cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Forming limit diagram with anisotropy considering of Ti-6Al-4V sheets and prediction of ductile fracture by experiment and FEA

Abstract Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy sheets were focused on to clarify the forming limit curve. At first, finite element analysis (FEA) was utilized to calculate the suitable dimension of the sheet to the extent heretofore provided in ISO 12004 and to determine the forming limit curve. The punch dome test was carried out to obtain the forming limit with anisotropy considering of the Ti-6Al-4V sheets by using the suitable workpiece dimension. Additionally, the method to prevent fracture occurrence during the punch dome test was suggested, and the effect of the developed method on the fracture occurrence at the bead portion was demonstrated during punch dome test for determination of forming limit curve. Hence, the forming limit curve considering the anisotropy of the Ti-6Al-4V sheets was obtained by using the developed method to prevent the fracture at the bead portion. In addition, FEA of the dome punch test considering the anisotropy was performed to confirm the effects of the developed method on the fracture at the bead portion and the anisotropy of Ti-6Al-4V on the forming limit, in addition, to predict the forming limit by using ductile fracture criteria. As the results, the database of the forming limit curve of the Ti-6Al-4V sheets was constructed by an experiment and FEA.
P054 Unexpected quiescence of expected memory response against prior kidney allografts – Novel lessons learned from an 11 year old recipient of 3 kidney transplants

We present an 11 yr old girl who received 3 kidney transplants (KTx). She received 1st-KTx from a living donor at age 4 due to the end-stage renal disease. She had no HLA antibodies (Ab) at pre-1st-KTx, and thus pre-tx crossmatch (XM) and donor-specific HLA antibodies (DSA) were −ve. Six weeks later, the allograft was removed due to torsion (twisting of blood vessels) and thrombosis (formation of a blood clot). The C4d staining of Tx-biopsy was −ve indicating no antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR). She was relisted for the 2nd-KTx. Two-mo post tx-nephrectomy sample revealed Abs to all 10 mismatched (MM) donor’s HLA types (and associated CREG) resulting in 97% CPRA. After a 3 yr wait, she received 2nd-KTx from a deceased donor (DD) with −ve XM and DQ8 DSA (MFI = 1961). Shortly, she developed complications by BK viremia/nephropathy and immunosuppression was reduced, which potentially increased alloimmune activation. At 2-mo post-2nd-KTx, she developed de novo DSAs directed against 4 mismatched HLAs of 2nd-KTx (1600–14600 MFI). She was treated with multiple rounds of eculizumab, plasmapheresis and IVIG until Dec. 2015, when she presented with an acute increase in serum creatinine to 8.7 mg/dL. KTx biopsy showed acute ABMR. She was relisted for 3rd-KTx on Feb. 2016 with a cPRA 100%. After 2 yr wait, she received 3rd-KTx on Feb. 2018 from a DD with −ve XM and no DSA. The 3rd donor was mismatched by 8 HLA antigens - 1 of them was a repeat-MM with 1st donor and another was repeat-MM with both 1st and 2nd donors. However, Abs to 5 mismatched HLAs of the 3rd-KTx (B8, B37, Cw6, DP2, DP4) found in the historical sera (MFIs 1000–16,000) were completely −ve in multiple sera tested during 2 mo post-3rd-KTx (Fig.). No rejection was noted. Lessons learned from this case were: A 4-yr old human immune system can recognize and respond to alloantigens, and can trigger HLA-Abs production efficiently. However, acquired memory response, an integral component of adaptive immunity is not fully developed until 11 yr of age. These findings have vital implications in pediatric KTxs. Download : Download high-res image (508KB) Download : Download full-size image
α-Particle Detection and Charge Transport Characteristics in the A3M2I9 Defect Perovskites (A = Cs, Rb; M = Bi, Sb)

We have investigated the defect perovskites A3M2I9 (A = Cs, Rb; M = Bi, Sb) as materials for radiation detection. The phase purity of Bridgman-grown A3M2I9 single crystals was confirmed via high-re...
Too many cooks in the kitchen: The effects of dominance incompatibility on relationship conflict and subsequent abusive supervision

Abstract Across two studies, we explore the configurational effects of leader and follower dominance on dyadic relationship conflict and subsequent abusive supervision. Drawing from the central tenets of social dominance and interpersonal interaction theories, we propose that various leader-follower dominance combinations can incite abusive supervision via relationship conflict. We first suggest that when leaders and followers are both high on dominance, relationship conflict is likely to result. Furthermore, we suggest that when leaders and followers have incongruent dominance, relationship conflict is also more likely to occur. Finally, we propose that relationship conflict will mediate the relationship between these congruent and incongruent combinations and abusive supervision. Using polynomial regression and response surface analysis, we found support for our hypotheses, and reveal that both high- and low-dominance leaders are susceptible to conflict and subsequent abuse, depending on their followers' dominance. Our research contributes to the existing literature on antecedents of abusive supervision by integrating the role of dominance using configurational and relational perspectives.
A latent class analysis of prolonged mechanical ventilation patients at a long-term acute care hospital: Subtype differences in clinical outcomes.

Abstract Rationale Patients on prolonged mechanical ventilation (PMV) at Long-Term Acute Care Hospital's (LTACHs) are clinically heterogeneous making it difficult to manage care and predict clinical outcomes. Objectives Identify and describe subgroups of patients on PMV at LTACHs and examine for group differences. Methods Latent class analysis was completed on data obtained during medical record review at Midwestern LTACH. Main results A three-class solution was identified. Class 1 contained young, obese patients with low clinical and co-morbid burden; Class 2 contained the oldest patients with low clinical burden but multiple co-morbid conditions; Class 3 contained patients with multiple clinical and co-morbid burdens. There were no differences in LTACH length of stay [F(2,246) = 2.243, p = 0.108] or number of ventilator days [F(2,246) = 0.641, p = 0.528]. Class 3 patients were less likely to wean from mechanical ventilation [χ2(2, N = 249) = 25.48, p Conclusion Patient subgroups can be described that predict clinical outcomes. Class 3 patients are at higher risk for poor clinical outcomes when compared to patients in Class 1 or Class 2.
Role of Public Transportation in a Natural Disaster State of Emergency Declaration

Destructive natural disasters such as hurricanes or other extreme weather events challenge many industries, especially the public transit industry. The 2017 hurricane season proved to be tumultuous...
Academic Activities Abroad: One Nurse Educator's Fulbright Experience.

BACKGROUND Nursing students need an understanding of global health concepts in the 21st century. Patients and/or populations may come from anywhere in the world, some of whom may be seeking refuge from conflict and/or war. In addition, nurses may be employed in other countries. PROBLEM Nurse educators may not have international experiences or know about global opportunities or how to navigate them. APPROACH Fulbright Scholar Awards are one way for nursing educators to experience academic opportunities in another country, working with international colleagues and/or students. OUTCOMES One nurse educator describes her experience from successful application through the postaward period. CONCLUSIONS Fulbright offers opportunities for academics to engage in teaching and/or research, work with international colleagues, and be immersed in other cultures. Such experiences can equip nurse educators with more comprehensive global perspectives for preparing future nurses.
Racial Microaggressions and Psychological Distress Among Undergraduate College Students of Color: Implications for Social Work Practice

This study examines the relationship between racial microaggressions and psychological distress among undergraduate students of color and seeks to inform social work practice with that population. Participants in this study (n = 216) were from a medium-sized research university which is a predominantly White institution (PWI) in the Northeast region of the United States. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between racial microaggressions and psychological distress. The findings indicated a positive relationship, particularly for those students that lived off campus. Among other implications, findings demonstrate the need to further explore social and environmental factors in off-campus residential communities compared to on-campus residential communities.
Advances in infrared fibers

Infrared (IR) fibers that transmit radiation at wavelengths from ~ 2 μm up to ~ 25 μm, a spectrum that extends across both the mid-IR (MIR) and far-IR (FIR), has gained extensive attention concomitant with the recent availability of MIR semiconductors sources and detectors. Chalcogenide glasses (ChGs) are a leading candidate for IR fibers by virtue of their wide optical transmission windows and high nonlinearity in the IR region. After extensive studies since the 1960s, the development and applications of ChG IR fibers are primarily hindered by their unfavorable mechanical properties. Here, we summarize our recent advances in low-cost, robust multimaterial ChG IR fibers with broad transmission windows and low optical losses, based on our multimaterial fiber preforms produced by several fabrication methodologies. Hundreds of meters of fibers are thermally drawn in an ambient atmosphere with desired step-index structure from a macroscopic multimaterial preform that contains few grams of ChG. These simple and efficient processes overcome many of the traditional obstacles, and therefore enable rapid production in an industrial setting.
The Moderating Effects of Technology Planning and Network Size on Outside-In Open Innovation

Open Innovation is an intellectual property management strategy that has been gaining in popularity over that past decade, and features permeable firm boundaries, in contrast to previous “closed” a...
Mössbauer Spectral Study of the Low-Temperature Electronic and Magnetic Properties of α-FePO4 and the Mixed Valence Iron(II/III) Phosphate SrFe3(PO4)3.

The Mossbauer spectra of trigonal α-FePO4, measured between 4.2 and 300 K, exhibit hyperfine parameters characteristic of high-spin iron(III) in a pseudotetrahedral oxygen environment. Between 24.5 and 300 K, the spectra show a paramagnetic quadrupole doublet and at 24.0 K the spectrum reveals the onset of antiferromagnetic exchange. At 4.2 and 16 K, a single magnetic sextet is observed with hyperfine fields of 51.36(1) and 42.74(1) T, respectively, with an angle, θ, of 90° between the principal axis of the electric field gradient tensor in the basal plane of the trigonal unit cell and the hyperfine field along the c axis. The spectra obtained between 21 and 18 K have been fitted with two equal-area magnetic sextets with θ angles of 25 and 85°, angles which indicate that the iron(III) magnetic moments are canted away from the c axis. The reduced hyperfine field versus reduced temperature plot indicates a departure from a Brillouin S = 5/2 behavior, as a result of some magnetostriction at the Neel temperature. The Mossbauer spectra of class 1 mixed-valence SrFe3(PO4)3, measured between 4.2 and 300 K, exhibit hyperfine parameters characteristic of two high-spin iron(II) ions and one high-spin iron(III) ion in a pseudooctahedral oxygen environment. At and above 40 K, the spectra show two paramagnetic quadrupole doublets, whereas at 39.0 K the spectrum reveals the onset of ferrimagnetic exchange. Between 4.2 and 30 K, the spectra have been fitted with two magnetic sextets with θ angles of 85 and 10° for the iron(II) and iron(III) sites, respectively. The reduced hyperfine field versus reduced temperature plots for the iron(II) and iron(III) sites show a distinct departure from Brillouin S = 2 and S = 5/2 behavior, respectively, a departure that suggests a first-order magnetic transition at 39.5(5) K with differing magnetostrictions at the iron(II) and iron(III) sites.
LIWC into the Eyes: Using Facial Features to Contextualize Linguistic Analysis in Multimodal Communication

This paper demonstrates that analyzing language patterns in light of their associated facial expressions elicits significant differences between deceptive and truthful communication. Facial Action Units (AU) were analyzed in video recordings (1.2M frames) of 151 dyadic conversations following an interrogation protocol, in which one of the participants is known to be either lying or telling the truth. Linguistic features were extracted from the transcripts using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) dictionary. Our framework extracted facial-feature contexts automatically corresponding to high and low intensities of AU occurrences. This helped us dive deeper into answers corresponding to the video segments where the witnesses kept their eyes wide open (high intensity of AU05-upper lid raise). We found that in these segments, deceivers used significantly fewer ‘Seeing’, ‘Perceptual’ and ‘Cognitive’ words and their answers were significantly shorter than truth-tellers.
Islam-based legal language and state governance: democracy, strength of the judiciary and human rights

States embracing Islam-based laws are frequently seen as struggling with establishing democratic institutions, jeopardizing human rights and encouraging executive encroachment on the judiciary. This paper explores whether the presence of Islam-based legal language in a domestic legal system is associated with lower levels of electoral democracy, fewer protections for private liberties, women’s rights, and a weak judiciary. Relying on original data covering laws in 29 Islamic law states (2001–2012), we focus on Islam-based legal language in these states’ constitutional and subconstitutional domestic legal systems. By itself, Islam-based legal language is not associated with a weak judiciary or the absence of political liberties. However, subconstitutional—particularly legislative—commitments to Islam-based legal language are frequently associated with lower levels of democracy and fewer protections for private liberties and women’s rights.
A Primer on E-Waste

This Chapter introduces the concept of e-waste. The chapter highlights how countries are regulating e-waste and how firms that sell electronic and electrical equipment are tackling e-waste with supply chain initiatives.
An association between resting state EEG parameters and the severity of topiramate-related cognitive impairment.

Abstract Introduction Many commonly prescribed drugs cause cognitive deficits. We investigated whether parameters of the resting-state electroencephalogram (rsEEG) are related to the severity of cognitive impairments associated with administration of the antiseizure drug topiramate (TPM) and the benzodiazepine lorazepam (LZP). Methods We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study. After a baseline visit, subjects completed three sessions at which they received either a single dose of TPM, LZP, or placebo. Four-hours after drug administration and at baseline, subjects completed a working memory (WM) task after their rsEEG was recorded. After quantifying drug-related behavioral (WM accuracy (ACC)/reaction time (RT)) and electrophysiological (alpha, theta, beta (1,2), gamma power) change for each subject, we constructed drug-specific mixed effects models of change for each WM and EEG measure. Regression models were constructed to characterize the relationship between baseline rsEEG measures and drug-related performance changes. Results Linear mixed effects models showed theta power increases in response to TPM administration. The results of the regression models revealed a number of robust relationships between baseline rsEEG parameters and TPM-related, but not LZP-related, WM impairment. Conclusions We showed for the first time that parameters of the rsEEG are associated with the severity of TPM-related WM deficits; this suggests that rsEEG measures may have novel clinical applications in the future.
Spatial location is filtered out of visual working memory representations when task irrelevant, just like other features

Contrary to early proposals stating that we always store bound object features in visual working memory, more recent work has suggested that we can inhibit the encoding, or consolidation, of irrelevant features of objects into visual working memory. However, a number of theoretical proposals suggest that spatial location is a special feature of an object that might be obligatorily bound to objects stored in visual working memory. In this study, I used a masking paradigm to measure the efficiency of encoding into visual working memory while subjects were tasked with remembering the location, color, or both of these features of the objects. The measures of consolidation efficiency indicate that spatial location is not encoded into visual working memory unless it is relevant for the task at hand. Thus, the present experiments show that we can control which features of an object are selectively stored in working memory, including spatial location, a feature thought to be immune to such filtering.
A Regional Analysis of the Relationship Between Housing Affordability and Business Growth

Using U.S. Census data for the period 2010 to 2016, for 383 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) and 3,137 counties nationwide, the authors examine the relationship between housing affordability a...
Advancing the ethical dialogue about monkey/human chimeric embryos.

In this issue of Cell, Tan et al. report the first injection of human stem cells into in vitro non-human primate blastocysts with significant survival of the human cells, raising new scientific possibilities but also important ethical issues.
Cerebral Blood Flow Monitoring via Superconductive Nanowire Single Photon Detection

In this paper, we demonstrated a superconductive sensing-based system for cerebral blood flow monitoring via diffuse correlation spectroscopy at 1064nm. Findings show high brain sensitivity and fast monitoring using the presented system.
Single-Channel Conductances and Models of Transport

Kacy Cole once said that the specific membrane capacitance is the nearest thing in biology to a physical constant. I always took that to mean that the ubiquitous 1 µf/cm2 membrane capacitance values show that cell membranes everywhere are made of thin sheets of low-dielectric-constant material. Since a uniform low-dielectric barrier would make ion permeation much too difficult, the large conductance increases which occur during excitation are most easily explained by the activation of sparsely distributed highly conductive ion channels. One of the advances of the last few years is that we can now measure the conductance of these elementary ionic channels. I would like to first review how the unit channel conductance can be determined from electrical noise measurement and then discuss how one can directly observe the activation of individual channels. At present, we see that ion-selective channels form a special class of interesting membrane proteins. There are various kinds of channel structure-not only the variety of gated channels which are switched on by various stimuli during excitation, but also cytolytic channels in various immune and attack systems, channels connecting adjacent epithelial cells at gap junctions, and probably others. The unit channel conductances form a new set of physical parameters for membrane transport which, like the capacitance, give us a bit of the picture of the membrane as a physical structure.
The Tale of Tessie the Textile Worker: Female Textile Workers in Cornwall During World War II

The recent historiography pertaining to women during World War II hast ended to focus on women in either the war industries or armed forces. While the first feminist scholars argued that women experienced a type of second emancipation during this period due to changes in societal attitudes, more recently, historians have contended that women were temporarily treated to certain economic and social benefits during the War because the government and industries were in desperate need of workers. This paper attempts to offer an alternative interpretation of women's experiences during this time, through the investigation of female textile workers in Cornwall, Ontario. Using a dual structural analysis, this study illustrates how male union leaders and company owners often collaborated in maintaining a segregated work force. Instead of experiencing a type of liberation from traditional occupational constraints, Cornwall's female textile workers remained subjugated in lower paying and lower skilled "female" jobs in the mills. Within this industry then, continuity rather than change characterized the experiences of female textile workers during World War II. Resumes L'historiographie recente sur les femmes pendant la Seconde guerre mondiale s'est notamment penchee sur le sort de celles-ci dans les industries de guerre ou les forces armees. Bien que les premieres ecoles feministes aient soutenu que les femmes, au cours de cette periode, avaient connu en quelque sorte une seconde emancipation du fait des changements d'attitude a leur endroit au sein de la societe, plus recemment les historiens ont allegue que les femmes n'avaient provisoirement pu profiter de certains avantages economiques et sociaux pendant la guerre que parce que le gouvernement et les industries eprouvaient de pressants besoins en main-d'œuvre. L'ouvrage precite s'efforce d'offrir une autre interpretation des experiences des femmes au cours de cette periode, plus precisement a la faveur d'une enquete sur les travailleuses du textile a Cornwall, en Ontario. Faisant appel a une analyse structurelle dualiste, cette etude illustre comment les hommes a la tete des syndicats et les proprietaires d'entreprises ont bien souvent collabore en vue du maintien d'une segregation entre travailleurs et travailleuses. Plutot que de connaitre une certaine liberalisation par rapport aux contraintes professionnelles traditionnelles, les travailleuses du textile de Cornwall ont ete confinees, dans les usines, aux emplois les moins bien payes, a ces emplois «de femmes» exigeant moins d'aptitudes. Les travailleuses du textile, pendant la Seconde guerre mondiale, ont donc ete assujetties a des experiences qui s'inscrivaient bien davantage dans la foulee de la continuite d'un etat de choses traditionnel que dans celui d'une quelconque evolution sociale.
(In)Digitizing Cáuigú Historical Geographies: Technoscience as a Postcolonial Discourse

The primary thesis of this essay is that technology and society co-construct one another. The dynamics of co-construction are often encountered by scholars who conduct research on the rights of indigenous peoples, indigenous knowledge, media, mapping, the social impacts of geographic information systems (GIS), science and technology studies, history of technology, indigenous linguistics, English, and film studies. We often find ourselves working ‘in-between’ dialogues, mediating indigenous geographies, negotiation research agendas, incorporating social theories, relying heavily upon the humanities, and representing geographies using digital technologies. For some of us, the projects are modest. Issues of data source uncertainty, how GIS handles temporal data, and the GIS leanings toward quantified data are all important issues. However, we are never removed from the web of colonial or postcolonial histories; reminded how cartographers, ethnographers, and historians constructed historical geographies for Indigenous people in the past; and the processes that contributed the historical condition of American Indians and how we should approach modern histories that involve researching and writing about Indigenous people. Some scholars have adopted frameworks that highlight the hybridity of systems, the blending of ideas, and contradictory spaces making up American Indian historical geographies.
A Metabolic Push to Proliferate

Liver regeneration requires a membrane protein that is involved in lipid uptake, storage, and metabolism by hepatocytes.
The muscarinic receptor gene expressed in rabbit parietal cells is the m3 subtype

To investigate the nature of the muscarinic receptors present on parietal cell membranes, binding studies and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of parietal cell messenger (m) RNA were undertaken. Displacement of N-[3H]methylscopolamine by various muscarinic antagonists showed displacement with a single affinity. The apparent dissociation constant values were as follows: atropine (nonselective), 1.95 +/- 0.28 nmol/L; pirenzepine (M1), 169 +/- 24 nmol/L; AF-DX 116 (M2), 1542 +/- 33 nmol/L; and hexahydrosiladifenidol (M3), 29 +/- 3.4 nmol/L. These data confirmed the existence of only an M3 receptor linked to acid secretion as defined pharmacologically. PCR amplification of parietal cell mRNA with primers designed for detection of all known muscarinic receptor subtypes showed that only m3 fragments were produced from parietal cell mRNA, whereas m1 and m2 products could be detected in brain or cardiac mRNA. The m3 nature of the PCR product was confirmed by Southern blotting with 32P-labeled human m3 complementary DNA. Hence the two carbachol affinities and the separable cellular responses following muscarinic activation are caused by separate coupling pathways of the M3 receptor.
A FUNCTIONAL INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR I RECEPTOR IS REQUIRED FOR THE MITOGENIC AND TRANSFORMING ACTIVITIES OF THE EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR

When wild-type mouse embryo cells are stably transfected with a plasmid constitutively overexpressing the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR), the resulting cells can grow in serum-free medium supplemented solely with EGF. Supplementation with EGF also induces in these cells the transformed phenotype (growth in soft agar). However, when the same EGFR expression plasmid is introduced and overexpressed in cells derived from littermate embryos in which the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) receptor genes have been disrupted by homologous recombination, the resulting cells are unable to grow or to be transformed by the addition of EGF. Reintroduction into these cells (null for the IGF-I receptor) of a wild-type (but not of a mutant) IGF-I receptor restores EGF-mediated growth and transformation. Our results indicate that at least in mouse embryo fibroblasts, the EGFR requires the presence of a functional IGF-I receptor for its mitogenic and transforming activities.
Quality improvement to decrease specimen mislabeling in transfusion medicine.

Abstract Context.—Proper specimen identification and labeling is a critical preanalytic step in pretransfusion compatibility testing. Objective.—To gather baseline data for specimen mislabeling, specifically targeting major mislabeling events, and to design and implement a plan of corrective action. Design.—All mislabeled specimens received by the transfusion service for a type and screen were recorded and classified into minor and major mislabeling categories. Major mislabeling events were tracked by origin of the specimen. Locations with a high proportion of major mislabeling were given timely feedback (within 1 week) of the events as they arose. Setting.—A university hospital. Main Outcome Measures.—The incidence of major mislabeling. Results.—The incidence of mislabeling in the transfusion service was 0.5% (243/49 955) during 21 months of data collection. Of these mislabeling events, 47% were classified as major events (unlabeled, mismatched specimen/ requisition, ABO/Rh result on current specimen not...
Proximate time-optimal control of a second-order flexible structure

We develop a Proximate Time-Optimal Ser-vomechanism (PTOS) for a harmonic oscillator plant with no damping. We approximate the signum function inherent to the bang-bang, time-optimal solution with a gain and saturator. We prove that if certain design restrictions are met, this control law will drive any initial state into an invariant region B about the origin of the phase-plane in finite-time. We then show that once the state enters this region, it is asymptotically stable about the origin, by demonstrating that a Lyapunov function exists for the region B. Finally, we present simulation results using this control law on a simplified model of an atomic force microscope.
Design and Characterization of a Hybrid Frequency Domain/Continuous Wave Breast Imaging System

The design of a new hybrid breast optical imaging signal detection system is described using photodiodes together with PMTs. The goal of this design is to better quantify chromophores in tissue with a wider wavelength band.
Calcitonin in nonthyroidal cancer.

A blind prospective study was undertaken to determine the use of calcitonin (CT) as a tumor marker. After final diagnosis, results revealed elevated plasma CT (<150 pg/ml) in common cancers as follows: lung, 38%; colon, 24%; breast, 38%; pancreas, 42%; and gastric, 30%. Fifty-eight percent of oat cell carcinomas were associated with elevated plasma CT. CT immunoreactivity was detected in 14% of tumor extracts and was not detectable in normal tissue other than thyroid. Hypercalcemia was not the cause of hypercalcitonemia. Incubation studies of [l25I]human CT in cancer plasma and tumor extracts demonstrated that measurements were not an artifact of label degradation. In a survey of control patients with nonneoplastic disease, elevated CT was noted in renal failure, acute gastrointestinal bleeding, and in some patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. In conclusion, plasma CT is elevated in a substantial proportion of common neoplasms and is useful as a tumor marker.
Egg clutches and embryos of two hadrosaurian dinosaurs

(1999). Egg clutches and embryos of two hadrosaurian dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 607-611.
Constitutive but Not Inducible Attenuation of Transforming Growth Factor β Signaling Increases Natural Killer Cell Responses without Directly Affecting Dendritic Cells Early after Persistent Viral Infection

Rapid innate responses to viral encounters are crucial to shaping the outcome of infection, from viral clearance to persistence. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a potent immune suppressor that is upregulated early upon viral infection and maintained during chronic infections in both mice and humans. However, the role of TGF-β signaling in regulating individual cell types in vivo is still unclear. Using infections with two different persistent viruses, murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV; Cl13), in their natural rodent host, we observed that TGF-β signaling on dendritic cells (DCs) did not dampen DC maturation or cytokine production in the early stages of chronic infection with either virus in vivo. In contrast, TGF-β signaling prior to (but not during) chronic viral infection directly restricted the natural killer (NK) cell number and effector function. This restriction likely compromised both the early control of and host survival upon MCMV infection but not the long-term control of LCMV infection. These data highlight the context and timing of TGF-β signaling on different innate cells that contribute to the early host response, which ultimately influences the outcome of chronic viral infection in vivo. IMPORTANCE In vivo host responses to pathogens are complex processes involving the cooperation of many different immune cells migrating to specific tissues over time, but these events cannot be replicated in vitro. Viruses causing chronic infections are able to subvert this immune response and represent a human health burden. Here we used two well-characterized viruses that are able to persist in their natural mouse host to dissect the role of the suppressive molecule TGF-β in dampening host responses to infection in vivo. This report presents information that allows an increased understanding of long-studied TGF-β signaling by examining its direct effect on different immune cells that are activated very early after in vivo viral infection and may aid with the development of new antiviral therapeutic strategies.
Intracellular stages in the life cycle of the microsporidian Nosema apis

Abstract The intracellular stages of the microsporidian Nosema apis are described, and photomicrographs are presented as an aid for the identification of this parasite of the honey bee, Apis mellifera.
Liquid-spray or dry-powder systems for inhaled delivery of peptide and proteins?

Non-invasive delivery systems are desirable for routine administration of therapeutic protein and peptides. The large absorptive surface area of the lungs, thin alveolar epithelial barrier, and extensive vasculature makes the pulmonary route a promising option. For many years, drug delivery to the lungs has been achieved by nebulizers and metered dose inhalers. Two rapidly expanding fields of aerosol drug delivery are liquid-spray systems and dry-powder delivery systems. The selection of an aerosolization system for protein and peptide active compounds will be driven by several inter-related factors that include: physicochemical properties of the macromolecule, the principle of aerosolization of the device, and patient- and disease-related properties. Although novel liquid spray systems may have aerosol and delivery advantages over current inhalation aerosol technologies, rigorous scientific evaluation has not yet been performed due to the relatively recent introduction of these systems. Alternatively, dry-powder inhaler systems for protein and peptide therapeutics have undergone significantly more scientific evaluation. Dry-powder systems for protein and peptide therapeutics may have stability and sterility advantages. However, with currently used excipients and passive dispersion mechanisms, these devices are relatively inefficient. A convergence of improved particle manufacturing methods and technologies with active dispersion technologies may lead to more efficient delivery options. Alongside these delivery considerations, issues pertaining to economic viability, regulatory approval, and patient factors are equally important for selection of an appropriate delivery system. Thus, with our current understanding, there is no acceptable decision tree or algorithm that can be used to derive the most appropriate device technology for inhaled protein and peptide therapy. This review aims to provide guidance to select the best formulation alternative to deliver a candidate protein/peptide drug through the pulmonary route.
Rate process in the final stage of complement hemolysis

Abstract We define S ∗ as the complex resulting just after the final complement components (C5–C9) have adsorbed to the membrane at one site. An erythrocyte bearing one or more S ∗ 's is called an E ∗ . The kinetics of lysis of E ∗ 's made from sheep red cells and human complement is examined. The temperature dependence of the initial rate of lysis gives an Arrhenius plot showing an activation energy of 13.7 kcal/mole for lysis. This rules out free diffusion of cellular components, which has a derived activation energy of 4.6 kcal/mole, as the rat-limiting step in teh lytic process. The maximum extent of E ∗ lysis is also found to vary with temperature. This observation could be explained by a scheme which postulates that the final lytic site, S ∗ , becomes inactive with time. A dependence of the extent of E ∗ lysis on the volume of fluid sorrounding the cells implies that this inactivation could be caused by desorption of some component of S ∗ from the membrane. By assuming that the distribution of S ∗ 's on the complement-treated cels is initially described by a Poisson distribution function, an expression for the time dependence of lysis is derived in terms of the rate constants of lysis and desorption and the initial average number of S ∗ 's per cell. This expression fits the data very well and yields an activation energy for desorption of less than 4 kcal/mole. On the basis of observations, speculations are made on teh nature of the final control point in complement lysis.
Fitness consequences of prolonged copulation in the bowl and doily spider

Bowl and doily spiders, Frontinella pyramitela (Araneae, Linyphiidae), copulate much longer than the 15 min required for insemination. This apparently maladaptive behavior has been satisfactorily explained in the literature by invoking hypotheses that involve sperm competition, resistance to predators and parasites, or foraging enhancement. In this study, the fertility, live progeny production, progeny size, female receptivity, and latency to oviposition of bowl and doily spiders were measured and related to copulation duration. Using these data, we were able to eliminate six hypotheses and support a seventh: in this species, longer copulations result in larger hatchlings in the first clutch of eggs produced by the female. Although the correlation between copulation duration and progeny size is positive and significant, much of the variation in progeny size remains unexplained, and the reason for the variability in copulation durations remains obscure.
Influence of gene dosage on electrophoretic phenotypes of proteins from lizards of the genus Cnemidophorus

Abstract 1. 1. Electrophoretic phenotypes of 23 proteins representing 29 loci indicate that populations of the diploid bisexual species of whiptail lizards normally have heterozygosity indices of about 0.05. 2. 2. Comparison of the same proteins of diploid and triploid parthenogenetic (unisexual) species of whiptail lizards reveals very high and fixed heterozygosities (0.41 and 0.45). 3. 3. Banding patterns of isozymes at loci that are heterozygous in the unisexual forms and in a triploid and a tetraploid hybrid between unisexual and bisexual species indicate that the alleles involved are all equally functional within individual cells. 4. 4. Proteins of these diploid, triploid and tetraploid lizards have the same number of polypeptide chains/molecule as do other vertebrates for which relevant data exist. 5. 5. Ploidy of specimens whose karyotypes are unknown can be estimated with reasonable confidence by careful electrophoretic analysis of a variety of proteins.
Ultrasonic attenuation tomography of soft tissues.

Abstract In this paper we show that one can measure integrated attenuation for a soft-tissue structure simply by measuring the center frequencies of the incident and transmitted pulses. Except for a multiplicative constant, the integrated attenuation is equal to the difference of these two frequencies . Also, this method is independent of transmittances at tissue - tissue and tissue - couplant interfaces . Since the attenuation information is derived from frequency shifts rather than the signal amplitudes, this new method is somewhat insensitive to a partial loss of signal caused by beam refraction. This technique is based on the power spectra of transmitted ultrasonic pulses approximating Gaussian functions. The validity of this approach has been checked by computer simulation. Tomographic reconstructions of the experimental data using the various attenuation measurement techniques are presented.
Appropriating the voice of the superheroes: Three preschoolers' bilingual language uses in play

Abstract Results from a qualitative investigation of the English language acquisition of three Spanish-speaking children enrolled in a bilingual preschool are reported, with a focus on the children's spontaneous use of English when playacting at being figures from popular children's culture. The occurrence of this voice is contrasted with the children's use of Spanish for other types of play, for regular conversation, and for directive comments (spoken as stage directions) during the playacting episodes. The influence of variables in the home, school, and larger social context which appear to promote the dichotomization of the children's voices into the English-speaking “self” and the Spanish-speaking “other” are discussed, and implications for second language acquisition and bilingual development are considered.
Hierarchical constraint transformation based on genetic optimization for analog system synthesis

In a top-down analog system design methodology, the task of translating high-level performance specifications and constraints into component level parameters is termed as constraint transformation. In this paper, we presented a genetic optimization based approach to constraint transformation. The salient features of this are a search space profiling technique and a hierarchical two-level genetic optimization engine. Performance estimation for profiling and hierarchical optimization uses both the performance equations embedded in an analog performance estimation module as well as detailed SPICE simulation. We described the constraint transformation method, and each of its constituents. The effectiveness of the two-level hierarchical approach was established by comparing it against a flat non-hierarchical method. Application of the constraint transformation method in the synthesis of design examples was also presented in the paper.
Earth science: Ins and outs on the ocean floor.

Researchers investigating heat exchange between the ocean floor and the ocean have various long-standing issues to tackle. The latest measurements of heat flux in hydrothermally active crust will add to these debates.
Schwann cells stimulated by axolemma-enriched fractions express cyclic AMP responsive element binding protein.

Both axolemma-enriched fractions (AEF) and cyclic AMP have been shown to regulate the proliferation and differentiation of cultured primary Schwann cells (SC). We have evaluated the role of CREB, a transcription factor that binds to the cAMP-responsive element, in mediating the AEF-stimulated SC proliferation and differentiation. We detected CREB in nuclear extracts derived from SC stimulated with 40 μg/ml of AEF for 16, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr, using a DNA-electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Unstimulated quiescent SC contained low levels of CREB which increased to a maximal level after 48 hr of AEF treatment. Using anti-CREB antibodies and Western blot analysis, after 24 hr of AEF treatment we first detected CREB as a 45 kDa protein which reached a maximal level of expression after 72 hr. Double labeled immunocytochemistry using anti-CREB and anti-5-bromo-2′-deoxy-uridine antibodies demonstrated maximal CREB expression after 72 hr of AEF treatment, closely coinciding with the temporal expression of SC proliferation. At all times examined, all AEF-treated SC labeled by anti-CREB antibodies were also labeled with anti-BrdU antibodies. These observations are consistent with the view that CREB could play an important role in the induction of SC proliferation by AEF. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
John Dewey on experience: a critical resource for the theory and practice of youth civic engagement

Research on youth civic engagement often sees the everyday lives of young people as barriers to civic engagement. Recent qualitative approaches have drawn attention to the civic and political dimensions of young people's everyday lives. This is a crucial insight, but cannot – by itself – answer a key question: just how is it that everyday experience can be transformed into civic engagement? I argue that John Dewey's theory of experience makes two key contributions toward answering this question. First, Dewey's situational understanding of experience directs us to the concrete conditions of everyday life as the necessary groundwork and starting point for civic engagement. Second, his concept of reflective experience helps us understand how taken for granted assumptions about political and social life can be transformed into more active forms of engagement. I illustrate this argument by drawing on selected findings from a qualitative study of young people's experience in Public Achievement, a civic engageme...
Stress and central Urocortin increase anxiety-like behavior in the social interaction test via the CRF1 receptor

Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) and Urocortin are important neurotransmitters in the regulation of physiological and behavioral responses to stress. Centrally administered CRF or Urocortin produces anxiety-like responses in numerous animal models of anxiety disorders. Previous studies in our lab have shown that Urocortin infused into the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala produces anxiety-like responses in the social interaction test. Subsequently, in the current study we prepared a specific CRF1 receptor antagonist (N-Cyclopropylmethyl-2,5-dimethyl-N-propyl-N'-(2,4,6-trichloro-phenyl)-pyrimidine-4,6-diamine, NBI3b1996) to examine in this paradigm. This CRF1 receptor antagonist inhibited the ex vivo binding of 125I-sauvagine to rat cerebellum with an ED50 of 6 mg/kg, i.p. NBI3b1996 produced a dose-dependent antagonism of Urocortin-induced anxiety-like behavior in Social Interaction test with an ED50 of 6 mg/kg, i.p. The compound had no effect on baseline social interaction. In addition, the CRF1 receptor antagonist prevented the stress-induced decrease in social interaction. These results provide further support for the CRF1 receptor in anxiety-like behavior and suggest this pathway is quiescent in unstressed animals.
Manhood and the Neutered Body in Early Modern Spain

This paper examines the links between the construction of masculinity and the male body in eighteenth century Spain. It scrutinizes unpublished cases of annulments due to impotency in a northern Spanish church court between 1650 and 1750, in the diocese of Calahorra and La Calzada. The proceedings against a hermaphrodite, several castrates, and many impotent men are explored thoroughly. The author follows the lead of James Farr and Joan Scott, agreeing with them that refining sexual differences reinforced social order and hierarchy in Counter-Reformation Europe. But, instead of examining how this was done to clarify the male/female binary hierarchy, the author applies this conceptualization to argue that there were also progressively more reified definitions of manhood in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The article concludes that a legal confidence in the medical profession during the eighteenth century focused attention on the male body and allowed authorities to expose "unmanly" bodies. Communities called upon an increasingly self-assured medical profession to diagnose the physical attributes of non-masculinity, in much the same way they would describe the unhealthy, the abnormal, or the insane.
Male and Female Circumcision Today

The article explores historical and contemporary practices in male and female circumcision. Genital mutilation is reviewed in its cultural contexts.
Man-Made Diamonds

Claims of the conversion of carbon to diamond date back to 1880, but it was not until 1955 that the first reproducible synthesis was reported. Bundy et al. describe the high-pressure, high-temperature apparatus that enabled them to reach the stability field of diamond, and prove that the material obtained was indeed diamond. Ironically, some of the same authors discovered 38 years later that the very first diamond grown by their technique was not synthetic after all, but a fragment of a natural diamond that got into the experiment. Fortunately, however, the technique was sound, and marked the beginning of the present synthetic-diamond industry.