cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneity of cycling glial progenitors in the adult mammalian cortex and white matter.

The heterogeneity and differentiation potential of mitotically active cells in the adult brain were studied by labeling adult rats with BrdU, and isolating an enriched population of cycling cells from neocortex and from subcortical white matter. The majority of this population isolated from either brain region labeled with O4, an early oligodendrocyte marker. In tissue culture, these O4+ progenitors acquired galactocerebroside, a glycolipid of mature oligodendrocytes, but not GFAP, an intermediate filament of astrocytes. A minority population expressed the intermediate filament protein, vimentin, but not O4. This population expressed GFAP after several days in culture. A third population of cycling cells, expressing the gangliosides labeled with the A2B5 antibody, represented a minority population in subcortical white matter, but one of the major cycling populations in cortex, with substantial overlap with O4. Small populations of cycling NG2+ cells also were observed. Thus, the cycling cells in the adult brain are heterogeneous, and the majority appear to belong to glial lineages. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 48: 75–86, 2001
Neurotoxic and cardiotoxic effects of cocaine and ethanol

Introduction Concurrent abuse of alcohol and cocaine results in the formation of cocaethylene, a powerful cocaine metabolite. Cocaethylene potentiates the direct cardiotoxic and indirect neurotoxic effects of cocaine or alcohol alone.
Influence of UV‐B Radiation on Early Seedling Growth and Translocation of 65Zn from Cotyledons in Cotton

The influence of UV-B radiation from filtered or unfiltered fluorescent sunlamps on early seedling growth and translocation of 65Zn from cotyledons to the shoot was examined in two cultivars of cotton, Acala and Gregg. Ten-day-old seedlings which had been irradiated in the greenhouse for 6 h continuously each day for 14 days with 0.81 or 1.61 W × m-2 UV-B radiation under two unfiltered FS-40 sunlamps, showed pronounced phytotoxic damage. This was characterized at first by bronzing and glazing of the cotyledons and later by upward curling of the leaves and abscission. Leaf expansion, dry matter accumulation, and mobilization of 65Zn from the cotyledons was severely impaired in the young developing shoot under unfiltered UV-B radiation. A significant stress response also was observed in seedlings exposed to 0.61 W × m-2 UV-B radiation through a polystyrene filter and 0.73 W × m-2 UV-B radiation through a cellulose-acetate filter. This stress response was characterized by the formation of a red pigment in the petioles of the cotyledons, reduced leaf expansion, and reduced transport of 65Zn. Control seedlings exposed to 0.03 W × m-2 UV-B radiation through a mylar filter were green, had maximum leaf size and dry-matter accumulation, and had the greatest percentage of 65Zn translocated from the cotyledons.
Formation of aluminum nitrides in thermal plasmas

Aluminum nitride has been synthesized by evaporation of the aluminum anode of a free-burning atmospheric-pressure nitrogen arc. About 40% of the product was collected in the form of highly oriented polycrystalline aluminum nitride (from the gaseous phase) with a high deposition rate (≈ 1 μm/s) and very low oxygen content (0.34%). The rest was deposited on the reactor walls as an ultrafine powder with an average particle diameter of 300 A. Destructive and nondestructive tests on the powder and crystals were carried out to determine the morphology and purity of the materials. The impact of other gases on the AlN formation has been studied. The probable mechanism in the AlN crystal growth is discussed.
How Plants See the Invisible

Light is a key stimulus for biological function, controlling movement, gene expression, development, circadian clocks, and many other activities across virtually every form of life. This regulation is achieved by families of photosensory receptor proteins, each of which converts light of different wavelengths into biochemical signals that can control biological function. This conversion is well understood for photosensors sensitive to visible light (wavelengths λ = 400 to 700 nm), but far less is known about photoreception outside this range. On page 1492 of this issue, Christie et al. ( 1 ) elucidate the mechanism by which plant receptors detect light in the middle of the ultraviolet (UV) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Comparative Incidence of Phlebitis Due to Buffered Cephalothin, Cephapirin, and Cefamandole

Abstract Buffered cephalothin, cefamandole, and cephapirin were compared with respect to their tendency to produce phlebitis. Two grams of each agent was administered every 6 h for 4 days to 12 healthy volunteers in a double-blind crossover fashion. Approximately 50% of intravenous sites developed mild (grade 1) phlebitis and 25% developed moderate (grade 2) phlebitis. The frequency of grade 1 inflammation did not differ significantly among the three cephalosporins. The proportion of individuals eventually exhibiting grade 2 phelebitis was highest with cefamandole, lowest with cephalothin (P = 0.07), and intermediate with cephapirin; however, cephapirin required a substantially greater number of doses to produce grade 2 phelebitis than did the other two drugs. These findings, together with the results of other reports, suggest that interpretation of the phlebitogenic potential of these antibiotics must be made with caution.
Sparse parallel Delaunay mesh refinement

The authors recently introduced the technique of sparse mesh refinement to produce the first near-optimal sequential time bounds of O(n lg L/s+m) for inputs in any fixed dimension with piecewiselinear constraining (PLC) features. This paper extends that work to the parallel case, refining the same inputs in time O(lg(L/s) lgm) on an EREW PRAM while maintaining the work bound; in practice, this means we expect linear speedup for any practical number of processors. This is faster than the best previously known parallel Delaunay mesh refinement algorithms in two dimensions. It is the first technique with work bounds equal to the sequential case. In higher dimension, it is the first provably fast parallel technique for any kind of quality mesh refinement with PLC inputs. Furthermore, the algorithm's implementation is straightforward enough that it is likely to be extremely fast in practice.
Reduction of wild type p53 function confers a hormone resistant phenotype on LNCaP prostate cancer cells

BACKGROUND The protein encoded by the p53 gene is required for some forms of apoptosis and loss or mutations in this gene are found with increased frequency in advanced and hormone resistant human prostate cancers. In order to better appreciate whether reduction of wildtype p53 function in prostate cancer cells might contribute to the development of therapeutic-resistance by these cells, we created stable variants of the androgen-responsive, wild type p53-expressing human prostate cancer cell line, LNCaP, by transfection with expression vectors designed to reduce expression or function of wildtype p53 in them. These cells were then tested for their ability to form tumors in castrated male nude mice. METHODS A conditional eukaryotic expression vector (under tetracycline regulation) expressing antisense p53 cDNA was constructed and either directly transfected into LNCaP cells or tranduced into these cells using recombinant retroviruses containing the vector. Stably transfected/transduced cells (LNCaP/Asp53) were evaluated by Western blot analysis for the ability of doxycycline to reduce p53 protein expression and for their ability to form tumors in castrated male nude mice treated or untreated with doxycycline. Additionally, we derived an LNCaP subline (LNCaP/DD) stably expressing a dominant-negative form of p53 and tested these cells for their ability to form tumors in castrated male nude mice. RESULTS LNCaP/Asp53 cells showed reduced expression of p53 protein when cultured in a medium containing doxycycline and tested sublines were able to efficiently form tumors in castrated male nude mice only when the mice were treated with doxycycline. LNCaP/DD cells were readily able to form tumors in castrated male nude mice whereas parental LNCaP cells or control-transfected LNCaP cells were not. CONCLUSION Loss of wildtype p53 function can contribute to the phenotype of hormone resistance of prostate cancer cells. Prostate 48:225–230, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The SNPs of RAF

Imagine a deck of new cards perfectly sequenced from One of Clubs to the Ace of Spades. Shuffle once (overhand method), and most cards are still in order, e.g., ... 9, 10, Jack, King, Queen, Ace of Spades. Shuffle twice, three times, and so on and more and more randomness is introduced into the deck. Cards that are juxtaposed next to one another, e.g., King and Ace of Spades will likely travel together through multiple shufflings as a card has to be precisely inserted between the two for the arrangement to be disrupted. But, the One of Spades is likely to fall out of sequence relative to the Ace of Spades early in the shuffling process as the likelihood that a random card is inserted between a One and Ace is quite high. Thus, even in a simple game of cards, near neighbors travel together for longer periods of time and much more shuffling is required to separate the two than far neighbors.
An amorphous magnetically ordered ultra-thin film of Fe2O3 on graphite: Mössbauer spectroscopy

Abstract An amorphous ultra-thin film of Fe2O3 was prepared on partially oriented graphite (Papyex) by surface oxidation of an adsorbed monolayer of Fe(CO)5. Mossbauer spectra exhibit super-paramagnetism below 79 K. The Mossbauer fraction parallel to the film exceeds that perpendicular by 16% at room temperature.
Osteonecrosis of the Humeral Head in a Patient with Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Receiving Bevacizumab

A 43-year-old Filipino woman, never-smoker, was diagnosed with stage IV adenocarcinoma of the lung in February 2009, with metastatic disease to the liver and brain. The biopsies of the lung mass and liver confirmed poorly differentiated, TTF-1-positive, EGFR-mutated (exon 19) adenocarcinoma of the lung. The patient underwent a craniotomy followed by brachytherapy for the isolated brain metastases. Subsequently, she initiated erlotinib plus celecoxib versus placebo on a clinical trial in April 2009, to which she responded for 12 months. In February 2010, she initiated second-line carboplatin/pemetrexed/bevacizumab for six cycles with complete resolution of the positron emission tomography uptake to the lung primary and liver metastases. The patient started maintenance bevacizumab in June 2010. In February 2011, she presented with left shoulder pain with absence of trauma or bone metastases. Magnetic resonance imaging of the shoulder revealed avascular necrosis of the left humeral head (Figure 1). The positron emission tomography/ computed tomography scan showed mild fluorodeoxyglucose uptake to the left shoulder and a stable, fluorodeoxyglucosenegative, left upper lobe mass (Figure 2). After the diagnosis of avascular necrosis was made, bevacizumab was discontinued and the patient initiated maintenance pemetrexed. Her pain responded to anti-inflammatory medications. Avascular necrosis of the femoral head has been reported in two patients with colorectal cancer receiving bevacizumab and one patient receiving sunitinib.1 Prolonged antiangiogenic therapy may impair the bone metabolism leading to osteonecrosis.2 To our knowledge, this is a first report of osteonecrosis of the humeral head in a patient treated with bevacizumab alone without bisphosphonates or other agents with increased risk of bone necrosis.
A Computer Program to Teach Nonsexist Language

A computer program designed to teach nonsexist language is described. The interactive program teaches students to recognize the various forms of sexist language described in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA, 1983) and to correct sexist language without mixing singular and plural pronouns. Student performance records are saved to a disk file for later review by the instructor. In a preliminary study with general psychology students, the software was as effective in teaching nonsexist language as was a didactic presentation on the topic and was more effective than no presentation.
Thermochemistry of thermal plasma chemical reactions. Part II. A survey of synthesis routes for silicon nitride production

Feasibility routes for thermal plasma production of silicon nitride powders are explored. First, a collation of the various proposed systems from the extant literature is examined. Reactant systems investigated include free silicon, silicon monoxide, silicon dioxide, silicon tetrachloride, silane, and other organosilicon precursors, along with various nitriding and reducing species. The reaction yields of these systems are brought to a common denominator by thermodynamic analysis and a first-step introduction of nucleation kinetics including comparisons against published experiments and the authors' own research. In particular, it is observed that the formation of liquid-phase free silicon in the neighborhood of 2500 K is quite detrimental to silicon nitride yield, and furthermore, a high supersaturation of silicon should always be avoided.
Knowledge, context, and social standards

This paper defends the view that standards, which are typically social in nature, play a role in determining whether a subject has knowledge. While the argument focuses on standards that pertain to reasoning, I also consider whether there are similar standards for memory and perception.
Taxonomy and biogeography of the fiddler crabs (Ocypodidae: Genus Uca) of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of eastern North America

Fifteen species of fiddler crabs are reported for eastern North America between Massachusetts and Quintana Roo, Mexico. Thirteen occur in the United States and 11 in Mexico, with eight in common to the two countries. Of 13 species in the Gulf of Mexico, five are endemic and a sixth is restricted largely to the peninsulas of Florida and Yucatan. The status of U. rapax in the northern Gulf remains to be resolved. Range limits of most species approximate one or the other of two sets of intersecting thermal and geological boundaries that subdivide the Gulf of Mexico along north-south and east-west axes. Species belonging to subgenus Minuca tend to replace one another at the thermally-controlled Carolinian-Caribbean marine biotic boundary across the Florida peninsula and northern Gulf. However, only U. minax of all the North American fiddler crabs exhibits the classical disjunct Carolinian distribution, and this appears basically to reflect the discontinuous distribution of temperate salt marshes that are the habitat of the species. Distributions of species belonging to subgenus Celuca adhere for the most part to the subdivision of the Gulf into western terrigenous and eastern carbonate sedimentary provinces. The northern transition occurs in the vicinity of Apalachee Bay and the southern at Laguna de Terminos. A third distributional pattern is shown by U. subcylindrica, a specialized endemic species of the hypersaline Laguna Madre system of the western Gulf. The level of endemism in the fiddler crabs is relatively high in comparison with that of other marine groups within the Gulf of Mexico. This may be a consequence of the adaptations of fiddler crabs as specialized deposit feeders to regional differences in climatic and edaphic characteristics of a marginally marine upper shore habitat. The distributional patterns of the endemics could prove useful in reconstructing palaeoecological events of evolutionary significance within the Gulf of Mexico.
Limits and dynamics of methane oxidation in landfill cover soils

In order to understand the limits and dynamics of methane (CH(4)) oxidation in landfill cover soils, we investigated CH(4) oxidation in daily, intermediate, and final cover soils from two California landfills as a function of temperature, soil moisture and CO(2) concentration. The results indicate a significant difference between the observed soil CH(4) oxidation at field sampled conditions compared to optimum conditions achieved through pre-incubation (60 days) in the presence of CH(4) (50 ml l(-1)) and soil moisture optimization. This pre-incubation period normalized CH(4) oxidation rates to within the same order of magnitude (112-644 μg CH(4) g(-1) day(-1)) for all the cover soils samples examined, as opposed to the four orders of magnitude variation in the soil CH(4) oxidation rates without this pre-incubation (0.9-277 μg CH(4) g(-1) day(-1)). Using pre-incubated soils, a minimum soil moisture potential threshold for CH(4) oxidation activity was estimated at 1500 kPa, which is the soil wilting point. From the laboratory incubations, 50% of the oxidation capacity was inhibited at soil moisture potential drier than 700 kPa and optimum oxidation activity was typical observed at 50 kPa, which is just slightly drier than field capacity (33 kPa). At the extreme temperatures for CH(4) oxidation activity, this minimum moisture potential threshold decreased (300 kPa for temperatures 40°C), indicating the requirement for more easily available soil water. However, oxidation rates at these extreme temperatures were less than 10% of the rate observed at more optimum temperatures (∼ 30°C). For temperatures from 5 to 40°C, the rate of CH(4) oxidation was not limited by moisture potentials between 0 (saturated) and 50 kPa. The use of soil moisture potential normalizes soil variability (e.g. soil texture and organic matter content) with respect to the effect of soil moisture on methanotroph activity. The results of this study indicate that the wilting point is the lower moisture threshold for CH(4) oxidation activity and optimum moisture potential is close to field capacity. No inhibitory effects of elevated CO(2) soil gas concentrations were observed on CH(4) oxidation rates. However, significant differences were observed for diurnal temperature fluctuations compared to thermally equivalent daily isothermal incubations.
The legacies of Thomas Sankara: a revolutionary experience in retrospect

A quarter century after the 15 October 1987 assassination of Thomas Sankara in a military coup, the late president of Burkina Faso remains a near-mythical hero for many young people in his country and across Africa. They idealise the image of a committed, self-sacrificing rebel, who during four years as leader of a small, impoverished Sahelian nation sought to improve the lives of ordinary people while at the same time projecting the country onto the international arena. Why has popular interest in Sankara persisted for so long, despite the collapse of his short-lived revolutionary venture? How is it that each anniversary of his death draws hundreds, if not thousands, to commemorations at his gravesite? This article offers some retrospective reflections and re-examines those features of Sankara's revolutionary era that still resonate with many citizens today, as well as those that have been left behind. [Heritage de Thomas Sankara ; retour sur une experience revolutionnaire.] Un quart de siecle apres l'as...
Production of Androgens by Microbial Transformation of Progesterone in Vitro: A Model for Androgen Production in Rivers Receiving Paper Mill Effluent

We have previously documented the presence of progesterone and androstenedione in the water column and bottom sediments of the Fenholloway River, Taylor County, Florida. This river receives paper mill effluent and contains masculinized female mosquitofish. We hypothesized that plant sterols (e.g., β-sitosterol) derived from the pulping of pine trees are transformed by bacteria into progesterone and subsequently into 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, and other androgens. In this study, we demonstrate that these same androgens can be produced in vitro from the bacterium Mycobacterium smegmatis. In a second part to this study, we reextracted and reanalyzed the sediment from the Fenholloway River and verified the presence of androstadienedione, a Δ1 steroid with androgen activity.
Approximate eigenvalue decomposition of para-Hermitian systems through successive FIR paraunitary transformations

The eigenvalue decomposition (EVD) of a Hermitian matrix in terms of unitary matrices is well known. In this paper, we present an algorithm for the approximate EVD (AEVD) of a para-Hermitian (PH) system. Here, the approximate diagonalization is carried out successively by applying degree-1 finite impulse response (FIR) paraunitary (PU) transformations. The system parameters are chosen to make the zeroth order diagonal energy (ZODE) nondecreasing at each stage. Simulation results presented for the design of a signal-adapted PU filter bank (FB) show close agreement with the behavior of the infinite order principal component FB (PCFB).
Investigation of spreading center evolution by joint inversion of seafloor magnetic anomaly and tectonic fabric data

Spreading center segments that have experienced a complex tectonic history including rift propagation may have a complicated signature in bathymetric and magnetic anomaly data. To gain insight into the history of such regions, we have developed techniques in which both the magnetic anomaly patterns and seafloor fabric trends are predicted theoretically, and the combined predictions are compared numerically with the data to estimate best fitting parameters for the propagation history. Fitting functions are constructed to help determine which model best matches the digitized fabric and magnetic anomaly data. Such functions offer statistical criteria for choosing the best fit model. We use this approach to resolve the propagation history of the Cobb Offset along the Juan de Fuca ridge. In this example, the magnetic anomaly data prove more useful in defining the geometry of the propagation events, while the fabric, with its greater temporal resolution, is more useful for constraining the rate of propagation. It thus appears that joint inversion of magnetic and seafloor fabric data can be valuable in tectonic analyses.
Steroid metabolism by constitutive cytochromes P450.

In rat liver endoplasmic reticulum some 16 different cytochromes P450 have been identified as constitutive, sequenced from recombinant DNA, and shown to be distinct gene products. These forms are "multipurpose", i.e. functional in xenobiotic metabolism as well as endogenous substrate metabolism. In the latter case, these forms metabolize steroids, fatty acids, prostaglandins and even ketone bodies, indicating an involvement in homeostasis. In steroid metabolism, in contrast to "biosynthetic" forms of P450 which generally yield one product, the multipurpose forms exhibit broad, overlapping metabolite profiles, with isomeric and epimeric specificity and different mechanisms of product formation. The nature of the substrate docking region is of much interest and attempts have been made to rationalize the manner in which multiple metabolites are produced from a single substrate. Brain, with a very low level of P450 relative to liver also catalyzes steroid metabolism. The nature of the forms involved are not yet known.
Studies with phenazine methosulfate: Effect on mitochondria — an assay for reduced pyridine nucleotide coenzymes

Abstract 1. 1. Phenazine methosulfate rapidly oxidezes DPNH and TPNH to DPN and TPN, respectively. 2. 2. Phenazine methosulfate can be used in an assay system for microgram quantities of total reduced pyridine nucleotide coenzymes. 3. 3. The results of this assay method in animal tissues agree closely with values previously reported for reduced pyridine nucleotides using enzymic assay methods. 4. 4. Phenazine methosulfate oxides the reduced pyridine nucleotides within mitochondria, causes swelling of the mitochondria, and leakage of the coenzymes from mitochondria. 5. 5. Ethylenediaminetraacetate while inhibiting the swelling and leakage does not inhibit the oxidation. The reduced coenzymes do not appear necessary for the prevention of swelling. 6. 6. Ethanol strongly inhibits the rate of oxidation of DPNH by phenazine methosulfate.
Development of a SMA-based actuator for compact kinetic energy missile

In this paper, a prototype SMA-based actuator for a compact kinetic energy missile was fabricated. Thin film nickel-titanium was selected as an actuating mechanism because it exhibited high power density compared to other smart materials. This study represents a proof of concept that high drive frequency and high power density can be both achieved with thin film SMA. The thin film reached a drive frequency of 80Hz while achieving a power density of 27900 Watts/kg. As for the pump, the power density was 2.93 Watts/kg, but obtaining higher value can certainly be achieved by reducing the chamber weight through optimization. In any case, CFD analysis revealed that the pump chamber had to be redesigned to change the flow profile because the present design created non-circulating dead zones immediately adjacent to the diaphragm. Therefore by redirecting the liquid flow to directly cool the SMA diaphragm improved the heat transfer and thus improved performance of the actuator can be achieved.
An experimental study of self‐concept and satisfactions

In this study, the theoretical formulations of Leary and Rogers were used to delineate the role of self‐concept in interpersonal communication. Berger's scale for expressed acceptance of others was used to categorize subjects on this aspect of self‐concept. Primary dependent variables were satisfactions, observable communicative behavior, and sociometric choice. Eight experimental groups of each sex composed of two subjects expressing high acceptance and two expressing low acceptance of others discussed for twenty minutes. They were given no task or problem to solve, but were instructed to spend the time in discussion. The major findings were that males expressing high acceptance of others also expressed a greater expectancy to receive satisfactions from discussion, made more group maintaining communications, and received more directed communications than males expressing low acceptance.
Improving evidential argumentation through statistical sampling: evaluating the effects of a classroom intervention for at-risk 7th-graders

Abstract A nine-day intervention was implemented in a 7th-grade all-girls classroom with the objective of improving the students’ evidential argumentation through the use of statistical sampling concepts. The 12 student participants were from economically disadvantaged backgrounds and were considered at-risk for dropping out of school. During the intervention, the students worked in small groups, gathering data from newspaper clippings and websites, in the construction of arguments about a controversial social issue. Paper-and-pencil tests were administered before and after the intervention. The findings revealed that students were better able to (a) rely on survey data, as opposed to personal opinion, to support their claims about simulated real-life situations, and (b) use sampling concepts to explain how the data supported their claims. The results indicate that even the most disadvantaged student could learn to reason statistically, and they also point to several characteristics of learning environments that are effective in meeting this objective.
Glucagon-sensitive adenylate cyclase in human renal medulla.

In cell-free preparations (washed 600 × g pellets) of human renal medulla, glucagon produced a dose-dependent stimulation of adenylate cyclase. The stimulation of renal medullary adenylate cyclase by saturating concentrations of glucagon was additive to the saturating doses of vasopressin. Furthermore, l-isoproterenol stimulated renal medullary adenylate cyclase in a dose-dependent manner, and this stimulation was blocked by dl-propranolol. Stimulation of the renal medullary adenylate cyclase by maximal doses of glucagon and l-isoproterenol was additive. dl-Propranolol did not inhibit stimulation of glucagon. Thus, the results indicate the existence of a specific adenylate cyclase that is responsive to glucagon—distinct from the isoproterenol-sensitive adenylate cyclase and the previously described vasopressinsensitive adenylate cyclase in human renal medulla. We suggest that the renal tubular effects of glucagon may be mediated by glucagon-dependent cyclic-AMP production in renal tissue.
Interferometer for measuring the dynamic surface topography of a human tear film

The anterior refracting surface of the eye is the thin tear film that forms on the surface of the cornea. Following a blink, the tear film quickly smoothes and starts to become irregular after 10 seconds. This irregularity can affect comfort and vision quality. An in vivo method of characterizing dynamic tear films has been designed based upon a near-infrared phase-shifting interferometer. This interferometer continuously measures light reflected from the tear film, allowing sub-micron analysis of the dynamic surface topography. Movies showing the tear film behavior can be generated along with quantitative metrics describing changes in the tear film surface. This tear film measurement allows analysis beyond capabilities of typical fluorescein visual inspection or corneal topography and provides better sensitivity and resolution than shearing interferometry methods. The interferometer design is capable of identifying features in the tear film much less than a micron in height with a spatial resolution of about ten microns over a 6 mm diameter. This paper presents the design of the tear film interferometer along with the considerations that must be taken when designing an interferometer for on-eye diagnostics. Discussions include eye movement, design of null optics for a range of ocular geometries, and laser emission limits for on-eye interferometry.
Uncovering Literacies, Disrupting Stereotypes: Examining the (Dis)Abilities of a Child Learning to Computer Program and Read

The experiences of children learning through multimodal production and interactive computer programming have been well documented and include accounts of youth from diverse ethnic, cultural, linguistic, and socioeconomic backgrounds. However, little attention has been paid to the role of creative technology use by children with cognitive disabilities, focusing instead on either assistive devices or computer-assisted tutorials. This study examines how “Brandy,” a nine-year-old girl with cognitive disabilities and little reading or writing ability, made use of new technologies for creative and artistic purposes as she produced new media in an after school community technology center. Over a two-and-a-half-year period using the Scratch programming language and software, Brandy transitioned from being a marginalized member of the community to becoming a skilled and esteemed multimedia artist and mentor. As she engaged in creative media production, Brandy's metalinguistic awareness gradually developed, helping...
Near-Surface Larval and Juvenile Fish in Coastal Habitats: Comparisons Between the Inner Shelf and an Estuary in the New York Bight During Summer and Fall

Exchanges of fish larvae between the inner continental shelf and estuaries can be critical to the functional significance of these habitats as nurseries. We sampled near-surface fishes on the inner continental shelf off New Jersey and in an adjacent estuary during the summer and fall of 2005 and 2006 to evaluate the occurrence and variation in these connections. Very few of the abundant taxa (Anchoa mitchilli, Brevoortia tyrannus, Urophycis regia, Etropus microstomus, Peprilus triacanthus, and Pomatomus saltatrix) were exclusive to either habitat but some did change in relative habitat affinity among seasons. For some species, this was indicative of a departure from the ocean for estuaries (e.g., Micropogonias undulatus) while others used both habitats during the summer and fall (e.g., Syngnathus fuscus, Scophthalmus aquosus, and A. mitchilli). Together, these observations confirm the high degree of connectivity between the near-surface larval fishes from the inner continental shelf and estuaries.
Discussion of N. W. Emmel’s Paper on “Hemocytoblastosis in the Chicken”

Abstract AS ALREADY stated by Dr. Olson, the condition of “hemocytoblastosis” as described by Emmel is not recognized by other workers. To this it should be added that the designation “hemocytoblastosis” brings up a very fundamental point of terminology. Johnson used the term in its original meaning; namely, a leukotic proliferation of the hemocytoblastic stem cell. Whether or not the etiologic concept implied by him is correct is beside the point. Emmel defined hemocytoblastosis as an increase or decrease in leukocytes accompanied by the appearance of immature and degenerative blood cells in the circulating blood. Such hemocytoblastosis (Emmel) could be induced in chicks by a number of different agents and conditions, including Salmonella toxicosis, normal chicken tissues, benzol poisonings, anoxemias, and avitaminoses. In a recent study W. P. Blount (Ph.D. thesis, Edinburgh University, 1938, Abstract Vet. Jour., 1939, 95:193) was able to observe all of the features of Emmel’s hemocytoblastosis in . . .
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in idiopathic refractory sideroblastic anemia: Evidence for a common lymphoid and myeloid progenitor cell

Acute leukemia of myeloblastic or erythroblastic morphology occasionally occurs as a complication of idiopathic refractory sideroblastic anemia, but the development of acute lymphoblastic leukemia has not been previously reported in these cases. A patient with idiopathic refractory sideroblastic anemia is described in whom acute lymphoblastic leukemia occurred. The leukemic cells were characterized by typical lymphoblastic morphology on Wright's stain, periodic acid-Schiff-positive cytoplasmic clumps, elevated levels of deoxynucleotidyl transferase (143 units/10(8) cells), high numbers of specific glucocorticoid binding sites (16,845 sites/cell, Kd = 5.40 x 10(-9) M), non-B, non-T cell immunologic characteristics and clinical responsiveness to therapy with vincristine, prednisone, and methotrexate. Ultrastructural studies of the lymphoblasts identified ferruginous material in lysosomes and occasional mitochondria similar to but less abundant than that seen in abnormal sideroblasts. The concurrence of these two disorders supports the theory that in humans both lymphoid and myeloid cell lines arise from a common pluripotent stem cell.
Ethical Decision Making by Individuals in Organizations: An Issue-Contingent Model

Existing theoretical models of individual ethical decision making in organizations place little or no emphasis on characteristics of the ethical issue itself. This article (a) proposes an issue-contingent model containing a new set of variables called moral intensity; (b) using concepts, theory, and evidence derived largely from social psychology, argues that moral intensity influences every component of moral decision making and behavior; (c) offers four research propositions: and (d) discusses implications of the theory.
Plastics on the Sargasso Sea Surface

Plastic particles, in concentrations averaging 3500 pieces and 290 grams per square kilometer, are widespread in the western Sargasso Sea. Pieces are brittle, apparently due to the weathering of the plasticizers, and many are in a pellet shape about 0.25 to 0.5 centimeters in diameter. The particles are surfaces for the attachment of diatoms and hydroids. Increasing production of plastics, combined with present waste-disposal practices, will undoubtedly lead to increases in the concentration of these particles. Plastics could be a source of some of the polychlorinated biphenyls recently observed in oceanic organisms.
History of Sybase

One of the cofounders of Sybase tells about the birth of the company in 1984 and its strategy for entering what appeared to be a crowded marketplace. The article discusses how they were able to raise the funding needed. It tracks the technical development of the initial product that supported Sun and DEC computers and was rapidly accepted by the Wall Street community. The technical advantages of Sybase are described along with its marketing thrust to compete with Oracle. It covers the business relationship with Microsoft and Ashton-Tate and how the product performed in benchmarking tests. The problems with acquisitions, growth, and competition are described. It concludes with the changes in management and the company's acquisition by SAP.
Lubrication in a corner

A mathematical model for the evolution of a thin film in an interior corner region is presented. The model is based on the idea that the film can be considered thin everywhere in the η-direction if viewed in the new coordinate system ξ = x 2 - y 2 , η = 2xy. Lubrication theory is applied to the governing equations written in this coordinate system. The exact integration of the mass conservation equation for a no-slip boundary condition yields a single evolution equation, which is integrated numerically. The evolution of a thin film driven by surface tension and gravity is predicted as a function of the Bond number and successfully compared to laboratory experiments.
Crib Death: A Biobehavioral Phenomenon?

In developed countries, more children under 1 year of age die of crib death (sudden infant death syndrome, SIDS) than of all other causes combined. Researchers and clinicians have proposed many possible causes of SIDS, but the abrupt, unexpected death of some babies remains mysterious and frightening. Although infant behavior may explain some of these deaths, scant attention has addressed behavioral characteristics of babies who die without medical explanation. Any explanation of SIDS must account for the fact that most SIDS deaths occur at 2 to 5 months of age, acknowledging that a protective mechanism appears to spare babies before 2 months but then disappears. The respiratory occlusion reflex serves as an initial defense against smothering and can provide such an explanation. Infantile reflexes wane, after providing opportunities for learned responses to be acquired. During this well-documented neurobehavioral transition from subcortical to cortically mediated responding, some babies, viable for the fi...
OCLC and the emerging worldwide library co‐operative

Traces the history of OCLC’s development as an international organization, reviews current activities around the world and describes evolving strategies for globalization of the OCLC co‐operative.
The 1,450‐nm diode laser reduces sebum production in facial skin: A possible mode of action of its effectiveness for the treatment of acne vulgaris

Background and Objectives Over the last several years, several light-based systems have been employed for the treatment of acne vulgaris. The 1,450-nm diode laser has been shown to improve acne, and this has been suggested to be due to effects on sebaceous glands. However, an effect on sebum production has not been demonstrated. The objective of this study was to evaluate if the 1,450-nm diode laser indeed reduces sebum production. Study Design/Materials and Methods Eight patients with a history of acne were recruited and treated with the 1,450-nm diode laser on the right side of the nose over a 6-week period, for a total of three treatments. Sebum production was quantified using the Sebutape method. Results The number of sebum-producing follicles was reduced by 8.5 and 16.7% at weeks 4 and 6, respectively (P<0.05). A significant reduction in total collected sebum (−18%) was observed at week 6. Conclusion This data suggests that the clinical effectiveness of the 1,450-nm diode laser may be based, at least in part, on its effects on sebaceous glands, with subsequent reduction in sebum production. Lasers Surg. Med. 39:189–192, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Dynamically Reconfigurable Pixel Processor System Based on Power/Energy-Performance-Accuracy Optimization

We introduce a dynamically reconfigurable framework for implementing single-pixel operations. The system relies on a multiobjective optimization scheme that generates Pareto-optimal realizations in the power/energy-performance-accuracy (PPA/EPA) spaces. The Pareto-optimal realizations and their PPA/EPA values are stored in DDR-SDRAM and can be chosen dynamically to meet time-varying constraints. Results are shown in terms of power, accuracy (peak signal-to-noise ratio) of the resulting image, and performance in frames per second. Dynamic PPA/EPA management is implemented using dynamic partial reconfiguration and dynamic frequency control.
NPBTS-overview and capabilities

The Neutral Particle Beam Test Stand (NPBTS) provides a versatile facility for scientific and engineering studies on large-diameter, low-divergence neutral and charged particle beams. It consists of a linac that accelerates H/sup -/ atoms to 50 MeV at 10-12 mA and two experimental areas. Typical pulse widths are 30-150 mu s at repetition rates of 0.5-30 Hz. A small RMS-emittance is achieved by using a series of collimators to shave the 1.6- pi -mm-mr emittance measured at the output of the linac. Typical current in the experimental areas is 500-600 mu A. Experimental area A has been used to study the physics of beam diagnostics and foil neutralization and to measure (p,n) reaction cross sections. Experimental area B has a series of quadrupole objectives built by Los Alamos National Laboratory to reduce beam divergence. Typical beam characteristics are RMS diameters of 10-20 cm and a full-angle divergence (RMS) of 12-24 mu r. The facility contains a wide variety of diagnostics including segmented Faraday cups, beam toroids, stripline beam-position monitors, and wire scanners. In addition, several new diagnostic systems for large-diameter beams have been developed by Argonne and Los Alamos National Laboratories. >
Frugivory and Coexistence in a Resident and a Migratory Vireo on the Yucatan Peninsula

The White-eyed Vireo (Vireo griseus) and the Mangrove Vireo (V. pallens) are two of the most common species of insectivorous bird on the Yucatan Peninsula. Mangrove Vireo pairs maintain year-long territories primarily in scrub, whereas individual White-eyed Vireos defend territories in a broad range of terrestrial habitats. The two species show a strong reciprocal distribution along a successional gradient from regenerating pasture and old field to mature dry forest. Within second growth scrub, White-eyed Vireos are primarily associated with patches of trees. Despite minor morphological differences typical of migrant- resident comparisons, we found no significant differences in the rates of different locomotory movement, in the relative proportion of attack type used, nor in foraging substrate. The major foraging differences were a lower reduced attack rate and greater use of fruit (primarily Bursera simaruba) in the White-eyed Vireo. Playback experiments failed to draw significant interspecific responses to song playback and elicited weak responses to conspecific and heterospecific chatter calls. Simultaneous call-in experiments and opportunistic observations failed to provide evidence of interspecific aggression. White-eyed Vireos, however, consis- tently chased Mangrove Vireos out of fruiting Bursera. We hypothesize that the extensive use of Bursera fruit allows White-eyed Vireos to over-winter in mature forest on the Yucatan Peninsula, a habitat that apparently cannot support breeding by vireos in the White-eyed Vireo complex.
Stress estimation in rock: a brief history and review

For this Special Issue of the Journal on Rock Stress Estimation, an introduction to the subject of in situ rock stress is presented here, concentrating on the history of the subject and the principles of both stress and its measurement. Following an historical overview of the need for rock stress information and the nature of rock engineering problems, stress and stress estimation are discussed. This is followed by a review of the stress measurement techniques. The importance of stress estimation and associated numerical modelling is highlighted. The conclusions emphasize the importance of a well-conditioned stress estimation campaign, by using more than one technique and supporting the campaign with a numerical model. The appendix focuses on the work at the Canadian Underground Research Laboratory.
Response of microbial community composition and activity in agricultural and grassland soils after a simulated rainfall

Rainfall in Mediterranean climates may affect soil microbial processes and communities differently in agricultural vs. grassland soils. We explored the hypothesis that land use intensification decreases the resistance of microbial community composition and activity to perturbation. Soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics and microbial responses to a simulated Spring rainfall were measured in grassland and agricultural ecosystems. The California ecosystems consisted of two paired sets: annual vegetable crops and annual grassland in Salinas Valley, and perennial grass agriculture and native perennial grassland in Carmel Valley. Soil types of the respective ecosystem pairs were derived from granitic parent material and had sandy loam textures. Intact cores (30 cm deep) were collected in March 1999. After equilibration, dry soil cores (approx. K 1t oK2 MPa) were exposed to a simulated Spring rainfall of 2.4 cm, and then were measured at 0, 6, 24, and 120 h after rewetting. Microbial biomass C (MBC) and inorganic N did not respond to rewetting. N2O and CO2 efflux and respiration increased after rewetting in all soils, with larger responses in the grassland than in the agricultural soils. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles indicated that changes in microbial community composition after rewetting were most pronounced in intensive vegetable production, followed by the relict perennial grassland. Changes in specific PLFA markers were not consistent across all sites. There were more similarities among microbial groups associated with PLFA markers in agricultural ecosystems than grassland ecosystems. Differences in responses of microbial communities may be related to the different plant species composition of the grasslands. Agricultural intensification appeared to decrease microbial diversity, as estimated from numbers of individual PLFA identified for each ecosystem, and reduce resistance to change in microbial community composition after rewetting. In the agricultural systems, reductions in both the measures of microbial diversity and the resistance of the microbial community composition to change after a perturbation were associated with lower ecosystem function, i.e. lower microbial responses to increased moisture availability. q 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Integration of sustainable energy sources into DC zonal electric distribution systems

In this paper, converter topologies, and their control, that can be used as an interface between fuel cells and the DC bus in a DC zonal electric distribution system (DC ZEDS) have been investigated. Performance of the conventional DC-DC boost converter has been discussed. Moreover, a modification has been applied to it in order to enhance its performance. The proposed converter's performance has been compared to that of a conventional boost converter. The proposed topology gives a continuous output current and some other advantages over the conventional one. However, it is more complex. A comparative study of both techniques presented in this paper have been conducted from cost as well as performance point of view. A prototype system has been designed and simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK to validate the proposed techniques. Moreover, they have been examined experimentally to verify the results and conclusions deduced out of the study. The constraints that have been taken into consideration the most while designing the prototype system are performance, weight and cost, respectively. Both simulation and experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed technique and its validity as a DC-DC converter for fuel cells integration to DC ZEDS.