cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Track Segment Association for GMTI Tracks of Evasive Move-Stop-Move Maneuvering Targets

In a real tracking system, track breakages (TBs) can occur due to highly maneuvering targets, low detection probability, or clutter. In [27], a track segment association (TSA) approach was developed for an airborne early warning (AEW) system to improve track continuity by "stitching" broken track segments pertaining to the same target. However, this technique cannot provide satisfactory association performance in tracking with a ground moving target indicator (GMTI) radar ground moving targets employing evasive move-stop-move maneuvers. To avoid detection by a GMTI radar, targets can deliberately stop for some time before moving again. Since a GMTI radar does not detect a target when the radial velocity (along the line-of-sight from the sensor) falls below a certain minimum detectable velocity (MDV), the move-stop-move maneuvers of the targets usually lead to broken tracks as a result. We present a new TSA technique which employs a dummy track to formulate a complete association. By using an interacting multiple model (IMM) estimator with state-dependent mode transition probabilities (IMM-SDP) for track segment prediction (forward and backward), the proposed algorithm can effectively stitch both "regular" broken tracks and broken tracks due to targets' move-stop-move maneuvers. Comparisons are given to show the advantages of the proposed algorithm in broken tracks reduction and track continuity improvement.
Grooming in Norway Rats: the Development and Adult Expression of a Complex Motor Pattern

In two experiments detailed observations and quantitative analyses were made of the development and adult expression of grooming in laboratory rats. In the first experiment, 5 litters of rat pups were observed each day from 0-28 days of age, and grooming movements were recorded on paper. Forepaw wipes of the nose appeared by Day 3, followed by eye wipes (Day 6) and ear wipes (Day 8). These movements were integrated into normal-appearing head grooming on Day 11. The mouth was used to groom posterior portions of the body beginning on Day 14 with the belly, and continuing subsequently with hip (Day 15), back (Day 18), and the anogenital region and tail (Day 20). Thus, these aspects of grooming followed a general cephalocaudal progression. In contrast, the development of scratching of the head and body, which began on Day 6, did not follow a systematic order. In the second experiment, 5 adult male rats were observed in glass aquaria, which also served as their living compartments, and bouts of grooming were recorded on videotape for later analysis. Sequential and spatial characteristics of movements were determined by replaying the videotapes in slow motion, while temporal characteristics were determined by a frame-by-frarne analysis of the tapes. This experiment revealed a cephalocaudal progression of acts within bouts of grooming: grooming usually began with the paw-lick- nose-wipe sequence and progressed from there to eye wipes and ear wipes. Mouthing of the torso followed, usually beginning with more anterior portions and terminating with more posterior portions. Scratching with the hindpaws was unpredictably interpolated into the grooming sequence. The experiment also revealed that transitions between grooming different parts of the body were predictable from the spatial and temporal characteristics of the grooming. That is, the last stroke in chains of nose, eye, or ear wipes was reliably slower than previous strokes in the chain, and also tended to be incomplete. Thus, the order in which grooming of specific body areas emerges during early development follows an anterior-posterior progression, and this progression closely parallels the sequence in which body areas are groomed by adult rats. Furthermore, in adults these movements obey specific temporal and spatial rules which can be used to predict transitions of grooming from one body area to the next. This parallel between the ontogenetic and adult expressions of grooming may reflect, respectively, the maturation and activation of genotypically determined, functional units in the central nervous system. In addition, theories now being applied to the problem of transitions between different motive systems (e.g., eating and drinking), may be extended to account for transitions within a motive system (e.g., from grooming of one part of the body to the next).
Assessing changes in professional attitudes: Effects of continuing education

The pace of new developments and policies related to medical and allied health practice underscores the importance of efficient and effective continuing education. But the literature contains little in the way of research to document and assess the effectiveness of continuing education programs or to examine the complex process of professional change. The main purpose of the study was to assess the attitudinal change of professionals who attended a continuing education program on family-centered care. This program was developed by a national professional organization in response to federal legislation promoting major changes in the delivery of early intervention services. A description of the program and rationale for its development are presented. The evaluation was conducted in collaboration with a university-based personnel preparation institute. Demographic, work, and professional experience variables were included in the multivariate analysis along with participants' evaluation of the workshop and their assessment of family-centered attitudes before and after the continuing education program. Multiple regression first identified factors associated with professionals' preworkshop attitudes toward family-centered care. A second analysis examined their change in attitudes after the workshop. The final model explained 53 percent of the variance in postworkshop attitudes. The model included the following variables: preworkshop attitudes, location of the workshop, employer, workshop satisfaction, professional role, and pediatric experience.
Chapter 11 The arachidonic acid cascade and phospholipid and docosahexaenoic acid metabolism in the retina

2. Metabolism of Glycerolipids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 2.1. Biosynthesis of Glycerolipids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 2.2. The Synthesis of Long-Chain Fatty Acyl Coenzyme A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 2.3. Phospholipid Remodeling: Metabolism of Docosahexaenoyl Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 2.4. Supraenoic Retinal Phospholipids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 2.5. Catabolism of Glycerolipids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Factors influencing juvenile hormone esterase activity in the wax moth, Galleria mellonella

Abstract The effects of juvenile hormone, antiallatotropins, selected surgical procedures and starvation on the juvenile hormone esterase levels in Galleria larvae and pupae were investigated. JH reduced JH esterase activity in larvae but induced the enzyme in 1-day-old pupae. In vitro studies confirmed that the peak of synthesis and/or release of JH esterase from the fat body of last instar larvae occurred 4 days after ecdysis. These studies also showed that fat body from JH-treated larvae released much less enzyme than controls. Antiallatotropins, precocene 2 and ZR 2646 also reduced JH esterase levels in larvae, but ZR 2646 induced JH esterase in pupae. In starved larvae, JH esterase did not increase during the first five days. A minimum of 36 hr of feeding was necessary for the larval esterase activity to increase on schedule on day 4 of the last larval stadium. When day-l larvae were ligated behind the head or the prothorax, they had lower JH esterase levels and yet showed a slight increase in the enzyme when the larvae reached the age of 4 days. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the possible control of esterase activity during metamorphosis.
Ecological studies of economic red algae. IV. Variations of carrageenan concentration and properties in Chondrus crispus Stackhouse

Abstract The concentration, gel strength, viscosity, and ratio of kappa to lambda fractions of carrageenan in Chondrus crispus Stackhouse have been studied in relation to age, reproduction, habitat, and season of harvesting. No correlation was found between gel strength and viscosity, but gel strength and the ratio of the fractions showed a direct relationship. Plant age, reproduction, and exposure to wave action had no effect on the quantity or properties of carrageenan. Sublittoral populations of Chondrus had higher viscosities and carrageenan concentrations than littoral plants; gel strengths showed an opposite trend. The amount of carrageenan, gel strength, and the size of the kappa fractions were usually greater in plants of coastal rather than estuarine locations: in contrast, estuarine plants exhibited higher viscosities than coastal plants. Carrageenan concentration, gel strength, and viscosity were highest in late fall-early winter, while the lowest values were recorded during the spring-early summer.
Novel spirometry based on optical surface imaging

Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of using optical surface imaging (OSI) to measure the dynamic tidal volume (TV) of the human torso during free breathing. Methods: We performed experiments to measure volume or volume change in geometric and deformable phantoms as well as human subjects using OSI. To assess the accuracy of OSI in volume determination, we performed experiments using five geometric phantoms and two deformable body phantoms and compared the values with those derived from geometric calculations and computed tomography (CT) measurements, respectively. To apply this technique to human subjects, an institutional review board protocol was established and three healthy volunteers were studied. In the human experiment, a high-speed image capture mode of OSI was applied to acquire torso images at 4–5 frames per second, which was synchronized with conventional spirometric measurements at 5 Hz. An in-house matlab program was developed to interactively define the volume of interest (VOI), separate the thorax and abdomen, and automatically calculate the thoracic and abdominal volumes within the VOIs. The torso volume change (TV C = ΔV torso = ΔV thorax + ΔV abdomen) was automatically calculated using full-exhalation phase as the reference. The volumetric breathing pattern (BP v = ΔV thorax/ΔV torso) quantifying thoracic and abdominal volume variations was also calculated. Under quiet breathing, TVC should equal the tidal volume measured concurrently by a spirometer with a conversion factor (1.08) accounting for internal and external differences of temperature and moisture. Another matlab program was implemented to control the conventional spirometer that was used as the standard. Results: The volumes measured from the OSI imaging of geometric phantoms agreed with the calculated volumes with a discrepancy of 0.0% ± 1.6% (range −1.9% to 2.5%). In measurements from the deformable torso/thorax phantoms, the volume differences measured using OSI imaging and CT imaging were 1.2% ± 2.1% (range −0.5% to 3.6%), with a linear regression fitting (slope = 1.02 and R 2 = 0.999). In volunteers, the relative error in OSI tidal volume measurement was −2.2% ± 4.9% (range −9.2% to 4.8%) and a correlation of r = 0.98 was found with spirometric measurement. The breathing pattern values of the three volunteers were substantially different from each other (BP v = 0.15, 0.45, and 0.32). Conclusions: This study demonstrates the feasibility of using OSI to measure breathing tidal volumes and breathing patterns with adequate accuracy. This is the first time that dynamic breathing tidal volume as well as breathing patterns is measured using optical surface imaging. The OSI-observed movement of the entire torso could serve as a new respiratory surrogate in the treatment room during radiation therapy.
Expecting to heal through self-expression: a perceived control theory of writing and health

Abstract Writing improves physical and psychological health when done expressively, or in a way characterized by cognitive-emotional engagement (Pennebaker, 1997). While numerous theories attempt to explain the relationship between expressive writing and health, no singular mechanism emerges as conclusive or dominant. This theoretical dilemma is likely due to the paradigm's vast and thus self-fulfilling directions, which place a premium on the participant's biases and positive expectations (Langens & Schuler, 2007). Accordingly, the current review builds a theory of perceived control, which makes three propositions: (1) Perceived control promotes health; (2) Traumatic and stressful events lead to loss of perceived control and therefore decrements in health; and (3) Expressive writing restores perceptions of control, thereby improving health. Indeed, perceived control is associated with the very process of expressive writing and has extensive ties to both physical and psychological well-being. Unlike other...
Renner-Teller, spin-orbit and Fermi-resonance interactions in X 2Π NCS investigated by LIF spectroscopy

The electronic spectrum of the NCS radical is obtained following UV excimer-laser photolysis of C2H5NCS in a large excess of inert gas in a supersonic free jet expansion. The spectrum is complicated by the presence of Renner-Teller and spin-orbit coupling and a Fermi resonance between the doubly excited bending vibration and v 3, the CS stretching vibration. Bending vibronic level structure in the X 2Π ground state of the radical is determined from a variety of laser-induced-fluorescence techniques, including stimulated-emission pumping. These energy levels are used to determine vibronic-coupling parameters for the radical. Coupling between close-lying bending levels with different v 2 and K (= Λ + l) is found to be important because some of these levels are close together in NCS owing to the very large spin-orbit coupling. A parameter representing this effect is related to the dipolar contribution e1 to the Renner-Teller coupling parameter e by applying perturbation theory to a simple model involving the...
Pressure Dependent Vibrational Fermi Resonance in Liquid CH3OH and CH2Cl2

The vibrational Fermi resonance of two liquids, methanol (CH3OH) and dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), is investigated by measuring changes in the position and intensity of Fermi-coupled Raman bands as a function of pressure, in a diamond anvil cell. The Fermi resonance of interest occurs in the 2900 cm-1 spectral region, where coupling between the CH symmetric stretch fundamental and a CH bend overtone gives rise to two prominent bands. The methanol results reveal a pressure induced transition through exact resonance at 1.25 GPa, where the two coupled states decompose into a pair of fully mixed hybrid bands. In dichloromethane, on the other hand, the two coupled states are driven farther apart and become less mixed with increasing pressure. The Fermi resonance coupling coefficient, W, is found to be constant in each liquid up to pressures exceeding 1 GPa (W ≈ 52.6 and 22.3 cm-1 in CH3OH and CH2Cl2, respectively). The anharmonic shift of the CH bend is about 10 cm-1 in both liquids, determined by comparing the fr...
Galois theories and normal bases

Abstract Let R be a commutative ring with identity, and let S be an R-algebra. Let M denote the maximal ideal spectrum of R with the Zariski topology. In this paper we prove the theorem: If S is H-Galois for a finite, commutative or cocommutative, Hopf algebra H over R, and if M has a basis of open/closed sets, then S ≈ H as left H∗-modules. The theorem may be applied to a commutative ring S which is a Galois extension of R with Galois group G to obtain a normal basis for S over R not only when R is semilocal, which is already known, but also whenever R is von Neumann regular. We illustrate the generality of the theorem with an example concerning higher derivations on a commutative ring.
Quantification of Attackers Activities on Servers Running Web 2.0 Applications

The widespread use of Web applications, in conjunction with large number of vulnerabilities, makes them very attractive targets for malicious attackers. The increasing popularity of Web 2.0 applications, such as blogs, wikis, and social sites, makes Web servers even more attractive targets. In this paper we present empirical analysis of attackers activities based on data collected by two high-interaction honeypots which have typical three-tier architectures and include Web 2.0 applications. The contributions of our work include in-depth characterization of different types of malicious activities aimed at Web servers that deploy blog and wiki applications, as well as formal inferential statistical analysis of the malicious Web sessions.
The enthalpies of combustion and formation of oxazole and isoxazole

The enthalpies of combustion of oxazole and isoxazole, C3H3ON, were determined by precision oxygen-bomb combustion calorimetry. The following values, based on the mass of sample burned, are reported for the standard enthalpy of combustion ΔHco(298.15 K)/kcalth mol−1 of these compounds in the liquid state: oxazole, −(373.15 ± 0.12), isoxazole, −(394.70 ± 0.12). Enthalpies of formation in the condensed and in the gaseous state are derived.
Optimal safety goal allocation for nuclear power plants

Abstract This paper is on the development of a methodology for safety goal allocation given cost functions and Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) models. The safety goal allocation problem is formulated as a constrained nonlinear optimization problem. Based on the decomposition principle, the safety goal allocation problem is first reduced to a lower order optimization problem. Then, a set of optimization algorithms is used to solve the decomposed optimization problem. In order to introduce expert opinion, weighting factors are incorporated in the objective function. Computer software was developed to perform the optimization and sensitivity analysis. The proposed method is demonstrated by using an industrially developed PRA model.
Electrochemical Kinetics and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopic Investigations of Oxygen Reduction on Chalcogen-Modified Ruthenium Catalysts in Alkaline Media

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline media has been investigated on chalcogen-modified ruthenium nanoparticles (Ru/C, Se/Ru/C, Se/RuMo/C, S/Ru/C, S/RuMo/C) synthesized in-house via aqueous routes. In acidic medium, it is well known that modification by a chalcogen prevents the oxidation of the underlying transition-metal (Ru) surface, thereby promoting direct molecular O2 adsorption on the Ru metal. On an unmodified Ru catalyst in alkaline media, the surface oxides on Ru mediate the 2e– reduction of molecular O2 to a stable peroxide anion (HO2–) intermediate via an outer-sphere electron-transfer mechanism. This increases the activity of HO2– near the electrode surface and decreases the overpotential for ORR by effectively carrying out the reduction of HO2– to OH– at the oxide-free ruthenium metal site. An increase in ORR activity of Ru is observed by modification with a chalcogen; however, the increase is not as significant as observed in acidic media. Ternary additives, such as Mo, were found...
Heart valve surgery in the modern era: Towards zero operative mortality in the developing area

Objective: Despite modern technology, heart valve replacement still carries significant operative mortality, ranging from 2 to 10% in most cardiac centres. Methodology: From December 1999 to January 2003, more than 150 heart valve operations on mitral valve (MV)/aortic valve (AV) or double valve replacement (DVR) were performed at the cooperative heart institutes with no operative mortality (defined as either in-hospital or postoperative 30-day death). The present study analyses the data of the 109 patients among this group who were operated on by a single surgeon (the author). Results: There were 49 male and 60 female patients with an average age of 41.6 ± 1.2 years old (range: 7–69 years). All patients had a certain degree of heart failure and most had cardiothoracic ratio increased, with the largest being 99%. The operations performed were: MV replacement (41); AV replacement (21; five patients had concomitant repair of rupture of the aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva); double valve replacement/intervention (46); MV repair ± annuloplasty ring (3); concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting (5) and tricuspid valve annuloplasty (2). There were no operative deaths. The prostheses used were: St. Jude (86); Sorin (10); Monostrut (24) and China Langzhou (29). One patient died of bleeding and infectious complications 5 months after the operation. Conclusions: We conclude that in the modern era, valve replacement can have superior results even in a developing area. The commonly used prostheses have similar results. Particular attention should be paid to proper preoperative preparation, operative details, and postoperative care.
The Regulation of Proresolving Lipid Mediator Profiles in Baboon Pneumonia by Inhaled Carbon Monoxide

Strategies for the treatment of bacterial pneumonia beyond traditional antimicrobial therapy have been limited. The recently discovered novel genus of lipid mediators, coined “specialized proresolving mediators” (SPMs), which orchestrate clearance of recruited leukocytes and restore epithelial barrier integrity, have offered new insight into the resolution of inflammation. We performed lipid mediator (LM) metabololipidomic profiling and identification of LMs on peripheral blood leukocytes and plasma from a baboon model of Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia. Leukocytes and plasma were isolated from whole blood of S. pneumoniae–infected (n = 5–6 per time point) and control, uninfected baboons (n = 4 per time point) at 0, 24, 48, and 168 hours. In a subset of baboons with pneumonia (n = 3), we administered inhaled carbon monoxide (CO) at 48 hours (200–300 ppm for 60–90 min). Unstimulated leukocytes from control animals produced a proresolving LM signature with elevated resolvins and lipoxins. In contrast, se...
Use of 3-D freehand endorectal ultrasound system with appropriate rectal phantom

Rectal cancer is a growing problem, and more accurate diagnostic and treatment procedures are needed to improve patient care. The initial study reporting the accuracy of an optically tracked endorectal ultrasound (TERUS) probe using an appropriately designed rectal phantom, for the purpose of improving the care of rectal cancer, is presented here. This work describes the need for a more accurate ERUS system and why the incorporation of image guidance makes this goal feasible. We present the methods of constructing an appropriate rectal phantom and the results of accuracy testing of the TERUS system with the phantom. This study presents a very promising outcome because the required tumor margins for rectal cancer are on the order of centimeters and the proven accuracy is on the order of millimeters.
Burstiness as traffic metric in next-generation optical core networks

Next-generation all-optical packet-switched core networks use very small packet buffers. We argue that it is essential to focus on burstiness rather than bandwidth when conditioning traffic for effective network operation.
Expression of functional traits during seedling establishment in two populations of Pinus ponderosa from contrasting climates

First-year tree seedlings represent a particularly vulnerable life stage and successful seedling establishment is crucial for forest regeneration. We investigated the extent to which Pinus ponderosa P. & C. Lawson populations from different climate zones exhibit differential expression of functional traits that may facilitate their establishment. Seeds from two populations from sites with contrasting precipitation and temperature regimes east (PIPO dry) and west (PIPO mesic) of the Oregon Cascade mountains were sown in a common garden experiment and grown under two water availability treatments (control and drought). Aboveground biomass accumulation, vegetative phenology, xylem anatomy, plant hydraulic architecture, foliar stable carbon isotope ratios (δ(13)C), gas exchange and leaf water relations characteristics were measured. No treatment or population-related differences in leaf water potential were detected. At the end of the first growing season, aboveground biomass was 74 and 44% greater in PIPO mesic in the control and drought treatments, respectively. By early October, 73% of PIPO dry seedlings had formed dormant buds compared with only 15% of PIPO mesic seedlings. Stem theoretical specific conductivity, calculated from tracheid dimensions and packing density, declined from June through September and was nearly twice as high in PIPO mesic during most of the growing season, consistent with measured values of specific conductivity. Intrinsic water-use efficiency based on δ(13)C values was higher in PIPO dry seedlings for both treatments across all sampling dates. There was a negative relationship between values of δ(13)C and leaf-specific hydraulic conductivity across populations and treatments, consistent with greater stomatal constraints on gas exchange with declining seedling hydraulic capacity. Integrated growing season assimilation and stomatal conductance estimated from foliar δ(13)C values and photosynthetic CO2-response curves were 6 and 28% lower, respectively, in PIPO dry seedlings. Leaf water potential at the turgor loss point was 0.33 MPa more negative in PIPO dry, independent of treatment. Overall, PIPO dry seedlings exhibited more conservative behavior, suggesting reduced growth is traded off for increased resistance to drought and extreme temperatures.
H2O subduction beyond arcs

[1] The amount of H2O subducted to postarc depths dictates such disparate factors as the generation of arc and back-arc magmas, the rheology of the mantle wedge and slab, and the global circulation of H2O. Perple_X was used to calculate phase diagrams and rock physical properties for pressures of 0.5–4.0 GPa and temperatures of 300–900°C for a range of bulk compositions appropriate to subduction zones. These data were merged with global subduction zone rock fluxes to generate a model for global H2O flux to postarc depths. For metasomatized igneous rocks, subducted H2O scales with bulk rock K2O in hot slabs. Metasomatized ultramafic rocks behave similarly in cold slabs, but in hot slabs carry no H2O to magma generation depths because they lack K2O. Chert and carbonate are responsible for minimal H2O subduction, whereas clay-rich and terrigenous sediments stabilize several hydrous phases at low temperature, resulting in significant postarc slab H2O flux in cold and hot slabs. Continental crust also subducts much H2O in cold slabs because of the stability of lawsonite and phengite; in hot slabs it is phengite that carries the bulk of this H2O to postarc depth. All told, the postarc flux of H2O in cold slabs is dominated by terrigenous sediment and the igneous lower crust and mantle and is proportional to bulk rock H2O. In contrast, in hot slabs the major contributors of postarc slab H2O are metasomatized volcanic rocks and subducted continental crust, with the amount of postarc slab H2O scaling with K2O. The Andes and Java-Sumatra-Andaman slabs are the principal suppliers of pelagic and terrigenous sediment hosted H2O to postarc depths, respectively. The Chile and Solomon arcs contribute the greatest H2O flux from subducted continental and oceanic forearc, respectively. The Andean arc has the greatest H2O flux provided through subduction of hydrated ocean crust and mantle. No correlation was observed between postarc slab H2O flux and slab seismicity.
Adoptive Family “Leap-Frogging” Patterns

ABSTRACT This article examines a developmental change pattern that considers dimensions of time and social comparison called “leap-frogging” that was discovered to occur within the rapid transition to parenthood among some adoptive families. Leap-frogging occurs where infertile couples feel left or lagging behind their social counterparts, but abruptly, rather than gradually, transition to become adoptive parents upon adoptive placement thus leaving the newly adoptive parents feeling “caught up” with others in their social network. This rapid transition to parenthood for adoptive parents causes some adoptive families to experience unique transitional events in terms of temporal and social processes in the adoptive family life-cycle. Rather than being an exhaustive review of the transition to adoptive parenthood, this article provides a brief report of the leap-frogging developmental change pattern within this transition.
Generative naming in normal aging: Total output and qualitative changes using phonemic and semantic constraints

Abstract Verbal fluency tasks are commonly used in the assessment of dementia, although less is known about fluency characteristics in normal aging individuals. Category and letter fluency tasks were administered to four groups of healthy subjects who ranged in age from 50 to 90 years (N = 174). Despite similar educational and vocabulary levels, significant group differences were found on the majority of category fluency tasks, but not in letter fluency. Qualitative analysis revealed that perseveration and intrusion errors were rare and not associated with age. In contrast, analysis of the hierarchical structure of one category fluency task demonstrated age-related differences. Older subjects produced fewer exemplars per subcategory, and generated more category names in relation to specific exemplars. Gender effects were minimal across tasks. Category fluency appears to be disproportionately reduced compared with letter fluency in normal aging, which would be consistent with some degradation of semantic m...
Dreams of Natural Streams

Human influences have fundamentally changed river morphologies in temperate regions around the world.
Personality and language characteristics in parents from multiple‐incidence autism families

Several studies have suggested that the genetic liability for autism may be expressed in non-autistic relatives of autistic probands, in behavioral characteristics that are milder but qualitatively similar to the defining features of autism. We employ a variety of direct assessment approaches to examine both personality and language in parents ascertained through having two autistic children (multiple-incidence autism parents) and parents of Down syndrome probands. Multiple-incidence autism parents had higher rates of particular personality characteristics (rigidity, aloofness, hypersensitivity to criticism, and anxiousness), speech and pragmatic language deficits, and more limited friendships than parents in the comparison group. The implications of these findings for future genetic studies of autism are discussed.
Left Lateralized Enhancement of Orofacial Somatosensory Processing Due to Speech Sounds

Purpose Somatosensory information associated with speech articulatory movements affects the perception of speech sounds and vice versa, suggesting an intimate linkage between speech production and ...
Children from ethnic minorities have benefited equally as other children from contemporary therapy for rhabdomyosarcoma: A report from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group

PURPOSE: To define the clinical characteristics of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) occurring in children from ethnic minorities and determine whether these children have benefited equally from advances in therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort analysis of children treated on the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group protocols between 1984 and 1997. The clinical features and outcomes of 336 African-American children and 286 children from other ethnic minorities were compared with those of white children (n = 1,721). RESULTS: African-American, other ethnic group, and white children enjoyed similar 5-year failure-free survivals (FFS) of 61%, 61%, and 66%, respectively, P = .15. Compared with white children, nonwhite patients more often had (1) invasive, T2 tumors (P = .03); (2) stage 2 or 3 tumors (P = .003); (3) large tumors (more than 5 cm, P < .006); and/or (4) tumors with positive regional nodes (ie, N1, P = .002). Using Cox proportional hazards analysis, seven patient risk categories we...
Adult ADHD and comorbid depressive disorders: diagnostic challenges and treatment options.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are separately common mental health conditions that can have an adverse effect on a patient's quality of life if left untreated. These disorders frequently cooccur with one another, which can lead to increased patient suffering and diagnostic challenges for the treating clinician. In the United States adult population, epidemiological data show that the prevalence rate for MDD is 6.7%, while the ADHD prevalence rate in US adults is 4.4%. This epidemiological data represents the general population and likely underestimates the prevalence rates in clinic or practice patients. Examining the concurrent comorbid rate, if a patient has MDD, the likelihood of that patient also having ADHD is 18.6%; if the patient has ADHD, the likelihood of that patient having comorbid MDD is 9.4%. If the patient has dysthymia, the comorbid rate of ADHD is 12.8%, while those adults with ADHD have a comorbid rate of dysthymia of 22.6% (Slide 1).The diagnostic distinction between ADHD and MDD is a critical aspect of clinical evaluation that often presents challenges and confusion to the treating clinician (Slide 2). There are several factors that clinicians should consider in order to best distinguish these disorders, and ensure an accurate diagnosis—age of symptom onset, presenting symptoms, and family history of either disorder.Typically, ADHD presents first in children, whereas most mood disorders, specifically MDD, have their index case onset in adolescence. Although MDD and dysthymia is reported in childhood, the peak incidence occurs during the adolescent years. Thus, the age of onset becomes one diagnostic factor that can assist in distinguishing these two conditions.
Intraepidermal cytokeratin 7 immunoreactive cells in the non-neoplastic nipple may represent interepithelial extension of lactiferous duct cells.

Intraepidermal cytokeratin 7 immunoreactive cells in the non-neoplastic nipple may represent interepithelial extension of lactiferous duct cells Aims: The interpretation of cytokeratin 7 (CK7)-positive cells in the epidermis of the nipple has been controversial. These cells have been described in Paget's disease of the nipple, and they have also been cited as benign `Toker' cells or as Merkel cells. Having observed CK7+ cells in histologically unremarkable nipple biopsies, we sought to assess the distribution of CK7+ cells in Paget's disease of the nipple and in histologically unremarkable nipple. Methods and results: Representative sections from 37 cases of Paget's disease of the nipple and 32 cases of histologically unremarkable nipple were obtained. The histologically unremarkable nipple sections were taken from prophylactic mastectomies (n=17) and from autopsies of patients who did not have breast cancer (n=15). CK7 immunostaining was performed on sections from formalin-fixed paraffin blocks. Sequential sections were immunostained with antibodies to low-molecular weight cytokeratin-CAM 5.2 and HER-2/neu. CK7+ cells were present in the epidermis around the opening of the lactiferous ducts in Paget's disease (95%) and in histologically unremarkable nipple (45%) cases. CK7+ cells diminished in number with increasing distance from the orifice of the lactiferous ducts. The lactiferous duct epithelium in Paget's disease and in histologically unremarkable nipple was CK7+ in all specimens when this element was present. CAM5.2 immunostaining had a similar but weaker pattern of reactivity. HER-2/neu reactivity was seen in 68% cases of Paget's disease and was negative in all cases of histologically unremarkable nipple. Tumour cells in two cases of Paget's disease were CK7−. In one of these, the underlying breast carcinoma was also CK7−, the only CK7− tumour in this series. In the other case, the normal lactiferous duct was CK7+ and no underlying carcinomatous tissue was available to study. Conclusions: The presence of CK7+ cells does not equate to Paget's disease of the nipple. Intraepidermal CK7+ cells in the non-neoplastic nipple can be a manifestation of interepithelial extension of benign lactiferous duct cells. The increased presence of CK7+ cells in Paget's disease probably results either from neoplastic transformation of native intraepithelial lactiferous duct cells or form direct extension/migration of neoplastic cells into the nipple. The distribution of CK7 immunoreactive cells in the nipple epidermis can be helpful in the diagnosis of Paget's disease of the nipple.
Implications of exergaming for the physical education curriculum in the 21st century

Abstract Exergaming provides an initial situationally interesting environment in physical education (PE) that serves to motivate novice players to engage in PE or physical activity. Current research suggests, however, that as students persist in this activity their situational interest decreases as their ability to exercise consistently at moderate intensity levels increases. In this article I will briefly review the literature citing benefits of exergaming and the role of exergaming in contemporary PE curricula before turning to the question of the place of exergaming in a learning-oriented approach to PE. I will suggest that exergaming, when taught within a situated learning framework, can contribute to student understanding of the effects of exercise on their bodies and may produce meaningful lessons to assist students to create, monitor, and adapt a fitness plan to participate in life long exercise using a variety of physical activities.
The Mitochondrial Carrier Family of Transport Proteins: Structural, Functional, and Evolutionary Relationships

AbstractEnergy transduction in mitochondria requires the transport of many specific metabolites across the inner membrane of this eukaryotic organelle. We have screened the protein sequence database for proteins homologous to the mitochondrial ATP/ADP exchange carrier, and the homologous proteins found were similarly screened to ensure that all currently sequenced members of the mitochondrial carrier family (MCF) had been identified. Thirty-seven proteins were identified, 28 of which were less than 90% identical to any other sequenced member of the MCF, and the latter proteins fell into 10 clusters or subfamilies as follows: (1) ATP/ADP exchangers of mammals, plants, algae, yeast, and fungi (11 members); (2) a bovine oxoglutarate/malate exchanger (one member); (3) mammalian uncoupling carriers (five members); (4) yeast and mammalian phosphate carriers (three members); (5) MRS proteins that suppress mitochondrial splicing defects in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (two members); (6) a putative peroxysomal carrier...
Description of the First Case of Adenomyomatosis of the Gallbladder in an Infant

We report here the case of the youngest patient with adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder in a female infant diagnosed at 4 months of age. This diagnosis was made based on characteristic ultrasonography findings in a patient that was undergoing routine surveillance for a suspected clinical diagnosis of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. The patient remains asymptomatic and currently no surgical interventions have been needed. We review the pathophysiology and ultrasonographic findings of this rare condition and present a comparison with the only other four pediatric cases of adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder.
Ichnofossils and Ichnofabrics in Syngenetic Phosphatic Concretions in Siliciclastic Shelf Deposits, Ripley Formation, Cretaceous, Alabama

Abstract Studies of phosphatic concretions and associated marine-shelf sediments in the Upper Cretaceous Ripley Formation, central Alabama, demonstrate the positive impacts that early diagenetic mineralization may have on ichnofossil preservation. Distinct ichnofossils are poorly expressed in highly bioturbated, calcareous, organic-rich muds owing to lack of three-dimensional expression, limited contrast between biogenic structures and ambient sediments, and compactional deformation. In contrast, phosphate concretions that formed at shallow sediment depths during early diagenesis exhibit a Cruziana ichnofacies assemblage. This assemblage indicates both (1) incidental preservation, whereby large burrows served as concretion nuclei, and (2) collateral preservation, whereby biogenic structures were incorporated within or on exteriors of concretions as diagenetic fronts migrated outward from body-fossil and other nuclei into surrounding sediments. Although most Ripley Formation ichnofossils were emplaced prio...
A Bilingual Analysis of Cohesion in a Corpus of Leader Speeches.

We study in this paper the cohesion of a leader's speeches over time. This is part of a larger project that aims at investigating the language of leaders and how their language changes over their stay in power. Here, we analyze the speeches of a leader who stayed in power for a long period of time, i.e. more than 30 years. We measure cohesion of speeches in the original language, which is Arabic in our case, as well as in English, based on human translations of the original speeches. The cohesion is measured in two different ways: using word overlap and Latent Semantic Analysis. Because of the morphological complexity of Arabic, the word overlap measure of cohesion becomes challenging in Arabic. Latent Semantic Analysis, which is totally unsupervised, is applied similarly for Arabic and English. The results show that cohesion has a general down trend over time and that during and after major crises the leader's speeches exhibit an increas in cohesion which can be explained as an attempt on leader's behalf to make his policies more clear, most likely as a form of post-crisis management.
Controlling Passion: Adultery and the Provocation Defense

Adulterous wives, especially those caught in the act, are classically provoking. Conventional wisdom explains that the ordinary, reasonable, otherwise law-abiding person cannot be expected to control himself when faced with an actively faithless spouse - or at least, control becomes so hard to maintain that a defendant who kills under those circumstances may be partially excused. But the conventional wisdom is wrong: most people can control themselves under such circumstances. Instead, provocation is properly grounded in justification, and should be permitted only to those defendants who were legally entitled to use some amount of force when they killed.
Abstract B61: Evaluation of the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D and vitamin D awareness in African Americans living in a metropolitan southern community

Background: The health benefits associated with maintaining adequate circulating levels of vitamin D are well known. More recently, data have emerged supporting an inverse association between vitamin D levels and risk of several human cancers. Related to this, African Americans (AAs) are at increased risk of hypovitaminosis D due to elevated levels of melanin in the skin that reduce the conversion of cholesterol to vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). Herein, we simultaneously assess levels of awareness regarding the health benefits of vitamin D and the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in a metropolitan African American community. Methods: From January 2012 through August 2013, we partnered with African American churches and community organizations in the metropolitan Jacksonville, FL area to provide nine education programs focused on vitamin D and the evidence linking poor vitamin D levels with increased risk of chronic disease, including cancer. Participants were offered free vitamin D testing to estimate the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency ( Results: Out of 305 attendees, 285 agreed to provide blood samples for vitamin D screening. Of these, 262 (92%) self-identified as African American (75% female, 25% male). The median age of the AA participants was 59 years. Laboratory testing for 25(OH) vit D revealed 43% of the AA participants had normal levels of vitamin D (>25 ng/mL), 35% had insufficient levels (15-24 ng/mL) and 22% had deficient levels ( Conclusions: We report a high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in a large AA community in Jacksonville, FL. Moreover, we report that despite this high prevalence, awareness of the health benefits of vitamin D are high, yet regular vitamin D testing levels appear to be very low. These data provide the foundation for developing targeted interventions to raise vitamin D levels in this community. Citation Format: Alexander Parker, Monica Albertie, Nancy Diehl, Matthew Drake. Evaluation of the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D and vitamin D awareness in African Americans living in a metropolitan southern community. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Sixth AACR Conference: The Science of Cancer Health Disparities; Dec 6–9, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B61. doi:10.1158/1538-7755.DISP13-B61
Spectral decomposition of the ghost propagator and a necessary condition for confinement

In this article we present exact calculations that substantiate a clear picture relating the confining force of QCD to the zero-modes of the Faddeev-Popov (FP) operator $\mathcal{M}(gA)=\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\partial}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}D(gA)$. This is done in two steps. First we calculate the spectral decomposition of the FP operator and show that the ghost propagator $\mathcal{G}(k;gA)=⟨\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{k}|{\mathcal{M}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}(gA)|\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{k}⟩$ in an external gauge potential $A$ is enhanced at low $k$ in Fourier space for configurations $A$ on the Gribov horizon. This results from the new formula in the low-$k$ regime ${\mathcal{G}}^{ab}(k,gA)={\ensuremath{\delta}}^{ab}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{|\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{k}|}^{\ensuremath{-}1}(gA)$, where ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{|\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{k}|}(gA)$ is the eigenvalue of the FP operator that emerges from ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{|\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{k}|}(0)={\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{k}}^{2}$ at $A=0$. Next we derive a strict inequality signaling the divergence of the color-Coulomb potential at low momentum $k$ namely, $\stackrel{\texttildelow{}}{\mathcal{V}}(k)\ensuremath{\ge}{k}^{2}{\mathcal{G}}^{2}(k)$ for $k\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$, where $\stackrel{\texttildelow{}}{\mathcal{V}}(k)$ is the Fourier transform of the color-Coulomb potential $\mathcal{V}(r)$ and $\mathcal{G}(k)$ is the ghost propagator in momentum space. Although the color-Coulomb potential is a gauge-dependent quantity, we recall that it is bounded below by the gauge-invariant Wilson potential, and thus its long range provides a necessary condition for confinement. The first result holds in the Landau and Coulomb gauges, whereas the second holds in the Coulomb gauge only.
Phenethylbiguanide and Triglyceride Synthesis.

SummaryThe effect of PEBG on triglyceride synthesis has been studied in vitro. In intact tissue PEBG interferes with the conversion of diglyceride to triglyceride. In homogenates, PEBG increases the incorporation of labeled fatty acid into triglyceride. It thus differs from insulin in its effect on triglyceride synthesis. An explanation for this is presented.
Glucose-binding property of pegylated concanavalin A.

Purpose. Concanavalin A (Con A) has been used in the development of sol-gel phase-reversible hydrogels for modulated insulin delivery. The usefulness of Con A has suffered from its poor aqueous solubility and stability. The goal of this study was to modify Con A with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and examine the water solubility and stability of the PEGylated Con A.