cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of dynamically downscaled extreme temperature using a spatially-aggregated generalized extreme value (GEV) model

The weather research and forecast (WRF) model downscaling skill in extreme maximum daily temperature is evaluated by using the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution. While the GEV distribution has been used extensively in climatology and meteorology for estimating probabilities of extreme events, accurately estimating GEV parameters based on data from a single pixel can be difficult, even with fairly long data records. This work proposes a simple method assuming that the shape parameter, the most difficult of the three parameters to estimate, does not vary over a relatively large region. This approach is applied to evaluate 31-year WRF-downscaled extreme maximum temperature through comparison with North American regional reanalysis (NARR) data. Uncertainty in GEV parameter estimates and the statistical significance in the differences of estimates between WRF and NARR are accounted for by conducting a novel bootstrap procedure that makes no assumption of temporal or spatial independence within a year, which is especially important for climate data. Despite certain biases over parts of the United States, overall, WRF shows good agreement with NARR in the spatial pattern and magnitudes of GEV parameter estimates. Both WRF and NARR show a significant increase in extreme maximum temperature over the southern Great Plains and southeastern United States in January and over the western United States in July. The GEV model shows clear benefits from the regionally constant shape parameter assumption, for example, leading to estimates of the location and scale parameters of the model that show coherent spatial patterns.
Magnitude of increase in QTc interval after initiation of dofetilide in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation is associated with increased rates of pharmacological cardioversion and long-term freedom from recurrent atrial fibrillation

Background Dofetilide is a class III antiarrhythmic drug approved for the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). Dofetilide-induced corrected QT (QTc) interval prolongation is a surrogate for the degree of drug effect, but the relationships between drug-induced QTc interval prolongation, pharmacological cardioversion (PCV), and freedom from recurrent AF are unclear. Objective The purpose of this study was to assess associations between QTc interval change during dofetilide initiation and PCV and long-term AF recurrence. Methods We performed retrospective analyses of a prospective cohort of patients with AF admitted for dofetilide initiation between 2001 and 2014. Clinical characteristics and electrocardiographic variables were assessed. We evaluated outcomes of successful PCV in patients with persistent AF and time to recurrence of AF in patients with paroxysmal and persistent AF. Results During the study, 243 patients with persistent AF and 176 patients with paroxysmal AF initiated dofetilide. PCV occurred in 93/243 (41.7%) patients with persistent AF. After multivariable adjustment, QTc interval change was associated with PCV (adjusted odds ratio 1.21; P = .003 per 10-ms QTc increase). Inhospital QTc interval change was associated with long-term freedom from AF in patients with persistent AF (adjusted hazard ratio 0.92; P = .011 at 4 years per 10-ms QTc increase), but not in patients with paroxysmal AF. In patients with persistent AF, PCV was also associated with long-term freedom from recurrent AF (adjusted hazard ratio 0.62; P = .009 at 4 years). Conclusion The magnitude of QTc interval prolongation during dofetilide initiation is an independent predictor of successful PCV and long-term freedom from arrhythmia in patients with persistent AF. QTc interval change had no association with AF recurrence in patients with paroxysmal AF, suggesting that different mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis may be operant in different AF types.
Audience Perceptions of Editing Quality: Assessing traditional news routines in the digital age

The technological and social upheaval that did such damage to the economic structure of professional journalism has had some of its greatest impact on positions that, even if they did not produce original words or pictures, were essential to the smooth functioning of the assembly line of news. If off-the-shelf posting software with a built-in spell-checking function is all that need stand between the audience and a stream of fresh—if unmediated—content, is there a future for the technical, practical or even ethical skills that the copy editor brought to journalism? This study uses a lab experiment to address whether and how traditional editing processes affect audience perceptions of the quality, professionalism, and value of news articles. Articles were presented in a mixed design in which participants saw four articles in the edited condition and four in the unedited condition. Results indicate that standard newsroom editing practices have a significant positive effect on a digital audience’s perception...
Brightness constancy under a gradient of illumination

Ten undergraduates, five with and five without fixation, matched the brightness of two self-luminous disks at different positions on a reflecting background illuminated by an approximately linear gradient of illuminance. Judgments approaching brightness constancy were obtained even when the luminance of the test fields exceeded that of the background. The effect of the background was slightly, but not significantly, greater with fixation than without.
Honey Sac Contents: A Technique for Collection and Measurement in Foraging Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Workers of Apis mellifera L. returning from foraging were collected from the entrances of six colonies, placed by groups of 10 bees into cyanide killing vials, and held for 0, 2, 4, 8, and 24 h. The nectar in their honey sacs was expressed, and the volume and sugar concentration were measured. The controls were measured immediately upon collection without exposure to cyanide. There were no significant differences between the controls and any of the treatments or among the treatments. Bees were trained to feeding dishes containing 50% sucrose syrup, collected after feeding, and measured as before without cyanide and 0 and 24 h after cyanide. The mean volume of syrup from bees held 24 h (63.3 µl) was significantly less than that of the controls (68.9 µl)or 0 h (68.4 µl). There were no Significant differences in concentration. Thus, bees with very large loads should be held much less than 24 h before measurement. However, honeybee foragers with more average nectar loads maybe collected in the field and held in cyanide killing vials for periods of at least 24 h without causing a significant change in the volume or sugar concentration of the contents of their honey sacs.
Feeding Behavior of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) on Man, Raccoons, and White-Footed Mice

The biting habits of 1464 female mosquitoes of 9 common species were observed to determine prevalence of intermittent probing and the time required for blood engorgement on man, anesthetized raccoons, and white-footed mice in southern Connecticut. Aedes canadensis (Theobald) Aedes triseriatus (Say), and Aedes stimulans (Walker) females exhibited more probing when attempting to feed on man than Psorophora ferox (Humboldt) and Aedes vexans (Meigen). Females of the former 3 species penetrated host skin with their fascicles, exhibited extensive probing beneath the epidermal layers, and sometimes completely withdrew their mouthparts during the initial stages of contact without ingesting visible amounts of blood. On other occasions, A. canadensis and A, triseriatus females obtained partial blood meals, withdrew their mouthparts, and re-penetrated their fascicles in the same host. Frequency of intermittent probings on man ranged from 13.4% in A. canadensis to 2.9% in P. ferox. All species except A. vexans probed discontinuously in their attempts to feed on man and raccoons, but only A, canadensis and A. triseriatus probed intermittently on mice. Results suggest that there is variation in blood-feeding efficiency both within and among mosquito species.
Robust Nonlinear Model Predictive Control for Infrared Drying of Automotive Coatings

In this paper, a scheme for estimation and control of moisture content in infrared (IR) drying of paints/coatings is proposed. To deal with the infinite-dimensional nature of the process model associated with the moisture diffusion in the coating film, POD-Galerkin method is first applied for model reduction. Then, an unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is devised for distributed moisture content estimation and nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) system is designed for tracking a desired average moisture content profile with optimized energy needs. To enhance the control performance in the presence of potential modeling uncertainties, a robust design is also included in the proposed NMPC scheme. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated via simulated applications to IR drying of automotive waterborne coatings.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Mitigation of pressure pulses from implosion of hollow composite cylinders

An experimental study on the underwater collapse of composite tubes with polymeric coatings is conducted in an attempt to mitigate the implosion pressure pulse released. Experiments are performed i...
Proteolytic inactivation of human factor VIII procoagulant protein by activated human protein C and its analogy with factor V

Purified human factor VIII procoagulant protein (VIII:C) was treated with purified human activated protein C (APC) and the loss of VIII:C activity correlated with proteolysis of the VIII:C polypeptides. APC proteolyzed all VIII:C polypeptides with mol wt = 92,000 or greater, but not the doublet at mol wt = 79–80,000. These results and our previous thrombin activation studies of purified VIII:C, are analogous with similar studies of factor V and form the basis for the following hypothesis: activated VIII:C consists of heavy and light chain polypeptides [mol wt = 92,000 and mol wt = 79–80,000 (or 71–72,000), respectively] which are similar in Mr to the heavy and light chains of activated factor V. Thrombin activates VIII:C and V by generating these polypeptide chains from larger precursors and APC inactivates both molecules by cleavage at a site located in the heavy chain region of activated VIII:C and V.
Development of a 3.2g untethered flapping-wing platform for flight energetics and control experiments

This paper presents a biologically inspired, 3.2g untethered vehicle capable of both active (flapping) and passive (gliding) flight. We discuss the overall vehicle design, as well as its validation with thrust data from benchtop testing, simulation, and flight test results. The vehicle has one pair of flapping wings for thrust generation, making it a good analogue for insects of the same scale. Flight energetics and control can be thoroughly explored through the array of simulation and testing that have been implemented. Integrated electronics provide wireless communication, sensing, and basic open-loop flight control, making flight test iteration fast and providing additional dynamics data. All of the testing setups and the physical vehicle working together have created a robust development environment for future iterations on the vehicle. The successful flight of the vehicle, including the data collection from onboard sensors and an external motion capture arena, show that this platform is ideal to study flight energetics and control schemes at an insect scale.
Branched Chain Fatty Acids (Isoacids) And Valeric Acid For Ruminants12

Summary Branched chain fatty acids and valeric acid (isoacids) are either required by, or stimulate growth of, many rumen organisms and are required for cellulose digestion. Added isoacids provide a carbon skeleton for synthesis of branched chain amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine. Isoacids may stimulate bacterial protein synthesis, increase nitrogen retention, and enhance cellulose digestion. In lactating dairy cattle, addition of isoacids to the diet has the potential to increase milk production by 5 to 10%. This response may not occur under all dietary and management conditions, and may differ according to age of cows. The improved response occurs primarily in early lactation. Results with the addition of isoacids to diets of growing animals have been promising and warrant additional studies.
Transit signal priority accommodating conflicting requests under Connected Vehicles technology

Abstract In this research, a person-delay-based optimization method is proposed for an intelligent Transit Signal Priority (TSP) logic that resolves multiple conflicting TSP requests at an isolated intersection. This TSP with Connected Vehicles accommodating Conflicting Requests (TSPCV-CR) overcomes the challenge bore by the conventional “first come first serve” strategy and presents significant improvement on bus service performance. The feature of TSPCV-CR includes green time re-allocation, simultaneous multiple buses accommodation, and signal-transit coordination. These features help maximize the transit TSP service rate and minimize adverse effect on competing travel directions. The TSPCV-CR is also designed to be conditional. That is, TSP is granted only when the bus is behind schedule and the grant of TSP causes no extra total person delay. The optimization is formulated as a Binary Mixed Integer Linear Program (BMILP) which is solved by standard branch-and-bound routine. Minimizing per person delay is the objective of the optimization model. The logic developed in this research is evaluated using both analytical and microscopic traffic simulation approaches. Both analytical tests and simulation evaluations compared three scenarios: without TSP (NTSP), conventional TSP (CTSP), and TSP with Connected Vehicles that resolves Conflicting Requests (TSPCV-CR). The measures of effectiveness used include bus delay and total travel time of all travelers. The performance of TSPCV-CR is compared against conventional TSP (CTSP) under four congestion levels and three different conflicting scenarios. The results show that the TSPCV-CR greatly reduces bus delay at signalized intersection for all congestion levels and conflicting scenarios considered. Simulation based evaluation results show that the TSPCV-CR logic reduces average bus delay between 5% and 48% compared to the conventional TSP. The range of improvement corresponding to the four different v / c ratios tested, which are 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 and 1.0, respectively. No statistically significant negative effects are observed.
HODGKIN'S DISEASE OF THE LUNG.

SUMMARY A patient with Hodgkin's sarcoma of the lung was treated by pneumonectomy and resection of adjacent involved pericardium 10 years ago. Postoperative x-ray treatment was given. In January, 1964, the patient was free of disease as far as could be determined. This experience supports the theses that Hodgkin's disease is sometimes a localized process, that it can be primary in the lung, and that surgical excision followed by radiation is a valid form of treatment.
Overcoming the objectification of nature in constitutive theories: Toward a transhuman, materialist theory of communication

A wide range of contemporary theories of communication understand “reality” to be socially constituted by means of discourse. These constitutive theories have been adopted by many scholars because of the obvious political benefit: these theories directly refute claims about the “essential nature” of sexual, racial and other differences that are used to legitimize oppressive social systems. However, in emphasizing the influence of culture and discourse, constitutive theories often position the natural world as something that is passive and malleable in relation to human beings. I argue that communication scholars should closely examine the affiliations between constitutive theories and material attempts to order the earth, to bring it into line with idealist discourses such as logic and geometry. While the political benefits of constitutive theories should not be ignored, neither should their possible relationship to environmental violence. “Discourse” has become the foundation for a new regime of truth; I...
Cyclic Electron Flow and Respiratory Inhibition in Wild Type and Mutant Strains of Chlamydomonas Reinhardi

Respiratory oxygen uptake is partially suppressed by low intensities of light in the algae Scenedesmus sp. and Anacystis nidulans (HOCH et al. 1963). The characteristics of this photoinhibition of respiration, as revealed by mass spectrometry studies, are as follows: 1) it is readily reversible, the rate of oxygen uptake returning rapidly to that of the dark level upon cessation of illumination; 2) it is sensitized by far-red light, indicating its probable mediation by photosystem I; 3) it is saturated at low illumination; 4) it is not inhibited by 3(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea (DCMU) at concentrations which completely block oxygen evolution. One hypothesis accounting for the photoinhibition of respiration is that in the light photosynthetic phosphorylation competes with oxidative phosphorylation for available substrates, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or inorganic phosphate (Pj) and, as a result, the rate of coupled oxidative electron transport is diminished. Since the photoinhibition is unaffected by the system II inhibitor, DCMU, one must assume that the photophosphory1 at ion is coupled to a cyclic electron transport mediated solely by system I.
Electrochemical modification of a pyrolytic graphite sheet for improved negative electrode performance in the vanadium redox flow battery

Abstract The vanadium redox flow battery is a promising technology for buffering renewable energies. It is recognized that negative electrode is the limitation in this device where there are problems of slow heterogeneous electron transfer (HET) of V3+/2+ and parasitic H2 evolution. Any methods aimed at addressing one of these barriers must assess the effects on the other. We examine electrochemical enhancement of a common commercially available material. Treatment of Panasonic pyrolytic graphite sheets is through oxidation at 2.1 V vs. Ag/AgCl for 1 min in 1 M H2SO4. This increases the standard HET rate for V3+/2+ from 3.2 × 10−7 to 1 × 10−3 cm/s, one of the highest in literature and shifts voltammetric reductive peak potential from −1.0 V to −0.65 V in 50 mM V3+ in 1 M H2SO4. Infrared analysis of the surfaces indicates formation of C OH, C O, and C O functionalities. These groups catalyze HET with V3+/2+ as hypothesized by Skyllas-Kasacos. Also of significance is that electrode modification decreases the fraction of the current directed towards H2 evolution. This proportion decreases by two orders of a magnitude from 12% to 0.1% as measured at the respective voltammetric peak potentials of −1.0 V (pristine) and −0.65 V (modified).
The 1908 Young Turk Revolution: Old and New Approaches

In many areas of Middle East studies, revolutions—from the 8th century Abbasid to the 20th century Egyptian cases—have been treated as multidimensional phenomena, filled with actors impelled by varying, often conflicting interests and motives. Scholarship has come to perceive these revolutions as products of commingled political, intellectual, social and economic forces, and each event as the unique creation of a particular blend of the various elements. The nature of this mix, in turn, has been seen to determine the subsequent post-revolutionary behavior of the various groups in society. Yet when we focus on the case of the so-called Young Turk “Revolution” of 1908, we find that most studies have been strikingly unilinear in their analyses. The limited approach has colored our view, both of the Revolution and of subsequent events. My purpose here is to examine the historiography of the Young Turk Revolution and then to offer some possible alternative interpretations.
The State of the Art in Economic Instruments and Institutions for Water Quality Management

The United States and the Western European countries control water quality using a variety of instruments and institutions. These tools range from regulatory command and control (CAC) approaches of technological, emissions and ambient standards to economic or incentive-based approaches such as charges, subsidies and transferable discharge permits (TDPs). As the economies of the CEE countries move from central planning to the free market, it is appropriate to review both the literature on and experience with economic instruments for water quality management to understand how they might be applied in that setting. The Central and Eastern European countries face serious water quality problems and the resources needed to address these problems are large (Somlyody, 1993). The challenge of improving water quality in CEE requires finding cost-effective approaches that are appropriate to the institutional context of individual CEE countries.
Comforting when we cannot heal: the ethics of palliative sedation

This essay considers whether palliative sedation is or is not appropriate medical care. This requires one to consider (a) whether, in addition to the good of health, relief of suffering is also a proper end of medicine; (b) whether unconsciousness can ever be a good for a human being; and (c) how double-effect reasoning can help us think about difficult cases. The author concludes that palliative sedation may be proper medical care, but only in a limited range of cases.
Power calculation of adjusted McNemar's test based on clustered data of varying cluster size.

McNemars test is often used to compare two proportions estimated from paired observations. When the observations are sampled in clusters, adjustment is needed to ensure that the size of McNemars test does not exceed the nominal level. Eliasziw and Donner (1991) developed an adjustment to McNemars test that involves first estimating the correlation between discordant pairs within a cluster, then using the estimate of the correlation to adjust the usual McNemar's test statistic. Gonen (2004) derived two approximations for calculating the power and sample size for the adjusted McNemar's test. He reported that the accuracy of the two approximations is compromised for large value of intracluster correlation and small value of proportion of discordant pairs; the error of the approximation can be higher than 10 per cent. In this paper, we extend his power formula, developed under fixed cluster size assumption, to accommodate the case where the cluster sizes are not constant. We show via simulations that the theoretical powers calculated from our proposed power formula are close to their empirical counterparts under a variety of settings. More significantly, in the case of fixed cluster size, our reduced power formula provides a more accurate power approximation than Gonen's power formula regardless of the values of intracluster correlation and the proportion of discordant pairs.
Nanoscale imaging of kidney glomeruli using expansion pathology

Kidney glomerular diseases, such as the minimal change disease (MCD) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), and other nephrotic syndromes, are typically diagnosed or confirmed via electron microscopy. Although optical microscopy has been a vital tool to examine clinical specimens for diagnoses in pathology for decades, the optical resolution is constricted by the physical diffraction limit of the optical microscope, which prevents high-resolution investigation of subcellular anatomy, such as of the podocyte tertiary foot processes. Here, we describe a simple, fast, and inexpensive protocol for nanoscale optical imaging of kidney glomeruli. The protocol is based on Expansion Pathology (ExPath), a new principle of microscopy that overcomes optical diffraction limit by chemically embedding specimens into a swellable polymer and physically expanding it homogenously prior to imaging. Our method uses only commercially available reagents, a conventional fluorescence microscope and it can be applied to both fixed-frozen or formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue sections. It requires minimal operative experience in a wet lab, optical microscopy and imaging processing. Finally, we also discuss challenges, limitations and prospective applications for ExPath-based imaging of glomeruli.
Rapid thermal immune acclimation in common musk turtles (Sternotherus odoratus).

As infectious diseases in ectothermic vertebrates increasingly threaten wild populations, understanding how host immune systems are affected by the environment is key to understanding the process of infection. In this study, we investigated how temperature change and simulated bacterial infection (via lipopolysaccharide [LPS] injection) interacted to regulate innate immunity, as measured by bactericidal ability (BA), phagocytosis rate, and heterophil:lymphocyte ratio (HLR) in common musk turtles (Sternotherus odoratus). We found that LPS stimulated an acute immune response, as measured by an increase in BA, phagocytosis rate, and HLR. When exposed to a 5 or 10°C temperature change for 48 hr, turtles rapidly acclimated to the new temperature by adjusting their immune output. This acclimation was compensatory as seen by elevated rates of immune output in colder animals and decreased rates of immune output in warmer animals. These results indicate that while temperature change may be a constraint on some animals, S. odoratus have the ability to rapidly adjust immunity to match environmental thermal demand. This rapid ability to adjust immunity may be related to the broad geographic distribution of musk turtles. Future research should focus on how immune acclimation in ectotherms varies both intraspecifically and interspecifically across regional scales and geographic distributions.
Nursing Understanding and Perceptions of Delirium: Assessing Current Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs in a Burn ICU

The number of delirium days in hospitalized patients directly correlates with mortality and long-term cognitive dysfunction. Burn patients are at greater risk for delirium due to prolonged mechanical ventilation, high sedative and analgesic medication requirements, and the common need for multiple operations. Limited research exists on nurses' understanding and comfort using delirium screening tools and preventive interventions. A process improvement project was developed in a single, regional burn intensive care unit (BICU) with the goal of increasing RN staff awareness of delirium, delirium assessment, and preventive interventions. A 10-question survey was developed and administered to the BICU RN staff before and after the educational intervention. Both quantitative and qualitative data analyses were performed. Twenty-seven (38%) anonymous surveys were returned. In pre- and postintervention surveys, respondents agreed that nursing interventions were important in preventing delirium. Despite educational intervention, 26% of the respondents reported that a tool is not needed to identify delirium. Survey analysis indicated strong support for nonpharmacologic nursing interventions in preventing delirium as well as reducing pharmacologic interventions, especially benzodiazepines. Mechanical ventilation was perceived as a barrier to performing the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) in both pre- and postsurveys. Staff compliance with documenting CAM-ICU assessments increased and CAM-positive days decreased over the project timeline. Overall, BICU nurses' awareness and general knowledge about delirium increased and specific knowledge deficits were discovered. Continued education about the CAM-ICU tool is still needed; additionally addressing barriers within the structure of the unit to provide nurses more resources to properly assess and prevent delirium.
Developing Scientists as Champions of Diversity to Transform the Geosciences.

To address complex geoscience questions, communities with a variety of experiences and perspectives are needed in local workplaces and institutions across academia and government. To achieve this g...
Deprivation, Resilience and Capabilities: An Analysis of Observations and Experiences in Mumbai

This essay follows a 14-day study abroad course at the Tata Institute of Social Sci- ences. Seeking to understand social work practice in Mumbai, this paper describes ob- servations and experiences at three non-governmental organisations and undertakes a capability approach (CA) theoretical analysis. The CA accounts for many features of each case illustration, however, the CA does not fully explain the strengths of people who rose above significant adversity. To reconcile these multiple complexities, a com- bined approach to capabilities and resilience is offered.
Impact of insufficient admission vitamin D serum concentrations on sepsis incidence and clinical outcomes in patients with thermal injury

Abstract Introduction In burn patients, vitamin D has been studied primarily in the pediatric population and focused mainly on the correlation with bone marker measurements and incidence of fractures. There is an association between vitamin D deficiency and the development of sepsis in non-burn critically-ill patients. However, there is limited data on vitamin D concentrations and clinical outcomes in burn patients, such as sepsis. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of vitamin D concentrations on the incidence of sepsis in adult burn patients. Methods This was a retrospective cohort of patients 18 years of age and older admitted between February 1, 2016 and February 28, 2018 to an American Burn Association (ABA) verified burn center with diagnosis of burn injury. The primary endpoint was incidence of sepsis using the ABA 2007 Sepsis Consensus Criteria between patients with adequate vitamin D concentrations (25[OH]D > 20 ng/mL) and insufficient vitamin D (25[OH]D Results A total of 115 patients were screened and 107 patients were included in this study. Sixty three patients (58.9%) had insufficient vitamin D concentrations. Patient demographics were overall similar between groups. The median total body surface area burned was 14.6% in the insufficient vitamin D group, and 12.1% in the adequate vitamin D group (p = 0.2). There was a trend towards greater incidence of sepsis in the insufficient vitamin D group in the univariate analysis (15.9% vs. 4.5%, p = 0.07). The multivariable logistic regression analysis found that adequate vitamin D concentrations was associated with a reduction in the incidence of sepsis (OR 0.10, 95% CI 0.01–0.88). The insufficient vitamin D group had a longer median hospital LOS (19 [IQR 11–37] vs 11.5 [IQR 7–20] days, p Conclusions Patients with adequate vitamin D concentrations on admission had a reduction in the incidence of sepsis as compared to patients with insufficient vitamin D concentrations. Insufficient vitamin D concentrations may contribute to other worsened clinical outcomes in burn patients. Our findings set the stage for future, multicenter studies to determine the role of vitamin D supplementation in burn patients.
Attributing blame?—climate accountability and the uneven landscape of impacts, emissions, and finances

Communities around the world are already enduring both direct and indirect impacts of anthropogenic climate change, leading to questions about accountability. Over the past decade, the scientific, legal, and policy communities have grown increasingly concerned with the question of accountability for the social losses and damages (L&D) stemming from climate change, evidenced by the development of the scientific attribution research field, legal cases against fossil fuel companies, and negotiations for L&D continuing at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. As these sectors converge, however, there are some serious conceptual, and related ethical, issues regarding accountability and attribution including which communities are included in attribution studies and lawsuits, which emitters are considered in policy and law, and whether and how finance transfer is included. This article reviews the dominant spheres of L&D studies and mechanisms and explore what an “accountability-based approach” rooted in theories of climate justice has to bear on the broader conversation. Here, some of the challenges are explored in determining accountability and finance transfer, including potential pitfalls which may inadvertently lead to injustices in such an approach. Finally, a process for operationalizing the accountability-based approach is presented, which may help circumvent some of the challenges.
Enolizable Ketones as Activators of Palladium(II) Precatalysts in Amine Arylation Reactions

Enolizable ketones have been identified as effective activators for palladium(II) precatalysts in the coupling of aryl bromides and aniline. N-arylation reactions catalyzed by [(DTBNpP)PdCl2]2 (DTB...
Conformal symmetry and non-relativistic second-order fluid dynamics

Abstract We study the constraints imposed by conformal symmetry on the equations of fluid dynamics at second order in the gradients of the hydrodynamic variables. At zeroth order, conformal symmetry implies a constraint on the equation of state, E 0 = 2 3 P , where E 0 is the energy density and P is the pressure. At first order, conformal symmetry implies that the bulk viscosity must vanish. We show that at second order, conformal invariance requires that two-derivative terms in the stress tensor must be traceless, and that it determines the relaxation of dissipative stresses to the Navier–Stokes form. We verify these results by solving the Boltzmann equation at second order in the gradient expansion. We find that only a subset of the terms allowed by conformal symmetry appear.
Basophils add fuel to the flame of eczema itch

Children and adults with atopic dermatitis suffer from intractable chronic itch and can also experience acute itch flare ups that significantly increase itch intensity. In this issue of Cell, Wang et al. demonstrate that a subset of basophils activates sensory neurons to drive allergen-evoked itch flare ups in atopic dermatitis.
Smart Money Flows Into ETFs and Investor Sentiment

ETFs attract a larger proportion of institutional investors than do the underlying markets. The price of an ETF will deviate from the price of the underlying, if institutional investors are less prone to investor sentiment-driven mispricing, than are retail investors. We employ a unique identification strategy to differentiate between the response of liquidity traders, long-term and short-term arbitrageurs to sentiment measures. Liquidity traders respond positively to sentiment, which results in weaker returns in the following 3- to 6-month period. Long-term arbitrageurs who go long the ETF, and short the underlying asset benefit from this mid-term return reversal. Finally, short-term arbitrageurs respond negatively to the Baker and Wurgler (2006) sentiment measure. Their actions are profitable in the long-run as ETFs that experience higher short-term arbitrage activity experience weaker reversals.
Industry Payments and Their Association With Academic Influence in Total Joint Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background The relationship between industry payments and academic influence, as measured by the Hirsch index (h-index) and number of publications, among adult reconstruction surgeons is not well characterized. The aims of the present study are to determine the relationship between an adult reconstruction surgeons’ academic influence and their relevant industry payments and National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding. Methods Adult reconstruction surgeons were identified through the websites for the orthopedic surgery residency programs in the United States during the 2019-2020 academic year. Academic influence was approximated by each physician’s h-index and total number of publications. Industry payment data were obtained through the Open Payments Database, and NIH funding was determined through the NIH website. Mann-Whitney U testing and Spearman correlations were performed to examine relevant associations. Results Surgeons who received industry research payments had a higher mean h-index (16.1 vs 10.2, P Conclusion h-index and total publications do not seem to be associated with industry nonresearch payments in the field of total joint arthroplasty. Altogether, these data suggest that industry bias may not play a strong role in total joint arthroplasty.
Evoking the Post-industrial Landscape Memories through Spectrality and Mixed Reality Soundscapes

Spectrality describes the spatiotemporal relationships between landscape and memories where the past ‘haunt’ the present. We explore how spatialized soundscapes may evoke the spectral memories of physical landscape. To do this, we curated a site-specific mixed reality audio walk at Carrie Furnace, a national historic landmark in Pittsburgh’s ‘Rivers of Steel’ National Heritage area. This audio walk leverages virtual soundscapes, mobile mixed reality, and open-ended narratives. Each visitor takes a unique path through the spectral memories of the site’s industrial past and post-industrial relics. Findings from an eleven-person user study assess our approach to spatialized spectral soundscapes and reveal the dimensions (content, context, experience) that resonate with audiences.
Pulmonary Procedures During Pregnancy

Pulmonary procedures during pregnancy are frequently needed for the evaluation and management of primary pulmonary conditions as well as systemic disorders with pulmonary manifestations. The interactions between the expected pulmonary physiological and anatomical adaptations to pregnancy, the procedure itself, and the use of conscious sedation (or general anesthesia) during pregnancy can result in overall risks that are different from similar procedures in non-pregnant patients, heightening both patient and physician anxiety and concern. The literature that deals with pulmonary procedures during pregnancy is limited to a few reviews (1, 2) and case reports. Some data can be extrapolated from the literature that deals with endoscopy during pregnancy (3–6). Until more specific literature addresses pulmonary procedures during pregnancy is available, general recommendations will be suggested during this overview.
Moral Rights and Causal Casuistry

The primary goal of this essay is to examine the character of and problems within the translation of a particular type of moral doctrine into the sort of particular moral judgments we all must make as professional moralists and even as human beings. In particular, I shall be examining the translation or application of certain of the moral dictates of the type of individualistic moral rights theory which is now commonly designated as ‘libertarian’. However, I shall approach this issue of the application of moral dictates to concrete cases within the context of medical ethics and, more specifically, within the context of life-and-death medical decisions. This means that I shall not be concerned with the application to concrete cases of the whole panoply of libertarian rights, e.g., rights to this or that economic good. I will only be concerned with instances in which the relevant right is the right to life and the relevant question is whether a physician’s (or nurse’s, etc.) action violates this right to life. I believe that the main claim which I wish to make about the application of this right to life to concrete medical cases applies very broadly to the application to specific cases of libertarian-type rights at large. That main claim is that the identification of the rights involved in particular cases, i.e., the identification of what the relevant parties have rights to, only provides half of what is needed to reach a judgment about the moral permissibility or impermissibility of a particular action.
Identifying and measuring the dimensions of risky IT behavior

As the use of personal mobile computing devices is growing exponentially, many organizations are implementing BYOD programs that allow employees access corporate networks using their mobile devices. Consequently, these devices can become a vehicle to transfer the risky IT behavior of individuals to enterprises. The ubiquitous, multifunctional, and highly-connected nature of mobile devices create a unique context for studying risky use of these devices. Previous IS security research has studied adoption of protective technologies. However, there is a lack of research on measuring different dimensions of risky IT behavior and how they can be influenced by using protective technologies. To address this gap, we develop a survey to identify and measure the individuals’ risky IT behaviors on mobile devices. We will then extend our research to investigate antecedents of users’ risky IT behaviors across different devices.
Effects of simultaneous speech and sign on infants' attention to spoken language.

Objectives: To examine the hypothesis that infants receiving a degraded auditory signal have more difficulty segmenting words from fluent speech if familiarized with the words presented in both speech and sign compared to familiarization with the words presented in speech only. Study Design: Experiment utilizing an infant-controlled visual preference procedure. Methods: Twenty 8.5-month-old normal-hearing infants completed testing. Infants were familiarized with repetitions of words in either the speech + sign (n = 10) or the speech only (n = 10) condition. Infants were then presented with four six-sentence passages using an infant-controlled visual preference procedure. Every sentence in two of the passages contained the words presented in the familiarization phase, whereas none of the sentences in the other two passages contained familiar words. Results: Infants exposed to the speech + sign condition looked at familiar word passages for 15.3 seconds and at nonfamiliar word passages for 15.6 seconds, t (9) = −0.130, p = .45. Infants exposed to the speech only condition looked at familiar word passages for 20.9 seconds and to nonfamiliar word passages for 15.9 seconds. This difference was statistically significant, t (9) = 2.076, p = .03. Conclusions: Infants' ability to segment words from degraded speech is negatively affected when these words are initially presented in simultaneous speech and sign. The current study suggests that a decreased ability to segment words from fluent speech may contribute towards the poorer performance of pediatric cochlear implant recipients in total communication settings on a wide range of spoken language outcome measures.
Molecular mechanisms of liver regeneration. VII. Conversion of cytidine to deoxycytidine in rat regenerating livers.

Abstract Ribonucleotide reductase activity was measured in a high speed supernatant fraction of regenerating rat liver. The activity of the enzyme varied with the concentrations of ATP in the reaction mixture at pH 8.O. While no enzyme activity could be demonstrated in normal liver, the activity of the reductase was well developed at 24 hr after hepatectomy, and further increased between 24 and 36 hr after operation. Inasmuch as whole body irradiation and the injection of actinomycin D interferes with the development of reductase activity in regenerating liver, it is proposed that ribonucleotide reductase is formed de novo in regenerating rat liver.
Differences in replication of attenuated and neurovirulent polioviruses in human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y.

Abstract A base change from C to U at position 472 of the 5' noncoding region of the poliovirus genome is known to be a major determinant of attenuation in the P3/Sabin vaccine strain. To determine the biochemical basis for the attenuated phenotype imparted by this mutation, a cell line in which replication of neurovirulent and attenuated viruses could be distinguished was identified. A pair of P3/Sabin-P2/Lansing viral recombinants that differ only at position 472 was used; the viruses replicated equally well in HeLa cells, but the virus with a U at base 472 was attenuated in mice. In the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y, recombinants with a U at base 472 replicated to approximately 10-fold-lower titers than did neurovirulent viruses with a C at this position. Analysis of viral RNA and protein synthesis indicated that translation of the attenuated viral RNA was specifically reduced in SH-SY5Y cells.
A transfer to industry of design for manufacturing technology

The results of a program conducted at Florida Institute of Technology to transfer design-for-manufacturing technology to the semiconductor industry are presented. Significant technical results have been achieved. The ability of the STADIUM methodology to predict the statistical variations of the NDMOS device drain to source on resistance (Rdson) are demonstrated. This modeling technique can be used to optimize the process as well as the product design. >
Posterior probability estimators in classification simulations

Class specific stratified posterior probability estimators of misclassification probabilities in discriminant analysis simulations are introduced. These estimators afford a significant variance reduction over the usual count estimators. Sufficient conditions for a variance reduction are given. The stratified posterior probability estimator is generalized to other class specific expectations.
Development and larval feeding in the capitellid annelid Notomastus cf. tenuis.

Making inferences about the evolution of larval nutritional mode and feeding mechanisms in annelids requires data on the form and function of the larvae, but such data are lacking for many taxa. Though some capitellid annelids are known or suspected to have planktotrophic larvae, these larvae have not previously been described in sufficient detail to understand how they feed. Here we describe embryos and larvae of the capitellid Notomastus cf. tenuis from San Juan Island, Washington State. Fertilized oocytes average about 58 μm in equivalent spherical diameter. Early embryos undergo spiral cleavage and develop into larvae that feed for about 5 weeks before metamorphosis. Larvae of N. cf. tenuis capture food particles between prototrochal and metatrochal ciliary bands and transport them to the mouth in an intermediate food groove; this arrangement is typical of “opposed band” larval feeding systems. Surprisingly, however, larvae of N. cf. tenuis appeared to have only simple cilia in the prototrochal ciliar...
Distribution functions and transport coefficients for atomic ions in dilute gases

Abstract A new method is proposed for solving the Boltzmann kinetic equation describing the motion of trace amounts of atomic ions through a dilute neutral gas that is either atomic or diatomic. This method gives converged results at all but the very highest values of the ratio of the external electric field strength to the gas number density. Specific applications are made to lithium ions in argon.
Brief Adaptive actuator failure compensation for parametric strict feedback systems and an aircraft application

Adaptive actuator failure compensation for parametric-strict-feedback systems is studied under different system structure conditions. Adaptive state feedback control schemes are developed, which ensure asymptotic output tracking and closed-loop signal boundedness. An adaptive control scheme is applied to a twin otter aircraft longitudinal nonlinear dynamics model in the presence of unknown failures in a two-segment elevator servomechanism. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of adaptive actuator failure compensation for desired system performance.