cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Unwillingness to Act: Behavioral Appropriateness, Situational Constraint, and Self-Efficacy in Shyness

Three reasons for the failure to demonstrate social skills were examined in an attempt to integrate social skills deficit and dysfunctional cognition approaches to self-labeled shyness To assess social skills knowledge, the willingness to demonstrate such knowledge, and self-efficacy expectations for enacting social behaviors, 40 shy and 40 nonshy adults were asked to judge the appropriateness of situated behaviors and indicate whether they characteristically enacted and felt capable of producing them Results suggested that shys may be unaware of the appropriateness of some behaviors in some situations, however, shys and nonshys more often agree on behavioral appropriateness standards Compared to nonshys, shys are less likely to enact social behaviors and tend to have low self-efficacy It was suggested that shys' self-awareness of characteristic responses and low self-efficacy expectations may contribute to failures to demonstrate social skills knowledge
Targeted therapy with a cytotoxic somatostatin analog, AN-238, inhibits growth of human experimental endometrial carcinomas expressing multidrug resistance protein MDR-1.

BACKGROUND Chemoresistance mediated by membrane transporters such as multidrug resistance (MDR-1) glycoprotein remains a challenge in the chemotherapy treatment of advanced or recurrent endometrial carcinoma. Targeted chemotherapy might overcome this resistance. The cytotoxic somatostatin (SST) analog, AN-238, consists of a superactive derivative of doxorubicin (DOX), 2-pyrrolino-DOX (AN-201), linked to the SST analog carrier, RC-121. This conjugate binds strongly to SST receptor subtypes (sst) 2a (sst2a) and 5 (sst5) and can be targeted to tumors that express these receptors. METHODS The presence of sst2a and sst5 was determined in 3 human endometrial carcinoma cell lines (HEC-1A, RL-95-2, and AN3CA). Nude mice bearing xenografts of these cancers were treated with AN-238 and its radical, AN-201. The antitumor effects and toxicity were compared. The authors studied the effects of AN-238 and AN-201 on the expression levels of MDR-1, multidrug resistance related protein (MRP-1), and breast carcinoma resistance protein (BCRP) by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The authors demonstrated the presence of mRNA and receptor protein for sst2a and sst5 on HEC-1A, RL-95-2, and AN3CA tumors. AN-238 significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited the growth of these tumors, whereas AN-201 had no effect. Blockade of SST receptors nullified the effects of AN-238. In all 3 endometrial carcinoma lines, AN-238 caused a weaker induction of MDR-1 than AN-201. No major induction of MRP-1 and BCRP occurred after treatment with AN-238 or AN-201. CONCLUSIONS Targeted chemotherapy with the cytotoxic SST analog, AN-238, inhibited powerfully the growth of endometrial carcinoma, which express SST receptors, regardless of their expression level of MDR-1. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Synthesis of 7-Arylmorphinans. Probing the “Address” Requirements for Selectivity at Opioid δ Receptors

Through arylation of 6-keto opiates with diaryliodonium iodide, a series of 7-aryl opiates (3−8) have been prepared in an effort to investigate the effect of conformational mobility of the δ “address” moiety on opioid agonist and antagonist potencies. Evaluation of the ligands in the mouse vas deferens and guinea pig ileum preparations revealed that they were less potent and less selective than the conformationally constrained ligands, naltrindole (1, NTI) and 7-(spiroindanyl)oxymorphone (2, SIOM), at δ opioid receptors. It is concluded that the coplanarity of the address moiety with the C ring of the morphinan structure enhances δ antagonist potency and selectivity.
The influence of OH- impurity on the oxidation of iron impurity in MgO above 1000 °C

In a study of the charge compensation mechanism accompanying the oxidation of iron impurity of MgO, it is found that OH− impurity is removed by the oxidation anneal at temperatures above 1000 °C. Since dissolved OH− is, like Fe3+, compensated by cation vacancies, the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ can occur without a change of cation vacancy content as long as OH− is being removed to maintain charge balance. This result explains the hitherto puzzling observation that oxidation of iron impurity in MgO at elevated temperatures is not accompanied by an increase in the V-band (2.3 eV) intensity. A mass spectrum analysis on the effluent moisture from a D2O-droped MgO crystal during oxidation demonstrates conclusively that the hydrogen is actually removed from the crystal during prolonged annealing in air. Once OH− is eliminated, annealing in hydrogen causes a decrease in both Fe3+ as revealed by its 4.3 eV charge-transfer band and the V-band intensity at 2.3 eV. Subsequent oxidation causes an increase in both Fe3+ and cation vacancies as expected to occur for cation vacancy compensation of the express positive charge of Fe3+. Eine Untersuchung des Mechanismus der Ladungskompensation, der die Oxydation von Eisenverunreinigungen in MgO begleitet, ergibt, das die OH−-Verunreinigung beim Tempern in Sauerstoff bei Temperaturen uber 1000 °C entfernt wird. Da gelostes OH−, wie Fe3+, von Kationen-Leerstellen kompensiert wird, kann die Oxydation von Fe2+ zu Fe3+ vonstattengehen, ohne das sich eine Anderung in der Anzahl der Kationen-Leerstellen einstellt, solange OH− entfernt wird, um das Ladungsgleichgewicht zu erhalten. Dieses Resultat erklart die bisher ungeklarte Beobachtung, das die Oxydation von Eisenverunreinigungen in MgO bei hoheren Temperaturen nicht mit einem Anwachsen der V-Bande (2,3 eV) verbunden ist. Eine Massenspektrum-Analyse an der wahrend der Oxydierung eines mit D2O dotierten MgO-Kristalls ausgeschiedenen Feuchtigkeit zeigt eindeutig, das Wasserstoff tatsachlich aus dem Kristall nach langerem Tempern in Luft entfernt wird. Sobald OH− eliminiert ist, verursacht Tempern im Wasserstoff eine Abnahme von Fe3+, was durch die 4,3 eV Charge-transfer-Bande und die 2,3 eV V-Bande gezeigt wird. Weitere Oxydation verursacht eine Zunahme von sowohl Fe3+ als auch Kationen-Leerstellen, wie es fur eine Kompensierung von Kationen-Leerstellen durch den positiven Ladungsuberschus von Fe3+ erwartet wird.
In-vivo fluorescence EEM collection of normal and cancerous epithelial tissue in the hamster cheek pouch model

Fluorescence spectroscopy has been shown to be a viable technique for the diagnosis of epithelial dysplasia and neoplasia both in-vitro and in-vivo.1 Since excision and fixation change important characteristics of tissue such as vascularity and metabolic rate, it is desirable to obtain excitation-emission matrices (EEMs) in-vivo for more accurate assessment of the fluorescence properties of the tissue being probed. We have designed and constructed an instrument which allows for the collection of fluorescence emission spectra at 18 different excitation wavelengths in about 3 minutes, a time short enough to allow in-vivo probing. The system consists of a white light source which is filtered by a monochromator and delivered to the sample via an optic fiber probe. The same probe collects the fluorescence which is passed through long-pass filters into an imaging spectrograph and detected with a TE-cooled CCD camera. The entire system is under computer control.
Rapid magnetic resonance-guided near-infrared mapping to image pulsatile hemoglobin in the breast.

A near-IR (NIR) tomography system with spectral-encoded sources was built to quantify the temporal contrast in human breast tissue using guidance from magnetic resonance imaging. The systems were integrated with a custom breast coil interface to provide simultaneous acquisition. The NIR signal was synchronized to simultaneous finger pulse oximeter plethysmogram, which offered a frequency reference. A 0.1s temporal delay of the absorption pulse within adipose tissue relative to fibroglandular tissue was found, in an initial human study, showing the potential for novel contrast imaging of fast flow signals in deep tissue.
The epidemiology of chronic mental illness

Patterns of care for the chronically mentally ill are changing across the country. However, the obstacles to success still remain formidable. This chapter focuses on the questions „Who are these people?” and „Where do we find them?”.
The All-Weather Friend’s Guide to Alzheimer’s Disease: Staying Connected, by Mary M. Cail

Always look for the person within. This is the greatest take-home message from Mary Cail’s The All-Weather Friend’s Guide to Alzheimer’s Disease: Staying Connected. This stage-by-stage guide is a s...
The trithorax protein partner menin acts in tandem with EZH2 to suppress C/EBPα and differentiation in MLL-AF9 leukemia

Trithorax and polycomb group proteins antagonistically regulate the transcription of many genes, and cancer can result from the disruption of this regulation. Deregulation of trithorax function occurs through chromosomal translocations involving the trithorax gene MLL, leading to the expression of MLL fusion proteins and acute leukemia. It is poorly understood how MLL fusion proteins block differentiation, a hallmark of leukemogenesis. We analyzed the effect of acute depletion of menin, a close partner of MLL that is critical for MLL and MLL-AF9 recruitment to target genes, on MLL-AF9 leukemia cell differentiation using an in vivo model. We performed cDNA microarray analysis of menin-regulated genes from primary leukemia cells to determine menin-regulated pathways involved in suppressing MLL-AF9 leukemia cell differentiation. We found that menin binds the promoter of the polycomb gene Ezh2, and promotes its expression. EZH2 interacts with the differentiation-promoting transcription factor C/EBPα and represses C/EBPα target genes. Menin depletion reduces MLL binding to the Ezh2 locus, EZH2 expression, and EZH2 binding and repressive H3K27 methylation at C/EBPα target genes, thereby inducing the expression of pro-differentiation C/EBPα targets. In conclusion, our results show that in contrast to its classical role antagonizing trithorax function, the polycomb group protein EZH2 collaborates with trithorax-associated menin to block MLL-AF9 leukemia cell differentiation, uncovering a novel mechanism for suppression of C/EBPα and leukemia cell differentiation, through menin-mediated upregulation of EZH2.
Application of maximum entropy optimal projection design synthesis to a benchmark problem

Maximum entropy/optimal projection design synthesis is a methodology for designing robust, fixed-order controllers for flexible structures. This paper reviews the theoretical basis for this method and illustrates the approach using a benchmark problem. The benchmark problem involves two masses with spring coupling, an uncertain spring constant, and a sensor and actuator that are noncollocated. The results of this paper also illustrate the use of a precompensation methodology that allows the control designer to precondition the design plant by embedding judiciously designed filters. These filters are included in the implemented controller.
Synergistic fungistatic effect of tetrazolium-saliva mixtures.

THE presence of an antifungal factor has been reported in normal human serum and in the conjunctival mucosa1–3. This work was initiated to determine whether saliva possesses an identical or similar substance. Stimulated whole saliva, parotid and sub-maxillary secretions were collected from ten apparently normal individuals and tested by placing aliquots in cylinders on Pagano–Levin agar, lawn seeded with Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. No zones of inhibition were observed. Serum constituents (globulins) excreted in saliva are approximately one tenth of their concentration in serum and so it was decided to concentrate the salivary specimens to dryness by lyophilization. The solid constituents were then resuspended in sterile distilled water to give final concentrations 2.5–20 times greater than in saliva. Such concentrations manifested anti-fungal properties when tested as previously described. No inhibitory activity was discernible when Sabouraud's glucose agar, blood brain heart infusion agar or brain heart infusion agar were used, and so it seemed that the constituent in the Pagano–Levin medium which might be responsible for this activity was triphenyltetrazolium chloride, a redox indicator. The compound is reduced by Candida tropicalis to a red pigmented crystalline formazan whereas strains of Candida albicans usually fail to do so. At least five times the concentration of tetrazolium salt in Pagano–Levin medium is necessary for inhibition.
X-Ray crystal and molecular structures of the Ni(II) and Co(II) complexes of 2′-deoxyguanosine-5′-monophosphate

Abstract The structures of [Ni(5′-dGMP)(H 2 O) 5 ] and [Co(5′-dGMP)(H 2 O) 5 ] have been solved by single-crystal x-ray diffraction techniques. Their common geometry consists of a metal ion octahedrally coordinated to the N 7 atom of guanine and five water ligands. The phosphate group of the nucleotide is hydrogenbonded to two of the coordinated water molecules.
Fatigue fracture in plates in tension and out-of-plane shear

Straight cracks near a stiffening element, or curved cracks, in a pressurized shell can be subjected to out-of-plane tearing stresses in addition to normal tensile stresses due to the membrane stresses in the shell. To predict the rate of fatigue crack growth in such situations a theory and a crack growth rate correlation are needed. Such loadings are modelled as a superposition of plane stress tensile fracture (mode I) and Kirchhoff plate theory shearing fracture (mode 2). Finite element analyses using shell elements are used to compute the energy release rate and stress intensity factors associated with the loading. Three fatigue crack growth rate experiments were carried out on sheets of 2024-T3 aluminium alloy loaded in tension and torsion. The first set of experiments is constant amplitude fatigue crack growth tests. The second consists of experiments where crack closure is artificially eliminated to determine the rate of crack growth in the absence of crack face contact. The third is a set of constant stress intensity factor amplitude tests. The results all show that as the crack grows extensive crack face contact occurs, retarding crack growth. In the absence of crack face contact, however, the addition of out-of-plane shear loading increases the crack growth rate substantially.
Cooperative online serials program

Striedieck is chief of bibliographic operations in the Bibliographic Resources and Services Department, Pennsylvania State University Libraries, University Park. She is the ALA RTSD representative on the CONSER Advisory Committee. Those in the know about what acronyms stand for need to know that CONSER is no longer the Conversion of Serials Project; it is now the Cooperative Online Serials Program. This change was made by CONSER participants, members of the CONSER Advisory Committee, and OCLC and LC/CONSER staff when they met in November 1986 at a CONSER Retreat, where they reviewed results of an ongoing planning effort, confirmed the CONSER mission, and set policy for CONSER's continued operation. The name change reflects both CONSER's past success and promising future. The successes of the past are clear. When the CONSER project was conceived of in 1973, and its online input begun in 1976, its goal was to create "a large, machinereadable serials database, of as high a quality as possible within a reasonably short time, in order to satisfy the burgeoning need by many libraries." By early 1986, the CONSER database included more than 625,000 records, far exceeding the earliest goal of a core of 200,000 serial records. It has become a key element in the bibliographic control of serials: in addition to its support of serials cataloging in countless individual libraries, it is important to serial processing at the Library of Congress and has been basic to OCLC's serials subsystems functions. It has provided the repository and means of distribution of the records from a number of funded bibliographic projects, including the U.S. Newspaper Project and the Abstracting and Indexing Coverage Project. The CONSER database is no longer in its initial stages of formation, but is extensive, strong, and heavily used. But what of the project that governs its development? The work of the retreat began with a 1985/86
A reverse double-isotope enzymatic histamine assay: Advantages over single-isotope methods

Abstract High concentrations of codeine necessary to demonstrate histamine release from leukocytes interfere with histamine methylation, producing a concentration-dependent flattening of the histamine standard curves obtained from single-isotope ( 3 H) assays. For this reason, the use of uniformly labeled 14 C-histamine was investigated as an internal standard. This isotope serves as an internal standard and accurately predicts the recovery of histamine in the presence of up to 70% enzyme inhibition. The use of this reverse double-isotope procedure allows the assay of histamine without direct external recovery measurements in the presence of various drug concentrations.
Chromosome 19 abnormalities are commonly seen in AML, M7.

A recent paper by Dastugue et al[1][1] reported the cytogenetic profile of 53 patients with acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (FAB-M7). The authors studied 30 children and 23 adults evaluated by the Groupe Francais de Cytogenetique Hematologique, and identified 9 different groups based on their
Martian impact crater ejecta morphologies as indicators of the distribution of subsurface volatiles

[1] Fresh Martian impact craters display a variety of ejecta blanket morphologies. The fluidized appearance of most fresh ejecta types is commonly ascribed to heating and vaporization of subsurface volatiles during crater formation. We have conducted a study of the distribution of the three dominant fluidized ejecta morphologies (single layer ejecta (SLE), double layer ejecta (DLE), and multiple layer ejecta (MLE)) within the ±60° latitude zone on Mars. We have subdivided this region into 5° × 5° latitude-longitude boxes and have computed the following for each box: (1) percentage of craters showing any ejecta morphology as a function of total number of craters, (2) percentage of SLE craters as a function of craters with an ejecta morphology, (3) percentage of DLE craters as a function of craters with an ejecta morphology, and (4) percentage of MLE craters as a function of craters with an ejecta morphology. We confirm previous reports that the SLE morphology is the most common ejecta type within the study area, constituting >70% of all ejecta morphologies over most of the study area. The DLE and MLE morphologies are much less common, but these morphologies are concentrated in localized regions of the planet. Using these results, we discuss how subsurface volatile reservoirs may be distributed across the planet. The regional variations found in this study generally correlate with the proposed locations of near-surface H2O reservoirs detected by Mars Odyssey.
Design of a 180° directional coupler with arbitrary branch lengths

A general method for designing a 3 dB 180° directional coupler with arbitrary branch lengths is proposed. Full wave electromagnetic simulation is conducted to verify the design theory. An experimental prototype of a 1.06λ-ring rat-race coupler with arm lengths λ/12, 7λ/12, λ/5, and λ/5 has been fabricated. The measurement results validate the proposed design method.
An improved method for contouring on isoparametric surfaces

A general nonlinear interpolation procedure for contouring on any isoparametric surface was presented in a previous article. This method used standard isoparametric interpolation functions and a predictor method for tracing element contour lines. The method presented here extends the previous work by using a predictor-corrector method to trace element contour lines, thereby making the contouring algorithm more accurate.
TYPE AND AMOUNT OF INDIVIDUAL DIETARY FIBERS ON: SERUM LIPID PROFILES, SERUM GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION AND ENERGY INTAKE IN RATS

The role of soluble and insoluble dietary fibers on the regulation of: the serum lipid profile, serum glucose concentration and energy intake is currently uncertain. To help resolve this uncertainty, 90 Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a modified AIN-76 semipurified diet to compare the long-term effects of two dosage levels of four individual dietary fibers on serum lipid and glucose levels and on energy consumption. The rats were divided into nine groups and had free access to a fiber-free diet supplemented with: no fiber or 5 and 10% levels of cellulose, lignin, pectin or guar gum for 24 wk. Body weights and energy intake were measured weekly and samples of serum, feces and cecal chyme were analyzed at the conclusion of the experiment. Consumption of the non-fermentable fibers, cellulose and lignin had no significant effect on the serum cholesterol profile or glucose concentration. Consumption of high levels of the fermentable fibers pectin and guar gum reduced: serum cholesterol and glucose concentrations, pH of and diffusivity within the cecal chyme, and energy intake. Although 10% lignin consumption significantly increased total bile acid excretion, lignin did not reduce serum cholesterol. Regression analyses of the data revealed that diffisivity within the cecal chyme and energy consumption (but not bile acid excretion) were significantly associated with reduction in serum cholesterol and serum glucose concentrations.
The Effect of Corruption on Investment Growth: Evidence from Firms in Latin America, Sub‐Saharan Africa, and Transition Countries*

Most of the empirical studies that analyze the impact of corruption on investment have three common features: they employ country-level data on investment, corruption is measured at the country level, and data for countries from several regions are pooled together. This paper uses firm-level data on investment and measures corruption at the firm and country level, and allows the effect of corruption to vary by region. Our dependent variable is firms' investment growth and we employ six measures of corruption from four different sources—two firm-level measures and four country-level measures. We find that the effect of corruption on investments varies significantly across regions: corruption has a negative and significant effect on investment growth for firms in Transition countries but has no significant impact for firms in Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa. Furthermore, for Transition countries, corruption is the most important determinant of investment.
Determining Dog and Cat Numbers and Population Dynamics

(1995). Determining Dog and Cat Numbers and Population Dynamics. Anthrozoos: Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 199-205.
Representations, automorphisms, and derivations of some operator algebras

Abstract The representations of the algebra of bounded finite rank operators on a normed space are studied, and the results applied to related algebras. In particular, it is shown that every derivation of the algebra of all bounded operators is inner.
Trans to cis isomerization of urocanic acid.

IRRADIATION of natural and synthetic urocanic acid with ultra-violet light results in the formation of a new product which has been identified by melting-point determination, ultra-violet and infra-red spectroscopy, and chromatography1–3. By analogy with cinnamic acid this has been thought to be a trans to cis isomerization. A similar change occurs in the urocanic acid of mammalian epidermis in vivo when the animals are exposed to ultraviolet light4. Using nuclear magnetic resonance it has been possible to demonstrate more conclusively that this ultra-violet-induced transformation is a trans-cis isomerization.
Communications for the NASA space station

A study has been initiated to determine whether the xpress transfer protocol (XTP) is a suitable candidate for use alongside a full ISO stack. A description is given of initial plans for implementing XTP and for comparing its performance to ISO TP4. Performance graphs for the basic datalink service which underlies the protocol stack are presented. >
Replication in vivo of mutant brome mosaic virus RNAs defective in aminoacylation.

Abstract In order to understand the relationship between replication and aminoacylation of the genomic RNAs of brome mosaic virus, the replication of four mutants, whose RNAs were expected (on the basis of their properties in vitro ) to be inefficiently tyrosylated in vivo , was studied in barley protoplasts and plants. Test inocula consisted of capped transcripts of wild-type RNAs 1 and 2, and of RNA 3 variants with defined mutations in the 3′ tRNA-like region. Mutant 5′PsK, which is defective in minus-strand promoter activity and a poor substrate in vitro for both tyrosylation and 3′ adenylation, replicated in protoplasts to 20% of wild-type even though only about 6% of the progeny molecules had correct 3′ termini that would permit tyrosylation. Mutant ψGG, which is defective in vitro for 3′ adenylation and minus-strand promoter activities but accepts tyrosine at near-normal rates, replicated to 40% of wild-type in protoplasts although only 15% of the progeny molecules had correct 3′ termini. Two other mutants (Δ5′ and 5′AGA), with 20-fold lower rates of tyrosylation in vitro than wild-type RNA, replicated to 60 to 70% of wild-type levels in protoplasts and gave similar yields to wild-type in systemic infections of plants. All mutant sequences were preserved in progeny RNAs, indicating that no recombination between homologous 3′ ends occurred. The 40% reduction of replication in protoplasts seen for mutant Δ5′, whose only known functional lesion is depressed tyrosylation in vitro , may indicate that an indirect role for aminoacylation exists. However, the results obtained argue against an obligatory role for tyrosylation in RNA replication in vivo .
Thermoelastic fracture mechanics with regularized hypersingular boundary integral equations

Abstract This paper is concerned with thermoelastic fracture mechanics, in three-dimensional linear elasticity, using hypersingular boundary integral equations (HBIEs). The HBIEs are regularized by employing modes of deformation (or “simple solutions”). In addition to rigid-body and linear displacement modes, which have been used before for isothermal linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), a new mode is employed here. This new mode is a thermal one in which the body is elevated to a uniform temperature but fully constrained (i.e., zero prescribed displacements) on its bounding surface. An existing isothermal LEFM computer code called BES is extended in this work to include thermoelastic terms. Some numerical results are presented from this new code.
Patient Compliance With the First Newborn Visit Appointment

OBJECTIVE: To analyze patient compliance regarding the first newborn visit after hospital discharge. STUDY DESIGN: We selected at random 640 charts over a 1-year period from two community hospitals of healthy term newborns who were cared for by four practices in Kalamazoo, MI. We collected demographic data from the hospital chart and recorded the discharge order for time of posthospital follow-up. We then accessed the individual clinics' appointment logs to determine when the patient came for the first visit. Lateness was defined as appearance for appointment >24 hours after the time stated on the hospital discharge order. We studied patient lateness with respect to the clinic, maternal age, insurance status, and distance from the patient's home to the medical facility, using both univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: We demonstrated a significant difference in lateness of the first appointment between Medicaid and non-Medicaid patients in both the univariate (p<0.001) and multivariate (p=0.0003) analyses. We also demonstrated significant differences in the univariate analysis in patient lateness among the different practices (p<0.001) as well as lateness with regard to maternal age (p=0.0009). We did not attain significance in either analysis for patient lateness with regard to distance of home from the medical facility, or the hospital in which the baby was born. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated a need to improve upon newborn follow-up from the hospital and suggest strategies for other communities to analyze the process and improve upon patient and practice compliance with that first appointment.
Homocysteine-NMDA receptor mediated activation of extracellular-signal regulated kinase leads to neuronal cell death

Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for stroke and neurological abnormalities. However, the underlying cellular mechanisms by which elevated homocysteine can promote neuronal death is not clear. In the present study we have examined the role of NMDA receptor-mediated activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase-mitogen-activated protein (ERK-MAP) kinase pathway in homocysteine-dependent neurotoxicity. The study demonstrates that in neurons l-homocysteine-induced cell death was mediated through activation of NMDA receptors. The study also shows that homocysteine-dependent NMDA receptor stimulation and resultant Ca2+ influx leads to rapid and sustained phosphorylation of ERK-MAP kinase. Inhibition of ERK phosphorylation attenuates homocysteine-mediated neuronal cell death thereby demonstrating that activation of ERK-MAP kinase signaling pathway is an intermediate step that couples homocysteine-mediated NMDA receptor stimulation to neuronal death. The findings also show that cAMP response-element binding protein (CREB), a pro-survival transcription factor and a downstream target of ERK, is only transiently activated following homocysteine exposure. The sustained activation of ERK but a transient activation of CREB together suggest that exposure to homocysteine initiates a feedback loop that shuts off CREB signaling without affecting ERK phosphorylation and thereby facilitates homocysteine-mediated neurotoxicity.
Acid hydrolysis of Jerusalem artichoke for ethanol fermentation.

An excellent substrate for ethanol production is the Jerusalem artichoke (JA) tuber (Helianthus tuberosus). This crop contains a high level of inulin that can be hydrolyzed mainly to D-fructose and has several distinct advantages as an energy source compared to others. The potential ethanol yield of ca. 4678 L/ha on good agricultural land is equivalent to that obtained from sugar beets and twice that of corn. When JA is to be used for ethanol fermentation by conventional yeast, it is first converted to fermentable sugars by enzymes or acids although various strains of yeast were used for the direct fermentation of JA extracts. Fleming and GrootWassink compared various acids (hydrochloric, sulfuric, citric, and phosphoric) and strong cation exchange resin for their effectiveness on inulin hydrolysis and reported that no differences were noted among the acids or resin in their influence on inulin hydrolysis. Undesirable side reactions were noted during acid hydrolysis leading to the formation of HMF and 2-(2-hydroxy acetyl) furan. The HMF at a level of 0.1% is known to inhibit growth and ethanol fermentation by yeast. In this study the authors established optimal conditions for complete acid-hydrolysis of JA with minimum side reactions and maximum sugar-ethanol production. Amore » material balance for the ethanol production was also determined.« less
Giant frictional drag in strongly interacting bilayers near filling factor one

We study the frictional drag in high mobility, strongly interacting GaAs bilayer hole systems in the vicinity of the filling factor $\ensuremath{\nu}=1$ quantum Hall state (QHS) at the same fillings where the bilayer resistivity displays a re-entrant insulating phase. Our measurements reveal a very large longitudinal drag resistivity $({\ensuremath{\rho}}_{xx}^{D})$ in this regime, exceeding $15\text{ }\text{k}\ensuremath{\Omega}/◻$ at filling factor $\ensuremath{\nu}=1.15$. ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{xx}^{D}$ shows a weak temperature dependence and appears to saturate at a finite, large value at the lowest temperatures. Our observations are consistent with theoretical models positing a phase separation, e.g., puddles of $\ensuremath{\nu}=1$ QHS embedded in a different state, when the system makes a transition from the coherent $\ensuremath{\nu}=1$ QHS to the weakly coupled $\ensuremath{\nu}=2$ QHS.
Guar, a summer row crop for the Southwest

Guar, with a 50-year crop history slowly establishes its agronomic and economic merit. Guar is now in USDA’s “new crops” program, among crops that are substitutable in land use and income yield for surplus crops. Guar has 4 virtues. It is (1) an annual crop, (2) a leguminous plant, (3) adapted to mechanical planting, cultivation, and harvesting, and (4) the gum made from it goes to an industrial market. Only a part of this market is supplied now, and the potential usage could be upped several-fold.
The principal cells of the salt-gland of marine birds.

Abstract An electron microscopic study of the salt-glands in the sea-gull ( Larus marinus ) and petrel ( Oceanodroma leucorrhoa ) demonstrates extensive infoldings of the cell membranes which are continuous from base to apex of the cell. It is suggested that the membranes may be continuously produced at the bases of the cells and resorbed at the apices and that membrane movement may be involved in the secretory process.
The Strong African American families program: Translating research into prevention programming

A randomized prevention trial contrasted families who took part in the Strong African American Families Program (SAAF), a preventive intervention for rural African American mothers and their 11-year-olds, with control families. SAAF is based on a contextual model positing that regulated, communicative parenting causes changes in factors protecting youths from early alcohol use and sexual activity. Parenting variables included involvement-vigilance, racial socialization, communication about sex, and clear expectations for alcohol use. Youth protective factors included negative attitudes about early alcohol use and sexual activity, negative images of drinking youths, resistance efficacy, a goal-directed future orientation, and acceptance of parental influence. Intervention-induced changes in parenting mediated the effect of intervention group influences on changes in protective factors over a 7-month period.
The Committee Problem

Feller (1957), in his account of occupancy problems, included an example which was subsequently christened by Sprott (1969) "the chromosome problem". The name arose from the fact that he required the probability that exactly m chromosomes would be involved if an interchange of material between two of a set of N chromsomes took place on r separate occasions. Mantel and Pasternak (1968) wished to remove the restriction that only two units were sampled at a time and they therefore formulated what they described as the committee problem, namely; "A group contains N individuals, any w of whom can be selected at random to form a committee. If r committees are formed, find the probability that exactly m individuals will be comnittee members." Mantel and Pasternack proved by induction that the required probability is:
Separating the effects of environmental, spatial and disturbance factors on forest community structure in the Russian Far East

We used partial canonical correspondence analysis to decipher the relationships among abiotic environmental variables, disturbance history and spatial gradients and the composition of the forest communities in the Sikhote-alin Mountains in the Russian Far East. Through a series of partial canonical ordinations, we decomposed the variance in the forest tree community that is explainable by these three sets of factors into its seven discrete components of partial effects and interactions. We determined that the forests of the Sikhote-alin Range are structured primarily by the interaction of three things: elevation, physiographical position and disturbance history. Over the past 100 years, the disturbance regime in the study area has changed dramatically, with vast increases in the frequency of catastrophic wildfires. The effects these changes in disturbance regime have had are seen at different strengths across the altitudinal gradient. At lower elevations, the change in disturbance regime occurred very early on, and the community is now in a fire-maintained condition that is dominated by Quercus mongolica. Mature Pinus koraiensis, which formerly was co-dominant, has been nearly eliminated from the lowland forest. The increase in fire disturbance has moved in a wave across the study area and now is impacting upper-elevation primary forest as well. In the near-future, it is likely that P. koraiensis forest remnants at middle elevations will be drastically reduced and that large proportions of the upper-elevation Picea and Abies primary forest will be converted to Betula, Larix and Populus tremula.
Computer‐Based Education: a case for planned culture change in the school

The paper relates the uptake of computer-based education in schools to the socio-cultural pattern operating in the school. It is suggested that innovational disseminators must become involved in the behaviour and communication pattern of the school if they are to successfully introduce their innovation. The need for the user to perceive personal benefits and the need to involve local leadership in introducing an innovation is emphasized. A 1972 Carnegie Commission Report suggests that the education industry is currently sitting on the brink of its first technological revolution in five centuries—the revolution of the new electronics. According to this report, three major revolutions in education have already taken place. The first three revolutions were marked by the introduction and adaptation of the written word; the use of textbooks that followed the invention of movable type; and the implementation of universal public education. The fourth revolution can facilitate attainment of universal public education by introducing technology associated with electronic communication and data processing systems. However, few educational institutions have availed themselves of this opportunity. This paper deals with general concepts of planned culture change that could reduce education's resistance to technological change. Ethnographic parallels are utilized to demonstrate the use of the principles of culture change and technological innovation in the culture of the schools.
Psychological well-being after spinal cord injury: perception of loss and meaning making.

Objective: This study examined the insuence of medical injury severity, perceived loss of physicalfunctioning (conceptualized as physical resource loss), and global meaning making on psychologicalwell-being among 79 veterans living with a spinal cord injury. Measures: Structured interviews werecompleted to assess perceived loss of physical abilities using the Conservation of ResourcesNEvaluationand SF-36 Health Survey, global meaning making (Purpose in Life scale), and psychological well-being(Sense of Well-Being Inventory). Medical injury severity was calculated from medical records. Results:Medical injury severity was not related to psychological well-being, whereas perceived loss of physicalfunctioning was inversely associated. Global meaning making was signiÞcantly related to and accountedfor a large portion of the variance in psychological well-being. Results suggest that global meaningmaking partially mediates perceived loss of physical resources and psychological well-being. Conclu-sion: The perceived loss of physical abilities and the generation of meaning and purpose in life areimportant variables that relate to positive adaptation following spinal cord injury. Treatment implicationsrelated to factors that increase quality of life following spinal cord injury are discussed.Keywords: psychological well-being, meaning making, spinal cord injury, conservation of resources,veterans
Nongovernmental organizations in Mexico's Northern Border

Abstract This article documents and analyzes the activities of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) along the western part of Mexico's northern border. The research is based on fieldwork with 26 Mexican civic, not‐for‐profit organizations that promote social change and community development in the areas of environmental protection, poverty alleviation, and human, indigenous, and women's rights in Tijuana, Mexicali, Agua Prieta, Nogales, and Ciudad Juarez. Border NGOs are classified with respect to their activities and working style, focusing particularly on their relationship to their grassroots constituencies. The strongest NGOs are environmental groups, which in general work in policy‐oriented research and lobbying, and economic development NGOs, which mostly promote small business development. NGOs promoting a variety of civil rights generally operate with few resources and relatively little competency to carry out long‐term capacity building among their constituencies. The article shows that in contra...
Toward a Redefinition of Teacher Role and Teaching Context in Foreign Language Instruction

SINCE the enactment of the 1958 National Defense Education Act, the installation of language laboratories and other electro-mechanical devices has mushroomed in secondary establishments and institutions of higher learning all over the United States: it was unofficially reported that in 1961 about 2,500 secondary schools and about 700 colleges and universities possessed some kind of language laboratory; the estimate as of October 1, 1962, was 5,000 secondary schools and 800 institutions of higher learning. The introduction of technology in the foreign language (FL) teaching field is not a phenomenon limited exclusively to the United States. In France, for instance, half of the universities already boast of a language laboratory and plans are being made for their introduction in secondary establishments. The introduction of electro-mechanical devices was motivated by a revolution in language teaching methodology and materials labelled successively the Intensive Method, the Linguistic Method, the Aural-oral, the Audiolingual and the New Key. While no efficient teaching of language as sound first and letters second is possible without them, the concentration on the inanimate and external components of FL instruction has diverted attention from its more fundamental components: time, the role of the teacher, the nature of the FL learning process, the structure of the teaching environment, and-oh, yes-the student.
Bronchial obstruction and bronchiectasis complicating primary tuberculous infection.

Summary 1. Thirty-five patients with evidenceof bronchial obstruction secondary to primary tuberculous infection were studied. 2. Twenty-nine patients were bronchoscoped;of these a. Eleven had evidence of partial or complete bronchial occlusion which in one instance appeared due to extrinsic pressure alone and in ten instances was due to endobronchial disease or a combination of endobronchial disease and extrinsic pressure, b. Five (all with active tuberculous lesions of only a few months' duration) had evidence of acute infection nonspecific in type, c. Eleven had evidence of chronicsecondary pyogenic infection, d. Three had no evidence of endobronchialdisease. 3. Twenty-eight patients had bronchographicstudies done, and of these, twenty were found to have bronchiectasis. This was of the saccular (cystic) variety in ten patients and tubular in ten. The bronchiectatic changes were found equally distributed between all the pulmonary lobes but showed preponderance in the anterolateral (pectoral) segment of the upper lobes, the apical segment of the lower lobes, and the right middle lobe. This is believed to be related to the distribution of the lymphatic nodes in these areas. 4. The autopsy protocols of 186children dying of tuberculosis were reviewed. Fifteen children were found to have bronchiectasis as a complication of primary tuberculous infection. 5. Bronchoscopic examination is importantwhen there is clinical evidence of bronchial obstruction or roentgenological evidence of pulmonary involvement in a tuberculous process of greater extent than a simple primary focus as bronchoscopic relief of the obstruction may be possible. 6. Abnormal physical signs and symptoms, and roentgen-ray findings occurring after the primary tuberculous infection has had reasonable time to subside may result from superimposed bronchiectasis. This can only be satisfactorily investigated by bronchography. Surgical therapy may be necessary in some patients to control symptoms of secondary pyogenic infection.
From Adjudication to Aftermath: Assessing the ICTY’s Goals beyond Prosecution

After more than a dozen years of activity, some 161 indictments, 64 arrests, and 47 surrenders, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) has accomplished a good deal in terms of its primary task of prosecution. Nonetheless, there is still much debate over the state of transitional justice in the Balkans and what has been accomplished. We cannot forget that the ICTY was created with broad political and social purposes in mind, specifically to contribute to the restoration and maintenance of peace. Using a comparative framework, we develop benchmarks of transitional justice outcomes to examine these vague but important and ambitious goals. Although conventional wisdom says that the ICTY is used instrumentally by Balkan leaders who are fundamentally opposed to the court’s existence, we demonstrate that there is also evidence of broader political and social change throughout the region. Thus, we contend that Balkan countries have indeed moved beyond mere prosecution.
External carotid endarterectomy in the treatment of symptomatic patients with internal carotid artery occlusion.

In patients with internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion, the external carotid artery (ECA) can be both a source of collateral flow and a pathway for emboli. We identified 11 patients with ICA occlusion and ipsilateral ECA stenosis who underwent ECA endarterectomy to determine its role in treating extracranial cerebrovascular disease. Follow-up ranged from 1–65 months, with a mean of 27 months. Seven of eight patients with unilateral disease remained symptom free. The eighth patient had recurrent symptoms that were subsequently diagnosed as hemi-Parkinsonism. Two of three patients with bilateral occlusive disease had developed non-hemispheric symptoms at 12 and 24 months, respectively; the third remains asymptomatic after extracranial-intracranial bypass. None of the seven patients who presented with amaurosis fugax had recurrent visual symptoms. ECA endarterectomy is a safe and effective operation in treating symptomatic patients with ICA occlusion, especially those with transient monocular blindness or unilateral occlusive disease. It is less effective in those patients who have diffuse bilateral occlusive disease.
Charged walls in amorphous magnetic films

Amorphous ferrimagnetic films of Gd x Co 1-x , Gd x (Co y Ni 1-y ) 1-x , and (Gd x Fe 1-x ) 0.9 B 0.1 were investigated by Ferrofluid techniques to establish the existence and properties of saw-tooth, or "charged)' walls. It was found that the walls existed with recognizable saw-tooth form if the product of magnetization (M s in Gauss) and film thickness (t in μm) was between 20 and 600 and the saw-tooth vertex angle followed the relation \theta = \frac{\pi(\piA)^{1/2}}{2M_{s}t}+ C where A is the exchange constant and C is an empirical correction to account for the angle below which charged walls can no longer exist due to high magnetostatic energy. Studies were made of wall motion and bubble rotation using amorphous drive layers.
Cerebral blood flow velocity response to magnesium sulfate in patients after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Summary:Magnesium sulfate therapy, standard in preventing seizures in preeclampsia, is under active investigation as a neuroprotective agent. The authors studied the effect of magnesium as a cerebral vasodilator by measuring the cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) response to a 5g intravenous bolus
IN THE DEFILES OF ANALOGY

The Ideology of the Aesthetic by Terry Eagleton, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990, 426 pp., £12.95