cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does oseltamivir shorten flu symptom duration

Treatment of influenza virus infection with oral oseltamivir reduces time to alleviation of symptoms in adults and children by approximately one day compared with placebo. It reduces symptom duration even when initiated more than 2 days after symptom onset.
Early Results of Lung Cancer Screening and Radiation Dose Assessment by Low-dose CT at a Community Hospital.

Abstract Background The National Lung Screening Trial showed a reduction in overall and cancer-specific mortality for patients screened with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) versus chest radiograph. Some question whether this can be achieved in community healthcare settings. Our aim was to analyze lung cancer screening outcomes and administered radiation dose using LDCT scans at a community hospital. Patients and Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of 680 patients who underwent LDCT between June 2014 and December 2015, and who met Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services lung cancer screening criteria: asymptomatic, aged 55 to 77 years, smoked within the last 15 years, and ≥ 30 pack-year history. Effective and absorbed doses were calculated and correlated with gender and body mass index. Results Among the 133 patients (19.6%) with a positive screening result (Lung Imaging Reporting and Data System score of 3 or 4), 18 lung cancers were identified in 16 patients, 56.3% (9 of 16) of which were stage I non–small-cell lung cancer. The false-positive rate was 82.8% (95% confidence interval, 73.6%-89.8%). Mean estimated effective dose using dose length product and size-specific dose estimate using water equivalent diameter were 1.2 mSv and 3.7 mGy for women and 1.4 mSv and 3.9 mGy for men, respectively. All dosing metrics were strongly correlated with body mass index ( P Conclusions Over half of screening patients diagnosed with non–small-cell lung cancer in our community had stage I disease, which we anticipate translating into significantly improved mortality. Patient radiation dose from LDCT scans is approximately one-fifth that from standard CT chest examinations.
Measures Application in Accidental Reduction in Driving during New Year and Songkran Festivals in Thailand

The research of Measures Application in Accidental Reduction in Driving during New Year and Songkran festivals in Thailand is the Qualitative Research and its objectives are to study the accidental problems that happened from driving, the current controlling laws and future measures in accidental reduction from driving during New Year and Songkran festivals. Researcher studied Qualitative Research by Non-Participant Observation, Participant Observation and In-depth Interview, thus, has entered into research field by becoming traffic volunteers during the month of December 2016 - April 2017. However, the research results found that most accident problems happened from motorcycles and the cause of accident is due to riding motorcycle under the influence of drinking without helmet. Thus, the current traffic control law is the 1979 Land Traffic Act, the 1950 Drinking Act, the 1994 Ministry of Interior 16th Article and the 2008 Alcohol Control Act. Future measures in accidental reduction from driving during New Year and Songkran festivals are to build up disciplines to youths in educational institutions from secondary education to higher education, to inspection and to control the assembly and modification of motorcycle shops along together with law adjustments that directly and indirectly enforced.
The stability of vegetable oils

Eighty-four samples of soybean oils, representing various types of processing and different refining procedures, have been examined spectrophotometrically and the spectral-transmissive curves for 35 of them are reproduced in this communication. The spectral-transmissive properties of these oils have been discussed with particular reference to the effect which variations in processing have on these properties. In the light of the results obtained in these studies it is apparent that: (1) The spectral-transmissive properties of soybean oils are influenced by the method used in removing the oil from the bean as well as by subsequent processing procedures; (2) the Lovibond color readings give at best only approximate information concerning the spectral color of an oil; and (3) the carotenoids are removed during refining operations, the greatest loss usually occurring during the deodorizing treatment. Chlorophyll, which is present in various concentrations in the crude oil, is completely absent from the finished oil so far as spectrophotometric evidence is concerned.
Off the pedal: Fluoroless transseptal puncture in pediatric supraventricular tachycardia ablation.

Background Fluoroless transseptal (TS) puncture may represent the final step toward elimination of fluoroscopy in pediatric supraventricular tachycardia ablation in normal hearts. We aimed to demonstrate the safety and feasibility of fluoroless TS puncture in pediatric patients and compare procedural timing with the fluoroscopic approach. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of all TS procedures performed without fluoroscopy at our institution; fluoroless TS procedures were performed under intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) guidance after the creation of a 3D electroanatomic map and identification of fossa ovalis (FO) on 3D map. TS procedure times reported are the time from sheath insertion (8.5F short sheath for ICE catheter and SL-1 for TS needle) to the time of confirmed left atrial access. Prior TS procedures performed by the same operator utilizing a combination of ICE and fluoroscopy and by a second operator utilizing fluoroscopic guidance alone were used for comparison. Results Fluoroless TS puncture was performed in nine patients (mean age 13.8 years); the site of TS puncture was within 2 mm of the FO identified on the EA map. The mean TS procedure time was 22.2 minutes (range 10-45). There was no significant difference in TS procedure times between the three groups. There were no complications related to any TS procedure. Conclusion Fluoroless TS procedures utilizing ICE can safely be performed in pediatric patients without adding substantial procedural times compared with those utilizing fluoroscopic guidance.
Why Your Classes Are Larger than “Average”

(1982). Why Your Classes Are Larger than “Average”. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 162-164.
Dataflow tunneling: mining inter-request data dependencies for request-based applications

Request-based applications, e.g., most server-side applications, expose services to users in a request-based paradigm, in which requests are served by request-handler methods. An important task for request-based applications is inter-request analysis, which analyzes request-handler methods that are related by inter-request data dependencies together. However, in the request-based paradigm, data dependencies between related request-handler methods are implicitly established by the underlying frameworks that execute these methods. As a result, existing analysis tools are usually limited to the scope of each single method without the knowledge of dependencies between different methods. In this paper, we design an approach called dataflow tunneling to capture inter-request data dependencies from concrete application executions and produce data-dependency specifications. Our approach answers two key questions: (1) what request-handler methods have data dependencies and (2) what these data dependencies are. Our evaluation using applications developed with two representative and popular frameworks shows that our approach is general and accurate. We also present a characteristic study and a use case of cache tuning based on the mined specifications. We envision that our approach can provide key information to enable future inter-request analysis techniques.
Transthoracic and Transesophageal Echocardiography in Interventional Cardiovascular Catheter-Based Therapy

Transcatheter-based cardiovascular intervention for structural heart disease—and, with it, interventional echocardiography—is a rapidly evolving field. While historically these catheterization laboratory–based interventions were performed under fluoroscopy and angiography guidance, the increasing procedural complexities seen nowadays have necessitated precise periprocedural imaging guidance, as procedural mishaps often translate into devastating outcomes. With this realization, the use of echocardiography has become an integral part of today’s catheter-based interventions, from patient selection to intraprocedural monitoring to postprocedural follow-up. Undeniably, echocardiography represents the ideal technique for intraprocedural guidance, as it provides superior delineation of cardiac anatomy and pathology, allows real-time visualization of intracardiac structures and catheters, is portable, and permits a reduction in radiation exposure from fluoroscopy. It is important to recognize that echocardiography for guidance of transcatheter-based cardiovascular intervention poses different demands from those of routine evaluation of patients with structural heart disease. This chapter is therefore intended to provide practical guidance for echocardiographers participating in various catheter-based cardiovascular interventions, with particular emphasis on the utility of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in guiding these procedures.
Broadband LEO Constellations for Navigation

There has been resurgent interest in building low Earth orbiting (LEO) constellations of satellites on a new scale. Their aim is Internet for the world with plans for potentially thousands of satellites. Here, we explore how these LEO constellations can be utilized for navigation. Closer to Earth, LEO offers stronger signals, strengthening us against jamming and aiding in indoor and urban environments. Proximity is also its weakness, where satellites have a small Earth footprint requiring many to provide global coverage. We show that the strength of the Broadband LEO constellations is their numbers, where they offer threefold improvement in satellite geometry compared to navigation core-constellations today. This allows for relaxation of the signal-in-space user range error, while still matching the position accuracy of GPS. Coupled with the more benign radiation environment in LEO compared to GPS in medium Earth orbit, this enables a navigation payload designed using commercial-off-the-shelf components.
Thick-Film Processing for Tl-Oxide Wire and Tape

Thick-film processing techniques such as electrodeposition, electrophoresis, spray pyrolysis, and ink spraying offer promising and economic (<$10/kAm) approaches for fabricating high-temperature superconducting (HTS) wire or tape for the Tl-oxide superconductors. The performance of the Tl system exceeds that for the Bi-oxides and offers easier fabrication than YBCO. Scale up, however, may be difficult because of the need for open tape conductors with aligned microstructures. The Tl-oxides, moreover, offer the potential for operation at 77K in practical magnetic fields of 3-5 T, which is supported by measurements on the irreversibility behavior of the Tl-1223 single layer compound with Pb, Bi, and Sr substitution. Recent advances in the development of biaxial textured electrodeposited films on Ag coated single crystal substrates are discussed. This paper will review the merits for a near-term Tl-oxide based conductor for use in HTS electric power applications, currently under development, such as the transformer and transmission cable. Recent results for the buffer layer development that would provide an oriented ceramic layer or template on a flexible textured nickel substrate utilizing the “RABiTS” substrates developed by ORNL will then be discussed with a projection for the cost of a “long length” thick-film process using electrodeposition.
Random Composition of n into k Parts (RANCOM)

This chapter presents an algorithm for generating random composition of n into k parts. The algorithm for random compositions is based on the balls-in-cells model. The positions of the cell boundaries are chosen at random, then by differencing, it is found how many balls are in each cell. The algorithm is fast, requiring just O ( k ) operations per composition on the average. The chapter focuses on algorithm RANCOM. It also describes Subroutine specifications.
Gut immunity and microbiome: from defense to metabolism (P3168)

We have demonstrated that lymphotoxin (LT) from innate lymphoid cells (ILC) is essential for innate IL-22 production against Citrobacter rodentium infection (CR). By using a conditional gene targeting approach, we demonstrate that an LT-driven positive feedback loop controls IL-22 production by ROR + ILCs via LTβR signaling in DCs. Intriguingly, LT-controlled immune responses also control gut flora that is required for more efficient energy saving and fat accumulation in diet-induced obesity (DIO) and type II diabetes. The ability to transfer obesity phenotype through the transplantation of microbiota to germ free mice and through co-housing of wild type and lymphotoxin deficient mice confirm the essential role of host responses in diet-induce immunity for obesity and diabetes. Furthermore, HFD promotes host immune responses that reshape gut flora. Sequencing of cecal DNA and subsequent metagenomic analysis revealed gene profiling which adapts to the obese state and contributes to weight gain. This study has paved a way to explore whether and which innate or adaptive respond for DIO in LT dependent fashion and which microbiota are essential for DIO in LT dependent way. This opens new avenue to study how immune system regulates gut flora for DIO and set new model to identify the nature of obese microbiome.
Power Law and Arrhenius Approaches to the Melting Kinetics of Superheated Crystals: Are They Compatible?

The melting kinetics of superheated crystals has been recently described via two entirely different approaches. One is based on a power law model proposed by Toda and co-workers. Another makes use of the traditional Arrhenius model. The present work explores the compatibility of these two approaches. By using the formalism of the Ozawa and Kissinger methods, it derives equations that allow one to use the power law parameters to estimate the activation energy of melting. The value estimated in such a manner is demonstrated to decrease with temperature (i.e., with the superheating) just as the activation energy determined via the Arrhenius treatment. It is noted that the decreasing dependence is consistent with the theories of nucleation and growth. Differential scanning calorimetry data on melting of superheated crystals of glucose are used to illustrate the similarity of the activation energies obtained via the two approaches. It is suggested that the equations derived can be used to supplement the power ...
Advances and Distinctions in the Use of Biometric Methods Versus Traditional Methods for Studying the Customer Experience

Advances and growth in the use of neurosensory methods of cognitive research are resulting in changes in the conduct of many marketing studies. This trend offers much promise for research but also requires caution so that methodological appropriateness and limitations are correctly recognized. In this paper, we discuss opportunities and cautions for neurosensory research into the customer experience. We specifically discuss two popular methods; eye-tracking and facial expression analysis. We suggest that researchers should recognize that these methods are best considered laboratory-based and that environmental conditions play a large role in influencing studies.
Mass Disasters and Children’s Mental Health: How General Systems Theory and Behavioral Economics Can Help

The chapters in this book have each focused on particular disasters and have described the unique and often remarkable efforts that arose during these disasters in order to respond to children’s mental health needs. In each chapter, we have found invaluable lessons about successes, failures, and the striving of caring professionals to utilize existing resources and expertise to best mitigate negative outcomes for the children of these disasters (we use the term “children” to refer to children and adolescents). These case examples make possible the next phase in disaster research and policy, which we believe will involve abstraction from the individual disaster experiences. This abstraction will allow the creation of theoretical models that identify the key common features of disasters, effective responses to them, and the salient common interactions between these features. In this chapter, we will introduce two promising paradigms, general systems theory (GST) and behavioral economics (BE), which may supply the intellectual architecture for the feature extraction and theoretical abstraction that constitute the next stage of progress in disaster management. By utilizing (GST) and (BE), and applying their toolboxes, we will be better able to understand the common anatomy of disasters and discover common principles for dealing with their consequence in general and their impact on children’s mental health in particular.
Music Therapy and Music Medicine Studies in Oncology: Part II: The Use of the Delphi Technique

This is the second of two articles comparing music medicine and music therapy studies. The intent was to explore whether music therapy research differs from music medicine research, and if so, to delineate the differences. Studies in oncology were examined. This article describes the Delphi process that was followed to determine the classification of studies that met inclusion criteria. This article also explains why this process can be useful to music therapy and music medicine and discusses its applicability to the current topic. Reasons for and justification for modifications that were made in the Delphi technique are discussed.
A Proof of Loewner’s Theorem as a Degenerate Limit of Pick’s Theorem

In this chapter, we will give our first proof of the hard part of Loewner’s theorem. Despite the fact that the approach is very natural, this proof seems to be new (although, as I will explain in the Notes, it can be regarded as a kind of variant of Koranyi’s proof of Loewner’s theorem and also Loewner’s).
Compressive hyperspectral time-resolved wide-field fluorescence lifetime imaging

An imaging platform based on time-resolved structured light and hyperspectral single-pixel detection has been developed to perform quantitative fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLI) over a large field of view (FOV) and multiple spectral bands simultaneously. We demonstrate the potential of this new imaging platform by quantitatively imaging near-infrared FRET (Forster Resonance Energy Transfer) pair, both in vitro and in vivo. The technique is well-suited for quantitative hyperspectral lifetime imaging with high-sensitivity, paving the way for many important biomedical applications.
Three-dimensional vibration control of offshore floating wind turbines using multiple tuned mass dampers

Abstract Offshore floating wind turbines (FWT) subjected to misaligned wind and wave loadings experience extreme three-dimensional vibrations which will increase the fatigue loadings on the structure and mooring cables. The present study uses a three-dimensional pendulum tuned mass damper (3d-PTMD) and dual linear pounding tuned mass dampers (2PTMDs) to mitigate the three-dimensional vibrations of a spar-type FWT under wind and wave loadings. An analytical model of a spar-type FWT coupled with the 3d-PTMD and 2PTMDs is established using Euler-Lagrangian equation. Blade Element Momentum method is utilized to determine the aerodynamic loading and Morison equation is used to compute the hydrodynamic loading. Mooring cables are modeled using an open source module MoorDyn. The optimal design of the 2PTMD is determined using a numerical search approach. Performance of the proposed controlling devices in reducing the three dimensional vibrations of the spar FWT is evaluated via using the NREL 5 MW OC3-Hywind spar buoy wind turbine. Results show that a well-designed 3d-PTMD and 2PTMDs can effectively reduce the three-dimensional vibrations of the tower and the platform. More importantly, it is shown that the proposed 2PTMDs experiences a smaller stroke which is 50 % smaller than that of traditional linear TMDs. This is of significant value for practical applications.
Collagen matrix as a replacement for Gelfilm® for post-tympanostomy tube myringoplasty.

Abstract Objective Gelfilm® is no longer available for use in myringoplasty. We have substituted a commercially available collagen matrix (Biodesign® Otologic Repair Graft) for Gelfilm® as on onlay patch after removal of retained tympanostomy tubes. We compare the effectiveness of these two materials for post-tympanostomy tube myringoplasty. Methods Surgeries were performed in the same manner by residents supervised by the same surgeon during consecutive time periods. Tympanostomy tubes were removed under general anesthesia using a pick and cup forceps. Margins of the resultant perforation were rimmed and a patch placed on the lateral surface of the drum to cover the perforation. Children were seen at 4 weeks after surgery. Tympanic membrane closure was assessed by otoscopy and tympanometry. Patient age at time of myringoplasty, laterality (right/left/bilateral), and presence or absence of a persistent perforation at one month follow-up were tabulated. Total duration of tympanic intubation, tube design and material, reason for tube removal, and additional risk factors (trisomy 21, cleft palate, midfacial anomalies) were analyzed. Results 55 children met inclusion criteria. 28 children (36 ears) were patched with Gelfilm®. 27 children (35 ears) were patched with collagen matrix. Median ages at surgery and duration of intubation were similar in the two groups. There were persistent perforations at 4 weeks in 5/28 children (5/36 ears, 14%) with Gelfilm®, and 3/27 children (3/35 ears, 9%) with collagen matrix. There was no significant difference in the rate of persistent perforation between the two materials by Fisher's exact test by patients (p = 0.7049) or by ears (p = 0.7101; OR: 1.72; 95% CI 0.38–7.82). Conclusion Gelfilm® and collagen matrix patches performed similarly in the operating room. Rates of tympanic membrane closure were comparable in this pilot study. Larger patient numbers will be needed to prove equivalence or superiority of collagen matrix for this application.
Abstract 16154: Baseline Left Ventricular Diameter Predicts Recovery in New Systolic Heart Failure Syndromes

Introduction: It is unknown how often patients with very advanced left ventricular (LV) dilation at initial presentation demonstrate meaningful recovery with medical therapy. Understanding short te...
The global effectiveness of fact-checking: Evidence from simultaneous experiments in Argentina, Nigeria, South Africa, and the United Kingdom

The spread of misinformation is a global phenomenon, with implications for elections, state-sanctioned violence, and health outcomes. Yet, even though scholars have investigated the capacity of fact-checking to reduce belief in misinformation, little evidence exists on the global effectiveness of this approach. We describe fact-checking experiments conducted simultaneously in Argentina, Nigeria, South Africa, and the United Kingdom, in which we studied whether fact-checking can durably reduce belief in misinformation. In total, we evaluated 22 fact-checks, including two that were tested in all four countries. Fact-checking reduced belief in misinformation, with most effects still apparent more than 2 wk later. A meta-analytic procedure indicates that fact-checks reduced belief in misinformation by at least 0.59 points on a 5-point scale. Exposure to misinformation, however, only increased false beliefs by less than 0.07 points on the same scale. Across continents, fact-checks reduce belief in misinformation, often durably so.
Impact of Forage Diversity on Forage Productivity, Nutritive Value, Beef Cattle Performance and Enteric Methane Emissions.

Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from the beef industry is largely attributed to the grazing sector, specifically from beef cattle enteric methane emissions. Therefore, the study objective was to examine how forage diversity impacts forage productivity, nutritive value, animal performance and enteric methane emissions. This study occurred over three consecutive grazing seasons (2018 to 2020) and compared two common Midwest grazing mixtures: 1) a simple, 50:50 alfalfa:orchardgrass mixture (SIMP) and 2) a botanically diverse, cool-season species mixture (COMP). Fifty-six steers and heifers were adapted to an Automated Head Chamber System each year (AHCS; C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD) and stratified into treatment groups based on acclimation visitation. Each treatment consisted of four pastures, three 3.2-ha and one 1.6-ha, with 8 and 4 animals each, respectively. Forage production was measured bi-weekly in pre-and post-grazed paddocks, and forage nutritive value was analyzed using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). Shrunk body weights were taken monthly to determine animal performance. Forage availability did not differ between treatments (P = 0.69) but tended lower in 2018 (P = 0.06; 2.40 t dry matter ha -1) than 2019 (2.92 t dry matter ha -1) and 2020 (P = 0.10; 2.81 t dry matter ha -1). Crude protein was significantly lower for COMP in 2018 compared to SIMP. Forage acid detergent fiber content was significantly lower for the COMP mixture (P = 0.02). The COMP treatment resulted higher dry matter digestibility (IVDMD48) in 2018 and 2019 compared to the SIMP treatment (P 0.50). There was a tendency for the COMP treatment to have lower enteric CH4 production on a g d -1 basis (P = 0.06), but no difference was observed on an emission intensity basis (g CH4 kg -1 gain; P = 0.56). These results would indicate that adoption of the complex forage mixture would not result in improved forage productivity, animal performance, or reduced emission intensity compared to the simple forage mixture.
Application of the Embedded Cluster Method to the Electronic State of Silicate Glasses

Abstract The discrete variational (DV) X α method is used to investigate the electronic structure of silicate glasses in the embedded cluster model. Effects of the cluster size and the size of embedding units on electronic states are discussed. The embedding unit greatly improves the electronic state description compared with an isolated SiO 4 4− cluster, which is a structural unit of silicate glasses; e.g., the Fermi energy becomes −7.20 eV in the embedded cluster, while that of the isolated charged cluster is +23.8 eV. More importantly, both Si and O ions become more ionic in the embedded clusters. The size of both embedding units and variational cluster, however, is not very critical to electronic states localized around the center of the clusters.
Distribution and analysis of chromosomal breakpoints within ABL1 in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)

4202 Delineation of sequences associated with increased susceptibility to chromosome breakage may assist in identifying individuals at risk to develop leukemia and other forms of cancer. In CML, sequences within IVS1b of ABL1 are fused to exons 12-15 of BCR . Because of the paucity of published ABL1 chromosomal breakpoint junctions, the mechanism(s) of breakage has not been proven. We examined the formation of the der(9) chromosome in a large cohort of CML patients by determining the locations of breakage intervals in ABL1 . Previous studies have suggested a relatively uniform distribution of breakpoints within the ∼143 kb region spanning IVS1b-IVS3 of ABL1 . Using single copy (sc) technology (Rogan et al. Genome Res. 11:1086), we delineated breakpoint regions for 58 patients by scFISH and, in 20 of these cases, precisely determined or narrowed (to ABL1 region were validated in normal individuals. Breakage regions were first localized by iteratively selecting probes which bisected chromosomal intervals and then by selecting probes in the vicinity of breakage intervals found in the initial set of patients. Breakpoint sequence junctions were determined by Annealing Control Primer amplification. There is a strong preference for breakage at each end of ABL1 intron 1b (χ 2 =3.68; p = 0.05), with 28% of individuals exhibiting breaks within the proximal 8.5 kb interval (chr 9:130617310–130625854) and 31% having breaks within the distal 15.7 kb interval (chr 9: 130709665–130725698). Breakage at hot-spots in ABL1 may be due to recognition of these sequences by proteins known to affect chromosomal integrity. A series of potential binding site models up to 15 nucleotides in length were deduced from the sequenced breakpoint intervals. Similar core motifs of 9.4 to 13 bits were consistently obtained regardless of which parameters were used for information analysis. These proposed binding sites at ABL1 breakpoints are similar to the sequences of polymerase arrest sites and of hot spots for deletion breakpoints in other genes.
Role of Non-Wave-Like Disturbances in Transition

How disturbances evolve in a shear flow of small viscosity has been a problem at the center of transition research from the early beginning of that field of inquiry since Rayleigh (1880) showed that for an inviscid parallel shear flow a necessary condition for an infinite wave train to grow exponentially with time is the presence of an inflection point in the shear flow. Fjortoft (1950) was able to sharpen Rayleigh’s criterion by demonstrating that the instability occurs only for a maximum in the shear rate. Most of the investigations to date have focused on how Tollmien-Schlichting wave-like disturbances evolve in time and space. However, as Gustavsson (1981) and others have pointed out, discrete wave modes do not provide a complete description of the disturbance flow field in a boundary layer, but a continuous set must also be included which may be of increasing importance as the viscosity becomes smaller
Phylogenetic relationships in Asarum: Effect of data partitioning and a revised classification

Premise of the study Generic boundaries and infrageneric relationships among the charismatic temperate magnoliid Asarum sensu lato (Aristolochiaceae) have long been uncertain. Previous molecular phylogenetic analyses used either plastid or nuclear loci alone and varied greatly in their taxonomic implications for the genus. We analyzed additional molecular markers from the nuclear and plastid genomes, reevaluated the possibility of a derived loss of autonomous self-pollination, and investigated the topological effects of matrix-partitioning-scheme choice. Methods We sequenced seven plastid regions and the nuclear ITS1-ITS2 region of 58 individuals representing all previously recognized Asarum s.l. segregate genera and the monotypic genus Saruma. Matrices were partitioned using common a priori partitioning schemes and PartitionFinder. Key results Topologies that were recovered using a priori partitioning of matrices differed from those recovered using a PartitionFinder-selected scheme, and by analysis method. We recovered six monophyletic groups that we circumscribed into three subgenera and six sections. Putative fungal mimic characters served as synapomorphies only for subgenus Heterotropa. Subgenus Geotaenium, a new subgenus, was recovered as sister to the remainder of Asarum by ML analyses of highly partitioned datasets. Section Longistylis, also newly named, is sister to section Hexastylis. Conclusions Our analyses do not unambiguously support a single origin for all fungal-mimicry characters. Topologies recovered through the analysis of PartitionFinder-optimized matrices can differ drastically from those inferred from a priori partitioned matrices, and by analytical method. We recommend that investigators evaluate the topological effects of matrix partitioning using multiple methods of phylogenetic reconstruction.
Electrical activity of the diaphragm (Edi) values and Edi catheter placement in non-ventilated preterm neonates.

Electrical activity of the diaphragm (Edi) values and Edi catheter placement in non-ventilated preterm neonates
Comparison of Methods for the Preparation of Sewage Sludge Samples Prior to the Spectrophotometric Determination of Phosphorus

Abstract Three procedures for the preparation of sewage sludge samples prior to the colorimetric determination of phosphorus as “molybdenum blue” were evaluated. Using samples of the US EPA's municipal digested sludge as a reference material, sulfuric acid/ammonium persulfate digestion, muffle furnace ignition followed by extraction of the ash with hydrochloric acid, and direct extraction of the sewage sludge with sodium bicarbonate solution were compared in terms of phosphorus recovery as determined by colorimetric measurements. On the basisof phosphorus recovery, the samples prepared by muffle furnace ignition/hydrochloric acid extraction of the ash showed the best accuracy and precision. This procedure was also superior in terms of the time and effort expended in the preparation of the sewage sludge samples.
Simultaneous Changes in Length and Direction as a Cue for Perceived Depth

A computer-generated configuration of three lines joined like hands on a clockface were perceived by 10 of 12 observers as having depth when the lines simultaneously changed in length and direction, thereby supporting Wallach, Adams, and Weisz's 1956 hypothesis regarding the necessary and sufficient conditions for a perceived kinetic depth effect
Tartrate Dehydrogenase Catalyzes the Stepwise Oxidative Decarboxylation of d-Malate with both NAD and Thio-NAD†

Tartrate dehydrogenase catalyzes the divalent metal ion- and NAD-dependent oxidative decarboxylation of D-malate to yield CO(2), pyruvate, and NADH. The enzyme also catalyzes the metal ion-dependent oxidation of (+)-tartrate to yield oxaloglycolate and NADH. pH-rate profiles and isotope effects were measured to probe the mechanism of this unique enzyme. Data suggest a general base mechanism with likely general acid catalysis in the oxidative decarboxylation of D-malate. Of interest, the mechanism of oxidative decarboxylation of D-malate is stepwise with NAD(+) or the more oxidizing thio-NAD(+). The mechanism does not become concerted with the latter as observed for the malic enzyme, which catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of L-malate [Karsten, W. E., and Cook, P. F. (1994) Biochemistry 33, 2096-2103]. It appears the change in mechanism observed with malic enzyme is specific to its transition state structure and not a generalized trait of metal ion- and NAD(P)-dependent beta-hydroxy acid oxidative decarboxylases. The V/K(malate) pH-rate profile decreases at low and high pH and exhibits pK(a) values of about 6.3 and 8.3, while that for V/K(tartrate) (measured from pH 7.5 to pH 9) exhibits a pK(a) of 8.6 on the basic side. A single pK(a) of 6.3 is observed on the acid side of the V(max) pH profile, but the pK(a) seen on the basic side of the V/K pH profiles is not observed in the V(max) pH profiles. Data suggest the requirement for a general base that accepts a proton from the 2-hydroxyl group of either substrate to facilitate hydride transfer. A second enzymatic group is also required protonated for optimum binding of substrates and may also function as a general acid to donate a proton to the enolpyruvate intermediate to form pyruvate. The (13)C isotope effect, measured on the decarboxylation of D-malate using NAD(+) as the dinucleotide substrate, decreases from a value of 1.0096 +/- 0.0006 with D-malate to 1.00787 +/- 0.00006 with D-malate-2-d, suggesting a stepwise mechanism for the oxidative decarboxylation of D-malate. Using thio-NAD(+) as the dinucleotide substrate the (13)C isotope effects are 1.0034 +/- 0.0007 and 1.0027 +/- 0.0002 with D-malate and D-malate-2-d, respectively.
The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System: measuring health-risk behaviors.

OBJECTIVE: To measure priority health-riskbehaviors among youth. METHODS: The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) monitors priority health-risk behaviors among youth. RESULTS: In 1999, many high school students practiced behaviors that contribute to leading health problems--16.4% rarely or never wore safety belts and, during the past 30 days, 17.3% carried a weapon, 34.8% smoked cigarettes, and 26.7% used marijuana. Also, 49.9% had had sexual intercourse. One quarter (26.0%) were at risk for becoming overweight or were overweight. CONCLUSION: YRBSS data are used to improve policies and programs to reduce priority health-risk behaviors among youth.
An American Board of Orthodontics case report. Surgical treatment of adult Class II, division 2 malocclusion.

Abstract A case report is presented of an adult Class II, Division 2 malocclusion with a deep bite, excessive overjet, mandibular deficiency, and accentuated curve of Spee. Treatment consisted of full-banded orthodontic appliances combined with a surgical mandibular advancement using a midsagittal split osteotomy. [This case was presented to the American Board of Orthodontics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the certification process conducted by the Board.]
Topical drug delivery systems in dermatology: a review of patient adherence issues

Introduction: Until now, the main focus of medication adherence research has been oral drugs. Fewer studies have examined adherence to topical drugs. The issue of patient adherence to topical drugs is particularly significant in relation to chronic skin diseases, including psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and acne, which require long-term use of topical medications. Areas covered: The authors reviewed the current evidence of adherence to topical therapy in dermatological diseases, mainly focusing on psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and acne. The predictors or factors influencing adherence to topical therapy are then discussed. In general, the prevalence of poor adherence to topical drugs is high in dermatology. However, this research area remains empirically underdeveloped. We are still facing challenges in measuring topical medication adherence. Expert opinion: The authors recommend some possible ways to improve topical medication adherence and provide some future research directions. Taking patient preference...
Compression2: compressed sensing with compressed coil arrays

Summary Compressed sensing with PCA based coil compression is a promising way to obtain high quality radial perfusion images without incurring the high computation cost and memory requirements associated with large multi-coil arrays Background Imaging with large coil arrays is desirable for rapid imaging and high signal to noise ratio. Compressed sensing (CS) is a promising way to accelerate myocardial perfusion imaging [1]. However with increasing number of coils CS is costly in terms of memory and computation time. Coil compression methods for reconstructing cardiac cine data with parallel imaging have been proposed [2,3]. Unlike previous methods, here we employ a coil compression method with a CS reconstruction combined with a coil-based streak suppression method. The approach is tested on undersampled radial myocardial perfusion data. Methods
Printed Circuit Board Inspection System PI/1

An automatic printed circuit board (PCB) inspection system called PI/1, is described in this paper. The system can inspect PCB artwork and inner layers to find trace faults such as open circuits, short circuits, pin holes, fine lines and narrow line spaces. PI/1 uses a line scan camera with 1024 pixels resolution to take images. The whole image can be obtained by the help of a scanning mechanism in the X and the Y directions. Continuous pictures can be taken without blurring, and the resolution is between 1/2 to 2 mils. The inspection method used in PI/1 is a type of design rule checking. It does not require a reference image and can tolerate changes in the inspection environment due to illumination and PCB positioning. The inspection algorithm has been implemented into a special hardware and the inspection speed is about 4 x 106 pixels/sec.
An Improved Description of Technetium Spectra (Tc i and Tc ii), 2000 to 9000 Å.

A new description of technetium spectra has been made that is more complete and provides more accurate data on wavelengths than those reported heretofore. The observations were made in the region 2000 to 9000 A with arc and spark sources. Larger samples of technetium and spectrographs of higher resolution were used and the number of lines reported (4500) is more than doubled. The intensities are estimated over a range from 1 to 20,000 and the relative strengths in arc and spark permit assignment of the origin of the lines to neutral atoms (3300 lines) or ions (1200 lines).
The Fortification of Whole Milk and Skimmilk

A discussion of milk fortification calls for consideration of the interests of both consumers and the dairy industry. The consumer is vitally interested in having an adequate supply of milk at a reasonable cost. He also is interested in any measures proposed for its modification. The dairy, industry is primarily concerned with obtaining the largest possible market for its products and therefore is interested in how any proposal for fortification may affect this market. Thus, the nutritional need for fortification becomes a basic question. I t is agreed by most nutrition scientists that certain steps which have been taken in the field of fortification, such as the enrichment of flour and bread, the iodization of salt, and the addition of vitamin D to milk, have proven advantageous for better nutrition and health. At the same time, it is recognized that the unlimited fortification of our food supply with specific nutrients is undesirable. The issues here involved caused the Council on Foods of the American Medical Association in 1939 and the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council in 1941 to adopt certain policies regarding food fortification. In 1953 these bodies jointly l~considered, in the light of experience and uew developments, the policies which they had established over the intervening years. On December 18, 1953, they issued a "Joint Statement of General Policy in Regard to the Addition of Specific Nutrients to Foods," which has since been published? I t seems worth while to consider this policy statement in connection with the questions under consideration. The statement endorses "with carefully defined limitations" the principle of the addition of specific nutrients to certain staple foods for the purpose of maintaining good nutrition, as well as for correcting deficiencies in the diet of the genera] population or of significant segments of the population. The requirements for endorsement of a specific fortification are stated to be (a) clear indication of a probable advantage of an increased consumption of the nutrient in question, (b) assurance that the food
Fabry-Pérot photographs of CO2 laser lines up-converted in proustite

Abstract Fabry-Perot fringe patterns of radiation produced from CO2 laser lines by phase-matched up-conversion in proustite (Ag3AsS3) have been photographed for various P and R laser transitions of the 00o1–10o0 and 00o1–02o0 vibrational bands. The crystal was pumped with 250 μW CW 0.6328 μm He-Ne laser radiation and could be rotated about its X axis perpendicular to the principal plane to change the phase-matching angle θ.
Potential benefits of physical activity for children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is the most common form of paediatric leukaemia. The survival rate in children with ALL has improved significantly over the past several years, which makes quality of life an important focus for researchers. Some of the side effects of treatment (i.e. osteoporosis and obesity) are not realized until years after conclusion of therapy. Few studies have addressed the impact of physical activity (PA) on the side effects that occur during treatment of children with ALL. This paper discusses the increased risk for both osteoporosis and obesity due to treatment for ALL and suggests ways that PA may attenuate bone loss and risk of obesity by discussing what is known about effects of PA in healthy children and children with other chronic diseases. Recommendations will be made for PA interventions and future research in children with ALL.
Synthesis of soluble protein in oocytes of Xenopus laevis

Oocytes of five stages of development were isolated from ovaries of Xenopus laevis and allowed to take up radioactive amino acids. After six hours of labeling the amount of label incorporated into perchloric acid precipitable material from the soluble oocyte fraction and the specific activity of the label free pool was determined. From these figures an estimate of the rate of protein synthesis was calculated. Labeled soluble protein from each oocyte stage was analyzed by electrophoresis on SDS polyacrylamide gels. The gel was dried and autoradiographed to determine the qualitative pattern of soluble protein synthesis during various stages of oogenesis. Our results indicate that no significant differences exist in the rate of protein synthesis among any of the stages of oogenesis investigated. The qualitative pattern of soluble protein synthesized during the labeling period is similar among the oocyte stages. Moreover, this qualitative pattern of soluble protein synthesis is the same as the pattern of soluble protein accumulated up to that time during oogenesis. These results suggest a stable synthesis and accumulation of maternal protein products during Xenopus oogenesis, in marked contrast to the results that have been reported for RNA synthesis during oogenesis in Xenopus. Our results are discussed in terms of the present understanding of the process of maternal information accumulation.
An Apparatus for the Isolation of Volatile Compounds from Foods

SUMMARY Volatile compounds that may contribute flavor to a wide variety of foods can be isolated in an apparatus which is described. It utilizes the principle of flash evaporation and vaporization from a continuous thin heated film. Liquid foods, such as fruit juices or beer, need no preparation, but foods such as meat and potato chips are first made into a fine water slurry. Vaporized food constituents and water are recovered by condensation in a series of specially designed cold traps. Features and performance of the apparatus are discussed.
Long-term structural priming affects subsequent patterns of language production

This article reports three experiments exploring how experience producing particular syntactic constructions affects the rates at which those constructions will be produced in the future. In the first part of each experiment, the participants’ experience at producing the double object (DO) and prepositional object (PO) constructions was manipulated so that they produced a certain proportion of DO and PO constructions. Subsequent to the establishment of these biases, the participants were given the opportunity to produce either DO or PO constructions. The main findings show that (1) patterns of experience with the DO and PO constructions affected the base rates of production for the DO and PO constructions, but not the strength of structural priming observed between particular prime sentences and particular target sentences, and (2) patterns of experience with the DO and PO constructions affected the production of subsequent sentences even across changes in the nature of the language production task. The theoretical implications of these results are discussed.
They don't know what they don't know: internal medicine residents' knowledge and confidence in urine drug test interpretation for patients with chronic pain.

BACKGROUND Urine drug testing (UDT) can help identify misuse or diversion of opioid medications among patients with chronic pain. However, misinterpreting results can lead to false reassurance or erroneous conclusions about drug use.
Direct coupling of hadrons to leptons

We consider the attempt to interpret the recent data on ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ annihilation to hadrons in terms of a direct coupling of electrons to hadrons. Comparable, but not as large, effects are found to be expected in deep-inelastic processes. The possibility of a dependence of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{tot}}({e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{hadrons})$ upon beam polarization is also discussed, as well as other implications.