cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of Secondary Tasks on Individual Drivers: Not All Drivers Are Created Equally

There has been rapid growth in the mobile-phone industry in terms of technology and growing number of users with migration into the car environment. There is also a significant demand for smart phones capable of accessing email, listening to music, organizing daily activities, linking to social networking sites, while the user is on the move. The automotive industry has been significantly impacted by such mobile-phone usage. Driving a car is a complicated and skillful task requiring attention and focus. However many people perceive driving to be easy - second-to-habit or an extension of their natural skills. This complacency encourages drivers to multitask while driving. While many drivers manage this multitasking comfortably, it becomes a distraction and contributes to increased risk while driving for some. Since the effect of multitasking is variable on different drivers, it is important to understand its impact on individual drivers. This study focuses on assessing the impact of several secondary tasks such as speaking over a hand-held mobile phone, tuning the radio, selecting songs from an MP3/CD playlist, speaking to a co-passenger, on individual drivers. To assess the driver activity, we formulate stochastic models such as Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM) using only CAN-bus signals collected on-road in real world driving situations from the UTDrive corpus. We also categorize drivers based on their distraction level into (1) least impacted, (2) moderately impacted, and (3) most impacted drivers. As the automotive industry further advances in developing active safety systems, such driver centric adaptive systems will help in personalizing the vehicle by triggering active safety systems only when drivers are impacted or when they show tendencies of such impact. This will help motivate drivers to use active safety systems rather than disabling them because they are annoyed. Keywords: Driver distraction; Language: en
Leveraging Leaders A Literature Review and Future Lines of Inquiry for Empowering Leadership Research

We review and synthesize the empowering leadership literature and, as a result, suggest two new provocative lines of inquiry directing future research. Based on a set of testable propositions, we first encourage researchers to answer the question of why empowering leadership occurs. Second, we encourage researchers to explore less positive and unintended, negative outcomes of empowering leadership. To identify opportunities for future work along these two lines, we use four theoretical perspectives including (1) person–situation interactions, (2) followership theory, (3) contingency approaches to leadership, and, (4) the too-much-of-a-good-thing effect. As a result, we set an agenda for the next decade of research on empowering leadership.
Heat exchanger penalties in double-loop solar water heating systems

Abstract In many solar water heating systems, it may prove desirable to use a double-loop system with a heat exchanger between the flat-plate collector and the water storage tank. This approach, using a second fluid which does not freeze in service and which does not lead to corrosion of metals, may be the most convenient way to avoid freezing or corrosion problems in the collector. Because of the heat exchanger, the collector is, however, forced to operate at a higher temperature with a corresponding performance penalty. A heat exchanger factor has been developed, which makes it possible to determine the collection performance penalty in a straightforward manner. When the heat exchanger is of the counterflow type and is operated so that the mass flowrate-specific heat products of the two streams are equal, the expression becomes very simple, and lends itself to direct optimization of heat exchanger size. Several sample optimization calculations are shown.
Quantitative Analysis of Long-Latency Failures in System Software

This paper presents a study on long latency failures using accelerated fault injection. The data collected from the experiments are used to analyze the significance, causes, and characteristics of long latency failures caused by soft errors in the processor and the memory. The results indicate that a non-negligible portion of soft errors in the code and data memory lead to long latency failures. The long latency failures are caused by errors with long fault activation times and errors causing failures only under certain runtime conditions. On the other hand, less than 0.5% of soft errors in the processor registers used in kernel mode lead to a failure with latency longer than a thousand seconds. This is due to a strong temporal locality of the register values. The study shows also that the obtained insight can be used to guide design and placement (in the application code and/or system) of application-specific error detectors.
Facts, Information, and the Newly Discovered Record in Pierson v. Post

Unlike Professors Fernandez, Banner, and Donahue, I am not a legal histo rian; like them, however, I am much interested in the comings and goings of the famous old case about the fox. It figures significantly in my course on property and in my co-authored book on the subject. The background of the case is noted in the book and will be updated in the next edition to take account of Fernandez's discovery of the hitherto lost judgment roll in the case.1 Her find yields many facts, but, in my judgment, virtually no information. Facts are necessary to information, but not sufficient. A fact without purpose is useless; coupled with purpose, it becomes information. The information itself might be trivial, as it is in trivia games. Suppose you are playing a game, a trivia game, where stating the right fact wins you points. Suppose the name of William Blackstone's tailor was Jonas Maybird, and this is a fact you happen to know. Suppose you are asked, What was the name of William Blackstone's tailor? You answer correctly and win points. Outside the game, the name of Blackstone's tailor is just a fact; inside the game, it is information. Change the game to a scholarly one concerned with illuminating Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England, and we are back to the name of Blackstone's tailor being just a worthless fact. For purposes of understanding Blackstone, I presume that
Lack of Transparency, Accountability, and Victims' Participation in Decision Making: Haiti's Major Threat

I was born and for the most part raised in Haiti. For almost five years, I never went back, including when the earthquake struck. Thanks to my anthropological research organized by Dr. Schuller, I now have a better understanding of Haiti's struggle to recover from the earthquake. I have been enlightened by different testimonies and observations from camp residents during this ethnographic research. I realize now that the root of the situation is way more complex than I would have ever imagined. I knew very well that the environment was not suitable for the people after the quake. However, how are we to evaluate the amount of aid that has been promised to Haiti? Is this aid even reaching the victims? Is there a relationship between those in charge of distribution and the victims? Is the aid that we send to Haiti actually helping the way in which we want?
BLOCKING, UNBLOCKING, AND OVEREXPECTATION IN AUTOSHAPING WITH PIGEONS

Three experiments used pigeons in an autoshaping procedure and a single-subject design to examine compound stimulus control in classical conditioning. Experiment 1 examined the blocking effect, and Experiment 2 examined the unblocking effect. In both experiments, response-independent food was first delivered intermittently in the presence of one distinctively colored houselight but not another. Then, conventional autoshaping trials were carried out in the presence of each houselight. In Experiment 1, the keylight readily elicited responding in the presence of the houselight that had been negatively correlated with food, but not in the presence of the houselight that had been positively correlated with food. In Experiment 2, the keylight readily elicited responding in the presence of the houselight positively correlated with food, but only when the amount of food used on the autoshaping trials was either greater or less than that previously delivered in the presence of the houselight. Experiment 3 examined the overexpectation effect. Conventional autoshaping trials were first carried out by presenting each of two keylights individually. Then, additional autoshaping trials were carried out by presenting the two keylights as a compound, with either the same amount of food or a greater amount of food per trial. Finally, the keylights were retested by again presenting them individually. The number of responses per trial elicited by the keylights decreased when the amount of food used in compound trials was the same as that used in individual trials. However, the number of responses per trial remained approximately the same when the amount of food used in compound trials was greater than that used in individual trials. Taken together, the results of the three experiments demonstrate (a) the generality of the blocking, unblocking, and overexpectation effects by virtue of their extension to appetitive unconditioned stimuli; (b) the suitability of pigeons as subjects and autoshaping as a procedure for studying classical conditioning; and (c) the appropriateness of single-subject designs.
Connecting perception and action by associating symmetries in vision and language

Symmetries are of fundamental importance in information processing. It is well understood how important visual symmetries are in the understanding of scenes. This paper explores the symmetries of languages of actions, and relates them to visual symmetries. Linguistic symmetry is explored in the context of problem solving. Algebraic techniques permit the representation and manipulation of linguistic symmetry, and the exploration of its connection to perceptual symmetry. It is shown that the invariants of the decomposition of a language of actions form a complete and independent set of perceptual features that naturally describe the search space.
FAINT FUZZY STUFF: THE MISSING BARYONS?

In recent years evidence has been mounting that a substantial amount of baryonic matter appears to be "missing" from our current inventory of galaxies, groups and clusters. This implies that significant repositories of baryonic matter are awaiting discovery. The most likely form of this repository is a very diffuse galaxy whose existence is effectively masked by the brightness and noise of the night sky background. In order to better determine the space density of these galaxies, three observational surveys, employing different observing techniques, were undertaken to search for previously undiscovered and uncatalogued galaxies. In sum, all three survey methods proved successful, in that significant numbers of very diffuse galaxies were detected. Construction of the luminosity and/or space density functions of LSB galaxies shows that indeed much of the baryonic matter in the universe could lie in galaxies whose low surface brightness has resulted in their remaining undetected until recently. Since surface brightness selection effects are still present in all our surveys, it is clear we have yet to probe the very faint end of disk diffuseness.
ACG Clinical Guideline: Diagnosis and Management of Small Bowel Bleeding

Bleeding from the small intestine remains a relatively uncommon event, accounting for ~5-10% of all patients presenting with gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. Given advances in small bowel imaging with video capsule endoscopy (VCE), deep enteroscopy, and radiographic imaging, the cause of bleeding in the small bowel can now be identified in most patients. The term small bowel bleeding is therefore proposed as a replacement for the previous classification of obscure GI bleeding (OGIB). We recommend that the term OGIB should be reserved for patients in whom a source of bleeding cannot be identified anywhere in the GI tract. A source of small bowel bleeding should be considered in patients with GI bleeding after performance of a normal upper and lower endoscopic examination. Second-look examinations using upper endoscopy, push enteroscopy, and/or colonoscopy can be performed if indicated before small bowel evaluation. VCE should be considered a first-line procedure for small bowel investigation. Any method of deep enteroscopy can be used when endoscopic evaluation and therapy are required. VCE should be performed before deep enteroscopy if there is no contraindication. Computed tomographic enterography should be performed in patients with suspected obstruction before VCE or after negative VCE examinations. When there is acute overt hemorrhage in the unstable patient, angiography should be performed emergently. In patients with occult hemorrhage or stable patients with active overt bleeding, multiphasic computed tomography should be performed after VCE or CTE to identify the source of bleeding and to guide further management. If a source of bleeding is identified in the small bowel that is associated with significant ongoing anemia and/or active bleeding, the patient should be managed with endoscopic therapy. Conservative management is recommended for patients without a source found after small bowel investigation, whereas repeat diagnostic investigations are recommended for patients with initial negative small bowel evaluations and ongoing overt or occult bleeding.
Pulmonary Embolism in the Pediatric Emergency Department

Pulmonary embolism, though rare in children and adolescents, is a very serious cause of chest pain and should not be missed or misdiagnosed. This article reviews pulmonary embolism in pediatric and adolescent patients, focusing in particular on recognition and diagnostic evaluation.
Accessibility and Organizational Settings for Public Supported Family Planning Services

This article reports on a survey of public supported family planning clinic users' travel time, appointment-delay time and waiting-room time. Comparisons of policy norms are made with three contraceptive organizational settings: hospitals, freestanding and community health clinics. The findings reveal freestanding and community health clinics were more accessible. This study suggests that despite the variety of public supported family plannmg clinics most were accessible to low-income women in western Pennsylvania.
Nitrate transport and not photoinhibition limits growth of the freshwater Cyanobacterium synechococcus species PCC 6301 at low temperature.

The effect of low temperature on cell growth, photosynthesis, photoinhibition, and nitrate assimilation was examined in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 6301 to determine the factor that limits growth. Synechococcus sp. PCC 6301 grew exponentially between 20°C and 38°C, the growth rate decreased with decreasing temperature, and growth ceased at 15°C. The rate of photosynthetic oxygen evolution decreased more slowly with temperature than the growth rate, and more than 20% of the activity at 38°C remained at 15°C. Oxygen evolution was rapidly inactivated at high light intensity (3 mE m −2 s −1 ) at 15°C. Little or no loss of oxygen evolution was observed under the normal light intensity (250 μE m −2 s −1 ) for growth at 15°C. The decrease in the rate of nitrate consumption by cells as a function of temperature was similar to the decrease in the growth rate. Cells could not actively take up nitrate or nitrite at 15°C, although nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase were still active. These data demonstrate that growth at low temperature is not limited by a decrease in the rate of photosynthetic electron transport or by photoinhibition, but that inactivation of the nitrate/nitrite transporter limits growth at low temperature.
Stock price leads and lags before the golden age of high-frequency trading

ABSTRACTIn this article, I take advantage of the revision of the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) index membership in 1999, to study the environment for high-frequency trading back then. Between stocks leaving or joining the DJIA, and similar stocks remaining in the DJIA, consistent price lead and lag relationships can be established. This provides evidence that statistical arbitrage is entirely feasible at the time, and it is plausible that a significant portion of the trading volume in 1999 is due to high-frequency trading.
Assessing the robustness of cremer-mclean with automated mechanism design

In a classic result in the mechanism design literature, Cremer and McLean (1985) show that if buyers' valuations are sufficiently correlated, a mechanism exists that allows the seller to extract the full surplus from efficient allocation as revenue. This result is commonly seen as "too good to be true" (in practice), casting doubt on its modeling assumptions. In this paper, we use an automated mechanism design approach to assess how sensitive the Cremer-McLean result is to relaxing its main technical assumption. That assumption implies that each valuation that a bidder can have results in a unique conditional distribution over the external signal(s). We relax this, allowing multiple valuations to be consistent with the same distribution over the external signal(s). Using similar insights to Cremer-McLean, we provide a highly efficient algorithm for computing the optimal revenue in this more general case. Using this algorithm, we observe that indeed, as the number of valuations consistent with a distribution grows, the optimal revenue quickly drops to that of a reserve-price mechanism. Thus, automated mechanism design allows us to gain insight into the precise sense in which Cremer-McLean is "too good to be true."
Progress in the Development of Caloric Restriction Mimetic Dietary Supplements

Caloric restriction (CR) - or reduced calorie intake with nutritional maintenance - can extend lifespan and increase resistance to age-related disease by mechanisms which likely involve reduced oxyradical production and cellular hormesis responses in which genes encoding cytoprotective proteins are upregulated. Recent studies suggest that several of the anti-aging effects of CR can be mimicked by giving animals compounds that reduce energy availability at the cellular level. Such CR mimetic compounds (e.g., 2-deoxy-D-glucose, phenformin and iodoacetate) have proven beneficial in experimental models of neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. CR mimetics appear to act via a hormesis-based mechanism in which cells upregulate heat-shock and other chaperone proteins, and growth factors. Although long-term effects of dietary supplementation with such CR mimetics remain to be determined, the initial findings reviewed here suggest a novel approach for the investigation of basic mechanisms of aging, for the possib...
United States Social Policy of the 1990's: Long-Term Implications for Poor Americans

During the 1990's, the United States economy underwent a period of unprecedented growth and expansion. Many of the key economic indicators used by the Federal Reserve Board to evaluate the United States economy performed well. During the same time period (1993-2000), President Bill Clinton and the United States Congress implemented various policies and programs under the Personal Responsibility Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) designed to significantly reduce poverty. The Clinton Administration acknowledged it might take up to ten years for these policies and programs to significantly alter the structural and systemic factors which contribute to and cause poverty. These policies and programs have been in place for more than a decade and it is important that researchers, policy analysts and policy makers begin a systematic, comprehensive and objective evaluation to determine the long-term impact on poor Americans. The primary goal of this paper is to assess the effectiveness of federal poverty reduction policies and programs implemented during the 1990's affects the current social and economic predicament of poor Americans.
Long-Term Alcohol Abuse

There is little doubt about the neurotoxic effects of alcohol on the human nervous system, and multiple (though sometimes mild) neuropsychological deficits have been documented in long-term, chronic alcohol abusers. The purpose of this chapter is to acquaint the reader with the variety of deficits common to long-term alcohol abusers and the assessment measures that may best be utilized to tease out sometimes subtle deficits. We will not review in detail the interesting but differing views on various models that have been purported to explain the nature of these deficits (e.g., the “premature aging” hypothesis, the “right hemisphere” hypothesis), but the interested reader is referred to Brandt and Butters (1986), Loberg (1986), and Parsons and Farr (1981) for a more comprehensive discussion of these models.
Comparison of Sweepnet, D-Vac, and Absolute Sampling for Lygus hesperus (Heteroptera: Miridae) in Lentils

Sweepnet accuracy was compared with that of D-Vac and absolute sampling for determining adult and nymph Lygus hesperus Knight densities in lentils. Sweepnet population estimates were similar to those obtained with absolute and D-Vac sampling methods, although sweepnet sampling consistently gave a lower estimate of nymph numbers. The sampling period did not appear to affect sweepnet adult population estimates, while late-season afternoons were the preferred times for sampling nymphs. Therefore, when monitoring the pest status of L. Hesperus in lentils, afternoon sampling provides more accurate population estimates than morning sampling. Original counts, area, and volume adjustments were used to evaluate sampling method effectiveness and the volume adjustment was found to be more accurate than area or original counts.
Feed Gorging and Extended Water Restriction Do Not Produce Knockdown in Male Turkeys Fed Monensin

Abstract A study was conducted to determine the effects of feed restriction with subsequent gorging during extended water restriction on 27- to 57-d-old toms fed excess monensin. Four treatments were factorially arranged with two levels of dietary monensin (0 and 140 ppm) and two feeding-watering regimens (ad libitum and restricted). Ad libitum birds had full access to feed and water but restricted birds only had access to feed from 0800 to 1200 h daily. A 24-h water restriction regimen was imposed biweekly from 28 to 42 d and a 36-h water restriction regimen was imposed biweekly from 43 to 57 d. The restricted feeding and watering regimen decreased (P .10) on feed intake regardless of feeding and watering regimen. Monensin had no effect on the weight gain and feed efficiency of ad libitum birds, but monensin exacerbated the decrease on gain (monensin by regimen, P
A Motion Modification Algorithm for Memory-Based Human Motion Simulation

Simulating human motions in the virtual CAD world is important in the computerized ergonomic design of products and workplaces. The present study introduces a novel, memory-based approach for simulating realistic human motions and presents a motion modification algorithm. in this novel approach, realistic human motions are simulated by modifying existing motion samples stored in a motion database. The proposed motion modification algorithm was found to be able to simulate human motions accurately. The memory-based motion simulation approach has advantages over existing simulation models as it can simulate qualitatively different types of motions on a single platform, predict motions of different styles, and continually learn new motions.
Fe(CO)4 and Related Compounds as Isolobal Fragments

The M(CO)4 fragment can be assigned to be isolobal with both CH3+ and CH2. In order to investigate this ambiguous isolobal assignment, we report calculations on compounds of the type M(CO)4Ln, wher...
Empire in Waves: a political history of surfing

Surfing draws wave riders for the natural and pleasurable feeling (which only a surfer knows) of transcendence and escape from the world and all its problems. But as Scott Laderman reminds us, surf...
FESCUE FOOT: ASSAY OF EXTRACTS AND COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN EXTRACTS OF TOXIC TALL FESCUE HERBAGE'

The crippling and debilitation associated with fescue foot continue to be hazards to cattle grazing tall fescue herbage in the late fall-winter period. Recent reviews by Garner and Cornell (1978) and Bush et aI. (1979) futther describe this syndrome. jacobson et aI. (1963), who initially extracted toxic fescue hay with 80% ethanol and assayed the extracts by intraruminal administration in cattle, reported the toxin to be in the aqueous, nonalkaloidal fraction. Williams et aI. (1975) separated the crude 80% ethanolic extract by ion exchange chroma-· tography and found that the anion fraction produced clinical signs of fescue foot when tested in a bovine intraperitoneal (ip) assay. Lack of an adequate small animal assay still hampers progress in the identification of the causative factor(s) in toxic tall fescue, but development of a videothermometry technique (Yates et aI., 1979) for measuring skin temperature in the area of the coronary band has greatly improved objectivity of the bovine ip assay. Several acidic components of the fescue fractions have been identified by gas chromatography -mass spectrometty (GC MS, Williams, 1976). The purpose of the present experiments was to derme further the chemical nature of the toxicant(s) in the anion fraction of toxic tall fescue herbage, and, by means of the bovine ip assay and videothermometty, to determine toxicity of addirional subfracclons and synthetic mixtures containing com ~ pounds found in these toxic subfractions. Summary
Abstract B045: Immunosuppressive plasmocytes impede T-cell-dependent immunogenic chemotherapy

Cancer-associated genetic alterations induce expression of tumor antigens that can activate CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), but the microenvironment of established tumors promotes immune tolerance through poorly understood mechanisms. Recently developed therapeutics that overcome tolerogenic mechanisms activate tumor-directed CTLs and are effective in some human cancers. Immune mechanisms also affect treatment outcome and certain chemotherapeutic drugs stimulate cancer-specific immune responses by inducing immunogenic cell death and other effector mechanisms. Because castrate-resistant prostate cancer is refractory to most therapies, we examined B cell involvement in the acquisition of chemotherapy resistance. Here we focus on oxaliplatin, an immunogenic chemotherapeutic that is effective in aggressive prostate cancer. Mouse B cells modulate the response to low-dose oxaliplatin, which promotes tumor-directed CTL activation by inducing immunogenic cell death. Three different mouse prostate cancer models were refractory to oxaliplatin unless genetically or pharmacologically depleted of B cells. The crucial immunosuppressive B cells are plasmocytes that express IgA, interleukin (IL)-10 and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), the appearance of which depends on TGFβ receptor signaling. Elimination of these cells, which also infiltrate human-therapy-resistant prostate cancer, allows CTL-dependent eradication of oxaliplatin-treated tumors. Citation Format: Shabnam Shalapour, Michael Karin. Immunosuppressive plasmocytes impede T-cell-dependent immunogenic chemotherapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR Inaugural International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; September 16-19, 2015; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2016;4(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B045.
Ectopic nephrogenic rest in the inguinal canal in a 6-month-old girl and a review of published studies.

Ectopic nephrogenic rests in the inguinal canal are rare. Usually discovered incidentally during surgery, these rests should raise the suspicion of an early extrarenal Wilms tumor. The differential...
Iterative Chat Transcript Analysis: Making Meaning from Existing Data

Objective – In order to better contextualize library data about patron satisfaction with reference services, we analyzed an existing corpus of chat transcripts. Having conducted a similar analysis in 2010, we also compared librarian behaviors over time. Methods – Drawing from the library literature, we identified a set of librarian behaviors closely associated with patron satisfaction. These behaviors include listening to and understanding patrons’ needs, inviting patrons to use the service again, and providing instruction or completing a search for patrons. Analysis of the chat transcripts included establishing a coding schema, applying these codes to individual chat transcripts, and analyzing these codes across the corpus of transcripts for frequency and correlation with other codes. The currently presented analysis used chat transcripts from the fall of 2013 and seeks changes in librarian behavior over time in order to gauge the success of establishing best practices and improving training standardization over the last three years. Results – The analysis shows that librarian behaviors have changed over time, pointing to what campus librarians are doing well, and that implementation of best practices at a campus level after the 2010 analysis may have increased these positive behaviors. The analysis also shows opportunities for further standardization and reinforcement of best practices. Conclusion – Qualitative analysis of already-collected data serves as a model for other units and suggests areas for process improvement, including enhanced coder training and code schema design. Further analysis of chat patrons’ questions is also warranted, including investigation of the relationship between subject- and location-specific questions and referrals.
Erratum to: Rapid progression of intracranial melanoma metastases controlled with combined BRAF/MEK inhibition after discontinuation of therapy: a clinical challenge.

Novel systemic therapies with anti-tumor activity in the brain including small molecules targeting BRAF and MEK, and immune checkpoint inhibition, offer the possibility of improved control of intracranial disease. A number of prospective trials support the judicious use of modern systemic therapies in patients with melanoma and limited brain metastases .The intracranial clinical course of patients who progress extracranially on BRAF/MEK inhibition remains poorly described in the literature. In this report, we highlight a series of clinical cases, with rapid progression of intracranial disease following discontinuation of dabrafenib/trametinib for extracranial disease progression or toxicity, a previously unreported finding in the medical literature with significant implications for patient care.
The New Iconography of the Global City

We start with an important but relevant detour. In November 2009, photographer Roy DeCarava passed away. This extraordinary Harlem-based artist and social observer was born to a single Jamaican immigrant mother and raised during the Harlem Renaissance.
Mediation at the Holocaust Memorial

We have discussed the creation of virtual communicative memory and the transformative discourse which uses trauma discourse and posttrauma tropes in Holocaust memory as symbolic anchors but departs from them. In this chapter, we will discuss mediation in the memorial, or the interplay of material and symbolic practices that constitute its understanding (Hennion 1997, in Marontate 2005). We will focus on the role and use of various media in the memorial as they facilitate and reflect meaning and knowledge production, consumption, staging and transmission in the site. The prevalent form of media used in the memorial is still-photography and not live media. The unplanned nature of action at the site is elevated in the press through, for example, the discussion about security in and of the site. This discussion, as we saw in Chapters 2 and 3, brings together the alleged moral career of the society that remembers with the individuals belonging to it, and suspense concerning their outcomes in the site. The latter is referred to in the numerous ‘emergency calls’ regarding the shaky condition of the stones, the stairs and the Information Center, which allude to the shaky condition of ‘memory’.
Novel Metal Cation Resistance Systems from Mutant Fitness Analysis of Denitrifying Pseudomonas stutzeri

ABSTRACT Metal ion transport systems have been studied extensively, but the specificity of a given transporter is often unclear from amino acid sequence data alone. In this study, predicted Cu2+ and Zn2+ resistance systems in Pseudomonas stutzeri strain RCH2 are compared with those experimentally implicated in Cu2+ and Zn2+ resistance, as determined by using a DNA-barcoded transposon mutant library. Mutant fitness data obtained under denitrifying conditions are combined with regulon predictions to yield a much more comprehensive picture of Cu2+ and Zn2+ resistance in strain RCH2. The results not only considerably expand what is known about well-established metal ion exporters (CzcCBA, CzcD, and CusCBA) and their accessory proteins (CzcI and CusF), they also reveal that isolates with mutations in some predicted Cu2+ resistance systems do not show decreased fitness relative to the wild type when exposed to Cu2+. In addition, new genes are identified that have no known connection to Zn2+ (corB, corC, Psest_3226, Psest_3322, and Psest_0618) or Cu2+ resistance (Mrp antiporter subunit gene, Psest_2850, and Psest_0584) but are crucial for resistance to these metal cations. Growth of individual deletion mutants lacking corB, corC, Psest_3226, or Psest_3322 confirmed the observed Zn-dependent phenotypes. Notably, to our knowledge, this is the first time a bacterial homolog of TMEM165, a human gene responsible for a congenital glycosylation disorder, has been deleted and the resulting strain characterized. Finally, the fitness values indicate Cu2+- and Zn2+-based inhibition of nitrite reductase and interference with molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis for nitrate reductase. These results extend the current understanding of Cu2+ and Zn2+ efflux and resistance and their effects on denitrifying metabolism. IMPORTANCE In this study, genome-wide mutant fitness data in P. stutzeri RCH2 combined with regulon predictions identify several proteins of unknown function that are involved in resisting zinc and copper toxicity. For zinc, these include a member of the UPF0016 protein family that was previously implicated in Ca2+/H+ antiport and a human congenital glycosylation disorder, CorB and CorC, which were previously linked to Mg2+ transport, and Psest_3322 and Psest_0618, two proteins with no characterized homologs. Experiments using mutants lacking Psest_3226, Psest_3322, corB, corC, or czcI verified their proposed functions, which will enable future studies of these little-characterized zinc resistance determinants. Likewise, Psest_2850, annotated as an ion antiporter subunit, and the conserved hypothetical protein Psest_0584 are implicated in copper resistance. Physiological connections between previous studies and phenotypes presented here are discussed. Functional and mechanistic understanding of transport proteins improves the understanding of systems in which members of the same protein family, including those in humans, can have different functions.
Efficacy and Safety of Rituximab Therapy in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Importance Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs) are autoimmune astrocytopathies characterized by predominant involvement of the optic nerves and spinal cord. In most patients, an IgG autoantibody binding to astrocytic aquaporin 4, the principal water channel of the central nervous system, is detected. Rituximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody specific for the CD20 B-lymphocyte surface antigen, has been increasingly adopted as a first-line off-label treatment for patients with NMOSDs. Objective To perform a systematic review and a meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of rituximab use in NMOSDs, considering the potential predictive factors related to patient response to rituximab in this disease. Evidence Review English-language studies published between January 1, 2000, and July 31, 2015, were searched in the MEDLINE, Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and clinicaltrials.gov databases. Patient characteristics, outcome measures, treatment regimens, and recorded adverse effects were extracted. Findings Forty-six studies were included in the systematic review. Twenty-five studies that included 2 or more patients with NMOSDs treated with rituximab were included in the meta-analysis. Differences in the annualized relapse rate ratio and Expanded Disability Status Scale score before and after rituximab therapy were the main efficacy measures. Safety outcomes included the proportion of deaths, withdrawals because of toxic effects, and adverse effects. Results Among 46 studies involving 438 patients (381 female and 56 male [sex was not specified in 1 patient]; mean age at the outset of treatment, 32 years [age range, 2-77 years]), rituximab therapy resulted in a mean (SE) 0.79 (0.15) (95% CI, −1.08 to −0.49) reduction in the mean annualized relapse rate ratio and a mean (SE) 0.64 (0.27) (95% CI, −1.18 to −0.10) reduction in the mean Expanded Disability Status Scale score. A significant correlation was observed between disease duration and the Expanded Disability Status Scale score. Adverse effects were recorded in 114 of 438 (26%) patients treated with rituximab. Specifically, 45 patients (10.3%) experienced infusion-related adverse effects, 40 patients (9.1%) had an infection, 20 patients (4.6%) developed persistent leukopenia, 2 patients (0.5%) were diagnosed as having posterior reversible encephalopathy, and 7 patients (1.6%) died. Conclusions and Relevance This systematic review and meta-analysis provides evidence that rituximab therapy reduces the frequency of NMOSD relapses and neurological disability in patients with NMOSDs. However, the safety profile suggests caution in prescribing rituximab as a first-line therapy.
Memory Design Considerations for High-performance Networking SoCs

On chip memory in today’s networking SoCs takes up ＞50% of total area and consumes ＞40% of total power. As demand for high-performance networks grows, so will the memory content on future SoCs. This paper presents IBM’s 32㎚ HKMG SOI embedded memory offering discussing the considerations associated with the design of key networking memory functions. With memory limiting system performance and dictating minimum voltage system-level power and performance optimization are also presented.
Risk of serious infections associated with use of immunosuppressive agents in pregnant women with autoimmune inflammatory conditions: cohort study.

Objective To compare the risk of serious infections associated with use of systemic steroids, non-biologic agents, or tumor necrosis factor α (TNF) inhibitors in pregnancy. Design Observational cohort study. Setting Public (Medicaid, 2001-10) or private (Optum Clinformatics, 2004-15) health insurance programs in the US. Participants 4961 pregnant women treated with immunosuppressive drugs for rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, or inflammatory bowel disease. Exposure for observational studies Exposure was classified into steroid, non-biologic, or TNF inhibitors on first filled prescription during pregnancy. Because TNF inhibitors are not used to treat systemic lupus erythematosus, patients with this condition were excluded from comparisons involving TNF inhibitors. Main outcome measure The main outcome was occurrence of serious infections during pregnancy, defined by hospital admission for bacterial or opportunistic infections. Hazard ratios were derived using Cox proportional hazard regression models after adjustment for confounding with propensity score fine stratification. A logistic regression model was used to conduct a dose-response analysis among women filling at least one steroid prescription. Results 71 out of 4961 pregnant women (0.2%) treated with immunosuppressive agents experienced serious infections. The crude incidence rates of serious infections per 100 person years among 2598 steroid users, 1587 non-biologic users, and 776 TNF inhibitors users included in this study were 3.4 (95% confidence interval 2.5 to 4.7), 2.3 (1.5 to 3.5), and 1.5 (0.7 to 3.0), respectively. No statistically significant differences in the risk of serious infections during pregnancy were observed among users of the three immunosuppressive drug classes: non-biologics v steroids, hazard ratio 0.81 (95% confidence interval 0.48 to 1.37), TNF inhibitors v steroids 0.91 (0.36 to 2.26), and TNF inhibitors v non-biologics 1.36 (0.47 to 3.93). In the dose-response analysis, higher steroid dose was associated with an increased risk of serious infections during pregnancy (coefficient for each unit increase in average prednisone equivalent mg daily dose=0.019, P=0.02). Conclusions Risk of serious infections is similar among pregnant women with systemic inflammatory conditions using steroids, non-biologics, and TNF inhibitors. However, high dose steroid use is an independent risk factor of serious infections in pregnancy.
Managing Structured Collections of Community Data

Data management is becoming increasingly social. We observe a new form of information in such collaborative scenarios, where users contribute and reuse information, which resides neither in the base data nor in the schema information. This “superimposed structure” derives partly from interaction within the community, and partly from the recombination of existing data. We argue that this triad of data, schema, and higher-order structure requires new data
From Cyber Space Opinion Leaders and the Diffusion of Anti-vaccine Extremism to Physical Space Disease Outbreaks

Measles is one of the leading causes of death among young children. In many developed countries with high measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine coverage, measles outbreaks still happen each year. Previous research has demonstrated that what underlies the paradox of high vaccination coverage and measles outbreaks is the ineffectiveness of “herd immunity”, which has the false assumption that people are mixing randomly and there’s equal distribution of vaccinated population. In reality, the unvaccinated population is often clustered instead of not equally distributed. Meanwhile, the Internet has been one of the dominant information sources to gain vaccination knowledge and thus has also been the locus of the “anti-vaccine movement”. In this paper, we propose an agent-based model that explores sentiment diffusion and how this process creates anti-vaccination opinion clusters that leads to larger scale disease outbreaks. The model separates cyber space (where information diffuses) and physical space (where both information diffuses and diseases transmit). The results show that cyber space anti-vaccine opinion leaders have such an influence on anti-vaccine sentiments diffusion in the information network that even if the model starts with the majority of the population being pro-vaccine, the degree of disease outbreaks increases significantly.
Less noisy domination by symmetric channels

Consider the family of all q-ary symmetric channels (q-SCs) with capacities decreasing from log(q) to 0. This paper addresses the following question: what is the member of this family with the smallest capacity that dominates a given channel V in the “less noisy” preorder sense. When the q-SCs are replaced by q-ary erasure channels, this question is known as the “strong data processing inequality.” We provide several equivalent characterizations of the less noisy preorder in terms of x2-divergence, Lowner (PSD) partial order, and spectral radius. We then illustrate a simple criterion for domination by a q-SC based on degradation, and mention special improvements for the case where V is an additive noise channel over an Abelian group of order q. Finally, as an application, we discuss how logarithmic Sobolev inequalities for q-SCs, which are well-studied, can be transported to an arbitrary channel V.
VR-Based Assessment and Rehabilitation of Functional Mobility

The advent of virtual reality (VR) as a tool for real-world training dates back to the mid-twentieth century and the early years of driving and flight simulators. These simulation environments, while far below the quality of today’s visual displays, proved to be advantageous to the learner due to the safe training environments the simulations provided. More recently, these training environments have proven beneficial in the transfer of user-learned skills from the simulated environment to the real world [5, 31, 48, 51, 57]. Of course the VR technology of today has come a long way. Contemporary displays boast high-resolution, wide-angle fields of view and increased portability. This has led to the evolution of new VR research and training applications in many different arenas, several of which are covered in other chapters of this book. This is true of clinical assessment and rehabilitation as well, as the field has recognized the potential advantages of incorporating VR technologies into patient training for almost 20 years [7, 10, 18, 45, 78].
The punishment marketplace: Competing for capitalized power in locally controlled immigration enforcement

Neoliberal economics play a significant role in US social organization, imposing market logics on public services and driving the cultural valorization of free market ideology. The neoliberal ‘proj...
Informed consent in acute ischemic stroke: It's on us.

Substantial race and ethnic disparities in stroke persist in the United States across the entire spectrum of care. African Americans have the highest prevalence and incidence of ischemic stroke, higher mortality from stroke, and more disability from stroke. African American patients arrive at the emergency department later than white patients, and less frequently receive the mainstay of acute treatment of ischemic stroke—rapid revascularization via administration of IV tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)—and if they do receive IV tPA, they do so in slower timeframes. Although on average, around 1 in 20 patients or their proxies refuses tPA when offered, little is known about the relationship between race and ethnicity and tPA refusals.1 In this issue of Neurology® , Mendelson et al.2 provide a retrospective analysis of tPA refusal rates from a consortium of 15 primary stroke centers in Chicago. They found an overall tPA refusal rate of greater than 7%, with African American patients refusing tPA twice as often as non-Hispanic white patients (10.6 vs 4.8%). The tPA refusal rates nearly completely accounted for the race disparity in tPA treatment rates between African American patients and non–African American patients.