cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accurate dispensing of volatile reagents on demand for chemical reactions in EWOD chips

Digital microfluidic chips provide a new platform for manipulating chemicals for multi-step chemical synthesis or assays at the microscale. The organic solvents and reagents needed for these applications are often volatile, sensitive to contamination, and wetting, i.e. have contact angles of <90° even on the highly hydrophobic surfaces (e.g., Teflon® or Cytop®) typically used on digital microfluidic chips. Furthermore, often the applications dictate that the processes are performed in a gas environment, not allowing the use of a filler liquid (e.g., oil). These properties pose challenges for delivering controlled volumes of liquid to the chip. An automated, simple, accurate and reliable method of delivering reagents from sealed, off-chip reservoirs is presented here. This platform overcomes the issues of evaporative losses of volatile solvents, cross-contamination, and flooding of the chip by combining a syringe pump, a simple on-chip liquid detector and a robust interface design. The impedance-based liquid detection requires only minimal added hardware to provide a feedback signal to ensure accurate volumes of volatile solvents are introduced to the chip, independent of time delays between dispensing operations. On-demand dispensing of multiple droplets of acetonitrile, a frequently used but difficult to handle solvent due to its wetting properties and volatility, was demonstrated and used to synthesize the positron emission tomography (PET) probe [18F]FDG reliably.
Requirement of BAX for TRAIL/Apo2L-induced Apoptosis of Colorectal Cancers Synergism with Sulindac-mediated Inhibition of Bcl-xL

The cornerstone of the systemic treatment of advanced colorectal cancer is 5-fluorouracil.However, 5-fluorouracil-induced apoptosis is dependent on p53, a tumor suppressor gene that is lost or inactivated in at least 85% of human colorectal cancers. Here we show that tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)/Apo2L triggers caspase-8-mediated truncation of BID, mitochondrial activation of caspase-9, and apoptosis in both p53+/+ or p53−/− isogenic HCT116 colorectal cancer cells. TRAIL/Apo2L also sensitizes both p53+/+ or p53−/− colorectal cancer cells to ionizing radiation. In contrast, we find that TRAIL/Apo2L fails to activate caspase-9 or induce apoptosis in isogenic HCT116 colorectal cancer cells that are deficient in BAX, a proapoptotic gene that is mutated in >50% of colorectal cancers of the microsatellite mutator phenotype. Loss of BAX also renders colorectal cancer cells resistant to TRAIL/Apo2L-mediated radiosensitization. We additionally demonstrate that TRAIL/Apo2L-induced death of p53+/+- or p53−/−- BAX-proficient but not BAX-deficient colorectal cancer cells is augmented by reducing nuclear factor-κB-dependent expression of Bcl-xL with either a peptide that disrupts the inhibitor of κB kinase complex or the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, sulindac sulfide. These results indicate that the combination of TRAIL/Apo2L with either irradiation or sulindac may be highly effective against both p53-proficient and p53-deficient colorectal cancers; however, BAX-deficient tumors may evade elimination by TRAIL/Apo2L-based regimens. Our findings may aid the development and genotype-specific application of TRAIL/Apo2L-based combinatorial regimens for the treatment of colorectal cancers.
Women in Ancient Societies: "An Illusion of the Night"

List of Plates - Acknowledgements - Notes on Contributors - Introduction L.Archer, S.Fischler & M.Wyke - Gender Bias in Archaeology L.Nixon - Women in Ancient Egyptian Wisdom Literature A.Depla - Notions of Community and the Exclusion of the Female in Jewish History and Historiography L.Archer - The Problem of Women Philosophers in Ancient Greece R.Hawley - An Ancient Theory of gender: Plato and the Pythagorean Table S.Lovibond - Producing Woman: Hippocratic Gynaecology H.King - Social Stereotypes and Historical Analysis: The Case of the Imperial Women at Rome S.Fischler - Woman in the Mirror: The Rhetoric of Adornment in the Roman World M.Wyke - Early Christianity and the Discourse of Desire A.Cameron - Reading Between the Lines: Sarah and the Sacrifice of Isaac (Genesis, Chapter 22) S.Brock - Public and Private Forms of Religious Commitment among Byzantine Women J.Herrin - Women in Anglo-Saxon Poetry F.Gameson - Recycling Ancient Material: An Orthodox View of Hindu Women J.Leslie - The Witch and the Wife: A Comparative Study of Theocritus Idyll 2, Simonides Idyll 15 and Fatal Attraction L.Gibbs-Wichrowska - General Bibliography - Bibliography of Works Cited - Index
Role of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin in Invasive Management of Non–ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes

OBJECTIVETo review the available literature addressing the role of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) as an alternative to unfractionated heparin (UFH) in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for treatment of non–ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTEACS).DATA SOURCESA MEDLINE search (1966–March 2004) identified pertinent articles using the key words acute coronary syndromes, unstable angina, non–ST-elevation myocardial infarction, low-molecular-weight heparin, enoxaparin, dalteparin, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists, abciximab, tirofiban, eptifibatide, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, and percutaneous coronary intervention. The references of these articles were reviewed for additional pertinent references.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTIONAll human trials of LMWH in PCI for treatment of NSTEACS were evaluated. All pertinent studies were included in the review.DATA SYNTHESISAdministration of LMWH with or without a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor during PCI appears to be...
The technology and application of coherent X-rays — attosecond science meets NLO

Light pulses from a femtosecond laser can be coherently upconverted to generate light in the extreme-ultraviolet and soft x-ray regions of the spectrum using high-order harmonic generation, a process where a large number of photons from an intense laser can be coherently combined. Advances in laser technology, combined with a better understanding of the high harmonic process, have made it possible to apply concepts from nonlinear optics to enhance and control the HHG process. A number of new scientific and technological applications have also been demonstrated that make use of the unique characteristics of HHG radiation: laser-like, full spatial coherence, ultrashort pulse duration, and high pulse repetition-rate.
Do Conditional Cash Transfers Affect Electoral Behavior? Evidence from a Randomized Experiment in Mexico

This article reexamines the argument that targeted programs increase pro-incumbent voting by persuading beneficiaries to cast ballots against their first partisan choice. The evidence comes from the randomized component of Progresa, the pioneering Mexican conditional cash transfer (CCT) program. Experimental data show that early enrollment in the program led to substantive increases in voter turnout and in the incumbent’s vote share in the 2000 presidential election. The experiment also reveals that opposition parties’ vote shares were unaffected by the program. Thus, the electoral bonus generated by CCTs may be best explained by a mobilizing rather than persuasive mechanism. These findings are difficult to reconcile with the notion that the electoral effects of CCTs are a result of prospective concerns triggered by threats of program discontinuation or endogenous program enrollment. Instead, the evidence in this article suggests that CCTs’ mobilizing effects are compatible with programmatic politics.
Pristimerin, a quinonemethide triterpenoid, induces apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells through the inhibition of pro-survival Akt/NF-κB/mTOR signaling proteins and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2

Lack of effective therapeutics for pancreatic cancer at the present time underscores the dire need for safe and effective agents for the treatment of this malignancy. In the present study, we have evaluated the anticancer activity and the mechanism of action of pristimerin (PM), a quinonemethide triterpenoid, against MiaPaCa-2 and Panc-1 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) cell lines. Treatment with PM inhibited the proliferation and induced apoptosis in both cell lines as characterized by the increased Annexin V-binding and cleavage of PARP-1 and procaspases -3, -8 and -9. PM also induced mitochondrial depolarization and the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria. The induction of apoptosis by PM was associated with the inhibition of the pro-survival Akt, NF-κB and mTOR signaling proteins and their downstream intermediaries such as Foxo-3α and cyclin D1 (Akt); Cox-2 and VEGF (NF-κB); p-S6K1 and p-4E-BP1 (mTOR) as well as PKCɛ. Treatment with PM also inhibited the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and survivin but not Bcl-xL. The downregulation of Bcl-2 by PM was not due to proteasomal or lysosomal proteolytic degradation of Bcl-2, since treatment with PM in the presence of proteasomal inhibitors MG132 or lactacystin (LAC) or calpain inhibitor MG101 failed to block the downregulation of Bcl-2 by PM. On the other hand, RT-PCR analysis showed the inhibition of Bcl-2 mRNA by PM in a dose-related manner, indicating that inhibition of Bcl-2 by PM is mediated through the suppression of Bcl-2 gene expression. Thus, the mechanistic understanding of the antitumor activity of pristimerin could facilitate in vivo efficacy studies of pristimerin for pancreatic cancer.
Effects of residual stresses on fatigue crack growth behavior of structural materials: Analytical corrections

Abstract Fatigue crack growth data developed to characterize a material can be significantly biased by the presence of bulk residual stresses introduced during material processing and subsequent fabrication of test samples. Residual stresses influence fatigue crack growth behavior and change the measured material response to dynamic loading. Correction to experimental data generated in the presence of residual stresses is necessary to produce accurate fatigue crack growth data for modeling and life prediction. This study proposes an analytical technique to correct fatigue crack growth data acquired in the presence of residual stresses. The technique was calibrated with multiple structural materials and multiple stress ratios, and found to produce good agreement between corrected data generated in residual stresses and data generated in minimal residual stresses.
Quality-time tradeoffs in simulated annealing for VLSI placement

A model is presented to characterize the relationship between the best solution (incumbent) found by an iterative algorithm (simulated annealing) and the time spent in achieving it. The target application has been chosen to be the placement of cells on a VLSI chip. The model is used to achieve a tradeoff between solution quality and time spent. This gives an idea of the time at which the iterative algorithm should be terminated when the marginal gain in solution quality is smaller than the marginal increase in cost (or time) spent. Nonlinear regression analysis is used to predict the decrease in time with respect to improvement in solution quality. Experimental results on benchmark circuits are presented to show the errors of run-time prediction compared to a static prediction. >
The Effect of ENSO on Tibetan Plateau Snow Depth: A Stationary Wave Teleconnection Mechanism and Implications for the South Asian Monsoons

Abstract An atmospheric stationary wave teleconnection mechanism is proposed to explain how ENSO may affect the Tibetan Plateau snow depth and thereby the south Asian monsoons. Using statistical analysis, the short available record of satellite estimates of snow depth, and ray tracing, it is shown that wintertime ENSO conditions in the central Pacific may produce stationary barotropic Rossby waves in the troposphere with a northeastward group velocity. These waves reflect off the North American jet, turning equatorward, and enter the North African–Asian jet over the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Once there, the waves move with the jet across North Africa, South Asia, the Himalayas, and China. Anomalous increases in upper-tropospheric potential vorticity and increased wintertime snowfall over the Tibetan Plateau are speculated to be associated with these Rossby waves. The increased snowfall produces a larger Tibetan Plateau snowpack, which persists through the spring and summer, and weakens the intensity of the ...
Soil Seed Banks of the Exotic Annual Grass Bromus rubens on a Burned Desert Landscape

Red brome (Bromus rubens), an exotic annual grass, can dominate soil seed banks and poses serious threats to mature native plant communities in the Mojave Desert by competing with native species and providing fine fuels that facilitate widespread wildfire. By exploring how seed bank density and composition in burned areas change over time since fire (TSF), we can improve our understanding of how the seed banks are affected by fire. Samples of the 5-cm-deep soil seed bank were collected from two microsites (under shrubs, in open interspaces) within paired burned and unburned areas on 12 fires ranging from 5–31 yr TSF. Seed bank samples were assayed using the emergence method and seed densities were compared among TSFs, burn status (burned, unburned), and microsites for the species that emerged. Red brome soil seed bank density was spatially variable and TSF rarely predicted abundance. Overall, undershrub seed densities did not differ between burned and unburned areas. However, at some fire sites, seed densities in interspaces were greater in burned than unburned areas. Although native seed densities were low overall, they did not appear to differ according to burn status. Studies have shown that red brome plant and seed bank densities can be greatly reduced immediately after fire. Management efforts that focus on this initial colonization window may be able to take advantage of diminished red brome seed densities to limit its reestablishment while facilitating the establishment of native species. However, this window is brief, as our findings indicate that once reestablished, red brome soil seed densities in burned areas can be similar to those in unburned areas within 5 yr.
Particle image fields and partial coherence

The accuracy of Young's fringe method for reducing velocity field data is compromised by a spatially incoherent background field which originates in the random locations of the seeding particles. The probability density function for the spatial frequency cutoff of this background is derived as a function of the particle count, the distribution governing the power in each frequency interval is derived, and conditions are found under which the Van Cittert-Zernike theorem applies. The background field resembles the far field of a partially coherent source in the high particle count limit, but departs significantly at low and moderate counts.
Artificial Sweeteners: Do They Live Up to Expectations?

Over the past decade, the taste of the American public for both gourmet fare and fast foods has increased exponentially. It is impossible to find a major metropolitan area, and difficult to find a smaller city, without a fancy food store or gourmet deli. Our desire for convenient fast foods is clearly evidenced by the rise of fast food chains throughout the country. During this same period, however, there has also been a striking increase in public concern about excess caloric intake and its possible consequences: obesity, heart disease, and diabetes. It has been proposed that low-calorie or artificial sweeteners may help to satisfy our twin cravings for palatable, convenient foods and slimness (Lecos 1985).
Relationship of Ruffed Grouse Bonasa umbellus to Landscape Characteristics in Southwest Virginia, USA

We examined ruffed grouse Bonasa umbellus selection of landscape characteristics and cover types. Grouse home ranges derived from telemetry data gathered from fall 1996 through fall 1998 were overlaid onto a GIS map of the Clinch Mountain Wildlife Management Area, southwest Virginia, USA, composed of 22 cover types (10,343 ha). We calculated the landscape metrics using FRAGSTATS/ARC. We compared landscape metrics of 23 home ranges to those calculated for the area encompassed by the home range plus a surrounding 300 m buffer, and to metrics calculated for 50 random plots of 33 ha each. We used compositional analysis to test for preferential use of cover types. Ruffed grouse selected areas with high densities of smaller than average patches of uniform size and shape, containing higher than average amounts of high contrast edge (P＜0.01). Grouse preferred areas containing a greater diversity of cover types (P＜0.01). Regeneration cuts and mesic deciduous stands with a rhododendron Rhododendron spp.-laurel Kalmia latifolia understory were the most preferred cover types (P＜0.10). Creating and maintaining a landscape with high densities of small patches of uniform size and regular shape would provide the highest quality ruffed grouse habitat in this region. These patches should contain early successional cover. Rhododendron and/or laurel thickets may act as supplemental cover in the absence of regeneration cuts, and may also be beneficial as winter cover.
Sink or Surf: Atmospheric Implications for Succinic Acid at Aqueous Surfaces

Small organic compounds are increasingly being invoked as important players in atmospheric processes that occur on aerosol surfaces. The diacid succinic acid is one such constituent that is prevalent in the troposphere, surface active, and also water-soluble. This article presents a thorough examination of the surface characteristics of succinic acid at the vapor/water interface using a combination of theoretical simulation and experiments using vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy and surface tension. The adsorption and orientation of succinic acid at the water surface is characterized for a series of aqueous solution compositions relevant to atmospheric conditions. Fully protonated succinic acid is found to be particularly surface active. A new computational technique is introduced that provides a detailed picture of the different surface species that are contributing to the experimentally derived spectroscopic measurements. Additional results are presented for how SO2, a copollutant of succinic acid ...
Shape and Motion in the Microstructure of Song

The early hopes for the Seeger melograph, a device for recording the pitch and intensity of vocal performances, have not been realized because musicologists found the graphic traces of pitch and intensity too difficult to interpret. In this article, proposals are advanced for redesigning the melograph to provide researchers with more symbolically meaningful information. This involves abandoning the notion of fully separable parameters, relaxing the constraint that representations be culturally neutral, and developing ways to represent musical motion qua motion. The discussion is illustrated with redesigned melograms drawn from analyses of a particularly florid excerpt of South- Indian singing. Comparisons between the performances of a South-Indian singer and the performances of two of her students suggest ways in which cultural conditioning can affect vocal performance.
A Dynamic Structural Model of Endogenous Consumer Reviews in Durable Goods Markets

Consumers commonly seek quality information from product reviews when their perceived quality of new products remains uncertain. However, consumer-generated product reviews are endogenous and may be subject to potential biases that impact consumer's purchase behavior. In this paper, We develop a dynamic structural learning model and a consumer review-reporting model to quantify the causal impacts of critic reviews and consumer reviews biases on forward-looking consumer adoption behavior in the U.S. video-game market. Our datasets consist of a novel component of pre-order sales (sales realized prior to product launch), post-release sales and prices at product level from 2009 to 2012, and individual-level online critics and consumer ratings. Our study includes two parts. First, we leverage pre-order information to separately identify the impacts of critics and consumer's prior expectation on purchase behavior. Second, we find systematic differences between critics and consumer ratings: the average of consumer ratings tends to become lower (higher) when critics are higher (lower). Therefore, a standard Bayesian learning model cannot be directly applied since such systematic differences are not merely driven by sampling errors when quality signals are drawn from distributions of true product quality. We propose that the observed differences could be driven by consumer review biases due to a combination of self-selection effect and reference point effect. We propose a novel review-reporting model that rationalizes the observed discrepancies between critics and consumer ratings. We then implement a joint estimation strategy to estimate the combined model using Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm that is applicable to a non-stationary dynamic discrete choice model with potential price, and consumer review endogeneity problems. Using structural model estimates, we examine the causal impacts of critics and consumer reviews on firms' profits. To assess these impacts, we conduct counterfactual experiments by sequentially eliminating critics and consumer reviews. The results of the proposed model can provide important managerial implications with respect to dynamic pricing and preorder strategies.
THE NEGLECTED CLIENT

MEANINGFUL does not exist because the great majority of student and academic personnel are from the white middle class. They have not lived in black communities; they are aware of black problems only superficially. It is not unfair to say that their awareness is mainly of the fact that great problems exist rather than of the problems themselves. The chief problem, of course, is the economic deprivation of blacks, but this misfortune is deeply rooted in psychological and sociological problems within the ghetto culture as well as the patterns of blackwhite interrelations which have been three
The Cross-Cultural Loss Scale: Development and psychometric evaluation.

The Cross-Cultural Loss Scale (CCLS), a measure of loss associated with crossing national boundaries, was developed across 2 samples of international students. With Sample 1 (N = 262), exploratory factor analyses were used to select the 14 CCLS items and to determine 3 factors: Belonging-Competency (α = .87), National Privileges (α = .68), and Access to Home Familiarity (α = .72). With Sample 2, confirmatory factor analyses (N = 256) cross-validated the 3-factor oblique model as well as a bifactor model. Cronbach alphas of CCLS subscale scores in Sample 2 ranged from .73 to .87. The validity of the CCLS scores was supported by its associations with related variables in the expected directions. Perceived cross-cultural losses were positively associated with negative affect, migration grief and loss, and discrimination and were negatively associated with life satisfaction, positive affect, general self-efficacy, and social connection with mainstream society. Moreover, the CCLS total and 2 subscale scores added significant incremental variance in predicting subjective well-being over and above related constructs. The results indicated measurement invariance and validity equivalency for the CCLS scores between men and women. The overall results from these 2 samples support CCLS as a psychometrically strong measure.
Design of a Low-Cost UAS for High-Resolution Atmospheric Sensing

The overall design considerations of an atmospheric sampling unmanned aerial system (UAS) are described, noting the importance of vehicle characteristics and operational easeof-use in maintaining a low cost system. High resolution sensing is enabled by low flight speed and high-bandwidth sensing. A new wind-finding algorithm, in particular, is described in detail in this paper, that only requires GPS and pitot-static sensing. This algorithm on the DataHawk vehicle is capable of providing 4m vertical resolution wind sensing in a “virtual tower” sampling strategy based on helical vector field guidance laws. Error bounds are derived and used to qualify the accuracy of the wind solutions. Use of this algorithm is illustrated with flight data taken from a recent field campaign at Dugway Proving Ground, Utah.
Methods and Instrumentation in Mass Spectrometry for the Differentiation of Closely Related Microorganisms

While mass spectrometry (MS) is now an accepted tool for the routine analysis of microorganisms, new applications using MS are now tackling more complex problems in microbiology. The successful application of MS for the analysis of microorganisms involves a concerted selection of hardware along with the development of methodology. This chapter will focus on this interplay between MS instrumentation and methodology for the analysis of closely related bacteria at the strain level and antibiotic-resistant/susceptible bacteria. An overview of the MS instrumentation will be presented in the context of microorganism detection and identification with selected examples from the current scientific literature.
A Probe into Practical Teaching of Ideological & Political Theory Course in Universities——A Case of Practical Teaching in Small Classes

The practical teaching plays an irreplaceable role in the ideological political theory course in universities.Because of the characteristics of contemporary college students,teaching law in universities and classes as self-education,self-management and self-service carriers of college students,all these make the practical teaching in small classes feasible.Practical teaching in small classes has such advantages as follows: Firstly highlighting the extensiveness and enthusiasm of students' participation in practical teaching;secondly reflecting the normalization and continuity of practical teaching;thirdly embodying the flexibility and effectiveness of practical teaching.Thus,practice teaching in small classes has a certain promotional value.
Duplex Real-Time PCR Assay for Quantifying Mitochondrial DNA Deletions in Laser Microdissected Single Spiral Ganglion Cells

Laser microdissection (LMD) has been used to isolate groups of cells and single cells from numerous tissues. In this chapter, we describe a technique for isolating individual spiral ganglion cells from archival formalin-fixed, celloidin-embedded (FFCE) human temporal bone sections. The DNA isolated from these single cells is suitable for analysis with a duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodology to quantify the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletion level present.
Should patients receive 23-valent pneumococcal vaccination more than once?

No patient-oriented evidence supports pneumococcal revaccination of any patient (high-risk or otherwise). Antibody levels may be augmented by revaccination; however, the clinical efficacy of revaccination, even among high-risk patients, is unknown. Revaccination is recommended by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) in certain circumstances (strength of recommendation [SOR]: C, expert opinion based on physiology/bench research). Revaccination once appears to be safe, especially if provided 5 years or more after primary vaccination (SOR: B, based upon consistent results of cohort studies and nonrandomized prospective trials).
Practice Patterns and Opinions on Current Clinical Practice Guidelines Regarding the Management of Delirium in the Intensive Care Unit.

Objective:The aim of this study was to determine current delirium practices in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting and evaluate awareness and adoption of the 2013 Pain, Agitation, and Delirium (P...
The Politics of the WHO

The usefulness of the World Health Organization lies in its ability to bring scientific evidence to bear in political disputes that often lose sight of facts on the ground. The group’s recent history, however, reveals a bureaucracy increasingly unhinged from the real world. In trying to medicalize all spheres of life, the WHO confuses scientific veracity with its own ideological imperatives.
The Black Mecca

JOHN ANTHONY COPELAND “was in the habit of going up to Canada” even before the rescue in Wellington. He was among the many Oberliners who traveled back and forth between the colonies of freedmen and escaped slaves who had settled in what is now Ontario. Some such visits were social and some were commercial, but others were for the purpose of escorting or settling fugitives. In 1836, Reverend Finney had dispatched Hiram Wilson, a recent graduate of the theology department, as an emissary to Canada West for the purpose of reporting on the circumstances of runaway slaves. Five years later, Wilson helped establish the British-American Institute on the outskirts of Chatham, where fugitives could be taught productive trades. Oberlin contributed Bibles and teachers for the institute, as well as assisting with the arrival of a steady stream of newly escaped slaves. As Wilson himself wrote to a colleague at the college, “Those six fugitives who were in Oberlin when we left all got over safe into Canada by the next Monday.” They were far from the only ones. John Anthony's earlier involvement in the northward traffic made him a logical candidate to shepherd John Price across the border. Conducting fugitives was no longer a lighthearted matter, as Oberliners had regarded it for so many years. It was one thing to deflect the attentions of amateur slave hunters but quite another to flout a valid federal warrant, not to mention abusing a deputy U.S. marshal in the process. Only one week earlier, Professor James Monroe had been nonchalant about receiving five slaves who were en route from Medina to the Sandusky harbor, but now the ground had clearly shifted. John Anthony had shown aggressiveness in confronting Marshal Dayton, and courage in breaking through the door at Wadsworth's Hotel, but he was also known for his Christian faith, which was no small matter to the Oberlin theologians who had taken charge of John Price's deliverance.
Random Regular Graph and Generalized De Bruijn Graph with k-Shortest Path Routing

Random regular graph (RRG) has recently beenproposed as an interconnect topology for future large scaledata centers and HPC clusters. While various studies havebeen performed, this topology is still not well understood. RRGis a special case of directed regular graph (DRG) where eachlink is unidirectional and all nodes have the same number ofincoming and outgoing links. In this work, we establish boundsfor DRG on diameter, average k-shortest path length, and aload balancing property with k-shortest path routing, and usethese bounds to evaluate RRG. The results indicate that RRGwith k-shortest path routing is not ideal in terms of diameterand load balancing. We further consider the Generalized DeBruijn Graph (GDBG), a deterministic DRG, and prove thatfor most network configurations, GDBG is near optimal interms of diameter, average k-shortest path length, and loadbalancing with a k-shortest path routing scheme. Finally, weexplore the strengths and weaknesses of RRG for differenttraffic conditions by comparing RRG with GDBG.
Immature Stages of Agromyzidae (Diptera) from India X. Taxonomy and Biology of Three Species of Ophiomyia Brasch., Napomyza Westwood and Pseudonapomyza Hendel*

AbstractThe immature stages of three species of Agromyzidae viz., Ophiomyia lantanae (Frogg.), Napomyza crawfurdiae Sas. and Pseudonapomyza spicata (Mall.) have been discussed. Notes on their biology have also been added.
LGBT Novel Drug Use as Contextualized Through Control, Strain, and Learning Theories*

Objective We examine novel drug use in the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community in the context of social learning, self-control, and strain theories. Methods Based on a sample of 2,349 college students, we examine novel drug use rates of LGBT participants. We then perform a series of logistic regression models to examine factors correlated with LGBT novel drug use. Results We find LGBT individuals have higher rates of use for novel drugs. We find that social learning constructs partially mediate the relationship between sexual orientation and novel drug use. The data did not support the hypotheses that strain or self-control mediated or acted as a moderator in this relationship. Conclusion We hypothesize higher LGBT novel drug use may be related to unique cultural definitions surrounding LGBT drug use and LGBT individuals being less likely to stigmatize substance use. This finding may have implications for LGBT substance use messaging and education programs.
Quantitative Measurement of the Average Orbital Angular Momentum of Light with a Cylindrical Lens

We show that the average orbital angular momentum (OAM) of twisted light can be measured with a single stationary cylindrical lens and camera. Our method can be calibrated absolutely and measure arbitrary (non-integer) average OAM.
Изменчивость уровня неопределенности в экономике

In this essay, the author addresses four questions about uncertainty. First, what are some facts and patterns about economic uncertainty? Both macro and micro uncertainty appear to rise sharply in recessions and fall in booms. Uncertainty also varies heavily across countries - developing countries appear to have about one-third more macro uncertainty than developed countries. Second, why does uncertainty vary during business cycles? Third, do fluctuations in uncertainty affect behavior? Fourth, has higher uncertainty worsened the Great Recession and slowed the recovery? Much of this discussion is based on research on uncertainty from the last five years, reflecting the recent growth of the literature.
Absolute Binding Free Energies between T4 Lysozyme and 141 Small Molecules: Calculations Based on Multiple Rigid Receptor Configurations

We demonstrate the feasibility of estimating protein–ligand binding free energies using multiple rigid receptor configurations. On the basis of T4 lysozyme snapshots extracted from six alchemical binding free energy calculations with a flexible receptor, binding free energies were estimated for a total of 141 ligands. For 24 ligands, the calculations reproduced flexible-receptor estimates with a correlation coefficient of 0.90 and a root-mean-square error of 1.59 kcal/mol. The accuracy of calculations based on Poisson–Boltzmann/surface area implicit solvent was comparable to that of previously reported free energy calculations.
Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel.

There remain several pharmacologic considerations relating to paclitaxel that are being, or need to be, explored. Some of the more important of these include the following issues: Further elaboration of the metabolic fate of paclitaxel. A multicenter study is currently being planned to determine the complete metabolic fate of paclitaxel, using radiolabeled (14C) drug. Establishing criteria for optimal dosing and scheduling, particularly in patients with organ dysfunction. Evaluation of the optimal use of paclitaxel in combination with other drugs, and the potential interactions of these drugs, which may result in different response and toxicity patterns. Several aspects of drug-drug interactions are being considered. Interactions between paclitaxel and other drugs that are highly protein bound. Interactions with the P-450 enzyme system, in which antineoplastic agents that are currently used in combination with paclitaxel, such as cisplatin and doxorubicin, have been shown to modulate these enzymes. Interactions at the level of hepatic metabolism between paclitaxel and the H2-antagonists used as a premedication to prevent hypersensitivity reactions. Different compounds of this class, including cimetidine, ranitidine, and famotidine, have variable modulatory effects on P-450 enzymes. The choice of a specific agent may therefore affect response and toxicity patterns, although to date, no clinically significant drug interactions have been observed. Interactions between paclitaxel and other drugs used as supportive therapy that may inhibit P-450 enzymes. One such drug is erythromycin, which has been shown in a rat model to block significantly the excretion of doxorubicin through the MDR mechanism (unpublished data, J.G. Kuhn).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Development of extremely thin profile flip chip CSP using laser assisted bonding technology

The semiconductor packaging technology trend for electronic products continues to achieve greater miniaturization and higher functionality. Thinner profile chip scale packaging (CSP), such as flip chip CSP (fcCSP), with increasing die complexities is a very important technology for next generation communication devices and internet of things (IoT) applications. Recently, integrated fan out wafer-level packaging (FOWLP) technology has received increased attention as one of next generation solutions in this field. This is due to its unique ability to achieve extremely thin profile and less warpage for Package-on-package (PoP) configurations as well as higher electrical performance. However, this bottom-up wafer level technology is still cost ineffective and has issues that, so far, have prevented it from becoming a mainstream technology in existing outsourced semiconductor assembly and test (OSAT) facilities. Hence, there has been increased need for thin profile flip chip technology. Despite the demands, the conventional interconnection method using a mass reflow (MR) process has had predictable limitations for bump and pad pitch shrinks and it could not support interconnections with very thin die and coreless substrates. To overcome the MR process technical limitations, recent research has focused on developing various interconnection or soldering process technologies that utilize different heat transfer mechanisms to minimize the thermal stress. This paper will discuss laser assisted bonding (LAB) technology for enabling extremely thin profile flip chip package with coreless substrate as a next generation interconnection solution and how it to control the heat energy can be controlled versus conventional MR process. This LAB process offers a very stable interconnection quality as well as robust functional and reliability test results. In additions, it will be described further advantage of LAB for the next generation devices.
Catalysis: Quantifying charge transfer

Improving the design of catalytic materials for clean energy production requires a better understanding of their electronic properties, which remains experimentally challenging. Researchers now quantify the number of electrons transferred from metal nanoparticles to an oxide support as a function of particle size.
An automated pipeline for the collection, transfer, and processing of large-scale tomography data

We introduce an automated and scalable data collection, transfer, and processing pipeline for tomographic measurement of centimeter-sized mouse brains with sub-micrometer resolution. Parallelized computation is implemented in data processing to allow fast handling of tera-voxel sized datasets.
Non-astigmatic imaging with matched pairs of spherically bent crystals or reflectors

This paper defines the exact conditions for the application of a previously proposed, general, non-astigmatic, imaging scheme, consisting of a matched pair of spherically bent crystals or reflectors, to x rays. These conditions lead to two specific experimental arrangements, of which one can provide large magnifications. Potential applications include the x-ray diagnosis of laser-produced plasmas and x-ray imaging of, e.g., biological samples, using the highly monochromatic radiation at synchrotron light sources. The results obtained for x rays are, however, valid for a wide spectrum of the electromagnetic radiation so that, for instance, an application of one of the imaging schemes to lithography in the EUV wavelength range should also be possible, if the spherically bent crystals are replaced by appropriate spherical reflectors. Also described is the design of an x-ray crystal spectrometer, which meets the here defined, necessary requirements for the observation of the x-ray spectra of helium-like argon.
Linear lambda calculus and PTIME-completeness

We give transparent proofs of the PTIME-completeness of two decision problems for terms in the λ-calculus. The first is a reproof of the theorem that type inference for the simply-typed λ-calculus is PTIME-complete. Our proof is interesting because it uses no more than the standard combinators Church knew of some 70 years ago, in which the terms are linear affine – each bound variable occurs at most once. We then derive a modification of Church's coding of Booleans that is linear, where each bound variable occurs exactly once. A consequence of this construction is that any interpreter for linear λ-calculus requires polynomial time. The logical interpretation of this consequence is that the problem of normalizing proofnets for multiplicative linear logic (MLL) is also PTIME-complete.
Suggestions for Further Reading

Needles to say, there is a vast literature on model theory of first-order logic and its applications. Some references have already been given throughout the text. I will repeat some of them and will add other recommendations.
Postural state of preschoolers on territory of Ružomberok and Martin, Slovakia

Postural disorders are the current problems of the present time and can be monitored in each age group and today they are not rare even among pre-schoolers. Untreated postural disorders can cause spinal deformity, pain, neurological symptoms or disorders of movement patterns. It is therefore extremely important to monitor and assess their occurrence as early as in pre-school age, when posture is still developing and taking the form and, if irregularities are found, take relevant preventive measures. This is the reason we conducted the assessment of posture among pre-schoolers. Within the project Healthy little back carried out in Ružomberok and Martin we examined 111 pre-schoolers aged 5–6. Their posture was assessed using aspexia. The aim of the examination was to determine the posture of body parts and then assess the overall posture. To assess the posture we used a modified methodology of Napoleon Wolanski. Results: 48.65% pre-schoolers with physiologic posture, 36.94% with initial postural disorder and 14.41% with serious postural disorders. Less than half of pre-schoolers have physiological posture and it is therefore necessary to implement preventive measures and programs in kindergartens to avoid the situation to worsen.
Quantification of Elemental Contaminants in Unregulated Water across Western Navajo Nation

The geologic profile of the western United States lends itself to naturally elevated levels of arsenic and uranium in groundwater and can be exacerbated by mining enterprises. The Navajo Nation, located in the American Southwest, is the largest contiguous Native American Nation and has over a 100-year legacy of hard rock mining. This study has two objectives, quantify the arsenic and uranium concentrations in water systems in the Arizona and Utah side of the Navajo Nation compared to the New Mexico side and to determine if there are other elements of concern. Between 2014 and 2017, 294 water samples were collected across the Arizona and Utah side of the Navajo Nation and analyzed for 21 elements. Of these, 14 elements had at least one instance of a concentration greater than a national regulatory limit, and six of these (V, Ca, As, Mn, Li, and U) had the highest incidence of exceedances and were of concern to various communities on the Navajo Nation. Our findings are similar to other studies conducted in Arizona and on the Navajo Nation and demonstrate that other elements may be a concern for public health beyond arsenic and uranium.
Creative Procurement for Your Simulation Program

Abstract This chapter is devoted to making it happen and being creative on getting the right “things” at the right time. The focus is on creative ideas for procurement in the realm of simulation. It will begin by reviewing practical ways to know thyself, including ways to determine what your center’s needs are. Next, the chapter will provide ways to identify who the stakeholders are and who the accountable party should be for expenses. This leads to developing a procurement process, which includes selection of purchase strategies, source options, and resources. Reviewing ways to apply this process to a variety of different procurement categories while looking at ways to creatively procure within each of these areas will help situate this process in readers’ minds. The aim is to open the creative juices, boosting procurement successes by giving readers ideas of resources and processes to help during procurement efforts.
Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in the management of pulmonary spindle cell carcinoma.

A 69-year-old woman underwent routine screening with CT scan of the chest, which showed a new right upper lobe lesion. Interval increase in size of the right upper lobe nodule over 3 months, prompted a CT-guided biopsy of the lung that confirmed a diagnosis of malignant pulmonary spindle cell carcinoma (PSCC) with 90% programmed death ligand 1 expression. Positron emission tomography CT demonstrated localised stage IIA disease. Given histologically proven PSCC and the rapid growth of her tumour, curative radiation with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) to the right upper lobe primary tumour was planned as patient was deemed not to be a surgical candidate. Repeat imaging with a CT chest 2 months after SBRT demonstrated good local control of the primary disease in the right upper lobe despite rapidly advancing distant metastasis. The patient continues systemic therapy with pembrolizumab, to which she has shown good response.
Improvement of Floriculture Crops Using Genetic Modification and Genome Editing Techniques

Floriculture is an integral part of modern agriculture. Genetic transformation techniques pave way for the development of biotechnology assisted novel varieties which are appealing to customers. Customer preference in floriculture changes rapidly with time. Recently discovered CRISPR/Cas genome editing technique is useful in editing key genes attributing to a trait with the enhanced aesthetic appeal of plants. This chapter primarily discusses the application of biotechnology-based tools for improvement of floriculture plants to keep up with consumer appeal.
Roles of Lipids in the Permeability Barriers of Skin and Oral Mucosa

PubMed searches reveal much literature regarding lipids in barrier function of skin and less literature on lipids in barrier function of the oral mucosa. In terrestrial mammals, birds, and reptiles, the skin’s permeability barrier is provided by ceramides, fatty acids, and cholesterol in the outermost layers of the epidermis, the stratum corneum. This layer consists of about 10–20 layers of cornified cells embedded in a lipid matrix. It effectively prevents loss of water and electrolytes from the underlying tissue, and it limits the penetration of potentially harmful substances from the environment. In the oral cavity, the regions of the gingiva and hard palate are covered by keratinized epithelia that much resemble the epidermis. The oral stratum corneum contains a lipid mixture similar to that in the epidermal stratum corneum but in lower amounts and is accordingly more permeable. The superficial regions of the nonkeratinized oral epithelia also provide a permeability barrier. These epithelial regions do contain ceramides, cholesterol, and free fatty acids, which may underlie barrier function. The oral epithelial permeability barriers primarily protect the underlying tissue by preventing the penetration of potentially toxic substances, including microbial products. Transdermal drug delivery, buccal absorption, and lipid-related disease are discussed.