cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From Seeing Adverbs to Seeing Verbal Morphology: Language Experience and Adult Acquisition of L2 Tense.

Adult learners have persistent difficulty processing second language (L2) inflectional morphology. We investigate associative learning explanations that involve the blocking of later experienced cues by earlier learned ones in the first language (L1; i.e., transfer) and the L2 (i.e., proficiency). Sagarra (2008) and Ellis and Sagarra (2010b) found that, unlike Spanish monolinguals, intermediate English-Spanish learners rely more on salient adverbs than on less salient verb inflections, but it is not clear whether this preference is a result of a default or a L1-based strategy. To address this question, 120 English (poor morphology) and Romanian (rich morphology) learners of Spanish (rich morphology) and 98 English, Romanian, and Spanish monolinguals read sentences in L2 Spanish (or their L1 in the case of the monolinguals) containing adverb-verb and verb-adverb congruencies or incongruencies and chose one of four pictures after each sentence (i.e., two that competed for meaning and two for form). Eye-tracking data revealed significant effects for (a) sensitivity (all participants were sensitive to tense incongruencies), (b) cue location in the sentence (participants spent more time at their preferred cue, regardless of its position), (c) L1 experience (morphologically rich L1 learners and monolinguals looked longer at verbs than morphologically poor L1 learners and monolinguals), and (d) L2 experience (low-proficiency learners read more slowly and regressed longer than high-proficiency learners). We conclude that intermediate and advanced learners are sensitive to tense incongruencies and—like native speakers—tend to rely more heavily on verbs if their L1 is morphologically rich. These findings reinforce theories that support transfer effects such as the unified competition model and the associative learning model but do not contradict Clahsen and Felser’s (2006a) shallow structure hypothesis because the target structure was morphological agreement rather than syntactic agreement.
Abstract 2620: Differential Effects of Cyclosporine Regimens on Rat Brain Responses to Human Neural Cell Grafts

Background Transplantation of neural cells is a promising stroke recovery therapy requiring animal model research, but rejection of human xenografts is an obstacle. While a variety of immunosupression strategies have been reported, few comparison data are available. We asked if different cyclosporine regimens would affect rat brain responses to human neural cell grafts. Methods Rats received intracerebral grafts of neural progenitors derived from human embryonic stem cells, and 6 rats each were randomized to 1 of 4 immunosupression groups: 1) SC (subcutaneous) group - cyclosporine 10 mg/kg/day SC starting 2 days prior to transplantation; 2) SC/PO (per os) group - the same injections for the first 7 days followed by 100 ug/ml in the drinking water; 3) PO group - only cyclosporine in the drinking water starting 2 days prior to transplantation; 4) Control - no immunosupression. Immunostaining, stereology, and optical densitometry were performed after 2 weeks for quantification of markers of human cells, neural cell types, and immune cells. Results More rats in the SC (6/6) and SC/PO (5/6) groups had surviving graft cells than the PO (1/6) and control (3/6) groups (p Conclusions The survival of human neural cells in rat brains differed with immunosupression regimens, but immune cell infiltration, phagocytosis of graft cells, and reactive astrocytosis occurred in all groups. Frequent injections of laboratory animals is undesirable, and a compromise strategy of peri-transplant injections followed by mixing the drug in the drinking water showed good results to prevent graft cell rejection. Further research is needed to optimize the immunosupression approach for this application.
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Acceptability of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis among Individuals Living with HIV in an Urban HIV Clinic

Introduction Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective tool to reduce HIV transmission. The primary objective of this study was to assess awareness of PrEP by individuals living with HIV (HIV+) and acceptance of its use for their HIV negative (HIV-) partners.
Universal fidelity near quantum and topological phase transitions in finite one-dimensional systems

We study the quantum fidelity (ground-state overlap) near quantum phase transitions of the Ising universality class in one-dimensional (1D) systems of finite-size $L$. Prominent examples occur in magnetic systems (e.g., spin-Peierls, the anisotropic $XY$ model) and in 1D topological insulators of any topologically nontrivial Altland-Zirnbauer-Kitaev universality class. The rescaled fidelity susceptibility is a function of the only dimensionless parameter $LM$, where $2M$ is the gap in the fermionic spectrum. We present analytic expressions for the fidelity susceptibility for periodic and open boundaries conditions with zero, one, or two edge states. The latter are shown to have a crucial impact and alter the susceptibility both quantitatively and qualitatively. We support our analytical solutions with numerical data.
What Is the Next Step for Companion Pets in the Legal System? The Answer May Lie with the Historical Development of the Legal Rights for Minors

The relationship between human beings and companion pets is changing. For purposes of this Comment, companion pets are the dogs and cats that people share their homes with. Today, more households have a dog or cat than children. Despite the social changes, companion pets are still classified as property. At some point in history, minors, women, and slaves were also classified as property. Through social revolutions, such as the Civil War, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Women’s Rights Movement, property classification for humans was dismantled. This Comment discusses the progression of minors’ rights and protections and how companion pets have gained similar rights and protections in various areas of the law. However, despite the increase in rights, companion pets still lack the ability to have status or standing in the legal system for the protection or promotion of their interests. Minors also do not have the ability to sue or be sued. Nevertheless, a guardianship system has developed in order to protect minors’ interest until the minors reach the age of majority. Guardians have certain duties and responsibility to minors. Owners of companion pets are not considered guardians, and courts do not appoint guardians; thus, those duties and responsibilities that protect minors do not apply to companion pets. In conclusion, this Comment argues that the next logical step for increasing the rights of companion pets is to establish a guardianship system similar to the system for minors.
The Juvenile Tooth Patterns of Certain African Rodents

Unworn teeth are figured and described for Anomalurus , Petromus and Thryonomys , and partly worn teeth for Pedetes . Anomalurus has five-crested teeth, although the teeth of the related Anomalurops have only four. It is impossible to determine which is the primitive number, and hence the ancestry of the family is uncertain. Petromus has four-crested teeth. The upper teeth of Thryonomys are four-crested; the lower molars have only three crests. Both of these families seem to have had a four-crested ancestry, and probably are related at the superfamily level. The ctenodactylids also have a four-crested pattern, but otherwise do not seem close to the Thryonomyoidea. The tooth pattern of Pedetes is based on two transverse rows of two cusps each, unlike that of any other rodents. The pedetids are completely isolated.
Removal of NMDA Receptor Mg2+ Block Extends the Action of NT-3 on Synaptic Transmission in Neonatal Rat Motoneurons

NT-3 has previously been reported to enhance AMPA/kainate receptor-mediated synaptic responses in motoneurons via an effect on the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. To investigate neurotrophin-...
Selection of cytomegalovirus infection samples detected by quantitative PCR

OBJECTIVE To optimize the test samples,to improve the detection of CMV-positive rate and provide a reliable basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment.METHODS Blood,lymphocytes and urine human cytomegalovirus DNA(HCMV-DNA) were detected with real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR,and the positive rates were compared.RESULTS A total of 572 patients samples,blood samples of 476 cases,45 cases of plasma-positive,the positive rate was 15.0%;lymphocytes detected in 30 cases,the positive was 17.0%;urine samples of 96 cases,60 cases positive,the positive was 62.5%;of which 45 cases were also collected blood and urine samples were detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR,blood-positive and 7,the positive was 15.6%,urine-positive,the positive was 64.4%.X2 test showed the difference of lymphocytes detection rate of HCMV had no statistivally significance(P0.05),while the detection rates of blood and urine HCMV samples were significantly significant(P0.05).CONCLUSION Adopting real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR detection of cytomegalovirus infection and using urine testing materials as the positive rate in lymphocyte and plasma can increase the positive detection rate of HCMV.
A two-stage culture process using Chlorella vulgaris for urban wastewater nutrient removal and enhanced algal lipid accumulation under photoautotrophic and mixotrophic conditions

Microalgae such as Chlorella vulgaris contain sufficient fatty acids to suggest their use as feedstocks for biodiesel production. Their capacity to remove nitrogen, phosphate, and other nutrients from a culture medium makes them a potentially useful element in urban wastewater treatment systems. A two-stage process was used to grow Chlorella vulgaris under mixotrophic and autotrophic conditions in artificial wastewater and urban wastewater media. Growth rate, nutrient removal, and lipids accumulation were quantified. Initially, the media were nitrogen-enriched (90 mg−1; Stage I), and then nitrogen limited (30, 20, and 10 mg l−1; Stage II). Growth was not inhibited under either of the culture conditions, and nitrogen uptake rates were above 90%. Total organic carbon removal was higher (56.2%–86%) under mixotrophic conditions than under photoautotrophic conditions (15.2%–69%). Lipids productivity was 2.7 times higher under mixotrophic conditions and nitrogen limitation than under photoautotrophic conditions...
Mathematical modeling of food extruder

Modele mathematique de prevision des besoins en energie et pression en termes de proprietes des produits et caracteristiques de l'extrudeuse
Potential new complication in drug therapy development for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor neuron degeneration in the brain and spinal cord. Treatment development for ALS is complicated by complex underlying disease factors.Areas covered: Numerous tested drug compounds have shown no benefits in ALS patients, although effective in animal models. Discrepant results of pre-clinical animal studies and clinical trials for ALS have primarily been attributed to limitations of ALS animal models for drug-screening studies and methodological inconsistencies in human trials. Current status of pre-clinical and clinical trials in ALS is summarized. Specific blood-CNS barrier damage in ALS patients, as a novel potential reason for the clinical failures in drug therapies, is discussed.Expert commentary: Pathological perivascular collagen IV accumulation, one unique characteristic of barrier damage in ALS patients, could be hindering transport of therapeutics to the CNS. Restoration of B-CNS-B ...
FAILURE OF AN ANCHORED BULKHEAD.

An 800-ft (240 m) long anchored bulkhead with a height of 65 ft (20 m) was designed more or less in accord with published recommendations by several acknowledged experts. Nevertheless, the wall failed. Post-failure analysis indicated that the source of error was a lack of understanding of soil behavior under conditions involving significant excavation near the bulkhead. The design was adequate for undrained conditions but was inadequate for fully drained conditions.
MicroRNAs and the target genes in early tumorigenesis of fallopian/ovarian carcinoma

Jian-Jun Wei is an AP/CP board certified physician scientist after five years of resident and fellowship training in New York University. He is currently appointed as Associate Professor in Northwestern University, specialized in Gynecologic Pathology. His major research interests include ovarian carcinogenesis. He also obtained his research training and early research faculty position in Indiana University School of Medicine for six years. He has published more than 65 peer-reviewedarticles in reputed journals and serves as the editorial board member in several journals. MicroRNAs and the target genes in early tumorigenesis of fallopian/ovarian carcinoma
A prospective study of blood trans fatty acid levels and risk of prostate cancer

4004 Purpose: Results from two previous studies suggest a positive association between markers of trans fatty acid (TFA) intake and prostate cancer. We therefore prospectively evaluated the association between blood TFA levels and risk of prostate cancer. Methods: We conducted a nested case-control study among 14,916 U.S. physicians who provided a blood sample in 1982. Blood samples were frozen at baseline and kept at −82° C until assayed. Incident prostate cancer cases accrued through 1995 were matched to controls by age, smoking status at baseline and length of follow-up. TFA levels as percentage of total fatty acids were determined for 479 cases and their 491 matched controls using gas chromatography. Cases and controls were divided into quintiles according to the distribution of TFA levels among the controls. Conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate the relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of prostate cancer in a given quintile of TFA level in relation to the lowest quintile. Results: Levels of 16:1, 18:1 and total TFAs were not associated with prostate cancer risk. There was a weak positive association between levels of 18:2 TFAs, which result from the hydrogenation of linoleic acid, and prostate cancer risk. The RRs (95% CI) for men in successively higher quintiles of TFA levels were 0.87 (0.57 –1.33), 1.24 (0.83 –1.87), 1.69 (1.12 –2.55) and 1.24 (0.81 –1.88), compared to men in the lowest quintile (P trend = 0.09). The association was similar for the three 18:2 trans isomers examined: n-6 trans trans (tt) , cis trans (ct) and trans cis (tc). When results were divided according to tumor stage at diagnosis, levels of 18:1, 18:2 and total TFAs were positively related to the risk of developing organ confined, but not advanced, tumors. The RRs (95% CI; P trend ) of localized prostate cancer comparing the highest and lowest quintile of TFAs were 2.11 (1.22 –3.64: 0.05) for total, 1.85 (1.08 –3.16: 0.15) for 18:1, and 1.84 (1.05 –3.22: 0.003) for 18:2 TFAs. Similar results were obtained for non-aggressive tumors (organ confined and Gleason ≤ 7). The RRs (95% CI; P trend ) of non-aggressive prostate cancer comparing extreme quintiles of total, 18:1 and 18:2 TFA levels were 2.47 (1.32 –4.63: 0.01), 2.10 (1.13 –3.91: 0.06) and 2.29 (1.22 –4.30: 7). Further adjustment for potential confounders did not substantially change these results. Conclusions: Our prospective data suggests that blood levels of trans fatty acids, in particular trans fats resulting from the hydrogenation of vegetable oils, are associated with an increased prostate cancer risk. This association appears to be specific to organ confined and non-aggressive tumors.
Can Statistical Capacity Building Help Reduce Procyclical Fiscal Policy in Developing Countries

Few papers have attempted to assess the role of 'capacity,' especially in the area of macroeconomic statistics. Consequently, we make an attempt to advance this literature through the construction of a 'statistical capacity building index,' and then test its explanatory power on the cyclicality of government spending. Using panel data from 62 developing countries, we find evidence that improvements in this index are associated with less procyclicality of government spending over the period 1990-2012; with the significance of this relationship dependent upon the quality of administrative and technical capacity of budgetary institutions.
Evaluating Performance of Task and Data Coarsening in Concurrent Collections

Programmers are faced with many challenges for obtaining performance on machines with increasingly capable, yet increasingly complex hardware. A trend towards task-parallel and asynchronous many-task programming models aim to alleviate the burden of parallel programming on a vast array of current and future platforms. One such model, Concurrent Collections (CnC), provides a programming paradigm that emphasizes the separation of the concerns–domain experts concentrate on their algorithms and correctness, whereas performance experts handle mapping and tuning to a target platform. Deep understanding of parallel constructs and behavior is not necessary to write parallel applications that will run on various multi-threaded and multi-core platforms when using the CnC model. However, performance can vary greatly depending on the granularity of tasks and data declared by the programmer. These program-specific decisions are not part of the CnC tuning capabilities and must be tuned in the program. We analyze the performance behavior based on tuning various elements in each collection for the LULESH application using CnC. We demonstrate the effects of different techniques to modify task and data granularity in CnC collections. Our fully tiled CnC implementation outperforms the OpenMP counterpart by 3\(\times \) for 48 processors. Finally, we propose guidelines to emulate the techniques used to obtain high performance while improving programmability.
Disordered Mood in Cultural-Historical Context

Mood disorders are observed worldwide and represent a major contribution to the global burden of disease. Despite the numerous ways in which these disorders vary across cultural contexts, however, the research literature is dominated by Western concepts. Cultural variations, and the ways in which they can best be understood and studied, comprise the focus of this chapter. We begin with a brief historical overview of disordered mood over different eras. Then, we turn to the contemporary literature on cultural variations in mood disorders, focusing on four domains: (1) etiological beliefs; (2) risk and resilience; (3) incidence and prevalence; and (4) symptom presentation. While many of the studies reviewed highlight intriguing differences across cultural groups, relatively few of them explore empirically the possible explanations for these differences. We thus propose an approach to understanding cultural variations in psychopathology based on a core idea from cultural psychology: the mutual constitution of culture, mind, and brain. Then, we briefly describe some of the ways in which symptoms of disordered mood can be understood as emerging from looping processes in the culture-mind-brain system. From this perspective, we conclude by looking ahead to some future directions for research. First, we emphasize the importance of integrative studies across culture-, mind-, and brain-levels. Second, we consider the possibility that historical changes in descriptions of disordered mood might go beyond shifts in our understanding to include culturally-shaped transformations in normal and abnormal experience.
Transnational Feminisms, Nonideal Theory, and “Other” Women’s Power

Postcolonial and transnational feminists’ calls to recognize “other” women’s agency have seemed to some Western feminists to entail moral quietism about women’s oppression. Here, I offer an antirelativist framing of the transnational feminist critiques, one rooted in a conception of transnational feminisms as a nonideal theoretical enterprise. The Western feminist problem is not simple ethnocentrism, but rather a failure to ask the right types of normative questions, questions relevant to the nonideal context in which transnational feminist praxis occurs. Instead of asking which forms of power are gender-justice-enhancing, Western feminists are fixated on contrasting “other” cultures to an idealized Western culture. A focus on ideal theorizing works together with colonial epistemic practices to divert Western feminist attention from key questions about what will reduce “other” women’s oppression under conditions of gender injustice and ongoing imperialism. Western feminists need to ask whether “other” women’s power is resistant, and answering this question requires a focus on what Amartya Sen would call “justice enhancement” rather than an ideal of the gender-just culture. I show how a focus on resistance, accompanied by a colonialism-visibilizing hypothesis and a normative vision that allows multiple strategies for transitioning out of injustice, can guide Western feminists toward more appropriate questions about “other” women’s power.
Dopamine 2 Receptor Activation Entrains Circadian Clocks in Mouse Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Many of the physiological, cellular, and molecular rhythms that are present within the eye are under the control of circadian clocks. Experimental evidence suggests that the retinal circadian clock, or its output signals (e.g., dopamine and melatonin), may contribute to eye disease and pathology. We recently developed a retinal pigment ephithelium (RPE)-choroid preparation to monitor the circadian clock using PERIOD2 (PER2)::LUC knock-in mouse. In this study we report that dopamine, but not melatonin, is responsible for entrainment of the PER2::LUC bioluminescence rhythm in mouse RPE-choroid. Dopamine induced phase-advances of the PER2::LUC bioluminescence rhythm during the subjective day and phase-delays in the late subjective night. We found that dopamine acts exclusively through Dopamine 2 Receptors to entrain the circadian rhythm in PER2::LUC bioluminescence. Finallly, we found that DA-induced expression of core circadian clock genes Period1 and Period2 accompanied both phase advances and phase delays of the RPE-choroid clock, thus suggesting that – as in other tissues – the rapid induction of these circadian clock genes drives the resetting process. Since the RPE cells persist for the entire lifespan of an organism, we believe that RPE-choroid preparation may represent a new and unique tool to study the effects of circadian disruption during aging.
Migrated embolization coil causes intestinal obstruction.

Abstract Visceral artery pseudoaneurysm is a rare, potentially fatal entity, but proper identification and management with coil embolization can lead to good outcomes. Embolization coils can migrate to various destinations, causing delayed complications in several case reports. A case of small bowel obstruction due to migrated embolization coils from a gastroduodenal pseudoaneurysm 6 years after initial treatment is presented.
Applying User-Centered Design Methods to the Development of an mHealth Application for Use in the Hospital Setting by Patients and Care Partners.

Introduction Developing an optimized and user-friendly mHealth application for patients and family members in the hospital environment presents unique challenges given the diverse patient population and patients' various states of well-being. Objective This article describes user-centered design methods and results for developing the patient and family facing user interface and functionality of MySafeCare, a safety reporting tool for hospitalized patients and their family members. Methods Individual and group usability sessions were conducted with specific testing scenarios for participants to follow to test the usability and functionality of the tool. Participants included patients, family members, and Patient and Family Advisory Council (PFAC) members. Engagement rounds were also conducted on study units and lessons learned provided additional information to the usability work. Usability results were aligned with Nielsen's Usability Heuristics. Results Eleven patients and family members and 25 PFAC members participated in usability testing and over 250 patients and family members were engaged during research team rounding. Specific themes resulting from the usability testing sessions influenced the changes made to the user interface design, workflow functionality, and terminology. Conclusion User-centered design should focus on workflow functionality, terminology, and user interface issues for mHealth applications. These themes illustrated issues aligned with four of Nielsen's Usability Heuristics: match between system and the real world, consistency and standards, flexibility and efficiency of use, and aesthetic and minimalist design. We identified workflow and terminology issues that may be specific to the use of an mHealth application focused on safety and used by hospitalized patients and their families.
Modeling the Biases in Last Digit Distributions of Consecutive Primes

Recent work by Lemke Oliver and Soundararajan, as well as earlier results by Ko, have brought to light an unexpected asymmetry in the distribution of last digits of consecutive primes. For example, in the first 108 pairs of consecutive primes, around 4.6 million end with {1,1} respectively, whereas more than 7.4 million end with {1,3}. This disparity is not explained by the fact that opportunities for the next prime come sooner for n+2 than for n+1. This leaves open the question: what accounts for this sizable bias? We provide justification based on a mix of elementary theory and computation. The model we develop moreover accurately predicts crossovers in relative frequencies of certain pairs-of-pairs.
The Paradox of Repression and Nonviolent Movements

The Paradox of Repression and Nonviolent Movements is an excellent resource for political scientists, psychologists, sociologists, and activists who are interested in nonviolent movements. As there...
Electronic Rapid Fitness Assessment Identifies Factors Associated with Adverse Early Postoperative Outcomes following Radical Cystectomy

Purpose:Frailty is associated with adverse outcomes following radical cystectomy. Prospective tools to identify factors affecting outcomes are needed. We describe a novel electronic rapid fitness a...
Algorithm for computing -bases of univariate polynomials

We present a new algorithm for computing a -basis of the syzygy module of n polynomials in one variable over an arbitrary field K. The algorithm is conceptually different from the previously-developed algorithms by Cox, Sederberg, Chen, Zheng, and Wang for n=3, and by Song and Goldman for an arbitrary n. The algorithm involves computing a partial reduced row-echelon form of a (2d+1)n(d+1) matrix over K, where d is the maximum degree of the input polynomials. The proof of the algorithm is based on standard linear algebra and is completely self-contained. The proof includes a proof of the existence of the -basis and as a consequence provides an alternative proof of the freeness of the syzygy module. The theoretical (worst case asymptotic) computational complexity of the algorithm is O(d2n+d3+n2). We have implemented this algorithm (HHK) and the one developed by Song and Goldman (SG). Experiments on random inputs indicate that SG is faster than HHK when d is sufficiently large for a fixed n, and that HHK is faster than SG when n is sufficiently large for a fixed d.
Reduced Expression of Immune Mediators by T-Cell Subpopulations of Combat-Exposed Veterans With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been suggested to be associated with an inflammatory immune state, although few studies have examined peripheral blood lymphocytes in subjects that have PTSD and compared immune parameters to subjects that experienced similar trauma, but did not develop PTSD. An exploratory approach was undertaken to compare phenotypes of blood CD4+ and CD8+ subpopulations and their expression of immune mediators between Veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars who experienced similar levels of combat, with some developing PTSD and other not. The results of this study did not demonstrate evidence of enhanced immune activation of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Instead, the results showed a decline in expression of the pro-inflammatory mediator IFN-g and the cytotoxin granzyme B in CD8+ subpopulations from Veterans with PTSD. While the reductions in expression of IFN-g and granzyme B did not reach statistical significance when examining the CD8+ cell population as a whole, the declines were significant when examining the CD8+ cell subpopulations, with different mediators being reduced in different subpopulations. The most prominent decline in IFN-g expression was by the unconventional CD8dimCD3+ T-cell subpopulation that has been associated with chronic infection and immune fatigue. The decline in granzyme B was most prominent in the NK-containing CD8dimCD3- subpopulation of T cells. Consequently, analysis of blood leukocyte subpopulations, rather than bulk lymphocyte groups, reveals a dampened level of immune reactivity in combat-exposed Veterans with PTSD compared to combat-exposed Veterans without PTSD.
White Shoe: How a New Breed of Wall Street Lawyers Changed Big Business and the American Century

The inequality and populism of the present age, as well as the challenges to the United States’ global leadership, have spurred new perspectives on the past, from the Founders to fascism. To this, ...
High Order Anchoring and Reinitialization of Level Set Function for Simulating Interface Motion

A second order interface anchoring method has been developed and used with fast sweeping algorithm for reinitialization of a level set function. The algebraic anchoring formulation ensures that the location of the actual interface is preserved, leading to better mass conservation property. It also provides high order accurate algebraic constraint for solving the Eikonal equation on a finite difference grid. Geometric properties of the interface such as surface normal and curvature are subsequently computed from the reinitialized distance function. Various analytical functions for modeling distortion in level set field are considered and accuracy of reinitialization is evaluated using first and second order anchoring schemes. It is also shown that accurate computation of interface curvature requires a high order anchor in addition to a high order fast sweeping method. Mass conservation property of reinitialization is also analyzed by considering test problems from literature including the classic Rider–Kothe single vortex problem. The formulation is suitable for efficient parallelization for both distributed memory and on-node shared memory parallel systems. Scalability and performance of the reinitialization scheme on multiple architectures are demonstrated.
E-165 Carotid intraplaque hemorrhage is independent of the degree of carotid artery stenosis and is more prevalent in symptomatic versus asymptomatic patients with stenosis less than 70%: implications for the utility of carotid plaque imaging

Background The relationship between the prevalence of intraplaque hemorrhage and degree of carotid artery stenosis has not been well established. It is unclear whether there is a threshold of stenosis/plaque progression during which plaque hemorrhage develops within an atherosclerotic lesion. Methods In this study, we reviewed our institutional case series of patients with carotid plaque imaging and reported on the prevalence of plaque hemorrhage based on degree of stenosis as well as symptomatic status. Results The presence of plaque hemorrhage was independent of degree of stenosis. This was true among both asymptomatic carotid arteries (P=0.31) and symptomatic carotid arteries (P=0.11). For arteries with severe stenosis, there was no difference in prevalence of plaque hemorrhage among symptomatic and asymptomatic patients (22/69 versus 10/40, P=0.52). However, for arteries with moderate stenosis (30–69%) the prevalence of plaque hemorrhage was significantly higher among symptomatic arteries versus asymptomatic (31/69 versus 10/66, P=0.0002). The same was true for patients with no stenosis (17/176 versus 6/504, P Conclusions The presence of plaque hemorrhage is independent from the degree of carotid artery stenosis. Carotid Plaque Imaging for detection of plaque hemorrhage is likely most helpful in identifying symptomatic lesions among patients with Disclosures A. Larson: None. J. Benson: None. G. Lanzino: None. W. Brinjikji: None.
Volume-assured pressure support improves outcomes in a patient with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome

Introduction: Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS) is a condition caused by a mutation of the PHOX2B gene and an incidence of 1 in 50,000 live births. Clinically the condition is characterized by autonomic nervous system dysfunction, the most prominent feature of which is the failure of respiratory homeostasis during sleep. In patients severely affected, life-long ventilatory support is required. This might start as early as the newborn period. Subsequent adjustments are required due to their growth and development. The role of Volume-Assured Pressure Support (VAPS) ventilation in treatment of CCHS was only described in a couple reports before. Report of case(s): A 17-year-old female patient born at term and diagnosed with CCHS at birth at our center with a PHOX2B mutation confirmed. Her daytime ventilatory support was weaned at age 18 months and the tracheostomy was removed at age 10 years old. She relocated to another state, was lost to follow-up, and returned this year for adjustments of her ventilator whose settings had not been adjusted for several years. She was on a Trilogy 100 ventilator, in pressure-controlled mode with settings of EPAP 5, IPAP 20, and a rate of 22/min without supplemental oxygen. Her measured weight is 69kg, body mass index (BMI) 27. The patient complained of difficulty breathing while on those settings and reported decreased desire to use the machine. The patient was empirically switched to VAPS due to titration availability limitations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Initial AVAPS settings were: EPAP 4-7, PS 3-12, breath rate 16/min, TV 350mL. Upon implementing the changes, the patient reported improved comfort and increased usage. Average minute ventilation decreased from 10.5 to 5.8 L/min, patient triggered breaths increased from 1.1% to 12.3%, average breaths per minute decreased from 22.0/ min to 16.2/min, the average peak flow 31.8 to 26.2L/min, tidal volume decreased from 463 to 355mL. Conclusion: AVAPS ventilation can be successfully used in managing patients with CCHS, and it might be superior to pressure-controlled mode in certain cases, improving patient comfort and compliance.
X-ray fan beam coded aperture transmission and diffraction imaging for fast material analysis

X-ray transmission imaging has been used in a variety of applications for high-resolution measurements based on shape and density. Similarly, X-ray diffraction (XRD) imaging has been used widely for molecular structure-based identification of materials. Combining these X-ray methods has the potential to provide high-resolution material identification, exceeding the capabilities of either modality alone. However, XRD imaging methods have been limited in application by their long measurement times and poor spatial resolution, which has generally precluded combined, rapid measurements of X-ray transmission and diffraction. In this work, we present a novel X-ray fan beam coded aperture transmission and diffraction imaging system, developed using commercially available components, for rapid and accurate non-destructive imaging of industrial and biomedical specimens. The imaging system uses a 160 kV Bremsstrahlung X-ray source while achieving a spatial resolution of ≈ 1 × 1 mm2 and a spectral accuracy of > 95% with only 15 s exposures per 150 mm fan beam slice. Applications of this technology are reported in geological imaging, pharmaceutical inspection, and medical diagnosis. The performance of the imaging system indicates improved material differentiation relative to transmission imaging alone at scan times suitable for a variety of industrial and biomedical applications.
Fast mid-infrared imaging through non-degenerate two-photon absorption in an CMOS camera

Chemical imaging based on mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopic contrast is an important technique with a myriad of applications, including biomedical imaging and environmental monitoring. Current MIR cameras, however, lack in performance and are much less affordable compared to mature Si-based devices, which operate in the visible and near-infrared. We demonstrate fast MIR imaging through non-degenerate two-photon absorption (NTA) in a scientific CMOS camera. We show that wide-field MIR images can be obtained at more than 100 frames/s with energies of only a few fJ per pixel. This on-chip approach does not rely on phase-matching, it is alignment-free and it does not necessitate complex post-processing of the images. We show chemically selective MIR imaging of polymers and biological samples, including MIR videos of live organisms and complete 3D volumetric images of objects acquired at rates as fast as 1 volume/s.
Book Review of White, Earl Warren: A Public Life and Schwartz, Super Chief: Earl Warren and His Supreme Court – A Judicial Biography

This brief 1985 essay review discusses the nature of Supreme Court decision making as understood by two leading legal scholars, G. Edward White and Bernard Schwartz, in their respective analyses of the work of Chief Justice Earl Warren and the Warren Court in two then-recent books. The essay pays particular attention to each author’s understanding, in connection with his respective analysis, of concepts such as judicial "leadership" and "activism," as well as the connections between the intellectual and political aspects of the Supreme Court’s work and between decision making and opinion writing. Finally, the essay questions the sufficiency of Warren’s alleged reliance on his own ethical values as a basis for constitutional decision making, given the obvious existence of competing ethical values, such as those represented by cost-benefit analysis, which may be held by other Justices.
A time-domain finite element method for dynamic viscoelastic solution of layered-half-space responses under loading pulses

We developed a dynamic viscoelastic response model and finite element solution for layered half-space.The combined Houbolt, central and forward finite difference method is proposed for time discretization.It is able to model the temperature and space-dependent material properties.We validated the approach for a multilayer pavement structure on soil.The dynamic viscoelastic model considering damping could more accurately emulate structural responses. This research develops a dynamic viscoelastic model, a Galerkin based time-domain finite element method, and computer program for simulating layered half-space responses under loading pulses. A combined Houbolt, central finite-difference (FD) and forward FD method is proposed for time discretization of acceleration and velocity to reduce time-step lengths. Compared to existing methods, the developed approach has advantages that it: (1) captures the coupled effects of material viscoelasticity, dynamics and system damping, which fosters understanding structural responses and material deformations; (2) is able to model temperature and space-dependent material properties. The model is implemented and validated for a multilayer pavement-soil structure.
Time‐averaged discharge rate of subaerial lava at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, measured from TanDEM‐X interferometry: Implications for magma supply and storage during 2011–2013

Differencing digital elevation models (DEMs) derived from TerraSAR add-on for Digital Elevation Measurements (TanDEM-X) synthetic aperture radar imagery provides a measurement of elevation change over time. On the East Rift Zone (EZR) of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, the effusion of lava causes changes in topography. When these elevation changes are summed over the area of an active lava flow, it is possible to quantify the volume of lava emplaced at the surface during the time spanned by the TanDEM-X data—a parameter that can be difficult to measure across the entirety of an ~100 km2 lava flow field using ground-based techniques or optical remote sensing data. Based on the differences between multiple TanDEM-X-derived DEMs collected days to weeks apart, the mean dense-rock equivalent time-averaged discharge rate of lava at Kīlauea between mid-2011 and mid-2013 was approximately 2 m3/s, which is about half the long-term average rate over the course of Kīlauea's 1983–present ERZ eruption. This result implies that there was an increase in the proportion of lava stored versus erupted, a decrease in the rate of magma supply to the volcano, or some combination of both during this time period. In addition to constraining the time-averaged discharge rate of lava and the rates of magma supply and storage, topographic change maps derived from space-based TanDEM-X data provide insights into the four-dimensional evolution of Kīlauea's ERZ lava flow field. TanDEM-X data are a valuable complement to other space-, air-, and ground-based observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and offer great promise at locations around the world for aiding with monitoring not just volcanic eruptions but any hazardous activity that results in surface change, including landslides, floods, earthquakes, and other natural and anthropogenic processes.
Radio Resource Management

This chapter is concerned with issues relating to link quality evaluation and handoff in cellular systems. The chapter begins by discussing several different types of signal strength based handoff algorithms. This is followed by a detailed treatment of temporal–spatial signal strength averaging. Guidelines are developed on the window length that is needed so that Ricean fading can be neglected in continuous- and discrete-time signal strength averaging. The need for velocity adaptive handoff algorithms is established and three different velocity estimators are presented. The velocity estimators are compared in terms of their sensitivity to the Rice factor, non-isotropic scattering, and additive white Gaussian noise. Afterwards, the velocity estimators are incorporated into a velocity adaptive handoff algorithm. Afterwards, an analytical treatment of conventional signal strength based hard handoff algorithms is undertaken, and the same is done for soft handoff algorithms. Finally, methods are discussed for carrier-to-interference plus noise ratio, C∕(I + N) measurements in TDMA cellular systems.
Am-241Pu-239 + 240 ratios in the marine environment

Abstract The Am -241 Pu -239 + 240 ratio is at least a factor of two higher in the particulate phases of California coastal waters than the values previously reported for unfiltered waters and sediments. These results are attributed to a greater water solubility for plutonium relative to americium species. The values of the ratio in mussels indicate primarily a particulate uptake of these transuranics. Sorption experiments of these two elements from seawater to glass beads, rayon fibres and filter papers are consistent with an uptake of the particulate phases.
Rastafari Voices Reach Ethiopia

But in each case, you would be wrong-at least in this film. What is perhaps most remarkable about In and Out of Africa is its ability to represent each character on screen with respect, as part of a narrative not about heroes and victims, authentic and inauthentic subjects, but about shifting narratives, through the shifting definition of objects made and received with passion and symbolic investment. Each character is the center of his or her own story, each story entirely plausible. Their interaction does not mitigate in the slightest their profound disjunctures. The market functions quite nicely, no matter what each actor makes of it.
Electrostatic shocks in the auroral magnetosphere

A 1d unmagnetized double layer simulation is presented along with analytic considerations of the Langmuir-Bohm criterion for double layer formation. It is found that this requirement of large electron drift is not reduced by trapped thermal electron and ion populations; the assumption of a nonthermal population which requires the preexistence of the double layer cannot reduce the required electron drift. It is noted that negative charge density spikes and holes in ion phase space accompany the double layer. A magnetized BGK mode solution to Poisson's equation for the potential profile perpendicular to B for cold counter-streaming electrons and ions shows how the spatial structure changes in a magnetized plasma.
Mitral valve prolapse and pregnancy

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is the most common congenital heart lesion, and the diagnosis is frequently made in young women of childbearing age. The management of this disorder during pregnancy has not been well studied. Our investigation reviews the outcomes of 42 pregnancies among 25 patients with MVP diagnosed before conception by the characteristic auscultatory and echocardiographic findings. All patients with no other cardiovascular disorder tolerated pregnancy well and developed no remarkable cardiac complications. Furthermore, the incidence of antepartum and intrapartum complications or signs of fetal distress was not greater when compared with pregnant patients with no known cardiac disorder (p greater than 0.05). Congestive heart failure occurred in one case in which premature labor with coexisting toxemia was treated with the combined intravenous administration of a beta adrenergic tocolytic drug, a glucocorticoid drug, and a large volume of fluids.
Auditing the Unified Medical Language System with Semantic Methods

Objective: The National Library of Medicine's (NLM) Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) includes a Metathesaurus (Meta), which is a compilation of medical terms drawn from over 30 controlled vocabularies, and a Semantic Net, which contains the semantic types used to categorize Meta concepts and the semantic relations to connect them. Meta has been constructed through lexical matching techniques and human review. The purpose of this study was to audit the Meta using semantic techniques to identify possible inconsistencies. Methods: Five different techniques were applied: (1) detection of ambiguity in Meta concepts with two or more semantic types, (2) detection of interchangeable keyword synonyms, (3) detection of redundant pairs of Meta concepts (using lexical matching combined with keyword synonyms), (4) detection of inconsistent parent - child relationships in Meta (based on the semantic type information), and (5) discovery of pairs of semantic types for which relations could be added to the Semantic Net, based on ''other'' relationships between Meta concepts. Results: Of 57,592 concepts with multiple semantic types, 1817 (3.2%) were judged to be ambiguous. Keyword analysis showed 7121 pairs of interchangeable words. Using the keyword pairs, 5031 pairs of potentially redundant concepts were suggested, of which 3274 (65.1%) were judged to actually be redundant. Review of the 100,586 parent - child relationships revealed 544 (0.54%) that were incorrect. Review of the 219,664 ''Other'' relationships suggested 1299 places in the Semantic Net where relations between pairs of semantic types could be added. Conclusion: Semantic techniques, alone or in combination, can be used to audit the UMLS to detect inconsistencies that are not detectable through lexical techniques alone. Use of these methods to augment the UMLS maintenance process will lead to improvement in the UMLS. n JAMIA. 1998;5:41 - 51. The National Library of Medicine's (NLM) Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) consists of a set of Knowledge Sources that provide information about medical terminologies. 1 The largest of the Knowledge Sources is the Metathesaurus (Meta), 2 which is a com-