cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TissueCoCoPUTs: Novel Human Tissue-Specific Codon and Codon-Pair Usage Tables Based on Differential Tissue Gene Expression.

Protein expression in multicellular organisms varies widely across tissues. Codon usage in the transcriptome of each tissue is derived from genomic codon usage and the relative expression level of each gene. We created a comprehensive computational resource that houses tissue-specific codon, codon-pair, and dinucleotide usage data for 51 Homo sapiens tissues (TissueCoCoPUTs: https://hive.biochemistry.gwu.edu/review/tissue_codon), using transcriptome data from the Broad Institute Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) portal. Distances between tissue-specific codon and codon-pair frequencies were used to generate a dendrogram based on the unique patterns of codon and codon-pair usage in each tissue that are clearly distinct from the genomic distribution. This novel resource may be useful in unraveling the relationship between codon usage and tRNA abundance, which could be critical in determining translation kinetics and efficiency across tissues. Areas of investigation such as biotherapeutic development, tissue-specific genetic engineering, and genetic disease prediction will greatly benefit from this resource.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Patients With COVID-19 in Severe Respiratory Failure.

This cohort study examines the outcome of venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in 40 patients recently hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 in the US.
Opioid use disorder and endocarditis

Abstract In this chapter, we present notes on the harm reduction approach to drug use with special focus on the current opioid epidemic in United States. Harm reduction is the most recent, and we believe the most effective framework for addressing the problems of psychoactive drug use in large, complex societies. Harm reduction arose in opposition to previous perspectives on psychoactive drug use, including an ethnocentric condemnation of people who use certain types of drugs, and an insistence that persons with problematic drug use should not use any psychoactive drugs, including medications. We then examine specific principles of current harm reduction. Harm reduction addresses both illicit and licit drugs, which is vital given the recent prescription opiate epidemic in the United States. Harm reduction incorporates scientific knowledge about drugs. Harm reduction is continuously evolving. We then present an historical timeline for major events in the development of harm reduction in the United States. Finally, we discuss harm interventions for addressing the current opioid epidemic and provide tips for healthcare providers for working with people who use drugs.
Fat poets speak: poetry about (some) fat women’s experiences with oppression

Speaking up when silenced is a radical act – particularly for a group of people who’ve been taught that their marginalization is their own fault. The very title of the Fat Poets Speak anthologies t...
Diurnal asymmetry of desert amplification and its possible connections to planetary boundary layer height: a case study for the Arabian Peninsula

Recent studies using observations, reanalysis data and climate model simulations documented that 2 m surface air temperature (T2m) has been amplified over the world’s hottest and driest Sahara Desert and the Arabian Peninsula, referred to as desert amplification (DA). This study presents a comprehensive analysis of hourly surface observations, radiosonde measurements, and two latest state-of-the-art reanalysis products for the period 1979–2018 to examine the diurnal and vertical variations of DA and their connections with planetary boundary layer height (PBLH). It focuses on the Arabian Peninsula (AP), where observations are relatively abundant compared to the data scarce Sahara regions. Both observational and reanalysis data show that the diurnal cycle of surface warming rate depends, to some extent, inversely on the magnitude of climatological PBLH, and so DA has a distinct diurnal asymmetry with a stronger warming for a shallower PBLH. Results of upper air profiles reveal that DA is a bottom-heavy warming profile, which maximizes near the surface, decreases quickly with height, and is limited to the lower troposphere (> 700 hPa) and surface. The major PBLH biases could explain, at least partially, some of the diurnal and vertical warming/cooling biases in the reanalyses. These results suggest that besides the surface radiative forcing, the PBLH may play an important role in modulating the diurnal and vertical structure of DA over the AP through heat redistributing via turbulent mixing.
An Optimized Contact Graph Routing Algorithm in Deep Space Communication

Aiming at the problem of long transmission delay and frequent link interruption in deep space, and it is difficult for contact graph routing algorithm to deal with the temporary changes of network topology. An optimized contact graph routing algorithm based on capacity constraints is proposed, which takes the capacity constraint into consideration in calculating of the earliest arrival path. At the same time, the number of forwarding paths is determined according to the link state information and the network topology. Through effectively utilize the nodes' contact opportunities to increase the successful delivery ratio while limit the amount of copies in the network, which balances the performance and resource consumption. Simulation results show that the delivery ratio can be improved by 29.5% without retransmission, and the transmission delay can be reduced by 13.4% while network overhead is reasonable, which effectively adapt to deep space environment.
Earth's Energy Balance

The distribution of solar radiation absorbed on Earth is very uneven and largely determined by the geometry of the sun–earth orbit and its variations. This incoming radiant energy is transformed into various forms (internal heat, potential energy, latent energy, and kinetic energy) moved around in various ways primarily by the atmosphere and oceans; stored and sequestered in the ocean, land, and ice components of the climate system; and ultimately radiated back to space as infrared radiation. The requirement for an equilibrium climate mandates a balance between the incoming and outgoing radiation and further mandates that the flows of energy are systematic. These drive the weather systems in the atmosphere and the currents in the ocean, and they fundamentally determine the climate. They can be perturbed, causing climate change. This article examines the processes involved and follows the flows, storage, and release of energy.
Changes in electrode resistances and limiting currents as a function of microbial electrolysis cell reactor configurations

Abstract Quantifying the resistances that different components of microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) contribute to the total internal resistance is important for understanding how different reactor configurations affect overall performance. The impact of the reactor architecture was examined here by varying the relative sizes of the electrodes and quantifying the changes in resistances of the electrodes and limiting current densities as a function of the applied potential (Eap). The MECs with equal cathode:anode size ratios (SR=1), showed a steady increase in current up to 1.8 mA for Eap’s ≤ 0.9 V. However, lower limiting currents were obtained for configurations with smaller anodes as shown by a lack of an increase in current for Eap > 0.7 V (limiting current of 0.8 mA, SR=16, and 1.0 mA, SR=4). The largest component of the internal resistance changed with the relative sizes of the electrodes. For example, the cathode resistance was 58% of the internal resistance for the configuration of SR=1 and 51% for SR=2, but the anode was 57% of the internal resistance for SR=16. These results show how differences in reactor architectures can be quantified in terms of individual electrode resistances and limiting currents using polarization data obtained by varying the applied potentials.
They’ve been BITTEN: reports of institutional and provider betrayal and links with Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome patients’ current symptoms, unmet needs and healthcare expectations:

Introduction:Patients with rare and/or care-intensive conditions, such as Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS), can pose challenges to their healthcare providers (HCPs). The current study used the BITTEN f...
Reflection as a Learning Tool in Postgraduate Medical Education.

Objective To explore the reflective capacity as a learning tool in pediatric residents. Study design Survey. Place and duration of study The Children's Hospital Lahore, Pakistan from 20th March to 30th March 2021. Methodology In this cross sectional online survey, the participants were postgraduate residents and registrars of Paediatric Medicine, Paediatric Surgery, and Paediatric Diagnostics, working at The Children's Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. Reflective practices questionnaire (RPQ) was used for measuring the reflective practices and SPSS-24 for data analysis. Results Out of a total of 175 study participants, 144 (82.3%) were paediatric medicine residents followed by paediatric surgery 18 (10.3%) and paediatric diagnostic 13 (7.4%) with a slight female preponderance 91 (52%). All years of trainees participated; majority was 4th year trainees 58 (33.1%), and 1st year the lowest 17 (9.7%). The overall mean score of the questionnaire was 69.97 ± 10.79 (95% CI: 68.36 ± 71.58) out of 96 total score. The highest score was of critical appraisal 18.52 ± 3.16 (95% CI: 18.04 ± 18.99) out of 24. There was no difference in mean score of different sub-domains and mean scores based on gender, specialty or year of training (p=>0.05). Conclusion The overall reflective capacity of paediatric postgraduate residents is good irrespective of specialty, gender or year of training. Critical appraisal of interaction in the reflection is the highest scored domain. Key Words: Postgraduate, Residents, Medical education, Reflection, Practice, Learning tool.
Space-Charge-Limited Current for Nonzero Electron Injection Velocity in Non-Planar Diodes

While the condition for space-charge limited current (SCLC) for a 1-D planar diode were initially derived by Child and Langmuir over a century ago 1 , 2 , exact analytic equations for non-planar geometries have proven elusive. Recent studies have applied variational calculus (VC) 3 and conformal mapping 4 to derive SCLC for non-magnetic, 1-D diodes with various non-planar geometries and no electron injection velocity. In this presentation, we apply VC to minimize the current in a planar diode with a non-zero, non-relativistic injection velocity to derive an equation for the SCLC for a planar geometry from first principles that agrees with one of the common existing analytic solutions 5 . We will further compare this result to other existing solutions for SCLC for nonzero injection velocity 6 and explain the reasons for the differences. We then apply VC and conformal mapping to extend these calculations to other non-planar geometries, particularly concentric cylinders and spheres. The characteristics of the virtual cathode for each geometry will also be derived. Potential future extensions of these approaches to other geometries and to relativistic diodes will be discussed.
The Case of the Lying Photographs: The Civil War Photography of George N. Barnard

Photographic analysis has from time to time played an important role in criminal investigations. In the 1960s, for example, snapshots taken by the accused in England's “moor murders” were instrumental in locating the grave of one of the victims. More recently, scholars have begun to use the methods of photographic analysis to authenticate historic photographs. William Frassanito, for example, has analyzed the extant photographs of the battlefields of Antietam and Gettysburg to determine where the photographs were taken (and hence what the photographs actually portray).
The Once and Future Forest: Consequences of Mountain Pine Beetle Treatment Decisions

Entomologists and silviculturists have long recommended management of stand basal area and/or mean tree diameter to mitigate the risk of mountain pine beetle (MPB) (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) outbreaks while simultaneously reducing wildfire risk. In recent decades, however, wildfire suppression and reduced harvests in western North America have created a forest landscape that is densely stocked and increasingly susceptible to bark beetle infestations, especially as the climate becomes warmer and drier. We examine the various MPB treatment options available to land managers, including insecticides, semiochemicals, sanitation, and silvicultural treatments, and describe their long-term consequences in terms of risk of future bark beetle outbreaks, wildfire, invasion by exotic weeds, loss of hydrologic values, and carbon sequestration. Paradoxically, the treatments that are most enduring and best preserve the ecosystem services of North American forests are ones that result in some thinning of these stands. We, therefore, propose a renewed focus on silvicultural treatments over large spatial scales, particularly in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon), and recommend semiochemical treatments, which may not protect all trees, for the protection of high-value trees, especially for high-elevation pines that grow in smaller stands. Prophylactic insecticide applications should be reserved for situations where any tree mortality at all is unacceptable.
Type-Directed Continuation Allocation

Suppose we translate two different source languages, L 1 and L 2, into the same intermediate language; can they safely interoperate in the same address space and under the same runtime system? If L 1 supports first-class continuations (call/cc) and L 2 does not, can L 2 programs call arbitrary L 1 functions? Would the fact of possibly calling L 1 impose restrictions on the implementation strategy of L 2? Can we compile L 1 functions that do not invoke call/cc using more efficient techniques borrowed from the L 2 implementation? Our view is that the implementation of a common intermediate language ought to support the so-called pay-as-you-go efficiency: first-order monomorphic functions should be compiled as efficiently as in C and assembly languages, even though they may be passed to arbitrary polymorphic functions that support advanced control primitives (e.g. call/cc). In this paper, we present a typed intermediate language with effect and resource annotations, ensuring the safety of inter-language calls while allowing the compiler to choose continuation allocation strategies.
Persuading Consumers to Form Precise Search Engine Queries

Today’s search engines provide a single textbox for searching. This input method has not changed in decades and, as a result, consumer search behaviour has not changed either: few and imprecise keywords are used. Especially with health information, where incorrect information may lead to unwise decisions, it would be beneficial if consumers could search more precisely. We evaluated a new user interface that supports more precise searching by using query diagrams. In a controlled user study, using paper-based prototypes, we compared searching with a Google interface with drawing new or modifying template diagrams. We evaluated consumer willingness and ability to use diagrams and the impact on query formulation. Users had no trouble understanding the new search method. Moreover, they used more keywords and relationships between keywords with search diagrams. In comparison to drawing their own diagrams, modifying existing templates led to more searches being conducted and higher creativity in searching.
When Traditional Won't Do: Experiences from a “Lower-Level” Mathematics Classroom

Abstract As the last bell rings, students scurry to their respective classrooms, doors begin to close, and the class period begins. Imagine that you are in the hallway of the school and you look into an advanced mathematics class, into an Algebra I, Part I, mathematics class (a course designed for students who have not found success in mathematics). What would you see? What type of instructional strategies and learning activities would you expect to take place in each of these classrooms? Research suggests that the activities in most “lower-level” mathematics classes require simple memory and comprehension skills, whereas classroom activities in so-called advanced classes are more likely to foster critical thinking, problem solving, and the ability to generalize (Hill 2008, 39).
Development and experimental test of an analytical model of the orifice pulse tube refrigerator

The promise of high reliability and high refrigeration capacity is responsible for a recent surge of interest in pulse tube refrigeration. This work involves the development of an analytical model describing behavior of the orifice pulse tube to gain a better understanding of the refrigeration process. Due to oscillating gas flow, the system is described in terms of average enthalpy flow with such simplifying assumptions as an ideal gas and sinusoidal pressure variation. Phasor analysis is used to represent the temperature, pressure, and mass flow rate waves in vector form. Also discussed in this paper is the verification of the model in which analytical predictions are compared to experimental measurements. The results confirm predictions by the model that refrigeration power is proportional to the average pressure, the pulse frequency, the mass flow ratio, and the square of the dynamic pressure ratio. Also, a temperature probe was devised to measure the average temperature profile and dynamic temperature in the tube. As a result of simplifying assumptions, magnitudes of refrigeration power from the model are between 3 and 5 times greater than experimental values.
An example of lyophilized protein-based materials not simulating patient sera.

Use of reconstituted lyophilized protein-based materials in the clinical laboratory is partly based on the assumption that these materials adequately simulate patients' sera. We examined several of these materials and found that certain ones do not have the same adsorbancies at 340 and 380 nm as do most sera. The implication of this is examined with respect to glucose determination by the hexokinase method on a dual-wavelength blank-subtraction instrument.
Supporting Aging Caregivers and Adults With Developmental Disabilities in Future Planning

A peer support intervention was developed to support aging caregivers and adults with developmental disabilities in planning for the future. The intervention consisted of a legal/financial training session followed by five additional small-group workshops. Pretest and 1-year follow-up surveys were conducted with 29 families participating in the intervention and 19 control families. Outcome measures included future planning activities, caregiving appraisals, discussion of plans with individuals who have developmental disabilities, and choice-making of individuals with developmental disabilities. The intervention significantly contributed to families completing a letter of intent, taking action on residential planning, and developing a special needs trust. Caregiving burden significantly decreased for families in the intervention and daily choice-making of individuals with disabilities increased.
Band structure of bcc cobalt

A self-consistent density-functional band-structure calculation using linear combinations of Gaussian orbitals for bcc cobalt has been performed. Also determined were the Fermi surface and x-ray form factors to make possible comparison with measurements on a film of bcc cobalt on chromium recently prepared by Walmsley et al. of Stanford University. The calculation was performed for several lattice parameters, including the experimental value $a=2.77$ \AA{}.
Reorientation of the golgi apparatus and the microtubule-organizing center inside macrophages subjected to a chemotactic gradient

Mouse peritoneal macrophages subjected to gradients of activated mouse serum were found by immunofluorescence observations to have their Golgi apparatus and their microtubule-organizing center largely oriented in the direction of the gradient. By analogy with similar results obtained with motile fibroblasts, it is proposed that these two organelles are rapidly and coordinately reoriented inside the macrophages in order to direct the insertion of new membrane mass, via vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus, into the leading edge of the cell. Consistent with the importance of such membrane insertion to cell migration, we found that the ionophore monensin, an inhibitor of Golgi functions, inhibited cell motility in the chemostactic gradient. It was further shown that several inhibitors of chemotaxis (monensin, cytochalasin D, cycloheximide) did not inhibit the reorientation of the Golgi apparatus/microtubule-organizing center in cells exposed to a chemotactic gradient, and that the reorientation required extracellular Ca+2.
Stress enhances muscle nociceptor activity in the rat

Chronic widespread pain, such as observed in irritable bowel (IBS) and fibromyalgia (FMS) syndrome, are markedly affected by stress. While such forms of stress-induced hyperalgesia are generally considered manifestations of "central sensitization," recent studies in patients with IBS and FMS suggest an additional, peripheral contribution. To examine the effect of stress on muscle nociceptor function, we evaluated activity in nociceptors innervating the gastrocnemius muscle in an animal model of chronic widespread pain, water avoidance stress, in the rat. This stressor, which produces mechanical hyperalgesia in skeletal muscle produced a significant decrease (∼34%) in mechanical threshold of muscle nociceptors and a marked, ∼two-fold increase in the number of action potentials produced by a prolonged (60 s) fixed intensity suprathreshold 10 g stimulus. Stress also induced an increase in conduction velocity from 1.25 m/s to 2.09 m/s, and increased variability in neuronal activity. Given that these changes, each of at least moderate magnitude, would be expected to enhance nociceptor activity, it is likely that, taken together, they contribute to the enhanced nociception observed in this model of stress-induced chronic widespread pain.
Creating Opportunities for Undocumented Youth: A Review of the Literature

The increasing number of undocumented immigrants coming to the United States has created serious socioeconomic, sociocultural, and socioeducational challenges for the communities in which these immigrants settle. Minors represent over 1.3 million of the 10.8 million unauthorized immigrants presently living in the United States. Given the secretive nature of this population, this literature review uses critical theory as a theoretical framework to highlight the inner workings of the political structures impeding undocumented youth from legalizing their status and contributing fully to American society by attending college and obtaining higher paying jobs. Presently, no matter how hard these youths try to assimilate into their communities, their unauthorized status forever brands them as violators of the law, even if the decision to enter the United States was not theirs to make. This review calls upon policymakers to mobilize and create pathways leading to educational access, legalization, and full partici...
Presymptomatic and early detection in Huntington's disease

This review summarizes research techniques that have been applied to the early diagnosis and presymptomatic detection of Huntington's disease. Presently, no one test definitively discriminates between nonaffected persons and carriers.
Life on land in the precambrian.

Microfossils have been discovered in cavity-fill and replacement silica that occurs between chert-breccia clasts in 1200-million-year-old paleokarst at the top of the Mescal Limestone, central Arizona, and in ∼800-million-year-old paleokarst at the top of the Beck Spring Dolomite, southeastern California. Microbial communities on Precambrian (g550 million years ago) land may have been extensive enough to affect weathering, erosion, sedimentation, and geochemical processes.
Linear theory of nonisothermal forced elongation

In this work the linearized equations of nonisothermal forced elongation are analyzed. It is shown that solutions for the associated boundary-initial value problem are governed by a strongly continuous semigroup of bounded linear operators on the physically correct state space and that the semigroup is eventually differentiable. The regularity of the semigroup is proven via two complementing methods. Whilst the first method is based on Pazy’s classical result on eventual differentiability, the second method provides a direct argument. The regularity properties of the semigroup correspond to the expected physical behavior of the elongational flow.
Informed consent for prostate-specific antigen testing.

Informed consent for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing? No. No, but the issues are complex, and the idea cannot be dismissed casually. In the end, informed consent in this instance would benefit neither the medical provider nor the patient. My negative response relies on a few assumptions or definitions that I should explain. First, by informed consent, we usually mean written, as opposed to verbal consent. We explicitly mean a deliberate, formal process that culminates in a signature indicating consent. Second, we need to make a distinction between informal consent in the clinical as opposed to the research context. In the clinical context—where PSA belongs—informed consent is essentially a contract between provider and patient in which the benefit for the provider is some degree of protection from the accusation of wrongdoing, and for the patient the benefits are a guarantee of information and preservation of personal rights and autonomy (considered a value in our culture). In the research context, the contract is similar, but the patient is being offered a procedure that, by definition, does not have established clinical benefit, and this radically changes the risk/ benefit equation. We require (written) informed consent in the clinical setting when the physician recommends a procedure with enough risk that the physician would like, or needs to have, some medicolegal protection in case of an adverse event, and—from the patient’s point of view— enough risk is present to consider the option of refusing the procedure and therefore a need to receive enough information about the risks and benefits to make the decision. It is important to note that the notion of “sufficient risk” implies a continuum involving subjective judgments and perceptions by all parties concerned. For example, we perceive auscultation of the heart in an asymptomatic patient by a primary care physician as a procedure that does not require informed consent, even though the predictive value might be very low and the procedure conceivably could do more harm than good for the patient. The risk of a procedure is a combination of the probability of an adverse event and its severity. For PSA testing, there are three types of risk: two common, but relatively less severe ones—anxiety and unnecessary biopsy (which entails cost, risk, and discomfort); and one less common but very severe injury— unnecessary treatment. Interestingly, unnecessary treatment is a matter for lawsuits in many situations (eg, the patient requiring a gallstone removal who receives a leg amputation), but, in this situation, unnecessary treatment for prostate cancer cannot be a matter for a lawsuit, be
On the process of becoming a psychotherapist: an outline of a core-curriculum for the teaching and learning of psychoanalytic psychotherapy.

T 0 CONTEMPLATE the process of becoming a psychotherapist-in isolation from current trends in psychiatric training, in general, and from the political and economic pressures upon our field, in particular-would be short-sighted and unrealistic. Faculty and residents are involved in a rapidly changing service delivery system; they have to cope with an expanding fund of pertinent biological and psychological knowledge, and a “pluralism” of therapeutic modalities. Funds for residency training programs are now more frequently supplied by local sources which steadily increase the demand both for accountability and for service. Such demands, along with the economic pressures, have led to questioning the cost-benefit ratio of psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Therefore, a major challenge, if not the major challenge for psychiatric education today, is to reexamine the value of the teaching of psychoanalytic psychotherapy as the central aspect of residency curriculum. This challenge should be welcomed. It should stimulate us to rethink the problems related to the teaching and practice of psychoanalytic psychotherapy, which should benefit from a new look at our pedagogic methods. We can then bring the results of our reevaluation into our clinics and into academia-the open market place of conflicting ideas and approaches-where they can be tested and compared for the benefit of our patients and trainees and for the benefit of our science as well. It is entirely in the spirit of this open exchange with other approaches that we will now limit our discussion to the process of becoming a psychoanalytic psychotherapist. We have selected some problems of pedagogy related to the teaching of psychoanalytic psychotherapy as the central theme for this discussion, carrying one step further a previous consideration of similar issues which will make some repetition of earlier expressed ideas unavoidable.’ Three questions will bring these pedagogic problems into focus. (1) How to teach psychotherapy in a manner that will permit the immediate translation of what is learned into actual patient care. (2) What methods are there at our disposal to help the future psychiatrist (short
Production of medium-energy neutrons from proton bombardment of light elements

Abstract Cross sections for neutron production from targets of 2 H, 6 Li, 7 Li, 9 Be, 12 C and 27 Al have been measured at 0° for incident proton energies of approximately 30, 40 and 50 MeV. For production of a monoenergetic neutron beam in this energy region 7 Li is the best practical target. 12 C has a low neutron production cross section and is particularly useful for proton beam collimation.
Synthesis and Structure of Cs[(VO)2(OH)(O3PCH2CH2PO3)]: A Two-Dimensional Solid with Pillared Layers

Abstract The title compound Cs[(VO)2(OH)(O3PCH2CH2PO3)] 1 was synthesized hydrothermally from a mixture of CsVO3, H2O3PCH2CH2PO3H2, and H2O in the mole ratio 1 : 1.22 : 535 and heated to 200°C for 48 hr. Phosphonate 1 is formed in 45% yield and crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c witha=11.798(2) A,b=11.056(2) A,c=8.682(2) A,β=104.92(3)°,V=1094.3(4) A3,Z=4, andR=0.054. The framework consists of complimentary inorganic V/P/O layers joined by ethylenediphosphonate ligands, creating an inorganic bilayer. The bilayers are seperated by an interlamellar region of Cs+cations. There are two unique VO5square pyramids from which the inorganic V/P/O layers are constructed.
A neutron capture γ-ray spectrometer for use at an electron linac

Abstract A three-crystal, Ge(Li)NaI spectrometer has been developed to measure neutron capture γ-ray spectra at the Livermore 100 MeV electron linear accelerator. Design criteria are discussed. Circuits and techniques to optimize performance in an electron linac environment are presented. Some useful data analysis techniques for extraction of peak energies and intensities are given. A technique is discussed for using the simple response function of a three-crystal spectrometer to unfold unresolved data to find the incident gg-ray spectrum.
Convergence of self-report and physiological responses for evaluating creativity support tools

Creativity is a fuzzy, complex concept with a wide range of definitions and theories. Since there is no single agreed upon methodology for recognizing and evaluating creativity, this makes it particularly difficult to evaluate how well a creativity support tool (CST) supports the creativity of a user. My dissertation will be concerned with evaluating CSTs through the development of new quantitative metrics and methodologies. In this paper, I discuss research plans for my dissertation, which includes both existing work and new directions for my research.
Production of Antibiotic Nanoparticles Using Supercritical CO2 as Antisolvent with Enhanced Mass Transfer

Drug delivery systems improve the therapeutic efficacy and safety of drugs by delivering them at a controlled rate depending on the body requirements and the site of action. These systems aid in reducing the amount of drug required, the number of doses, side effects, and bioinactivation. Currently, delivery systems for drug targeting and controlled release are being developed using drug nanoparticles. Several techniques, such as spray drying and milling, have been used in the past for the manufacture of drug nanoparticles, but these methods have several disadvantages. Supercritical fluid technologies such as RESS and SAS do provide novel methods for particle formation, but in most cases, they still cannot produce particles in the nanometer range (<300 nm) necessary for drug targeting and controlled release. In this work, we propose a technique that can produce drug particles in the nanometer range with a narrow size distribution. This new technique is a modification of the currently existing SAS technique...
Opiate binding in rat hearts: modulation of binding after hemorrhagic shock.

Summary [3H]Diprenorphine was used to measure binding in sectioned rat hearts. Saturable binding for concentrations up to about 20 nM was obtained in the right atrium and ventricle. Unlabeled diprenorphine displaced bound [3H]diprenorphine most effectively in the right atrium (up to 55%), as compared to less than 27% in the right ventricle and the remaining parts of the heart. Scatchard analysis of the binding in the right atrium revealed cooperative binding. The δ agonist [D-Ala2,D-Leu5]enkephalin, the κ agonist ethylketogyclazocine, and levorphanol, but not the μ agonist [D-ala2,MePhe4,Gly-(ol)5]enkephalin or dextrophan competed variably with [3H]diprenorphine for the binding in the right atrium and ventricle. A significant decrease in binding was observed in the right atrium (−66%) and ventricle (−45%) of hearts removed from rats 2 h after hemorrhagic shock; 24 h after shock, recovery of binding was found. This novel observation suggests that the diprenorphine binding sites in the heart may be physiologically active receptors, involved in regulation of peripheral cardiovascular processes.
Post-reinforcement electrocortical synchronization and facilitation of cortical somato-sensory evoked potentials during instrumentally conditioned appetitive behavior in the cat.

Five cats bearing chronically implanted cortical electrodes were trained to press a lever for 0.5 ml of milk reward. They displayed characteristic bursts of high voltage slow wave (6–9 c/sec) activity; i.e., post-reinforcement synchronization (PRS) over the visual cortex (posterior marginal gyrus) after the presentation and during consumption of milk reward. Computer averaged somato-sensory evoked potentials (EPs) induced by mild electrical stimuli delivered to the skin were recorded over the specific and non-specific cortical projections during the following behavioral states: (1) after non-rewarded lever pressing (NOR); (2) after presentation of reward in the illuminated environment; i.e., during bursts of PRS; (3) during consumption of reward in the dark (RD); i.e., during complete suppression of PRS activity; (4) in a waking but relaxed subject after satiation (REL); (5) during emotional excitement (EXC); and (6) during the early stage of spindle slow wave sleep (SL). The subjects were habituated to mild skin stimuli whose intensity was kept 25% below the threshold which interfered with the occurrence of PRS. These stimuli were neither disrupting the subject's performance nor physiological sleep. The irrelevant character of the stimuli was maintained by their presenting at random during aforementioned six behavioral states. Most of the fourteen EPs (comprising 9 primary and 14 secondary components) recorded over frontal and parieto-occipital cortex were conspicuously augmented during bursts of PRS and during SL as compared to the corresponding EPs obtained during NOR, EXC, REL and RD. The primary responses in all PRS EPs and in six SL EPs were larger than those obtained during NOR or EXC; they were also larger in six PRS EPs as compared to those recorded during SL (two of them showed no difference and one PRS EPs was smaller); five PRS EPs were larger than those obtained during REL. All fourteen secondary responses showed a conspicuous augmentation during SL, PRS and REL as compared to the corresponding responses obtained during NOR and EXC. The amplitude of eight PRS EPs was comparable to that obtained during SL (the remaining 6 were smaller). All except one PRS EPs were larger than REL EPs (one showed no difference). Twelve PRS EPs were significantly larger than the corresponding ones recorded during RD suggesting that the visual input may play a role in the reward-induced facilitation of long latency somatosensory cortical EPs recorded over primary and secondary visual projections, and even beyond the classical visual cortex over the anterior marginal, and anterior and posterior sigmoid gyri. A possible physiological significance of the phasic facilitation of “irrelevant” sensory input caused by positive reinforcement has been discussed.
A non-parametric adaptive algorithm for the censored newsvendor problem

This article studies the problem of determining stocking quantities in a periodic-review inventory model when the demand distribution is unknown. Moreover, lost sales are unobservable in the system and hence inventory decisions are to be made solely based on sales data. Both the non-perishable and perishable inventory problems are addressed. Using an online convex optimization procedure, a non-parametric adaptive algorithm that produces inventory policy in each period that depends on the entire history of stocking decisions and sales observations. With the help of a convex quadratic underestimator of the cost function, it is established that the T-period average expected cost of the inventory policy converges to the optimal newsvendor cost at the rate of O(log T/T) for demands whose expected cost functions satisfy an α-exp-concavity property. It is shown that, when the demand distribution is continuous, this property holds the probability density function over the decision set is bounded away from zero. F...
High intensity exercise training-induced metabolic alterations in respiratory muscles.

Limited information exists concerning the effects of high intensity interval exercise training (HIET) on metabolic alterations in both inspiratory and expiratory muscles. To test the hypothesis that HIET will improve the oxidative capacity of the diaphragm and major expiratory muscles, we examined Krebs cycle and beta oxidation enzyme activities in the diaphragm and three groups of expiratory (abdominal) muscles in rats subjected to 12 weeks (5 days.wk-1) of treadmill exercise. Two groups of female Sprague-Dawley rats (age ca 120 days) were studied: (1) HIET group (n = 10; animals performed 6 x ca 5-min running intervals.day-1 at ca 90-95% VO2max); (2) sedentary control group (n = 7). When compared to controls, HIET resulted in significantly elevated (P less than 0.05) activities of 3-hydroxy-acyl-Co-A dehydrogenase (HADH) and citrate synthase (CS) in the costal diaphragm, rectus abdominus, external obliques, and the plantaris muscles. In contrast, training did not increase (P greater than 0.05) the activities of CS or HADH in the crural diaphragm or the internal obliques/transversus abdominus muscles. By comparison, the training-induced increases in oxidative capacity (e.g., CS activity) in the costal diaphragm, rectus abdominus, and external obliques were relatively small (ca 23, 10, 12%, respectively) when contrasted to the exercise-induced increase in CS activity in the plantaris muscle (ca 47%). We conclude that HIET results in small but significant improvements in the oxidative and beta oxidation capacities of the costal diaphragm and at least two abdominal expiratory muscles.
Proposed procedure for a distance protocol in support of ASTM-E57 standards activities on 3D imaging

The performance of 3D Imaging Systems needs to be evaluated using a common terminology and test procedures. This evaluation is necessary because three-dimensional imaging systems are measuring instruments and the spatial coordinates they provide are only estimates of the 3D surfaces being sampled. These coordinates need to be completed by a quantitative statement about their uncertainty to be meaningful. The statement of uncertainty is based on comparisons with standards traceable to the national units of length (SI units). We describe and present experimental results of a procedure to evaluate distance measurement uncertainty of medium range laser scanners (range between 2- 100m). The procedure is based on the evaluation of Point-to-Point distance errors using custom made Reference Test Object (RTO) and a certified 3D laser tracker as a reference. This work is proposed as a possible protocol to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)-E57.02 3D Imaging Systems standards committee on test methods.
Permeability Impact on the Pressure Rise in a Pultrusion Die

The pressure rise in a pultrusion die inlet can have a significant impact on the quality of a pultruded product; therefore, a model to predict the pressure rise would be a very useful and effective tool for enhancing the pultrusion process and the pultruded product. There are several parameters that can strongly affect the pressure rise in the pultrusion die inlet. One particular parameter is the permeability. In this study, three permeability models are employed to investigate their effect on the pressure rise in the pultrusion die inlet. A numerical model, based on Darcy's law for flow in a porous media that employs the finite volume solution method, is developed to predict the pressure and velocity fields in the pultrusion die. The numerical results are compared with some preliminary experimental data for both glass and graphite composites to determine which permeability model agrees best with the data. An effective fiber diameter is introduced to account for nonuniform fiber diameters and nonuniform spatial fiber distributions.
Endogenous GABA release is reduced in the striatum of cocaine-sensitized rats.

The magnitude of behavioral sensitization to cocaine is correlated with decreased striatal GABA(A) receptor function. We examined whether GABA release from striatal slices is also altered in cocaine-treated rats. Behavioral sensitization was measured in rats receiving either saline or cocaine (15 mg kg(-1)) daily for 14 days. Cocaine-treated rats showed a significant increase in locomotion and stereotypy over days. Potassium-stimulated endogenous GABA release was measured from superfused striatal slices of these rats. GABA release was significantly decreased in cocaine-treated rats. However, striatal slices preloaded with [(3)H]GABA exhibited a slight but significant increase in release after cocaine sensitization. Similar treatment with a nonsensitizing dose of cocaine (7.5 mg kg(-1)) did not change endogenous GABA release. Saline- and cocaine-treated rats showed no differences in striatal glutamic acid decarboxylase activity at either a saturating or K(m) concentration of glutamate. Therefore, the decrease in endogenous GABA release is not due to a decrease in GABA synthesis, but may reflect changes in GABA storage pools. These data are consistent with an overall decrease in GABA transmission, both pre- and postsynaptically, in the striatum of sensitized rats, which could contribute to enhanced striatal output and behavioral sensitization.
Uvulitis caused by anaerobic bacteria.

Objective I present two children with bacteremic uvulitis due to anaerobic bacteria. Results Fusobacterium nucleatum was recovered from the blood, and Haemophilus influenzae type b was recovered from a surface uvular culture of one patient. beta-Lactamase-producing Prevotella intermedia was isolated for the blood of the other patient. Both patients responded to parenteral, followed by oral, antimicrobial therapy. Conclusions These findings illustrate the need to send blood cultures for both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in patients with uvulitis.
A microwatt threshold Raman laser using a fiber-coupled high-Q micro-cavity

An efficient fiber-coupled Raman laser is demonstrated using a ultra-high-Q (>108) silica microsphere. Thresholds in the microwatt range and quantum efficiency (fiber-to-fiber) of 36% are measured. Cascaded oscillation is also observed.
Parametric influences on catalepsy

Normal haloperidol-injected rats were tested on a standard catalepsy bar test, using varying bar heights, diameters, and descent latency measurement criteria. The results demonstrated that all these small procedural differences can markedly influence the duration of catalepsy exhibited by rats and should be standardized in catalepsy experiments.
Screening of Physicians for Tuberculosis

Objective To determine the prevalence of tuberculous infection among a sample of physicians at Barnes Hospital and to determine the frequency of tuberculin skin testing and the adequacy of follow-up for physicians with positive tuberculin skin tests. Design Convenience sample. Setting 1,000-bed, university-affiliated tertiary care hospital. Subjects Physicians attending departmental conferences were screened for tuberculosis. Prior history of tuberculosis, antituberculous therapy, BCG vaccination, and previous tuberculin skin test results were obtained with a standardized questionnaire. Tuberculin skin tests were performed on those who were previously skin-test negative. Outcome measure Tuberculosis infection, prophylactic therapy. Results Eighty-six (24.5%) of 351 physicians in the study were skin test positive by history or currently performed skin test. Of 61 who reported a previously reactive skin test, 40 (66%) had been eligible for isoniazid prophylaxis, but only 15 (37.5%) of 40 had completed at least six months of therapy. Of 290 physicians reporting a previously negative skin test, 25 conversions (8.6%) were identified. Previously undiagnosed, asymptomatic pulmonary tuberculosis was identified in one physician. Conclusions Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is common among physicians. Physicians were screened irregularly for tuberculosis, and the use of prophylactic therapy was inconsistent. Aggressive tuberculosis screening programs for healthcare workers should be instituted (Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1994;15:95-100).
Survey of Managerial Economics Textbooks

Ten managerial textbooks copyrighted since 1986 are reviewed using these criteria: microeconomic theory range and depth; optional topics included; mathematical rigor; and support materials.