cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring Peptidoglycan Elasticity and Stress-Stiffening of Live Bacterial Cells

The mechanical properties of gram-negative bacteria are governed by a rigid peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall and the turgor pressure generated by the large concentration of solutes in the cytoplasm. The elasticity of the PG has been measured in bulk and in isolated sacculi and shown to be very compliant compared to the overall stiffness of the cell itself. However, the stiffness of the cell wall in live cells has not been accurately measured. In particular, the effects that pressure-induced stress might have on the stiffness of the meshlike PG network have not been addressed even though polymeric materials often exhibit large amounts of stress-stiffening. In this study, we use two experimental systems to probe the effects of pressure on the wall stiffness. First, we study blebbing E. coli cells using atomic force microscopy to separate the contributions of the cell wall and turgor pressure to the overall cell stiffness. Second, we study the relationship between cell stiffness and external osmotic pressure which allows us to probe higher turgor pressures. Combining these two types of measurements, we find strong evidence of a power-law stress-stiffening in the E. coli cell wall such that the wall is significantly stiffer in live cells (E∼5 MPa) than the relatively compliant sacculus stiffness (E∼34 MPa).
Can tidal breathing with deep inspirations of intact airways create sustained bronchoprotection or bronchodilation

Fluctuating forces imposed on the airway smooth muscle due to breathing are believed to regulate hyperresponsiveness in vivo. However, recent animal and human isolated airway studies have shown that typical breathing-sized transmural pressure (Ptm) oscillations around a fixed mean are ineffective at mitigating airway constriction. To help understand this discrepancy, we hypothesized that Ptm oscillations capable of producing the same degree of bronchodilation as observed in airway smooth muscle strip studies requires imposition of strains larger than those expected to occur in vivo. First, we applied increasingly larger amplitude Ptm oscillations to a statically constricted airway from a Ptm simulating normal functional residual capacity of 5 cmH2O. Tidal-like oscillations (5–10 cmH2O) imposed 4.9 ± 2.0% strain and resulted in 11.6 ± 4.8% recovery, while Ptm oscillations simulating a deep inspiration at every breath (5–30 cmH2O) achieved 62.9 ± 12.1% recovery. These same Ptm oscillations were then applied starting from a Ptm = 1 cmH2O, resulting in approximately double the strain for each oscillation amplitude. When extreme strains were imposed, we observed full recovery. On combining the two data sets, we found a linear relationship between strain and resultant recovery. Finally, we compared the impact of Ptm oscillations before and after constriction to Ptm oscillations applied only after constriction and found that both loading conditions had a similar effect on narrowing. We conclude that, while sufficiently large strains applied to the airway wall are capable of producing substantial bronchodilation, the Ptm oscillations necessary to achieve those strains are not expected to occur in vivo.
Hypoxia-induced increase in soluble Flt-1 production correlates with enhanced oxidative stress in trophoblast cells from the human placenta.

Abstract Objective Placental trophoblast cells (TCs) produce soluble Flt-1 (sFlt-1). Hypoxia induces placental oxidative stress and modulates trophoblast function. The aim of this study was to investigate whether hypoxia mediates TC sFlt-1 production and whether increased sFlt-1 production correlates with increased oxidative stress in placental TCs. Methods Placentas were obtained immediately after delivery from normal pregnant women ( n =8). Placental TCs were isolated by Dispase digestion of villous tissue and purified by Percoll gradient centrifugation. Isolated TCs were cultured under normoxia (21% O 2 : 5% CO 2 /95% air) and hypoxia (2% O 2 /5% CO 2 /93% N 2 ) conditions for 3 days in vitro. TC productions of sFlt-1, VEGF, and PlGF were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Lipid peroxide production and superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) levels were evaluated. Messenger RNA expressions of Flt-1, VEGF and PlGF were determined by RT-PCR. Messenger RNA expressions for superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were also determined. Data are expressed as mean±SE. A p level less than 0.05 was considered statistically different. Results Our results show that sFlt-1 production was significantly increased by TCs cultured under hypoxia condition that correlates with increased lipid peroxide production. We also found that under hypoxia condition: (1) the ratio of PlGF/VEGF production was reversed; (2) the ratio of lipid peroxides to superoxide dismutase production was increased. The increased mRNA expressions for Flt-1 and VEGF and the decreased mRNA expression for PlGF in TCs were consistent with the protein productions under hypoxia condition. Conclusion We concluded that upregulation of sFlt-1 and unbalanced PlGF/VEGF production associated with increased oxidative stress are consequences of hypoxia in placental TCs. Our results suggest that placental TCs are major sources of sFlt-1 and VEGF levels in the maternal circulation in women with preeclampsia.
Sequential Implementation of Stepwise Procedures for Identifying the Maximum Tolerated Dose

This article considers the problem of finding the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of a drug in human trials. The MTD is defined as the maximum test dose with toxicity probability less than or equal to a target toxicity rate. We adopt the multiple test framework, with step-down tests used in an escalation stage and step-up tests used in a deescalation stage, to allow sequential dose assignments for ethical purposes. By formulating the estimation problem as a testing problem, the proposed procedures formally control the error probability of selecting an unsafe dose. In addition, we can control the probability of correctly selecting the MTD under a parameter subspace where no toxicity probability lies in an interval bracketed by the target toxicity rate and an unacceptably high toxicity rate, the so-called “indifference zone.” This frequentist property, which is currently lacking in the conduct of dose-finding trials in humans, is appealing from a regulatory standpoint. We give the general expressions of the se...
Photosynthesis and transpiration of excised silver maple leaves exposed to cadmium and sulphur dioxide.

Abstract Excised leaves of silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.) were exposed to 0, 5, 10 or 20 ppm Cd2+ for 45 h followed by fumigation with 0, 1 or 2 ppm SO2 for 30 min. Net photosynthesis and transpiration were significantly reduced by Cd2+ or SO2 alone. The reduction in net photosynthesis and transpiration of Cd2+ treated leaves was greater in the presence of SO2. Diffusion resistances of leaves to carbon dioxide and water vapour transfer generally increased with both increasing Cd2+ and SO2 concentration. Leaves treated with 5 ppm Cd2+ exhibited increased net photosynthesis and transpiration and decreased resistance to carbon dioxide and water vapour flux. Significant Cd2+/SO2 interactions were found.
Ray tracing through systems containing holographic optical elements.

While the subject of tracing finite rays through an optical system containing holographic optical elements (HOE’s) has been widely discussed in scientific literature, the actual mechanism for determining the direction of a ray leaving a generalized HOE appears not to have been addressed in any great depth. Here a detailed description of a practical method that uses a lookup table approach for tracing finite rays through such systems is presented. Furthermore, the construction geometry is not limited to an arrangement whereby only perfect reference and object beams are used to produce the HOE.
Characterization of STR/microsatellite primers for the Gila monster, Heloderma suspectum screened from paired-end Illumina shotgun sequencing

We used Illumina paired-end shotgun sequencing to characterize microsatellite loci in Heloderma suspectum. We identified over 124,000 potentially amplifiable loci and describe PCR primers for 18 variable tri- and tetra-nucleotide STRs. The observed number of alleles per locus ranged from 5 to 16 and heterozygosity varied from 0.64 to 0.92. In addition 13 of these loci cross-amplified in the beaded lizard, Heloderma horridum. This method of microsatellite identification proved extremely efficient and cost effective. This novel marker set can be used by researchers to better understand these elusive species.
Discussion of “CEO compensation and corporate risk-taking: Evidence from a natural experiment”

Abstract Gormley, Matsa, and Milbourn (in this issue) examine the design and causal effects of CEOs’ equity portfolio incentives on firm risk in a novel research setting in which certain firms experience a large exogenous shock that increases their left-tail risk and reduces their investment opportunities. Gormley et al. find that boards and CEOs both make adjustments to CEOs’ equity portfolios following the shock. They also find that CEOs with more convex equity portfolios (i.e., Vega ) prior to the shock reduce risk less following the shock. Despite certain measurement and identification concerns, Gormley et al. is an innovative attempt to address an important and challenging research question. Partial identification and sensitivity analysis an important class of techniques that are well-suited for providing causal inferences about Gormley et al.'s and other important research questions that are impeded by endogeneity concerns.
The Contribution of Executive Control on Verbal-Learning Impairment in Patients with Parkinson's Disease with Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease

Deficits in learning, memory, and executive functions are common cognitive sequelae of Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the pattern of deficits within these populations is distinct. Hierarchical regression was used to investigate the contribution of two measures with executive function properties (Verbal Fluency and CLOX) on list-learning performance (CVLT-II total words learned) in a sample of 25 PDD patients and 25 matched AD patients. Executive measures were predictive of list learning in the PDD group after the contribution of overall cognition and contextual verbal learning was accounted for, whereas in the AD group the addition of executive measures did not add to prediction of variance in CVLT-II learning. These findings suggest that deficits in executive functions play a vital role in learning impairments in patients with PDD; however, for AD patients, learning difficulties appear relatively independent of executive dysfunction.
Depositional Environment and Reservoir Characteristics of Upper Devonian Kane Sandstone in Central Western Pennsylvania: ABSTRACT

Interpretative mapping techniques provide the basis for an environmental analysis of the Upper Devonian Kane sandstone in part of central western Pennsylvania. Stratigraphically, the Kane sandstone is defined as the basal marine sandstone unit of the Upper Devonian Bradford Group. It represents the initial stages of clastic influx accommodated by the prograding Catskill delta complex. In eastern parts of the Appalachian Plateau, it most commonly exhibits an elongate lenticular geometry with long axes oriented normal to subnormal to regional strike. The study area spans the three-county junction of Cambria, Clearfield, and Indiana Counties, where the Kane sandstone has been the target of intense drilling activity. Kane completions in this area are characterized by high initial potentials (up to 20 MMCFGD) and correspondingly high recoverable gas reserves. Gross interval isopachs (G.S.S. and G.I.S.), net sand isopachs, sand percentage, and structure contour maps show that Kane sediments were emplaced as part of a small-scale submarine-fan environment, with a long axis trending west-northwest. A complex suite of subenvironments ranges from submarine channel (proximal) to a radiating complex of small channels at the fan apex, which become broad flat channels and sheetlike sands in a downfan direction. These environments ultimately give way to distal mud facies away from the fan area. Gross interval isopachs of the lower third of the Bradford Group interval show that increased thicknesses of sediment were emplaced along an inferred structural boundary trending west-northwest. This boundary very nearly coincides with a zone of cross strike structural discontinuity observed in the Valley and Ridge province. The interpretations used in this analysis provide useful methods for evaluating future Devonian reservoirs. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1921------------
Organ specificity of blood-borne tumour metastasis determined by cell adhesion.

ONE of the most clinically troublesome aspects of cancer is metastasis the spread of tumour cells from primary to distant multiple secondary sites1–3. Metastasis initially occurs through tissue invasion followed by transportation of tumour cells through the circulatory system lymphatics or coelomic cavities1,2. In blood-borne metastasis free tumour cells or cell aggregates are carried into various organs and tissues where they stop in the first capillary bed encountered; however most of these arrested tumour cells break loose recirculate and stop in other organs4,5. In many tumour systems the location and extent of established secondary tumour colonies are non-random suggesting that unique cell properties are important in tumour arrest and metastasis3,6. In support of this hypothesis Fidler7 was able to select from a murine B16 melanoma line variants that showed enhanced metastatic behaviour by repeated cycling of tumour cells from lung colonies to tissue culture administering the tumour cells intravenously on each cycle. We report here the organ adhesive specificity of four B16 variant cell lines selected for enhanced lung metastasis.
Abiotic and biological transformation of tetraalkoxysilanes and trichloroethene/cis-1,2-dichloroethene cometabolism driven by tetrabutoxysilane-degrading microorganisms

Attenuation of silicon-based organic compounds (tetraalkoxysilanes) by abiotic hydrolysis and biological mineralization was investigated. At Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory site 300, tetraalkoxysilanes are present along with trichloroethene (TCE) as subsurface contaminants. Under abiotic conditions, the alkoxysilanes such as tetrabutoxysilane (TBOS) and tetrakis(2-ethylbutoxy)silane (TKEBS) hydrolyze to 1-butanol and 2-ethylbutanol, respectively, and silicic acid. The rates of hydrolysis of TBOS and TKEBS were determined to evaluate the significance of the hydrolysis reaction in the attenuation process, and typical rates at pH 7, 30 °C, and 28 μmol/L initial concentration were 0.32 and 0.048 μmol/L/day, respectively. The TBOS hydrolysis reaction was observed to be acid- and base-catalyzed and independent of temperature from 15 to 30 °C. All hydrolysis experiments were conducted at concentrations above the solubility limit of TBOS and TKEBS, and the rate of hydrolysis increased with concentration of...
Global nonlinear sensitivity analysis using walsh functions

Abstract A new global nonlinear sensitivity analysis method is developed to investigate the sensitivity of solutions of mathematical models to large uncertainties in the parameters of the model. The method is exact for discrete models where the parameter variation is intrinsically two valued, and exact for continuous models where a two valued parameter variation is sufficient. The analysis involves statistical characterizations of sensitivity similar of those of a previous Fourier expansion method, FAST ( R. 1. Cukier, C. M. Fortuin, K. E. Shuler, A. G. Petschek, and J. H. Schaibly, J. Chem. Phys. 59 (1973), 3873. J. H. Schaibly and K. E. Shuler, J. Chem. Phys. 59 (1973), 3879; R. I. Cukier, J. H. Schaibly, and K. E. Shuler, J. Chem. Phys. 63 (1975) , 1140). Due to the two valued parameter variation, an analysis based on Walsh function expansions is found to be appropriate here.
The Prickly Pear Archive: a portable hypermedia for scholarly publication

An executable paper is a hypermedia for publishing, reviewing, and reading scholarly papers which include a complete HPC software development or scientific code. A hypermedia is an integrated interface to multimedia including text, figures, video, and executables, on a subject of interest. Results within the executable paper include numeric output, graphs, charts, tables, equations and the underlying codes which generated such results. These results are dynamically regenerated and included in the paper upon recompilation and re-execution of the code. This enables a scientifically enriched environment which functions not only as a journal but as a laboratory in itself, in which readers and reviewers may interact with and validate the results.The Prickly Pear Archive (PPA) is such a system [2]. One distinguishing feature of the PPA is the inclusion of an underlying component-based simulation framework, Cactus [8], which simplifies the process of composing, compiling, and executing simulation codes. Code creation is simplified using common bits of infrastructure; each paper augments to the functionality of the framework. New distinguishing features include the (1) portability and (2) reproducibility of the archive, which allow researchers to move and re-create the software environment in which the simulation code was created. Further, the (3) Piraha parser is now used to match complex multi-line expressions inside parameter and LaTEX files. Finally, (4) an altogether new web interface has been created. The new interface options closely mirror the directory structure within the paper itself, which gives the reader a transparent view of the paper. Thus, once accustomed to reading from the archive, assembling a paper package becomes a straightforward and intuitive process.A PPA production system hosted on HPC resources (e.g. an XSEDE machine) unifies the computational scientific process with the publication process. A researcher may use the production archive to test simulations; and upon arriving at a scientifically meaningful result, the user may then incorporate the result in an executable paper on the very same resource the simulation was conducted. Housed within a virtual machine, the PPA allows multiple accounts within the same production archive, enabling users across campuses to bridge their efforts in developing scientific codes.
Bromite ion catalysis of the disproportionation of chlorine dioxide with nucleophile assistance of electron-transfer reactions between ClO2 and BrO2 in basic solution

The rate of ClO2 conversion to ClO2- and ClO3- is accelerated by BrO2-, repressed by ClO2-, and greatly assisted by many nucleophiles (Br- > PO43- > HPO42- > CO32- > Cl- ∼ OH- > CH3COO- ∼ SO42- ∼ C5H5N ≫ H2O). The kinetics (at p[H+] = 9.3−12.9) show that the first step of the mechanism is an electron transfer between ClO2 and BrO2- (k1 = 36 M-1 s-1) to give ClO2- and BrO2. This highly reversible reaction (k1/k-1 = 1 × 10-6) accounts for the observed inhibition by ClO2-. The second step is an electron transfer between ClO2 and BrO2 to regenerate BrO2- and form ClO3-. A novel aspect of the second step is the large kinetic contribution from nucleophiles (kNu) that assist the electron transfer between ClO2 and BrO2. The kNu (M-2 s-1) values at 25.0 °C vary from 2.89 × 108 for Br- to 2.0 × 104 for H2O.
Nonclassical effects in photon statistics of atomic optical bistability

Homodyne statistics of light generated by an atomic system exhibiting optical bistability are analyzed. Using the dynamical equations of motion for a single atom in a coherently driven cavity in the good cavity limit, we show that the homodyne field can be described in terms of two independent real Gaussian stochastic processes and a coherent component. By making a Karhunen-Lo\`eve expansion of the field variables we derive the generating function for the photoelectron statistics. From this generating function photoelectron-counting distribution, factorial moments, and waiting-time distribution are obtained analytically. These quantities are directly measurable in photon-counting experiments. We show that the homodyne field exhibits many interesting nonclassical features including nonclassical effects in higher-order factorial moments.
Thermal preference: when does an asset become a liability?

Most fish species (and sometimes different life stages within a species) exhibit behavioral temperature selection. In nature, thermal gradients provide habitat structure to which fish orient. Apparently, fish have evolved to fit into ‘thermal niches’ to optimize physiological, ecological, and reproductive performance in their native habitats. However, man has perturbed many of these habitats to the point where previously advantageous thermal preference behavior may now be inappropriate. Thermal perturbations are the most obviously related examples of man's interference, but a fish's inherent thermal preference behavior can also magnify the biological effects of changes in dissolved oxygen, food supply, toxicants, and physical barriers. Environmental management should (1) consider thermal preference behavior when evaluating habitat suitability, (2) manage for needed temperature and thermal structure, and (3) give priority attention to minimizing degradation of preferred thermal habitat, especially when it is in short supply.
Strategies for Revision Total Ankle Replacement

Abstract As the frequency of primary total ankle replacement (TAR) continues to build, revision will become more commonplace. At present there are no “standard principles” associated with revision TAR. What is clear is that the current approaches are technically complex, fraught with complications and no one approach represents the only answer. Exchange of TAR metallic components to the same system standard or dedicated revision components are viable options with limited occurrence of complications. Explantation and conversion to custom-design long stemmed components has limited availability. Explantation and conversion to another TAR system is high-risk and has strong potential for complications. The use of metal reinforced polymethylmethacrylate cement augmentation of failed TAR systems and tibio-talo-calcaneal arthrodesis should be reserved for very select situations where other options are not possible. There is a real need for long-term survivorship following revision TAR and future efforts ought to be directed in this area.
Defining goals in a COTS‐aware requirements engineering approach

The goals of developing systems better, faster, and cheaper continue to drive software engineering practitioners and researchers to investigate software engineering methodologies that are novel, yet practical. As the size and complexity of systems continues to grow, there has been a growing interest in the investigation of social paradigms (e.g., agent- and goaloriented approaches) and the use of COTS components. These are being viewed more and more as promising, and also perhaps inevitable, solutions to this problem. The effective application of social paradigms and use of COTS components, however, requires a systematic approach that provides a set of concepts for modeling the subject matter, a set of guidelines for using such concepts, and tool support to assist the developer. In this paper, we present an overview of a COTS-Aware Requirements Engineering (CARE) approach that explicitly supports the use of COTS components. Our CARE approach is knowledge based, has a defined process, and is agent- and goal-oriented. In more detail, we present the models and ontology that support the definition of agents. Our CARE approach is validated using a part of a Digital Library System; a prototype of the CARE Assistant tool is used to present some preliminary results.
Geoarchaeological investigations of henson creek: A low‐order tributary in Central Texas

A complex late Quaternary alluvial history was documented along Henson Creek, a low order tributary on the Fort Hood Military Reservation in central Texas. Three Quaternary alluvial landforms were recognized: terrace 2 (T2), terrace 1 (T1), and the modern floodplain (T0). The late Pleistocene T2 terrace may contain an array of sites spanning the entire known cultural record, while T1 may have sites spanning the last 5000 years only. Five fluvial units, three colluvial facies, two alluvial fan facies, and two buried paleosols were also recognized. Fluvial deposition was occurring approximately 15,000 yr B.P., 10,000-8000 yr B.P., 7000–4800 yr B.P., 1650-600 yr B.P., and during the last 400 years. Colluvial deposition was ongoing mainly in the early and middle Holocene, while alluvial fan aggradation was proceeding primarily in the middle Holocene. Because of erosional unconformities, there is minimal potential for recovering buried sites dating to intervals between depositional eposides for most of the drainage basin. Preservation potentials for buried sites are greatest in fine-grained fluvial deposits dating to the late Pleistocene, early Holocene, and parts of the late Holocene, and in fine-grained colluvial deposits dating to the early and middle Holocene. This investigation demonstrates that within the study area, and perhaps throughout much of central Texas, a greater continuum of sediments and preservation potentials exists in late Quaternary alluvial deposits of rivers than in low-order tributaries.
Field measurements of compressional wave velocities in common crystalline rocks

Abstract Field measurements of seismic P-wave velocities have been carried out by surface to surface refraction measurements for five different rock types. Subweathering velocities are surprisingly high and range from 5.0 km/sec in quartz monzonite to 6.2 km/sec in amphibolite in agreement with the proposal of Nur and Simmons for water-saturated low-porosity rocks. Maximum velocities found are 6.1 km/sec for quartz monzonite, 5.8 km/sec for granite gneiss, 6.4 km/sec for syenite, 6.4 km/sec for anorthosite, and 7.0 km/sec for amphibolite, and maximum depth for these velocities is 1.3 km. We conclude as follows: (1) field measurements correspond well with laboratory measurements but true velocity may be slightly higher than laboratory measurements, (2) shallow velocities are much higher than older laboratory measurements but agree well with recent laboratory measurements on water-saturated samples, (3) velocities much less than 6 km/sec seem unlikely in the crust unless in an area of extreme tectonic activity, (4) velocities of 6.5–6.7 km/sec commonly reported for the lower continental crust probably correspond to rocks less mafic than basalt or gabbro.
Automatic goals and conscious regulation in social cognitive affective neuroscience

The Selfish Goal model challenges traditional agentic models that place conscious systems at the helm of motivation. We highlight the need for ongoing supervision and intervention of automatic goals by higher-order conscious systems with examples from social cognitive affective neuroscience. We contend that interplay between automatic and supervisory systems is required for adaptive human behavior.
Elderly patients, caregivers, and physicians: theory and research on health care triads.

Abstract Consumerism in doctor/elderly patient relationships and physician support for the caregivers of such elderly patients are discussed as two apparently unrelated issues that affect health outcomes. The first is based on a theoretical stance that physicians' power flowing from their specialized knowledge can be countered by methods of enhancing patient power, so that an egalitarian or a negotiated approach in the relationship will ensue. The caregivers' need for support from physicians is based on the stress-support-health paradigm, and views the caregiver as a "hidden patient" of the elderly patient's own physician. The effects of cohort differences, changes in public education, the inherent uncertainties in medical practice, and the potential impact of technology are among the issues addressed. The argument that patient power and "hidden patient" support needs may constitute an oxymoron is confronted in this essay, which attempts to show how the two theoretical approaches may be consistent.
The edge effect in nanoindentation

Until recently, obtaining unambiguous data from a nanoindentation measurement placed near a free edge has not been possible because the discontinuity associated with the edge introduces artifacts into the measurement. The primary consequence of a free edge is to introduce a structural compliance, C s, into the measurement. Like the machine compliance, C m, C s is independent of the size of the indent and it adds to the measured unloading compliance; but unlike C m, C s is a function of position. Accounting for C s in nanoindentation analyses removes the artifacts in nanoindentation measurements associated with the edge, allowing researchers to more accurately probe material properties near an edge. Expressions were obtained for the effect of the free edge on hardness and modulus measured using the Oliver–Pharr method. The theory was tested on specimens including fused silica, poly(methyl methacrylate), and a layered silicon-on-insulator specimen.
Recommended Revisions to the World Professional Association for Transgender Health's Standards of Care Section on Medical Care for Incarcerated Persons with Gender Identity Disorder

The introduction of comments regarding the care of persons with gender identity disorder (GID) residing in prison settings began in 1998 with Version 5 of the Standards of Care (SOC), the first major revision of the SOC since 1985. Minor revisions to this brief section were made for Version 6 in 2001. Since 2001, there have been many legal and regulatory actions in countries where the SOC are widely used as the minimum standards to evaluate and treat persons with GID that have referenced this section in the SOC. The original paragraph addressing care for incarcerated persons has proven to be helpful by its existence, but limiting in its brevity and lack of scope. Version 7, likely to be a significant revision compared with the minor changes in Version 6, can be informed by the information that has come to light in the last 6 years, most notably through court actions that have used, or misused, the SOC. This invited article reviews the background of this section, rationale for revisions, suggested conceptual changes, and specific content for consideration for inclusion in Version 7 of the SOC.
COMPLICATIONS AND INITIAL CONTINENCE RATES AFTER A REPEAT PUBOVAGINAL SLING PROCEDURE FOR RECURRENT STRESS URINARY INCONTINENCE

Purpose: We evaluated the safety and efficacy of repeat pubovaginal sling procedures for recurrent stress urinary incontinence.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 14 patients in whom an initial suburethral sling procedure failed, who then underwent a repeat pubovaginal sling procedure for recurrent stress urinary incontinence at our institution and who were available for followup evaluation. Mean followup after re-operation was 17 months (range 5 to 41). The response to surgery was assessed using the Blaivas-Groutz anti-incontinence surgery response score.Results: There were no intraoperative complications. Mean blood loss was 155 cc (range 50 to 750) and average operative time was 101 minutes (range 80 to 145). Long-term urinary retention developed in 1 of the 14 patients (7%). There were no deaths. Two patients (14%) had postoperative complications, including a pelvic abscess and osteomyelitis pubis in 1 each. Based on the Blaivas-Groutz anti-incontinence scale 7 of the 14 ...
Time budgets and foraging in a Malagasy primate: do sex differences reflect reproductive condition and female dominance?

Female mammals commonly employ behavioral tactics of modulating activity levels and foraging behavior to counter the energetic burden of reproduction; these behavioral changes are reflected as intersexual differences. Traditional views of Malagasy primates posit that high reproductive costs select for female dominance which guarantees to energetically stressed females priority of resource access. I tested predictions regarding reproductive influences on sex differences in time budgets and foraging behavior using two groups of Milne-Edwards' sifaka (Propithecus diadema edwardsi) in southeastern Madagascar. Compared to males, females increased neither feeding nor resting time during gestation or lactation. Sex differences were essentially absent in all foraging time variables examined (time, duration, rate). In contrast, dietary composition diverged between the sexes in some months. The possibility that females selected particular food items to boost nutrient and energetic intake to meet increased requirements during reproduction must be further clarified with nutritional analyses. Sex differences in plant part choices coincided with lactation in one of the two study groups. Thus, the timing of sex differences in feeding patterns of P. d. edwardsi only partially supports the prediction that sex differences are most pronounced during the period of greatest female energetic demand. A comparative review indicated no tight association between female dominance and sex differences in foraging among Malagasy primates. Traditional female dominance theory falls short of explaining the observed patterns. The results of my study coupled with recent evidence suggest that non-behavioral tactics involving energy conservation and storage require further attention as mechanisms by which female lemurs cope with reproductive costs.
737–3 Rapid Whole Blood Bedside Cardiac Troponln T Immunoassay for the Diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction

Cardiac troponin T (cTT) is a regulatory contractile protein normally not found in the blood. Its detection in the circulation has been shown to be a sensitive and specific marker for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The Elisa cTT presently requires at least 90 minutes, which is too long to be useful in emergency situations. We tested a new rapid bedside whole blood immunoassay for cTT in 32 consecutive patients admitted to the Geneva University Hospital for suspected AMI, with an onset of pain within 12 hours. The new rapid assay, the Elisa cTT, the creatine kinase (CK) and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) were performed at admission, 4 and 8 hours after admission. The rapid assay was positive in all 25 patients subsequently shown to have an AMI. In the 7 patients without AMI, the assay was negative in 6, and positive in 1 (myopericarditis). At each time of the three measurements, the rapid assay had a similar or a better sensitivity and specificity than CK-MB or Elisa cTT. Already 4 hours after admission, the rapid assay reached a sensitivity of 100%, which is better than the CK-MB (96%). Results of the rapid assay were obtained in 15 minutes, even less in all positive cases, and the time to get a positive result correlated with the cTT Elisa and CK-MB levels. Our results allowed us to conclude that, while considerably more rapid than conventional assays, this new bedside whole-blood troponin T assay also has equal or better sensitivity and specificity than the other tests. In addition, we would like to stress the simplicity of this rapid assay, that can be performed on the spot, without laboratory infrastructure or equipment.
Magnetic vector-field of optical antennas from electromagnetic duality

Combining scattering-scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) with infrared synchrotron micro-spectroscopy we determine the magnetic near-field modes of an infrared linear antenna by measuring the electric field of its electro-magnetic dual, the linear slot antenna.
Screws versus hooks: implant cost and deformity correction in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Objective To compare the costs of two spinal implants—hook and hybrid constructs and pedicle screw constructs—in posterior spinal fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) as they relate to intraoperative deformity correction.
Development of an automatic sleep EEG analysis and staging system

The application of computers to sleep staging has not replaced manual classification techniques because of the simplifying assumptions employed in the design of most systems. Tltese assumptions result in significant deviations from the results of automated analysis when compared to manual techniques applied to the broad spectrum of sleep electrophysiologic signals that may be observed.
II. Noradrenergic and serotonergic determinants of seizure susceptibility and severity in genetically epilepsy-prone rats

Abstract Pharmacological studies demonstrate a reciprocal relationship between both noradrenergic and serotonergic transmission and audiogenic seizure severity and susceptibility in the genetically epilepsy-prone rat (GEPR). In contrast, drug-induced changes in the neurochemical indices of dopaminergic activity do not result in alterations in seizure severity. These pharmacological investigations led to the hypothesis that both noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons are capable of regulating seizure severity in the GEPR. Pharmacological investigations also provided evidence that monoaminergic neurons serve as determinants of seizure susceptibility in these epileptic animals. The GEPR is susceptible to environmentally-induced seizures which cannot be precipitated in neurologically normal subjects. Drug studies suggest that monoaminergic decrements serve as one set of susceptibility determinants. However, non-monoaminergic abnormalities also play important roles in the seizure predisposition which characterizes the GEPH. Pathophysiological studies have confirmed and extended the concepts generated by the pharmacological investigations. Noradrenergic and serotonergic deficits do indeed characterize the seizure naive state of the GEPR. These studies have provided a basis for tentative identification of areas of the brain in which monominergic abnormalities regulate seizure severity and susceptibility. Monoaminergic defects in some areas such as the thalamus may regulate both susceptibility and severity. In other areas, defects may regulate only severity or susceptibility. In the striatum, noradrenergic defects do not appear to be present and probably are not determinants of the epileptic state of the GEPH.
Adolescent exposure to food advertising on television.

Background Television viewing is hypothesized to contribute to obesity among children and adolescents through several mechanisms that include the displacement of physical activity, snacking while watching TV, and the influence of food advertising. Methods This study drew on television ratings to examine the distribution of food advertising exposure among adolescents aged 12 through 17 based on 170 top-rated shows across network, cable and syndicated TV stations over the 9-month period from September 2003 to May 2004. A total of 238,353 30-second equivalent advertisements on the top-rated shows were assessed. Each advertisement was weighted by its rating to measure actual exposure to advertisements. Results The results showed that among total nonprogram content time, food-related products accounted for roughly one fifth of advertising exposure. Excluding TV promotions and public service announcements, as a proportion of all product advertising, total food-related advertising made up 26% of advertised products viewed by adolescents. By race, the proportion of advertising exposure to food products was 14% greater for African-American versus white adolescents and total exposure to food advertising would be even larger for African-American teens given that, on average, they watched more TV. Fast food was the most frequently viewed food product category comprising 23% of all food-related advertisements among adolescents. Conclusions Food ads made up just over one quarter of TV ads viewed by adolescents with the most commonly viewed products of fast food, sweets, and beverage products well within the reach of their own purchasing power.
Prototype implementations for a universal remote console specification

A 'Universal Remote Console' (URC) is a personal device that can be used to control any electronic and information technology device (target device/service), such as thermostats, TVs, or copy machines. The URC renders the user interface (UI) of the target device in a way that accommodates the user's preferences and abilities. This paper introduces the efforts of user groups, industry, government and academia to develop a standard for 'Alternate Interface Access' within the V2 technical committee of the National Committee for Information Technology Standards (NCITS). Some preliminary design aspects of the standard in work are discussed shortly.
Differential effects of perinatal androgen treatment on sexually dimorphic characteristics in rats

Abstract Rats were treated with testosterone propionate (TP) or oil (O) beginning in midgestation (group TTT), late gestation (group OTT), neonatally (group OOT), or were left untreated until adulthood (group OOO). At 40 days of age all animals were gonadectomized, received implants of TP in silastic capsules, and were tested in subsequent weeks for masculine copulatory behavior and ex copula phallic responses. Postmortem measures were taken of genital structures and of sexually dimorphic spinal nuclei. Males treated perinatally with androgen were unaffected or exhibited reduced masculinization except on two measures, i. e., number of penile flips and number of cells in the dorsolateral motor nucleus of the lumbar spinal cord, which reflected virilization greater than in normal males. All perinatally androgenized females showed virilization on almost every measure taken of their morphology and behavior. Relative to OOO females, the greatest increases in masculinization were evident in OOT and OTT females. No additional masculinization was detected in TTT females. Only among the TTT rats were males not reliably more masculine than females, but that usually was due to the reduced masculinization of TTT males. Four broad classes of influence characterized the effects of perinatal androgen treatment; these classes may reflect differences in the developmental courses of the variables measured.
Ferrous iron uptake by Bifidobacterium bifidum var. pennsylvanicus: the effect of metals and metabolic inhibitors.

Abstract 1. 1. Ferrous iron uptake studies in Bifidobacterium bifidum var. pennsylvanicus were carried out in a well-defined salt solution termed “modified Hanks solution” at both high iron concentrations (LAFIUS conditions) and low concentrations (HAFIUS conditions). 2. 2. Various divalent metals, Mn2+, Zn2+, Ni2+ and Cu2+, inhibited iron uptake under HAFIUS conditions in a non-competitive manner, and in pseudo-competitive manner under LAFIUS conditions. Cr2+ had no effect. Co2+ inhibited iron uptake competitively under HAFIUS conditions. 3. 3. Metabolic affectors that inhibited iron uptake both under HAFIUS and LAFIUS conditions were: tetraphenylphosphonium chloride, diethylstilbesterol, vanadate, carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone, and a mixture of valinomycin and nigericin. Substances that stimulated iron uptake were KCl, valinomycin, and nigericin. 4. 4. Iron uptake under LAFIUS conditions in piperazine-buffered modified Hanks solution was higher than that in the acetate-buffered solution, and acetate inhibited iron uptake in the piperazine buffer. HAFIUS showed no difference. 5. 5. It is concluded that iron uptake in bifidobacteria is driven by an ATPase-dependent proton-motive force and that both the pH gradient and membrane potential are involved in this process. Mn2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, and Cu2+ may be transported via LAFIUS, but not HAFIUS. HAFIUS may transport only Co2+ in addition to Fe2+.
Glucocorticoid-attenuated response genes induced in the lung during endotoxemia.

Cytokines and other mediators whose induction in inflammatory lung disease is attenuated by glucocorticoids are potential targets for development of selective anti-inflammatory treatments. We refer...
A regulatory variant of the human tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene biases amygdala reactivity.

Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of serotonin (5–HT), a key modulator of mood and affect. Thus, the identification of genetic variation contributing to functional changes in TPH enzymatic activity is of great interest in determining the biological pathways underpinning individual differences in emotional behaviors and risk for psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, and suicidality. Recent molecular and cellular studies have revealed the existence of a second TPH isoform, tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH2), exclusively expressed in the murine brain. 1
Positional cues specify and maintain aleurone cell fate in maize endosperm development

A genetic analysis of maize aleurone development was conducted. Cell lineage was examined by simultaneously marking cells with C1 for anthocyanin pigmentation in the aleurone and wx1 for amylose synthesis in the starchy endosperm. The aleurone and starchy endosperm share a common lineage throughout development indicating that positional cues specify aleurone fate. Mutants in dek1 block aleurone formation at an early stage and cause peripheral endosperm cells to develop as starchy endosperm. Revertant sectors of a transposon-induced dek1 allele showed that peripheral endosperm cells remain competent to differentiate as aleurone cells until late in development. Ds-induced chromosome breakage was used to generate Dek1 loss-of-function sectors. Events occurring until late development caused aleurone cells to switch fate to starchy endosperm indicating that cell fate is not fixed. Thus, positional cues are required to specify and maintain aleurone fate and Dek1 function is required to respond to these cues. An analysis of additional mutants that disrupt aleurone differentiation suggests a hierarchy of gene functions to specify aleurone cell fate and then control aleurone differentiation. These mutants disrupt aleurone differentiation in reproducible patterns suggesting a relationship to endosperm pattern formation.
Wave field migration as a tool for estimating spatially continuous radar velocity and water content in glaciers

[1] Normal-moveout velocity analysis can lead to significant overestimates of the velocity structure of temperate glaciers since most englacial reflectors approximate point scatters and violate the assumption of planar flat lying reflectors. Migration velocity analysis (MVA) is a tool that does not depend on the assumption of flat lying reflectors. MVA can provide laterally and vertically continuous velocity estimates from conventional common-offset radar sections. In a study of temperate Bench Glacier, Alaska, we used MVA coupled with dielectric modeling to estimate the distribution of water content along a cross-section of the glacier. We found the glacier has two layers, an upper layer with relatively low water content, and lower layer with relatively high water content. The ability to quantify hydrostratigraphy is important in understanding water storage and routing within glaciers.
Primary bacterial peritonitis in dogs and cats: 24 cases (1990-2006).

Objective—To determine clinical characteristics of primary bacterial peritonitis (infection of the peritoneal cavity with no identifiable intraperitoneal source of infection) and compare characteristics of primary and secondary peritonitis in dogs and cats. Design—Retrospective case series. Animals—24 (primary peritonitis) and 60 (secondary peritonitis) client-owned dogs and cats. Procedures—Data from medical records of dogs and cats with primary and secondary peritonitis were reviewed for descriptive information regarding primary peritonitis and for comparison between the 2 forms of peritonitis. Results—15 dogs and 9 cats met inclusion criteria for primary peritonitis, and 49 dogs and 11 cats met inclusion criteria for secondary peritonitis. The most common historical findings in dogs and cats with primary and secondary peritonitis were lethargy, vomiting, and anorexia. Dogs with secondary peritonitis more often developed peritoneal exudates than those with primary peritonitis, and dogs with primary peri...