cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The genetic variability of third chromosomes in a local population of Drosophila melanogaster.

Five hundred and two third chromosomes were extracted from a large cage population of Drosophila melanogaster initiated two months after collection of the progenitors near Raleigh, North Carolina in 1970.—Salivary gland chromosomes of 489 chromosome lines were examined and 54 chromosomes were found to carry inversions. The inversions were classified into three polymorphic types [ In(3L)P, In(3R)P , and In(3R)C ] and two unique types. The polymorphic inversions were found in frequencies of 0.012, 0.088, and 0.010, respectively.—Viabilities of homozygotes and heterozygotes were examined. Chromosomes with lethals occurred with a frequency of 0.495: 0.537 in the group of inversion-carrying chromosomes and 0.490 in the group of inversion-free chromosomes. The average homozygote viability computed on the basis of an average heterozygote viability of 1.0000 was 0.3235 if lethal lines were included and 0.6290 if they were excluded. The detrimental load to lethal load ratio ( D : L ratio) was 0.70 (=0.4636-0.6650). The average viability of lethal heterozygotes was significantly larger than that of lethal-free heterozygotes. It appears, however, that lethal genes in heterozygotes have deleterious effects on fitness as a whole.—The average degree of dominance for viability polygenes was estimated to be about 0.3-0.4 in lethal-free individuals and nearly zero in lethal heterozygotes. Overdominance or some form of balancing selection was suggested at some loci. The difference between the values obtained for average degree of dominance due to genetic backgrounds and superior vibaility of lethal heterozygotes (but not fitness as a whole) suggests that some epistasis or coadaptation occurs.—The results described above are similar to those obtained for the second chromosomes (Mukai and Yamaguchi 1974).
Some Factors Affecting Survival in Systemic Blastomycosis

Based on the follow-up of almost 200 cases of North American blastomycosis in the state of Kentucky, some extremely interesting generalizations can be made about the seriousness of this disease. 1. In the group as a whole at the end of five years after diagnosis, one-fifth of the patients had died of blastomycosis and an additional 11 per cent had died of other causes. It is quite clear, therefore, that this disease is a serious disease and that the mortality figures formed in follow-up are comparable with those observed with systemic histoplasmosis. 5 2. Although tuberculosis was present in only 13 per cent of the cases, it markedly worsens the prognosis for both death and progression, the rates being twice those of persons who do not have both diseases. 3. It is apparent from analysis of the figures that the factors of age, type of disease, type of therapy and amount of therapy have a great deal of influence on the outcome. 4. When the disease involves only the skin, there does appear to be a better prognosis than when it involves the skin with other organs or does not involve the skin. While this may be an artifact created by the fact that many mild cases show skin involvement only, it does seem to be fairly clear in comparing the three groups that those with skin involvement only had a better prognosis than the other types. 5. Age exerted a marked influence on the mortality from the disease since only 3 per cent of the youngest group died within five years after diagnosis whereas 27 per cent of the 40-49 year group had succumbed compared to 50 per cent of the oldest age group. 6. The type of treatment did not seem to have as marked an effect as either of the other two factors, but this was extremely difficult to evaluate because it would appear that the more severe cases were moved up from no treatment to iodides to stilbamidine to amphotericin. Thus, the more severe cases would receive the more elaborate treatments. For this reason, when the gross figures are compared as in Figure 7 it is seen that the overall deaths following treatment with stilbamidine or amphotericin are relatively high (35 and 25 per cent) in comparison to 20 per cent for iodides and 33 per cent for other and no treatment. Thus, the general position of other treatment and no treatment and iodides is relatively enhanced in this group since only the mildest cases would receive no treatment. 7. It is clear that the results of treatment with amphotericin B are closely related to the amount of amphotericin given and that less than 1 gram is ineffective. The results are quite satisfactory with dosages over 1 gram and even a little better with dosages of 2 grams or more.
The Effectiveness of Three Kindergarten Predictors For First-Grade Achievement

To aid in the early identification of potential learning disabled children, a multiple regression with analysis of covariance was used to determine which predictors (a reading readiness test, a reading achievement test, and a kindergarten teacher rating scale), scored on 87 subjects, correlated maximally with first-grade achievement as measured by the Gates-Mac-Ginitie Reading Test. All three of the independent predictor variables were statistically significant (p<.01) for the criterion. Analysis of covariance showed that the teacher rating scale and the reading readiness test were uniquely significant (p<.01) in predicting first-grade vocabulary achievement. The teacher rating scale was uniquely significant (p<.02) in predicting first-grade comprehension achievement. The teacher rating scale would be a more efficient predictive measure as it takes much less time to administer, and guides the teacher to consider a child's learning processes, as well as his performance.
High Temperature Fuel Cells for Efficient Conversion of Fossil Fuel Energy

The amount of the world’s energy supply from renewable sources is increasing rapidly but still constitutes only a small proportion of the total supply. Most of our energy is derived from fossil fuels, so improving the efficiency of the conversion of fossil fuels is critical and can be achieved with electrochemical devices. In particular, high-temperature fuel cells, such as molten carbonate and solid oxide fuel cells, have the fuel flexibility needed to allow for the electrochemical conversion of fossil fuels. This fuel flexibility is a result of high operating temperatures, which also create challenges in the development of materials used in the devices. In this paper, the opportunities for using high-temperature fuel cells as part of a sustainable energy strategy and the materials challenges that need to be overcome to take advantage of these opportunities are discussed
A Rationale for Government Lending to Entrepreneurial Start-Ups

In this chapter, we discuss government (or government-sponsored) lending to entrepreneurial start-ups. The rationale for financial aid from the government follows from binding wealth constraints of entrepreneurs who try to establish their own companies. Because entrepreneurs can hide cash flows and thus cannot credibly commit to paying out more cash than is needed to keep the outsider invested in the firm, entrepreneurs might face a binding financing constraint. If the constraint is binding for projects with a positive net present value, there is underinvestment—a market failure. The government can correct this market failure by offering entrepreneurs renegotiation-proof debt contracts.
Thought and Action in Foreign Policy

The papers assembled here constitute, and to some extent represent, widely disparate views of foreign policy thinking and decision-making. As is the case with almost any collective enterprise, it is possible to suggest some noteworthy resemblances among the contributions to this volume and to indicate grounds for distinguishing them from other “approaches.” Indeed it was a belief in the distinctiveness of the work of the contributors, all of whom were invited to participate in the MSSB Conference on Cognitive Process Models of Foreign Policy Decision-Making, that stimulated the papers in the first place. In this case, what the contributors share exists at a fairly high level of abstraction. The overlap is worth denoting, but rather than straining credibility by erecting unimpeachable boundaries between this set of analysis and those of other foreign policy analysts, we shall rather suggest a way of conceptualizing problems in the analysis of foreign policy decision-making that may help the reader analyze the work in this volume as well as research that appears elsewhere.
Application of a Temperature-Programmed Desorption Technique to Catalyst Studies

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the application of a temperature-programmed desorption method to obtain information on the active centers of catalysts. In principle, this method is similar to the flash-filament desorption method. However, modifications have been made to make the construction and operation of the apparatus easier and to adapt it to studies of materials other than metals—oxide catalysts. An additional important feature of the modified technique is that it permits simultaneous study of a chemisorption process and the surface reaction that accompanies it. The temperature-programmed desorption technique consists of the several steps: (1) catalyst pretreatment, (2) preadsorption of the adsorbate, (3) evacuation after preadsorption to remove the physically adsorbed gas, (4) programmed desorption of the residual chemisorbed gas into the stream of a carrier gas, (5) detection of the desorbed gas in the carrier, and (6) trapping and analysis of the desorbed gas to establish its identity.
Field Solutions for Shear Grids

A double-layered grid in the form of a two-dimensional Vierendeel truss with stiff vertical members is analyzed for the case where member shortening effects are negligible. Field solutions are obtained in the form of double finite Fourier series which exactly satisfy the governing partial difference equations and boundary conditions for: (1) Foundation grids on spring supports; (2) building grids on four rigid supports; and (3) bridge grids with stiffened edges, each of which is free of forces on the exterior boundary. Each formula is numerically illustrated including a tabular presentation of six displacement fields for specific cases. The results comprise an extension of structural lattice theory to permit a closed analysis of the free edge case.
Effect of alkali elements on the axial distribution of line intensity in plasma of high voltage spark

The effects of alkali elements on the axial distribution of the line intensity in plasma of high voltage spark were investigated, and the role of caesium to achieve optimum sensitivity and good precision in the spark excitation-spectrometric analysis-of rare earth oxides incorporating a rotating electrode was explained. Addition of caesium to the discharge column affected the axial distribution of the intensity of the atomic and ionic lines in the discharge gap and caused an increase of the line intensity in the central region of the discharge gap. These phenomena are interpreted by the ionization pinch effect and variation in the ionization degree. The limits of detection for rare earths and diverse other elements in rare earth oxides were improved by the addition of caesium into the sample solution. Thus, microquantities of the elements within limits of detection from 1 to 25 ppm in neodymium oxide and europium oxide can be determined. The coefficients of variation are less than 13%.
Separation of globin chains by rapid cellulose acetate electrophoresis.

A simple, rapid technic for cellulose acetate electrophoresis of hemoglobin globin chains is presented. Preparation of the support media and sample application takes only a few minutes. Electrophoresis time is 15 min. at room temperature. The separation of the globin chains compares favorably with the starch gel method.
Terahertz Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Using an MEMS Cantilever Sensor

In this paper, a microelectromechanical systems cantilever sensor was designed, modeled, and fabricated to measure the photoacoustic (PA) response of gases under very low vacuum conditions. The micromachined devices were fabricated using silicon-on-insulator wafers and then tested in a custom-built, miniature, vacuum chamber during this first-ever demonstration. Terahertz radiation was amplitude modulated to excite the gas under test and perform PA molecular spectroscopy. Experimental data show a predominantly linear response that directly correlates measured cantilever deflection to PA signals. Excellent low pressure (i.e., 2-40 mTorr) methyl cyanide PA spectral data were collected resulting in a system sensitivity of 1.97 × 10 -5 cm -1 and a normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient of 1.39 × 10 -9 cm -1 W Hz -1/2 .
Superficial and invasive infections following flooding disasters

Objectives: Given the loss of laboratory infrastructure following flooding disasters, the objectives of this review were (1) to describe current practices in the treatment of aquatic injuries and infections in nondisaster scenarios; (2) to describe how lessons learned from the management of superficial and invasive infections in survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami could improve current management practices; (3) to stratify waterborne infections by causative agents and preferred saline levels; and (4) to recommend initial wound and empiric antibiotic management strategies for specific aquatic infections. Design: Retrospective systematic review. Setting: Not applicable . Participants: References were selected to provide clinicians with a broader knowledge of causative aquatic pathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibilities. Interventions: Internet search engines were queried with key words to identify salient case reports, retrospective series, observational studies, and additional references on wound and antimicrobial management from Southeast Asian and other countries providing intensive care to tsunami survivors and from other similar series on the management of flooding and near-drowning victims. Main outcome measures: Identify causative pathogens of aquatic infections and their antimicrobial susceptibilities in flooding disaster victims and recommend effective arsenals of empiric antimicrobial therapies. Results: The causative pathogens of wound and systemic infections in near-drowning and tsunami survivors ranged from typical human skin and enteric contaminants to aquatic organisms and soil contaminants, including fungi. There was an early predominance of polymicrobial Gram-negative causative organisms in wound infections, Unanticipated, delayed mycobacterial and fungal infections occurred frequently, even after traumatic wounds healed. Conclusions: Clinicians who care for victims of flooding disasters and near-drowning can apply lessons learned from the management of tsunami survivors to selecting initial antimicrobials for empiric therapy of aquatic injuries based on their sources and distributions of aquatic exposures.
Limits of Nuclear Deterrence: The Strategic Risks and Dangers to Israel of False Hope

Surrounded by still implacable enemies, some of which are rapidly developing chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons capabilities, Israel has now decided to base its very survival upon the unsteady foundations of nuclear deterrence. Although Jerusalem is taking ambitious steps to augment these fragile foundations with sophisticated active defenses (e.g., the "Arrow" ATBM), the Israeli deployment of antitactical ballistic missiles by the year 2000 will be inherently problematic. Moreover, the interim period of vulnerability will provide would-be aggressors with both an incentive and an opportunity to attack in the near term. With these facts in mind, this article points to various ways in which Israel should strengthen its nuclear deterrence posture and ways in which it should not seek security beyond the protections afforded by this posture. Thus, the argument identifies essential Israeli preparations for conventional preemptive attacks against certain enemy hard targets and for enhanced conventional de...
Test-retest measurements and digital validation for in vivo neuroscience.

Neuroscience is transforming. Brain data collected in multitudes of individuals and institutions around the world are being openly shared, moved from office desks and personal storage devices to institutionally supported cloud systems and public repositories—effectively bringing Neuroscience into the era of Big Data. This is an important evolution in Neuroscience, since the value of open data sharing has not always been recognized1–5. Indeed, the value of neuroscience data sharing was highlighted in a recent Special Focus issue in Nature Neuroscience6. As a leading example of this trend, this month Scientific Data is launching a collection of articles presenting diverse brain imaging data sets, which collectively provide valuable resources for validation and reproduction of neuroscience findings based on human magnetic resonance imaging (hMRI).
Becoming a Child Sensitive Teacher: Can Journal Writing Help?

(1993). Becoming a Child Sensitive Teacher: Can Journal Writing Help? Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education: Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 4-10, 20.
Survey on Knowledge,Attitude and Practice about Drinking Water among the Residents in Mountainous Area

Objective To study the current situation of drinking water-related knowledge,attitude and behavior of the rural residents and its potential influencing factors in the mountainous area of Xingyi,so as to provide scientific evidence for drinking water health education and interferences. Methods A total of 378 residents were randomly selected from three towns of Xingyi as investigation object. The questionnaire about drinking water-related knowledge,attitude and behavior was taken among them. Results The awareness rate of health knowledge,the correct rate of health attitude and the forming rate of health behavior about drinking water in rural resident in Xingyi were 70. 4%,74. 6% and 41. 8% respectively. The awareness rates of drinking water-related knowledge were different,but the rates in health attitude and behavior were similar among three towns. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the scores of drinking water-related knowledge were associated with education degree,age and occupation( P ﹤ 0. 05).Conclusions The awareness rates of drinking water-related knowledge and the formation rate of health behaviors were relatively low among the residents,especially higher age,lower educated and farmer groups in the mountainous area of Xingyi. Health education should be strengthened to improve drinking water-related knowledge and health behavior of the residents.
Does Satisfaction With Family-Friendly Programs Reduce Turnover? A Panel Study Conducted in U.S. Federal Agencies:

This article sought to understand the association between employee satisfaction with several family-friendly programs and turnover in U.S. federal agencies. It also built on previous cross-sectional studies that examined the relationship between these benefits and both attitudes and outcomes. More specifically, this article used social exchange theory to develop hypotheses regarding the effect of telework, alternative work schedules, child care subsidies, elder care, employee assistance programs, and health and wellness programs on turnover. Furthermore, 4 years of panel data were obtained from the Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey and FedScope to test the hypotheses. Consistent with social exchange theory, results from the balanced panel model indicate that satisfaction with family-friendly programs in general had a significant, negative effect on turnover at the .10 level. The results also indicate that alternative work schedules, child care programs, and employee assistance programs reduced turnover. C...
Electron Transfer Reactions in Biological Nitrogen Fixation

In this review, we summarize our recent efforts toward understanding electron transfer (ET) processes in nitrogenase, the only enzyme capable of reducing dinitrogen to ammonia. We discuss new structural and biochemical perspectives on the role of ATP-dependent interactions between the two components of nitrogenase, Fe-protein (FeP) and MoFe-protein (MoFeP), and how these interactions may regulate interprotein ET and catalysis. We also discuss the implications of our work on FeP- and ATP-independent, photoredox-activated substrate reduction by MoFeP. Elucidating why and how ATP-hydrolysis is needed to control electron and proton flow in nitrogenase is not only a fundamentally important question in biological redox chemistry and energy transduction, but it also holds the key to understanding the intimate mechanism of dinitrogen reduction.
P051 : IDENTIFICATION OF NOVEL HLA ALLELES BY SEQUENCE BASED TYPING (SBT): A∗33:73 N AND C∗03:218

Aim Identification of novel HLA alleles has been vital in population studies and in HLA matching for patients in need of stem cell transplantation in order to search for the best matched donor, thereby improving graft outcome. The goal of the study was to describe the characterization of two newly identified HLA alleles. Methods Unusual or potential new variants of HLA alleles were identified using PCR/probe based methods, and characterized by SBT using group/allele specific primers. Results Two novel HLA class I sequences have been identified and characterized in three individuals (Table 1) including one novel null allele of HLA-A (A∗33:73 N) in a patient & a haploidentical sibling, and one novel HLA-C allele (C∗03:218) in a donor. HLA-A∗33:73 N differs from A∗33:03:01 by one nucleotide (NT) “C” insertion between NT 627-628, resulting in a stop at coding 196. HLA-C∗03:218 has one nt change from C∗03:04:01:01 at NT 637, where G->T (codon 189.1 GTG->TTG), resulting in a coding change, 189 valine (V) is changed to leucine (L) (Table 2). Conclusions Identification of null HLA allele is important in order to accurately perform virtual crossmatch and to select the best donor for HLA sensitized patients in need of an organ transplant. The mismatch between the alleles HLA-C∗03:04:01:01 and C∗03:218 may be better tolerated because the latter has non-immunogenic change in exon 4.
Martin Luther, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, and Political Theologies

Contemporary political theology often defines itself against Lutheran social ethics, which is portrayed as politically disengaged and overly deferential to state power. At the same time, contemporary political theology often embraces the Lutheran theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer as an exemplary political theologian. This incongruity is generally resolved by distancing Bonhoeffer from his tradition, at least on matters of political theology. But Bonhoeffer’s political theology was thoroughly Lutheran. Throughout the years of his political-theological engagement, from the Nazi rise to power in 1932-33 to the drafting of Ethics and related writing in 1940-43, he participated in ongoing conversations within Lutheran social ethics on the issues of, among others, the two kingdoms and the orders. In the process, he critically appropriated these elements of Lutheran thinking into an especially dynamic and christocentric framework that in turn informed his positions on various issues such as the church’s proclamation against the Nazi state and the ecumenical church’s witness for peace. Bonhoeffer is an example of Lutheran political theology, one that suggests the need to revise at least the more sweeping judgments about Lutheran theology as inherently incompatible with political engagement.
Clinical Applications of Microarrays in Cancer

Genetic alterations are important biological markers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, disease classification, risk stratification, and treatment selection. Microarray-based cytogenetic technology is a superb new method for evaluating cancer genomes. This technology offers high-resolution, highly accurate targeted and whole genome evaluation of tumor tissues independent of cell division. Application of microarray-based technology in cancer research has generated a wealth of useful information about copy number variations (CNVs) and their implications in cancer classification, disease progression, therapy response, and patient outcome. There is an increasing interest in the genetic diagnostic community in applying this new technology to cancer diagnosis in CLIA certified laboratories. We anticipate that microarray-based cancer cytogenetics will soon become one of the major diagnostic means for cancer genome analysis, especially for solid tumors and hematological malignancies with prominent genomic imbalances.
Properties of a Maximum

The properties of a parameterized constrained optimum are developed. Conditions sufficient for continuity are provided by the Maximum Theorem. Implications of continuity for the graph of a correspondence are proven. Calculus conditions necessary for an optimum are developed and related to principal minors of the Hessian. Euler’s Theorem gives an important characterization of homogeneity. A Generalized Envelope Theorem proves the relationship between optimal value functions for a more- versus less-constrained optimum. The concept of an active constraint is introduced, leading to the standard envelope theorem as the special case of an inactive constraint.
How to Think About Money in Academic Settings

Medical schools and departments are funded by a variety of revenue sources, each with unique designations and restrictions. Academic business managers and faculty leadership are careful to spend funds according to their restrictions in order to avoid costly rework and the potential of jeopardizing future funding from government, university, or donor sponsors. The annual budget process brings this all together in a skillful balancing exercise to plan how the next year’s projected revenues will cover projected expenses. Important to individual faculty or programs are commitments made by leadership that span more than 1 year. Having clearly written commitments is an important step in securing funding and avoiding future disagreements or disappointment. Funds flow is the common term for the methodology governing how money generated from patient-related activities is passed to the school or department. Funds flow methods differ at various academic medical centers but are typically based on the professional fees collected or on a payment-per-work RVU method.
Generalized Differentials, Variational Generators, and the Maximum Principle with State Constraints

We present the technical background material for a version of the Pontryagin Maximum Principle with state space constraints and very weak technical hypotheses, based on a primal approach that uses generalized differentials and packets of needle variations. In particular, we give a detailed account of two theories of generalized differentials, the “generalized differential quotients” (GDQs) and the “approximate generalized differential quotients” (AGDQs), and prove the corresponding open mapping and separation theorems. We state—but do not prove—the resulting version of the Maximum Principle. The result does not require the time-varying vector fields corresponding to the various control values to be continuously differentiable, Lipschitz, or even continuous with respect to the state, since all that is needed is that they be “co-integrably bounded integrally continuous.” This includes the case of vector fields that are continuous with respect to the state, as well as large classes of discontinuous vector fields, containing, for example, rich sets of single-valued selections for almost semicontinuous differential inclusions. Uniqueness of trajectories is not required, since our methods deal directly with multivalued maps. The dynamical reference vector field and reference Lagrangian are only required to be “differentiable” along the reference trajectory in a very weak sense, namely, that of possessing suitable “variational generators.” This includes— but is much more general than—the conditions of the classical cases when the reference vector field and Lagrangian are differentiable with respect to the state and the variational generator can be taken to be the singleton of the classical differential, as well as the case when they are Lipschitz and the variational generator can be chosen to be the Clarke generalized Jacobian. In addition, for the Lagrangian one can chose the variational generator to be the Michel-Penot subdifferential. For the functions defining the state space constraints, all that is needed is the existence of a variational generator in a slightly different technical sense, which includes as a special case the object often referred to as ∂ x g in the literature, as well as many non-Lipschitz cases. The conclusion yields finitely additive measures, as in earlier work by other authors, and a Hamiltonian maximization inequality valid also at the jump times of the adjoint covector.
Cybersecurity Leadership: Competencies, Governance, and Technologies for Industrial Control Systems

The extensive integration of interconnected devices and the inadvertent information obtained from untrusted sources has exposed the Industrial Control Systems (ICS) ecosystem to remote attacks by the exploitation of new and old vulnerabilities. Unfortunately, although recognized as an emerging risk based on the recent rise of cyber attacks, cybersecurity for ICS has not been addressed adequately both in terms of technology but, most importantly, in terms of organizational leadership and policy. In this paper, we will present our findings regarding the cybersecurity challenges for Smart Grid and ICS and the need for changes in the way that organizations perceive cybersecurity risk and leverage resources to balance the needs for information security and operational security. Moreover, we present empirical data that point to cybersecurity governance and technology principles that can help public and private organizations to navigate successfully the technical cybersecurity challenges for ICS and Smart Grid systems. We believe that by identifying and mitigating the inherent risks in their systems, operations, and processes, enterprises will be in a better position to shield themselves and protect against current and future cyber threats.
Effects of thermo hydrodynamic (THD) floating ring bearing model on rotordynamic bifurcation

Abstract This paper introduces a numerical scheme for simulating instabilities of a nonlinear rotordynamic system including thermal effects in the fluid film bearings. The method utilizes shooting/arc-length continuation, and simultaneous, finite element based solutions of the variable viscosity Reynolds equation and the energy equation. This provides a means to investigate the effects of the thermo-hydrodynamic THD model on bifurcations and nonlinear rotordynamic stability. A “Jeffcott” type rigid rotor is modeled as supported on double-layered fluid film, floating ring bearings (FRB). The FRB are known to produce highly nonlinear forces as functions of relative and absolute internal displacements and velocities. Both autonomous (free vibration) and non-autonomous (mass unbalanced excitation) cases and algorithms are presented. The computational workload and execution time required for determining coexisting periodic solutions is significantly reduced by employing deflation and parallel computing methods. The THD model nonlinear responses and bifurcation diagrams are compared with isoviscous model results for various lubricant supply temperatures. The autonomous case, THD model orbit sizes and onset of Hopf and saddle–node bifurcations for coexisting steady state responses, may have significant differences relative to the isothermal model results. The onset of Hopf bifurcation is strongly dependent on thermal conditions, and the saddle–node bifurcation points are significantly shifted compared to the isothermal model. This tends to increase the likelihood of bifurcation from a machine operators standpoint. In the non-autonomous case, large unbalance forces create sub-synchronous and quasi-periodic responses at low spin speeds. The responses stability and onset of bifurcations of these responses are highly reliant on the lubricant supply temperature.
Worker Influence on Capital Account Policy: Inflow Liberalization and Outflow Restrictions

How do workers impact openness to international investment flows? This paper distinguishes between two types of openness, openness to inflows and openness to outflows of investment. Workers benefit from inflow openness due to increases in wages, productivity, and efficiency and due to reductions in borrowing costs, which are associated with investment inflows. Workers are hurt by outflow openness, as investors gain investment options, and therefore bargaining power, when outflows are permitted. Labor rights help workers overcome collective action problems, and democratic institutions increase policymakers’ responsiveness to labor organizations and make their commitment to labor rights credible. The theory thus predicts that, particularly under democratic institutions, labor rights are positively correlated with inflow openness and negatively correlated with outflow openness. Evidence from time-series, cross-sectional data is consistent with the theoretical expectations.
Comparison of methods for layered spheroid scattering analysis: Application to BioEM problems

Using spheroidal wave functions, scattering by layered spheroid can be solved by using separation of variables method (SVM) or extended boundary conditions method (EBCM). These two methods are analytically identical, while numerical implementation can result in differences in terms of convergence property as well as numerical stability. This work performs a comprehensive comparative assessment of the two approaches for BioEM applications.
Accelerating Science with Generative Adversarial Networks: An Application to 3D Particle Showers in Multilayer Calorimeters

Physicists at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) rely on detailed simulations of particle collisions to build expectations of what experimental data may look like under different theoretical modeling assumptions. Petabytes of simulated data are needed to develop analysis techniques, though they are expensive to generate using existing algorithms and computing resources. The modeling of detectors and the precise description of particle cascades as they interact with the material in the calorimeter are the most computationally demanding steps in the simulation pipeline. We therefore introduce a deep neural network-based generative model to enable high-fidelity, fast, electromagnetic calorimeter simulation. There are still challenges for achieving precision across the entire phase space, but our current solution can reproduce a variety of particle shower properties while achieving speedup factors of up to 100 000×. This opens the door to a new era of fast simulation that could save significant computing time and disk space, while extending the reach of physics searches and precision measurements at the LHC and beyond.
Finite-Difference Frequency-Domain Technique

The finite-difference frequency-domain (FDFD) technique is a general-purpose numerical technique for the solution of Maxwell’s equations of electromagnetism in the frequency domain. It can be applied to structures of any length scale and for sources of electromagnetic radiation of any frequency. Here, however, the focus is on the use of this technique in nano-optics, and in particular plasmonics. Plasmonics is a rapidly evolving field of science and technology based on surface plasmons, which are electromagnetic waves that propagate along the interface of a metal and a dielectric. In surface plasmons, light interacts with the free electrons of the metal, which oscillate collectively in response to the applied field. Recently, nanometer scale metallic devices have shown the potential to manipulate light at the subwavelength scale using surface plasmons [1]. This could lead to photonic circuits of nanoscale dimensions. Surface plasmons can be described by macroscopic electromagnetic theory, i.e., Maxwell’s equations, if the electron mean free path in the metal is much shorter than the plasmon wavelength [2]. This condition is usually fulfilled at optical frequencies [2]. In macroscopic electromagnetic theory, bulk material properties, such as dielectric constant, are used to describe objects irrespective of their size. Here, all materials are assumed to be nonmagnetic m 1⁄4 m0 ð Þ and are characterized by their bulk dielectric constant e(r, o), where r 1⁄4 x, y, z ð Þ 1⁄4 xxþ yŷþ zẑ, and o is the angular frequency. However, for particles of nanometer dimensions a more fundamental description of their optical and electronic properties may be required [3]. Analytical methods, such as Mie theory [4], can only be applied to planar geometries or to objects of specific shapes (spheres, cylinders)
Ga Ion-Enhanced and Particle Shape-Dependent Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species in X-ray-Irradiated Composites.

The reported results test the effects of the collective behavior hypothesized to contribute to the production of more reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro and result in an enhanced radiosensitiza...
Do provider birth attitudes influence cesarean delivery rate: a cross-sectional study

When used judiciously, cesarean sections can save lives; but in the United States, prior research indicates that cesarean birth rates have risen beyond the threshold to help women and infants and become a contributor to increased maternal mortality and rising healthcare costs. Healthy People 2020 has set the goal for nulliparous, term, singleton, vertex (NTSV) cesarean birth rate at no more than 23.9% of births. Currently, cesarean rates vary from 6% to 69% in US hospitals, unexplained by clinical or demographic factors. This wide variation in cesarean use is also seen among individual providers of intrapartum care. Previous research of birth attitudes found providers of intrapartum care hold widely differing views, which may be a key underlying factor influencing practice variation; however, further study is needed to determine if differences in attitudes are associated with differences in clinical outcomes. The purpose of this study was to estimate the association between individual provider attitudes towards birth and their low-risk primary cesarean rate. Four hundred providers were drawn from a stratified random sample of all California providers of intrapartum care in 2013 and surveyed for their attitudes towards various aspects of labor and birth. Providers’ NTSV cesarean birth rates were obtained for 2013 and 2014. Covariates included gender, years of experience, practice location, and primary hospital’s NTSV cesarean rate. We used adjusted multivariate Poisson regression to compare cesarean rates and linear regression to compare attitude scores of providers meeting versus not meeting the Healthy People 2020 (HP2020) goal. Two hundred nine total participants (obstetricians, family physicians, and midwives) completed surveys, of which 109 perform cesareans. Providers’ NTSV cesarean rate was significantly associated with their composite attitudes score [IRR for each one-point increase 1.21 (95% CI 1.002–1.45)]. Physicians meeting the HP2020 goal held attitudes which were significantly more favorable towards vaginal birth: mean 2.70 (95% CI 2.58–2.83) versus 2.91 (95% CI 2.82–3.00), p < 0.01. Provider attitudinal differences are associated with NTSV cesarean rates. Those meeting the HP2020 goal hold attitudes more favorable towards vaginal birth. These findings may present a modifiable target for quality improvement initiatives to decrease low risk primary cesareans.
STRESS HISTORY EFFECTS ON DYNAMIC MODULUS OF CLAY

Remolded kaolinite and bentonite triaxial specimens were subjected to isotropic consolidation pressures of 10 psi to 100 psi and overconsolidation ratios of 1 through 10. Steady-state torsional vibrations with amplitudes of 0.00015, 0.0003, and 0.0006 radians were applied to the top of each specimen, and the dynamic shear modulus was determined by resonant-column techniques. Shear moduli decreased less than 5% with increasing amplitude for the range of amplitudes used. Stress history effects were much more significant. For both soils, the shear modulus increased with decreasing void ratio and increasing effective pressure. For normally consolidated conditions, the shear modulus increased approximately with the 1/2 and 2/3 power of effective pressure for kaolinite and bentonite, respectively. For overconsolidated kaolinite, regression analysis indicated the shear modulus depends on both void ratio and effective pressure. For overconsolidated bentonite, the shear modulus is predominantly influenced by void ratio. For each soil, the shear modulus for both normal and overconsolidation states can be predicted from one equation.
Immunology of Mycobacterial Infections

Tuberculosis is still one of the most important and widespread of the life-threatening bacterial diseases occurring throughout the world today, affecting both human and domestic animal populations (Francis, 1958; Hershfield, 1979). There is clear archeologic evidence of tuberculous lesions in several of the early Egyptian mummies (Zimmerman, 1979), and pulmonary tuberculosis was widely recognized in Europe in the pre-Christian era. Such infections were probably sporadic at that time, but with the increasing density of population in Europe during the Middle Ages, the disease quickly became endemic, increasing at an alarming rate during the Industrial Revolution (Dubos and Dubos, 1952). A similar increase also occurred in the United States at this time, with mortality rates reaching as high as 800 per 100,000 per annum during the first half of the nineteenth century. Spread of the disease was undoubtedly promoted by the appalling living conditions, overcrowding, poor nutrition, alcoholism, ignorance, and superstition that occurred in most of the major industrial cities throughout the Western world. During this time, tuberculosis affected all segments of the population, reaching such proportions that it was frequently referred to as the “White Plague.”
Stromal cell-associated hematopoiesis : immortalization and characterization of a primate bone marrow-derived stromal cell line

An elucidation of the interaction between the bone marrow microenvironment and hematopoietic stem cells is critical to the understanding of the molecular basis of stem cell self renewal and differentiation. This interaction is dependent, at least in part, on direct cell to cell contact or cellular adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins. Long-term bone marrow cultures (LTMC) provide an appropriate microenvironment for maintenance of primitive hematopoietic stem cells and a means of analyzing this stem cell-stromal cell interaction in vitro. Although LTMC have been successfully generated from murine and human bone marrow, only limited success has been reported in a primate system. In addition, few permanent stromal cell lines are available from nonmurine bone marrow. Because the primate has become a useful model for large animal bone marrow transplant studies and, more specifically, retroviral-mediated gene transfer analysis, we have generated immortalized bone marrow stromal cell lines from primate bone marrow using gene transfer of the Simian virus large T (SV40 LT) antigen. At least one stromal cell line has demonstrated the capacity to maintain early hematopoietic cells in long-term cultures for up to 4 weeks as measured by in vitro progenitor assays. Studies were undertaken to characterize the products of extracellular matrix biosynthesis and growth factor synthesis of this cell line, designated PU-34. In contrast to most murine bone marrow-derived stromal cell lines capable of supporting hematopoiesis in vitro that have been examined, the extracellular matrix produced by this primate cell line includes collagen types I, laminin. Growth factor production analyzed through RNA blot analysis, bone marrow cell culture data, and factor-dependent cell line proliferation assays includes interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-7, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), G-CSF, M-CSF, leukemia inhibitory factor, and a novel cytokine designated IL-11. This immortalized primate bone marrow stromal cell line may be useful in maintaining early progenitor cells for experimental manipulation without the loss of reconstituting capacity and as a potential source of novel hematopoietic growth factors.
Evolutionary Development and the VCRIS Model of Natural Selection

This paper offers a systems definition of the phrase evolutionary development (evo devo, ED), and a few examples of generic evolutionary and developmental process in autopoetic (self-reproducing) systems. It introduces a toy conceptual model, the VCRIS evo devo model of natural selection, exploring autopoetic selection in both evolutionary and developmental terms. It includes an empirical observation, the 95/5 rule, generalized from observations in evo-devo biology, to offer a preliminary sketch of the dynamical interaction of evolutionary and developmental processes in living replicators. Autopoetic models may be applied to both to living systems and to nonliving adaptive replicators at many scales, even to the universe as a complex system, if it is a replicator in the multiverse. Evo devo models offer potentially fundamental dynamical and informational ways to understand autopoetic systems. If such models are to become validated in living systems, and generalized to nonliving autopoetic systems, they will require significant advances in both simulation and theory in coming years.
Von Hippel-Lindau Disease

Phakomatoses (phakoma = birthmark) are a group of diseases or syndromes that have hamartomas (tumorous malformations composed of tissues normally present at the location where they develop) of the skin, brain, and eye (oculoneurocutaneous syndromes).
Evaluating the Landscape of Clinical Research in Neurosurgery.

Background Many clinical trials and observational research never reach publication in peer-reviewed journals. Unpublished research results, including neutral study findings, hinder generation of new research questions, utilize healthcare resources without benefit, and may place patients at risk without benefit. Objective To examine the publication of neurosurgery trials listed in ClinicalTrials.gov. Methods Clinical neurosurgery research was identified by searching the registry and categorized by study type. Associated publications were identified on Pubmed.gov. Results Among the 709 studies identified, spine (292, 41.2%) studies were most common, followed by tumor and cranial (each 114, 16.1%). Funding was predominantly private (482, 68.0%), followed by industry (135, 19.0%) and National Institutes of Health (9, 1.3%). A lower proportion of published studies (vs unpublished) received private funding in functional (33.3 vs 65.3%) and tumor (80.0 vs 68.7%). Only 104/464 (22.4%) studies had an associated publication. The mean time from listed study completion to first publication was 31.0 ± 27.5 mo. Most published studies had significant study differences between treatment arms (n = 72, 69.2%); studies with neutral findings were less likely to be published (n = 13, 12.5%). Surgical discipline (P = .1), funding source (P = .8), patient age (P = .4), planned enrollment (P = .1), phase of trial (P = .3), and study type (P = .2) did not affect publication rates. However, the interaction between study category and funding source significantly affected publication rate (P = .04, generalized linear model, R2 = 0.05). Publication timing (1-way analysis of variance, P = .5) and frequency (chi-square, P = .2) did not differ among disciplines. Conclusion Clinical trials and observational research in neurosurgery are often not published promptly, especially if results were nonsignificant or the trial had private funding.