cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth hormone metabolism in essential fatty acid-deficient and pair-fed nondeficient chicks.

Day-old White Leghorn cockerels were fed a purified essential fatty acid (EFA)-deficient basal diet (0.03% linoleic acid) ad libitum for 1 week. They were then fed one of the following treatments for 7 weeks: 1) basal diet ad libitum, 2) basal +4% corn oil pair-fed to 1, 3) basal +4% corn oil ad libitum, or 4) corn-soybean diet. Chicks fed the deficient diet exhibited marked reductions in weight gain, energy efficiency, and comb and testes weights, increases in liver size, and characteristic changes in tissue fatty acids at 8 weeks of age. Depressions in weight gain, tibial length, epiphyseal plate width, pituitary growth hormone (GH) activity, elevated plasma GH, and a tendency for reduced nitrogen reten tion, point to an impairment in GH metabolism in EFA-deficient chicks. Results with pair-fed control chicks suggest that smaller tibial length and width, smaller epiphyseal plate width, reduced nitrogen retention, elevated plasma GH and, to a partial extent, reduced body weights, smaller combs and testes, and larger pituitary glands are a result of reduced appetite and food intake rather than a direct biochemical effect of EFA per se. Changes due directly to the EFA deficiency, independent of reduced food intake, were decreased energy efficiency, increased liver weight, elevated triene- tetraene fatty acid ratio, and reduced hypophyseal GH. These results demonstrate the importance of equalizing food intake in studies of this nature. Hypophyseal GH content was not affected by treatments in the same fashion as was plasma GH concentration. This indicates that different hypothalamic-hypophyseal mechanisms operate to increase plasma GH in EFA-deficient and pair-fed control chicks. J. Nutr. 109; 330-338, 1979.
Changing What Is Taught: Hearing the Voices of the Underrepresented.

A major challenge facing institutions today is determining the role of multiculturalism in the curriculum. Institutions that decide to incorporate multicultural perspectives into the general education curriculum will face a long and complex process. In 1991, policy makers at Florida State University made the decision to require all students to take multicultural courses to fulfill general education requirements. This article provides insight into the challenges that institutional policy makers face as they seek to change the curriculum to include the voices of those previously underrepresented.
Behind Beats and Rhymes: Working Class from a Hampton Roads Hip Hop Homeplace

The film documentary titled Hip Hop: beyond beats and rhymes captures ongoing conversations among scholars, cultural critics, and hip hop insiders about the state of African Americans by interrogat...
Political Education and Public Reason

Public reason has often been defended as an ornament of ideal theory: as such, its practical contributions to democratic politics are unclear. And yet a shared understanding of the appropriateness of offering public reasons and an expectation that public officials and citizens should do so, is frequently discernible in our political practice, and often plays a salutary role. I explore public reason’s practical -- educative and formative roles. In doing so, I depart from the typical framing which emphasizes that the state’s coercive powers give rise to an urgent problem of political legitimacy. That framing is inadequate and may mislead because healthy liberal democracies require a fair degree of quasi-voluntary participation in the enforcement and contestation of law; public reason plays a role in fostering and coordinating this decentralized participation. Drawing on positive as well as normative theory, I argue that public reason helps solve problems of mutual assurance on the basis of common knowledge, furnishes resources for the joint interpretation and application of law, and helps educate and integrate new groups and rising generations. It also facilitates important practices of mutual accountability, and perhaps also, social diversity.
MODELING ROUTE CHOICE BEHAVIOR WITH STOCHASTIC LEARNING AUTOMATA

Day-to-day route choice behavior of drivers is analyzed by the introduction of a new route choice model developed using stochastic learning automata (SLA) theory. This day-to-day route choice model addresses the learning behavior of travelers on the basis of experienced travel time and day-to-day learning. To calibrate the penalties of the model, an Internet-based route choice simulator (IRCS) was developed. The IRCS is a traffic simulation model that represents within-day and day-to-day fluctuations in traffic and was developed using Java programming. The calibrated SLA model is then applied to a simple transportation network to test if global user equilibrium, instantaneous equilibrium, and driver learning have occurred over a period of time. It is observed that the developed stochastic learning model accurately depicts the day-to-day learning behavior of travelers. Finally, the sample network converges to equilibrium in terms of both global user and instantaneous equilibrium.
Cooperative Learning Revisited

The endeavor to teach academic skills known as cooperative learningis of interest to behavioral educators due to its record of effectiveness, its use of behavioral procedures, and its relatively widespread adoption by regular educators. All forms of cooperative learning emphasize operations that encourage students to work together to achieve commonly held goals rather than competing with or ignoring the efforts of others. Despite the apparent soundness of the approach, the present commentary raises several issues. First, it states that some cooperative learning proponents fail to describe the behavioral processes underlying the approach. Second, it is pointed out that it is unclear whether cooperative learning is an independent or dependent variable. Given that cooperative learning applies group contingencies to academic behavior, the question is raised as to whether group contingencies do, in fact, produce desirable social interactions, and whether group contingencies are appropriate for academic behaviors. A concern is also raised as to whether the spontaneous peer tutoring generated by cooperative learning compares favorably with planned peer tutoring. Finally, it is claimed that the minor variations from academic group contingencies that cooperative learning proponents have introduced do not require identifying a new process.
Particle cosmology comes of age

Abstract The application of modern ideas in particle physics to astrophysical and cosmological settings is a continuation of a fruitful tradition in astrophysics which began with the application of atomic physics, and then nuclear physics. In the past decade particle cosmology and particle astrophysics have been recognized as ‘legitimate activities’ by both particle physicists and astrophysicists and astronomers. During this time there has been a high level of theoretical activity producing much speculation about the earliest history of the Universe, as well as important and interesting astrophysical and cosmological constraints to particle physics theories. This period of intense theoretical activity has produced a number of ideas most worthy of careful consideration and scrutiny, and even more importantly, amenable to experimental/observational test. Among the ideas which are likely to be tested in the next decade are: the cosmological bound to the number of neutrino flavors, inflation, relic WIMPs as the dark matter, and MSW neutrino oscillations as a solution to the solar neutrino problems.
The effect of on-site forest experience on stated preferences for low-impact timber harvesting programs

An important issue in the design of stated-preference surveys is whether the information provided to respondents within a survey instrument is adequate to yield valid value estimates. Providing respondents with on-site experience about forest ecosystem management alternatives may influence their expectation of the effects from new policies and programs. In the research reported here, we investigate whether preference parameters for attributes of low-impact timber harvesting programs differ between respondents to a mail survey versus respondents provided with an on-site forest experience (walk through a research forest). The empirical analysis in our application shows that stated preferences for timber harvesting attributes are not statistically different between the mail and on-site applications of the survey, and this result is robust to pretest (before experience) and post-test (post experience) applications.
An empirical reanalysis of the selection–socialization hypothesis: a research note

Abstract Ponemon [Ponemon, L. (1988). A cognitive–developmental approach to the analysis of Certified Public Accountants’ ethical judgments . PhD dissertation, Union College of Union University; Accounting, Organizations and Society 17 (1992) 239] contends that a selection–socialization process exists in which (1) senior-level public accountants in the United States have less capacity to comprehend and resolve basic ethical problems than do accountants in subordinate ranks, and (2) the senior-level accountants perpetuate their ranks by promoting persons of low moral reasoning capacity. Using large, national random samples from 1995 and 2001, and correcting for inherent problems in the key study supporting this hypothesis, the current study yields results that materially contradict that earlier research. The sample sizes provide ample statistical power to conclude that, in the United States, capacity for moral judgment does not differ across rank (position) and this is not a factor in promotion in the public accounting profession as a whole. The study examines both political conservatism and gender as potential confounding variables, but finds that they do not drive the results. A sample of attorneys also gives no hint of selection–socialization. Instead, differences in moral cognition seem to be most relevant when people are making a choice of profession and less so after entering a particular profession.
Exercise and the illusory correlation: Does arousal heighten stereotypic processing?

Abstract Subjects experienced high or low physiological arousal via cycling exercise and then were exposed to D. L. Hamilton and T. L. Rose's (1980, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 832–845) illusory correlation procedure. Arousal increased the illusory correlation effect reported by Hamilton and Rose, i.e., the tendency to overestimate the frequency of stereotypically consistent adjectives in comparison with irrelevant adjectives used to describe target individuals of different occupations. In addition, the illusory correlation occurred for frequency estimates for adjectives that had never been originally presented to subjects. Arousal did not enhance this effect, however. Theoretical mechanisms and research implications are discussed.
Covariability of Surface Wind and Stress Responses to Sea Surface Temperature Fronts

AbstractThe responses of surface wind and wind stress to spatial variations of sea surface temperature (SST) are investigated using satellite observations of the surface wind from the Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) and SST from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer on the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (EOS) (AMSR-E) Aqua satellite. This analysis considers the 7-yr period June 2002–May 2009 during which both instruments were operating. Attention is focused in the Kuroshio, North and South Atlantic, and Agulhas Return Current regions. Since scatterometer wind stresses are computed solely as a nonlinear function of the scatterometer-derived 10-m equivalent neutral wind speed (ENW), qualitatively similar responses of the stress and ENW to SST are expected. However, the responses are found to be more complicated on the oceanic mesoscale. First, the stress and ENW are both approximately linearly related to SST, despite a nonlinear relationship between them. Second, the s...
Transitions in the direction of magnetism in Ni/Cu(001) ultrathin films and the effects of capping layers.

Ultrathin films of nickel exhibit an unusual sequence of transitions from in-plane to perpendicular magnetization as a function of film thickness. A sharp transition from in-plane to perpendicular magnetization is found near 7 ML thickness, followed by a gradual transition back to in-plane magnetization beginning at 37 ML. This sequence of transitions cannot be explained by the surface or shape anisotropies, both of which favor in-plane magnetization in the thickness range where perpendicular anisotropy is found. We have measured the thickness dependence of these transitions for nickel film wedges, and films capped by nonmagnetic and magnetic overlayers, to experimentally determine the surface, interface, and magnetoelastic anisotropies. We find that both the surface and interface anisotropy constants are negative (favoring in-plane magnetization), with the magnitude of the surface term being larger than that of the interface. A correlation is found between the critical thickness for misfit dislocation formation in the nickel film and a sharp transition in the coercive field. This transition is used to accurately determine the onset of a thickness dependence in the bulk magnetoelastic energy, which causes the magnetization to rotate back into the film plane. This model gives a complete description of the mechanism for the easy-axis changes at both the 7 and 37 ML thicknesses. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Cassandra versus Pangloss

Scarcity or Abundance? A Debate on the Environment. By Norman Myers and Julian L. Simon. Norton: 1994. Pp. 254. $21, £16.95.
Generalizations of Opt P to the polynomial hierarchy

Abstract The author defined Opt P as a generalization of NP by considering problems as functions that compute their optimal value. An Opt P function is computed by applying the max (or min) operator to the branches of a nondeterministic machine. In this paper, we show that Opt P has a natural extension to the polynomial hierarchy by considering alternating Turing machines with the max and min operators. We show an equivalence between k alternations of max and min and functions computable with an oracle for the k th level in the polynomial hierarchy. Then we give natural complete problems for two and three alternations and show how to extend these results to give complete problems for Δ p 3 and Δ p 4 . We show a further equivalence between unbounded alternations of max and min and functions computable in polynomial space and give complete functions for polynomial space.
A multi-scale PDMS fabrication strategy to bridge the size mismatch between integrated circuits and microfluidics†

In recent years there has been great progress harnessing the small-feature size and programmability of integrated circuits (ICs) for biological applications, by building microfluidics directly on top of ICs. However, a major hurdle to the further development of this technology is the inherent size-mismatch between ICs (~mm) and microfluidic chips (~cm). Increasing the area of the ICs to match the size of the microfluidic chip, as has often been done in previous studies, leads to a waste of valuable space on the IC and an increase in fabrication cost (>100×). To address this challenge, we have developed a three dimensional PDMS chip that can straddle multiple length scales of hybrid IC/microfluidic chips. This approach allows millimeter-scale ICs, with no post-processing, to be integrated into a centimeter-sized PDMS chip. To fabricate this PDMS chip we use a combination of soft-lithography and laser micromachining. Soft lithography was used to define micrometer-scale fluid channels directly on the surface of the IC, allowing fluid to be controlled with high accuracy and brought into close proximity to sensors for highly sensitive measurements. Laser micromachining was used to create ~50 μm vias to connect these molded PDMS channels to a larger PDMS chip, which can connect multiple ICs and house fluid connections to the outside world. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, we built and demonstrated an in-flow magnetic cytometer that consisted of a 5 × 5 cm2 microfluidic chip that incorporated a commercial 565 × 1145 μm2 IC with a GMR sensing circuit. We additionally demonstrated the modularity of this approach by building a chip that incorporated two of these GMR chips connected in series.
Delay of estradiol-induced surge secretion of LH in gilts by intracerebroventricular injection of morphine.

In Experiment 1, ovariectomized (OVX) gilts, 143 d old and 58.5 ± 1.8 kg BW, received 10 μg estradiol benzoate (EB)/kg BW i.m. and either 500 μg of the endogenous opioid peptide (EOP) agonist, morphine (MOR), in saline (SAL; n = 5), or SAL (n = 4) intracerebro-ventricularly at 40 and 48 hr after EB. With the exception of one MOR-treated gilt, which was deleted from Experiment 1, LH secretion was suppressed for at least 50 hr in all gilts. Timing of the LH surge was similar among gilts. However, total LH secreted was greater (P < 0.05) after SAL than MOR. The experiment was repeated at 179 d of age and 78.6 ± 1.2 kg BW, except that treatments were reversed among gilts. Emergence of the LH surge was delayed (P < 0.005) by 10.8 hr and time to maximum LH concentration (P < 0.05) by 6.8 hr after MOR than after SAL. Magnitude and total LH secreted were not different among gilts. In Experiment 2, gilts which had displayed estrous cycles of 18–22 d were OVX and treated as in Experiment 1, except MOR (n = 3) or SAL (n = 4) were injected 10 hr later than in Experiment 1, i.e., at 50 and 58 hr after EB. Secretion of LH was suppressed for at least 60 hr in both groups. Time to emergence of the LH surge was delayed by 27 hr (P < 0.05) after MOR compared to after SAL. However, other parameters of the surge were not different among gilts. Thus, EOP modulate LH surge secretion negatively in the pig.
Phylogenomics of Prokaryotic Ribosomal Proteins

Archaeal and bacterial ribosomes contain more than 50 proteins, including 34 that are universally conserved in the three domains of cellular life (bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes). Despite the high sequence conservation, annotation of ribosomal (r-) protein genes is often difficult because of their short lengths and biased sequence composition. We developed an automated computational pipeline for identification of r-protein genes and applied it to 995 completely sequenced bacterial and 87 archaeal genomes available in the RefSeq database. The pipeline employs curated seed alignments of r-proteins to run position-specific scoring matrix (PSSM)-based BLAST searches against six-frame genome translations, mitigating possible gene annotation errors. As a result of this analysis, we performed a census of prokaryotic r-protein complements, enumerated missing and paralogous r-proteins, and analyzed the distributions of ribosomal protein genes among chromosomal partitions. Phyletic patterns of bacterial and archaeal r-protein genes were mapped to phylogenetic trees reconstructed from concatenated alignments of r-proteins to reveal the history of likely multiple independent gains and losses. These alignments, available for download, can be used as search profiles to improve genome annotation of r-proteins and for further comparative genomics studies.
Hybrid Bioinorganic Smart Membranes That Incorporate Protein-Based Molecular Switches

Polypeptide- and protein-based components have the potential to greatly enhance the functional character of hybrid organic/inorganic materials by imparting recognition, actuation, or transduction properties to these materials. In this study, we demonstrate a simple method of fabricating hybrid silica/polypeptide membranes that exhibit molecular-level control of permeability in response to an external stimulus, namely, heat. The biomolecular switches employed in this study are elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs), which were genetically engineered to allow for control of molecular size and thermal response. ELPs were chosen for incorporation into silica membranes because they exhibit a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) transition in aqueous solution. We demonstrate here that the LCST behavior of ELPs can be retained when they are entrapped in hydrated silica gels and that the LCST transition of these molecules can be used to toggle the permeability of hybrid membranes. Two different ELPs with different LCSTs and different molecular weights (60 and 13 kDa) were examined. They were incorporated into silica membranes using sol-gel synthesis conditions that resulted in the random encapsulation of the proteins in the silica matrixes such that significant porosity is present only upon hydrophobic collapse of the ELPs. Measurement of the permeation of solutions of poly(ethylene glycols) (PEGs) of various molecular weights through centrifugal and ultrafiltration membranes demonstrated that the ELPs in the hybrid membranes act as molecular switches. Below the LCSTs of the ELPs, the hybrid membranes are impermeable to all of the PEG solutions investigated, regardless of the molecular weight of the PEG; above the LCSTs, they are permeable only to those PEGs investigated with molecular weights less than 5000 Da. PEGs investigated of higher molecular weight did not permeate through the hybrid membranes. Thus, the hybrid ELP-containing membranes act as selective molecular weight cutoff filters whose permeability can be switched on and off.
Moiré interferometry for dynamic fracture study

A procedure of fabricating zero-thickness grating, an optical setup and a recording system for dynamic moire interferometry and a data reduction procedure via nonlinear regression analysis are described. The utility of these procedures are demonstrated by determining the dynamic fracture parameters associated with a rapidly propagating crack in thin 7075-T6 aluminum fracture specimen.
An adaptive approach to centerline extraction for CT colonography using MAP-EM segmentation and distance field

In this paper, we present an adaptive approach for fully automatic centerline extraction and small intestine removal based on partial volume (PV) image segmentation and distance field modeling. Computed tomographic colonography (CTC) volume image is first segmented for the colon wall mucosa layer, which represents the PV effect around the colon wall. Then centerline extraction is performed in the presence of colon collapse and small intestine touch by the use of distance field within the segmented PV mucosa layer, where centerline breakings due to collapse are recovered and centerline branches due to small intestine tough are removed. Experimental results from 24 patient CTC scans with small intestine touch rendered 100% removal of the touch, while only 16 out of the 24 could be done by the well-known isolated component method. Our voxel-by-voxel marking strategy in the automated procedure preserves the topology and validity of the colon structure. The marked inner and outer boundaries on cleansed colon are very close to those labeled by the experts. Experimental results demonstrated the robustness and efficiency of the presented adaptive approach for CTC utility.
HCMV GrAbs a Mechanism to Escape Neutralization

The HCMV-neutralizing monoclonal antibody MSL-109 failed to prevent HCMV-induced disease in the clinic. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Manley et al. (2011) found that MSL-109 rapidly induces antibody resistance by a nongenetic mechanism. Their results shed light on how antibodies can interact with their targets both outside and inside infected cells and virions.
Elementary student teachers' science content representations

This purpose of this study was to examine the ways in which three prospective teachers who had early opportunities to teach science would approach representing science content within the context of their student teaching experiences. The study is framed in the literature on pedagogical content knowledge and learning to teach. A situated perspective on cognition is applied to better understand the influence of context and the role of the cooperating teacher. The three participants were enrolled in an experimental teacher preparation program designed to enhance the teaching of science at the elementary level. Qualitative case study design guided the collection, organization, and analysis of data. Multiple forms of data associated with student teachers' content representations were collected, including audiotaped planning and reflection interviews, written lesson plans and reflections, and videotaped teaching experiences. Broad analysis categories were developed and refined around the subconstructs of content representation (i.e., knowledge of instructional strategies that promote learning and knowledge of students and their requirements for meaningful science learning). Findings suggest that when prospective teachers are provided with opportunities to apply and reflect substantively on their developing considerations for supporting children's science learning, they are able to maintain a subject matter emphasis. However, in the absence of such opportunities, student teachers abandon their subject matter emphasis, even when they have had extensive background and experiences addressing subject-specific considerations for teaching and learning. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 443–463, 2002
Design and hardware implementation of a chaotic encryption scheme for real-time embedded systems

Chaotic encryption schemes are believed to provide a greater level of security than conventional ciphers. In this paper, a chaotic stream cipher is first constructed and then its hardware implementation details using FPGA technology are provided. Logistic map is the simplest chaotic system and has a high potential to be used to design a stream cipher for real-time embedded systems. The cipher uses a pseudo-random sequence generator based on modified logistic map (MLM) and a random feedback scheme. MLM has better chaotic properties than the logistic map in terms of uniformity of bifurcation diagram and also avoids the stable orbits of logistic map, giving a more chaotic behavior to the system. The proposed cipher gives 16 bits of encrypted data per clock cycle. The hardware implementation results over Xilinx Virtex-6 FPGA give a synthesis clock frequency of 93 MHz and a throughput of 1.5 Gbps while using 16 hardware multipliers. This makes the cipher suitable for embedded devices which have tight constraints on power consumption, hardware resources and real-time parameters.
Sustained Elevation of Hippocampal Cyclic 3′-5’ Adenosine Monophosphate Levels After Medial Septal Lesions

: The cyclic 3′-5’ adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) content of the rat hippocampal formation doubles during the week following a medial septal lesion and remains elevated for at least 1 month, the longest time period studied. This elevation in cyclic AMP does not result from sympathetic in growth, as neither superior cervical ganglion stimulation nor ganglionectomy influences hippocampal cyclic AMP content after lesions. Interruption of the cholinergic septohippocampal pathway in the fornix did not elevate hippocampal cyclic AMP content. Further, treatment of septallesioned animals with oxotremorine or of normal animals with atropine did not influence hippocampal cyclic AMP content. Finally, neither locus ceruleus lesions nor treatment with propranolol affected hippocampal cyclic AMP content. We believe this to be the first report of a sustained elevation in hippocampal cyclic AMP content. Like other long-term events, it is likely to have profound effects on hippocampal function and represents a remarkable brain adaptation to remote injury.
The Biplane Modified Simpson's Method Accurately Estimates Pericardial Effusion Volume: A Comparison with Pericardiocentesis

Background Pericardial effusion (PE) volume is often assessed semiqualitatively by echocardiography and categorized into minimal, small, moderate, or large. Several methods of echocardiographic quantification have been proposed, but their application is limited either by complexity or inaccuracy. We evaluated the accuracy of PE volume quantification by two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiogram (2DTTE) and commercially available volume quantification software in patients undergoing pericardiocentesis. Methods In a retrospective case series, immediate preprocedure echocardiograms of 33 patients for pericardiocentesis were analyzed. 2DTTE using the Simpson's method was adopted for volume measurement in the apical two- and four-chamber views. Pericardial fluid volume was calculated by taking the difference between volumes obtained by tracing the epicardial border of the heart and the pericardium. Postprocedure echocardiograms were performed to verify adequate pericardiocentesis. Results The mean pericardiocentesis fluid volume was 725.1 ± 299.5 mL (range, 250–1420 mL). The average volume estimated echocardiographically by the Simpson's method was 657.5 ± 276.9 mL (range, 205.7–1193.2 mL). There was strong direct linear correlation between echocardiographic and pericardiocentesis-derived volumes (P < 0.001, r = +0.823). Echocardiography underestimated PE volume by a mean of 9.3%. Conclusion Two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography using biplane Simpson's method of disks can simply and accurately estimate PE volume.
Potential health-related benefits of resistance training.

Public health guidelines primarily focus on the promotion of physical activity and steady-state aerobic exercise, which enhances cardiorespiratory fitness and has some impact on body composition. However, research demonstrates that resistance exercise training has profound effects on the musculoskeletal system, contributes to the maintenance of functional abilities, and prevents osteoporosis, sarcopenia, lower-back pain, and other disabilities. More recent seminal research demonstrates that resistance training may positively affect risk factors such as insulin resistance, resting metabolic rate, glucose metabolism, blood pressure, body fat, and gastrointestinal transit time, which are associated with diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. Research also indicates that virtually all the benefits of resistance training are likely to be obtained in two 15- to 20-min training sessions a week. Sensible resistance training involves precise controlled movements for each major muscle group and does not require the use of very heavy resistance. Along with brief prescriptive steady-state aerobic exercise, resistance training should be a central component of public health promotion programs.
Simulation: A Powerful Method of Investigating the Dynamics and Management of Insect Populations

We attempt to introduce the general insect ecologist to the uses and advantages of system simulation in the study of insect population dynamics and pest management. The systems simulation approach is defined, and the methodology outlined in terms of objectives, system definition, and model formulation, validation, manipulation and adaptation. Simulation procedures are described using examples from bark-beetle (Scolytidae) population dynamics. A simple simulation model of bark beetle dispersal and host colonization is used to illustrate elementary simulation methods, and the incorporation of a management strategy, in the form of traps baited with aggregating pheromones, illustrates the potential of gaming in solving management problems.
Halogen bonding of electrophilic bromocarbons with pseudohalide anions

UV-Vis measurements showed that the interaction of pseudohalide anions, A− (A− = N3−, NCO−, NCS−), with electrophilic bromocarbons, R–Br (R–Br = CBr4, CBr3NO2, CBr3CONH2, CBr3H, CBr3F, CBr3CN or C3Br2F6), in solution results in formation of [R–Br, A−] complexes. These associates are characterized by intense absorption bands in the 200–350 nm range showing distinct Mulliken correlation with the frontier (HOMO–LUMO) orbitals’ separations of the interacting anion and the R–Br electrophile. X-ray crystallographic studies established the principal structural features of the halogen-bonded associates between bromocarbons and polydentate pseudohalide anions. Specifically, in the (Pr4N)NCO·CBr4, (Pr4N)N3·CBr4 and (Pr4N)NCO·CBr3NO2 co-crystals, bromine substituents of the electrophiles are halogen-bonded with the (CN or NN) π-bonds of the cyanate or azide anions. Co-crystals of CBr4 with (Pr4N)NCS show two modes (C–Br⋯S–C and C–Br⋯NC) of halogen bonding, while tribromoacetamide molecules form C–Br⋯S–C halogen bonds and N–H⋯NC hydrogen bonds with thiocyanate anions. Structures and energetics of the halogen-bonded complexes resulted from the M06-2X/6-311+G(dp) computations of various R–Br–A− pairs were consistent with the experimental data. These computations revealed that the variations of the intramolecular (C–Br) and intermolecular (Br⋯A−) bond lengths are correlated with the A− → R–Br charge transfer determined from Natural Bond Orbital analysis. Also, the scrutiny of the structural data indicated that the locations of the intermolecular contacts in these associates are determined primarily by the frontier orbital shapes of the halogen-bonded species. Thus, spectral and structural data point out a significant role of molecular-orbital (charge-transfer) interactions in formation of halogen bonded complexes involving pseudohalides and bromocarbons.
Effects of interleukin-1 and lipopolysaccharides on protein and carbohydrate metabolism in bovine articular cartilage organ cultures.

The long term (18 day) metabolic response of bovine articular cartilage to treatment with either E. Coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or interleukin 1 was studied. For LPS treatment, incorporation of [35S]sulfate into the large proteoglycan population was inhibited 80% while that into the small interstitial proteoglycans was only inhibited 40%. Incorporation of [3H]serine into the large proteoglycan population was inhibited approximately 72% while incorporation into other protein was inhibited only 16%. Furthermore, the rate of catabolism of [3H]serine labeled proteoglycans was increased 2-fold by LPS treatment while the rate of 3H-labeled general protein catabolism was not affected. Incorporation of [3H]glucosamine into hyaluronate was increased; however a correction for changes in the specific activity of the intracellular [3H]glucosamine precursor pool in LPS-treated cultures indicated that the net amount of hyaluronate synthesized was not altered by LPS treatment. The 3H/35S ratios in isolated chondroitin...
A genomic scan for age at onset of Alzheimer's disease in 437 families from the NIMH Genetic Initiative.

We performed linkage analysis for age at onset (AAO) in the total Alzheimer's disease (AD) NIMH sample (N = 437 families). Families were subset as late-onset (320 families, AAO > or = 65) and early/mixed (117 families, at least 1 member with 50 or = 1 were identified on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 10, and 12 for the total sample and each subset. Results replicate previous findings, but identify additional suggestive peaks indicating the genetics of AAO in AD is complex with many chromosomal regions potentially containing modifying genes.
Graphs with most number of three point induced connected subgraphs

Abstract Let G be a simple graph with e perfectly reliable edges and n nodes which fail independently and with the same probability p. The residual connectedness reliability R(G, p) of G is the probability that the graph induced by the surviving nodes is connected. If Γ(n, e) is the collection of all n node e edge simple graphs, then G ϵ Γ(n, e) is uniformly most reliable if R(G, p) ⩾ R(G′, p) for all G′ ϵ Γ(n, e) and all 0 R(G, p′) for all non-S3-maximum graphs G′ ϵ Γ (n, e). This paper characterizes the S3-maximum graphs in Γ(n, e) for the range e ⩽ (n22/4) + (2n− 3)/4.
Slip effects on mixed convective flow and heat transfer from a vertical plate

Abstract Laminar mixed convection over an isothermal vertical plate has been modeled with first-order momentum and thermal discontinuities at the wall. Local non-similarity transformations, using two non-similarity variables, have been applied to study the mixed convection boundary layer problem. Numerical solutions were obtained for varying conditions in assisting flow based on the three-equation model. Non-similar velocity and temperature distributions within the boundary layer have been presented. Results are also presented for the effect of non-continuum upon wall slip velocity, temperature jump, wall shear stress and boundary layer thickness in both gaseous and liquid flows for Gr x / Re x 2 varying from 0.0001 to 8.0.
Newtonian Kinetic Isotope Effects. Observation, Prediction, and Origin of Heavy-Atom Dynamic Isotope Effects

Intramolecular 13C kinetic isotope effects were determined for the dimerization of cyclopentadiene. Substantial isotope effects were observed in three positions, despite the C2 symmetry of the cycloaddition transition state and the absence of dynamical bottlenecks after this transition state. The observed isotope effects were predicted well from trajectory studies by extrapolating the outcomes of trajectories incorporating superheavy isotopes of carbon, ranging from 20C to 140C. Trajectory studies suggest that the isotope effects are unrelated to zero-point energy or the geometrical and momentum properties of the transition state. However, steepest-descent paths in mass-weighted coordinates correctly predict the direction of the isotope effects, supporting a novel origin in Newton’s second law of motion.
Treadmill walking protocol for the diagnostic evaluation and exercise programming of cardiac patients

Abstract This study (1) describes a treadmill walking protocol which has been used safely in over 40,000 tests since 1960, (2) presents normative data on oxygen consumption (VO 2 ) so that it may be determined from work load without direct measurement, and (3) demonstrates simple techniques for early activity prescription or later therapeutic walking programs for patients after myocardial infarction (Ml) based on this treadmill test. Normative data are presented on 131 subjects. There were no significant differences in VO 2 values at the various work loads dependent on age, gender, fitness level, familiarity with the test procedure, clinical status, or the presence or absence of beta blockade. The protocol was then applied in cardiac rehabilitation of 25 patients. As a low level test, in 2 to 9 minutes patients attained 56 to 83% of age-predicted maximal heart rate. The translation of these data into early activity guidelines is shown. For a walking program, the maximal speed attained at 10% grade on the treadmill when walked on level ground put patients in the target heart rate zone for cardiovascular conditioning.
Measuring the impact of option market activity on the stock market: Bivariate point process models of stock and option transactions

Abstract I apply the bivariate Autoregressive Conditional Duration model of Engle and Lunde [2003. Trade and quotes: a bivariate point process. Journal of Financial Econometrics 1, 159–188] to stock and option market transactions. The first model uses option trades and stock trades. Shocks to option trade/option trade durations have a significant impact on option trade/stock trade durations. Higher implied volatility, larger stock and option market order imbalances, larger stock trades, larger spreads, smaller depths in the stock market and faster trading in the stock and option markets are all associated with faster trading in both markets. In the second model, option trade/option trade timing leads option trade/stock quote timing and several information-related stock and option market covariates impact the expected inter-market event durations.
Further results on the stabilizing property of certainty equivalent controllers

The conditions which guarantee the stabilization of stochastic-parameter systems by infinite-horizon certainty-equivalent controllers are generalized to the case of random matrices with possibly correlated elements. The same conditions are shown to be sufficient for stabilizability by the corresponding optimal controllers.
Transitions in carbide morphology in a ternary Fe-C-W steel

A ternary steel of composition Fe-0.20C-6.3W (wt pct) was examined with the purpose of characterizing the carbide morphologies that arise during the diffusional decomposition of austenite. Interphase precipitation of M6C with ferrite in the 700 °C to 800 °C temperature range was observed, as previously reported. At higher temperatures (800 °C to 920 °C), precipitation of M6C in austenite in a nodular fashion was also observed, never before seen in this alloy. The carbides inside such nodules exhibited a highly degenerate, quasilamellar morphology, and the evidence suggested a discontinuous precipitation mechanism. Comparison with a calculated phase diagram showed that this quasilamellar carbide precipitation reaction dominated both in the stable and metastable ferrite + austenite + carbide three-phase field, since full equilibrium, for a variety of reasons, is not obtained at the “short” reaction times over which this kinetically competitive reaction dominates the microstructural evolution. The formation of carbide-free ferrite preceding the onset of carbide precipitation (found in both cases) is seen to be instrumental in the occurrence of the quasilamellar carbide precipitation reaction, and a simple diffusion model is advanced in support of this view. Finally, the austenite inside these nodules was seen to revert to ferrite at long times, indicating that full equilibrium is not attained at the initial stages of austenite decomposition, in accord with expectation.
Spurious structure in second-derivative energy loss spectra

Abstract Second-derivative spectra may contain spurious features that do not correspond to peaks in the original function. Examples are given of the origin of such artifacts in energy-loss spectra.
The influence of heterogeneous kinetics and thermal radiation on the oxidation of graphite particles

Numerical integrations have been performed to study the influence of porosity and radiation on the combustion of spherical graphite particles in a quiescent atmosphere. Two sets of heterogeneous rate constants, one assuming no internal burning and another assuming partial internal burning, have been employed for this purpose. Based on the quasi-steady burning conditions, the numerical predictions have shown for nonporous particles the existence of a critical particle diameter below which strong burning conditions cannot be sustained. This critical particle diameter is found to be a strong function of the porosity. The influence of thermal radiation on the burning characteristics has also been examined and a complex interaction identified between surface kinetics, gas-phase kinetics, mass transport through the boundary layer and thermal radiation.
Directed Deletion of a Yeast Transfer RNA Intervening Sequence

Many eukaryotic genes contain intevening sequences, segments of DNA that interrupt the continuity of the gene. They are removed from RNA transcripts of the gene by a process known as splicing. The intervening sequence in a yeast tyrosine transfer RNA (tRNA Tyr) suppressor gene was deleted in order to test its role in the expression of the gene. The altered gene and its parent were introduced into yeast by transformation. Both genes exhibited suppressor function, showing that the intervening sequence is not absolutely essential for the expression of this gene.
Transrepression of type II collagen by TGF-β and FGF is protein kinase C dependent and is mediated through regulatory sequences in the promoter and first intron

Transforming growth factor beta and basic fibroblast growth factor are multipotential factors found in bone and cartilage that may be involved in both the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes. It was previously reported that TGF-beta plus FGF caused a modulation of chondrocyte phenotype that included the down-regulation of steady-state level of the collagen II transcript. In this report, the results of nuclear run-off data indicate that repression of transcript initiation from the collagen II gene is the primary mechanism involved in the growth factor induced inhibition. Transient transfection assays with CAT expression vectors containing portions of the collagen II gene show that the TGF-beta/FGF induced transrepression requires a region in the first intron previously reported to have transcriptional enhancer activity and to bind chondrocyte nuclear proteins. In addition, silencer elements in the promoter also appear to play a role. Protein data as well as transient transfection experiments indicate that the activation of protein kinase C is necessary for the growth factor-induced down-regulation of collagen II expression. These studies suggest that a cascade initiating with PKC activation is responsible for modifying transcription factors that interact with regulatory sequences in the collagen II gene. A detailed understanding of the factors involved in cartilage-specific gene regulation in chondrocytes would facilitate development of therapeutic protocols for the repair of degenerated cartilage in diseases such as osteoarthritis.
Oxygen consumption of the deep-sea crabs Chaceon fenneri and C. quinquedens (Brachyura: Geryonidae)

1. 1. Oxygen consumption rates (VO2) were determined for the deep-sea crabs Chaceon fenneri and C. quinquedens, two important members of the continental slope megafauna in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. 2. 2. The VO2 of C. fenneri declined from 0.014 ml O2/g/hr at 12°C to 0.010 ml O2/g/hr at 6°C; VO2 of C. quinquedens showed a decline from 0.012 ml O2/g/hr to 0.008 ml O2/g/hr over the same temperature range. 3. 3. The VO2 of C. fermeri and C. quinquedens are comparable to those of similar size shallow water decapod crustaceans that inhabit equivalent temperatures. 4. 4. The oxygen consumption rates of C. fenneri and C. quinquedens decline with increasing depth of occurrence purely as a function of temperature.
Smoothed profile method for particulate flows: Error analysis and simulations

Abstract We re-formulate and analyze a new method for particulate flows, the so-called “smoothed profile” method (SPM) first proposed in [Y. Nakayama, R. Yamamoto, Simulation method to resolve hydrodynamic interactions in colloidal dispersions, Phys. Rev. E 71 (2005) 036707], which uses a fixed computational mesh without conformation to the geometry of the particles. The method represents the particles by certain smoothed profiles to construct a body force term added into the Navier–Stokes equations. SPM imposes accurately and efficiently the proper conditions at the particle–fluid interface. In particular, while the original method employs a fully-explicit time-integration scheme we develop a high-order semi-implicit splitting scheme, which we implement in the context of spectral/hp element discretization. First, we show that the modeling error of SPM has a non-monotonic dependence on the time step size Δ t ; it is a function of ν Δ t / ξ , where ν is the kinematic viscosity of fluid and ξ is the interface thickness of the smoothed profile. Subsequently, we present several steady and unsteady simulations, including flow past 3D complex-shaped particles, and compare against direct numerical simulations and the force coupling method (FCM).