cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of the dose per body weight of conditioning chemotherapy on severity of mucositis and risk of relapse after autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in relapsed diffuse large B cell lymphoma.

Summary High-dose chemotherapy and haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation is considered standard therapy in patients with chemosensitive relapsed diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). BCNU (carmustine), etoposide, cytarabine and melphalan (BEAM) is a widely used standard DLBCL conditioning regimen. The practice of basing chemotherapy doses on body surface area (BSA) is empirical and the best biometric parameter to dose chemotherapy is unknown. Weight-based dosing has been suggested to better predict toxicity of the conditioning regimen. We correlated the dose/weight ratio with toxicity and overall outcome in a uniform cohort of 80 consecutive patients receiving HSC transplant for relapsed DLBCL at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN following BSA-dosed BEAM conditioning chemotherapy. Melphalan dose was used as surrogate for the entire regimen. Median age at the time of transplant was 62 (26–77) years; 65% were males. The median melphalan dose was 3·2 mg/kg (range 2·2–4·5). Patients who received >3·6 mg/kg of melphalan were more likely to have grade 3 or 4 mucositis (44·4% vs. 9·8%, P = 0·001) and prolonged hospitalization (median 13 vs. 7 d; P = 0·04). Dose/weight ratio did not correlate with cumulative incidence of relapse (P = 0·3) or survival (P = 0·8). Transplant physicians should consider limiting the dose of BEAM to the equivalent of 3·6 mg/kg of melphalan.
Multispectral image classification using independent component analysis and data dimensionality expansion approaches

In this paper we inestigate the application of independent component analysis (ICA) to multispectral image classification. In particular, the performance of Joint Approximate Diagonalization of Eigenmatrices (JADE) algorithm is studied. ICA is particularly useful for classifying objects with unknown spectral signatures in an unkown image scene, i.e., unsupervised classification, because it does not require any prior information about class signatures. Since the weight matrix in ICA is a square matrix for the purpose of mathematical tractability, the number of objects that can be classified is equal to the data dimensionality, i.e., the number of spectral bands. When the number of spectral bands is very small (e.g., 3-band CIR photograph), it is impossible to classify all the different objects present in an image scene with the original data. In order to solve this problem, we present a data dimensionality expansion technique to generate artificial bands for additional spectral measurements. The results from such a nonlinear band generation approach are compared with a linear band generation method using cubic spline interpolation of pixel spectral signatures. The experiments demonstrate that such a nonlinear band generation approach can expand the applicability of ICA and improve the classification accuracy.
Magnetic hyperfine structure of Tm2+ ions in TmTe

Abstract Magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole interactions of Tm ions in TmTe, observed by Mossbauer spectroscopy at low temperature, are similar to those for the free ion limit of the 2F 7 2 ground multiplet of Tm2+. The Tm2+ ions have symmetries that are noncubic.
beta-Adrenergic regulation of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in the central nervous system

Incubation of rat cerebral cortical slices with the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol causes an increase in alpha 2-adrenergic receptor binding in addition to a decrease in beta-adrenergic receptor binding. The effects are rapid and reversible, show a parallel time course, and are blocked by sotalol, a beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist. The beta-mediated regulation of alpha 2-receptor sensitivity at brain norepinephrine synapses may be a mechanism for the homeostatic control of central noradrenergic activity.
Towards emotion-based collaborative software engineering

There is a symbiotic relationship between collaborative software engineering and the recent research in detection of four kinds of task-based emotions: interruptibility, difficulty perception, frustration, and attention. Predictions of these emotions can trigger opportunistic collaborations, make collaborations more purposeful, influence how activities are scheduled, and give implicit feedback from collaborators. Conversely, concepts from software engineering can further advance the nascent area of emotion detection by creating reusable analysis, annotation and prediction tools and architectures that make the notion of multi-iteration application- and emotion-independent prediction tractable.
Domestic Institutions and Credible Signals

Audience costs are a central feature of many prominent theories of international conflict. We advance the understanding of audience costs by specifying the domestic institutions necessary to generate them. In our conceptualization, audience cost capacity (ACC) is a function of the availability of alternative rulers and the cost of mobilizing against the incumbent. This conceptualization leads to the first measure of ACC that has variation between more and less democratic political systems and variation within autocracies. We subject our measure to a rigorous set of tests that includes addressing selection effects and temporal treatment effects, neither of which have been fully examined in this research area. The empirical analysis offers strong support for the validity of our measure.
Reduced crystallization inhibition by urine from men with nephrolithiasis.

Reduced crystallization inhibition by urine from women with nephrolithiasis. Background Human urine is known to inhibit growth, aggregation, nucleation, and cell adhesion of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals, the main solid phase of human kidney stones. This study tested the hypothesis that low levels of inhibition are present in women with calcium oxalate stones and, therefore, could promote stone production. Methods In 17 stone-forming women and 17 normal women matched in age within five years, inhibition by dialyzed urine proteins of COM growth and aggregation was examined, as well as whole urine upper limits of metastability (ULM) for COM and calcium phosphate (CaP) in relation to the corresponding supersaturation (SS). Results Compared to normals, patient urine showed a reduced ULM in relation to SS. In contrast to men, there was no difference in growth inhibition. Conclusions Reduced CaP and CaOx ULM values in relation to SS are a characteristic of female stone formers. This defect could promote stones by facilitating crystal nucleation. Abnormal inhibition may well be a very important cause of human nephrolithiasis.
Flavones from Scutellaria baicalensis georgi attenuate apoptosis and protein oxidation in neuronal cell lines

The oxidative modification of proteins plays a major role in a number of human diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Flavones in extracts of Scutellaria baicalensis (SbE) have been reported to have exceptional antioxidant properties. We examined the effects of SbE on neuronal cells exposed to oxidative stress. Neuronal HT-22 cells were exposed to low levels of H(2)O(2) generated from glucose oxidase (GO) under conditions that caused cell death in 24 h. The mechanism of cell death was shown to occur via apoptosis. Flavone extracts (50 microg/ml) protected cells and increased viability to 85+/-5% (P<0.001). The flavones also increased the content of Bcl-2 in the cell, resulted in its phosphorylation, and in contrast decreased the Bax levels. Furthermore, the oxidative-stress-induced protein carbonyl formation was reduced nearly two-fold when cells were pretreated with the flavone extract. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) showed that less than 15% of the total visible proteins were oxidized and that the oxidation was specific for certain oxidation-sensitive proteins. These data support the idea that flavones in SbE can attenuate oxidant stress and protect cells from lethal oxidant damage.
A separation theorem for the stochastic sampled-data LQG problem†

This paper considers the control of a continuous linear plant disturbed by white plant noise when the control is constrained to be a piecewise constant function of time; i.e. a stochastic sampled-data system. The cost function is the integral of quadratic error terms in the state and control, thus penalizing errors at every instant of time while the plant noise disturbs the system continuously. The problem is solved by reducing the constrained continuous problem to an unconstrained discrete one. It is shown that the separation principle for estimation and control still holds for this problem when the plant disturbance and measurement noise are Gaussian.
Propagation of sound in highly porous open‐cell elastic foams

This work presents both theoretical predictions and experimental measurements of attenuation and progressive phase constants of sound in open‐cell, highly porous, elastic polyurethane foams. The foams are available commercially in graded pore sizes for which information about the static flow resistance, thermal time constant, volume porosity, dynamic structure factor, and speed of sound is known. The analysis is specialized to highly porous foams which can be efficient sound absorbers at audio frequencies. Negligible effect of internal wave coupling on attenuation and phase shift for the frequency range 16–6000 Hz was predicted and no experimentally significant effects were observed in the bulk samples studied. The agreement between predictions and measurements in bulk materials is excellent. The analysis is applicable to both the regular and compressed elastic open‐cell foams.
Characterization of nondominated controls in terms of solutions of weighting problems

The problem of continuously dynamic multiobjective optimization, or multiobjective control, is discussed. The concepts of nondominated controls and viable controls are introduced. For a class of nonlinear dynamic systems, the convexity of their controlled Caratheodory trajectories is proved. Based on this convexity, sufficient conditions are given for the solution of a multiobjective control problem to be obtained in terms of solutions of weighting problems.
Effect of fluctuations on the magnetization of dirty superconductors

Abstract The standard expression for the fluctuation contribution to the free energy is modified in a way consistent with the electron-phonon model of superconductivity. Using this modification the magnetization is calculated in the dirty limit at T c .
Hedonic reactivity to sucrose in rats: Modification by pimozide

Reward summation functions (RSFs) are an important way to dissociate and quantify hedonic and motor effects of neuroleptics. Previously used only with brain stimulation reinforcement, we demonstrate they will also work using sucrose solution reinforcement. Eighteen male rats were trained to lever press on a CRF schedule for 0.01 ml sucrose solution reinforcers of varying concentration (0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.1, 1.7, 2.3 M). Making the lever harder to press caused an increase in the asymptote of the function, demonstrating a motor effect. Quinine added to the solutions (0.05%) caused the function to shift right, demonstrating an hedonic effect. Rats injected with 0.2 mg/kg pimozide, a dopamine antagonist, then tested four hours later, showed a right shift in the function with no change in asymptote. Thus, at this dose pimozide affects hedonic and not motor substrates of the CNS. These data demonstrate the generalizability of the RSF method to reinforcers other than brain self-stimulation.
Behavioral science and prevention.

Abstract The present paper explores three questions: 1. What can the behavioral sciences contribute to a general understanding of personal health behavior? 2. What techniques from the behavioral sciences can be used to change personal health behavior? 3. What strategies promise to be most useful in applying the principles of the behavioral sciences to prevention? Although there have been a number of models in the behavioral sciences that are applicable to personal health behavior, there is one comprehensive model that has been developed specifically to explain health behavior at the level of individual decision making. The Health Belief Model is described and its implications for preventive health behavior are explored. Although the model identifies several variables that are important determinants of individual health behavior, taken alone, it does not provide a sufficient base for the planning of intervention strategies. Thus, it is important to identify the social networks that influence individual behavior. It is through these networks that specific informational, persuasional, and behavior modifying techniques must function. Finally, it is suggested that controlled field studies are strategically important in testing the efficacy of specific intervention strategies distilled from the behavioral sciences.
In vivo effects of lipopolysaccharide on hepatic free-NAD(P)+-linked redox states and cytosolic phosphorylation potential in 48-hour-fasted rats

This study was performed to determine the magnitude and time of onset of in vivo changes in hepatic bioenergetics in response to a sublethal dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial endotoxin. Male rats (48-hour-fasted) were administered an intraperitoneal injection of LPS (5 mg/kg body weight) or vehicle alone, and the livers were freeze-clamped 5, 30, or 180 minutes or 24 hours later. Liver tissue was extracted with perchloric acid, and the metabolites necessary to calculate NAD(+)- and NADP(+)-linked redox states and the cytosolic phosphorylation potential were measured. There was no significant difference in hepatic cytosolic phosphorylation potential between LPS and control groups at any of the times investigated. This indicated that the ability of the liver to synthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was not compromised under the conditions of the study. No changes in hepatic redox states were observed 5 or 30 minutes after LPS treatment. Three hours after LPS treatment, hepatic cytosolic and mitochondrial free-[NAD+]/[NADH] redox states and the cytosolic free-[NADP+]/[NADPH] redox state were more oxidized. By 24 hours, only NAD(+)-linked redox states were more oxidized than the time-matched controls. Hepatic urea content was elevated at both 3 and 24 hours, compatible with an increased rate of urea synthesis as a consequence of increased amino acid metabolism, whereas hepatic beta-hydroxybutyrate and total ketone bodies were decreased 24 hours after LPS treatment, indicating decreased hepatic ketogenesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Iterative Learning Based Driver Input Synthesis for Evaluating Transient Diesel Soot Emissions

This paper presents the synthesis of driver inputs for evaluating diesel soot emissions using iterative learning control. Transient soot emissions from diesel engine vehicles are extremely sensitive to driver aggressiveness. Using closed-loop tracking controllers to follow a vehicle over a prescribed drive cycle usually do not account for the fact that drivers potentially adapt their driving styles to a given powertrain design. This work develops an algorithm producing driver input traces that significantly reduces the soot emissions for a given drive cycle, thus providing a consistent basis for evaluating the influence of powertrain design changes on soot emissions. Possible improvements are first explored using conventional optimal techniques and results are obtained using linear programming. It is then shown that a first-order PD-type iterative learning control based algorithm can deliver good performance, substantially reducing the total soot emissions at a fraction of the computational cost.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Nice demand functions – II

For utility n times differentiable, demand is shown to be n−1 times differentiable almost everywhere. If utility is analytic, then demand is analytic almost everywhere and also satisfies condition (N).
Hadrons in dense matter

Abstract The properties of hadrons in dense matter are reviewed. Incorporating these medium effects in the relativistic transport model, which treats consistently the change of hadron masses and energies in dense matter via the scalar and vector fields, heavy-ion collisions at SIS energies are studied. This model is seen to provide satisfactory explanations for the observed enhancement of kaon, antikaon, and antiproton yields as well as the enhanced soft pions in the transverse direction. More direct verifications of changing hadron properties in dense matter through the dilepton invariant mass spectra from heavy-ion collisions are also discussed.
An assessment of current clinical attitudes toward letrozole use in reproductive endocrinology practices.

Objective To assess the clinical use and practice attitudes among Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART) members regarding the use of letrozole for ovulation induction and infertility treatment. Design The SART clinic physicians were mailed a cover letter and consent form, a two-page survey, and return envelope. The surveys were returned and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Setting Not applicable. Patient(s) None. Intervention(s) A 13-question survey. Main Outcome Measure(s) Reproductive endocrinology and infertility physicians use patterns and attitudes regarding letrozole. Result(s) A total of 77.9% of physician prescribe letrozole. Of those who do not, 32.4% cited concern about the US Food and Drug Administration warning, 35.1% cited satisfaction with current medications, 25.7% cited both reasons, and 6.8% cited no experience with letrozole. Physicians (11.5%) were unaware of the US Food and Drug Administration warning. Physicians (99.7%) were aware that ovulation induction is an off-label use of letrozole. The most common use was for ovulation induction in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Physicians (14.9%) prescribe letrozole as first-line ovulation therapy prior to clomid, 47.9% use for clomid failures, and 25.7% reported use in both situations. Conclusion(s) Most physicians surveyed use letrozole for ovulation induction despite the current US Food and Drug Administration warning. Even when accounting for nonrespondents, more than 25% of physicians indicated success with letrozole use. Questions regarding doses and clinical concerns about letrozole revealed no standardized manner of letrozole administration despite wide interest, therefore additional research is warranted.
Cloning of the cDNA for a brain glycine-, glutamate- and thienylcyclohexylpiperidine-binding protein.

Abstract Polyclonal antibodies (Ab′s) were raised against a 43-kDa component of a protein complex that has ligand recognition sites similar to those of brain N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. The Ab′s were used to immunopurify from brain synaptic membranes a 60-kDa glycine (Gly), glutamate (Glu) and thienylcyclohexylpiperidine (TCP)-binding protein and to screen a rat hippocampal cDNA expression library. A 1.85-kb clone, pGlyBP, coding for a protein of 470 amino acids (52.7 kDa) was identified. Northern blot analyses performed on poly(A+) RNA from brain revealed hybridization of the labeled cDNA probes to transcripts of 1.9 kb. E. coli transformed with the pGyBP expressed a protein that was recognized by the anti-43 kDa Ab′s and had recognition sites for Gly, Glu and TCP. The cloned protein has 2 glycosylation sites, 3 hydrophobic domains, 4 cysteine-rich motifs (C-X2-C-X16-20C-X5-11), and 2 regions homologous to the NR1 receptor protein.
Maximal responses to treadmill and deep water running in high school female cross country runners.

(1991). Maximal Responses to Treadmill and Deep Water Running in High School Female Cross Country Runners. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 62, No. 2, pp. 236-239.
Characterization and Outcomes of Young Infants with Acute Liver Failure

Acute liver failure (ALF) is a rare, though frequently fatal, event in pediatrics. For an adult to be classified as having ALF, hepatic encephalopathy within 8 weeks of the development of clinical jaundice, in the absence of a pre-existing liver condition is required. However, hepatic encephalopathy is particularly difficult to assess in children and neonates. Therefore, the Pediatric Acute Liver Failure (PALF) Study Group established entry criteria for enrollment into the registry to include patients with no known underlying liver disease who had evidence of a severe liver-based coagulopathy without encephalopathy(1). The outcome of ALF in childrenhas been suggested to be poor, especially in children younger than one year old. Use of urgent liver transplantation in the setting of ALF has improved the outcome of some of these children(2). Infants less than 3 months old represent a particularly challenging cohort of patients within the spectrum of ALF because of their small size, severity of illness at presentation and primary diagnoses. Previous studies on this unique population have been single center, retrospective studies with small numbers of patients(2-8). The purpose of this study was to characterize ALF in infants≤ 90 days old using data from an international, multi-center, prospectively collected registry of children less than 18 years of age.
Comparison of crosspoint and least-squares regression methods in computation of membrane protein flux parameters from lymph flux analysis

Abstract To compute two parameters of capillary protein transport of reflection coefficient (σ) and permeability-surface area product ( PS ), two major methods have been employed. The first, or crosspoint method, uses two sets of lymph flow ( J v ) and lymph/plasma protein concentration ratios ( R ) and solves the irreversible thermodynamic relationship between σ and PS by simultaneous solution. The second, or least squares method, analyzes the total R versus J v curve by finding a best fit of all points to the irreversible thermodynamic relationship of R versus J v . Three theoretical membranes were analyzed with both methods by imposing random errors of 10 or 20% in R and J v . It was found that such errors, especially in R , were associated with substantial decreases in the percent of successful computations by the crosspoint method. In tight membranes (σ = 0.9) both methods gave comparable values. For intermediate (σ = 0.5) and loose membranes (σ = 0.2) the least-squares method was less specific than the crosspoint method, since up to 9% of random values of R and J v would be included within the 95% limits for the method. Moreover, attributing homogeneous variance to input data and sampling J v at geometric intervals exaggerated the variability of the least-squares method output parameters over those obtained by the crosspoint method. Because of nonspecificity, and the fact that the least squares method does not allow for the possibility that σ and PS are direct functions of hydrostatic capillary pressure or J v , the crosspoint method appears superior to the least-squares method for computation of σ and PS from R and J v .
Algal biomass unaltered by food-web changes in Lake Michigan

Bythotrephes cederstroemii Schoedler (Crustacea: Cladocera), a predator previously confined to the Palearctic, has successfully invaded the North American Great Lakes1–3. Bythotrephes is a voracious predator on herbivorous Cladocera, including the dominant grazers in Lake Michigan during the summer. Lake Michigan has been the source of active debate regarding the relative importance of nutrient income versus food-web relations to its trophic state and water quality4–6. The recent species invasion has directly altered the lake's food web at a middle trophic level. During summer 1987 Bythotrephes populations increased rapidly in the offshore regions of Lake Michigan and abundances of herbivorous zooplankton simultaneously declined. Despite the resulting relaxation of herbivory, participate chlorophyll concentrations, an index of algal biomass, did not increase. These results suggest that primary producers are most constrained by abiotic forces in this deep oligotrophic lake.
Low frequency bending piezoelectric actuator with integrated ultrasonic NDE functionality

A bending piezoelectric actuator has been manufactured with a 250 μm thick PZT plate embedded in five layers of unidirectional fiber Kevlar epoxy. The selected orientation of the fibers produces a gradient of residual stresses in the composite that enhances bending actuation. By segmenting the electrodes, it is possible to launch an ultrasonic pulse in the actuator so that structural health monitoring of the actuator itself can be performed using pitch catch ultrasonic NDE during the low frequency actuation. Qualitative experimental results of fatigue tests and damage detection are presented.
Proteome of the insulin-secreting Min6 cell porosome complex: Involvement of Hsp90 in its assembly and function

Abstract Porosomes are secretory portals located at the cell plasma membrane involved in the regulated release of intravesicular contents from cells. Porosomes have been immunoisolated from a number of cells including the exocrine pancreas and neurons, biochemically characterized, and functionally reconstituted into an artificial lipid membrane. In the current study, the proteome of the porosome complex in mouse insulinoma Min6 cells was determined, demonstrating among other proteins, the presence of 30 core proteins including the heat shock protein Hsp90. Half maximal inhibition of Hsp90 using the specific inhibitor 17-demethoxy-17-(2-prophenylamino) geldanamycin, results in the loss of proteins, including the calcium-transporting ATPase type 2C and the potassium channel subfamily K member 2 from the Min6 porosome. This loss of porosome proteins is reflected in the observed inhibition of glucose stimulated insulin release from Min6 cells exposed to the Hsp90 specific inhibitor. Results from the study implicate Hsp90 in the assembly and function of the porosome complex. Biological significance In the present study, the porosome proteome in the insulin-secreting mouse β-cell line Min6 has been determined. Nearly 30 core proteins including the heat shock protein Hsp90 are found to compose the Min6 porosome complex. Results from the study implicate Hsp90 in the assembly of the Min6 porosome. These new findings will facilitate understanding of the porosome assembly and its function in insulin secretion.
Getting Beyond the Training vs. Work Experience Debate: The Role of Labor Markets, Social Capital, Cultural Capital, and Community Resources in Long-Term Poverty

SUMMARY Policy makers and advocates often see either training or work experience as the way out of poverty. Research in Wisconsin and Pennsylvania suggests that family-supporting jobs continue to elude many low-income women for more complicated reasons: (1) a bifurcated labor market where over half of the jobs pay below-poverty wages with limited benefits, (2) a lack of bridging social capital, (3) limited bi-cultural workplace habits, (4) problems juggling kin obligations and work, and (5) inappropriate or limited training. The study suggests that policy makers should take a two-pronged approach to combating poverty. Training, combined with network development and appropriate cultural capital development, will help some women. Given the growing percentage of low-paying jobs, however, policy should also seek to raise wages, supplement wages, and provide universal benefits.
Growth hormone release induced by growth hormone-releasing hexapeptide is not mediated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone in neonatal rats.

GH-releasing hexapeptide (GHRP-6) and nursing stimulate GH secretion in rat pups via GH-releasing factors (GRFs) distinct from GH-releasing hormone(GHRH). It was determined whether GH secretion induced by GHRP-6 or nursing was mediated by TSH-releasing hormone (TRH) in 2-d-old rats. In vitro, GHRP-6 and TRH stimulated GH secretion of neonatal pituitary glands. At their maximally effective doses, GHRP-6 and TRH evoked approximately equal GH responses. Treatment with a combination of the maximally effective doses of GHRP-6 and TRH resulted in a GH response comparable to that evoked by either treatment alone. GHRP-6 in vivo induced a greater GH response than did TRH. Treatment in vivo with a combination of the maximally effective doses of GHRP-6 and TRH synergistically increased serum GH levels. Unlike GHRP-6, TRH was an effective stimulus of prolactin secretion eitherin vitro or in vivo. Nursing was an effective stimulus for GH secretion, but only marginally increased serum prolactin levels. The effects of either of the peptides and nursing on GH secretion were additive. These results suggest that GHRP-6 stimulates GH secretion both by acting directly on the pituitary gland and indirectly via a hypothalamic GRF. The indirect effect appears to be greater. The alternative GRFs released by GHRP-6 or nursing are distinct from each other and from TRH. These findings suggest that alternative GRFs play a significant role in the regulation of GH secretion in neonatal rats.
Residuation theory and matrix multiplication on orthomodular lattices

In this paper we consider mappings induced by matrix multiplication which are defined on lattices of matrices whose coordinates come from a fixed orthomodular lattice L (i.e. a lattice with an orthocomplementation denoted by ′ in which a ≦ b ⇒ a ∨ (a′ ∧ b) = b). will denote the set of all m × n matrices over L with partial order and lattice operations defined coordinatewise. For conformal matrices A and B the (i,j)th coordinate of the matrix product AB is defined to be (AB)ij = Vk(Aik ∧ BkJ). We assume familiarity with the notation and results of [1]. is an orthomodular lattice and the (lattice) centre of is defined as , where we say that A commutes with B and write . In § 1 it is shown that mappings from into characterized by right multiplication X → XP (P ∈ ) are residuated if and only if p ∈ ℘ (). (Similarly for left multiplication.) This result is used to show the existence of residuated pairs. Hence, in § 2 we are able to extend a result of Blyth [3] which relates invertible and cancellable matrices (see Theorem 3 and its corollaries). Finally, for right (left) multiplication mappings, characterizations are given in § 3 for closure operators, quantifiers, range closed mappings, and Sasaki projections.
Derivation of electron and photon energy spectra from electron beam central axis depth dose curves.

A method for deriving the electron and photon energy spectra from electron beam central axis percentage depth dose (PDD) curves has been investigated. The PDD curves of 6, 12 and 20 MeV electron beams obtained from the Monte Carlo full phase space simulations of the Varian linear accelerator treatment head have been used to test the method. We have employed a `random creep' algorithm to determine the energy spectra of electrons and photons in a clinical electron beam. The fitted electron and photon energy spectra have been compared with the corresponding spectra obtained from the Monte Carlo full phase space simulations. Our fitted energy spectra are in good agreement with the Monte Carlo simulated spectra in terms of peak location, peak width, amplitude and smoothness of the spectrum. In addition, the derived depth dose curves of head-generated photons agree well in both shape and amplitude with those calculated using the full phase space data. The central axis depth dose curves and dose profiles at various depths have been compared using an automated electron beam commissioning procedure. The comparison has demonstrated that our method is capable of deriving the energy spectra for the Varian accelerator electron beams investigated. We have implemented this method in the electron beam commissioning procedure for Monte Carlo electron beam dose calculations.
History and genomic sequence analysis of the herpes simplex virus 1 KOS and KOS1.1 sub-strains

A collection of genomic DNA sequences of herpes simplex virus (HSV) strains has been defined and analyzed, and some information is available about genomic stability upon limited passage of viruses in culture. The nature of genomic change upon extensive laboratory passage remains to be determined. In this report we review the history of the HSV-1 KOS laboratory strain and the related KOS1.1 laboratory sub-strain, also called KOS (M), and determine the complete genomic sequence of an early passage stock of the KOS laboratory sub-strain and a laboratory stock of the KOS1.1 sub-strain. The genomes of the two sub-strains are highly similar with only five coding changes, 20 non-coding changes, and about twenty non-ORF sequence changes. The coding changes could potentially explain the KOS1.1 phenotypic properties of increased replication at high temperature and reduced neuroinvasiveness. The study also provides sequence markers to define the provenance of specific laboratory KOS virus stocks.
Nonparametric kernel estimation in counting processes with explanatory variables

SUMMARY Cox's proportional hazards model assumes that the duration hazard rate factors into a product of a baseline hazard rate and a nonnegative function of explanatory variables. An estimate of the baseline hazard rate, hence also of overall hazard rate, is proposed, based on a smoothing procedure using a kernel function. It is shown that the proposed estimator is uniformly consistent and converges weakly to a Gaussian process. Bandwidth selection issues are also discussed.
Delay in seeking treatment and adherence to tuberculosis medications in Russia: A survey of patients from two clinics

Abstract Background Tuberculosis is a global problem, especially in high burden countries such as Russia, that is fueled by delay in seeking treatment and nonadherence to prescribed medications. Stigma and illness representation (a person's mental image of a specific illness) have the potential to affect treatment seeking and adherence. Objectives To describe the illness representation of tuberculosis in Russians with active pulmonary tuberculosis, and to determine if stigma and illness representation are predictors of delay in seeking treatment and adherence to tuberculosis medications. Design Cross-sectional, descriptive survey. Setting Two outpatient clinics in the Vladimir Region, Russia. Participants A total of 105 adults, 18 years and older, being treated for active pulmonary tuberculosis, and on outpatient therapy for a minimum of four weeks participated in this study. Methods Delay was measured with a question asking length of time between onset of symptoms and appointment with a physician. Stigma was measured using the Social Impact Scale. Illness representation was measured using the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire. Participants' outpatient medication records were reviewed for medication adherence. Results Symptoms reported were not consistent with those described in the medical literature and other studies. Only four subjects suspected tuberculosis based on their symptoms; 60% believed they had other respiratory infections. Multiple regression showed that illness identity (an attribute of illness representation) ( β =0.23) was a significant predictor of delay, accounting for 29% of the variance ( p =0.008); and financial insecurity ( β =−0.28) and internalized shame ( β =0.27) (measures of stigma) were both significant predictors of medication adherence, accounting for 23% of the variance ( p =0.003). Conclusions Illness identity was associated with delay. Internalized shame was associated with increased medication adherence while financial insecurity was associated with decreased adherence. Results point to the need for broad, culturally specific patient, family, and community education programs.
Quantum simulation of frustrated Ising spins with trapped ions

A network is termed 'frustrated' when competing interactions between nodes prevent each bond from being satisfied. Frustration in quantum networks can lead to massively entangled ground states. The authors study this process by performing a quantum simulation of a frustrated spin system using three trapped atomic ions, whose interactions are precisely controlled using optical forces. A network is frustrated when competing interactions between nodes prevent each bond from being satisfied. Frustration in quantum networks can lead to massively entangled ground states, as occurs in exotic materials such as quantum spin liquids and spin glasses. Here, a quantum simulation of a frustrated spin system is described, in which there are three trapped atomic ions whose interactions are controlled using optical forces. A network is frustrated when competing interactions between nodes prevent each bond from being satisfied. This compromise is central to the behaviour of many complex systems, from social1 and neural2 networks to protein folding3 and magnetism4,5. Frustrated networks have highly degenerate ground states, with excess entropy and disorder even at zero temperature. In the case of quantum networks, frustration can lead to massively entangled ground states, underpinning exotic materials such as quantum spin liquids and spin glasses6,7,8,9. Here we realize a quantum simulation of frustrated Ising spins in a system of three trapped atomic ions10,11,12, whose interactions are precisely controlled using optical forces13. We study the ground state of this system as it adiabatically evolves from a transverse polarized state, and observe that frustration induces extra degeneracy. We also measure the entanglement in the system, finding a link between frustration and ground-state entanglement. This experimental system can be scaled to simulate larger numbers of spins, the ground states of which (for frustrated interactions) cannot be simulated on a classical computer.
Electrical Coupling and Neuronal Synchronization in the Mammalian Brain

Certain neurons in the mammalian brain have long been known to be joined by gap junctions, which are the most common type of electrical synapse. More recently, cloning of neuron-specific connexins, increased capability of visualizing cells within brain tissue, labeling of cell types by transgenic methods, and generation of connexin knockouts have spurred a rapid increase in our knowledge of the role of gap junctions in neural activity. This article reviews the many subtleties of transmission mediated by gap junctions and the mechanisms whereby these junctions contribute to synchronous firing.
Complications associated with eye blocks and peripheral nerve blocks: an american society of anesthesiologists closed claims analysis.

Background and Objectives: Concern for block-related injury and liability has dissuaded many anesthesiologists from using regional anesthesia for eye and extremity surgery, despite many studies demonstrating the benefits of regional over general anesthesia. To determine injury patterns and liability associated with eye and peripheral nerve blocks, we re-examined the American Society of Anesthesiologists Closed Claims Database as part of the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine9s Practice Advisory on Neurologic Complications of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. Methods: Claims with eye or peripheral nerve blocks performed perioperatively from 1980 through 2000 were analyzed. The liability profile of anesthesiologists who provided both the eye block and sedation for eye surgery was compared with the profile of anesthesiologists who provided sedation only. The injury patterns associated with peripheral nerve blocks and payment factors were analyzed. Results: Anesthesiologists who provided both the eye block and sedation for eye surgery (n = 59) had more injuries associated with block placement (P Conclusions: Performance of eye blocks by anesthesiologists significantly alters their liability profile, primarily related to permanent eye damage from block needle trauma. Though most peripheral nerve block claims are associated with temporary injuries, local anesthetic toxicity is a major cause of death or brain damage in these claims.
Three-Dimensional Structural Interrelationships Within Cambrian-Ordovician Lithotectonic Unit of Central Appalachians

A block diagram of the Cambrian-Ordovician lithotectonic unit illustrates three-dimensional structural relationships within that sequence along the length of the central Appalachian Valley and Ridge and High Plateau provinces. The diagram shows that the Valley and Ridge province is divisible into areas within which shortening is relatively constant in the Cambrian-Ordovician lithotectonic unit. These areas are bounded by zones across which significant differences in shortening occur. These transition zones contain major cross-strike structural discontinuities in surface structure; in some instances, these discontinuities extend across the Valley and Ridge province and into the High Plateau province. Increases in fold amplitude and number occur in the cover of the Plateau, across strike from the more intensely deformed areas of the Valley and Ridge, where shortening within the Cambrian-Ordovician unit is significantly greater than elsewhere within that province. Structurally controlled gas accumulations are more prevalent in these areas of the Plateau.
Cocaine and crack use and HIV risk behaviors among high-risk methadone maintenance clients

A discriminant function analysis was performed with data from 409 high-risk heroin addicts at intake into a methadone maintenance treatment program to determine the characteristics of cocaine users. Cocaine users presented a higher-risk profile for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), engaged in a wider variety of criminal activities, were more likely to be African-American, reported more alcohol use, and showed more signs of psychological disturbance. A second discriminant function analysis determined that crack smokers differed from non-crack cocaine users in ethnicity, alcohol use, criminal activity, needle use, and marital status. Heroin addicts who use cocaine, in particular crack, represent a sub-group at higher risk and in need of targeted treatment planning and monitoring.
Can Changes in the Purchasing Managers’ IndexForetell Stock Returns? An Additional Forward-LookingSentiment Indicator

This article studies whether the Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) can lend itself usefully to the forecasting of future stock returns. Utilizing time-series regression analyses, we find a positive relationship between changes in PMI and stock returns. This suggests that optimism (pessimism) as indicated by changes in the PMI translate into higher (lower) subsequent stock returns. Additionally, after controlling for macroeconomic conditions such as the strength of the U.S. dollar, inflation, and the current state of the U.S. economy, these results persist. The results show PMI changes have a greater impact on the stocks of smaller market capitalization firms and industries such as precious metals, computer technology, textiles, and automobiles. The article examines how PMI’s forecasting role has evolved over time using rolling regressions and including changes in PMI as an additional factor in Fama and French’s popular three-factor model.
Electronic structure calculations in a uniform magnetic field using periodic supercells

We have recently presented a method that allows one to use periodic supercells in ab initio electronic structure calculations in the presence of a finite magnetic field Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 (2004) 186402]. This method retains the simplicity and efficiency of plane-wave basis sets and Fourier transforms. The original formulation was developed for cubic cell and for the k=(0,0,0) point of the supercell Brillouin zone, and here we extend the formalism to arbitrarily tilted supercells and to the case of non-zero k-points. Implementation details are discussed, together with numerical benchmarks. Finally, first principles calculations of magnetic band structures are presented.
A Telephone Intervention for Substance-Using Adult Male Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence:

Objective: To preliminarily evaluate telephone-delivered motivational enhancement therapy (MET) in motivating unadjudicated and nontreatment seeking intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetrators, who also use substances, to self-refer into treatment. Method: 124 adult men were recruited via a multimedia marketing campaign and were randomly assigned to the intervention (MET) or comparison group following a baseline assessment. Participants in the MET condition received a personalized feedback report on their IPV and substance-use behaviors, consequences, and social norms beliefs. Results: Results supported the likely effectiveness of MET in short-term reduction of IPV behavior, increasing motivation for treatment seeking, and changing perceived norms for IPV and substance abuse (SA). Conclusions: Applications for brief MET interventions to facilitate voluntary treatment entry among substance-using IPV perpetrators are discussed.
Growth, physiology, and nutrient retranslocation in nitrogen-15 fertilized Quercus rubra seedlings

We evaluated gas exchange, chlorophyll index (CI) using SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter, and leaf nutritional responses in one-year-old northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) container seedlings transplanted into control (unfertilized) or fertilized (0.86 g N plant−1) sand culture and grown in a greenhouse for 90 days. We labeled current nitrogen (N) uptake with (15NH4)2SO4 and directly quantified proportional contributions of N derived from fertilizer (NF) compared with retranslocation or N derived from plant (NP) in leaf growth of red oak seedlings. NF met a greater N demand in leaf growth of fertilized plants while unfertilized seedlings relied entirely on NP for their leaf growth. Fertilization increased leaf dry mass by 67% and new stem dry mass by 253% 90 days after transplanting compared to control seedlings. Specific leaf area (SLA) was not significantly altered but CI increased 90 days after transplanting. Higher leaf N concentration and content in fertilized compared with control seedlings was linked to greater chlorophyll concentrations in the former plants. The higher coefficient of determination (r 2 = 0.72) noted between leaf N concentrations and CI suggests that the SPAD meter could be a useful tool for assessing leaf N status in northern red oak seedlings. Fertilized seedlings exhibited higher net assimilation, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rates compared with controls. Increased seedling growth in response to fertilization was related to maintenance of higher gas exchange and greater nutrient uptake, which could improve outplanting success.
Interferon-τ (IFNτ) Regulation of IFN-Stimulated Gene Expression in Cell Lines Lacking Specific IFN-Signaling Components1

Interferon-tau (IFNtau) is a unique type I IFN secreted by the ruminant conceptus that acts in a paracrine manner on the endometrial epithelium to signal pregnancy recognition. In the ovine endometrium, IFNtau suppresses estrogen receptor alpha and oxytocin receptor gene expression, but increases or induces expression of IFN-simulated genes (ISGs), including signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT1), STAT2, ISG factor-3gamma (ISGF3gamma)/p48/IFN regulatory factor-9, and 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS). Human fibroblast cell lines lacking specific IFN signaling components were employed to determine the roles of STAT1, STAT2, and ISGF3gamma in the effects of IFNtau on ISG protein expression. Results indicated that STAT1alpha or STAT1beta is required for IFNtau effects on STAT2, ISGF3gamma, and OAS (40/46, 69/71, and 100 kDa). STAT2 is required for effects on STAT1, ISGF3gamma, and all OAS forms. ISGF3gamma is required for effects of IFNtau on STAT2 and 40/46- and 69/71-kDa OAS and plays a role in the effects of IFNtau on 100-kDa OAS and STAT1. Mutation of Tyr(701), but not Ser(727), of STAT1 abolished the effects of IFNtau on ISG expression. Mutation of the SH2 domain of STAT1 abolished the effects of IFNtau on all ISGs and reduced increases in 100-kDa OAS. These data illustrate the importance of transcription factors composed of STAT1, STAT2, and ISGF3gamma in the signaling pathway mediating the effects of IFNtau on ISG expression.