cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis for Covariance Structure Models by Analyzing the Path

When a covariance structure model is misspecified, parameter estimates will be affected. It is important to know which estimates are systematically affected and which are not. The approach of analyzing the path is both intuitive and informative for such a purpose. Different from path analysis, analyzing the path uses path tracing and elementary numerical analysis to identify affected parameters when a 1-way or 2-way arrow in a path diagram is omitted. It not only characterizes how a misspecification affects model parameters but also facilitates a good understanding of the relation among different parts of the model. This article introduces and studies this technique and, for commonly used models, provides detailed analysis to identify the directions of change for various model parameters. Examples based on real data show that the technique of analyzing the path can reliably predict the direction of change in parameter estimates even when the true model is unknown. Conditions that interfere with the result...
SU‐GG‐T‐218: A Feasibility Study of Using Convolution Method of a Motion Kernel to Correct Tumor Motion Effect When Treating Pancreatic Cancer with Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT)

Purpose: To study the feasibility of using convolution method of a motion kernel to correct tumor motion when treating pancreatic cancer with IMRT.Method and Materials: Five pancreatic IMRT plans were selected in this study. The Mapcheck device was placed on a moving phantom that simulated the 3D tumor motion: a sinusoid wave with a period of 4s. The IMRT plans were delivered under this condition, and the motion‐applied measurements were obtained. A convolution method incorporating the 3D pancreatic tumor motion was applied to correct tumor motion. The motion‐corrected verification fluence maps were extracted from the motion‐corrected 3D dose, and the simulated Mapcheck measurements were derived. Motion‐corrected verification fluence maps were compared with the measured ones, and simulated measurements were compared with the static verification fluence maps. The IMRT QA passing rates for those comparisons were obtained using the most stringent criterion (90% passing rate at 3%/ 3mm DTA, TH=10%). Results: The agreement between the measured and motion‐corrected verification fluence maps was ideal (the IMRT QA passing rates ≥ 98.5%). The magnitude of pancreatic tumor motion >1.0 cm caused a significant dosimetric effect as indicated by the IMRT QA passing rate. The IMRT QA passing rates dropped as low as 61% with the maximum magnitude of motion (2.4 cm). Conclusion: The motion correction by using motion kernel convolution is a reliable way to predict the actual dose to the moving target for IMRT plan. The motion convolved dose distribution should be used for accurate dose evaluation as the static dose distribution provided by TPS may provide erroneous dose prediction. A universal margin to compensate for tumor motion should be avoided in the clinical practice, and 4D MRI or 4D CT should be employed to evaluate the extent of pancreatic tumor motion for each patient.
Is System in Package the Panacea for Integration

With technology scaling, nature has not been kind to conventional analog circuit design. System in package seems the obvious way to go. But its predecessor was the multichip module, and basically, all the problems are still there. The author discusses where to go from here.
Y2 receptors for neuropeptide Y in the nucleus of the solitary tract mediate depressor responses.

Abstract In anesthetized, spontaneously breathing rats, microinjections of selective agonists of neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptor subtypes were made into the medial region of the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) at the level of the area postrema. This region of the rat NTS exhibits very high densities of NPY binding sites. Microinjections of the long C-terminal NPY fragment, NPY(13–36), a selective agonist at Y 2 receptors, into the caudal NTS elicited pronounced, dose-related reductions in blood pressure and respiratory minute volume. Moreover, the specific pattern of cardiorespiratory responses elicited by NPY(13–36) was remarkably similar, over approximately the same dosage range, with the cardiorespiratory response pattern elicited by intact NPY. In contrast to the potent NTS-mediated responses evoked by NPY(13–36), similar microinjections conducted with either NPY(26–36), an inactive C-terminal NPY fragment, or [Leu 31 ,Pro 34 ]NPY, a NPY analog with specific agonist properties at Y 1 receptors, into the same caudal NTS sites did not appreciably affect cardiorespiratory parameters even at 10–20-fold higher dosages. The present results with selective agonists for NPY receptor subtypes suggest that the depressor responses and reductions in minute volume elicited by microinjections of intact NPY and NPY(13–36) were mediated by Y 2 receptors in the caudal NTS, likely distributed at presynaptic sites in the medial region of the subpostremal NTS.
Value-added sampling for fishery independent surveys: Don’t stop after you’re done counting and measuring

Most fishery independent surveys count, weigh, and measure the majority of species caught. Many surveys also collect selected body structures for in-lab age determinations for selected species. We provide examples from the Northeast Fisheries Science Center's (NEFSC) bottom trawl survey that detail the development of at-sea sampling to elucidate age, growth, maturity, fecundity, spawning season, stomach contents, diet composition, condition, habitat types and prey preferences, basic oceanography (or limnology), and bioenergetics for a suite of diverse species. We show how the development of new methodologies and technologies has decreased both deck-time and time in the lab for processing many of the samples required to provide information on the topics listed above. As new technologies develop to make our trawl catch processing more efficient, we assert that we can notably increase the amount of information collected from trawl surveys with little additional effort. We show that with marginally additional catch processing time on the deck, at-sea sampling can provide a significant return on the knowledge of aquatic and marine resource species, non-resource species, habitats, food webs, and the ecosystems within which they occur. As observing systems continue to expand their remit to provide ecosystem management advice, the need for increased efficiencies on fisheries surveys will remain.
Mentors and Early Collaborators: Reminiscences from the Years 1940-1956 with an Epilogue

These reminiscences extend from the year 1940, in which I arrived in Berkeley, to 1956, the year in which Neyman resigned from the chairmanship of the Berkeley Statistics Department and handed its leadership over to the next generation. They sketch my experiences with six scientists who have influenced me as mentors or collaborators: Evans, Neyman, Wald, Scheffe, Stein and Hodges. The origin of these recollections was a conversation with Agnes Herzberg and Persi Diaconis, which was videotaped under the sponsorship of Pfizer Central Research and the American Statistical Association on April 28,1992 by the Department of Statistics at the University of Connecticut under the direction of Harry Posten. Although the conversation went in a somewhat different direction and the overlap is moderate, it got me thinking about the people who influenced me in my 20’s and 30’s and thus led to the present paper.
Film-Based Systems For Flight Simulator Visual Systems

Two visual display systems for use with flight simulators, the Singer variable anamorphic motion picture system (referred to as the VAMP*) and the Singer scanned motion picture system (referred to as the SCAMP*), both use, as the image storing medium, film taken from an aircraft flying a prescribed flight path. Terrain photographed from a given point and attitude, so having a given perspective, is altered by both systems to show the same terrain viewed from a different point and attitude, with correspondingly different perspective. Data recorded during filming provide a digital computer with information about the position, velocity, etc. of the filming aircraft. Differences between the filmed flight path and the simulator flight path are used to cause the systems to correct the visual scene perspective to that corresponding to the simulator's actual spatial position. In the VAMP Visual System, the changes are produced optically, and in the SCAMP Visual System, electronically. Used with flight simulators, both systems enable pilots to "fly" maneuvers under various day and night conditions, in fog, and under, in and above clouds.© (1975) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
P 34. Inter-individual variation during transcranial direct current stimulation and normalization of dose using MRI-derived computational models

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive, versatile, and safe neuromodulation technology under investigation for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, adjunct to rehabilitation, and cognitive enhancement in healthy adults. Despite promising results, there is variability in responsiveness. One potential source of variability is the intensity of current delivered to the brain which is a function of both the operator controlled tDCS dose (electrode montage and total applied current) and subject specific anatomy. We are interested in both the scale of this variability across anatomical typical adults and methods to normalize inter-individual variation by customizing tDCS dose. Computational FEM simulations are a standard technique to predict brain current flow during tDCS and can be based on subject specific anatomical MRI. To investigate this variability, we modeled multiple tDCS and HD-tDCS montages across eight adults. The current flow profile across all subjects and montages was influenced by gross anatomy as well as details in cortical gyri/sulci. This data suggests that subject specific modeling can facilitate consistent and more efficacious tDCS.
Self-Incompatibility in Two Alfalfa Populations

Self-incompatibility provides a useful mechanism for pollination control in alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. Five hundred randomly selected seedlings from each of two well-adapted multiple pest-resistant alfalfa populations (W10 AC3 and BMP8 AC3) were screened for self-incompatibility. Twenty-eight plants were selected following three evaluations in the greenhouse. Unemasculated hand pollinations of the self-incompatible plants, using plants with the single-gene, completely dominant red-root character as the pollen source, resulted in the production of 98.6% hybrid seed. Plants were intercrossed in the greenhouse using honey bees, Apis melifera L. Growth chamber forage-yield trials of half-sib progenies indicate that certain combinations of self-incompatible plants exist that will yield significantly better than the parent populations. Twelve elite self-incompatible plants selected after the initial screening produced (i) 30% viable pollen, and (iii)>3 seeds floret −1 when used as the male or female in crosses with other plants. Pollen-pistil interaction studies of the self-incompatible plants showed that the pollen had normal viability and either failed to germinate upon self pollination or pollen tube growth was abnormal. Pollen tubes that grew near the ovules either formed bulbous structures and terminated, or formed several branches, or continued to grow past all of the ovules resulting in the failure of fertilization. However, normal fertilization and good seed set were obtained when the self-incompatible plants were used both as male and female in crosses with other plants. The 12 elite self-incompatible plants were shown to have the capacity to produce somatic embryos in vitro, indicating that these plants could be propagated utilizing artificial seed technology. Evidence to date indicates that the use of the self-incompatibility system may provide a mechanism for successfully producing high-yielding hybrid alfalfa cultivars
TRAJECTORY AND CORRELATES OF GROWTH OF EXTREMELY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT ADOLESCENTS

Catch-up growth may predispose to obesity and metabolic sequelae. We sought to examine the trajectory and correlates of growth and catch up among extremely-low-birth-weight (ELBW) (<1 kg) adolescents. A cohort study of 148 neurologically normal ELBW children and 115 normal-birth-weight (NBW) controls born during the period 1992–1995 was conducted. Longitudinal measures of gender-specific growth of ELBW children from birth, in addition to growth and measures of obesity of ELBW and NBW children at 14 y, were evaluated. Following neonatal growth failure, ELBW children had accelerated growth, but at 8 y, they still had lower weight and height z scores than NBW children. By 14 y, ELBW boys had caught up in growth to their NBW controls, but ELBW girls remained significantly smaller. ELBW children, however, did not differ from their controls in measures of obesity. In hierarchical multiple regression analyses, only maternal BMI and weight gain during infancy and childhood predicted the ELBW children’s 14-y weight z scores, BMI z scores, and abdominal circumference. Perinatal risk factors, including intrauterine growth, only predicted growth up to 20 mo. Maternal BMI and rate of growth, rather than perinatal factors, predict 14-y obesity among neurologically normal ELBW adolescents.
Triplogynium krantzi n.g., n.sp., type of Triplogyniidae n. fam. (mesostigmata:celaenopsoidea)

Abstract Triplogynium krantzi n. g., n. sp. is described and designated as the type of Triplogyniidae n. fam. Euzercon ovulum Berlese, 1905; E. hirtellus Berlese, 1910; E. jeanneli Berlese, 1916; and Neodiplogynium vallei Fox, 1959, are transferred to this new genus.
Bi-frames with 4-fold axial symmetry for quadrilateral surface multiresolution processing

When bivariate filter banks and wavelets are used for surface multiresolution processing, it is required that the decomposition and reconstruction algorithms for regular vertices derived from them have high symmetry. This symmetry requirement makes it possible to design the corresponding multiresolution algorithms for extraordinary vertices. Recently lifting-scheme based biorthogonal bivariate wavelets with high symmetry have been constructed for surface multiresolution processing. If biorthogonal wavelets have certain smoothness, then the analysis or synthesis scaling function or both have big supports in general. In particular, when the synthesis low-pass filter is a commonly used scheme such as Loop's scheme or Catmull-Clark's scheme, the corresponding analysis low-pass filter has a big support and the corresponding analysis scaling function and wavelets have poor smoothness. Big supports of scaling functions, or in other words big templates of multiresolution algorithms, are undesirable for surface processing. On the other hand, a frame provides flexibility for the construction of ''basis'' systems. This paper concerns the construction of wavelet (or affine) bi-frames with high symmetry. In this paper we study the construction of wavelet bi-frames with 4-fold symmetry for quadrilateral surface multiresolution processing, with both the dyadic and 2 refinements considered. The constructed bi-frames have 4 framelets (or frame generators) for the dyadic refinement, and 2 framelets for the 2 refinement. Namely, with either the dyadic or 2 refinement, a frame system constructed in this paper has only one more generator than a wavelet system. The constructed bi-frames have better smoothness and smaller supports than biorthogonal wavelets. Furthermore, all the frame algorithms considered in this paper are given by templates so that one can easily implement them.
Strike or anarchist plot? The McCormick riot of 1886 reconsidered

The reigning historical consensus is that the McCormick Riot of 3 May 1886 was a spontaneous conflict between strikers and scabs that provoked a brutal police attack. This re-examination of the evidence shows the complicated nature of work relations in the plant, the different interests and loyalties of various groups of McCormick employees, and the early involvement of Chicago's anarchists in exploiting McCormick's union tensions for their own purposes. New revelations detailing August Spies’ private motives for revenge against the police are uncovered.
Deep seismic reflectivity beneath an intracratonic basin: Insights into the behavior of the uppermost mantle beneath the Illinois basin

Abstract Reflectivity images of the lower crust and uppermost mantle beneath the Paleozoic Illinois basin have been derived from reprocessing of several hundred kilometers of industry seismic reflection data using extended vibroseis recorrelation. The recorrelation was based on extending an originally 4-s correlated record, acquired with a 16-s sweep, from 14 to 126 Hz, to the absolute limit of the full 20 s (∼70 km) listening traveltime. Sub-Moho reflections are recorded to 18 s two-way traveltime (unmigrated) and are observed on intersecting profiles apparently dipping to the southwest and striking northwest–southeast. Occasional Moho reflections are also observed across the profiles (∼12 s or ∼38 km) while reflectivity in the lower crust is generally marked by intermittent horizontal packages and short, gently dipping reflections and diffraction segments. The presence of newly observed mantle reflectivity beneath the Illinois basin indicates significant uppermost mantle heterogeneity, relative to other parts of the USA studied using reflection methods. The mantle reflectivity effectively defines an area of anomalous mantle that rests beneath the depocenter of the early Paleozoic Illinois basin, which is itself superimposed over a deeper Proterozoic “basinal” depocenter. Filtering and inversion of geopotential field data reveal that this anomalous mantle also partially correlates with a positive density anomaly in the upper mantle. These correlations suggest that the anomalous mantle zone exerted an influence on the early Paleozoic subsidence of the basin, perhaps as a buried load due to eclogitization of former lower crust. The relatively isolated occurrence of sub-Moho reflections beneath the basin makes it difficult to uniquely infer their origin. However, available geologic and geophysical constraints, especially from geochemical and geochronological studies of drilled and exposed basement rocks, limit the possibilities to: (1) remnants or “scars” of sub-crustal processes associated with lithospheric extension or delamination related to the melting of the Proterozoic crust that led to the emplacement of the granite–rhyolite province that underlies much of USA Midcontinent; or (2) deformation caused by plate subduction associated with the hypothetical accretion of a juvenile island arc to the pre-1.6 Ga southern margin of the Laurentian continent.
Student-Driven Design of Peptide Mimetics: Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Peptoid Oligomers

An experiment for the undergraduate organic laboratory is described in which peptide mimetic oligomers called “peptoids” are built stepwise on a solid-phase resin. Students employ two modern strategies to facilitate rapid multistep syntheses: solid-phase techniques to obviate the need for intermediate purifications and microwave irradiation to enhance reaction rates. The modular reaction protocol is compatible with a vast array of reagents, allowing students to design unique oligomer sequences and to get a sense of modern drug-discovery processes. Students compare reactions performed both with and without microwave irradiation for a collaborative learning experience.
Effect of Baffle on Gravity-Gradient-Excited Slosh Waves and Spacecraft Moment and Angular-Momentum Fluctuations in Microgravity

The dynamical behavior of fluids affected by the asymmetric gravity gradient acceleration has been investigated. In particular, the effects of surface tension on partially filled rotating fluids applicable to a full-scale Gravity Probe-B Spacecraft dewar tank with and without baffles are studied. Results of slosh wave excitation along the liquid-vapor interface induced by gravity gradient acceleration indicate that the gravity gradient acceleration is equivalent to the combined effect of a twisting force and a torsional moment acting on the spacecraft. The results are clearly seen from one-up one-down and one-down one-up oscillations in the cross-section profiles of two bubbles in the vertical (r, z)-plane of the rotating dewar, and from the eccentric contour of the bubble rotating around the axis of the dewar in a horizontal (r, θ)-plane. As the viscous force, between liquid and solid interface, greatly contributes to the damping of slosh wave excitation, a rotating dewar with baffles provides more areas of liquid-solid interface than that of a rotating dewar without baffles. Results show that the damping effect provided by the baffles reduces the amplitude of slosh wave excitation and lowers the degree of asymmetry in liquid-vapor distribution. Fluctuations of angular momentum and fluid moment caused by the slosh wave excited by gravity gradient acceleration with and without baffle boards are also investigated. It is also shown that the damping effect provided by the baffles greatly reduces the amplitudes of angular momentum and fluid moment fluctuations.
Principal Components of Minus M-Matrices

In this paper we determine the nonnegativity structure of the principal components of an n× nnonnegative matrix Pin terms of the marked reduced graph , the minus M-matrix which can be associated with P. We then apply this result to consider various types of nonnegative bases for the Perron eigenspace of P which can be extracted from a certain nonnegative matrix which is a polynomial in P. We also obtain a characterization for the eigenprojection Pon the Perron eigenspace of Pto be, itself, a nonnegative matrix. Our results provide new proofs and extensions of results of Friedland and Schneider and of Hartwig, Neumann, and Rose.
The Relative Flavin (Vitamin G) Content of Dried Skimmilk, Dried Whey, and Dried Buttermilk

Abstract THE need for vitamin G by poultry, particularly during the growing and breeding period in the life cycle, has been established by Hauge and Carrick (1926), Norris et al (1933–36), Bethke (1933), Heiman (1935), and others. In poultry feeding, the flavin requirement may be met by feeds from several sources, among which are dairy by-products, yeast products, dry or succulent green feeds, and, under some conditions, by certain packing house and marine products. Dairy by-products especially are used extensively to supply flavin. Heiman, loc. cit., demonstrated the differences which exist in the relative vitamin-G content of various dairy products, particular emphasis having been given to dried skimmilk and dried whey, which are extensively used as poultry feeds. The principal purpose of the study reported here was to determine the relative flavin content of dried buttermilk, another dairy by-product, often used in poultry feeding. PROCEDURE A group of 500 day-old . . .
The phylogenetics and ecology of the orthopoxviruses endemic to North America.

The data presented herein support the North American orthopoxviruses (NA OPXV) in a sister relationship to all other currently described Orthopoxvirus (OPXV) species. This phylogenetic analysis reaffirms the identification of the NA OPXV as close relatives of “Old World” (Eurasian and African) OPXV and presents high support for deeper nodes within the Chordopoxvirinae family. The natural reservoir host(s) for many of the described OPXV species remains unknown although a clear virus-host association exists between the genus OPXV and several mammalian taxa. The hypothesized host associations and the deep divergence of the OPXV/NA OPXV clades depicted in this study may reflect the divergence patterns of the mammalian faunas of the Old and New World and reflect a more ancient presence of OPXV on what are now the American continents. Genes from the central region of the poxvirus genome are generally more conserved than genes from either end of the linear genome due to functional constraints imposed on viral replication abilities. The relatively slower evolution of these genes may more accurately reflect the deeper history among the poxvirus group, allowing for robust placement of the NA OPXV within Chordopoxvirinae. Sequence data for nine genes were compiled from three NA OPXV strains plus an additional 50 genomes collected from Genbank. The current, gene sequence based phylogenetic analysis reaffirms the identification of the NA OPXV as the nearest relatives of “Old World” OPXV and presents high support for deeper nodes within the Chordopoxvirinae family. Additionally, the substantial genetic distances that separate the currently described NA OPXV species indicate that it is likely that many more undescribed OPXV/NA OPXV species may be circulating among wild animals in North America.
The Trafficking and Processing of Insulin and Insulin Receptors in Cultured Rat Hepatocytes

The processing and trafficking of insulin in cultured rat hepatocytes were studied. A time course of binding of radiolabeled insulin to hepatocytes at 37 C revealed a rapid rise in cell-associated radioactivity that reached a steady state by 20 min. Using an acid medium to extract insulin bound to surface receptors, the time courses of receptor binding and internalization of the ligand were characterized. The earliest event in insulin processing was the binding of insulin to surface receptors, reaching steady state by 20 min with a t1/2 of 4 min. The internalization rate of ligand was initially slower than the binding rate, with a t1/2 of 6 min. Similar internalization rates of the insulin receptor were found by measuring the trypsin sensitivity of hepatocyte insulin receptors covalently occupied with a photo-affinity-labeled derivative of insulin [( 125I]B2 (2-nitro-4-azido-phenylacetyl)Des-PheB1-insulin). At steady state, the internalized ligand and receptor comprised approximately 40-45% of the cell-associated radioactivity. The time course of intracellular degradation was assessed by trichloroacetic acid (TCA) precipitability and Sephadex G-50 gel chromatography of solubilized cells containing only internalized radioactivity. Intracellular TCA-soluble and low mol wt degradation products first appeared by 5 min and were released from the cell 3 min later. Chloroquine (100 microM) completely inhibited the formation of intracellular low mol wt degradation products as well as their appearance in the medium. The release of intracellular radioactivity was assessed by first removing surface-bound insulin with acid extraction. Eighty percent of the intracellular radioactivity was released in 45 min with a t1/2 of 8 min. The released radioactivity was assessed by TCA precipitability and gel chromatography. These results demonstrate that after 20 min, 43% of the released intracellular radioactivity is intact insulin. The percentage of intact insulin released increases in a dose-dependent fashion as the amount of insulin bound and internalized increases. In conclusion, the earliest event in insulin processing is binding to surface receptors. After a short delay, insulin and its receptor are internalized and trafficked into either a chloroquine-sensitive degradative pathway or a chloroquine-insensitive retroendocytotic pathway. The amount of insulin that traverses the nondegradative retroendocytotic pathway is proportional to the amount of insulin bound and internalized by the cell.
Vaccination with SIVmac239Δnef activates CD4+ T cells in the absence of CD4+ T‐cell loss

BACKGROUND Pathogenic HIV and SIV infections characteristically deplete central memory CD4(+) T cells and induce chronic immune activation, but it is controversial whether this also occurs after vaccination with attenuated SIVs and whether depletion or activation of CD4(+) T-cell play roles in protection against wild-type virus challenge. METHODS Rhesus macaques were vaccinated with SIVmac239Deltanef and quantitative and phenotypic polychromatic flow cytometry analyses were performed on mononuclear cells from blood, lymph nodes and rectal biopsies. RESULTS Animals vaccinated with SIVmac239Deltanef demonstrated no loss of CD4(+) T cells in any tissue, and in fact CCR5(+) and CD28(+)CD95(+) central memory CD4(+) T cells were significantly increased. In contrast, CD4(+) T-cell numbers and CCR5 expression significantly declined in unvaccinated controls challenged with SIVmac239. Also, intracellular Ki67 increased acutely as much as 3-fold over baseline in all tissues after SIVmac239Deltanef vaccination then declined following primary infection. CONCLUSION We demonstrated in this study that SIVmac239Deltanef vaccination did not deplete CD4(+) T cells but transiently activated and expanded the memory cell population. However, increases in numbers and activation of memory CD4(+) T cells did not appear to influence protective immunity.
Tornado warning trade-offs: evaluating choices for visually communicating risk

AbstractRecent improvements in weather observation and monitoring have increased the precision of tornado warnings. The National Weather Service currently issues storm-based tornado warnings, and even more geographically specific warnings that include probability information are under development. At the same time, the widespread proliferation of smartphone and mobile computing technology supports the rapid dissemination of graphical weather warning information. Some broadcasters and private companies have already begun using probabilistic-style tornado warning graphics. However, the development of these new types of warnings has occurred with limited research on how users interpret probabilistic visualizations.This study begins filling this void by examining responses to color scheme and relative position using probabilistic tornado warning designs. A survey of university students is used to measure the level of perceived fear and likelihood of protective action for a series of hypothetical warning scena...
Alloantibody responses in multiply transfused sickle cell patients.

Fifty-six adult and 15 pediatric black patients with sickle cell disease were studied to determine their antibody responses to repeated transfusions of red cells. Red cell antibodies were determined restrospectively; anti-lymphocyte antibodies (class I and II) were determined on the single, most recently drawn blood sample. All adults were HLA-A, B, C, DR and DQ typed. Ten percent of the individuals with less than 50 transfusions, but greater than 50% with 100 transfusions or more, had red cell antibodies. The percentage of patients producing anti-red cell antibodies increased consistently with the number of transfusions (p = 0.0062). Women were more likely to become sensitized to red cell antigens than men (p = 0.008), and nulliparous women more likely than multiparous women. Children were also sensitized to red cell antigens (20%), and to a high degree to lymphocyte antigens (73%). No HLA association was found with increased propensity to red cell sensitization. A weak association of HLA DR5 and DR7 with failure to become sensitized to lymphocyte alloantigens was observed, but did not reach statistical significance. Our results suggest that, while genetic factors influencing transfusion response almost certainly exist, other factors such as number of transfusions, age, sex and parity need to be examined to provide accurate projections of risk in chronic transfusion.
Employing the God‐Family Relationship in Therapy with Religious Families

In many religious families, God functions as a crucial family member, stabilizing interpersonal relationships and engaging in daily family transactions. In the psychological role of a transitional object, God can be usefully employed by the family therapist in therapeutic interventions, when the therapist keeps the focus upon the interpersonal relationship with God rather than the specific content of religious beliefs. This approach can access a vital resource in the family, particularly when conditions for therapy are otherwise difficult, such as an isolated, enmeshed dyad presenting alone for therapy. Four case examples illustrate how one may use this approach in family therapy.
Naming Practices and the Acquisition of Key Biological Concepts: Evidence From English and Indonesian

Children's acquisition of fundamental biological concepts (LIVING THING, ANIMAL, PLANT) is shaped by the way these concepts are named. In English, but not Indonesian, the name “animal” is polysemous: One sense includes all animate objects, and the other excludes humans. Because names highlight object categories, if the same name (“animal”) points to two different, hierarchically related biological concepts, children should have difficulty settling on the scope of that term and its close neighbors (e.g.,“alive”). Experiments with 4- to 9-year-old English- and Indonesian-speaking children revealed that “alive” poses unique interpretive challenges, especially for English-speaking children. When asked to identify entities that are “alive,” older Indonesian-speaking children selected both plants and animals, but their English-speaking counterparts tended to exclude plants, which suggests that they may have misaligned “alive” with one of the “animal” senses. This work underscores the importance of considering l...
INFINITE ELEMENTS FOR WATER WAVE RADIATION AND SCATTERING

The infinite element method is employed to approximate the solutions of Webster's horn equation and Berkhoff's equation for water wave radiation and scattering in an unbounded domain. Functionals based on the first variational principle are presented. Two new infinite elements, which exactly satisfy the one- and two-dimensional Sommerfeld radiation condition, are presented; the simple shape functions are constructed on the basis of the asymptotic behaviour of the scattered wave at infinity. All the integrals in the functionals involving each infinite element are integrated analytically and, as a result, no numerical integration is required. The programming requirements and computational efficiency are essentially no different than those of the conventional finite element method. For the test cases presented, the numerical results are acceptably accurate when compared with the existing solutions and laboratory data.
Emotion control values and responding to an anger provocation in Asian-American and European-American individuals

The present research examined whether Asian-American (AA) versus European-American (EA) women differed in experiential, expressive, or autonomic physiological responding to a laboratory anger provocation and assessed the mediating role of values about emotional control. Results indicate that AA participants reported and behaviourally displayed less anger than EA participants, while there were no group differences in physiological responses. Observed differences in emotional responses were partially mediated by emotion control values, suggesting a potential mechanism for effects of cultural background on anger responding.
Spatial knowledge in a young blind child

Abstract A set of eight experiments demonstrate spatial knowledge in a 2-year-old congenitally blind child and sighted blindfolded controls. Once the blind child had traveled along specific paths between objects in a novel array, she was able to make spatial inferences, finding new routes between those objects (Experiment 1). She could also do so when the routes were between places in space, not occupied by objects (Experiment II). Deviations from precisely straight routes in Experiments I and II were not due to faulty inferences, but probably came from imprecise motor control, since the same deviations occured when inferences were not required—when the child moved to a place designated by a sound source (Experiment III). This child's performances could not be accounted for by artifactual explanations: sound cues, experimenter bias, and echolocation were ruled out (Experiments IV, V, VI). Further, sighted blindfolded controls performed at roughly the same level (Experiment VII). Finally, Experiment VIII shows that the blind child could access her spatial knowledge for use in a simple map-reading task. We conclude that the young blind child has a system of spatial knowledge, including abstract, amodal rules
'Studio' mathematics for undergraduate engineers

Applied Mathematics for Engineering is a second year undergraduate mathematics requirement for engineering majors at Harvey Mudd College in Claremont, California since 2011. It has been jointly designed and taught by the engineering and mathematics departments. The class aims to help students develop confidence in their skill in applying mathematics to solve engineering problems and perseverance for complicated problems; to improve facility at previously learned mathematical skills and to incorporate new tools; and to develop strategic competence and better judgment on the correctness of solutions. This article describes the design principles used in creating the class and some evidence of its effectiveness. References R. J. Beichner, J. M. Saul, D. S. Abbott, J. J. Morse, D. L. Deardorff, R. J. Allain, S. W. Bonham, M. H. Dancy, and J. S. Risley. The student-centered activities for large enrollment undergraduate programs (scale-up) project. In Research-Based Reform of University Physics, volume 1. Edward F. Redish and Patrick Cooney, April 2007. http://www.compadre.org/PER/items/detail.cfm?ID=4517 . J. E. Froyd. Evidence for the efficacy of student-active learning pedagogies. Project Kaleidoscope: Pedagogies of Engagement, 2007. http://www.pkal.org/documents/BibliographyofSALPedagogies.cfm , accessed 1 Oct, 2013. P. Little and M. Cardenas. Use of ``studio'' methods in the introductory engineering design curriculum. J. Eng. Educ., 90:309–318, 2001. doi:10.1002/j.2168-9830.2001.tb00610.x . M. Prince. Does active learning work? a review of the research. J. Eng. Educ., 93(3):223–231, 2004. doi:10.1002/j.2168-9830.2004.tb00809.x . Project Kaleidoscope. What works in facilitating interdisciplinary learning in science and mathematics, 2011. http://www.aacu.org/pkal/interdisciplinarylearning/documents/KeckExecutiveSummary_001.pdf , accessed 1 Oct, 2013. L. Springer, M. E. Stanne, and S. S. Donovan. Effects of small-group learning on undergraduates in science, mathematics, engineering, and technology: A meta-analysis. Rev. Educ. Res., 69:21–51, 1999. doi:10.3102/00346543069001021 .
Functional Characterization of T Cell Populations in a Mouse Model of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Cigarette smoke (CS) exposure is the primary risk factor for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD is characterized by chronic peribronchial, perivascular, and alveolar inflammation. The inflammatory cells consist primarily of macrophage, neutrophils, and lymphocytes. Although myeloid cells are well studied, the role of lymphocyte populations in pathogenesis of COPD remains unclear. Using a mouse model of CS-induced emphysema, our laboratory has previously demonstrated that CS exposure causes changes in the TCR repertoire suggestive of an Ag-specific response and triggers a pathogenic T cell response sufficient to cause alveolar destruction and inflammation. We extend these findings to demonstrate that T cells from CS-exposed mice of the BALB/cJ or C57B6 strain are sufficient to transfer pulmonary pathology to CS-naive, immunosufficient mice. CS exposure causes a proinflammatory phenotype among pulmonary T cells consistent with those from COPD patients. We provide evidence that donor T cells from CS-exposed mice depend on Ag recognition to transfer alveolar destruction using MHC class I-deficient recipient mice. Neither CD4(+) nor CD8(+) T cells from donor mice exposed to CS alone are sufficient to cause inflammation or pathology in recipient mice. We found no evidence of impaired suppression of T cell proliferation among regulatory T cells from CS-exposed mice. These results suggest that CS exposure initiates an Ag-specific response that leads to pulmonary destruction and inflammation that involves both CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells. These results are direct evidence for an autoimmune response initiated by CS exposure.
New forms of QCD matter discovered at RHIC

Abstract We discuss two special limiting forms of QCD matter which may be produced at RHIC. We conclude from the available empirical evidence that an equilibrated, but strongly coupled quark–gluon plasma has been made in such collisions. We also discuss the growing body of evidence that its source is a color glass condensate.
Determining the through-plane resolution of strain-encoded MRI

Strain encoded magnetic resonance elastography (SENC MRE) has been proposed for imaging elastic variation by obtaining images whose intensity directly represents through-plane strain. It is useful for detecting tumors because tumors exhibit different elastic properties than the surrounding tissue. SENC MRE, however, assumes homogeneous tissue elasticity in the through-plane direction, an assumption that requires the acquisition of relatively thin image slices. This causes a reduction in the signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) of the images and lengthens the scanning time when acquiring large volumes. In this paper, we evaluated imaging with thick slices (>10 mm) where the homogeneity assumption would fail in cases of small tumors that are thinner than the image slice. We propose enhancing the SENC MRE technique to detect thin tumors by modifying the image slice profile. Phantom experiments were performed to demonstrate the ability of the improved SENC MRE technique to detect the presence of thin tumors, as small as one quarter of the slice thickness.
Inflammatory pseudotumor of the middle ear masquerading as Bell's palsy

We describe the case of a 28-year-old woman who presented with an acute dense left facial paralysis. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated enhancement of the labyrinthine portion of the facial nerve, and Bell's palsy was the presumed initial diagnosis. After 2 months without recovery despite receiving steroid and antiviral therapy, the patient underwent further workup. Computed tomographic scan demonstrated a mass lesion adjacent to the tympanic portion of the facial nerve, and electromyography showed active denervation and prominent fibrillation potentials. Surgical excision of the tumor was performed with decompression and sparing of the facial nerve. Histologically, the tumor proved to be an inflammatory pseudotumor (IPT). At the 3-year follow-up, the patient had an improvement in her facial nerve function, progressing to a House-Brackman grade III. An IPT can masquerade as Bell's palsy with sudden complete facial paralysis. Failure to obtain even slight recovery in Bell's palsy should prompt further workup, including appropriate imaging, to assess for a mass lesion. Confusion of an IPT with a nerve-based tumor on frozen section and imaging could lead to inappropriate resection and cable grafting of the facial nerve. Therefore, the relationship between an IPT and facial nerve paralysis is vital and must be recognized for treatment and to maximize postoperative facial nerve function.
A People's History of Human Biodiversity

Human Biodiversity: Genes, Race and History. Jonathan Marks. New York: Aldine De Gruyter, 1994. 321 pp.
Reproducibility of ZrO2-based freeze casting for biomaterials

The processing technique of freeze casting has been intensely researched for its potential to create porous scaffold and infiltrated composite materials for biomedical implants and structural materials. However, in order for this technique to be employed medically or commercially, it must be able to reliably produce materials in great quantities with similar microstructures and properties. Here we investigate the reproducibility of the freeze casting process by independently fabricating three sets of eight ZrO2-epoxy composite scaffolds with the same processing conditions but varying solid loading (10, 15 and 20 vol.%). Statistical analyses (One-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD tests) run upon measurements of the microstructural dimensions of these composite scaffold sets show that, while the majority of microstructures are similar, in all cases the composite scaffolds display statistically significant variability. In addition, composite scaffolds where mechanically compressed and statistically analyzed. Similar to the microstructures, almost all of their resultant properties displayed significant variability though most composite scaffolds were similar. These results suggest that additional research to improve control of the freeze casting technique is required before scaffolds and composite scaffolds can reliably be reproduced for commercial or medical applications.
Reducing exception management overhead with software restart markers

Modern processors rely on exception handling mechanisms to detect errors and to implement various features such as virtual memory. However, these mechanisms are typically hardware-intensive because of the need to buffer partially-completed instructions to implement precise exceptions and enforce in-order instruction commit, often leading to issues with performance and energy efficiency. The situation is exacerbated in highly parallel machines with large quantities of programmer-visible state, such as VLIW or vector processors. As architects increasingly rely on parallel architectures to achieve higher performance, the problem of exception handling is becoming critical. In this thesis, I present software restart markers as the foundation of an exception handling mechanism for explicitly parallel architectures. With this model, the compiler is responsible for delimiting regions of idempotent code. If an exception occurs, the operating system will resume execution from the beginning of the region. One advantage of this approach is that instruction results can be committed to architectural state in any order within a region, eliminating the need to buffer those values. Enabling out-of-order commit can substantially reduce the exception management overhead found in precise exception implementations, and enable the use of new architectural features that might be prohibitively costly with conventional precise exception implementations. Additionally, software restart markers can be used to reduce context switch overhead in a multiprogrammed environment. This thesis demonstrates the applicability of software restart markers to vector, VLIW, and multithreaded architectures. It also contains an implementation of this exception handling approach that uses the Trimaran compiler infrastructure to target the Scale vector-thread architecture. I show that using software restart markers incurs very little performance overhead for vector-style execution on Scale. Finally, I describe the Scale compiler flow developed as part of this work and discuss how it targets certain features facilitated by the use of software restart markers. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)