cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The SOS Response Mediates Sustained Colonization of the Mammalian Gut.

ABSTRACT Bacteria have a remarkable ability to survive, persist, and ultimately adapt to environmental challenges. A ubiquitous environmental hazard is DNA damage, and most bacteria have evolved a network of genes to combat genotoxic stress. This network is known as the SOS response and aids in bacterial survival by regulating genes involved in DNA repair and damage tolerance. Recently, the SOS response has been shown to play an important role in bacterial pathogenesis, and yet the role of the SOS response in nonpathogenic organisms and in physiological settings remains underexplored. Using a commensal Escherichia coli strain, MP1, we showed that the SOS response plays a vital role during colonization of the murine gut. In an unperturbed environment, the SOS-off mutant is impaired for stable colonization relative to a wild-type strain, suggesting the presence of genotoxic stress in the mouse gut. We evaluated the possible origins of genotoxic stress in the mouse gut by examining factors associated with the host versus the competing commensal organisms. In a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis model, the SOS-off colonization defect persisted but was not exacerbated. In contrast, in a germ-free model, the SOS-off mutant colonized with efficiency equal to that seen with the wild-type strain, suggesting that competing commensal organisms might be a significant source of genotoxic stress. This report extends our understanding of the importance of a functional SOS response for bacterial fitness in the context of a complex physiological environment and highlights the SOS response as a possible mechanism that contributes to ongoing genomic changes, including potential antibiotic resistance, in the microbiome of healthy hosts.
CRISPR: a new principle of genome engineering linked to conceptual shifts in evolutionary biology.

The CRISPR-Cas systems of bacterial and archaeal adaptive immunity have become a household name among biologists and even the general public thanks to the unprecedented success of the new generation of genome editing tools utilizing Cas proteins. However, the fundamental biological features of CRISPR-Cas are of no lesser interest and have major impacts on our understanding of the evolution of antivirus defense, host-parasite coevolution, self versus non-self discrimination and mechanisms of adaptation. CRISPR-Cas systems present the best known case in point for Lamarckian evolution, i.e. generation of heritable, adaptive genomic changes in response to encounters with external factors, in this case, foreign nucleic acids. CRISPR-Cas systems employ multiple mechanisms of self versus non-self discrimination but, as is the case with immune systems in general, are nevertheless costly because autoimmunity cannot be eliminated completely. In addition to the autoimmunity, the fitness cost of CRISPR-Cas systems appears to be determined by their inhibitory effect on horizontal gene transfer, curtailing evolutionary innovation. Hence the dynamic evolution of CRISPR-Cas loci that are frequently lost and (re)acquired by archaea and bacteria. Another fundamental biological feature of CRISPR-Cas is its intimate connection with programmed cell death and dormancy induction in microbes. In this and, possibly, other immune systems, active immune response appears to be coupled to a different form of defense, namely, “altruistic” shutdown of cellular functions resulting in protection of neighboring cells. Finally, analysis of the evolutionary connections of Cas proteins reveals multiple contributions of mobile genetic elements (MGE) to the origin of various components of CRISPR-Cas systems, furthermore, different biological systems that function by genome manipulation appear to have evolved convergently from unrelated MGE. The shared features of adaptive defense systems and MGE, namely the ability to recognize and cleave unique sites in genomes, make them ideal candidates for genome editing and engineering tools.
Piezoelectric enhancement of a defect-mediated boron nitride nanotube

A zigzag boron nitride nanotube (ZBNNT) has a large intrinsic polarized dipole and a piezoelectric tunability with crystal chirality, nanotube diameter, and point defect. The piezoelectric coefficients (e 33) of 8-ZBNNT with the VIA-group defects of SN and SeN are estimated to be 18.7 × 10−2 C m−2 and 14.9 × 10−2 C m−2, respectively. The coefficients of defect-mediated 8-ZBNNT are 97% and 57% bigger than that of pristine 8-ZBNNT. The elastic modulus of 8-ZBNNT is decreased due to the VIA-group defects, but is increased for the larger number of unit cells along zigzag rolling direction. The electronic band gap of 8-ZBNNT is reduced due to the VIA-group defects. The large piezoelectricity enhancement of 8-ZBNNT with VIA-group defect is attributable to the ionic contribution. Therefore, the unprecedented defect-mediated 8-ZBNNT provides a new material platform of mechanoelectronic devices for nanoscale sensors and energy conversions.
Conflux—An Asynchronous Two-to-One Multiplexor for Time-Division Multiplexing and Clockless, Tokenless Readout

This article describes an independent, self-arbitrating asynchronous two-to-one multiplexor called Conflux. Conflux can be used to implement clockless and tokenless time-division multiplexing between two sources. This capability can then be used to create a clockless and tokenless aggregate data bus that can be used as a complete asynchronous readout architecture for a chip, a part of a chip, or an entire multichip system. Conflux utilizes a classic, four-phased asynchronous handshake on both of its input ports as well as on its output port. Asynchronous Request is bundled with Data to ensure consistent propagation delay. The Request is also implemented as a differential signal to account for propagation delay differences between logical ones and zeros. Arbitration between the two Conflux input streams is accomplished by three Set–Reset Latches. Finally, Conflux cells were used successfully to implement the readout architecture of the FCP130 prototype chip. Tests indicate single Conflux stage delays of 1.8 ns and a bandwidth of approximately 11 Gb/s in 130-nm CMOS.
Geographically well-distributed citizen science data reveals range-wide variation in the chipping sparrow's simple song

Geographical variation has been widely studied in oscine songbirds, with particular attention paid to the interplay between variables associated with learned song and dispersal. While most field-based studies have focused on discrete dialects, analysing data from quickly growing citizen science libraries could uncover geographical patterns in species previously thought to exhibit random variation in song. Specifically, using citizen science birdsong databases, we test whether chipping sparrow, Spizella passerina, song is geographically structured on a continental scale. The chipping sparrow is a particularly well-suited species for this study, since individuals have a simple song of one repeated syllable, have only the beginning of their first breeding season to adjust their song before crystallization and have been shown to match their song to a nearby neighbour while establishing their first territory. If most chipping sparrows adopt a neighbour-matching strategy, we might expect local syllable similarity; in contrast, field studies have shown that local syllable diversity has been maintained over time. We analyse 820 individual recordings of the simple, yet diverse, song of chipping sparrows to assess whether long-range geographical patterns have formed despite this local song variation. We found significant correlations between song features and geographical distance, associated with longitude but not latitude: chipping sparrows in the eastern United States and Canada sing at a slower rate (fewer, longer syllables) than the western population. However, comparing individual syllable types between regions, we found diverse song types persist across this species’ range. To better contextualize our findings, we re-evaluate available genetic sequences of chipping sparrows to test for genetic differentiation between the eastern and western populations in which we found song differences. Our results suggest that there are two culturally distinct subpopulations of migratory chipping sparrows that are genetically indistinguishable using mitochondrial DNA, motivating future studies on migration patterns and additional sequencing of nuclear DNA.
Dr. Google Will See You Now: Google's Health Information Previews and Implications for Consumer Health.

The aim of this exploratory study was to identify the sources of information provided in Google preview features, specifically the knowledge panels and featured snippets, when searching for health ...
COVID-19 in Youth Soccer

ABSTRACT Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the case and incidence rates of COVID-19 among youth soccer players and evaluate the relationship with background COVID-19 risk and phase of return to play. Methods Surveys were distributed to soccer clubs throughout the country regarding their phase of return to soccer (individual only, group non-contact, group contact) and date of reinitiation, number of players, cases of COVID-19, and risk reduction procedures that were being implemented. Overall case and incidence rates were compared to national pediatric data and county data from the prior 10 weeks where available. Finally, a negative binomial regression model was developed to predict club COVID-19 cases with local incidence rate and phase of return as covariates and the log of club player-days as an offset. Results 129 clubs responded, of whom 124 had reinitiated soccer, representing 91,007 players with a median duration of 73 days (IQR: 53-83 days) since restarting. Of the 119 that had progressed to group activities, 218 cases of COVID-19 were reported among 85,861 players. Youth soccer players had a lower case rate and incidence rate than the national rate for children in the US (254 v. 477 cases per 100,000; IRR = 0.511, 95% CI = [0.40-0.57], p Conclusions The incidence of COVID-19 among youth soccer athletes is relatively low when compared to the background incidence among children in the United States and the local general population. No relationship was identified between club COVID-19 incidence and phase of return to soccer. Youth soccer clubs universally report implementing a number of risk reduction procedures.
Group mentoring and leadership growth in behavioral medicine

Since its inception in 2016, the establishment of learning communities led by senior Society of Behavioral Medicine (SBM) members has been central to the SBM's Mid-Career Leadership Institute (Institute). At the beginning of an initial two-day intensive workshop, groups of approximately six fellows are placed together, and one or two senior SBM members are asked to lead group mentoring. Senior SBM members serve as mentors during quarterly calls that are conducted over the year in order for group members to develop and present an individual leadership project at the following annual meeting. Group mentoring relies on the social dynamic that emerges from the group's own social norms and roles; it is designed to advance the careers of group members. To our knowledge, this is the first commentary describing a program of formal group mentoring for mid-career leadership development in a professional association. Based on the authors' experience as mentors, thematic and descriptive analyses of the initial workshop evaluations, and contemporaneous notes, we discuss the structure, process, and project outcomes of the formal group mentoring in SBM's Institute. Early process evaluation of the Institute suggests that the Fellows benefitted from the group mentoring experience.
How Anesthesiologists Experience and Negotiate Ethical Challenges from Drug Shortages

In the face of ongoing drug shortages, anesthesiologists have been described as having to become “Iron Chefs, challenged to create safe patient outcomes with missing ingredients. Unfortunately, dev...
Optimization Techniques to Improve Inference Performance of a Forward Propagating Neural Network on an FPGA.

This paper describes an optimized implementation of a Forward Propagating Classification Neural Network which has been previously trained. The implementation described highlights a novel means of using Python scripts to generate a Verilog hardware implementation. The characteristics of this implementation include optimizations to scale input data, use selected addends instead of multiplication functions, hardware friendly activation functions and simplified output selection. Inference performance comparison of a 28x28 pixel 'hand-written' recognition NN between a software implementation on an Intel i7 vs a Xilinx FPGA will be detailed.
Relationship among combat experience, Veteran pathology, and pathology of Veterans’ intimate partners: Factors predicting the pathology of Veterans and their intimate partners

LAY SUMMARY For nearly 20 years, military members and their families have been involved in some form of military operation in support of what is known as the Global War on Terrorism. Research has s...
An intelligent information mediation framework to enable decentralized decision-making in immersive environments

Efforts are underway across the defense and commercial industries to develop cross-reality (XR), multi-user operation centers in which human users can perform their work while aided by intelligent systems. At their core is the objective to accelerate decision-making and improve efficiency and accuracy. However, presenting data to users in an XR, multi-dimensional environment results in a dramatic increase in extraneous information density. Intelligent systems offer a potential mechanism for mitigating information overload while ensuring that critical and anomalous data is brought to the attention of the human users in an immersive interface. This paper describes such a prototype system that combines real and synthetic motion sensors which, upon detection of an event, send a captured image for processing by a YOLO cluster. Finally, we describe how a future system can integrate a decision-making component for evaluation of the resulting metadata to determine whether to inject the results into an XR environment for presentation to human users.
Software for Agent-based Network Simulation and Visualization

We present a network software suite that can model contagions or opinion manipulation in social networks, that combines features from the standard packages and extends them to allow complex, interacting, dynamic topologies, and dynamic heterogeneous agent types, with individual interaction policies. The framework allows for the easy implementation of new agent types, and provides flexible visualization tools to elucidate network behavior over time.
Let’s (re)tweet about racism and sexism: responses to cyber aggression toward Black and Asian women

Online, anyone’s words can easily be amplified – and on Twitter, the platform’s algorithm highlights tweets that gain attention from other users, which can exponentially reinforce a tweet’s popular...
Droplet-Size Control in Sprayer Systems

Publisher Summary Safe and efficient application of agricultural pesticides in spray form depends largely on the spray-droplet size. For spray efficiency, droplets must be placed on plant foliage or other targets in sufficient amounts and be properly distributed to permit optimum effectiveness by a pesticide. For safety, pesticides that are toxic to humans, animals, or desirable plants must not drift (remain airborne and move away from the application site) or deposit on adjacent areas. Droplets that remain airborne for long periods increase the probability of applicator exposure. Information is lacking concerning the optimum droplet size and spray coverage for the most effective and efficient control of specific weeds, woody plants, insects, or plant diseases.
Structural aspects of the fibrinogen to fibrin conversion.

Publisher Summary The conversion of a soluble plasma protein, fibrinogen, into an insoluble polymeric gel termed “fibrin” is essential for the coagulation of vertebrate blood. The complex series of events that precedes this conversion is primarily directed toward the production of thrombin from prothrombin by limited proteolysis. The thrombin in turn catalyzes the release of a few small peptides from fibrinogen molecules, the resulting “fibrin monomers” polymerizing spontaneously to form the fibrin gel. This chapter reviews the data gathered from a number of different fields involved in the study of the fibrinogen–fibrin conversion. It focuses on the general shape of the native fibrinogen molecule and on the arrangement of the three pairs of nonidentical polypeptide chains that comprise the molecule and describes the relative locations of the amino and the carboxyterminals. The best immediate hope for obtaining a real picture of fibrinogen lies with image reconstruction techniques and their application to the electron micrographs of ordered microcrystals. It is possible that this approach will yield an outline of the native molecule and establish the general mode of the way the units are packed in fibrin.
Inversions and deletions generated by a mini-gamma delta (Tn1000) transposon.

Abstract Intramolecular transposition by an engineered derivative of the transposon gamma delta (Tn1000) is described. This 1-kb element contains inverted repeats of the 40 bp of the delta end of gamma delta, bracketing a kan gene, but it contains no resolution site. Transposition was analyzed in two plasmids; one contained two contraselectable (conditional lethal) genes (thyA and sacB) adjacent to the mini-gamma delta element in a 13.0-kb pBR322/pUC-based two-component plasmid (a heterodimer), and the other contained a different contraselectable gene (strA [rpsL]) in a 13.2-kb three-component plasmid (a heterotrimer). Selection for loss of function of a single contraselectable gene yielded inversions and deletions. Each inversion plasmid was 1 kb larger than the parent plasmid: it had a second copy of mini-gamma delta inserted in the contraselected gene, with that copy plus the intervening segment inverted, and the 5-bp target site duplicated. Each deletion plasmid was smaller than the parent plasmid and had a deletion that extended from one transposon end into or through the contraselected gene for distances of up to 9.4 kb. The frequencies of deletions versus inversions ending in a single target gene were similar, although overall, deletions outnumbered inversions because deletions, but not inversions, into sites beyond the contraselected gene inactivate it. This work also demonstrates that thyA (which encodes thymidylate synthetase) is a useful contraselectable marker.
Investigating the Relationship Between Test Preparation and TOEFL iBT® Performance

This study investigates the relationship between test preparation and test performance on the TOEFL iBT ® exam. Information on background variables and test preparation strategies was gathered from 14,593 respondents in China through an online survey. A Chinese standardized English test was used as a control for prior English ability. Multiple regression analyses were used to investigate the relationship of coaching school attendance and test preparation strategies with TOEFL iBT total scores. Coaching school attendance had little or no relationship with TOEFL test scores across language domains. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that general English learning strategies and test-specific strategies represent two distin ct factors of test preparation. Implications of the findings for test developers and test sponsors are discussed.
Dynamic location management with personalized location area for future PCS networks

Effective location management is critical for future personal communication service (PCS) networks, which envision smaller cells comprising a vast number of mobile terminals. In this paper we present a dynamic location management scheme with personalized location areas. The proposed technology takes into account the mobility patterns of the individual users in the system. The continuous time Markov chain is employed to model the system and analyze the location management cost. The personalized location areas are dynamically defined for each mobile terminal using a heuristic algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme offers a lower signaling cost than that achieved by some known methods.
Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for the treatment of refractory cardiac ventricular arrhythmia

A 71-year-old man with coronary artery disease, coronary artery bypass grafting in 2000, baseline ejection fraction of 0.24, and implantation of a single chamber implanted cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) in 2009 for ventricular tachycardia (VT) presented with continuous episodes of nonsustained and sustained VT refractory to sotalol and mexiletine. Despite angioplasty and stent for coronary artery disease, VT continued for 2 years. Medical history included atrial fibrillation and oxygen-dependent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Baseline electrocardiogram (ECG) showed atrial fibrillation with a ventricular rate of 82 beats per minute with inferior Q waves and QRS duration of 90 ms. Twelve-lead ECG during VT showed a regular, wide-complex tachycardia at 160 beats per minute (CL 380–400 ms), with a right bundle branch block pattern, superior axis, precordial transition at V3–V4. His ICD log showed numerous VT episodes, with a single morphology seen on intracardiac ventricular electrogram, cycle length 380–411ms. Episodes were nonsustained, pace-terminated, and shock-terminated. As catheter ablation was relatively medically contraindicated, he consented to a Food and Drug Administration and Institutional Review Board–approved compassionate-use protocol of stereotactic arrhythmia radioablation (STAR), noninvasive ablation of VT substrate by stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) techniques for tumors. STAR therapy was delivered in October, 2012. Baseline echocardiogram showed a dilated left ventricle (LV), ejection fraction of 0.24, with basal inferior aneurysm, and apical and infero-posterior akinesis. Positron emission tomography–computed tomography showed extensive hypometabolic scar in the LV extending between the LV base and the apex, involving the inferior, inferoseptal, and inferolateral walls. A target for STAR was delineated using proprietary visualization and contouring software (CardioPlan™, CyberHeart™, Portola Valley, CA), outlining the target volume corresponding to what would have been the …
Disruption of Calcium Signaling in Fibroblasts and Attenuation of Bleomycin-Induced Fibrosis by Nifedipine

Fibrotic lung disease afflicts millions of people; the central problem is progressive lung destruction and remodeling. We have shown that external growth factors regulate fibroblast function not only through canonical signaling pathways but also through propagation of periodic oscillations in Ca2+. In this study, we characterized the pharmacological sensitivity of the Ca2+oscillations and determined whether a blocker of those oscillations can prevent the progression of fibrosis in vivo. We found Ca2+ oscillations evoked by exogenously applied transforming growth factor β in normal human fibroblasts were substantially reduced by 1 μM nifedipine or 1 μM verapamil (both L-type blockers), by 2.7 μM mibefradil (a mixed L-/T-type blocker), by 40 μM NiCl2 (selective at this concentration against T-type current), by 30 mM KCl (which partially depolarizes the membrane and thereby fully inactivates T-type current but leaves L-type current intact), or by 1 mM NiCl2 (blocks both L- and T-type currents). In our in viv...
Kant: Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime and Other Writings

This volume collects Kant's most important ethical and anthropological writings from the 1760s, before he developed his critical philosophy. The materials presented here range from the Observations, one of Kant's most elegantly written and immediately popular texts, to the accompanying Remarks which Kant wrote in his personal copy of the Observations and which are translated here in their entirety for the first time. This edition also includes little-known essays as well as personal notes and fragments that reveal the emergence of Kant's complex philosophical ideas. Those familiar with Kant's later works will discover a Kant interested in the 'beauty' as well as the 'dignity' of humanity, in human diversity as well as the universality of morals, and in practical concerns rather than abstract philosophizing. Readers will be able to see Kant's development from the Observations through the Remarks towards the moral philosophy that eventually made him famous.
Vitreous hemorrhage as the initial presentation of postoperative endophthalmitis.

Abstract PURPOSE: To describe a patient with postoperative endophthalmitis whose only abnormal finding at presentation was a vitreous hemorrhage. DESIGN: Interventional case report. METHODS: A 68-year-old diabetic woman underwent cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation in the left eye. Three days after surgery, she had painless loss of vision, minimal anterior chamber inflammation, and dense vitreous hemorrhage in the left eye. RESULTS: On the fourth postoperative day, significant anterior chamber inflammation developed with fibrin and a hypopyon. During vitrectomy with intravitreal antibiotic injection, an area of retinitis surrounding an eroded retinal blood vessel was found. Cultures of undiluted vitreous fluid grew coagulase-negative Staphylococcus organisms. The endophthalmitis resolved and 20 months later, her best-corrected visual acuity had improved to 20/40. CONCLUSION: Postoperative endophthalmitis may present as a vitreous hemorrhage, secondary to retinitis and erosion of a retinal blood vessel.
Molecular Diagnostics for the Clinical Laboratorian.

Molecular Diagnostics for the Clinical Laboratorian. William B. Coleman and Gregory J Tsongalis, eds. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1997, 408 pp. $79.50. ISBN 0-89603-373-2. There is a real need for an authoritative source of information on this topic for the clinical laboratory scientist. This book goes much of the way toward providing that information. The book is written in a clear style, and the two editors have molded the 18 chapters into a readable and logical sequence. …
Aortic injury in vehicular trauma

A 5-year retrospective study of 530 motor vehicle fatalities revealed 105 aortic injuries occurring in 90 victims. These were reviewed to determine the injury patterns, circumstances, and mechanisms involved. In addition, the survival time, the driver's age and sex, the time of day of the accident, and the blood alcohol level were considered. The aortic injuries consisted of 61 transections and 44 tears (13% were multiple). Sixty-five percent of the injuries were located in the proximal descending aorta (66% of these were transections), 14% were in the ascending aorta and arch (33% of these were transections), 12% were in the distal descending aorta (more than 1 cm distal to the subclavian artery) (46% of these were transections), and 9% were in the abdominal aorta (56% of these were transections). Associated injuries consisted of multiple rib fractures (78%), liver lacerations (61%), head injuries (42%), first rib fractures (42%), splenic lacerations (36%), heart lacerations (34%), sternal fractures (28%), cervical spine fractures (26%), and thoracic spine fractures (20%). Death occurred within 1 hour in 94% and within 24 hours in 99%. The impact was head-on in 62% of the accidents. The victim was the driver 74% of the time and male in 77% of the cases, and the blood alcohol level exceeded 0.1 mg/dL in 43%. Most aortic disruptions were complete transections of the proximal descending aorta, associated with serious injury to the thorax, and occurred in head-on collisions. Findings support a compression and upward thrust of the heart as a mechanism responsible for the aortic disruption.
Microgram-Scale Testing of Reaction Conditions in Solution Using Nanoliter Plugs in Microfluidics with Detection by MALDI-MS

This paper describes a microfluidic system to screen and optimize organic reaction conditions on a submicrogram scale. The system uses discrete droplets (plugs) as microreactors separated and transported by a continuous phase of a fluorinated carrier fluid. Previously, we demonstrated the use of a microfabricated PDMS plug-based microfluidic system to perform assays and crystallization experiments in aqueous solutions with optical detection. Here, we developed an approach that does not require microfabrication of microfluidic devices, is applicable to synthetic reactions in organic solvents, and uses detection by MALDI-MS. As a demonstration, conditions for selective deacetylation of ouabain hexaacetate were tested, and the optimum conditions for mono-, bis-, or trisdeacetylation have been identified. These conditions were validated by scale-up reactions and isolating these potentially neurotoxic products. Mono- and bisdeacetylated products are unstable intermediates in the deacetylation and were isolated for the first time. This system enables no-loss handling of submicroliter volumes containing a few micrograms of a compound of interest. It could become valuable for investigating or optimizing reactions of precious substrates (e.g., products of long synthetic sequences and natural products that can be isolated only in small quantities).
The Aggregation of Ice Particles in Clouds and Fogs at Low Temperatures

Abstract A previously derived theoretical expression, supported by experimental observations, for the rate of sintering between two ice spheres is applied to the case of adhesion between ice particles down to temperatures of −40C. Appreciable bonding is shown to take place between the particles within 10 seconds of contact even at −40C. The results predicted by the theory are found to be in quantitative agreement with the degree of sintering observed in aggregates of ice particles from natural ice fogs.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: a review of neuropsychiatric applications.

Passe, Theodore J., H. Cecil Charles, Pradeep Rajagopalan, and K. Ranga Krishnan: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Review of Neuropsychiatric Applications. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. and Biol. Psychiat. 1995, 19(4): 541-563. 1. 1. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a powerful new neuropsychiatric research tool which allows for the noninvasive investigation of in vivo biochemistry. This review focuses on the recent applications of MRS to in vivo neuropsychiatric research. 2. 2. The history of MRS as it has progressed from an in vitro method of biochemical analysis to its current in vivo research uses is presented. 3. 3. A brief overview of the physical priniciples of MRS, including methods for spectral localization, is discussed. 4. 4. Applications of the different MRS modalities (1H, 31P, 19P, 7Li, 13C and 23Na) to various neuropsychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, affective disorders, acquired immunodeficiency disease, etc. are reviewed. The study of both fluorinated neuroleptics and the antidepressant fluoxetine using 19P MRS are discussed in greater detail. 5. 5. Finally, potential future neuropsychiatric applications of MRS and specifically 19F MRS are presented.
Fugitive U.S. Government publications: Elements of procurement and bibliographic control

Abstract From 1978 to 1981 the Colorado State University Libraries received Higher Education Act Title II-C funding to catalog federal government publications in its collection that had not been indexed in the Monthly Catalog of United States Government Publications . Techniques and sources for acquiring such materials are described. Staffing, cataloging standards, and cataloging problems are discussed and accompanied by statistics on authority record creation. Access to cataloging records through national data bases and, in particular, through a COM catalog is described.
Cyclooxygenase-2 as a potential target in the prevention and treatment of genitourinary tumors: a review.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Recent years have seen a dramatic expansion in our discovery and knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of cancer development and progression. The discovery and elucidation of prostaglandin pathways, in particular the molecular and clinical role of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 function, has had important application to neoplasms. Current understanding of the role of COX-2 activity and, thereby, the potential clinical usefulness of COX-2 specific inhibitors as they apply to urological oncology are discussed.Materials and Methods: The discovery of prostaglandin pathways, the molecular and clinical role of COX-2 function, and the corresponding application to neoplasms were reviewed in the scientific literature (MEDLINE from 1960 to the present). In particular, a thorough review of the current literature and recent abstract presentations at scientific meetings was done regarding the potential role of COX-2 in urological cancers (MEDLINE from 1960 to the present, and American Urological Association a...
Outcomes of adult living donor liver transplantation: comparison of the Adult-to-adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation Cohort Study and the national experience.

The study objectives were to determine whether the findings of the Adult-to-Adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation Cohort Study (A2ALL) reflect the U.S. national experience and to define risk factors for patient mortality and graft loss in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). A2ALL previously identified risk factors for mortality after LDLT, which included early center experience, older recipient age, and longer cold ischemia time. LDLT procedures at 9 A2ALL centers (n = 702) and 67 non-A2ALL centers (n = 1664) from January 1998 through December 2007 in the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients database were analyzed. Potential predictors of time from transplantation to death or graft failure were tested using Cox regression. No significant difference in overall mortality between A2ALL and non-A2ALL centers was found. Higher hazard ratios (HRs) were associated with donor age (HR = 1.13 per 10 years, P = 0.0002), recipient age (HR = 1.20 per 10 years, P = 0.0003), serum creatinine levels (HR = 1.52 per loge unit increase, P 4.5 hours (HR = 1.79, P = 0.0006). Except for center experience, risk factor effects between A2ALL and non-A2ALL centers were not significantly different. Variables associated with graft loss were identified and showed similar trends. In conclusion, mortality and graft loss risk factors were similar in A2ALL and non-A2ALL centers. These analyses demonstrate that findings from the A2ALL consortium are relevant to other centers in the U.S. performing LDLT, and conclusions and recommendations from A2ALL may help to guide clinical decision making.
Generation of CAR T Cells for Adoptive Therapy in the Context of Glioblastoma Standard of Care

Adoptive T cell immunotherapy offers a promising strategy for specifically targeting and eliminating malignant gliomas. T cells can be engineered ex vivo to express chimeric antigen receptors specific for glioma antigens (CAR T cells). The expansion and function of adoptively transferred CAR T cells can be potentiated by the lymphodepletive and tumoricidal effects of standard of care chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We describe a method for generating CAR T cells targeting EGFRvIII, a glioma-specific antigen, and evaluating their efficacy when combined with a murine model of glioblastoma standard of care. T cells are engineered by transduction with a retroviral vector containing the anti-EGFRvIII CAR gene. Tumor-bearing animals are subjected to host conditioning by a course of temozolomide and whole brain irradiation at dose regimens designed to model clinical standard of care. CAR T cells are then delivered intravenously to primed hosts. This method can be used to evaluate the antitumor efficacy of CAR T cells in the context of standard of care.
Consensus Conference on Practice Guidelines for Institutionalized Older Dental Patients

Sponsored by The Federation of Special Care Organizations in Dentistry; Oral Health America-America's Fund for Dental Health; Maternal and Child Health Bureau, United States Public Health Service; April 19–21, 1996, Chicago, Illinois
Effect of light illumination and temperature on P3HT films, n-type Si, and ITO

Abstract The secondary electron (SE) cutoff energy region spectra are recorded before (dark), during (light) and after laser exposure (dark) for P3HT, Si, and ITO. An SE cutoff energy shift is observed when the bare n -type doped Si substrate is exposed to 532 nm light. This is attributed to the presence of a thin native oxide layer (∼1.5 nm) on Si. No energy shift is detected on the Ar sputtered clean Si. Also, no shift was observed for ITO. When exposed to light, a net SE energy cutoff shift was measured for P3HT deposited on both Si and ITO substrates at room temperature. However, no significant valence band maximum (VBM) energy shifts were measured for P3HT that was spun cast on both substrates under dark and light illumination. Furthermore, light effect was investigated at three different temperatures; 25, 70, and 160 C and it is found that for P3HT, the magnitude of the SE cutoff energy change is not only substrate dependent but also depends on temperature.
"Mind the gap": reflections of an American health maintenance organisation doctor on the new NHS.

suggestions I wanted to leave in the United Kingdom. Firstly, a gap between the health care you want and the money you are willing to spend. Secondly, a gap in communication between doctors and patients about the economics of the NHS. Thirdly, a gap between two cultures?described by the new secretary of state for health, Virginia Bottomley, as "the world(s) of medicine and management."1 Finally, a gap in medical ethics between old precepts and new circumstances. If you address these gaps effectively the NHS will be a model for the twenty first century. If you do not you will undermine what many of my interviewees called a "national treasure."
Phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 in suspension cultured HeLa cells.

HeLa cell ribosomal protein S6, and the increase in its phosphorylation level that occurs after resuspending cells in fresh medium plus serum, were studied using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The maximum level of S6 phosphorylation occurs about 2 h after adding fresh medium and serum to cells that have been allowed to grow to high density; this results in an almost complete shift of the spot representing S6 in two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels to a new location. Mixing experiments showed that the differences in the level of phosphorylation occur in vivo and are not an artifact of in vitro sample preparation. This method of stimulating S6 phosporylation provides a convenient system for studying the functional significance of the phenomenon. Only one other ribosomal protein was detectably phosphorylated using [32P]-labeling and autoradiography of dried two-dimensional gels. The level of phosphorylation of this protein, L14, does not change after serum stimulation.
The analgesic action of 1-fluorocodeine.

Das bisher unbekannte 1-Fluorcodein wurde durch Schiemann-Reaktion aus 1-Aminocodein dargestellt. Es ist nahezu ebenso stark analgetisch wirksam wie Codein, und wird fast ebenso stark an den Morphin-Rezeptor des Rattengehirns gebunden. Diese Befunde zeigen, dass die fruher beobachtete verringerte Aktivitat von 1-Chlor-, 1-Brom-, und 1-Acetocodein auf die Raumbeanspruchung der Substituenten zuruckzufuhren ist.
Cortical Fluoro-Jade staining and blunted adrenomedullary response to hypoglycemia after noncoma hypoglycemia in rats

Intensive insulin therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus reduces long-term complications; however, intensive therapy is also associated with a three-fold increase in hypoglycemic episodes. The present study in conscious rats characterizes the physiologic and neuropathologic consequences of a single episode of moderate hypoglycemia. In this model, intravenous insulin is used to reduce plasma glucose to 30 to 35 mg/dL for 75 mins. This single hypoglycemic insult acutely induces hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF), with epinephrine responses to hypoglycemia reduced more than 36% from control. Neuropathology after this insult includes the appearance of dying cells, assessed with the marker Fluoro-jade B (FJ). After hypoglycemic insult, FJ+ cells were consistently seen in subdivisions of the medial prefrontal cortex, the orbital cortex, and the piriform cortex. There was a significant correlation between depth of hypoglycemia and number of FJ+ cells, suggesting that there is a critical threshold below which vulnerable cells begin to die. These data suggest that there is a population of cells that are vulnerable to moderate levels of hypoglycemia commonly experienced by patients with insulin-treated diabetes. These cells, which may be neurons, are primarily found in cortical regions implicated in visceral perception and autonomic control, raising the possibility that their loss contributes to clinically reported deficits in autonomic and perceptual responses to hypoglycemia.
Approximation techniques for the mutual admittance of slot antennas on metallic cones

The effect of scattering from a sharp tip on mutual admittance is investigated for pairs of circumferential and radial slots on a semi-infinite metallic cone. Mutual coupling measurements as a function frequency and angular separation are presented and compared with numerical calculations. The base of the conical model used in the experimental study was terminated in a spherical cap to minimize scattering from the finite length of the apparatus. The circumferential slot results illustrate interference effects between the direct coupling from slot-to-slot via the geodesic path over the conical surface and the tip back scattering. For the radial slot configuration, the results exhibit negligible tip scattering effects. The analysis utilizes a computer calculation of mutual coupling between circumferential and axial slots on an equivalent cylinder to predict the direct coupling contribution and utilizes the tip diffraction coefficient for calculating the component scattered by the apex. The tip diffraction coefficient is derived from an asymptotic expression for the tip-scattered component of the surface magnetic field excited on a semi-infinite conical surface.
The measurement of oxygen in vivo using EPR techniques

The measurement of pO2 in vivo using EPR has some features that provide potential advantages for many applications. There is a strong possibility that EPR oximetry also will have significant applications in clinical medicine. The characteristics of EPR oximetry that appear to be especially useful often are complementary to existing techniques for measuring oxygen in tissues. These characteristics include capabilities of making repeated measurements from the same site, high sensitivity for low levels of oxygen, and non-invasive options. The existing EPR techniques are especially useful for studies in small animals, where the depth of measurements is not an over-riding issue. In larger animals and potentially in human subjects, the non-invasive techniques seem to be immediately applicable to study phenomena very near the surface (within 10 mm), while invasive techniques have some very promising uses for other sites. There also is a possibility of extending the non-invasive approach to greater depths by using lower frequency EPR. The clinical uses of EPR oximetry that seem especially promising are: long term monitoring of the status and response to treatment of peripheral vascular disease and optimizing cancer therapy by enabling it to be modified on the basis of the pO2 measured in the tumor. EPR oximetry is based on the effect of oxygen on EPR spectra, which provides a sensitive and accurate means to measure pO2 quantitatively in vivo. The in vivo applications of this technique have occurred because of the development of oxygen sensitive paramagnetic materials that are very sensitive to changes in the pO2 and, in some cases quite stable in tissues for long periods of time. These advances have made it feasible to make EPR measurements in intact animals. The physical basis and biological applications of in vivo EPR oximetry are reviewed, with particular emphasis on the use of EPR spectroscopy at 1200 MHz using particulate paramagnetic materials for the repetitive and non-invasive measurement of pO2 in tissues.
Group lending and individual lending with strategic default

Abstract Papers that compare group lending and individual lending in the presence of strategic default suggest that unless group members can impose costly social sanctions on one another, or unless the bank uses cross-reporting mechanisms group lending may do worse than individual lending. In this paper, we show that if, (1) the amount that a successful borrower owes for his defaulting partner is optimally determined, and (2) the penalty is allowed to vary across group members, then even in the absence of any social sanctions or cross-reporting, (1) expected borrower welfare is strictly higher with group lending when both group lending and individual lending are feasible and (2) group lending is feasible for a greater range of opportunity cost of capital. These results are robust to collusion between borrowers.
SORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF CHELATING RESINS. II. SORPTION OF ZN(II) AND CD(II) BY CHELEX 100

Chelating resins are used for preconcentrating metal ions in trace analysis. As part of a systematic study of sorption characteristics of the chelating resin Chelex 100, the sorption of Zn(II) and Cd(II) in different aqueous media was investigated. The distribution coefficient (DC) values for both Zn(II) and Cd(II) were extremely low (<4) in 0.5 to 6M HNO3 and H2SO4 solutions. In HCl solution, theDC values for both Zn(II) and Cd(II) were higher, reaching a peak of nearly 40 in 3M HCl solutions. TheDC values for both Zn(II) and Cd(II) increased with increasing pH in chloride, nitrate, and sulfate solutions (0.1M); the value was nearly 104 for both Zn(II) and Cd(II) between pH 5 and 7 and pH 6 and 8, respectively.
Collisional damping of giant resonances in a non-Markovian approach.

Employing a non-Markovian collision term, the relaxation rates of giant resonances in nuclei are calculated using a diffuse nuclear surface, and energy and angle dependent cross sections obtained by a parametrization of the nucleon-nucleon scattering data. The calculations show that the collisional damping of giant quadrupole vibrations is sizable and accounts for about 40--60 % of the observed widths, while for giant dipole and giant monopole vibrations it accounts for only 25--30 % of the observed widths.