cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing the effects of age, gestation, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity on labor inductions.

Purpose: To evaluate the likelihood of cesarean births, related to race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), maternal education and age, and gestational status for labor inductions on primiparous and multiparous women. Design and Methods: A retrospective descriptive correlational design was used with 1,325 women scheduled for induction at a large tertiary hospital in a southwestern U.S. state from January 1 through December 31, 2005. Birth outcomes were matched against inpatient hospital scheduling induction logs to verify the reason for induction, whether elective or clinically indicated. Findings: Age and gestation had nonlinear and significant associations with cesarean birth. Elective inductions for primiparous women significantly increased the likelihood of cesarean delivery. The independent effect of being a primiparous woman with an elective induction increased the probability of a cesarean birth by 50%, but this association was not significant for multiparous women. Mother's educational level was a significant predictor for cesarean births with multiparous women being induced. Ethnicity and SES did not increase the odds of cesarean delivery following labor induction for either primiparous women or multiparous women. Conclusions: Elective inductions for primiparous women increased the probability of cesarean births. Elective labor induction for primiparous women should be offered with caution, particularly for women with advanced maternal age.
Transformations of iron minerals during coal oxidation

Abstract Oxidative transformations of iron minerals in weathered Illinois No. 6 coal were investigated by Mossbauer spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. Temperature ranges were determined for the conversion of pyrite to ferrous sulphate and ferric hydroxysulphate and of ferric hydroxysulphate to ferric oxysulphate and ferric oxide. Most pronounced mineral transformations occurred at temperatures at which the concentration of thermally produced organic free radicals was a maximum and at which extensive weight loss of the organic coal matter began. These results suggest that the oxidation of iron minerals and the free radical oxidation of the organic matter in coal may be associated with each other.
Stereotype Threat Effects on the Raven Advanced Progressive Matrices Scores of African Americans1

The present experiment examined stereotype threat effects on the Raven Advanced Progressive Matrices (Raven) scores of African Americans. Support was found for Hypothesis 1, which stated that African Americans would experience significantly greater stereotype threat than Whites during an IQ testing situation. Hypothesis 2 proposed that a significant Race x Test Diagnosticity Condition interaction would occur in which the mean difference in intelligence test scores between African Americans and Whites (favoring the latter group) would be largest when the test was framed as a measure of intelligence, and smaller when framed as nonindicative of intelligence. Limited support for Hypothesis 2 was found in that a marginally significant Race x Test Diagnosticity Condition interaction was obtained. However, the interaction failed to reach conventional levels of statistical significance. Although preliminary, the present findings provide some support for the notion that stereotype threat compromises the intelligence test performance of African Americans.
Integral control in accommodation.

Abstract Models of the accommodation system available in the literature may be classified as proportional controller, optimal bang-bang controller and pure integral controller types. Each of these models explains only some aspects of the experimental behavior of the system and conflicts with other experimental observations. Based on two different experiments in which the built-in physiological feedback loop has been opened, a leaky-integrator element is proposed for the accommodation controller. This element appears to resolve the conflict between the proportional and integral controller models and also explains the experimental observations better than any of the existing models.
Targeting Pituitary Tumors

Background: Pituitary tumors are common and usually grow insidiously over many years. Rarely fatal, treatment still requires multiple cytoreductive surgeries and/or radiation therap
Correlates of lithium response in psychotic-affective syndromes.

Abstract We examined clinical and biochemical predictors of lithium response in 17 schizoaffective patients as well as the effect of lithium treatment upon several aminergic systems in this group. Ten patients were rated improved by the addition of lithium to the treatment regimen. No clinical predictors reached significance although DSM-III diagnosis and family history showed trends. Pretreatment plasma GABA was higher in the responders to lithium as compared to the nonresponders. Lithium tended to increase CSF HVA, CSF GABA, and plasma cAMP and to decrease plasma GABA. Lithium had little effect upon CSF 5HIAA, CSF cAMP, or plasma HVA.
Permanent Indwelling Catheters in the Management of Pleural Effusions

The treatment of chronic recurrent pleural effusions continues to evolve with the recent emergence of tunneled indwelling pleural catheters (IPCs). Talc pleurodesis has been the standard of care for treatment of recurrent pleural effusions, but IPCs have gained more favor in recent years. IPCs offer several advantages, including a less invasive procedure, short postprocedure hospital stay, and greater patient control in the management of symptoms. Further randomized controlled studies are needed to more clearly differentiate which patients are better served by an IPC rather than traditional pleurodesis as their initial intervention.
Complete metric Boolean Algebras

L'A. definit la completude unique de l'algebre de Boole metrique par analogie avec la notion de completude d'un espace metrique isomorphe. Cette definition, fondee sur la notion de volume d'une figure spatiale et sur la probabilite d'un evenement, sous-tend le developpement logique des mathematiques recentes dans le sens de la theorie de la mesure. L'algebre de Boole s'apparente donc a la theorie de la mesure d'un ensemble, en ce qui concerne son objet et son traitement formel
COLLAGEN FIBRIL STRUCTURE IN LAMPREY

X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy are used to compare the molecular and higher order structure of collagen fibrils in three tissues of the lamprey: the dermis, perinotochord and notochord sheath. These lamprey tissues are known to contain five distinct genetic types of fibrillar collagen. The modes of axial and lateral packing of collagen molecules in fibrils of the lamprey tissues demonstrate the three major motifs seen in higher vertebrate D-periodic collagen fibrils. In particular, lamprey dermis was found to have a decreased D period resulting from a molecular tilt that is seen in skins of higher vertebrates. Our results suggest the molecular-packing motifs for collagen fibrils were in place at the dawn of vertebrate evolution and have been conserved since. In contrast, the diameters of fibrils and their spatial orientation in lamprey tissues do not in general, correspond to features found in mammalian tissues. Only for lamprey notochord is there a strong similarity, with fibril diameters and organization closely resembling those seen in type II tissues of higher vertebrates. This suggests that for all tissues except those with type II collagen, higher level organization of fibrils evolved along with the diversification of vertebrates.
Unusual aspects of lightning injury in potato

Additional aspects of lightning injury of potato are described. A cross hatched or ladder like breakdown of stem pith is characteristic of injury and is useful in diagnosis.
Ophthalmic manifestations of perinatally acquired HIV in a US cohort of long-term survivors

Background/aims To determine the ophthalmic manifestations of HIV in a cohort of long-term survivors of perinatally acquired HIV. Methods Twenty-two patients with perinatally acquired HIV who were aged ≥12 years were prospectively studied at a university clinic. They underwent complete ophthalmic examinations and fundus photography. Their medical histories, medications and CD4 counts were abstracted from the medical records. To evaluate for keratoconjunctivitis sicca, both HIV patients and 44 healthy controls (matched by age, gender and contact lens wear) underwent Schirmer testing and ocular surface staining. Results Nine male and 13 female HIV patients with mean age of 16.6 years (SD, 3.4) were examined. Of the 22 HIV patients, 21 had been treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Only one patient had a CD4 count nadir of Conclusions In the post-HAART era, long-term survivors of perinatally acquired HIV exhibited little vision-threatening disease, but had a high prevalence of strabismus.
L-Lactate high-efficiency hemodialysis: Hemodynamics, blood gas changes, potassium/phosphorus, and symptoms

Hemodynamic changes were measured during high-efficiency hemodialysis (HEHD) using three dialysis solutions: L-lactate (46 mM), bicarbonate (35 mM + 4 mM acetate), and acetate (39 mM). Cardiac output was determined by changes in thoracic electrical bioimpedance. Although there appeared to be subtle differences in hemodynamic response to L-lactate versus bicarbonate, the blood pressure, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance were affected less with either of these solutions than with acetate. In particular, neither L-lactate nor bicarbonate HEHD were associated with a change in cardiac output, whereas with acetate HEHD a marked (22%) increase in cardiac output was seen concurrently with a moderate fall in blood pressure and TPR. Both acetate and L-lactate HEHD were associated with hypoxemia, whereas with bicarbonate HEHD the PO2 did not change. With L-lactate HEHD, correction of pH and plasma HCO3 concentrations was delayed but these values were not significantly different from those obtained with bicarbonate HEHD by one hour after dialysis. Potassium removal was comparable with the three dialysis solutions. Phosphorus removal with L-lactate tended to be slightly less than with bicarbonate, but not less than with acetate. Our results suggest that L-lactate (46 mM) dialysis solution may be a suitable alternative to acetate for HEHD, being associated with a hemodynamic profile that is similar to that of bicarbonate and better than that of acetate. Our results further suggest that the hypoxemia associated with the use of acetate dialysis solution is not intrinsic to acetate, but is due either to a low dialysis solution PCO2 level or to accelerated consumption of oxygen during substrate metabolism.
Triagency collaboration for the advancement of climate change education

[1] Second Annual NASA, NOAA, and NSF Climate Change Education Principal Investigators Meeting; Fairfax, Virginia, 28 February to 2 March 2011; In 2009 the Obama administration identified climate change research and education as a presidential priority. Embracing the spirit of the America COMPETES Act, which encourages coordination of federal science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education activities and programs, NASA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the National Science Foundation (NSF) have been working together to increase funding opportunities for projects focused on global climate literacy and education in formal and informal learning environments and have fostered collaborations among awardees that create a strong national network for effectively presenting climate science to diverse audiences.
Using a novel wireless system for monitoring patients after the atrial fibrillation ablation procedure: The iTransmit study

Background A novel technology incorporates electrodes into an iPhone case that records an electrocardiographic tracing. Objectives The objectives of this study were to examine the feasibility and efficacy of this technology to monitor patients after the atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation procedure and to assess patients' feedback on its ease of use. Methods Patients with AF undergoing ablation who had iPhones were screened for enrollment. They were provided with an AliveCor heart monitor (AHM) case and a traditional transtelephonic monitor (TTM). Patients were asked to record their rhythm using both monitors simultaneously whenever they had symptoms or at least once a week. AHM recordings were sent to a secure e-mail account, and TTM recordings were transmitted to our Holter laboratory using landlines. All AHM recordings were reviewed by 1 of 2 blinded electrophysiologists. TTM recordings were reviewed by the primary electrophysiologist. The κ coefficient was calculated to assess agreement between AHM and TTM recordings. Sensitivity and specificity for the detection of AF and atrial flutter with the AHM compared to the TTM were calculated. Results Sixty patients were enrolled (mean age 60 ± 12 years), and 55 completed the study. There were 389 simultaneous AHM and TTM recordings. The κ statistic was 0.82, indicating excellent agreement between AHM and TTM recordings. If we consider AF and atrial flutter as one diseased state, the AHM had 100% sensitivity and 97% specificity for the detection of AF and atrial flutter. Only 2% of patients found it difficult to use the AHM, and the large majority (92%) preferred to use the AHM to monitor their AF as opposed to the TTM. Conclusion The AHM is an alternative method for monitoring patients with AF after the ablation procedure. Most patients found it easy to use.
Synthesis of CdSe/CdTe nanobarbells.

Synthesis of monodisperse samples of CdSe nanorods with CdTe tips is achieved using the mechanism of rod nucleated growth to form CdSe/CdTe nanobarbells. This synthesis produces a nanocrystal displaying “type-II” behavior with a morphology that is particularly well suited for internal exciton separation and carrier transport.
Effect of porosity variation on the electrochemical behavior of vertically aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Electrochemical charge storage characteristics of vertically aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as a function of varying diameter and spacing are reported. It was observed that the specific capacitance of the MWCNTs increased as both diameter and inter-tube spacing decreased. The MWCNT films with 229 nm inter-MWCNT spacing exhibited specific capacitance of 228 F/g versus 70 F/g for 506 nm spacing, when tested in a non-aqueous electrolyte. Further, a trend in specific capacitance versus pore size is proposed. Coupled with previously reported trends observed in the sub-10 nm pore size regime, this is expected to offer better understanding of electrochemical behavior of porous carbon materials over a wide range of pore sizes.
Reversed-phase paired-ion high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the separation and quantification of multiple bleomycin congeners.

Abstract A rapid, linear gradient chromatographic technique for separating and quantifying copper(II)-chelated bleomycin congeners is described. This method is also capable of (1) separating divalent from trivalent metal chelates; (2) determining the purity of many chemically modified bleomycins; and (3) assaying bleomycin hydrolase activity on complex mixtures. Quantification at 280 nm is sensitive to 50 pmol and is linear at least up to 10 nmol per injection.
Relationship Between Age and Heart Rate Variability in Supine and Standing Postures: A Study of Spectral Analysis of Heart Rate

We compared heart rate variability measures of 11 normal children (4–12 years) to 23 normal adults (21–43 years) to study the effect of age on heart rate variability measures. Children had a significantly higher supine and standing heart rate and lower supine and standing systolic diastolic blood pressure. Children also had a significantly higher supine standard deviation of HR, supine low frequency (0.01–0.05 Hz) (p<0.005), supine high frequency (0.2–0.5 Hz) (p<0.001), and standing high frequency powers (p<0.005) compared to adults. The ratio of mid frequency (0.07–0.15 Hz) to high frequency power (0.2–0.5 Hz) upon standing was significantly lower in children (p<0.005). While there was a significant increase of the mid frequency power from supine to standing posture in the adult group (p<0.02), there was no such significant increase in children. There were also significant negative correlations between age and supine low frequency, mid frequency, and high frequency powers, and standing high frequency power. These findings illustrate a decrease of cholinergic and an increase of adrenergic modulation of heart rate variability with age (4–43 years).
MEDIAN UNBIASEDNESS OF ESTIMATORS OF PANEL DATA CENSORED REGRESSION MODELS

This note proves that the estimator of panel data censored regression models proposed in Honore [21 is median unbiased when only one parameter is estimated. This result is obtained without parametric assumptions about the distribution of the error terms. The finite sample properties of estimators of semiparametric models are usually assessed via Monte Carlo simulations or by asymptotic expansions. These approaches often unveil regularities in a convincing way, but they share the weakness that the results are specific to the design under consideration. This note provides an example of an estimator of a semiparametric model that is median unbiased' in finite samples under (basically) the same conditions that are used to derive its asymptotic distribution. We consider the censored regression model with individual specific fixed effects studied in Honore [2] and we prove that the estimator proposed there is median unbiased in the special case where only one parameter is estimated. This result can be obtained even though the estimator is not symmetrically distributed. The model that we study is
Rotational Line Crossing: An Approach to the Reduction of Inbreeding Accumulation in Trout Brood Stocks

Abstract A system is presented for maintaining trout brood stocks for long periods with levels of inbreeding accumulation lower than that experienced in random mating populations of equal size. The system requires the formation of three or more distinct breeding lines. Brood stock generations are advanced by a systematic mating scheme in which females of each line are mated to males of a different line. Eggs for hatchery production may be obtained from matings either within a single line or between lines. An opportunity for improving the breeding population is provided through selection of individual fish to be used in the production of the next brood stock generation. The requirement for increased handling of brood stock is not considered to be serious.
Defining and locating cores and boundaries of social networks

We propose a general procedure for locating the boundary of a network and a second, related, procedure for discerning the boundaries within a network. The first is an expanding (snowball) selection procedure. The second requires the specification of two critical parameters: the value of k for a k-core and the threshold, w, for the quantitative magnitude of network ties. The use of these parameters generates a sequence of nested cores. Single sector and multi-sector social service inter-agency networks are used to illustrate the procedures.
Organizational Citizenship Behaviors: A Critical Review of the Theoretical and Empirical Literature and Suggestions for Future Research

The rapid growth of research on organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) has resulted in some conceptual confusion about the nature of the construct, and made it difficult for all but the most avid readers to keep up with developments in this domain. This paper critically examines the literature on organizational citizenship behavior and other, related constructs. More specifically, it: (a) explores the conceptual similarities and differences between the various forms of “citizenship” behavior constructs identified in the literature; (b) summarizes the empirical findings of both the antecedents and consequences of OCBs; and (c) identifies several interesting directions for future research.
Reply to Professor D. Ringrose

PROF. Ringrose's article is a welcome addition to the growing interest in developing a systematic approach to European economic history constructed from new developments in the social sciences. We find ourselves in agreement with some of his analysis. Moreover we have substantially elaborated the theory1 since we presented it in preliminary form in this journal, and we believe we can explain a number of the difficulties inherent in our first tentative presentation. We do, however, take exception to the following points in Ringrose's comment. (i) Much as we respect Prof. Slicher van Bath's pioneering study of European agrarian history, our model was neither drawn from his study nor is it essentially similar to one he employs. His model is in fact difficult to specify. The exact interaction between population, relative prices, and the absolute price level is never clearly spelled out. We, on the other hand, employ a general equilibrium model that specifies that relative prices are a function of population and invariant to the quantity of money or the absolute level of prices. Prof. van Bath considers the latter important and is interested in the absolute level of agricultural prices. We feel that it is the change in relative prices-the price of agricultural produce compared to the price of non-agricultural goods-that is important in inducing institutional change. (2) We make no apology for our assumption of "economic" man for two reasons. First, some assumptions are necessary for any explanation. Second, the assumption appears to be a good starting-ground since irrational and uneconomic behaviour throughout most of history doomed man to starvation and death. He could not afford the luxury of undertaking activities that made him worse off. This is increasingly true the further back in history we go since the tolerances within which man either survived or starved were much narrower than today. Furthermore, we in no way imply that our model explains all historical institutions. Clearly there were many institutions founded for non-economic reasons, and equally human behaviour was frequently motivated by other human drives. Yet it is difficult to counter the argument that those institutions, whatever their goals, that were economically most efficient survived. Few persons and no institutions ever escape the "scarcity" problem-all are continually faced with financial constraints. The ultimate test is whether the model we have developed
Regioselective metallations of (methoxymethoxy)arenes

Abstract The methoxymethoxy substituent when attached to an aromatic ring functions as a moderately strong ortho-directing group in hydrogen-metal exchange reactions. In many cases the propensity of the methoxymethoxylated arene toward ring metallation is greatly enhanced with concomitant suppression of undesirable side reactions such as nucleophilic attack and addition of the metallating species. Unlike many other ortho-directing groups, the regio-direction of the methoxymethoxy substituent when in conjunction with other weaker directing groups is dependent upon the metalating medium. Thus, by changing the electron donating capacity of the metallating medium it is possible to selectively direct metallation to either of the positions ortho to the methoxymethoxy substituent.
Importance of iron as the metal ion in peptide deformylase: a biomimetic computational study

Peptide deformylase (PDF), a metalloamidase which catalyzes a deformylation step during eubacterial protein biosynthesis, shows a peculiar preference for FeII as its active site metal ion (in particular, as opposed to ZnII, which is far more common among this class of enzymes). In order to explore the origin of this preference, density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been carried out using a biomimetic heteroscorpionate N2Sthiolate ligand system (L) and the metal centers FeII, ZnII, and CoII. Comparison of computed ML(formate) complexes to crystal structures of PDF–formate complexes illustrates the viability of the biomimetic ligand for investigating the PDF chemistry. pKa calculations on [ML(H2O)]+ complexes show that the metal centers are effective Lewis acids in activating the water molecule to allow formation of a nucleophilic hydroxide ligand. Computed oxidation potentials predict the ML(OH) and ML(formate) complexes not to be unstable with respect to oxidation. However, while each of the metal centers was therefore seen to be suitable for PDF chemistry, examination of the entire deformylation reaction showed FeII to be uniquely suited to PDF. The deformylation reaction was thermodynamically and kinetically optimal with FeII as the metal center. This is attributed to the charge transfer that occurs from the thiolate ligand to the FeII center during the reaction and to the relative coordinative flexibility of FeII that allows for facile interconversion between tetra- and pentacoordination, leading to greater activation of the substrate carbonyl at the nucleophilic attack transition state.
Calculation of near-threshold O - photodetachment, including fine-structure effects

The photodetachment cross section of the O{sup {minus}}(2{ital p}{sup 5}{sup 2}{ital P}{sup {ital o}}) ground state is studied near the O(2{ital p}{sup 4}{sup 3}{ital P}{sub {ital j}{sub {ital c}}}) fine-structure thresholds, using the eigenchannel {ital R}-matrix method, multichannel quantum-defect theory, and the recoupling frame transformation. We find that the cross section increases monotonically with energy near the lowest detachmnet thresholds, in contrast to the Se{sup {minus}} photodetachment cross section studied earlier. Our calculations, which are based on {ital ab} {ital initio} methods to obtain multichannel scattering parameters, explain the near-threshold features in the O{sup {minus}} photodetachment cross section observed in an earlier experiment. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
CT-guided transthoracic needle biopsy using an ipsilateral dependent position.

OBJECTIVE. We postulated that the pneumothorax rate of transthoracic needle biopsy might improve with an ipsilateral dependent position of the affected side. We tried to determine the feasibility, effectiveness, and safety of CT-guided biopsy with the patient in this position.SUBJECTS AND METHODS. CT-guided needle biopsy with the patient in an ipsilateral dependent position was performed in 23 patients with 17 lung lesions (15 posterior and two anterior) and six mediastinal lesions. Fine-needle aspiration was used in all patients, and core biopsy was also used in six patients. The technical difficulty of the procedure was classified into three grades compared with a routine transthoracic needle biopsy as follows: grade I, no more difficult; grade II, somewhat more difficult; and grade III, much more difficult.RESULTS. Adequate samples were obtained in 22 (96%) of 23 patients. A small asymptomatic pneumothorax occurred in two patients (8.7%). Difficulty was rated grades I, II, and III in 18 (78%), two (9%)...
School Stress as a Factor in Children's Responses to Tests and Testing.

Response styles are conceptualized as stress reactions, and the stressful school experiences of acquiescent, negativistic, self-enhancing, and self-derogating children are studied. It was found that school interpersonal stress was lower among acquiescent than negativistic Ss, while school academic stress was higher among self-enhancing than self-derogating Ss. One of the major implications of the conceptual approach and empirical results is that tests might be generally improved by identifying the kinds of stressful experiences Ss have had, and relating these to the kinds of responses Ss make to tests and testing. In addition, while the importance of the reaction of Ss to the measuring process is generally accepted, much more needs to be done on the kinds of responses individuals make to the content, in comparison to the conditions, of testing. Finally, these observations are particularly pertinent to tests and testing in schools, especially when the teacher is involved in the process and makes tests and testing stressful. This will tend to increase the effects of response style tendencies and decrease the validity of tests.
Keep From All Thoughtful Men: How U.S. Economists Won World War II

Jim Lacey. Keep From All Thoughtful Men: How U.S. Economists Won World War II. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2011. Pp. 266. When considering the US production miracle credited for victory in th...
Rotor Dynamic Improvement for a Locomotive Turbocharger

Turbocharger designs typically incorporate fixed-geometry hydrodynamic bearings. These bearings are known to be prone to exhibit sub-synchronous vibration response. This self-induced sub-synchronous vibration component is due to stiffness cross-coupling in the bearings and is independent of the level of rotor unbalance. This type of vibration has been shown to have the potential to destabilize the rotor-bearing system and inducing rapid growth in the vibration amplitude that could lead to mechanical failure. The present work considers the bearing redesign for a locomotive turbocharger with the objective of eliminating sub-synchronous vibration components by increasing the threshold onset speed with no increase in cost or bearing size. The paper describes the characterization of the original design, the optimization of the new bearing design and the experimental validation. As shown in the results, the optimized bearing configuration eliminated the sub-synchronous vibration component within the turbocharger speed range.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Intellectual, Adaptive, and Behavioral Functioning in Children with Urea Cycle Disorders

Inborn errors of urea synthesis lead to an accumulation of ammonia in blood and brain and result in high rates of mortality and neurodevelopmental disability. This study seeks to characterize the cognitive, adaptive, and emotional/behavioral functioning of children with urea cycle disorders (UCDs). These domains were measured through testing and parent questionnaires in 92 children with UCDs [33 neonatal onset (NO), 59 late onset (LO)]. Results indicate that children who present with NO have poorer outcome than those who present later in childhood. Approximately half of the children with NO performed in the range of intellectual disability (ID), including a substantial number (∼30%) who were severely impaired. In comparison, only a quarter of the LO group was in the range of ID. There is also evidence that the UCD group has difficulties in aspects of emotional/behavioral and executive skills domains. In conclusion, children with UCDs present with a wide spectrum of cognitive outcomes. Children with NO disease have a much higher likelihood of having an ID, which becomes even more evident with increasing age. However, even children with LO UCDs demonstrate evidence of neurocognitive and behavioral impairment, particularly in aspects of attention and executive functioning.
A Replication-Competent, Neuronal Spread-Defective, Live Attenuated Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Vaccine

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) produces oral lesions, encephalitis, keratitis, and severe infections in the immunocompromised host. HSV-1 is almost as common as HSV-2 in causing first episodes of genital herpes, a disease that is associated with an increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus acquisition and transmission. No approved vaccines are currently available to protect against HSV-1 or HSV-2 infection. We developed a novel HSV vaccine strategy that uses a replication-competent strain of HSV-1, NS-gEnull, which has a defect in anterograde and retrograde directional spread and cell-to-cell spread. Following scratch inoculation on the mouse flank, NS-gEnull replicated at the site of inoculation without causing disease. Importantly, the vaccine strain was not isolated from dorsal root ganglia (DRG). We used the flank model to challenge vaccinated mice and demonstrated that NS-gEnull was highly protective against wild-type HSV-1. The challenge virus replicated to low titers at the site of inoculation; therefore, the vaccine strain did not provide sterilizing immunity. Nevertheless, challenge by HSV-1 or HSV-2 resulted in less-severe disease at the inoculation site, and vaccinated mice were totally protected against zosteriform disease and death. After HSV-1 challenge, latent virus was recovered by DRG explant cocultures from <10% of vaccinated mice compared with 100% of mock-vaccinated mice. The vaccine provided protection against disease and death after intravaginal challenge and markedly lowered the titers of the challenge virus in the vagina. Therefore, the HSV-1 gEnull strain is an excellent candidate for further vaccine development.
F-deformations and f-tractions.

Abstract Let Mn be a compact, connected topological manifold and F a continuous mapping of Mn into R that is “topologically nondegenerate” in the sense of (Morse, M. (1959) J. d'Analyse Math., 7, 189-208). Let c be a value of F and set Fc = {p∈Mn|F(p) ≤ c}. The topological critical points of F on Fc are finite in number and can be related to the invariants of the homology groups of Fc as in the differentiable case. F-Deformations and F-tractions make this possible. F-Tractions are here defined and replace retracting deformations used in the differentiable case. The final relations will serve as a model for similar relations between critical extremals of Weierstrass integrals on Riemannian manifolds.
Formalized Program Review: An Evolution

From the beginning, the same or similar opportunities and concerns have arisen at each step in International Leadership Association (ILA)–sponsored conversations and actions related to guidelines, standards, and accreditation of leadership education programs in higher education. Opportunities include increased legitimacy, program development, and more robust responses to external accreditation requirements. Concerns include dampening autonomy and creativity, skepticism that such a diverse field could be evaluated by a common program review model, increased bureaucratization, and, with regard to external review, ethical concerns. Because these conversations and actions have occurred over the past 8 years and have culminated most recently with preliminary recommendations of the ILA's Task Force on Formalized Program Review, we can learn from the history of the debates around these issues and the solutions that were derived to address them. The most salient of these solutions is found in the logic of the process order of Guiding Questions: Guidelines for Leadership Education Programs. The first step in Guiding Questions is for program faculty to produce a written conceptual framework that is grounded not only in theory but also in the context of the institution, college, and department. This should preserve local autonomy and creativity. Further, emphasis for evaluation purposes on program content, teaching and learning methods, and assessment and outcomes measures that are coherent and consistent with these locally derived conceptual frameworks should allow broad application across the diversity of the field. Local control should also minimize bureaucratization and help mitigate ethical concerns. The trend is toward increasing support for formalized program review. Concerns as well as opportunities remain. However, others, including external accrediting organizations and institutional effectiveness offices, should not be determining the terms of our legitimacy and accountability. We must do that for ourselves. Building on what we have learned over the past 8 years shows the way forward.
Dynamics of triplet excitons in MEH-PPV measured by two-photon photoemission

We have used two-photon photoemission to probe the dynamics of the long-lived triplet excitons in pristine and photo- oxidized films of poly[2-methoxy,5-(2'-ethylhexoxy)-1,4- phenylenevinylene] (MEH-PPV). We use a rate equation model to explain the intensity dependence of the total photoelectron yield in terms of the relaxation dynamics of the triplet excitons. Observations of the pristine films indicate that triplet-triplet annihilation is an important deexcitation mechanism for photoexcited triplet excitons in MEH-PPV. Upon photo-oxidation, the measured triplet exciton energy is shifted downward and the triplet exciton-derived photoemission linewidth is dramatically narrowed. Both of these effects are attributed to modification of the physical and electronic structure of the films arising from the formation of carbonyl defects on the polymer chains. We also observe significant oxygen-induced lifetime quenching of the triplet exciton.
A note on the coprime fractional representation of nonlinear feedback systems

Abstract A very large infinite-dimensional Banach space of bounded nonlinear operators is suggested as an underlying framework for studies of nonlinear systems control. Meanwhile, it is pointed out that all results obtained in Verma [6] can be extended to this much larger family of nonlinear control systems.
Wally Welker 1926-2007.

Wally Welker died in Madison on 28 November 2007 after a long and innovative career at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. We were both influenced profoundly by his science and his approach to his...
“The Souls of the Righteous in a Bright Place”: Landscape and Orthodoxy in Seventeenth‐Century Russian Maps

After a century of near silence on religious issues in Muscovite history, a new surge of interest in matters spiritual and cultural has launched a renaissance of scholarship on the subject. Current debates about Muscovite religion and spirituality are located primarily in two clusters, the first concerning the nature of Russian Orthodox theology, a more or less elite affair, and the second concerning popular religion and spirituality. Contesting within the first cluster are strongly divergent opinions about the nature of Orthodoxy's fundamental precepts. This debate focuses in large part on Orthodoxy's eschatological vision. One group of scholars describes the Orthodox eschatological outlook as "tragic extremism," imbued with a "grim and desperate" historical consciousness, reinforced by anticipation of "the horrors of apocalypse should [Muscovy] fail in her mission."' At the other extreme, a more positive reading characterizes Orthodoxy as a religion of beauty and optimism, resting on a triumphal eschatology in which a pious tsar leads a devout flock of believers confidently through the Last Days, to imminent and guaranteed glory and salvation. This latter stance is gaining acceptance as research demonstrates the centrality of an optimistic eschatology in official court rhetoric and imagery.2 Associated
The effect of tension on patency of rat femoral artery anastomoses.

Objective To determine experimentally the role of tension in the failure of microarterial anastomoses. Methods Sixteen microarterial anastomoses were performed in femoral arteries from adult Sprague-Dawley male rats after resecting 0, 1, 2, or 3 mm. The percentage of vessel excised was calculated. The vessel was then examined in approximately 1 week for patency. Next, 5 femoral arteries were excised and length-tension curves generated. Results All vessels were patent in which less than 20% of the length was resected. Clinically, only vessels under extreme tension failed. Length-tension curves suggested 2 zones of vessel extensibility with a breakpoint between them. Extension of the vessel beyond this breakpoint required extreme tension. Conclusions Moderate tension at a microarterial anastomosis does not lead to anastomotic failure. Failure occurs after the elastic reserve of the vessel is exceeded.
Leydig cell peroxisomes and sterol carrier protein-2 in luteinizing hormone-deprived rats

We investigated the effects of 8 days of LH withdrawal on rat Leydig cell peroxisomal volume, total and intraperoxisomal catalase and sterol carrier protein-2 (SCP2) contents, and LH-stimulated testosterone secretion in vitro. Three groups of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, i.e. control, TE-implanted (testosterone-17 beta-estradiol-filled Silastic implants to suppress LH), and TELH-implanted (TE-implanted and LH replacement via Alzet mini osmotic pumps), were used. After 8 days, Leydig cell organelle volumes (stereology), intraperoxisomal catalase and SCP2 contents (immunocytochemistry), LH-stimulated testosterone secretion by isolated Leydig cells in vitro (determined by RIA), and total catalase and SCP2 contents in equal numbers of Leydig cells (immunoblot analyses) were determined. Results showed that the TELH-implanted rats were identical to controls in every parameter tested. Testis volume and Leydig cell number per testis in control and TE-implanted rats were not significantly different; however, reductions (P < 0.05) were observed in the average volume of a Leydig cell (one third of controls) and the volume of Leydig cells per testis. All Leydig cell organelle volumes tested were significantly lower in TE-implanted rats than in the controls; however, the volumes of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and peroxisomes were the most reduced (lowered to one sixth of control values). LH-stimulated testosterone secretion per Leydig cell in vitro correlated well with these changes in the volumes of Leydig cell SER and peroxisomes. Intraperoxisomal catalase in Leydig cells was unchanged in TE-implanted rats, although immunoblotting demonstrated a loss of total catalase content (which reflected the reduction in the volume of peroxisomes). SCP2 in Leydig cells of TE-implanted rats was undetectable with immunoblot analysis (explained by the reductions in Leydig cell peroxisome volume and intraperoxisomal SCP2). These results demonstrate that the organelles SER and peroxisomes and the protein SCP2 in Leydig cells are more LH dependent than the other organelles (e.g. mitochondria, lysosomes) and protein catalase, respectively. Moreover, the findings of this study are consistent with the hypothesis that Leydig cell peroxisomes play a significant role in testosterone production.
A system for detecting chemically-induced changes in cerebral blood flow using transcranial Doppler sonography in a dog model

An experiment designed to develop a computer-based system capable of detecting chemically induced changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) in a dog before the onset of overt clinical or behavioral symptoms is discussed. The system uses transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) to noninvasively measure changes in CBF after low-level exposure to deltamethrin. Since changes in CBF often occur before other clinical signs, a method of detecting these changes could be used to detect exposures to potentially hazardous chemicals. Initial results indicate that TCD does seem to be sensitive enough to detect changes in blood flow velocity caused by deltamethrin, but improvements in the methodology need to be made and more data need to be collected to try to obtain more consistent results. >
Modeling of particle separations in complex flows

Abstract Separations of micron-sized particles are generally dominated by body forces and hydrodynamic effects, which must be explicitly included in any mechanistic models of such separations. Accommodating complex flows is an especially challenging component of such modeling, and this paper illustrates an effort to do so for the special case of a particle fractionation process performed in a rotating coiled tube. The separation is based on the combined effects of rotation and axial flow; the body force is thus centrifugal, while the complex hydrodynamics arise from the secondary flows that occur in addition to the axial convection in rotating curved tubes. The model is assembled in three stages. First, single-particle motion in a rotating tube is considered, and the effects of various parameters are elucidated. Next, these results are used in modeling the behavior of monodisperse sets of particles in order to account for a distribution of possible initial conditions. Finally, these results are used with ...
A Leidenfrost Point Model for Impinging Droplets and Sprays

This study presents, for impinging droplets and sprays, a model of the Leidenfrost point (LFP); the minimum liquid/solid interface temperature required to support film boiling on a smooth surface. The present model is an extension of a previously developed sessile drop model, based on bubble nucleation, growth, and merging criteria, as well as surface cavity size characterization. The basic concept of the model is that for liquid/solid interface temperatures at and above the LFP, a sufficient number of cavities are activated and the bubble growth rates are sufficiently fast that a continuous vapor layer is established nearly instantaneously between the liquid and the solid. For impinging droplets, the influence of the rise in interfacial pressure created by the impact of the droplet with the surface, must be accounted for in determining fluid properties at the liquid-solid interface. The effect of droplet impact velocity on the LFP predicted by the model is verified for single impinging droplets, streams of droplets, as well as sprays
Film-penetration model for mass and heat transfer

The two major models of the mechanism of mass and heat transfer betwoeen two phases are the film theory and penetration theory; these are not unrelated concepts, but are limiting cases of a more general model. Ouantitative transfer to old, intermediate, and young elements is dis cussed, along with mathematical development and curves. (J.R.D.)
Choosing Social Situations: The Relation Between Automatically Activated Racial Attitudes and Anticipated Comfort Interacting With African Americans

This research explored how White students’ automatically activated racial attitudes and motivations to control prejudiced reactions (MCPR) related to their self-reported comfort and willingness to interact with Black partners in a variety of situations. Participants completed the MCPR scale and a priming task that provides an unobtrusive measure of automatically activated racial attitudes. In a later session, participants rated their comfort and willingness to enter eight situations varying in their degree of intimacy and scriptedness and then rerated each situation while imagining different interaction partners, including a Black individual. When the situations were scripted or participants were low on the restraint to avoid dispute factor of the MCPR scale, participants expressed willingness to interact with Black partners. When the situation was unscripted and participants were characterized by higher restraint scores, anticipated comfort varied as a function of automatically activated racial attitudes...
A max-min fairness congestion control for streaming layered video

In a best-effort networking environment, efficient and fair congestion control is highly desired for every traffic flow, to share the bandwidth appropriately. This paper proposes a congestion control algorithm for UDP based layered video, whose bandwidth resolution in each layer has been predefined. This proposed congestion control mechanism is an extension of XCP, which is a newly proposed protocol believed to be superior to TCP, especially for high bandwidth-delay product networks. This paper also introduces reserved packet length so that the layered video traffic can share the bandwidth of a network better with the consideration of max-min fairness to other traffic.