cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of protein kinase C by antineoplastic agents: implications for drug resistance.

Abstract One mechanism by which drugs alter the function of enzymes is through chronic inhibition. To determine whether commonly used cancer chemotherapeutic agents could alter protein kinase C (PKC) and thereby modify the calcium-messenger system, we studied the effect of anthracyclines and vinca alkaloids on the activity of PKC. Doxorubicin, daunomycin, vincristine and vinblastine inhibited the activity of PKC by 50% at concentrations of 150, 120, 350 and 140 μM respectively. Furthermore, we demonstrated the potential for this interaction to occur in intact cells, since doxorubicin blocked the binding of the phorbol ester, PDBu, to its receptor, PKC. The mode of inhibition of PKC was due, at least in part, to interference with the activation of the enzyme by phosphatidylserine. The activity of PKC was increased 15 fold in a highly resistant human breast cancer line, but this increase in enzymic activity was not seen in all lines tested. These studies demonstrate that anthracyclines and vinca alkaloids inhibit PKC, and suggest that chronic antagonism could lead to changes in its activity and function.
Russian iambic pentameter: A case study in rhythm

The Russian pentameter is historically associated with the English and German traditions, but typologically it has with some justice been compared to the French decasyllable. The present article analyzes the structure and cultural context of Russian pentameter and examines in detail the use of caesura in a small corpus of iambic pentameter poems by Afanasy Fet. It is shown that the use of caesura correlates with patterns of word stress. In particular, the appearance of caesuraed lines in poems in which caesura is relatively weak correlates with the stress patterns of the lines in question: caesuraed lines are less heavily stressed than uncaesuraed ones, a correlation that theoretically should promote equalization of line length across the text. Russian poetry has a general tendency to promote equality of line length, and the intrusion of occasional I6 lines into I5 texts, a phenomenon known in many Russian I5 poems, can be viewed as a related strategy for handling ragged I5 lines.
Expected performance of the mm-wave isochronous FEL at the Duke storage ring

Abstract We propose to operate an isochronous mm-wave FEL at the Duke storage ring. Resonant FEL conditions for mm-waves will be provided by the off-axis interaction with an electromagnetic wave. The intracavity power of the mm-wave FEL could be used to pump a hard X-ray inverse Compton source with very high brightness. This is discussed in a separate contribution to these proceedings. Simulation results of mm-wave FEL operation on the Duke storage ring are discussed. The expected performance of a mm-wave FEL is presented.
Physical maps of human α(1,3)fucosyltransferase genes FUT3–FUT6 on chromosomes 19p13.3 and 11q21

Sialyl Lewis x and related fucosylated glycans are differentially expressed in human cells and form ligands for selectin adhesion receptors. alpha(1,3)Fucosyltransferases (FUTs) that complete their biosynthesis also show tissue specificity. We have established physical maps of the FUT3-6 loci to study regulation of this gene family. FUT4 has previously been localized to chromosome 11q21; FUT3, FUT6, and now FUT5 are localized to chromosome 19p13.3. Conventional and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis mapping of total genomic DNA and large genomic clones were used to generate a fine map of both loci, defining the order, orientation, and distances between FUTs. A P1 clone with all three 19p FUT genes in tandem orientation was isolated and used to study regions flanking FUT3, -5, and -6. Our studies provide preliminary information to study regulation of human FUT genes.
New directions in host modulation for the management of periodontal disease.

BACKGROUND New strategies for periodontal disease management have been emerging as more is learned about the role of the host response. Our increasing understanding of inflammation and its resolution has opened the door to the study of new periodontal treatment strategies. This commentary examines periodontal disease in light of a new understanding of the role of inflammation in disease expression, thus setting the stage for the development of new prevention and treatment strategies of a widespread disease. METHODS We examined current publications and focused on articles relating to anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution mechanisms in periodontal disease. RESULTS Recent research has examined the inflammatory and resolution cascade in greater detail while looking at endogenous and exogenous mediators that can be utilized to achieve therapeutic end-points. The possible introduction of "resolution indices" for drug testing warrants a new look at pharmacologic agents that might have been overlooked for their beneficial effects in periodontal disease treatment. CONCLUSION The emerging awareness of inflammation and its control in periodontal disease management underscores the importance of exploring inflammatory pathways and mediators, thus exploring new ways to control inflammation. This direction of research promises a new era in drug discovery and therapeutics for periodontal disease treatment.
Microwave dielectric studies on proteins, tissues, and heterogeneous suspensions

We summarize the results of several of our recent studies on the dielectric properties of protein solutions, tissues, and nonionic microemulsions at microwave frequencies extending to 18 GHz. The data in all cases are analyzed using the Maxwell mixture theory to determine the dielectric properties of the suspending water and the amount and dielectric properties of the water hydration associated with the suspended phase. The dielectric data from the protein solutions and tissues are broadly consistent with the results of previous studies at UHF frequencies; they indicate hydration values in the range of 0.4-0.6 g water/g protein. There is evidence of a dielectric relaxation process occurring at low-GHz frequencies that can be attributed in part to dielectric relaxation of the "bound" water in the system. The remaining solvent water appears to have dielectric properties close to, if not precisely the same as, those of pure water. The average relaxation frequency of the suspending water in the microemulsions is reduced from that of pure water, evidently reflecting an average of that of the water of hydration (approximately 5-6 GHz) and that of pure water. This reduced average relaxation frequency implies an increased average viscosity of the water and (by Walden's rule) accounts for the unexpectedly low ionic conductivity of the preparations.
Nutrition-Specific TV Ads Presented During After-School Programming: Junk Food for the Mind?

Abstract studies indicate that watching TV is the #1 after-school activity among children ages 6-17. Television viewing is associated with obesity in children. While a number of studies have examined TV ads during Saturday morning programming, the purpose of this study is to quantify the number and describe the type of nutrition-specific messages presented during after-school programming to children. Four television channels (a local, cable, independent and major network) were selected for inclusion in this study. Programming was videotaped for five consecutive weekdays from 2:30-5:00 p.m. Each commercial featuring a food and/or beverage was coded in 9 areas: product name, manufacturer, type of commercial, type of food, use of incentives, presence of children, eating occurring, meal vs. snack, and type of message delivered. During 50 hours of television programming, 1305 commercials were noted. Food-specific advertising occurred in 60% of the ads. The most frequently advertised foods were breakfast cereals (26%), fast food (14%), pizza (8%) and fruit snacks (8%). Following close behind was TV ads for chips, desserts and candy (∼7% respectively). Messages presented to children during these commercials emphasized food taste and whether it was run/cool/hip to eat the foods. TV ads presented during afternoon programming were similar to those targeting children during Saturday morning cartoons and featured foods high in sugar, fat, and/or sodium. Dietitians should counsel parents on the potential influence of television on children's food choices and physical activity levels. In addition to continued national advocacy and policy efforts, dietitians should help parents and teachers educate children to become responsible and informed consumers.
Chlorofluoromethanes in South Atlantic Antartic intermediate water

Abstract Distribution of the dissolved atmospheric chlorofluoromethanes (CFMs) F-11 and F-12 in the South Atlantic Ocean are used to study the ventilation and circulation of Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW). CFM distributions on an isopycnal surface representative of AAIW are consistent with recently ventilated water entering the subtropical gyre in the southwestern Atlantic and then being advected anticyclonically around this gyre. The westward-flowing northern limb of the gyre apparently divides near the coast of South America with some water flowing southward to recirculate in the gyre, and the balance flowing northward along the coast of Brazil. At the equator this northward current divides again with one branch going eastward along the equator and the other continuing into the Northern Hemisphere. In the eastern tropical Atlantic, the CFM concentrations on this isopycnal surface in the cyclonic gyre are extremely low between the subtropical gyre and the equatorial tongue. Along the prime meridian, the F-11 and F-12 concentrations on the 27.2 θσ isopycnal surface between the mixed layer outcrop and the northern edge of the subtropical gyre are fitted to a one-dimensional advection-diffusion model. This model assumes that the CFMs enter the tubtropical gyre solely by northward diffusion from the mixed layer outcrop to the southern edge of the subtropical gyre, and that their distributions within the gyre are controlled by both advective and diffusive processes. Velocity and eddy diffusion coefficients are calculated from a least-squares fit to the data. These values are then used to calculate a mean oxygen consumption rate which is consistent with rates calculated using models of other time-dependent geochemical tracers.
Gymnonereidinae new subfamily: the Nereididae (Polychaeta) with bifid parapodial neurocirri

Summary Among the Nereididae without (hardened chitinous?) paragnaths, the genera with bifid parapodial neurocirri have in common also a pronounced inequality between the anterior and medio-posterior body regions in the number of setae per parapodium; this leads to a peculiar habitus of most of these forms. A new subfamily, Gymnoneredinae, is proposed for the previously recognized genera Ceratocephale Malmgren, Gymnonereis Horst, and Tambalagamia Pillai; Micronereides Day has also been included. Two new species, Ceratocephale hartmanae and C. oculata, are described, and additions to the descriptions of eight of the previously known nine other members of the family made, primarily based on a study of type material. New species combinations are proposed, and generic diagnoses amended.
Cytochrome oxidase subunit III gene from soybean mitochondria.

The gene for cytochrome oxidase subunit III (coxIII) was isolated from a soybean mitochondrial DNA cosmid library [1] and subcloned for sequencing. The sequence of the soybean coxIII gene and flanking regions is presented
Repeatability of correlations between heterozygosity, growth and survival in a natural population of the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria L.

Abstract A single population of the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria was examined for repeatability of correlations between multilocus heterozygosity and fitness-related traits. Clams were collected in June 1986. October 1987, and June 1988 from a site at Shark River Inlet, New Jersey. A large sample taken in 1988 gave the best representation of all age classes, particularly new recruits. Genetic variation was estimated using nine protein-encoding gene loci. All three samples were deficient in heterozygotes; however, deficiencies were heterogeneous across loci, providing no evidence for systematic inbreeding. Although multilocus heterozygosity was not associated with growth rate in any of the three samples, the large 1988 sample revealed a significant association with age. A resampling analysis of the 1988 data set revealed that detection of weak heterozygosity-age correlations was profoundly influenced by sample size and dependent upon adequate representation of young age classes in the population.
CARRIER FREQUENCIES FOR SANDHOFF DISEASE (SHD) AND TAY-SACHS (TSD) IN AMERICAN JEWISH (J) AND NON-JEWISH (NJ) POPULATIONS

Serum hexosaminidase (HEX) profiles from 59,805 J and 42,477 NJ individuals screened for TSD heterozygote status were used to estimate the SHD and TSD carrier frequencies in these populations. Mean levels of total HEX (T-HEX) and % heat labile HEX (% HEX-A) in sera differ among noncarriers (NC), obligate TSD carriers (TSD C) and obligate SHD carriers (SHD C) as follows: A 95% bivariate isodensity ellipse has been constructed with T-HEX and % HEX-A values from 31 obligate SHD heterozygotes. The ellipse identifies suspect SHD C with 95% sensitivity and a 1-3% false positive rate. Cluster analysis and a derived linear discriminant function from retest serum and leukocyte T-HEX and % HEX-A values discriminates between true SHD C and NC. The TSD C frequency is 1/801 in J and 1/414 in NJ. These estimates are consistent with SHD incidence data from our national surveillance program. The TSD C frequency in J is 1/28, while a TSD C rate in NJ of 1/90 has been observed. The NJ TSD C rate is not consistent with disease incidence data. Rather, it is probable that 70% of the NJ identified as TSD C may be heterozygotes for other partial HEX-A mutations, and therefore at risk for other GM2 ganglioside storage disorders.
Continuous selective models

Abstract Neglecting age-structure, but taking into account matings with differential fertility in Mendelian reproduction, continuous selective models are formulated for a single locus with an arbitrary number of alleles, with or without distinguishing the sexes, and for two alleles at each of two loci in a monoecious population. In each case, without restricting the mating system, differential equations are derived for the genotypic frequencies, and the validity of the customary Malthusian-parameter differential equations for the gametic frequencies is established. Particular attention is devoted to the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg proportions under random mating. For multiple alleles at a single locus in a monoecious population, exact solutions are obtained for the following three Hardy-Weinberg models: gametic selection, no dominance, and the same selective effect for all alleles but one. The last scheme includes, as special cases, a completely dominant or recessive distinguished allele, and arbitrary selection with only two alleles. Two single-locus assortative mating patterns are analyzed for a monoecious organism using the general formalism. One of these has an arbitrary number of alleles, all the genotypes being distinguishable, while the other involves two alleles, one of which is completely dominant to the other.
AIDS and Pediatric Research

This article describes basic epidemiologic and clinical features of HIV disease in infants, children, and adolescents and explores controversies about pediatric research in the specific context of AIDS. Because many potentially therapeutic agents will initially be available only through clinical trials, it is essential that pediatric populations have access to such trials yet not be exposed to undue risks. Distinguishing clearly between risks posed by research interventions versus those associated with attempts to provide treatment may guide the resolution of apparent ethical dilemmas. Special attention must also be given to concerns raised by trials that involve placebo administratcon, perinatal interventions, enrollment of foster children, and consent by adolescents without parental notification .
Theoretical aspects of trade, risk and growth☆

Abstract An intertemporal model of an open economy incorporating risk in the export price is developed. It is shown how the optimal trajectories for consumption, investment, growth, exports, and resource allocation can be determined using dynamic stochastic programming. The risk sensitivity and time effects of the various trajectories are analyzed for the case of a logarithmic social utility function. Interestingly, the results obtained are not all in conformance with the conventional results of portfolio theory analysis as applied to savings.
Comparative analysis of response to phenotypic and marker-assisted selection for multiple lateral branching in cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.)

Yield increase in processing cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is positively correlated with an increase in number of fruit-bearing branches. Multiple lateral branching (MLB) is a metric trait controlled by at least five effective factors. Breeding efficacy might be improved through marker-assisted selection (MAS) for MLB. Experiments were designed to independently confirm previously determined linkage of molecular markers (L18-2-H19A SNP, CSWTAAA01 SSR, CSWCT13 SSR, W7-2 RAPD and BC-551 RAPD) to MLB, and to determine their utility in MAS. These markers were present in significantly higher frequency than expected (1, presence:3, absence; p < 0.001) in BC2 plants selected based on a high MLB phenotype (BC2PHE). However, markers that were considered selectively neutral fit the expected segregation of donor parent DNA in BC2 progeny. Markers linked to MLB were used in MAS of BC1 and BC2 plants to produce BC2MAS, and BC3MAS progeny. Means for MLB in MAS populations were compared with backcross populations developed through phenotypic selection (BC2PHE, BC3PHE) and by random mating where no selection had been applied (BC2RND, BC3RND). Statistical analysis showed no significant differences (p < 0.001) between means of phenotypic (BC2PHE = 3.02, BC3PHE = 3.29) and marker-aided selection (BC2MAS = 3.12, BC3MAS = 3.11) for MLB. However, both phenotypic and MAS population means were significantly higher than the random control (BC2RND = 2.27, BC3RND = 2.41) for MLB. Thus, given the observed response to selection and the rapid life-cycle of cucumber (4 months), markers linked to MLB when used in MAS will most likely be effective tools in cucumber improvement.
Corporate Citizenship and the Employee: An Organizational Identification Perspective

Social identity theory and the related concept of organizational identification provide a conceptual lens to consider how and why corporate citizenship affects individual employees. The model we develop predicts that employee perceptions of corporate citizenship (PCC) indirectly affect organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and employee deviance. Results from a sample of working adults demonstrate that PCC directly influences organizational identification, which in turn affects employee behavioral outcomes. Organizational identification was positively related to employee OCBs and negatively related to employee deviance. Furthermore, the strength of influence of organizational identification was greater for organizationally directed OCB and deviance than it was for individually directed OCB and deviance.
Novel Delivery System for the Bioregulatory Agent Nitric Oxide

The diatomic free radical nitric oxide (NO) plays a crucial role in many physiological functions including vasodilation, angiogenesis, and neurotransmission, as well as some immune responses. NO-mediated processes allude to the possibility that chemical systems capable of generating NO may provide useful therapeutic applications. We present here a method to fabricate an NO-releasing bandage. Zeolite A was embedded within porous polylactic acid fibers of a nonwoven mat generated by electrospinning. These composite fibers were then subjected to mild heat treatment, softening the polymer to encapsulate the embedded zeolite and effectively slowing the nitric oxide release.
Prospects of improved oil recovery related to wettability and brine composition

Although attention is given to the composition of the injected brine in a waterflood with respect to compatibility with the formation, tests are not usually made to determine its effect on oil recovery. This study shows that the wettability and laboratory waterflood recoveries of crude oil/brine/rock (COBR) ensembles can be strongly dependent on brine composition and on related COBR interactions. The sensitivity of these interactions to temperature and crude oil composition is also demonstrated.
Intermolecular versus intramolecular electron-/atom- (Cl) transfer in heme-iron and copper pyridylalkylamine complexes

Abstract While outer-sphere electron-transfer reactions come with a firm experimental and theoretical basis, less is known about the redox reactions occurring by atom-transfer. In the present study, relevant reactions occur upon mixing, (F8)FeIII(Cl) (F8 is tetrakis(2,6-difluorophenyl)porphyrinate) with a series of [(L)CuI]+ complexes (L are tripodal tetradentate pyridylalkylamine ligands varying in effective chelate ring sizes: TMPA, PMEA, PMAP) to form (F8)FeII and [(L)CuII(Cl)]+. The electron-/atom- (Cl ) transfer process is characterized by electrochemical measurements as well as UV–Vis, 1H NMR, and EPR spectroscopies. Stopped-flow UV–Vis spectroscopy in THF indicate the following relative rates (kobs) [CuI(pmea)]+ > [CuI(pmap)]+ > [CuI(tmpa)(thf)]+. However, the redox potentials as related to ΔG∘ for the reaction, [E1/2(oxidant) − E1/2(reductant)], predict the trend [CuI(tmpa)(CH3CN)]+ > [CuI(pmea)]+ > [CuI(pmap)]+. A detailed description of CuI-to-CuII structural changes is provided and these likely influence the observed [(L)CuI]+/(F8)FeIII(Cl) reaction rates. Analogous chemistry is described for a heme–copper system utilizing a heterobinucleating ligand (6L), which is comprised of a TMPA like moiety tethered at the 6-position of one of the pyridyl donors to a F8-like heme. Kinetic/mechanistic insights were obtained from transient absorption spectroscopic monitoring in CH3CN following photoejection of carbon monoxide from [(6L)FeII(CO)⋯CuII(Cl)].
Archeometallurgy related to swords

Abstract This tutorial describes the development of swords, their influence on the evolution of materials, and their impact on society. Swords can be dated to the Bronze Age and over time came to be found in many different cultures. They evolved not only geographically, but also with respect to their design and the materials used for manufacture as the nature of conflict evolved. Some of the most advanced materials and manufacturing techniques prior to the modern age find expression in sword manufacture. Carbon dating of ancient iron and steel weapons, and even their oxides in some cases (which retain iron carbide particles), can be used effectively to resolve the date of manufacture. Coupled with their range of styles and compositions, the study of swords is an extremely valuable archeological tool.
Appearance Idealization, Body Esteem, Causal Attributions, and Ethnic Variations in the Development of Obesity Stereotypes.

Abstract We explored the hypotheses that adolescents have more negative obesity stereotypes than children and that age differences in obesity stereotypes are mediated by weight attributions, body esteem, and appearance idealization. Hispanic- and Caucasian-American children completed measures of appearance idealization, body esteem, and attributions about the causes of obesity. Participants later made generalizations from and attributions to “target” children, whose pictures varied by weight, gender, and ethnicity. Despite modest variations by participant ethnicity, age-related increases in obesity biases were (a) found across both stereotyping measures, (b) evident for both Hispanic and Caucasian targets, and (c) most pronounced for female targets. Although the association between age and obesity biases was partially mediated by appearance idealization and body esteem, these variables did not entirely explain the observed age-related increases in biases. Discussion focuses on the psychosocial atmosphere of adolescence, a “thin is in/fat is out” heuristic, and the development of implicit and explicit processing systems.
Multigene analyses identify the three earliest lineages of extant flowering plants

Abstract Flowering plants (angiosperms) are by far the largest, most diverse, and most important group of land plants, with over 250,000 species and a dominating presence in most terrestrial ecosystems. Understanding the origin and early diversification of angiosperms has posed a long-standing botanical challenge [1]. Numerous morphological and molecular systematic studies have attempted to reconstruct the early history of this group, including identifying the root of the angiosperm tree. There is considerable disagreement among these studies, with various groups of putatively basal angiosperms from the subclass Magnoliidae having been placed at the root of the angiosperm tree (reviewed in [2–4]). We investigated the early evolution of angiosperms by conducting combined phylogenetic analyses of five genes that represent all three plant genomes from a broad sampling of angiosperms. Amborella , a monotypic, vesselless dioecious shrub from New Caledonia, was clearly identified as the first branch of angiosperm evolution, followed by the Nymphaeales (water lilies), and then a clade of woody vines comprising Schisandraceae and Austrobaileyaceae. These findings are remarkably congruent with those from several concurrent molecular studies [5–7] and have important implications for whether or not the first angiosperms were woody and contained vessels, for interpreting the evolution of other key characteristics of basal angiosperms, and for understanding the timing and pattern of angiosperm origin and diversification.
Test of a “trumpet” secondary concentrator with a paraboloidal dish primary

Abstract Secondary concentrators properly designed according to the principles of nonimaging optics can increase the achievable concentration ratio of a point focus solar concentrator substantially above the level for a focussing primary alone. One such secondary is the so called “trumpet” concentrator whose hyperbolic shape is derived from the theory of the geometrical vector flux. A practical version was designed, fabricated and tested recently on the large 11-meter Paraboloidal Test Bed Concentrator operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The secondary concentration ratio was 2.1 x . That is, it reconcentrated the energy in a focal spot of 20.3 cm diameter into a circle of 14.0 cm diameter corresponding to an area reduction of 2.1 to 1. The trumpet performed as predicted by optical models. When operating with a receiver corresponding to a gross geometrical concentration ratio of 4800:1, addition of the trumpet increased the intercepted energy by 30%. Characterized in another way the trumpet increased the geometric concentration ratio from 2200:1 for the primary alone to nearly 4800:1 with an efficiency of >96%. The results of the test demonstrate that with a properly cooled secondary one can either improve the achievable concentration ratio or relax the primary tolerance requirements for essentially negligible increase in system cost or complexity.
Direct functions calls in Lisp

This paper compares implementation strategies for function calls in compiled Lisp. We discuss various ways of allowing compiled call instructions to branch immediately to a callee's code (direct calls), rather than to refer to a symbol that points to the function's definition (indirect calls). We examine the performance of direct and indirect function calls on the VAX and MC68020, and on a RISC architecture—the SPUR multiprocessor. For the SPUR architecture, single indirection slows applications by 3–4%, and double indirection slows applications by 6–8%. The performance benefits of direct function calls are considerably smaller for the VAX and MC68020 architectures. We discuss also the costs and complexities involved in implementing direct function calls.
Influence of light irradiance on hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase activity, serotonin-N-acetyltranferase activity, and radioimmunoassayable melatonin levels in the pineal gland of the diurnally active Richardson's ground squirrel

When Richardson's ground squirrels were kept under light:dark cycles of 14:10 h there was no nocturnal rise in pineal hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) activity. Conversely, the 10 h dark period was associated with large nocturnal rises in both pineal serotonin-N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity and radioimmunoassayable melatonin levels. The nighttime rises in pineal NAT and melatonin were not suppressed by the exposure of the animals to a light irradiance of 925 mu W/cm2 during the normal dark period. On the other hand, when the light irradiance was increased to 1850 mu W/cm2 the rise in pineal NAT activity was eliminated while the melatonin rise was greatly reduced. When ground squirrels were acutely exposed to a light irradiance of 1850 mu W/cm2 for 30 min beginning at 5.5 h after lights out, pineal NAT activity and melatonin levels were reduced to daytime values within 30 min. The half-time (t 1/2) for each constituent was less than 10 min. Exposure to a light irradiance of either 5 s or 5 min (beginning at 5.5 h into dark period) was equally as effective as 30 min light exposure in inhibiting pineal NAT activity and melatonin levels. When animals were returned to darkness after a 30 min exposure to a light irradiance of 1850 mu W/cm2 at night, both pineal NAT activity and melatonin levels were restored to high nighttime levels within 2 h of their return to darkness. The results indicate that the pineal gland of the wild-captured, diurnal Richardson's ground squirrel is 9000 X less sensitive to light at night than is the pineal gland of the laboratory raised, nocturnal Syrian hamster.
A solar radio spectrograph with high time resolution

Instrumentation for obtaining high time resolution dynamic spectra of solar radio bursts at decimetric wavelengths is described. The spectrograph sweeps the frequency range of 565–1000 MHz at a rate of 100 times per second. All data are recorded both on film and as an analog signal on magnetic tape. The frequency and flux calibrations are discussed. A sampling system which allows the activity at three discrete frequencies to be plotted on a chart recorder is described.
Baccalaureate Student Perceptions of Integrating Simulation as a Teaching Strategy in an Acute and Critical Care Nursing Course

Abstract Background This article describes the context and student perceptions of integrating simulation into the baccalaureate acute and critical care nursing course. Method A total of 209 teaching evaluation tools completed by senior students from 2007 to 2010 were analyzed retrospectively. Results The response agreement on specific items was high; in addition, the effectiveness of simulation as a teaching strategy was elaborated by three themes that emerged from students' comments: (a) More simulation experience is needed, (b) simulation should be introduced early in the program, and (c) simulation is a great way to learn. Conclusion Simulation is an effective teaching strategy that can be successfully integrated throughout the baccalaureate nursing curriculum.
Comparisons of anti-human immunodeficiency virus activities, cellular transport, and plasma and intracellular pharmacokinetics of 3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine and 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine.

3'-Fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine (FLT), a candidate anti-AIDS compound in clinical trials, showed anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) potency (50% effective concentration, 0.0052 microM) slightly better than or equal to that of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) in MT4 cells and was threefold more potent in H9 cells. There was no FLT resistance demonstrable in the AZT-resistant HIV-1 strains. Both FLT and AZT showed low cytotoxicity for MT4 cells, with selectivity indices (efficacy/toxicity ratio) of greater than 47,000 and greater than 33,000, respectively. Cellular permeation of FLT and thymidine (dThd) was greater than that of AZT, and FLT and dThd permeated the cell membranes by a carrier-mediated mechanism as well as by simple diffusion, as indicated by the existence of nitrobenzylthioinosine-5'-monophosphate-sensitive and -insensitive components. By contrast, transport of AZT into cells was by simple diffusion. The intracellular level of the triphosphate of FLT (FLTTP) in MT4 cells was two- to threefold higher than that of AZT (AZTTP) after exposure to 1.8 microM each compound for 12 h. The elimination kinetics of FLTTP and AZTTP in HIV-1-infected MT4 cells in fresh medium showed biphasic patterns, with initial half-lives of 1.03 and 1.09 h, respectively. In phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes, the FLTTP level was increased 59-fold compared with that in unstimulated cells at 12 h, was four- to sixfold higher than the level of AZTTP in stimulated cells at 12 h, and remained four- to fivefold higher during a 4-h elimination period in fresh medium and twofold higher at the end of a 12-h elimination period. Two- to eightfold more [3H]AZT than [3H]FLT was incorporated into the host cell DNA, and both [3H]AZT and [3H]FLT remained persistently incorporated for over 24 h. The incorporated [3H]AZT and [3H]FLT were alkali labile, whereas incorporated [3H]dThd was alkali stable. Pharmacokinetics of FLT in plasma of monkeys after intravenous (i.v.) administration showed that the FLT concentration in plasma declined, with a half-life of 1.19 +/- 0.1 h; the steady-state volume of distribution was 0.93 +/- 0.2 liter/kg of body weight, and total clearance was 0.56 +/- 0.15 liter/kg. Oral bioavailability of FLT was excellent and comparable to i.v. bioavailability in terms of areas under the concentration-time curves for three monkeys. Of the total dose, 41 to 61% was excreted in urine as unchanged FLT, and only 3.2 to 7.4% of the total dose was identified as glucuronide-conjugated FLT in urine 48 h after i.v. administration to monkeys. We conclude that FLT exhibits an anti-HIV-1 potency similar to that of AZT but with slightly better selectivity of effects and with higher intracellular active metabolite levels.
The stock market impact of government interventions on financial services industry groups: Evidence from the 2007–2009 crisis

Abstract We examine the market reaction and shift in risk from nine prominent government interventions in response to the crisis between February 2007 and July 2009 on four types of institutions: banks, savings and loan associations (SL non-U.S. firms experience lower changes in systematic risk.
ISOTROPY OF PION EMISSION AT 6 Bev

Observations have been made of the angular distribution of energetic electron pairs in nuclear emulsions which had been exposed to the internal 6.3- Bev proton beam of the Bevatron. The method by which the pairs were found is discussed. The angular distribution of the pairs is reasonably similar to that of the neutral pions originating in proton-nucleus collisions in the emulsion. Examination of the angular distributions in terms of multiple meson production in nucleon-nucleon collisions indicates that for these observations the emission is consistent with isotropy in the center-of-mass system. (auth)
Effect of fatty acid profile in vegetable oils and antioxidant supplementation on dairy cattle performance and milk fat depression

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of unprotected vegetable oils differing in fatty acid profiles with or without a commercial antioxidant (Agrado Plus, Novus International, St. Charles, MO) on dairy cattle performance, milk fatty acid profiles, and milk fat depression. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows were blocked by production (high and low) and assigned to Agrado Plus or no Agrado Plus diets as the main plot in this experiment. The 6 cows in each of the fixed effect groups (high with and without Agrado, low with and without Agrado) were then assigned to a 6 × 6 Latin square as a split plot with 21-d periods. The 6 dietary treatments in the split-plot Latin square were no added oil (control), or 5% DM as oil from palm (PO), high-oleic safflower (OSAF), high-linoleic safflower (LSAF), linseed (LNSD), or corn (CO). Added oil replaced corn starch in the total mixed ration. Diets were formulated to have similar crude protein and neutral detergent fiber, and consisted of 41.2% alfalfa silage, 18.3% corn silage, and 40.5% concentrate mix (dry matter basis). Feeding Agrado Plus did not affect milk, milk fat, or milk protein production or milk fatty acid composition in this study. No significant differences were found between oil feeding versus control for dry matter intake, milk yield, and milk protein yield, but oils other than PO significantly decreased milk fat concentration and proportion and yield of milk short- and medium-chain fatty acids (C(<16)). Feeding PO effectively maintained milk fat yield (1.18 kg/d) and concentration (3.44%), whereas the oils rich in linoleic acid (CO and LSAF) significantly decreased milk fat yield (0.98 and 0.86 vs. 1.14 kg/d) and concentration (3.05 and 2.83 vs. 3.41%) compared with control. Similar lactation performance between OSAF and LNSD suggests that oleic and linolenic acids are roughly equal in potency of milk fat depression.
Spontaneous regression of left ventricular dilation in children with restrictive ventricular septal defects.

Objectives To test the hypothesis that left ventricular (LV) dilation associated with pressure-restrictive ventricular septal defect (VSD) often remains stable or regresses spontaneously, calling into question the role of interventional management for such defects. Study design We analyzed 96 serial echocardiograms from 33 unoperated patients with a moderate-to-large VSD with LV dilation (LV end-diastolic dimension [LVED] z score >2.0) at enrollment who were followed for more than 2 years. Records of 125 surgical patients also were reviewed. Patients were evaluated for evidence of persistent or progressive LV dilation; signs or symptoms of congestive heart failure (CHF), failure to thrive (FTT), or pulmonary hypertension (PAH); as well as acquired ventricular outflow obstruction or aortic regurgitation. LVED z scores at enrollment versus latest follow-up were compared using paired t tests. A random-effects model with random intercept and slope was fitted to account for repeated observations for each patient. Results Mean age at enrollment was 4.6 ± 3.2 years, and mean follow-up was 7.8 ± 4 years (range, 2.8 to 22 years), during which mean LVED z score decreased from 3.0 ± 0.6 to 1.2 ± 1.3 ( P z score decreased in 29 of the 33 patients, and decreased to Conclusions Most patients with pressure-restrictive VSD with moderate-to-severe LV dilation without CHF, FTT, or PAH will experience spontaneous resolution of LV dilation and can avoid cardiac surgery or catheter-based intervention.
Rearrangement collisions with polarized positron beams and molecular oxygen targets

Abstract Angular-momentum coupling and density-matrix techniques are used to study the formation of para- and ortho-positronium in rearrangement collisions involving a slow polarized positron beam and a molecular oxygen target. Spin scattering matrices are obtained by ensuring spin conservation in the interaction region, and spin density matrices for the incoming positron-oxygen system are constructed to include an angular dependence between the spin-quantization axes of the two incoming beams. The ratios of para- to ortho-positronium formation are given for the scattering process O2 + e+ → O2+ + Ps for an unpolarized as well as a polarized oxygen target. The variation from the statistical value of 1 3 is predicted in both cases. Experimental verification should be possible with modest upgrading of existing positron beam facilities.
Receptors for N-acetylated sugars may stimulate adenylate cyclase to sensitize and tune mechanoreceptors involved in triggering nematocyst discharge.

In fishing tentacles of sea anemones, cnidocyte/supporting cell complexes (CSCCs) trigger the discharge of nematocysts following stimulation by swimming prey of specific mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors located on the supporting cells. Two types of mechanoreceptors have been identified: a contact-sensitive mechanoreceptor (CSM), and a vibration-sensitive mechanoreceptor (VSM). The CSMs become predisposed to initiate nematocyst discharge into static (i.e., nonvibrating) test probes in the presence of submicromolar free and conjugated N-acetylated sugars, a process referred to as sensitization. In seawater, the VSMs cause maximal discharge in response to test probes vibrating at 30, 50-55, and 75 Hz, whereas in the presence of submicromolar N-acetylated sugars the VSMs cause maximal discharge into test probes vibrating at 5, 15, 30, and 40 Hz, a process referred to as tuning. Tuning of the VSMs is accompanied by elongation of the stereocilium bundles comprising the VSMs. We report that dibutyryl cyclic-AMP sensitizes CSMs and tunes VSMs to the lower frequencies of 5, 15, 30, and 40 Hz, while cyclic-AMP has no such effects. Endogenous adenylate cyclase activity at the apical plasma membrane of the supporting cells is detectable by cytochemical methods in the presence of N-acetylated sugars but not in seawater alone. By activating adenylate cyclase with L858051, an analogue of forskolin, or by activating the stimulatory form of G proteins (Gs) with cholera toxin, CSCCs are induced to sensitize CSMs and to tune VSMs to the lower frequencies of 5, 15, 30, and 40 Hz. Caged GTP-gamma S also sensitizes CSMs but tunes VSMs to 5, 15, 30, 40, 55, 65, and 75 Hz, suggesting that VSM tuning may be regulated both by Gs and inhibitory G-proteins. Together, these results implicate cAMP as the second messenger for activated supporting cell chemoreceptors involved in sensitizing the CSMs and tuning the VSMs to lower frequencies.
A fast-recovery electrode amplifier for electrophysiology

Abstract To overcome the problem of amplifier ‘blocking time’ due to stimulus artifact, a fast-recovery electrode amplifier is developed. The design of this amplifier and its application to a clinical EMG unit is discussed.
MAGNETIC RACE-TRACK — A NOVEL STORAGE CLASS SPINTRONIC MEMORY

A proposal for a novel storage-class memory is described in which magnetic domains are used to store information in a "magnetic race-track".1 The magnetic race-track shift register storage memory promises a solid state memory with storage capacities and cost rivaling that of magnetic disk drives but with much improved performance and reliability. The magnetic race track is comprised of tall columns of magnetic material arranged perpendicularly to the surface of a silicon wafer. The domains are moved up and down the race-track by nanosecond long current pulses using the phenomenon of spin momentum transfer. The domain walls in the magnetic race-track are read using magnetic tunnel junction magnetoresistive sensing devices arranged in the silicon substrate. Recent progress in developing magnetic tunnel junction devices with giant tunneling magnetoresistance exceeding 350% at room temperature will be mentioned.2 Experiments exploring the current induced motion and depinning of domain walls in magnetic nano-w...
Two-photon autofluorescence dynamics imaging reveals sensitivity of intracellular NADH concentration and conformation to cell physiology at the single-cell level.

Abstract Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NADH, is a major electron donor in the oxidative phosphorylation and glycolytic pathways in cells. As a result, there has been recent resurgence in employing intrinsic NADH fluorescence as a natural probe for a range of cellular processes that include apoptosis, cancer pathology, and enzyme kinetics. Here, we report on two-photon fluorescence lifetime and polarization imaging of intrinsic NADH in breast cancer (Hs578T) and normal (Hs578Bst) cells for quantitative analysis of the concentration and conformation (i.e., free-to-enzyme-bound ratios) of this coenzyme. Two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging of intracellular NADH indicates sensitivity to both cell pathology and inhibition of the respiratory chain activities using potassium cyanide (KCN). Using a newly developed non-invasive assay, we estimate the average NADH concentration in cancer cells (168 ± 49 μM) to be ∼1.8-fold higher than in breast normal cells (99 ± 37 μM). Such analyses indicate changes in energy metabolism and redox reactions in normal breast cells upon inhibition of the respiratory chain activity using KCN. In addition, time-resolved associated anisotropy of cellular autofluorescence indicates population fractions of free (0.18 ± 0.08) and enzyme-bound (0.82 ± 0.08) conformations of intracellular NADH in normal breast cells. These fractions are statistically different from those in breast cancer cells (free: 0.25 ± 0.08; bound: 0.75 ± 0.08). Comparative studies on the binding kinetics of NADH with mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase in solution mimic our findings in living cells. These quantitative studies demonstrate the potential of intracellular NADH dynamics (rather than intensity) imaging for probing mitochondrial anomalies associated with neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, diabetes, and aging. Our approach is also applicable to other metabolic and signaling pathways in living cells, without the need for cell destruction as in conventional biochemical assays.
Bäcklund transformation and linearizations of the Henon-Heiles system

Abstract Whem the Henon-Heiles system possesses the Painleve property certain Backlund transformations are defined in terms of the manifold of singularities. The resulting system of equations are shown to effectively linearize the Henon-Heiles system.
Protein associated with human lens 'native' membrane during aging and cataract formation

Plasma membrane contains extrinsic as well as intrinsic proteins. Changes in the extrinsic proteins of lens membrane during human aging and cataract formation have not been investigated in detail. Unlike previous studies which examined lens membrane after being stripped of extrinsic proteins by treatment with chaotropic agents, we have isolated whole or 'native' lens membrane on a sucrose gradient by ultracentrifugation of the total water-insoluble protein. Essentially all of the water-insoluble protein from young to aged to cataractous human lens appeared membrane associated. In young lens (20-37 years old), most of the membrane banded at the 25/45% sucrose interface fraction. This fraction contained relatively little urea-soluble protein and likely represents fiber-cell plasma membrane with its physiologically associated extrinsic and intrinsic proteins. With aging (62-80 years old), about one-third of the membrane, as judged by the distribution of cholesterol, banded at a much higher density (50/58% sucrose fraction). The higher density was due to a great increase in the membrane's relative protein content (protein/cholesterol). Although this extra protein was composed of both urea-insoluble and -soluble fractions, the urea-soluble protein predominated in all lenses. Cataractous lens differed from aged-clear lens in that much more of the total membrane (70-75%) had shifted to the high density and participated in this massive binding of cytosolic proteins. Although alpha-crystallin was the principal extrinsic-membrane protein in young lens, high molecular weight aggregate of modified (acidic) crystallins accounted for the increased extrinsic protein in aging. The extrinsic proteins bound to both clear-aged and cataractous lens membrane were aggregated. In conclusion, examination of human lens native membrane fractions revealed that the association of crystallins with membrane in both aging and cataracts was much greater than previously recognized and most of this increased protein was non-covalently bound to the membrane. Much more of the lens total membrane from cataractous than clear-aged lens was involved in this massive protein association and the protein bound to cataract membrane appeared more highly aggregated.