cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thin film radiation sources by radiofrequency sputtering

Abstract The preparation of thin film radiation sources using radiofrequency-sputtering techniques has been demonstrated. 241 Am alpha photon and photon radiation sources have been prepared using a radiofrequency-sputtering system, installed in a glove box designed to maintain radioisotope containment. Sources prepared using radiofrequency sputtering to deposit the radioactive layer and also the isotope containment layer have been evaluated for uniformity, activity, and integrity with generally positive results. Up to 25 radiation sources having a 0.5 in. diam. active layer have been prepared in a single run. Planar ring sources and other geometry sources may be conveniently prepared. The use of sputtering for source preparation is most applicable when several sources are prepared in a run, and when there is a continuing demand for sources containing a given radioisotope.
Some effects of dissolved oxygen concentrations upon the toxicity of zinc to the bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus, raf.

Abstract Randomized duplicate continuous-flow bioassays were made to determine the effect of three dissolved oxygen concentrations on subacute zinc toxicity to bluegills. The 20-day median tolerance limits (TL m ) at various oxygen concentrations were significantly different at the 95 per cent level of confidence, but the effects of zinc concentrations on growth were not significant.
The effects of literacy instruction on primary students' reading and writing achievement

Abstract This study examined the reading and writing achievement of students in primary classrooms in which teachers implemented recommended literacy instruction to varying degrees and described teachers’ practices within these varying classrooms. The reading and writing achievement of 21 students from four classrooms in which teachers adhered to recommended literacy practices to high degrees was compared with the achievement of 19 students from four classrooms in which teachers implemented recommended practices to low degrees. Findings revealed that the group of students taught by teachers who adhered to recommended practices to high degrees outperformed the group of students taught by teachers who adhered to these practices to low degrees on every measure of literacy achievement, with significant differences in comprehension, fluency, quality of writing, and use of language mechanics. The teachers of the higher achieving students implemented practices such as using high‐quality children's literature, en...
The reversal of temperature-induced cell-surface deformation in tetrahymena by polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Abstract The ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis mating type II variety 1 requires Asolectin or other phospholipids for growth in synthetic media at 40°. Ciliates grown on these phospholipids at 40° are morphologically abnormal. The relative phospholipid content of abnormal ciliates is only one-third that of normal cells. No qualitative differences in phospholipid composition were detected. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of the lipids of normal and abnormal cells grown on Asolectin indicate that Asolectin phospholipids are not incorporated into ciliate membranes but rather serve as a non-toxic source of unsaturated fatty acids. Purified ciliate fatty acids (extracted from, normal ciliates grown at 35° in a lipid free medium) when supplied in the presence of defatted crystalline bovine serum albumin (which annuls fatty acid toxicity) will support optimum growth of T. pyriformis at elevated temperatures in lieu of phospholipids and prevent the production of cell surface abnormalities. It is suggested that the effects of elevated temperatures on the growth and morphology of T. pyriformis are the result of an inhibition of fatty acid biosynthesis and hence indirectly of the biosynthesis of phospholipids required for the formation of ciliate membranes.
Effect of radiative heat loss on diffusion flames in quiescent microgravity atmosphere

Abstract This paper presents the results of theoretical calculations for radiation-induced extinction of one-dimensional unsteady diffusion flames in a quiescent microgravity environment. The model formulation includes both gas and soot radiation. Soot volume fraction is not a priori assumed, instead it is produced and oxidized according to the temperature- and species-dependent formation and oxidation rates. Thus, soot volume fraction and the resulting flame radiation varies with space and time. Three cases are considered: (i) a nonradiating flame, (ii) a barely sooty flame, and (iii) a very sooty flame. For the nonradiating flame, the maximum flame temperature remains constant and it does not extinguish. However, the burning rate decreases with time ( t ) as t 1/2 making the flame “weaker.” For radiating flames, the flame temperature decreases due to radiative heat loss for both barely sooting and heavily sooting flames, resulting in extinction. The decrease in the burning rate for radiating flames is also much faster than t 1/2 . Surprisingly, gas radiation has a larger effect on the flame temperature than soot radiation in this flame configuration. This is because the gaseous combustion products (primarily CO 2 and H 2 O) accumulate in the high-temperature reaction zone, while the soot exists in the low-temperature region on the fuel side. Also, the soot region is comparatively narrower and the soot volume fraction decreases with time due to oxidation by CO 2 and H 2 O. At early times, before a significant increase in the concentrations of CO 2 and H 2 O, large amounts of soot are formed and the radiation from soot is also very large. However, this radiative heat loss does not cause a perceptible local depression in the temperature profile because it is offset primarily by thermal diffusion and to a lesser degree by heat release due to soot oxidation. Later, both soot and soot radiation decrease with time. These results are consistent with the experimental observations made in microgravity spherical diffusion flames and provide considerable insight into radiative cooling of sooty flames. This work, while not experimental, does shows that radiative extinction of diffusion flames in a quiescent microgravity environment is possible.
Comprehension and Retention of Television Programs by 20-and 60-year Olds

Two experiments were conducted to examine age differences in adults' comprehension and retention of television programs; in both studies content (level of information) and learner (vocabulary level) variables were explored. Fifty older and 50 younger adults participated in each study. Results from Experiment I measures of free recall, probe recall, and recognition showed a significant age by vocabulary interaction; only older low-verbal adults were consistently poorer than their younger counterparts. Experiment II demonstrated that the locus of this interaction may be at initial program comprehension rather than solely at retrieval. The results were interpreted as demonstrating the importance of considering learner characteristics in adult cognitive developmental research.
Efficient catalytic synthesis of dendritic polymers having internal fluorescence labels for bioconjugation.

Here we present an efficient synthesis of functional dendritic polymers carrying internal fluorescence labels for bioconjugation. Specifically, dendritic polymers having pyrene as fluorescence labe...
The Making of Space, Race and Place: New York City's War on Graffiti, 1970—the Present

■ This article examines New York City's war on graffiti from 1970 until the present and the ways in which the city's reaction to the popular youth practice was largely shaped by the neoliberal restructuring process occurring throughout the same period. It explores the racialization and criminalization of the youth who practiced graffiti, and the ways in which this process manifested itself as a contestation over the use of urban space. Finally, it explores the practice of graffiti and the role of cultural practices more generally in relation to an anti-racist discourse.
Metal-binding studies of linear rigid-axle [2]pseudorotaxanes with in situ generated anionic metal halide complexes

A systematic study of metal–pseudorotaxane binding, using the linear N,N′-bis(4-pyridyl)-4,4′-bipyridinium axle (PyBP2+) and aromatic crown ethers bis(1,5-naphtho)-32-crown-8 (BN32C8), bis(1,5-naphtho)-38-crown-10 (BN38C10) and bis-para-phenylene-34-crown-10 (BPP34C10), is presented. The three corresponding [2]pseudorotaxanes, including the novel, fully characterized (visible absorption and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, association constant, electrochemistry, crystal structure) [PyBP/BPP34C10]2+ system, were each reacted with MX2 (M = Zn2+, Cd2+, Hg2+; X = Cl−, Br−, I−). Of the twenty-seven different pseudorotaxane/MX2 combinations explored, fifteen yielded single-crystals containing a pseudorotaxane unit, and were characterized by X-ray diffraction; in eight of those crystals metal–pseudorotaxane binding was observed. The results reflect the lower association constant of [PyBP/BPP34C10]2+ (170 M−1) than the corresponding ones of [PyBP/BN32C8]2+ (870 M−1) and [PyBP/BN38C10]2+ (420 M−1) in solution, where pseudorotaxanes are in equilibrium with the corresponding free axle and wheel components. In all cases, the isolated crystals contain anionic metal halide species, such as singly charged MX3− (M = Zn, Cd; X = Cl, Br, I) or doubly charged CdX42− (X = Br, I) and Hg2X62− (X = Cl, Br, I). Ordered 3D-arrays of perfectly aligned pseudorotaxane units are found in the dichroic mercury-based crystals. Our study demonstrates that although specific intermolecular interactions (collectively called crystal packing forces), may occasionally interfere with the crystallization of metal–pseudorotaxane complexes based on pseudorotaxanes with low association constants, the use of pseudorotaxanes instead of synthetically more challenging rotaxanes is a promising approach for the construction of metal–organic rotaxane frameworks (MORFs).
Association of Risk Attitude with Market Diversification in the Construction Business

In construction, many large firms are diversified, and their diversification is recognized as a corporate strategy for growth and risk management. Diversification indicates extended competition into a different market sector. It is a departure from a firm’s experience base, and it can be riskier than improving performance in the currently operating market. Then, contractors’ diversification and their aggregate pattern in the market, if there is any, are realized outcomes through competition among contractors over different market sectors. The competing contractors may have different risk attitudes, which are the subconscious but critical basis of their risk-taking behaviors in competition. This study investigates the association of contractors’ organizational risk attitudes with their diversification on the basis of simulated competition among multiple contractors. The simulation replicates the actual diversification pattern of large U.S. construction contractors. The results provide new insight on the re...
Genital Herpesvirus hominis Infection in Mice. II. Treatment with Phosphonoacetic Acid, Adenine Arabinoside, and Adenine Arabinoside 5′-Monophosphate

Genital infection of mice with Herpesvirus hominis type 2 provides an experimental model for screening potential antiviral chemotherapeutic agents before clinical trials in humans. Intravaginal treatment with phosphonoacetic acid (at a dose of 500 mg/kg in saline or as a 5% cream) initiated 3 hr after inoculation with H. hominis type 2 completely inhibited viral replication in the genital tract and prevented subsequent mortality. Although therapy initiated 24-72 hr after infection significantly reduced titers of virus in vaginal secretions from three- to 100-fold, most mice eventually died of encephalitis. Topical treatment with either adenine arabinoside or adenine arabinoside 5'-monophosphate at a dose of 500 mg/kg in saline or as a 10% cream failed to alter viral replication in the genital tract or to protect the mice from death due to encephalitis. Treatment by the intraperitoneal route with any of these three agents had no effect on local viral replication or final mortality.
Cerebral abnormalities in infants with myelomeningocele

Abstract Background and purpose We evaluated brain abnormalities associated with myelomeningocele in infants. Material and methods Between June 1995 and June 2008, 42 patients with myelomeningocele were treated in our hospital. Only 24 patients (13 males, 11 females, mean age 1.5 months, range 1 day – 11 months) were evaluated by both spinal and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and were enrolled in the study. Results Brain MRI revealed: hydrocephalus in 21 (87.5%) patients, all of whom required immediate shunting. Total agenesis of the corpus callosum was observed in 2 (8.3%) patients, partial agenesis was seen in 4 (17%) patients and 8 (34%) patients had dysplasia of the corpus callosum. Absence of the septum pellucidum was observed in 2 (8%) patients. Widening of the interhemispheric fissure and colpocephaly were noted in 10 (41%) and in 3 (12%) patients, respectively. Abnormal white matter maturation was observed in 2 (8%) patients. Small posterior fossa was observed in 18 (74%) patients, Chiari malformation in 16 (67%) patients, cerebellar and brain stem hypoplasia in 3 (12%) and 7 (30%) patients, respectively. Conclusions MRI examination of the myelomeningocele site is not sufficient. Clinicians should consider obtaining imaging studies of the entire neuraxis in patients with myelomeningocele.
Meeting the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education competencies using established residency training program assessment tools.

Abstract Background Most existing residency evaluation tools were constructed to evaluate the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) competencies. Methods Before ACGME's six competency based assessment requirements for resident performance were developed, we created a residency evaluation tool with 5 domains important to successful surgical resident performance. Reliability was determined after 6 months of use. Factor analysis assessed whether the evaluation tool was a construct-valid measure of the ACGME competencies. Results Three hundred forty-three evaluations for 36 surgical residents were tested. The original evaluation tool was highly reliable with an overall reliability of 0.97. Factor analysis defined 4 new combinations of questions analogous to 4 of the ACGME competencies: professionalism (reliability 0.95), patient care (reliability 0.93), medical knowledge (reliability 0.92), and communication (reliability 0.92). The new competency clusters were correlated with each other to a moderate degree. Conclusions Our locally developed tool demonstrated high reliability and construct validity for 4 of 6 ACGME competencies. The correlation between factors suggests overlap between competencies.
Selenium:mercury molar ratios in fish from the Savannah River: implications for risk management

The risk to humans from contaminants in fish is dealt with by issuing consumption advisories, which are devised from consumption patterns, contaminant levels, and toxicity of those contaminants. The primary contaminant of concern in fish is mercury, and recently it has been suggested that the protective effects of selenium on mercury toxicity should be considered in risk management. The relationships between mercury, fish species and fish size, and selenium:mercury (Se:Hg) molar ratios were examined for freshwater fish from the Savannah River. The data indicated: (1) significant variation in Se:Hg molar ratios among and within species, (2) mean selenium molar ratios for the 11 species were negatively correlated with mean mercury levels and mean fish length, (3) greater variation in individual variances within species than the variation in mean ratios among species, (4) some species with high mean ratios had individuals with ratios below 1, and (5) even the species with the highest mean ratios had some ind...
Defining T-Cell-Mediated Immune Responses in Rotavirus-Infected Juvenile Rhesus Macaques

The appearance of virus-specific CD4(+) and/or CD8(+) T lymphocytes in peripheral blood of captive juvenile rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) was observed following rotavirus infection. These cell-mediated immune responses were measured following experimental or natural infection after rotavirus was isolated from stool specimens of asymptomatic animals. The virus isolated was a new strain of simian rotavirus that we named TUCH (for Tulane University and Cincinnati Children's Hospital). Restimulation of peripheral T lymphocytes by inactivated double- or triple-layered TUCH rotavirus particles containing either VP6 or VP4 and VP7 on their respective surfaces resulted in increased quantities of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-12 in cell culture supernatants. Recall responses to rotavirus by CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes were associated with accumulation of intracellular IL-6 and gamma interferon. Antigen presentation of TUCH rotavirus to lymphocytes was mediated via differentiated cultures of monocyte-derived dendritic (HLA-DR(+)) cells. This is the first report demonstrating cell-mediated immune responses to rotavirus in nonhuman primates. Further exploration of rhesus macaques in vaccine trials with human rotavirus vaccine candidates is the major objective of future studies.
Evaluating compact polarization performance in DESDynI mission

Summary form only given. The proposed DESDynI mission is planned by NASA to study ecosystems, solid earth, and cryospheric changes of earth. DESDynI would provide unique capabilities to the science community, with an imaging L-band radar.
1383 COMPARISON OF SIMULTANEOUSLY MEASURED RADIAL ARTERY (RA)UMBILICAL ARTERY (UA), AND DINAMAP PRESSURE IN SICK NEWBORNS

Sixteen infants in whom umbilical artery catheters were placed also had radial or ulnar artery catheters placed. Calibrated transducers generated a continuous hard-copy recording of systolic and diastolic pressures from these catheters. Simultaneously these infants had blood pressure measured by a “device for indirect noninvasive automatic mean arterial pressure” (DINAMAP)*. This was recorded on the same hard copy. The majority of infants were studied within 72 hours of birth. Average study time was 18 hours. Differences in systolic and diastolic pressure between RA and UA and DINAMAP were calculated as follows: Differences between these modes of measurement in individual infants did not change significantly from the first half of the study to the second half. Factors such as placement of the DINAMAP cuff on the lower extremity ipsilateral to the cannulated umbilical vessel appear to bring the measurements even closer. UA and RA pressures are similar in sick newborns. Likewise, DINAMAP reflects radial pressures, but these measurements are done automatically and continuously with this device.
Everything is a carcinogen

The public has developed the impression that in an industrialized society environmental carcinogens are ubiquitous and that all chemical exposures, irrespective of the dose, influence carcinogenesis. Such impressions are influenced by many nonscientific considerations and often reflect insufficient knowledge of scientific data and methods. Such misconceptions are thus partly explained by the multistage nature of carcinogenesis, the absence of a clear understanding, and definition of the multiple factors which influence cancer induction. It is obvious that not all chemicals are carcinogenic and it is reasonable to accept that not all substances (including primary chemical carcinogens) that are found to enhance carcinogens in animals are necessarily carcinogenic to humans under conditions of usual human exposure.
The prediction of fracture in brittle solids subjected to very short duration tensile stresses

The failure mechanism of brittle solids under very short duration tensile loading differs basically from that under prolonged tensile loads. Under static loading, or long stress pulses, the initiation and propagation of a single inherent flaw may lead to complete separation of the part. By contrast, if the loading is of very short duration, many cracks have to initiate and propagate so that they can link up and create a fracture surface during the loading period. A simple theory is proposed which relates the strength values observed under short duration stress pulses to the distribution of inherent flaws in the material. The prediction is shown to compare favorably with experimental results obtained by subjecting several types of rock to electron beams which produce stress pulses lasting from fractions of a microsecond to several microseconds.
Evaluation of the Global Atmospheric Moisture Budget as Seen from Analyses

Abstract For the period 1987 to 1993, quantities central to the global moisture budget from the global analyses of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), the U.S. National Meteorological Center (NMC), and NASA/Goddard have been computed and compared. The precipitable water is computed and compared with satellite data from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I). Fluxes of moisture and their divergence have been used to estimate the vertically integrated moisture budget and thus evaporation minus precipitation (E − P) as residuals. Results of several test computations show that small biases exist in precipitable water as vertical resolution and methods of computing vertical integrals are changed, but the impact is small on the moisture budget. In the Tropics and subtropics the moisture budget is dominated by the divergence field rather than the moisture amounts, and consequently initialization of the analyses has an impact on the perceived moisture budget. The diurnal cycle is ...
Multimedia call admission control in mobile networks: a dynamical reservation-pool approach

The effective delivery of Multimedia traffic in next generation mobile cellular communication environment will become an increasingly important issue as cell sizes shrink to accommodate continuously large demand for high capacity. To provide the guaranteed mobile QoS for arriving multi-class calls, we should not only consider the regular latency requirement, but also minimize the dropping rate of handoff calls while at the same time controlling the blocking rate of new calls. In this paper, a new multi-class call admission control mechanism is proposed that is based on dynamically forming a reservation-pool for handoff requests. The prerequisite of this scheme is that wireless components can estimate future trajectory of mobile hosts with high degree of accuracy, which is possible in today's increasingly improved position location techniques such as GPS. In this work, we first develop the notion of servicing various multi-class connections based on priority determined using the combined analysis of mobile movement information and the desired QoS requirements of multimedia traffic. We also provide a practical framework for determining the occurrence time of handoff request reservations. For our simulation experiments, three kinds of timers are introduced for controlling the progress of discrete events. The simulation results show that the individual QoS criteria of multi-class traffic such as the handoff call dropping probability can be achieved within a targeted objective and the new call blocking probability is constrained to be below a given level. The proposed scheme is applicable to channel allocation of multi-class calls over high-speed multimedia wireless ATM networks.
INSPEC 2 T: Inexpensive Spectrometer Color Camera Technology

Modern spectrometer equipment tends to be expensive, thus increasing the cost of emerging systems that take advantage of spectral properties as part of their operation. This paper introduces a novel technique that exploits the spectral response characteristics of a traditional sensor (i.e. CMOS or CCD) to utilize it as a low-cost spectrometer. Using the raw Bayer pattern data from a sensor, we estimate the brightness and wavelength of the measured light at a particular point. We use this information to support wide dynamic range, high noise tolerance, and, if sampling takes place on a slope, sub-pixel resolution. Experimental results are provided for both simulation and real data. Further, we investigate the potential of this low-cost technology for spoof detection in biometric systems. Lastly, an actual hardware systhesis is conducted to show the ease with which this algorithm can be implemented onto an FPGA.
Exercise increases age-related penetrance and arrhythmic risk in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy-associated desmosomal mutation carriers

Objectives This study sought to determine how exercise influences penetrance of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) among patients with desmosomal mutations. Background Although animal models and anecdotal evidence suggest that exercise is a risk factor for ARVD/C, there have been no systematic human studies. Methods Eighty-seven carriers (46 male; mean age, 44 ± 18 years) were interviewed about regular physical activity from 10 years of age. The relationship of exercise with sustained ventricular arrhythmia (ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation [VT/VF]), stage C heart failure (HF), and meeting diagnostic criteria for ARVD/C (2010 Revised Task Force Criteria [TFC]) was studied. Results Symptoms developed in endurance athletes (N = 56) at a younger age (30.1 ± 13.0 years vs. 40.6 ± 21.1 years, p = 0.05); they were more likely to meet TFC at last follow-up (82% vs. 35%, p Conclusions Endurance exercise and frequent exercise increase the risk of VT/VF, HF, and ARVD/C in desmosomal mutation carriers. These findings support exercise restriction for these patients.
Primary pediatric care in one community.

Primary pediatric practice in one community was studied by using a household interview survey, a pediatrician mail questionnaire, and an ambulatory care survey of nine practices reporting on all visits over a four-week period. The results for the study year 1975 are compared with those for 1971 and 1967. Pediatricians provided an ever-increasing proportion of ambulatory care. Of all the children who had a regular physician in 1967, only 47% had a pediatrician; by 1975, this proportion had increased to 74%. Well-child care continues to be the largest diagnostic category (30%), followed by treatment for upper respiratory tract infections (24%), otitis media (14%), and lower respiratory tract infections (6%). Variations by practice and patient characteristics are examined. If the observed changes indicate a nationwide trend, a larger number of pediatricians will be needed to cover their growing share in primary care for children. Working in multiple settings and delegating part of the work load to nurse practitioners have helped to meet the growing demand.
Fine Structure of Infra-Red Absorption in Organic Compounds and the Raman Effect

THE infra-red absorption bands of nine organic liquids have been studied in the 3.5μ region. The spectrometer employed made use of an eschelette grating, which had a resolving power of 10,000 as compared with approximately 170 for a 3-inch rock-salt prism in this region. The dispersion was such that, with the slits 0.25 mm. wide, one slit width contained a portion of the spectrum only 25 A. wide. The wave-lengths as given below are believed to be accurate to ±0.003μ.
How knowing and doing inform an autobiography: relations among preschoolers' theory of mind, narrative, and event memory skills

Research on the development of autobiographical memory in children has revealed the importance of two seemingly separate but related factors: Theory of mind, or the ability to know what another can and cannot know, and narrative skill, or the ability to tell a coherently structured story. The present research study with 22 preschoolers examined the extent to which each factor predicts two separate components of autobiographical memory ability: (1) the content of memory and (2) the structure of the memory narrative. As hypothesized, we found that theory of mind skills predicted the ‘how’ or structure of the children's fictional story narratives, whereas narrative skills predicted the ‘how much’ or content of the children's memory. Implications for the development of autobiographical memory are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An advanced solid state pressure transducer for high reliability SSME applications

The objective of this research project was to develop a silicon sensor and packaging technique to advance the state-of-the-art of pressure transducers for the NASA Space Shuttle main engine (SSME). This advancement is expected to yield improved reliability, accuracy, and cryogenic temperature operation. The author describes the silicon sensor, packaging concept, and the results from mechanical and electrical testing of development hardware. >
Evolving ideas about osmosis and capillary fluid exchange

When a solute is dissolved in water at (T, pel), the temperature and external pressure applied to the solution, the water in the solution is altered as is pure liquid water at (T, pel − πH2Ol). The liquid water and the water in the solution are in equilibrium when πH2Ol is the osmotic pressure of the water in the solution. Every partial molar property of the water in the solution at (T, pel), including its vapor pressure, chemical potential, volume, internal energy, enthalpy and entropy, is identical with the same molar property of pure liquid water at (T, pel − πH2Ol). This elementary fact was deduced by Hulett in 1903 from a thought experiment; he concluded that the internal tension in the force bonding the water is the same in both solution and pure liquid water, in equilibrium, at these differing applied pressures. Hulett’s understanding of osmosis and the means by which the water was altered by the solute were neglected and abandoned. Competing ideas included the notions that the solute attracts the ...
Some Aspects of the Origin and Fate of Midpalatal Cysts in Human Fetuses

SYNOPSIS IN INTERLINGUACERTE ASPECTOS DEL ORIGINE E DEL DESTINO DE CYSTES MESOPALATAL IN FETOs HUMAN.—Omne le specimens prenatal exhibiva evidentia de multiple formationes de cyste disveloppamental in le linea central del medietates posterior del palato dur in stato de disveloppamento. Tal cystes non esseva presente in tres de quatro fetos parturite a termino. Iste observation se trova in accordo con previe reportos indicante que le majoritate de tal cystes dispare ante le nascentia. Secundo le puncto de vista conventional illos ha lor origine in retenite perlas epithelial remanente ab le tempore del fusion del rebordos palatal e del subsequente perforation e disruption del interjacente lamina de cellulas epithelial. Evidentia histologic ab le presente studio indica que certes de iste cystes ha possibilemente lor origine in invaginationes de fetal mucosa de superficie.
Protection from cytosolic prion protein toxicity by modulation of protein translocation

Failure to promptly dispose of undesirable proteins is associated with numerous diseases. In the case of cellular prion protein (PrP), inhibition of the proteasome pathway can generate a highly aggregation-prone, cytotoxic form of PrP implicated in neurodegeneration. However, the predominant mechanisms that result in delivery of PrP, ordinarily targeted to the secretory pathway, to cytosolic proteasomes have been unclear. By accurately measuring the in vivo fidelity of protein translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), we reveal a slight inefficiency in PrP signal sequence function that generates proteasomally degraded cytosolic PrP. Attenuating this source of cytosolic PrP completely eliminates the dependence on proteasomes for PrP degradation. This allows cells to tolerate both higher expression levels and decreased proteasomal capacity without succumbing to the adverse consequences of misfolded PrP. Thus, the generation of potentially toxic cytosolic PrP is controlled primarily during its initial translocation into the ER. These results suggest that a substantial proportion of the cell's constitutive proteasomal burden may consist of proteins that, like PrP, fail to cotranslationally enter the secretory pathway with high fidelity.
Madison's Opponents and Constitutional Design

Understanding what James Madison’s opponents sought and won at the U.S. Constitutional Convention revises our understanding of the founders’ original intentions for the durable framework that has structured American political development. The Constitution is the byproduct of expedient accommodations forced upon Madison. Madison sought broad national authority independent of state governments and a swift victory for population-based Congressional representation. Delegates from economically disadvantaged states opposed these plans, seeking instead to nationalize only selective public goods, to maintain most state policy autonomy and to minimize contingencies imposed by other governments. Connecticut’s delegates, particularly Roger Sherman, played a pivotal role in spoiling Madison’s agenda and altering his substantive plans for Constitutional design. Madison’s Convention opponents are responsible for a Constitution that nationalized only enumerated public goods and imposed potentially high transaction costs on any further nationalization of policy authority. They helped make federalism a lasting political weapon used to win substantive policy outcomes.
Probing the inherent stability of siRNA immobilized on nanoparticle constructs

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a powerful and highly effective method to regulate gene expression in vitro and in vivo. However, the susceptibility to serum nuclease-catalyzed degradation is a major challenge and it remains unclear whether the strategies developed to improve the stability of siRNA free in serum solution are ideal for siRNA conjugated to nanoparticle surfaces. Herein, we use spherical nucleic acid nanoparticle conjugates, consisting of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with siRNA chemisorbed to the surface, as a platform to study how a model siRNA targeting androgen receptor degrades in serum (SNA-siRNAAR). In solutions of 10% (vol/vol) FBS, we find rapid endonuclease hydrolysis at specific sites near the AuNP-facing terminus of siRNAAR, which were different from those of siRNAAR free in solution. These data indicate that the chemical environment of siRNA on a nanoparticle surface can alter the recognition of siRNA by serum nucleases and change the inherent stability of the nucleic acid. Finally, we demonstrate that incorporation of 2′-O-methyl RNA nucleotides at sites of nuclease hydrolysis on SNA-siRNAAR results in a 10-fold increase in siRNA lifetime. These data suggest that strategies for enhancing the serum stability of siRNA immobilized to nanoparticles must be developed from a dedicated analysis of the siRNA–nanoparticle conjugate, rather than a reliance on strategies developed for siRNA free in solution. We believe these findings are important for fundamentally understanding interactions between biological media and oligonucleotides conjugated to nanoparticles for the development of gene regulatory and therapeutic agents in a variety of disease models.
Infrared imaging of stress-crazing in rubber modified polystyrene

The plastic yield and fracture of rubber-modified polystyrene specimens under tensile load have been investigated at room temperature. The experimental procedure consisted of rapidly alternating measurements of transmitted and emitted infrared (IR) radiation from samples under tensile stress. The load-displacement data were simultaneously recorded. Both single-edge-notched and dog bone-shaped test coupons were studied. In each tensile test run, we observed a significant decrease of material transparency in the IR which occurred near the low yield point. A further increase in material deformation was accompanied by a substantial temperature increase. After material failure, the surface morphology of the test specimens in the vicinity of the crack was examined using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Our results are explained in the context of existing models of material crazing.
Price limits and stock market volatility in Taiwan

Abstract There is no theoretical basis for determining whether the imposition of circuit breakers will have the desired effect of reducing stock market volatility. A commonly cited benefit ascribed to price limits is that such measures provide a cooling-off period, allowing investors to re-evaluate market information and to reformulate a new investment strategy. Another benefit is that price limits allow order imbalances to be publicized and that therefore they work to attract value traders. In both these ways, proponents claim, price limits protect the market from violent movements. Opponents of price limits argue that they serve no purpose other than to slow down or delay a price change. They argue that even though price limits can stop the price of a share from free falling on the trading day when a shock hits, the price will continue to move toward equilibrium as new limits are established in subsequent trading periods. According to this view, price limits only prolong the number of trading days it will take for the market to adapt to a disturbance toward equilibrium. Given the above diverse viewpoints, the effects of price limits is an issue to be empirically tested. Employing a projected standard deviation series with heteroscedasticity corrected as a measurement for stock volatility, and using both daily and monthly data, we test the hypothesis that a narrower price limit will curtail price fluctuation. Our results do not show that price limits have a significant impact on reducing equity price volatility. On the contrary, we find that price limits tend to slightly exacerbate price volatility. We also find that serial correlations of stock returns are inversely related to the range of price limits, implying a delaying effect of price limits.
Relationships between parents' use of corporal punishment and their children's endorsement of spanking and hitting other children

Objectives: To explore the intergenerational cycle of violence, the present study examined the relationship between parental approval and children's approval of corporal punishment (CP) and the subsequent relationship between children's CP experience and preference for hitting to resolve interpersonal conflict.
A computational fluid dynamics investigation of fluid flow in a dense medium plasma reactor

Computational fluid dynamics are applied to the study of three-dimensional fluid flow in a dense medium plasma reactor (DMPR) under different operating conditions. Reaction mechanisms and rates for the removal of methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) in a DMPR are developed from experimental data to determine the plasma volume, the rate of interphase mass transfer and the photolysis rate of MTBE via UV emission from the plasma. The simulations utilize the plasma volume determined from the kinetic data to show that the volume of fluid in contact with the plasma in the DMPR only constitutes a maximum of approximately 10% of the fluid intended to be cycled through the plasma tubules. The simulations also predict appreciable pressure gradients on the surface of the pin electrodes, resulting in a small discharge area located away from the region in which the electric field strength is a maximum. This result has been confirmed indirectly through observation in that the pin electrodes sputter metal from an area of similar size and location to the low-pressure region predicted by the simulations. The pressure gradients are shown to be a function of operating conditions as well as pin location, indicating that the plasma discharge conditions are not uniform throughout the reactor.
The age of anxiety? Birth cohort change in anxiety and neuroticism, 1952-1993.

Two meta-analyses find that Americans have shifted toward substantially higher levels of anxiety and neuroticism during recent decades. Both college student (adult) and child samples increased almost a full standard deviation in anxiety between 1952 and 1993 (explaining about 20% of the variance in the trait). The average American child in the 1980s reported more anxiety than child psychiatric patients in the 1950s. Correlations with social indices (e.g., divorce rates, crime rates) suggest that decreases in social connectedness and increases in environmental dangers may be responsible for the rise in anxiety. Economic factors, however, seem to play little role. Birth cohort, as a proxy for broad social trends, may be an important influence on personality development, especially during childhood.
Opioid Equianalgesic Tables: Are They All Equally Dangerous?

Pain is one of the most common symptoms in cancer patients. Opioids are widely prescribed for this and other purposes. Properly used, they are safe, but they have serious and potentially lethal side effects. Successful use of opioids to manage cancer pain requires adequate knowledge about opioid pharmacology and equianalgesia for the purpose of both drug rotation and route conversion. The aim of this study was to demonstrate variations in equianalgesic ratios, as quoted in equianalgesic tables and various educational materials widely available to practicing physicians. We surveyed commercially available educational materials in package inserts, teaching materials provided by pharmaceutical companies, and the Physicians' Desk Reference for equianalgesic tables of commonly used opioids. We found inconsistent and variable equianalgesic ratios recommended for both opioid rotation and conversion. Multiple factors like inter- and intraindividual differences in opioid pharmacology may influence the accuracy of dose calculations, as does the heterogeneity of study design used to derive equianalgesic ratios. Equianalgesic tables should only serve as a general guideline to estimate equivalent opioid doses. Clinical judgment should be used and individual patient characteristics considered when applying any table. Professional organizations and regulators should establish a rotation and conversion consensus concerning opioid equianalgesic ratios. Systematic research on equianalgesic opioid dose calculation is recommended to avoid adverse public health consequences of incorrect or inappropriate dosing. Current information in equianalgesic tables is confusing for physicians, and dangerous to the public.
Analysis of Transport Phenomena Associated with Convective Drying of a Textile Material

The existing empirical and semi-empirical techniques for predicting drying times for heavy woollen fabrics on perforated drums are applied to the drying of a cotton/polyester fahric in a Fleissner mini RT heat transfer unit. Recourse is also taken to applying the generalized partial differential equations of energy and continuity in order to develop a composite model of the transport phenomena associated with this operation.
Reproduction, Age, and Growth of the Finescale Dace, Chrosomus neogaeus, in Minnesota

Abstract The life history of the finescale dace, Chrosomus neogaeus, was studied in Itasca Park, Minnesota, during 1969-1971. The breeding season extended from late April through May. The more numerous males pursued females at the spawning sites; egg deposition occurred during an embrace under submerged logs and brush piles. Fecundity can be described by the equation Y = 62.59X − 1,764, where Y is the number of eggs, and × is the standard length (SL). Both sexes reached sexual maturity at age I. After sexual maturity, females grew faster (Y = 9.01X + 30.0) than males (Y = 6.20X + 36.0), where Y is standard length in millimeters, and × is the age in years. The largest female captured was 85 mm SL (age-class VI); the largest male was 67 mm SL (age-class V).
An annual cycle of biomass and productivity of Vallisneria americana in a subtropical spring-fed estuary

Abstract An annual cycle of biomass and productivity of wild celery ( Vallisneria americana ) was studied in Kings Bay, FL, USA. In situ growth rates were measured monthly between March 2001 and June 2002 in high-density stands, using a modified hole-punching technique, and applied to shoot density data to obtain areal estimates of production. Mean shoot density varied greatly over the study period, ranging between 200 and 800 shoots m −2 . Mean total biomass ranged between 162 and 1013 g m −2 , with aboveground material comprising, on average, 70% of total biomass. Total annual estimated production of new attached shoots was 519 g m −2 . Leaf growth rates peaked at >50 mg shoot −1 d −1 , and mass-specific leaf growth ranged 0.6–1.8% d −1 . Annually, individual shoots produced 7.4 g of leaf material and completely replaced standing leaf biomass 3.5 times. Areal leaf production was highest in late spring/summer of 2001, and ranged between 3.6 and 23.0 g m −2 d −1 . Annual total leaf production was 2704 g m −2 . Seasonality was not apparent in most variables monitored monthly; only 1 of the 64 relationships we examined between environmental variables (nutrients, chlorophyll a, and irradiance) and Vallisneria biological variables were significant, with relative growth rate increasing linearly with irradiance. Peak biomass and productivity of Vallisneri a in Kings Bay were high compared to literature values for other Vallisneria populations as well as global averages for well-studied seagrasses, emphasizing the potential importance of Vallisneria to whole ecosystem functioning in springs, lakes, and oligohaline reaches of many estuaries.
Abba, Father (Mark 14: 36): Another Approach

t has been widely accepted/I/ that Abba in the mouth of Jesus is a relic, an ipsissima vox relayed by tradition (Rom. 8:15; Gal. 4:6). As such, it would sum up Jesus' unique relationship to the Father because he employed an intimate family expression, Abba, used in Aramaic almost exclusively in these contexts and rarely if ever in regard to God. In the Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, in the article Abba, Kittel writes: "In any case there can be no doubt that the use of the word in the community is linked with Jesus' term for God and thus denotes an appropriation of the relationship proclaimed and lived out by Him. Jewish usage shows how this father-child relationship to God far surpasses any possibilities of intimacy assumed in Judaism, introducing indeed something which is entirely new." More than anyone else, as far as I can gather, Joachim Jeremias has popularized this view, based on his own and previous research. In the popular booklet, The Lord's Prayer, he writes: "Abba was an everyday word, a homely family-word, a secular word, the tender address of the child to its father: 'Dear father.' No Jew would have dared to address God in this manner. Jesus did it always, in all his prayers which are handed down to us, with one single exception, the cry from the cross: 'My God, my God, why has thou forsaken me?"' (19-20). There is indeed no difficulty in accepting Abba as an everyday family word used by Jesus. Nor is there any need to question that Jesus' use of the word Abba to address God has something very special about it, since tradition is careful to record this in Mark, Romans, and Galatians. However, Abba does have many shades of meaning according to its context. In the Targums, for example, it is everywhere used where there is a direct address to a human father (see examples in comments further ahead on Gen. 22:7) and with a variety of nuances. My purpose here is to examine the meaning of Abba within the context of Mark 14:32-42, "the agony in the garden."