cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using DSP techniques to model analog IO buffers for serial links

Data-rates for serial links like PCIe3.0, 10GKR Ethernet, and SATA, go up to several Giga-bits/second. As the transmission data rates increase, the signal strength at the receiver side decreases due to channel loss, Inter-Symbol-Interference (ISI), crosstalk, and reflections. The Input-Output (IO) buffers are, therefore, designed with inbuilt equalization circuits to recover clock and data at the receiver. In order to verify the serial link performance, one needs to simulate the PCB/Package channels with IO buffers. Capturing BER at millions of bits, requires days and weeks of simulations using standard SPICE. To accelerate this analysis, it is important to model the transistor-level IO buffers as DSP algorithms representing the equalization. This paper presents the DSP techniques used in modeling the equalization for Analog Buffers for multi-giga-bit (Gbps) serial links.
Concept to commercialization of a MEMS-based blast dosimetry system

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has emerged as the signature injury of modern war, impacting over 300,000 Servicemembers since 2000. While 82% of these injuries are classified mild, there is significant concern with the potential for long-lasting neurocognitive and neuro-degenerative effects. Diagnosis of mild TBI is difficult, with symptoms that are wide-ranging, non-specific, and often delayed in onset. The Blast Gauge® System was created to provide an objective measure of blast overpressure and acceleration exposure, providing triage data to assist in identifying soldiers at risk of TBI and detailed waveforms to enable correlation of singular and repetitive exposure to acute and chronic injury. From concept to deployment in 11 months and company formation to first product shipment in 4 months, this MEMS-based soldier-borne blast dosimeter has rapidly provided a new capability to track exposure in training and operations for the US DoD, law enforcement, and international militaries. Widespread deployment of the technology has yielded new insight into previously unrecognized dangers of heavy weapons training and captured valuable information about IED exposures in theater.
Presidential Disability and the Twenty-Fifth Amendment: The Difficulties Posed By Psychological Illness

History tells us that Presidents do more than win nominations and elections. They even do more than govern. They also do many of the same things that non-presidents do. They are energized and they become weary, they succeed and they fail, they rejoice and they mourn, they become sick and they die. The Framers of the Constitution surely knew that the latter would be the case. All of them lived in states that had governors, and some of those governors had gotten sick and had died. So they realized only too well that the same fate would befall Presidents. After deciding that the United States would have a President, and only one President, and after deciding how the President would be elected and some of the powers he would be given, the Framers turned their attention to the problems of presidential disability, death, and succession—but they did so toward the end of the Constitutional Convention, when they were tired and anxious to go home. In September 1787, they inserted the following clause into the draft Constitution: “[I]n case of [the President’s] removal as aforesaid, death, absence, resignation or inability to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the vice-president shall exercise those powers and duties until another President be chosen, or until the inability of the President be removed.”1 A few days later, however, the draft constitution went to the Committee of Style for polishing, and this particular provision came back to the Framers in a quite different form. It then read: “In case of the removal of the president from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the vice-president.”2
A perturbed red-giant model

A Population II, 1.3M⊙, pre-helium flash, red-giant model is investigated with respect to the influence of inclusion of relativistic gas characteristics, i.e., the equations of state, entropy, specific heats, and the adiabatic gradient. Little change is found in the observable properties of the model, but slightly large changes are found in the interior properties, the most important of which is the narrowing of the already thin radiative zone between the hydrogen burning shell and the extensive outer convective envelope from 9.6 to 8.0 density scale heights.
Dally cooperates with Drosophila Frizzled 2 to transduce Wingless signalling

The Drosophila wingless gene (wg) encodes a protein of the Wnt family and is a critical regulator in many developmental processes1. Biochemical studies have indicated that heparan sulphate proteoglycans, consisting of a protein core to which heparan sulphate glycosaminoglycans are attached2, are important for Wg function3. Here we show that, consistent with these findings, the Drosophila gene sulfateless (sfl), which encodes a homologue of vertebrate heparan sulphate N -deacetylase/N -sulphotransferase (an enzyme needed for the modification of heparan sulphate) is essential for Wg signalling. We have identified the product of division abnormally delayed (dally), a glycosyl-phosphatidyl inositol (GPI)-linked glypican, as a heparan sulphate proteoglycan molecule involved in Wg signalling. Our results indicate that Dally may act as a co-receptor for Wg, and that Dally, together with Drosophila Frizzled 2, modulates both short- and long-range activities of Wg.
X-ray Absorption Due to Cold Gas in Cluster Cooling Cores

We have calculated the emergent X-ray properties for models of cluster cooling flows including the effects of accumulated cooled material. The opacity of this cooled gas can reduce the overall X-ray luminosity of the cooling flow, and values of Mdot based on these luminosities can underestimate the true value by factors of ~2. We find that accumulated cooled material can produce emergent surface brightness profiles much like those observed even for nearly homogeneous gas distributions. Consequently, much more of the gas may be cooling below X-ray emitting temperatures in the central regions of cooling flows (r < 10 kpc) than one would infer from observed X-ray surface brightness profiles assuming the gas was optically thin. Similarly, the central densities and pressures in cooling flows may have been underestimated. We show that distributed absorption in cooling flows produces a number of observable effects in the spectrum which may allow it to be differentiated from absorption due to gas in our Galaxy. These include a characteristic suppression of the continuum below ~2 keV, absorption features such as a redshifted O K-edge, and diminished intensity of resonance emission lines. Spectra including the effects of intrinsic absorption are not well fit by foreground absorbing models. Attempting to fit such models to the spatially resolved spectra can lead to underestimates of the true absorbing column by factors of 3-20. Fits to integrated spectra of the entire cooling flow region can either underestimate or overestimate the mass of the absorbing gas depending on the specifics of the model. We discuss the potential detection of these effects with AXAF, XMM, and Astro-E.
Ferrimagnetism in Mn7 cluster

Abstract A synergistic approach consisting of Stern–Gerlach magnetic deflection experiments and first principles calculations provides the first conclusive evidence of ferrimagnetism in Mn clusters containing as few as seven atoms. The calculated magnetic moment of 0.71 μ B /atom of a Mn 7 cluster is in perfect agreement with the experimental value of 0.72 ± 0.42 μ B /atom. This low value, which is a factor of seven smaller than its free atom value, is shown to result not from the reduction of the individual atomic moments, but from their ferrimagnetic coupling. The large uncertainty in the experimental measurement is explained by the existence of nearly degenerate isomers.
Fibroblast growth factors modulate intestinal epithelial cell growth and migration

Abstract Background/Aims: Various peptide growth factors have been found to exert functional effects among epithelial cell populations. This study assessed the role of certain fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) (acidic FGF, basic FGF, and keratinocyte growth factor) in the regulation of intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and restitution. Methods: Recombinant growth factors were added to subconfluent cultures of IEC-6, Caco-2, and HT-29 cell lines with subsequent assessment of [ 3 H]-thymidine incorporation. The effects on an in vitro model of restitution were assessed by quantitation of cells migrating into standard wounds established in confluent monolayers of IEC-6 cells. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) content of growth factortreated wounded monolayers was assessed by Northern blot and bioassay. Results: Acidic FGF, basic FGF, and keratinocyte growth factor caused a modest increase in proliferation of IEC-6, Caco-2, and HT-29 cell lines. Acidic FGF and basic FGF promoted intestinal epithelial cell restitution in vitro up to 10-fold, in conjunction with the enhanced expression of TGF-β messenger RNA and protein. Promotion of IEC-6 restitution by acidic and basic FGF could be blocked by addition of immunoneutralizing anti-TGF-β antisera. Conclusions: FGFs that exert effects on fibroblast cells also exert effects on intestinal epithelial cell populations and may help promote epithelial cell restitution, the initial step of intestinal wound healing through a TGF-β-dependent pathway.
J. Steinberger and the early days of pion physics

I have known Jack Steinberger and followed his work since a quite early time in his career. Physicists from more recent generations than I w i l l probably connect Jack's name with things that he did la te r . I derive a certain pleasure from reca l l ing some episodes which show Jack s t i l l young and inexperienced groping to f ind his way in the maze of modern physics, and f inding i t in fact rather quickly, displaying in the process some of the qua l i t i es , that we have a l l learned to admire and that have made his strength in the da i ly struggle to "wring s ign i f i can t facts from an inf l e x i b l e nature". I met Jack when he was one of that exceptional co l lec t ion of students, who had flocked around Fermi at the Universi ty of Chicago soon a f ter the end of the second world war. I was then teaching at Notre Dame Universi ty, close to Chicago; th is made i t possible for me to attend quite often the seminar which Fermi ran together with Te l le r . I thus became acquainted with many of those students, with Jack in par t icu lar when I discovered that we had a common in terest in a problem, in slowneutron physics, ar is ing out of some puzzling results obtained by Don Hughes and his team on the po lar izat ion of a neutron beam by magnetized iron. The method seemed to be quite a b i t more e f fec t ive than was predicted theore t i ca l l y . My own in terest in slow neutrons went back to the days, when I was assistant to Fermi in Rome. I seem to remember that I had some idea where the discrepancy found by Hughes came from, and I had made some progress on some aspects of the problem; Jack, on the other hand, had worked on another aspect of the problem by doing some useful calculat ions on the form-factor of the d-electrons in the iron atom. We decided to jo in forces and soon were able to publish a reasonable explanation of the results of Hughes; as I reca l l , the paper was well received. This col laborat ion had l e f t me with the impression that Jack was headed towards becoming a successful theor is t . I was surprised, therefore, when his next paper turned out to be about an experiment. I had lost sight of him, having l e f t the Middle-West to f i l l a physics chair in Berkeley; meanwhile Jack's interests had turned to the study of cosmic ray mesons, a subject where, en t i re l y by chance, our interests again overlapped: I had worked on mesons with Bernardini while I was s t i l l in I t a l y . The subject was s t i l l clouded in a thick fog of misunderstandings, par t ly due to the assumption (quite natural at f i r s t ) that the mesotrons discovered by Anderson (today's y-mesons, of course) were the same thing as the par t ic le hypo-
Twelve-hour days in the brain and behavior of split hamsters

Hamsters will spontaneously 'split' and exhibit two rest-activity cycles each day when housed in constant light (LL). The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the locus of a brain clock organizing circadian rhythmicity. In split hamsters, the right and left SCN oscillate 12 h out of phase with each other, and the twice-daily locomotor bouts alternately correspond to one or the other. This unique configuration of the circadian system is useful for investigation of SCN communication to efferent targets. To track phase and period in the SCN and its targets, we measured wheel-running and FOS expression in the brains of split and unsplit hamsters housed in LL or light-dark cycles. The amount and duration of activity before splitting were correlated with latency to split, suggesting behavioral feedback to circadian organization. LL induced a robust rhythm in the SCN core, regardless of splitting. The split hamsters' SCN exhibited 24-h rhythms of FOS that cycled in antiphase between left and right sides and between core and shell subregions. In contrast, the medial preoptic area, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, dorsomedial hypothalamus and orexin-A neurons all exhibited 12-h rhythms of FOS expression, in-phase between hemispheres, with some detectable right-left differences in amplitude. Importantly, in all conditions studied, the onset of FOS expression in targets occurred at a common phase reference point of the SCN oscillation, suggesting that each SCN may signal these targets once daily. Finally, the transduction of 24-h SCN rhythms to 12-h extra-SCN rhythms indicates that each SCN signals both ipsilateral and contralateral targets.
Electrode Challenges in Amplitude-Integrated Electroencephalography (aEEG): Research Application of a Novel Noninvasive Measure of Brain Function in Preterm Infants:

Continuous real-time brain function monitoring of preterm infants offers a novel way to evaluate neurological development in neonatal intensive care. Direct measurement of brain function is difficult and complicated by vulnerabilities of the preterm infant population. This study illustrates the feasibility of using noninvasive hydrogel electrodes with amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) as a simplified brain monitor in preterm infants. This article presents a systematic exploration of factors influencing the accuracy of aEEG measurement, especially skin preparation procedures and skin condition after electrode placement. The authors conducted aEEG recordings on 16 medically stable preterm infants at 31-36 weeks postmenstrual age in the neonatal intensive care unit between feedings and caregiving for approximately 3 hr. The authors systematically performed several strategies to improve electrode placement procedures and reduce skin impedance, including (a) examination of possible influences of environmental electrical equipment, (b) comparison of different hydrogel electrode types, (c) modification of skin preparation procedures, and (d) assessment of impacts of different skin conditions. The authors achieved improvements in the impedance value, length of uninterrupted recording, and percentage of the recording duration with measured impedance <20 kΩ (recommended acceptable limit). There was no report of skin irritation during or after the recording. The aEEG measurement at the bedside using hydrogel electrodes is noninvasive and feasible for reliable brain monitoring in preterm infants. This study demonstrated the importance of establishing systematic methods to ensure the accuracy and feasibility of physiologic measurements for nurse researchers.
CHADS2 score predicts atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery

Abstract Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) following cardiac surgery portends higher morbidity and increased health expenditure. Although many anatomic and patient risk factors have been identified, a simple clinical scoring system to identify high-risk patients is lacking. The CHADS 2 score is widely used to predict the risk of stroke in patients with AF. We assessed the utility of this scoring algorithm in predicting the development of de novo postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) in cardiac surgery patients. Material and methods A total of 2120 patients from 2008 to 2013 were identified for inclusion in our analysis. CHADS 2 scores were calculated, and patients grouped into low- (0), intermediate- (1) and high-risk (≥2) categories. A multivariate regression model was developed to account for known risk factors of AF. Results Of the 2120 patients, 344 (16.2%) patients developed de novo POAF during their primary hospitalization. Mean CHADS 2 scores for POAF patients and no POAF patients were 2.1 ± 1.2 and 1.7 ± 1.3 ( P 2 score was a significant predictor of AF on multivariate regression analysis (adjusted odds ratio, 1.26; 95% confidence interval, 1.14–1.40). As CHADS 2 score increased from 0 to 6, the probability of POAF increased from 11.1% to 32.7% ( P P P Conclusions CHADS 2 score is a powerful and convenient predictor of developing POAF. We recommend its utilization in identifying high-risk patients that may benefit from pharmacologic prophylaxis.
Understanding differences in wages relative to income per capita: The case of teachers' salaries

Abstract The evidence that the ratio of teachers' salaries to income per capita is higher in less developed countries (LDCs) than in the industrialized nations, has been used to support the argument that teachers' salaries in LDCs are “high”. We argue in this paper that the differences in relative salaries across countries can be explained by differences in relative productivity across countries and do not suggest that teachers' salaries in LDCs are above market conditions. Yet, these international comparisons provide a base indicator for the differences across countries in the cost of education relative to income per capita .
Prevalence and nature of dysphagia in va patients with copd referred for videofluoroscopic swallow examination

This retrospective study investigated the prevalence and nature of dysphagia in 78 male outpatients whose primary diagnosis was chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and who were referred for modified barium swallow studies at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) in Tucson, Arizona, 1992-1995. Nearly 85% of these patients evidenced some degree of dysphagia, and laryngeal penetrations or aspirations were observed in 44 of them. Agreement between VAMC swallow assessments and those of a three-judge panel of certified speech-language pathologists supported the reliability and validity of the information extracted from VAMC records. The high percentage of silent laryngeal penetrations and aspirations observed in this sample suggests that COPD patient's respiratory status should be considered as well as overt symptoms of a swallowing disorder, such as coughing, in making referrals for video-fluoroscopic swallow studies for such patients.
Passive Control of Supersonic Rectangular Jets via Nozzle Trailing-Edge Modifications

A research program was carried out to explore the effects of nozzle trailing-edge modifications on the flow structure, jet mixing with the ambient air, and jet noise of a rectangular supersonic jet. Nozzles with one modified trailing edge were used with the intention of enhancing mixing and reducing noise. The modifications were simple cutouts in the plane of the nozzle wall and acted to induce large-scale streamwise vortices. A rectangular jet, with a design Mach number of 2 and with various trailing edges, was examined using optical diagnostics and noise measurements in flow regimes ranging from moderately overexpanded M j =1.5 to moderately underexpanded M j = 2.5. In nonideally expanded flow regimes, one could generate pairs of streamwise vortices of various strength and sign and that the mixing could be significantly enhanced. The modifications could eliminate or at least substantially reduce screech noise and could significantly decrease the overall far-field sound pressure level in the nonideally expanded flow regimes. In the ideally expanded flow regime, the trailing-edge modifications did not seem to induce streamwise vortices and, thus, did not have a substantial effect on the jet mixing or noise
Exceptional Friction Mitigation via Subsurface Plastic Shear in Defective Nanocrystalline Ceramics

Single-crystal and microcrystalline ceramics classically fail via brittle fracture under loading. Here, we report that atomic layer deposition {0002}-textured ZnO films, with nanocolumnar grains and defective sub-stoichiometric structure, exhibit nanocrystalline plasticity and exceptionally low sliding friction and wear. These films were tailored to contain low-energy basal stacking fault planes parallel to the film surface. Cross-sectional high-resolution TEM studies inside friction-induced surfaces coupled with density functional theory calculations revealed the fundamental mechanism of this unexpected behavior. We show that sliding on {0002}-textured nanocrystalline ZnO films increases partial dislocation density through intrafilm shear, via glide of partial dislocations, on {0002}-stacking fault planes.
Dicarboxylic acid transport through hematite-coated sand

To better understand the behavior of low molecular weight organic acids in subsurface environments, the transport of three dicarboxylic acids (phthalic, maleic, and fumaric acid) in water-saturated columns packed with a hematite-coated sand was investigated in single and binary organic acid systems. Experiments were conducted at a single ionic strength (0.1M) and at two pH values (4.1 and 5.3). In single-acid systems, the order of breakthrough at both pH values was fumaric acid, followed by maleic acid, and then phthalic acid. The shape of the breakthrough curves for the acids at the two pH values were similar except at pH 5.3 phthalic acid showed two adsorption fronts. The initial front only partially broke through, whereas the second front proceeded to complete breakthrough. This behavior resulted from a marked pH increase during phthalic acid adsorption and suggests that the single-acid systems behaved as dual-component systems with the organic acid and hydrogen ion as variables. The breakthrough curves for the binary organic acid systems showed organic acids with a higher adsorption affinity (e.g., phthalic acid) competitively displace organic acids with a lower adsorption affinity (e.g., fumaric acid). The dual-component effect observed for phthalic acid in the single-acid systems was suppressed in the mixed acid systems, perhaps reflecting pH changes that accompanied the desorption of the weakly-binding acids. These results may provide an important step toward further elucidating the processes controlling organic acid fractionation in the subsurface.
Numerical solution of some inverse scattering problems of geophysics

Some results are reported of the numerical solution of the inverse problem, which consists of finding an inhomogeneity v(x) in the 3D region R_3 := {x : x3 < 0} (under the surface of the Earth) from the knowledge of the acoustic field u(x, y, k) at low frequencies k for all positions of the source y and the receiver x on the surface P := {x : x3 = 0} of the Earth. The inhomogeneity v(x) in the refraction coefficient is related to the data of u(x, y, k) on P by an integral equation of the first kind. This inverse problem is extremely ill-conditioned. The numerical computations in this paper show how to successfully obtain v(x), which was a priori assumed to be a known constant in an a priori unknown region B and zero outside B. An ad hoc B-searching procedure together with a regularization method have been used to solve the resulting ill-condioned linear system for the discretized problem. A subsequent direct comparison finds B more accurately. This type of computation can be used to detect piecewise-constant inhomogeneity in a medium, for example, to detect a hole or a crack in a rock or in a construction element.
Genetically determined differences in the response of alpha-antitrypsin levels in human serum to typhoid vaccine.

Normal individuals and those homozygous and heterozygous for the gene which determines deficiency in serum α1-antitrypsin (α1-at) were given an intravenous injection of typhoid vaccine. Following this injection the trypsin-inhibiting capacity of serum and the concentration of α1-at increases markedly in normal individuals. Heterozygotes for the deficiency gene have an elevation of α1-at and trypsin-inhibiting capacity of their serum but reach only 50 percent of the levels reached by homozygotes for the common gene (normal individuals). Their values are however temporarily in the range of normal men not given typhoid vaccine. Homozygotes for the deficiency gene show only a small elevation of α1-at under these conditions. These findings demonstrate that (1) the increase in trypsin-inhibiting capacity of serum after an injection of typhoid vaccine is largely due to the elevation of the α1-at concentration, and (2) the α1-at deficiency gene inhibits the quantitative response of the α1-at to such a stimulus.
Electron impact study of cyclic 2‐alkylimines1

Etude d'alkyl ou phenyl-2 pyrrolines-1, alkyl ou phenyl-6 tetrahydro-2,3,4,5 pyridines et alkyl ou phenyl-7 tetrahydro-3,4,5,6 azepines
Surface coating of l-glutamine solid microparticles for enteric delivery

Abstract The objective of this work was to produce enteric delivery systems to minimize gastric degradation of bioactives, using l -glutamine microparticles as a model, by surface-coating with a layer of enteric polymer (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate). Suspensions of solid glutamine microparticles in a methanol solution with enteric polymer and different concentrations of plasticizer (glycerol or triethyl citrate) and medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) were spray-dried at 55 °C. Spray-dried powders were characterized for in vitro release kinetics in simulated gastric (pH 1.2) and intestinal (pH 6.8) fluids at 37 °C. At a MCFA:polymer mass ratio of 2:1, formulations with plasticizer used at 30% of polymer mass resulted in
Attention to Stimulus Presentation Mode as a Factor of Age

Summary This study investigated attention to stimulus presentation mode by school age children as a function of age. Because of prior findings of differences in learning by children with stimuli in different modes (i. e., visual vs. auditory), it was hypothesized that attention might be the critical variable. Ss were 1083 students ages 7 through 17, approximately equal number of males and females. Each S viewed one of three versions of a specially designed sound motion picture film: two control conditions, auditory and visual, and one experimental condition containing conflicting auditory and visual stimuli. Attention was determined as a function of learning measured by a written test instrument completed by Ss after viewing the film. The highly significant results indicated that where a choice was available, auditory stimuli were attended at a greater rate (p < .001) than visual stimuli until age 11, and after a crossover from age 12 to 13, visual stimuli were attended at a greater rate (p < .001).
Geometries for the Sensitive Optical Detection of Photogenerated Carriers in Silicon

Fabry-Pe?rot and critical angle geometries are examined experimentally in order to achieve sensitive optical detection of photogenerated carriers in silicon. Whereas modulation of an optical probe beam in the Fabry-Pe?rot geometry is found to be dominated by changes in refractive index, the critical angle geometry is determined to be dominated by absorption. In the Fabry-Pe?rot geometry, the maximum normalized transmission change as a function of absorbed pump energy is 0.58 per ?J . The response is measured for a 3-mm-thick silicon cavity with a finesse of 2.2, where parallel silicon-air interfaces are the reflective surfaces. In the critical angle configuration, a maximum normalized transmission change of 0.067 per ?J is measured. The response is measured for 13 probe beam internal reflections near the critical angle and a beam waist radius of 0.17 mm. While the high driver for sensitivity in the Fabry-Pe?rot geometry is the cavity finesse, it is the beam waist radius that is important in the critical angle geometry.
Mediated serial learning

This study demonstrated a mediation effect in serial learning. Prior to learning an A-B-C-D serial list Experimental Ss learned an A-B’, C-D’ paired-associate (PA) list in which B and D were the primary word associates of B’ and D’. A Control group learned an A-X, C-Y PA list and then the same serial list. Serial learning was superior in the Experimental condition. It was suggested that the serial learning was mediated by an A-B’-B sequence in which A elicited B’ and B’, in turn, evoked its primary associate B.
California Goats with a Disease Resembling Enzootic Ataxia or Swayback

In a retrospective study typical signs and lesions of enzootic ataxia or swayback were found in 16 young dairy goats from eight widely scattered herds in California. In addition to the constant appearance of chromatolytic neurons in brainstem and spinal cord, and myelin deficiency in certain tracts of the cord, cerebellar hypoplasia was found frequently. Liver copper was subnormal in six of nine kids tested. The disease is viewed as a developmental defect in which failure of neuronal perikaryon metabolism leads to distal axonopathy with secondary demyelination.
Coarse-Grained Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulation of Copper Electrodeposition with Additives

A (2+1)D kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) code was developed for coarse-grained as well as atomic-scale simulations that require detailed consideration of complex surface-reaction mechanisms associated with electrodeposition of copper in the presence of additives. The physical system chosen for simulation is similar to that used by the microelectronics industry to fabricate on-chip interconnects, where additives are used to tailor shape evolution. Although economically significant, such systems are often designed in an empirical manner that would be greatly enhanced by improved understanding of the additive mechanism gained through simulations. By comparing simulated results at atomic as well as coarse-grained scales with theoretical results obtained analytically for various limiting cases of behavior, the validity of the KMC code was tested. It was found that the surface roughness at a specified length scale can be accurately simulated by using a coarse-grained KMC code with lattice spacing of 1/10 or smaller than that of the specified length scale—a result that is particularly useful for comparing experimental data on surface roughness with numerical simulations. For second-order homogeneous surface reactions, it is shown that the KMC-simulated surface coverage approaches the analytical surface coverage as surface mixing is increased by increasing the surface diffusion rate. The results verified the numerical accuracy and the reduced computational cost of the coarse-grained KMC approach for simulating complex chemical and electrochemical mechanisms.
Stabilization templates for servomechanisms

IN the process of design, the engineer must consider the change in the system transfer function due to corrective networks added either in cascade or in the feedback loop. Instead of a trial-and-error adjustment of the network parameters, templates for different compensating networks can be easily constructed which show the change in gain and phase. The template can be reduced to a single-frequency locus if the problem is one of stabilization of a feedback system, reduction of noise, or adjusting bandwidth and speed of response of a feedback system.
Child Anxiety in Primary Care: Prevalent But Untreated.

We present prevalence and treatment utilization rates for child anxiety disorders in a university-affiliated primary care clinic. Families were recruited from a pediatric patient list and 714 families participated in an initial study wherein they completed child anxiety questionnaires. According to parent and child self-report questionnaires (n=714), 22% and 20% of children, respectively, were above a suggested clinical cutoff on a brief anxiety screen; 19% and 14% of children exceeded clinical cutoffs on a separate social anxiety questionnaire. All families were invited to participate in a second study that included the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children-Parent Version and questions about treatment utilization; telephone interviews with 190 parents showed 1-year prevalence rates of DSM-IV child disorders to be 10.0% (se=2.2%) for specific phobia, 6.8% (se=1.8%) for social phobia, 3.2% (se=1.3%) for generalized anxiety disorder, 0.5% (se=.7%) for selective mutism, 1.6% (se=.9%) for major depressive disorder, 1.1% (se=.7%) for dysthymia, and 12.6% (se=2.4%) for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Among children with a current anxiety disorder, 31% had received counseling or medication treatment during their lifetime, compared to 40% of children with depression and 79% with ADHD. Adolescent age and being Caucasian were predictors of psychotherapy use; having an ADHD diagnosis was a predictor of both psychotherapy and medication use. The high prevalence of impairing anxiety disorders, in concert with the very low extent of treatment utilization, suggests a need for methods to identify and disseminate empirically validated treatments for these disorders in the primary care setting.
Rhetoric, Technê, and the Art of Scientific Inquiry

This article, drawing on Aristotle's concept of techne, develops a framework for exploring rhetoric in the process of scientific inquiry. The Aristotelian “causes” specifically highlight the technical procedures through which scientists carry out their work and the visual representations they deploy to generate meaningful accounts, “bring forth” new findings, and contribute to the existing field of knowledge. The author argues that a techne-based framework makes it possible to maintain a focus on rhetoric as a productive art while broadening the object of rhetorical analysis to include practices and modes of representation that contribute to knowledge production in the physical sciences.
G162: Molecular symmetry group for t-butane and other three equivalent methyl molecules

Obtention de la table de caractere pour le groupe de symetrie G 162 et de la table de multiplication pour le groupe
Surface anisotropy and magnetic freezing of MnO nanoparticles

Nanoparticles of bulk antiferromagnets often exhibit ferromagnetic behavior due to uncompensated surface spins. The peak temperature in the zero-field-cooled magnetization of $\mathrm{MnO}$\char22{}in contrast to other antiferromagnetic nanoparticles\char22{}has anomalous behavior, shifting to higher temperatures with decreasing nanoparticle size. We attribute this behavior to surface anisotropy enhanced by the specific occupancy of $3d$ levels in Mn, which produces a high-spin\char21{}low-spin transition not present in $\mathrm{NiO}$ nanoparticles.
Rationalization of the f-f intensity parameters for transitions between crystal field levels of lanthanide ions

Abstract The intensity parameters AtPΞ(t,λ), which are applied to electric dipole transitions between crystal field levels in lanthanide 4f → 4f spectra, are shown to contain much more information regarding intensity mechanisms than do the Ω λ parameters, which are applied to transitions between J multiplets. Within the context of the prevailing electrostatic models for 4f → 4f electric dipole intensity, it is shown that the relative contributions of the static-coupling and dynamic-coupling mechanisms to the intensity parameters can be differentiated on the basis of the signs obtained for the various AtPΞ(t, λ). To illustrate this point, a set of intensity parameters (related to the AIPΞ(t, λ)) are calculated for the Pr3+-LaAlO3 system. The calculated results are then compared with the empirically determined intensity parameters reported for this system, and conclusions are drawn regarding the relative importance of the static-coupling and dynamic-coupling mechanisms.
Influence of monoamine depleting pharmacologic agents on levels of activity in Caiman sclerops

Abstract 1. 1.Caimans treated with a single dose of PCPA show significantly increased activity and some behavioral modification over the first 3 days and significant decreases in activity over the next 4 days, returning to control rates by day 7. 2. 2.Caimans pretreated with DMI and then given a single dose of 6-OHDA showed significant reduction in activity and behavioral modification over the entire 14-day study period and beyond. 3. 3.Caimans treated with a single dose reserpine showed gradual reduction in activity over the first three post-treatment days and little change thereafter. No behavior modification was noted. 4. 4.Caimans given a single dose of amphetamine showed a little reduction in activity but no noticeable behavioral changes over a 2-week period. 5. 5.Caimans given a single dose of melatonin showed no significant reduction in activity but some behavioral changes, possibly attributable to reduced sensory activity. 6. 6.An attempt is made to reconcile these findings with known changes in monoamine content of the brain.
Effective Permittivity of 3-D Periodic Composites With Regular and Irregular Inclusions

This paper explores the effective temporal surface-illuminated properties of two-component composites consisting of inclusions of regularly-and irregularly-shaped crystals in a matrix. Time-domain electromagnetic modeling using the finite integration technique is used to calculate scattering (S-) parameters, and from these, the effective relative permittivities are calculated. It is shown that the orientation of inclusions with high permittivity contrast affects the effective electrical permittivity of a composite mixture. For both low and high contrast inclusions, fields localize at edges and corners of the irregular inclusion in a manner not dependent on boundary conditions used in simulation.
Modular implementation of computer integrated manufacturing

Abstract This paper describes a program for the modular implementation of a Computer Integrated Manufacturing System at Jamesbury Corp., a division of Combustion Engineering, Inc. As a part of their overall strategic plan to improve their competitive position in the valve industry, Jamesbury embarked upon an agressive plan to upgrade their manufacturing capability. Like many other companies, Jamesbury could not afford to modernize their entire manufacturing system all at once. Computer Integrated Manufacturing, by necessity, must proceed on an incremental or modular basis, because of financial constraints. However, if the modules are to work together in the end, the implementation must be preceded by adequate planning and conceptual system design. We will describe the procedure for the incremental implementation of the technical modules in this program: a Computer Aided Design (CAD) system, a Computer Aided Programming system for Numerically Controled (NC) machines, and flexible automated production systems for the four major valve families in the product line. A number of support modules were also implemented and will be discussed.
Do Educators See and Honor Biliteracy and Bidialectalism in African American Language Speakers? Apprehensions and Reflections of Two Grandparents/Professional Educators

Educators often do not recognize biliteracy and bidialectalism in African American Language (AAL) speakers. Chronicling the experiences of twin four/five-year old AAL and emergent Standard English speakers, we discuss the importance of recognizing and building on the routines and identities of African American children and families. We present three strategies for supporting the learning of African American children who are biliterate and bidialectal. Using the academic literature which illustrates African American children’s communicative virtuosity as a backdrop, we use language samples from twin AAL-speakers to illustrate key points. Emphasis is placed on the importance of building on African American children’s communication styles in classrooms and helping them to negotiate and move between two different discourse communities for both oral and written language.
Student-Athletes and Academic Coursework: A Ten-Year Summary

Over 10 yr. (1978 to 1987) a random sample of university baseball, basketball, and football players (ns of 31, 26, and 30) changed concentrations of earned academic credits but those in physical education remained high (15%)
Self-guiding and stability of intense optical beams in gases undergoing ionization.

The propagation of intense optical beams in gases undergoing ionization is analyzed. Two types of optical beam modes are considered: a fundamental Gaussian and a higher-order radially polarized beam. The propagation dynamics include the effects of diffraction, nonlinear self-focusing, and ionization. For sufficiently intense optical beams the neutral gas undergoes ionization, generating a plasma which tends to defocus the beam. An envelope equation governing the spot size for both types of beams is derived, analyzed, and solved numerically. Self-guided solutions, which result from a balancing of diffraction, plasma defocusing, and nonlinear self-focusing, are analyzed for both types of beams. These equilibrium solutions are found to be unstable due to an ionization-modulation instability for which asymptotic growth rates are obtained. A self-guided inverse Cherenkov accelerator based on the higher-order radially polarized mode is proposed and analyzed. In addition, the depletion of the optical field due to collision and ionization losses is analyzed and the attenuation length is derived.
Kinetics of the Cl(2PJ) + C2H6 Reaction between 177 and 353 K

Absolute rate data for the Cl + C2H6 → HCl + C2H5 reaction have been measured from 177 to 353 K using a conventional discharge flow resonance fluorescence technique with helium as the diluent at a pressure of 1 Torr. The rate coefficient at 296 K was measured to be (5.70 ± 0.13) × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. The Arrhenius expression which describes the temperature dependence of the rate coefficient is (7.32 ± 0.39) × 10-11 exp[(−73.6 ± 12.9)/T] cm3 molecule-1 s-1. The cited errors are at the level of two standard deviations. The results were checked for potential interferences from nonequilibration of atomic Cl spin states, impurities in the Cl atom source, and other secondary chemistry resulting from high reactant concentrations. There was no observed change in the rate coefficient upon the addition of a large concentration of efficient spin quencher, CF4. The results were also found to be invariant to purification of the Cl atom precursor. Numerical simulations confirmed that at the low reactant concentra...
Overview of International Voltage Quality Benchmarking Efforts

It is important for consumers to understand the quality of electric power that they can expect from the supply system. There have been various benchmarking efforts performed around the world to help define the expected power quality. This paper describes two important documents that have been put together to summarize benchmarking efforts and to provide recommended indices for characterizing performance. These documents provide a good foundation for ongoing benchmarking and system power quality reporting efforts
Effect of endoscopic white light on the developing visual pathway: A histologic, histochemical, and behavioral study

Objective: We examined the potential teratogenic effect of endoscopic white light on the developing visual pathways. Study Design: The right eye of chicken embryos ( n = 22) was exposed to maximal endoscopic light intensity on day 10 of development. At day 17 of development the histologic characteristics of the light-exposed retinas were compared with those of the control embryos ( n = 4). Normal functioning of the light-exposed eye was assessed by intravitreal injection of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase and observation of its axonal transport pattern to the diencephalic and mesencephalic visual centers. Axonal transport patterns were compared with those found in previous studies of normal embryos. Behavioral feeding patterns were compared between two groups of newly hatched chickens, one exposed to endoscopic light after hatching ( n = 13) and the other, an unexposed control group ( n = 12). Results: No evidence of retinal damage, altered axonal transport or altered feeding patterns could be found between control and experimental animals. Conclusion: Endoscopic white light does not appear to be harmful to the developing retina and visual pathway.
EXAFS study of Br2-graphite intercalation compounds

Abstract Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements are presented for dilute graphite-Br2 intercalation compounds containing 0.27 mole % and 0.75 mole % Br2. Intercalated Br2 molecules are found to have a BrBr distance of 2.34 ± 0.02 A and predominate in the 0.75% sample. A unique feature of the present work is the discovery of another type of bromine molecule with a BrBr distance of 2.53 ± 0.03 A . This molecule seems to be associated with defect or edge sites and predominates in the 0.27% sample. It is reasonable to speculate that this molecule acts like a “can opener”, preparing the graphite planes for intercalation. The implication of these results with respect to charge transfer is discussed, and it is estimated that roughly 0.16 electrons are transferred to each intercalated molecule, while ∼0.6 electrons are transferred to each “can opener” molecule.
Test-specific effects of FG-7142 on isolation-induced aggression in mice.

Abstract Treatment with FG-7142 decreased isolation-induced attack, but not defense, by male mice when the residents' home cages contained only a sawdust substrate. When a small wooden nesting box was added to the cage (Experiment 2), however, FG-7142 somewhat increased levels of attack. Time spent in the nesting box was also increased, while overall levels of social interaction were decreased, by drug treatment in Experiment 2. The latter findings are consistent with FG-7142's well-documented anxiogenic properties and indicate that this drug is probably proaggressive in its actions. The antiaggressive effects of FG-7142 in Experiment 1 may have resulted from drug-induced fear behaviors that were incompatible with attack. Alternatively, Experiment 2 suggests the possibility that species-typical attack may be defensively motivated under some circumstances. Although the antiaggressive properties of eltoprazine and yohimbine were unaffected by the addition of the nest box (Experiment 3), the provision of some sort of refuge within the testing apparatus may be an important methodological consideration for studies employing resident-intruder paradigms.
Constitutive and Aroclor 1254-induced hepatic glutathione S-transferase, peroxidase and reductase activities in genetically inbred mice.

Abstract 1. 1. Constitutive and Aroclor 1254-induced hepatic glutathione (GSH) S -transferases, GSH peroxidase and GSH reductase activities were determined in 12 strains of 8–10 week-old inbred male mice. 2. 2. The constitutive GSH S -transferase activity varied from 2.5 (SJL/JCR) to 8.9 (C57BL/6N) μmol/min/mg protein and the corresponding values for the Aroclor 1254-treated mice were in the range of 7.1–23.0 j μmol/min/mg protein. Aroclor 1254 significantly induced GSH S -transferase activity in all mice, however, significant interstrain differences were found in inducibility. 3. 3. Aroclor 1254-treatment caused a 4.2-fold induction of GSH S -transferase in NFS/NCR but only a 1.4-fold increase in AKR/NCR mice. Aroclor 1254 significantly induced GSH reductase in all strains studied while GSH peroxidase activity decreased in these mice. 4. 4. The range of hepatic GSH levels in control and Aroclor 1254-treated mice was relatively narrow for both groups (6.59–11.25 μM/g wet tissue).