cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of catecholamine and cortisol stress responses in zebrafish

Both adrenal catecholamines and steroids are known to be involved in the stress response, immune function, blood pressure and energy homeostasis. The response to stress is characterized by the activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic-adrenomedullary system, though the correlation with activation and development is not well understood. We evaluated the stress response of both cortisol and catecholamines during development in zebrafish. Zebrafish at two different stages of development were stressed in one of two different ways and cortisol and catecholamine were measured. Cortisol was measured by enzyme immune assay and catecholamine was measured by ELISA. Our results show that stress responses are delayed until after the synthesis of both cortisol and catecholamines. These observations suggest that the development of HPA axis may be required for the acquisition of the stress response for cortisol and catecholamines.
Modulation of luteinizing hormone-stimulated inositol phosphate accumulation by phorbol esters in bovine luteal cells.

The present studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of protein kinase C activators on the inositol phospholipid-phospholipase C second messenger system in isolated bovine luteal cells. This report describes the effects of phorbol esters on inositol phosphate accumulation in LH- and prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha)-stimulated bovine luteal cells. Corpora lutea of early pregnancy were dispersed with collagenase and luteal cells were prelabelled for 3 h with [3H]inositol. Inositol phosphates produced in response to LH or PGF2 alpha were analyzed by ion exchange column chromatography. The tumor promoter and protein kinase C activator 12-O-tetradecanolyphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) had no effect on basal levels of inositol phosphates but inhibited LH-stimulated accumulation of inositol mono-, bis-, and trisphosphates by 72%, 68%, and 65%, respectively. TPA reduced the response to maximally effective concentrations of LH and tripled the concentrations of LH required to evoke half-maximal accumulation of in...
Novel uses of the aromagram in infection control and epidemiology.

Abstract Background: To facilitate the interpretation of data used in infection control and epidemiology, a novel data presentation format (the aromagram ) has been developed and modified. Methods: Aromagrams were developed with a personal computer-based graphics application. Aromagrams were based on antimicrobial susceptibility data from all specimens submitted to the University of California San Diego Medical Center's clinical microbiology laboratory between July 1992 and December 1994. Results: The aromagrams created displayed both bacterial species-specific and antimicrobial agent-specific susceptibilities. Additional modified aromagrams incorporated costs of antimicrobial agents and temporal trends in susceptibility of individual species to selected antibiotics. Conclusions: The aromagram is a unique format for data presentation that can be used to illustrate antimicrobial susceptibilities (specific to both organisms and antimicrobial agents), temporal trends in susceptibility data, and antimicrobial costs. Aromagrams may be used to display data useful to infection control and epidemiology professionals and to clinicians.
Biochemical Analysis of Potential Sites for Protein 4.1-mediated Anchoring of the Spectrin-Actin Skeleton to the Erythrocyte Membrane

Erythrocyte protein 4.1 has been hypothesized to link the spectrin-actin junctional complex directly to the cytoplasmic domain of glycophorin C, but this bridging function has never been directly demonstrated. Because an alternative protein-mediated bridge between the junctional complex and the cytoplasmic domain of band 3 is also plausible, we have undertaken to characterize the membrane sites to which protein 4.1 can anchor the spectrin and actin skeleton. We demonstrate that proteolytic removal of the cytoplasmic domain of band 3 has minimal effect on the ability of protein 4.1 to promote 125I-labeled spectrin and actin binding to KI-stripped erythrocyte membrane vesicles. We also show that quantitative blockade of all band 3 sites with either monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies to band 3 is equally ineffective in preventing protein 4.1-mediated association of spectrin and actin with the membrane. In contrast, obstruction of protein 4.1 binding to its docking site on the cytoplasmic pole of glycophorin C is demonstrated to reduce the same protein 4.1 bridging function by approximately 85%. We conclude from these data that (i) glycophorin C contributes the primary anchoring site of the protein 4.1-mediated bridge to the spectrin-actin skeleton; (ii) band 3 is incapable of serving the same function; and (iii) additional minor protein 4.1 bridging sites may exist on the human erythrocyte membrane.
Lectures on the theory of estimation of many parameters

This article is based on the series of lectures given by Prof. Charles Stein of Stanford University at LOMI AN SSSR in the fall of 1976. The first three lectures are concerned with the estimation of the mean vector of a multivariate normal distribution with quadratic loss function. James-Stein estimators are considered and their relation to Bayesian estimators is discussed. The problem of estimating the covariance matrix of the normal distribution and the estimation of the entropy of a multinomial distribution are considered in the following two lectures. The final lecture discusses several problems related to the estimation of multivariate parameters and poses some unsolved problems.
Differential pathlength factor for diffuse photon scattering through tissue by a pulse-response method.

Although near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy may one day provide a noninvasive measurement of oxidative metabolism in tissue, the method cannot be fully quantitative until the mean pathlength traveled by photons between reference and output detectors (i.e, optrodes) is known. In NIR spectroscopy, photons are transported primarily by diffuse scattering, and their mean pathlength can be expressed by a differential path factor (DPF) whose value is greater than the interoptrode distance. Beginning with a P1 diffusion approximation of the Boltzmann equation, one-dimensional photon currents originating from plane, line, and point photon sources were analyzed. DPF was formulated from the attenuation of light intensity generated by constant sources, and an equation for the mean time of flight of photons between reference and output optrodes, delta tau, was derived for arbitrarily pulsed sources. The results indicate that (1) the attenuation of light in tissue does not, in general, vary with interoptrode distance in the manner predicted by Beer's law; (2) the relationship between DPF and interoptrode distance is nonlinear and geometry-dependent; and (3) in spite of these nonidealities, DPF is equal to the product of delta tau and the speed of light.
Two-year clinical trial of oral alendronate versus intravenous pamidronate in children with osteogenesis imperfecta.

A 2-year prospective, partially randomized open-label trial comparing oral alendronate with intravenous pamidronate therapy in children with OI showed equivalence in increasing total body BMD, spine BMD, and linear growth, and decreasing bone turnover and fracture incidence. Children with mild OI had greater responses than severe OI in BMD and growth. Introduction: Bisphosphonate therapies increase BMD and may reduce fractures in children with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). A study directly comparing oral with intravenous bisphosphonate has not been published. This clinical trial compares oral alendronate with intravenous pamidronate in children with OI using an open-label, prospective, 2-year, randomized design. Materials and Methods: Children over the age of 3 years were stratified by bone age, pubertal stage, and type of OI and then randomized to receive oral alendronate 1 mg/kg/day in tablet form or intravenous pamidronate, 3 mg/kg/4 months. One child was assigned to pamidronate. One child randomized to intravenous pamidronate changed to oral alendronate. Eighteen children completed 12 months of therapy: nine on oral alendronate and nine on intravenous pamidronate. Primary outcome efficacy was increase in BMD. Secondary outcomes included changes in bone turnover biomarkers, fracture incidence, and growth. Results: Total body and lumbar spine BMD increased, turnover markers decreased, and linear growth increased equivalently with oral and intravenous therapy. Fracture incidence showed a trend to decrease in both groups, with a significant decrease in fracture rates when the oral and intravenous groups were pooled. There were greater responses in BMD and growth in children with milder OI (type I) than those with more severe disease (types III and IV), but there were no significant effects of age or pubertal stage. Conclusions: Oral and intravenous bisphosphonate therapies are equally effective in children with OI and are particularly effective in milder forms. The oral route is highly acceptable in children and has practical advantages over the intravenous route.
The potential applications of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) in vascular neurosurgery.

Abstract This review assesses the feasibilty of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) in neurosurgical applications, specifically occlusion of intact blood vessels. Fourteen articles were examined. In summary, MRI was effective for HIFU guidance whereas MR angiography assessed vessel occlusion. Several studies noted immediate occlusion of blood vessels with HIFU. Long-term data, though scarce, indicated a trend of vessel recanalization and return to pre-treatment diameters. Effective parameters for extracranial vascular occlusion included intensity ranges of 1690–8800 W/cm2, duration
Eph B4 Receptor Signaling Mediates Endothelial Cell Migration and Proliferation via the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Pathway

The goals of this study were 2-fold: 1) to determine whether stimulation of Eph B4 receptors promotes microvascular endothelial cell migration and/or proliferation, and 2) to elucidate signaling pathways involved in these responses. The human endothelial cells used possessed abundant Eph B4 receptors with no endogenous ephrin B2 expression. Stimulation of these receptors with ephrin B2/Fc chimera resulted in dose- and time-dependent phosphorylation of Akt. These responses were inhibited by LY294002 and ML-9, blockers of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt, respectively. Eph B4 receptor activation increased proliferation by 38%, which was prevented by prior blockade with LY294002, ML-9, and inhibitors of protein kinase G (KT5823) and MEK (PD98059). Nitrite levels increased over 170% after Eph B4 stimulation, indicating increased nitric oxide production. Signaling of endothelial cell proliferation appears to be mediated by a PI3K/Akt/endothelial nitric-oxide synthase/protein kinase G/mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. Stimulation with ephrin B2 also increased migration by 63%versus controls. This effect was inhibited by blockade with PP2 (Src inhibitor), LY294002 or ML-9 but was unaffected by the PKG and MEK blockers. Eph B4 receptor stimulation increased activation of both matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9. The results from these studies indicate that Eph B4 stimulates migration and proliferation and may play a role in angiogenesis.
Convective heat extraction from molten magma

The convective heat of molten magma in the upper 10 km of the continental crust represents a significant geothermal energy resource. Shallow basaltic magmas (< 10 km) near the liquidus (1250°C) are predicted to offer heat extraction rates in the range of 15–50 kW/m2 (20–80 MW/well). More accessible andesitic and wet rhyolitic magmas are predicted to offer heat extraction rates in the range of 5–25 kW/m2 (8–40 MW/well). Convective heat transfer correlations are used which include corrections for high Prandtl number fluids and cylindrical boundary layers. The calculations based on these correlations agree well with laboratory tests using molten basalt at superliquidus temperatures (1450–1650°C). At liquidus and subliquidus temperatures an additional correction is developed for the thick solidified crust that forms on the heat exchanger. Non-Newtonian rheology is considered and shown to have a possible effect on the initiation of convection in the liquidus and subliquidus temperature range. In addition to heat extraction estimates, the analysis presented here is also relevant to convective heat loss to walls of magma bodies.
A triple-lumen aorta: an unusual manifestation of complex aortic pathology associated with crack cocaine abuse.

t i t m f i 61-YEAR-OLD woman with a history of poorly controlled hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery isease, and a chronic Stanford type B aortic dissection resented to a community hospital with severe chest pain adiating to her upper back associated with recent inhalation f crack cocaine. The chronic type B dissection was conseratively managed when it occurred several years before the urrent episode, but the patient had not been compliant with ntihypertensive medications nor had she consistently paricipated in routine radiologic evaluation of the descending
A shooting method for the numerical solution of optimal periodic control problems

A shooting type numerical optimization technique is developed by taking into account the particular characteristics of the periodic optimal control problem. The algorithm first closes a starting trajectory to one that satisfies all of the first order necessary conditions except the transversality condition associated with free period. Then a one-dimensional family is traced in the direction of improved cost criterion. A previously developed second order sufficiency condition is used to insure weak local optimality. The points where families of periodic paths cross (bifurcation points), which are related to the eigenvalues of the monodromy matrix, are used as starting points to trace new families. In this way a systematic investigation of the optimality of the numerous families that fill the state space is possible. A numerical example, which is composed of a two-degree of freedom Hamiltonian system, is constructed to yield periodic paths and to illustrate the method. Since this problem contains certain symmetries in the initial condition space that are used to simplify the numerical effort, an extensive investigation is performed demonstrating numerous theoretical results.
Androgen-concentrating neurons of the forebrain project to the midbrain in rats

In this study we identify, for the first time, axonal projections of neurons that concentrate androgen in the mammalian brain. Autoradiograms were prepared from brains of male rats that had received an injection of a fluorescent retrograde tracer into the midbrain, and a systemic injection of [3H]dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Neurons that bind DHT and project to the midbrain were abundant in the medial preoptic area and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and were also observed in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. These projections represent pathways by which DHT target neurons can communicate with other brain regions within functionally relevant neural circuits.
Earnings among people with spinal cord injury.

Abstract Krause JS, Terza JV, Dismuke C. Earnings among people with spinal cord injury. Objective To identify differences in conditional and unconditional earnings among participants with spinal cord injury (SCI) attributable to biographic, injury, educational, and employment factors by using a 2-part model (employment, earnings). Design A secondary analysis of cross-sectional survey data. Setting A Midwestern university hospital and a private hospital in the Southeastern United States. Participants All participants (N=1296) were adults between the ages of 18 and 64 who had a traumatic SCI at least 1 year before study initiation. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Earnings were defined by earnings within the previous 12 months and were measured by a single categoric item. Conditional earnings reflect the earnings of employed participants, whereas unconditional earnings reflect all participants with $0 in earnings recorded for those unemployed. Results Sex and race were significantly related to conditional earnings, even after controlling for educational and vocational variables. Additionally, conditional earnings (employed participants only) were related to 16 or more years of education, number of years employed, the percentage of time after SCI spent employed, and working in either government or private industry (not self-employed or family business). There was a greater number of significant variables for unconditional earnings, largely reflective of the influence of the portion employed (those not working having $0 in earnings). Conclusions Efforts to improve employment outcomes should focus on facilitating return to work immediately after injury, returning to preinjury job, maintaining regular employment, and working for placement in government or private industry. Special efforts may be needed to promote vocational outcomes among women and nonwhites.
Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of flavonoid and isoflavonoid compounds

Abstract The 13 C NMR spectra of 15 flavonoid and 9 isoflavonoid substances of various ring C oxidiation states were analyzed and their carbon shifts assigned. In the case of 3 terpenic flavones and two glycoflavones linewidths were related qualitatively to molecular segmental motion.
Global prediction of abyssal hill root‐mean‐square heights from small‐scale altimetric gravity variability

[1] Abyssal hills, which are pervasive landforms on the seafloor of the Earth's oceans, represent a potential tectonic record of the history of mid-ocean ridge spreading. However, the most detailed global maps of the seafloor, derived from the satellite altimetry-based gravity field, cannot be used to deterministically characterize such small-scale (<10 km) morphology. Nevertheless, the small-scale variability of the gravity field can be related to the statistical properties of abyssal hill morphology using the upward continuation formulation. In this paper, I construct a global prediction of abyssal hill root-mean-square (rms) heights from the small-scale variability of the altimetric gravity field. The abyssal hill-related component of the gravity field is derived by first masking distinct features, such as seamounts, mid-ocean ridges, and continental margins, and then applying a newly designed adaptive directional filter algorithm to remove fracture zone/discontinuity fabric. A noise field is derived empirically by correlating the rms variability of the small-scale gravity field to the altimetric noise field in regions of very low relief, and the noise variance is subtracted from the small-scale gravity variance. Suites of synthetically derived, abyssal hill formed gravity fields are generated as a function of water depth, basement rms heights, and sediment thickness and used to predict abyssal hill seafloor rms heights from corrected small-scale gravity rms height. The resulting global prediction of abyssal hill rms heights is validated qualitatively by comparing against expected variations in abyssal hill morphology and quantitatively by comparing against actual measurements of rms heights. Although there is scatter, the prediction appears unbiased.
Preparation and Photophysical Properties of Amide-Linked, Polypyridylruthenium-Derivatized Polystyrene

The polymer poly(4{2-[N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]ethyl}styrene), prepared by anionic polymerization and of low polydispersity (Mw/Mn = 1.10−1.18), has been derivatized by amide linkage to [RuII(bpy)2(4-(CO−)-4‘-CH3-bpy)−]2+ (bpy is 2,2‘-bipyridine; 4-(CO−)-4‘-CH3-bpy is 4-carbonyl-4‘-methyl-2,2‘-bipyridine). Unreacted amine sites were converted into acetamides by treatment with acetic anhydride to give derivatized polymers of general formula [PS-CH2CH2NHCO(RuIInMem)](PF6)2n, where m + n = 11, 18, or 25, PS represents the polystyrene backbone, and RuII and Me represent the attached complex and acetamide, respectively. Spectral and electrochemical properties of the derivatized polymers are similar to those of the model [Ru(bpy)2(4-CONHCH2CH2C6H5-4‘-CH3-bpy)]2+ (4-CONHCH2CH2C6H5-4‘-CH3-bpy is 4‘-methyl-2,2‘-bipyridinyl-4-(2-phenylethylamide)), but emission quantum yields (φem) and time-resolved emission decays are slightly dependent on the level of RuII loading, with nonexponential, irradiation-dependent d...
A reserve paradox: introduced heterogeneity may increase regional invasibility

No-take marine protected areas (MPAs) typically lead to population abundances that are much more spatially heterogeneous compared to conventional fisheries management. Higher abundances inside marine reserves may sustain regional populations through spillover of larvae, but this induced spatial heterogeneity can also have undesirable consequences. Displacing fishing effort into a smaller area may offset larval export from MPAs and locally reduce populations within fished areas by intensifying effort per area. Using a novel community perspective, we show that this displacement can increase the local and regional community's susceptibility to invasion by nonindigenous species. This study illustrates the types of multispecies trade-offs that are inherent to spatially explicit forms of management and highlights the pressing need to transition from single-species analyses to examining community responses to management schemes across broader biological and spatial scales. Our results demonstrate the potentially negative regional consequences of anthropogenically-driven spatial heterogeneities in aquatic and terrestrial systems.
Migratory strategies, fawn recruitment, and winter habitat use by urban and rural mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus)

We examined the migratory strategies of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) using adjacent urban and rural winter ranges in northern Utah in relation to deer demography and patterns of habitat use. Urban deer were more likely to be migratory than rural deer, even though migratory animals from the two herds intermixed on a common, high-elevation summer range. Urban deer exhibited lower fawn recruitment than rural deer; but within each herd, demographic characteristics of migratory and nonmigratory animals suggested that game theory explained the ratios of deer adopting each behavior. Estimates of animal numbers and available habitat did not reveal clearly whether deer densities differed on the two winter ranges. However, patterns of habitat use by urban deer were so clustered around areas of concealment vegetation that animals probably experienced higher local densities than rural animals. In addition, the clustered patterns of habitat use by urban deer resulted in incomplete use of available forage. This may have contributed to the relatively poor fawn recruitment by urban deer, a phenomenon that appeared to be perpetuated by their strong fidelity to winter range.
Optical-ellipsometric study of the nematic-to-smectic transition in 8CB films adsorbed on silicon.

The nematic-to-smectic-$A$ (NA) transition in 8CB (4-octyl-${4}^{\ensuremath{'}}$-cyanobiphenyl) is especially interesting because experimentally, it has been observed to be second order, but theoretically, it has been predicted that it must have a latent heat. The effect on the NA transition due to confinement in an adsorbed film has hitherto not been investigated. Previous study of adsorbed 8CB films on silicon for coverages less than 100 nm showed the existence of a broad coexistence region, identified by the formation of thick and thin islands on the surface that extends between the bulk NA and the isotropic-to-nematic transition temperatures. In this paper, optical and ellipsometric measurements of 8CB films as a function of temperature are used to identify the location of the NA transition in the film in relation to the coexistence region. The NA transition temperature in the film is found to occur at $32.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4\text{ }\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\text{C}$ independent of film thickness for films between 62 to 270 nm thick, based on the decrease in the film anisotropy. This decrease in the anisotropy is found to be surprisingly abrupt. For thicknesses below 62 nm, the NA transition line is joined to the thin-thick coexistence region found previously.
Implications of model mismatch and covariance contamination on chemical detection algorithms

The detection of gaseous chemical plumes in long-wave infrared hyperspectral images is often accomplished with algorithms derived from linear radiance models, such as the matched filter. While such algorithms can be highly effective, deviations of the physical radiative transfer process from the idealized linear model can reduce performance. In particular, the steering vector employed in the matched filter will never exactly match the observed plume signature, the estimated background covariance matrix will often suffer some contamination by the plume signature, and the plume and background will typically be spatially correlated to some extent. In combination, these effects can be worse than they are individually. In this paper, we systematically vary these factors to study their impact on detection using a data set of synthetic plumes embedded into measured background data.
Class II defective avian sarcoma viruses: comparative analysis of genome structure.

Abstract The genomes of class II avian sarcoma viruses PRCII, PRCII-p, PRCIV, and Fujinami sarcoma virus (FSV), were studied by oligonucleotide fingerprinting, heteroduplex mapping, and nucleic acid hybridization. All of these viruses are genetically defective and have a small RNA genome between 4.5 and 6.1 kilobases (kb) in length. They contain helper-related sequences at both the 5′- and 3′-ends, but most of the retroviral sequences in the middle of the genome are deleted. In place of this deleted information, a contiguous stretch of transformation-specific sequences, termed fps, is found. These putative oncogenic sequences are about 1.2 kb in PRCII, and those in PRCII-p and PRCIV are roughly 2.9 kb. From the analysis of oligonucleotides, it appears that the fps sequences of PRCII represent a subset of those of PRCII-p. Most of the additional sequences present in PRCII-p but absent from PRCII are at the 5′-half of fps. The helper-related sequences in PRCII and PRCII-p are almost indistinguishable, except that PRCII-p contains slightly more retroviral information at the 3′-end of the genome. Therefore, it is possible that PRCII has been derived by deletion from PRCII-p. By contrast, PRCII-p and PRCIV were found to contain identical fps sequences, but their helper-related sequences have diverged substantially. These two sarcoma viruses either represent two independent isolates or, if derived from a single isolate, they have undergone extensive mutation and recombination with diverse avian retroviruses. FSV was found to differ to a greater extent from other class II sarcoma viruses in both helper-related and fps sequences. The difference in fps sequences is localized in the 5′-half of that region. Considering the variation in fps among all members of class II avian sarcoma viruses, it appears that the 3′-half of that genetic region is more conserved than the 5′-half.
Participants in urban Mexican male homosexual encounters.

Preliminary data are presented on 53 urban Mexican males interviewed during 1970–1971 in a study of homosexual encounters in a large Mexican city. These data are compared with data from recent studies in the United States and England of male homosexual behavior. Although preliminary and limited, the Mexican data indicate that cultural factors are important determinants of life styles and sex practices of homosexual males. Forty-eight of the 53 (90%) preferred and usually practiced anal intercourse, four preferred oral contacts, and one preferred mutual masturbation. Interviewees were also grouped according to major type of sex activity during the first sustained year of homosexual activity after puberty. One intragroup comparison indicates significant differences between anal active and anal passive interviewees. For example, as children anal passive subjects had significantly more homosexual contacts with adults; they also considered themselves more effeminate and as children were more involved with female sex-typed activities. Comparison of data from the English and United States studies with the present data suggests that preference for a particular sexual technique is not as developed in the former two countries; when there is a preference, it is not usually for anal intercourse.
Hypothalamic injection of non-opioid peptides increases gene expression of the opioid enkephalin in hypothalamic and mesolimbic nuclei: Possible mechanism underlying their behavioral effects

The peptides galanin (GAL) and orexin (OX) share common features with the opioid enkephalin (ENK) in their relationship to ingestive behavior, stimulating consumption of a fat-rich diet and ethanol when injected into the hypothalamus. Since receptors for GAL and OX are dense in areas where ENK-expressing neurons are concentrated, these non-opioid peptides may exert their effects, in part, through the stimulation of endogenous ENK. This study was conducted to determine whether injection of GAL or OX affects the expression of ENK in hypothalamic and mesolimbic nuclei involved in consummatory behavior. Rats were injected with GAL (1 μg), OX-A (1 μg), or saline vehicle just dorsal to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). They were sacrificed 1 h later for analysis of ENK mRNA levels in the PVN, ventral tegmental area (VTA), central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), and nucleus accumbens (NAc). Both GAL and OX had similar effects, significantly increasing ENK mRNA expression in each of these areas, except for the NAc. This enhanced ENK expression in the PVN, VTA and CeA was demonstrated with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and confirmed in separate groups using radiolabeled and digoxigenin-labeled in situ hybridization. These findings demonstrate that the non-opioid peptides, GAL or OX, which have similar effects on consummatory behavior, are also similar in their effect on endogenous ENK. In light of published findings showing an opioid antagonist to block GAL- and OX-induced feeding, these results provide additional evidence that ENK is involved in mediating the common behavioral effects of these peptides.
The language of (in)visibility: using in-between spaces as a vehicle for empowerment in the family.

Drawing on 40 in-depth interviews with sexually nonconforming Latinas, this work looks at how these women negotiate family and achieve empowerment both through visibility and invisibility. This wor...
A Novel Fortescue Based Reference Signal Generator for Multifunctional VSC

This paper presents a novel reference signal generator for voltage sourced converters that allows for the maximization of its functionality. The proposed reference signal generator is based on a combination of the Fortescue decomposition with recursive DFT. The method is characterized by computational efficiency, excellent detection accuracy and fast dynamic response. In addition to the mathematical analysis, discussions and simulation results, an experimental prototype of a multifunctional VSC with the proposed reference signal generator has been built and experimental results are presented. Experimental results demonstrate that the functionality of the VSC can be extended to such modes of operation as harmonic compensator, active power filter, PWM rectifier, PWM inverter, balancing compensator and STATCOM with the update of only six coefficients in the reference signal generator.
Surface chemistry of acetic acid on clean and oxygen-covered Pd(1 0 0)

Abstract The surface chemistry of acetic acid is studied on clean Pd(1 0 0), Pd(1 0 0)–p(2 × 2)-O and Pd(1 0 0)–c(2 × 2)-O surfaces in ultrahigh vacuum using a combination of temperature-programmed desorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The chemistry on clean Pd(1 0 0) is similar to that on other palladium surfaces, where molecular acetic acid desorbs at ∼200 K and acetate species form at higher temperatures and decompose at ∼300 K. In contrast, acetate species predominantly form on the oxygen-covered surfaces and are stable to ∼380 K on Pd(1 0 0)–p(2 × 2)-O and ∼375 K on Pd(1 0 0)–c(2 × 2)-O. Acetic acid and its decomposition products, hydrogen, water, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide form simultaneously at these temperatures.
The social life of hypertext

We live in a world where networks of people mingle with networks of documents, creating networks of ideas that are linked to the people and documents that subscribe to them. New tools are being created that facilitate the interactions between these networks, greatly expanding the role of hypertext as a social media tool. Interactive visualization is a particularly powerful tool that capitalizes on the immense visual processing power of the human brain. With Web 2.0 and related technologies the world of ideas is being shaped by the wisdom of crowds. People understand data better when we scale up the audience. While one can learn a lot simply watching visual displays of information, there is also a pent up desire to analyze. People want their own controls, so that they can see data in their own way by looking at it differently. ManyEyes is a system that features a range of visualizations, where people can upload data and see that data in a variety of ways. When people find interesting views of the data they can annotate them and share their comments with others, thus building a community around visualization and interpretation. Sharing visualizations and interpretations lets people have deeper discussions in the communities that they belong to, facilitating conversations on politics, economics, health, and a host of other issues. We have found that visualizations are particularly powerful when used to analyze words. Dynamic visualizations draw people in and lead to interesting new conclusions. Scalable real world deployments let research keep up with the wisdom of crowds, and this keynote will explore some of the emerging research in this area. More information about the Many Eyes project can be found at www.many-eyes.com.
Effectiveness of routine patient cleansing with chlorhexidine gluconate for infection prevention in the medical intensive care unit.

Background. Controlled studies that took place in medical intensive care units (MICUs) have demonstrated that bathing patients with chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) can reduce skin colonization with potential pathogens and can lessen the risk of central venous catheter (CVC)–associated bloodstream infection (BSI). Objective. To examine, without oversight of practice by research study staff, the effectiveness or real‐world effect of patient cleansing with CHG on rates of CVC‐associated BSI. Design. In the fall of 2005, the MICU at Rush University Medical Center discontinued bathing patients daily with soap and water and substituted skin cleansing with no‐rinse, 2% CHG‐impregnated cloths. This change was a clinical management decision without research input. Setting. A 21‐bed MICU at Rush University Medical Center. Patients. Patients hospitalized in the MICU during the period from September 2004 through October 2006. Methods. In a pre‐post study design, we gathered data from administrative and laboratory datab...
Mandibular reconstruction with a recombinant bone-inducing factor. Functional, histologic, and biomechanical evaluation.

• Bone morphogenetic protein–2 (BMP-2) is a human recombinant bone-inducing factor that stimulates bone formation within 14 days. Twenty-six dogs underwent reconstruction of 3-cm full-thickness mandibular defects. After stabilizing the defects with stainless steel reconstruction plates, test implants composed of inactive dog bone matrix carrier and human recombinant BMP-2 were placed in defects of 12 animals (group 1). Control implants (carrier without BMP-2) were used in 10 animals (group 2), and no implants were placed in mandibular defects of four animals (group 3). Animals were killed at 3 and 6 months. The reconstructed segments were evaluated by roentgenography, analysis of functional stability, histology, histomorphometry, and analysis of biomechanical strength using three-point bend testing. In group 1, reconstruction plates were removed at 10 weeks because stiff, noncompressible mineralized bone formed across the defects, allowing the animals to chew a solid diet. The defects from groups 2 and 3 showed minimal, if any, bone formation and remained grossly unstable, prohibiting plate removal or advancement to a solid diet. Histomorphometric analysis at 6 months revealed that 68% of the group 1 implants were replaced by mineralized bone, whereas mineralized bone occupied less than 4% of the implants in groups 2 and 3. Biomechanical testing at 6 months revealed that the average bending strength of the reconstructed hemimandibles (expressed as a percentage of the contralateral hemimandible) was 27% for group 1 and 0% for group 2. The biomechanical strength of the defects reconstructed with BMP-2 increased significantly from 3 to 6 months and was related to degree of mineralization and thickness of bone bridging the defect. ( Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 1991;117:1101-1112)
Spontaneous virologic suppression in HIV controllers is independent of delayed-type hypersensitivity test responsiveness

Background: Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) testing, an in vivo assessment of cell-mediated immunity, is a predictor of HIV disease progression beyond CD4 cell count. We investigated whether preserved DTH responsiveness was characteristic of HIV controllers compared to non-controllers and individuals on suppressive HAART. Findings: DTH testing consisted of ≥ 3 recall antigens applied approximately every 6 months. DTH responses were classified by the number of positive skin tests: anergic (0), partial anergic (1), or non-anergic (≥ 2). HIV controllers were compared to treatment naive non-controllers (n = 3822) and a subgroup of non-controllers with VL 400 cells/uL (81.2 ± 31.5% vs. 80.4 ± 32.7%; P = 0.76). Conclusions: Spontaneous virologic control was not associated with DTH responsiveness, and several HIV controllers were anergic despite having elevated CD4 counts. These findings suggest that cellular immunity assessed by DTH is not a principal factor contributing to spontaneous virologic suppression in HIV controllers.
Gas Absorption Detected from the Edge-on Debris Disk Surrounding HD32297

Near-infrared and optical imaging of HD32297 indicate that it has an edge-on debris disk, similar to beta Pic. I present high resolution optical spectra of the NaI doublet toward HD32297 and stars in close angular proximity. A circumstellar absorption component is clearly observed toward HD32297 at the stellar radial velocity, which is not observed toward any of its neighbors, including the nearest only 0.9 arcmin away. An interstellar component is detected in all stars >90 pc, including HD32297, likely due to the interstellar material at the boundary of the Local Bubble. Radial velocity measurements of the nearest neighbors, BD+07 777s and BD+07 778, indicate that they are unlikely to be physically associated with HD32297. The measured circumstellar column density around HD32997, log N(NaI) ~ 11.4, is the strongest NaI absorption measured toward any nearby main sequence debris disk, even the prototypical edge-on debris disk, beta Pic. Assuming that the morphology and abundances of the gas component around HD32297 are similar to beta Pic, I estimate an upper limit to the gas mass in the circumstellar disk surrounding HD32297 of ~0.3 M_Earth.
Healthcare reform information-seeking: Relationships with uncertainty, uncertainty discrepancy, and health self-efficacy

This exploratory study examines information-seeking about the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (i.e. healthcare reform) in relation to the potential barriers of uncertainty, uncertainty discrepancy, and low health self-efficacy. Adult United States participants completed an anonymous online survey about their perceptions and understanding of healthcare reform. Results confirmed recent literature, suggesting a complex relationship between information-seeking and uncertainty. Specifically, for this sample, significant positive relationships were observed between information-seeking about healthcare reform and uncertainty, uncertainty discrepancy, health self-efficacy. Further, uncertainty discrepancy was the potential barrier that accounted for the most variance in predicting information-seeking. Implications of these findings for improving public understanding of healthcare reform are discussed.
Enantioselective [4 + 2] Cycloadditions of o-Quinone Methides: Total Synthesis of (+)-Mimosifoliol and Formal Synthesis of (+)-Tolterodine

The first example of an enantioselective cycloaddition of an o-quinone methide (o-QM) with a chiral enol ether is described along with the total synthesis of (+)-mimosifoliol and the formal synthesis of (+)-tolterodine. These syntheses exemplify a three-component, one-pot benzopyran approach for the construction of chiral benzylic junctions. Cycloadditions of various enol ethers and o-QMs are examined, and diastereoselectivities >95% are obtained with trans-2-phenyl-1-cyclohexanol and 2,2-diphenylcyclopentanol vinyl ethers.
Automatic Feature Extraction and Text Recognition From Scanned Topographic Maps

A system for automatic extraction of various feature layers and recognition of the text content of scanned topographic maps is presented here. Linear features which are often intersecting with the text are first extracted using a novel line representation method and a set of directional morphological operations. Other graphical objects are then removed in several stages to obtain a text-only image. A custom defect model is subsequently used to create an artificial training set for a Hidden Markov Model-based character recognition engine. Finally, the recovered text is recognized using this multifont segmentation-free optical character recognition (OCR). Extensive testing is conducted to assess the performance of different stages of the proposed system. Furthermore, our custom OCR is shown to achieve a 94% recognition rate for the extracted text, thereby outperforming a commercial OCR used as a benchmark.
Energy Level of a Sixteen Percent Protein Diet for Layers in a Semiarid, Subtropical Climate

Abstract HILL (1956) reported that a protein level of 1% for each 90 Calories metabolizable energy (M.E.) was sufficient for high production Leghorns under floor management and fed high energy rations not supplemented with fat. This means that 1440 Calories M.E. per pound of diet should be adequate when high producing Leghorns are fed a diet containing 16% protein. He also reported that an increase in energy level of 150 Calories M.E. per pound of diet resulted in a 10% increase in the efficiency of egg production. Combs (1956) estimated suitable ratios of Calories per pound of productive energy to percent protein in rations for laying chickens as 56-58 at the 90% rate of production, 59-61 at the 70% rate, and 64-66 at the 50% rate. Hence, for birds laying about 200 eggs per year the Calories M.E. percent protein ratio would be about 85:1, and a 16% protein laying diet …
Learner agency: To understand and to be understood

What began as an exploration of student learning while listening to music evolved into a study of learner agency in a music classroom. Whilst students used and developed strategies that enabled their own success while listening to, performing and creating music, it became evident that they were proactively seeking musical understanding and growth in their own musicianship. Their intense desire to share their musical ideas and to be valued for their role in the music learning community within the classroom illustrated the learners’ agency for affirmation and valuing of self and others. These qualities are closely connected to the zone of proximal development (Vygotsky, 1978) and perezhivanie (Mahn & John-Steiner, 2000, 2002; Mahn, 2003). As educators may seek to enable students to grow in conceptual understanding (competence) and self-efficacy (confidence), a reflexive relationship occurs as students, too, seek to grow in musicianship (competence) and to be valued for who they are (confidence).
Immunization with Hepatitis C Virus-Like Particles Induces Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Nonhuman Primates

We have previously reported the production of hepatitis C virus-like particles (HCV-LP) using a recombinant baculovirus containing the cDNA of the HCV structural proteins (core, E1, and E2). These particles resemble the putative HCV virions and are capable of inducing strong and broad humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. Here we present evidence on the immunogenicity of HCV-LP and the effects of novel adjuvant systems in a nonhuman primate model, the baboon. Three groups of four baboons were immunized with HCV-LP, HCV-LP and adjuvant AS01B (monophosphoryl lipid A and QS21), or HCV-LP and the combination of AS01B and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides 10105. After four immunizations over an 8-month period, all animals developed HCV-specific humoral and cellular immune responses including antibodies to HCV structural proteins and gamma interferon(+) (IFN-gamma(+))CD4(+) and IFN-gamma(+)CD8(+) T-cell responses. The immunogenicity of HCV-LP was only marginally enhanced by the use of adjuvants. The overall HCV-specific immune responses were broad and long lasting. Our results suggest that HCV-LP is a potent immunogen to induce HCV-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in primates and may be a promising approach to develop novel preventive and therapeutic modalities.
A new vectorial bedload formulation and its application to the time evolution of straight river channels

The derivation of a new vectorial bedload formulation for the transport of coarse sediment by fluid flow is presented in the first part of the paper. This relation has been developed for slopes up to the angle of repose both in the streamwise and transverse directions. The pressure distribution is assumed to be hydrostatic. The bed shear stress for the onset of particle motion and mean particle velocity are obtained from the mean force balance on a particle. A new generalized Bagnold hypothesis is introduced to calculate the sediment content of the bedload layer. The new formulation possesses two innovative features. It is fully nonlinear and vectorial in nature, in addition, it behaves smoothly up to the angle of repose.A mathematical model of the time evolution of straight river channels is presented in the second half of the paper. This study focuses on the evolution process due to bank erosion in the presence of bedload only. The bed and bank material is taken to be coarse, non-cohesive and uniform in size. The sediment continuity and the fluid momentum conservation equations describe the time evolution of the bed topography and flow field. These equations are coupled through the fluid shear stress acting on the bed. This bed shear stress distribution is predicted with the aid of a simple algebraic turbulent closure model. As regards the computation of the sediment flux, the new fully nonlinear vectorial formulation is found to perform well and renders the evolution model fully mechanistic.The formation of an erosional front in the time development of straight river channels has been so far obscured in physical experiments. Herein, with the help of the new bedload formulation, the existence and migration speed of the front of erosion are inferred from the analysis of the sediment continuity equation.The model successfully describes the time relaxation of an initially trapezoidal channel toward an equilibrium cross-sectional shape, as evidenced by comparison with experimental data. This equilibrium is characterized by a constant width, vanishing sediment transport in the transverse direction, and a small but non-vanishing streamwise transport rate of bed sediment.