cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rhodium-catalyzed addition of aryl boronic acids to 1,2-diketones and 1,2-ketoesters

Abstract The metal complex Rh(acac)(CO)2 in the presence of dicyclohexylphenylphosphine provides a useful catalyst system for the addition of boronic acids to 1,2-diketones and 1,2-ketoesters. The best yields were obtained when the transformation was performed in DME/H2O at 80 °C with 4 equiv of the boronic acid. The results discussed herein extend the scope of the addition of arylboronic acids to highly activated diketones and ketoesters. The products of the reaction are useful in the synthesis of natural products containing oxygenation next to esters or ketones.
Endovascular "Boost": External Carotid Angioplasty to Augment Flow Before Superficial Temporal-Middle Cerebral Artery Bypass.

Background Superficial temporal artery−middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) bypass may be used to augment cerebral blood flow in patients with select cerebrovascular pathologies or after failed attempts at revascularization. In this article we describe the use of balloon angioplasty to boost the flow of the external carotid artery (ECA) including the STA to be later used as a donor artery for a STA-MCA bypass procedure. Case Description A 67-year-old male with bilateral carotid artery stenosis presented 2 days after a right middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke and was admitted for medical management. Over the next 4 days his examination worsened; magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography perfusion confirmed a right MCA stroke with penumbra and angiography revealed complete occlusion of the right internal carotid artery within a prior carotid stent. There was also a right ECA stenosis at its origin, thus limiting options for traditional extracranial-intracranial bypass. Therefore the patient underwent balloon angioplasty of the right ECA by traversing the carotid stent followed by right STA-MCA bypass, resulting in increased flow, clinical stability, and improved cerebral perfusion. Conclusions This case highlights a unique strategy for the management of internal carotid artery occlusion in combination with an ipsilateral ECA stenosis. We also demonstrate the utility of endovascular adjuncts to open vascular surgery when complex patterns of stenosis or occlusion exist.
Quasi-Chemical Theory for Anion Hydration and Specific Ion Effects: Cl$^-$(aq) \emph{vs.} F$^-$(aq)

Anion hydration is complicated by H-bond donation between neighboring water molecules in addition to H-bond donation to the anion. This situation can lead to competing structures for chemically simple clusters like (H$_2$O)$_n$Cl$^-$ and to anharmonic vibrational motions. Quasi-chemical theory builds from electronic structure treatment of isolated ion-water clusters, partitions the hydration free energy into inner-shell and outer-shell contributions, and provides a general statistical mechanical framework to study complications of anion hydration. The present study exploits dynamics calculations on isolated (H$_2$O)$_n$Cl$^-$ clusters to account for anharmonicity, utilizing ADMP (atom-centered basis sets and density-matrix propagation) tools. Comparing singly hydrated F$^-$ and Cl$^-$ clusters, classic OH-bond donation to the anion occurs for F$^-$, while Cl$^-$ clusters exhibit more flexible but dipole-dominated interactions between ligand and ion. The predicted Cl$^-$ -- F$^-$ hydration free energy difference agrees well with experiment, a significant theoretical step for addressing issues like Hofmeister ranking and selectivity in ion channels.
Evaluating AI-Based Games through Retellings

We propose a new approach to the human-centered evaluation of AI-based games, grounded in the analysis of player retellings of their play experiences. Retellings offer unique insight into dimensions of player experience that can be hard to get at through existing evaluation methods, such as the typical narrative structures that tend to emerge in the player’s mind when they play a particular game; the variety of subjectively experienced narratives that are possible and probable within a particular game; and the ways in which a game supports, or fails to support, the player’s process of narrativization. We used a grounded theory methodology to analyze retellings of play experiences in Civilization VI, Stellaris, and two distinct versions of the research game Prom Week. We also interviewed the creators of several retellings to gain insight into the subjective experience of story construction in collaboration with these games.
Hierarchical effects of choice related activity and neural encoding during feature selective attention

Selective attention is necessary to sift through, form a coherent percept and make behavioral decisions on the vast amount of information present in most realistic sensory environments. How and where selective attention is employed in cortex and how this perceptual information then informs the relevant behavioral decisions is still not well understood. Studies probing selective attention and decision making in visual cortex have been enlightening as to how sensory attention might work in that modality, whether or not similar mechanisms are employed in auditory attention is not yet clear. Therefore, we trained rhesus macaques on a feature selective attention task, where they switched between reporting changes in temporal and spectral dimensions to a broadband noise stimulus. We investigated how the encoding of the temporal information by single neurons in primary and secondary (lateral belt, ML) auditory cortex were affected by the different attention conditions. We found a large population of neurons that showed mixed-selectivity to these features. We found no difference in temporal encoding between the attentional conditions. We found an interesting shift in choice-related activity values between attentional conditions, which suggests this - and likely other - activity correlated to the choice is not simply motor preparation or action, and supports the relationship between reported choice-related activity and the decision and perceptual process.
More accurate LDL-C calculation: Externally validated, guideline endorsed.

Abstract Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) serves as the primary target of therapy for preventing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Recently released European and American guidelines on lipid management recommend attaining very low LDL-C levels (
Psychopathology and Adolescent Bariatric Surgery: A Topical Review to Support Psychologists in Assessment and Treatment Considerations

The rising rates of severe obesity among adolescents in the United States indicate a dire need for more intensive weight management strategies. While current evidence suggests that bariatric surgery is a safe and efficacious intervention for adolescents, the linkages with psychopathology before and after surgery are not well understood. Psychologists are an integral part of the interdisciplinary surgery team and play an important role in preparing youth for bariatric surgery as well as supporting adolescents post-surgery. The present manuscript reviews the literature on psychopathology in the context of adolescent bariatric surgery, discusses consideration of psychopathology as a contraindication for surgery, and provides recommendations on how psychologist members of the bariatric surgery team may balance attention to motivation and adherence to medical recommendations with assessment and treatment of psychopathology. Finally, the importance of continued research to confirm clinical consensus regarding decision-making and expansion of psychological resources within adolescent bariatric surgery programs are discussed.
10 – TITLES AND ABSTRACTS

Publisher Summary Titles and abstracts are the main parts of a paper that is read most often, and they may be the most difficult sections to compose effectively. They serve to disclose the basic information that the paper itself contains, and help readers decide whether to read the entire paper. Together, the title and abstract must help readers quickly identify literature that they want to read. While writing them the purpose and audience should be focused on, keeping titles and abstracts as uncluttered and simple as possible. A concluding statement may give an interpretation to the results, but any lengthy discussion or speculation is out of place. Although some journals limit the length even more, many style sheets specify that the abstract should not exceed 200 to 250 words or 3% to 5% of the length of the paper itself, and that the form should be one paragraph. Even for less formal presentations such as papers presented at meetings or published in nontechnical forms, the abstract should still be a technical, concise, and complete report.
Textbook Affordability in the Time of COVID-19

This article provides a background of the textbook affordability problem affecting students attending United States higher education institutions, both prior to and during the 2019 novel coronaviru...
Analysis of Kinematic Differences in Hand Motion between Novice and Experienced Operators in IR: A Pilot Study.

Abstract Purpose To prospectively validate electromagnetic hand motion tracking in interventional radiology to detect differences in operator experience using simulation. Methods Sheath task: Six attending interventional radiologists (experts) and 6 radiology trainees (trainees) placed a wire through a sheath and performed a “pin-pull” maneuver, while an electromagnetic motion detection system recorded the hand motion. Radial task: Eight experts and 12 trainees performed palpatory radial artery access task on a radial access simulator. The trainees repeated the task with the nondominant hand. The experts were classified by their most frequent radial artery access technique as having either palpatory, ultrasound, or overall limited experience. The time, path length, and number of movements were calculated. Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare the groups, and P Results Sheath task: The experts took less time, had shorter path lengths, and used fewer movements than the trainees (11.7 seconds ± 3.3 vs 19.7 seconds ± 6.5, P Conclusions Electromagnetic hand motion tracking can differentiate between the expert and trainee operators for simulated interventional tasks.
Evaluation of a College-Level Nutrition Course With a Teaching Kitchen Lab.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the impact of a college nutrition course with a teaching kitchen lab on students’ attitudes, self-efficacy, and behaviors about healthful eating and cooking. Methods Preintervention and postintervention design, and anonymous online survey of sociodemographic information and students’ attitudes and self-efficacy about consuming fruits, vegetables, and whole grains and about cooking, self-reported intake, and cooking behaviors. Results Two-hundred and fourteen participants enrolled in the study during 5 semesters. Of these, 171 (80%) had complete pretest and posttest data. Attitudes and self-efficacy scores about consuming fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and cooking were significantly higher in the posttest (vs pretest; all P Conclusions and Implications A college nutrition course with a teaching kitchen lab could improve healthful eating and promote cooking in young adults.
SARS-CoV-2 messenger RNA vaccine antibody response and reactogenicity in heart and lung transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND: While several studies have observed that solid organ transplant recipients experience diminished antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination, data specific to heart and lung transplant (HT/LT) recipients remains sparse. METHODS: US adult HT and LT recipients completed their vaccine series between January 7 and April 10, 2021. Reactogencity and SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike antibody were assessed after a priming dose (D1) and booster dose (D2). Modified Poisson regression with robust variance estimator was used to evaluate associations between participant characteristics and antibody development. RESULTS: Of 134 heart recipients, there were 38% non-responders (D1-/D2-), 48% booster responders (D1-/D2+), and 14% priming dose responders (D1+/D2+). Of 103 lung recipients, 64% were non-responders, 27% were booster responders, and 9% were priming dose responders. Lung recipients were less likely to develop antibodies (p < .001). Priming dose antibody response was associated with younger recipient age (p = .04), transplant-to-vaccination time ≥6 years (p < .01), and lack of anti-metabolite maintenance immunosuppression (p < .001). Pain at injection site was the most commonly reported reaction (85% after D1, 76% after D2). Serious reactions were rare, the most common being fatigue (2% after D1 and 3% after D2). No serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS: HT and LT recipients experienced diminished antibody response following vaccination; reactogenicity was comparable to that of the general population. LT recipients may exhibit a more impaired antibody response than HT recipients. While current recommendations are to vaccinate eligible candidates and recipients, further studies characterizing the cell-mediated immune response and clinical efficacy of these vaccines in this population are needed.
Compatible QPP Scheduling for LTE D2D in Out-of-Coverage Public Safety Scenarios

In this work, we focus on resolving the intrinsic drawbacks presented in the current LTE (Long-Term Evolution) D2D (Device-to-Device) communications protocol for Out-of-Coverage (OOC) scenarios in better serving First Responders (FRs) by proposing three novel compatible priority-based preemptive scheduling schemes. In these ways, effective Quality-of-Service (QoS), Priority and Preemption (QPP) capabilities can be provided to FRs with very limited amount of overhead being introduced. We conduct extensive simulations with various group settings to show that the schemes will indeed significantly enhance some of the vital performance metrics. Our results prove that D2D communications are worth further investigations for envisioned near future integrated Public Safety Networks.
Development and Validation of a Low-Cost Endoscopic Spine Surgery Simulator.

Background Minimally invasive endoscopic techniques in spine surgery continue to gain in popularity. Unfortunately, there is a long learning period for novice endoscope users to acquire basic skills, and complex training simulators are frequently cost-prohibitive. This paper describes the development and validation of a low-cost endoscopic spine training simulator. Methodology A low-cost endoscopic spine training model was created utilizing a budget of less than 65 USD. Afterward, a training curriculum consisting of five tasks was designed to mimic standard techniques frequently utilized in endoscopic spine surgery. This curriculum was tested on a cohort of surgical trainees. The initial time to completion as well as errors made during the tasks and repeat trials were recorded. A composite score was generated to quantify the overall scores which included both time and errors in each task. Results In total, 11 students and surgical residents completed the curriculum. The first attempt required an average of 622 seconds for the completion of the curriculum compared to 283 seconds in the second trial (p 0.05). In regards to the composite score, the composite score of the intern group demonstrated an average improvement of 0.345 compared to an average improvement of 0.47 in the resident group. Conclusions Our study demonstrates the feasibility of a low-cost endoscopic spine trainer as well as its efficacy in improving basic endoscopic skills in trainees.
Specific N-glycans regulate an extracellular adhesion complex during somatosensory dendrite patterning

N-glycans are molecularly diverse sugars borne by over 70% of proteins transiting the secretory pathway and have been implicated in protein folding, stability, and localization. Mutations in genes important for N-glycosylation result in congenital disorders of glycosylation that are often associated with intellectual disability. Here, we show that structurally distinct N-glycans regulate the activity of an extracellular protein complex involved in patterning of somatosensory dendrites in Caenorhabditis elegans. Specifically, aman-2/Golgi alpha-mannosidase II, a conserved key enzyme in the biosynthesis of specific N-glycans regulates the activity of the Menorin adhesion complex without obviously affecting protein stability and localization of its components. AMAN-2 functions cell-autonomously to ensure decoration of the neuronal transmembrane receptor DMA-1/LRR-TM with high-mannose/hybrid N-glycans. Moreover, distinct types of N-glycans on specific N-glycosylation sites regulate the DMA-1/LRR-TM receptor, which together with three other extracellular proteins forms the Menorin adhesion complex. In summary, specific N-glycan structures regulate dendrite patterning by coordinating the activity of an extracellular adhesion complex suggesting that the molecular diversity of N-glycans can contribute to developmental specificity in the nervous system.
In the Land of OZ

This paper presents a proof and investigation of a curious identity which is implicit in work of K. O’Hara [7] and which was extracted and first explicitly stated by D. Zeilberger [8].
Reversible Mental Illness

Summary Family interactions play a significant role in the detection and outcome of psychiatric illness in the elderly. In the evaluation process, the clinician must diagnose both the patient's problems and the family dynamics with regard to the symptomatic presentation. Development of the therapeutic alliance for the entire family and resolution of potentially destructive psychodynamic interactions among family members are the essential work of treating an older adult with a psychiatric illness. Such a family-oriented approach provides the highest probability of a good outcome of treatment.
Consciousness revisited : materialism without phenomenal concepts

We are material beings in a material world, but we are also beings who have experiences and feelings. How can these subjective states be just a matter of matter? To defend materialism, philosophical materialists have formulated what is sometimes called "the phenomenal-concept strategy," which holds that we possess a range of special concepts for classifying the subjective aspects of our experiences. In Consciousness Revisited, the philosopher Michael Tye, until now a proponent of the the phenomenal-concept strategy, argues that the strategy is mistaken. A rejection of phenomenal concepts leaves the materialist with the task of finding some other strategy for defending materialism. Tye points to four major puzzles of consciousness that arise: How is it possible for Mary, in the famous thought experiment, to make a discovery when she leaves her black-and-white room? In what does the explanatory gap consist and how can it be bridged? How can the hard problem of consciousness be solved? How are zombies possible? Tye presents solutions to these puzzles -- solutions that relieve the pressure on the materialist created by the failure of the phenomenal-concept strategy. In doing so, he discusses and makes new proposals on a wide range of issues, including the nature of perceptual content, the conditions necessary for consciousness of a given object, the proper understanding of change blindness, the nature of phenomenal character and our awareness of it, whether we have privileged access to our own experiences, and, if we do, in what such access consists.
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome after Treatment of Metastatic Prostate Cancer with Taxotere: A Case Report and Literature Review

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men. Docetaxel is a common chemotherapeutic agent that has proven its efficacy in the treatment of patients with both castration sensitive and resistant metastatic prostate cancer. We report a case of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in a patient with metastatic prostate cancer treated with docetaxel (Taxotere). ARDS is very rare but life threatening complication of docetaxel which requires aggressive supportive care and close monitoring. Better awareness and prompt diagnosis of this treatment related ARDS will improve the effectiveness and outcome of its management.
Reconsidering the Irrelevance of Foreign Voices for U.S. Public Opinion

We report the results of a survey experiment designed to gauge the influence of foreign elite voices on U.S. public opinion. Improving on previous work, our experiment exposed subjects to news coverage of proposed airstrikes on Iranian nuclear facilities, rather than simply providing them with sterilized information about a possible military action. We find that subjects who read a news story reporting opposition from the U.N. secretary-general to a U.S. plan to launch military strikes against Iran were significantly less likely to support action than were those who did not encounter international opposition in the news. In addition, partisanship mediated responsiveness, with Democrats more likely to respond to foreign voices than Republicans. Attitudes toward the United Nations had no effect, but predispositions toward multilateralism played a pronounced role in shaping opinion when foreign voices opposed U.S. military action. Multilateralism was unrelated to opinion about strikes against Iran when only domestic elites appeared in the news. Our results offer new evidence that international leaders and institutions can affect American mass opinion.
Modeling Method-Productivity

A productivity model has been developed that provides the average construction firm with the means of measuring, predicting, and improving a given method's productivity. The mode, referred to as the Method Productivity Delay Model (MPDM) focuses on method productivity parameters that are measurable and controllable by the average construction firm. Method productivity parameters are addressed by documenting productivity delay. The model recognizes the environment and constraints of the average construction firm, requires only simple mathematics, and is compatible with existing union work rules. The MPDM evolved from considering the positive attributes of existing models, from considerations of contractors viewpoints, and from experience of observing construction methods and method productivity. The model possesses all of the attributes necessary to provide the average construction firm with the means of measuring, predicting, and improving productivity. Its use can often provide dollar benefits exceeding its cost of implementation.
Metal-carbon composite electrodes from fiber precursors (for secondary cells)

The authors present an approach to the fabrication of metal-carbon composite electrodes. Stainless steel fibers ( >
The trajectory of mathematics skills and working memory thresholds in girls with fragile X syndrome

Abstract Fragile X syndrome is a common genetic disorder associated with executive function deficits and poor mathematics achievement. In the present study, we examined changes in math performance during the elementary and middle school years in girls with fragile X syndrome, changes in the working memory loads under which children could complete a cognitive switching task, and the association between these two areas of function, in girls with fragile X syndrome relative to their peers. Our findings indicate that the trajectory of math and executive function skills of girls with fragile X differs from that of their peers and that these skills contribute to predicting math achievement and growth in math performance over time. Also, changes in math performance were associated with incremental increases in working memory demands, suggesting that girls with fragile X have a lower threshold for being able to perform under increasing task demands. Still, we found improvement in executive function performance between 10 and 12 years in girls with fragile X rather than a performance plateau as has been reported in other studies. The findings implicate the importance of early intervention in mathematics for girls with fragile X that addresses poor calculation skills, the supporting numerical skills, and deficits in executive functions, including working memory.
Carmine dye and cochineal extract: hidden allergens no more.

Carmine dye and cochineal extract are red colorants derived from the dried, gravid bodies of the Dactylopius cocus costa insect that grows on the prickly pear cactus. They are widely used commercially to color foods, drugs, cosmetics, and textiles.1–5 The colors are classified by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as “exempt from certification” and, until recently, not required to be listed on labels of foods to which they are added.2,6 In contradistinction to FDA-certified synthetic colors (eg, Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [FDC † Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The University of Michigan Health Systems, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Disclosures: Authors have nothing to disclose. Received for publication January 27, 2009; Received in revised form February 17, 2009; Accepted for publication February 18, 2009.
A Simulation Study on Identifying Aircraft Touchdown Point by Using In-flight Recorded Data

Accurate information of operational aircraft touchdown points is critical to the safety of terminal area operations. Although the current aviation system tracks a number of landing parameters for commercial operations, the operational touchdown performance is not readily measured and recorded. The research described herein designed an algorithm to compute the aircraft touchdown point, and demonstrated its effectiveness with 72 landing runs performed on a high-fidelity full- flight simulator. These simulated flights were conducted with a Latin Square experiment design. The accuracy of the computational methods was evaluated by comparing the calculated touchdown points to the high precision position reference recorded by the flight simulator. The largest discrepancy between recorded and calculated touchdown points was 246 feet, the smallest was 0.5 feet, and the average was 117 feet.
Elbow Flexion after Primary Reconstruction in Obstetric Brachial Plexus Palsy

Fifty-two children (54 upper extremities) with obstetric brachial plexus palsy who underwent primary reconstruction for elbow flexion restoration were studied. The outcomes were analysed in relation to the type of brachial plexus lesion, timing of surgery, and the type of reconstruction. Overall, 42 of 54 extremities (78%) achieved good and excellent results (> or =M3+). The average postoperative muscle grading for the biceps was 3.7 (SD 0.8), and the average postoperative active elbow flexion was 108 degrees (SD 33 degrees ). The average elbow flexion contracture was 18 degrees (SD 21 degrees ). The timing of surgery and the type of the brachial plexus injury significantly influenced the final outcome. The best results were seen in early cases ( or =7 months) of the musculocutaneous nerve resulted in inferior results.
Targeting the Media Message: “You Can't Hit the Bullseye Without A Target”

ABSTRACT The targeting of advertising messages to potential customers is one of the most challenging tasks facing small businesses today. Most small businesses do not feel that their advertising dollar is spent with any real sense of accuracy. Despite information from national rating services, local and/or regional media representatives and their own past experiences, most small businesses feel that their advertising placement budgets are based on instincts rather than planning based on empirical data. This article is the first in a series of six which describe a regional Media Buyer Guide Model and the process utilized to establish the model and related start-up business. The business was started in one rural midwestern, relatively small, Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA). Based on the success in that area, it appears that the effort and business can be successfully replicated elsewhere. The authors are also the entrepreneurs who have been involved in the project from the initial creative ide...
Management of Radiation-Induced Extracranial Arterial Occlusions at Multiple levels A Case Report

Extracranial arterial occlusion can occur secondary to external beam irradiation of the cervical region. The authors present a case of radiation-induced occlusion of bilateral common carotid, bilateral internal carotid, and unilateral vertebral arteries. Management issues are discussed, with particular focus on radiation-induced arterial injury and the external carotid artery as a means to cerebral revascularization.
Sampling rate evaluation for NO2 badge: (II) in personal monitoring

The sampling rate of the nitrogen dioxide (NO2) badge used for personal monitoring was evaluated by comparing measurements of the badge when placed inside and outside a portable wind tunnel, which produced a constant wind velocity. The badge measurement at wind velocity of 0.5 m/s was used as a secondary standard. Nitrogen dioxide concentrations in personal monitoring for 8 h in daytime were slightly overestimated by the personal badge at an established sampling rate or overall mass transfer coefficient Kog = 0.10 cm/s. However, the measurements of the badge for 24 h, including a nonactive sleeping period, were almost identical to the secondary standard. The personal monitoring badge can accurately determine the 24-h personal exposure level with Kog of 0.10 cm/s.
Reading and writing genomes

The human genome draft published in 2004 was a milestone, but achieved at a cost of $3 billion it is inapplicable to diagnostics for global health. We have reduced the cost of sequencing by over a million times in the past six years. The next step is integrating Genome + Environment = Trait (GET) data on large diverse cohorts enabled by a new consent mechanism (http://www.personalgenomes.org) in a globally shareable, unrestricted form (http://evidence.personalgenomes.org). This includes time-series studies of microbiomes and immune responses to such microbes, allergens, vaccines and allele-specific expression in pluripotent stem cells. To move from correlations to causations and cures requires a similar million-fold improvement in DNA writing technology - via use of DNA synthesized on chips and Multiplex Automated Genome Engineering (MAGE). Applications include metabolic engineering and multivirus resistant cells.
Palaeoanthropology: Tracking the first Americans

A study of 33 ancient skulls excavated from Mexico invites us to reconsider our view of the ancestry of the early Americans. Unlike most other early American remains, the skulls resemble those from south Asian populations.
Social Character and Social Problems

is in process of change in response to the changing social situation of this class. The latter is losing the crusading spirit that formerly encouraged its members to study social problems. Inasmuch as the sociologist has been recruited largely from this class, the ideology of this class has been reflected in the professional interests of sociologists. These interests are undergoing a substantial modification. It is the purpose of this paper to suggest some of the reasons for this change. We may define a social problem as a situation that threatens an established social value and that is believed capable of amelioration by appropriate social action. A social problem thus comprises three related elements: (a) A social situation on a comparatively large scale; (b) a social value that is threatened (or believed to be threatened); (c) a belief that the situation may be eliminated or at least ameliorated by organized social action. Social problems are the products of a dynamic society, in which behavior changes more rapidly than the values that define it. (6) A society in which change is rapid and persistent is marked by more numerous and pressing social problems than one in which change is at a minimum. In a changing society, the sociologist tends to concern himself with the contradictions between behavior
Mie resonance for spherical metal particles in an anisotropic dielectric

Le coefficient d'absorption de petites particules metalliques distribuees de facon aleatoire dans un milieu dielectrique uniaxial, est calcule au moyen de la theorie du milieu effectif de Maxwell-Garnett. On donne des expressions explicites pour le coefficient d'absorption, dans la limite d'une faible fraction volumique metallique. L'incorporation d'une anisotropie dielectrique dans la theorie ameliore l'accord avec les donnees publiees sur Na colloidal dans NaN 3
Test-point selection and testability measures via QR factorization of linear models

An efficient algorithm is presented for selecting test points for use in applications such as calibration and fault diagnosis of electronic networks. The algorithm, based on QR factorization of the circuit sensitivity matrix, minimizes the prediction or estimation errors which result from random measurement error. A definition of testability based on the concept of minimum estimation error is also introduced. Practical examples are given.
Explanation of the colossal detonation sensitivity of silicon pentaerythritol tetranitrate (Si-PETN) explosive.

DFT calculations have identified the novel rearrangement shown here for decomposition of the Si derivative of the PETN explosive [pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), C(CH_2ONO_2)_4] that explains the very dramatic increase in sensitivity observed experimentally. The critical difference is that Si-PETN allows a favorable five-coordinate transition state in which the new Si−O and C−O bonds form simultaneously, leading to a transition state barrier of 33 kcal/mol (it is 80 kcal/mol for PETN) and much lower than the normal O−NO_2 bond fission observed in other energetic materials (40 kcal/mol). In addition this new mechanism is very exothermic (45 kcal/mol) leading to a large net energy release at the very early stages of Si-PETN decomposition that facilitates a rapid temperature increase and expansion of the reaction zone.
A manual method for the purification of fluorescently labeled neurons from the mammalian brain

Sorting of fluorescent cells is a powerful technique for revealing the cellular processes that differ among the various cell types found in complex tissues. With the recent availability of transgenic mouse strains in which specific subpopulations of neurons are labeled, it has become desirable to purify these fluorescent neurons from their surrounding hetereogeneous brain tissue for electrophysiological, biochemical and molecular analyses. This has been accomplished using automated fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and laser capture microdissection (LCM). Although these procedures can be effective, they have some serious disadvantages, including high equipment costs and difficulty in obtaining samples completely free of contaminating tissue. Here we offer an alternative protocol for purifying fluorescent neurons, which relies on less-expensive equipment, readily produces perfectly pure samples and can be applied to neurons that are only dimly labeled and present in low numbers. The entire protocol can be completed in 3-5 h.
Multi‐scale dynamics of soil moisture variability observed during SGP'97

Data sets produced by the 1997 Southern Great Plains Field Experiment (SGP'97) provide information about surface soil moisture dynamics across a range of scales. A multi-scale analysis of the data reveals a qualitatively different relationship between soil moisture means and soil moisture spatial variances when variability is sampled at fine ( 10 km) spatial scales.
Compact robust fiber-optic-coupled diode laser array module for solid state laser pumping and beacon applications

We have developed and tested an integrated fiber-optic coupled diode laser array module for use as a reliable pumping source for solid-state lasers, and rugged enough to withstand the nine `gs' acceleration of a military airborne laser experiment. This compact laser module has produced 12 watts of peak power in cw and pulsed operation modes. The output beam comes from a flexible, yet hardened, fiber-optic bundle. The laser has a footprint smaller than a 3' X 5' card. It has a built-in thermo-electric cooler to provide wavelength control, and integrated cooling channels that assure continuous use. The fiber-optic output has proven itself in beam pointing and positioning applications, including end-pumping of solid-state lasers and as an airborne beacon. In the later application this compact laser was bright enough to allow continuous aircraft tracking from 200 kilometers with a beam divergence up to 10 degrees.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Risk of unanticipated abnormal gynecologic pathology at the time of hysterectomy for uterovaginal prolapse

Objective The aim of this study was to assess the risk of unanticipated abnormal gynecologic pathology at the time of reconstructive pelvic surgery to better understand risks of uterine conservation in the surgical treatment of uterovaginal prolapse. Study Design This was a retrospective analysis of pathology findings at hysterectomy with reconstructive pelvic surgery over a 3.5-year period. Results Seventeen of 644 patients had unanticipated premalignant or malignant uterine pathology (2.6%; 95% confidence interval, 1.7–4.2). Two (0.3%; 95% confidence interval, 0.09–1.1) had endometrial carcinoma. All cases of unanticipated disease were identified in postmenopausal women. Conclusion Premenopausal women with uterovaginal prolapse and normal bleeding patterns or with negative evaluation for abnormal uterine bleeding have a minimal risk of abnormal gynecologic pathology. In postmenopausal women without bleeding, the risk of unanticipated uterine pathology is 2.6% but may be reduced by preoperative endometrial evaluation. However, in women with a history of postmenopausal bleeding, even with a negative endometrial evaluation, we do not recommend uterine preservation at the time of prolapse surgery.
Playing With the Evidence

Reasonable people will no doubt disagree about the relative success of Biagioli's explanatory models. Unfortunately, his attitude toward historical evidence falls into another category altogether. His handling of textual and iconographical evidence and his inference from these sources not only leave some of his most original claims without a foundation, but often disregard the basic values of the historian's craft.2
Median labiomandibular glossotomy

Abstract The median labiomandibular glossotomy has been advocated to facilitate the removal of tumors in the base of the tongue, epiglottis, and posterior pharyngeal wall. Recently, the technique has been incorporated into a method that provides exposure to the clivus, upper cervical vertebrae, and the cervicomedul/ary junction. In this instance, the removal of a healthy mandibular incisor tooth was recommended. The case reported in this article illustrates the success of median labiomandibular glossotomy without sacrificing healthy teeth or jeopardizing a functional occlusion.
MicroRNA-146a provides feedback regulation of lyme arthritis but not carditis during infection with Borrelia burgdorferi.

MicroRNAs have been shown to be important regulators of inflammatory and immune responses and are implicated in several immune disorders including systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, but their role in Lyme borreliosis remains unknown. We performed a microarray screen for expression of miRNAs in joint tissue from three mouse strains infected with Borrelia burgdorferi. This screen identified upregulation of miR-146a, a key negative regulator of NF-κB signaling, in all three strains, suggesting it plays an important role in the in vivo response to B. burgdorferi. Infection of B6 miR-146a−/− mice with B. burgdorferi revealed a critical nonredundant role of miR-146a in modulating Lyme arthritis without compromising host immune response or heart inflammation. The impact of miR-146a was specifically localized to the joint, and did not impact lesion development or inflammation in the heart. Furthermore, B6 miR-146a−/− mice had elevated levels of NF-κB-regulated products in joint tissue and serum late in infection. Flow cytometry analysis of various lineages isolated from infected joint tissue of mice showed that myeloid cell infiltration was significantly greater in B6 miR-146a−/− mice, compared to B6, during B. burgdorferi infection. Using bone marrow-derived macrophages, we found that TRAF6, a known target of miR-146a involved in NF-κB activation, was dysregulated in resting and B. burgdorferi-stimulated B6 miR-146a−/− macrophages, and corresponded to elevated IL-1β, IL-6 and CXCL1 production. This dysregulated protein production was also observed in macrophages treated with IL-10 prior to B. burgdorferi stimulation. Peritoneal macrophages from B6 miR-146a−/− mice also showed enhanced phagocytosis of B. burgdorferi. Together, these data show that miR-146a-mediated regulation of TRAF6 and NF-κB, and downstream targets such as IL-1β, IL-6 and CXCL1, are critical for modulation of Lyme arthritis during chronic infection with B. burgdorferi.
Regulation of the cytoskeleton by Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1)

Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) is one of the strongest supported risk genes for psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, major depression, bipolar disorder, and autism. Intensive study over the past 11 years, since the gene was cloned, has tried to understand at the molecular and cellular levels how mutations in DISC1 contribute to these diseases. The DISC1 protein has been reported to be localized to cytoskeleton-rich regions in cells, including the centrosome, base of primary cilia, axon and dendritic shafts and spines. Here we review the functions of DISC1 which are relevant for cytoskeletal regulation and its crucial roles during normal brain development and in adult brain function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Neuronal Function.
Capsaicin Activation of the Pain Receptor, VR1: Multiple Open States from Both Partial and Full Binding

Capsaicin, the pungent ingredient of hot peppers, has long been used to identify nociceptors. Its molecular target, the vanilloid receptor VR1, was recently cloned and confirmed functionally as a polymodal detector of multiple pain stimuli: heat, acid, and vanilloids. Previous electrophysiology studies have focused on whole-cell characteristics of the receptor. Here, we provide the first in-depth single-channel kinetic study of VR1 to understand its activation mechanism. At low to medium concentrations, channel activity appeared as bursts. Not only did the durations of the interburst gaps vary with capsaicin, the bursts also appeared ligand-dependent, with high capsaicin prolonging bursts and stabilizing openings. Gating involved at least five closed and three open states, with strong correlations between short closures and long openings, and long closures and short openings. Increasing capsaicin reduced the long closures with little effect on short ones. The open time constants changed little with capsaicin concentration, though their relative proportions varied. These results suggest that 1), the channel contains multiple capsaicin binding sites; 2), both partial and full binding are capable of opening the channel; 3), when activated, multiple open states are accessible irrespective of the level of binding; and 4), capsaicin association occurs preferentially to the closed channel.
Dissociation of specific binding of 25-OH-D3 and resorption in fetal rat bones.

Abstract Specific binding of 25-OH-D 3 was measured in cytosol prepared from isolated fetal rat bone cells. Binding was significant after 2 h incubation at 0°C and appeared to be approaching a plateau at 4 h. Binding was half-maximal at 1.7 × 10 −10 M 25-OH-D 3 . 24(R),25-(OH) 2 D 3 , which was approximately equipotent with 25-OH-D 3 in bone culture, had approximately the same binding activity. 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 , which was 2–3 orders of magnitude more active on resorption, was a much weaker competitor for binding. Vitamin D 3 , which was inactive in culture, was at least as effective a competitor as 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 . The results suggest that the cytosol site which specifically binds 25-OH-D 3 is not the mediator of the bone-resorbing activity.
Mesh wrapping for severe hepatic injury: a beneficial option in the trauma surgeon's armamentarium.

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of absorbable mesh wrapping (MW) versus perihepatic packing (HP) for severe hepatic injury. Methods From January 2001 to December 2012, data were collected for MW patients with hepatic injury. Patients who underwent HP were matched with MW patients by injury mechanism, liver injury grade, Injury Severity Score, and age. Results Twenty-six MW and twenty-six HP patients were matched. Eighteen blunt and 8 penetrating injuries were present in each group. There were 9 (35%) mortalities in the MW group and 16 (62%) in the HP groups (P = .03). Average transfusions were 12.0 and 24.5 (P = .03) packed red blood cells in the MW and HP groups, respectively. Average laparotomies per survivors were 1.3 for the MW and 3.1 for the HP groups (P = .01). Average length of stay for survivors was 19 and 47 (P = .04) days in the MW and HP groups, respectively. Conclusion MW for hepatic injuries can significantly decrease mortality, transfusions, laparotomies, and length of stay.
Adapting instruction level parallelism for optimizing leakage in VLIW architectures

Due to ever increasing number of transistors and decreasing threshold voltages, leakage energy consumption is expected to play a decisive role in the next generation circuits. We believe that software support is a must to exploit available leakage control mechanisms. In this paper, we present and evaluate a compiler-oriented leakage optimization strategy based on tuning IPC (instructions ---issued--- per cycle) at a loop-level granularity according to the needs of application. Once a suitable IPC is selected for each loop, our strategy turns off unused or not frequently used integer ALUs to save leakage energy. Our preliminary results indicate that our technique can reduce up to 38% of the functional unit leakage energy across a range of VLIW configurations. Our results also show that our loop based IPC detection strategy gives better energy-delay product than finer-granularity (basic block level) and coarser-granularity (whole application level) IPC detection schemes.
Polymorphic transformations of calcium stearate and calcium stearate monohydrate.

Abstract Anhydrous calcium stearate undergoes transformations at 65°, 86°, 123°, 150°, and 195°C. It melts with decomposition at 350°C. The substance can be obtained at room temperature either as a stable crystal, an unstable crystal (by quenching from between 123° and 150°), or a vitreous form (by quenching from above 150°). Differential heating and cooling curves and X-ray diffraction patterns of quenched samples at room temperature are presented. The set of transformations is partially analogous to that for sodium stearate, the resemblance being greater at low temperatures and less marked at high temperatures where, with the hydrocarbon chains irregularly packed and relatively mobile, the difference in binding power between sodium and calcium ions becomes important. Calcium stearate forms a monohydrate whose decomposition temperature at atmospheric pressure is about 110°C. Calcium stearates of technical quality resemble the pure material but tend to assume the vitreous form more readily and to crystallize completely only with difficulty.