cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute renal tubular necrosis and death of mice orally infected with Escherichia coli strains that produce Shiga-like toxin type II.

Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains have been implicated as etiologic agents in food-borne outbreaks of hemorrhagic colitis and the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. A prototype E. coli O157:H7 strain, designated 933, produces Shiga-like toxin I (SLT-I) and SLT-II and harbors a 60-MDa plasmid. In a previous study, streptomycin-treated mice were fed 933 together with a derivative cured of the 60-MDa plasmid (designated 933cu). Strain 933cu colonized poorly, but in approximately one-third of the animals, an isolate of 933cu was obtained from the feces that had regained the ability to colonize well. This isolate, designated 933cu-rev, killed all of the animals when fed alone to mice. In this investigation, two types of experiments were done to assess whether SLT-I, SLT-II, or both contributed to the death of mice fed 933cu-rev. (i) Mice were pretreated with monoclonal antibodies to SLT-I, SLT-II, SLT-I and SLT-II, or cholera toxin (as a control) before infection with 933cu-rev. (ii) Mice were fed either an E. coli K-12 strain carrying cloned SLT-I genes or the same K-12 strain carrying cloned SLT-II genes. The results of both types of experiments indicated that the deaths of the orally infected mice were due solely to SLT-II. Extensive histological and selected electron microscopic examinations of various tissues from the infected animals suggested that death was due to acute renal cortical tubular necrosis consistent with toxic renal damage. These data indicate a critical role for SLT-II, but not SLT-I, in renal damage associated with E. coli O157:H7 infection of streptomycin-treated mice. Images
Educating dental students about diet-related behavior change: does experiential learning work?

The objective of this study was to explore whether an experiential exercise in a nutrition class would a) increase dental students’ motivation to change their own diet-related behavior, b) improve their understanding of theoretical concepts related to behavior change, and c) improve their attitudes towards educating their patients about diet-related behavior. Data were collected from 218 senior dental students in one dental school (2010: 106; 2011: 112) during their nutrition class. The students agreed at the beginning that it was important to change their own diet-related behavior. After one week, the majority agreed that they had changed how they felt and thought about the targeted behavior and what they actually did. After three weeks and at the end of the term, they rated the exercise as helpful for gaining a better understanding of health education theories. The majority indicated that the exercise had helped them understand the difficulty of diet-related behavior change and that it had increased their interest in helping patients change their diet-related behavior. In conclusion, this study suggests that experiential learning about diet-related behavior change is likely to affect students’ own behavior positively and to result in increased understanding of behavior change theories and positive behavioral intentions concerning future health education efforts with patients.
Nanoparticle-induced potentiometric biosensing of NADH at copper ion-selective electrodes

We demonstrate the first example of using potentiometry at ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) for probing in real-time monitoring of biometallization processes. A copper ISE is used for real-time monitoring of the NADH-mediated reduction of copper in the presence of gold nanoparticle seeds. Such potentiometric detection of NADH is not susceptible to surface fouling common with analogous amperometric measurements of this co-factor. Biosensing of ethanol is illustrated in the presence of alcohol dehydrogenase and NAD+, along with potentiometric detection of the NADH product at the copper ISE. The concept can be readily expanded to the monitoring of various biometallization processes in connection to different enzymatic transformations and ISE, and used for ultrasensitive detection of bioaffinity interactions in connection to common enzyme tags.
Long-Term Employment and Complementary Human Resource Management Practices

This paper identifies human resource management practices that we hypothesize will raise the return to and, hence, complement long-term-employment (LTE) contracts. Compared to firms that do not offer LTE contracts, we find that firms offering LTE contracts make greater use of a wide array of the hypothesized complementary practices relating to training, compensation, information-sharing, job design, employee-customer interactions, and responses to declines in the demand for labor. Additionally, we provide evidence of complementarities between LTE contracts and above average use of the hypothesized complementary practices in their effects on quit rates, an inverse proxy for employees’ reciprocal commitment to LTE.
New physics from cygnus X-3

Abstract We provide evidence that the underground muons associated with Cygnus X-3 are caused by scattering of a strongly interacting neutral particle of energy not much more than 1 TeV. The interactions must be of a previously undetected type, with a natural interaction mass scale about 10–50 GeV. The particles coming from Cygnus X-3 must, however, be light, perhaps resulting from neutrino decay or oscillation.
Update of the CERSER TeraScan cataloguing system and the TeraScan image processing scripts

In 2013, the Center of Excellence in Remote Sensing Education and Research (CERSER) added more satellite receiving hardware to its current National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellite system [2]. The program now processes both NOAA satellite images as well as Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) [8] satellite images. This new imaging capability required the development of scripts on the TeraScan system to process satellite data received and produce an image file with overlay features such as latitude/longitude lines and political map outlines.
The Trade in Gum Arabic : Prelude to French Conquest in Senegal

From the late seventeenth century until the 1870s gum arabic from the southwestern corner of the Sahara was the most important trade good exported to Europe from Mauritania and Senegal. This article discusses the dynamics of the gum trading system based in Saint Louis du Senegal, and details the commercial crisis in which the French colony was mired in the late 1830s and 1840s. Pressure from French capital and from Faidherbe's military forces secured the dominance of the import-export houses, as African river traders and desert gum merchants lost the advantages of their market positions. By the 1870s the importance of the gum trade had been eclipsed by the rapid expansion of peanut cultivation.
Theoretical Study of 1-Methoxy-2-sulfanylethan-1-yl Cation: Insight into Intermediates in Glycosidation Reactions

Equilibrium structures and harmonic vibrational frequencies of two model compounds related to the intermediates of nucleophilic attack on 1-alkoxy-2-(arylsulfanyl)alkyl halides and 2-(arylsulfanyl)pyranosyl halides are reported. Hartree−Fock (HF) and second-order Moller−Plesset (MP2) calculations using the 6-31G(d) basis set were performed on the larger of the two model ions, 2-sulfanyltetrahydropyran-1-yl cation. The smaller model ion, 1-methoxy-2-sulfanylethan-1-yl cation, was further investigated with a triple split valence, 6-311G(d,p), basis set and with the quadratic configuration interaction, including single- and double-electron excitations (QCISD), method. Localized atomic charges in the model ions were compared to corresponding sites in oxonium and episulfonium. The studies of the model ions suggest that the intermediate is more like an oxonium ion than an episulfonium ion, although the sulfur is critical to the stereoselectivity. High-level calculations (QCISD(T)/- and CCSD(T)/6-311++G(d,p)) in...
Microfabricated conductimetric pH sensor

A miniature conductimetric pH sensor has been developed, based on the measurement of the conductivity of a pH-responsive hydrogel. The microfabricated sensor is constructed by coating planar interdigitated electrode arrays with a photolithographically patterned hydrogel membrane. The hydrogel sensing layer swells or shrinks to a hydration determined by the pH of the solution in which it is immersed. This leads to a corresponding increase or decrease in the mobility of the ions partitioned by the gel. The sensitivity of ion mobility to small changes in hydration leads to sensor resistance changes as large as 45% per pH unit at physiological pH. Since the sensor operation is based on changes in ion mobility, the sensor operates in high ionic strength solutions, whereas most conductimetric sensors to date have been limited to use in solutions with low mobile ion content. The sensor response time is approximately five minutes, and appears to be limited by the protonation/deprotonation of the polybasic hydrogel. Devices have operated for more than six weeks with a 50% loss of sensitivity over three weeks.
The widespread occurrence of plant cytosomes resembling animal microbodies

Single membrane bounded organelles characterized by a physical association with endoplasmic reticulum have been observed in a wide range of cell types and plant species including Gymnosperm, Angiosperm, Pteridophyte, and Thallophyte (algae and fungi) tissues. The morphological similarity between these organelles and animal microbodies suggests that they are cytological homologues. Plant microbodies were observed both with and without dense internal inclusions but unlike animal microbodies could not be shown to contain uricase. Plant microbody membranes are resistant to degenerative influences and remain associated with a small portion of endoplasmic reticulum even in isolated cell fractions.
UMP synthase activity expressed in deficient hamster cells by separate transferase and decarboxylase proteins or by linker-deleted bifunctional protein

Segments of the human UMP synthase cDNA coding for the orotate phosphoribosyl transferase (OPRT) and orotidylate decarboxylase (ODC) domains of the bifunctional protein UMP synthase were produced by polymerase chain reaction techniques and cloned into a eukaryotic expression vector. The separate OPRT and ODC vectors, along with a selectable marker, were cotransfected into UMP synthase-deficient hamster cells (Urd-C) that require exogeneous uridine for growth. Transfected Urd-C cells surviving selection in media without added uridine were isolated and designated transferase decarboxylase Urd-C (TDU). All of the selected colonies contained DNA corresponding to the OPRT and ODC expression vectors. Two cell lines (TDU3 and TDU5) integrated many more copies of the OPRT and ODC vectors into their genomes compared to the other TDU lines. A 28.6-kDa ODC protein band and a 24.4-kDa OPRT band were detected on western blots with UMP synthase-specific polyclonal antiserum. The OPRT activity of the TDU lines was up to 8.7 times the OPRT activity of control CHL cells, and the ODC activity was up to 12.5 times control levels. Both OPRT and ODC activities in the monofunctional proteins were less heat stable than in the bifunctional UMP synthase protein. The monofunctional OPRT protein was less stable than the ODC protein at 45 degrees C. Growth of transfected cells in 6-azauridine resulted in striking increases in activity and temperature stability for the monofunctional ODC protein. A UMP synthase bifunctional protein was constructed with a deletion of the suspected linker region joining the two catalytic domains. The linker-deleted UMP synthase showed no significant change in either OPRT or ODC activity or temperature stability. The increased stability of the bifunctional protein may be a factor in its evolutionary selection in mammalian cells.
Phonon Bottleneck Effect in Organic Molecules

We have measured the ensemble averaged transverse spin relaxation time T 2 * (associated with g = 4 resonance) in bulk powders of the organic molecule Alq3, and in samples containing 1-2 molecules confined in nanocavities of dimension ˜ 2 nm. Both T 2 * times are strongly temperature dependent indicating that they are determined by phonon-mediated spin relaxation. Interestingly, the T 2 * time in nanocavities is ˜2.5 times longer than in bulk powder over a wide temperature range. The longer T 2 * in the nanocavity is evidence of weakened electron-phonon interaction. We believe that electron-phonon interaction is suppressed because the cavity confines phonons and discretizes the phonon modes and phonon energies. As a result, the chances of a phonon induced (inelastic) spin relaxation event are reduced owing to the need to conserve energy in the relaxation process. This is a novel “phonon bottleneck effect” that to our knowledge has not been previously reported.
PHYSICO‐CHEMICAL PROPERTIES and ACCEPTABILITY of FLOUR PREPARED FROM MICROWAVE BLANCHED SWEET POTATOES

Flour was prepared from microwave blanched “Jewel” sweet potatoes. For comparison, flours were also prepared from steam blanched and unblanched sweet potatoes. Microwave blanched flour had higher yield (18%) than steam blanched (13%). There were differences (p < 0.05) in moisture, ash, starch, sugar and thiamin content among the three flours. No differences in oil and water holding capacity or viscosity were observed between the microwave and steam blanched flours. There were no differences in L-values among flours, but a-values were smaller for microwave blanched and b-values were greater for unblanched flours (p < 0.05). Visual observation indicated that blanched flours were deeper in yellow-orange color than unblanched flour. Three bakery products, bread, cake and cookies, were prepared. the sensory scores of products containing microwave blanched flour were higher than that of products containing unblanched or steam blanched flour. the products were highly acceptable.
Ethanol effects on brain concentrations of amitriptyline and the relationship to psychomotor function

The effect of amitriptyline (AMI), ethanol (ETOH), and ETOH followed by AMI on both general activity (open field) and motor performance (two rotorod tasks) was tested in reference to a saline-injected control. The combination (ETOH plus AMI) produced greater impairment on all three tasks than did either drug alone. ETOH pretreatment also produced a 223% increase in the total tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) brain concentration. The decrement in motor performance was logarithmically related to total TCA brain concentrations in both animals treated with AMI alone and those pretreated with ETOH prior to AMI. The concentration which consistently produced behavioral impairment was similar to those previously reported to cause cognitive and electroencephalographic dysfunction in humans.
Propagation along the direction of inhomogeneity in an inhomogeneous chiral medium

Abstract Wave propagation in unidirectionally inhomogeneous chiral media is examined, i.e. the constitutive properties of the chiral media vary along the z axis; it is also assumed that the electromagnetic field is a function of the z coordinate alone. It is shown that the electromagnetic field, in the present arrangement, can be decomposed into two mutually-independent circularly-polarized states. Coupled first-order differential equations are derived to describe the fields, and various solution procedures discussed. Extension is made to the case when the medium inhomogeneity is periodic, for which case a perturbational solution is explicitly given.
Family Violence Curricula in U.S. Medical Schools

Abstract Introduction: Family violence (adult domestic violence, child abuse/neglect, and elder abuse) is endemic. Victims of family violence are seen in every venue of health care, yet physicians do not routinely inquire about abuse, even when patients present with obvious clinical characteristics. Although a comprehensive health care response is key to a coordinated community-wide approach to family violence, most practicing physicians have never received education in any aspect of family violence, including child abuse. This paper reports the results of a survey of family violence instruction in medical schools. Methods: A written survey of medical school deans and student representatives of all 126 U.S. medical schools was conducted to (1) determine curriculum content in family violence, (2) assess differences between deans’ and students’ perceptions of curricular offerings, and (3) compare the results of the current survey with those of an earlier curriculum survey conducted in 1987. Results: The majority of deans reported existing curriculum in all three topic areas of family violence. Compared to the 1987 survey, more deans reported existing curriculum in family violence. However, neither total instructional time nor curriculum during clinical training increased. Moreover, student and dean responses were discrepant regarding awareness of curriculum in domestic violence and elder abuse. Conclusion: Despite an increase in the number of schools reporting curriculum in family violence, there does not appear to be increased attention to this problem, at least as measured by time devoted to teaching. Insights from this descriptive survey can promote ongoing efforts toward comprehensive curriculum development in family violence.
Risk and Protective Factors for Substance Use Among Urban African American Adolescents Considered High-Risk

This exploratory study examined the relative contribution of academic achievement, peer drug use, and neighborhood attachment on alcohol and marijuana use among African American adolescents considered high-risk. Participants were 291 urban African American adolescents (ages 11 to 18 years) who were identified as at-risk. Youth were administered measures of the constructs of interest. Consistent with previous findings, regression findings revealed that academic achievement and peer drug use were significant predictors of alcohol and marijuana use among high-risk African American youth. However, neighborhood attachment was not significant. Our findings warrant further investigation into the different aspects of neighborhood contexts that may be protective or risk factors for substance use among African American youth considered high risk.
Constructing carbon offsets: The obstacles to quantifying emission reductions

Abstract The existing literature generally ascribes the virtual absence of the transport sector from the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to the inherent complexity of quantifying emission reductions from mobile sources. We use archival analysis and interviews with CDM decision-makers and experts to identify two additional groups of explanations. First, we show the significance of aspects of the CDM's historical evolution, such as the order in which methodologies were considered and the assignment of expert desk reviewers. Second, we highlight inconsistencies in the treatment of uncertainty across sectors. In contrast to transport methodologies, other sectors are characterized by a narrow focus on sources of measurement uncertainty and a neglect of economic effects (“market leakages”). We do not argue that the rejection of transport methodologies was unjustified, but rather than many of the same problems are inherent in other sectors. Thus, the case of transport sheds light on fundamental problems in quantifying emission reductions under the CDM. We argue that a key theoretical attraction of the CDM—equalization of marginal abatement costs across all sectors—has been difficult to achieve in practice.
The Influence of Eyewitness Nonidentifications on Mock‐Jurors' Judgments of a Court Case1

Two experiments examined the effect of an eyewitness nonidentificution on mock-jurors' verdicts in robbery cases, as well as the effects of number of identifying eyewitnesses and status of the identifying witness (victim or bystander). Subjects read court case summaries that included variable eyewitness evidence and constant alibi, circumstantial, and character evidence. In Experiment 1, frequency of guilty verdicts was significantly less when an eyewitness testified in court that the defendant was not the perpetrator, even when this nonidentification opposed two positive identifications. In Experiment 2, a low guilty rate was again associated with the presence of a nonidentifier, but only when the nonidentifier actually testified in court and stipulated that the defendant is “not the man.” On the average, 70% of the jurors delivered guilty verdicts when both the victim and bystander gave identifying testimony, whereas 12.5% delivered guilty verdicts when the bystander gave opposing nonidentifying testimony. Guilty rates were unaffected by the identifying eyewitness' status and (in Experiment 2, but not Experiment 1) were higher when there were two (vs. one) identifying eyewitnesses.
Translational regulation of proinsulin biosynthesis and proinsulin conversion in the pancreaticβ-cell

Abstract Insulin secretion from the pancreatic β -cell can be initiated in minutes, vary as much as 50–100-fold, and be sustained for several hours without need for changes in insulin gene transcription. Remarkably, the cellular content of the hormone and its molecular composition do not vary appreciably in the face of changes of insulin granule exocytosis. Minimal morphological changes are apparent, further indicating that the movement of lipids and membrane proteins between the granule storage pool, the plasma membrane, and Golgi are likewise tightly controlled. Such homeostasis is achieved by an interplay of signaling pathways originating from the metabolism of glucose with downstream targets at the level of translation of dense-core granule proteins, granule biogenesis, and membrane trafficking. Our scant knowledge in this area is confined mostly to a descriptive account of the fate of the major secreted components, principally insulin and the enzymes PC1, PC2, and CPH involved in the proteolytic conversion of proinsulin to insulin. A common theme seems to be the role of intracellular energy homeostasis in integrating the stimulus–secretion and stimulus–biosynthetic responses of this cell.
Mortimer Adler, Paulo Freire, and Teaching Theology in a Democracy

In view of the current attention being given to “practices,” this paper argues that Mortimer Adler and Paulo Freire have developed pedagogical practices that are relevant for the task of teaching theology in a democracy. Emphasizing the connection between education and democratic life, both reject a facile relativism or pragmatism, on the one hand, and an uncritical adherence to either a traditionalist or revolutionary agenda, on the other. Indeed, both present their pedagogies not simply as a means for advocating certain types of religious and ethical practice (whether traditional or revolutionary) but as a means for critically examining those practices in light of the truth and justice – and for believers, the reality of God – they presuppose. This essay examines precisely how they do this and what their relevance might be for the teaching of theology in a democracy where the co-existence of competing religious and ethical claims is a given.
Effects of regional ablation of midline cortex on alternation learning by rats

Abstract Effects of anterior limbic and posterior cingulate lesions on learning of a nonspatial alternation problem by rats were compared. Food-deprived rats were trained to traverse a runway in which food reward was present on every other trial. Under these conditions normal rats learn to run fast on rewarded trials and slowly on non-rewarded trials. Lesions were placed in anterior limbic or posterior cingulate regions prior to training. Controls underwent sham operations. After 15 days of training, anterior limbic lesioned animals had failed to learn the alternation. Alternation learning by the rats with posterior cingulate lesions did not differ significantly from that of controls. Additional training improved the performance of some anterior limbic lesioned animals but not to the extent that they performed as well as controls. In anterior limbic lesioned brains, degree of retrograde degeneration in anteromedial thalamic nuclei was correlated with degree of improvement after additional training. The results are interpreted to indicate functional differentiation of anterior limbic and posterior cingulate cortical regions in the rat.
Influence of Occlusion on the Cellular Activity of Mouse Mandibular Incisors

The influence of occlusion on cellular activity of mouse mandibular incisors was evaluated by determining the age at the time of eruption and initial occlusal contact and by correlating this information with the ratio of tritiated thymidine-labeled cells of the various cell populations at different stages of eruption and occlusion.
Control of gripper position of a compliant link using strain gauge measurements

A self-tuning type algorithm is proposed for the control of a single rotating compliant link. At each sampling time, strain measurements along the link are used to assess modal content. Knowledge of the first mode together with the hub position may be used to determine the angular position of a hub to tip projection. A self-tuning control is devised by treating this angle as belonging to an equivalent rigid link. Laboratory experiments show this control to lead to an improved performance over a control which ignores compliance.
Temper embrittlement of Ni-Cr steel by antimony: III. Effects of Ni and Cr

The individual effects of Ni and Cr on temper embrittlement in a Ni-Cr steel doped with Sb were studied by notched-bar testing and Auger electron spectroscopy. Nickel is required for significant segregation of Sb to grain boundaries (and concomitant embrittlement). The addition of Cr somehow makes Ni more effective in this respect; segregation of Cr was not detected. Precipitation of Cr-rich carbides, which depletes the α matrix of Cr, reduces the embrittlement susceptibility. The amount of segregated Ni is a function only of the amount of segregated Sb; it is independent of Cr or C content of the steel.
A Tragic Choice: Japanese Preventive Motivations and the Origins of the Pacific War

If there is one puzzle that animates all research on the origins of the Pacific War, it is this: Why would a small island nation such as Japan start a war with an adversary possessing a much larger...
The influence of glucocorticoids on survival and growth of allografted tumors in the anterior eye chamber of leopard frogs

Abstract The Lucke renal adenocarcinoma of northern leopard frogs, Rana pipiens , can be propagated by culturing it in the anterior eye chamber (AEC). In this so-called immunologically privileged site, however, only about 22 percent of first-set tumor alloimplants and 5 percent of second-set alloimplants survived for more than 40 days. The mean time of onset of first- and second-set rejections was about 20 and 13 days. Thus while tumor rejection in the AEC occurred more slowly than rejection of allografted tumor or skin at other sites, implantation in the AEC does not promote permanent survival. The glucocorticoids, corticosterone (500 ug/20 g) and aldosterone (50 ug/20 g) enhanced survival and growth of tumor alloimplants in the AEC. Seventy-three percent and 78 percent of tumor implants survived more than 40 days in frogs treated with aldosterone and corticosterone, respectively. Enhanced growth and survival of tumor implants in steroid-treated animals was thought to be due to a lympholytic action of the hormones. However, the number of circulating small lymphocytes in steroid-treated frogs was not significantly different from that of uninjected or solvent-injected frogs after six weeks of continuous treatment.
Alleviation of neuropathic pain symptoms by xenogeneic chromaffin cell grafts in the spinal subarachnoid space.

Recent data have suggested that adrenal medullary tissue allografts in the spinal cord subarachnoid space, by releasing catecholamines and opioid peptides, attenuate responses to various acute noxious stimuli and chronic pain-related behaviors. However, the application of this approach is limited by the low availability of allogeneic donor material. Alternatively, chromaffin cells from xenogeneic sources such as the bovine adrenal medulla are plentiful and simple to extract. The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential for bovine chromaffin cell xenografts in the rat spinal subarachnoid space to alleviate chronic pain. This was assessed in an animal model of neuropathic pain induced by loose ligation of the sciatic nerve, which resulted in allodynia, hyperalgesia, and skin temperature abnormalities. Two weeks after nerve injury, animals were implanted with either isolated bovine chromaffin cells or control bovine adrenal fibroblasts in the spinal subarachnoid space at the level of lumbar enlargement and immunosuppressed with cyclosporine A. In animals with chromaffin cell implants, but not fibroblast implants, both cold allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were markedly reduced or eliminated as early as 1 week following implantation and hind paw skin temperature asymmetry was also normalized. These beneficial effects were maintained without decrement or apparent tolerance for the 9 week course of the symptomology. The analgesic effects of chromaffin cell grafts were partially attenuated following i.t. injection of naloxone and phentolamine separately and in combination, suggesting involvement of spinal opioid and alpha-adrenergic receptors. Following termination of behavioral studies, immunocytochemical analysis revealed robust survival of chromaffin cells in the implants. These results demonstrate that chromaffin cell xenografts may be effective in alleviating pain of neurogenic origin.
Morasses, square and forcing axioms

Abstract The paper discusses various relationships between the concepts mentioned in the title. In Section 1 Todorcevic functions are shown to arise from both morasses and square. In Section 2 the theme is of supplements to morasses which have some of the flavour of square. Distinctions are drawn between differing concepts. In Section 3 forcing axioms related to the ideas in Section 2 are discussed.
A Market Separation Theory of Rent Differentials in Metropolitan Areas

The general model, 660. — The regression model, 663. — Correlation and regression results, 666. — Evaluation, 667. — Some conclusions, 670. — Appendix, 671.
Effects of heat treatment on hardness and ductility of chromium-nitrogen alloys☆

Abstract The effect of nitrogen concentration on the hardness, BDT temperature, and maximum fibre stress, as a function of heat treatment is described. Typical agehardening behavior was observed in solution-treated and quenched alloys aged at 150 ° and 300 °C. Alloys in the as-quenched condition exhibit relatively little dependence of the hardness, strength or ductility on nitrogen content. Minima in the BDT temperature and maximum fibre stress were observed at approximately 300 p.p.m. nitrogen. A change in the morphology of the Cr 2 N precipitate from a “crow's-foot”-shaped particle with a {100} habit plane at low nitrogen concentrations to a platelike particle with a {112} habit plan in the higher nitrogen alloys was observed.
Interactions of Fox proteins with inflammatory transcription-factor pathways

The forkhead (Fox) protein family includes a wide diversity of 'winged helix' transcription factors, now known to play critical roles in immune homeostasis. Although Foxp3 remains the most widely studied member for its role in the development and/or function of regulatory T cells, which extrinsically modulate the activity of effector leukocytes, other family members, such as Foxj1, Foxo3a and Foxd1, have received growing attention for their importance in the cell-intrinsic regulation of immune homeostasis, especially in T cells, by antagonizing the activity of proinflammatory transcription-factor pathways, such as the nuclear factor-kappaB or nuclear factor of activated T-cell families. This review summarizes a present understanding of these factors in this context.
The Operation of a Large Flash Chamber Neutrino Detector at Fermilab

The operation of a large flash chamber neutrino detector at Fermilab is described. The detector consists of 608 flash chambers, and 37 proportional chambers with an active area of 12'×12'. Planes of sand and steel shot are interleaved with the flash chambers and proportional chambers to provide a fine grain sampling of recoil showers. The mass of the detector is 340 tons. The calibration of the instrument for electrons and hadrons in the energy range of 5 to 125 GeV is described.
A Reduced Spectral Transform for the NCEP Seasonal Forecast Global Spectral Atmospheric Model

Abstract A reduced spectral transformation is applied to the NCEP atmospheric global spectral model for operational seasonal forecasts. The magnitude of the associated Legendre coefficient provides a basis for this new transformation, which is a simple modification of a traditional reduced grid spectral transform. This transformation can be called a “reduced spectral” method because its Fourier and Legendre transformations need less computation than the traditional uniform full grid or reduced grid methods. In addition, the reduced spectral method saves an extra 50% on Legendre transformations and is easy to load balance for massively parallel computing under certain decompositions. A comparison, without model physics, among reduced spectral, reduced grid, and full grid transforms indicates that they have negligible differences up to more than a half-month integration and small differences up to a 1- month integration. Extended integrations without physics for up to 4 months show that there is proximity o...
Crystal Structures of an NAD Kinase from Archaeoglobus fulgidus in Complex with ATP, NAD, or NADP

NAD kinase is a ubiquitous enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of NAD to NADP using ATP or inorganic polyphosphate (poly(P)) as phosphate donor, and is regarded as the only enzyme responsible for the synthesis of NADP. We present here the crystal structures of an NAD kinase from the archaeal organism Archaeoglobus fulgidus in complex with its phosphate donor ATP at 1.7 A resolution, with its substrate NAD at 3.05 A resolution, and with the product NADP in two different crystal forms at 2.45 A and 2.0 A resolution, respectively. In the ATP bound structure, the AMP portion of the ATP molecule is found to use the same binding site as the nicotinamide ribose portion of NAD/NADP in the NAD/NADP bound structures. A magnesium ion is found to be coordinated to the phosphate tail of ATP as well as to a pyrophosphate group. The conserved GGDG loop forms hydrogen bonds with the pyrophosphate group in the ATP-bound structure and the 2' phosphate group of the NADP in the NADP-bound structures. A possible phosphate transfer mechanism is proposed on the basis of the structures presented.
Two adjacent domains (141-150 and 151-160) of apoE covalently linked to a class A amphipathic helical peptide exhibit opposite atherogenic effects.

Abstract Objective We recently described anti-atherogenic properties of the dual domain peptide Ac-hE18A-NH 2 derived by covalently linking the heparin binding domain 141–150 of apoE to 18A, a class A amphipathic helical peptide. In this paper we have compared the properties of Ac-hE18A-NH 2 with the non-heparin binding 151–160 region of apoE linked to 18A (Ac-nhE18A-NH 2 ). Methods and results Both peptides were highly helical in solution and in association with lipids. Ac-hE18A-NH 2 and not Ac-nhE18A-NH 2 enhanced uptake of low density lipoprotein (LDL) in HepG2 cells. While Ac-hE18A-NH 2 retarded the electrophoretic mobility of LDL, Ac-nhE18A-NH 2 slightly enhanced mobility. Ac-hE18A-NH 2 reduced monocyte association with endothelial cells, while Ac-nhE18A-NH 2 increased it. Ac-hE18A-NH 2 also reduced lipid hydroperoxide content of LDL while Ac-nhE18A-NH 2 increased it. A single administration of Ac-hE18A-NH 2 (100μg/mouse) into apoE null mice dramatically reduced cholesterol (from 600mg/dL to 180mg/dL at 5min and to 60mg/dL at 5h) while Ac-nhE18A-NH 2 had no effect. Administration (100μg/mouse/day, three days a week) into apoE null mice for six weeks showed Ac-hE18A-NH 2 group having a moderate aortic sinus lesion reduction compared with the control group (−15.1%), while the Ac-nhE18A-NH 2 administered group had increased lesion area (+33.0% vs controls and 36.1% vs Ac-hE18A-NH 2 ). Plasma from mice administered Ac-hE18A-NH 2 for six weeks showed a significant reduction in plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels and increase in paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activity compared to controls, while Ac-nhE18A-NH 2 caused no change in plasma cholesterol and decreased PON-1 activity. Conclusion It is proposed that Ac-hE18A-NH 2 reduced lesion progression in apoE null mice due to its anti-inflammatory and lipoprotein clearing properties, while Ac-nhE18A-NH 2 exhibited pro-atherogenic effects.
Adsorption of NO2 on Rh(111) and Pd/Rh(111): photoemission studies

Abstract Synchrotron-based high-resolution photoemission has been used to study the interaction of NO2 with Rh(111) and Pd/Rh(111) surfaces. Clean Rh(111) reacts readily with nitrogen dioxide which decomposes at temperatures≤150 K producing adsorbed NO and oxygen adatoms (NO2→NOa+Oa). The majority of the adsorbed NO further dissociates (NOa→Na+Oa) between 300 and 400 K. The bimetallic Pd/Rh(111) system exhibits a significantly lower reactivity towards NO2 in comparison with Pd(111) and Rh(111). On Pd/Rh(111) surfaces (θPd=0.6–1.2 ML), NO2 dissociates at low temperatures, but essentially no decomposition to atomic nitrogen occurs and all the nitrogen molecular species disappear from the surface by 380 K. The OPd bond in a Pd1.2/Rh(111) system is substantially weaker (adsorption energy lowered by at least 20 kcal mol−1) than on the individual metals and most of the oxygen evolves from the surface by 400 K. When the Rh(111) surface is only partially covered with Pd (Pd0.6/Rh(111)), spillover of adsorbed species from Pd islands to the bare Rh(111) patches is observed when the temperature of the system is increased from 100 to 400 K.
In vivo neurotoxicity of beta-amyloid [β(1–40)] and the β(25–35) fragment

We examined the histological changes produced by injections of beta-amyloid [beta(1-40)], and control peptides in rat and monkey cerebral cortex. beta(25-35) injections were also studied in rat cortex. Standard immunoperoxidase procedures were used to detect the distribution of tau, MAP2, beta(1-40) and ALZ 50 immunoreactivity. All injections produced localized necrosis at the injection site surrounded by a zone of neuronal loss and gliosis. In rat cortex, lesions produced by solubilized beta(1-40) and beta(25-35) in water were generally larger than those produced by control peptides. Tau and ALZ 50 antibodies labeled neurites and diffusely positive perikarya around beta(1-40) injections, whereas MAP2 staining was reduced, paralleling the distribution of neuronal loss and gliosis. In aged primate cortex, beta(1-40) lesion size was dose dependent. Hyalinized, ALZ 50 positive neurons, and abnormal neurites were prominent around the injection site. Although beta-amyloid is acutely neurotoxic in both rat and monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in the primate more closely resembles that found in AD.
The effects of stoichiometry on the mechanical properties of icosahedral boron carbide under loading.

The effects of stoichiometry on the atomic structure and the related mechanical properties of boron carbide (B4C) have been studied using density functional theory and quantum molecular dynamics simulations. Computational cells of boron carbide containing up to 960 atoms and spanning compositions ranging from 6.7% to 26.7% carbon were used to determine the effects of stoichiometry on the atomic structure, elastic properties, and stress?strain response as a function of hydrostatic, uniaxial, and shear loading paths. It was found that different stoichiometries, as well as variable atomic arrangements within a fixed stoichiometry, can have a significant impact on the yield stress of boron carbide when compressed uniaxially (by as much as 70% in some cases); the significantly reduced strength of boron carbide under shear loading is also demonstrated.
Trauma and Origins: Post-Holocaust Genealogists and the Work of Memory

In the 1970s, as children of Holocaust survivors reached adulthood, many began to excavate, piece together, and re-fashion their fractured family histories. This movement achieved momentum in the 1980s and 1990s, as the so-called “second generation” moved into middle age. Drawing from data gleaned from participant observation on a listserv for children of survivors and from interviews, I argue that those who engage in post-Holocaust genealogy are searching for coherent narratives that place their own origin in the context of the families into which they were born. By seeking, borrowing from and selectively appropriating traces of the past, they are using them as raw material in the production of new stories about the past and, by implication, the present.
To what extent do teacher–student interaction quality and student gender contribute to fifth graders’ engagement in mathematics learning?

This study examines concurrent teacher–student interaction quality and 5th graders’ (n = 387) engagement in mathematics classrooms (n = 63) and considers how teacher–student interaction quality relates to engagement differently for boys and girls. Three approaches were used to measure student engagement in mathematics: Research assistants observed engaged behavior, teachers reported on students’ engagement, and students completed questionnaires. Engagement data were conducted 3 times per year concurrent with measures of teacher–student interaction quality. Results showed small but statistically significant associations among the 3 methods. Results of multilevel models showed only 1 significant finding linking quality of teacher–student interactions to observed or teacher-reported behavioral engagement; higher classroom organization related to higher levels of observed behavioral engagement. However, the multilevel models produced a rich set of findings for student-reported engagement. Students in classrooms with higher emotional support reported higher cognitive, emotional, and social engagement. Students in classrooms higher in classroom organization reported more cognitive, emotional, and social engagement. Interaction effects (Gender × Teacher–student interaction quality) were present for student-reported engagement outcomes but not in observed or teacher-reported engagement. Boys (but not girls) in classrooms with higher observed classroom organization reported more cognitive and emotional engagement. In classrooms with higher instructional support, boys reported higher but girls reported lower social engagement. The discussion explores implications of varied approaches to measuring engagement, interprets teacher–student interaction quality and gender findings, and considers the usefulness of student report in understanding students’ math experiences.
Fire in the Virgin Forests of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, Minnesota

Fire largely determined the composition and structure of the presettlement vegetation of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area as well as the vegetation mosaic on the landscape and the habitat patterns for wildlife. It also influenced nutrient cycles, and energy pathways, and helped maintain the diversity, productivity, and long-term stability of the ecosystem. Thus the whole ecosystem was fire-dependent. At least some overstory elements in virtually all forest stands still date from regeneration that followed one or more fires since 1595 A.D. The average interval between significant fire years was about 4 yr in presettlement times, but shortened to 2 yr from 1868 to 1910 during settlement. However, 83% of the area burned before the beginning of suppression programs resulted from just nine fire periods: 1894, 1875, 1863–1964, 1824, 1801, 1755–1959, 1727, 1692, 1681. The average interval between these major fire years was 26 yr. Most present virgin forests date from regeneration that followed fires in these years. Significant areas were also regenerated by fires in 1903, 1910, 1936, and 1971. Most major fire years occurred during prolonged summer droughts of subcontinental extent, such as those of 1864, 1910, and 1936. Many fires were man-caused, but lightning ignitions were also common. Lightning alone is probably a sufficient source of ignitions to guarantee that older stands burned before attaining climax. Dry matter accumulations, spruce budworm outbreaks, blowdowns, and other interactions related to time since fire increase the probability that old stands will burn. Vegetation patterns on the landscape were influenced by such natural firebreaks as lakes, streams, wetlands, and moist slopes. Red and white pine are most common on islands, and to the east, northeast, or southeast of such firebreaks. Jack pine, aspen-birch, and sprout hardwood forests are most common on large uplands distant from or west of such firebreaks. A Natural Fire Rotation of about 100 yr prevailed in presettlement times, but many red and white pine stands remained largely intact for 150–350 yr, and some jack pine and aspen-birch forests probably burned at intervals of 50 yr or less. There is paleoecological evidence that fire was an ecosystem factor before European man arrived, and even before early man migrated to North America. Probably few areas ever attained the postulated fir-spruce-cedar-birch climax in postglacial times. To understand the dynamics of fire-dependent ecosystems fire must be studied as an integral part of the system. The search for stable communities that might develop without fire is futile and avoids the real challenge of understanding nature on her own terms. To restore the natural ecosystem of the Canoe Area fire should soon be reintroduced through a program of prescribed fires and monitored lightning fires. Failing this, major unnatural, perhaps unpredictable, changes in the ecosystem will occur.
Carbonitride Nanomaterials, Thin Films, and Solids

Binary, ternary, and quaternary carbonitride materials, such as CN x , BCN, SiCN, SiBCN, AlBCN, are of significant industrial interest because of their light weight and multi-functional properties, combining extreme hardness, oxidation resistance, and chemical inertness. The most exciting material in this family is carbon nitride C 3 N 4 with expected 'superdiamond' properties. This report describes new approaches to the preparation of CN x thin films, and nanoscale or bulk solids of C 3 N 4 and BCN.
Variable-energy positron-beam studies of Ni implanted with He.

Variable-energy positron-beam studies have been made on well-annealed polycrystalline Ni samples implanted with 30-, 90-, and 180-keV $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ ions. The positron-annihilation characteristics were measured with a solid-state Ge detector at a number of different incident-positron energies and after isochronal annealing at various temperatures. The Doppler broadening of the annihilation photons was found to be strongly influenced by the $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ implantations. The data indicate that trapping of the positrons occurred predominantly at small He bubbles. The variation of the broadening with incident-positron energy was sensitive to the depth distribution of the traps. A diffusion model assuming a square concentration-defect profile was developed and analytically fitted to the parametrized momentum data. These fitted results were compared to Monte Carlo range calculations for $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ in Ni, and fairly good agreement was found. This investigation demonstrates the capabilities of positron annihilation for nondestructive depth profiling in ion-implanted systems. In addition, it establishes parallels between the trapping behavior of positrons and that reported elsewhere for hydrogen, thereby augmenting the present level of understanding of the technologically important trapping of hydrogen by the bubbles.