cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibitory and mechanistic investigations of oxo-lipids with human lipoxygenase isozymes.

Abstract Oxo-lipids, a large family of oxidized human lipoxygenase (hLOX) products, are of increasing interest to researchers due to their involvement in different inflammatory responses in the cell. Oxo-lipids are unique because they contain electrophilic sites that can potentially form covalent bonds through a Michael addition mechanism with nucleophilic residues in protein active sites and thus increase inhibitor potency. Due to the resemblance of oxo-lipids to LOX substrates, the inhibitor potency of 4 different oxo-lipids; 5-oxo-6,8,11,14-(E,Z,Z,Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE), 15-oxo-5,8,11,13-(Z,Z,Z,E)-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-oxo-ETE), 12-oxo-5,8,10,14-(Z,Z,E,Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-oxo-ETE), and 13-oxo-9,11-(Z,E)-octadecadienoic acid (13-oxo-ODE) were determined against a library of LOX isozymes; leukocyte 5-lipoxygenase (h5-LOX), human reticulocyte 15-lipoxygenase-1 (h15-LOX-1), human platelet 12-lipoxygenase (h12-LOX), human epithelial 15-lipoxygenase-2 (h15-LOX-2), soybean 15-lipoxygenase-1 (s15-LOX-1), and rabbit reticulocyte 15-LOX (r15-LOX). 15-Oxo-ETE exhibited the highest potency against h12-LOX, with an IC50 = 1 ± 0.1 μM and was highly selective. Steady state inhibition kinetic experiments determined 15-oxo-ETE to be a mixed inhibitor against h12-LOX, with a Kic value of 0.087 ± 0.008 μM and a Kiu value of 2.10 ± 0.8 μM. Time-dependent studies demonstrated irreversible inhibition with 12-oxo-ETE and h15-LOX-1, however, the concentration of 12-oxo-ETE required (Ki = 36.8 ± 13.2 μM) and the time frame (k2 = 0.0019 ± 0.00032 s−1) were not biologically relevant. These data are the first observations that oxo-lipids can inhibit LOX isozymes and may be another mechanism in which LOX products regulate LOX activity.
Somatic genetic events linked to the apc locus in intestinal adenomas of the min mouse

We have found previously that all spontaneous intestinal adenomas from Apc+/ApcMin mice lose the wild type Apc marker on two genetic backgrounds. On the (AKR x B6)F1 background, this event involves loss of the entire homolog of mouse chromosome 18 carrying Apc+. This chromosome carries both the Mcc and Dcc genes, which are homologs of genes that have been implicated in human colorectal cancer. To determine whether the loss of alleles of Mcc and/or Dcc is necessary for the formation of intestinal adenomas, subchromosomal somatic events were induced by gamma-irradiation. The observed spectrum of intrachromosomal somatic genetic losses rules out a requirement for loss of heterozygosity at either locus during adenoma formation. Subchromosomal allelic losses linked to Apc+ occur spontaneously on other genetic backgrounds. In the majority of these events, the Apc+ allele itself was somatically lost, as judged by the wild type marker at the Min site. However, on the [M. musculus castaneous (CAST) x B6-Min]F1 and (129/Sv x B6-Min)F1 backgrounds, spontaneous adenomas were observed in which the wild type marker at the Min site was retained. Further analysis will be required to determine whether these exceptions involve intra-Apc mutations. If not, then these events would illustrate routes to intestinal neoplasia that do not require complete inactivation of wild type Apc function.
Regulatory B‐cell compartment in transfused alloimmunized and non‐alloimmunized patients with sickle cell disease

Transfusion therapy is a life-sustaining treatment for patients with sickle cell disease (SCD), but can cause serious complications including alloimmunization. We previously reported diminished regulatory T cells (Tregs) and skewed Th2 responses in alloimmunized SCD patients. We hypothesized that the B cell regulatory (Breg) compartment, which controls Treg and Th differentiation, may also be compromised in allosensitized SCD patients. Phenotypically, we did not find differences in the frequency or numbers of CD24hiCD38hi and CD24hiCD27+ B cell subsets, both previously identified as human Bregs, between alloimmunized and non-alloimmunized SCD patients on regular transfusions. However, at the functional level, CD19+ B cells from alloimmunized SCD patients expressed lower levels of IL-10 following stimulation as compared with non-alloimmunized patients (P < 0.05), and had reduced ability in inhibiting autologous CD14+ monocyte TNF-α expression (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that Bregs from alloimmunized and non-alloimmunized SCD patients differ in their ability to produce IL-10 and dampen monocyte activation, all consistent with an altered immunoregulatory state in alloimmunized SCD patients. Am. J. Hematol. 88:736–740, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Imaging Patients with Heart Failure: Expectations of the Clinician

Obviously the clinical evaluation of a patient who is known to have, or suspected of having, heart failure is extraordinarily important. All of the world’s major societies with guidelines for diagnosing and managing patients who have heart failure have emphasized the importance of a complete evaluation [1–4]. Diagnostic tools are essential to help the skilled clinician define the illness and manage these individuals to achieve optimal outcomes. A variety of tests assist with the clinical evaluation of patients during the initial presentation as well as at long-term follow-up points. Specifically, the clinician is challenged when choosing from the wide spectrum of noninvasive imaging techniques that is available to assist with the task. The clinician’s expectations that the results of these tests will be helpful should be high, because individualized care of patients who have heart failure is critically important and is based largely on results that emerge from imaging evaluations. The complete evaluation of an individual who has heart failure demands synthesizing and integrating clinical data that are obtained during history taking and physical examination as well as studying ancillary laboratory test results, physiologic performance, and imaging modalities. Although no one test should be used to diagnose heart failure, determine prognosis, or guide therapy and interventions, imaging procedures dominate these decisions. Therefore,
Tools for software design: program design languages (PDL's)

Abstract A program design language is any language that can be utilized for the description of software detailed design. This paper puts forward, analyzes and compares three program design languages.
Fine‐scale population structure of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Tampa Bay, Florida

Some populations of coastal bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) comprise discrete communities, defined by patterns of social association and long-term site fidelity. We tested the hypothesis that bottlenose dolphins in Tampa Bay, Florida, form a single community. The longitudinal study of dolphins in Sarasota Bay, adjacent to Tampa Bay, allowed us to ground-truth the definition of community and test whether our approach was robust to small sample sizes of resightings. We conducted photo-identification surveys in Tampa Bay during 1988–1993, and identified 102 dolphins with 10 or more sightings. We used hierarchical cluster analysis to examine the locations and association indices of these dolphins. We used analysis of variance (ANOVA) to test for differences in mean locations and determine whether mean coefficient of association (CoA) values within a community were higher than among communities. Dolphins in Tampa Bay clustered into five putative communities differing significantly in location and CoA values. Kernel estimates of the ranges of these five communities exhibited little overlap; some communities had no overlap at all. We conclude that five discrete communities of bottlenose dolphins exist in Tampa Bay and that such fine-scale structure may be a common feature of bottlenose dolphin populations throughout the southeastern United States.
Energy expenditure in patients with nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage.

Background: Patients with intracerebral (ICH), intraventricular (IVH) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) have increased morbidity and mortality compared with other forms of stroke. We postulate that the systemic inflammatory state triggered by these forms of nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage (IH) translates into higher nutrition requirements than traditionally assumed. In order to test this hypothesis, we performed a retrospective study comparing the resting energy expenditure (REE) of 14 mechanically ventilated IH patients with the REE of 6 severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) patients (a disease known to induce an increased metabolic state). Methods: Using nonparametric analysis, we compared 2 contemporary cohorts of patients—IH and sTBI—who required mechanical ventilation and who underwent indirect calorimetry (IC) within 7 days after the ictus. Results: Fourteen patients with nontraumatic IH (IVH, 2; SAH, 9; SAH/ICH, 1; ICH/SAH/IVH, 2) who underwent IC within 7 days from injury were identified; medi...
Hepatitis B Virus in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis: Transmission Risks and Psychosocial Reactions

Thirteen patients undergoing hemodialysis who were carriers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) were screened for inappropriate reactions to HBV transmission risks and for emotional reactions to their renal and viral diseases. Four patients underreacted to HBV transmission risks through denial or misunderstanding. The nine remaining patients reported that their HBV, as compared with their renal disease, resulted in substantially greater restrictions in interpersonal relations and significantly greater feelings of not being accepted by others. In contrast, the nine patients reported that their renal disease, as compared with their HBV, resulted in substantially greater restrictions in leisure and work activities. Thirteen control patients undergoing hemodialysis but not having HBV did not differ from the patients with HBV in psychosocial reactions to renal disease. As shown in a one-month follow-up, counseling was effective in enhancing aware-ness of HBV transmission risks and in improving emotional adjustments to the renal and viral diseases. ( Arch Intern Med 1982;142:51-54)
Early Warning Indicators of High School Outcomes

After considerable focused attention over the past decade to the national dropout problem and its negative ramifications for society as well as the dropouts themselves (e.g., Balfanz, Fox, Bridgela...
HPLC analysis of lobster haemolymph over the molt cycle

Abstract 1. Haemolymph from various stages of the molt cycle of Homarus americanus were assayed for serotonin, octopamine and related substances by high performance liquid chromatography with serial UV and electrochemical detection. 2. 5-Hydroxyindole acetic acid (HIAA), 5-hydroxytryptophan (HTP), tryptophan (TRP), serotonin (5HT), octopamine (OA) and four unidentified compounds were found. 3. Tryptophan and one of the unknowns (Compound S) varied significantly over the cycle; another unknown (Compound E) was absent in premolt stages, D2 and D3. 4. Comparison of blood from the same lobsters at two different molt stages revealed that there was significantly more TRP and compound S in premolt than in post-molt stages and more OA in intermolt than in premolt stages. 5. A comparison of female and male lobsters revealed significantly more OA, 5HT, TRP and compound S in males than in females. 6. The relatively constant levels of HIAA and the significant differences of TRP suggests differential turnover of TRP into 5HT over the cycle; this would support the idea that such differences contribute to molt-related differences in behavior.
The Immune Response to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: Friend or Foe?

The immune response to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection has fascinated and frustrated investigators for decades. After adverse responses to early attempts at vaccination, it became popularly held that disease following infection was related to overly aggressive immune responses. However, recent data illustrate that severe forms of disease are related to inadequate, rather than hyperresponsive, adaptive immune reactions. Thus, recovery from primary (and perhaps later) RSV infection is dependent on the quality of innate immune responses. These findings should have enormous significance to the development of vaccines and antiviral compounds.
Hydrogen adsorption in single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes grown in a hot-wire CVD (Cat-CVD) reactor

Abstract We have employed hot-wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) for the growth of single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs and MWCNTs). The reactor consisted of a quartz tube and two tungsten filaments. Often additional molybdenum wires were incorporated into the system serving as additional heat sources and possibly providing via evaporation an additional gas-phase catalyst. Transmission electron microscopy indicated the presence of both types of CNTs with diameters ranging from ∼ 1–30 nm. Thermal desorption experiments showed the presence of the both physisorbed and chemisorbed hydrogen.
Determination of halides with ion-selective electrodes

Abstract The solid-state halide electrodes and the sulfide electrode introduced by Orion Inc. were used in halide determinations, singly and in in mixtures. Potentiometric titrations with silver nitrate give good accuracy to concentration of 10−3 N with increasing errors at lower concentrations. The use of these electrodes with halide mixtures is limited by the formation of mixed crystals.
Venus sample return missions—a range of science, a range of costs

Venus sample return missions have been studied occasionally for the last forty years, but only recently has technology advanced to the point where this kind of mission has been realistic.
Imipramine Plus Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy in the Treatment of School Refusal

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the efficacy of 8 weeks of imipramine versus placebo in combination with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for the treatment of school-refusing adolescents with comorbid anxiety and major depressive disorders. Method This was a randomized, double-blind trial with 63 subjects entering the study and 47 completing. Outcome measures were weekly school attendance rates based on percentage of hours attended and anxiety and depression rating scales. Results Over the course of treatment, school attendance improved significantly for the imipramine group ( z = 4.36, p z = 1.26, not significant). School attendance of the imipramine group improved at a significantly faster rate than did that of the placebo group ( z = 2.39, p = .017). Over the 8 weeks of treatment, there was a significant difference between groups on attendance after controlling for baseline attendance; mean attendance rate in the final week was 70.1% ± 30.6% for the imipramine group and 27.6% ± 36.1% for the placebo group ( p p = .007). Anxiety and depression rating scales decreased significantly across treatment for both groups, with depression on the Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised decreasing at a significantly faster rate in the imipramine group compared with the placebo group ( z = 2.08, p = .037). Conclusions Imipramine plus CBT is significantly more efficacious than placebo plus CBT in improving school attendance and decreasing symptoms of depression in school-refusing adolescents with comorbid anxiety and depression.
Does democracy lower growth volatility? A dynamic panel analysis

Abstract This paper employs dynamic panel generalized method of moment (GMM) technique to empirically examine the causal relationship between democracy and growth volatility for a sample of 138 countries over the 1968–2002 period. Improving upon the methodology of earlier papers, this study finds that the causal effects of democracy on volatility are not highly robust as previously suggested. Instead, the results of this paper indicate that the democracy–volatility relationship may depend on the ethnic structure of a society. In countries with high degrees of ethnic heterogeneity, democracy appears to significantly reduce growth volatility; in countries with low degrees of ethnic diversity such a relationship is not significant.
Ethnicity and Health Service Use in a Women's Prison

ABSTRACT This paper highlights the findings in relation to health need, ethnicity, and health service use among a sample of women in prison. Medical records review for 129 women and interviews with 15 women were conducted to determine factors associated with differential service use. Statistical analyses reveal that ethnicity and an interaction between ethnicity and whether one is on medication at prison admission (a health need variable) significantly predict extent of service use. Women of color use fewer services overall, with the exception of those on medication. Qualitative analyses reveal that women of color view the quality of medical care and the ways they are treated less positively than White women. Implications for equitable service provision are explored.
Participatory Education for Sustainable Agriculture: Everyone a Teacher, Everyone a Learner

ABSTRACT Education in sustainable agriculture is an increasing priority for farmers and others in the food system. For Cooperative Extension, Natural Resources Conservation Service, and other information providers to give useful advice, it is essential that their educators have relevant recommendations and up-to-date teaching methods. Everyone a Teacher, Everyone a Learner was the title for two workshops in 1995 designed using the criteria that training in sustainable agriculture (1) must be viewed in a complex framework of social, economic, and environmental factors, and (2) must be inclusive in terms of trainers and audience. Workshops in Nebraska and Indiana, planning and evaluation workshops in Iowa and Illinois, and national distribution of comprehensive training materials, reached more than 750 people in 50 states and several countries. From more than 1,000 individual evaluations of training sessions, we found that the most important topics were planning learning activities, economics of sustainable...
Diastolic functional class improvement is associated with more favorable outcomes in patients with acute nonischemic cardiomyopathy

Background: Patients with recent onset non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (ROCM) have variable clinical course related to left ventricular (LV) systolic recovery. It is unknown if temporal changes in diastolic function (DF) class can predict outcomes independent of LV systolic functional recovery in these patients. Methods: In the multicenter IMAC-2 (Intervention in Myocarditis and Acute Cardiomyopathy) study, there were 147 patients with ROCM (ejection fraction (EF) ≤40%, <6 months of symptoms) consistent with idiopathic cardiomyopathy or myocarditis who were prospectively studied by echocardiography. Systolic function was measured by biplane Simpson's rule EF and DF by mitral inflow velocities and mitral annular tissue Doppler at presentation and 6-month follow-up. Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to risk-adjust comparisons for the combined endpoint of death, transplantation and heart failure hospitalization. Results: Of 147 patients, (mean age 46±14 yrs, 40% female), baseline LVEF was 23±8%. At 6-months, LVEF improved to 41±12%, with 68% increasing by at least 10% EF units. DF improved in 55%, was unchanged in 27% and worsened in 13%. Over a mean follow-up of 1.8±1.2 yrs, there were 3 deaths, 4 transplants and 11 heart failure hospitalizations. LVEF at 6 months (HR=0.95, 95% CI 0.92-0.99,p=0.03) and improvement or maintaining DF class at 6-months were independently associated with lower likelihood for the combined end-point (HR=0.26, 95% CI 0.09-0.73, p=0.01). ![Figure][1] 6-Month Diastolic function and outcomes Conclusion: In patients with ROCM, improvement in or maintaining DF class was associated with more favorable outcomes, independent of LV systolic functional recovery. The association of DF with clinical outcomes suggest DF as a potential important prognostic marker in these patients. [1]: pending:yes
Modeling deformation-induced fluid flow in cortical bone's canalicular-lacunar system.

To explore the potential role that load-induced fluid flow plays as a mechano–transduction mechanism in bone adaptation, a lacunar–canalicular scale bone poroelasticity model is developed and implemented. The model uses micromechanics to homogenize the pericanalicular bone matrix, a system of straight circular cylinders in the bone matrix through which bone fluids can flow, as a locally anisotropic poroelastic medium. In this work, a simplified two-dimensional model of a periodic array of lacunae and their surrounding systems of canaliculi is used to quantify local fluid flow characteristics in the vicinity of a single lacuna. When the cortical bone model is loaded, microscale stress, and strain concentrations occur in the vicinity of individual lacunae and give rise to microscale spatial variations in the pore fluid pressure field. Furthermore, loading of the bone matrix containing canaliculi generates fluid pressures in the contained fluids. Consequently, loading of cortical bone induces fluid flow in the canaliculi and exchange of fluid between canaliculi and lacunae. For realistic bone morphology parameters, and a range of loading frequencies, fluid pressures and fluid–solid drag forces in the canalicular bone are computed and the associated energy dissipation in the models compared to that measured in physical in vitro experiments on human cortical bone. The proposed model indicates that deformation-induced fluid pressures in the lacunar–canalicular system have relaxation times on the order of milliseconds as opposed to the much shorter times (hundredths of milliseconds) associated with deformation-induced pressures in the Haversian system.
Miniature fiber facet atomic force microscope using photonic crystal sensors

A miniaturized Atomic Force Microscope is fabricated on the facet of an optical fiber. Photonic crystal mirrors are integrated into the fabrication creating a Fabry Perot sensor for sensitive force measurements that verify the probe's ability to resolve forces down to 8 pN/Hz0.5. This AFM form factor enables a path towards in-vivo, high-bandwidth and non-contact AFM imaging.
The Application of the Cassegrainian Principle to Ground Antennas for Space Communications

In the last few years considerable interest has arisen in application of the Cassegrainian principle to paraboloidal antenna systems. In the case of large ground-based tracking antennas, it appears that this type of feed system can offer significant performance and operational advantages over conventional systems. For this application, however, special sidelobe requirements are imposed on the Cassegrainian system. The forward sidelobe distribution must be controlled to reduce the effect of solar noise interference, and the backlobe level must be controlled to reject blackbody radiation from the antenna environment. It is shown that these considerations are the major factor in choosing the feed system configuration. An experimental system utilizing an 85-ft antenna operating at 960 Mc is described. This system has an aperture efficiency of approximately 50 per cent and a measured zenith noise temperature of 9.5° K.
A protein fraction of the 60 S subunit from reticulocyte ribosomes associated with acceptor-site binding activity.

Abstract An electrophoretically distinct ribosomal protein fraction derived from the large (60 S) subunit of rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes appears to contain the sulfhydryl group(s), the integrity of which is required for the poly (U)-directed binding of phenylalanyl-transfer RNA. Since the addition of the translocase enzyme (T-2) is required to confer puromycin reactivity on these molecules, it is therefore assumed that they are in the acceptor site. This contrasts with studies in prokaryotic systems, which indicate that both N -ethyl maleimide sensitivity and the acceptor site are associated with the small ribosomal subunit. It is similar to that system, however, in that the proteins implicated have multiple sulfhydryl groups, and probably only one of these is required for phenylalanyl-transfer RNA binding activity.
Simple Adjustable Mounting for High-precision Optical Rails

In this note we communicate the essential details of a simple, adjustable mounting for the precision circular shafting frequently employed as support devices and translatable mechanical references in optical systems.
Element spacing limitations of Dolph-Pritchard optimum endfire arrays

It is generally accepted that the Dolph-Pritchard technique for computing optimum or Chebyshev radiation patterns for single-lobe endfire arrays is valid for any array element spacing less than one-half wavelength. However, it can be shown that multiple-lobe radiation patterns will be obtained using this technique for element spacing less than one-half wavelength. A maximum element spacing for single-lobe radiation patterns can be derived, and this spacing is a function of the major-lobe-to-sidelobe amplitude ratio as well as the order of the Chebyshev polynomial. In general, for large amplitude ratios this maximum spacing approaches one-quarter wavelength.
Kinematics of an Elastic Sphere Rolling on a Plane and Between Two Planes

A sphere rolling between a stationary and a spinning plane traces out a spiral path, even under quasistatic conditions. Published theory suggests that radial creep due to pivot produces the spiral path. We show experimentally a component of the sphere's angular velocity not considered in the published analysis, raising questions about pivot in producing the spiral. We give a general expression for the sphere angular velocity vector which accommodates a linear, circular or spiral path, pivot or no pivot, and one or two planes in contact. We show that a sphere can roll in a circle on one or between two plane without pivot, but not between a stationary and a spinning plane. We show that a circumferential component of angular velocity results in a spiral path
Analysis of diffusion theory and similarity relations for light reflectance by turbid media

ABSTRACT Both diffusion theory and similarity relations for light reflectance by semi-infinite turbid media have been analyzed by comparing their computational results with Monte Carlo simulation results. Since a large number of photon packets are traced, the variance of the MonteCarlo simulation results is small enough to reveal the detailed defects of diffusion theories andsimilarity relations. We have demonstrated that both diffusion theory and similarity relationsprovide very accurate results when the photon sources are isotropic and one transport mean freepath below the turbid medium surface or deeper. This analysis has led to a hybrid model of Monte Carlo simulation and diffusion theory, which combines the accuracy advantage of Monte Carlo simulation and the speed advantage of diffusion theory. The similarity relations are used for the transition from the Monte Carlo simulation to the diffusion theory. 1. INTRODUCTION In laser-tissue interaction, there is a growing demand for accurate and fast models totheoretically predict the light distribution in turbid media, such as biological tissue, with givenoptical
Application of change detection to the detection of buried mines

SRI International is investigating change detection for the US Army Night Vision Laboratory using a forward-looking ground-penetrating radar (GPR) sensor as a technique for monitoring cleared roadways against further emplacement of landmines. In the course of evaluating the utility of the technique against buried mines, we have noted that the sensitivity of GPR change detection appears to be sufficient to discern small changes in a scene (footprints, soil disturbance, etc.). Experiments have shown that this sensitivity can decrease significantly over a period of several hours. We have undertaken to learn whether this temporal degradation is because of system and processing artifacts or the inherent temporal change of the clutter field. We have found that the degradation appears to be related to a nonzero phase of the correlation peak observed when the 'before' and 'after' images are cross correlated. This behavior suggests that the images may be misregistered. A simple subpixel registration algorithm was formulated to correct the misregistation. The differencing of two nominally identical images finds the clutter suppression, as determined from the ratio of mean pixel magnitudes in difference and sum images, to have been improved by 7 to 10 dB following subpixel registration. In this paper we present results form recent experiments and improvements to our processing algorithms demonstrating the utility of GPR change detection.
Luminescence studies of the phagocyte response to endotoxin infusion into normal human subjects: multiple discriminant analysis of luminescence response and correlation with phagocyte morphologic changes and release of elastase

A blood luminescence system (BLS) was employed to analyze blood phagocyte function in response to infusion of endotoxin (4 ng Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/kg body weight) into 7 healthy human subjects. The subjects were closely monitored clinically, and extensive chemical, hematological and coagulation measurements were taken during the pretreatment, early (symptomatic, 1-8 h post-LPS), and late (asymptomatic, 12-48 h post-LPS) phases of acute inflammation. BLS assessment included measurement of basal and PMA-stimulated phagocyte oxidase and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities, and also included measurement of circulating (COR) and PAF-primed maximum (MOR) opsonin receptor-dependent phagocytic activities. Basal oxidase activity peaked at T + 1 h and showed an additional peak at T + 24 h post-LPS. The COR activity also peaked at 1-2 h, but remained elevated through T + 24 h post-LPS, while the basal MPO activity peaked only once at T + 1 h. We concluded that while MPO evidence of phagocyte respiratory activation returned to baseline by T + 4 h, COR evidence of receptor expression (receptor alert) remained elevated through T + 24 h. During this early (0-8 h) period, elastase/alpha 1AT complex concentration peaked at T + 3-4 h and again at T + 8 h. Peak numbers of circulating polarized and vacuolated phagocytes also appeared at T + 3 h and 7 h. We concluded that there was biochemical and morphological evidence of continuing phagocyte activity beyond T + 4 h to T + 8 h, and that this corresponded with the period during which the subjects were symptomatic. In addition, the appearance of a second peak of basal oxidase activity at T + 24 h, multiple discriminant analyses of all the luminescence data, and the sustained elevation of lactate suggested that there was a later second stage (T + 12 h to 48 h) of the human response to endotoxin, during which time the subjects were asymptomatic.
Bretton Woods II and the East Asian Emerging Economies: Lazarus, Phoenix, or Humpty Dumpty?

Several studies have commented on the emergence of a new international monetary system in the post-Asian crisis years. The recent international financial crisis has, however, put Bretton Woods II (...
Effect of plastic fats on thermal stability and mechanical properties of fat- protein gel products

Meat was comminuted with soybean-oil-based plastic fats of differ-ent physical properties and cooked at 2 different rates. Thermal stability of emulsion was inversely related to fat softness and heating rate. Stable emulsions were obtained when prepared with fat containing 30% solids at 16% product fat level, 40% solids at 22% level, and 50% solids at 28% level. Release of fat and water upon heating commenced about 10 C below the softening point of the fat. Compressive force (CF) increased markedly and shear force (SF) increased moderately with increasing hardness of fat Both CF and SF reached a maximum at the 40% fat solids level. Increased total fat tended to reduce mechanical strength. Faster heating resulted in greater mechanical strength of cooked product but caused fat separation in high fat products formulated with soft fats.
Comparison of visual and automated colorimeter for refined and bleached cottonseed oils

Color as a fundamental quality of edible oils has been determined primarily by visual comparison. The automatic colorimeters introduced recently made it possible to avoid operator variability associated with visual color measurement. The feasibility of using an automatic colorimeter, Colourscan, to measure the color of refined and bleached cottonseed oils was investigated. Good agreement, r2=0.99, between automatic color readings vs. visual color measurement by using the Lovibond-AOCS Color Scale was obtained. Near-linear correlation of light paths from 133.4 to 2.5 mm permits dark oil to be assessed with the automatic colorimeter.
WORKING WOMEN'S PERCEPTIONS OF BRAND-NAME APPAREL IN ENHANCEMENT OF THEIR OCCUPATIONAL ATTRIBUTES

Summary.-The major objectives were (1) to explore working women's perceptions of various apparel brands in the enhancement of their self-perceptions of occupational attributes, (2) to investigate the relationships between working women's self-perceptions of occupational attributes and the perception of each apparel brand image, and (3) to assess the effects of selected consumer variables of working women (clothing interest, age, education, and occupation) on their perceptions of brand-name apparel. The data from 81 working women showed that the well-known apparel brands generally enhanced their occupational attributes. Anne Klein was perceived most positively for enhancement of all the occupational attributes, while Junior House Collectibles was perceived as lowest in enhancement of those attributes. Evan .Picone was rated highest in relation to subjects' clothing interest and was perceived most effective in enhancing the subjects' occupational attributes. Over the last 10 to 15 years, women's involvement in the workforce has increased dramatically (Schiffman & Kanuk, 1991). In keeping with this social trend, apparel industries have accelerated the production of women's career apparel. Studies of consumers' behavior indicate that products and brand names have symbolic value for individuals who evaluate them on the basis of their own self-images, that is, consistent or congruent with their personal images (Belk, 1988; Schiffman & Kanuk, 1991). Congruity theory, which stems from an earlier social psychological theory of perceptual consistency, predicts that individuals will evaluate an object to be consistent or congruent with an existing frame of reference (e.g., Osgood & Tannenbaum, 1955). As applied to the present study, congruity theory would suggest that a working woman will choose a particular apparel brand which will be consistent with her self-perception of her own occupational attributes and avoid those which will not enhance her occupational attributes. Today many working women are concerned with achieving desired selfimages and appropriateness of clothing and use of clothing as a mechanism for career advancement (Cassill & Drake, 1987; Douglas & Solomon, 1983; Solomon & Douglas, 1985). The major objectives of the study were (1) to explore working women's perceptions of various brand-name apparel for the enhancement of their occupational attributes, (2) to investigate the relationships between self-perception of occupational attributes and the perception
Assessment of branching in S. salivarius levan from small-angle X-ray scattering.

Abstract A fractionated sample of S. salivarius levan was examined in aqueous solution at 25° by the method of small-angle X-ray scattering. The high molecular weight of 16.9 × 10 6 and low radius of gyration of 395 A suggest that this levan is branched. The mass per unit length [( m u ) b ] was found to be 72.94 daltons/A. Based on the molecular weight of the monomer unit (2,6-anhydro-β- d -fructofuranose) and its length, the mass per unit length of a linear levan [( m u ) l ] was calculated as 28.94 daltons/A. The observation that ( m u ) b > ( m u ) l is a positive indication of branching. The g -factor, a measure of branching, was computed as 0.39 from the derived expression, g = ( m u ) l /( m u ) b = L/L l , where L and L l are the hydrodynamic length (total stretched length) of the backbone of the branched levan and linear levan, respectively. Values of 42.79 A for persistence length, L = 2.313 × 10 5 A, and 22 A for the radius of gyration of the cross-section were also obtained for the branched levan.
Experimental investigation of fatigue crack growth in thin-foil Ni-base sandwich structures

Abstract The fatigue crack growth behavior of Ni-base honeycomb panels was studied at room temperature. Edge-notched panels were subjected to either tension–tension or fully reversed tension–compression fatigue cycles at a loading frequency of 2 Hz. The experimental data could be described by a Paris relation with a stress intensity range exponent between 3 and 6. The crack propagation was governed primarily by the crack growth rate in the thin face-sheets; the honeycomb core did not contribute significantly to the overall crack growth behavior. In addition to details concerning the experimental approach used to study crack growth, possible methods for improving the crack growth resistance of thin face-sheet metallic sandwich panels are discussed.
Need for stimulation as a factor in preferences for different stimuli.

Summary Recent investigations have indicated that “reduction” on the kinesthetic aftereffects (KAE) procedure may indicate high levels of a putative need for stimulation (nStim), while “augmentation” on this procedure may indicate low levels of this motive. The present study supports the interpretation of the KAE task as a measure of nStim by indicating that “reducers” on this measure (a) react favorably to complex auditory and visual stimuli and (b) expose themselves particularly frequently to complex and intense stimulation in their ongoing social activities.
HLA type and survival in lung cancer.

A significant positive association between antigens HLA Aw 19 and/or HLA B5 and a disease-free survival time of one year for patients with lung cancer has been reported but not confirmed. We have HLA-typed 20 white patients with non-oat-cell bronchogenic carcinoma who have survived at least a year from the time of diagnosis. Half these patients possessed these antigens (P < 0.08). This highly suggests that the presence of these antigens is associated with prolonged survival time. Now may be the time for performing large scale clinical trials using these antigens as stratification factors. Cancer 46:38–40, 1980.
The optimal times and levels of impulsive acquisition of automation

A dynamic optimization model is formulated to derive the optimal mix of output achieved manually and from automatic equipment. Therefore, the composition of the productive capacity is obtained for a firm over time. The actual times and levels at which automation should be acquired and the levels of change in manual output are determined over the planning horizon. Optimal policies are derived in order to minimize costs associated with deviation from the goal levels of total output, acquiring automation, changing the level of manual output, operating automation and operating manual equipment over time. Ordinary and impulsive optimal control theory techniques are applied to obtain solutions.
The investigation of phase evolution in composite ceramic superconductors using Raman microscopy techniques

Raman microspectroscopy and imaging techniques have been used to investigate key mechanistic features that influence the formation of layered Bi- and Tl-based superconducting phases during the thermal treatment employed to produce BSCCO and TBCCO composite conductors. Seminal information gained from these studies includes the location of lead-rich nonsuperconducting second phases (NSPS) and the identification of the constituent phases in certain NSP agglomerations that tend to resist dissipation as high-Tc phase formation proceeds to completion.
Hysteresis prediction for piezoceramic actuator systems using Preisach models

Hysteresis is a form of nonlinearity that is present in piezoceramic microactuator systems. A methodology to predict influence of hysteresis on system performance is valuable when these actuators are employed as part of closed loop motion control systems. In this work, an existing phenomenological approach (Preisach models) is investigated for piezoceramic systems. Hysteresis in a piezoceramic system is experimentally documented initially for a bounding operating condition of a cyclic electric potential. The limiting hysteresis loop has a positive turning point of +100 V and a negative turning point of -100 V. Hysteretic behavior for various operating conditions within this bounding loop (i.e. minor hysteresis loops) is then predicted using a moving Preisach model. In addition, hysteresis effects are analytically predicted when a constant mechanical load and a cyclic electric potential are applied simultaneously, using two inputs Preisach model. Experimental data are also presented for the minor hysteresis loops at different positive and negative turning points. Predictions using Preisach models agreed well with the experimental results, particularly when the minor loops are closer to the bounding loop.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ethnic competition, radical Islam, and challenges to stability in the Republic of Dagestan

Abstract Previous academic work on stability in Dagestan has focused on two potential cleavages, the republic’s ethnic diversity and the challenge from radical Islamist groups. Using results from a December 2005 survey, and focusing on Dagestan’s six main ethnic groups, this paper investigates attitudes towards the dual topics of the politicization of ethnicity and the relationship between terrorism and Islamism. We find that Dagestanis maintain layered conceptions of identity, and do not attribute violence predominantly to radical Islam in the republic or the wider North Caucasus. Scholars should be aware of Rogers Brubaker’s concept of groupism in analyzing not just ethnic groups, but religious movements as well.
Moving from research to large-scale change in child health care.

There is a large and persistent failure to achieve widespread dissemination of evidence-based practices in child health care. Too often studies demonstrating evidence for effective child health care practices are not brought to scale and across different settings and populations. This failure is not due to a lack of knowledge, but rather a failure to bring to bear proven methods in dissemination, diffusion, and implementation (DD&I) science that target the translation of evidence-based medicine to everyday practice. DD&I science offers a framework and a set of tools to identify innovations that are likely to be implemented, and provides methods to better understand the capabilities and preferences of individuals and organizations and the social networks within these organizations that help facilitate widespread adoption. Successful DD&I is dependent on making the intervention context sensitive without losing fidelity to the core components of the intervention. The achievement of these goals calls for new research methods such as pragmatic research trials that combine hypothesis testing with quality improvement, participatory research that engages the target community at the beginning of research design, and other quasi-experimental designs. With the advent of health care reform, it will be extremely important to ensure that the ensuing large demonstration projects that are designed to increase integrated care and better control costs can be rapidly brought to scale across different practices settings, and health plans and will be able to achieve effectiveness in diverse populations.
Intrachoroidal Microvascular Abnormality: A Previously Unrecognized form of Choroidal Neovascularization

Purpose To evaluate the histopathologic and histochemical characteristics of intrachoroidal microvascular abnormality. Methods Forty eyes obtained at autopsy from human donors ranging in age from 20 to 91 years (25 diabetics, 15 nondiabetics) were analyzed. Choroids were processed for alkaline phosphatase flat-embedding. Vascular patterns were examined and analyzed before embedding and serial sectioning. Results Intrachoroidal microvascular abnormality had the most prominent alkaline phosphatase reaction product of choroidal vessels. These formations appeared as ameboid or cobweb-like vascular networks (area, 0.05 to 4.6 mm 2 ) in the choroidal stroma external to the choriocapillaris. They appeared as both single or groups of formations in the posterior pole and equatorial regions in all subjects. Intrachoroidal microvascular abnormality was found in five subjects with diabetes: four with type I diabetes mellitus, and one with type II diabetes mellitus. One subject had proliferative diabetic retinopathy, three had background retinopathy, and one had no retinopathy. Intrachoroidal microvascular abnormality was connected with all levels of choroidal vasculature. Microaneurysms were observed within intrachoroidal microvascular abnormality formations in most subjects but not in other choroidal vessels. Conclusions Intrachoroidal microvascular abnormality is a form of intrachoroidal neovascularization. This neovascularization has features similar to intraretinal microvascular abnormalities found in diabetic subjects but seems to form independently of the status of retinopathy. The presence of microaneurysms in intrachoroidal microvascular abnormalities and not other choroidal vessels supports the view that aneurysms may be aborted attempts at neovascularization.
Cholesterol testing among children and adolescents during health visits.

Abnormal lipid values occur in 1 in 5 US children and adolescents,1 and are associated with cardiovascular disease in adulthood.2 Universal pediatric lipid screening is advised by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)2 for those aged 9 to 11 years and 17 to 21 years, in addition to the selective screening advised by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the American Heart Association. In contrast, the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) did not find sufficient evidence to recommend any pediatric lipid screening.3 Despite substantial controversy,4 little is known about the frequency of cholesterol testing during pediatric health maintenance visits in the United States.5 We used the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS)6 to examine (1) rates and correlates of testing and (2) trends in testing, including before and after the 2007 USPSTF and 2008 AAP cholesterol statements.
Silylated gallium–sulfur ring systems as single source precursors to hexagonal gallium sulfide (GaS)

Abstract New single source precursors to hexagonal gallium sulfide (GaS) were investigated. Four organometallic compounds containing a Ga 2 S 2 ring core, [R 2 Ga(μ-SSi R ′ 3 )] 2 (R = Me, Et; R′ = Ph, i Pr), were prepared and thermally decomposed to give chemically pure gallium sulfide. The decomposition temperatures as measured by TGA range from 200 to 350 °C and the resulting solid powders were found to be the hexagonal phase of GaS by XRD. The decomposition of the ethyl gallium derivatives were found to proceed by the initial loss of ethylene (TGA–EGA) followed by an unresolved second mode of decomposition to give hexagonal GaS. In contrast, the methyl gallium derivatives decomposed in one uniform stage to yield gallium sulfide. The precursors with isopropylsilyl groups were generally more volatile and decomposed at lower temperatures than the triphenylsilyl derivatives.