cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Translation inhibitors cause abnormalities in ribosome profiling experiments

Ribosome profiling and high-throughput sequencing provide unprecedented opportunities for the analysis of mRNA translation. Using this novel method, several studies have demonstrated the widespread role of short upstream reading frames in translational control as well as slower elongation at the beginning of open reading frames in response to stress. Based on the initial studies, the importance of adding or omitting translation inhibitors, such as cycloheximide, was noted as it markedly affected ribosome coverage profiles. For that reason, many recent studies omitted translation inhibitors in the culture medium. Here, we investigate the influence of ranging cycloheximide concentrations on ribosome profiles in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and demonstrate that increasing the drug concentration can overcome some of the artifacts. We subjected cells to various manipulations and show that neither oxidative stress nor heat shock nor amino acid starvation affect translation elongation. Instead, the observations in the initial studies are the result of cycloheximide-inflicted artifacts. Likewise, we find little support for short upstream reading frames to be involved in widespread protein synthesis regulation under stress conditions. Our study highlights the need for better standardization of ribosome profiling methods.
Global Soil Nutrient Depletion and Yield Reduction

ABSTRACT Nutrient depletion in soils adversely affects soil quality and reduces crop yield and consequently poses a potential threat to global food security and agricultural sustainability. With an emphasis on human-induced nutrient depletion, this paper described the causality among soil nutrient depletion, soil quality, crop production, socio-economic variables, and environmental condition. Then, global soil nutrient budgets of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) were estimated for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), rice (Oryza sativa), maize (Zea mays L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare) production for the year 2000. As a result, there were unbalanced fertilization with surplus N in some developing countries and insufficient inputs in many developing and all least developed countries. Globally, soil nutrient deficits were estimated at an average rate (kg ha−1 yr−1) of 18.7 N, 5.1 P, and 38.8 K, covering 59%, 85%, and 90% of harvested area in the year 2000, respectively, and annual total nutrient de...
The Relevance of Chronic Illness in the Everyday Lives of Elderly Women

Much past research on the experience of chronic illness and disability is based on the theoretical assumption of illness as a stigmatizing deviance. Among the elderly, however, for whom chronic illness is almost anticipated, there is likely to be less potential for stigma, so that other aspects of physical problems may be more important to an understanding of the illness experience. In-depth interviews were conducted with 29 elderly women suffering from diabetes, arthritis, hypertension, and/or some other chronic health problem. The following research questions were addressed: (a) What is the experience of chronic illness in the everyday lives of noninstitutionalized elderly women? (b) In what ways is stigmatization part of this experience? (c) How is the chronic illness experience related to self-concept? (d) How is this relationship affected by the experience of specific ailments? Inductive data analysis revealed that although the concept of stigma was of limited value in describing the illness experien...
Engineering Exploration Module for Rising 7th and 9th Grade Girls

Two very different influences, science education and popular electronic device entertainment, both point to the need for engaging students with engaging, exciting, entertaining hands-on activities. Today's learning style coupled with a low percentage of engineering degrees awarded to women at 18.4 % 1 , influenced one summer programs attempt to engage young women in engineering. This paper outlines a module used to engage rising 7th and 9th grade girls in their exploration of engineering as a career. In this interactive module, girls learn about female engineering case studies/role models, historic female engineers, engineering practices, engineering careers, types of engineering and what engineering students do, through engaging activities. The goal of the module is to engage the imagination of young women as they visualize themselves in possible engineering careers.
Graph-based Relational Learning with Application to Security

We describe an approach to learning patterns in relational data represented as a graph. The approach, implemented in the Subdue system, searches for patterns that maximally compress the input graph. Subdue can be used for supervised learning, as well as unsupervised pattern discovery and clustering. We apply Subdue in domains related to homeland security and social network analysis.
Structural determinants of antiproliferative activity of heparin on pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells.

In addition to its anticoagulant properties, heparin (HP), a complex polysaccharide covalently linked to a protein core, inhibits proliferation of several cell types including pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Commercial lots of HP exhibit varying degrees of antiproliferative activity on PASMCs that may due to structural differences in the lots. Fractionation of a potent antiproliferative HP preparation into high and low molecular weight components does not alter the antiproliferative effect on PASMCs, suggesting that the size of HP is not the major determinant of this biological activity. The protein core of HP obtained by cleaving the carbohydrate-protein linkage has no growth inhibition on PASMCs, demonstrating that the antiproliferative activity resides in the glycosaminoglycan component. Basic sugar residues of glucosamine can be replaced with another basic sugar, i.e., galactosamine, without affecting growth inhibition of PASMCs. N-sulfonate groups on these sugar residues of HP are not essential for growth inhibition. However, O-sulfonate groups on both sugar residues are essential for the antiproliferative activity on PASMCs. In whole HP, in contrast to an earlier finding based on a synthetic pentasaccharide of HP, 3-O-sulfonation is not critical for the antiproliferative activity against PASMCs. The amounts and distribution of sulfonate groups on both sugar residues of the glycosaminoglycan chain are the major determinant of antiproliferative activity.
Histamine receptors on submucous neurons in guinea pig colon

Intracellular microelectrodes were used to investigate the actions of histamine in the submucous plexus of the distal colon of the guinea pig. Three effects resulted from application of histamine to submucous neurons. The first was membrane depolarization associated with increased input resistance and augmented excitability. The second was presynaptic suppression of acetylcholine release at nicotinic synapses. The third occurred during long-term application and consisted of recurrent trains of action potentials associated with periodic depolarization of membrane potential. Pharmacological analysis, with selective agonists and antagonists, suggested mediation of the first and third response by postsynaptic histamine H2 receptors. The second response was mediated by presynaptic histamine H3 receptors. These actions of histamine represent a mechanism for neuroimmune signaling between mucosal mast cells and submucous neurons in gastrointestinal type 1 hypersensitivity reactions to allergens.
Experimental Artifacts and the Analysis of Ligand Binding Data: Results of a Computer Simulation

Use of computerized analysis techniques for ligand binding data have recently become generally available, and are now used quite routinely. When used appropriately, these tools can improve the precision of the estimated parameters for binding affinity, K, and capacity, R. Furthermore, such programs can also calculate the uncertainty of the estimates e.g., as a percent coefficient of variation (%CV). However, because of unmeasured variability in specific activity, tracer purity, counting efficiency, counter background, efficiency of separation, etc., the actual uncertainty in the parameters K and R is usually much larger than stated. In an attempt to examine the effects of such artifacts, we have developed a computer program which simulates data arising from a number of commonly used experimental designs, and then intentionally distorted with each of these artifacts. Finally, the data are converted to B/F and B and plotted in the conventional Scatchard plot. Distortions revealed in this graph are indicative of the effect each artifact has on the parameter estimates. The computer program is generally written to stimulate the binding of 2 or more ligands to one, two or many classes of independent or cooperative specific sites as well as to nonspecific sites. Thus, the program is applicable in a wide variety of situations. Results show that low tracer purity ("bindability") or low filtration efficiency will significantly alter the measured R value. Poorly determined specific radioactivity may significantly alter the measured K value as well. Imprecise measurement of machine background may result in the spacious appearance of positive cooperativity, or of additional high or low affinity classes of binding sites. Finally, under some circumstances, it is possible to detect and correct for the presence of these artifacts.
Benign Breast Diseases and Body Mass Index: Is There a Correlation?:

Breast cancer is the leading cancer affecting women in America. Body mass index (BMI) is a known risk factor for the development of breast cancer. The relationship of BMI to benign breast disease is less clear. In addition, certain benign pathologies are associated with an increased risk of cancer. We sought to measure the incidence of benign pathologies and to correlate these findings with BMI and age. All patients undergoing breast biopsy at our center from 2000 to 2005 were identified (n = 1717). Age, BMI, family history, sex, and diagnosis were determined. Patients were grouped into BMI, age, and intervention groups. χ(2) (P < 0.05) was used to identify statistical significance. Fibrocystic disease and fibroadenoma were seen with a lower incidence for patients older than 55 years of age, whereas pathologies requiring further surgical intervention were seen in higher proportions in patients older than 55 years of age. All pathologies were noted to decrease with increasing BMI, except for fibroadenoma, which peaked in BMI group 25 to 29.9 kg/m(2). The presence of benign pathologies was associated with age as expected. Interestingly, although BMI is associated with increased risk of breast cancer, increasing BMI was not associated with benign pathologies that are associated with increased risk of breast cancer. Further study of this area is warranted.
Application of the Value Engineering in Reducing the Logistics Cost.

In the enterprise supply chain management cost, logistics cost is the biggest except the cost of raw material costs. With the rapid development of China's automobile industry, enterprises increasingly fierce competition, all enterprises are seeking advanced logistics operation mode to achieve the so-called "zero inventory" and reduce the cost of logistics, enhance the competitiveness of products. Zero inventory will bring risks for the enterprise, so we need a can reflect the costs between function and cost ratio is an important tool, use this tool to make logistics at the lowest cost and reliable operation. In this paper, to effectively control the logistics cost by using the value engineering method in the automotive industry in logistics operation.
Modeling and Simulation of PD Radar Echo Based on Coherent Pulse Train

The simulation of radar echo plays an important part in system performance assessment because it is the basis of radar signal processing.Clutter and noise signals are received by radar receiver besides the target echo,since the target are located in a complicated background.The simulation of airborne PD radar echo,including target echo,noise and clutter,is implemented by using Simulink with signal generating and processing blocks.The simulation result of target echo is presented by adding RCS fluctuation,distance and doppler shift information in the coherent pulse train signals.Also,the waveforms of noise of Gaussian distribution,Exponent distribution and Rayleigh distribution are given in the paper.The simulation of clutter is based on Ralyleigh distribution in amplitude and Gaussian distribution in power spectral density.
Epidemiological Study of Cholera in Dongguan City from 1994 to 2003

Objective (1)To perform an epidemiological study of cholera in Dongguan city from 1994-2003, and (2) to develop strategies for the prevention and control of cholera. Methods Descriptive epidemiology was used in this study. Results There were 236 cases of cholera occurred in Dongguan city between the period of 1994 to 2003, and the annual incidence rate was 0.58/100 000. Generally, the epidemic began in April and reached a peak from June to September. Most of the cases occurred in offshore towns, such as Houjie, Humen, Hongmei and Shatian, which accounted for 82.63% of total cases. Their ages ranged from 9-month old to 91 years old, and the sex ratio was 1 to 1.43. Among the 213 cases, 90.25% of patients were in the age between 15 to 45 years old. Migrant workers accounted for 83.05% of total cases and the second common occupation was farmer, accounted for 10.71%. Epidemic outbreak was the major form of occurrence and it accounted for 94.49% of total cases. Transmission was mainly through the contact with contaminated water and foods. Conclusion Cholera is a common infectious disease in Dongguan city. Most of the cases occurred in offshore towns and the migrant workers were the high risk group. A comprehensive prevention and control measure, such as supplying of clean water and foods, disposal of feces properly, elimination of flies and education, should be adopted. Other control measures include the disinfection of epidemic areas, monitoring of patients with diarrhea. Environmental factors such as water, sea foods and the cooked foods should also be monitored.
Improving Predictions with Hybrid Markets

Statistical models almost always yield predictions that are more accurate than those of human experts. However, humans are better at data acquisition and at recognizing atypical circumstances. We use prediction markets to combine predictions from groups of humans and artificial-intelligence agents and show that they are more robust than those from groups of humans or agents alone.
Demand for Health Insurance

Chapter 3 explores the scope of health insurance, and the amount of protection that individuals may seek to obtain for their health capital. This chapter describes the demand for, and consumption of, insurance by different groups in the health economy. This chapter starts with a description of the demand for health insurance that derives from the motivation for insurance described in Chap. 2 and the possible scope of health insurance described in Chap. 3. The main determinant of the amount of health insurance that individuals demand is the general economic law of demand . This economic principle states that demand is a function of price, and that individuals will respond to a compensated decrease in price by increasing their purchase of a given good or service. This law applies specifically to health insurance, where the price varies because of different quantities of coverage as well as different loading factors for different types of health insurance. The law of demand is then applied to two types of demand for health insurance—individual demand and group demand . Individual demand refers to insurance purchased in markets for individuals or households, while group demand applies to insurance purchased by employers or governments on behalf of groups of insured individuals. While group demand derives from the same source as individual demand, the need to aggregate the preferences of many different individuals may lead to different relationships between the price of insurance and demand than in the individual (nongroup) market. The two most important forms of group health insurance are employer-provided health insurance and government-provided health insurance, also known as social insurance. The different forms of demand then segue into an investigation of the supply of health insurance in Chap. 5.
“La Sorcellerie du savoir-faire technologique”: Sorcery and Knowledge in Kourouma's Monnè, outrages et défis (1990)

ABSTRACTIn recent decades, sorcery has offered a thematic and cultural intersection for many questions engaging postcolonial francophone writers, from the reexamination of dominant historical narratives to issues of tradition and modernity. Celebrated Ivoirian author Ahmadou Kourouma portrayed occult agents frequently in his works. However, for Kourouma, the supernatural is less a sign of cultural preservation, than an emblem of the stagnation of African societies. Through a case study of the author's second novel, Monne, outrages et defis (1990), which spans the pre- to post-colonial periods, this article argues that Kourouma depicts sorcery as an ineffective resistance against the tangible aspects of colonial power. An analysis of the work's portrayal of witchcraft at the levels of text and plot indicates that occult rituals fail time and again to prevent or overthrow European control in Africa. However, the ironic portrayal of witchcraft reflects back to colonial doctrine and discourse as a vehicle for...
Collecting Data to Construct an Isoline Map.

Common exercises in introductory geoscience courses include constructing and interpreting isoline maps (aka isometric lines, isopleths, isarithms, isograms, contour lines, bathymetric lines; Busch ...
No Evidence for Differential Relations of Hedonic Well-Being and Eudaimonic Well-Being to Gene Expression: A Comment on Statistical Problems in Fredrickson et al. (2013)

In a study of the relation between well-being and gene expression, Fredrickson et al. (2013, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 110 (33), 13684–13689) concluded that hedonic well-being and eudaimonic well-being have similar affective correlates but different gene transcriptional correlates in human immune cells. This comment addresses four statistical problems in Fredrickson et al.’s (2013) analyses. First, an idiosyncratic two-factor scoring rather than the documented and well-validated three-factor scoring was used for the instrument assessing well-being. Second, the analyses relating hedonic well-being and eudaimonic well-being to affect did not include the same variables as the analyses relating these two well-being variables to gene expression, invalidating any comparison between them. Third, hedonic well-being and eudaimonic well-being were highly correlated, resulting in untheorized and unrecognized suppression effects that accounted for their supposed differential relations with gene expression. Fourth, the method of computing p values for the one-sample t tests discarded information and violated the assumption of independence for those tests. These problems cast considerable doubt on the validity of Fredrickson et al.’s (2013) conclusions.
The Use of Informative Priors in Bayesian Modeling Age-at-death; a Quick Look at Chronological and Biological Age Changes in the Sacroiliac Joint in American Males

The aim of this study is to examine how well different informative priors model age-at-death in Bayesian statistics, which will shed light on how the skeleton ages, particularly at the sacroiliac joint. Data from four samples were compared for their performance as informative priors for auricular surface age-at-death estimation: (1) American population from US Census data; (2) county data from the US Census data; (3) a local cemetery; and (4) a skeletal collection. The skeletal collection and cemetery are located within the county that was sampled. A Gompertz model was applied to compare survivorship across the four samples. Transition analysis parameters, coupled with the generated Gompertz parameters, were input into Bayes’ theorem to generate highest posterior density ranges from posterior density functions. Transition analysis describes the age at which an individual transitions from one age phase to another. The result is age ranges that should describe the chronological age of 90% of the individuals who fall in a particular phase. Cumulative binomial tests indicate the method performed lower than 90% at capturing chronological age as assigned to a biological phase, despite wide age ranges at older ages. The samples performed similarly overall, despite small differences in survivorship. Collectively, these results show that as we age, the senescence pattern becomes more variable. More local samples performed better at describing the aging process than more general samples, which implies practitioners need to consider sample selection when using the literature to diagnose and work with patients with sacroiliac joint pain.
Relationship between Sociotechnical Joint Optimization and Perceived Department Performance in Manufacturing Organizations

Over the last decade, organizational change has promoted flatter management structures. Organizations typically have less middle management through the integration of those tasks into upper management or lower management responsibilities. A sociotechnical systems framework was used to examine the impact of recent organizational design changes on managerial time allotment. Ninety-one transformation and downstream first-level managers participated in a research study examining time allotment to STS subsystems, level of joint optimization, value of time use, and performance in their departments. The study showed a significant relationship between the perceived level of joint optimization and perceived department performance.
Principles of Broad and Potent Antiviral Human Antibodies: Insights for Vaccine Design

Antibodies are the principal immune effectors that mediate protection against reinfection following viral infection or vaccination. Robust techniques for human mAb isolation have been developed in the last decade. The study of human mAbs isolated from subjects with prior immunity has become a mainstay for rational structure-based, next-generation vaccine development. The plethora of detailed molecular and genetic studies coupling the structure of antigen-antibody complexes with their antiviral function has begun to reveal common principles of critical interactions on which we can build better vaccines and therapeutic antibodies. This review outlines the approaches to isolating and studying human antiviral mAbs and discusses the common principles underlying the basis for their activity. This review also examines progress toward the goal of achieving a comprehensive understanding of the chemical and physical basis for molecular recognition of viral surface proteins in order to build predictive molecular models that can be used for vaccine design.
A Putative Right in Search of a Constitutional Justification: Understanding Planned Parenthood v Casey's Equality Rationale and How It Undermines Women's Equality

Roe v. Wade ranks among the most controverted Supreme Court decisions in the nation’s history, joining the likes of Dred Scott v. Sandford, Plessy v. Ferguson, and Lochner v. NY. Both Justice Rehnquist in his Roe dissent and constitutional law scholars since 1973 have drawn analogies between Roe and one or another of these cases over the years, with a majority of the Court attending to, and rejecting, such analogies in Planned Parenthood v. Casey. The Casey court suggested that the facts underlying those putatively analogous decisions — or at least the nation’s understanding of those facts — had changed, such that “a terrible price would have been paid” had the Court not reversed course in those prior decisions. By contrast, according to the Joint Opinion, the right to abortion enunciated in Roe had been relied upon to such an extent in the intervening nineteen years that, in the Court’s view, the “certain cost[s]” of overruling Roe were too extensive — even if the original decision had been made in error. That is, even though the justices who coauthored the Joint Opinion were expressly unable to endorse the decision in Roe as an original matter, the court in Casey still held that Roe’s “central holding” must be reaffirmed, on the basis of the Joint Opinion’s “explication of individual liberty…and the force of stare decisis.” In this article, I revisit and critique Casey’s controversial decision anew, attending in Part I to the Joint Opinion’s “explication of individual liberty,” and in Part II, to the “reliance interest” analysis of its stare decisis holding. In sum, I argue that the justices’ concerns about women’s equality are the key interpretative lens through which to understand the controversial reaffirmance of Roe, but one which has been inadequately explored and critiqued on the part of those critical of Casey. I aim to fill that void.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network® Favorable Intermediate Risk Prostate Cancer—Is Active Surveillance Appropriate?

Purpose: We compared pathological and biochemical outcomes after radical prostatectomy in patients at favorable intermediate risk who fulfilled current NCCN® (National Comprehensive Cancer Network®) Guidelines® for active surveillance criteria to outcomes in patients who met more traditional criteria for active surveillance.Materials and Methods: We queried our institutional review board approved prostate cancer database for patients who met NCCN criteria for very low risk (T1c, Grade Group 1, 3 or fewer of 12 cores, 50% or less core volume and prostate specific antigen density less than 0.15 ng/ml), low risk (T1-T2a, Grade Group 1 and prostate specific antigen less than 10 ng/ml) or favorable intermediate risk (major pattern grade 3 and less than 50% positive biopsy cores) and who had 1 intermediate risk factor, including T2b/c, Grade Group 2 or prostate specific antigen 10 to 20 ng/ml. Men at intermediate risk who did not meet favorable criteria were labeled as being at unfavorable intermediate risk. Pa...
Clinical Reasoning: An unusual cause of adult cryptogenic ischemic stroke

A 60-year-old woman, a nonsmoker, with medical history of hypertension and chronic back pain, presented with sudden-onset left-sided weakness and facial droop to an outside hospital with symptoms of approximately 1 hour duration. Her NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, a validated tool to quantitatively measure stroke severity,1 was 17, significant for a right gaze preference, left-sided hemiparesis, and left-sided neglect. Her initial head CT demonstrated an Alberta Stroke Programme Early CT Score (ASPECTS) of 9. ASPECTS is a 10-point quantitative CT scan topography score used to measure ischemic changes on head CT.2 The patient's head CT demonstrated subtle right basal ganglia ischemic involvement and an absence of hemorrhage. IV tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) was administered and CT angiography of the head and neck was performed, demonstrating a right middle cerebral artery (MCA) (M1) occlusion. Our institution was consulted as per protocol for ischemic strokes associated with large artery occlusion and she was transferred for potential intra-arterial (IA) thrombectomy. Upon arrival, the patient was mildly lethargic but attended to the examination; she was able to follow simple commands to open/close her eyes and make a fist. The patient was dysarthric, but with time, answered questions appropriately. She had left-sided facial weakness and right gaze preference but was able to cross midline. She demonstrated left-sided neglect to visual and tactile stimuli and was slow to move her left extremities to repeated command, with decreased left-sided extremity strength rated 4/5. NIHSS upon arrival to our institution was 9.
Simple Approaches to Minimally-Instrumented, Microfluidic-Based Point-of-Care Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests

Designs and applications of microfluidics-based devices for molecular diagnostics (Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests, NAATs) in infectious disease testing are reviewed, with emphasis on minimally instrumented, point-of-care (POC) tests for resource-limited settings. Microfluidic cartridges (‘chips’) that combine solid-phase nucleic acid extraction; isothermal enzymatic nucleic acid amplification; pre-stored, paraffin-encapsulated lyophilized reagents; and real-time or endpoint optical detection are described. These chips can be used with a companion module for separating plasma from blood through a combined sedimentation-filtration effect. Three reporter types: Fluorescence, colorimetric dyes, and bioluminescence; and a new paradigm for end-point detection based on a diffusion-reaction column are compared. Multiplexing (parallel amplification and detection of multiple targets) is demonstrated. Low-cost detection and added functionality (data analysis, control, communication) can be realized using a cellphone platform with the chip. Some related and similar-purposed approaches by others are surveyed.
Covert communications: Food in transition in Ritesh Batra’s the Lunchbox

Ritesh Batra’s 2013 film The Lunchbox explores issues of belonging, tradition and progress in contemporary India. By evoking, reworking and subsequently redeploying the traditional diasporic symbol...
Fat-soluble vitamins A and E and health disparities in a cohort of pregnant women at delivery

The objective of the present study was to evaluate intakes and serum levels of vitamin A, vitamin E, and related compounds in a cohort of maternal-infant pairs in the Midwestern USA in relation to measures of health disparities. Concentrations of carotenoids and tocopherols in maternal serum were measured using HPLC and measures of socio-economic status, including food security and food desert residence, were obtained in 180 mothers upon admission to a Midwestern Academic Medical Center labour and delivery unit. The Kruskal-Wallis and independent-samples t tests were used to compare measures between groups; logistic regression models were used to adjust for relevant confounders. P < 0·05 was considered statistically significant. The odds of vitamin A insufficiency/deficiency were 2·17 times higher for non-whites when compared with whites (95 % CI 1·16, 4·05; P = 0·01) after adjustment for relevant confounders. Similarly, the odds of being vitamin E deficient were 3·52 times higher for non-whites (95 % CI 1·51, 8·10; P = 0·003). Those with public health insurance had lower serum lutein concentrations compared with those with private health insurance (P = 0·05), and living in a food desert was associated with lower serum concentrations of β-carotene (P = 0·02), after adjustment for confounders. Subjects with low/marginal food security had higher serum levels of lutein and β-cryptoxanthin compared with those with high food security (P = 0·004 and 0·02 for lutein and β-cryptoxanthin). Diet quality may be a public health concern in economically disadvantaged populations of industrialised societies leading to nutritional disadvantages as well.
Educational Philosophy: Historical Perspectives

Philosophical reflection upon education can be traced back to Plato's Meno and Republic; the work of many mainstream philosophers since has educational relevance, but specific reference to education has been sporadic. When noted philosophers have turned directly to education their work often has not been philosophical, but rather cultured reflection. The rise of philosophy of education as a distinct specialization is a product of the twentieth century, and most practitioners are located in colleges of education; while their work draws upon the main branches of philosophy, it also reflects the influence of major cultural and educational trends. The way the field is conceptualized also differs in the English-speaking world and in Europe, where philosophy is often seen as part of a distinctive mixed normative–descriptive discipline, pedagogics. Around the mid-twentieth century, the naive so-called ‘isms’ approach became popular, in which implications for education were deduced from broad philosophical positions such as realism. This declined as analytic philosophy of education (APE) became popular, and key work was done on the concept of education and related matters. Eventually the focus shifted from language of education to social and political issues, and neo-Marxism, postmodernism, and feminism took root.
Expressions and Emotions

Until recently, as has been argued in this book, the existence of organizations has been taken for granted, and the behavior that occurs within them has been thought to be dominated by rational, goal-directed, and instrumental behavior (it is work, after all, not play). Almost all of the models that researchers have constructed to explain organizational behavior accept this objectivist view. But the stories that researchers, as well as organizational actors, tell about their experiences in organizations consistently contradict these models. This chapter challenges these models and starts with the stories, everyday stories, that in most contexts would have been easy to ignore, but at Midwest, it was necessary to account for their presence and prevalence. I specifically use the phenomenon of stories and their relationship to meetings at Midwest to challenge the instrumental/expressive dichotomy that has been so influential in directing or thinking about organizations and communities.1
Declining Morale, Diminishing Autonomy, and Decreasing Value: Principal Reflections on a High-Stakes Teacher Evaluation System

Since the adoption of teacher evaluation systems that rely, at least in part, on controversial student achievement measures, little research has been conducted that focuses on stakeholders’ perceptions of systems in practice, specifically the perceptions of school principals. This study was conducted in a large urban school district to better understand principals’ perceptions of evaluating teachers based on professional and instructional practices as well as student achievement (i.e., value-added scores). Principals in this study strongly expressed concerns regarding: (a) the negative impact of the teacher evaluation system on district culture and morale; (b) their lack of autonomy in evaluating teachers and making staffing decisions; and (c) their perceived lack of value as professionals in the district. Examining the implications of teacher evaluation systems, per the experiences of principals as practitioners, is increasingly important if state and local policymakers as well as the general public are to better understand the intended and unintended consequences of these systems in practice.
Canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways define the expression domains of Frizzled 5/8 and Frizzled 1/2/7 along the early anterior-posterior axis in sea urchin embryos.

Abstract The spatiotemporal expression of Frizzled receptors is critical for patterning along the early anterior-posterior axis during embryonic development in many animal species. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate the expression of Frizzled receptors are incompletely understood in any species. In this study, I examine how the expression of two Frizzled receptors, Fzl1/2/7 and Fzl5/8, is controlled by the Wnt signaling network which directs specification and positioning of early regulatory states along the anterior-posterior (AP) axis of sea urchin embryos. I used a combination of morpholino- and dominant negative-mediated interference to knock down each Wnt signaling pathway involved in the AP Wnt signaling network. I found that the expression of zygotic fzl5/8 as well as that of the anterior neuroectoderm gene regulatory network (ANE GRN) is activated by an unknown broadly expressed regulatory state and that posterior Wnt/β-catenin signaling is necessary to down regulate fzl5/8's expression in posterior blastomeres. I show that zygotic expression of fzl1/2/7 in the equatorial ectodermal belt is dependent on an uncharacterized regulatory mechanism that works in the same cells receiving the TGF-β signals patterning this territory along the dorsal-ventral axis. In addition, my data indicate that Fzl1/2/7 signaling represses its own expression in a negative feedback mechanism. Finally, we discovered that a balance between the activities of posterior Wnt8 and anterior Dkk1 is necessary to establish the correct spatial expression of zygotic fzl12/7 expression in the equatorial ectodermal domain during blastula and gastrula stages. Together, these studies lead to a better understanding of the complex interactions among the three Wnt signaling pathway governing AP axis specification and patterning in sea urchin embryos.
Identification of training opportunities in medical education for academic faculty

AbstractIntroduction: Clinician-educators are responsible for providing education to trainees in medical centers. There is no clear overview of what opportunities exist for training clinician-educators in medical education related skills and techniques.Methods: We conducted a systematic review of multiple websites and a medical educator listserve to identify medical education training opportunities for clinician-educators. We included certificate level programs or programs with comparable recognition and excluded masters programs, programs specific to one medical specialty or institution, and brief modules/sessions. We categorized results by training/focus area(s) and program details relevant for faculty.Results: We identified 53 programs. Most focus on general medical education skills (N = 19, 36%), leadership (N = 18, 34%), or learner assessment (N = 16, 30%). Fourteen programs (26%) were exclusively online, 27 (56%) exclusively in-person, and 12 (23%) require in-person and distance components. Time req...
Further Investigations into the Regioselectivity of 6,7-Indole Aryne Cyclo­additions with 2-Substituted Furans: Remarkable Contrasteric Preference Depends­ on Pyrrole and Benzene Ring Substitution

A series of related 6,7-dibromoindole compounds were prepared to study the effects of pyrrole and benzene ring substitution patterns on the regioselectivity of 6,7-indole aryne cycloadditions with 2-tert-butylfuran. The arynes were generated by our metal–halogen exchange/elimination protocol. The results of this investigation reveal that substitution at the 3-position on the indole ring in particular results in remarkable regiocontrol that favored the contrasteric products. Aromatic conjugation at this site significantly enhanced this effect. However, the presence of most 4- or 5-substituents generally resulted in markedly reduced selectivity. Exceptions in this latter series included the 4-ethyl and 4-iodo cases both of which also gave predominantly contrasteric products even in the absence of a beneficial C-3 substituent.
CMPC® Certification as a Milestone, Not a Millstone: A Response to Scherzer and Reel

In this commentary, we respond to Scherzer and Reel’s (2018) concerns over the Certified Mental Performance Consultant® (CMPC®) certification program requirements, particularly the certification ex...
Whiskey webs: Microscale “fingerprints” of bourbon whiskey

The evaporation of a drop of American whiskey leaves a characteristic web-like pattern that isn't observed in Scotch whisky and other distillates.
Searching for Principle: Reconciling Tribal Membership and Liberal Values

Many Indigenous groups, including iwi (Māori tribal groups), determine membership based solely on descent. Descent-based membership criteria are seen as illiberal, even within a liberal multicultural framework that accommodates minority cultural groups. Current attempts to justify descent-based membership rely more on pragmatic than theoretical justifications. In the context of iwi, an empirical study of tikanga Māori (Indigenous law) demonstrates that descent-based membership criteria enhance Māori autonomy. Liberalism should recognize descent-based membership requirements as inherently liberal when they promote autonomy.
Virtual Synchronous Generator-Based Control of Voltage Source Converters for Weak AC Grids

Vector current control is the most commonly used approach for converters in renewable energy generation systems. Unfortunately, the conventional vector current control for the VSCs is unable to synchronize to the weak ac grid. This paper derives the impedance model of a vector controlled voltage source converter (VSC) enhanced with a virtual synchronous generator (VSG) loop for weak ac grid connections. The impedance modeling includes the dynamic models of the phase-locked loop (PLL), ac side filter, inner current loops, outer power loops, and the VSG loop. Eigen loci of the impedance is used to analyze the stability of the control under different grid strengths. In addition, sensitivity of PLL gains, virtual inertia gains, and dc-link capacitor value on overall system stability is evaluated using frequency-domain analysis.
E-120 Vecta 071 and 074 large bore aspiration catheter: initial multi-center experience

Background and objective New large bore aspiration catheters are being used as first line therapy for mechanical thrombectomy in patients with emergent large vessel occlusions. We present the largest combined experience with the new Stryker Neurovascular Vecta 071/074 aspiration catheters. Vecta 074 represents the largest available aspiration catheter in the U.S. We sought to assess the safety, efficacy, direct aspiration first pass success, need for rescue with stent retriever, and clinical improvement. Methods Multi-institution retrospective review of all Vecta aspiration catheter cases performed at 2 comprehensive stroke centers between January 1, 2019 and March 25, 2019 yielded 26 patients. Key metrics were recorded including pre-procedure ASPECTS score, presenting NIHSS score, last seen normal to groin access, groin access to first device deployment, time to recanalization, revascularization TICI grading, thrombectomy technique (successful direct aspiration, need for rescue stent retriever and number of passes), and outcomes (NIHSS at discharge, rate of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage sICH, and death prior to discharge). Results Eighteen 071 and six 074 Vecta aspiration catheters were used (figures.1/2). The average pre-procedure ASPECTS, NIHSS, and time from last seen normal were 8, 17.7, and 5.3 hours, respectively. Time from vascular access to first device delivery was 25.9 minutes. Direct aspiration was attempted as first line technique in all cases and was successful in 72% of cases. 28% of cases required use of a stent retriever to deliver the aspiration catheter (grappling hook technique-figure.3), or for rescue thrombectomy (direct aspiration unsuccessful or to target residual small, distal emboli). TICI 3 revascularization was achieved in 46%, TICI 2C in 23%, TICI 2B in 26%, and 5% with unsuccessful TICI 2A revascularization. The average NIHSS on discharge was 6.1 with two patients expiring prior to discharge (withdrawal of care in two patients with basilar artery occlusion). Complications included one intracranial/extradural non-flow limiting dissection and one sICH. Limitations included: Small sample size, retrospective review, variation in data collection due to differences in institutional records and short time to follow up. Conclusion Initial experience with the new Stryker Neurovascular Vecta 071/074 aspiration catheters suggests that high TICI 2C/3 reperfusion rates can safely be obtained using direct aspiration in a majority of cases. Stent retrievers can be reserved for cases where grappling hook technique is necessary to deliver the aspiration catheter to the clot or for rescue thrombectomy. Disclosures S. Satti: 2; C; Stryker Neurovascular, Medtronic Neurovascular, Penumbra Neurovascular, Cerenovus Neurovascular, Terumo. T. Sivapatham: 2; C; Penumbra Neurovascular. E. Almallouhi: None. T. Eden: None. A. Spiotta: 2; C; Minnetronix Neurovascular, Cerenovus Neurovascular, Penumbura Neurovascular.
Propensity score-matched analysis of 1-year outcomes of transcarotid revascularization with dynamic flow reversal, carotid endarterectomy, and transfemoral carotid artery stenting

Abstract Objective Initial studies showed no significant differences in perioperative stroke or death between transcarotid artery revascularization (TCAR) and carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and lower stroke/death rates after TCAR compared with transfemoral carotid artery stenting (TFCAS). This study focuses on the 1-year outcomes of ipsilateral stroke or death after TCAR, CEA, and TFCAS. Methods All patients undergoing TCAR, TFCAS, and CEA between September 2016 and December 2019 were identified in the Vascular Quality Initiative (VQI) database. The latest follow-up was September 3, 2020. One-to-one propensity score-matched analysis was performed for patients with available 1-year follow-up data for TCAR vs CEA and for TCAR vs TFCAS. Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were used to evaluate 1-year ipsilateral stroke or death after the three procedures. Results A total of 41,548 patients underwent CEA, 5725 patients underwent TCAR, and 6064 patients underwent TFCAS during the study period and had recorded 1-year outcomes. The cohorts were well-matched in terms of baseline demographics and comorbidities. Among 4180 TCAR vs CEA matched pairs of patients, there were no significant differences in 30-day stroke, death, and stroke/death. However, TCAR was associated with a lower risk of 30-day stroke/death/myocardial infarction (2.30% vs 3.25%; relative risk, 0.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55-0.91; P = .008), driven by a lower risk of myocardial infarction (0.55% vs 1.12%; hazard ratio [HR], 0.49; 95% CI, 0.30-0.81; P = .004). At 1 year, no significant difference was observed in the risk of ipsilateral stroke or death (6.49% vs 5.68%; HR, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.95-1.37; P = .157). Among 4036 matched pairs in the TCAR vs TFCAS group, TCAR was also associated with lower risk of perioperative stroke or death compared with TFCAS (1.83% vs 2.55%; HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.54-0.96; P = .027). At 1 year, the risks of ipsilateral stroke or death of TCAR and TFCAS were comparable (6.07% vs 7.07%; HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.71-1.01; P = .07). Symptomatic status did not modify the association in TCAR vs CEA. However, asymptomatic patients had favorable outcomes with TCAR vs TFCAS at 1 year (HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.62-0.98; P = .033). Conclusions In this propensity score-matched analysis, no significant differences in ipsilateral stroke/death-free survival were observed between TCAR and CEA or between TCAR and TFCAS. The advantages of TCAR compared with TFCAS seem to be mainly in the perioperative period, which makes it a suitable minimally invasive option for surgically high-risk patients with carotid artery stenosis. Larger studies, with longer follow-up and data on restenosis, are warranted to confirm the mid- and long-term benefits and durability of TCAR.