cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prenatal diagnosis of VACTERL association.

VACTERL association is a nonrandom association of the fetal anomalies vertebral defects, imperforate anus, cardiac abnormalities, tracheoesophageal fistula, and renal and limb defects.1–3 Urogenital anomalies include hydronephrosis, horseshoe kidney, ectopic kidney, renal dysplasia or agenesis, urolithiasis and vesicoureteral reflux.4, 5 The etiology is unknown but defects to the mesodermal part of the embryo before the 35 days of gestation may lead to this association.6 It is a disorder that generally occurs sporadically with a low incidence of associated chromosomal abnormalities.1 VACTERL association is not uniformly fatal with survival reported to be 100%.7, 8 However, survivors require significant surgical treatment and care. Prenatal diagnosis may assist in proper planning for delivery and anticipated care of the neonate. Ultrasonography has been shown to help provide prenatal diagnosis of fetal structural abnormalities.9, 10 We report a case in which VACTERL was diagnosed prenatally with the presence of hemivertebrae, ventricular septal defect and a solitary pelvic kidney.
Chemical Dynamics and Critical Phenomena: Electrical Conductivity and Reactivity of Benzyl Bromide in Triethylamine+Water Near its Consolute Point

The binary liquid mixture of triethylamine+water has a lower consolute point at a critical composition of 32.27mass% triethylamine. Starting at a temperature within the one-phase region, the electrical conductivity of a sample of this mixture was measured and found to increase smoothly with increasing temperature before falling sharply at 291.24K (18.09°C). Since opalescence was visible at this temperature, it was identified with the critical solution temperature of the binary mixture. A solution of 90μL of benzyl bromide dissolved in 90mL of 32.27mass% triethylamine+water was prepared, and the resulting Menschutkin reaction between benzyl bromide and triethylamine was allowed to come to equilibrium. The electrical conductivity of this equilibrium mixture was measured in the one-phase region and was found to increase smoothly with increasing temperature before rising sharply at 291.55K (18.40°C). This temperature was identified as the critical temperature of the ternary. The rate of approach of the ternary mixture to chemical equilibrium was also measured and shown to be governed by a first-order rate law. The temperature dependence of the rate coefficient followed the Arrhenius equation up to a temperature of about 290.74K (17.59°C). Above this temperature, the rate coefficient fell by as much as 22% below the value predicted by extrapolation of the Arrhenius equation. This suppression in the rate reaction in the vicinity of the critical temperature can be interpreted as evidence for the existence of critical slowing down.
Arithmetic progressions of zeros of the Riemann zeta function

Abstract If the Riemann zeta function vanishes at each point of the finite arithmetic progression { D + in p } 0 | n | N ( D ⩾ 1 / 2 , p > 0 ), then N 13 p if D = 1 / 2 , and N p 1 / D - 1 + o ( 1 ) in general.
Handcrafting textile mice

This workshop will explore the use of low-cost materials and tools to build textile-based interfaces that replace the current hard-shell computer mice or laptop touchpads that you use to navigate your screen. We will introduce a range of methods for handcrafting textile input devices. Participants will learn techniques developed by the workshop leaders and will also be encouraged to use our materials library to design their own custom mice. The goal of the workshop is to familiarize participants with available electronic textile materials, to introduce them to a variety of sensor and circuitry construction techniques and get people thinking about different interfaces that allow you interact differently with everyday technology.
A study of parallel evolution strategy: pattern search on a GPU computing platform

This paper presents a massively parallel Evolution Strategy - Pattern Search Optimization (ES-PS) algorithm with graphics hardware acceleration on bound constrained nonlinear continuous optimization functions. The algorithm is specifically designed for a graphic processing unit (GPU) hardware platform featuring 'Single Instruction - Multiple Thread' (SIMT). GPU computing is an emerging desktop parallel computing platform. The hybrid ES-PS optimization method is implemented in the GPU environment and compared to a similar implementation on CPU hardware. Computational results indicate that GPU-accelerated SIMT-ES-PS method is orders of magnitude faster than the corresponding CPU implementation. The main contribution of this paper is the parallelization analysis and performance analysis of the hybrid ES-PS with GPU acceleration.
Extracellular ATP and zinc are co-secreted with insulin and activate multiple P2X purinergic receptor channels expressed by islet beta-cells to potentiate insulin secretion.

It is well established that ATP is co-secreted with insulin and zinc from pancreatic beta-cells (β-cells) in response to elevations in extracellular glucose concentration. Despite this knowledge, the physiological roles of extracellular secreted ATP and zinc are ill-defined. We hypothesized that secreted ATP and zinc are autocrine purinergic signaling molecules that activate P2X purinergic receptor (P2XR) channels expressed by β-cells to enhance glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). To test this postulate, we performed ELISA assays for secreted insulin at fixed time points within a “real-time” assay and confirmed that the physiological insulin secretagogue glucose stimulates secretion of ATP and zinc into the extracellular milieu along with insulin from primary rat islets. Exogenous ATP and zinc alone or together also induced insulin secretion in this model system. Most importantly, the presence of an extracellular ATP scavenger, a zinc chelator, and P2 receptor antagonists attenuated GSIS. Furthermore, mRNA and protein were expressed in immortalized β-cells and primary islets for a unique subset of P2XR channel subtypes, P2X2, P2X3, P2X4, and P2X6, which are each gated by extracellular ATP and modulated positively by extracellular zinc. On the basis of these results, we propose that, within endocrine pancreatic islets, secreted ATP and zinc have profound autocrine regulatory influence on insulin secretion via ATP-gated and zinc-modulated P2XR channels.
GPS Alignment Surveys and Meridian Convergence

Since the advent of the Global Positioning System (GPS), geodetic azimuths can be accurately computed by simple implementation of well-known 3D concepts. However, when GPS alignment surveys involving azimuths are designed in advance, and later observed and reduced (e.g., during kinematic GPS work), corrections due to the convergence of the meridians should be kept in mind and not ignored. In this study a practical algorithm was used to compare accurately determined “meridian convergence” against the classical formalism available in standard textbooks. The typical approximate formulation available in the open literature was found adequate for GPS engineering surveys such as airport runway profiles, alignment of power lines or conveyor belts, stake positioning in highway construction, etc. A practical GPS survey was used to corroborate the results. Finally, a new 3D alternative to computing meridian convergence, which is equivalent to the rigorous formalism, is presented.
Concept Of An MTI Search Ladar

Ladars have been designed for various applications but not adequately explored for airborne surveillance. A Moving Target Indicator (MTI) ladar concept is presented capable of detecting small aircraft at long ranges. Atmospheric attenuation for cloud-free lines of sight is controlled by operating wavelength selection and avoidance of long horizontal paths through the lower atmosphere. Atmospheric turbulence effects were found to be insignificant. The performance of the ladar is analyzed and subsystem requirements for lasers, detectors and spectrum analyzers are developed. A computer simulation capability was developed that allows prediction of the ladar signatures of aircraft.
Applications of location analysis in agriculture: a survey

This article presents a survey of applications of operations research-based techniques to location problems in agriculture. From the early work in the field to more recent applications, researchers have successfully applied, adapted, and improved theoretical location models to fulfil the field's specific needs. This article discusses earlier work in agricultural location theory starting with the seminal work by von Thunen. It then introduces diverse and innovative applications of location models from the 1950s and 1960s. The authors then identify distinguishing features of location problems in agriculture, and discuss their impact on the analysis. In order to illustrate these features and the variety of operations research-based applications to agricultural location, the article turns to six real-world examples. It then considers, in Conclusion, some of the directions that agricultural location theory may take in the future.
Modeling quasiparticle production and propagation in tunnel junction based X-ray detectors

Optimization of the energy resolution of Josephson tunnel junction X-ray detectors requires the minimization of event-to-event variation in the number of nonequilibrium quasiparticles that tunnel and are thereby detected for monochromatic input. This requires a detailed understanding of the determinants of the time scales for the degradation of the energy and expansion of the disturbed volume, of possible quasiparticle (QP) self-trapping and phonon bottlenecking, and of the impact of materials parameters such as grain size. Moreover, the signals of distributed detectors cannot be interpreted without a detailed model of the evolution of the spatial variation in QP density. These matters, and the extent to which the details of the QP tunneling pulse probes the energy degradation and expansion, are discussed. The expansion is modeled in two dimensions with Monte Carlo simulations of ballistic quasiparticle propagation between randomizing collisions and compared with published data for a distributed junction detector. Alternative explanations of the high quasiparticle loss rate and curvature seen in the published plots of the relative fraction of the QP detected by the two sensing junctions are offered.
Studies on the Function of Oligosaccharyl Transferase Subunits Stt3p IS DIRECTLY INVOLVED IN THE GLYCOSYLATION PROCESS

In the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, oligosaccharyl transferase (OT) is composed of nine different transmembrane proteins. Using a glycosylatable peptide containing a photoprobe, we previously found that only one essential subunit, Ost1p, was specifically labeled by the photoprobe and recently have shown that it does not contain the recognition domain for the glycosylatable sequence Asn-Xaa-Thr/Ser. In this study we utilized additional glycosylatable peptides containing two photoreactive groups and found that these were linked to Stt3p and Ost3p. Stt3p is the most conserved subunit in the OT complex, and therefore 21 block mutants in the lumenal region were prepared. Of the 14 lethal mutant proteins only two, as well as one temperature-sensitive mutant protein, were incorporated into the OT complex. However, using microsomes prepared from these three strains, the labeling of Ost1p was markedly decreased upon photoactivation with the Asn-Bpa-Thr photoprobe. Based on the block mutants single amino acid mutations were prepared and analyzed. From all of these results, we conclude that the sequence from residues 516 to 520, WWDYG in Stt3p, plays a central role in glycosylatable peptide recognition and/or the catalytic glycosylation process.
THEORY OF A SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE WITH A TWO-PROTRUSION TIP

We consider a scanning tunneling microscope ~STM! such that tunneling occurs through two atomically sharp protrusions on its tip. When the two protrusions are separated by at least several atomic spacings, the differential conductance of this STM depends on the electronic transport in the sample between the protrusions. Such two-protrusion tips commonly occur during STM tip preparation. We explore possible applications to probing dynamical impurity potentials on a metallic surface and local transport in an anisotropic superconductor. Scanning tunneling microscopy ~STM! enables the characterization of materials on the atomic scale through measurements of the local density of states ~LDOS!. Recently, in a series of STM experiments on the Cu~111! surface, the local transport properties of electrons in a Shockley surface state were probed through their influence on the LDOS around an Fe impurity. 1 A similar experiment has been proposed for measuring the transport properties of a hightemperature superconductor. 2 These experiments detect the reflection from the impurity of electrons injected by the STM. The spatial resolution of these experiments is subAngstrom. Properties which might be determined from these types of measurements, but could not be probed by a STM measurement on the homogeneous sample, include the angularly resolved dispersion relations and mean free path, as well as the density of states as a function of energy and momentum. In the Cu experiments the dispersion relation was measured, no evidence for density-of-states anisotropy with angle was found, and the mean free path was too large to detect. A stronger signal would result from an independent method of injecting electrons at a site ~by another contact! and detecting them elsewhere with a STM. The possibilities for this have been explored in recent work 3,4 and will be
Identification of mosquito bloodmeals using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I and cytochrome b gene sequences

Primer pairs were designed and protocols developed to selectively amplify segments of vertebrate mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and cytochrome b (Cyt b) mtDNA from the bloodmeals of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). The protocols use two pairs of nested COI primers and one pair of Cyt b primers to amplify short segments of DNA. Resultant sequences are then compared with sequences in GenBank, using the BLAST function, for putative host identification. Vertebrate DNA was amplified from 88% of our sample of 162 wild-caught, blood-fed mosquitoes from Oregon, U.S.A. and GenBank BLAST searches putatively identified 98% of the amplified sequences, including one amphibian, seven mammalian and 14 avian species. Criteria and caveats for putative identification of bloodmeals are discussed.
STAT1-Regulated Lung MDSC-like Cells Produce IL-10 and Efferocytose Apoptotic Neutrophils With Relevance In Resolution of Bacterial Pneumonia

Bacterial pneumonia remains a significant burden worldwide. Although an inflammatory response in the lung is required to fight the causative agent, persistent tissue-resident neutrophils in non-resolving pneumonia can induce collateral tissue damage and precipitate acute lung injury. However, little is known about mechanisms orchestrated in the lung tissue that remove apoptotic neutrophils to restore tissue homeostasis. In mice infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae, a bacterium commonly associated with hospital-acquired pneumonia, we show that interleukin (IL)-10 is essential for resolution of lung inflammation and recovery of mice after infection. Although IL-10(-/-) mice cleared bacteria, they displayed increased morbidity with progressive weight loss and persistent lung inflammation in the later phase after infection. A source of tissue IL-10 was found to be resident CD11b(+)Gr1(int)F4/80(+) cells resembling myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) that appeared with a delayed kinetics after infection. These cells efficiently efferocytosed apoptotic neutrophils, which was aided by IL-10. The lung neutrophil burden was attenuated in infected signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1)(-/-) mice with concomitant increase in the frequency of the MDSC-like cells and lung IL-10 levels. Thus, inhibiting STAT1 in combination with antibiotics may be a novel therapeutic strategy to address inefficient resolution of bacterial pneumonia.
Lean methodologies to improve assembly line efficiency: an industrial application

Similar to automobile industries, the large earth moving equipment (LEME) industries have a dominant assembly line layout. Improving the assembly line efficiency would improve the productivity of the line. This paper focuses on using lean tools such as time and motion study, kaizen events and spaghetti map to reduce waste in a LEME assembly line. For this research, five zones (or work areas) of assembly were studied and using the lean tools the cycle time was reduced to achieve a 15% reduction in takt time. There were four phases to this research effort: data collection, construction of the process flow map, creation of the spaghetti map, and the implementation of kaizen events. The results from this research demonstrate that waste in an assembly can be identified and removed by studying the process and utilising simple yet powerful lean tools.
Rate of formation and dissolution of mercury sulfide nanoparticles: The dual role of natural organic matter

Abstract Mercury is a global contaminant of concern due to its transformation by microorganisms to form methylmercury, a toxic species that accumulates in biological tissues. The effect of dissolved organic matter (DOM) isolated from natural waters on reactions between mercury(II) (Hg) and sulfide (S(-II)) to form HgS (s) nanoparticles across a range of Hg and S(-II) concentrations was investigated. Hg was equilibrated with DOM, after which S(-II) was added. Dissolved Hg (Hg aq ) was periodically quantified using ultracentrifugation and chemical analysis following the addition of S(-II). Particle size and identity were determined using dynamic light scattering and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. S(-II) reacts with Hg to form 20 to 200 nm aggregates consisting of 1–2 nm HgS (s) subunits that are more structurally disordered than metacinnabar in the presence of 2 × 10 −9 to 8 × 10 −6 M Hg and 10 (mg C) L −1 DOM. Some of the HgS (s) nanoparticle aggregates are subsequently dissolved by DOM and (re)precipitated by S(-II) over periods of hours to days. At least three fractions of Hg–DOM species were observed with respect to reactivity toward S(-II): 0.3 μmol reactive Hg per mmol C (60 percent), 0.1 μmol per mmol C (20 percent) that are kinetically hindered, and another 0.1 μmol Hg per mmol C (20 percent) that are inert to reaction with S(-II). Following an initial S(-II)-driven precipitation of HgS (s) , HgS (s) was dissolved by DOM or organic sulfur compounds. HgS (s) formation during this second phase was counterintuitively favored by lower S(-II) concentrations, suggesting surface association of DOM moieties that are less capable of dissolving HgS (s) . DOM partially inhibits HgS (s) formation and mediates reactions between Hg and S(-II) such that HgS (s) is susceptible to dissolution. These findings indicate that Hg accessibility to microorganisms could be controlled by kinetic (intermediate) species in the presence of S(-II) and DOM, undermining the premise that equilibrium Hg species distributions should correlate to the extent or rate of Hg methylation in soils and sediments.
Use of Sweeping Jets During Transient Deployment of a Control Surface

Unsteady aerodynamic loads were measured on a NACA 0021 airfoil during rapid flap deflections. Typical dynamic-stall effects like an overshoot in lift, drag, and pitching moment have been observed in the absence of active flow control. Final flap-deflection angles and the rate of their deflections were varied at a constant angle of attack. Stall prevention or delay was achieved by fluidic actuators that generated discrete sweeping jets over the upper surface of a deflected simple flap. Static experiments proved the effectiveness of these actuators in preventing flow separation, thus increasing the lift and decreasing the drag of the airfoil. Dynamic tests proved their efficacy in dynamic stall. A significant gain in lift and a substantial reduction in drag were achieved within a short time period, even when the flap deflection was high.
Effects of fructose and other dietary carbohydrates on plasma glucose, insulin, and lipids in genetically obese (ob/ob) mice.

SummaryGenetically obese mice initially gained less body weight when fed diets containing fructose in comparison to mice fed starch, sucrose, or glucose diets. Plasma glucose concentrations were significantly lowered by fructose diets in both obese and nonobese mice in comparison to starch and glucose but not sucrose diets. Fructose or sucrose feeding did not induce hypertriglyc-eridemia in obese or nonobese mice as has been shown in the rat. In fact, the fructose diet significantly lowered plasma triglycer-ide concentrations in nonobese mice.The authors express their appreciation to Rosemary Carr and Olden Green for expert technical assistance provided for this study. This research was supported by USPHS Research Grants Nos. AM 00106 and AM 02911, a grant from the Finn-Cal Sweetener Company, San Francisco, and the Fund for Research and Teaching, Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health.
Prototype Instrument Employing a Microsensor Array for the Analysis of Organic Vapors in Exhaled Breath

A prototype portable instrument capable of selectively measuring organic vapors in breath at low- and sub-ppm concentrations was tested. The instrument employs an array of four polymer-coated surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) resonators and microprocessor-controlled pumps, valves, and heating elements for preconcentration and thermal desorption of breath samples. Response data are passed to an external personal computer for processing. Sensor responses are based on the reversible changes in the mass and viscoelasticity of the polymeric coatings accompanying vapor sorption. Calibrations were performed for perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and methoxyflurane at 100% relative humidity using 15 mg of TenaxTA® as the preconcentrator adsorbent. Analyses were then conducted of 250-mL breath samples prepared in Tedlar® bags spiked with one of the three solvents within the range of 2 to 18 ppm. Differences between concentrations measured using the prototype instrument and those measured by gas chromatography ranged ...
Instructions and Labels in a Concept-Attainment Task

72 college students were to attain a concept from slides that showed geometric figures made up of bi-valued attributes. Specific instructions to attain a concept resulted in significantly better performance than instructions which merely indicated the attributes. A meaningful label attached to each figure resulted in better concept attainment than a nonsense label. It was theorized that both the instructions and meaningful label initiated conceptual activity and facilitated the accurate categorization in instances.
Effect of a heteroatom on bonding patterns and triradical stabilization energies of 2,4,6-tridehydropyridine versus 1,3,5-tridehydrobenzene.

Electronic structure of 2,4,6-tridehydropyridine and isoelectronic 1,3,5-tridehydrobenzene is characterized by the equation-of-motion spin-flip coupled-cluster calculations with single and double substitutions and including perturbative triple corrections. Equilibrium geometries of the three lowest electronic states, vertical and adiabatic states ordering, and triradical stabilization energies are reported for both triradicals. In 1,3,5-tridehydrobenzene, the ground 2A1 state is 0.016 eV below the 2B2 state, whereas in 2,4,6-tridehydropyridine the heteroatom reverses adiabatic state ordering bringing 2B2 below 2A1 by 0.613 eV. The doublet−quartet gap is also larger in 2,4,6-tridehydropyridine as compared to 1,3,5-tridehydrobenzene; the respective adiabatic values are 1.223 and 0.277 eV. Moreover, the heteroatom reduces bonding interactions between the C2 and C6 radical centers, which results in the increased stabilizing interactions between C4 and C2/C6. Triradical stabilization energies corresponding to ...
Changes in concentration of amino acids and other metabolites during hypothermie perfusion of the canine kidney

Changes in the concentration of amino acids and other metabolites were determined in the perfusate during 24 hr of ex vivo hypothermic perfusion of dog kidneys. There was an increase in concentration of most of the amino acids. Two patterns were identified. One showed an increase in concentrations up to 12 hr, and then a leveling off as exemplified by alanine, serine, and glutamate. The other pattern was one of persistent elevation as exemplified by phenylalanine, threonine, and methionine. Glucose, lactate, pyruvate, sodium, potassium, pH, and pO2 were also measured in the perfusate. The results suggest that a degradation of kidney protein may occur during the first 24 hr of perfusion. The levels of other metabolites measured support the fact that glycolysis is responsible for a considerable portion of the total energy production in the kidney under hypothermia.
Location anonymity in continuous location-based services

A major concern for large-scale deployment of location-based services (LBSs) is the potential abuse of their client location data, which may imply sensitive personal information. Location privacy protection is challenging because a location itself may reveal a subject's identity. To support location anonymity, existing research reduces location resolution by ensuring each location reported to a service provider is a cloaking area that contains at least K mobile nodes. This strategy is effective when each location update can be considered as an independent event. In this paper, we investigate location anonymity in the context of continuous LBSs, which require frequent location updates from service users. Knowing that a user is inside a cloaking area constrains its position in the next cloaking area. Thus, simply ensuring each cloaking area contains at least K users does not give a user K-anonymity protection. We propose to measure the anonymity degree of a cloaking area using entropy, which takes into account not only the number of the entities inside, but also their anonymity probability distribution. To find a cloaking area that can provide a given level of anonymity protection and is also as small as possible, we present a novel technique with a polynomial time complexity. The effectiveness of our techniques is studied under various conditions using location data synthetically generated using real road maps and traffic volume data. The results show that our techniques can indeed protect user anonymity at a desired level, and at the same time, minimize the size of each cloaking area, allowing users to receive high quality services.
Computational reduction of specimen noise to enable improved thermography characterization of flaws in graphite polymer composites

Flaw detection and characterization with thermographic techniques in graphite polymer composites are often limited by localized variations in the thermographic response. Variations in properties such as acceptable porosity, fiber volume content and surface polymer thickness result in variations in the thermal response that in general cause significant variations in the initial thermal response. These result in a "noise" floor that increases the difficulty of detecting and characterizing deeper flaws. A method is presented for computationally removing a significant amount of the "noise" from near surface porosity by diffusing the early time response, then subtracting it from subsequent responses. Simulations of the thermal response of a composite are utilized in defining the limitations of the technique. This method for reducing the data is shown to give considerable improvement characterizing both the size and depth of damage. Examples are shown for data acquired on specimens with fabricated delaminations and impact damage.
Dollars and sense: The implications of CEO compensation for organizational performance

Abstract Crafting a compensation package for an organization's chief executive officer (CEO) that will help the firm maximize its performance is a vexing challenge for a board of directors. Management theory offers boards several practical hints. A board can put its CEO and the firm in the best position to be successful by (1) creating strong incentives for the CEO to act in the firm's best interest at all times; (2) benchmarking a CEO's performance and compensation relative to that of very high performing CEOs in the industry; (3) diagnosing and responding to CEOs’ feelings about equity relative to their peers; (4) paying a CEO with uniquely valuable knowledge, skills, and ability at the top of the market; (5) offering retention incentives if a proven performer with unique skills is leading a company; (6) resisting the temptation to simply mimic the compensation packages that work for leading firms; and (7) considering candidates’ social ties when recruiting a new CEO.
Energy Consumption and Acceptability: Comparison of Cooking Methods and Appliances for Beef Patties1

Beef patties were cooked by surface cooking (pan frying), broiling, baking, and microwave heating to determine fuel consumption for the cooking processes and to evalu ate sensory characteristics of the cooked products. Various appliances requiring different energy sources were included in the study. Cost of energy consumption by each cooking process was calculated using the September, 1975, fuel rates in the Bryan-College Station area of Texas, i.e., 3 cents per kilowatt-hour for electricity, 0.12 cent per cubic foot for natural gas, and 0.89 cent per cubic foot for liquid petroleum gas (propane). For surface cooking and broiling, the cost of cooking with the different fuels was, in order of increasing cost, natural gas, liquid petroleum (L.P.) gas, and electricity. For baking, natural gas was much cheaper than both L.P. gas and electricity, but the latter two were comparable. As for the different cooking methods, surface cooking and microwave cooking were comparable and cost least, followed by broiling and baking, respectively. For various sensory characteristics evaluated, surface-cooked patties ranked highest and microwave-cooked patties lowest. A comparison of fuel consumption during baking in preheated and non-preheated ovens was made. The fuel consumption by the pilot lights of different gas appliances was determined.
Use of differentially substituted selenomethionine proteins in X-ray structure determination.

Using heavily methionine-substituted T4 lysozyme as an example, it is shown how the addition or deletion of a small number of methionines can simplify the location of selenium sites for use in MAD phasing. By comparing the X-ray data for a large number of singly substituted lysozymes, it is shown that the optimal amino acid to be substituted by methionine is leucine, followed, in order of preference, by phenylalanine, isoleucine and valine. The identification of leucine as the first choice agrees with the ranking suggested by the Dayhoff mutation probability, i.e. by the frequency of amino-acid substitutions in the sequences of related proteins. The ranking of the second and subsequent choices, however, differ significantly.
Advancing celestial circles of position

This paper presents rigorous equations, useful with computer reduction of celestial sights, which correct the Greenwich Hour Angle and declination of a celestial body for the motion of a vessel. Advancing a circle of position in this way maintains the relationship between the geographical position of the body and the vessel, and hence is the best method for advancing an observation.
The effects of produce gardens on neighborhoods: A test of the greening hypothesis in a post-industrial city

Abstract Researchers have found that gardens and landscaping designs can diffuse throughout neighborhoods. In the present study, we extend this research by examining if produce gardens on reclaimed vacant lots can have a radiating and positive, linear effect on the surrounding residential parcels. If well-maintained parcels tend to cluster together then we would expect that parcels proximal to a well-maintained produce garden would have better maintenance than parcels near an undeveloped vacant lot. We refer to this transformative process as the Greening Hypothesis. In the present study, we investigate yard maintenance observations of residential properties located near a produce garden, compared with those near an undeveloped vacant lot while controlling for residents’ neighborhood perceptions and census demographic data. Our study area was urban and residential with higher than normal levels of property abandonment and urban blight. Our results, supporting the greening hypothesis, indicated that residential parcels proximal to produce gardens were better maintained than parcels near undeveloped vacant lots. Study implications support policies and programs which include greening initiatives as part of community development strategies.
Seizures increase basic fibroblast growth factor mRNA in adult rat forebrain neurons and glia.

The distribution of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) mRNA in normal rat forebrain, and the influence of recurrent seizure activity on the expression of this mRNA, was evaluated using in situ hybridization and S1 nuclease protection techniques. In the untreated adult rat, hybridization of 35S-labeled bFGF cRNA densely labeled neurons in a few discrete areas including the tenia tecta, indusium gresium, and hippocampal stratum pyramidale of regions CA2 and rostromedial CA1. Neurons in the prosubiculum and rostromedial dentate gyrus stratum granulosum were lightly labeled. In addition, a diffuse distribution of autoradiographic labeling in areas such as the hippocampal molecular layers, olfactory cortical layer I, and the olfactory nerve layer was suggestive of localization in glial cells. Platinumwire hilar lesions, which did not induce seizures, increased cRNA hybridization in glial cells in primary and secondary areas of degeneration in the ipsilateral hemisphere only; hybridization was not noticeably increased in neurons in these lesion-control rats. Focal stainless-steelwire hilar lesions, which caused recurrent seizures 2–10 h postlesion, induced bilaterally distributed increases in cRNA hybridization in hippocampus, neocortex, olfactory cortex, amygdala, and septum. These seizure-dependent increases in hybridization were evident 6 h postlesion, were maximal from 12 to 24 h postlesion, and declined to near control levels by 4 days. In most regions the elevated hybridization appeared to be associated primarily with astroglia but in experimental seizure rats sacrificed 12 and 24 h postlesion hybridization was also markedly increased in the dentate gyrus granule cells and olfactory cortical neurons. These results demonstrate that recurrent seizures increase bFGF mRNA expression by both forebrain neurons and glia and implicate bFGF in the coordination of other changes in the biosynthetic activities of forebrain neurons that occur after seizures.
Neuromodulation of rhythmic motor patterns in the blue crab Callinectes sapidus by amines and the peptide proctolin

The blue crab Callinectes sapidus, provides an opportunity to study neuromodulation of three variations of rhythmic behavior produced by the same appendages. These behaviors are sideways swimming, backward swimming, and courtship display (CD). Each behavior has a different context, and despite similarities among them, each is quantifiably distinguishable. CD behavior occurs in males, is stimulated naturally by pheromone, and elements of the behavior are evoked by proctolin and dopamine. Sideways and backward swimming do not share these characteristics. Bath-applied proctolin, combined with either electrical or pheromonal stimulation, was used to search for interneurons influencing motor outflows from the fifth legs. Interneurons were found which, when stimulated electrically, initiated rhythmic behavior. At least one of these neurons responded to pheromonal stimulation. Application of proctolin combined with stimulation of descending ‘trigger’ cells resulted in changes from a backward swimming motor pattern toward a CD pattern. Dopamine applied with proctolin lowered the concentration threshold for proctolin-evoked changes in motor outflows. Octopamine co-applied with proctolin extinguished the proctolin effect unless dopamine was co-applied. Combinations of modulators appear to play critical roles in shaping patterns of rhythmic motor activity of the fifth legs.
Optical Hilbert transform using polarization filters

Abstract Using a combination of linear polarization filters, a new method to generate the optical Hilbert transform (OHT) is described. Linear polarizers, acting as knife-edge filters in the spatial frequency plane and together with an image plane analyzer, can produce at the output, the input signal, its analytical function and its OHT. Both one and two dimensional, also angularly anisotropic and isotropic, OHTs are discussed. With a white light source, this method also produces a white light HT (WHT).
Intestinal apolipoprotein synthesis in the newborn piglet.

To determine the effects of dietary and bili- ary lipid absorption on intestinal apo B-48 and apo A-I synthesis in the newborn piglet, 2-d-old female piglets were prepared with a duodenal infusion catheter. After recovery, animals were given either low triglyceride (Vivonex; VIV group) or high triglyceride (Intralipid; FAT group) diets by continuous intraduodenal infusion for 24 h. A bile- diverted group was also studied. Segments of proximal jejunum and distal ileum were then pulse-radiolabeled in vivo with 'H-leucine. Mucosal apo B-48 and apo A-I were immunoprecipitated, and apoprotein synthesis was ex- pressed as percentage of total protein synthesis. Mucosal apoprotein content (ng apoprotein/pg total protein) was measured by competitive ELISA assays. In jejunum and ileum, apo B-48 synthesis was not different in the three groups. However, apo B content increased 2.4-fold in je- junum and 1.7-fold in ileum in the FAT group compared with the VIV group. Immunoblotting revealed the majority of jejunal apo B to be apo B-48, not apo B-100 from contaminating plasma lipoproteins, in all three experimen- tal groups. Bile-diverted animals had decreased jejunal apo B content compared with the VIV group. Jejunal apo A-I synthesis and content were approximately 2-fold higher in FAT animals compared with the VIV group. Although ileal apo A-I synthesis was also 2-fold higher in the FAT group, apo A-I content was not different from the VIV group. Neither jejunal nor ileal apo A-I synthesis was significantly affected by bile diversion, even though jejunal apo A-I content was decreased by over two thirds compared with the VIV animals. In the newborn piglet, intestinal synthesis of apo B-48 and apo A-I is differentially regulated by luminal lipid absorption. Although fat feeding and bile diversion regulate mucosal apo B-48 content, synthesis is unchanged, indicating a posttranslational regulatory mech- anism. In contrast, apo A-I synthesis generally parallels mucosal apo A-I content except in distal ileum. Changes in jejunal apo B content and apo A-I content and synthesis parallel changes in mucosal triglyceride content. However, changes in ileal apo B content and apo A-I synthesis were not accompanied by changes in ileal triglyceride content, suggesting other regulatory factors in the distal small intestine. (Pediatr Res 29: 32-38, 1991) Abbreviations
Untersuchungen über den Einfluß niedriger Umgebungstemperaturen auf den Stoffwechsel wachsender Schweine

(1958). Untersuchungen uber den Einflus niedriger Umgebungstemperaturen auf den Stoffwechsel wachsender Schweine. Archiv fur Tierernaehrung: Vol. 8, No. 1-6, pp. 161-181.
Optimal one-sided shewhart control charts with variable sampling intervals

When a control chart is used to detect changes in a process the usual practice is to take samples from the process using a fixed sampling interval between samples. This paper considers the properties of Shewhart control charts when the sampling interval used after each sample is not tixed but instead depends on what is observed in the sample. The basic rationale is that the sampling interval should be short if there is some indication of a change in the process and long if there is no indication of a change. If the indication of a change is strong enough then the chart signals in the same way as the fixed sampling interval Shewhart chart. The result is that samples will be taken more frequently when there is a change in the process, and this process change can be detected much more quickly than when fixed sampling intervals are used. Expressions for properties such as the average time to signal and the average number of samples to signal are developed. It is shown that if the sampling interval must be cho...
Review article: the modern management of hepatic encephalopathy

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31, 537–547 Summary Background Hepatic encephalopathy, both overt and minimal, forms a continuum of cognitive change in cirrhosis. Strategies to diagnose and treat hepatic encephalopathy have evolved considerably. Aim To examine the updated diagnostic and treatment strategies for hepatic encephalopathy. Methods Techniques for the clinical, psychometric and neurophysiological evaluation of hepatic encephalopathy are reviewed. The methods reviewed include pure clinical scales (West-Haven), psychometric tests (PSE-syndrome test), neurophysiological tests (EEG, Critical flicker frequency, CFF) and computerized tests (Inhibitory control test, ICT). Results Clinical scales are limited, whereas psychometric tests (specifically PSE-syndrome test), CFF and ICT can be used to diagnose minimal hepatic encephalopathy. However, there is no single test that can capture the entire spectrum of cognitive impairment. Treatment options and goals depend on the acuity of hepatic encephalopathy. In-patient management should concentrate on supportive care, precipitating factor reversal and lactulose and/or rifaximin therapy. Out-patient therapy should aim to prevent recurrences, and both lactulose and rifaximin have evidence to support their use. Conclusions Diagnostic techniques for hepatic encephalopathy range from simple scales to sophisticated tools. Treatment options depend on the stage of hepatic encephalopathy. The future challenge is to evaluate cognitive function as a continuum with clinically relevant outcomes and to develop well-tolerated and inexpensive treatments for hepatic encephalopathy.
Short-Stay Carotid Endarterectomy Is Safe and Cost-Effective

Background Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is conventionally performed following a contrast arteriogram, under general anesthesia, and with postoperative admission to an intensive care unit (ICU). We investigated whether any of these traditional adjuncts to CEA is necessary. Patients and methods Eighteen consecutive patients had CEA performed according to a protocol of duplex scanning only, operation under regional anesthesia, and admission to the ICU only in cases of a proven need for services unique to the ICU (group I). Utilization of preoperative arteriography, admission to the ICU, postoperative complications, total hospital length of stay, and hospital charges were calculated for this group and results were compared with a group of 178 patients undergoing conventional CEA (arteriography, general anesthesia, routine ICU admission) during the same period (group II). Results In group I, 1 patient (6%) underwent preoperative arteriography and 4 patients (22%) were admitted to the ICU after CEA. Most group II patients (114 of 178, or 64%) underwent preoperative arteriography and virtually all (175 of 178, or 98%) were admitted to the ICU. Compared with group II, the average hospital length of stay for group I was significantly shorter (1.3 ± 0.1 versus 3.1 ± 0.3 days, P = 0.03) and hospital charges were significantly reduced ($5,861 ± 229 versus $11,140 ± 729, P = 0.02). Conclusions This pilot study suggests that CEA can be safely performed without routine preoperative carotid arteriography; that routine ICU admission is unnecessary for the majority of cases; and that elimination of routine arteriography and ICU admission can reduce hospital charges for CEA by nearly one half.
DURATION OF STIMULUS AND LATENT PERIODS PRECEDING FURROW FORMATION IN SAND DOLLAR EGGS.

Because information concerning the time relations of the cleavage stimulus should prove useful in characterizing both the stimulus and the nature of the response in the cell surface, methods were devised for determining how long the surface must be acted upon by the asters to produce a furrow and the duration of the latent period between the end of this stimulus period and appearance of the furrow. Eggs of the sand dollar Echinorachnius parma were used in experiments wherein unstimulated surface was brought close to the interastral zone of the mitotic apparatus for specified periods. Since this modification subjected the cell to physical stress or constraint, several different methods were used. As was anticipated, the times determined differed somewhat according to the method used. Exposure of the surface to the interastral zone for about one minute subsequently produces an active furrow. The latent period between the end of the stimulus period and the appearance of the furrow is about two and one-half minutes and the total time from the beginning of stimulation to appearance of the furrow is between two and three and one-half minutes. The mitotic apparatus can repeatedly elicit new furrows within the same cell despite visible loss of distinctness from frequent handling. This suggests that stimulation is accomplished by a fundamentally simple relationship between asters and surface. During the latent period the presumptive furrow area has greater ability to retain its contour despite inncreased tension at the surface than does non-furrow surface. The undiminished capacity for division that persists in cells subjected to frequent and extensive cytoplasmic shifting which accompanies relocation of the mitotic apparatus by pressure displacement implies that after stimulation, completion of the cleavage process is independent of any specific subsurface cytoplasmic configuration.
Assisted transplant by suction.

Cardiac transplantation as an alternative treatment is an essential possibility for patients with cardiac failure. In 1905, a new age started for researchers through the heterotopic procedure, described by doctors Carrel and Guthrie. In 1960, Lower and Shumway made the first orthotopic transplant, but it was not until 1966 in South Africa when Christian Barnard succeeded.1,2 The classic technique described by Lower has been abandoned by many groups,3 and the Bicaval Procedure according to Dreyfus4 is nowadays the most common method to prevent the subsequent atrial enlargement, tricuspid insufficiency, and atrial dysfunction.5–7