cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interwoven Spiral Array (ISPA) With a 10:1 Bandwidth on a Ground Plane

We describe a novel, planar, circularly polarized (CP), interwoven spiral array (ISPA) having a 10:1 bandwidth while operating conformally on a perfect electric conducting (PEC) ground plane. The array is comprised of rectangular, self-complementary spirals. However, unlike typical array designs, the elements have their arms "interwoven" to enhance coupling. This coupling serves to mitigate the inductive effects contributed by the PEC ground plane. Consequently, the unit cell of the array encompasses several adjacent array elements. This feature leads to unique array properties, and in this letter, we pursue a numerical analysis and design of an array version that delivers a 10:1 bandwidth, for a broadside scan, in a conformal setting.
Proteolytic degradation of the flavonoid regulators, TRANSPARENT TESTA8 and TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1, in Arabidopsis is mediated by the ubiquitin/26Sproteasome system

Regulated proteolysis by the ubiquitin/26S proteasome system (UPS) has emerged as a major posttranslational control mechanism regulating transcription factor (TF) activity in plants. Anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis is regulated by a ternary complex comprised of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), R2R3MYB and WD-repeat (WDR) proteins. The bHLH TF, TRANSPARENT TESTA 8 (TT8), and the WDR protein, TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1 (TTG1), are essential for expression of late flavonoid biosynthesis genes. Previous studies have demonstrated that the turnover of several anthocyanin pathway regulators is controlled by the UPS. Here, we showthatTT8 and TTG1areshort-lived and targeted by the UPS for degradation. Our findings further extend our understanding of the role of the UPS in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in plants.
Lipid composition of fat body and its contribution to the maturing oocytes in Pyrrhocoris apterus

Abstract The fat body of adult, female Pyrrhocoris apterus undergoes cyclic growth and diminution correlated with cycles of oocyte maturation. At all stages lipid accounts for 80 per cent of the dry weight of the fat body and the content of lipid, protein, and glycogen change in proportion to the changes in dry weight. The fatty acid composition of the lipid in fat body, ovaries, the whole insect, and the diet was examined by gas-liquid chromatography. Pyrrhocoris is similar to other insects in having triglyceride as the predominant class of lipid in the fat body but is distinctive in having an unusually high (more than 50 per cent) proportion of linoleate among its fatty acids, presumably owing to its diet. Reasons are presented for considering that little, if any, fatty acid is synthesized by the fat body and the ovaries during the reproductive cycle. During the first 5 days after the larval-adult ecdysis the Pyrrhocoris fat body first accumulates lipid and then releases it for utilization by the ovary. This temporary storage by the fat body compensates for the apparent inability of the insect to ingest a sufficient amount of lipid during vitellogenesis. The ovary normally utilizes dietary lipid as well during vitellogenesis; when the dietary supply was experimentally interrupted the amount of lipid released by the fat body increased. Storage of lipid in the fat body represents an important physiological adaptation since it frees the insect from dependence on a constant food supply during vitellogenesis.
Large, Wetland-Associated Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) of Glacier National Park, Montana

ABSTRACT. We describe species richness and habitat associations of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) collected during amphibian surveys of 355 water bodies in Glacier National Park (NP), Montana, in 2006–2008. We collected 9 taxa (in 7 genera) of mayflies that were identifiable to species. Callibaetis jerrugineus hageni was collected most frequently, followed by Siphlonurus occidentalis, S. phyllis, Ameletus celer, A. similior, Parameletus columbiae, Ephemerella dorothea infrequens, Baetis bicaudatus, and Leptophlebia cupida. Siphlonurus phyllis had not been reported in the western United States prior to our surveys, and P. columbiae is a species of concern in the region. The identifications of 4 additional taxa were uncertain due to the poor condition of specimens found at only one site (Centroptilum sp. and Paraleptophlebia sp.) or because nymphal specimens could not be confidently identified (Cinygma sp. and Cinygmula sp.). Species richness of mayflies in wetlands seems low compared to that in streams and lakes...
Influence of Calcium Content of Biomass-Based Materials on Simultaneous NOx and SO2 Reduction

Pyrolysis products of biomass (bio-oils) have been shown to cause a reduction in NOx emissions when used as reburn fuels in combustion systems. When these bio-oils are processed with lime, calcium is ion-exchanged and the product is called BioLime. BioLime, when introduced into a combustion chamber, pyrolyzes and produces volatile products that reduce NOx emissions through reburn mechanisms. Simultaneously, calcium reacts with SO{sub 2} to form calcium sulfate and thus reduces SO{sub 2} emissions. This paper reports the characterization of composition and pyrolysis behavior of two BioLime products and the influence of feedstock on pyrolysis products. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and {sup 13}C-CP/MAS NMR techniques were used to study the composition of two biomass-based materials. The composition of the pyrolysis products of BioLime was determined in a laboratory scale flow reactor. The effect of BioLime composition on NOx and SO{sub 2} reduction performance was evaluated in a 146.5 kW pilot-scale, down fired combustor (DFC). The effect of pyrolysis gas composition on NOx reduction is discussed. The TGA weight loss curves of BioLime samples in an inert atmosphere showed two distinct peaks corresponding to the decomposition of light and heavy components of the BioLime and a third distinct peak corresponding to secondarymore » thermal decomposition of char. The study also showed that BioLime sample with lower content of residual lignin derivatives and lower calcium content produced more volatile compounds upon pyrolysis in the combustor and achieved higher NOx reduction (15%). Higher yields of pyrolysis gases increased the NO reduction potential of BioLime through homogeneous gas phase reactions. Calcium in BioLime samples effectively reduced SO{sub 2} emissions (60-85%). 36 refs., 6 figs., 3 tabs.« less
Effects of sodium‐potassium pump inhibition and low sodium on membrane potential in cultured embryonic chick heart cells.

1. When the Na+-K+ pump of cultured embryonic chick heart cells was inhibited by addition of ouabain with or without removal of external K+, the membrane potential rapidly depolarized to -40 mV and the Na+ content approximately doubled within 3 min. 2. After this, exposure to an [Na+]o of 27 mM caused a fall in Na+ content, a gain in Ca2+ content and a hyperpolarization. The hyperpolarization was approximately 25 mV in a [K+]o of 0 or 5.4 mM after 3 min of pump inhibition. After approximately 10 min of pump inhibition, the same hyperpolarization was observed in a [K+]o of 5.4 mM but in K+-free solution the hyperpolarization increased to approximately 44 mV. 3. Varying [K+]o during the 10 min period of Na+-K+ pump inhibition showed that the increase in hyperpolarization was associated with the period of exposure to K+-free solution rather than the [K+]o at the time of lowering [Na+]o. 4. Changes in Na+ and Ca2+ content induced by exposure to an [Na+]o of 27 mM in K+-free solution were similar at 3 and 10 min. This and the above observations suggest that the increased hyperpolarization was due to an increased membrane resistance. 5. 10 mM-Cs+ reduced the low-[Na+]o hyperpolarization by 26% but did not significantly affect the movements of Na+ and Ca2+. 1 mM-La3+ reduced the low-[Na+]o hyperpolarization by 15%: it also totally blocked the rise in Ca2+ content and partially blocked the fall in Na+ content. 1 mM-Ba2+ reduced the low-[Na+]o hyperpolarization by 20%. 6. Raising [Ca2+]o from 2.7 to 13.5 mM produced similar but smaller hyperpolarizations (approximately 6 mV after 3 min pump inhibition). High [Ca2+]o caused a rise in Ca2+ content but no significant drop in Na+ content. The hyperpolarization in high [Ca2+]o was insensitive to verapamil (20 microM) and 10 mM-Cs+. 7. We conclude from the disparities between the magnitudes of the hyperpolarizations and the changes in ion contents that Na+-Ca2+ exchange cannot be unequivocally identified as electrogenic solely from the low-[Na+]o hyperpolarizations.
Photosynthetic Reaction Centers

The capture of solar radiation and the conversion of its free energy into chemical energy involves a sequence of reactions that occur within a physical structure called the photosynthetic RC. Following the initial capture of a photon by antenna pigments, the photon is transferred to the RC pigments
Growth and interface study of 2 in diameter CdZnTe by THM technique

Growth interface of large diameter CdZnTe ingots grown from Te solution by travelling heater method have been studied. Both macroscopic and microscopic investigations were carried out. The results indicated that the shape of the interface strongly governs the grain growth on the ingot, while the microscopic morphology of the growth interface is responsible for Te inclusions in the grown crystal.
Designs in Three and Four Components For Mixtures Models With Inverse Terms

Scheffe's mixture models are given and the D-optimality of various designs for these models is discussed. Approximate D-optimal (measure) and Dn -optimal (exact) designs are given for use with mixture models with inverse terms in three and four components.
Difference between the local density of unoccupied states in Ag-Pd and Cu-Ni alloys

X-ray $L$ absorption edges have been measured for the palladium atoms in a series of Ag-Pd solid solutions. The local density of unfilled $4d$ states per palladium atom declines upon alloying with silver, whereas previous measurements have shown that the local density of unfilled $3d$ states per nickel atom does not diminish with the addition of copper.
Sodium Lactate/Sodium Chloride Effects on Aerobic Plate Counts and Color of Aerobically Packaged Ground Pork

Ground pork (15% fat) was formulated to contain 0% to 3.0% sodium chloride and/or 0% to 3.0% sodium lactate (SL) resulting in 28 treatment combinations. Five replications consisted of two with low initial microbial loads ( 105 CFU/ g). Ground pork (454g) was overwrapped in PVC and stored (4°C) aerobically for 21 d. A significant salt × SL interaction existed for redness of samples with low initial aerobic plate count (APC). Red color was best preserved by 2.0% or 3.0% SL. Initial pH values of low and high initial APC samples were similar. Initial product pH was best maintained by higher SL levels in low initial load samples and by higher sodium chloride levels in high initial load samples. Samples containing 3.0% SL had the lowest APC regardless of salt level.
On Inspecting Images

(1) Wright distinguishes between merely being aware of an afterimage and noting some of its properties such as its shape and colour (sensing), and using it to obtain information (epistemic) about the object that the sensation of which this is an after-sensation (a better term than after-image) represented. However, there are really two different kinds of epistemology involved here. In the one he correctly recognizes that information can be obtained about external objects from the after-sensation (in his example that a particular tray was near a the window). But what he calls 'sensing' also yields information, in this case, about the after-sensation itself (its shape, e.g. parallelogram, its colour, the fact that it follows our eyes around as we move them, the fact that it changes colour and shape, and so on). Of course, we merely ignore most of our after-images and thus have no epistemic relationship with these. But those we do attend to we can treat epistemically in the two different ways described. This becomes important when we consider claims that after-images do not really exist-do not in fact have any intrinsic epistemic properties, but are 'really' only reverberations in nerve nets or some such. (2) He accepts as valid Ryle's argument2 concerning the fact that'There cannot be a representation, goes the argument, because the Representationalist has to assume an observer of the inner screen-a homunculus gazing at his mental linen; this leads to a regress, for one can ask whether there is in turn another homunculus inside the head of
Casted Strip Character of Twin-Roll Casted High Strength Non-Oriented Electrical Steel

A twin-roll casting process was used to produce high strength non-oriented electrical steel casted strips. The typical character in chemical composition is the adding of Ni and Cr.The main role of Ni and Cr is solution strengthening. MEM, SEM, and TEM were used to observe microstructure, texture, and precipitate characteristics of a casted strip. The casted strip character under different secondary cooling process was compared. The results show that water-cooled as-cast strip is composed of the equiaxed grains, air-cooled as-cast strip is characterized by a mixture of the quiaxed and columnar grains. The texture of water-cooled as-cast strip is weaker and diffuser than air-cooled as-cast strip. Precipitates mostly are AlN and MnS, which mostly precipitate in the grain. The precipitates of Ni and Cr is not observed. The size distinction of MnS between two secondary cooling process is not remarkable. The size of AlN in water-cooled process is smaller than in air-cooled process.
Multiplicative effects on sentence comprehension for combined acoustic distortions.

This study was designed to explore the effect on speech comprehension of combining two types of signal distortion. A tape of clearly-enunciated sentences in quiet was distorted in each of four ways...
Sensitivity analysis of variable band-pass wave digital filters

The paper presents the sensitivity studies of band-pass variable wave digital filters (WDF). A time-domain definition of sensitivity is introduced which is specially suited for higher-order filters specified only in terms of numerous difference equations and is valid for any filter with specified parameters. This definition avoids the problem of evaluating the transfer functions or pole-zero locations in terms of variable parameters. Using this definition, the sensitivity of the WDF is evaluated and compared with a direct form implementation for three different kinds of coefficient approximations. In one of the cases studied, the WDF is about 5 bits better than the direct form. The sensitivity evaluations also indicate possible instability of the filter.
$B$ physics prospects at CDF

Between 1992 to 1996, the CDF experiment has collected a data sample of 110 pb{sup -1} of p{bar p} collisions at {radical}s = 1.8 TeV at the Fermilab Tevatron. In the year 2001 the Tevatron will commence p{bar p} collisions again at {radical}s = 2.0 TeV delivering an integrated luminosity of 1 fb{sup -1} per year. In the mean time the CDF detector will have undergone substantial upgrades which will allow for a rich B physics program with unique capabilities. In this paper we discuss the B physics prospects at CDF with the data that will be collected during this upcoming Tevatron run.
Effect of opiates on the release of cholecystokinin from in vitro hypothalamus and frontal cortex of Zucker lean (Fa/−) and obese (fa/fa) rats

Opiates, morphine and [D-Ala2-D-Leu5]-enkephalin (DADLE), inhibited the K+-stimulated release of cholecystokinin (CCK) from the hypothalamus of both Zucker obese (fa/fa) and lean (Fa/-) rats, in vitro. Morphine and DADLE did not inhibit the K+-stimulated release of CCK from frontal cortex from either strain. The opiates did not affect basal efflux of CCK and their effects were all blocked by equimolar concentrations of naloxone. These studies indicate a regional specificity for the effect of opiates on CCK release, and may provide evidence for a cellular mechanism by which endogenous opiates modulate feeding behavior.
CHANNELING OF INTENSE LASER BEAMS IN UNDERDENSE PLASMAS

A hydrodynamic simulation is used to show that intense laser pulses propagating in underdense plasmas create stable, long-lived, and completely evacuated channels. At low intensities, I=10{sup 17} W/cm{sup 2}, self focusing seriously distorts the temporal envelope of the pulse, but channeling still occurs. At high intensities, I=10{sup 19} W/cm{sup 2}, channeling can proceed over many diffraction lengths with significant distortion restricted to the leading edge of the pulse. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Formulation and photoirradiation parameters that influenced photoresponsive drug delivery using alkoxylphenacyl-based polycarbonates.

Abstract Recently, we reported the synthesis and biocompatibility of alkoxylphenacyl-based polycarbonates (APP); a promising new class of polymers that undergo photo-induced chain scission. In the current study, nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared from the APP polymer (APP-NPs) and loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) (DOX-APP-NPs) in order to identify and evaluate formulation and photoirradiation parameters that influence photoresponsive efficacy. Stable and spherical APP-NPs were prepared with diameters between 70–80 nm depending on APP concentration (10–40 mg/mL). There was a direct relationship between APP concentration and resultant particle size. Drug release studies indicated that exposure to the photo-trigger was capable of altering the rate and extent of DOX released. Photoresponsive DOX release was markedly influenced by the frequency of photoirradiation while the effect of APP concentration was most likely propagated through NP size. DOX released by photoactivation retained its efficacy as assessed by cytotoxicity studies in human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells. Studies in BALB/c mice indicated that DOX-APP-NPs induce less cardiotoxicity than DOX alone and that DOX-APP-NPs are not susceptible to dose dumping after photoirradiation.
Temporary external implantable cardioverter defibrillator in the pacemaker-dependent ventricular tachycardia patient

A patient with ischaemic cardiomyopathy underwent implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) extraction for a severe pocket infection and sepsis. During 5 weeks of critical medical care after device extraction, heart block and recurrent monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) were managed with an ‘externalized' active fixation pacemaker lead and a resterilized ICD generator. This case demonstrates how a permanent pacing lead and an external ICD generator can provide reliable temporary pacing and automatic anti-tachycardia pacing for recurrent VT until a new device can be implanted and more permanent VT treatment options are feasible.
SMAD3 gene variant is a risk factor for recurrent surgery in patients with Crohn's disease

Abstract Background and aims More than 80% of Crohn's disease (CD) patients will require surgery. Surgery is not curative and rates of re-operation are high. Identification of genetic variants associated with repeat surgery would allow risk stratification of patients who may benefit from early aggressive therapy and/or post-operative prophylactic treatment. Methods CD patients who had at least one CD-related bowel resection were identified from the Prospective Registry in IBD Study at Massachusetts General Hospital (PRISM). The primary outcome was surgical recurrence. Covariates and potential interactions were assessed using the Cox proportional hazard model. Kaplan–Meier curves for time to surgical recurrence were developed for each genetic variant and analyzed with the log-rank test. Results 194 patients were identified who had at least 1 resection. Of these, 69 had two or more resections. Clinical predictors for repeat surgery were stricturing (HR 4.18, p = 0.022) and penetrating behavior (HR 3.97, p = 0.024). Smoking cessation was protective for repeat surgery (HR 0.45, p = 0.018). SMAD3 homozygosity for the risk allele was also independently associated with increased risk of repeat surgery (HR 4.04, p = 0.001). NOD2 was not associated with increased risk of surgical recurrence. Conclusion Stricturing and penetrating behavior were associated with increased risk of surgical recurrence, while smoking cessation was associated with a decreased risk. A novel association between SMAD3 and increased risk of repeat operation and shorter time to repeat surgery was observed. This finding is of particular interest as SMAD3 may represent a new therapeutic target specifically for prevention of post-surgical disease recurrence.
Effects of the Poisson ratio and negative thrust on the dynamic stability of a free plate subjected to a follower force

Abstract The macroscopic Poisson ratio of a large plate-like truss structure may vary due to the geometry of the truss. Studied are the effects of the Poisson ratio and negative thrust on the dynamic stability of a flexible rectangular plate which has four free edges. One of the four edges is subjected to a tangential follower thrust. The model is simplified to a continuous isotropic plate, and is investigated by means of modal analysis. A change in Poisson ratio sometimes reduces the flutter load drastically. The drastic reduction comes from the existence of a weak flutter instability. It is also shown that there may exist both flutter and divergence, even for negative thrust, and that the tensile divergence load is smaller than the compressive one.
Reexamination of Gaillardia amblyodon: Isolation of new pseudoguaianolides☆

Abstract Two new pseudoguaianolides, desacetylgaillardipinnatin and amblyodiol, have been isolated from Gaillardia amblyodon Gay in addition to the previous
Philippine Nationalism — Myth or Reality?

(1961). Philippine Nationalism — Myth or Reality? The Social Studies: Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 23-26.
Thermally Activated, Inverted Interfacial Electron Transfer Kinetics: High Driving Force Reactions between Tin Oxide Nanoparticles and Electrostatically-Bound Molecular Reactants

The kinetics and mechanism of fast electron transfer (ET) between tin oxide nanoparticles and electrostatically bound Os(III) and Ru(III) complexes have been examined via transient absorbance spectroscopy. Reaction-order studies establish that, at least in the short time regime, electrons are transferred directly from the tin oxide conduction band, rather than through localized redox trap states. The reactions occur in the high driving force regime (ΔG = −1.1 to −2.3 eV) and span the Marcus normal region, barrierless region, and inverted region. (Inverted reactivity, while commonplace in homogeneous solution-phase reactions, has only rarely been observed in interfacial reactions.) Depending on the reactant, normal or inverted kinetic behavior can also be observed via pH-induced manipulation of the conduction band-edge energy and, therefore, the overall reaction driving force. The observation of kinetically resolved ET over such a wide range of driving forces permits the reorganization energy to be evaluat...
Failure of episodic high-dose oral verapamil therapy to convert supraventricular tachycardia: A study of plasma verapamil levels and gastric motility

The practicality of administering large oral doses of verapamil tablets to terminate supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) was investigated in 10 patients. A pilot study in four patients showed that unexpectedly low plasma levels (less than 40 ng/ml) were obtained 60 minutes after administering 160 mg or 240 mg of verapamil during SVT. Nuclear studies in the six other patients showed that fractional liquid gastric emptying times (T) were significantly prolonged in SVT compared to sinus rhythm (SR), p less than 0.05 from T 1/3 onward. Further verapamil absorption studies (200 to 360 mg) performed during SVT and SR in five of six patients showed that peak verapamil levels in four patients in SVT were 23% to 71% lower than in sinus rhythm, where they had peaked at greater than 250 ng/ml 60 minutes post verapamil ingestion, and areas under the plasma concentration time curves were 26% to 100% (mean 67%) less in SVT than in SR for all five patients. SVT was terminated by verapamil in one patient after 40 minutes and the rate of SVT was slowed after 90 minutes in two other patients. Thus plasma verapamil levels are considerably reduced during SVT as compared to SR, and changes in gastric emptying are likely a contributing cause. Since SVT was converted to sinus rhythm in only 1 of 10 patients within 1 hour, large oral doses of verapamil tablets appear unsatisfactory for the episodic treatment of SVT.
A Unified Framework for Measuring Stewardship Practices Applied to Digital Environmental Datasets

This paper presents a stewardship maturity assessment model in the form of a matrix for digital environmental datasets. Nine key components are identified based on requirements imposed on digital environmental data and information that are cared for and disseminated by U.S. Federal agencies by U.S. law, i.e., Information Quality Act of 2001, agencies’ guidance, expert bodies’ recommendations, and users. These components include: preservability, accessibility, usability, production sustainability, data quality assurance, data quality control/monitoring, data quality assessment, transparency/traceability, and data integrity. A five-level progressive maturity scale is then defined for each component associated with measurable practices applied to individual datasets, representing Ad Hoc, Minimal, Intermediate, Advanced, and Optimal stages. The rationale for each key component and its maturity levels is described. This maturity model, leveraging community best practices and standards, provides a unified framework for assessing scientific data stewardship. It can be used to create a stewardship maturity scoreboard of dataset(s) and a roadmap for scientific data stewardship improvement or to provide data quality and usability information to users, stakeholders, and decision makers.
Constant propagation with conditional branches

Constant propagation is a well-known global flow analysis problem. The goal of constant propagation is to discover values that are constant on all possible executions of a program and to propagate these constant values as far foward through the program as possible. Expressions whose operands are all constants can be evaluated at compile time and the results propagated further. Using the algorithms presented in this paper can produce smaller and faster compiled programs. The same algorithms can be used for other kinds of analyses (e.g., type of determination). We present four algorithms in this paper, all conservitive in the sense that all constants may not be found, but each constant found is constant over all possible executions of the program. These algorithms are among the simplest, fastest, and most powerful global constant propagation algorithms known. We also present a new algorithm that performs a form of interprocedural data flow analysis in which aliasing information is gathered in conjunction with constant progagation. Several variants of this algorithm are considered.
Red Tree Voles in the Columbia River Gorge and Hood River Basin, Oregon

Abstract In 2003 to 2008, we conducted surveys to document the eastern and northern range limits of Red Tree Voles (Arborimus longicaudus) in the Columbia River Gorge and Hood River basin, Oregon. Our survey indicated the current range of the vole includes the area from Wahkeena Creek, 20 km east of Troutdale to Seneca Fouts State Park, 6 km west of Hood River. We also found a concentration of Red Tree Vole nests in the headwaters of the Lake Branch of Hood River, 27 km southwest of the town of Hood River. Of 70 vole nests located, 36 (52%) were old unoccupied nests with no evidence of recent use, 24 (34%) were unoccupied but had evidence of recent use as indicated by the presence of fresh green resin ducts or cuttings in the nest, and 10 (14%) were occupied by voles. Of the 70 vole nests, 74% were in forests dominated by mature or old-growth trees and 26% were in stands 25- to 60-y-old. This survey is the first to document the existence of Red Tree Voles in the upper Columbia River Gorge east of Cascade ...
LASSO - Lunar Architecture Stochastic Simulator and Optimizer

AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technology Conference and Exhibit August 2005, San Francisco, CA.
Thermal modeling and design considerations of lithium-ion batteries

Abstract A simplified one-dimensional thermal mathematical model with lumped parameters was used to simulate temperature profiles inside lithium-ion cells. The model makes use of heat-generation parameters established experimentally for the Sony (US18650) cell. The simulation results showed good agreement with temperature measurements at C/2, C/3, and C/6 discharge rates, while some deviation was noticed for the C/1 discharge rate. The model was used to simulate temperature profiles under different operating conditions and cooling rates for scaled-up cylindrical lithium-ion cells of 10 and 100 A h capacity. Results showed a strong effect of the cooling rate on cell temperature for all discharge rates. A significant temperature gradient inside the cell was found only at higher cooling rates, where the Biot number is expected to be >0.1. At lower cooling rates, the cell behaves as a lumped system with uniform temperature. To establish the limits of temperature allowable in scale-up by the simplified model, commercial lithium-ion cells at different open circuit potentials were tested inside an accelerated rate calorimeter (ARC) to determine the onset-of-thermal-runaway (OTR) temperatures. Sony (US18650) cells at 4.06, 3.0, and 2.8 V open circuit voltage (OCV) were tested and their measured OTR temperatures were found to be 104, 109, and 144°C, respectively. A sharp drop in the OCV, indicating internal short circuit, was noticed at temperatures close to the melting point of the separator material for all open circuit voltages.
Orbit and Visual Pathways

Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are excellent imaging modalities that have significantly enhanced orbital imaging in the diagnosis of ocular and orbital lesions. CT is excellent in the evaluation of the bony orbit and is the imaging modality of choice for most trauma situations. One of the most important roles played by CT is in the detection of calcification, which is crucial in the diagnosis of retinoblastoma. It is also the first choice in suspected orbital infection, especially from sinus disease. Also, orbital metallic foreign bodies are a contraindication to MRI. Rapid scanning allows for motion-free imaging and avoids the need for sedation in pediatric patients. However, it is also important to remember that CT imaging results in a radiation dose of 50 mGy to the lens. Most orbital lesions can be evaluated by CT; however, the increased spatial resolution of MRI allows better depiction of the globe, optic nerve, and orbital apex, and improved evaluation of the intracranial extension of disease. MRI differentiates among the various tissues based on signal characteristics and thus aids in differential diagnosis.
Demographic Characteristics and Victimization Risk Testing the Mediating Effects of Routine Activities

Routine activity theory and lifestyle-exposure theory propose that victimization rates differ across demographic groups because individuals in these groups engage in different activities. This implies that routine activities mediate the relationships between demographic characteristics and victimization. Although this core assumption underlies both theories, few researchers have attempted to test its validity, and the tests that do exist have relied primarily on cross-sectional, nongeneralizable data. The current study examines how routine activities mediate the associations between four demographic characteristics (gender, age, marital status, and household income) and violent victimization and theft using a longitudinal data set created from the National Crime Victimization Survey. We combine a multivariate ordered logistic model with a general structural equation model to examine direct and indirect paths. Results indicate that the effects of gender, income, and marital status on victimization are each...
Computing turbulent flows driven by Rayleigh-Taylor and Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities

We develop a two-scale turbulence model for turbulent mix induced by Rayleigh-Taylor and Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities. In this model, the large scales are dominated by production by instability mechanisms, while small scales satisfy Kolmogorov dynamics. The model allows transfer rates in the two spectral regions to be unequal. Constraints on model coefficients that permit relaxation to a unique self-similar state in free decay and self-similar growth are derived.
Massive transformation in Gd2O3-Bi2O3 ceramics

Gd{sub 2}O{sub 3}-doped Bi{sub 2}O{sub 3} polycrystalline ceramic samples containing between 10 and 26 mol% Gd{sub 2}O{sub 3} were fabricated by pressureless sintering of powder compacts. As-sintered samples were cubic (CaF{sub 2} structure). The cubic solid solutions underwent transformation to a rhombohedral phase when annealed at lower temperatures. Under certain conditions, the cubic phase fully transformed to the rhombohedral phase of the same composition, and the kinetics were thermally activated. This suggested that the cubic {yields} rhombohedral transformation was a massive transformation. The transition temperatures for the occurrence of a massive transformation were experimentally determined by measuring the conductivity as a function of temperature, as well as by measuring growth rate of the rhombohedral precipitates as a function of temperature. The activation enthalpy for interface motion was measured to be {approximately}200 kJ/mol for the samples studied. The kinetics of cubic {yields} rhombohedral transformation could be described by the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami equation.
An FFT-Accelerated Time-Domain Multiconductor Transmission Line Simulator

A fast time-domain multiconductor transmission line (MTL) simulator for analyzing general MTL networks is presented. The simulator models the networks as homogeneous MTLs that are excited by external fields and driven/terminated/connected by potentially nonlinear lumped circuitry. It hybridizes an MTL solver derived from time-domain integral equations (TDIEs) in unknown wave coefficients for each MTL with a circuit solver rooted in modified nodal analysis equations in unknown node voltages and voltage-source currents for each circuit. These two solvers are rigorously interfaced at MTL and circuit terminals, and the resulting coupled system of equations is solved simultaneously for all MTL and circuit unknowns at each time step. The proposed simulator is amenable to hybridization, is fast Fourier transform (FFT)-accelerated, and is highly accurate: 1) It can easily be hybridized with TDIE-based field solvers (in a fully rigorous mathematical framework) for performing electromagnetic interference and compatibility analysis on electrically large and complex structures loaded with MTL networks; 2) It is accelerated by an FFT algorithm that calculates temporal convolutions of time-domain MTL Green functions in only O(N t log2 N t ) rather than O(N t 2) operations, where N t is the number of time steps of simulation. Moreover, the algorithm, which operates on temporal samples of MTL Green functions, is indifferent to the method used to obtain them; 3) It approximates MTL voltages, currents, and wave coefficients, using high-order temporal basis functions. Various numerical examples, including the crosstalk analysis of a (twisted) unshielded twisted-pair (UTP)-CAT5 cable and the analysis of field coupling into UTP-CAT5 and RG-58 cables located on an airplane, are presented to demonstrate the accuracy, efficiency, and versatility of the proposed simulator.
Improving data consistency in mobile computing using isolation-only transactions

Disconnected operation is an important technique for providing mobile access to shared data in distributed file systems. However, data inconsistency resulting from partitioned sharing remains a serious concern. This paper presents a new mechanism called isolation-only transaction (IOT) that uses serializability constraints to automatically detect read/write conflicts. The IOT consistency model provides a set of options for automatic and manual conflict resolution. In addition, application-specific knowledge can be incorporated to detect and resolve conflicts. To preserve upward Unix compatibility, the IOT mechanism is provided as an optional file system facility and its flexible interfaces allow any existing Unix application to be executed as an IOT. This paper describes high-level system design and implementation and concludes with related work and current status.
Quantitative characterization of changes in the cardiac mitochondrial proteome during anesthetic preconditioning and ischemia.

Changes in mitochondrial bioenergetics have been proposed to be critical for triggering and effecting anesthetic-induced preconditioning (APC) against cardiac ischemia and reperfusion injury. The o...
Adrenergically induced recurrent HSV-1 corneal epithelial lesions

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) ocular shedding and recurrent HSV-1 corneal epithelial lesions were assessed after ocular iontophoresis of 0.1% 6-hydroxydopamine followed by topical ocular instillation of 0.1% Propine in ten rabbits latently infected with HSV-1 strain McKrae. Iontophoresis was performed once at 0.5 mAmp for five minutes and 0.1% Propine drops were instilled four times a day beginning three days after iontophoresis and continuing for five consecutive days. Over an eight day period beginning three days after iontophoresis, ocular tear film samples were collected on Dacron swabs with care taken to avoid contact with the corneal epithelium. The corneas were examined daily for the presence of epithelial lesions using a slit-lamp biomicroscope. Three types of lesions were observed: deep punctate lesions, dendritic lesions, and geographic epithelial defects. The ratio of positive HSV-1 eye swabs to total eye swabs was 36/157 (23%). The ratio of total positive days of corneal lesions to total days was 40/160 (25%). There were 23 deep punctate lesions, 13 dendritic lesions, and four geographic epithelial defects. There were 24/36 (67%) positive HSV-1 eye swabs associated with concurrent HSV-1 corneal epithelial lesions. There were 105/121 (87%) negative eye swabs with concurrent negative slit-lamp examinations. Chi square analysis showed significant (p less than 0.001) association of HSV-1 positive eye swabs and HSV-1 corneal lesions. These results suggest that adrenergic ocular treatment may induce both HSV-1 ocular shedding (reactivation) and HSV-1 corneal epithelial lesions (recurrence) in rabbits latently infected with HSV-1 strain McKrae.
Early spontaneous abortions and fetal thymic abnormalities in maternal-to-fetal HIV infection

The thymus is thought to play a major role in the immunopathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, particularly in maternal-to-fetal HIV transmission. Characteristic lesions of the HIV-infected thymus include a prominent CD4+ CD8+ T lymphocyte depletion at the corticomedullary junction, the region of the thymus where immune selection occurs. At least threefold excess early spontaneous abortions were noted in a cohort of 124 HIV-infected pregnant women. In these 13 abortuses a very high rate (54%) of HIV vertical transmission was documented, with the thymus gland particularly affected. It is possible that the thymic insult in HIV-infected fetuses contributes to immune rejection of the fetus, possibly by an imbalance of maternal and fetal T1- and T2-type cytokines, known to be important in HIV disease progression. We propose, therefore, that the early spontaneous abortions occurring in HIV-infected pregnant women are due, at least in part, to abnormal immune forces created by HIV infection of the thymus.
About fACE Perioperative Use of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

Since the introduction of the first Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) captopril in 1981, ACE inhibitors have become a mainstay of anti-hypertensive therapy. In addition to lowering BP, there is overwhelming evidence that ACE inhibitors (and angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARB)) provide end organ protection independent of blood their pressure lowering properties in diseases such as CHF, post MI, diabetes, and renal insufficiency.1 It is an unresolved issue, however, if ACE inhibitors have a protective or deleterious effect on perioperative outcomes2. (SELECT FULL TEXT TO CONTINUE)
Surgical revision of loop (“mini”) gastric bypass procedure: multicenter review of complications and conversions to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

Abstract Background The claim that the "mini"-gastric bypass (MGB) procedure with its loop gastrojejunostomy is safer and equally effective to the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) procedure has been promoted before validation. Rumors of unreported complications and the accuracy of follow-up are additional concerns. This study was undertaken to identify MGB patients who require or required revisional surgery at 5 hospitals within the region of the United States where the MGB procedure originated to assess the claim that revision to RYGB is rarely needed. Methods The databases of 5 medical centers were retrospectively searched to identify patients undergoing surgical revision after a MGB procedure, all of which had been done elsewhere. Results A total of 32 patients were identified who presented with complications after undergoing an MGB procedure and required or require revisional surgery. The complications included gastrojejunostomy leak in 3, bile reflux in 20, intractable marginal ulcer in 5, malabsorption/malnutrition in 8, and weight gain in 2. Of the 32 patients, 21 required conversion to RYGB and an additional 5 have planned revisions in the future. Also, 2 patients were treated with Braun enteroenterostomies and 4 required 1 or more abdominal explorations. Conclusions The results of this preliminary review have confirmed that MGB does require revision in some patients and that conversion to RYGB is a common form of revision. A national registry to record the complications and number of revisions is proposed to gain insight into the need for revision after MGB and other nontraditional bariatric procedures.
International Economic Structures and American Foreign Economic Policy, 1887–1934

American foreign economic policy between 1887 and 1934 was shaped in important ways by the international economic structure and the position of the United States as a “supporter” within it. As Britain's hegemony declined, and particularly after it joined the United States as a supporter just prior to World War I, American foreign economic policy became more liberal and active. Once Britain was transformed from a supporter into a spoiler in the late 1920s, leaving the United States as the sole supporter within the IES, both the international economy and American policy became more unstable and protectionist. During the 1970s, the United States, West Germany, and France all emerged as supporters within the IES, indicating that a moderately stable and liberal international economy may continue to exist in the future.
Integrative Structure Determination of Protein Assemblies by Satisfaction of Spatial Restraints

To understand the cell, we need to determine the structures of macromolecular assemblies, many of which consist of tens to hundreds of components. A great variety of experimental data can be used to characterize the assemblies at several levels of resolution, from atomic structures to component configurations. To maximize completeness, resolution, accuracy, precision and efficiency of the structure determination, a computational approach is needed that can use spatial information from a variety of experimental methods. We propose such an approach, defined by its three main components: a hierarchical representation of the assembly, a scoring function consisting of spatial restraints derived from experimental data, and an optimization method that generates structures consistent with the data. We illustrate the approach by determining the configuration of the 456 proteins in the nuclear pore complex from Baker’s yeast.
A global cartesian space obstacle avoidance scheme for redundant manipulators

Optimal control of kinematically redundant manipulators involves the use of extra degrees of freedom to improve their performance by energy minimization, singularity avoidance, obstacle avoidance, higher dexterity, etc. In this paper we deal with the obstacle avoidance problem by using modern control theory and choosing an integral-type performance index which results in a global optimization scheme. Obstacles are expressed as Cartesian space constraints. The state constraint function and control effort are minimized globally as a performance index. The control effort which maximizes the Hamiltonian and minimizes the performance index is used to find the self-motion of the manipulator. A simulation for a three-degrees-of-freedom redundant planar robot is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the scheme.
Quantification of systemic-to-pulmonary artery collateral flow: challenges and opportunities.

Abnormal vascular connections between systemic arteries and the pulmonary vascular bed—systemic-to-pulmonary collateral (SPC) vessels—manifest in patients with a variety of congenital and acquired heart disease. These vessels, which originate from branches off the brachiocephalic arteries, chest wall arteries, and the descending aorta, vary markedly in size, number, course, and distribution. Although the precise mechanisms that lead to development of SPCs are incompletely understood, hypoxemia, diminished global or regional pulmonary blood flow, and nonpulsatile flow in the pulmonary arteries are some of the commonly cited contributors.1 Indeed, SPCs are frequently encountered in patients with cardiac anomalies that include ≥1 of these abnormalities such as severe forms of tetralogy of Fallot and functional single ventricle (FSV). In the latter group, the clinical importance of SPCs and their optimal management have been topics of intense debate for >2 decades.2–6 Article see p 218 The physiology of SPC flow involves both beneficial and deleterious effects.1,2 SPCs can augment blood flow to hypoperfused lung segments, improve gas exchange, and potentially inhibit the development of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations in patients in whom hepatic venous flow does not reach the pulmonary circulation. In contrast, like other shunts, SPC flow is inherently inefficient because relatively highly oxygenated blood returns to the pulmonary circulation and potentially competes with the more efficient antegrade flow to the lungs through the native pulmonary arteries. Consequently, SPC flow results in volume load on the FSV, which can lead to ventricular dilatation and dysfunction, atrioventricular valve regurgitation, and heart failure symptoms. Other deleterious effects of excessive SPCs include flow energy loss,7 exuberant blood flow returning through the pulmonary veins to the surgical field during cardiopulmonary bypass, respiratory distress, pulmonary hypertension, and hemoptysis.8 In patients with FSV, the hemodynamic burden from SPCs has been the topic …
Biopsychosocial Approach to Assessing and Managing Patients with Chronic Pain

Chronic pain affects nearly one-third of the American population. Chronic pain can lead to a variety of problems for a pain sufferer, including developing secondary medical problems, depression, functional and vocational disability, opioid abuse and suicide. Current pain care models are deficient in providing a necessary comprehensive approach. Most patients with chronic pain are managed by primary care clinicians who are typically ill prepared to effectively and efficiently manage these cases. A biopsychosocial approach to evaluate and treat chronic pain is clinically and economically efficacious, but unique delivery systems are required to meet the challenge of access to specialty care.