cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thumb Carpometacarpal Arthritis: Prognostic Indicators and Timing of Further Intervention Following Corticosteroid Injection.

Purpose Corticosteroid injections are commonly used to treat thumb carpometacarpal arthritis in adults. We aimed to define the timing of surgery following an initial corticosteroid injection and identify patient-specific factors that influence the likelihood of repeat injection or surgery. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of all patients who underwent a first-time corticosteroid injection for carpometacarpal arthritis between 2009 and 2017. Demographic information, radiographic classification, additional nonsurgical therapies, complications, and outcomes were collected. Primary outcomes were repeat injection and surgical reconstruction. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to characterize the timing of surgical intervention and Cox regression modeling was used to identify predictors of subsequent intervention. Results Two-hundred thirty-nine patients (average age, 62.9 years) were identified, of which 141 (59.0%) had a repeat injection and 90 (37.6%) underwent surgery. There were no patient-specific characteristics associated with repeat injection. Eaton stage III/IV arthritis at initial presentation, current smoking status, and prior ipsilateral hand surgery were associated with an increased likelihood of surgery. By Kaplan-Meier analyses, 87.7% of patients who presented with Eaton III/IV arthritis did not have surgery within a year and 66.7% of these patients did not have surgery within 5 years. Conclusions In this retrospective observational cohort study with 10-year follow-up from a 4-surgeon practice, advanced radiographic arthritis, current smoking status, and a history of ipsilateral hand surgery were patient-specific factors that predicted progression to surgery following injection. Of patients who presented with advanced radiographic arthritis, one-third underwent surgery within 5 years of initial injection. Although injection efficacy and causality cannot be inferred based on an observational longitudinal analysis, these data identify patient-specific factors that may have an impact on surgical decision-making and a potential timeframe for future intervention. Type of study/level of evidence Prognostic IV.
Establishing Regional Medical Campuses to Ensure Comparable Experiences: Recommendations From a Narrative Review.

Background:Given increasing class sizes and desires to keep costs down, many medical schools are developing regional clinical campuses. We found our regional campus system to be very successful in ...
Words Matter: Meaning and Power

History and current affairs show that words matter - and change - because they are woven into our social and political lives. Words are weapons wielded by the powerful; they are also powerful tools for social resistance and for reimagining and reconfiguring social relations. Illustrated with topical examples, from racial slurs and sexual insults to preferred gender pronouns, from ethnic/racial group labels to presidential tweets, this book examines the social contexts which imbue words with potency. Exploring the role of language in three broad categories - establishing social identities, navigating social landscapes, and debating social and linguistic change - Sally McConnell-Ginet invites readers to examine critically their own ideas about language and its complicated connections to social conflict and transformation. Concrete and timely examples vividly illustrate the feedback loop between words and the world, shedding light on how and why words can matter.
Cultural modulation of early attentional responses to positive self-information: An ERP investigation of self-enhancement.

Abstract Westerners show a strong tendency to view themselves in a positive light (i.e., self-enhancement), but this tendency is substantially weaker among East Asians. At present, however, it remains inconclusive whether this cultural difference reflects genuine variation in spontaneous engagement in this motivational tendency or is driven by individuals' deliberate efforts to present oneself in culturally acceptable ways. In the present research, we sought to address this issue by examining whether culture modulates early attentional bias to self-name, presented in the context of positive (vs. negative) situations. Both European American and Asian American participants (N = 64) read a series of scenarios depicting either a positive or a negative life situation and were subsequently presented with their name or names of famous people or strangers. European Americans showed greater P2, an ERP component of early attentional arousal, when the self-name was primed with positive (vs. negative) situations. In contrast, Asian Americans' P2 in response to the self-name was not moderated by situation primes. Moreover, the degree to which P2 was enhanced in positive (vs. negative) situations was negatively correlated with Asian cultural values. These results demonstrate that cultural variation in self-enhancement may reflect genuine beliefs about the self, manifested automatically at an early stage of attentional processing.
Targeting B Cells to Modify MS, NMOSD, and MOGAD: Part 1.

Ocrelizumab, rituximab, ofatumumab, ublituximab, inebilizumab, and evobrutinib are immunotherapies that target various B cell–related proteins. Most of these treatments have proven efficacy in relapsing and progressive forms of MS and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disease (NMOSD), or are in advanced stages of clinical development. Currently, ocrelizumab, ofatumumab, and inebilizumab are licensed for treatment of MS and NMOSD, respectively. This review focuses on the current state of knowledge about the role of B lymphocytes in immune-mediated pathophysiology and its implications for the mode of action. To understand the significance of this breakthrough in the context of the current MS therapeutic armamentarium, this review more closely examines the clinical development of CD20 depletion and the pioneering contribution of rituximab. Phase 3 and the recently published postmarketing studies will be highlighted to better understand the relevant efficacy data and safety aspects of long-term B-cell depletion.
Existing and Projected Infrastructure Capacities Motivate Alternatives to 'All-Electric' Heating Decarbonization

We investigate implications of building space heating decarbonization pathways across the climate-diverse United States. We provide key insights that challenge the emerging consensus around an “All-Electric” approach, estimating this would require a 70% minimum increase in nationwide electricity system capacity. New capacity additions would be highly heterogeneous (e.g. fourfold increases in some states) and highly underutilized (66 equivalent full load hours annually). Fossil fuel system replacement by electric heat pumps without increasing peak loads can only reduce fossil fuels to 43% of heating energy supply (currently 70%). We show that by retaining a subset of existing fossil fuel equipment for use during the coldest weather in dual source systems that also include heat pumps, the additional heating electrification possible without exceeding current peak loads can reduce fossil fuels to 3.2% of heating energy supply. Therefore, strategic use of legacy infrastructure could facilitate a more flexible, cost-effective transition to low-carbon heating.
The Insider Looking Out: Discovering the Real Me:

This article is an autoethnographic performative account based on my story as a transnational adopted academic disabled scholar of color finding my own sense of personal and professional “home.” Th...
False-Negative 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma.

We report a diagnostically challenging case of a 77-year-old man who presented with shortness of breath and was found to have a large right hydropneumothorax with collapse of the right lung. A malignancy was suspected, but pleural fluid cytology and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/CT imaging were negative. He then underwent video-assisted thoracoscopy with biopsies of the pleura and chest wall which revealed malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). Older patients with early stage MPM are more likely to have false-negative FDG PET/CT results. Pleural biopsy is essential when there is clinical suspicion for mesothelioma, even with negative initial FDG PET imaging.
Practical Implications of Coalescent Theory

The coalescent has become perhaps the most widely-used population genetics model. By modeling the ancestry of a sample, rather than the evolution of the entire population from which the sample is drawn, it provides a computationally efficient framework for data simulation. Furthermore, from a theoretical perspective, it provides the under-pinnings for many useful analysis techniques. In this chapter, we introduce the coalescent, describe some of the problems that it has been used to address, discuss practical implications that follow from the insight it provides, and summarize some of the available software.
Pricing in Business-to-Business Contracts: Sharing Risk, Profit, and Information

In this chapter, we illustrate how pricing terms in business-to-business (B2B) contracts can be used to align incentives, and to share risks, profits and information in supply chains that face uncertain demand. In the context of inventory risk, we discuss how a manufacturer can influence its retailer’s product availability and pricing decisions through B2B contracts. In the context of capacity risk, we illustrate how contracts enable a manufacturer to influence a supplier’s component capacity choice and to elicit strategic information from the supplier. In addition to developing relevant mathematical models, we also discuss contract implementation issues and managerial implications.
Odontodysplasia: Report of three cases with vascular nevi overlying the adjacent skin of the face

Three cases of odontodysplasia are described, and the literature is reviewed with reference to proposed etiologic mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of the disorder. The distribution of affected teeth in all four quadrants of one patient is offered as evidence against a somatic mutation as an etiologic mechanism. As infants all three patients had vascular nevi in the facial skin overlying the area where defective teeth developed. Three cases from the literature involved similar vascular lesions. Hypoplastic teeth radiographically similar to odontodysplastic teeth occur in the linear sebaceous nevus syndrome. These findings strongly suggest that local vascular defects are involved in the pathogenesis of odontodysplasia.
Fuzzy-rule-based Adaptive Resource Control for Information Sharing in P2P Networks

With more and more peer-to-peer (P2P) technologies available for online collaboration and information sharing, people can launch more and more collaborative work in online social networks with friends, colleagues, and even strangers. Without face-to-face interactions, the question of who can be trusted and then share information with becomes a big concern of a user in these online social networks. This paper introduces an adaptive control service using fuzzy logic in preference definition for P2P information sharing control, and designs a novel decision-making mechanism using formal fuzzy rules and reasoning mechanisms adjusting P2P information sharing status following individual users’ preferences. Applications of this adaptive control service into different information sharing environments show that this service can provide a convenient and accurate P2P information sharing control for individual users in P2P networks.
Immunohistochemistry as a surrogate for molecular diagnosis in hepatic tumours

Abstract Molecular analysis is revolutionizing our understanding of primary hepatobiliary tumours, and many gene products are being translated into immunohistochemical stains for routine use. Hepatocellular adenomas are divided into four genotypic subclasses using a panel of immunostains against liver-fatty acid binding protein, serum amyloid A, glutamine synthetase, and beta-catenin. Glutamine synthetase also differentiates adenomas from focal nodular hyperplasia. Glypican-3 and other novel markers are improving diagnostic accuracy for well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma, and hepatocyte paraffin antibody and arginase aid in identifying poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma. Cholangiocarcinoma remains poorly understood, but a new generation of immunohistochemical markers is beginning to highlight important subtypes. Prognostic and predictive markers are under early investigation, with some as far in development as phase II clinical trials. Here we review new molecular-based immunohistochemical markers for all of these situations and others.
Evaluation of ensemble‐based distributed hydrologic model response with disaggregated precipitation products

[1] The disaggregation of coarse precipitation products is desirable for spatially distributed hydrological applications where high-resolution rainfall fields are required. In this study, we generate an ensemble of satellite-based precipitation estimates using a spatiotemporal disaggregation framework for use in a spatially explicit hydrologic model. The framework effectively reproduced small, localized storm events using coarse precipitation estimates while simultaneously including known error characteristics into the precipitation fields. Ensemble precipitation inputs were propagated through a distributed hydrologic model to evaluate the impact on simulated hydrologic states and fluxes, such as streamflow, soil moisture content, and evapotranspiration. The disaggregation framework adds utility to the coarse satellite precipitation measurements by inducing a realistic hydrologic response in a manner similar to high-resolution ground-based radar observations. Errors introduced in the precipitation ensembles, namely, the overestimation of high-intensity, short-duration storm events, were tracked through the hydrological system, and physical mechanisms for the soil moisture and streamflow uncertainty are discussed. It was found that increases in streamflow magnitude and decreases in catchment area resulted in increased ensemble streamflow dispersion. In addition, precipitation uncertainty affected soil moisture predictions with more pronounced ensemble dispersion near the surface. Finally, spatial ensemble statistics were used to assess the precipitation and topographic control over soil moisture statistics in the study catchment.
Basis of Power Effects on Method of Communication

This paper aims to propose correlations between the dominating basis power individuals perceive their supervisor to possess and the method of communication they utilize to interact with their superior(s). This paper serves three purposes. First, it evaluates members within an organization with a set chain of command, to gain an understanding of how individuals prefer to communicate ideas and information with their superior based on their superior's perceived basis of power. Second, it evaluates a matrix organization consisting of ten automotive mechanical engineering students (cadets), as team members, and one engineering management student, as the project manager, to gain an understanding of how team members actually communicate ideas and information with the project manager based on his perceived basis of power. Third, it discusses the difficulties of communicating within a decentralized team and offer recommendations on effective methods of communication for organizations where members do not work in a central location.
Analysis of ultimate permselectivity for H2S over CO2 in alkaline solutions

Abstract An analysis is presented of simultaneous carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide transport in immobilized liquid membranes comprised of alkali carbonate solutions. Emphasis is placed upon membranes so thin that reaction effects upon CO 2 transport are negligible, as a result of which permselectivity for H 2 S can be quite large. Comparison is made with experimental data obtained to simulate acid gas separation downstream of coal gasification. Results indicate that, because of membrane thickness, selectivity was compromised by facilitation of CO 2 transport.
Influence of boron on structure and oxidation behavior of graphite fiber, P120

P120 fibers, derived from mesophase pitch, were substitutionally doped with boron in the concentration ranges of 200-4600 ppm. An oxidation study was carried out in dry air at 973, 1023, and 1073 K at 95 kPa. Boron is preferentially positioned into the less disordered core region and in the external surface area (skin) of the fiber. Upon oxidation these regions are preferentially protected. Oxidation rates decreased by a factor up to 3, varying with boron concentration, burn-off level and oxidation temperature. The activation energy of oxidation increased from 151 kJ/mol for heat-treated P120 fibers to 180 kJ/mol for fibers with 3300 ppm B, then decreased to 122 kJ/mol for fibers containing 4600 ppm of boron. The observed decrease in oxidation rate is directly attributed to the location and concentration of boron. Boron doping inhibits oxidation by blocking specific active sites. It is proposed that 1000 ppm B as a threshold concentration at which the electronic, chemical, and physical (structural) behavior could be modified.
Intestinal Uptake of Macromolecules: Effect of Oral Immunization

Animals were orally immunized with horseradish peroxidase and bovine serum albumin, and absorption of these antigens was studied. In comparison with controls, a consistent and significant decrease in peroxidase uptake was noted in both germ-free and conventional rats immunized with peroxidase; a similar decrease in serum albumin uptake was also noted in animals immunized with serum albumin. There was no difference in the uptake of an unrelated macromolecule. These observations suggest that local immunization interferes specifically with the intestinal uptake of macromolecular antigens.
Ozone and the polar hood of Mars

Ozone co-appears with the clouds of the polar hood in the winter hemisphere of Mars, but each is variable from day to day and location to location. Both the appearance of ozone and the polar hood clouds correlate with the temperature of the atmosphere which varies from day to day and location to location. A cold, clean, dry atmosphere is conducive to the formation of ozone.
Wear Studies on Moldings of Polytetrafluoroethylene Resin. Considerations of Crystallinity and Graphite Content

The wear of molded bearings of polytetrafluoroethylene resin has been investigated in relation to crystallinity and filler content (graphite) as factors effecting changes in selected mechanical properties. In a homogeneous, unfilled resin molding, the rate of wear increases in direct proportion to the modulus in flexure and inversely with yield strain. A useful, simple expression is proposed to describe this relationship. In a heterogeneous, graphite-filled molding at a low filler content, the rate of wear initially approximates that of the homogeneous unfilled system and then decreases with time; at moderate, filler content, the wear rate is constant at levels below that of the unfilled resin. The rate of wear is also proportional to the applied load at low loading under conditions where bearing temperature remains reasonably constant; the wear data indicate the importance of removing frictional heat especially at high bearing loads. Practical suggestions are included for design for efficient bearings. C...
Preparing and Implementing an Animal Science Course for Distance Education at Utah State University

Abstract Several distance education programs have been developed by personnel at Utah State University. One such program has been an undergraduate animal breeding and genetics class produced for delivery through the nationwide Agricultural Satellite Corporation instructional network. Development of this course included a content analysis, which required the identification of critical and secondary topics in the course curriculum. An expanded syllabus and lecture notes for the instructor were constructed from this content analysis. In addition, computer-generated graphics, videotaped segments, and still frame shots were designed to supplement more traditional instructional media. The course was videotaped in fall 1991, and the tapes are now available for distribution through the instructional network. In developing a course suitable for distance education, faculty should be prepared for an increase in preparation time of two to three times over that required for a traditional course where instructor and student meet face to face.
American college of preventive medicine practice policy statement

Abstract Based on a review of current literature and recommendations, the American College of Preventive Medicine presents a practice policy statement on skin protection from ultraviolet light exposure.
Observation of Wave-Packet Bifurcation in a Magneto-Plasma Column

We report the observation of wave-packet splitting due to bifurcation as predicted by the modulation theory of nonlinear dispersive waves. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental observation of this effect. The observation was made on a glow discharge plasma column with a 200-G axial field surrounded by a conducting wave guide. This observation is of importance since it provides an assessment of the modulation theory.
Hysteria and Humiliation

The phenomena of hysteria are first considered from a historical perspective that emphasizes the role of domination and power relations between the sexes. This permits an examination of the dynamics and impact of humiliation in interpersonal relations on the formation of hysteric symptomatology. Humiliation is viewed as having a powerful deleterious effect on the development of the capacity to think and feel in a coherent and meaningful manner. The relationship between humiliation and hysteria is explored theoretically and illustrated with clinical material that emphasizes developmental dynamics through which relationally based injuries fracture the ability to know and communicate one's experience.
The coating hypothesis for ammonia ice particles in Jupiter: Laboratory experiments and optical modeling

Abstract We report laboratory experiments and modeling calculations investigating the effect of a hydrocarbon coating on ammonia ice spectral signatures. Observational evidence and thermochemical models indicate an abundance of ammonia ice clouds in Jupiter's atmosphere. However, spectrally identifiable ammonia ice clouds are found covering less than 1% of Jupiter's atmosphere, notably in areas of strong vertical transport, indicating a short lifetime for the signature of ammonia absorption on condensed ammonia particles [Baines, K.H., Carlson, R.W., Kamp, L.W., 2002. Icarus 159, 74–94]. Current literature has suggested coating of ammonia ice particles by a hydrocarbon haze as a possible explanation for this paradox. The work presented here supports the inference of a coating effect that can alter or suppress ammonia absorption features. In the experiments, thin films of ammonia ices are deposited in a cryogenic apparatus, coated with hydrocarbons, and characterized by reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy. We have observed the effects on the ammonia ice absorption features near 3 and 9 μm with coverage by thin layers of hydrocarbons. Modeling calculations of these multilayer thin films assist in the interpretation of the experimental results and reveal the important role of optical interference in altering the aforementioned ammonia spectral features. Mie and T -matrix scattering calculations demonstrate analogous effects for ammonia ice particles and investigate the relative effects of ammonia ice particle size, shape, and coating layer thickness on the ice particle spectral signatures.
Family consequences of chronic back pain

This paper considers occupational back injuries as they are described by injured workers, including the impact on their abilities to function in family and social roles. In this study, we interviewed people with work-related back injuries in Florida and Wisconsin. The sample was chosen from among workers who either lost more than 28 days from work or who received workers' compensation permanent partial disability benefits. Respondents indicated a wide range of limitations on family and social roles, including physical impacts that hampered respondents' ability to do household chores, to take part in raising children, and to engage in leisure activities with their spouses. Spouses and children took over family responsibilities once carried on by injured workers. The impacts of limitations resulted in a restructuring of family and social roles, relationships, and self-identities. In addition, these impacts led to depression and anger among the injured workers and to stress and strain in family relationships. Unlike the effects on work, many of these outcomes are not valued in the marketplace and, as a consequence, are less visible. They are nonetheless important and suggest that priorities based only on economic outcomes may understate the importance of preventive activities. Moreover, they suggest that attention should be focused on social structural factors such as the provision of medical services and social support to reduce the impact of chronic back pain on family members.
A Process for Requirements and Architecture Definition

A Requirements and Architecture Definition Subprocess has been defined that provides an orderly and iterative definition of the problem and development of the solution. This subprocess consists of 5 activities comprising 40 tasks. The subprocess is described in the context of a larger Systems Engineering Process that has developed over the last six years and was designated by AT&T as a Best Current Practice.
Treatment of Methyl tert-Butyl Ether Contaminated Water Using a Dense Medium Plasma Reactor: A Mechanistic and Kinetic Investigation

Plasma treatment of contaminated water appears to be a promising alternative for the oxidation of aqueous organic pollutants. This study examines the kinetic and oxidation mechanisms of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in a dense medium plasma (DMP) reactor utilizing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-thermal conductivity techniques. A rate law is developed for the removal of MTBE from an aqueous solution in the DMP reactor. Rate constants are also derived for three reactor configurations and two pin array spin rates. The oxidation products from the treatment of MTBE-contaminated water in the DMP reactor were found to be predominately carbon dioxide, with smaller amounts of acetone, tert-butyl formate, and formaldehyde. The lack of stable intermediate products suggests that the MTBE is, to some extent, oxidized directly to carbon dioxide, making the DMP reactor a promising tool in the future remediation of water. Chemical and physical mechanisms together with carbon balances are used to describe the formation of the oxidation products and the important aspects of the plasma discharge.
INCOME MAINTENANCE AND LABOR MARKET ENTRY: THE FAP PROPOSAL AND THE AFDC EXPERIENCE

An earlier version was presented at the Indiana Manpower Research Association 1970 Program: New Labor Market Entrants- Programs, Problems and Policies and will appear in the Conference Proceedings. It received partial financial support from the Center for Applied Manpower and Occupation Studies, I ndiana University.
A PHYSICAL MODEL OF THE INSTANTON GAS

Abstract We introduce a physical parametrization for the instanton solutions of non-abelian gauge theories and discuss the thermodynamics of a multi-instanton gas.
Six new species of Draba (Brassicaceae) from the Himalayas

Draba nylamensis, D. kongboiana, and D. sunhangiana from Tibet (Xizang), China, D. macbeathiana from Nepal, D. bagmatiensis from Nepal and adjacent Sikkim (India), and D. himachalensis from India are described, and their distinguishing characters from the nearest relatives are discussed.
Linking parent behaviors to child achievement: Four evaluation studies from the parent education follow through program

Dur ing the past 15 years, a d iverse g roup of compensatory educat ion programs has been implemented in e lementary school. Some of these programs have focused on elements of the classroom such as cu r r i cu lum mater ia ls , classroom organ iza t ion , a n d / o r teaching methods ( e . g . , Gi lkeson, Smi thberg , Bowman, & Rhine, 1981; Ramp & Rhine, 1981; Wiekart , Hohmann, & Rhine, 1981), whi le others have concent ra ted on the home learn ing env i ronment , paren t invo lvement , and /o r the re la t ionsh ips among the home, school, and community ( e . g . , Fol l ins, Note 1; Gordon, Olmsted, Rubin, & T rue , 1979; Hodges, Note 2) . These la t te r programs genera l l y assume that the home is a s ign i f i can t learn ing env i ronment and that parents are impor tan t teachers of t he i r own ch i ld ren du r i ng the ear ly years. Proponents of these programs have emphasized tha t the home learn ing env i ronment and the school learn ing env i ronment must work coopera t ive ly .
A high-average power femtosecond laser for synchrotron light source applications

We describe a 60W, 70fs, 20kHz Ti:sapphire CPA laser system using cryogenically-cooled amplifiers, currently operating at the Advanced Light Source at LBNL. The system consists of an oscillator, a 20 kHz regenerative preamplifier, and two power amplifiers to produce two output beams, each at 30W. Each power amp can be pumped by two 90 Watt, 10 kHz, diode-pumped, doubled YLF lasers simultaneously (for 10 kHz) or interleaved in time (for 20 kHz). The regen is pumped at 20 kHz and 60W, producing 8W output which is split between the power amps. To maintain the crystals near the thermal conductivity peak at ~50°K, we used 300 Watt cryorefrigerators mechanically decoupled from the optical table. Pulses are compressed in a quartz transmission grating compressor, to minimize thermal distortions of the phase front typical of gold coated gratings at high power density. Transmission through the compressor is >80%, using a single 100 x 100mm grating. One of the 30W output beams is used to produce 70fs electron bunches in the synchrotron light source. The other is delayed by 300ns in a 12-pass Herriot cell before amplification, to be synchronized with the short light pulse from the synchrotron.
Viscous Relaxation and the Transition between the Kinematic and Nonlinear Galactic Dynamos

This paper primarily treats the different stages in the buildup of small-scale magnetic energy in a turbulent Galactic dynamo and does not directly address the growth of a coherent Galactic-scale magnetic field. If the Galaxy is born with a very weak magnetic field, turbulence in the ISM causes the magnetic energy to grow rapidly on scales much smaller than the scale of the smallest turbulent eddy (Kulsrud & Anderson). In the early stages of growth, ambipolar diffusion (the relative motion between ions and neutrals) damps magnetic energy at the smallest scales and causes the characteristic length scale of the magnetic field to become larger as the total magnetic energy increases (Kulsrud & Anderson). When the total magnetic energy becomes as large as the kinetic energy in the smallest turbulent eddies, small, the length scale of the magnetic field becomes large enough that viscosity cannot freeze the neutrals in place in the presence of magnetic forces and ion-neutral collisions. When this happens, a new form of damping of magnetic energy termed "viscous relaxation" is shown to occur in which neutrals and ions move together to smooth out field lines. The rate of damping of magnetic energy in this regime is shown to increase over the ambipolar-diffusion damping rate. Viscous relaxation prevents the magnetic energy on scales smaller than the smallest turbulent eddy from becoming much larger than small. Numerically, small ~ kin R−1/2, where kin is the total turbulent kinetic energy and R is the ordinary Reynolds number of the interstellar turbulence. After the magnetic energy has saturated on scales smaller than the smallest turbulent eddy, the magnetic energy continues to grow on the scales of the turbulent eddies where viscous relaxation is ineffective. When the magnetic energy on the scale of the smallest turbulent eddy becomes comparable with small, strong MHD turbulence develops and the transition from the kinematic dynamo to the nonlinear dynamo is complete.
Geology of the Victorville Region, California

Late Precambrian and Paleozoic strata of the Cordilleran continental margin (miogeocline) form a westward-thickening wedge of sedimentary rocks in the southern Great Basin region (Stewart, 1970). Facies boundaries and isopachs of these rocks can be traced across this region into the eastern Mojave Desert, southeastern California, where these older trends are crosscut by the younger, Mesozoic-age magmatic arc terrane (Fig. 1). Miogeoclinal rocks involved in the Cordilleran fold-and-thrust belt in the eastern Mojave Desert become more highly deformed and metamorphosed southwestward as the magnatic arc is approached. The geologic complexity of the central and western Mojave Desert, however, has posed a major stumbling block in attempts to reconstruct the paleogeography and tectonic history of the southern part of the Cordilleran orogenic belt. In the central and western Mojave Desert, bed-rock exposures consist chiefly to Tertiary volcanic rocks and Mesozoic granitic rocks. Because of the lack of exposure of older rocks in this terrrane, the southwestward continuation of miogeoclinal facies and isopach trends and the timing and nature of structural events in this region are very poorly known in comparison to what is known about the eastern Mojave Desert region.
Apical ballooning syndrome (Tako-Tsubo or stress cardiomyopathy): A mimic of acute myocardial infarction

Apical ballooning syndrome (ABS) is a unique reversible cardiomyopathy that is frequently precipitated by a stressful event and has a clinical presentation that is indistinguishable from a myocardial infarction. We review the best evidence regarding the pathophysiology, clinical features, investigation, and management of ABS. The incidence of ABS is estimated to be 1% to 2% of patients presenting with an acute myocardial infarction. The pathophysiology remains unknown, but catecholamine mediated myocardial stunning is the most favored explanation. Chest pain and dyspnea are the typical presenting symptoms. Transient ST elevation may be present on the electrocardiogram, and a small rise in cardiac troponin T is invariable. Typically, there is hypokinesis or akinesis of the mid and apical segments of the left ventricle with sparing of the basal systolic function without obstructive coronary lesions. Supportive treatment leads to spontaneous rapid recovery in nearly all patients. The prognosis is excellent, and a recurrence occurs in <10% of patients. Apical ballooning syndrome should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients with an apparent acute coronary syndrome with left ventricular regional wall motion abnormality and absence of obstructive coronary artery disease, especially in the setting of a stressful trigger.
Suicide Awareness Training for Faculty and Staff: A Training Model for School Counselors.

Suicide among school-aged youth is a growing concern, and school personnel have a legal obligation to provide suicide prevention programming to faculty and staff. School counselors have the skills to provide such training, as well as to inform staff and faculty of school policy and procedures for referring potentially suicidal students. A step-by-step model is provided for school counselors to use and adapt for suicide in-service training.
Weak-localization magnetoconductivity in superlattices: Extension to higher magnetic fields.

We extend weak-localization theory in superlattices to higher magnetic fields by going beyond the eikonal approximation. The result is a weaker dependence on the magnetic field. This reduction depends strongly on the value of the dephasing time ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathrm{ph}}$. It is relatively small for large ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathrm{ph}}$ and large for small ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathrm{ph}}$ where it can amount to as much as 65%.
Flood Insurance or Disaster Loans: An Economic Evaluation

Alternative federal flood disaster assistance programs are evaluated through an economic comparison of flood insurance and disaster loan programs. The distribution of costs, benefits, and program transfers, both private and public, are simulated over time and are analyzed to determine the sensitivity of program performance to specific program parameters. Empirical results demonstrate that both programs provide adequate levels of protection at approximately equivalent costs. Variations in premium and interest rate subsidies have major effects on the distribution of total costs between the public and private sectors.
Age-Related Declines in Nigral Neuronal Function Correlate With Motor Impairments in Rhesus Monkeys

Although the role of dopamine dysfunction is well established in Parkinson's disease, the effect of nigrostriatal degeneration on motor performance during normal aging is less well understood. In this study, aged rhesus monkeys (25-27 years old) displayed significant impairments relative to young (3-5 years old) cohorts in motor function as assessed on a fine motor task and home cage activity. Additionally, the clinical motor function of aged monkeys was impaired relative to young monkeys as assessed on a clinical rating scale. Unbiased stereologic measurements of the substantia nigra revealed a significant age-related loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-ir; 50.3%) and dopamine transporter-immunoreactive (DAT-ir; 33.2%) nigral neurons. The monkeys performance on the fine motor task and on the clinical rating scale was correlated with TH-ir neuronal counts. The number of DAT-ir nigral neurons was correlated with activity and clinical rating scale scores. Our results suggest that age-related motor impairments in nonhuman primates are associated with spontaneous decreases in TH-ir and DAT-ir nigral cells. The correlation of motor deficits with the loss of TH-ir and DAT-ir nigral neurons suggests that aged nonhuman primates may provide a useful model for mimicking changes seen in human aging and early Parkinson's disease.
Information systems variables and management productivity

Abstract The companies in the Premier 100 list published by ComputerWorld (CW) in 1994 were classified into groups based on the information productivity index (IPI) computed by Paul Strassmann. Discriminant analysis was used to identify the significant discriminating information systems factors between the two groups. They are: ‘number of years the Chief Information Officer (CIO) has been in the company in that position,’ ‘proportion of software resources spent on client server applications,’ and ‘percentage of software budget spent on new development.’ On average the CIOs in the high productivity group have been with the company for three years, as compared to eight years in the low productivity group. The companies in the high group spent 54% of the software development budget on client server applications, as compared to 35% for the low productivity group. Companies in the high productivity group spent 46% of software budget on in-house development of new applications, as opposed to 60% for the low productivity group.
Elite Careers and Family Commitment: It’s (Still) about Gender

Men and women are increasingly likely to pursue careers in elite professions, but gendered expectations about homemaking and breadwinning continue to shape opportunities for professional advancement and individual decisions to marry, have children, regulate employment hours, or use “family-friendly” programs. This article describes how the Victorian ideology of separate spheres and other gendered beliefs and practices have spawned a modern-day “career advancement double standard” in which professional women who marry or have children are considered less serious about their careers, whereas professional men who marry or become fathers are considered more likely candidates for promotion. Trends in the general population toward more gender equality in labor force attachment and family labor sharing are compared to slower changes among elite professionals such as doctors, lawyers, and bankers.
Yield contribution of nitrogen fertilizer, herbicide, and insecticide in a corn‐soybean rotation

Abstract Interest is increasing in alternative, reduced input cropping systems. Potential interactive effects of input additions or eliminations on crop yield must be delineated to develop the most resource‐efficient cropping systems. Information of this type is especially lacking in the southern United States. The principal objective of this field study was to determine the main and interactive effects of nitrogen (N) fertilization, herbicide, and insecticide on grain yields in a corn (Zea mays L.)‐soybean [(Glycine max (L.) Merr.)] rotation. Dryland studies were conducted for four years (1990–1993) on a Weswood silt loam soil (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept). Variables included none or “optimal”; applications of N fertilizer, herbicide, and insecticide. Mean corn grain yield was increased 156% by N fertilization compared to the no N control. Herbicide significantly increased corn grain yield two of four years, while soil‐applied insecticide had no effect. Johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) ...
New global optima results for the Kauffman NK model: handling dependency

The Kauffman NK model has been used in theoretical biology, physics and business organizations to model complex systems with interacting components. This paper presents new global optima results for the NK model by developing tools for handling dependency in the cases where K grows with N; this generalizes the previous work that focused on the analysis of the (independent) case K=N−1. A dependency graph is defined and studied to handle dependencies among underlying random variables in the NK model. Order statistics (with dependencies) and the expected value of the global optima, E N, K , are bounded using equitable coloring of the dependency graph. These bounds convert the problem of bounding order statistics of dependent random variables into that of independent random variables while incorporating quantitative information about the mutual dependencies between the underlying random variables. An alternative upper bound on E N, K using direct arguments is also proposed. A detailed analysis of E N, K for K close to N (K=N−α and K=β N, α ∈ Z +,β ∈ (0,1)) is given for underlying uniform and normal distributions. Finally, for bounded underlying distributions, the global optima is shown to be concentrated around its mean E N, K .
Alternatives to blanket guarantees for containing a systemic crisis

Abstract This paper seeks to explain how policy actions undertaken at the outset of recent crises—particularly the issuance of extensive liquidity support and government guarantees—absorb off-budget fiscal resources and inappropriately constrain officials’ subsequent options for restructuring their country’s troubled financial and corporate sectors. Empirical evidence supports the commonsense view that the damage a crisis works on a country’s financial sector and on its real economy is lessened by taking market-mimicking actions that promptly estimate and allocate losses during the early stages of a crisis. The most important steps are to plan to call a timeout to separate hopelessly insolvent institutions from potentially viable ones and to provide haircuts, guarantees, and liquidity support in ways that protect taxpayers and avoid subsidizing insolvent institutions’ longshot gambles for resurrection.
THE EFFECT OF ICE COVER ON VERTICAL TRANSFER IN STREAM CHANNELS

: The effect of ice cover on vertical transfer is examined based on the Reynolds' analogy and composite logarithmic velocity distributions. A finite difference scheme is used to predict concentration profiles in a two-dimensional channel. Comparisons made between the ice-covered condition and the ice-free condition show that considerable reduction in mixing capacity of the channel is caused by the ice cover.
Endoscopic Approach to the Post Liver Transplant Patient

Biliary complications occur after liver transplantation. These complications can be effectively and safely managed using endoscopic approaches and can prevent unnecessary and potentially morbid surgery.
The Influence of Salmonella Species on the Whole Blood Pullorum Test

Abstract ACCORDING to a recent survey (Winter, 1939), more than half of the states cooperating in the National Poultry Improvement Plan use the whole-blood pullorum test as described by Schaffer et al. (1931). Flocks are sometimes encountered in which the blood produces doubtful agglutination of the bacteria in the stained antigen. This is indicated by a slow and fine agglutination instead of the characteristic quick and flaky reaction shown by infected birds. Van Roekel and Clarke (1935) have pointed out that a low concentration of pullorum agglutinins may cause a doubtful reaction. Kaupp and Dearstyne (1925), McGaughey (1932), Lee et al. (1936), Jungherr and Clancy (1939), and others have shown that several species of bacteria of the Salmonella group show cross agglutination with pullorum and cause a reaction in the standard tube pullorum test. It is generally believed that Salmonella infections, other than pullorum, may also cause some reaction in the . . .
Modern virtual project management: The effects of a centralized and decentralized project management office

One of the many challenges within the project management community is how to structure the project management organization (PMO) to optimize the value of virtual project managers. Some organization...
Generation of Spatially Aligned Collagen Fiber Networks Through Microtransfer Molding

The unique biomechanical properties of native tissue are governed by the organization and composition of integrated collagen and elastin networks. We report an approach for fabricating spatially aligned, fiber-reinforced composites (FRC) with adjustable collagen fiber dimensions, layouts, and distribution within an elastin-like protein matrix yielding a biocomposite with controllable mechanical responses. Microtransfer molding is employed for the fabrication of hollow and solid collagen fibers with straight or crimped fiber geometries. Collagen fibers (width: 2 – 50 μm, thickness: 300 nm – 3 μm) exhibit a Young’s modulus of 126 ± 61 MPa and an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 7 ± 3.2 MPa. As fiber networks within composite structures, straight fiber layouts display orthotropic responses with Young’s modulus ranging from 0.95 ± 0.35 to 10.4 ± 0.5 MPa and tensile strength from 0.22 ± 0.08 to 0.87 ± 0.5 MPa with increasing fraction of collagen fibers (1–10% v/v). In contrast, composites based on crimped fiber layouts exhibit strain-dependent stiffness with an increase in Young’s modulus from 0.7 ± 0.14 MPa to 3.15 ± 0.49 MPa, at a specific transition strain. Through controlling the microstructure of engineered collagen fiber networks, a facile means has been established to control macroscale mechanical responses of composite protein-based materials.
Prime time soap operas on Indian television

Shoma Munshi, New Delhi: Routledge, 2010, 312 pp., Rs. 595 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-415-55377-3 Shoma Munshi's Prime Time Soap Operas on Indian Television deserves a warm welcome from all observers o...