cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SPREAD: Foiling Smart Jammers Using Multi-Layer Agility

In this paper, we address the problem of cross-layer denial of service attack in wireless data networks. We introduce SPREAD -a novel adaptive diversification approach to provide resiliency against such attacks. SPREAD relies on a mechanism-hopping technique, which can be seen as a multi-layer extension of the frequency-hopping technique. We apply a game-theoretic framework for modeling the interaction of the communicating nodes and the adversaries and analyze the proposed approach. We reason about the advantages of SPREAD against various types of jammers and demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in the case of IEEE 802.11 protocol stack by studying the EIFS attack, periodical jamming and a Packet-Size Game. As an example, we show that mechanism-hopping over two instances of IEEE 802.11 can achieve several orders of magnitude gain in throughput over a single-instance network under the EIFS attack.
Bis(2,2,2‐trichloro‐1,1‐dimethylethyl) Phosphorochloridate

[17677-92-8] C8H12Cl7O3P (MW 435.33) InChI = 1S/C8H12Cl7O3P/c1-5(2,7(9,10)11)17-19(15,16)18-6(3,4)8(12,13)14/h1-4H3 InChIKey = VCUDEYVNYUZPBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N (phosphorylating reagent) Physical Data: mp 81–82 °C. Solubility: crystallized from pentane. Form Supplied in: colorless solid. Preparative Methods: the reagent1 is conveniently prepared by the reaction of 2-trichloromethyl-2-propanol with PCl3 in pyridine solvent to afford bis(2,2,2-trichloro-1,1-dimethylethyl) chlorophosphite (71%). The chlorophosphite is oxidized with (Diacetoxyiodo)benzene to give 65% of the desired phosphorochloridate (eq 1). This overall procedure represents an improved synthesis of the phosphorochloridate when compared to the different methods reported in the literature, which give mixtures of bis(2,2,2-trichloro-1,1-dimethylethyl) chlorophosphite and 2,2,2-trichloro-1,1-dimethylethyl dichlorophosphite.2, 3 (1) Handling, Storage, and Precautions: moisture sensitive; store in a cool, dry environment. Handle in a well-ventilated fume hood.
Harvesting experience: A reappraisal of the U.S. Climate Change Action Plan

For mitigating climate change and adapting to whatever impacts we cannot avoid, there are no politically feasible alternatives to improvements in the U.S. Climate Change Action Plan at this time or for the foreseeable future.Yet improvements in the Action Plan have been obstructed by the diversion of attention and other resources to negotiating a binding international agreement, to developing a predictive understanding of global change, and to documenting the failure of the Action Plan to meet its short-term goal for the reduction of aggregate greenhouse gas emissions. Continuous improvements depend upon reallocating attention and other resources to the Action Plan, and more speci¢cally, to the many small-scale policies that have already succeeded by climate change and 'no regrets' criteria under the Action Plan. Sustaining the eiort over the long term depends on harvesting experience from these small-scale successes for diiusion and adaptation elsewhere on a voluntary basis. In October 1993, President Clinton and Vice President Gore announced the Climate Change Action Plan, a policy to ful¢ll the voluntary commitment of the U.S. to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases to 1990 levels under Article 4(2) of the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change. The Framework Convention was opened for signature at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in June1992, and went into eiect following rati¢cation by ¢fty countries in March 1994.The ultimate objective of the Framework Convention, as stated in Article 2, is 'stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.' The two goals of the Action Plan are to strengthen the U.S. economy and to reduce emissions ofgreenhouse gases. According to its Executive Summary, the Action Plan 'meets the twin challenges of responding to the threat of global warming and strengthening the economy. Returning U.S. greenhouse gas emis- sions to their 1990 levels by the year 2000 is an ambitious but achievable goal that can be attained while enhancing prospects for economic growth and job creation, and positioning our country to compete and win in the global market' (Clinton and Gore,1993).The Action Plan gathered together over forty existing and new federal programs and oiered voluntary, £exible, and cost-eiective partnerships between the government and other organizations, primarily busi- nesses, to realize the two goals. The Action Plan was projected to cost the federal government $1.9 billion over six years, with most of the funds to be reallocated from existing budgets of federal agencies.
Comparative study of low-threshold 1.3 mu m strained and lattice-matched quantum-well lasers

A study of the effects of biaxial strain on the performance of low-threshold 1.3- mu m In/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As/sub y/P/sub 1-y//InP quantum-well lasers is presented. Lasers with lattice-matched, compressive-strained, and tensile-strained quantum-wells were fabricated to compare the effect of strain on various device parameters. Threshold current densities as low as 187 A/cm/sup 2/ for a two-quantum-well device with 0.85% compressive strain were obtained. >
Temperature Dependence and Annealing Effects of Absorption Edges for Selenium Quantum Dots Formed By Ion Implantation In Silica Glass

We have fabricated Se nanoparticles in silica substrates by ion implantation followed by thermal annealing up to 1000°C, and studied the Se nanoparticle formation by optical absorption spectroscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The sample with the highest dose (1 × 1017 ions/cm2) showed the naonparticle formation during the ion implantation, while the lower dose samples (1 and 3 × 1016 ions/cm2) required thermal treatment to obtain nano-sized particles. The Se nanoparticles in silica were found to be amorphous. After thermal annealing, the particle sizes became larger than the exciton Bohr radius for bulk Se. Thus, the absorption edges for different doses approached the value of bulk after thermal annealing. The temperature dependent absorption spectra were also measured for this system in a temperature range from 15 to 300 K.
The Human Enzyme That Converts Dietary Provitamin A Carotenoids to Vitamin A Is a Dioxygenase

β-Carotene 15–15′-oxygenase (BCO1) catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of dietary provitamin A carotenoids to retinal (vitamin A aldehyde). Aldehydes readily exchange their carbonyl oxygen with water, making oxygen labeling experiments challenging. BCO1 has been thought to be a monooxygenase, incorporating oxygen from O2 and H2O into its cleavage products. This was based on a study that used conditions that favored oxygen exchange with water. We incubated purified recombinant human BCO1 and β-carotene in either 16O2-H218O or 18O2-H216O medium for 15 min at 37 °C, and the relative amounts of 18O-retinal and 16O-retinal were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. At least 79% of the retinal produced by the reaction has the same oxygen isotope as the O2 gas used. Together with the data from 18O-retinal-H216O and 16O-retinal-H218O incubations to account for nonenzymatic oxygen exchange, our results show that BCO1 incorporates only oxygen from O2 into retinal. Thus, BCO1 is a dioxygenase.
Surgical Management of Caseous Calcification of the Mitral Annulus

Caseous calcification of the mitral annulus is a rare variant of mitral annular calcification where liquefaction and caseation result in formation of a mass at the border of the calcified annulus. Limited reports of operative therapy for caseous calcification of the mitral annulus describe wide excision and gross debridement of the mass, a technique that can cause perioperative stroke. We present a strategy of limited incision and drainage of the liquid material, closure of the incision, and subsequent suture obliteration of the cavity and mitral valve repair or replacement. In our experience, this technique is safe and has not been associated with perioperative stroke.
Trapping of low-index microparticles in an optical vortex

The equilibrium position of a low-index particle in an optical-vortex trap was experimentally measured for two different systems: a buoyant hollow glass sphere in water and a density-matched water droplet in acetophenone. Vortex traps are the only known static, single-beam configurations allowing three-dimensional trapping of such particles in the size range of 2–50 μm. The trap consists of a strongly focused Gaussian laser beam containing a holographically produced optical vortex. Using experimental and theoretical techniques, we also explored changes in the trapping efficiency owing to the vortex core size, the relative refractive index, and the numerical aperture of the focusing objective.
Giant resonances observed in the scattering of 96- and 115-MeV alpha particles

Beams of 96- and 115-MeV $alpha$ particles were used to study the giant resonance region in 27 nuclei ranging from $sup 14$N to $sup 208$Pb. A prominent broad (GAMMA=3--7 MeV) peak is present in the spectra at an excitation energy of approx.63/A$sup 1$/$sup 3$ MeV for all nuclei studied with A> or =36. No such prominent peak is apparent for A<32. The angular distributions of the peak are characterized by an oscillatory behavior which is quite different from the monotonic behavior of the background. Distorted wave calculations with L=2 reproduce the experimental angular distributions quite well for most of the nuclei. Energy-weighted sum rule fractions range from 30--50% for the lighter targets to near 100% for the heavier targets. Distorted wave calculations with a breathing mode (L=0) form factor fail to reproduce the observed resonance strength by about a factor of 3 for all targets. The width of the peak is smallest for the closed shell nuclei $sup 40$Ca, $sup 90$Zr, $sup 144$Sm, and $sup 208$Pb. A small but significant broadening is observed in the rare-earth region of deformed nuclei. The giant dipole resonance is not appreciably excited for any of the targets. (AIP)
Regulation of mitosis by the NIMA kinase involves TINA and its newly discovered partner, An-WDR8, at spindle pole bodies.

The NIMA kinase is required for mitotic nuclear pore complex disassembly and potentially controls other mitotic-specific events. To investigate this possibility, we imaged NIMA–green fluorescent protein (GFP) using four-dimensional spinning disk confocal microscopy. At mitosis NIMA-GFP locates to spindle pole bodies (SPBs), which contain Cdk1/cyclin B, followed by Aurora, TINA, and the BimC kinesin. NIMA promotes NPC disassembly in a spatially regulated manner starting near SPBs. NIMA is also required for TINA, a NIMA-interacting protein, to locate to SPBs during initiation of mitosis, and TINA is then necessary for locating NIMA back to SPBs during mitotic progression. To help expand the NIMA-TINA pathway, we affinity purified TINA and found it to uniquely copurify with An-WDR8, a WD40-domain protein conserved from humans to plants. Like TINA, An-WDR8 accumulates within nuclei during G2 but disperses from nuclei before locating to mitotic SPBs. Without An-WDR8, TINA levels are greatly reduced, whereas TINA is necessary for mitotic targeting of An-WDR8. Finally, we show that TINA is required to anchor mitotic microtubules to SPBs and, in combination with An-WDR8, for successful mitosis. The findings provide new insights into SPB targeting and indicate that the mitotic microtubule-anchoring system at SPBs involves WDR8 in complex with TINA.
Correctional Practitioners on Reentry: A Missed Perspective

Much of the literature on reentry of formerly incarcerated individuals revolves around discussions of failures they incur during reintegration or the identification of needs and challenges that they have during reentry from the perspective of community corrections officers. The present research fills a gap in the reentry literature by examining the needs and challenges of formerly incarcerated individuals and what makes for reentry success from the perspective of correctional practitioners (i.e., wardens and non-wardens). The views of correctional practitioners are important to understand the level of organizational commitment to reentry and the ways in which social distance between correctional professionals and their clients may impact reentry success. This research reports on the results from an email survey distributed to a national sample of correctional officials listed in the American Correctional Association, 2012 Directory. Specifically, correctional officials were asked to report on needs and challenges facing formerly incarcerated individuals, define success, identify factors related to successful reentry, recount success stories, and report what could be done to assist them in successful outcomes. Housing and employment were raised by wardens and corrections officials as important needs for successful reentry. Corrections officials adopted organizational and systems perspectives in their responses and had differing opinions about social distance. Policy implications are presented.
Altered Nerve Myo-Inositol Metabolism in Experimental Diabetes and Its Relationship to Nerve Function

The following picture of altered myo-inositol metabolism in diabetic peripheral nerve has recently emerged. Hyperglycemia, through competitive inhibition of sodium-dependent myo-inositol uptake and/or increased polyol (sorbitol) pathway activity, reduces nerve myo-inositol content, secondarily altering nerve phosphoinositide metabolism and impairing the function of the membrane-bound sodium-potassium ATPase. The resulting reduction in the transmembrane sodium gradient impairs nerve conduction and further reduces sodium gradient-dependent myo-inositol uptake, creating a self-reinforcing metabolic defect in diabetic peripheral nerve. Other sodium-gradient dependent processes such as amino acid uptake and intracellular water and electrolyte homeostasis may also be secondarily altered. These abnormalities may have potentially widespread pathophysiological implications, possibly leading to the later structural defects in diabetic peripheral nerve, which are thought to underlie neurological deficits in diabetic neuropathy.
Ultra-low power self-computing binary output digital MEMS accelerometer

This work presents the concept and preliminary results for electromechanical self-computing binary output digital accelerometers. Such devices require only bias voltages and no readout or control electronics for operation (zero static power for operation). The device comprises of a number of acceleration switches (equal to the number of the bits of resolution) which are coupled to each other via electrostatic actuators. As a result of an applied acceleration and interactions of switches and actuators with each other, a digitized binary acceleration output is generated. In this work, a 2-bit accelerometer operating in the 0–1g range is successfully demonstrated.
Encryption and privacy in the business environment

This paper briefly outlines forms of public key encryption. Also, common uses of encryption in the business environment are described. Finally, policy concerns regarding security and privacy are addressed.
Making America poorer: The cost of labor law Morgan O. Reynolds Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 1987, 218 pp.

None of the above suggests that Reynolds is incorrect in finding monopoly power in unions; neither is it suggested that labor relations law should not be considered as one source of that power. Reynolds is correct on both counts. However, his study is incomplete. There are additional sources which should also be identified and evaluated.Making America Poorer presents viewpoints held by some economists, some business groups, and some segments of the public. These views will be part of any national debate.
Ortho-Toluidine as a Contact insecticide

Emulsions of ortho-toluidine, an amino-derivative of toluene, were sprayed on the adult Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newm., to test their value as contact insecticides. The preliminary results in the laboratory indicate that the compound has a definite toxic action on the beetle and that it might prove valuable as a contact insecticide.
Myocardial blood flow and oxygen consumption during moderate cardiac tamponade: role of reflex vasoconstriction.

SummaryThe influence of reflex vasoconstriction on aortic pressure and myocardial oxygen supply and demand during moderate cardiac tamponade was examined in anesthetized, open-chest dogs by comparing responses before and after systemic alpha adrenergic blockade. After α blockade, aortic pressure fell more during cardiac tamponade but there was no change in the ability of myocardium to satisfy its oxygen demand. The data suggest that although peripheral vasoconstriction attenuates the fall in aortic pressure during cardiac tamponade, adequate oxygen supply to myocardium depends on local metabolic vasodilatory systems that couple metabolism to coronary vascular tone, and not on this reflex adjustment.
Differential effects of camptothecin and interactions with plant hormones on seed germination and seedling growth

Effects of camptothecin, a naturally occurring alkaloid, on seed germination varied from promotive to inhibitory, depending on the species used. It markedly inhibited seedling root growth but its inhibition of hypocotyl growth varied among species. Camptothecin inhibited GA3-induced dark germination of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seeds and hypocotyl elongation of seedlings. In contrast to ABA, the camptothecin inhibition of GA3-induced germination could not be overcome by cytokinin. When seeds were germinated at 29C with a 0.5 h light treatment, little or no germination occurred in the camptothecin treatment, but addition of cytokinin overcame this inhibition.
Evaluation of Program Construction Based on the Fuzzy AHP/TOPSIS Method

According to the requirements of programmer construction,this paper discusses the construction evaluation index system,including the establishment from project to project,project of the importance of the project and the related degree with other projects.Because of the insufficient of the expert evaluation method,this paper proposes the fuzzy AHP/TOPSIS method to evaluating,and finally illustrates the rationality of this method.
Determination of residual solvents in organic wastewater by headspace gas chromatography

A headspace-gas chromatography method is developed for the determination of petroleum ether(30-60),acetone,tetrahydrofuran,ethyl acetate,methanol,ethanol,and acetonitrile in organic wastewater.The experimental conditions of the headspace are optimized.The optimal conditions for the headspace gas chromatographic analysis are as follows:5 mL of sample volume,80℃ of equilibration temperature,20 minutes of equilibration time and 1.0 g of NaCl.Linear responses are obtained for 7 residual solvents in their respective concentration ranges.The linear regression coefficients are larger than 0.999.The detection limits are in a range of 0.052-3.96 μg/mL.The precise(the relative standard deviations) is 1.3%-6.1%(n=6).And the standard recovery ranges from 83.4% to 111.6%(n=3).The method is simple,reproducible and accurate for the determination of the residual solvents in organic wastewater.
Use of Winter Legumes as Banker Plants for Beneficial Insect Species in a Sorghum and Cotton Rotation System

Abstract Use of novel crops for bio-fuel production requires evaluating the potential for sound ecological and economical implementation in a particular region. We examined the pest and generalist beneficial insect species associated with various winter cover crops (including narrowleaf lupin, white vetch, Austrian winter pea, crimson clover, faba bean, and rye) as sources of colonists in 2 subsequent summer crops, sorghum and cotton. Sorghum is a potential cellulosic bio-fuel crop and cotton is commonly grown in the region and could be a viable low-input rotation for biofuel sorghum. Insects were sampled weekly over 3 ys in winter cover plots beginning in early spring and in the later planted crop plots beginning at the 15 cm height stage of the crops and continuing for 3 - 6 wks. Of the predators, coccinellids (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) dominated and were consistently abundant in vetch, faba and lupin, as was the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and the aphid parasitoid, Lys...
Demokratische Partizipation durch Expertengremien? Der Trade-Off zwischen Inklusion und Effektivität

Konnen Expertengremien zur Burgerbeteiligung beitragen? Der Beitrag behandelt diese Frage nach dem Partizipationspotential von Expertengremien auf der Grundlage eines empirischen Fallvergleichs plural zusammengesetzter und mit der Politikformulierung betrauter Beratungsgremien der deutschen Bundesregierung. Masstab der Analyse ist ein zweidimensionales Partizipationskonzept, welches aus der empirischen und theoretischen Beteiligungsforschung hergeleitet wird und sowohl die Gleichheit der Partizipation, als auch die Wirksamkeit einbezieht. Es werden zwei Typen von Expertengremien kontrastiert, die jeweils eine der Partizipationsdimensionen auf Kosten der anderen erfullen. Die verschiedenen Partizipationsniveaus werden verhandlungstheoretisch erklart.
FmvB: A Francisella tularensis Magnesium-Responsive Outer Membrane Protein that Plays a Role in Virulence

Francisella tularensis is the causative agent of the lethal disease tularemia. Despite decades of research, little is understood about why F. tularensis is so virulent. Bacterial outer membrane proteins (OMPs) are involved in various virulence processes, including protein secretion, host cell attachment, and intracellular survival. Many pathogenic bacteria require metals for intracellular survival and OMPs often play important roles in metal uptake. Previous studies identified three F. tularensis OMPs that play roles in iron acquisition. In this study, we examined two previously uncharacterized proteins, FTT0267 (named fmvA, for Francisella metal and virulence) and FTT0602c (fmvB), which are homologs of the previously studied F. tularensis iron acquisition genes and are predicted OMPs. To study the potential roles of FmvA and FmvB in metal acquisition and virulence, we first examined fmvA and fmvB expression following pulmonary infection of mice, finding that fmvB was upregulated up to 5-fold during F. tularensis infection of mice. Despite sequence homology to previously-characterized iron-acquisition genes, FmvA and FmvB do not appear to be involved iron uptake, as neither fmvA nor fmvB were upregulated in iron-limiting media and neither ΔfmvA nor ΔfmvB exhibited growth defects in iron limitation. However, when other metals were examined in this study, magnesium-limitation significantly induced fmvB expression, ΔfmvB was found to express significantly higher levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in magnesium-limiting medium, and increased numbers of surface protrusions were observed on ΔfmvB in magnesium-limiting medium, compared to wild-type F. tularensis grown in magnesium-limiting medium. RNA sequencing analysis of ΔfmvB revealed the potential mechanism for increased LPS expression, as LPS synthesis genes kdtA and wbtA were significantly upregulated in ΔfmvB, compared with wild-type F. tularensis. To provide further evidence for the potential role of FmvB in magnesium uptake, we demonstrated that FmvB was outer membrane-localized. Finally, ΔfmvB was found to be attenuated in mice and cytokine analyses revealed that ΔfmvB-infected mice produced lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including GM-CSF, IL-3, and IL-10, compared with mice infected with wild-type F. tularensis. Taken together, although the function of FmvA remains unknown, FmvB appears to play a role in magnesium uptake and F. tularensis virulence. These results may provide new insights into the importance of magnesium for intracellular pathogens.
Supercow: a liquid manure applicator for small-plot research

Small-plot research in manure nutrient management requires accurate manure applicators that are easy to operate and maneuver. Our objective was to design a small-plot liquid manure applicator that could apply variable rates of dairy manure containing up to 60 g kg -1 solids to perennial grass plots while avoiding traffic and compaction on the plots. The applicator consists of a 1000-L fiberglass agitation tank mounted on four load cells, a delivery pump and motor, and a side-mounted boom with four nozzles for manure application, all built onto a wagon and towed by a tractor. The side-mounted boom allows manure application without traffic on the plots. Manure application typically was within 7% of the target rate and had a coefficient of variation ranging from 2 to 17%, measured over a series of rates from 53 to 211 Mg ha -1 (wet weight). The precision, accuracy, and ease of operation of the applicator met our research requirements. Efficiency of operation could be improved using a larger agitation tank.
Addressing Intimate Partner Violence and Child Maltreatment: Challenges and Opportunities

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a public health issue existing in most countries, occurring across all demographic, ethnic, cultural and socio-economic lines. Women of child-bearing age are at the highest risk of IPV, and the prevalence of IPV is disproportionately high in families with children younger than five years of age. Research has documented a pervasive link between intimate partner violence and child maltreatment (CM). This chapter provides a foundation for understanding the relationship between IPV and CM. An overview of related epidemiology is presented with a discussion of the comorbidity of IPV and CM. Focus is given to the cultural considerations in researching and addressing the occurrence and co-occurrence of IPV and CM. The chapter concludes with recommendations for future research as well as policy implications.
Macroscopic limit cycle via noise-induced phase transition

Bistability generated via a noise-induced phase transition is reexamined from the view of macroscopic dynamical systems, which clarifies the role of fluctuation better than the conventional Fokker-Plank or Langevin equation approach. Using this approach, we investigated the spatially-extended systems with two degrees of freedom per site. The model systems undergo a noise-induced phase transition through a Hopf bifurcation, leading to a macroscopic limit cycle motion similar to the deterministic relaxation oscillation.
IMPROVING SELF-CARE INDEPENDENCY OF TYPE 2 DM PATIENTS BASED ON LASALLIAN EDUCATION MODEL

Abstract The specific objectives of this study were: (1) Analyze the effectiveness of Lasallian health education in order to increased knowledge and attitude. (2) Analyze the effectiveness of Lasallian health education in order to increase the self-care independency of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Research design of this study was Pre-Experiment with target population patients with type 2 DM. 12 participants were recruited in the study with purposive sampling technique. Bivariate test results of knowledge and attitudes before and after giving the Lasallian health education showed significant results with ρ-value of 0.016 (p-value <ά 0.05). Research result of self-care independency of type 2 diabetic patients in before and after giving Lasallian health education show significant result with ρ-value of 0.001 (p-value <ά 0:01). Transformation of people behavior or habit by a health education program should have three important determinant, there are cognitive, affective and psychomotor aspects of participants to motivate and increase self-awareness, and adherence of self-care management and improving of quality of life. Keywords : Type 2 DM, Lasallian Health Education, Knowledge, Attitude, Self-care independency.
Free Speech and Learning from Difference

In debates about campus speech, there are arguments from the left and from the right that the community function of a college and the intellectual functions of a college can’t both be maximized. Improving the community role necessarily entails placing limits on the intellectual roles, and improving the intellectual role necessarily entails placing limits on the community roles. Where these arguments disagree is in the valuation of the tradeoffs between these roles. I argue that the apparent tension between the community role and intellectual role of colleges can be resolved, or at least mitigated, if we make a clearer distinction between speech and community endorsement of speech. What’s more, if we understand speech to be exploratory in nature rather than declaratory, we may remove some of the status competition between different groups that characterizes the dispute. This can allow for potential complementarities to emerge from the community support role of a college and the intellectual role. The core idea that I wish to explore is the notion of discovery that is embedded in Mill’s defense of free speech and in his conception of experiments in living. This approach depends on the idea that we can abandon the goal of defeating our opponents, and instead embrace the goal of accommodating one another.
NO in Cancer—Carcinogenesis, Metastasis, and Therapy

Abstract The physiological role(s) of nitric oxide (NO) in immunity was discovered in parallel with some of the earliest studies on the effects of NO in cardiovascular response. Over the years, multifaceted roles of NO in cancer have implicated NOS-derived NO as a potential therapeutic target. In this chapter, we will discuss the mechanisms of NO in cancer with regard to the concentration dependent, contextual effects on various molecular targets as they occur during disease progression. We will highlight the antiproliferative (high NO flux) and protumorigenic (low NO flux) as well as the potential immune modulatory effects of NO and also emphasize how understanding the concentration-dependent effects of NO are beneficial in the design of targeted therapeutics.
Modal Analysis of Enclosures

To say that a region containing an ideal fluid is a “cavity” is to imply that it is a void in some solid region. The synonymous term “enclosure” is more descriptive, in the sense that it conveys the notion that the domain is surrounded by a solid boundary. A tube terminated at both ends is the simplest configuration to analyze. Sections 2.5.3 and 3.2.2 addressed planar waves in such a system, but our concern here will extend to higher order waveguide modes. As is true for planar waves, closure results in reflection of the incident waves, thereby setting up a field that features standing waves in all directions. The developments that follow will primarily deal with regular geometries. The chapter will close by developing an approximate method for irregular cavities. The closure will be an approximate method for cavities and an elastic structures.
Intrinsically Bayesian robust Karhunen-Loève compression

Abstract Karhunen-Loeve (KL) compression is based on the canonical representation of a random process. When compressing to a finite sum, the optimal-MSE m-term summation consists of the KL terms possessing the m largest eigenvalues. This paper considers the situation in which an unknown covariance matrix belongs to an uncertainty class governed by a prior probability distribution. The intrinsically Bayesian robust (IBR) KL compression minimizes the expected MSE over the uncertainty class among all possible m-term KL expansions. We prove that the IBR KL compression is the KL expansion based on the expected covariance matrix over the uncertainty class. We then solve the following experimental design problem: among the unknown covariances, which should be determined to maximally reduce the mean objective cost of uncertainty (MOCU), which in the KL compression setting measures increased MSE resulting from our uncertainty. The IBR KL expansion and optimal experimental design are solved analytically for the Wishart distribution over the uncertainty class, a commonly employed distribution for covariance matrices in Bayesian settings.
An Assessment of the Relationship of Physical Activity, Obesity, and Chronic Diseases/Conditions between Active/Obese and Sedentary/Normal Weight American Women in a National Sample

Abstract Objective Obesity and physical inactivity are associated with increased rates of chronic diseases and conditions. However, the ‘fit but fat’ theory posits that cardiopulmonary fitness (or physical activity) can mitigate risks to health associated with obesity. The purpose of this study was to compare chronic diseases and conditions of highly active/obese women with inactive/normal weight women. Study design This was a cross-sectional study of the 2015 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data. Methods Weighted descriptive statistics were performed to describe the demographic characteristics of the two groups. We calculated odds ratios and adjusted odds ratios for chronic diseases and conditions comparing highly active/obese women with inactive/normal weight women. Results Highly active/obese women were more likely to report risk factors (hypertension, high cholesterol, and diabetes) for coronary heart disease (CHD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) than inactive/normal weight women; however, they did not have increased rates of CVD, CHD, or heart attack and had decreased risk for stroke. Highly active/obese women had increased risk for asthma, arthritis, and depression, but not for cancer, kidney disease, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Conclusions Highly active/obese women appear to be staving off the actual development of CHD and CVD; however, further research is needed to understand the long-term health benefits of physical activity among obese women.
Crystal chemistry and thermoelectric transport of layered AM2X2 compounds

Compounds that crystallize in the layered CaAl2Si2 structural pattern have rapidly emerged as an exciting class of thermoelectric materials with attractive n- and p-type properties. More than 100 AM2X2 compounds that form this structure type – characterized by anionic M2X2 slabs sandwiched between layers of octahedrally coordinated A cations – provide numerous potential paths to chemically tune every aspect of thermoelectric transport. This review highlights the chemical diversity of this structure type, discusses the rules governing its formation and stability relative to competing AM2X2 structures (e.g., ThCr2Si2 and BaCu2S2), and attempts to bring some of the most recently discovered compounds into the spotlight. The discussion of thermoelectric transport properties in AM2X2 compounds focuses primarily on the intrinsic parameters that determine the potential for a high figure of merit: the band gap, effective mass, degeneracy, carrier relaxation time, and lattice thermal conductivity. We also discuss routes that have been used to successfully control the carrier concentration, including controlling the cation vacancy concentration, doping, and isoelectronic alloying (approaches that are highly interdependent). Finally, we discuss recent progress made towards n-type doping in this system, highlight opportunities for further improvements, as well as open questions that still remain.
A review of the net-winged midges (Diptera: Blephariceridae) of the West Indies, with description of a new species from Puerto Rico

The Caribbean blepharicerid fauna comprises three described species: Paltostoma palominoi Hogue and Garces, 1990, found in eastern Cuba; P. agyrocincta Curran, 1927, widespread in Puerto Rico; and ...
Chemical Equivalence and Volumetric Stoichiometry

The conceptual theme of the presentation in this chapter is chemical equivalence Although definitions have been made separately elsewhere, the importance of this concept in volumetric stoichiometry more than justifies any repetitions that may be encountered here as part of an organized, orderly development. Whatever may be the mechanisms of chemical reactions or the infinite variability in conditions under which they occur, their quantitative aspects are defined by the equality of electrons lost and gained, respectively, in the mutual interactions of reductants and oxidants. In metathetical reaction (non-redox), they are defined by the equality of the replacements, returns, exchanges, or associations of positive and negative charges without permanent gain or loss to the reaction species. All this is just another way of saying that reaction always occurs “equivalent for equivalent.”
Diffusion tensor image registration with combined tract and tensor features

Registration of diffusion tensor (DT) images is indispensible, especially in white-matter studies involving a significant amount of data. This task is however faced with challenging issues such as the generally low SNR of diffusion-weighted images and the relatively high complexity of tensor representation. To improve the accuracy of DT image registration, we design an attribute vector that encapsulates both tract and tensor information to serve as a voxel morphological signature for effective correspondence matching. The attribute vector captures complementary information from both the global connectivity structure given by the fiber tracts and the local anatomical architecture given by the tensor regional descriptors. We incorporate this attribute vector into a multi-scale registration framework where the moving image is warped to the space of the fixed image under the guidance of tract information at a more global level (coarse scales), followed by alignment refinement using regional tensor distribution features at a more local level (fine scales). Experimental results indicate that this framework yields marked improvement over DT image registration using volumetric information alone.
BRAF Mutation in Melanoma and Dietary Polyphenols as Adjunctive Treatment Strategy

Melanomas are the most insidious type of skin cancers, with more than 76,000 new cases and over 9100 deaths anticipated by 2013 in the United States. Recent advances in an understanding of genetic alterations that cause mutations in the oncogenes BRAF and NRAS, have provided new leads for treatment of melanoma. A valine-to-glutamic acid substitution mutation at position 600 (V600E) in the BRAF kinase gene has been shown to occur in approximately 75% melanoma cases. This mutation results in constitutive activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, thus offering a target amenable to development of novel therapies and to adjunctive or complementary management options. A number of preclinical and clinical investigations of small molecule inhibitors of BRAF show promise, e.g., Zelboraf, an FDA-approved BRAF inhibitor for the treatment of metastatic melanomas with the V600E mutation. However, drug resistance has been found to occur in some patients. Elucidating possible mechanisms behind resistance and developing therapies to bypass such are important in ensuring the success of BRAF inhibitors. BRAF is strategically positioned at the tip of a signaling cascade that transduces effects through a cadre of downstream targets. Several studies show that these proteins are negatively regulated by a variety of diet-derived polyphenols and suggest that an intervention “cocktail” comprising these components may play be considered for development as “low bioactivity-less resistance inducing” adjunctive treatment of melanoma.
UNIVERSAL OPEN PRINCIPAL FIBRATIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter explains universal open principal fibrations. It presents an assumption where G is a compact metric group. It presents the construction of classifying spaces for open principal compact metric group fibrations over compact metric spaces. All G-bundles are open Hurewicz fibrations; however the converse requires additional hypotheses, for example, that G is a Lie group and the total space is completely regular The chapter presents an assumption where it is assumed that a compact metric group G acts principally on a compact metric space E. If the projection π |: E→E/G is open and is a Hurewicz fibration, p is called an open principal G-fibration. Such maps arise naturally as limits of towers of bundle maps.
Difficulties in emotion regulation and chronic pain-related disability and opioid misuse.

Abstract Risk for opioid misuse is a crucial consideration for patients with chronic pain, given the recent high rates of opioid-related deaths in the U.S. Emotion regulation difficulties may be associated with chronic pain outcomes such as opioid misuse, but may also be amenable to intervention. The aim of this study was to examine associations between difficulties with emotion regulation and disability and risk for opioid misuse among Appalachian chronic pain patients. The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation scale (DERS-18), Pain Disability Index (PDI), Screener and Opioid Assessment for Patients with Pain – Revised (SOAPP-R), and Current Opioid Misuse Measure (COMM) were collected from 149 patients (age 25–80, 59% female) presenting to a behavioral medicine department for evaluation. The extent to which DERS-18 scores predict risk for opioid misuse and disability was examined via hierarchical regression, logistic regression, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses. DERS-18 scores account for 45% of variance in SOAPP-R, 36% in COMM scores, and 11% in PDI scores. A one-point increase in DERS-18 score is associated with 19% greater odds of being at risk for misuse as measured by the SOAPP-R, and 16% greater odds on the COMM. In ROC analyses, the DERS-18 is a good predictor of risk on the SOAPP-R (AUC = .85) and COMM (.83), with cut-off scores in the mid-30s exhibiting good sensitivity and specificity. Difficulties in emotion regulation are associated with poorer functioning and with greater risk of opioid misuse in this population, but may be amenable to intervention.
iMapSplice: Alleviating reference bias through personalized RNA-seq alignment

Genomic variants in both coding and non-coding sequences can have functionally important and sometimes deleterious effects on exon splicing of gene transcripts. For transcriptome profiling using RNA-seq, the accurate alignment of reads across exon junctions is a critical step. Existing algorithms that utilize a standard reference genome as a template sometimes have difficulty in mapping reads that carry genomic variants. These problems can lead to allelic ratio biases and the failure to detect splice variants created by splice site polymorphisms. To improve RNA-seq read alignment, we have developed a novel approach called iMapSplice that enables personalized mRNA transcriptome profiling. The algorithm makes use of personal genomic information and performs an unbiased alignment towards genome indices carrying both reference and alternative bases. Importantly, this breaks the dependency on reference genome splice site dinucleotide motifs and enables iMapSplice to discover personal splice junctions created through splice site polymorphisms. We report comparative analyses using a number of simulated and real datasets. Besides general improvements in read alignment and splice junction discovery, iMapSplice greatly alleviates allelic ratio biases and unravels many previously uncharacterized splice junctions created by splice site polymorphisms, with minimal overhead in computation time and storage. Software download URL: https://github.com/LiuBioinfo/iMapSplice.
Farming out of place

This paper is published in the American Ethnologist, available at https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/amet.12667 The citation information for the final paper is: Ofstehage, Andrew. 2018. “Farming out of place: Transnational family farmers, flexible farming, and the rupture of rural life in Bahia, Brazil.” American Ethnologist, 45(3), 317-329.
Heat Generator Plant as a Heat and Chemical Installation

A design and operating principle of a plant for cleaning and utilizing flue gases to produce CO2, N2, and HNO3 as commercial products are presented. An approximate economic assessment for implementation of this decision for a 20-tons/h steam boiler is given. The possibility of increasing the ecological and economical efficiency of the heat generator by using innovative technical decisions for flue-gas cleaning and utilization is demonstrated.
H3 K27M Mutations in Thalamic Pilocytic Astrocytomas with Anaplasia.

Background The revised World Health Organization classification of central nervous system tumors, published in 2016, has recognized the H3 K27M mutation as a critical genetic signature defining a new group of infiltrative astrocytomas designated as diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27M mutant. Although most H3 K27M mutations arise in the setting of diffusely infiltrative tumors, there are rare reports of compact tumors with low-grade histologic features harboring this mutation. The prevalence and clinical significance of this mutation in pilocytic astrocytomas remain unclear. Case Description We report 2 young adult patients with H3 K27M–mutated thalamic pilocytic astrocytomas who presented to medical attention with symptomatic hydrocephalus requiring urgent intervention. We present our experience with this unusual tumor and recommend a treatment paradigm of maximal safe surgical resection followed by chemotherapy and radiation. Conclusions Stereotactic biopsies may undergrade some adult thalamic pilocytic astrocytomas. Therefore, we recommend that all these tumors be evaluated for the H3 K27M mutation. Further, we think H3 K27M–mutant thalamic pilocytic astrocytomas require aggressive multimodality treatment and these treatments should be guided by the molecular findings, as opposed to the histologic ones.
Note-taking habits of 21st Century college students: implications for student learning, memory, and achievement

Students rely on their notes to memorise and learn critical course content, and recent studies of note-taking state that most students take notes, citing a survey published in 1974. Over the past four decades, classrooms and note-taking technologies have evolved: students can take notes on electronic devices, and some classes are entirely online. Despite these changes, few studies have investigated their impact on note-taking habits. Given that note-taking is critical for student learning, the purpose of the present study was to update the literature on students' general note-taking behaviour and investigate the impact of these newer technological advances on note-taking. We surveyed 577 college students, using questions from prior surveys and new questions relevant to technology. As per prior studies, students still reported taking notes in classrooms, and as important, students reported flexibility in their note-taking by (a) using a notebook or a laptop depending on course demands and (b) often deciding not to take notes in online courses. Thus, students are flexible in their note-taking behaviour, but may not always make the best decisions about how and when to take notes.
Association of Atherosclerosis Prevalence With Age, Race, and Traditional Risk Factors in Patients With Psoriasis.

This analysis of aggregate data from electronic medical records assesses the prevalence of atherosclerosis in African American and white patients with psoriasis.
INCIDENCE AND RISK FACTORS FOR IMPLANTATION OF A CARDIAC ELECTRONIC DEVICE FOLLOWING MITRAL OR AORTIC VALVE SURGERY

The risk factors for post-operative conduction disturbances after heart valve surgery requiring cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) remains poorly characterized. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using a mandatory statewide discharge database, New York's Statewide Planning and