cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developing, Integrating, and Implementing Evidence-Informed Practice Curricula Throughout a Chinese Medicine Degree Program

Objectives: To train faculty and develop curricula in evidence-informed practice (EIP) within a Chinese medicine degree program. Setting: Pacific College of Oriental Medicine (New York). Design: Fa...
Statistical optimization of black liquor-containing media for growth and lactic acid production by Paenibacillus glucanolyticus SLM1

Abstract Paenibacillus glucanolyticus SLM1 is a bacterial species isolated from black liquor that can metabolize lignocellulosic components. To improve P. glucanolyticus SLM1 growth and metabolism of lignocellulose components contained in black liquor, a Plackett-Burman and Central Composite Design (CCD) with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) approach was used to optimize media for aerobic growth and anaerobic organic acid production. Generation time reduced from 4.1 h to 2.1 h in optimized media. Biomass accumulation in optimized media was 3.6 ± 0.40 g/L compared to 1.8 ± 0.70 g/L in unoptimized media. Anaerobic formulation of optimized media showed increased production of lactic acid at 0.26 ± 0.05 g/L. Vanillic acid was produced in small amounts ranging from 21 ± 0.30 mg/L to 35 ± 0.03 mg/L from media used in the CCD experiments. Optimization results indicate that increased rich media components, salts, and phosphate content can reduce inhibition of growth by black liquor.
Physiologically based toxicokinetic model for nickel

OBJECTIVE To estimate the metabolic parameters in different tissues and organs, build the physiologically based pharmacokinetic( PBPK) model of rat and occupational population, and predict the toxic dynamic characteristics exposure to nickel. METHODS The partition coefficients in different tissues and organs were estimated using vector datas of nickel by the optimization and statistics files of acslx software. The PBTK model of occupational population exposure to nickel was built according to the metabolic parameters by acslx software. RESULTS The evaluated partition coefficient of nickel were kidney blood( 0. 668), lung blood( 0. 102), spleen blood( 0. 037), liver blood( 0. 028), heart blood( 0. 022), and brain blood( 0. 006). The constructed successful PBPK model of occupational population exposed to 0. 1 mg/m~3 nickel for 8 hours showed that the nickel concentration is higher in kidney reached at 3. 328 μg/kg, followed by the spleen( 0. 185 μg/kg), liver( 0. 140 μg/kg) and heart( 0. 110 μg/kg). The content of nickel is lower in the brain( 0. 030 μg/kg). The kidneys is the major metabolic organs for nickel. CONCLUSION The PBPK model can be used to convert the nickel levels from external exposure to internal exposure for each organ and to evaluate the time-dose relationship exposure to nickel in both rat and occupational population studies.
High-Throughput Analysis of Fluorescently Labeled N-Glycans Derived from Biotherapeutics Using an Automated LC-MS-Based Solution:

Protein glycosylation can impact the efficacy and safety of biotherapeutics and therefore needs to be well characterized and monitored throughout the drug product life cycle. Glycosylation is commo...
Titrating synapse number to treat MDD in Fragile X Syndrome

Abstract Rapid antidepressants are novel treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD) and work by blocking N-methyl-aspartate receptors (NMDAR), which, in turn, activate the protein synthesis pathway regulated by mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Our recent work demonstrates that the RNA-binding protein Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP) is downregulated in dendrites upon treatment with a rapid antidepressant. Here, we show that the behavioral effects of the rapid antidepressant Ro-25-6981 require FMRP expression and Ro-25-6981 treatment promotes differential mRNA binding to FMRP in an mTORC1-dependent manner. Further, we identified that these mRNAs regulate transsynaptic signaling. Using a novel technique, we show that synapse formation underlying the behavioral effects of Ro-25-6981 require GABABR-mediated mTORC1 activity in WT animals. Finally, we demonstrate that in a clinically relevant animal model of Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), which lacks FMRP expression, GABABR activity is detrimental to the effects of Ro-25-6981. These effects are rescued when GABABRs are blocked in addition to treatment with Ro-25-6981, indicating that rapid antidepressants alone may not be an effective treatment for people with FXS and MDD.
Inadequate Sleep Hygiene

This article describes inadequate sleep hygiene, a type of insomnia diagnosed according to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD) published by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Inadequate sleep hygiene involves behavioral and lifestyle factors that have a negative impact on an individual's sleep. This article reviews the criteria for insomnia, presents the diagnostic criteria for inadequate sleep hygiene, and discusses what is known about specific behaviors and lifestyle practices that are relevant to the diagnosis of inadequate sleep hygiene.
Preferences, Selection, and Value Added: A Structural Approach

This paper investigates two main questions: i) What do applicants take into consideration when choosing a high school? ii) To what extent do schools contribute to their students' academic success? To answer these questions, we model students' preferences and derive demand for each school by taking each student's feasible set of schools into account. We obtain average valuation placed on each school from market clearing conditions. Next, we investigate what drives these valuations by carefully controlling for endogeneity using a set of creative instruments suggested by our model. Finally, controlling for mean reversion bias, we look at each school's value-added.We find that students infer the quality of a school from its selectivity and past performance on the university entrance exam. However, the evidence on the value- added by schools shows that highly valued or selective schools do not have high value- added on their students' academic outcomes.Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
“I’m gonna teach them all the same way”: teachers’ beliefs about, experiences of, and classroom practices with children of color

Children served in early care and education classrooms increasingly represent a variety of racial and cultural backgrounds. Such demographic changes have led to renewed attention to the importance ...
An Investigation of Identity-Account Inconsistency in Single Sign-On

Single Sign-On (SSO) has been widely adopted for online authentication due to its favorable usability and security. However, it also introduces a single point of failure since all service providers fully trust the identity of a user created by the SSO identity provider. In this paper, we investigate the identity-account inconsistency threat, a new SSO vulnerability that can cause the compromise of online accounts. The vulnerability exists because current SSO systems highly rely on a user’s email address to bind an account with a real identity, but ignore the fact that email addresses might be reused by other users. We reveal that under the SSO authentication, such inconsistency allows an adversary controlling a reused email address to take over associated online accounts without knowing any credentials like passwords. Specifically, we first conduct a measurement study on the account management policies for multiple cloud email providers, showing the feasibility of acquiring previously used email accounts. We further perform a systematic study on 100 popular websites using the Google business email service with our own domain address and demonstrate that most online accounts can be compromised by exploiting this inconsistency vulnerability. To shed light on email reuse in the wild, we analyze the commonly used naming conventions that lead to a wide existence of potential email address collisions, and conduct a case study on the account policies of U.S. universities. Finally, we propose several useful practices for end-users, service providers, and identity providers to protect against this identity-account inconsistency threat.
Allosteric activation of CwlD amidase activity by the GerS lipoprotein during Clostridioides difficile spore formation

Spore-forming pathogens like Clostridioides difficile depend on germination to initiate infection. Spore germination depends on the degradation of the protective spore peptidoglycan layer known as the spore cortex. Cortex degradation is mediated by enzymes that recognize the spore-specific peptidoglycan modification, muramic-{partial}-lactam (MAL). In C. difficile, MAL synthesis depends on the activity of the CwlD amidase and the GerS lipoprotein, which directly binds CwlD. To gain insight into how GerS regulates CwlD activity, we solved the crystal structure of the CwlD:GerS complex. In this structure, a GerS homodimer is bound to two CwlD monomers such that the CwlD active sites are exposed. Although CwlD structurally resembles amidase_3 family members, we found that CwlD does not bind zinc stably on its own, unlike previously characterized amidase_3 enzymes. Instead, GerS binding to CwlD promotes CwlD binding to zinc, which is required for its catalytic mechanism. Thus, in determining the first structure of an amidase bound to its regulator, we reveal stabilization of zinc co-factor binding as a novel mechanism for regulating bacterial amidase activity. Our results further suggest that allosteric regulation by binding partners may be a more widespread mode for regulating bacterial amidase activity than previously thought.
Impact of Blockchain Delay on Grid-Tied Solar Inverter Performance

This paper investigates the impact of the delay resulting from a blockchain, a promising security measure, for a hierarchical control system of inverters connected to the grid. The blockchain communication network is designed at the secondary control layer for resilience against cyberattacks. To represent the latency in the communication channel, a model is developed based on the complexity of the blockchain framework. Taking this model into account, this work evaluates the plant’s performance subject to communication delays, introduced by the blockchain, among the hierarchical control agents. In addition, this article considers an optimal model-based control strategy that performs the system’s internal control loop. The work shows that the blockchain’s delay size influences the convergence of the power supplied by the inverter to the reference at the point of common coupling. In the results section, real-time simulations on OPAL-RT are performed to test the resilience of two parallel inverters with increasing blockchain complexity.
HRM and management information

Interpersonal communication is very important as for managers as for personnel. Companies improve markedly by establishing open and no threatening interpersonal communications throughout the organization. One of the manager's roles is information role. Managers give and exchange information with personnel; they disclose information about the company and about anything that can improve effects of personnel jobs and personnel responsibilities. Management information has implications for decisions and actions of the managers and personnel.
Interference between postural control and spatial vs. non-spatial auditory reaction time tasks in older adults

This study investigated whether spatial aspects of an information processing task influence dual-task interference. Two groups (Older/Young) of healthy adults participated in dual-task experiments. Two auditory information processing tasks included a frequency discrimination choice reaction time task (non-spatial task) and a lateralization choice reaction time task (spatial task). Postural tasks included combinations of standing with eyes open or eyes closed on either a fixed floor or a sway-referenced floor. Reaction times and postural sway via center of pressure were recorded. Baseline measures of reaction time and sway were subtracted from the corresponding dual-task results to calculate reaction time task costs and postural task costs. Reaction time task cost increased with eye closure (p = 0.01), sway-referenced flooring (p < 0.0001), and the spatial task (p = 0.04). Additionally, a significant (p = 0.05) task x vision x age interaction indicated that older subjects had a significant vision X task interaction whereas young subjects did not. However, when analyzed by age group, the young group showed minimal differences in interference for the spatial and non-spatial tasks with eyes open, but showed increased interference on the spatial relative to non-spatial task with eyes closed. On the contrary, older subjects demonstrated increased interference on the spatial relative to the non-spatial task with eyes open, but not with eyes closed. These findings suggest that visual-spatial interference may occur in older subjects when vision is used to maintain posture.
The Process of Managing Medical Malpractice Cases: The Role of Standard of Care

In medical malpractice litigation, how the standard of care is determined is of obvious importance, since failure by a defendant-physician to meet the relevant standard of care constitutes negligence. Any effort to reform how standard-of-care determinations are made should start with an understanding of the entire claims resolution process. The usual image - that of opposing experts testifying at trial - is both incomplete and misleading. Most cases are either settled by the parties or abandoned by the plaintiff, short of trial. We reviewed insurers' closed claims files, representing a sample of medical malpractice lawsuits filed in North Carolina between 1991 and 1995, as well as the matching court files. As a result, we obtained unique and highly detailed information about these cases. In this Article we report on our findings, as they relate to the insurer's assessment of the standard of care. We conclude that a shift in standard-of-care determinations to a more empirical, scientifically-based inquiry would not be likely to change the dynamics of the settlement process, where the emphasis is on bargaining and negotiation, rather than on reaching conclusions about the standard of care.
Site of death in the hospital versus nursing home of Medicare skilled nursing facility residents admitted under Medicare's Part A Benefit.

Objectives: To determine factors that predict site of death (hospital vs nursing home (NH)), related costs, and geographic variation in site of death of NH residents admitted under the Medicare Part A Benefit. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: NHs located in the United States (N=13,146). Participants: All persons admitted to skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) in 2001 who died in a SNF (n=101,307) or hospital (n=51,187). Measurements: Patient, facility, and geographic characteristics associated with death in a hospital and receipt of Medicare payment. Results: Absence of a do-not-resuscitate order, non-Caucasian ethnicity, greater functional independence, and higher cognitive status correlated with hospital as the site of death. Rural, hospital-based, and government-owned facilities had the lowest in-hospital death rates. Site of death varied widely from state to state. Of those who died in a hospital, 24.2% (12,410) died within 24 hours of transfer. The average daily combined stay Medicare payment for those who died in the hospital was $969, versus $300 for those who died in a NH. Conclusion: Patient and facility characteristics predict site of death of Medicare NH patients, but in-hospital death rather than NH death varies geographically and is associated with higher daily Medicare payment.
Health Accounts/Arrangements: An Expanding Role Under the Affordable Care Act?

This article outlines the foundations of health-related accounts and arrangements, including tax and economic considerations affecting their role in various designs for health insurance coverage. It explores the impact of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and related administrative guidance affecting their usage, arguing that emerging trends showing that insured patients are bearing increasingly significant levels of out-of-pocket costs suggest an expanding role for consumer-directed accounts and arrangements, albeit one clouded by looming excise taxes imposed on “excess benefit” coverage beginning in 2018. It also examines the potential to utilize health accounts/arrangements to resolve moral and ethical conflicts in healthcare policy. Building on a suggestion by Professor Zelinsky, this article argues that an expanded approach to using health accounts/arrangements could enhance freedom not only for religious employers, but also for nonreligious employers concerned about respecting the religious beliefs of their employees.
DSF: a common platform for distributed systems research and development

This paper presents Distributed Systems Foundation (DSF), a common platform for distributed systems research and development. It can run a distributed algorithm written in Java under multiple execution modes--simulation, massive multi-tenancy, and real deployment. DSF provides a set of novel features to facilitate testing and debugging, including chaotic timing test and time travel debugging with mutable replay. Unlike existing research prototypes that offer advanced debugging features by hacking programming tools, DSF is written entirely in Java, without modifications to any external tools such as JVM, Java runtime library, compiler, linker, system library, OS, or hypervisor. This simplicity stems from our goal of making DSF not only a research prototype but more importantly a production tool. Experiments show that DSF is efficient and easy to use. DSF's massive multi-tenancy mode can run 4,000 OS-level threads in a single JVM to concurrently execute (as opposed to simulate) 1,000 DHT nodes in real-time.
TRANSPORT PHENOMENA AT LIQUID METAL--VAPOR INTERFACES USING RADIOACTIVE TRACERS.

A radioactive tracer technique was developed for evaluating the condensation-evaporation coefficient at the liquid-vapor interface of mercury for isothermal equilibrium. Five studies conducted at v...
The Spirit of Reparation

This Article, the author of which presented the opening and closing remarks and served as moderator for the Boston College Third Hbrld Law Journal's reparations symposium, explores reparations for slavery from a spiritual perspective. It briefly traces the history of reparations for African Americans, beginning with General William Tecumseh Sherman's "Forty Acres and a Mule" field order in 1865 and moving through Reconstruction and Jim Crow. The Article next examines the connection between the crimes and injustices of slavery and the current plight of African Americans, arguing that monetary reparations are a viable solution and should be targeted toward Blacks who have failed to succeed economically. The author maintains, however, that the primary purpose of monetary reparations is spiritual rather than practical; America must make a tangible sacrifice in order to heal successfully the nation's deep wounds of shame, anger, and hurt from the legacy of slavery. The Article concludes with a call for the current generation to address America's unsettled and un reconciled history through reparations. Reparation! is deeply rooted in the American legal system. All first-year law students during their course in contracts are made aware of the contractual injury of unjust enrichment.2 The legal remedy for unjust enrichment is restitution, one of the three main remedies for '" © 2004, David Hall, Professor of Law, Northeastern University School of Law. I would like to thank Rachael Holmes, a 2002 graduate of Northeastern University School of Law, who served as a valuable research assistan t on this project. She did a wonderful and competent job in a very short period of time. I would also like to thank Angela S. Tripp, a 2003 graduate of Northeastern Unh"ersity School of Law, and Donovan l\lcDonald for their research contributions to this Article. 1 "1) The act of making amends for a wrong. 2) Compensation for an injury or \Hong, especially for wartime damages or breach of an international obligation." BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 1301 (7th ed. 1999). 2 "lure naturae aequum est neminem cum alterius detrimento et iniuria fieri locupletiorem." [By the law of nature it is fair that no one become richer by the loss aud injury of another.) DIG. 50.17.206 (Pompon ius, Various Readings. Book 9); see also FOUNDATIONS OF CONTRACT 112 (R. Craswell & A. Schwartz eds., 1994). "The elements that must be established to prove unjust enrichment are: 1) an enrichment; 2) an impoverishment; 3) a connection between the enrichment and the impoverishment; 4) the absence of a justification for the enrichmen t and impoverish men t; and 5) the absence of a remedy provided by law." 66 A.M.JUR. 2D Restitlltion and Implied Contracts§ 12 (2001).
Marine protected areas in spatial property-rights fisheries.

Marine protected areas (MPAs) and spatial property rights (TURFs) are two seemingly contradictory approaches advocated as solutions to common property failures in fisheries. MPAs limit harvest to certain areas, but may enhance profits outside via spillover. TURFs incentivize local stewardship but may be plagued by spatial externalities when the TURF size is insufficient to capture all dispersal. Within a numerical model parameterized to a California marine species, we explore the economic and ecological effects of imposing MPAs on a TURF-regulated fishery. Whether MPAs can enhance or diminish profits (or fish abundance) hinges critically on the level of coordination already occurring between TURF owners. If coordination is complete, private MPAs may already emerge in some TURFs; implementing additional MPAs reduces profits. However, to the extent that coordination is incomplete, strategically sited MPAs may be an effective complement to spatial property rights-based fisheries, increasing both fishery profits and abundance.
CRACK TIP PARAMETERS FOR CREEP-BRITTLE CRACK GROWTH

Crack growth histories for creep-brittle aluminium alloy 2519-T87 are simulated by controlling the rate of release of finite element nodes along the crack growth path using a variable time-step, nodal release algorithm. While earlier experimental studies established little or no correlation between time-dependent fracture parameters and the crack growth rate, a˙, during creep-brittle fracture, the numerical results presented here indicate excellent correlation of the C t parameter with a˙ during the quasi-steady state crack growth regime. Differences in the experimental and numerical determination of time-dependent fracture parameters are likely to be due to difficulties in experimental determination of the creep component of the load line deflection rate, V c , during creep-brittle crack growth. A new quantity, K/r q∼c, is derived from time-dependent fracture parameters to predict crack growth for transient, quasi-steady state and steady state crack growth. However, C t and K/r q∼c should only be employed as parameters for predicting creep-brittle crack growth with an understanding of the couplings which exist between these parameters and the crack growth rate.
Accurate function approximations by symmetric table lookup and addition

This paper presents a high-speed method for accurate function approximations. This method employs parallel table lookups followed by multi-operand addition. It takes advantage of leading zeros and symmetry in the table entries to reduce the table sizes. By increasing the number of tables and the number of operands in the multi-operand addition, the amount of memory is significantly reduced. This method provides a closed form solution for the table entries and can be applied to a variety of elementary functions. Compared to conventional table lookups, it requires two to three orders of magnitude less memory. The design of elementary function generators that use this method are presented and compared to similar methods for elementary function generation.
Denitrification Potential of Lake Sediment at the Davis Pond Mississippi River Freshwater Diversion Site, Louisiana, USA

ABSTRACT Denitrification potential was determined in surface sediment collected from Lake Cataouatche, the receiving basin for the Davis Pond Mississippi River freshwater diversion. Denitrification was measured in the laboratory using sediment microcosms flooded with lake water. Nitrate was added to the microcosms to achieve 1) an initial nitrate concentration similar to the mean concentration (1.4 mg NO3-N L−1) in Mississippi River water, and 2) a high nitrate concentration to elicit denitrification potential (50.0 mg NO3-N L−1). Mean denitrification rates in controls (no nitrate added) ranged from < 0.06 to 0.67 mg N m−2 d−1 and averaged about 0.22 mg N m−2 d−1. Denitrification potential measured at the primary sampling site (close proximity to outflow) during the most active period (days 3–10) ranged from 43.3 to 94.1 with a mean of 62.3±10.5 mg N m−2 d−1. Denitrification potential was about 18 times greater compared to the Mississippi River nitrate concentration denitrification rate (3.52 ± 0.42 mg N ...
Modified resonance amplitudes with strongly correlated channels

A modification of resonance amplitudes is proposed that takes into account violent inner-shell processes accompanied by correlated multielectron transitions. For light ions with electrons in high Rydberg states, the conventional expression for the total widths of the resonance states given in terms of the Auger and radiative transition probabilities is not adequate. The present terms introduced to the widths can be very large and can seriously affect dielectronic recombination and resonance excitation; all the earlier calculations have been reexamined. Implications of this change on future calculations and on other related processes, such as photoionization plus Auger ionization, excitation-autoionization, multiple ionization, and similar processes in ion-atom collisions are also discussed.
Validity of constrained variational methods for dense neutron matter

Abstract The energies of fictitious Boltzmann particles of neutron mass interacting via simple Yukawa potentials are calculated by the method of constrained variation in the lowest order (LOCV) and hypernetted chain (HNCV) approximations. Comparison of calculated energies with exact Monte Carlo results indicates that LOCV may overestimate the liquid energy by ≈ 10% while it could be accurate to within ≈ 5% in the solid phase. The liquid energies in the HNCV approximation are almost identical with the Monte Carlo energies, suggesting that it is a very good approximation for the neutron matter problem. A comparison with the results obtained by other lowest order methods shows that the constrained variation is probably the most reasonable approximation scheme to treat neutron matter with realistic interactions. The shortcomings of LOCV are also stated.
The Kyrgyz Republic's Liminal Media: assessing a journalistic rite of passage

In the Western world, the Kyrgyz Republic has been depicted as a democratic success story. Indeed, unlike other Central Asia nation states, the Kyrgyz media appears on the surface relatively free. This paper examines the Kyrgyz press in the context of journalistic ideologies, and suggests that the republic's media is going through an important transitional phase, the central stage of a journalistic rite of passage. Part of that transitional process is an ongoing ideological tug-of-war that awaits resolution. It is suggested that such resolution may occur only when the press becomes economically self-sustaining.
FT-Raman and infrared spectra, r0 structural parameters, ab initio calculations and vibrational assignment for nitryl chloride

Abstract The FT-Raman spectra (2000-30 cm −1 ) of liquid and solid nitryl chloride, ClNO 2 , along with the infrared spectra (2000-80 cm −1 ) of the gas and solid have been recorded. All six fundamentals are confidently identified and the potential energy distributions determined from the force fields obtained from ab initio calculations. Several different basis sets have been utilized to determine the harmonic frequencies and force constants which are compared to the previously reported valence force constants. Structural parameters have been calculated with these basis sets including electron correlation with MP2, MP3 and MP4 perturbation. The calculated equilibrium structural parameters are compared to the experimental r 0 structural parameters. The spectra of the solid indicate that there are at least two molecules per primitive cell. All of these results are compared to the corresponding quantities for some similar molecules.
Localized charged excitations in polyaniline: Infrared photoexcitation and protonation studies

Abstract We report the infrared photoinduced activity of polyaniline in the “emeraldine” base form while pumping into the two optical yransitions at 2.0 eV and 4.0 eV, respectively. For optical pumping at energies near 2.0 eV, we found photoinduced infrared active vibrational (IRAV) modes which are essentially identical to those observed subsequent to protonation. With 4.0 eV optical pumping, the IRAV modes are significantly different, demonstrating that a different species is produced when pumping into the π-π ∗ transition. We propose that the optical absorption at 2.0 eV in the emeraldine form is due to an n -π ∗ transition from the non-bonding nitrogen lone-pair to the conduction ( π ∗ ) band. Our analysis, based on the amplitude mode formalism, indicates that the charged photoexcitations and the polarons which are generated through protonation are localized and not highly mobile.
MultiSpec: a tool for multispectral--hyperspectral image data analysis

MultiSpec is a multispectral image data analysis software application. It is intended to provide a fast, easy-touse means for analysis of multispectral image data, such as that from the Landsat, SPOT, MODIS or IKONOS series of Earth observational satellites, hyperspectral data such as that from the Airborne Visible-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) and EO-1 Hyperion satellite system or the data that will be produced by the next generation of Earth observational sensors. The primary purpose for the system was to make new, otherwise complex analysis tools available to the general Earth science community. It has also found use in displaying and analyzing many other types of non-space related digital imagery, such as medical image data and in K-12 and university level educational activities.MultiSpec has been implemented for both the Apple Macintosh® and Microsoft Windows® operating systems (OS). The effort was first begun on the Macintosh OS in 1988. The GLOBE (http://www.globe.gov) program supported the development of a subset of MultiSpec for the Windows OS in 1995. Since then most (but not all) of the features in the Macintosh OS version have been ported to the Windows OS version.Although copyrighted, MultiSpec with its documentation is distributed without charge. The Macintosh and Windows versions and documentation on its use are available from the World Wide Web at URL: http://dynamo.ecn.purdue.edu/~biehl/MultiSpec/ MultiSpec si copyrighted (1991-2001) by Purdue Research Foundation, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.
Stability of discrete one-dimensional population models

We give conditions for local and global stability of discrete one-dimensional population models. We give a new test for local stability when the derivative is −1. We give several sufficient conditions for global stability. We use these conditions to show that local and global stability coincide for the usual models from the literature and even for slightly more complicated models. We give population models, which are in some sense the simplest models, for which local and global stability do not coincide.
Stable ridges in a collapsing monolayer

The nature of monolayer collapse has long interested physical chemists studying surface phenomena1–3, and is also of interest to biologists seeking cell-membrane models4, since monolayers of fatty-acid type molecules are often used as models for each half of the biomembrane bilayers, and double layers or bilayers may well form on monolayer collapse. Furthermore thin-film properties of fatty acids are similar in many ways to those of cholesterol, lecithins, and other important components of biomembranes. There is little direct experimental evidence to support proposed collapse mechanisms, however. In this note a remarkable type of monolayer collapse is described. Pressure–area isotherms for 2-hydroxytetracosanoic (cerebron) acid rise steeply and bend over sharply at a high pressure without the subsequent falloff in pressure expected for such rigid films. Electron micrographs of the collapsing film clearly show many folds or ridges of unusual stability. The compressed monolayer thus provides a model for membranes and thicker films under compression.
Is your metabolism determined by (cell) fate

The rise in the incidence of metabolic disease to become a major public health problem has been met with a substantial increase in research into both the clinical and basic science of metabolism. This work has revealed that the origins of metabolic diseases of adults can begin early in life. Furthermore, the age of onset of symptoms has been rapidly decreasing. Therefore, pediatricians should be critically involved in both the generation of new therapies as well as the institution of measures of disease prevention. This perspective examines how recent advances have improved our understanding of the development of metabolic diseases. A connection between glucocorticoids and the origins of metabolic disease is one enticing clue because of the clinical similarity between patients with glucocorticoid excess and those with metabolic disease. A unifying link was found by investigating the role of glucocorticoids on cell fate and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. We conclude that understanding the mechanisms by which glucocorticoids can modify how cell fate decisions are made holds promise for developing new therapies and preventative measures.
Modulation of a (+)amphetamine discriminative stimulus in rats by 8-hydroxy-2-(N,N-di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH DPAT).

Abstract It is well established that the discriminative stimulus (DS) effect of amphetamine involves a dopaminergic and/or noradrenergic mechanism. These catecholamines can be modulated by the 5-HT 1A serotonin receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-( N , N -di- n -propylamino)tetralin (8-OH DPAT). The present study was conducted to determine whether 8-OH DPAT could influence the DS effects of (+)amphetamine. Administration of 8-OH DPAT doses to Sprague–Dawley rats trained to discriminate 1 mg/kg of (+)amphetamine (ED 50 = 0.33 mg/kg) using a two-lever operant paradigm (VI-15 s schedule of reinforcement for appetitive reward) failed to result in stimulus generalization when administered alone, and failed to antagonize the stimulus effect when administered in combination with the training dose of (+)amphetamine. However, administration of 8-OH DPAT doses that produced saline-like responding (i.e., 0.01–0.1 mg/kg; 50 dose of (+)amphetamine resulted in the animals' making a progressively greater number of responses on the drug-appropriate lever such that a combination of 0.1 mg/kg of 8-OH DPAT plus (+)amphetamine (0.33 mg/kg) elicited 91% (+)amphetamine-appropriate responding. In a separate study, administration of (+)amphetamine doses in combination with fixed doses of 8-OH DPAT (either 0.01 or 0.1 mg/kg) resulted in an apparent leftward shift of the dose–response curve. The results indicate that (+)amphetamine can be more effective as a discriminative stimulus in the presence of 8-OH DPAT than in its absence.
Trade reorientation and post-reform productivity growth in Bulgarian enterprises

This paper analyzes the importance of integration into world markets following the collapse of central planning in explaining the productivity growth performance of Bulgarian firms. Using a large panel data set on 1,300 manufacturing firms for 13 quarters, we find that a shift towards sourcing from - and exporting to - OECD markets is a significant factor explaining firm-level total factor productivity growth.
Migratory behaviour of adult fast-growing brown trout (Salmo trutta, L.) In relation to water flow in a regulated Norwegian river

The migration pattern of spawners of brown trout (Salmo trutta) in relation to water flow was analysed by radio-tracking in the regulated River Gudbrandsdalslagen, Norway. During the upstream spawning migration in the high flow period, trout (2–12 kg) were caught, tagged and released 15 km downstream of a fish ladder at the Hunderfossen waterfall. The released fish displayed a systematic and directional upstream movement to the outlet of the tunnel from the hydroelectricity plant. In autumn and winter there is a minimum water discharge of 20–2 m3/s on p.s. in the river between the dam and the outlet of the tunnel, which has a discharge of 200–300 m3/s. When the water flowing over the Hunderfossen dam decreased to 20 m3/s, the ascent of brown trout up the river stopped and fish periodically entered the power plant tunnel. To determine the flow necessary to attract fish into the spawning reach above the tunnel outlet, two experiments were undertaken using 12 and 17 radio-tagged trout. In the first experiment, 60 m3/s of water released for 24 h resulted in the migration of 50% of the trout up the river. The second experiment, releasing 60 m3/s for 24 h, followed by 30 m3/s for 24 h two days later, resulted in the migration of 60% of the trout. Only one fish ascended the river at a flow of 30 m3/s. It is recommended that a repeated release of water at 60 m3/s is made in periods of minimum water discharge to save the spawning migration. The results demonstrate the advantage of using radio-tracking in experiments dealing with fish migration in relation to water-flow management.
Long-Term Outcomes for Patients with Post–Liver Transplant Anastomotic Biliary Strictures Treated by Endoscopic Stent Placement

Abstract Background: Biliary stricture is one of the most common complications of liver transplantation. A number of treatment options are available, but a standard approach has not been established. Methods: A total of 25 patients with post-liver transplantation anastomotic strictures were treated endoscopically by stent placement. Long-term outcomes (bile duct patency, morbidity, and mortality) were reviewed retrospectively. Results: Placement of a stent was attempted in 25 patients with anastomotic stricture. Successful stent placement with stricture resolution at the time of stent removal was noted in 22 patients (technical success 88%). In those 22 patients, long-term success (mean follow-up after all stents removed, 54 months) was observed in 20 patients (90%) and partial success in two (10%). Long term, failure did not occur in any patient. There was no procedure- or disease-related mortally. Three mild episodes of cholangitis occurred during the period while the stents were in place, in relation to 79 endoscopic interventions for a procedure-related complication rate of 3.7%. Conclusions: The long-term outcome for patients with post-liver transplantation biliary anastomotic strictures treated with endoscopic stent placement is excellent, with no therapy- or disease-associated mortality and minimal morbidity.
Phobias and preparedness

Some inadequacies of the classical conditioning analysis of phobias are discussed: phobias are highly resistant to extinction, whereas laboratory fear conditioning, unlike avoidance conditioning, extinguishes rapidly; phobias comprise a nonarbitrary and limited set of objects, whereas fear conditioning is thought to occur to an unlimited range of conditioned stimuli. Furthermore, phobias, unlike laboratory fear conditioning, are often acquired in one trial and seem quite resistant to change by “cognitive” means. An analysis of phobias using a more contemporary model of fear conditioning is proposed. In this view, phobias are seen as instances of highly “prepared” learning ( Seligman, 1970 ). Such prepared learning is selective, highly resistant to extinction, probably noncognitive and can be acquired in one trial. A reconstruction of the notion of symbolism is suggested.
Characterization of Cytoplasmic Caspase-2 Activation by Induced Proximity

Caspase-2 is an initiator caspase activated in response to heat shock and other stressors that induce apoptosis. Activation of caspase-2 requires induced proximity resulting after recruitment to caspase-2 activation complexes such as the PIDDosome. We have adapted bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) to measure caspase-2 induced proximity in real time in single cells. Nonfluorescent fragments of the fluorescent protein Venus that can associate to reform the fluorescent complex were fused to caspase-2, allowing visualization and kinetic measurements of caspase-2 induced proximity after heat shock and other stresses. This revealed that the caspase-2 activation platform occurred in the cytosol and not in the nucleus in response to heat shock, DNA damage, cytoskeletal disruption, and other treatments. Activation, as measured by this approach, in response to heat shock was RAIDD dependent and upstream of mitochondrial outer-membrane permeabilization. Furthermore, we identify Hsp90alpha as a key negative regulator of heat shock-induced caspase-2 activation.
THE NORMAL ASPIRATION OF AMNIOTIC FLUID BY THE CONCEPTUS

At first doubted, then attributed to abnormal stimulation and finally only recently confirmed, fetal breathing movements apparently do occur normally in utero. There is general agreement, however, that these movements are not expansive enough to clear the respiratory dead space. In the present study, 125I-labeled human albumin, 51Cr-labeled rabbit erythrocytes and 85Sr-labeled polystyrene microspheres 15 mμ in diameter were injected either singly or in combination into the amniotic fluid of rabbit fetuses near term. The injections were done via hysterotomy incisions under xylocaine spinal anesthesia. Three to 24 hours later, the fetuses were delivered by hysterotokotomy. All fetal organs were assayed for radioactivity, and where appropriate, sectioned for light microscopy. Each of the labeled materials was found regularly in the fetal lungs and gastrointestinal tract, the microspheres being visualized in alveolar ducts and alveoli and in the intestinal lumen. Radiolabeled albumin injected into the amniotic fluid of 3 human conceptuses at 13 to 15 weeks of gestation was also found in fetal lungs and gastrointestinal tract when delivered by therapeutic hysterotokotomy 5 hours later. Interestingly, the human fetus at 3 to 4 months of gestation swallows approximately half of the amniotic fluid volume per day. The data suggest a normal penetration of amniotic fluid into the pulmonary passages as far as the alveolar ducts and alveoli.
Half a loaf is better than waiting for the bread truck. A computerized mini-medical record for outpatient care.

We describe a locally developed system for partial computer storage of medical data, called the mini-medical record system. The system produces a typed face sheet prior to each patient visit. The face sheet, which also serves as a progress note, contains patient demographic data, medical problem lists, previous vital signs, allergies, medication profile, and health maintenance reminders. Between regularly scheduled visits, all computerized data are available by computer printout for unscheduled visits to walk-in clinics and the emergency department. Structured reports are generated by the system that describes each resident and faculty members' practice. Quality assurance reports are also available. Since the system draws from several already existing databases, new data entry requirements are modest and cost to the institution is low. Partially computerized systems can be developed inexpensively and are well received in multispecialty practices, where interphysician communication is vital. ( Arch Intern Med. 1992;152:1845-1849)
Induced mutations of a genetic suppressor of resistance to wheat stem rust

A genetic suppressor of resistance to stem rust, Puccinia graminis Pers.:Pers. f. sp. tritici Ericks. & E. Henn., of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is on the long arm of chromosome 7D. Mutation or inactivation of the suppressor gene would allow expression of the suppressed resistance genes already present in hexaploid wheat or of resistance genes transferred to wheat from diploid or tetraploid relatives. Our objective was to induce a mutation of the suppressor gene and describe its inheritance (...)
Food-stimulated synthesis of intestinal proteolytic enzymes in the cockroach Leucophaea maderae.

Abstract In adult Leucophaea males and females high proteolytic activity is primarily found in the posterior region of the midgut lumen. Only feeding on rat food, casein, fibrin, glutenin, and elastin stimulated protease activity; several other proteins, casein hydrolysates, amino acids, some polyamino acids, and starch did not cause increased enzyme activity. A proportionality was found between the quantity of certain proteins passed into the midgut and the enzyme activity in the midgut. Since the rate of the food release from the crop into the midgut is higher the more food is eaten, the level of enzyme activity is positively related to the amount of food consumed during one meal. The first increase in enzyme activity was observed about 12 to 14 hr after feeding; the enzyme level stayed high for approximately 1·5 days and then decreased again. After injection of 14 C-leucine into fed or starving animals, fractionation on Sephadex G-150 revealed that only the enzyme fractions of fed animals were appreciably labelled; little label was found in the enzyme fractions from starving animals. This is support for the hypothesis that proteinaceous foods stimulate protease synthesis rather than activate a precursor. No control of enzyme synthesis appears to be exerted by hormones from the brain (neurosecretory cells), corpora cardiaca, or corpora allata since removal of these organs before or after feeding had no effect on protease production in the midgut. However, severance of the innervation of the proventricular valve caused a reduction of enzyme synthesis because food passage was impaired after this operation. It is concluded that stimulation of protease synthesis in the midgut is solely secretagogue. A powerful inhibitor for the cockroach protease in found in the anterior midgut and the caeca. It is apparently produced in the caeca at a high rate. Its characteristics are similar to those of soy bean trypsin inhibitor; it is heat-stable, non-dialysable, can be digested by pronase and the animal's own proteases, and is precipitable by ammonium sulphate. It is thus likely that the inhibitor is a heat-stable protein.
AIF-1 Is an Actin-Polymerizing and Rac1-Activating Protein That Promotes Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Migration

Development of vascular restenosis is a multifaceted process characterized by migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), resulting in loss of lumen diameter. Characterization of proteins that mediate this process is essential in our understanding of the pathogenesis of arterial injury. Allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1) is a cytoplasmic, calcium-binding protein that is expressed in VSMCs by allograft and balloon angioplasty injury. AIF-1 is not present in cultured human VSMCs but is induced by cytokines, and overexpression of AIF-1 results in increased VSMC growth and cell-cycle gene expression. To characterize AIF-1 modulatory effects in primary human VSMCs, AIF-1–interacting proteins were identified by an AIF-1/glutathione S transferase fusion protein affinity assay. MALDI-TOF mass spectrophotometric amino analysis identified actin as an AIF-1 interacting protein. This interaction was verified by coimmunoprecipitation. This is a functional interaction, because AIF-1 binds to and polymerizes F-actin in vitro. In unstimulated VSMCs, AIF-1 colocalizes with F-actin but translocates to lamellipodia on stimulation with platelet-derived growth factor. VSMCs stably transduced with AIF-1 retrovirus migrate 2.6-fold more rapidly (85.1±2.9 versus 225.5±16.6; P