cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pore Structure Analysis of Activated Carbon Made by Different Metamorphic Grade Coal

A kind of activated carbon were made by using the different metamorphic grade Shanxi Datong coal, Ningxia Taixi coal and Inner Mongolia coal as raw material. The pore structure of them is analyzed by using N_2 and CO_2 on the full automatic absorption apparatus Autosorb-1C. N_2 isothermal absorption data was treated by BET equation and to calculate the special surface area. CO_2 isothermal absorption data was treated by DFT equation and to analyze the micro porous. The medium pore diameter distribution was calculated by BJH method. The result is shown that, micro pore and special surface area increasing, super micro pore and medium pore volume decreasing and average pore diameter tend to narrow in pace with metamorphic grade increasing of raw material coal. Obviously, the main effect factor on activated carbon pore structure is the raw material coal property.
Analysis on inspection of influenza in Huizhou City in 2009

Objective To understand the epidemic features of influenza in Huizhou City in 2009,and explore the epidemic law,in order to provide scientific basis for prevention and treatment of influenza.Methods Specimens of throat swab were collected from influenza-like cases of sentinel hospitals and outbreaks of flu,using MDCK cells for influenza virus isolation,and Real-Time fluorescent quantitative PCR for influenza viruses typing.Results 271 strains of influenza viruses were isolated in 1482 specimens of the sentinel hospital,of which 265 were influenza A virus,6 were influenza B virus;Among the 22 outbreaks of influenza-like cases,16 were caused by novel human influenza(H1N1),86.4%of which were concentrated in the primary and secondary schools.Conclusion According to the data from the influenza surveillance,Influenza-like illness occurred throughout the year in Huizhou City,especially in autumn and winter.The major epidemic strain in 2009 was a novel human influenza(H1N1).
Mathematic model of rolling pressure during a semisolid shearing-rolling process

A mathematic model of rolling pressure during a novel semisolid shearing-rolling process was established. The rolling pressure in this process is higher than that in the conventional rolling. The increment of rolling pressure in the backward slip zone is higher than that in the forward slip zone, and the neutral plane moves toward to the roll gap entrance. The maximum and the average rolling pressures increase with the decrease of strip thickness, and the effects of strip thickness on the rolling pressure is more obvious in the forward slip zone than in the backward slip zone. Meanwhile, the neutral plane moves toward the roll gap exit with the decrease of strip thickness. The maximum and average rolling pressures increase with the decrease of strip width, and the strip width affects the pressure more obviously in the backward slip zone than in the forward slip zone. At the same time, the neutral plane moves toward the roll gap entrance with the decrease of strip width. The maximum and average rolling pressures increase with increasing roll radius, and the neutral plane moves toward the roll gap exit.
Impact of source position on high-dose-rate skin surface applicator dosimetry.

Abstract Purpose Skin surface dosimetric discrepancies between measured and treatment planning system predicted values were traced to source position sag inside the applicator and to source transit time. We quantified their dosimetric impact and propose corrections for clinical use. Methods and Materials We measured the dose profiles from the Varian Leipzig-style high-dose-rate (HDR) skin applicator, using EBT3 film, photon diode, and optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter for three different GammaMedplus HDR afterloaders. The measured dose profiles at several depths were compared with BrachyVision Acuros calculated profiles. To assess the impact of the source sag, two different applicator orientations were considered. The dose contribution during source transit was assessed by comparing diode measurements using an HDR timer and an electrometer timer. Results Depth doses measured using the three dosimeters were in good agreement, but were consistently higher than the Acuros dose calculations. Measurements with the applicator face up were significantly (exceeding 10%) lower than those in the face down position, due to source sag inside the applicator. Based on the inverse square law, the effective source sag was evaluated to be about 0.5 mm from the planned position. The additional dose during source transit was evaluated to be about 2.8% for 30 seconds of treatment with a 40700 U (10 Ci) source. Conclusion With a very short source-to-surface distance, the small source sag inside the applicator has a significant dosimetric impact. This effect is unaccounted for in the vendor's treatment planning template and should be considered before the clinical use of the applicator. Further investigation of other applicators with large source lumen diameter may be warranted.
Early Stages in Chemical Development

AbstractExaminations with the electron microscope of very early development stages in chemical development reveal the consecutive steps in silver filament formation. It is shown that the filaments initially do not consist of metallic silver but are rather made of some dissolved or complexed material. As time proceeds the filaments become partially, and finally completely reduced.
Familial pancreatic cancer

Familial pancreatic cancer (FPC) includes those kindreds that contain at least two first-degree relatives with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. At least 12 known hereditary syndromes or genes are associated with increased risk of developing pancreatic cancer, the foremost being BRCA2 and CDKN2A. Research into the identification of mutations in known cancer predisposition genes and through next-generation sequencing has revealed extensive heterogeneity. The development of genetic panel testing has enabled genetic risk assessment and predisposition testing to be routinely offered. Precision oncology has opened the possibility of "incidental" germline mutations that may have implications for family members. However, in both cases, evidence-based recommendations for managing patients and at-risk family members in light of genetic status remain emergent, with current practice based on expert opinion.
Choreographing pumping: remaking the ‘ideal’ worker through maternal embodiment in the workplace

AbstractThe negotiation of employed mothers’ identities as mothers and workers has often been theorized through separation, where women perform their maternal and professional identities differently and distinctly in the home and workplace. However, milk expression in the workplace, as a form of maternal embodiment at work, challenges this separation and the ‘ideal’ worker dedicated entirely to the goals and desires of the firm. This study analyzes how mother-workers negotiate milk expression to suggest that identity practice in the workplace is a choreography between co-workers and supervisors that have the potential to produce hybrid subjectivities outside of the logic of the ‘ideal’ worker or the separation of spheres. Critical moments of performance occur in the movement between spaces within the workplace when maternal and professional work occur simultaneously or maternal embodiment becomes visible to co-workers and supervisors. This paper extends the conversation about gendered organizations to sug...
Ecosocialisms, Past, Present and Future: From the Metabolic Rift to a Reconstructive, Dynamic and Hybrid Ecosocialism

ABSTRACTJohn Bellamy Foster and his colleagues have recently argued that the project of ecosocialism should be understood in terms of a “prefigurative” and “first stage” of red-green thinkers whose insights have largely been transcended by their own work on the metabolic rift. Rift scholars have further argued that “second-stage” ecosocialists should push back against “idealist” deviations occurring amongst historical materialists concerned with the production of nature, socionatures and “hybridity,” as well as more or less all engagements with literatures on eco-technological transitions, industrial ecology and the like, which are implicated in supporting “green capitalism.” This paper critically evaluates these claims. In each case, it is argued, rift scholarship is narrowing the possibilities for interdisciplinary engagement and for thinking in dynamic and reconstructive terms about red-green futures. It is our sense that an ecosocialist vision of just transitions has to be conceptualized as a diverse,...
Generative Models for Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining

This chapter provides a survey of recent work on using generative models for sentiment analysis and opinion mining. Generative models attempt to model the joint distribution of all the relevant data with parameters that can be interpreted as reflecting latent structures or properties in the data. As a result of fitting such a model to the observed data, we can obtain an estimate of these parameters, thus “revealing” the latent structures or properties of the data to be analyzed. Such models have already been widely used for analyzing latent topics in text data. Some of the models have been extended to model both topics and sentiment of a topic, thus enabling sentiment analysis at the topic level. Moreover, new generative models have also been developed to model both opinionated text data and their companion numerical sentiment ratings, enabling deeper analysis of sentiment and opinions to not only obtain subtopic-level sentiment but also latent relative weights on different subtopics. These generative models are general and robust and require no or little human effort in model estimation. Thus they can be applied broadly to perform sentiment analysis and opinion mining on any text data in any natural language.
Animal models of HIV transmission through breastfeeding and pediatric HIV infection.

In 2009, an estimated 370,000 children contracted HIV from their mothers during the perinatal and breastfeeding period [1]. Major progress has been made in reducing intrapartum transmission of HIV-1 using prepartum antiretroviral regimens [2–4]. However, in low-resource countries where it has been difficult to make replacement feeding AFASS (affordable, feasible, acceptable, sustainable, and safe), breastfeeding continues to be a considerable risk factor for postnatal mother-to-child transmission of HIV [5–7]. Breastfeeding is a big dilemma for many HIV-infected women in such areas: even though it can transmit HIV, breast milk remains the best resource to provide the nursing infant with much-needed nutrition and protection against other serious infectious diseases [8, 9].
Reproductive Hormones as Neuroprotectants in Brain Injury

Reproductive steroids are important players in shaping outcome from brain injury. Estrogen has been the best studied of the sex steroids in both laboratory and clinical settings and is considered increasingly to be an endogenous neuroprotective agent. Pre-clinical studies in several animal species demonstrate that exogenous estradiol reduces tissue damage resulting from experimental stroke in both sexes. Further, it appears that post-traumatic brain injury pathology can be improved by progesterone in animals of both sexes. This new concept suggests that expanding our understanding of how sex steroids impact cerebral ischemia will yield novel insights into generalized cellular mechanisms of injury. This review briefly summarizes gender-specific aspects of clinical and experimental stroke and pre-clinical data in which sex steroids favorably alter brain injury outcomes. Lastly, cellular and molecular mechanisms by which estrogen salvages brain are detailed. We focus on estrogen’s mechanisms since there is a large, and rapidly developing, understanding of this hormone’s neuroprotective potential. Limited data are available at present for progesterone or testosterone (reviewed in Hurn and Macrae, 2000; Roof and Hall, 2000).
Analysis of the 1.0- to 1.4-BeV π-ρ Enhancement

Author(s): Chung, Suh Urk; Dalai, Orin I.; Hardy, Lyndon M.; Hess, Richard I.; Kalbfleisch, George R.; Kirz, Janos; Miller, Donald H.; Smith, Gerald A.
Audit costs for small cities, large cities, and state governments: a symposium

The three papers in this symposium on governmental auditing examine the general question: "what factors influence the amount of public sector resources devoted to audits of public sector entities?" Despite the passage of the Single Audit Act of 1984, both state and federal auditors have continued to report wide variations in the quality of audits conducted by independent certified public accountants. Hence, it is important to understand factors that contribute to this situation. One approach is to determine the factors that determiine the price paid (budget) for the audit services since the price of audit is generally considered a critical factor associated with audit quality. That approach underlies the articles appearing in this symposium.
The ethics of policing: The use of force

I'd rather be judged by twelve than carried out by six. Conventional police wisdom Who overcomes By force hath overcome but half his foe. John Milton Most people are familiar with the police beating of Rodney King. Yet what was exceptional about the case was not the beating, but the fact that it was captured on videotape. Nor was the initial acquittal of the officers exceptional; what was exceptional was the fact that despite the videotape the officers were acquitted. Reports of police beatings, especially in circumstances such as Rodney King's, after a car chase, are not uncommon. But it is only rarely that police are held to have acted improperly. When Egon Bittner writes that “the role of police is to address all sorts of human problems when and insofar as the problems' solutions may require the use of force at the point of their occurrence,” he feeds the image that police have of themselves as crimefighters, working in a human jungle whose law is force. That image licences most police force as necessary force. The onus is placed on others to show that it was excessive. Had the Los Angeles police considered themselves primarily as social peacekeepers, for whom recourse to force constituted a last and regrettable option, events would almost certainly have turned out very differently. Nevertheless, I do not want to underplay the importance of force to the police role.
Primera encíclica social de Benedicto XVI: claves de comprensión

El objeto de este articulo no es una presentacion completa de la enciclica Caritas in veritate2. El formar parte de un dossier de la Revista de Fomento Social que dedica otros articulos al documento pontificio obliga a limitar el alcance y contenido de estas paginas. Su finalidad es ofrecer el marco en que la enciclica aparecio y las claves mas significativas para su interpretacion. Quizas la cuestion del marco es mas objetiva; identificar las claves, en cambio, puede conllevar una carga subjetiva mayor: pero este intento, que procuraremos realizar desde un esfuerzo por ir al texto y leerlo desde el mismo, esperamos sea una ayuda para la lectura de un documento cuya compresion no resulta facil para el lector medio.
The Golden Triangle

Triangle ABC (cf. Figure 20–1) is isosceles: AB = AC. A is called its apex, BC its base. The apex angle is less than sixty degrees. Another triangle, BCD, is constructed inside ABC, which is also isosceles and has B as its apex; the point D lies on AC. Since their base angles are the same, triangles ABC and BCD are similar. In analogy to dynamic symmetry nomenclature we shall call triangle DAB the gnomon of ABC.
A Manifold of Periodic Orbits

Abstract : In the restricted problem of three bodies, when the mass ratio is such that the characteristic exponents at L sub 4 are equal in pair, the triangular equilibrium is a point of ramification in the analytical manifold of periodic orbits emanating from L sub 4: the branch L sub 4 superscript s of short period orbits can be continued through L sub 4 by the branch L sub 4 superscript l of long period orbits, and this real analytical continuation is unique. The branch L sub 4 superscript l ends with an orbit traveled twice which is an element of L sub 4 superscript s. The branch L sub 4 superscript s meets its mirror image L sub 5 superscript s of short period orbits around L sub 5 on a symmetric orbit which is also an element of the branch L sub 3 of periodic solutions emanating from the collinear equilibrium L sub 3. Around L sub 4, the branches L sub 4 superscript l and L sub 4 superscript s are connected by bridges B(pL,qS) of periodic orbits which start from a long period orbit traveled p times and end with a short period one traveled q times. We have completely explored the bridges B(2L,3S), B(3L,4S) and B(4L,5S). (Author)
Embedded Sensors and Actuators for Lightweight Structures

Much effort has been invested in developing control methodologies that modify the joint torque profiles in a lightweight, high speed robot manipulator in order to suppress vibration in the flexible links and improve end-point positional accuracy [1-7]. Similar concerns arise regarding the interaction between structures and control methodologies for large space structures [8]. These techniques rely on a model of the flexural behavior of the link(s). Some of them operate in real-time [1,2], while others are computed prior to motion and may depend on inverse dynamics [3–6]. The principal drawback to all of these is that while the vibration modes are properties of the flexible links, the attempted solutions rely on actuation at the joint motors. This condition of non-collocation of the vibrational coordinates and the actuators’ degrees-of-freedom has hampered the satisfactory identification of a real-time controller. Furthermore, techniques for sensing have also relied on location of sensors remote from the actual vibrational coordinates [1–6,8].
Bioprinting Cardiovascular Organs

Abstract Bioprinting has been recently utilized to create complex tissue constructs. Bioprinting uses patient-specific scaffolds into which living cells and biologic components are introduced in order to create tissue constructs. Bioprinting currently uses inkjet-based, pressure-assisted, and laser-assisted techniques and stereolithography. Bioprinting techniques have focused on creating aortic valves and vascular structures, but there is significant interest in using bioprinting for the whole gamut of cardiovascular diseases, with the eventual goal of bioprinting whole organs. This chapter will review the currently available printing technologies, materials used, and the progress made in cardiovascular bioprinting.
The Efficacy and Safety of a Catheter Removal Only Strategy for the Treatment of PICC Line Thrombosis Vs Standard of Care Anticoagulation: A Retrospective Review

Abstract Background: Peripherally-inserted central catheters (PICCs) are commonly used during hospitalization for ease of access with blood draws and fluid and medication administration. PICC use is frequently complicated by catheter-related thrombosis (CRT). Current guidelines recommend 3-6 months of anticoagulation for patients with CRT after catheter removal. This recommendation is based on extrapolation of data on lower extremity thrombosis, as data is lacking regarding the efficacy and safety of more specific management strategies in upper extremity cases. Retrospective data exists to suggest catheter removal without anticoagulation is a sufficient and reasonable treatment option, particularly for patients at risk for bleeding; no prospective randomized data have been reported in this population. We aimed to examine the incidence of progressive thrombosis and bleeding in a retrospective cohort of patients with PICCs. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of hospitalized adult patients diagnosed with CRT at our center from 2012 to 2018. We determined rates of progressive thrombosis and bleeding in cohorts of patients who underwent catheter removal vs. those who had catheters removed and received anticoagulation. Results: Among 83 total patients, 62 were treated with PICC removal alone, while 21 underwent PICC removal and received therapeutic anticoagulation. Patients treated with PICC removal alone were more likely to have hematologic malignancy, receive chemotherapy, develop thrombocytopenia, and have brachial vein thrombosis. No patients in the PICC removal plus anticoagulation arm developed progressive thrombosis, while 6.4% of patients treated with catheter removal alone developed a secondary VTE event, including one PE, three DVTs; this difference did not reach statistical significance. Five patients (8%) treated with catheter removal alone also developed progressive symptoms leading to initiation of anticoagulation. Major bleeding was significantly more common in the PICC removal + anticoagulation arm (28.5% vs 4.8% p=0.007). Conclusions: Catheter-removal alone results in significantly reduced major bleeding compared with catheter-removal plus anticoagulation. In select patients, catheter removal alone may be considered as an option for CRT, though larger, prospective trials are needed to clarify whether this practice is effective at reducing rates of progressive thrombosis. Download : Download high-res image (326KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
The Dark Figure of Hate Crime Underreporting

Hate crimes are notoriously underestimated evident by significant differences reported between the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) and the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). Between 2004 and 20...
Graduate School in Health Education: A Challenge to Consider

This article examines aspects health educators should consider before obtaining an advanced degree. Specifically, challenges and expectations facing graduate students in health education are discussed in addition to available options for individuals thinking about graduate school in the discipline. Health educators must devise goals to obtain the most from their graduate school experiences. Potential students must also choose programs that best suit their personal and professional needs. Above all, health educators must determine when to attend graduate school and at what costs.
Multiobjective Calibration of Disease Simulation Models Using Gaussian Processes

Background. Developing efficient procedures of model calibration, which entails matching model predictions to observed outcomes, has gained increasing attention. With faithful but complex simulation models established for cancer diseases, key parameters of cancer natural history can be investigated for possible fits, which can subsequently inform optimal prevention and treatment strategies. When multiple calibration targets exist, one approach to identifying optimal parameters relies on the Pareto frontier. However, computational burdens associated with higher-dimensional parameter spaces require a metamodeling approach. The goal of this work is to explore multiobjective calibration using Gaussian process regression (GPR) with an eye toward how multiple goodness-of-fit (GOF) criteria identify Pareto-optimal parameters. Methods. We applied GPR, a metamodeling technique, to estimate colorectal cancer (CRC)-related prevalence rates simulated from a microsimulation model of CRC natural history, known as the Colon Modeling Open Source Tool (CMOST). We embedded GPR metamodels within a Pareto optimization framework to identify best-fitting parameters for age-, adenoma-, and adenoma staging-dependent transition probabilities and risk factors. The Pareto frontier approach is demonstrated using genetic algorithms with both sum-of-squared errors (SSEs) and Poisson deviance GOF criteria. Results. The GPR metamodel is able to approximate CMOST outputs accurately on 2 separate parameter sets. Both GOF criteria are able to identify different best-fitting parameter sets on the Pareto frontier. The SSE criterion emphasizes the importance of age-specific adenoma progression parameters, while the Poisson criterion prioritizes adenoma-specific progression parameters. Conclusion. Different GOF criteria assert different components of the CRC natural history. The combination of multiobjective optimization and nonparametric regression, along with diverse GOF criteria, can advance the calibration process by identifying optimal regions of the underlying parameter landscape.
Understanding Patient Information Needs About Their Clinical Laboratory Results: A Study of Social Q&A Site.

Clinical data, such as laboratory test results, is increasingly being made available to patients through patient portals. However, patients often have difficulties understanding and acting upon the clinical data presented in portals. As such, many turn to online resources to fill their knowledge gaps and obtain actionable advice. In this work, we present a content analysis of the questions posted in a major social Q&A site to characterize lay people’s general information needs concerning laboratory test results and to inform the design of patient portals for supporting patients’ understanding of clinical data. We identified 15 information needs related to laboratory test results, and clustered them under four themes: understanding the results of lab test, interpreting doctor’s diagnosis, learning about lab tests, and consulting the next steps. We draw on our findings to discuss design opportunities for supporting the understanding of laboratory results.
Double-hit monomorphic B-cell lymphoma after liver transplantation.

We report the first case of double-hit (MYC and BCL-6) monomorphic post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in a patient status post liver transplantation. Our patient is a 71-year-old man with a past medical history of Budd-Chiari syndrome complicated by cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. He underwent a deceased donor liver transplantation 2 years prior to presentation and was maintained on tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil for immunosuppression. He presented with a 3-week history of classical B-symptoms. Initial workup was notable for elevated lactate dehydrogenase. Abdomen ultrasound revealed multiple hypoechoic lesions, raising suspicion for a post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Biopsy showed pleomorphic large neoplastic cells throughout, consistent with a diagnosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Cytogenetics then revealed rearrangements in both MYC and BCL-6, consistent with double-hit lymphoma. His immunosuppressive regimen was subsequently tapered and he was started on DA-EPOCH-R (dose-adjusted etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and rituximab) regimen.
Demographic, driving experience, and psychosocial predictors of adolescent distracted driving beliefs.

Abstract Purpose The current study had three aims: 1) describe distracted driving beliefs among adolescents by various distraction types (i.e., talking on a hands-free/hands-held cell phone, texting or emailing, taking “selfies,” and updating/checking social media); 2) examine the factor structure of distracted driving beliefs; and 3) test whether individual difference factors, shown in prior work to be related to distracted driving behavior, significantly predicted factors of distracted driving beliefs. Methods Three hundred seventy-nine high school students enrolled in non-mandatory Driver’s Education courses completed surveys of distracted driving beliefs, sensation seeking, and demographics. Results A factor analysis revealed four factors of distracted driving beliefs: 1) self-acceptance of interacting with a cell phone while driving; 2) perceived peer acceptance of interacting with a cell phone while driving; 3) perceived threat of distracted driving to personal safety; and 4) self- and peer- acceptance of talking on a cell phone while driving. Adolescents perceived a greater threat to safety and less self- and peer-acceptance of interacting with cell phones while driving (i.e., texting/emailing, updating/posting to social media, taking selfies) than talking on a cell phone while driving. In general, men, those with more driving experience, higher in sensation seeking, and those placing more importance on checking notifications on a phone had riskier beliefs about distracted driving. Conclusion Findings suggest adolescent distracted driving beliefs are influenced by individual difference factors, providing some knowledge about the motivations for distracted driving. Future work should consider novel strategies for intervening to reduce this common yet extremely dangerous behavior among adolescents.
Change in Ophthalmic Clinicians' Attitudes Toward Telemedicine During the Coronavirus 2019 Pandemic.

Background: Ophthalmic clinicians report low confidence in telemedicine-based eye care delivery, but it may have changed given its rapid expansion during the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine clinician confidence in telemedicine-based eye care services during COVID-19. Materials and Methods: An electronic survey was sent to clinicians at University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center (April 17, 2020-May 6, 2020) when nonemergent in-person visits and procedures were restricted. The primary outcome was clinician confidence in using telemedicine-based eye care during COVID-19. Secondary outcomes included telemedicine utilization and its association with clinician confidence using Fisher's exact test. Results: Of the 88 respondents (90.7% response rate; n = 97 total), 83.0% (n = 73) were ophthalmologists and 17.0% (n = 15) were optometrists. Telemedicine utilization increased from 30.7% (n = 27) before the pandemic to 86.2% (n = 75) after the pandemic. Clinicians' confidence in their ability to use telemedicine varied with 28.6% (24/84) feeling confident/extremely confident, 38.1% (32/84) somewhat confident, and 33.3% (28/84) not-at-all confident. Most felt that telemedicine was underutilized (62.1%; 54/87) and planned continued use over the next year (59.8%; 52/87). Confident respondents were more likely to have performed three or more telemedicine visits (p = 0.003), to believe telemedicine was underutilized (p < 0.001), and to anticipate continued use of telemedicine (p = 0.009). Discussion: The majority of clinicians were at least somewhat confident about using telemedicine during the pandemic. Clinician confidence was associated with telemedicine visit volume and intention to continue using telemedicine. Conclusions: Policies that foster clinician confidence will be important to sustain telemedicine-based eye care delivery.
On the stability of traveling wave solutions to thin-film and long-wave models for film flows inside a tube

Abstract Traveling wave solutions are studied numerically and theoretically for models of viscous core–annular flows and falling film flows inside a tube. The models studied fall into one of two classes, referred to here as ‘thin-film’ or ‘long-wave’. One model of each type is studied for three problems: a falling viscous film lining the inside of a tube, and core–annular flow with either equal- or unequal-density fluids. In recent work, traveling wave solutions for some of these equations were found using a smoothing technique that removes a degeneracy and allows for continuation onto a periodic family of solutions from a Hopf bifurcation. This paper has three goals. First, the smoothing technique used in earlier studies is justified for these models using asymptotics. Second, this technique is used to find numerically families of traveling wave solutions not previously explored in detail, including some which have multiple turning points due to the interaction between gravity, viscous forces, surface tension, and pressure-driven flow. Third, the stability of these solutions is studied using asymptotics near the Hopf bifurcation point, and numerically far from this point. In particular, a simple theory using the constant solution at the Hopf bifurcation point produces estimates for the eigenvalues in good agreement with numerics, with the exception of the eigenvalues closest to zero; higher-order asymptotics are used to predict these eigenvalues. Far from the Hopf bifurcation point, the stabilizing role of increasing surface tension is quantified numerically for the thin-film models, while multiple changes in stability occur along families of solutions for some of the long-wave models.
Advanced Characterization and Sensing with Squeezed Optomechanical Systems

Optomechanical systems have applications in nanoscale materials characterization and ultralight dark matter detection. Here we outline a quantum optomechanics readout method based on truncated nonlinear interferometry for sensing below the standard quantum limit.
Experience with Lengthy Pot Hibernation at Alcoa Baie-Comeau

Two AP18 pots were put into hibernation state from a normal production state for a period of 4 weeks. They were then woken up and successfully transitioned back to their normal operation. During the hibernation period, the pots were operated at normal line current and the bath temperature maintained around 840–860 °C. This paper presents the pot thermal behavior and responses to different phases of the hibernation process from transitioning into a hibernation state, maintaining a stable sleep state, to waking up and transitioning back to a normal production state. Special adjustments were necessary for each phase during the hibernation process. Interesting observations, unanticipated events, and effective countermeasures are also presented and discussed.
Die Erschaffung von Universen aus dem Nichts

Wenn die Inflation ewig wahrt, dann ging dem Beginn unseres lokalen Universums vor etwa 14 Mrd. Jahren eine unbekannte Anzahl von Blasenuniversen-Vorfahren voraus.
VStroll: An Audio-based Virtual Exploration to Encourage Walking among People with Vision Impairments

Current infrastructure design, discouragement by parents, and lack of internal motivation act as barriers for people with visual impairments (PVIs) to perform physical activities at par with sighted individuals. This has triggered accessible exercise technologies to be an emerging area of research. However, most current solutions have either safety concerns and/or are expensive, hence limiting their mass adoption. In our work, we propose VStroll, a smartphone app to promote walking among PVIs, by enabling them to virtually explore real-world locations, while physically walking in the safety and comfort of their homes. Walking is a cheap, accessible, and a common physical activity for people with blindness. VStroll has several added features, such as places-of-interest (POI) announcement using spatial audio and voice input for route selection at every intersection, which helps the user to gain spatial awareness while walking. To understand the usability of VStroll, 16 participants used our app for five days, followed by a semi-structured interview. Overall, our participants took 253 trips, walked for 50.8 hours covering 121.6 kms. We uncovered novel insights, such as discovering new POIs and fitness-related updates acted as key motivators, route selection boosted their confidence in navigation, and spatial audio resulted in an immersive experience. We conclude the paper with key lessons learned to promote accessible exercise technologies.
Exergetic analysis of a solar thermoelectric generator

Abstract Recently, thermoelectric modules have been considered as possible replacement to solar photovoltaic system due to its potential for combined heat and power. In the designs of solar thermoelectric cogeneration systems, a careful compromise has to be made between thermal energy and electrical power. For practical purposes, electrical power is preferred over heat energy. However, due to the current low conversion efficiencies of thermoelectric materials, increasing electrical power generation causes the overall combined efficiency to suffer. This study proposes an exergetic analysis of combined heat and power solar thermoelectric systems to maximize exergetic efficiency. The modeling is based on the previously investigated design of a solar thermoelectric generator for residential combined heat and power generation. The working conditions (cold side reservoir temperature and solar concentration) are varied to maximize exergetic efficiency without sacrificing too much electricity generation. The module geometry for thermal load matching is also suggested.
Far infrared observations of H II Regions

Far infrared observations of H II regions are reviewed. Special emphasis is placed on recent observations having high angular resolution.
Brain space for learned song in birds develops independently of song learning

In numerous species of birds, individuals or species that sing larger numbers of song types have larger song control nuclei in their brains. The direction of the cause and effect relationship between the complexity of song behavior and brain space is unknown, however. The hypothesis that birds that learn large song repertoires develop large song nuclei was therefore tested with a songbird, the marsh wren (Cistothorus palustris). Males were hand-reared and tutored in the laboratory with either small (n = 8 males heard 5 song types) or large (n = 8 males heard 45 song types) repertoires. When the birds were adults, the number of song types each male sang was first determined, and then the volume and certain cellular attributes of the song nuclei HVC and RA were measured. The two groups of wrens showed large behavioral differences in the size of their learned song repertoires, but did not differ in either the volumes of HVC and RA or in neuronal size, number, or density within these nuclei. These results suggest that the relationship between behavioral song complexity and brain space found in this and other species develops largely independently of early song learning experience and the later production of those songs.
An Analysis of the Last Hour of Betting in the NFL

The last hour of betting for the wagering market in the National Football League (NFL) was examined. In a sample of offshore sportsbooks, nearly a quarter of all bets on NFL games occured in the last hour before kickoff. Bets were shown not to be balanced between each side of the betting proposition. When the betting percentage on the favorite increases in the last hour of betting, there is a simple strategy that has shown to earn statistically significant profits: betting against the public by wagering on the underdog. Unlike horse racing, in which informed bettors are assumed to wager late (near post time), money wagered near the kickoff of NFL action does not appear to be the actions of informed agents, but rather they are recreational bettors behaving simply as consumers.
Etch characteristics of HfO2 films on Si substrates

Abstract The etch rates and mechanisms for HfO2 thin films in Cl2-, SF6- or CH4/H2-based plasmas were measured as a function of source power, r.f. chuck power and discharge composition. Both Cl2- and SF6-based plasmas produced some degree of chemical enhancement in the etch mechanism. Selectivities between 0.2 and 5 were obtained for Si over HfO2 in these two plasma chemistries. High fidelity pattern transfer was achieved for photoresist-masked HfO2/Si structures etched with Cl2/Ar over a broad range of pressures or with SF6/Ar at low pressures. The surface morphologies of both HfO2 and Si were smooth over a wide range of etching conditions.
Feasibility and utility of experience sampling to assess alcohol consumption among older adults

In the literature on alcohol use and aging, drinking has often been conceptualized as a means of coping with negative feelings, such as stress, yet much of the literature on older adults and drinking has utilized cross-sectional or other data ill-suited for exploring dynamic processes. Experience sampling methods have the ability to measure and analyze dynamic processes in real time, such as relations between alcohol use and mood states. Nonetheless, these approaches are intensive and may burden respondents. Therefore, this study evaluated the feasibility, acceptability, and validity of a modified daily diary to measure alcohol use and explored alternate methods of collecting diary data. Findings suggest that a modified diary was acceptable and not burdensome. Respondents were reluctant to consider technology (e.g., cellphone)-based means of data collection. Measures of alcohol use showed little within-person variation suggesting that for those who drink at all, drinking is a daily habit.
A New Potyvirus found in Passiflora incence in Florida.

During March of 2004 (Alachua County) and again during February of 2006 (Highlands County), specimens of the plant Passiflora incence (passionfruit) with chlorotic symptoms were submitted to the Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville, FL for diagnosis. Cytoplasmic cylindrical inclusions seen in epidermal strips of plant leaves stained in Luxol brilliant green and calcomine orange but not seen in those stained in Azure A indicated the presence of a potyvirus infection. Leaf dips made for electron microscopy also showed virus particles consistent with a potyvirus infection. Reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR using degenerate potyvirus primers (4) produced a target ≈1.7-kb potyvirus band. Approximately 1.4 kb of the PCR fragments from both specimens was sequenced and was 100% identical. The 1.4-kb fragment contained the 3′ end of the NIb region, the coat protein, and the beginning of the 3′UTR. A GenBank BLAST search found that the two most similar potyviruses were Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV), als...
Ultrafast and spatially resolved studies of charge carriers in atomically thin molybdenum disulfide

Atomically thin molybdenum disulfide is emerging as a new nanomaterial with potential applications in the fields of electronic and photonics. Charge carrier dynamics plays an essential role in determining its electronic and optical properties. We report spatially and temporally resolved pump-probe studies of charge carriers in atomically thin molybdenum disulfide samples fabricated by mechanical exfoliation. Carriers are injected by interband absorption of a 390-nm pump pulse and detected by measuring differential reflection of a time-delayed and spatially scanned probe pulse that is tuned to an exciton transition. Several parameters on charge carrier dynamics are deduced, including carrier lifetime, diffusion coefficient, diffusion length, and mobility.
Antifertility Factors from Plants I. Preliminary Extraction and Screening

Three plants were examined for possible antifertility effects. Prunus emarginata and Lonicera ciliosa were found to reduce litter production in mice, while Lysichitum americanum was not active. The initial extraction and screening procedures are described.
Magnetic measurements as a viable tool to assess the relative degrees of cation ordering and Mn3+ content in doped LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 spinel cathodes

The magnetic properties of the doped high-voltage spinels LiMn1.5Ni0.42M0.08O4 (M = Cr, Fe, Co, Cu, Al, and Ga) as well as the Mn-rich spinels LiMn1.5+xNi0.5−xO4 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1) synthesized by a tank-reactor coprecipitation method have been investigated. It is found that the Curie temperatures correlate well with the degree of cation ordering determined by measuring the capacity value at ∼2.7 V, which corresponds to the insertion of additional lithium into the empty 16c octahedral sites of the spinel lattice. Additionally, it is found that the saturation magnetization near 0 K provides a reliable means of calculating the Mn3+ content in each sample based on the predicted magnetic exchange interactions of the spinel structure. The magnetic results match well with the capacity values obtained in the 4 V region of the samples when assembled as cathodes in lithium-ion cells. The Mn-rich spinels offer insight into the relationship between Mn3+ content and degree of cation ordering and how they affect the magnitude of the capacity in the ∼2.7 V region. The effects of Mn3+ content and cation ordering were isolated by examining the relationship among lattice parameter, Mn3+ content, capacity contribution at ∼2.7 V, and Curie temperature. Thus, it is posited that the Curie temperature is a reliable qualitative means of measuring the degree of cation order in a variety of doped or Mn-rich spinel oxides.
The Critical Role of Timing in Managing Intellectual Property

Abstract In today's environment, timing is a critical part of business strategy. Nowhere is this truer than as regards managing intellectual property in an increasingly global marketplace. The creation and protection of intellectual property assets often depends on consistently taking the right legal action at the right time. The consequences of failing to do so can be disastrous but may only be felt at a later time or in other markets. The difficulty for business people lies in the fact that the time-sensitive aspects of intellectual property cannot be managed effectively by relying on intuition or resolving to see a lawyer when the need arises. This article provides a basic primer on the critical role of timing in identifying, creating, and protecting intellectual property assets. It discusses the most common types of intellectual property—patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets—and compares the role of timing in the creation and protection of each asset type. Most importantly, it summarizes the key issues of timing in the creation and protection of intellectual property.
Acetylcholinesterase inhibition in federally endangered Colorado squawfish exposed to carbaryl and malathion

Toxicity of technical carbaryl and malathion to endangered Colorado squawfish (Ptychocheilus lucius) was estimated by 24-h in vivo brain acetylcholinesterase-inhibition tests. Effect concentrations were estimated by ANOVA and an alternative procedure utilizing a linear-plateau regression model. NOECs were 29.3 μg/L carbaryl and 371 μg/L malathion. Threshold concentrations estimated by linear-plateau regression were 7.40 μg/L carbaryl and 150 μg/L malathion. NOECs showed that carbaryl was approximately 13 times more toxic than malathion. Relative potency of the two toxicants was confirmed by linear-plateau regression analysis: Threshold estimates showed that carbaryl was approximately 20 times more toxic than malathion. NOECs for acetylcholinesterase inhibition were 15 times lower for carbaryl, and four times lower for malathion, than NOECs estimated from growth and survival in 32-d early-life-stage tests. The difference between effect concentrations estimated by the two methods was attributed to development of tolerance in 32-d early-life-stage tests and greater sensitivity of biochemical processes compared to whole-organism responses.
Is Genetic testing useful to predict type 2 diabetes

The early identification of individuals at risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D) enables prevention. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have added at least 40 genetic variants to the list of already well characterized T2D risk predictors, including family history, obesity, and elevated fasting plasma glucose levels. Although these variants can significantly predict T2D alone and as a part of genotype risk scores, they do not yet offer clinical discrimination beyond that achieved with common clinical measurements. Future progress on at least two research fronts may improve the predictive performance of genotype information. First, expanded GWAS efforts in non-European populations will allow targeted sequencing of risk loci and the identification of true causal variants. Second, studies with longer prediction time horizons may demonstrate that genotype information performs better than clinical risk predictors over a longer period of the life course. At present, however, genetic testing cannot be recommended for clinical T2D risk prediction in adults.