cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Family Channel: Migrant Remittances and Government Finance

This paper argues that migrant remittances can ease government access to capital, generate tax revenue through household consumption, and ultimately allow governments to expand their size. The paper offers three empirical tests. First, using data for 76 developing countries from 1980 to 2007, I find that remittance inflows are associated with greater total government expenditures, whereas other forms of economic integration - especially trade - reflect the conventional view of the constraining influence of global markets. I then explore the possible causal mechanisms behind these results. In the second analysis, I find that remittances are associated with greater tax revenue due to the link between remittances, household consumption, and consumption taxes. These results are robust to using an instrumental variable approach based on exogenous variation in the wealth of migrant host countries. The third test explores the determinants of sovereign borrowing costs in emerging markets and finds that remittances are associated with lower sovereign spreads. The results suggest that private household financial flows can provide financial resources and ease access to credit to governments in developing countries.
Inhibition of vesicular stomatitis virus RNA synthesis by protein hyperphosphorylation.

Abstract Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) RNA synthesis requires the template nucleocapsid, the polymerase (L) protein, and the cofactor phosphorylated (P/NS) protein. To determine whether the degree of phosphorylation regulated VSV RNA synthesis, infected Chinese hamster ovary cells were treated with okadaic acid (OKA), a serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitor. OKA reduced viral penetration and uncoating but had little or no effect on primary transcription or viral protein synthesis. However, approximately 80% of total viral RNA synthesis was inhibited when 2 microM or more OKA was added to infected cells after viral uncoating had taken place. Analysis of proteins and RNA species in infected cells labeled with 32P showed that OKA led to hyperphosphorylation of two viral phosphoproteins, the P/NS protein and matrix protein (M), resulting in inhibition of full-length RNA synthesis and subsequent secondary transcription. Pulse-chase experiments demonstrated that the hyperphosphorylated P/NS species was converted rapidly from the less phosphorylated form. Hyperphosphorylated P/NS as well as the less phosphorylated form, but not M, were found to be associated with nucleocapsids isolated from cytoplasmic extracts. These results suggest that phosphorylation played an important role in the regulation between viral transcription and viral RNA replication as well as the turning off of RNA replication. Thus, phosphatase inhibitors promise to be a valuable tool for dissecting the regulatory mechanisms involving phosphorylated viral proteins.
Can there be confluence? A comparative consideration of Western and Islamic fresh water law

The authors examine and analyze comparatively the bases, nature, and workings of international Western and Islamic fresh water law and attempt to answer such questions as whether the two legal systems, one secular the other religious, can be sufficiently harmonized or integrated to enable effective, basin-wide management of such waterways as the Indus and the Nile Rivers where the two systems of law co-exist? Does Islamic law (sharia) have a direct, practical role to play in the management of international water basins in today's world? If precedence is given to the hydro-political dimensions of transnational river basin issues, is there an effective role for law in the processes of international river management? What are the implications of the fact that Muslim nations where Islamic law prevails are members of the UN and have signed UN conventions and treaties? The authors attempt to provide answers to these and other questions and to offer at least one way in which the two systems of law could possibly be made to work compatibly over fresh water issues.
Africa's Freedom Railway: How a Chinese Development Project Changed Lives and Livelihoods in Tanzania

Acknowledgments1. IntroductionPart 1. Freedom Railway2. Railway Visions 3. Building the People's Railway 4. Living along the RailwayPart 2. Ordinary Train5. The Ordinary Train 6. Landscape Visions 7. ConclusionAppendix 1. Eight Principles Governing China's Economic and Technical Aid to Other Countries Appendix 2. Parcel Shipments to and from Selected Rail Stations Appendix 3. Land Cover Change, Kilombero Valley Study AreaNotes Bibliography Index
Contour Dynamics: A Boundary Integral Evolutionary Method for Inviscid Incompressible Flows

The method of contour dynamics, a generalization of the water- bag model, is ideally suited to study the evolution of incompressible and nondissipative fluids in two dimensions. For example, the method is applicable to the Euler equations, in homogeneous and stratified media and the equations for a “deformable” dielectric (or an ionospheric plasma cloud). In essence the “sources” of motion are singular points and/or piecewise-constant regions of “density” whose boundaries are advected with the local flow velocity. This velocity is derived from a stream-function that is obtained by solving an elliptic equation. In all cases to date the inviscid flows are n area-preserving mappings of the regions.
What you don't know can hurt you: adverse psychologic effects in members of BRCA1-linked and BRCA2-linked families who decline genetic testing.

PURPOSETo identify members of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer families who are at risk for adverse psychologic effects of genetic testing.PATIENTS AND METHODSA prospective cohort study with baseline (preeducation) assessments of predictor variables (ie, sociodemographic factors, cancer history, and cancer-related stress symptoms) was performed. The primary outcome variable (presence of depressive symptoms) was assessed at baseline and at 1- and 6-month follow-up evaluations. Participants were 327 adult male and female members of BRCA1- and BRCA2-linked hereditary breast and ovarian cancer families, who were identified as carriers, noncarriers, or decliners of genetic testing.RESULTSThe presence of cancer-related stress symptoms at baseline was strongly predictive of the onset of depressive symptoms in family members who were invited but declined testing. Among persons who reported high baseline levels of stress, depression rates in decliners increased from 26% at baseline to 47% at 1-month follow-up;...
Preferences for Promotion Programs

The stud’s primary objective was to obtain information about Japanese consumer’s attitudes towards various promotion programs. This information will enable promotion planners to make more objectived ecisions regarding the allocation of promotion dollars.
Antibiotic effects on bacterial profile in osteonecrosis of the jaw.

Oral Diseases (2011) 18, 85–95 Objective: Oral infection is considered to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ), and antibiotic therapy has become a mainstay of BRONJ therapy. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of antibiotics on bacterial diversity in BRONJ tissues. Materials and methods: The bacterial profile from soft tissues associated with the BRONJ lesion was determined using 16S rRNA-based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing. Twenty BRONJ subjects classified as stage 0–2 were enrolled in this study, and patient groups were divided into an antibiotic cohort (n = 10) treated with systemic antibiotic and a non-antibiotic cohort (n = 10) with no prior antibiotic therapy. Results: The DGGE fingerprints indicated no significant differences in bacterial diversity of BRONJ tissue samples. Patients on antibiotics had higher relative abundance of phylum Firmicutes with bacterial species, Streptococcus intermedius, Lactobacillus gasseri, Mogibacterium timidum, and Solobacterium moorei, whereas patients without antibiotics had greater amounts of Parvimonas micra and Streptococcus anginosus. Thirty percent of bacterial populations were uncultured (yet-to be cultured) phylotypes. Conclusion: This study using limited sample size indicated that oral antibiotic therapy may have a limited efficacy on the bacterial population associated with BRONJ lesions.
American Society of Hematology 55th Annual Meeting and Exposition (December 7-13, 2013 - New Orleans, Louisiana, USA)

The 55th American Society of Hematology (ASH) Annual Meeting and Exposition took place in New Orleans, Louisiana, and attracted more than 20,000 hematology experts from the healthcare, pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries and academia. The conference offered a diverse range of clinical research sessions, along with poster sessions that covered all aspects of hematology from disease pathogenesis, genomics and potential targets for blood disorders, to novel therapeutics and treatment outcomes of recently developed drugs. The meeting also provided a platform for networking, allowing attendees from various clinical backgrounds to discuss and share opinions and ideas related to hematology.
Coexistence of streaming and packetized data throughout the protocol stack

The Internet is the most widely deployed network. Still, there are several legacy services of massive popularity, like cable TV, carried over proprietary networks and may need to undergo modifications for future migration into the Internet. Instead of converting the applications' transmission formats, this paper discusses the alternative of having several networks coexisting in the Internet to share the deployed infrastructure. This network would require the support a larger number of protocols and standards at almost every layer of the protocol stack, including the network layer. This is called Symbiotic Protocol (SP) network in this paper. This paper discusses some of the design challenges associated with network management and node architecture of an SP network and presents some preliminary performance results in term of throughput and transmission efficiency of SP nodes.
Anxiolytic and anxiogenic benzodiazepines and β-carbolines : effects on aggressive and social behavior in rats and squirrel monkeys

Ethopharmacological studies on the behavior of socially housed rats and squirrel monkeys were conducted to explore the role of the benzodiazepine GABAA-coupled ionophore receptor complex in aggressive and social interactions. Benzodiazepine receptor (BZR) antagonists, ZK 93426 (1–10 mg/kg) and flumazenil (3–10 mg/kg), the partial agonist, ZK 91296 (1–10 mg/kg) and the partial inverse agonists RO 15-4513 (0.3–10 mg/kg), were administered to (1) squirrel monkeys prior to 1 h focal observations within established social groups or to (2) resident male rats before confrontations with a naive male intruder in their home cage for 5 min. Aggression was modified in a similar manner in both species, although squirrel monkeys were more sensitive to BZR challenges. Specifically, resident male rats showed dose dependent reductions in attack bites directed at intruder males that were significant at the highest dose of ZK 93426 (10 mg/kg). In squirrel monkeys, ZK 93426 (3 and 10 mg/kg) reduced aggressive grasps, threats and displays, as well as reducing the duration of being the target of aggression from untreated group members (1–10 mg/kg). The BZR partial agonist, ZK 91296 and the antagonist, flumazenil produced few effects on social behavior, low and high intensity aggression and motor activity in both species. Flumazenil (10–30 mg/kg) and ZK 91296 (10 mg/kg), but not ZK 93426, produced significant increases in foraging and feeding behaviors in squirrel monkeys. The hyperphagic effects of ZK 91296 and flumazenil, that are typical of BZR agonists compounds, were not observed in rats. Similarly, the inverse agonist-like reductions in social interactions produced by ZK 93426 (3–10 mg/kg) were observed only in squirrel monkeys. The partial inverse agonist Ro 15-4513 reduced aggression in rats, but low doses (1 mg/kg) produced tremors or seizures in 80% of the monkeys tested. Decreases in aggressive and social behaviors are often interpreted to reflect “anxiogenic” drug properties, whereas increased feeding has been associated with “anxiolytic” actions. The concurrent emergence of these apparent opposites suggests independent actions on social and alimentary functions.
Shrimp or bananas

Abstract This case discusses a serious environmental problem in Ecuador: the death of shrimp cultivated in the Bay of Guayaquil from fungicides used in the banana industry. The problem is notable because, unlike many instances of environmental degradation, the adverse effects appear immediately, not at some distant time in the future. Also, the effects are concentrated on an important industry in the private sector, instead of a marginal cost to a disperse “public.” Thus, this case challenges the notion sometimes common in poor countries that environmental degradation is of secondary importance. Conventional economic thinking is that pollution is an instance of market failure, the market failing to assign the cost of pollution in the production function. Economists conclude that the solution is government intervention. By such measures as taxation, the government can ensure that producers assume the full cost of their activities. There is no surprise that rapid economic growth results in instances of market failure. What happens, though, when governments are unable to fulfill their responsibility to correct externalities? In Ecuador political fragmentation stymies the ability of government to fulfill even the minimal tasks assigned to it by neoclassical economics. The unchecked killing of shrimp by fungicides used by banana growers thus represents market and state failure. In the absence of economic incentives to abstain from using fungicides, and the absence of the political power to prohibit the use of the fungicides, it is not clear that the shrimp industry in Ecuador will survive. Yet more is at stake than someone's business: shrimp exports are the country's third most important source of foreign exchange and an important source of employment. Despite the absence of much hope, the prospect of total ruin compels shrimp farmers to think systematically how, with the resources they command, they can prod the state into protecting their livelihood. In the political battle for survival, shrimp farmers confront the importance of information and the ways in which uncertainty is used against them. Shrimp farmers are convinced that their cause is just, but ironically they are denied the likely support of a potential ally—international ecology organizations—because shrimp farmers themselves are judged to harm the environment through their destruction of mangroves. The dominant mentality in Latin America, especially in the private sector, is that government is only a hindrance, and the more its activities are curtailed, the better. Ecuador's beleaguered shrimp industry, though, makes a powerful argument that a modern economy needs a strong, capable state. The accumulated evidence of the post-World War II epoch demonstrates that the state is not an efficient producer of goods. But the need for the state to regulate economic activity is more pronounced than ever.
Aldose Reductase Catalysis and Crystallography: Insights From Recent Advances in Enzyme Structure and Function

Enhanced metabolism of glucose via the polyol pathway may play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy. Aldose reductase catalyzes the NADPH-dependent conversion of glucose to sorbitol, the first step in the polyol pathway. Interruption of the polyol pathway by inhibition of aldose reductase holds considerable promise as a therapeutic measure to prevent or delay the onset and severity of these late complications of diabetes. Dramatic advances in our understanding of the molecular biology, enzymology, and three-dimensional structure of aldose reductase have occurred in recent years, providing new and challenging insights into the enzyme's catalytic mechanism. Recent developments in structure determination of aldose reductase and the implications for evaluation and development of aldose reductase inhibitors are summarized.
The Political Economy of Oil, Autos, and the Urban Environment in Venezuela:

When Venezuela's economy, dependent on oil exports by the state-owned transnational corporation, produces a large surplus which the government uses to invest in urban infrastructure, especially hig...
Does organismal pedigree impact the magnitude of topological congruence among gene trees for unlinked loci

One of the fundamental assumptions in the multi-locus approach to phylogeographic studies is that unlinked loci have independent genealogies. For this reason, congruence among gene trees from unlinked loci is normally interpreted as support for the existence of external forces that may have concordantly shaped the topology of multiple gene trees. However, it is also important to address and quantify the possibility that gene trees within a given species are all inherently constrained to some degree by their shared organismal pedigree, and thus in this strict sense are not entirely independent. Here we demonstrate by computer simulations that gene trees from a shared pedigree tend to display higher topological concordance than do gene trees from independent pedigrees with the same demographic parameters, but we also show that these constraining effects are normally minor in comparison to the much higher degree of topological concordance that can routinely emerge from external phylogeographic shaping forces. The topology-constraining effect of a shared pedigree decreases as effective population size increases, and becomes almost negligible in a random mating population of more than 1,000 individuals. Moreover, statistical detection of the pedigree effect requires a relatively large number of unlinked loci that far exceed what is typically used in current phylogeographic studies. Thus, with the possible exception of extremely small populations, multiple unlinked genes within a pedigree can indeed be assumed, for most practical purposes, to have independent genealogical histories.
Photogrammetric calibration for improved three-dimensional particle-tracking velocimetry (3D PTV)

Abstract Photogrammetry, the measurement of three-dimensional object coordinates from stereo photographicimages, is an essential element of 3-D PTV. Ray tracing is the method that has been used traditionally,however it requires accurate knowledge of image distance, camera locations relative to the object field, andthe size, shape, and refractive index of intervening elements such as apparatus windows. These parametersneed not be known if one uses an optical transform and in situ photogrammetric calibration. The useof this technique significantly reduces the computational time required for 3-D PTV and increases theaccuracy of the measured velocity fields.This technique has been integrated with two others we have recently developed: one is 2-D particletracking using the concept of "path coherence", and the other is stereo matching based on 2-D "particletracks" rather than the particles themselves. In combination, these techniques make 3-D PTV a powerfuland effective tool for advanced research in fluid dynamics and for product development where fluid motionplays a major role in the success of the design, e.g. piston engines.
Test of Visual-Motor Integration: Construct Validity in a Comparison with the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration:

The 1996 Test of Visual-Motor Integration manual states that an adjusted correlation of .95 was obtained between this test and the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration for 49 children with an average age of 9 years and that the adjusted .95 suggests equivalency of the tests. In the present study, for 103 children whose average age was 9 years, there was a correlation of .33 between the tests. Scores on the Beery-Buktenica test correlated more strongly than the Test of Visual-Motor Integration with both chronological age and academic achievement. Standard scorers for the latter test were high compared to those of the Beery-Buktenica test and the Comprehensive Test of Basic Skills. Interscorer agreement was significantly lower, and more time was required to score the protocols. This study indicates that the 1996 version is not a substitute for the Beery-Buktenica test.
Media vision - Experience isn't only screen deep

n the last few years we’ve heard a lot of buzz about designing systems that have sexy, immersive, or friendly interfaces. Many Web designers talk about the user experience with the system. In fact, in the e-commerce space, designers worry a lot about making sure that a user’s experience is good by providing a powerful multimedia environment with friendly navigation tools. Tools and techniques are now available to use touch, sound, graphics, and video effectively to appeal to the human senses.
Calculation of the effect of polymer additive in a converging flow

The conical-channel flow of a dilute polymer solution is investigated theoretically. The stress field due to polymer additive is calculated using a new molecular model, based on the physical picture of the polymer molecules unravelling in strong flows and Batchelor's theory for the stress in a suspension of elongated particles. Good agreement is obtained with the experimental results of James & Saringer (1980). The absence of a significant polymer effect in a two-dimensional case (the wedge-channel flow), observed by the same authors (James & Saringer 1982 a ), is also explained. The fundamental differences between the proposed model and the elastic-dumbbell models are discussed.
More Than Just Chemistry: The Impact of a Collaborative Participant Structure on Student Perceptions of Science

Researchers have theorized that integrating authentic science activities into classrooms will help students learn how working scientists collaboratively construct knowledge, but few empirical studies have examined students’ experiences with these types of activities. Utilizing data from a comparative, mixed-methods study, we considered how integrating a complex, collaborative participant structure into a secondary school chemistry curriculum shapes students’ perceptions of what constitutes “science.” We found that the implementation of this participant structure expanded student perceptions of chemistry learning beyond the typical focus on science content knowledge to include the acquisition of collaboration skills. This support for the collaborative construction of knowledge, in addition to the appropriation of scientific content, establishes the conditions for what science educators and scientists say they want: students who can work together to solve science problems. Radical shifts towards such collaborative participant structures are necessary if we are to modify student perceptions of science and science classrooms in ways that are aligned with recent calls for science education reform.
Stimulation of glucose utilization and glycosaminoglycans production by fibroblasts derived from retrobulbar tissue.

Abstract Cultures of fibroblasts derived from human retrobulbar tissue responded to the presence of living lymphocytes with increased release of glycosaminoglycans to the media and accelerated glucose utilization. At times the fibroblast proliferation rate was enhanced by the lymphocytes, but the metabolic changes were out of proportion to the changes in fibroblast number. Normal ranges of responses in glycosaminoglycan production and glucose utilization by the cultures were defined for the addition of lymphocytes, at two dose levels, from 19 normal subjects. Unpurified leukocytes were more potent stimulators of these cultures than were lymphocytes, but the latter were obtained in almost pure form and clearly contained the stimulating properties under investigation. Erythrocytes and platelets were devoid of activity in this system. Freeze-thawed lymphocytes contained activity, but this was found only after 24 hr of preincubation and quantitatively was much less predictable than that in the living lymphocytes. Hyaluronic acid comprised nearly all, if not all, the media glycosaminoglycans in both stimulated and nonstimulated cultures. No metachromasia was detected in the fibroblasts after they were stained with toluidine blue-0, which suggests that the stimulating mechanism(s) did not augment the intracellular glycosaminoglycans of the cultures.
Segmentation of anatomical structures in x-ray computed tomography images using artificial neural networks

Hierarchies of artificial neural networks(ANN's) were trained to segment regularly-shaped and constantly-located anatomical structures in x-ray computed tomography (CT) images. These neural networks learned to associate a point in an image with the anatomical structure containing the point using the image pixel intensity values located in a pattern around the point. The single layer ANN and the bilayer and multi-layer hierarchies of neural networks were developed and evaluated. The hierarchical Artificial Neural Networks(HANN's) consisted of a high-level ANN that identified large-scale anatomical structures (e.g., the head or chest), whose result was passed to a group of neural networks that identified smaller structures (e.g., the brain, sinus, soft tissue, skull, bone, or lung) within the large-scale structures. The ANN's were trained to segment and classify images based on different numbers of training images, numbers of sampling points per image, pixel intensity sampling patterns, hidden layer configuration. The experimental results indicate that multi-layer hierarchy of ANN's trained with data collected from multiple image series accurately classified anatomical structures in unknown chest and head CT images.
Comparison of antibodies and enzymes specific for β-d-glucosides

Abstract Rabbit antisera to β- d -glucosylphenylazo-bovine serum albumin were obtained and were absorbed with bovine serum albumin to remove to remove the anti-protein antibodies. The specificity of the antibody combining region was determined by hapten-inhibition experiments. The dimensions of this combining site encompass the glucosylphenylazoaryl moiety of the antigen. A comparison of the antibody-combining ability of aryl- and alkyl-glucosides with the activities of the same compounds as substrates, inducers, or complexers for microbial β- d -glucosidases, revealed that the effect of changes in orientation of the sugar hydroxyls and of the glycosidic link is roughly the same; that alkyl-glucosides are bound less strongly than aryl-glucosides in glucosyl-specific proteins; that the strong inhibitory ortho effect of substituents on aromatic aglycones for binding by microbial glucosidase is exhibited by the antibody-antigen system; and that electronic effects by various substituents on aryl glucosides are comparable for the antibody and for emulsin. These results provide additional evidence for homology between the combining regions of antibodies and enzymes which are induced by the same determinant groups.
Inhalation chamber and method for monitoring trifluoroamine oxide

Abstract A specially built inhalation chamber is described for inhalation toxicity studies of trifluoroamine oxide (AMOX). AMOX was introduced into the chamber through a calibrated micrometer valve. Desired AMOX concentrations were reached within 5 minutes after closure of the chamber and were monitored by a continuous infrared scanning technique. The concentrations were relatively constant and reproducible between 10 and 100 ppm.
Possible violation of sum rules for higher-twist parton distributions.

Precise measurements of polarized electroproduction and Drell-Yan processes in the deep inelastic limit will soon provide the first information on the higher-twist parton distributions {ital g}{sub {ital T}}({ital x}) and {ital h}{sub {ital L}}({ital x}). Sum rules for higher-twist structure functions are only valid provided the corresponding Compton amplitudes satisfy unsubtracted dispersion relations. Subtracted dispersion relations have to be used when the (real part of the) forward scattering amplitudes do not fall off rapidly enough for {nu}{r_arrow}{infinity} (fixed {ital Q}{sup 2}). Formally, such subtractions lead to {delta} functions at the origin in the parton distributions, which are not accessible to experiment, and the integral over the data fails to satisfy the sum rule. The {delta} functions in the parton distributions can be identified with the zero modes that appear in light-front quantization. An explicit {ital infinite} {ital momentum} {ital boost} identifies these soft quark modes with low momentum contributions arising from self-energy-type interactions.
A low-dimensional model for describing the oxygen storage capacity and transient behavior of a three-way catalytic converter

Abstract We propose a low-dimensional model of the three-way catalytic converter (TWC) that would be appropriate for real-time fueling control and TWC diagnostics in automotive applications. The model reduction is achieved by approximating the transverse gradients using multiple concentration modes and the concepts of internal and external mass transfer coefficients, spatial averaging over the axial length and simplified chemistry by lumping the oxidants and the reductants. The reduced order model consists of seven ordinary differential equations and captures the essential features of a TWC providing estimates of the oxidant and reductant emissions, fractional oxidation state (FOS) and total oxygen storage capacity (TOSC). The model performance is tested and validated using data on actual vehicle emissions resulting in good agreement for both green and aged catalysts including cold-start performance. We also propose a simple catalyst aging model that can be used to update the oxygen storage capacity in real time so as to capture the change in the kinetic parameters with aging. Catalyst aging is accounted via the update of a single scalar parameter in the model. The computational efficiency and the ability of the model to predict FOS and TOSC make it a novel tool for real-time fueling control to minimize emissions and diagnostics of catalyst aging.
Circular dichroism and UV resonance Raman study of the impact of alcohols on the Gibbs free energy landscape of an α-helical peptide

We used CD and UV resonance Raman spectroscopy to study the impact of alcohols on the conformational equilibria and relative Gibbs free energy landscapes along the Ramachandran Psi-coordinate of a mainly poly-Ala peptide, AP with an AAAAA(AAARA)(3)A sequence. 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol (TFE) most stabilizes the alpha-helix-like conformations, followed by ethanol, methanol, and pure water. The pi-bulge conformation is stabilized more than the alpha-helix, while the 3(10)-helix is destabilized due to the alcohol-increased hydrophobicity. Turns are also stabilized by alcohols. We also found that while TFE induces more alpha-helices, it favors multiple, shorter helix segments.
Decisions to register for the National Marrow Donor Program: rational vs emotional appeals

Little research has examined how the content of health communications regarding the need for BM and stem cell donation affects the intentions and attitudes of potential National Marrow Donor Program (NMDP) donors. This study used an experimental design to test the hypothesis that an emotional appeal (EA) to potential donors would lead to higher rates of NMDP registration than a rational appeal (RA). Participants were randomly assigned to receive either a RA or an EA and then asked if they would (1) register with the NMDP and (2) talk with family members about NMDP registration. A total of 85% of individuals receiving the EA agreed to register for the NMDP, whereas only 49% of the participants receiving the RA agreed to register. The EA (72%) and RA (54%) groups did not differ significantly in their reported willingness to talk with family members about NMDP registration. However, multivariate logistic regression analyses indicated that the EA group endorsed significantly greater willingness to engage in both outcomes. Results suggest that an EA was more effective in motivating participants, but other sociodemographic factors were also associated with decisions about NMDP registration. EA may provide a useful and cost-effective method for increasing NMDP registration.
Resolution enhancement of video sequences with simultaneous estimation of the regularization parameters

In this paper, we extend our previous resolution enhancement results by proposing a technique for the estimation of the regularization parameter based on the assumption that it should satisfy the following properties: It should be a function of the regularized noise power of the data and its choice should yield a convex functional whose minimization would give the desired high-resolution image. Experimental results are presented and conclusions are drawn.
EFFICIENCY OF TWO-STEP SOLAR THERMOCHEMICAL NON-STOICHIOMETRIC REDOX CYCLES WITH HEAT RECOVERY

Improvements in the effectiveness of solid phase heat recovery and in the thermodynamic properties of metal oxides are the most important paths to achieving unprecedented thermal efficiencies of 10% and higher in non-stoichiometric solar redox reactors. In this paper, the impact of solid and gas phase heat recovery on the efficiency of a non-stoichiometric cerium dioxide-based H2O/CO2 splitting cycle realized in a solar-driven reactor are evaluated in a parametric thermodynamic analysis. Application of solid phase heat recovery to the cycling metal oxide allows for lower reduction zone operating temperatures, simplifying reactor design. An optimum temperature for metal oxide reduction results from two competing phenomena as the reduction temperature is increased: increasing re-radiation losses from the reactor aperture and decreasing heat loss due to imperfect solid phase heat recovery. Additionally, solid phase heat recovery increases the efficiency gains made possible by gas phase heat recovery.
Defining Value When Managing IT Investments

Although there is a plethora of articles, conference papers on the subject of IT evaluation only a small subset has explicitly dealt with precisely what the term value means and how it can be used within IT investment decisions. Defining value is an important component of managing an investment portfolio. Drawing on practical experience and applied research in strategy development and portfolio management, this paper highlights several facets of value that are critical and practical to estimate and apply within the IT investment domain.
Metropolitan Development, Regional Financial Centers, and the Founding of the Fed in the Lower South

The Lower South remained a financial outlier in postbellum America, partly because it lacked developed metropolises. As focal points of regional economic networks, metropolises spawn externalities necessary for financial intermediaries. This cumulative process was constrained in the Lower South by the plantation system and staple monoculture. Only after 1880 did metropolitan networks form around new wholesale distribution centers, notably Atlanta and Dallas. Unlike coastal ports, these cities mediated more diverse commercial and financial transactions and attracted more correspondent banks. Consequently, Atlanta and Dallas were the most likely Federal Reserve cities in their districts, a view shared by local banks. From the perspective of the financial sector in postbellum America, the Lower South was a spatial-economic outlier. Regional interest rate differentials, relative to the Northeast, exceeded three percentage points throughout the period, despite the convergence of rates in other agricultural areas at the turn of the century.' Moreover, by 1910 the states of the Lower South could boast of no dominant financial centers to coordinate intra- and interregional financial flows.2 Like the settlement frontier of the national economy, the region remained tributary to national financial centers-New York, Chicago, and St. Louis.
Phyloproteomics: What Phylogenetic Analysis Reveals about Serum Proteomics

Phyloproteomics is a novel analytical tool that solves the issue of comparability between proteomic analyses, utilizes a total spectrum-parsing algorithm, and produces biologically meaningful classification of specimens. Phyloproteomics employs two algorithms: a new parsing algorithm (UNIPAL) and a phylogenetic algorithm (MIX). By outgroup comparison, the parsing algorithm identifies novel or vanished MS peaks and peaks signifying up or down regulated proteins and scores them as derived or ancestral. The phylogenetic algorithm uses the latter scores to produce a biologically meaningful classification of the specimens.
Predicting the spectral effects of soils on high concentrating photovoltaic systems

Abstract Soiling losses on high concentrating photovoltaic (HCPV) systems may be influenced by the spectral properties of accumulated soil. We have predicted the response of an isotype cell to changes in spectral content and reduction in transmission due to soiling using measured UV/vis transmittance through soil films. Artificial soil test blends deposited on glass coupons were used to supply the transmission data, which was then used to calculate the effect on model spectra. The wavelength transparency of the test soil was varied by incorporating red and yellow mineral pigments into graded sand. The more spectrally responsive (yellow) soils were predicted to alter the current balance between the top and middle subcells throughout a range of air masses corresponding to daily and seasonal variation.
Do preschool children understand what it means to "diet," and do they do it?

Objective The current study determined what preschool children understand about dieting and the extent to which they report engaging in dieting behaviors. Method Forty-two children (mean age = 5.2 years) were interviewed about their understanding of the word “diet” and about food restraint behaviors. Children's height and weight were recorded. Results Only 17% of the children provided an accurate definition of the word diet (i.e., an answer having to do with the foods a person eats). None of the children mentioned weight loss in their definition. Children reported occasional use of restraint behaviors. Girls and heavier children reported more use of restraint. Discussion Children did not have a clear understanding of the word diet. Thus, the use of the word diet should be avoided when assessing eating behaviors in preschool children. Individual differences in reported dieting behaviors were in the expected directions, suggesting validity in these reports and early emerging social pressures to diet. © 2005 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preparation of carrier-free 47Sc by the 47Ti(n,p) reaction with epithermal neutrons

Abstract High purity, carrier-free 47 Sc for pharmaceutical applications may be easily prepared at any nuclear reactor using epithermal neutrons. Production rates for isotopically enriched 47 TiO 2 have been determined. Special epithermal facilities are not required since the same effect may be achieved using Cd foil covering.
Should Coronary Calcium Screening Be Used in Cardiovascular Prevention Strategies

A 52-year-old man requests a coronary-artery calcium (CAC) scan for assessment of coronary risk factors after seeing an advertisement from a local facility that offers the test. He has no symptoms of cardiac disease, has never smoked, and is not overweight, but he does not exercise regularly. His father, who was a heavy smoker, had a fatal myocardial infarction at 45 years of age. The patient's blood pressure is 130/85 mm Hg. His total cholesterol level is 220 mg per deciliter, and his low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels are 160 mg per deciliter and 38 mg per deciliter, respectively. His fasting blood glucose level is 92 mg per deciliter. What would you advise regarding CAC scanning?
Electrokinetic properties of asparaginase sensitive or resistant mouse leukemic cells treated with L-asparaginase

Abstract The electrophoretic mobility of L5178Y cells in 0.0145 M NaCl, 4.5% sorbitol, 0.6 mM NaHCO 3 , pH 7.2, at 25°C was — 1.78 μ·s −1 ·V −1 ·cm −1 while that of an L -asparaginase resistant subline, L5178Y/ASN, was — 1.11 μm·s −1 ·V −1 ·cm −1 . Both cell lines were characterized by terminal sialic acid residues on their surfaces. Treatment of L5178Y cells for 90 min with 10 units of L -asparaginase per ml in saline decreased the electrophoretic mobility of the cells to — 1.65 μm·s −1 ·V −1 ·cm −1 while treatment in Fischer's medium decreased the mobility to — 1.25 μm·s −1 ·V −1 ·cm −1 ; neither treatment had a significant effect on the L5178Y/ASN electrophoretic mobility. The results suggest that L -asparaginase has an immediate and specific effect on synthesis of cell surface asparaginyl glycoproteins.
The association of insomnia with anxiety disorders and depression: Exploration of the direction of risk

The purpose of this study is to explore the direction of the association between insomnia and anxiety disorders and major depression among a community-based sample of adolescents to better understand their potential etiologic relationships. Data come from a community-based sample of 1,014 youth aged 13-16. Structured interviews were conducted to assess DSM-IV diagnoses. Retrospectively reported ages of onset were used in Proportional Hazards models to estimate increased risk of one disorder associated with prior onset of the others. The lifetime associations of DSM-IV insomnia with each anxiety disorder and with depression were moderate (OR=3.2-6.8). Among those with comorbid disorders, anxiety disorders preceded insomnia 73% of the time, while insomnia occurred first in 69% of comorbid insomnia and depression cases. Any prior anxiety disorder was associated with an increased risk of insomnia adjusting for gender, race/ethnicity, and depression prior to insomnia (HR=3.5). However, prior insomnia was not significantly associated with onset of anxiety disorders. Prior depression was not associated with onset of insomnia, but prior insomnia was associated with onset of depression adjusting for gender, race/ethnicity, and any prior anxiety disorder (HR=3.8). These results suggest distinct natural courses of development between DSM-IV insomnia, anxiety, and depression during adolescence. Additionally insomnia may have independent, and potentially etiologically distinct, directional associations with anxiety disorders versus depression.
Infrared laser photochemistry of vibrationally excited cyanobenzene cation prepared by internal conversion following electronic excitation

Abstract The photodissociation rate of cyanobenzene cation at 568 nm is significantly enhanced in the presence of cw infrared laser irradiation which induces multiphoton dissociation of vibrationally excited molecules. The infrared photodissociation spectrum exhibits a pronounced band at 970 cm−1. The ions are formed and trapped (≈s 2 s) using the ion cyclotron resonance techniques.
The AMY inner tracking chamber

Abstract We have constructed and operated a pressurized “tube-style” charged particle tracking detector, the inner tracking chamber, for the AMY experiment at the TRISTAN e + e − storage ring. The AMY inner tracking chamber consists of a four layer, 144 cell per layer “tube-style” drift chamber system. It occupies the region between the beam pipe and the AMY central drift chamber. An overall spatial resolution of 80 μm per layer has been obtained during the first two years of operation using argon-ethane gas at 1.45 bar for Bhabha scattering events. This article describes the design, construction, and operation of the device.
Secrets in Romantic Relationships: Does Sexual Orientation Matter?

Analysis of data from a 50-item survey on “Secrets in Romantic Relationships” completed by 431 respondents (primarily attending a large southeastern university) revealed that more than 60% reported ever having kept a personal secret in a romantic relationship and one-fourth were currently doing so. Findings included that homosexuals were more willing to keep significantly (p <.01) more secrets than heterosexuals. The suggested explanation is that homosexuals live in a heterosexist context, which encourages regular deception by hiding their sexual orientation to avoid prejudice and discrimination (the phrase “in the closet” means “keeping a secret”). Homosexuals may keep a secret from a romantic partner more often because they have a pattern of keeping secrets. Other significant findings included that females, spouses, and blacks kept more secrets than males, dating partners, and whites. Implications and limitations are suggested.
Pediatric non-orbital pseudotumor of the head and neck.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the incidence, sites of presentation, and treatment outcome of non-orbital pseudotumor of the head and neck in the pediatric population. Methods: 10-year retrospective case series at a tertiary care center. All patients 18 years of age and younger with non-orbital pseudotumor of the head and neck evaluated and treated at our institution over the study period (1990–2000) were identified through the Systematic Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED) database with the keyword ‘pseudotumor’. Results: Among 146 patients identified with head and neck pseudotumor at our institution, 15 (10%) were pediatric patients, only three (20%) of whom had pseudotumor in non-orbital sites (the infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae, submandibular gland, and masseter space). Four (27%) of the 15 had pseudotumor limited to the lacrimal gland, with the remaining eight (53%) being orbital pseudotumor cases. Conclusions: Similar to cases of orbital pseudotumor, long term systemic steroid therapy proved effective in the management of non-orbital pseudotumor in all three children with eventual disease resolution.
Identification of superantigen genes speM, ssa, and smeZ in invasive strains of beta-hemolytic group C and G streptococci recovered from humans

Group C and G Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis (GCSE and GGSE) cause a substantial percentage of invasive disease caused by beta-hemolytic streptococci. To determine whether Streptococcus pyogenes superantigen (SAg) genes commonly exist within these organisms, 20 recent invasive GCSE and GGSE human isolates and one group G Streptococcus canis human isolate were tested for the presence of SAg genes speH, speJ, speL, speM, ssa and smeZ by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Prior to this work, sequence-based evidence of the speM, ssa, and smeZ genes in GCSE, GGSE, and S. canis had not been documented. Eleven of the 21 isolates were PCR-positive for the presence of one to two of the SAgs speM, ssa, or smeZ, with four of these isolates carrying ssa+speM or ssa+smeZ. No isolate was positive for speH, speJ and speL. All six ssa-positive GGSE strains harbored the ssa3 allele, previously only found among S. pyogenes strains. All three smeZ-positive GGSE isolates carried one of two smeZ alleles previously only found within S. pyogenes, however the single S. canis isolate carried a new smeZ allele. All five GCSE and GGSE speM-positive isolates harbored a newly discovered speM allele. The identification of these SAgs within S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis and S. canis with identical or near-identical sequences to their counterparts in S. pyogenes suggests frequent interspecies gene exchange between the three beta-hemolytic streptococcal species.