cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching social welfare policy: A comparison of two pedagogical approaches

The use of experiential approaches to teach social welfare policy suggests that such methods may increase undergraduate social work students' knowledge of and skill in working on social and economic justice issues. This article compares 2 such methods using qualitative and quantitative approaches. The first teaches social welfare policy as a service learning course and the second integrates social welfare policy into the students' practicum experience. The authors conclude that both approaches are equally effective in helping students to increase their knowledge of policy concepts and may help students feel more competent in using policy-related skills.
Resorcinol–formaldehyde reactions in dilute solution observed by carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy†

A recently discovered coupling agent, hydroxymethylated resorcinol (HMR), based on resorcinol-formaldehyde, can greatly enhance wood-to-epoxy resin bond durability in exterior applications. However, for HMR to be most effective, it needs to be prepared a few hours before it is applied to the wood surface. In this study, carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to monitor com- position of HMR as a function of time to characterize which chemical groups are present in solution when HMR is applied. A quantitative assessment of formaldehyde-derived groups required the use of 99% 13 C-enriched formaldehyde. Hydroxymethyl groups, primarily attached to the 4-position of resorcinol, and hemiformal groups formed very quickly. Signals from methylene linkages between resorcinol rings began to appear 20 min into the reaction. Formaldehyde was consumed quickly; 95% was bound to resor- cinol rings within 1.7 h. By 3 h, 16% had been converted to methylene linkages, and by 8.3 h, 40% was converted. Another set of NMR experiments was used to monitor the dependency of peak positions of resorcinol solution as a function of pH. These experi- ments showed significant effects, especially between pH 7.7 and 9.1, which explains chemical shift changes observed during the HMR reaction. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 75: 1760-1768, 2000
Simulation of Compositional Reservoir Phenomena on a Distributed-Memory Parallel Computer

Distributed-memory parallel computer architectures appear to offer high performance at moderate cost for reservoir simulation applications. In particular, the simulation of compositional reservoir phenomena shows great promise for parallel applications because of the large parallel content of the compositional formulations. This paper focuses on the application of a distributed-memory parallel computer, the iPSC/860, to the solution of two compositional simulations: one based on the Third SPE Comparative Solution problem and another based on a real production compositional model. An improved linear equation solution technique based on multi-grid and domain decomposition methods is compared with other techniques in serial and parallel environments.
EMEURO: a framework for generating multi-purpose accelerators via deep learning

Approximate computing is a very promising design paradigm for crossing the CPU power wall, primarily driven by the potential to sacrifice output quality for significant gains in performance, energy, and fault tolerance. Unfortunately, existing solutions have primarily either focused on new programming models, or new hardware designs, leaving significant room between these two ends for software-based optimizations. To fill this void, additional efforts should target the compilation and runtime stages, which have a critical impact on controlling the interactions of the many approximate subcomputations to form a well-optimized application. This paper presents EMEURO, a neural-network (NN) based emulation and acceleration platform. By restructuring algorithms to have the same data flow as a NN, EMEURO is able to achieve significant speedup across several domains with minimal design effort. EMEURO uses novel NN-based approximate computing techniques, including methods for efficiently searching the high-dimension subroutine space, and fine-grain control of error during runtime. EMEURO is able to achieve 7×–109× maximum speedup over the original algorithm with 0.1%–10% approximation error.
Effective models for packed-bed catalytic reactors

Abstract An approach based on the theory of dynamical systems is used to derive rigorously effective or pseudohomogeneous type models for catalytic reactors. In the absence of a reaction, it is shown that the two-phase model for describing heat/mass transfer in a packed-bed reduces to the pseudohomogeneous model only if the ratio of the interphase transfer time to the convection time is smaller than a critical value, which is of order unity. The length scale used to define the convection time, is generally not equal to the length of the bed but depends on the initial conditions. When a chemical reaction occurs in the solid phase, it is shown that an effective model may exist only if the interphase transfer time is smaller than both the residence time and the characteristic reaction time. More importantly, our results indicate that the mathematical form of the effective model is substantially different from the standard pseudohomogeneous models used in the literature. For example, in addition to the usual dispersion terms, the effective model includes corrections to the convection and source terms as well as additional cross-coupling convection terms between the species and energy balances. It is also shown that the effective dispersion coefficients of the pseudohomogeneous models depend on the reaction parameters and formulas are derived for this dependence.
Assessing Dietary D-Limonene Intake for Epidemiological Studies

Abstract Limonene has demonstrated efficacy in pre-clinical models of breast and colon cancers. The purpose of the study is (1) to determine D -limonene levels in a variety of commonly consumed citrus juices and (2) to develop a citrus questionnaire (CQ) and a D -limonene database which can be used in epidemiological studies to assess the relationship between dietary D -limonene and cancer risk. Focus groups and semi-structured interviews were conducted to develop the questionnaire and to assess the consumption and preparation techniques of citrus foods. Seventy samples of various citrus juice products were analysed by gas chromatography. Preliminary results suggest that sources and preparation or storage practices have major influences on D -limonene levels. Many commonly consumed citrus beverages contain no D -limonene. The largest sources of D-limonene (mg/L), identified to date, are fresh Mediterranean-style lemonade (1027) and limeade (402), followed by commercial orange juices in cans (51.9–85), in glasses (35.4–60.3), from concentrates (27.5–90) and grapefruit juices in cans (13.5–50). The availability of quantitative estimates of D -limonene will substantially enhance the scope of epidemiological studies by (1) allowing for the examination of the effects of dietary D -limonene and (2) minimizing the potential for uncontrolled confounding by unmeasured sources of D -limonene.
Interval-based optimization of aircraft wings under landing loads

An interval-based automated optimization of aircraft wing structures subjected to landing loads is discussed in this paper. The interaction between landing gear and flexible airplane structure is considered as a coupled system. The uncertain system parameters are described as interval numbers. The computational aspects of the optimization procedure are illustrated with two examples - symmetric double-wedge airfoil, and supersonic airplane wing. Since, in most cases only the ranges of uncertain parameters are known with their probability distribution functions unknown, the present methodology is expected to be more realistic for the optimum design of aircraft structures under landing loads.
Single-dose pharmacokinetics of valganciclovir in HIV-and CMV-seropositive subjects

As a result of the low oral bioavailability of ganciclovir, a prodrug was developed to improve the bioavailability of ganciclovir. This study was designed to investigate the fasting, single-dose pharmacokinetics as well as the absolute and relative bioavailability of a valine ester prodrug of ganciclovir, valganciclovir, as compared to oral and intravenous ganciclovir in asymptomatic HIV+ and CMV+ subjects. In this open-label, randomized, three-period crossover study, 18 subjects received, in random order, single oral doses of valganciclovir 360 mg and ganciclovir 1000 mg and an intravenous infusion of ganciclovir 5 mg/kg over 1 hour. Valganciclovir was rapidly and extensively hydrolyzed to ganciclovir, resulting in significantly greater bioavailability compared to 1000 mg oral ganciclovir (60.9% vs. 5.6%, respectively). Higher peak serum concentrations were reached earlier following valganciclovir (ganciclovir [2.98 +/- 0.77 micrograms/mL at 1.0 +/- 0.3 h]) than following oral ganciclovir (0.47 +/- 0.17 microgram/mL and 2.2 +/- 1.0 h). Mean total ganciclovir AUCs following oral ganciclovir (1000 mg) and 360 mg valganciclovir (3.8 +/- 1.2 and 10.8 +/- 1.9 micrograms-h/mL) were less than that following a standard 5 mg/kg intravenous infusion of ganciclovir (25.1 +/- 3.8 micrograms-h/mL). In summary, valganciclovir is a prodrug with a favorable safety profile with enhanced bioavailability and significantly higher serum concentrations of ganciclovir than following oral administration of ganciclovir itself.
Avulsion Fracture of the Great Toe: A Case Report:

A case involving an isolated bony avulsion fracture of the extensor insertion on the distal phalanx of the great toe is described. The fracture was displaced 2 mm with 30 degrees dorsal angulation; the joint was congruent and not subluxed. The patient was treated nonsurgically with a rigid-soled sandal. Bony healing at the fracture site was clearly evident at 16 weeks postinjury. The patient began using a normal shoe at 10 weeks and resumed his running activities without pain at 16 weeks. The nonsurgical treatment of this injury, similar to that of a mallet finger, was successful.
Effect of aftermarket automobile window tinting films on driver vision

This study was conducted to determine the level of automobile window tint that causes a significant reduction of vision for automobile drivers. Contrast sensitivity was measured on 20 participants, of whom 10 were age 20 to 29 years and 10 were age 60 to 69 years, through a stock automobile window (control) and two windows darkened with plastic film. For the younger drivers, a car window with 37% transmittance did not significantly reduce contrast sensitivity, but a darker tint of 18% transmittance reduced contrast sensitivity at higher spatial frequencies. For the older drivers, a tint of 37% transmittance significantly reduced mid-to- high spatial frequency contrast sensitivity. The typical state standard (no tint with less than 35% transmittance) would thus seem to be appropriate for younger drivers; however, further examination of the standard may be necessary in regard to older drivers. Actual or potential applications of this research include guidelines and regulations regarding tinting of automobile windows.
Incisional negative-pressure wound therapy versus conventional dressings following abdominal wall reconstruction: A comparative study

BackgroundImprovements in surgical techniques have allowed us to achieve primary closure in a high percentage of large abdominal hernia repairs. However, postoperative wound complications remain common. The benefits of negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT) in the management of open abdominal wounds
Potentiation of anaphylaxis in guinea pig ileal mucosa by a selective δ-opioid receptor agonist

Abstract Immediate hypersensitivity reactions in the intestinal mucosa evoke active chloride secretion which enhances the elimination of luminal antigens. The prosecretory actions of histamine and other soluble mediators of anaphylaxis are mediated by submucosal neurons, as are the antisecretory actions of opioid antidiarrheal medications. We tested the hypothesis that the selective δ-opioid receptor agonist [ d -Pen2, d -Pen5]enkephalin (DPDPE) alters anaphylaxis-associated ileal anion secretion in vitro. Sheets of ileal mucosa with attached submucosa from guinea pigs sensitized to cow's milk were mounted in Ussing chambers under short-circuit conditions. Mucosal sheets responded to the serosal application of the milk protein, β-lactoglobulin, with a rapid rise in transepithelial short-circuit current (Isc); in contrast, the egg protein, ovalbumin, was without effect. Pretreatment of tissues with the neuronal conduction blocker, saxitoxin, or the H1 histamine receptor antagonist, diphenhydramine, but not the opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone, significantly reduced mucosal responses to antigen. [ d -Pen2, d -Pen5]enkephalin (0.1 μM, serosal addition) decreased baseline Isc, but potentiated mucosal responses to antigen; its effects were abolished in tissues pretreated with naloxone. These results suggest that immediate hypersensitivity reactions in the guinea pig ileal mucosa are mediated by submucosal neural circuits that are phasically modulated by both mast cell products and opioids.
Politics of technology: National Professions Foundation: An idea whose time has come?: With U.S. leadership in technology and the professions declining and the very quality of life in jeopardy, an NPF is recommended to remedy the situation

A National Engineering Foundation within the Federal government was recently proposed by Bruno Weinschel, president of the Weinschel Engineering Co. in Gaithersburg, Md., to help increase innovation and productivity in the United States (Spectrum, February, pp. 58?60). In this article, Allen B. Rosenstein proposes a different type of Federal agency ? a National Professions Foundation.
On the application of systems engineering methodology to emergency communication system program planning.

Abstract This paper reports on the application of systems engineering methodology to program planning for emergency communication system implementation. The specific geographical area for this study was the Charlottesville/Albemarle County area of central Virginia in which, unlike many areas in the country, there is no legal mandate to construct an emergency communication system. Thus the study, which appears generally applicable, concerns itself not with a detailed engineering design resulting from a technological fix and legal mandate, but rather, with an attempt to provide local emergency service delivery agencies and decision makers with the results of a substantive planning effort. The program planning model will hopefully enable community officials to formulate emergency communication projects for community betterment based upon institutional and value considerations as well as technological feasibility. Six alternative system configurations were formulated, analyzed, contrasted and compared. For each of these six alternatives, personnel requirements, telephone equipment and major capital cost elements were determined. For the recommended alternative, alternate methods of management, financing, and implementation are suggested.
Synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy imaging using a multi-element detector (IRMSI-MED) for diffraction-limited chemical imaging

Abstract University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee is designing and installing a mid-infrared beamline, IRMSI-MED, that will extract 320(h)×25(v) mrad 2 from a bending magnet (BM) at the Synchrotron Radiation Center. The BM radiation, collected with 12 toroidal mirrors and collimated with paraboloidal mirrors, illuminates a spot of 60×40 μm 2 at the sample plane of a commercial IR microscope. The microscope is equipped with a multi-element detector (MED) that will provide the opportunity to obtain chemical images with diffraction-limited resolution of the illuminated area in under a minute.
The frustrating partnership: Honor, status, and emotions in Russia's discourses of the West

Abstract This paper analyzes Russia's presidential discourses and emotions of the West from March 2008 to December 2012. By studying the languages of inclusiveness and exclusiveness in annual addresses to the Federation Council and public statements, I have identified several distinct stages in the Kremlin's emotional evolution from fear to hope to frustration: the initial fear (March 2008–June 2009), hope (September 2009–the late 2010), and frustration (since the early 2011). The Russia's emotional shifts are shaped by the country's historically established social relations with the West and are not to be reduced to the dynamics of power and prestige/status. Russia's deep emotional connection to the West as well as Russia's own concept of national honor are the two factors that drive the nation's leaders' complex actions, feelings, and rhetoric. Russia displays emotions of hope each time it feels that its honor is being respected and those of frustration, fear and anger when in the eyes of Kremlin its identity/honor as not recognized.
An infrared study of CO adsorption on reduced and oxidized Ru/SiO2

Abstract Three infrared bands are observed for CO adsorbed on Ru SiO 2 . The two highest frequency bands are assigned to the A1 and E stretching modes of tricarbonyl species. On a reduced sample, the tricarbonyl species are associated with Ru ions bonded directly to the support. Such structures are produced by corrosive chemisorption of CO on Ru crystallites [Rus + 2 SiOH + 3 CO = (SiO)2Ru(CO)3 + H2]. A separate set of tricarbonyl species is observed on partially oxidized samples of Ru SiO 2 . In this case, the partially oxidized sites occur on the surface of the Ru particles. The lowest frequency band is assigned to the CO stretch of linearly adsorbed CO on Ru particles. Evidence is also found for linearly adsorbed CO on partially oxidized Ru sites.
Maternal behavior in male rats: Critical times for the suppressive action of androgens

Abstract To determine whether the first day of life is the only period during infancy when removal of the testes permanently alters maternal behavior in rats, male Sprague-Dawley rats were castrated on either Day 1, 5, 10, 25 or 70 of life and were tested as adults for maternal behavior following testosterone replacement. Males castrated on Day 1, 5 or 10 responded significantly sooner to pups and spent longer times exhibiting maternal behavior than did males castrated on Day 25 or later. However removal of the testes on the first day of life was maximally effective. Treatment with testosterone neither inhibited nor facilitated maternal behavior. Thus there is no one critical period in infancy for differentiation of the neural substrate for maternal behavior, although removal of androgen at birth is maximally effective for the onset of maternal behavior in the adult.
How do two unrelated antibodies, HyHEL-10 and F9.13.7, recognize the same epitope of hen egg-white lysozyme?

The anti-hen egg-white lysozyme (HEWL) antibodies HyHEL-10 and F9.13.7 recognize a common epitope. The structures of the complexes differ, however, in the numbers of electrostatic and hydrogen-bond interactions and in the distributions of contacts between the light and heavy chains. The equilibria and kinetics characterizing the F9.13.7 complex formation were evaluated for both wild-type and mutant derivatives of HEWL to help to understand how the different contacts are effectively used in the complexes with the two antibodies. Three epitope hot spots, Y20, K96, and R73 (destabilization > 4 kcal/mole), were found by alanine scanning mutagenesis. The first two constitute two of the three hot spots in the HyHEL-10 complex. The hot spots of the HyHEL-10 paratope are centered on the HEWL epitope; whereas R73 (HEWL), the only important light-chain-contacting residue, is clearly separated from the other hot spots of the F9.13.7 complex. The larger number of epitope warm plus hot spots found in the F9.13.7 complex compared with that of HyHEL-10 shows that the specificity of the former is greater even though the KD value is 20-fold larger. Conservative mutations showed that the specificity enhancement is related to the greater number of functional polar and hydrogen bond interactions in the F9.13.7 complex. Alanine scanning mutagenesis would not have illuminated these distinctions. It is shown that the concept of antigen specificity, as defined by cross-reactivity with natural variant antigens, is flawed by phylogenetic bias, and that specificity can only be defined by the use of unbiased epitopes, which are conveniently accessed by site-directed mutagenesis.
TETRAMETHYLENE LIFETIMES PREDICTED BY MICROCANONICAL VARIATIONAL UNIMOLECULAR RATE THEORY

Abstract We have used variational RRKM theory to predict the lifetime of the tetramethylene biradical as a function of total energy, in order to compare with the recent experiments of Pedersen, Herek and Zewail (PHZ). Frequencies and relative energies were taken from our previously published canonical variational study. We find that the predicted lifetime lies within or slightly below the range reported by PHZ, but the experimentally observed energy dependence of the lifetime is much larger than can be accommodated by variational RRKM theory.
Remarks on the Laughlin theory of the fractionally quantized Hall effect

An extension of the Laughlin theory of the anomalous quantum Hall effect to allow for integer numerators for the occupation fraction is proposed.
The Morning Glory Syndrome Associated with Sphenoidal Encephalocele

A 13-year-old girl was found to have a "morning glory" optic disc anomaly associated with remnants of the primitive hyaloid vasculature, midline cleft lip and palate, agenesis of the corpus callosum, and a sphenoidal encephalocele. The association of these developmental anomalies indicates that the "morning glory" optic disc anomaly may occur as part of a more extensive syndrome of midline cranioencephalic dysraphism.
Intrawell Relaxation Time: The Limit of the Adiabatic Approximation

We consider the overdamped motion of a Brownian particle in a potential well and examine the relaxation of its probability distribution. We give a new definition, based on the mean first passage time, for the intrawell relaxation time, which characterizes the relaxation process in the entire well and can be expressed analytically for an arbitrary potential. Further, we show how it can be approximated by other simple quantities in most cases. If the characteristic time scale of some modulation of the potential is much longer than this intrawell relaxation time, the particle's probability distribution can be considered to be adiabatically adjusted to the potential at every instant.
LAMPF-Its Origins, History, and Accomplishments

The main vehicle for bringing the pion to bear on a vast array of problems, has been the meson factories. Today there exist such facilities in Switzerland (SIN), in Canada (TRIUMF), and in the USA (LAMPF). A fourth is just now being completed in the Soviet Union. They are enormous enterprises - the current replacement value of LMPF is $350 million, not including the part devoted to national security problems. But they accommodate hundreds of scientists from around the world and by so doing generate political as well as intellectual and economic capital. Proton facilities, together with heavy-ion accelerators and electron facilities, form a triad on which stands the present edifice of experimental nuclear science. Each leg of this triad is dependent, to a greater or lesser extent, on the other two. However, in terms of versatility, the size of the community it serves, and the relatively short-term application of the knowledge base and people base for which nuclear science is responsible, the meson factory part of the above triad is by no means the least important component. I discuss this component from the standpoint of the facility I know best, namely LAMPF. 33 refs., 36 figs.
PHANTASTICA Regulates Development of the Adaxial Mesophyll in Nicotiana Leaves

Initiation and growth of leaf blades is oriented by an adaxial/abaxial axis aligned with the original axis of polarity in the leaf primordium. To investigate mechanisms regulating this process, we cloned the Nicotiana tabacum ortholog of PHANTASTICA (NTPHAN) and generated a series of antisense transgenics in N. sylvestris. We show that NSPHAN is expressed throughout emerging blade primordia in the wild type and becomes localized to the middle mesophyll in the expanding lamina. Antisense NSPHAN leaves show ectopic expression of NTH20, a class I KNOX gene. Juvenile transgenic leaves have normal adaxial/abaxial polarity and generate leaf blades in the normal position, but the adaxial mesophyll shows disorganized patterns of cell division, delayed maturation of palisade, and ectopic reinitiation of blade primordia along the midrib. Reversal of the phenotype with exogenous gibberellic acid suggests that NSPHAN, acting via KNOX repression, maintains determinacy in the expanding lamina and sustains the patterns of cell proliferation critical to palisade development.
Product relevant device leakage scribe characterization vehicle test chip for efficient full wafer testing

Being successful in semiconductor manufacturing of sub 50nm devices requires controlling variability of device leakage. Full wafer monitoring is essential to provide significant data. The Device Leakage Scribe Characterization Vehicle (CV®) Test Chips presented here fit well within the scribe area constraints of product wafers. Their devices under test (DUT) are using product relevant layout pattern to support new product introduction. Those DUTs are passively connected into a Passive Leakage Array (PLA) to increase the signal to noise ratio of the device leakage measurements, which is essential to enable full wafer testing within existing test time restrictions on product wafers. Furthermore, the PLAs can be arranged inside a Multiplexed Leakage Array (MLA), which significantly increases the number of experiments within the precious scribe line area.
Prevalence of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies in the United States

OBJECTIVE: To estimate prevalence of childhood-onset Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies (DBMD) in 6 sites in the United States by race/ethnicity and phenotype (Duchenne muscular dystrophy [DMD] or Becker muscular dystrophy [BMD]). METHODS: In 2002, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention established the Muscular Dystrophy Surveillance, Tracking, and Research Network (MD STARnet) to conduct longitudinal, population-based surveillance and research of DBMD in the United States. Six sites conducted active, multiple-source case finding and record abstraction to identify MD STARnet cases born January 1982 to December 2011. We used cross-sectional analyses to estimate prevalence of DBMD per 10 000 boys, ages 5 to 9 years, for 4 quinquennia (1991–1995, 1996–2000, 2001–2005, and 2006–2010) and prevalence per 10 000 male individuals, ages 5 to 24 years, in 2010. Prevalence was also estimated by race/ethnicity and phenotype. RESULTS: Overall, 649 cases resided in an MD STARnet site during ≥1 quinquennia. Prevalence estimates per 10 000 boys, ages 5 to 9 years, were 1.93, 2.05, 2.04, and 1.51, respectively, for 1991–1995, 1996–2000, 2001–2005, and 2006–2010. Prevalence tended to be higher for Hispanic individuals than non-Hispanic white or black individuals, and higher for DMD than BMD. In 2010, prevalence of DBMD was 1.38 per 10 000 male individuals, ages 5 to 24 years. CONCLUSIONS: We present population-based prevalence estimates for DBMD in 6 US sites. Prevalence differed by race/ethnicity, suggesting potential cultural and socioeconomic influences in the diagnosis of DBMD. Prevalence also was higher for DMD than BMD. Continued longitudinal surveillance will permit us to examine racial/ethnic and socioeconomic differences in treatment and outcomes for MD STARnet cases.
Proactive and reactive control during emotional interference and its relationship to trait anxiety

In classic Stroop paradigms, increasing the proportion of control-demanding incongruent trials results in strategic adjustments in behavior and implementation of cognitive control processes. We manipulated expectancy for incongruent trials in an emotional facial Stroop task to investigate the behavioral and neural effects of proportion manipulation in a cognitively demanding task with emotional stimuli. Subjects performed a high expectancy (HE) task (65% incongruent trials) and a low expectancy (LE) task (35% incongruent trials) during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). As in standard Stroop tasks, behavioral interference was reduced in the emotional facial Stroop HE task compared to the LE task. Functional MRI data revealed a switch in cognitive control strategy, from a reactive, event-related activation of a medial and lateral cognitive control network and right amygdala in the LE task to a proactive, sustained activation of right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in the HE task. Higher trait anxiety was associated with impairment (slower response time and decreased accuracy) as well as reduced activity in left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior insula, and orbitofrontal cortex in the HE task on high conflict trials with task-irrelevant emotional information, suggesting that individual differences in anxiety may be associated with expectancy-related strategic control adjustments, particularly when emotional stimuli must be ignored.
Soot topography in a planar diffusion flame wrapped by a line vortex

An experimental study of the interaction of a planar diffusion flame with a line vortex is presented. A planar diffusion flame is established between two coflowing, equal velocity streams of acetylene diluted with nitrogen and air. A line vortex is generated on demand by momentarily pulsing one of the flow streams by way of electromagnetic actuation of a piston in the flow apparatus. The flame–vortex interactions are diagnosed by planar laser-induced incandescence for soot yield and by particle image velocimetry for vortex flow characterization. The results show that soot formation and distribution are influenced by the reactant streams from which vortices are initiated. The vortices interacting with the flame from the air side produce more soot and soot is distributed in and around the vortex core in diffuse layers. In contrast, topography of soot in vortices interacting from the fuel side is such that soot is confined to thinner layers around the vortex core which does not contain any soot. The flame curvature is found to influence the local soot production with the flame regions convex to the fuel side containing more soot locally. It is also found that the overall soot yield is less sensitive to the vortex strength and is of lower magnitude when vortex is spun from the fuel side. The knowledge of this type of asymmetry in soot yield in flame–vortex interactions is useful for combustion engineering and design of practical devices.
The Current Status of Prostaglandins and the Lungs

The prostaglandins are a group of pharmacologically potent lipid compounds whose role in pulmonary pathophysiology remains to be defined. There is not question that these compounds can induce constriction (PGF) or relaxation (PGE) of the smooth muscle in bronchi and pulmonary vessels. There is no question that the lungs are a major site of both the synthesis and degradation. These facts make speculation about the role of the prostaglandins in pulmonary disorders a tempting exercise. However, the current paucity of clinical data prevents any valid assessment of such speculation at this time and emphasizes the need for continued investigation of the role of prostaglandins in patients with lung disease.
Embedded capacitor in power distribution design of high-end server packages

This paper investigates the role of embedded capacitors in the enablement of future high speed digital systems. Present and future chip core and off-chip clock frequencies impose high demands on the design of the power and signal distribution systems. This requires careful and more effective design techniques at the electronic packaging level to mitigate the increasing power and signal noise jitter components. Embedded capacitors present opportunities for increased performance, increased functionality, increased package density and decreased cost. It is shown that embedded capacitor provides efficient signal current return path which in turns yields a significant reduction of signal crosstalk noise and simultaneous switching noise (SSN). This allows for tighter signal spacing ground rules and a reduced package cost.
Current views on type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) affects a large population worldwide. T2DM is a complex heterogeneous group of metabolic disorders including hyperglycemia and impaired insulin action and/or insulin secretion. T2DM causes dysfunctions in multiple organs or tissues. Current theories of T2DM include a defect in insulin-mediated glucose uptake in muscle, a dysfunction of the pancreatic beta-cells, a disruption of secretory function of adipocytes, and an impaired insulin action in liver. The etiology of human T2DM is multifactorial, with genetic background and physical inactivity as two critical components. The pathogenesis of T2DM is not fully understood. Animal models of T2DM have been proved to be useful to study the pathogenesis of, and to find a new therapy for, the disease. Although different animal models share similar characteristics, each mimics a specific aspect of genetic, endocrine, metabolic, and morphologic changes that occur in human T2DM. The purpose of this review is to provide the recent progress and current theories in T2DM and to summarize animal models for studying the pathogenesis of the disease.
Carbon–fluorine bond activation of perfluorinated arenes with Cp*2ZrH2

Reaction of CpZrH2 (Cp*, pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) with excess hexafluorobenzene produces a mixture of CpZrHF, C6F5H and CpZr(C6F5)H in ca. 2:1:1 ratio. Reaction of CpZrH2 with excess C6F5H produces a mixture of CpZrHF, CpZr(C6F5)H, CpZr(o -C6F4H)H, p -C6F4H2, and o -C6F4H2 with preferred ortho aromatic C/F activation. Dual mechanisms are proposed for the formation of Ar F H and CpZr(Ar F )H species. # 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Long-Term and Memory Immune Responses in Mice against Newcastle Disease Virus-Like Particles Containing Respiratory Syncytial Virus Glycoprotein Ectodomains

Although respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a significant human pathogen, no RSV vaccines are available. We have reported that a virus-like particle (VLP) RSV vaccine candidate stimulated, in mice, robust, protective anti-RSV glycoprotein T(H)1 biased immune responses without enhanced respiratory disease upon RSV challenge. We report here an analysis of long-term responses to these VLPs. BALB/c mice immunized, without adjuvant, with VLPs or with infectious RSV generated anti-F and anti-G protein serum antibody responses that were stable over 14 months. Neutralizing antibody titers stimulated by VLPs were robust and durable for 14 months, whereas those of RSV-immunized animals declined significantly by 3 months. F protein-specific antibody-secreting cells were detected in the bone marrows of VLP-immunized mice but not in the marrows of RSV-immunized mice. Adoptive transfer of enriched splenic B cells from VLP-immunized mice into immunodeficient rag(-/-) mice resulted in anti-F and anti-G protein serum IgG antibody responses, in recipient mice, that were protective upon RSV challenge. In contrast, transfer of splenic B cells from RSV-immunized mice produced no detectable serum antibody in the recipients, nor could these mice inhibit RSV replication upon virus challenge. Immunization with VLPs stimulated the formation of germinal center GL7(+) B cells in normal mice. VLP immunization of TCR βδ(-/-) T-cell-deficient mice did not induce anti-RSV IgG antibodies, results consistent with T-cell-dependent immune responses. These results demonstrate that VLPs are effective in stimulating long-lived RSV-specific, T-cell-dependent neutralizing antibody-secreting cells and RSV-specific memory responses.
Subsurface relaxations in Si(111)-(7 × 7) structure models

Abstract Virtually all structure models proposed for the Si(111)-(7 × 7) surface have such drastic changes in the surface topology that substrate relaxations are an important part of the structure. The extent of such relaxations has been studied with Keating-type calculations. The importance of these relaxations in the interpretation of experimental results (Medium Energy Ion Channeling and Blocking and Transmission Electron Diffraction) has been investigated. Quantitative comparisons between experiments and models can only be made if substrate relaxations are taken into account.
The O+ 834‐Å dayglow: Satellite observations and interpretation with a radiation transfer model

The observations were made with the EUV spectrometer on the Air Force satellite STP-78-1. The dayglow intensity was observed at an altitude of 600 km to vary with magnetic latitude from 30 R to 300 R in the near zenith direction (theta - 40 deg) and from 400 R to 500 R in the near nadir direction (theta = 140 deg). The correspondingly large near zenith to near nadir intensity ratio of 0.3-0.65 over much of the dayside is seen as suggesting that the O(+) ions in the topside ionosphere constitute an optically thick medium for resonance scattering of 834-A airglow emission even at this high altitude. The STP 78-1 airglow data are normalized by means of simultaneous measurements of the O(+) density from the Explorer AE-E spacecraft at 460-km altitude near the equator. It is noted that for the ionization excitation of atomic oxygen leading to the production of O(+) atoms in 4P state, a g value of 1.1 x 10 to the -8th/s at zero optical depth is required. The latitudinal distribution of O(+) density derived from the 834-A airglow data reveals a double peak surrounding an equatorial trough (characteristic of the equatorial anomaly) at altitudes below 1000 km and a single peak at the magnetic equator above 1000 km.
An experimental study of heat transfer from a cylinder in low-amplitude zero-mean oscillatory flows

Abstract This is the report of an experimental study on the convective heat transfer behavior from a cylinder in an intense acoustic field which is representative of a strong zero-mean oscillatory flow. The measurements are based on a steady state technique in which, at equilibrium, a predetermined rate of heat dissipation in the cylinder is balanced by the convective cooling action of the acoustic field. Only low-amplitude cases have been treated for which the particle displacement amplitude in the oscillatory flow is small on the scale of the cylinder diameter. Two distinct flow regimes have been identified. The first regime, consistent with theory, is the laminar attached flow regime which shows the expected square root dependence of the Nusselt number, Nu, on the appropriate Reynolds number, which in this case is the streaming Reynolds number, Rs. The second regime, which is less well understood, is predicted to be an unstable regime in which vortex shedding is prevalent, contributing to higher heat transfer rates. Suitable correlations have been provided for both regimes for the case of air, and suggestions have been included to extend them to other Prandtl number gases for which they are likely to be used. This work could find application in the design of heat exchangers for thermoacoustic engines.
The Cambridge Economic History: The Medieval Period *

When requested in the spring of 1961 to review the overdue third volume of The Cambridge Economic History of Europe , I read eagerly the proof copy sent me and then wrote this review, fearing that if I delayed until the volume was actually out the lapse of time would dull my reactions. Time had already blunted the impact of some of the contributions, for example, the opening essay, “The Rise of Towns,” by H. van Werveke. No wonder, since he finished writing it, as he tells us in a footnote, in 1940 ( sic ), and retouched it in 1953 and 1956 Such long-suffering contributors deserve to be reviewed before 1963, but only in this year has the Cambridge University Press finally released the last of the three volumes planned as an authoritative and balanced account of the economic life of Medieval Europe.
A provably optimal, distribution-independent parallel fast multipole method

The Fast Multipole Method (FMM) is a robust technique for the rapid evaluation of the combined effect of pairwise interactions of n data sources. Parallel computation of the FMM is considered a challenging problem due to the dependence of the computation on the distribution of the data sources, usually resulting in dynamic data decomposition and load balancing problems. In this paper, we present the first provably efficient and distribution-independent parallel algorithm for the FMM on distributed memory parallel computers. Our algorithm does not require any dynamic data decomposition or load balancing step. We present our algorithm in terms of a few basic and well understood primitive operations such as sorting and parallel prefix.
Layout Driven Data Communication Optimization for High Level Synthesis

High level synthesis transformations play a major part in shaping the properties of the final circuit. However, most optimizations are performed without much knowledge of the final circuit layout. In this paper, we present a physically aware design flow for mapping high level application specifications to a synthesizable register transfer level hardware description. We study the problem of optimizing the data communication of the variables in the application specification. Our algorithm uses floorplan information that guides the optimization. We develop a simple, yet effective, incremental floorplanner to handle the perturbations caused by the data communication optimization. We show that the proposed techniques can reduce the wirelength of the final design, while maintaining a legal floorplan with the same area as the initial floorplan.
Modeling the Earth's magnetospheric magnetic field confined within a realistic magnetopause

Empirical data-based models of the magnetosphereic magnetic field have been widely used during recent years. However, the existing models (Tsyganenko, 1987, 1989a) have three serious deficiencies: (1) an unstable de facto magnetopause, (2) a crude parametrization by the K(sub p) index, and (3) inaccuracies in the equatorial magnetotail B(sub z) values. This paper describes a new approach to the problem; the essential new features are (1) a realistic shape and size of the magnetopause, based on fits to a large number of observed crossing (allowing a parametrization by the solar wind pressure), (2) fully controlled shielding of the magnetic field produced by all magnetospheric current systems, (3) new flexible representations for the tail and ring currents, and (4) a new directional criterion for fitting the model field to spacecraft data, providing improved accuracy for field line mapping. Results are presented from initial efforts to create models assembled from these modules and calibrated against spacecraft data sets.
The Cross-Domain Priming of Language and Motor Rate

Previous research has indicated that the language domain is involved in domain-general processing of temporal information. The current research investigated a connection between the motor and language domains in temporal processing. Participants were primed with a specific rate (fast/slow) in the tactile domain only, or the tactile and motor domains, and were asked to produce speech; speech was recorded and measured for rate. It was expected that participants would adjust their speech rate to match the rate of the prime. A significant interaction of Gender and Rate was found, such that females were influenced by the rate of the prime in the expected direction (e.g., fast prime led to faster speech), while males were influenced by the motor prime in the opposite direction (e.g., fast prime led to slower speech). Previous research has found gender differences in the human mirror system. This may account for the gender differences in the current study, such that females may have been more likely to synchronize with the rate of prime, therefore rendering the expected effect on speech rate. These results may have implications on social and linguistic research on gender differences in communication, and the future directions of cross-domain processing.
From the grassroots to the elites: examining collaboration among local service providers

Multiple agencies with varying missions often coexist within large urban communities. Collaboration among these providers is often encouraged as a means to increase access and quality of services p...
Are more endodontic consultations needed in dental school clinic settings? A study of treatment decisions at one school

With no previous studies of the occurrence of interdisciplinary consultations for tooth extraction in a dental school clinic setting, the aim of this cross-sectional descriptive investigation was to measure and compare the consultation process that occurred among departments at one U.S. dental school for making treatment decisions on tooth extraction. A comprehensive computerized retrieval (Crystal Reports) was used to identify and gather data from patient records from July 1, 2007, to July 1, 2011. Treatment plans and progress notes were analyzed to determine why each tooth had been extracted and which department had recommended the extraction. Results showed that the clinical departments involved in treatment planning decisions were the DMD dental student clinic, Department of Periodontics, and Department of Endodontics. The narrative records of 227 patients who had 516 teeth extracted were examined. About three-fourths (73.26%) of the extracted teeth were extracted based on the recommendation of only one department. Of these extracted teeth, 22.0% (n=114) were previously endodontically treated, and only four were recommended for endodontic consultation prior to extraction. The study found that most extractions were performed without specialty consultations and that the Department of Endodontics was consulted the least of all departments. To foster interdisciplinary collaboration in dental school clinics and help students develop expertise in such collaborations, more specialty consultations are needed for teeth that are treatment planned for extraction in order to preclude needless extraction of potentially salvageable teeth. Doing so will provide benefits for both patient care and students’ education.
Switching networks for pairwise-entanglement distribution

Quantum networks have the potential to enhance the utility of quantum protocols (for, e.g., cryptography, communication, computation, etc.) by enabling the interoperation of multiple quantum systems. In this paper, we address the distribution of entanglement to the neighbors of a central entanglement source node equipped with a number of sources of entangled photon pairs. A switching network can be an effective component connecting the central node to its neighbors, thus enabling the reconfigurable routing of generated photons. We consider optimal (in terms of insertion loss and the number of component switches) photonic switching networks designed to satisfy the particular requirements of entanglement distribution. We begin by developing a rigorous framework for the study of such entanglement-distribution switching networks. Next, we devise and apply search strategies to design optimal switching networks applicable to entanglement source nodes with 10 or fewer neighbors. Scalable switching networks are then considered for an arbitrarily large number of neighbors, resulting in asymptotically optimal switching fabrics. For all designs, we address efficient routing algorithms for determining a switching-network state that provides the entanglement distribution desired of the switching network at a given time. The combination of optimal switching-network structures and associated efficient routing algorithms addresses a key component of entanglement distribution, thus advancing the state of the art of quantum networks toward practical implementation.