cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of breed, milk production, season, and ambient temperature on dairy cow reticulorumen temperature

Automatic monitoring of core body temperature in dairy cattle could be useful for identification of illness, heat stress, general physiological stress, and estrus. The SmartBolus (TenXSys Inc., Eagle, ID) system used a reticulorumen bolus to automatically record and transmit dairy cow temperatures. The objective of this research was to characterize the influence of milk yield (MY), time of day, breed, ambient temperature (AT), and season on reticulorumen temperatures (RT) in lactating dairy cows. Continuous RT and AT were collected by SmartBolus transponders every 15 min (96 records per d) from 93 cows (65 Holstein, 18 crossbred, and 10 Jersey) for 615 d. Mean (±SD) daily RT, AT, and MY were 40.14±0.32°C, 12.20±10.61°C, and 33.85±8.67 kg, respectively. The maximum and minimum RT were recorded at 2330 and 1000 h, respectively. Ambient temperature increased RT. Summer RT was significantly greater than spring, fall, or winter RT. The effect of MY on RT varied by breed, season, and AT. Crossbred RT was significantly lower than Holstein RT after adjusting for MY. Crossbred RT responded less to increasing AT than did Holstein RT, potentially indicating improved heat tolerance among these crossbred dairy cows. Reticulorumen temperature increased more dramatically for cows with greater milk yield as AT increased, demonstrating that high-producing cows are more susceptible to heat stress than low-producing cows. These results could be useful in interpretation of automatic temperature system data, heat stress management, and genetic selection of heat-tolerant cows.
Expression of individual ras proteins in normal and neoplastic colon.

In this study, we report the use of a panel of four ras antibodies in Western blot analysis which characterize the expression of individual ras members in different cell populations. The specificity of the different antibodies to H-, N- or K-ras proteins was established in a panel of NIH/3T3 transfectants and human cell lines harboring known ras oncogenic events. Localization of individual ras members in one dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed slower migration of K-ras p21 products, whilst H- and N-ras proteins co-migrated in this system. Identification of migrational differences between activated proto-oncogene products was facilitated using ras member specific probes. Application of this approach to normal gastrointestinal mucosa.revealed over-representation of K-ras p21 in both stomach and colon epithelium in the rat. This differential ras profile was maintained in normal human colon mucosa and colon tumors from the same individual. Use of such antibodies now enables dissection of ras proto-oncoprotein expression in different tissues and compartments within tissue with the ability to characterize ras mutational events in neoplastic progression.
Transformation invariance of Lyapunov exponents

Abstract Lyapunov exponents represent important quantities to characterize the properties of dynamical systems. We show that the Lyapunov exponents of two different dynamical systems that can be converted to each other by a transformation of variables are identical. Moreover, we derive sufficient conditions on the transformation for this invariance property to hold. In particular, it turns out that the transformation need not necessarily be globally invertible.
Asymmetric Triaryldiamines as Thermally Stable Hole Transporting Layers for Organic Light-Emitting Devices

The synthesis of a series of asymmetric triaryldiamines has provided a number of materials with a wide range of thermal, electrochemical, and spectroscopic properties. The asymmetric materials described herein have two different diarylamine groups bound to a 1,4-phenylene or 4,4‘-biphenylene core, i.e., Ar1Ar2N−C6H4−NAr1‘Ar3 or Ar1Ar2N-biphenyl-NAr1‘Ar3, respectively. The diarylamines studied include diphenylamine, phenyl-m-tolylamine, naphthylphenylamine, iminostilbene, iminodibenzyl, and carbazole. These materials were prepared by copper- and palladium-catalyzed coupling of aryl halides and diarylamines. The asymmetry inherent in these compounds prevents these low molecular mass compounds from crystallizing, thus yielding higher thermal stability over that of the symmetric derivatives. In all cases, the asymmetric diamines form stable glasses, with glass transition temperatures up to 125 °C. HOMO levels for these materials, estimated by cyclic voltammetry, show a broad range of values, with oxidation po...
Modeling silica sorption to iron hydroxide.

Experiments were conducted to investigate the fundamentals of silica sorption onto preformed ferric hydroxide at pH 5.0−9.5 and silica concentrations of 0−200 mg/L as SiO2. At all pHs studied, sorp...
Effects of Boron Addition on Undercooled Austenite Transformation of Low Carbon Mn-Nb Steels

The effects of boron on the undercooled austenite transformation of low carbon Mn-Nb steels during continuous cooling were investigated in this study. Five kinds of steel specimens were fabricated by varying boron contents. Continuous cooling transformation (CCT) curves of the investigated steels under deformed conditions were constructed by a combination of deformation dilatometry and metallographic methods. The results indicated that a small amount of boron efficiently increased the hardenability of steels and lowered transformation temperature, which leading to a finer bainite microstructure and an increase in hardness.
Outcomes of renal artery angioplasty and stenting using low-profile systems

Objective Renal artery percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (RPTA) and stenting (RAS) are accepted therapies for selected patients with renovascular hypertension and chronic renal insufficiency. We evaluated the outcomes and complications of RAS performed by vascular surgeons at our institution with modern low-profile systems. Method We retrospectively analyzed all RPTA and RAS procedures attempted with the use of low-profile systems from June 2000 to September 2003. Eighty-two patients (96 arteries) with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis were treated. Indication for treatment was hypertension in 44 (54%) and chronic renal insufficiency in 38 (46%). Technical success, complication rates, clinical success for control of hypertension or renal insufficiency, restenosis, and survival were reviewed with a mean follow-up of 1 year. Results Ninety-three arteries were treated with stents, three with RPTA only. Primary technical success was 95%, with 98% overall technical success. Major complications occurred in 6.1% and minor complications in 1.2%. Hypertension was improved in 81% at 1 year. Renal function was improved in 23%, stable in 53%, and worse in 24% at 1 year. Restenosis was seen by routine duplex surveillance in 25% at 1 year. Restenosis associated with clinical deterioration and confirmed by angiogram was seen in 10%. The overall 3-year survival was 83%. Conclusion RPTA/RAS can be performed with low-profile systems with excellent technical success, low complication rates, and clinical outcomes that compare favorably with prior reports.
A model for calculating the magnetic & copper losses of an Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) pad

In this paper, an analytical expression is proposed to compute the total losses of a circular pad for Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) system. These losses can be separated into winding losses and core losses. The proposed analytical expression includes both conduction and induction losses due to eddy current effects at high frequency in the winding and ferrite core. Experimental results are shown to confirm the validity of the analytical model.
A method for the determination of water intake of grazing sheep.

Abstract A method is described by which the moisture content of grazed pastures may be calculated. Sheep, fitted earlier with esophageal fistulas, were dosed with tritiated water, and the saliva water, which had been added to the egesta, was calculated by the isotope dilution technique. Forage water was then calculated as the difference between total water in the egesta and the saliva water. The validity of this method was verified by feeding ewes a ration of known water content. The results obtained by the isotope dilution technique and by dehydration were in close agreement. This method may be especially useful on ranges where it is impossible to obtain representative samples of the grazed forage.
Parentification, Substance Use, and Sex among Adolescent Daughters from Ethnic Minority Families: The Moderating Role of Monitoring.

Guided by structural family systems theory, this study explored the relationship between parentification and adolescent daughters’ sexual risk engagement and substance use. We also explored how adolescent reports of parental monitoring moderated the relationship between parentification and adolescent risk. Data were from a cross-sectional, cross-generational study of 176 mother-daughter dyads from low-income, inner-city, ethnic minority families. In this sample, which included a subset of mothers with HIV, parental physical symptoms were associated with slightly higher levels of parentification. Parentification was associated with adolescent daughters’ intention to have sex (but not substance use) in a direction opposite to prediction. Higher parentification was associated with lower intention to have sex. Parental monitoring did not moderate relationships between parentification and adolescent risk. These findings highlight that despite the negative influence hypothesized in structural family systems theory, parentification was not associated with risk engagement of high-risk adolescent daughters in ethnic minority families with low income.
Motor development: A new synthesis.

The study of the acquisition of motor skills, long moribund in developmental psychology, has seen a renaissance in the last decade. Inspired by contemporary work in movement science, perceptual psychology, neuroscience, and dynamic systems theory, multidisciplinary approaches are affording new insights into the processes by which infants and children learn to control their bodies. In particular, the new synthesis emphasizes the multicausal, fluid, contextual, and self-organizing nature of developmental change, the unity of perception, action, and cognition, and the role of exploration and selection in the emergence of new behavior. Studies are concerned less with how children perform and more with how the components cooperate to produce stability or engender change. Such process approaches make moot the traditional nature-nurture debates.
The Ethical and Scientific Shortcomings of Current Monotherapy Epilepsy Trials in Newly Diagnosed Patients.

Good medicine is not a doctor’s private opinion. Instead, it is the profession’s consensus on what is the standard of care (1). The profession establishes this consensus using evidence gathered from clinical research (2). Among the most powerful tools of clinical research is the randomized and controlled clinical trial (RCT). Randomized and controlled clinical trials provide doctors and patients the kind of information they need to make informed decisions about the risks and benefits of treatments. Society so values this kind of information that most countries have agencies with the authority to require adequate and well-controlled trials before a new treatment can become part of the standard of care. In the United States, the federal government assigns this role to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In addition, the profession itself has a widely recognized corpus of principles called “evidence-based medicine” that permit a fair and unbiased critique of the quality of evidence (3). Moreover, the law relies on this evidence to substan-
A 43-Year-Old Woman with Abdominal Pain and Fever

In this series, a clinician extemporaneously discusses the diagnostic approach (regular text) to sequentially presented clinical information (bold). Additional commentary on the diagnostic reasoning process (italics) is integrated throughout the discussion.
LaCl3(Ce) and LaBr3(Ce) gamma-ray spectra with various plutonium isotopic and uranium enrichment standards

This report assesses the utility of lanthanum-halide detectors for isotope identification and total mass measurements for uranium and plutonium isotopes. Comparisons to similar measurements with NaI detectors are made.
Evaluation of responses of an air medical helicopter program during a comprehensive emergency response drill.

Abstract Introduction Participation of air medical service programs in emergency response drills can reveal important information regarding preparedness. This article reviews one program's participation in a drill, the evaluation methods used to assess the program's response, and the findings of the drill evaluation. Methods A comprehensive evaluation method was developed and completed for the drill. The responses that would be required by LIFE STAR Communications, the entity charged with communication and coordination of LIFE STAR, Hartford Hospital's air medical helicopter program, were evaluated. Results Deficiencies revealed during the drill included requests from emergency responders that were not covered by current policies. Conclusions The evaluation of LIFE STAR Communications during a drill revealed specific problems that would have gone unrecognized without participation in the emergency preparedness exercise. Air medical services should participate and be evaluated in drills to enhance preparedness through the clarification of responsibilities and the practice of protocol and policy directives.
On the Bose–Einstein condensation temperature in a trap

A mean-field semiclassical approach to the calculation of the transition temperature for an interacting Bose gas in a trap is presented. The interaction changes the dependence of the condensation temperature on the number of particles.
Direct Numerical Simulation of Cellular Blood Flow Through a Model Arteriole Bifurcation

Blood is composed of a suspension of red blood cells (RBCs) suspended in plasma, and the presence of the RBCs substantially changes the flow characteristics and rheology of these suspensions. The viscosity of blood varies with the hematocrit (volume fraction of RBCs), which is a result not seen in Newtonian fluids. Additionally, RBCs are deformable, which can alter suspension dynamics. Understanding the physics in these flows requires accurately simulating the suspended phase to recover the microscale, and a subsequent analysis of the rheology to ascertain the continuum-level effects caused by the changes at the particle level. The direct numerical simulation of blood flow including RBC migration effects has the capability to resolve the Fahraeus effect of observing low hematocrit values near walls, the subsequent cell-depleted layer, and the presence of velocity profile blunting due to the distribution of RBCs.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The CD-ROM foster a new data structure: the B3-tree

New technology and new applications often demand new data structures or modifications to existing ones. The CD-ROM is a relatively new technology that provides a very inexpensive storage medium. But it also has the disadvantage of being a read-only medium. This paper introduces the B3-tree, a modification of the popular B-tree. The B3-tree is intended to capture the advantages of the B+-tree with the cost benefits associated with using a CD-ROM. The 3 indicates that the B3-tree uses the three levels of memory hierarchy: primary memory, read-write secondary storage, and the CD-ROM. After describing the workings of the B3-tree, we give test results to illustrate its effectiveness under many conditions.
Electron-phonon coupling and electron heat capacity of metals under conditions of strong electron-phonon nonequilibrium

The dependence of the strength of the electron-phonon coupling and the electron heat capacity on the electron temperature is investigated for eight representative metals, Al, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pt, W, and Ti, for the conditions of strong electron-phonon nonequilibrium. These conditions are characteristic of metal targets subjected to energetic ion bombardment or short-pulse laser irradiation. Computational analysis based on first-principles electronic structure calculations of the electron density of states predicts large deviations (up to an order of magnitude) from the commonly used approximations of linear temperature dependence of the electron heat capacity and a constant electron-phonon coupling. These thermophysical properties are found to be very sensitive to details of the electronic structure of the material. The strength of the electron-phonon coupling can either increase (Al, Au, Ag, Cu, and W), decrease (Ni and Pt), or exhibit nonmonotonic changes (Ti) with increasing electron temperature. The electron heat capacity can exhibit either positive (Au, Ag, Cu, and W) or negative (Ni and Pt) deviations from the linear temperature dependence. The large variations of the thermophysical properties, revealed in this work for the range of electron temperatures typically realized in femtosecond laser material processing applications, have important implications for quantitative computational analysis of ultrafast processes associated with laser interaction with metals.
Chinese Logic and the Absence of Theoretical Sciences in Ancient China

In this essay, I examine the nature of Chinese logic and Chinese sciences in the history of China. I conclude that Chinese logic is essentially analogical, and that the Chinese did not have theoretical sciences. I then connect these together and explain why the Chinese failed to develop theoretical sciences, even though they enjoyed an advanced civilization and great scientific and technological innovations. This is because a deductive system of logic is necessary for the development of theoretical sciences, and analogical logic cannot provide the deductive connections between a theory and empirical observations required by a theoretical science. This also offers a more satisfactory answer to the long-standing Needham Problem.
Supporting visually impaired navigation: a needs-finding study

In this paper, we investigate the requirements for designing systems to support wayfinding for visually impaired individuals. We report the results of an interview study with 20 individuals with visual impairments, asking about their way-finding tools, techniques, and obstacles. Our findings provide an account of the practices followed when navigating familiar, unfamiliar, and dynamic environments, and common breakdowns encountered during the wayfinding process. The findings from this study suggest ways of implementing a location-based system to assist in the recovery from various obstacles.
Segmentation and Visualization of a Large, High-Resolution Micro-CT Data of Mice

High-resolution large datasets were acquired to improve the understanding of murine bone physiology. The purpose of this work is to present the challenges and solutions in segmenting and visualizing bone in such large datasets acquired using micro-CT scan of mice. The analyzed dataset is more than 50 GB in size with more than 6,000 2,048 × 2,048 slices. The study was performed to automatically measure the bone mineral density (BMD) of the entire skeleton. A global Renyi entropy (GREP) method was initially used for bone segmentation. This method consistently oversegmented skeletal region. A new method called adaptive local Renyi entropy (ALREP) is proposed to improve the segmentation results. To study the efficacy of the ALREP, manual segmentation was performed. Finally, a specialized high-end remote visualization system along with the software, VirtualGL, was used to perform remote rendering of this large dataset. It was determined that GREP overestimated the bone cross-section by around 30 % compared with ALREP. The manual segmentation process took 6,300 min for 6,300 slices while ALREP took only 150 min for segmentation. Automatic image processing with ALREP method may facilitate BMD measurement of the entire skeleton in a significantly reduced time, compared with manual process.
Regularization and ward-identity anomalies

In the context of the free-quark model, we discuss the validity of the na\"{\i}ve Ward identities (WI's) for arbitrary regularized $n$-point functions of scalar, pseudoscalar, vector, and axial-vector currents. In a simple version of the regularization procedure described by Pauli and Villars, we find that the na\"{\i}ve vector WI's are all automatically satisfied, and that there is a compact necessary condition for the existence of an axial-vector anomaly. Subsequently, this version leads to a large number of anomalous axial-vector WI's (corresponding to the cases $n=2, 3, 4, \mathrm{and} 5$). It is shown that this number cannot be reduced, for example, to Bardeen's "minimal" solution without additional counterterms beyond those possible in the general regularization framework---in spite of the framework's well-known ambiguities. We discuss other minimal sets, as well as a symmetry-breaking model in which no further anomalies are found. The explicit forms of the WI anomalies for the general minimal solution is given along with the necessary counterterms.
Stimulus averaging and the context for judgment

Loudness judgments of stimulus sets composed of four bursts of noise were analyzed for two types of contextual effects: between-set and within-set. Experiment I demonstrated between-set effects for these four-component stimuli; they were shown to be similar to those found in previous work with single stimuli. Experiment 2 tested an averaging model for within-set contextual effects. The results were inconsistent with the model. One interpretation is that there are within-set effects and that these are caused by shifts in the effective range of stimuli. Alternative interpretations attribute the apparent contextual effects either to an averaging of physical values or to an inappropriate scale of judgment.
Examining the willingness of Americans to alter behaviour to mitigate climate change

Despite the increasing interest in climate change policy in the US, little systematic research has been conducted on the willingness of individuals to change their behaviour to mitigate the problem. Understanding behavioural change is critical if federal and local governments intend to implement programmes requiring actions to mitigate and adapt to climate change. This understudied aspect of climate change policy is addressed by quantitatively examining the degree to which residents living in the US are willing to alter their behaviour to mitigate climate change impacts, and by identifying the major factors contributing to this willingness. Based on a national survey, the reported willingness of individuals to alter behaviours is explained, using the components of risk, individual stress, capacity and ecological values. The findings indicate that specific personal traits and contextual characteristics trigger a significantly greater willingness to change longstanding behavioural patterns. These insights i...
THE IMPACT OF SUPERVISED CREDIT PROGRAMS ON TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE IN DEVELOPING AGRICULTURE: REPLY

Restrictions on input use frequently accompany the granting of institutional credit to farmers in developing agriculture. A general economic framework is suggested to analyze the net social benefits of such a policy. The paper discusses the potential for manipulating the policy variables to foster more rapid adoption of new agricultural technology. An empirical analysis of the impact of a supervised credit programme in Guatemala on farm performance and farmer decision-making is presented.
Using tricitation to dissect the citation image: Conrad Hal Waddington and the rise of evolutionary developmental biology

An author's citation image is the set of authors with whom the author is cocited. When mapped using standard author cocitation analysis methods based on cited name co-occurrence counts across the entire citation database, the original context of cocitation (the focal author cocited with others) is lost. The citation image of Conrad Hal Waddington, a developmental biologist and evolutionary theorist, is mapped using both cocitation and tricitation approaches over three successive decades, 1975–1984, 1985–1994, and 1995–2004. All authors are tagged with a subject ID based on a principal components analysis of the cocitation data. The cocitation analyses place Waddington in a general subject context. The tricitation PFNets bring the major themes in articles citing Waddington into clearer focus. The changing scholarly landscape in which Waddington's work is used is demonstrated by changes in the citation image author set. These changes are associated with a shift from a primary focus on the mechanisms of evolutionary change (Waddington's work on canalization-genetic assimilation) to a resurgence of interest in Waddington's early experimental embryological work. The latter is linked to the emergence of evolutionary developmental biology, an interdisciplinary research area that examines the role of organismal development in evolutionary change. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The hybrid grid: globalization, cultural power and Hungarian television schedules

While television scheduling practices overdetermine a host of institutional and cultural practices, including program import decisions and the popularity of specific programs, scheduling has received scant attention from critical media scholars. Drawing on the insight that contemporary scheduling practices - like most media practices today - are hybrid phenomena, this article demonstrates in some detail the variety of factors, both foreign and domestic, that come into play in specific scheduling decisions, paying particular attention to the conditions under which power relations among domestic, regional and global ideas about scheduling differ. I concentrate on three case studies of scheduling innovation in Hungary, each of which demonstrates different routes through which foreign scheduling practices enter the market. The resulting analysis has implications for understanding international television flows, as well as the ways in which power operates among global media institutions.
Control Strategies in Multi-Player Pursuit and Evasion Game ⁄

This paper presents a new methodology for solving multi-player pursuit and evasion games. The proposed control strategies are derived from direct difierentiation of chosen value (or level set) functions, instead of solving the associated Hamilton Jacobi Isaacs (HJI) equations. The corresponding strategies ofier a simple form of the control laws that can be implemented on real-time control systems for autonomous vehicles. In order to guarantee a minimum separation distance between players, a new method to compute a reachable set, which only requires a set of ordinary difierential equations, is developed. We also explore difierent value functions which lead to difierent performance measures for some players. We illustrate our approach on a three player pursuit and evasion game and present simulation results.
A new method of drawing probability densities

This paper proposes a new method of drawing probability densities. The method has the following advantages in visualizing probability: It is easy to recover event probabilities from the plots, bivariate plots show marginal and conditional densities, the plots require one less dimension than density function plots, the plots can show in a single picture the dependence of a density on some parameter, and the plots are coordinate invariant.
The management of opioid-related sedation

There are many side effects of opioids used for cancer and non-cancer pain, which can limit their use and vastly undermine the quality of life for patients. Sedation is a frequent and serious side effect of opioid analgesics, sometimes reported as fatigue or tiredness from patients. There are a number of specific therapies to control or manage these adverse effects, making it feasible to dose opioids to adequate analgesia with tolerable side effects. The balance between effect and side effects is the goal of chronic opioid pharmacotherapy. In particular, sedation commonly can be problematic in a patient who is taking opioids, to the extent that one may want to discontinue the medication and suffer with the pain rather than experience debilitating fatigue or sedation. When sedation clinically becomes excessive, measures should be taken to make it possible to continue treatment with analgesics with acceptable sedation management. There are many techniques to oppose sedation including simple antidotes, such as rest, exercise, and timing of opioid medications, and more complex solutions, such as opioid rotation and the use of psychostimulants or other classes of medications to counteract sedation. The treatment of opioidinduced sedation can be very effective and should be part of a skill set that the clinician can easily employ to enhance the quality of life of patients.
Tonometry and Corneal Aesthesiometry in the Red-Eared Slider Turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans)

Abstract Tonometry, the estimation of intraocular pressure (IOP), is an essential component of ophthalmic examination. Understanding of this diagnostic tool is limited in chelonians. The purpose of this study was to evaluate two methods of tonometry for estimation of IOP in red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) and report values for corneal sensitivity measured by corneal aesthesiometry. Adult redeared slider turtles (n = 6) were manually restrained for tonometry; rebound and applanation tonometers were used. Corneal aesthesiometry was performed with the use of a Cochet-Bonnet corneal aesthesiometer. Median IOP estimated with applanation tonometry was 31.5 mmHg (25–75%: 24.3–38.3 mmHg, min–max: 9–58 mmHg) OD and 23.5 mmHg (25–75%: 17.8-34.8 mmHg, min–max: 10–58 mmHg) OS. Mean IOP estimated with rebound tonometry with non–species-specific calibration was 6.1 mmHg (SD: 2.3 mmHg, min–max: 3–9 mmHg) OD and 5.7 mmHg (SD: 1.3 mmHg, min–max: 2–9 mmHg) OS, with canine-specific calibration it was 9....
Preparation effects on the activity of Cu-ZSM-5 catalysts for NO decomposition

Effects of Cu-ZSM-5 catalyst preparation on the activity of “over-exchanged” copper for NO decomposition are reported. The Cu-ZSM-5 catalysts were prepared by incorporating Cu2+ cations into ZSM-5 zeolites from an aqueous cupric acetate solution adjusted to different pH values by adding either acetic anhydride or aqueous ammonia in the solution. The Cu2+ exchange levels increased with increasing pH level. STEM/EDX analysis identified CuO particles (5–6 nm) on the zeolite surface for the materials exchanged at pH>6. Conversion and kinetics measurements of NO decomposition to N2 over these catalysts showed that the “over-exchanged” copper was not active. Short-time wash with aqueous ammonia removed this copper. The catalyst activity correlated very well with the amount of copper remaining in the ZSM-5 channels.
Behavior modification: Doing battle in the ethical arena

Behavior modification, designed to change behavior, is a social intervention. While the ethical considerations of all types of social intervention would appear similar, behavior modification is often used as the forum for discussing them. Such frequent use creates the impression that the field is riddled with numerous, unique ethical problems, which in turn contribute to an already questionable image. A variety of factors which have led to the use of behavior modification in this manner and the consequences of this approach are discussed.
The formation of the Widmanstätten structure in meteorites

We have evaluated various mechanisms proposed for the formation of the Widmanstatten pattern in iron meteorites and propose a new mechanism for low P meteoritic metal. These mechanisms can also be used to explain how the metallic microstructures developed in chondrites and stony-iron meteorites. The Widmanstatten pattern in high P iron meteorites forms when meteorites enter the three- phase field α + γ + Ph via cooling from the γ + Ph field. The Widmanstatten pattern in low P iron meteorites forms either at a temperature below the (α + γ)/(α + γ + Ph) boundary or by the decomposition of martensite below the martensite start temperature. The reaction γ → α + γ, which is normally assumed to control the formation of the Widmanstatten pattern, is not applicable to the metal in meteorites. The formation of the Widmanstatten pattern in the vast majority of low P iron meteorites (which belong to chemical groups IAB-IIICD, IIIAB, and IVA) is controlled by mechanisms involving the formation of martensite α2. We propose that the Widmanstatten structure in these meteorites forms by the reaction γ → α2 + γ → α + γ, in which α2 decomposes to the equilibrium α and γ phases during the cooling process. To determine the cooling rate of an individual iron meteorite, the appropriate formation mechanism for the Widmanstatten pattern must first be established. Depending on the Ni and P content of the meteorite, the kamacite nucleation temperature can be determined from either the (γ + Ph)/(α + γ + Ph) boundary, the (α + γ)/(α + γ + Ph) boundary, or the Ms temperature. With the introduction of these three mechanisms and the specific phase boundaries and the temperatures where transformations occur, it is no longer necessary to invoke arbitrary amounts of under-cooling in the calculation of the cooling rate. We conclude that martensite decomposition via the reactions γ → α2 → α + γ and γ → α2 + γ → α + γ are responsible for the formation of plessite in irons and the metal phases of mesosiderites, chondrites, and pallasites. The hexahedrites (low P members of chemical group IIAB) formed by the massive transformation through the reaction γ → αm → α at relatively high temperature in the two- phase α + γ region of the Fe-Ni-P phase diagram near the α/(α + γ) phase boundary.
PARASITES OF THE TIDE POOL FISH Liparis atlanticus (OSTEICHTHYES:LIPARIDAE)*

Of 128 seasnails (Liparis atlanticus) collected from tide pools along the New Hampshire coast, over 90% were infected with the cestode Spathebothrium simplex and with one or both of the trematodes Podocotyle reflexa and Podocotyle atomon. Additional helminths found included Echinorhynchus gadi, Prosorhynchus crucibulum, and larval Thynnascaris sp. in 21, 12, and 9 percent of the hosts, respectively. All fish were infected with a species of Eimeria, and almost 30% had Trichodina sp. on their gills. The microscopic lesions associated with these infections are described, and the possible effects of these parasites on populations of L. atlanticus are discussed.
Mimics on radiography of giant cell tumor of bone.

1583 iant cell tumor of bone often presents with specific imaging features. Many patients are referred to the orthopedic oncology clinic of our institution with a preliminary diagnosis of giant cell tumor based on a radiologist’s interpretation of imaging studies showing features typical of this lesion. Although most of these lesions were subsequently confirmed to be giant cell tumors, we have encountered several similar-appearing lesions that were ultimately diagnosed as another entity. The Typical Giant Cell Tumor of Bone Giant cell tumor of bone tends to affect patients more than 20 years old, with the peak incidence occurring during the third decade of life [1]. Patients usually present with pain. Radiographically, the lesion is purely Mimics on Radiography of Giant Cell Tumor of Bone Gregory S. Stacy 1 , Terrance D. Peabody 2 , Larry B. Dixon 1
A compiler-based communication analysis approach for multiprocessor systems

In this paper we describe a compiler framework which can identify communication patterns for MPI-based parallel applications. This has the potential of providing significant performance benefits when connections can be established in the network prior to the actual communication operation. Our compiler uses a flexible and powerful communication pattern representation scheme that can capture the property of communication patterns and allows manipulations of these patterns. In this way, communication phases can be detected and logically separated within the application. Additionally, we extend the classification of static and dynamic communication patterns and operations to include persistent communications. Persistent communications appear dynamically, however, they remain unchanged for large segments of the application execution. Our compiler is capable of detecting both static and persistent communication patterns within an application. We show that for the NAS parallel benchmarks, 100% of the point-to-point communications can be classified as either static or persistent and, with the exception of IS, 100% of the collective were either static or persistent. By comparison to application trace data, the predicted LBMHD, CG and MG communication patterns have been verified.
A New Haemogregarina Species of the Alligator Snapping Turtle, Macrochelys temminckii (Testudines: Chelydridae), in Georgia and Florida that Produces Macromeronts in Circulating Erythrocytes

Abstract Haemogregarina macrochelysi n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Haemogregarinidae) of the alligator snapping turtle, Macrochelys temminckii, is characterized by slender, recurved gamonts 29–35 × 3–4.5 μm, in which the anterior limb comprises 48–54% of the total length. The gamont nucleus, 5–7.5 × 2–5 μm, is situated at approximately midbody of the gamont. Meronts typical of Haemogregarina occupying erythrocytes have 3-8 small, compact nuclei and are 13–17 × 4.5–9 μm. Erythrocytic meronts that contain larger, nearly square or rectangular nuclei become rounded, and then undergo 7 or more nuclear divisions, which produce very large, usually ovoid to rounded meronts that may contain up to 150 nuclei or more within the thinly stretched host erythrocyte membrane. In tissues of the Placobdella spp. leech vectors, merogony occurs directly from sporozoites, forming merozoites that presumably are infective for the turtle host.
Substance Use Disorders in Schizophrenia—Clinical Implications of Comorbidity

Nearly half of the people suffering from schizophrenia also present with a lifetime history of substance use disorders (SUD), a rate that is much higher than the one seen among unaffected individuals. This phenomenon suggests that the factors influencing SUD risk in schizophrenia may be more numerous and/or complex than those modulating SUD risk in the general population. It is critically important to address this comorbidity because SUD in schizophrenic patients is associated with poorer clinical outcomes and contributes significantly to their morbidity and mortality.
Editorial (Moore's Law)

A self-fulfilling prophecy has taken hold of the electronics world since 1965, the year that Gordon Moore predicted the biennial exponential increase in transistor density for integrated circuits. Since then, industry has used ingenious techniques to overcome numerous obstacles to continued scaling, thereby enabling more powerful and affordable electronics to reshape every aspect of our lives. But change is inevitable, as even in the words of Gordon Moore himself, "no exponential is forever."
Newer Imaging Modalities to Assist With Target Localization in the Radiation Treatment of Prostate Cancer and Possible Lymph Node Metastases

Precise localization of prostate cancer and the drainage lymph nodes is mandatory to define an accurate clinical target volume for conformal radiotherapy. Better target definition and delineation on a daily basis is surely important in quality assurance for fractionated radiation therapy. This article reviews the evidence for major emerging techniques that show promise in better identifying the clinical target volume. Partial prostate boost by brachytherapy, intensity-modulated radiation therapy, or protons has become possible not only with standard imaging techniques but also with the availability of metabolic images obtained by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Even though fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose ( 18 F-FDG) positron emission tomography has not been found to be useful, novel radiolabeled tracers may eventually prove of value in the diagnosis and treatment planning of prostate cancer. For the metastatic lymph nodes, lymphotropic nanoparticle–enhanced magnetic resonance imaging using ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide particles has greater accuracy as compared with conventional techniques and has been instrumental in delineating the lymphatic drainage of the prostate gland. These novel investigational techniques could further help in optimizing conformal radiotherapy for patients with prostate cancer. The concepts of biologic target volume, real target volume, and multidimensional conformal radiotherapy are being explored.
Fourier Shape Descriptors of Pixel Footprints for Road Extraction from Satellite Images

In this paper, an automatic road tracking method is presented for detecting roads from satellite images. This method is based on shape classification of a local homogeneous region around a pixel. The local homogeneous region is enclosed by a polygon, called the pixel footprint. We introduce a spoke wheel operator to obtain the pixel footprint and propose a Fourier-based approach to classify footprints for automatic seeding and growing of the road tracker. We experimentally demonstrate that our proposed road tracker can extract the centerlines of roads with sharp turns and intersections effectively, and has relatively small amount of leakage.
Nosema scripta n. sp. (Microsporida: Nosematidae), a microsporidian parasite of the cottonwood leaf beetle, Chrysomela scripta (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).

Nosema scripta (Microsporida: Nosematidae), a new species of microsporidian parasite, is described from the cottonwood leaf beetle, Chrysomela scripta F. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), in North America. Studies using light and electron microscopy reveal that this species completes its life cycle in direct contact with the cytoplasm of cells within the fat body, midgut, hindgut, muscles, central nerve cord, Malpighian tubules, tracheal end cells, and ovaries. The microsporidium is monomorphic, all life stages are diplokaryotic, and spores develop from disporous sporonts. The mature spores are broadly oval and measure 4.2 * 0.10 x 3.4 ? 0.04 pm. Spores contain a tubular polar filament that is arranged peripherally in a single layer of 13-15 coils. Both horizontal transmission and vertical transmission have been demonstrated for this microsporidium in C. scripta in the laboratory. The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), was susceptible to infection with this pathogen in cross-infectivity studies. Supplementary key words. Chronic disease, cross-infectivity, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, microsporidian ultrastructure, Populus, transovarial transmission. HE cottonwood leaf beetle (CLB), Chrysornela scripta F. T (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a native defoliator of cot- tonwood and poplar (Populus spp.) throughout North America. The cottonwood leaf beetle, a multivoltine species with as many as seven generations per year in the southern United States, is considered a major pest in plantations and nurseries. No patho- gens are known from the CLB, although CLB is susceptible to Bacillus thuringiensis (2). Population regulation is believed to result primarily from predators and parasitoids (3, 5, 61. Adult CLB were shipped to our laboratory from Dr. E. R. Hart's laboratory and field plots at Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa over the last few years. These beetles were noticeably smaller than our laboratory-colony adults, and displayed symp- toms of chronic disease that included reduced fecundity and adult longevity. Microscopic examination revealed the presence of massive infections of adults and larvae with microsporidian spores. This paper describes the pathology and taxonomic status of a previously unknown microsporidium of CLB, using light and electron microscopy. The results of cross-infectivity studies with two other chrysomelid species, the Colorado potato beetle, Lep- tinotarsa decemlineata (Say), and the imported willow leaf beetle, Ptagioderu versicolora (Laicharting), are also reported.
Ceftaroline Is Active against Heteroresistant Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Strains despite Associated Mutational Mechanisms and Intermediate Levels of Resistance

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important infectious human pathogen responsible for diseases ranging from skin and soft tissue infections to life-threatening endocarditis. β-Lactam resistance in MRSA involves acquisition of penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), a protein with low affinity for β-lactams that mediates cell wall assembly when the normal staphylococcal PBPs (PBP1 to -4) are blocked by these agents. Many MRSA strains display heterogeneous expression of resistance (HeR) against β-lactam antibiotics. The β-lactam-mediated homoresistant (HoR) phenotype is associated with both expression of the mecA gene and activation of the LexA-RecA-mediated SOS response, a regulatory network induced in response to DNA damage. Ceftaroline (CPT) is the only FDA-approved cephalosporin targeting PBP2a. We investigated the mechanistic basis of CPT activity against HeR-MRSA strains, including a set of strains displaying an intermediate level of resistance to CPT. Mechanistically, we found that 1 exposure of HeR-MRSA to subinhibitory concentrations of CPT selected for the HoR derivative activated the SOS response and increased mutagenesis. Importantly, CPT-selected HoR cells remained susceptible to CPT while still being resistant to most β-lactams, and 2-CPT activity in HeR-MRSA resided in an attenuated induction of mecA expression in comparison to other β-lactams. In addition, 3-CPT intermediate-resistant strains displayed a significant increase in CPT-induced mecA expression accompanied by mutations in PBP2, which together may interfere with the complete repression by CPT of both PBP2a and PBP2a-PBP2 interactions and thus be a determining factor in the low level of CPT resistance in the absence of mecA gene mutations. The present study provides mechanistic evidence that CPT represents an alternative therapeutic option for the treatment of heteroresistant MRSA strains.
Comparison of the use of body mass index percentiles and percentage of ideal body weight to screen for malnutrition in children with cystic fibrosis

Background: The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CFF) recommends using the percentage of ideal body weight (%IBWCFF) and body mass index percentiles (BMIp) to assess weight-for-height status and to screen for malnutrition. Objective: The objective was to examine the agreement and discrepancy between the use of %IBWCFF and BMIp for screening malnutrition. Design: Data from 13 021 children reported to the 2000 CFF Patient Registry were analyzed. Results: In children of average stature (ie, height-for-age between the 25th and 75th percentiles) and aged 10 y, %IBWCFF corresponded closely to BMIp, and the prevalence of underweight estimated by %IBWCFF 90% was similar to that by BMIp 15th percentile. However, in children with short stature (ie, height-forage 25th percentile), %IBWCFF reflected significantly better weight-for-height status than did the BMIp, whereas the opposite trend was observed in children with tall stature (ie, height-for-age 75th percentile). Such discrepancies averaged 8 –12 percentage points when BMIp was reexpressed to the same unit and scale as %IBWCFF. Consequently, the prevalence of underweight estimated by %IBWCFF 90% was significantly lower (7.3%) than that estimated by BMIp 15th percentile (25.7%) in children with short stature, whereas the opposite trend was found in children with tall stature (47.7% and 14.4%, respectively). Additional analyses showed that BMIp was more sensitive to, and had stronger associations with, the percentage of predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s. Conclusion: Compared with BMIp, %IBWCFF underestimated the severity of malnutrition in children with short stature and overestimated the severity of malnutrition in children with tall stature. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:982–91.