cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring Factors That Promote Online Learning Experiences and Academic Self-Concept of Minority High School Students

ABSTRACTThe rapid growth of online education at the K-12 level in recent years presents the need to explore issues that influence the academic experiences of students choosing this method of learning. In this study, we examined factors that promote/hinder the learning experiences and academic self-concept of minority students attending an online high school. Qualitative interviews were conducted with twenty-four African American, and sixteen Hispanic high school students. The results showed that collaborative learning activities, access to resources, time convenience, student-teacher interactions, student-student interactions, improved academic behavior, and parental support helped to enhance online learning experiences and academic self-concept of the minority students. On the contrary, the lack of social presence, and the lack of cultural inclusion in course content constrain online learning experiences and academic self-concept of the students. The findings revealed some similarities between factors th...
Temperature Regulation during Locomotion in Insects

Locomotion in insects, as in other animals, requires repeated muscle contractions, and the speed and force of the contractions are a function of muscle temperature. Within limits, the higher the muscle temperature, the greater is the maximum rate of work output (see review by R. K. Josephson, 1980). Since different modes of locomotion require rates of work output that vary over an order of magnitude, the minimum muscle temperature required could presumably differ. In addition, a walking insect can potentially move at a fast or a slow pace, with maximum pace being dictated by muscle temperature. Flight, on the other hand, is an all-or-none response that requires a minimum work output, and a minimum muscle temperature. Rate of wing movements, however, varies greatly between species, and force per wing-beat can vary within the same insect, depending on flight speed and load.
Biomarkers as Common Data Elements for Symptom and Self‐Management Science

PURPOSE Biomarkers as common data elements (CDEs) are important for the characterization of biobehavioral symptoms given that once a biologic moderator or mediator is identified, biologically based strategies can be investigated for treatment efforts. Just as a symptom inventory reflects a symptom experience, a biomarker is an indicator of the symptom, though not the symptom per se. The purposes of this position paper are to (a) identify a "minimum set" of biomarkers for consideration as CDEs in symptom and self-management science, specifically biochemical biomarkers; (b) evaluate the benefits and limitations of such a limited array of biomarkers with implications for symptom science; (c) propose a strategy for the collection of the endorsed minimum set of biologic samples to be employed as CDEs for symptom science; and (d) conceptualize this minimum set of biomarkers consistent with National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) symptoms of fatigue, depression, cognition, pain, and sleep disturbance. DESIGN AND METHODS From May 2016 through January 2017, a working group consisting of a subset of the Directors of the NINR Centers of Excellence funded by P20 or P30 mechanisms and NINR staff met bimonthly via telephone to develop this position paper suggesting the addition of biomarkers as CDEs. The full group of Directors reviewed drafts, provided critiques and suggestions, recommended the minimum set of biomarkers, and approved the completed document. Best practices for selecting, identifying, and using biological CDEs as well as challenges to the use of biological CDEs for symptom and self-management science are described. Current platforms for sample outcome sharing are presented. Finally, biological CDEs for symptom and self-management science are proposed along with implications for future research and use of CDEs in these areas. FINDINGS The recommended minimum set of biomarker CDEs include pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, a hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis marker, cortisol, the neuropeptide brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and DNA polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS It is anticipated that this minimum set of biomarker CDEs will be refined as knowledge regarding biologic mechanisms underlying symptom and self-management science further develop. The incorporation of biological CDEs may provide insights into mechanisms of symptoms, effectiveness of proposed interventions, and applicability of chosen theoretical frameworks. Similarly, as for the previously suggested NINR CDEs for behavioral symptoms and self-management of chronic conditions, biological CDEs offer the potential for collaborative efforts that will strengthen symptom and self-management science. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The use of biomarker CDEs in biobehavioral symptoms research will facilitate the reproducibility and generalizability of research findings and benefit symptom and self-management science.
Semantically-Independent but Contextually-Dependent Interpretation of Contrastive Accent

A pair of eye-tracking experiments compared the effect of prominent pitch accent on pre-nominal intersective color adjectives and subsective size adjectives. Because subsective size adjectives are inherently contrastive, they may prompt comparison among a subset of referents regardless of the presence of prominent accent. In contrast, intersective color adjectives may require prosodic marking in order to be interpreted contrastively. Accent-driven contrast interpretation was tested within a real-world object manipulation paradigm, where participants followed pre-recorded instructions to decorate holiday trees. In both the Color and the Size experiments, a prominent accent (L + H*) on the adjective facilitated the detection of a contrastive target (e.g., Hang a red/medium star. → Next, hang a YELLOW/LARGE star.). When L + H* was infelicitously used in non-contrastive sequences (e.g., Hang a red/medium tree. → Next, hang a YELLOW/LARGE ball.), a reliable ‘garden-path’ increase in fixations to the incorrect contrastive competitor (e.g., yellow/large tree) was found in the Size but not in the Color experiment. As a result, the fixations to the correct target were visibly delayed in the Size experiment. In the Color experiment, the bias toward a contrastive interpretation was found regardless of accent type on the adjective. We argue that this was due to differences in the salience of visual contrast. While the present results confirm that L + H* on pre-nominal modifiers evokes an anticipatory contrast interpretation, they also suggest that the effect of accentual prominence is modulated by the discourse and referential context, rather than by the inherent semantics of accented words.
The Use of Virtual Reality to Facilitate Mindfulness Skills Training in Dialectical Behavioral Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury: A Case Study.

Abstract. Paralysis from a spinal cord injury (SCI) increases risk of psychological problems including suicide attempts, substance use disorder, negative emotions (e.g., anger), depression, anxiety, ASD/PTSD. Dialectical Behavioral Therapy® (DBT®) has been shown to be effective for treating similar psychological symptoms in non-SCI patient populations. The current study explored for the first time, the feasibility and clinical potential of using Immersive Virtual Reality (VR) enhanced DBT® Mindfulness skills training to help reduce psychological symptoms (negative emotions and anxiety, ASD/PTSD) of two patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). Patient 1 was a 39-year-old male patient suffering multiple spinal cord injuries, resulting in quadriplegia, after falling out of a four story building. Patient 1 had severe depression, and anxiety symptoms. Patient 2, was a 31 year old male with a C7 vertebral body fracture, leading to paresis, after suffering a blunt force trauma injury during an attempted suicide, jumping from a moving vehicle. Patient 2 had mild depression, and anxiety symptoms. Methods: Each patient looked into VR goggles, and had the illusion of slowly “floating down” a river in virtual reality while listening to DBT® Mindfulness Skills training instructions. Each patient filled out brief psychological ratings before and after each VR session, four VR DBT® sessions for patient 1, and two VR DBT® sessions for patient 2. Results: As predicted, patient 1 reported reductions in negative emotions after each VR DBT® Mindfulness session. Patient 2 had mixed results on some of the measures of negative emotions. And both patients reported feeling less depressed, less anxious, and less emotionally upset, after VR DBT® Mindfulness Skills learning. Patient 2 reported large reductions in short term ASD/PTSD symptoms after his first VR DBT® mindfulness skills training session. Conclusion: This study explored the feasibility of using VR DBT® with quadriplegic or paresis SCI patients. Both SCI patients accepted VR, the patients liked using VR, and, with assistance from the therapist, the patients were able to use the VR equipment, despite being paralyzed. Additional research and development will be needed to determine whether VR DBT® Mindfulness Skills training leads to any long term improvements in outcome.
Adenovirus infection in pediatric transplant recipients: are effective antiviral agents coming our way?

Purpose of review Adenoviruses (AdVs) infection is a self-limited disease in the majority of immunocompetent children and adults, but can cause disseminated and life-threatening illness in immunocompromised hosts. This article will discuss therapeutic strategies for AdV infection in the pediatrics transplant recipient. Recent findings Currently, there is no FDA approved antiviral therapy for AdV infection. Accordingly, the primary initial therapy would be decreasing immunosuppression, whenever possible. Cidofovir (CDV) is an antiviral drug whose use has been associated with significant reductions of AdV viral load and, in some series improved survival in recipients of solid organ transplant (SOT) and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). However, its use is also associated with significant toxicity. Brincidofovir (BCV) is a lipid formulation of CDV, which has an improved oral bioavailability and favorable toxicity profile compared with CDV. However, studies have only shown modest benefit from BCV for AdV disease or viremia. Immunotherapy is a growing field in the management of this virus infection on HSCT patients with promising results. Summary Current evidence support the use of CDV and BCV, as rescue therapy, on SOT and HSCT transplant patients. Immunotherapy had only been proven successful in HSCT patients, as an option for refractory cases or rescue therapy for AdV infection.
Does noise stress modulate effects of smoking/nicotine? Mood, vigilance, and EEG responses

Effects of smoking multiple cigarettes on EEG, vigilance, and subjective state were assessed in a repeated measures design where noise level (high versus minimal) was crossed with nicotine dose (quasi-ad lib own versus 1.0 mg FTC nicotine machine-delivered dose versus 0.05 mg FTC nicotine machine-delivered dose). Vigilance was increased by nicotine, but not by noise and there was no noise by dose interaction. Effects of nicotine on EEG varied as a function of dose, noise, hemisphere, time, and eyes-open versus eyes-closed condition. Smoking normal nicotine delivery (0.9–1.1 mg FTC-estimated) cigarettes resulted in decreases in percentages of delta and theta EEG magnitude and increased percentage beta-1 EEG magnitude across conditions and time. Changes in alpha and theta magnitude were dependent on eyes being open versus closed. Hemispheric asymmetries varied as a function of noise and time. Consistent with inverted “U” models, effects of nicotine on EEG were clearly stimulant during the quiet conditions while there were minimal to no differences between nicotine doses during the high-noise conditions. The failure of nicotine to modify mood is interpreted in terms of bioinformational models of nicotine’s subjective effects.
The Consumer Connection

Marcel Mauss’s Essay on the Gift (1925/1967) was an initial look at the relationship among cultural symbolism, moral obligations, and the economy in preindustrial societies.’ He dealt with the internal structures of primitive and archaic economies as autonomous units. Reciprocity and redistribution were the bases for obligatory gift exchanges. Karl Polanyi (1968:12–25) has examined the relationship between external trade and gift exchange, or status payments, which are internal to a society. The growth of the tourist art and craft market in Third World countries is an example of the interface of informal sector economies with an international monetary system. The concept of the gift is central to the interpretation and use of tourist art objects both in their production settings and abroad. In this chapter, 1 explore the economic aspect of tourist art and its impact upon imagery. I do so by examing the buyer-seller relationship, or the consumer connection, in symbolic and economic terms.
The National Palliative Care Research Center: Ten Years of Promoting and Developing Research in Palliative Care.

Abstract Background: The evidence base to support high-quality clinical care and number of scientists available to develop this evidence base are inadequate. Objective: To describe the first 10 yea...
Current Status of the US Military Atolls in the Pacific: Johnston and Wake

Abstract Johnston and Wake Atolls are the last exclusive US Department of Defense controlled atolls in the Pacific. Wake Atoll houses a small workforce of about 100 personnel and operates in support of periodic missions for missile defense testing. The base at Johnston Atoll was closed in 2003, with removal of most buildings completed in 2004. It went from a fully operational base and industrial facility with 1200 personnel to complete demolition and abandonment within a year. Both atolls had been active US military bases since the 1930s with a legacy of contaminants on land and in ocean sediments. As of today, strict environmental protection procedures are in effect to minimize further contaminants from entering waters and many of the former waste sites have been remediated. The reefs of these atolls are in generally good condition with fishes in abundance, in large part due to fishing restrictions. Wake Atoll in particular, has several fishes which have become rare on other Pacific reefs because of overfishing. With the establishment of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument, which includes both atolls, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration implemented a long-term monitoring program that conducts species surveys and coral health assessments. Wake Island is also a National Historic Landmark.
Lesser Tuberosity Osteotomy in Anatomic Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

The deltopectoral exposure has earned the reputation as the “workhorse” approach to the shoulder. Due to the reproducible anatomy and its extensile nature, there is little debate when considering e...
Dynamic Games in Cyber-Physical Security: An Overview

Due to complex dependencies between multiple layers and components of emerging cyber-physical systems, security and vulnerability of such systems have become a major challenge in recent years. In this regard, game theory, a powerful tool for modeling strategic interactions between multiple decision makers with conflicting objectives, offers a natural paradigm to address the security-related issues arising in these systems. While there exists substantial amount of work in modeling and analyzing security problems using game-theoretic techniques, most of the existing literature in this area focuses on static game models, ignoring the dynamic nature of interactions between the main players (defenders vs. attackers). In this paper, we focus only on dynamic game analysis of cyber-physical security problems and provide a general overview of the existing results and recent advances based on application domains. We also discuss several limitations of the existing models and identify several hitherto unaddressed directions for future research.
A Study of the Mechanical and Permeability Properties of Nano- and Micron-Tio2 Filled Epoxy Composites:

Polymer nanocomposites consisting of 32 nm diameter TiO2 nanoparticles and epoxy resin were ultrasonically processed and the mechanical and permeability properties of the resulting composites were ...
Rethinking the Nitrogenase Mechanism: Activating the Active Site

Metalloenzymes called nitrogenases (N2ases) harness the reactivity of transition metals to reduce N2 to NH3. Specifically, N2ases feature a multimetallic active site, called a cofactor, which binds and reduces N2. The seven Fe centers and one additional metal center (Mo, V, or Fe) that make up the cofactor are all potential substrate-binding sites. Unraveling the mechanism by which the cofactor binds N2 and reduces N2 to NH3 represents a multifaceted challenge because cofactor activation is required for N2 binding and functionalization to NH3. Despite decades of fascinating contributions, the nature of N2 binding to the active site and the structure of the activated cofactor remain unknown. Herein, we discuss the challenges associated with N2 reduction and how transition-metal complexes facilitate N2 functionalization by coordinating N2. We also review the activation and/or reaction mechanisms reported for small molecule catalysts and the Haber-Bosch catalyst and discuss their potential relevance to biological N2 fixation. Finally, we survey what is known about the mechanism of N2ase and highlight recent X-ray crystallographic studies supporting Fe–S bond cleavage at the active site to generate reactive Fe centers as a potential, underexplored route for cofactor activation. We propose that structural rearrangements, beyond electron and proton transfers, are key in generating the catalytically active state(s) of the cofactor. Understanding these processes will be key to unveiling the mechanism of N2 binding and reduction.
P405 Children with eating disorders presenting to non-tertiary paediatric units in ireland – a case series

The number of young people with eating disorders is rapidly increasing and hospital admissions are rising. We describe a case series of seven females who required admission to a paediatric unit in a non-tertiary centre over a 3 year period, highlighting the challenges presented. 7 patients had a total of 12 in-patient stays on a general paediatric ward. Length of stay ranged from 6 to 84 days, mean 44 days, median 55 days. Initial presentations were all unscheduled episodes of care. Age at initial presentation ranged from 10 to 14 years. Restrictive type eating disorder was the working diagnosis initial presentation in 5 of 7 cases. All were managed according to the Junior MARSIPAN Guidelines (Royal College of Psychiatrists). In the 2 youngest patients, both 10 years, the diagnosis of an eating disorder was made after medical investigation of weight loss. 5 of 7 children required nasogastric re-feeding during their first admission. 4 of 7 required transfer to a tertiary unit specializing in eating disorder management. Only one of these four was successfully discharged home by 6 months, the others have required repeat admissions over 3 years. Diagnosis in all 7 was restrictive eating pattern, non-bulimic. Medical complications included profound bradycardia and hypotension at presentation in 7/7 and re-feeding syndrome in 1/7. 2/7 manifested extreme behavioural challenge on a general paediatric ward. 1/7 self-harmed. 24 hour supervision including meal support was required by Health Care Assistants in 5/7. No adolescent/child segregation could be provided. There are no nursing staff with training in managing the child with an eating disorder on our ward. Paediatric dietetic support was available but no other specialist treatment was possible. This cohort is small in number relative to the overall admissions to our unit. Prolonged and repeat admissions have significant implications for the limited budget of a small hospital. Total length of stay of 489 days cost 400,000 euro for basic care alone. This unscheduled care group also represents a considerable work load for general paediatricians. Best practice management of Anorexia Nervosa prompts the need for a multi-disciplinary approach from a paediatrician, psychiatrist, psychologist, and speciality trained dietician and nursing staff. The increasing incidence and prevalence of eating disorders among older children and adolescents is an increasing burden of care for general paediatric units in Ireland compounded by an under-resourced community Child and Adolescent Mental Health service.
Neuromonitored Thyroid Surgery: Optimal Stimulation Based on Intraoperative EMG Response Features

OBJECTIVES To evaluate/compare normative electrophysiologic electromyography (EMG) response characteristics of recurrent laryngeal, vagus, and external branch of superior laryngeal nerve evoked with different stimulators used in neuromonitored thyroid surgery. STUDY DESIGN Prospective crossover study METHODS: EMG responses obtained via endotracheal tube surface electrodes in 11 patients undergoing thyroid surgery were recorded when stimulated with four stimulators: two monopolar (Prass standard and ball tip), one bipolar, and one dissecting instrument. Normative mean EMG results including latency, amplitude, threshold, saturation currents, and distance-sensitivity were compared. RESULTS The Prass standard stimulator had shorter latency time when nerve was not covered with fascia (P = .04). The bipolar, dissecting instrument, and ball tip demonstrated similar latency times with and without nerve fascia. Pooled mean latency increased significantly from 1.86 ms to 2.16 ms when comparing nerves without fascia and nerves with fascia (P < .05). The Prass standard monopolar stimulator had the lowest mean threshold at 0.40 mA, with the dissecting instrument having the highest threshold at 0.89 mA for dissected nerve. Pooled mean threshold and saturation increased from 0.6 mA to 1.7 mA (P < .0001) and 1.57 mA to 4.15 mA (P < .001) with fascia covering nerve, respectively. The mean depolarization rate was 100% for monopolar and bipolar electrodes and 81% for dissecting instrument at 1 mA. Only 9% of monopolar electrodes generated an EMG response when stimulated from 2 mm away. CONCLUSION Monopolar stimulators are more sensitive for neural mapping, whereas bipolar instruments are more specific, thus reducing false positive stimulation. Dissecting instruments share many features of monopolar stimulators while being more specific, and thus are a viable alternative. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2b Laryngoscope, 2020.
Engineered heat dissipation and current distribution boron nitride-graphene layer coated on polypropylene separator for high performance lithium metal battery

Abstract Li metal as a battery anode has been intensively studied because of its high gravimetric capacity (3860 mAh g−1), a low standard electrode potential (−3.04 vs. SHE), a reasonable electronic conductivity and low density. However, lithium metal suffers from a continuous Li dendrite growth upon charge-discharge cycling, delivering a poor coulombic efficiency and consequently its early failure. Here, engineered bilayer separators demonstrate that a boron nitride-graphene (BNxGry) layer coated on one side of polypropylene (PP) membrane remarkably reduces the polarization and impedance, and significantly improve the performance and stability of Li/Cu half-cells. Moreover, Li/LiFePO4 full cell with the modified BN50Gr50/PP separator presents a remarkably stable 1000 charge-discharge cycles with a specific capacity of 114 mAh g−1 at 1C-rate. The superiority of the modified separator is orginated from an effective synergistic effect between physico-chemical properties of Gr (reducing local current density) and BN (dissipating local heat) and its enhanced structural and mechanical stability.
Metasurfaces, Metadevices, and Metasystems: Hierarchical Photonics via Machine Learning

To fully unlock the capacity of engineered optical media, metadevices and metasystems are exploited with progressively greater complexity, including those with arbitrarily complicated topology, spatially variant building blocks, and multi-layered configurations. The astronomical degrees of freedom associated with such structures have obstructed effective design of them based on the conventional wisdom. In this talk, we present a series of machine learning frameworks, consolidating deep neural networks, evolutionary strategy, and advanced patter generation methods for the inverse design of meta-structures in response to on-demand optical properties, with extensive case studies for multiplexed wavefront control, holography, and optical computing.
Exames gratuitos: exames laboratoriais para cães e gatos fornecidos pelo LPV – Instituto Federal Catarinense – Campus Concórdia

The growing number of pets in large urban centers and the close contact with humans contribute to an increase in the risk of zoonoses for the human population. By offering free parasitological examinations of feces of domestic animals, it is possible to carry out routine analyzes and monitor the health of the animals; it also is possible to measure the most frequent parasitological agents and which constitute zoonosis. To provide free services to the community that uses the veterinary clinic of the Instituto Federal Catarinense - Campus Concordia, feces samples from dogs and cats, collected by the tutors individually, were identified and placed in a box with the identification of the project Free exams: Laboratory tests for dogs and cats provided by the LVP. The tests were performed at the same institution, at the Veterinary Parasitology Laboratory (LPV). These samples were subjected to Willis' qualitative methods; Hoffman, Pons & Janer and centrifugal flotation in sucrose solution (d = 1.203g / cm3). 96 samples were examined, totaling 238 parasitological exams. 29 animals with parasitosis were diagnosed, in which eggs of the genera Ancylostoma, Trichuris, Cystoisospora, Giardia, Toxocara and Dipylidium were found. In addition, other parasites were accidentally found in stool tests, such as the arthropod Demodex canis and mites. The diagnosed and properly identified dogs and cats had their owners notified. Considering the diagnoses made by the project, it is notable that the tests help in the care and attention to the animal's health and consequently to the human´s.
School Health Service Provider Perceptions on Facilitated Interactive Role-Play Around HPV Vaccine Recommendation

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a facilitated interactive role-playing activity on increasing human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine recommendation skills for school nurses and school-based health center staff. A 1-day workshop was implemented for school-based clinicians focused on improving HPV vaccination rates in schools. The workshop included a facilitated interactive role-playing activity involving five scenarios related to recommending the HPV vaccine to parents. Participants completed a usability survey with open-ended questions assessing their experience. A general inductive approach was used to examine responses. Sixteen participants completed the usability survey. The major strength identified specific to the activity included opportunity to practice evidence-based recommendation skills (n = 10). Weaknesses of the activity identified included lack of diversity (n = 4) and complexity within the scenarios (n = 2). Results could shift current educational and clinical paradigms through the implementation of hands-on education strategies to effectively train school-based clinicians to strongly recommend the HPV vaccine.
Covid-19: One year on…

Ron Fricker assesses the impact of the pandemic in the United States by calculating the number of "excess deaths".
Insights about interventions to address food insecurity in adults with type 2 diabetes: Valuable lessons from the stories of African Americans living in the inner city.

Abstract Objectives This qualitative study aimed to gain insight from the perspectives of food insecure African Americans living in an inner city regarding important diabetes intervention strategies and components. Methods Using a grounded theory approach, two focus groups (totaling 16 individuals) were conducted in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Purposive, convenience sampling was used to identify food insecure adults with diabetes. Questions were asked using a moderator guide to explore challenges and barriers to managing diabetes within the context of food insecurity, and facilitators or resources that helped participants improve diabetes management. Questions were open ended and followed by probes asking for additional perspectives and personal experiences related to the overarching topic, and questions asking to clarify statements. Results Overarching concepts and themes specific to possible interventions discussed during the focus groups included group education, peer support, access to community resources and programs, stress management, and faith-based programs as desired intervention outcomes. Conclusions Key findings from the current study show that inner-city African Americans with diabetes desire interventions that foster social and community support systems. Practice Implications Given this insight, more robust and comprehensive interventions are needed to account for the multifaceted experience of food insecurity and diabetes within the inner-city environment.
A cross-sectional analysis of trust of information and COVID-19 preventative practices among people with disabilities.

Abstract Background Trust of information shapes adherence to recommended practices and speed of public compliance during public health crises. This is particularly important for groups with higher rates of high-risk health conditions, including those aged 65 and over and people with disabilities. Objective We examined trust in information sources and associated adherence to COVID-19 public health recommendations among people with disabilities living in metropolitan, micropolitan, and noncore counties. Methods We recruited participants using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) and screened for disability status (n = 408). We compared sociodemographic groups with t-tests, Pearson’s correlations, and Chi-square, as appropriate. We used linear regression to examine factors associated with trust in information and compliance with CDC recommended COVID-19 practices. Results Nonmetro respondents had the lowest trust ratings among all demographic groups, and reported significantly less trust in most information sources. Respondents aged 65 and over reported the highest compliance with CDC recommended practices, while those from nonmetro areas reported the lowest. A regression model for adherence to CDC recommended practices was significant (F = 11.87, P ≤ .001), and explained 33% of the variance. Specifically, increased adherence was associated with being over 65, female, and higher general trust scores. Decreased practices were associated with being nonwhite, nonmetro, higher trust scores in President Trump, and having a communication disability. Conclusions Trust in information sources is associated with action. It is important to provide clear, consistent, and non-polarizing messages during public health emergencies to promote widespread community action.
Ontological Analyses Reveal Clinically-Significant Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Phenotypes with Evolutionary Trajectory Converging into an Aggressive Class

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) exemplifies intratumoral heterogeneity that provides a framework to study tumor evolution. Multiregional genomic sample analyses have shown that tumors evolve from an ancient clone that over time acquires metastatic competency. However, these analyses have been conducted agnostic of the phenotype. Here, we established a systematic ontology of ccRCC phenotypic variability by developing a multi-scale framework along three fundamental axes: tumor architecture, cytology and microenvironment. We comprehensively evaluated 33 parameters retrospectively in 549 consecutive ccRCCs. We discovered novel ccRCC subtypes and an integrated taxonomy that has prognostic implications beyond current parameters used for prognosis. Specifically, we found a subset of ccRCC morphologies associated with aggressive biology and significantly worse outcomes. Dimensionality reduction by t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding revealed distinct ccRCC subtypes with converging evolutionary trajectories into an aggressive class. Furthermore, we found that there was preferential selection for the more advanced phenotypes in the tumor thrombus and in tumors with stable engraftment in patient derived xenograft model. These data provide critical insight into the phenotypic evolution of ccRCC, that can inform patient selection for clinical care. We believe that this work sets a paradigm for deconvoluting tumor complexity that is applicable to other cancer types. Funding: This work was supported by Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas grant RP130603 (J. Brugarolas) and P50CA196516 (A. Christie, I. Pedrosa, D. Rakheja, R. McKay, J. Brugarolas and P. Kapur). Declaration of Interest: None. Ethical Approval: The study was approved by the UT Southwestern Medical Center (UTSW) Institutional Review Board (IRB) and conducted according to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) guidelines.
High Prevalence of Vaccine-Type Infections Among Children with Pneumococcal Pneumonia and Effusion After 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Introduction in the Dominican Republic.

BACKGROUND In 2013, the Dominican Republic introduced 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) using a 3-dose schedule (at 2, 4 and 12 months of age). We evaluated the impact of PCV13 on serotypes causing pneumococcal pneumonia with pleural effusion. METHODS Surveillance data after PCV13 introduction (July 2014 to June 2016) were compared with data before PCV13 introduction (July 2009 to June 2011). Cases were defined as radiologic evidence of pneumonia with pleural effusion in a child aged <15 years. Pneumococcus was detected in pleural fluid by either culture or polymerase chain reaction, and serotyping was performed. The Ministry of Health's PCV13 uptake data for 2014-2016 were obtained. RESULTS The prevalence of pneumococcus among cases was similar before and after PCV13 introduction (56.4% and 52.8%, respectively). The proportion of pneumococcal cases caused by vaccine serotypes was 86% for children <2 years old both before and PCV13 introduction. Compared with before PCV13, serotype 14 accounted for a smaller (28% vs 13%, respectively; P = .02) and serotype 1 for a larger (23% vs 37%; P = .09) proportion of pneumococcal cases after PCV13 introduction. National uptake for the first, second, and third PCV13 doses was 94%, 81%, and 28%, respectively, in 2014 and 75%, 61%, and 26% in 2015. DISCUSSION While the decrease in pneumococcal pneumonia with pleural effusion caused by serotype 14 may reflect an early effect of PCV13 implementation, other vaccine serotypes, including serotype 1, are not well controlled. Better PCV13 coverage for all 3 doses is needed.
The problem of postmaturity: a statistical analysis.

Abstract An analysis of 6,235 consecutive deliveries showed that 274 or 4.4 per cent were prolonged beyond 301 days. Comparison of these 274 patients with the group delivering at term showed: (1) there was no difference in age, race, or parity; (2) no special risks were encountered by the patient of advanced age or by the elderly primigravida; (3) there was no increase in perinatal mortality in the postmature patients; (4) the duration of labor and the number of spontaneous deliveries was about the same; (5) there was, however, a small but significant increase in weight of the overdue baby; (6) there was quite a significant increase in fetal distress, both in the multigravida and in the primigravida; and (7) there was a threefold increase in cesarean sections after the onset of labor in prolonged pregnancy.
Panoramic Ultrasound of the Thyroid

Panoramic ultrasound is a technical modification of conventional ultrasound that produces images with a large anatomic field of view. Images obtained with this technique display both lobes of the thyroid gland on a single image, and provide an accurate imaging representation of a variety of thyroid disorders. This report describes the use of panoramic ultrasound and presents examples of panoramic ultrasound of the thyroid.
Anderson transition of the plasma oscillations of one-dimensional disordered Wigner lattices

We report the existence of a localization-delocalization transition in the classical plasma modes of a one-dimensional Wigner crystal with a white-noise potential environment at T=0. Finite-size scaling analysis reveals a divergence of the localization length at a critical eigenfrequency. Further scaling analysis indicates power law behavior of the critical frequency in terms of the relative interaction strength of the charges. A heuristic argument for this scaling behavior is consistent with the numerical results. Additionally, we explore a particular realization of random-bond disorder in a one-dimensional Wigner lattice in which all of the collective modes are observed to be localized.
Fractals and Multi-Fractals in Turbulence

Turbulent flows refer to situations in which the flow properties at any point vary in a statistically random manner. Fourier analysis shows that wave fluctuations in a range of frequencies and wave numbers are present, the width of the range changing with certain flow parameters like the Reynolds number. (Attempts at characterizing turbulence structure are hampered by the complexity associated with strong nonlinear couplings over a wide range of scales. This situation is somewhat made simpler at high Reynolds numbers due to separation of scales in this limit.) The various component motions interact through the nonlinear terms in the equations of motion, and the observed properties of the turbulence are thought of as being the statistical result of such interactions.
Benefits of ACE Inhibitors in Diabetes

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have been FDA-approved for treating refractory hypertension since 1981. Since then, clinical investigations support the benefits of ACE inhibition (ACE‑I) in pathologies like congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal insufficiency, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Both, clinical trials and animal models of type I and type II diabetes have shown that hyperactivity of the angiotensin II signaling pathway contributes to the development of diabetes and its complications, and that blockade of the renin‑angiotensin system prevents new onset diabetes and reduces the risk of diabetic complications. Furthermore, ACE inhibitors are generally well tolerated and have few contraindications. This article describes ACE as a target molecule and gives an overview on the clinical evidence that supports the use of ACE inhibitors in diabetes.
Anatomical origins of the classical receptive field and modulatory surround field of single neurons in macaque visual cortical area V1

From the analyses of our own and others' anatomical and physiological data for the macaque visual system, we arrive at a conclusion that three pathways can provide the V1 neuron with access to information from the visual field and affect its response. First, direct thalamic input can determine the size of the initial activating RF at high contrast. Second, lateral connections can enlarge the RF at low contrast by pooling information from larger regions of cortex that are otherwise ineffective when high contrast thalamic input is driving the cortical neuron. Thirdly, feedback from extrastriate cortex (possibly together with overlap or interdigitation of coactive lateral connectional fields within V1) can provide a large and stimulus specific surround modulatory field. The stimulus specificity of the interactions between the center and surround fields, may be due to the orderly, matching structure and different scales of intra-areal and feedback projection excitatory pathways. The observed activity changes of single recorded excitatory neurons could be a result of the relative weight of excitation on the excitatory neurons themselves and on local inhibitory interneurons that synapse on them. Inhibitory basket neurons, driven by the local excitatory neurons, could govern local interactions between cortical patches of different tuning properties, resulting in more distant changes in excitatory input in the laterally connected intra-areal neuronal pools.
Targeting of Lewis-X-containing glycans blocks PMN transepithelial migration and increases phagocytosis and degranulation (488.3)

The transepithelial migration (TEM) of neutrophils (PMN) is a histopathological hallmark of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), yet the mechanisms controlling PMN TEM remain poorly defined. The fucosylated, terminal glycan determinant Lewis X (Lex), expressed on the glycans of PMN surface glycoproteins (including MAC-1 and LFA-1), has previously been implicated in adhesive interactions between PMN and endothelium. However, little is known about the role of Lex in PMN function following extravasation. Flow cytometry analyses revealed increased surface expression of Lex on human PMN following TEM, while immunohistochemistry demonstrated robust expression of PMN-associated Lex within crypt abscesses in the colonic epithelium of individuals with IBD. Furthermore, engagement of Lex increased PMN adhesive interactions, both with other PMNs and with intestinal epithelial cells, blocking PMN chemotaxis and TEM. In addition to blocking PMN trafficking, targeting of Lex also altered post-migratory PMN functions, incr...
Salivary electrolyte changes during pregnancy. I. Normal pregnancy.

Abstract An analysis of calcium, sodium, and potassium concentrations in separately collected submaxillary and parotid samples in ante- and posipartum women was undertaken. Samples were obtained from 59 women once in varying stages of pregnancy, and, of those third-trimester women, fourteen were sampled 1 to 6 days post partum; and twelve, 6 weeks or more post partum. A lower submaxillary antepartum calcium concentration was found when compared to postpartum calcium concentrations in the same women. No variation in calcium concentration was evident in the parotid secretion ante- or post-partum. Normal submaxillary calcium levels were found within 6 days following delivery. Other changes observed were a decrease in sodium and an increase in potassium concentration during pregnancy in both major salivary secretions which returned to normal levels following the sixth day post partum. Variations in salivary electrolyte response to the endocrine changes in pregnancy suggest that these secretions may be potentially useful in evaluating endocrine changes.
Oncogenesis of mammary glands, skin, and bones by polyomavirus correlates with viral persistence and prolonged genome replication potential.

A correlation between polyomavirus-induced oncogenesis and viral persistence on the one hand and/or prolonged genome replication potential on the other was established with respect to their respective organ distributions. Prolonged replication potential is defined as the capacity of a genome to replicate in a given organ from the time of infection up to the onset of oncogenesis. This conclusion was derived following intraperitoneal infection of BALB/c mice with wild-type strain A2. Viral genomes were used as parameters of persistence and replication and were detected by Southern blotting and PCR analysis. The major tumor target organs (mammary gland, skin, and bone), which have not been previously analyzed for persistence, were compared with other, non-tumor-prone organs (kidney, liver, lung, spleen, and salivary gland). A progressive loss of viral genomes was observed in all tissues as a function of time postinfection; however, genomes were shown to persist through 20 weeks postinfection in the mammary glands, skin, and bones to an extent similar to that in the previously described kidneys (D. J. McCance, J. Virol. 39:958-962, 1981; W. P. Rowe, J. W. Hartley, J. D. Estes, and R. J. Huebner, Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 4:189-209, 1960). Thus, tumors arise among organs that sustain a persistent infection, but not all such organs develop tumors (e.g., the kidney). The capacity of organs to support de novo replication at various ages, including the age reached when the first tumors are detected, was also determined using a 3-day infection period for ages between 0 and 7 weeks. For all organs tested, a higher level of genomes was observed in organs of mice infected as neonates than in those infected after the age of 3 weeks. However, marked organ-specific differences were seen in the degree and timing of loss of replication. In particular, viral genome replication, although reduced, was maintained in the mammary glands, skin, and bones of adult animals, in contrast to the kidneys. We conclude that organ-specific oncogenesis correlates with two organ-specific parameters: persistence of viral genomes and prolonged viral genome replication potential. This may reflect a requirement for continued viral genome replication and/or gene expression for tumorigenesis. In turn, these parameters may be linked to the tissue-specific continued capacity for cellular division.
Alterations in B Cells and Antibodies of Aged Mice

Among the immunologic defects associated with aging is a decrease in humoral immune responses. Much of this decrease in antibody production, particularly in response to T- dependent antigens, is the result of diminished T-cell helper function (Price and Makinodan, 1972; Nordin and Makinodan, 1974, Makinodan, 1972; Krosgrud and Perkins, 1977; Segre and Segre, 1976). However, multiple alterations in B-cell function have also been identified in aged individuals (Callard et al., 1977; Goidl et al., 1976; Kishimoto and Yamamura, 1971; Kishimoto et al., 1976; Zharhary and Klinman, 1983; Zharhary and Klinman, 1986a; Zharhary and Klinman, 1986b). The alterations in B cells of aged mice are generally evidenced in two ways: (1) the decreased amount of antibody production after antigenic stimulation to many but not all antigens (Kishimoto and Yamamura, 1971; Kishimoto et al., 1976; Zharhary and Klinman, 1983, 1986a); and (2) subtle but reproducible alterations in the antibody specificities expressed by immunized aged versus young animals (Goidl et al., 1976, 1980; Zharhary and Klinman, 1983; Szewczuk and Campbell, 1980; Doria et al., 1978). Such changes in B-cell function could be the result of intrinsic differences in the B cells generated in aged versus young individuals or alternatively may reflect the consequences of environmental modulation of expressed B cells that could differ in aged versus young individuals. An example of the latter effect is the well-demonstrated increase in antiidiotype reactivity that appears to accumulate as mice age (Klinman, 1981; Goidl et al., 1980). This increase in anti-idiotypic reactivity dampens the responsiveness of all B cells— even those derived from young mice—when they are placed in the environment of an aged mouse (Klinman, 1981).
Conversation Structure An Explanation of Bargaining Behaviors in Negotiations

Studies of bargaining behaviors have drawn largely on a content analysis approach to describe the messages conveyed during negotiations. This article examines this approach to bargaining behaviors ...
An anaerobic home for the stem cell proteome

Comment on Unwin et al, page [4687][1] The paper by Unwin and colleagues in this issue of Blood gives us a first glimpse into the stem cell proteome that points to a key role of anaerobic metabolism and oxidative protection in the maintenance of the stem cell state. Extensive transcriptional