cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The twenty-fifth anniversary of experiments in fluids

These three items of the journal’s aims and scope described well the situation of experimental research on fluid flow. The availability of lasers and computers promoted the development of new measurement techniques, and the demand for resolving three-dimensionality and time dependence of fluid flows was increasing rapidly. Furthermore, the need for quantitative data associated with visualized flow phenomena was strong, especially with the rapid growth of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). However, the description of experimental methods was scattered amongst very diverse journals, which led, in some cases, to parallel developments in different fields without noticeable interchange and interdisciplinary communication. Furthermore, numerous experimentalists had the impression that fluid mechanics journals of that era tended to emphasize theoretical aspects, in comparison to experimental approaches, in understanding fluid-flow phenomena. There was therefore clear interest in a dedicated journal, which could serve as a forum for documenting and exchanging experiences and advances in the area of experimental methods, as well as the role of these methods in providing new physical insight into flow phenomena. The founding of Experiments in Fluids intended to fill this gap. The journal was cautiously launched into the market with a moderate number of pages for the very first volumes. A high quality of production provided by Springer-Verlag made the journal immediately attractive for the publication of experimental results from the community. The attractiveness of our journal was enhanced by the distinguished membership of the initial Editorial Advisory Board (26 in number), providing advice to the two Founding Editors and ensuring a high technical and scientific standard of published articles. The Founding Editors, Wolfgang Merzkirch and Jim Whitelaw, served as the sole editors from 1983 to 1990, when they were joined by Ron Adrian, and in 1995 by Donald Rockwell. Subsequently, retirements brought to the team Mory Gharib, Alex Taylor, and in 2002, Cam Tropea. In 2003, the present Editors-in-Chief were joined by Associate Editors Kenneth Kihm, Ellen Longmire, Jerry Westerweel, and Minami Yoda, and shortly thereafter by Jacques Boree and Koichi Hishida. This evolution of the structure of the editorship of Experiments in Fluids, from its founding in 1983 to the present, reflects the strongly international orientation of the journal, which was envisioned and initiated by the Founding Editors, as they engaged authors and referees from around the world. The composition of the Editorial Advisory Board has continuously evolved as well, and the journal has continued to benefit from the expertise and advice of leading colleagues. The Board currently numbers 33 and, remarkably, still includes four of the original members, namely Ron Adrian, Marcel Escudier, Tom Mueller and Felix Weinberg. W. Merzkirch D. Rockwell (&) C. Tropea Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, P. C. Rossin College of Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA e-mail: dor0@lehigh.edu
Mutations of the PIK3CA gene are rare in human glioblastoma

Mutations of the PIK3CA gene have recently been reported in human glioblastomas. PIK3CA encodes the catalytic a-subunit of phosphoinositide-3’-kinase (PI3K), a component of the PTEN-Akt pathway, thus suggesting PIK3CA mutation as an alternative method to PTEN mutation for deregulating this key gliomarelevant pathway. One report found four somatic mutations in 15 glioblastomas, and a follow-up study identified five mutations in 105 glioblastomas, with both investigations including cell lines in addition to primary tumors [1, 6]. These reports suggested that PIK3CA mutations may be more common in those glioblastomas lacking PTEN mutations, and might be detected more frequently if the entire gene were evaluated. To address this suggestion, we screened the entire PIK3CA coding sequence for mutations in a series of 30 primary glioblastomas (and corresponding blood samples) that was biased toward tumors with wild-type PTEN alleles (using standard approaches [7], only 5 of these 30 tumors had PTEN mutations, and only two cases had loss of the second PTEN allele on chromosome 10q). Exons 1–20 of the PIK3CA gene were evaluated using singlestrand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis, using different conditions to increase sensitivity. Primer sequences and PCR conditions are available on request. Samples with aberrantly migrating bands were re-run on SSCP gels with corresponding leukocyte DNA and bidirectionally sequenced. In addition, the potential mutational hot-spot regions exons 9 and 20 [1] were bidirectionally sequenced in all cases. Surprisingly, despite our screening of the entire PIK3CA coding sequence in a series biased toward cases with wild-type PTEN, no somatic alteration was found, although one case had an intronic polymorphism 30 bases upstream of exon 6 (G180248266A, based on mRNA sequence NM_006218 of human PIK3CA). Bidirectional sequencing of exons 9 and 20, potential mutational hot-spots, showed the wild-type sequence in all tumors, as predicted by the SSCP analysis. Thus, despite the suggestions that more mutations of PIK3CA would be found if one screened PTEN wild-type gliomas and if one evaluated the entire gene [1], we demonstrate that PIK3CA mutations, like alterations in other PI3K catalytic and regulatory subunit genes [5], are not frequent events in glioblastoma. Given that some mutations have been detected [1, 6], it is likely that screening of large numbers of glioblastomas would have yielded occasional mutations. Indeed, this assumption is supported by the accompanying article by Hartmann et al. [2], which further documents that PIK3CA mutations are rare in glioblastomas. Finally, since certain genetic alterations, such as CDNK2A/p16 deletions, may be more common in cells lines than in primary glioblastomas [3, 4], it would be of interest to know how many of the originally reported PIK3CAmutations were found in glioblastoma cell lines rather than in primary tumors.
Process behavior diagnostics and adaptive process control

Abstract The patterns exhibited in the recent history of the process input variable can indicate impending useful excitation data. A general method for detecting excitation based on an analysis of the process input is detailed, along with the use of this data to update an adaptive controller internal model. The method, applicable to a number of adaptive strategies, is demonstrated using an adaptive PI controller with Smith predictor. Because unmeasured disturbances can occur during excitation events and corrupt the resultant model, model gains are collected as they are computed and used in an automated procedure to generate a continuous gain schedule function. This function provides information for measuring the success of future model fits, even as operating regime changes for processes with nonlinear gain characteristics, and provides an adaptation mechanism for controlling such processes. To minimize the expertise required to implement these methods, an automated startup procedure is detailed. The methods are demonstrated on two simulated reactor processes that possess nonlinear and s
Correlations of Antibiotic Use and Carbapenem Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae

Epidemiological studies have shown a link between carbapenem use and resistance; however, the clinical relationship between antibiotic consumption and the epidemiology of carbapenem-intermediate or -resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CIRE) remains unclear. This study sought to analyze temporal antibiotic consumption trends for relationships with incident CIRE. In total, 310,892 days of therapy and 55 deduplicated CIRE were analyzed. When conservative corrections were applied for multiple comparisons, carbapenem class use and piperacillin-tazobactam use retained significant positive and negative relationships with the incidence of CIRE, respectively.
A pilot study of the impact of genotype on nifedipine pharmacokinetics when used as a tocolytic

Objective. To characterize the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine when used for tocolysis in preterm labor and to determine the impact of genetics on these parameters.Study design. Pharmacokinetic study performed on women given tocolytic nifedipine. Over one dosing interval, drug concentrations, clinical data, and genotype for Cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A5 polymorphisms were obtained. Non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was used to estimate nifedipine exposure at steady state.Results. The mean nifedipine area under the curve in 20 pregnant women was 86.1±61.1 ng/ml/h. The mean nifedipine exposure differed by expression of CYP3A5 (expressers [exp]: 139.5±97.3 ng/ml/h vs. nonexpressers[non]: 68.3 ± 31.8 ng/ml/h, p = 0.02). Four women consumed CYP3A inhibitors and this affected the nifedipine concentrations (p < 0.001). CYP3A5 expressers had less improvement in contraction frequency after the loading dose (p = 0.04), at steady state (p = 0.006), and at 0–1 h after the study dose (p < 0.001).Conclusions. CYP3A5...
The Historical Recovery of Edyth Astrid Ferris

pose is twofold. First, to illustrate something of the process of securing essential biographical data on an obscure individual, materials that must be located and mined. And second, to suggest how a biographer might think about the meaning of the life-history data that are recovered. This latter aim addresses this paper to the community of educational researchers. The editor urges reading the entire, cleverly written, brief article. It will likely prove to be enlightening for a majority of readers.
Thermal conductivity in nanoporous gold films during electron-phonon nonequilibrium

The reduction of nanodevices has given recent attention to nanoporous materials due to their structure and geometry. However, the thermophysical properties of these materials are relatively unknown. In this article, an expression for thermal conductivity of nanoporous structures is derived based on the assumption that the finite size of the ligaments leads to electron-ligament wall scattering. This expression is then used to analyze the thermal conductivity of nanoporous structures in the event of electron-phonon nonequilibrium.
The dimension-5 Lorentz invariant operator system in QCD☆

Abstract We analyze the d = 5 operator mixing problem in the α gauge from the standpoint of illustrating various results in formal operator mixing theory. There is one physical gauge-invariant operator and also two unphysical “nuisance” operators. The anomalous dimension eigenvalue of the physical operator is shown to be explicitly gauge invariant; mixing to and between nuisance operators is α dependent and nuisance operators do not mix back to the physical sector. This is, perhaps the simplest system illustrating all of these features. We also discuss Higgs-boson induced d = 5 operators in the nonleptonic weak Hamiltonian.
Network Marketing: An Effective Business Model for Family-Owned Businesses?

Network marketing organizations (NMOs) are among the most successful organizations in the 1990s. Sales in the NMO industry grew from $30 billion to almost three times that figure by the year 2000. This paper considers the questions, What is network marketing] How do network marketing companies achieve success] and How might leaders of family-owned companies use network marketing to grow their businesses]
Dopamine: should I stay or should I go now?

In C. elegans, dopamine signaling regulates locomotion behavior. Chase and colleagues report that this signaling occurs through extrasynaptic and antagonistically acting receptors coexpressed in motor neurons. These results provide surprising insights into the G-protein pathways mediating this antagonism, with implications for dopamine signaling across species.
A computer-driven, personal, portable, and intelligent speech prosthesis.

Abstract A microprocessor interfaced with a voice synthesizer provides a speech prosthesis for patients unable to speak, particularly those with aphasia. The “intelligent” software infers what the user is trying to say from partial and schematic input information.
Investigation of a diffuse optical tomography-assisted quantitative photoacoustic tomography in reflection geometry

In this paper, we report the experimental investigation of a novel fitting procedure which can detect and quantitatively characterize the optical contrasts of targets using diffuse optical tomography (DOT)-assisted photoacoustic tomography. The hybrid system combines a 64-channel photoacoustic system with a 9-source, 14-detector frequency-domain DOT system. A white probe was used to house the ultrasound transducer, the optical sources and detectors. The experiment was performed in the reflection mode which is more realistic to clinical applications. The fitting procedure included a complete photoacoustic forward model, which incorporated an analytical model of light transport and a model of acoustic propagation. Using the structural information from the PAT images and the background information from DOT measurements, the photoacoustic forward model was used to recover the target absorption coefficient quantitatively. Phantom absorbers, 1 cm in diameter, with absorption coefficients ranging from 0.08 to 0.28 cm -1 were imaged at depths of up to 3.0 cm. The fitting results were at least 85% of their true values for both high and low contrast targets. Blood sample in a thin tube of radius 0.6 mm, that was simulating a blood vessel, was also imaged, and the reconstructed images and fitted absorption coefficients are presented. These results illustrate the promising application of this fitting procedure for tissue absorption coefficient characterization and consequently breast cancer diagnosis.
Validation of Cloud-Resolving Model Background Data for Cloud Data Assimilation

Abstract Results from a cloud-resolving model are systematically compared with a variety of observations, both ground based and satellite, in order to better understand the mean background errors and their correlations. This is a step in the direction of developing a background error covariance matrix for use in cloud data assimilation. Observation sources include the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES), the Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI), a microwave radiometer (MWR), radiosonde, and cloud radar. When exploring model biases in temperature, precipitable water vapor, and liquid water path, a warm and moist bias at night and a cool and dry bias during the day are observed. Values for the background decorrelation length of water variables are determined. In addition, a dynamic cloud mask is presented to give more control in the assimilation of cloudy satellite radiances, allowing different cloud types to be excluded from the assimilation as well as establishing values...
Choice as a Value

Rats permitted to locomote to a goal box via one of two major arms of a maze, preferred the alternative which provided the opportunity for further choice behavior. Choice as a value was discussed.
Measurement of contamination rate and stage drift in scanning electron microscopes

Dimensional measurements with Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEMs) are done under the presumption that the sample and its location do not change during the measurements. This is never the case, because the stage and the primary electron beam always move slightly, and the sample changes due to contamination and charging. Digital time-lapse scanning electron microscopy is a useful method to investigate the extent and effects of contamination and stage drift. Implemented in hardware and software, this technique involves capture and storage of a sequence of still images. It is then possible to apply image processing or analysis to individual frames, or to view them in rapid sequence to create a motion picture of how the sample changes. The effects of drift and contamination are generally cumulative; their contributions to inaccuracy and imprecision increase with increasing measurement time. It is important to understand this in order to strike the right compromise with other factors that favor longer measurement times, such as improving signal-to-noise ratio by averaging several images or line scans. This paper describes a method to measure rates of contamination and drift of SEM samples, providing information necessary to optimize the accuracy and precision of line width measurements.
Growth-promoting factors for Bifidobacterium longum

The ability of various biological materials to promote growth of Bifidobacterium Iongum (ATCC 15708) was tested using Bacto B12 assay medium (Difco Corp.). Supplements included yeast extract, beef extract, malt extract, α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, trypticase soy broth, phytone-peptone and unknown factors from Escherichia coli spent broth. Growth of B. longum 15708 was monitored by measuring turbidity and pH. Yeast extract, α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin were the best growth promoters. Growth in the presence of E. coli spent broth was maximal; however, fresh enzymatically hydrolyzed E. coli broth was as effective. Beef extract and trypticase soy broth were effective to some extent. Malt extract and phytone-peptone did not significantly enhance growth. All materials lost growth promoting activity when their disulfide bonds were reduced-alkylated.
Probability of Ionization of Gas Molecules by Electron Impacts

Ionization in various gases by electrons of energy 0-325 volts.---Electrons from a hot filament were projected through an ionization chamber $B$ containing gas at low pressure (.001 to.005 mm) and into a trap. Positive ions produced in $B$ were collected on fine wires arranged in the form of a squirrel cage $C$ and maintained at a potential lower than $B$ by an amount ${V}_{r}$. Corrections were made for the facts (1) that the wires $C$ lowered the potential at the center of $B$ and hence retarded the electrons passing through $B$ by a maximum amount of $0.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{V}_{r}$, and (2) that if ${V}_{r}$ was numerically less in value than the accelerating potential ${V}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$, some primary electrons reached $C$. The pressures were measured with a McLeod gauge to 1 percent and were corrected for the heating effect of the filament, which was determined by using the apparatus as an ionization manometer to be about 26\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The resulting curves for $N$, the number of ions per cm path produced by an electron moving through a gas at 1 mm pressure, are believed correct within a few percent. In agreement with previous results of Hughes and Klein and others, the curves each rise to a maximum. The maximum values found and the corresponding voltages are as follows: The values for $P(max)$, the corresponding probability that a collision will result in ionization of the hit molecule, were computed from $N(max)$ assuming the kinetic theory values for electronic mean free paths. These results are compared with previous experimental values. Ionization was found to begin at the ionizing potential in each case, except that with ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ weak ionization was observed at 10 volts. This may possibly be associated with the presence of traces of active nitrogen.
Optimum line antenna current density in the presence of heat losses

Abstract The current density over a line antenna is found which maximizes the energy radiated into space per unit time subject to heat losses in the antenna.
Content and Potential Availability of Selected Nutrients in Field‐Applied Sugar Beet Factory Lime

Factory lime generated during sugar beet processing contains phosphorus (P). Factory lime collected from seven sugar beet factories in North Dakota and Minnesota had P concentrations ranging from 3470 to 7043 mg P kg−1. Soil collected from two field trials one and two growing seasons after factory lime application was analyzed for pH changes and soil‐test P (STP). At one site, soil pH increased after both growing seasons, as did STP, indicating a continued release of P as the factory lime dissolved and reacted with the soil. At the second site, increased soil pH and STP were evident after one growing season, but a few months later the pH had no further change and STP decreased. The data suggest factory lime has the potential to supply P to a growing crop, but actual proportion of P available from the factory lime could not be quantified from these experiments.
Quasi-implication algebras, Part I: Elementary theory

Quasi-implication algebras (QIA's) are intended to generalize orthomodular lattices (OML's) in the same way that implication algebras (J. C. Abbott) generalize Boolean lattices. A QIA is defined to be a setQ together with a binary operation → satisfying the following conditions (a→b is denotedab). $$\left( {ab} \right)a = a$$ (Q1) $$\left( {ab} \right)\left( {ac} \right) = \left( {ba} \right)\left( {bc} \right)$$ (Q2) $$\left( {\left( {ab} \right)\left( {ba} \right)} \right)a = \left( {\left( {ba} \right)\left( {ab} \right)} \right)b$$ (Q3)
Limitations of the Temporary Landscape and Abandonment

Vacant land invites occupation, both by ruderal vegetation and spontaneous human intervention. This active engagement—taking the form of art installations, cultivated plots, or domestic appropriations—is often unplanned and temporary. Capable of existing outside of market forces, the projects are realized efficiently, but without long-term durability. Their short-term value is undeniable but so is their vulnerability. This is especially true of landscape projects on abandoned lands. The limitations of temporary projects are elaborated across diverse occupation types, including guerilla activities, pop-up projects, design collaborative work, and short-term land leases. The argument is structured around four main points. First, public space needs to be unregulated and diverse, not just on a temporary basis in leftover spaces. Second, landscape projects require time to develop to perform culturally and ecologically. Third, temporary projects can be placeholders that limit the need for long-term re-visioning....
Potassium channel stimulation by natriuretic peptides through cGMP-dependent dephosphorylation

Natriuretic peptides inhibit the release and action of many hormones through cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), but the mechanism of cGMP action is unclear. In frog ventricular muscle and guinea-pig hippocampal neurons, cGMP inhibits voltage-activated Ca2+ currents by stimulating phosphodiesterase activity and reducing intracellular cyclic AMP; however, this mechanism is not involved in the action of cGMP on other channels or on Ca2+ channels in other cells. Natriuretic peptide receptors in the rat pituitary also stimulate guanylyl cyclase activity but inhibit secretion by increasing membrane conductance to potassium. In an electrophysiological study on rat pituitary tumour cells, we identified the large-conductance, calcium- and voltage-activated potassium channels (BK) as the primary target of another inhibitory neuropeptide, somatostatin. Here we report that atrial natriuretic peptide also stimulates BK channel activity in GH4C1 cells through protein dephosphorylation. Unlike somatostatin, however, the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on BK channel activity is preceded by a rapid and potent stimulation of cGMP production and requires cGMP-dependent protein kinase activity. Protein phosphatase activation by cGMP-dependent kinase could explain the inhibitory effects of natriuretic peptides on electrical excitability and the antagonism of cGMP and cAMP in many systems.
Effects of methylmercury chloride on Rana pipiens tadpoles

Abstract Rana pipiens tadpoles were allowed to be raised in water containing various concentrations of methylmercuric chloride or were injected with 0.025 ml of 0.1% aqueous solutions of methylmercuric chloride (0.025 mg Hg), every other day for 10 days. All the tadpoles which were raised in water containing more than 0.05 ppm mercury died within 48 hours. The distention of the body cavities and eventual death of these tadpoles was believed to be the result of a disturbance of the osmotic regulatory system by the mercury. Total arrest of further development and differentiation was observed in tadpoles which were raised in water containing 0.001–0.01 ppm mercury. Extensive deposition of blood pigment (hemosiderosis) was observed in the livers of the mercury-injected tadpoles. Such hemosiderotic condition was thought to be predisposed by hemolysis of the red blood cells by mercury followed by severe peripheral edema and hemopoietic reactions in the kidneys of these tadpoles.
Superinhibitory Phospholemman Mutants as Potential Therapeutics for Heart Failure

Heart failure is characterized by a decrease in cardiac contractility and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Treatment with cardiac glycosides such as digitalis increases cardiac contractility by elevating intracellular calcium through inhibition of the sodium-potassium ATPase (NKA). However, the therapeutic window for this class of drugs is narrow as high calcium levels lead to increased SR load, calcium leak, and cardiac arrhythmias. Alternatively, the endogenous inhibitor of NKA, phospholemman (PLM), is dynamically regulated. We hypothesize that a superinhibitory mutant of PLM will increase the contractility of cardiac myocytes. This effect will be inherently self-limiting since inhibition of NKA is relieved by phosphorylation or elevated intracellular sodium. Here we used a high-throughput screen of PLM mutants utilizing fluorescence microscopy to simultaneously measure PLM-NKA and PLM-PLM binding. By tagging NKA with CFP and PLM with YFP, we can measure NKA-PLM binding with heterotransfer FRET (CFP to YFP) and oligomerization of PLM with homotransfer FRET (YFP to YFP). We observed that several mutants have a decreased affinity for oligomerization (PLM-PLM binding) leading to an increased apparent affinity for NKA. Future plans include creating and screening many more mutants and measuring the functional effect of PLM-based superinhibitors in vitro and in vivo.
Mammalian APH-1 Interacts with Presenilin and Nicastrin and Is Required for Intramembrane Proteolysis of Amyloid-β Precursor Protein and Notch

Presenilin and nicastrin are essential components of the gamma-secretase complex that is required for the intramembrane proteolysis of an increasing number of membrane proteins including the amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) and Notch. By using co-immunoprecipitation and nickel affinity pull-down approaches, we now show that mammalian APH-1 (mAPH-1), a conserved multipass membrane protein, physically associates with nicastrin and the heterodimers of the presenilin amino- and carboxyl-terminal fragments in human cell lines and in rat brain. Similar to the loss of presenilin or nicastrin, the inactivation of endogenous mAPH-1 using small interfering RNAs results in the decrease of presenilin levels, accumulation of gamma-secretase substrates (APP carboxyl-terminal fragments), and reduction of gamma-secretase products (amyloid-beta peptides and the intracellular domains of APP and Notch). These data indicate that mAPH-1 is probably a functional component of the gamma-secretase complex required for the intramembrane proteolysis of APP and Notch.
Psychosocial concerns in the paediatric burn unit

Abstract In reviewing the medical charts of 264 patients treated in the Indiana University Riley Pediatric Burn Unit over a 10-year period, we found that 52 per cent came from broken homes or other abnormal situations. This paper describes these findings and the protocol we now follow for the psychosocial evaluation and treatment of the burned child.
Progress in Population Analyses of the Insulin Resistance Syndrome

Insulin resistance is associated with a variety of cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension, dyslipidemia, and non-insulin-dependent diabetes. In blacks, the relation between insulin resistance, hypertension, and atherosclerosis has been questioned. Most data collected on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome have been collected in nondiabetic subjects; therefore, no inference can be drawn to exogenous insulin use in diabetic subjects where improved glycemic control is usually associated with improved cardiovascular risk factors (especially dyslipidemia) in the absence of weight gain.
POWER-SPECTRUM ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC OZONE PARAMETERS

Abstract Power spectra have been computed for three parameters of atmospheric ozone: ERTOR (effective radiation temperature of the ozone region), absorption of solar radiation by ozone in the 9.6-micron band, and total amount of ozone as measured with a Dobson spectraphotometer. Power spectra have been computed also for 700-mb middle-latitude zonal wind, geomagnetic planetary index, and Farthing's “net” index of solar coronal activity. All the spectra of the atmospheric variables exhibit spectral peaks in the vicinity of two and one-half week periods. Additional peaks in several of the ozone spectra suggest a high atmospheric level summertime variation in ozone densities with a period near one and one-half weeks.
Distributed formation control of networked passive systems with event-driven communication

This paper is focused on the formation control problem of networked passive systems with event-driven communication. The data transmissions between agents are event-based and distributed control laws to achieve formation under the event-driven communication strategy are obtained. We first derive a triggering condition to achieve distance-based formation among the agents with an ideal network model being assumed; we then consider the case when there are constant network induced delays between coupled agents. Simulations are provided to validate our results.
Migraine and migraine variants in childhood and adolescence

Migraine is a commonly occurring headache syndrome in children and adolescents. Half of all individuals destined to have migraine begin their attacks before age 20 years. It is characterized by paroxysmal headache, nausea, vomlting, and desire to sleep. On occasion, dramatic neurological symptoms and signs accompany the headache. The epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical characteristics, evaluations, and management of migraine are reviewed.
Antibodies to lymphotoxin α (LTα) and LTβ recognize different glial cell types in the central nervous system

Abstract The cytokine lymphotoxin (LT) is known to exist in two forms, secreted LT α and a membrane-bound LT α / β complex. LT α shares the same receptor as tumor necrosis factor α and LT β is recognized by its receptor, LT β R. Since LT has been associated with oligodendrocyte pathology, the present study has examined the expression of these molecules by immunocytochemistry in diseased and normal CNS tissue, with a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to LT α , LT β and LT β R. Of three mAb to LT β , two (B27 and C37) gave specific membrane staining on astrocytes, as well as lymphocytes. The third anti-LT β mAb, B9, was selectively immunoreactive for oligodendrocytes, suggesting specific recognition sites. The reactivity was not specific for multiple sclerosis (MS) since oligodendrocytes in normal and non-MS CNS tissue also displayed positivity. MAb to LT β R reacted with astrocytes only, giving a punctate membrane staining pattern suggestive of receptor sites. MAb to LT α gave strong reactivity on lymphocytes in active MS lesions and weak reactivity on microglia within lesion areas. These results show that mAb to LT α and LT β recognize different cell types within the CNS. Furthermore, individual mAb against LT β were capable of distinguishing between astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, perhaps indicative of different epitopes on LT β . The presence of LT β R on astrocytes suggests possible interactions between infiltrating lymphocytes and astrocytes via the LT pathway.
A Comparison of Temperature and Wind Measurements from ACARS-Equipped Aircraft and Rawinsondes

Abstract A comparison was made of temperature and wind observations reported by rawinsonde and Aircraft Communications, Addressing, and Reporting System (ACARS)-equipped commercial aircraft separated by less than 150 km in distance and 90 min in time near Denver, Colorado, in February and March 1992. Only data made on aircraft ascents and descents reported automatically were used. A total of 4440 matched data pairs were obtained for this period. The sample was analyzed in total but also as a function of time and distance separation, height, time of day, and ascent versus descent. A standard deviation temperature difference of 0.97°C and rms vector wind difference of 5.76 m s−1 were found for the entire sample but were reduced, respectively, to 0.59°C and 4.00 m s−1 when only data pairs separated by less than 25 km and 15 min were used. The study provides an upper limit to the combination of rawinsonde and ACARS observation and reporting errors and mesoscale variability, but it is not possible to distingui...
An effect of magnesium on neuromuscular function in parturients

Abstract Study Objective: To determine the effects of magnesium sulfate on neuromuscular transmission in parturients. Design: Open-label, clinical study. Setting: Preeclamptic patients at a university-affiliated hospital. Patients: 12 pregnant patients, ages 18 to 40 years, with preedampsia or entering preterm labor. Interventions: Patients were treated with magnesium sulfate. Train-of-four (TOF) recordings of the adductor pollicis muscle were obtained before, and 30 minutes after the magnesium sulfate infusion. Measurements and Main Results: Each contractile response in the control TOF showed an increase in the tension developed in response to supramaximal stimulation. The TOF responses after magnesium sulfate did not demonstrate this phenomenon, but rather developed fade. The T4T1 ratios ranged from 0.72 to 0.92. Conclusions: In this patient population, clinically relevant infusions of magnesium sulfate produced significant changes in neuromuscular transmission as manifested by loss of treppe phenomenon and diminished TOF response to ulnar nerve stimulation.
Children's Use of Looking Behavior as a Cue to Detect Another's Goal

Three studies examined children's understanding of the role that looking behavior plays in revealing another's desired goal. In each study, participants were asked which of 2 objects a protagonist wanted to obtain. Four-year-olds did not infer that an object examined via prolonged looking was more likely to be the protagonist's goal than an object that was either glanced at or inadvertently touched. Instead, they were accurate only when the protagonist looked at one of two potential goals. In contrast, the majority of 6-year-olds (and adults in Experiment 1) consistently regarded prolonged looking as the more important cue of the protagonist's goal. These age differences suggest that development is characterized by an increasing appreciation that goal is revealed by comparative differences in the quality of perceptual connectedness to objects in the world. One explanation for these age differences is that preschoolers are limited in their understanding of the difference between perceiving with full attention and without it.
Establishing and Maintaining Job Skills and Professional Behaviors in Chronically Unemployed Drug Abusers

The therapeutic workplace intervention is an employment-based drug user intervention that integrates abstinence reinforcement contingencies into an employment setting, intended for individuals manifesting chronic unemployment and drug addiction. Research on the therapeutic workplace intervention has provided a unique and rare opportunity to collect data and conduct fine-grained analyses of the training and work performance of participants. Results from a series of studies document that chronically unemployed drug users display behaviors that likely limit their success in conventional businesses. This article reviews a systematic line of research showing that targeted and intensive contingency management interventions and training programs have been effective in promoting consistent attendance and high rates of productivity and establishing job skills for employment.
Gendered Social Worlds in Preschool: Dominance, Peer Acceptance and Assertive Social Skills in Boys’ and Girls’ Peer Groups

How dominance in the competitive MovieViewer (MV) task relates to peer preference and assertive behavior, and whether these relations differ for boys and girls were explored. Ninety-one preschool children in same-sex quartets were videotaped interacting in the MV task and dominance ranks were assigned according to viewing time. Peer preference was explored by looking separately at the number of likes and dislikes a child received in sociometric interviews. Multivariate analyses revealed that sex interacted with rank to explain peer acceptance but not peer rejection. High ranked boys were accepted more by peers than low ranked boys, while low ranked girls were accepted more than high ranked girls. Further analyses revealed that girls, but not boys, accepted the low ranked girls. The difference in girls’ and boys’ acceptance of same-sex peers who act assertively in the MV task is consistent with the notion that gendered cultures develop in the preschool years.
Biologically driven neural platform invoking parallel electrophoretic separation and urinary metabolite screening

This work reveals a computational framework for parallel electrophoretic separation of complex biological macromolecules and model urinary metabolites. More specifically, the implementation of a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm on a neural network platform for multiparameter optimization of multiplexed 24-capillary electrophoresis technology with UV detection is highlighted. Two experimental systems were examined: (1) separation of purified rabbit metallothioneins and (2) separation of model toluene urinary metabolites and selected organic acids. Results proved superior to the use of neural networks employing standard back propagation when examining training error, fitting response, and predictive abilities. Simulation runs were obtained as a result of metaheuristic examination of the global search space with experimental responses in good agreement with predicted values. Full separation of selected analytes was realized after employing optimal model conditions. This framework provides guidance for the application of metaheuristic computational tools to aid in future studies involving parallel chemical separation and screening. Adaptable pseudo-code is provided to enable users of varied software packages and modeling framework to implement the PSO algorithm for their desired use.
CYCLIC FATIGUE OF A MICA-CONTAINING GLASS-CERAMIC AT HERTZIAN CONTACTS

Fatigue damage in a mica-containing glass-ceramic is examined using Hertzian contact tests. For the material in its base glass state, such tests indicate that fatigue occurs solely by chemically enhanced cone crack extension. In the glass-ceramic, fatigue is evident as an expansion of a macroscopic subsurface microfracture zone. Comparative observations of the subsurface damage in static and cyclic loading, and tests in different environments, indicate that the fatigue in the glass-ceramic is mechanical in origin, although it is enhanced by moisture. This result is reinforced by load-point-displacement data, which reveal significant hysteresis in the glass-ceramic but not in the base glass. Flexure tests on Hertz-indented glass-ceramic specimens show only a slight loss of strength, <5%, over 105 cycles. This contrasts with the base glass which, although of higher laboratory strength, is subject to abrupt and severe strength degradation from cone crack pop-in. High magnification examination of the subsurface damage in the glass-ceramic suggests the underlying cause of the mechanical fatigue mechanism to be attrition of frictional tractions at closed microcrack interfaces.
Seedling dynamics of some cotton grass tussock tundra species during the natural revegetation of small disturbed areas

The dynamics of seedling establishment, and growth of native cotton grass-tussock tundra species were studied during the natural revegetation of small bare areas excavated in tussock tundra. The seedlings of Eriophorum vaginatum spp. spissum and Carex bigelowii, two sedge species, established most successfully. Few seedlings of nonsedge species emerged with the small disturbances. Most seedling emergence occurred early in the first growing season following the excavation of the bare areas. The density of emerged seedlings was higher in bare areas excavated in the autumn preceding the observations, rather than in bare areas excavated at the start of the first season of observation. After two growing seasons, survival of seedlings was not affected by the time the seedling emerged within the growing season. Eriophorum vaginatum was the most abundant species because it: (1) had the highest seedling emergence rates, particularly early in the growing season; (2) produced more tillers per seedlings; and (3) had a higher growth rate per seedling than C. bigelowii.
Hydrogen Peroxide Activated Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors: A Prodrug Approach

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of structurally related ZnII-dependent hydrolytic enzymes involved in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.[1] MMPs are secreted as zymogens, and are activated by cleavage of the propeptide domain by proteases, other MMPs, or by reactive oxygen species (ROS). In particular, the activation of MMPs by ROS during ischemia-induced inflammatory response leads to the breakdown of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) resulting in edema and cell death.[2,3] The strong correlation between ROS-activation of MMPs and the disruption of the BBB has led to several studies on the use of MMP inhibitors (MMPi) as therapeutics for treating reperfusion injury associated with stroke.[4] Inhibition of MMPs after stroke with a variety of broad-spectrum MMPi have shown that MMP inhibition greatly reduced ischemic brain injury.[5,6] While the use of MMPi to reduce the effects of BBB disruption following stroke has been clearly established, the major challenge for MMPi in this area is the need for temporal and spatial control of their inhibitory activity.[7]
A Model for the Teaching of Advanced Syntax in a Foreign Language

the point can hardly be overemphasized-deal in a rigorously systematic way with the syntax of the language involved. The search for a systematic, yet practically applicable approach to the teaching of foreign language syntax is the topic of this paper. Its first part deals with basic objectives and desirable features, prominent among them the need for a coherent, didactically oriented theory. In the second part, such a theory or model is outlined. Illustrating examples are taken from French. The principal objectives of a syntax course in a foreign language would seem to be threefold. There is (1) the obvious "performance objective," the improvement of active and passive skills: both orally and in writing the student ought to be able (a) to recognize immediately and to interprete correctly all the major phrase and sentence structures of the target language; (b) to apply correctly and with ease frequently used phrase and sentence structures; and (c) to understand and handle choices between equivalent constructions and to appreciate the differences between major stylistic levels and the appropriateness of syntactic constructions according to the speech situation. Then there is what could be called (2) the "competence objective": the student ought to become fully aware of the distinctive characteristics of the target language, of the general principles that determine its functioning, and of major connections between phonological, morphological and syntactic phenomena. Finally, there is (3) a "tool objective": the student ought to learn how to analyze for himself all kinds of phrases and sentences that he may encounter in the language. In short, the syntax course should not only teach factual knowledge and improve skills. It should also teach system awareness, a method of analysis, and its own metalanguage. In the performance objective, the teaching of syntax differs radically from the scientific description of syntax; in the competence and tool objectives, however, this difference tends to disappear. It is this ambivalence in objectives and attitude which is largely responsible for the dilemma of pedagogical syntax vis-a-vis its scientific counterpart. In order to reach performance, competence and tool objectives, an advanced syntax course would have to be determined in content and
The Use of MMS for Remote CNC Control

Traditionally, plant floor communication systems in metal removal operations have been used for two purposes: downloading NC programs to machine tools, and data and status reporting and gathering. However, in a fully automated factory, the communication system will have to support many more functions. As a first step in such a development, we have designed a remote operator's interface to a NC milling machine, using the Manufacturing Message System. (MMS) soon to become EIA standard RS.511. MMS is planned to be part of MAP specification 3.0, providing an application layer service for plant floor communications. The functions supported are those which an operator would do normally at the console of the NC machine including requesting program load, setting the machine into single step or automatic operation, reading status information, starting and stopping program operation.
Bradykinin induces phosphoinositide turnover, 1,2-diglyceride formation, and growth in cultured adult human keratinocytes

Abstract The effects of bradykinin on activation of phosphoinositide turnover, 1,2-diglyceride formation, and growth of cultured adult human keratinocytes were investigated. Keratinocytes specifically bound [ 3 H]bradykinin with high affinity (k d = 3.4 nM) and displayed 1.5 × 10 5 binding sites/cell. Bradykinin caused a rapid dose-dependent increase in inositol trisphosphate (IP 3 ) inositol bisphosphate, and inositol monophosphate. IP 3 was maximally increased (fivefold) at 30 s and remained elevated for at least 10 min. Half maximal stimulation of IP 3 formation was observed at 27 nM bradykinin. IP 3 accumulation was equally elevated by bradykinin and lys-bradykinin but was not stimulated by des-Arg 9 -bradykinin, indicating that phospholipase C in cultured keratinocytes is coupled to B 2 bradykinin receptors. Treatment of keratinocytes with active phorbol ester (TPA) caused a significant inhibition (50%) of bradykinin-induced IP 3 accumulation, suggesting negative regulation of phospholipase C by protein kinase C. Bradykinin also caused a significant elevation in 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) content. DAG content was maximally elevated (twofold) at 1 min and remained elevated for at least 10 min. Bradykinin also caused a significant (two-fold, p
An experimental demonstration of rhizautoicy, self-incompatibility, and reproductive investment in Aloina bifrons (Pottiaceae)

Abstract Shoots of Aloina bifrons were regenerated from four herbarium specimens collected from theAmerican southwest, ranging in age from 4 to 12 years old, subcultured to remove field effects, and grown in Petri dishes on native sand for 238 days (70–90 days after gametangial maturation). Rhizautoicy was demonstrated in three of the four genotypes. Plants were protandrous in gametangial development and in time to maturation, although overlap occurred where both sexes were producing mature gametes. Roughly twice as many perigonia were produced than perichaetia. Female shoots were larger than male shoots, yet devoted much less than male shoots to prefertilization reproductive investment. Adjusted to culture area, investment into reproduction on a prefertilization basis was about ten times greater for male function than for female function. Self-fertilization within a single clonal line was accomplished, but sporophytes did not develop beyond the embryonic phenophase. The clonal lines used appear to be sel...