cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Design

Understanding the “materiome” could provide a blueprint for bio-inspired, high performance functional materials. Successful synthesis and design—materiomic engineering—must extend beyond biomimitics and bio-inspired systems, exploit fundamental mechanisms of self-assembly and hierarchies, and integrate widely available building blocks such as amyloid proteins and DNA. The ultimate goal is not to produce one-off nanodevices or precision made materials, but rather materials that can self-assemble and adapt independently, befitting a range of functions from a common set of building blocks and molecular components.
The Major Outer Membrane Lipoprotein of Escherichia coli:Secretion, Modification, and Processing

The outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria has proven to be a valuable model system in which to study the many complexities of biomembrane structure, function, and biogenesis which are common not only to prokaryotic but also eukaryotic cells. The advantages in utilizing the Escherichia coli outer membrane to examine the various aspects of membrane biology are (1) the outer membrane consists of relatively few major proteins, many of which have been purified, (2) a finely detailed genetic map for E. coli as well as the structure of the genes coding for many of these proteins have been established, and (3) all of the outer membrane proteins have been shown to be synthesized in the cytoplasmic compartment and subsequently secreted across the cytoplasmic membrane prior to assembly in the outer membrane. Therefore, by utilizing these aspects of the E. coli outer membrane, one can directly address many of the fundamental questions concerning biomembranes including the functions and structure of integral membrane proteins, molecular mechanisms of biosynthesis and assembly of membrane proteins, interactions between membrane proteins themselves and with other membrane components, regulation of membrane biogenesis, and mechanisms of protein translocation across bilayer membranes.
Statistical Inference for Multinomial Processing Tree Models

This paper addresses the issue of statistical inference for multinomial processing tree models of cognition. An important question in the statistical analysis of multinomial models concerns the accuracy of asymptotic formulas when they are applied to actual cases involving finite samples. To explore this question, we present the results of an extensive analytic and Monte Carlo investigation of loglikelihood ratio inference procedures for our multinomial model for storage and retrieval. We demonstrate how to estimate bias in the parameters, set confidence intervals for estimators, calculate power for various hypothesis tests, and estimate the sample size needed to justify the use of asymptotic theory in real settings. Also, we study the impact of moderate amounts of individual differences in the parameters. The results of the Monte Carlo simulations reveal that the storage-retrieval model is fairly robust for sample sizes around 150, and they also reveal those conditions under which larger sample sizes will be needed. The paper is structured to show potential users of multinomial models how to carry out these types of simulations for other models, and what findings and recommendations they can expect to find along the way.
I Will Protect this House: US Sport Brand Trademark Infringement Claims in China

In 2017, two US sport brand companies, Under Armour and New Balance, won trademark infringement cases in China. These victories demonstrated a potential turning point in Chinese trademark law and the protection of foreign company marks. The country has long been plagued with rampant counterfeiting and trademark squatting issues, but since China’s acceptance into the World Trade Organization in 2001, the country has made moves to improve its trademark laws through two amendments. China’s first amendment occurred in 2001. However, this amendment suffered from multiple vulnerabilities, providing loopholes for foreign trademarks to be infringed upon. The most recent amendment, which was enacted in 2014, provides stronger protections and resolves the vulnerabilities of its predecessor. This article discusses the limitations of the 2001 amendment and the opportunities afforded to foreign brands for trademark protection under the 2014 amendment. The Under Armour and New Balance cases are discussed as examples of a new trademark enforcement paradigm in China. Recommendations for foreign brands seeking to expand and protect their trademarks are also provided.
Changes in associations of prescription opioid use disorder and illegal behaviors among adults in the United States from 2002 to 20.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS In the United States, the availability of prescription opioids has decreased in recent years. Whether there have been corresponding changes in the likelihood of people with prescription opioid use disorder (POUD) to engage in illegal behaviors related to drug use remains unknown. We examined changes in prevalence of illegal behaviors between people with and without POUD over time, and how transactions for obtaining opioids have changed among people with POUD over time. DESIGN Temporal trend analysis of repeated cross-sectional data. SETTING United States household dwelling population from all 50 states and District of Columbia. PARTICIPANTS Adult subsamples from the 2002-14 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (n = 5393 people with POUD; n = 486 768 people without POUD). MEASUREMENTS Outcome variables were selected illegal behaviors and sources of opioids used non-medically. POUD was defined using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, criteria. Time was treated as a continuous variable. The variable of interest for each illegal behavior analysis was the interaction between POUD diagnosis and time. Covariates included age, sex and race/ethnicity. FINDINGS During the 13-year period examined, the adjusted interaction odds ratio (AIOR) describing the change in association between POUD and selling illicit drugs increased by a factor of 2.41 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.56-3.71, P < 0.001]. Similar trends were noted for stealing (AIOR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.31-3.44, P = 0.002) and for life-time history of arrest (AIOR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.06-2.19, P = 0.021). People with POUD became less likely to receive opioids for free from friends and family [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.25-0.71, P = 0.001] and more likely to buy them from friends and family (AOR = 3.29, 95% CI = 1.76-6.13, P < 0.001) from 2005 to 2014. CONCLUSIONS In the United States, against a backdrop of a decreasing prescription opioid supply, rates of some crimes potentially related to drug use increased among people with prescription opioid use disorder compared with those without prescription opioid use disorder from 2002 to 2014.
Inflammaging and Oxidative Stress in Human Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Novel Treatments

It has been proposed that a chronic state of inflammation correlated with aging known as inflammaging, is implicated in multiple disease states commonly observed in the elderly population. Inflammaging is associated with over-abundance of reactive oxygen species in the cell, which can lead to oxidation and damage of cellular components, increased inflammation, and activation of cell death pathways. This review focuses on inflammaging and its contribution to various age-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis. Recently published mechanistic details of the roles of reactive oxygen species in inflammaging and various diseases will also be discussed. Advancements in potential treatments to ameliorate inflammaging, oxidative stress, and consequently, reduce the morbidity of multiple disease states will be explored.
Horizons of the word: Words and tools in perception and action

In this paper I develop a novel account of the phenomenality of language by focusing on characteristics of perceived speech. I explore the extent to which the spoken word can be said to have a horizonal structure similar to that of spatiotemporal objects: our perception of each is informed by habitual associations and expectations formed through past experiences of the object or word and other associated objects and experiences. Specifically, the horizonal structure of speech in use can fruitfully be compared to that of a tool in use. The comparison suggests an account of our linguistic faculty as continuous with more foundational faculties of perception and action. I provide empirical corroboration of this account by drawing on recent neuroimaging studies of the multimodal, sensorimotor bases of speech comprehension. I then discuss how such an understanding of our linguistic ability helps advocates of embodied, non-representationalist accounts of cognition respond to a common objection. Critics grant that embodied approaches may be adequate to account for lower-level, online modes of cognition, such as perception and action, which directly engage their object. But they question whether such approaches can “scale up” to higher modes of cognition, such as imagination, memory, thought, and language, which can entertain absent, non-existent, or abstract objects. By providing a plausible account of the continuity of lower cognition and language-involving cognition, my approach responds to this objection, at least where language is concerned.
Simultaneous Track and Search Multiple-Channel Multiple-User Receiver (MCMUR) for Joint Radar-Communications Systems

A multiple-channel multiple-user receiver (MCMUR) exploits both spatial and temporal degrees of freedom to separate radar and communications signals coexisting jointly in the same frequency band, and to cancel interference waveforms. In this paper, we present the simultaneous track and search MCMUR, a novel mode of operation for the multi-antenna joint receiver. We discuss this novel operation of the receiver and present theoretical bounds on the detection and estimation performance of the simultaneous track and search MCMUR. We present a theoretically assessed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of the MCMUR herein to better understand the performance gains of the MCMUR at false alarm rates that are more informative of an actual radar systems' performance. We also measure the detection and estimation performance of the joint system through the detection and estimation information rates respectively.
Mini-LED, Micro-LED and OLED displays: present status and future perspectives

Presently, liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays are two dominant flat panel display technologies. Recently, inorganic mini-LEDs (mLEDs) and micro-LEDs (μLEDs) have emerged by significantly enhancing the dynamic range of LCDs or as sunlight readable emissive displays. "mLED, OLED, or μLED: who wins?" is a heated debatable question. In this review, we conduct a comprehensive analysis on the material properties, device structures, and performance of mLED/μLED/OLED emissive displays and mLED backlit LCDs. We evaluate the power consumption and ambient contrast ratio of each display in depth and systematically compare the motion picture response time, dynamic range, and adaptability to flexible/transparent displays. The pros and cons of mLED, OLED, and μLED displays are analysed, and their future perspectives are discussed.
Authr: A Task Authoring Environment for Human-Robot Teams

Collaborative robots promise to transform work across many industries and promote human-robot teaming as a novel paradigm. However, realizing this promise requires the understanding of how existing tasks, developed for and performed by humans, can be effectively translated into tasks that robots can singularly or human-robot teams can collaboratively perform. In the interest of developing tools that facilitate this process we present Authr, an end-to-end task authoring environment that assists engineers at manufacturing facilities in translating existing manual tasks into plans applicable for human-robot teams and simulates these plans as they would be performed by the human and robot. We evaluated Authr with two user studies, which demonstrate the usability and effectiveness of Authr as an interface and the benefits of assistive task allocation methods for designing complex tasks for human-robot teams. We discuss the implications of these findings for the design of software tools for authoring human-robot collaborative plans.
Is there a future for the use of left ventricular assist devices in Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common form of childhood muscular dystrophy resulting in progressive muscle wasting and weakness. With advancements in respiratory care and the use of glucocorticoids, cardiomyopathy has surpassed respiratory compromise as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in this patient population. As muscular dystrophy remains a relative contraindication to heart transplantation, end-stage heart failure management represents a major therapeutic challenge. Long-term left ventricular assist device (LVAD) therapy has emerged as a promising management strategy to improve the survival and quality of life in DMD cardiomyopathy. Preoperative planning, optimal patient selection, aggressive postoperative rehabilitation, and continued discussion of goals of care are critical considerations for the appropriate use of LVAD in DMD patients with cardiomyopathy.
Backwards to the Future: How Welfare Changes in the Millennium Resemble English Poor Law of the Middle Ages

This article highlights common legislative themes between the 1996 welfare changes and English Poor Laws from 1349 to 1601, the years in which the basic tenets of English poor relief were developed. The striking similarities between these two poverty doctrines, separated in time by over 400 years, demonstrates how little our poverty “solutions” have changed. In comparing the poor laws of the Middle Ages with the recent welfare changes, five common themes emerge. The first theme is that both sets of laws are built on a legislative foundation that mandates that all poor people who can work, must work or they will be put to work. Regardless of the adequacy or inadequacy of the compensation for that work, putting all poor people to work is paramount. The second common legislative theme is that helping the poor actually hurts the poor, thus assistance to the poor, if it is to be given at all, must be given sparingly. Third, both sets of legislation consider poverty not as the result of economic accident or transition but as individual moral failure. A dangerous extension of this belief is that poor parents are also bad parents whose behavior must change to avoid economic punishment of their family. Fourth, in those limited instances when poor people are assisted by public authorities, both sets of laws reflect the belief that governmental responsibility for the poor is best located at the local level. Finally, the fifth shared theme is that local assistance to the poor is to be limited only to assistance to local poor people, not to the poor from other places.
Semiotic landscapes and discourses of protest in Barcelona: Tourism Kills

This paper considers how the homogeneity of the capitalist narrative of “tourism is good for the economy,” that has been sponsored and perpetuated by the official governmental institutions since the 1960’s Francoism’s desarrollismo period to present day, did not transfer its economic blessings to all social actors. On the contrary, it has generated social conflict, a border of self-interest between the institutional agencies and the local, which has elided possibilities of home-grown prosperity for the locals. The narrative of a homogeneous economic bonanza has created a fantasy that has irrevocably affected the city’s authenticity as an urban space. It has also codified its struggle under pintadas callejeras (written graffiti): “Tourism Kills” written all over the city. This declaration of confrontation presents the citizens of Barcelona with a simple metaphor that represents global mass-tourism as the equivalent of the beginning of the end for the local way of life.
Motive Control of Unconscious Inference: The Limbic Base of Adaptive Bayes.

Current computational models of neocortical processing, described as predictive coding theory, are providing new ways of understanding Helmholtz's classical insight that perception cannot proceed in a data-driven fashion, but instead requires unconscious inference based on prior experience. Predictive coding is a Bayesian process, in which the operations at each lower level of the cortical hierarchy are predicted by prior projections of expectancies from a higher level, and are then updated by error-correction with lower level evidence. To generalize the predictive coding model to the human neocortex as a whole requires aligning the Bayesian negotiation of prior expectancies with sensory and motor evidence not only within the connectional architecture of the neocortex (primary sensory/motor, unimodal association areas, and heteromodal association areas) but also with the limbic cortex that forms the base for the adaptive control of the heteromodal areas and thereby the cerebral hemisphere as a whole. By reviewing the current evidence on the anatomy of the human corticolimbic connectivity (now formalized as the Structural Model) we address the problem of how limbic cortex resonates to the homeostatic, personal significance of events to provide Bayesian priors to organize the operations of predictive coding across the multiple levels of the neocortex. By reviewing both classical evidence and current models of control exerted between limbic and neocortical networks, we suggest a neuropsychological theory of human cognition, the adaptive Bayes process model, in which prior expectancies are not simply rationalized propositions, but rather affectively-charged expectancies that bias the interpretation of sensory data and action affordances to support allostasis, the motive control of expectancies for future events.
Screening and Counseling for Nicotine Use in Youth with Diabetes.

INTRODUCTION Electronic cigarettes are the most used tobacco product among adolescents and may be associated with increased risk of progression to combustible cigarette smoking, cardiovascular disease, and stroke. Diabetes mellitus is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and nicotine products can increase this risk. We sought to assess current practice patterns and identify knowledge gaps among pediatric endocrinologists in the United States regarding screening and counseling for combustible tobacco and e-cigarette use in youth with diabetes. METHODS We conducted an anonymous, online-based survey of Pediatric Endocrine Society members who provide care to youth with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. The survey collected information about provider demographics and smoking habits, knowledge and attitudes regarding screening and counseling for combustible tobacco and e-cigarette use, and current practice patterns. RESULTS The survey was completed by 106 individuals of whom 64 reported providing care to youth with diabetes mellitus and ever asking about combustible tobacco or e-cigarette use. The majority of respondents were female, attending providers, and working in academic medical centers. None reported a history of formal training in e-cigarette counseling but recognized the harms of e-cigarette use. Nearly all (98%) who ever screen for nicotine use reported routinely screening for combustible tobacco use, while 18% never screen for e-cigarette use (p <0.01). Over 80% of respondents reported feeling confident or very confident about discussing the harms of combustible tobacco, compared to 58% reporting the same confidence in discussing harms of e-cigarette use (p <0.0001). Over 90% of respondents agreed that pediatric endocrinology providers should ask about nicotine use with over half agreeing that counseling reduces the risk of initiating nicotine product use, and 30% reported lack of change with counseling as a barrier to discussing nicotine use. Lack of visit time was the most reported barrier to discussing nicotine use. More providers cited lack of knowledge regarding e-cigarettes compared to combustible tobacco as a barrier to discussing its use. CONCLUSIONS Pediatric endocrinology providers recognize the harms of e-cigarette use, but more frequently ask about combustible tobacco use compared to e-cigarette use. This may be related to lower reported confidence and provider knowledge in counseling about e-cigarette use. Increased utilization of existing resources and expanding opportunities for providers to learn more about e-cigarettes may increase provider confidence and comfort in screening and counseling. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Delayed Onset of Angioedema with Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: Case Report and Review of the Literature

The angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have gained widespread application in the management of hypertension and congestive heart failure, and after myocardial infarction. They are generally considered safe drugs, but there are a number of reports of angioedema associated with their use. In general, angioedema occurs within hours to days after initiation of therapy, and only a limited number of reports document a delayed onset. Our patient experienced angioedema after 14 months of therapy with benazepril.
RESPONSE TO JENNER'S EPOCHAL ANNOUNCEMENT OF 1798

To Pediatricians long in practice the administration of Salk and Sabin poliomyelitis vaccines and the use of measles vaccine have been exciting and gratifying experiences. That the advent of the new vaccination against smallpox was similarly stirring to alert physicians of 1800 is evidenced by the following excerpts from Samuel Scofield9s Treatise on Vaccina or Cowpock published in 1810.1 The prospect of controlling this scourge stimulated a widespread demand somewhat comparable to that for poliomyelitis vaccine. Facilities for communication, supply, and transport were so vastly inferior that the extensiveness of its use in a few years time is surprising. Eleven years have now elapsed since the world was put into possession of this inestimable blessing by the accurate and indefatigable Jenner. . . . The Cowpock Inoculation has been practiced in every quarter of the Globe. . . . In the West-Indies I have witnessed the most salutory effects from it in preserving the Blacks from smallpox, which so frequently commits the most terrible ravages in tropical climates. It has received the patronage of every government under whose cognizance it has come and in many countries, as America, Great Britain, France, Italy. . . . institutions have been established for the gratuitous inoculation of the poor. In January, 1802, an institution was established in this city (New York) for the purpose of vaccinating the poor gratis. . . . To this establishment the author of the present treatise was appointed Resident Surgeon. . . . From late accounts we are informed that the Cowpock has been received in the East-Indies with the greatest enthusiasm and many millions have already been vaccinated.
Human–Computer Interaction (HCI): Interactivity, Immersion, and Invisibility as New Extensions

Human–computer interaction (HCI) or human factors studies in management information systems (MIS) are concerned with the ways humans interact with information, technologies, and tasks, especially in business, managerial, organizational, and cultural contexts. HCI studies in MIS have a long history, started as early as the MIS field itself. These studies are necessarily broad, encompassing aspects of psychology, social psychology, sociology, management, organizational studies, computer science, information technology, software engineering, design, and creative arts, among others. This encyclopedia entry explores how new technological advances are spawning brand new use contexts that are highly interesting to HCI scholars, and examines how some familiar use contexts may be reimagined in light of ongoing technological advances in HCI. It is organized around three interaction paradigms: interactivity, immersion, and invisibility, each topic introduced with a fictional scenario, followed by a short discussion on selected HCI issues, technologies, and possibilities. Keywords: human-computer interaction; human–computer interfaces; mobile; gesture interface; augmented reality; gaming; brain-computer interface; virtual worlds
Inverse Scattering in Anisotropic Media

We consider the inverse problem of determining a Riemannian metric in R n which is euclidean outside a ball from scattering information. This is a basic inverse scattering problem in anisotropic media. By looking at the wave front set of the scattering operator we are led to consider the “classical” problem of determining a Riemannian metric by measuring the travel times of geodesics passing through the domain. We survey some recent developments on this problem.
Genetic and Epigenetic Heterogeneity in Cancer

Cancer is commonly viewed as a disease of the stepwise accumulation of gene mutations. However, genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity (GEH) is pervasive in cancer, playing a key role in promoting cancer progression. GEH occurs at three primary levels, the genome, gene and epigenetic levels and increases during the aging process and during stress. GEH at the genome level plays the largest role of the three in cancer evolution, as genome level change creates new cellular systems whereas genetic and epigenetic level change mainly modify the existing system. This system replacement achieved by genome level change is essential for cancer evolution. GEH challenges traditional molecular-based cancer research that focuses on common gene mutations in linear models of progression. Clinically, GEH must be monitored in order to determine the evolutionary potential of a tumour. Increased knowledge about GEH will benefit basic research and cancer treatment. Key Concepts: Cancer progression is a typical process of somatic evolution of which system heterogeneity is a key component. Genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity occurs at three levels: the genome level, the gene level and the epigenetic level. The three levels of genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity are highly interactive. Genome level heterogeneity can influence gene and epigenetic level heterogeneity and vice versa. Genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity, especially at the genome level is the key driver of somatic evolution. Genome level change results in macroevolution, which creates new systems, whereas gene and epigenetic level changes result in microevolution which modifies the existing system. The heterogeneity within cancer can lead to the identification of multiple driver pathways, however, each identified pathway reduces the relative contributions of the others to the cancer phenotype within patient populations. This leads to limitations of clinical predictions that are based on individual genes or pathways. Monitoring heterogeneity rather than specific pathways will lead to a better understanding of the evolutionary potential of a tumour and will aid in treatment and diagnosis. Keywords: genome chaos; somatic evolution; cancer; genomic instability; genome theory; genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity (GEH); nonclonal chromosome aberrations (NCCAs); clonal chromosome aberrations (CCAs)
Inhibitory Action of Tetrathionate Enrichment Broth

Tetrathionate enrichment broth is a complex mixture of salts including iodides and other polythionates, but only thiosulfate (0.0736 m) and tetrathionate (0.0236 m) in combination were toxic for Escherichia coli. Individually, these two salts were not lethal. The lethal action of this thiosulfate-tetrathionate mixture affected only growing cells. A possible relationship between the lethality of the thiosulfate-tetrathionate mixture for a culture and its ability to reduce tetrathionate is suggested.
Explosives detection with electron-rich polymers

The application of polymeric films as alarms for explosive materials is a critical issue these days as mandated by homeland security requirements. Amongst the multiple advantageous points of applying polymer films in this area is the fact that they are cheap material, so they can be applied on a broad scale for low cost. The basic idea of the current work is based on the fact that common explosives are electron deficient because of the existence of the nitro-groups in their chemical structures, and this causes their high affinities towards electron rich materials to form charge-transfer complex. Our endeavor is to trace any charge-transfer complex formation, which would definitely cause a recognizable change in their physical properties. These changes in the polymers' physical properties could be utilized as alerts for the existence of explosive materials, especially if such changes could be incorporated into sophisticated electronic circuits that would give strong for traces of explosives. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analyzing local image statistics via maximum-entropy constructions

Because the space of signals that the visual system encounters is high-dimensional, investigations of visual processing and perception must utilize a sampling strategy. One kind of approach begins with a class of models for input-output relations, and then chooses a stimulus ensemble such as white noise that enables efficient determination of model parameters. A second kind of approach begins with the explicit recognition that it is important to understand the visual system in the context of the inputs under which it functions and evolves; this motivates the use of naturalistic stimulus ensembles. Neither approach alone is sufficient: models built from ensembles such as white noise provide only a fair account of responses to natural scenes, and the complex statistical structure of naturalistic stimuli makes it difficult to isolate computational mechanisms.Here we present a step in the direction of bridging this gap. Our starting point is a recent analysis of the multipoint correlations of natural images (Tkacik et al., 2010) which showed that four-point correlations in specific configurations (“gliders”) capture the informative local statistics in binarized natural images. We focus on one such glider, 2x2 windowpanes. The corresponding set of image statistics has ten parameters, and we determine a set of coordinates for this space that are calibrated for equal salience to an ideal observer. Via maximum-entropy constructions, we generate ensembles that isolate the individual coordinates and coordinate pairs. We then characterize the perceptual salience of these image statistics, alone and in combination, via a texture-segmentation task (Chubb et al., 2004). Three main findings emerge. First, observers are sensitive to image statistics of low and high-order. Second, the pattern of sensitivities, which is not simply order-by-order, is remarkably constant across observers. Third, image statistics interact at a perceptual level in a way that suggests an approximately Euclidean metric.
Radiation Streaming in Penetrations of Taska

The procedure used in setting the first wall and shield of the end cell of the TASKA tandem mirror test facility is presented. This is followed by calculations to provide radiation sources at the neutral beam injector (NBI) penetrations. Representative NBIs are modeled and radiation problems analyzed.
1,7,7‐Trimethyl‐3‐azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan‐2‐one

1R,4S-[24326-88-3] 1S,4R-[183505-74-0] (±)-[24327-54-6] C9H15O (MW 153.22) InChI = 1S/C9H15NO/c1-8(2)6-4-5-9(8,3)7(11)10-6/h6H,4-5H2,1-3H3,(H,10,11)/t6-,9-/m0/s1 InChIKey = OSAYUIJRYXXRAG-RCOVLWMOSA-N InChI = 1S/C9H15NO/c1-8(2)6-4-5-9(8,3)7(11)10-6/h6H,4-5H2,1-3H3,(H,10,11)/t6-,9-/m1/s1 InChIKey = OSAYUIJRYXXRAG-HZGVNTEJSA-N InChI = 1S/C9H15NO/c1-8(2)6-4-5-9(8,3)7(11)10-6/h6H,4-5H2,1-3H3,(H,10,11) InChIKey = OSAYUIJRYXXRAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N (chiral auxiliary used in asymmetric alkylations, acylations, aldol, and Diels-Alder reactions) Physical Data: mp 204–205 °C; [α]D25 −62°(c 1.00, EtOH). Solubility: sol toluene, alcohol, ether, and most organic solvents. Moderately soluble in pentane. Form Supplied in: white crystalline solid; presently, not commercially available. Purification: recrystallized from a minimum amount of cold (−20 °C) pentane with filtration cold. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: no special handling or storage precautions are necessary. No known toxicity. May be harmful by inhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption and may cause skin or eye irritation.
Wear behaviour of TiAIn films deposited on plasma nitrided high speed steel

AbstractTitanium aluminium nitride films were deposited on a plasma nitrided high speed steel substrate by reactive sputtering. The hardness and nitriding depth of the plasma nitrided substrates increased with increase in N2/(N2 + H2) flow ratio because of the enhanced diffusion of nitrogen atoms. The hardness and adhesive strength of TiAlN films coated on the plasma nitrided substrate were also found to be higher than those of the unnitrided substrates. In addition, the hardness of the TiAlN films increased with increase in the N2 + H2) flow ratio. The wear resistance, which was principally dominated by the hardness of the TiAlN films, was also enhanced by an increase in theN2/(N2 + H2) flow ratio.
Yoga and breathing

Abstract Many breathing exercises originating within the yoga tradition have broad value for therapeutic and rehabilitation purposes. They are generally based on sound physiological principles, and though designed for more esoteric goals, can serve well for promoting relaxation, optimal lung function, emotional balance and self-regulation of various kinds. Fundamental principles of yogic breathing are discussed (diaphragmatic breathing, nasal vs mouth breathing, slow exhalation with pauses, smoothness and steadiness, self-observation of breathing). Four basic exercises are described: three-part complete breath, alternate-nostril breathing, post-exhale pause, and ‘skull shining'.
Optimality and thermodynamics determine the evolution of transcriptional regulatory networks

Transcriptional motifs are small regulatory interaction patterns that regulate biological functions in highly-interacting cellular networks. Recently, attempts have been made to explain the significance of transcriptional motifs through dynamic function. However, fundamental questions remain unanswered. Why are certain transcriptional motifs with similar dynamic function abundant while others occur rarely? What are the criteria for topological generalization of these motifs into complex networks? Here, we present a novel paradigm that combines non-equilibrium thermodynamics with multiobjective-optimality for network analysis. We found that energetic cost, defined herein as specific dissipation energy, is minimal at the optimal environmental conditions and it correlates inversely with the abundance of the network motifs obtained experimentally for E. coli and S. cerevisiae. This yields evidence that dissipative energetics is the underlying criteria used during evolution for motif selection and that biological systems during transcription tend towards evolutionary selection of subgraphs which produces minimum specific heat dissipation under optimal conditions, thereby explaining the abundance/rare occurrence of some motifs. We show that although certain motifs had similar dynamical functionality, they had significantly different energetic cost, thus explaining the abundance/rare occurrence of these motifs. The presented insights may establish global thermodynamic analysis as a backbone in designing and understanding complex networks systems, such as metabolic and protein interaction networks.
Kinematic measures of upper-extremity performance in the home setting for an individual post-stroke: A case report

Volitional use of the paretic upper-extremity after hemiparetic stroke is necessary for positive functional and neurological improvement. Unfortunately, much of the recovery process occurs outside of the purview of the trained clinician. Thus, maximizing recovery necessitates the development of tools that can monitor, and eventually intervene in, motor performance for individuals in ambient settings. The goal of this study is to evaluate the ability of tools developed to monitor performance in a lab to reveal meaningful information regarding performance in ambient settings. Using spectral analysis techniques developed for in-laboratory settings, we perform a case study analysis of an individual with chronic hemiparetic stroke. In particular, we evaluate the relationship of temporal and spectral kinematic characteristics of performance and the amount of limb use of the paretic and non paretic arms to determine function over the course of a 3-day monitoring period. By comparing kinematics to the amount of limb use, we describe the meaningfulness of our spectral measures for monitoring in-home performance. We find that spectral measures sensitive to performance differences in the paretic and non paretic limbs, in the lab, are also sensitive in the home setting. This may indicate that these tools can be used to evaluate motor performance in ambient settings, and reveal the progression of motor recovery in the home setting.
The chemical reduction of small inorganic gases in an electrothermal plasma reactor

Abstract Chemical reduction of small inorganic gases is accomplished using an electro-thermal plasma reactor. This benchscale reactor maintains a highly reactive plasma zone in a fluidized bed of carbon particles through which an electrical current is discharged. The carbon particles function as current-controlling media, heat sinks and reaction sites. Chemicals introduced into this medium are subjected to a variety of energy sources and chemically reactive species, which result in chemical reduction. It is shown that the inorganic gases, H2O, CO2, NO, NO2 and SO2, are chemically reduced in the plasma zone of the reactor. The end products consist of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and nitrogen gases. Additionally, elemental sulfur is deposited onto the carbon particles.
Medical Progress and the Influenza Pandemic of 1918

ABSTRACT The influenza outbreak of 1918 spread around the world and left millions of people dead. This pandemic was both a crisis for human life and a crisis for medical professionals attempting to combat the disease. During a period when medicine had become thoroughly professionalized and had made numerous advances in medical treatment, medical professionals perceived their field to be rapidly and consistently progressing, and many believed that there was little medicine could not overcome. Success against such diseases as yellow fever fed the idea that science and rational thought could conquer society's ills drove medical professionals' efforts. However, these modern ideas of progress, perfectibility, and medicine's pending triumph over disease adversely affected the medical profession's ability to deal effectively with the influenza pandemic of 1918. Physicians' efforts had not prevented a serious outbreak, and once it had exploded, they could not control it. Looking specifically at the British medica...
Complexity and multiple complexes

In this chapter we introduce the notion of the complexity of a module and explore some related ideas. Complexity was first defined by Jon Alperin in the late 1970’s and it helped to motivate much of the development of the homological properties of modules. In fact, the complexity of a finitely generated kG-module M is a rather crude invariant, in that it only measures the polynomial rate of growth of a minimal projective resolution of the module. The original theorem of Alperin and Evens which extended Quillen’s Dimension Theorem to modules, was proved only in terms of complexity. Later it was extended to support varieties as well. The theorem computes the complexity of a kG-module M as the maximum of the complexities of the restrictions of M to the elementary abelian subgroups of the group G.
A facile asymmetric synthesis of glyceol phospholipids via tritylglycidol prepared by the asymmetric epoxidation of allyl alcohol. Thiolester and thioether analogs of phosphatidylcholine

Abstract Trityl-glycidol was synthesized by in situ derivatization of glycidol, which was prepared by the catalytic asymmetric epoxidation of allyl alcohol. Depending on the enantiomer of diisopropyl tartrate used with the titanium catalyst, either ( R )- or ( S )-trityl-glycidol was obtained in a “one pot” synthesis in about 50% overall yield. The optical purity, determined by NMR spectroscopy of a Mosher ester, was greater than 98% ee. Nucleophilic opening of the chiral epoxide with dodecyl mercaptan gave optically active 1- S -dodecyl-3- O -trityl-1- thio -glycerol, which was used to synthesize 1- S -dodecyl-2- O -decanoyl-thio- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine. Opening of the epoxide with methyl xanthate gave a 1,2-trithiocarbonate derivative of trityl glycerol which can be used to synthesize 1,2-bis( S -decanoyl)-1,2-dithio- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine. Opening of the epoxide with thiodecanoic acid gave 1- S -decanoyl-3- O -trityl-1-thio-glycerol which was usedto synthesize 1- S -decanoyl-2- O -decanoyl-1-thio- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine.
Genetic Interrelationships of Holstein Milk Composition and Yield

Abstract An interregional study of milk composition to determine estimates of genetic parameters was made on 7,943 Holstein records submitted by 19 states. Adjustment for age at freshening was made by cubic regression factors. The reduction in variation due to regression for age for yields ranged to 28% for milk, but was not so marked for percentages except for fat. Heritability estimates were obtained from variance component analyses of herdmate deviations and lactation records and the regression of daughter lactation records on dam records. Generally, the estimates were in agreement. Heritabilities based on deviations ranged for yields from 0.13 to 0.21 and for percentages from 0.36 to 0.56. Repeatabilities were estimated from deviation and lactation records. Genetic correlations for deviation and lactation records were in agreement and highly positive among yields and among percentages. Although correlations of milk and percentages were all negative for deviations, they were positive with solids-not-fat and protein percentages for lactations. Selection for milk would be nearly as effective in increasing solids-not-fat, total solids, and protein yields as direct selection. Analyses of lactations suggest selection for solids-not-fat percentage would increase milk production 12% but analyses of deviations indicated this selection would reduce milk production 27%.
Toward flexible and fault tolerant intelligent manufacturing: Sensible agents in shop-floor control

The use of agent-based systems may offer significant advantages over centralized hierarchical manufacturing systems, including distribution of control/processing and data as well as adaptable automated or semiautomated problem solving. However, simply applying any agent-based paradigm to manufacturing domains may not be enough to address the various demands of these domains. Manufacturing domains require agent-based problem solving to be flexible and tolerant of faulty information (e.g., due to faulty sensors), equipments, and communication links. These issues are addressed by research on Sensible Agents, capable of 1) Dynamic Adaptive Autonomy and 2) explicit Perspective Modeling. Dynamic Adaptive Autonomy allows Sensible Agents to change problem-solving roles during system operation to address dynamic factory floor conditions, while Perspective Models internal to a respective Sensible Agent serve to maintain knowledge about the agent itself, other agents, and the environment. The application of the Sensible Agent paradigm to a shop-floor control is demonstrated.
Vestibular Function in Migraine

SYNOPSIS In order to evaluate vestibular function in migraine, electronystagmography (ENG) was used. Twenty migrainous patients in the headache free phase and free of drugs for at least one week prior to study, were studied. The ENG examination included spontaneous eye movements, bithermal caloric tests and rotatory tests. The results showed vestibular abnormalities in sixteen patients (80%). Spontaneous nystagmus was found in nine patients (45%). Sixteen patients (80%) had adnormal caloric tests and fifteen (75%) had adnormal rotatory tests. These findings suggest impairment in vestibular function in a large proportion of migrainous patients. The significance and a possible mechanism are discussed.
Carcinogenicity of diesel exhaust as tested in strain a mice

Abstract Groups of strain A mice were exposed to diesel exhaust by inhalation and diesel particulate by intraperitoneal injection. The animals were exposed from seven to eight weeks and then sacrificed 26–30 weeks postexposure. Other animals were exposed for up to seven months by the inhalation route. Some animals were promoted using urethane at a dose below which tumors would occur. There was no increase in incidence of pulmonary adenomas in the animals exposed to either diesel exhaust or diesel particulate over the control animals. In the animals which were promoted using urethane at a low dose, there was a significant increase in pulmonary adenomas. Diesel particulate was found in the lungs and bronchial lymph nodes of animals exposed to diesel exhaust 26–30 weeks after cessation of exposure.
Oxidative stress as a mediator of apoptosis

Many agents which induce apoptosis are either oxidants or stimulators of cellular oxidative metabolism. Conversely, many inhibitors of apoptosis have antioxidant activities or enhance cellular antioxidant defenses. Mammalian cells exist in a state of oxidative siege in which survival requires an appropriate balance of oxidants and antioxidants. Thomas Buttke and Paul Sandstrom suggest that eukaryotic cells may benefit from this perilous existence by invoking oxidative stress as a common mediator of apoptosis.
Flat-spectrum radio sources: cosmic conspiracy or relativistic neutrons?

The intensity spectrum of the core of radio-loud AGN varies smoothly from 10 exp 8.5 to 10 to the 16th Hz, and is flat between 10 to the 9th and 10 to the 10th Hz, implying that a single emission mechanism is responsible. It is proposed here that energy is transported from the central source by relativistic neutrons which travel freely over a large volume and decay into relativistic protons. The protons produce secondary electrons which generate the observed radiation. The photon spectra thus produced are largely model-independent and flat.
Summary of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Randomized Clinical Trial.

The DASH diet, which does not include sodium reduction or weight loss, had significant blood-pressure-lowering effects in virtually all subgroups. These effects were particularly striking in African Americans and in those with stage 1 hypertension. This intervention adds to our current nonpharmacologic approaches to control high blood pressure. The DASH diet may be an effective strategy for preventing and treating hypertension in a broad cross-section of the population, including those at high risk for hypertension and its complications.
Patterns of base modification in tRNA.

WE have previously demonstrated that the N-hydroxy-succinimide ester of phenoxyacetic acid (HSP) reacts with certain species of rat liver tRNA1. The reactive species were identified by an alteration in their elution pattern on benzoylated DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Those species that reacted with HSP were not eluted from the column unless ethanol was included in the eluting solvent.
Endodontic treatment of a horizontal impaction.

A horizontally impacted third molar that had to be maintained for the health of the patient was successfully treated. The patient had been treated for Hodgkin’s disease with cobalt radiation. Successful endodontic therapy was performed on a horizontally impacted third molar that had to be maintained for the health of the patient.