cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical Carcinogens Without Mutagenic Activity: Peroxisome Proliferators As A Prototype

Chemical carcinogens can be classified into two categories (i.e. mutagenic and non-mutagenic) on the basis of positive or negative evidence of DNA damage, mutagenicity or chromosomal aberrations in short-term test systems. Evidence indicates that carcinogenic peroxisome proliferators are negative in short-term test systems. This paper outlines approaches which may be useful in identifying a chemical carcinogen without mutagenic activity. It is conceivable that an alteration in DNA, if essential for initiation of neoplasia, may be mediated indirectly by the biological effects of nonmutagenic carcinogens.
Two-phase refrigerant flow instability analysis and active control in transient electronics cooling systems

Two-loop refrigeration systems are being explored for two-phase cooling of ultra high power electronic components. For effective and efficient thermal management of electronic systems, active control methods are desired to suppress inherent flow instabilities especially in transient applications. This paper presents a framework for the transient analysis and active control of pressure-drop flow instabilities under varying imposed heat loads. The external effects on boiling flow characteristics and the boiling oscillatory flow responses to transient heat load changes are studied. Flow instability margins can be quantitatively predicted from an analytical two-phase flow model. In addition, the effects of wall thermal inertia on flow oscillations is systematically investigated. Based on the theoretical analysis of oscillatory flow boiling of refrigerants, a set of active control schemes are developed and studied to suppress flow oscillations and to increase the critical heat flux. With the available control devices – inlet valve and supply pump – different active control schemes are studied to improve the transient two-phase cooling performance.
Long-range coupling between the extracellular gates and the intracellular ATP binding domains of multidrug resistance protein pumps and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator channels

The ABCC transporter subfamily includes pumps, the long and short multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs), and an ATP-gated anion channel, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). We show that despite their thermodynamic differences, these ABCC transporter subtypes use broadly similar mechanisms to couple their extracellular gates to the ATP occupancies of their cytosolic nucleotide binding domains. A conserved extracellular phenylalanine at this gate was a prime location for producing gain of function (GOF) mutants of a long MRP in yeast (Ycf1p cadmium transporter), a short yeast MRP (Yor1p oligomycin exporter), and human CFTR channels. Extracellular gate mutations rescued ATP binding mutants of the yeast MRPs and CFTR by increasing ATP sensitivity. Control ATPase-defective MRP mutants could not be rescued by this mechanism. A CFTR double mutant with an extracellular gate mutation plus a cytosolic GOF mutation was highly active (single-channel open probability >0.3) in the absence of ATP and protein kinase A, each normally required for CFTR activity. We conclude that all 3 ABCC transporter subtypes use similar mechanisms to couple their extracellular gates to ATP occupancy, and highly active CFTR channels that bypass defects in ATP binding or phosphorylation can be produced.
Easy Credit as Social Safety Net? How Interest Rate Changes Affect US Social Policies

Access to credit not only enables people to consume beyond their current income, but also increasingly determines life chances and access to basic social services. This paper argues that there is a trade-off between private credit and the welfare state and proposes a causal model of social policy-making where policymakers incorporate the availability of credit in their considerations of how to distribute welfare resources. Drawing on time-series cross-sectional data from US States I first show that a decline in the share of denied mortgages is associated with lower health care and unemployment expenditures and a modest decline in unemployment insurance generosity. Secondly, I exploit exogenous variation in state-level mortgage interest rates induced by differential timing in bank branch deregulation to demonstrate that improved access to mortgage credit similarly decreases state-level health care and unemployment expenditures and unemployment insurance generosity. The findings of this paper provide causal evidence that easier access to credit lowers state-level public health and unemployment expenditures. These credit flow to families enabled policymakers to shift the burden of social policies from the domain of the publicly financed welfare state into the domain of privately-funded market-driven welfare state. The transition toward a credit-based welfare state has broad socioeconomic consequences. Credit can serve as an alternative form of or substitute for social redistribution and social insurance, but it cannot replace it because the distributional and stratifying implications are not the same as in the case of publicly provided social policies.
Urinary metabolites from mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Keitt) galloyl derivatives and in vitro hydrolysis of gallotannins in physiological conditions.

The absorption, metabolism, and excretion of mango galloyl derivatives (GD) has not yet been investigated in humans, and studies investigating repeated dosages of polyphenols are limited.In this human pilot trial, healthy volunteers (age = 21-38 y, n = 11) consumed 400 g/day of mango-pulp (cv. Keitt) for 10 days, and seven metabolites of gallic acid (GA) were characterized and quantified in urine excreted over a 12 h period. Pyrogallol-O-sulfate and deoxypyrogallol-O-sulfate were found to be significantly more excreted between days 1 and 10 (p < 0.05) from 28.5 to 55.4 mg and 23.6 to 47.7 mg, respectively. Additionally, the in vitro hydrolysis of gallotannins (GTs) was monitored at physiological pH and temperature conditions, and after 4 h a significant (p < 0.05) shift in composition from relativity high to low molecular weight GTs was observed.Seven metabolites of GA were identified in the urine of healthy volunteers, and two microbial metabolites were found to be significantly more excreted following 10 days of mango consumption. Mango GTs were also found to release free GA in conditions similar to the intestines. GTs may serve as a pool of pro-GA compounds that can be absorbed or undergo microbial metabolism.
Piperidine derivatives as nonprostanoid IP receptor agonists 2.

The discovery of a new class of nonprostanoid prostaglandin I2 receptor (IP receptor) agonists is reported. Among them, the unique piperidine derivative 31b (2-((1-(2-(N-(4-tolyl)benzamido)ethyl)piperidin-4-yl)oxy)acetic acid) was a good IP receptor agonist and was 50-fold more selective for the human IP receptor than for other human prostanoid receptors. This compound showed good pharmacokinetic properties in dog.
Intestinal Absorption of Sugars in Semi-Starved Rats.∗:

SummaryThe absorption of glucose and 3-0-methylglucose from the small intestine was examined in normally fed and semi-starved rats. Significantly more glucose, but not 3-0-methylglucose, was absorbed in the semi-starved rat if the sugar was in the gut lumen in low initial concentration. At high sugar concentration, no such difference was observed between controls and semi-starved animals. It is speculated that semi-starvation influences glucose absorption by modifying its intestinal metabolism, rather than by acting directly upon the transport mechanism.
Causes and Clinical Features of Encephalitis

The clinical and epidemiological features of encephalitis in California from June 1998 through December 2000 were studied at the Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, Richmond, CA, and CDC, Atlanta, GA.
Abstract 5117: PKD1 suppresses filopodia formation and increases LIM Kinase 1 expression in prostate cancer cells

Introduction: We have previously demonstrated that transfection of PKD1 into highly metastatic C4-2 prostate cancer cells decreased cell motility. Filopodia are thin, actin-rich plasma-membrane protrusion that have an important role in cell motility and wound healing. Moreover, the initiation and elongation of filopodia depend on the precisely regulated polymerization, convergence and cross linking of actin filaments that are dynamically regulated by a variety of actin-binding proteins including Cofilin. However, Cofilin is inactivated by phosphorylation through the LIM kinase1 (LIMK1), a LIM-domain containing serine-threonine-tyrosine kinase, and activated by dephosphorylation through the Slingshot protein. In this study, we explored that PKD1 increased LIMK1 expression and suppressed filopodia formation with consequent effects on cell motility. Methods: Phosphorylation of Cofilin as well as expression of GFP, PKD1-GFP and LIMK1 was confirmed by western blot analysis. Filopodia formation was detected by phalloidine staining. Wound healing assay was performed for evaluating the cell motility. Results: To find out the role of PKD1 in LIMK1 regulation, we overexpressed PKD1 in PC3 cells followed by stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or Bryostatin-1, a PKD1 selective activator, and observed that the expression of LIMK1 was increased in dose dependent fashion compared to control. We also observed the phosphorylation of Cofilin was increased in PKD1 over expressing cells stimulated with PMA and Bryostatin-1 but not in control cells. Additionally, a number of filopodia were present in every GFP over expressing PC3 cells, whereas were completely absent in PKD1 over expressing PC3 cells. In addition, wound healing assay demonstrated that cell motility was suppressed by PKD1 over expression in PC cells compared to control. Conclusions: Our data shows for first time that PKD1 modulates filopodia formation with increased expression of LIMK1 in PC cells. Additionally, we also found that PKD1 suppressed cell motility with regulation of Cofilin function that might play a role in suppression of metastasis. PKD1 suppressed filopodia formation by modulating LIMK1 expression a novel mechanism leading to altered motility in PC cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5117.
Dispersion in Compartmentalized Flow Systems: Influence of Flow Patterns on Reactivity

Rapid reaction screening in flow systems may help to reduce the time and material required to optimize, scale-up, and implement a flow process. Compartmentalization using small fluorous plugs has been implemented in several commercial reactors as a means for running a large number of isolated reactions in series within a flow reactor. Dye tracking, visual mixing, and reactivity studies are used to better understand the factors controlling dispersion within a commercial reactor. The role of dispersion on reactivity is elucidated using model reactions, and an optimized method for performing high-throughput screening is proposed.
Political theology and political form: power, contingency, authority, belief

The paper argues that Carl Schmitt’s notion of political theology is descriptively concerned with elucidating structural analogies between the basal self-description of an epoch and its various social institutions, not least the political. His political theology is critically interested in positing a functional equivalence between the idea of the historic Roman Church and the modern state. To explore this posited equivalence, the paper investigates various theological tropes that become ‘secularized,’ including the medieval distinction between absolute and ordained power, the medieval ‘discovery’ of contingency and freedom, the co-dependence of authority and reason, and the ‘manifestations of communion’ (Hauriou) displayed by citizens of well-functioning states. The paper closes by wondering whether the semantics of our liberal age makes it impossible not only to accept, but even to understand the functional equivalencies Schmitt proposes. Yet, it also suggests that precisely this incomprehensibility migh...
Comparing theories of quantifiers in than clauses: Lessons from downward-entailing differentials

I investigate the effect of differential-phrase entailingness on the interpretation of comparative than clauses with quantificational subjects, a matter that has gone largely overlooked in the otherwise fecund recent literature. I show that only a subset of theories that derive the right readings for than clauses with quantifiers in the presence of an upward-entailing differential successfully generalize to cases with nonmonotone or downward-entailing differentials. The empirical paradigm presented here thus serves as an indispensable test suite for theories of comparatives and a useful probe for metatheoretical investigation. In particular, I show that theories in which the degrees associated with the than -clause-internal quantifier are not distributed over the matrix degree relation ( encapsulation theories) fail to generate the right readings with downward-entailing differentials (and they generally require ad hoc tweaks in order to handle nonmonotone differentials). Theories in which those degrees are distributed over the matrix degree relation ( entanglement theories) correctly derive the entire paradigm without further ado. I survey a number of recent theories of each type. BibTeX info
Fungal infections in childhood.

Superficial, subcutaneous, and systemic fungal infections involving the skin are discussed.
The Relationship Between Retention and College Counseling for High-Risk Students

The author used an archival study to explore the relationship between college counseling and retention. The cohort for this study was a college's 2006 class of full-time, 1st-year students (N = 429). The results of chi-square analyses and regression analyses indicated (a) a significant difference in retention between high-risk and low-risk students who used counseling services (CS) and (b) that a student's risk for dropout did not vary significantly over time based on risk level or CS use.
Oxygen Sensing with Perfluorocarbon-Loaded Ultraporous Mesostructured Silica Nanoparticles

Oxygen homeostasis is important in the regulation of biological function. Disease progression can be monitored by measuring oxygen levels, thus producing information for the design of therapeutic treatments. Noninvasive measurements of tissue oxygenation require the development of tools with minimal adverse effects and facile detection of features of interest. Fluorine magnetic resonance imaging (19F MRI) exploits the intrinsic properties of perfluorocarbon (PFC) liquids for anatomical imaging, cell tracking, and oxygen sensing. However, the highly hydrophobic and lipophobic properties of perfluorocarbons require the formation of emulsions for biological studies, though stabilizing these emulsions has been challenging. To enhance the stability and biological loading of perfluorocarbons, one option is to incorporate perfluorocarbon liquids into the internal space of biocompatible mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Here, we developed perfluorocarbon-loaded ultraporous mesostructured silica nanoparticles (PERF...
A distinct biomolecular profile identifies monoclonal mast cell disorders in patients with idiopathic anaphylaxis.

Background Clonal mast cell disorders are known to occur in a subset of patients with systemic reactions to Hymenoptera stings. This observation has prompted the question of whether clonal mast cell disorders also occur in patients with idiopathic anaphylaxis (IA). Objective We sought to determine the prevalence of clonal mast cell disorders among patients with IA, criteria to identify those patients who require a bone marrow biopsy, and whether the pathogenesis of IA involves a hyperresponsive mast cell compartment. Methods We prospectively enrolled patients with IA (≥3 episodes/y) who then underwent a medical evaluation that included a serum tryptase determination, allele-specific quantitative PCR (ASqPCR) for the KIT D816V mutation, and a bone marrow examination. Mast cells were cultured from peripheral blood CD34 + cells and examined for releasability after FceRI aggregation. Results Clonal mast cell disease was diagnosed in 14% of patients referred with IA. ASqPCR for the KIT D816V mutation was a useful adjunct in helping identify those with systemic mastocytosis but not monoclonal mast cell activation syndrome. A modified overall clonal prediction model was developed by using clinical findings, a serum tryptase determination, and ASqPCR. There was no evidence of a hyperresponsive mast cell phenotype in patients with IA. Conclusion Patients with clonal mast cell disease can present as having IA. Distinct clinical and laboratory features can be used to select those patients more likely to have an underlying clonal mast cell disorder (monoclonal mast cell activation syndrome or systemic mastocytosis) and thus candidates for a bone marrow biopsy.
Ratio of Physical Development as a Factor in Motor Co-ordination of Boys Ages 10–14

Abstract A battery of eight co-ordination test items, based on a factor analysis of motor co-ordination tests, was administered to 118 boys in grades five through eight. Developmental ratios were found for the subjects through a quotient of developmental age, as determined by the Wetzel Grid, and chronological age. Subjects were divided into three groups according to their developmental ratios, and individual co-ordination items were statistically examined between groups. No significant differences were found between the accelerated, average, and retarded growth groups on any area of motor co-ordination studied.
Rare-earth-free high energy product manganese-based magnetic materials

The constant drive to replace rare-earth metal magnets has initiated great interest in an alternative. Manganese (Mn) has emerged to be a potential candidate as a key element in rare-earth-free magnets. Its five unpaired valence electrons give it a large magnetocrystalline energy and the ability to form several intermetallic compounds. These factors have led Mn-based magnets to be a potential replacement for rare-earth permanent magnets for several applications, such as efficient power electronics, energy generators, magnetic recording and tunneling applications, and spintronics. For past few decades, Mn-based magnets have been explored in many different forms, such as bulk magnets, thin films, and nanoparticles. Here, we review the recent progress in the synthesis and structure-magnetic property relationships of Mn-based rare-earth-free magnets (MnBi, MnAl and MnGa). Furthermore, we discuss their potential to replace rare-earth magnetic materials through the control of their structure and composition to achieve the theoretically predicted magnetic properties.
Metagenomics for Clinical Infectious Disease Diagnostics Steps Closer to Reality

Metagenomics approaches based on shotgun next-generation sequencing hold promise for infectious disease diagnostics. Despite substantial challenges that remain, work done over the past few years justifies excitement about the potential for these approaches to transform how clinical pathogen identification and analysis are performed. In an article in this issue of the Journal of Clinical Microbiology, M. I. Ivy et al. (J Clin Microbiol 56:e00402-18, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00402-18) have applied a shotgun metagenomics approach to the diagnosis of prosthetic joint infections directly from synovial fluid. The results from this work demonstrate both the potentials and challenges of this approach applied in the clinical microbiology laboratory.
Effects of Surrogate-Rearing on the Infant Squirrel Monkey

At the time of this book’s preceding companion volume, there were no pubished accounts of surrogate-rearing in the squirrel monkey. However, in the intervening years, this situation has changed dramatically. Young Saimiri have been raised on maternal surrogates in a number of laboratories, and more is now known about the effects of surrogate-rearing in this primate species than in any other, with the exception of the rhesus macaque. Most of the work with surrogate-reared Saimiri has focused on the infant’s responsiveness and emotional attachment to its rearing figure. In addition, a substantial amount of effort has been directed at understanding the general behavior development of these animals.
Disordered Society: Women in Eating Disorder Recovery Advise Policymakers on Change

This qualitative study draws on a photo-elicitation method (“PhotoVoice”) and semi-structured interviews to examine the key areas stakeholders (30 young women between the ages of 18 and 35 in eating disorder recovery) identify as meaningful venues of policy-based change. Photography and the accompanying narratives capturing personally-meaningful social, cultural, and systemic influences on recovery were shared with the research team. Photographs and interviews were examined for policy implications using thematic analysis, and six areas of improvement emerged: media, healthcare practice and access, health insurance reform, education, objectification of the female body, and mental health stigma. Implications for reform are discussed.
Peripheral nerve pathology in sickle cell disease mice.

Introduction Many patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) suffer from chronic pain, which is often described as neuropathic in nature. Although vascular and inflammatory pathology undoubtedly contribute to the SCD pain experience, the nociceptive signals that ultimately drive symptoms are detected and transmitted by peripheral sensory neurons. To date, no systematic histological examination of peripheral nerves has been completed in patients or mouse models of SCD to diagnose disease-related neuropathy. Objectives In this brief report, we compared peripheral nerve morphology in tissues obtained from Berkeley transgenic SCD mice and control animals. Methods Sciatic nerves were visualized using light and transmission electron microscopy. Myelin basic protein expression was assessed through Western blot. Blood-nerve barrier permeability was measured using Evan's blue plasma extravasation. Results Peripheral fibers from SCD mice have thinner myelin sheaths than control mice and widespread myelin instability as evidenced by myelin sheath infolding and unwrapping. Deficits are also observed in nonmyelinating Schwann cell structures; Remak bundles from SCD nerves contain fewer C fibers, some of which are not fully ensheathed by the corresponding Schwann cell. Increased blood-nerve barrier permeability and expression of myelin basic protein are noted in SCD tissue. Conclusions These data are the first to characterize Berkeley SCD mice as a naturally occurring model of peripheral neuropathy. Widespread myelin instability is observed in nerves from SCD mice. This pathology may be explained by increased permeability of the blood-nerve barrier and, thus, increased access to circulating demyelinating agents at the level of primary sensory afferents.
Imaging Multimode Vibrations in High-Frequency Aluminum Nitride Piezoelectric Nanomembrane Resonators

We report on the first imaging and visualization of the multimode resonant behaviors of aluminum nitride (AlN) piezoelectric nanomembrane resonators, by exploiting a spectromicroscopy technique based on scanning laser interferometry. High-frequency multimode vibrations (up to 33MHz) with quality (Q) factors up to ~8500 are observed in the AlN nanomembranes. Both undriven thermomechanical and coherently excited vibrations of the devices are measured and spatially mapped. Such a multimode AlN device platform with abundant resonant modes, two-dimensional (2D) large capturing surfaces, and efficient all-electrical signal transduction, holds strong promise for enabling ultrasensitive gravimetric detection, mass spectroscopy, and inertial imaging.
Unifocalization and pulmonary artery reconstruction in patients with tetralogy of Fallot and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries who underwent surgery before referral

Abstract Objective The study objective was to characterize and analyze outcomes in patients with tetralogy of Fallot and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries who had undergone surgery elsewhere before referral (prereferral surgery). Methods Patients with tetralogy of Fallot and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries who underwent surgery between 2001 and 2019 at our center were reviewed. Prereferral surgery and unoperated patients were compared, as were subsets of prereferral surgery patients who had undergone different types of prior procedures. Primary outcomes included complete repair with survival to 6 months, death, and perioperative metrics. Results Of 576 patients studied, 200 (35%) had undergone a wide range and number of prior operations elsewhere, including 92 who had pulmonary blood supply through a shunt and 108 who had a right ventricle pulmonary artery connection. Patients who underwent prereferral surgery with an existing right ventricle pulmonary artery connection had undergone more prereferral surgery procedures than those with a shunt and were more likely to have a right ventricle outflow tract pseudoaneurysm or pulmonary artery stent (all P Conclusions Our comprehensive management strategy for tetralogy of Fallot and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries can be applied with excellent procedural results in both unoperated patients and those who have undergone multiple and varied procedures elsewhere.
Communicating About COVID-19: Practices for Today, Planning for Tomorrow

In times of public health crises, effective information on how to perform daily activities can be central to the stability of local communities. Technical communicators can make important contribut...
The Need for Accurate Risk Assessment in a High-Risk Patient Population: A NSQIP Study Evaluating Outcomes of Cholecystectomy in the Patient With Cancer.

Abstract Background Cholecystectomy is considered a low-risk procedure with proven safety in many high-risk patient populations. However, the risk of cholecystectomy in patients with active cancer has not been established. Methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) database was queried to identify all patients with disseminated cancer who underwent cholecystectomy from 2005 to 2016. Postcholecystectomy outcomes were defined for patients with cancer and those without by comparing several outcomes measures. A multivariate model was used to estimate the odds of 30-d mortality. Results We compared outcomes in 3097 patients with disseminated cancer to a matched cohort of patients without cancer. Patients with cancer had more comorbidities at baseline: dyspnea (10.5% versus 7.0%, P 10% body weight in 6-mo prior (9.3% versus 1.6%, P Conclusions Compared to patients without cancer, those with disseminated cancer are at higher risk of complication and mortality following cholecystectomy. Traditional treatment algorithms should be used with caution and care decisions individualized based on the patient’s disease status and treatment goals.
Sleep and self-regulation in early childhood.

Abstract What is the role of sleep in children's behavioral, emotional, and cognitive regulation? This chapter considers theoretical and conceptual links between sleep and self-regulation, with special attention to sleep and self-regulation in early childhood. We selectively review the growing body of research on associations between sleep and self-regulation, mentioning some methodological issues. We also consider how child characteristics and sociocontextual factors may interact with sleep in the development of self-regulation in early childhood. We provide some relevant empirical examples from our own research.
Spatiotemporal cellular movement and fate decisions during first pharyngeal arch morphogenesis.

Cranial neural crest (CNC) cells contribute to different cell types during embryonic development. It is unknown whether postmigratory CNC cells undergo dynamic cellular movement and how the process of cell fate decision occurs within the first pharyngeal arch (FPA). Our investigations demonstrate notable heterogeneity within the CNC cells, refine the patterning domains, and identify progenitor cells within the FPA. These progenitor cells undergo fate bifurcation that separates them into common progenitors and mesenchymal cells, which are characterized by Cdk1 and Spry2/Notch2 expression, respectively. The common progenitors undergo further bifurcations to restrict them into osteogenic/odontogenic and chondrogenic/fibroblast lineages. Disruption of a patterning domain leads to specific mandible and tooth defects, validating the binary cell fate restriction process. Different from the compartment model of mandibular morphogenesis, our data redefine heterogeneous cellular domains within the FPA, reveal dynamic cellular movement in time, and describe a sequential series of binary cell fate decision-making process.
Abstract 16970: Prognostic Utility of High-Sensitivity Troponin I Among Hospitalized COVID-19 Positive Patients in Michigan - A Retrospective Analysis

Introduction: Cardiac injury, evidenced by elevated troponin levels, had been proposed as a prognostic marker in COVID-19 patients. Hypothesis: We conducted a retrospective analysis to investigate ...
Safety and Feasibility of a Protocolized Daily Assessment of Readiness for Liberation from Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.

Background Decannulation from venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) at the earliest and safest possible time may improve outcomes and reduce cost. Yet, no prospective studies have compared weaning strategies for liberation from ECMO. Research Question Is a protocolized daily assessment of readiness to liberate from venovenous ECMO safe and feasible? Study Design and Methods We conducted a prospective, single-arm safety and feasibility study of a protocol for daily assessment of readiness to liberate from venovenous ECMO among consecutive adult patients receiving venovenous ECMO across four ICUs at a single center between June 20, 2020, and November 24, 2020. The ECMO-free protocol included three phases: (1) the safety screening, (2) non-ECMO F io 2 titration, and (3) the ECMO-free trial. Enrollment, interventions, and data collection were performed prospectively by trained study staff. Results Twenty-six patients received the ECMO-free protocol on 385 patient-days. The safety screening was passed during a total of 59 ECMO-free daily assessments (15.3%) among 20 patients. Every passed safety screening proceeded to an ECMO-free trial. Twenty-eight passed ECMO-free trials (47.5%) occurred among 16 patients (61.5%). No missed safety screenings, protocol deviations, or adverse events occurred. Of the 16 patients who passed an ECMO-free trial, 14 patients (87.5%) were decannulated. Among decannulated patients, 12 patients (85.7%) were decannulated on the same day as a passed ECMO-free trial, 6 patients (42.9%) were decannulated on the first day that they passed an ECMO-free trial, and 6 patients (42.9%) passed an ECMO-free trial at least twice consecutively before decannulation. The median time from first passed ECMO-free trial to decannulation was 2 days (interquartile range, 0-3 days). Interpretation The ECMO-free protocol is feasible and may identify patients for decannulation earlier than gradual approaches to weaning.
Cytochrome P-448 induction restores the propagation of .O2--induced lipid peroxidation in hepatoma microsomes.

It is well established that intracellular and plasma membranes of cancer cells are resistant to lipid peroxidation and that such resistance is related directly to the growth rate and inversely to the degree of differentiation of the tumor.1 Lipid peroxidation byproducts are capable of inhibiting the mitotic activity of normal and tumor cells, 2,3 supporting the early hypothesis that the low peroxidizability of tumor membranes may be one of the factors responsible for the increased proliferative activity of malignant cells.4,5 Consistently, a reasonable approach to the study of lipid peroxidation in tumors is that of establishing the factors which limit the process and possibly finding strategies for restoring it at levels comparable to those of normal cells. The present and previous studies performed in our laboratory are aimed at carrying out this project.
Mathematics and Music in the Art Glass Windows of Frank Lloyd Wright

In this paper we study closely five windows from the Meyer May house (Grand Rapids, 1908). One of the attractions of the May house is that practically all of the glass has survived intact. Perhaps it is not too much to say that the windows at the May house anticipated the process which Piet Mondrian went through in the design of the paintings in his mature style of the 1920s. With Wright the situation is paradoxical. In his architecture he wanted to emulate Beethoven. In these windows he is much closer to Bartok. Also, he was constrained by came width and by the fact that windows and doors had to fill openings dictated by architectural requirements. Finally, there was his determination to employ a strictly limited palette and to create a “light screen.” Mondrian could select the size of his canvas and had a full palette of colors at his disposal. But the design process must have been strikingly similar.
Human CDC45 protein binds to minichromosome maintenance 7 protein and the p70 subunit of DNA polymerase alpha.

Budding yeast CDC45 encodes Cdc45p, an essential protein required to trigger initiation of DNA replication in late G1 phase. We cloned four and one species of the human Cdc45p homolog cDNA, resulting from different splicing patterns, from HeLa cell and human placenta cDNA libraries, respectively. A comparison of the cDNAs and the genomic sequence showed that the longest encoding a 610-amino acid protein was comprised of 20 exons. One species, which lacks exon 7 and contains the shorter of two exons 18, was identical with the previously reported CDC45L cDNA and constituted 24 out of 28 clones from HeLa cells. Splicing was different in HeLa cells and TIG-1 cells, a human diploid cell line. Human CDC45 protein was found to bind directly in vitro to human minichromosome maintenance 7 protein (hMCM7) and to the p70 subunit of DNA polymerase α. The data support a thesis that human CDC45 acts as a molecular tether to mediate loading of the DNA polymerase α on to the DNA replication complex through binding to hMCM7.
Infectious Diseases: Effects on Food Intake and Nutrient Requirements

All varieties of systemic infectious illnesses, whether acute or chronic, give rise to a complex array of metabolic, biochemical, and hormonal responses within the host. These responses, in turn, initiate a number of nutritional consequences, which vary in their magnitude and importance in rough proportion to the overall severity and duration of the illness.
Comparing energy levels in isotropic and anisotropic potentials

Abstract Qualitative information about the quantized energy levels of a system can be of great value. We study the relationship between the bound-state energies of an anisotropic potential and those of its spherical average. It is shown that the two ground-state energies satisfy an inequality, and there is a similar inequality for the first excited states.
A Communication-Based Marketing Model for Managing Relationships:

The authors propose a communication-based model of relationship marketing and discuss how communication (rather than persuasion) is the foundation of the “new” customer-focused marketing efforts. T...
Polysaccharide capsule-mediated resistance to opsonophagocytosis in Klebsiella pneumoniae

The polysaccharide capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important virulence factor that confers resistance to phagocytosis. The treatment of encapsulated bacteria with salicylate to inhibit capsule expression was found to enhance the phagocytosis of encapsulated bacteria by human neutrophils only in the presence of cell surface-specific antibodies. Both type-specific rabbit antisera and anticapsular human hyperimmune globulin were employed as opsonins. Salicylate significantly enhanced phagocytosis with homologous, but not heterologous, whole-cell antisera. Antisera, diluted 1:40, no longer opsonized fully encapsulated bacteria but promoted the uptake of multiple salicylate-treated bacteria in > 90% of neutrophils. Salicylate (0.25 to 1.0 mM) also enhanced opsonization with globulin against homologous bacteria. Higher salicylate levels (1 to 2.5 mM) enhanced the opsonization of heterologous serotypes with human globulin. The nature of antibody attachment to encapsulated bacteria was determined by immunofluorescence. Even after the addition of purified capsular polysaccharide to prevent phagocytosis, K-specific antibodies attached in large amounts to bacteria. K-specific antibodies reacted with antigens throughout the capsule and showed a predilection for a denser inner layer of the capsule, indicating that many of the K-specific antibodies may be masked underneath the capsule surface. K-specific antibodies can also be rendered nonfunctional by soluble, cell-free capsular antigen. In culture, large quantities of soluble capsular polysaccharide extrude from bacteria after overnight growth. The reduction in capsule expression caused by salicylate largely affected the soluble, cell-free fraction. Purified capsular polysaccharide was shown to retard the opsonophagocytosis of salicylate-treated bacteria in a concentration-dependent manner. However, extensive washing of encapsulated bacteria to remove loosely attached capsular material did not significantly enhance opsonophagocytosis. In conclusion, cell-free capsule and cell-associated capsule are antiphagocytic; both act to neutralize K-specific antibodies by binding or concealment. Salicylate-mediated inhibition of capsule expression, particularly of the cell-free fraction, improved K-specific opsonization dramatically.
Isolation, sequencing and expression of the gene encoding a major protein from the backteriophage associated with Bartonella henselae.

Abstract The gene encoding a 31-kDa major protein (Pap31) associated with the bacteriophage harbored in Bartonella henselae was cloned and sequenced. Analysis of the resulting sequence revealed an open reading frame of 837 nucleotides coding for a protein of 279 amino acids. pap31 was then subcloned downstream of the lacZ promoter in pUC19. pap31 was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, and the linear amplicon was used as template for in-vitro transcription and translation. A protein with an apparent molecular mass of approximately 31 kDa was synthesized from this reaction. Upon analysis of the deduced aa sequence, a potential signal sequence and a consensus signal peptidase cleavage site were identified, indicative that Pap31 is modified posttranslationally, and the mature protein may be targeted to the host membrane.
Tensorial representation of two-point correlation functions for polycrystalline microstructure by harmonic polynomials

One important characteristic of polycrystalline microstructures is the set of two-point correlation functions which describe the statistics of spatial correlation of lattice orientations between two points which are separated by a specified vector. Described in this paper is a new mathematical approach to the representation and computation of such functions. The approach allows one to construct coordinate-free tensorial representations of two-point statistics using the theory of harmonic polynomials. The method relies heavily on representation theory of the group of rotations of the three-dimensional space, a brief introduction to which is presented.
Purified podophyllotoxin (CPH-86) inhibits lymphocyte proliferation but augments macrophage proliferation.

Abstract Purified podophyllotoxin (CPH-86) is an inhibitor of microtubular aggregation used in the treatment of cancer, psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. To better understand its immunopharmacology we examined its effects on human lymphocytes and monocytes and guinea pig macrophages. CPH-86 inhibits mitogen-induced human lymphocyte proliferation and macrophage growth factor-stimulated macrophage proliferation with ID50s of approximately 10 −7 M. The effect of CPH-86 on lymphocytes in conjunction with mitogen is nonlethal, evident during the early but not the late phases of proliferation, and associated with early increases in cyclic AMP levels. In contrast to these obviously inhibitory effects, CPH-86 (10 −7 M) alone induces IL-1 by human monocytes and, with mitogen, it induces IL-2 production by human lymphocytes. It directly stimulates macrophage pproliferation and potentiates the effects of low doses of macrophage growth factor to do so. The latter effects may be mediated by colony stimulating factor production. The effects of CPH-86 are not mediated by inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. The stimulation of monokine and lymphokine production by CPH-86 may represent positive features of its action and may be immunotherapeutic.
Robustness and integrative survival in significance testing: the world's contribution to rationality

Significance testing is the primary method for establishing causal relationships in psychology. Meehl [1978, 1990a, 1990b] and Faust [1984] argue that significance tests and their interpretation are subject to actuarial and psychological biases, making continued adherence to these practices irrational, and even partially responsible for the slow progress of the 'soft' areas of psychology. I contend that familiar standards of testing and literature review, along with recently developed meta-analytic techniques, are able to correct the proposed actuarial and psychological biases. In particular, psychologists embrace a principle of robustness which states that real psychological effects are (1) reproducible by similar methods, (2) detectable by diverse means, and (3) able to survive theoretical integration. By contrast, spurious significant findings perish under the strain of persistent tests of their robustness. The resulting vindication of significance testing confers on the world a role in determining the rationality of a method, and also affords us an explanation for the fast progress of 'hard' areas of psychology.
An Animal Model for Lyme Arthritis

A model of Lyme arthritis has been developed in laboratory rats. Intraperitoneal inoculation of a low-passage tick isolate of B. burgdorferi into neonatal and weanling LEW/N rats resulted in multisystemic infection and arthritis. Spirochetes were isolated from blood, liver, kidney, spleen, brain, and joints of inoculated rats. Arthritis, associated with the presence of spirochetes, developed in multiple joints by day 14 and persisted through day 90 after inoculation. Arthritic lesions resembled those found in human Lyme disease lesions. Lesions were not found in other organs, although spirochetes were present. Neonatal F344 and SD rats were also susceptible to infection and induction of arthritis. Three different isolates of B. burgdorferi were shown to be pathogenic. Pathogenicity of one isolate was retained after at least 11 in vitro passages. Formalin-killed spirochetes were not pathogenic. Other features of the Lyme disease complex have yet to be seen in the rat, but long-term studies are required to completely define the rat model. This highly reproducible model should allow in-depth studies on the pathogenetic mechanisms of this important human disease.
Enamel formation in ameloblastomas

Abstract Enamel formation has been observed in six of seventeen solid, cystic, acanthomatous or dentigerous (mural) ameloblastomas. Droplets of young, transitional, semi-mineralized or more fully mineralized enamel structures have been observed. Amelogenesis in ameloblastomas unrelated to dentine formation is similar to the findings of atypical amelogenesis in animal experiments. The presence of enamel droplets surrounded by ameloblasts in an ameloblastoma indicates that, as in certain other neoplasms, a high degree of differentiation may be achieved.
Low cost Get-Away-Special (GAS) furnace

A simple and inexpensive space shuttle experimental apparatus to conduct microgravity melting and solidification is presented. A Get-Away-Special (GAS) space furnace was initially developed as a student design project at the United States Air Force Academy and further refined at the NASA Lewis Research Center. The experiment package consists of a melting chamber, battery power system, temperature data recording systems, and electronic controller. The melting chamber is a thin-walled tube wrapped by heating resistance wire. Thermocouples are used to record the specimen thermal history. Power is supplied by two volt batteries wired to produce 360 watts. The millivolt output of the thermocouples is amplified, cold-junction compensated, and converted to a frequency which is then recorded on an off-the-shelf cassette stereo tape recorder. A back up data recording system which digitizes the amplified signal and records the data on EEPROMs (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) has also been included. This experimental device demonstrates that basic science research can be kept simple and inexpensive.
Improving lens performance through the most recent lens manufacturing process

A continuous demand for finer and finer exposed patterns is pushing the k1 factor down to 0.4 or below, which is very close to its theoretical limit. The low-k1 lithography requires high NA and small residual aberration of a deep ultra-violet (DUV) projection lens system. The amount of aberration of current projection lens is less than design residual value of the lens in a decade ago. A lot of designers’ efforts are put into optical design and opt-mechanical design of the projection lens to meet lithography requirements. However, technological innovations in manufacturing process are also needed for the realization of a state of the art projection lens. In some cases, manufacturing process is rather essential for the final lens performance improvement. This paper shows the most recent lens manufacturing process in Nikon. In addition to the manufacturing process itself, some supporting technologies in the manufacturing process are also reviewed.
Unique Hydrogen Adsorption Properties of Graphene

Graphene showed an unusually high hydrogen storage capacity as well as a unique, slow hydrogen adsorption process compared with a variety of carbon materials (carbon nanotubes, activated carbons, mesoporous carbons, templated carbons, and metal organic frameworks). Catalytic dissociation of hydrogen on graphene is observed for the first time. The hydrogen dissociation rate on graphene is also significantly faster than the adsorption rate. This leads to the conclusion that the most active sites on graphene for hydrogen dissociation are not the only sites where the enhanced adsorption occurs. The mechanistic differences in adsorption on graphene when compared with the other carbons are further demonstrated by differences in temperature-programed desorption results and heats of adsorption. VC 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 57: 2902–2908, 2011
Visible–Near-Infrared Spectroscopy by Downhole Fluid Analysis Coupled with Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography To Address Oil Reservoir Complexity

One of the largest problems facing the oil industry today is to characterize fluid and architectural complexities of oil reservoirs. This applies particularly in the development of offshore fields ...