cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimized quinoline amino alcohols as disruptors and dispersal agents of Vibrio cholerae biofilms.

The biofilm state is an integral part of the lifecycle of many bacterial pathogens. Identifying inhibitors as molecular probes against bacterial biofilms has numerous potential biomedical applications. Here we report quinoline amino alcohol 20 as a highly potent disruptor of V. cholerae biofilms. Additionally, 20 was able to disperse preformed biofilms, an activity exhibited by few compounds with biofilm inhibiting activity.
Perception of Infant Crying as an Interpersonal Event

Recent studies have examined the infant cry as one form of preverbal, interpersonal communication. Emphasis has been on the cry as an adaptive distress signal evolved to elicit nurturing and protective responses from adults in the surrounding environment. Murray (1979) indicated that there are two basic types of information in any cry signal, the “categorical” and the “affective,” or motivational, message. The distinction between categorical and affective information derives from the distinction between lexical and prosodic features of speech. Prosodic features, timing, amplitude, and fundamental frequency, convey the affective message in the cry (Lester,1982). Categorical information refers directly to known predisposing conditions associated with crying, and generally the cause of crying is presumed to be physical rather than psychological. In order to examine the categorical information in cries, a typology of cries was developed by obtaining cry samples from infants in known conditions (3 hours from last feed = hunger cry; first cry after being born = birth cry) and then studying the ability of adults to identify the type of cry (Wasz-Hockert, Lind, Vuorenkoski, Partanen, & Valanne, 1986). The focus of this research has been on adult’s ability to identify correctly the type of cry from a range of several alternatives rather than on assumptions about affective quality or self-report about how the cry was experiences by the listener.
Xenophanes on drinking-parties and Olympic Games.

Unlike the early Presocratics (Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes), the thinkers between 550 and 450 B.C. (Pythagoras, Xenophanes, Heraclitus, Parmenides, Empedocles) all had the ambition of being enlighteners. In their endeavors, some even invoked divine assistance and authority (Pythagoras, Parmenides, Empedocles). The traveling sage Xenophanes of Colophon lived a long life of at least ninety-five years (ca. 570-475). He himself attests to his writing elegiac poetry at the age of ninety-two (B 8 Diels-Kranz). Of his rich harvest, however, only 120 lines survive. They fall into three categories. (1) A philosophical poem in hexameters, probably called IJepl cpvoios anavrwv ("On the essence of all things"), dealing with God, with human know ledge, and with natural phenomena (only 28 lines are extant). (2) At least four or five books of UlXXol, short parodies in hexameters and iambics, ridiculing almost everybody: Homer and Hesiod, Epimenides (B 20), Pythagoras (B 7), Simonides (B 21), Lasos of Hermione (A 16), and others (only 24 lines survive). (3) The lion's share, however, belongs to Xenophanes' elegiac poetry (with 68 extant lines). This is a poetry of exhortation and good advice, and I think it is this TrapaivcriKov yevos which enabled the wandering sage to keep soul and body together, while traveling from one Greek city to another and reciting his practical philosophy in verse-form, all the way from Colophon and Paros to Zancle, Catana, and the rich court of Hieron of Syracuse in Sicily. Thanks to Athenaeus two of his elegies survive complete (or almost complete). But for some reason
Raid, Retreat, Defend (Repeat): The Archaeology and Ethnohistory of Warfare on the North Pacific Rim

Warfare and violence played an important role in the history and development of complex hunter-gatherer societies on the north Pacific Rim. Wars were waged between islands over 700 km apart and included dozens of villages within and between ethnic groups. Wars were generally fought for revenge, status, over women, and rarely, over critical resources. Warfare was so ubiquitous in the later prehistoric sequence that is must be considered central to the development and organization of north Pacific society.
Atmospheric/hydrologic models for the Rio Grande Basin: simulations of precipitation variability

Abstract The headwaters of the Rio Grande are located in the San Juan Mountains of southwestern Colorado and the upper portions of the river are fed primarily by snowmelt from winter storms. In contrast, the lower portions of the river accumulate runoff from thunderstorms of the summer monsoon season. Thus, the waters of the Rio Grande are strongly influenced by regional climate and could be vulnerable to climate change. In order to study water resources in the Rio Grande Basin and how they may be affected by changes in regional climate, a modeling system, which relies on the use of coupled atmospheric, runoff, and ground water models, is being developed. Preliminary work on the project has focused on winter precipitation simulations of the upper Rio Grande Basin and evaluation of the suitability of the atmospheric model for simulating regional climate. This paper describes the spatial and temporal precipitation variability predicted by this model. To examine the temporal variability, results of simulations carried out with the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS), at 20 km resolution, are presented for the month of January 1996, representing a dry extreme for the region, and January 1993, representing a recent wet extreme. Results are also presented of a case study with higher resolution (5 km) over the upper Rio Grande Basin to examine spatial variability of the snowpack within complex terrain. The simulation results are compared to observations of daily-accumulated precipitation in the region. The comparisons of model predicted precipitation indicate that the RAMS model can reproduce the interannual changes in precipitation patterns found in the western US. In the month of January 1996, both RAMS and observed precipitation are highest in the northern mountain ranges of the domain. Likewise, in the month of January 1993, both predicted and observed precipitation in the southern tier of states are dramatically higher. Results of the simulations with increased model grid resolution indicate a modest improvement of precipitation estimates with the finer grid resolution over the Rio Grande Basin.
Effects of starvation in infancy (pyloric stenosis) on subsequent learning abilities

The model of starvation in this study was the medical condition of congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Pyloric stenosis involves a period of brief starvation in early infancy, is unrelated to socioeconomic conditions, and is easily correctable. A number of specific learning abilities together with the general adjustment of 50 subjects, 5 to 14 years old, who had PS were studied and compared to those of 44 siblings and 50 matched controls. Learning ability was negatively correlated with the degree of severity of the starvation. Starvation resulting in a reduction of more than 10% of the expected body weight in infancy was associated with poorer learning abilities, especially those involving short-term memory and attention.
The chloroplast Tat pathway transports substrates in the dark.

Photosynthetic electron transport pumps protons into the thylakoid lumen, creating an electrochemical potential called the protonmotive force (PMF). The energy of the thylakoid PMF is utilized by such machinery as the chloroplast F0F1-ATPase as well as the chloroplast Tat (cpTat) pathway (a protein transporter) to do work. The bulk phase thylakoid PMF decays rapidly after the termination of actinic illumination, and it has been well established via potentiometric measurements that there is no detectable electrical or chemical potential in the thylakoid after a brief time in the dark. Yet, we report herein that cpTat transport can occur for long periods in the dark. We show that the thylakoid PMF is actually present long after actinic illumination of the thylakoids ceases and that this energy is present in physiologically useful quantities. Consistent with previous studies, the dark-persisting thylakoid potential is not detectable by established indicators. We propose that cpTat transport in the dark is dependent on a pool of protons in the thylakoid held out of equilibrium with those in the bulk aqueous phase.
Microzooplankton Grazing in Green Water—Results from Two Contrasting Estuaries

We measured seasonal variations in microzooplankton grazing in Long Island Sound (LIS) and San Francisco Bay (SFB). There was consistent evidence of nutrient limitation in LIS, but not SFB. We found higher chlorophyll a concentrations in LIS compared with SFB. In spite of differences in phytoplankton, there were no differences in microzooplankton abundance (summer: LIS, 12.4 ± 1.8 × 103 indiv. L−1; SFB, 14.1 ± 3.0 × 103 indiv. L−1), biomass (summer: LIS, 30.4 ± 5.0 μg C L−1; SFB, 26.3 ± 5.9 μg C L−1), or grazing rates (summer: LIS, 0.66 ± 0.19 day−1; SFB, 0.65 ± 0.18 day−1) between the two estuaries. In common with many other investigators, we found many instances of saturated as well as insignificant grazing. We suggest that saturation in some cases may result from high particle loads in turbid estuarine systems and that insignificant grazing may result from extreme saturation of the grazing response due to the need to process non-food particles.
Cell biology of tubotympanum in relation to pathogenesis of otitis media — a review

The sterility of the eustachian tube and tympanic cavity of normal individuals is maintained not only by the adaptive immune system, but also by the mucociliary system and the antimicrobial molecules of innate immunity. Mucin production and periciliary fluid homeostasis are essential for normal mucociliary function and dysfunction of this system is an important risk factor for otitis media. The secreted antimicrobial molecules of the tubotympanum include lysozyme, lactoferrin, beta defensins, and the surfactant proteins A and D (SP-A, SP-D). Defects in the expression or regulation of these molecules may also be the major risk factor for otitis media.
Genetic and neurophysiological correlates of the age of onset of alcohol use disorders in adolescents and young adults

Discrete time survival analysis was used to assess the age-specific association of event-related oscilla- tions (EROs) and CHRM2 gene variants on the onset of regular alcohol use and alcohol dependence. The subjects were 2,938 adolescents and young adults ages 12-25. Results showed that the CHRM2 gene variants and ERO risk factors had hazards which varied considerably with age. The bulk of the significant age-specific associations occurred in those whose age of onset was under 16. These associations were concentrated in those subjects who at some time took an illicit drug. These results are consistent with studies which associate greater rates of alcohol dependence among those who begin drinking at an early age. The age specificity of the genetic and neurophysiological factors is consistent with recent studies of adolescent brain development, which locate an interval of heightened vulnerability to substance use disorders in the early to mid teens.
Parachute mitral valve: morphologic descriptors, associated lesions, and outcomes after biventricular repair.

Objective In "true" parachute mitral valve, mitral valve chordae insert into one papillary muscle. In parachute-like asymmetric mitral valve, most or all chordal attachments are to one papillary muscle. This study compared morphologic features, associated lesions, and palliation strategies of the two parachute mitral valve and dominant papillary muscle types and examined interventions and midterm outcomes in patients with biventricular circulation. Methods Echocardiography and autopsy databases were reviewed to identify patients with "true" parachute mitral valve or parachute-like asymmetric mitral valve from January 1987 to January 2006. Predictors of palliation strategy in the entire cohort, mitral stenosis on initial echocardiogram, and mortality in the biventricular cohort were determined with logistic regression. Results Eighty-six patients with "true" parachute mitral valve (n = 49) or parachute-like asymmetric mitral valve (n = 37) were identified. Chordal attachments to the posteromedial papillary muscle were more common (73%). The presence "true" parachute mitral valve (P = .008), hypoplastic left ventricle (P Conclusion Nearly two thirds of this parachute mitral valve cohort underwent biventricular palliation. Some progression of mitral stenosis occurred, although mitral valve intervention was rare. "True" parachute mitral valve was associated with mitral stenosis on initial echocardiogram. "True" parachute mitral valve and conotruncal anomalies were associated with mortality in the biventricular population.
Genetic relationships, choice models, and sucrose preference behaviour in mice

BEHAVIOURAL geneticists have criticized mathematical models of learning and choice which do not consider genetic and other individual difference parameters1,2. No one, however, has demonstrated empirically that genetically related variables aid in determining how well a given model will fit the data. I have found it necessary to include familial parameters within the framework of probabilistic models.
242 EFFECT OF CAFFEINE ON THE MATURATION OF A TYPE II PNEUMOCYTE-LIKE CELL CULTURE LINE

The A549 cell line is derived from a human lung adenocarcinoma and has retained many characteristics of the type II cell. Studies on the lipid composition of these cells as a function of time after culture (inoculum-3×104 cells/cm2) show progressive changes in content and in ability to synthesize cell specific lipids. Phosphatidylglycerol (PG), a component of pulmonary surfactant, is absent early in culture but appears after 21 days in culture. By 28 days, this lipid accounts for 6.1% of total phospholipid. Choline incorporation into phosphatidylcholine (PC), decreases initially; at cell confluence it increases, going from 1.4 nmoles/hr/mg at day 14 to 2.5 nmole/hr/mg at day 21. Cell number, as measured by DNA content, remains constant. A549 cells grown in caffeine (10-4M) grow at a slower rate than matched controls. Protein content in caffeine treated cultures is 25-33% lower throughout the culture period. Choline incorporation does not show the initial decline characteristic of untreated cultures, but remains high throughout the culture period. Morphologically, caffeine treated cells develop lamellar inclusions earlier. This is reflected in the lipid composition, as PG also appears significantly earlier. These results suggest that caffeine causes accelerated maturation of this type II pneumocyte-like cell culture line.
Highly sensitive assays for proteinases using immobilized luminogenic substrates

Summary Novel assays for proteinases with immobilized substrates Affi-gel 10-Ala-Ala-Ala-Phe-Isoluminol and Affi-gel 10-Ala-Phe-Pro-Arg-Isoluminol have been devised. The substrates are luminogenic and provide extremely high sensitivity for α-chymotrypsin, trypsin, and human thrombin. Observed detection limits for the enzymes are 0.1, 0.01, and 0.5 ng respectively in 0.5 mL enzyme-substrate mixtures. A comparison of soluble and immobilized luminogenic, chromogenic, and fluorogenic substrates is presented.
Identification of multiple objects using their natural resonant frequencies from both frequency and time domain data

A methodology for identification of multiple objects using their natural resonant frequencies from both time and frequency domain data is presented. This methodology is applied to generate a library of poles of various objects in the frequency domain and compare them with the computed natural poles of unknown objects using the typical transient temporal late time response in the time domain. The Cauchy method is applied directly in the frequency domain to extract the Singularity Expansion Method (SEM) poles and thus a library of poles of various perfectly conducting objects (PEC) is generated. The Matrix Pencil (MP) method is then applied to the late time response to compute the SEM poles for identification in the time domain. Simulation examples are analyzed to illustrate the potential of this proposed methodology.
IBMM of OH adsorbates and interphases on Si-based materials

Abstract Using ion beam modification, films composed of synthesized “interphases” of ordered silica on OH-passivated (1 × 1)Si(100) underwent surface electro-chemical changes quantified by surface free energy via Sessile drop method and contact angle analysis using Young’s equation and Van Oss theory. IBMM caused the surface free energies initially ranging from 26.0 mJ/m 2 to 57.3 mJ/m 2 to converge to 43.1–45.4 mJ/m 2 for various passivated and as-received wafer samples alike. Although TMAFM also identified topographic changes, these changes did not correlate to the change of surface free energies. Ion beam modification of the ordered silica film on Si(100) surface is analyzed using 3.045 MeV 16 O(α, α) 16 O nuclear resonance scattering (NRS) in conjunction with channeling in 〈1 1 1〉 direction, which demonstrated the convergence of the partially ordered oxygen to amorphous at about 55 μC/mm 2 He ++ flux. Additionally, Si surface peak channeling in 〈1 0 0〉 and 〈1 1 1〉 directions also experienced an uptrend in areal density as incident ion flux increased, while the rotating random Si signal height remains stable, showing a disruption in the surface order during IBMM.
Assessment of the arachidonic acid content in foods commonly consumed in the American diet

Arachidonic acid (AA) is an extremely important fatty acid involved in cell regulation. When provided in the diet, it is cogently incorporated in membrane phospholipids and enhances eicosanoid biosynthesis in vivo and in vitro; however, controversy exists as to the levels of AA in food and in the diet. This study determined the amount of AA in cooked and raw portions of beef (rib eye), chicken (breast and thigh), eggs, pork (loin), turkey (breast), and tuna; it compared these results to values published in Agriculture Handbook No. 8 (HB-8). The cooked portions were prepared as described in HB-8. With the exception of chicken thigh and tuna, the levels of AA (w/w) in the selected foods analyzed were significantly higher, in general, than those values published in HB-8. The greatest differences were observed in beef (raw and cooked), turkey breast (raw and cooked), and pork (cooked) where AA levels were twice that of the values in HB-8. In contrast, the AA and n-3 fatty acid contents in tuna were almost half the HB-8 values. The present data indicate that HB-8 tends to underreport the amounts of AA in a number of foods commonly consumed in the American diet, and new initiatives should be considered to validate and update the current database for fatty acid composition of foods.
On the scattering theory of relativistic equations

Parzen’s method of evaluating the phase shift at infinite energies is extended to the case when the potential has a pole at the origin.
On the breakup of a thin liquid film subject to interfacial shear

The breakup of a thin non-evaporating liquid film that is either flowing down or climbing on a vertical or inclined surface and subject to cocurrent or countercurrent interfacial shear (or gas flow) is investigated analytically. Analytical expressions for the dimensionless liquid film thickness, Δ min , and wetting rate, Γ min , at breakup are derived based on the minimization of the total energy of a stable rivulet, formed following the film breakup
Tracer-based studies of soil water movement in semi-arid forests of New Mexico

Abstract The related issues of water movement and contaminant transport in arid and semi-arid environments have generated considerable interest and concern in the last few decades. Essential to understanding these issues is knowledge of how water moves through the soils that form the uppermost part of the vadose zone. The use of tracers, both natural and artificially introduced, is proving to be an effective method for gaining such knowledge in dry regions, where investigation by other means is difficult. In this study, natural stable-isotope and chloride tracers were used to investigate water movement in the soils of a pinon–juniper woodland and of a ponderosa pine forest on the Pajarito Plateau in northern New Mexico. The objectives were to (1) estimate and compare near-surface flux rates and evaluate the importance of evaporation in the two communities, and (2) determine to what extent differences in flux rates and evaporation are due to differences in plant cover and/or soil hydraulic properties. The results of this study will aid in evaluating the potential for contaminant mobility in semi-arid systems such as the Pajarito Plateau and, in addition, will increase understanding of nutrient distributions and plant water use in semi-arid environments. The stable-isotope data indicate a similarity between the pinon–juniper and ponderosa communities with respect to evaporation: in both, it is restricted mainly to the upper 10 cm of soil. Chloride profiles from the two communities, on the other hand, show a distinct difference with respect to downward fluxes: in the ponderosa pine forest, these fluxes (≈0.02 cm year −1 ) are an order of magnitude lower than those in the pinon–juniper woodland (≈0.2 cm year −1 ), even though total precipitation is about 4 cm year −1 higher in the ponderosa pine forest. This difference, however, appears to be related not to plant cover, but to differences in soil hydraulic properties. The soils of the ponderosa pine forest contain clay-rich B horizons that appear to restrict downward movement of water through the soil matrix, whereas the soils of the pinon–juniper community have B horizons much lower in clay content. The effect of differing soil properties on water movement suggests that contaminant distributions will vary across the Pajarito Plateau. The data on soil water ages support this hypothesis: they indicate that water (and, thus, contaminants) moves through the soil matrix in less than a decade in some areas, whereas in other areas, water takes hundreds of years to pass through the entire soil profile.
System design concepts and requirements for aeroassisted orbital transfer vehicles

The Orbital Transfer Vehicle (OTV) is an advanced upper stage concept which will deliver spacecraft from operating systems at Low Earth Orbit (LEO) such as Space Shuttle, Earth-To-Orbit (ETO) vehicles, and Space Operations Center (SOC), to High Earth Orbit (HEO) and planetary excursions. The OTV will be driven by the need to achieve significant reductions in the operational costs for delivering payloads to Geostationary Equatorial Orbit (GEO). Aeroassist is a technological capability that has a potential for OTV's ranging from mission enhancing (reusable OTV for payload delivery) to mission enabling (manned GEO and some DOD). It is shown that the use of aeroassist for OTV's is a high leverage technology which can potentially reduce space transportation costs and enable a number of highly desirable missions.
New Method to Characterize Thin Oxide Reliability

Next generation ULSI devices will require ultra thin gate insulators where degradation due to contamination or surface microroughness is an even more important problem. Tunneling and breakdown characteristics are critical electrical testing methods, but unfortunately obtaining meaningful oxide integrity information on the one hand and tunneling IV's on the other is a tedious and time consuming process. In this research, we report on a new method to measure meaningful IV's, Q bd 's, and V bd 's at the same time. This method uses a linear current ramp strategy where a voltage ramp to between 8–10 MV/cm is applied first followed by a linear current ramp until breakdown is reached. There are several advantages of this new method: The linear voltage ramp quickly and easily identifies low breakdown devices, whereas switching to a linear current ramp provides for nearly constant field stressing to obtain meaningful IV and Q bd
Consequences of coloniality: influence of colony form and size on feeding success inthe bryozoan Membranipora membranacea

Colonial animals can grow in a wide variety of shapes and sizes, but certain forms have apparently evolved several times in different taxa. Using adaptive arguments to explain the evolution of colony form is tempting, but when testing the functional advantage of different colony forms, con- trolling for species differences is difficult. In this study, 1 species of bryozoan, Membranipora mem- branacea (Linnaeus, 1767), was grown into different colony shapes and sizes to test how colony form affected feeding performance. Clearance rate was measured for 3 colony forms (encrusting sheet, erect sheet, erect tree), and zooid ingestion rate was measured for 5 colony sizes (comprising of 1, 8, 16, 125, or 975 zooids). The 2 erect forms had higher clearance rates than did the encrusting sheet form at a freestream velocity of 3 cm s -1 . At this velocity, erect colonies experienced less refiltration and yet benefited from feeding in a downstream wake. For encrusting colonies the change in inges- tion rate per zooid with colony size was non-linear. Overall, zooid ingestion rate increased from 1 to 16 zooids, decreased for small colonies (with ~125 zooids), and then increased again for medium colonies (with ~975 zooids). Colonies with 8 or more zooids had higher feeding success than single zooids, suggesting a feeding advantage to zooids in a colony. Conversely, small and medium colonies had lower mean ingestion rates than colonies with 8 or 16 zooids, suggesting a feeding cost for increasing beyond a relatively small size.
Wet disc testing of mafenide hydrochloride, chlorhexidine gluconate, and triple antibiotic solution against bacteria isolated from burn wounds

Various antimicrobial solutions for topical use on burn wounds tested, in vitro with a newly described wet disc assay, for their activity against bacterial isolates from patients with burns. The antimicrobial activity of triple antibiotic solution was shown to reside in the neomycin component. The activity of 2.5% mafenide hydrochloride solution was equal to that of 4% mafenide HCl and could be used clinically with significant savings and perhaps, fewer side effects. Chlorhexidine gluconate had broad antimicrobial activity in an 0.05% solution in water; however, dissolving the active ingredient in saline nullified its activity significantly. The wet disc assay appears to be a useful means by which to assess the efficacy of solutions for topical use.
Efficacy and safety of the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii for the prevention and therapy of gastrointestinal disorders

Several clinical trials and experimental studies strongly suggest a place for Saccharomyces boulardii as a biotherapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of several gastrointestinal diseases. S. boulardii mediates responses resembling the protective effects of the normal healthy gut flora. The multiple mechanisms of action of S. boulardii and its properties may explain its efficacy and beneficial effects in acute and chronic gastrointestinal diseases that have been confirmed by clinical trials. Caution should be taken in patients with risk factors for adverse events. This review discusses the evidence for efficacy and safety of S. boulardii as a probiotic for the prevention and therapy of gastrointestinal disorders in humans.
Poisson-Gap Sampling and Forward Maximum Entropy Reconstruction for Enhancing the Resolution and Sensitivity of Protein NMR Data

The Fourier transform has been the gold standard for transforming data from the time domain to the frequency domain in many spectroscopic methods, including NMR spectroscopy. While reliable, it has the drawback that it requires a grid of uniformely sampled data points, which is not efficient for decaying signals, and it also suffers from artifacts when dealing with nondecaying signals. Over several decades, many alternative sampling and transformation schemes have been proposed. Their common problem is that relative signal amplitudes are not well-preserved. Here we demonstrate the superior performance of a sine-weighted Poisson-gap distribution sparse-sampling scheme combined with forward maximum entropy (FM) reconstruction. While the relative signal amplitudes are well-preserved, we also find that the signal-to-noise ratio is enhanced up to 4-fold per unit of data acquisition time relative to traditional linear sampling.
Flow Localization during Plane Strain Punch Stretching of a Ferrite-Austenite Steel

This is an exploratory study of plastic flow and sheet forming characteristics of a 60 pct ferrite-40 pct austenite duplex stainless steel. Variations in austenite arrangement are shown to have little effect on tensile or punch stretching behavior. Flow and forming properties of the duplex alloy are dominated by its continuous ferrite phase. Flow localization during plane strain stretching over a hemispherical punch takes place at two levels of scale, by mechanisms that are physically different. Macroscopic shear bands develop as the final process of flow localization throughout the sheet as a whole. Macroscopic shear bands initiate at the surface of sheet at the edges of a localized neck and grow inward, as finite element models predict. Fracture takes place by void sheet coalescence within intersecting shear bands. These bands grow in from opposite sides of the sheet. Macroscopic shearing limits ductility during plane strain thinning. Row localization takes place also at the microscopic level within individual grains of the two-phase alloy. Coarse slip bands develop within individual grains of ferrite, and deformation twins develop in austenite as plastic flow takes place. Bands of in-homogeneous flow that develop on the microscopic scale form as an inherent part of the crystalline deformation mechanism of individual grains.
Interannual flow along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico

[1] Past work has shown that the interannual wind stress curl in the North Atlantic generates Rossby waves that reach the eastern U.S. coast and affect coastal sea level both there and along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Tide gauge and TOPEX/Poseidon satellite sea level height measurements show that this interannual signal penetrates all the way around the Gulf of Mexico shelf to the Yucatan Peninsula, with local alongshore interannual wind stress increasing the signal amplitude between Pensacola and the Texas-Louisiana shelf. Satellite observations show the seaward spatial structure of the sea level and the associated geostrophic flow. In theory this flow should depend on the angle θ of the shelf edge with respect to due north and the Loop Current mean shelf edge flow. Off the northern boundary (θ ≈ 90°), in agreement with theory, the signal behaves as a coastal Kelvin wave, the sea level amplitude falling quickly away from the shelf edge with first baroclinic radius of deformation scale. Off the western boundary (θ ≈ 180°) the interannual sea level amplitude falls rapidly seaward of the shelf edge, consistent with short western boundary scales. However, off the eastern boundary (θ small) formed by the west coast of Florida, the fall in interannual sea level amplitude seaward of the shelf edge is inconsistent with long Rossby wave theory. Interannual geostrophic Gulf of Mexico shelf edge flows may reach amplitudes of the order of 10 cm s−1, but along shelf flow amplitudes are a few centimeters per second or less. Even so, weak shelf flows of interannual frequency can transport particles many hundreds of kilometers.
Quality of care in dental practice; the approach of the Indian Health Service.

For any dentist interested in review by peers for maintaining the quality of services, reading of this paper is urged.
Pygmalion at the interface

Appropriate mnemonic feedback built into a natural-language interface can act as a teacher to help users acquire formal-language skills as they work, without a large initial investment of effort in a learning period.
The Necessity for Intertidal Foraging by Estuarine Populations of Subadult Dungeness Crab, Cancer magister: Evidence from a Bioenergetics Model

Complex intertidal habitats characteristic of northeastern Pacific coastal estuaries provide critical nursery environments for young-of-the-year Dungeness crab,Cancer magister, yet their role in supporting subsequent year classes remains unclear. SubadultC. magister (40–130 mm; 1+ and >1+ year classes), which reach densities as high as 4,300 crabs ha−1 in subtidal channels during low tides, migrate during flood tides from subtidal refuges into intertidal habitats to forage. As with other brachyuran species that undertake extensive tidally-driven migrations, intertidal foraging may contribute significantly to the energy budget of subadultC. magister. In order to explore the energetic incentive for intertidal migrations by subadult crabs, we developed an ontogenetically-based bioenergetics model for crabs within Willapa Bay, Washington. The model showed that energetic demand varied spatially across the bay, with the highest average energetic demand of a population of subadult crabs (2.13×106 kJ ha−1) occurring in a habitat stratum termed lower side channel (LSC) and characterized by relatively little subtidal area and extensive intertidal flats. Comparison of model results with subtidal prey production revealed that the latter could not satisfy subadultC. magister energetic demands, especially in LSC where modeled crab predation depleted subtidal prey biomass within 17 simulation days. We estimate that 1 ha of subtidal crabs from LSC would minimally require an additional 1.6 ha of intertidal area to satisfy energetic demands without depleting prey biomass. Our model results support the assertion thatC. magister make regular migrations to forage on productive intertidal flats, and suggest that intertidal foraging may contribute significantly to the diet of subadult crabs in coastal estuaries.
Challenges older adults face in detecting deceit: The role of emotion recognition.

Facial expressions of emotion are key cues to deceit (M. G. Frank & P. Ekman, 1997). Given that the literature on aging has shown an age-related decline in decoding emotions, we investigated (a) whether there are age differences in deceit detection and (b) if so, whether they are related to impairments in emotion recognition. Young and older adults (N = 364) were presented with 20 interviews (crime and opinion topics) and asked to decide whether each interview subject was lying or telling the truth. There were 3 presentation conditions: visual, audio, or audiovisual. In older adults, reduced emotion recognition was related to poor deceit detection in the visual condition for crime interviews only.
High security Web servers and gateways

Abstract This paper describes a high security, high performance system for making legacy systems accessible to the web. It combines distributed object technology with a trusted operating system that implements multi-level security. The aim is to satisfy the growing demand for dynamic content generation, while providing a high level of protection against unauthorized access to the service. HP CORBAweb is a software infrastructure that allows access to CORBA applications from the web. HP VirtualVault is a secure environment for web applications. The paper gives overviews of both VirtualVault and CORBAweb, and describes the object gateway that merges the integration features of CORBAweb with the security of VirtualVault. The paper describes the authorization model that determines the granularity at which access is granted. It then goes on to explain how the system can be extended to allow remote clients, such as Java applets, to invoke the CORBA-based services directly, using the Internet Inter-ORB Protocol (IIOP). The object gateway is designed to be used to provide controlled access through a firewall protecting the servers. Some of the issues associated with firewalls around the clients are discussed at the end of the paper.
Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering Cross Sections Measured by a Coincidence Technique"

We have measured elastic electron-proton scattering cross sections in the range of four-momentum transfers from 7 ${\mathrm{F}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$[0.27 ${(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$] to 150 ${\mathrm{F}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ [5.84 ${(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$] and at scattered electron angles of between 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 34\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in the laboratory. The estimated errors in the cross sections range from \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.1% at the lowest momentum transfer to \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}9.6% at the highest. Both the scattered electron and the recoil proton were detected, resulting in an overdetermination of the kinematics. When the constraint of a coincident proton is removed, there is no significant change in the estimated cross sections.
Spreadsheet Simulation of Airline Reservation Policy Using Multimedia Software

A stand-alone Excel spreadsheet simulation template is used to illustrate the detailed rationale of reservation overbooking to both students and professionals working in reservation-based operations. Because almost everyone has personally encountered the frustrations of being “bumped”—losing an airline seat or hotel room reservation—the selection of this particular subject is driven by the belief that at least half of the problem of effectively teaching a sophisticated analytical method is in getting the user’s attention. The personal complications resulting from overbooking presents such a passionate circumstance. Several multimedia tools, Wimba and SnagIt, are used to produce web hosted, mp4 video files of a library of short films illustrating the detailed, step-by-step operation of the spreadsheet template.
Automated fat measurement and segmentation with intensity inhomogeneity correction

Adipose tissue (AT) content, especially visceral AT (VAT), is an important indicator for risks of many disorders, including heart disease and diabetes. Fat measurement by traditional means is often inaccurate and cannot separate subcutaneous and visceral fat. MRI offers a medium to obtain accurate measurements and segmentation between subcutaneous and visceral fat. We present an approach to automatically label the voxels associated with adipose tissue and segment them between subcutaneous and visceral. Our method uses non-parametric non-uniform intensity normalization (N3) to correct for image artifacts and inhomogeneities, fuzzy c-means to cluster AT regions and active contour models to separate SAT and VAT. Our algorithm has four stages: body masking, preprocessing, SAT and VAT separation, and tissue classification and quantification. The method was validated against a manual method performed by two observers, which used thresholds and manual contours to separate SAT and VAT. We measured 25 patients, 22 of which were included in the final analysis and the other three had too much artifact for automated processing. For SAT and total AT, differences between manual and automatic measurements were comparable to manual inter-observer differences. VAT measurements showed more variance in the automated method, likely due to inaccurate contours.
Late Pliocene variations in the carbon isotope values of North Atlantic benthic Foraminifera: Biotic control of the isotopic record?

Abstract Analyses of benthic Foraminifera carbon isotope values were made in 172 samples from the Late Pliocene at DSDP Site 548 which is located in the Northeast Atlantic on the continental slope southwest of Ireland (1253 m water depth). The carbon isotope record is quite stable from about 3.4 to 2.5 Ma, and contrasts with the record at Site 552A in the North Atlantic (2311 m water depth) which is much more variable for this time period. The carbon record at Site 548 is also consistently more negative than that of Site 552A. After 2.5 Ma the benthic carbon isotope record of Uvigerina at Site 548 becomes extremely variable with large negative deviations. These isotopic variations might be associated with paleoceanic circulation changes caused by glaciation between 2.5 and 2 Ma. However, paired analyses of Uvigerina and Cibicidoides species for 38 samples within the glacial interval, yield carbon isotopic records which are quite different from one another. The Uvigerina record contains larger negative deviations than does the Cibicidoides record. Also, the isotopic difference between Uvigerina and Cibicidoides increases during glaciations and in a long term trend from 2.5 to 2.0 Ma. The lack of covariance between the Uvigerina and Cibicidoides carbon isotope records indicates that, after 2.5 Ma at Site 548, biotic factors influenced the benthic isotopic record.
Smoking cessation among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Abstract Nine variables were assessed to determine which were most associated with the ability to quit smoking among 107 pulmonary rehabilitation patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Most (67%) patients were ex-smokers at the time of admission. Discriminant analysis revealed that psychosocial factors were significantly related to the ability to stop smoking prior to hospitalization, and pack-years smoking history significantly differentiated smokers from ex-smokers at follow-up 5–54.5 months after hospitalization. None of the other variables were significantly associated with smoking cessation, and even the two significant variables (psychosocial assets and pack-years) were not able to separate smokers from ex-smokers beyond base-rate expectations. While most smokers with COPD did quit smoking, those who failed to do so prior to their hospitalization were likely to continue their habit indefinitely.
Treatment of hepatitis C

Hepatitis C virus is a leading cause of chronic liver disease, with over 170 million people infected worldwide. It is also the leading indication for liver transplantation. Complications from chronic hepatitis C infection include cirrhosis, hepatic decompensation, and hepatocellular carcinoma. As a result, treatment strategies to prevent such complications have been widely researched, although many questions remain unanswered. To date, the standard therapy for chronic hepatitis C infection is the combination of peginterferon and ribavirin. Treatment strategies differ based on factors such as genotype and liver biopsy results. Other strategies must be considered for special groups, such as patients with acute hepatitis C infection, hepatitis C/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection, and prior nonresponse to interferon or relapse after its use. The goal of therapy is to achieve a sustained virologic response (ie, no detectable hepatitis C ribonucleic acid 6 months after completion of therapy). The substantial adverse effects associated with both interferon alfa and ribavirin often make it difficult for patients to continue with their therapies.
U.S. internal Migration and Occupational Attainment: Assessing Absolute and Relative Outcomes by Region and Race

This paper investigates the occupational implications of contemporary migration flows by region and race. Even though the expectation of a positive link between geographic and social mobility is a central tenet in the stratification literature, empirical assessments are rare and have produced inconsistent results. Our analysis departs from traditional frameworks by integrating both absolute and relative notions of occupational standing for evaluating migration outcomes, comparing migrants against non-migrant peers both at origin and destination. Results document that for whites migration is associated with higher occupational attainment both in absolute and relative terms, irrespective of the regional direction of the move. For blacks, on the other hand, absolute occupational gains are markedly absent for migration to the South, which is instead characterized by significant improvement in relative terms. The differences in absolute and relative gains by race and direction of the move helps contextualize the considerable black over representation in north-south migration and highlights the implications of current internal mobility for racial stratification.
Infrared study of adsorption in situ at the liquid-solid interface. II. Adsorption of stearic acid on zinc oxide.

Abstract Degassed ZnO was immersed in a solution of stearic acid in CCl4, and infrared spectra were recorded in situ as the adsorption proceeded. The concentration ranged from 0.25 to 4 mM. Improved infrared cells are described. The spectra indicate that an irreversible reaction occurred at the surface with the formation of an oriented film of stearate, the hydrocarbon chains being in a coplanar, trans zigzag mode, probably tilted about 60°.
i) The biochemistry of fracture healing

I Abbreviations IGF Insulin-Like Growth Factor BGP BMP FGF a FGF b FGF GM-CSF Bone Y-Carboxyglutamate Protein Bone Morphogenic Proteins Fibroblast Growth Factor Acidic FGF Basic FGF Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor IL Inter Leukin M-CSF Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor MGP Matrix Y-Carboxyglutamate Protein PDGF Platelet Derived Growth Factor PTH Parathyroid Hormone TGF Transforming Growth Factor TIMPS Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases
Effects of ionizing radiation on laser-induced damage in SiO2

Abstract The effects of radiation damage on bulk laser-induced damage in SiO 2 were investigated. Samples studied included Spectrasil A, B, and WF (water free). Measurements of laser-induced breakdown were conducted with 532 and 1064 nm laser pulses of approximately 20 ns duration. Reductions of up to 40% in the laser-induced breakdown threshold were observed at 532 nm for samples exposed to 10 8 rad of γ -radiation. The decrease in breakdown threshold for irradiated SiO 2 samples at 532 nm was found to be proportional to the linear absorption of the specimen at 266 nm. These results are in good agreement with a proposed model which suggests that two-photon absorption initiated avalanche process is responsible for laser-induced breakdown for these materials.
Fundamental operations: Machining, forming, joining, assembly, and inspection are basic functions to be integrated and controlled in the automatic factory

Describes the fundamental operations of machining, forming, joining, assembly and inspection which are the basic functions to be integrated and controlled in the automatic factory.