cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Colonoscopy Outcomes in Average-Risk Screening Equivalent Young Adults: Data From the New Hampshire Colonoscopy Registry.

INTRODUCTION Data are needed to further inform the American Cancer Society recommendation to begin colorectal cancer (CRC) screening at age 45. We used the New Hampshire Colonoscopy Registry to compare the prevalence of advanced neoplasia (AN) in an "average-risk screening equivalent" group aged 45-49 years with patients aged 50-54 years and older receiving screening colonoscopy. METHODS Colonoscopies in adults older than 50 years of age usually have diagnostic indications of varying clinical significance. We combined patients older than 50 years with diagnostic indications (abdominal pain and constipation) expected to yield AN prevalence similar to screening low AN risk and those with a screening indication to form an "average-risk screening equivalent" group. We excluded high-risk indications (e.g., bleeding and anemia), surveillance examinations, and patients with a first-degree family history of CRC, incomplete examinations, and poor bowel preparation. We calculated prevalence/adjusted risks for AN (≥1 cm, villous, high-grade dysplasia, and CRC) and clinically significant serrated polyps (large [≥1 cm] hyperplastic polyps, sessile serrated polyp, traditional serrated adenomas, and proximal hyperplastic polyp ≥ 5 mm). RESULTS In our sample (n = 40,812), AN prevalence was as follows: <40 years (1.1%), 40-44 years (3.0%), 45-49 years (3.7%), 50-54 years (3.6%), 55-59 years (5.1%), and 60+ years (6.7%) (P < 0.0001 across all groups). The prevalence of both AN and clinically significant serrated polyp was similar in the 45-49 and 50-54 years' age groups. Furthermore, the prevalence of AN increased significantly in the 40-44 group as compared to that in the <40 years group. Adjusted analyses confirmed these results. The diagnostic indications considered to have low risk were not predictive of AN. DISCUSSION New Hampshire Colonoscopy Registry data, demonstrating an increase in AN risk starting at age 40 and a similar prevalence for individuals aged 45-49 and those ages 50-54, provide clinically useful evidence for optimization of prevention and the age to start screening. However, this is a complex issue involving additional considerations that will need to be addressed.
Intensity of Vasopressor Therapy and In-Hospital Mortality for Infants and Children: An Opportunity for Counseling Families.

Abstract Context Most pediatric deaths occur in an intensive care unit, and treatment specific predictors of mortality could help clinicians and families make informed decisions. Objective To investigate whether the intensity of vasopressor therapy for pediatric patients, regardless of diagnosis, predicts in-hospital mortality. Methods Single-center, retrospective medical chart review of children aged 0–17 who were admitted between 2005 and 2015 at a pediatric tertiary care center in the U.S. and received any vasopressor medication—dopamine, dobutamine, epinephrine, vasopressin, norepinephrine, or hydrocortisone. Results During the 10-year period, 1654 patients received at least one vasopressor medication during a hospitalization. Median age at the time of hospitalization was three months, and the median duration of hospitalization was 23 days; 8% of patients had two to five hospitalizations in which they received vasopressors. There were 176 total patients who died while receiving vasopressors; most (93%) died during their first hospitalization. The most common diagnosis was sepsis (34%), followed by congenital heart disease (17%). Dopamine was the most commonly prescribed first-line vasopressor (70%), and hydrocortisone was the most commonly prescribed second-line vasopressor (49%) for all pediatric patients. The incidence of mortality rose sequentially with escalating vasopressor support, increasing from under 10% with the first vasopressor to 48% at the maximum number of agents. The odds of death almost doubled with the addition of each new vasopressor. Conclusions The intensity of vasopressor therapy for pediatric patients, regardless of diagnosis, is associated with in-hospital mortality; vasopressor escalation should trigger intensive palliative care supports.
Supercharging Plant Configurations Using Z3.

We describe our experiences using Z3 for synthesizing and optimizing next generation plant configurations for a car manufacturing company (The views expressed in this writing are our own. They make no representation on behalf of others). Our approach leverages unique capabilities of Z3: a combination of specialized solvers for finite domain bit-vectors and uninterpreted functions, and a programmable extension that we call constraints as code. To optimize plant configurations using Z3, we identify useful formalisms from Satisfiability Modulo Theories solvers and integrate solving capabilities for the resulting non-trivial optimization problems.
An irreversible bilinear cohesive law considering the effects of strain rate and plastic strain and enabling reciprocating load

Abstract The commonly used bilinear cohesive law doesn’t consider the effects of strain rate and plastic strain, but it is well known that strain rate and plastic strain can greatly affect materials’ mechanical response. In this paper a new bilinear cohesive law is proposed that can handle these two effects and enables reciprocating load. Compared with the commonly used bilinear cohesive law, one difference in the new bilinear cohesive law is that normal traction and tangential traction are always coupled even when normal traction is negative. And after combined with finite thickness modeling method of cohesive element, this new bilinear cohesive law can solve problems like penetration, force discontinuity and increase of compliance. For damage evolution model, the difference between monotonically increasing effective separation and monotonically increasing damage factor is explained. The influence of strain rate (or opening speed) on stiffness, fracture strength and critical energy release rate is referred from literature. Based on zero plastic strain damage factor model, a Generalized Damage Factor Model (GDFM) is proposed that can cover all materials from zero plastic strain to full plastic strain by changing only one parameter. A Bilinear Cohesive Law Update Method (BCLUM) is proposed to make this new bilinear cohesive law handle reciprocating load, which includes the update of local coordinate system and bilinear cohesive law parameters. A single cohesive element analysis is presented first to show some basic differences among different bilinear cohesive laws, and then Tapered Double Cantilever Beam (TDCB) and Mixed Mode Bending (MMB) analyses are used to verify the proposed law.
Nonindexical contextualism

Philosophers on all sides of the contextualism debates have had an overly narrow conception of what semantic context sensitivity could be. They have conflated context sensitivity (dependence of truth or extension on features of context) with indexicality (dependence of content on features of context). As a result of this conflation, proponents of contextualism have taken arguments that establish only context sensitivity to establish indexicality, while opponents of contextualism have taken arguments against indexicality to be arguments against context sensitivity. Once these concepts are carefully pulled apart, it becomes clear that there is conceptual space in semantic theory for nonindexical forms of contextualism that have many advantages over the usual indexical forms.
The Regional Distribution of Psychiatric Residency Positions Funded by the Department of Veterans Affairs and Its Relationship to Rural Veteran Populations.

Objective The authors evaluated the distribution of psychiatry residency positions funded by the Department of Veterans Affairs between 2014 and 2020 with respect to geographic location and hospital patient population rurality. Methods The authors collected data on psychiatry residency positions from the Veterans Affairs' Office of Academic Affiliations Support Center and data on hospital-level patient rurality from the Veterans Health Administration Support Service Center. They examined the chronological and geospatial relationships between the number of residency positions deployed and the size of the rural patient populations served. Results Between 2014 and 2020, the Department of Veterans Affairs has substantially increased the number of rural hospitals hosting psychiatry residency programs, as well as the number of residency positions at those hospitals. However, several geographic regions serve high numbers of rural veterans with few or no psychiatry resident positions. Conclusions While the VA efforts to increase psychiatry residency positions in rural areas have been partially successful, additional progress can be made increasing support for psychiatry trainees at Veterans Affairs hospitals and community-based outpatient clinics that serve large portions of the rural veteran population.
The Interaction between the Alkali Earth Cations, Particularly Calcium, and Proteins

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the interaction between the alkali earth cations, particularly calcium, and proteins. An explanation for the interaction between the alkali earth ions and proteins is naturally to be sought for in terms of groups in the protein molecule capable of binding cations and preventing their ionization and the nature of the bonds involved— namely, whether they are covalent or electrostatic. A logical approach to the problem is to seek evidence from the structure of simple compounds of well known composition, whose dissociation is similar to that of the proteins. The problem may also, to a certain degree, be approached in a more empirical fashion by blocking off, through substitution reactions, the reactive functional groups in the protein that could be concerned in the reaction and then testing the product. The most widely known of the biological effects of the incomplete ionization of the alkali earth proteinates is in connection with the regulation of the calcium ion concentration or activity of the blood and the other body fluids. The maintenance of a relatively constant calcium ion concentration in the body fluids is of signal biological importance. The proteins, to a certain degree, take part in this regulation. Calcium ion is important for the coagulation mechanism of the blood for the processes that control the deposition of the mineral matter of the bone and for maintenance of the normal irritability and contractility of heart, skeletal, and smooth muscle.
Reply without Gazelles

A month for funerals. Lightning strokes striking tenanted fields. Each Saturday we passed printed pamphlets, faces coming off on our hands: Rre Modise, seventy years a dark unpeeling. The sound of spoons. Morning, one distant shot pierced the heart of? No. Morning, we killed a bull for the funeral feast. Such a wide circle to feed. Relatives mud-streaking the windows to sign grief. Inside, the old story. The black-wrapped widow shaving children's heads. Scalps flickering, smooth bones turning a loose socket, blank new world, the too familiar room. What it's like without. Women wake in the borrowed soldiers' tent
Reflective Judgement Thinking Skills: Our Educational Objective

(1995). Reflective Judgement Thinking Skills: Our Educational Objective. Hospitality & Tourism Educator: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 29-32.
Semigroups and Languages of Dot-Depth 2

This paper is a contribution to the problem of effectively determining the dot-depth of a star-free language, a problem in the theory of automata and formal languages with close connections to algebra and formal logic. We conjecture an effective criterion for determining whether a given language has dot-depth 2. The condition is shown to be necessary in general, and sufficient for languages over a two-letter alphabet. The condition involves a novel use of categories in the study of semigroup-theoretic problems.
High-speed, low-voltage complementary heterostructure FET circuit technology

A III-V complementary heterostructure FET circuit technology which offers high-speed at low supply voltages has been demonstrated. This circuit technology is based on the vertical integration of p-channel quantum-well FETs with n-channel FETs fabricated in the underlying layers of a single-growth AlGaAs-GaAs structure. Key features of the p-FET heterostructure design and fabrication technology are discussed, and results on the electrical characteristics and the performance of high-speed ring oscillator circuits are presented. Delays of 144 and 59 ps are obtained in 0.8 and 0.5 mu m gate-length circuits at a 1.25 V supply, which are the fastest speeds yet reported for room-temperature complementary heterostructure FET circuits at low supply voltages. >
Detection of pur operon-attenuated mRNA and accumulated degradation intermediates in Bacillus subtilis.

Abstract Transcription of the Bacillus subtilis pur operon is regulated independently by adenine and guanine nucleotides (Ebbole, D. J., and Zalkin, H. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 8274-8287). Guanine nucleotides regulate transcription by a termination-antitermination mechanism in a 242-nucleotide, 5'-untranslated mRNA leader region. We have identified an apparently intact, terminated transcript of approximately 200 nucleotides in length, having a half-life of about 0.7 min. The terminated transcript is degraded in a series of discrete steps resulting in the accumulation of stable intermediates in vivo. We have used Northern blot analysis, primer extension, and nuclease S1 mapping to align the degradation intermediates with the nucleotide sequence and assign secondary structures that may contribute to the stability of the intermediates. Degradation is initiated by endonucleolytic cleavage of the approximately 200-nucleotide terminated transcript generating approximately 93- and approximately 97-nucleotide 5' and 3' moieties, respectively. The approximately 93-nucleotide 5' and approximately 97-nucleotide 3' intermediates are further degraded to approximately 88 and approximately 58 nucleotides, respectively. The 5'-end of pur operon mRNA and the attenuated transcript are degraded by different pathways.
A 233 km Circumference Tunnel for $e^+$$e^-$, $p$$\bar {p}$, and $\mu^{+} \mu^{-}$ Colliders

In 2001 a cost analysis survey was conducted to build a 233km circumference tunnel in northern Illinois in which to build a Very Large Hadron Collider. Ten years later I have reexamined the proposal, taking into consideration the technological advancements in all the aspects of construction cost analysis. I outline the implementations of $e^+ e^-$, $p{\bar{p}}$, and $\mu^+\mu^-$ collider rings in the tunnel using 21${\rm{st}}$ century technology. The $e^+e^-$ collider employs a Crab Waist Crossing, ultra low emittance damped bunches, 12 GV of superconducting RF, and 0.026 Tesla low coercivity grain oriented silicon steel/concrete dipoles. The $p{\bar{p}}$ collider uses the high intensity Fermilab $\bar{p}$ source, exploits high cross sections for $p\bar{p}$ production of high mass states, and uses 2 Tesla ultra low carbon steel/YBCO superconductor magnets run with liquid neon. The $\mu^+\mu^-$ ring ramps the $p{\bar{p}}$ magnets at 8 Hz every 0.4 seconds, uses 250 GV of SRF, and mitigates neutrino radiation with a phase shifting roller coaster FODO lattice. Such colliders could provide the means necessary for Chicago, and more importantly America, to stay relevant and competitive in the international marketplace of particle physics.
Tent Cities: An Interim Solution to Homelessness and Affordable Housing Shortages in the United States

Tents cities have reemerged in the public view as a result of economic depression and the housing crisis in recent years. Despite the growing number of tent cities and their homeless residents, these encampments have received almost no academic attention or analysis. This Comment seeks to open the dialogue on tent cities in the context of informal housing law and policy in the United States. In doing so, it provides background on homelessness, informal housing, and tent cities, explores the benefits derived from tent cities both for encampment residents and for local government actors, and also considers the ethical and legal constraints associated with homeless encampments. The Comment then explores innovative government responses that have allowed tent cities to survive and sometimes thrive. Finally, the Comment proposes several ways in which tent cities can be acknowledged, addressed and improved. The complicated social and political context in which tent cities exist, and the substandard conditions that many tent city residents endure, underscore the immediacy of the issue, and the importance of addressing encampments in a coherent, cohesive, and compassionate
The distributions of one invasive and two native crayfishes in relation to coarse-scale natural and anthropogenic factors

Summary 1. Native crayfishes are often extirpated from portions of their range because of interactions with invasive species, anthropogenic alterations to environmental conditions or a combination of these factors. Our goal was to identify coarse-scale natural and anthropogenic factors related to the current distributions of the invasive crayfish, Orconectes hylas, and two endemic crayfishes, Orconectes peruncus and Orconectes quadruncus in the St. Francis River drainage, Missouri, U.S.A. and to provide wider insights into the potential role of anthropogenic factors in facilitating species displacement. 2. We used classification trees to model coarse-scale natural and anthropogenic environmental factors and their relation to the presence or absence of each species. Model results were then used to predict probability of presence for each species within each stream segment throughout the entire St. Francis River drainage. 3. Factors related to geology and soils were the best predictors of species distributions. A dichotomy of these factors explained much of the discrete distributions of the two native species. Agricultural-related factors were identified as the most influential anthropogenic activity related to species distributions. All associations between the invasive species and anthropogenic factors were negative which suggested the invader was not likely to establish in heavily impacted areas. Overall, our models had high correct classification rates, and we were able to reliably predict the presence of the invader in the invaded drainage. 4. Given the negative associations of the invader with anthropogenic alterations at a coarse spatial scale, we believe other mechanisms are likely to be responsible for the widespread displacement of the two native species. These findings can be used to assist in conservation activities such as creation of refugia for native species and may direct future research to identify the mechanism(s) of species displacement.
The MicroMAS and MiRaTA CubeSat atmospheric profiling missions

Nanosatellite missions flying microwave radiometers for high-resolution microwave sounding are quickly proliferating, as microwave instrumentation is particularly well suited for implementation on a very small satellite, as the sensor requirements for power, pointing, and spatial resolution (aperture size) can be accommodated by a nanosatellite platform. Recent advances in low-power millimeterwave low-noise amplifier technologies have been a significant enabler of these systems. The first mission, the Microsized Microwave Atmospheric Satellite (MicroMAS), will demonstrate temperature sounding in nine channels near 118 GHz. MicroMAS is currently onboard the International Space Station awaiting deployment for a 100-day mission. The Microwave Radiometer Technology Acceleration (MiRaTA) cubesat will demonstrate multi-band atmospheric sounding and co-located GPS radio occultation. MiRaTA will launch in early 2016, and will fly a tri-band sounder (60, 183, and 206 GHz) and a GPS radio occultation (GPS-RO) sensor. Both MicroMAS and MiRaTA are 3U CubeSats (aggregates of 10×10×10 cm cubes). We present recent work to develop and demonstrate nanosatellite technologies for earth atmospheric remote sensing using microwave radiometry and describe approaches for transitioning these new technologies into new research constellation missions to provide unprecedented measurement capabilities.
Transport and Hydrodynamic Aspects of Multiparticle Production

Landau’s phenomenological model of particle production(l) is based on a simple picture of the energy flow following a collision process.(2,3) The model assumes that as a result of the collision a large amount of energy is deposited in a small region of space-time. The initial energy density e0 of this “pre-hadronic” matter is of order ECM/V0, where V0 is the collision volume [essentially that of a Lorentz contracted proton in the center of mass frame; V0 ~ πa3γ, a = mπ −1, γ = (2mp/ECM)]. Since the comoving energy density of ordinary hadronic matter is of order eh = mπ/Vπ, where Vπ = (4/3)πa3, the pre-matter produced in the collision must expand conserving energy and momentum until e ~ eh at which time physical pions, the outstates of the usual S-matrix description, appear.
A model of hemorrhagic pancreatitis in cats—Role of 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2

Abstract Acute edematous pancreatitis was induced in cats by perfusing activated pancreatic enzymes through their pancreatic ducts. The ducts had been made permeable to large molecules by one of two techniques. The cats either received ethanol (2 ml/kg every 8 h) and aspirin (25 mg/kg every 8 h) orally for 48 h or had their pancreatic ducts perfused for 1 h with 7.5 mM glycodeoxycholate. When the same procedure was followed, but using 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E 2 (dmPGE 2 ) (2 μg/kg · h infused intravenously for 1 h be/ore and during ductal perfusion with activated enzymes), hemorrhagic pancreatitis developed instead: To investigate whether an increase in pancreatic blood flow or microvascular permeability (both caused by dmPGE 2 ) was important in this phenomenon, we tested the effects of isoproterenol (which increased blood flow) and histamine (which increased microvascular permeability) in the model. Thus in similar experiments, either isoproterenol (0.3 μg/kg · min) or histamine phosphate (2 μg/kg · min) was infused instead of dmPGE 2 . The animals that received histamine also developed hemorrhagic pancreatitis. Those that received isoproterenol did not. These observations suggested that an increase in microvascular permeability in the pancreas converted edematous pancreatitis to hemorrhagic pancreatitis. These findings suggest also that clinical studies using prostaglandins to treat patients with pancreatitis should be approached with caution.
Transvaginal regional anesthesia for labor and delivery.

Abstract Provided basic precautions are taken, the combined use of paracervical and pudendal blocks appears simple, safe, and highly effective. The duration of action of mepivacaine hydrochloride makes the undesirable use of epinephrine or of cumbersome techniques for continuous administration of the anesthetic solution unnecessary. Moreover, the shortening of labor incident to this method makes it a desirable adjuvant in the management of labor in cardiac and toxemic patients, or in instances of cervical dystocia, persistent posterior positions, abruptio placentae, and elective induction of labor. As a whole, it offers all the advantages of natural childbirth without its discomfort.
Longitudinal phase space characterization of the blow-out regime of rf photoinjector operation

Using an experimental scheme based on a vertically deflecting rf deflector and a horizontally dispersing dipole, we characterize the longitudinal phase space of the beam in the blow-out regime at the UCLA Pegasus rf photoinjector. Because of the achievement of unprecedented resolution both in time (50 fs) and energy (1.0 keV), we are able to demonstrate some important properties of the beams created in this regime such as extremely low longitudinal emittance, large temporal energy chirp, and the degrading effects of the cathode image charge in the longitudinal phase space which eventually leads to poorer beam quality. All of these results have been found in good agreement with simulations.
Reflections of the Environment in Memory

Availability of human memories for specific items shows reliable relationships to frequency, recency, and pattern of prior exposures to the item. These relationships have defied a systematic theoretical treatment. A number of environmental sources (New York Times, parental speech, electronic mail) are examined to show that the probability that a memory will be needed also shows reliable relationships to frequency, recency, and pattern of prior exposures. Moreover, the environmental relationships are the same as the memory relationships. It is argued that human memory has the form it does because it is adapted to these environmental relationships. Models for both the environment and human memory are described. Among the memory phenomena addressed are the practice function, the retention function, the effect of spacing of practice, and the relationship between degree of practice and retention.
Negev: Land, Water, and Life in a Desert Environment

In view of the continuing increased concern about the extreme fragility of deserts and desert margins, Negev provides a timely discussion of land-use practices compatible with the often conflicting goals of preservation and development. The success o f agricultural and hydrologic experiments in the Negev desert of Israel offers hope to the large percentage of the world's population that lives with an unacceptably low quality of life in desert margins. Deserts are the one remaining type of open space that, with proper use, has the potential for alleviating the misery often associated with expanding population. In addition to the science in the book, the author repeatedly reinforces the concept that “western civilization is inextricably bound to the Negev and its environs, from which it has drawn, via its desert-born religions—Judasium, Christianity, and Islam—many of the mores and concepts, and much of the imagery and love of the desert, including man's relation to nature and to ‘God’.” Deserts often are erroneously perceived to be areas of no water: In reality, these are areas in which a little rainfall occurs sporadically and unpredictably over time. This meager water supply can be meticulously garnered to produce nutritious crops and forage.
Overpressure and earthquake initiated slope failure in the Ursa region, northern Gulf of Mexico

[1] We use fluid flow and slope stability models to study the evolution of overpressure and slope stability in the Ursa region, northern Gulf of Mexico. Our predictions match measured overpressures (pressures in excess of hydrostatic) from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 308 Site U1324 above 200 m below seafloor (mbsf) but overpredict deeper (200–610 mbsf) overpressures by 0.4–1.1 MPa. Modeled overpressure at Site U1322 matches measurements for the entire section (0–240 mbsf) with exception of the measurement at 240 mbsf. Slope stability models that integrate modeled overpressure, vertical stress, and effective stress during deposition predict slope failure at 61 ka on the eastern end of the region. This failure corresponds to the base of a mass transport deposit that has been interpreted as a retrogressive failure initiated by high overpressure. Overpressure alone could not drive failure of a second mass transport deposit (MTD2) that has its base along the 27 ka horizon. With an earthquake acceleration model coupled with our slope stability model, we predict that horizontal acceleration from a magnitude 5 earthquake within 140 km of the Ursa region at 27 ka would initiate the failure that created MTD2; the same earthquake at 20 ka would have to be within 40 km for failure. This magnitude and maximum rupture distance are consistent with seismicity near the Ursa region. We therefore propose that in some cases, overpressure drives failure on low-angle slopes; however, earthquakes, even on passive margins, may play a critical role in initiating slope failure in sediments weakened by overpressure.
Non Reciprocal Cross-Sensitization Between Cocaine and BTCP on Locomotor Activity in the Rat

Abstract MARTIN-FARDON, R., O. BEN-SHAHAR AND F. WEISS. Non reciprocal cross-sensitization between cocaine and BTCP on locomotor activity in the rat. PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BEHAV 66 (3) 631–635, 2000.—Measurement of locomotor sensitization was employed to characterize the effect of intermittent treatment with N-[1-(2-benzo[b]thiophenyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine (BTCP) and cocaine in the rat. Like cocaine, BTCP possesses high affinity for the dopamine transporter and inhibits dopamine reuptake. Although both drugs exhibit similar behavioral and neurochemical profiles with acute administration, there is tentative evidence to suggest that following chronic treatment BTCP does not induce neurochemical sensitization, and can attenuate cocaine-induced neurochemical sensitization in the striatum. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups after determining baseline locomotor activity. Three groups were treated with either saline (saline/saline), cocaine (20 mg/kg; cocaine/cocaine), or BTCP (10 mg/kg; BTCP/BTCP) for 10 days. The remaining two groups were treated with cocaine (20 mg/kg) or BTCP (10 mg/kg) for 3 days, followed by administration of BTCP (10 mg/kg; cocaine/BTCP) or cocaine (20 mg/kg; BTCP/cocaine) for 7 days. Locomotor sensitization was observed in all groups. However, although cross-sensitization on the day of substitution (day 4) was found in the BTCP/cocaine group, cross-sensitization was not observed in the cocaine/BTCP group. These results suggest that although the locomotor-activating effects of BTCP and cocaine are similar, the two drugs do not act identically, and different neural mechanisms may underlie BTCP and cocaineinduced sensitization.
On the mathematics underlying dispersion relations

The history of mathematical methods underlying the study of dispersion relations in physics is discussed. In particular, some misconceptions connected with a theorem known in the physics literature as Titchmarsh’s Theorem are addressed. It is pointed out that the aforementioned theorem is a compilation of two well-known theorems in mathematics, the Paley-Wiener theorem and the Marcel Riesz theorem.
Removing environmental organic pollutants with bioremediation and phytoremediation

Hazardous organic pollutants represent a threat to human, animal, and environmental health. If left unmanaged, these pollutants could cause concern. Many researchers have stepped up efforts to find more sustainable and cost-effective alternatives to using hazardous chemicals and treatments to remove existing harmful pollutants. Environmental biotechnology, such as bioremediation and phytoremediation, is a promising field that utilizes natural resources including microbes and plants to eliminate toxic organic contaminants. This technology offers an attractive alternative to other conventional remediation processes because of its relatively low cost and environmentally-friendly method. This review discusses current biological technologies for the removal of organic contaminants, including chlorinated hydrocarbons, focusing on their limitation and recent efforts to correct the drawbacks.
A note on distribution of uncorrected peak ground accelerations during the Northridge, California, earthquake of 17 January 1994

Abstract This paper presents a summary of uncorrected peak ground accelerations recorded during the Northridge, California, earthquake of 17 January 1994 and a preliminary analysis of these data. The presented contours of recorded accelerations agree well with observed patterns of damage. The paper also addresses the issue of how ‘unusual’ and ‘unexpected’ the recorded accelerations are relative to earlier predictions.
An MC68030/MC68EC030 32 bit high performance system

Abstract The design of a 32 bit high performance system based on Motorola's MC68030/ MC68EC030 microprocessors is described. It makes use of the fast synchronous interface to access RAM memory with a two clock cycle read and write bus cycle. The system is designed to operate at 20 MHz using available fast static RAM memories, with future upgrades to 25 MHz and 33 MHz using faster memory devices.
Identification of ribophorins in rough microsomal membranes from different organs of several species.

Microsomes prepared from several animal sources were analyzed for the presence of proteins corresponding to the ribophorins (I and II) which have been previously characterized in rat liver rough microsomes and appear to be involved in the binding of polysomes to endoplasmic reticulum membranes. In rough microsomal membranes from rat lacrimal gland, rabbit liver, dog and chicken pancreas, and mouse myeloma, ribophorin-like polypeptides with similar electrophoretic mobilities were detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In all cases the polypeptides remained associated with sedimentable polysomes after solubilization of the microsomal membranes with nonionic detergents. Ribophorin-like polypeptides were absent from smooth microsomes. Antibodies raised against each rat liver ribophorin, purified by preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate/poly- acrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoprecipitated only the corresponding polypeptide, indicating no crossreactivity between ribophorins I and II. These antibodies also immunoprecipitated the homologous ribophorins found in microsomal preparations from other organs and species.
The logical underpinnings and benefits of pooled pharmaceutical procurement: A pragmatic role for our public institutions?

Multi-national pharmaceutical companies have long operated across national boundaries, and exercised significant leverage because of the breadth and depth of their market control. The goals of public health can be better served by redressing the imbalance in market leverage between supply and demand. Consolidation of purchasing power across borders, as well as within countries across organizational entities, is one means to addressing this imbalance. In those existing pooled procurement models that consolidate purchasing across national boundaries, benefits have included: 1) reductions in unit purchase prices; 2) improved quality assurance; 3) reduction or elimination of procurement corruption; 4) rationalized choice through better-informed selection and standardization; 5) reduction of operating costs and administrative burden; 6) increased equity between members; 7) augmented practical utility in the role of the host institutions (regional or international) administering the system; and finally, 8) increased access to essential medical products within each participating country. Many barriers to implementation of a multi-country pooled procurement system are eliminated when the mechanism is established within a regional or international institution, especially where participating countries are viewed (and view themselves) as clients/members of the institution, so that they have some sense of ownership over the procurement mechanism. This review article is based on two literature reviews, conducted between 2007 and 2009 (including publications from 1996 through 2009), and interviews with key informants.
Colors of a Leader: Color and Characteristics Comparison:

As our society becomes more visual and color-oriented, it is only natural that a correlation exists in the way individuals see and think of leaders and colors. This paper identifies and explores the relationship of leadership skills and four colors. Using colors, examples are given of "everyday" citizens serving as leaders. The "color/leader" concept is suggested as a means of creating awareness and developing an interest in building leadership skills.
Multistability and the Agency of Mundane Artifacts: from Speed Bumps to Subway Benches

A central question in philosophical and sociological accounts of technology is how the agency of technologies should be conceived, that is, how to understand their constitutive roles in the actions performed by assemblages of humans and artifacts. To address this question, I build on the suggestion that a helpful perspective can be gained by amalgamating “actor-network theory” and “postphenomenological” accounts. The idea is that only a combined account can confront both the nuances of human experiential relationships with technology on which postphenomenology specializes, and also the chains of interactions between numerous technologies and humans that actor-network theory can address. To perform this amalgamation, however, several technical adjustments to these theories are required. The central change I develop here is to the postphenomenological notion of “multistability,” i.e., the claim that a technology can be used for multiple purposes through different contexts. I expand the postphenomenological framework through the development of a method called “variational cross-examination,” which involves critically contrasting the various stabilities of a multistable technology for the purpose of exploring how a particular stability has come to dominate. As a guiding example, I explore the case of the everyday public bench. The agency of this “mundane artifact,” as actor-network theorist Bruno Latour would call it, cannot be accounted for by either postphenomenology or actor-network theory alone.
Direct measurement of the spreading pressure of organic liquids on water

Abstract A method is presented to measure the pressure corresponding to the spreading coefficient which quantifies the interfacial tension forces that develop when an organic liquid is deposited on a water surface. The method uses a hydrophobic porous probe to introduce a spreading (positive spreading coefficient) organic liquid, at pressures less than atmospheric pressure, to a water surface. The porous probe is filled with the organic liquid and connected to a pressure transducer, which is used to measure the negative pressure required to prevent the organic liquid from spreading on the water surface; that is, the null pressure. The method is demonstrated with two hydrocarbons, Soltrol-220 and diesel fuel. A theory that predicts the thickness of an organic liquid lens for negative spreading coefficients and one-dimensional spreading rates for positive spreading coefficients was used to obtain an estimate of the spreading pressure (force per unit area). With positive spreading coefficients, the predicted values are between 0.0 and 0.2 cm H 2 O (200 dyn/cm 2 ). The porous probe measured values of near 45 cm H 2 O for Soltrol-220 and 340 cm H 2 O for diesel fuel. The measurements indicate a large discrepancy between the current theoretical understanding and measured values.
Investigation of acute effects of graphene oxide on wastewater microbial community: a case study.

Abstract The market for graphene-based products, such as graphene oxide (GO), is projected to reach nearly $675 million by 2020, hence it is expected that large quantities of graphene-based wastes will be generated by then. Wastewater treatment plants will be one of the ultimate repositories for these wastes. Efficient waste treatment relies heavily on the functions of diverse microbial communities. Therefore, systematic investigation of any potential toxic effects of GO in wastewater microbial communities is essential to determine the potential adverse effects and the fate of these nanomaterials in the environment. In the present study, we investigate the acute toxicity, i.e. short-term and high load, effect of GO on the microbial functions related to the biological wastewater treatment process. The results showed that toxic effects of GO on microbial communities were dose dependent, especially in concentrations between 50 and 300 mg/L. Bacterial metabolic activity, bacterial viability, and biological removal of nutrients, such as organics, nitrogen and phosphorus, were significantly impacted by the presence of GO in the activated sludge. Furthermore, the presence of GO deteriorated the final effluent quality by increasing the water turbidity and reducing the sludge dewaterability. Microscopic techniques confirmed penetration and accumulation of GO inside the activated sludge floc matrix. Results demonstrated that the interaction of GO with wastewater produced significant amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which could be one of the responsible mechanisms for the toxic effect of GO.
Random Travelling Waves for the KPP Equation with Noise

Consider the stochastic partial differential equation [formula] where Ẇ =Ẇ(t, x) is two-parameter while noise. Assume that u0 is a continuous function taking values in [0, 1] such that for some constant a > 0, we have (C1) u0(x) = 1 for x a. Let the wavefront b(t) = sup{x ∈ R: u(t, x) > 0}. We show that for ϵ small enough and with probability 1, • limt→∞b(t)/t exists and lies in (0, ∞). This limit depends only on ϵ. •The law of v(t, x) ≡ u(t, b(t) + x) tends toward a stationary limit as t → ∞. We also analyze the length of the region [a(t), b(t)], which is the smallest closed interval containing the points x at which 0 < u(t, x) < 1. We show that the length of this region tends toward a stationary distribution. Thus, the wavefront does not degenerate.
THE ISOLATION AND ANALYSIS OF A MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE FRACTION

PLATE 129 There exists in the literature indication that some mitochondrial enzymes, particularly succinoxidase and cytochrome oxidase, are part of the mitochondrial structure and thus are insoluble when the mitochondria are disrupted. It has further been supposed in particular by Cleland and Slater (1) that this insoluble fraction consists of mitochondrial membranes. However, no direct test of the membrane hypothesis has been reported. The present note describes briefly findings which strongly support the idea that certain insoluble enzymes are structurally linked to membranes of mitochondria. Rat liver mitochondria were isolated in 0.44  sucrose and treated in suspension with 0.3 per cent deoxycholate. This treatment resulted in the solubilization of 80 to 90 per cent of the protein N. Of various fractions obtained in the centrifuge and examined in the electron microscope by sectioning techniques, the final pellet obtained at 105,000 g is pertinent here. Fig. 1 shows this fraction to consist mostly of systems of vesicles bounded by single or multiple layers of membranes. The dimensions of these systems are in the order of mitochondrial dimensions. We were not clear as to the source of these elements since they may have arisen not only from mitochondrial membranes, but possibly also from interactions between deoxycholate, the various non-membranous components present, and osmium tetroxide. They might also represent microsomal contamination. In order to follow the interaction of mitochondria with deoxycholate, a pellet of isolated mitochondria was layered in the centrifuge tube with 0.3 per cent deoxycholate in sucrose, allowed to stand for a while, and then fixed and embedded. The pellet was then sectioned transversely through the depth of the pellet, and mitochondria in various stages of dissolution from the bottom to the top of the pellet could be followed. Fig. 2 shows, near the bottom of the pellet, mostly intact mitochondria plus a number of swollen ones. Microsomal contamination present in this particular preparation can be identiffed by the granules adhering to the membranes. In the middle of the pellet layered with deoxycholate are found numerous much swollen mitochondria (Fig. 3). These still contain most of their matrix. In Fig. 4 is shown the appearance of mitochondria at the top of the pellet. These elements have lost most of their matrix, and are somewhat smaller than those encountered in
Carbonyls in Oxidizing Fat. VI. The Girard T Reagent in the Isolation and Determination of Micro Amounts of N‐Aliphatic Aldehydes and 2‐Alkanones

SUMMARY Complete reaction of the Girard T reagent with n-alkanals, alk-2-enals, alk-2,4-dienals, and 2-alkanones of carbon chain length up to C-13 was obtained in anhydrous tertiary butyl alcohol. However, in practical applications in the presence of fat these reactions were greatly retarded and inhibited. Modification by the use of water in the reaction gave quantitative recovery of aldehyde homologous series from the fat. Quantitative or even uniform recovery of 2-alkanones could not be obtained. Optimum reaction with the Girard T reagent was at room temperature, and refluxing tended to decrease yields. Girard T hydrazones were. converted quantitatively to 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrizones. The method is useful for the determination of aldehydes generated in autoxidized fats.
Postpartum fertility in beef cattle producing twins

Abstract Postpartum fertility was measured in 42 plur iparous Hereford cows and first calf Hereford heifers that calved after embryo transfer to induce twins. Dams were exposed to a Hereford bull from 4: 00 P.M. to 8:00 A.M. each day from 60 days postpartum until pregnancy was confirmed or calves were weaned at 180 days of age. Days open ( X ± SE ) for dams that produced single and twin calves were 84.1 ± 4.6 (n = 12) and 94.9 ± 6.2 (n = 30), respectively. Corresponding values for dams that nursed one calf, including six females that lost one calf of a twin set at birth, and dams that nursed twins were 89.3 ± 6.4 (n = 18) and 93.4 ± 8.5 (n = 24). No significant differences were observed due to calving or suckling twin calves. Heifers that calved twins had a shorter mean interval to conception than cows that calved twins. These results are interpreted to mean that with proper management during the prepartum and postpartum periods, reduced fertility in beef cattle that produce twins need not occur.
Haemolymph ecdysteroid titre and epidermal cell commitment of the female southwestern corn borer larvae

The epidermal cell commitment (to pupation or formation of immaculate larvae) and related haemolymph ecdysteroid titres of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella were studied in both nondiapause-bound and diapause-bound last-instar female larvae. Cell commitment was estimated by examining the characteristics of new cuticle secreted in response to an injection of 20-hydroxyecdysone. Haemolymph ecdysteroid titres were determined by radioimmunoassay. Juvenile hormone effect on epidermal cell commitment was studied by applying a juvenile hormone mimic (ZR-515) to last-instar non-diapause-bound larvae and examining the resulting cuticle. In non-diapause-bound larvae, the epidermis of different body regions was committed to pupal development at different times. When pupal cuticular characteristics were evaluated by a scoring system, it appeared that the development of normal pupal cuticle is discontinuous. Three sudden increases in pupal characteristics were observed at 1.67, 2.67 and 3.67 days into the last-larval instar. Haemolymph ecdysteroid titre changes were correlated with the sudden increases in pupal characteristics. Peak ecdysteroid titres were found at 1.67, 2.33, and 3.33 days into the final instar. A fourth ecdysteroid peak (138.8 ng/ml of haemolymph) occurred in pharate pupae. In contrast, the commitment of diapause-bound larvae to produce immaculate integument was made in a fast and continuous fashion. Full commitment was made by 50% of the individuals 4 days (ca. first quarter) into the stadium. Haemolymph ecdysteroid titres fluctuated during the first 2 weeks of the stadium but no significant peaks were observed prior to pharate stage. An ecdysteroid peak (29.8 ng/ml of haemolymph) was identified in pharate immaculate larvae. Pupal development could be completely prevented in 26.7% of nondiapause-bound larvae as late as 4 days into the last instar by topical application of ZR-515. This indicates that the commitment to pupation as revealed by 20-hydroxyecdysone injection is reversible.