cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IDENTIFICATION OF MODAL COMBINATIONS FOR NONLINEAR STATIC ANALYSIS OF BUILDING STRUCTURES

: An essential requisite in performance-based seismic design is the estimation of inelastic deformation demands in structural members. An increasingly popular analytical method to establish these demand values is a “pushover” analysis in which a model of the building structure is subjected to an invariant distribution of lateral forces. Although such an approach takes into consideration the redistribution of forces following yielding of sections, it does not incorporate the effects of varying dynamic characteristics during the inelastic response. Simple modal combination schemes are investigated in this article to indirectly account for higher mode effects. Because the modes that contribute to deformations may be different from the modes that contribute to forces, it is necessary to identify unique modal combinations that provide reliable estimates of both force and deformation demands. The proposed procedure is applied to typical moment frame buildings to assess the effectiveness of the methodology. It is shown that the envelope of demands obtained from a series of nonlinear static analysis using the proposed modal-combination-based lateral load patterns results in better estimation of inter-story drift, a critical parameter in seismic evaluation and design.
Developmental regulation of fetal to adult globin gene switching in human fetal erythroid x mouse erythroleukemia cell hybrids.

Abstract Human fetal erythroid × murine erythroleukemia cell hybrids undergo human fetal (γ) to adult (β) globin gene switching in vitro under the control of a mechanism located on human chromosome 11. We investigated whether this mechanism acts in cis or in trans by preparing hybrid cells containing marked fragments of the γ and β genes known to switch in transgenic mice. In these cells the chromosomally introduced human globin locus undergoes the fetal to adult globin gene switch. In contrast, the marked globin gene fragments were expressed at all stages of hybrid development. These results suggest that either the mechanism of switching acts in cis or that sequences present in the chromosomal globin locus but missing from the transfected globin gene fragments mediate its action.
Identification of a Unique Nuclear Receptor for 9-Cis Retinoic Acid

Two families of nuclear receptors (RAR and RXR) for retinoic acid have previously been identified, cloned, and shown to be intimately involved with receptor-mediated regulation of gene transcription. All-trans-retinoic acid (t-RA) has been known to be a high-affinity ligand for RAR but only a weak ligand for RXR, while the endogenous ligand for RXR was unknown. Now two laboratories have isolated and chemically characterized 9-cis-retinoic acid (c-RA) and have shown that it is a naturally occurring ligand for RXR. These results suggest that isomerization of t-RA into c-RA may play an important role in retinoic acid biology.
Transaction, development, and capacity: commentary on 'Toward a transactional theory of decision making'

The author fundamentally agrees with Mousavi's and Garrison's criticisms of Herbert Simon's version of rational choice theory, underscoring three central points of their analysis: 1) rational choice theory's naive assumption that consumer preferences are given and fixed, rather than transactionally formed; 2) the truncated notion of 'rationality' assumed by Simon, and other rational choice theories generally; and 3) the impoverished philosophical anthropology assumed by Simon, and the notion of homo economicus generally. The author's only significant disagreement with Mousavi and Garrison is with respect to the second point: they choose not to follow Dewey's shift to 'intelligence,' as a replacement for the abused term 'rationality.'
A Synoptic Climatology of Episodic, Subseasonal Retractions of the Pacific Jet

AbstractTwenty-eight years of NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data are employed in a composite analysis of the structure and evolution of the large-scale circulation associated with rapid, subseasonal, westward retractions of the Northern Hemisphere Pacific jet. Nineteen Pacific jet retractions are identified in the dataset. The salient characteristics of these transitions are presented, emphasizing the structure and evolution of anomalies in the zonal wind, upper-tropospheric geopotential height, sea level pressure (SLP), and tropopause potential vorticity (PV). The composite analysis demonstrates that as the jet retracts, a transition from a dominant negative anomaly to a dominant positive anomaly across the North Pacific in both the 500-hPa geopotential height and SLP fields occurs in ~10 days. The resulting anticyclonic anomalies are sprawling and intense with SLP anomalies of nearly 20 hPa and 500-hPa geopotential height anomalies of more than 200 m. The vertical superposition of these upper- and lower-level an...
Model for the Electric Field generated by Unidirectional Sodium Transport in the Amphibian Embryo

THE mechanism by which cells are redistributed through the series of movements known as gastrulation is an intriguing problem of embryonic development. It involves migration of the surface cells of the animal hemisphere and the invagination of these cells to line the roof of the internal cavity, or blastocoel1.
Cellular response of ovarian carcinoma cells to antibody-photosensitizer-mediated injury

An anti-ovarian carcinoma antibody OC125 was conjugated to a derivative of the photosensitizer (PS) chiorin e6 yj polyglutamic acid. Target cells from a human ovarian cancer cell line were treated with this conjugate and laser irradiation at 656 rim (absorption maximum of PS) and fixed 24 h later for electron microscopy. Electron niicrographs showed a high degree of vacoulization, generalized cell necrosis, and extrusion of organelles. No specific damage to the plasma membrane was noted. Untreated control cells, or cells treated with conjugate or light alone exhibited no injury. These data suggest that even though the antibody recognizes a cell surface antigen, the conjugate is internalized under the conditions of the experiment.
Cytosine methylation enhances DNA damage produced by groove binding and intercalating enediynes: studies with esperamicins A1 and C.

Methylation of the C5 position of cytosine in CG dinucleotides represents an important element in the control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells. This major groove modification of DNA causes ch...
Significance of the contribution of atrial systole to cardiac function in man

Abstract Under certain conditions atrial contraction may contribute to an increase in cardiac output and may enhance over-all cardiac performance in man. The increase in flow and pressures resulting from atrial contraction is variable, depending on the functional capacity of the atria and ventricles and also on the basic pathologic condition. Atrial contribution in man appears to be more significant during exercise, during fast heart rates and particularly in patients with heart disease.
Psychomotor reminiscence and the menstrual cycle

As in Wells and Payne (1979), psychomotor reminiscence was studied in relation to endogenous variations in estrogenic hormone levels. Forty-eight young adult females monitored their menstrual cycles for three replications and then reported for testing on Day 2, 8, or 14 of their cycles or on proportionally equivalent days for cycles longer or shorter than 28 days. Results agreed precisely with those of Wells and Payne in showing significantly higher reminiscence on Day 14 (high estrogen) than on the other days (low estrogen). This effect was attributed to larger accumulations of reactive inhibition (Hull, 1943) by high-estrogen subjects, evidence for which was found in the shallower slopes of their prerest performance curves. An estrogen-activation hypothesis was elaborated to account for the higher levels of reactive inhibition.
Application of the mode approximation to reconstruction holography.

The result of holographic processing is described by using the well-known mode approximation. This approximation yields new expressions for degenerate read–write holography in the optically thick scattering regime in the case in which many transverse modes are occupied. The approach differs from those of previous efforts by the inclusion of the effect of multiple dynamic gratings. The presentation makes clear the limitations of the practical applicability and the mathematical validity of the new result in relation to the better known regimes, using various approximations to predict the lowest-order fields. The application of reconstruction holography to aberration compensation is specifically considered. The effects of phase-mismatch terms are estimated. The effects of both phase and absorption gratings are obtained. Self-modulation of the recording wave is included and unstable solutions are predicted for some regimes. It is found that the various regimes have fundamentally different processing capabilities.
Synergistic Induction of Apoptosis in Primary B-CLL Cells after Treatment with Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand and Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is currently being investigated as a therapeutic agent for a variety of malignancies, as it triggers apoptosis specifically in transformed cells. However, TRAIL use as a stand alone therapeutic is hampered by the fact that many primary tumor cells are resistant to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Here, we investigated the extent to which pretreatment of TRAIL-resistant primary B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells with histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) could render them susceptible to killing by TRAIL. We found that HDAC inhibition in B-CLL cells led to increased TRAIL receptor expression, increased caspase activation, decreased expression of antiapoptotic regulators such as Bcl-2, and ultimately, enhanced TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Importantly, untransformed peripheral blood mononuclear cells remained largely resistant to TRAIL, even in the presence of HDACis. These results suggest that combination therapies using HDAC inhibition and TRAIL could prove beneficial for the treatment of B-CLL.
The wais-r in neuropsychological practice boon or bust?

Abstract The WAIS-R is discussed in regard to its assets and liabilities in neuropsychological practice. Changes in the test in comparison with the earlier WAIS appear to present both “univariate” and “multivariate” problems which may restrict the utility of the test. Some patterns of performance established on previous editions appear to hold for the WAIS-R, and the emerging actuarial data base represents a clear asset.
The photoelectron spectra of tetraphenylporphine and some metallotetraphenylporphyrins

Abstract Meso-tetraphenylprophine and its complexes with the dipositive cations of Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn have very similar photoelectron spectra. Eight major peaks appear in the 6.3 to 20 eV range which have positions, shapes and intensities showing only minor variations from compound to compound. Several of the observed photoelectron bands are assigned with the help of previously published optical and EPR spectral studies of solutions of the porphyrin cation radicals and theoretical calculations.
Development of a nonrecirculating wind-tunnel configuration insensitive to external winds.

The extreme size of facilities required for aerodynamics testing of V/STOL vehicles has prompted an investigation of a wind-tunnel configuration other than the conventional closed-return type. Because the open-return type selected is vulnerable to atmospheric wind effects, an extensive experimental program to minimize wind disturbances has been run on scale models. One ^4-scale model and two -^-scale models were used to study test section flow distribution and speed changes due to winds from various directions. A complete •§*j--scale configuration was immersed in the flow of a large wind tunnel simulating winds up to 30 mph. Results are presented for variations of tunnel components, test section airspeed, wind speed and direction, and presence of nearby buildings. Wind effects cannot be sufficiently attenuated by inlet shape modifications or addition of screens and honeycomb. Complete enclosure of the inlet in a protective housing, combined with a vertical cylindrical exhaust stack, will reduce wind disturbances to a satisfactory level. For configurations developed in this investigation, test-section disturbances have been held within rbl% of dynamic pressures as low as 2 psf with a 20-mph wind blowing from any direction.
Reported consumption of low-nutrient-density foods by American children and adolescents: nutritional and health correlates, NHANES III, 1988 to 1994.

Objective To examine the contribution of foods of modest nutritional value to the diets of American children and adolescents. Methods The data were from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 to 1994, and included 4852 children and adolescents, aged 8 to 18 years. Foods reported in the 24-hour dietary recall were grouped into the following low-nutrient-density (LND) food categories: visible fat; table sweeteners, candy, and sweetened beverages; baked and dairy desserts; salty snacks; and miscellaneous. The independent association of the number of LND foods mentioned in the recall with intake of food groups, macronutrients, micronutrients, and body mass index was examined by means of regression procedures to adjust for multiple covariates. Results The LND foods contributed more than 30% of daily energy, with sweeteners and desserts jointly accounting for nearly 25%. Intakes of total energy and percentage of energy from carbohydrate and fat related positively, but percentage of energy from protein and dietary fiber (in grams) related inversely to the reported number of LND foods (P Conclusion High LND food reporting was related to higher energy intake but lower amounts of the 5 major food groups and most micronutrients.
Pediatric arteriovenous malformations: a 15-year experience with an emphasis on residual and recurrent lesions.

Pediatric arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are generally treated with microsurgical resection to achieve complete obliteration. We review our experience treating AVMs in children, particularly those with residual or recurrent lesions. The records of 39 patients with AVMs (25 girls: 14 boys; average age 10.3 years) treated during a 15-year period were reviewed (mean follow-up 30 months). Three primary outcomes were analyzed: AVM obliteration by last follow-up, residual on postoperative angiograms and recurrence after angiographic “cure.” Most children (57%) presented with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage, the average nidus size was 3.4 cm, and the modal Spetzler–Martin grade was 2. AVMs were classified as compact (82%) or diffuse (18%). Most patients (90%) underwent surgery as their primary treatment. The immediate obliteration rate was 76% and the overall, long-term obliteration rate was 89%. Nine (23%) patients had residual nidus after initial treatment; five of these underwent further treatment that obliterated their lesion. Five (13%) patients developed recurrence within 6 years, including one patient with two recurrences. Three were successfully treated with a repeat resection. Patients with diffuse-type AVMs were at greater risk of having a persistent lesion (40%), residual lesion (44%), or recurrence (80%) at last follow-up. Most pediatric AVMs can be successfully treated with microsurgical resection. Endovascular treatment is reserved primarily as a preoperative adjunct and stereotactic radiosurgery for inoperable AVMs. Patients may develop recurrences years after their original treatment. Patients with diffuse-type AVMs were less likely to be cured and more likely to have a residual or a recurrence.
An externally adjustable motor-driven Rayleigh slit assembly for the analytical ultracentrifuge.

Abstract Precise alignment of the Rayleigh optical system of the Beckman Instruments Model E analytical ultracentrifuge is prerequisite to the performance of difference sedimentation velocity, difference sedimentation equilibrium, and high-speed equilibrium ultracentrifugation. One of the components required for precise alignment is an adjustable Rayleigh slit assembly. An externally adjustable assembly has been developed which offers some advantages over previous designs. The rotational movement is motor driven, allowing external adjustment by a single operator, who can monitor visually changes in the fringe pattern while the rotor is spinning. Installation of the slit assembly is simple and requires no permanent modifications of the armor plate, since the slit assembly is attached directly to the collimating lens holder. The slit assembly can be removed and replaced easily whenever the collimating lens is cleaned. The alignment procedure, involving rotation of both slit assembly and cylinder lens, can be carried out in less than 3 hr.
Youth With Disabilities in Foster Care: Developing Self-Determination Within a Context of Struggle and Disempowerment

Abstract This article focuses on the transition experiences of foster youth with disabilities, a group of students with disabilities who have often been neglected by researchers and policy makers. We begin by discussing transition outcomes for youth with disabilities, highlighting the progress that has been achieved in recent years, and noting that much of this progress is related to the effective transition planning practice of promoting self-determination. We then examine the challenging context children in foster care typically face as they move into adulthood, drawing attention to the neglect of policy and practices designed to promote self-determination for foster youth with disabilities. To do this, we describe 4 recent studies by our research group that involve this vulnerable population and stress key elements of self-determination that seem to be lacking in the context in which these youth function. We end by emphasizing the need to continue focusing on this at-risk group of young people, as well...
Life stress and social support in diabetes: association with glycemic control.

The interrelationship of life stress, social support, and glucose regulation was studied in eighty patients with diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent = 40, non-insulin-dependent = 40). Glucose control was measured using glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1); stress and social support were determined by the Social Readjustment Rating Scale and a Visual Analog Scale of social support. A two-way analysis of variance [social support (high/low) by life stress (high/low)] revealed that neither social support nor life stress was independently associated with HbA1. However, a significant interaction between these parameters was found. When reported stress was low, the HbA1 means were not statistically different for both high and low social support groups. As stress increased, variations in social support were associated with differences in glucose control. Under conditions of high stress, low social support subjects had significantly higher HbA1 than subjects with high social support (x = 11.8% vs. x = 9.9%, p = .04)....
Distribution of Influenza Vaccine to High-Risk Groups

Vaccine distribution programs have historically targeted individuals at high risk of complications due to influenza. Despite recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, vaccination coverage among high-risk populations has been generally low. This review systematically summarizes the recent literature evaluating programs in different settings, from within medical settings to venue-based and communitybased approaches, in an effort to identify successful program components. The published literature was identified by using the MEDLINE database from 1990 to 2006 covering studies that reported on interventions or programs aimed at vaccinating high-risk populations. The authors reviewed 56 studies. In the United States, the Healthy People 2010 goals included 90% vaccination coverage for adults aged 65 years and 60% for high-risk adults aged 18–64 years. Only a handful of the studies reviewed managed to meet those goals. Interventions that increased vaccination coverage to Healthy People 2010 goals included advertising, provider and patient mailings, registry-based telephone calls, patient and staff education, standing orders coupled with standardized forms, targeting of syringe exchange customers, and visiting nurses. Few studies evaluated the impact of vaccination programs by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Few studies targeted individuals outside of the health-care and social services sectors. Given the growing disparities in health and health-care access, understanding the way in which interventions can remedy disparities is crucial.
Preassembled capsids of type D retroviruses contain a signal sufficient for targeting specifically to the plasma membrane.

Abstract The capsids of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (M-PMV), an immunosuppressive type D retrovirus, are preassembled in the infected cell cytoplasm and are then transported to the plasma membrane, where they are enveloped in a virus glycoprotein-containing lipid bilayer. The role of viral glycoprotein in intracellular transport of M-PMV capsids was investigated with a spontaneous mutant (5A) of M-PMV, which we show here to be defective in envelope glycoprotein biosynthesis. DNA sequence analysis of the env gene of mutant 5A reveals a single nucleotide deletion in the middle of the gene, which results in the synthesis of a truncated form of the envelope glycoprotein. Evidence is presented showing that the mutant glycoprotein is not expressed at the cell surface but is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. Normal levels of gag-pro-pol precursor polyproteins are made and processed in mutant genome-transfected cells, and high levels of noninfectious particles lacking viral glycoprotein are released with normal kinetics into the culture medium. No intracisternal budding of capsids is observed. We conclude that viral glycoprotein is required neither for targeting preassembled capsids of M-PMV to the plasma membrane for final maturation nor for the budding process. Since the presence or absence of M-PMV glycoprotein at the site of budding does not affect the efficiency or kinetics of the targeting process, the preassembled capsid of M-PMV, in contrast to those of intracisternal type A particles, appears to have an intrinsic signal for intracellular transport to the plasma membrane.
User-driven refinement of imprecise queries

We propose techniques for exploratory search in large databases. The goal is to provide new functionality that aids users in homing in on the right query conditions to find what they are looking for. Query refinement proceeds interactively by repeatedly consulting the user to manage query conditions. This process is characterized by three key challenges: (1) dealing with incomplete and imprecise user input, (2) keeping user effort low, and (3) guaranteeing interactive system response time. We address the first two challenges with a probability-based framework that guides the user to the most important query conditions. To recover from input errors, we introduce the notion of sensitivity and propose efficient algorithms for identifying the most sensitive user input, i.e., those inputs that had the greatest influence on the query results. For the third challenge, we develop techniques that can deliver estimates of the required probabilities within a given hard realtime limit and are able to adapt automatically as the interactive query refinement proceeds.
Parallel restricted maximum likelihood estimation for linear models with a dense exogenous matrix

Restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimation of variance-covariance matrices is an optimization problem that has both scientific and industrial applications. Parallel REML gradient algorithms are presented and compared for linear models whose covariance matrix is large, sparse and possibly unstructured. These algorithms are implemented using publicly available toolkits and demonstrate that REML estimates of large, sparse covariance matrices can be computed efficiently on multicomputers with hundreds of processors by using an effective mixture of data distributions together with a mixture of dense and sparse linear algebra kernels.
A computational structure for preattentive perceptual organization: graphical enumeration and voting methods

Presents an efficient computational structure for preattentive perceptual organization. By perceptual organization the authors refer to the ability of a vision system to organize features detected in images based on viewpoint consistency and other Gestaltic perceptual phenomena. This usually has two components, a primarily bottom up preattentive part and a top down attentive part, with meaningful features emerging in a synergistic fashion from the original set of (very) primitive features. In this work the authors advance a computational structure for preattentive perceptual organization. The authors propose a hierarchical approach, using voting methods to build associations through consensus and relational graphs to represent the organization at each level. The voting method is very efficient in terms of time and space and performs impressively for a wide range of organizations. The graphical representation allows the ready extraction of higher order features, or perceptual tokens, because the relational information is rendered explicit. >
A Multilevel Approach to Assessing the Interaction Effects on College Student Retention.

The present study utilizes a multilevel approach to assess the effects of four different types of intervention on college student retention, focusing on the interaction effects between the student characteristics and the types of intervention. The program effects on a 3-year trend are also explored. The findings of the present study reveal that the social integration programs improved the first-year retention rates for female students, the advising programs and the social integration programs worked better in the first year for students from more selective colleges within the university, and the first-year experience programs had a significant lasting effect across the 3 years on retention for elder students and male students. It is also found that the advising programs were significantly more effective on the first-year retention rates than the general orientation programs. This study provides empirical evidence for researchers and administrators in higher education to improve the effectiveness of interv...
Enhancement of Porosity and Surface Roughness of Cured Phenolic Resin by Ion Implantation

We present recent results using ions such as C., O, Si, Fe, Zn, and Au at energies between 100 keV to 10 MeV to increase the roughness and porosity of the partially and fully cured precursor phenolic resins. The fully cured phenolic resin is called Glassy Polymeric Carbon (GPC). GPC is chemically inert, biocompatible and useful for medical applications, such as heart valves and other prosthetic devices. Ion implantation enhances biological cell/tissue growth on, and tissue adhesion to, prosthetic devices made from GPC. We have previously shown that increased porosity of GPC is also useful for drug delivery devices. The porosity of the ion implanted partially and fully cured precursor phenolic resins was measured by introducing lithium from a molten LiCl salt into each sample. By using Li(p,2α) nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) we measured the concentration of Li retention in the pre- and post-implanted samples. The surface roughness was measured using optical microscopy. The curing process was monitored using micro-Raman microscopy. We have correlated the NRA measurements of increased pore availability with the observations of increased surface roughness.
The fine structure of blood vessels of the telencephalic germinal matrix in the human fetus

Blood vessels of the human telencephalic germinal matrix during the tenth through the twenty-second week of gestation have been examined by light and electron microscopy. In all fetuses studied the ependymal and sub-ependymal zones of the germinal matrix have a prominent vascular network. During the tenth and twelfth weeks of gestation, the endothelial cells are plump and display numerous organelles, junctional complexes, conspicuous luminal microvilli and stub-like abluminal projections. Coated and micropinocytotic vesicles were found both in the cytoplasm and on luminal and abluminal surfaces. In endothelial cells intracytoplasmic, membrane-limited, rod-shaped bodies were frequently observed. These bodies have been linked to endothelial thromboplastic and clotting activities and related to abnormal clotting status. Their role in the pathogenesis of subependymal germinal matrix hemorrhage in premature infants remains unknown. Pericytes apposing the endothelial cells were recognized in all gestational periods. The endothelial basal lamina and astrocytic end-feet are ill defined, and the extracellular space is pronounced. By the fifteenth and seventeenth weeks of gestation the endothelial cells are still large and now possess more numerous luminal microvilli and abluminal projections. At this stage the pericytes, basal lamina and astrocytic end-feet are all well developed, resulting in a decrease in the surrounding extracellular space. By the twenty-second week the endothelial cells possess few luminal and abluminal projections and the associated basal lamina, glia, pericytes and extracellular compartment appear mature. The relationship of the germinal matrix vasculature to the pathogenesis of subependymal hemorrhage is discussed.
Seasonal cycles and long-term trends in abundance and species composition of sharks associated with cage diving ecotourism activities in Hawaii

Shark cage diving is both popular and controversial, with proponents citing educational value and non-extractive use of natural resources and opponents raising concerns about public safety and ecological impacts. Logbook data collected 2004–2008 from two Oahu (Hawaii) shark cage diving operations were analysed to determine whether such voluntary records provide useful insights into shark ecology or ecotourism impacts. Operators correctly identified common shark species and documented gross seasonal cycles and long-term trends in abundance of Galapagos (Carcharhinus galapagensis), sandbar (Carcharhinus plumbeus) and tiger sharks (Galeorcerdo cuvier). Annual cycles in shark abundance may indicate seasonal migrations, whereas long-term trends suggest gradual exclusion of smaller sandbar sharks from cage diving sites. Numerically dominant (> 98%) Galapagos and sandbar sharks are rarely implicated in attacks on humans. Negligible impact on public safety is supported by other factors such as: (1) remoteness of the sites, (2) conditioning stimuli that are specific to the tour operations and different from inshore recreational stimuli and (3) no increase in shark attacks on the north coast of Oahu since cage diving started. Tracking studies are required to validate logbook data and to determine whether sharks associated with offshore cage diving travel into inshore areas used for in-water recreation.
Creativity in ergonomic design: a supplemental value-adding source for product and service development.

Objective: This article investigates the role of creativity in ergonomic design and the generic process of developing creative products and services. Background: Creativity is gaining increased emphasis in both academia and industry. More than 50 years of research in creativity indicates that creativity is key to product and service innovation. Nevertheless, there is scarcely any comprehensive review dedicated to appraising the complex construct of creativity, the underlying cognitive process, and the role of creativity in product and service development. Method: We review relevant literature regarding creativity, creative cognition, and the engineering design process to appraise the role of creativity in ergonomic design and to construct a conceptual model of creative product and service development. Results: A framework of ergodesign creativity is advanced that highlights the central role of creativity in synergistically addressing the four dimensions of ergonomic design: functionality, safety, usability, and affectivity. A conceptual model of creative design process is then constructed that is goal oriented and is initiated by active problem finding and problem formulating. This process is carried out in a recursive and dynamic way, facilitated by creative thinking strategies. Conclusion: It is proposed that ergodesign creativity can add supplemental value to products and services, which subsequently affects consumer behavior and helps organizations gain competitive advantage. Application: The proposed conceptual framework of ergodesign creativity and creative design process can serve as the ground for future theory development. Propositions advanced in this study should facilitate designers generating products and services that are creative and commercially competitive.
OPTICAL COMPUTING : INTRODUCTION BY THE FEATURE EDITORS

This introduction briefly defines the scope of the feature in this 10 May 1990 issue on optical computing.
CORRELATIONS OF THE MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR WITH OTHER PERSONALITY AND ACHIEVEMENT VARIABLES

This study determined correlations among the four scales of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and among these and other personality and achievement variables, and predictors of academic performance from personality and aptitude variables. 98 physician assistants and 61 pediatric nurse practitioners completed the Internal-External Locus of Control Scale, Intolerance of Ambiguity Scale, and Myers-Briggs Type Indicator on admission to and graduation from their respective programs. The Otis-Lennon Mental Ability Test and Nelson-Denny Reading Test were also given at admission to the physician assistant program. Grades at admission and graduation were available for both groups, and certifying examination scores were available for physician assistants who reported their scores. IQ, college science grades, and reading-rate predicted final grades at the end of the program and performance on the certifying examination for physician assistants. The Internal-External Locus of Control Scale and Intolerance of Ambiguity ...
How Should the Internal Structure of Personality Inventories Be Evaluated

Personality trait inventories often perform poorly when their structure is evaluated with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The authors demonstrate poor CFA fit for several widely used personality measures with documented evidence of criterion-related validity but also show that some measures perform well from an exploratory factor analytic perspective. In light of these results, the authors suggest that the failure of these measures to fit CFA models is because of the inherent complexity of personality, issues related to its measurement, and issues related to the application and interpretation of CFA models. This leads to three recommendations for researchers interested in the structure and assessment of personality traits: (a) utilize and report on a range of factor analytic methods, (b) avoid global evaluations regarding the internal validity of multiscale personality measures based on model fit according to conventional CFA cutoffs, and (c) consider the substantive and practical implications of model modifications designed to improve fit.
Soliciting Defined Populations To Recruit Samples of High-Risk Older Adults

Background. Generalizable research on high-risk older persons requires samples that are both large enough for adequate statistical power and similar enough to community populations that its results can be generalized to them. We tested the effectiveness and efficiency of mixed-mode (mail-telephone) solicitation of a defined population as a method for recruiting a large, representative sample for a randomized trial of outpatient geriatric evaluation and management (GEM). Methods. Fee-for-service, community-dwelling older Medicare beneficiaries were mailed a short self-administered screening questionnaire. Eligible respondents were called to assess eligibility and willingness to give consent; consenters were called again for baseline data. Information about nonrespondents, ineligibles, and refusers was obtained from the Health Care Financing Administration. Results. The response rate to the screening questionnaire was 61.1%. Of the respondents, 13.2% were eligible for the study and, of those, 34.4% agreed to participate. Response rates appeared to be influenced by small financial incentives and by subjects' age, race, sex, location of residence, and use of hospitals in the previous year. Consent rates were influenced by age and sex. The final sample (N = 522) was representative of community high-risk respondents in racial composition, previous use of hospitals, and probability of repeated admission (Pr.) in the future, but it was slightly younger and contained a higher percentage of men. Recruitment costs averaged $286.92 per consenting person. Conclusions. Mixed-mode solicitation of defined populations can produce, at reasonable cost, large samples whose representativeness of community high-risk populations can be determined. Procedures that may enhance the success of this approach include: advance communication with members of the target population and their families and physicians; provision of medical and small financial incentives; continuous monitoring of recruitment results; and attention to subjects' needs for convenience, time, transportation, and reassurance.
A CASE REPORT OF THE CLINICAL FINDINGS AND THE RESULTS OBTAINED IN THE TREATMENT OF A SEVERE CASE OF DIABETES BY THE PROVEN ENDOCRINE SUBSTANCE, INSULIN

Mr. P. H. M., San Francisco, Calif., was admitted Dec. 4, 1923. He was 39 years of age, married, white, and a carpenter by trade; weighed 115.2 pounds. Complaints. There was severe diabetes with weakness, especially of the legs, of such a marked degree that he could not walk; polyphagia and loss of weight. Family and marital history and habits are essentially negative. Past History. The patient had measles and chicken-pox as a child, many colds and sore throats throughout his life, and a severe attack of influenza in 1919. He believes that his initial diabetic symptoms began in January, 1919, while in Alaska, but they were very mild in character and no physician was conculted. He returned to San Francisco in July, but did not consult a physician until the following October, when the above symptoms were marked and he had a heavy, drowsy feeling, with acetone, diacetic acid and 6 per cent of sugar in the urine.
The (Dis)organization of the Grammar: 25 Years

Bien que ces 25 dernieres annees aient permis d'ameliorer notre comprehension de la semantique linguistique, un domaine a toutefois fait peu de progres, celui de l'organisation de la grammaire, et en particulier la maniere dont la syntaxe et la semantique s'articulent. L'A. souligne ici que la conception de la grammaire s'est fortement complexifiee en 25 ans, sans qu'une decouverte particuliere ne justifie ce changement. Il illustre son propos en examinant le traitement de l'ambiguite de la portee des quantificateurs par 4 theories concurrentes (compositionnalite directe forte/faible, compositionnalite profonde, structure de surface vers forme logique) et se penche sur l'appareil complexe que necessite l'adoption de la theorie de la forme logique
A simple “Width” Method for easy determination of diffusion coefficients with maximum utilization of data

Abstract This paper extends the study of Gaussian curves and describes a simple, fast, and reliable Width Method for evaluating diffusion coefficients from the spreading of dc dx vs x curves with time. The procedure involves measuring the widths as a function of time at a number of different heights that are fixed fractions of the maximum heights of the curves. A major advantage of the Width Method is that it allows use of virtually all of the available data, instead of only one height, or one height and one width, from each curve. As a result, with the data from a single experiment, the method can be used to calculate a large number of independent values of the diffusion coefficient, one for each fixed fractional height used; in comparison, most other methods yield only a single value of D. It is also shown that certain other methods, including the Area/Height Method, the Width/Height Method and the Error Function Method, are mathematically special cases of this more general and, in most cases, simpler method. Finally, procedures are also described by which these principles can be used to calculate diffusion coefficients from c vs x curves. Although more involved than the analysis using dc dx vs x curves, the c vs x method is still simpler than the methods used in analyzing data from fringe patterns using Rayleigh interference optics.
Research in the 1990s: Molecular Biology Comes to the MDIBL

Summer research during the 1990s continued traditional areas of interest but brought molecular techniques, and new members of the Fifth Generation and research areas, to the MDIBL. The studies during this decade included work on cytokinesis, the role of carbonic anhydrase in acid-base regulation, cell volume regulation, the mechanisms and control of shark rectal gland secretion, sugar transport, hagfish kidney structure, ion transport in frog oocytes injected with specific mRNAs, bile formation and liver detoxification, the effects of heavy metals on cell division, cardiac contraction, the role of cardiac peptides in ion transport and smooth muscle contraction, xenobiotic transport, sulfate secretion in the fish kidney, behavioral osmoregulation by the killifish, ion transport across the fish opercular epithelium, vasoactivity of fish blood vessels, endocrinology of fish reproduction, the effect of mercury on ion transport across the fish urinary bladder, immunolocalization of kidney transport proteins, crustacean osmoregulation, connective tissue structure and biochemistry, nitrogen excretion by shark embryos, the role of Na/H exchange in fish acid base regulation, taurine transport and cell volume regulation, acid-base regulation by the dogfish shark, the role of the Na+K+2Cl cotransporter in shark rectal gland salt secretion, partial cloning of subunits of the gene for Na+K-activated ATPase, the role of the cytoskeleton in cell division, lipid restructuring in fish gill cells, the role of matrix metalloproteinases in heavy metal toxicity, respiration rates of copepods, mechanisms of euryhalinity in crustaceans, biosynthetic processing of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, and the structure and function of glomerular endothelial cells.
Implicit Information Extraction from Clinical Notes

We address the problem of extracting implicit information from the unstructured clinical notes. Here we introduce the problem of 'implicit entity recognition in clinical notes', propose a knowledge driven approach to address this problem and demonstrate the results of our initial experiments.
Search for an energy dependence in /sup 235/U delayed neutron spectra

A sensitive search for a dependence of composite (aggregate) delayed neutron spectra on the energy of neutrons inducing fission of /sup 235/U was performed for eight nearly contiguous delay time intervals between 0.17 to 85.5 s. The experimental arrangement combined a helium jet and tape transfer system with a beta-neutron time-of-flight spectrometer. Thermal and fast neutron measurements were performed successively. Results are compared with the spectra derived from individual precursor data complemented by theoretical estimates of missing spectra.
Competitive binding of calcium and magnesium with serum albumin.

SummaryA study has been made of the binding of calcium and magnesium to serum albumin when both are present at the same time. It is shown that the ratio of the concentrations of bound calcium and bound magnesium is equal to the ratio of the concentrations of the ionized calcium and ionized magnesium.
Study of the influence of Er:YAG and Nd:YAG wavelengths upon LIBS measurements under air or helium atmosphere

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is now recognized as a useful analytical tool for elemental analysis. However, to obtain a quantitative analysis using LIBS, one needs to control several parameters that can strongly affect the measurements. These parameters are for example, the amount of ablated and vaporized material, the property of plasma to absorb/reflect the delivered energy and the degree of ionization that can change as a function of laser wavelength and irradiance, the ambient gas nature and pressure, and the sample surface morphology. If all these parameters are set, and accounting for slight laser shot-to-shot variations in terms of laser beam energy and spatial profile, the spectral line intensities will generally be proportional to the elemental concentration.
Exploring managerial perceptions of place brand associations in the US Deep South

Purpose – This paper aims to understand how place brand managers in the US Deep South understand the brand images associated with their states and cities. The US South has its own unique identity – and the Deep South has its own differences from the rest of the country. Typically, the Deep South is seen as backwards, uneducated and the “buckle of the Bible Belt”. Given potentially negative brand associations, this research explores how destination marketing organization (DMO) managers in three Deep South states (Mississippi, Louisiana and Alabama) think their places are perceived. Design/methodology/approach – Miles et al.’s (2014) guidelines for qualitative content analysis are used to understand responses to open-ended questions regarding place brand associations. Surveys were sent to 104 DMO managers in each state, and 53 questionnaires were returned with usable responses. Deductive and inductive analyses were used to understand place brand associations, as well as how managers in the three states are ...
MRI-based methods for quantification of the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen:

The brain depends almost entirely on oxidative metabolism to meet its significant energy requirements. As such, the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) represents a key measure of brain function. Quantification of CMRO2 has helped elucidate brain functional physiology and holds potential as a clinical tool for evaluating neurological disorders including stroke, brain tumors, Alzheimer’s disease, and obstructive sleep apnea. In recent years, a variety of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based CMRO2 quantification methods have emerged. Unlike positron emission tomography – the current “gold standard” for measurement and mapping of CMRO2 – MRI is non-invasive, relatively inexpensive, and ubiquitously available in modern medical centers. All MRI-based CMRO2 methods are based on modeling the effect of paramagnetic deoxyhemoglobin on the magnetic resonance signal. The various methods can be classified in terms of the MRI contrast mechanism used to quantify CMRO2: T2*, T2′, T2, or magnetic susceptibility. ...
Effect of fat replacers from glutinous rice starch on the quality of low ice cream

This paper selected two varieties of glutinous rice starch-indica glutinous rice starch and japonica glutinous rice starch,and study the effect of fat replacers from glutinou rice starch on the quality of low ice cream.The results show that: Adding glutinous rice starch to low-fat ice cream increase the viscosity of ice cream slurry,decrease the hardness of ice cream and improve the melting resistance of the ice cream.The fuzzy mathematics method was used to evaluate the sensory quality of the ice cream,which show the sensory properties of the low-fat ice cream by replacing 25% fat with indica glutinous rice starch is as good as the middle fat ice cream.It is identified that the best fat substitutes replacement of ice cream is 25%.