cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Breast Cancer Risk Assessment and Genetic Testing: Complexities, Conundrums, and Community

This special issue of Breast Disease is a testament to how far the field of genetic counseling for breast cancer susceptibility has advanced since the mid-1990s, following the cloning of two major breast (and ovarian) cancer susceptibility genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2. Although perhaps not fully appreciated at the time, individuals who pursued genetic testing shortly after it became available were truly pioneers. They were seeking important, indeed life-changing information, when in fact few specifics about several key issues could be provided. For example, the only available data regarding cancer risks in mutation carriers were derived from the highest risk families, most of which were not representative of the families seen in clinical practice. Then, largely due to the discovery of three founder mutations in Ashkenazi Jews, population-based data revealed a range of breast and ovarian cancer risks in carriers. Subsequently, additional information about mutation penetrance, genetic epidemiology, and risk modifiers, some of which is now integrated into routine clinical counseling, has also facilitated the development of elaborate models to predict the likelihood that an individual will test positive for a BRCA1/2 mutation. For women who test positive, several recent studies confirm what we suspected early on – namely that prophylactic mastectomy and oophorectomy confer significant protection against the development of breast and ovarian cancer. In premenopausal women, the benefits of oophorectomy are particularly significant, given the associated risk reduction for both breast and ovarian cancer. In addition, for those women who opt against prophylactic mastectomy, screening with a combination of mammography and magnetic resonance imaging appears to frequently detect breast cancer at an early stage. Effective screening strategies for ovarian cancer, however, remain elusive. Ongoing research to develop better screening measures for ovarian cancer is especially critical now given the substantial number of women who are identified by BRCA1/2 positive status as being at high risk for this disease – a risk not necessarily intuitive based on their family history, which often does not include ovarian cancer. Perhaps one of the most unanticipated findings subsequent to the identification of BRCA1 and BRCA2 was the number of high-risk families who do not harbor a detectable mutation in these genes. Recently, the availability of testing for large rearrangements in BRCA1 and BRCA2 has increased the sensitivity of commercial testing; however, the overall yield of deleterious mutations detected with this new method is small. In other high risk families, rare hereditary cancer syndromes may be implicated. Although these syndromes often have a distinct phenotype, they may be underrecognized by clinicians. In addition, we are learning more about other genetic contributions to familial breast cancer risk – including low penetrance gene mutations, SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms), and mutations in modifier genes. Given that no other ma-
Design criteria for prevention of armature "turn-skipping" in helical magnetic flux compression generators

Helical magnetic flux compression generators (MFCGs) are capable of producing ultra-high power electric pulses by trapping and compressing a seed magnetic field into a load coil via an explosive-driven armature. The efficiency of helical MFCGs is generally very low, about 10%, due to large magnetic flux losses. One of the main sources of magnetic flux loss is the "turn-skipping" phenomenon, in which the expanding armature fails to establish contact with every turn of the helical coil, resulting in magnetic flux loss in the skipped turns of the coil. The "turn-skipping" phenomenon is related to non-uniform or asymmetric expansion of the armature, as well as detonation end effects. Equations describing the "turn skipping" phenomenon are developed in terms of the eccentricity of the armature with respect to the helical coil, the armature's wall thickness variations and the length of the detonation end effect. Design criteria for prevention of "turn-skipping" are presented in order to achieve optimum MFCG performance.
Principles of Forensic Toxicology. Barry Levine, ed. Washington, DC: American Association for Clinical Chemistry, 1999, 394 pp., $49.00. ISBN 1-890889-07-7.

This book is intended as a textbook for students taking a one-semester course in forensic toxicology or as a reference book for laboratorians. The book consists of 20 chapters written by 17 contributing authors who are practicing forensic toxicologists and recognized as experts in this discipline. The chapters are logically organized into three parts: Introduction, Methodologies, and Analytes. Part I (Introduction) comprises ∼20% of the book and is divided into four chapters: Postmortem Forensic Toxicology, Human Performance Toxicology, Forensic Drug Testing, and Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. Chapters 1–3 provide a broad overview of …
Performance analysis of adaptive constrained filtering

This paper investigates the output signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) behaviors of various linear and nonlinear adaptive RLS filters, including MMSE and DFE filters with known data input, MOE detector, and constrained blind MMSE and DFE filters. New analytic results on the optimal and steady state SINR performance of the constrained adaptive filters are derived. These analyses facilitate comparisons of various filtering methods under different operation conditions. We demonstrate that computer simulation results match well with our theoretical analyses.
Magnetic susceptibility and spin waves in ferromagnetic metals

The transverse magnetic susceptibility of a ferromagnetic metal is studied within the framework of the local-density approximation. An expression is derived for the wave-vector- and frequency-dependent susceptibility matrix which does not contain explicit reference to the exchange-correlation potential. This result leads to an explicit formula for the spin-wave stiffness, which is evaluated for nickel.
Prioritary Ecosystems: Risk and Economic-social Opportunities Management Strategies

Abstract The strong diversity of the Romanian rural communities by regions and the main characteristic to conceive rural development essentially through the modernization and development of agriculture generate specific strategies for the potentiation of opportunities and risk diminution/elusion. The regional differences in the case of the Romanian rural communities stem from different historical evolution of the social becoming, from different cultural patterns that assimilated the different social and political transitions into their own mould. The concrete modality to couple the ecological, socio-economic, socio-cultural and socio-demographic systems describes the rural zones/regions/provinces; the adaptation and assimilation mechanisms of the values imposed by the macro-social system as integrating system, have imposed a certain perception of the community, of their living place by people, an (accepted or denied) image that represents an essential element of regional combinations. The answer given by the rural society lacked institutional strategic coherence and community strategic
A bayesian analysis for estimating the common mean of independent normal populations using the gibbs sampler

Combining information from several independent normal populations to estimate a common parameter has applications in meta-analysis and is an important statistical problem. For this application a Bayesian technique via the Gibbs sampler is adopted. Given several normal independent populations with a common mean and different variances, it is possible to perform a complete Bayesian analysis that determines the posterior distribution of the important parameter, the common mean, by using the Gibbs sampler. The methodology is illustrated using two examples. Characteristics such as the mean and the 95% Credible Region are presented. In example 2 a hypotheses test is performed.
Digital Radiology Facts and Fictions

Dental digital radiology is a rapidly changing field. The advantages and disadvantages are presented with an understanding that attention to fundamentals is paramount. The message for the near future is cautious optimism.
Isolation and characterization of a novel v-SNARE family protein that interacts with a calcium-dependent protein kinase from the common ice plant, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum.

McCPK1 (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum calcium-dependent protein kinase 1) mRNA expression is transiently salinity- and dehydration-stress responsive. The enzyme also undergoes dynamic subcellular localization changes in response to these same stresses. Using the yeast-two hybrid system, we have isolated and characterized a M. crystallinum CPK1 Adaptor Protein 2 (McCAP2). We show that McCPK1 interacts with the C-terminal, coiled-coil containing region of McCAP2 in the yeast two-hybrid system. This interaction was confirmed in vitro between the purified recombinant forms of each of the proteins and in vivo by coimmunoprecipitation experiments from plant extracts. McCAP2, however, was not a substrate for McCPK1. Computational threading analysis suggested that McCAP2 is a member of a novel family of proteins with unknown function also found in rice and Arabidopsis. These proteins contain coiled-coil spectrin repeat domains present in the syntaxin superfamily that participate in vesicular and protein trafficking. Consistent with the interaction data, subcellular localization and fractionation studies showed that McCAP2 colocalizes with McCPK1 to vesicular structures located on the actin cytoskeleton and within the endoplasmic reticulum in cells subjected to low humidity stress. McCAP2 also colocalizes with AtVTI1a, an Arabidopsis v-SNARE [vesicle-soluble N-ethyl maleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) attachment protein (SNAP) receptor] present in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and prevacuolar compartments (PVCs). Both interaction and subcellular localization studies suggest that McCAP2 may possibly serve as an adaptor protein responsible for vesicle-mediated trafficking of McCPK1 to or from the plasma membrane along actin microfilaments of the cytoskeleton.
Lateral Sinus Thrombosis Associated With Mastoiditis and Otitis Media in Children A Retrospective Chart Review and Review of the Literature

The authors describe the clinical features and management of lateral sinus thrombosis associated with mastoiditis and otitis media in children. Of 475 patients with mastoiditis and otitis media, 13 (2.7%) had lateral sinus thrombosis identified by magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic resonance venography (n = 11) and angiography (n = 2). Clinical features included headache, vomiting, fever, diplopia, papilledema, sixth nerve palsy, seventh nerve palsy, and unilateral cerebellar ataxia. All patients received antibiotics for 1 to 8 weeks. Four patients underwent mastoidectomy alone, 5 mastoidectomy with concurrent myringotomy and ventilation tube, and 1 myringotomy with tube without mastoidectomy. Three underwent anticoagulation for 6 months (1 had heterozygous factor V Leiden mutation). All survived; deafness occurred in 5 patients (4 transient, 1 persistent). Magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic resonance venography should be obtained in any child with otitis media having features of raised intracranial pressure and/or focal neurodeficits to rule out lateral sinus thrombosis. Antibiotics and mastoidectomy are essential in management. A hypercoagulable state may predispose to lateral sinus thrombosis.
Salience and the effects of CS preexposure on aversion conditioning

Rats (n = 84) received preexposure to distilled water or to one of two differently salient flavors, 5.0% casein or 10.0% sucrose, casein being the more salient. Each preexposure group then received aversion conditioning to a 5.0% casein or a 10.0% sucrose CS. Aversion effects were reliably more enduring to casein than to sucrose. Relative to water-preexposed groups, preexposure to casein attenuated aversion effects to the casein CS reliably less than preexposure to sucrose attenuated aversion effects to the sucrose CS. During preexposure, neophobia was reliably greater to casein than to sucrose, suggesting that the demonstration of salience in taste aversion learning may be based on the inherent aversive properties of novelty.
Repeated Memory of Oral Prose in Ghana and New York

Abstract On a lu en anglais un court passage de prose a differents groupes ďetudiants ghaneens et new yorkais. Ensuite, et par trois fois, on leur demande de dire ce qu'ils ont retenu. Le premier rappel a lieu apres 30–45 minutes, le second et le troisieme apres plusieurs semaines. On a utilise trois histoires differentes, mais chaque groupe de sujets n'en entendait qu'une seule. Les resultats montrent que, confbrmement a ľidee que la tradition orale est plus forte en Afrique Occi- dentale qu'a New York, les etudiants ghaneens retenaient mieux que les americains. Pour deux des histoires, on a enregistre peu de perte de retention des themes entre le 1er et le 3e rappel; pour la troisieme, entre le 2e et le 3e rappel. Mais la capacite a retenir les themes de ľhistoire ne s'explique pas uniquement par pure routine de memoire. On peut penser que ľordonnancement de ľhistoire, loin de constituer un obstacle comme c'est souvent le cas quand on doit retenir dans ľordre des fails sans liaison entre eux, favorisait...
Classroom of hope: The voice of one courageous teacher on the US–Mexico border

In this study, the authors present peace education as a new model for twenty-first century educators that embraces both pedagogical changes and practical relationships between teachers and students and fosters universal human rights. This case study recounts the lived experience of one novice teacher in a classroom on the US–Mexico border. Her middle school students’ lives are embroiled in unprecedented violence in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, located only a few miles from El Paso, Texas. The case study underlines the need for redefining identity in the teacher–student relationship; focusing on teacher agency in students’ lives; seeing teachers as peace educators in terms of listening, caring, being non-judgmental, and engaging in reflective practice. In light of the growing need for peace education in an era of increased transnationalism in preK-12 education, institutional change is a necessary component, including redefinitions of the roles of principals and counselors. New models for professional development...
Affirming and Nonaffirming Style, Dyad Sex, and the Perception of Argumentation and Verbal Aggression in an Interpersonal Dispute

This study examined two factors—affirming/nonaffirming style and dyad sex—to determine if they influence perceptions of verbal aggression and argumentation behavior in an interpersonal dispute. Participants read a play script that contained messages exchanged between two individuals engaged in a conflict episode. All statements were argumentative in nature (i.e., they attacked the adversary's position on an issue) except for some statements that contained verbal aggression (i.e., they attacked the adversary's self-concept). The individuals communicated with either an affirming (relaxed, friendly, attentive) or a nonaffirming (tense, unfriendly, inattentive) style. The sex of the dyad (all male, all female) was also manipulated. Fewer mistakes were made in the perception of verbal aggression in the conflict when the individuals communicated with an affirming rather than a nonaffirming style. More verbally aggressive but less argumentative conduct was perceived when the individuals communicated with a nonaffirming style. Participants perceived more verbally aggressive behavior than actually existed when the dyad composition was female.
In vivo effects of difluoromethylornithine on trypanothione and polyamine levels in bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei.

The effect of d,l-α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) on thiol and polyamine levels in Trypanosoma brucei was investigated by isolating trypanosomes from infected rats treated with DFMO for 12–48 h. Concentrations of thiols, polyamines and other amino-compounds were measured by an automated high-performance liquid chromatography method. The levels of DFMO in rat plasma (0.02–1.34 mM) is similar to that found in the parasites (0.27–0.99 mM), concentrations which exceed the Ki of DFMO for T. brucei ornithine decarboxylase. Treatment with DFMO increases intracellular levels of ornithine, S-adenosylmethionine and decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine and decreases putrescine and spermidine. Putrescine is undetectable after 12 h treatment with DFMO and after 48 h spermidine is decreased by 76%. By 48 h, the spermidine-glutathione conjugates glutathionylspermidine and dihydrotrypanothione (bis(glutathionyl)spermidine) are also decreased by 41 and 66%, respectively. In contrast, levels of glutathione show a slight increase. These changes in metabolite levels are consistent with the biosynthetic pathway proposed for Crithidia fasciculata, where trypanothione is synthesized from spermidine and glutathione via the intermediates N1- and N8-glutathionyl-spermidine. Trypanothione is thought to have two important roles in trypanosomatid metabolism: the maintenance of intracellular thiols in the correct redox state and in the removal of hydrogen peroxide and other hydroperoxides. Thus, it is proposed that depletion of this metabolite may be an important contributory factor to the selective toxic effect of DFMO, particularly in its synergistic effect with other trypanocidal drugs.
Sociodemographic factors and the quality of prenatal care.

BACKGROUND: In this study, maternal sociodemographic factors are examined in relationship to the quality of prenatal health services US women receive. METHODS: Data from the 1980 National Natality Survey and 1980 Fetal Mortality Survey were used for the analysis. Indicator variables for prenatal care quality are the percentages of prenatal visits at which blood pressure and urine were tested, the performance of hemoglobin or hematocrit tests, and the presence or absence of advice regarding salt restriction and diuretics usage during pregnancy. RESULTS: Distribution of the basic examinations in prenatal care vary according to marital status, parity, education, and residence in a metropolitan or nonmetropolitan county. The advice received concerning salt and diuretics usage was also influenced by sociodemographic variables. CONCLUSIONS: The analyses reveal that prenatal care is not of even minimally acceptable quality for many women.
Burlesquing “the other” in Pueblo performance

Abstract This paper explores the Pueblo Indian practice of burlesquing tourists. The author contends that through this humorous performance process, the Pueblo people make sense of, disarm, and incorporate into their world foreign people, ideas, and events. As the Pueblo comics and clowns play at being tourists and other non-Pueblo people, they redefine for the Pueblo communities what it is to be Pueblo. The paper includes a concise history of tourism in the Southwest, a discussion of Pueblo world boundaries and order, an examination of Pueblo categories of tourists, several descriptions of Pueblo imitative performances, and a consideration of the general human need to make sense of the other.
The urban poor: an appropriate population for breastfeeding promotion programs.

Breastfeeding has won universal endorsement as a major contributor to child survival. The proliferation of breastfeeding promotion programs demonstrates the importance health professionals and funding agencies place on improving the incidence and duration of breastfeeding. An effective, cost-efficient breastfeeding promotion program should be directed at those who will receive the greatest health benefit from such an intervention, i.e., the group who 1) would experience the greatest threat to health by decreasing its breastfeeding practice, and 2) is at greatest risk of changing its breastfeeding habits. Since it is the urban poor primarily who satisfy both of these criteria breastfeeding promotion strategies should focus on them.
Substrate-Induced Unfolding of Protein Disulfide Isomerase Displaces the Cholera Toxin A1 Subunit from its Holotoxin

To generate a cytopathic effect, the catalytic A1 subunit of cholera toxin (CT) must be separated from the rest of the toxin. Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is thought to mediate CT disassembly by acting as a redox-driven chaperone that actively unfolds the CTA1 subunit. Here, we show by isotope-edited Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and circular dichroism that PDI itself unfolds upon contact with CTA1. The substrate-induced unfolding of PDI provides a novel molecular mechanism for holotoxin disassembly: we postulate the expanded hydrodynamic radius of unfolded PDI acts as a wedge to dislodge reduced CTA1 from its holotoxin. The oxidoreductase activity of PDI was not required for CT disassembly, but CTA1 displacement did not occur when PDI was locked in a folded conformation or when its substrate-induced unfolding was blocked due to the loss of chaperone function. Our data establish a new property of PDI that is required for cholera intoxication and may be linked to its function as a chaperone that prevents protein aggregation.
FIBER-OPTIC PLANT TISSUES: SPECTRAL DEPENDENCE IN DARK-GROWN AND GREEN TISSUES*

— The fiber-optic properties of etiolated plant tissues can be used to detect and characterize pigment absorption in vivo. Transmission spectra of light guided through several monocot and dicot etiolated tissues show a decreasing red/far red ratio with increasing tissue length. Absorption bands attributable both to vacuolar pigments such as anthocyanins and to chloroplast pigments lead to the conclusion that the guided light passes through both vacuole and cytoplasm. As etiolated tissue becomes green under white light treatment, the red/far red ratio also changes, the nature of the change depending upon the tissue involved. The blue/red ratio also changes both with increasing length of etiolated tissue and during the greening process, with the changes again dependent on the tissue involved. The spectral dependence of the light-guiding phenomenon in dark grown and green plants may have implications for physiological responses mediated by phytochrome.
Smart phone machinery vibration measurement

This paper presents a computationally economical algorithm that provides RMS value of vibration velocity calculated using the accelerometer measurements embedded in modern smartphones. This measurement extends the use of smartphones to quickly diagnose the health status of machinery. 1 2
Ultrafast ring-opening reactions: A comparison of α-terpinene, α-phellandrene, and 7-dehydrocholesterol with 1,3-cyclohexadiene

The excited and ground state dynamics of a series of 1,3-cyclohexadiene derivatives and their hexatriene photoproducts are studied using ultrafast broadband UV-visible transient absorption spectroscopy. The substitution pattern around the cyclohexadiene backbone alters the excited state potential energy surface in the Franck-Condon region as evidenced by changes in the excited state absorption and fluorescence properties of the systems. Unsubstituted 1,3-cyclohexadiene and alpha-phellandrene exhibit no excited state absorption while a strong excited state absorption in the visible spectral region is observed for both alpha-terpinene and Provitamin D3. Steric factors introduced by the ring substitutions determine the dominant rotational isomer at equilibrium for the hexatriene photoproducts. Coupling to the solvent during the conformational relaxation from the initial helical all-cis hexatriene is unique to each photoproduct, but the relaxation process occurs on a 6-10 ps timescale regardless of the size or substitution pattern on the triene.
Pionic modes of excitation in continuum from the (p, n) reaction

Abstract The continuum spectra of the 90Zr(p, n) reaction at Ep = 200 MeV are studied in the DWBA up to high excitation h ω(≲60 MeV ) and large momentum transfer q(≲3omegaπ). The response function is obtained in a local-density approximation, taking into account p-h and Δ-h excitation and the short-range correlation g′ between them. For small g′ ≲ 0.5, a broad bump due to the opalescence effect can be seen in the calculated cross section at rather low excitation and near q ≈ 2.2omegaπ. However, for larger g′, this effect is suppressed, and a broader bump in cross section is located at higher excitation.
Amesos2 and Belos: Direct and iterative solvers for large sparse linear systems

Solvers for large sparse linear systems come in two categories: direct and iterative. Amesos2, a package in the Trilinos software project, provides direct methods, and Belos, another Trilinos package, provides iterative methods. Amesos2 offers a common interface to many different sparse matrix factorization codes, and can handle any implementation of sparse matrices and vectors, via an easy-to-extend C++ traits interface. It can also factor matrices whose entries have arbitrary “Scalar” type, enabling extended-precision and mixed-precision algorithms. Belos includes many different iterative methods for solving large sparse linear systems and least-squares problems. Unlike competing iterative solver libraries, Belos completely decouples the algorithms from the implementations of the underlying linear algebra objects. This lets Belos exploit the latest hardware without changes to the code. Belos favors algorithms that solve higher-level problems, such as multiple simultaneous linear systems and sequences of related linear systems, faster than standard algorithms. The package also supports extended-precision and mixed-precision algorithms. Together, Amesos2 and Belos form a complete suite of sparse linear solvers.
Microwave operation of submicrometer channel-length Silicon MOSFET's

Aluminum-gate silicon n-channel MOSFET's with channel lengths down to 0.5 µm have been fabricated. A simple four-mask process based on contact optical lithography was used. Partial self-alignment of the gate to the channel could be achieved because of an enhanced oxidation rate over the source/drain due to the heavy arsenic implantation. Accordingly, parasitics were minimized and the devices showed excellent microwave performance with f_{\max} and f T near 20 GHz.
Formation of phase gratings on the end of gradient-index lenses with ultraviolet ablation at 193 nm.

We present a simple, cost-effective method for creating diffractive optical elements on the surfaces of optical fibers and fiber-optic components by use of 193-nm ablation techniques. It is an outgrowth of a more fundamental investigation of the effects of intense UV radiation fields on SiO2- and Ge–SiO2-based structures (specifically optical fibers and preforms) and allows the inexpensive fabrication of structures such as the suggested evanescent-field-based sensing device.
Estrogen effects on uterine metabolism: reversal by inhibitors of protein synthesis.

Abstract The increases in metabolism of glucose and the activity of RNA polymerase in uteri of rats treated for 2 h with estrogen were reduced to control levels within 1 to 2 h by administration of inhibitors of protein synthesis in vivo . Both cycloheximide and puromycin reversed these increases due to estrogen. Aminonucleoside puromycin, actinomycin D, and epinephrine did not reverse the estrogen responses.
Surgical Manifestations of Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis in the Pediatric Patient

Abstract Eosinophilic gastroenteritis, an inflammatory bowel disease of unknown etiology, occurs in one of 10,000 admissions to this Children's Hospital. We have added 4 cases to the 11 retrieved from a literature review. The inflammation is characterized by mature eosinophils predominating a transmural process which may produce pain, obstruction, perforation, bleeding, or fistulae. All levels of the gastrointestinal tract are involved, but stomach (25.9%) and small bowel (66.7%) lesions are most common. Eosinophilia occurs in 61% of children and allergy in 13%. X-rays may demonstrate a diffuse or localized process. Operative intervention may be necessary to exclude tumors or regional enteritis, and at times to extirpate complications of local disease, but conservative therapy is the treatment of choice for this exacerbating-remitting disease.
Laser prostatectomy: initial experience and urodynamic follow-up.

Objectives An evolving technology for the treatment of bladder outlet obstruction due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the use of the side-firing neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser to achieve prostatic tissue ablation. The purpose of this study was to determine the short-term efficacy of this procedure in both an objective and subjective manner.
Protective Performance of Environmentally Stressed Fabrics Containing Melamine Fiber Blends

In this study, the mechanical properties critical to the protective performance of firefighter turnout gear were evaluated for environmentally stressed outer shell (OS) fabrics containing melamine fiber blends. Environmental stress factors that affect the durability of turnout gear include temperature, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, moisture, abrasion, and laundering. The effect of fiber blend, fabric construction, and finishing processes including water repellent coatings and pigmented melamine-containing OS fabrics were also studied. Melamine-containing OS fabrics show comparable thermal protective performance and have superior tear resistance when compared to the traditionally used polyaramid blends. This study reveals that the thermal protective protection (TPP) rating of fabric assemblies incorporating environmentally stressed OS fabrics containing melamine fiber blends is well above the NFPA minimum TPP requirement of 35 cal/cm2. However, the tear strength (measured using ASTM D 5587 standard test method) of all melamine-containing OS fabrics exposed to environmental stresses was observed to have significantly deteriorated, and most OS fabrics, depending on fiber blend and fabric structure, would fail to meet requirements of NFPA 1971 standard. The study thus suggests that environmental stressing has a more detrimental impact on the tear strength than the thermal protective performance of OS fabrics. Deterioration in tear strength of all UV exposed OS fabrics is largely due to photodegradation of constituent fibers. Changes in tear strength of OS fabrics subjected to thermal exposures and laundering is cumulative effect of loss in tensile strength of single yarns and dimensional stability of the fabric itself. Furthermore, finishing treatments affect performance properties of fabric by increasing fiber packing factor in yarn, changing yarn crimp and yarn spacing thereby making dimensional changes to the fabric. Surface coatings alter tear resistance of fabric by influencing yarn slippage and fabric rigidity. Fabrics dyed with black and dark blue dyes cause less UV degradation of fibers than bright yellow and brown dyes.
Cavitation Erosion Performance of Fiber Reinforced Composites

The cavitation damage resistance of several fiber reinforced polymeric composite systems was evaluated before and after seawater immersion via a modified ASTM G-32 method utilizing a stationary specimen. For both dry and saturated condi tions, a carbon fiber/thermoplastic toughened epoxy matrix composite (IM7/977-2T) was found to perform the best under cavitation attack, while carbon fiber/thermoplastic matrix (AS4/PEEK) was found to be the least resistant. Glass/epoxy composites (E-Glass/5920, Scotch Ply 1002) were intermediate in erosion resistance. Moisture absorption was seen to decrease the erosion resistance of both E-Glass/5920 and AS4/APC-2 materials, while increasing the resistance of SP 1002; IM7/977-2T was not affected by immersion. All mate rials show decreasing erosion rates due to material recession from the cavitation cloud and increasing collapse-shielding with exposure time. A reduction in water hammer pressure was estimated by incorporating finite material impedance into the water hammer...
Relationship of Prosody Perception to Personality and Aggression

One-hundred-fifteen participants (73 female, 42 male) were evaluated for prosody, or vocal emotion, perception, personality factors, relational aggression and physical aggression. The male participants reported higher levels of physical aggression, and the female participants reported greater Neuroticism, consistent with other data. For the male participants, better perception of prosody was related to both greater Extraversion and greater Conscientiousness, all involved in interpersonal functioning. These relationships were not found in the female participants, but there was a relationship between perception of prosody and relational aggression. Women who were better at perceiving the emotional status of others based on vocal cues were less relationally aggressive. Perhaps greater relational aggression reflects a poor adaptation to diminished ability to perceive emotional status.
The Last Colonial: Curious Adventures and Stories from a Vanishing World. By Christopher Ondaatje. (New York, NY: Thames & Hudson, 2011. Pp. 256. $29.95.)

Christopher Ondaatje, it seems, has had as many lives as the great cats he loves to study and describe. Born into a Dutch Burgher family in Ceylon and educated in England, he moved to Canada after ...
Isomorphisms of certain CSL algebras

Abstract We show that an isomorphism between two reflexive operator algebras on Hilbert space with commutative subspace lattices (CSL) is automatically continuous and induces an isomorphism between the lattices. For such algebras with completely distributive subspace lattices, CDC algebras, the “quasi-spatially” implemented isomorphisms are shown to be exactly those that preserve the rank of all finite-rank operators. We present some examples of nonspatial isomorphisms and discuss some sufficient conditions on the lattices that ensure that all isomorphisms be spatially implemented. The relationship between isomorphisms and derivations of CSL algebras is also investigated.
Being Roughly Right Rather Than Precisely Wrong: Teaching Quick Analysis in Planning Curricula:

Many public policy decisions are made quickly and are based on cursory analyses Often there is little time for research Planners and policy analysts on the front lines need to have a grasp of methods that can produce roughly right results which will be available in time to have an impact on policy This article presents an overview of quickly-applied methods and discusses how they might be incorporated into planning curricula
Friction compensation for a process control valve

Abstract A nonlinear locally intelligent actuator design is developed to control a valve independently of the distributed control system. Nonlinear control is implemented through the direct synthesis of a sliding-stem valve model within a nonlinear structure. Input–output linearization with discontinuity smoothing is used to cancel friction nonlinearities as well as to reduce control action chattering. A closed-loop nonlinear Luenberger observer is used to reconstruct an unmeasurable state as well as to provide robust control action in the presence of parametric uncertainty. A model-based fault detector is developed to monitor serious faults such that a warning may be sent to an operator describing the exact nature of the fault. Fault diagnostic approaches are also provided in the form of threshold detection and fault tree analysis. Setpoint tracking results are provided to compare against linear proportional–integral control. The nonlinear controller is shown to outperform linear control set-point tracking measured by integral absolute error (IAE). In conclusion, the advantages of local nonlinear control are discussed.
DYNAMICS OF AUTOPARAMETRIC VIBRATION ABSORBERS USING MULTIPLE PENDULUMS

Abstract This paper analyzes the dynamics of a resonantly excited single-degree-of-freedom linear system coupled to an array of non-linear autoparametric vibration absorbers (pendulums). The case of a 1:1:…:2 internal resonance between pendulums and the primary oscillator is studied. The method of averaging is used to obtain first order approximations to the non-linear response of the system. The stability and bifurcations of equilibria of the averaged equations are computed. It is shown that the frequency interval of the unstable single-mode response, or the absorber bandwidth, can be enlarged substantially compared to that of a single pendulum absorber by adjusting individually the internal mistunings of the pendulums. Use of multiple pendulums is also shown to engender degenerate bifurcations as the double-mode response “switches” from one pendulum to the other with changing external excitation frequency. The effect of various parameters on the performance is discussed and a strategy is developed to find the most effective parameters for maximum bandwidth of operation. This results in a significant enhancement of the performance of autoparametric vibration absorbers.
A Stage I pilot study of acceptance and commitment therapy for methadone detoxification

Abstract Background While agonist replacement therapies are effective for managing opioid dependence, community treatment programs are increasingly choosing detoxification. Unfortunately, success rates for opioid detoxification are very low, in part, due to physical and psychological symptoms associated with opioid withdrawal. Few behavior therapies specifically address the distressing experiences specific to opioid withdrawal. A novel behavioral treatment, acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), works from the premise that the avoidance of unpleasant private experiences (thoughts, feelings, bodily sensations) is ubiquitous yet may be pathogenic, resulting in treatment drop-out and further drug use. Methods This Stage I pilot study developed and tested an ACT-based opioid detoxification behavioral therapy. Opioid dependent patients ( N = 56) who were attending a licensed methadone clinic were randomized to receive either 24 individual therapy sessions of ACT or drug counseling (DC) in the context of a 6-month methadone dose reduction program. Results While no difference was found on opioid use during treatment, 37% of participants in the ACT condition were successfully detoxified at the end of treatment compared to 19% of those who received DC. Fear of detoxification was also reduced across time in the ACT condition relative to DC. Conclusion This first study of ACT to assist opioid detoxification indicates promise. Research is needed to refine specific treatment strategies for this population to further strengthen effects.
Preferential incorporation of defects in monocrystalline diamond films

Abstract Cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy and microscopy and Raman scattering measurements of homoepitaxial diamond films, grown at substrate temperatures of 900 and 1200°C by microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition, reveal the preferential incorporation of defects in films grown on the (111) and (320) faces of diamond substrates compared with those grown on the (001) faces. The CL features observed include the broad bands centered at around 440 nm (2.82 eV) and 550 nm (2.25 eV) and a narrow band at about 740 nm (1.675 eV). The diamond films grown on the (111) faces exhibit strong non-uniformities in the distribution of impurities ( e.g. Si) and defects. The distribution of the 550 nm and 740 nm bands can be correlated with the topographic features in these films. The diamond films grown on the (001) faces show no 550 nm and 740 nm bands, and high-quality regions exhibit uniform monochromatic (440 nm) CL images.
Good evidence supports use of ACE inhibitors in stable ischemic heart disease; little evidence exists for ARBs

Source Citation Baker WL, Coleman CI, Kluger J, et al. Systematic review: comparative effectiveness of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II-receptor blockers for ischemic hear...
Anxiety sensitivity in African-American adolescents: evidence of symptom specificity of anxiety sensitivity components.

ABSTRACT Objective To examine the specificity of components of anxiety sensitivity (phrenophobia, fear of cardiovascular sensations, and fear of unsteadiness) to anxiety and depression in a sample of African-American adolescents. Method Participants were 527 African-American adolescents (238 females, mean age 13.8 years) who were originally recruited as first graders in 1993 to 1994 for participation in the second-generation Johns Hopkins Prevention Intervention Research Center trials. Youths completed measures of anxiety sensitivity and anxious and depressive symptoms in the spring of 2001. Associations between anxiety sensitivity and depression and anxiety were examined using hierarchical linear regressions. Results Anxiety sensitivity as a unitary construct was positively associated with symptoms of anxiety after adjusting for symptoms of depression. Fear of unsteadiness showed specificity to anxiety after adjusting for depression and phrenophobia. Phrenophobia was positively associated with anxiety and depression, after adjusting for the other symptom and fears of physical sensations. Conclusions Specificity of anxiety sensitivity to anxiety in a sample of African-American adolescents furthers understanding of the nature of anxiety sensitivity in this group and the potential roles of components of anxiety sensitivity in the development of psychopathology in general.
Expectancy Violations of Instructor Communication as Predictors of Motivation and Learning: A Comparison of Traditional and Nontraditional Students

Utilizing Burgoon's expectancy violations theory, this study compared traditional and nontraditional students' prescriptive expectations and experiences with instructor immediacy, clarity, and affinity-seeking to determine the effects on cognitive learning and state motivation. Results revealed that significantly higher levels of state motivation and cognitive learning existed for nontraditional students. Negative violations of instructor clarity expectations for traditional and nontraditional students had negative predictive value of cognitive learning and state motivation; positive violations of instructor affinity-seeking had negative predictive value of learning and motivation for nontraditional students.
Particle Transport in a Turbulent Square Duct Flow With an Imposed Magnetic Field

In this paper we study the particle transport and deposition in a turbulent square duct flow with an imposed magnetic field using Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) of the continuous flow. A magnetic field induces a current and the interaction of this current with the magnetic field generates a Lorentz force which brakes the flow and modifies the flow structure. A second-order accurate finite volume method in time and space is used and implemented on a GPU. Particles are injected at the entrance to the duct continuously and their rates of deposition on the duct walls are computed for different magnetic field strengths. Because of the changes to the flow due to the magnetic field, the deposition rates are different on the top and bottom walls compared to the side walls. This is different than in a non-MHD square duct flow, where quadrant (and octant) symmetry is obtained.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Analytic functions for modeling vertical profiles of extinction in and beneath very low stratus clouds

A theoretically based microphysics model developed by the authors was used to simulate a large number of vertical drop size distribution profiles in very low stratus clouds and subcloud regions. These drop size distributions were used with Mie calculations to simulate vertical profiles of extinction coefficients at wavelengths of 0.55, 1.06, 4.0, and 10.6 micrometers . These profiles were then fit with smooth analytic functions in order to develop a model that can be used quickly and easily to simulate gross behavior of vertical profiles of extinction coefficients. Values of parameters that appear in two selected analytic functions were determined from fitting simulated data and are presented for a few cases in this work. It is proposed that one of these analytic functions with associated parameter values be considered for possible worldwide application in modeling very low stratus clouds.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
“Demographics is destiny” (sic): The American population

Abstract As a result of factors related to health, immigration, and historical trends, the US population is predicted to undergo unprecedented shifts. The most important and widely recognized shift is that of an aging population, with a doubling in the number of individuals aged 65 years or older in the US between now and 2050. Other shifts will also be important, including an increased presence of women in the workforce, and an increasing number of race/ethnic minorities. Many of these factors are not specific to the US population and therefore have international importance. In this review, we examine the ways in which demography intersect with the role of the surgeon in providing optimal care to the surrounding population.
Citizen contacting and bureaucratic treatment-response in urban government: Some further evidence

Abstract Citizen—bureaucratic relationships are particularly important in the urban government context. Drawing upon survey data from one city, this article examines whether certain individual-level characteristics, such as ethnic background and age, are related to citizen evaluations of bureaucratic treatment. Different individual-level characteristics are related to citizen evaluations of different types of bureaucratic contacts. The evidence also suggests that several dimensions of bureaucratic treatment (e.g., politeness, understanding) may be evaluated somewhat differently. In general and most important, these findings support the contention that at the interpersonal or “street-level” certain biases, perceived or real, may exist.
The Effect of Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus on the Biology of Its Vector the English Grain Aphid, Macrosiphum granarium

The effect of the barley yellow dwarf virus on the biology of its vector, the English grain aphid, Macrosiphum granariiun (Kirby), was investigated. oxygen consumption of viruliferous and nonviruliferous aphids was measured with a Warburg respirometer. A comparison of the results indicated a reduction of 13.8% in the oxygen consumption of the viruliferous insects. The alteration in the metabolism of the infected individuals was apparent in their life histories. Longevity reproduction observations were conducted with 3 experimental populations. One group (NV-NV) consisted of nonviruliferous aphids that fed on virus-free leaves. A second group of aphids (V-V) was maintained exclusively on leaves from virus-infested plants. The nutritional factor was minimized by the third group of insects (V-NV) that was fed for 48 hr on virus-infected leaves and then reared on virus-free material. The 2 groups of viruliferous aphids tended to (1) have an increased rate of development from birth to adult, (2) live longer, (3) have a longer reproductive period, and (4) therefore produce greater total numbers of progeny. The observed differences are considered as evidence of an active biological interaction between the virus and its vector, which is difficult to classify as either beneficial or pathological.
A sinc quadrature rule for Hadamard finite-part integrals

A Sinc quadrature rule is presented for the evaluation of Hadamard finite-part integrals of analytic functions. Integration over a general are in the complex plane is considered. Special treatment is given to integrals over the interval (?1,1). Theoretical error estimates are derived and numerical examples are included.
ON LUMPING SPECIES IN FOOD WEBS

Species in community food webs are commonly aggregated or lumped on the basis of overlap in predators and prey. This note reports an unexpected result of lumping species in observed food webs and simulated food webs. The main result is that it is much easier to lump species in observed webs than in simulated webs. The reason is that there is much more overlap in predators and prey for species in observed webs than in simulated webs. This points to a fundamental deficiency in web assembly models that assume a random distribution of links.