cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-assessment of ergonomics amongst dental students utilising photography: RCT.

INTRODUCTION Dental professionals are at high risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) due to static working positions for extended periods of time. Musculoskeletal pain has been identified as early as during their entry-level dental education. The purpose of this study was to determine whether feedback involving photography and self-assessment would improve ergonomic scores and the accuracy of ergonomic self-assessments amongst dental students. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study involved a randomised control design of 135 dental students. At weeks 1 and 4, participants were photographed, and at weeks 1 through 4, participants completed ergonomic self-evaluations, using a Modified-Dental Operator Posture Assessment Instrument (M-DOPAI). During weeks 2 and 3, participants in the training group were photographed and used those photographs to complete ergonomic self-assessments. All participants' pre-training and post-training photographs were evaluated for ergonomic scores by two raters. RESULTS A mixed-design ANOVA of ergonomic scores revealed that ergonomic scores improved for all students who received the ergonomics training (F(1,254)=17.41, P < .001). In addition, a mixed-design ANOVA of kappa coefficient values between student and rater scores revealed that the accuracy of self-assessments improved for all students who received the ergonomics training (F(1,127)=6.33, P < .05). CONCLUSION The use of photographs and self-assessment provides dental and dental hygiene educators with a pragmatic method to improve self-assessment skills, increase student awareness of any postural deviations from ideal and improve musculoskeletal health.
The Rodent Navigation Circuit

Although the full extent of the circuitry involved in rodent navigation is not yet known, the major areas have been identified, and there are models of the computations thought to be taking place there. By adopting a computational approach to understanding navigation, we can deduce interactions that must occur between the rodent’s major navigational subsystems. Combined with anatomical knowledge, this provides strong constraints on theories of how the circuit works. In this chapter we will sketch a broad picture of the rodent navigation circuit and review current thinking about its anatomical realization. Earlier chapters in this book have discussed key components of the system; in this chapter, we will consider how these components interact.
Predictive Technology Model of Conventional CMOS Devices

Bulk CMOS has been the dominant device structure for integrated circuit design during the past decades, because of its excellent scalability. It is expected that such a device type will continue toward the 10 nm regime. To efficiently predict the characteristics of future bulk CMOS, the scaling trends of primary model parameters, such as the threshold voltage and gate dielectric thickness, need to be identified; their association in determining major device characteristics should be well included for accurate model projection. In this chapter, a new generation of Predictive Technology Model (PTM) for conventional CMOS technology is presented to accomplish these goals. Based on a set of essential device models and early stage silicon data, PTM of bulk CMOS is successfully generated down to the 12 nm node. The accuracy of PTM predictions is comprehensively verified with published silicon data: the error of Ion is below 10% for both NMOS and PMOS devices. By tuning only ten primary model parameters, PTM can be easily customized to cover a wide range of process uncertainties. Furthermore, PTM correctly captures the sensitivity to process variations.
THE WIRETAP ACT—RECONCILABLE DIFFERENCES: A FRAMEWORK FOR DETERMINING THE "INTERCEPTION" OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS FOLLOWING UNITED STATES V. COUNCILMAN'S REJECTION OF THE STORAGE/TRANSIT DICHOTOMY

This Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Review & Student Publications at Digital Commons @ Western New England University School of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Western New England Law Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Western New England University School of Law. For more information, please contact pnewcombe@law.wne.edu. Recommended Citation
Performance of the MAGCOOL - Subcooler Cryogenic System After 50 mm SSC Dipole Quenches

The subcooler assembly installed in the MAGCOOL test area at Brookhaven National Laboratory has been used for testing SSC magnets since 1989. As part of the test program, magnets are quenched routinely in the system. The system description and steady state capacity have been given previously1. In this paper, the thermal behavior of the subcooler cryogenic system after quenches of the 50 mm SSC dipole magnet DCA207 are presented.
Addressing Cultural Mistrust: Strategies for Alliance Building

Trust is a crucial element in the provider–patient relationship. However, trust is eroded when specific racial and ethnic groups systematically experience substandard levels of health care as a consequence of racism, leading to cultural mistrust. This chapter aims to outline potential cultural barriers to mental health utilization among racial and ethnic minorities as a result of cultural mistrust. Strategies are suggested for building a strong therapeutic alliance in spite of differences in provider–patient backgrounds.
Enhanced interfacial strength of aramid fiber reinforced composites through adsorbed aramid nanofiber coatings

Abstract Aramid fibers are well-known for their excellent tensile properties and low density but are limited in composite applications due to their inert surface which leads to poor interfacial properties. One method that has shown promise in recent years is the application of nanoscale reinforcements to the surface of the fibers to improve mechanical interaction with the matrix. With aramid fibers, it is ideal to perform an interfacial reinforcement utilizing the dense hydrogen bonding which is responsible for the fibers strength. Here, it is demonstrated that recently developed aramid nanofibers (ANFs) can adsorb onto the surface of macroscale aramid fibers to enhance the interfacial properties through mechanical interlocking with the matrix. A simple and rapid dip-coating process is used to deposit the ANFs on the aramid fiber surface. These ANFs bond with the fiber through physisorption and hydrogen bonding, yielding a 70.27% increase in interfacial shear strength and a 25.6% increase in short beam shear strength in composites prepared by dip-coating unidirectional tape into a solution of ANFs. Notably, the interfacial gains are made while fully preserving the strength of the aramid fiber following the treatment, therefore ensuring in-plane properties of the composite are maintained. This work shows that the introduction of an ANF interphase may present a novel and convenient method to improve the interfacial strength of aramid reinforced composites, enabling cost-effective and simplified production of stronger structural materials.
How much do top management teams matter in founder-led firms?

Research Summary As firms mature, their founders are often replaced with seasoned executives. When founders are retained, the surrounding top management team (TMT) members are viewed as critical resources in helping compensate for the founder's managerial deficiencies. Surprisingly, however, little is known about how TMT members affect a founder‐led firm's performance later in a firm's life. Using novel methods and a sample of over 2,000 firms, we address this gap. We find that although team structure has a significant impact on the performance of nonfounder‐led firms (consistent with past literature), it has little to no effect on the operating performance of founder‐led firms, suggesting that founder chief executive officers (CEOs) may exert too much control. Thus, the irony is that founders are retained to propel progress but their very retention may prevent progress. Taken together, our findings add to the entrepreneurship, team, and research methods literatures. Managerial Summary Although founders have the entrepreneurial skills to successfully grow a startup, they generally lack the managerial skills required to lead a large, public firm. As a result, many founder CEOs are replaced before a firm goes public. When founders do stay as CEO, the prevailing belief is that they require a strong TMT to help compensate for the founder's managerial deficiencies. However, given founders' desire to retain control, there is a question of whether they will rely on that team, or if they will simply continue to follow their own intuition. We find evidence that founder CEOs are much less likely to listen to and benefit from their teams relative to nonfounder CEOs.
Flavanol supplementation protects against obesity-associated increases in systemic interleukin-6 levels without inhibiting body mass gain in mice fed a high-fat diet.

Abstract Weight gain and obesity are associated with increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Studies have demonstrated the ability of dietary flavanols to reduce the severity of metabolic derangements due to high-fat (HF) feeding. The degree of polymerization of the flavanols appears to play a role in determining the extent of these protective effects. This study evaluated the preventative effects of grape seed and pine bark flavanol supplementation, with significantly different flavanol degree of polymerization, in the context of an HF diet. For 13 weeks, mice were given 35 mg/kg body weight per day grape seed or pine bark as part of an HF diet and compared to mice fed a low-fat diet and control HF diet. All flavanol-supplemented groups and the HF control incurred significantly higher weight gain compared to the lean control, and the grape seed group gained significantly more weight than the HF control. Increased weight gain of treatment groups was likely caused by hyperphagia. Despite lack of improvements to weight gain and glycemic control, it was observed that all flavanol treatment groups were able to significantly reduce interleukin-6 compared to HF control. The grape seed group, which gained the most weight overall, also exhibited the lowest levels of interleukin-6 compared to other groups. Overall, low-dose flavanol extract supplementation, regardless of mean degrees of polymerization, blunted cytokine production despite increased weight gain. This obesity-independent effect suggests flavanols may be used as complementary interventions to ameliorate increased inflammatory tone in the contexts of obesity and diabetes. Furthermore, flavanol-induced hyperphagia may have use for attenuation of cachexia.
Fermentation with continuous ball milling: Effectiveness at enhancing solubilization for several cellulosic feedstocks and comparative tolerance of several microorganisms

Abstract Mechanical disruption of lignocellulose during fermentation, cotreatment, is a nascent approach to increase biologically-mediated carbohydrate solubilization without exposure to high temperatures or chemicals. However, ability to tolerate the presence of milling at intensities sufficient to allow high lignocellulose solubilization yields has to date only been evaluated for Clostridium thermocellum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and demonstration of high carbohydrate solubilization has only been reported for switchgrass at the time of submission. Continuous ball milling during fermentation by C. thermocellum was found to be sufficient to allow high (>85%) total carbohydrate solubilization of corn stover and poplar as well as switchgrass. Under the conditions tested, ball milling had no apparent effect on soluble sugar fermentation by Escherichia coli and Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum but completely inhibited carbohydrate fermentation by Zymomonas mobilis and Bacillus subtilis. Our results are consistent with the stress of milling being sufficient to overwhelm the inefficient fermentative metabolism of Z. mobilis and B. subtilis, but not to the other microorganisms tested in this work for which fermentation is more efficient and robust.
Endoscopic ultrasonography: An inside view

Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) has been used since the mid-1980s. Initially a diagnostic tool, it has since evolved into a therapeutic, minimally invasive surgical tool with significant impact on the diagnosis and management of a range of benign and malignant conditions. The authors review current indications, safety, and efficacy of EUS for diseases of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract, posterior mediastinum, pancreas, bile duct, gallbladder, retroperitoneum, liver, adrenal glands, and kidneys.
Hospital capacity and capacity planning in Washington

Abstract Hospital capacity in the State of Washington may be unable to satisfy the number of COVID-19 patients. The adjusted occupancy rate (adjusted for outpatient equivalent days) places many hospitals near capacity prior to the current pandemic. Models of COVID-19 cases and hospital care generate scenarios under which hospital capacity is insufficient. Short-run tactics involve re-purposing of hospital units and other facilities. Long-run strategies will require organizational commitment and new policies and incentives to address capacity concerns. Keywords: COVID-19, hospital, capacity, occupancy
Cognitive impairment in children with sleep-disordered breathing

Objective To review the characteristics, mechanism, the brain structural and functional changes of cognitive impairment induced by sleep-disordered breathing in children. Methods The retrieve time was from 2002 to 2014 and the retrieve databases were the US. national library of medicine and Weipu Chinese journal databases.Search word included sleep disorders breathing, cognitive, sleep apnea syndrome, neurobehavioralmanifestations, image, sleep deprivation. Results 52 English literature and 1 Chinese literature were accepted.Most literatures were clinical trial, comparative study, multicenter study, randomized controlled trial, controlled clinical trial. Conclusion The study in the cognitive impairment and characteristics change of the brain function and structure in children with SDB is not enough. Most cognitive assessments are completed by scale.How to diagnosis early, more objectively assess cognitive, study molecular mechanisms, study function change and positioning of brain function need more research in clinical. Key words: Sleep-disordered breathing; Children; Cognitive impairment
Extended Service Plans and Buyer Perceptions and Behaviors in Automobile Industry: An Abstract

Sometimes called an “aftermarket car warranty,” “vehicle service contract,” or “extended auto warranty,” extended service plan (ESP) market is significant, exceeding $16 billion (Warranty Week 2018). ESPs are typically purchased at the original equipment manufacturer (OEM, such as Toyota and Ford) dealership at the time the vehicle is purchased, but one may often also buy an ESP through a third-party warranty provider at a later time. Unlike other, the so-called manufacturer’s warranties, which are included in the price of the product, ESPs are really vehicle service contracts (or safeguards) against expensive, unforeseen repairs. The term “extended” is also sometimes used because ESPs usually extend the length of the coverage and allotted mileage (and sometimes a few other extra coverages such as roadside assistance) set by the OEM warranty.
The Importance of Speech-Language Pathologists' Explicit Knowledge of Morphology

Purpose Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) work with students with specific language impairment and specific learning disorder who are known to have deficits in morphological knowledge and morphological awareness. Thus, it is important that SLPs have explicit knowledge of morphology to classify, elicit, and correct morphological errors to improve these students' morphological knowledge and morphological awareness. The purposes of this clinical focus article are to summarize current evidence about SLPs and other educators' explicit knowledge of language, to identify information that supports explicit knowledge of morphology, and to illustrate the use of explicit knowledge of morphology with a hypothetical case study. Method A case-based demonstration of an SLP's use of his/her explicit knowledge of morphology to analyze a fourth-grade student's production of derivational morphemes in a spoken language sample and on a sentence completion task is presented. Results and Conclusion The SLP's morphological analyses and summarization of the analyses are presented.
Inferences on upward leader characteristics from measured currents

Abstract We analyzed in detail currents associated with upward unconnected leaders (UULs) initiated from the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) Industrial Area Tower (IAT). Current measurements of UULs in natural lightning are relatively rare and provide important insights into the development and propagation of upward leaders. Eight UULs were initiated from the KSC-IAT between August 1, 2018 and November 15, 2019. All UULs were positive as they occurred in response to downward negative leaders that attached to ground near the tower. The KSC Mesoscale Eastern Range Lightning Information System (MERLIN) located these nearby strokes at distances ranging from 185 to 783 m from the tower, with the median being 538 m. The peak current for these strokes ranged from 13 to 69.3 kA, with the median being 26.7 kA. From the perspective of charge transferred, these UULs can be considered to be a bipolar lightning phenomenon; they transferred negative charge to ground between the inception of their current and the current-polarity reversal, following which, they effectively transferred positive charge to ground. We labeled the former time-period as the UUL development phase and the latter as the collapse phase. The median duration and charge transferred for the development phase were 789 μs and − 6.4 mC, respectively, and for the collapse phase were 388 μs and 4.7 mC, respectively. Overall, the net charge transferred to ground by UULs was negative. During the development phase, UUL-currents consisted of faster (total durations of the order of 10 μs) impulses overlaid on slower (millisecond-scale) “background” current. The background-to-peak UUL current-pulse amplitudes ranged from 3.4–289.2 A with the median being 30.1 A. The median pulse total duration and full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) were 14.1 μs and 4.9 μs, respectively. The median background-to-peak and 10-to-90% risetimes were 3.2 and 2.0 μs, respectively. Interpulse intervals ranged from 4.2–132.8 μs, with the median being 20 μs. Generally speaking, pulse amplitudes were larger, background currents were higher, and interpulse intervals were shorter at later times during UULs. It is likely that the UULs with higher background currents at later times were more closely approached by a downward leader branch versus the lower-current UULs.
Development of Martini 2.2 parameters for N-glycans: a case study of the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein dynamics

N-linked glycans are ubiquitous in nature and play key roles in biology. For example, glycosylation of pathogenic proteins is a common immune evasive mechanism, hampering the development of successful vaccines. Due to their chemical variability and complex dynamics, an accurate molecular understanding of glycans is still limited by the lack of effective resolution of current experimental approaches. Here, we have developed and implemented a reductive model based on the popular Martini 2.2 coarse-grained force field for the computational study of N-glycosylation. We used the HIV-1 Env as a direct applied example of a highly glycosylated protein. Our results indicate that the model not only reproduces many observables in very good agreement with a fully atomistic force field but also can be extended to study large amount of glycosylation variants, a fundamental property that can aid in the development of drugs and vaccines.
Community Engagement: Moving from the Classroom to Interprofessional Education Collaboration

In a dynamic, rapidly evolving global health care environment, it is vital that educators create arenas of learning that give students opportunities to put into action health concepts they have learned in the classroom and to actively engage in their communities. With limited clinical sites, it has become necessary to think outside the box for potential community opportunities. One baccalaureate nursing program has moved students from planning mock health fairs to collaborating with community partners to host large public health fairs with wide reach. Community outreach efforts have expanded to include interprofessional collaborations with students of other health care disciplines to host round table discussions and co-sponsor health care projects and community events that empower citizens to become active participants in improving their own health and well-being. This paper will discuss the evolution of a community health care nursing course from didactic coursework to building interprofessional education collaborations. New and seasoned educators will be able to incorporate aspects of this dynamic process to take their students to the next level in community engagement.
Ingredients for growth: Examining electricity consumption and complementary infrastructure for Small and Medium Enterprises in Kenya

Abstract In Kenya, between 2010 and 2015, the number of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) connected to the grid increased by over 60%. Despite this substantial increase, little is known about the behavioural patterns or conditions that contribute to increased electricity consumption among these SMEs. This study addresses the problem through a longitudinal analysis of monthly electricity bills for over 179,000 grid connected SMEs in Kenya. We then leverage multiple publicly available geospatial datasets to estimate how complementary infrastructural variables (such as access to roads, markets, financial services, and macro/micro-economic conditions) correlate with sustained electricity consumption growth by SMEs. Results from our longitudinal analysis indicate that newly electrified SMEs in urban areas have higher median consumption than their older counterparts while in rural areas, more newly connected SMEs appear to have lower median consumption. We find the effects of complementary infrastructure on SME electricity consumption to be more pronounced in rural areas than urban areas. For example, SMEs located in rural neighbourhoods with close proximity to roads, markets or financial service providers are associated with a 10% to 16% increase in electricity consumption while in urban areas, we only observe about a 2% increment in electricity consumption for SMEs within close proximity to roads. All other infrastructural variables are either statistically insignificant or negatively correlated with urban SME electricity consumption.
Trends in Orthopedic Surgeon Practice Consolidation from 2008-2019.

Abstract Background In the past decade, physician practices have merged into larger group practices (i.e., horizontal consolidation) and have been acquired by hospitals and health systems (i.e., vertical consolidation), leaving fewer practices independent. The implications of these changes can be profound, affecting the prices for and spending on physician services, access to care, patients’ choice of providers, and quality of care. Methods We used IQVIA data on orthopedic surgeon practice sites that included information on health system or hospital ownership, group medical practice participation, number of physicians, and average patient volume. We calculated the number and size of group medical practices as measures of horizontal consolidation and the percentage of practice sites owned by a health system or hospital as a measure of vertical consolidation. We also calculated the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) to measure market concentration. Results We found significant horizontal and vertical consolidation nationally and across all regions of the United States. This consolidation has led to much more concentrated markets, as measured by HHI, for orthopedic surgeon services. These trends are consistent with studies looking at consolidation of other types of providers. Conclusion Orthopedic surgeon practices, like other provider types, have consolidated at a rapid rate over the past decade. A variety of factors may have contributed, including the move away from fee-for-service to alternative payment arrangements, changes in Medicare payment policies, private equity activity, and evolving physician preferences. Due to the potential impacts of this consolidation, more research is needed to examine some of these contributing factors.
Egypt and the Limits of Hellenism

In a series of studies, Ian Moyer explores the ancient history and modern historiography of relations between Egypt and Greece from the fifth century BCE to the early Roman empire. Beginning with Herodotus, he analyzes key encounters between Greeks and Egyptian priests, the bearers of Egypt's ancient traditions. Four moments unfold as rich micro-histories of cross-cultural interaction: Herodotus' interviews with priests at Thebes; Manetho's composition of an Egyptian history in Greek; the struggles of Egyptian priests on Delos; and a Greek physician's quest for magic in Egypt. In writing these histories, the author moves beyond Orientalizing representations of the Other and colonial metanarratives of the civilizing process to reveal interactions between Greeks and Egyptians as transactional processes in which the traditions, discourses and pragmatic interests of both sides shaped the outcome. The result is a dialogical history of cultural and intellectual exchanges between the great civilizations of Greece and Egypt.
Atrial Pacing to Prevent Atrial Fibrillation: Is There Any Evidence of Its Real Efficacy?

Atrial pacing has been widely but intermittently reported to reduce the recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF) and progression to permanent AF in a wide variety of observational reports, with the vast majority of these involving retrospective analyses [1–3]. In addition, a variable patient population with respect to AF and underlying cardiac disease has often characterized these reports. The subject has received substantial attention since the follow-up report of the Danish Trial of Physiologic Pacing in sick sinus syndrome reported reduction in the incidence of persistent or permanent AF with atrial-based pacing in patients with sick sinus syndrome [4]. Clinical investigation of atrial pacing techniques for management of AF in symptomatic or high-risk populations has been examined in a series of prospective clinical trials [5–9]. Serious investigative interest has now focused on the electrophysiologic effects of different atrial pacing methods in experimental and clinical laboratory AF models. Analysis of the benefit of atrial pacing is complicated by the interactions of this apparently simple intervention with a heterogeneous AF population and our limited knowledge of the natural history of the arrhythmia in its different substrates. Finally, the appropriate endpoints for demonstration of device clinical efficacy and safety have been unclear, leading to increasing difficulty in defining and quantifying clinical benefit [10, 11].
Temporary-Effect Legislation, Political Accountability, and Fiscal Restraint

The proper duration of legislation has become highly controversial as a result of the enactment of many temporary tax laws during the George W. Bush Administration. The prevailing view is that inclusion of an expiration date or "sunset" feature in legislation permits the cost of the legislation to be misrepresented and allows its proponents to escape the discipline intended by the congressional budget process. Under this view, fiscal discipline is preserved through enactment of so-called "permanent" legislation.This Article challenges that view and shows that, barring estimation error, the legislative process accounts completely for the costs of "temporary-effect" legislation but not permanent legislation. Consequently, enactment of temporary-effect rather than permanent legislation would promote political accountability and may result in greater fiscal restraint. In addition, when temporary-effect legislation expires, the cost of any extension is fully taken into account in the legislative process. Extension of such legislation, therefore, competes with, and potentially displaces, adoption of other legislation. By contrast, the cost of continuing permanent programs largely disappears in the legislative process and therefore continuation of such programs produces little or no crowding-out effect. This Article also addresses whether other features of the legislative process can overcome the problems associated with the budget accounting of permanent legislation, and responds to criticisms of temporary-effect legislation.
Bacterial population development and chemical characteristics of refuse decomposition in a simulated sanitary landfill.

Population development of key groups of bacteria involved in municipal refuse conversion to methane was measured from the time of initial incubation through the onset of methane production. Hemicellulolytic bacteria, cellulolytic bacteria, hydrogen-producing acetogens, and acetate- and H2-plus-CO2-utilizing methanogens were enumerated by the most-probable-number technique with media containing oat spelt xylan, ball-milled cellulose, butyrate, acetate, and H2 plus CO2, respectively. Refuse decomposition was monitored in multiple replicate laboratory-scale sanitary landfills. A laboratory-scale landfill was dismantled weekly for microbial and chemical analysis. Leachate was neutralized and recycled to ensure methanogenesis. The methane concentration of the sampled containers increased to 64% by day 69, at which time the maximum methane production rate, 929 liters of CH4 per dry kg-year, was measured. Population increases of 2, 4, 5, 5, and 6 orders of magnitude were measured between fresh refuse and the methane production phase for the hemicellulolytic bacteria, cellulolytic bacteria, butyrate-catabolizing acetogens, and acetate- and H2-CO2-utilizing methanogens, respectively. The cellulolytic bacteria and acetogens increased more slowly than the methanogens and only after the onset of methane production. The initial decrease in the pH of the refuse ecosystem from 7.5 to 5.7 was attributed to the accumulation of acidic end products of sugar fermentation, to the low acid-consuming activity of the acetogenic and methanogenic bacteria, and to levels of oxygen and nitrate in the fresh refuse sufficient for oxidation of only 8% of the sugars to carbon dioxide and water. Cellulose and hemicellulose decomposition was most rapid after establishment of the methanogenic and acetogenic populations and a reduction in the initial accumulation of carboxylic acids. A total of 72% of these carbohydrates were degraded in the container sampled after 111 days. Initially acetate utilization, but ultimately polymer hydrolysis, limited the rate of refuse conversion to methane. Microbial and chemical composition data were combined to formulate an updated description of refuse decomposition in four phases: an aerobic phase, an anaerobic acid phase, an accelerated methane production phase, and a decelerated methane production phase.
Fever in Childhood

Fever is one of the commonest reasons for seeking pediatric care. Many parents have unrealistic fears regarding fever. Many physicians treat fevers vigorously to relieve these concerns. Parent education in the following areas may be helpful: a definition of fever, including diurnal variation; a demonstration of how to take axillary, rectal, and oral temperatures; guidelines for retaking the temperature in febrile children; a reminder that fevers can be helpful in fighting infections; clarification that fever by itself is rarely harmful below 41.7 degrees C; recommendations for when to use antipyretics, including clarification of appropriate dosages; recommendations for sponging; and guidelines for when to call the child's physician, with an emphasis on observation of the child rather than the level of fever. If parents are instructed about fever, inappropriate telephone calls, unnecessary office visits, and the giving of antipyretics to afebrile children can be reduced.
The genetics of phenotypic plasticity I. Heritability

Methods for estimating the genetic component of phenotypic plasticity are presented. In the general case of clonal replicates or full-sibs raised in several environments, the heritability of plasticity can be measured as the ratio of the genotype-environment interaction variance to the total phenotypic variance. In the special case of only two environments plasticity also can be measured as the difference among environments in genotype or family means. In that case, the heritability of plasticity can be measured as either a ratio of variance components or as the slope of a parent-offspring regression. The general measure suffers because no least-square standard errors have been developed, although they can be calculated by maximum-likelihood or bootstrapping techniques. For the other two methods least-square standard errors can be calculated but require very large experiments for statistical significance to be achieved. The heritability measures are compared using data on plasticity of thorax size in response to temperature in Drosophila melanogaster. The heritability estimates are all in close agreement. Models of the evolution of phenotypic plasticity have treated it as a trait in its own right and as a cross-environment genetic correlation. Although the first approach is the one used here, neither one is preferred.
Psychosocial impairment associated with bipolar II disorder.

Background Significant research has looked at the psychosocial impairment associated with bipolar I disorder and major depressive disorder. Far less is known about the impact of bipolar II disorder. The present study assessed the social and work impairment associated with bipolar II disorder and whether these are more or less severe than those associated with bipolar I disorder or major depressive disorder.
Latent and Sensible Heat Flux Anomalies over the Northern Oceans: The Connection to Monthly Atmospheric Circulation

Abstract The influence of the atmospheric circulation on monthly anomalies of ocean surface latent and sensible heat fluxes is explored. The fluxes are estimated using bulk formulas applied to a set of about four decades of marine observations over 1946–1986. Monthly averaging over 5° “square” reduces errors contained in individual observations. The focus is on behavior of the flux anomalies over the relatively well-sampled North Atlantic and North Pacific ocean during winter, when the latent and sensible components are large and the incoming shortwave radiative flux is low. In the North Atlantic and North Pacific (north of about 15°N), flux anomalies are partially caused by local variations in the monthly mean wind direction. In these extratropical regions, largest positive anomalies occur during northerly to northwesterly winds in response to advection of humidity and temperature from north to south and also to favored directions experiencing strong wind speeds. In the tropics, there is little relations...
Centromeric index versus DNA content flow karyotypes of human chromosomes measured by means of slit‐scan flow cytometry

We have applied slit-scan flow cytometry (SSFCM) to classify human chromosomes according to their centromeric index (CI) and relative DNA content. The resulting bivariate--CI vs. DNA content--distributions shows 14 peaks for normal human chromosomes. Distinct peaks are produced by chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4 + 5, 6 + 7 + X, 8, 13 + 14 + 15, 16, 17 + 18, 19 + 20, and 21 + 22 + Y. In addition, chromosomes 9 through 12 are resolved into three peaks. The identity of the chromosomes comprising each peak was determined by comparing CI vs. DNA content distributions measured for normal human chromosomes by means of SSFCM with CI and DNA content values measured for human chromosomes with image analysis. The accuracy of CI measurement by SSFCM was verified by measuring CIs for human chromosomes isolated from human/rodent hybrid cell lines containing only a few known human chromosomes. These studies showed CIs measured for human chromosomes 1-19 and 21 to be in close agreement with the CIs calculated by means of image analysis. We further confirmed the chromosome assignments for each peak by showing that the relative volumes of the peaks in the CI vs. DNA content distributions for chromosomes from normal cells are similar to the relative frequencies of chromosomes expected for these peaks based on the peak assignments.
The Anatomic Basis for High-Frequency Components in the Electrocardiogram

In a correlative study between selected body-surface potential recordings and anatomic findings, multilead sets of high-fidelity, high-speed records from 128 persons were studied in connection with the results of our detailed postmortem dissections of their hearts. Attention was focused on high-frequency components (notching and slurring of the expanded QRS) as described by Langner. We found that (1) groups with ventricular enlargement without scarring were indistinguishable from groups with infarction on the basis of the number of high-frequency components; (2) both of these groups were clearly distinguishable from normal subjects on this basis alone; and (3) the high-frequency component count in the group with ventricular enlargement showed high negative correlation with age and high positive correlation with right and left ventricular weights. These findings suggest that the appearance of high-frequency components in the vectorcardiogram or electrocardiogram may relate to the struggle between competing...
Ideomotor apraxia: a call to action.

Although ideomotor apraxia (IM) has been a topic of investigation since the early 20th century, progress in studying the disorder has been hindered by important (and sometimes unarticulated) differences in the underlying theoretical models of various investigative groups. As a result, it is difficult to draw conclusions about the expected performance of IM patients on various tests of praxis (e.g. pantomime, single object use, gesture imitation, and naturalistic action); the relationship of IM to ideational apraxia (IA); the degree to which specific error types are diagnostic of one or the other disorder; the relationship of semantic knowledge to gesture representations; and the role of spatiomotor systems external to the stored gesture representation system. Here an updated model of IM is presented, informed by recent physiological and functional neuroimaging literature, as a step towards resolving some of these concerns. The model is intended to lay the groundwork for future investigations of specific performance patterns in different subtypes of IM.
Prediction of human cell radiosensitivity: Comparison of clonogenic assay with chromosome aberrations scored using premature chromosome condensation with fluorescence in situ hybridization

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether chromosome aberrations scored by premature chromosome condensation (PCC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) can predict the radio sensitivity of human cell lines, thereby providing a possible means of assessing the in situ radiosensitivity of normal tissues and the radiocurability of individual human cancers. Methods and Materials: We used four cells lines of different radiosensitivity: normal human fibroblasts (AG1522), ataxia-telangiectasia fibroblasts (AT2052), a human fibrosarcoma cell line (HT1080), and a human melanoma cell line (melanoma 903). These were irradiated in plateau phase with a range of doses and assessed both for clonogenic cell survival and for aberrations in a single chromosome (number 4) immediately after, and 24 h after irradiation. Results: The initial number of breaks in chromosome 4 was proportional to irradiation dose and was identical for all the different human cell lines, irrespective of radiosensitivity. On the other hand, the number of chromosome 4 breaks remaining 24 h after irradiation reflected the radiosensitivity of the cells such that the relationship between residual chromosome aberrations and cell survival was the same for the different cell lines. Conclusions: These results suggest that the scoring of chromosome aberrations in interphase using FISH with PCC holds considerable promise for predicting the radiosensitivity of normal and tumor tissues in situ .
Angiogenesis and neovascularization associated with extracellular matrix-modified porous implants

Therapies directed toward stimulation of angiogenesis seek to accelerate the development of new blood vessels in tissues rendered dysfunctional because of an insufficient microvascular supply. The goal of the current study was the stimulation of an angiogenic response around and within porous biomedical implants, such as vascular grafts, constructed from a base polymer composed of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE). Similar to many biomaterials, ePTFE does not elicit a significant angiogenic response and the porous interstices of this material remain avascular after implantation. Studies were performed to evaluate the ability of a tumorigenic cell line, the 804-G rat kidney cell to secrete an angiogenic extracellular matrix on and within the porous structures of ePTFE. A rat model was used to evaluate and compare implant-associated healing responses between nonmodified materials and extracellular matrix-modified ePTFE. Results demonstrated that, in contrast to untreated ePTFE, the matrix-modified ePTFE stimulated both angiogenesis in implant-associated tissue and neovascularization of the pores within the ePTFE interstices. Deposition of an insoluble matrix stimulates an angiogenic response and has a potential application for the improvement of medical device function.
Comparative pharmacokinetics of the anticoagulant effect of coumarin drugs in man and rat

The coumarin anticoagulants are a particularly interesting group of drugs for pharmacokinetic study because their concentration in plasma or serum and their anticoagulant effect can be readily measured. In addition, these drugs are widely used and subject to many clinically important interactions with other drugs. Our interest in the pharmacokinetics of warfarin and dicumarol was stimulated largely by the classical investigations by O’Reilly et al. (1970) and by a collaborative study with him seven years ago (O’Reilly et al., 1966). We became very intrigued by the unusual dose-dependence of the kinetics of dicumarol elimination in man (O’Reilly et al., 1964) and by the fact that the temporal pattern of the anticoagulant effect of the coumarin drugs appears to lag considerably behind the concentrations of these drugs in the plasma. Since nonlinear kinetics of drug elimination (Levy, 1968; Levy et al., 1972; Tsuchiya and Levy, 1972) and kinetics of drug action (Levy, 1966; Levy, 1973) are among our major areas of research, it was only natural to focus on both of these aspects as they pertain to the coumarin anticoagulants. The research on the dose-dependent kinetics of dicumarol elimination has been described in a series of six publications from 1968 (Nagashima et al., 1968) to 1969 (Levy and Nagashima, 1969) and has now been expanded to a general consideration of the role of product inhibition in the dose-dependent elimination of drugs that are subject to hydroxylation (Levy et al., 1972).
Induction of cell cycle arrest and B cell terminal differentiation by CDK inhibitor p18(INK4c) and IL-6.

Abstract Cell cycle arrest and cell death are tightly coupled to terminal differentiation of B cells to plasma cells in vivo. This process was recapitulated in vitro by stimulation of IgG-bearing human B lymphoblastoid cells with interleukin-6 (IL-6), which led to orderly cell cycle arrest, differentiation, and apoptosis. In terminally differentiated plasmacytoid cells, phosphorylation of pRb was suppressed, correlating with the activation of the D-type cyclin–dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors p18 INK4c and p21 WAF1/CIP1 . The expression of CDK6, however, remained unchanged. Activation of p18 by IL-6 was rapid, concomitant with marked enhancement of its association with CDK6 and cell cycle arrest. Overexpression of p18 in IgM-bearing lymphoblastoid cells, which differentiated in response to IL-6 but did not exit the cell cycle, reconstituted coupled differentiation and cell cycle arrest. Thus, CDK inhibitors, in particular p18, are likely to play a pivotal role in controlling cell cycle arrest and cell death in terminal differentiation of late-stage B cells to plasma cells via inhibition of pRb phosphorylation by CDK6.
Genome-wide association study of gene by smoking interactions in coronary artery calcification.

Many GWAS have identified novel loci associated with common diseases, but have focused only on main effects of individual genetic variants rather than interactions with environmental factors (GxE). Identification of GxE interactions is particularly important for coronary heart disease (CHD), a major preventable source of morbidity and mortality with strong non-genetic risk factors. Atherosclerosis is the major cause of CHD, and coronary artery calcification (CAC) is directly correlated with quantity of coronary atherosclerotic plaque. In the current study, we tested for genetic variants influencing extent of CAC via interaction with smoking (GxS), by conducting a GxS discovery GWAS in Genetic Epidemiology Network of Arteriopathy (GENOA) sibships (N = 915 European Americans) followed by replication in Framingham Heart Study (FHS) sibships (N = 1025 European Americans). Generalized estimating equations accounted for the correlation within sibships in strata-specific groups of smokers and nonsmokers, as well as GxS interaction. Primary analysis found SNPs that showed suggestive associations (p≤10−5) in GENOA GWAS, but these index SNPs did not replicate in FHS. However, secondary analysis was able to replicate candidate gene regions in FHS using other SNPs (+/−250 kb of GENOA index SNP). In smoker and nonsmoker groups, replicated genes included TCF7L2 (p = 6.0×10−5) and WWOX (p = 4.5×10−6); and TNFRSF8 (p = 7.8×10−5), respectively. For GxS interactions, replicated genes included TBC1D4 (p = 6.9×10−5) and ADAMTS9 (P = 7.1×10−5). Interestingly, these genes are involved in inflammatory pathways mediated by the NF-κB axis. Since smoking is known to induce chronic and systemic inflammation, association of these genes likely reflects roles in CAC development via inflammatory pathways. Furthermore, the NF-κB axis regulates bone remodeling, a key physiological process in CAC development. In conclusion, GxS GWAS has yielded evidence for novel loci that are associated with CAC via interaction with smoking, providing promising new targets for future population-based and functional studies of CAC development.
Information literacy in learning landscapes: flexible, adaptable, low‐cost solutions

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to describe the rapidly changing learning landscapes academic libraries are facing using a case study of Arizona State University. Flexible, adaptable and low‐cost solutions are available for libraries who find themselves in a diverse learning landscape coupled with economic challenges.Design/methodology/approach – This case study provides details of the processes for implementing low‐cost alternatives to creating, managing and disseminating learning objects.Findings – Low‐cost solutions can give libraries an important information literacy presence within the university learning landscape. Locally managed learning object repositories can be implemented with minimal fuss and facilitate faculty and student in a wide range of academic programs access to library learning content.Practical implications – How to manage learning content in a local learning objects repository to maximize access, use and reuse for faculty, students and librarians. This article describes an ...
Time-Correlated Photons

The time correlation of photons in coherent light beams is demonstrated using pulse and coincidence techniques in contrast to the continuous-wave technique used by Brown and Twiss. This experiment differs from theirs in that counts from each detector are recorded. These are used for reducing each observation to a measurement of effective resolving time. (M.H.R.)