cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis disseminates directly from a replicating bacterial pool in the intestine

Dissemination of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis within mice after oral inoculation was analyzed. Y. pseudotuberculosis translocated to organs such as the liver and spleen shortly after oral inoculation, but was quickly cleared. In contrast, a second temporally distinct bacterial translocation event resulted in successful hepatosplenic replication of the bacteria. Replicating pools of bacteria could be established in these organs in mouse mutants that lacked Peyer's patches. These animals frequently had sterile mesenteric lymph nodes, a finding consistent with translocation taking place independently of regional lymph node colonization. In further contradiction to accepted models for dissemination of enteropathogens, clonal analysis revealed that bacteria causing disease in the spleen and liver of C57BL/6J mice were derived from populations located outside the intestinal lymph nodes. Replication of bacteria in the intestine before translocation appeared critical for dissemination, as transient selective suppression by streptomycin of bacterial growth in the intestine delayed dissemination of Y. pseudotuberculosis. These results collectively indicate that hepatosplenic colonization appears intimately connected with the ability of Y. pseudotuberculosis to successfully establish replication in the intestinal lumen and does not result from ordered spread leading from the intestine to regional lymph nodes before dissemination.
COMBINE: leveraging the power of wireless peers through collaborative downloading

Mobile devices are increasingly equipped with multiple network interfaces: Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) interfaces for local connectivity and Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN) interfaces for wide-area connectivity. The WWAN typically provides much wider coverage but much lower speeds than the WLAN. To address this dichotomy, we present COMBINE, a system for collaborative downloading wherein devices that are within WLAN range pool together their WWAN links, significantly increasing the effective speed available to them.COMBINE makes a number of novel contributions overprior work in this area, including: (a) a framework of incentives for collaboration that addresses several practical issues including the unification of monetary and energy costs, and on-the-fly estimation of the energy cost of communication in a system in operation; (b) a protocol for collaborative group formation and workload distribution that is energy efficient and adaptive to fluctuations in network conditions; and (c) an application-level striping procedure that eases deployment by avoiding the need for special-purpose proxies in the infrastructure. We present experimental results based on the prototype we have implemented that showen couraging speeds-ups with COMBINE.
The eutT Gene of Salmonella enterica Encodes an Oxygen-Labile, Metal-Containing ATP:Corrinoid Adenosyltransferase Enzyme

The eutT gene of Salmonella enterica was cloned and overexpressed, and the function of its product was established in vivo and in vitro. The EutT protein has an oxygen-labile, metal-containing ATP:co(I)rrinoid adenosyltransferase activity associated with it. Functional redundancy between EutT and the housekeeping ATP:co(I)rrinoid adenosyltransferase CobA enzyme was demonstrated through phenotypic analyses of mutant strains. Lack of CobA and EutT blocked ethanolamine utilization. EutT was necessary and sufficient for growth of an S. enterica cobA eutT strain on ethanolamine as a carbon and energy or nitrogen source. A eutT+ gene provided in trans corrected the adenosylcobalamin-dependent transcription of a eut-lacZ operon fusion in a cobA strain. Cell extracts enriched for EutT protein contained strong, readily detectable ATP:co(I)rrinoid adenosyltransferase activity. The activity was only detected in extracts maintained under anoxic conditions, with complete loss of activity upon exposure to air or treatment with the Fe2+ ion chelator bathophenanthroline. While the involvement of another metal ion cannot be ruled out, the observed sensitivity to air and bathophenanthroline suggests involvement of Fe2+. We propose that the EutT protein is a unique metal-containing ATP:co(I)rrinoid adenosyltransferase. It is unclear whether the metal ion plays a structural or catalytic role.
Modeling chemically active liquid membranes in tubular inorganic supports

A numerical model is presented to evaluate the dynamic behavior of mass transfer in the shell-and-tube-type membrane modules for metal ion removal from aqueous streams. The analysis that considers the effects of axial-flow velocity on the radial pressure difference across the membrane wall permits the specification of this operating parameter to avoid expression of impregnated carrier from the membranes and to prevent membrane wall rupture. The model accounts for effects of boundary layer mass-transfer and kinetic rate resistances at the interfaces on membrane flux. The performance of different size membrane modules was estimated for two operating modes of a shell-and-tube-type module: one for the flow of feed solution inside the membrane tube and strip solution flow in the annular region and the other for the flow of strip solution inside the membrane tube and feed solution flow in the annular region of the module. A case system evaluated is copper ion extraction from acidic solutions using 2-hydroxy-5-nonylacetophenone oxime impregnated in {alpha}-alumina/silica ceramic membranes. The performance of shell-and-tube-type membrane modules depends on the sizes and operating methods. In these calculations, the operation condition of no-pressure difference across the membrane was imposed on the design. This condition is achieved by adjusting themore » ratio of the flow velocities of the feed and strip solutions within the inside and annular regions of the modules.« less
Pectoralis Major Repair With Cortical Button Technique

Pectoralis major tendon ruptures can lead to significant functional deficits that affect high-level athletic and labor-intensive activities. In active populations operative repair of the ruptured pectoralis major tendon has shown significant advantages over nonoperative treatment. We describe a novel surgical technique for pectoralis major repair with tension button fixation. This study included 12 recreational athletes and 2 professional athletes. The initial results were measured subjectively after a minimum of 6 months by the Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation score, the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, and the ability to return to the patient's sport at a preinjury level. Objectively, strength was measured with resisted horizontal adduction of the arm for both repaired and contralateral sides. Of the 12 recreational patients, 8 returned to their sport at preinjury levels, and the 2 professional athletes returned to their sport at full capacity in the National Football League. The mean Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation score was 87, and the mean American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores were 99 for both the operative and contralateral sides. Isokinetic strength testing showed no significant differences between the operative and nonoperative sides. Patients with pectoralis major tendons repaired with the proposed tensioned cortical button technique had excellent results. This new technique provides a reliable method of repair in an efficient and safe manner.
Isolation of murine cementoblasts: unique cells or uniquely‐positioned osteoblasts?

While cementoblasts express a number of mineral-related proteins, including bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteopontin (OPN) and osteocalcin (OC), these proteins do not appear to be expressed by cells of the intermediate dental follicle/periodontal ligament (PDL). This information was utilized in an experimental strategy to isolate presumptive cementoblasts from the root surface of day 24 murine mandibular first molars. Using microscopic dissection techniques, molars were carefully extracted from their alveolar crypts and subjected to trypsin-collagenase digestion to remove adherent cells. Primary cultures were established and assayed for expression of proteins known to be expressed by cementoblasts at this timepoint in vivo (i.e. BSP, OPN, OC) and also an odontoblast-specific protein (i.e. DSP) to rule out contamination by pulpal cells. A subgroup of cells were found to express Type I collagen (89% of cells), BSP (46%), OPN (23%) and OC (30%); DSP was not detected within these cultures. We propose that cells within this heterogeneous population, which express this profile of osteogenic proteins, represent cementoblasts. The availability of a cementoblast cell line will make possible rigorous and controlled in vitro analysis of these cells and allow for determination of the unique characteristics of these cells not shared with other cells, particularly osteoblasts.
An Alternative Splice Form of Mdm2 Induces p53-independent Cell Growth and Tumorigenesis *

The Mdm2 gene is amplified in approximately one-third of human sarcomas and overexpressed in a variety of other human cancers. Mdm2 functions as an oncoprotein, in part, by acting as a negative regulator of the p53 tumor suppressor protein. Multiple spliced forms of Mdm2 transcripts have been observed in human tumors; however, the contribution of these variant transcripts to tumorigenesis is unknown. In this report, we isolate alternative splice forms of Mdm2 transcripts from sarcomas that spontaneously arise in Mdm2-overexpressing mice, including Mdm2-b, the splice form most commonly observed in human cancers. Transduction of Mdm2-b into a variety of cell types reveals that Mdm2-b promotes p53-independent cell growth, inhibits apoptosis, and up-regulates the RelA subunit of NFκB. Furthermore, expression of Mdm2-b induces tumor formation in transgenic mice. These results identify a p53-independent role for Mdm2 and determine that an alternate spliced form of Mdm2 can contribute to formation of cancer via a p53-independent mechanism. These findings also provide a rationale for the poorer prognosis of those patients presenting with tumors harboring multiple Mdm2 transcripts.
Did evolution leap to create the protein universe

The genomes of over 60 organisms from all three kingdoms of life are now entirely sequenced. In many respects, the inventory of proteins used in different kingdoms appears surprisingly similar. However, eukaryotes differ from other kingdoms in that they use many long proteins, and have more proteins with coiled-coil helices and with regions abundant in regular secondary structure. Particular structural domains are used in many pathways. Nevertheless, one domain tends to occur only once in one particular pathway. Many proteins do not have close homologues in different species (orphans) and there could even be folds that are specific to one species. This view implies that protein fold space is discrete. An alternative model suggests that structure space is continuous and that modern proteins evolved by aggregating fragments of ancient proteins. Either way, after having harvested proteomes by applying standard tools, the challenge now seems to be to develop better methods for comparative proteomics.
Compositeness, γ-W Mixing, and Electroweak Unification

Today I am here with mixed feelings. It is a great honor for me to receive the J. J. Sakurai Memorial Fellowship and to speak to you. Yet the sad fact is that Sakurai is no longer with us. As the last student of Professor Sakurai before his untimely death, I would like to report to you his approach to the electroweak interactions, and in particular to present our recent study on the electroweak unification in the context of composite models.
Sentencing Reforms and the War on Drugs An Analysis of Sentence Outcomes for Narcotics Offenders Adjudicated in U.S. District Courts on the Southwest Border

Sentencing reforms and the war on drugs have greatly changed the landscape of federal sentencing and the composition of the federal prison population. As of 2006, 56% of federal prison inmates were incarcerated for narcotics offenses. The Sentencing Reform Act of 1984, the United States Sentencing Commission Guidelines, and mandatory minimum statutes were all enacted in an attempt to make sentences more proportional, more uniform, and less disparate. More than 35 years have passed since reform began, and still there are questions about whether unwarranted disparities have been eliminated from the system and whether punishments are more proportional and uniform. Another question that has recently surfaced is whether one unitary federal law can produce uniform sentencing practices because of variations that exist at the district level. This research analyzes the decision-making practices of judges for narcotic violations in four districts in the southwestern United States. The purpose of this study is to il...
Cooperative Inter‐Firm Relations: A Game Theoretic Approach and Application to the Furniture Industry

Summary In this paper I argue that potential Marshallian external economies may be realised through cooperative inter-firm relations. Knowledge spillovers, the use of specialised machinery, the development of a local market for special skills, and the joint provision of sector services are modeled as Prisoner's Dilemma games. The model investigates the impact of changing payoffs and non-random pairing of agents on the viability and stability of the cooperative outcome. This model is then applied to the furniture industries of Italy and London in the 1980s. Zusammenfassung Diese Studie argumentiert, dass potentielle Marshallianische Extemalitaten realisiert werden konnen durch kooperative Beziehungen zwischen Firmen. Wissenstransfer, die Benutzung von Spezialmaschinen, die Entwicklung eines lokalen Marktes fur spezialisierte Fahigkeiten, und die gemeinsame Erstellung sektoraler Dienstleistungen sind als Prisoner's Dilemma Spiele modelliert. Das Modell untersucht den Effekt von sich andernden Gewinnen und von nicht-zufalligen Zusammenstellungen von Spielerpaaren auf die Moglichkeit und Stabilitat des kooperativen Resultats. Dieses Modell wird dann auf die Mobelindustrien Italiens und Londons wahrend der 1980er Jahre angewendet. Resume Dans cette article je postule que les economies extemes de Marshall peuvent potentiellement etre realisees a travers des relations de cooperation entre compagnies. Les retombees de savoir, I'utilisation de machines specialisees, le developpement d'un marche local pour des competences specifiques, et l'approvisionnement joint de services de secteur sont concus comme jeu de Prisoner's Dilemma. Je me sers du modele pour analyser les effets sur la viabilite et la stabilite du resultat cooperatif, produits par la modification de deux suppositions: d'abord, en changeant le gain resultant de la cooperation mutuelle, et ensuite en considerant la situation ou les chances qu'un joueur rencontre un autre joueur de meme genre sont plus grandes que celles produites par le hasard. Ce modele est ensuite applique aux industries de meubles d'Italie et de Londres dans les annees 1980.
PRACTISE: Robust prediction of data center time series

We analyze workload traces from production data centers and focus on their VM usage patterns of CPU, memory, disk, and network bandwidth. Burstiness is a clear characteristic of many of these time series: there exist peak loads within clear periodic patterns but also within patterns that do not have clear periodicity. We present PRACTISE, a neural network based framework that can efficiently and accurately predict future loads, peak loads, and their timing. Extensive experimentation using traces from IBM data centers illustrates PRACTISE's superiority when compared to ARIMA and baseline neural network models, with average prediction errors that are significantly smaller. Its robustness is also illustrated with respect to the prediction window that can be short-term (i.e., hours) or long-term (i.e., a week).
Algorithmic thinking unplugged

Algorithmic thinking is the ability to understand, execute, evaluate, and create computational procedures. Puzzles provide an "unplugged", or programming-free, way for students to think about algorithms and problem solving without having to worry about the details actual code and programming languages impose. Several puzzles are presented and their solutions discussed to illustrate how puzzles can be used to develop important algorithmic thinking skills in a way that motivates students and that students find enjoyable.
Aspects of the theory of syntax (50th anniversary edition), and the minimalist program (20th anniversary edition)

Reviewed by (Elly Van Gelderen)Aspects of the theory of syntax and the minimalist program, that is, Chomsky (1965) and (1995), have been reissued by MIT Press with new prefaces by the author and ne...
The New Relationship: Human Capital in the American Corporation

In this thought-provoking book, editors Margaret Blair and Thomas Kochan, in the book “The New Relationship: Human Capital in the American Corporation,” raise challenging questions about the changes that are taking place in employment relationships and in the organization of the corporate sector. In the introduction to their edited volume, they present the reader with a paradox. Based on this paradox, the editors ask the following questions that should engage researchers for years to come. Are the changes in the source of value creation and in employment relationships consistent with each other in ways that we do not currently understand? Are these changes responsible for the strong overall performance of the economy? Or, is the economy performing well despite these changes? Finally, are these changes related to the continuing pressure on low-income workers? The editors provide eight essays in the book to address the different aspects of the questions they pose.
INVESTIGATIONS ON EXTRACTION OF RAT PLASMA PHOSPHOLIPIDS.

SummaryThe poor recovery of phospholipid when rat plasma was extracted into petroleum ether after primary extraction with ethanol: ether was shown to be a function of the extraction method, since complete recovery of the phosphorus was obtained after initial extraction with chloroform:methanol. When the petroleum ether-soluble and -insoluble phosphorus fractions obtained from the ethanol: ether extraction were fractionated into separate phospholipid classes, the phosphorus recovered and the fatty acid composition of the phospholipids were similar. Thus the petroleum ether-insoluble phosphorus was intact phospholipid and was not a specific phospholipid, such as sphingomyelin or lysolecithin.
Nuclear Inclusions: A Study of Aging in Drosophila

Increased numbers and distribution of nuclear inclusions were correlated with aging in Drosophila imagoes. The various types of nuclear inclusions observed in the present study and those reported in the literature were categorized to their morphologies. It was noted that they may be located (a) in the nucleus proper, such as parallel fibrillar bundles, virus-like particles, tubulo-membraneous systems and amorphous fibrillo-granular deposits, (b) between the inner and outer nuclear membranes, such as cytoplasm-like intrusions, multilocular bodies and electron opaque vacuoles, and (c) outside the nucleus proper, such as those cytoplasmic invagination that interdigitate with infoldings of the nuclear membrane. A possible explanation of the relationship of these nuclear inclusions with aging and death is proposed.
Haploinsufficient loss of multiple 5q genes may fine-tune Wnt signaling in del(5q) therapy-related myeloid neoplasms

To the editor: Wnt signaling in hematopoietic cells and the bone marrow microenvironment plays a critical role in maintaining the pool of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and in regulating differentiation.[1][1],[2][2] Wnt signaling is tightly regulated by the interplay of multiple cytoplasmic
Finite-Time Congestion Control Based on Terminal Sliding Mode Control

To solve the problem of finite-time congestion control for TCP networks with input constraint,netw ork parameter uncertainties and nonresponsive flow disturbances,an active queue management algorithm w as presented based on an adaptive terminal sliding mode control. One adaptive law w as designed to estimate the certainty bound of the netw ork system so that the certainty bound w as not required to be know n in advance. Another adaptive law w as proposed to compensate for the effects of the system stability under control input saturation. A finite-time congestion controller based on terminal sliding mode control w as designed in order to improve the convergent performance of the netw ork system. Simulation results show ed that the proposed algorithm not only has the property of finite-time convergence but also has good stability and robustness.
Role of lateral septum glucagon-like peptide 1 receptors in food intake

Hindbrain glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) neurons project to numerous forebrain areas, including the lateral septum (LS). Using a fluorescently labeled GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist, Exendin 4 (E...
Microcomputer Measurement of Blood and Tissue Oxygenation

Quantitative measurements of blood oxygenation are generally required in studies of oxygen transport to tissue, but oximeters and similar blood oxygen-measuring devices are usually single-purpose instruments incapable of making other measurements. Moreover, they do not provide the continuous, on-line measurements necessary to explore the dynamics of tissue oxygenation. The advent of the microcomputer has made it possible to overcome these limitations.
Colorectal Cancer in Young African Americans: Is It Time to Revisit Guidelines and Prevention?

Previous studies have suggested an increase in the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) in young adults (younger than 50 years). Among older people, African Americans have disproportionally higher CRC incidence and mortality. We assessed whether this CRC disparity also applies to CRC diagnosed among young people. Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registries, a population-based cancer registry covering 25.6 % of the United States’ African American population, we identified patients diagnosed with CRC between the years of 2000–2012. The age-adjusted rates for non-Hispanic whites (NHW), African Americans, and Asian–Pacific Islanders (API) were calculated for the age categories 20–24, 25–29, 30–34, 35–39, and 40–44. CRC age-adjusted incidence is increasing among all three racial groups and was higher for African Americans compared to NHW and API across all years 2000–2012 (P < 0.001). Stage IV CRC was higher in African Americans compared with NHW, while there was higher stage III CRC in API compared with NHWs. CRC incidence is increasing among the young in all racial groups under study. This increase in frequency of CRC is true among young African American adults who display highly advanced tumors in comparison with other races. While the present attention to screening seems to have decreased CRC prevalence in individuals older than 50, special attention needs to be addressed to young African American adults as well, to counter the observed trend, as they have the highest incidence of CRC among young population groups by race/ethnicity.
Evaluation of the Content Literacy Continuum: Report on Program Impacts, Program Fidelity, and Contrast

The Content Literacy Continuum combines whole-school and targeted approaches to supporting student literacy and content learning, using instructional routines and learning strategies. This report describes implementation and impact findings from a random assignment study involving 33 high schools in nine school districts.
Imitated Prosodic Fluency Predicts Reading Comprehension Ability in Good and Poor High School Readers.

Researchers have established a relationship between beginning readers’ silent comprehension ability and their prosodic fluency, such that readers who read aloud with appropriate prosody tend to have higher scores on silent reading comprehension assessments. The current study was designed to investigate this relationship in two groups of high school readers: Specifically Poor Comprehenders (SPCs), who have adequate word level and phonological skills but poor reading comprehension ability, and a group of age- and decoding skill-matched controls. We compared the prosodic fluency of the two groups by determining how effectively they produced prosodic cues to syntactic and semantic structure in imitations of a model speaker’s production of syntactically and semantically varied sentences. Analyses of pitch and duration patterns revealed that speakers in both groups produced the expected prosodic patterns; however, controls provided stronger durational cues to syntactic structure. These results demonstrate that the relationship between prosodic fluency and reading comprehension continues past the stage of early reading instruction. Moreover, they suggest that prosodically fluent speakers may also generate more fluent implicit prosodic representations during silent reading, leading to more effective comprehension.
Abstract 3075: Nuclear export inhibitor selinexor (KPT-330) demonstrates anti-tumor efficacy alone and in combination with chemotherapy in multiple breast cancer models

Background: The nuclear exporter XPO1 (Exportin1 or CRM1), mediates the transport of over 200 proteins, including several tumor suppressors. For this reason, XPO1 is being pursued as a promising target for cancer therapy options. Selinexor (KPT-330), a selective inhibitor of nuclear export, is an oral agent that has been shown to inhibit XPO1 and is currently in phase 2 trials for hematologic and solid tumors. We sought to determine the antitumor effect of selinexor in breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo Methods: We studied the effects of selinexor in vitro using cell proliferation assays; the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was calculated using isobologram curves after 3 days of treatment. We also tested the effects in combination with chemotherapy and calculated the combination index by the method of Chou and Talalay. In vivo efficacy was tested in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) patient derived xenografts (PDXs) with varying levels of paclitaxel sensitivity, as single agent and in combination therapy. T/C ratio was calculated using the formula: [(median tumor volume of treated group)/(median tumor volume of control group) x 100] Results: Selinexor treatment inhibited growth of 12 breast cancer cell lines representing different subtypes (TNBC as well as ER+, HER+) with a median IC50 of 375nM (range 3-750nM). Selinexor significantly reduced tumor growth in vivo in 4 of 5 different TNBC PDX models (with varying status of TP53 and PIK3CA, and gene expression subtypes), with a median T/C score of 48% (range 34-59%) In Multiple TNBC cell lines, selinexor was synergistic with paclitaxel, carboplatin, eribulin and doxorubicin in vitro. In vivo, selinexor in combination with paclitaxel or eribulin had greater antitumor efficacy than either agent alone. Conclusions: Collectively these findings strongly suggest that selinexor is a promising therapeutic option for breast cancer. Citation Format: Natalia Paez Arango, Kurt Evans, Ming Zhao, Erkan Yuca, Stephen Scott, Charissa Kim, Aung Naing, Funda Meric-Bernstam. Nuclear export inhibitor selinexor (KPT-330) demonstrates anti-tumor efficacy alone and in combination with chemotherapy in multiple breast cancer models. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3075.
Regulation of parathyroid secretion. Chromogranins, chemokines, and calcium.

Secretion of PTH from parathyroid glands can be regulated by extracellular calcium concentrations, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3, chromogranin peptides, and interleukin-8. More detailed studies of the mechanism of secretion and the pathways of signal transduction must be
College students' acceptance of trans women and trans men in gendered spaces: The role of physical appearance

ABSTRACTTransgender people often face prejudice and discrimination in school, employment, housing, and health care, and this can affect their psychological well-being. Although the literature on prejudice toward transgender people is growing, there is limited research that has examined differences in attitudes toward trans women and trans men separately. Specifically, the current study examined the role of physical appearance in the acceptance of transgender women and men in gendered spaces, including bathrooms, locker rooms, residence halls, and sorority and fraternity organizations. Participants viewed masculine-appearing and feminine-appearing images of a trans woman and trans man. Measurements of overall transacceptance and gendered-space acceptance were assessed. Results indicated that, in general, trans women were less accepted than trans men. The masculine-appearing trans woman was less accepted in the gendered spaces compared to the feminine-appearing trans woman and both images of the trans men. ...
1977 Self-medication

Animals seek out seemingly unusual food items in order to medicate themselves. Natural selection has provided them with the ability to seek out micronutrients as well as compounds that assist in fighting disease and parasites.
Educational Psychology and the Internet

The first comprehensive, research-based textbook on Internet-infused education, Educational Psychology and the Internet offers students an accessible guide to important issues in the field. Michael Glassman begins with an overview of the history that traces the evolution of the Internet and its significance for education. He outlines the current state of research, clearly defining terms that students will need to discuss larger concepts, such as hypertext and cyberspace. The second part of the book explores the practical applications of this research, which range from the individual-oriented to the generalized, including massive open online courses (MOOCs), open educational resources, and augmented reality. Key issues that affect teachers and students today, such as Net Neutrality and Creative Commons and Open Source licenses, are explained in straightforward terms, and often-overlooked differences - for example, between course management systems and learning management systems, and between blogs, social networking sites, and short messaging systems - are highlighted.
The stratospheric changes inferred from 10 years of AIRS and AMSU-A radiances

AbstractGlobal-mean radiances observed by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit A (AMSU-A) are analyzed from 2003 to 2012. The focus of this study is on channels sensitive to emission and absorption in the stratosphere. Optimal fingerprinting is used to obtain estimates of changes of stratospheric temperature in five vertical layers due to external forcing in the presence of natural variability. Natural variability is estimated using synthetic radiances based on the 500-yr GFDL CM3 and 240-yr HadGEM2-CC control runs. The results show a cooling rate of 0.65 ± 0.11 (2σ) K decade−1 in the upper stratosphere above 6 hPa, approximately 0.46 ± 0.24 K decade−1 in two midstratospheric layers between 6 and 30 hPa, and 0.39 ± 0.32 K decade−1 in the lower stratosphere (30–60 hPa). The cooling rate in the lowest part of the stratosphere (60–100 hPa) is −0.014 ± 0.22 K decade−1, which is smallest among all five layers and statistically insignificant. The synergistic use of we...
Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A meta-analysis of executive functioning

Abstract Objective Research investigating the link between eating disorder (ED) diagnosis and executive dysfunction has had conflicting results, yet no meta-analyses have examined the overall association of ED pathology with executive functioning (EF). Method Effect sizes were extracted from 32 studies comparing ED groups (27 of anorexia nervosa, 9 of bulimia nervosa) with controls to determine the grand mean effect on EF. Analyses included effects for individual EF measures, as well as an age-based subgroup analysis. Results There was a medium effect of ED diagnosis on executive functioning, with bulimia nervosa demonstrating a larger effect (Hedges’s g = −0.70) than anorexia nervosa ( g = −0.41). Within anorexia nervosa studies, subgroup analyses were conducted for age and diagnostic subtype. The effect of anorexia nervosa on EF was largest in adults; however, subgroup differences for age were not significant. Conclusions Anorexia and bulimia nervosa are associated with EF deficits, which are particularly notable for individuals with bulimia nervosa. The present analysis includes recommendations for future studies regarding study design and EF measurement.
Subsurface DNA Sequencing: A New Tool for Reservoir Characterization

Seismic, logging, and associated petrophysical techniques developed for conventional petroleum reservoirs are inadequate for assessing heterogeneous rock layers, where major differences can lie only meters apart. Hydraulic fracturing based on the evidence from those tools can lead to an unacceptably high percentage of nonproductive wells. Identification of rock by its microbiome can distinguish between potentially high oil-bearing and low oil-bearing formations and thereby increase productivity and lower cost. The principles and methods are adapted from the science of genetics, especially forensic applications. This chapter reviews the ways in which bacterial presence and activity constitute a fingerprint for a given stage in the metamorphosis from dead organic matter to the various types of hydrocarbons to enhance product recovery and shed light on many aspects of petroleum exploration, production, and environmental protection.
Aqueous Slurries as Tritium Breeding Blankets for D-T Fusion Reactors

Fusion reactor blankets based on an aqueous slurry concept are proposed and examined. Attractive features and disadvantages of aqueous slurries as blankets are reviewed. Calculations to determine the capacity of slurry particles with different diameters to stop recoiling tritons are described. Neutronic calculations are performed to specify slurry blankets that are composed of LiF spherical particles suspended in both light and heavy water. Zircaloy and stainless steel are studied as vacuum wall and structure materials for the slurry designs. It is determined that aqueous slurry blankets are probably capable of breeding tritium (based only on the tritium produced and retained in the solid particles) and are worthy of additional study.
A Cost-Effective, In-House, Positioning and Cutting Guide System for Orthognathic Surgery.

Technological advances in 3D printing can dramatically improve orthognathic surgical planning workflow. Custom positioning and cutting guides enable intraoperative reproduction of pre-planned osteotomy cuts and can result in greater surgical accuracy and patient safety. This short paper describes the use of freeware (some with open-source) combined with in-house 3D printing facilities to produce reliable, affordable osteotomy cutting guides. Open-source software (3D Slicer) is used to visualise and segment three-dimensional planning models from imported conventional computed tomography (CT) scans. Freeware (Autodesk Meshmixer ©) allows digital manipulation of maxillary and mandibular components to plan precise osteotomy cuts. Bespoke cutting guides allow exact intraoperative positioning. These are printed in polylactic acid (PLA) using a fused-filament fabrication 3D printer. Fixation of the osteotomised segments is achieved using plating templates and four pre-adapted plates with planned screw holes over the thickest bone. We print maxilla/ mandible models with desired movements incorporated to use as a plating template. A 3D printer capable of reproducing a complete skull can be procured for £1000, with material costs in the region of £10 per case. Our production of models and guides typically takes less than 24 hours of total print time. The entire production process is frequently less than three days. Externally sourced models and guides cost significantly more, frequently encountering costs totalling £1500–£2000 for models and guides for a bimaxillary osteotomy. Three-dimensional guided surgical planning utilising custom cutting guides enables the surgeon to determine optimal orientation of osteotomy cuts and better predict the skeletal maxilla/mandible relationship following surgery. The learning curve to develop proficiency using planning software and printer settings is offset by increased surgical predictability and reduced theatre time, making this form of planning a worthy investment.
Software Security: A Formal Perspective

Weaknesses in software security have been numerous, sometimes startling, and often serious. Many of them stem from apparently small low-level errors (e.g., buffer overflows). Ideally, those errors should be avoided by design, or at least fixed after the fact. In practice, on the other hand, we may have to tolerate some vulnerabilities, with appropriate models, architectures, and tools.
Core Concepts in Thermodynamics

The previous two chapters dealt with concepts used for the representation of economic activities and ecological or biological processes, respectively. This chapter provides the methods necessary to evaluate such activities and processes from a physical perspective. The chapters in the next part of this volume will then review and assess studies that combine core concepts of the three disciplines economics, ecology and thermodynamics with regard to economic activities and environmental repercussions. Particular emphasis will be given to the role of changes in the quality and quantity of resource flows which occur among the subsystems of the ecosystem and the accompanying qualitative changes in the structure and function of these subsystems.
Hypotheses on the Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis and Cell Transformation by Asbestos and Other Mineral Dusts

Asbestos and other mineral fibers are carcinogenic to humans and animals but differ from many carcinogens in that they do not induce gene mutations. Evidence, however, exists that asbestos is a complete carcinogen, an initiator, and a promoter. Multiple mechanisms, therefore, must be operative to explain the diverse effects of asbestos fibers. Although asbestos is inactive as a gene mutagen, there is now clear evidence that it induces chromosomal mutations (aneuploidy and aberrations) in a wide variety of mammalian cells, including mesothelial cells. Asbestos also induces transformation of cells in culture, including mesothelial cells and fibroblasts. A mechanism for cell transformation, which is dependent on fiber dimension, has been proposed. The fibers are phagocytized by the cells and accumulate in the perinuclear region of the cells. When the cell undergoes mitosis, the physical presence of the fibers interferes with chromosome segregation and results in anaphase abnormalities. The transformed cells show aneuploidy and other chromosome abnormalities. These findings provide a mechanism at the chromosomal level by which asbestos and other mineral fibers might induce cell transformation and cancer. Identification of the critical target genes in asbestos carcinogenicity is required to understand further process, and recent progress in this area has been made. Results from several lines of investigation suggest that two distinct classes of genes, proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, are involved in the neoplastic process. In human mesothelioma, deletion of the short arm of chromosome 3 has been observed, which may result in the loss of a tumor suppressor gene on this chromosome. We have recently shown that an activated transforming oncogene exists in human mesotheliomas. Further molecular analysis of these cancers may help in understanding these neoplasms and the mechanisms of asbestos and other carcinogenic fibers.
Group Treatment for Adult Women Who Experienced Childhood Sexual Trauma: Is Telling the Story Enough?

(1996). Group Treatment for Adult Women Who Experienced Childhood Sexual Trauma: Is Telling the Story Enough? International Journal of Group Psychotherapy: Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 535-542.
The role of protein and lipid domains in the uptake of solutes by human stratum corneum.

The uptake of a series of hydrocortisone esters varying in lipophilicity from water into untreated and delipidized human stratum corneum has been determined. The partition coefficients of solutes into fully hydrated stratum corneum are postulated to represent the separate contributions of three structurally distinct domains—the extractable lipids, protein, and the solvent domain. The solvent domain was assumed to have the properties of bulk water. The relative affinities of the protein and lipid domains of stratum corneum for solutes varying in structure were determined by comparing solute uptake in untreated and delipidized stratum corneum. Partitioning into the extracted lipids was also examined. Solute uptake into stratum corneum may be governed by the protein domain, the lipid domain, or a combination of the two, depending on solute lipophilicity. Due to differences in the selectivity of the two domains, a change in uptake mechanism occurs with increasing solute lipophilicity from protein-dominated uptake for hydrophilic solutes to lipid domain-dominated uptake for lipophilic solutes. The stratum corneum lipid content, which varies dramatically from individual to individual (3–46% in this study), is an important determinant of the affinity of the stratum corneum for highly lipophilic solutes but has no effect on the uptake of hydrophilic solutes.
Psychosocial factors associated with rheumatoid arthritis; an evaluation of the literature.

Abstract The literature on psychologic and social factors associated with rheumatoid arthritis has been reviewed according to personality characteristics and conflicts, social background factors, precipitating factors, mechanisms, and the relationship between rheumatoid arthritis and schizophrenia. After an evaluation of this material, it is suggested that general factors in research design include control groups, careful medical history and examination, objective measuring devices in the psychologic and social area, and longitudinal studies wherever possible. It is suggested that fruitful areas for further research are the importance of losses and separations in childhood, activity patterns, remembrance of dreams, direction and acceptance of sexual identification, parental roles in authority, and symbolization of symptoms. Finally it is suggested that new areas of study might include certain aspects of the concept of self, social mobility factors, and religious practices and expressions.
Disrupting Fellow Education Through Group Texting: WhatsApp in Fellow Education?

“New tools provide, for the first time, a mechanism for informal, self-directed just-in-time learning.”—Eugene Stead [(1)][1] The doubling time of medical knowledge has shortened dramatically—in 1950, it was 50 years; in 2010, 3.5 years; and by 2020, it is projected to be a mere 73
The Evolving Long-Term Outcome of Heart Transplantation in Amyloid Patients

Purpose Both amyloid light chain (AL) amyloidosis and transthyretin-related (TTR) amyloid are expanding indications for heart transplantation (HTx). In the past, AL amyloid, in particular, had been a contraindication to HTx given its systemic nature and the increased risk for mortality. Modern treatments including proteasome inhibitors have allowed amyloid patients to receive heart transplants at an increasing rate. We sought to assess long-term post-transplant outcome in amyloid patients in the current era. Methods Between 2010 and 2015, we assessed 27 patients (5 AL, 10 TTR-wildtype (wt), 12 TTR-mutant (m)) who underwent heart transplant for cardiac amyloidosis at our single center. A non-amyloid restrictive cardiomyopathy control population was included (n=18). Endpoints included 3-year outcomes including survival, freedom from CAV (as defined by stenosis ≥ 30% by angiography), freedom from non-fatal major adverse cardiac events (NF-MACE: myocardial infarction, new congestive heart failure, percutaneous coronary intervention, implantable cardioverter defibrillator/pacemaker implant, stroke), and freedom from any-treated rejection, acute cellular rejection, and antibody-mediated rejection. Results There was no significant difference between the AL amyloid, TTR-wt, TTR-m, and restrictive non-amyloid patients with respect to 3-year survival and 3-year freedom from CAV, NF-MACE, and rejection (see table). Endomyocardial biopsies post-transplant did not show amyloid. (see Table) Conclusion In the current era, both AL and TTR amyloid patients have acceptable mid-term outcome after heart transplantation. Larger numbers and longer followup are needed to confirm these findings.
Uncertainty Annotated Databases - A Lightweight Approach for Approximating Certain Answers (extended version).

Certain answers are a principled method for coping with uncertainty that arises in many practical data management tasks. Unfortunately, this method is expensive and may exclude useful (if uncertain) answers. Thus, users frequently resort to less principled approaches to resolve the uncertainty. In this paper, we propose Uncertainty Annotated Databases (UA-DBs), which combine an under- and over-approximation of certain answers to achieve the reliability of certain answers, with the performance of a classical database system. Furthermore, in contrast to prior work on certain answers, UA-DBs achieve a higher utility by including some (explicitly marked) answers that are not certain. UA-DBs are based on incomplete K-relations, which we introduce to generalize the classical set-based notions of incomplete databases and certain answers to a much larger class of data models. Using an implementation of our approach, we demonstrate experimentally that it efficiently produces tight approximations of certain answers that are of high utility.
Computational Complexity and Sour-Grapes-Like Patterns

In this paper, we claim that attested sour-grapes-like patterns of featural and tonal spreading differ meaningfully from what we call the 'true' sour grapes spreading pathology. We propose that the 'false' sour grapes processes attested in some tonal systems are computationally less complex than the unattested true sour grapes pathology, due to the presence of what we refer to as 'zones of predictability' local to potential triggers of spreading. In particular, the false sour grapes spreading patterns can be shown to fall into the class of weakly deterministic mappings, while the true sour grapes spreading pattern does not.
Abstract P2026: Involvement of Subfornical Organ Insulin Receptor Signaling in the Development of Angiotensin-II Hypertension

Neurocardiovascular dysfunction due to angiotensin-II (Ang-II) signaling within the brain has emerged as a key mechanism in hypertension development. Interestingly, the hormone insulin is also clos...