cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differences in the associative constraint on retrieval search from a context cue for children and adults

Abstract How differences in associative constraint contribute to developmental differences in using context cues to retrieve episodic information from memory is examined in seven experiments. Second- and fifth-graders and college adults were shown word triplets at acquisition and asked to recall the final target member of each triplet in a cued recall task. The important manipulations concerned sources of associative information that could mediate retrieval search, including the extent to which the triplet members were related, whether the relation was thematic or categorical, featured prototypical or nonprototypical category members and concerned superordinate or subordinate categorical relations, the contextual specification of episodic information, and the amount of associative structure available in the retrieval cue. The results include the findings that successful cued recall in children is more dependent than that of adults on associative constraint provided in an episode and cue, and that children make relatively better use of thematic and subordinate than of superordinate constraint in using a cue.
Liking for evaluators: Consistency and self-esteem theories

Abstract Consistency and self-esteem theories make contrasting predictions about the relationship between a person's self-evaluation and his liking for an evaluator. When approval is given for a trait different from one on which the target has a clear self-evaluation, consistency theory does not logically apply, and self-esteem effects are predicted. When approval is given for a trait on which self-evaluation is clear, consistency needs are expected to influence the target's response. A laboratory experiment confirmed these predictions, and it was argued that reconciliation of the two theories is possible by careful articulation of the situations to which each applies.
Otoconial agenesis in tilted mutant mice

The sense of balance is one of the phylogenetically oldest sensory systems. The vestibular organs, consisting of sensory hair cells and an overlying extracellular membrane, have been conserved throughout vertebrate evolution. To better understand mechanisms regulating vestibular development and mechanisms of vestibular pathophysiology, we have analyzed the mouse mutant, tilted (tlt), which has dysfunction of the gravity receptors. The tilted mouse arose spontaneously and has not been previously analyzed for a developmental or physiological deficit. Here we demonstrate that the tilted mouse, like the head tilt (het) mouse, specifically lacks otoconia and consequently does not sense spatial orientation relative to the force of gravity. Unlike other mouse mutations affecting the vestibular system (such as pallid, mocha and tilted head), the defect in the tilted mouse is highly penetrant, results in the nearly complete absence of otoconia, exhibits no degeneration of the sensory epithelium and has no apparent abnormal phenotype in other organ systems. We further demonstrate that protein expression in the macular sensory epithelium is qualitatively unaltered in tilted mutant mice.
Regulation of Estrogen Receptor-β Expression in the Female Rat Hypothalamus: Differential Effects of Dexamethasone and Estradiol

Estrogen and glucocorticoids interact in multiple aspects of endocrine regulation by exerting opposing influences on the expression of selective genes. In rats, estrogen receptor (ER)-β is the predominant form of ER present in the hypothalamic paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei, suggesting its involvement in neuroendocrine regulation. To date, the hormonal regulatory profile of the ERβ gene in the rat central nervous system has not been closely elucidated. In the present study, we first examined the effects of dexamethasone (DEX) and estradiol benzoate (EB) on the ERβ protein expression in the PVN and SON of ovariectomized female rats. In the SON and parvocellular and magnocellular parts of the PVN, the number of ERβ immunoreactive nuclei significantly increased after DEX treatment, compared with the control group, whereas EB treatment caused a significant decrease. The effect of EB was consistent across other brain nuclei such as the anteroventral periventricular nucleus and medial preopti...
Evaporation of a suspended droplet in forced convective high-pressure environments

A comprehensive numerical model is developed to study the evaporation of a suspended droplet in forced convective high-pressure environments. This model includes real gas effects, liquid-phase internal circulation, variable thermophysical properties, high-pressure effects, solubility of inert species into the liquid phase, and gas- and liquid-phase transients. Numerical predictions for the suspended droplet within a zero-gravity environment are in very good agreement with the microgravity experimental data. Numerical results show that at higher ambient pressure the droplet swells initially due to the heat-up of the cold droplet, and its subsequent regression rate is far from following the d 2 law during the early stages of droplet evaporation. The numerical results also show that the droplet lifetime decreases with increasing ambient pressure or ambient temperature. The center temperature of the droplet at lower ambient pressure follows the surface temperature faster than at higher ambient pressure. The m...
Readout of TPC tracking chambers with GEMs and pixel chip

Two layers of GEMs and the ATLAS Pixel Chip, FEI3, have been combined and tested as a prototype for Time Projection Chamber (TPC) readout at the International Linear Collider (ILC). The double-layer GEM system amplifies charge with gain sufficient to detect all track ionization. The suitability of three gas mixtures for this application was investigated, and gain measurements are presented. A large sample of cosmic ray tracks was reconstructed in 3D by using the simultaneous timing and 2D spatial information from the pixel chip. The chip provides pixel charge measurement as well as timing. These results demonstrate that a double GEM and pixel combination, with a suitably modified pixel ASIC, could meet the stringent readout requirements of the ILC.
Protostellar Jet Collisions Reduce the Efficiency of Outflow-Driven Turbulence in Molecular Clouds

We present a series of numerical studies of the interaction of colliding radiative, hydrodynamic young stellar outflows. We study the effect of the collision impact parameter on the acceleration of ambient material and the degree to which the flow is isotropized by the collision as a mechanism for driving turbulence in the parent molecular cloud. Our results indicate that the high degree of compression of outflow material, achieved through radiative shocks near the vertex of the interaction, prevents the redirected outflow from spraying over a large spatial region. Furthermore, the collision reduces the redirected outflow's ability to entrain and impart momentum into the ambient cloud. Consideration of the probabilities of outflow collisions leads us to conclude that individual low-velocity fossil outflows are the principle coupling between outflows and the cloud.
A game-theoretic model of curriculum integration and school leadership

Abstract This paper analyzes a simple game-theoretic model of curriculum integration decision-making in a high school with academic and vocational tracks. The model is based on a formal theory of how curriculum integration affects learning. Teachers choose to include a curriculum integration unit in their classes only when it increases learning relative to the next best alternative. The analysis shows that (1) curriculum integration is not invariably the right choice for schools; (2) teachers may independently choose curriculum integration under certain circumstances; (3) teachers’ independent choices about curriculum integration may or may not be optimal from a school-wide perspective; and (4) school leadership is called for when teacher choices are suboptimal.
Medication error reporting in long term care.

Abstract Background: Medication errors are common causes of medical error in the long-term care (LTC) setting. Despite their frequency and potential clinical impact, most medication errors in LTC facilities remain unreported. Before better reporting systems can be developed to reduce clinically significant medication errors, it is necessary to understand how current medication error reporting systems function. Objective: This study describes the medication use and medication error reporting processes, and characterizes the knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about medication errors of the nursing staff at a single LTC facility. Methods: Three methods were used to characterize the medication use and medication error reporting processes and the nursing staff's perceptions about such errors. First, key elements and basic processes were defined through observation and semi-structured interviews. Second, medication error reports were reviewed and summarized over a 21-month period. Third, nursing facility staff were surveyed about their knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs concerning medication errors. Results: The medication use process in the LTC setting is similar to that employed in the acute care setting, consisting of 5 steps: prescribing, documenting, dispensing, administering, and monitoring. In the facility studied, an average of 4.7 medication error reports were submitted per month. Staff felt that half of all medication errors were identified and communicated informally through change-of-shift reports rather than through medication error reports. Most staff (85%) believed that disciplinary action was taken against the person who committed an error. Conclusions: The medication error policies and processes of the LTC facility studied were associated with a low frequency of formal reporting, a narrow perspective on the sources of error, and concerns about disciplinary action. Research is needed to better identify errors, develop interventions that broaden the monitoring perspective to include all health care professionals, reduce the work of reporting, standardize the information collected, and create an institutional atmosphere of participation rather than punishment.
Mass and heat transfer from fluid spheres at low Reynolds numbers

Abstract The transfer of heat and mass from a viscous sphere in a fluid of different viscosity is examined in this paper. A Stokesian velocity field is assumed to have been developed inside and around the sphere. The corresponding transport equations are solved by a numerical method. Results are obtained for the case of mass transport from the sphere, which may also be applied to heat transfer processes. It was observed that the mass transfer from a fluid sphere is in general higher than that from a solid sphere as a result of the internal circulation. A working correlation for the Sherwood number in terms of the Peclet number and the viscosity ratio has also been derived from the numerical results.
Monitoring Populations of Corn Rootworm Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) with a Trap Baited with Cucurbitacins

A trap is described that uses cucurbitacins and carbaryl to capture and kill northern and western corn rootworm beetles ( Diahrotica barberi Smith and Lawrence and D. virgifera virgifera LeConte, respectively). The trap is consistent in numbers of beetles captured per trap per day, and it should be useful in integrated pest management programs that monitor the population density of corn rootworm beetles in cornfields. Captures in 1981, 1982, and 1983 in Illinois showed that western corn rootworm adults that disperse into first-year cornfields were predominantly females.
Cost-effective selection of sampling frequencies for regulatory water quality monitoring

Abstract A dynamic programming code was formulated for the purpose of assigning sampling frequencies throughout a regulatory water quality monitoring network in order to optimize the statistical performance of the network while operating within a fixed budgetary constraint. The statistical objective is to achieve the greatest possible station to station uniformity in confidence interval widths about annual geometric means of the measured water quality variables and to keep the average confidence width reasonably small. The objective function is the sum (over several selected variables and all stations) of the normalized positive deviations of the predicted confidence interval widths from preselected design confidence interval widths. The code was designed to account for the effects of deterministic seasonal variation and serial correlation of the water quality observations by incorporating the results of the time series analysis of historical quality data. The economic constraint ensures that the annual operating cost of the system, including direct costs of travel and laboratory analysis, will not exceed the allowable budget. As an example situation, the dynamic programming code was used to assign sampling frequencies to the nine stations in Illinois from which historical quality data had been obtained and analyzed. Using five design quality constituents and representative travel and laboratory costs, an “optimal” design was produced. The optimal design achieved a 10% improvement in uniformity (standard deviation) of confidence interval widths when compared to a more traditional design based on the same budget and using identical sampling frequencies at every station.
The in vivo association of BiP with newly synthesized proteins is dependent on the rate and stability of folding and not simply on the presence of sequences that can bind to BiP.

Immunoglobulin heavy chain-binding protein (BiP) is a member of the hsp70 family of chaperones and one of the most abundant proteins in the ER lumen. It is known to interact transiently with many nascent proteins as they enter the ER and more stably with protein subunits produced in stoichiometric excess or with mutant proteins. However, there also exists a large number of secretory pathway proteins that do not apparently interact with BiP. To begin to understand what controls the likelihood that a nascent protein entering the ER will associate with BiP, we have examined the in vivo folding of a murine λI immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain (LC). This LC is composed of two Ig domains that can fold independent of the other and that each possess multiple potential BiP-binding sequences. To detect BiP binding to the LC during folding, we used BiP ATPase mutants, which bind irreversibly to proteins, as “kinetic traps.” Although both the wild-type and mutant BiP clearly associated with the unoxidized variable region domain, we were unable to detect binding of either BiP protein to the constant region domain. A combination of in vivo and in vitro folding studies revealed that the constant domain folds rapidly and stably even in the absence of an intradomain disulfide bond. Thus, the simple presence of a BiP-binding site on a nascent chain does not ensure that BiP will bind and play a role in its folding. Instead, it appears that the rate and stability of protein folding determines whether or not a particular site is recognized, with BiP preferentially binding to proteins that fold slowly or somewhat unstably.
Pentavalent ion substitutions in the apatite structure part B. Color

Abstract Pentavalent chromium or manganese substituted into the pentavalent ion site always produced green and blue to green apatites, respectively. The positions of the absorption bands of the CrO3−4 or MnO3−4 oxyanions were not appreciably affected by changes in the composition of the apatite. Possible models based on the Ballhausen-Liehr molecular orbital scheme were used to interpret the reflectance spectra of apatites containing pentavalent vanadium, chromium, and manganese.
Surface preparation and hydrogen compatibility of an iron base superalloy

The apparent hydrogen compatibility of an age hardenable iron base superalloy (Fe + 30 pct Ni + 15 pct Cr + 2.0 pct Ti + 1.25 pct Mo) was affected by specimen preparation technique. Hydrogen induced ductility losses were significantly greater in specimens which were machined before aging than in companion samples which were aged before being machined to shape. This difference in susceptibility to hydrogen is attributed to the combined effects of the strain enhanced precipitation of Ni3Ti (ρ) in the near-surface, cold worked layer produced by the machining operation and the reduction in hydrogen compatibility by ρ precipitation.
Ecogeographic variation in body size and shape of Cape sparrows (Passer melanurus) in southern Africa

Canonical discriminant analyses were used to assess whether four populations of Cape sparrows varied in body size and shape according to predictions from Bergmann's Rule. In accordance with Bergmann's Rule, birds from two hot, arid Namib desert sites (Namib 1 and Namib 2) were smaller than birds from two cool, mesic Transvaal sites. If heat dissipation through extremities (tarsi) is important to reduce water lost from evaporative cooling, birds under hot conditions in dry environments (Namib 2) should have longer tarsi than those in more humid hot environments (Namib 1). Contrary to this, males at Namib 2 had relatively longer wings hut shorter tarsi than at Namib 1, and female relative tarsus length did not vary between desert sites
Type I and Type II γ‐Aminobutyric Acid/Benzodiazepine Receptors: Purification and Analysis of Novel Receptor Complex from Neonatal Cortex

The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptor was purified several thousandfold by affinity chromatography from rat cerebellum, adult cortex, and neonatal cortex. Competition for the benzodiazepine binding site by CL 218872 indicated that cerebellar receptors were predominantly type I, adult cortical receptors were a mixture of subtypes, and neonatal cortex was enriched in type II receptor. The receptor purified from neonatal cortex contained predominantly a 54-kilodalton (kDa), beta-subunit-like protein, whereas receptors from cerebellum and adult cortex contained nearly equal amounts of a 50-kDa, alpha-subunit-like protein and a 54-kDa polypeptide. Peptide maps of trypsin-digested 54-kDa subunits from cerebellum, adult cortex, and neonatal cortex exhibited very similar profiles, a result indicating considerable homology between these proteins in the receptor subtypes. A 59-kDa subunit protein was detected in the receptor complex purified from neonatal cortex. Like the 50-kDa, alpha-subunit of the type I receptor, this protein was photolabeled with [3H]flunitrazepam. The photolabeled peptide fragments, produced by trypsin digestion of these alpha 50- and alpha 59-subunits, exhibited the same retention times on reverse-phase HPLC. A less highly purified GABAA receptor preparation from adult rat spinal cord possessed characteristics that were very similar to those of the receptors purified from neonatal cortex.
Soft sensor for cobalt oxalate synthesis process in cobalt hydrometallurgy based on hybrid model

In the cobalt oxalate synthesis process in cobalt hydrometallurgy, the key end-product quality index, average particle size of cobalt oxalate, needs to be monitored and controlled. It is difficult to measure such particle size online by existing hardware sensors. Soft sensor technique has been widely used for estimating product quality or other important variables when online instruments and sensors are not available. In this paper, a hybrid modeling approach for cobalt oxalate synthesis process in cobalt hydrometallurgy is proposed by combining simplified first principle model with stacked LSSVR model. The former based on population balance equations and mass conservation equation with some assumptions is used for description and analysis of synthesis process in general; and the latter is developed to compensate the unmodeled characteristic and to enhance model generalization capability. Furthermore, a model output offset compensation strategy is also employed to increase the model prediction accuracy. Applications to a cobalt hydrometallurgy pilot plant demonstrate that the proposed approach is more precise and effective than the other conventional models.
Inductance in Thin-Film Superconducting Structures

Thin-film superconducting components and circuits assume the form of coupled strip-transmission lines. The self and mutual inductances of these lines are important to the gain and bandwidth of the circuits. The inductances are influenced strongly by penetration of magnetic fields into the conductors. This paper gives a field solution which shows that the lowest-order mode on a thin-film superconducting strip line is a TM or E wave because of penetration effects. This mode has a non-negligible axial electric field which makes it incorrect to calculate inductance on a flux-linkage-per-unit-current basis even at low frequencies. However, the low-frequency inductance can be correctly calculated on an energy basis if the kinetic energy of the superelectrons is included in the free energy. This latter method is applied to a structure of current practical interest, that of an arbitrary number of infinitely long, very wide, thin, parallel, superimposed, closely spaced conductors above a common ground plane. All distributed self and mutual inductances with any conductor or combination of conductors in either the super or normal state are evaluated.
Degradation of purine nucleosides by mitochondrial enzymes of bovine liver.

In recent years, it was shown that mitochondria actively metabolize purine deoxynucleosides. It was documented that both deoxyguanosine and deoxyadenosine were phosphorylated by mitochondrial enzymes (1–6). In the case of deoxyguanosine, intact mitochondria formed dGMP, dGDP and dGTP (3, 5). dAMP was detected in intact mitochondria which were supplemented with deoxyadenosine (6). Regarding the degradation of purine deoxynucleosides by mitochondrial enzymes, adenosine deaminase activity was noted in intact and fractured mitochondria (6, 7).
Degradation of Starch-Plastic Composites in a Municipal Solid Waste Landfill

The rate and extent of deterioration of starch-plastic composites were determined over a 2-year period for samples buried in a municipal solid waste landfill. The deterioration of the starch-plastic composites following exposure was determined by measuring changes in tensile properties, weight loss, and starch content of samples retrieved from the landfill. Elongation decreases of 92 and 44% were measured for starch-plastic composite LDPE and LLDPE films, respectively, while elongation decreases of 54 and 21% were measured for their corresponding control films following 2 years of burial. Starch loss of 25% for LLDPE and 33% for LDPE starch-plastic composite films was measured following 2 years of landfill burial. Starch-plastic composites did not fragment or lose mass during the 2-year landfill burial. The limited degradation observed for the starch-plastic composites was attributed to the ineffectiveness of the prooxidant additive to catalyze the thermal oxidation of the polyethylene or polypropylene component of the starch-plastic composite under the environmental conditions present within the landfill.
Synthesis of Highly Conducting Heterocyclic F'olycarbazoles by Simultaneous Polymerization and Doping In Liquid Iodine

Abstract Electrically conducting iodine complexes of homopolymers and copolymers of poly(N-akyl-3,3 ‘carbazolyl) are prepared by simultaneous polymerization and doping of N-akyl- and dihalo-derivatives of carbazole in liquid iodine. This represents a direct one-step chemical method of preparing doped conducting polymers from the monomers and dopants analogous to the electrochemical synthetic technique. The amorphous black polymer complexes are stable in air and can be melt cast into films with conductivity in the range 10−-3 to 1 ohm−1cm−1. Preliminary results of Thermal Analysis, FTIR Spectroscopy, and Gel Permeation Chromatography have provided insights into the mechanism and kinetics of polymerization and polymer structures. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) data has provided evidence of transfer of charge from the carbazole unit in the polymer complexes.
Role of the conserved tryptophan 82 of Lactobacillus casei thymidylate synthase.

Abstract Background: Thymidylate synthase (TS; EC 2.1.1.45) catalyzes the reductive methylation of 2′-deoxyuridine-5′-monophosphate (dUMP) by 5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate (CH 2 H 4 folate) to produce 2′-deoxythymi-dine-5′-monophosphate (dTMP) and 7,8-dihydrofolate (H 2 folate). Major advances in the understanding of the mechanism of TS have been made by studying site-specific mutants of the enzyme. Trp82 is completely conserved in allthe 20 TS sequences known. It forms part of the CH 2 H 4 folate binding pocket, is reported to be a component of a catalytically important H-bond network, and is suspected to be the source of an unusual absorbance change at 330 nm when TS forms a ternary complex with 5-fluoro-dTMP and CH 2 H 4 folate. We therefore prepared and characterized a set of 12 mutants at position 82 of Lactobacillus casei TS. Results: Eight Trp82 mutants were active enough for us to determine their kinetic constants for dTMP production, while four were inactive. The active mutants had higher K m values for dUMP (2- to 10-fold) and CH 2 H 4 folate (2- to 27-fold), and lower k cat values (12- to 250-fold) than wild-type TS. The most active mutants were those containing the aromatic side chains Phe and His at position 82. All of the Trp82 mutants catalyzed the debromination of 5-bromo-dUMP with kinetic parameters similar to those of wild-type TS, and all formed ternary complexes with 5-fluoro-dUMP and CH 2 H 4 folate. The absence of Trp82 did not prevent the absorbance change at 330 run on ternary complex formation. Conclusions: Trp82, a completely conserved residue that was shown by X-ray crystallography to interact directly with CH 2 H 4 folate and indirectly with dUMP, does not appear to be essential for binding or catalysis. We do, however, find a preference for an aromatic side chain at position 82. Trp82 does not contribute to the unique spectral change at 330 nm that accompanies TS ternary complex formation.
Effects of Note Taking, Memory, and Language Proficiency on Lecture Learning for Native and Nonnative Speakers of English

U Taking notes while listening to a lecture is a time-honored tradition in academe. American students, as well as their international peers, seem to place great value on the taking of notes during lectures: 92% of the international students and 94% of the Americans surveyed (N = 164) through a questionnaire on the value and practice of taking notes expressed the view that note taking is an important activity (Dunkel & Davy, 1989). Although educators take for granted the efficacy of note taking and encourage the development of training programs aimed at teaching the auditory-cognitive and functional skills that comprise effective note taking (see, for example, Dunkel & Pialorsi, 1982; Lebauer, 1988; Mason, 1983; Reutten, 1986; Sotiriou, 1986; Young & Fitzgerald, 1982), relatively little research evidence unequivocally demonstrates the facilitative function of the act of concurrent note taking on lecture learning for native speakers of English. Except for investigations carried out by Chaudron, Cook, and Loschky (1988) and Dunkel (1988), little empirical research has been conducted concerning the impact of note taking on the comprehension and recall of lecture information in English by nonnative speakers. The study described in this report was undertaken (a) to determine the effect of concurrent note taking on the immediate recognition of lecture information by both native speakers and nonnative speakers of English, (b) to examine the influence of short-term memory span on the encoding by both groups of listeners of lecture material in English, and (c) to assess the effect of English proficiency on learning lecture material in English.
NMR study of tungstated zirconia catalyst: characterizing the surface of tungstated zirconia and the influence of reduction treatment

Abstract In this NMR study, reduction treatment formed and increased Bronsted acid sites on tungstated zirconia (WZ); in contrast, Lewis acid sites was decreased. The upfield shift of pyridine bound to Bronsted acid sites (from −173 to −181 ppm) in reduced and evacuated WZ was ascribed to the increased interaction between pyridine and the H+ of the Bronsted acid sites, indicating that reduction treatment not only increased the number of Bronsted acid sites but also enhanced their strength. However, this upfield shift was not observed in the 31 P NMR spectra of trimethylphosphine (TMP). Bronsted acid strength is not high when compared with that of zeolite.
Monte Carlo simulation of micron size spherical particle removal and resuspension from substrate under fluid flows

Abstract Particle detachment from surfaces and subsequent entrainment into fluid flow occurs in many natural and industrial applications. In this study, a Monte Carlo model for particle resuspension from substrate under turbulent flow conditions was developed. The forces and torque acting on a particle were evaluated and the criteria for the rolling detachment of rough spherical and nearly spherical particles from substrate under turbulent flow conditions were used in the analysis. The statistical variations of physical parameters that were relevant to particle resuspension as well as occurrence of turbulence bursts in the viscous sublayer region were included in the model through a series of Monte Carlo simulations. The fluctuating velocities were assumed to follow a Gaussian distribution and the resuspension fractions were evaluated for a range of conditions. The effects of surface roughness, particle and substrate material properties including Hamaker constant and particle sizes were studied. The model predictions were compared with the available experimental data and good agreement was found.
Structural and mechanistic investigation of a cationic hydrogen-substituted ruthenium silylene catalyst for alkene hydrosilation

The cationic ruthenium silylene complex [Cp*(iPr3P)Ru(H)2(SiHMes)][CB11H6Br6], a catalyst for olefin hydrosilations with primary silanes, was isolated and characterized by X-ray crystallography. Relatively strong interactions between the silylene Si atom and Ru–H hydride ligands appear to reflect a highly electrophilic silicon center. The mechanism of olefin hydrosilation was examined by kinetics measurements and other experiments to provide the first experimentally determined mechanism for the catalytic cycle. This mechanism involves a fast, initial addition of the Si–H bond of the silylene complex to the olefin. Subsequent elimination of the product silane produces an unsaturated intermediate, which can be reversibly trapped by olefin or intercepted by the silane substrate. The latter reaction pathway involves activation of the reactant silane by Si–H oxidative addition and α-hydrogen migration to regenerate the key silylene intermediate.
Leiomyoma of the Foot: Sonographic Features with Pathologic Correlation

Leiomyomas arising outside of the uterus and gastrointestinal tract are uncommon, though these benign soft tissue neoplasms have been reported in the lower extremity and foot. To our knowledge, the sonographic appearance of a lower extremity leiomyoma has not been described in the literature. This report involves a case of leiomyoma of the foot and its sonographic imaging features. MR correlative imaging and histopathology are also provided.
Retailers’ perceptions of the Americans with Disabilities Act: suggestions for low‐cost, high‐impact accommodations for disabled shoppers

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) ushered in an era of puzzling, sometimes confounding regulations for retailers. While the mandated changes were welcomed by disability advocate groups and by consumers at large, retailers have been uneven in their implementation and enactment of the ADA’s actual requirements. The present research reports on a study in which a cross‐section of retailers were interviewed concerning their understanding and their actions following the ADA’s implementation. The study examined anticipated differences among retail awareness of and compliance with the ADA at the local versus the regional or national levels. It was expected and found that national and regional chains have a corporate policy enforced by local management, while locally‐owned retailers interpret and develop their own reactions to the ADA. The level of formality, level of accommodation, and amount of investment differ by available resources of each retailer and the ability to effectively manipulate shopping access. Our findings suggest that retailers can choose to implement low‐cost, high impact accommodations which involve simple readjustments of their existing policies. A critical look at problems and solutions suggests that a no‐surprise, high‐respect environment can be achieved with minimal expense to retailers.
An investigation of family influences on initial weight status, attrition, and treatment outcome in a childhood obesity program

The influence of several family factors on initial weight status, attrition, and treatment outcome among 91 children involved in a behavioral weight loss program was examined. Of the family factors explored, only two were found to be related to children's initial weight status: SES level and the weight status of the parent attending treatment. In regard to attrition, two factors, SES level and marital status (single vs. intact), approached significance. Although none of the family factors were found to be significantly related to treatment outcome, children from intact families who were accompanied by an overweight parent and only children or children who had one or more overweight siblings tended to show greater decreases in percent overweight. Based upon these results, further hypotheses are offered concerning the role of the family in the etiology and treatment of childhood obesity.
Modeling of Cretaceous foreland-basin parasequences, Utah, with implications for timing of Sevier thrusting

Computer modeling suggests that thrusting order can be discriminated on the basis of foreland basin geometry and parasequence stacking patterns. The position of sequential thrust sheets relative to the basin affects the amount and distribution of subsidence, source terrain elevation and distance from the shoreline, and sediment transport into the basin. For this study, a forward numerical model was constructed to quantitatively simulate the interaction of geologic processes active in the foreland basin setting, including thrusting and orogenic development, lithospheric flexure, orogenic denudation, sediment transport across the coastal plain, and nearshore deposition. In order to isolate the effects of tectonics and sediment supply on nearshore deposition, eustatic sea level is held constant. Model runs simulate two different thrusting sequences: foreland stepping (in sequence) and hinterland stepping (out of sequence). When in-sequence thrusting is modeled, sediment is trapped in intra-orogen basins. Because sediment is prevented from reaching the shoreline, the basin is underfilled. When out-of-sequence thrusting is modeled, sediment is transported from the orogen to the shoreline. Episodes of thrusting result in subsidence and marine flooding surfaces, and resulting accommodation space allows for parasequence development. Comparing model output to stratigraphy observed in eastern Utah suggests that Late Cretaceous out-of-sequence uplift and thrust loading resulted in aggradational and progradational parasequence stacking in the Campanian Blackhawk Formation. This result supports the theory that the Pavant thrust system was active prior to deposition of the Blackhawk Formation and that the location of thrust shortening shifted toward the hinterland prior to or during Blackhawk Formation deposition.
Volumetric analysis of lung nodules using a hybrid algorithm

Helical computed tomography (CT) is the premier modality for chest imaging and is increasingly used to detect lung nodules and quantify their size. Several automated methods have been developed to maximize the precision of volume measurement of a nodule once it is identified. Binary variable threshold (VT) and the partial volume (PV) are two commonly used techniques for estimating nodule volume. We present and validate on a phantom an algorithm that combines the benefits of VT and PV techniques. The process begins by defining an initial binary approximation, Wi, The hybrid algorithm then constructs a hollow shell dW around the edges. The shell dW is designed to maximize the likelihood of containing the lung-nodule interface, while minimizing the containment of both the core of nodule and the surrounding lung. Finally, the PV method is applied to dW and the resulting volume is added to the interior volume to obtain the volume of the entire nodule. We have implemented the hybrid method and validated it on a realistic chest phantom that contained 40 simulated nodules. The absolute error of VT and PV was 2.3 mm 3 , with a standard deviation of 2.0 mm 3 . The hybrid method performed better, with an absolute error of 2.2 mm 3 and a standard deviation of 1.9 mm 3 . The algorithm appears to be a promising tool in evaluating the growth of lung nodule.
Differential modulation of vascular cell integrin and extracellular matrix expression in vitro by TGF-β1 correlates with reciprocal effects on cell migration+

In vitro, BAEC and BASMC migratory phenotypes are known to be reciprocally modulated by both soluble factors and extracellular matrix proteins. In addition, integrin matrix receptors mediate endothelial and smooth muscle cell attachment and migration. To further elucidate these phenomena, we studied the effects of TGF-beta 1 on integrin expression by vascular BASMC and BAEC in tissue culture. TGF-beta 1 upregulated mRNA levels and surface pools of BASMC beta 3 integrin classes without modulating beta 1 integrin mRNA levels or expression of beta 1 integrin organization. In contrast to its effects on BASMC, TGF-beta 1 increased BAEC mRNA levels and surface expression of beta 1 and beta 3 integrins without altering their organization. Conversely, extracellular matrix components (fibronectin, laminin, and fibrinogen) organized cell surface integrins in both BASMC and BAEC without affecting the size of their cell surface pools. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that SMC and EC behavior in neointimal lesions may be modulated, in part, through a coordination of soluble factor and extracellular matrix protein regulation of integrin surface expression and organization.
Discrete element modeling of a Mars Exploration Rover wheel in granular material

Abstract Three-dimensional discrete element method (DEM) simulations were developed for the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission to investigate: (1) rover wheel interactions with martian regolith; and (2) regolith deformation in a geotechnical triaxial strength cell (GTSC). These DEM models were developed to improve interpretations of laboratory and in situ rover data, and can simulate complicated regolith conditions. A DEM simulation was created of a laboratory experiment that involved a MER wheel digging into lunar regolith simulant. Sinkage and torques measured in the experiment were compared with those predicted numerically using simulated particles of increasing shape complexity (spheres, ellipsoids, and poly-ellipsoids). GTSC simulations, using the same model regolith used in the MER simulations, indicate a peak friction angle of approximately 37–38° compared to internal friction angles of 36.5–37.7° determined from the wheel digging experiments. Density of the DEM regolith was 1820 kg/m 3 compared to 1660 kg/m 3 for the lunar simulant used in the wheel digging experiment indicating that the number of grain contacts and grain contact resistance determined bulk strength in the DEM simulations, not density. An improved correspondence of DEM and actual test regolith densities is needed to simulate the evolution of regolith properties as density changes.
The effect of artificial photoperiod on growth and reproduction in the land snail Cepaea nemoralis

Summary Specimens of Cepaea nemoralis were raised from egg to adult in the laboratory for 15.5 months in two artificial photoperiods: short-day (LD 8:16) and long-day (LD 16:8). Over 20% of the snails in each photoperiod were functional adults by the end of the experiment and had fully developed male and female reproductive systems as determined both by dissection and by oviposition. A total of 925 eggs were laid by animals reared in a long-day photoperiod, whereas animals in a short-day photoperiod laid 677 eggs. Animals reared in a long-day photoperiod grew slightly faster (2.04 mg/day compared to 1.73 mg/day), began laying eggs about 18 days sooner, and suffered higher mortality (19% compared to 11%) than animals reared in a short-day photoperiod. These results clearly establish for C. nemoralis that gametogenesis and the development of a functional hermaphroditic reproductive system are neither prevented nor significantly retarded by exposing the animals to a short-day photoperiod for their entire pre...
Sodium-potassium ATPase emerges as a player in hippocampal phenotypes of Angelman syndrome mice.

Angelman syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by intellectual disabilities, ataxia, and unusually happy affect. The hippocampal pyramidal cells of Angelman syndrome model mice have altered intrinsic membrane properties, which Kaphzan et al. (Cell Rep 4: 405–412, 2013) demonstrate can be corrected by genetic reduction of the α1-subunit of the sodium-potassium ATPase. Intriguingly, this manipulation also restores hippocampal long-term potentiation and learning. In this Neuro Forum, we discuss translational implications of this work and remaining questions left in its wake.
Mechanism of Allosteric Modulation of the Cys-loop Receptors

The cys-loop receptor family is a major family of neurotransmitter-operated ion channels. They play important roles in fast synaptic transmission, controlling neuronal excitability, and brain function. These receptors are allosteric proteins, in that binding of a neurotransmitter to its binding site remotely controls the channel function. The cys-loop receptors also are subject to allosteric modulation by many pharmaceutical agents and endogenous modulators. By binding to a site of the receptor distinct from the neurotransmitter binding site, allosteric modulators alter the response of the receptors to their agonists. The mechanism of allosteric modulation is traditionally believed to be that allosteric modulators directly change the binding affinity of receptors for their agonists. More recent studies support the notion that these allosteric modulators are very weak agonists or antagonists by themselves. They directly alter channel gating, and thus change the distribution of the receptor across multiple different affinity states, indirectly influencing receptors’ sensitivity to agonists. There are two major locations of allosteric modulator binding sites. One is in subunit interfaces of the amino-terminal domain. The other is in the transmembrane domain close to the channel gating machinery. In this review, we also give some examples of well characterized allosteric binding pockets.
Efficient Mapping of Hardware Tasks on Reconfigurable Computers Using Libraries of Architecture Variants

Scheduling and partitioning of task graphs on reconfigurable hardware needs to be carefully carried out in order to achieve the best possible performance. In this paper, we demonstrate that a significant improvement to the total execution time is possible by incorporating a library of hardware task implementations, which contains multiple architectural variants for each hardware task reflecting tradeoffs between the resources utilization and the task execution throughput. We develop a genetic algorithm based mapping approach, which considers both task graph and target platform, and present results for an N-body simulation application using estimated numbers for resource utilization for the constituent tasks and based on actual architectural constraints from different reconfigurable platforms. The results demonstrate improvements of up to 85.3% in the execution time, compared to choosing a fixed implementation variant for each task while keeping a reasonable searching time.
Mutation screening and association of human retinoid X receptor γ variation with lipid levels in familial type 2 diabetes

Abstract Both type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and familial combined hyperlipidemia have been mapped to human chromosome 1q21–q24. This region includes the retinoid X receptor γ(RXRγ), which is a strong candidate for both glucose and lipid metabolism. Retinoid X receptors form heterodimers with a variety of nuclear receptors, including peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors α and γ ( PPAR α and PPAR γ), and are synergistic targets for drugs that alter glucose and lipid metabolism. We hypothesized that RXR γ variation could explain the linkage of diabetes and lipid disorders to this region. We screened each of the 10 exons, the flanking intronic sequences, the 3 ′ untranslated region, and the 5 ′ flanking region. We identified 14 variants, none of which altered the coding sequence. Of the 10 variants examined in a diabetes case-control study, three showed nominal ( p p =0.024–0.00044) and two variants were associated with triglyceride levels ( p RXR γ haplotypes were also associated with several measures of pancreatic β-cell function, consistent with the proposed role of lipid metabolism in insulin secretion. These data suggest that RXR γ may contribute to disordered lipid metabolism in members of familial T2DM kindreds, but this gene is unlikely to explain the linkage of T2DM with this region.
THE LS(1)-0417MOD AIRFOIL AERODYNAMIC FLOW CHARACTERISTICS WITH THE APPLICATION OF VORTEX GENERATORS

The second phase of testing using the LS(1)-0417MOD airfoil model was completed in The Ohio State University’s 3x5 wind tunnel for conditions including a clean (baseline) surface, leading edge grit roughness and vortex generators. The tests were conducted in both twodimensional and three-dimensional model configurations and for steady state and unsteady flow conditions. Local lift, moment and pressure drag were obtained from six spanwise pressure distributions. The results showed that the application of the grit roughness reduces the maximum lift coefficients in all configurations. A large increase in the maximum lift coefficient was observed with the application of the vortex generators in 3D steady state flow for all the spanwise stations. For the 3D unsteady flow, the maximum lift coefficients were always higher than those for steady state, even with the application of the vortex generators. The smallest hysteresis loops were found at the tip spanwise station. The application of specific vortex generators eliminated the hysteresis loops and increased the maximum lift coefficient significantly in the 3D model configuration, especially in the wall station.
Verbal paired-associate transfer as a function of practice and paradigm shift

Two studies investigated the effects of practice and paradigm shift on three transfer paradigms: A-B’, A-B; A-C, A-B; and C-D, A-B. Ss were administered the same paradigm for three successive sets of paired associates after which they were either continued with the same paradigm for a fourth set or shifted to a different paradigm. Performance under the A-B’ paradigm tended to diverge from the other paradigms as a function of sets. Paradigm shift did not affect performance beyond that expected on the basis of the nature of the paradigm shifted to.