cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A 50-Year History of the Dynamic Systems and Control Division

The Division began as a technical committee in 1936 and became the Industrial Instruments and Regulators Division in 1943. Significant events and broadening technology that fed to Division name changes and evolution are described. The Division received its current name in 1977. The feadership role of the Division in the field of dynamic systems and control is outlined. Objectives, scope, and activities of the Division are discussed, and statistical data and trends are given
Photon emission in scanning tunneling microscopy: Interpretation of photon maps of metallic systems.

We analyze maps of the integral photon intensity emitted from the tunneling gap of a scanning tunneling microscope obtained simultaneously with topography from a variety of metal films and single-crystal surfaces in ultrahigh vacuum. The effects of adsorbates and structures created with the scanning tunneling microscope on their local photon emission properties are investigated to explore the potential of the technique for chemical mapping. It is proposed that contrasts in photon maps on a scale of some tens of nanometers are attributable to local variations in the field strength of tip-induced plasmon modes which are determined by the surface geometry of the junction and its dielectric properties. On a (sub)nanometer scale, a second contrast mechanism is observed to occur, consistent with geometry-induced variations in the matrix element for inelastic tunneling. A comparison of electron spectroscopic data with bias-dependent photon maps indicates that contrasts on a subnanometer scale are further mediated by local modifications of the density of final states positioned one quantum of energy (h\ensuremath{\nu}) below the bottom of the elastic tunneling channel with respect to the Fermi level. These three mechanisms provide a framework for the interpretation of photon maps obtained on metallic systems.
Loss of Editing Activity during the Evolution of Mitochondrial Phenylalanyl-tRNA Synthetase

Accurate selection of amino acids is essential for faithful translation of the genetic code. Errors during amino acid selection are usually corrected by the editing activity of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases such as phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetases (PheRS), which edit misactivated tyrosine. Comparison of cytosolic and mitochondrial PheRS from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae suggested that the organellar protein might lack the editing activity. Yeast cytosolic PheRS was found to contain an editing site, which upon disruption abolished both cis and trans editing of Tyr-tRNA(Phe). Wild-type mitochondrial PheRS lacked cis and trans editing and could synthesize Tyr-tRNA(Phe), an activity enhanced in active site variants with improved tyrosine recognition. Possible trans editing was investigated in isolated mitochondrial extracts, but no such activity was detected. These data indicate that the mitochondrial protein synthesis machinery lacks the tyrosine proofreading activity characteristic of cytosolic translation. This difference between the mitochondria and the cytosol suggests that either organellar protein synthesis quality control is focused on another step or that translation in this compartment is inherently less accurate than in the cytosol.
Impact fracture behaviour of double-base gun propellants

Impact fracture properties of three nitrocellulose—nitroglycerine gun propellants have been measured in a three-point bend mode at moderate impact rates with an instrumented drop-weight impact tester. Dynamic moduli and loss tangents were measured over the temperature range −100 to +120° C, and three transitions were identified. A transition at about −30° C was found to increase the low-temperature fracture toughness of the higher nitroglycerine content propellants. The fracture data were analysed in terms of plane stress and plane strain fracture modes using a simplified model. It was found that the fracture toughness in zones undergoing plastic deformation under plane stress conditions was approximately twice that in zones under plane strain conditions. The plastic zone radii were greater than 0.3 mm at 20° C, falling to about 0.1 mm at −45° C. Strain energy release rates were calculated from fracture load and modulus, and from fracture energy. Good agreement was obtained between the two methods.
Identifying and resolving uncertainty as a mediated action in science: A comparative analysis of the cultural tools used by scientists and elementary science students at work

Elementary school children are capable of reproducing sophisticated science process skills such as observing, designing experiments, collecting data, and evaluating evidence. An understanding of the nature of scientific knowledge requires more than teaching and learning the performance of these skills. It also requires an appreciation of how these actions lead to knowledge generation and shape its durable and tentative nature. Our understanding of activities that support the teaching and learning of the nature of scientific knowledge is still growing. This study compares how scientific knowledge is generated in science laboratories and in elementary school classrooms. Discourse analysis, conducted through an activity theoretical perspective, of conversations between biomedical researchers revealed that nearly every aspect of discussions among scientists concerned uncertainty—establishing what was known with confidence and what remained unresolved. Analysis of conversations between teachers and students in an urban elementary school showed that a similar pattern of identifying and resolving uncertainty was evident when students were conducting independent investigations. All participants identified new knowledge through processes of reflexivity concerned with what was observed, conducted, and interpreted in investigations. Implications for science education are discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed94:308–335, 2010
School level at 10 years of age in children who required neonatal intensive care in 1980-1989

UNLABELLED School level at age 10 was studied in two cohorts of children who had required neonatal intensive care (NIC): cohort 1, children born 1980-1985 (n=310); and cohort 2, children born 1986-1989 (n=245); and two control groups. More than 80% of all NIC children of both cohorts attended the appropriate mainstream grade 3 or 4; 12.9% of cohort 1 and 6.8% of cohort 2 were in mainstream grade 2. Six per cent of both cohorts received special education. Among very preterm children (23-31 gestational weeks), 73.5% of cohort 1 and 80.3% of cohort 2 attended grades 3 and 4, while 22.9% and 12.1%, respectively, were in grade 2. Assistance (remedial teaching, personal assistant or special teaching group) was given to 42.4% of cohort 1 in the mainstream (grades 2, 3 and 4) and to 38.2% of cohort 2 in the mainstream. In cohort 2, more very preterm girls than matched controls received assistance (p<0.05); no corresponding difference was found in very preterm boys. Most children with congenital malformations received assistance in mainstream education or received special education. CONCLUSION Most NIC children are in mainstream school classes at age 10. Twelve to 23% of very preterm children are 1 y behind. Many NIC children in the school mainstream need assistance at school, but the proportion of children in mainstream education increases markedly with time.
Application of the pseudospectral time-domain method to the scattering of light by nonspherical particles

The pseudospectral time-domain (PSTD) method is a powerful approach for computing the single-scattering properties of arbitrarily shaped particles with small-to-moderate-sized parameters. In the PSTD method, the spatial derivative approximation based on the spectral method is more accurate than its counterpart based on the finite-difference technique. Additionally, the PSTD method can substantially diminish accumulated errors that increase with the spatial scale and temporal duration of simulation. We report on the application of the PSTD method to the scattering of light by nonspherical ice particles. The applicability of the PSTD method is validated against the Lorenz-Mie theory and the T-matrix method. The phase functions computed from the PSTD method and the Lorenz-Mie theory agree well for size parameters as large as 80. Furthermore, the PSTD code is also applied to the scattering of light by nonspherical ice crystals, namely, hollow hexagonal columns and aggregates, which are frequently observed in cirrus clouds. The phase functions computed from the PSTD method are compared with the counterparts computed from the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method for a size parameter of 20 and an incident wavelength of 3.7 microm. The comparisons show good agreement between the two methods.
Distribution of glutamete decar☐ylase in discrete brain nuclei

The L-glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) levels of 70 rat brain nuclei were determined. The distribution of GAD is uneven. High AAD activity was found in the substantia nigra, the colliculi, some hypothalamic nuclei (e.g. dorsomedial) some nuclei of the limbic system (e.g. tractus diagonalis and accumbens) and the medial forebrain bundle. The reticular part of the substantia nigra had the highest activity, two-fold higher than any other nucleus. Low GAD activity was found in the nuclei of the pons, the hypothalamic median eminence and the reticular formation. Moderate activity was measured in most areas studied. The biochemical mapping of GAD is discussed in relation to possible GABA pathways in the brain.
SU-E-I-76: Optimizing Imaging Parameters for a Novel Radiographic Imaging System for the Detection of Corrosion in Aluminum Aircraft Structures

Purpose: A laboratory‐based phase‐contrast radiography/tomosynthesis imagingsystem previously (Med. Phys. Vol. 38, 2353 May 2011) for improved detection of low‐contrast soft‐tissue masses was used to evaluate the sensitivity for detecting the presence of thin layers of corrosion on aluminumaircraft structures. Methods: The evaluation utilized a test object of aluminum (2.5 inch × 2.5 inch × 1/8 inch) on which different geometric patterns of 0.0038 inch thick anodized aluminum oxide was deposited. A circular area of radius 1 inch centered on the phantom's midpoint was milled to an approximate thickness of 0.022 inches. The x‐ray source used for this investigation was a dual focal spot, tungstenanode x‐ray tube. The focal used during the investigation has a nominal size of 0.010 mm. The active area of the imager is 17.1 cm × 23.9 cm (2016 × 2816 pixels) with a pixel pitch of 0.085 mm. X‐ray tube voltages ranged from 20–40 kVp and source‐ to‐object and object‐to‐image distances were varied from 20–100 cm. Performance of the phase‐contrast mode was compared to conventional absorption‐based radiography using contrast ratio and contrast‐to‐noise ratios (C/N). Phase‐contrast performance was based on edge‐enhancement index (EEI) and the edge‐enhancement‐to‐noise (EE/N) ratio. Results: for absorption‐based radiography, the best C/N ratio was observed at the lowest kVp value (20 kVp). The optimum sampling angle for tomosynthesis was +/− 8 degrees. Conclusions: Comparing C/N to EE/N demonstrated the phase‐contrast techniques improve the conspicuity of the oxide layer edges. This work provides the optimal parameters that a radiographicimagingsystem would need to differentiate the two different compounds of aluminum. Subcontractee from PositronSystems Inc. (Boise, Idaho) through United States Air Force grant (AF083‐225).
Clinical characteristics and psychiatric comorbidity in males with exhibitionism.

BACKGROUND: This study was constructed to detail the demographic and phenomenological features of males with exhibitionism. METHOD: Male subjects with DSM-IV exhibitionism were administered a semistructured interview to elicit demographic data and information on the phenomenology, age at onset, and associated features of the disorder. Subjects also underwent structured clinical interviews to assess both Axis I and Axis II comorbidities. Data were collected from September 2003 to March 2005. RESULTS: Twenty-five males with exhibitionism (mean +/- SD age = 35.0 +/-13.1 years [range, 14-68 years]) were studied. The majority of subjects were single (60% [N = 15]) and heterosexual (80% [N = 20]). The mean +/- SD age at onset for exhibitionism was 23.4 +/-13.1 years. All subjects reported urges to expose themselves with little control over these urges. Exposing oneself while driving was the most common expression of the disorder. Twenty-three (92%) suffered from a current comorbid Axis I disorder (major depressive disorder, compulsive sexual behavior, and substance use disorders were most common), and 40% (N = 10) suffered from a personality disorder. Suicidal thoughts were common (52% [N = 13]), and many (36% [N = 9]) had been arrested for exhibitionism. CONCLUSION: Exhibitionism appears to be associated with high rates of psychiatric comorbidity and impairment. Research is needed to optimize patient care for men with this disorder. Language: en
Superconductivity and electron tunneling

Experiments on the tunneling of electrons through a thin dielectric layer separating two superconducting metals are reported. Data are presented for the pairs AI-Pb, Sn-Pb, and In-Sn. Particular attention is paid to the form of the tunneling current vs voltage characteristics and to the changes observed as a function of temperature. Experimental details relative to the measurement techniques, the preparation of the samples, and the preparation of the dielectric layers are presented. An analysis of the problem is presented which is based on the simple, one-dimensional model of the electron energy spectrum of a superconductor given by the theory of Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer. Close quantitative agreement is obtained between the results of the calculations and the observed characteristics.
New cryoprotectant for cryorefractive surgery.

Abstract Cryorefractive surgeries, keratomileusis, keratophakia, and epikeratophakia cause destruction of keratocytes, which may result in postoperative corneal haze. We examined the effects of two cryoprotectants on keratocyte survival following freeze injury. We compared the ability of CPTES and the standard cryoprotectant KM-26 to prevent keratocyte death by altering the length of time corneal tissue was exposed to the cryoprotectant. When corneal stroma was immersed in CPTES for five minutes prior to freezing, 66.5% of the keratocytes survived; when tissue was immersed in KM-26 for the same length of time, 27.5% survived ( P
Novel method for fabrication of high-efficiency optics for short wavelength radiation

Extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) is the most likely next generation lithography technique which uses radiation near 13.4 nm wavelength. At this short wavelength, most materials readily absorb the radiation, making refractive lens optical systems unusable. We demonstrate a novel method for fabrication of highly efficient optics for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation using focused ion beam (FIB). These optics are based on Fresnel zone plates, similar to those used for x-ray microscopy, but with a geometry to improve the efficiency for EUV radiation. A typical zone plate has concentric rings with a radially decreasing feature size such that the path of light through every second zone to the focus differs by one optical wavelength following the Bragg's Law. An optic with a net efficiency of 21% can be achieved for 13.4 nm radiation using the standard zone plate design with 86 nm thick zones made from Mo and mounted on a 50 nm silicon nitride membrane. Further improvement in the efficiency can be achieved by fabricating blazed zone plates, which can have a net efficiency of 40% when fabricated on a 50 nm silicon nitride membrane. These lenses are cheap to manufacture and easy to align for imaging since it is a single optic. The preliminary data will be presented on the fabrication of both standard and blazed zone plates optimized for EUV radiation.
SU-GG-J-135: Nanoparticle Transport Study for Drug Delivery in Diagnostic & Therapeutic Oncology

Purpose: To study the fundamental transport properties(diffusion) of nanoparticles in tumor and surrounding normal tissue for several geometries and several volumetric nanoparticles.Method and Materials:Diffusion is the dominant mode of interstitial transport for small solutes, and when the driving force for convection is diminished, it may be the dominant or at least a significant mechanism for the transport of macromolecules. Computation of transport of nanoparticles using the Fluid Dynamics program Fluent® 6.2 with the use of user defined functions made it possible to study diffusion in arbitrary geometries. Fluent computations for time dependent particle distribution for four different cases of volumetric nanoparticle sources were performed for model geometries, and tissue/tumor properties and results for arbitrary scalar (φ) value (e.g. mass concentration, particle concentration, etc.) were analyzed. Different volumetric sources that we have considered are (1) constant, (2) no source, (3) an arbitrary function of space and time, and (4) as an arbitrary function of space. For the several model cases, we have also verified Fluent results against analytical results. Results: The computations are carried over a 6 hour diffusion time period in the tissue‐tumor geometry. Computational results for particle distributions in the model are sampled for every 30 minutes and volume integral of φ are plotted for tissue and tumor volumes. Volume integrals of φ in normal tissue volumes and tumors for the four cases of sources gave an estimate of the amount of φ absorbed in the tumor volumes. Conclusion: These results appear consistent with expectations, and the computational model thus appears appropriate for future explorations/verifications. The study of transport property of the nanoparticles using Fluent has provided insight into the distribution of the nanoparticles. This would allow us to explore variety of different nanoparticles like gold, gadolinium, tungsten etc for diagnostic and therapeuticoncology.
aeGEPUCI: a database of gene expression in the dengue vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti

Background Aedes aegypti is the principal vector of dengue and yellow fever viruses. The availability of the sequenced and annotated genome enables genome-wide analyses of gene expression in this mosquito. The large amount of data resulting from these analyses requires efficient cataloguing before it becomes useful as the basis for new insights into gene expression patterns and studies of the underlying molecular mechanisms for generating these patterns.
An exploration of female social work students' participation in online and face-to-face self-help groups

This article reviews findings of a small, exploratory study of 45 female, masters-level social work students who participated face-to-face or online in course required self-help groups. Explored with both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods were reasons for female students’ choice of group medium and satisfaction with peer support in both types of groups. A range of supportive acts and behaviors were reported in the qualitative data although there were few statistically significant differences in quantitative peer support scores when grouped by face-to-face and online group membership. Contributions from research on the relational theory of women’s development and group psychotherapy are suggested to help in developing online learning environments geared towards female learners.
Improving classification performance for the minority class in highly imbalanced dataset using boosting

Data imbalance is a common property in many medical and biological data and usually results in degraded generalization performance. In this article, we present a novel boosting method to address two important questions in learning from imbalanced dataset: how to maximize the performance of classifying the minority instances without compromising the performance for the majority instances? and how to select training instances to achieve a comprehensive representation of the data distribution and avoid high computational time? Our method maximizes the usage of the available samples with priority given to the minority samples. The base classifiers are weighted with their sensitivities derived from the training examples. Using synthetic and real-world datasets, we demonstrated the performance improvement of our method in both sensitivity and accuracy without major reduction in specificity. In contrast to AdaBoost, our method took much less time, which makes it applicable in real-world problems that have large amount of data.
Testing message diffusion in harmonic logistic curves

The growth of a population of knowers of a message was studied to test a human interactance hypothesis. The conditions investigated involvedpeople interacting in time, with the population pairing off randomly (i.e., determined by many, small, different influences) and transferring an attribute (i.e., an all-or-none act) at either a steady rate or a waning rate, subsequent to the originating stimulus. The mathematical expressions for these pre-conditions were the differential equations for the linear logistic for steady acting and the harmonic logistic for waning acting. Variant forms of these curves were developed. Two exploratory experiments, or pretests, comprised launching a coffee slogan in a town and imitating a badge wearer in a boys' camp. Since the activity rate waned harmonically in both cases, the harmonic logistic fit best in both the town and the camp as expected by the hypothesis.
Absorption Cross Sections of Gaseous Dimethylnitramine at Selected Wavelengths between 185 and 325 nm

Dimethylnitramine (DMNA), (CH3)2N-NO2, has been extensively studied as a simple analog expected to exhibit some of the processes important in cyclic nitramine decomposition. Although many of these studies include its gas-phase dissociation following excitation with UV radiation, a reference for its gas-phase UV absorption cross sections has not been established. Since this is an important parameter in analyzing the results of DMNA dissociation, we report our results for room-temperature DMNA. Absorption cross sections at selected wave-lengths between 185 and 325 nm have been calculated from UV absorbance spectra with the use of Beer-Lambert's law.
Juvenile hormone epoxide hydrase in house flies, flesh flies and blow flies☆

Abstract Juvenile hormone (JH) epoxide hydrase activity of the house fly ( Musca domestica L.), flesh fly ( Sarcophage bullata Parker), and black blow fly ( Phormia regina (Meigen)) was measured in vitro . Juvenile hormone esterase activity, present in the same in vitro system, was eliminated by the addition of paraoxon. Most of the enzyme is located in the microsomal fractions of insect tissue homogenates. The hydrase is NADPH-independent and is not affected by carbon monoxide or other inhibitors of microsomal oxidases. It is inhibited by certain JH analogs containing an epoxy group. No marked difference in hydrase activity was observed between strains of insecticide-susceptible and resistant house flies. The enzyme is induced in the house fly by feeding phenobarbital for three days.
A spectrum stripping technique for qualitative activation analysis using monoenergetic gamma spectra

Abstract A qualitative neutron activation analysis technique has been developed using a library of spectra consisting of monoenergetic gammas instead of isotopic spectra. The library is employed with a straightforward spectrum stripping computer program which provides rapid identification of the constituents in an unknown sample. The use of a library of this type requires a much smaller library and eliminates some of the difficulties associated with the mathematical procedures normally used in computer coupled activation analysis. The methods used to obtain thede spectra and the computer program are briefly outlined. A test case is presented which illustrates the efficiency of the computer program.
MAXIMUM SCORE ESTIMATION OF THE STOCHASTIC UTILITY MODEL OF CHOICE

This paper introduces a class of robust estimators of the parameters of a stochastic utility function. Existing maximum likelihood and regression estimation methods require the assumption of a particular distributional family for the random component of utility. In contrast, estimators of the ‘maximum score’ class require only weak distributional assumptions for consistency. Following presentation and proof of the basic consistency theorem, additional results are given. An algorithm for achieving maximum score estimates and some small sample Monte Carlo tests are also described.
How you can tell if the simulations in computational criminology are any good

Computational criminology applies computer simulations to study topics of interest for criminologists. Just as for all computer modelling in science, the validity of the simulations ultimately depends on whether they are able to reproduce empirical phenomena with sufficient accuracy. The only way in which this can be determined is by comparing model output to real observations. This paper provides an overview of how such model evaluations can be undertaken.
The impact of transit station areas on the travel behaviors of workers in Denver, Colorado

Abstract Transit development is one planning strategy that seeks to partially overcome limitations of low-density single use car oriented development styles. While many studies focus on how residential proximity to transit influences the travel behaviors of individuals, the effect of workplace proximity to transit is less understood. This paper asks, does working near a light rail transit station influence the travel behaviors of workers differently than workers living near a station? We begin by examining workers’ commute mode based on their residential and workplace proximity to transit station areas. Next, we analyze the ways in which personal travel behaviors differ between those who drive to work and those who do not. The data came from a 2009 travel behavior survey in the Denver, Colorado metropolitan area, which contains 8000 households, 16,000 individuals, and nearly 80,000 trips. We measure sustainable travel behaviors as reduced mileage, reduced number of trips, and increased use of non-car transportation. The results of this study indicate that living near a transit station area by itself does not increase the likelihood of using non-car modes for work commutes. But if the destination (work) is near a transit station area, persons are less likely to drive a car to work. People who both live and work in a transit station area are less likely to use a car and more likely to take non-car modes for both work and non-work (personal) trips. Especially for persons who work near a transit station area, the measures of personal trips and distances show a higher level of mobility for non-car commuters than car commuters – that is, more trips and more distant trips. The use of non-car modes for personal trips is most likely to occur by non-car commuters, regardless of their transit station area relationship.
Optimization of the parallel technique for compiled unit-delay simulation

The parallel technique is a purely compiled method for unit-delay simulation that is based on levelized compiled simulation and bit parallel simulation. The parallel technique provides rapid simulations with a reasonable amount of code, but there are opportunities for optimization. The author presents two schemes: bit-field trimming and shift-elimination. Performance results are presented that demonstrate an average performance improvement of 47%. >
Metrics and Meaning for Environmental Sustainability.

Indicators of environmental performance are complex, critical, and increasingly in demand. Colleges and universities will be best served by focusing on core indicators and collaboration between sustainability and institutional research offices.
Higher Order β Matching is Undecidable

We show that the solvability of matching problems in the simply typed λ-calculus, up to β equivalence, is not decidable. This decidability question was raised by Huet [?]. Note that there are two variants of the question: that concerning β equivalence (dealt with here), and that concerning βη equivalence. The second of these is perhaps more interesting; unfortunately the work below sheds no light on it, except perhaps to illustrate the subtlety and difficulty of the problem.
The capacity of binary channels that use linear codes and decoders

This paper analyzes the performance of concatenated coding systems operating over the binary-symmetric channel (BSC) by examining the loss of capacity resulting from each of the processing steps. The techniques described in this paper allow the separate evaluation of codes and decoders and thus the identification of where loss of capacity occurs. They are, moreover, very useful for the overall design of a communications system, e.g., for evaluating the benefits of inner decoders that produce side information. The first two sections of this paper provide a general technique (based on the coset weight distribution of a binary linear code) for calculating the composite capacity of the code and a BSC in isolation. The later sections examine the composite capacities of binary linear codes, the BSC, and various decoders. The composite capacities of the (8,4) extended Hamming, (24, 12) extended Golay, and (48, 24) quadratic residue codes appear as examples throughout the paper. The calculations in these examples show that, in a concatenated coding system, having an inner decoder provide more information than the maximum-likelihood (ML) estimate to an outer decoder is not a computationally efficient technique, unless generalized minimum-distance decoding of an outer code is extremely easy. Specifically, for the (8,4) extended Hamming and (24, 12) extended Golay inner codes, the gains from using any inner decoder providing side information, instead of a strictly ML inner decoder, are shown to be no greater than 0.77 and 0.34 dB, respectively, for a BSC crossover probability of 0.1 or less, However, if computationally efficient generalized minimum distance decoders for powerful outer codes, e.g., Reed-Solomon codes, become available, they will allow the use of simple inner codes, since both simple and complex inner codes have very similar capacity losses.
Practical techniques to obviate setuid-to-root binaries

Trusted, setuid-to-root binaries have been a substantial, long-lived source of privilege escalation vulnerabilities on Unix systems. Prior work on limiting privilege escalation has only considered privilege from the perspective of the administrator, neglecting the perspective of regular users---the primary reason for having setuid-to-root binaries.The paper presents a study of the current state of setuid-to-root binaries on Linux, focusing on the 28 most commonly deployed setuid binaries in the Debian and Ubuntu distributions. This study reveals several points where Linux kernel policies and abstractions are a poor fit for the policies desired by the administrator, and root privilege is used to create point solutions. The majority of these point solutions address 8 system calls that require administrator privilege, but also export functionality required by unprivileged users.This paper demonstrates how least privilege can be achieved on modern systems for non-administrator users. We identify the policies currently encoded in setuid-to-root binaries, and present a framework for expressing and enforcing these policy categories in the kernel. Our prototype, called Protego, deprivileges over 10,000 lines of code by changing only 715 lines of Linux kernel code. Protego also adds additional utilities to keep the kernel policy synchronized with legacy, policy-relevant configuration files, such as /etc/sudoers. Although some previously-privileged binaries may require changes, Protego provides users with the same functionality as Linux and introduces acceptable performance overheads. For instance, a Linux kernel compile incurs less than 2% overhead on Protego.
Understanding generational differences in financial literacy in Hmong immigrant families

The purpose of this study was to describe financial literacy in two-generation Hmong immigrant families. Interviews with 7 pairs of parents and their young adult children provided evidence that families were adapting to the U.S. economic system while maintaining important cultural values and practices. Hmong parents prioritized traditional values and practices of sharing resources, living simply, saving regularly, and avoiding debt. Young adult children were more inclined to spend than save, use credit to satisfy wants, and articulate American values of independence, individualism, and personal happiness. Generational gaps have the potential to create conflict within Hmong families as they adapt to the complex U.S. economic environment. This study highlights the importance of considering the influences of culture, acculturation, and the immigrant experience in developing financial literacy.
Educational And Financial Impact Of Technology On Workforce Development

In the current evolving economic environment, developing and implementing an effective workforce to improve the skills and capability of employees are seen as central to improving individual and organizational performance and competitiveness. The availability of online education in universities as well as the work place has significantly increased during the past decade. This paper summarizes and addresses the current research, trends and future prospects of e-learning as it relates to the awarding of higher educational degrees and private sector workforce development.
End item temperature test - an improved line replacement unit (LRU)-level screen

Details the evaluation and implementation of Honeywell's end item temperature test (EITT) process which functionally tests each production LRU at the customer-required temperature extremes. An aircraft system that formerly utilized 100% screening of electronic parts was selected for this process. A fixture was developed to allow the end item to be thoroughly tested while inside an environmental chamber. Using EITT, Honeywell replaced screening with EITT for specifically selected parts. The EITT adds thermal testing in addition to the normal environmental stress screening and acceptance test procedure steps. EITT also provides an effective tool for root cause failure analysis. The EITT-produced units (LRUs) were found to have 47% fewer integrated circuit (IC) removals than the previously built systems that were subjected to the 100% part screening. By reducing the part screening-caused damage, a 42% reduction was observed in mechanical damage such as bent leads. Since production implementation in 1998, only 2 field failures have been observed on the more than 300,000 EITT characterized ICs in the field.
Female disability disadvantage: a global perspective on sex differences in physical function and disability.

The objectives were to determine whether women always fare more poorly in terms of physical function and disability across countries that vary widely in terms of their level of development, epidemiologic context and level of gender equality. Sex differences in self-reported and objective measures of disability and physical function were compared among older adults aged 55–85 in the United States of America, Taiwan, Korea, Mexico, China, Indonesia and among the Tsimane of Bolivia using population-based studies collected between 2001 and 2011. Data were analysed using logistic and ordinary least-squares regression. Confidence intervals were examined to see whether the effect of being female differed significantly between countries. In all countries, women had consistently worse physical functioning (both self-reported and objectively measured). Women also tended to report more difficulty with activities of daily living (ADL), although differences were not always significant. In general, sex differences across measures were less pronounced in China. In Korea, women had significantly lower grip strength, but sex differences in ADL difficulty were non-significant or even reversed. Education and marital status helped explain sex differences. Overall, there was striking similarity in the magnitude and direction of sex differences across countries despite considerable differences in context, although modest variations in the effect of sex were observed.
The Capture Theory of Regulation and Its Implication to the Regulation of Construction Market

The Capture theory postulates that government regulation is effected in order to meet the needs for regulation of industry, i.e. legislators are captured by the industry,the regulation organization will be controlled finally by the industry, i.e. lawmen are captured by the industry. In order to strengthen the standard of the construction market, based on the capture theory of regulation, the regulation of the construction market is mainly manifested in the following aspects: The regulatory policy goal must be explicit;Constitution of powerful organizations on behalf of consumers; As well as formation of correspondingly balanced mechanism and so on.
Carbohydrate dynamics and mortality in a piñon‐juniper woodland under three future precipitation scenarios

Drought-induced forest mortality is an increasing global problem with wide-ranging consequences, yet mortality mechanisms remain poorly understood. Depletion of non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) stores has been implicated as an important mechanism in drought-induced mortality, but experimental field tests are rare. We used an ecosystem-scale precipitation manipulation experiment to evaluate leaf and twig NSC dynamics of two co-occurring conifers that differ in patterns of stomatal regulation of water loss and recent mortality: the relatively desiccation-avoiding pinon pine (Pinus edulis) and the relatively desiccation-tolerant one-seed juniper (Juniperus monosperma). Pinon pine experienced 72% mortality after 13-25 months of experimental drought and juniper experienced 20% mortality after 32-47 months. Juniper maintained three times more NSC in the foliage than twigs, and converted NSC to glucose and fructose under drought, consistent with osmoregulation requirements to maintain higher stomatal conductance during drought than pinon. Despite these species differences, experimental drought caused decreased leaf starch content in dying trees of both species (P < 0.001). Average dry-season leaf starch content was also a good predictor of drought-survival time for both species (R(2) = 0.93). These results, along with observations of drought-induced reductions to photosynthesis and growth, support carbon limitation as an important process during mortality of these two conifer species.
An artificial neural network for wavelet steganalysis

Hiding messages in image data, called steganography, is used for both legal and illicit purposes. The detection of hidden messages in image data stored on websites and computers, called steganalysis, is of prime importance to cyber forensics personnel. Automating the detection of hidden messages is a requirement, since the shear amount of image data stored on computers or websites makes it impossible for a person to investigate each image separately. This paper describes research on a prototype software system that automatically classifies an image as having hidden information or not, using a sophisticated artificial neural network (ANN) system. An ANN software package, the ISU ACL NetWorks Toolkit, is trained on a selection of image features that distinguish between stego and nonstego images. The novelty of this ANN is that it is a blind classifier that gives more accurate results than previous systems. It can detect messages hidden using a variety of different types of embedding algorithms. A Graphical User Interface (GUI) combines the ANN, feature selection, and embedding algorithms into a prototype software package that is not currently available to the cyber forensics community.
Thermomechanical head performance

Mismatch of thermal expansion of various materials used in the transducer and slider of giant magnetoresistive (GMR) recording heads causes, at higher operating head temperature, mechanical stresses and, in particular, protrusion toward the media [thermal pole tip recession (T-PTR)]. Low T-PTR is necessary for low head-media spacing without mechanical contact. Impact of the magnitude of the Poisson's ratio of a photoresist coil insulator on thermal protrusion is shown to be large, due to large variation of the volume compressibility. Three-dimensional FE (3-D FE) thermomechanical modeling shows that the distribution of thermal stress in shields caused by mismatch of coefficient of thermal expansion changes completely close to the air bearing surface due to protruded head surface. During head operation, the primary heat source arises from the writer coil. The maximum temperature and the particular temperature distribution depends on the ability of the head components to dissipate effectively the generated heat. As the transducer continues to scale down in size with increasing areal density and data rate, the power dissipated per unit volume grows due to the larger coil resistance in the core region.
REVIEW OF STATA 7

1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION Stata 7 is a general-purpose statistical package that does all of the textbook statistical analyses and has a number of procedures found only in highly specialized software. 1 Unlike most commercial packages aimed at making it possible for any Windows user to produce smart-looking graphs and tables, Stata is aimed primarily at researchers who understand the statistical tools they are using. The applications of statistics that are covered best by Stata are econometrics, social sciences, and biostatistics. The Stata tools for the latter two categories are contingency tables, stratified and clustered survey data analysis (useful also for health and labour economists), and survival data analysis (useful also in studies of duration, such as studies of the lengths of unemployment or poverty spells). There are several things that I like about Stata. First of all, it is a very good package for doing applied research, with lots of everyday estimation and testing techniques, as well as convenient data-handling tools. The unified syntax makes all these things easy to learn and use. It is also a rapidly developing package, with excellent module extension and file sharing capabilities built into it. Stata features a great support environment, both from the developers and from advanced users of the package. The best example of the informal support network formed around Stata is the Statistical Software Components archive (SSC-IDEAS, part of RePEc) that contains several hundred user-written programs. For many users, it is also important that the academic and student prices can be quite low.
Morphogenesis and the Cell Cycle

Studies of the processes leading to the construction of a bud and its separation from the mother cell in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have provided foundational paradigms for the mechanisms of polarity establishment, cytoskeletal organization, and cytokinesis. Here we review our current understanding of how these morphogenetic events occur and how they are controlled by the cell-cycle-regulatory cyclin-CDK system. In addition, defects in morphogenesis provide signals that feed back on the cyclin-CDK system, and we review what is known regarding regulation of cell-cycle progression in response to such defects, primarily acting through the kinase Swe1p. The bidirectional communication between morphogenesis and the cell cycle is crucial for successful proliferation, and its study has illuminated many elegant and often unexpected regulatory mechanisms. Despite considerable progress, however, many of the most puzzling mysteries in this field remain to be resolved.
Does health insurance mitigate inequities in non-communicable disease treatment? Evidence from 48 low- and middle-income countries

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the greatest contributor to morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, NCD care is limited in LMICs, particularly among the disadvantaged and rural. We explored the role of insurance in mitigating socioeconomic and urban-rural disparities in NCD treatment across 48 LMICs included in the 2002-2004 World Health Survey (WHS). We analyzed data about ever having received treatment for diagnosed high-burden NCDs (any diagnosis, angina, asthma, depression, arthritis, schizophrenia, or diabetes) or having sold or borrowed to pay for healthcare. We fit multivariable regression models of each outcome by the interaction between insurance coverage and household wealth (richest 20% vs. poorest 50%) and urbanicity, respectively. We found that insurance was associated with higher treatment likelihood for NCDs in LMICs, and helped mitigate socioeconomic and regional disparities in treatment likelihood. These influences were particularly strong among women. Insurance also predicted lower likelihood of borrowing or selling to pay for health services among the poorest women. Taken together, insurance coverage may serve as an important policy tool in promoting NCD treatment and in reducing inequities in NCD treatment by household wealth, urbanicity, and sex in LMICs.
Physical Parameters for Further Automation in Poultry Processing

Abstract POULTRY processing efficiency improvement is restrained by hand evisceration methods, interdependent conveyor line speeds, and the nonuniformity of the product. The automation of single unit operations is slowly taking place mainly through modifications of existing methods and generally conforms to existing line speeds and overhead conveyor tracks. Challenges to this traditional procedure are at hand if fundamental techniques frequently used by other food processing industries are applied to poultry products. Walters et al. (1964) described a power-free conveyor track for poultry which allowed on-line holding action and automated line transfer. This study indicated improved flexibility through every processing station by using independent bird carriers. Walters et al. (1963) investigated the relationships of broiler dimensions to weight and volume. Their data provided physical measurement ranges with regard to uniform weight portion control consumer packages. Physical measurements of domestic fowl and their relationship to the edible product are reported in numerous texts …
An alternative treatment of hyperlipidemia with red yeast rice: a case report

Introduction: Hyperlipidemia is prevalent and is highly associated with coronary heart disease. Some patients are reluctant or opt not to take lipid-lowering prescription medications for fear of adverse drug reactions. There are currently few well-designed randomized controlled trials showing the possibility of reducing cholesterol using red yeast rice. Meanwhile, adverse effects have also been reported. Case presentation: A 64-year-old Asian man was diagnosed with hyperlipidemia despite a healthy lifestyle. In addition to diet changes, the patient used red yeast rice and succeeded in lowering his level of serum lipids. Conclusion: Based on this case and a review of current literature, in addition to therapeutic lifestyle change, red yeast rice may be a useful alternative treatment for primary hyperlipidemia in patients with low cardiac risk and who refuse to take any lipid-lowering prescription medication or who maybe be statin intolerant. However, primary care physicians must be aware of the potential side effects of taking red yeast rice.
Articulated specimen of Acutichiton allynsmithi (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) from Oklahoma

Articulated specimens of polyplacophorans are rare in the geological record, most being found as isolated valves. When found, it is useful to illustrate articulated specimens to provide a basis for making correct associations of isolated valves, to substantiate valve associations already proposed, and to determine valve order and amount of valve overlap.
Structural Similarity and Specific Knowledge in Entrepreneurial Applications of Technologies

Although prior research highlights that prior knowledge and structural analogies play a role in discovering new applications for technologies, little attention has been paid to the effects that dif...