cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plasma Chemical Aspects of Magnetron Ion Etching with CF4/O2 and CF4/H2

Magnetron plasmas are of great current interest for semiconductor manufacturing applications because of their high ion density and low operating pressure. We have studied the properties of a magnetron ion etching system using CF4, CF4/O2, and CF4/H2 with respect to the plasma chemistry and the interaction of the plasma with the etched substrate. The higher dissociation and ionization rates lead to significant changes in the species present in the plasma as compared to a conventional reactive ion etching (RIE) plasma. The F atom concentration in a CF4 magnetron plasma is much higher than in a RIE plasma. The addition of O2 leads to only a small further enhancement and produces a decrease in the Si etch rate. Addition of H2 suppresses the F atom concentration slightly, produces very little C-F polymer, and does not lead to highly selective etching of SiO2 over Si. The highly dissociated species in the magnetron plasma produce less C-F polymer, both on the wafer and on the chamber walls, relative to RIE.
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW IN 1958-1959: I

Censorship of Motion Pictures . A recent amendment to the New York statute dealing with the licensing of motion pictures defines as “immoral” a picture “the dominant purpose or effect of which is erotic or pornographic; or which portrays acts of sexual immorality, perversity, or lewdness, or which expressly or impliedly presents such acts as desirable, acceptable or proper patterns of behavior.” The Education Department denied a license to the distributor of “Lady Chatterley's Lover” on the finding that three scenes were “immoral.” On appeal, the Regents of the University of New York upheld the denial of the license on the broader ground that “the whole theme of this motion picture is immoral under said law, for that theme is the presentation of adultery as a desirable, acceptable and proper pattern of behavior.” In affirming the denial, the Court of Appeals unanimously and explicitly rejected any notion that the film was obscene, but found rather that the picture as a whole “alluringly portrays adultery as proper behavior,” and that the only part of the statute applicable here was that which bars films which portray “acts of sexual immorality … as desirable.” Though there was no agreement on a single opinion, the Justices were unanimous in reversing the Court of Appeals. In behalf of a bare majority, Justice Stewart argued that since the state construction took the case outside the scope of such concepts as “obscenity” or “pornography,” and did not even suggest that the film would incite to illegal action, the state has in effect prohibited the exhibition of a motion picture because it advocates an idea, that under certain circumstances adultery may be proper behavior. This runs contrary to the basic guarantee of the First Amendment, which is the “freedom to advocate ideas,” and thus the state has quite simply “struck at the very heart of constitutionally protected liberty.” For the state misconceives what the Constitution protects. “Its guarantee,” wrote Justice Stewart, “is not confined to the expression of ideas that are conventional or shared by a majority. It protects advocacy of the opinion that adultery may sometimes be proper, no less than advocacy of socialism or the single tax. And in the realm of ideas it protects expression which is eloquent no less than that which is unconvincing.” Free speech, he went on to argue, cannot be denied where advocacy falls short of incitement, and where there is nothing to indicate that the advocacy will be acted on immediately.
Marketing in 1985: A View from the Ivory Tower:

NFLATION and recession, resource shortages, a web of ecological problems, changing social values, a proliferation of business regulations, and other developments of recent years have taken their toll on American business. Such changes in the external environment of business have stimulated academicians and writers for the general media to address questions such as: "Can Capitalism Survive:"; "Can Marketing Survive?"; "Will Shortages Bankrupt the Marketing Concept?" Others are directing their efforts to forecasting the uncertain future and the burgeoning discipline of "futures research."
Dexamethasone stimulates transcription of the Na+-K+-ATPase β1 gene in adult rat lung epithelial cells

Na+-K+-ATPase plays an essential role in active alveolar epithelial fluid resorption. In fetal and adult alveolar epithelial cells, glucocorticoids (GC) increase Na+-K+-ATPase activity and mRNA lev...
CONDUCTION SYSTEM FAILURE WITH KIDNEY INJURY AND THROMBOCYTOPENIA: SHOULD YOU IMPLANT A PACEMAKER?

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a fatal disease with a myriad of systemic manifestations. Cardiac conduction system involvement in TTP has been diagnosed in post mortem examinations. A look beyond the electrocardiogram (ECG) is essential in identifying this extremely rare form of
Prior hypoxia prevents downregulation of ACE-2 by hyperoxia in fetal human lung fibroblasts.

ABSTRACTPurpose/Aim of Study: The renin angiotensin system is involved in experimentally induced lung fibrosis. Angiotensin (ANG)-II is profibrotic. Angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) cleaves ANG-II and is thus protective. ACE-2 has recently been reported to be significantly decreased under hyperoxic conditions. Hyperoxia is linked to Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia and lung fibrosis. Fetal lung cells normally do not undergo fibrotic changes with physiologic hypoxemia. We hypothesized that hypoxia prior to hyperoxic exposure in fetal lung fibroblasts (IMR-90 cell line) might be protective by preventing ACE-2 downregulation. Materials and Methods: IMR-90 cells were exposed to hypoxia (1%O2/99%N2) followed by hyperoxia (95%O2/5%CO2) or normoxia (21%O2) in vitro. Cells and culture media were recovered separately for assays of ACE-2, TNF-α-converting enzyme (TACE), αSmooth muscle actin (αSMA)—myofibroblast marker-, N-cadherin, and β-catenin immunoreactive protein. Results: ACE-2 significantly increased when I...
347 A RANDOMIZED STUDY OF STUDENT FEEDBACK ON HISTORY AND PHYSICAL USING AN ELECTRONIC LEARNING PORTFOLIO.

Purpose To compare the impact of an on-line learning portfolio system vs usual care on feedback students received on the history and physical (H&P) write-ups and on student9s H&P skills. Methods We randomized all third-year medical students on an internal medicine clerkship to receive feedback on H&Ps by the usual care (printing write-ups for their teachers) versus through the learning portfolio (LP) system. LP contains all students9 clinical notes, automatically downloaded from the electronic medical record. Teachers (ward residents and attendings) access the system anytime to read write-ups and provide students feedback through typing corrections and comments onto the write-up on-line. Outcome measures included teacher assessment of student9s H&P skills and student self-assessment of feedback received on H&Ps. Results Thirty-one students have completed the study. At the conclusion of the clerkship, residents and attendings showed a trend to rate students in the LP group higher on HP all but one student reported that it was easy to use. Conclusion The learning portfolio system is an efficient and may be an effective means of delivering student H&Ps to teachers for helpful feedback. We have extended the study to include 45 more students.
Analysis on Partial Sequence of Mitochondrial DNA D-loop Region Variation Position of Goat

In this study,we aligned and analyzed 453 bp segment of mitochondrial DNA D-loop hypervariable region(Positions 15 735-16 187 bp of complete mitochondrial genome) from 1 182 sequences,neighbor-joining(NJ) tree and network showed that the sequences were divided into four distinct mtDNA lineages A-D,and included 1 001,134,24 and 13 sequences,respectively.After the alignment of the sequences,nucleotide position of A,B,C and D lineage specific were acquired,and included 5,6,18 and 7 variation positions,respectively,moreover,2 lineages common variation positions were found.
Two components of calcium currents in the soma of photoreceptors of Hermissenda

1. The proposed mechanism of cellular plasticity underlying classical conditioning of Hermissenda involves Ca2+ influx through voltage-activated channels. This influx triggers several molecular cascades and leads to the phosphorylation of K+ channels in identified photoreceptors. We studied Ca2+ currents from isolated photoreceptors of Hermissenda with the whole cell patch-clamp technique. Two distinct Ca2+ currents were identified in isolated photoreceptors on the basis of differences in their voltage dependence, kinetics, and pharmacology. 2. One Ca2+ current was transient (ICa(t)), with a fast onset (approximately 5 ms), activated at -50 mV from a holding potential of -90 mV, and peaked at 0 mV. The second Ca2+ current, designated as sustained (ICa(s)), exhibited a delayed time-to-peak, activated at -30 mV, and reached maximum at 30 mV. 3. Steady-state activation curves for both currents were generated from normalized currents and fitted with the Boltzmann function; estimates of half-activation voltages for ICa(t) were -38.8 +/- 6.7 mV (mean +/- SD; n = 9) and 3.2 +/- 8.2 mV for ICa(s) (n = 11) with maximum slopes of 8.9 +/- 1.6 mV (n = 9) and 11.0 +/- 2.4 mV (n = 11). 4. The inactivation of ICa(s) was slow (time constants > 3 s) whereas ICa(t) inactivated rapidly (time constant of inactivation at various voltages; 75-600 ms). 5. Ni2+ (0.8 mM), Gd3+ (0.5 mM), and amiloride (10 microM) produced a reversible block of ICa(t) without affecting ICa(s). omega-Conotoxin GVIA (10 nM) irreversibly blocked ICa(s) whereas nitrendipine (20 microM) produced a reversible block. 6. ICa(t) may be responsible for steady-state membrane potential oscillations. ICa(s) may contribute to the maintenance of the amplitude of the plateau phase of the generator potential.
Modeling the Effect of Replacing Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption with Water on Energy Intake, HBI Score, and Obesity Prevalence

Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) contribute to excessive weight gain through added energy intake. Replacing SSB with water is one strategy that has shown promise in helping lower excessive energy intake. Using nationally representative data from US adults (n = 19,718) from NHANES 2007–2012 we examine the impact of replacing SSB with water on Healthy Beverage Index (HBI) scores and obesity prevalence. Replacing an 8-ounce serving of SSB with water lowered the percent of energy from beverages from 17% to 11% (among those consuming 1 serving SSB/day). Reductions in the percent energy from beverages were observed across all SSB consumption groups (1–2 servings/day and >2 servings/day). Among adults there was a 9% to 21% improvement in HBI score when one serving of water replaced one serving of SSB. Using previously published randomized controlled trials (RCT) and meta-analyses of measured weight loss we also predicted a reduction in the prevalence of obesity (observed: 35.2%; predicted 33.5%–34.9%, p < 0.05) and increase in the prevalence of normal weight (observed: 29.7%; high weight loss: 31.3%, p < 0.05). Our findings provide further epidemiologic evidence that water in the place of SSB can be used as a strategy to limit energy intake and help individuals meet beverage intake recommendations.
Are illicit drug users more likely to receive mental health treatment

AbstractAims: The relationship between using illicit substances and seeking out mental health treatments has not been well studied. This study aimed to explore the relationship and identification of drug usage patterns related to the highest frequency of receiving mental health care. Methods: Data were obtained from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2004 to 2013. Subjects were grouped according to their drug use. We examined whether there were differences between undergoing various mental health treatment and drug usage. Findings: A total of 322,869 adults were included in the study. Using a combination of analgesics and cocaine had the highest utilisation of inpatient treatment (2.9%). Using hallucinogens and cocaine showed the highest utilisation of outpatient treatment (13.3%). Those who used marijuana, hallucinogens and cocaine were most likely prescribed medicine for treatment (13.9%). There was a significant difference between drug users and non-users in all forms of mental health trea...
Glyco-seek: Ultrasensitive Detection of Protein-Specific Glycosylation by Proximity Ligation Polymerase Chain Reaction.

We report a non-destructive biochemical technique, termed “Glyco-seek”, for analysis of O-GlcNAcylated proteins. Glyco-seek combines chemoenzymatic labeling, proximity ligation, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction to detect O-GlcNAcylated proteins with ultrahigh sensitivity. Our glycan-specific assay can be paired with traditional proximity ligation assays to simultaneously determine the change in total protein levels. We show that Glyco-seek detects attomoles of glycoproteins of interest from cell lysates, with sensitivity several orders of magnitude higher than that of current techniques. We used the method to directly assay the O-GlcNAcylation status of a low-abundance transcription factor from cell lysates without need for isolation or enrichment.
Clinicopathological, functional, and immediate oncologic outcome assessment in men aged≤50 years with prostate cancer after robotic prostatectomy.

Abstract Background To define the pathologic and functional outcomes of men 50 years of age and younger with prostate cancer in a contemporary robotic cohort, this study was designed. Methods Patients undergoing robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy from April 2002 to April 2012 (n = 2,495) formed the base population for the current analyses. The patients were dichotomized according to their age≤50 (n = 271) and>50-year-old (n = 2,224). Clinicopathological and health-related quality-of-life outcomes were recorded and analyzed for differences. Propensity score matching was used when assessing urinary and sexual function outcome. Results Baseline prostate-specific antigen and clinical stage were similar between men older than 50 years and those younger. Younger patients had less severe disease (D׳Amico risk and Gleason scores) and smaller prostates. Young men had higher rates of erectile function at all time points, including baseline (94% vs. 83% at 12 mo, P Conclusion Most men aged 50 years and younger who received robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy had clinically significant prostate cancer. Although histopathologic and short-term oncologic outcomes were nearly identical when compared to older patients, younger men had a more rapid and superior return of erectile function.
A robust super resolution method for video

Super resolution reconstruction produces a higher resolution image based on a set of low resolution images, taken from the same scene. Recently, many papers have been published, proposing a variety algorithms of video super resolution. This paper presents a new approach to video super resolution, based on sparse coding and belief propagation. First, find the candidate pixels on multiple frames using sparse coding and belief propagation. Second, exploit the similarities of candidate pixels using the Non-local Means method to average out the noise among similar patches. The experimental results show the effectiveness of our method and demonstrate its robustness to other super resolution methods.
Identification of an atypical etiological head and neck squamous carcinoma subtype featuring the CpG island methylator phenotype.

Abstract Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is broadly classified into HNSCC associated with human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, and HPV negative HNSCC, which is typically smoking-related. A subset of HPV negative HNSCCs occur in patients without smoking history, however, and these etiologically ‘atypical' HNSCCs disproportionately occur in the oral cavity, and in female patients, suggesting a distinct etiology. To investigate the determinants of clinical and molecular heterogeneity, we performed unsupervised clustering to classify 528 HNSCC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) into putative intrinsic subtypes based on their profiles of epigenetically (DNA methylation) deregulated genes. HNSCCs clustered into five subtypes, including one HPV positive subtype, two smoking-related subtypes, and two atypical subtypes. One atypical subtype was particularly genomically stable, but featured widespread gene silencing associated with the ‘CpG island methylator phenotype' (CIMP). Further distinguishing features of this ‘CIMP-Atypical' subtype include an antiviral gene expression profile associated with pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages and CD8+ T cell infiltration, CASP8 mutations, and a well-differentiated state corresponding to normal SOX2 copy number and SOX2OT hypermethylation. We developed a gene expression classifier for the CIMP-Atypical subtype that could classify atypical disease features in two independent patient cohorts, demonstrating the reproducibility of this subtype. Taken together, these findings provide unprecedented evidence that atypical HNSCC is molecularly distinct, and postulates the CIMP-Atypical subtype as a distinct clinical entity that may be caused by chronic inflammation.
Models of Polyimide Spray Coatings

Model calculations have been performed to provide guidance for the development of solution spray techniques for coating NIF scale mandrels with 150 μm thick polyimide ablator layers. The deposition...
Predicting actions from subtle preparatory movements.

Abstract To study how people anticipate others’ actions, we designed a competitive reaching task. Subjects faced each other separated by a Plexiglas screen and their finger movements in 3D space were recorded with sensors. The first subject (Attacker) was instructed to touch one of two horizontally arranged targets on the screen. The other subject (Blocker) touched the same target as quickly as possible. Average finger reaction times (fRTs) were fast, much faster than reactions to a dot moving on the screen in the same manner as the Attacker’s finger. This suggests the presence of subtle preparatory cues in other parts of the Attacker’s body. We also recorded videos of Attackers’ movements and had Blockers play against unedited videos as well as videos that had all preparatory cues removed by editing out frames before Attacker finger movements started. Blockers’ fRTs in response to the edited videos were significantly slower (∼90 ms). Also, reversing the preparatory movements in the videos tricked the Blockers into choosing the incorrect target at the beginning of their movement. Next, we occluded various body parts of the Attacker and showed that fRTs slow down only when most of the body of the Attacker is occluded. These results indicate that informative cues are widely distributed over the body and Blockers can use any piece from a set of redundant cues for action prediction. Reaction times in each condition remained constant over the duration of the testing sessions indicating a lack of learning during the experiment. These results suggest that during a dynamic two-person interaction, human subjects possess a remarkable and built-in action reading capacity allowing them to predict others’ goals and respond efficiently in this competitive setting.
Variations in VOT for English initial stops

Abstract: The duration of voice onset time (VOT), using a pause adjustment device, was systematically altered for English stops. For voiceless stops VOT was reduced to half the distance between the voiced and voiceless cognates, VOT was made equivalent to the voiced cognate, and the vocalic portion preceded the release and aspiration segments by 20 ms. Changes in VOT for the voiced stops involved the inversion of the first two measurements described above. In general, our findings did not indicate that changes in VOT duration for stop-vowel syllables altered appreciably the perception of voicing. Further, in a subsequent experiment when only the burst + the first 10, 20 or 30 ms of aspiration were presented to listeners, the stops were identified as voiceless. The conclusions drawn from these experiments are that aspiration is the primary perceptual cue in the detection of voicing, and that VOT operates as a relatively unimportant secondary cue.
Role of MRI in the Use of an Absorbable Hydrogel Spacer in Men Undergoing Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer: What the Radiologist Needs to Know

OBJECTIVE. Hydrogel spacers have a novel role in the treatment of low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer with dose-escalated radiation therapy. Given the growing number of patients undergoing treatment with radiation therapy, the use of hydrogel spacers is expected to increase. The purpose of this article is to review what a radiologist needs to know about the imaging of hydrogel spacers, including MRI technique and appearance on CT and MRI. CONCLUSION. MRI has a critical role in the evaluation of hydrogel spacer placement and is used to facilitate contouring by the radiation oncologist. The radiologist should be familiar with the imaging appearance of hydrogel spacers on CT and MRI to avoid interpretation pitfalls and errors.
Understanding homogeneous nucleation in solidification of aluminum by molecular dynamics simulations

Homogeneous nucleation from aluminum (Al) melt was investigated by million-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations utilizing the second nearest neighbor modified embedded atom method (MEAM) potentials. The natural spontaneous homogenous nucleation from the Al melt was produced without any influence of pressure, free surface effects and impurities. Initially isothermal crystal nucleation from undercooled melt was studied at different constant temperatures, and later superheated Al melt was quenched with different cooling rates. The crystal structure of nuclei, critical nucleus size, critical temperature for homogenous nucleation, induction time, and nucleation rate were determined. The quenching simulations clearly revealed three temperature regimes: sub-critical nucleation, super-critical nucleation, and solid-state grain growth regimes. The main crystalline phase was identified as face-centered cubic (fcc), but a hexagonal close-packed (hcp) and an amorphous solid phase were also detected. The hcp phase was created due to the formation of stacking faults during solidification of Al melt. By slowing down the cooling rate, the volume fraction of hcp and amorphous phases decreased. After the box was completely solid, grain growth was simulated and the grain growth exponent was determined for different annealing temperatures.
Repairing gaps in Kinari-2 for large scale protein and flexibility analysis applications

Pebble game rigidity analysis is a combinatorial method, implemented in our free web server KinariWeb, for extracting protein rigidity and flexibility information without performing costly molecular dynamics simulations. Due to the idiosynchrasies of the data in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), Kinari succeeds only on a fraction of the available files. Motivated by large scale applications, aiming at processing almost all the PDB files, we have recently developed a faster and more robust version, the phased pebble game algorithm. It is specifically designed to take advantage of the sequential structure of biopolymers. However, the structural data available in the Protein Data Bank for proteins solved with X-ray crystallography is very rarely complete: missing residues induce gaps in the atom sequence, leading to incomplete rigidity analysis results. In this paper, we describe the pre-processing component of the new version Kinari-2, which fixes such gaps for the purpose of producing a valid input for the phased pebble game algorithm described in [19].
NORAD’S Future: St-Amand’s Revelation, Gortney’s Complaint, and Vigilant Shield 17’s Component Commander

The Trudeau government’s 2017 defence white paper promised that, “Canada will work closely with the United States to ensure NORAD is fully prepared to confront rapidly evolving threats including exploring new roles for the command, taking into account the full range of threats.” This chapter explores current trends in North American missile defence, maritime defence and air defence that could affect the future of the binational command in 2018, as the two governments observe the 60th anniversary of the NORAD accord, and in the years beyond. It suggests four possible models for the command’s future: first, an enhanced multi-domain NORAD to which responsibility has been given, in addition to its current roles, for maritime defence, or missile defence, or both—a North American Defence Command in other words; second, a NORAD that has been reduced to its original role as an air defence headquarters and moved out of Colorado Springs in the form of a combined joint task force; third, a variant of the second option in which the task force, i.e. NORAD would act as a stand-by entity; and finally, NORAD unchanged from what it is today.
Rural Burn Care

Burn injuries are a very visible and painful subset of trauma care. Significant burns cause long-term morbidity and usually permanent scarring. Care is directed at evaluation of depth and extent of injury, severity of pre- and co-existing problems, and decision as to whether these are minor injuries within the care of the practicing surgeon and community hospital or are major burns, best cared for in a burn center. Accurate burn size estimation is the key to appropriate care. Special needs of tar, electrical burns, and chemical burns are discussed.
A Radio-Frequency Glow Discharge Ion Gun for Preparation of High T c Oxide Superconductor Surfaces

We describe the development and application of a radio frequency (RF) glow discharge O2 ion gun for preparation of superconducting surfaces and its successful use on epitaxial thin films of YBa2Cu3O7 and Y2Ba4Cu8O16 superconductors. The technique is based on the use of an RF driven electrical discharge in a low pressure oxygen gas to provide a chemically active oxygen species capable of reacting with and removing surface impurity. The oxygen plasma is produced when RF power is coupled to the system in an inductive or capacitive configuration. The plasma created contains a variety of excited neutral and ionized atomic and molecular species, and electrons with energy up to several electron volts. Design of the plasma gun is shown in the following figure. It consists of a 6" long and 3/8" o.d. quartz tube mounted on a 2–3/4" conflat flange. The geometry of the quartz tube provides a mechanism for controlling the plasma density on the substrate. Since the gas pressure at the nozzle is much higher than the pressure in the tube, plasma created in the nozzle extends out in vacuum in the form of a plume. The length of the plume is decided by the mean neutralization/de-excitation distance outside the RF power zone.
Concepts about Forests and Water

Six concepts concerning forests, forestry, and water resources are discussed: (1) the role of the forest canopy in erosion control; (2) the impact of disturbance on soils; (3) the variability of natural water quality; (4) the impact of harvesting on water quality;( 5) the role of extreme experiments; and (6) the effectiveness of forestry best management practices (BMP). The literature shows that the forest floor, not the canopy, protects soils from erosion. Harvesting can be conducted in ways that limit compaction and essentially confine overland flow to areas of exposed mineral soil on roads, trails, and log landings. Overland flow form these areas can be controlled and converted to subsurface flow before it reaches streams and lakes. Thus, effects to watershed hydrology are small. Undisturbed watersheds tend to have better quality water than highly disturbed watersheds, but the undisturbed character of a catchment does not assure high-quality water. Undisturbed forests vary greatly in sediment and chemical exports that are controlled by variables such as streamflow, soils, geology, air pollution, and land use history. Conversely, timber harvesting does not necessarily have measurable or biologically meaningful negative effects on water quality. Forestry BMP have proven effective in controlling adverse changes to in-stream sediment and water chemistry. Many studies that have reported large changes in water quality often represent extreme treatments not associated with typical forest operations, or they have not employed BMP. Properly and adequately used forestry BMP protect watershed resources while allowing the removal of wood products.
Light and Shade of New Antibiotics

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria or superbugs represent a challenge for clinicians and a serious and worsening threat to human health both in community and hospital settings [1]. Physicians routinely encounter patients with infections that are not responding to available treatments and when new antibacterials arrive on the market, bacteria quickly develop resistance. The microorganisms that are mainly involved in the resistance process are the so-called ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and enterobacteriaceae), emphasizing their ability to ‘escape’ from commonly used antibacterial treatment [2].
A Review of Heterogeneity in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects approximately 8%-12% of children worldwide. Throughout an individual's lifetime, ADHD can significantly increase risk for other psychiatric disorders, educational and occupational failure, accidents, criminality, social disability and addictions. No single risk factor is necessary or sufficient to cause ADHD. The multifactorial causation of ADHD is reflected in the heterogeneity of this disorder, as indicated by its diversity of psychiatric comorbidities, varied clinical profiles, patterns of neurocognitive impairment and developmental trajectories, and the wide range of structural and functional brain anomalies. Although evidence-based treatments can reduce ADHD symptoms in a substantial portion of affected individuals, there is yet no curative treatment for ADHD. A number of theoretical models of the emergence and developmental trajectories of ADHD have been proposed, aimed at providing systematic guides for clinical research and practice. We conducted a comprehensive review of the current status of research in understanding the heterogeneity of ADHD in terms of etiology, clinical profiles and trajectories, and neurobiological mechanisms. We suggest that further research focus on investigating the impact of the etiological risk factors and their interactions with developmental neural mechanisms and clinical profiles in ADHD. Such research would have heuristic value for identifying biologically homogeneous subgroups and could facilitate the development of novel and more tailored interventions that target underlying neural anomalies characteristic of more homogeneous subgroups.
A Perspective on Differential Services in Counseling: Altruism and Likeness

In this exploratory study using a small sample, an attempt is made to understand the differential services provided by vocational counselors in a non-profit agency, a setting in which a strong identification with clients is encouraged. The services are measured and the unequal measures of service are related to the degree to which the client is seen as an image of the counselor in certain respects. Counseling is viewed as an altruistic occupation and the differential services are analyzed in this context. In general, it is suggested that the differential counseling and psycho-therapeutic services noted by other writers all reflect a kind of likeness between counselor-therapist and client-patient, that the relationship is somewhat narcissistic, and that while the kinds of likeness observed may be quite varied, they can be classified as reflecting biological, psychological, and social factors. The Setting and the Problem This study was carried out in a voluntary job counseling and placement agency -the Youth employment Agency (YEA) -located in a large city in the eastern part of the United States. At the time the research was concluded, the agency employed 42 people. Twelve
Comparative Analysis of the Subtonsillar, Far-Lateral, Extreme-Lateral, and Endoscopic Far-Medial Approaches to the Lower Clivus: An Anatomical Cadaver Study.

Background The lower clivus (LC) is one of the most difficult areas to access in neurosurgery. Several microsurgical approaches to the LC have been reported, including the subtonsillar, far-lateral (FL), extreme-lateral (EL), and endoscopic far-medial (Endo-FM). However, no consensus has been reached regarding the optimal approach. We aimed to quantify and compare the surgical exposure and freedom (angle of attack) for various targets at the LC using these 4 surgical approaches. Methods The subtonsillar, FL, EL, and Endo-FM approaches were performed on 5 cadaveric specimens (total 10 sides). Surgical exposure and freedom were measured using the neuronavigation system. Results At the LC, the Endo-FM approach provided the greatest area of exposure (459.3 ± 82.2 mm2). For surgical freedom, the EL approach provided the greatest angle of attack at the jugular foramen (98.1° ± 9.2°) and hypoglossal canal (128.8° ± 26.1°). The Endo-FM was the only approach that provided access to the midline of the LC in all specimens. However, the surgical freedom at the midline (20.9° ± 2.4° at the level of the jugular foramen; 24.2° ± 2.9° at the level of hypoglossal canal) was limited by its deep surgical corridor (104.3 ± 11.2 mm) compared with the EL and FL approaches. Conclusion The Endo-FM approach provided the greatest surgical freedom at the ventral aspect but the least freedom at the lateral aspect. The EL approach provided maximal values for most parameters among the open approaches; however, the craniotomy with the EL approach was the most complicated. Our quantitative results could guide neurosurgeons in preoperative planning for LC lesions, including awareness of the maximum exposure limits and the advantages and disadvantages of each surgical approach.
Ni-rich LiNi0.88Mn0.06Co0.06O2 cathode interwoven by carbon fiber with improved rate capability and stability

Abstract Developing high-energy and high-power lithium-ion batteries represents the key challenge for electric vehicles. In this work, Ni-rich LiNi0.88Mn0.06Co0.06O2 particles were synthesized by a facile co-precipitation method and interwoven by carbon fiber network (CF-NMC) as the cathode in lithium batteries. The CF-NMC material demonstrated superior electrochemical performance, relative to the pristine NMC, with an exceptional specific capacity of 210 mA h/g at 0.2 C and rate capability of 137 mA h/g and 95 mA h/g at 10 C and 20 C, respectively. These results not only provide further insights into the reaction mechanism but also illustrate a rational direction to synthesize practical Ni-rich cathode materials for Li-ion batteries and improve their high-power performance.
May states select among refugees

This article argues that there is no general ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answer to the question of whether states may permissibly use group-based criteria to permanently resettle refugees from certain contexts. ...
What Variables Correlate With Different Clinical Outcomes of Abusive Head Injury

BACKGROUND The spectrum of injury severity for abusive head trauma (AHT) severity is broad, but outcomes are unequivocally worse than accidental trauma. There are few publications that analyze different outcomes of AHT. OBJECTIVE To determine variables associated with different outcomes of AHT. METHODS Patients were identified using our AHT database. Three different, but not mutually exclusive, outcomes of AHT were modeled: (1) death or hemispheric stroke (diffuse loss of grey-white differentiation); (2) stroke(s) of any size; and (3) need for a neurosurgical operation. Demographic and clinical variables were collected and correlations to the 3 outcomes of interest were identified using bivariate and multivariable analysis. RESULTS From January 2009 to December 2017, 305 children were identified through a prospectively maintained AHT database. These children were typically male (60%), African American (54%), and had public or no insurance (90%). A total of 29 children (9.5%) died or suffered a massive hemispheric stroke, 57 (18.7%) required a neurosurgical operation, and 91 (29.8%) sustained 1 or more stroke. Death or hemispheric stroke was statistically associated with the pupillary exam (odds ratio [OR] = 45.7) and admission international normalized ratio (INR) (OR = 17.3); stroke was associated with the pupillary exam (OR = 13.2), seizures (OR = 14.8), admission hematocrit (OR = 0.92), and INR (9.4), and need for surgery was associated with seizures (OR = 8.6). CONCLUSION We have identified several demographic and clinical variables that correlate with 3 clinically applicable outcomes of abusive head injury.
Four-Stroke Marine Engines

The internal combustion engines operating in the four-stroke cycle are most widely used on all types vessels with different purpose. Mostly, the vessels use medium and high-speed engines of this type, however, a number of Asian manufacturers produce low-speed four-stroke engines which are capable to operate with direct power transmission to the propeller.
Electron beam welding behavior of a 5083-H15 alloy containing Zr and Sc

This study discusses the effects of the addition of Sc and Zr on the microstructure, and mechanical and corrosion properties of an electron beam welded 5083-H15 alloy. The results show that the addition of Sc and Zr to a 5083 alloy exerted a remarkable effect on grain refinement resulting in an enhancement of the mechanical properties. Moreover, the addition of Sc and Zr prompted precipitation of Al3 (Sc, Zr) precipitate in the heat-affected zone during the electron beam welding, thereby hindering the movement of dislocations and inhibiting recrystallization, effectively improving the tensile strength, joint efficiency, and hardness of the welded joint. Combined additions of Sc and Zr to a 5083 alloy led to a remarkable enhancement in the resistance to intergranular corrosion at the weld joints as determined via nitric acid mass loss tests for a reduction from 9.72 to 3.61 mg/cm2. The main reason for the improvement in corrosion resistance is the addition of Sc and Zr. Recrystallization at the welded joint was inhibited by the formation of the Al3 (Sc, Zr) phase during the electron beam welding which acted to suppress the formation of the β phase along the grain boundaries in the welded zone.
Experimental sleep restriction increases somatic complaints in healthy adolescents.

Abstract Short duration sleep and somatic complaints (bodily complaints like aches/pains or GI distress) are common in adolescence and may be linked, yet no published studies have tested causation. In this study, healthy adolescents (n = 30; 14–18yrs) completed a three-week, within-subject cross-over experiment. Following a sleep stabilization week, adolescents were randomized (in counterbalanced order) to five nights of 6.5hrs in bed (Insufficient Sleep) or 9.5hrs in bed (Sufficient Sleep), each preceded by a two-night “washout.” Somatic complaints were assessed via the Children's Somatic Symptoms Inventory (CSSI-24) and the Pain and Symptom Assessment Tool (PSAT) concluding each condition. Adherence to experimental condition was confirmed via actigraphy. Adolescents slept two fewer hours and reported significantly greater frequency and severity of somatic complaints during the Insufficient Sleep (vs. Sufficient Sleep) condition. Restricting sleep opportunity to a level common in adolescence causally increased somatic complaints in otherwise healthy adolescents. Findings support clinical and preventative efforts to address pervasively inadequate sleep in adolescence.
The Social Context of Religion in the Jurisdictions of Bioethics

In this issue, McCarthy, Homan and Rozier (henceforth MHR) (McCarthy et al. 2020) make the case for re-stablishing the relationship between theological and secular bioethics. I find MHR to be quite...
Distinct Colon Mucosa Microbiomes associated with Tubular Adenomas and Serrated Polyps

Abstract Background Colorectal cancer is the second most deadly and third most common cancer in the world. Its development is heterogenous, with multiple mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Two distinct mechanisms include the adenoma-carcinoma sequence and the serrated pathway. The gut microbiome has been identified as a key player in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence, but its role in serrated carcinogenesis is unclear. In this study, we characterized the gut microbiome of 140 polyp-free and polyp-bearing individuals using colon mucosa and fecal samples to determine if microbiome composition was associated with each of the two key pathways. Results We discovered significant differences between colon mucosa and fecal samples, explaining 14% of the variation observed in the microbiome. Multiple mucosal samples were collected from each individual to investigate the gut microbiome for differences between polyp and healthy intestinal tissue, but no such differences were found. Colon mucosa sampling revealed that the microbiomes of individuals with tubular adenomas and serrated polyps were significantly different from each other and polyp-free individuals, explaining 2-10% of the variance in the microbiome. Further analysis revealed differential abundances of Eggerthella lenta, Clostridium scindens, and three microbial genes across tubular adenoma, serrated polyp, and polyp-free cases. Conclusion By directly sampling the colon mucosa and distinguishing between the different developmental pathways of colorectal cancer, this study helps characterize potential mechanistic targets and diagnostic biomarkers for serrated carcinogenesis. This research also provides insight into multiple microbiome sampling strategies by assessing each method’s practicality and effect on microbial community composition.
Association of Retail Environment and Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status With Mortality Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults in the United States: Cardiovascular Health Study

BACKGROUND Few studies have examined the association of neighborhood environment and mortality among community-dwelling older populations. Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based measures of neighborhood physical environment may provide new insights on the health effects of the social and built environment. METHODS We studied 4,379 community-dwelling older adults in the US aged ≥65 years from the Cardiovascular Health Study. Principal component analysis was used to identify neighborhood components from 48 variables assessing facilities and establishments, demographic composition, socio-economic status, and economic prosperity. We used a Cox model to evaluate the association of neighborhood components with five-year mortality. Age, sex, race, education, income, marital status, body mass index, smoking status, disability, coronary heart disease, and diabetes were included as covariates. We also examined the interactions between neighborhood components and sex and race (Black vs. white or other). RESULTS We identified five neighborhood components, representing facilities and resources, immigrant communities, community-level economic deprivation, resident-level socio-economic status and residents' age. Communities' economic deprivation and residents' socio-economic status were significantly associated with five-year mortality. We did not find interactions between sex or race and any of the five neighborhood components. The results were similar in a sensitivity analysis where we used ten-year mortality as the outcome. CONCLUSIONS We found that communities' economic status but not facilities in communities was associated with mortality among older adults. These findings revealed the importance and benefits living in a socio-economically advantaged neighborhood could have on health among older residents with different demographic backgrounds.
An ethical rationale for perinatal palliative care

Perinatal palliative care has grown out of both an historical necessity in attending to babies in the NICU that face difficult odds of survival, the increasing technology that may avail life-extending, yet technology-dependent, care, and the growth of fetal diagnostic and treatment centers. This review looks ta the history and ethical rationale for making available services from Pediatric and Perinatal Palliative Care to families in the prenatal and postnatal periods caring for a loved one with life-limiting circumstances.
Parental Investment and Sexual Dimorphism in Digger Wasps (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)

While investigating the mating strategy of wasps in the genus Philanthus we have discovered that the major determinant of mating success in males is body size (i.e., larger males are more successful at obtaining matings; this will be summarized further at the end of this report). In vertebrates that display sexual dimorphism and where there is male-male combat involved in the mating strategy, males are usually the larger sex. This is not the case in the Sphecidae where, in the vast majority of species (including Philanthus), the males are smaller, on the average, than females. This is puzzling, given the superiority of larger males in intrasexual competition. Even though larger males show a higher reproductive success than smaller males, there must be stronger selection pressures acting on female body size which promotes larger size in most species of digger wasps.
User Criteria for Road Transit Planning

Planning modern urban rapid transit facilities must provide satisfactorily for the needs and demands of urban travelers. Accurate and objective information on minimum user needs, particularly in regard to service levels, is not now (1964) available. Service includes the factors of travel time, travel comfort, travel convenience, travel costs, and safety. These terms are defined, and their meaning is clarified for planning purposes. A review of all research studies relating to user service requirements, both past and current, identifies the present status of knowledge in this area. Outlines of several proposals for research study projects to develop the information required by rapid transit planners regarding minimum user needs is included with suggestions for their subsequent expansion.
Phospholipid-independent and -dependent interactions required for tissue factor receptor and cofactor function.

Membrane anchoring of tissue factor (TF), the cell receptor for coagulation factor VIIa (VIIa), exemplifies an effective mechanism to localize proteolysis at the cell surface. A recombinant TF mutant (TF1-219), deleted of membrane spanning and intracellular domains, was used to evaluate the role of phospholipid interactions for assembly of substrate with the catalytic TF.VIIa complex. TF1-219 was secreted by cells rather than expressed as a cell membrane protein. Unlike free VIIa, TF1-219 as well as the TF1-219.VIIa complex demonstrated no stable association with phospholipid. In the absence of lipid, kinetic evaluation of substrate factor X cleavage by free VIIa, TF.VIIa, and TF1-219.VIIa suggests that the catalytic function of VIIa rather than substrate recognition is enhanced by complex formation. Furthermore, compared with free factor X, factor X on phospholipid was preferentially cleaved as a substrate by TF1-219.VIIa. TF-dependent initiation of the coagulation protease cascades thus involves an enhancement of the activation of factor X on the cell surface by a crucial role of the TF transmembrane domain to membrane anchor the reaction, by the TF extracellular domain to provide protein-protein interactions with VIIa to enhance the activity of the catalytic domain of VIIa, and the preferential presentation of factor X as a substrate when associated with phospholipid surfaces.
MRI hemodynamic markers of progressive bicuspid aortic valve‐related aortic disease

Purpose To determine the reproducibility of MRI aortic hemodynamic markers and to assess their relationship to aortic growth in a cohort of patients with bicuspid aortic valves (BAV).