cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rural General Surgery Experience as a Valuable Adjunct to an Academic Based General Surgery Residency

Objective Few general surgery residencies offer rural rotations. We aim to evaluate the contribution of our institution's rural rotation to meeting the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) minimum case requirements for graduation, and residents’ perceptions of the educational value of this rotation. Design ACGME case log data were obtained from categorical general surgery residents who had completed at least 1 month-long rural surgery rotation and 1 month-long general surgery rotation at our academic medical center within the same clinical year. Cases were classified per ACGME defined categories. For each category, the number of cases per month per resident was calculated, and the means for each educational setting were compared using the paired t-test. Residents also completed a 10-question Likert scale survey regarding their perceptions of the rotation. Setting Residents rotated at Vidant Medical Center, a tertiary AMC 1 affiliated with East Carolina University in Greenville, NC, and at Vidant Chowan, a critical access hospital within the Vidant Health hospital system located in Edenton, NC. Participants Categorical general surgery residents eligible to rotate through the rural surgery rotation and the general surgery rotation at the AMC. Results Eleven total residents completed 23 months of rural surgery (mean 2.1 months per resident) and 39 months at the AMC (mean 3.5 months per resident). Significantly more endoscopic cases, hernia repairs, breast cases, and vascular cases were performed on the rural surgery rotation. More abdominal and alimentary tract cases in addition to endocrine, thoracic, and head/neck cases were performed at the AMC. Frequencies of biliary and soft tissue cases were not significantly different. Survey responses regarding the rural rotation were universally positive including more hands-on experience, increased satisfaction with patient care and continuity, and operative confidence and competence. Conclusions At our institution, residents benefit from an enriching rural surgery rotation that provides case numbers different from the comparative AMC general surgery rotation.
Chapter 25 – Leadership and Trust

It is hard to be a chronically untrustworthy alpha leader and stay in power. Although records are scanty, even dictators have to be able to keep some of their promises—at least to their key generals and at least in the short term. While there have been some exceptions (not surprisingly in some of the worst dictators), leaders need allies and people to carry out their wishes and that usually requires some form of trust. In an open, democratic society there is only so much distrust and lying from leaders that can be tolerated (although sometimes that threshold can seem high). For us in healthcare, we need to know that our leaders can keep their promises and that they can perform ethically.
Bayesian Revision of the Decision Rule for the Classification of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

In November 1982, a Subcommittee of the American Rheumatism Association published (1) the revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), updating the preliminary list of criteria in use since 1971 (2). As reported by Tan et al., the Subcommittee evaluated 177 patients with SLE, contributed by 18 major institutions from the United States and Canada. The control group comprised 162 age-, sex.-, and race-matched patients with a variety of non-traumatic, non-degenerate connective-tissue diseases. Ninety-five patients in the control group had confirmed rheumatoid arthritis, 16 had scleroderma, 7 had juvenile onset arthritis, 6 had dermatomyositis, and 5 each had ankylosing spondolylitis and psoriatic arthritis. The remaining 28 patients in the control group had been diagnosed to have one of l6 other diseases. Thirty potential criteria variables, including each of the original 1971 preliminary criteria, were analyzed, and 11 were selected for a final set. The 11 final criteria were: malar rash (MAL); discoid rash (DIS); photosensitivity (PHO); oral ulcers (ORA); non-erosive arthritis (ART); serositis (SER); renal disorder (REN) consisting of persistent proteinuria or cellular casts; neurologic disorder (NEU) consisting of seizures or psychosis; hematologic disorder (HEM) consisting of hemolytic anemia or leukopenia or lymphopenia or thrombocytopenia; immunologic disorder (IMM) consisting of positive LE cell preparation or abnormal titers of antibody to native DNA or Sm nuclear antigen or a false positive serologic test for syphilis; abnormal titers of antinuclear antibody (ANA).
When Directory Design Meets Data Explosion: Rethinking Query Performance for IoT

As IoT services scale up from single homes to smart cities, directories and mapping services are needed to manage potentially millions of devices. However, directory service providers will likely struggle to accommodate the increasing number of IoT devices, made more challenging by their heterogeneous metadata and the large volume of queries. One of the critical challenges, the high heterogeneity of IoT, is being addressed by a working standard of W3C, which formalizes a physical or virtual device as a formatted Thing Description (TD).We propose a local directory service architecture with a series of design requirements. With a focus on query performance, we build a proof-of-concept system to store metadata of IoT devices as TDs in terms of the working standard. A Raspberry Pi is configured to investigate the query performance of relational database and non-relational database as the classic choices for internal directories. Evaluation results demonstrate that compared with relational database, non-relational database can achieve 2.9 times higher resilience on property query and 2.35 times faster processing on spatial query, with mild loss on aggregation query.
Evaluation of fireground exposures using urinary PAH metabolites

Background Firefighters have increased cancer incidence and mortality rates compared to the general population, and are exposed to multiple products of combustion including known and suspected carcinogens. Objective The study objective was to quantify fire response exposures by role and self-reported exposure risks. Methods Urinary hydroxylated metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH-OHs) were measured at baseline and 2-4 h after structural fires and post-fire surveys were collected. Results Baseline urine samples were collected from 242 firefighters. Of these, 141 responded to at least one of 15 structural fires and provided a post-fire urine. Compared with baseline measurements, the mean fold change of post-fire urinary PAH-OHs increased similarly across roles, including captains (2.05 (95% CI 1.59-2.65)), engineers (2.10 (95% CI 1.47-3.05)), firefighters (2.83 (95% CI 2.14-3.71)), and paramedics (1.84 (95% CI 1.33-2.60)). Interior responses, smoke odor on skin, and lack of recent laundering or changing of hoods were significantly associated with increased post-fire urinary PAH-OHs. Significance Ambient smoke from the fire represents an exposure hazard for all individuals on the fireground; engineers and paramedics in particular may not be aware of the extent of their exposure. Post-fire surveys identified specific risks associated with increased exposure.
West Nile virus is predicted to be more geographically widespread in New York State and Connecticut under future climate change

The effects of climate change on infectious diseases are a topic of considerable interest and discussion. We studied West Nile virus (WNV) in New York (NY) and Connecticut (CT) using a Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model climate change scenario, which allows us to examine the effects of climate change and variability on WNV risk at county level. We chose WNV because it is well studied, has caused over 50,000 reported human cases, and over 2200 deaths in the United States. The ecological impacts have been substantial (e.g., millions of avian deaths), and economic impacts include livestock deaths, morbidity, and healthcare-related expenses. We trained two Random Forest models with observational climate data and human cases to predict future levels of WNV based on future weather conditions. The Regional Model used present-day data from NY and CT, whereas the Analog Model was fit for states most closely matching the predicted future conditions in the region. Separately, we predicted changes to mosquito-based WNV risk using a trait-based thermal biology approach (Mosquito Model). The WRF model produced control simulations (present day) and pseudo-global warming simulations (future). The Regional and Analog Models predicted an overall increase in human cases of WNV under future warming. However, the Analog Model did not predict as strong of an increase in the number of human cases as the Regional Model, and predicted a decrease in cases in some counties that currently experience high numbers of WNV cases. The Mosquito Model also predicted a decrease in risk in current high-risk areas, with an overall reduction in the population-weighted relative risk (but an increase in area-weighted risk). The Mosquito Model supports the Analog Model as making more realistic predictions than the Regional Model. All three models predicted a geographic increase in WNV cases across NY and CT.
Depression in the Postpartum Year and Life Course Economic Trajectories.

Introduction Perinatal depression affects 13% of childbearing individuals in the U.S. and has been linked to an increased risk of household economic insecurity in the short term. This study aims to assess the relationship between perinatal depression and long-term economic outcomes. Methods This was a longitudinal analysis of a cohort of mothers from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study starting at delivery in 1998–2000 and followed until 2014–2017. Analysis was conducted in 2021. Maternal depression was assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview–Short Form 1 year after childbirth, and the outcomes included measures of material hardship, household poverty, and employment. Associations between maternal depression and outcomes were analyzed using logistic regression and group-based trajectory modeling. Results In total, 12.2% of the sample met the criteria for a major depressive episode 1 year after delivery. Maternal depression had a strong and sustained positive association with material hardship and not working for pay in Years 3, 5, 9, and 15 after delivery. Maternal depression also had a significant positive association with household poverty across Years 3–9 and with unemployment in Year 3. Trajectory modeling established that maternal depression was associated with an increased probability of being in a persistently high-risk trajectory for material hardship, a high-risk trajectory for household poverty, and a high–declining risk trajectory for unemployment. Conclusions Supporting perinatal mental health is crucial for strengthening the economic well-being of childbearing individuals and reducing the impact of maternal depression on intergenerational transmission of adversity.
Structured training approach to create radiologists and nuclear medicine physicians competent in diagnosing mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS)

1281 Learning Objectives 1. Review normal anatomy of mesial temporal region. 2. Evaluate the pathology, MR, PET and SPECT findings in mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS). 3. Discuss the project we created to provide adequate training and create physicians competent in diagnosing MTS. Mesial temporal sclerosis is the most common surgically treatable cause of temporal lobe epilepsy in adults. Various diagnostic techniques including MRI and nuclear medicine imaging are used for the accurate presurgical localization of the epileptogenic focus. Residents and also many practicing radiologists and nuclear medicine physicians lack the knowledge ability to apply and recommend the most appropriate imaging techniques useful for the evaluation of MTS. A perceived lack of adequate resident clinical competence led to the creation of a program that ensures adequate training for the diagnosis of MTS. This project demonstrates development and implementation of a standardized curriculum with progressive metrics. A didactic and interactive curriculum on the MR, PET and SPECT evaluation of normal mesial temporal region and pathological findings in mesial temporal sclerosis was devised incorporating scored computer modules and oral teaching sessions. Pre- and post- teaching tests examined resident ability and confidence. Evaluations from faculty and quiz scores were reviewed with trainees. Residents demonstrated improvement in scores on pre- and post- rotation tests and on faculty evaluations of their progress. Improved resident training was demonstrated, producing more confident and effective residents who could effectively diagnose mesial temporal sclerosis. A plan to enforce this project was set to ensure adequate training to the residents.
Strategies for Isolation of Taste Receptor Proteins

For almost two decades the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, has proved a useful model for the study of the vertebrate gustatory system. During this period a combination of behavioral [1], neurophysiological [2–4], and biochemical [5–7] techniques have been directed at identifying specific taste receptors and characterizing the molecular mechanisms underlying sensory transduction mediated by these receptors. Neurophysiological experiments have established the presence of independent receptor sites for l-alanine (and possibly other short-chain neutral amino acids) [2,3], l-arginine [2,3], and l-proline [2–4]. In addition, receptors sites for some d-isomers of amino acids, in particular d-alanine and d-arginine, have been inferred from non-reciprocal cross-adaptation obtained in electrophysiological studies [3]. Receptor-binding methodologies utilizing both equilibrium and kinetic techniques have been employed to determine the apparent dissociation concentrations for the l-alanine (1.5μM) [5,6] and l-arginine (18 nM and 1.3μM) [7] binding sites.
Work in progress - a distance laboratory system using agilent test equipment

The authors have developed an Internet accessible distance laboratory system that employs agilent test and measurement equipment. The system is called ALTE (automated laboratory test environment) and pilot-tested in Fall 2004. Instructors and students within the Electronic and Computer Technology (ECT) Department begin using ALTE to remotely conduct experiments over the Internet. Access is 24x7, and the system supports multiple users on the same lab station. ALTE's architecture consists of a management server that provides access control as well as managing the course/experiment database. The management server interfaces to any number of lab stations. Each lab station consists of a dedicated PC that uses LabView's virtual instrument interface to send commands and retrieve data from active Agilent test equipment. A typical lab station consists of a networked-PC that is GPIB interfaced to an agilent programmable DC power supply, arbitrary waveform generator, digital multimeter and mixed-signal oscilloscope.
The political economy of formal sector pay and employment in developing countries

Policymakers concerned about migration to high-income countries must take into account the political economy of the labor market. Labor market pathologies, like macroeconomic mismanagement, can be extremely costly - severely constraining growth of output and employment and increasing inequality. Domestic labor market outcomes influence the direction and magnitude of the flow of international migration. When wages are low and jobs are scarce, workers tend to migrate to environments where jobs are available at higher wages. But as labor demand grows, a labor-exporting country may become a net labor importer. Such a migration transition - already much in evidence in East and Southeast Asian countries and beginning for skilled workers in India - is analogous to the demographic transition. The process of political economy described by Banerji, Campos, and Sabot affects the level and growth of wages and of formal sector employment. So it is important for policymakers concerned about migration to high-income countries to take it into account. An efficient, flexible, responsive labor market contributes to growth by creating an appropriate economic environment. In this respect, labor policy is like macroeconomic and trade policy. Unlike the accumulation of physical and human capital and technical progress, a well-functioning labor market is not itself a source of economic growth. Yet labor market pathologies, like macroeconomic mismanagement, can be extremely costly, severely constraining growth of output and employment and increasing inequality. Similarly, failure to adequately address the labor-market aspects of policy reform can result in the failure of other dimensions of reform. The smooth functioning of the labor market feeds on itself, enhancing the credibility of both workers and the elite. Conversely, poor labor market performance can also be self-reinforcing. Attempts to reform the labor market are likely to be hampered by the lack of credibility of both labor and the elite. The payoff on labor reform can be high for both groups. The challenge is to find mechanisms whereby the credibility of both groups can be bolstered. This paper - a product of the Office of the Vice President, Development Economics - is a background paper for World Development Report 1995 on labor. Versions of the paper were presented at a World Bank seminar and to the 1994 Northeast Universities Development Conference at Yale University.
The Hundred-Plus-Year War between Physicians and Attorneys: Peace on Our Time?

This article, written as part of a 25th anniversary commemoration of Loyola University-Chicago School of Law’s Beazley Institute, describes the development and mission of the Florida State University Center for Innovative Collaboration in Medicine & Law, which was established in 2010.
Historical Thinking Inside the Box: Preservice Elementary Teachers Use Journey Boxes to Craft Counter Narratives

This article details the “journey box” project process enacted by two elementary preservice teacher cohorts. Engaging in activities and projects that promote a sense of investment in not only consuming but producing historical narratives, preservice teachers potentially become interested in sharing this type of learning with their students.
Evidence Relating Cessation of Respiration, Cell Envelope Changes, and Death in Ultraviolet-Irradiated Escherichia coli B/r Cells

Ionic and nonionic detergents have little effect on respiring bacteria, but in cultures poisoned wlth KCN rapid solubilization of the cell membrane, as indicated by turbidity losses, takes place. Ultraviolet radiations cause Escherichia coli cells grown in minimal medium with glycerol as a carbon source to cease respiring and growing about 1 h after irradiation. The effect of the nonionic detergent Triton X-100 on growth and cell membrane dissolution (both measured by turbidity changes), respiration, and viability of unirradiated and irradiated E. coli B/r cells was tested. When the detergent was added to cells immediately after irradiation, a decrease in turbidity occurred only when respiration was about to cease; when it was added after cessation of respiration, the turbidity loss was immediate. In both cases the turbidity loss was about 60%, and disintegration of the cell walls did not take place. 5-Fluorouracil (FU) and thermal (42 C) treatments caused respiration of irradiated cells to be maintained and also caused viability increases. Irradiated cells treated with FU and detergent showed no turbidity loss just prior to the time respiration normally ceases, but a loss did occur in irradiated cells incubated with detergent at 42 deg C. It was concluded that FUmore » maintains respiration for all the cells, but that thermal treatment maintains respiration for only part of the cells. In all cases the detergent had only a negligible effect on the respiration and viability of unlrradiated and irradiated cells. Triton X-100 causes solubilization of cell membranes of only nonrespiring cells that are not destlned to survive. (auth)« less
Design of resilient processing plants—V: The effect of deadtime on dynamic resilience

Abstract Simple procedures are developed to determine how—independent of the controller employed—deadtime affects the best response achievable by a multivariable system. Because the dynamic behavior of many chemical engineering systems is dominated by deadtime the results can serve as the basis of an evaluation procedure for designs according to their operability characteristics (dynamic resilience). Application examples involving distillation columns and heat exchanger networks reveal the surprising result that sometimes an increase in deadtime can potentially improve the dynamic performance.
A Study of Multimodal Addressee Detection in Human-Human-Computer Interaction

The goal of addressee detection is to answer the question , “Are you talking to me?” When a dialogue system interacts with multiple users, it is crucial to detect when a user is speaking to the system as opposed to another person. We study this problem in a multimodal scenario, using lexical, acoustic, visual, dialogue state, and beamforming information. Using data from a multiparty dialogue system, we quantify the benefits of using multiple modalities over using a single modality. We also assess the relative importance of the various modalities, as well as of key individual features, in estimating the addressee. We find that energy-based acoustic features are by far the most important, that information from speech recognition and system state is useful as well, and that visual and beamforming features provide little additional benefit. While we find that head pose is affected by whom the speaker is addressing, it yields little nonredundant information due to the system acting as a situational attractor. Our findings would be relevant to multiparty, open-world dialogue systems in which the agent plays an active, conversational role, such as an interactive assistant deployed in a public, open space. For these scenarios , our study suggests that acoustic, lexical, and system-state information is an effective and practical combination of modalities to use for addressee detection. We also consider how our analyses might be affected by the ongoing development of more realistic, natural dialogue systems.
Gender differences in muscle sympathetic nerve activity and arterial pressure oscillations during progressive central hypovolemia (680.2)

INTRODUCTION: Increased tolerance to central hypovolemia is generally associated with greater oscillatory patterns of mean arterial pressur (MAP) and greater physiological reserve capacity. We tested the hypothesis that women with high tolerance (HT) to hypovolemia would display similar physiological reserve capacity for tachycardia, sympathoexcitation, oscillations in MAP at pre-syncope compared to men. METHODS: 9 men and 4 women were exposed to progressive lower body negative pressure (LBNP) until presyncope. All subjects were classified as HT because they completed at least -60 mmHg level of lower body negative pressure (LBNP). Muscle sympathetic serve activity (MSNA) was measured via microneurography and arterial pressure was measured by photoplethysmography. RESULTS: LBNP time to presyncope was lower (P<0.01) in women (1727±154 sec) than in men (2035±308 sec). At presyncope, MSNA (bursts/min) in men and women was similar (p=0.87). Coincident with smaller stroke volume (SV), women had lower MAP but si...
Neural network joint modeling via context-dependent projection

Neural network joint modeling (NNJM) has produced huge improvement in machine translation performance. As in standard neural network language modeling, a context-independent linear projection is applied to project a sparse input vector into a continuous representation at each word position. Because neighboring words are dependent on each other, context-independent projection may not be optimal. We propose a context-dependent linear projection approach which considers neighboring words. Experimental results showed that the proposed approach further improves NNJM by 0.5 BLEU for English-Iraqi Arabic translation in N-best rescoring. Compared to a baseline using hierarchical phrases and sparse features, NNJM with our proposed approach has achieved a 2 BLEU improvement.
Isolation of the bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide receptor from human small cell lung carcinoma NCI-H345 cells.

Purification of the gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) or bombesin receptor has proved elusive in part due to technical difficulties. In the present studies, the problem of oxidized radioligand was avoided by the use of 125I-GRP, which was verified to be not oxidized by high performance liquid chromatography. Specific 125I-GRP binding (at 0 degrees C) to intact human small cell lung carcinoma NCI-H345 cells which had been subjected to a dilute acid wash was 6 fmol/10(6) cells. Inhibition of GRP degradation by human H345 cell membranes through the use of phenanthroline or phosphoramidon permitted the development of binding assays for the GRP receptor in detergent-solubilized crude membrane preparations. The solubilized GRP receptor exhibited saturable, high affinity (KD = 1.3 nM), temperature-dependent specific binding averaging 402 +/- 65 fmol/mg protein (mean +/- S.E. for eight separate membrane preparations with 125I-GRP concentration = 3 nM), with a Bmax = 434 fmol/mg protein using a gel filtration binding assay. That the GRP receptor had been solubilized was demonstrated by its failure to pellet when centrifuged at 100,000 x g for 60 min, its passage through a 0.22-micron filter without loss of binding activity, and its elution in the void volume of a Sephadex G-50 gel filtration column, but within the inclusion volume of a Sephacryl S-200 column (Ve/V0 = 1.1). Isolation of the GRP receptor from human H345 cell-solubilized membranes was achieved by ligand affinity chromatography. A unique 70-kDa band on silver-stained reduced sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was reproducibly eluted from GRP14-27 affinity columns by an acidic high salt buffer, but binding activity was denatured by these conditions. The protein nature of the GRP receptor was demonstrated by its sensitivity to proteases after isolation. In addition, two unique bands of 65 and 70 kDa were eluted from the GRP14-27 affinity column with GRP14-27 in neutral buffer, and this eluate possessed specific 125I-GRP binding with a stoichiometry of approximately 1:1. Thus, reported here is the isolation of a functional membrane-associated, saturable, high affinity GRP receptor with temperature-dependent binding from the solubilized membranes of human H345 cells.
Laparoscopic colostomy takedown offers advantages over traditional surgery.

It was a privilege to be able to review the article, “Laparoscopic reversal of Hartmann procedure” prior to its publication. The findings discussed are very similar to our early experience using the laparoscopic approach to reversing a colostomy.
Blocking interleukin‐1β in acute and chronic autoinflammatory diseases

An expanding spectrum of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases are considered “autoinflammatory” diseases. This review considers autoinflammatory diseases as being distinct from “autoimmune” diseases. Autoimmune diseases are associated with dysfunctional T-cells and treated with “biologicals” including anti-TNFα, CTLA-Ig, anti-IL-12/23, anti-CD20, anti-IL-17 and anti-IL-6 receptor. In contrast, autoinflammatory diseases are uniquely due to a dysfunctional monocyte caspase-1 activity and secretion of IL-1β; indeed, blocking IL-1β results in a rapid and sustained reduction in the severity of most autoinflammatory diseases. Flares of gout, Type-2 diabetes, heart failure and smoldering multiple myeloma are examples of seemingly unrelated diseases, which are uniquely responsive to IL-1β neutralization.
Management of the external biliary fistula

Abstract 1. 1. A satisfactory diagnosis cannot be made in cases of biliary fistula until a cholangiogram has been obtained; there can be only suspicion and speculation. 2. 2. The biliary flush by the oral or intravenous method may be of definite value in dislodging obstructing agents or releasing biliary spasm. 3. 3. Ether and alcohol mixture for fragmentation of stones is effective in a few cases. 4. 4. The same measures used to counteract the disturbed physiology in jaundice cases are necessary in cases of complete biliary fistula. 5. 5. Many cases of biliary fistula demand surgery. 6. 6. All cases of biliary intestinal anastomosis should receive the biliary flush once each month.
Ultrasound absorption in the region of the tricritical point of a multicomponent mixture

Abstract We report measurements of the ultrasound absorption in quaternary liquid mixtures of ammonium sulfate + water + ethanol + benzene. Near the tricritical region the frequency dependence of the sound absorption is satisfactorily described by the Kawasaki theory. The characteristics-frequency parameter scales with an exponent similar to that reported for binary mixtures.
In situ electric probe method for determining the dielectric properties of materials

An attempt is made to use the induced-EMF (electromagnetic field) method for input impedance determination of an antenna in order to compute the dielectric behavior of the medium over a large range of probe lengths. Numerical results obtained by this approach are compared with those of other existing theories valid for different probe lengths as well as with available experimental data. A fairly close agreement is found among these results. >
Identification of surface hydrogen enhancements within the Moon’s Shackleton crater

Abstract Bulk surface hydrogen enhancements have been identified within the Moon’s Shackleton crater. Using an analysis of fast and epithermal neutron data from the Lunar Prospector mission, the permanently shadowed region (PSR) within this crater has a surface concentration of 0.72 ± 0.13 wt.% water equivalent hydrogen (WEH). In contrast, hydrogen enhancements within other polar PSRs such as Cabeus are likely buried under more than 10 cm of hydrogen-poor regolith. Subsurface hydrogen absent a surficial counterpart implies an episodic delivery mechanism. The burial depth suggests the epoch of hydrogen deposition was at least 100 myr ago if impact gardening is the dominant mechanism for volatile transport to depth. Shackleton crater’s surface enhancement may be related to its thermal environment, ∼30 K warmer than other south pole PSRs, in which thermal processes control the vertical migration of hydrogen within Shackleton but inhibit migration in colder regions. One sentence summary Enhanced bulk surface hydrogen concentrations have been identified within Shackleton crater, giving insights into volatile delivery and transport processes within permanently shadowed regions at the Moon’s poles.
Reliable testing: detecting state-polluting tests to prevent test dependency

Writing reliable test suites for large object-oriented systems is complex and time consuming. One common cause of unreliable test suites are test dependencies that can cause tests to fail unexpectedly, not exposing bugs in the code under test but in the test code itself. Prior research has shown that the main reason for test dependencies is the ``pollution'' of state shared across tests. We propose a technique, called , for finding tests that pollute the shared state. In a nutshell, finds tests that modify some location on the heap shared across tests or on the file system; a subsequent test could fail if it assumes the shared location to have the initial value before the state was modified. To aid in inspecting the pollutions, provides an access path through the heap that leads to the polluted value or the name of the file that was modified. We implemented a prototype tool for Java and evaluated it on NumOfProjects projects, with a total of NumOfTests tests. Diaper reported PollutingTests , and our inspection found that NumOfTPsSpace of those are relevant pollutions that can easily affect other tests.
Model for mirrorless optical multiple bistability due to increasing and decreasing absorption

Heat conduction and propagation of the electromagnetic field as well as temperature-dependent absorption are considered in a model for mirrorless optical bistability. The effects of temperature and laser-frequency detuning are calculated and discussed. It is shown that the multiple bistability of output intensity as a function of input intensity can be induced and controlled by the temperature boundary conditions. It is emphasized that changes in these boundary conditions determine the details of the transmission characteristics.
Using hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal measures for assessing and reducing the stress of dogs in shelters: A review

Abstract Dogs admitted to animal shelters exhibit behavioral and physiological signs of stress. Among these is activation of the body's primary stress-responsive system, the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. HPA activity provides a metric for assessing both the dog's physiological response to the shelter as well as the effectiveness of attempts to reduce this response. Glucocorticoid measures of HPA activation are high for days following entry into a shelter. Further, it is unclear if eventual reduction in glucocorticoid levels represents actual adjustment by the dog to its new environment or a reaction (i.e., dysregulation) of the HPA axis to the continued stress. Interaction with a human has been found capable of reducing glucocorticoid responses of dogs to shelter housing as well as to additional stressors imposed in the shelter environment. These glucocorticoid reductions have been observed both at the time of human interaction and at later times. Sessions of interaction lasting 30 min or less have been found to have positive effects. These findings together with continued progress in our basic understanding of the mechanisms and mediators of HPA responses offer promise of identifying ever more practical means of reducing the physiological impact of stress, and thereby improving the welfare, of shelter dogs.
Synthesis of maleimide derivative of cortisol for enzyme coupling in cortisol enzyme immunoassay

A new cortisol derivative, cortisol-21-m-maleimidobenzoate (CMB), was synthesized and conjugated with sulfhydryl groups of β-galactosidase (BG). Both CMB-BG and CHS-BG conjugates have a high immunoreactivity to cortisol antibody, and although CHS-BG does not displace well with the added cortisol, CMB-BG does.
Solar sources of the interplanetary magnetic field and solar wind

Open magnetic field lines, those which extend from the solar photosphere to interplanetary space, are traced in the current-free (potential field) approximation using measured photospheric fields as a boundary condition. It is found that (1) only a relatively small fraction of the photospheric area connects via open field lines to the interplanetary magnetic field; (2) those photospheric areas which do contribute open field lines lie beneath coronal holes and within the boundaries of the holes as projected onto the photosphere or else between loop systems of an active region; (3) the interplanetary magnetic field in the plane of the sun's equator, essentially the field in the ecliptic plane, may connect to photospheric regions of high latitude; and (4) the fastest solar wind streams are correlated with those magnetic flux tubes which expand least in cross-sectional area over the distance between the photosphere and the coronal height where the solar wind begins.
Public Health Law and Ethics: A Reader

(2003). Public Health Law and Ethics: A Reader. Journal of Legal Medicine: Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 241-248.
Efficacy, selectivity, and herbicide concentrations following a whole-lake 2,4-D application targeting Eurasian watermilfoil in two adjacent northern Wisconsin lakes

Abstract The herbicide 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) has been used to control the nonnative aquatic plant Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum; EWM) since the 1950s. Although published research evaluates the herbicide's predicted and observed concentration and exposure times in both laboratory and field settings, few data are available evaluating selectivity and long-term efficacy as well as herbicide concentration behavior following large-scale, whole-lake applications. A controlled study was conducted on 2 adjacent oligo-mesotrophic northern Wisconsin lakes to determine the potential efficacy and selectivity of large-scale and low-dose 2,4-D applications. Initial 2,4-D concentrations in both treated lakes were approximately 100 μg/L higher than the nominal lakewide targets of 500 and 275 μg/L, respectively, and the herbicide dissipated and degraded more slowly than predicted. A lakewide regression model relating 2,4-D concentration at monitoring sites to days after treatment (DAT) foun...
Distribution of soluble guanylyl cyclase in rat retina.

The nitric oxide (NO)-cGMP pathway is implicated in modulation of visual information processing in the retina. Despite numerous functional studies of this pathway, information about the retinal distribution of the major downstream effector of NO, soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), is very limited. In the present work, we have used immunohistochemistry and multiple labeling to determine the distribution of sGC in rat retina. sGC was present at high levels in inner retina but barely detectable in outer retina. Photoreceptors and horizontal cells, as well as Muller cells, were immunonegative, whereas retinal ganglion cells exhibited moderate staining for sGC. Strong immunostaining was found in subpopulations of bipolar and amacrine cells, but staining was weak in rod bipolar cells, and AII amacrine cells were immunonegative. Double labeling of sGC with neuronal nitric oxide synthase showed that the two proteins are generally located in adjacent puncta in inner plexiform layer, implying paracrine interactions. Our results suggest that the NO-cGMP pathway modulates the neural circuitry in inner retina, preferentially within the cone pathway.
Trial and error learning in paramecium: a replication.

Single paramecia were sucked into a capillary tube and allowed to escape back into a drop of their culture. Escape speed increased in early trials and then stabilized, thus replicating French's 1940 results, and supporting his hypothesis of learning in paramecia. Further, neither intertrial interval nor habituation to the drop changed the rate at which escape improved, though habituation increased escape speed over all trials.
Theorizing Resistance in Organization Studies A Dialectical Approach

This article provides an overview and critique of the extant research on work-place resistance. It argues that much of this research has developed around an implicit duality of resistance and contr...
Influence of an interdisciplinary diabetes specialist team on short-term outcomes of diabetes at a community health center.

Objective: To assess the effect on short-term diabetes outcomes of intervention with an interdisciplinary diabetes specialist team at a primary-care community health center in East Harlem, New York City. Methods: An interdisciplinary diabetes specialist team, consisting of a diabetologist, a bicultural certified diabetes nurse-educator, and a nutritionist, attended weekly clinics at a primary-care community health center in East Harlem. Emphasis was placed on communicating in the patient’s primary language and providing nutritional counseling, diabetes education, and diabetes management. After 1 year, a retrospective review of medical records for patients seen by the diabetes team was performed to assess the influence of this intervention on performance of home glucose monitoring (HGM), frequency of hypoglycemia, and changes in diabetes treatment regimens. Of 70 patients referred to the diabetes team by their primary-care providers, 50 underwent follow-up for at least 6 months and were included in the statistical analysis. Results: Of the 50 study patients, 94% had type 2 diabetes, with a mean duration of 11.2 years. Eighty-two percent were Hispanic, and 18% were Afro-American. The mean age was 54.6 years. Microvascular complications were present in 44%, and macrovascular complications were present in 22%. HGM was done by 13 patients (26%) before and 33 patients (66%) after diabetes team intervention (P<0.001). Before intervention by the diabetes team, 14 patients (28%) were having episodes of unrecognized hypoglycemia. Unrecognized hypoglycemia resolved after intervention in all but two patients with type 1 diabetes (P<0.001). Before intervention, diabetes treatment was dietary in 6 patients, a sulfonylurea in 19, and insulin in 25; after intervention, 5 patients had dietary management of their diabetes, 14 were taking a sulfonylurea, and 31 were receiving insulin ( P<0.05). Conclusion: Providing access to an interdisciplinary diabetes specialist team at the site of primary care had a beneficial effect on short-term diabetes outcomes in innercity Hispanic and Afro-American patients with diabetes. Providing specialty care in the primary-care setting may be one model for improving the quality and long-term outcomes of diabetes care, particularly in high-risk populations. (Endocr Pract. 1998;4:27-31)
Daughter poles in Reggeized helicity amplitudes ats=0

Daughter and conspirator Regge poles are considered ats=0 in UU and UE scattering of particles of arbitrary spin. General expressions are obtained for the daughter residues to the lowest order ins that is compatible with analyticity and factorization requirements, and expressions for the sum of these lowest-order contributions to an arbitrary helicity amplitude. The daughter residues in EE scattering can be obtained by factorization, and, in the cases when the lowest allowed order ofs is zero, Toller poles with general values ofM are found. In other cases, daughter sequences similar but not identical to those of a Toller pole are found. Trajectory slopes ats=0 are also obtained for arbitraryM.
An investigation into area potential for growth in retail sales

The purpose of this study is to present a technique which could be utilized to enhance the locational decision process for particular firms. The basic principle of the technique is to examine the degree to which any one area retains income generated within its boundaries. In this study, the technique is applied to counties in Florida for the year 1971.
A systematic approach to dark current reduction in InGaAs-based photodiode arrays for shortwave infrared imaging

We have presented a systematic approach to reduce dark current in SWIR imaging arrays with a factor of ∼2.5 reduction of dark current compared to previously reported InGaAs based imaging arrays.
Sudden progressive abdominal pain due to large peritoneal desmoid tumor: A case report with review of literature

Abstract Desmoid tumor (musculoaponeurotic fibromatosis) is a rare locally aggressive soft tissue tumor. A subset of cases is associated with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), governed by the APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) gene. Typically, an intra-abdominal desmoid is a painless lump or mass with a slow progression. We report a case of 14 year old male with Asperger syndrome who presented to our hospital with acute onset of progressively worsening abdominal pain. On the physical examination a large abdominal mass was palpated in the left upper quadrant. An abdominal CT (computerized tomography) scan confirmed the mass. The tumor was resected with free tumor cell margin. The histological diagnosis was desmoid fibromatosis. The nuclear β-catenin immunohistochemistry was positive. The tumor had encroached the splenic vessels and infarcted spleen. This splenic infarction was most likely the cause of the sudden abdominal pain. The patient is alive with no postoperative symptoms or evidence of the disease 6 months after the surgery. Family history and genetic analysis of the APC gene were negative for FAP.
Assessment of Kidney Function in Lung Transplant Candidates

Background Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the best measure of kidney function; however, 24-hour creatinine clearance (CrCl) is the initial screening test used for lung transplant candidates at most centers. Although creatinine-based formulas that estimate GFR have been derived, none have been validated in patients with severe lung disease. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients evaluated for lung transplantation at Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center and compared the GFR estimated from the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) and other formulas to the CrCl. We then validated these results in a cohort of patients evaluated at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. Results There were strong and statistically significant direct correlations between estimated GFR and CrCl. An estimated GFR of Conclusions Established formulas for estimating GFR are highly discriminating for kidney dysfunction in patients being evaluated for lung transplantation and may actually have greater validity than CrCl in some instances.
Secondary Rejection Phenomenon Elicited by Primary Homograft in Pretreated Rats

SummaryIntraperitoneal injections of pooled rat glomerular basement membrane preparations into rats subsequently homografted with a primary orthotopic skin graft facilitated a secondary rejection phenomenon on the part of such treated animals. The low nucleic acid content of the preparations limited correlation with the hypothesis of nucleo-proteins as the transplantation antigens.
Securing data networks using optical signal processing

We propose and demonstrate the use of optical signal processing to enhance the security of data networks. Optical steganography is used to inhibit the observation and analysis of data traffic. With the use of optical CDMA, service interruption is prevented in the presence of infrastructure attacks. The soft blocking capability provides protection paths without the need of permanently reserving the bandwidth. Optical CDMA also provides a large size of code set that reduces the probability of interception of the secure signal by an eavesdropper. Finally, all-optical data encryption is demonstrated that prevents side-channel attacks and enables real-time encryption.
Hyalin is a Cell Adhesion Molecule Involved in Mediating Archenteron - Blastocoel Roof Attachment

The U. S. National Institutes of Health has designated the sea urchin embryo as a model organism because about twenty-five discoveries in this system have led to insights into the physiology of higher organisms, including humans. Hyalin is a large glycoprotein in the hyaline layer of sea urchin embryos that functions to maintain general adhesive relationships in the developing embryo. It consists of the hyalin repeat domain that has been identified in organisms as diverse as bacteria, worms, flies, mice, sea urchins and humans. Here we show, using a polyclonal antibody raised against the 11.6 S species of hyalin, that it localizes at the tip of the archenteron and on the roof of the blastocoel exactly where these two structures bond in an adhesive interaction that has been of interest for over a century. In addition, the antibody blocks the interaction between the archenteron tip and blastocoel roof. These results, in addition to other recent findings from this laboratory that will be discussed, suggest that hyalin is involved in mediating this cellular interaction. This is the first demonstration that suggests that hyalin is a specific cell adhesion molecule that may function as such in many organisms, including humans.
Some extensions and applications of Kriz's (1972) urn model

A summary of Kriz's (1972) paper concerning an urn model for the PMP distribution is given. Extensions of the model are made, considering cases in which the urns are not drawn from independently. Possible applications of the extended model in some epidemiological situations are suggested, and a simple computer algorithm for simulating the distribution is given. Results of a simple simulation based on May's (1986) paper are given.