cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theoretical issues in deep networks

While deep learning is successful in a number of applications, it is not yet well understood theoretically. A theoretical characterization of deep learning should answer questions about their approximation power, the dynamics of optimization, and good out-of-sample performance, despite overparameterization and the absence of explicit regularization. We review our recent results toward this goal. In approximation theory both shallow and deep networks are known to approximate any continuous functions at an exponential cost. However, we proved that for certain types of compositional functions, deep networks of the convolutional type (even without weight sharing) can avoid the curse of dimensionality. In characterizing minimization of the empirical exponential loss we consider the gradient flow of the weight directions rather than the weights themselves, since the relevant function underlying classification corresponds to normalized networks. The dynamics of normalized weights turn out to be equivalent to those of the constrained problem of minimizing the loss subject to a unit norm constraint. In particular, the dynamics of typical gradient descent have the same critical points as the constrained problem. Thus there is implicit regularization in training deep networks under exponential-type loss functions during gradient flow. As a consequence, the critical points correspond to minimum norm infima of the loss. This result is especially relevant because it has been recently shown that, for overparameterized models, selection of a minimum norm solution optimizes cross-validation leave-one-out stability and thereby the expected error. Thus our results imply that gradient descent in deep networks minimize the expected error.
Editorial Commentary: Hybrids Make for Good Cars but Probably Not Anterior Cruciate Ligament Grafts.

Abstract Use of allograft/autograft hybrid hamstring anterior cruciate ligament grafts has gained popularity as a method to ensure appropriate graft diameter when autograft alone is insufficient. Several institutional series have been published with conflicting results. When there is any concern for autograft hamstring diameter, it is potentially better to consider other graft options. Patellar tendon autograft remains an excellent graft option for many patients. In patients where a soft-tissue graft is desired, including adolescents, quadriceps tendon has emerged as a promising option with excellent clinical outcomes. Even in patients in which hamstrings are used as a graft, when insufficient diameter is encountered, newer techniques, including the use of retrograde reamers, allows for creation of a bulleted graft of sufficient diameter without the need for allograft augmentation. We have completely abandoned the use of hybrid grafts in this younger population at our institution for these reasons. Because there are numerous other options available for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in patients where hamstring size may be a concern, this may become less of a debate over the next decade.
Conversion from thoracoscopic to open pneumonectomy is not associated with short- or long-term mortality

Abstract Background Thoracoscopic pneumonectomy commonly requires conversion to thoracotomy. We hypothesize that conversion would lead to worse short- and long-term outcomes compared with operations completed thoracoscopically. Methods The National Cancer Database identified patients who underwent a pneumonectomy from 2010 to 2016. Trends in conversion were described using linear regression. Multivariable regression of factors associated with conversion was performed. Short-term outcomes included duration of stay, number of lymph nodes harvested, margin status, readmission, and 90-day mortality. Long-term outcome was evaluated as overall survival. Results A total of 8,037 patients underwent a pneumonectomy. The rate of attempted thoracoscopic pneumonectomies increased from 11% to 22% (P Conclusion Thoracoscopic pneumonectomy is performed with increasing frequency and decreasing conversion rate. Conversion is associated with a greater duration of stay but other short- and long-term outcomes are similar. This observation suggests minimal harm in conversion from minimally invasive to open pneumonectomy.
A SiGe Millimeter-Wave Front-End for Remote Sensing and Imaging

This work presents the co-design of a millimeter-wave (mm-wave) switch with a low-noise amplifier (LNA), in which the front-end switch incorporates a transformer-based topology and serves as the LNA input matching network. This mm-wave front-end is implemented in a 0.13µm SiGe BiCMOS technology and achieves a peak gain of 20.1dB, a minimum noise figure of 4.5dB, and a mean isolation of 17dB. The input reflection coefficient is less than -15dB over 45−70GHz. An avalanche noise source using a diode-configured SiGe HBT is also integrated in the front-end for two-reference on-chip calibration, which can provide up to a high excess noise ratio of 25dB. The LNA consumes a DC power of 15 mW and occupies a chip area of 0.6 mm2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the lowest reported noise figure of an integrated switch and LNA at V-band frequencies and is the first monolithic two-reference calibrating mm-wave SiGe radiometer front-end.
Military metaphors and pandemic propaganda: unmasking the betrayal of 'Healthcare Heroes'.

Dr Caitriona L Cox's recent article expounds the far-reaching implications of the 'Healthcare Hero' metaphor. She presents a detailed overview of heroism in the context of clinical care, revealing that healthcare workers, when portrayed as heroes, face challenges in reconciling unreasonable expectations of personal sacrifice without reciprocity or ample structural support from institutions and the general public. We use narrative medicine, a field primarily concerned with honouring the intersubjective narratives shared between patients and providers, in our attempt to deepen the discussion about the ways Healthcare Heroes engenders military metaphor, antiscience discourse, and xenophobia in the USA. We argue that the militarised metaphor of Healthcare Heroes not only robs doctors and nurses of the ability to voice concerns for themselves and their patients, but effectively sacrifices them in a utilitarian bargain whereby human life is considered the expendable sacrifice necessary to 'open the U.S. economy'. Militaristic metaphors in medicine can be dangerous to both doctors and patients, thus, teaching and advocating for the critical skills to analyse and alter this language prevents undue harm to providers and patients, as well as our national and global communities.
Hashimoto Encephalopathy in Pediatrics: Report of 3 Cases

Objective To describe the rare occurrence of pediatric Hashimoto encephalopathy in 3 patients. Methods The patients, 9 to 13 years of age, presented with new-onset seizures and other neurologic symptoms, including hemiplegia, aphasia, and memory loss. Thyroid function tests and thyroid antibodies were measured. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and electroencephalography were also performed. Results The first patient had a thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level of 60 μIU/mL (range, 0.4-4.5), free T4 of 0.28 ng/dL (range, 0.7-1.6), and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO Ab) of 1243 IU/mL (range < 9). The MRI results indicated a hyperintense signal along the gyri and sulci with diffuse leptomeningeal enhancement bilaterally. The second patient had a TSH level of 25 μIU/mL, free T4 level of 0.7 ng/dL, and TPO Ab level of 3340 IU/mL. The MRI result was normal. The third patient, who was already on levothyroxine, had a TSH level of 17 μIU/mL, free T4 level of 0.81 ng/dL, and TPO Ab level of 1200 IU/mL. The MRI result was normal. All patients had significant elevation of protein in the cerebrospinal fluid and background slowing on electroencephalography. All patients were treated with high doses of intravenous methylprednisolone followed by oral prednisone and thyroid hormone replacement. Conclusion These cases underscore the importance of thyroid function tests with antibodies in children presenting with acute neuropsychiatric manifestations, especially new-onset seizures without any identifiable cause. We believe that this condition is underdiagnosed in children, and a high index of suspicion is recommended.
Characterizing manufacturing wastewater in the United States for the purpose of analyzing energy requirements for reuse

Author(s): Fuchs, H; Rao, P | Abstract: This paper seeks to inform an improved understanding of the energy tradeoff associated with on-site manufacturing water reuse in the United States from a lifecycle perspective, in part by developing an analytical framework for understanding when this tradeoff for reuse is beneficial. We survey the literature to assess the current state of reuse and its motives and barriers in the United States, before synthesizing information from publicly available EPA data on contaminants in US manufacturing wastewaters and technologies for treating them. Using the available data, we derive a set of “ubiquitous contaminants” among the top ten in terms of mass discharged in more than half of US manufacturing subsectors (NAICS 31–33) according to EPA permit data. We also present information on proven treatment trains and their energy requirements. We then compare water quality requirements for specific contaminants in reclaimed water to those characteristic of wastewater streams currently being discharged from manufacturing plants into surface waters to highlight sectors with reuse opportunities that could require little cost to realize, such as primary metals and, to a lesser extent, petroleum and coal products. We conclude by highlighting data limitations that need to be rectified before applying the framework more broadly and discussing how these data gaps could be filled. Better understanding the relationship between energy and water in the context of on-site manufacturing water reuse would allow manufacturers to improve resiliency by reducing regulatory, physical, and reputational risks while lessening their footprint on local watersheds.
Differentiating Dynamic Cerebral Autoregulation Across Vascular Territories

Objective: Transcranial Doppler is commonly used to calculate cerebral autoregulation, but measurements are typically restricted to a single cerebral artery. In exploring topographic heterogeneity, this study reports the first thorough comparison of autoregulation in all major cerebral vessels. Methods: In forty healthy adults, flow velocity was monitored in the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries, and synchronized with arterial blood pressure. A transfer function analysis provided characteristics of autoregulation by quantifying the relationship between blood pressure and cerebral blood flow velocity. Results: Phase, which quantifies the time course of autoregulation, was similar in all vessels. Gain, which quantifies the magnitude of hemodynamic regulation, was lower in posterior cerebral artery, indicative of tighter regulation. However, after adjusting for baseline flow differences in each vascular territory, normalized gain was similar in all vessels. Conclusions: Discriminating dynamic cerebral autoregulation between cerebrovascular territories is feasible with a transcranial doppler based approach. In the posterior cerebral artery of healthy volunteers, absolute flow is more tightly regulated, but relative flow regulation is consistent across cerebrovascular territories. Significance: The methodology can be applied to focal disease states such as stroke or posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, in which the topographic distribution of autoregulation may be particularly critical.
Calcification prevalence in different vascular zones and its association with demographics, risk factors, and morphometry.

We investigated the prevalence of vascular calcification in different zones of the aorta and pelvic arteries using computerized tomography angiography reconstructions and have applied machine learn...
Omega-3-enriched bread

Publisher Summary One of the biggest challenges in the development of omega-3 fortified products is to maintain the shelf stability of the products. Omega-3 fortified products exist on the market; however, only products that are stored cold have the omega-3 lipid added directly to the product formulae. The application of omega-3 lipids to bread systems becomes more complicated because the oil can affect the production of the bread and the baking operation can promote the instability of the oil. Strategies have been developed that allow for the fortification of omega-3 lipids in breads. This chapter highlights the fortification of bread and bakery products as an alternative method for delivering omega-3 to humans. It discusses the types and sources of omega-3 lipids and the primary health benefits of these lipids and reviews consumer attitudes toward omega-3 lipids. It also considers the development and manufacturing of omega-3 fortified breads, discusses issues, such as oxidative stability, and the influence of omega-3 sources on dough rheology and bread characteristics, and outlines the future trends in omega-3 fortified breads.
Massive ovarian hemorrhage

Abstract Rupture of an ovarian follicle as a cause of profuse intraperitoneal hemorrhage is becoming increasingly important. It is usually diagnosed either as acute appendicitis or ectopic pregnancy since there is no pathognomonic sign of this condition. It occurs most frequently in the premenstrual period and should always be suspected in a virgin presenting signs of internal hemorrhage from no evident cause. The most common cause of the condition is probably an exaggeration of the normal ovulation especially if the follicular rupture involves a small vein as in the case here reported. The treatment is surgical as soon as the pulse rate is affected and the ovary should be retained if possible. Only in cases of hemorrhage uncontrollable by suture should the ovary be removed.
Improved Ferric Oxide Gel Catalysts for Ortho-Parahydrogen Conversion

The rapid increase in the production and applications of liquid hydrogen has focused renewed interest on the catalysts for the ortho-parahydrogen conversion. Although the hydrous ferric oxide catalyst developed by Weitzel and co-workers [1–4] has been used in several large liquid-hydrogen plants, the activity of the catalyst has been found to be extremely sensitive to the method of preparation, composition, and technique of activation. This paper reports the results of an investigation into these factors and shows how the activity of the ferric oxide gel catalyst may be doubled over that previously reported by improvements in the method of activation.
Minimally invasive surgery for gastric cancer.

Application of minimally invasive techniques to gastric cancer in the West has been curbed by concerns of feasibility and oncologic adequacy. Growing evidence supports improved short-term and equivalent oncologic outcomes in selected patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery for early-stage disease. Laparoscopic resection for advanced gastric cancer remains controversial due to few reliable studies on long-term outcomes. We focus on important studies from Asia and highlight the Western experience with laparoscopic and robotic surgery for gastric carcinoma. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013;107:271–276. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
HrpW of Erwinia amylovora, a new harpin that contains a domain homologous to pectate lyases of a distinct class

Harpins, such as HrpN of Erwinia amylovora, are extracellular glycine-rich proteins that elicit the hypersensitive reaction (HR). We identified hrpW of E. amylovora, which encodes a protein similar to known harpins in that it is acidic, rich in glycine and serine, and lacks cysteine. A putative HrpL-dependent promoter was identified upstream of hrpW, and Western blot analysis of hrpL mutants indicated that the production of HrpW is regulated by hrpL. HrpW is secreted via the Hrp (type III) pathway based on analysis of wild-type strains and hrp secretion mutants. When infiltrated into plants, HrpW induced rapid tissue collapse, which required active plant metabolism. The HR-eliciting activity was heat stable and protease sensitive. Thus, we concluded that HrpW is a new harpin. HrpW of E. amylovora consists of two domains connected by a Pro and Ser-rich sequence. A fragment containing the N-terminal domain was sufficient to elicit the HR. Although no pectate lyase activity was detected, the C-terminal region of HrpW is homologous to pectate lyases of a unique class, suggesting that HrpW may be targeted to the plant cell wall. Southern analysis indicated that hrpW is conserved among several Erwinia species, and hrpW, provided in trans, enhanced the HR-inducing ability of a hrpN mutant. However, HrpW did not increase the virulence of a hrpN mutant in host tissue, and hrpW mutants retained the wild-type ability to elicit the HR in nonhosts and to cause disease in hosts.
Agricultural extension - generic challenges and the ingredients for solutions

Is agricultural extension in developing countries up to the task of providing the information, ideas, and organization needed to meet food needs? What role should governments play in implementing or facilitating extension services? Roughly 80 percent of the world's extension is publicly funded and delivered by civil servants, providing a range of services to the farming population, commercial producers, and disadvantaged target groups. Budgetary constraints and concerns about performance create pressure to show the payoff on investment in extension and to explore alternatives to publicly providing it. The authors analyze the challenges facing policymakers who must decide what role governments should play in implementing or facilitating extension services. Focusing on developing country experience, they identify generic challenges that make it difficult to organize extension: a) The magnitude of the task. b) Dependence on wider policy and other agency functions. c) Problems in identifying the cause and effect needed to enable accountability and to get political support and funding. d) Liability for public service functions beyond the transfer of agricultural knowledge and information. e) Fiscal sustainability. f) Inadequate interaction with knowledge generators. The authors show how various extension approaches were developed in attempts to overcome the challenges of extension: 1) Improving extension management. 2) Decentralizing. 3) Focusing on single commodities. 4) Providing free-for-service public extension services. 5) Establishing institutional pluralism. 6) Empowering people by using participatory approaches. 7) Using appropriate media. Each of the approaches has weaknesses and strengths, and in their analysis the authors identify the ingredients that show promise. Rural people know when something is relevant and effective. The aspects of agricultural extension services that tend to be inherently low cost and build reciprocal, mutually trusting relationships are those most likely to produce commitment, accountability, political support, fiscal sustainability, and the kinds of effective interaction that generate knowledge.
The Fat-Brain Axis Enters a New Dimension

Leptin is a hormone produced by fat cells that reduces food intake in humans and rodents by regulating the activity of neurons in the hypothalamus, including those in the arcuate nucleus. In their Perspective, [Elmquist and Flier][1] discuss exciting new research ([ Pinto et al .][2]; [ Bouret et al .][3]) showing that leptin directly affects the activity and synaptic input of arcuate neurons and also stimulates their growth during development. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/304/5667/63 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/304/5667/110 [3]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/304/5667/108
The Generalized Likelihood Ratio Chart for Monitoring a Proportion with Autocorrelation

When monitoring a proportion p, it is usually assumed that the binary observations are independent. This paper investigates the problem of monitoring p when the binary observations follow a two-state Markov chain model with first-order dependence. A Markov binary generalized likelihood ratio (MBGLR) chart based on a likelihood ratio statistic with an upper bound on the estimate of p is proposed. The MBGLR chart is used to monitor a continuous stream of autocorrelated binary observation. The MBGLR chart with a relatively large upper bound has good overall performance over a wide range of shifts. The extra number of defectives is defined to measure the loss when using control charts for monitoring p. The MBGLR chart is optimized over a range of upper bounds for the MLE of p. The numerical results show that the optimized MBGLR chart has a smaller extra number of defectives than the optimized Markov binary cumulative sum chart that can detect a shift in p much faster than a Shewhart-type chart. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Teaching and Learning SoTL: Preparing Future Faculty in a Pedagogy Course

The Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) offers a way of equipping graduate students for monitoring, assessing, and reflecting on their teaching and their students’ learning in higher education. After reviewing recent literature about the ways graduate students prepare for teaching, this essay presents an example of one way SoTL can inform teaching and teacher education as part of a graduate seminar. When a SoTL approach was integrated into a course about teaching in higher education, the course itself became a faculty-graduate student collaborative project. This essay demonstrates the potent circularity of the reflective teaching practice that drives the course and inspires similar practice in its students, which in turn informs subsequent iterations of the course.
Delayed Dermal Hypersensitivity in Mice to Spherule and Mycelial Extracts of Coccidioides immitis

Abstract Kong, Yi-chi M. (University of California, Berkeley), D. C. Savage, and Leighton N. L. Kong. Delayed dermal hypersensitivity in mice to spherule and mycelial extracts of Coccidioides immitis. J. Bacteriol. 91:876–883. 1966.—A delayed hypersensitivity reaction to spherule and mycelial extracts of Coccidioides immitis was elicited in the footpads of mice vaccinated with killed spherules. Emulsification of the spherules with Freund's adjuvants was unnecessary, but a high concentration of antigen was required to elicit the reaction. Injection of the extracts produced, initially, a swelling which subsided within 4 hr, and then induration, which began at 6 to 8 hr and reached a maximum at 24 hr. The time course of the reaction corresponded to that of the tuberculin reaction in BCG-vaccinated mice. The histological response to coccidioidal extracts was characterized by the early infiltration of both polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells, and the subsequent predominance of mononuclear cells at 24 to 48 hr. By 72 hr, the mononuclear cells comprised >90% of the cellular infiltrate. Animals infected intranasally with arthrospores (1 to 5 ld50) reacted negatively before and during the crisis period; thereafter (by 28 to 31 days after infection), up to 50% of the survivors showed a delayed reaction.
Channelized debris‐flow deposits and their impact on turbidity currents: The Puchkirchen axial channel belt in the Austrian Molasse Basin

Deposits of submarine debris flows can build up substantial topography on the sea floor. The resulting sea floor morphology can strongly influence the pathways of and deposition from subsequent turbidity currents. Map views of sea floor morphology are available for parts of the modern sea floor and from high-resolution seismic-reflection data. However, these data sets usually lack lithological information. In contrast, outcrops provide cross-sectional and lateral stratigraphic details of deep-water strata with superb lithological control but provide little information on sea floor morphology. Here, a methodology is presented that extracts fundamental lithological information from sediment core and well logs with a novel calibration between core, well-logs and seismic attributes within a large submarine axial channel belt in the Tertiary Molasse foreland basin, Austria. This channel belt was the course of multiple debris-flow and turbidity current events, and the fill consists of interbedded layers deposited by both of these processes. Using the core-well-seismic calibration, three-dimensional lithofacies proportion volumes were created. These volumes enable the interpretation of the three-dimensional distribution of the important lithofacies and thus the investigation of sea floor morphology produced by debris-flow events and its impact on succeeding turbidite deposition. These results show that the distribution of debris-flow deposits follows a relatively regular pattern of levees and lobes. When subsequent high-density turbidity currents encountered this mounded debris-flow topography, they slowed and deposited a portion of their sandy high-density loads just upstream of morphological highs. Understanding the depositional patterns of debris flows is key to understanding and predicting the location and character of associated sandstone accumulations. This detailed model of the filling style and the resulting stratigraphic architecture of a debris-flow dominated deep-marine depositional system can be used as an analogue for similar modern and ancient systems.
Arterial Spin Label Imaging of Acute Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack

Since acute ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) are fundamentally disruptions of brain hemodynamics, neuroimaging of brain perfusion might be expected to be of clinical utility. Recently, a noncontrast method of measuring CBF using arterial spin labeling (ASL) has become feasible in the clinical setting. It has advantages when compared to dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) bolus contrast perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI) that include lack of exposure to gadolinium-based contrast materials, improved quantitation, and decreased sensitivity to susceptibility artifacts and motion. Drawbacks of ASL include reduced signal-to-noise (SNR) and high sensitivity to arterial transit delays. While deleterious for quantitative perfusion measurements, the sensitivity of ASL to late arriving blood can be beneficial to visualize collateral flow. This chapter will discuss ASL imaging findings in patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke and TIA, focusing on typical appearances, common artifacts, and comparisons with bolus contrast PWI.
Telomere shortening, telomerase expression, and chromosome instability in rat hepatic epithelial stem-like cells.

Telomeres, which are specialized structures consisting of T2AG3 repeats and proteins at the ends of chromosomes, may be essential for genomic stability. To test whether telomere length maintenance preserves genomic stability in rats (Rattus rattus and Fischer 344), we assayed telomerase activity and telomere length in the rat hepatic epithelial stem–like cell line WB-F344 during aging in vitro and in tumor-derived lines. Telomerase activity in the parental WB-F344 line was repressed at low and intermediate passage levels in vitro and reexpressed at high passages. Southern blot hybridization and quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses demonstrated that telomeres were significantly eroded at intermediate passage levels, when telomerase was repressed, and at high passage levels, when telomerase was expressed. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis also revealed interstitial telomeric sequences in rat chromosomes. Tumor-derived WB-F344 cell lines that express telomerase had variably shortened telomeres. Cytogenetic analyses performed on WB-F344 cells at low, intermediate, and high passages demonstrated that chromosome instability was most severe in the intermediate passage cells. These data suggest that telomere shortening during aging of rat hepatic epithelial stem–like WB-F344 cells in vitro and during selection of tumorigenic lines in vivo may destabilize chromosomes. Expression of telomerase in high passage cells appeared to partially stabilize chromosomes. Mol. Carcinog. 24:209–217, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Parental division of labour and the shift from minimal to maximal role specializations: an examination using a biparental fish

In biparental species, parents often cooperate by emphasizing different parental roles. However, these parental sex differences often disappear when only one parent is present. For example, under natural conditions, the female convict cichlid fish, Archocentrus nigrofasciatus, typically remains with the offspring while the male spends most of his time patrolling the territory and chasing intruders. With the removal of the mate, either parent is capable of raising the offspring alone, and when doing so, they each perform all parental roles. We tested how the presence and absence of the mate and the presence and absence of an intruder influence parental sex-role specialization in A. nigrofasciatus. When presented with an intruder, widowed males left the offspring unattended more often and spent more time attacking the intruder compared with widowed females. For intact pairs, males showed a tendency to leave the offspring more than their mates but this sex difference was not significant. However, these paired individuals rarely left the offspring unattended. With an intruder present, paired males and females spent the least amount of time with the offspring (compared with widows and paired individuals without an intruder present), with males spending significantly more time with the intruder than females. Unlike pairs without an intruder, parents with an intruder changed roles only in support of the other parent. Thus, females rarely approached the intruder unless the male was also present and the male rarely approached the offspring without the female also being present. We speculated that the male's inability to remove the intruder caused females to support the male in attacking the intruder and the male returned to the offspring and joined the female during those periods when the intruder was least threatening.
Race and the Politics of Isolation in U.S. Prisons

This article traces the historic development of isolation in the United States and its strategic use against poor and oppressed people of color as well as individuals who are seen as political threats. The article is based on documentary evidence from more than 30 years of interviews and letters from currently and formerly incarcerated people, as well as additional research compiled by the authors for the American Friends Service Committee, a Quaker peace and human rights organization. The article traces the use of solitary confinement from the 18th century to the present day and describes its use against Native peoples, newly emancipated African Americans, members of domestic liberation/self determination movements, the mentally ill, the addicted, and today, against anyone even remotely considered a security threat. In arguing for the abolition of these practices, the article notes the rise of “control unit” prisons that subject prisoners to isolation for months and years on end, explaining the profoundl...
Creating knowledge that makes important contributions to society

Purpose – The primary purposes of this article are to: consider strategies for generating new research ideas that make important contributions to society; offer suggestions for improving manuscripts submitted to the Journal of Managerial Psychology (JMP); and discuss methods for enhancing the validity of inferences made from research.Design/methodology/approach – The article reviews the challenges facing individuals, organizations, and society in the twenty‐first century. It also provides a review of the limitations of manuscripts submitted to JMP.Findings – Authors need to consider new research issues that may alleviate some of the problems that organizations and their members face in the twenty‐first century. The article also discusses some of the limitations of submissions to JMP, and suggests strategies for overcoming them.Research limitations/implications – This article has implications for the creation and dissemination of new knowledge in managerial psychology.Practical implications – The article p...
Segment-specific retention of a larval neuromuscular system and its role in a new, rhythmic, pupal motor pattern in Manduca sexta

At pupation in Manduca sexta, accessory planta retractor muscles and their motoneurons degenerate in segment-specific patterns. Accessory planta retractor muscles in abdominal segments 2 and 3 survive in reduced form through the pupal stage and degenerate after adult emergence. Electromyographic and electrophysiological recordings show that these accessory planta retractor muscles participate in a new, rhythmic `pupal motor pattern' in which all four muscles contract synchronously at ∼4 s intervals for extended bouts. Accessory planta retractor muscle contractions are driven by synaptic activation of accessory planta retractor motoneurons and are often accompanied by rhythmic activity in intersegmental muscles and spiracular closer muscles. The pupal motor pattern is influenced by descending neural input although isolated abdominal ganglia can produce a pupal motor pattern-like rhythm. The robust pupal motor pattern first seen after pupal ecdysis weakens during the second half of pupal life. Anemometric recordings indicate that the intersegmental muscle and spiracular closer muscle component of the pupal motor pattern produces ventilation. Accessory planta retractor muscle contractions lift the flexible abdominal floor, to which the developing wings and legs adhere tightly. We hypothesize that, by a bellows-like action, the accessory planta retractor muscle contractions circulate hemolymph in the appendages. Morphometric analysis shows that dendritic regression is similar in accessory planta retractor motoneurons with different pupal fates, and that accessory planta retractor motoneurons begin to participate in the pupal motor pattern while their dendrites are regressed.
Additive Runge-Kutta Schemes for Convection-Diffusion-Reaction Equations

Additive Runge-Kutta (ARK) methods are investigated for application to the spatially discretized one-dimensional convection-diffusion-reaction (CDR) equations. Accuracy, stability, conservation, and dense-output are first considered for the general case when N different Runge-Kutta methods are grouped into a single composite method. Then, implicit-explicit, (N = 2), additive Runge-Kutta (ARK2) methods from third- to fifth-order are presented that allow for integration of stiff terms by an L-stable, stiffly-accurate explicit, singly diagonally implicit Runge-Kutta (ESDIRK) method while the nonstiff terms are integrated with a traditional explicit Runge-Kutta method (ERK). Coupling error terms of the partitioned method are of equal order to those of the elemental methods. Derived ARK2 methods have vanishing stability functions for very large values of the stiff scaled eigenvalue, z[I] → -∞, and retain high stability efficiency in the absence of stiffness, z[I] → 0. Extrapolation-type stage-value predictors are provided based on dense-output formulae. Optimized methods minimize both leading order ARK2 error terms and Butcher coefficient magnitudes as well as maximize conservation properties. Numerical tests of the new schemes on a CDR problem show negligible stiffness leakage and near classical order convergence rates. However, tests on three simple singular-perturbation problems reveal generally predictable order reduction. Error control is best managed with a PID-controller. While results for the fifth-order method are disappointing, both the new third- and fourth-order methods are at least as efficient as existing ARK2 methods.
N-Cadherin andβ-Catenin involvement in BMP-2 induction of mesenchymal chondrogenesis

Controlled upregulation of N-cadherin expression and function has been shown to be essential for bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2)-induced chondrogenic differentiation of high-density micromass cultures of the murine multipotential mesenchymal cell line, C3H10T1/2. In this report, we have examined the nature of the N-cadherin-related mechanisms involved in BMP-2-mediated chondrogenesis. BMP-2 treatment altered the expression of catenins, the cytoplasmic components of the adherens junction, and their interactions with N-cadherin. Within 24 h of BMP-2 treatment, immunoprecipitation analysis showed that the association of catenins with N-cadherin was significantly lower. With long-term (9 and 13 days) BMP-2 treatment, β-catenin accumulated in a nuclear localization, with reduced association with the adenomatous polyposis tumor suppressor protein (APC), a factor known to direct β-catenin degradation via ubiquitination. The functional importance of N-cadherin-β-catenin interaction was further investigated by the effect of transfection-mediated over-expression of two forms of β-catenin: wild-type β-catenin inhibited, while an amino terminal truncated (adhesive deficient) β-catenin enhanced BMP-2-induced chondrogenesis. These data indicate that BMP-2 induction of chondrogenesis in the mesenchymal cell line C3H10T1/2 depends on functional alterations in specific cell adhesion and signaling pathways involving N-cadherin-catenin interaction.
A Systems-of-Systems Perspective on Healthcare: Insights From Two Multi-Method Exploratory Cases of Leading U.S. and U.K. Hospitals

Several developed nations around the world are grappling with high healthcare expenditures and unsatisfactory outcomes. The U.S. healthcare system in particular is often singled out as the least effective system amongst developed countries. This paper's intended contribution is twofold. Firstly, to provide a system's perspective of healthcare beyond traditional high level country benchmarking exercises, and conduct two exploratory cases of leading hospital enterprises, one from the U.S. and another from the U.K., so as to further our understanding of the inherent complexity of hospitals and explore beyond traditional hospital lean implementations. Secondly, to address a recent call from the systems engineering community to adopt a multidisciplinary research approach that combines both qualitative and quantitative methods with the goal of further supporting the systems-of-systems practice.
Mathematical model formulation

This article is intended to aid mathematicians involved in designing and/or teaching courses involving mathematical modelling. It consists of a description of a methodology for model formulation which is well suited to classroom use, followed by a critique of current methods of including modelling in the curriculum with suggestions for alternate methods.
Transitory or pseudo-organicity and borderline personality in a 7-year-old child.

In some children, signs suggestive of organicity consistent with the minimal brain dysfunction syndrome may mask a borderline condition. If the treatment in these cases is based solely on the so-called “organicity,” which the child may or may not have, the child is in danger of acquiring, so to speak, an added iatrogenic vulnerability. By virtue of the label Minimal Brain Dysfunction, and the treatment that ensues, significant personality difficulties may be either missed or inadequately treated. Minimal brain dysfunction is defined here operationally in terms of a cluster of deviant behavior items (Eisenberg, 1957; Pincus and Glaser, 1966; Wender, 1972). These may include short attention span, distractibility, hyperkinesis, impulsiveness, labile emotions, poor motor coordination, deficits in the perception of space, form, movement and time, disordered or delayed language or symbol development, diminished ability to experience pleasure, and a diminished responsiveness to both positive and negative reinforcement. A particular behavior item may be present in varying degree at any given time and place, and is in no way pathognomonic. Multiple, heterogenous etiological factors, including biogenetic, congenital, traumatic, infective, and psychosocial elements, may underlie each item. Such children often appear to be stimulus-hungry and have strong object-seeking tendencies. Unfortunately, they are also often misunderstood, and are rejected by their parents, their peers, and their teachers, which reinforces their already low self-esteem. The natural history of the syndrome, not surprisingly, is as varied as its forms; some have a good prognosis, while others develop
Ab initio SCF and CI studies on the ground state of the water molecule. II. Potential energy and property surfaces

Self‐consistent field and configuration interaction calculations for the energy and one‐electron properties of the ground state of the water molecule were carried out with a (5s4p2d/3s1p) 39‐function STO basis set. The CI treatment included all single and double excitation configurations (SD) relative to the SCF configuration, and a simple formula due to Davidson was used to estimate the energy contribution of quadruple excitations and thus produce a set of corrected (SDQ) energies. The calculations were carried out for 36 molecular geometries (22 symmetric and 14 asymmetric) in the neighborhood of the equilibrium geometry. Least‐squares analysis was used to determine theoretical equilibrium geometries and to derive quartic and cubic expansions for the energy and one‐electron properties in terms of internal displacement coordinates. Considerable improvement was found in the SD and particularly in the SDQ results relative to SCF, with the SDQ equilibrium geometry being in excellent agreement with experimen...
The clustering reactions of Na+ and Pb+ with several important ligands

Enthalpy, Entropy, and Gibb's free energy changes for the clustering reactions of Na+ and Pb+ with several important atmospheric molecules and organic solvents have been measured by using high pressure mass spectrometry (HPMS). The unusually strong bonding has been found in Na+ ion complexes where ligands have large high moments and polarizabilities as well as in Pb+ ion complexes. The enhancement of the bonding by ion-high moment, ion-induced dipole, and dispersion interactions may account for the strong bonding in some of Na+ ion complex systems, while the strong bonding in Pb+ ion complexes may results from the hybridization of 6s and 6p orbitals of Pb+ ion.
Spontaneous Change and Voluntary Time in a Think Tank.

Previous research with the variable spontaneous change (Means, 1965) has demonstrated a moderate inverse relationship (-.43) with California F Scale for 23 college students as well as a moderate positive relationship (.46) with the number of activities 26 VA hospital mental patients felt free to perform. The present study (Means & Harper, 1968) attempted to see whether spontaneous change was also related to jndependently sustained cognitive activity, measured by voluntary time in a think tank. Spontaneous change is thought to reflect a natural tendency to change ideas and concepts relatively independently of external contingencies such as rules, schedules, and a complex changing environment. Thus, it was reasoned that persons scoring high on spontaneous change would voluntarily keep themselves reinforced for cognitive activity when given the opportunity to think about anything they liked in a large "empty" room (think tank) for as long as they wished. For 20 undergraduate students from the introductory psychology class who fulfilled a 5-hr. course requirement, spontaneous change was measured as follows. Ss were asked to arrange 4 unequal-length lines on 10 separate 10-in. circles of filter paper. They were instructed to arrange these lines in any manner they wished, to have fun, and to arrange lines so that they liked each arrangement. The arrangements were scored by taking the differences in displacement of angles and distances from the sample lines, summed across drawings for a single spontaneous change score for each S.' After Ss had finished the line arrangements they were taken to the think tank, which was a large lecture hall (seating capacity of 100 students). Ss were instructed to think about anything they wished for as long as they liked, up to 5 hr. Each S was in the room alone and was free to leave if he became bored at any time after a M-hr. commitment. Paper was provided for those who chose to use it. There was a moderate positive product-moment correlation of .58 (p < .01) between time spent in the think tank and spontaneous change on the line-arrangement task. This result, although based on a small N of 20, suggests the importance of cognitive styles with respect to independently pursued activity in a rather unstructured situation.
Inquiry-based and research-based laboratory pedagogies in undergraduate science.

Undergraduate research experiences help retain students in science majors and prepare our workforce for increasingly competitive jobs. Course-based approaches to research and inquiry allow educators to reach larger numbers of students and provide an entry into further research experiences.
Reversal of chemical cleavage inhibition in echinoderm eggs.

Many agents will, in low concentrations, reversibly block cytokinesis without seriously affecting mitosis. Frequently such agents visibly reduce the size of the mitotic apparatus. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether failure to divide as a result of this treatment is causally related to reduction in size of the mitotic apparatus. Ether and ethyl urethane were used as blocking agents. Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus eggs fail to cleave when placed in either 0.75% ether or 0.06M ethyl urethane in filtered sea water 30 minutes or more before cleavage time. Both agents reduce the asters. When eggs are constricted by partial removal of the fertilization membrane, the mitotic apparatus and surface are brought closer together. Constricted eggs developed furrows in concentrations of blocking agents that prevented cleavage in spherical eggs. Furrows were permanent when they coincided with the plane of artificial constriction. Cleavage in Echinarachnius parma eggs is blocked by 0.052 M ethyl urethane. The behavior of constricted, treated eggs is similar to that of H. pulcherrimus eggs. When the reduced mitotic apparatus of the treated cell is pushed to an excentric position, well-developed but usually temporary furrows appear. Hexanediol augments the in vivo mitotic apparatus. When eggs are exposed to combined treatment of 0.25% hexanediol and 0.052 M ethyl urethane about half will, in favorable cases, develop furrows. About half the furrows are permanent. In otherwise normal eggs hexanediol treatment slightly increases the maximum spindle-to-surface distance that permits furrowing. It appears that the cleavage blocking effects of ethyl urethane and ether in these experiments were partially reversed by measures that restore a more nearly normal geometrical relationship between the reduced mitotic apparatus and the surface.
On Torque-Vibration Coupling in Nonlinear Feedback Control of Flexible Rotating Systems

Most studies on rotating systems are based on the assumption of a constant rotation speed, which leads to decoupling of the system’s flexural vibration (whirling motion) from the rotational degree of freedom. Consequently, the rotation speed of the system is often regulated by an actuator without consideration of the vibration of the system. In this paper, we investigate the problem of feedback control of flexible rotating systems, with special attention given to the coupling between the driving torque and vibration. Based on a systematic formulation, the torque and vibration equations of general rotating systems are derived, yielding a nonlinear model due to torque-vibration coupling. The torque-vibration coupling is thoroughly investigated through case study of a simple gyroscopic system and a Jeffcott rotor. It is shown that control of a flexible rotating system requires active adjustment of the driving torque based on feedback of the system response (flexural vibration) in addition to the rotation speed. This is especially important when the rotation speed passes a natural frequency. A simple control law is designed to further demonstrate the torque-vibration coupling in a closed-loop setting.Copyright © 2008 by ASME