cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
‘None but Ourselves Can Free Our Minds’: Review of "A Community Life: Memoirs of Alfred M. Sears"

Review of A Community Life: Memoirs of Alfred M. Sears: A Redemption Story from Reform School to Attorney General and Minister of Education of the Bahamas, Alfred M. Sears. I-EASE Publishack, 2017. ISBN 978-978-8201-14-4 This emotionally charged testimonial to life in the historical colonial and postcolonial Bahamas is a deeply politicized story of personal and political redemption built on Alfred Sears’ decades-long commitment to literacy and education, to the value of family and community and to the practice of speaking truth to power. Sears argues that both the health of Bahamian society and the sovereignty of the nation are dependent on its citizens being able to think for themselves and for that to happen, it is imperative to root out the legacies of colonialism. He makes recommendations for altering the Bahamian Constitution and thematically addresses concerns about government corruption, transparency, and accountability; partisan polarization; the Bahamian politic as a system of patronage and clientelism; the need for constitutional reform; political campaign finance reform; sustained economic development and participatory regionalism.
Lawyers at Work: Theories and Methods

This paper is based on the first chapter of Herbert Kritzer’s new book Lawyers at Work (Quid Pro Books 2015). This book brings together edited and updated versions of fourteen of Herbert Kritzer’s previously published articles and book chapters all focusing on lawyers and their work. This paper reviews the theoretical approaches used in the various chapters along with the methods Kritzer employed in his empirical research on lawyers. It concludes with a list of the articles and chapters that were the basis of the chapters in Lawyers at Work, followed by a brief discussion of current, and possible future, directions for Kritzer’s research and writing on the legal profession.
Safety, Efficacy, and Cost-Analysis of Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy and Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Placement in a Simultaneous Surgery.

Background Limited historical data suggest that concomitant placement of both a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube is associated with an increased risk of complications, including VP shunt infections. Here we compare the outcomes and cost difference between 2 groups of patients, one in which a VP shunt and PEG tube were placed in the same operation and the other in which separate operations were performed. Methods A total of 10 patients underwent simultaneous placement of a VP shunt and PEG tube. This group was compared with a group of 18 patients that underwent separate placements. Hospital billing charges were used to compare the total cost of the procedures in the 2 groups. Results Eight of the 10 patients presented with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. The average length of stay was 25 ± 2 days for the simultaneous procedure group and 43 ± 7 days for the separate procedures group. The average duration of follow-up was 12 ± 3 months after simultaneous placement. No patient in the simultaneous surgery group had signs of infection or shunt malfunction at last follow-up. The overall complication rate was significantly lower in the simultaneous surgery group. A cost analysis demonstrated significant cost savings by completing both procedures in the same surgical procedure. Conclusions Simultaneous placement of a PEG tube and VP shunt is safe, efficacious, and cost-effective. Thus, in patients requiring both a VP shunt and PEG tube, placement of both devices in a single surgical procedure should be considered.
Multiple C-H Bond Activations and Ring-Opening C-S Bond Cleavage of Thiophene by Dirhenium Carbonyl Complexes.

The reaction of Re2(CO)8(μ-C6H5)(μ-H) (1) with thiophene in CH2Cl2 at 40 °C yielded the new compound Re2(CO)8(μ-η2-SC4H3)(μ-H) (2), which contains a bridging σ–π-coordinated thienyl ligand formed by the activation of the C–H bond at the 2 position of the thiophene. Compound 2 exhibits dynamical activity on the NMR time scale involving rearrangements of the bridging thienyl ligand. The reaction of compound 2 with a second 1 equiv of 1 at 45 °C yielded the doubly metalated product [Re2(CO)8(μ-H)]2(μ-η2-2,3-μ-η2-4,5-C4H2S) (3), formed by the activation of the C–H bond at the 5 position of the thienyl ligand in 2. Heating 3 in a hexane solvent to reflux transformed it into the ring-opened compound Re(CO)4[μ-η5-η2-SCC(H)C(H)C(H)][Re(CO)3][Re2(CO)8(μ-H)] (4) by the loss of one CO ligand. Compound 4 contains a doubly metalated 1-thiapentadienyl ligand formed by the cleavage of one of the C–S bonds. When heated to reflux (125 °C) in an octane solvent in the presence of H2O, the new compound Re(CO)4[η5-μ-η2-SC(H)C...
Weaning/Liberation from Mechanical Ventilation

Weaning is the process by which a patient is removed from the ventilator. This process has also been referred to as separation, liberation, withdrawal, and divorce from the ventilator, as well as discontinuation of mechanical ventilation. The currently popular term is liberation from mechanical ventilation.
Haplotype Association Analysis

Haplotypes serve many useful roles in the design and implementation of genetic studies of complex traits. In this chapter, we focus on the use of haplotypes as variables of interest for detecting association between a genomic region and a complex trait. Such haplotype analyses are appealing because, in certain instances, they can be more powerful for association mapping compared to traditionalmethods based on the analysis of individual SNPs. At the same time, haplotype analyses are more complicated to implement than single-SNP analyses since the sample genetic data often consist of unphased genotypes (which often lead to haplotype ambiguity). However, statisticians have developed many innovative methods for haplotype analysis that accommodate such haplotype ambiguity using existing missing-data algorithms. In this section, we describe a variety of such statistical methods for haplotype mapping, which are applicable to genetic datasets collected under traditional population-based and family-based study designs. We further describe software packages that are publicly available for implementing these haplotype approaches. Finally, we illustrate many of these statistical methods and related software packages using unphased genotype data from the Finland-United States Investigation of NIDDM Genetics (FUSION) study.
Examples as a Guide to the Issues

Before we delve into the general structure of using information from measurements to complete models of those measurements, we will illustrate many of the questions involved by taking a look at some well-trodden ground. Completing a model means that we have estimated all the unknown parameters in the model, allowing us to predict the development of the model in its state space given a set of initial conditions and a statement of the forces acting to drive it.
Using Elementary Schools for Pediatric Practicum: An Alternative Approach

Securing clinical sites that facilitate achievement of nursing skills to competently care for children is often challenging for nursing faculty. An additional challenge is helping nursing students learn the importance of conceptually driven practice and its application in the delivery of high quality care. This manuscript describes an alternative pedagogical approach that utilizes elementary schools for pediatric practicum, which is framed by the Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child Model. Our model driven approach not only provides a framework by which baccalaureate nursing students gain the skills necessary to interact with, educate, and care for children, but also one in which they can gain a greater understanding of how the home, school and community influence the overall health and well-being of children. Subsequently, this pedagogy serves as an exemplar of how an alternative site can be utilized to successfully educate nursing students regarding the care of children.
Multi-Level Model to Predict Antibody Response to Influenza Vaccine Using Gene Expression Interaction Network Feature Selection.

Vaccination is an effective prevention of influenza infection. However, certain individuals develop a lower antibody response after vaccination, which may lead to susceptibility to subsequent infection. An important challenge in human health is to find baseline gene signatures to help identify individuals who are at higher risk for infection despite influenza vaccination. We developed a multi-level machine learning strategy to build a predictive model of vaccine response using pre−vaccination antibody titers and network interactions between pre−vaccination gene expression levels. The first-level baseline−antibody model explains a significant amount of variation in post-vaccination response, especially for subjects with large pre−existing antibody titers. In the second level, we clustered individuals based on pre−vaccination antibody titers to focus gene−based modeling on individuals with lower baseline HAI where additional response variation may be predicted by baseline gene expression levels. In the third level, we used a gene−association interaction network (GAIN) feature selection algorithm to find the best pairs of genes that interact to influence antibody response within each baseline titer cluster. We used ratios of the top interacting genes as predictors to stabilize machine learning model generalizability. We trained and tested the multi-level approach on data with young and older individuals immunized against influenza vaccine in multiple cohorts. Our results indicate that the GAIN feature selection approach improves model generalizability and identifies genes enriched for immunologically relevant pathways, including B Cell Receptor signaling and antigen processing. Using a multi-level approach, starting with a baseline HAI model and stratifying on baseline HAI, allows for more targeted gene−based modeling. We provide an interactive tool that may be extended to other vaccine studies.
MAPGI: Accurate identification of anatomical landmarks and diseased tissue in gastrointestinal tract using deep learning.

Abstract Automatic detection of anatomical landmarks and diseases in medical images is a challenging task which could greatly aid medical diagnosis and reduce the cost and time of investigational procedures. Also, two particular challenges of digital image processing in medical applications are the sparsity of annotated medical images and the lack of uniformity across images and image classes. This paper presents methodologies for maximizing classification accuracy on a small medical image dataset, the Kvasir dataset, by performing robust image preprocessing and applying state-of-the-art deep learning. Images are classified as being or involving an anatomical landmark (pylorus, z-line, cecum), a diseased state (esophagitis, ulcerative colitis, polyps), or a medical procedure (dyed lifted polyps, dyed resection margins). A framework for modular and automatic preprocessing of gastrointestinal tract images (MAPGI) is proposed, which applies edge removal, contrast enhancement, filtering, color mapping and scaling to each image in the dataset. Gamma correction values are automatically calculated for individual images such that the mean pixel value for each image is normalized to 90 ± 1 in a 0–255 pixel value range. Three state-of-the-art neural networks architectures, Inception-ResNet-v2, Inception-v4, and NASNet, are trained on the Kvasir dataset, and their classification performance is juxtaposed on validation data. In each case, 85% of the images from the Kvasir dataset are used for training, while the other 15% are reserved for validation. The resulting accuracies achieved using Inception-v4, Inception-ResNet-v2, and NASNet were 0.9845, 0.9848, and 0.9735, respectively. In addition, Inception-v4 achieved an average of 0.938 precision, 0.939 recall, 0.991 specificity, 0.938 F1 score, and 0.929 Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC). Bootstrapping provided NASNet, the worst performing model, a lower bound of 0.9723 accuracy on the 95% confidence interval.
Supporting dissertation work through a nursing PhD program federal grant writing workshop.

Abstract Background Nurse researchers need skills to secure external funding; therefore, we created a grant writing workshop for PhD students focused on the F31 Individual Fellowship and R36 Dissertation Grant. Purpose Describe a nursing PhD program federal grant writing workshop and present participant impressions and outcomes. Methods We designed a three half-day workshop covering essential aspects of grant writing combined with mentor participation and follow-up. We assessed participant satisfaction in evaluations, subsequent grant submissions, project implementation, and time from PhD program entry to completion. Findings Evaluations were overwhelmingly positive. Seventeen of 29 (58.6%) participants submitted 21 applications; five (23.8%) were funded. The majority (75.0%) conducted the proposed dissertation project regardless of funding. Writing and submitting a grant did not increase time to program completion. Discussion The workshop efficiently supports PhD students' dissertation research. Timing and mentor participation are key for success. We recommend schools of nursing implement PhD program grant writing workshops.
Analysis and modeling for modification of speaking to karaoke-style singing

This study considers an analysis of differences in voice modification within the domains of speaking and singing the same text content, resulting in the first attempt in converting speaking to Karaoke-Style singing. To develop this system, we collected a new dataset, UT-Sing dataset, containing more than 23 h of speech from 81 participants across four different languages: English, Farsi, Hindi, and Mandarin. We asked each participant to produce the same text content by first reading and then singing 5 popular songs while listening to the accompanying instrumental music through open-air headphones. This effectively creates a parallel dataset that is suitable for voice modification systems. We first use this dataset to compare different prosodic and spectral characteristics of Karaoke-style singing versus speaking the same text content. We then leverage the knowledge obtained from this comparison to develop a speaking to Karaoke-Style singing modification system. In the training phase of the developed system, we extract acoustic features using the WORLD vocoder; we align the acoustic features through the DTW algorithm. Finally, we train a residual network to model the relationship between the acoustic features. We employ subjective assessments to evaluate the performance of the developed system.This study considers an analysis of differences in voice modification within the domains of speaking and singing the same text content, resulting in the first attempt in converting speaking to Karaoke-Style singing. To develop this system, we collected a new dataset, UT-Sing dataset, containing more than 23 h of speech from 81 participants across four different languages: English, Farsi, Hindi, and Mandarin. We asked each participant to produce the same text content by first reading and then singing 5 popular songs while listening to the accompanying instrumental music through open-air headphones. This effectively creates a parallel dataset that is suitable for voice modification systems. We first use this dataset to compare different prosodic and spectral characteristics of Karaoke-style singing versus speaking the same text content. We then leverage the knowledge obtained from this comparison to develop a speaking to Karaoke-Style singing modification system. In the training phase of the developed syste...
Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the context of COVID-19

Chloroquine and closely related structural analogs, employed initially for the treatment of malaria, are now gaining worldwide attention due to the rapidly spreading pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2, named coronavirus disease (COVID) of 2019 (COVID-19). Although much of this attention has a mechanistic basis, the hard efficacy data for chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine in the management of the clinical syndrome of COVID-19 have been limited thus far. This review aims to present the available in vitro and clinical data for the role of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 and attempts to put them into perspective, especially in relation to the different risks/benefits particular to each patient who may require treatment.
5 – Logit Models

Publisher Summary The logit models are a class of models used to explore the relationship of a dichotomous dependent variable to one or more independent variables. The logit models are analogous to ordinary regression models in which the expected value of a continuous dependent variable is a linear function of one or more independent variables. The logit models are log-linear models. They deserve special treatment among the class of log-linear models as the Newton–Raphson algorithm for logits is simpler than is the Newton–Raphson algorithm and as the interpretations of parameter estimates in logit models are more clearly analogous to similar interpretations in the case of ordinary regression models. The logit analysis can be applied whether the independent variables Xhk are discrete or continuous; however, the methods used are not necessarily the same. This chapter presents the Newton–Raphson algorithm for logit analysis for the case of discrete independent variables. This model examines the influence of education and sex on attitudes toward women's roles by use of an arbitrary scoring of the education variable.
Bench Model Comparison of CPAP Delivery in Four Home Care Ventilators

Background: CPAP is widely utilized as a treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) across the pediatric and adult populations. Many machines are available for CPAP delivery in the home care setting ranging from Respiratory Assist Devices to CPAP devices. Most of these devices have not been studied for use in the infant population, creating a barrier to discharge for infants with mild bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), laryngomalacia, and OSA. We aim to demonstrate equivalency of CPAP delivery across available home care devices to allow providers a broader range of options when prescribing CPAP for home use in the infant and pediatric populations. We hypothesize that each device will perform similarly, with no significant variation in CPAP delivery. Methods: A bench study using the ASL 5000 Active Servo Lung Precision Breathing Simulator programmed as a 5 kilogram, actively breathing infant with mild BPD: RR = 30 breaths/min, resistance (inspiratory) = 70 cm H2O/L/s, resistance (expiratory) = 90 cm H2O/L/s, compliance = 2 mL/cm H2O, and FRC = 0.2 L. An infant mannequin head with patent nares and mouth was connected to the ASL 5000 and CPAP delivered via the Wisp (Philips Respironics) pediatric nasal mask measured by the ASL for four available home care machines. One Respiratory Assist Device: Trilogy 100 (Philips Respironics) and three CPAP devices: REMstar (Philips Respironics), DreamStation (Philips Respironics), and VPAP III (ResMed) were evaluated. Machines were set in CPAP mode ranging from 5 to 10 cm H2O and each simulation ran for three minutes. Mean airway pressure was averaged from the last 5 full breaths at each CPAP level collected with both closed and open mouth conditions. Pearson Bivariate Analysis and Multiple Linear Regression models were performed to show the relationship between each machine for the mouth closed and mouth open conditions with two-tailed significance level of 0.05. Results: The correlation between machines for each set level of CPAP for the Trilogy, REMstar, Dream Station and VPAP was 0.999, 1.00, 0.999, and 0.995 respectively (P Conclusions: There was a strong correlation between set level of CPAP achieved between each ventilator indicating that there was no statistically significant difference in CPAP delivery between the Respiratory Assist Device vs. CPAP devices tested.
Accuracy of focal cystic appearance within adrenal nodules on contrast-enhanced CT to distinguish pheochromocytoma and malignant adrenal tumors from adenomas

To determine the accuracy of cystic appearance within adrenal masses on contrast-enhanced CT in distinguishing pheochromocytomas and malignant adrenal tumors from adenomas. We performed a retrospective review of adult patients with pathologically proven adrenal tumors who underwent contrast-enhanced abdominal CT. There were 92 patients (mean age 64.7 years, 52 men) with 22 pheochromocytomas, 34 malignant masses, and 36 adenomas. Two abdominal radiologists independently reviewed CT images to determine the presence of cystic appearance within the adrenal masses, defined as focal regions of low attenuation within the tumor that subjectively had fluid density. Cystic appearance was present in 12/22 (55%, 95% CI 32–76%) pheochromocytomas (mean size 5.3 cm), 15/34 (44%, 95% CI 27–62%) malignant masses (mean size 5.8 cm), and 2/36 (5.6%, 95% CI 0.7–9%) adenomas (mean size 3.2 cm). Sensitivity and specificity of cystic appearance for distinguishing pheochromocytoma or malignant masses from adenomas were 48.2% (95% CI 34.7–62.0%) and 94.4% (95% CI 81.3–99.3%), respectively. Cystic appearance was a significant predictor of tumor type (p = 0.015) even after controlling for tumor size. Reader agreement for cystic appearance was almost perfect with a kappa of 0.85. Cystic appearance in adrenal tumors on contrast-enhanced CT has high specificity and low sensitivity for distinguishing pheochromocytoma and malignant adrenal masses from adenomas.
Complications, Reoperations, and Mid-Term Outcomes Following Anterior Vertebral Body Tethering Versus Posterior Spinal Fusion: A Meta-Analysis.

Background Anterior vertebral body tethering (AVBT) is a growth-modulation technique theorized to correct adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) without the postoperative stiffness imposed by posterior spinal fusion. However, data are limited to small series examining short-term outcomes. To assess AVBT's potential as a viable alternative to posterior spinal fusion (PSF), a comprehensive comparison is warranted. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to compare postoperative outcomes between patients with AIS undergoing PSF and AVBT. Our primary objective was to compare complication and reoperation rates at available follow-up times. Secondary objectives included comparing mid-term Scoliosis Research Society (SRS)-22 scores, and coronal and sagittal-plane Cobb angle corrections. Methods We performed a systematic review of outcome studies following AVBT and/or PSF procedures. The inclusion criteria included the following: AVBT and/or PSF procedures; Lenke 1 or 2 curves; an age of 10 to 18 years for >90% of the patient population; <10% non-AIS scoliosis etiology; and follow-up of ≥1 year. A single-arm, random-effects meta-analysis was performed. Deformity corrections, complication and reoperation rates, and postoperative SRS-22 scores were recorded. Results Ten AVBT studies (211 patients) and 14 PSF studies (1,069 patients) were included. The mean follow-up durations were similar for both groups. Pooled complication rates were 26% for AVBT versus 2% for PSF, and reoperation rates were 14.1% for AVBT versus 0.6% for PSF with nonoverlapping confidence intervals (CIs). The pooled reoperation rate among studies with follow-up times of ≥36 months was 24.7% in AVBT versus 1.8% in PSF. Deformity correction, clinical outcomes, and mid-term SRS-22 scores were similar. Conclusions Our study showed greater rates of complications and reoperations with AVBT compared with PSF. Reoperation rates were significantly greater in AVBT studies with longer follow-up (≥36 months). Deformity correction, clinical outcomes, and mid-term SRS-22 scores were similar. While a potential fusionless treatment for AIS merits excitement, clinicians should consider AVBT with caution. Future long-term randomized prospective studies are needed. Level of Evidence Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Use of Virtual Reality for Hybrid Closure of Multiple Ventricular Septal Defects.

Abstract A 28-month-old girl with multiple ventricular septal defects previously underwent surgical and transcatheter attempts at repair. Three-dimensional models were created from cardiac magnetic...
Daytime altitude variations of the equatorial, topside magnetic field-aligned ion transport at solar minimum

[1] Above the ion density peak, the interhemispheric transport of plasma plays an important role in shaping the spatial density distribution of the ionosphere. This study uses daytime observations of the ion drift, density, and composition near the geomagnetic equator from the Coupled Ion-Neutral Dynamics Investigation on board the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System satellite, for the period of extremely low solar activity present in 2008 and 2009, to explore the altitude variation in interhemispheric transport at heights reaching up to the O+/H+ transition height. These observations revealed that the physical processes leading to interhemispheric transport do not change with altitude. These processes include forcing from the lower thermosphere, E×B drift, and chemical processes. Their longitudinal variations combine with the structure of the geomagnetic field to cause the differences in interhemispheric transport seen in different longitude regions. At all longitudes, the quantity of plasma crossing the geomagnetic equator depends strongly on ion density, which causes large changes to the altitude variations of the field-aligned plasma drift speed.
Substitutability of Leases and Debt in Corporate Capital Structures

Finance theory suggests that leases and debt are substitutes. Surprisingly, however, prior empirical research using financial statement data has been unable to verify this trade-off between the two forms of financing. This study re-examines the issue of substitutability by comparing changes in lease and debt financing over a six-year horizon for a large sample of U.S. firms. The empirical results strongly support the theoretical contention that leases and debt are substitutes and is thus consistent with evidence from surveys of lending officers. There is some evidence, however, that firms do not view leases as displacing nonleasing debt on a dollar-for-dollar basis.
The Problem of Residence in State Taxation of Income

T IS now well settled that the states may tax not only income from property and activities within their borders, even though derived by nonresidents,' but also the income of residents from extraterritorial sources as well.2 This comprehensive jurisdiction to tax gives rise to three questions of paramount importance: first, to what extent should the states exercise their jurisdiction?; second, how may double state taxation of income of residents derived from extraterritorial sources be eliminated?; and third, who should be included in the category of residents taxable on their entire net income, including income from intangibles and income from sources outside the taxing state?
Allodynia and hyperalgesia within dermatomes caudal to a spinal cord injury in primates and rodents.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses allodynia and hyperalgesia within dermatomes caudal to a spinal cord injury in primates and rodents. Persistent pain of central nervous system origin is a common consequence of spinal cord injury and is highly refractory to treatment. In order to understand mechanisms and develop treatments for this condition, an effective laboratory animal model is needed. Clinical observations indicate that interruption of the spinothalamic tract is a prerequisite for development of deafferentation zone pain referred to segments well below the site of spinal cord injury. Therefore, a series of studies has evaluated nociceptive responses of monkeys and rats before and after an anterolateral spinal lesion. Attention to the variability of responses to a wide range of stimulus intensities across testing sessions has shown that contralateral sensitivity oscillates from nearly analgesic to allodynic. All animals cycled between these states of hyper- or hypo-sensitivity. Information from animal model and observations of human beings indicate that superficial lesions of lateral spinal cord white matter that do not extend into the gray matter produce an enduring contralateral hypoalgesia, with minimal allodynia and/or central pain.
The IRT1 protein from Arabidopsis thaliana is a metal transporter with a broad substrate range

The molecular basis for the transport of manganese across membranes in plant cells is poorly understood. We have found that IRT1, an Arabidopsis thaliana metal ion transporter, can complement a mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain defective in high-affinity manganese uptake (smf1 delta). The IRT1 protein has previously been identified as an iron transporter. The current studies demonstrated that IRT1, when expressed in yeast, can transport manganese as well. This manganese uptake activity was inhibited by cadmium, iron(II) and zinc, suggesting that IRT1 can transport these metals. The IRT1 cDNA also complements a zinc uptake-deficient yeast mutant strain (zrt1zrt2), and IRT1-dependent zinc transport in yeast cells is inhibited by cadmium, copper, cobalt and iron(III). However, IRT1 did not complement a copper uptake-deficient yeast mutant (ctr1), implying that this transporter is not involved in the uptake of copper in plant cells. The expression of IRT1 is enhanced in A. thaliana plants grown under iron deficiency. Under these conditions, there were increased levels of root-associated manganese, zinc and cobalt, suggesting that, in addition to iron, IRT1 mediates uptake of these metals into plant cells. Taken together, these data indicate that the IRT1 protein is a broad-range metal ion transporter in plants.
Glycoprotein biosynthesis by organ cultures of hamster trachea.

Abstract Conditions have been developed for maintaining hamster tracheas in organ culture for at least 10 days. Secreted glycoproteins labelled with [14C]glucosamine and [3H]fucose were isolated from the spent medium and digested with papain, and the digest was fractionated on DEAE-Sephadex by stepwise elution with NaCl. The fractions eluted by 0.1 and 0.2 M NaCl and some of the products eluted with 0.4 M NaCl were shown to be derived from epithelial glycoproteins. Glycosaminoglycans were eluted by 0.4 M and by 1.25 M NaCl. Glycopeptides isolated from the epithelium by homogenization, ethanol precipitation and papain digestion, and defined as “intracellular”, gave a very similar profile on DEAE-Sephadex. The 0.1 M glycopeptide peak was the major fraction of epithelial origin from both secreted and “intracellular” material; it labelled extensively with both glucosamine and fucose and had a molecular weight of approx. 5000 (as judged by its elution from Sephadex G-75). This fraction was purified further by chromatography on Sephadex G-75 and DEAE-Sephadex; its amino acid and carbohydrate compositions were determined.
Experimental and computational exploration of the dynamic behavior of (PNP)BF2, a boron compound supported by an amido/bis(phosphine) pincer ligand.

The diarylamido/bis(phosphine) PNP pincer ligand (2-iPr2P-4-MeC6H3)2N has been evaluated as a scaffold for supporting a BF2 fragment. Compound (PNP)BF2 (6) was prepared by simple metathesis of (PNP)Li (5) with Me2SBF3. NMR spectra of 6 in solution are of apparent C2 symmetry, suggestive of a symmetric environment about boron. However, a combination of X-ray structural studies, low-temperature NMR investigations, and DFT calculations consistently establish that the ground state of this molecule contains a classical four-coordinate boron with a PNBF2 coordination environment, with one phosphine donor in PNP remaining “free”. Fortuitous formation of a single crystal of (PNP)BF2·HBF4 (7), in which the “free” phosphine is protonated, furnished another structure containing the same PNBF2 environment about boron for comparison and the two PNBF2 environments in 6 and 7 are virtually identical. DFT studies on several other diarylamido/bis(phosphine) pincer (PNP)BF2 systems were carried out and all displayed a similar four coordinate PNBF2 environment in the ground state structures. The symmetric appearance of the room-temperature NMR spectra is explained by the rapid interconversion between two degenerate four-coordinate, C1-symmetric ground-state forms. Lineshape analysis of the 1H and 19F NMR spectra over a temperature range of 180–243 K yielded the activation parameters ΔH‡ = 8.1(3) kcal mol−1 and ΔS‡ = −6.0(15) eu, which are broadly consistent with the calculated values. Calculations indicate that the exchange of phosphine donors at the boron center proceeds by an intrinsically dissociative mechanism.
Privacy Detective: Detecting Private Information and Collective Privacy Behavior in a Large Social Network

Detecting the presence and amount of private information being shared in online media is the first step towards analyzing information revealing habits of users in social networks and a useful method for researchers to study aggregate privacy behavior. In this work, we aim to find out if text contains private content by using our novel learning based approach `privacy detective' that combines topic modeling, named entity recognition, privacy ontology, sentiment analysis, and text normalization to represent privacy features. Privacy detective investigates a broader range of privacy concerns compared to previous approaches that focus on keyword searching or profile related properties. We collected 500,000 tweets from 100,000 Twitter users along with other information such as tweet linkages and follower relationships. We reach 95.45% accuracy in a two-class task classifying Twitter users who do not reveal much private information and Twitter users who share sensitive information. We score timelines according to three privacy levels after having Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT) workers annotate collected tweets according to privacy categories. Supervised machine learning classification results on these annotations reach 69.63% accuracy on a three-class task. Inter-annotator agreement on timeline privacy scores between various AMT workers and our classifiers fall under the same positive agreement level. Additionally, we show that a user's privacy level is correlated with her friends' privacy scores and also with the privacy scores of people mentioned in her text but not with the number of her followers. As such, privacy in social networks appear to be socially constructed, which can have great implications for privacy enhancing technologies and educational interventions.
Localized primary malignant lymphoma of bone

Purpose: A single institution's experience with the treatment of localized primary malignant lymphoma of bone ( PLB ) was analyzed to identify major prognostic factors, toxicity, and optimal treatment for this rare malignancy. Methods and Materials: A retrospective analysis of 45 previously untreated patients with Ann Arbor stage IE and IIE PLB from 1967 to 1992 was undertaken. All histopathologic material was reviewed. Irradiated patients received at least 40 Gy. Systemic chemotherapy was generally doxorubicin based. Overall survival (OS), progression free survival (PFS), and disease-specific survival (DSS) were calculated actuarially. Results: Histologically, there were 41 diffuse large cell, 2 diffuse mixed cell, 1 lymphocytic, and 1 lymphoblastic lymphomas. International Index scores were assessed on 43 patients. Thirty-six patients were treated with chemotherapy and radiation (CMT), five patients were treated with radiation only, and four patients were treated with chemotherapy only. Univariate analysis revealed significantly improved 5-year OS for those patients who had International Index scores of vs. scores of 1 or 2 (85 vs. 53%, respectively, p = 0.004). Analysis failed to demonstrate a difference in OS, PFS, or DSS when comparing radiotherapy alone versus CMT, stage IE vs. stage IIE, or axial skeleton involvement vs. extremities. Conclusion: The outcome of patients with PLB is relatively favorable in the era of CMT. Doses of radiation in the range of 46 Gy provide optimal local control with an acceptable rate of complications. The International Index is a valid prognostic tool for PLB.
The patient with coronary heart disease at altitude: observations during acute exposure to 3100 meters

Nine men with documented coronary artery disease who had exercise-induced angina and/or ST segment depression were studied by treadmill testing at 1600 m and during acute exposure to 3100 m altitude. Mean maximal oxygen uptake was reduced at altitude by 11% (range, 5–26%). Ventilation, heart rate, and systolic pressure at submaximal workloads were increased at 3100 m, but maximal values were unchanged. Oxygen saturation was reduced at rest, and during submaximal and maximal exercise (88.3 ± 14 vs 93.4 ± 0.7%). Angina and/or ST segment depression occurred at the same heart rate systolic pressure product, but at lower workloads. Systolic time intervals were unchanged at altitude. A target heart rate range of 70–85% of the ischemic end-point rate at lower altitude predicted an appropriate level of tolerable exercise at high altitude. We conclude that activity prescription for coronary patients with angina on arrival at high altitude should be based on heart rate rather than workload.
Romanization and the digital future of philology

The essay addresses romanization (generally speaking, the use of romanized print; more specifically, the act of transliteration into roman letters) to claim that philology remains all the more relevant in an age of digitized media. Focusing on examples drawn from Joseph Conrad and the Oxford English Dictionary, the essay examines how romanization makes English simultaneously a universal standard for print culture and a medium for the eclipse of romanized print form itself. The philological problems of romanized print anticipate the alphanumerical coding of text, while the digital spacing and timing of coding is organized by the lingering aftereffects of romanization.
Editorial – an ecological theory journal at last

Theory has played a much more important role in the development of ecology than perhaps many realize. This role can be traced back through a tremendous number of the most important advances in ecology, certainly including, but not limited to the seminal work of Gause (1934), Lotka (1925), and Volterra (1931), as emphasized in the history of ecology by Kingsland (1995). Theory in ecology has played a fundamental role in understanding basic issues like the role of scale (Levin 1992) and has played a more fundamental role in population ecology than is typically recognized (Turchin 2001). Especially in applied areas, such as the design of reserves, theory has been central (Kingsland 2002). It is important to note that theory, as considered here, can range from verbal or conceptual to highly mathematical or computational. Given the central role that theory has played in the development of the subject, it is perhaps surprising that the title Theoretical Ecology had never been used and was still available for the name of a new journal. This may reflect old, but invalid, views of the unimportance of theory in ecology and may reflect a valid concern that it is important for theory in ecology to be directed not at other theoretical ecologists, but at the most pressing questions in ecology. Thus, a central goal of the new journal will be to direct the contributions towards all ecologists, while promising that good theoretical advances will be appreciated. A very brief history
Rituximab, Cyclophosphamide, Dexamethasone (RCD) regimen induces cure in WSU-WM xenograft model and a partial remission in previously treated Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia patient.

Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM) is an uncommon lymphoproliferative disease which remains incurable with current treatment protocols. We have previously established a permanent WM cell line, WSU-WM, which grows as a xenograft in severe combined immune deficient (SCID) mice. In this study, we investigated the antitumor effects of Rituximab (RTX), Cyclophosphamide (CTX), Dexamethasone (DEX) [RCD]-Regimen in vivo WSU-WM SCID xenograft and in a patient with WM. For the pre-clinical efficacy study, WSU-WM-bearing SCID mice were randomly assigned to receive RTX (150 mg/kg/inj, i.v., QDX5), CTX (90 mg/kg/inj, s.c. QDX5) as single agents or diluent. The combination group received RTX at 150 mg/kg/inj, QDX5; CTX at 150 mg/kg/inj, QODX3 and DEX at 1.0 mg/kg/inj, i.v., QDX5. Tumor growth inhibition (T/C), tumor growth delay (T - C), and log10 kill (net) for RTX and CTX were 24.5%, 37 days, 5.52 and 88%, 0.0 days, 0.0log10 kill, respectively. No cures were observed with either agent; however, all mice (6/6, with bilateral tumors) were cured when treated with RCD-regimen. A 57-year-old patient with relapsed WM was treated with the RCD-regimen and showed an excellent partial remission for seven months. The patient tolerated the treatment very well, the hemoglobin improved dramatically, platelets remained stable, the IgM level normalized and there was only minimal involvement of bone marrow. Based on these results, the RCD regimen is effective against WM and its activity should be further evaluated in clinical trials.
A comparison of two optimization methods for mesh quality improvement

We compare inexact Newton and block coordinate descent optimization methods for improving the quality of a mesh by repositioning the vertices, where the overall quality is measured by the harmonic mean of the mean-ratio metric. The effects of problem size, element size heterogeneity, and various vertex displacement schemes on the performance of these algorithms are assessed for a series of tetrahedral meshes.
Precocious and second-grade readers' use of context in word identification

Abstract All readers use information from prior context to facilitate identification of words in text, but the nature of developmental and individual differences in this process remains in dispute. In three experiments, the authors compared post-kindergarten precocious readers and reading-level-matched second graders on three measures of contextual facilitation. Study 1 replicated an earlier finding of a greater difference between word-list and text-reading times for precocious than for older average readers. This effect was not due to group differences in accuracy. In Studies 2 and 3, the authors compared the groups' pronunciation latencies for easy and hard words presented in facilitative, neutral, and incongruous contexts. In these studies, precocious readers did not show greater facilitation, even though they were in greater need of compensatoryhelp from context. In Study 2, word identification was facilitated by complex as wellas simple contexts. The pattern of contextual facilitation and inhibition shown by both groups in Study 3 indicated operation of a controlled expectancy mechanism. The group difference results are reconciled by invoking a strategy-choice model of word identification.
Bessel Fourier Orientation Reconstruction (BFOR): An Analytical Diffusion Propagator Reconstruction for Hybrid Diffusion Imaging and Computation of q-Space Indices

The ensemble average propagator (EAP) describes the 3D average diffusion process of water molecules, capturing both its radial and angular contents. The EAP can thus provide richer information about complex tissue microstructure properties than the orientation distribution function (ODF), an angular feature of the EAP. Recently, several analytical EAP reconstruction schemes for multiple q-shell acquisitions have been proposed, such as diffusion propagator imaging (DPI) and spherical polar Fourier imaging (SPFI). In this study, a new analytical EAP reconstruction method is proposed, called Bessel Fourier Orientation Reconstruction (BFOR), whose solution is based on heat equation estimation of the diffusion signal for each shell acquisition, and is validated on both synthetic and real datasets. A significant portion of the paper is dedicated to comparing BFOR, SPFI, and DPI using hybrid, non-Cartesian sampling for multiple b-value acquisitions. Ways to mitigate the effects of Gibbs ringing on EAP reconstruction are also explored. In addition to analytical EAP reconstruction, the aforementioned modeling bases can be used to obtain rotationally invariant q-space indices of potential clinical value, an avenue which has not yet been thoroughly explored. Three such measures are computed: zero-displacement probability (Po), mean squared displacement (MSD), and generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA).
Fear of crime: Who is most vulnerable?

This study investigates the relationship of demographic, psychosocial, and crime-related factors to fear of crime. Data were collected from 1,499 respondents to a national public opinion survey. A discriminant analysis was used to determine those factors which contribute most to respondents' fear of crime. Overall, 12 variables were found to explain 45.7 percent of the variance in fear of crime. Demographic variables such as sex, the size of the place where the respondent lives, age, marital status, and the number of persons living with the respondent were the most important variables discriminating between fearful and nonfearful respondents. Psychosocial and crime-related variables were found to be less important than demographic variables in discriminating between fearful and nonfearful respondents.
Analysis of seven-membered lactones by computational NMR methods: proton NMR chemical shift data are more discriminating than carbon.

We report an NMR chemical shift study of conformationally challenging seven-membered lactones (1–11); computed and experimental data sets are compared. The computations involved full conformational analysis of each lactone, Boltzmann-weighted averaging of the chemical shifts across all conformers, and linear correction of the computed chemical shifts. DFT geometry optimizations [M06-2X/6-31+G(d,p)] and GIAO NMR chemical shift calculations [B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p)] provided the computed chemical shifts. The corrected mean absolute error (CMAE), the average of the differences between the computed and experimental chemical shifts for each of the 11 lactones, is encouragingly small (0.02–0.08 ppm for 1H or 0.8–2.2 ppm for 13C). Three pairs of cis versus trans diastereomeric lactones were used to assess the ability of the method to distinguish between stereoisomers. The experimental shifts were compared with the computed shifts for each of the two possible isomers. We introduce the use of a “match ratio”—the ratio...