cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Passive NOx adsorber: An overview of catalyst performance and reaction chemistry

Abstract Passive NOx adsorbers have been proposed to help address cold start NOx emissions. Although the original concept was proposed earlier, it is not until the last few years that more significant efforts focused on understanding the fundamentals of this technology. Several groups of potential PNAs have been evaluated for low temperature NOx storage and subsequent release, and the laboratory-scale experimental testing results appears to be promising. This review will summarize the currently reported materials for PNA application, their unique behaviors when operating under different conditions, systematically evaluate and compare their performances and discuss the relevant reaction chemistry. The discussion around each specific topic is based on literature reported experimental data from testing and characterizing potential PNA candidates and will put more emphasis on the recent advances in the fundamental understanding of this technology. Since at this stage the mechanism of the adsorption and desorption processes is not fully understood, performance evaluation and reaction chemistry will be discussed independently. Unresolved issues are listed at the end of each section as an attempt to summarize the critical unknowns within a specific research topic.
Can Protests Expand the Scope of Conflict? Evidence from City Records and Online Activity

Pluralism scholars and activists have long theorized that protests can “expand the scope of conflict” by increasing public attention to an issue, but data necessary for a formal causal test has only recently become available. To test this claim, I merge an original dataset of over 400 local protests in three US cities with daily, geo-referenced Google Search data. I show that protests can have a short-term but significant effect on the public’s willingness to actively seek out information related to the protest. To place the effect size in context, I analyze the subset of protests on topics that Pres. Trump also tweeted about. I find that a local protest garners about 60% the amount of public attention as a tweet by the President does on that same topic. Across different cities and different topics, protests can be a powerful tool for activists seeking to engage a larger audience.
A Row-Column Arraya for Ultrasound-Based Tissue Anisotropy Measurement

Degree of anisotropy (DoA) in mechanical properties is a rapidly emerging biomarker for tissue pathology that has shown to be correlated to fatty infiltration in dystrophic skeletal muscle. DoA can be assessed either using ratio of shear wave velocities (SWV) or using acoustic radio forced impulse (ARFI)-induced peak displacements (PD) measured along versus across the muscle fibers. Whether using SWV or PD as a basis, DoA expressed as the ratio of values requires 90°transducer rotation when a linear array is employed. This large rotation angle is prone to misalignment error. Though fully sampled matrix arrays could enable electronic aperture rotation and reduce misalignment errors, their high fabrication cost and complicated fabrication procedures are challenges. To solve these problems, a custom row-column array is proposed in this paper. The row-column array contains $3\times 64$ elements. The orthogonal pushing beam can be realized by x group pushing beam in which 5 rows on lateral-direction are fired together and the y-pushing beam in which center column in elevational-direction are fired. A custom designed flex circuit was applied to fabricate the array with simpler electrode connection than fully sampled matrix array. The performance of the array is evaluated in Field II simulation and experiment. The output pressure was 0.56 MPa output under a 40 Vpp excitation with similar beam-profile in orthogonal directions. With the capability of rotating the pushing beam electronically, the array has the potential for DoA assessment with reduce misalignment errors.
New dual clutch transmissions generation

The dual clutch transmission technology will offer significant improvements for next generation automatic transmissions. Key benefits are high transmission efficiency, very good torque/weight ratio, tuneable launch and shift characteristics combined with excellent shift quality.
Tolerance of novel inter-specific shrub willow hybrids to water stress

Novel interspecific hybrid progeny displayed hybrid vigor for some key biomass traits under well-watered and water-stressed conditions, but response was genotype-specific. Adaptation to stresses caused by climate change resulting from greenhouse gas emissions will become increasingly important for perennial crop breeding programs in the coming decades. Shrub willow (Salix spp.) is a strong candidate for short rotation coppice bioenergy production due to its high biomass production capacity, especially in temperate, northern latitudes. However, climate change is expected to increase temperature and the unpredictability of growing-season precipitation in these regions. Previous research has shown that interspecific breeding of shrub willow has resulted in hybrid vigor for biomass production. It is unclear how novel hybrids will perform in water limiting conditions. Using a biparental breeding scheme with common S. purpurea male or female parents, we tested parents and progeny for changes in growth and physiological traits under well-watered conditions and two levels of water stress. Water stress treatments caused reductions in above- and belowground biomass, leaf traits and stomatal conductance, mainly at the severe treatment level. At the genotypic level, hybrid progeny generally outperformed their parents for growth and biomass traits, demonstrating heterosis in these interspecific crosses. We found evidence that genotypes with the highest rates of biomass production are most severely impacted by water stress. Foliar SPAD measurements, a proxy for foliar N, were unaffected by water stress treatments. Biomass among genotypes in this controlled environment experiment was significantly correlated with field-grown plants, validating that these results can help to inform future breeding efforts targeting improved crop performance in drier growing environments.
Surface Properties of Respirable Silicate and Aluminosilicate Dusts Affecting Bioavailability

Pure respirable quartz is a known pathogenic agent for lung disease. However, for mixed dusts, neither mineralogical nor, in vitro, cytotoxicity assays unequivocally predict the contribution of quartz to their pathogenic potential.
Identification of unique clusters of T, dendritic, and innate lymphoid cells in the peritoneal fluid of ovarian cancer patients.

Problem We hypothesize that activated peritoneal immune cells can be redirected to target ovarian tumors. Here, we obtain fundamental knowledge of the peritoneal immune environment through deep immunophenotyping of T cells, dendritic cells (DC), and innate lymphoid cells (ILC) of ovarian cancer patients. Method of study T cells, DC, and ILC from ascites of ovarian cancer patients (n = 15) and peripheral blood of post-menopausal healthy donors (n = 6) were immunophenotyped on a BD Fortessa cytometer using three panels-each composed of 16 antibodies. The data were analyzed manually and by t-SNE/DensVM. CA125 levels were obtained from patient charts. Results We observed decreased CD3+ T cells and a higher proportion of activated CD4+ and effector memory CD4+ /CD8+ T cells, plasmacytoid DC, CD1c+ and CD141+ myeloid DC and CD56Hi NK cells in ascites. t-SNE/DensVM identified eight T cell, 17 DC, and 17 ILC clusters that were unique in the ascites compared to controls. Hierarchical clustering of cell frequency distinctly segregated the T-cell and ILC clusters from controls. Increased CA125 levels were associated with decreased CD8+ /CD45RA+ /CD45RO- /CCR7- T cells. Conclusion The identified immune clusters serve as the basis for interrogation of the peritoneal immune environment and the development of novel immunologic modalities against ovarian cancer.
Collaborative writing in face-to-face settings: A substantive and methodological review

Abstract Collaborative writing (CW) has received much attention in recent decades. To help elucidate the existing scope of inquiry and guide future research efforts, this study presents a methodological and substantive review of 94 quantitative primary studies on collaborative second language (L2) writing implemented in face-to-face settings. Each study was coded for study context, demographic features, research focus, and measurements of the target features. In addition, each study was coded for methodological features including research design, analyses, and a number of reporting practices associated with transparency. The results indicated (a) a heavy focus on adult learners, intermediate proficiency, and dyads; (b) more attention to task-related variables, meaning-focused tasks, and L2 interactional features; and (c) substantial variability in the measurements of written output. Our results also revealed concerns about research and reporting practices such as inadequate reporting of pre-task training and reliability estimates. The findings imply that CW is a classroom-based domain of research informed by multiple related research areas (i.e., L2 writing, task-based language learning, second language acquisition). Drawing on our findings, we provide a number of empirically-grounded suggestions for future research in this domain.
Growing Enrollments Require Us to Do More: Perspectives on Broadening Participation During an Undergraduate Computing Enrollment Boom

Since 2006, undergraduate interest in computer science degrees has increased significantly, marking the third period of CS enrollment growth since the field's emergence in the early 1900s. Scholars have theorized that institutional approaches to managing these cycles of enrollment growth, notably the inability to scale programs, resulted not only in the discipline's constriction, but also the disproportionate decline in the participation of Black, Latin*, and Indigenous students in computing. This history suggests that it is important for stakeholders to think intentionally about how the management of enrollment surges can hamper, or even undermine, efforts to broaden participation in CS; yet there is limited research examining whether and how stakeholders from CS departments perceive this relationship. This paper reports findings from a qualitative study of CS departments at four public research institutions in the United States to understand how 55 stakeholders perceived undergraduate enrollment and diversity trends, as well as the relationship between booming enrollments and diversity efforts within the department. We found that participants largely spoke about their diversity work without referencing the impacts of enrollment shifts in the department. When this relationship was discussed, participants varied in how they framed it as either positive, negative, or null. We argue that separating out diversity work from core priorities in the department will hinder departments' ability to sustain BPC efforts into the future. Instead, it is imperative that stakeholders understand how departmental responses to dynamic external forces (e.g., booming enrollments, shifting realities related to COVID-19) impact diversity efforts.
Calculating the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on child abuse and neglect in the U.S.

Abstract Background COVID-19 has had a major impact on child abuse and neglect (CAN) in the U.S. leading to a change in the number of reported screened-in CAN investigations, missed prevention cases, and missed CAN cases. Objectives To estimate the deficit number of CAN investigations and resultant estimated number of missed prevention and CAN cases due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S. from March 2020 to December 2020. Methods Secondary data analyses of administrative child welfare data from January 2013 to December 2020 from New York City, Florida, New Jersey and Wisconsin were conducted. Spline regression modeling controlling for autocorrelation was utilized to explore any significant changes once the pandemic began in March 2020 in the number of screened-in CAN investigations. The seven-year monthly average of screen-in CAN investigations for March through December from 2013 to 2019 was calculated and compared to the numbers of CAN investigations for March 2020 to December 2020. The resultant number of missed prevention cases and CAN cases was estimated for the four jurisdictions and used to approximate the number of missed prevention cases and CAN cases in the U.S., as well as the projected estimation of national lifetime economic costs. Results Prior to the pandemic, there were insignificant monthly increases of 0.7 CAN investigations in NYC and 6.2 CAN investigations in Florida, a significant monthly increase 4.2 CAN investigations in New Jersey and an insignificant monthly decrease in 0.6 CAN investigations in Wisconsin. Once the pandemic began, there were significant monthly decreases (p Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a precipitous drop in CAN investigations where almost 200,000 children are estimated to have been missed for prevention services and CAN in a 10-month period. There are opportunities for the child welfare jurisdictions to work with partner education, public health, social service and other providers to strategically approach this very grave issue in order to mitigate its impact on this very vulnerable population.
Development of the Machine Learning-based Safety Significant Factor Inference Model for Diagnosis in Autonomous Control System

Abstract As a critical component to the autonomous control system, Digital Twin for Diagnosis (DT-D) is a virtual replica of physical systems for an accurate understanding of reactor states. Since the physical damage state cannot be measured directly in transient or accident conditions, safety significant factor (SSF) is introduced as a surrogate index for physical damage states to support safety-related decision making. This study develops a machine learning (ML) based SSF inference model (SSFIM) using the Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) with acceptable accuracy, generalization capability, effectiveness, and robustness against sensor errors. To demonstrate the capability of the ML-based SSFIM, case studies are implemented on a plant simulator for Experimental Breeder Reactor – II. For partial loss of flow accident scenarios, the SSFIM is able to infer the peak fuel centerline temperature with minimally one sensor. Meanwhile the SSFIM is also found to be robust against manipulated sensor drifts and/or random noises.
Understanding the Role of Power Distributions in Compliance

Corporate compliance in most companies is carried out under the assumption that unethical and illegal employee conduct occurs in a more or less predictable fashion. Although compliance officers may not know exactly when or how compliance failures will occur, they act under the assumption that wrongdoing will be independently sprinkled throughout the company. This assumption underlies many of the common tools of compliance. But compliance failures do not necessarily conform to this baseline assumption. Instead, unethical and illegal acts in business often follow a skewed distribution that makes extreme outcomes more likely. This volatility, exhibited both in the frequency of compliance lapses and the intensity of their harm, is a function of how individual decision making interacts with the complex networks within corporations. By failing to recognize this phenomenon, the compliance community has mistargeted its efforts, failing to pay enough attention to the “power few”—those influential individuals within companies that may foster outsized, interconnected compliance risk. Implications for how compliance should be reconceptualized, measured, and managed follow.
St18 specifies globus pallidus projection neuron identity in MGE lineage

Abstract The medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) is a progenitor domain in the subpallium that produces both locally-projecting interneurons which undergo tangential migration in structures such as the cortex as well as long-range projection neurons that occupy subcortical nuclei. Very little is known about the transcriptional mechanisms specifying the migratory behavior and axonal projection patterns of these two broad classes of MGE-derived neurons. In this study, we identify St18 as a novel transcriptional determinant specifying projection neuron fate in the MGE lineage. St18 is transiently expressed in the MGE subventricular zone (SVZ) and mantle, and we assessed its function using an ES cell-based model of MGE development. Induction of St18 is sufficient to direct ES-derived MGE neurons to adopt a projection neuron-like identity as defined by migration and morphology. Using genetic loss-of-function in mice, we find that St18 is required for the production of globus pallidus pars externa (GPe) prototypic projection neurons. Single cell RNA sequencing revealed that St18 regulates MGE output of specific neuronal populations: in the absence of St18, we observe a large expansion of cortical interneurons at the expense of putative GPe neurons. Through gene expression analysis we identified a downstream effector of St18, Cbx7, which is a component of Polycomb repressor complex 1. We find that Cbx7 is essential for projection neuron-like migration and is not involved in St18-mediated projection neuron-like morphology. Our results characterize a novel transcriptional determinant that directs GPe prototypic projection neuron identity. Further, we identified a downstream target of St18, Cbx7, which regulates only the migratory behavior of long-range projection neurons, suggesting that specific features of MGE projection neuron identity may be governed in a compartmentalized fashion by distinct transcriptional modules downstream of St18.
Semantically Stealthy Adversarial Attacks against Segmentation Models.

Segmentation models have been found to be vulnerable to targeted/non-targeted adversarial attacks. However, damaged predictions make it easy to unearth an attack. In this paper, we propose semantically stealthy adversarial attacks which can manipulate targeted labels as designed and preserve non-targeted labels at the same time. In this way, we may hide the corresponding attack behaviors. One challenge is making semantically meaningful manipulations across datasets/models. Another challenge is avoiding damaging non-targeted labels. To solve the above challenges, we consider each input image as prior knowledge to generate perturbations. We also design a special regularizer to help extract features. To evaluate our model's performance, we design three basic attack types, namely `vanishing into the context', `embedding fake labels', and `displacing target objects'. The experiments show that our stealthy adversarial model can attack segmentation models with a relatively high success rate on Cityscapes, Mapillary, and BDD100K. Finally, our framework also shows good generalizations across datasets/models empirically.
A Smartphone-Based Decision Support Tool for Predicting Patients at Risk of Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Retrospective Study on App Development Using Decision Tree Induction

Background: Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) are the two most frightful and unpleasant side effects of chemotherapy. CINV is accountable for poor treatment outcomes, treatment failure, or even death. It can affect patients' overall quality of life, leading to many social, economic, and clinical consequences. Objective: This study compared the performances of different data mining models for predicting the risk of CINV among the patients and developed a smartphone app for clinical decision support to recommend the risk of CINV at the point of care. Methods: Data were collected by retrospective record review from the electronic medical records used at the University of Missouri Ellis Fischel Cancer Center. Patients who received chemotherapy and standard antiemetics at the oncology outpatient service from June 1, 2010, to July 31, 2012, were included in the study. There were six independent data sets of patients based on emetogenicity (low, moderate, and high) and two phases of CINV (acute and delayed). A total of 14 risk factors of CINV were chosen for data mining. For our study, we used five popular data mining algorithms: (1) naive Bayes algorithm, (2) logistic regression classifier, (3) neural network, (4) support vector machine (using sequential minimal optimization), and (5) decision tree. Performance measures, such as accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity with 10-fold cross-validation, were used for model comparisons. A smartphone app called CINV Risk Prediction Application was developed using the ResearchKit in iOS utilizing the decision tree algorithm, which conforms to the criteria of explainable, usable, and actionable artificial intelligence. The app was created using both the bulk questionnaire approach and the adaptive approach. Results: The decision tree performed well in both phases of high emetogenic chemotherapies, with a significant margin compared to the other algorithms. The accuracy measure for the six patient groups ranged from 79.3% to 94.8%. The app was developed using the results from the decision tree because of its consistent performance and simple, explainable nature. The bulk questionnaire approach asks 14 questions in the smartphone app, while the adaptive approach can determine questions based on the previous questions' answers. The adaptive approach saves time and can be beneficial when used at the point of care. Conclusions: This study solved a real clinical problem, and the solution can be used for personalized and precise evidence-based CINV management, leading to a better life quality for patients and reduced health care costs.
Business Practices in Southeast Asia: An interdisciplinary analysis of theravada Buddhist countries

This is an international business study of Theravada Buddhist Southeast Asia. Using a cross-disciplinary approach, the book examines business practices within a political, cultural, economic and religious context. It highlights those cultural and historical ties of the region which are shared because of a common religion. In analysing business environments, economics and government practices across the region, the book provides a deeper understanding of the influence of cultural values on work practices in Southeast Asia. The author first offers an overview of the history of the region and the nature and guiding principles of Theravada Buddhism. The next sections of the book present the history and the business and economic environment of the four countries in Southeast Asia, along with some relevant case studies of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar/Burma and Thailand. The book analyses business strategies and practices, management and marketing issues as well as the characteristics of companies. The last part considers the political environment of the four countries and hints at future trends and developments. The book offers a framework for working in the region, and provides valuable insights into this unique business environment, which is significantly different from the Western context. Filling a gap in existing literature, this book provides an accessible study of actual business practices in Southeast Asia.
Crotch rocket2 pelvic fractures

Abstract The change in trends in motorcycle design means that users of these machines are more prone to pelvic trauma if involved in a direct collision. The high riding fuel tank is in direct contact with the lower abdomen and pelvis when in the normal, prone, riding position. In a direct collision, the fuel tank is driven back into the pelvis. This causes fractures of the pubic rami with extensive soft tissue damage. In general, the accidents that cause these types of injuries are caused by sudden head-on collisions which occur without time to apply the breaks.
The greening of white pride

At first glance, it is surprising that contemporary racist organizations like the Ku Klux Klan advertise a pro‐environmental stance. This fact, however, might be expected by Luc Ferry, who argues for a connection between the racism and nature protection laws of the Third Reich. Ferry argues that a non‐anthropocentric approach to nature makes it easier to dehumanize humans so that a non‐anthropocentric environmental ethic can transform into racist environmentalism. Does this contemporary case vindicate Ferry? We argue that it does not. When the underlying theoretical foundations and historical conditions that gave rise to the racist environmentalist movements and the contemporary non‐anthropocentric environmental left are analyzed, quite different pictures emerge: one type of non‐anthropocentric environmentalism is racist, one type of anthropocentric environmentalism is racist, and one type of non‐anthropocentric environmentalism is not racist, meaning that any relation between a non‐anthropocentric approa...
IGF-1 REGULATES VERTEBRAL BONE AGING THROUGH SEX-SPECIFIC AND TIME-DEPENDENT MECHANISMS

Advanced aging is associated with increased risk of bone fracture, especially within the vertebrae, which exhibit significant reductions in trabecular bone structure. Aging is also associated with a reduction in circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1). Studies have suggested that the reduction in IGF-1 compromises healthspan, whereas others report that loss of IGF-1 is beneficial because it increases healthspan and lifespan. To date, the effect of decreases in circulating IGF-1 on vertebral bone aging has not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we delineate the consequences of a loss of circulating IGF-1 on vertebral bone aging in male and female Igf(f/f) mice. IGF-1 was reduced at multiple specific time points during the mouse lifespan: early in postnatal development (crossing albumin-cyclic recombinase [Cre] mice with Igf(f/f) mice); and in early adulthood and in late adulthood using hepatic-specific viral vectors (AAV8-TBG-Cre). Vertebrae bone structure was analyzed at 27 months of age using micro-computed tomography (μCT) and quantitative bone histomorphometry. Consistent with previous studies, both male and female mice exhibited age-related reductions in vertebral bone structure. In male mice, reduction of circulating IGF-1 induced at any age did not diminish vertebral bone loss. Interestingly, early-life loss of IGF-1 in females resulted in a 67% increase in vertebral bone volume fraction, as well as increased connectivity density and increased trabecular number. The maintenance of bone structure in the early-life IGF-1-deficient females was associated with increased osteoblast surface and an increased ratio of osteoprotegerin/receptor-activator of NF-κB-ligand (RANKL) levels in circulation. Within 3 months of a loss of IGF-1, there was a 2.2-fold increase in insulin receptor expression within the vertebral bones of our female mice, suggesting that local signaling may compensate for the loss of circulating IGF-1. Together, these data suggest the age-related loss of vertebral bone density in females can be reduced by modifying circulating IGF-1 levels early in life.
Moral Reasons and the Limitations of Liberty

I find myself in substantial agreement with Professor Dworkin, and I find this deeply disturbing - not merely because it will make my role as his commentator more difficult, but also for reasons of a more personal nature. In Bowers, however, this distinction was lost on Justice White; for in Bowers, once he had decided that citizen disapproval of homosexual sodomy was moral disapproval, he concluded that the rational basis test had been satisfied, with no inquiry at all into the question of whether the moral judgment involved is a rational or reasonable moral judgment or perhaps simply a judgment of unexampled stupidity, ignorance, prejudice, and animus. By arguing that disapproval of homosexuality may not be moral disapproval and that moral disapproval of homosexuality may not be rational, I have tried to fill out in some detail my reading of two of Professor Dworkin's claims - the claim that our thinking about issues such as homosexuality requires a plausible account of what is involved in the making of moral judgments, and the claim (made in the final sentence of his essay) that the reason that homosexual conduct ought not to be criminalized is that there is nothing immoral in such activity.
Studies of 1,3-Disilacyclobutanes as Single-Source CVD Precursors to Silicon Carbide

Substituted 1,3-disilacyclobutanes were studied as potential low temperature single-source CVD precursors to silicon carbide. These studies were carried out in a cold-wall LPCVD system maintained at a total reactor pressure of 1.0 Torr using a mass flow controlled argon carrier gas. The precursor was decomposed on resistively heated Si(100) substrates at temperatures ranging from 700°C – 1100°C. Gas chromatography-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and quadrupole mass spectrometry were used to identify the volatile pyrolysis byproducts from each precursor. The decomposition onset temperature was separately determined for each precursor by monitoring the major pyrolysis byproducts, by using quadrupole mass spectrometry, while slowly increasing the substrate temperature. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to determine the cross-sectional and surface morphology and also the deposition rate, which ranged from ca.0.035 μm/h to 12.0 μm/h.
Mechanisms of erythropoietin-mediated cardioprotection during ischemia-reperfusion injury: role of protein kinase C and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling

Langendorff-perfused rat hearts treated with EPO exhibited significantly improved postischemic recovery of left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and reduced infarct size compared with control hearts. Perfusion with the mitogen/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK) inhibitor U0126 just before and concomitant with EPO treatment abolished EPO-induced phosphorylation of the MEK substrate extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) but had no effect of EPOmediated cardioprotection. EPO treatment of the perfused hearts induced translocation of protein kinase C (PKC) e isoform to the membrane fraction of the hearts and the protective effect of EPO was significantly inhibited by the PKC catalytic inhibitor chelerythrine added before and concomitant with EPO. These data demonstrate that EPO-mediated activation of the PKC signaling pathway before or during ischemia is required for the cardioprotective effect of EPO during ischemia-reperfusion injury. Perfusion with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors LY294002 or wortmannin just before and concomitant with EPO treatment attenuated EPO-induced phosphorylation of the PI3K substrate Akt but had no effect on EPO-mediated cardioprotection. However, when wortmannin was added during EPO treatment and continued during reperfusion, EPO-mediated cardioprotection was significantly inhibited. We also show that postischemia EPO treatment at the onset of reperfusion significantly improved recovery of LVDP and reduced infarct size. Postischemia cardioprotection by EPO required the PI3K pathway but was not affected by inhibition of PKC at the time of EPO treatment.
Mixed Signal Hybrid OEICs: An InP I-MSM Integrated Onto a CMOS Analog Optical Receiver with a Digital CMOS Microprocessor

One avenue to the use of optics in computing is the integration of optoelectronic (OE) devices and circuits. Access to VLSI CMOS circuitry is key for the realization of systems which can perform highly complex processing tasks.
Are carbodiimide-quenched polyethylene distributions representative of bulk polymer samples? Analysis of metallocene-catalyzed ethylene polymerization by ESI-MS, MALDI, GPC and NMR.

Polyethylene molecular weight distributions observed by ESI-MS following the quench of a Cp2ZrCl2/MAO-catalyzed ethylene polymerization with N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide do not agree with GPC or NMR analysis of methanol-d1 quenched samples; factors contributing to the discrepant results include high sample polydispersities, polymer insolubility, and the incomplete quench of metal-polymer species. Kinetic analyses of molecular weight distributions obtained by ESI-MS are not representative of the predominate monomer-consuming pathways.
Chloride and water solubility in basalt and andesite melts and implications for magmatic degassing

Abstract The solubilities of chloride (Cl − ) and H 2 O in aluminosilicate melts of basalt, andesite, and latite compositions saturated in aqueous vapor and/or hydrosaline liquid were determined at 2000 bars and ≈1 bar by melting mixtures of NaCl, KCl, H 2 O, and natural and synthetic rock powders and by measuring Cl − and H 2 O in the run product glasses. The abundances of Cl − in several of the aqueous run product liquids were also measured, and the partitioning of Cl − between aqueous vapor and silicate melt was determined for these experiments. Chloride is highly soluble in H 2 O-poor melts. Maximum Cl − solubilities range from 2.9 wt.% in molten basalt to 1 wt.% in molten latite at relatively high oxygen fugacities, 1040°C to 1210°C, and 2000 bars. The solubility of Cl − varies directly with pressure and the molar ((Al+Na+Ca+Mg)/Si) ratio of aluminosilicate melts. Chloride solubility in basalt melt is an order of magnitude greater than that in silicic melts, so the role of Cl − in driving the exsolution of vapor and/or liquid from magma will increase dramatically as mafic, H 2 O- and CO 2 -undersaturated magmas fractionate and evolve to more silicic compositions. The solubility of H 2 O in silicate melts saturated in aqueous vapor and/or hydrosaline liquid varies inversely with Cl − content. Chloride has little effect on H 2 O solubility with up to about 1.9 wt.% Cl − in melt because the coexisting vapor phase contains little Cl − . Hydrosaline liquid is stable with higher Cl − contents in melt, and H 2 O solubility is highly sensitive to Cl − content at these conditions. This relationship is a result of highly nonideal mixing of H 2 O and Cl − at magmatic temperatures; in several Cl − -enriched andesite experiments, immiscible vapor and hydrosaline liquid are apparently stable instead of a single Cl − -bearing volatile phase. At 2000 bars, Cl − -bearing aqueous vapor exsolves with − in the andesite melt, vapor and hydrosaline liquid exsolve with 1 to 2 wt.% Cl − and 2 O in melt, and only hydrosaline liquid exsolves if the andesite melt contains deletion ≥2 wt.% Cl − and 2 O. At 2000 bars and temperatures near 1100°C, the distribution coefficients [D Cl = (wt.% Cl − in aqueous vapor/wt.% Cl − in silicate melt)] for basalt and andesite range from 0.9 to 6 for coexisting aqueous vapors containing 1 to 11 wt.% Cl − , respectively. Silicate melt inclusions in phenocrysts from most basalts and andesites contain − implying that, at these conditions, only Cl-bearing vapor (not vapor and hydrosaline liquid) will exsolve from most basalt and andesite magmas and that the Cl − contents of the aqueous vapors will be
A 2D analytic based model of a rotor moving over a conductive guideway

When a rotor is simultaneously rotated and translationally moved above an aluminum guideway a traveling time-varying magnetic field is created in the air-gap. This field induces eddy currents in the guideway that can simultaneously create suspension and propulsion or breaking forces. The field and forces created by this moving rotor are modeled using a novel 2D analytic based A-⌽ method in which the rotor field is incorporated into the boundary conditions of the guideway. The model accuracy is verified using finite element analysis.
Therapeutic and toxic effects observed with different dosage programs of cyclophosphamide in treatment of steroid-responsive but frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome.

Fourteen children with steroid-responsive but frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome were treated with a combination of cyclophosphamide and prednisolone. In this controlled study, cyclophosphamide was given at two dosage levels, 2.5 mg. per kilogram per day for 90 days (low dosage) and 5.0 mg. per kilogram per day for 45 days (high dosage). Low-dosage treatment appears to be just as effective in inducing a sustained remission of the nephrotic syndrome as the same total amount of drug given in a higher daily dosage over a shorter period of time. However, the frequency of both unpleasant (alopecia) or potentially dangerous (severe leukopenia) side effects observed was higher with high-dosage than with low-dosage treatment. The low-dosage regimen appears to have the more desirable therapeutic-toxic ratio, since the disadvantages of high dosage outweigh the advantages.
Spanish/English contact in rural Puerto Rico: Sociolinguistic variation, context, and text

This article presents three perspectives in the study of Spanish/English contact in a community of rural Puerto Rico. First, it presents an analysis of variation based on the presence of English forms in recorded conversational Spanish. Second, it provides a view of the social context of Spanish/English contact by examining responses to a sociological questionnaire focusing on the use of “Spanish Only” versus Spanish and English in spheres of community life. Third, it highlights speaker commentary on social factors in relation to the use of Spanish and English. The study shows that the presence of English in the recorded conversational Spanish is extremely limited and that Spanish dominates in community life. Nevertheless, the presence of English in both conversational Spanish and social spheres within the community reveals patterns in relation to social factors recognized by speakers.
Dedication of Highways in Texas

This note discusses the methods for establishing highways in the State of Texas with the focus being on common-law dedication. In general, dedication is the intentional appropriation or donation of land or of an easement or interest therein by its owner for some proper public use. The elements essential to the creation of a valid dedication include a person competent to dedicate, a public purpose that will be served by the dedication, an offer of dedication, and an acceptance of the offer. Though there are, and have been, many uses for dedications, the most common use of dedication is as a highway. The existence of a valid dedication must first be based on an intention of the landowner to devote his land to public use. Whether the grantor had intent to dedicate is a question of fact. An intention to dedicate land to a public use may be evidenced by oral declarations, which may be sufficient without more to constitute an offer of dedication. A dedication is not a conveyance; therefore a writing is not nece...
Numerical Simulation of Wind Distributions for Resource Assessment in Southeastern Eritrea, East Africa

We present the results of a simulation study of the wind energy resources of Southeastern Eritrea. In this study, we simulate the three dimensional wind fields during typical, steady conditions of the Southern Red Sea southeast monsoon season. The simulations verify the existence of a low level jet (LLJ) contained within the highly stratified marine layer over the Southern Red Sea. The LLJ is cause by the channeling and acceleration of marine layer flow as it passes throught the straight of Bab el Mandeb on its way from the Indian Ocean to the Eastern Sahara. The LLJ extends from 12.5 N to 14.5 N latitude in the Southern Red Sea and has peak velocities at 300 – 600 m elevation above the Red Sea. Sea-land breezes advect the high speed flow of the LLJ onshore along a 200 km streatch of Southeastern Eritrean coastline, producing an excellent wind energy resource that peaks daily at 3 PM. This resource is currently under development for both grid-connected and decentralized village wind energy applications.
Life events and panic disorder/ agoraphobia

A patient-rated checklist adapted from the Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Interview was used to assess frequency and desirability of life events in the 12 months preceding an index evaluation of a large sample of patients with a DSM-III diagnosis of panic disorder or agoraphobia with panic, on average 12 years after onset of illness. A total of 1,360 events were reported; 25% were considered most undesirable, whereas 22% were estimated to be most desirable. Negative life events were predominantly health-related issues and interpersonal conflicts. Making new friends, having significant success at work, and taking up a new activity were examples of positive events. Correlations of life events with clinical and demographic variables and with symptom rating scales were also analyzed. Negative life events were associated with greater psychopathology and neuroticism scores. Positive life events were associated with greater extraversion scores, more years of education, better employment status, and less functional impairment due to symptoms. This exploratory study does not allow interpretation from an etiologic perspective. It begins to shed light on the possible role of life events in the course of the disorder.
The emission spectra of dilute crystals of chromium β-diketone complexes

Abstract The emission spectra of chromium acetylacetonate and several derivatives in dilute crystals have been obtained at 4°K. Intramolecular vibrations of energies 270, 360, 459, and 630 cm −1 have been identified. Evidence for absence of thermal equilibrium in the 2 E state is presented.
Solution of binary multiphase diffusion problems allowing for variable diffusivity, with application to the aluminization of nickel

The p r e d i c t i o n of di f fus ion r a t e s in mu l t i phas e s y s t e m s is of p r a c t i c a l i m p o r t a n c e with r e s p e c t to the be hav io r of oxida t ion r e s i s t a n t coat ings on high t e m p e r a t u r e a l l oys . Ca lcu la t ions of l aye r growth r a t e s a r e usua l ly made ~-3 a s s u m i n g that the in t e rd i f fus ion coeff ic ient , Di, i s a cons tant for each phase , i. In the int e r m e t a l l i c compound NiA1, which is the p r i n c i p a l component of a lumin ide coat ings on N i b a s e s u p e r a l loys , however , i t has been shown that D v a r i e s s t rong ly with compos i t ion . 4 S i m i l a r behav io r might be expec ted in o the r o r d e r e d p h a s e s found in p r o t e c t i v e coa t ings . A n u m e r i c a l method has been deve loped for comput ing the concen t ra t ion p ro f i l e and l a y e r t h i c k n e s s e s in a b i n a r y m u l t i p h a s e s y s t e m , a l lowing for the v a r i a t i o n of d i f fus iv i ty with concen t ra t ion in the i n t e r m e t a l l i c p h a s e s . This is appl ied to the p a c k a l u m i n i z a t i o n of n icke l . In the p a c k a l u m i n i z i n g p r o c e s s , A1 is suppl ied to the Ni s u r f a c e through the vapor phase and in " l o w a c t i v i t y " packs , i.e., those in which A1 is a l loyed with Ni with the a tomic r a t i o of A1 to Ni not exceed ing about 2, i t has been shown ~ that the s u r f a c e compos i t ion is p r a c t i c a l l y t i m e i n v a r i a n t . With th is , and the fu r t he r condi t ions of ma in tenance of equ i l ib r ium at a l l phase i n t e r f a c e s and di f fus ion into an inf in i te ly extended so l id , a so lu t ion of the fo rm C = f ( x / ~ ) i s a s s u m e d . The concen t ra t ion p ro f i l e of a coa t ing f rom a lowac t iv i ty pack i s shown, s c h e m a t i c a l l y , in F ig . 1. The pos i t i ons of the i n t e r f a c e s , inc luding the su r f ace , a r e given by e x p r e s s i o n s of the fo rm xij = 2 ~ i ~ , where a:~ is a cons tant to be d e t e r m i n e d for each i n t e r f ace , ~ D and i s an a r b i t r a r i l y s e l e c t e d d i f fus ion coeff ic ient , in th is c a s e the va lue of D 6 at the compos i t ion Nhc. D i s p l a c e m e n t of the s u r f a c e o c c u r s b e c a u s e A1 is abs o r b e d into the spec imen , while t h e r e is v i r t u a l l y no t r a n s f e r of Ni to the vapor phase . 5 This condi t ion is used to loca te the o r ig ina l , o r Matano, i n t e r f ace (x = 0) at that pos i t i on which equa l i ze s the a r e a s A and B in F ig . 1. Neg lec t ing d i f f e r e n c e s in spec i f i c volume, the i n t e r f a c e v e l o c i t i e s a r e g iven f rom m a s s ba lance cond i t ions by:
Cytologic diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the stomach by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy: cytomorphologic and immunohistochemical study of 12 cases.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is an uncommon tumor, which was usually diagnosed by endoscopic biopsy or surgical resection. This study evaluated the efficacy and accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) -guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy in the diagnosis of GIST and reported its cytomorphologic features. Twelve patients with gastric GIST were diagnosed through EUS-guided FNA. Immediate on-site evaluation and cytologic diagnoses were given in nine cases (75.0%) with an average of three passes. Cell blocks provided diagnostic material in three cases (25.0%). Spindle cells were present in the cytologic material in all cases. Two patients had subsequent surgical resections. Immunohistochemical (IHC) studies performed in cell blocks and two surgical specimens all supported the original diagnoses. In the two cases with surgical resections, IHC results in cell blocks were similar to that in the resected specimens. This study demonstrated that when combining smears and cell blocks, EUS-guided FNA is accurate and efficient in the diagnosis of GIST. IHC reactivity in cell blocks correlated with that of the main tumors.
Medical Students’ Views and Knowledge of the Affordable Care Act: A Survey of Eight U.S. Medical Schools

BACKGROUND It is not known whether medical students support the Affordable Care Act (ACA) or possess the knowledge or will to engage in its implementation as part of their professional obligations.
Functional implications of postcranial size reduction on the prehistoric Georgia coast, U.S.A.

The present research was undertaken to delineate and explain human skeletal size change associated with the shift in subsistence mode from hunting and gathering (1000 B.C.-A.D. 1150) to a mixed economy utilizing, in part, corn agriculture (A.D. 1150–1550) on the prehistoric Georgia coast. The variables analyzed include 20 measurements of external postcranial size involving the femoral, tibial, and humeral skeletal elements. Univariate statistical treatment reveals significant size reduction in many dimensions of the postcranial skeleton (Student's t-test: P
A statistical approximation for queueing measures in a decision support system

Abstract We show that while we have found closed form, albeit unwieldy, expressions for a tandem queueing model with finite queue lengths and proportional service, the measures computed can be reduced to more manageable expressions. This is advantageous for placing models of this type in the model base of a decision support system where manageable, good approximate values will suffice.
Sleep disturbance produced by electrical stimulation of the locus coeruleus in a human subject

A 25-year-old man with a chronically implanted stimulating electrode placed in the region of the locus coeruleus (LC) was monitored for 5 nights in a sleep laboratory to study the role of the LC in sleep. Sleep patterns were compared between the 2 nights in which the stimulation was applied periodically every 90 min and the 2 nights in which no stimulation was applied. In contrast to the normal sleep patterns that occurred during the 2 nonstimulation nights, electrical stimulation of the LC produced a profound disruption of sleep and significant reductions in the total amounts of NREM sleep, REM sleep, REM sleep as a percent of total sleep (NREM + REM sleep), and total sleep. Results suggest that the LC has a role in maintaining normal sleep patterns.