cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
XPS Investigations of (1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane)RhMe3 and [1,1,1-tris((dimethylphosphino)methyl)ethane]RhMe3 and Their Rh−C Cleavage Derivatives. Comparison of Hard- and Soft-Ligated Rhodium Organometallics

The new molecules P3RhMe3-n(OTf)n are reported (n = 0−2; P3 = MeC(CH2PMe2)3; OTf = OS(O)2CF3). The known fac-(Me3P)3RhMe3 was converted to mer-(Me3P)3RhMe3-nCln (n = 1, 2) by cleavage with HCl in ether. X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) of these were recorded, and all except the P3RhMe3-nCln series afforded clean spectra. XPS were also obtained for the known CnRhMe3-nXn (n = 0−2; X = Cl, Br, OTf; Cn = 1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane), CnRhX3 (X = Cl, Br), CnRhMe(OH)(OTf), and [CnRhMe2(CO)]OTf. An X-ray crystal structure of P3RhMe3 is reported, and the geometry at the metal is compared among P3RhMe3, (Me3P)3RhMe3, and CnRhMe3. Core binding energies (BEs) for the series L3RhMe3-nXn (L3 = Cn, P3) change linearly with n for a given L3 and X. For CnRhMe3-nXn, replacement of methyl by chloride or bromide gives similar ΔBE values (∼0.7 eV), while triflate-for-methyl substitution gives a much larger ΔBE (1.2 eV). Triflate-for-methyl substitution in P3RhMe3-n(OTf)n, however, causes a ΔBE of only 0.8 eV. Th...
A matched-filter approach to wave migration

Wave migration is a technique in which the reflectivity of the Earth is interpreted by extrapolating the fields measured on the surface into the ground. The motivation of this paper is to develop a generalized imaging algorithm based on a matched-filter that shows a mathematical connection between currently used migration techniques. The filter is determined by estimating the received signal when a specific test target exists in the ground. To keep the method general, a point scatterer is used as this target, while distributed objects are modeled without changing the filter characteristics by a collection of independent point scatterers. Also, the specific forms of the Green's functions, which describe wave propagation in the ground, are not included in the formation of this approach leaving more freedom in the implementation. When the filter is applied to measured data of a monostatic survey, the resulting method becomes a forward scattering problem in which these data become time-reversed current sources. Next, specific forward scattering techniques are applied to this matched-filter approach and the resulting methods are compared to traditional migration techniques. In doing so, we find that the general form of most migration techniques can be shown using a matched-filter, while the major differences lie in the actual interpretation of the wave propagation that is used to implement the filter. The similarities of the matched-filter-based approaches to traditional techniques are used to show a connection and general overview of wave migration. Finally, these methods are applied to data collected over pipes buried in sand.
Increased Risk of Incisional Hernia after Sigmoid Colectomy for Diverticulitis Compared with Colon Cancer

Background We aimed to determine if an increased incidence of incisional hernias is present in patients undergoing sigmoidectomy for diverticulitis vs cancer. The pathophysiology of diverticulitis is poorly understood, but might involve a collagen vascular abnormality that can predispose to incisional hernia. Study Design In this IRB-approved, retrospective study, patients who underwent sigmoid colectomies for diverticulitis or cancer between January 2003 and September 2012 were studied. Exclusion criteria included the development of surgical site infections and neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. A multivariate logistic regression was used with covariate adjustments for known risk factors for hernia development. Results Four hundred forty-two patients (mean age 59.3 ± 13.9 years) with a median follow-up of 30 months were analyzed. The incidence of incisional hernia was 15.1% in diverticulitis patients vs 5.8% in the cancer cohort (41 of 271 vs 10 of 171; p = 0.003). Univariate analysis of risk factors associated with postoperative incisional hernia included steroid use (p = 0.007), wound packing (p = 0.001), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists classification (p = 0.001), absorbable suture closure (p = 0.02), blood transfusion (p = 0.04), stoma formation (p = 0.02), increased body mass index (p = 0.008), and history of incisional hernia (p = 0.00008). Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated a persistent association between diverticulitis and hernia development (p = 0.01). Odds of a hernia developing after sigmoidectomy for diverticulitis were 2.82 times greater than in the cancer cohort (95% CI, 1.3–6.6). Conclusions The incidence of an incisional hernia developing after a sigmoid colectomy is significantly higher when performed for diverticulitis as compared with cancer. This might be due to a connective tissue disorder, which predisposes to development of both diverticula and hernias.
Laboratory studies with nitrofurantoin. Relationship between crystal size, urinary excretion in the rat and man, and emesis in dogs

Studies were conducted relating the effect of varying the crystal size of orally administered nitrofurantoin on absorption and urinary excretion in the rat and man and emesis in dogs. It was discovered that there is an optimal average crystal size of about 150 mesh, or its equivalent surface area falling between 80 to 200 mesh limits, which reduces emesis while still permitting ample urinary excretion for efficacy.
Wave propagation in 2D random granular media

Abstract Numerical simulations are performed to study wave propagation in an infinite domain of square packed spheres with intruders at interstitial locations. Randomness is uniformly distributed in the densities of the spheres and the packing contains no precompression. The simulations reveal the two regimes of force amplitude decay: exponential and power law, similar to those previously reported in 1D random granular chains. The source of transition between the regimes is identified as a function of the amplitude of the leading pulse and the backscatter. An analysis of the contours of force amplitude demonstrates the anisotropy of wave propagation with respect to the distance traveled by the wave and the level of randomness. An investigation of the evolution of ensemble kinetic energy shows a gradual increase with increasing randomness, and the results are compared with the corresponding 1D random chains. The study of angular decay provides a way to identify suitable sphere properties to design optimized granular structures.
Shaping relaxation in the unrelaxed client

Abstract A procedure called “relaxation programming” is described which has been found useful in helping unrelaxed clients achieve a more comfortable level of relaxation during relaxation training and systematic desensitization.
Impact of body mass index on changes in common carotid artery wall thickness.

Objective: To examine associations between changes in body mass index (BMI) and changes in carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) in a community-based sample. Research Methods and Procedures: Carotid artery IMT and BMI were assessed at baseline (between 1987 and 1990) and in three subsequent examinations at 3-year intervals in participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities cohort. The 9316 African-American and white men and women in the analysis were 45 to 64 years of age at baseline. Cross-sectional associations between BMI and IMT were assessed using general linear models. Longitudinal associations were examined using mixed models analysis. Results: Cross-sectional associations between BMI and IMT were confirmed. At baseline, a 1-kg/m2 increase in BMI was associated with an increase in IMT that ranged from 2.5 to 7.5 μm among the ethnic-gender groups examined. Changes in BMI were not associated with changes in IMT in models that adjusted for aging and other covariates. Results were similar across ethnic-gender groups. Discussion: Among free-living, 45- to 64-year-old adults, changes in common carotid artery IMT associated with changes in BMI are either very small or absent.
IL-12-Independent Costimulation Pathways for Interferon-γ Production in Familial DisseminatedMycobacterium aviumComplex Infection

Abstract We have described previously a family with an apparent genetic susceptibility to disseminatedMycobacterium aviumcomplex infection and an underlying defect in IL-12 regulation leading to abnormally low interferon-γ production. Their T cells appear to act normally when in the presence of normal accessory cells. Cell-to-cell contact was necessary for normal monocytes to complement the familial patient monocyte defect, suggesting the familial defect in interferon-γ costimulation involves pathways requiring cell surface molecule interactions. In an effort to better characterize the abnormality in these patients, we examined the role of known costimulatory molecules in residual costimulation by patient PBMC compared to normals. Whereas normals utilized CD40/CD40L interactions and IL-12 production for optimal interferon-γ costimulation in PHA-stimulated cocultures, familial patient interferon-γ production was low and unaffected by their blockade. CD86 blockade caused a greater than 50% reduction in both normal and familial patient interferon-γ production, implying that a majority of residual familial patient costimulation required this pathway. Furthermore, selected myelomonocytic cell lines (K562 and THP1) acted as potent accessory cells for interferon-γ production by familial patient and normal T cells, largely independent of IL-12 production. However, CD86 blockade of K562 cell/familial cell cocultures resulted in less than a 20% reduction in interferon-γ production, indicating that familial patient cells respond to IL-12- and CD86-independent costimulatory signals for interferon-γ as well. Thus, we demonstrate that the familial defect also involves interferon-γ costimulation pathways requiring both CD40/CD40L interaction and IL-12 production, while residual pathways remain that allow low-level interferon-γ production. FamilialMycobacterium aviumpatient monocytes and certain myelomonocytic cell lines can be exploited to investigate IL-12-independent costimulation for interferon-γ production.
Who coined the term “humanistic psychology"?

(1990). Who coined the term “humanistic psychology'? The Humanistic Psychologist: Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 350-351.
First look at the effect of overexpression of TIGR/MYOC on the transcriptome of the human trabecular meshwork.

Abstract Wild-type TIGR/MYOC is a secreted protein implicated in the development of steroid glaucoma. Mutations in TIGR/MYOC have been linked to some patients who develop elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and glaucoma. Because there is evidence of some other factors contributing to the TIGR/MYOC causative role in glaucoma, and because substantial increased levels of a particular cellular mRNA and protein might alter expression of other host genes, we began to investigate the effect of TIGR/MYOC overexpression on the transcriptome of human trabecular meshwork cells. We used a recombinant adenovirus carrying wild-type TIGR/MYOC cDNA, primary HTM cells, 300 viral particles per cell and U133 Affymetrix GeneChips. Our results indicate that 2361 out of the 22 284 genes (10.6%) were altered more than two-fold ( p ≤0.005) by the overexpression of TIGR/MYOC. A higher proportion of the altered genes were downregulated (1412 vs. 949). Potentially relevant upregulated genes include angiopoietin 2, matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1) and thrombomodulin; among those downregulated we observed growth arrest specific 1, proteins involved in the ubiquitination pathway and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1. In addition, collagen type 1, one of the MMP1 substrates, was also downregulated. Genes affected by wild-type TIGR/MYOC might prove to be candidate mediators for future studies of the mechanisms of glaucoma.
Measuring the incidence of rural capitalism: An analysis of survey data from North‐East Brazil

Patnaik's concept of ‘net hired labour ratio’ is used to examine the agrarian class structure in North‐East Brazil. This analysis goes beyond Patnaik's original contribution by using discriminant analysis to test the mean difference between social classes with respect to variables representing access to means of production, family size and participation in commodity production. The basic result obtained is that the incidence of agrarian capitalism in the ‘peasant’ universe of North‐East Brazil is relatively high. This empirical result contradicts two current notions: (1) that the ‘homestead’ population is homogeneous with respect to labour market participation, and (2) that capitalism only dominates agriculture in an ‘indirect’ way, confined to the circulation sphere.
Black Milwaukee and Urban African American History

Over the past twenty years, Black Milwaukee has had a major impact in the fields of African American and American labor history, but its influence on students of urban history has been more ambiguous. Despite the significant growth over the past twenty years in the study of African Americans in cities, the subfields remain segregated. More recent work has made successful attempts to merge the study of change within American cities with an analysis of the role of African Americans in these processes. These studies' reliance on Black Milwaukee as a model shows its continuing relevance.
Design of a piecewise linear vibration isolator for jump avoidance

Piecewise linear isolators are smart passive vibration isolators that provide effective isolation for high frequency/low amplitude excitation. This can be done by introducing a soft primary suspension and a relatively damped secondary suspension. Such a piecewise isolator prevents the system from a high relative displacement in low frequency/high amplitude excitation. By employed an averaging method it is possible to obtain an implicit function for frequency response of a symmetric bilinear vibration isolator system under steady-state harmonic excitation. This function is examined for jump avoidance. A condition is derived which when met ensures that the undesirable phenomenon of 'jump' does not occur and the system response is functional. The jump avoidance and sensitivity of the condition are examined and investigated as the dynamic parameters vary. The results of this investigation can be directly employed in design of effective piecewise linear vibration isolators. A linear vibration system is defined as one in which the quantities of mass (or inertia), stiffness, and damping are linear in behaviour and do not vary with time [1]. Although mathematical models employing a linear ordinary differential equation with constant coefficients portray a simple and manageable system for analytical study, in most cases they are an incomplete representation simplified for the sake of analysis. Most real physical vibration systems are more accurately depicted by non-linear governing equations, in which the non-linearity may stem from structural constraints causing a change in stiffness and damping characteristics, or from inherent non-linear behaviour of internal springs and dampers. This paper focuses on a general form of such a non-linear system. This study of piecewise-linear systems will allow hazardous system behaviour over operating frequency ranges to be gauged and controlled in order to avoid premature fatigue damage, and prolong the life of the system.
Weighing the risks and the benefits: A call for the empirical assessment of perceived teratogenic risk☆

Pregnant women are often faced with complex decisions about whether to undergo medical treatment or continue working in an occupational setting that is permeated with hazardous chemicals. The task for these women is to weigh the benefits of these activities against the potential risks that they may have on the developing embryo. Scientific uncertainty with respect to the teratogenicity of drugs and chemicals in humans leaves health care professionals and their pregnant patients with little predictive information. Cognitive research has shown that it is difficult for people to make complex decisions, particularly when the risks are uncertain. Although the problems inherent in counseling pregnant women regarding teratogenic risk are not new, little time has been devoted to the empiric assessment of how people perceive teratogenic risk and how teratogenic risk information can be best communicated. This article explores the variables that have been found, through psychometric research, to influence people's perception of risk and how cognitive models derived from these studies may be applicable to teratogen information counseling. Understanding the variables that shape the perception of teratogenic risk can help health care professionals improve how they communicate these risks to their patients. Improved teratogenic risk communication will result in better management of pregnancies and reduction of costly litigation that ensues when risks are not properly communicated and understood.
Regional differences in sweat rate response of steers to short-term heat stress

Six Angus steers (319 ± 8.5 kg) were assigned to one of two groups (hot or cold exposure) of three steers each, and placed into two environmental chambers initially maintained at 16.5–18.8°C air temperature (T a). Cold chamber T a was lowered to 8.4°C, while T a within the hot chamber was increased to 32.7°C over a 24-h time period. Measurements included respiration rate, and air and body (rectal and skin) temperatures. Skin temperature was measured at shoulder and rump locations, with determination of sweat rate using a calibrated moisture sensor. Rectal temperature did not change in cold or hot chambers. However, respiration rate nearly doubled in the heat (P < 0.05), increasing when T a was above 24°C. Skin temperatures at the two locations were highly correlated (P < 0.05) with each other and with T a. In contrast, sweat rate showed differences at rump and shoulder sites. Sweat rate of the rump exhibited only a small increase with T a. However, sweat rate at the shoulder increased more than four-fold with increasing T a. Increased sweat rate in this region is supported by an earlier report of a higher density of sweat glands in the shoulder compared to rump regions. Sweat rate was correlated with several thermal measurements to determine the best predictor. Fourth-order polynomial expressions of short-term rectal and skin temperature responses to hot and cold exposures produced r values of 0.60, 0.84, and 0.98, respectively. These results suggest that thermal inputs other than just rectal or skin temperature drive the sweat response in cattle.
Monoclonal antibodies directed to the blood group A associated structure, galactosyl-A: specificity and relation to the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen.

Abstract Two monoclonal antibodies, HH8 and HH9, have been established after immunization of mice with galactosyl-A glycolipid antigen having the terminal structure, Galβ1 → 3GalNAcα1 → 3[Fucα1 → 2]Galβ1 → R, which is the precursor for type 3 chain A (repetitive A) and type 3 chain H (A-associated H). Both antibodies react strongly and specifically with galactosyl-A, but HH8 (IgM) showed strong hemagglutination of blood group a1, A2, O and B erythrocytes after sialidase treatment, while HH9 (IgG1) did not react with human erythrocytes even after sialidase treatment. HH8 and anti-T antibody, but not HH9, reacted with glycophorin A after sialidase treatment. The reactivity of HH8 with glycophorin A was abolished by β-galactosidase and was inhibited by liposomes containing galactosyl-A, but not other glycolipids. In addition, anti-T antibody and peanut lectin reacted specifically with galactosyl-A glycolipids. These findings indicate that HH8 recognizes the terminal disaccharide Galβ1 → 3GalNAcα1 → R, which is the same sequence as the classically known Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (T-antigen), whereas HH9 does not cross-react with T-antigen but recognizes the entire galactosyl-A structure. The T-antigen was also demonstrated by immunohistology with HH8 after neuraminidase treatment in a subset of cells in stratified epithelium.
FPGA-Based Hardware Acceleration of Lithographic Aerial Image Simulation

Lithography simulation, an essential step in design for manufacturability (DFM), is still far from computationally efficient. Most leading companies use large clusters of server computers to achieve acceptable turn-around time. Thus coprocessor acceleration is very attractive for obtaining increased computational performance with a reduced power consumption. This article describes the implementation of a customized accelerator on FPGA using a polygon-based simulation model. An application-specific memory partitioning scheme is designed to meet the bandwidth requirements for a large number of processing elements. Deep loop pipelining and ping-pong buffer based function block pipelining are also implemented in our design. Initial results show a 15X speedup versus the software implementation running on a microprocessor, and more speedup is expected via further performance tuning. The implementation also leverages state-of-art C-to-RTL synthesis tools. At the same time, we also identify the need for manual architecture-level exploration for parallel implementations. Moreover, we implement the algorithm on NVIDIA GPUs using the CUDA programming environment, and provide some useful comparisons for different kinds of accelerators.
Antigen recognition in the female reproductive tract. I, Uptake of intraluminal protein tracers in the mouse vagina

Local immunization in the vagina of several species elicits immune responses, but little is known about the uptake, processing and recognition of antigens at this site. Here, we investigated the uptake of intravaginally (iv) administered protein tracers into the vagina and draining lymph nodes (iliacs) during the estrous cycle in the mouse.
Secondary teachers’ conception of various forms of complex numbers

This study explores in-service high school mathematics teachers’ conception of various forms of complex numbers and ways in which they transition between different representations of these forms. One 90-min interview was conducted with three high school mathematics teachers after they completed three professional development sessions, each 4 h, on complex numbers. Results indicate that, in general, these teachers did not necessarily have a dual conception of complex numbers. However, they demonstrated varying conceptions with different forms of complex numbers. Teachers worked at an operational level with the exponential form of complex numbers, but there was no evidence to indicate that they had a structural conception of this form. On the other hand, two teachers were very comfortable with the Cartesian form and exhibited a process/object duality by translating between different representations of this form. These results indicate that high school teachers need more opportunities to help them develop a dual conception of each form (multiple duals), which in turn can result in developing a dual conception of complex numbers. An interesting phenomenon that we found was that teachers who taught courses such as geometry and international baccalaureate were able to draw from their teaching experiences as they attempted the interview tasks. This particular observation may suggest that teachers’ teaching assignments coupled with appropriate professional development activities could facilitate their understanding of these concepts.
Characterization of PGE2 inhibition of corticotropin releasing factor-mediated ACTH release.

Abstract The role of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on the mechanism of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) induced adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) release was studied in primary rat pituitary cell culture. The continuous incubation of pituitary cells with PGE2 inhibited CRF-stimulated ACTH with an ED50 of 1.2 × 10−9 M PGE2. PGE2,however, did not alter the spontaneous release of ACTH. PGE2 (10−8 M) signnificantly decreased 10−10 M, 10−9, and 10−8 M CRF-mediated ACTH release by 42%, 47%, and 31% of total CRF- stimulated ACTH release. Time course experiment demonstrated a PGE2-induced inhibition by 20 min of CRF incubation which continued for 3 h. After a 2-h incubation with PGE2, the wash-out of PGE2 from the culture medium just prior to the addition of CRF eliminated the inhibitory activity of PGE2. PGE2 decreased the amount of CRF-stimulated ACTH from cells incubated with cycloheximide (P
Metric marginal problems for set-valued or non-measurable variables

In a separable metric space, if two Borel probability measures (laws) are nearby in a suitable metric, then there exist random variables with those laws which are nearby in probability. Specifically, by a well-known theorem of Strassen, the Prohorov distance between two laws is the infimum of Ky Fan distances of random variables with those laws. The present paper considers possible extensions of Strassen's theorem to two random elements one of which may be (compact) set-valued and/or non-measurable. There are positive results in finite-dimensional spaces, but with factors depending on the dimension. Examples show that such factors cannot entirely be avoided, so that the extension of Strassen's theorem to the present situation fails in infinite dimensions.
Nonlinear Wheelset Forces in Flange Contact—Part 2: Measurements Using Dynamically Scaled Models

This paper presents new experimental methods for the study of rail vehicle dynamics through the use of scaled models on tangent track, and the application of these techniques to the measurement of nonlinear wheelset force/displacement relations in steady-state. These relations are important to the analysis of wheelset response to track inputs, curving performance of trucks, and wheelclimb derailment. A one-fifth scale model instrumented wheelset with new wheel profiles is used, with similitude scaling of the contact forces achieved through use of a polycarbonate resin for the contact surfaces. Data are presented for wheelset lateral force and yaw moment for the nonlinear range of wheelset lateral displacements and yaw angles, including flange contact. The measured data validate the analytical model presented in Part 1 of this paper, based on nonlinear wheel/rail contact geometry, creep forces with adhesion limits, and wheelset kinematics. A criterion for wheelclimb derailment is presented and verified experimentally.
Recognition sequences and substrate evolution in cyanobactin biosynthesis.

Ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptide (RiPP) natural products are of broad interest because of their intrinsic bioactivities and potential for synthetic biology. The RiPP cyanobactin pathways pat and tru have been experimentally shown to be extremely tolerant of mutations. In nature, the pathways exhibit “substrate evolution”, where enzymes remain constant while the substrates of those enzymes are hypervariable and readily evolvable. Here, we sought to determine the mechanism behind this promiscuity. Analysis of a series of different enzyme–substrate combinations from five different cyanobactin gene clusters, in addition to engineered substrates, led us to define short discrete recognition elements within substrates that are responsible for directing enzymes. We show that these recognition sequences (RSs) are portable and can be interchanged to control which functional groups are added to the final natural product. In addition to the previously assigned N- and C-terminal proteol...
Spectral estimation with the Hirschman optimal transform filter bank and compressive sensing

The traditional Heisenberg-Weyl measure quantifies the joint localization, uncertainty, or concentration of a signal in the phase plane based on a product of energies expressed as signal variances in time and in frequency. Unlike the Heisenberg-Weyl measure, the Hirschman notion of joint uncertainty is based on the entropy rather than the energy [1]. Furthermore, as we noted in [2], the Hirschman optimal transform (HOT) is superior to the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and discrete cosine transform (DCT) in terms of its ability to resolve two limiting cases of localization in frequency, viz pure tones and additive white noise. We found in [3] that the HOT has a superior resolution to the DFT when two pure tones are close in frequency. In this paper, we improve on that method to present a more complete spectral analysis tool. Here, we implement a stationary spectral estimation method using compressive sensing (in particular, Iterative Hard Thresholding) on HOT filterbanks. We compare its frequency resolution to that of a DFT filterbank using compressive sensing. In particular, we compare the performance of the HF with that of the DFT in resolving two close frequency components in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). We find the HF method to be superior to the DFT method in frequency estimation, and ascribe the difference to the HOT's relationship to entropy.
Reading the World's Classics Critically: A Keyword-Based Approach to Literary Analysis in Foreign Language Studies

While there are a number of important critical pedagogies being proposed in the field of foreign language study, more attention should be given to providing concrete examples of how to apply these ideas in the classroom. This article offers a new approach to the textual analysis of literary classics through the keyword-based methodology originally developed by cultural historian Raymond Williams. The article describes Williams's theory and details its specific application and efficacy in undergraduate Golden Age Spanish literature classes. The study shows that the keyword method supported students' active engagement with the classics through a multilayered analysis of the linguistic, literary, and sociocultural features of the works.
Acetabular revision using a bone-ingrowth total hip component in patients who have acetabular bone stock deficiency

Abstract The clinical and radiologic results of acetabular revision using a porous titanium-mesh metal-backed acetabular component fixed to the pelvis with screws were studied in 30 consecutive patients (32 hips) who had moderate or severe acetabular bone loss. All of the acetabula were classified as type III or IV according to the American Association of Orthopaedic Surgeons' acetabular grading system. Particulate autologous or allogenic bone—graft was used in 75% of the reconstructions. The mean follow-up period was 69 months (range, 46–109 months). Three acetabular components (9%) were rerevised for aseptic loosening at an average of 64 months, including one patient who had a primary diagnosis of radiation necrosis of the ilium. The average Harris hip score for the remaining 29 hips rose from 46 to 81. The radiologic failure rate was 3% (1 of 29 unrevised hips) for a total failure rate of 12%. No pelvic osteolysis was seen with this implant. Revision of acetabula that have moderate or severe bone deficiency by a bone-ingrowth acetabular component fixed with screws and bone—graft appears to be successful in restoring bone stock and providing a stable, pain-free reconstruction.
Managed care and U.S. hospitals' capital costs

This study examined the effects of managed care organizations (MCOs) on the yields paid by U.S. hospitals on newly issued debt. The analysis improved on existing studies by utilizing a two-stage method that compensated for both simultaneity and self-selection effects. A reduced form probit analysis was first used to identify the factors determining whether hospitals in a random sample of 717 issued new debt in the study period (1995 and 1996). Bond yields were then analyzed using a second stage reduced form regression, incorporating selection effects, for the subset of 58 hospitals that had issued fixed rate debt. The results demonstrated that MCOs had only a modest positive influence on hospitals' costs of capital. Of greater import were insurance status, length of stay, and teaching status, with investors demanding greater yields for bonds issued without insurance and from hospitals with either longer lengths of stay or medical residency programs.
Shifting paradigms: Policing in Northern Ireland

The Good Friday Agreement of 1998 was the explicit base for the politically shared, though tenuous, internal government of Northern Ireland. This ensuing process has highlighted the centrality of the national police, as a country or state attempts to shift towards a contemporary, pluralistic democracy. To clarify, the police force, which was previously an instrument of control, must now become an organization that strives for the consent and support of the public. Using Mawby’s models of policing as an organizational framework, this article focuses attention on the policing paradigms of Northern Ireland over the course of its social history. It puts forth the argument that, despite some strategic changes, it is only upon the heels of the Good Friday Agreement and the consequent governmental change that the police force has begun to shift its operational paradigm away from the colonial model toward an Anglo‐Saxon paradigm.
Analysis of nanogram levels of barbiturates

Nanogram levels of barbiturates can readily be analysed by the addition of formic acid vapour to the carrier gas.
Double Precursor Solution Coating Approach for Low‐Temperature Sintering of [Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3]0.63[PbTiO3]0.37 Solids

Lead-based piezoelectric ceramics typically require sintering temperatures higher than 1000°C at which significant lead loss can occur. Here, we report a double precursor solution coating (PSC) method for fabricating low-temperature sinterable polycrystalline [Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3]0.63-[PbTiO3]0.37 (PMN–PT) ceramics. In this method, submicrometer crystalline PMN powder was first obtained by dispersing Mg(OH)2-coated Nb2O5 particles in a lead acetate/ethylene glycol solution (first PSC), followed by calcination at 800°C. The crystalline PMN powder was subsequently suspended in a PT precursor solution containing lead acetate and titanium isopropoxide in ethylene glycol to form the PMN–PT precursor powder (second PSC) that could be sintered at a temperature as low as 900°C. The resultant d33 for samples sintered at 900°, 1000°, and 1100°C for 2 h were 600, 620, and 700 pm/V, respectively, comparable with the known value. We attributed the low sintering temperature to the reactive sintering nature of the present PMN–PT precursor powder. The reaction between the nanosize PT and the submicrometer-size PMN occurred roughly in the same temperature range as the densification, 850°–900°C, thereby significantly accelerating the sintering process. The present PSC technique is very general and should be readily applicable to other multicomponent systems.
Full-color analog TFT-LCD driver

We developed a full-color analog active-matrix LCD (AMLCD) driver (analog source driver) for SVGA and XGA panels. To provide full-color (16.7M-color) display, we designed a new sample/hold circuit that can handle high-speed video signals (up to 25 MHz). To reduce the power consumption, we designed a new control circuit that makes it possible to reuse the charges on the TFT-LCD. The output voltage of the analog source driver is up to 12 volts and, therefore, horizontal/vertical (H/V) inversion driving is supported. We also propose analog current differential signaling that eliminates the problem of electromagnetic interference (EMI) at the video bus between a PC and an AMLCD module. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 81(6): 43–51, 1998
SU-8 micromachining process for millimeter and submillimeter-wave waveguide circuit fabrication

This paper presents a fabrication technique that utilizes a combination of photolithography and mechanical lapping to achieve a micromachining process to overcome the limitations of conventional machining for realization of millimeter and submillimeter waveguide components. The fabrication process for the waveguide sections begins with spin cleaning a silicon wafer. The SU-8 micromachined part will be assembled to the flange and measurements will be taken of the waveguide sections to characterize the micromachined waveguides.
Multilayer Coatings For Astronomical Telescope Mirrors

Silver-based high-reflectance coatings that can withstand the humid and polluted conditions common in the open air have been developed for astronomical telescope optics. The successful designs incorporate a silver reflective layer with a copper underlayer and a stack of dielectric overlayers. Prototypes have been deposited and tested in a controlled environmental chamber and under true operating conditions on Kitt Peak in Arizona. The improved durability, which is due to the copper underlayer, has been investigated with analytical techniques, including Rutherford backscattering.
Fast nondeterministic recognition of context-free languages using two queues

We show how to accept a context-free language nondeterministically in O(n log n) time on a two-queue machine.
Interplanetary baseline observations of type III solar radio bursts

Simultaneous observations of type III radio bursts using spacecraft separated by several tenths of an AU were made using the solar orbiters HELIOS-A and -B. The burst beginning at 1922 UT on March 28, 1976, was located from the intersection of the source directions measured at each spacecraft, and from the burst arrival time differences. Wide baseline observations give the radial distance of the source at each observing frequency. Consequently, coronal electron densities and exciter velocity were determined directly, without the need to assume a density model as is done with single spacecraft observations. The separation of HELIOS-A and -B also provided the first measurements of burst directivity at low frequencies. For the March 28 burst, the intensity observed from near the source longitude (HELIOS-B) was significantly greater than from 60 W of the source (HELIOS-A).
Psychographic profiles of media usage segments

Although the specific guidelines suggested by this study are interesting, perhaps the most significant conclusion that can be drawn from this research is that audiences of the various media do exhibit distinct psychographic characteristics. While the psychographic profiles of media audiences presented here are insufficient for completely guiding advertisers in the complex tasks of developing and coordinating creative and media strategies, these results may be useful in future research dealing with psychographic dimensions of media audiences. Hopefully, this will reduce the exploratory work needed in subsequent research which will ultimately provide advertising managers with a more complete characterization of audiences for the various media.
Swelling-Induced Ca2+ Influx and K+ Efflux in American Alligator Erythrocytes

The American alligator can hibernate during winter, which may lead to osmotic imbalance because of reduced kidney function and lack of food consumption during this period. Accordingly, we hypothesized that their red blood cells would have a well-developed regulatory volume decrease (RVD) to cope with the homeostatic challenges associated with torpor. Osmotic fragility was determined optically, mean cell volume was measured by electronic sizing, and changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration were visualized using fluorescence microscopy and fluo-4-AM. Osmotic fragility increased and the ability to regulate volume was inhibited when extracellular Na+ was replaced with K+, or when cells were exposed to the K+ channel inhibitor quinine, indicating a requirement of K+ efflux for RVD. Addition of the ionophore gramicidin to the extracellular medium decreased osmotic fragility and also potentiated volume recovery, even in the presence of quinine. In addition, hypotonic shock (0.5× Ringer) caused an increase in cytosolic Ca2+, which resulted from Ca2+ influx because it was not observed when extracellular Ca2+ was chelated with EGTA (ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid). Furthermore, cells loaded with BAPTA-AM (1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxymethyl)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid tetrakis(acetoxymethyl) ester) or exposed to a low Ca2+-EGTA hypotonic Ringer had a greater osmotic fragility and also failed to recover from cell swelling, indicating that extracellular Ca2+ was needed for RVD. Gramicidin reversed the inhibitory effect of low extracellular Ca2+. Finally, and surprisingly, the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 increased osmotic fragility and inhibited volume recovery. Taken together, our results show that cell swelling activated a K+ permeable pathway via a Ca2+-dependent mechanism, and this process mediated K+ loss during RVD.
The most probable covalent bond distribution in non-equilibrium systems of an atomic composition characteristic of the biosphere

Abstract Calculations have been carried out showing the most probable distribution of covalent bonds in systems of high electronic energy. Comparison of the bond distribution of a living system with an isoenergetic system of the same atomic composition shows a similarity of covalent bonding.
Underpotential deposition of thallium, lead, and cadmium at silver electrodes modified with self-assembled monolayers of (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane.

Investigation of the underpotential deposition (UPD) of three metalsTl, Pb, and Cdon Ag surfaces modified with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (3MPT) is reported. On the basis of the observation of negative potential shifts for their UPD processes, Tl and Pb undergo UPD directly on the underlying Ag surface by insertion between the Ag−S bond. This process is proposed to occur by penetration of the 3MPT monolayer by hydrated metal ions through spaces in six-membered siloxane rings that form at the terminus of the 3MPT layer after hydrolysis and condensation. In contrast, Cd does not undergo similarly facile UPD at 3MPT-modified Ag electrodes due to a hydrated ion size too large to fit through these openings. The voltammetric evidence that suggests that the hydrated metal cation size, as described by the Stokes diameter, is the primary determinant of Ag electrode accessibility for UPD through the cross-linked 3MPT layer is further supported by molecular mechanics energ...
Trends in acute ischemic stroke trials through the 20th century.

Background and Purpose—The advent of controlled clinical trials revolutionized clinical medicine over the course of the 20th century. The objective of this study was to quantitatively characterize developments in clinical trial methodology over time in the field of acute ischemic stroke. Methods—All controlled trials targeting acute ischemic stroke with a final report in English were identified through MEDLINE and international trial registries. Data regarding trial design, implementation, and results were extracted. A formal 100-point scale was used to rate trial quality. Results—A total of 178 controlled acute stroke trials were identified, encompassing 73 949 patients. Eighty-eight trials involved neuroprotective agents, 59 rheological/antithrombotic agents, 26 agents with both neuroprotective and rheological/antithrombotic effects, and 5 a nonpharmacological intervention. Only 3 trials met conventional criteria for a positive outcome. Between the 1950s and 1990s, the number of trials per decade increa...
Screen printable dielectric for field emission displays

A system of an insulating Bi2O3-based frit and a conductive SnO2:Sb has been developed for printing and firing on glass substrates. Resistivity can be progressively decreased from >200 GΩ to the megaohm region by adding micron size SnO2:Sb in the thick film formulation. More SnO2:Sb is required for a given resistivity when alumina is added as a filler, and resistivity is dependent on alumina particle size. Controllably reducing resistivity of a dielectric is useful in field emission display applications to eliminate charging between emitter lines and to function as a ballast resistor layer.
Music and homeschooled youth: A case study:

One dimension of music education and community music activity remains virtually unexamined: the homeschooled community. The purpose of this research was to examine the nature, values, and teaching-...
Effect of GIS data quality on small watershed stream flow and sediment simulations

Simulations of total runoff and fine sediment yield in Goodwin Creek watershed, which covers 21Ð 3k m 2 in Mississippi, were carried out using a hydrological model-GIS system. The system includes the recently released Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model version 2000 and AVSWAT version 1Ð0, the supporting interface with ArcView GIS. Among the required GIS input, some are commonly available in the United States with multiple options and characteristics. In our study, two available digital elevation models, three land use–land cover maps and two soil maps were grouped in all possible ways to obtain 12 applied input combinations. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of GIS input variation on the uncalibrated water runoff and sediment yield outputs and compare them with the respective observed data. The implicated issues are significant wherever multiple choices of GIS input are available. In the United States, agencies are developing TMDL (total maximum daily load) programmes at the watershed scale and are also using supporting tools along with the available GIS data. In addition, the involved water quality appraisals often include assessment of limited size watersheds, i.e. draining into a specific stream segment. This watershed, operated by the United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, is highly instrumented, thereby representing a severe test and a primary verification of the new system. The GIS data had a varying impact on model results. DEM choice was critical for a realistic definition of the watershed and subwatershed boundaries and topographic input, and consequently simulated outputs. Land use–land cover maps had a significant effect on both runoff and sediment yield prediction. Soil maps showed a limited influence on model results. While evidences and basic justifications of the results are provided, further investigations are needed to determine the influence of the input GIS data distribution on watersheds with various sizes, geomorphological and spatial settings. Copyright  2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.