cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring the impact of Positive Behavior Support

Although positive behavior support (PBS) approaches are often cited as influencing systems, families, and individuals beyond changes in problem or alternative behavior, very few studies have direct...
Aging versus disease: the opinions of older black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white Americans about the causes and treatment of common medical conditions.

BACKGROUND Little is known about how older people interpret disease and how those interpretations might relate to use of medical services. OBJECTIVE To assess opinions of older subjects about the cause and treatment of common diseases and how they are related to health behaviors. DESIGN In-home interview of a population-based sample (n = 601) of noninstitutionalized black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white American men and women aged 75 and older in Galveston County, Texas. RESULTS Substantial proportions of the subjects considered heart disease, arthritis, or difficulty sleeping to be a normal part of aging. In multivariate analyses including age, gender, education, marital status, living arrangement, global self-rating of health, and comorbidity, older black subjects were less likely to view heart disease (OR = 0.41; 95% CI, 0.26–0.64), arthritis (OR = 0.48; 95% CI, 0.31–0.73), or sleep problems (OR = 0.50; 95% CI, 0.32–0.77) as a normal part of aging than were non-Hispanic whites. Blacks were more than three times as likely to attribute heart disease to overwork or stress than were non-Hispanic whites. In multivariate analyses, subjects who considered all three of the medical conditions to be a normal part of aging (“fatalistic”) were less likely to have received preventive medical services in the previous year (OR = 0.13; 95% CI, 0.02–0.96), and subjects who felt that nothing could be done to treat any of the conditions (“nihilistic”) were less likely to have a regular physician (OR = 0.24; 95% CI, 0.08–0.74). CONCLUSIONS Substantial numbers of older subjects are fatalistic about the cause of disease and/or nihilistic about its treatment. These attitudes are associated with decreased utilization of health services. Attempts to improve the health of underserved groups should employ interventions that are sensitive to the health beliefs of the targeted group.
Synchronization of estrus in embryo transfer recipients receiving demi-embryos with Syncro-Mate B or estrumate.

One hundred thirty-five crossbred heifers were used to compare the effectiveness of Estrumatea and Syncro-Mate Bb in synchronizing estrus in recipient heifers for transfer of demi-embryos. A higher percentage (P 0.10). However, 25.0% of the Syncro-Mate B recipients had serum progesterone levels <1.00 ng/ml, and these heifers had a lower pregnancy rate (P<0.05) than Syncro-Mate B heifers with serum progesterone levels between 1.00 to 3.00 ng/ml. It appears that the Syncro-Mate B heifers with <1.00 ng/ml progesterone had either a delay in corpora lutea function or a continuously reduced concentration of serum progesterone which altered the uterine environment of these heifers and caused the lower pregnancy rate in the Syncro-Mate B group. Based on the large difference in pregnancy rates, Estrumate appears to be a more effective method to synchronize estrus in recipient heifers receiving demi-embryos.
Times series segmentation: a sliding window approach

The aim of this paper is to present two on-line, sliding window segmentation algorithms. Detection nonstationarity is based on parameter fluctuations and change point localization of the Akaike information criterion. Asymptotic properties of the proposed algorithms are analyzed. Specifically, the limiting distributions are derived and the asymptotic threshold values are tabulated for future reference. Finite sample simulations are performed to illustrate the usefulness of these algorithms.
Rapid and brief tolerance to (+)- and (-)-nicotine in unanesthetized rats.

Abstract When given intravenously to unanesthetized rats as a bolus dose, (−)-nicotine produced a dose-related rise in blood pressure and fall in heart rate in the dose range of 5–40 μg/kg. Tolerance did not develop when doses were given at 30 min intervals. At the highest dose, the effects on heart rate persisted. In addition, severe arrhythmias and apnea were observed. (+)-Nicotine at 100 μg/kg produced effects similar to 10 μg/kg of (−)-nicotine. When given at 1 min intervals, tolerance quickly developed after only 6 injections at 5 μg/kg and after 4 injections at 10 μg/kg. Tolerance to (+)-nicotine also developed rapidly and was no longer evident at 5 min. The results suggest the tolerance is related to frequency of administration and dose. The implication of these results are discussed with regard to cardiovascular disease and dependence. In addition, we postulate that the relatively low degree of biological stereoselectivity of the optical isomers of nicotine, compared with that of the enantiomers of morphine, is due to the simplicity and flexibility of the nicotine molecule. It can be shown using Dreiding models that the nitrogen atoms in the enantiomers are nearly superimposable.
Evaluating the Impact of Schooling on Families of Severely Handicapped Children.

Abstract Evaluating educational programs for severely handicapped children today presents a number of challenges. These programs have characteristics and features that make them quite unlike “regular” school programs for nonhandicapped children or even those for mildly handicapped children. Moreover, evaluators typically look to aspects of child progress or child gains in determining program success, but schooling for severely impaired children also has some profound implications for parents and families. Thus, this paper will focus on evaluating the impact of schooling on families of severely handicapped children. The article begins by considering the special attributes of severely handicapped children and their school programs. I will then address the impact of these programs, categorized by: (1) the impact of child-focused programs on severely handicapped children themselves; (2) the impact of child-focused programs on families; and (3) the impact of family-focused programs.
Simple and effective method to quantify the optical performance of camera phones

A simple method based on binary line pair patterns to evaluate the image quality of camera phones is proposed in this paper, where four different spatial resolution line pairs are located at four different quadrants respectively. The value of Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) of the camera phones can be tested at four different spatial resolutions for the entire field of view (FOV) simultaneously. In addition, other key parameters of optical imaging quality criteria, such as image distortion, relative illumination can also be characterized in the same time. Moreover, the possible color moire due to color aliasing from RGB channels can be detected and evaluated using the same test chart. Wavelet transforms on the gray level of test images based on the Haar wavelet and the Meyer wavelet are implemented in this paper. The test image is decomposed into the space Vj, (j=-3,-2,-1). The j=-3 corresponds a lower resolution space. Using the multi-resolution wavelet analysis, the 100lp/mm region can be partially recovered at a low resolution space, for example at the space V-2. The results are shown. Some noisy ripples at the original image are also magnified in a lower resolution space.
Experimental poliomyelitis. Studies in mice with human gamma globulin.

Summary1. The dosage of gamma globulin required to protect mice against poliomyelitis virus intracerebrally was several thousand times the amount which was effective for in vitro neutralization. 2. The prophylactic effect of gamma globulin was maximal with a dose of 4 ml/kg intraperitoneally when given 4 days before inoculation of virus intracerebrally; at 7 to 14 days protection had apparently disappeared.
Some applications of particle-in-cell codes to problems of high intensity beams

Abstract The technique of using the “particle-in-cell” method was developed in the field of plasma physics [1]. Borrowed for problems of intense beams, it becomes an especially powerful tool because such problems frequently use single species “plasmas” and so pose a less severe requirement on the computer. We will look at several problems in which the PIC code method has been useful. The first is the classical Pierce gun in a transient or short pulse mode. Here the transverse beam optics is strongly affected by the time dependence of the current. The second is a study of high power klystrons searching for the source of an instability. The third is the high power rf source called the “lasertron” which is under development at SLAC. The interesting new development for the lasertron simulation is the introduction of a double gap output cavity for improved efficiency. The lasertron and klystron simulations are steady state solutions to rf problems with high- Q cavities. In order to limit the computation to a realistic time, these simulations use an external equivalent circuit which can communicate with the beam tunnel through ports placed at the locations of the rf cavities. Application for electron beams generally require using a fully relativistic electromagnetic code such as MASK. In some applications, the computation can be speeded up by limiting the solution of the fields to the electrostatic conditions. This can be especially helpful if the degree of precision required demands very large numbers of macroparticles. As a last example, we will show the use of this technique for a problem involving emittance growth for a high intensity beam for heavy ion fusion.
CHiP: A Profiler to Measure the Effect of Cache Contention on Scalability

Programmers are looking for ways to exploit the multi-core processors which have become commonplace today. One of the options available is to parallelize the existing serial programs using frameworks like OpenMP etc. However, such parallelization does not always yield the speedup expected by the programmer. This is due to various reasons, one of which is the bottleneck presented by the memory system. Carefully optimized serial algorithms fit into most of the cache available, yet these cache optimized serial algorithms might have the worst speedup when parallelized. We present an efficient method to identify such cases and determine whether a serial algorithm's use of shared memory caches will seriously impact its parallel execution. This can help a programmer adjust their program's cache usage. We demonstrate the effect in isolation with a parallelized synthetic micro-benchmark which uses varying fractions of the shared cache. We also present the results of our analysis of the NAS Parallel Benchmark suite and the Rodinia benchmark suite.
Long memory time series and short term forecasts

This article studies the usefulness of low order ARMA models in the prediction of long memory time series with fractionally differenced ARFIMA(0,d,0) structure, −0.5<d<0.5. We argue that if the interest is in short term prediction, a suitably adapted ARMA(2,2) model can produce competitive forecasts. Numerical evaluation shows its prediction error variance is at most 0.6% higher than that of the true model at one step ahead, and at most 2.8% higher up to 10 steps ahead. However, caution needs to be taken when using the adapted ARMA model for long term prediction of strongly persistent time series. The predictability memory content of the adapted ARMA(2,2) model is also studied and compared to that of the ARFIMA(0,d,0). For illustration, we forecast the US consumer price index and inflation rates for four countries. Adapted ARMA(2,2) is compared to ARFIMA(0,d,0) fit using an out-of-sample prediction mean square errors criterion. Empirical results suggest that the performance of ARMA(2,2) compares favorably to ARFIMA(0,d,0) for forecasts up to 100 steps ahead.
Gain expansion in negative-resistance amplifiers

It is shown that the gain expansion in negative- resistance amplifiers does not necessarily imply that the magnitude of device negative conductance increases with signal level.
Local delivery of PKCε-activating peptide mimics ischemic preconditioning in aged hearts through GSK-3β but not F1-ATPase inactivation

In adult heart, selective PKCe activation limits ischemia (I)-reperfusion (R) damage and mimics the protection associated with ischemic preconditioning. We sought to determine whether local deliver...
Feedback in the Local Lyman-break Galaxy Analog Haro 11 as Probed by Far-Ultraviolet and X-Ray Observations

We have reanalyzed FUSE data and obtained new Chandra observations of Haro 11, a local (DL = 88 Mpc) UV luminous galaxy. Haro 11 has a far-UV luminosity (1010.3 L☉), UV surface brightness (109.4 L☉ kpc-2), star formation rate (SFR), and metallicity similar to those observed in Lyman-break galaxies (LBGs). We show that Haro 11 has extended soft thermal (kT ~ 0.68 keV) X-ray emission of a luminosity and size which scales with the physical properties (e.g., SFR, stellar mass) of the host galaxy. An enhanced α/Fe ratio of ~4 relative to solar abundance suggests significant supernova enrichment. These results are consistent with the X-ray emission being produced in a shock between a supernova-driven outflow and the ambient material. The far-ultraviolet (FUV) spectra show strong absorption lines similar to those observed in LBG spectra. A blueshifted absorption component is identified as a wind outflowing at ~200-280 km s-1. O VI λλ1032,1038 emission, the dominant cooling mechanism for coronal gas at T ~ 105.5 K, is also observed. If associated with the outflow, the luminosity of the O VI emission suggests that 20% of the total mechanical energy from the supernovae and solar winds is being radiated away. This implies that radiative cooling through O VI is not significantly inhibiting the growth of the outflowing gas. In contradiction to the findings of Bergvall and coworkers, we find no convincing evidence of Lyman continuum leakage in Haro 11. We conclude that the wind has not created a tunnel allowing the escape of a significant fraction of Lyman continuum photons, and place a limit on the escape fraction of fesc 2%. Overall, both Haro 11 and a previously observed LBG analog, VV 114, provide invaluable insight into the X-ray and FUV properties of high-redshift LBGs.
MARKERS OF INFLAMMATION AND VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION ARE DIFFERENTIALLY ASSOCIATED WITH HIPPOCAMPAL VOLUME BY COGNITIVE STATUS IN ADNI

Background: Inflammation and vascular dysfunction have been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This study examined the association between total hippocampal volume (HV) and plasma levels of proteins involved in inflammation and vascular injury that may contribute to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD.Methods: Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative-1 (ADNI-1) structural MRI and plasma proteomic data sets were used in this study. Data from 488 ADNI-1 participants were studied, from three diagnostic groups based upon cognitive status: 49 cognitively normal (CN) adults, 330 adults with MCI, and 109 adults with AD. Baselinemeasurements of HVwere determined using FreeSurfer and downloaded from the ADNI website. Multiple linear regression was performed to search for associations of 36 plasma proteins involved in inflammation and vascular dysfunction with HV for each of the diagnostic groups, adjusted for age, gender, and BMI. Results: For 10 of the 36 proteins analyzed, higher plasma levels were associated with smaller baseline HV in at least one of the three diagnostic groups. Higher levels of two proteins were significantly associated with smaller HV in more than one group: CD40 antigen (CD40) in MCI (p<0.01) and AD (p<0.05); and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in CN (p<0.05) and MCI (p<0.05). Levels of beta-2-microglobulin (B2M, p<0.005), Vascular Cellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM1, p<0.005), Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1-alpha (MIP-1-alpha, p<0.001), Interleukin-18 (IL-18, p<0.05), and Matrix Metalloproteinase1/2 (MMP-1/2, p<0.05/p<0.01) were associated with HV in CN, whereas Growth-Regulated alpha protein (GRO-alpha, p<0.05) and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1, p<0.05) were associated with HV in MCI. Conclusions: Higher plasma levels of 10-of-36 proteins were associated with smaller baseline HV in at least one diagnostic group. These results support previous findings of increased neuroinflammation in MCI and AD, and highlight the potential role of vascular injury. Furthermore, our results may support the importance of inflammatory processes in the early-stage pathogenesis of AD, as 9-of-10 of the associations occurred only in the CN/MCI groups. Validation of these findings with an independent data set is needed to further characterize the association of vascular biomarkers and brain changes associated with MCI/AD.
Comparison Of Fathers Of Daughters With And Without Maladaptive Eating Attitudes

To explore eating disorders in adolescent females, this study examined the family perceptions of 22 daughters with maladaptive eating attitudes and 88 daughters without maladaptive eating attitudes. The results indicated that daughters with maladaptive eating attitudes reported problems with their fathers on communication, problem solving, autonomy issues, and expression of warmth, while reporting problems in communication and expression of warmth with their mothers. Parents of the two groups did not report any differences, although correlational data indicated that parents of daughters who reported more maladaptive eating attitudes were more likely to report family structural problems involving triangulation (bringing other family members into a conflict).
Oklahoma firearm-related injury surveillance

Abstract Context: The magnitude of firearm-related deaths is known, but few studies have evaluated the magnitude and epidemiology of nonfatal firearm-related injuries. The circumstances resulting in fatal versus nonfatal injury are likely very different. No single data source provides complete details on nonfatal shootings. Objective: To establish a surveillance system to define the epidemiology of fatal and nonfatal firearm-related injuries. Design: Data were collected on fatal and nonfatal firearm-related injuries that occurred in 1995. Setting: State of Oklahoma. Participants: Medical Examiner, Vital Statistics, hospital emergency and medical records departments, police departments, newspaper clipping service. Main Outcome Measures: Incidence rate of firearm-related injuries; case-fatality rate; demographic, medical, and epidemiologic data; sensitivity of each reporting source; completeness of reporting. Results: The incidence rate of firearm-related injuries was 45.5 per 100,000 population. The case fatality rate was 35%. Injury rates were highest among adolescents, young adults, males, and African Americans. The Medical Examiner and Vital Statistics reported 87% and 98% of fatal cases, respectively. Passive surveillance of hospital emergency departments identified 72% of patients seeking hospital treatment. Among inpatients, 81% were identified by medical records departments. Newspaper clippings were obtained for 31% of cases. Information on the victim-perpetrator relationship and the type of firearm was available for 79% and 80% of cases, respectively. Conclusions: Statewide surveillance of firearm-related injuries using multiple data sources is possible and provides a picture of the overall firearm-related injury problem. Strategies to enhance computer linkages of medical and police data should be pursued to maximize the sensitivity of reporting and minimize the costs of surveillance.
Effects of dietary protein level on hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase systems during aging in two generations of Syrian hamsters

Syrian hamsters were fed one of three levels of lactalbumin (10, 20, or 40%) from 4 weeks of age. Parents (F0 generation) and their offspring (F1 generation) remained for life on the parental diet. Randomly selected hamsters from both generations were killed at 0, 6, 18, 30, and 60 weeks to evaluate hepatic microsomal drug metabolism systems. Microsomal protein content rose with increased dietary protein in both generations of females at 30 and 60 weeks and in both generations of males at 18 weeks. Microsomal protein rose during life, but the timing and magnitude of the increase varied with sex, diet, and generation. Cytochrome P-450 content increased with elevation in dietary protein at most measurement times in females and at all measurement times in F1 generation males. Hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and aniline hydroxylase (ANH) activities were influenced by dietary protein, primarily at 6, 18, and 30 weeks, and these values tended to decline between maturity and senescence. AHH generally increased as dietary protein rose, except at 30 weeks, at which time the group fed the medium protein level usually had the highest activity. ANH activity was either elevated in groups fed the 20 or 40% lactalbumin levels or depressed in these groups at 6 and 18 weeks when these values were influenced by dietary protein. The effects depended upon sex and generation. Age effects on hepatic microsomal metabolism in hamsters varied by sex and dietary protein and were somewhat different than those reported for other rodents.
The ataxia-telangiectasia gene product may modulate DNA turnover and control cell fate by regulating cellular redox in lymphocytes

The ATM kinase, when activated postnatally, exerts multiple functions to prevent the onset of ataxia-telangiectasia (AT). Using freshly isolated thymocytes from Atm−/− mice that were under stress during postnatal differentiation, we noted that thiol redox activity, as indicated by reduction of the tetrazolium MTS, and DNA turnover activity, as indicated by incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA, were both greatly increased compared with activities in thymocytes from Atm+/+ mice. This increased thymidine incorporation could be suppressed by the thiol N-acetylcysteine. In primary noncycling splenocytes, mitogens proportionally increased both the rate of [3H]thymidine incorporation and the rate of reduction of MTS. The mitogen-induced activities in splenocytes were not affected by ATM but were suppressed by the calcineurin-dependent inhibitor FK-506, which has no effect on these activities in thymocytes. These findings suggest that increased [3H]thymidine incorporation and reducing power indicate increased ...
Introduction to the special section on structural analysis of social behavior.

The structural analysis of social behavior (SASB) model dissects interpersonal and intrapsychic events into 3 underlying dimensions: (a) focus (on other, on self with other, and on self with self): (b) affiliation (love vs. hate); and (c), interdependence (enmeshment or dominance-submission vs. differentiation or emancipate-separate). Accompanied by predictive principles (similarity, opposition, complementarity, introjection, antithesis), the model can operationalize important aspects of a wide range of psychological events. Questionnaires, coding systems, and software permit the SASB model to be applied in a wide array of clinical and research contexts. It has been used by people of divergent theoretical persuasions including the interpersonal, cognitive-behavioral, client-centered, psychoanalytic, expressive, family, and group approaches. In this article, the model and its predictive principles are reviewed, along with examples of research, clinical, and theoretical applications. The articles in this section provided examples of especially creative and appropriate uses.
Combined hepatic artery 5‐fluorouracil and irradiation of liver metastases. A randomized study

The effect of hepatic irradiation (RT) after intraarterial 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) was evaluated in 37 randomized patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma hepatic metastases. Patients underwent percutaneous transbrachial artery catheterization of the hepatic artery followed by 21-day continuous 5-FU infusion (CT). Hepatic irradiation of 25.5 Gy was delivered to 19 patients 14 days after completion of infusion (CT + RT). All patients received subsequent weekly maintenance 5-FU. A 37% (seven of 19) response rate was observed in CT + RT, and a 50% response rate (nine of 18) in CT: median survival was 6 months for CT + RT, and 8 months for CT, (P = 0.106). Improved survival was observed in two subsets of patients. Tumor vascularity was graded angiographically from 0 to 4+; those patients with highest vascularity (4+) had a 20-month median survival (P = 0.0009). Patients with Grade 1, well-differentiated, histologic type had a median survival of 20 months (P = 0.0001). Four patients with both 4+ vascularity and Grade 1 histologic type had 27.5 months' median survival (P = 0.0019). Age, performance status, elevated liver function tests, previous systemic therapy, and time interval between diagnosis and entry on this study did not impact on survival (P greater than 0.05), nor did these variables eliminate the significance of vascularity and grade (P less than 0.05). Survival after intraarterial 5-FU infusion was not improved by this regimen of sequential external irradiation. Regional therapy may benefit those patients with 4+ vascular tumors and/or well-differentiated tumor grade. Future trials are needed to explore the interaction of halogenated pyrimidines with irradiation and determine whether these prognostic factors can aid in patient selection for regional therapy of hepatic metastases.
Near-Field Investigation of Chevron Nozzle Mechanisms

A detailed investigation into the effect of chevron nozzles on the near-field acoustics of a separate flow exhaust system was conducted at the University of Cincinnati Anechoic Test Facility. Chevrons with varying numbers of lobes and levels of penetration were selected to provide insight into the effects of these geometric parameters on the acoustic near field. Tests were conducted at two different nozzle operating conditions and the chevrons were shown to produce substantial modifications to the near field over a wide range of frequencies. The chevrons were most effective at lower frequencies where the peak noise region was reduced by 5-7 dB and dramatically reduced in size. At higher frequencies, the chevrons provided strong noise suppression downstream of approximately seven equivalent nozzle diameters with increases closer to the nozzle lip. The nozzle penetration was shown to have the most significant impact on the acoustic near field with more subtle differences being seen with respect to the number of chevron lobes.
Cyclical Role-Playing and Stigma: Exploring the Challenges of Stereotype Performance among Exotic Dancers

This article maintains that there is a cycle existent between common stereotypes about strippers and the images that strippers themselves put forth at work. Each of these elements reinforces the other. For some strippers, this cycle involves role-playing at work in order to put forth a profitable image, coupled with either additional role-playing outside of the club in the avoidance of stigmatization or the endurance of social maltreatment. The stigmatization that comes with common stereotypes is yet another form of disempowerment stemming from this profession.
The Importance of Dendritic Mitochondria in the Morphogenesis and Plasticity of Spines and Synapses

The proper intracellular distribution of mitochondria is assumed to be critical for normal physiology of neuronal cells, but direct evidence for this idea is lacking. Extension or movement of mitochondria into dendritic protrusions correlates with the development and morphological plasticity of spines. Molecular manipulations of dynamin-like GTPases Drp1 and OPA1 that reduce dendritic mitochondria content lead to loss of synapses and dendritic spines, whereas increasing dendritic mitochondrial content or mitochondrial activity enhances the number and plasticity of spines and synapses. Thus, the dendritic distribution of mitochondria is essential and limiting for the support of synapses. Reciprocally, synaptic activity modulates the motility and fusion/fission balance of mitochondria and controls mitochondrial distribution in dendrites.
A multimedia speech learning system for the hearing impaired

The lack (or limited amount) of audio feedback for many persons with hearing disabilities greatly reduces the quality of speech development and use. Current methodologies for the teaching speech techniques are relatively primitive, and generally require the active participation of a therapist. This makes essential practice difficult, time consuming, and expensive for the student. However, using multimedia technology, it is possible to amplify the efforts of the teachers and students for improving the quality of speech. This paper presents a multimedia visualization system that augments the limited hearing capabilities of hearing impaired persons using visual and tactile feedback approaches and provides alternate representations of sound for increasing speech capabilities and reduced learning time. The proposed system has the capability of not only decreasing the learning time for many persons, but can also be adopted for teaching young children correct speech patterns through the use of speech learning “games” based on the system.
Synthesis, spectroscopic and anti-tumor studies of polyphenol-linoleates derived from natural polyphenols†

An efficient first synthesis of di-, hexa- and octa-esters (octadeca-Z-9,12-dienoates, linoleates) from natural 1,5-bis-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)penta-Z-1,4-diene (Ginkgo biloba L.), (-)-epigallocatechin and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (jasmine tea/green tea), respectively, was developed. Using dicyclohexyl carbodiimide as an activating reagent in the presence of a catalytic amount of 4-dimethylaminopyridine in the polyesterification reactions gave di-, hexa- and octa-products (4), (7), and (8), respectively, in quantitative yields. A three-step efficient procedure for the synthesis of 1,5-bis-[4'-O-(octadec-Z-9",12"-dienoate)phenyl]penta-Z-1,4-diene (4) was also developed. The key step in the synthesis involved a stereoselective Wittig diolefination reaction that produced the penta-Z-1,4-diene system of (4). 1 H and 13 C NMR and MS techniques confirmed the structures of the esters. The esterified compounds were tested for in vitro anti-tumor activities against four and three human cancer cell lines at NCNPR and at NCI, respectively. They were found inactive as they failed to inhibit 50% growth of these cancer cells.
The newborn drug development initiative workshop: Summary proceedings from the neurology group on neonatal seizures.

Abstract Background: The neonatal period eclipses all other epochs of the human life span for the highest incidence of seizures. Neonatal seizures are most commonly incited by serious acute illnesses such as hypoxic-ischemic cephalopathy, birth trauma, or infection. Objective: The goal of this article was to summarize some of the Neurology Group's discussion on neonatal seizures and their treatment with phenobarbital (PB). Methods: Information for this article was gathered from a workshop held March 29 and 30, 2004, in Baltimore, Maryland, as part of the Newborn Drug Development Initiative. A group of national experts was invited to form the Neurology Group to review certain aspects of neonatal seizures. Literature reviews were conducted using MEDLINE searches for original research studies, commentaries, and review articles between 1980 and 2004 using the key words neonatal seizures, treatment , and phenobarbital . Results: It has been empirically established that infants who experience seizures face substantially higher mortality and morbidity rates than those who do not. Basic research indicates that neonatal seizures themselves are not innocuous and actively contribute to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. Current worldwide clinical practice most often includes empiric treatment with PB for definite or suspected seizures in the newborn. Unfortunately, this common practice has never been proven by even a single, rigorous, randomized controlled trial. The Neurology Group identified the treatment of neonatal seizures with PB as an important topic in the practice of neonatal neurology for further investigation. Three possible frameworks for ethically acceptable, clinical treatment trials were explored. From these, a suitable scenario was selected—an electroencephalographir-blinded study of PB versus placebo in a homogeneous group of newborns who are at high risk of developing early subclinical electroencephalographic neonatal seizures (ENSs). Prospective video-electroencephalogram monitoring performed immediately after an insult (such as major cardiac surgery for a serious congenital heart defect) would establish the presence and number of subclinical ENSs. For a brief period of time, neonates with subclinical ENSs would be randomized to PB (dosed to match the PB-binding characteristics of the individual) or placebo. Clear criteria for escape from the study to active treatment are defined. Conclusion: The investigation proposed here could refute or confirm the contemporary practice of PB administration as the first-line treatment of neonatal seizures.
Closing the gap: a research agenda to accelerate the adoption and effective use of proven older adult fall prevention strategies.

Abstract Introduction To make an impact on the public's health, evidence-based interventions must be disseminated broadly, supported by training and technical assistance, adopted widely, and implemented as designed. Many effective older adult fall prevention interventions have been identified, but too few have gained wide community acceptance and little is known about the best ways to encourage their broader use. Therefore, as in many other fields, fall prevention suffers from a wide gap between scientific discoveries and their everyday use. Method This article articulates the key activities embedded in Step 4 of the public health model—specifically translation and dissemination to ensure widespread adoption and use—in order to illuminate critical research needs in older adult fall prevention. Conclusions These needs, if addressed, will help close the gap between research and practice.
A clinical, histologic, and DNA study of vulvodynia and its association with human papillomavirus

Objective To compare the clinical and histologic characteristics of vulvodynia with or without associated human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA, as determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Methods We conducted a standardized chart review of patients referred for vulvodynia lasting for more than 3 months and systematically reviewed all vulvar biopsy specimens histologically. In addition, specimens were amplified by PCR followed by Southern blot hybridization to detect HPV DNA, and positive cases were typed using the Hybrid Capture system. Results Of 55 cases, 48 were evaluable by PCR. Human papillomavirus DNA was detected in 35% (17 of 48), including 44% (four of nine) of normal cases, 25% (eight of 32) with reactive squamous atypia, 67% (four of six) with condyloma/mild dysplasia, and 100% (one of one) with moderate/severe dysplasia. Patients who were positive for HPV DNA (n = 17) were not significantly different from HPV-negative patients (n = 31) for any of 82 clinical or epidemiologic variables. When patients with normal biopsies (n = 9) were compared to those with reactive squamous atypia (n = 39), there were significant differences in only two of 82 variables (duration of symptoms and current sexual activity). Of the 17 HPV-positive cases, 13 were typeable by the Hybrid Capture system. Five (38%) were positive for low-risk HPV types, three (23%) were positive for high-risk HPV types, and five (38%) were positive for both low- and high-risk types. Conclusions Vulvodynia associated with HPV DNA is clinically identical to vulvodynia without HPV DNA, and vulvodynia associated with normal biopsy findings is very similar to that with reactive squamous atypia. These data suggest that HPV does not cause vulvodynia.
Science, technology, and government: Re-examining the relationship

Abstract Science and technology policy in the United States has long been peculiarly marked by the language and atmosphere of crisis. In fact, the success of special pleadings suited to times of crisis has helped carry an historical obliviousness to the political significance of science and technology forward into modern times. An increasingly sophisticated understanding of the chosen or constructed nature and pervasive influence of science and technology in our lives, however, now joins forces with popular political developments to compel not only a reexamination but a reformulation of the role of government in science and technology decision making. Building on an historical background, the author argues, based on the science, technology, and society literature and on a consideration of American democratic traditions, that past policy-making patterns must now include new forms of public participation.
Civil War Settlements, Size of Governing Coalition, and Durability of Peace in Post–Civil War States

We examine the ways in which the size of the governing coalition in a post–civil war state affects the durability of the peace. Previous studies relate the durability of the peace to the outcome of...
Percutaneous retrieval of a broken umbilical catheter from left atrium in a premature newborn.

A 30-week gestational age baby boy weighing 1,117 g born with cesarian section had a broken umbilical vein catheter lodged in the left superior pulmonary vein. We successfully retrieved the foreign body by percutaneous approach using a pigtail catheter and a snare wire under portable fluoroscopy. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A patient with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, T cell large granular lymphocyte clonal expansion, and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance.

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) has been described in association separately with T cell large granular lymphocyte (LGL) clonal expansions and plasma cell dyscrasias. We describe a patient with anemia related to hemolytic PNH, with concurrent T cell LGL oligoclonal expansion and IgG λ monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Peripheral blood flow cytometry revealed decreased expression of CD55 and CD59 on erythrocytes and decreased expression of CD55 and CD66 on neutrophils. An LGL population was present in the peripheral blood and was characterized as oligoclonal by polymerase chain reaction-based analysis of the T cell receptor γ-chain variable region. Serum protein electrophoresis with immunofixation showed a low level IgG λ monoclonal protein. We describe the diagnostic evaluation of this patient and provide a brief review of the reported associations among PNH, LGL clonal expansion, and monoclonal gammopathy. Am. J. Hematol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Dynamics of the Laurentide ice sheet during the last deglaciation: evidence from the Gulf of Mexico

Oxygen isotopic analyses of planktonic foraminifera from an anoxic basin (Orca Basin) in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico record a negative isotopic anomaly of 3.6‰ from 16,500 to 11,600 years before present, indicative of a discharge phase of glacial meltwater from the ablating Laurentide ice sheet in northern North America. The isotopic anomaly represents two major meltwater discharges of magnitudes 2.0‰ and 2.6‰ and each discharge shows evidence of several smaller isotopic pulses of magnitudes ranging from 0.7 to 1.4‰. The intermittent nature of theseisotopic shifts implies that the southern margin of the Laurentide ice sheet experienced several retreats and advances before finally decaying to a northern position when most of the subsequent meltwater flowed to the east 11,600 years ago. The oxygen isotope record of the Gulf of Mexico is in good agreement with the reconstructed history of the Laurentide ice sheetbased on continental evidence.
Practical aspects of achieving accurate radiometric field measurements

This paper provides practical advice for investigators new to the field of high accuracy radiometric experiments. Sources typically used for calibrating land reflectance measurement instruments are identified, and some special considerations for their use are highlighted. The physical nature of the processes determining the output of these sources is emphasized, and an estimate of the typical calibration accuracies achieved with these sources is described. Several techniques for the validation and verification of instrument characterization are reviewed. Experiment design of the Backscattered Ultraviolet Spectrometer (BUV) and the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) are introduced as successful mission designs for accomplishing high accuracy radiation measurements from space. The goal of this paper is to introduce reasoning developed in other missions to experiments devoted to sensing the earth's surface and near surface.
Prenatal and Newborn Screening for Critical Congenital Heart Disease: Findings From a Nursery

BACKGROUND: Delayed diagnosis of critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) in neonates increases morbidity and mortality. The use of pulse oximetry screening is recommended to increase detection of these conditions. The contribution of pulse oximetry in a tertiary-care birthing center may be different from at other sites. METHODS: We analyzed CCHD pulse oximetry screening for newborns ≥35 weeks’ gestation born at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and cared for in the well-infant nursery during 2013. We identified patients with prenatal diagnosis of CCHD. We also identified infants born at other medical centers who were transferred to Boston Children’s Hospital for CCHD and determined if the condition was diagnosed prenatally. RESULTS: Of 6838 infants with complete pulse oximetry data, 6803 (99.5%) passed the first screening. One infant failed all 3 screenings and had the only echocardiogram prompted by screening that showed persistent pulmonary hypertension. There was 1 false-negative screening in an infant diagnosed with interrupted aortic arch. Of 112 infants born at Brigham and Women’s Hospital with CCHD, 111 had a prenatal diagnosis, and none was initially diagnosed by pulse oximetry. Of 81 infants transferred to Boston Children’s Hospital from other medical centers with CCHD, 35% were diagnosed prenatally. CONCLUSIONS: In our tertiary-care setting, pulse oximetry did not detect an infant with CCHD because of effective prenatal echocardiography screening. Pulse oximetry will detect more infants in settings with a lower prenatal diagnosis rate. Improving training in complete fetal echocardiography scans should also improve timely diagnosis of CCHD.
Overcoming Alienation and Social Stressors: A Brief Review.

This column provides a forum within which readers can share with their colleagues some of the creative techniques that they have developed or adapted and find successful in their work with couples and families. Others might be able to adapt the techniques for their own uses or might be stimulated to invent new techniques. Please submit manuscripts to Robert Sherman, 12 Berkshire Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512, or send them to the Editor; indicating that they are intended for this column.
Superficial spreading pyoderma and ulcerative dermatitis in a ferret

A case report of an 8-month-old ferret with severe ulcerative dermatitis of the ventral abdomen and medial thigh regions is presented. Cutaneous biopsies of the periphery of the ulcerative lesions revealed large, confluent, superficial epidermal pustules containing inflammatory cellular debris and Gram-positive cocci, as well as perifollicular dermal necrosis. These histological findings are consistent with superficial spreading pyoderma in conjunction with dermal coagulative necrosis. Resume— Un furet mâle de 8 mois est presente pour une dermite ulcerative severe du ventre et des faces internes des cuisses. Des biopsies cutanees realisees a la peripherie des lesions ulceratives montrent la presence d'importantes pustules epidermiques contenant des debris cellulaires inflammatoires et des bacteries cocci Gram positif, ainsi qu'une necrose dermique perifolliculaire. Ces elements histopathologiques sont en faveur d'une pyodermite superficielle extensive associee a une necrose de coagulation du derme. [King, W. W., Lemarie, S. L., Veazey, R. S., Hodin, E. C. Superficial spreading pyoderma and ulcerative dermatitis in a ferret (Pyodermite extensive superficielle et dermite ulcerative chez un furet). Veterinary Dermatology 1996; 7: 43–47.] Resumen Presentamos el caso clinico de un huron de 8 meses con una dermatitis ulcerativa grave en abdomen ventral y muslo medial. El estudio de biopsias de la periferia de las zonas ulceradas revelo la presencia de grandes pustulas superficiales epidermicas confluentes que contenian restos celulares inflamatorios y cocos Gram-positivo, asi como necrosis perifolicular en la dermis. Estos hallazgos histologicos son compatibles con una pioderma de extensioin superficial en conjuncion con necrosis dermica coagulativa. [King, W. W., Lemarie, S. L., Veazey, R. S., Hodin, E. C. Superficial spreading pyoderma and ulcerative dermatitis in a ferret (Pioderma de extension superficial y dermatitis ulcerativa en un huron). Veterinary Dermatology 1996; 7: 43–47.] Zusammenfassung— Es wird ein Fallbericht vorgestellt, bei dem ein 8 Monate altes Frettchen an schwerer ulzerativer Dermatitis des ventralen Abdomens und der medialen Schenkelregionen leidet. Hautbiopsien aus der Peripherie der ulzerativen Veranderungen zeigten grose, konfluierende, oberflachliche epidermale Pusteln, die entzundlichen Zelldebris und Gram-positive Kokken enthielten, sowie eine perifollikulare dermale Nekrose. Diese histologischen Befunde stimmen mit der oberflachlich ausgebreiteten Pyodermie in Verbindung mit einer dermalen Koagulationsnekrose uberein. [King, W. W., Lemarie, S. L., Veazey, R. S., Hodin, E. C. Superficial spreading pyoderma and ulcerative dermatitis in a ferret (Oberflachlich ausgebreitete Pyodermie und ulzerative Dermatitis bei einem Frettchen). Veterinary Dermatology 1996; 7: 43–47.]
X-Ray Diffraction in Water: The Nature of Molecular Association

The x-ray diffraction intensity-angle distribution for water and its variation for a temperature of 2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 98\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} C, are given. Two important periodicities of 3.24 and 2.11A and a third of 1.13A at 21\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C are established in satisfactory agreement with Meyer. The first one decreases with increasing temperature and the second increases.It is shown that the conception of molecular complexes explains neither the existence of these periodicities nor their change with temperature. In fact, the description of "association" that involves complexes of two or three or more molecules, should be abandoned in favor of the molecular group conception, (cybotactic condition) emphasized by the author. These groups of molecules containing hundreds and perhaps thousands of molecules in each, have a temporary existence as individuals, have illdefined boundaries, possess an optimum size and an internal regularity determined by the temperature and molecular forces, and expand anisotropically. The experimental facts are in agreement with this view. A detailed description of the molecular arrangement in water from x-ray data is not at present possible yet it simulates the crystal arrangement in ice. A mathematical treatment of the forces within and between the molecules in such groups can probably be studied with much profit only from the quantum viewpoint.