cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Call for Field-Relevant Research about Child Forensic Interviewing for Child Protection

This article reviews some sensitivity versus specificity imbalances in forensic investigations of child sexual abuse. It then proposes the development or further testing of additional approaches for those children who do not respond to the current, single-interview National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) protocol. Although there are other interview protocols based on similar principles, the NICHD protocol has the strongest evidence base in both field and laboratory studies to elicit detailed and accurate information from children. Adaptations of the NICHD protocol or additional approaches need to be developed and tested for nondisclosing, partially disclosing, or recanting children, very young children, children with developmental disabilities, and children whose sexual abuse allegations are evaluated in the context of custody or visitation disputes.
Nutrition of the American strain of Gyrodinium cohnii.

Only the Woods Hole strain of Gyrodinium cohnii has grown to high densities (4 million cells/ml) in 7 days in a chemically defined medium. The other strains were slow-growing, and preferred seawater media enriched with organics. The Woods Hole strain, at the onset, required histidine, but was trained to grow on ammonia (no histidine strain). The no-histidine strain of G. cohnii utilized NH4, several amino acids and amines, did not utilize nitrates as N-sources. Though NH4 supported continued growth, addition of histidine and betaine resulted in higher densities. Glucose, glycerol, and acetate were the best carbon sources; the combination of 2 or 3 C-sources yielded better growth than any singly. G. cohnii is euryhaline and withstood high concentrations of Tris buffer, but was sensitive to temperatures below 20° C. Biotin was needed. Thiamine is probably synthesized but at a low rate: absence of thiamine resulted in indefinite continued slow growth; the addition of thiamine gave dense, rapidly dividing cultures. G. cohnii may perhaps serve for assay of thiamine and biotin in seawater.
Enhancing the relevance of organizational behavior by embracing performance management research.

There is a science-practice gap in organizational behavior (OB) whereby entire bodies of scholarly knowledge are ignored by practitioners. We identify research needed to improve performance management practices that is likely to enhance the relevance of OB in the eyes of practitioners and thus help reduce the science-practice gap. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Translation of maternal messenger ribonucleoprotein particles from sea urchin in a cell-free system from unfertilized eggs and product analysis.

Abstract Maternal mRNP particles were isolated from the postribosomal supernatant fluid of unfertilized sea urchin eggs. They were translated in a cell-free system derived from unfertilized eggs. The translation of these particles required the presence of 12 m M MgCl 2 , which is considered very high. The same high Mg 2+ requirement was observed when mRNP particles were translated in a cell-free system from morula embryos. In contrast, mRNA extracted from mRNP particles is translated at 3 m M MgCl 2 . This concentration of Mg 2+ is known to be optimal for initiation of mRNA translation. Likewise, a rabbit globin mRNA is faithfully translated into α and β globin chains in a cell-free system from eggs at 3, but not at 12, m M MgCl 2 . The translational products directed by mRNP or by mRNA derived from mRNP were examined in two gel systems and were found to be very similar. In both cases, histones were identified as part of the translational product. This indicated that the translation of mRNP in high Mg 2+ is not due to nonspecific binding of these particles to ribosomes. The rates of globin synthesis in a cell-free system derived from eggs is comparable to that of morula ribosomes and to that reported for translation of globin with mouse liver and reticulocyte ribosomes, indicating that unfertilized sea urchin egg ribosomes do not possess a translational inhibitor and that no deficiency in initiation factors for mRNA translation could explain the low rate of protein synthesis in unfertilized sea urchin eggs.
Teachers for multicultural schools: The power of selection

(1998). Teachers for multicultural schools: The power of selection. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 37, Preparing Teachers for Cultural Diversity, pp. 96-104.
Inhibition of nitric oxide and soluble guanylyl cyclase signaling affects olfactory neuron activity in the moth, Manduca sexta

Nitric oxide is emerging as an important modulator of many physiological processes including olfaction, yet the function of this gas in the processing of olfactory information remains poorly understood. In the antennal lobe of the moth, Manduca sexta, nitric oxide is produced in response to odor stimulation, and many interneurons express soluble guanylyl cyclase, a well-characterized nitric oxide target. We used intracellular recording and staining coupled with pharmacological manipulation of nitric oxide and soluble guanylyl cyclase to test the hypothesis that nitric oxide modulates odor responsiveness in olfactory interneurons through soluble guanylyl cyclase-dependent pathways. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition resulted in pronounced effects on the resting level of firing and the responses to odor stimulation in most interneurons. Effects ranged from bursting to strong attenuation of activity and were often accompanied by membrane depolarization coupled with a change in input resistance. Blocking nitric oxide activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase signaling mimicked the effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors in a subset of olfactory neurons, while other cells were differentially affected by this treatment. Together, these results suggest that nitric oxide is required for proper olfactory function, and likely acts through soluble guanylyl cyclase-dependent and -independent mechanisms in different subsets of neurons.
Catalyst-free synthesis and luminescence of aligned ZnO nanorods

Abstract Quasi-aligned undoped ZnO nanorods with diameter in the range 100–300 nm and length of several micrometers have been grown catalyst-free on Si(1 0 0) wafer in a one-step process by direct heating of Zn powders. All nanowires are single crystals and are aligned vertically to the substrate surface with c-axis preferred orientation. XRD, HRTEM and Raman studies revealed that the ZnO nanorods have wurtzite phase, are highly crystalline and well aligned with the lattice parameters a=0.32 nm and c=0.52 nm. The PL spectra measured at different temperatures are dominated by excitonic emission at ∼380 nm and less intense below band gap emission band centered at 520 nm.
Interpreting the Histopathology of Chronic Cough: A Prospective, Controlled, Comparative Study

Hypothesis Trauma from chronic coughing produces airway inflammation similar to diseases causing cough. Design Prospective, cross-sectional, controlled, clinicopathologic correlation study in four groups: group 1, cough from intrapulmonary diseases; group 2, cough from extrapulmonary diseases; group 3, cough that was unexplained; and group 4, nonsmoking, asymptomatic control subjects. Methods Patients with chronic cough underwent a standardized workup including endobronchial biopsies before treatment. Causes were determined by a favorable response to therapy. Bronchial biopsy samples from control subjects were obtained from surgical specimens. Results There were 24 adult subjects (13 women and 11 men) with mean cough duration of 8.6 ± 7.4 years (± SD). Thirteen patients had cough due to a specific disease: intrapulmonary diseases in 5 patients, and extrapulmonary diseases in 8 patients. Eleven patients had unexplained cough. Compared to control subjects, there was minimal-to-moderate chronic inflammation in all coughers (p ≤ 0.0004), in group 1 (p ≤ 0.039), group 2 (p = 0.061), and group 3 (p ≤ 0.025) diseases that were not correlated with cough duration. There was no difference in type of inflammation, cough duration, or smoking history between groups, nor were there histologic differences between subjects with explained causes of cough compared with unexplained cough. Conclusions Our findings suggest that airway inflammation associated with chronic cough, assessed on morphologic appearance and inflammatory cell counting in hematoxylin-eosin–prepared samples, may be due to the trauma of coughing, and the inflammation may be similar to that seen with diseases putatively thought to cause chronic cough. Investigators must be cautious when attributing pathogenic importance to observed inflammatory changes in airways of coughing subjects.
Fast-atom bombardment-induced condensation of glycerol with ammonium surfactants. II. Time dependence of mass spectra and tandem mass spectra

Studies of fast-atom bombardment (FAB)-induced condensation between trimethyltetradecylammonium cations and glycerol have been extended to consider spectral time dependence. To enhance reproducibility of time dependence, a modified FAB target was used. FAB mass spectrometry of deuterium-labeled surfactants and FAB/collision-induced dissociation (CID) of nonlabeled material demonstrate that products of condensation at the surfactant “head group” predominate early in the analysis, while tail adducts become prominent later. This time dependence correlates with the expected surface activity of the products. It is incompatible with gas-phase reaction, but consistent with reaction in the condensed phase. Subtle variations in the surface activities of various condensation products (derived from changes in the number of hydroxyls from the reactive glycerol radical or in the position of attack along the surfactant chain) are reflected in the time dependence of FAB and CID spectra. CID spectra of deuterium-labeled cations provide evidence for intramolecular hydrogen transfer from the surfactant tail to the head within a surfactant radical. This transfer shows no significant kinetic isotope effect.
Practical finite‐analytic method for solving differential equations by compact numerical schemes

Methodology for development of compact numerical schemes by the practical finite-analytic method (PFAM) is presented for spatial and/or temporal solution of differential equations. The advantage and accuracy of this approach over the conventional numerical methods are demonstrated. In contrast to the tedious discretization schemes resulting from the original finite-analytic solution methods, such as based on the separation of variables and Laplace transformation, the practical finite-analytical method is proven to yield simple and convenient discretization schemes. This is accomplished by a special universal determinant construction procedure using the general multi-variate power series solutions obtained directly from differential equations. This method allows for direct incorporation of the boundary conditions into the numerical discretization scheme in a consistent manner without requiring the use of artificial fixing methods and fictitious points, and yields effective numerical schemes which are operationally similar to the finite-difference schemes. Consequently, the methods developed for numerical solution of the algebraic equations resulting from the finite-difference schemes can be readily facilitated. Several applications are presented demonstrating the effect of the computational molecule, grid spacing, and boundary condition treatment on the numerical accuracy. The quality of the numerical solutions generated by the PFAM is shown to approach to the exact analytical solution at optimum grid spacing. It is concluded that the PFAM offers great potential for development of robust numerical schemes. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2009
Simulating summertime rainfall variability in the North American monsoon region: The influence of convection and radiation parameterizations

[1] Studying the dynamics of the North American Monsoon System (NAMS) is essential for understanding and assessing the predictability of its variability. Limited-area models are potentially useful tools for this endeavor, but it is important to first identify the suite of physical parameterizations that yields the most realistic simulations. We investigate how different convection and radiation schemes influence simulations of the NAMS produced with the MM5/OSU model. We focus on the simulated intraseasonal variability associated with monsoon onset (June to July) and changes between a wet (1999) and a dry (2000) year. We test six parameterizations, including two convection schema (Grell and Kain-Fritsch) and three radiation schema (CCM2, Cloud, and RRTM). We compare results from 2-month-long simulations to observations of circulation (NCEP Reanalysis) and rainfall (CPC and CMAP). Differences in simulated rainfall produced by the various combinations of schema are substantial, and much greater than the differences that arise from internal model variability in a three-member ensemble of Grell-RRTM simulations. The Grell-RRTM simulation produces the most realistic patterns and magnitudes of rainfall, including intraseasonal variations and the differences between the wet and dry year. Simulations using the Kain-Fritsch scheme produce too much rainfall, and fail to represent the atypical, observed decrease in precipitation from June-to-July in 2000. The CCM2 radiation scheme produces a simulated climate that is too cloudy, yielding little rainfall in the NAMS region regardless of the convection scheme used. The Cloud and RRTM radiation schemes allow for feedbacks between condensation and the water content of clouds, which yields substantial improvements in the model simulations.
A quantitative and qualitative assessment of mung bean (Vigna mungo (L.) Wilczek) seed in response to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide: potential changes in fatty acid composition

The effect of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) on seed production and the fatty acid profiles of mung bean (Vigna mungo L. Wilczek) were studied under field conditions. Increased [CO2] (ca 250 ppm above ambient) resulted in significant increases in pod number, pod weight and total seed weight, but also significantly increased the percentage of immature pods at harvest. Qualitatively, increased [CO2] significantly decreased the percentages of palmitic and omega-6 fatty acids, but increased the percentage of omega-3 fatty acids and the relative proportion of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids in mature seed. Overall, increased carbon dioxide may significantly increase quantity and alter quality in mung bean seed, a recognized alternative source of fatty acids in the human diet. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
The impact of cultural values on the acceptance and effectiveness of human resource management policies and practices

Abstract The cultural diversity of U.S. organizations is increasing rapidly. In spite of this, relatively little attention has been paid to the impact that the increase in diversity may have on (a) the acceptance of human resource management processes and practices (e.g., recruitment, selection, training, performance appraisal, and compensation and benefits) by individuals and (b) the effectiveness of such processes and practices. Thus, we consider the moderating effects of both individual culture and organizational culture on relations between (a) human resource management processes and practices and (b) the acceptance and effectiveness of such processes and practices. In addition, we offer recommendations for both research and practice.
Consumer motivation: A developmental self concept approach

Self theory is reviewed and then operationalized as three modes of the self concept—“actual,” “expected,” and “ideal.” Results support hypotheses concerning agreement across subjects for self concept modes within personality and products and services categories, individual consistency among self concept modes, and developmental directionality over time.
Speeding Learning of Personalized Audio Equalization

Audio equalizers (EQs) are perhaps the most commonly used tools used in audio production. The SocialEQ project is a web-based personalized audio equalization system that uses an alternative interface paradigm to the standard approach. Here, the user names a desired effect (e.g. Make the sound "warm") and teaches the tool (e.g. An equalizer) what settings make the sound embody the term. Social EQ typically requires 25 ratings to properly personalize the equalization settings. In this paper, we present three methods to improve the speed of generating personalized items (audio settings) so users can be provided personalized EQ curves after rating a much smaller number of examples. These methods can be adapted to any situation where collaborative filtering is desirable, the end products created for users are unique and comparable to each other, but prior users did not rate the same set of examples as the current user. Methods are tested on a data set of 1635 user sessions.
Reasons for quitting: Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for smoking cessation in a population-based sample of smokers

An intrinsic-extrinsic model of motivation for smoking cessation is extended to a population-based sample of smokers (N = 1,137), using a previously validated Reasons for Quitting (RFQ) scale. Psychometric evaluation of the RFQ replicated the model that includes health concerns and self-control as intrinsic motivation dimensions and immediate reinforcement and social influence as extrinsic motivation dimensions. Compared to volunteers, the population-based sample of smokers reported equivalent health concerns, lower self-control, and higher social influence motivation for cessation. Within the population-based sample, women compared to men were less motivated to quit by health concerns and more motivated by immediate reinforcement; smokers above age 55 expressed lower health concerns and higher self-control motivation than smokers below age 55. Higher baseline levels of intrinsic relative to extrinsic motivation were associated with more advanced stages of readiness to quit smoking and successful smoking cessation at a 12-month follow-up. Among continuing smokers, improvement in stage of readiness to quit over time was associated with significant increases in health concerns and self-control motivation.
Correspondence of Patient Word Choice with Psychologic Factors in Patients With Upper Extremity Illness

Background Studies of patients with back pain, cancer, and in a general medical practice note that the use of certain phrases by a patient when communicating with their health provider can indicate greater disability and distress than expected for patients with a given disorder. However, it is unclear whether such phrases apply to patients with hand and arm disorders.
Who will be the faculty of the future? Results of a 5-year study growing educators using an immersive third postgraduate year (PGY-3) faculty development mini-fellowship

Background: Residency education requires large numbers of skilled teaching faculty. Potential faculty can often be identified during residency training. Aims: Employ a 4-week immersive faculty development mini-fellowship to enhance the teaching skills of selected PGY-3 residents and study outcomes over 5 years. Methods: PGY-3 residents were competitively selected and completed the 4-week curriculum to increase skills in precepting, small group teaching, large group teaching, learner feedback/assessment, academic career development, and research. Results: Fifteen residents completed the mini-fellowship over the 5-year study period. The curriculum was rated highly by the residents with mean ratings of curriculum components ranging from 4.5 to 4.9 on a 5-point scale. Eight residents (53%) were selected for faculty positions compared to a usual selection rate of 11%. Compared to new faculty without mini-fellowship completion, program directors rated the residents completing the mini-fellowship as better prepared to perform learner feedback (4.1 vs. 3.0, p � 0.01) and to understand the conduct of research (3.6 vs. 2.5 p � 0.01). Conclusions: This study demonstrates short-term success at growing faculty with enhanced teaching skills during residency. While long-term retention in academic medicine cannot be predicted, this program represents one method to mitigate shortages of qualified junior residency faculty.
Classical black hole production in high-energy collisions

We investigate the classical formation of a D-dimensional black hole in a high-energy collision of two particles. The existence of an apparent horizon is related to the solution of an unusual boundary-value problem for Poisson's equation in flat space. For a sufficiently small impact parameter, we construct solutions giving such apparent horizons in $D=4.$ These supply improved estimates of the classical cross section for black hole production, and of the mass of the resulting black holes. We also argue that a horizon can be found in a region of weak curvature, suggesting that these solutions are valid starting points for a semiclassical analysis of quantum black hole formation.
Protocols for Ariel Use Among Medical Libraries

SUMMARY Operations guidelines for Ariel use among members of the Health Sciences Libraries Consortium were used as the basis for the development of the Ariel Document Delivery Protocol, or “ADDP,” which was agreed upon by many U.S. medical libraries in 1994. Each point of the protocol is noted as a way to more efficiently use the Ariel software for electronic delivery of materials to researchers.
Accuracy of mild traumatic brain injury case ascertainment using ICD-9 codes.

Objectives: To determine the accuracy of mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) case ascertainment using International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes proposed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in a 2003 Report to Congress. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study of all patients presenting to an urban academic emergency department (ED) over six months in 2003. A real-time clinical assessment of mild TBI was compared with the ICD-9 codes assigned after ED or hospital discharge for a determination of sensitivity and specificity. Results: Of the 35,096 patients presenting to the ED, 516 had clinically defined mild TBI and 1,000 were assigned one or more of the mild TBI ICD-9 codes proposed by the CDC. The sensitivity of these codes was 45.9% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 41.3% to 50.2%) with a specificity of 97.8% (95% CI = 97.6% to 97.9%). Conclusions: The identification of mild TBI patients using retrospectively assigned ICD-9 codes appears to be inaccurate. These codes are associated with a significant number of false-positive and false-negative code assignments. Mild TBI incidence and prevalence estimates using these codes should be interpreted with caution. ICD-9 codes should not replace a clinical assessment for mild TBI when accurate case ascertainment is required.
Nocturnal Sodium Excretion, Blood Pressure Dipping, and Sodium Sensitivity

More than 30 years ago, Guyton1 described pressure- natriuresis: increasing arterial blood pressure promotes sodium excretion, decreasing blood volume and lowering blood pressure, whereas when blood pressure falls, sodium excretion decreases, and blood volume and blood pressure increase.1,2 The linchpin of the model of Guyton et al3 is the concept of feedback gain. Gain is the degree to which a feedback system can correct a perturbation, that is, the amount of correction of a deviation divided by the residual degree of deviation. When a control system corrects a perturbation minimally, its feedback gain is near 0. When it corrects it completely, its gain is infinite. As emphasized by Guyton et al,3 in integrated systems with infinite and finite gain components, the infinite gain function ultimately dominates. There are myriad blood pressure control systems, for example, arterial baroreceptors and chemoreceptors, the central nervous system ischemic response, the renin–angiotensin system, and capillary fluid shift, but all are ultimately trumped by pressure–natriuresis. In the experiments by Guyton et al,3 pressure-natriuresis had near infinite gain over a wide range of urinary sodium excretion, such that the set point of blood pressure regulation was not affected by sodium intake over a period of several days or a few weeks. This pressure–natriuresis model describes a steady-state relationship. At short time intervals, blood pressure and sodium excretion may not be closely linked, but the body will always eventually bring the system back into balance. In this review, we wish to draw attention to differences in the relationship of blood pressure to sodium excretion during day and night and to how nighttime pressure–natriuresis and sodium sensitivity of blood pressure interact. We will suggest that these features of pressure–natriuresis have implications both for the clinical management of hypertension and research into the genetic underpinnings …
Big 5 personality traits and interleukin-6: evidence for "healthy Neuroticism" in a US population sample.

The current study investigated if the Big 5 personality traits predicted interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in a national sample over the course of 5 years. In addition, interactions among the Big 5 were tested to provide a more accurate understanding of how personality traits may influence an inflammatory biomarker. Data included 1054 participants in the Midlife Development in the U.S. (MIDUS) biomarkers subproject. The Big 5 personality traits were assessed in 2005–2006 as part of the main MIDUS survey. Medication use, comorbid conditions, smoking behavior, alcohol use, body mass index, and serum levels of IL-6 were assessed in 2005–2009 as part of the biomarkers subproject. Linear regression analyses examined personality associations with IL-6. A significant ConscientiousnessNeuroticism interaction revealed that those high in both Conscientiousness and Neuroticism had lower circulating IL-6 levels than people with all other configurations of Conscientiousness and Neuroticism. Adjustment for health behaviors diminished the magnitude of this association but did not eliminate it, suggesting that lower comorbid conditions and obesity may partly explain the lower inflammation of those high in both Conscientiousness and Neuroticism. Our findings suggest, consistent with prior speculation, that average to higher levels of Neuroticism can in some cases be associated with health benefits – in this case when it is accompanied by high Conscientiousness. Using personality to identify those at risk may lead to greater personalization in the prevention and remediation of chronic inflammation.
Fore tarsus attachment device of the male scuttle fly, Aenigmatias lubbockii

The fore tarsus of the male scuttle fly, Aenigmatias lubbockii (Verrall) (Diptera: Phoridae), is broad and equipped with flattened and apically truncated (FAT) setae on the ventral surface, which are suggested to be involved in the intraspecific phoretic behaviour including airlifting and dispersal of the female. The combination of FAT setae on the male fore tarsi and regularly arranged microtrichia on the female thoracic surfaces is suggested to form a combination of an adhesive structure and possibly a fastener system. Comparisons are made to Puliciphora borinquenensis (Wheeler), which also has apterous females and male-facilitated female dispersal, but where fore tarsal FAT setae are absent.
The protein-calorie ratio of West African diets and their relationship to protein calorie malnutrition.

The protein calorie ratios of regional dietary patterns in West Africa have been examined. The contributions of staple foods, pulses, fish, meat and milk to protein intake, and the protein calorie percentages of West African diets have been mapped by region. The protein calorie percentages for West African diets ranged from 6.5 to 16.0 which is considerably greater than those of 11.0 to 14.0 found in most other parts of the world. The diets of the dry zones of West Africa had protein calorie ratios equal or even higher than those of Western countries. Conversely, there was a vast region encompassing the humid zones of West Africa where the levels were below 10 percent. Clinical surveys showed that frank kwashiorkor occured almost exclusively in the zone of low protein calorie ratios while marasmus affected children throughout West Africa.
Calculations of Critical Micelle Concentration by Dissipative Particle Dynamics Simulations: The Role of Chain Rigidity

Micelle formation in surfactant solutions is a self-assembly process governed by complex interplay of solvent-mediated interactions between hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups, which are commonly called heads and tails. However, the head–tail repulsion is not the only factor affecting the micelle formation. For the first time, we present a systematic study of the effect of chain rigidity on critical micelle concentration and micelle size, which is performed with the dissipative particle dynamics simulation method. Rigidity of the coarse-grained surfactant molecule was controlled by the harmonic bonds set between the second-neighbor beads. Compared to flexible molecules with the nearest-neighbor bonds being the only type of bonded interactions, rigid molecules exhibited a lower critical micelle concentration and formed larger and better-defined micelles. By varying the strength of head–tail repulsion and the chain rigidity, we constructed two-dimensional diagrams presenting how the critical micelle concentr...
The superior olivary complex and audition: A comparative study

The sizes of the three major nuclei of the mammalian superior olivary complex were examined in a number of different species and variations in size were related to the relative prominence of haring and vision in each species. Size was measured by counting neurons in the several nuclei and by measuring the diameter of the eyes. The lateral superior olive was large in Microchiroptera(3850–4340 cells), guinea pig (3780), cat (3360) and chinchilla (3220); of intermediate size in macaque (1830), rat (1430) and squirrel monkey (1300); and small in gerbil (1220), mouse (1190), hedgehog (1090), squirrel (1000) and hamster (980). These data suggest that this nucleus is necessary for complex auditory discriminations (echolocation in Microchiroptera, for example) and that its size is not primarily determined by the taxonomic order of the animal. The medial nucleus of the trapezoid body was large in cat (5910), guinea pig (5840), hedgehog (4620) and chinchilla (4590); of intermediate size in rat (3870), Microchiroptera (3700) and macaque (3120); and small in squirrel monkey (2600), squirrel (2700), gerbil (2680), mouse (2270), and hamster (2130). The size of the nucleus was not related to sensory development or the size of the other olivary nuclei. The size of the medial superior olive was found to be highly correlated with the size of the VIth nucleus and eye diameter.
Quality Assurance and the Changing Meaning of Autonomy and Accountability between Home and Overseas Campuses of the Universities in New York State.

The purpose of this study is to identify how the meaning of autonomy and accountability changes between domestic and overseas campuses of the universities in New York State. The article confines to...
Wetland degradation leads to homogenization of the biota at local and landscape scales

Summary 1. We examined whether the anthropogenic degradation of wetlands leads to homogenization of the biota at local and/or landscape scales and, if so, what specific factors account for such an effect. We compared 16 isolated wetlands (Michigan, U.S.A.) that varied in surrounding land use: half had developed, and half undeveloped, riparian zones. Samples of macrophytes, epiphytic diatoms, zooplankton, macroinvertebrates and water chemistry were collected along three transects in each wetland. 2. Developed wetlands were more nutrient-rich with higher Cl concentrations. The plant community at developed sites was dominated by Lemnaceae (duckweed), while undeveloped wetlands were dominated by rooted, floating-leaved vegetation and sensitive plant species. Undeveloped wetlands contained heterogeneous and species-rich plant communities, greater species richness of zooplankton and diatoms, and heterogeneous zooplankton distributions as compared to developed sites. 3. A comparison among wetlands showed that diatom and zooplankton assemblages in developed wetlands were nested subsets of richer biota found in less developed wetlands. Conversely, plant communities were more heterogeneously distributed among developed wetlands at the landscape level. This may be attributable to patchy invasions by exotic species, which were a feature of the degraded wetlands within developed landscapes. 4. Our results indicate that several taxonomic groups showed similar, probably inter-dependent, responses to wetland degradation and habitat homogenization at both the local and landscape scales. This change in community structure from a species-rich and heterogeneous community dominated by floating-leaved plants in undeveloped wetlands, to nutrient-rich wetlands dominated by duckweed may represent a shift to an alternate stable state.
Efficient communication and collection with compact normal forms

In distributed applications, the transmission of non-contiguous data structures is greatly slowed down by the need to serialize them into a buffer before sending. We describe Compact Normal Forms, an API that allows programmers to explicitly place immutable heap objects into regions, which can both be accessed like ordinary data as well as efficiently transmitted over the network. The process of placing objects into compact regions (essentially a copy) is faster than any serializer and can be amortized over a series of functional updates to the data structure in question. We implement this scheme in the Glasgow Haskell Compiler and show that even with the space expansion attendant with memory-oriented data structure representations, we achieve between x2 and x4 speedups on fast local networks with sufficiently large data structures.
Interactions of the Gonadal Hormones in the Chicken

Abstract THERE are numerous reports concerning the effects of the various gonadal hormones when administered simultaneously in the chicken. The literature on this subject was reviewed by Emmens and Bradshaw (1939). At that time most of the evidence indicated antagonism between estrogens and androgens although Schoeller and Gehrke (1933) had reported synergism. In 1941, Kosin and Munro were unable to observe any marked interaction between estradiol and testosterone propionate as measured by comb and cloacal enlargement. Hertz et al. (1947) report antagonism in oviduct stimulation in chicks between progesterone and diethylstilbestrol. Godfrey and Jaap (1951) injected testosterone and diethylstilbestrol into young chickens and concluded that hyperossification of bone was produced only by a combination of the two hormones. Mason (1951) published data directly contradicting the work of Hertz (op. cit.). In later work Mason (1952) went on to show that synergism or antagonism was dependent upon the levels of progesterone and …
Treatment for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Is the Glass Half Empty or Half Full?

During the past 40 years, knowledge has accumulated that survival increases significantly if the OHCA is quickly recognized and responded to with prompt activation of 911, bystander-initiated cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), lay application of an automated external defibrillator (AED) before arrival of emergency medical services (EMS) providers on scene, advanced life support, and postresuscitation care.1 Recent analyses of a multicenter observational study have demonstrated that multiple components of CPR process are associated with survival in patients with OHCA.2,3 However, there are significant and important variations in the process and outcome for care for patients with OHCA.4–6 These differences appear to be much larger than variations associated with care of other acute cardiovascular conditions such as ST-elevation myocardial infarction.7 Despite advances in resuscitation knowledge, many communities have not achieved significant improvements in outcomes after OHCA over time.8 This lack of improvement in survival has led some skeptics to conclude that the glass is half empty and that patients with OHCA have a dismal prognosis. Articles see pp 1868, 1876, and 1883 Recently, tantalizing suggestions that outcomes after OHCA can improve over time have emerged from multicenter observational studies, including Arizona9 and Denmark.10 The relative contribution of interventions to increased survival in these communities is difficult to tease out because multiple changes in resuscitation care were implemented contemporaneously. Three important papers published in this issue of Circulation provide compelling evidence that the nation and the world is improving resuscitation care over time.11–13 Each of these large cohort studies demonstrates that OHCA is indeed a treatable condition and that a community can improve outcomes after OHCA. The first analysis described temporal changes in risk-adjusted survival after OHCA.12 Included were patients with OHCA of noncardiac cause who were …
A numerical study of shock-induced cavity collapse

The flow field resulting from the interaction between a planar incident shock in a solid and an embedded ellipsoidal gas cavity is examined computationally. The study is motivated by the need for improved understanding of the role of embedded cavities in the initiation of reaction in a heterogeneous explosive following the application of a shock. The system is modeled as a compressible multi-fluid flow with a sufficiently strong shock in the solid. A high-resolution, Godunov-type capturing scheme is employed to solve the governing equations numerically. The calculations are performed in parallel and use adaptive mesh refinement to obtain well-resolved solutions. The goal is to identify regions in which the shock-cavity interaction results in pressures that are substantially higher than the post-shock pressure that existed prior to the beginning of the interaction. Also of interest are the ways in which the magnitude of the elevated pressure, the extent and location of the regions where it develops, and the mechanisms that underlie such a development are influenced by the strength of the shock and the geometry of the cavity.
The activation of sea urchin eggs by the divalent ionophores A23187 and X-537A.

Abstract The divalent ionophores A23187 and X-537A induce parthenogenesis in sea urchin eggs. This results from their ability to mobilize intracellular Ca 2+ , which is implicated in both artificial parthenogenesis as well as the natural fertilization process. A23187 causes expulsion of cortical granules and elevation of the fertilization membrane within 0.5–9 min followed by an initiation of cell cleavage. The broader spectrum ionophore X-537A is less potent, but the production of cytoplasmic aberrations are more apparent. In contrast to the sperm-activated egg, the initial phase of ionophore induced activation is accompanied either by relatively insignificant changes in membrane resistance, or an increase.
Magnetic Bubble Reliability Testing - Component and System Level Aspects

Magnetic bubble memory components are extremely attractive for applications requiring high density, non-volatility and solid state reliability. Operating lifetest and accelerated stress test results are presented to classify the component error rates. Built-in error correction at the system level can improve error rates by several orders of magnitude. Calculated and measured error correction data are presented.
Getting the Most out of Transition-based Dependency Parsing

This paper suggests two ways of improving transition-based, non-projective dependency parsing. First, we add a transition to an existing non-projective parsing algorithm, so it can perform either projective or non-projective parsing as needed. Second, we present a bootstrapping technique that narrows down discrepancies between gold-standard and automatic parses used as features. The new addition to the algorithm shows a clear advantage in parsing speed. The bootstrapping technique gives a significant improvement to parsing accuracy, showing near state-of-the-art performance with respect to other parsing approaches evaluated on the same data set.
Improving the efficiency of elastic wave-mode separation for heterogeneous tilted transverse isotropic media

Wave-mode separation for TI (transversely isotropic) models can be carried out by nonstationary filtering the elastic wavefields with localized filters. These filters are constructed based on the polarization vectors obtained by solving the Christoffel equation using local medium parameters. This procedure, although accurate, is computationally expensive, especially in 3D. We develop an efficient method for wave-mode separation, which exploits the same general idea of projecting wavefields onto polarization vectors. The method consists of two steps: (1) separate wave modes in the wavenumber domain at a number of reference models to obtain the same number of partially separated wavefields; then transform all the wavefields to the space domain; (2) interpolate the wavefields (obtained in step 1) in the space domain using the spatially-variable model parameters. The new method resembles the phaseshift plus interpolation (PSPI) technique, which interpolates the wavefields that are reconstructed at several reference velocities. Synthetic examples indicate that the separation followed by interpolation is effective for models with complex geology. The new technique has the benefits of speed and accuracy.
Reproducing Reproduction: Kinship, Power and Technological Innovation

Reproducing Reproduction: Kinship, Power and Technological Innovation. Sarah Franklin and Helena Ragone. eds. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998. vi +245 pp.
Gigahertz manipulation of electron spins in semiconductor nanostructures

We analyse electronic, photonic, and magnetic manipulation of electrons and nuclear spins in a variety of semiconductor nanostructures for quantum spin information processing in the solid state. Temporally-and spatially-resolved magneto-optical measurements on semiconductor quantum structures are also discussed.
Rise and Fall of Cotton Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Populations in Southeastern Cotton Production Systems

The impact of natural enemies on cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), populations in cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., production systems in the southeastern United States was evaluated over 3 yr in irrigated commercial cotton fields. Fungal epizootics caused by the entomopathogen Neozygites fresenii (Nowakowski) Batko reduced aphid numbers to subthreshold levels in 1999, 2000, and 2001 and occurred consistently in early to mid-July in all 3 yr. Scymnus spp. were the most abundant aphidophagous predators, although other coccinellid species and generalist predators such as spiders, fire ants, heteropterans, and neuropterans also were present. Studies using arthropod exclusion cages demonstrated little impact of predators or parasitoids on aphid populations before fungal epizootics. Arthropod natural enemies were most abundant after epizootics and may have suppressed aphid populations late in the season. Seed cotton yield, and lint quality were not affected by aphicide applications in any year of the study. Implications of these findings for aphid management in the southeastern United States are discussed.
Student Evaluation Instruments: The Interactive Impact Of Course Requirement, Student Level, Department And Anticipated Grade

The examination of Student Evaluation Instruments (SEI) has generated a considerable literature. Interestingly, this extensive literature provides no clear guidance on how to interpret SEI results in order to make comparative evaluations of instructors’ performances. The research presented in this paper draws upon six semesters worth of SEI responses for all courses in our school of business – a database of nearly 30,000 responses. The paper examines how core measures of teaching effectiveness – student evaluation of instructor’s teaching ability and willingness to recommend the instructor – are affected by several factors. These factors include: the department from which the course was offered; whether the course was required by the core, the department or was an elective; the status of the student and the anticipated grade. Statistical analyses are conducted to examine and determine the impact of these factors and their interactions. The goal is to develop a system that can more accurately gauge instructors’ performances as measured by the student evaluation instrument.
Pediatric Xanthogranulomatous Cystitis: The First Described Case in a Pre-Pubertal Male and Review of the Literature.

Abstract Xanthogranulomatous cystitis (XC) is a rare condition affecting the bladder thought to be caused by chronic inflammation. Fewer than 30 cases have been reported in the literature since being first described in 1932. We present the first reported case of XC in a pre-pubertal male and review the literature. A 10-year-old boy presenting with dysuria and subsequently developed frequency. After failure of conservative management, an ultrasound of the bladder revealed a mass. The patient underwent partial cystectomy. Pathology showed XC. At 10 months post-operatively, the patient remained asymptomatic and without evidence of recurrence.
Diffusion lung imaging with hyperpolarized gas MRI.

Lung imaging using conventional 1 H MRI presents great challenges because of the low density of lung tissue, lung motion and very fast lung tissue transverse relaxation (typical T2 * is about 1-2 ms). MRI with hyperpolarized gases (3 He and 129 Xe) provides a valuable alternative because of the very strong signal originating from inhaled gas residing in the lung airspaces and relatively slow gas T2 * relaxation (typical T2 * is about 20-30 ms). However, in vivo human experiments should be performed very rapidly - usually during a single breath-hold. In this review, we describe the recent developments in diffusion lung MRI with hyperpolarized gases. We show that a combination of the results of modeling of gas diffusion in lung airspaces and diffusion measurements with variable diffusion-sensitizing gradients allows the extraction of quantitative information on the lung microstructure at the alveolar level. From an MRI scan of less than 15 s, this approach, called in vivo lung morphometry, allows the provision of quantitative values and spatial distributions of the same physiological parameters as measured by means of 'standard' invasive stereology (mean linear intercept, surface-to-volume ratio, density of alveoli, etc.). In addition, the approach makes it possible to evaluate some advanced Weibel parameters characterizing lung microstructure: average radii of alveolar sacs and ducts, as well as the depth of their alveolar sleeves. Such measurements, providing in vivo information on the integrity of pulmonary acinar airways and their changes in different diseases, are of great importance and interest to a broad range of physiologists and clinicians. We also discuss a new type of experiment based on the in vivo lung morphometry technique combined with quantitative computed tomography measurements, as well as with gradient echo MRI measurements of hyperpolarized gas transverse relaxation in the lung airspaces. Such experiments provide additional information on the blood vessel volume fraction, specific gas volume and length of the acinar airways, and allow the evaluation of lung parenchymal and non-parenchymal tissue. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fractures in the Color Line Consequences of Constructions of Race and Ethnicity on Measures of Imprisonment

Studies of social stratification and factors that contribute to inequalities by indices such as race, ethnicity, and gender are core contributions sociologists make to the discipline and to general...
Capturing the Huk Amazons: Representing Women Warriors in the Philippines, 1940s–1950s:

In the 1940s and 1950s, at the height of the peasant-based Huk rebellion in the Philippines, major newspapers reported the capture of ‘Huk Amazons’ on an almost daily basis. Leonila was a gun-totin...