cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of salinity on the microbial removal of nitrate under varying nitrogen inputs within the marshland upwelling system

The marshland upwelling system (MUS) utilizes the natural properties of wetland soils to treat domestic wastewater injected into the marsh subsurface as the wastewater moves upwards and outwards from the injection site. The system is different from coarse media based wetland treatment systems common in Europe, though it relies on the same principles. A laboratory study was designed to simulate field conditions in order to investigate and quantify the removal of nitrogen from the wastewater by pumping wastewater into the bottom of cores and observing the changes as the wastewater moved upward to the surface. Two nitrogen treatments (100 mg NH(4)-N L(-1) and 80 mg NH(4)-N L(-1)/20 mg NO(3)-N L(-1)) and two salinities (2 and 20‰) for each N treatment were studied. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) demonstrated a removal efficiency of 90%, while NO(3)-N had a removal efficiency of > 99% throughout the 84 days of the study. Higher salinity had a temporary, significant lower removal of DOC, while nitrate removal was high and consistent over time. Microbial biomass C (MBC) and denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) were measured to determine the role of microbial processes within the MUS. Wastewater introduction increased microbial growth at the column surface, which led to increases in denitrification/nitrification coupling and net N loss, as estimated by DEA. Salinity and organic matter were found to have significant negative and positive impacts, respectively, on DEA rates and MBC. An understanding of the impacts of salinity on specific microbially-mediated N transformations is critical for improving the efficiency of the MUS in coastal environments to determine the long-term sustainability.
MODELING OF JET-GENERATED RECIRCULATING FLOWS IN A MINIATURE COMBUSTOR

The complicated flow fields in miniature annular combustors are investigated numerically. The flow parameters studied include the jet tube length and momentum ratio of the primary jet. From the numerical results it is found that four different recirculations, namely, the primary, second, third, and dilution recirculations, might be generated in the combustor owing to the interaction between the mainstream and the lateral jets. In all cases studied, the primary recirculation can be observed, although its strength, size, and location are changed with the flow parameters. The jet tube length produces a significant effect on the recirculation flow structure in the primary zone. The increase of the momentum ratio of the primary jet results in the suppression and enhancement of the primary and second recirculations, respectively.
Progress in the nondestructive measurement of states in quantum communication and computation systems

We discuss methodologies for non-demolition measurement of quantum states. Four quantum non-demolition measurement strategies are described namely phase-coupled, polarization-coupled, gain-coupled, and Raman-effect coupled measurement schemes. Qualitative as well as quantitative assessments are presented for each of the measurement schemes in terms of back-action evading, quantum-state preperation, and degration of signal field. Simulation results indicate that quantum non-demolition measurements are realized for low coupling coefficients for each of the four schemes.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Scientific credit and credibility.

The verdict returned by an inquiry into scientific misconduct by Bell Labs researchers left many in the community feeling stunned. Where do we go from here?
Mortality and recruitment in an urban forest (Forest Park in Portland, Oregon) between 1993 and 2003

I examined tree recruitment and mortality over a ten-year period at permanent plots in an urban forest, Forest Park, in Portland, Oregon. The density and diameter at breast height (dbh) for all trees living and dead were measured in 1993 and again in 2003. Data were analyzed using paired Student t-tests. I found significantly fewer live and significantly more dead trees in 2003 than in 1993. The increase in mortality was significant for all species of trees and for all sizes except large diameter trees. Mortality rates ranged from 0% to 67% at my sites. Recruitment was lower at all sites in 2003 with significantly fewer seedlings and saplings. The high mortality and low recruitment resulted in a net loss of trees at all sites. Loss of trees was not offset by increasing tree diameter, which suggests self-thinning is not the cause. No strong correlation with an urban to rural land use gradient was observed. The results may be related to global climate change or pollution. The high mortality of trees of all species in many diameter classes without a concomitant increase in recruitment could lead to dramatic changes in forest structure.
Allies and Adversaries: Appointees and Policymaking Under Separation of Powers

Public sector agencies are an important front in the day-to-day battle for political supremacy between the executive and the legislature. The executive's key agents in this conflict are his appointees, who frequently play one of two roles: Congressional allies, where they help Congress implement policy and Congressional adversaries, where they fight with Congress to shift policy strongly toward the executive. This article studies how these two roles arise and what implications they have for administrative policymaking. It highlights how intrinsically motivated bureaucrats combined with hierarchical control affect the ability of the political principals to control the execution of policy. I explore how this interaction shifts under alternative institutional forms, and how it leads appointees to "go native." The model makes several predictions concerning Congressional oversight of bureaucratic agencies. An empirical analysis of audit reports released by the Government Accountability Office finds patterns of oversight consistent with these predictions. The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Yale University. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org, Oxford University Press.
Effect of low dimensionality on prefactor anomalies in superionic conductors

Abstract For a one-dimensional superionic conductor the jump rate inferred from NMR line narrowing is shown to have a prefactor orders of magnitude smaller than given by optical phonon frequencies. A reduced activation energy is also predicted.
Female Steroid Hormones and Lipoprotein Synthesis in the Cockerel: Effects of Progesterone and Nafoxidine on the Estrogenic Stimulation of Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL) Synthesis

Since progesterone is known to modulate the effects of estradiol in a number of organ systems, we have studied the effects of the two hormones on very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) synthesis in the cockerel. We have also examined the effect of an estrogen antagonist, nafoxidine-HCl, on the process. When three week-old cockerels were treated with a single injection of estradiol (1 mg) or estradiol (1 mg) + progesterone (2 mg), plasma VLDL increased within 5 h, reached a peak at 48 h and returned to baseline values at 68 h. There was no significant difference between estradiol or estradiol + progesterone treated animals. Liver slices were prepared from similarly treated animals and incubated in vitro with L-[3H\lysine for 2 h. Following homogenization and centrifugation at 105,000 × g, newly synthesized VLDL were quantitated in the supernatant fluid by immunoprecipitation with a monospecific antibody. Radioactivity incorporated into VLDL was found to increase from low baseline levels to a peak at about 17...
Collagen Fiber Angle Quantification of Carotid Arteries From Fibulin-5 Null Mice

Recent studies have revealed that carotid arteries from fibulin-5 (fbln5) null mice exhibit altered biomechanical and microstructural properties [1–2]. While the previous studies outline quantitative differences in mechanical properties of arteries from fbln5 null and wildtype mice, physical microstructural differences have yet to be quantified. Measurement of microstructural parameters will provide a crucial link between previously quantified mechanical properties and biological effects of knocking out the fbln5 gene. Characterizing microstructural properties will also provide experimental data to validate structurally-motivated constitutive relations and growth and remodeling models [3–4]. In this study, we quantified collagen fiber orientation in carotid arteries from fbln5 null and wildtype mice; collagen in mouse carotid arteries were imaged using multiphoton microscopy and analyzed using a fast Fourier transform algorithm.© 2011 ASME
The multicentric character of normal left ventricular wall motion. Implications for the evaluation of regional wall motion abnormalities by contrast angiography

Current radiologic approaches to evaluation of regional ventricular wall motion generally employ rectilinear hemichords ("hemiaxes") or radial hemichords ("chords"), defined by the presumptions that wall segments move either perpendicularly toward the ventricular long axis, or toward some common center, respectively. In order to test these presumptions, the end-systolic and end-diastolic frames of 17 normal right anterior oblique (left) ventriculograms were analyzed, using a digitizer and a computer. The motion vectors of 47 points on each ventriculographic perimeter were defined by centers (located along the ventricular long axis). Twenty average centers were found which could be represented by three centers, for six regions of the normal angiographic silhouette. Computer models of abnormal regional wall motion, using three centers, disclosed appreciable discrepancies among the chord, hemiaxis and rectilinear area methods, particularly for the apical and basal wall regions. The model data suggest that the wall region, itself, dictates the center which should be used for measuring an abnormality of regional wall motion.
Time for large randomised trials of vitamin D for women with gestational diabetes mellitus to improve perinatal health outcomes

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects 7–14% of pregnancies in the USA and its incidence is rising. Several small trials have demonstrated improved insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance with vitamin D supplementation among women with GDM. In this issue of Diabetologia (DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3293-x), Asemi and colleagues report that co-supplementation of vitamin D and calcium among women with diet-controlled GDM improves several biomarkers of metabolic status, including insulin, glucose and cholesterol. Whether such improvements in biomarkers would translate into clinically meaningful reductions in the harmful sequelae of GDM remains unknown. The promising results from Asemi and colleagues justify investment in large randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of vitamin D (with or without calcium) for women with GDM. Such trials should be powered for perinatal outcomes such as Caesarean section for macrosomia, postnatal hypoglycaemia and respiratory distress; ideally, the trials would include long-term follow-up of mothers and infants for later metabolic consequences of GDM.
On the relationship between the Frisch and Slutsky decompositions

Abstract We present an alternative to the traditional Slutsky decomposition for parametric changes in constrained optimization problems called the Frisch decomposition. The Frisch decomposition is useful for the analysis of dynamic models and we establish the relationship between the two decompositions.
’’Two‐port’’ magnetostatic wave resonators utilizing periodic metal reflective arrays

Single‐port and two‐port magnetostatic surface wave (MSSW) resonators have been demonstrated. These devices, based on etched groove array reflectors have shown high loaded Q’s (≳800) and clean resonance characteristics. A primary drawback lies in the fact that the reflective arrays must be accurately etched in the epitaxial YIG film, a complex and expensive process. This work reports the first use of etched metal reflector arrays to form resonant structures. A theoretical model is derived and applied to a two‐port model of the device. Simpler to fabricate, the structure shows Q’s of ∼600.
Determination of Ampicillin in Plasma by Paired Ion High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract A new, accurate, precise, and specific method has been developed for the assay of ampicillin in plasma. No extraction of ampicillin from plasma is called for. Plasma is treated with acetonitrile containing propiophenone as the internal standard, vortexed, centrifuged, and the supernate is injected. A C18 reverse phase column is used. The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of methanol and 0.02M phosphate buffer of pH 6.00, and contained alkyldimethylamine C10 as an ion pair ligand. Detection was by UV at 220 nm. A linear relationship between concentration and peak area ratio was obtained. Recovery, day-to-day, and within-day variation were determined.
Quality Teaching Practice in Schools: a Trainee‐derived Model of Satisfactory Supervision

Abstract A recent DES survey of initial teacher training in the public sector in England, Northern Ireland and Wales expresses ‘concern’ over the quality of supervision received by trainee teachers from college tutors during periods of block teaching practice. This paper reports a survey carried out in a Catholic voluntary college, in an endeavour to establish what constitutes a satisfactory model of supervision seen from the point of view of two groups of students following different teacher training courses.
Electrophoretic analysis of young caiman and crocodile serum

Abstract 1. 1. On the basis of electrophoretic analysis, high serum globulin/ albumin ratios have been found in young Crocodilia. 2. 2. Although electrophoretic patterns of young alligator, crocodile and caiman serum resemble one another in that the major component represents an α-globulin, the serum pattern of caiman distinctly differs from those of alligator and crocodile. 3. 3. The differences seen in caiman can be interpreted at this time in two ways: it reflects the presence in caiman of either varying amounts of an albumin with relatively slow mobility and an electrophoretically fast pre-albumin or relatively low amounts of albumin and varying amounts of two electrophoretically distinguishable α-globulins.
Communication Problems in the Intensive Care Unit

Hospitalization in an intensive care unit is often physically uncomfortable and socially disorganizing. The ordinary forms of conversational participation that generate and sustain a sense of agency are breached when the patient cannot communicate in socially consensual “real time.” Using my own experience in an intensive care unit, I describe how delayed speech, through the use of an alphabet board, frequently leads to a host of interactional problems and mutual accusations about character. I attempt to show that the fabric of self and the perception of quality of care are achieved through “real time” communication. I also describe the differential communicative structure of those who will not and those who will use my alphabet board. Those using the board exhibit, through board employment and through the “local” topics discussed, a depth of common culture between them and me.
Biological variation and diagnostic accuracy of dehydration assessment markers

Background: Well-recognized markers for static (one time) or dynamic (monitoring over time) dehydration assessment have not been rigorously tested for their usefulness in clinical, military, and sports medicine communities. Objective: This study evaluated the components of biological variation and the accuracy of potential markers in plasma, urine, saliva, and body mass (Bm) for static and dynamic dehydration assessment. Design: We studied 18 healthy volunteers (13 men and 5 women) while carefully controlling hydration and numerous preanalytic factors. Biological variation was determined over 3 consecutive days by using published methods. Atypical values based on statistical deviations from a homeostatic set point were examined. Measured deviations in body fluid were produced by using a separate, prospective dehydration experiment and evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to quantify diagnostic accuracy. Results: All dehydration markers displayed substantial individuality and one-half of the dehydration markers displayed marked heterogeneity of intraindividual variation. Decision levels for all dehydration markers were within one SD of the ROC criterion values, and most levels were nearly identical to the prospective group means after volunteers were dehydrated by 1.8‐7.0% of Bm. However, only plasma osmolality (Posm) showed statistical promise for use in the static dehydration assessment. A diagnostic decision level of 301 6 5 mmol/kg was proposed. Reference change values of 9 mmol/kg (Posm), 0.010 [urine specific gravity (Usg)], and 2.5% change in Bm were also statistically valid for dynamic dehydration assessment at the 95% probability level. Conclusions: Posm is the only useful marker for static dehydration assessment. Posm ,U sg, and Bm are valid markers in the setting of dynamic dehydration assessment. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;92: 565‐73.
Biodegradability of Packaging Films

The biodegradability of several packaging films was determined; the degradation of the polymeric films, polypropylene and poly(vinyl chloride), was compared to a coated paper and several coated cellophanes. The films were buried in bacterially-active soil and the extent of bacterial degradation was determined by measuring the reduction in tensile strength as a function of burial time. The results show that the polymeric films do not degrade after five weeks of soil burial while the glassine and cellophanes do degrade. Surprisingly, the cellophane films decompose at a faster rate than the coated glassine sheet.
A Note on the Baldwin-Lomax Turbulence Model

An analytic expression is obtained for the constant C cp in the Baldwin-Lomax model by comparing self-similar solutions for velocity in a constant pressure incompressible flow that are based on the Cebeci-Smith and Baldwin-Lomax models; both models are shown to give identical results when the model C cp has a specific analytical form.
Benthic Macroinvertebrate Communities in Southwestern Lake Ontario Following Invasion of Dreissena: Continuing Change

Benthic macroinvertebrate communities were compared and quantified at natural cobble and artificial reef sites in Lake Ontario in 1983 (pre-Dreissena invasion), and in both 1991–1992 and 1995 (1 to 2 and 5 years post-Dreissena invasion, respectively). Diversity and abundance of non-dreissenid macroinvertebrates generally rose from 1983 to 1991–1992, but returned to 1983 levels or lower by 1995. Although community similarity (excluding Dreissena from analysis) remained high across study years, the 1995 invertebrate community more closely resembled the pre-Dreissena community of 1983 than the initial post-Dreissena community of 1991–1992 because of recent declines in the absolute abundance and diversity of macroinvertebrates. In particular, gastropods responded negatively to Dreissena or to associated benthic habitat or community changes that occurred from 1991–1992 to 1995. These results suggest that short- and long-term effects of Dreissena on other organisms may be quite different, and illustrate the need for long-term monitoring of biological communities in order to more fully determine effects of invasive species or other environmental perturbations on ecosystems.
Identification of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Childhood and Adolescence

Obesity in the child and adolescent population is a growing problem. This article discusses the identification of obesity and overweight youth using body mass index and anthropometry and reviews literature to show the relationship between obesity and premature cardiovascular disease.
Enhanced light-extraction from a GaN waveguide using micro-pillar TiO2–SiO2 graded-refractive-index layers

A GaN waveguide structure with micro-pillar arrays is designed and fabricated to measure the extraction of optical modes that would be waveguided in the absence of the pillars. Electroluminescence (EL) measurements of waveguide light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with pillar diameters in the 2–10 µm range revealed increasing light-extraction efficiency (LEE) enhancement with decreasing pillar diameter. Ray tracing simulations of LED far-field patterns confirmed experimental trends. A 54% enhancement is demonstrated for GaN waveguides cladded with a triangular lattice of graded-refractive-index (GRIN) TiO2SiO2 micro-pillars of 2 µm diameters compared to GaN waveguides cladded with an unpatterned GRIN TiO2SiO2 layer.
Time and dosage effects of meprobamate on visual detection.

In spite of the recent interest in the behavioral effects of psychoactive drugs, and the practical importance of the data, there has been little systematic exploration of drug effects on sensory thresholds (UH~, 1961). DICKES, FLAMM, COLTR:EI~A, and To~I~ (1955) report that mephenesin, a muscle relaxant, increased threshold of both neutral and emotionally charged words presented tachistoscopically. ]~YSENCK and AI~A (1957) found a lowering of visual threshold under both dexedrine and sodium amytal as compared to a placebo control group. HOLLAND and TREADWELL (reported in EYSENCK, 1959) found a general decrease in light sensitivity under meprobamate. It is known clinically that acute dosages of meprobamate occasionally produce drowsiness as a side effect, and, therefore, it might be expected that the drug would impair performance on a visual detection task demanding sustained attention and accuracy of immediate recall. But since the onset and duration of these drug effects have not been demonstrated empirically, the present study was concerned primarily with tracing out both the time and dosage response curves for meprobamate when administered in acute dosages within the therapeutic range. Response curves on a visual detection task were ascertained for three levels of meprobamate and a placebo at time intervals ranging from 15 minutes to four hours after ingestion. In order to partially control for effects of individual diurnal cycles of activity on performance, the experimental sessions were scheduled for both morning and evening hours. Method
Ubiquitination of BST-2 Protein by HIV-1 Vpu Protein Does Not Require Lysine, Serine, or Threonine Residues within the BST-2 Cytoplasmic Domain

The cellular protein BST-2/CD317/Tetherin has been shown to inhibit the release of HIV-1 and other enveloped viruses from infected cells. The HIV-1 accessory protein Vpu binds to both BST-2 and βTrCP, a substrate-recognition subunit for the SCF (Skip1-Cullin1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. This interaction leads to both the degradation of BST-2 and the enhancement of viral egress. Recently BST-2 was shown to be ubiquitinated in this process. Here we have confirmed the Vpu- and βTrCP-dependent multi/polyubiquitination of BST-2. Ubiquitinated BST-2 accumulated in cells treated with a lysosomal inhibitor but not a proteasomal inhibitor. Additionally, we observed that a BST-2 mutant deleted for its cytosolically exposed lysine residues is also ubiquitinated. Subsequent experiments suggested that Vpu promotes BST-2 ubiquitination upon amino acid residues bearing hydroxyl- but not thiol-bearing side chains. However, a BST-2 mutant bearing substitutions for its cytoplasmically exposed Ser, Thr, and Lys residues was still down-regulated, ubiquitinated, and degraded in a Vpu-dependent manner. Our results suggest that Vpu may target either the BST-2 cytoplasmic Tyr residues or the NH2 terminus itself for ubiquitination.
Reproductive health differences among Latin American- and US-born young women.

Investigations of reproductive health within Lationos living in the United States suggest that sexual behaviors and contraception use practices vary by ethnicity and between foreign- and US-born adolescents. This article compares high-risk sexual behaviors and reproductive health among foreign-born Latinas, US-born Latinas, and US-born non-Latinas aged 15–24 years. We recruited 361 females from reproductive health clinics in the San Francisco Bay Area of California between 1995 and 1998; these women completed an interview that assessed sexual risk behaviors and history of pregnancy, abortion, and sexually transmitted infections. Current chlamydial and gonococcal infections were detected through biological testing. Among participants aged 15–18 years, US-born Latinas were more likely to have been pregnant (odds ratio [OR] comparing US-born Latinas and US-born non-Latinas=3.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3, 11.4), whereas among respondents aged 19–24 years, foreign-born Latinas were more likely to have been pregnant than US-born Latinas (OR=11.3, 95% CI 1.0, 130.8) and US-born non-Latinas (OR=64.2, 95%CI 9.9, 416.3). US-born Latinas were most likely to have had an abortion (OR comparing US-born Latinas and US-born non-Latinas=2.0, 95% CI 0.9, 4.7). They were also most likely to have chlamydial infection at study enrollment (8.2% prevalence compared to 2.2% and 1.0% for foreign-born Latinas and US-born non-Latinas, respectively; P=0.009). Reproductive health differences between foreign and US-born females and within the US-born population warrant further examination and highlight the need for targeted prevention.
Katabatic flow induced by a cross-slope band of surface cooling

This paper investigates the behavior of katabatic flow induced by an idealized, thermally inhomogeneous surface; a strip of surface cooling that has a finite width in the along-slope direction and is infinitely long in the cross-slope direction. Numerical simulations using the Boussinesq equations of motion and the thermodynamic energy equation are performed for various slope angles and strip lengths. The underlying dynamical processes in the katabatic jet and the near environment are explored by considering the along-slope momentum balance after a steady state has been achieved.
Novel inverse-tone High Contrast Grating reflector

We present a new type of subwavelength grating, which provides ultrahigh reflectivity when embedded in a high refractive index medium. It is therefore an ideal candidate to replace the bulky bottom DBR reflectors in VCSELs.
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 is expressed in both sertoli cells and metaphase spermatocytes

Abstract Objective: To gain insight into the function of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) in spermatogenesis. Design: The expression of the Cdk5 protein was determined with the use of immunohistochemical and immunoblot analysis. Setting: Academic research laboratory. Animal(s): Adult mouse and archival human testicular tissue were used for the immunohistochemical analysis. Adult mice were used as the source of tissues for the immunoblot analysis. Intervention(s): The immunohistochemical analysis was performed with an anti-Cdk5 antibody. The double immunohistochemical analysis was performed with anti-Cdk5 and α-tubulin antibodies. Immunoblotting was used to examine multiple mouse tissues for Cdk5 expression. Main Outcome Measure(s): Analysis of Cdk5 protein distribution. Result(s): Cdk5 was localized specifically within the cytoplasm of Sertoli cells and meiotic metaphase germ cells. The double immunohistochemistry analysis demonstrated the co-localization of Cdk5 and α-tubulin within the Sertoli cells. Western blot analysis revealed a high level of expression of Cdk5 in the testicular lysate. Conclusion(s): The cyclin-dependent kinases are known regulators of the cell cycle; however, Cdk5 expression previously has been described in terminally differentiated cells of the brain. The present evidence of an association between Cdk5 and microfilaments of Sertoli cells and meiotic metaphase germ cells suggests a role of Cdk5 in both seminiferous tubule function and meiosis.
Wolf spider sociobiology: I. Agonistic display and dominance-subordinance relations in adult male Schizocosa crassipes.

1. Agonistic display among adult male Schizocosa crassipes (Walckenaer), the brush-legged wolf spider, was described. These stereotyped displays are observed exclusively during male-male encounters. 2. The presence of conspicuous black tibial brushes on the males' forelegs, coupled with movements and/or postures of the forelegs, suggests a visually-mediated communication system. 3. R-type factor analysis of the agonistic behaviors treated as variables resulted in four factors which accounted for 74.3% of the variance. These factors were interpreted as "Approach/Signal", "Vigorous Pursuit", "Run/Retreat" and "Non-Linking" behaviors. A transition probability matrix of inter-individual behavior sequences allowed determination of which behaviors followed one another beyond chance levels. 4. Agonistic displays were graded on an Approach-Avoidance continuum and weighted from + 1 to +5 for approach behaviors and -1 to -5 for avoidance behaviors. The factor analysis of the behaviors and transition probability matrix served as guides for determining intensity weights for each agonistic behavior, and a Dominance Index (DI) was calculated for each spider with every partner. 5. Each spider was classed as Dominant, Intermediate or Subordinate on the basis of its DI and the number of spiders present in the test group, and a stable, linear dominance hierarchy was observed over 10 days. 6. Q-type factor analysis of the subjects treated as variables resulted in four factors accounting for 90.0% of the variance. The first two factors explained 83.3% of the variance, and were interpreted as "Subordinance" and "Dominance" on the basis of the DI's of those spiders comprising each factor. 7. Multiple stepwise discriminant analysis verified the three dominance categories and revealed differences among the groups on the basis of the kinds and frequencies of agonistic display. Dominant spiders exhibited Approach/Signal and Vigorous Pursuit behaviors; Subordinate spiders exhibited Run/Retreat behaviors; and Intermediate spiders exhibited Run, Retreat, Contact, Tapping, and approach-oriented behaviors. 8. Agonistic display in S. crassipes is a complex male-male communication system which may serve as a behavioral mechanism for preserving personal space among con-specifics, and for maximizing the chances of Dominant males mating.
Case Studies of Curricular Approaches.

This chapter provides an overview of the career courses adapted by three universities to support the career transition process for each of their student populations. Each university varies by size, location, student population, and approach in the support of the career development needs of their students.
An X-Ray Spectrograph

An x-ray spectrograph of simple construction but of considerable precision is described in detail. It is of the rotating crystal type and the record is made upon a photographic film bent in the arc of a circle. The instrument is very easy to set up and the precision of the results is quite good for a device of this type.
Chronic NOS inhibition accelerates NAFLD progression in an obese rat model

The progression in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is a serious health concern, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesized that chronic i...
On the place of linguistic resources in the organization of talk-in-interaction: A co-investigation of English and Japanese grammatical practices

Abstract This report presents a method for examining grammar as a participants' resource for conduct in interaction. By situating the analysis of grammar in the interactional context of turn-construction and action sequence organization we are able to establish a technical basis for comparing elements of grammatical organization across languages and cultures. By focusing on the co-construction of single turn-constructional units, we are able to describe participants' treatment of sentences-in-progress in terms of a sequentially informed syntax. Through the co-investigation of languages with dissimilar grammatical practices we are able to isolate and describe the use of language-specific structures as constitutive elements of turn-construction.
Conferencing and collaborative computing

As integrated services have become available to the desktop, users have embraced new modes of interaction, such as multimedia conferencing and collaborative computing. In this paper, we provide a survey of past and present research that has influenced this application area, and describe research directions for the future.
Characteristics of dropouts in longitudinal research on aging: A study of Mexican Americans and Anglos

Abstract The characteristics of dropouts in a four-year longitudinal study of Mexican Americans and Anglos aged 60 years and over are investigated. Dropouts are found to be significantly older, to be less healthy, to view themselves as older, and to be less active than persons remaining in the study. Subgroups of dropouts differ from each other: deceased persons and those who could not be located were found to be generally less advantaged than restudied persons, while refusers were found to be advantaged. Implications for longitudinal studies on aging are discussed.
The application of soil amendments to the retardance of rainwater-leached metals from CCA-treated wood ash in soil.

The burning of wood treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA) produces an ash that contains high concentrations of copper, chromium, and arsenic. The subsequent leaching of these metals from burn sites can produce soil and water contamination. Soils have varying natural abilities to reduce leaching and impact metals speciation and toxicity by sorption, conversion, and sedimentation-related mechanisms. Recent regulations have resulted in increased quantities of CCA-treated lumber entering the waste stream, making the study of metals leaching from ash, and the amendment of soils to more effectively immobilize metals, important areas of investigation. The performance of various soil amendments to immobilize or retard Cu, Cr, and As species in soil/CCA-ash mixtures was studied. The amendments evaluated were agricultural lime (CaCO3/MgCO3), soil softener (CaSO4 · 2H2O), and iron sulfate (FeSO4). Results of this investigation show that native soil alone retards the mobility of As and Cr, amendments applied a...
The hope and reality of long‐acting hemophilia products

Recombinant DNA technology and protein engineering are creating hope that we can address ongoing challenges in hemophilia care such as reducing the costs of therapy, increasing the availability to the developing world, and improving the functional properties of these proteins. Technological advances to improve the half-life of recombinant clotting factors have brought long-acting clotting factors for hemophilia replacement therapy closer to reality. Preclinical and clinical trial results are reviewed as well as the potential benefits and risks of these novel therapies.
Application of three-dimensional spline variational analysis for composite repair

Abstract The purpose of this research was to apply a non-commercialized spline-based (B-spline analysis method or BSAM) computer program to model and predict strain fields in two composite repairs, the scarf joint and the stepped-lap joint, subjected to static tensile loading. Test specimens with scarf and stepped-lap joints were fabricated using quasi-isotropic 16 ply panels made from IM6/3501-6 pregreg with a [+45 2 /0 2 /−45 2 /90 2 ] S lay-up. Moire interferometry, a high-resolution full-field optical technique used to measure displacements on a surface, was used to determine experimental strain data. Full-field strains along the free-edge were predicted and compared to experimental strain data. Line plots are generated from predicted and experimental data extracted at several points across the width of the repair to provide a quantitative comparison. Overall, both the full-field strain images and line plots show good agreement between the BSAM analysis and the experimental data.
Detailed chemical kinetic modeling of the effects of CC double bonds on the ignition of biodiesel fuels

Abstract A detailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanism previously developed to study combustion of soy and rapeseed oil methyl ester biodiesel fuels is used to simulate combustion of many other biodiesel fuels derived from different vegetable oils and animal fats. All of these biodiesel fuels consist of unique mixtures of the same five individual, single-component methyl esters, including methyl stearate, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, methyl linolenate, and methyl palmitate. The stearate and palmitate molecules are saturated, while the oleate, linoleate and linolenate have one, two and three C C double bonds, respectively. Each plant- or fat-derived biodiesel fuel that is made from the same five components has variations in combustion properties that depend on differences in the relative fractions of these five components. The present study focuses on ignition properties of these oil- and fat-derived biodiesel fuels and on their cetane numbers (CN), which measure relative ignition rates under diesel engine operating conditions. A key factor determining differences in ignition properties and CN of the many methyl ester diesel fuels is shown to be the number of C C double bonds in the long carbon chains of each component molecule, with each C C double bond reducing the CN value by a significant amount. Each C C double bond provides allylic sites where H atoms are easily abstracted, but these allylic radical sites are shown to be weak bonding sites for molecular oxygen that do not support subsequent isomerization reactions that lead to low temperature reactivity and ignition. This reduced rate of low temperature reactivity is responsible for the reductions in CN due to the presence of these C C double bonds. The amount of reduction in low temperature reactivity is roughly proportional to the number of C C double bonds in each biodiesel fuel molecule, relative to the saturated components of biodiesel fuel.
Niacin status of humans as affected by eating decorticated and whole-ground sorghum (Sorghum Gramineae) grain, ready-to-eat breakfast cereals

Niacin utilization to humans from whole grain ground sorghum flour and decorticated grain ground sorghum flour was studied. During two, randomly-arranged experimental periods of 14 days each, the 10 healthy adult subjects ate constant, laboratory controlled diets which included 28 g per day of either a ready-to-eat cereal prepared from whole-ground-sorghum flour or one prepared from decorticated (polished) sorghum flour. All subjects received both experimental treatments, made complete collections of urine and stools, and gave fasting blood samples at the ends of both experimental periods. Although the whole ground cereal contained higher amounts of niacin than did the decorticated cereal, urinary losses of N-methylnicotinamine were higher when the decorticated cereal was fed than when the whole ground cereal was used. Blood serum levels of nicotinamide and N-nicotinamide were higher when the whole ground cereal was fed than the feeding of the decorticated cereal was given. Therefore, it appears that the niacin of whole ground sorghum is absorbed but then the need for niacin is either increased or its urinary excretion is inhibited.
Non‐peptide fibrinogen receptor antagonists. 31. The synthesis of [3H]L‐767,685 and [3H]L‐767,679

The synthesis of the fibrinogen receptor antagonist [ 3 H]L-767,679 and its ethyl ester prodrug [ 3 H]L-767,685 is described. Bromination of an appropriate benzolaclam followed by catalytic tritiation with tritium gas gave a labelled benzolactam that was converted to [ 3 H]L-767,685 via a coupling/deprotection sequence. Hydrolysis of [ 3 H]L-767,685 then gave the acid [ 3 H]L-767,679. These two compounds were obtained with a specific activity of 10-16 Ci/mmol.
Is silicon a human carcinogen

Abstract This work reviews the literature concerned with the carcinogenesis of silicon in humans. Many of the studies deal with large cohorts of industrial workers. We sort these according to the type of silicon exposure and its consequences. An association of silica dust and fibers with lung and stomach cancers is widely reported and still other types of cancer are linked to silicon exposure. The risk is far greater if silicosis is present. On the other hand, still other studies show no association between silicon and cancer in humans, especially when confounding variables such as smoking and concomitant exposure to other carcinogens are taken into consideration. Though the literature is controversial, the weight of evidence nevertheless strongly supports an important role for silicon in the production of cancer in humans.
Sonochemically induced decomposition of energetic materials in aqueous media.

Abstract This study demonstrates that ultrasound rapidly degrades the energetic compounds RDX (cyclo-1,3,5-trinitramine-2,4,6-trimethylene) and ADN (ammonium dinitramide) in aqueous microheterogeneous media. The conditions for effective degradation of these nitramines, as monitored by UV absorption spectroscopy, were determined by varying sonication time, the heterogeneous phase and its suspension density, and the concentration of NaOH. In the presence of 5 mg/ml of aluminum powder and at pH∼12 (10 mM NaOH), 74% of the RDX and 86% of the ammonium dinitramide (ADN) in near-saturated solutions decompose within the first 20 min of sonication (20 kHz; 50 W; ⩽5 °C). Sonication without Al powder and base yields minimal degradation of either RDX and ADN (∼5–10%) or the nitrite/nitrate ions that are expected byproducts during RDX and ADN degradation. Sonication at high pH in the presence of dispersed aluminosilicate zeolite, alumina, or titanium dioxide also yields minimal degradation. Preliminary electrochemical studies and product analyses indicate that in situ ultrasonic generation of metallic aluminum and/or aluminum hydride drives reductive denitration of the nitramines. Sonochemical treatment in the presence of a reductant offers an effective and rapid waste remediation option for energetic waste compounds.
A new angle on the tectonic evolution of the Ridge basin, a strike-slip basin in southern California

The Ridge basin, located in southern California between the San Andreas and San Gabriel faults, contains as much as 14 km of Mio-Pliocene marine and nonmarine sedimentary fill. These strata are exposed as a northwest-dipping homoclinal sequence that becomes increasingly younger to the northwest. Pliocene to Holocene deformation, uplift, and dissection of this basin provide an opportunity to study stratal geometry and sedimentary facies in what is commonly cited as a classic "strike-slip" basin. Newly acquired seismic data from the northern Ridge basin provide new evidence for the subsurface basin geometry. These data lead us to conclude that the principal northern strand of the San Gabriel fault is a listric, east-southeast-dipping, oblique-slip fault rather than a subvertical, strike-slip fault. The principal San Gabriel fault appears to become subhorizontal at the southeastern end of the seismic line at a present-day sub-surface depth of ∼4 km. This interpretation is consistent with preliminary two-dimensional gravity models across the basin and with the homoclinal structure of basin fill. Subsidence within the Ridge basin is explained as the result of northwest- southeast extension locally accommodated along the listric, right-lateral San Gabriel and associated late Miocene strike-slip faults. As a consequence of oblique normal slip on the gently dipping San Gabriel fault, sedimentary strata were continuously tilted and moved southeastward in the hanging wall away from the depocenter. This mechanism of basin formation allowed 14 km of sediment to accumulate without deep burial. The geometry and displacement history of the San Gabriel fault controlled sediment accommodation and resultant stratal geometries within the basin. Slip along the San Gabriel fault and associated subsidence of the Ridge basin correspond temporally with regional tectonic events in southern California, reflecting both changes in the relative motion of Pacific and North American plates and the evolution of strain partitioning across this plate boundary.
Numerical Simulation of Frontogenesis in a Moist Atmosphere

This paper describes the effects of condensation and evaporation on mesoscale frontal circulations in a two-dimensional numerical model. Utilizing an explicit scheme for the prediction of water vapor, cloud water and rainwater, the model is used to investigate the interactions between convection and the larger-scale environment. The model results are qualitatively compared with results of theoretical and observational studies, including those from the recent Severe Environmental Storms and Mesoscale Experiment-Atmospheric Variability Experiment (SESAME-AVE). Three major differences are observed in a comparison of the moist and dry simulations: (1) The speed of the upper- and lower-level jets was significantly higher in the moist case, (2) The intensity of the ageostrophic circulations in the moist simulation was much stronger, (3) The vertical velocity field in the moist case was characterized by a banded structure not present in the dry case.
Geranylgeranyl switching regulates GDI-Rab GTPase recycling.

Abstract Rab GTPases, key regulators of membrane targeting and fusion, require the covalent attachment of geranylgeranyl lipids to their C terminus for function. To elucidate the role of lipid in Rab recycling, we have determined the crystal structure of Rab guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (αGDI) in complex with a geranylgeranyl (GG) ligand (H 2 N-Cys-(S-GG)-OMe). The lipid is bound beneath the Rab binding platform in a shallow hydrophobic groove. Mutation of the binding pocket in the brain-specific αGDI leads to mental retardation. Strikingly, lipid binding acts through a conserved allosteric switching mechanism to promote release of the GDI-Rab[GDP] complex from the membrane.
Instrumented monitoring of the Commodore Barry Bridge

The Drexel Intelligent Infrastructure and Transportation Safety Institute, working in partnership with the Delaware River Port Authority (DRPA), has been investigating the application of various health monitoring techniques to long span bridges. Specifically, the researchers efforts have focused on the Commodore Barry Bridge, a major cantilevered through truss bridge owned by the DRPA. Health monitoring, in the case of civil infrastructure systems, may be considered as measuring and tracking the operating and loading environment of a structure and corresponding structural responses in order to detect and evaluate operational anomalies and deterioration or damage that may impact service or safety reliability. This paper describes the development and implementation of the health monitoring system that has been installed on the Commodore Barry Bridge. Issues that should be considered when conducting health monitoring of long span bridges are also discussed. The health monitoring system takes advantage of in excess of 100 data channels to continuously track the loading environment and numerous structural responses of the bridge. The major attributes of the health monitoring system for this bridge, many of which are applicable for use on other long span bridges, are also presented and described.