cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
National Policies to Promote Renewable Energy

Abstract The world is entering a new energy era marked by concerns over energy security, climate change, and access by the poor to modern energy services. Yet the current energy path is not compatible with sustainable development objectives. Global demand for energy will continue to grow; so will CO2 emissions. Achieving a low-carbon energy world will require an unprecedented technological transformation in the way energy is produced and used. That transformation has begun, as renewables capacity continues to grow, prices continue to fall, and shares of global energy from renewables continue to increase. Government policies are the main driver behind renewable energy's meteoric growth. Still, the world is tapping only a small amount of the vast supply of renewable energy resources. There is broad consensus that the role of these resources should be expanded significantly in order to meaningfully address energy security, energy access, and climate change.
More barrels from the viral tree of life.

There is now unmistakable evidence for a revolution in our comprehension of the viral world. Despite their importance for disease and the insights obtained by studying their fascinating intricacy, viral relationships have long been unclear. The article by Khayat et al. (1) in a recent issue of PNAS marked a milestone in progress. Viral origins have been masked by their diversity and complexity, the way they were studied, and their small size. Viruses evolved cunning solutions to the problems of packing information into genomes of limited size and to entering and exploiting their host. Until fairly recently, each family was studied separately by its own group of scientific admirers. Structurally, viruses could only be imaged by low-resolution electron microscopy (EM), with most too large to tackle with crystallography. Advances in imaging techniques, changes in the way that viruses are studied, and increasing structural evidence all are contributing to major change. There is now excellent evidence to support the idea that viruses fall into lineages identifiable by features in common with ancient precursors (2). The best-supported lineage has “double-barrel trimer” coat proteins and icosahedral virions. Its members infect Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as animals, and include very large viruses infecting insects, algae, and amoebae. Structures are at hand for coat proteins of viruses infecting animals, bacteria, and algae, but that for an archaeal virus was lacking. This crucial missing link is found in the thermophilic archaeal Sulfolobus turreted icosahedral virus (STIV) (1). We now have solid structural evidence that at least one lineage originated billions of years ago, before life separated into its three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. To appreciate this achievement, one must recognize the dramatic progress in describing viral architecture since the first crystal structure of a complete viral particle, or virion, appeared (3). This plant …
Imaging X-ray observations of Markarian 279

High-resolution X-ray observations of Mrk 279 with the Einstein Observatory clearly establish it as the optical counterpart of the X-ray source 3A1349 +700 and resolve the ambiguity introduced by the observations of Dower et al. (1980). Mrk 279 exhibits X-ray and optical properties typical of other Seyfert 1 galaxies.
Skeptics versus Dogmatics: The Battle over the Criterion

Etude du debat opposant les sceptiques aux dogmatiques concernant le probleme du critere de la connaissance (diallelus) en reponse au paradoxe de Menon: comment commencer a philosopher? Examinant les solutions particularistes et methodiques proposees par Chisholm au phenomene du cercle, l'A. montre avec R. P. Amico que le probleme des sceptiques est insoluble, et que le seul moyen de le resoudre est de le dissoudre a partir de la notion de pseudo-probleme. Adoptant la perspective epistemologique du jeu-de-dialogue et presentant les differentes strategies dogmatiques du meta-jeu, l'A. montre que la dissolution proposee par Amico n'est pas valable et porte le danger d'une regression a l'infini. Au-dela du canon de la logique deductive et du modus ponens, le probleme de la circularite reste un defi pour la connaissance propositionnelle et l'ensemble de l'activite philosophique
OKT3 induction via idiotypic networks of mirror-image immunosuppressive antiimmunoglobulins in renal transplant recipients.

Four of 21 renal transplant recipients treated with OKT3 for rejection episodes developed a second sustained (approximately 2 weeks) depression in CD3 peripheral blood lymphocyte cell-surface-marker expression. This occurred after OKT3 therapy had ceased, subsequent to a return toward baseline CD3 levels seen before OKT3 therapy was instituted. The second decrease in CD3 T cell counts was dissociated from CD2 marker T cell counts using flow cytometry and coincided with transient cytomegaloviral infections. Three phases of immunosuppression were defined in these 4 patients: phase I (during OKT3 treatment); phase II (after treatment when CD3 counts were reconstituted); and phase III (when CD3 counts again were depressed). During phase III, serum of the 4 affected patients could transfer a blocking effect on the expression of the CD3 marker of peripheral blood T cells of "normal" laboratory volunteers. Contained in these sera were human IgG antibodies that bound on Western blot analysis and by radioautography after immunoprecipitation to a protein band of a T cell membrane lysate with an m.w. of 23 kD. The reaction was identical to that seen with OKT3 (immunoprecipitation). Moreover, this Western blot binding could be virtually (but not completely) eliminated by multiple absorptions of the T cell membrane lysate with OKT3. By using an affinity-purified human anti-OKT3 IgG from one of the 4 patients, it was possible to immunoabsorb from phase III sera the CD3 blocking activity as well as the binding to the 23 KD protein band. A reverse immune absorption by the phase III sera with the anti-OKT3 IgG after ultracentrifugation prevented the anti-OKT3 IgG from binding to OKT3 coated plates in solid-phase radioimmunoassay. These data support the notion that autoimmune human anti-anti-id (Ab2) antibodies can occasionally be generated by treatment with OKT3, which are directed against CD3 complex epitopes similar to the ligand of OKT3.
Photo-hall effects in photoconductors

Abstract Measurements of Hall mobility as a function of light excitation intensity at room temperature have shown a dependence of Hall mobility on intensity in single crystals of CdS, CdSe, GaAs, InP, and Si. Such a variation of Hall mobility under photoexcitation can result either from (1) a change in the microscopic mobility for single-carrier conductivity, or (2) the initiation of two-carrier conductivity. The recognition of the existence of these effects through photo-Hall measurements is essential for the interpretation of photoelectronic measurements, since simple measurements of conductivity or photoconductivity usually fail to reveal them. Results involving a change in microscopic mobility through photoexcitation indicate a change in scattering associated with the neutralization of charge in centers with an effective scattering cross-section of about 10 −10 cm 2 . A number of other effects resulting from the initiation of two-carrier conductivity have also been explored.
Work in progress — Carbon nanomaterials: A platform to teach fundamentals of nanoelectronics

A new graduate-level course entitled “Carbon Nanoelectronics,” offered in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology uses carbon nanotubes (CNT) and graphene as a platform to teach the fundamental nanoelectronic concepts. CNTs which are rolls of single layer carbon sheets and graphene which is a sheet of carbon atoms are promising materials for a host of applications from transistors and interconnects to sensors and electron guns. Their wide verity of applications, their simple structure, and their true one- or two-dimensional nature make them excellent choices for teaching the science and engineering aspects of nanoelectronics.
The latency-associated nuclear antigen of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus interacts preferentially with the terminal repeats of the genome in vivo and this complex is sufficient for episomal DNA replication

The genome of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) persists in latently infected cells as a circular episome. The latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) has been shown to tether viral DNA fragments to chromosomes and is proposed to maintain the KSHV genome. In order to identify the in vivo-binding sites for LANA on the whole KSHV genome and to analyse the function of this protein-DNA interaction, different in vivo systems have been developed. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments using three different cell lines latently infected with KSHV demonstrated that LANA binds preferentially and directly to the terminal repeats (TRs) but not to other regions of the viral chromosome in vivo. In contrast, in vitro LANA-DNA binding was much less specific. To identify autonomously replicating sequences within the KSHV genome, BCBL-1 cells were transfected with cosmids representing the entire genome. Cosmid Z2, consisting of the right end of the unique region and TRs, persisted as an episome in short-term assays. Long term, stable episome replication was observed with constructs derived from Z2 containing TRs only. LANA expression constructs containing a variable number of TRs replicated stably as episomes in uninfected cells. A 424 bp subfragment of the 801 bp TR could mediate episome replication. These studies show that LANA is a trans-acting protein that binds preferentially to TRs in vivo and these two elements are sufficient for episome replication. These results also suggest that the LANA expression plasmids reported here could be utilized as episomal vectors in a manner similar to Epstein-Barr virus-based vectors.
Relationships Between Leadership and Followers' Quitting Intentions and Job Search Behaviors

A model was developed and tested in which quality of leader—member exchange mediated the relationship between followers’ perceptions of transformational leadership behavior and their (a) intentions to quit the organization and (b) job search behaviors. The key contribution of this study was that the exchange relationship between leader and follower explained the majority of the relationship between transformational leadership and job search behaviors. A transformational leader may take individual followers’ motivations into consideration and so attempt to stimulate personal development, but the exchange between the two explains the action of seeking another employment situation. Limitations and implications are discussed.
Electron Impact Mass Spectra of 3-Aryl-3-hydroxyl-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanones and Related Compounds

The mass spectra of 3-aryl-3-hydroxyl-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanones and their related compounds were studied. The arylcyclobutanones and their ketal forms demonstrate similar fragmentation patterns but with different observed common peaks, i.e., [M-70]+ and 114 amu, as the base peaks for compounds arylcyclobutanones and their ketal forms, respectively. 1-Aryl-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentadiones, obtained from hydrolysis of cyclobutanones, gave either 43 amu or [Ar-CO]+ as the peaks, depending on the substituents on the benzene ring. These compounds are good examples of how the relative ionization potentials of the possible fragments govern the observed mass spectra.
Detergent assisted stress cracking in low density polyethylene

Igepal assisted environmental stress cracking (ESC) of LDPE has shown three characteristic regions with increasing crack driving force: Region I-crack speed and craze length increased. Region II-crack speed and duplex plastic zone length were constant, and Region Ill-crack speed decreased while the deformation zone length increased. The activation energies for the three regions were 100, 23, 20 kJ/mole, respectively. The proposed rate controlling processes of ESC for the LDPE/Igepal system are: Region 1 is controlled by a;-relaxation, and Region II and III are controlled by lamellar orientation. The Igepal plasticizes the amorphous phase and facilitates the stress induced orientation of the lamellar.
Using Hadoop as a Grid Storage Element

Hadoop is an open-source data processing framework that includes a scalable, fault- tolerant distributed le system, HDFS. Although HDFS was designed to work in conjunction with Hadoop's job scheduler, we have re-purposed it to serve as a grid storage element by adding GridFTP and SRM servers. We have tested the system thoroughly in order to understand its scalability and fault tolerance. The turn-on of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in 2009 poses a signicant data management and storage challenge; we have been working to introduce HDFS as a solution for data storage for one LHC experiment, the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS).
Arabian Sea phytoplankton during Southwest and Northeast Monsoons 1995: composition, size structure and biomass from individual cell properties measured by flow cytometry

Abstract As part of the US JGOFS Arabian Sea Process Study, we determined the abundance, size distributions and carbon biomass of autotrophic phytoplankton in the Arabian Sea during summer Southwest and fall Northeast Monsoon seasons of 1995 (R/V Thomas G. Thompson cruises TN 049 and TN 053). Flow cytometry of 60-ml samples was used to enumerate and determine scattering and fluorescence properties of Prochlorococcus sp., Synechococcus sp., and eukaryotic phytoplankton with cell equivalent spherical diameter up to 40 μm. Cellular forward light scattering was calibrated against Coulter size using 22 phytoplankton cultures spanning the size range 0.8–40 μm, grown exponentially in natural sunlight. The phytoplankton community structure was strongly linked to water-mass characteristics, and was affected by both intense monsoon-related environmental forcing and widespread and dynamic mesoscale structures; the magnitude of spatial variability was similar to that between seasons for all three phytoplankton groups. Prochlorococcus was numerically dominant in the more oligotrophic, stratified areas with surface nitrate concentrations below 0.1 μM and surface temperatures above 27°C. Its abundance was significantly greater during the NE Monsoon and was inversely correlated with the abundance of the two other groups. Synechococcus and eukaryotic phytoplankton cell concentrations covaried at most locations, were highest in areas of intense, monsoon-related mixing, and changed less between seasons than Prochlorococcus. The bulk of biomass of all three groups was located within the mixed layer. Only eukaryotes formed notable subsurface maxima at several offshore locations where Prochlorococcus dominated the mixed layer. Dramatically elevated eukaryotic phytoplankton concentrations in the nutrient-rich upwelling areas were due to the blooming of smaller ( 10 μm) nanoeukaryotes reached their greatest biomass contributions – up to 40% each – in the offshore oligotrophic locations. For the SW and NE Monsoon cruises, flow cytometrically-measured phytoplankton was estimated at 1.1 and 2.2 g C m−2 on average and comprised 33 and 38% of POC, respectively. Diel variability in cellular carbon content accounted for 52% of the observed variability in cellular carbon content for Prochlorococcus, 26% for Synechococcus, and 14% for eukaryotic phytoplankton cells at the surface.
Memorial to the Reverend Frederick L. Odenbach, S.J.

On March 15, 1933, the Seismological Society of America lost by death one of its early members who for many years held a place on its Scientific Committee, the Reverend Frederick L. Odenbach of the Society of Jesus, meteorologist and seismologist of John Carroll University, Cleveland, Ohio. Father Odenbach was born in Rochester, New York, October 21, 1857, the son of a furrier. His father sent him for his college education to Canisius College, Buffalo, New York, which had been opened by the German Jesuits not long before. After a successful course, he graduated from Canisius College in the spring of 1881. September 26 of the same year he entered the Society of Jesus and was sent to Blijenbeck, Holland, for his novitiate. Remaining in Europe for graduate-studies in philosophy and the sciences, he came into intimate contact with the noted biologist, Father Eric Wassmann. In the summer of 1885, he returned to his Alma Mater, Canisius College, as an instructor and prefect. Here he had as his assistant Brother George E. Rueppel, S. J., who was later to be closely associated with him in his meteorological and seismological work. In the summer of 1887, he was again sent to Europe—this time to take up his theological studies in the Seminary at Ditton Hall, England, where he was ordained to the Catholic priesthood in the summer of 1890.
The molecular basis of aerobic metabolic remodeling differs between oxidative muscle and liver of threespine sticklebacks in response to cold acclimation

We sought to determine the molecular basis of elevations in aerobic metabolic capacity in the oxidative muscle and liver of Gasterosteus aculeatus in response to cold acclimation. Fishes were cold-...
The Independence of State Utility Commissions, I

State public utility commissions are analogues of the Federal Government's independent regulatory commissions. Analysis of their experience should, therefore, throw some light upon the Federal problem. At the same time, state utility regulation is important in its own right, and the governmental arrangements for effective discharge of the function cannot be fully appraised by any touchstone of academic "principles." The desirability of independence for a utility commission canInot be determined without some suggestion as to the effects such independence would have upon the efficiency with which the commission does its work. Because of the absence of reliable criteria of efficiency,' and because of the impossibility of satis-
Removal of the Bloom Syndrome DNA Helicase Extends the Utility of Imprecise Transposon Excision for Making Null Mutations in Drosophila

Transposable elements are frequently used in Drosophila melanogaster for imprecise excision screens to delete genes of interest. However, these screens are highly variable in the number and size of deletions that are recovered. Here, we show that conducting excision screens in mus309 mutant flies that lack DmBlm, the Drosophila ortholog of the Bloom syndrome protein, increases the percentage and overall size of flanking deletions recovered after excision of either P or Minos elements.
Application of multi-layered feedforward neural networks in digital vibration control

Summary form only given, as follows. The authors discuss the application of multi-layered feedforward networks (MFNs), with the delta bar delta backpropagation learning rule, to the problem of digital vibration control of mechanical systems. The results of conventional control were compared with the results of a controller which uses a trained MFN. The results clearly show the superior performance of the neural network control. This enhancement of performance was attributed to the ability of a neural network to produce a better sampling period phase delay compensation and a reduction and filtering of the higher frequency noise. In conventional implementation of digital control the noise is the result of a phenomenon referred to as controller spillover. >
Use of calorie information at fast-food and chain restaurants among US adults, 2009.

Background The aim of this study was to examine reading and use of calorie information at fast-food/chain restaurants. Methods A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on a sample of 4363 US adults using the 2009 HealthStyles survey. The outcome variable was reading calorie information when available while ordering at fast-food/chain restaurants. Among those who go to fast-food/chain restaurants, we conducted multivariable logistic regression to examine associations between sociodemographic variables and reading calorie information when available. Among those who report reading calorie information when available, we assessed the proportion using calorie information. Results Among those who reported eating at fast-food/chain restaurants, 36.4% reported reading calorie information when available. Reading calorie information was not related to race/ethnicity, income or education. Compared with men, women had higher odds [adjusted odds ratio (OR) ¼ 1.8; 95% confidence interval (CI) ¼ 1.5‐2.1] of reading calorie information when available while those who frequented fast-food/chain restaurants � 3 times/week (aOR ¼ 0.6; 95% CI ¼ 0.4‐0.8) had lower odds compared with those going ,4 times/month. Of those who reported reading calorie information when available, 95.4% reported using calorie information at least sometimes.
Comparison for the compositions of fast and slow pyrolysis oils by NMR characterization.

Abstract The pyrolysis of softwood (SW) kraft lignin and pine wood in different pyrolysis systems were examined at 400, 500 and 600 °C. NMR including quantitative 13C and Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation (HSQC)–NMR, and Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) were used to characterize various pyrolysis oils. The content of methoxyl groups decreased by 76% for pine wood and 70% for lignin when using fast pyrolysis system. The carbonyl groups also decreased by 76% and nearly completely eliminated in 600 °C pine wood fast pyrolysis oil. Compared to the slow pyrolysis process, fast pyrolysis process was found to improve the cleavage of methoxyl groups, aliphatic C C bonds and carbonyl groups and produce more polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from lignin and aliphatic C O bonds from carbohydrates. Another remarkable difference between fast and slow pyrolysis oils was the molecular weight of fast pyrolysis oils increased by 85–112% for pine wood and 104–112% for lignin.
Measurement of the Vertical Nonuniformity of the Plasma Sheath in a Complex Plasma

Employing an attenuated oscillation method, the anisotropic interaction force between two vertically aligned dust particles located in the sheath of a complex plasma was measured experimentally based on a linear approximation to the interaction force. Experimental data show that, although both particles experience a repulsive interaction force, the upper particle experiences a stronger magnitude force than does the lower particle. This result can be explained by the ion wakefield since the lower particle resides within the ion wakefield generated by the streaming ions passing through the sheath and around the upper particle.
Detection of and Monitoring for Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Suburban and Sylvatic Habitats in North Central Florida using Four Sampling Techniques

A sampling study using a BG-Sentinel trap baited with CO2, a gravid trap baited with an oak-pine infusion, a human subject, and a vegetative aspirator was conducted to compare their reliability at detecting Aedes albopictus Skuse in suburban and sylvatic habitats. We collected 73,849 mosquitoes, representing 29 species from 11 genera over a 20-wk period. The BG-Sentinel trap accounted for over 85% of all Ae. albopictus captured and was signiÞcantly more effective at detecting the presence of Ae. albopictus compared with the other three techniques. Landing counts provided the fewest mosquito species (n 10), yet provided a quick and effective weekly assessment of the major biting species and were the most effective method for sampling Ae. albopictus within a 10-min period. Fewer Ae. albopictus were sampled from sylvatic habitats compared with suburban ones. Sampling criteria advantageous for surveying Ae. albopictus and other mosquito species are discussed. A variety of sampling methods and devices have been developed to detect and enumerate mosquito popu- lations. Many of these collecting techniques are used to sample mosquitoes based on their biology and de- velopmental state. Service (1993) describes a number of sampling methods used to survey adult mosquitoes, including light, colored patterns, and CO2-baited traps for host-seeking mosquitoes; resting boxes and back- pack aspirations for resting mosquitoes; and attrac- tant-baited gravid traps (GTs) for ovipositing mosqui- toes. However, all sampling devices used to survey mosquito populations often possess some degree of bias, as each one may be more selective to a particular mosquito species under certain environmental condi- tions (Huffaker and Back 1943). Breeding sites, alti- tude, faunal composition, and habitat type (urban or sylvatic) are a few known variables that insuence mosquito diversity (Mendoza et al. 2008), and may, therefore, dictate the sampling method(s) used to target speciÞc species. However, selecting a speciÞc sampling method can be challenging when a particular
Adult opossums (Didelphis virginiana) demonstrate near normal locomotion after spinal cord transection as neonates

When the thoracic spinal cord of the North American opossum (Didelphis virginiana) is transected on postnatal day (PD) 5, the site of injury becomes bridged by histologically recognizable spinal cord and axons which form major long tracts grow through the lesion. In the present study we asked whether opossums lesioned on PD5 have normal use of the hindlimbs as adults and, if so, whether that use is dependent upon axons which grow through the lesion site. The thoracic spinal cord was transected on PD5 and 6 months later, hindlimb function was evaluated using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor scale. All animals supported their weight with the hindlimbs and used their hindlimbs normally during overground locomotion. In some cases, the spinal cord was retransected at the original lesion site or just caudal to it 6 months after the original transection and paralysis of the hindlimbs ensued. Surprisingly, however, these animals gradually recovered some ability to support their weight and to step with the hindlimbs. Similar recovery was not seen in animals transected only as adults. In order to verify that descending axons which grew through the lesion during development were still present in the adult animal, opossums subjected to transection of the thoracic cord on PD5 were reoperated and Fast blue was injected several segments caudal to the lesion. In all cases, neurons were labeled rostral to the lesion in each of the spinal and supraspinal nuclei labeled by comparable injections in unlesioned, age-matched controls. The results of orthograde tracing studies indicated that axons which grew through the lesion innervated areas that were appropriate for them.
UHF ground penetration measurements of buried and partially buried trihedrals

The Lincoln Laboratory ground-based rail SAR was used to collect UHF band data on buried and partially buried trihedral corner reflectors in Yuma soil. The frequency range was 0.25 to 1 GHz in discrete steps. Both HH and VV polarization data were collected in the vicinity of the pseudo-Brewster angle. The partially buried trihedrals revealed two principal components for the returned signals: (1) a surface reflected component, and (2) a ground penetrated component. A model is described for partially buried trihedrals that accounts for these two components and the model is used in estimating ground penetration parameters.
Expression of subunit‐omitted mouse nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in Xenopus laevis oocytes.

1. Nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors in developing vertebrate skeletal muscle exhibit functional heterogeneity in both conductance and kinetics. To assess the contributions of receptors differing in subunit composition to the heterogeneity, various combinations of mouse alpha beta delta gamma epsilon subunit RNAs were tested for the ability to express functional receptors in Xenopus oocytes. 2. Two combinations of dual-subunit RNAs (alpha delta and alpha gamma) resulted in detectable ACh-activated currents and six different combinations of three or more subunit RNAs produced significant numbers of functional channels. The order of combinations yielding the greatest amount of current was alpha beta gamma > alpha beta delta = alpha delta epsilon > alpha delta gamma > alpha delta > alpha gamma. 3. The extent to which a channel type with three different subunits was expressed was highly dependent upon the ratios of RNAs coding for the different subunits. For alpha beta delta receptors the efficiency of expression was alpha: beta: delta (1/5:1/5:1) >> (1:1:1) >> (1/5:1:1/5) > (1:1/5:1/5). 4. The level of expression of three-subunit combinations was also critically dependent upon the order of RNAs injected. When alpha delta or alpha gamma RNA combinations were co-injected 2 days prior to the injection of beta RNA, the expression was 2-5 times greater than when alpha beta injection was followed by injection of delta or gamma RNA. 5. Single-channel measurements revealed that alpha beta delta channels were not expressed in the presence of alpha beta delta epsilon RNAs, even under conditions when the amount of delta RNA injected was 5-fold higher than the amount of epsilon RNA. 6. These data indicate that the functional expression of subunit-omitted receptors depends critically upon the relative amounts of the five different subunit RNAs. Receptors composed of three different subunits express in the presence of the subunit RNAs characteristic of embryonic muscle (alpha beta delta gamma), but are not observed with the combination of RNAs characteristic of adult muscle (alpha beta delta epsilon).
Stabilized antiferroelectric phase in lanthanum-doped (Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3

Phase transition behaviour of La-modified sodium bismuth titanate ceramics [(Na0.5Bi0.5)1−1.5xV0.5xLax]TiO3 (NBLT) was investigated. The two anomalies in er(T) and DSC analysis indicated that lower temperature phase transitions below 200 °C became pronounced with La additions. The polarization relaxation of er(T) and double hysteresis loops showed that the intermediate region between two dielectric anomalies was the antiferroelectric modulated phase. The origin of the modulated antiferroelectric state was discussed in terms of disordering effects of the La ions and cation vacancies. With increasing La content, the long-range symmetry of the dipoles in the ferroelectric phase was disturbed in the intermediate region. The competition between rhombohedral ferroelectric phase and tetragonal paraelectric phase contributed to the formation of a modulated antiferroelectric phase in NBLT ceramics.
Increased ICAM-1 expression in aortic disease

Abstract Purpose: In this investigation we evaluated the expression of vascular adhesion molecules: intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), E-selectin, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in normal and diseased aorta. Methods: Aortic tissue was obtained during operations for abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) (inflammatory, n = 3, noninflammatory, n = 6), aortic occlusive disease (AOD) ( n = 6), or from fresh cadavers (NL) ( n = 5). The tissue was stained with the avidin-biotin complex with the following primary antibodies: anti-ICAM-1-AA6, anti-E-selectin-BB11, and anti-VCAM-1-4B9. The slides were assigned an inflammatory score of 0 to 3, and the percentage of each cell type staining, 0% to 100%. Results: A trend towards a higher inflammatory score was found in the vessel wall in AAA (2.4 ± 1.8) as compared with AOD (1 ± 0.37) or NL (0.2 ± 0.2). There was no statistical difference. A significant elevation in ICAM-1 expression ( p ≤ 0.06), however, was demonstrated in the adventitial endothelial cells of AAA (85.8% ± 7.8%), and AOD (80.0% ± 11.1%), as compared with NL (30.8% ± 12.2%). Both E-selection and VCAM-1 were expressed in all groups, but no statistical difference was demonstrated. Conclusions: Patients with AAA and AOD display a significant upregulation of the expression of ICAM-1, suggesting a role for this protein in the initiation or maintenance of degenerative aortic diseases. (J VASC SURG 1993;18:875-80.)
The Relationship Between Chicano Children's Achievement And Their Teachers'Ethnicity

Educators are often encouraged to provide minority teachers for minority students; yet empirical evidence about the academic effects of such a practice is limited. This study compares the reading achievement of Chicano students with Anglo teachers and Chicano students with Hispanic teachers. Subjects were 2,129 third and fourth-graders in Title I schools in a large, urban, southwestern school district. An analysis of covariance, controlling for pre-test scores, shows no difference in post-test scores between the two groups of children at either grade level.
Methyl Salicylate Attracts Natural Enemies and Reduces Populations of Soybean Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Soybean Agroecosystems

Methyl salicylate, an herbivore-induced plant volatile, has been shown to attract natural enemies and affect herbivore behavior. In this study, methyl salicylate was examined for its attractiveness to natural enemies of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), and for its direct effects on soybean aphid population growth rates. Methyl salicylate lures were deployed in plots within organic soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] fields. Sticky card traps adjacent to and 1.5 m from the lure measured the relative abundance of natural enemies, and soybean aphid populations were monitored within treated and untreated plots. In addition, exclusion cage studies were conducted to determine methyl salicylate's effect on soybean aphid population growth rates in the absence of natural enemies. Significantly greater numbers of syrphid flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) and green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) were caught on traps adjacent to the methyl salicylate lure, but no differences in abundance were found at traps 1.5 m from the lure. Furthermore, abundance of soybean aphids was significantly lower in methyl salicylate-treated plots. In exclusion cage studies, soybean aphid numbers were significantly reduced on treated soybean plants when all plants were open to natural enemies. When plants were caged, however, soybean aphid numbers and population growth rates did not differ between treated and untreated plants suggesting no effect of methyl salicylate on soybean aphid reproduction and implicating the role of natural enemies in depressing aphid populations. Although aphid populations were reduced locally around methyl salicylate lures, larger scale studies are needed to assess the technology at the whole-field scale.
On the Replacement of Scan Chain Inputs by Primary Input Vectors

We show that the functionality of scan chain inputs sometimes exists in a circuit as part of its functional operation, and can be exhibited by applying specific primary input vectors. By relying on such functionality it is possible to hide scan chains as part of a solution that addresses security. It is also possible to reduce the number of external scan chain inputs that need to be added to the circuit as part of the scan implementation, or remove the need to multiplex primary inputs as scan chain inputs. We define inherent scan in functions to capture the functionality of scan chain inputs that exists in a circuit, and show that they can be computed effectively by simulation. We address the case where multiple scan chains are to be used for the circuit.
Detecting coronary artery disease in left bundle branch block.

Left bundle branch block (LBBB) creates a problem in detecting spontaneous or inducible myocardial ischemia or even acute myocardial infarction despite a modification of the ST-segment criteria ([1][1]). Although LBBB could be an isolated electrocardiographic abnormality, it could also be,
Chicago Dance Collection: A Case in Pointe

The Newberry Library, a privately endowed research library in Chicago, began in 1981 to develop a manuscript collection in the field of dance. The author describes how an idea was initiated by a paraprofessional staff member, encouraged by researchers, fostered by a curator, supported by the administration, and energized by volunteers to create and develop the Chicago Dance Collection.
Evolutionary Dynamics of Floral Homeotic Transcription Factor Protein–Protein Interactions

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) have widely acknowledged roles in the regulation of development, but few studies have addressed the timing and mechanism of shifting PPIs over evolutionary history. The B-class MADS-box transcription factors, PISTILLATA (PI) and APETALA3 (AP3) are key regulators of floral development. PI-like (PI(L)) and AP3-like (AP3(L)) proteins from a number of plants, including Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) and the grass Zea mays (maize), bind DNA as obligate heterodimers. However, a PI(L) protein from the grass relative Joinvillea can bind DNA as a homodimer. To ascertain whether Joinvillea PI(L) homodimerization is an anomaly or indicative of broader trends, we characterized PI(L) dimerization across the Poales and uncovered unexpected evolutionary lability. Both obligate B-class heterodimerization and PI(L) homodimerization have evolved multiple times in the order, by distinct molecular mechanisms. For example, obligate B-class heterodimerization in maize evolved very recently from PI(L) homodimerization. A single amino acid change, fixed during domestication, is sufficient to toggle one maize PI(L) protein between homodimerization and obligate heterodimerization. We detected a signature of positive selection acting on residues preferentially clustered in predicted sites of contact between MADS-box monomers and dimers, and in motifs that mediate MADS PPI specificity in Arabidopsis. Changing one positively selected residue can alter PI(L) dimerization activity. Furthermore, ectopic expression of a Joinvillea PI(L) homodimer in Arabidopsis can homeotically transform sepals into petals. Our results provide a window into the evolutionary remodeling of PPIs, and show that novel interactions have the potential to alter plant form in a context-dependent manner.
Ownership Structure and Capital Structure

This paper reports evidence in support of the hypothesis that closely-held ownership, institutional holdings and the degree of financial leverage are jointly and endogenously determined. An inverse relation between the percentage of closely-held shares and institutional holdings is apparent, as is a compatible inverse link between institutional holdings and leverage. A somewhat more complex link between closely-held ownership and leverage is suggested. High financial leverage generally reduces the percentage of closely-held shares, but already high closely-held ownership can work to increase the optimal degree of financial leverage.
cGMP-dependent ADP depolymerization of actin mediates estrogen increase in cervical epithelial permeability

Estrogen increases secretion of cervical mucus in women, and the effect depends on fragmentation of the cytoskeleton. The objective of the present study was to understand the molecular mechanism of...
CONSTANCY OF POPULATION PARAMETERS FOR LIFE-HISTORY AND FLORAL TRAITS IN RAPHANUS SATIVUS L. II. EFFECTS OF PLANTING DENSITY ON PHENOTYPE AND HERITABILITY ESTIMATES.

To determine the effect of growing conditions on population parameters in wild radish, (Raphanus sativus L.: Brassicaceae), we replicated maternal and paternal half-sib families of seed across three planting densities in an experimental garden. A nested breeding design performed in the greenhouse produced 1,800 F1 seeds sown in the garden. We recorded survivorship, measured phenotypic correlations among and estimated narrow-sense and broad-sense heritabilities (h2 ) of: days to germination, days to flowering, petal area, ovule number/flower, pollen production/flower, and modal pollen grain volume. Survivorship declined with increasing density, but the relative abundances of surviving families did not differ significantly among densities. Seeds in high-density plots germinated significantly faster than seeds sown in medium- or low-density plots, but they flowered significantly later. Plants in high-density plots had fewer ovules per flower than those in the other treatments. Petal area and pollen characters did not differ significantly among densities. Densities differed with respect to the number and sign of significant phenotypic correlations. Analyses of variance were conducted to detect additive genetic variance (Va ) of each trait in each density. At low density, there were significant paternal effects on flowering time and modal pollen grain volume; in medium-density plots, germination time, flowering time and ovule number exhibited significant paternal effects; in high-density plots, only pollen grain volume differed among paternal sibships. The ability to detect maternal effects on progeny phenotype also depended on density. Narrow-sense h2 estimates differed markedly among density treatments for germination time, flowering time, ovule number and pollen grain volume. Maternal, paternal and error variance components were estimated for each trait and density to examine the sources of variation in narrow-sense h2 across densities. Variance components did not change consistently across densities; each trait behaved differently. To provide qualitative estimates of genetic correlations between characters, correlation coefficients were estimated using paternal family means; these correlations also differed among densities. These results demonstrate that: a) planting density influences the magnitude of maternal and paternal effects on progeny phenotype, and of h2 estimates, b) traits differ with respect to the density in which heritability is greatest, c) density affects the variance components that comprise heritability, but each trait behaves differently, and d) the response to selection on any target trait should result in different correlated responses of other traits, depending on density.
An agent-based computational framework for simulation of competing hostile planet-wide populations

Abstract The increase in readily available computational power raises the possibility that robust agent-based modeling can play a productive role in the analysis of population dynamics. Accordingly, the objective of this work is to develop a robust agent-based computational framework to investigate the emergent structure of initially intermeshed hostile, competing, populations on a global scale. Specifically, we develop a model based on discrete entities (agents), each with their own interaction rules with their immediate neighbors, innate skill sets, reproductive rates, mobility and lifespans to represent a population. The global population is then allowed to evolve according to these local rules over many generations. The biological systems-level applications are numerous, stemming from human conflict on the macroscale to microbes on the microscale. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the model construction and the results of such an approach.
Breeding Core Parents for Building a Bridge between Indica and Japonica Subspecies in Hybrid Rice and Utilization of Heterotic Groups

The indica clinous and japonica clinous rices for core parents can be developed by adopting the technique of ″building a bridge between indica and japonica″,through appropriately combining and coordinating indica and japonica genes in the process of gene exchange and recombination,and by applying the method of ecological selection.The successful development and application of the two high-yielding superior core parents of high combining ability,C418 and Guangszhan 63S,has further enriched its scientific connotation.The paper further discussed about utilization of indica/japonica hybrid vigor and heterotic groups.
Surveillance for leptospirosis In Menglian,Yunnan,2005-2013

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of leptospirosis in Menglian,Yunan province,and provide evidence for the prevention and control of leptospirosis.Methods The blood samples of patients with unexplained fever,kidney samples of mouse,frogs and pigs and the middle stream urine of buffalos were collected for pathogen isolation / culture and microscopic agglutination test,then the serum antibody detection was conducted for diagnosed patients and host animals.Results During 2005-2013,a total 172 leptospirosis cases were reported in 6townships in Menglian,the average incidence was 14.88 /100 000,The incidence peak was during summer-autumn,the incidence was in decline,Most patients were farmers and young adults(81.4%),The male to female ratio of the cases was 1.97 ∶ 1.Twelve serogroups of Leptospire were detected,but serogroup icterohemorrhagie was predominant(37.63%).The overall detection rate was 2.34% in host animal surveillance,but the detection rate was highest in rodents(3.50%).Conclusion The incidence of leptospirosis was in decline in Menglian,but it was still higher than average national level.Multi serogroups of Leptospire circulated and the rodents' carriage of Leptospire was high in Menglian,suggesting the possibility of local leptospirosis outbreak.
Older Adults Research in Acute Care – Breaking the Barriers

Population-based growth has familiarized health care providers with the special needs of older patients. We know the elderly, those 65 years or older, represent 13.7% of the U.S. population, with a projected rise to 19% by 2030 (Administration on Aging, 2013). Yet, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health indicates that only 3%-6% of clinical trials are specific to the older adult aged population (Orwig, Williams, & Martin, 2011). Older adult patients in acute care hospitals (ACH) are known to have multiple comorbidities that include respiratory ailments, cardiac diseases, falls, cognitive impairments, and depression (Formiga et al., 2012; CDC, 2014). Studies have demonstrated that comorbid conditions increase with age (Formiga et al., 2012; Barnett et al., 2012).
Collaborative Design Approach in Product Design and Development

This chapter presents an integrated framework for distributed and collaborative environment, which could assist organizations to achieve integrated design goals. The proposed system emphasizes the integration of the software tools and the resources involved in the design process to collaborate the geographically dispersed design teams and vendors. The advancement in information technology (IT) is the driving force for the development of this environment. Also, the early participation of vendors in the design process is considered critical in order to improve the product quality and reduce the development cycle time.
Load Distribution in Multiple-Bolt Tension Joints

An analytical and experimental investigation is presented, and a simplified analytical method is derived that closely predicts experimental results. The analysis is applied to butt-type timber tension joints under loading in the elastic range. A program of tests was designed to study the distribution of load among the bolts and the effect of the joint properties on the distribution for comparison with theoretical results. Joints containing six or more bolts in a row are found to have a highly uneven distribution of bolt loads, and the two end bolts together usually carry over 50% of the load. The addition of more than six bolts in a row does not substantially increase the elastic strength of the joint. Small misalinement of bolt holes may cause large shifts in bolt loads. The most even distribution of bolt loads occurs in a butt joint in which the extensional stiffness of the main member is equal to that of both splice plates. Some slight redistribution of load from the more heavily loaded end bolts to the less heavily loaded interior bolts takes place when bolt bearing is the mode of failure.