cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Co-infection By Lactic-dehydrogenase Virus And C-type Retrovirus Elicits Neurological Disease

Intraperitoneal injection of neuropathogenic strains of lactic dehydrogenase virus (LDV) causes a histologically distinctive fatal paralytic disease characterized by an inflammatory destruction of motor neurones in the brain stem and cord in C58 mice aged over 9 months. To elicit the disease in the naturally susceptible C58 strain requires an age-associated or X-ray induced loss of immunological competence, LDV infection and genetic susceptibility. Genetic studies of the common inbred mouse strains showed that susceptibility to the disease was not linked to the major histocompatibility complex but correlated with the FV-1n allele, susceptibility to spontaneous leukaemia, and infection by neuropathogenic strains of LDV. These observations suggested that neuropathogenic strains of LDV elicit the disease only in those strains of mice that carry multiple copies of N-tropic C-type retroviruses in their genomes and that are permissive for retrovirus replication. Presumably the expression of these viral genomes (high titres of virus in tissues correlating with age) is the important factor. Here we present genetic evidence to support this hypothesis and briefly discuss the possible implications.
Quantifying Performance for the Integrated Project Delivery System as Compared to Established Delivery Systems

AbstractIntegrated project delivery (IPD) is an emerging construction project delivery system that collaboratively involves key participants very early in the project timeline, often before the design is started. It is distinguished by a multiparty contractual agreement that typically allows risks and rewards to be shared among project stakeholders. Because IPD is becoming increasingly popular, various organizations are expressing interest in its benefits to the architecture/engineering/construction (AEC) industry. However, no research studies have shown statistically significant performance differences between IPD and more established delivery systems. This study fills that missing gap by evaluating the performance of IPD projects compared to projects delivered using the more traditional design-bid-build, design-build, and construction management at-risk systems, and showing statistically significant improvements for IPD. Relevant literature was analyzed, and a data collection instrument was developed an...
LEARNED HEART-RATE CONTROL BY A PATIENT WITH A VENTRICULAR PARASYSTOLIC RHYTHM

Abstract A 31-year-old woman with a ventricular parasystolic rhythm is described. The arrhythmia was always absent below a rate of 72 per minute, and always present over a rate of 106 per minute. Voluntary heart-rate control was learned using a biofeedback technique, as a result of which she could increase her rate by 25 per minute and decrease it by 1-2 per minute. Both voluntary speeding and exercise brought on the arrhythmia, but later in the training she could reach a higher heart-rate before the arrhythmia appeared. Propranolol inhibited the arrhythmia only to the extent that it slowed the heart.
Handling noise in EBL: an abductive approach

Abstract Noise is a problem in any real-world domain. A system's sustained good performance in such domains hinges on its ability to handle noise gracefully, Explanation-based learning (EBL) systems typically ignore noise because of the insistence on generating deductive proofs. Two algorithms to handle noise in an EBL framework, using an abductive approach, are discussed. The first algorithm, using a noise-free domain theory and noise-free training examples, attempts to correct noisy test examples by matching them against the existing, operational concept. The second algorithm, based on an inductive-statistical approach, tries to recover from the effect of noisy training examples by aggregating evidence from the test examples. These algorithms have been validated using examples from two markedly different domains.
Comparison of Structure-Activity Relationships Derived from Two Methods for Estimating Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients

This study examines several established linear relationships between 96-hour acute toxicity to fish (as log LC50) and octanol-water partition coefficient (as log Kow) with regard to the effect of using a different method of calculating log Kow. For all seven classes of compounds examined here, the linear equation parameters, viz., slope, intercept, r2, and standard error of the estimated log LC50, were about the same for the two methods. As expected, the accuracies of predictions for individual compounds were often different for the two methods, but seldom remarkably so.
A simple procedure for obtaining autoradiographs of G-banded chromosomes

Chromosomal preparations from cells flash-labeled with 3H-dT were Giemsa-banded following trypsin digestion, allowed to air-dry, and then were coated with a layer of 1% Formvar. The slides were subsequently coated with radiographic emulsion (NTB2) and processed for autoradiography. The resulting chromosomes had distinct G-banding and radiographic labeling patterns. Chemographic grain formation in the emulsion, normally caused by Giemsa stain, was prevented by the film of Formvar, allowing a very low background grain level.
Girls on the Fringe: The Writing Lives of Two Adolescent Girls.

Writing plays an important role in young adults’ lives. It is tied to academic achievement and also provides young adults with a voice in social interactions, a way to express their feelings, and an opportunity to reflect on life events. This study explores the writing practices of 2 adolescent girls: Suzanne and Molly. On multiple occasions they had been suspended from school, attended an alternative school, and both had been incarcerated. Suzanne and Molly identified themselves as writers, as their personal writing served as a coping mechanism, a tool for communication, and a way to voice their lived experiences. Despite the power of writing in their lives, their in-school writing instruction was almost nonexistent.
A FEEDING GUIDE FOR SINGLE‐CROPPED CHANNEL CATFISH (Ictalurus punctatus)1

A feeding program was developed for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) which takes into consideration fish body size and water temperature. Recommended daily rations at 29°C ranged from 4.4% body weight for small fingerlings (76 nun) to 1.4% for harvest-sized fish (454 g). Rations are reduced at lower temperatures. Rations are adjusted daily based upon the assumption that catfish growth in length averaged 1.27 mm per day. Conversion (g food fed/g net gain) averaged 1.20 (±0.02) in eight separate trials over two years. A separate experiment tested the assumption of linearity of growth in length. Length increments were essentially linear when water temperature exceeded 25°C.
Foreign direct investment spillovers and firms’ access to credit

Using a unique data set from the Czech Republic for 1994–2003, this study examines the relationship between technological spillovers from foreign direct investment (FDI) and firms’ access to external finance. The empirical analysis indicates that overall, Czech firms benefit little from technological spillovers from FDI. However, a closer look at the financing of domestic firms suggests that firms that have access to external finance enjoy larger benefits from the presence of foreign firms in their own industry or in downstream industries, through increased productivity. The results highlight the importance of financial-sector development and access to external financing to increasing the productivity and competitiveness of domestic firms through technological spillovers from FDI. Our finding suggests that well-developed financial markets may be needed in order to take full advantage of the benefits associated with FDI inflows.
Role of information in classical and Bayesian modelling

Information plays a significant role in a decision-making process. Managerial decisions require applied statistical analysis. It is a common practice to use the method of classical least squares. It was observed that indirect least squares type estimation for structural models yields empirically unstable and highly variable results. In this paper we show that this instability and high variability of estimates stems from the lack of information in classical modelling. We suggest Bayesian modelling that allows decision makers to incorporate more information and yields stable and improved results. We provide empirical results in support of the role of information.
Training in Evidence-Based Interventions (EBIs): What are school psychology programs teaching?

Abstract This study examined the degree to which school psychology programs provided training in Evidence-Based Interventions (EBIs). Survey data were collected from 97 school psychology training directors to assess their familiarity, level of student exposure, and perceived importance of EBIs. This study also examined the contextual factors that interfere with EBI training, and whether students are taught to apply the criteria developed by Divisions 12, 16, and 53 of the APA when evaluating outcome research. Results indicated that relatively low percentages of respondents were familiar with the EBIs included on the survey, exposure to EBIs occurred more frequently in coursework than practical experiences, and EBIs were rated as either somewhat important or important. Lack of time was rated as the most serious challenge to EBI training and a high percentage of directors reported students were taught to apply the criteria developed by professional organizations in psychology and education when evaluating outcome research.
Guidelines for Skills Development Comprehension

(1981). Guidelines for Skills Development Comprehension. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 121-126.
Effects of TGFβ2 on Collagen Synthesis in Cultured Normal and Wounded Fetal Mouse Palates

Abstract Objective: It has been demonstrated in a number of models that fetal wounds heal with little or no scar. Since collagen is an integral part of the extracellular matrix in adult scar formation, we studied the synthesis and localization of collagen in an in vitro mouse palate model for fetal wound healing. Methods: Palates, dissected from fetal mice at 15, 16, and 17 days of gestation and from newborn mice, were cultured in medium containing serum (for 8 hours); this was followed by culture in serum-free medium (for 12 hours). One-half of the samples from each age group were wounded in the midline. All samples were placed in serum-free medium containing 20 μCl/mL 3H-proline for 8 hours. In addition, palates from 15-day gestation and from newborn mice were also incubated with transforming growth factor TGFβ2 (10 ng/mL). Palates were washed with saline, homogenized, and radioactivity was counted. Proline uptake was calculated for each sample as counts per milligram of protein and was subjected to sta...
Source of the Difference between the Measurement of Water in Hydrocarbons As Determined by the Volumetric and Coulometric Karl Fischer Methods

The disparity between the volumetric and coulometric Karl Fischer methods for the measurement of water in hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon mixtures (oils) has been resolved. The amount of water detected by the volumetric method when the titration vessel solution is homogeneous is higher than that measured coulometrically or volumetrically when the titration vessel solution is heterogeneous. Water in oil that is not measured by the coulometric method when the oil is incompletely dissolved has been shown to reside in the oil phase of the heterogeneous (multiphasic) coulometric vessel suspension. Water that is not measured volumetrically under relatively low chloroform concentrations after the point of transition to a heterogeneous titration vessel solution is reached also appears to reside in the nonaqueous phase of the titration vessel solution. It appears that this water is retained in the hydrocarbon phase in a manner such that it is completely inaccessible to the volumetric or coulometric Karl Fischer reagents.
Postpneumonectomy Pulmonary Edema: Can It Be Predicted Preoperatively?

Postpneumonectomy pulmonary edema (PPE) is a rarely reported form of acute lung injury which occurs in up to 4% of all pneumonectomies. The details of two well-documented cases of PPE are described with special emphasis paid to the preoperative lung functions. Both cases illustrated a striking disparity between preserved spirometric lung function and advanced emphysema as detected by quantitative CT emphysema scores and single-breath diffusion of carbon monoxide measurements. Though retrospective in nature, these results suggest a restricted capillary volume plays a critical role in the development of PPE.
Ottoman Shock-and-Awe and the Rise of Protestantism: Luther's Reactions to the Ottoman Invasions of the Early Sixteenth Century

Is Edward Said's model of Orientalism relevant to understanding the Germanlanguage reactions to the conflict between European countries and the Ottoman Empire that occurred in southeastern and central Europe from the late fourteenth to the early twentieth centuries? For over three hundred years during this period, German discussions of Ottoman Turks as representative Orientals and Muslims were conceived not in the context of European hegemony over the Middle East but rather at a time when the military strength of the Ottomans posed an actual threat to southeastern and central Europe. The destruction brought about by the invading army was devastating; cities and villages were pillaged and plundered; fields were burned, women were raped, and captives, including many children, were sold into slavery. As the Ottomans moved closer to central European areas, Germans and other Europeans reacted to these traumatic events with panic and desperation – with Carl Gollner's studies in particular challenging Stephen Fischer-Galati 's statement that "there is no panic in Germany" after the siege of Vienna ("Ottoman Imperialism" 161). The period of hostility between the Ottoman Empire and an alliance of armies from the Holy Roman Empire coincided with the continued strife between various factions of religious and political leaders in Germany and in Europe. Particularly important in this context is the rise of the Reformation movement, which brought with it a complex power struggle that involved the ruling dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire, various factions of territorial rulers, other European powers, the pope, and the theologians of the Reformation movement led by Martin Luther.
Characterization of the complexation of diflunisal with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin

The equilibrium dialysis method was applied to the determination of drug cyclodextrin stability constants using diflunisal and 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPBCD) as a model system. Analysis of the data showed the existence of a linear Scatchard plot, indicative of the formation of a 1:1 diflunisal:HPBCD complex. The mean complexation constant (Kc) +/- S.D. was 3,892 +/- 360 M(-1). The stoichiometry of the complex was verified using the appropriate mass action law equation. The diflunisal:HPBCD complex was also investigated using titration microcalorimetry. A Kc of 3,394 M(-1) was obtained together with an enthalpy change (deltaH) of -20.76 kJ/mol(-1). The Kc values obtained here using the equilibrium dialysis and microcalorimetric methods were comparable to one reported previously using a potentiometric method (5,564 +/- 56 M(-1)).
Computer analysis of hoarseness.

The harmonic components in hoarse voice were separated from the noise components by using a small laboratory computer. The ratio of harmonics to noise or S/N ratio, was calculated and compared with...
Factors influencing male sexual response in the American cockroachPeriplaneta americana

Male sexual response inPeriplaneta americana is influenced by the presence or absence of sex pheromone, the length of time since last exposure to pheromone, the length of that exposure, and the photocycle. Females begin emission of sex pheromone 9 or more days after the molt to adult. The quantity emitted does not appear to be influenced by the photocycle. During the light phase of the photocycle, males only respond to high concentrations of pheromone. They recover quickly after brief exposures, but after prolonged exposures, a second exposure 24 h later elicited responses of lower intensity.
YinYang Bipolar Relativity - A Unifying Theory of Nature, Agents and Life Science

YinYang bipolar relativity and a real world bipolar string theory are introduced as a unification of nature, agents, and life science. Nine axioms and 16 conjectures are posted for microscopic and macroscopic agent interaction, regulation, coordination, and exploratory scientific discovery in physical and social sciences. It is concluded that bipolar relativity constitutes an equilibrium-based axiomatization of physics – a partial but most general solution to Hilbert’s Problem 6.
Multiple Ordering and the Low-Temperature Phase Transition in Fe 3 O 4

The multiple-ordering theory of the low-temperature transition in ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ is established by observation of two peaks in the heat capacity and by changes in the shapes of the M\"ossbauer lines, both occurring between 113 and 123 K. The two transitions are believed to arise from different mechanisms and the shapes of the heat-capacity peaks respond differently to impurities. Concern about the predictions of the theory regarding the low-temperature phase is occasioned by the paucity of structural data.
Energy-Saving Event-Driven Wakeup and Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper proposes a novel Energy-Efficient Event- Driven (ESED) routing and data dissemination paradigm to address an open problem of wide interest in wireless sensor networks: the routing and data dissemination design for the applications with an event-driven data delivery model when geographic information is not available. ESED not only addresses the characteristics of such kind of applications, but also adapts to a dynamic network topology. First, to adapt to topology change with low routing overhead, ESED maintains direction vectors to data sinks through both global updates with a very low rate and timely local updates and detects multiple routes simultaneously. Moreover, data sources generate route detections upon detecting an event of interest and forward them to only a few directions. Finally, a node forwards route confirmations only to the nodes that have a need. Extensive simulation studies demonstrate that ESED achieves 100% success ratio of data delivery with low latency, low routing overhead, and low energy dissipation.
Differential expression of unconventional myosins in apoptotic and regenerating chick hair cells confirms two regeneration mechanisms.

Hair cells of the inner ear are damaged by intense noise, aging, and aminoglycoside antibiotics. Gentamicin causes oxidative damage to hair cells, inducing apoptosis. In mammals, hair cell loss results in a permanent deficit in hearing and balance. In contrast, avians can regenerate lost hair cells to restore auditory and vestibular function. This study examined the changes of myosin VI and myosin VIIa, two unconventional myosins that are critical for normal hair cell formation and function, during hair cell death and regeneration. During the late stages of apoptosis, damaged hair cells are ejected from the sensory epithelium. There was a 4–5-fold increase in the labeling intensity of both myosins and a redistribution of myosin VI into the stereocilia bundle, concurrent with ejection. Two separate mechanisms were observed during hair cell regeneration. Proliferating supporting cells began DNA synthesis 60 hours after gentamicin treatment and peaked at 72 hours postgentamicin treatment. Some of these mitotically produced cells began to differentiate into hair cells at 108 hours after gentamicin (36 hours after bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) administration), as demonstrated by the colabeling of myosin VI and BrdU. Myosin VIIa was not expressed in the new hair cells until 120 hours after gentamicin. Moreover, a population of supporting cells expressed myosin VI at 78 hours after gentamicin treatment and myosin VIIa at 90 hours. These cells did not label for BrdU and differentiated far too early to be of mitotic origin, suggesting they arose by direct transdifferentiation of supporting cells into hair cells.
In Vivo Self-Interaction of Nodavirus RNA Replicase Protein A Revealed by Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer

Flock house virus (FHV) is the best-characterized member of the Nodaviridae, a family of small, positive-strand RNA viruses. Unlike most RNA viruses, FHV encodes only a single polypeptide, protein A, that is required for RNA replication. Protein A contains a C-proximal RNA-dependent RNA polymerase domain and localizes via an N-terminal transmembrane domain to the outer mitochondrial membrane, where FHV RNA replication takes place in association with invaginations referred to as spherules. We demonstrate here that protein A self-interacts in vivo by using flow cytometric analysis of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), spectrofluorometric analysis of bioluminescence resonance energy transfer, and coimmunoprecipitation. Several nonoverlapping protein A sequences were able to independently direct protein-protein interaction, including an N-terminal region previously shown to be sufficient for localization to the outer mitochondrial membrane (D. J. Miller and P. Ahlquist, J. Virol. 76:9856-9867, 2000). Mutations in protein A that diminished FRET also diminished FHV RNA replication, a finding consistent with an important role for protein A self-interaction in FHV RNA synthesis. Thus, the results imply that FHV protein A functions as a multimer rather than as a monomer at one or more steps in RNA replication.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Child Neurology: Current and Future Directions

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a method for focal brain stimulation based on the principle of electromagnetic induction, where small intracranial electric currents are generated by a powerful, rapidly changing extracranial magnetic field. Over the past 2 decades TMS has shown promise in the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of neurological and psychiatric disease in adults, but has been used on a more limited basis in children. We reviewed the literature to identify potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications of TMS in child neurology and also its safety in pediatrics. Although TMS has not been associated with any serious side effects in children and appears to be well tolerated, general safety guidelines should be established. The potential for applications of TMS in child neurology and psychiatry is significant. Given its excellent safety profile and possible therapeutic effect, this technique should develop as an important tool in pediatric neurology over the next decade.
Geology of the MER 2003 “Elysium” candidate landing site in southeastern Utopia Planitia, Mars

[1] The NASA Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Project has been considering a landing-site ellipse designated EP78B2 in southeastern Utopia Planitia, southwest of Elysium Mons. The site appears to be relatively safe for a MER landing site because of its predicted low wind velocities in mesoscale atmospheric circulation models and its low surface roughness at various scales as indicated by topographic and imaging data sets. Previously, the site's surface rocks have been interpreted to be marine sediments or lava flows. In addition, we suggest that Late Noachian to Early Hesperian collapse and mass wasting of Noachian highland rocks contributed to the deposition of detritus in the area of the ellipse. Furthermore, we document partial Late Hesperian to Early Amazonian resurfacing of the ellipse by flows and vents that may be of mud or silicate volcanic origin. A rover investigation of the Utopia landing site using the MER Athena instrument package might address some fundamental aspects of Martian geologic evolution, such as climate change, hydrologic evolution, and magmatic and tectonic history.
The eigencanceler: adaptive radar by eigenanalysis methods

It is shown that the dominant eigenvectors of the space-time correlation matrix contain all the information about the space-time distribution of the interferences. The eigencanceler is a new approach to adaptive radar beamforming in which the weight vector is constrained to be in the noise subspace, the subspace orthogonal to the dominant eigenvectors. Two types of eigencancelers are suggested: the minimum power eigencanceler (MPE) and the minimum norm eigencanceler (MNE). It is shown that while the MPE is implemented as a linear combination of noise eigenvectors, the MNE can be formed using dominant eigenvectors only. Particularly for short data records, the MNE provides superior clutter and jammers cancellation, as well as lower variations in the pattern and lower distortion of the mainbeam, and can be carried out at a smaller computational cost than other known beamformers, such as the minimum variance beamformer.
Comprehensive beam jitter study for the commissioning of the intermediate matching section and drift tube linac at Ground Test Accelerator

An experiment on the Ground Test Accelerator (GTA) for the Neutral Particle Beam (NPB) at Los Alamos commissioned the intermediate matching section (IMS) and a single 3.2-MeV drift tube linac (DTL). A diagnostic platform or D-plate was used at the output of the DTL in order to measure various beam parameters. The D-plate and other diagnostic devices located in the IMS, provided measurement of the horizontal and vertical beam position, current, energy, and output phase. These instruments were installed to perform a complete beam jitter analysis based on the current beamline configuration to better understand the causes of any jitter sources as well as to prepare for the initial design of future feedback control systems. The study explored all types of jitter for various beamline configurations. Both interpulse jitter (jitter from pulse to pulse) and intrapulse jitter (jitter within each macropulse) were investigated. Spectral and statistical time analyses were used. Spectral analysis was employed to gain an understanding of the spectral contributions of various jitter sources to determine the degree of correction possible. Statistical time analysis gave a good overall representation of the jitter magnitude and allowed easy comparison of jitter for different beamline configurations, as well as an easy method for determining consistent problems. >
Aliasing in 1/f(alpha) noise spectra: origins, consequences, and remedies.

The scaling exponent of a $1∕{f}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ noise time series is commonly estimated from the power-law slope of its Fourier power spectrum. Here I show that because $1∕{f}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ noises typically have significant power above the Nyquist frequency, measurements of their power spectra will often be severely distorted by aliasing, not only near the Nyquist frequency, but also far below it. I show that spectral aliasing typically leads to large systematic biases in the scaling exponents, and thus the fractal dimensions, that are estimated from the power-law slopes of $1∕{f}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ noise spectra. I describe a simple spectral filtering method that corrects the distortions introduced by spectral aliasing, and recovers the broadband spectrum of $1∕{f}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ noises. Like a Wiener filter, this filtering method does not require that the correct spectrum is known in advance. I illustrate this filtering technique using two environmental noise spectra that are distorted by aliasing.
Therapists' Helpful and Unhelpful Situations With LGBT Clients: An Exploratory Study

The purpose of this exploratory study was to identify a broad range of variables that characterize psychotherapists’ perceptions of helpful and unhelpful therapy experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals. In-depth, semistructured interviews were conducted with a diverse sample of 14 psychotherapists to identify such variables and patterns among them. Results suggest that a wide range of variables, including the therapeutic relationship, therapist response to the client’s sexual orientation/ gender identity, type of presenting concern, and the therapy environment, may affect the therapy experiences of this population. The data also suggest that factors such as ethnicity, gender identity, therapy needs, and socioeconomic status should be considered when providing mental health services to this population. Clients dealing with multiple types of marginalization may be particularly challenging for practitioners. Implications for future research and clinical practice are discussed.
Neighbor Knowledge of Mobile Nodes in a Road Network

A key challenge for wireless networks in which nodes can move is for each node to keep track of its dynamically changing set of nearby nodes (neighbors). We present a solution for nodes to maintain neighbor knowledge where nodes communicate via wireless broadcast and are restricted to move on a two-dimensional road network. A road network is a collection of one-dimensional lines that may intersect each other. For nodes to exchange neighbor information, we construct a deterministic collision-free broadcast schedule which utilizes time division multiplexing and geographical segmentation. Under a certain node density requirement and assuming initial neighbor knowledge, our broadcast schedule tolerates node movement on the road network while providing deterministic guarantees in maintaining neighbor knowledge. We also provide a lower bound on the speed of a message propagation given our broadcast schedule. In addition, we consider grouping nodes into clusters and show that, under certain conditions, neighbor knowledge is maintained when two different clusters move close to each other. Finally, we address the issue of obtaining initial neighbor knowledge.
Product formulas and inequalities involving θ functions

Product formulas and inequalities involving θ functions are established. Main results of this paper were obtained using Carlson's half-argument formulas for the quotients of functions under discussion.
Interpreting results of cluster surveys in emergency settings: is the LQAS test the best option?

Cluster surveys are commonly used in humanitarian emergencies to measure health and nutrition indicators. Deitchler et al. have proposed to use Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) hypothesis testing in cluster surveys to classify the prevalence of global acute malnutrition as exceeding or not exceeding the pre-established thresholds. Field practitioners and decision-makers must clearly understand the meaning and implications of using this test in interpreting survey results to make programmatic decisions. We demonstrate that the LQAS test–as proposed by Deitchler et al. – is prone to producing false-positive results and thus is likely to suggest interventions in situations where interventions may not be needed. As an alternative, to provide more useful information for decision-making, we suggest reporting the probability of an indicator's exceeding the threshold as a direct measure of "risk". Such probability can be easily determined in field settings by using a simple spreadsheet calculator. The "risk" of exceeding the threshold can then be considered in the context of other aggravating and protective factors to make informed programmatic decisions.
Clinal Variation in the Halesia carolina Complex (Styracaceae)

Abstract The Halesia carolina complex has consisted of several poorly defined taxa endemic to the southeastern United States. To help resolve the taxonomy of this complex, seventeen morphological characters thought to be of taxonomic utility were measured from 286 herbarium specimens collected throughout the range of the complex and analyzed with Pearson's correlations. No character exhibits a distinct gap in character states; rather, most characters display broadly clinal patterns of variation that are significantly associated with latitude. Several characters also exhibit significant partial correlations. Principal components analysis does not reveal distinct clusters. The apparently concordant clines spanning the range of the complex suggest secondary contact of at least two formerly isolated groups, possibly a result of Quaternary glacial cycles. Morphological intergradation among populations is now so extensive as to preclude the recognition of more than a single species, H. carolina, without infrasp...
Using Social Media for Research Dissemination: The Digital Research Video Project

Summary This article discusses the outcomes of the Digital Research Video Project, which was part of the larger Social Media Knowledge Exchange program at the Centre for Research in the Arts, Social Sciences, and Humanities (CRASSH) at the University of Cambridge and funded by the Arts & Humanities Research Council (UK). The project was founded on the premise that open access publication of research, while important, does not necessarily make research accessible. Often, PhD students and post-doctoral scholars lack the skills needed to communicate their research to a broader audience. The goal of the project was, first, to provide communication training to early career researchers (achieved through a workshop held in autumn 2012) and second, to create illustrated videos highlighting projects by early career researchers that would help them engage with their work using multimedia and share their results with a larger audience. This article considers the methods of dissemination and impact of the project. This research was funded by the AHRC, made Open Access via Research Councils UK block grant to the University of Cambridge.
Laser Plasma Formation in Air Using Dual Pulse Pre-Ionization

This contribution details an experimental and theoretical study of tailoring laser plasma temperature using two overlapped laser pulses of nanosecond duration. The method utilizes an ultraviolet pulsed laser beam to achieve pre-ionization, followed by a second, nearinfrared, superimposed pulse to provide energy addition in a controllable fashion through electron avalanche ionization (EAI). Experiments were conducted in atmospheric pressure air. It was observed during experiments, and through numerical simulations, that the preionization beam influences the breakdown threshold of the overlapped second beam. A subsequent study used laser Schlieren images as a diagnostic tool to aid the understanding of the temporal and spatial evolution of the breakdown kernel. Schlieren images of the overlapped ultraviolet and near-infrared beams were obtained at various time-delays for both breakdown and below breakdown conditions.
The Definition and Measurement of Ambiences

A NUMBER of recent developments have given new importance to formal sociology, as originally defined by Simmel: "Geometrical abstraction investigates only the spatial forms of bodies, although empirically these forms are given merely as the forms of some material content. Similarly, if society is conceived as interaction among individuals, the description of the forms of this interaction is the task of science of society in its strictest and most essential sense."' Within the last decade, the description of forms of interaction has become a thriving branch of behavioral research. At the same time, the geometrical analysis of interaction has been greatly facilitated by the development of new symbols and concepts. The present study arose from an attempt2 to outline a general classification of human collectivities, including organizations, which are more or less permanent systems of specified roles, groups, defined as unities of particular persons in interaction, and aggregates, which are described by summarizing the characteristics of individual members, one by one.3 In the attempt to apply this typology to empirical data about neighborhood relationships, it became apparent that the classification does not provide for a system which is in some sense intermediate between the interacting group and the unrelated aggregate. All the neighbors with whom a given subject sustains interaction above a stated minimum level comprise a meaningful collectivity, whose members are not necessarily in interaction with each other. In some cases, the members of these groupings are completely disconnected and have no mutual relationships except through the subject. In other instances, each member may sustain interaction with many others. There are a number of terms in common usage which are related to this concept of the collectivity of all persons interacting with a designated subject. We talk readily of a circle of acquaintances, of the old gang, of a subject's milieu, or of his contacts. Although there is no generic term, ambience! is etymologically reasonable. The concept of the ambience is implicit in much recent research in group dynamics, including the work of Bavelas,6 Jacobson and Seashore6 Festinger, Schachter, and Back,7 and a number of other investigators identified with the Lewin school. The Yankee City Study contains a great deal of information about status effects in the formation of ambiences.8 The work of Homans9 in attempting to set up basic postulates for a theory of interaction and the very interesting attempt of Simon to express these postulates in a system of differential equations,10 lead very directly to ambience problems. The sociometrists need only extend their time scale from that of the single observed situation to some longer period to be faced with the need for defining, describing, and analyzing ambiences.11 In still another direction,
Guild Socialism and Pluralism

It is impossible accurately to determine whether the more potent line of causation of the recent attack on the orthodox theory of the state is to be found in the field of the developing science of jurisprudence, or in that of practical experience, economic, religious, social, and political, inasmuch as both of these factors are so largely involved. There is reason to think, however, that the more important cause lies in the latter field. The conditions of modern life are changing so rapidly and are becoming daily so much more complex that to many the existing political organization no longer adequately expresses or reflects the social organization behind it. These individuals and groups have in consequence become so discontented with the present system that they have not been satisfied with suggesting new governmental forms and machinery, but failing in their enthusiasm to distinguish state from government, have undertaken in many cases to overthrow the very citadel of the state itself. Nor has the movement halted even at this point, for in this attempt not only has the attack been launched against the nature of the state and of sovereignty, through the calling into question of its two fundamental attributes, unity and absolutism, but the charge has been carried over into the realm of right as well, in the challenging of the right and the justification of the absolute sovereign state.
Identifying potential BO2 oxide polymorphs for epitaxial growth candidates.

Transition metal dioxides (BO2) exhibit a number of polymorphic structures with distinct properties, but the isolation of different polymorphs for a given composition is carried out using trial and error experimentation. We present computational studies of the relative stabilities and equations of state for six polymorphs (anatase, brookite, rutile, columbite, pyrite, and fluorite) of five different BO2 dioxides (B = Ti, V, Ru, Ir, and Sn). These properties were computed in a consistent fashion using several exchange correlation functionals within the density functional theory formalism, and the effects of the different functionals are discussed relative to their impact on predictive synthesis. We compare the computational results to prior observations of high-pressure synthesis and epitaxial film growth and then use this discussion to predict new accessible polymorphs in the context of epitaxial stabilization using isostructural substrates. For example, the relative stabilities of the columbite polymorph...
PROGRESS IN HYDROGEN PEROXIDE OXIDIZED HYBRID ROCKET EXPERIMENTS

The experimental apparatus at Purdue University has been utilized for continued understanding of storable oxidize: hybrid rocket combustion. The testing focuses on fuel regression behavior of different molecular weight polyethylene burned with 85% stabilized hydrogen peroxide. Polyethylene from the groups of Ultra High Molecular Weight (UHMW), High Density (HDPE) and Low Density (LDPE) were tested in a single port grain geometry. Total port mass flux levels between 0.125 and 0.3 ibm/(in2s) were tested at identical oxidizer mass flow rates and average chamber pressure conditions (100 psia). Data from these tests were then used to determine combustion efficiency, ignition transient effects and to assess bulk combustion stability. A power law fuel regression based on total mass flux is provided for each type of polyethylene tested. It was determined that the exponent for each material type was just below 0.8, the theoretical value for turbulent flows. Limited fuel regression data is also provided for low density polyethylene at higher total mass flux levels and pressures.
Distribution and source of transparent exopolymer particles in the northern Bering Sea

Transparent exopolymer particles(TEP) are large,sticky particles in marine environments,and play a significant role in particle dynamics,carbon export,food web energy transfer and scavenging of trace metals.Samples were collected from the northern Bering Sea during summer 2010 for measurements of TEP and other hydrographic parameters to examine the abundance,distributions and sources of TEP.Our results showed that TEP concentrations ranged from 34 to 628 mg/m3(Xeq).The averaged TEP concentrations in the shelf,slope and basin were 240,145 and 83 mg/m3(Xeq),respectively,showing a general decrease from the shelf to the basin.In the slope and basin areas,TEP concentrations decreased with the increasing depth.However,high concentrations of TEP were observed in the shelf bottom waters,coincided with the high values of TSM and POC.The correlations between TEP and fluorescence,TSM and POC suggested two sources of TEP in the northern Bering Sea:(1) in situ production from planktons in the upper water column,and(2) benthic biological processes in the sediments.High TEP concentrations in the shelf bottom waters was predominantly derived from sediment resuspension,which may have a potential effect on carbon biogeochemical cycle and scavenging of trace elements in shelf regions.
Study on Amplitude Attributes of Seismic Wave in Gas Hydrate Reservoir

This paper took the seismic data of the actual hydrate existence in American Blake Ridge as an example.By using seismic data in the four layers,namely the sea bottom layer,the top layer of hydrate,the hydrate layer and the free gas layer in seismic section,the seismic attribute extraction was analyzed,and attribute characteristics of every layer was studied.The results showed that eight attributes characteristics in four layers,namely root of mean square amplitude,mean absolute amplitude,mean energy amplitude,variation kurtosis,absolute amplitude integration,total energy,maximum of the power spectrum and the energy in limited band,were similar,and that the attributes in the sea bottom layer were the highest,and decreased in due order in the hydrate layer,the free gas layer and the top layer of hydrate.The hydrate layer and the free gas layer could obviously be distinguished.Therefore,the existence of gas hydrate was indicated by comparing the amplitude attribute values of every layer,and it offered a valuable reference for the hydrate recognition and exploitation.
The Improving Study for Scheme About High Order Harmonics Produced by AC/DC/AC Frequency Alterable Mill and Application

With more and more IGCT and IGBT is used in the AC/DC/AC frequency alterable main driving system on mill,the harmonics produced by larger rolling mill production line express some new characteristics.Except some com-mon harmonics,it will produce many 35th order harmonics.This harmonic affectes the normal operation and test of the mill production line seriously and the power factor of the driving system is very high,the reactive power to be com-pensated is small,if we select filters according to the characteristic harmonics,that will result in over compensation.after study and analysis for the engineering project,a applicable design is selected and used in a large mill produc-tion line.The effects is very good,and it has good reference and worthiness to similar power quality projects.
Research Progress on Chemical Modification Methods of Polyaniline

As a conductive polymer,polyaniline( PANI) has become a research focus because of its good environmental stability,easy preparation and wide applications in a variety of industries. However,PANI lacks solubility and processability due to its rigid backbone and large intermolecular interactions,which limit its practical application scope. Chemical modification methods of PANI improving the solubility property and processing property are reviewed, which consist of doping different acid chemistry,sulfonation of PANI,copolymerization modification,incorporation of flexible alkyl chains in the PANI backbone. The review provides guidance for the expansion of PANI application fields. Future research direction is also proposed for the chemical modifications of polyaniline.
Standardized Exercise Tests and Simulated Terrestrial Mission Task Performance.

Background Missions to terrestrial destinations (i.e., asteroids, the Moon, and Mars) will consist of physically challenging mission-critical tasks. These tasks, coupled with the negative physiological effects of prolonged microgravity exposure, create a plausible situation in which physical requirements may exceed an astronaut's physical capacity. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to evaluate the association of aerobic fitness and muscular strength parameters with performance during two field tests designed to simulate upper-body mission-critical activities. Methods There were 70 subjects who completed a material transport field test requiring the loading, transport, and unloading of geological samples and a device operations field test consisting of tasks associated with equipment set-up and the operations of controls and valves. The relationships between test duration and the following measurements were determined: running Vo(2max), gas exchange threshold (GET), speed at Vo(2max) (s-Vo(2max)), highest sustainable rate of aerobic metabolism [critical speed (CS)], and the finite distance that could be covered above CS (D'); and arm cranking Vo(2peak), GET, critical power (CP), and the finite work that can be performed above CP (W'). Results CP (r = -0.66), CS (r = -0.56), and arm cranking Vo(2peak) (r = -0.54) were most strongly correlated with the material transport field test and decision tree analysis revealed CP as the best predictor of performance. For the device operations field test, CP (r = -0.70), CS (r = -0.62), and arm cranking peak power output (r = -0.56) were significant predictors. Discussion Arm cranking tests are strongly associated with upper-body dependent tasks, highlighting that the nature of mission tasks needs to be considered when evaluating astronaut physical capacity.