cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What Do Bettors Want? Determinants of Pari-Mutuel Betting Preference

Abstract. This paper is an analysis of the demand for thoroughbred racetrack wagers, examining evidence that would support the existence of two types of bettors: the risk-averse informed bettor versus the uninformed bettor. Looking at 12 major racetracks over the fall of 2002, we undertake an empirical examination of the determinants of bettors' preferences for particular wagers on specific races. The goal is to try to determine what individual aspects of a race (conditions, surface, participants, etc.) will encourage increased wagering dollars. With the advent of simulcasting, the competition for the wagering dollar is fierce, as the bettor can choose from more than 100 races daily, each race offering numerous betting options. We find for most wagers that higher quality participants, larger and more competitive fields, and turf races increase betting volume while higher pari-mutuel takeout, poor track conditions, and other races run concurrently reduce volume. However, more competitive fields reduce betting volume in the show and trifecta pools. Optimal field size is determined to be between 10 and 12 betting interests. Overall, we find support for the existence of a significant share of risk-averse informed bettors.
Investigation of tunable single frequency diode lasers for sensor applications

The coherence and tuning properties of tunable single-frequencies lasers used in coherent detection systems have been investigated. The use of a fixed external cavity was found to increase significantly the coherence length of such systems but simultaneously reduce the tunability. An essentially all-electronic phase-modulated external cavity was used to restore the tunability, and a tuning range coherence length product of approximately 500 GHz-m was achieved. The modulated external activity laser was used in a coherent lidar system that achieved a maximum range of 150 m and a fractional resolution of 0.5%. The system is also shown to be a powerful tool for mapping out the tuning and coherence properties of tunable single-frequency lasers. >
The Effect of Plasmin on the Subunit Structure of Human Fibrin

The changes in the subunit structure of human fibrinogen during plasmin digestion have been followed sequentially by examining the degraded products electrophoretically in sodium dodecyl sulfate on polyacrylamide gels in the absence or presence of mercaptoethanol. On the basis of the molecular weights of the products, their carbohydrate content, and the relative amounts of each product present during digestion, it has been possible to deduce the sequence of structural changes in fibrinogen during digestion and the polypeptide chain composition of the major transient and terminal digestion products. The α chains, which contain no detectable carbohydrate, were the first subunits in fibrinogen to be degraded by plasmin. The β chains, which contain carbohydrate, were degraded more slowly than α chains. The initial, but transient, degradation product, Fragment X, was structurally heterogeneous. Forms appearing early in the digestion contained extensively degraded α chains and intact β and γ chains. The next transient fragment formed contained extensively degraded α chains and partially degraded β chains. The γ chains of fibrinogen, which also contain carbohydrate, were more resistant than α and β chains, but on prolonged digestion, were cleaved by plasmin. As γ chains begin to be degraded, and the α and β chains are further degraded, other forms of Fragment X appear along with Fragments D and Y. On the basis of this sequence of structural changes it has been possible to deduce the general subunit structure of the major terminal digestion products (Fragments D and E). Fragment D contains partially degraded β and γ chains and extensively degraded α chains combined by disulfide bonds. Fragment E contains extensively degraded α, β, and γ chains which are also combined through disulfide bonds. A scheme describing these structural changes has been proposed. The ability of partially degraded fibrinogen to form visible clots on treatment with thrombin- and fibrin-stabilizing factor has also been examined. Digestion products with extensively degraded α chains retain the ability to form fibrin-like clots, although as these species are degraded further by digestion of their β and γ chains, the ability to clot is lost.
Non-small cell lung cancer is susceptible to induction of DNA damage responses and inhibition of angiogenesis by telomere overhang oligonucleotides

Abstract Exposure of the telomere overhang acts as a DNA damage signal, and exogenous administration of an 11-base oligonucleotide homologous to the 3′-telomere overhang sequence (T-oligo) mimics the effects of overhang exposure by inducing senescence and cell death in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, but not in normal bronchial epithelial cells. T-oligo-induced decrease in cellular proliferation in NSCLC is likely directed through both p53 and its homolog, p73, with subsequent induction of senescence and expression of senescence-associated proteins, p21, p33 ING , and p27 Kip1 both in vivo and in vitro . Additionally, T-oligo decreases tumor size and inhibits angiogenesis through decreased VEGF signaling and increased TSP-1 expression.
Adult Perspectives on Behavior and Emotional Problems in African American Children

Using vignettes describing African American children with internalizing (e.g., withdrawal) versus externalizing (e.g., quarrels) problems, parents, teachers, and clinicians made judgments regarding problem seriousness, prognosis, etiology, referral, and intervention needs. Opinions of parents, teachers, and clinicians differed markedly, especially with regard to judgments about children with externalizing problems. Black raters’ ratings significantly differed from those of Whites, especially for seriousness and prognostic judgments with regard to the problems. The findings suggest that interventionists who address problems that African American youth present should attend to the attitudes and judgments of adults who report on such problems. Clinicians can simultaneously harness appropriate judgments and attitudes and decrease counterproductive beliefs and behavior in their interventions with Black children.
The leakage currents of amorphous silicon thin-film transistors: injection currents, back channel currents and stress effects

Transient leakage currents in amorphous silicon thin-film transistors caused by injection at the drain contact are investigated using up to one hundred devices connected in parallel. Transients extend to many seconds and vary in characteristics with the gate off-voltage. Electron back channel conduction has the distinguishing feature of a transient current that increases in time. Hole injection instead shows a monotonic decay to the steady state. The dependence on the bias, temperature, and sample stress history for both mechanisms is studied. Light soaking/annealing cycles are used to probe the effect of the density of defects in the channel, while a high-temperature bias stress introduces charges in the gate insulator.
Biphasic Activation of p38MAPK Suggests That Apoptosis Is a Downstream Event in Pemphigus Acantholysis

In pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus (PF), autoantibodies against desmoglein-3 and desmoglein-1 induce epidermal cell detachment (acantholysis) and blistering. Activation of keratinocyte intracellular signaling pathways is emerging as an important component of pemphigus IgG-mediated acantholysis. We previously reported activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in response to pathogenic pemphigus vulgaris and PF IgG. Inhibition of p38MAPK blocked pemphigus IgG-induced cytoskeletal reorganization in tissue culture and blistering in pemphigus mouse models. We now extend these observations by demonstrating two peaks of p38MAPK activation in pemphigus tissue culture and mouse models. Administration of the p38MAPK inhibitor SB202190 before PF IgG injection blocked both peaks of p38MAPK phosphorylation and blister formation, consistent with our previous findings; however, administration of the inhibitor 4 h after PF IgG injection blocked only the later peak of p38MAPK activation but failed to block blistering. Examination of the temporal relationship of p38MAPK phosphorylation and apoptosis showed that apoptosis occurs at or after the second peak of p38MAPK activation. The time course of p38MAPK activation and apoptotic markers, as well as the ability of inhibitors of p38MAPK to block activation of the proapoptotic proteinase caspase-3, suggest that activation of apoptosis is downstream to, and a consequence of, p38MAPK activation in pemphigus acantholysis. Furthermore, these observations suggest that the earlier peak of p38MAPK activation is part of the mechanism leading to acantholysis, whereas the later peak of p38MAPK and apoptosis may not be essential for acantholysis.
Tuberculosis contact investigation in a military health care setting: case report and evidence review.

ABSTRACT Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global threat to the U.S. armed forces. A single individual with TB disease exerts an immediate and disruptive impact upon patients' lives, military operations, and daily functioning at military treatment facilities. Medical personnel in operational or limited-resource settings are sometimes challenged to perform a TB outbreak investigation with minimal specialized training or limited logistic assistance. This article presents a case of a patient with TB disease presenting to a large military treatment facility and outlines the current, evidence-based recommendations for performing a TB outbreak investigation.
Neural injury, repair and adaptation in the GI tract. I. New insights into neuronal injury: a cautionary tale.

Understanding of the pathophysiology of neuronal injury has advanced remarkably in the last decade. This largely reflects the burgeoning application of molecular techniques to neuronal cell biology...
How to Buy Advice with Limited Instruments

A decision maker, whose payoff is influenced by an unknown stochastic process, seeks the advice of an advisor, who may be informed about the process. We establish that there exists a strategy of the decision maker that will yield him an almost first-best payoff in every period when interacting with an informed advisor. An important feature of this strategy is that it only requires a fixed budget - regardless of the realizations of the stochastic process and whether or not the advisor is actually informed about it, the total payoff to the decision maker will never fall below a fixed threshold. The strategy also has the property that per-period compensation to the advisor is independent of the present realization of the process, and depends solely on the expected value of the advice as reported by the advisor.
Heparin-induced increase in the international normalized ratio. Responses of 10 commercial thromboplastin reagents

A clinician's concern about an erratic response to oral anticoagulation in a patient treated concurrently with heparin and warfarin led the authors to investigate the effect of heparin on INR values obtained with various commercial thromboplastin reagents. Studies conducted with pooled normal plasma and with pooled plasma from patients treated long-term with oral anticoagulants demonstrated a wide range of sensitivities to heparin of these reagents as characterized by prolongation of INR values. Innovin was unaffected by concentrations of heparin as high as 1 U/mL. In contrast, Ortho thromboplastin showed the greatest increase in INR values over the range of heparin concentrations studied. Three other thromboplastins including Neoplastine CI, Dade thromboplastin, and Simplastin A demonstrated only limited sensitivity to heparin. Prolongation of the INR by heparin was reversed by protamine in a dose-related manner and also by preincubation of the plasma with heparinase. Some patients treated with warfarin while on the authors' institutional protocol for heparin had plasma concentrations greater than 0.8 U/mL. When thromboplastin reagents sensitive to heparin were used with such specimens, the INR values obtained were falsely elevated. The authors suggest that reagents insensitive to heparin be employed to avoid this difficulty.
Enhancing the ike preshared key authentication method

Over the past decade, the Internet has grown from a small, restricted network to a big, global network connecting people and organizations all over the world. People are using the Internet for on-line banking, e-commerce, and private communications. Furthermore, large organizations are using the Internet to provide many services to its users and to exchange sensitive data with other businesses and organizations. With the growing amount of sensitive and valuable amount of information that is transferred across the Internet continuously, protection from unauthorized access has become a major concern. It is necessary to secure information exchanged against security threats such as loss of privacy, loss of data integrity, or identity theft. This necessity leads to the design of security protocols. One of the modern security protocols is the IP security (IPsec) protocol. Actually, it is a set of protocols and standards that provides the security services of data confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity for an Internet User. IPsec depends on another protocol to establish shared keys before it can apply any security service. This protocol is called the Internet Key Exchange (IKE) protocol. In addition to generating and maintaining shared secrets, IKE is responsible for authenticating the parties that would like to use the IPsec services. One of authentication methods is the preshared key authentication method. In this dissertation, we explain this method, show how the keys negotiated through this method can be compromised, and propose an improvement to make the method more secure.
Preconditioned eigensolvers for large-scale nonlinear Hermitian eigenproblems with variational characterizations. I. Extreme eigenvalues

We consider the solution of large-scale nonlinear algebraic Hermitian eigenproblems of the form T ( )v = 0 that admit a variational characterization of eigenvalues. These problems arise in a variety of applications and are generalizations of linear Hermitian eigenproblems Av =Bv . In this paper, we propose a Preconditioned Locally Minimal Residual (PLMR) method for eciently computing interior eigenvalues of problems of this type. We discuss the development of search subspaces, preconditioning, and eigenpair extrac- tion procedure based on the rened Rayleigh-Ritz projection. Extension to the block methods is presented, and a moving-window style soft deation is described. Numerical experiments demonstrate that PLMR meth- ods provide a rapid and robust convergence towards interior eigenvalues. The approach is also shown to be ecient and reliable for computing a large number of extreme eigenvalues, dramatically outperforming standard preconditioned conjugate gradient methods.
Journal writing as a way to know culture: insights from a travel study abroad program

In this work, we explore journal writing as a way to come to know culture, particularly cultural phenomenon, vastly different from one’s own firmly held and enacted beliefs. In this research, we accept the premise that writing is a way of knowing and adopt journal writing as a tool through which students can explore the knowledge they have developed as a result of their academic travel study experiences, all being participants in the China Study Abroad Program. Narrative threads from numerous graduate students’ journals are seamed together through the use of narrative inquiry’s analytical tools. The narrative exemplars that were created reinforce the personal, social, and professional importance of creating a reflective writing space through which many expressions of culture and students’ reflective responses to them can be channeled in productive and potentially transformative ways.
Nonneurogenic Neurogenic Bladder (The Hinman Syndrome)–15 Years Later

Every child with day and night wetting is a suspect for vesicourethral dysfunction on a behavioral basis, which, when severe, appears as a syndrome that we have called the nonneurogenic neurogenic bladder. Futile attempts by the child at sphincteric urinary control in the face of uncontrollable bladder contractions not only produce the symptoms but also the anatomical and functional changes: vesical trabeculation, distortion of the ureterovesical orifices and dilatation of the upper tracts, along with residual urine and consequent bacteriuria. These changes are indistinguishable from obstructive or, particularly, neurogenic factors, although these causes must be ruled out. Urodynamic investigations in these children show incoordination between detrusor contraction and the expected but not forthcoming urethral sphincteric relaxation. Since these children usually are toilet trained initially, the incoordination appears to be a learned behavior or habit, perhaps as a response to under-appreciated detrusor contractions. Reversal of the syndrome is achieved by suitable medication and by some form of suggestion or retraining. Reparative operations will fail if done before the system is balanced.
The Epidemiological Investigation on Serum SARS Coronavirus Antibody of the Populations in Qingyuan City Without SARS Case

Objective To analyze the levels of serum SARS coronavirus antibody of the populations in Qingyuan city without SARS case. Methods The blood samples of individuals of different age and vocation in various counties of Qingyuan area were collected and the serum levels of SARS-CoV IgG antibody was tested by ELISA. Results 9 out of 1 484 persons were positive for SARS-CoV IgG antibody, with a positive rate of 0.61% (9/1484), in which none was in the age groups of 0-6 years and 13-18 years, 8 were in the age groups of 7-12 years, with a positive rate of 1.82%(8/439), and 1 was in the age group above 19, with a positive rate of 0.10%(1/1009). In these 9 persons, 1 of them was restaurant worker showing a positive rate of 0.39%(1/257) in this vocation group, while 8 of them were students showing a positive rate of 1.70%(8/471) in this group. Conclusion The serum levels of SARS-CoV antibody of the population in this area is low. The positive rate of SARS-CoV IgG antibody of young people in age group of 0-12 years is higher than that of older people in age group of above 13 years. It suggests that occult infection, occult transmission and aggregation of occult infection of SARS-CoV may exist.
Older psychiatrists and their psychotherapy practice

Interviews with 15 elderly practicing psychiatrists found them cheerful, optimistic and enjoying doing psychotherapy. Most practiced as they had been trained originally, saw outpatients primarily--though fewer and less frequently--than they had earlier in their careers. They experienced fewer transference and countertransference difficulties; and were neither more advice-giving nor self-disclosing than earlier in their careers. All had suffered numerous traumatic events, including ill health and death of spouses, but managed to keep that information out of the therapeutic relationship. Their primary professional concern was maintaining their practices; their major personal concern was the possibility of disability.
Use of Historical Surgical Times to Predict Duration of Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty

Abstract Background Primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is one of the most commonly performed procedures at US hospitals. Surgeons are typically asked to estimate surgical control time (SCT) needed for the procedure. Here, we compare the performance of a surgeon's prediction against a potentially more accurate method of using historical averages over the last 3, 5, 10, and 20 cases. Methods Data were collected on all scheduled primary TKAs done at one institution from October 2008 to September 2014. For each case, actual SCT (aSCT) and predicted SCT were obtained. Historical SCTs were calculated based on the mean of the last 3, 5, 10, and 20 aSCTs of the same surgeon. Estimation biases were calculated based on the difference between aSCT and predicted SCT or between aSCT and historical estimates. Values were compared using Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance and Steel-Dwass pairwise comparisons. Results A total of 2539 primary TKAs were evaluated across 9 surgeons. Surgeons overestimated SCT by an average of 18.1 minutes. Using 3-20 cases in the historical average reduced mean estimation bias to a range of −0.1 to −0.3 minutes (P Conclusion Historical averages of procedure times appear to be a promising method of estimating surgical time for primary TKAs. Here, we show that even a small number of cases (eg, 3) can reduce estimation biases compared to solely using surgeons' estimates alone.
Angiotensin-mediated phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis and protein kinase C activation in mesangial cells

Angiotensin II (ANG II) in mesangial cells (MC) promotes phosphatidylinositol (PI) hydrolysis resulting in diacylglycerol (DAG)-mediated increases in protein kinase C (PKC) activity. The paucity of MC inositol lipid prompted us to consider whether phosphatidylcholine (PC) could sustain DAG formation. ANG II released choline and increased phosphatidylethanol (PEt) via PC-phospholipase D (PC-PLD). ANG II also stimulated phosphorylcholine consequent to PC-phospholipase C (PC-PLC) activation. ANG II-mediated PC hydrolysis augmented DAG for 30 min. PC breakdown was influenced by extracellular Ca2+, because Ni2+ partially inhibited ANG II-induced PEt and obliterated agonist-mediated DAG formation. The consequence of Ca2+ modulation of PC metabolism was investigated by measuring PKC activity. Ni2+ had no effect on early (PI-associated) activation by ANG II at 90 s but obviated translocation from cytosol to the membrane at 10 min. The pathway responsible for PC-associated DAG was studied in PKC downregulated cells. Whereas downregulation prevented PLD-mediated PEt elevation, ANG II-stimulated DAG formation in myristate-labeled cells was unaltered, indicating PC-PLC activation. In summary, ANG II stimulates PC-PLD and PC-PLC in MC. PC-PLD is tightly regulated by PKC, whereas PC-PLC is stringently controlled by extracellular Ca2+. ANG II mediated PC breakdown principally via PC-PLC provides a mechanism for maintaining elevated DAG levels and PKC activation.
Difference of Polio Virus Isolation from Stool Specimens in Different Cell Lines

The program of global eradication of poliomyelitis is ongolng・ In the Westem Pacific Region, there have been no wild polioviruses isolated from paralytic patients since March of 1997・ The transmission of wild polioviruses seems to be effectively interrupted ( I ). During the examination of stool specimens from countries where wild polioviruses still exist, we noted discrepancies among different cell lines. Table I shows virus isolation from stool speclmenS COllected in Cambodia during 1 996-97; three
Placental transport and fetal utilization of leucine in a model of fetal growth retardation.

Placental transport and fetal utilization of leucine were studied at 130 days of gestation in six control ewes and in seven ewes in which intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) had been induced by ...
Epidemiology of Burn Injuries and Burn Care

The science of epidemiology is of great importance, as the patterns of burn injury can lead to more concentrated efforts for both prevention and treatment. The goal of this chapter is not to attempt an exhaustive review of burn epidemiology, but rather to utilize some basic epidemiologic data to convey several important points that strengthen the premise and purpose of this book. These data will demonstrate the following: 1. Burns remain a significant mechanism of injury. 2. Most burns are nonfatal and are minor in terms of size (i.e., total body surface area). 3. Knowledge of the common causes and circumstances of burn injuries provides a greater understanding of the patterns sustained by each specific etiology, as well as providing targets for burn prevention in our local communities. 4. General surgeons have a role in the treatment of burn injuries, but they need to recognize those injuries that require referral to a burn center.
Playing for God: Evangelical Women and the Unintended Consequences of Sports Ministry

Playing is believing. This is the central argument of Annie Blazer’s Playing for God, to date one of the best ethnographic studies of American evangelical lived experience. Focusing on women’s part...
Prevalence, Genotype Richness, and Coinfection Patterns of Hemotropic Mycoplasmas in Raccoons (Procyon lotor) on Environmentally Protected and Urbanized Barrier Islands

Raccoons (Procyon lotor) are successful urban adapters and hosts to a number of zoonotic and nonzoonotic pathogens, yet little is known about their hemoplasma infections and how prevalence varies across habitat types. This study identifies hemotropic Mycoplasma species infection in raccoons from urban and undisturbed habitats and compares hemoplasma infection in sympatric urban cats (Felis catus) from the same geographic region. We collected blood from raccoons (n = 95) on an urban coastal island (n = 37) and an undisturbed coastal island (n = 58) and from sympatric urban cats (n = 39) in Georgia, USA. Based on 16S rRNA gene amplification, 62.1% (59/95) of raccoons and 17.9% (7/39) of feral cats were positive for hemoplasma. There was a greater percentage of hemoplasma-infected raccoons on the undisturbed island (79.3% [46/58]) than on the urban island (35.1% [13/37]; χ2 = 16.9, df = 1, P = 0.00004). Sequencing of the full-length 16S rRNA gene amplicons revealed six hemoplasma genotypes in raccoons, including five novel genotypes that were distinct from three known hemoplasma species identified in the sympatric cats. In addition, the hemoplasma genotypes detected in raccoons were not identified in sympatric cats or vice versa. Although all six hemoplasma genotypes were found in raccoons from urban and undisturbed islands, coinfection patterns differed between sites and among individuals, with the proportion of coinfected raccoons being greater in the undisturbed site. This study shows that raccoons are hosts for several novel hemoplasmas and that habitat type influences infection patterns.IMPORTANCE This study provides information about novel hemoplasmas identified in raccoons (Procyon lotor), which can be used for assessments of the prevalence of these hemoplasmas in raccoon populations and for future studies on the potential pathogenic impacts of these hemoplasmas on raccoon health. Raccoons from the undisturbed habitat had a higher prevalence of hemoplasma infection than urban raccoons. There does not appear to be cross-species transmission of hemotropic mycoplasmas between urban raccoons and feral cats. Raccoons appear to be hosts for several novel hemoplasmas, and habitat type influences infection patterns.
Mission-based Architecture for Swarm Composability (MASC)

Abstract Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarm design and mission application is a burgeoning area of research. The applications of swarm technology to unmanned systems are in the infancy of realization, although clear benefits from the enhanced capabilities can be easily envisioned for commercial and government missions including persistent search, long-term monitoring, sensor data collection, object retrieval, and offensive attack missions. Designing a UAV swarm architecture without considering the mission doctrine is imprudent, as is developing a mission doctrine without understanding the unique capabilities of swarm technology. This paper provides a literature review of current UAV swarm design architectures, most of which employ bottom-up methods with little consideration for an intended operational mission. The proposed top-down framework and modeling approach is focused on developing a modular UAV swarm playbook-type architecture by decomposing a subset of US Navy missions, and developing tactics that can be applied to those missions and support future missions. The framework proposed herein is derived from a consolidation of heuristics from the model-based systems engineering, robotics, human systems integration, biology, and computer science disciplines. The goal of this framework is to provide a standard methodology for designing and operating swarm unmanned systems that will meet the performance requirements for military missions. In this paper, an integrated framework for designing a UAV swarm system with swarm mission doctrine as a primary design factor is presented.
The Use of Computers in Assessment

Computers have had a pervasive impact on contemporary life, an impact that has been felt strongly in educational assessment. Interestingly, although the potential advantages of computerized testing have been studied and discussed for more than two decades, it is only within the last few years that computers have begun to have a large-scale practical impact on assessment. This chapter will examine the role of computers in medical education assessment. The chapter is broadly divided into three sections. The first examines the use computers as a platform for the delivery of standard testing formats (e.g. multiple-choice items). In this application, the computer eliminates costs associated with printing test materials, allows for enhancements such as audio and video, and may allow for increased flexibility in scheduling and administration. The computer also facilitates the implementation of various types of adaptive testing. Computer-adaptive testing (CAT) is a means of improving the efficiency of testing by targeting the test to the individual examinee. Most computer-adaptive testing procedures are based on item response theory (IRT). A brief (and relatively non-mathematical) description of IRT will be presented followed by a discussion of the logic and potential of CAT. This section will end with a description of some recent innovations related to computerized testing, including alternative item selection and test construction methodologies and procedures for automated test assembly.
Higher point maximally helicity violating amplitudes in N = 4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory

We compute the even part of the two-loop seven-point planar MHV amplitude in $\mathcal{N}=4$ supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory. We find that the even part is expressed in terms of conformal integrals with simple rational coefficients. We also compute the even part of two all-$n$ cuts. An important feature of the result is that no hexagon (or higher polygon) loops appear among the integrals detected by the cuts we computed. We also present a ``leg addition rule,'' which allows us to express some integral coefficients in the $n+1$-point MHV amplitude in terms of the integral coefficients of the $n$-point MHV amplitude.
Special Considerations of Medication Adherence in Childhood and Adolescence

Nearly all children and adolescents will at some point require medication therapy for an acute illness, usually a prescribed antibiotic or an over-the-counter medication such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen for symptomatic relief. Many children also require medications for chronic illnesses such as asthma or allergic rhinitis. The number of children with chronic health conditions which could benefit from medication therapy has also been rising [1], due to a wide range of factors such as improved survival of premature infants and the increasing prevalence of childhood obesity.
The Purox Process

The organic fraction of municipal, commercial, and industrial solid waste materials constitutes a potential energy resource. The Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) has developed a patented process—the Purox® system—to convert such wastes to usable medium-Btu fuel gas.
Hierarchical interest graph from tweets

Industry and researchers have identified numerous ways to monetize microblogs for personalization and recommendation. A common challenge across these different works is the identification of user interests. Although techniques have been developed to address this challenge, a flexible approach that spans multiple levels of granularity in user interests has not been forthcoming. In this work, we focus on exploiting hierarchical semantics of concepts to infer richer user interests expressed as a Hierarchical Interest Graph. To create such graphs, we utilize users' tweets to first ground potential user interests to structured background knowledge such as Wikipedia Category Graph. We then adapt spreading activation theory to assign user interest score to each category in the hierarchy. The Hierarchical Interest Graph not only comprises of users' explicitly mentioned interests determined from Twitter, but also their implicit interest categories inferred from the background knowledge source.
Innate immune activation and depressive and anxious symptoms across the peripartum: An exploratory study

Abstract Background There are complex associations between immune function and mental illness, yet studies in the perinatal period focus primarily on individual inflammatory markers and depressive symptoms only, cross-sectionally. We sought to examine associations between both depressive and anxious symptoms and immune activation longitudinally across the peripartum. Methods We measured mood (Beck Depression Inventory, BDI-1 A) and anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, STATE) and levels of 23 cytokines at 5 points in pregnancy and postpartum in 51 women. Within subject cytokine trajectories over time by depressive and anxious symptom grouping were assessed using linear mixed effects models with random intercept and slope. We also undertook an exploratory cluster analysis based on third trimester cytokine values. Results Based on categorical BDI scores, IL-6 (p Conclusion We identified a pro-inflammatory burst at the third trimester, indicative of innate immune activation, in women with higher levels of both depressive and anxious symptoms, as well as differences in pro-inflammatory changes across time. We also found significant differences in cytokine levels by race, ethnicity, and overweight/obesity status. These results point the way toward future longitudinal work that considers race/ethnicity, timing, and weight status, and evaluates perinatal mood and anxiety disorders in the context of changing immune functioning across the peripartum.
Overview of Geological Carbon Storage (GCS)

Abstract Geological carbon storage (GCS) is a promising technology for mitigating increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. The injection of supercritical CO2 into geological formations perturbs the physical and chemical state of the subsurface. The reservoir rock, as well as the overlying caprock, can experience changes in the pore fluid pressure, thermal state, chemical reactivity and stress distribution. These changes can cause mechanical deformation of the rock mass, opening/closure of preexisting fractures or/and initiation of new fractures, which can influence the integrity of the overall geological carbon storage (GCS) systems over thousands of years, required for successful carbon storage. GCS sites are inherently unified systems; however, given the scientific framework, these systems are usually divided based on the physics and temporal/spatial scales during scientific investigations. For many applications, decoupling the physics by treating the adjacent system as a boundary condition works well. Unfortunately, in the case of water and gas flow in porous media, because of the complexity of geological subsurface systems, the decoupling approach does not accurately capture the behavior of the larger relevant system. The coupled processes include various combinations of thermal (T), hydrological (H), chemical (C), mechanical (M), and biological (B) effects. These coupled processes are time- and length-scale- dependent, and can manifest in one- or two-way coupled behavior. There is an undeniable need for understanding the coupling of processes during GCS, and how these coupled phenomena can result in emergent behaviors arising from the interplay of physics and chemistry, including self - focusing of flow, porosity collapse, and changes in fracture networks. In this chapter, the first section addresses the subsurface system response to the injection of CO2, examined at field and laboratory scales, as well as in model systems, addressed from a perspective of single disciplines. The second section reviews coupling between processes during GCS observed either in the field or anticipated based on laboratory results.
Discussing Out-of-Pocket Costs With Patients: Shared Decision Making for Sacubitril-Valsartan in Heart Failure

Background "Financial toxicity" is a concern for patients, but little is known about how patients consider out-of-pocket cost in decisions. Sacubitril-valsartan provides a contemporary scenario to understand financial toxicity. It is guideline recommended for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, yet out-of-pocket costs can be considerable. Methods and Results Structured interviews were conducted with 49 patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction at heart failure clinics and inpatient services. Patient opinions of the drug and its value were solicited after description of benefits using graphical displays. Descriptive quantitative analysis of closed-ended responses was conducted, and qualitative descriptive analysis of text data was performed. Of participants, 92% (45/49) said that they would definitely or probably switch to sacubitril-valsartan if their physician recommended it and out-of-pocket cost was $5 more per month than their current medication. Only 43% (21/49) would do so if out-of-pocket cost was $100 more per month ( P<0.001). At least 40% across all income categories would be unlikely to take sacubitril-valsartan at $100 more per month. Participants exhibited heterogeneous approaches to cost in decision making and varied on their use and interpretation of probabilistic information. Few (20%) participants stated physicians had initiated a conversation about cost in the past year. Conclusions Out-of-pocket cost variation reflective of contemporary cost sharing substantially influenced stated willingness to take sacubitril-valsartan, a guideline-recommended therapy with mortality benefit. These findings suggest a need for cost transparency to promote shared decision making. They also demonstrate the complexity of cost discussion and need to study how to incorporate out-of-pocket cost into clinical decisions.
Social Movement Learning and Human Resource Development: An Agenda for a Radical Future

The ProblemResearch concerning how social movements change power relations, policies, and structures in organizations remains unexplored within human resource development (HRD) literature.The Solut...
DABCO‐Catalyzed Reaction of 2,6‐Disubstituted 6‐Hydroxy‐2H‐pyran‐3(6H)‐ones to 1,2,5‐Triketones.

The process converts pyranones of type (I), previously synthesized by oxidative rearrangement of α-hydroxyalkylfurans, to synthetically important triketones.
The Price of Being International: Career Outcomes of International Master's Recipients in U.S. Labor Market.

This study sought to examine whether international master’s recipients (IMRs) who graduated from U.S. institutions have different early career outcomes in major and job match, annual earnings, and career satisfaction from their counterpart domestic master’s recipients (DMRs). By analyzing combined datasets of National Survey of Recent College Graduates, this study found that IMRs were 2 times more likely than DMRs to hold jobs that are related to their master’s degree. On the other hand, IMRs faced an 8% earnings disadvantage as compared with DMRs. There was no statistically significant difference in job satisfaction between IMRs and DMRs. The policy implications for postsecondary institutions and the U.S. were discussed.
State Takeover: Managing Emotions, Policy Implementation, and the Support/Sanction Duality in the Holyoke Public Schools Receivership

In this portrait, Simone A. Fried investigates the first six months of a state education department's takeover of a public school district. Using interviews, observations, and artifact analysis, th...
Chapter 3 – Diffusional-Creep

Publisher Summary In recent years, more profound theoretical analyses of diffusional creep have been reported. Greenwood formulated expressions that allow an approximation of the strain-rate in materials with non-equiaxed grains under multiaxial stresses for both lattice and grain-boundary diffusional creep. Several studies reported the existence of a threshold stress for diffusional creep. Mishra et al. proposed a model based on grain-boundary dislocation climb by jog nucleation and movement to account for the existence of the threshold stress. However, the existence of diffusional creep has been questioned by some investigators and defended by others. One major point of disagreement is the relationship between denuded zones and diffusional creep. McNee et al. claim to have found evidence of the relationship between diffusional creep and denuded zones. They studied the formation of precipitate free zones in fully hydrid magnesium ZR55 plate around a hole drilled in the grip section. The stress state around the hole is not uniaxial. They observed a clear dependence of the orientation of denuded zones on the direction of the stress in the region around the hole.
ImmunoGlobe: enabling systems immunology with a manually curated intercellular immune interaction network

While technological advances have made it possible to profile the immune system at high resolution, translating high-throughput data into knowledge of immune mechanisms has been challenged by the complexity of the interactions underlying immune processes. Tools to explore the immune network are critical for better understanding the multi-layered processes that underlie immune function and dysfunction, but require a standardized network map of immune interactions. To facilitate this we have developed ImmunoGlobe, a manually curated intercellular immune interaction network extracted from Janeway’s Immunobiology textbook. ImmunoGlobe is the first graphical representation of the immune interactome, and is comprised of 253 immune system components and 1112 unique immune interactions with detailed functional and characteristic annotations. Analysis of this network shows that it recapitulates known features of the human immune system and can be used uncover novel multi-step immune pathways, examine species-specific differences in immune processes, and predict the response of immune cells to stimuli. ImmunoGlobe is publicly available through a user-friendly interface at www.immunoglobe.org and can be downloaded as a computable graph and network table. While the fields of proteomics and genomics have long benefited from network analysis tools, no such tool yet exists for immunology. ImmunoGlobe provides a ground truth immune interaction network upon which such tools can be built. These tools will allow us to predict the outcome of complex immune interactions, providing mechanistic insight that allows us to precisely modulate immune responses in health and disease.
T cell-independent macrophage activation in scid mice.

Macrophages play a critical role in immune regulation and resistance of the host to infection. Of particular importance is the activation of macrophages for microbicidal and tumoricidal activity and expression of cell surface molecules such as class II MHC (Ia) antigens (Unanue 1984). The ability of T cells to mediate these responses has been extensively documented and occurs via the production of specific cytokines, most notably IFN Y (Schreiber and Celada 1985; Unanue 1981). However, the scid mouse now provides an important new model for studying the pathways of macrophage activation (Bosma et al 1983). The scid mutation results in abnormal rearrangement of genes encoding antigen specific lymphocyte receptors and is characterized by the absence of functional T and B lymphocytes (Schuler et al 1986). This defect is specific for the lymphoid lineage since erythroid and myeloid functions are normal. We have therefore used the scid mouse to examine macrophage development in the absence of T cells. Our results demonstrate that macrophage activation can occur in a T cell-independent manner and that this may constitute an important mechanism of natural resistance to infection.
The Novel Use of Mechanical Circulatory Support to Demonstrate Pulmonary Hypertension Reversibility in Mitral Stenosis

Introduction Pulmonary Hypertension (PHT) presents a significant risk factor for cardiac surgery. Patients with reversible PHT have better surgical outcomes. We present a novel and successful approach to demonstrate PHT reversibility and relieve pulmonary congestion in a patient with severe mitral stenosis using extracorporeal left atrial to femoral artery bypass MCS. Case Report A 56-year-old female with a history of rheumatic mitral stenosis presented with severe pulmonary edema. Transthoracic echocardiogram demonstrated severe MS (mean valve area .5 cm2, mean gradient of 20 mmHg) with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. TEE confirmed no thrombus formation in the left atrium. Right heart catheter exam demonstrated elevated pulmonary artery (PA) pressures of 110/80 mmHg and a wedge pressure of 40 mmHg. PHT reversibility was desired to demonstrate the benefit of surgical intervention. A simulation using pulmonary vasodilator therapy would likely exacerbate her pulmonary venous congestion; an intra-aortic balloon pump or a percutaneous left ventricular assist device would not adequately unload the pulmonary venous pressure. Extracorporeal left atrial to femoral artery bypass MCS was used to unload the left atrium directly. After MCS initiation, PHT reversibility and surgical indication was confirmed with significantly improved pulmonary pressures (Table 1). The volume status and lung congestion were optimized preoperatively. Intraoperatively, the MCS left atrial inflow cannula was pulled back into the right heart and used as a venous cannula for cardiopulmonary bypass. Successful mitral valve replacement was performed. Postoperatively, the mitral valve mean gradient was 3 mmHg. The patient was discharged home on day 15. Summary The novel use of extracorporeal MCS with left atrial to femoral arterial bypass provides a novel strategy to simulate PHT reversibility and optimization for MS surgery.
Reconstruction of the cranial cruciate ligament using a semitendinosus autograft in a lapine model.

OBJECTIVE To clarify and improve a cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) deficient stifle stabilization technique using a semitendinosus tendon (ST) autograft fixed with an interference fit screw (IFS) in a closed-joint trauma lapine osteoarthritis (OA) model. STUDY DESIGN Experimental OA model. ANIMALS Forty-one Flemish Giant rabbits. METHODS Following arthrotomy of traumatized lapine stifles, the ST insertion on the tibial plateau was exposed and the ST was transected near its origin. The graft was passed through tibial and femoral tunnels, manually tensioned and then secured in place with a custom IFS and periosteal sutures. Drawer was manually assessed during and immediately after surgery intraoperatively. Upon euthanasia, joint laxity was measured at 2, 10, or 22 weeks postoperatively and compared to that of the contralateral, intact stifles and stifles with a surgically transected CrCL. RESULTS Minimal postoperative drawer was present in 34% of the rabbits and potentially correlated with meniscal injury and subsequent meniscectomy. CrCL reconstruction significantly reduced joint laxity to a level (3.6 ± 1.6 mm) similar to that (2.7 ± 0.8 mm) in contralateral intact stifles. CONCLUSION Surgical replacement of a traumatically injured CrCL using a ST autograft fixed with an IFS replicated a common human surgical technique and effectively restored joint stability in the short, medium, and long terms of the study. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The study provides researchers a useful, clinically relevant, post-traumatic CrCL deficient rabbit model for the study of OA and investigations of interventions to mitigate or prevent long-term joint degeneration.