cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discrete element simulations of gravitational volcanic deformation: 2. Mechanical analysis

[1] Particle dynamics simulations of granular piles constructed upon planar substrates with different shear strengths model the gravitational deformation of natural volcanoes. Results reveal direct correlations among pile morphology, layer stratigraphy, deformation structures, and stress field, dependent upon the shear strength along the base of the pile. Piles constructed above a strong, cohesive substrate that prevents basal slip develop outward dipping layers through particle avalanching down angle of repose slopes. In the absence of basal cohesion, slip occurs along a basal decollement if the topographically induced shear stresses exceed the basal shear strength. For friction coefficients decreasing from 0.3 to 0.1, fault planes migrate progressively inward, defining a transition in deformation mode from shallow slumping to deep-seated landsliding and, finally, to full gravitational spreading. The variations in deformation mode reflect the dependence of internal fault geometry on basal strength in accordance with critical Coulomb wedge theory. In order for slip to occur both internal and basal failure criteria must be met simultaneously. Topographically induced shear stresses increase outward along the base of the pile, enabling decollement sliding once the basal failure criterion is met. Normal faults arise from the inside edge of the slipping decollement, accommodating downward and outward displacements of the flanks. Surface slopes evolve to maintain equilibrium between gravitational driving and basal resisting stresses. This simple mechanical understanding of gravitational deformation of granular piles provides insight into the controls on modes of volcanic deformation, providing a predictive tool for understanding volcanic evolution and hazards in many settings.
Response of bacteria and phytoplankton to contaminated sediments from Trenton Channel, Detroit River

Several types of bioassays were used in 1986 and 1987 to investigate the effect of contaminated sediments on natural populations of bacteria and phytoplankton from the Trenton Channel, Detroit River. The approach included the measurement of uptake of 3H-glucose or 3H-adenine by bacteria and 14C-bicarbonate by phytoplankton in the presence of different amounts of Trenton Channel and Lake Michigan (control) sediments. Trenton Channel sediments are contaminated by high levels of toxic organic compounds and metals, especially zinc, lead, and copper. Because levels of biomass of bacteria and phytoplankton varied widely among the different bioassays, it was necessary to adjust uptake rates for biomass. Biomass adjustments were made using acridine orange counts for bacteria and chlorophyll measurements for phytoplankton. The results show a statistically significant suppression of uptake of substrates for both bacteria and phytoplankton with increasing amounts of sediment. Uptake was suppressed as much as 90 percent for bacteria and 93 percent for phytoplankton at 1200 mg1-1 of Trenton Channel sediments compared to bioassays without sediment. Uncontaminated Lake Michigan sediment suppressed uptake much less than Detroit River sediment; the difference in suppression of uptake between the two types of sediment was statistically significant for both bacteria and phytoplankton.
The Use of Debt to Prevent Short-Term Managerial Exploitation

This paper emphasizes the versatility of debt by presenting a setting in which debt is used to assuage a manager. Our result is driven by the option-like feature of shareholder ownership in the presence of debt and the detrimental effect of diversification (reduced volatility) on option value. The diversification effect is introduced in our model when the shareholders use a “portfolio of managers” over the firm’s life. In contrast, retaining the existing manager is a riskier strategy. Debt makes this risky strategy desirable for the shareholders and, thus, serves to commit them to be more patient in firing decisions. Viewed broadly, the paper stresses the interaction between capital structure, information system design, and control systems
The euro versus the dollar: resolving a historical puzzle

Abstract Elsewhere in this volume, Kenen (2002) provides an excellent statistical overview of the continued dominance of the dollar as “the” international currency. Although the euro has been extremely successful in unifying financial markets within Europe since its introduction in January 1, 1999, it has not significantly displaced the dollar’s central role in the world’s foreign exchange markets as many had anticipated. This puzzle has a dual historical aspect. First, why under the postwar dollar standard did the evolution of a separate regional money in Europe eventually become necessary? Second, given the success of European Monetary Union (EMU) by 1999, why has the new euro done surprisingly little to displace the dollar’s role as international money outside of Europe? After considering Kenen’s evidence, I will try to explain both aspects of this puzzle.
Viscoelastic Stress/Strain Behavior of Pharmaceutical Tablets: Analysis during Unloading and Postcompression Periods

The processes of nonequilibrium generation and decay of axial and radial stresses within tablet compacts were analyzed in terms of three-dimensional linear viscoelastic theory. A rotary tablet press was instrumented to measure punch and die wall stresses during the compression and postcompression periods. Following compression, tablets were permitted to remain at the compression site within the die, and the die wall stress was followed. Microcrystalline cellulose, spray-processed lactose, and sulfacetamide are known to have different compression characteristics and were found to differ significantly in their viscoelastic parameters. Compacts assumed their final viscoelastic state prior to the time of punch separation. Theory permits separation of material behavior into dilation and distortion components. Dilation, thought to be dependent on voids, was elastic in all cases. Distortion effects could be described well by a Kelvin solid model. Results indicate that viscoelastic properties are functions of compression conditions and may be useful in adjusting compression conditions to avoid problems such as capping.
Is organelle DNA strictly maternally inherited? Power analysis of a binomial distribution

Although numerous exceptions are well known, organelle DNA is often exclusively or predominantly maternally inherited. In such cases, maternal inheritance is often documented by the study of progeny derived from crosses between parents with distinguishable organelle genotypes. These studies generally detect a single type of progeny, those containing organelles derived from only one of the parents; no progeny containing organelles derived either from the opposite parent or from both parents are found. However, in most cases the number of progeny examined is quite small. I present a simple binomial model of organelle inheritance to determine the power of such experiments to distinguish between the hypothesis of strict maternal inheritance and a more complex hypothesis involving the presence of both organelle types within a progeny array. Extremely large sample sizes of progeny are required to distinguish these two hypotheses with reasonable confidence when organelle transmission is not strictly maternal. As a result, studies involving simple progeny testing may be misleading. Larger samples, more complex breeding designs, or more sensitive molecular methods are required to document adequately strict maternal inheritance of organelles.
Close coupling calculation of alignment parameters in p + Mg(2p) collisions☆

Abstract A close coupling calculation based on expanding the wave functions in terms of atomic orbitals on the two collision centers is used to study the ionization and electron capture processes for p + Mg(2p) collisions. The alignment parameter of the resulting 2p hole is also calculated for the electron capture and the ionization processes. The results are compared with the experimental measurement and with the perturbation calculations.
Continuous hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion for desmoplastic small round cell tumor

Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is a rare disease of children, adolescents, and young adults that begins and spreads on the peritoneal surfaces. Desmoplastic small round cell tumor usually presents with diffuse abdominal metastatic disease similar in gross appearance to carcinomatosis. To date, very aggressive treatment programs have yielded dismal outcomes. Here we present 2 cases of DSRCT that were treated with aggressive surgical excision followed by intraoperative continuous hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion using cisplatin. These are the first pediatric case reports of DSRCT being treated with continuous hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion, a procedure usually used in treatment of adult carcinomatosis.
Flower Constellations for future space missions

This paper provides a rational description and the evolution of the Flower Constellations theory, from the original formulation to the 2D and 3D lattice theories and to the most recent necklace theory. The capability of these theories and their applications to classic space missions are highlighted by equations and figures as animations cannot be provided in a paper. Configurations, particularly suitable to specific space missions are given and some of configurations that may be proposed for future and/or futuristic space missions are also provided. To better understand Flower Constellations reading the papers in bibliography is indeed highly recommended.
Signaling by FGF4 and FGF8 is required for axial elongation of the mouse embryo.

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling has been shown to play critical roles in vertebrate segmentation and elongation of the embryonic axis. Neither the exact roles of FGF signaling, nor the identity of the FGF ligands involved in these processes, has been conclusively determined. Fgf8 is required for cell migration away from the primitive streak when gastrulation initiates, but previous studies have shown that drastically reducing the level of FGF8 later in gastrulation has no apparent effect on somitogenesis or elongation of the embryo. In this study, we demonstrate that loss of both Fgf8 and Fgf4 expression during late gastrulation resulted in a dramatic skeletal phenotype. Thoracic vertebrae and ribs had abnormal morphology, lumbar and sacral vertebrae were malformed or completely absent, and no tail vertebrae were present. The expression of Wnt3a in the tail and the amount of nascent mesoderm expressing Brachyury were both severely reduced. Expression of genes in the NOTCH signaling pathway involved in segmentation was significantly affected, and somite formation ceased after the production of about 15–20 somites. Defects seen in the mutants appear to result from a failure to produce sufficient paraxial mesoderm, rather than a failure of mesoderm precursors to migrate away from the primitive streak. Although the epiblast prematurely decreases in size, we did not detect evidence of a change in the proliferation rate of cells in the tail region or excessive apoptosis of epiblast or mesoderm cells. We propose that FGF4 and FGF8 are required to maintain a population of progenitor cells in the epiblast that generates mesoderm and contributes to the stem cell population that is incorporated in the tailbud and required for axial elongation of the mouse embryo after gastrulation.
Non-periodontal oral manifestations of diabetes: a framework for medical care providers

In Brief In addition to periodontitis and dental caries, other oral conditions commonly occur commonly in patients with diabetes. These include fungal infections, salivary gland dysfunction, neuropathy, and mucosal disorders. Many of these lesions can be easily examined and documented by non-dental providers.
Light composite supermultiplets

Abstract It is argued that in a wide class of massless strongly interacting supersymmetric gauge theories there exist confining phases with unbroken supersymmetry. We explain how to identify and interpret the light composite supermultiplet content of these phases.
Compressibility Moduli for Porous Materials Incorporating Volume Fraction

Traditional deformation parameters such as drained, unjacketed, and pseudo-bulk compressibilities are developed for a saturated porous medium, assuming they can be uniquely determined by measuring the liquid pressure, confining pressure, and changes in volume. Physically, however, the liquid volume fraction (porosity for a saturated porous medium) plays an important role, yet it is not directly measurable. In this paper the compressibilities are defined in terms of the experiments used to evaluate them and then mathematically related to the compressibilities of the liquid and solid phases and the volume fraction. The results can then be used to determine the effects of the volume fraction and compressibilities of each phase on the deformation properties of the porous medium. This theory is then shown to be a generalization of previous work, and comparisons are made with previously derived relationships of Zimmerman, Biot, and Gassmann.
High Spectral Resolution H2 Measurements of Herbig-Haro Objects 38, 46/47, and 120

We report high spectral resolution (R 20,000) measurements of the H2 1–0 S(1) line in Herbig-Haro objects 38, 46/47, and 120. The long-slit spectra reveal complex velocity structure with evidence for bow-shock structures, as well as prompt entrainment and shock heating of ambient molecular gas. Individual knots within HH 38 show distinct double-peaked velocity structure, consistent with that expected from spatially unresolved bow shocks. A portion of the HH 47A bow shock is resolved in our measurements, and the kinematics of the H2 trace closely that found for Hα emission. The evidence indicates that the preshock medium for HH 47A that formed in the wake of a previous ejection contains molecular clumps. The HH 46C jet A feature in the HH 46/47 counterflow is suggestive of a bow shock emerging from near the base of the flow, with H2 emission arising from ambient cloud material excited in the oblique flanks of the bow shock. HH 46F is situated downstream at the boundary between the ovoid cavity and the ambient cloud material, and represents either entrainment by a stellar wind that fills the cavity or entrainment in the far wing of a giant bow shock. For HH 120, the H2 velocity results also corroborate those found from atomic emission, and there is substantial evidence that the preshock medium is inhomogeneous, producing clumps of H2 emission on the wings of a bow shock that has an apex at HH 120A.
Temporal Control of Glial Cell Migration in the Drosophila Eye Requires gilgamesh, hedgehog, and Eye Specification Genes

Abstract In the Drosophila visual system, photoreceptor neurons (R cells) extend axons towards glial cells located at the posterior edge of the eye disc. In gilgamesh ( gish ) mutants, glial cells invade anterior regions of the eye disc prior to R cell differentiation and R cell axons extend anteriorly along these cells. gish encodes casein kinase Iγ. gish , sine oculis , eyeless , and hedgehog ( hh ) act in the posterior region of the eye disc to prevent precocious glial cell migration. Targeted expression of Hh in this region rescues the gish phenotype, though the glial cells do not require the canonical Hh signaling pathway to respond. We propose that the spatiotemporal control of glial cell migration plays a critical role in determining the directionality of R cell axon outgrowth.
Nature and History in Modern Italy

. Edited by Marco Armiero and Marcus Hall (Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2010), xvi + 295 pp. €30.00/£25.95 paper. This collection of essays by Italian scholars examines various aspects of Ita...
Effect of composition of experimental solutions on neuronal survival during rat brain slicing.

Brain slices are widely used for experimentation; however, preparing brain slices results in significant injury as a result of a combination of ischemia prior to slicing and trauma during slicing, both of which are inevitable using this technique. The degree of injury is greater when using the recently developed approach for preparing thin slices for patch-clamp recording (9), presumably due to the greater degree of trauma. In cultured neurons, the events leading to death after exposure to combined anoxia and hypoglycemia (4, 11, 12, 15), or resulting from dendrotomy (21), are thought to be initiated by sodium and calcium influx. We have examined whether manipulations designed to block sodium and calcium influx are neuroprotective during preparation of thin (100 μM brain slices, as a model of neuronal injury, as well as to help improve slice viability for electrophysiologic experimentation. Slices of the rat medulla were prepared using solutions with: (1) high osmolarity; (2) low calcium plus kynurenic acid; or (3) both. Slicing in Ringer resulted in immediate and marked neuronal swelling. After 4 h of incubation, there was nearly complete loss of neurons throughout the medulla. Preparation of slices using high osmolarity resulted in a marked decrease in the number of swollen neurons after slicing, but many neurons subsequently died over the next 2–3 h. Preparation of slices in zero calcium and kynurenic acid did not prevent swelling, but did result in a small increase in survival of neurons after 4 h. Preparation of slices in Ringer solution with a combination of high osmolarity, zero calcium, and kynurenic acid decreased both swelling and subsequent death, with survival of nearly as many neurons at 4 h as seen in brains perfused in situ with formalin. Similar results were obtained from the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. We hypothesize that the use of these solutions decreases neuronal damage by decreasing cytotoxic edema and calcium influx, suggesting that in this complex model of injury with a combination of trauma and ischemia, similar pathophysiologic mechanisms exist as during anoxic, hypoglycemic, and other forms of injury in cultured neurons.
Inter-electrode charge collection in high-purity germanium detectors with amorphous semiconductor contacts

Abstract High-purity germanium (HPGe) radiation detectors with segmented signal readout electrodes combine excellent energy resolution with fine spatial resolution, opening exciting possibilities in radiation imaging applications. Segmenting the electrodes provides the ability to determine the positions of radiation interactions in the detector, but it also brings potential challenges that can inhibit performance. A challenge unique to segmented electrode detectors is collection of charge carriers to the gap between adjacent electrodes rather than to the electrodes themselves, which gives a deficit in the summed energy. While amorphous semiconductor electrical contacts have enabled a simplified fabrication process capable of fine electrode segmentation, the amorphous semiconductor passivation layer between electrodes is prone to inter-electrode charge collection. This article presents a study of the impact of fabrication process parameters on the energy deficit due to inter-electrode charge collection for double-sided strip detectors. Eight double-sided strip HPGe detectors were fabricated with amorphous germanium (a-Ge) and amorphous silicon (a-Si) contacts formed by sputter deposition. Each detector was evaluated for inter-electrode charge collection performance, using as a metric the deficit in the summed signal of two adjacent electrodes. It is demonstrated that both a-Ge and a-Si contacts can be produced with nearly non-existent inter-electrode charge collection when the appropriate combination of sputter gas hydrogen content and gas pressure are selected.
Interfacial Roughening Induced by the Reaction of End-Functionalized Polymers at a PS/P2VP Interface: Quantitative Analysis by DSIMS

We acknowledge the support of the UCSB Materials Research Lab. (NSF-DMR-MRSEC Grant DMR00-80034). The skillful help of Dr. Tom Mates and Dr. Krystyna Brzezinska of this facility as well as useful discussions with Dr. Ryan Hayward and Dr. Seung-Heon Lee is greatly appreciated.
The Structure of the γ-Tubulin Small Complex: Implications of Its Architecture and Flexibility for Microtubule Nucleation

The gamma-tubulin small complex (gamma-TuSC) is an evolutionarily conserved heterotetramer essential for microtubule nucleation. We have determined the structure of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae gamma-TuSC at 25-A resolution by electron microscopy. gamma-TuSC is Y-shaped, with an elongated body connected to two arms. Gold labeling showed that the two gamma-tubulins are located in lobes at the ends of the arms, and the relative orientations of the other gamma-TuSC components were determined by in vivo FRET. The structures of different subpopulations of gamma-TuSC indicate flexibility in the connection between a mobile arm and the rest of the complex, resulting in variation of the relative positions and orientations of the gamma-tubulins. In all of the structures, the gamma-tubulins are distinctly separated, a configuration incompatible with the microtubule lattice. The separation of the gamma-tubulins in isolated gamma-TuSC likely plays a role in suppressing its intrinsic microtubule-nucleating activity, which is relatively weak until the gamma-TuSC is incorporated into higher order complexes or localized to microtubule-organizing centers. We propose that further movement of the mobile arm is required to bring the gamma-tubulins together in microtubule-like interactions, and provide a template for microtubule growth.
Response of turbulent boundary layers to multiple strain rates

Many practical applications, such as in blade cascades and turbomachinery, involve inhomogeneous turbulent shear flows subjected simultaneously to multiple strains. In principle, the applied strain can be combined to yield an effective strain. However, no simple stress–strain relation is capable of establishing turbulent stress or energy balance in the mean or on an instantaneous basis. In the current investigation, a turbulent boundary layer is examined in the presence of convex curvatures of different strengths combined with streamwise (favourable and adverse) pressure gradients, with various values of pressure gradient ratio, (∂ P /∂ s )/(∂ P /∂ n ). Measurements of the mean and turbulent parameters and flux Richardson number show appreciable changes, mainly in the outer portion of the boundary layer ( y + > 100). The turbulent burst frequency, particularly at the location of application of the additional strain rate, also changes relative to its value with wall curvature alone. Three primary observations from these experiments are as follows: (i) in all cases, the mean velocity profile and all of the measured Reynolds stresses collapse in the near-wall region using standard inner scaling; (ii) the applied strains combine nonlinearly, with one of the strains dominating the local flow during its development; (iii) the ratio of the radial to axial pressure gradient magnitude influences both classical turbulence correlations and mean flow, as well as the physical production cycle of turbulence; and (iv) application rate of newly introduced strain rates is at least as important as their magnitudes.
Temporal lobectomy in children with intractable seizures.

The use of temporal lobectomy for the treatment of intractable complex partial seizures of temporal lobe origin has a long and successful history. When appropriately applied in children, excellent seizure control and neurodevelopmental progress are expected. This article reviews patient selection, evaluating the surgical procedure and outcome for temporal lobectomy, specifically in the pediatric population.
MIDG-Emerging grid technologies for multi-site preclinical molecular imaging research communities

Purpose Molecular imaging is the visualization and identification of specific molecules in anatomy for insight into metabolic pathways, tissue consistency, and tracing of solute transport mechanisms. This paper presents the Molecular Imaging Data Grid (MIDG) which utilizes emerging grid technologies in preclinical molecular imaging to facilitate data sharing and discovery between preclinical molecular imaging facilities and their collaborating investigator institutions to expedite translational sciences research. Grid-enabled archiving, management, and distribution of animal-model imaging datasets help preclinical investigators to monitor, access and share their imaging data remotely, and promote preclinical imaging facilities to share published imaging datasets as resources for new investigators.
Parlange receives 2002 Robert E. Horton Medal

Jean-Yves Parlange was awarded the Robert E. Horton Medal at the AGU Spring Meeting Honors Ceremony, which was held on 29 May 2002, in Washington, D.C. The medal recognizes outstanding contributions to hydrology.
CAGD-based computer vision

The authors explore the connection between CAGD (computer-aided geometric design) and computer vision. A method for the automatic generation of recognition strategies based on the 3-D geometric properties of shape has been devised and implemented. It uses a novel technique to quantify the following properties of features which compose models used in computer vision: robustness, completeness, consistency, cost, and uniqueness. By utilizing this information, the automatic synthesis of a specialized recognition scheme, called a strategy tree, is accomplished. Strategy trees describe, in a systematic and robust manner, the search process used for recognition and localization of particular objects in the given scene. The consist of selected 3-D features which satisfy system constraints and corroborating evidence subtrees which are used in the formation of hypotheses. Verification techniques, used to substantiate or refute these hypotheses are explored. Experiments utilizing 3-D data are presented. >
Systemic limitations to Irish broadcast journalism

The continuing Irish tragedy is reflected strongly in the Republic of Ireland's broadcast news service, here described (based on first hand observation and interviews) by Dr. Orlik, a professor of broadcast and cinematic arts at Central Michigan University. Since the manuscript was edited, the Irish government has cracked down still further, having banned direct or secondary coverage of activities of members of the political wing of the IRA, as well as of three extremist Protestant groups in Northern Ireland. This research was supported by a University Achievement Award—and the cooperation of Louis McRedmond of RTE, Dublin.
Dimensionless numbers and the assembly rules for life histories

This paper reviews recent efforts to use certain dimensionless numbers (DLNs) to classify life histories in plants and animals. These DLNs summarize the relation between growth, mortality and maturation, and several groups of animals show interesting patterns with respect to their numeric values. Finally we focus on one DLN, the product of the age of maturity and the adult instantaneous mortality, to show how evolutionary life history theory may be used to predict the value of the DLN, which differs greatly between major groups of animals.
Comparing features of convenient estimators for binary choice models with endogenous regressors

Abstract We discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of four types of convenient estimators of binary choice models when regressors may be endogenous or mismeasured or when errors are likely to be heteroscedastic. For example, such models arise when treatment is not randomly assigned and outcomes are binary. The estimators we compare are the two-stage least squares linear probability model, maximum likelihood estimation, control function estimators, and special regressor methods. We specifically focus on models and associated estimators that are easy to implement. Also, for calculating choice probabilities and regressor marginal effects, we propose the average index function (AIF), which, unlike the average structural function (ASF), is always easy to estimate.
Parameters Affecting the Performance of a Residential-Scale Stationary Fuel Cell System

Researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have measured the performance of a residential fuel cell system when subjected to various environmental and load conditions. The system, which uses natural gas as its source fuel, is capable of generating electrical power at three nominal power levels (2.5 kW, 4.0 kW, and 5.0 kW) while providing thermal energy for user-supplied loads. Testing was conducted to determine the influence of ambient temperature, relative humidity, electrical load, and thermal load on system performance. Steady-state and transient tests were conducted. The steady-state tests were performed in accordance with the American Society of Mechanical Engineering (ASME) Fuel Cell Power Systems Performance Test Code (PTC-50) for fuel cell power systems. The results of the investigation are being used to develop a proposed rating procedure for residential fuel cell units.
Cultivation of Leishmania donovani and Leishmania braziliensis in defined media: nutritional requirements.

SYNOPSIS Nutritional requirements of promastigotes of Leishmania donovani and Leishmania braziliensis were studied in modifications of a simple defined culture medium. “Continuous growth,” considered as propagation through 10 successive passages, was supported by inorganic salts, 14 l-amino acids (arginine, cysteine, glutamine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine), glucose, adenosine, and a mixture of 11 vitamins and related growth factors. Purified defatted bovine serum albumin proved beneficial. The nutritional needs of the above species of Leishmania differ from those of 2 other hemoflagellate species, Leishmania tarentolae and Crithidia fasciculata, for which glucose, proline and glutamine were found to be nonessential. It is suggested that lower hemoflagellates may be capable of synthesizing these substrates de novo. Leishmania donovani and L. braziliensis required higher levels of folic acid than L. tarentolae, probably due to the fact that folates are involved as cofactors in the biosyntheses of pyrimidines and serine. Although the mixtures reported here cannot be regarded as “minimal essential” media, they are considerably less complex than the ones employed so far for cultivating hemoflagellates, and are therefore well suited for studies related to nutrition and biosynthetic capabilities of Trypanosomatids.
A separate role for ICAM-1 and fluid shear in regulating leukocyte interactions with straight regions of venular wall and venular convergences.

Objective: Variation in expression of adhesion molecules plays a key role in regulating leukocyte behavior, but the contribution of fluid shear to these interactions cannot be ignored. Here, we dissected the effects of each of these factors on leukocyte behavior in different venular regions.Materials andMethods: Leukocyte behavior was quantified in blood-perfused microvascular networks in anesthetized mouse cremaster muscle, using intravital confocal microscopy. ICAM-1 expression and fluid shear rate were quantified by using ICAM-1 fluorescent labeling, fluorescent particle tracking, and computational fluid dynamics.Results: Tumor necrosis factor alpha induced an increase in ICAM-1 expression and abolished the differences observed among control venules of different sizes. Consequently, leukocyte adhesion was increased to a similar level across all vessel sizes [5.1±0.46 leukocytes/100 µm vs. 2.1±0.47 (control)], but remained significantly higher in venular convergences (7.8±0.4). Leukocyte transmigration ...
The Relativity of Reality

The view that people are active participants in the construction of their own reality is the hallmark of constructivist approaches to psychological theory, which stands in contrast to purely empiricist approaches to psychology. Modern psychology, especially in America, has been dominated by empiricism. Both behaviorism (e.g., Hull, 1943; Skinner, 1974; Watson, 1925) and its chief competitor, information-processing psychology (e.g., Anderson & Bower, 1973; Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968; Newell & Simon, 1972) are tied to empiricist philosophy that holds that reality exists independently of the perceiver and that knowledge is acquired only through sensory experience. Weimer (1977) has described this common metatheoretical base of both behaviorism and information-processing psychology as a sensory metatheory of the mind.
A new generation of 90 Mb/s SATCOM systems: bandwidth efficient, field tested 16-QAM

A new generation of 16-QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) digital satellite broadcast equipment and satellite communications (SATCOM) systems that double the spectral efficiency of currently operational satellite links is described. It is demonstrated that with field-proven 16-QAM systems data transmission at a rate of 90 Mb/s is feasible in a transmission bandwidth of 30 MHz. Extensive operational satellite tests performed over the T-303 satellite of AT&T demonstrated virtually error-free performance, i.e. a BER >
Bioavailability and bioequivalence in drug development

Bioavailability is referred to as the extent and rate to which the active drug ingredient or active moiety from the drug product is absorbed and becomes available at the site of drug action. The relative bioavailability in terms of the rate and extent of drug absorption is considered predictive of clinical outcomes. In 1984, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was authorized to approve generic drug products under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act based on evidence of average bioequivalence in drug absorption through the conduct of bioavailability and bioequivalence studies. This article provides an overview (from an American point of view) of definition of bioavailability and bioequivalence, Fundamental Bioequivalence Assumption, regulatory requirements, and process for bioequivalence assessment of generic drug products. Basic considerations including criteria, study design, power analysis for sample size determination, and the conduct of bioequivalence trial, and statistical methods are provided. Practical issues such as one size-fits-all criterion, drug interchangeability and scaled average criteria for assessment of highly variable drug products are also discussed.
A compositional theory for STM Haskell

We address the problem of reasoning about Haskell programs that use Software Transactional Memory (STM). As a motivating example, we consider Haskell code for a concurrent non-deterministic tree rewriting algorithm implementing the operational semantics of the ambient calculus. The core of our theory is a uniform model, in the spirit of process calculi, of the run-time state of multi-threaded STM Haskell programs. The model was designed to simplify both local and compositional reasoning about STM programs. A single reduction relation captures both pure functional computations and also effectful computations in the STM and I/O monads. We state and prove liveness, soundness, completeness, safety, and termination properties relating source processes and their Haskell implementation. Our proof exploits various ideas from concurrency theory, such as the bisimulation technique, but in the setting of a widely used programming language rather than an abstract process calculus. Additionally, we develop an equational theory for reasoning about STM Haskell programs, and establish for the first time equations conjectured by the designers of STM Haskell. We conclude that using a pure functional language extended with STM facilitates reasoning about concurrent implementation code.
Restrictions On Pharmaceutical Detailing Reduced Off-Label Prescribing Of Antidepressants And Antipsychotics In Children

The treatment of pediatric depression is controversial because it includes substantial prescribing of drugs for uses that have not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (“off label”) and are not evidence based. Some academic medical centers (AMCs) restrict “detailing” by pharmaceutical sales representatives, or the promoting of drugs directly to physicians via sales calls, to reduce the effect of such marketing on physician prescribing. With data from thirty-one geographically diverse AMCs and their affiliated hospitals, we used a difference-in-differences model to estimate the effect of anti-detailing policies on off-label prescribing of antidepressants and antipsychotics by pediatricians and by child and adolescent psychiatrists in the period January 2006–June 2009. We found that after the introduction of such policies, prescriptions for off-label use of promoted drugs fell by 11 percent, consistent with the ongoing presence of off-label marketing to physicians. Prescriptions for on-label us...
Neisserial porins induce B lymphocytes to express costimulatory B7-2 molecules and to proliferate.

The neisserial porins are the major protein components of the outer membrane of the pathogenic Neisseria (N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae). They have been shown to be able to enhance the immune response to poorly immunogenic substances (e.g., polysaccharides, peptides, glycolipids, etc.). To explore the basis of their potent adjuvant activity, the effect of the neisserial porins on T-B cell interactions and T cell costimulation was examined. Neisserial porins increased the surface expression of the costimulatory ligand B7-2 (CD86) but did not affect the expression of B7-1 (CD80). In addition, incubation with the neisserial porins increased the T lymphocyte costimulatory ability of B lymphocytes, which was inhibited by anti-B7-2 but not anti-B7-1 monoclonal antibodies. Upregulation of B7-2 on the surface of B lymphocytes may be the mechanism behind the immunopotentiating activity of neisserial porins.
Identification of a gene that affects the efficiency of host cell infection by Legionella pneumophila in a temperature-dependent fashion.

The ability to infect host cells is critical for the survival and replication of intracellular pathogens in humans. We previously found that many genes involved in the ability of Legionella pneumophila to infect macrophages are not expressed efficiently under standard laboratory growth conditions. We have developed an approach using expression of L. pneumophila genes from an exogenous constitutive promoter on a low-copy-number vector that allows identification of genes involved in host cell infection. Through the use of this strategy, we found that expression of a gene, lvhB2, enhances the efficiency of L. pneumophila infection of mammalian cells. The putative protein encoded by lvhB2 has similarity to structural pilin subunits of type IV secretion systems. We confirmed that this gene plays a role in host cell infection by the construction of an in-frame deletion in the L. pneumophila lvhB2 gene and complementation of this mutant with the wild-type gene. The lvhB2 mutant does not display a very obvious defect in interactions with host cells when the bacteria are grown at 37°C, but it has an approximately 100-fold effect on entry and intracellular replication when grown at 30°C. These data suggest that lvhB2 plays an important role in the efficiency of host cell infection by L. pneumophila grown at lower temperatures.
The spike but not the hemagglutinin/esterase protein of bovine coronavirus is necessary and sufficient for viral infection.

The spike (S) and hemagglutinin/esterase (HE) of bovine coronavirus (BCV) are the two envelope proteins that recognize the same receptor-determinant of 9-O-acetylneuraminic acid on host cells. However, the precise and relative roles of the two proteins in BCV infectivity remain elusive. To unequivocally determine their roles in viral cytopathogenicity, we developed a system in which phenotypically chimeric viruses were generated by infecting a closely related mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) in cells that stably express an individual BCV protein (S or HE). The chimeric viruses were then used to infect human rectal tumor (HRT)-18 cells that are permissive to BCV but are nonsusceptible to MHV. Using this approach, we found that the chimeric virus containing the BCV S protein on the virion surface entered and replicated in HRT-18 cells; this was specifically blocked by prior treatment of the virus with a neutralizing antibody specific to the BCV S protein, indicating that the BCV S protein is responsible for initiating chimeric virus infection. In contrast, chimeric viruses that contain biologically active and functional BCV HE protein on the surface failed to enter HRT-18 cells, indicating that the BCV HE protein alone is not sufficient for BCV infection. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the S protein but not the HE protein of BCV is necessary and sufficient for infection of the chimeric viruses in HRT-18 cells, suggesting that BCV likely uses the S protein as a primary vehicle to infect permissive cells.
Critical Phenomena of the Disorder Driven Localization-Delocalization Transition

Metal-to-insulator transitions are generally linked to two phenomena: electron-electron correlations and disorder. Although real systems are usually responding to a mixture of both, they can be classified as undergoing a Mott-transition, if the former process dominates, or an Anderson-transition, if the latter dominates. High-T{sub c} superconductors, e.g., are a candidate for the first class. Materials in which disorder drives the metal-to-insulator transition include doped semiconductors and amorphous materials. After briefly reviewing the previous research on transport in disordered materials and the disorder-induced metal-to-insulator transition, a summary of the model and the methods used in subsequent chapters is given.
Guanylin and Uroguanylin: Intestinal Peptide Hormones That Regulate Epithelial Transport

Guanylin and uroguanylin are peptides that activate a membrane guanylate cyclase and control salt and water transport. Intestinal bacteria secrete toxins that mimic the actions of these peptides, causing a secretory form of diarrhea. Stimulation of guanylin/uroguanylin receptors in the kidney increases salt excretion. Thus guanylin and uroguanylin may regulate salt and water homeostasis.
Mononuclear cell content of human solid tumors

The mononuclear cell content and mononuclear cell function of human solid tumors were determined. Twenty-eight primary, and 17 metastatic solid tumors, including 6 lymph node metastases, were obtained from 45 patients. Cells were released from the tumors by mincing, scraping, and sieving. Analysis of the cellular content was determined by light microscopy, and tumor lymphocyte function was determined by stimulation of blastogenesis with PHA, PWM, Con-A, MLC, and SLO. A median of 3.3 X 10(7) tumor cells with 12.5% viability was obtained per gram of tumor, and a median of 7.8 X 10(6) lymphocytes with a viability of 96% and 0.35 X 10(6) macrophages with a viability of 85% was also obtained per gram of tumor. Significant lymphocyte responses to various mitogens and antigens were obtained in 31-40% of the tumor lymphocyte preparations. From 9.4% to 23% had vigorous responses with a stimulation index greater than 10. Primary tumors contained significantly more lymphocytes than metastatic tumors; thus, the percent lymphocytes in primary tumors was 13.5% compared to 5% for metastatic tumors. In contrast, some of the lymphocyte responses were significantly greater for metastatic tumors than primary tumors. These data suggest that the direct study of lymphocytes infiltrating primary and metastatic tumors may be a useful approach to understanding tumor immunity in man.
What Is Happening With Financial Market Volatility and Why

To put this in context, when we talk about risk, we are talking about events that could happen with some probability in the future. As we all know, there is an abundance of risks in our future. Some risks we try to avoid, and others we just accept. Finance is, in reality, the study of which risks we take, and how much we expect to be compensated for taking them. This is the framework that is at the heart of finance, and it is especially pertinent these days when we see the present turbulence in the financial markets.20
Saving Time under Pressure: Effectiveness of Standardizing Pediatric Resuscitation Carts

BACKGROUND: Resuscitation situations are high risk and high stress, and delays in care can have significant influences on outcomes. Standardization of care protocols and equipment is postulated to decrease some of the stress and risk. The objective of this study was to document increased efficiency in finding resuscitation equipment in a standardized resuscitation cart. METHODS: A new standardized resuscitation cart design was created, and a multimedia education program addressing the new design was launched. A goal was set to find required equipment in RESULTS: All pairwise comparisons showed significant decreases in mean acquisition time compared with baseline. One day after launch, the mean time to find items was reduced by 46%. Mean time to find requested items was below the goal of 15 seconds 12, 49, and 152 days after launch. This effect was lost by 351 days from launch. Regression analysis predicted the time to find items would exceed 15 seconds 287 days after launch. CONCLUSIONS: Standardizing the resuscitation cart design greatly reduced time to find items and was accomplished with reduced financial cost. Skill degradation did occur over time, and refresher training was required.
Changes in Glacial-Marine Sedimentation in Core HU77-159, Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island, N.W.T: A Record of Proximal, Distal, and Ice-Rafting Glacial-Marine Environments

Core HU77-159 from Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island, Canada records the sedimentologic and biologic conditions associated with three distinct glacial-marine sediment types that can be correlated to a 14C dated terrestrial glacial chronology. The chronology of events recorded at the core site is controlled by five 14C dates and by paleomagnetic studies. During the Hall glacial advance in Frobisher Bay at shortly before 10,760± yr B.P., proximal glacial-marine conditions are recorded in HU77-159. The proximal glacial-marine sediments consist of clay, rich in detrital carbonate and other clay-sized minerals, which suggest erosion of bedrock, a low rate of sand influx, but increased quartz grain angularity, and a characteristic low diversity Elphidium excavatum forma clavata foraminiferal assemblage. Distal glacial-marine sediments are found directly above and below the proximal sediments, and these record conditions prior to and after the Hall advance. Ice-distal glacialmarine sediments are typically silty clays, with moderate CaCO3 percentages, sand influx, and grain angularity. Bentnic foraminifera in ice-distal glacial-marine sediments, are more abundant and diverse than in the ice-proximal environment reflecting an improved environment. In the upper portion of HU77-159, ice-rafted glacial-marine sediments have been deposited since the removal of glacier ice from Frobisher Bay. Ice-rafted sediments are noticeably sandier than the lower units and contain maxima of sand influx and grain angularity. Benthic foraminifera in the ice-rafting environment are the most abundant and diverse assemblages in the last 12,000 yr. Marine sedimentological processes have been dominant in middle Frobisher Bay at depths of 500–600 m throughout the Holocene.
Building External Consensus: Alumni, Professional Organizations, and the Practicing Bar

In the plenary session, the speakers introduced the idea of reaching out to organizations and institutions outside the academy for assistance in reforming the curriculum. This breakout group session followed up on this idea by exploring the types of external entities that might be enlisted, the types of help these entities might provide, and techniques for seeking such assistance. The meeting took the form of a group brainstorming session, in which the participants shared techniques they have used and reacted to each other’s experiences and ideas.2