cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Minimum Total Node Interference in Wireless Sensor Networks

The approach of using topology control to reduce interference in wireless sensor networks has attracted attention of many researchers. There are several definitions of interference in the literature. In a wireless sensor network, the interference at a node may be caused by an edge that is transmitting data [16], or it occurs because the node itself is within the transmission range of another [2], [4], [7]. The interference load of a node is either the number of nodes in the broadcasting disk defined by this node or the number of nodes whose disks cover it [2], [4], [7]. In this paper we show that the problem of assigning power level to a set of nodes in the plane to yield a connected geometric graph whose total node interference is bounded is NP-complete under both definitions. We also introduce some heuristics as well as a simplified version of an O(logn) approximation algorithm in [10] and study their performance through simulation.
God and Reason in the Middle Ages: Conclusion: The Culture and Spirit of “Poking Around”

W HAT MADE IT POSSIBLE FOR WESTERN CIVILIZATION TO develop science and the social sciences in a way that no other civilization had ever done before? The answer, I am convinced, lies in a pervasive and deep-seated spirit of inquiry that was a natural consequence of the emphasis on reason that began in the Middle Ages. With the exception of revealed truths, reason was enthroned in medieval universities as the ultimate arbiter for most intellectual arguments and controversies. It was quite natural for scholars immersed in a university environment to employ reason to probe into subject areas that had not been explored before, as well as to discuss possibilities that had not previously been seriously entertained. Reason and the spirit of inquiry appear to be natural companions. This spirit of inquiry can be aptly described as the spirit of “poking around,” a spirit that manifests itself through an urge to apply reason to almost every kind of question and problem that confronts scholars of any particular period. Indeed, a vital aspect of “poking around” involves an irresistible urge to raise new questions, which eventually give rise to even more questions. I regard the spirit of poking around as nothing less than the spirit of scientific inquiry. When scholars in the eleventh and twelfth centuries began the process of opposing reason to authority, they also began what may be appropriately called “the culture of poking around,” or the irrepressible urge to probe into many things.
Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) grown for biofuel in the South Central United States.

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) has attracted recent attention as a potential biofuel crop, but stand establishment can be difficult. Plant-parasitic nematodes, as well as other soil borne pathogens, may contribute to this problem in the South Central United States. In a survey of five-year-old switchgrass variety trials, plant-parasitic nematodes were identified from samples collected after fall biomass harvest. Plot locations included Clinton, LA, Hope, AR, College Station, TX, and Stephenville, TX. Twice as many nematode species were identified at Hope and Clinton as at College Station or Stephenville. Xiphinema americanum and Tylenchorhynchus spp. (T. capitatus and T. ewingi) were found at all locations. Paratrichodorus minor and Criconemella ornata were found in three of four sites. Hoplolaimus magnistylus, Pratylenchus zeae, Helicotylenchus spp. (H. dihystera and H. digonicus), Meloidogyne spp., and Paratylenchus spp. were identified from some sites. Upland morphological types of switchgrass supported greater densities of Helicotylenchus spp. than lowland types at Clinton and greater densities of Pratylenchus, Helicotylenchus, and Tylenchorhynchus spp. at Hope. Lowland types appeared to be better hosts for Tylenchorhynchus spp. at Stephenville and for P. minor at Hope. Differences in nematode population density among switchgrass genotypes were found for several nematode species, and in some cases, the nematodes were correlated with decreased stand persistence or dry matter yield.
Porphyrogenic properties of the terpenes camphor, pinene, and thujone: (with a note on historic implications for absinthe and the illness of vincent van gogh)

Abstract Camphor, α-pinene (the major component of turpentine), and thujone (a constituent in the liqueur called absinthe) produced an increase in porphyrin production in primary cultures of chick embryo liver cells. In the presence of desferrioxamine (an iron chelator which inhibits heme synthesis and thereby mimics the effect of the block associated with acute porphyria), the terpenes enhanced porphyrin accumulation 5- to 20-fold. They also induced synthesis of the rate-controlling enzyme for the pathway, 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase, which was monitored both spectrophotometrically and immunochemically. These effects are shared by well-known porphyrogenic chemicals such as phenobarbital and glutethimide. Camphor and glutethimide alone led to the accumulation of mostly uro- and heptacarboxylporphyrins, whereas α-pinene and thujone resulted in lesser accumulations of porphyrins which were predominantly copro- and protoporphyrins. In the presence of desferrioxamine, plus any of the three terpenes, the major product that accumulated was protoporphyrin. The present results indicate that the terpenes tested are porphyrogenic and hazardous to patients with underlying defects in hepatic heme synthesis. There are also implications for the illness of Vincent van Gogh and the once popular, but now banned liqueur, called absinthe.
DNA Chain Length Dependence of Formation and Dynamics of hMutSα·hMutLα·Heteroduplex Complexes

Formation of a ternary complex between human MutSα, MutLα, and heteroduplex DNA has been demonstrated by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy and electrophoretic gel shift methods. Formation of the hMutLα·hMutSα·heteroduplex complex requires a mismatch and ATP hydrolysis, and depends on DNA chain length. Ternary complex formation was supported by a 200-base pair G-T heteroduplex, a 100-base pair substrate was somewhat less effective, and a 41-base pair heteroduplex was inactive. As judged by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, ternary complexes produced with the 200-base pair G-T DNA contained ∼0.8 mol of hMutLα/mol of heteroduplex-bound hMutSα. Although the steady-state levels of the hMutLα·hMutSα· heteroduplex were substantial, this complex was found to turn over, as judged by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy and electrophoretic gel shift analysis. With the former method, the majority of the complexes dissociated rapidly upon termination of protein flow, and dissociation occurred in the latter case upon challenge with competitor DNA. However, ternary complex dissociation as monitored by gel shift assay was prevented if both ends of the heteroduplex were physically blocked with streptavidin·biotin complexes. This observation suggests that, like hMutSα, the hMutLα·hMutSα complex can migrate along the helix contour to dissociate at DNA ends.
Mass Spectrometric Detection of Botulinum Neurotoxin by Measuring its Activity in Serum and Milk

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are bacterial protein toxins which are considered likely agents for bioterrorism due to their extreme toxicity and high availability. A new mass spectrometry based assay called Endopep MS detects and defines the toxin serotype in clinical and food matrices via toxin activity upon a peptide substrate which mimics the toxin’s natural target. Furthermore, the subtype of the toxin is differentiated by employing mass spectrometry based proteomic techniques on the same sample. The Endopep-MS assay selectively detects active BoNT and defines the serotype faster and with sensitivity greater than the mouse bioassay. One 96-well plate can be analyzed in under 7 h. On higher level or “hot” samples, the subtype can then be differentiated in less than 2 h with no need for DNA.
Avoidable delay in diagnosing bronchial carcinoma.

1) Earlier diagnosis in primary bronchial malignant disease is necessary if operation is to provide increasingly satisfactory results. 2) Too frequently delay is occasioned by insisting on microscopic evidence of tumor and not accepting well known clinical findings that are at least equally trustworthy in diagnosis. 3) Chronic persistent cough frequently results from irritation due to smoking but persons who smoke should have careful examination of the lungs at fairly frequent intervals if malignant disease of the bronchi is to be detected early enough for surgical resection. 4) A chronic cough that becomes more persistent, and especially if it is associated with wheezing or expectoration of streaks of blood, demands careful study. 5) Roentgenoscopic demonstration of a single mass in the parenchyma of the lung even without pulmonary signs or symptoms, particularly if there is evidence of osteo-arthropathy, is sufficient to justify surgery and removal of the affected lobe of the lung or the entire lung, depending upon the findings at operation. 6) Any infiltrative, unilateral lesion in the hilar area of the lung, associated with diminished or absent breath sounds over the corresponding area of the lung without appreciable change in percussion note, is sufficient for diagnosis of bronchial carcinoma.
Early Childhood Care and Education in Kenya

(2004). Early Childhood Care and Education in Kenya. Childhood Education: Vol. 80, No. 4, pp. 191-197.
Evidence that blocking is due to associative deficit: Blocking history affects the degree of subsequent associative competition

Rats were trained on an appetitive discriminated operant procedure according to a blocking design, in which training with a compound stimulus (A + B) was given with or without prior training with A alone. Stimulus B was then presented in compound with a new stimulus (B + C compound). The ability of Stimulus B to block acquisition of control by Stimulus C was decreased by B having itself been blocked by A during the prior training. The results imply that the mechanism of blocking during the initial blocking procedure was a reduced association between Stimulus B and the reinforcer, and not a performance deficit such as that postulated by comparator models of learning.
The Ties That Bind?: Case Studies in the Significance of Corporate Board Interlocks with Financial Institutions

A great deal of rich statistical evidence attests to the strong and central presence of financial institutions in corporate board interlocks. There is no consensus, however, concerning the interpretation of the significance of those statistics. Here, case studies of corporations in crisis trace those financial interlocks prior to, during, and after the firms' crises. The evidence suggests that nonfinancial firms do not consistently exhibit the predicted pattern of centrality as it relates to corporate crisis. Furthermore, those interlocks do not appear to reflect dyadic functional relationships between firms; nor do they in and of themselves indicate power relationships between banks and nonfinancials. Here, the source of financial institutions' power was structurally unified control of capital flows. Corporate interlocks appear to be “traces of power,” reflective of bank-nonbank relationships forged in capital flow arrangements and functioning as informational “business scan” mechanisms that inform capit...
The role of self‐efficacy in inflammatory bowel disease management: Preliminary validation of a disease‐specific measure

IBDs require self-management skills that may be influenced by self-efficacy (SE). Self Efficacy represents an individual’s perception of his or her ability to organize and execute the behaviors necessary to manage disease. The goal of this study was to develop a valid and reliable measure of IBD-specific SE that can be used in clinical and research contexts. 122 adults with a verified IBD diagnosis participated in the study. Data were pooled from two sources: patients from an outpatient university gastroenterology clinic (n = 42) and a sample of online respondents (n = 80). All participants (N = 122) completed the IBD-Self-Efficacy Scale (IBD-SES) and the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire. Additionally, online participants completed the Brief Symptom Inventory-18 and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale; while the clinic sample completed the Perceived Health Competence Scale, Perceived Stress Questionnaire, and Short Form Version 2 Health Survey. The IBD-SES was initially constructed to identify 4 distinct theoretical domains of self-efficacy: a) managing stress and emotions, b) managing medical care, c) managing symptoms and disease, and d) maintaining remission. The 29-item IBD-SES has high internal consistency (r = 0.96), high test-retest reliability (r = 0.90), and demonstrates strong construct and concurrent validity with established measures. The IBD-SES is a critical first step towards addressing an important psychological construct that could influence treatment outcomes in IBD.
Idiotypic Analysis of Human Anti-Topoisomerase I Autoantibodies

Anti-topoisomerase I autoantibodies (anti-topo I) are associated with proximal scleroderma and are of prognostic significance in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. Polyclonal anti-idiotypic sera were raised against affinity-purified anti-topo I from 2 patients with scleroderma (EM, SG) and I healthy individual (NM). All 3 anti-topo I preparations expressed immunodominant private Ids in or near the antigen binding site of the autoantibody. Further analysis of Id-EM showed isotypic restriction to IgG and a stable Id-expression over the course of 9 years. Id-SG and Id-NM were expressed on IgG and on IgA. The idiotypic character of anti-topo I closely resembles that of anti-centromere autoantibodies which are associated with the CREST syndrome of scleroderma. The data suggest an antigen-driven process in the origin of autoantibodies in scleroderma.
This Ain’t Talk Therapy: Problematizing and Extending Anti-Oppressive Education:

Kumashiro (2001)argues that the “posts” perspectives—poststructuralism, postmodernism, and postcolonialism—are useful in furthering an anti-oppressive education in the core disciplines. This response elucidates some of the shortcomings of Kumashiro’s article, namely its misinterpretation of notions of oppression, rationality, and the individual within a “posts” perspective. A Foucauldian lens is employed to provide an alternative means by which to further a more constructive and less constrictive classroom environment. Specifically, this article suggests that a “posts” classroom must work under the construct of a “weak overcoming” that focuses on the structure of schooling and the organization of classroom practice.
Intraoperative spinal angiography.

Object. The use of intraoperative angiography of the spine has become available to neurosurgeons as an adjunct in the management of complex spinal vascular malformations. These vascular malformations are rare, and the use of intraoperative angiography of the spine has not been well described. The authors report their recent experience with the use of this diagnostic modality. Methods. Between 1995 and 1997, nine consecutive patients with type II or Type IV spinal arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) underwent intraoperative spinal angiography. The cervical spine was involved in three patients, the thoracic spine in five, and the thoracolumbar junction in one. In three patients, intraoperative spinal angiography revealed an unexpected finding (residual filling of the AVM). The results obtained using postoperative spinal angiography in all patients showed complete agreement with the intraoperative studies. No complications arose from obtaining the intraoperative spinal angiograms. Conclusions. Intraoperative ...
Effects of soil temperature on microsclerotia of Calonectria ilicicola and soybean root colonization by this fungus

Field soil artificially infested with laboratory-produced microsclerotia of Calonectria ilicicola was incubated for 1, 2, 3, or 6 weeks at 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40°C. These temperatures approximate soil temperatures that were measured in soybean fields during the growing season in south Louisiana. Germinable microsclerotia were enumerated after incubation at different temperatures, and soybean seeds were planted in these soils. After 8 weeks, percent root colonization was determined as a measure of infectivity of microsclerotia. Results showed that soil temperature is a critical factor in survival of microsclerotia. The optimal soil temperature range for survival of microsclerotia was 20 to 30°C, and the maximum soil temperature limit was 35°C, above which microsclerotia did not survive. Effects of temperature on soybean root colonization were examined in growth chambers by growing soybean plants in soil infested with laboratory-grown microsclerotia for 4 weeks after seed germination. Maximum infection of young soybean roots by C. ilicicola occurred between 25 and 30°C but decreased with increasing temperatures and was negligible at 40°C. According to these results, soil temperature is a critical environmental factor controlling the development of red crown rot in soybeans in Louisiana. These findings suggest that, if red crown rot is a threat, soybean planting time should be based on soil temperature rather than calendar dates.
Oxidation-induced defects in trench-etched silicon single crystals

Abstract Oxidation-induced defects in trench-etched silicon crystals have been investigated by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. Trenches are aligned either along the 〈110〉 or the 〈100〉 directions lying in the (001) plane and have been wet oxidized at 850 and 1100°C. When protrusions are present on trench sidewalls, dislocations associated with precipitate colonies and stacking faults are observed after oxidation at 850 and 1100°C respectively; this result is independent of the trench orientation. Arguments have been developed to rationalize these observations.
Transmissivity and reflectivity of spatially dispersive thin films

Abstract We calculate the transmission and reflection coefficients for electromagnetic radiation incident normally on the surfaces of thin, spatially dispersive, absorbing, dielectric films. Results are obtained for four models of spatially dispersive dielectrics and for the case in which spatial dispersion is neglected. For each model the effects of spatial dispersion are to introduce additional fine structure into the transmission and reflection coefficients, regarded either as functions of frequency or of the thickness of the film. In addition, the results reveal an interleaving between the maxima and minima of the spectra for different models, which may provide a basis for an experimental discrimination between different phenomenological models for the nonlocal dielectric constant of a spatially dispersive dielectric medium.
ABSOLUTE INTENSITIES OF RESONANCE NEUTRON CAPTURE GAMMA RAYS FROM Cd, Te, AND Sm

The absolute intensities of gamma rays having energies between 200 and 650 kev, emitted after resonant neutron capture in ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{113}$, ${\mathrm{Te}}^{123}$, ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{147}$, ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{149}$, and ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{152}$ have been measured. The instrumentation involved a combination of time-of-flight technique and multichannel pulse-height analysis using a NaI(Tl) scintillation counter. The even-even compound nuclei studied appear to emit intense low-energy gamma rays, while the even-odd nucleus ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{153}$ shows no correspondingly intense low-energy transitions.
Making the Punishment Fit the Crime and the Criminal: Attributions of Dangerousness as a Mediator of Liability1

This research examines how individuals use information regarding characteristics of crimes (e. g., crime severity) and characteristics of the offender (e. g, prior criminal record) to form an impression of the criminal as dangerous to society, and to make liability judgments. Two studies presented college students and community members with crime scenarios and asked for ratings of crime severity, likelihood of recidivism, perceived dangerousness of the offender, and liability. Type of crime, severity. and likelihood of recidivism significantly predicted both liability and perceived dangerousness. Further more, in crimes against people only, the effects of severity and recidivism on liability were partially mediated by individuals' perceptions of the offender as criminally dangerous. The discussion examines the implications of these findings for attribution theory and sentencing in the criminal-justice system.
Experiences of families with relatives with intellectual and developmental disabilities in a consumer‐directed support program

The current study explores the experiences of families with relatives with intellectual and developmental disabilities participating in a consumer‐directed support program in the USA. The Illinois Home Based Support Services Program provides a limited budget to purchase and manage services. However, within recent years the program has faced cuts and changes. This context provided a rich environment to explore the benefits of the program, as well as oppressive forces creating barriers to the control of financial resources by individuals with disabilities and their families. Financial benefits, benefits from respite and personal assistance services and prevention of undesirable institutional placements were major themes that emerged and triangulated with previous research. The following themes emerged concerning barriers to the control of financial resources: provider and professional control, disability as a deserving group, fraud and abuse perceptions and familism. These themes appear to fit well within a...
On the interaction of [Ru(phen)2dppz]2+ (dppz=dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine) with different oligonucleotides

Abstract Luminescent titrations have been performed on a “molecular light switch for DNA”, [Ru(phen) 2 dppz] 2+ (dppz=dipyrido[3,2- a :2′,3′- c ]phenazine), with several different 16-bp oligonucleotides having sequence-directed shape (“straight”, “bent” and “kinked”). Binding constants and binding site sizes are consistent with metal complex intercalation for all oligonucleotides. The emission maxima and relative intensities upon saturation are consistent with trends found for long DNAs based on relative GC content. [Ru(phen) 2 dppz] 2+ has a significantly higher binding constant and larger site size for the “kinked” oligonucleotide than for the “straight” and “bent”, suggesting that local DNA deformation plays a role in the interaction of metallointercalators with DNA.
Sensitivity of hemoglobins to intracellular effectors: Primitive and derived features

The sensitivity of hemoglobin-O2 binding to urea and Cl−, effectors in higher vertebrates and also blood constituents that vary with salinity in elasmobranchs, was examined in the highly euryhaline cownose ray Rhinoptera bonasus. The response was compared with that in a closely related stenohaline species, as well as several other elasmobranchs, teleosts, and simpler hemoglobin-containing animals. Although the O2 binding of R. bonasus red blood cells and stripped hemoglobin is not sensitive to urea, trimethylamine oxide, or Cl−, neither is the hemoglobin of the stenohaline butterfly ray. Cl− lowers O2 affinity of the hemoglobins of three species of stenohaline sharks; urea only slightly increases O2 affinity of one of these hemoglobins and another is insensitive. In contrast, the hemoglobins of two highly euryhaline teleosts are sensitive to urea as well as Cl−; urea raises and Cl− lowers O2 affinity. Thus, while urea insensitivity does appear to protect the respiratory properties of the O2 carrier in the elasmobranchs, Cl− sensitivity appears to be unrelated to changes in the blood. Since the red blood cells and/or hemoglobins of simpler animals such as annelids and molluscs are also insensitive to urea and Cl−, insensitivity in the elasmobranchs is more likely to represent a primitive, inherited feature than one specifically evolved along with their distinctive form of osmoregulation. The limited information available suggests that ATP lowers O2 affinity of the shark but not ray hemoglobins, which may reflect the origin of intracellular modulation within the elasmobranchs.
A direct comparison of research decision-making capacity: Schizophrenia/schizoaffective, medically ill, and non-ill subjects

To characterize predictors of impairment in research decision-making capacity, we undertook a direct comparison of schizophrenia/schizoaffective (n=52), medically ill (diabetic; n=51), and non-ill (n=57) subjects. Scores on the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Clinical Research (MacCAT-CR) were correlated with demographic variables and scores on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and Short-Form-36 (SF-36). Across diagnoses, cognitive capacity, physical functioning, and a diagnosis of mental illness had the greatest impact on decision-making capacity, with level of education also having an impact. 69-89% of schizophrenia/schizoaffective subjects attained MacCAT-CR subscale scores achieved by almost all comparison (98-100%) and medically ill (94-100%) subjects. Positive, negative, and general psychotic symptoms correlated with poorer scores. Prior research experience, number of queries used during interview, and emotional functioning also predicted MacCAT-CR scores. These data suggest that investigators and IRBs should consider a number of variables, many of which reach across diagnoses, as they decide which populations and individual subjects may require more intensive screening for decisional impairment or educational interventions to improve their abilities to make capable decisions about research participation.
ESTIMATING THE LAST POINT TO SOLIDIFY IN A CASTING

An approximate method for predicting the last point to solidify in a casting is presented. On defining a time-averaged temperature field, an approximate method for predicting the last point to solidify is defined by the solutions of two steady-state Poisson equations. The method is demonstrated by solving a number of one- and two-dimensional problems. For moderate values of Stefan number ( St < 2) predictions for the last point to solidify are in close agreement with predictions obtained from analytical and complete transient numerical solutions.
Extensor Mechanism-sparing Paratricipital Posterior Approach to the Distal Humerus

Adequate exposure of the articular surface of the distal humerus and elbow joint is required for operative stabilization of bicolumnar distal humerus fractures. The transolecranon approach, which provides complete posterior visualization and access to the distal humerus, is commonly used. Nevertheless, an olecranon osteotomy and other extensor mechanism-disrupting approaches have risks and possible complications. Alternative exposures have been described primarily for total elbow arthroplasty, but these involve extensive and potentially devascularizing dissections. In extra-articular (OTA type A) and simple articular distal humeral fractures with simple or multifragmentary metaphyseal involvement (OTA type C1 and C2), extensile approaches may not be necessary. For these fracture patterns, an alternative exposure is the extensor mechanism-sparing paratricipital posterior approach to the distal humerus through a midline posterior incision. This approach avoids an osteotomy and mobilizes the triceps and anconeus muscle off the posterior humerus and the intermuscular septae and provides adequate exposure for open reduction and internal fixation.
Effect of Pnictogen Height on Spin Waves in Iron Pnictides

We use inelastic neutron scattering to study spin waves in the antiferromagnetic ordered phase of iron pnictide NaFeAs throughout the Brillouin zone. Comparing with the well-studied $A{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ ($A=\mathrm{Ca}$, Sr, Ba) family, spin waves in NaFeAs have considerably lower zone boundary energies and more isotropic effective in-plane magnetic exchange couplings. These results are consistent with calculations from a combined density functional theory and dynamical mean field theory and provide strong evidence that pnictogen height controls the strength of electron-electron correlations and consequently the effective bandwidth of magnetic excitations.
The Issues Around Us

Abstract I HAVE appreciated the honor of being president of the Poultry Science Association. It might have been a more exciting year had there been more burning issues, or something to crusade about, but this year's responsibilities were fairly routine. I received suggestions from several members about matters of the Association. These were helpful. Not all of them were acted upon or carried out since there is always a diversity of opinion. The matters I wish to speak about today are those of concern to the Association. None are new, nor are they likely to be easily resolved. QUALITY OF PAPERS This subject is in the memory of all assembled here. I am certain that the majority of the papers are at least good to excellent. It is the awful minority that causes our concern. Every once in awhile some maneuver or another is proposed to bring about an improvement in . . .
Multicultural Curriculum Development in Online Classes: Practices from Washington State Community Colleges.

The community college system is based on an open-door mission and serves to provide access to students of diverse backgrounds. Online learning is one of the fastest growing segments of community college offerings. If the community college system embraces its open-door mission, it must also embrace new ways of providing multicultural experiences within online classes. Yet, little research has been conducted in looking at connections between online learning and multicultural education within community colleges. This study asked if multiculturalism plays a significant role in the traditional face-to-face college classroom—what role, if any, does it play in an online classroom? Literature on multicultural education, distance learning, educational theory, and social psychology were explored within the context of community colleges. Community college faculty who reported using multicultural approaches within their online classes were interviewed and observed. The results indicated that these online instructors ...
Response to “Transferring Methadone-Stabilized Pregnant Patients to Buprenorphine”

A recent article by Jones and colleagues describes “transferring methadone-stabilized pregnant patients to buprenorphine using an immediate release morphine [IRM] transition.”1 Regardless of techni...
Real-time detection of single quantum dots inside living cells (Invited Paper)

Quantum dots have opened up a plethora of possibilities in biological detection and imaging. Their small size, stable luminescence and resistance to photobleaching make them ideal for intracellular imaging and detection. It is highly desirable to develop tools that will allow detection and imaging of biological processes without disrupting native cellular processes. A significant barrier to use of quantum dots in living cells is ability to deliver and detect single quantum dots inside living cells. In this article we describe a bacterial toxin dependent method that allows delivery of single quantum dots. We also demonstrate use of a single molecule detection system to detect both single and aggregated quantum dots in living cells in real time. We compare results of quantum dot delivery from receptor mediated endocytosis and HIV-TAT peptide mediated delivery methods with the bacterial toxin Streptolysin O. Our results show that Streptolysin O is able to deliver single quantum dots to living cells. Our results also indicate that the mechanism of cargo delivery by HIV-TAT peptide might be endocytosis dependent. Ongoing work in this direction involves showing that single, functional quantum dot probes can also be delivered using the bacterial toxin.
MANAGEMENT IN CONTEXT: AN ESSAY ON THE RELEVANCE OF CULTURE TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE

The recent interest in cultural analysis of organizations is based on the belief that organizations have symbolic aspects that affect organizational behaviour. Underlying this research, however, are different assumptions about the nature of symbols and the role they play in organizations. The majority of writers have assumed that symbols perform an expressive function and are used in a type of action they call 'symbolic action’which they contrast with ‘substantive action’. This dichotomy between symbolic and substantive action has resulted in the development of models that assume culture is a causal factor in organizational change, and should be controlled by the management of symbols. In this article, this approach - the management as symbolic action approach - is examined and found to be inadequate. An alternative approach is developed - the culture-as-context approach - that assumes all actions have a symbolic aspect, all actions are value-laden, symbols are meaningful only in terms of their relations with other symbols, and symbols are dispositions to action, not causes of it. The study of culture is seen, then, as the explication of action in terms of the system of symbolic forms - goals, plans, ideas, roles and traditions - that people use to give meaning and order to their experience. This approach is applied to the interactions of the members of the‘Transition Team’in a Bell Telephone operating company preparing for the deregulation of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company, its parent corporation, in 1981. It is demonstrated empirically and explained conceptually that culture leads to a certain class of possible actions which makes certain attempts at change, or reactions to change, probable in a given situation.
Effect of somatostatin analog RC-160 and bombesin/gastrin releasing peptide antagonist RC-3095 on growth of PC-3 human prostate-cancer xenografts in nude mice

Nude mice bearing xenografts of the androgen-independent human prostate-cancer cell line PC-3 were treated for 4 weeks with somatostatin analog RC-160, bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) antagonist (RC-3095), or the combination of both peptides. In the first experiment, treatment was started when the tumors measured approximately 10 mm3. Tumor volumes and weights were reduced by about 40% by RC-160 or RC-3095 administered by s.c. injections at doses of 100 micrograms/day/animal and 20 micrograms/day/animal respectively. The combination of RC-3095 with RC-160 did not further potentiate suppression of tumor growth, but histologically the ratio of apoptotic and mitotic indices was significantly higher in the groups treated with the combination than in the other groups. Serum gastrin levels were significantly reduced in all treated groups. Therapy with RC-160 or the combination also significantly decreased serum growth-hormone levels. Specific high-affinity binding sites for bombesin, somatostatin and epidermal growth factor (EGF) were found on the tumor membranes. Receptors for EGF were significantly down-regulated by treatment with RC-3095, RC-160 and a combination of both analogs. Tumors from mice treated with RC-160 showed a significant increase in maximal binding capacity for somatostatin as compared with control tumors, demonstrating the absence of down-regulation. In the second experiment, treatment was started when the tumors were well developed and measured approximately 90 mm3. No significant reduction in volume, weight and growth rate of tumors was found in the groups treated with RC-160 or RC-3095. Our results suggest that somatostatin analog RC-160 and bombesin/GRP antagonist RC-3095 can inhibit the growth of androgen-independent prostate cancer when the therapy is started at an early stage of tumor development.
Nuclear Receptor Coactivators: Structural and Functional Biochemistry

Transcription of eukaryotic cell is a multistep process tightly controlled by concerted action of macromolecules. Nuclear receptors are ligand-activated sequence-specific transcription factors that bind DNA and activate (or repress) transcription of specific sets of nuclear target genes. Successful activation of transcription by nuclear receptors and most other transcription factors requires “coregulators” of transcription. Coregulators make up a diverse family of proteins that physically interact with and modulate the activity of transcription factors and other components of the gene expression machinery via multiple biochemical mechanisms. The coregulators include coactivators that accomplish reactions required for activation of transcription and corepressors that suppress transcription. This review summarizes our current knowledge of nuclear receptor coactivators with an emphasis on their biochemical mechanisms of action and means of regulation.
Transorbital penetrating head injury with a hunting arrow: Case report

The development of more complex and diverse hunting weapons may result in an increase of uncommon forms of penetrating injury to the brain. We present a case of nonfatal transorbital arrow injury to the brain. High velocity projectile injuries merit certain management adaptations from gunshot or low velocity stab wounds. This case highlights the necessity for anterograde removal of the arrow in the direction of its line of trajectory. Early assessment of the patient with cerebral angiography to identify surgically correctable vascular injury is recommended.
Comparison of Compartmental and Adams-Bell Models of Poultry Egg Production

Abstract Weekly egg production data from six first cycle and 13 molted commercial layer flocks were used to compare three nonlinear egg production models: the compartmental or McMillan model, the Adams-Bell model, and a compartmental-type model based on a logistic growth curve. Models were fitted using the Marquardt method of the NLIN procedure [SAS Institute, Inc. (1985)] with results analyzed using a random block analysis of variance. Mean coefficient of determination (R2) values for the Adams-Bell (.9938) and the logistic (.9930) models were significantly higher than for the compartmental model (.9523) for hen-housed data from first cycle flocks, with no differences in molted flocks. The R2 values based on the 1st 24 wk of production followed the same pattern. Predictions of total production based on 24 wk of data were significantly more accurate for the Adams-Bell and logistic models than for the compartmental model in terms of error or percentage error in first cycle flocks, with no difference in molted flocks. Eliminating early data points where egg production was less than 20% significantly reduced the R2 value of the Adams-Bell model and significantly improved the R2 value of the compartmental model. The Adams-Bell model may be useful in decision making concerning replacement or molting of layer flocks.
Event-Based Prospective Memory in the Rat

People plan to act in the future when an appropriate event occurs, a capacity known as event-based prospective memory. Prospective memory involves forming a representation of a planned future action, subsequently inactivating the representation, and ultimately reactivating it at an appropriate point in the future. Recent studies suggest that monkeys, chimpanzees, and rats display elements of prospective memory, but it is uncertain if the full sequence (activation-inactivation-reactivation) that occurs in humans also occurs in nonhumans. Here, we asked if rats exhibit event-based prospective memory. Rats completed an ongoing temporal-discrimination task while waiting for a large meal. To promote the use of event-based prospective memory, we created an event (tone pulses) that provided information that the meal could be obtained soon. Event-based prospective memory was suggested by the dramatic decline in ongoing-task performance after the event, with excellent performance at other times. To document that the event initiated memory activation, we arranged for the event to occur at novel times. Finally, multiple, repeated presentations of the event on the same day demonstrate that rats inactivate and reactivate the memory representation in an on-demand, event-based fashion. Development of an animal model of prospective memory may be valuable to probe the biological underpinnings of memory disorders.
Three photon annihilations of positrons and positronium in solids with two detectors in coincidence

Abstract The two-detector coincidence positron annihilation system at Washington State University was used to observe three-photon annihilation events of positrons. The decay of ortho-positronium (o-Ps) can be distinguished for para-Ps decay and positron two photon annihilations by the unique difference energy distribution. The apparatus was used to detect rare three-photon annihilations of positrons in metals.
Temporal Diversity and Team Performance: The Moderating Role of Team Temporal Leadership

This study examines how team temporal diversity–variation in members' time urgency, pacing style, and time perspective—can be effectively managed to maximize team performance. Results from 71 teams...
(2S,5S,8S,11S)-1-Acetyl-1,4-diaza-3-keto-5-carboxy-10-thia-tricyclo -[2.8.04,8]-tridecane, 1 the preferred conformation of 1 (1 ≡ αTemp-OH) and its peptide conjugates αTemp-L-(Ala)n-OR (n=1 to 4) and α-Temp-L-Ala-L-Phe-L-Lys(εBoc)-L-Lys(ε-Boc)-NHMe studies of templates for α-helix formation

Abstract The conformation of the title compound 1 is deduced from 1 H NMR evidence. The stable conformations of α-Temp-(L-Ala) 4 -OtBu and α-Temp-L-Ala-L-Phe-L-Lys(eBoc)-L-Lys(e-Boc)-NHMe in MeCN are shown to be distorted α-helices with a bifurcated hydrogen bond.
Differences in uptake of high-density lipoproteins by rat adrenals using in vivo vs. in situ perfusion techniques.

Abstract This study describes the effect of the delivery route of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) on the ultimate fate of the lipoprotein in the intact rat adrenal. Equal amounts of human (h)-derived affinity-purified apoE-free 125I-labeled HDL3 was given to ethinyl estradiol-treated (i.e., lipoprotein-deficient) rats either intravenously (in vivo route) or by non-recycling perfusion (in situ perfusion route). After 60–90 min, the adrenals were either excised and assessed for uptake of radioactivity, or perfusion-fixed with glutaraldehyde and prepared for autoradiograms at the electron microscope level. The results show that hHDL3 circulated in vivo binds 9-times more readily to adrenal tissues than the same quantity of ligand delivered by perfusion. Also, when the lipoprotein is administered in vivo, it is 5-times more likely to be interiorized as an intact particle by zona fasciculata (corticosterone-secreting) cells via an endocytic pathway than when delivered by perfusion. Similar differences between the in vivo and in situ routes were not seen when125I-labeled rat HDL was the ligand delivered. Whereas the starting hHDL3 ligand was free of apoE, there was a substantial (7-fold) conversion of the HDL3 to apoE-containing HDL3 following in vivo circulation of the ligand, as shown by sodium phosphotungstate-MgCl2 precipitation or heparin-Sepharose column chromatography. These results show that the route of lipoprotein delivery to specific tissues can play a major role in determining both the binding and the processing of the ligand by the tissue in question. With hHDL3, acquisition of apoE during only 1 h of recirculation in lipoprotein-deficient rats was sufficient to totally alter the fate ligand in the adrenal cortex.
Bowman-Birk inhibitors in Lens: identification and characterization of two paralogous gene classes in cultivated lentil and wild relatives.

In order to investigate the genetic structure of lentil Bowman–Birk inhibitors (BBIs), primers were designed on pea BBI sequences. The sequences obtained from lentil DNA, using these primers, indicate that lentil possesses at least two paralogous genes. Protein sequences translated in silico from lentil DNA sequences suggest that the two coded proteins are highly similar to Pisum trypsin inhibitor TI1 and TI6 BBIs, respectively. In fact, both are double-headed inhibitors, one class showing the presence of a trypsin- and a chymotrypsin-reactive site, the other showing two trypsin-inhibition sites, similar to pea TI1 and TI6, respectively. The same primers were used to amplify sequences from the DNA of other Lens species. The results strongly support that all species of Lens possess the same classes of BBI coding genes, orthologous to those identified in the cultivated lentil. Lens nigricans showed the most diverging sequences both at the nucleotide and the amino acid level. The similarity of the two gene classes identified in the genus Lens to those of Pisum and the observations that the patterns of expression of the Lens genes are equivalent to those of pea orthologous genes, possibly imply that BBIs in Lens are coded by gene classes with similar genome organization and function to those of pea. Finally, a phyletic analysis, based on the comparison of sequences obtained from other species belonging to the Vicieae tribe of the Fabaceae family, strongly suggests that all Vicieae could have a similar genome organization and function for BBI genes, and that this could be a general rule in all the Fabaceae family.
The Isostatic Residual Gravity Anomaly of the Central Andes, 12° to 29° S: A Guide to Interpreting Crustal Structure and Deeper Lithospheric Processes

The isostatic residual gravity field of the Central Andean Plateau region contains laterally continuous, elongated anomalies that reflect the tectonic and magmatic effects of oceanic subduction in the forearc and continental subduction in the backarc. On the western side of the Andes, the residual anomalies are similar to those found at many “Andean”-type subduction margins. In particular, a high-low residual anomaly pair coincident with the coast and the Peru-Chile trench marks the location when the Nazca plate underthrusts beneath western South America. This high-low anomaly couple is mirrored in the backarc by a similar couple that tracks the location of the eastward-vergent Principal Frontal Thrust and results from the westward, antithetic subduction of the Brazilian shield beneath the plateau. The residual high is situated in the Eastern Cordillera of Bolivia, and is caused by a combination of high-density basement rocks near the surface in the hanging wall of the thrust, and by local crustal underco...