cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Hierarchical Model for Evaluation and Treatment of Visual Perceptual Dysfunction in Adult Acquired Brain Injury, Part 2

A framework for evaluation and treatment of visual perceptual dysfunction in adults with acquired brain injury is presented. The framework is based on the concept of a hierarchical structure of perceptual skill levels that interact and subserve one another. Higher level skills in the structure evolve from the integration of lower level skills and are subsequently affected by disruption of the lower level skills. Oculomotor control, the visual fields, and visual acuity form the foundation skills in the framework, followed by visual attention, scanning, pattern recognition, memory, and visual cognition. The order of evaluation and treatment is dictated by the framework. Emphasis is placed on identification and remediation of deficits in the lower level skills that will cause spontaneous improvement of higher level skills. Three treatment principles and five training guidelines are presented that reflect this concept. Specific examples of treatment tasks are provided.
DEVELOPING A MASTERY LEARNING MODULE FOR FOCUSED CARDIAC ULTRASOUND TRAINING OF PEDIATRIC CRITICAL CARE PROVIDERS

There is limited evidence on the effectiveness of conventional point of care ultrasound “weekend workshops.” We aimed to develop and evaluate an educational program for pediatric critical care providers to achieve competency in focused cardiac ultrasound (FoCUS). Five-unit FoCUS training
Studies of Auditory Cortex in Behaviorally Trained Monkeys

Single-unit studies of neurons in the primary auditory cortex (AI) and surrounding belt areas of behaviorally trained rhesus monkeys are summarized. Responses of single cells to brief acoustic stimuli were recorded while the behavioral state of the animal was alternated between two different performing conditions or between a performing and a non-performing condition. In one study of 196 units the alternated performing tasks consisted of localizing one of 5 sound sources versus simply detecting the presentation of the same sounds. The second study concerned selective attention to one ear vs. the other. Stimuli were presented randomly to one ear or the other and monkeys were required to respond only to the stimuli in one ear, with the ear to be attended changed after a block of trials. For all comparisons more units showed no change than change. When responses in the Localize vs. Detect tasks were compared 8% of the units showed significant changes, and 29% of the units showed a change when these two tasks were compared to the non-performing condition. When monkeys selectively attended either left- or right-ear stimuli, only 18% of the population showed a statistically significant change between these two tasks, whereas 44% of the units showed a change when both attend conditions were compared with the non-performing conditions. Generally when there was a change in a unit’s response to a given sound, the change was in strength of response, not in response pattern. Changes in evoked single-unit activity were not accompanied by changes in spontaneous activity.
Coarctation of the Aorta

Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is characterized by distal aortic arch obstruction. In patients with repaired coarctation, impaired blood flow to the lower extremities may be present during exercise, even when no evidence of obstruction is present at rest. The physiologic consequences of these abnormalities may be detected during exercise testing.
Compartment Syndrome of the Lower Extremity

Acute compartment syndrome is a surgical emergency that can threaten life and the limb. Moreover, lower extremity compartment syndrome is most commonly associated with high-energy mechanisms of injury; however, a high index of suspicion should be maintained with low-energy or penetrating trauma, vascular or crush injuries, and prolonged periods of immobility. Rare presentations are even documented in association with diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, malignancy, viral-induced myositis, nephrotic syndrome, and bleeding disorders. Most practitioners associate lower extremity compartment syndrome with the leg, but other sites including the buttock, thigh, and foot can develop the same pathology. Serial physical examinations by an experienced provider remain the best tool for accurate diagnosis, while intramuscular compartment pressure measurements are best used as an adjunct especially when a complete physical examination is not possible. Compartment syndrome, unlike many musculoskeletal conditions, is much easier to treat than to accurately diagnose. Prompt fasciotomies with release of all involved muscular compartments prevent the life- and limb-threatening sequelae of a missed compartment syndrome. Although fasciotomies are associated with increased blood loss and elevated risk of infection and commonly require split-thickness skin grafts in lieu of closure, they prevent irreversible ischemic tissue loss and potential for lifetime disability.
Improving documentation of presenting problems in the emergency department using a domain-specific ontology and machine learning-driven user interfaces

Abstract Objectives To determine the effect of a domain-specific ontology and machine learning-driven user interfaces on the efficiency and quality of documentation of presenting problems (chief complaints) in the emergency department (ED). Methods As part of a quality improvement project, we simultaneously implemented three interventions: a domain-specific ontology, contextual autocomplete, and top five suggestions. Contextual autocomplete is a user interface that ranks concepts by their predicted probability which helps nurses enter data about a patient’s presenting problems. Nurses were also given a list of top five suggestions to choose from. These presenting problems were represented using a consensus ontology mapped to SNOMED CT. Predicted probabilities were calculated using a previously derived model based on triage vital signs and a brief free text note. We evaluated the percentage and quality of structured data captured using a mixed methods retrospective before-and-after study design. Results A total of 279,231 consecutive patient encounters were analyzed. Structured data capture improved from 26.2% to 97.2% (p Discussion We demonstrated a technique that captures structured data on nearly all patients. We estimate that our system reduces the number of man-hours required annually to type presenting problems at our institution from 92.5 h to 4.8 h. Conclusion Implementation of a domain-specific ontology and machine learning-driven user interfaces resulted in improved structured data capture, ontology usage compliance, and data quality.
T1 Erector Spinae Plane Block Catheter As a Novel Treatment Modality for Pancoast Tumor Pain

Pancoast tumors are non-small cell lung tumors, which can invade the ribs, vertebrae, sympathetic ganglia and brachial plexus. In this study, a patient with right-sided Pancoast tumor presented with intractable chronic pain on the right neck, upper extremity and chest wall. The chronic pain associated with Pancoast tumor, which was difficult to treat with opioids and other medications, was effectively treated with a high-thoracic erector spinae plane block (ESPB). Prolonged analgesia was provided with an ESP catheter to wean the patient from opioids. This case report provides an example where the novel interfacial ESP block can provide pain relief in challenging situations such as lung malignancies involving deeper structures and extensive areas of pain.
Automatic Reading and Writing Model of Welding Parameters Predicted Based on PSO-RFR

The parameters in welding process are the key factors which affecting the quality of the welding. The cold rolling mill of a steel factory has improved the welding quality and welding automation level of the welder, and realized the goal of factory wisdom manufacturing gradually, plans to improve equipment to upgrade and optimize parameters used to. In this paper, an automatic reading and writing model for the welding parameters is designed. The random forest regression model based on particle swarm optimization (PSO-RFR) is used to predict the welding parameters, which replaces the manual modification work of workers and completes the intelligent transformation work. Meanwhile, the model accuracy is assessed well. The welding parameters of the algorithm predicted have been tested in actual production process, which has a good prediction effect.
Optimal control of unknown affine nonlinear discrete-time systems using offline-trained neural networks with proof of convergence

The optimal control of linear systems accompanied by quadratic cost functions can be achieved by solving the well-known Riccati equation. However, the optimal control of nonlinear discrete-time systems is a much more challenging task that often requires solving the nonlinear Hamilton―Jacobi―Bellman (HJB) equation. In the recent literature, discrete-time approximate dynamic programming (ADP) techniques have been widely used to determine the optimal or near optimal control policies for affine nonlinear discrete-time systems. However, an inherent assumption of ADP requires the value of the controlled system one step ahead and at least partial knowledge of the system dynamics to be known. In this work, the need of the partial knowledge of the nonlinear system dynamics is relaxed in the development of a novel approach to ADP using a two part process: online system identification and offline optimal control training. First, in the system identification process, a neural network (NN) is tuned online using novel tuning laws to learn the complete plant dynamics so that a local asymptotic stability of the identification error can be shown. Then, using only the learned NN system model, offline ADP is attempted resulting in a novel optimal control law. The proposed scheme does not require explicit knowledge of the system dynamics as only the learned NN model is needed. The proof of convergence is demonstrated. Simulation results verify theoretical conjecture.
Independent gilsonite vein, Uintah County

The Uinta Basin of northeastern Utah contains a wide variety of hydrocarbon resources including vast accumulations of crude oil and natural gas deposits, one of the largest oil shale resources in the world, and the largest tar sand deposit in the United States. In addition, unique solid hydrocarbons, including gilsonite, wurtzilite, tabbyite, and ozokerite, have a long and colorful history of exploration and/or production in the region. The most abundant of these, gilsonite, occurs in distinctive swarms of subparallel, northwest-trending veins. The lateral continuity of the veins is impressive, with relatively long, straight ribbons stretching across the hills of the eastern Uinta Basin. The veins are also vertically continuous, extending hundreds to more than 3000 feet (900 m) below the ground, commonly having only small variations in width. The Uinta Basin contains the world’s largest deposit of gilsonite and is the only place in the world where this unique resource is economically produced. Gilsonite is remarkable for its unusual geologic origin, chemical and physical properties, and industrial uses. Industry pioneers are noted for creating innovative uses for their product and for over 100 years have solved mining, processing, transportation, marketing, and other challenges to supply gilsonite to world markets. Accordingly, gilsonite has been studied and described in a large body of research dating back to the 1880s. Most recently, the Utah Geological Survey (UGS) published Special Study 141 (Boden and Tripp, 2012), which presents the latest mapping of gilsonite deposits and a compilation of existing data. To date, over 70 significant veins and vein systems, having a total combined vein length of over 170 miles (270 km), have been mapped by UGS geologists.
Impact of Circulating N-Acylethanolamine Levels with Clinical and Laboratory End Points in Hemodialysis Patients.

BACKGROUND Patients with ESRD on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) are particularly susceptible to dysregulation of energy metabolism, which may manifest as protein energy wasting and cachexia. In recent years, the endocannabinoid system has been shown to play an important role in energy metabolism with potential relevance in ESRD. N-acylethanolamines are a class of fatty acid amides which include the major endocannabinoid ligand, anandamide, and the endogenous peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α agonists, oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA). METHODS Serum concentrations of OEA and PEA were measured in MHD patients and their correlations with various clinical/laboratory indices were examined. Secondarily, we evaluated the association of circulating PEA and OEA levels with 12-month all-cause mortality. RESULTS Both serum OEA and PEA levels positively correlated with high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels and negatively correlated with body fat and body anthropometric measures. Serum OEA levels correlated positively with serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) (rho = 0.19; p = 0.004). Serum PEA and IL-6 showed a similar but nonsignificant trend (rho = 0.12; p = 0.07). Restricted cubic spline analyses showed that increasing serum OEA and PEA both trended toward higher mortality risk, and these associations were statistically significant for PEA (PEA ≥4.7 pmol/mL; reference: PEA <4.7 pmol/mL) after adjustments in a Cox model (hazard ratio 2.99; 95% confidence interval 1.04, 8.64). CONCLUSIONS In MHD patients, OEA and PEA are significantly correlated with variables related to lipid metabolism and body mass. Additionally, higher serum levels of PEA are associated with mortality risk. Future studies are needed to examine the potential mechanisms responsible for these findings and their clinical implications.
Unsupervised Text Style Transfer with Content Embeddings

The style transfer task (here style is used in a broad “authorial” sense with many aspects including register, sentence structure, and vocabulary choice) takes text input and rewrites it in a specified target style preserving the meaning, but altering the style of the source text to match that of the target. Much of the existing research on this task depends on the use of parallel datasets. In this work we employ recent results in unsupervised cross-lingual language modeling (XLM) and machine translation to effect style transfer while treating the input data as unaligned. First, we show that adding “content embeddings” to the XLM which capture human-specified groupings of subject matter can improve performance over the baseline model. Evaluation of style transfer has often relied on metrics designed for machine translation which have received criticism of their suitability for this task. As a second contribution, we propose the use of a suite of classical stylometrics as a useful complement for evaluation. We select a few such measures and include these in the analysis of our results.
Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of an Integrative Intervention with Methamphetamine-Using Men Who Have Sex with Men

Contingency management (CM) is an evidence-based intervention that provides tangible rewards as positive reinforcement for biologically confirmed abstinence from substance use. Integrative approaches targeting positive affect regulation could boost the effectiveness of CM by sensitizing individuals to non-drug-related sources of reward and assisting them with effectively managing symptoms of withdrawal. This pilot randomized controlled trial with 21 methamphetamine-using men who have sex with men (MSM) examined the feasibility and acceptability of a 5-session, positive affect intervention delivered during CM-Affect Regulation Treatment to Enhance Methamphetamine Intervention Success (ARTEMIS). After completing 4 weeks of a 12-week CM program, participants were randomized to receive ARTEMIS+CM (n = 12) or CM-only (n = 9). Those randomized to receive the ARTEMIS positive affect intervention completed 98 % of sessions and reported marginally significant increases in positive affect over the five sessions. In exit interviews with ARTEMIS+CM participants, individuals noted that the positive affect regulation skills increased self-awareness and led to greater engagement in the recovery process. ARTEMIS+CM participants reported significant increases in positive affect and CM-only participants reported significant reductions in negative affect over a 2-month follow-up. These affective changes were not maintained, and no concurrent effects on stimulant use or sexual risk taking were observed over the 6-month follow-up. More definitive clinical research is necessary to examine the efficacy of ARTEMIS+CM with methamphetamine-using MSM.
INS Detention in Florida

Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) detainees represent the fastest growing segment of our nations exploding jail population. While the increase in the number of federal and state inmates actually slowed in 1997, the number of detainees in INS custody increased by forty-two percent over the previous year. According to the INS, in late October 1998, there were more than 16,400 persons in INS custody-triple the 5,500 of five years ago. In 1997 alone, over 155,000 detainees passed through
Recent Advances in Shape Preserving Piecewise Cubic Interpolation

A number of recent papers have addressed the problem of constructing monotone piecewise cubic interpolants to monotone data. These have focused not only on the monotonicity of the interpolant, but also on properties such as “visual pleasure”, and optimal order error bounds. We review some of these results, and generalize them by constructing C 1 piecewise cubic polynomial interpolants to non-monotone data.These interpolants have a minimum number of changes in sign in the first derivative and approximate an underlying function and its first derivative with optimal order.
Granulysin-mediated tumor rejection in transgenic mice.

Granulysin (GNLY) is a cytolytic molecule expressed by human CTL and NK cells with activity against a variety of tumors and microbes, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although the molecular mechanism of GNLY-induced apoptosis of Jurkat T cells is well defined in vitro, no direct evidence for its in vivo effects has been demonstrated. Because there is no murine homologue of GNLY, we generated mice expressing GNLY using a bacterial artificial chromosome containing the human GNLY gene and its 5′ and 3′ flanking regions. GNLY is expressed in leukocytes from transgenic mice with similar kinetics as in PBMC from humans: GNLY is constitutively expressed in NK cells and, following stimulation through the TCR, appears in T lymphocytes 8–10 days after activation. Both forms of GNLY (9 and 15 kDa) are produced by activated T cells, whereas the 15-kDa form predominates in freshly isolated NK cells from transgenic animals. GNLY mRNA is highest in spleen, with detectable expression in thymus and lungs, and minimal expression in heart, kidney, liver, muscle, intestine, and brain. Allospecific cell lines generated from GNLY transgenic animals showed enhanced killing of target cells. In vivo effects of GNLY were evaluated using the syngeneic T lymphoma tumor C6VL. GNLY transgenic mice survived significantly longer than nontransgenic littermates in response to a lethal tumor challenge. These findings demonstrate for the first time an in vivo effect of GNLY and suggest that GNLY may prove a useful therapeutic modality for the treatment of cancer.
Mothers and Others: The Evolutionary Origins of Mutual Understanding

Somewhere in Africa, more than a million years ago, a line of ape began to rear their young differently than their Great Ape ancestors. From this new form of care came new ways of engaging and understanding each other. How such singular human capacities evolved, and how they have kept us alive for thousands of generations, is the mystery revealed in this bold and wide-ranging new vision of human emotional evolution. "Mothers and Others" finds the key in the primatologically unique length of human childhood. If the young were to survive in a world of scarce food, they needed to be cared for, not only by their mothers but also by siblings, aunts, fathers, friends - and, with any luck, grandmothers. Out of this complicated and contingent form of childrearing, Sarah Hrdy argues, came the human capacity for understanding others. Mothers and Others" teaches us who will care, and who will not. From its opening vision of 'apes on a plane'; to descriptions of baby care among marmosets, chimpanzees, wolves, and lions; to explanations about why men in hunter-gatherer societies hunt together (hint: it's called the Showing-Off Hypothesis), "Mothers and Others" is compellingly readable. But it is also an intricately knit argument that ever since the Pleistocene, it has taken a village to raise children - and how that gave our ancient ancestors the first push on the path toward becoming emotionally modern human beings.
The Early History of the Grand Jury and the Canon Law

The modern grand jury traces its origins to the Assize of Clarendon, an enactment of King Henry II in 1166.1 The Assize called for inquiry to be made, by the oath of twelve men from every hundred and four men from every vill, as to what persons were publicly suspected of robbery, murder, or theft or of receiving men guilty of those crimes. The crimes covered were expanded ten years later by the Assize of Northampton to include forgery and arson,2 and over the course of succeeding years the group grew to include almost all serious crimes. Under the procedure called for by the Assize of Clarendon, the suspected criminals were presented before royal justices, and then their guilt or innocence was determined by the judgment of God, that is, by ordeal. From this method of inquiry and presentment of persons suspected of serious crimes, later expanded and adapted to changed circumstances, grew the two-stage process of indictment and trial that we recognize as the essence of common law criminal procedure. The Assize has naturally attracted its share of scholarly attention. Its centrality in the history of criminal procedure, as well as the mists of uncertainty that surround its adoption, its intent, and even the accuracy of the text that has come down to us, have made it a subject of interest for anyone curious about the development of our law. Bishop Stubbs regarded it as "of the greatest impor-
An extensibility approach for spatio-temporal stream processing using microsoft streaminsight

Integrating spatial operators in commercial data streaming engines has gained tremendous interest in recent years. Whether to support such operators natively or to enable the operator through an extensibility framework is a challenging and interesting debate. In this paper we leverage the Microsoft StreamInsightTM extensibility framework to support spatial operators enabling developers to integrate their domain expertise within the query execution pipeline. We first justify our choice of adopting an extensibility approach over a native support approach. Then, we present an example set of spatiotemporal operations, e.g., KNN search, and range search; implemented as user defined operators using the extensibility framework within Microsoft StreamInsight. More interestingly, the demo showcases the how embedded devices and smartphones are shaping the future of streaming spatiotemporal applications. The demo scenario specifically features a smartphone based input adapter that provides a continuous stream of moving object locations as well a continuous stream of moving queries. To demonstrate the scalability of the implemented extensibility framework, the demo includes a simulator that generates a larger set of stationary/moving queries and streams of stationary/moving objects.
Observations of zeta Puppis.

The visual line spectrum of zeta Puppis (O4f) cannot be matched by theoretical line profiles computed by Auer and Mihalas (1971) from their non-LTE models. The discrepancy between observation and prediction suggests that deviations from plane-parallel geometry and hydrostatic equilibrium must be accounted for in order for models to represent the atmospheric regions forming the observed lines. Relaxation of these classical assumptions may affect the value of effective temperature for this star derived from observations of its continuous spectrum.
The Steady Electric Current

In the previous four chapters, we discussed the electrostatic field and its applications. The only reference to time was in the fact that whenever charges are placed in a conductor, they move until a steady state charge distribution is obtained. However, no attempt was made to characterize their motion or any effects this might have on fields.
Phytogeographical variation within juniper-pinyon woodlands of the Great Basin

About 22 percent of the pigmy conifer woodlands of the United States occur within the Great Basin. Only a very few reports of these woodlands exist in the literature. Available reports are either of general descriptive nature or specific analysis of vegetation-environmental relationships on one mountain range. In order to better understand basin-wide synecological patterns, a cooperative study was carried out by personnel at Utah State University and the University of Nevada-Reno between 1972 and 1975. Vegetation, landform, geology, and soils data obtained from 463 systematically placed stands on a randomly chosen set of 66 mountain ranges have been used to derive patterns of latitudinal, longitudinal, and altitudinal variation in the floristic diversity in juniper-pinyon dominated woodlands across the Great Basin. The latitudinal-longitudinal patterns show greatest environmental and floristic diversity on the higher mountain ranges on the southern end of the Central Plateau portion of the study area where the Great Basin-Mojave Desert transition occurs. This is also where the elevation breadth of the woodland belt is greatest. Juniper-pinyon woodlands are largely lacking from northwestern Nevada. The lowest elevations for the type are found in the Dixie Corridor centered in southwestern Utah. The general elevation of these woodlands is highest in the west-central part of the Great Basin and declines both toward the Sierra Nevada on the west and the Wasatch Front-High Plateaus on the east. Use of the equilibrium theory of island biography gave incomplete explanations of the diversity patterns observed. Certain conceptual and methodical problems forced by this overly simplistic theory are discussed. The best correlations obtained were between species richness and and index of ecotopic diversity. Correlations of Basin-wide patterns of woodland floristics with surficial geology, landforms and soils is nondiscriminatory. However, broad-scale, phytogeographical variations in these woodlands are closely associated with climatic differences. Although much direct climatic data are lacking, it seems likely that the relative contributions of the transitory frontal system moving inland from the Pacific, continental cyclones developing over the Great Basin, and convectional storms associated with the moist air from the Gulf of Mexico to induce precipitation at different seasons are regionally important in the causation of vegetation distribution and composition. The instability of temperature inversions is a likely determinant of the position of woodlands along the northern boundary of the type. The Pacific frontal systems break the inversions most readily and are thought to be the major cause for the lack of this vegetation in northwestern Nevada and on exposed mountain ranges along the northern boundary of the type. Such observations provide leads for relevant ecophysiological research to support or reject these notions.
The Research Journal Club: Pedagogy of Research in the Preparation of Students in Educational Leadership.

Following calls to increase professional communities of practice around research in educational leadership graduate programs, this study describes the ongoing process of creating a research journal club. We share the process of implementation, describe the structure adopted, and the outcomes observed one year after the establishment of a journal club. Through involving graduate students with faculty in bi-monthly conversations about recent research articles, participants engaged in intellectual risk-taking through discussing high quality research. This study highlights the importance of establishing a space to model scholarly research debates, bringing together faculty and students in a community of research practice.
Influence of glucose kinetics on plasma lactate concentration and energy expenditure in severely burned patients.

Background: In critically ill patients, elevation in the plasma lactate concentration has traditionally been interpreted as indicating a deficiency in oxygen availability and is often an impetus to increase oxygen delivery clinically. However, another possible basis for increased lactate concentrations may be simply a mass effect from increased pyruvate availability (i.e., accelerated glycolysis). Methods: In six hypermetabolic burned patients, the rates of glucose production and oxidation were quantified using a tracer infusion of 6,6 d 2 glucose combined with indirect calorimetry. Measurements were obtained after a 9-hour fast and after a 3-hour infusion of unlabeled glucose at 30 μmol/kg/min. No patient was overtly septic, hypoxic, or hypovolemic. Results: The infusion of glucose significantly increased the arterial glucose concentration and rate of glucose oxidation, with a corresponding increase in the arterial plasma concentration of lactate and pyruvate. Resting energy expenditure and oxygen consumption were not affected by the infusion of glucose. Conclusions: These findings show that elevations in plasma lactate in severely injured patients may, in part, be related to increases in glucose flux and not entirely a reflection of any deficit in oxygen availability. Such findings highlight a potential pitfall for interpreting plasma lactate concentrations as an index of tissue oxygen availability in hypermetabolic patients.
Spatial visual channels in the fourier plane

Abstract Properties of human spatial visual channels were studied in two-dimensional form by a signal detection masking paradigm. Tuning surfaces of contrast threshold elevation induced by a sinusoidal mask were generated for four Subjects, interpolated from an 11 × 11 Cartesian grid over the Fourier plane, and numerically Fourier transformed in two dimensions to infer putative filter profiles in the 2D space domain. Among the main findings in the 2D frequency domain were: (1) Threshold elevation surfaces are highly polar nonseparable —they cannot be described as the product of a spatial frequency tuning curve times an orientation tuning curve. (2) Iso-half-amplitude contours of the spectral tuning surfaces have a length/width elongation ratio of about 2:1. (3) Necessarily, resolution for spatial frequency and for orientation are in fundamental competition with 2D spatial resolution. By calculating the occupied area of the inferred filters both in the 2D space domain and in the 2D frequency domain, it was estimated that these mechanisms approach within a factor of 2.5 of the theoretical limit of joint resolution in the two 2D domains that can be derived by 2D generalization of Gabor's famous Theory of Communication (1946). Other classes of 2D filters, such as an ideal 2D bandpass filter, have joint 2D entropies which are suboptimal by a factor of 13 or more. Subject to the inherent constraints on inference from these 2D masking experiments, the evidence suggests that 2D spatial frequency channels can be described as elongated 2D spatial wave-packets which crudely resemble optimal forms for joint information resolution in the 2D spatial and 2D frequency domains.
A Markovian Decision Model for Deciding How Many Fire Companies to Dispatch

In deciding how many units to dispatch to an incoming alarm of unknown seventy the fire department is faced with a dilemma: If too few units are sent initially the extra units needed will be delayed; if too many units are sent, the extra units make a needless response and are temporarily unavailable for subsequent alarms. In this paper, we present a Markovian decision model for this problem. The model leads to a simple decision rule that considers three key factors: 1 the probability that the incoming alarm is serious the greater the probability the more units dispatched; 2 the expected alarm rate in the area surrounding the alarm the greater the alarm rate, the fewer units dispatched; and 3 the number of units available in the area surrounding the alarm the more units available, the more units dispatched. We compare the decision rule to policies commonly in use and find that it results in significant improvements in response time to serious fires.
Periapical lesion progression with controlled microbial inoculation in a type I diabetic mouse model.

Uncontrolled or poorly controlled diabetes mellitus may be a risk factor for the development of large and/or debilitating periapical infections. The objectives of this investigation were to: (i) determine the effect of diabetes mellitus on the pathogenesis of periapical lesions with or without specific bacterial inoculations at the exposure sites, and (ii) test the sensitivities of two microbiological techniques in detecting the persistence of the bacterial inoculum in exposed pulps of nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. Periapical lesions were induced in first molars of 29 female NOD mice and 31 BALB/c controls. Acute (1–2 wk) or chronic (5 wk) exposures were either inoculated with a mixture of facultative and anaerobic bacteria or exposed to oral flora without inoculations. After death the teeth in the chronic groups were analyzed for the presence of the inoculated bacteria by culturing and by polymerase chain reaction amplification of 16S rDNA. Periapical lesion size was measured histomorphometrically and the interleukin-6 content was measured immunohistochemically. The mortality among NOD mice with inoculated and sealed exposures was 83%, compared with 29% for BALB/c mice. In the inoculated and uninoculated chronic NOD mice groups, 38% of the animals versus none of the BALB/c mice died. The chronic uninoculated NOD mice lost significantly more weight at the time of death than controls. Polymerase chain reaction was more sensitive than culturing in detecting the inoculated anaerobic bacteria. In the animals that survived to the predetermined time periods, lesion size and interleukin-6 content in NOD and BALB/c mice were not statistically different.
Numerical simulations of a large-amplitude mesoscale gravity wave event

Numerical simulations with the NCAR/PSU Mesoscale Model 5 (MM5) were performed to study a large-amplitude gravity wave event that occurred on 4 January 1994 along the East Coast of the United States. Results from the MM5 control simulation using a 12-km mesh resolution compared well with the synoptic and mesoscale observational analysis. The simulated gravity waves displayed timing, location, wavelength, and propagation speed similar to those observed in a synoptic-scale environment described by the Uccellini and Koch (1987) conceptual model. Additional features existing upstream of the wave generation region not contained within their conceptual model were a warm occlusion and tropopause fold prior to and during the gravity wave generation. Wave ducting criteria were nearly satisfied along the path of the gravity waves.
Parchment or Papyrus: Wiping Out False Evidence

Abstract In two articles in 1983, Menahem Haran suggested that the Hebrew root .. proves that papyrus was the writing material in pre-exilic times and that the shift from papyrus to parchment happened during the Second Temple Period. Using evidence from various Hebrew and Phoenician inscriptions, Haran’s evidence based on the Hebrew root will be shown incorrect. Haran’s conclusion may be correct regarding the use of papyrus; however, the evidence offered does not support the conclusion.
Constant-speed propagation of a penny-shaped interface crack under pure torsion

Abstract A transient problem of propagation of a penny-shaped crack in the plane interface between two different media is solved. The body is twisted by a torque at infinity that tends to shear the bond between the two media. A small initial flaw is assumed to expand uniformly in the plane of the interface at a speed less than the smaller of the SH wave speeds of the two media. The solution is carried out by a combination of two methods: a method of rotational superposition of two-dimensional solutions and the Smirnov-Sobolev method of self-similar potentials for twodimensional problems. The dynamic stress intensity factor and the crack tearing displacement are determined. It is found that the stress field near the crack tip has a square root singularity. The maximum crack-tearing displacement is found to occur at close to three-fourths of the way from the crack origin to the running crack tip.
PARTIAL LIQUID VENTILATION AND SURFACTANT: INTERACTION AND ADMINISTRATION ORDER EFFECTS. † 2040

PARTIAL LIQUID VENTILATION AND SURFACTANT: INTERACTION AND ADMINISTRATION ORDER EFFECTS. † 2040
The impact on CT dose of the variability in tube current modulation technology: a theoretical investigation

Body CT scans are routinely performed using tube-current-modulation (TCM) technology. There is notable variability across CT manufacturers in terms of how TCM technology is implemented. Some manufacturers aim to provide uniform image noise across body regions and patient sizes, whereas others aim to provide lower noise for smaller patients. The purpose of this study was to conduct a theoretical investigation to understand how manufacturer-dependent TCM scheme affects organ dose, and to develop a generic approach for assessing organ dose across TCM schemes. The adult reference female extended cardiac-torso (XCAT) phantom was used for this study. A ray-tracing method was developed to calculate the attenuation of the phantom for a given projection angle based on phantom anatomy, CT system geometry, x-ray energy spectrum, and bowtie filter filtration. The tube current (mA) for a given projection angle was then calculated as a log-linear function of the attenuation along that projection. The slope of this function, termed modulation control strength, α, was varied from 0 to 1 to emulate the variability in TCM technology. Using a validated Monte Carlo program, organ dose was simulated for five α values (α = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1) in the absence and presence of a realistic system mA limit. Organ dose was further normalized by volume-weighted CT dose index (CTDIvol) to obtain conversion factors (h factors) that are relatively independent of system specifics and scan parameters. For both chest and abdomen-pelvis scans and for 24 radiosensitive organs, organ dose conversion factors varied with α, following second-order polynomial equations. This result suggested the need for α-specific organ dose conversion factors (i.e., conversion factors specific to the modulation scheme used). On the other hand, across the full range of α values, organ dose in a TCM scan could be derived from the conversion factors established for a fixed-mA scan (hFIXED). This was possible by multiplying hFIXED by a revised definition of CTDIvol that accounts for two factors: (a) the tube currents at the location of an organ and (b) the variation in organ volume along the longitudinal direction. This α-generic approach represents an approximation. The error associated with this approximation was evaluated using the α-specific organ dose (i.e., the organ dose obtained by using α-specific mA profiles as inputs into the Monte Carlo simulation) as the reference standard. When the mA profiles were constrained by a realistic system limit, this α-generic approach had errors of less than ~20% for the full range of α values. This was the case for 24 radiosensitive organs in both chest and abdomen-pelvis CT scans with the exception of thyroid in the chest scan and bladder in the abdomen-pelvis scan. For these two organs, the errors were less than ~40%. The results of this theoretical study suggested that knowing the mA modulation profile and the fixed-mA conversion factors, organ dose may be estimated for a TCM scan independent of the specific modulation scheme applied.
The feminist cable collective as public sphere activity

This article highlights the efforts of a group that produces, under the aegis of the National Organization for Women, a feminist public affairs series cablecast on cable television public access channels. The question addressed here is whether this work, called ‘New Directions for Women’, can be seen as representing agency in the public sphere, assuming that something like the public sphere is indispensable to democratic political practice. The research finds that public access cable television does provide viable opportunities for feminist ‘content’, for activist-minded news, discussion, and criticism of the economy sphere, the state, and family. Yet, publicness is at odds with certain feminist principles, at least as these have been practiced in feminist journalism (i.e. directed at the enclave), in large part because the technology constrains enactment of feminist modes of news production.
Azabicyclo chemistry. 7. Ultra-high field (600 MHz) NMR spectroscopy in solving conformational problems: cis-Octahydroindoles†

Studies using ultra-high field (600 MHz) nmr spectroscopy has allowed us to assign the conformational preference of cis-octahydroindoles, including the position of their nitrogen lone-pair electrons. Lithium aluminum hydride reduction of cis-octahydroindol-2-one (4) gave cis-octahydroindole (5a) which showed three distinct nmr resonances, the C7a proton at δ 3.04 (apparent q, J = 5.3 Hz) and the two C2 protons at δ 3.10 and 2.94. The latter two resonances were absent in the C2 deuterated compound 5b. Deuteromethylation of 5a, via a urethane intermediate, gave 1-deuteromethyl-cis-octahydroindole (8a) which showed resonances at δ 3.12 for the α-faced C2 proton, the β-faced C2 proton at δ 2.17, and the C7a proton at δ 2.15. The resonances at δ 3.12 and 2.17 are absent in the corresponding C2 deuterated compound 8b, and the C7a remains as a doublet of triplets (d, J = 5.5 Hz; t, J = 3.8 Hz). Interpretation of the above data led us to assign 8a as the cis compound with nitrogen axial, and the lone pair electrons in a pseudo-axial position and antiperiplanar to the C7a and β-faced C2 protons. The amine 5a is also cis and has the nitrogen axial, but the lone pair electrons are pseudo-equatorial. Inspection of the Bohlmann band region in the ir of 5a and 8a supports the above assignments. These investigations thus suggest, in cis-octahydroindoles, the following steric order: methyl > lone pair > H.
Some properties of a spin-1 fermi superfluid: Application to spin-polarized6Li

We discuss some of the unusual characteristics of a Fermi superfluid formed by Cooper pairing in a system, such as spin-polarized6Li, which possesses triple nuclear spin degeneracy. In particular we show (a) that the “naive” BCS expression for the transition temperature is (unlike in the usual spin-1/2 case) exact in the low-density limit, and (b) that there must always be a gapless branch of the excitation spectrum even for s-wave pairing, so that the normal density is nonzero atT=0.
Utilizing DART Mass Spectrometry to Pinpoint Halogenated Metabolites from a Marine Invertebrate-Derived Fungus

Prenylated indole alkaloids are a diverse group of fungal secondary metabolites and represent an important biosynthetic class. In this study we have identified new halogenated prenyl-indole alkaloids from an invertebrate-derived Malbranchea graminicola strain. Using direct analysis in real time (DART) mass spectrometry, these compounds were initially detected from hyphae of the fungus grown on agar plates, without the need for any organic extraction. Subsequently, the metabolites were isolated from liquid culture in artificial seawater. The structures of two novel chlorinated metabolites, named (−)-spiromalbramide and (+)-isomalbrancheamide B, provide additional insights into the assembly of the malbrancheamide compound family. Remarkably, two new brominated analogues, (+)-malbrancheamide C and (+)-isomalbrancheamide C, were produced by enriching the growth medium with bromine salts.
Ambiguous loss of home: The experience of familial (im)permanence among young adults with foster care backgrounds ☆

Abstract Achieving a stable family context for foster children—permanence—is the philosophy within which nearly all child welfare policy and practice is embedded. Although debates endure over defining permanence and the ideal pathways through which it should be achieved, this discourse rarely includes foster youth perspectives. This article presents findings from an interpretive study of 29 young adults who transitioned from foster care into adulthood without legal permanence. Findings extend ambiguous loss theory to conceptualize participants' experiences as an ambiguous loss of home, highlighting three patterns in the strategies used to manage familial impermanence: (1) creating a self-defined permanence, (2) rejecting adoption—navigating multifamilial memberships and allegiances, and (3) building permanence after foster care. Recommendations for policy, practice, and future research are offered, including a shift toward a multisystemic framework of permanence attending to both legal and relational definitions of family among youth in foster care.
Acute tumor lysis syndrome in a 7-month-old with hepatoblastoma

Acute tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is characterized by the triad of hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, and hyperphosphatemia and is caused by the death of tumor cells and release of intracellular contents into the circulation. This syndrome is most frequently associated with hematopoietic malignancies with a high growth fraction, including acute leukemias and lymphomas, but can be encountered in patients with nonhematopoietic solid tumors. Acute tumor lysis is typically precipitated by chemotherapy leading to rapid cell death, but may also occur spontaneously prior to treatment. In severe cases, the metabolic abnormalities of TLS can cause renal failure, cardiac arrhythmias, and death. Standard therapies include intravenous hydration, alkalinization of the urine to increase the solubility of uric acid, and administration of allopurinol to block production of uric acid. Recombinant urate oxidase (rasburicase) is a newer agent that directly cleaves uric acid. It is important for the clinician to maintain a high level of clinical suspicion for TLS when initiating therapy in children newly diagnosed with cancer, including those with solid tumors, and to know how to prevent and treat this potentially deadly metabolic complication.