cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photosensitive Polymeric Materials for Two-Photon 3D WORM Optical Data Storage Systems

We report the photochemistry and development of a fluorescence readout-based, nonlinear absorption, three-dimensional optical data storage system. In this system, writing was achieved by acid generation upon two-photon absorption (2PA) of a photoacid generator (PAG; at 710 or 730 nm). Readout was then performed by interrogating two-photon-absorbing dyes, after protonation, at 860 nm. Linear and nonlinear photophysical characterization of 2PA PAGs and acid-sensitive fluorescent dyes demonstrates good spectral resolution between the PAG and protonated 2PA dye and relatively high two-photon absorptivity. Solution spectroscopic studies confirm photoacid generation and dye protonation. Two-photon recording and readout of voxels were demonstrated in five and eight consecutive, crosstalk-free layers within a polymer matrix, generating a data storage capacity of up to 1.8 × 1013 bits/cm3.
Studies of radioiodinated fibrinogen-II. Lactoperoxidase iodination of fibrinogen and model compounds

In our search for better isotopically labeled fibrinogen for clot detection, we have studied the use of the lactoperoxidase enzyme to catalyze iodination of canine fibrinogen. The optimum conditions which we found require 100 μl of buffer (pH 8·0), 250 μg protein, 5 μg of a crude enzyme preparation, and the desired amount of carrier free radioiodine. The reactants should be equilibrated at 37°C before 10 nmole H2O2 is added. The reaction mixture must be incubated with shaking for 30 min to give a maximum yield. Fibrinogen is labeled under these conditions with an efficiency of 60–85 per cent binding. The gel permeation chromatogram showed a normal molecular weight distribution and the product was as stable with respect to in vitro hydrolysis as fibrinogen labeled by the ICl, chloramine-T, or electrolytic methods. The isotopic clottability of the enzymatically labeled product was 83·8 ± 2·5 per cent. Pronase hydrolysis of the labeled fibrinogen gave a yield of 84·3 ± 2·7 per cent iodotyrosine with a small yield of iodohistidine and no iodophenylalanine. Lactoperoxidase does catalyze the iodination of phenylalanine as the free amino acid as well as in a nonapeptide containing two phenylalanyl but no histidyl or tyrosyl residues. The lactoperoxidase/H2O2 system shows a greater selectivity for tyrosine labeling than does either chloramine-T or ICl and may therefore become the agent of choice for iodination of proteins requiring long term stability of the protein-iodine bond.
Inhibition of two enzymes in de novo purine nucleotide synthesis by triciribine phosphate (TCN-P).

Abstract We previously reported that triciribine (tricyclic nucleoside, TCN, NSC-154020), after phosphorylation in cultured CCRF-CEM human leukemic lymphoblasts inhibited de novo purine nucleotide synthesis, GTP more than ATP [Moore et al. Biochem. Pharmac. 38 , 4037 (1989)]. To determine the enzymes inhibited, triciribine phosphate (TCN-P, NSC-280594) was tested in dialyzed extracts of the cells. A new assay for glycinamide ribotide (GAR) synthesis was based on incorporation of [ 14 C]glycine into GAR as a ribose-containing compound retained on boronyl gel columns. Glutamine, phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP), ATP and glycine were required for the two-step sequence of glutamine: amidophosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.14) and phosphoribosylamine-glycine ligase (EC 6.3.4.13). When PRPP was near the normal intracellular concentration (0.1 mM), 1.2 mM TCN-P inhibited GAR synthesis by 71–95%. To permit separate assay of the ligase step, 6-diazo-5- oxo-L -norleucine was used to inhibit amidophosphoribosyltransferase and phosphoribosylamine (PRA) was supplied in situ by chemical reaction of ribose-5-phosphate and ammonia (as ammonium acetate). The ligase was not inhibited by TCN-P. Thus, TCN-P inhibits amidophosphoribosyltransferase; it acts as an analog of the purine nucleotides which regulate this first committed step of de novo purine biosynthesis by an allosteric feedback mechanism. The measured intracellular concentration (0.1 mM) of PRPP was not changed in cells treated with TCN. IMP dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.205), the first de novo step committed to guanosine nucleotide synthesis, was also tested. It was inhibited by TCN-P, competitively with IMP, 66% at 1.2 mM TCN-P and 8 μM IMP. The degree of inhibition of these two enzymes was sufficient to account for the effects on purine nucleotide biosynthesis observed in intact cells treated with TCN.
The ethics and politics of policing plagiarism: a qualitative study of faculty views on student plagiarism and Turnitin®

Recently, the usage of plagiarism detection software such as Turnitin® has increased dramatically among university instructors. At the same time, academic criticism of this software’s employment has also increased. We interviewed 23 faculty members from various departments at a medium-sized, public university in the southeastern US to determine their perspectives on Turnitin® and student plagiarism. We wanted to discern if there are important disciplinary differences in how instructors define and handle plagiarism; how instructors use Turnitin®; and if instructors’ thinking aligns with ethical and political concerns commonly expressed in the academic literature. Despite varying attitudes towards Turnitin®, those interviewed did not differ significantly in their views as to what student plagiarism is or its seriousness, and typical objections to ‘policing’ plagiarism and Turnitin® had little resonance with interviewees. The majority viewed a substantial amount of plagiarism they encountered as unintentiona...
The effect of postbreeding uterine lavage on pregnancy rate in mares

One stallion and 54 mares were used in an experiment to evaluate the effect of postbreeding uterine lavage on pregnancy rate in mares. All mares were inseminated with 250 x 10(6) progressively motile sperm every other day during estrus until detection of ovulation. Mares (n = 18) were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: 1) no postbreeding uterine lavage (control); 2) uterine lavage at 0.5 h postbreeding; or 3) uterine lavage at 2 h postbreeding. A dilute solution of povidone-iodine (PIS; 0.05%) previously determined to render spermatozoa immotile in vitro was used to lavage the mare uteri. One liter PIS, prewarmed to 40 degrees C, was used for each lavage. Pregnancy status of mares was determined at 21 d and 36 d post ovulation, using transrectal ultrasonography. The pregnancy rate of Group 1 (66.7%) was higher than that of Group 2 (22.2%; P 0.70). Evaluation of endometrial biopsies obtained from a separate set of mares (n = 3) on Day 6 post ovulation, both before and after uterine lavage, revealed no difference in the accumulation of inflammatory cells, suggesting adverse effects of lavage on fertility may have been due to excessive removal of spermatozoa from the uterus during the lavage process or damage to oviductal spermatozoa.
Influence of multiatom interactions on the shapes and energetics of two-dimensional homoepitaxial clusters on close-packed metallic surfaces.

We describe a scheme (BSM for ``bond saturation model'') for modeling the energetics of adatom clusters on close-packed metallic surfaces. In the BSM, atoms interact via coordination dependent nearest-neighbor bonds. We show that the BSM yields a detailed understanding of the relationship between shape and energy for two-dimensional (2D) homoepitaxial adatom clusters on close-packed metallic surfaces. In particular, we advance a simple rule for predicting the binding energies of small clusters based on the moments of their coordination distributions, derive a useful expression for the binding energy of a 2D cluster of arbitrary geometry, and study the role played by coordination dependent bonding in determining step energies for adatom islands. Our analysis of step energies provides insight into why the two distinct types of monatomic steps on Pt(111) have similar free energies as observed by Michely and Comsa. While our numerical results are for Pt(111), we expect our conclusions to hold for any chemically similar system. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Children's health-related locus of control beliefs: Ethnicity, gender, and family income

Health-related locus of control (HLC) beliefs are important predictors of health behaviors, but few studies have focused on children, and rarely have ethnicity, gender, or income been considered. Caucasian American, Latino American, and African American children (N = 167) completed the children's Multidimensional HLC scales, measuring internal, powerful others, and chance beliefs. Latino American and African American children endorsed stronger chance beliefs than Caucasian American children; Caucasian American children showed a trend toward less belief in powerful others compared to African American children. Patterns for boys and girls were similar. For children from higher income families, African American children scored higher than Caucasian American or Latino American children on belief in powerful others and chance; there were no ethnic group differences at lower income levels. Results suggest ethnicity and family income levels may be more important than gender as determinants of children's HLC beliefs.
CMOS-Compatible Micro-Fluidic Chip Cooling Using Buried Channel Fabrication

We present a CMOS-compatible method of fabricating burried channels within bulk single-crystal silicon serving as the substrate of CMOS circuitry. The channels were designed to provide a compact, forced convection heat transfer liquid cooling approach to microprocessor and integrated circuit thermal management. The baseline fabrication process consumers 8–10% of front-side surface area and serves as a foundation for incorporation of buried-channel cooling with CMOS electronics. Channels were fabricated with diameters ranging from 43–92 μm with sacrificial surface area trenches 10 μm wide. A microchannel heat transfer solution was designed, simulated, and tested with cooling of up to 21 W/cm2 . Compatibility with CMOS electronics was investigated by evaluating the post-process transistor performance of a simple oscillator circuit.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
MEASUREMENT OF NASAL AIRWAY RESISTANCE.

Abstract A measure of nasal airway resistance can be obtained by simultaneously relating transnasal pressure drop and the rate of nasal air flow. Resistance varies continuously throughout the range of attainable flows, and it has meaning only in relationship to specified rates of flow at which it is measured. The procedure described appears to provide a usable objective parameter for evaluating nasal response to controlled allergenic challenge and to other test situations.
Oligopoly pricing in congested networks

In this paper we study the problem of oligopoly pricing in congested markets when the demand faced by every firm is stochastic. In particular, we consider a general network, where every link is owned by a firm which charges prices in order to maximize its profits. In this environment we show the existence of a pure strategy price equilibrium, where the latency functions are assumed to satisfy continuity, monotonicity and convexity. Given this existence result, we show how to compute bounds for the inefficiency and how the result can be adapted to study price and capacity competition.
Categories Create Mindsets: The Effect of Exposure to Broad versus Narrow Categorizations on Subsequent, Unrelated Decisions

We find that exposure to different types of categories or assortments in a first task creates a mindset that changes how consumers process information. These mindsets in turn, have a spillover effect that alters consumers’ decision making in a variety of subsequent and unrelated tasks, from basic cognitive behaviors (e.g., grouping), and consumer decisions (e.g., new product adoptions), to more general decision making strategies (e.g., susceptibility to heuristics). Consumers previously exposed to broad assortments or categorizations base their decisions on fewer pieces of information, typically those made salient by the environment. In contrast, consumers who have previously been exposed to narrow assortments or categorizations, employ multiple pieces of information, both salient and non-salient, without exerting any extra effort. Consequently, prior exposure to broad versus narrow categorizations leads to greater susceptibility to some common context effects and to heuristic decision making.
New frontiers in input modeling: nonparametric estimation of Nonhomogeneous Poisson processes using wavelets

Nonhomogeneous Poisson processes (NHPPs) are frequently used in stochastic simulations to model nonstationary point processes. These NHPP models are often constructed by estimating the rate function from one or more observed realizations of the process. Both parametric and nonparametric models have been developed for the NHPP rate function. The current parametric models require prior knowledge of the behavior of the NHPP under study for model selection. The current nonparametric estimators, in general, require the storage of all of the observed data. Other hybrid approaches have also been developed. This paper focuses on the nonparametric estimation of the rate function of a nonhomogeneous Poisson process using wavelets. The advantages of wavelets include the flexibility of a nonparametric estimator enabling one to model the nonstationary rate function of an NHPP without prior knowledge or assumptions about the behavior of the process. Furthermore, this method has some advantages of current nonparametric techniques. Thus, using wavelets we can develop an efficient yet highly flexible NHPP rate function. In this paper, we develop the methodology required for constructing a wavelet estimator for the NHPP rate function. In addition, we present an experimental performance evaluation for this method.
Substance Use Scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory: An Exploration of Score Reliability via Meta-Analysis.

Three drug and alcohol use screening scales are embedded within the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory—2: the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale (MAC) and its revised version (MAC-R), the Addictio...
Prominent CD56 expression by damaged and regenerating muscle fibers in the skin.

Background: Antibodies to CD56 label natural killer cells as well as tissues with neural and neuroendocrine differentiation. Despite its apparently limited distribution, other conditions may unexpectedly show strong CD56 expression. Methods: We report three cases to document another setting with strong expression of CD56 in the skin: damaged and/or regenerating muscle fibers. One case of cutaneous lupus erythematosus, one case of lymphomatoid granulomatosis, and one case of a dermal scar adjacent to cutaneous muscle fibers were evaluated with a panel of antibodies, including CD56. Results: All cases showed histopathologic evidence of muscle fiber damage in the setting of lymphocytic infiltration or trauma. All cases showed prominent expression of CD56 by damaged and/or regenerating muscle fibers. The degree of CD56 expression was directly proportional to the proximity to the injury site and inversely proportional to fiber diameter. Conclusions: Even though CD56 is a useful marker for certain cytotoxic lymphomas and neural/neuroendocrine neoplasms, its expression is not limited to these conditions. Our cases highlight another unexpected example of strong CD56 expression in the skin: damaged and/or regenerating muscle fibers. The growing list of CD56-positive conditions suggests that this marker may not be as specific as initially assumed. Mckay K, McNiff J, Subtil A. Prominent CD56 expression by damaged and regenerating muscle fibers in the skin.
Effects of pH, solid/solution ratio, ionic strength, and organic acids on Pb and Cd sorption on kaolinite

Potentiometric and ion-selective electrode titrations together with batch sorption/desorption experiments, were performed to explain the aqueous and surface complexation reactions between kaolinite, Pb, Cd and three organic acids. Variables included pH, ionic strength, metal concentration, kaolinite concentration and time. The organic acids used were p-hydroxybenzoic acid, o-toluic acid, and 2,4-dinitrophenol. Titrations were used to derive previously unavailable aqueous conditional stability constants for the organometallic complexes. Batch results showed that aqueous lead-organic complexation reduced sorption of Pb by kaolinite. Cadmium behavior was similar, except for 2,4-dinitrophenol, where Cd sorption was increased. Metal sorption increased with increasing pH and decreasing ionic strength. Distribution ratios (K d 's) decreased with increasing solid/solution ratio. The subsurface transport of lead and cadmium may be enhanced via complex interactions with organic wastes or their degradation products and sorbent mineral surfaces.
Application of the multigrid solution technique to hypersonic entry vehicles

A multigrid solution procedure has been incorporated in a version of the Langley Aerothermodynamic Upwind Relaxation Algorithm. The multigrid scheme is based on the Full Approximation Storage approach and uses Full Multigrid to obtain a well defined fine mesh starting solution. Predictions were obtained using standard transfer operators and a 'V-cycle' was used to control grid sequencing. Computed hypersonic flow solutions compared with experimental data for a 15 degree sphere cone, blended-wing body, and shuttle-like geometries are presented. It is shown that the algorithm accurately predicts heating rates, and when compared with the single grid algorithm computes solutions in one-third the computational time.
Héctor P. García: Everyday Rhetoric and American Civil Rights, Michelle Hall Kells

Troubled when none of her students “had ever heard the story” of American GI Forum founder Dr. Hector P. Garcia, and dismayed that his long, effective campaign against discrimination had been large...
Violence and the homeless: An epidemiologic study of victimization and aggression

The present study is a random, systematic study of 900 homeless subjects in St. Louis that describes violence in their lives, both in terms of victimization, by specific violent traumatic events, and victimizing with recognized aggressive behaviors. Many subjects had experienced a traumatic event, and post-traumatic stress disorder was very common. Substance abuse and other Axis I disorders were associated with a history of a traumatic event. The majority of men and a substantial proportion of women also had a history of physically aggressive behaviors, often beginning in childhood. Aggressive adult behavior was associated with substance abuse and major depression. The aggressive behaviors usually predated homelessness, and about half continued after the individual had become homeless. Therefore, it is seen that violence is very much a part of the lives of the homeless, and it seems to be part of a broader picture of problems associated with risk for and experience of homelessness.
Reviewing the literature on non-parametric dynamic efficiency measurement: state-of-the-art

Much of the literature on static efficiency measurement models assumes that the inputs are fully used for producing outputs in the same period, with the result that no time interdependence exists between the input utilization and output realizations for a production unit in consecutive periods. A review of the literature on non-parametric dynamic efficiency models identifies five key factors of the inter-temporal dependence between input and output levels over different periods: (i) production delays; (ii) inventories (inventories of exogenous inputs or inventories of intermediate and final products); (iii) capital or generally quasi-fixed factors (and associated embodied technological change, vintage specific capital); (iv) adjustment costs; and (v) incremental improvement and learning models (disembodied technological change). This paper reviews the literature and finds that the dynamic issues associated with adjustment costs and capital have received considerable attention in the literature, whereas the dynamic issues associated with inventories have received less attention. The paper concludes with suggestions for future research such as relaxing the perfect anticipation/knowledge assumption for future variables, prices, and states. Moreover, Dynamic Network Data Envelopment Analysis has provided a unifying framework for some dynamic factors, but further development of these models is necessary including meaningful applications.
Exploring Gap Analysis to Evaluate Participant Satisfaction Regarding Community Development Planning Programs

This research examines the effect of participants' expectations on their satisfaction regarding community development planning programs. The marketing literature establishes that satisfaction depends on whether experiences meet or exceed expectations, a concept operationalized as “gap analysis,” but studies have not previously considered that participants' expectations and experiences may drive their satisfaction regarding economic development planning programs. The authors apply the gap analysis concept to 3 communities in West Virginia and analyze three gaps: (a) intra-recipient gap comparing expectations and experiences, (b) recipient-provider gap between expectations, and (c) recipient-provider gap between experiences. Gap (a) was not pronounced; gaps (b) and (c) yielded the strongest results.
Small-angle neutron scattering of a model crystallizable polymer: crystallization and size-mismatch effects

Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments have been conducted on mixtures of nearly monodisperse hydrogenated polybutadiene (HPB) and its deuterated counterpart (DPB) in molten and semicrystalline states. A direct comparison of scattering patterns from molten and quench-crystallized samples shows unambiguously that chain conformation is unchanged by crystallization over large and intermediate size scales. The HPB's are shown to have slightly larger coil dimensions than linear polyethylenes of the same molecular weight. The scattering law for mixtures of different chain lengths was also investigated. Mismatched mixtures of monodisperse components give rise to scattering with an angle dependence well described by the Debye function for a Gaussian chain, even in the 50/50 composition range. This permits evaluation of SANS parameters [apparent radius gyration (Rg)e and apparent degree of polymerization Ne] by analysis of the full scattering curve, removing the restrictions that the Guinier condition (qRg < 1) be satisfied. The values of (Rg)e and Ne obtained from experiment are in good agreement with predictions of the scattering law for ideal mixtures.
Daily support in couples coping with early stage breast cancer: maintaining intimacy during adversity.

Objective Recent work has identified intimacy as a potentially important determinant of psychological adjustment in couples coping with cancer. Little work has examined specific social support processes within the context of the everyday life of couples' cancer experience. Specifically, we examined the links between breast cancer patient reports of receiving support from one's spouse/partner (support receipt) and spouse reports of providing support to the patient (support provision) with daily intimacy outcomes. We hypothesized that both patient and spouse would benefit from support receipt and support provision. Method Forty-five women with early stage breast cancer and their spouses independently completed an Internet-based electronic diary assessing support receipt, support provision, and relationship intimacy for seven consecutive evenings shortly after surgery. Study outcomes consisted of daily relationship intimacy reported by each partner. Results As hypothesized, when controlling for patient report of support receipt, spouse report of support provision was uniquely associated with a significant additional increase in feelings of relationship intimacy for patients. Moreover, the independent effects of support receipt and support provision were also found to be beneficial for nonpatient spouses' daily feelings of intimacy. Conclusion Findings highlight the use of dyadic diary methods and corresponding modeling to uncover the unique benefits of support provision that may sometimes occur outside the awareness of the recipient. Results are discussed in terms of conceptualizing the cancer experience in a shared interpersonal context, whereby patients and their spouses can both benefit from support as they adjust to cancer together.
Policy Networks and Innovation Diffusion: The Case of State Education Reforms

Scholars in many fields have long recognized the role that social and professional networks play in the diffusion of innovations However, among political scientists, an awkward separation has emerged between scholars investigating policy diffusion processes and those investigating policy networks and, more generally, the role of ideas in politics In this article, we present a theoretical argument for integrating insights from policy network studies into diffusion studies Since they face clear incentives to tap the resources of policy networks, we give policy entrepreneurs a prominent place in this discussion Using event history analysis models of the diffusion of school choice ideas across the United States, we test the empirical relevance of our discussion and find that greater involvement in policy networks significantly increases the likelihood of policy entrepreneurs achieving their legislative goals Based on our theoretical discussion and these empirical results, we suggest that political scientists ...
Cell Swelling and a Nonselective Cation Channel Regulated by Internal Ca2+ and ATP in Native Reactive Astrocytes from Adult Rat Brain

Hypoxia-ischemia and ATP depletion are associated with glial swelling and blebbing, but mechanisms involved in these effects remain incompletely characterized. We examined morphological and electrophysiological responses of freshly isolated native reactive astrocytes (NRAs) after exposure to NaN(3), which depletes cellular ATP. Here we report that NaN(3) caused profound and sustained depolarization attributable to activation of a novel 35 pS Ca(2+)-activated, [ATP](i)-sensitive nonselective cation (NC(Ca-ATP)) channel, found in >90% of excised membrane patches. The channel was impermeable to Cl(-), was nearly equally permeable to monovalent cations, with permeabilities relative to K(+) being P(Cs)+/P(K)+(1.06) approximately P(Na)+/P(K)+(1.04) approximately P(Rb)+/P(K)+(1.02) approximately P(Li)+/P(K)+(0.96), and was essentially impermeable to Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) (P(Ca)2+/P(K)+ approximately P(Mg)2+/P(K)+ < 0.001), with intracellular Mg(2+) (100 microm to 1 mm) causing inward rectification. Pore radius, estimated by fitting relative permeabilities of organic cations to the Renkin equation, was 0.41 nm. This channel exhibited significantly different properties compared with previously reported NC(Ca-ATP) channels, including different sensitivity to block by various adenine nucleotides (EC(50) of 0.79 microm for [ATP](i), with no block by AMP or ADP), and activation by submicromolar [Ca](i). The apparent dissociation constant for Ca(2+) was voltage dependent (0.12, 0.31, and 1.5 microm at -40, -80, and -120 mV, respectively), with a Hill coefficient of 1.5. Channel opening by [ATP](i) depletion was accompanied by and appeared to precede blebbing of the cell membrane, suggesting participation of this channel in cation flux involved in cell swelling. We conclude that NRAs from adult rat brain express a 35 pS NC(Ca-ATP) channel that may play an important role in the pathogenesis of brain swelling.
An institutional theory investigation of U.S. technology development trends since the mid-19th century

Abstract Drawing on institutional theory, we examine how institutions have influenced technology development trends in the U.S. since the mid-19th century. Based on an inductive analysis of the history of technology development and corporate R&D, we show that both formal and informal institutional rules and constraints played a role in the initial rise of markets for technology, their decline during the early-20th century, and their eventual return at the end of the 20th century. We also find that formal and informal institutions influenced the widespread adoption of in-house R&D labs during the mid-20th century. Our study integrates insights from both the economics and sociology branches of institutional theory. This perspective is particularly useful to analyze historical phenomenon and shifts in trends across long time periods.
Ultrasonic call characteristics of rat pups are altered following prenatal malnutrition

The male offspring of rats provided with a protein deficient diet (6% casein) for 5 weeks prior to mating and throughout pregnancy were subjected to a brief period of isolation and cooling at postnatal Days (P)7, 9, and 11, and their ultrasonic vocalizations were compared with those of well-nourished pups. Calls were categorized into 12 different types based upon their sonographic patterns. Although call rates were equal, the call characteristics of the prenatally malno- urished pups differed significantly from those of well-nourished controls. At P7, their mean peak sound frequency (irrespective of call type) was significantly higher, and constant frequency calls were of both higher frequency and longer duration. Over the age range studied, prenatally malnourished pups emitted a smaller variety of calls, with significantly fewer ascending frequency vocalizations while producing either significantly fewer (P9) or greater (P11) descending frequency calls. Altered crying patterns have been related to brain damage in human babies, with more abnormal cries being associated with more severe neurological impairment. Therefore, the present results most likely reflect altered central nervous system development and function. Ultrasonic vocalization characteristics in rat pups may provide a useful early marker of the severity of disturbance to the development of the central nervous system following an insult, and offer the potential for predicting the degree of functional and behavioral deficits later in life. 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 43: 90-101, 2003.
An IIR filter approach to fast convergence spectral analyzers

The use of the cascading form realization of an infinite-impulse response (IIR) linear time-invariant (LTI) filter in the estimation of the autocorrelation function from a stream of data samples provides a direct access to a variety of fast and slow convergence recursive power-spectrum estimators. These estimators are generated by first transforming the data into the spectrum domain and then propagating the result through the filter structure. Each of the filter poles and zeros alters the statistical properties of the spectrum estimate in a different manner and, therefore, provides a wide class of estimators which vary in performance and characteristics. A large number of classes can be generated as a result of using different order of cascade of the filter poles and zeros. A discussion is presented of the cascading structure of the IIR LTI filter from the power-spectrum-estimation perspective. The effect of the cascading order on the differences among the estimators associated with the filter is examined. >
Effectiveness of Progeny Test Index Selection for Field Performance of Strain-Cross Layers II. Predicted and Realized Responses

Abstract Selection for egg production and egg quality traits in two sets (TX1 and TX2) of pedigreed strain-cross White Leghorns was based on strain-cross progeny performance averaged over field environments. Retrospect index weightings, selection intensities, and genetic parameters were used to predict genetic responses in TX1 and TX2 for a 5-year period. Predicted genetic responses were compared with realized genetic responses. Retrospect index weightings for 13 component traits showed less emphasis on early mortality (EMORT) and adult mortality (AMRT) and more emphasis on Haugh units and early shell texture than was intended. Selection intensity was about 1.5 σ for males in male lines and about 1.0 σ for females and males in female lines and for females in male lines. Average intensity of selection was 20% greater for retrospect than for intended selection index. Average intensity of selection among 3-year-old parents was no greater than that among 2-year-old parents, because 3-year-old parents had lower egg production, reduced fertility, and greater mortality. Predicted yearly change was in the desired direction for all traits except for a slightly negative predicted change in specific gravity. Predicted change in economic value (ECON) was $.09 for TX1 and $.12 for TX2. Most predicted change in ECON was due to traits affecting egg numbers (EGGS). Predicted changes in EGGS were 1.83 for TX1 and 2.33 for TX2. Estimated genetic changes were $.21 and 4.95 eggs for TX1 and $.21 and 5.00 eggs for TX2. Significant or near significant differences between predicted and estimated genetic changes indicated that EMRT, AMRT, egg weight, EGGS, and ECON changed more favorably than predicted and that excitability and blood spots changed less favorably than predicted.
Yankee Ingenuity in the South: James Burton and Confederate Ordnance Production

This article examines the role of James Burton in the diffusion of military technology in the mid-19th century. Burton worked as the Master Armorer at the Harpers Ferry Armory, as a contractor in the Connecticut Valley, and as an engineer at the Enfield Armory. At each location he incorporated the latest ideas of the American System of Manufacturing. Not only did he transmit new ideas, he visited, studied, and learned from his international peers. When the American Civil War began, he joined the Confederate Ordnance Department and helped the South continue a long and destructive war. The new technological ideas—bred out of necessity of war—continued to help shape the creation of a New South. After the war, Burton influenced weapons manufacturing in Russia, Italy, Turkey, and Egypt. The ideas that Burton helped implement is a case study of international technological diffusion.
TEMPERATURE AND FREQUENCY OF CARDIAC CONTRACTIONS IN EMBRYOS OF LIMULUS

Temperature characteristics for frequency of myogenic heart beat in Limulus embryos, before the onset of nervous control of the heart, were found to be 11,500; 16,400; 20,000; 25,500. The two first values are the best established. The different values pertain to the hearts of different individuals outwardly similar, and to the hearts of single embryos in different parts of the temperature range. These values differ from that known in connection with the control of the heart beat through the cardiac ganglion. The occurrence of critical temperatures, also, is not the same in all embryos. These facts are employed in a discussion of temperature relations in pulsating explants of chick myocardium.
A MEMS viscometric sensor for continuous glucose monitoring

We present a MEMS sensor aiming to enable continuous monitoring of glucose levels in diabetes patients. The device features a magnetically-driven vibrating microcantilever, which is situated in a microchamber and separated from the environment by a semi-permeable membrane. Glucose sensing is based on affinity binding principles using a solution of dextran concanavalin-A (Con A) as the sensing fluid. The glucose concentration is determined by detecting viscosity changes induced by the binding of glucose to Con A through the measurement of the cantilever's vibration parameters. The device is capable of measuring physiologically relevant glucose concentrations from 0 to 25 mM with a resolution better than 0.025 mM and a phase sensitivity better than 0.4° mM−1. The response of the sensor to glucose concentration changes has a time constant down to 4.27 min, and can be further improved with optimized device designs.
Oxygen transfer across the air‐water interface by natural convection in lakes

Oxygen transfer associated with natural convection in lakes and reservoirs was examined in a series of laboratory experiments. A thin, cool surface water layer (2‐3 mm in thickness) was formed by chilling the air overlying a tank of surface area 0.6 m 2 and depth 0.6 m. The surface water layer became gravitationally unstable, resulting in the formation of negatively buoyant thermal plumes, which penetrated through the total depth of the water column. The spatial distribution of oxygen concentration at the air‐water interface in the tank was visualized using a fluorescence imaging technique to quantify the oxygen transfer driven by only natural convection. Pyrenebutyric acid (PBA) at a concentration of 3.0 3 10 26 mole L 21 was used as the fluorophore, and the quenching of the fluorescence by oxygen was used to produce a spatial distribution of dissolved oxygen. A light plane was generated across the tank by the refraction of a laser light beam, and two-dimensional images were continuously acquired with an intensified charge coupled-device (ICCD) camera. Analysis of these images revealed the sinking of cooled water to transport oxygen, and the experiments enabled the quantification of the oxygen transferred from the air into water at a range of heat fluxes. The results confirm that vertical penetration of cold-dense water can be a significant source of oxygen for lakes and reservoirs.
Calorimetry and Thermodynamics in Drug Design

Modern instrumentation for calorimetry permits direct determination of enthalpy values for binding reactions and conformational transitions in biomolecules. Complete thermodynamic profiles consisting of free energy, enthalpy, and entropy may be obtained for reactions of interest in a relatively straightforward manner. Such profiles are of enormous value in drug design because they provide information about the balance of driving forces that cannot be obtained from structural or computational methods alone. This perspective shows several examples of the insight provided by thermodynamic data in drug design.
Palonosetron: a second generation 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor antagonist

Background Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is associated with a significant deterioration in quality of life. The emetogenicity of the chemotherapeutic agents, repeated chemotherapy cycles and patient characteristics (female gender, younger age, low alcohol consumption, history of motion sickness) are the major risk factors for CINV. Objective This review provides a detailed description of palonosetron, a second generation 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. Methods The chemistry and pharmacology of palonosetron are described, as well as the initial and recent clinical trials. Results/conclusion Palonosetron has a longer half-life and a higher binding affinity than the first generation 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. Palonosetron has been approved for the prevention of acute CINV in patients receiving either moderately or highly emetogenic chemotherapy and for the prevention of delayed CINV in patients receiving moderately emetogenic chemotherapy. In recent studies, compared to the first generation 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, palonosetron in combination with dexamethasone demonstrated better control of delayed CINV in patients receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy. There were no clinically relevant adverse reactions reported in the palonosetron clinical trials that were different from the common reactions reported for the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist class. Due to its efficacy in controlling both acute and delayed CINV, palonosetron may be very effective in the clinical setting of multiple-day chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation.
Growth cone behavior and production of traction force.

The growth cone must push its substrate rearward via some traction force in order to propel itself forward. To determine which growth cone behaviors produce traction force, we observed chick sensory growth cones under conditions in which force production was accommodated by movement of obstacles in the environment, namely, neurites of other sensory neurons or glass fibers. The movements of these obstacles occurred via three, different, stereotyped growth cone behaviors: (a) filopodial contractions, (b) smooth rearward movement on the dorsal surface of the growth cone, and (c) interactions with ruffling lamellipodia. More than 70% of the obstacle movements were caused by filopodial contractions in which the obstacle attached at the extreme distal end of a filopodium and moved only as the filopodium changed its extension. Filopodial contractions were characterized by frequent changes of obstacle velocity and direction. Contraction of a single filopodium is estimated to exert 50-90 microdyn of force, which can account for the pull exerted by chick sensory growth cones. Importantly, all five cases of growth cones growing over the top of obstacle neurites (i.e., geometry that mimics the usual growth cone/substrate interaction), were of the filopodial contraction type. Some 25% of obstacle movements occurred by a smooth backward movement along the top surface of growth cones. Both the appearance and rate of movements were similar to that reported for retrograde flow of cortical actin near the dorsal growth cone surface. Although these retrograde flow movements also exerted enough force to account for growth cone pulling, we did not observe such movements on ventral growth cone surfaces. Occasionally obstacles were moved by interaction with ruffling lamellipodia. However, we obtained no evidence for attachment of the obstacles to ruffling lamellipodia or for directed obstacle movements by this mechanism. These data suggest that chick sensory growth cones move forward by contractile activity of filopodia, i.e., isometric contraction on a rigid substrate. Our data argue against retrograde flow of actin producing traction force.
Welfare Reform and Models of Public Policy: Why Policy Sciences Are Required

Policy could be studied on the basis of three different models: ideological, social science, and policy sciences. Policy in accordance with ideology may not necessarily rely on solid rigorous research to back it up. Policy made solely in accordance with a rigorous social science model might be able to demonstrate a causal relationship between a given policy and desired outcomes, and in the process establish a clear role for good research in the policy process. But it often fails to account for the larger social and political context in which policy is formulated. Good policy should be based on rigorous social science research, while also factoring in the values of the broader society, that is, ideology. This would imply that in order to bridge the gap, that good policy should be formulated in accordance with the policy sciences model because it connects the rigorous methodology of the social sciences with the larger social policy context, that is, the broader policy process. When analyzing the reform of 1996 within the framework of these models, it becomes clear that while the legislation is highly ideological, it is not based on any serious research that would satisfy the criteria of the social science model. It fails the policy sciences model, in part, because its absence of clearly defined objectives, or a single objective, makes the task of measurement difficult. On the contrary, this legislation is a good example of why the policy community would do better to rely more on the policy sciences.
Developing a teaching environment for rapid design and verification of complex digital/computing systems

This paper first discusses the need and difficulties for the education community to establish an environment to teach system-level design and verification, then describes the activities at San Jose State University (Computer Engineering Department) in developing such an environment through a low cost approach. A demo is provided along with the paper.
Relaxation-based harmonic balance technique for semiconductor device simulation

Harmonic and intermodulation distortion effects play an important role in numerous analog applications, particularly in such areas as wireless communication systems. In this paper, we present a two-dimensional harmonic balance semiconductor device simulator which accurately models these nonlinear effects at the physical (drift-diffusion) level. The simulator is based on Stanford University's PISCES code, and supports the full range of physical models and features present in the time-domain version of the program. A modified block Gauss-Seidel-Newton nonlinear relaxation scheme is developed to efficiently handle the extremely large size of two-dimensional harmonic balance semiconductor device simulation problems.
Building a Networked Organization: Restructuring the it Department at MWH (B)

In this first in a series of cases on organizational network analysis (ONA), Vic Gulas, the new head of IT at the engineering consulting firm MWH Consulting, is charged with turning a geographically organized department into one organized by function. He knows that the success of the reorganization will depend on effective collaboration, but he cannot get a sense of what collaborative relationships do and do not exist by looking at a formal organizational chart. Instead, Gulas uses ONA, a method for mapping relationships among people in a group. In the ONA results, Gulas sees a group still fragmented by geography and constrained by hierarchy and other gaps in connectivity. The B case presents the network-building steps Gulas took on the basis of the ONA results and the results of a follow-up ONA Gulas conducted two years after the initial analysis. This second ONA revealed a network that was stronger and more appropriately connected in various ways.
The neologism ontoi in Broussais's condemnation of medical ontology.

This note uses an analysis of Broussais's objection to medical ontology to suggest why Broussais's neologism omicron nu tau omicron iota is derived not from omicron nu tau alpha but from a conflation of omicron nu tau alpha and the plural of omicron gamma kappa omicron sigma. For Broussais medical ontology, in contrast to philosophical ontology, always refers to abstract entities alleged to explain sensible symptoms, omicron gamma kappa omicron iota, in the sense of indivisible particles in the writings of Lucretius and Epicurus, are such particles; omicron nu tau alpha are not.
A Surface Vorticity Panel Method

In this paper, a new approach is presented for calculating the incompressible flow around a three-dimensional lifting body by modeling the body surface as a vortex sheet, as opposed to source and d...
Should the Frascati criteria for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders be used in children?

Cognitive impairment is likely common in children and adolescents with HIV infection in low-resource settings.1 While early treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy has greatly reduced the most severe form of cognitive impairment in children,2 milder forms of cognitive impairment may be increasing in prevalence due to longer survival.3–5 Before 2007, marked heterogeneity in definitions of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) made it challenging to interpret different rates of cognitive impairment among regions or populations. The Frascati criteria, developed in 2007, created a uniform approach to the diagnosis of HAND in adults and vastly improved the ability of researchers to understand these disorders and their consequences. Application of the Frascati criteria requires neuropsychological testing in at least 5 cognitive domains, assessment of impairment of activities of daily living, and exclusion of other causes of cognitive impairment.6 Recently, several analyses suggest that the Frascati criteria have a high false-positive rate for milder forms of HAND in adults, which may limit the utility of these criteria.5,7,8 False-positive rates may be affected by incomplete exclusion of confounding disorders such as subclinical depression, drug use, educational deprivation, and effects of socioeconomic status.
Dyslexia Treated by Hemisphere Stimulation Technic

Results of treatment of severe dyslexia in 80 children, ages 6 to 15 years, using hemisphere stimulation technics, are reported from the outpatient Department for Dyslexia, Child Psychiatric Center, Paedological Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.