cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genomic medicine : Who will practice it? A call to open arms

The Human Genome Project and other recent developments will broaden and increase the importance of genetics in health care. “Clinical genetics” will become “genomic medicine” and will no longer be almost the sole purview of genetic specialists—medical geneticists, genetic counselors, and genetic advanced practice nurses. The changing use of genetics in health care will require the acquisition of new knowledge, skills, and attitudes by many health care professionals who are not genetic specialists. Such health care professionals will not only be necessary to the widespread integration of genetics into clinical care, but they will make unique contributions to this integration that will add to the quality of genomic medicine. This new use of genetics in health care will also allow, even require, new ways of working for genetic specialists, who will continue to occupy unique and vital roles. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Helping South Asian Immigrant Women Use Resilience Strategies in Healing from Sexual Abuse: A Call for a Culturally Relevant Model

This article calls for the counseling and psychological field to construct a culturally relevant model for working with South Asian immigrant women survivors of sexual abuse to support their resilience and healing. Patriarchal norms of South Asian culture and acculturative stressors in the United States are examined to understand how they influence survivors' abuse experiences. The literature on South Asian women's experiences of intimate partner violence is reviewed in addition to resilience studies with women of color who have survived sexual abuse. Practice and research implications are presented.
The Effect of Fuel Sprays on Emissions from a Research Gas Turbine Combustor

Abstract In this program, a research gas turbine combustor is used to study the influence of individual variables (in particular, fuel spray characteristics) on the local level of emissions species concentrations within the primary zone flame. The unique combustor is designed to provide realistic conditions and to allow for independent control of drop size, fuel-air ratio, residence time, air inlet temperature, pressure and reference velocity. This is one of the few combustors in which the residence time has been measured and controlled. The simple flow pattern, with no large scale recirculation, allows for unambiguous interpretation of results Measurements were made of the local concentrations of NOx, CO and unburned hydrocarbons, the local gas temperatures and, using laser velocimetry, local gas velocity and turbulence levels. To explain the unexpectedly high levels of hydrocarbons and low flame temperatures that were observed, it is believed that the spray burns in a manner similar to a gaseous turbule...
Management of Contralateral Axillary Sentinel Lymph Nodes Detected on Lymphoscintigraphy for Breast Cancer

Background Detection of a contralateral axillary sentinel lymph node (SLN) during lymphoscintigraphy for breast cancer is rare, and its significance and management are unclear. The purpose of this study was to review our experience and analyze our results together with similar patients in the literature to identify common characteristics and propose a management strategy.
The Self as a Moral Agent: Preschoolers Behave Morally but Believe in the Freedom to Do Otherwise

Recent work suggests a strong connection between intuitions regarding our own free will and our moral behavior. We investigate the origins of this link by asking whether preschool-aged children construe their own moral actions as freely chosen. We gave children the option to make three moral/social choices (avoiding harm to another, following a rule, and following peer behavior) and then asked them to retrospect as to whether they were free to have done otherwise. When given the choice to act (either morally or immorally), children avoided harm and abided by rules, but they endorsed their freedom to have done otherwise. When choice was restricted by adult instruction, children did not endorse their free choice and indicated feeling constrained by moral obligation in their explanatory responses. These results suggest that children believe that their moral actions afford free will, but this belief is dependent on their experience of choice.
Structural adjustment and the construction sector

Abstract This paper adds a construction sector to a dynamic dependent economy model, equipped with consumer tradeables and non-tradeables sectors. The model is used to study the response of the production structure, relative prices, and the trade balance to a favorable terms of trade shock. Under the benchmark assumptions of perfect intersectoral factor mobility, a perfect international capital market, and no adjustment costs, for realistic relative capital intensities the model predicts a boom in the construction and consumer non-tradeables sectors, a contraction of the tradeables sector, and no relative price changes. The implications of relaxing those benchmark assumptions are discussed separately.
Overt and covert antisocial behavior: Child and family characteristics among psychiatric inpatient children.

The present study examined child and family characteristics associated with overt and covert antisocial child behaviors. Child psychiatric inpatients (N=258, ages 6–13) were identified as high in overt and/or covert antisocial behaviors (e.g., aggression and stealing, respectively) based on a structured parent interview measuring antisocial behavior. Children were classified into four groups derived from the factorial combination of level of overt (high vs. low) and covert (high vs. low) antisocial behaviors. Analyses were made of the children's reactions to hostile and anger-provoking situations, deviant and prosocial child behaviors at home and at school, and family structure and organization. Children higher in overt antisocial behaviors were more negative, resentful, and irritable in their reactions to hostile situations and more aggressive at school. They came from families with significantly greater conflict and less independence among family members. Children higher in covert antisocial behavior participated in fewer social activities and were higher in anxiety; their families showed significantly lower family cohesion and organization and less of an emphasis on moral-religious values. The results suggest reliable differences in child and family functioning as a function of patterns of overt and covert antisocial behavior.
Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction: molecular components and mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity.

Understanding the mechanisms that mediate synaptic plasticity is a primary goal of molecular neuroscience. The Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction provides a particularly useful model for investigating the roles of synaptic components in both structural and functional plasticity. The powerful molecular genetics of this system makes it possible to uncover new synaptic components and signaling molecules, as well as their function in the intact organism. Together with the mouse hippocampus and Aplysia dissociated cell culture, the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction has been among the most valuable model systems for examining the molecular and cellular basis of neuronal plasticity.
Effects of Predation Risk and Food Availability on the Activity, Habitat Use, Feeding Behavior and Mating Behavior of a Pond Water Strider, Gerris marginatus (Hemiptera)

By experimentally manipulating predation risk and food availability, we explored the effects of these factors on refuge use, general activity, feeding activity, and mating activity of adults of the pond water strider Gerris marginatus. Predation risk (from adult backswimmers Notonecta undulata) profoundly influenced the behavior of G. marginatus, reducing mating activity, general activity in males and females, decreasing feeding activity in females and increasing the use of refuge by both sexes. Surprisingly, variations in food availability failed to produce significant effects on any of these behavior patterns. Risk x food interactions were also not statistically significant for any gerrid behavior. The significant responses to predators all changed in directions that should decrease the risk of predation for G. marginatus.
New results on network error correction: Capacities and upper bounds

In this paper, we present new results on network error correction with unequal link capacities. We consider network error correction codes that can correct arbitrary errors occurring on up to z links. We find the capacity of a two-node network with multiple feedback links and show how feedback links can be used to increase the error correction capacity. We propose a new cut-set upper bound for general acyclic networks, and show its tightness for a family of four-node acyclic networks when each backward link has enough capacity. For a more general family of zig-zag networks, we present conditions under which our upper bound is tight. Finally, we propose an approach for high-probability network error correction with a causal adversary.
The Development of a Model to Evaluate Hydrologic Risk in a Water Resource System

A technique is described for analyzing a water resource system whose inflow is highly variable. The use of this technique requires not only that a mathematical model be developed of the physical, hydrological, and economic characteristics of the water resource system under study, but also that the economic benefits of the system, including full and partial water deliveries for irrigation development, be evaluated. Although developed independently of and simultaneously with the recently in this article includes some significant departures, such as the development of a complex revenue-loss function and water-shortage statistical characteristics for various reservoir sizes.
Antiferromagnetic ground state

Abstract The calculations of the energy of the antiferromagnetic ground state by Fisher are corrected. The revised results are in good agreement with other theories for spin 1 2 . The apparent contradictions as to the average z component of spin on one sublattice, and the perpendicular susceptibility in several theories are clearly resolved.
Factors That Influence HIV Risk among Hispanic Female Immigrants and Their Implications for HIV Prevention Interventions

Hispanics are the fastest growing minority group in North Carolina with increasing incidence of HIV infection. Gender roles, cultural expectations, and acculturation of women may explain some of Hispanic women's risks. The perspectives of Hispanic female immigrants and community-based providers were sought to identify services they offer, understand HIV risk factors, and support the adaptation of a best-evidence HIV behavioural intervention for Hispanic women. Two sets of focus groups were conducted to explicate risks and the opportunities to reach women or couples and the feasibility to conduct HIV prevention in an acceptable manner. Salient findings were that Hispanic female immigrants lacked accurate HIV/AIDS and STI knowledge and that traditional gender roles shaped issues surrounding sexual behaviour and HIV risks, as well as condom use, partner communication, and multiple sexual partnerships. Intervention implications are discussed such as developing and adapting culturally appropriate HIV prevention interventions for Hispanics that address gender roles and partner communication.
Social defeat stress, sensitization, and intravenous cocaine self-administration in mice

Rationale Behavioral sensitization has been proposed as a process that is important in compulsive drug use and in psychotic disorders.
Comparative study of adenylate kinase activity and early net ATP formation in normal and aminonucleoside-nephrotic rat kidney mitochondria☆☆☆

Abstract An assay method based on the well-established luciferin-luciferase reaction was employed for the sensitive and specific measurement of rapidly changing concentrations of ATP. A specially designed simple plunger-type vessel permitted the rapid transfer of reaction mixtures into luciferin-luciferase reagent and prompt measurement of photovoltages arising from the light evolved. When assayed by this procedure, the adenylate kinase activities of normal and aminonucleoside-nephrotic rat kidney mitochondria were nearly identical. Early measurements of oxidative phosphorylation by rat kidney mitochondria were also made. During the first 60 seconds, net ATP formed in the presence of succinate was essentially the same for mitochondria from normal and nephrotic rats. Since nephrotic kidney mitochondria are considered to have lowered oxidative capabilities, a possible implication is that adenylate kinase lies on the main pathway of oxidative phosphorylation.
Ionic exchange and the structure and function, including motility, of cytoplasmic membranes.

Ionic Exchange and the Structure and Function, Including Motility, of Cytoplasmic Membranes
Mercury cycling in surface water, pore water and sediments of Mugu Lagoon, CA, USA.

Abstract Mugu Lagoon is an estuary in southern California, listed as impaired for mercury. In 2005, we examined mercury cycling at ten sites within at most four habitats. In surface water (unfiltered and filtered) and pore water, the concentration of total mercury was correlated with methylmercury levels ( R 2 = 0.29, 0.26, 0.27, respectively, p R 2 = 0.37, 0.26, respectively, p n = 59), while pore water methylmercury K d values were also high (average 3.1, range 2.0–4.2 l kg −1 , n = 39), and the estimated methylmercury flux from sediments was low (average 1.7, range 0.14–5.3 ng m −2 day −1 , n = 19). Mercury levels in predatory fish tissue at Mugu are >0.3 ppm, suggesting biogeochemical controls on methylmercury mobility do not completely mitigate methylmercury uptake through the food web.
Physical controls on orographic cirrus inhomogeneity

Abstract. Optical depth distributions (P(σ)) are a useful measure of radiatively important cirrus (Ci) inhomogeneity. Yet, the relationship between P(σ) and underlying cloud physical processes remains unclear. In this study, we investigate the influence of homogeneous and heterogeneous freezing processes, ice particle growth and fallout, and mesoscale vertical velocity fluctuations on P(σ) shape during an orographic Ci event. We evaluate Lagrangian Ci evolution along kinematic trajectories from a mesoscale weather model (MM5) using an adiabatic parcel model with binned ice microphysics. Although the presence of ice nuclei increased model cloud cover, our results highlight the importance of homogeneous freezing and mesoscale vertical velocity variability in controlling Ci P(σ) shape along realistic upper tropospheric trajectories.
Factors predictive of success or failure in acquisition of esophageal speech

This article discusses negative and positive predictors for acquiring esophageal speech. These indicators are grouped under two broad categories: anatomic/physiologic and psychological/social. The success and failure rates and advantages and disadvantages of esophageal speech are also presented. Consideration of all factors will enable professionals to counsel patients realistically about their potential for successful acquisition of this method of alaryngeal speech.
MicroRNA Destabilization Enables Dynamic Regulation of the miR-16 Family in Response to Cell-Cycle Changes

Summary The miR-16 family, which targets genes important for the G1-S transition, is a known modulator of the cell cycle, and members of this family are often deleted or downregulated in many types of cancers. Here, we report the reciprocal relationship—that of the cell cycle controlling the miR-16 family. Levels of this family increase rapidly as cells are arrested in G0. Conversely, as cells are released from G0 arrest, levels of the miR-16 family rapidly decrease. Such rapid changes are made possible by the unusual instabilities of several family members. The repression mediated by the miR-16 family is sensitive to these cell-cycle changes, which suggests that the rapid upregulation of the miR-16 family reinforces cell-cycle arrest in G0. Upon cell-cycle re-entry, the rapid decay of several members allows levels of the family to decrease, alleviating repression of target genes and allowing proper resumption of the cell cycle.
ISMP Adverse Drug Reactions - Isotretinoin-Associated Panenteritis; Cephalosporin-Induced Leukopenia; Two Separate Reports Concerning Bupropion: Severe Constipation and Angioedema; Levetiracetam as a Possible Cause of Liver Failure; Megestrol Acetate and Adrenal Insufficiency

PANENTERITIS A 22-year-old man was admitted to the hospital with a 10-day history of abdominal pain associated with melena and mucus discharge from his rectum. He had no history of antibiotic ingestion, foreign travel, or previous bowel disease. His only medication was isotretinoin 20 mg twice daily for severe cystic acne vulgaris, which had been started just 15 days before he was admitted to the hospital. The patient underwent flexible sigmoidoscopy, which did not demonstrate any ulceration. However, there were positive findings of edema and hyperemia of the rectal mucosa and sigmoid colon. In addition, there were many erosions “demarcated by a thin halo of hyperemia.” The laboratory results showed a leukocytosis of 25 × 10 cells/mm (normal, 5 to 11 × 10 cells/mm), an increased platelet count of 615 × 10 cells/ mm (150 to 450 × 10 cells/mm), and an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Also, the hemoglobin was decreased to 10.7 g/dL (13.8 to 17 g/dL). The patient also underwent a procedure called video capsule endoscopy, whereby a capsule is swallowed and video images are transmitted 8 hours later. This video showed duodenal inflammation with multiple nonbleeding ulcers and other pathology. The video capsule was excreted 37 hours after its ingestion. The isotretinoin was discontinued, and there was a complete resolution of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms within 4 weeks. Followup diagnostic studies performed 3 The purpose of this feature is to heighten awareness of specific adverse drug reactions (ADRs), discuss methods of prevention, and promote reporting of ADRs to the US Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) MEDWATCH program (800-FDA-1088). If you have reported an interesting, preventable ADR to MEDWATCH, please consider sharing the account with our readers. Write to Dr. Shuster at ISMP, 1800 Byberry Road, Suite 810, Huntingdon Valley, PA 19006 (phone: 215-947-7797; fax: 215-914-1492; e-mail: joel.shuster@temple.edu). Your report will be published anonymously unless otherwise requested. This feature is provided by the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) in cooperation with the FDA’s MEDWATCH program and Temple University School of Pharmacy. ISMP is an FDA MEDWATCH partner.
Prolonged Survival of Tetrahymena at 0.5 C in Citrated, Lecithinized, Defined Media

SYNOPSIS. A fully defined medium aside, also one with acid-hydrolyzed casein, both pH 6.2–6.4 permitted survival of Tetrahymena pyriformis (syngen 1, mating type II) for no more than a week at 0.5 C, despite fortification with crude soy lecithin. Lecithin had permitted prolonged survival in crude media (pH 7.2), probably due largely to its phytosterols and antioxidants. Metal imbalances appeared responsible for the poor survival in defined media because additional citrate, histidine or Fe permitted monthlong survival. Al or Ni in the presence of increased citrate were also favorable. The casein-hydrolysate medium and a fully defined medium, both fortified with lecithin, and with additional citrate or Fe, permitted survival at 0.5 C for at least 2 months. Krebs-cycle intermediates, uridine, thymidine, adenosine, and guanosine acted as growth substrates in nearly carbohydrate-free media, which suggests trial of their survival-promoting properties for cold-stored cultures. Parallels are noted for survival in the cold between Tetrahymena and erythrocytes and sperm.
Structures Of Argument And Concepts Of Force In The Aristotelian Mechanical Problems

I argue that the main goal of the Mechanical Problems, a short treatise transmitted in the Corpus Aristotelicum, is to explain the working of technology in terms of the concepts of Aristotelian natural philosophy. The author's explanatory strategy is to reduce the thirty-five "problems" or questions that he discusses to one or more of three simple models: the circle, balance, and lever. The conceptual foundation of this reduction program is a principle concerning circular motion, viz. that a point on the circumference of a larger circle moves more quickly than one on a smaller circle, assuming that the circles turn about the same center at the same angular speed. I analyze the author's argument for this principle and his application of it throughout the text, especially to the analysis of the lever. The main conclusions are (1) that the author's justification of the circular motion principle is based on an innovative geometrical analysis of motion, not on a highly theoretical conceptualization of force; and (2) while the author is aware of a reciprocal relationship between weights and distances from the fulcrum in the case of the lever, his explanation of this fact makes no reference to the conditions for static equilibrium.
Pancreatic α-Cell Hyperplasia: Facts and Myths

Context: Pancreatic α-cell hyperplasia (ACH) was once an esoteric pathological entity, but it has become an important differential diagnosis of hyperglucagonemia after inactivating glucagon receptor (GCGR) genomic mutations were found in patients with ACH. Recently, the controversy over the pancreatic effects of incretins has stimulated much discussion of ACH that often includes inaccurate statements not supported by the literature. Data Acquisition: Literature related to ACH was reviewed. Evidence Synthesis: ACH is defined as a diffuse and specific increase in the number of α-cells. A dozen cases have been reported and fall into three clinical types: reactive, functional, and nonfunctional. Characterized by remarkable hyperglucagonemia without glucagonoma syndrome, reactive ACH is caused by inactivating GCGR mutations, and its main clinical significance is pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors diagnosed at middle age. The Gcgr−/− mice, a model of reactive ACH, exhibit a multistage tumorigenesis in their pancr...
Zum oxydativen Abbau von elementarem Phosphor, P4, mit CCl4 und 1,2‐Dinucleophilen

Farbloser Phosphor, P4, wird in Gegenwart eines tertiaren Amins auch durch Tetrachlormethan und difunktionelle protische Nucleophile wie 1,2-Diole, Brenzcatechol und β-Aminoalkohole oxydativ abgebaut. In Abhangigkeit von der Reaktionsfuhrung und der Art und Konzentration des eingesetzten Nucleophils werden sowohl acyclische als auch cyclische und sogar spirocyclische Phosphor(III)- und Phosphor(V)-Verbindungen in unterschiedlichen Mengenverhaltnissen erhalten. Die Bildung der Phosphor(V)-Spiroverbindungen erfolgt ausschlieslich durch Oxydation spirocyclischer Phosphor(III)-Verbindungen im Sinne einer Atherton-Todd-Reaktion. Fur Triethylammonium-tris(o-phenylendioxy)phosphat, 8, wird eine Direktsynthese aus P4, CCl4 und Brenzcatechol angegeben. On the Oxidative Degradation of Elemental Phosphorus, P4, with CCl4 and 1.2-Dinucleophiles In the presence of tertiary amins the interaction of elemental phosphorus with CCl4 and bifunctionally protic nucleophiles such as 1.2-dioles, pyrocatechol, and 2-aminoalcohols leads to an oxidative degradation of P4. Depending on the reaction conditions acyclic as well as cyclic and even spirocyclic phosphorus(III) and phosphorus(V) compounds are obtained in variable proportions. The formation of the phosphorus(V) spiro compounds exclusively occurs by oxidizing spirocyclic phosphorus(III) compounds in the way of the Atherton-Todd reaction. A procedure for preparing triethylammonium tris(o-phenylenedioxo)phosphate, 8, directly from P4, CCl4, and pyrocatechol is given.
The power of the dinur-nissim algorithm: breaking privacy of statistical and graph databases

A few years ago, Dinur and Nissim (PODS, 2003) proposed an algorithm for breaking database privacy when statistical queries are answered with a perturbation error of magnitude o(√n) for a database of size n. This negative result is very strong in the sense that it completely reconstructs Ω(n) data bits with an algorithm that is simple, uses random queries, and does not put any restriction on the perturbation other than its magnitude. Their algorithm works for a model where the database consists of bits, and the statistical queries asked by the adversary are sum queries for a subset of locations.In this paper we extend the attack to work for much more general settings in terms of the type of statistical query allowed, the database domain, and the general tradeoff between perturbation and privacy. Specifically, we prove: For queries of the type ∑in=1 φixi; where φ_{i} are i.i.d. and with a finite third moment and positive variance (this includes as a special case the sum queries of Dinur-Nissim and several subsequent extensions), we prove that the quadratic relation between the perturbation and what the adversary can reconstruct holds even for smaller perturbations, and even for a larger data domain. If φi is Gaussian, Poissonian, or bounded and of positive variance, this holds for arbitrary data domains and perturbation; for other φi this holds as long as the domain is not too large and the perturbation is not too small.A positive result showing that for a sum query the negative result mentioned above is tight. Specifically, we build a distribution on bit databases and an answering algorithm such that any adversary who wants to recover a little more than the negative result above allows, will not succeed except with negligible probability.We consider a richer class of summation queries, focusing on databases representing graphs, where each entry is an edge, and the query is a structural function of a subgraph. We show an attack that recovers a big portion of the graph edges, as long as the graph and the function satisfy certain properties.The attacking algorithms in both our negative results are straight-forward extensions of the Dinur-Nissim attack, based on asking φ-weighted queries or queries choosing a subgraph uniformly at random. The novelty of our work is in the analysis, showing that this simple attack is much more powerful than was previously known, as well as pointing to possible limits of this approach and putting forth new application domains such as graph problems (which may occur in social networks, Internet graphs, etc). These results may find applications not only for breaking privacy, but also in the positive direction, for recovering complicated structure information using inaccurate estimates about its substructures.
Platelet cytochrome c oxidase activity is an indicator of copper status in rats

Abstract Male weanling rats were fed diets containing 0.2, 1.0, 1.9, 3.0, 4.2 and 5.4 μg Cu/g for five weeks. Significant (P 2 =0.83) and hepatic Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase activity (R 2 =0.78). Also, inclusion of platelet cytochrome c oxidase activity with ceruloplasmin activity and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity improved the ability of these indices to predict liver copper concentration and liver Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase activity. These findings indicate that platelet cytochrome c oxidase activity may be useful as an indictor of copper status, particularly in marginal status and when used with one or more other indices of copper status.
Differences in the Management of Adolescents with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome across Pediatric Specialties

Abstract Study Objective Evaluate for differences in the management of adolescents with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) across 3 pediatric specialties. Design Retrospective review of medical records. Setting Academic children’s hospital. Participants 181 adolescents seen between July 2008 and June 2010 by providers in Pediatric Endocrinology (PEndo), Adolescent Medicine (AMed), or Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology (PGyn) identified via billing data (ICD-9 code for PCOS, 256.4). Interventions None. Main Outcome Measures (1) Percentage of adolescents with a billing diagnosis of PCOS who met diagnostic criteria; (2) Percentage of individuals screened for comorbidities and differences across specialties; (3) Differences in treatment recommendations across specialties; (4) Factors associated with recommendation for metformin and hormonal contraceptives. Results Thirteen percent of PEndo patients did not meet diagnostic criteria for PCOS; 20% of AMed and PGyn patients did not meet criteria. There were significant differences in rates of screening for obesity, insulin resistance, and Type 2 diabetes. There were significant differences in treatment recommendations for lifestyle changes, metformin, and anti-androgen therapy across specialties. Specialty and obesity were significant predictors of metformin recommendation; specifically PEndo predicted metformin recommendation. PGyn and AMed specialties predicted hormonal contraceptive recommendation. Conclusions The variability observed among specialties may be due to differences in training, accounting for a range of comfort with aspects of PCOS. Formulation of consensus guidelines for diagnosis and management of PCOS are needed, along with broad educational efforts. By correctly diagnosing, screening for comorbidities, and managing PCOS appropriately during adolescence, providers may reduce the risk for long-term consequences.
Sky radiance during a total solar eclipse: a theoretical model

This paper describes a radiative transfer model for estimating the brightness or radiance of the sky during a total solar eclipse. The model is approximate; it only considers sunlight that diffuses into the umbra by first- and second-order scattering processes. It nevertheless correctly predicts the major observed features of the eclipsed sky including reddening of the horizon and lowering of zenith radiance over the normal day value by approximately 4 orders of magnitude. The calculated absolute zenith radiance at blue wavelength is about 20% lower than observed during the 1973 African solar eclipse. The model predicts, and observations confirm, that the zenith has the highest blue–red ratio (color temperature) and lowest brightness of any place in the sky during totality.
Channel strain engineering for high performance CMOS technology

▪ Longitudinal compressive stress in the GPa regime is required for the 45nm SOI high-performance pFET device to meet aggressive performance goals. ▪ Compressive stress liner, and eSiGe stressor enhancement was employed in order to achieve a 1.6 GPa channel stress level. ▪ Mobility enhancement of the 45nm baseline device is shown to be 4X-fold higher than relaxed-Si. Effective piezo-cofficients extracted for wide range of stress highlighting 3 stress regimes. Stress and drive current are shown to be correlated with a coefficient equal to ∼ 0.25. ▪ Low-field mobility is shown to be strongly correlated to injection velocity. High strain pFET devices with gate length down to 35nm operate at about 60% of the thermal limit. ▪ Challenge for future technology nodes- the mobility vs stress relationship for channel stress levels in the 1.6GPa regime is approaching saturation. To continue this incredible rate of performance increase (17%/year), methods of increasing the low-field mobility through increased thermal velocity is required.
Seismic Investigation of Eel Submarine Canyon, Humboldt County, California: ABSTRACT

Prior to and during the early 1960s several "sparker" and conventional survey lines were run across the head of Eel Canyon, which lies 7 miles west of the mouth of the Eel River, Humboldt County, California, and on the adjacent shelf area. The data from the surveys were utilized to discover if a "buried" canyon exists below the shelf sediments. Interpretation of the seismic records indicates that a buried canyon does extend shoreward from the present-day canyon. Furthermore, this buried canyon consists of two branches; one branch is oriented toward Arcata Bay in the north Humboldt Bay area and the other branch is oriented toward South Bay in the south Humboldt Bay area. End_of_Article - Last_Page 648------------
Supersonic jet epitaxy of single crystalline cubic SiC thin films on Si substrates from t-butyldimethylsilane

Abstract Cubic SiC thin films have been grown by supersonic jet epitaxy (SJE) using the single molecular precursor t-butyldimethylsilane (TBDMS), (CH3)3C–SiH(CH3)2. Single crystal cubic SiC thin films were grown on both carburized and uncarburized Si(100) at a temperature of 830°C. Highly oriented cubic SiC(111) thin films were obtained on carburized and uncarburized Si(111) substrates at 830°C. This growth temperature is much lower than conventional CVD growth temperatures. It is believed that this is the first report of SiC growth using t-butyldimethylsilane.
DEVICE FOR INDIRECT MEASUREMENT OF MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE

The measurement of blood pressure in the premature neonate presents many difficulties. A new device has been developed which allows the noninvasive determination of mean arterial pressure (MAP). The device uses an occluding cuff which may be placed on any of the extremities and chooses as MAP the lowest cuff pressure at which the oscillations in cuff pressure are maximum. The device was tested in a series of 36 studies involving eleven infants whose weights ranged from 3.3 Kg to 800 Gm. The studies were conducted by comparing the pressure measured using the indirect device, with that pressure measured from an umbilical artery catheter. Where possible, determinations were made on the forearm, bicep, calf, and thigh. Where this was not possible, only the thigh or the bicep was used. The mean error between the two methods was .86 mmHg and the average standard deviation waa 2.9 mmHg. Although the measurement of blood pressure in small infants remains more difficult than similar measurements in adults, it was found that with appropriate precautions, accurate results could be achieved over a wide range of pressures and physiological states.
Dentition of the ribbon seal

The dental formula of Histriophoca fasciata is: I 3/2, C 1/1, PC 5 (rarely 6) = 34 to 36. The teeth are rather weak, smooth and distantly spaced. The lower incisors are only half the size of the upper ones and are frequently lost. The lower canines point outward at an angle of 45° from the horizontal. In each half of the jaw, upper and lower No. 1 is the smallest of the postcanine series; Nos. 3 and 4 are the largest; Nos. 2 and 5 are nearly equal. On some skulls the gap between upper postcanines Nos. 4 and 5 is distinctly the widest. The upper postcanines may have a small posterior cusp; the lower ones frequently have both anterior and posterior cusps. In each half of the jaw, upper and lower postcanine No. 1 is single rooted; No. 5 is double rooted; Nos. 2, 3 and 4 are transitional. On one specimen, the third pair of upper postcanines is missing and all of the teeth are unusually small. This skull may be pathological or it may be evidence of the variation to be expected in a declining evolutionary form. Male and female are similar in body size and may reach a length of at least 170 cm. and a weight of at least 95 kg. Cranial measurements of five adult males, one adult female and one adult sex-unknown are given.
Designing Cognitive Complexity in Mathematical Problem-Solving Items:

Cognitive complexity level is important for measuring both aptitude and achievement in large-scale testing. Tests for standards-based assessment of mathematics, for example, often include cognitive complexity level in the test blueprint. However, little research exists on how mathematics items can be designed to vary in cognitive complexity level. In fact, determining the cognitive complexity level of items is usually based on correspondence to definitions rather than on empirically and theoretically justifiable variables that can predict item difficulty. In the current study, mathematical problem-solving items were designed for varying cognitive complexity levels based on a cognitive model of item processing. Structural variants of item models were designed to vary on two aspects of the cognitive model, the equation source and the number of subgoals. Participants were randomly assigned to test forms that contained different structural variants of the item models. Results from the linear logistic test mod...
Contact Line Structure and Dynamics on Surfaces with Contact Angle Hysteresis

We examine the wetting properties of surfaces coated by organic monolayers having varying degrees of chemical damage. Macroscopic contact angles and contact angle hysteresis energy serve as one characterization of the surfaces. Measurement of contact line structure to micron resolution over centimeter lengths serves as another characterization. We also examine the dynamics of jumps along the contact line in the different regions around a contact angle hysteresis loop. We investigate the scaling of pinning and elastic energies and the influence of gravity in dictating contact line roughness at various length scales. We measure an approximate power-law for contact line roughness versus length scale. Contrary to many models for weak heterogeneity and dilute pinning, we see no correlation between contact line roughness and contact angle hysteresis. However, the contact line roughness does correlate with the contact angle. These observations reconfirm the dense, strong pinning nature of our surfaces. Qualitati...
Surgical Management of Hypoplastic Right Ventricle with Pulmonary Atresia or Critical Pulmonary Stenosis and Intact Ventricular Septum

Our experience with the surgical management of hypoplastic right ventricle with intact ventricular septum includes 26 patients with pulmonary atresia and 4 with critical pulmonary stenosis. Group 1 consisted of 8 neonates managed initially by transventricular valvotomy; 6 later required a secondary procedure, with 100% survival. Group 2 had 11 neonates managed by aorta-pulmonary artery shunting without operative death. However, only 3 have survived over the long term and 1 has required an additional shunt procedure. Group 3 had 9 infants who underwent concomitant valvotomy and shunting. There were 4 operative deaths and 1 late death. Finally, Group 4 included 2 infants managed by primary repair at 3 days and 6 days old with prosthetic enlargement of the right ventricle; 1 required the addition of a shunt. Both are alive. Seven of the 15 patients in Groups 1, 2, and 3 who survived neonatal palliative procedures have undergone reparative operations. Two had no growth of the right ventricle and underwent repair after conversion to tricuspid atresia, by a Fontan procedure. Five had prosthetic enlargement of the right ventricle in childhood with 1 late death. Findings of this review were as follows: (1) effective palliation of pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum or critical pulmonary stenosis with cavitary hypoplasia of the right ventricle is rare unless transventricular flow can be established; (2) establishment of transventricular flow produces a high incidence of cavitary "growth," which permits later repair; (3) the Fontan operation is available for repair in patients who have no cavitary growth; and (4) when all three portions of the right ventricular cavity can be identified by angiography, a primary repair can be performed in the neonatal period with a good long-term prognosis.
Conformal image warping

Numerical and computer-graphic methods for conformal image mapping between two simply connected regions are described. The immediate motivation for this application is that the visual field is represented in the brain by mappings which are, at least approximately, conformal. Thus, to simulate the imaging properties of the human visual system (and perhaps other sensory systems), conformal image mapping is a necessary technique. For generating the conformal map, a method for analytic mappings and an implementation of the Symm algorithm for numerical conformal mapping are shown. The first method evaluates the inverse mapping function at each pixel of the range, with antialiasing by multiresolution texture prefiltering and bilinear interpolation. The second method is based on constructing a piecewise affine approximation of the mapping in the form of a joint triangulation, or triangulation map, in which only the nodes of the triangulation are conformally mapped. The texture is then mapped by a local affine transformation on each pixel of the range triangulation with the same antialiasing used in the first method. The algorithms are illustrated with examples of conformal mappings constructed analytically from elementary mappings, such as the linear fractional map, the complex algorithm, etc. Applications of numerically generated maps between highly irregular regions and an example of the visual field mapping that motivates this work are also shown. >
MRI-guided percutaneous cryoablation of renal tumors: use of external manual displacement of adjacent bowel loops.

Abstract Purpose We sought to investigate retrospectively the safety and effectiveness of using external hand compression to displace adjacent bowel loops during MRI-guided percutaneous cryoablation of renal tumors. Materials and methods Fourteen patients (six women, eight men; mean age: 72 years) with 15 renal tumors (mean diameter: 2.4 cm; range: 1.4–4.6 cm) adjacent to bowel were treated with MRI-guided percutaneous cryoablation during which bowel was displaced manually. Bowel loop of concern was ascending colon ( n = 5), descending colon ( n = 8), descending colon and small bowel ( n = 1), ascending colon and small bowel ( n = 1). To analyze effectiveness of the maneuver, mean distance between tumor margin and bowel before and after the maneuver were compared and analyzed using paired Student's t -test. Minimum distance between iceball edge and adjacent bowel with external manual displacement during freezing was also measured. Safety was assessed by analyzing post-procedural MR imaging for adjacent bowel wall thickening and focal fluid collections as well as patients’ clinical and imaging follow-up. Results Mean distance between tumor margin and closest adjacent bowel increased from 0.8 cm (range: 0–2 cm) before external manual compression to 2.6 cm (range: 1.6–4.1 cm) with manual displacement ( p Conclusion MRI-guided percutaneous cryoablation of renal tumors adjacent to bowel can be done safely and effectively using external hand compression to displace bowel loops.
Ploidy analysis by flow cytometry and fluorescence in situ hybridization in hydropic placentas and gestational trophoblastic disease

Abstract Placentas with hydropic change may be hydropic degeneration (HD) or gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), partial (PM) or complete (CM) hydatidiform mole. The separation of HD from PM and PM from CM by histological findings may be problematic in some cases and can be clarified with ploidy analysis. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using a probe to chromosome 7 (D7Z1) was applied to tissue cut from paraffin blocks from 10 histologically representative cases each of HD, PM, and CM on which ploidy had been previously confirmed by flow cytometry from paraffin embedded tissue. Villous stromal cells and nonproliferative trophoblast were examined for number of signals/cell and percentage of cells/ placenta with three hybridization signals. The mean number of hybridization signals/cell was HD 1.14; PM 1.79; and CM 1.17, with statistical significance between HD and PM ( P P P P
Porcine β1,4-Galactosyltransferase-I Sequence and Expression

Beta1,4-galactosyltransferase-I (B4GALT1), one of seven beta1,4-galactosyltransferases, is an enzyme commonly found in the trans-Golgi complex that adds galactose to oligosaccharides. In the three mammals studied to date, the B4GALT1 gene directs production of B4GALT1 protein using either of two transcription start sites. The product of the smaller transcript serves the traditional biosynthetic role in the Golgi. This form also complexes with alpha-lactalbumin, a mammary-specific protein, to form lactose synthase. In addition to a biosynthetic role, the protein translated from the longer transcript appears on the plasma membranes of some cells where it serves as a signalling receptor in cell-matrix interactions such as sperm-egg binding. The objective of this study was to sequence the protein-coding region of porcine B4GALT1 and examine the sequence for relationships to the bovine, human, murine and chicken B4GALT1 genes. The sequence for the 1203 base pair protein-coding region of porcine B4GALT1 was obtained. Analysis of the deduced protein sequences revealed that the transmembrane region displayed the highest identity between the four mammals. The catalytic domain was 84-88% identical between the porcine sequence and those of the bovine, human and mouse. The porcine protein had the lowest overall homology to the chicken amino acid sequence, 58% identity. Conservation of both transcription start sites in the porcine gene supports the existence of two isoforms. When compared to the other mammalian B4GALT1 genes, the porcine coding sequence contained a single threonine codon inserted into the region encoding the cytoplasmic domain. Two putative phosphorylation sites in the mouse cytoplasmic domain were conserved in the porcine sequence. Northern blots revealed a widely expressed 4.4 kb transcript that was more abundant in the mammary gland during lactation. These results are important for studies of the function of this unusual and important glycosyltransferase during glycoprotein biosynthesis, lactation and fertilization.
Central action of an inhibitor of brain dopa-decarboxylase, NSD-1015, on cyanamide-induced alcohol drinking in rats.

Abstract A cannula for repeated intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion was implanted stereotaxically in 16 male Sprague-Dawley rats. Subsequently, an alcohol preference test was given to each animal to establish its preferred concentration in the presence of water. After the alcohol solution was removed, 15 mg/kg cyanamide was injected subcutaneously for 4 days to maximize volitional intake of the single preferred solution of alcohol, which ranged from 7–15% in these animals. The L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor, NSD-1015 (3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine dihydrochloride) was then given ICV twice daily in a volume of 5.0 μl in the following doses: 0.005, 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 μg. NSD-1015 in all doses attenuated the g/kg alcohol intake of the rats; however, this decline was significant only at the lowest dose, which was pharmacologically specific, since neither food nor water intakes were altered by the treatment. Following the ICV infusions of NSD-1015, alcohol drinking returned essentially to postcyanamide levels. Further, during the interval of administration of NSD-1015, the cyanamide-induced decline in food consumption was reversed. These observations are in agreement with previous findings obtained under similar experimental conditions with the L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor, benserazide (Ro4-4602). They suggest that central decarboxylation or other effects of this drug on limbic system structures involved in the intake of alcohol could comprise a part of the mechanism underlying the induction of drinking. Further support is also provided for the involvement of brain dopamine and/or serotonin in the specific pattern of alcohol consumption in the rat.
Investigations of an olfactory attractant specific for males of the housefly, Musca domestica☆☆☆

Abstract An olfactory attractant specific for the males of Musca domestica L. was found associated with live virgin females, contaminated holding cylinders, and dead and mated females. Live males were also somewhat attractive. The attractant was soluble in methanol and slightly soluble in benzene. The degree of attraction was of a low order and resembled other reported sex pheromones of the housefly.