cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deciding to Change: One District’s Quest to Improve Overall Student Performance

This single case study of a school district responding to federal and state accountability pressures presents a rare analysis of educational decision making as it happens. It focuses in particular on the challenges and choices of making a strategic decision and the transition from that decision into implementation. Using a conceptual framework of multiple stakeholder decision making and a mixed methodology, this article demonstrates who has influence in decision making, how that influence directs decision making, and the effects of the ways in which strategic change decisions are communicated. This particular school district formulated its change decision collaboratively, but issued an implementation directive to the schools that was bureaucratic in nature. The result is rapid implementation with some unresolved problems. Practical implications suggest that education leaders can be thoughtful about aligning transition choices with desired outcomes. Research implications lead to more studies of this type to further illuminate the details of decision making in educational contexts.
Intracellular distribution of copper and zinc in sheep: effect of age and dietary levels of the metals.

This study was conducted to assess the effects of age and dietary levels of copper and zinc on the intracellular distribution of these metals in sheep, the domestic species most susceptible to copper toxicity. Hepatic copper concentration was lower in newborn lambs than in 30- and 60-day old lambs and its distribution in neonates differed significantly from that in the older animals and from that observed in newborn and adult rats. Sheep previously maintained on a low-copper diet for 50 days were then fed diets containing 2.2, 11.3 or 47.0 /xg Cu/g diet with and without zinc supplementation (543 or 46 /ng Zn,/g diet, respectively) for 60 days. Ceruloplasmin activity, total plasma copper and hematocrit were lower in zinc-supplemented sheep. Hepatic copper concentration was not reduced by /ine supplementation but was increased with each increase in dietary copper; the distribution pattern was significantly altered as hepatic copper increased. Hepatic zinc concentration and distribution were not affected by diet. Sheep fed the highest level of copper had higher copper concen trations in the mucosa of the small intestine and in kidney cortex. The concentrations of zinc in the kidney and of copper and zinc in diaphragm muscle and bile were not affected by diet. J. Nutr. 110: 448-459, 1980.
Banding resolution of human chromosomes: A method of accuracy and simplicity

Methods of estimating chromosome band resolution have been published but their accuracy has not been established. Banding resolution was determined by 4 methods which included a computerized linear correlation, the sum of bands on chromosomes 1 and 2, interpolation of the number of bands on chromosome 10, and interpolation of the number of bands on chromosomes 1p, 10, 11p, 12q, and X. The sum of bands on chromosomes 1 and 2 multiplied by 6 is the most accurate and simple. The use of a simple and reliable method is important for cytogenetic laboratories to document quality assurance of routine chromosome analyses, to enhance the exchange of information between laboratories, and to establish criteria for appropriate band resolution for specific types of specimens.
Profiling Polyimide-Polyimide Interfaces

The adhesion of spuncast polyimide layers is critical to the success of manufacturing multilayer polyimide structures. We have measured the interpenetration between a spuncast layer of the meta isomer of poly(amic ethyl ester) (PAE) precursor of PMDA 4,4′ ODA and the corresponding partially-imidized PAE base layer using forward recoil spectrometry (FRES). Measurements made with FRES show that interpenetration decreases rapidly as the base layer imide fraction f increased, with a corresponding decrease in adhesion measured with a T-peel test. In the region of f > 0.8, differences in interfacial adhesion are still observed while the interfacial widths are too narrow to be differentiated with FRES. For this reason, the use of other high resolution techniques for profiling the polyimide-polyimide interface such as nuclear reaction analysis, dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry, and neutron reflectometry will be necessary to accurately correlate interpenetration with adhesion.
The influence of water availability and defoliation on extrafloral nectar secretion in quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides)

In recent years, water stress has led to widespread growth declines and dieback of several North American tree species. In addition to its direct effects on tree physiology, water stress may compro...
Charge and Double Charge Exchange in Pion-Nucleus Scattering

Angle-integrated excitation functions for single charge exchange (SCE) to discrete two-body final states for both analog (ΔT=0, ΔTz=1) and non-analog (ΔT=1, ΔTz=1) transitions are now available. There are also π± elastic and SCE angular distributions on 3He and 3H at several energies. Similarly, the first measurements of both (ΔT=0, ΔTz=2) and (ΔT=2, ΔTz=2) transitions for double charge exchange (DCE) to discrete two-body final states have also been made. There is no clear dominance of ΔT=0 analog transitions over ΔT≠0 transitions for either SCE or DCE although the results are confined to rather low mass nuclei. Comparison of very recent DCE results for different isotopes show some rather remarkable variations which indicate that these reactions provide a practical tool for both mass determinations and spectroscopic studies (e.g. ground state correlations) of nuclei far from the line of stability. Various calculations for these reactions based on multiple scattering theory are discussed for their use in interpreting the observations.
On the Trans-Membrane Electron Transport Pathway of Cytochrome b6

The amino acid sequences and distribution of hydrophobic amino acids have been compared (1–3) for the b cytochromes from seven mitochondrial sources (A. nidulans. yeast, trypanosomes, maize, mouse, bovine, and human), the photosynthetic bacterium Rps. sphaeroides (4), and spinach chloroplasts (5). The similarities between the sequences, particularly the conservation of the positions of the four histidine ligands of the two hemes, and the quantitative correlation of the hydropathy plots of the heme-binding domain have led to a model for the folding pattern of these proteins in the membrane (6,7). The heme binding domain is defined approximately by the 211 residues of the chloroplast cytochrome polypeptide. Subunit IV of the chloroplast bg-f complex appears to correspond to the COOH-terminal end of the mitochondrial cytochrome (1).
Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism

This chapter reviews the diagnosis of PE and DVT including different testing modalities. Then different therapies are discussed such as thrombolytics. Anticoagulation is discussed and finally prevention of venous thrombosis. At least 300–600,000 patients per year in the United States suffer a first deep venous thrombosis, with 5–10 per 10,000 population suffering a thrombotic event each year. More than 90 % of pulmonary emboli occur as a complication of thrombosis in the deep venous system of the legs. Therefore, treatment and prevention of deep venous thrombosis will reduce the occurrence of pulmonary embolism. Another key point is that more than 90 % of the deaths from pulmonary embolism occur in the first hour. Thus, management is aimed toward prevention of a repeat embolism and not treatment of the initial embolus. It is estimated that the mortality rate of untreated pulmonary embolism is 30–40 %, and the risk of pulmonary embolism from untreated proximal deep venous thrombosis is 50–80 %.
Analysis of the Asian cruise industry and its future implementation

This study reviews the growth and development of the Asian cruise industry and its economic impact in conjunction with the global tourism and cruise business trends. The Asia Pacific region has been the fastest growing tourism region in the world due to an increase in disposable income, a longer vacation time, and an easing of travel regulations. As the Asian propensity to take a cruise as a vacation alternative rises, the cruise industry becomes a significant part of the tourism industry. The study finds that the Asian cruise industry’s future growth will be unprecedented with the implementation of effective marketing and sales promotion strategies to new emerging demographics.
Some New Books Targeting Deliberative Democracy

This is a book review of two new books that present themselves as critiques of deliberative democracy: Diana C. Mutz's Hearing the Other Side (Cambridge University Press, 2006) and Andrew Perrin's Citizen Speak (University of Chicago Press, 2006).
Too Close for Comfort: The Problem with Stationary SEC Officers

The SEC was created in response to the market crash of 1929 to prevent fraud and corruption; in recent memory, however, the institution has greatly failed. One dramatic result of the flaws in the SEC's structure was its inability to detect the 50 billion-dollar fraud that Bernard Madoff perpetrated. Virtually all commentators agree that there was ample evidence as the fraud progressed, and that the SEC should have but was unable to recognize it in time. This Article posits that in Madoff's case, the problem was not a lack of harsh sentences to punish this type of offense as some have pondered (indeed, the court unsurprisingly gave him 150 years in prison). Rather, the SEC agents responsible for overseeing NYC did not act in a dispassionate manner when people brought red flags in Madoff's dealings to their attention. This Article suggests that the agents' objectivity was compromised by too great a degree of personal familiarity with Madoff as an individual and his history, which resulted from the fact that the same agents worked closely with the NYC industry for years on end. This Article proposes a mandatory system of office rotations through which most SEC officers - and certainly any with supervisory duties - would be regularly transferred to different geographic areas and internal departments. This simple but important step could provide a significant improvement into the investigative process and increase the scrutiny that officers lend to specific accounts.
On Dicranostomus, a Remarkable Peruvian Genus of Katydids; and Notes on Other Insects Having Elongate Mandibles (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)

This report has two main objectives: First, to contribute information on the distribution and taxonomic characters of the katydid genus Dicranostomus Dohrn; second, to acquaint general entomologists and teachers with the principal features of these very unusual South American insects. The most conspicuous feature of these katydids is a pair of forceps-like appendages borne on the anterior surfaces of the mandibles. Most North American entomologists are scarcely acquainted with such structures except in males of the dobsonfly, Corydalus Latr. (Megaloptera). For this reason I have assembled brief notes on representative cases of striking mandibular structures that occur among mandibulate insects of other orders, mentioning examples that have come to my attention through the kindness of several colleagues.
ON THE STRUCTURE OF INTERNATIONAL DISDAIN

A binary relation R is a collection of ordered pairs (x,y). The relation R of international disdain is defined operationally by means of the "joking" relationship which occurs frequently among primitive tribes studied by anthropologists (1). For example the ordered pair (USA, Poland) is in R since i n America, one frequently hears the derogatory joke, Q1: How many Poles does it cake ro change a light bulb? A l : Three. One holds the light bulb and the other two lift him by the legs and walk round and round. During a visit to Poland, one may hear the identical response to the modified question in which Poles are replaced by policemen. In England, the replacement is Irishmen; in France, Belgians; in Germany, Prussians; in Canada, Newfier (meaning people from Newfoundland, and these people also tell "Newfie jokes" as verified by the first author during extensive field work to gather reliable data). This relation can be modeled by a directed graph ( 4 ) , just as the story of Mozart's opera 'Cosi fan Tutte' was structured by Harary ( 2 ) ; additional examples are given by Harary ( 3 ) . Four other variations of this joke follow: 4 2 HOW many Californians are needed to change a light bulb? A2 Elcven. One actually changes che bulb and the other ten share the experience. Q3. How many psychiatrists, etc.? A3: Jusr one, but the bulb must really want to be changed.
Detecting vocalizations of individual monkeys in social groups

Vocalization is an important clue in recognizing monkeys' behaviors. Previous studies have shown that the frequencies, the types and the lengths of vocalizations reveal significant information about social interactions in a group of monkeys. In this work, we describe a corpus of monkey vocalizations, recorded from Oregon National Primate Research Center with the goal of developing automatic methods for recognizing social behaviors of individuals in groups. The constraints of the problem necessitated using tiny low-power recorders, mounted on their collars. The recordings from each monkeys' recorder nonetheless contains vocalizations from not only the monkey wearing the recorder but also its spatial neighbors. The devices recorded vocalizations for two consecutive days, 12 hours each day, from each monkey in the group. Like in sensor networks, low power recorders are unreliable and have sample loss over long durations. Furthermore, the recordings contain high-levels of background noise, including clanging of metal collars against cages and conversations of caretakers. These practical issues poses an interesting challenge in processing the recordings. In this paper, we investigate our automated approaches to process the data efficiently, detect the vocalizations and align the recordings from the same sessions.
Peer associations for substance use and exercise in a college student social network.

UNLABELLED Substance use and exercise have opposite trajectories in young adulthood, and research indicates that peers are influential for both of these health behaviors, but simultaneous investigations of peer associations with substance use and exercise have not been conducted. OBJECTIVE Use a college residence hall peer network to examine associations between peer behaviors and alcohol use, marijuana use, and exercise behavior. METHOD 129 undergraduates (51.9% female, 48.1% non-Hispanic White; 84.5% first-year students) in one residence hall completed a Web-based survey of substance use and exercise and identified up to 10 students in the residence hall who were important to them. Two social network analytic methods, community detection cluster analysis and network autocorrelation modeling, were used to identify peer groupings and to examine the associations between peer and participant behaviors, respectively. RESULTS Participants nominated an average of 4.1 residence hall members, and 53.9% of the ties were reciprocal. 6 clusters were identified that differed significantly on demographics, college activities, substance use, and exercise. Weekly volume of alcohol consumed among nominated peers was significantly associated with that of participants, and all other covariates, including gender and athlete status, were not significant. Peer marijuana use also was associated with participant use after controlling for covariates. Exercise levels of nominated peers were not associated with exercise levels of participants. CONCLUSIONS College student networks may be good targets for health-related prevention programs. Programs that use close-proximity peers to influence the behavior of others might be more effective with substance use as the target behavior than exercise.
Public Support for Economic Sanctions: An Experimental Analysis

What are the determinants of public support for the government’s foreign policy? We shed light on this question using experiments investigating public support for economic sanctions. Our results suggest that humanitarian concerns are associated with individuals’ decisions to support the use of sanctions against a target country. We find that high levels of public pain in the target country have a negative relationship with the likelihood of supporting sanctions, and tailored sanctions, which aim to shift damage from the targeted country’s population to its leadership, have a higher probability of support than comprehensive sanctions. At the same time, policy effectiveness shapes public support, but only indirectly—through individuals’ subjective evaluations rather than given estimates of policy success. When subjective evaluations of effectiveness are higher, sanctions receive more public support. Recalled effectiveness, on the other hand, has no direct effect on the decision to support the sanction policy.
Development of potent small-molecule inhibitors to drug the undruggable steroid receptor coactivator-3

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) play a central role in most biological processes, and therefore represent an important class of targets for therapeutic development. However, disrupting PPIs using small-molecule inhibitors (SMIs) is challenging and often deemed as "undruggable." We developed a cell-based functional assay for high-throughput screening to identify SMIs for steroid receptor coactivator-3 (SRC-3 or AIB1), a large and mostly unstructured nuclear protein. Without any SRC-3 structural information, we identified SI-2 as a highly promising SMI for SRC-3. SI-2 meets all of the criteria of Lipinski's rule [Lipinski et al. (2001) Adv Drug Deliv Rev 46(1-3):3-26] for a drug-like molecule and has a half-life of 1 h in a pharmacokinetics study and a reasonable oral availability in mice. As a SRC-3 SMI, SI-2 can selectively reduce the transcriptional activities and the protein concentrations of SRC-3 in cells through direct physical interactions with SRC-3, and selectively induce breast cancer cell death with IC50 values in the low nanomolar range (3-20 nM), but not affect normal cell viability. Furthermore, SI-2 can significantly inhibit primary tumor growth and reduce SRC-3 protein levels in a breast cancer mouse model. In a toxicology study, SI-2 caused minimal acute cardiotoxicity based on a hERG channel blocking assay and an unappreciable chronic toxicity to major organs based on histological analyses. We believe that this work could significantly improve breast cancer treatment through the development of "first-in-class" drugs that target oncogenic coactivators.
An experimental study of Salmonella dublin abortion in cattle.

SUMMARY Pregnant heifers were inoculated intravenously with Salmonella dublin with the intention of inducing abortion in the absence of enteric disease. Two animals inoculated with 107 bacteria did not abort. Three inoculated with either 1010 or 109 aborted and became severely ill. Ten out of 12 animals inoculated with 108 bacteria aborted. In all animals abortion was preceeded by a period of pyrexia. In the majority of animals there were three successive periods of pyrexia; abortion followed the second period of pyrexia 8–11 days after inoculation.
The role of relevance in frictionless information systems: building systems that delight and inform

Frictionless Information Systems (FIS) are a class of software systems that automatically bring users information and services related to what they are doing. These systems bridge the gap between the information a user wants and the repositories that contain the information---making the user more effective and informed. By mining information about who you are, where you are, what you are doing, or what you are interacting with, these systems can seamlessly deliver information that can help people as they move around the world. From systems that provide relevant, on-point information and services while you watch TV to intelligent search assistant that suggest relevant resources while you read and write documents on your desktop, the Frictionless Information System fundamentally changes the way people interact with information. A user's context is incredibly powerful. At the FIS's core is context. Effectively capturing and analyzing user's context allows the FIS to provide highly relevant information and resources to users engaged in a variety of tasks. This dissertation describes a framework for maximizing the relevance of results provided by FISs by exploiting a user's context to ensure the user is delighted and informed by the quality and breadth of results presented. The techniques described are designed to work in real-time and scale to include a wide range of common user contexts. I will explore two FISs, Watson and Beyond Broadcast, that utilize these techniques to perform proactive, contextual information retrieval in two different domains. To better understand the effectiveness of this framework, I will present a laboratory evaluation that explores the relevance of results produced by our systems. The goal of this work is to provide a real-time, scalable, and effective framework for integrating a user's context into automatic information retrieval.
Principles and Methods of Law and Economics: MEINHARD V. SALMON 249 N.Y. 458 (1928)

C ardozo , Chief Judge On April 10, 1902, Louisa M. Gerry leased to the defendant Walter J. Salmon the premises known as the Hotel Bristol at the northwest corner of Forty-second Street and Fifth Avenue in the city of New York. The lease was for a term of 20 years, commencing May 1, 1902, and ending April 30, 1922. The lessee undertook to change the hotel building for use as shops and offices at a cost of $200,000. Alterations and additions were to be accretions to the land. Salmon, while in course of treaty with the lessor as to the execution of the lease, was in course of treaty with Meinhard, the plaintiff, for the necessary funds. The result was a joint venture with terms embodied in a writing. Meinhard was to pay to Salmon half of the moneys requisite to reconstruct, alter, manage, and operate the property. Salmon was to pay to Meinhard 40 per cent. of the net profits for the first five years of the lease and 50 per cent. for the years thereafter. If there were losses, each party was to bear them equally. Salmon, however, was to have sole power to “manage, lease, underlet and operate” the building. There were to be certain pre-emptive rights for each in the contingency of death. They were coadventurers, subject to fiduciary duties akin to those of partners. King v. Barnes , 16 N. E. 332. As to this we are all agreed.
Earth science: Extraordinary world.

The isotopic compositions of objects that formed early in the evolution of the Solar System have been found to be similar to Earth's composition — overturning notions of our planet's chemical distinctiveness. See Letters p.394 & p.399
University Ranking Publications: to Manipulate or Not to Manipulate

We develop a multi-period theoretical model to characterize the relationship between a publication that ranks universities and prospective attendees -- high school students -- who might view the ranking and use it to help decide which university to attend. We assert that published rankings not only offer information about the objective quality of universities, but also have an effect on the prestige of universities, which is an element in students' utility functions beyond objective quality elements. We show that a prestige effect can incent publications to take actions that are not in the best interest of the students; an example would be the excessive changes to ranking methodology that U.S. News & World Report (USNWR) is usually accused of. We show that if a ranking that uses an attribute-and-aggregate ranking methodology (the ranking methodology publications like USNWR and BusinessWeek use) creates prestige, then the publication (a) optimally chooses attribute score weights that do not match student preferences and (b) changes these attribute score weights over time even if there are no changes in student preferences. If a prestige effect is not present, then, according to our model, the publication optimally chooses attribute score weights that match student preferences. We use our model to characterize a socially-optimal ranking methodology -- one that maximizes the sum of the publisher's profit, the utilities of students who view the ranking, and the utilities of the students who do not view the ranking -- and show that the socially-optimal ranking methodology evolves over time toward a stable ranking that diverges from the publisher's optimal ranking. We conclude by discussing how students should deal with published rankings in the current environment, and what types of ranking methodologies might be developed to better represent student preferences.
Management of Sedation and Paralysis

Sedatives are administered to decrease patient discomfort and agitation during mechanical ventilation and to maintain patient-ventilator synchrony. Titration of infusions and or bolus dosing to maintain light sedation goals according to validated scales is recommended. However, it is important to consider deeper sedation for patients with refractory patient-ventilator dyssynchrony (PVD) to prevent volutrauma and barotrauma. Deep sedation plus muscle relaxants may be required to treat PVD or to reduce oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. Although minimization and protocolization of sedation in the intensive care unit improves costs and outcomes, it is important to consider goals on an individual basis.
Synergistic Activity of the Proteasome Inhibitor PS-341 with Non-Myeloablative 153-Sm-EDTMP in a Syngeneic, Orthotopic Model of Multiple Myeloma.

Abstract Multiple myeloma is a highly radiosensitive malignancy but, at the present time, radionuclide-based interventions have no proven place in disease management. Bone-seeking radionuclides such as 153-Sm-EDTMP and 166-Ho-DOTMP are promising agents for systemic delivery of ionizing radiation to sites of myeloma disease activity, but they are associated with significant myelosuppression at therapeutically effective doses and have therefore been used only in the context of myeloma stem cell transplantation protocols. We previously reported that the proteasome inhibitor PS-341 potently and selectively sensitizes myeloma cell lines and primary myeloma cells to the lethal effects of ionizing X-irradiation (Goel et al, Exp Hematol . 33, 784, 2005). To determine whether PS-341 is equally effective in sensitizing myeloma cells to ionizing beta-radiation and to extend our initial observations to an in vivo model, we combined PS-341 with the bone-seeking radionuclide 153-Sm-EDTMP. In vitro clonogenic assays were performed using a panel of myeloma cell lines and demonstrated synergistic killing following co-treatment with PS-341 and 153-Sm-EDTMP. Using the orthotopic, syngeneic 5TGM1 myeloma model, the median survivals of mice treated with saline, two doses of PS-341 (0.5 mg/kg), or a single non-myeloablative dose of 153-Sm-EDTMP (22.5 MBq) were 21, 22 and 28 days, respectively. In contrast, mice treated with combination therapy comprising two doses of PS-341 (0.5 mg/kg), one day prior to and one day following 153-Sm-EDTMP (22.5 MBq) showed a greatly prolonged median survival of 49 days. Correlative studies indicated that, compared to single-agent therapy, combination treatment with PS-341 and 153-Sm-EDTMP rapidly reduced the clonogenicity of bone-marrow resident 5TGM1 cells, slowed the elevation of serum myeloma-associated paraprotein levels, and was associated with longer term preservation of bone mineral density. The myelotoxicity of single agent and combination therapies was evaluated by comparing peripheral blood cell counts in each of the treatment groups, and by clonogenicity assays of hematopoietic progenitors isolated form normal mice receiving identical treatment regimens. Treatment with 153-Sm-EDTMP led to significant, but transient, myelosuppression which did not differ between animals treated with 153-Sm-EDTMP alone versus those treated with the combination of PS-341 plus 153-Sm-EDTMP. In summary, PS-341 is a potent in vivo radiosensitizer that greatly enhances the therapeutic potency, without increasing myelotoxicity, of skeletal targeted radiotherapy in the syngeneic, orthotopic 5TGM1 myeloma model. Based on these findings, we propose to conduct a phase I clinical trial at Mayo Clinic to evaluate the combination of PS-341 plus non-myeloablative skeletal targeted radiotherapy (using 153-Sm-EDTMP) in patients with advanced or treatment-refractory multiple myeloma.
I(2P1/2) produced from the energy transfer from NCl(a1 ) to I(2P3/2)

Emission from I( 2 P 1/2 ) at 1.315 micron has been observed from the energy transfer from NCl(a 1 Δ) to I( 2 P 3/2 ). The NCl(a 1 Δ) was produced by reacting excess Cl with HN 3 . The Cl and HN 3 react to give N 3 and HCl. The N 3 then reacts with Cl to yield NCl(a 1 Δ) and N 2 . A rate constant for the quenching of NCl(a 1 Δ) by I(2 P 3/2) was measured to be at least 1 x 10 -10 cm 3 /s. This near gas kinetic rate is interpreted as evidence of an efficient near resonance energy transfer process; NCl(a 1 Δ, v = 0) + I( 2 P 3/2 ) - NCl(X 3 Σ, v = 2) + I( 2 P 1/2 ).
Bridging the Partisan Divide? Exploring Ambivalence and Information Seeking Over Time in the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election

Research has shown that holding conflicted attitudes (ambivalence) about political decisions may lead people to act as ideal citizens. One example of this normatively ideal behavior is seen in research linking ambivalence to information seeking. To expand on this line of inquiry, this study examines the over-time relationship between ambivalence and information seeking. We use three-wave panel data collected during the 2012 election to determine whether over-time relationships exist between these variables and test the causal direction of these relationships. We find that use of counterattitudinal information increases ambivalence, which leads people to seek out more counterattitudinal information. We also find that use of pro-attitudinal media decreases levels of ambivalence.
Accelerating Mobile Web Loading Using Cellular Link Information

Despite the 4G LTE's 10X capacity improvement over 3G, mobile Web loading latency remains a major issue that hampers user experience. The root cause lies in the inefficient transport-layer that underutilizes LTE capacity, due to high channel dynamics, wireless link losses, and insufficient application traffic to propel the bandwidth probing. In this paper, we propose Cellular Link-Aware Web loading (CLAW), which boosts mobile Web loading using a physical-layer informed transport protocol. CLAW harnesses the limited PHY-layer statistics available on LTE phones to quantitatively model the LTE channel resource utilization, which is then translated into a transport window that best fits the bandwidth. Consequently, CLAW can estimate and fully utilize the available bandwidth almost within one RTT. In addition, CLAW can precisely differentiate LTE wireless loss from congestion loss, and identify the rare cases when the wireline backhaul becomes the bottleneck. We have prototyped CLAW on commodity LTE phones. Across a wide range of experimental settings, CLAW consistently reduces Web loading latency by more than 30%, compared to classical TCP variants and state-of-the-art congestion controls for cellular networks.
Abstract P116: Exercise Ameliorated Cognitive Impairment Through ER Stress Mitigation in Alcohol Treated Exercise Ameliorated Cognitive Impairment Through Er Stress Mitigation in Alcohol Treated C57bl/6 Male Mice

Alcohol consumption is a potent inducer of oxidative stress (OS). Oxidative stress cause disturbance of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, that triggers ER stress (ERS), cause neuronal damage in the brain. Our Previous data indicate that Alcohol consumption induces mitochondrial dysfunction and free radical production in mouse cerebral cortex. Exercise has been recommended by clinicians as a secondary protective therapy; however, its effect on brain functions through ER stress has not been fully explored. Therefore, we hypothesized that exercise improves Alcohol-induced neurodegeneration and decline in cognitive function through ER stress mitigation. To test this hypothesis, we selected 10-12 weeks old male wild-type mice (C57BL/6, WT), grouped as follows: 1) WT, 2) WT+ Alcohol, 3) WT+ Exercise, 4) WT+ Alcohol + Exercise. Mice were given an intraperitoneal injection of Alcohol (1.5g/kg BW) or saline solution every day for 8 weeks. The mice were exercised for 8 weeks on a treadmill with a controlled speed of 7 meters/min for the first week, the speed of 10 meters/min for the second week and 11 meters/min in the following weeks and a total of 330 meters every day. After each 110 meters mice were given rest of 10 minutes. Cognitive and behavior alterations were assessed by novel object recognition, Passive avoidance, and Y-maze tests. Our result showed there is a significantly impaired cognitive and behavior functions (600.00 ± 0.00 vs 480 ± 20.00, P
Effect of Chronic Haloperidol on the Levels of Blood and Urinary Phenylethylamine and Phenylacetic Acid in Rats

Phenylethylamine (PE) and/or its major metabolite phenylacetic acid (PAA) have been suggested to be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia ard the major affective disorders. In the majority of past studies on PE and PAA levels in urine of psychiatric patients, it has not been clear whether subjects were still receiving or recently withdrawn from antipsychotic medication. It is possible that such medication may contribute to changes in PE dynamics either during treatment or following withdrawal, though this possibility has not been thoroughly tested. Therefore, in a preliminary experiment we have directly tested the effects of a chronic neuroleptic schedule on the levels of PE in both blood and urine, and the levels of PAA in urine, of rats. Urinary excretion of these compounds was studied prior to drug treatment, during chronic treatment, and following withdrawal, while blood PE levels were observed immediately after and five days after the completion of a chronic treatment schedule.
Thermal performance of a silicon-interposer with embedded fluid channels enabling dual-side heat removal

Future high-power chip stacks with several hundred Watts of power dissipation rely on novel cooling topologies. In this paper, we are introducing dual-side convective cooling considering a lid-integral silicon cold plate in combination with an interposer with embedded fluid cavity. The cavity in the interposer is established by two back-to-back bonded interposer shells with integrated fluid channels. This approach allows the implementation of a cavity height of 240 μm at a through-silicon-via pitch of 225 μm. Interposer test vehicles are fabricated to explore the heat removal capability of three different cavity designs; Channel 2-Port, Pin-Fin 2-Port and Channel 4-Port. They are studied with respect to their thermal response on uniform and non-uniform power maps. The projected power map of a three-tier chip stack with an aggregate power dissipation of more than 600W on 4cm2 area is considered. Heat and mass transport experiments are performed. Changes from laminar to transitional flow regimes are discussed. The transition is most prominent for the pin-fin cavity, indicated by a drastic pressure drop increase above 0.15 L/min and a junction temperature drop. The 4-port design with microchannels outperformed the other designs, considering pressure drop as the relevant boundary condition. The performance difference can be large especially for non-uniform heat fluxes and needs to be studied on a case-by-case basis.
Physician Experiences and Understanding of Genomic Sequencing in Oncology.

The amount of information produced by genomic sequencing is vast, technically complicated, and can be difficult to interpret. Appropriately tailoring genomic information for non-geneticists is an essential next step in the clinical use of genomic sequencing. To initiate development of a framework for genomic results communication, we conducted eighteen qualitative interviews with oncologists who had referred adult cancer patients to a matched tumor-normal tissue genomic sequencing study. In our qualitative analysis, we found varied levels of clinician knowledge relating to sequencing technology, the scope of the tumor genomic sequencing study, and incidental germline findings. Clinicians expressed a perceived need for more genetics education. Additionally, they had a variety of suggestions for improving results reports and possible resources to aid in results interpretation. Most clinicians felt genetic counselors were needed when incidental germline findings were identified. Our research suggests that more consistent genetics education is imperative in ensuring the proper utilization of genomic sequencing in cancer care. Clinician suggestions for results interpretation resources and results report modifications could be used to improve communication. Clinicians’ perceived need to involve genetic counselors when incidental germline findings were found suggests genetic specialists could play a critical role in ensuring patients receive appropriate follow-up.
Examples of Crystal Brillouin Scattering Polarization Selection Rules

Laser light sources and sensitive photoelectric detection allow the present day experimenter to obtain crystal Brillouin scattering spectra for well defined scattering vector directions and completely polarized incident and scattered radiation. Thus we now have a very powerful tool for exploring the elastic and photoelastic anisotropy in crystals from a combination of measurements of the frequency shifts of the components and the intensities of the components in polarized spectra.
Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Household Waste Foods

Waste food residues are considered as suitable raw materials for the production of low cost adsorbents. In this work, activated carbons was perpetrating from household waste food (orange peels, banana peels, walnut shells, olive stones and their mixture). Chemical carbonization at 500?C for 1.5hr was used to prepare carbons and their activation by KOH and CaCl2 solutions for 24h. Then added 0.1g of activated carbons to the solution of blue dyeprepared laboratory to demonstrate the activation of the types of activated carbons prepared toremove the blue dye. The results indicated that characteristics (yield, burn off, density, moisturecontent, ash content, pore volume, porosity percent, Iodine number, methyl blue number andremoval percent of methyl blue) for all activated carbons were compared with commercialactivated carbon. It has been found that activated carbon from orange peels and mixturesactivated with CaCl2 had the best adsorption properties reach to the (80, 77.5)% removal bluedye respectively and iodine numbers (741, 735)mg/g . This low coast activated carbons can beused for wastewater treatment.
Load Management Technologies and Programs in the U.S.

Load management activities are undertaken by utilities to alter the load shape so as to achieve a better match between the customers’ cyclic demands and utilities’ current and planned generating and T&D (transmission and distribution) resources. A variety of customer-side technologies to control peak loads, shift loads from peak to off-peak periods, or to fill off-peak valleys are beginning to emerge on the market. These technologies include remote control systems, which can affect real-time changes in the load, some of them with smart controls on the customer-side, as well as thermal storage systems for cooling, heating, and water heating, which are designed to shift the corresponding electricity consumption to off-peak periods.
SPIRAL’s Autoindexing and Searching Algorithms

SPIRAL (Sandia Program for Information Retrieval) is a system for storage and retrieval of natural language text. This presentation reviews the data compression, indexing, and retrieval features of the system and gives a detailed explanation of the algorithms used in autoencoding, phrase searching, and vocabulary-pattern searching.
Evolving requirements in socio-technical systems: concepts and practice

Changes in requirements are inevitable in the context of sociotechnical systems (STS) that involve human organizations with their rules, as well as individuals and software systems. In these complex systems need for changes may emerge once software components come into operation, due to undesirable behavior of the STS, or due to variations in organization rules, laws, resources and STS's components themselves. This leads to a problem of continuous analysis of evolving requirements in a traceable way. Our work is motivated by experience in a real project in the health-care domain, and in analysis practices based on participatory design methods (scenarios and personas) and on techniques for law-compliant requirements analysis. We revisit this experience and generalize it into a novel framework that provides concepts and practices to support an evolutionary and "participatory" process for requirements evolution in STS.
Safety Properties with Past Terms

For some safety properties, whether a state is considered a “bad thing” depends on the preceding states. We discuss in this chapter how to specify and reason about such safety properties. We show that by extending Predicate Logic, the techniques of Chapter 6 can be used for reasoning about arbitrary safety properties. The chapter also discusses the design of programs satisfying arbitrary safety properties and the role of auxiliary variables in reasoning about programs.
Extinction Learning as a Potential Mechanism Linking High Vagal Tone with Lower PTSD Symptoms among Abused Youth.

Childhood abuse is a potent risk factor for psychopathology, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Research has shown high resting vagal tone, a measure of parasympathetic nervous system function, protects abused youth from developing internalizing psychopathology, but potential mechanisms explaining this effect are unknown. We explored fear extinction learning as a possible mechanism underlying the protective effect of vagal tone on PTSD symptoms among abused youth. We measured resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and skin conductance responses (SCR) during a fear conditioning and extinction task in youth with variability in abuse exposure (N = 94; aged 6–18 years). High RSA predicted lower PTSD symptoms and enhanced extinction learning among abused youths. In a moderated-mediation model, extinction learning mediated the association of abuse with PTSD symptoms only among youth with high RSA. These findings highlight extinction learning as a possible mechanism linking high vagal tone to decreased risk for PTSD symptoms among abused youth.
Quadrivalent Meningococcal Vaccine Uptake Among Men Who Have Sex With Men During a Meningococcal Outbreak in Los Angeles County, California, 2016-2017.

Author(s): Holloway, Ian W; Wu, Elizabeth SC; Gildner, Jennifer; Fenimore, Vincent L; Tan, Diane; Randall, Laura; Frew, Paula M | Abstract: ObjectiveThe objective of our study was to assess meningococcal ACWY (MenACWY) vaccine uptake among men who have sex with men (MSM) during an ongoing, invasive meningococcal disease outbreak in Southern California. This research was important to inform future vaccination uptake interventions for this high-priority population.MethodsWe conducted venue-based sampling to recruit and enroll MSM living in Los Angeles County, California, from December 2016 through February 2017. We conducted bivariate and multivariable analyses to evaluate associations between MenACWY vaccine uptake and other predetermined factors.ResultsOf 368 participants, 138 (37.5%) reported receiving the MenACWY vaccine. In multivariable analyses, older age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.31-5.03), previous diagnosis of a sexually transmitted infection (aOR = 2.22; 95% CI, 1.14-4.30), belief that MenACWY vaccine is important (aOR = 3.49; 95% CI, 1.79-6.82), confidence in the MenACWY vaccine (aOR = 5.53; 95% CI, 3.11-9.83), and knowing someone who had been vaccinated (aOR = 5.82; 95% CI, 3.05-11.12) were significantly associated with MenACWY vaccine uptake.ConclusionsOur findings reflect low uptake of the recommended MenACWY vaccine among MSM after a local outbreak, despite public health efforts. In addition to ongoing, widespread campaigns to inform MSM about local outbreaks and vaccination recommendations, MSM may be responsive to direct outreach from peers who have been vaccinated.
Dynamic Defense against Adaptive and Persistent Adversaries

This talk will cover two topics, namely, modeling and design of Moving Target Defense (MTD), and DIFT games for modeling Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs). We will first present a game-theoretic approach to characterizing the trade-off between resource efficiency and defense effectiveness in decoy- and randomization-based MTD. We will then address the game formulation for APTs. APTs are mounted by intelligent and resourceful adversaries who gain access to a targeted system and gather information over an extended period of time. APTs consist of multiple stages, including initial system compromise, privilege escalation, and data exfiltration, each of which involves strategic interaction between the APT and the targeted system. While this interaction can be viewed as a game, the stealthiness, adaptiveness, and unpredictability of APTs imply that the information structure of the game and the strategies of the APT are not readily available. Our approach to modeling APTs is based on the insight that the persistent nature of APTs creates information flows in the system that can be monitored. One monitoring mechanism is Dynamic Information Flow Tracking (DIFT), which taints and tracks malicious information flows through a system and inspects the flows at designated traps. Since tainting all flows in the system will incur significant memory and storage overhead, efficient tagging policies are needed to maximize the probability of detecting the APT while minimizing resource costs. In this work, we develop a multi-stage stochastic game framework for modeling the interaction between an APT and a DIFT, as well as designing an efficient DIFT-based defense. Our model is grounded on APT data gathered using the Refinable Attack Investigation (RAIN) flow-tracking framework. We present the current state of our formulation, insights that it provides on designing effective defenses against APTs, and directions for future work.
Design of a low-cost MRI compatible plantarflexion force measurement device

Investigating the neural correlates of ankles' joint rotation is critical to better understand the underlying deficit in balance or posture control in the clinical population. This work describes the design and characteristics of a low-cost MRI compatible isometric plantarflexion force measurement device. The device is fully adjustable to the particular height and shoe size of participants. Each individual force sensor has an operational linear range up to 80–100kg amounting to a force range up to 180kg when combining the two sensors, which is well above the maximal force for the majority of the population. Preliminary neuroimaging tests suggest that performing submaximal ankle plantar flexions on the device induce minimal motion artifacts on fMRI signal that are within an acceptable range.
Incidence and survival of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the United States.

T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a curable malignancy in the pediatric population. However, population-level data on its incidence and outcomes among adults is sparse. Using SEER data...