cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Limits to leapfrogging in energy technologies? Evidence from the Chinese automobile industry

Abstract Limits to leapfrogging in energy technologies? One of the most attractive notions in the field of sustainable energy development is the concept of energy-technology “leapfrogging”. Leapfrogging through international technology transfer can be especially problematic because often developing countries do not have the technological capabilities to produce or integrate the advanced energy technologies themselves. Until they have acquired the capabilities to produce the advanced technologies themselves, most late-industrializing countries buy their new technologies from industrialized countries, usually through licensing or joint-venture arrangements. Empirical case studies of the three main Sino-US passenger-car joint ventures reveal that until the late 1990s, little energy or environmental leapfrogging occurred in the Chinese automobile industry as the result of the introduction of US automotive technology. An improvement in Chinese capabilities and more stringent Chinese energy and environmental policies are needed to induce energy leapfrogging in the Chinese automobile industry. Foreign firms also have a social responsibility to contribute to China's sustainable industrial development. In order to realize the promise of the leapfrogging, the limits to leapfrogging must be identified and acknowledged so that strategies can be devised to surmount the barriers to the introduction of advanced energy technologies in developing countries.
Induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis in suspensions of rat hepatocytes by an environmental toxicant, 3,3'4,4'-tetrachloroazobenzene.

Summary Unscheduled DNA synthesis was induced by 3,3′4,4′-tetrachloroazobenzene (TCAB)) in freshly isolated suspensions of rat hepatocytes. A dose-dependent response was demonstrated. Hepatocellular DNA was obtained after the chloroform-isoamyl alchohol-phenol extraction of the isolated nuclei. The induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis was measured by the incorporation of [ 3 H]-thymidine in the presence of hydroxyurea as determined by the scintillation counting assay. DNA repair data obtained in this study on benzo[ a ]pyrene and methyl methanesulfonate are comparable to a previous report using primary cultures of hepatocytes and cesium chloride gradients. Hence, the present method offers promise as a rapid and sensitive screen for chemical carcinogens.
Sensor dynamics in high dimensional phase spaces via nonlinear transformations: Application to helicopter loads monitoring

Accurately determining component loads on a helicopter is an important goal in the helicopter structural integrity field, with repercussions on safety, component damage, maintenance schedules and other operations. Measuring dynamic component loads directly is possible, but these measurement methods are costly and are difficult to maintain. While the ultimate goal is to estimate the loads from flight state and control system parameters available in most helicopters, a necessary step is understanding the behavior of the loads under different flight conditions. This paper explores the behavior of the main rotor normal bending loads in level flight, steady turn and rolling pullout flight conditions, as well as the potential of computational intelligence methods in understanding the dynamics. Time delay methods, residual variance analysis (gamma test) using genetic algorithms, unsupervised non-linear mapping and recurrence plot and quantification analysis were used. The results from this initial work demonstrate that there are important differences in the load behavior of the main rotor blade under the different flight conditions which must be taken into account when working with machine learning methods for developing prediction models.
Behavior of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Three Aqueous Media Samples: Agglomeration and Implications for Benthic Deposition

Predicting the fate of nanoparticles in aquatic environments requires knowledge of how these materials interact with the organic and inorganic constituents in aqueous media. This work explored the behavior of three types of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (rutile and anatase) in natural seawater, artificial seawater, and Milli-Q water and determined the percent incorporation of the nanoparticles in marine snow, an important hetero-aggregation in the ocean. Dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry were used to examine the particles over three time intervals (<0.2, 1, and 72 h). Analyses determined that anatase, UV-Titan M212, and Aeroxide P25 nanoparticles had a higher agglomeration potential in natural and artificial seawater than in Milli-Q water. The weighted average diameter (weighted size) of the anatase and P25 agglomerations remained relatively unchanged over time in all three water types. The Titan nanoparticles, however, demonstrated a significant decrease in weighted size at 72 h in natural and artificial seawater, but not in Milli-Q water. This decrease in size was associated with the concentration of resident bacteria. In laboratory experiments, all three titanium dioxide nanoparticles were readily incorporated into marine snow, with incorporation efficiencies increasing over 72 to 120 h, reaching a maximum mean value of 95 % after 168 h. This study emphasizes the importance of using environmentally relevant media to better understand the behavior and fate of nanoparticles, including deposition to the sediments and capture by benthic organisms, in marine environments.
Inside Out: New Chinese Art

"Inside Out: New Chinese Art is the first major exhibition to present the dynamic new art being produced by artists in mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and by selected artists who emigrated to the West in the late 1980s. Including works dating from the mid-1980s to the present (some commissioned for this exhibition), Inside Out focuses on works of art that explore the complex relationship between culturally specific issues and larger developments of a modern/postmodern age. Within this context, artists are appropriating and transforming both conventional Chinese aesthetic idioms and contemporary Western vocabularies to negotiate the cultural differences between past and present, self and other." -- Publisher's website.
A cylindrical drift chamber of novel design

Abstract A cylindrical drift chamber with novel design features has been built and used in a BNL fixed-target experiment. Its construction details and our operating experience with it are described.
Spared and Impaired Spoken Discourse Processing in Schizophrenia: Effects of Local and Global Language Context

Individuals with schizophrenia are impaired in a broad range of cognitive functions, including impairments in the controlled maintenance of context-relevant information. In this study, we used ERPs in human subjects to examine whether impairments in the controlled maintenance of spoken discourse context in schizophrenia lead to overreliance on local associations among the meanings of individual words. Healthy controls (n = 22) and patients (n = 22) listened to short stories in which we manipulated global discourse congruence and local priming. The target word in the last sentence of each story was globally congruent or incongruent and locally associated or unassociated. ERP local association effects did not significantly differ between control participants and schizophrenia patients. However, in contrast to controls, patients only showed effects of discourse congruence when targets were primed by a word in the local context. When patients had to use discourse context in the absence of local priming, they showed impaired brain responses to the target. Our findings indicate that schizophrenia patients are impaired during discourse comprehension when demands on controlled maintenance of context are high. We further found that ERP measures of increased reliance on local priming predicted reduced social functioning, suggesting that alterations in the neural mechanisms underlying discourse comprehension have functional consequences in the illness.
The Power of Mediating Artifacts in Group-Level Development of Mathematical Discourses

A new generation of networked classroom technology immerses students and teachers in the group-level construction of powerful mathematical and scientific concepts. We examine these networks from a sociocultural point of view as a new form of mediating artifact. We present a mixed-method, microgenetic analysis to characterize students' appropriation of mathematical content and practice as mediated by the Participatory Simulations system. Central findings of the study are that networked activities provided the opportunity for students and the teacher to: (a) act on multiple representations, (b) create collectively a linked set of mathematical objects that they could examine and discuss together, and (c) exercise agency in the production of mathematical discourse and practice. These opportunities fostered the development of powerful mathematical discourse.
Coupling Cellular Localization and Function of Checkpoint Kinase 1 (Chk1) in Checkpoints and Cell Viability

Chk1 plays a key role in regulating the replication checkpoint and DNA damage response. Recent evidence suggests that mammalian Chk1 regulates both the nuclear and cytoplasmic checkpoint events. However, mechanisms regulating cellular mobilization of Chk1 were not well understood. Here, we report the identification of regions of human Chk1 that regulate its protein cellular localization and checkpoint function. We demonstrate that the two highly conserved motifs (CM1 and CM2) at the C terminus of Chk1 function as a nuclear export signal and nuclear localization signal, respectively. Mutating five highly conserved residues within these two motifs of Chk1 resulted in its accumulation mainly in the cytoplasm. These cytoplasmic Chk1 mutants were less stable and exhibited significantly reduced phosphorylation by DNA damage treatment, yet they retained, at least partially, checkpoint function. Using an adenovirus-mediated gene targeting technique, we attempted to create an HCT116 cell line in which endogenous Chk1 is mutated so that it is expressed exclusively in the cytoplasm. However, we failed to obtain homozygous mutant cell lines. We found that even the heterozygous mutant cell lines showed cell survival defects accompanied by spontaneous cell death. Together, these results reveal novel regulatory mechanisms that couple protein cellular localization with the checkpoint response and cell viability of Chk1.
Computer Models of Delta Growth due to Sediment Input from Rivers and Longshore Transport

Computer-simulation models are developed to investigate the growth and equilibrium shape of a river delta in which wave action is the dominant force in redistributing sands deposited at the river mouth. Common values of sediment supply by rivers are used, and known relations for sand transport along beaches are applied. Although of a preliminary nature, the models appear to yield reasonable comparisons with real beaches and delta shapes. The models indicate that the deltas quickly reach an equilibrium configuration in which the wave energy flux is just capable of transporting and redistributing along the shore all the sand supplied by the river. The wave breaker angle decreases systematically along the delta away from the river mouth due to a progressive decrease in the quantity of river sand remaining to be transported (with increasing distance from the river mouth an increasing proportion of the river sand has already been deposited). When the wave energy flux is low or the river sediment supply too high for the existing waves nearly all the sand remains near the river mouth, producing one distributary which, if duplicated, would form a bird-foot delta. Oblique wave approaches produced asymmetric deltas but the asymmetry was not as pronounced as anticipated. The application of such simulation models to real case studies of shoreline alteration, natural or man-made, is also discussed.
Gingival vascular supply in induced occlusal traumatism

Abstract Silver crowns were cemented onto the premolar teeth of the dog, in order to wedge the tooth against the alveolus to obliterate the vascular supply of the gingiva from the periodontal membrane. Perfusions were performed. The blood supply to the gingiva was sufficient through the vessels in the gingiva proper.
E-glass/DGEBA/m-PDA single fiber composites: Interface debonding during fiber fracture†

In this paper, we examine the regions of debonding between the fibers and the matrix surrounding fiber breaks formed during single fiber fragmentation tests. The fiber breaks are accompanied by areas of debonding between the matrix and the surface of the fiber. With increasing applied strain, the lengths of these debonded regions generally increase. At the end of the test, the matrix tensile strain adjacent to the debond regions is an order of magnitude higher than the applied strain (40% vs. 4%). Although the debond edges typically remain attached at the same locations on the fiber fragments, debond propagation along fiber fragments under increasing strain has been observed in some cases. The phenomenon is termed secondary debond growth, and two mechanisms that trigger secondary debond region growth have been proposed. As expected, tests with bare fibers and with fibers coated to alter interface adhesion indicate that the average size of debonded regions at the end of the test increases as the calculated interfacial shear strength decreases. However, a decrease in the “apparent” interfacial shear strength resulting from an increase in testing rate results in a decrease in the size of the average debond region. This result suggests an increase in the amount of energy stored in the matrix from the fiber fracture process. POLYM. COMPOS. 28:561–574, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Long-term mortality and cardiovascular morbidity increased in some patients with asymptomatic mitral valve prolapse.

Source Citation Avierinos JF, Gersh BJ, Melton LJ 3rd, et al. Natural history of asymptomatic mitral valve prolapse in the community. Circulation. 2002;106:1355-61. 12221052 (All 2003 articles were...
Insulin-induced hypoglycemic coma and regional cerebral energy metabolism.

Swiss-Albino female mice weighing 20 g were rendered hypoglycemic by injecting insulin (2 units/kg). Animals were sacrificed at 40 min (pre-coma), 2 h (coma) and 4.5 h (recovery) after insulin injection by rapid submersion in liquid N2. Following sectioning at 20 μm, samples from the ascending reticular activating system and the inferior colliculus were freeze-dried and assayed for glucose, lactate, ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr). There was a preferential effect of hypoglycemia on ATP and PCr in cells of the ascending reticular activating system. ATP was depleted 30%, and PCr 55% in the pre-coma stage. ATP and PCr in cells from the inferior colliculus were not decreased. This selective effect on cells of the ascending reticular activating system followed by coma suggests that the coma per se may not represent total failure of the organism, but rather a compensatory mechanism designed to permit the animal to correct its compromised energy status.
Preservice Teacher Understanding and Vision of how to Teach Biological Evolution

The learning and teaching of biological evolution is conceptually challenging. To fully comprehend evolution, it is posited that individuals also need to understand the roles that the nature of science and situations of chance play in the process. The consistent detection of misconceptions of evolution suggests that new approaches to increasing understanding need to be explored. I predicted that preservice teachers’ ideas for teaching biological evolution could be influenced by three brief web-based interventions, one focused on the common misconceptions of evolution, one on the nature of science, and one on situations of uncertainty in the context of evolution. An experimental group received a combination of the three web-based tutorials while a control group received the misconceptions and nature of science instruction and a time on task filler tutorial. Participants were directed to develop a lesson idea applying the knowledge they learned from the tutorials. The lesson ideas were examined for evidence of the influence of the web-based instruction, participant understanding and misconceptions of concepts, and their ideas about teaching evolution. The results of this study revealed that the participating preservice teachers held a wide range of conception and misconception of evolution, were somewhat influenced by the tutorials, and had an array of visions for teaching evolution. The outcomes support the need for further investigation into the multifaceted nature of preparing preservice teachers to teach evolution.
Understanding parrot trafficking between illicit markets in Bolivia: an application of the CRAVED model

The CRAVED model has been used to understand theft variation in a whole host of hot products, including wildlife. Past research, however, has only applied the model at either the theft or illicit market stage to understand why particular products are stolen in high numbers. The CRAVED model has yet to be applied to the trafficking stage of hot products smuggled between illicit markets and, therefore, its applicability at this particular stage remains unknown. Using secondary data from the Los Pozos wildlife market in Santa Cruz, Bolivia, this study applies the CRAVED model to explain why parrot species are trafficked between illicit markets in Bolivia. This research finds that species that are more “available” and less “valuable” are more likely to be trafficked between illicit markets, suggesting that variation at the trafficking stage of the parrot trade can be explained by nearly the same CRAVED concepts as they do at the poaching stage. This study also finds that one-quarter of parrots in the Los Pozo...
Alterations in rat flash and pattern reversal evoked potentials after acute or repeated administration of carbon disulfide (CS2).

Abstract Because solvents may selectively alter portions of visual evoked potentials, we examined the effects of carbon disulfide (CS2) on flash (FEPs) and pattern reversal (PREPs) evoked potentials. Long-Evans rats were administered ip carbon disulfide either acutely or for 30 days. FEPs or PREPs were recorded prior to and 1, 2, 4, 8, or 24 hr after a single dose of CS2 (0, 100, 200, 400, or 500 mg/kg). Flash evoked potentials were also recorded 1, 2, 6, and 24 hr after the last of 30 doses of 200 mg CS2/kg/day. Acute exposure to CS2 consistently decreased the amplitude of FEP peak N160 at 1 hr, depressed peak N30 amplitude over 2–4 hr, and increased the latency of peaks P21, N30, P46, N56, and N160 for up to 4 hr after treatment. Carbon disulfide decreased the amplitude of PREP peaks P65, N83, P88, and N122 4 hr after treatment. Colonic temperature was depressed up to 8 hr after treatment. Administration of 200 mg CS2/kg/day decreased the amplitude of FEP peak N30 and increased the latencies of peaks P21, N30, P46, N56, and N160 up to 24 hr after the last dose. The differential effects of CS2 on portions of FEPs indicate that FEP peaks can be independently modulated. Changes in PREPs were temporally correlated with alterations in early FEP peaks, but FEP peak N160 was depressed at an earlier time point. Repeated CS2 exposure affected FEPs at lower doses and for a longer time than an acute exposure, similar to the reported greater severity of neurological disturbances following repeated CS2 exposures in humans.
Robots with language

Trying to understand human language by constructing robots that have language necessarily implies an embodied view of language, where the meaning of linguistic expressions is derived from the physical interactions of the organism with the environment. The paper describes a neural model of language according to which the robot’s behaviour is controlled by a neural network composed of two sub-networks, one dedicated to the non-linguistic interactions of the robot with the environment and the other one to processing linguistic input and producing linguistic output. We present the results of a number of simulations using the model and we suggest how the model can be used to account for various language-related phenomena such as disambiguation, the metaphorical use of words, the pervasive idiomaticity of multi-word expressions, and mental life as talking to oneself.. The model implies a view of the meaning of words and multi-word expressions as a temporal process that takes place in the entire brain and has no clearly defined boundaries. The model can also be extended to emotional words if we assume that an embodied view of language includes not only the interactions of the robot’s brain with the external environment but also the interactions of the brain with what is inside the body.
Effects of 'bordetella pertussis' on hemic colony-forming cells and the immune response.

Single injections of ‘Bordetella pertussis’ were administered to BDF1 mice, and levels of colony forming cells (CFC) in bone marrow and spleen were determined at selected time intervals after injection. Our studies demonstrated that such injections have multiphasic effects on the levels of CFC present in bone marrow and spleen. To test whether the immune response was altered by ‘B. pertussis’, cultured spleen cells from treated mice were measured for their ability to produce plaque forming cells (PFC), in vitro, and to participate in mixed cell interactions, in vitro. Augmentation or suppression of the immune response in vitro depended on the inoculum size of cultured cells as well as the time of assay after injection.
An exact probability distribution for a card matching problem

Abstract Dedicatory Statement . Professor H. S. Vandiver on several occasions has told the author of G. H. Hardy's acknowledgment of indebtedness to the numerical calculations made by Major P. A. MacMahon and of other significant tabular studies used in testing and formulating a theory. MacMahon computed the exact values of the partition numbers p ( n ) for n = 1, 2, ···, 200 at the request of Hardy, and these values were used by Hardy and Ramanujan to test their first approximating formula for p ( n ) and later to devise other and better approximating formulas for p ( n ). Some indications of the indebtedness of Hardy and Ramanujan to this numerical work of Major MacMahon can be found in references [1], [2], and [3]. Professor Vandiver himself has expressed his own ideas of the importance of numerical tables in the foreword of “Tables of All Primitive Roots of Odd Primes Less Than 1000” by Roger C. Osborn [4]. This short table of exact numerical probabilities is therefore respectfully dedicated to Professor Harry S. Vandiver.
A retrieval model incorporating hypertext links

FORMAL MODELS OF RETRIEVAL PROVIDE THE BASIS FOR RETRIEVING HYPERTEXT NODES IN RESPONSE TO EXPLICIT QUERIES. THIS RETRIEVAL FACILITY CAN BE INTEGRATED WITH THE TYPICAL BROWSING FACILITY FOR EFFECTIVE ACCESS TO LARGE DATABASES. IN THIS PAPER WE DESCRIBE A RETRIEVAL MODEL DEVELOPED FOR BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION RETRIEVAL AND SHOW HOW HYPERTEXT LINKS CAN BE INCORPORATED. THE MODEL TREATS RETRIEVAL AS A FORM OF INFERENCE IN WHICH MULTIPLE SOURCES OF EVIDENCE, INCLUDING HYPERTEXT LINKS, ARE COMBINED AND USED TO RANK THE RETRIEVED NODES. IMPLEMENTATION ASPECTS OF THE MODEL ARE ALSO DISCUSSED.
Some Implications of Auditor and Client Lobbying Activities: A Comparative Analysis

Abstract This paper examines the degree to which auditor and client lobbying is related in a UK context. This may help to identify any linkage between the wealth of clients and auditors that is affected by accounting standards, as propounded in the ‘economic consequences’ literature. It also might have some implications for the independence question. Three tests are conducted to see if auditors tend to support the lobbying position of the majority, or the most financially influential, of their clients. The third test is also used to identify any evidence that the comments of smaller clients tend to follow the lead of their audit firms/professional advisors. Auditor and corporate client written submissions on 22 proposed accounting standards are included in the study. The analyses are conducted both at an aggregated and also at a disaggregated level. The results do not indicate that auditor and client collusion took place. In particular, the results are consistent with the view that auditors are independen...
Bayes sequential estimation in a life test and asymptotic properties

For a life test without replacement on M machines, assuming an exponential distribution for failure times, the Bayes sequential procedure for estimating the failure rate is studied. Estimation error is assumed to be measured by one of a family of loss functions, and the cost of sampling consists of a cost per machine failure c, >, 0 and a cost per unit time c > 0. Assuming a conjugate prior on 9, the Bayes sequential procedure and its asymptotic Bayesian and sampling theory properties are obtained as c1, z9 - 0 and M + jointly.
Detection of stimulated back muscle contractions by moiré topography

The ability to treat scoliosis via surface stimulated trunk muscle contractions is now being evaluated at several treatment centers. In order to make biomechanical analysis of the procedure, so that the technique can be used optimally, data are needed to quantify the muscle contractions and structural changes by different electrode locations. This paper presents the use of a modified shadow moire technique to quantify geometric changes resulting from electrical stimulation applied to the surface of the back in a healthy subject.
98. African American Adolescent Girls' Opinions About the Sexual Behavior of Their Peers

Purpose: The purpose of this descriptive qualitative study was to explore early adolescent African American girls’ attitudes about sex, perceptions of sexually active peers, and perceptions of why their peers engage in sex. Methods: A convenience sample of 65 African American girls ages 12 to 14 was recruited through community-based organizations in Alabama. Data were collected using individual interviews and focus groups. Individual interviews focused on sexually active peers and what they say about sex. Focus groups were held to validate findings from interviews. Verbatim transcripts of audiotapes, observation notes, and demographic datawere primary data for analysis. Content analysis was used in analysis and interpretation of qualitative data to formulate meaningful categories, themes, and patterns. The qualitative research software, QSR N-Vivo , was used to code and sort data into categories. The SPSS statistical software was used to conduct descriptive analyses to describe the study sample. Results: Mean age of study sample was 13 years. Out of 65 participants, 5 reported having engaged in sexual activity. Mean age of sexual debut was 13 years. Common themes that emerged included: she shouldn’t do that, boys talk about girls after sex, andwhy they did “it.” Themajority of participants believed that girls their agewere too young to be engaging in sexual activity. They perceived sexually active girls their age to be looking for attention or desiring popularity. The participants also viewed the boys as trying to gain popularity among their friends. Conclusions: Findings from this study suggest that STI and pregnancy prevention programs should build upon early adolescent girls’ attitudes about having sex at 12 to 14 years of age. Furthermore, findings suggest that interventions should incorporate strategies to empower and promote self-awareness among early adolescent girls to deter them from seeking attention and popularity through sex. Lastly, findings from this study provide information to help to understand the contextual factors that influence early adolescent African American girls’ attitudes about engaging in sexual activity, which is essential in developing interventions that are predictably effective in reducing sexual risk behaviors among African American adolescent girls. Sources of Support: This project is supported by Award Number K01NR011277 from the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NINR or the National Institute of Health.
The leak stops here: platelets as delivery vehicles for coagulation factors

Gene therapy is an attractive approach for the treatment of hemophilia, as continuous expression of donated clotting factor VIII (FVIII) DNA would ensure clotting factor replacement at constant circulating levels rather than at the peaks and troughs that characterize the current protein infusion therapeutic approach. In this issue of the JCI, Shi et al. describe an interesting variant of a gene transfer approach for hemophilia (see the related article beginning on page 1974). They show that targeted expression of FVIII in megakaryocytes, with storage in the α-granules of platelets, has the advantage of delivering clotting factors directly to the site of an injury, where platelets accumulate in large numbers and undergo activation accompanied by release of granule contents. Earlier clinical experience with gene transfer into hematopoietic cells highlighted the potential safety risks of this approach, but an F8 transgene may represent a lower risk than transgenes for growth factors or their receptors.
Intrinsic Optical Absorption in Single-Crystal Germanium and Silicon at 77°K and 300°K

The intrinsic absorption spectra of high-purity single-crystal germanium and silicon have been measured at 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The spectral regions studied encompassed a range of absorption coefficient from 0.1 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ to ${10}^{5}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for each material. The germanium data may be interpreted as indicating a threshold for direct transitions at 0.81 ev at 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and at 0.88 ev at 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The threshold for indirect transitions was placed at 0.62 ev and 0.72 ev for 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, respectively. For silicon the data were not as readily interpreted However, there is an indication that the threshold for direct transitions should be placed at about 2.5 ev and the threshold for indirect transitions at 1.06 ev and 1.16 ev at 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, respectively.
Observation of the Kaonic Decay of the Λ c + Charmed Baryon

We have observed 34 events with visible strange-particle production out of a total charged-current sample of 4500 events in a wide-band neutrino exposure of the Brookhaven National Laboratory 7-ft bubble chamber filled with ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ or ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$. Three events were uniquely identified as having single-strange-particle production, two with $\ensuremath{\Delta}S=\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Delta}Q$. In both $\ensuremath{\Delta}S=\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Delta}Q$ events we observe the ${{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{c}}^{+}(2260)$, which in one case decays to $\ensuremath{\Lambda}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and in the second case to $p{\overline{K}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$. Production rates are given.
Collision-induced fine-structure transition of O(3P2)→O(3P1,0) by He and H2 : excitation function and branching ratio

Abstract The intramultiplet mixing processes of the electronic ground state of oxygen atoms with He and H 2 have been studied experimentally at the state-to-state integral cross section level of detail. Excellent agreement with the recent quantum-mechanical close-coupling calculations based on the ab initio potential curves was found, both in terms of excitation functions and branching ratios. The result also gives strong indication for the validity of Ω-conserving approximation in the theoretical treatment of these two systems.
The Food Safety Net after Welfare Reform: Use of Private and Public Food Assistance in the Kansas City Metropolitan Area

This study documents reliance on the private and public food safety net in the Kansas City metropolitan area. While the use of food pantries is widespread, the frequency of food pantry use is low compared to food stamp use. However, almost 60 percent of food pantry recipients also received food stamps at some time during the studied period. Between 1998 and 2001, just over one‐third of food stamp clients also visited a pantry. The data suggest that households are not substituting one form of assistance for the other but rather are accessing multiple types of assistance when necessary.
A critical analysis of the relationship between southern non-government organizations and northern non-government organizations in Bolivia

This article examines the relationship between southern non-government organizations (SNGOs) and northern non-government organizations (NNGOs) in Bolivia. The term ‘partnership’ for many years now has been a buzzword within the development debate, particularly in reference to the relationship between SNGOs and NNGOs. The term is ubiquitous in development literature in the North but is invariably absent from similar literature in the South. According to Fowler (1992. Building partnerships between northern and southern development NGOs: Issues for the nineties. Development Journal of the Society for International Development 1: 16–23), ‘the distinctive feature of a partnership is that it involves sharing, with a sense of mutuality and equality of the parties involved’. This suggests that a partnership involves associates on an equal footing, within a horizontal structure of mutual respect, where resources are distributed equitably and decisions made jointly. It is also well known that one of the underlying ...
Compounding of Discriminative Stimuli Maintaining Topographically Different Instrumental Responses

Summary Rats traversed a runway and lever pressed in the same runway for food on alternate days in the presence of either light or tone, and did not receive reinforcement in the absence of these stimuli. When the stimulus correlated with running was combined with the stimulus correlated with lever pressing, while Ss lever pressed, level of responding increased significantly. When the stimulus correlated with lever pressing was combined with the stimulus maintaining running, while Ss ran, running speed either did not change or was nonsignificantly reduced. Also, latency of running either did not change or was nonsignificantly increased. It was further shown that summation occurred when each stimulus was correlated with the identical response and same or different reinforcement schedule, and when each stimulus was presented either during the same session or during alternate sessions only. The results suggest transfer of stimulus control with topographically different instrumental responses maintained by app...
Bi-criteria scheduling with machine assignment costs

Abstract We consider parallel machine scheduling problems where the processing of the jobs on the machines involves two types of costs. The first type of cost is similar to one of two classical objective functions that are often considered in scheduling theory; it is either the total completion time or the makespan. The second type of cost involves an actual cost associated with the processing of a specific job on a given machine. Each job–machine combination may have a different cost. The optimization problems considered may be structured in several different ways. We consider first the two objectives hierarchically; that is, first one objective is being optimized and the class of optimal solutions is determined, and then the second objective is optimized among all schedules that are optimal with respect to the first objective. Another structure that is considered involves the minimization of a linear combination of the two objective functions. We present an overview of the computational complexities of all the problems considered in our framework.
Double-band infrared image processing system using rosette scanning

In this paper, a double band infrared image processing system using rosette scanning is introduced. The system is composed of a double band infrared scanning head, a double color detector which works at the ranges of 3 approximately 5 micrometers and 8 - 12 micrometers , a hardware system in order to acquire, process and display the infrared images rapidly. With this system, some infrared targets with different temperature were detected and the corresponding algorithm to recognize targets was studied. The experiments show that the system has good locating accuracy and high recognition probability.
The absolute abundance of the nitrogen isotopes in the atmosphere and compressed gas from various sources

The absolute abundance of the isotopes in atmospheric and commercial compressed N2 from various sources has been determined. Nitrogen gas standards, prepared by mixing separated nitrogen isotopes in the form of (NH4)2SO4 solutions, were employed to calibrate two 60° sector mass spectrometers. As a result, the absolute ratio of N14/N15 in atmospheric nitrogen was found to be 272.0 ± 0.3 Small variations from this value were found for commercial compressed gas. The mass spectrometric procedure used in determining the N229+N228+ ratio allowed for detection of differences to 1 part in 3500. However, the absolute accuracy of the abundance measurements was limited to 1 part in 1000 because of the semi-micro Kjedahl distillation employed to determine the amount of (NH4)2SO4 present in the solutions of the separated isotopes. In these measurements, instrumental background played a very significant role. A reliable method of correcting the observed N229N228+ ratio for the contribution of the background at these mass position was developed.
Late Pleistocene charcoal in tropical Atlantic deep-sea sediments: Climatic and geochemical significance

Charcoal in late Pleistocene marine sediments of the tropical Atlantic was measured to examine the regional history of charcoal deposition as it relates to biomass burning on adjacent continents and carbon sequestration in the ocean. Detailed analysis (∼ 1.0 k.y. resolution) of a deep-sea core from the eastern tropical Atlantic Ocean reveals that charcoal from Africa is a significant component of total organic carbon sedimentation during glacial intervals of the past 200000 yr. These findings alter previous assumptions as to the character of carbon deposition in this region and reduce previous estimates of marine organic carbon burial fluxes by 50%. Furthermore, the tempo of charcoal deposition is mainly linked to the growth and decay of high-latitude ice sheets and appears to be caused by changes in wind strength or direction during glacial time.
Singular f-sum rule for superfluid 4He

Abstract The validity and applicability to inelastic neutron scattering of a singular f-sum rule for superfluid helium, proposed by Griffin to explain the ϱs dependence in S(k, ω) as observed by Woods and Svensson, are examined in the light of similar sum rules rigorously derived for anharmonic crystals and Bose liquids. It is concluded that the singular f-sum rules are only of microscopic interest.
Unsupervised real-time speaker identification for daily movies

The problem of identifying speakers for movie content analysis is addressed in this paper. While most previous work on speaker identification was carried out in a supervised mode using pure audio data, more robust results can be obtained in real-time by integrating knowledge from multiple media sources in an unsupervised mode. In this work, both audio and visual cues will be employed and subsequently combined in a probabilistic framework to identify speakers. Particularly, audio information is used to identify speakers with a maximum likelihood (ML)-based approach while visual information is adopted to distinguish speakers by detecting and recognizing their talking faces based on face detection/recognition and mouth tracking techniques. Moreover, to accommodate for speakers' acoustic variations along time, we update their models on the fly by adapting to their newly contributed speech data. Encouraging results have been achieved through extensive experiments, which shows a promising future of the proposed audiovisual-based unsupervised speaker identification system.
Effects of annealing on the disappearance and creation of constrained amorphous phase

Abstract We report observation of the disappearance and recreation of the rigid, or constrained, amorphous phase by sequential thermal annealing. Modulated differential scanning calorimetry (m.d.s.c.) is used to study the glass transition and lower melting endotherm after annealing. Cold crystallization at a temperature Tcc just above Tg creates an initial large fraction of rigid amorphous phase (RAP). Brief rapid annealing to a higher temperature causes the constrained amorphous phase almost to disappear completely, a result that has never been reported before. Subsequent reannealing at the original lower temperature Tcc restores RAP to its original value. At the same time that RAP is being removed, the glass transition temperature decreases; when RAP is restored, Tg increases once again. The crystal fraction remains unaffected by the annealing sequence. Results indicate that the location of the RAP is within the amorphous phase, rather than in a separate location away from the liquid-like amorphous phase.
Nanofibrous ultrafiltration membranes containing cross-linked poly(ethylene glycol) and cellulose nanofiber composite barrier layer

Abstract Nanofibrous ultrafiltration membranes based on the thin-film nanofibrous composite (TFNC) format with a nanocomposite barrier layer made of cross-linked poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) matrix and ultra-fine cellulose nanofibers (CN, ∼5 nm in diameter) were demonstrated. Physical properties, including pore size, chemical composition, morphology, hydrophilicity and surface roughness of these membranes, were characterized by filtration test, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water contact angle measurements and atomic force microscopy (AFM). It was found the cross-linked PEG/CN barrier layer was highly hydrophilic and had excellent anti-fouling properties, which were confirmed by short-term and long-term fouling tests using bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution (1 g/L). In addition, the membranes exhibited better anti-fouling properties and recovery ability than comparable commercial membranes (e.g., Pall Life Sciences omega membranes and Koch HFK 328 membranes). For example, the flux of the composite layer was about twice as high as that of commercial membranes during the long-term testing, while the rejection was maintained above 90%.
Relating particulate pollution to sources: the 1972 California aerosol characterization study.

Abstract The pollution aerosol is composed of a mixture of natural background material, solids and liquids introduced into the atmosphere from man-made sources and the products of certain gas-to-particle transformation processes. The relative contributions of various types of sources to the primary and secondary aerosol can be estimated from the chemical composition and emission inventories. More detailed information on size and chemical element-distributions is obtained by making coagulation and growth calculations. Contributions of different sources to visibility degradation can be estimated from changes in light scattering produced by the various components. The methodology has been applied to chemical and physical data averaged over 2 h sampling periods in Pasadena (20 September 1972) and Pomona (24 October 1972). The mass contributions of various sources to the total paniculate pollution in Fresno. San Jose and Riverside have also been estimated based on chemical element balances and source inventories. Measurements were made during the summer and Fall of 1972. Visibility deterioration in Pasadena and Pomona can be largely ascribed to nitrates sulfates organics and ammonia converted from the gas phase, together with water.
Reforming the child welfare system: Competing paradigms of change

Abstract Efforts to reform the child welfare system in the United States have been hampered by the tendency of would-be reformers to operate out of different perspectives, or paradigms, each of which is relatively closed to the others. This paper identifies four traditions of social planning and social change and relates them to different approaches to reforming child welfare. Each perspective has its own core assumptions, its own approach to knowledge building, and its own flaws or weaknesses. Due to the magnitude and complexity of the child welfare crisis, it is important to find ways to bring together the various perspectives into a more unified and systemic approach to reform.
Phase diagram of the ground state of spin-1 quantum chains

A general phase diagram for anisotropic quantum spin chains is presented for the first time. The way in which the classical limit is approached is suggested. The nature of the instantons in these systems is discussed. 17 references, 3 figures.
Multi-FOV hyperspectral imager concept

There is increasing interest in imaging spectrometers working in the SWIR and LWIR wavelength bands. Commercially available detectors are not only expensive, but have a limited number of pixels, compared with visible band detectors. Typical push broom hyperspectral imaging systems consist of a fore optic imager, a slit, a line spectrometer, and a two dimensional focal plane with a spatial and spectral direction. To improve the spatial field coverage at a particular resolution, multiple systems are incorporated, where the "linear fields of view" of the systems are aligned end to end. This solution is prohibitive for many applications due to the costs of the multiple detectors, coolers, spectrometers, or the space, weight, or power constraints. Corning will present a cost effective solution utilizing existing detectors combined with innovative design and manufacturing techniques.
Binding energy and related properties of silicon

Pseudopotential theory has in the past been applied with considerable success to the calculation of the binding energy and related properties such as equilibrium atomic volume for non-transition metals, particularly Na, Mg, Al. Its application to Si is considered here. Results for the f.c.c. structure, as well as the observed semiconducting phase with diamond structure and the metallic (white Sn) phase found under pressure, are presented and discussed. In the case of the semiconducting phase, the theory must be modified to include “covalent” contributions to the binding energy, and this is done in a crude way using Van Vechten's result for the total energy of occupied states in the isotropic semiconductor (“Penn”) model.
Porous polyethylene implants in rhinoplasty: Surgical techniques and long-term outcomes

Rhinoplasty is a reduction-restructuring procedure. Proper skeletal support is necessary to maintain long-term aesthetic framework. We describe the senior surgeon’s (T.R.) experience with implants in the 3 types of rhinoplasty: primary rhinoplasty, revision rhinoplasty, and ethnic rhinoplasty. Techniques and the long-term outcomes are discussed.
Coherent Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves From Two-Layer Rough Surfaces Within the Kirchhoff Regime

We present an analytical solution for coherent scattering of electromagnetic waves from a two-layer rough surface structure with uncorrelated random rough interfaces. The Kirchhoff approximation is used to predict the coherent (specular) component of the scattered wave from a layered rough surface that is assumed to have radii of curvature much larger than the wavelength to allow the application of the method. The roughness on both boundaries is assumed small such that the coherent component of the scattered wave is dominant. The derived solution includes all orders of the scattered wave and has a simple algebraic expression that can be readily computed. We validate the solution against a numerical method and present simulation results for various cases.