cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sir- and Silencer-Independent Disruption of Silencing in Saccharomyces by Sas10p

A promoter fusion library of Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes was used to exploit phenotypes associated with altered protein dosage. We identified a novel gene, SAS10, by the ability of Sas10p, when overproduced, to disrupt silencing. The predicted Sas10p was 70,200 kD and strikingly rich in charged amino acids. Sas10p was exclusively nuclear in all stages of the cell cycle. Overproduction of Sas10p caused derepression of mating type genes at both HML and HMR, as well as of URA3, TRP1, and ADE2 when inserted near a telomere or at HMR or the rDNA locus. Repressed genes not associated with silenced chromatin were unaffected. Sas10p was essential for viability, and the termination point following Sas10p depletion was as large budded cells. Remarkably, Sas10p overproduction disrupted silencing even under conditions that bypassed the requirement for Sir proteins, ORC, and Rap1p in silencing. These data implied that Sas10p function was intimately connected with the structure of silenced chromatin.
THE FINE STRUCTURE OF NERVE CELL BODIES AND THEIR MYELIN SHEATHS IN THE EIGHTH NERVE GANGLION OF THE GOLDFISH

The eighth cranial nerve ganglion consists of bipolar nerve cell bodies each occupying part of an internodal segment. The perikaryal sheaths range from a single layer of Schwann cell cytoplasm on the smallest cells to typical thick compact myelin on the largest. On most perikarya, the sheath displays an intermediate form, consisting of multiple layers of Schwann cell cytoplasm (loose myelin), or of loose and compact myelin continuous with each other. Internodes beyond the one containing the cell body bear only compact myelin. In loose myelin the thickness of each layer of Schwann cell cytoplasm is about 100 A. It may be much greater (∼ 3000 A) particularly in the outermost layers of the sheath, or the cytoplasm may thin and even disappear with formation of a major dense line. The cytoplasmic layers are separated from each other by a light zone, 40 to 200 A wide, which in its broader portions may contain an intermediate line. Desmosomes sometimes occur between lamellae. In addition to the usual organelles, the perikaryal cytoplasm contains granular and membranous inclusions. Large cells covered by compact myelin have a consistently higher concentration of neurofilaments, and some of the largest cells, in addition, show a reduced concentration of ribosomes. The functional significance and possible origins of perikaryal myelin sheaths are discussed.
Factors associated with cancer incidence and with all-cause mortality after cancer diagnosis among human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons during the combination antiretroviral therapy era.

In the era of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), life expectancy of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons living in industrialized nations has improved substantially [1–8] but remains decreased compared with uninfected counterparts, [9,10] due in part to an excess of comorbidities not traditionally associated with HIV infection, including certain cancers. [11–14] The results of several studies have shown that persons infected with HIV have an elevated cancer risk compared with the general population, [15–18] which may be attributable in part to the higher prevalence of traditional cancer risk factors in the HIV-infected population, including smoking, [19–21] alcohol use, [21,22] and coinfection with oncogenic viruses. [23–26] However, persistent chronic inflammation and HIV-related immunodeficiency may also affect cancer incidence as well as survival after cancer diagnosis. [27–29] In the cART era, cancer is a major cause of death among persons infected with HIV, [11,30] and the epidemiology of cancer among persons infected with HIV is changing. [31] However, little is known about survival among persons infected with HIV with newly diagnosed cancer in the United States. Most published studies are either from cohorts in other (non-US) countries or evaluate survival among persons infected with HIV with a single cancer type in small cohorts. [32–39] We examined cancer incidence and all-cause mortality after cancer diagnosis among HIV-infected persons enrolled in the HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS). In addition, we examined factors associated with cancer incidence and those associated with mortality after cancer diagnosis. Furthermore, we evaluated survival after cancer diagnosis stratified by cancer type (acquired immune deficiency syndrome [AIDS]-defining, non-AIDS-defining infection-related cancers [NADCI], and non-AIDS-defining noninfection-related cancers [NADCNI]) and included a variable for HOPS calendar period of cancer diagnosis, stratified into 3 time periods (1996–2000, 2001–2005, 2006–2010), to account for improvements in patient management and HIV treatments during the cART era.
Streptococcus mutans and the problem of heart cross-reactivity.

Investigations of immune responses to Streptococcus mutans have fostered consideration of vaccination as a possible preventive measure against dental caries. However, the finding that hyperimmune rabbit antisera to S. mutans sometimes give immunofluorescent reactions on human heart raised concerns over safety, especially as most individuals display circulating antibodies to this common oral organism. Recent progress in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of the well-established immunological cross-reactivity between group A streptococci and human heart tissue and the structure of S. mutans antigens permits a re-evaluation of this problem. This review examines the evidence for heart cross-reactivity induced by S. mutans in relation to studies on group A streptococci and current understanding of autoimmunity. Although the mechanisms involved in this phenomenon need further clarification, it now appears that it cannot be ascribed to antigenic similarity between heart tissue and a high-molecular-weight surfa...
Research Report: Information Technology and Investment Incentives in Distributed Operations

In distributed operations with positive externalities between branches, local underinvestment occurs because one branch does not account for the impact of its actions on other branches. Previous work found that an IT-enabled incentive mechanism called “ownership of customers” (OoC) reduced the problem of local underinvestment by accounting for inter-branch transactions. This report examines the impact of including investment by a central office on the set of previously developed results for local investment by branches. It shows that ownership of customers can reduce the problem of both central and local underinvestment. It also demonstrates how central investment can yield second-best levels of profitability—optimal profits given contracting problems in local investment with branches. It highlights how charging branches a unit fee to fund the needed level of central investment is consistent with that second-best solution.
Greedy Cache Management Techniques for Mobile Devices

Mobile devices are configured with one or more wireless cards that provide limited radio-range and unreliable transmission. These energy-constrained devices are configured with a fixed amount of storage. A device may set aside a fraction of its local storage as a cache to minimize use of the network when servicing requests, enhancing metrics such as startup latency and data availability. In this paper, we focus on a repository of continuous media (audio and video) clips and study several greedy cache management techniques and their cache hit rates. This metric reflects what percentage of requests for clips is serviced when a mobile device is disconnected from the network. The device becomes network detached due to factors such as residing in a densely populated geographical location with over committed network bandwidth or travels to geographical areas with no base station coverage. We investigate repositories of both equisized and variable-sized clips, identifying limitations of the current techniques. Our primary contribution is development of three novel techniques to address these limitations. They are adaptable and provide competitive cache hit rates. One technique, called Dynamic Simple, provides a higher-cache hit rate and adapts faster to changing patterns of access to clips when compared with other techniques.
The Health Care Workforce: Will It Be Ready as the Boomers Age? A Review of How We Can Know (or Not Know) the Answer

The baby-boom generation will reach the age of eligibility for Medicare starting in 2011. This large group of Americans will require more health care, and more health care workers will be needed to meet those needs. Understanding the needs as well as the size of the workforce needed requires substantial analysis and extensive data. Two major approaches can be used to make these estimates, and the choice of both methods and assumptions can affect the outcomes of any analysis. For the United States to make workforce policy decisions with the best information, we must invest in systems and resources to generate those data and support policy-making bodies that can interpret and make recommendations consistent with the analyses.
Variations in Lay Health Theories: Implications for Consumer Health Care Decision Making

Wide variations in how contemporary consumers think about health and make health care decisions often go unrecognized by health care marketers and public policy decision makers. In the current global environment, prevailing Western viewpoints on health and conventional biomedicine are being challenged by a countervailing belief system forming the basis for alternative health care practices. The ways American consumers once thought about health have changed and multiplied in this new era of competing health paradigms. Our study provides empirical evidence for this assertion in two ways. First, it demonstrates that in the current environment consumers think about health and health care in a multiplicity of very different ways, leading to the conclusion that we should not classify health care consumers as either conventional or alternative. Second, the results provide clues as to how individuals holding diverse health theories make health care decisions that impact health behaviors, treatment efficacy, and s...
Coastal zone problems: A basis for evaluation

Abstract An important but difficult step in evaluating coastal programs is the formulation of meaningful and measurable criteria for purposes of evaluation. One useful source for deriving evaluation criteria consists of coastal problem statements. This article summarizes perceived coastal zone problems identified prior to the passage of the 1972 Coastal Zone Management Act and discusses how this information could be used in formulating criteria for evaluating coastal programs.
Modifiability of abnormal isometric elbow and shoulder joint torque coupling after stroke

Unlike individuals with mild stroke, individuals with severe stroke are constrained to stereotypical movement patterns attributed to abnormal coupling of shoulder abductors with elbow flexors, and shoulder adductors with elbow extensors. Whether abnormal muscle coactivation and associated joint torque patterns can be changed in this population is important to determine given that it bears on the development of effective rehabilitation interventions. Eight subjects participated in a protocol that was designed to reduce abnormal elbow/shoulder joint torque coupling by training them to generate combinations of isometric elbow and shoulder joint torques away from the constraining patterns. After training, subjects demonstrated a significant reduction in abnormal torque coupling and a subsequent significant increase in ability to generate torque patterns away from the abnormal pattern. We suggest the rapid time-course of these changes reflects a residual capacity of the central nervous system to adapt to a novel behavioral training environment.
TTS: A Two-Tiered Scheduling Algorithm for Effective Energy Conservation in Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, we present a two-tiered scheduling scheme that provides effective energy conservation in wireless sensor networks. The effectiveness of this scheme relies on dynamically updated two-tiered scheduling architecture. We aim to prolong network lifetime, while preserving the major requirements of wireless sensor networks: coverage and connectivity. In this approach, sensors are periodically scheduled to sleep in two phases using weighted greedy algorithms. First, we establish a coverage-tier by selecting a set of sensors that covers the sensing field in order to provide fully monitoring of entire field. Sensors that are not selected for the coverage-tier, are put into sleep immediately. Then, a second tier, called connectivity-tier, is formed on top of the coverage-tier to forward the data traffic to sink node. Thus sensors, essential to coverage-tier but not in connectivity-tier may periodically sleep and become active only for sending new sensing measurement and receiving query from the sink to preserve coverage. By this way, we may allow more nodes to sleep with different sleeping behaviors, i.e., continuous sleep or periodic sleep/active. Moreover, fair energy consumption among sensors is achieved by periodically rotating the coverage and connectivity tiers. Through extensive simulations in ns2, we demonstrate that the two-tier scheduling can reduce average energy consumption up to 40% while balancing the residual energy of sensors.
The Effect of Greenhouse Gas-Induced Changes in SST on the Annual Cycle of Zonal Mean Tropical Precipitation

AbstractModels from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) project changes to the seasonality of both tropical sea surface temperature (SST) and precipitation when forced by an increase in greenhouse gases. Nearly all models project an amplification and a phase delay of the annual cycle for both quantities, indicating a greater annual range and extrema reached later in the year. The authors investigate the nature of the seasonal precipitation changes in AGCM experiments forced by SST perturbations, which represent idealizations of the changes in annual mean, amplitude, and phase as simulated by CMIP5 models. A uniform SST warming is sufficient to force both amplification and a delay of the annual cycle of precipitation. The amplification is due to an increase in the annual mean vertical water vapor gradient, while the delay is affected by changes in the seasonality of the circulation. A budget analysis of this simulation reveals a large degree of similarity with the CMIP5 results. In...
Automated Peritoneal Dialysis: New Implications for Pharmacists

OBJECTIVE:To review the new automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) modalities that are available to patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and to examine their potential pharmacokinetic and drug dosing consequences.DATA SOURCES:A MEDLINE search (from January 1966 to June 1996) of English-language literature pertaining to peritoneal dialysis was performed. Additional references were obtained by reviewing the references of pertinent articles identified through the search. Tertiary sources were also used.DATA EXTRACTION:Data regarding peritoneal dialysis techniques and pharmacokinetics were extracted from the literature. Data were evaluated according to the study design, population, results, and conclusions.DATA SYNTHESIS:ESRD is the result of progressive chronic renal insufficiency and requires renal replacement therapy. APD is the fastest growing renal replacement therapy by percentage in the US and provides dialysis exchanges via a machine while the patient sleeps, thereby improving patient convenienc...
Hierarchy of Protein Tyrosine Kinases in Interleukin-2 (IL-2) Signaling: Activation of Syk Depends on Jak3; However, Neither Syk nor Lck Is Required for IL-2-Mediated STAT Activation

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) activates several different families of tyrosine kinases, but precisely how these kinases interact is not completely understood. We therefore investigated the functional relationships among Jak3, Lck, and Syk in IL-2 signaling. We first observed that in the absence of Jak3, both Lck and Syk had the capacity to phosphorylate Stat3 and Stat5a. However, neither supported IL-2-induced STAT activation, nor did dominant negative alleles of these kinases inhibit. Moreover, pharmacological abrogation of Lck activity did not inhibit IL-2-mediated phosphorylation of Jak3 and Stat5a. Importantly, ligand-dependent Syk activation was dependent on the presence of catalytically active Jak3, whereas Lck activation was not. Interestingly, Syk functioned as a direct substrate of Jak1 but not Jak3. Additionally, Jak3 phosphorylated Jak1, whereas the reverse was not the case. Taken together, our data support a model in which Lck functions in parallel with Jak3, while Syk functions as a downstream element of Jaks in IL-2 signaling. Jak3 may regulate Syk catalytic activity indirectly via Jak1. However, IL-2-mediated Jak3/Stat activation is not dependent on Lck or Syk. While the essential roles of Jak1 and Jak3 in signaling by gammac-utilizing cytokines are clear, it will be important to dissect the exact contributions of Lck and Syk in mediating the effects of IL-2 and related cytokines.
Colonialism and Psychology of Culture

There has long been a criticism that scholarship devoted to the study of cultural variation in psychology has too easily ascribed the observed differences between different societies to essentialized notions of ‘culture’ while paying less attention to historical forces that shape these differences. In this paper, we argue that the conceptual frameworks of cross-cultural and cultural psychology should allow for analysis of how major geopolitical events and historical processes bear on people’s lives. Specifically, we point to colonialism, a discussion that has been less attended to in psychology, and argue that colonialism and its legacies exert a powerful influence on many worldwide populations. Analysis of colonialism and its legacies necessarily calls for attention to its prominent ideological cornerstones: race and ‘culture’, which are also central concepts in psychology as a global discipline. In psychology, colonialism has primarily been engaged in two ways: the study of the colonial impact on individuals; and the consideration of the colonial impact on the discipline and practice of psychology in formerly colonized nation states. We review this engagement and introduce examples of scholarship from each. This paper challenges the field to pay greater attention to sociopolitical discourses and historical contexts and, in turn, to theorize culture in ways that are responsive to the fluidity and complexity of social lives.
Endurance exercise training preserves cardiac function in rats receiving doxorubicin and the HER-2 inhibitor GW2974.

Purpose To determine if endurance exercise training performed prior to administration of the anticancer drugs DOX and GW2974 would be cardioprotective.
Patterns and Predictors of Debt: A Panel Study, 1985-2008

Relying on panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), this study finds that about half the study sample (N = 5,304) never experienced annual debt between 1985 and 2008, that the vast majority of those who incurred annual debt were short-term (1 year) or intermittent debtors (2-4 years), that the proportion of the study sample in debt for the most part declined over time, but also that the level of debt increased. Multinomial regression results indicated that health status and level of changes in income are robust predictors of debt in general, that age and race/ethnicity are robust predictors of short-term and intermittent debt, that locus of control, family structure during adolescence, SES, work effort, and marital status are robust predictors of intermittent and chronic debt, and that self-esteem, gender, SES, and work effort are robust predictors of chronic debt. Findings challenge blanket contentions that a culture of debt characterizes individuals and families in the U.S and they present a more nuanced portrait of debtors than the stereotype as young and single.
Hot Jupiter breezes: Time-dependent outflows from extrasolar planets

We explore the dynamics of magnetically controlled outflows from Hot Jupiters, where these flows are driven by UV heating from the central star. In these systems, some of the open field lines do not allow the flow to pass smoothly through the sonic point, so that steady-state solutions do not exist in general. This paper focuses on this type of magnetic field configuration, where the resulting flow becomes manifestly time-dependent. We consider the case of both steady heating and time-variable heating, and find the time scales for the corresponding time variations of the outflow. Because the flow cannot pass through the sonic transition, it remains subsonic and leads to so-called breeze solutions. One manifestation of the time variability is that the flow samples a collection of different breeze solutions over time, and the mass outflow rate varies in quasi-periodic fashion. Because the flow is subsonic, information can propagate inward from the outer boundary, which determines, in part, the time scale of the flow variability. This work finds the relationship between the outer boundary scale and the time scale of flow variations. In practice, the location of the outer boundary is set by the extent of the sphere of influence of the planet. The measured time variability can be used, in principle, to constrain the parameters of the system (e.g., the strengths of the surface magnetic fields).
Semantic‐Driven Component‐Based Automated Code Snythesis

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Related Works Code Pattern: Component-Based Software Development Method AI Planning-Based Synthesis Future Research Summary References ]]>
Effect of defocus on response time in different age groups: A pilot study

Abstract Purpose To assess the response time associated with visual performance (VP) tasks in the presence of defocus in different presbyopic populations. Methods 58 eyes between the ages of 35 and 50 years were studied. Subjects were categorized as pre-presbyopic (35–39 years), early-presbyopic (40–45 years), and mid-presbyopic (46–50 years). VP measurements obtained monocularly included distance and near high contrast (HC) and low contrast (LC) optotype recognition, and contrast threshold at 12 cpd for different defocus magnitudes between 0D and 3D in 1D steps. Response time defined as the time taken to recognize and verbalize an optotype, was compared among different presbyopic age groups. Results From 58 eyes, mean (SD) response time for high contrast distance visual acuity for 0D through 3D ranged between 1.48 (0.23) and 1.87 (0.31) s, whereas low contrast distance visual acuity ranged between 1.5 (0.22) and 2.09 (0.49) s. Mean response time for high contrast near visual acuity for 0D through 3D ranged between 1.56 (0.19) and 2.23 (0.45) s. However, for low contrast near visual acuity it ranged between 1.75 (0.32) and 2.71 (0.94) s. Mean (SD) response time for 12 cpd ranged between 2.11 (0.50) and 5.72 (1.09) s. ANOVA revealed a significant difference in response time for distance, near visual acuity and contrast sensitivity as a function of defocus for different age groups. Conclusions Response time is increased in the presence of increasing defocus for both distance and near visual acuity and could impact on performance for critical tasks. Full correction of visual acuity at distance and near in presbyopes is warranted always.
Federal 'Green' Product Procurement Policy in the United States

The U.S. federal government is reported to be the world’s largest purchaser, which gives it the potential to wield its buying power to achieve ‘secondary’ policies such as protecting the environment and promoting the market for sustainable consumer products. This paper specifically addresses federal procurement of consumer products and examines the degree to which agencies must purchase ‘green’ products that minimize upstream environmental impacts or otherwise have low “embedded” carbon. These policies are important because procurement preferences for sustainable goods can provide demand-side market incentives that may function as a catalyst to promote the development of green goods in the broader consumer market as a whole. Part I below first reviews the history of green product procurement in the U.S., the foundation for which was established by the policies of the Clinton and Bush Administrations, while Part II discusses how President Obama has expanded these sustainable purchasing requirements. Parts III and IV address the extent to which these current rules treat lifecycle analysis and/or otherwise account for upstream greenhouse gases or other impacts in the supply chain.
Effects of a Story Character’s Goal Achievement Modeling a Story Character’s Diet Behaviors and Activating/Deactivating a Character’s Diet Goal

One set of media effect theories argues that people are more likely to model behaviors that lead to a rewarding outcome (goal-achieved) than those that lead to an unrewarding outcome (goal-failed); however, recent studies find that observing another person’s goal achievement deactivates the goal. In Experiment 1, a story in which a character’s diet goal is in progress activated participants’ diet goals more than a story in which the character’s goal is achieved. In Experiment 2, when a story character achieved a diet goal, participants’ perceived similarity with the character was related to a greater intention to model the character’s diet-related behaviors; that relationship was not significant when the character failed. When a story character continued to pursue a diet goal, however, participants’ goals were more activated than when the character discontinued to pursue the goal.
Nuclear fusion

The advantages of nuclear fusion as an energy source and research progress in this area are summarized. The current state of the art is described. Laser fusion, inertial confinement fusion, and magnetic fusion (the tokamak) are explained, the latter in some detail. Remaining problems and planned future reactors are considered. They are the Compact Ignition Tokamak (CIT), the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), and a US design called TIBER II. The design of the latter is shown. >
The Interconnected Developments of Hydrogen and Nuclear Energy

Une economie de l'hydrogene est en place aux Etats-Unis. Plus de 7 millions de tonnes d'hydrogene sont produites chaque annee pour etre utilisees dans le raffinage du petrole et l'industrie chimique. La plus grande partie de cet hydrogene est produite par reformation a vapeur du methane, generant des produits derives sous forme de dioxyde de carbone. La chaleur d'origine nucleaire promet d'etre une bonne solution pour la production d'hydrogene sans production de gaz a effet de serre et a une echelle qui rendra viable des applications dans le domaine du transport.Cependant, la faisabilite technique seule ne suffit pas a garantir la mise en oeuvre d'une application de l'hydrogene nucleaire. L'hydrogene nucleaire aura a concourir avec d'autres technologies afin de gagner sa place sur le marche energetique.De nouveaux usages plus etendus de l'hydrogene dependront des technologies de production, de transport et de distribution, et de leurs impacts environnementaux et economiques. L'article passe en revue l'usage potentiel de ces nouvelles fournitures d'hydrogene dans le raffinage du petrole, la liquefaction du charbon, la production d'ammoniac et les combustibles dans le domaine du transport, ainsi que le mode d'integration de la production d'hydrogene nucleaire dans ces marches.L'idee, largement discutee, du role de l'hydrogene nucleaire dans le transport est comparee de facon synthetique avec le role plus important joue par l'electricite d'origine nucleaire dans le domaine du transport.
Effect of Maternal Protein Deprivation on Enzymatic Development in Newborn Rats

Postnatal development of liver tyrosine aminotransferase and glucose-6-phosphatase, expressed as activity per gram of liver, occurred as rapidly in pups from pregnant rats fed throughout gestation a diet containing only 4% of casein as in pups from those fed the control diet containing 18% of casein supplemented with 0.3% of L-methionine. Total enzyme activity per liver was lower in pups from protein-restricted dams due to their smaller liver size. Dams fed the 4% casein diet during pregnancy gained much less weight than those fed the control diet and produced pups that weighed significantly less than control pups. Reproductive performance of a few dams fed 6% casein diets with or without amino acid supplements during gestation was comparable to that of dams fed the control diet. Litter size was not significantly reduced by the low-protein intake.
Sympathoexcitation to intravenous interleukin-1β is dependent on forebrain neural circuits

We investigated the contributions of forebrain, brain stem, and spinal neural circuits to interleukin (IL)-1β-induced sympathetic nerve discharge (SND) responses in α-chloralose-anesthetized rats. ...
Synthesis of Molybdenum and Tungsten Alkylidene Complexes That Contain the 2,6-Bis(2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl)phenylimido (NHIPT) Ligand

Molybdenum and tungsten alkylidene complexes that contain the sterically demanding hexaisopropylterphenylimido ligand, N-2,6-(2,4,6-i-Pr3C6H2)2C6H3 (NHIPT), have been prepared from Mo(N-t-Bu)2Cl2(1,2-dimethoxyethane) or W(N-t-Bu)2Cl2(pyridine)2, employing tert-butylimido ligands as sacrificial proton acceptors. These complexes include M(NHIPT)(CH-t-Bu)Cl2 (M = Mo, W), Mo(NHIPT)(CH-t-Bu)(pyrrolide)2, and Mo(NHIPT)(CH-t-Bu)(pyrrolide)(OC6F5)(CH3CN). In all cases only anti alkylidene isomers are observed in solution, as a consequence of the steric demands of the NHIPT ligand. An X-ray structure of W(NHIPT)(CH-t-Bu)Cl2 showed it to be a monomer with a disordered alkylidene that is 86% in the anti configuration and 14% in the syn configuration.
Effects of irbesartan on atroal electrical remodeling in rapid atrial pacing rabbits

Objective To observe the effects of irbesartan on atrial electrical remodeling in atrial pacing rabbits. Methods We randomly assigned 12 rabbits into irbesartan group and control group.After 2 weeks pretreatment, 6F electrode catheters were positioned in right atrium.High-frequency atrial pacing of 600 bpm was started and maintained for 8 hours. Atrial effective refractory period(AERP200?AERP150)were observed before during and after the rapid pacing. The atrial myocardium tissue were collected from normal rabbits and rabbits in each group offset the 8 hours rapid pacing . Results ①In control group ,AERP was significantly shortened and the rate adaptation of AERP was lost through the pacing process compared with before pacing (P0.01=(a sharp drop was taken in the first 30 minutes). After the offset of 8 hours' rapid pacing ,the AERP mostly recovered in 30 minutes. ②In Irbesartan group ,shortening of AERP after 8 hours' rapid pacing was completely inhibited. ③Electron microscopic studies of right atrial appendage tissue demonstrated that mitochondrial swelling and accumulation of glycogen was observed in rabbits of saline group paced for 8 hours. But these phenomenon was not observed in irbesartan group. Conclusion Atrial electrical remodeling and ultrastructral changes were observed in rabbits of control group after 8 hours rapid atrial pacing; atrial electrical remodeling and ultrastructral changes were inhibited by pretreatment of irbesartan.
Analysis on epidemiological characteristics of hand-foot-mouth disease(HFMD) in Nan′an, Chongqing,2013

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of HFMD at Nan′ an district of Chongqing in 2013,and provide scientific evidence for prevention and control of HFMD. Methods A descriptive analysis on HFMD prevalence was conducted based on the surveillance data from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Results A total of 2 029 HFMD cases were reported in Nan′ an district of Chongqing for 2013, with the incidence rate of 266.24 per 100 000; no severe and death case was detected. The outbreak peak appeared in May,June and November. The incidence rate of streets was higher than that of towns(316.57 per 100 000 vs. 285.19 per 100000). The majority cases were scattered children under 5 years old, and the incidence of males(313.93 per 100 000)was higher than that of females(216.86 per 100 000). Among the 40 laboratory samples, the proportions of positive test for enterovirus 71(EV71), Coxsackievirus A16(Cox A16) and other enterovirus were 27.50%, 7.50% and 65.00%,respectively. Conclusion The distribution of HFMD at Nan′ an district of Chongqing in 2013 revealed the obvious and significant epidemiological characteristics in season, area and population. Therefore, the key to the effective prevention and control of HFMD is to strengthen the disease surveillance and health education, and also implement the prevention and control measures targeted on the key areas, time and high-risk groups.
Status of dietitians in the hospital.

Status must be earned; it is not inherited or demanded. The author deals with the problem of status for the dietitian from the sociologic viewpoint.
Statin use may reduce lower extremity peak force via reduced engagement in muscle-strengthening activities.

Summary Stain use is often associated with an increased likelihood of musculoskeletal complications such as injuries and pain. Consequently, it is plausible to suggest that statin use may indirectly influence lower extremity muscular strength via reduced engagement in muscle-strengthening activities (MSA). However, this has yet to be examined. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine whether statin use was associated with muscular strength via engagement in MSA. Data from the 1999–2002 NHANES were used, with 2775 adults (50–85 years) constituting the analytic sample. Statin use was assessed from an interviewer, engagement in MSA (e.g. resistance training) was assessed via survey and lower extremity isokinetic knee extension strength (IKES) was assessed objectively using the Kin Com MP dynamometer. Weighted multivariable linear regression analysis showed no direct association between statin use and IKES (βadjusted = 7·0 newton ∆, P = 0·23). Statin use, however, was associated with a 35% reduced odds of engaging in MSA (ORadjusted = 0·65, P = 0·04), and engaging in MSA was positively associated with IKES (βadjusted = 19·9 newton ∆, P = 0·001). The bootstrap Barron and Kenny mediational analysis indeed demonstrated that statin use was indirectly associated with IKES via MSA (indirect effect coefficient: −0·005; 95% CI: −0·01 to −0·001; P<0·05). Statin use was not directly associated with IKES, but was indirectly associated with IKES via MSA. In conclusion, statin use may decrease muscle force by influencing engagement in MSA. We wish to suggest that a decrease in MSA may be related to an increase in muscle pain associated with statin therapy.
“Better Times Are Coming Now”: Wartime Dreams and Disenchantment in Rufus M.

Written and published during World War II, Eleanor Estes’s Rufus M. (1943) is set during the time of American involvement in World War I, the war of the author’s own childhood. Despite the fact that the book was named a Newbery Honor title, many critics have found it unsatisfyingly unstructured and episodic. I argue, however, that the book is far more unified in its construction than these critics recognize and deserves study as a revelatory title about how the First World War was presented to young readers during the Second World War. In his dauntless determination to support the war effort, young Rufus shows himself to be an iconic home-front hero of precisely the sort encouraged by the United States propaganda machine. But read carefully, the book has such an air of pervasive melancholy and contains so many scenes of disappointed hopes and disillusioned dreams that it can be read as encoding doubts about the first war’s legacy. Despite Estes’s clearly intended attempt to provide hope for young readers, the reality of World War I’s ultimate failure haunts Rufus M. as a sort of pentimento, a darker set of images revealed beneath the text’s surface optimism.
Comparison of Physician Implicit Racial Bias Toward Adults Versus Children

Abstract Background and Objectives The general population and most physicians have implicit racial bias against black adults. Pediatricians also have implicit bias against black adults, albeit less than other specialties. There is no published research on the implicit racial attitudes of pediatricians or other physicians toward children. Our objectives were to compare implicit racial bias toward adults versus children among resident physicians working in a pediatric emergency department, and to assess whether bias varied by specialty (pediatrics, emergency medicine, or other), gender, race, age, and year of training. Methods We measured implicit racial bias of residents before a pediatric emergency department shift using the Adult and Child Race Implicit Association Tests (IATs). Generalized linear models compared Adult and Child IAT scores and determined the association of participant demographics with Adult and Child IAT scores. Results Among 91 residents, we found moderate pro-white/anti-black bias on both the Adult (mean = 0.49, standard deviation = 0.34) and Child Race IAT (mean = 0.55, standard deviation = 0.37). There was no significant difference between Adult and Child Race IAT scores (difference = 0.06, P = .15). Implicit bias was not associated with resident demographic characteristics, including specialty. Conclusions This is the first study demonstrating that resident physicians have implicit racial bias against black children, similar to levels of bias against black adults. Bias in our study did not vary by resident demographic characteristics, including specialty, suggesting that pediatric residents are as susceptible as other physicians to implicit bias. Future studies are needed to explore how physicians' implicit attitudes toward parents and children may impact inequities in pediatric health care.
Design of high bandwidth photonic NoC architectures using optical multilevel signaling

Network-on-chip (NoC) is a key component for boosting the system performance of future chip multiprocessors. With the projected increase in the number of cores on the chip, the NoC is perceived to be the limiting component for performance and scaling. Photonic NoCs are under serious consideration for scaling future multicore architectures. In this paper, we propose two photonic NoC architectures based on an optical multilevel signaling technique that can double the transmission bandwidth and reduce the area requirements. Simulation studies show that the proposed methodology saves up to 53% of power and reduces the area overhead by as much as 81% compared with metallic-based NoCs.
Influences of Family Involvement in Kindergarten Transition Activities on Children’s Early School Adjustment

Transition to kindergarten can be a pivotal experience for children because of its potential long-term impact on school performance. As the importance of relationships among contextual factors surrounding a child has been recognized, many schools have made efforts to establish strong ties with families in order to make kindergarten transition experiences as seamless as possible. Our current understanding of the role of family involvement in kindergarten transitions and the specific outcomes, however, is still somewhat limited. Using a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods, this study investigated the impact of family involvement in kindergarten transition activities on children’s transition to kindergarten and their early school adjustment. Although quantitative results revealed that family involvement is not a significant predictor of children’s early school adjustment, qualitative evidence suggests that families believe their involvement in kindergarten transition has a positive influence. In addition, qualitative results provide information concerning barriers, which interfered with family involvement in the transition process. Based on these findings suggestions for schools and families of young children are provided.
Giving the People What They Want? Legislative Polarization and Public Approval of State Legislatures:

The relationship between approval of the state legislature and political polarization in the legislature is investigated by matching responses from a large national survey to Shor and McCarty’s ide...
Comprehensive evaluation of interleaved zero current switching inverter against interleaved hard switching inverters in terms of efficiency, power density and EMI spectrum

This paper presents a comparison between two types of interleaved voltage source inverter (VSI) topologies, an Interleaved Zero-Current-Transition Inverter (IZCTI) and an In-terleaved Hard-Switching Inverter (IHSI). Zero current transition in IZCTI is presented in switching trajectory and compared with hard switching trajectory to evaluate the switching loss reduction. Then four pulse test is devised to evaluate the switching loss in zero current transition, and experimental result is shown. As for IZCTI, an inter-phase inductance selection principle is proposed based on resonating circuit. Moreover, a scaled-down version 1 kW single phase inverter prototypes of both topologies are built to demonstrate the validity of topologies and their technique. A comprehensive comparison between IZCTI and IHSI is presented in terms of efficiency, power density and EMI performance.
A prospective observational cohort study of exposure to womb-like sounds to stabilize breathing and cardiovascular patterns in preterm neonates.

AbstractPurpose: We exposed premature infants to womb-like sounds to evaluate such exposure on breathing and cardiovascular patterns. We hypothesized that these sounds would reduce apnea and intermittent hypoxemia, enhance parasympathetic outflow, and improve cardiovascular patterns.Methods: A total of 20 cases and 5 control infants at ≤32–36 weeks corrected gestational age participated in a prospective observational cohort study. Twenty-four hours of continuous ECG, respiratory and oxygen saturation data were collected in all infants. Womb-like sounds were played intermittently in 6-hour blocks. Salivary samples were collected at study beginning and end for cortisol. Apnea, intermittent hypoxemia, and bradycardia were evaluated, and heart rate variability was assessed by time domain and spectral techniques.Results: Intermittent hypoxemia and bradycardia significantly declined after sound exposure. No significant differences in apnea, cortisol levels, or heart rate variability were evident among the study...
Violent or Non-Violent Means to an End: What Explains Variation in Dissident Organizations' Choice of Tactics to Make Governments Acquiesce in Political Demands? Empirical Findings from Africa 1990-2010.

What determines whether domestic dissident organizations with maximalist demands - those calling for regime change and increased political and territorial autonomy - employ violent or nonviolent tactics to make governments give in to their political demands? More specifically, why do some domestic dissident organizations employ tactics such as strikes and demonstrations whereas others employ guerrilla warfare or terrorism, respectively, against their governments? This paper evaluates the extent to which there is empirical support for the predictions of the predominant explanation in the literature - opportunity structure theory- and my own theoretical framework - mobilization theory. I do so by employing a new dataset featuring 167 domestic dissident organizations with maximalist political grievances across 37 African countries using multinominal logit regression. I find partial and mixed support for mobilization theory and little to no support for opportunity structure theory.
Examining Unprofessional Behavior in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Clerkship: a Qualitative Study of Essays Written by Students

To evaluate the medical student perception of unprofessional experiences on the obstetrics and gynecology clerkship through evaluation of reflective essays using qualitative research and grounded theory. All third year medical students rotating through OBGYN were required to write an essay on an experience they had with positive and/or negative professionalism during their clinical rotation. Essays were analyzed from a total of 220 students and coded into eight domains with subcategories. Inter-rater reliability was established with two of the coders (MR and BG) with high levels of correlation kappa’s agreement 0.73 CI (0.57, 0.88). Qualitative analysis using grounded theory was deployed for essay theme analysis. Frequencies were used for descriptive purposes. Most students chose to write about incidents of negative professionalism that they observed. The most common domain themes were medical team dynamics (19%), inpatient interactions (20%), and inappropriate remarks about a patient (16%). A quarter (26%) of the essays also included an observation of a positive demonstration of professionalism. Students frequently report experiencing mistreatment through the perception of a hostile learning environment. The essays described frequent exposure to unprofessional actions that can create a hostile learning environment and thus potential mistreatment. The students frequently wrote about witnessing unprofessional comments made by team members about patients, residents, and other students. All medical educators need to work to reduce student mistreatment through reducing unprofessional behavior.
A Systematic Approach to the Analysis of Means, Part I. Analysis of Treatment Effects

The analysis of means is a method for the graphical analysis of the means resulting from a designed experiment. The basic procedure was developed by Dr. E.R. Ott of Rutgers University. This series is an extension of the Ott procedure in that: Part I pro..
Nonlinear Feedback Control for Flexible Robot Arms

Modeling and control of robot arms with non-negligible elastical deformations have invited researches in the recent years, due to the demands on robot arms which are of lighter weight, move faster and consume less energy. In this paper, the authors present a nonlinear, distributed-parameter dynamic model for a two-link robot arm, derived using Hamilton’s principle. The dynamic model is then transformed into state-space expression, which gives an infinite-dimensional dynamic system. Position of the tip of the robot arm is chosen as the output of the dynamic system. A nonlinear feedback law is proposed to achieve input-output linearization and decoupling, which is an extension of input-output linearization and decoupling of finite-dimensional dynamic systems.
Cold Adaptation and Stenothermy in Antarctic Notothenioid Fishes: What Has Been Gained and What Has Been Lost?

Antarctic notothenioid fishes inhabit the coldest and most thermally stable waters in the ocean. During their evolutionary histories, these fishes have adapted to the threats posed by potentially freezing temperatures as well as the decelerating effects of reduced temperatures on rates of physiological processes. Cold adaptation of numerous biochemical systems has been a major feature of the evolutionary development of these species [1, 2, 3, 4].
Nanoscale Viscoelastic Characterization Using Tapping Mode AFM

The tapping mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been widely used as a tool to image sample surfaces [1–3]. It has been modeled as a single degree-of-freedom nonlinear oscillator [4–11], In this model, the tip-sample interactions are described by contact theory with adhesion (Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR) theory) [12–14]. The viscoelasticity is considered as a friction force by adding a damping constant. Magonov and Elings [15] presented experimental results which show different phase sensitivity for stiff and soft samples. Anczykowski et al.[16] presented results on amplitude vs. tip-sample separation and showed the existence of hysteresis due to nonlinearity and the transition between attractive and repulsive forces. Kuhle et al [17] demonstrated experimentally the frequency response hysteresis and pointed out the effect of attractive force on this hysteresis using a linear interaction force approximation.