cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decisions and Dilemmas in Everyday Life: Daily Use of Wheelchairs by Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury and the Impact on Pressure Ulcer Risk.

Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) use wheelchairs for mobility and for full participation in their daily activities. The use of wheelchairs, however, can increase the risk of pressure ulcers. This study focused on wheelchair users’ perceptions of the interplay between their wheeled mobility and the development of pressure ulcers by performing a secondary analysis of data gathered during a 2-year ethnographic study of 20 community-dwelling adults with SCI. Data from a subset of these individuals are described; each of these stories contains a pressure ulcer risk episode related to wheeled mobility or cushion use. Identified risk episodes were associated with wheelchair selection, wheelchair adjustment, habituation to new equipment, lifestyle choices, and challenging life contexts. Examples highlighted the crucial relationship between individuals’ minute-to-minute decision-making and pressure ulcer risk.
Another look at offshoring: Which jobs are at risk and why?

Abstract Many recent articles regarding offshoring have made sweeping, industry-wide generalizations about the impact of this process, but have not typically addressed the specific types of jobs that are at risk and why. In this paper, we develop a framework that integrates several key variables–the (changing) need for proximity, the regulatory environment, firm-level security and intellectual property rights concerns, and the socio-political context within which the offshoring phenomenon is unfolding–which collectively help explain how vulnerable particular jobs are to offshoring. We use this framework to examine what types of healthcare and information technology jobs are most and least at risk to offshoring, and suggest extending this model to other industries in order to better understand which jobs are most vulnerable to offshoring and why.
The effects of hydrogen peroxide and sterilization on the structure of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene

The effects of hydrogen peroxide and sterilization on the structure and morphology of medical-grade ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) were studied. Microstructural changes were induced via gamma irradiation sterilization and were accelerated by aging in hydrogen peroxide. Differential scanning calorimetry, density gradient column, transmission electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering were used to characterize the structure. Upon oxidation, a decrease in melting temperature, an increase in heat of fusion, an increase in density, a tortuosity in lamellae, and a tendency to microcrack were observed. Based on the results, a mechanism for the oxidation of UHMWPE is proposed in which oxygen is incorporated into the amorphous phase of the polymer, leading to the development of strains and the breaking of tie molecules in the polymer, which result in the microcracking and embrittlement of the material.
Studies on reverse osmosis for water pollution control

Abstract Reverse osmosis separations of sodium ortho- and polyphosphates, lecithin, ethyl phosphate, sodium nitrite, nitrate, chloride, fluoride and sulfate, ammonium chloride, glutamic acid, and phenyl mercuric acetate and benzoate in aqueous solutions at solute concentrations less than 2000 ppm were studied using improved porous cellulose acetate membranes at 250 psig. Solute separations were essentially independent of feed concentration under the test conditions used. With a film preshrunk at 82°C, the solute separations for sodium phosphates, NaNO 3 , NaNO 2 , NH 4 Cl, glutamic acid, NaCl, NaF, and Na 2 SO 4 were 99.6, 91.2, 91.6, 95.3, 99.1, 96.2, 96.6 and 99.2 percent respectively, and the average membrane flux was 14.4gpd ft −2 ; with a film shrunk at 75°C, the separations for the above solutes were 99.4, 81.5, 83.0, 87.3, 98.6, 89.7, 94.4, and 98.9 per cent respectively, and the average membrane flux was 30.6 gpd ft −2 . The separations obtained for lecithin were > 99 per cent, and those for the others were lower.
On the reaction of P4S10 with hexamethyldisilazane

P4S10 reacts with HMDSN to give SP(NHSiMe3)x(SSiME3)3-x where x = 0-3. These species were shown by 31P NMR spectroscopy to subsequently form cyclic and linear condensation products. The molecular structure of a linear trimer was authenticated by an X-ray diffraction study.
Human Circadian Rhythms: Lessons from the Blind

(1993). Human Circadian Rhythms: Lessons from the Blind. Annals of Medicine: Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 303-305.
824 WHITE BLOOD CELL CHANGES & INCIDENCE OF FEVER AFTER MATERNAL TREATMENT WITH GLUCOCORTICOIDS

A double-blind prospective trial of antepartum glucocorticoid therapy to prevent HMD was carried out over 2½ years. Total white cell counts, differential counts and presence or absence of fever were assessed in the steroid (dexamethasone PO4 4mg IM Q8H × 6) and placebo groups (1 ml saline IM Q8H × 6). In the steroid group, fever was present in 10/36 mothers in a two week period after the first dose; 2/36 cases of fever occurred after placebo (p 24 hours before treatment occurred in 6/36 of the steroid group and 4/36 of the placebo group (N.S.). We conclude that during steroid treatment there is a 25% increase in WBC, a 35% decrease in lymphocytes and a 40% increase in neutrophils probably attributable to steroids per se. An increased risk of fever was also found in the steroid-treated mothers, possibly due to increased risk of infection.
Microprobe Analysis of a High Cu Amalgam Alloy

Microprobe and X-ray diffraction analysis of a high Cu spherical alloy showed a minute dispersion of Cu 3Sn, γ(Ag3Sn), and β(Ag-Sn). The Sn-Hg (γ 2) phase was not detected in amalgams made from this alloy. The reaction phases were found to be γ1(Ag-Hg) and η(Cu6Sn 5).
The mass spectra of the trimethylsilyl esters of acetyl, schiff base and isothiocyanate derivatives of some aminoalkylphosphonic acids

Trimethylsilyl esters of acetyl, Schiff base and isothiocyanate derivatives of a series of aminoalkylphosphonic acids were prepared for the purpose of characterizing these phosphorus compounds by combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The mass spectra of these derivatives were investigated by means of high resolution mass measurments and deuterium labeling. Ions characteristic of the presence of the trimethylsilylphosnate group were observed at m/e 121, 195, 211 and 225 to 227 in the spectra of all the derivatives. Several ions produced by interaction between the trimethylsilyl group and the derivatized amino function were present, particularly in the spectra of the acetate derivatives ([M — 56]+, [M — R]+ and [M — 153]+, where R is the side chain attached to C-1), and the isothiocynate derivatives (m/e 268, 253, 241, 190 and 116).
Effect of re-wetting on silica aerogel structure: a SANS study

Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) has been used to study (1) the ability to refill the pores of a silica aerogel (ρ=0.3 g/cm3) with water and (2) any effect of the water and the re-wetting process on the aerogel structure on the 1 nm to 100 nm scale. A sample filled with a D2O:H2O solution which was chosen to match the scattering properties of silica shows no scattering at length scales <40 nm down to the detection limit (~2 nm) of the experiment. This lack of scattering demonstrates that the mesopores of the silica aerogel were successfully filled with the contrast-matching fluid. SANS spectra for samples filled with air or D2O are similar, indicating that the aerogel structure as detected by this technique is not affected by the reintroduction of water into the pores. Results suggest that some aerogels may be suited for applications in aqueous environments such as catalysis or chemical sensing.
Education as a key resource for the imaging industry

The recent and rapid development of sophisticated technologies and products has resulted in an imaging revolution across many segments of the population, from the military to the medical communities. In particular, electronic imaging is increasingly changing the way in which society provides information, conducts its business, entertains itself, an even designs and simulates its future activities. The educational sector is attempting to keep pace with the new skill-needs precipitated by the emergence of electronic imaging. Comprehensive programs in imaging science call for bringing together the more traditional disciplines such as physics, mathematics, and optics, with newer ones such as computer science, image processing, digital graphics, and so on. Based on its historical strengths, Rochester Institute of Technology has taken a leadership position in bringing together these fields and establishing imaging as an institute-wide theme. The creation of the Center for Imaging Science represents the most obvious example of this commitment, with its specific undergraduate and graduate programs in imaging science. It is noteworthy that these programs have been developed and fostered in close partnership with the imaging industry.
Tone perception deficits in Chinese-speaking Broca's aphasics

Abstract Recent studies have demonstrated some type of tone production problems following left hemisphere lesions in severely aphasic tone-language speakers. We studied the ability of Toisanese Chinese-speaking Broca's aphasics to comprehend lexical tone. Sets of monosyllabic words differing only by tone permitted comprehension testing via a word-picture matching task. The pattern of tone confusion in the aphasics was found to be an exaggeration of that experienced by the normal controls.
Taxol Photoaffinity Label: 7-(p-Azidobenzoyl)taxol Synthesis and Biological Evaluation

Abstract An efficient semi-synthetic approach utilizing the appropriately functionalized (3R,4S)-3-hydroxy-4-phenyl-2-azetidinone ( 4 ) and 7-(p-azidobenzoyl)baccatin III ( 3 ) is described which leads to the targeted biologically active taxol photoaffinity label 6 .
Conflict Management in Mature Rivalry

Rivalry is a form of conflict in which relatively few opponents must make decisions in full knowledge that rivals will perceive those decisions as interfering to a greater or lesser extent with their welfares. Actors' autonomous actions must be undertaken only after opponents' potential reactions have discounted the favorable effects on the initiating agent's welfare in the absence of such reactions. This paper defines an environment of mature rivalry in which this prospective interaction of decisions takes place in a manner that restrains conflict through the fostering of mind-sets, institutions, and conditions that enhance cooperation. The role of uncertainty is featured as a facilitator of these stabilizing tendencies. A formal framework for analyzing the solution process in contexts of mature rivalry is presented using the theory of rivalrous consonance.
The synthesis of C-2 isotopically labeled optically pure warfarin and phenprocoumon

Optically pure isotopically labeled phenprocoumon was prepared from resolved phenprocoumon via ring opening and decarboxylation followed by recarboxylation with suitably labeled (13C, 14C) diethyl carbonate and ring closure. A similar procedure was followed for the preparation of optically pure isotopically labeled warfarin after protection of the side chain carbonyl group by formation of an ethylene dithioketal derivative. The protecting group was quantitatively removed after incorporation of label by treatment with mercuric acetate.
Implicit phasing for R6RS libraries

The forthcoming Revised6 Report on Scheme differs from previous reports in that the language it describes is structured as a set of libraries. It also provides a syntax for defining new portable libraries. The same library may export both procedure and hygienic macro definitions, which allows procedures and syntax to be freely intermixed, hidden, and exported.This paper describes the design and implementation of a portable version of R6RS libraries that expands libraries into a core language compatible with existing R5RS implementations. Our implementation is characterized by its use of inference to determine when the bindings of an imported library are needed, e.g., run time or compile time, relieving programmers of the burden of declaring usage requirements explicitly.
Improved feature reduction in input and feature spaces

In this paper, we present an improved feature reduction method in input and feature spaces for classification using support vector machines (SVMs). In the input space, we select a subset of input features by ranking their contributions to the decision function. In the feature space, features are ranked according to the weighted support vector in each dimension. By applying feature reduction in both input and feature spaces, we develop a fast non-linear SVM without a significant loss in performance. We have tested the proposed method on the detection of face, person, and car. Subsets of features are chosen from pixel values for face detection and from Haar wavelet features for person and car detection. The experimental results show that the proposed feature reduction method works successfully. In fact, our method performs better than the methods of using all the features and the Fisher's features in the detection of person and car. We also gain the advantage of speed.
Exploiting positive equality and partial non-consistency in the formal verification of pipelined microprocessors

We study the applicability of the logic of Positive Equality with Uninterpreted Functions (PEUF) to the verification of pipelined microprocessors with very large Instruction Set Architectures (ISAs). Abstraction of memory arrays and functional units is employed, while the control logic of the processors is kept intact from the original gate-level designs. PEUF is an extension of the logic of Equality with Uninterpreted Functions, introduced by Burch and Dill [1994], that allows us to use distinct constants for the data operands and instruction addresses needed in the symbolic expression for the correctness criterion. We present several techniques that make PEUF scale very efficiently for the verification of pipelined microprocessors with large ISAs. These techniques are based on allowing a limited form of non-consistency in the uninterpreted functions, representing initial memory state and ALU behaviors. Our tool required less than 30 seconds of CPU time and 5 MB of memory to verify a 5-stage MIPS-like pipelined processor that implements 191 instructions of various classes. The verification was done by correspondence checking-a formal method, where a pipelined microprocessor is compared against a non-pipelined specification.
Exploring reaction pathways of single-molecule interactions through the manipulation and tracking of a potential-confined microsphere in three dimensions

Weak non-covalent interactions between single molecules govern many aspects of microscopic biological structure and function, e.g. cell adhesion, protein folding, molecular motors and mechanical enzymes. The dynamics of a weak biomolecular bond are suitably characterized by the kinetic transport of molecular states over an effective energy landscape defined along one or more optimal reaction pathways. Motivated by earlier developments [1,2], we present a novel method to quantify subtle features of weak chemical transitions by analyzing the 3D Brownian fluctuations of a functionalized microsphere held near a reactive substrate. A weak optical-trapping potential is used to confine motion of the bead to a nanoscale domain, and to apply a controlled bias field to the interaction. Stochastic interruptions in the monitored bead dynamics report formation and release of single molecular bonds. In addition, variations in the motion of a bead linked to the substrate via a biomolecule (a protein or nucleic acid) signal conformational changes in the molecule, such as the folding/unfolding of protein domains or the unzipping of DNA. Thus, energy landscapes of complex biomolecular interactions are mapped by identifying distinct fluctuation regimes in the 3D motion of a test microsphere, and by quantifying the rates of transition between these regimes as mediated by the applied confining potential. The 3D motion of the bead is tracked using a reflection interference technique combined with high-speed video microscopy. The position of the bead is measured over 100 times per second with a lateral resolution of ∼3–5 nm and a vertical resolution of ∼1–2 nm. Crucial to the interpretation of results, a Brownian Dynamics simulation has been developed to relate the statistics of bead displacements to molecular-scale kinetics of chemical interactions and structural transitions. The experimental approach is designed to enlarge the scope of current techniques (e.g. dynamic force spectroscopy [3]) to encompass near-equilibrium forward/reverse transitions of weak-complex interactions with multiple binding configurations and more than one transition pathway.
The ferritin genes: their response to iron status.

Iron is a required nutrient which, at high concentrations, can peroxidize cell lipids and other cellular components. To prevent excess iron from damaging cells, it is stored in ferritin, which consists of a shell of protein subunits of two related types, H (heavy) and L (light), surrounding a cavity in which the iron can be deposited. In order to prepare for a rapid increase in ferritin in response to a rise in cellular iron, a large number of dormant ferritin mRNAs are accumulated in the cytoplasm. These can be rapidly activated to yield a large population of ferritin subunits. Regulation is achieved through a 28-nucleotide “stem-and-loop” structure near the beginning of the H- and L-ferritin mRNAs. When this structure is associated with a binding protein (iron regulatory element binding protein, IRE-BP), translation of the ferritin mRNA cannot proceed. However, when intracellular iron accumulates, IRE-BP releases its hold and translation of the mRNA then takes place. IRE-BP has been identified as a cytosolic form of aconitase, containing several fourfold iron-sulfur clusters. Within each cluster one iron atom is labile; this may be the mechanism by which IRE-BP responds to intracellular iron levels. Finally, transcription of the L- and H-genes shows that L is preferentially transcribed in response to increased iron intake, whereas H responds to cell differentiation and other factors. More work is needed to define independent transcription of the individual genes, including regulation of components other than the 28-nucleotide segment.
Henry VIII Burns Luther's Books, 12 May 1521

Luther's name was unknown in England on that 31 October 1517 when he posted his Ninety-Five Theses on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg. Relatively soon, however, after this momentous event it would be widely known in London.
Calculation of the Average Properties of Electromagnetic Cascades at High Energies (AEGIS)

AEGIS1 is a Monte Carlo program which simulates electromagnetic (EM) showers. It is intended mainly for applications to problems involving multi-GeV incident particles. In the high energy domain, analogue calculations tend to be very slow. Their execution time per incident particle grows linearly with energy. For the most energetic electrons and photons produced at present day accelerators (> 100 GeV), one can barely manage to simulate showers in this fashion because of computer time limitations. As to the future of analogue calculations, it is amusing to speculate whether improvements in computer speed and organization can keep pace with increases in particle accelerator energy.
Effect of pressures to 50 kbar on the magnetic behavior of MnP

Abstract The change with pressure in the magnetic-ordering temperature (Tc = 291.5°K at 1 atm) of polycrystalline and single-crystal MnP has been investigated by monitoring the change with temperature in initial permeability of bifilar-wound toroids and a “picture frame” subject to hydrostatic pressures to 30 kbar and quasihydrostatic pressures to 50 kbar. From 1 atm to 20 kbar the Tc for MnP decreases linearly: ΔT c ΔP = −1.85° K/kbar . Between 20 and 30 kbar the slope ΔT c ΔP changes continuously to −2.5°K/kbar. Above 30 kbar the shape of the initial susceptibility vs temperature curve is altered to that characteristic of antiferromagnetic ordering, and ΔT c ΔP appears to change sign. A ferromagnetic-antiferromagnetic transition may reflect either an increase in the metamagnetic transition temperature Tt with pressure (Tt = 50°K at 1 atm) or band broadening that approaches the limiting width that can support spontaneous magnetism. Although Tt was not specifically monitored, failure to find Tt > 57°K at 9 kbar argues against the first alternative. In addition, a sharp peak in the initial permeability curves about 7–9°K below Tc was shown to be due to magnetic anisotropy.
Enzyme inhibition and protein-binding action of the procyanidin-rich french maritime pine bark extract, pycnogenol: effect on xanthine oxidase.

Pycnogenol, an extract from French maritime pine bark (PBE), is a complex mixture of bioflavonoids with reported protective effects against disease. PBE is an effective scavenger of reactive oxygen species, and its main constituents are procyanidins of various chain lengths. To find out the biochemical basis of action of PBE on enzyme activity, involvement of its redox activity and direct binding to the enzyme in its subsequent action on enzyme activity have been investigated. PBE dose-dependently inhibited the activities of xanthine oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, horseradish peroxidase, and lipoxygenase, but it did not affect the activities of glucose oxidase, ascorbate oxidase, or elastase. To characterize the mechanism of PBE action, studies were focused on xanthine oxidase and glucose oxidase. Under non-denaturing conditions, PBE changed the electrophoretic mobility of xanthine oxidase but not of glucose oxidase. Gel filtration chromatography confirmed higher molecular weight complexes of xanthine o...
Interference theory of reflection from multilayered media

Interference effects normal to the plane of incidence are calculated for a light beam incident on a reflecting surface consisting of several parallel thin layers. Resonances that arise when one of the thin layers acts as a two-dimensional waveguide give rise to phase shifts of the plane waves in the reflected beam which vary rapidly with the angle of incidence. Interference in the reflected beam can then sometimes give it the appearance of a diffraction pattern. The results are compared with Levy and Imbert’s recent experiment.
A 2.5 GHz radiation hard fully self-biased PLL using 0.25 µm SOS-CMOS technology

This paper presents a radiation hard PLL using 0.25 µm SOS-CMOS technology for space applications. This PLL is fully self-biased and gives output frequency of 2.5GHz. This robust PLL successfully performs for all the process corners from −40°C to 80°C under Cadence-SpectreRF schematic and layout simulations. A new modification has been done on the differential buffers of the VCO used in the PLL to reduce phase noise. Simulation results from extracted layout including buffers and pads are enlisted for pre and post radiation environments.
Calculating characteristics of noncollinear phase matching in uniaxial and biaxial crystals

A method of calculating the characteristics of noncollinear phase matching in both uniaxial and biaxial crystals is presented. Al- though significant work has been done to characterize collinear phase matching and to present many of its applications, noncollinear phase matching also has unique characteristics, leading to several useful ap- plications. The method presented enables calculations of both the collin- ear and noncollinear cases, and enables a far larger set of nonlinear crystals and configurations to be studied. © 2000 Society of Photo-Optical In- strumentation Engineers. (S0091-3286(00)02304-7)
FORCED DISTRIBUTION RATING SYSTEMS AND THE IMPROVEMENT OF WORKFORCE POTENTIAL: A BASELINE SIMULATION

Through simulation we investigate how characteristics of forced distribution rating systems (FDRS), which require firing a certain percentage of the workforce each year, might interact with ratings reliability, selection validity, selection ratio, and voluntary turnover to improve average workforce performance potential. Results suggest that a FDRS could lead to noticeable improvement in workforce potential, that most of the improvement should be expected to occur over the first several years, and that improvement is largely a function of the percentage of workers to be fired and the level of voluntary turnover. Greater improvement is associated with higher numbers being fired and lower levels of voluntary turnover. The effects of bundling FDRS with recruiting and retention initiatives are also investigated.
Neophobia in the foraging-site selection of a neotropical migrant bird: An experimental study

I hand-raised chestnut-sided warblers (Dendroica pensylvanica) in a room with eight experimental microhabitats; the microhabitats were removed after 6 weeks. I then measured the response of the warblers to the eight "natal" and eight "novel" microhabitats in two experiments conducted 2 and 4 months after removal. Chestnut-sided warblers responded with decreased feeding latency (neophobia) and a greater preference for foraging at the natal microhabitats. I suggest that an ontogenetic increase in neophobia restricts chestnut-sided warblers to foraging at microhabitats most similar to those experienced as juveniles.
Cholecystokinin Cholescintigraphy: Methodology and Normal Values Using a Lactose-Free Fatty-Meal Food Supplement

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the use of a commercially available lactose-free fatty-meal food supplement, as an alternative to sincalide cholescintigraphy, to develop a standard methodology, and to determine normal gallbladder ejection fractions (GBEFs) for this supplement. Methods: Twenty healthy volunteers all had negative medical histories for hepatobiliary and gallbladder disease, had no personal or family history of hepatobiliary disease, and were not taking any medication known to affect gallbladder emptying. All were prescreened with a complete blood cell count, comprehensive metabolic profile, gallbladder and liver ultrasonography, and conventional cholescintigraphy. Three of the 20 subjects were eliminated from the final analysis because of an abnormality in one of the above studies. Results: After gallbladder filling on conventional cholescintigraphy, the subjects ingested the supplement and an additional 60-min study was acquired. GBEFs were calculated and ranged from 33% to 95% (mean ± SD, 62.6% ± 21.3%). Statistical analysis determined the lower range of normal to be 32.6%. Maximal gallbladder emptying occurred between 55 and 60 min. Conclusion: A standard methodology and normal GBEFs (≥33%) were established for supplement-stimulated cholescintigraphy.
Inter-neighborhood Migration and Spatial Assimilation in a Multi-ethnic World: Comparing Latinos, Blacks and Anglos

Longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics are used to examine patterns and determinants of migration into neighborhoods of varying racial and ethnic composition. Consistent with spatial assimilation theory, higher income and education facilitate moving into neighborhoods containing proportionally more non-Hispanic whites and, among Latinos, the native-born move to "more Anglo" neighborhoods than immigrants. Consistent with place stratification theory, blacks move to neighborhoods with significantly fewer Anglos than do comparable Latinos, and the effect of income on migration into more Anglo neighborhoods is stronger for most minority groups than for Anglos. Latinos differ only slightly from Anglos in their migration into neighborhoods with large black populations, and blacks do not differ from Anglos in their migration into neighborhoods with large Latino populations.
Nonregressivity in switched linear circuits and mechanical systems

We analyze several examples of switched linear circuits and a switched spring-mass system to illustrate the physical manifestations of regressivity and nonregressivity for discrete and continuous time systems as well as hybrid discrete/continuous systems from a time scales perspective. These examples highlight the role that nonregressivity plays in modeling and applications, and they point out a fascinating dichotomy between purely continuous systems and discrete, continuous, or hybrid systems. We conclude with a physically realizable null space criterion for inducing nonregressivity.
CULTURE, SOCIAL CLASS, AND INCOME CONTROL IN THE LIVES OF WOMEN GARMENT WORKERS IN BANGLADESH

This article looks at the income-related experiences of women workers in Bangladesh in the export garment industry, the first modern industry in the country to employ large numbers of women. The analysis draws on in-depth interviews with 34 female sewing machine operators at five factories. Despite the traditionally low economic autonomy of Bangladeshi women, the women's ability to control their income was varied, and in fact, a substantial number of the women workers exercised full control over their wages. Socioeconomic background affected women's income control by shaping both the symbolic meaning of women's income and the ability of male kin to fulfill their traditional obligations to women. With the exception of some young unmarried workers, women's employment in the garment industry had not posed a significant challenge to patriarchal family relations.
Fundamental limits to the accuracy of deuterium isotopes for identifying the spatial origin of migratory animals

Deuterium isotope analyses have revolutionized the study of migratory connectivity because global gradients of deuterium in precipitation (δDP) are expressed on a continental scale. Several authors have constructed continental scale base maps of δDP to provide a spatial reference for studying the movement patterns of migratory species and, although they are very useful, these maps present a static, 40-year average view of the landscape that ignores much underlying inter-annual variation. To more fully understand the consequences of this underlying variation, we analyzed the GNIP deuterium data, the source for all current δDP maps, to estimate the minimum separation in δDP (and latitude) necessary to conclude with a given level of confidence that distinct δDP values represent different geographic sites. Extending analyses of δDP successfully to deuterium in tissues of living organisms, e.g., feathers in migratory birds (δDF), is dependent on the existence of geographic separation of δDP, where every geographic location has a distribution of values associated with temporal variability in δDP. Analyses were conducted for three distinct geographic regions: North America, eastern North America (east of longitude 100°W), and Argentina. At the 80% confidence level, the minimum separation values were 12, 7, and 14° of latitude (equivalent to 53, 31, and 32‰) for North America, eastern North America, and Argentina, respectively. Hence, in eastern North America, for example, one may not be able to accurately assign individual samples to sites separated by less than about 7° of latitude as the distributions of δDP were not distinct at latitudes <7° apart. Moreover, two samples that differ by less than 31‰ cannot be confidently said to originate from different latitudes. These estimates of minimum separation for δDP do not include other known sources of variation in feather deuterium (δDF) and hence are a first order approximation that may be useful, in the absence of more specific information for the system of interest, for planning and interpreting the results of new stable isotope studies.
Light-trails: an optical solution for IP transport (Invited)

Feature Issue on Next-Generation WDM Network Design and Routing (WDMN). We present a solution for IP-centric communication at the optical layer through a combination of a hardware platform and algorithmic implementation. The presented approach, termed light-trails, is shown to yield a reconfigurable networking platform in which optical connections of arbitrary duration can be established and torn down flexibly in negligible time, accommodating the dynamic traffic requirements of the IP world. The hardware platform and protocol are evaluated with tractable mathematical models validated through detailed simulation.
Review: Growing Up Growing Old: Trajectories of Times and Lives

Growing Up Growing Old: Trajectories of Times and Lives. Nicholas, A. and Flaherty, I. eds.. Oxford, United Kingdom: Interdisciplinary Press. 2013. ISBN: 978-1-904710-94-8, 229 pp. Price £19.99 (Paper).
GABA transport modulates the ethanol sensitivity of tonic inhibition in the rat dentate gyrus.

Abstract In recent years, the effect of ethanol on tonic inhibition mediated by extrasynaptic GABA A receptors (GABA A Rs) has become a topic of intensive investigation and some controversy. The high ethanol sensitivity of extrasynaptic GABA A receptors containing the δ subunit combined with the role of tonic inhibition in maintaining the background inhibitory "tone" in hippocampal circuits has suggested that they may play a key role mediating certain behavioral effects of ethanol, including those related to learning and memory. We have found that ethanol disrupts learning and learning-related hippocampal function more potently in adolescent animals than in adults and that ethanol promotes extrasynaptic receptor-mediated GABAergic tonic currents more potently in adolescents than in adults. However, there have been no studies of potential mechanisms that may underlie the enhanced ethanol sensitivity of the tonic current in adolescents. In this study, we recorded GABA A receptor-mediated tonic currents in dentate gyrus granule cells in hippocampal slices from adolescent and adult rats. As previously reported, we found that ethanol potentiated the currents more efficaciously in cells from adolescents than in those from adults. We also found that the GAT-1 blocker NO-711 eliminated this developmental difference in ethanol sensitivity. These findings suggest that regulation of ambient GABA by GABA transporters may contribute to the difference in ethanol sensitivity between adolescents and adults.
Using Student Portfolios to Increase Reflective Practice among Elementary Teachers

This article summarizes findings from a 3-year case study of an elementary school in which student portfolios were implemented as part of a comprehensive school reform effort. The study documents (a) the specific role of portfolios in helping teachers at this site confront the discrepancies between what they thought they had taught and what students had actually learned and (b) the larger issues of teachers’ changing conceptions of their instructional practices and professional development needs that resulted from the reform process. Findings were that in this case, portfolios were an important mechanism through which teachers came to a deeper understanding of their professional practices. Teachers began to recognize changes in classroom practice and schoolwide responsibilities and to identify organizational structures and professional development opportunities necessary for the inquiry and reform process. Connections to ideas of reflective practice and critical inquiry and implications for teacher educat...
Foreword: queer diasporic interventions

I wrote this preface in the wake of the massive earthquake and tsunami in Japan in March 2011, as a nuclear disaster of horrifying magnitude unfolds. In light of the scale of human misery and envir...
Multiple intravenous injections of allogeneic equine mesenchymal stem cells do not induce a systemic inflammatory response but do alter lymphocyte subsets in healthy horses.

Intravenous (IV) injection of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is used to treat systemic human diseases and disorders but is not routinely used in equine therapy. In horses, MSCs are isolated primarily from adipose tissue (AT) or bone marrow (BM) and used for treatment of orthopedic injuries through one or more local injections. The objective of this study was to determine the safety and lymphocyte response to multiple allogeneic IV injections of either AT-derived MSCs (AT-MSCs) or BM-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) to healthy horses. We injected three doses of 25 × 106 allogeneic MSCs from either AT or BM (a total of 75 × 106 MSCs per horse) into five and five, respectively, healthy horses. Horses were followed up for 35 days after the first MSC infusion. We evaluated host inflammatory and immune response, including total leukocyte numbers, serum cytokine concentration, and splenic lymphocyte subsets. Repeated injection of allogeneic AT-MSCs or BM-MSCs did not elicit any clinical adverse effects. Repeated BM-MSC injection resulted in increased blood CD8+ T-cell numbers. Multiple BM-MSC injections also increased splenic regulatory T cell numbers compared with AT-MSC-injected horses but not controls. These data demonstrate that multiple IV injections of allogeneic MSCs are well tolerated by healthy horses. No clinical signs or clinico-pathologic measurements of organ toxicity or systemic inflammatory response were recorded. Increased numbers of circulating CD8+ T cells after multiple IV injections of allogeneic BM-MSCs may indicate a mild allo-antigen-directed cytotoxic response. Safety and efficacy of allogeneic MSC IV infusions in sick horses remain to be determined.
Arithmetic shifting considered harmful

For more than a decade there has been great confusion over the semantics of the standard "arithmetic right shift" instruction. This confusion particularly afflicts authors of computer reference handlings and of optimizing compilers. The fact that shifting is not always equivalent to division has been rediscovered over and over again over the year, but has never been publicized.This paper quotes a large number of sources to prove the widest extent of this confusion, and then proceeds to a short discussion of the problem itself and what to do about it.
Trends in the use and impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on perioperative outcomes for resected gastric cancer: Evidence from the American College of Surgeons National Cancer Database

Background Standard of care for patients with advanced gastric cancer includes administration of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) before resection. This study assesses the pattern of use and impact of NAC on perioperative outcomes in US medical centers. Methods Using the American College of Surgeons National Cancer Database, 16,128 patients underwent gastrectomy for cancer from 2003 to 2012. Treatment groups were categorized as NAC or no NAC (ie, adjuvant chemotherapy and surgery only). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to estimate trends in utilization and impact of treatment on perioperative outcomes. Results Of patients undergoing gastrectomy, 36.6% received NAC and 63.4% did not receive chemotherapy in the neoadjuvant setting. Patients who received NAC were more frequently younger, male, white, privately insured, with fewer comorbidities, and treated at an academic center (all P Conclusion With concerns regarding the toxicity of NAC, these findings suggest that NAC is not associated with worse postoperative outcomes. In light of evidence touting the benefits of NAC, its adoption as a component in the multimodality care of gastric cancer is slowly increasing, although use of NAC remains poor overall.
Evaluating Lead Exposure in the Laboratory

Because the symptoms of lead poisoning are nonspecific, the clinical laboratory plays a central role in the evaluation of exposure. Specimen collection requirements are stringent because of the ease of contamination with external lead. The preferred specimen is whole blood. Fingerstick blood is adequate for screening children, although elevated values should be confirmed with venous blood. Several agencies regulate laboratories measuring lead, depending on the specimen type. Categories include clinical specimens, specimens from workplace exposure, and environmental specimens, such as drinking water. Government agencies set reference intervals for blood lead. The most important step in treatment of lead poisoning is to stop further exposure. Other steps include education, removal of lead from the environment, ensurance of proper nutrition, and the use of chelating agents. This is the first article in a four-part continuing education update series on toxicology. Other articles deal with alcohol, trace metals, and nonabusive causes of positive blood screens.
Food Habits and Behavior of the Gray Squirrel

The suburban village of Garden City, New York, is overrun with gray squirrels, Sciurus carolinensis . Their numbers and their boldness, contrasted with respectful behavior at our summer place in the country further east on Long Island, where they are hunted to some extent, are a nuisance and seriously interfere with my bird-banding operations. Broken bread or crackers attract them particularly. They will often steal bread from my bird trap instead of picking up pieces lying nearby. If the door of the trap drops on them, they do not mind, and usually back out without difficulty. They have also acquired great skill in taking food from the trap without tripping it, thereby not being temporarily barred from taking more. When one occasionally gets caught and is treated somewhat roughly to discourage its return, I suspect that it is back before long. Sometimes when one sees me coming to chase it, it ducks into the trap when almost within arm's reach, runs off with a piece of bread, dropping the door behind it, and is back almost as soon as I have reset the trap and turned away. Since publishing something on their food habits (Jour. Mamm., 8: 55–57, 1927) I have made various supplementary notes on the Garden City gray squirrels. The following are compiled from my more recent journals. The maples' buds in spring, and later seeds, make an important contribution to their diet. On May 11, 1948, a squirrel was well up in the slender sunlit outer twigs of a white maple, busily picking and nibbling the full-grown keys which hung profusely in bunches, usually reaching down to get them. Numerous keys which had been dropped were on the ground below, the majority complete except for the inner seed pod which had been removed. Their budding in spring …
Low-temperature synthesis of amorphous FeP2 and its use as anodes for Li ion batteries.

The reaction of Fe(N(SiMe3)2)3 with PH3 in THF at 100 °C gives amorphous FeP2 in high yield. As an anode material in a Li ion battery, this material shows remarkable performance toward electrochemical lithiation/delithation, with gravimetric discharge and charge capacities of 1258 and 766 mA h g–1, respectively, translating to 61% reversibility on the first cycle and a discharge capacity of 906 mA h g–1 after 10 cycles. This translates to 66% retention of the theoretical full conversion capacity of FeP2 (1365 mA h g–1).
Isolation and properties of heat-labile enterotoxin(s) from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.

Various techniques have been applied to the detection of skin reactivity associated with heat-labile Escherichia coli enterotoxin in fermenter-grown cultures of enterotoxigenic strains in syncase medium and in trypticase soy broth. Isolated products that were homogeneous, as determined by disc electrophoresis and sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, differed immunologically and in physicochemical characteristics depending on the strain and medium used, even though the products had similar specific activities in skin tests and in Chinese hamster ovary cells. In support of observations on porcine E.coli enterotoxin, and in contrast to the enterotoxin of Vibrio cholerae, the products were single polypeptide chains with molecular weights ranging from approximately 35,000 ot over 100,000 daltons. Proteolytic cleavage during culture and purification might account for some of the variations observed. The isolated products were almost 10(6)-fold less active than purified choleragen in causing morphologic alterations of Chinese hamster ovary cells, approximately 1,000-fold less active in skin tests, and at least 100-fold less active in rabbit ileal loops. In addition, only 1/100 as much active protein was produced by the strains employed as by V. cholerae. It is possible that accessory or host-derived factors are required. The most effective large-scale procedure for isolation from trypticase soy broth culture supernatants was a sequence of concentration by ultrafiltration, judicious (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, gel filtration on Sephadex G-150, and gel filtration on Agarose A5m, from which the E. coli products (like choleragen) are retarded in their elution. Toxin was isolated from an enterotoxigenic strain that caused diarrhea (total volume, 60-liters) for four days in a patient who had visited Mexico.
MECHANISMS OF NK ACTIVATION: MODELS TO STUDY INDUCTION OF LYSIS AND ENHANCEMENT OF LYTIC EFFICIENCY

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses models to study induction of lysis and enhancement of lytic efficiency. The cytolytic activity of a population of natural killer (NK) cells can be enhanced by several modalities. These include in vitro activation by interferon, prostaglandin E2, ethanol, and in vivo activation by short bursts of exercise. The antisera RH2 and monoclonal antibody 17.2 block 50% to 100% of NK lysis if present during the cytotoxic reaction. These antisera have been absorbed on target cells and, thus, most likely do not directly affect the blockage of target cell molecules. RH2 blocks NK killing both at the level of target recognition and post recognition events. The monoclonal antibody 17.2 blocks at the post binding events. If NK cells are pulsed with these reagents directly following interferon priming, the usual activation of NK lysis is inhibited. Whatever these agents react with are important in the production and/or linkage of post binding pre-NK lytic components. The neoexpression of these molecules at the end of an in vitro activation is unlikely because RH2 or 17.2 is washed out of the system and not present for the entire two-hour incubation.
International Advances in Identification of Human Remains

Abstract With strong, emerging global interest in forensic anthropology, considerable advances have been registered internationally, especially in recognition of the impact of population variation on methodology. New collections have enabled research providing regional perspective. Significant progress has been marked with new investigations of humanitarian/human rights issues; formation of new facilities; certification programs in the United Kingdom, Europe, and Latin America; and the activity of key organizations, such as the International Commission on Missing Persons, the Ellis R. Kerley Foundation, the International Committee of the Red Cross, the Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team, and the Humanitarian and Human Rights Resource Center of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences.
Lay Counseling: A Preliminary Survey of Who, What and How

The results of a preliminary survey of lay counseling are presented. Lay counseling is a concept which the author has previously defined and discussed in this journal. Now data are brought to bear in elaborating the nature of this phenomenon which is a vital element of the mental health maintenance and rehabilitation process. The survey included the types of problems which are the subject of lay counseling, the responses to them, the relation of the lay counselor to the recipient, the effectiveness and other characterristics of the activity which are presented. Prevention of a wide range of interpersonal and intrapersonal problems which are within the purview of the various human service professions has been gaining acceptance both in terms of professional philosophies and in pragmatic demonstrations (Albee and Joffe, 1977; Bloom, 1981; Forgays, 1978; Gilbert, 1982; Joffe and Albee, 1981; Klein and Goldston, 1977; Roskin, 1980). Prevention is both a matter of timing of aid as well as the form of the activity. Often the form of the preventive activity has its base in the self-help model with the professional acting as facilitator or consultant (Borman, 1975; Katz and Bender, 1976). Seaberg (1979) has pointed out that beyond this level of conception of preventive activity is an even more fundamental level of interpersonal helping with occurs naturally in the course of social interaction and involves no professionals at all, namely, "lay counsel-