cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Video analysis for smart rooms

Smart rooms provide advanced interfaces for networked information systems. Smart rooms include a variety of sensors that can analyze the behavior of persons in the room; these sensors allow people to issue commands without direct contact with equipment. Video is one important modality for smart room input--video analysis can be used for determining the presence of people in the room, gesture analysis, facial analysis, etc. This paper outlines the architecture of a real-time video analysis system for smart rooms. The system uses multiple cameras, each with its own video signal processor. We use algorithms that can be performed in real-time to capture basic information about the persons in the room.
Constructs and Dimensions of Afrocentric Education

For decades, Afrocentric education has been mentioned as a potential resolution to the many academic and social problems being faced by Black children in U.S. public schools, but, ironically, it ha...
The Boltzmann equation with a soft potential. I. Linear, spatially-homogeneous

The initial value problem for the linearized spatially-homogeneous Boltzmann equation has the form ∂f/∂t+Lf=0 withf(ξ,t=0) given. The linear operatorL operates only on the ξ variable and is non-negative, but, for the soft potentials considered here, its continuous spectrum extends to the origin. Thus one cannot expect exponential decay forf, but in this paper it is shown thatf decays likee−λtβ with β<1. This result will be used in Part II to show existence of solutions of the initial value problem for the full nonlinear, spatially dependent problem for initial data that is close to equilibrium.
Analysis and design of the ''Solar One'' thermal storage subsystem heat exchangers

This paper describes the analysis and design of the five kinds of heat exchangers used in the thermal storage subsystem of the 10 MWe Solar Central Receiver Pilot Plant, now becoming more known as ''Solar One''. The paper discusses the practices and standards used in the designs of the heat exchangers, lists the heat exchanger design requirements, and discusses the process conditions. The design assumptions and constraints, the geometrical considerations, and the tradeoff studies that were conducted to optimize the designs are also discussed. A description of each heat exchanger reveals the final design solution. Novel and unique features of a power plant that must operate on a daily sun-cycle are identified.
NMR Analysis of Pharmaceuticals X: Determination of Methsuximide and Phensuximide in Capsules

Abstract A method for the quantitative analysis of methsuximide and phensuximide using NMR is reported. For samples of the pure drugs, results were accurate to 0.3% or less with standard deviations of 0.6% or less. Analysis of capsules of each drug by NMR and NF XIII procedures indicated a maximum difference of 1.5%. but generally the difference was less than 1.0%. This procedure is recommended for the analysis of these drugs since it provides good quantitative results together with a unique spectrum as confirmatory identification.
Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy Among Women With HIV Infection

Objective The overall objective of this secondary analysis was to examine self-reported adherence to antiretroviral therapy in a sample of women with HIV. Design The primary study used survey methodology. Setting The setting included a university-based HIV/AIDS clinic in southwestern Pennsylvania and a community-based HIV/AIDS clinic in eastern Pennsylvania. Participants Sixty-one women infected with HIV who were taking protease inhibitors. Main Outcome Measure Self-reported adherence was based on responses to two questions: whether the person had missed a dose of her medications within the past 24 hours, and how many pills the person had taken on time as scheduled (none, very few, a few, about half, most, nearly all, all of them). Results Adherence ranged from 60% to 75%. Two thirds (65.6%) of the sample thought that their medications were helping them; three fifths (57.4%) thought that it was dangerous to miss a dose of their medications. Conclusions Adherence in this sample was less than perfect, suggesting the need to develop, implement, and test interventions to promote better adherence to antiretroviral medication regimens among women with HIV.
Trans-repression of β-Catenin Activity by Nuclear Receptors

The signaling/oncogenic activity of beta-catenin can be repressed by the activation of nuclear receptors such as the vitamin A, vitamin D, and androgen receptors. Although these receptors directly interact with beta-catenin and can sequester it away from its transcription factor partner T-cell factor, it is not known if this is the mechanism of trans-repression. Using several different promoter constructs and nuclear receptors and mammalian two-hybrid and mutation analyses we now show that interaction with the co-activator, p300, underlies the trans-repression of beta-catenin signaling by nuclear receptors and their ligands.
Effect of solvent chemistry on critical weissenberg numbers

Abstract The critical Weissenberg number for the friction factor was earlier reported to be approx. 5–10 for turbulent pipe flow of 1000 wppm polyacrylamide dissolved in Chicago tap water, while the corresponding critical Weissenberg number for the dimensionless heat transfer coefficient, j H , was found to be approx. 200–250 for this same solution. It is known that the chemistry of the solvent generally influences the friction and heat transfer behavior of a polymer solution. Experiments have been performed using 100 wppm sodium hydroxide as an additive to the aqueous polyacrylamide solution (Separan 1000 wppm) and reveal that the critical Weissenberg numbers are unaffected. It is tentatively concluded that the chemistry of the solvent does not influence the critical Weissenberg numbers for aqueous polyacrylamide solutions. Preliminary measurements using aqueous solution of polyethylene oxide (Polyox 5000 wppm) yield critical Weissenberg numbers which are in reasonable agreement with the values reported earlier for aqueous solutions of polyacrylamide.
Flavor Losses in Orange Juice during Ultrafiltration and Subsequent Evaporation

Losses of volatile compounds in orange juice during ultrafiltration and subsequent evaporation were studied. Alcohols and esters predominated in the permeate, while terpenes (d-limonene and valencene) and nonpolar aldehydes (octanal and decanal) were distributed in the retentate from the ultrafiltration (UF) system. Fractions of some flavor compounds were lost during ultrafiltration process. An aqueous phase essence was recovered from the permeate during evaporative concentration. No oil phase was observed. When whole juice was concentrated, both oil and aqueous phases were recovered. Essence recovery efficiency of individual compounds was 3 to 13% when concentrating permeate and <5% when concentrating whole juice.
Murine leukemia virus pseudotypes of La Crosse and Hantaan Bunyaviruses: a system for analysis of cell tropism

We have developed a system for the preparation of La Crosse virus (LAC) and Hantaan virus (HTN) pseudotypes using a murine leukemia virus vector. After concentration, the pseudotypes were present in quantities sufficient to analyze cell tropism and neutralization. Cells resistant to LAC could not be infected with the MLV (LAC) pseudotypes, and the pseudotypes were sensitive to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies prepared against LAC glycoproteins, as well as to inhibition by a soluble form of the virus cell-attachment protein, G1. Perhaps because of lower expression of the HTN glycoproteins at the cell surface, MLV (HTN) pseudotypes were present at lower titers. However, they were also sensitive to appropriate neutralizing antibodies. This pseudotype system will be useful for analysis of the entry process of the Bunyaviridae, and for neutralization studies with some Bunyaviruses whose high virulence normally requires specialized containment facilities.
The effect of age on tooth movement and mineraldensity in the alveolar tissues of the rat

A comparison of tooth movement cycles and changes in alveolar tissue mineral densities was made between young (21 to 28 days old) and adult (90 to 100 days old) rats. An initial 60-g mesial tipping force was applied to the maxillary first molars; tooth movement was estimated by measuring the opening between first and second molars, and tissue mineral density by sample ash weight per cubic centimeter. A characteristic three-part tooth movement cycle was found in both groups of rats. This cycle consists of an early "instantaneous" movement that is a function of the viscoelastic properties of the tissues, a delay period during which little tooth movement occurs due to hyalinization and undermining resorption, and a late period during which bone remodeling and tooth movement occur. Compared with the adult group, the amount of "instantaneous" movement in the young rats was greater (P less than 0.001), the delay period was shorter, and the rate of late tooth movement was faster (P less than 0.001). The young rats had significantly lower (P less than 0.05) mineral densities before orthodontic treatment. Both groups experienced a slight but insignificant increase in density followed by rapid declines to a nadir that was not different between the groups. The young rats reached this point by day 5 and the adults by day 7. The point of lowest mineral density occurred in the treated alveolar tissues toward the end of the delay period for each group and was followed by a return to control values at rates that were not significantly different between the groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Tibial surgery in ancient Peru

This case study describes a unique anthropogenic modification of two individual skeletons excavated from the pre-Columbian site of Kuelap, Chachapoyas-Amazonas, in the northeastern highlands of Peru. While numerous examples of cranial trepanations using an adjacent drilling technique have been recovered from this site and region, this is the first example of such a surgical technique on a post-cranial element. Skeletal remains demonstrate that ancient Andeans were skilled and successful with many surgical treatments. Ethnohistoric documents suggest the Chachapoya shamans were known for their healing. In these cases, however, there is no evidence of long-term healing. This innovative medical procedure appears to have been an attempt at therapeutic intervention intended to treat an osteomyelitic infection of the distal tibial metaphysis.
High Confidence Networked Control for Next Generation Air Transportation Systems

This paper addresses the design of a secure and fault-tolerant air transportation system in the presence of attempts to disrupt the system through the satellite-based navigation system. Adversarial aircraft are assumed to transmit incorrect position and intent information, potentially leading to violations of separation requirements among aircraft. We propose a framework for the identification of adversaries and malicious aircraft, and then for air traffic control in the presence of such deliberately erroneous data. The framework consists of three mechanisms that allow each aircraft to detect attacks and to resolve conflicts: fault detection and defense techniques to improve Global Positioning System (GPS)/inertial navigation, detection and defense techniques using the Doppler/received signal strength, and a fault-tolerant control algorithm. A Kalman filter is used to fuse high frequency inertial sensor information with low frequency GPS data. To verify aircraft position through GPS/inertial navigation, we propose a technique for aircraft localization utilizing the Doppler effect and received signal strength from neighboring aircraft. The control algorithm is designed to minimize flight times while meeting safety constraints. Additional separation is introduced to compensate for the uncertainty of surveillance information in the presence of adversaries. We evaluate the effect of air traffic surveillance attacks on system performance through simulations. The results show that the proposed mechanism robustly detects and corrects faults generated by the injection of malicious data. Moreover, the proposed control algorithm continuously adapts operations in order to mitigate the effects these faults. The ability of the proposed approaches to defend against attacks enables reliable air traffic operations even in highly adversarial surveillance conditions.
Technetium carboxylate complexes--III. A new synthetic route to hexakis-(isonitrile) technetium(I) salts.

Hexakis(isonitrile)technetium(I) cations have been prepared from carboxylate based technetium starting materials. The following ligands have been employed: t-butyl, n-butyl, cyclohexyl, and benzyl isonitrile. The products have been characterized by u.v.-visible and i.r. spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry and electrophoresis.
Health Care Utilization in Patients With Migraine: Demographics and Patterns of Care in the Ambulatory Setting

Background.—Migraine affects people of all races and both sexes. Migraineurs suffer both financial losses and impaired quality of life. Recent progress in the treatment of migraine has not been made readily available to all who suffer the condition. Objective.—To assess outpatient health care delivery patterns for migraine sufferers in the United States. Methods.—National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey data from 1990 to 1998 was used to assess the demographics of patients seen with a diagnosis of migraine, the types of physicians they saw, and the medications used to treat migraine. Results.—Women accounted for 79% of visits for migraines and whites for 91% of the visits. There was a dramatic increase in the number of migraine visits during the study period, from 9.4 visits per 1000 people in 1990 to 18 visits per 1000 in 1998. Primary care physicians saw the majority of patients (72.2%). Butalbital/aspirin/caffeine was the drug most commonly prescribed for migraine treatment, followed by acetaminophen/dichloralphenazone/isometheptene mucate, propranolol, and sumatriptan. Conclusion.—Perhaps in part due to newer treatment options, the number of visits for the treatment of migraine doubled over the study interval. Even so, most patients with migraine continue to be treated with older and presumably less effective medications.
Electrical communication between a water-soluble 1,1'-dimethylferrocene-2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin complex and glucose oxidase: biosensor applications

Abstract 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPBC) was used to enclose 1,1′-dimethylferrocene (DMF) into its hydrophobic cavity to form a yellow water-soluble complex with a molar ratio of about 6 to 1. The cyclic voltammogram of the complex solution exhibited one single electron transfer process with a half-wave potential of 170 mV. The oxidation potential of the DMF-HPBC complex was not affected by pH ranging from pH 4·7 to 8·8 and the difference between the anodic and cathodic peak potentials was observed to be 95 mV. The DMF-HPBC complex was used together with immobilized glucose oxidase to construct a mediated biosensor for the determination of β-D-glucose. The enzyme was either convalently immobilized on a preactivated Immunodyne nylon membrane or retained onto the sensing area of the electrode by a dialysis membrane. In the latter preparation, the enzyme electrode exhibited a detection limit of 0·02 mM and a linear range of 0·02 to 0·5 mM. About 2 min was required to attain 90% of full response. The biosensor was effective for the determination of glucose in food and beverage samples.
Comparison of two point of care devices for capillary lipid screening in fasting and postprandial adults.

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the performance of two point of care (POC) devices for capillary lipid screening in fasting and post-prandial adults. Design and methods Fasting and post-prandial capillary whole blood samples collected from 57 adult donors were analyzed simultaneously on Cholestech LDX Lipid Profile (Alere San Diego, Inc., San Diego, CA) cassettes and CardioChek Lipid Panel (Polymer Technology Systems, Indianapolis, IN) strips. Paired serum samples were collected from the same donors and analyzed with CDC-certified methods for total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and non-blanked triglycerides. Non-HDL-C (total cholesterol minus HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were calculated. Mean bias between capillary whole blood and serum laboratory lipids was calculated. Results HDL-C measurements were not affected by triglyceride content on either device. However, both devices exhibited significant variability in triglyceride measurement relative to the reference method. Compared to reference methods, Cholestech was more accurate than CardioChek for non-HDL-C while CardioChek was more accurate for HDL-C. Among the calculated cardiovascular risk parameters (LDL-C and non-HDL-C), Cholestech-calculated non-HDL-C exhibited the least average bias in both fasting and postprandial samples. Conclusions The optimal approach to capillary lipid screening may be to use Cholestech non-HDL cholesterol; as it exhibited little bias relative to CDC reference methods in both fasting and postprandial samples, facilitating lipid screening in non-fasting adults.
Lessons Learned from a Decade of Multicenter Cooperative Clinical Trials in Stress Urinary Incontinence

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is estimated to affect 12 % to 55 % of women at some point in their life. Furthermore, 15 % to 35 % of adult American women report that their quality of life is altered by urinary incontinence. In addition to the toll SUI takes on patient lives—physically, socially and psychologically—it also comes at a significant cost to health care systems. In 1999, as an initiative of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), the Urinary Incontinence Treatment Network (UITN) was born, with the primary task of developing trials to evaluate treatment of urinary incontinence in women. The purpose of this article is to review the SUI trials conducted and challenges faced, and to highlight the lessons learned from a decade of UITN work.
Hot atom damage (HAD) limited TDDB lifetime of ferroelectric memories

The AC/DC dielectric lifetime (TDDB) of ferroelectric materials have traditionally been interpreted similar to a classical gate oxide. In this paper, we demonstrate a fundamentally different kinetic mechanism of damage involving hot atom (HAD) in ferroelectric materials to interpret the severe reduction of AC lifetime, coupled with the counterintuitive increase in the Weibull slope. We show that, beyond a critical operating condition, the atoms at the domain walls are heated by the AC field, as they shuttle across the double-well energy landscape of such materials. An elegantly simple analytical model (i) interprets critical TDDB experiments, (ii) suggests strategies (e.g., pulse shaping) to minimize HAD significantly, and (iii) predicts device lifetime at arbitrary operating conditions.
Protection by methylprednisolone against butylated hydroxytoluene-induced pulmonary damage and impairment of microsomal monooxygenase activities in the mouse: lack of effect on fibrosis.

The effects of the synthetic corticosteroid methylprednisolone (MP; 30 mg/kg, s.c. given twice daily for 3 days), on the pneumotoxic effects of a single dose of butylated hydroxytoulene (BHT; 400 mg/kg, i.p.) over a 10 day experimental period was investigated in male C57BL/6N mice. BHT alone caused time-dependent alveolar hypercellularity, inflammatory infiltration, alveolar septal thickening and hypercellularity of the bronchiolar epithelium, reaching a maximum by day 5 with some degree of recovery by day 10. The pulmonary monooxygenase activities reflected the degree of alveolar damage and Clara cell abnormality with time; reductions in monooxygenase activities occurred and minimum levels (7–15% of control) were reached by day 5 and again a trend towards recovery by day 10. MP administered 0, 24 and 48 hr after BHT treatment partially protected mice from these effects of BHT in a distinctly time-dependent fashion; the degree of protection decreased as the time between BHT challenge and MP treatment incr...
Use of single nucleotide polymorphism arrays to identify a novel region of loss on chromosome 6q in squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity.

Background. A subset of patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma(SCC), often of young age yet lacking a history of carcinogen exposure, has been identified, with no clear etiology for tumor development. Methods. To identify somatic genetic alterations unique to this patient population, we performed a high throughput single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis, quantitative PCR of the E6 and E7 regions of human papillomavirus (HPV) 16, sequencing of the IVSF-4+ locus of the FANC-C gene, and microsatellite analysis for 18 nonsmoking patients, age 23 to 57 years (median age, 39 years). We compared these results with oral SCC from 17 patients 47 to 81 (median, 64) years of age with significant tobacco exposure (>40 pack-years) to identify unique genetic alterations for each group. Results. SNP analysis demonstrated variable rates of allelic imbalance (AI) and no significant difference in terms of AI patterns between the two groups. However, we found an elevated rate of AI in chromosomal arms 6q (47% [17 of 36]) by performing microsatellite analysis of both groups. Only one tumor demonstrated the presence of HPV 16, and none of the tumors demonstrated mutations in the IVSF-4+ region of FANC-C. Conclusions. Despite variable marker density, SNP array analysis is an emerging technique for genome-wide assessment and is a useful tool for discovery of novel sites of allelic loss in oral SCC, including a novel region of allelic loss on chromosome 6q. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck26: 345–352, 2004
Examining the Impact of Urban Morphology on Bicycle Mode Choice

Nonmotorized transport modes such as bicycling are becoming important components to urban transportation systems in the United States, in particular with the recent emphases on sustainable urban development. Recent bicycle forecasting methods have included urban design elements to help explain bicycle behavior but most measures lack accountability of microscale built form attributes that address bicyclist perception. This study developed a discrete choice model to examine the impact of urban morphological factors on people's utilitarian bicycle mode choice decisions. In the model, traditional factors considered include personal, household, and environmental variables. Urban morphology variables from space syntax were also incorporated in the model to test for the marginal influence of microscale design and space characteristics in the decision to bicycle. Results indicate that microscale built form factors that enhance visibility and contain well connected street networks significantly affected bicycle mo...
Differential expression of two HSP70 transcripts in response to cold shock, thermoperiod, and adult diapause in the Colorado potato beetle

Abstract Partial clones for two members of Leptinotarsa decemlineata inducible 70 kDa heat shock protein family (LdHSP70A and B) were developed using RT-PCR. LdHSP70A, but not LdHSP70B, was upregulated during adult diapause. The ability of L. decemlineata to express these two genes in response to subzero temperatures depended on the thermal history of the beetles. Chilling diapausing beetles increased the rate at which both LdHSP70A and B were expressed following a cold shock at −10°C. Following cold shock at −10°C, LdHSP70B expression peaked after 3 h at 15°C for chilled diapausing individuals, decreasing to near background levels by the sixth hour. In contrast, nonchilled diapausing beetles expressed their highest level of LdHSP70B only after 6 h at 15°C. Diapausing beetles exposed to a thermoperiod with a mean temperature of either 0 or −2.5°C expressed significantly higher levels of both LdHSP70A and B than beetles exposed to constant 0 or −2.5°C. These results demonstrate that the expression of LdHSP70A and B is differentially regulated in response to diapause and environmental conditioning.
Estimating live forest carbon dynamics with a Landsat-based curve-fitting approach

Direct estimation of aboveground biomass with spectral reflectance data has proven challenging for high biomass forests of the Pacific Northwestern United States. We present an alternative modeling strategy which uses Landsat's spatial, spectral and temporal characteristics to predict live forest carbon through integration of stand age and site index maps and locally calibrated Chapman-Richards curves. Predictions from the curve-fit model were evaluated at the local and landscape scales using two periods of field inventory data. At the pixel-level, the curve-fit model had large positive bias statistics and at the landscape scale over-predicted study area carbon for both inventory periods. Despite the over-estimation, the change in forest carbon estimated by the curve-fit model was well within the standard error of the inventory estimates. In addition to validating the curve-fit models carbon predictions we used Landsat data to evaluate the degree to which the field inventory plots captured the forest conditions of the study area. Landsat-based frequency histograms revealed the systematic sample of inventory plots effectively captured the broad range of forest conditions found in the study area, whereas stand age trajectories revealed a temporally punctuated shift in land- use which was not spectrally detected by the inventory sample.
Cystic Fibrosis Testing Comes of Age

This commentary summarizes the current state of the art of cystic fibrosis genetic testing, highlighting three articles on various aspectives of molecular genetic testing for the CFTR gene (J Mol Diagn 11: 186–193, 211–215, 253–256).
The Live Bird Market System and Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Prevention In Southern California

Although live bird markets (LBMs) have been associated with outbreaks of avian influenza (AI), there are some LBM systems where AI outbreaks are extremely rare events. The California LBMs have not had any detected avian influenza viruses (AIVs) since December 2005. Responses to a detailed questionnaire on the practices and characteristics of the participants in the California low-pathogenic (LP) AI control program have been described to characterize possible reasons for the lack of AI outbreaks in LBMs. Compliance with an LPAI control program that contains active surveillance, prevention, and rapid response measures by those involved in the LBM system, rendering services to dispose of carcasses, no wholesalers, and few third-party bird deliveries was associated with the lack of LPAIV circulating in the Southern California LBM system.
Rational Behavior, the Adoption of Agriculture, and the Organization of Subsistence During the Late Archaic Period in the Greater Tucson Basin

Recent descriptions of Late Archaic Period land use in the greater Tucson Basin have described the Cienega phase occupants of the region as either (1) logistically organized with very- long distance hunting forays that adversely afFected the occupants of the montane areas of the Mogollon Rim, (2) fully sedentary with agricultural practices that were more or less identical to those of the later Hohokam, or (3) seasonally-sedentary forager-horticulturists. Using the interpretive framework of behavioral ecology and recently-excavated paleobotanical data, it is shown that the first two models are unlikely. Instead, Cienega Phase occupants of the Tucson Basin may best be characterized as seasonally-sedentary foragers, who made use of multiple residential locations throughout the year.
Monocyte trafficking in acute and chronic inflammation

Environmental signals at the site of inflammation mediate rapid monocyte mobilization and dictate differentiation programs whereby these cells give rise to macrophages or dendritic cells. Monocytes participate in tissue healing, clearance of pathogens and dead cells, and initiation of adaptive immunity. However, recruited monocytes can also contribute to the pathogenesis of infection and chronic inflammatory disease, such as atherosclerosis. Here, we explore monocyte trafficking in the context of acute inflammation, relying predominantly on data from microbial infection models. These mechanisms will be compared to monocyte trafficking during chronic inflammation in experimental models of atherosclerosis. Recent developments suggest that monocyte trafficking shares common themes in diverse inflammatory diseases; however, important differences exist between monocyte migratory pathways in acute and chronic inflammation.
Genetic Aspects of Folate Metabolism

Folic acid is an essential vitamin required for important steps in the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines, and in amino acid metabolism. Humans, in contrast to plants, bacteria, and yeast, are unable to synthesize folates de novo and thus depend on an adequate dietary supply of folates to the extent of at least 50 µg/day for nonpregnant adults (Herbert, 1971). Moreover, normal function requires that these dietary folates be properly absorbed, distributed throughout the organism, and used by cells.
Some Observations of the Current State of High School Psychology.

Ragland (1992) reported on the state of high school psychology using data collected in 1986 through 1987. Her results suggested that many teachers of high school psychology were not adequately trai...
Attention during active visual tasks: Counting, pointing, or simply looking

Visual attention and saccades are typically studied in artificial situations, with stimuli presented to the steadily fixating eye, or saccades made along specified paths. By contrast, in real-world tasks saccadic patterns are constrained only by the demands of the motivating task. We studied attention during pauses between saccades made to perform three free-viewing tasks: counting dots, pointing to the same dots with a visible cursor, or simply looking at the dots using a freely-chosen path. Attention was assessed by the ability to identify the orientation of a briefly-presented Gabor probe. All primary tasks produced losses in identification performance, with counting producing the largest losses, followed by pointing and then looking-only. Looking-only resulted in a 37% increase in contrast thresholds in the orientation task. Counting produced more severe losses that were not overcome by increasing Gabor contrast. Detection or localization of the Gabor, unlike identification, were largely unaffected by any of the primary tasks. Taken together, these results show that attention is required to control saccades, even with freely-chosen paths, but the attentional demands of saccades are less than those attached to tasks such as counting, which have a significant cognitive load. Counting proved to be a highly demanding task that either exhausted momentary processing capacity (e.g., working memory or executive functions), or, alternatively, encouraged a strategy of filtering out all signals irrelevant to counting itself. The fact that the attentional demands of saccades (as well as those of detection/localization) are relatively modest makes it possible to continually adjust both the spatial and temporal pattern of saccades so as to re-allocate attentional resources as needed to handle the complex and multifaceted demands of real-world environments.
A global evaluation of the regional spatial variability of column integrated CO2 distributions

[1] Satellites, such as the Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO), are expected to provide global measurements of column-averaged carbon dioxide (CO2) dry-air mole fraction (XCO2) with the potential of improving the scientific understanding of regional carbon cycle processes and budgets. The satellite data products, however, are expected to have large data gaps due to the satellite track and geophysical limitations (e.g., clouds and aerosols). The satellite data will also be representative of the XCO2 distribution at the spatial scale of satellite footprints, which is smaller than the resolution of typical transport or process models. Assessing the ability of the retrieved soundings to capture XCO2 variability over different regions and times, evaluating the representation error associated with using the retrieved XCO2 product to represent XCO2 at typical model resolutions, and filling data gaps while providing an estimate of the associated uncertainty all require the evaluation of the spatial variability of XCO2. In this study, the global spatial covariance structure of XCO2 is evaluated regionally using CO2 concentrations simulated using the MATCH/CASA model. Results show that regional and temporal changes in the XCO2 distribution caused by seasonal changes in surface fluxes and transport produce a spatially and temporally variable XCO2 covariance structure. The effects of model setup and the relatively low resolution of the MATCH/CASA model on the evaluated XCO2 covariance structure are assessed by comparing the MATCH/CASA results to the spatial variability inferred from the higher-resolution PCTM/GEOS-4 global model, the SiB-RAMS regional model, and aircraft campaign point observations. The comparison with the higher-resolution models and aircraft data shows good agreement with MATCH/CASA results, thus indicating that the presented results provide an adequate representation of XCO2 variability as will be measured by satellites such as OCO.
Body pain and treatment response in late-life depression.

Objective The authors investigated the influence of body pain on 1) time to treatment response and 2) suicidal ideation, in late-life depression. They hypothesized that higher levels of body pain would predict a longer time to and lower likelihood of response, and increased levels of suicidal ideation. Methods Subjects (N = 187) were older adult outpatients (age ≥69 years), with current episodes of major depression, who were openly treated with paroxetine up to 40 mg daily and weekly interpersonal psychotherapy. Response was defined as 3 consecutive weeks of Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression at ≤10. Body pain was measured with the Bodily Pain Index of the SF-36 quality-of-life assessment. Authors used survival-analysis models on the responder sample to test the effect of body pain on response, after controlling for severity of depression. Results Overall response rate was 75.4%. Nonresponders reported more severe pain at baseline. After covarying for severity of baseline depression, no effect was found for physical pain on time-to-response or degree of suicidality. Bodily pain remained stable during acute treatment for responders, independent of depression response to combination psychotherapy and antidepressant treatment. Conclusions Older adult patients with higher levels of physical pain can still respond to antidepressant treatment; however, reported bodily pain may be associated with a more difficult-to-treat depression.
Reversion of flowering in Glycine Max (Fabaceae)

Photoperiodic changes, if occurring before a commitment to flowering is established, can alter the morphological pattern of plant development. In this study, Glycine max (L.) Merrill cv. Ransom plants were initially grown under an inductive short-day (SD) photoperiod to promote flower evocation and then transferred to a long-day (LD) photoperiod to delay flower development by reestablishing vegetative growth (SD-LD plants). Some plants were transferred back to SD after 4-LD exposures to repromote flowering (SD-LD-SD plants). Alterations in organ initiation patterns, from floral to vegetative and back to floral, are characteristic of a reversion phenomenon. Morphological features that occurred at the shoot apical meristem in SD, LD, SD-LD, and SD-LD-SD plants were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Reverted plants initiated floral bracts and resumed initiation of trifoliolate leaves in the two-fifths floral phyllotaxy prior to terminal inflorescence development. When these plants matured, leaf-bract intermediates were positioned on the main stem instead of trifoliolate leaves. Plants transferred back to a SD photoperiod flowered earlier than those left in LD conditions. Results indicated that in plants transferred between SDs and LDs, photoperiod can influence organ initiation in florally evoked, but not committed, G. max plants.
Estimating the Effects of Head Start on Parenting and Child Maltreatment.

: We examine the effects of Head Start participation on parenting and child maltreatment in a large and diverse sample of low-income families in large U.S. cities (N = 2,807), using rich data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS). To address the issue of selection bias, we employ several analytic approaches, including logistic regressions with a rich set of pretreatment controls as well as propensity score matching models, comparing the effects of Head Start to any other arrangements as well as specific types of other arrangements. We find that compared to children who did not attend Head Start, children who did attend Head Start are less likely to have low access to learning materials and less likely to experience spanking by their parents at age five. Moreover, we find that the effects of Head Start vary depending on the specific type of other child care arrangements to which they are compared, with the most consistently beneficial protective effects seen when Head Start is compared to being home in exclusively parental care. Language: en
A Comprehensive Support Program: Effect on Depression in Spouse-Caregivers of AD Patients

Caregivers of Alzheimer's disease patients often suffer from depression. Using a longitudinal treatment/control study, we examined the effects of a comprehensive support program on depression in spouse-caregivers. This psychosocial intervention program treats the primary caregiver and family members over the entire course of the disease through individual and family counseling, the continuous availability of ad hoc counseling, and support group participation. In the first year after intake, the control group became increasingly more depressed, whereas the treatment group remained stable. By the eighth month, treated caregivers were significantly less depressed than those in the control group. These results suggest that enhancing long-term social support can have a significant impact on depression in caregivers.
The Use of Service-Learning Among Special Education Faculty

The purpose of this study was to describe the use of service-learning (SL) by special education faculty at 4-year colleges and universities across the United States, and to determine faculty attitudes and beliefs about the application of SL in special education. Participants included faculty with experience in SL teaching and/or research in special education (N = 48). Data were gathered using a survey. Results show that faculty represented a wide range of institutions and had varying levels of SL experience. There was variability in beliefs about and implementation of SL across faculty. Barriers to incorporating SL in courses and research were minimal. Significant differences in attitudes and beliefs were found based on type of institution, size of institution, and size of community.
Presentation and Inference

Throughout the text we have illustrated methods to present the results of bias analysis and explained the inferences that might derive from those results. This chapter will briefly describe the overarching considerations we recommend for presentation and inference, and the reader should refer to specific examples throughout the text for the detailed implementations of these principles.
Cellular Dynamics of Memory B Cell Populations: IgM+ and IgG+ Memory B Cells Persist Indefinitely as Quiescent Cells

Despite their critical role in long-term immunity, the life span of individual memory B cells remains poorly defined. Using a tetracycline-regulated pulse-chase system, we measured population turnover rates and individual t1/2 of pre-established Ag-induced Ig class-switched and IgM-positive memory B cells over 402 d. Our results indicate that, once established, both IgG-positive and less frequent IgM-positive memory populations are exceptionally stable, with little evidence of attrition or cellular turnover. Indeed, the vast majority of cells in both pools exhibited t1/2 that appear to exceed the life span of the mouse, contrasting dramatically with mature naive B cells. These results indicate that recall Ab responses are mediated by stable pools of extremely long-lived cells, and suggest that Ag-experienced B cells employ remarkably efficient survival mechanisms.
Very low bit rate compression for one-to-N video broadcast

Compression of video for low bitrate communication is studied in this paper. Use of vector quantization in the H.263 framework is proposed. A variable rate residual vector quantizer with a transform vector quantizer in the first stage is used along with a strategy to adapt the bit-rate to the activity in the block. This ability to adapt the bit- rate is very important for very low bitrate compression. The proposed multistage quantizer combined with an adaptive arithmetic codec produced very good results. The variability in the bit-rate was achieved by using smaller block sizes in the later stages of quantizer along with selective quantization of only high energy blocks at the later stages. Performance comparison of the proposed codec with that of H- 263 indicates that there is superior compression results especially bitrates less than 8kb/s.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Al Doped Ta 2 O 5 Thin Films for Microelectronic Applications

In this paper, we report on the fabrication and characterization of pure and Al doped Ta2O5 thin films fabricated by metalorganic solution deposition (MOSD) technique. The pure and Aldoped Ta2O5 thin films were fabricated by spin-coating technique using room temperature processed carboxylate-alkoxide precursor solution. The structure of the films was analyzed by xray diffraction (XRD). The surface and cross-sectional morphology of the films were examined by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM). The electrical measurements were conducted on films in MIM configuration using Pt as the top and bottom electrode. The effects of Al concentration and the post-deposition annealing temperature on the structural, dielectric, and insulating properties were analyzed. The effects of the applied bias and the measurement temperature on the dielectric and insulating properties were also analyzed to establish the stability and reliability of Al doped Ta2O5 thin films.
Paddle8: Painting a New Picture of the Art Market

The Paddle8 case is a short case that presents the idea for a new business in the global art market and asks students to evaluate whether it will work, given the structure and unique workings of the art market. Paddle8 is a New York-based startup that partners with well-known galleries to offer art works from their collections for sale on the Paddle8 website to carefully selected, globally-dispersed members. The firm aims to help galleries overcome their geographic limitations and to make art more accessible to a wide range of new collectors with the help of its technology platform. The question is: will this succeed in the context of the art market where exclusive access is a prime driver of value?
Tissue-Engineered Vocal Fold Mucosa Implantation in Rabbits.

ObjectiveTo assess phonatory function and wound healing of a tissue-engineered vocal fold mucosa (TE-VFM) in rabbits. An “artificial” vocal fold would be valuable for reconstructing refractory scar...
Finding an Optimal Driving Strategy for an Electric Bus Based on Operational Data

One of the clean energy initiatives at Missouri S&T is an electric shuttle bus service, the Ebus. It provides valuable operational data for a fleet-type electric vehicle (EV) operating over a fixed route. The primary aim of this study is to use the daily operational data obtained from the Ebus in order to formulate an optimal driving strategy. Existing research efforts to improve EVs focus on improvements to the architecture and the energy management strategy. However, they fail to provide the driver with an optimal driving strategy leading to suboptimal use of the stored battery energy. This shortcoming was addressed here by implementing a multi-objective approach to find an optimal driving strategy for an electric bus. The driving strategy was taken to comprise two parts: a constant trip speed and an acceleration value to achieve that speed. From the operational data, the efficiency and power consumption of the electric motor were computed for different speeds. By assuming the entire trip was executed at a constant speed, the range for each speed was calculated. The speeds were ranked based on their corresponding ranges. Then, to achieve the optimal speed, the acceleration duration and energy consumption for different acceleration values were computed. The values were ranked based on the trade-off between duration and energy. The choice of driving strategy (exact speed and acceleration values) is left to the driver since different strategies would be needed for different road conditions. This multi-objective approach gives flexibility to the driver and promotes optimal use of the stored battery energy, thereby enhancing the energy efficiency and range of the Ebus. It can be easily implemented in other electric vehicles as well.© 2015 ASME
‘Beyond Reasonable Doubt’: The Neglected Eighteenth-Century Context

(2014). ‘Beyond Reasonable Doubt’: The Neglected Eighteenth-Century Context. Law and Humanities: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 19-52.
Understanding thermosensitive transient receptor potential channels as versatile polymodal cellular sensors.

Transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels are eukaryotic polymodal sensors that function as molecular cellular signal integrators. TRP family members sense and are modulated by a wide array o...
Spectrum and Prevalence of CALM1-, CALM2-, and CALM3-Encoded Calmodulin Variants in Long QT Syndrome and Functional Characterization of a Novel Long QT Syndrome-Associated Calmodulin Missense Variant, E141G.

Background—Calmodulin (CaM) is encoded by 3 genes, CALM1, CALM2, and CALM3, all of which harbor pathogenic variants linked to long QT syndrome (LQTS) with early and severe expressivity. These LQTS-...
Solution for reducing station cycle time by superposition cycle steps

Aiming at the multi-station equipment based on raceway. Superpose adjacent stations movements time by improving the logic of the machine. Then the over all cycle time get reduced and production efficiency is improved.
Three Theories Concerning Correct Attitude towards Ancient Patr iotic Ideology

The author has made a new theoretical exploration concerning correct attitude to wards ancient patriotic ideology from the new point of view of ancient China bei ng a unified country with multi-nationalities. The author holds Confucious put f orward "land under heaven" outlook, resulting in the formation of ancient patr ioticideololgy; Mencious created"people, the foundation" outlook, giving the a nswer to the question of nuclear content of ancient patrioticideology; Dong Zhon g-shu summarized the "spring and autumn annals" unification outlook, becoming powerful spiritual force for maintaining national unification and national unity .