cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ataxia..Telangiectasia and Cellular Responses to DNA Damage

Abstract Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a human disease characterized by high cancer risk, immune defects, radiation sensitivity, and genetic instability. Although A-T homozygotes are rare, the A-T gene may play a role in sporadic breast cancer and other common cancers. Abnormalities of DNA repair, genetic recombination, chromatin structure, and cell cycle checkpoint control have been proposed as the underlying defect in A-T; however, previous models cannot satisfactorily explain the pleiotropic A-T phenotype. Two recent observations help clarify the molecular pathology of A-T: (a) inappropriate p53-mediated apoptosis is the major cause of death in A-T cells irradiated in culture; and (b) ATM, the putative gene for A-T, has extensive homology to several cell cycle checkpoint genes from other organisms. Building on these new observations, a comprehensive model is presented in which the ATM gene plays a crucial role in a signal transduction network that activates multiple cellular functions in response to DNA damage. In this Damage Surveillance Network model, there is no intrinsic defect in the machinery of DNA repair in A-T homozygotes, but their lack of a functional ATM gene results in an inability to: (a) halt at multiple cell cycle checkpoints in response to DNA damage; (b) activate damage-inducible DNA repair; and (c) prevent the triggering of programmed cell death by spontaneous and induced DNA damage. Absence of damage-sensitive cell cycle checkpoints and damage-induced repair disrupts immune gene rearrangements and leads to genetic instability and cancer. Triggering of apoptosis by otherwise nonlethal DNA damage is primarily responsible for the radiation sensitivity of A-T homozygotes and results in an ongoing loss of cells, leading to cerebellar ataxia and neurological deterioration, as well as thymic atrophy, lymphocytopenia, and a paucity of germ cells. Experimental evidence supporting the Damage Surveillance Network model is summarized, followed by a discussion of how defects in the ATM-dependent signal transduction network might account for the A-T phenotype and what insights this new understanding of A-T can offer regarding DNA damage response networks, genomic instability, and cancer.
Comparing designs for computer simulation experiments

The use of simulation as a modeling and analysis tool is wide spread. Simulation is an enabling tool for experimenting virtually on a validated computer environment. Often the underlying function for the results of a computer simulation experiment has too much curvature to be adequately modeled by a low order polynomial. In such cases finding an appropriate experimental design is not easy. This research uses prediction variance over the volume of the design region to evaluate computer simulation experiments assuming the modeler is interested in fitting a second order polynomial or a Gaussian process model to the response data. Both space-filling and optimal designs are considered.
A combinatorial approach to minimal peptide models of a metalloprotein active site.

Screening of a “one-bead-one-compound” peptide library containing biomimetic His/Cys ligands has led to the discovery of sequences that hydrolyze ester substrates in combination with Zn2+.
Budget-Based Self-Optimized Incentive Search in Unstructured P2P Networks

Distributed object search is the primary function of peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing system to locate and transfer the file. The predominant search schemes in unstructured P2P systems have their problems: flooding creates excessive traffic overhead and random walk prolongs search delay. Moreover, both use uniform time-to-live (TTL) control for all users, which makes them vulnerable to selfish user attacks, and results in the "free-riding" and "tragedy of the commons" problems. In this paper, we propose a budget-based self-optimized incentive search (BuSIS) protocol for unstructured P2P file sharing systems, which is robust to and restricts selfish user behaviors. Furthermore, our protocol lowers the search overhead while keeping high hit rate. BuSIS provides differentiated search service for selfish users and ties a user's contribution to its service level. We present the analytical models on expected search performance, associated search cost and the user satisfaction level. Extensive emulations have been conducted at large scale network scenarios to compare performance of BuSIS with flooding and random walk searches with and without selfish user behaviors. The experimental results show that BuSIS always has the lowest search overhead without sacrificing the hit rate. When serving selfish users, flooding and random walk performance degrade dramatically, while BuSIS gracefully keeps the hit rate only with 20% overhead of flooding and 25% of random walk.
Preventing Child Maltreatment and Crime with Prenatal and Infancy Support of Parents: The Nurse-Family Partnership.

Pregnancy and the early years of the child’s life offer an opportune time to prevent a host of adverse maternal and child outcomes that are important in their own right, but that also have significant implications for the development of criminal behaviour. This paper summarizes a 30-year programme of research that has attempted to improve the health and development of mothers and infants and their future life prospects with prenatal and infancy home visiting by nurses. The programme, known today as the Nurse-Family Partnership, is designed for low-income mothers who have had no previous live births. The home visiting nurses have three major goals: to improve the outcomes of pregnancy by helping women improve their prenatal health; to improve the child’s health and development by helping parents provide more sensitive and competent care of the child; and to improve parental life-course by helping parents plan future pregnancies, complete their educations, and find work. Given consistent effects on prenatal health behaviours, parental care of the child, child abuse and neglect, child health and development, maternal life-course, and criminal involvement of the mothers and children, the programme is now being offered for public investment throughout the United States, where careful attention is being given to ensuring that the programme is being conducted in accordance with the programme model tested in the randomized trials. The programme also is being adapted, developed, and tested in five countries outside of the US: the Netherlands, Germany, England, Australia, and Canada, where programmatic adjustments are being made to accommodate different populations served and health and human service contexts. We believe it is important to test this programme in randomized controlled trials in these new settings before it is offered for public investment.
Quantitative analyses of antagonism: combinations of midazolam and either flunitrazepam or pregnanolone in rhesus monkeys discriminating midazolam.

Adverse effects of benzodiazepines limit their clinical use; these effects might be reduced without altering therapeutic effects by administering other positive GABAA modulators (i.e., neuroactive steroids) with benzodiazepines. One concern with this strategy involves reversing these combined effects in case of overdose. The current study examined whether flumazenil can attenuate the combined effects of two benzodiazepines, midazolam and flunitrazepam, and the combined effects of midazolam and the neuroactive steroid pregnanolone, in four monkeys discriminating midazolam. Each positive modulator produced ≥80% midazolam-lever responding. Interactions between midazolam and either flunitrazepam or pregnanolone were additive. Flumazenil antagonized the benzodiazepines when they were administered alone or in combination. Schild analyses yielded slopes that did not deviate from unity, regardless of whether benzodiazepines were administered alone or together; the pA2 value for flumazenil was 7.58. In contrast, flumazenil enhanced the effects of pregnanolone with 0.32 mg/kg flumazenil shifting the pregnanolone dose-effect curve 2-fold leftward. Flumazenil attenuated the combined effects of midazolam and pregnanolone, although antagonism was not dose-dependent. Thus, the interaction between two benzodiazepines was similar to that of a benzodiazepine and a neuroactive steroid; however, flumazenil more efficiently attenuated a combination of two benzodiazepines compared with a combination of a benzodiazepine and a neuroactive steroid. Although the magnitude of antagonism of a benzodiazepine combined with a neuroactive steroid was reduced, these results support continued exploration of the use of combinations of positive modulators to enhance therapeutic effects while reducing adverse effects.
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence-Based Methods for Building Energy Systems

An overview of commonly used methodologies based on the artificial intelligence approach is provided with a special emphasis on neural networks, fuzzy logic, and genetic algorithms. A description of selected applications to building energy systems of AI approaches is outlined. In particular, methods using the artificial intelligence approach for the following applications are discussed: Prediction energy use for one building or a set of buildings (served by one utility), Modeling of building envelope heat transfer Controlling central plants in buildings, and Fault detection and diagnostics for building energy systems.
Physical Therapy for Neonates with Respiratory Dysfunction

Chest physical therapy for neonates with pulmonary dysfunction is a growing specialty of physical therapy practice. The purpose of this article is to provide physical therapists current information regarding chest physical therapy for the newborn infant. The neonatal diagnoses for which chest physical therapy is useful or has good rationale are discussed. Common complications are reviewed that affect physical therapy and medical treatment for infants with respiratory diseases and prematurity. Specific indications, contraindications, and precautions for physical therapy techniques are listed. Chest physical therapy evaluation and treatment are described and rationale for the application of various techniques is provided. Literature is reviewed dealing with the effects of chest physical therapy on neonates with pulmonary dysfunction. The strengths and weaknesses of each reviewed study are analyzed and suggestions for direction of future research for physical therapists are provided.
A formula for frequency responses of distributed systems with one spatial variable

We develop a method for the exact determination of frequency responses for a class of infinite dimensional systems. In particular, we consider distributed systems in which a spatial independent variable belongs to a finite interval, and in which the inputs and outputs are spatially distributed over the same interval. We show that an explicit formula for the Hilbert–Schmidt norm of the operator-valued frequency response can be obtained whenever the underlying operators are represented by a forced two point boundary value state-space realizations (TPBVSR). This formula involves finite dimensional computations with matrices whose dimension is at most four times larger than the order of the underlying differential operator. Two examples are provided to illustrate the procedure. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Immigration, Global Poverty and the Right to Stay

This article questions the use of immigration as a tool to counter global poverty. It argues that poor people have a human right to stay in their home state, which entitles them to receive development assistance without the necessity of migrating abroad. The article thus rejects a popular view in the philosophical literature on immigration which holds that rich states are free to choose between assisting poor people in their home states and admitting them as immigrants when fulfilling duties to assist the global poor. Since the human right to stay is entailed by values that feature prominently in the philosophical debate on immigration, the article further contends that participants in that debate have particular reason to reject the popular ‘choice view’ and endorse the alternative position presented in the article.
Effects of large nongrazable particles on clearance and swimming behaviour of zooplankton

Abstract Latex beads (diameter 45 μm) were used to mimic pelagic particle composition dominated by large nongrazable particles and to examine their effect on clearance and swimming behaviour of a tintinnid, Favella ehrenbergii , a rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis , a gastropod veliger, Philine aperta , and copepodites of the neritic copepod Acartia tonsa . Clearance was measured as a function of bead concentration and compared with swimming patterns and grazing behaviour. The ciliates and the rotifers were not sensitive to mechanical obstruction by the polystyrene beads. The gastropod veligers and the copepodites, however, change swimming behaviour by increasing and jumping frequencies accompanied by a significant reduction in clearance. These observations imply nthat laboratory grazing rates may overestimate in situ grazing activity if larger, noningestible particles are present in the water coloumn.
Microfluidic systems for single DNA dynamics.

Recent advances in microfluidics have enabled the molecular-level study of polymer dynamics using single DNA chains. Single polymer studies based on fluorescence microscopy allow for the direct observation of non-equilibrium polymer conformations and dynamical phenomena such as diffusion, relaxation, and molecular stretching pathways in flow. Microfluidic devices have enabled the precise control of model flow fields to study the non-equilibrium dynamics of soft materials, with device geometries including curved channels, cross slots, and microfabricated obstacles and structures. This review explores recent microfluidic systems that have advanced the study of single polymer dynamics, while identifying new directions in the field that will further elucidate the relationship between polymer microstructure and bulk rheological properties.
Cognitive responses, attitudes, and product involvement of female consumers to traditional and non-traditional models in beauty advertising

This study investigates how female consumers cognitively respond to traditional and non-traditional models in beauty product advertisements, and why they have the attitudes they do toward those ads. Twelve participants were individually shown Dove beauty products endorsed by nontraditional and traditional female models. Using identification theory and schema theory as the framework, they were asked a variety of questions about their attitude toward beauty product advertisements in general, their buying behavior, their brand loyalty, the influence of the model on their awareness of the product and purchasing decision, and what they like and dislike about beauty product advertisements. The results showed that regardless of age, race, education level, or other demographic variables, women felt traditional models in beauty product advertisements were unrealistic; that is, their skin was often flawless, their bodies “unattainable,” and their hair and makeup perfect. Many said advertisements were hard to ignore, and continued to serve as a reminder that their own bodies, skin, and hair were nowhere near the standard depicted. Their reactions were very positive, however, to ads that featured what may be considered as non-traditional models. Many could relate to the body types, ages, and diversity featured in ads that constitute the Dove Campaign for Real Beauty. Such advertisements influenced buying behavior more and elicited more attention than advertisements featuring traditional-looking models. Most also said they identify with nontraditional models much better than traditional models.
Temperature and salinity variability in heterogeneous oceanic convection

Abstract In regions of active oceanic convection, such as the Labrador Sea, small- and mesoscale spatial variability is observed in the temperature and salinity fields (T and S). Often T and S structures are “density-compensated,” with the density contribution of the S anomaly nearly equal and opposite to the contribution from the T anomaly;this is manifest as variability in the “spice” field, τ = αT + βS, where α and −β are the local expansion coefficients for T and S. Here the mechanisms for generating T and S variability by convection around a preexisting mesoscale eddy, with particular attention to τ variability, are investigated. The authors perform several numerical experiments with identical density stratification, mesoscale circulation, and surface buoyancy forcing, but with different combinations of T and S in the stratification and surface flux. In all cases with both T and S variations present, it is found that spice variability exceeds that of density. In particular, there are substantial heat...
Ethnographers of the WorldUnited? Current Debates on the Ethnographic Study of Globalization

How does ethnography come to terms with our current global condition? Being a method characterized by its in-depth knowledge of a bounded space, how does ethnography cope with a world scale? How does the global condition affect the definitions of key ethnographic concepts? In this article, I first reconstruct ethnographic debates regarding the status of the global, showing how ethnography can contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the binary global/local. Then I review two projects that study global processes from an ethnographic point of view: multi-site ethnography (Marcus 1995) and global ethnography (Burawoy et al. 2000). I compare these two approaches along four dimensions: site, context, research design and reflexivity. I argue that while multi-site ethnography and global ethnography are often used interchangeably, each ultimately presents distinctive answers to key questions for the ethnographic study of global processes.
A Historian Looks Back: The Calculus as Algebra, the Calculus as Geometry: Lagrange, Maclaurin, and Their Legacy

Prelude: The Ways Mathematicians Think Given a regular hexagon and a point in its plane: draw a straight line through the given point that divides the given hexagon into two parts of equal area. Please stop for a few moments, solve the problem, and think about the way you solved it. Did you draw an actual diagram? Did you draw a mental diagram? Were you able to solve the problem without drawing one at all? If you had a diagram, do you find it hard to understand how others could proceed without one? Were you motivated at all by analytic considerations? If you were not, do you understand how others were? Did you use kinematic ideas, such as imagining the line to be moving or rotating about a point? If not, can you understand how others might have? In solving the problem for the hexagon, were you consciously motivated by the analogy to the circle? Now that the analogy has been mentioned, do you think you were unconsciously so motivated? If not, do you understand how others were? Did you have any other method not already mentioned? (For instance, some people, often chemists, say they thought of folding the plane.) Finally, did you try to prove your solution? Did you nevertheless “know” that you were right? The diversity of problem-solving approaches and of levels of conviction, even for a simple problem like this one, makes clear that there are many kinds of successful mathematical thinking.
Sedentary Behavior and Health Outcomes in Children and Adolescents

The purpose of this review was to summarize findings from epidemiological studies that determined if sedentary behavior was associated with obesity, metabolic risk factors, and cardiorespiratory fi...
Space OSPF : An Area Hierarchic Routing Protocol for Routers in Motion

[Abstract] The research presents a routing protocol for exchange of routing information among vastly spread routers in space which may also be in continuous motion. We call it Space OSPF. The proposed protocol uses trajectories of spacecrafts and supports calculation of approximated optimum path routing tables ahead of time or on-demand withstanding topological changes due to continuous motion. Since the trajectories of spacecrafts are either predictable (e.g., satellite constellation orbiting a planet), preset (e.g., Space Station), or set on demand (e.g., a space shuttle), the suggested routing protocol enables routers on board those spacecrafts to calculates the time intervals where spacecrafts are in direct view with each other and expected delay. Additionally, this protocol divides the routing domain (e.g., our solar system) into hierarchical routing areas. The hierarchical area provides necessary localization to efficiently and orderly distribute routing information throughout the vast space routing domain. The proposed protocol is suitable for building a space communication infrastructure and provides support for intermittent pathways. The paper presents the principal elements of this protocol along with its stability analysis.
Effect of Oak Chips on Aging of Chinese Rice Wine

In this study, the effect of oak chips on the aging of Chinese rice wine was investigated. Oak chips were added to the samples manufactured in 2012 at various ratios(0, 3, 6 and 9 g/L). Four months later, volatile flavors and free amino acids were detected. Meanwhile, sensory evaluation was conducted to analyze the quality of Chinese rice wine. The results showed that comparing with control(without added oak chips), the number and contents of higher alcohols in the samples treated with oak chips had a significant decline, the number of aldehydes increased significantly whereas the contents of aldehydes reduced, and the number and contents of esters also present a significant increase(P 0.05). These changes illustrate that oak chips could promote the generation of aldehydes from alcohols, acetals from alcohols and aldehydes, esters from alcohols and acids, acids from aldehydes, thus accelerating the aging of Chinese rice wine. In addition, the contents of phenylalanine, threonine, arginine, histidine, tyrosine and valine in samples treated with oak chips decreased significantly, suggesting that this method could improve the aging of Chinese rice. In the present study, 6 g/L was the optimal ratio for improving the aging of Chinese rice wine after four months of storage.
An Analysis of the Effectiveness of Labor Contracts on Migrants' Income

This paper studies the effect of the Labor Contract Law on the income of migrants.We use a game theoretical model to show that labor contracts can increase migrants' income,and under certain conditions enterprises can also benefit from the improvement of productivity,causing a "win-win" situation.Statistics show that workers who have labor contracts earn 347.19 yuan per month or 2.16 yuan per hour more than those without contracts.But we notice that workers with contracts also have higher qualities.We use the method dealing with treatment effects to deal with the problem,and find labor contracts still increase migrants' income by 14.0%—14.9% for their monthly income and 18.2%—21.5% for their hourly income.
The Space of Planar Soap Bubble Clusters

We provide some basic results on the space of planar clusters of \(n\) bubbles of fixed topology and show that such a space of clusters with positive second variation is an \(n\)-dimensional manifold.
The isolation of Δ22-stigmasten-3β-ol from Dictyostelium discoideum

Abstract A sterol with biological activity has been isolated from the slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum. It has been identified as Δ22-stigmasten-3β-ol, and found to represent 0.3% of the dry weight of the slime mold.
Corazón de Dixie: Mexicanos in the U.S. South since 1910. By Julie M. Weise

Corazon de Dixie: Mexicanos in the U.S. South since 1910 . David J. Weber Series in the New Borderlands History. By Julie M. Weise. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015. xiii + 344 pp. Illustrations, maps, tables, appendix, notes, bibliography, index. $32.50, paper.) While ethnic Mexicans appear as relative newcomers in current political and historical descriptions of the American South, Julie M. Weise’s sweeping examination of Mexican people in the region forces readers to rethink their ideas of Southern history, labor history, and the history of race in America. Mexican people appear everywhere in the South but, more importantly in Weise’s treatment, not as a monolithic, homogenous community. Rather a diverse set of experiences unified by their connections to the Mexican state, changing labor and racial structures and the need to build community … raramos{at}uh.edu
Multi-Camera Face Recognition by Reliability-Based Selection

Automatic face recognition has a lot of application areas and current single-camera face recognition has severe limitations when the subject is not cooperative, or there are pose changes and different illumination conditions. A face recognition system using multiple cameras overcomes these limitations. In each channel, real-time component-based face detection detects the face with moderate pose and illumination changes employing fusion of individual component detectors for eyes and mouth, and the normalized face is recognized using an LDA recognizer. A reliability measure is trained using the features extracted from both face detection and recognition processes, to evaluate the inherent quality of channel recognition. The recognition from the most reliable channel is selected as the final recognition results. The recognition rate is far better than that of either single channel, and consistently better than common classifier fusion rules
Intrakranielle Vitamin-K-Mangel-Blutung trotz oraler Vitamin-K-Gabe bei einem Säugling

Wir berichten uber den Fall eines 6 Wochen alten Sauglings, der, trotz erfolgter oraler Vitamin-K-Prophylaxe und ansonsten normaler Entwicklung, eine schwere intrazerebrale und subdurale Blutung mit Indikation zur operativen Entlastung erlitt. Das in der westlichen Welt seltene Krankheitsbild der durch Vitamin-K-Mangel bedingten intrakraniellen Blutung wird erstmals in der anasthesiologischen Literatur dargestellt; die Therapie und das interdisziplinare Vorgehen werden beschrieben. Auf ubliche Empfehlungen zur Prophylaxe sowie spezielle Risikofaktoren wird eingegangen.
Computations for nanofluid flow near a stretchable rotating disk with axial magnetic field and convective conditions

Abstract In this paper, the classical Von Karman problem of infinite disk is extended when an electrically conducting nanofluid fills the space above the rotating disk which also stretches uniformly in the radial direction. Buongiorno model is considered in order to incorporate the novel Brownian motion and thermophoresis effects. Heat transport mechanism is modeled through more practically feasible convective conditions while Neumann type condition for nanoparticle concentration is adopted. Modified Von Karman transformations are utilized to obtain self-similar differential system which is treated through a numerical method. Stretching phenomenon yields an additional parameter c which compares the stretch rate with the swirl rate. The effect of parameter c is to reduce the temperature and nanoparticle concentration profiles. Torque required to main steady rotation of the disk increases for increasing values of c while an improvement in cooling rate is anticipated in case of radial stretching, which is important in engineering processes. Brownian diffusion does not influence the heat flux from the stretching wall. Moreover, the wall heat flux has the maximum value for the situation in which thermoporetic force is absent.
Monetary Search, Proportional Transaction Costs, and the Currency Equivalent Index

Determining the correct monetary aggregate to use is (or at least should be) an important consideration when taking any monetary model to the data. In this paper I present a basic monetary search model with two assets, currency and bonds. I assume that in order for assets to be used in trade, they require some verification that the asset is authentic. Some fraction of the assets are destroyed in the verification process. This suggests that when both assets circulate in equilibrium, the appropriate monetary aggregate is a linearly homogeneous function with the weights of each asset determined by its degree of liquidity. When one normalizes the degree of liquidity of currency to 1, this implies that the appropriate monetary aggregate is the Currency Equivalent Index proposed by Rotemberg, Driscoll, and Poterba (1995). One advantage of this result is that researchers can construct a monetary aggregate that is exactly applicable to the model. Finally, I show that it is only permissible to use simple sum monetary aggregates when all assets offer the same liquidity properties or the central bank conducts policy according to the Friedman Rule.
Brine, englacial structure and basal properties near the terminus of McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica

We collected ~1300 km of ground-penetrating radar profiles over McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica, using frequencies between 40 and 400 MHz to determine extent, continuity and depth to the brine. We also used profiles to determine meteoric ice thickness and locate englacial features, which may suggest ice shelf instability. The brine extends 9–13 km inland from the ice shelf terminus and covers the entire region between Ross, White and Black Islands. Jump unconformities and basal fractures exist in the brine and ice shelf, respectively, suggesting prior fracturing and re-suturing. One 100 MHz profile, the most distal from the ice shelf edge while still being situated over the brine, simultaneously imaged the brine and bottom of meteoric ice. This suggests a negative brine salinity gradient moving away from the terminus. The meteoric ice bottom was also imaged in a few select locations through blue ice in the ablation zone near Black Island. We suggest that brine, sediment-rich ice and poor antenna coupling on rough ice attenuates the signal in this area. When combined with other recent mass-balance and structural glaciology studies of MIS, our results could contribute to one of the most high-resolution physical models of an ice shelf in Antarctica.
The Effect of Medicaid on Management of Depression: Evidence From the Oregon Health Insurance Experiment.

Policy Points: We take advantage of Oregon's Medicaid lottery to gauge the causal effects of Medicaid coverage on mental health care, how effectively it addresses unmet needs, and how those effects differ for those with and without a history of depression. Medicaid coverage reduced the prevalence of undiagnosed depression by almost 50% and untreated depression by more than 60%. It increased use of medications and reduced the share of respondents reporting unmet mental health care needs by almost 40%. There are likely to be substantial mental health consequences of policy decisions about Medicaid coverage for vulnerable populations. Context Expanding Medicaid to previously uninsured adults has been shown to increase detection and reduce the prevalence of depression, but the ways that Medicaid affects mental health care, how effectively it addresses unmet needs, and how those effects differ for those with and without a history of depression remain unclear. Methods We take advantage of Oregon's Medicaid lottery to gauge the causal effects of Medicaid coverage using a randomized-controlled design, drawing on both primary and administrative data sources. Findings Medicaid coverage reduced the prevalence of undiagnosed depression by almost 50% and untreated depression by more than 60%. It increased use of medications frequently prescribed to treat depression and related mental health conditions and reduced the share of respondents reporting unmet mental health care needs by almost 40%. The share of respondents screening positive for depression dropped by 9.2 percentage points overall, and by 13.1 for those with preexisting depression diagnoses, with greatest relief in symptoms seen primarily in feeling down or hopeless, feeling tired, and trouble sleeping—consistent with the increase observed not just in medications targeting depression but also in those targeting sleep. Conclusions Medicaid coverage had significant effects on the diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of a population with substantial unmet mental health needs. Coverage increased access to care, reduced the prevalence of untreated and undiagnosed depression, and substantially improved the symptoms of depression. There are likely to be substantial mental health consequences of policy decisions about Medicaid coverage for vulnerable populations.
Differences in rates of switchbacks after switching from branded to authorized generic and branded to generic drug products: cohort study

Abstract Objectives To compare rates of switchbacks to branded drug products for patients switched from branded to authorized generic drug products, which have the same active ingredients, appearance, and excipients as the branded product, with patients switched from branded to generic drug products, which have the same active ingredients as the branded product but may differ in appearance and excipients. Design Observational cohort study. Setting Private (a large commercial health plan) and public (Medicaid) insurance programs in the US. Participants Beneficiaries of a large US commercial health insurer between 2004 and 2013 (primary cohort) and Medicaid beneficiaries between 2000 and 2010 (replication cohort). Main outcome measures Patients taking branded products for one of the study drugs (alendronate tablets, amlodipine tablets, amlodipine-benazepril capsules, calcitonin salmon nasal spray, escitalopram tablets, glipizide extended release tablets, quinapril tablets, and sertraline tablets) were identified when they switched to an authorized generic or a generic drug product after the date of market entry of generic drug products. These patients were followed for switchbacks to the branded drug product in the year after their switch to an authorized generic or a generic drug product. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals after adjusting for demographics, including age, sex, and calendar year. Inverse variance meta-analysis was used to pool adjusted hazard ratios across all drug products. Results A total of 94 909 patients switched from branded to authorized generic drug products and 116 017 patients switched from branded to generic drug products and contributed to the switchback analysis. Unadjusted incidence rates of switchback varied across drug products, ranging from a low of 3.8 per 100 person years (for alendronate tablets) to a high of 17.8 per 100 person years (for amlodipine-benazepril capsules), with an overall rate of 8.2 per 100 person years across all drug products. Adjusted switchback rates were consistently lower for patients who switched from branded to authorized generic drug products compared with branded to generic drug products in the primary cohort (pooled hazard ratio 0.72, 95% confidence interval 0.64 to 0.81). Similar results (0.75, 0.62 to 0.91) were observed in the replication cohort. Conclusion Switching from branded to authorized generic drug products was associated with lower switchback rates compared with switching from branded to generic drug products.
Efficient verification for stochastic mixed monotone systems

We present an efficient computational procedure to perform model checking on discrete-time, mixed monotone stochastic systems subject to an affine random disturbance. Specifically, we exploit the structure of such systems in order to efficiently compute a finite-state Interval-valued Markov Chain (IMC) that over-approximates the system's behavior. To that end, we first make the assumption that the disturbance is unimodal, symmetric, and independent on each coordinate of the domain. Next, given a rectangular partition of the state-space, we compute bounds on the probability of transition between all the states in the partition. The ease of computing the one-step reachable set of rectangular states under mixed monotone dynamics renders the computation of these transition bounds highly efficient. We furthermore investigate a method for over-approximating the IMC of mixed monotone systems when the disturbance is only approximately unimodal symmetric, and we discuss state-space refinement heuristics. Lastly, we present two verification case studies.
Quantitative study of uncontrolled transients on ABR congestion control

The ABR service category of ATM architecture is a best effort service which aims to provide rapid access to unused network bandwidth at up to the link rate whenever the network bandwidth is available. As a result, the transfer characteristics provided by the network may change subsequent to connection establishment, and a congestion control mechanism is required. The ATM Forum has specified a congestion control infrastructure from where congestion control mechanisms like EFCI, EPRCA, ERICA and others have been proposed. The analysis of the underlaying infrastructure shows that, for the present switch and end-system behavior definitions, situations can arise when sources are allowed to transmit without control by the implemented congestion control mechanism. This study presents a quantitative analysis of the expected effects.
A Stopping Criterion for a Dynamic Competing Risks Model

We consider the development of a competing risks system following a two-stage stopping rule. This stopping procedure takes into account a desired probability of successfully completing an assigned task. Upon termination, the asymptotic properties of the estimator of the system reliability, as well as the stopping time variable, are examined. Moreover, the asymptotic risk associated with the two-stage procedure is presented. This risk is anchored on a loss function that considers losses incurred in not attaining the desired reliability and that of excessive testing.
Triage and Ethics

When disasters or catastrophic events occur, health care personnel must have an emergency preparedness plan in place and be able to move through disaster triage at hospitals to other venues. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Computational Analysis of Displacement Forces Acting on Endografts Used to Treat Aortic Aneurysms

Endovascular repair has greatly reduced the perioperative morbidity and mortality of abdominal aortic aneurysm repair compared to open surgery (Zarins et al., J. Vasc. Surg 38(6): 1264–1272, 2003). However, endovascular stent-grafts are exposed to a number of clinical complications, such as endograft migration (i.e., loss of positional stability), stent fractures and endoleaks (i.e., persistence of blood flow into the aneurysm sac after device placement). These complications may result in life-threatening and costly events such as aneurysm growth, rupture, need for secondary procedures, and life-long follow-up with imaging studies. Understanding the biomechanical environment experienced by endografts in vivo is a critical factor in improving their performance (Figueroa et al., J. Endovasc. Ther 16(3):350–358, 2009; 284–294, 2009). The loads experienced by aortic endografts are greatly dependent on the tortuosity and size of the endograft, as well as on the hemodynamic state of the patient. The fixation response of the endograft is determined by factors such as the fixation mechanism (radial pressure vs. hooks and barbs), amount of “landing zone” (i.e., area where the endograft can physically attach to the aorta), and the disease state of the vessel wall at the landing zone. The purpose of this study is to review the most common complications associated with endovascular repair of abdominal and thoracic aneurysms, and to provide a summary of the state of the art of the computational tools used to perform patient-specific modeling of endograft dynamics.
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Determinants of Trauma Symptomatology among Children in the U.S. Child Welfare System Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence

Past research links childhood exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), with preliminary evidence that white children may be more traumatized by IPV exposure than African American children. Despite this, few studies have explored the moderating effect of race/ethnicity on children’s IPV exposure and subsequent trauma symptoms. Using a diverse sample of children in the U.S. child welfare system (n = 713) with high prevalence of IPV exposure, this study employs subpopulation analysis with multivariate regression to explore whether race/ethnicity moderates the relationship between IPV exposure and trauma symptoms, and whether differential predictors of trauma exist for white, African American, and Hispanic children exposed to IPV. Race/ethnicity moderates the relationship between childhood exposure to IPV and trauma, with Hispanic children exhibiting fewer trauma symptoms than white children as IPV exposure becomes more frequent. Differential predictors of trauma also emerged by child race/ethnicity. Caregiver’s depression predicted white and African American children’s trauma, while neighborhood quality predicted Hispanic children’s trauma. This study suggests that race/ethnicity correlates with different risk factors for child welfare-supervised children and, as such, should be considered when designing and implementing interventions for this population.
Lack of Benefit and Potential Harm of Induction Therapy in Simultaneous Liver-Kidney Transplants

The number of simultaneous liver-kidney transplantations (SLKTs) and use of induction therapy for SLKT have increased recently, without much published evidence, especially in the context of maintenance immunosuppression containing tacrolimus (TAC) and mycophenolic acid (MPA). We queried the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network registry for SLKT recipients maintained on TAC/MPA at discharge in the United States for 2002-2016. The cohort was divided into 3 groups on the basis of induction type: rabbit antithymocyte globulin (r-ATG; n = 831), interleukin 2 receptor antagonist (IL2RA; n = 1558), and no induction (n = 2333). Primary outcomes were posttransplant all-cause mortality and acute rejection rates in kidney and liver allografts at 12 months. Survival rates were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method. A propensity score analysis was used to control potential selection bias. Multivariate inverse probability weighted Cox proportional hazard and logistic regression models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and odds ratios. Among SLKT recipients, survival estimates at 3 years were lower for recipients receiving r-ATG (P = 0.05). Compared with no induction, the multivariate analyses showed an increased mortality risk with r-ATG (HR, 1.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10-1.52; P = 0.002) and no difference in acute liver or kidney rejection rates at 12 months across all induction categories. No difference in outcomes was noted with IL2RA induction over the no induction category. In conclusion, there appears to be no survival benefit nor reduction in rejection rates for SLKT recipients who receive induction therapy, and r-ATG appears to increase mortality risk compared with no induction.
The IXth CSSI international symposium on heat shock proteins in biology and medicine: stress responses in health and disease : Alexandria Old Town, Alexandria, Virginia, November 10-13, 2018.

The stress response has been studied now for over 50 years and is known to have significance in the survival of organisms in a challenging environment and in the healthy development of all known descendants of the last common universal ancestor (LUCA). This meeting was concentrated mostly on the responses of cells and organisms to environmental and cell stress including the impact of thermal stress, which was a major theme throughout this meeting. One emphasis was on the deployment of the heat shock response that permits damage to proteins to be detected and responded to by the abundant synthesis of heat shock proteins (HSPs). Speakers and presenters of posters responded to the questions of how are the HSPs rapidly induced by stressors? By which mechanisms are they are regulated in the cell by protein-protein interactions or posttranslational modification? And, what are the consequences when these abundantly expressed proteins escape the confines of the cell and influence the extracellular microenvironment? Key among the questions was how does stress influence longevity and aging and what happens in terms of disease control (malignant, neurodegenerative) when stress responses become compromised? In this context, many presenters addressed the question of pharmacologically modifying the heat shock response and HSP functions and thus improving responses to a range of disease types.
Parental views on state cannabis laws and marijuana use for their medically vulnerable children.

Abstract Background Given a rapidly changing policy landscape, we sought to characterize the effects of state marijuana laws on parents’ views of marijuana use by their teenage children. Methods Data are from 595 respondents to a nationally administered, web-based survey of parents of adolescents (ages 13–18 years) with any of three chronic conditions (type 1 diabetes, rheumatic disease, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder). Multivariate ordinal logistic regression was used to model the effects of parents’ reports of state cannabis laws on their views toward marijuana use by their child. Results While 89.9% said any marijuana use was risky for their child, 27.9% would approve of its use if prescribed as medicine. Parents reporting marijuana decriminalization (11.1%) were more amenable to teenage use, less concerned about how marijuana might impact their child’s condition, more accepting of the safety of marijuana as medicine, and approved its use with a prescription. Parents reporting legal medical (35.6%) or recreational (5.7%) use were more likely to report that their child has tried or used marijuana regularly. Parents reporting legal recreational use were less likely to agree that marijuana has medical benefits for their child. Conclusions Among parents of medically vulnerable children, perceiving state marijuana policies as more permissive is strongly associated with lower perceived riskiness of marijuana use for their children. State marijuana policies are changing with implications for how parents of medically vulnerable youth view and potentially govern marijuana use by their medically vulnerable children.
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH AND CLINICAL HYPERTENSION AND DIABETES PREVALENCE ON CHICAGO'S SOUTH SIDE

Social determinants of health (SDOH) critically impact healthcare access and outcomes. However, few studies have examined spatial relationships between SDOH and disease prevalence at neighborhood scales. In this study, we merged electronic health record (EHR) data from a major Chicago hospital