cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AR-SMT: a microarchitectural approach to fault tolerance in microprocessors

This paper speculates that technology trends pose new challenges for fault tolerance in microprocessors. Specifically, severely reduced design tolerances implied by gigaherz clock rates may result in frequent and arbitrary transient faults. We suggest that existing fault-tolerant techniques-system-level, gate-level, or component-specific approaches-are either too costly for general purpose computing, overly intrusive to the design, or insufficient for covering arbitrary logic faults. An approach in which the microarchitecture itself provides fault tolerance is required. We propose a new time redundancy fault-tolerant approach in which a program is duplicated and the two redundant programs simultaneously run on the processor: The technique exploits several significant microarchitectural trends to provide broad coverage of transient faults and restricted coverage of permanent faults. These trends are simultaneous multithreading, control flow and data flow prediction, and hierarchical processors-all of which are intended for higher performance, but which can be easily leveraged for the specified fault tolerance goals. The overhead for achieving fault tolerance is low, both in terms of performance and changes to the existing microarchitecture. Detailed simulations of five of the SPEC95 benchmarks show that executing two redundant programs on the fault-tolerant microarchitecture takes only 10% to 30% longer than running a single version of the program.
Ocular bartonellosis in transplant recipients: two case reports and review of the literature.

Cat scratch disease is caused by Bartonella henselae and usually manifests as localized lymphadenopathy and fever in immunocompetent patients. Immunocompromised patients are at risk for developing disseminated disease affecting the liver, spleen, eyes, central nervous system, and other organs. Bartonellosis is infrequently reported in solid organ transplant recipients, and published case reports usually discuss disseminated infection. Localized ocular disease with B. henselae, while well documented in immunocompetent hosts, is uncommon in immunocompromised patients. Herein, we present 2 cases of ocular bartonellosis in renal transplant patients, 1 with disseminated infection, and 1 without.
Influence of glutathione on the oxidation chemistry of the catecholaminergic neurotransmitter dopamine

In this study it is demonstrated that dopamine-o-quinone (DA-o-quinone), generated by the electrochemically driven oxidation of the catecholaminergic neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) at physicological pH, is rapidly scavenged by glutathione (GSH) to give, initially, 5-S-glutathionyldopamine (5-S-Glu-DA). The latter conjugate is more easily oxidized than DA to an o-quinone that reacts further with free GSH to give 2,5-bi-S-glutathionyldopamine (6), an even more easily oxidized compound. The proximate oxidation product of 6, o-quinone (7), is the precursor of 2,5,6-tri-S-glutathionyldopamine (8) and 4,7-bi-S-glutathionyl-5,6,dihydroxyindole (16). A p-quinone methide tautomer of o-quinone 7 is the precursor of glutathionyl conjugates of DA which contain a glutathionyl residue substituted in the ethylamino side-chain of the neurotransmitter. In the presence of equimolar or greater concentrations of GSH the normal oxidation pathway of DA to insoluble black indolic melanin polymer is blocked. The potential relevance of the in-vitro oxidation of DA in the presence of free GSH to an understanding of the degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in idiopathic Parkinson's disease is discussed.
"Support Your Local Invasive Species": Animal Protection Rhetoric and Nonnative Species

Abstract This article explores protection efforts that have arisen in the New York City metropolitan area around the monk parakeet, a nonnative bird that has achieved a broad distribution outside its native habitat range. In some urban regions in which populations are established, controversy has developed around the parakeets’ use of utility infrastructure and potential impacts on native species and agricultural crops. This case provides an opportunity to explore animal protection rhetoric about nonnative species, an understudied topic, considering the great extent to which species have become established in ecosystems outside their natural ranges and the persistence of public affinity for nonnative plants and wildlife. This article identifies four major frames through which advocates have delivered the birds to public and legal audiences and considers how they have mobilized and handled notions of “nonnative-ness” in their advocacy work.
Performance of successively complex rules for locational decision-making

The relative performance of five simple rules for selecting facility locations are compared with two heuristic location-allocation algorithms in the context of a real region. It is hypothesized that the performance of a rule is likely to be systematically related to the spatial structure of the region in which it is used. In the Iowa settlement system, known to have predictable structural regularity, some rules performed over 95 percent of the level achieved by the algorithms (the greedy add and the modified vertex exchange algorithms) on a range of commonly used criteria for evaluating locational efficiency. Under certain circumstances, these rules may be recommended as alternatives to more formal algorithms.
Application of distillery waste anaerobic digester effluent to St. Augustinegrass

Abstract Effluent that results from methane anaerobic digestion needs to be disposed of or utilized. The objective of this glasshouse study was to examine the effect of rum distillery anaerobic digester effluent application rate on St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphum secundatum Kuntze) growth and elemental uptake to determine the feasibility of land application. The initial application rates were 0, 0.22, 0.44, and 0.88 cm of the liquid effluent per week, equivalent to 0, 22, 44, and 88 g total solids (TS) per pot, respectively, for the first 4 months of the study. Because of apparent plant stress, effluent application was eliminated for the high application rate during the final 4 months of the experiment. Therefore, at the end of 8 months, effluent application totals were 0, 44, 88, and 88 g TS per pot, respectively for the four treatments. Since both of the two higher rate treatments received a total of 88 g TS per pot, treatments were designated as 0-[8mo], 44-[8mo], 88-[8mo], and 88-[4mo] to denote the time frame in which the total amount of effluent was applied. During the initial 4 months, St. Augustinegrass dry matter yield was more than 60% higher with the two lower application rates, 44-[8mo] and 88-[8mo], as compared with the higher 88-[4mo] application rate or the 0-[8mo] effluent control. By the end of the initial 4-month period, the high 88-[4mo] treatment had resulted in plant chlorosis and drying tissue and thus slightly lower cumulative dry matter yield than obtained with the control. During the second 4-month period, dry matter yield was similar for the 88-[8mo] and 88-[4mo] rates, but both were approximately one-half that obtained with the 44-[8mo] application rate. In general, uptake of measured elements increased with increased dry matter production. However, relative differences in K, Al, and Mn uptake appeared larger than observed with yield differences. As expected, soil concentrations of most elements measured were increased with effluent applications, especially K and Na. The addition of effluent, regardless of rate, raised soil pH from 6.5 to approximately 9, owing to increases in soil K, Na, Mg, and Ca levels. The data from this study suggest that the lowest effluent application rate, 44-[8mo] (equivalent to 0.22 cm week−1) may result in acceptable St. Augustinegrass growth. However, the apparent elemental buildup in the soil and the potential adverse effects on groundwater quality suggest that even lower rates may be necessary for longer-term continuous disposal of the distillery waste anaerobic digester effluent.
The effects of anion structure of lithium salts on the properties of in-situ polymerized thermoplastic polyurethane electrolytes

Abstract Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) electrolytes with lithium salts were prepared by an in-situ polymerization method. Three different lithium salts were used to study the effects of the anion structure on the properties of polyurethane electrolytes: LiCl, LiClO 4 , LiN(SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 (LiTFSI). The effects of the anion structure on monomer (PTMG) prior to polymerization and on the properties of TPU electrolytes post polymerization were investigated. The anion structure of lithium salt has a significant influence on the ionic conductivity, thermal stability and tensile property of TPU electrolytes. The TPU electrolytes with LiTFSI demonstrated a high ionic conductivity up to 10 −5 S/cm at 300 K. The ionic conductivity of polyurethane electrolytes with lithium salts is in the order: LiCl 4
Analysis of correlated mutations, stalk motifs, and phylogenetic relationship of the 2009 influenza A virus neuraminidase sequences

The 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic has attracted worldwide attention. The new virus first emerged in Mexico in April, 2009 was identified as a unique combination of a triple- reassortant swine influenza A virus, composed of genetic information from pigs, hu- mans, birds, and a Eurasian swine influenza virus. Several recent studies on the 2009 H1N1 virus util-ized small datasets to conduct analysis. With new sequences available up to date, we were able to extend the previous research in three areas. The first was finding two networks of co-mutations that may po-tentially affect the current flu-drug binding sites on neuraminidase (NA), one of the two surface proteins of flu virus. The second was discovering a special stalk motif, which was dominant in the H5N1 strains in the past, in the 2009 H1N1 strains for the first time. Due to the high virulence of this motif, the second finding is significant in our current research on 2009 H1N1. The third was updating the phylogenetic an- alysis of current NA sequences of 2009 H1N1 and H5N1, which demonstrated that, in clear contrast to previous findings, the N1 sequences in 2009 are di-verse enough to cover different major branches of the phylogenetic tree of those in previous years. As the novel influenza A H1N1 virus continues to spread globally, our results highlighted the importance of performing timely analysis on the 2009 H1N1 virus.
Diet Drug-Related Cardiac Valve Disease: The Mayo Clinic Echocardiographic Laboratory Experience

Objective To describe the prevalence of diet drugrelated valvular disease among our referral population and the association of valvular disease with duration of exposure to fenfluramine and phentermine in combination and to dexfenfluramine alone. Patients and Methods In this retrospective review of clinical and echocardiographic data, charts of patients referred for treatment of toxic effects of diet drugs were reviewed, and telephone interviews were conducted. Results Between June and December 1997, 191 patients (164 women, 27 men; mean age, 47 years) were referred for possible diet drug–related valvular disease. Twenty-eight (28%) of the 99 asymptomatic patients and 40 (43%) of the 92 symptomatic patients had abnormal echocardiographic findings. Valvular lesions among the 68 patients with abnormal echocardiographic findings included mild (or greater) aortic regurgitation in 55 patients (81%), moderate (or greater) mitral regurgitation in 12 (18%), and moderate (or greater) tricuspid regurgitation in 7 (10%). The Food and Drug Administration case definition of diet drug-related valvulopathy was noted in 31% of this referral population. Of patients with valvulopathy, mean duration of therapy with fenfluramine and phentermine in combination and dexfenfluramine alone was 9 months and 5 months, respectively. Duration of therapy was not associated with presence or absence of disease. Five patients had surgical intervention for severe valvulopathy: 3 had mitral valve repair, I had mitral valve replacement, and 1 had aortic valve replacement. Pulmonary hypertension (≥40 mm Hg) was found in 24 patients (13%), and 17 (71%) had pulmonary hypertension in association with valvulopathy. Conclusion This study demonstrated a 31% (60/191) prevalence of valvulopathy in patients with a history of diet drug exposure who were referred for echocardiographic evaluation. The most common finding was mild aortic regurgitation. Twenty-eight percent of asymptomatic patients had abnormal echocardiographic findings. This study emphasizes the spectrum of diet drugrelated cardiac disease and the potential for valvulopathy in asymptomatic patients.
Effects of Logo computer programming experience on problem solving and spatial relations ability

Abstract The effects of 1 academic year of experience with Logo programming were studied in two areas: problem-solving and spatial relations. The subjects were fifth-and sixth-grade students from two public elementary schools, one school serving as the treatment group and one as the control. Two computer programs, The Factory and Teasers by Tobbs, were used to assess problem-solving differences. Spatial relations ability was measured by subtests of the CTMM and PMA. Data analysis revealed significant differences between treatment and control groups on both problem-solving measures and one of the three spatial relations tests. The results are discussed in light of previous findings.
HEPATIC LOBECTOMY IN CHILDHOOD: EFFECTS OF X-RAY AND CHEMOTHERAPY.

Abstract Two patients who developed localized liver metastases 6 months and 3 years, respectively, after nephrectomy for Wilms' tumor were treated by right hepatic lobectomy. One child is alive without tumor 412 years after hepatic resection, and the other is alive but has developed peritoneal metastases at one year. Routine doses of actinomycin D and irradiation were administered postoperatively, but serious adverse reactions in the skin, bone marrow, and gastrointestinal tract were noted. Long-term postoperative evaluations reveal the development of severe chronic hepatic impairment due to inadequate liver regeneration and the effects of hepatic irradiation. Similar problems were not encountered in children with hepatic lesions treated only by hepatic lobectomy. In an experimental study, rats were subjected to 70 per cent hepatectomy and treated immediately with actinomycin D and/or irradiation to the liver. Death rates, body weight changes, and liver regeneration were compared to appropriate controls. Results confirm the impression that partial hepatectomy decreases tolerance to this drug and irradiation, and that these modalities in turn limit liver regeneration. These findings suggest that chemotherapy and irradiation be withheld following partial hepatectomy until liver regeneration is nearly complete.
Effects of alloxan upon goldfish (Carassius auratus L.)

Abstract Attempts to clarify the role of the islets of Langerhans in the control of serum glucose levels in teleosts have not been entirely successful. In order to determine precisely alloxan-induced alterations in the goldfish (Carassius auratus L.), the environmental variables and serum glucose methodology were standardized and the animals studied in regard to both dose and time. The cytological and physiological responses in certain endocrine and nonendocrine tissues were evaluated temporally at the alloxan dose of 600 mg/kg. Of the 1,563 fish used, 442 were sectioned serially at 3 μ, stained with AF-trichrome, and studied microscopically. The liver glycogen was studied histochemically. Serum glucose levels of all fish were determined in duplicate 10-μl serum samples by the glucose oxidase procedure. Continuous alloxan immersion (0.02 to 0.09%) of goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) maintains hyperglycemia; return to fresh water reduces serum glucose levels to normal in 3 days. Alloxan (200–400 mg/kg), 24 hr postinjection, ip, produces slight hyperglycemia; 450–900 mg/kg alloxan evokes severe hyperglycemia. The alloxan LD 50 7 day is 600 to 700 mg/kg. Saline (0.58%) injection produces a rapid transient hyperglycemia and return to the normal range in 4 hr. Coneurrent adrenal alterations and liver glycogen depletion indicate this transient hyperglycemia to be a “stress” response. Study of the fish injected with alloxan reveals a triphasic serum response similar to that occurring in mammals. The initial hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia appear to results from “stress” and release of insulin from beta cells, respectively. The prolonged hyperglycemia following hypoglycemia is attributed to beta cell destruction, but other factors (release of glucagon and liver and kidney damage) also play an important role. Persistent adrenal hypertrophy suggests that alloxan produces a continual state of “stress” during the period of study. Recovery of normal serum glucose levels in the surviving animals results from beta cell recuperation and restoration of normal liver and kidney structure. The alloxan diabetic syndrome in teleosts may be better understood only with consideration of the toxic effects of alloxan.
LAUNCH WINDOWS FOR HIGHLY ECCENTRIC ORBITS

Orbital elements necessary for minimum lifetime of a satellite with highly eccentric orbit are graphically specified by construction of a launch window map
Kinetic Theory of Granular Flow Limitations for Modeling High-Shear Mixing

Particulate modeling is often used to describe the kinematics of granular flow in mixers, granulators, and fluidized beds. An improved understanding of the rate processes associated with granulation can prove to be a valuable tool for modeling the evolution of particle size distributions. The kinetic theory of granular flow (KTGF) is a tool developed from the kinetic theory of gases to describe the kinematics found in granular media. Past work has shown that the KTGF can be used to describe the particle motion in a fluidized bed due to the inherently random particle movement caused by the fluid mechanics. Initially, it was thought that kinetic theory would not suffice when describing the kinematics in a high-shear mixer because of the shear motion in the mixer. However, recent work by Nilpawar et al. (in Proceedings: The 8th International Symposium on Agglomeration; The Industrial Pharmacists Group: Bangkok, Thailand, 2005) has shown experimentally that the collision frequency caused by random motion do...
Thermal Radiative Properties of a Semitransparent Fiber Coated With a Thin Absorbing Film

This study presents the hemispherical model to predict the hemispherical total thermal radiative properties of a fiber coated with a thin film. The fiber is composed of semi-transparent media, such as fused silica. The film is made of strong absorbing media with thickness on the order of tens of nanometers. The film is assumed to be "locally flat" at the point of incidence for radiative transfer analysis because the thickness of the film is much less than the fiber radius. Wave optics is employed to calculate the reflectance and transmittance of the thin film while the ray tracing method is used for radiative transport analysis of the fiber. Effects of film and fiber substrate optical properties, film thickness and temperature on predicted thermal radiative properties are investigated. One of the applications of the proposed model is for studying the chemical vapor deposition of hermetic coatings on optical fibers, in which the thermal radiative properties of the fiber-film system heavily influence the fiber surface temperature and chemical reaction rate.
Assessing the Feasibility of Low-Density LiDAR for Stand Inventory Attribute Predictions in Complex and Managed Forests of Northern Maine, USA

The objective of this study was to evaluate the applicability of using a low-density (1–3 points m−2) discrete-return LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) for predicting maximum tree height, stem density, basal area, quadratic mean diameter and total volume. The research was conducted at the Penobscot Experimental Forest in central Maine, where a range of stand structures and species composition is present and generally representative of northern Maine’s forests. Prediction models were developed utilizing the random forest algorithm that was calibrated using reference data collected in fixed radius circular plots. For comparison, the volume model used two sets of reference data, with one being fixed radius circular plots and the other variable radius plots. Prediction biases were evaluated with respect to five silvicultural treatments and softwood species composition based on the coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error and mean bias, as well as residual scatter plots. Overall, this study found that LiDAR tended to underestimate maximum tree height and volume. The maximum tree height and volume models had R2 values of 86.9% and 72.1%, respectively. The accuracy of volume prediction was also sensitive to the plot type used. While it was difficult to develop models with a high R2, due to the complexities of Maine’s forest structures and species composition, the results suggest that low density LiDAR can be used as a supporting tool in forest management for this region.
Effects of K+-stimulation and precursor loading on the in vivo release of dopamine, serotonin and their metabolites in the nucleus accumbens of the rat

Abstract The in vivo efflux of endogenous 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine (DA) 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the nucleus accumbens of the anesthetized rat was studied using a push-pull cannula. Local perfusion for 10 minutes with 35 mM K + significantly (P + a second and third time resulted in a decrement in the amount of stimulated release for both DA and 5-HT. This decrease was prevented by local perfusion for 10 minutes with 50 uM L-tyrosine and -tryptophan starting 30 minutes before each episode of depolarization. The baseline amounts of DOPAC, HVA and 5-HIAA observed in the perfusates were several fold higher than the basal levels found for 5-HT and Da. In the absence of precursors, the efflux of DOPAC, HVA and 5-HIAA decreased approximately 60, 40 and 25%, respectively, from the first to the last baseline fraction collected. Addition of precursors prevented the decrease for DOPAC and 5-HIAA but not for HVA. The data indicated that (a) the in vivo release of DA and 5-HT, along with their metabolites, could be simultaneously measured with the present procedure, and (b) when using the push-pull cannula, local perfusion with precursors may be necessary following periods of sustained and/or repeated stimulation in order to replenish the monoamine transmitter pools.
Facilitating Emergency Care Research Networks: Integration into the Clinical Translational and Science Award (CTSA) Infrastructure

Emergency care research (ECR) does not fit neatly into the traditional National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding model, because emergency research involves undifferentiated disease presentations involving multiple disciplines and time-sensitive interventions. A task force of emergency care researchers and other stakeholders was convened to discuss the present and future state of clinical research networks. Integration of ECR with the Clinical Translational and Science Award (CTSA) program through a multidisciplinary emergency care research network (ECRN) would obviate the duplication of research efforts by disease-specific or institute-specific multicenter networks and reduce startup and maintenance costs. Strategies to enhance integration must include the training of emergency physician investigators in biostatistical and epidemiologic methods, as well as educating collaborative investigators in emergency care-related methodologies. Thus, an ECRN would be of great benefit to CTSA awardees and applicants and should be considered a priority.
Altered monocyte and fibrocyte phenotype and function in scleroderma interstitial lung disease: reversal by caveolin-1 scaffolding domain peptide

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in scleroderma (systemic sclerosis, or SSc). Fibrocytes are a monocyte-derived cell population implicated in the pathogenesis of fibrosing disorders. Given the recently recognized importance of caveolin-1 in regulating function and signaling in SSc monocytes, in the present study we examined the role of caveolin-1 in the migration and/or trafficking and phenotype of monocytes and fibrocytes in fibrotic lung disease in human patients and an animal model. These studies fill a gap in our understanding of how monocytes and fibrocytes contribute to SSc-ILD pathology. We found that C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4-positive (CXCR4+)/collagen I-positive (ColI+), CD34+/ColI+ and CD45+/ColI+ cells are present in SSc-ILD lungs, but not in control lungs, with CXCR4+ cells being most prevalent. Expression of CXCR4 and its ligand, stromal cell-derived factor 1 (CXCL12), are also highly upregulated in SSc-ILD lung tissue. SSc monocytes, which lack caveolin-1 and therefore overexpress CXCR4, exhibit almost sevenfold increased migration toward CXCL12 compared to control monocytes. Restoration of caveolin-1 function by administering the caveolin scaffolding domain (CSD) peptide reverses this hypermigration. Similarly, transforming growth factor β-treated normal monocytes lose caveolin-1, overexpress CXCR4 and exhibit 15-fold increased monocyte migration that is CSD peptide-sensitive. SSc monocytes exhibit a different phenotype than normal monocytes, expressing high levels of ColI, CD14 and CD34. Because ColI+/CD14+ cells are prevalent in SSc blood, we looked for such cells in lung tissue and confirmed their presence in SSc-ILD lungs but not in normal lungs. Finally, in the bleomycin model of lung fibrosis, we show that CSD peptide diminishes fibrocyte accumulation in the lungs. Our results suggest that low caveolin-1 in SSc monocytes contributes to ILD via effects on cell migration and phenotype and that the hyperaccumulation of fibrocytes in SSc-ILD may result from the altered phenotype and migratory activity of their monocyte precursors.
Spiral zone plate imaging for soft x-ray microscopy

Phase sensitive x-ray microscopy techniques are important in the study of samples that exhibit phase contrast. One way to detect these phase effects is to optically implement the radial Hilbert transform by using spiral zone plates (SZPs), resulting in the imaging of the amplitude and phase gradient in a sample. This is similar to differential interference contrast imaging in light microscopy. Soft x-ray microscopy using a SZP as a single element objective lens was demonstrated through the imaging of a 1 μm circular aperture at a wavelength of 2.73 nm. A regular zone plate, a charge 1 SZP, and a charge 2 SZP were fabricated on a silicon nitride membrane using electron beam lithography. The negative e-beam resist hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) was used for patterning, and the zone plates were electroplated with nickel. These zone plates were then used as the imaging optic in a soft x-ray microscopy setup.
Effects of a magnetic field on nuclear spin ordering in solid He-3

The effects of applied magnetic field up to 1.2 T have been observed on nuclear spin ordering in solid He. For B 0.4 T the transition is sharp and is depressed in temperatture by the field. For $Bg~0.42$ the ordering region is broadened and moves to significantly higher temperatures with increasing fields.
Macrophage Gene Expression and Foam Cell Formation Are Regulated by Plasminogen

Background—Deciphering the molecular and cellular processes that govern macrophage foam cell formation is critical to understanding the basic mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis and other vascular pathologies. Methods and Results—Here, we identify a pivotal role of plasminogen (Plg) in regulating foam cell formation. Deficiency of Plg inhibited macrophage cholesterol accumulation on exposure to hyperlipidemic conditions in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. Gene expression analysis identified CD36 as a regulated target of Plg, and macrophages from Plg−/− mice had decreased CD36 expression and diminished foam cell formation. The Plg-dependent CD36 expression and foam cell formation depended on conversion of Plg to plasmin, binding to the macrophage surface, and the consequent intracellular signaling that leads to production of leukotriene B4. Leukotriene B4 rescued the suppression of CD36 expression and foam cell formation arising from Plg deficiency. Conclusions—Our findings demonstrate an unanticipated role ...
Radiolabeled cholesteryl ethers trace LDL cholesteryl esters but not HDL cholesteryl esters in the rat

Abstract The intravascular metabolism of cholesteryl [1-14C]oleoyl ester and [1,2-3H(N)]cholesteryl palmityl ether was compared in the rat, an animal species without plasma cholesteryl ester transfer activity (CETA). The tracers had identical plasma disappearance rates when they were incorporated into human or rat low density lipoproteins (LDL). Fractional catabolic rates (FCR) were 0.081 ± 0.014 h−1 and 0.080 ± 0.013 h−1 for human LDL ester and ether and 0.098 ± 0.007 h−1 and 0.101 ± 0.007 h−1 for rat LDL ester and ether, respectively. In contrast, the ether had plasma disappearance rates that were 24%–25% lower than the ester when they were incorporated into human or rat high density lipoproteins (HDL). FCR were 0.230 ± 0.020 and 0.173 ± 0.030 h−1 for human HDL ester and ether and 0.131 ± 0.020 h−1 and 0.100 ± 0.017 h−1 for rat HDL ester and ether respectively. Biological screening of the rat HDL preparations did not affect these differences. The results of these studies indicate that in the absence of plasma CETA, cholesteryl ethers can be used to trace LDL cholesteryl esters but not to trace HDL cholesteryl esters.
Intramolecular S···O Chalcogen Bond as Stabilizing Factor in Geometry of Substituted Phenyl-SF3 Molecules

Density functional methods are used to examine the geometries and energetics of molecules containing a phenyl ring joined to the trigonal bipyramidal SF3 framework. The phenyl ring has a strong preference for an equatorial position. This preference remains when one or two ether -CH2OCH3 groups are added to the phenyl ring, ortho to SF3, wherein an apical structure lies nearly 30 kcal/mol higher in energy. Whether equatorial or apical, the molecule is stabilized by a S···O chalcogen bond, sometimes augmented by CH···F or CH···O H-bonds. The strength of the intramolecular S···O bond is estimated to lie in the range between 3 and 6 kcal/mol. A secondary effect of the S···O chalcogen bond is elongation of the S-F bonds. Solvation of the molecule strengthens the S···O interaction. Addition of substituents to the phenyl ring has only modest effects upon the S···O bond strength. A strengthening arises when an electron-withdrawing substituent is placed ortho to the ether and meta to SF3, while electron-releasing species produce an opposite effect.
Effect of 5-bis(2-chloroethyl)aminouracil on incorporation of uracil-2-14C into RNA of tumour-bearing rats

Abstract At various time intervals following the administration, to rats bearing the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma, of 5-bis(2-chloroethyl)aminouracil in doses of 4 mg/kg, 20 μc of uracil-2-14C were injected. The animals were sacrificed after 75 min, the tissues were excised, and the specific activities of the RNA of the intracellular fractions were determined. The incorporation of uracil-2-14C into the RNA of the various intracellular fractions of tumor and spleen was markedly inhibited. The effect on the spleen was more marked than was the effect on the tumor. In the liver, an increased incorporation of the labeled uracil into the RNA of all intracellular fractions was observed at 12 hr after the administration of the drug.
Aqueductal tanycytes in the rabbit brain: A Golgi study

Utilizing Golgi-Cox impregnation, tanycytes were found in the ependyma of the cerebral aqueduct of the neonatal and adult rabbit. These tanycyte somas showed a variety of shapes, apical projections into the aqueduct, and basal processes (shafts) projecting into the mesencephalon, particularly into the periaqueductal gray (PAG). The shafts showed a variety of branching patterns, and sometimes abutted or terminated on capillaries or on specific neuronal elements. Other shafts coiled within the PAG or terminated within the neuropil of the mesencephalon. It is possible that these tanycytes provide a route for transport of cerebrospinal-fluid-borne substances from the aqueduct to the neuronal regions and vasculature of the mesencephalon. The presence of these tanycytes with complex branching patterns in proximity to neural and vascular structures suggests a permanent, active role for these specialized ependymal cells.
Micro-macro scale instability in 2D regular granular assemblies

Instability and stress–strain behavior were investigated for 2D regular assemblies of cylindrical particles. Biaxial shear experiments were performed on three sets of assemblies with regular, albeit increasingly defective structures. These experiments revealed unique instability behavior of these assemblies. Continuum models for the assemblies were then constructed using the granular micromechanics approach. In this approach, the constitutive equations governing the behavior of inter-particle contacts are written in local or microscopic level. The behavior of the RVE is then retrieved by using either kinematic constraint or least squares (static constraint) along with the principle of virtual work to equate the work done by microscopic force–displacement conjugates to that of the macroscopic stress and strain tensor conjugates. The ability of the two continuum approaches to describe the measured stress–strain behavior was evaluated. The continuum models and the local constitutive laws were used to perform instability analyses. The onset of instability and orientation of shear band was found to be well predicted by the instability analyses with the continuum models. Further, macro-scale instability was found to correlate with the instability of inter-particle contacts, although with some variations for the two modeling approaches.
Silicon nanowire nonvolatile-memory with varying HfO 2 charge trapping layer thickness

There is a widely recognized need for urgent progress in non-volatile memory (NVM) technology, driven by the exponential market growth of ubiquitous portable and mobile electronics. To enable further scaling and achieve better portable electronics, the industry consensus is that fundamentally new innovations must be introduced beyond the 45-nm lithography node generation [1]. One of the approaches is to design NVM cells based on silicon nanowires (SiNWs) [2, 3]. The cylindrical symmetry of SiNWs leads to two aspects that enable SiNW NVM to outperform conventional planar FLASH NVM. (1) The electric field is more efficiently applied on the nanowire channel with the same control gate voltage, leading to higher performance at lower operation power. (2) Short channel lengths are possible with a minimal reduction of the dielectric stack thickness (to maintain good retention), making SiNW is particularly suitable for scaled NVM cells [4, 5]. Moreover, the use of high-k dielectric materials as gate stack and information storage medium will significantly improve the program speed and reliability for non-volatile memory [6].
Recent advances in the clinical and biochemical manifestation of chromium deficiency in human and animal nutrition

Several recent studies demonstrate that dietary Cr intake in humans and farm animals may be suboptimal. Recent advances in Cr nutrition include the following: 1) Triglycerides of subjects with noninsulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) decreased following daily supplementation of 200 μg of Cr. Glucose and cholesterol values were not affected. 2) HDL cholesterol of subjects taking beta-blockers for the control of hypertension improved following supplementation with 600 μg of Cr per day. 3) Chromium prevented sucrose-induced hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats but did not alter genetic hypertension. 4) The pig was shown to be a good experimental model for human Cr nutrition studies. Supplemental Cr (300 μg/Kg diet) improved glucose, insulin, HDL, and related parameters in pigs, similar to effects reported previously for humans. 5) Lean body mass increased and percent fat decreased in pigs receiving supplemental Cr, supporting earlier human studies suggesting that Cr effects body composition. 6) Litter size of pigs increased from the lowest 10th percentile to the highest 10th percentile following Cr supplementation. 7) Immune function improved in Cr-supplemented cattle. Improvements in immune function were only present in the stressed animals. These recent advances document the nutritional role of Cr and demonstrate that the normal nutritional status of humans and farm animals may be suboptimal. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 11:241–250, 1998. Published 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.1
Optical Processing Techniques In Incoherent Light

Diffraction Gratings permit many and diverse optical processing techniques to be carried out with light of greatly reduced coherence, either spatial or temporal. Several such techniques are described, including phase-amplitude imaging, fringe projection and tomography.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Seismic Ground – Water Survey in New Hampshire

The drainage basin of Barbadoes Pond, Madbury and Dover, southeastern New Hampshire, was studied by seismic refraction and magnetic measurements as part of an interdisciplinary investigation. The purpose of the geophysical measurements was to provide boundary conditions (bedrock and water–table elevations) for a mathematical model of ground–water flow. The basin is intensively used for recreation, municipal water supply, and sand and gravel mining. Barbadoes Pond is a kettle lake lying in the middle of a broad, flat–topped sand and gravel hill (a “kame plain”). The plain is surrounded by marine clay at a lower elevation. A broad, deep, northwest–southwest trending trough underlies the plain according to seismic refraction measurements (45 lines) and water wells. The present form and location of the trough are attributed to glacial enlargement of a stream valley eroded along a bedrock shear zone. The bedrock topography and seismic velocity are directly related to erosion resistance of the vertically dipping metasedimentary bedrock. Magnetic anomalies are consistent with the seismic results. Water–table elevation correlates with bedrock elevation, not surface elevation. This is a consequence of highly permeable sand and gravel, the principal surfical materials. Apparently the pond is not hydraulically independent of nearby wells and a large reservoir. The results invite speculation that kame plains occur over bedrock troughs. Such a relationship, if generally true, would speed search for good well sites in this region of rapid population growth and industrial development.
Measuring the motives of public officials at a distance: An exploratory study of american presidents

The inaugural addresses of American Presidents from 1905-1969 were scored for the need for Achievement (n Ach) and the need for Power (n Power), using procedures originally developed for scoring individual TAT protocols. The resulting motive scores are closely related to the consensus judgment of historians and political scientists concerning those Presidential administrations. Thus the technique of scoring speeches for psychological imagery appears to be a promising way to measure the personality characteristics of significant political actors, who are usually unavailable for standard personality assessment procedures. Moreover, the technique appears to have promise for predicting the future course of political action, given the motive scores of actors. Several methodological issues are discussed.
Clustering sequences by overlap

A clustering algorithm is introduced that combines the strengths of clustering and motif finding techniques. Clusters are identified based on unambiguously defined sequence sections as in motif finding algorithms. The definition of similarity within clusters allows transitive matches and, thereby, enables the discovery of remote homologies that cannot be found through motif-finding algorithms. Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) structures are constructed that link short clusters to the longer ones. We compare the clustering results to the corresponding domains in the InterPro database. A second comparison shows that annotations based on our domains are inherently more consistent than those based on InterPro domains.
Aircraft Camera Mounts—Their Design and Testing*

Methods are discussed of minimizing the effect of aircraft vibration on the quality of air photographs. An improved method of testing camera mounts is described, and examples are given of some tests. An experimental camera mount having unusually good vibration elimination characteristics is described.
Students with Emotional Disabilities: Responding to Advisors' Concerns and Questions

Students with emotional disabilities are attending institutions of higher education in increasing numbers. Professionals considering appropriate postsecondary classroom accommodations and support may face advising challenges. However, most advisors have little training in responding to the needs of students with emotional disabilities. Answers to eight questions that advisors frequently ask about working with students with emotional disabilities, practical guidelines, and experience-based examples and resolutions are offered.
Magnetic surface states on Ni(100)

Angle-resolved photoelectron spectra, utilizing polarized synchrotron radiation, from Ni(100) reveal a narrow surface-sensitive peak at the Fermi energy. This structure exists near the surface-Brillouin-zone edges in both the [10] and [11] directions. The symmetry of this state is odd (even) with respect to the (100) [(110)] mirror plane. Projections of the bulk bands onto the surface Brillouin zone show that these surface-sensitive energy levels exist in regions of the surface Brillouin zone where there are gaps in only one spin band. The very narrow energy width of these states indicates that they are surface states and consequently magnetic.
High Temperature Performance Grading of Asphalts through a Specification Criterion that Could Capture Field Performance

Since the realization that the Superpave specification parameter |\iE*|/sin δ is not adequate in rating polymer-modified binders for high temperature performance grading of paving asphalts, researchers have been seeking ways to refine this parameter to make it more sensitive to pavement performance and also find other possible parameters that may better relate to rutting resistance. Most of these efforts have led to positive results in the right direction, but each has its own set of limitations that is preventing immediate implementation of the suggested ideas. From among the various suggestions, the one that has the highest merit for possible use is the refinement of the Superpave specification parameter, namely, the term |\iE*|/(1—(1/tan δ sin δ)) that evolved through a theoretical derivation based on fundamental concepts. This performance-based specification term was shown to be more sensitive to the variations in the phase angle δ than the original Superpave specification parameter and thus described the unrecovered strain in the binders more accurately. Though this refinement led to better discrimination between rutting resistance of various asphalts, not all asphalts with the same performance-grade based on the new parameter behaved identically in their rutting performance in laboratory mixture test evaluations. By model fitting the master curve formed from |\iE*|/(1—(1/tan δ sin δ)) versus frequency data at various temperatures for each binder, a rut-controlling term was extracted that correctly graded the binders in terms of the mixture performance. However, this approach is not appropriate for routine use as it requires large sets of data generation at various temperatures to form the master curve before determination of the model parameters for the rut-controlling term. The present work proposes an alternative method of using the term |\iE*|/(1—(1/tan δ sin δ )) such that it can be easily adopted as a high temperature performance grading specification for asphalts and evaluates its efficacy through actual field performance data.
LONG‐TERM EFFECTS OF STROKE

LONG‐TERM EFFECTS OF STROKE Edited by Julien Bogousslavsky 2002. Monticello, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. Price $175. pp. 344. ISBN 0–8247–0624–2 A serious shortcoming in current neurological practice is the post‐acute care we are able to provide to patients with stroke. Whereas tremendous research has recently changed the ways in which neurologists view acute ischaemic stroke, with a number of thrombolytic and neuroprotective approaches now available and others under investigation, little attention is paid to patients following maximal acute care. Progress in the intensive care of such patients in specialised critical care neurology units has also improved outcomes, as has good aetiological diagnosis (e.g. cardiogenic embolism, carotid stenosis) and secondary prevention. However, after discharge from the intensive care unit and the inpatient neurology ward, with maximal acute treatment and perhaps secondary prevention tailored to a specific aetiological diagnosis, patients are sent off to the care of physiatrists and therapists for various re‐educational programs that are not motivated by the goals of brain recovery or purposeful neural remodelling. Furthermore, practising neurologists pay little attention to patients at this stage of stroke recovery, despite the fact that these patients have a serious neurological illness (they have the same illness as before, just as do patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or Alzheimer’s disease or Parkinson’s disease), and the fact that they have marked neurological signs and symptoms. A particular irony of improved acute stroke care is the increased survival of patients with such problems. In advanced countries, stroke is the primary cause of disability in adults. A recent book, targeted at clinical neurologists, aims to reduce this knowledge gap regarding the long‐term effects of stroke. This book, edited by the well‐known stroke neurologist Julien Bogousslavsky of Lausanne, contains twelve chapters focusing on various aspects of assessment and prognosis of stroke sequelae, including several chapters …
Self-assembly of dendrimers by slippage.

A dendrimer with rotaxane-like characteristics has been assembled under thermodynamic control from complementary wedge-shaped precursors by slippage in CH2Cl2. The driving force for the self-assembly process is the molecular recognition that exists as a result of [N+−H···O] and [C−H···O] hydrogen bonds between an NH2+ center in one Frechet-type benzyl ether wedge and a dibenzo[24]crown-8 unit that links the other two such wedges.
Automatically adapting web pages to heterogeneous devices

Smartphones and other handheld devices have become popular and powerful Internet access devices, yet the Web is still largely optimized for the desktop. We describe a system that automatically transforms desktop-optimized pages to ones better suited to the target device. The system leverages existing platform-customized sites as examples of good design, identifies consistent components across these sites, and renders the desktop page into these components.
Our genome unveiled

The draft sequences of the human genome are remarkable achievements. They provide an outline of the information needed to create a human being and show, for the first time, the overall organization of a vertebrate's DNA.