cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hildahood: Taking the Interpersonal Theory of Nursing to the Neighborhood:

Abstract This article examines the use of problematic patterns of interpersonal interactions as an intervention focus that is based on the interpersonal theory of nursing developed by Hildegard Peplau. In previous articles, interpersonal change strategies have been suggested that focus on the patterns that emerge between the client and the nurse. This article proposes an elaboration of the technique by shifting the focus from the “virtual” interactions that occur in the laboratory of the therapeutic nurse-client relationship to the “real” relations between the clients and their significant others. Measurement of the effect of the intervention by the appearance, intensity, and persistence of changes in outcomes along the lines predicted by the theory are illustrated.
Abstract 3287: Sensitizing cancer cells to chemotherapy.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC A wide range of cancers are either initially resistant to chemotherapy or are sensitive, but subsequently relapse through acquired drug resistance. Alterations in the p53 pathway are associated with drug resistance, underscoring its central role in determining response to chemotherapy. Using pediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia as a model, we identified a set of p53-regulated transcriptional targets that comprise an apoptotic gene signature significantly associated with response to therapy and independently prognostic for outcome in pediatric ALL. We hypothesize that cells can be primed for an enhanced apoptotic response to chemotherapy by modulating expression levels of the p53-regulated apoptotic signature genes with small molecules before administering chemotherapy. We conducted a high-throughput screen to identify novel compounds that prime ALL cells for apoptosis to convert a chemotherapy-resistant cell into one that is sensitive. This screen was performed using 83,745 compounds in both the wild-type p53 cell line TK6 and the mutant-p53 line, WTK1. Cells were treated with either compound alone or compound plus daunorubicin, a drug used to treat ALL. Compounds were normalized and scored by using both the B-score and the robust Z-score. “Hits” were defined as compounds that do not significantly alter viability of the cells alone, but significantly increase daunorubicin-induced cell death. We confirmed the effects of the compounds in other B-cell ALL cell lines. In an effort in investigate mechanism, we looked at synergism using other chemotherapies with different modes of action. One compound was very synergistic with cisplatin, and we then extended the experiment to other cell types. We found that the synergism with cisplatin holds in all cell types tested, including T-cell ALL, lymphoma, breast, ovarian and colon cancer. In paired cisplatin-sensitive and resistant ovarian cancer cell lines, we find that the non-toxic doses of the compound can sensitize the resistant line and convert it to respond to cisplatin at the same doses as the parental sensitive line. Looking at the pathways induced by these compounds, we find important components in the cellular response to chemotherapy that can be manipulated to convert a chemoresistant cell into one that is sensitive. Citation Format: Kathryn E. Wolak, Russell Bainer, Andrew Skol, Kenan Onel. Sensitizing cancer cells to chemotherapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3287. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3287
Patterns of Property Tax Exploitation Produced By Infrequent Assessments

. Out of dace assessments of real property for ad valorem taxation may give rise to systematic inequities in the distribution of the tax burden. One such inequity is the exploitation of a taxing jurisdiction's core area by its periphery. We provide an explanation of how such exploitation may arise. This explanation is tested empirically by observing the patterns of assessment in a sample of Pennsylvania school districts. We find a consistent pattern of overpayments, supporting an hypothesis that core areas are exploited by peripheral areas. The overpayments to school districts could be claimed by city governments.
Tissue-specific Fc gamma and complement receptor expression by alveolar macrophages determines relative importance of IgG and complement in promoting phagocytosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

ABSTRACT: Because the expression of IgG Fc receptors and complement receptors on macrophages may vary in a tissue-specific manner, we used monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry to define the expression and function of opsonin receptors on fresh normal and cystic fibrosis (CF) bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) macrophages. Using flow cytometry to separately analyze individual types of cells, we then determined the relative contributions of IgG and complement to phagocytosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by fresh BAL cells, avoiding alterations in receptor expression due to in vitro purification or culturing techniques. Neither normal nor CF BAL macrophages express appreciable amounts of the complement receptors CRI, CR2, or CR3. These results were confirmed by immunohistochemical staining of fixed lung sections. BAL macrophages express a high-affinity IgG receptor, Fc γRI, that is not found on neutrophils (PMN). In contrast, chemoattractant-stimulated blood PMN express large amounts of CR1 and CR3 but do not express Fc γRI. These results correlate with phagocytosis assays, which show that phagocytosis by macrophages is enhanced by relatively low concentrations of IgG but that the addition of complement does not further increase their phagocytosis. In contrast, low concentrations of IgG alone do not promote phagocytosis by PMN, whereas addition of complement markedly enhances phagocytosis by PMN. These results may explain the previously reported sensitivity of macrophages rather than PMN to the “blocking” effects of anti-Pseudomonas antibodies from CF patients, and emphasize the pathologic significance of interference with IgG and complement mediated opsonization in the lung in CF.
Expression of leucocyte and lymphocyte adhesion molecules in the human kidney.

Expression of leucocyte and lymphocyte adhesion molecules in the human kidney. Leucocyte interaction with other cells is facilitated by the adhesion molecules, leucocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-l)-binding to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and for T cells and natural killer (NK) cells the binding of LFA-2 (CD2) to LFA-3. As these interactions are critical for the mediation of graft destruction by effector T cells, we examined whether there was a change in the expression of these molecules during rejection compared to normal kidneys. In normal kidneys, peritubular and glomerular capillaries and large vessel endothelium expressed ICAM-1 and LFA-3, but tubular cells expressed only low levels of LFA-3. LFA-1 -expressing cells, which were probably macrophages, were observed in the glomerulus. A few scattered LFA-1-expressing cells in the interstitium were probably tissue macrophages or dendritic cells, and only occasional interstitial mononuclear cells expressed LFA-2. During rejection, there was an infiltrate of mononuclear cells expressing LFA-1 and the T cell and NK cell component of the infiltrate expressed LFA-2. Neither of these markers was expressed by kidney parenchymal cells except for one allograft with severe rejection which showed LFA-1 beta chain expression by some tubular cells. Tubular cells had increased expression of ICAM-1 during rejection but there was no increase in LFA-3. The importance of LFA-2 and ICAM-1 expression on kidney tubular cells for adhesion of activated T cells was also examined in an in vitro system. An assay of binding of lymphocytes to monolayers of cultured kidney (HK) cells showed that there was greater adhesion of immune-activated lymphocytes to kidney cells (37.4 ±4.6% bound) than resting lymphocytes (14.3 ± 3.5%), and this adhesion was inhibited by antibody to LFA-1 (59.0 ± 10.1% inhibition) and ICAM-1 (34.9 ± 4.4%) but not to LFA-2 or LFA-3. These results suggest that adhesion of lymphocytes to HK cells is mediated mainly by a LFA-1-dependent pathway. As kidney micro vasculature constitutively expresses both adhesion molecules and HLA class I and class II, it is likely that these cells are the initial targets of effector cells of rejection and are preferentially destroyed. Increased expression of ICAM-1 and HLA antigens on tubular cells with rejection will also increase their interaction with effector cells and make them more vulnerable to destruction.
Treatment of Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is an acquired, immune-mediated, non–length-dependent polyradiculoneuropathy that is progressive or relapsing over a period of at least 8 weeks, often evolving over time to a relatively symmetric pattern. Although the exact pathogenesis is unclear, it is thought to be mediated by both cellular and humoral reaction to the peripheral nerve myelin sheath involving nerve roots and proximal and distal nerves. Early medical treatment of CIDP is important to prevent axonal loss occurring as a secondary effect of progressive demyelination. Only three treatments for CIDP have demonstrated benefit in randomized controlled studies: corticosteroids, plasma exchange, and intravenous immunoglobulin. About 25% of patients fail to respond to these treatments or respond inadequately. These treatments have similar efficacy but differ significantly in cost and adverse effects. These factors are considered in treatment selection.
Travelling Salesman with a Self-Similar Itinerary

Let X 1 , X 2 ,… be i.i.d. random points in R 2 with distribution v , and let L n be the length of the shortest path through X 1 ,…, X n . The exact almost sure rate of growth of L n , is obtained under the assumption that v is self-similar in an appropriate sense. This extends a well-known theorem of Beardwood, Halton, and Hammersley.
The use of the semiprecision rest in removable partial dentures.

Abstract The requirements of retainers for removable dentures are more effectively fulfilled with a deep rest retainer than with a shallow rest design. A deep rest retainer may be of the precision or the semiprecision type. In designing a semiprecision rest, four aspects of it must be taken into consideration: (1) the occlusal form, (2) the proximal form, (3) the gingival floor form, and (4) the proximal surface placement. When a semiprecision rest is used, primary retention can be attained by either a lingual arm or a spring device. If a lingual arm is used, the degree of retention can be augmented by modifying the contour of the lingual surface of the abutment casting. Possible modifications are an exaggerated undercut contour, a horizontal groove, and a dimple in a casting. Various spring devices can be used depending on whether the deep rest is placed on the proximal surface adjacent to the edentulous area or on the proximal surface away from the edentulous region. All types of preparations for abutment castings should have a full shoulder on the proximal surface that is to receive the deep rest. The shoulder should turn into the buccal and lingual contours of the preparation. The wax patterns of the abutment castings should have proximal surfaces that are parallel to each other and have enough bulk to permit milling of the selected form of semiprecision rest. The lingual surface should have its greatest contour close to the gingival margin of the tooth on the half that is to be contacted by the rigid section of the lingual arm. The greatest contour of the other half of the lingual surface should be closer to the occlusal surface. Impressions for the construction of a semiprecision removable partial denture can be made in rubber or silicone elastic materials in conjunction with plaster. The technique used varies depending on the arrangement of the remaining teeth. The two main arrangements encountered are (1) a free-end ridge on one side and a tooth-bounded ridge on the opposite side, and (2) bilateral free-end edentulous ridges. In both situations, the ridge areas are registered by the elastic material in a spaced custom-made tray, and the seats for the abutment castings are registered in plaster or rapid-setting artificial stone.
Climatic roles of ice: a contribution to the International Hydrological Programme (IHP) / Les rôles climatiques de la glace

Abstract Terrestrial ice is featuring prominently in current speculations about consequences and causes of marked climatic anomalies. This review is an attempt to provide the climate debate with a cryospheric sense of proportion matching present glaciological knowledge and understanding. Short climatic fluctuations on the time scale of months to decades involve primarily the seasonal and mote ‘volatile’ ice forms, snow and sea ice. Focused process experiments and effective monitoring techniques for their extents and characteristics, both in regional detail and in global completeness, are laying a firm basis for incorporating these cryospheric features into climate models and testing model results against current reality. It is concluded that snow and sea ice thus have now emerged from their basic problematics, covered by a few references to the published literature. They pose, however, numerous large tasks in the diagnosis and extrapolation of climatic anomalies. The more traditional cryospheric emphasis ...
The Sheikh Fadl Inscription in Its Literary and Historical Context

The fragmentary Sheikh Fadl inscription from the first half of the fifth century B.C.E. comprises the earliest narratives about the Inaros of Athribis who took part in an Egyptian rebellion against the Assyrians in the seventh century, and who is known especially from the much later 'Cycle of Inaros' in Demotic from the Ptolemaic and Roman periods. This Inaros is not to be confused with the Libyan rebel of the same name who led a revolt against the Persians in 464–454 B.C.E.; it may be significant, however, that the stories about Inaros of Athribis were perhaps written down in his time.
Polymerization Behavior and Kinetics during the Formation of Polymer-Stabilized Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals

The effects of photopolymerizing both mesogenic and nonmesogenic diacrylate monomers in ferroelectric liquid crystalline media were characterized. By using monomers with a variety of different physical and optical properties, the influence of the monomer as well as the ordered media was determined. Polymerization rate profiles and double-bond conversions were monitored at different temperatures and in different liquid crystalline phases. As the order of the media increased, the polymerization rates also increased dramatically for all of the monomers studied, despite large decreases in temperature. Solution polymerizations in the liquid crystal at temperatures for which the liquid crystal molecules are isotropically distributed and in an isotropic solvent were much slower and exhibited maximum rates less than one-third those observed in ordered phases. To elucidate the mechanisms behind this behavior, the kinetic constants of both the termination and propagation reactions were determined. For certain monomers, the rate increase was driven by a decrease in the termination kinetic constant causing an increase in the radical concentration. On the other hand, other monomer polymerizations in ordered phases exhibited an increase in both termination and propagation kinetic constants. The effects of increasing monomer concentration in the ferroelectric liquid crystal were also investigated.
Renal Disease in Noninsulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

ABSTRACT Diabetic nephropathy now accounts for approximately one-third of all patients who develop end-stage renal disease. The estimated cost to supply renal replacement therapy for this population now exceeds $750 million. The relatively recent realization that half of these’ individuals suffer from noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus has sparked increased interest in attempts to understand the pathologic processes involved and how they may be similar or different from those alterations seen in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, Basic and clinical investigation continues in an attempt to solve the puzzle of pathogenesis, as well as answer questions about the clinical usefulness of microalbuminuria and the appropriate management of hypertension in this population.
On the biomechanics of the shoulder complex

Abstract Effectiveness of the multisegmented total-human-body models to predict accurately live human response depends heavily on the proper biomechanical description and simulation of the articulating joints. In these models the shoulder region has been the most challenging for the biomechanician because of the lack of appropriate data and the complicated anatomical nature of the shoulder complex. This paper presents a research program which was developed to collect the resistive force, moment and torque data in the shoulder complex. The research was conducted with some obvious limitations on live human subjects by means of specially designed experimental apparatus which consists of a subject restraint system, a global force applicator (GFA), and an exoskeletal device (ESD). The numerical results are presented for three subjects for the range of motion, for the passive resistive force and moments and for the passive resistive torques about the long bone axis of the upper arm.
Methylphenidate increases cigarette smoking

Rationale Methylphenidate (Ritalin) and d-amphetamine (Dexedrine), stimulants commonly prescribed for behavioral problems associated with atttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), produce a similar constellation of behavioral effects. The results of previous studies suggest that d-amphetamine increases rates of smoking and the reinforcing effects of smoking. The effects of methylphenidate on smoking have not been assessed although it is the most commonly prescribed pharmacotherapy for ADHD and individuals with ADHD are at increased risk for smoking.
Reduced ocular dominance plasticity and long‐term potentiation in the developing visual cortex of protein kinase A RIIα mutant mice

The cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) signalling pathway has been shown to play an important role in long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD), and ocular dominance plasticity in the visual cortex. In order to investigate further the involvement of individual PKA subunits in visual cortical plasticity, LTP and LTD in vitro and ocular dominance plasticity in vivo in the developing visual cortex were examined in mice lacking the RIIα subunit of PKA. Here we show that LTP in layers II/III was decreased in RIIα knockout mice, but LTD was almost unaffected, and the ocular dominance shift induced by monocular deprivation was also partially blocked. These data provide evidence that RIIα is involved in LTP and ocular dominance plasticity, and further suggest that different afferent inputs could selectively activate particular subunits of PKA and thereby direct specific aspects of visual cortical plasticity.
Inadequate housing among families under investigation for child abuse and neglect: prevalence from a national probability sample

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of inadequate housing that threaten out-of-home placement among families under investigation by child welfare. Data came from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being, a nationally representative longitudinal survey of child welfare-involved families. Child protective services caseworkers as well as caregivers provided information on families whose child remained in the home after initial investigation (N = 3,867). Multilevel latent class analyses tested the presence of inadequately housed subgroups using 4 housing problem indicators at baseline. Logistic regressions assessed convergent and predictive validity. A two class latent solution best fit the data. Findings indicated that inadequate housing contributed to risk for out-of-home placement in approximately 16 % of intact families under investigation by child protective services. These families were 4 times more likely to need housing services 12 months later. Federal legislation emphasizes integration of social services as necessary to end homelessness. This study demonstrates overlap across public agencies. Enhanced coordination of child welfare and housing services facilitates interventions to prevent and mitigate homelessness.
Application of synchrotron radiation to x‐ray lithography

Synchrotron radiation from the German electron synchrotron DESY in Hamburg has been used for x‐ray lithography. Replications of different master patterns (for magnetic bubble devices, Fresnel zone plates, etc.) were made using various wavelengths and exposures. High‐quality lines down to 500 A wide have been reproduced using very soft x rays. The sensitivities of x‐ray resists have been evaluated over a wide range of exposures. Various critical factors (heating, radiation damage, etc.) involved with x‐ray lithography using synchrotron radiation have been studied. General considerations of storage ring sources designed as radiation sources for x‐ray lithography are discussed, together with a comparison with x‐ray tube sources. The general conclusion is that x‐ray lithography using synchrotron radiation offers considerable promise as a process for forming high‐quality‐submicron images with exposure times as short as a few seconds.
Optimal plastic design of circular and annular sandwich plates with piecewise constant cross section

Abstract Hopkins and Prager (1955) used an intuitive approach based on the concept of competing yield mechanisms to discuss plastic minimum-weight design of a circular plate with piecewise constant cross section. Since this paper was written, the theory of optimal plastic design has progressed considerably, but subsequent papers on optimal plate design were exclusively concerned with plates of continuously varying cross section. In view of the lesser manufacturing cost of plates with piecewise constant cross section, the present paper re-examines the original problem in the light of the modern theory of optimal plastic design. General optimality criteria are established and applied to full circular as well as annular plates. The relation of the designs obtained for annular plates to the singular designs investigated by Mpegarefs (1966, 1967) is discussed.
Equivalent Sequential Circuits

Three types of sequential circuits are defined, two of which are synchronous and one of which is asynchronous. The concept of equivalent sequential circuits as discussed by Huffman, Mealy, and Moore is extended to circuits of different types. Transformation procedures are given for transforming a state table of one type into state tables of the other types. One of these transformations can also be used to introduce unit delay between corresponding inputs and outputs for a synchronous circuit. The transformation methods allow a comparison of circuits, or state tables of different types to be made for a given sequential circuit problem. A few general conclusions are drawn about the different types of sequential circuits.
A two-phase preconditioning strategy of sparse approximate inverse for indefinite matrices

A two-phase preconditioning strategy based on a factored sparse approximate inverse is proposed for solving sparse indefinite matrices. In each phase, the strategy first makes the original matrix diagonally dominant to enhance the stability by a shifting method, and constructs an inverse approximation of the shifted matrix by utilizing a factored sparse approximate inverse preconditioner. The two inverse approximation matrices produced from each phase are then combined to be used as a preconditioner. Experimental results show that the presented strategy improves the accuracy and the stability of the preconditioner on solving indefinite sparse matrices. Furthermore, the strategy ensures that convergence rate of the preconditioned iterations of the two-phase preconditioning strategy is much better than that of the standard sparse approximate inverse ones for solving indefinite matrices.
Ethnic Medicine on the Frontier: A Case Study in Wyoming.

This article presents the results of a study conducted among Hispanics in Casper, Wyoming. Utilizing both quantitative and qualitative approaches, an attempt was made to assess the strength of selected components of the Mexican American ethnic medical system within the local community. Findings indicated that few local Hispanics adhered to much of the system, except in the realm of some easily available home remedies. An explanation for this lack of adherence is proposed, based on the economic and social conditions which prevail locally, and the possibility is raised that the ethnic medical system is subject to a good deal of variability in its expression as socioeconomic circumstances change.
Liberating Methodologies and Nakba Studies: Palestinian History and Memory from below as Sites of Lifelong Learning

Historians too often construct frameworks and methodologies which obfuscate social, economic and political oppression. This article explores new historical methodologies that can represent oppressed and marginalised groups in Palestine. In particular the article focuses on the role of indigenous history and memory in critical learning and shaping individual and collective identity in Palestine. It further argues that Palestinian memories ‘from below’ since the Nakba have played a major positive role in the recovery from the traumatic catastrophe and the reconstruction of Palestinian identity. The article critiques the manipulation of collective memory by social, political and economic elites and top-down nationalist approaches. It argues that reconfigured popular memories can be liberating and empowering for embattled Palestinians. The article also calls for the establishment of an interdisciplinary subfield of Nakba Studies that would bring together historians, social memory and cultural theorists, postc...
Self-healing polymeric materials

Inspired by nature, self-healing materials represent the forefront of recent developments in materials chemistry and engineering. This review outlines the recent advances in the field of self-healing polymers. The first part discusses thermodynamic requirements for self-healing networks in the context of conformation changes that contribute to the Gibbs free energy. The chain flexibility significantly contributes to the entropy changes, whereas the heat of reaction and the external energy input are the main contributors to enthalpy changes. The second part focuses on chemical reactions that lead to self-healing, and the primary classes are the covalent bonding, supramolecular assemblies, ionic interactions, chemo-mechanical self-healing, and shape memory polymers. The third part outlines recent advances using encapsulation, remote self-healing and the role of shape memory polymers. Recent developments in the field of self-healing polymers undeniably indicate that the main challenge will be the designing of high glass transition (Tg) functional materials, which also exhibit stimuli-responsive attributes. Build-in controllable hierarchical heterogeneousness at various length scales capable of remote self-healing by physical and chemical responses will be essential in designing future materials of the 21st century.
Failure of Primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery Using Anterior Tibialis Allograft

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction via anterior tibialis tendon allograft. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of 125 consecutive patients who underwent ACL reconstruction via an anterior tibialis tendon allograft. Of these patients, 69 were available for follow-up at a mean of 55 months (range, 42 to 74 months); their mean age was 31.7 years (range, 19 to 69 years). Clinical evaluation consisted of the Lysholm knee score, activity level assessment, and International Knee Documentation Committee assessment. Results: Of the 69 patients, 16 (23.1%) required revision ACL reconstruction for graft failure. In addition, 26 patients (37.7%) required repeat surgery, including 16 revision ACL reconstructions, 9 arthroscopic meniscal surgeries, and 1 total knee arthroplasty. The mean age of those patients in whom failure occurred was 22.8 years compared with 34 years in those in whom failure did not occur ( P = .0039). The failure/reoperation rate of those aged 25 years or under was 55% (17/31), as compared with 24% (9/38) in those aged over 25 years. The mean Lysholm knee score was 85.6 (range, 15 to 100), and the mean activity score was 4.36 (range, 0 to 9). Of the 52 patients who did not require revision ACL surgery, 86.2% rated their knee as normal or nearly normal. Conclusions: A reoperation rate of 38% after primary ACL surgery is high. We do not recommend the use of anterior tibialis allograft in young patients (aged ≤25 years) or those who participate frequently in level I ACL-dependent sports. Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic case series.
Effects of directiveness of instructions and surveillance on the production and persistence of children's donations

Abstract All subjects earned tokens for correct size judgments and observed a model who had previously earned tokens at the same task donate some of her earnings. Children were subsequently given an opportunity to donate some of their tokens to children at another school. The opportunity to give occurred in presence (surveillance) or absence of the experimenter and after being presented with either directive (you must give) or permissive (you can give if you want to) instructions. Directive instructions and surveillance both produced greater initial giving for all children. In a second session with no modeling, no surveillance, and no further instructions, earlier directive instructions also produced greater persistence of giving for all children. Permissive instructions produced greater reductions in giving over time for boys than for girls. The present findings suggest that directive instructions produce greater initial giving and that donating persists better under these more explicit conditions.
Bioequivalence study of nabumetone: Tablet versus suspension

Abstract The orally administered tablet and suspension of the analgesic drug nabumetone (Relafen), a novel naphthylalkanone, were tested for bioequivalence. Nabumetone is rapidly metabolized to an active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid (BRL 10720). The pharmacokinetics of the metabolite were studied in 24 healthy adult male volunteers. Each received a 1-g dose of the nabumetone formulations in a balanced, randomized, two-way crossover investigation. Serum metabolite concentrations were determined over a 120-hour interval by high-performance liquid chromatography. The values of the pharmacokinetic parameters computed for tablet and suspension are presented in that order: area under the curve=1,269:1,338 mg · hour/ml; absorption half-life = 1.04:0.83 hour; elimination half-life = 27.16:25.15 hours; lag time=0.19:0.07 hour; peak concentration=27.56:31.91 μg/ml, and time to peak concentration=4.99:4.17 hours. The mean concentration of BRL 10720 was found to be higher during the first eight hours for the suspension than for the tablet. Using criteria for statistical significance, the values for peak concentration, time to peak concentration, elimination half-life, and lag time were found significant (p
Highly etch resistant, negative resist for deep-UV and electron beam lithography

I lighly sensitive resists have been developed from a combination of silsesquioxanes, acid photogenerators, and phenolic resins. The resist forms negative images and is developable with aqueous base. Both electron beam and deep-uv optical sensitivity was observed. The films displayed exceptionally high oxygen reactive ion etch resistance. Bilayer systems were developed with this resist as the imaging layer with either polyimide or hard baked novolac as the planarizing layer. Improved optical resists for single layer application have been obtained by using poly(4-hydroxystyrene) derivatives as the matrix resin.
Understanding and Measuring Autonomy: An Entrepreneurial Orientation Perspective

Autonomy is an important component of an entrepreneurial orientation (EO), but most studies that assess the EO construct do not include autonomy measures. This article first addresses the theoretical relevance of autonomy as an element of firm-level entrepreneurial behavior. After a review of existing autonomy measures, it then proposes scale items to test the autonomy dimension of EO. Finally, it reports the results of two studies of the proposed autonomy scale and addresses implications for future EO-related autonomy research.
The Science, Evidence, and Practice of Dietary Interventions in Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a highly prevalent disorder that is characterized by symptoms of abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, and/or diarrhea. The diagnosis can be made using Rome III criteria or published guidelines after taking a thoughtful history, excluding warning signs, and performing a careful physical examination. Limited testing (ie, complete blood count and C-reactive protein level) may be useful in appropriate patients. A number of pharmacologic options are available, although many patients fail to respond to pharmacologic therapy. Although several IBS diets frequently are recommended, data supporting their use are limited. This article provides a rationale as to why specific diets might improve IBS symptoms and evaluates published trials.
POLICIES FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH

The ‘old’ growth theory of the 1950s led to certain conclusions about the sorts of economic policies that would promote economic growth, and also about their limitations. The ‘new’ growth theory of the 1980s makes much stronger assumptions and leads to correspondingly stronger conclusions about the scope of growth-promoting policy. This article argues that: (1) empirical work so far has neither confirmed nor denied the strong assumptions underlying the new theory; (2) the theory is worth pursuing because of its intrinsic interest and the possibilities it opens up; (3) whatever the final verdict on the new theory, both theory and evidence support the belief that significant long-run gains, even if not permanent changes in the growth rate, can be achieved by increased investment in the broadest sense, including human capital, technological knowledge, and industrial plant and equipment.
The Effects of Flooding and Physical Suppression as Extinction Techniques on an Anxiety Motivated Avoidance Locomotor Response

(1959). The Effects of Flooding and Physical Suppression as Extinction Techniques on an Anxiety Motivated Avoidance Locomotor Response. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 47, No. 2, pp. 235-245.
Effect of Interleaved Electrospun Nanofiber on Flexural Properties of Fiber Glass Composites

Electrospinning is regarded as one of the most efficient processes to generate one-dimensional nano structures. The electrospinning process is simple and provides consistent mass production of nanofibers. The scalability of the electrospinning process has an excellent potential to fulfill the high volume requirements of nanofibers in the infrastructure applications. The present work emphasizes the use of interleaved electrospun nanofibers in fiber glass composite beams. The Flexural behavior of a simply supported beam under a centrally concentrated loading is studied. Flexural properties of a fiber glass composite beam with interleaved electrospun nanofibers are compared with a fiber glass composite beam without electrospun nanofibers. The material configuration of the composite beams is: woven E-glass fabric prepregs with a low temperature molding resin. In addition, interleaved between the plies are TEOS (Tetra Ethyl Orthosilicate) electrospun nanofibers. The nanofibers were produced by developing optimized operating process parameters and a stabilized sintering temperature cycle to ensure consistency in the fiber morphology and pore structure. The successful integration of the electrospun nanofibers within the prepreg layers was obtained by pre-impregnation with a B-staged resin film and de-bulking to remove excessive resin prior to vacuum bagging. A series of mechanical Flexure tests were performed per the ASTM D7264 standard specification. Micrographs were obtained to study the progressive deformation and damage mechanics due to flexural loading in the specimens and clearly illustrate the differences in the failure mechanism with and without the electrospun interface layers.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Dynamics of water confined in the interdomain region of a multidomain protein

Molecular dynamics simulations are performed to study the dynamics of interfacial water confined in the interdomain region of a two-domain protein, BphC enzyme. The results show that near the protein surface the water diffusion constant is much smaller and the water-water hydrogen bond lifetime is much longer than that in bulk. The diffusion constant and hydrogen bond lifetime can vary by a factor of as much as 2 in going from the region near the hydrophobic domain surface to the bulk. Water molecules in the first solvation shell persist for a much longer time near local concave sites than near convex sites. Also, the water layer survival correlation time shows that on average water molecules near the extended hydrophilic surfaces have longer residence times than those near hydrophobic surfaces. These results indicate that local surface curvature and hydrophobicity have a significant influence on water dynamics.
SLIGHTLY-INELASTIC PROTON-DEUTERON SCATTERING

Measurements of the inelastic $p\ensuremath{-}d$ cross section, in the region of very small momentum transfer, have been made at laboratory scattering angles of 5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, and 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The elastic $p\ensuremath{-}d$ cross section has also been measured at these angles and compared with Postma's data. These measurements have been performed with a high-resolution magnetic spectrometer designed especially for this experiment. The $p\ensuremath{-}d$ cross sections have been obtained by normalizing the $p\ensuremath{-}d$ spectra to $p\ensuremath{-}p$ spectra obtained by filling the same target with liquid hydrogen. The shape of the $p\ensuremath{-}p$ spectrum, at a particular angle, was used to effect the separation of the inelastic $p\ensuremath{-}d$ from the elastic $p\ensuremath{-}d$ spectrum. The over-all energy resolution at small angles was about 0.75%.A comparison of the elastic $p\ensuremath{-}d$ data with the impulse-approximation calculation of Kerman, McManus, and Thaler yielded a value of ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{t}$, the triplet amplitude sum, at the four angles measured. The singlet amplitude sum, ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{s}$, was obtained by fitting Cromer's theory to the inelastic $p\ensuremath{-}d$ cross section. The experimental values of the parameters ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{s}$ and ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{t}$ are compared with the predictions of the most recent phase-shift analyses. ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{s}$ appears to be particularly sensitive to the values of the $T=0$ amplitudes and thus experimental values of ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{s}$ may be useful in future phase-shift analyses.
Site-Response Models for Charleston, South Carolina, and Vicinity Developed from Shallow Geotechnical Investigations

The study models the response of near-surface materials in Charleston, South Carolina, and the adjacent area. Geotechnical investigations at 281 locations were made available by local engineering firms. The data used for dynamic site- response analysis were derived from shear-wave velocity measurements at 52 loca- tions. Site response was quantified as the ratio of surface motion to hypothetical hard-rock basement outcrop motion. Scenario earthquake motions were developed with the stochastic model. Acceleration response ratios for 5% critical oscillator damping were computed for 12 frequencies ranging from 0.1 to 30 Hz and for peak ground acceleration. Two features determine the general nature of site response in the study area: the impedance contrast between Mesozoic basement and Cretaceous sediments, and the shallow impedance contrast between Quaternary and Tertiary sediments. Average S- wave velocities in the Quaternary are relatively uniform and range from 150 to 250 m/sec. They are not strongly correlated with surface geology. The velocities of the immediately underlying Tertiary sediments range from 300 to 500 m/sec. Because of the uniformity of velocity in the Quaternary, depth to the Quaternary-Tertiary contact appears to be the most important variable leading to differences in calculated site response. This surface is irregular, and varies in depth from near surface at inland sites to approximately 30 m at sites near the coast. As a consequence, estimated site response in the frequency band 1-10 Hz varies by as much as a factor of 3. Site response at frequencies less than 1 Hz is dominated by the first few resonant har- monics of the entire sedimentary section, with fundamental frequency near 0.2 Hz.
Induction Method for Electron Spin Resonance Spectrometry

An apparatus is described which uses the unique properties of an H-plane microwave junction to observe electron spin resonance in a manner analogous to the Bloch induction method. The theoretical sensitivity of this technique is expressed as a function of the parameters of the junction and the minimum observable number of unpaired electron spins. This method is compared with cavity techniques and is found to yield high sensitivity for small volume samples.
Numerical Simulations of the Lagrangian Averaged Navier-Stokes (Lans-α) Equations for Forced Homogeneous Isotropic Turbulence

The modeling capabilities of the Lagrangian Averaged Navier-Stokes-α equations (LANS-α) is investigated in statistically stationary three-dimensional homogeneous and isotropic turbulence. The predictive abilities of the LANS-α equations are analyzed by comparison with DNS data. Two different forcing techniques were implemented to model the energetics of the energy containing scales. The resolved flow is examined by comparison of the energy spectra of the LANS-α and the DNS computations; furthermore, the correlation between the vorticity and the eigenvectors of the rate of the resolved strain tensor is studied. We find that the LANS-α equations captures the gross features of the flow while the wave activity below a given scale α is filtered by the non- linear dispersion.
Idealized Solutions for the Energy Balance of the Finescale Internal Wave Field

Abstract Recent fine- and microstructure observations indicate enhanced finescale shear and strain in conjunction with bottom-intensified turbulent dissipation above rough bathymetry in the Brazil Basin. Such observations implicate the bottom boundary as an energy source for the finescale internal wave field. Simple analytical and numerical solutions to an equation governing the spatial and temporal evolution of the finescale wave field are described here. The governing equation implicitly treats the effects of wave breaking on the vertical propagation of internal waves through a flux representation of nonlinear transports associated with internal wave–wave interactions. These solutions identify the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy with downscale energy transports at high vertical wavenumber, resulting in an estimate of dissipation versus depth. The sensitivity of the turbulent dissipation depth profile to various environmental parameters is examined. Observed dissipation profiles and shear...
A role for miR-296 in the regulation of lipoapoptosis by targeting PUMA

Saturated free fatty acids (FFA) induce hepatocyte lipoapoptosis, a key mediator of liver injury in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Lipoapoptosis involves the upregulation of the BH3-only protein PUMA, a potent pro-apoptotic protein. Given that dysregulation of hepatic microRNA expression has been observed in NAFLD, we examined the role of miRNA in regulating PUMA expression during lipotoxicity. By in silico analysis, we identified two putative binding sites for miR-296-5p within the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of PUMA mRNA. Enforced miR-296-5p levels efficiently reduced PUMA protein expression in Huh-7 cells, while antagonism of miR-296-5p function increased PUMA cellular levels. Reporter gene assays identified PUMA 3′UTR as a direct target of miR-296-5p. The saturated FFA, palmitate, repressed miR-296-5p expression; and Huh-7 cells were sensitized to palmitate-induced lipotoxicity by antagonism of miR-296-5p function using a targeted locked nucleic acid (LNA). Finally, miR-296-5p was reduced in liver samples from nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients compared with patients with simple steatosis (SS) or controls. Also miR-296-5p levels inversely varied with PUMA mRNA levels in human liver specimens. Our results implicate miR-296-5p in the regulation of PUMA expression during hepatic lipoapoptosis. We speculate that enhancement of miR-296-5p expression may represent a novel approach to minimize apoptotic damage in human fatty liver diseases.
Nonlinear robust and optimal control of robot manipulators

In this paper, we propose a new optimal control method for robust control of nonlinear robot manipulators. Many industrial robot systems are required to perform relatively large angular movement with sufficient accuracy. In real circumstances, highly nonlinear manipulator dynamics and uncertainties such as unknown load placed on the manipulator, external disturbance, and joint friction make the precise control of manipulators a very challenging task. The main contribution of this work is to develop a new robust control strategy to accomplish the precise control of robot manipulators under load uncertainty using a nonlinear optimal control formulation and solution. This methodology is based on the underlying relation between the robust stability and performance optimality. A class of robust control problems can be transformed to an equivalent optimal control problem by incorporating the uncertainty bounds into the cost functional. The θ-D optimal control approach is utilized to find an approximate closed-form feedback solution to the resultant nonlinear optimal control problem via a perturbation process. Numerical simulations show that the proposed robust controller is able to control the robot manipulator precisely under large load variations.
Natural language processing in an operational clinical information system

This paper describes a natural language text extraction system, called MEDLEE, that has been applied to the medical domain. The system extracts, structures, and encodes clinical information from textual patient reports. It was integrated with the Clinical Information System (CIS), which was developed at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center (CPMC) to help improve patient care. MEDLEE is currently used on a daily basis to routinely process radiological reports of patients at CPMC.In order to describe how the natural language system was made compatible with the existing CIS, this paper will also discuss engineering issues which involve performance, robustness, and accessibility of the data from the end users' viewpoint.Also described are the three evaluations that have been performed on the system. The first evaluation was useful primarily for further refinement of the system. The two other evaluations involved an actual clinical application which consisted of retrieving reports that were associated with specified diseases. Automated queries were written by a medical expert based on the structured output forms generated as a result of text processing. The retrievals obtained by the automated system were compared to the retrievals obtained by independent medical experts who read the reports manually to determine whether they were associated with the specified diseases. MEDLEE was shown to perform comparably to the experts. The technique used to perform the last two evaluations was found to be a realistic evaluation technique for a natural language processor.