost mm-wave optical transmitters. Optical transmission of a single narrowband (50 Mb s − 1) channel at 45 GHz was demonstrated using resonant modulation of an inexpensive, conventional semiconductor laser with a baseband direct modulation bandwidth of < 5 GHz [103]. It was shown that this technique provides a means of building simple, low-cost, narrowband ( < 1 GHz) mm-wave subcarrier optical transmitters for frequencies approaching 100 GHz. In this chapter, the multichannel analog and digital performance of these transmitters at a subcarrier frequency of ∼ 40 GHz are described.
Volatile Constituents of Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) Fruit

Eighteen volatile compounds have been identified in a methylene chloride extract of a distilled fraction from loquat fruit. Individual compounds were identified by comparison of gas chromatographic retention times and mass spectra with those for authentic compounds. Major components phenyl ethyl alcohol, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, phenylacetaldehyde and hexen-1-ols, and minor components, ethyl acetate, methyl cinnamate and β-ionone probably contribute to the fruity-floral flavor of the fruit.
Aesthetic appreciation of Personal Rapid Transit: A new viewpoint

Abstract The purpose of this study was to open a new perspective on the aesthetics of elevated urban transit infrastructure with the goal of influencing public preferences and acceptance of this type of infrastructure. It aimed to suggest major implications for city planners and policymakers involved in elevated infrastructure development. A sample of 36 amateur videos was retrieved from YouTube using the Video List tool through the key phrase “Personal Rapid Transit Morgantown WV.” Qualitative methods were used to analyze the video content. The results found that the riders enjoyed the ride and its dynamic and visual experiences, suggesting that riders' levels of appreciation of the elevated transit infrastructure are higher than those of viewers outside the infrastructure. If aesthetics influence general social acceptability of elevated transit infrastructure, studies on the visual assessments that combine the views of the infrastructure with the views from the infrastructure might lead to a new appreciation of the infrastructure and, consequently, to the smoothness of the planning process.
Predicting failure from conductivity changes in piezoresistive nanocomposites

Self-sensing nanocomposites hold immense potential for structural health monitoring (SHM) because their electrical conductivity is influenced by mechanical effects such as strain and damage. This property, known as piezoresistivity, has been leveraged by numerous researchers for damage detection. However, from a SHM perspective, it would be much more beneficial to know the stresses that precipitate failure so that mitigating actions can be taken. Herein, we propose a novel method of accomplishing this based on the concept of piezoresistive inversion. Using simulations, the conductivity of a deformed piezoresistive nanocomposite is first determined using electrical impedance tomography (EIT). Next, the piezoresistive inversion process is used to determine the displacement field that gives rise to the conductivity obtained via EIT. Strains are then determined from kinematic relations and stresses from constitutive relations. A suitable failure criterion is then used to predict the location and likelihood of failure. Using these simulations, we demonstrate that the proposed approach allows for the accurate localization and quantification of stress concentrations which may induce failure. Because of these damage prediction capabilities, this approach has the potential to enable unparalleled predictive SHM capabilities.
Dietary Approaches to the Treatment of Obesity

Diets for weight reduction are widely used even in programs whose major emphasis is on behavior control or social support. The concept of dieting is examined in detail in order to more clearly evaluate its potentialities.
An Economic Perspective on Selection, Optimization, and Compensation (SOC)

This chapter first presents and summarizes the standard economic model of individual human development and resource management. In this model, human development is viewed as a sequence of dynamic optimizing decisions under uncertainty that maximize the welfare of the decision maker period by period subject to the basic resource constraints (including outcomes of previous periods that were affected in part by the decision maker and resources that are given from the point of view of the decision maker including genetic endowments and the nature of the larger environment in which the decision maker operates), prices broadly defined (past, present, and expected), the distribution of future shocks including those related to health and mortality as well as to resource availability, and other aspects of the market, cultural, social, and policy environments in which the individual operates. Some attention is paid to important aspects of this formulation, such as whether individual preferences are assumed to be given or determined in these processes, how individual preferences are aggregated within collectives such as households, lifecycle aspects of such development including changes in the relevant decision makers who affect an individual (such as parents when children are very young, collective decisions between parents and children as the children age, primarily the adult children when they are prime-age adults, and their children and the broader society as they become elderly), information problems, when stochastic processes are resolved, and the role of characteristics such as risk aversion. The chapter then considers selection, compensation, and optimization with regard to three basic questions: (1) How do these concepts relate to the standard economic approach to lifespan human developmental processes and resource management? (2) Do these concepts raise questions regarding the formulation of the standard economic approach to lifespan human developmental processes and resource management? (3) Does the standard economic approach to lifespan human developmental processes and resource management raise questions about usefully modifying the use of these concepts?
A New Technique for Renal Biopsy: The Transurethral Approach

AbstractAn 18 gauge needle sheathed in an 8F catheter can be advanced into an upper calix through the lumen of a transurethrally placed 10F catheter and used to biopsy the renal cortex. The transurethral biopsy technique is less painful, less invasive and simpler than the open or laparoscopic approach, and it can be used as an extension of cystoscopic examination to avoid percutaneous biopsy.
Mountains, nations, parks, and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km2 and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.
Short-Term Incidence of Sequelae of HCV Infection Among Medicaid Beneficiaries in Oregon.

Objectives:Given the known high morbidity and mortality of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Oregon, we sought to develop a practical method of estimating the severe sequelae of HCV infection am...
What is New in Pediatric Wrist Fractures

There are a multitude of unique issues that arise in the management of wrist injuries in the pediatric population. The pediatric wrist is a complex region that is susceptible to both acute and chronic injuries. A thorough understanding of the unique anatomy and radiographic progression of ossification of the pediatric wrist is necessary for both diagnoses and treatment. This review will cover the most recent literature regarding the management of distal radius fractures and scaphoid fractures in the pediatric patient population.
Applications of a Combined Scanning Tunneling Microscope and Quartz Microbalance

It has recently become possible to carry out sliding friction measurements of adsorbed monolayers by means of a quartz crystal microbalance technique. These ongoing studies have revealed a range of applications that might result by combining the shaking action of the quartz microbalance with the imaging and patterning capabilities of a scanning tunneling microscope. We describe here how such an apparatus can be constructed and discuss a number of potential applications.
Finding Hidden Cliques of Size $$\sqrt{N/e}$$N/e in Nearly Linear Time

Consider an Erdos---Renyi random graph in which each edge is present independently with probability $$1/2$$1/2, except for a subset $$\mathsf{C}_N$$CN of the vertices that form a clique (a completely connected subgraph). We consider the problem of identifying the clique, given a realization of such a random graph. The algorithm of Dekel et al. (ANALCO. SIAM, pp 67---75, 2011) provably identifies the clique $$\mathsf{C}_N$$CN in linear time, provided $$|\mathsf{C}_N|\ge 1.261\sqrt{N}$$|CN|?1.261N. Spectral methods can be shown to fail on cliques smaller than $$\sqrt{N}$$N. In this paper we describe a nearly linear-time algorithm that succeeds with high probability for $$|\mathsf{C}_N|\ge (1+{\varepsilon })\sqrt{N/e}$$|CN|?(1+?)N/e for any $${\varepsilon }>0$$?>0. This is the first algorithm that provably improves over spectral methods. We further generalize the hidden clique problem to other background graphs (the standard case corresponding to the complete graph on $$N$$N vertices). For large-girth regular graphs of degree $$(\varDelta +1)$$(Δ+1) we prove that so-called local algorithms succeed if $$|\mathsf{C}_N|\ge (1+{\varepsilon })N/\sqrt{e\varDelta }$$|CN|?(1+?)N/eΔ and fail if $$|\mathsf{C}_N|\le (1-{\varepsilon })N/\sqrt{e\varDelta }$$|CN|≤(1-?)N/eΔ.
Children Are Different: Liability Issues in Working With Suicidal and Dangerous Youths.

Youths’ legal status and developmental differences call for approaches to both risk assessment and treatment that can differ from those for adults. In addition to good clinical practice, careful do...
Quantifying the Severity of Metopic Craniosynostosis: A Pilot Study Application of Machine Learning in Craniofacial Surgery.

The standard for diagnosing metopic craniosynostosis (CS) utilizes computed tomography (CT) imaging and physical exam, but there is no standardized method for determining disease severity. Previous studies using interfrontal angles have evaluated differences in specific skull landmarks; however, these measurements are difficult to readily ascertain in clinical practice and fail to assess the complete skull contour. This pilot project employs machine learning algorithms to combine statistical shape information with expert ratings to generate a novel objective method of measuring the severity of metopic CS.Expert ratings of normal and metopic skull CT images were collected. Skull-shape analysis was conducted using ShapeWorks software. Machine-learning was used to combine the expert ratings with our shape analysis model to predict the severity of metopic CS using CT images. Our model was then compared to the gold standard using interfrontal angles.Seventeen metopic skull CT images of patients 5 to 15 months old were assigned a severity by 18 craniofacial surgeons, and 65 nonaffected controls were included with a 0 severity. Our model accurately correlated the level of skull deformity with severity (P < 0.10) and predicted the severity of metopic CS more often than models using interfrontal angles (χ = 5.46, P = 0.019).This is the first study that combines shape information with expert ratings to generate an objective measure of severity for metopic CS. This method may help clinicians easily quantify the severity and perform robust longitudinal assessments of the condition.
Feminism, activism and non-consensual pornography: analyzing efforts to end “revenge porn” in the United States

Women endure the most severe and sustained forms of harassment on the internet. In response, activists around the world are mobilizing against conduct that endangers women online. At a time when fe...
Breakfast of champions: towards zero-copy serialization with NIC scatter-gather

Microsecond I/O will make data serialization a major bottleneck for datacenter applications. Serialization is fundamentally about data movement: serialization libraries coalesce and flatten in-memory data structures into a single transmittable buffer. CPU-based serialization approaches will hit a performance limit due to data movement overheads and be unable to keep up with modern networks. We observe that widely deployed NICs possess scatter-gather capabilities that can be re-purposed to accelerate serialization's core task of coalescing and flattening in-memory data structures. It is possible to build a completely zero-copy, zero-allocation serialization library with commodity NICs. Doing so introduces many research challenges, including using the hardware capabilities efficiently for a wide variety of non-uniform data structures, making application memory available for zero-copy I/O, and ensuring memory safety.
Past and Prologue: Politics and Memory in the American Revolution

How and when did British colonists begin thinking of themselves as American citizens? For many Americans today, the events surrounding the Revolutionary War signify the start of their national hist...
Simulated-annealing-based adaptive equaliser for on-die variation compensation

Fully exploiting the flexibility of lookup-table-based equalisers, it is proposed to compensate for on-die variation effects within a transmit-side equaliser. To efficiently deal with the nonlinear nature of circuit non-idealities, the proposed equaliser utilises simulated annealing for adaptation.
Designing Markets for Carbon Offsets: A Field Experiment in Malawi

Revealing private information to improve allocation and pricing in carbon offset projects can help improve the competitiveness of developing country offsets on global carbon markets. This study provides the first evidence from a developing country to directly compare alternative allocation mechanisms: a uniform-price, sealed bid procurement auction and a posted offer market. The field experiment was conducted in Malawi for the allocation of tree planting contracts. Results reveal highly divergent outcomes for the two strategically equivalent mechanisms. The auction set the clearing price for both mechanisms and enrolled the 38 percent of the auction treatment group that bid below the price. In the posted offer treatment group, 99.5 percent of participants accepted the contract at the auction clearing price. Compliance results show significantly more trees surviving per contract allocated under the auction. At the clearing price, the auction achieves a better selection of high compliance landholders, but potentially at greater cost than the posted offer market. Results confirm the presence of information asymmetries in these markets and demonstrate that project design affects both the cost effectiveness and the environmental effectiveness of carbon offset projects.
Nonlinear control of robotic systems for environmental waste and restoration

This text focuses on the robust control of robotic manipulators, with special emphasis on the theoretical and implementational issues for environmental waste and restoration applications. The book has been written from a robot control engineering perspective, and covers issues such as system stability and robustness, high accuracy tracking, and other control measures of dynamic system performance, and on implementation specifics for environmental restoration problems that necessitate robot control solutions, including hazardous waste (eg. nuclear).
Tetrapod Relationships and Evolutionary Systematics

Living amphibians and reptiles are representatives of a small number of the many historical tetrapod radiations. Amphibians were the first truly terrestrial vertebrates. Living amphibians are represented by three clades: Gymnophiona (caecilians), Caudata (salamanders), and Anura (frogs). Their ancestors were lobe-finned fishes (Sarcopterygii), a group of bony fishes (Osteichtyes). Amphibians have successfully exploited most terrestrial environments while remaining closely tied to water or moist microhabitats for reproduction. Most amphibians experience rapid desiccation in dry environments, but some species have evolved spectacular adaptations that permit existence in extreme habitats. The earliest fossils assigned to Tetrapoda included Acanthostega and Ichthyostega, both of which were completely aquatic but had four distinct limbs. Biological similarities between amphibians and reptiles and the ease of field and laboratory manipulation of many species have made them model animals for the study of ecology. Amphibians and reptiles have played prominent roles in research on ecology, behavior, phylogeography, genetics, developmental biology, and evolutionary biology.
Grain growth and evolution of other cellular structures

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses grain growth and evolution of other cellular structures. The properties of polycrystalline materials are strongly affected by the average size of their grains, and by the nature of the distribution of their grain sizes. This is especially true of the mechanical properties of materials, but also holds true for the electrical, optical, and magnetic properties. While the initial grain size distribution of a material is controlled by the nucleation of its constituent crystals and by subsequent growth and impingement processes, further evolution often occurs through motion of the grain boundaries that form when crystals impinge. Grain boundary motion results in the growth of some grains, and the shrinkage and disappearance of others, with the average grain size increasing. This process, which occurs in fully crystalline materials, is generally referred to as grain growth. To understand how the distribution of grain sizes evolves during grain growth it is necessary to go beyond the phenomenological model. This has been accomplished with greatest success for 2D systems, for which some relatively simple but powerful topological rules are known. Many of the concepts discussed here in the context of grain growth apply to the evolution of other cellular systems such as magnetic domains and froths or foams.
Sodium-Potassium-activated Adenosine Triphosphatase of Electrophorus Electric Organ VIII. MONOVALENT CATION SITES REGULATING PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY

The K+ activation of the p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity of Electrophorus electric organ (Na+-K+)-ATPase is characterized by a synergistic activation by Na+. This phenomenon does not require the presence of nucleotides, and it is markedly enhanced by dimethylsulfoxide. Analysis of the activation data leads to the conclusion that K+ activation in the absence of Na+ involves two different sets of binding sites, one of which regulates substrate accessibility to the phosphatase site and one of which acts to increase its catalytic potential. Na+ can replace K+ in the first instance, but is only 3% as effective as a catalytic activator. Na+ appears to exert its regulatory action through a distinct set of Na+ specific sites.
Computerized Personality Assessment

This chapter describes the ways in which computers can be and are used in personality assessment and the equivalence of computer-administered tests to traditional assessment methods. The text delineates and illustrates the development of computer-based personality narratives and discusses the validity of computerized narrative reports. The discussion then turns to consideration of the past limitations and unfulfilled dreams of computerized assessment and to issues concerning the offering of psychological assessment services via the Internet and the acceptance and ethics of computer-based psychological assessment. Keywords: assessment; computerized assessment; personality; testing
Psychological approaches to the treatment of depression in adolescents.

This chapter focuses on the psychological treatment of adolescents with nonbipolar, nonpsychotic depression, e. g., major depressive disorder (MDD) or dysthymia (DY), as specified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, third edition— revised (DSM-III-R) (American Psychiatric Association, 1987). Although bipolar disorder is known to occur in adolescence, albeit at a very low prevalence (Bashir, Russell, & Johnson, 1987; Carlson, 1982; Lewinsohn, Hops, Roberts, Seeley, & Andrews, 1993a), the available evidence suggests that its etiology is primarily biological or genetic or both (Medlewicz, 1985).
A Guide to CO2 Sequestration

Carbon capture and storage (or sequestration) is receiving increasing attention as one tool for reducing carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere. In his Perspective, Lackner discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different methods of carbon sequestration. He advises against sequestration in environmentally active carbon pools such as the oceans, because it may merely trade one environmental problem for another. Better sequestration options include underground injection and (possibly underground) neutralization. Taking into account carbon capture, transport, and storage, the author concludes that in the short and medium term, sequestration would almost certainly be cheaper than a full transition to nuclear, wind, or solar energy.
IEEE P1149.4-almost a standard

The IEEE P1149.4 Mixed-Signal Test Bus Working Group is on the cusp of delivering a document that will finally standardize the architecture for, and the method of access to, the analog portion of mixed-signal circuits for test and diagnostic applications. This Standard will have the same profound effect on the design and test community that IEEE 1149.1 had previously. P1149.4 gives the test infrastructure the capability to measure discrete impedances external to devices supporting the Standard using a 6-wire bus. This bus uses 4 of the same signals used today to support 1149.1 compliant devices and subsystems. This paper will detail the basic architecture; give some design-specific information and data learned through the Standard's development process; relate results from several test devices; and provide a basic example of usage.
Modeling Supply Chain Contracts: A Review

In this review, we summarize model-based research on contracts in the supply chain setting and provide a taxonomy for work in this area. During our discussions it became clear that the field has developed in many directions at once. Furthermore, as we surveyed the Uterature, it was not obvious what constitutes a contract in this context. While the nomenclature “supply chain management” is relatively new, many of the problems that are addressed are not. In particular, mathematical models for optimizing inventory control have a long history as a significant part of the mainstream of operations research and operations management. Inventory modeling, per se, dates to the early part of the century and the ideas of a Westinghouse engineer named Ford Harris (1915). A natural issue to address first is what is meant by supply chain management (SCM) research and how it relates to the vast body of work constituting classical inventory theory.
Compensatory Motion During a Bilateral Lifting Task for Transradial Prosthetic Design

Current improvements in the design of a transradial prosthesis include advanced technology in control systems and electronics that improve its functions. However these improvements often require excess mass distally along the prosthesis. A transradial prosthesis without a dynamic wrist component may cause awkward compensatory motion in the shoulder and elbow. It may be important to consider bilateral tasks such as lifting a 2.27 kg (5 lb.) box during the design process of a transradial prosthesis. The main purpose of this study was to determine if restricting motion of the wrist and forearm and thus simulating a basic transradial prosthesis, would cause significant compensatory movement(s) at the shoulder and elbow of either the affected or non-affected limbs during a bilateral lifting task. The second purpose of the study was to determine if the location of added mass of 96 g (mass of an electrical wrist rotator) would affect shoulder and elbow angles of both sides during the lifting task.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Aerobic exercise is necessary to improve glucose utilization with moderate weight loss in women.

Objective: To determine the effects of weight loss (WL) alone and combined with aerobic exercise on visceral adipose tissue (VAT), intramuscular fat, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, and the rate of decline in free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations during hyperinsulinemia. Research Methods and Procedures: We studied 33 sedentary, obese (BMI = 32 ± 1 kg/m2) postmenopausal women who completed a 6-month (three times per week) program of either WL alone (n = 16) or WL + aerobic exercise (AEX) (n = 17). Glucose utilization (M) was measured during a 3-hour hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (40 mU/m2 per minute). M/I, the amount of glucose metabolized per unit of plasma insulin (I), was used as an index of insulin sensitivity. Results: Body weight, total fat mass, and percentage fat decreased similarly in both groups (p < 0.01). VAT, subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue, mid-thigh subcutaneous fat, and intramuscular fat decreased to a similar extent in both groups and between 14% and 27% after WL and WL+AEX (p < 0.05). WL alone did not change M or M/I; however, M and M/I increased 15% and 21% after WL+AEX (p < 0.05). Fasting concentrations and rate of decline of FFA did not change in either group. In stepwise regression models to determine the independent predictors of changes in M and M/I, the change in VAT was the single independent predictor of M (r2 = 0.30) and M/I (r2 = 0.33). Discussion: Intramuscular fat decreases similarly with 6 months of moderate WL alone or with aerobic exercise in postmenopausal women. In contrast, only WL combined with exercise results in increased glucose utilization and insulin sensitivity. These findings should be validated in a larger population.
Formation of unusual palladium(II) complexes containing metalated tri-t-butylphosphine and bidentate ligands

Abstract The bridge-splitting reactions of chloro-bridged dinuclear palladium(II) complex containing metalated tri-t-butylphosphine, [Pd(μ-Cl)(P-C)]2 (1) (P-C = Bu2tPCMe2CH2), with four types of bidentate ligands, [ L L = Ph2PCH2PPh2(dpm), Ph2AsC2H4PPh2(ape), (bipy)], have been shown to produce [P-C)ClPd(dpm)PdCl(P-C)] (2), [(P-C)ClPd(ape)] (3), [(P-C)ClPd(diars)] (4) and [(P-C)ClPd(bipy)] (5). Complex (3) has been found to exist in solution as an equilibrium mixture of a neutral four coordinate palladium(II) complex with ‘arphos’ acting as a monodentate ligand, [( P-C)Pd Cl(PPh2C2H4AsPh2)] and a cationic complex, [( P-C)P d(PPh 2 C 2 H 4 A sPh2)]+Cl−. ‘Diars’ and bipyridyl ligands have been found to behave as mono-dentate ligands, incapable of replacing the chloride ligand to yield the corresponding cationic complexes. Stable cationic complexes, [( P-C)P d(L-L ′)]+PF6− have been prepared from the reaction of AgPF6 with complex 1 followed by the addition of the bidentate ligand.
Interference: between political science and political philosophy

This article begins by asserting that scientific and philosophical fidelities among scholars of international relations provoke a logic of antinomy that is counterproductive to the discipline's goals of understanding world politics. Through a critical introduction to some major concepts in the collaboration between Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, the article assembles a relationship between chaos — understood as the infinite speed of appearance and disappearance — and strategies of thought that developed to cope with impermanence. By tracing from an empirically unknowable ontology to how Deleuze and Guattari produce a constellation of dynamic concepts that spring from change at speeds exceeding human comprehension, I suggest that different strategies for producing knowledge (among them philosophy and science) can produce generative relays between them. The relays between different methods force an ‘interference’, a dynamic friction in which the different strategies are productive of new relationships, both between themselves and with the complexities of political phenomena. The result is more than a pluralist perspective wherein scholarship is produced in a range of ways according to individuated claims and methodological approaches to truth. Instead, this article points toward the productivity of difference itself.