cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improved estimation of the distribution of suppressed plasma HIV-1 RNA in men receiving effective antiretroviral therapy.

Plasma HIV-1 RNA was measured in 306 samples, collected from 273 highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-experienced men, using both the Roche COBAS TaqMan (limit of detection [LD]=20 copies/mL) and Roche Amplicor (LD=50 copies/mL) assays. Mixtures of Gaussian distributions incorporating left-censored data were used in analyses. The more sensitive TaqMan assay estimated that 23% and 0.0003% of HIV-1 RNA values would be below 1 copy/mL and 1 copy/3L, respectively. This is in sharp contrast to the overestimation provided by the less sensitive Amplicor assay, whereby the corresponding predicted percentages were 51% and 1%. Both assays appropriately characterized sub-optimal virologic response as the rightmost peaks of both distributions provided an excellent fit to the observed data. Our results based on a widely available 20 copies/mL sensitive assay reproduce those obtained using customized assays that quantified HIV-1 RNA values as low as 1 copy/mL.
Design and implementation of a data analytics infrastructure in support of crisis informatics research (NIER track)

Crisis informatics is an emerging research area that studies how information and communication technology (ICT) is used in emergency response. An important branch of this area includes investigations of how members of the public make use of ICT to aid them during mass emergencies. Data collection and analytics during crisis events is a critical pre-requisite for performing such research, as the data generated during these events on social media networks are ephemeral and easily lost. We report on the current state of a crisis informatics data analytics infrastructure that we are developing in support of a broader, interdisciplinary research program. We also comment on the role that software engineering research plays in these increasingly common, highly-interdisciplinary research efforts.
Detection of coronary artery disease as assessed by electrocardiogram or thallium-201 imaging: Impact of achieved heart rate during exercise testing

An increasing number of patients are unable to achieve 85% of their maximum predicted heart rate on exercise testing either due to physical limitations or medications such as beta-blockers. In order to evaluate the reliability of this test at achieved heart rates of less than 85%, exercise 201 Tl images and interpretable electrocardiograms of 99 patients with coronary artery disease diagnosed by coronary angiography were reviewed and compared
Case Study 24. The Unknowable Biped: Questions We Cannot Answer

The fossil and archaeological record has revealed much yet remains frustratingly incomplete. Moreover, there are important questions it can never answer. Anthropologists may learn what species existed where and when; they can formulate hypotheses about what earlier hominins ate, how they grew up, and how their bodies changed. Science has revealed something of their environmental conditions and the other species with which they interacted. The fossils reveal how our bodies have evolved, but they cannot answer the question of why these changes took place.
Agent-based modeling of the adoption of high-efficiency lighting in the residential sector

Abstract Due to the wide use of incandescent lighting, residential sector has much lower energy efficiency comparing to commercial sector. However, adoption of compact fluorescent (CFL) and light-emitting diode (LED) technology in residential sector has been slow because of several obstacles such as high price tag, poor public information, and additional cost to achieve favorable lighting features. A deep understanding on consumer’s behavior is needed to support policy development in order to speed up the penetration of CFL and LED in the residential sector. Agent-based modeling (ABM) has been used to capture the dynamics of complex socio-technical systems, and represent a suitable tool. Previous work on ABM of consumer adoption of CFL and LED rely heavily on multi-criteria decision making of the agents. Since light bulbs are not a significant purchase for most households, it is highly possible that customers will not go through complex decision making mechanics. This research establishes an ABM of residential lighting purchase and usage within a hypothetical community and tries to illustrate possible adoption paths under different scenarios. Agents are divided into three groups with different simple decision heuristics when making purchase. Energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from each scenario are calculated and compared. Results of the simulation show that incandescent lamps will eventually fade out of the market even with no policy implemented. After 25 years, annual energy consumption can be reduced by roughly 30% compared to Year 2010. Under best case where incandescent bulbs are banned, the energy consumption reduction can be up to 70%. Among scenarios, incandescent ban and energy saving campaign yield best energy consumption and GHG emission reduction results. LED technology advancement can improve market penetration of LED lighting but has little effect on incandescent fade out. It is also shown that lighting technology retrofitting can achieve higher reduction on electricity consumption and GHG emission than electricity grid improvement.
A Data-Driven Approach to Food Safety Surveillance and Response

Abstract Increasingly, new techniques of big data and predictive analytics are being marshaled to reduce the time, scale and scope of foodborne contamination events. Contamination of food can occur at any point across increasingly complicated and intersecting global food chains. By the time a food safety problem is suspected, several weeks may have passed since first contact with the tainted product. And only after a foodborne outbreak has been confirmed by laboratory tests can the responsible products be identified and recalled. The entire process from detection to product recall can take weeks, even months. Dealing with the twin problems of early detection and rapid response are the core challenges of food safety today. In this chapter we describe a prototype informatics tool called NCFEDA (North Carolina Foodborne Events Data Integration and Analysis) that builds situational awareness of emerging contamination events by fusing traditional and nontraditional data sources, predictive analytics, visualization tools, and real-time collaboration across stakeholders to reduce the latency in detecting and responding to emerging contamination events.
Early Initiation of Inhaled Corticosteroids Does Not Decrease Acute Chest Syndrome Morbidity in Pediatric Patients with Sickle Cell Disease

Abstract Acute chest syndrome (ACS) is the leading cause of mortality in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). Because the etiology of ACS is multifactorial, treatment approaches include broad spectrum antibiotics, intravenous fluids to prevent sickling, encouragement of ambulation, and incentive spirometry. Inflammation, airway hyper-reactivity, and ventilation/perfusion mismatch are also important in ACS etiology, but inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are not universally initiated and efficacy still needs to be demonstrated in the treatment of ACS. Systemic corticosteroids have previously been investigated as part of the treatment for ACS. In these studies, patients who received systemic steroids had shorter hospital stays, but they were more likely to be readmitted with sickle cell painful vaso-occlusive crises (VOC). ICS may be a safe alternative to systemic steroids in patients with ACS. The current study aims to investigate the utility of initiating ICS at the time of hospital admission in reducing ACS morbidity (defined here as transfer to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), the need for BiPAP, intubation or pRBC transfusion) or hospital costs in SCD patients who were admitted to the hospital with VOC or ACS. A case control study was initiated to compare patients with a discharge diagnosis of ACS at a large, tertiary care children's hospital. Cases were those patients in whom ICS were initiated at the time of hospital admission for VOC or ACS. Controls were patients who did not receive ICS upon hospital admission. Outcome measures included rate of PICU transfer, transfusion requirements, need for intubation or BiPAP initiation, and hospital cost. Student t-tests were used to compare continuous variables between the cases and controls and Pearson chi-squared was used to compare categorical variables. A total of 120 patients with SCD admitted for ACS or VOC who later developed ACS were analyzed (55 controls vs. 65 cases). Eighty-one percent of the cases had HbSS, compared to 67% of the controls (p=0.07). Cases and controls were age matched (9.9±6.2 yrs vs. 8.7±5.5 yrs, respectively, p=0.28). A higher proportion of the cases had asthma (52.3% vs. 12.7%, p Initiation of ICS in this case control study did not significantly decrease the rate of ACS morbidity. Patients who received ICS at admission were more likely to have HbSS and asthma, suggesting that the cases in this study may have had more severe ACS than the controls. This could explain why a higher proportion of the cases required PICU transfer and BiPAP initiation despite receiving ICS. Despite a plausible pathogenic mechanism for the use of ICS to reduce airway hyper-reactivity, we did not see a statistically significant benefit in the treatment of ACS. Prospective studies of the use of ICS to prevent ACS or decrease its morbidity are needed. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Functional Morphology and In Vivo Bone Strain Patterns in the Craniofacial Region of Primates: Beware of Biomechanical Stories about Fossil Bones

It is frequently assumed, either implicitly or explicitly, that the concentration, distribution, and geometry of bone mass within the craniofacial region is largely or exclusively determined by or associated with routine and habitual forces associated with mastication, incision, or isometric biting (cf. Seipel, 1948; Weinman and Sicher, 1955; Scott, 1967; Wolpoff, 1980, Wolpoff, 1996; Russell, 1985; Rak, 1986; Preuschoft et al., 1986; Demes, 1987; and many others). For example, much of the work dealing with the functional significance of craniofacial form in Neandertals is based on this commonly made but frequently erroneous assumption (e.g., Wolpoff, 1980, Wolpoff, 1996; Rak, 1986; Demes, 1987).The intent of this paper is to demonstrate that reconstructing the masticatory behavior* and biomechanics of primates from the fossilized remains of the craniofacial skeleton is extremely problematic, particularly when done in the complete absence of a detailed understanding of the biomechanical environment of the craniofacial region of living primates. We intend to demonstrate that the routine acceptance of the above assumption is unjustified, and for that reason a considerable amount of what has been said about the functional significance of various fossil skulls is likely incorrect.
Unplanned excision of soft-tissue sarcomas: current concepts for management and prognosis

➤ Biopsy, staging, preoperative imaging and planning, as well as surgical treatment of soft-tissue sarcomas, are best carried out in specialized sarcoma centers, with the support of a multidisciplinary tumor board.➤ Tumor bed excision is recommended after most unplanned excisions, with a goal of obtaining complete tumor removal with an appropriately wide margin of resection.➤ The surgical resection area tends to be more extensive during tumor bed excision than during primary resection because of the need to resect potential areas of contamination, resulting in the need for more reconstructive procedures (flaps and skin grafts) and wider radiation fields.➤ Unplanned excisions are associated with an increased rate of local recurrence related to residual disease and positive margins after tumor bed excision, a deep location, and certain histologic subtypes, such as malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, myxofibrosarcoma, and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans.➤ While adjuvant radiation therapy has not been found to mitigate the risk of local recurrence in unplanned excisions, it is generally utilized in the treatment of unplanned excisions as it is in the treatment of primary soft-tissue sarcomas.➤ Given the surgical and oncologic sequelae of unplanned excisions, prevention through the diffusion of concepts by means of provider education on how to approach soft-tissue masses, which can be potential soft-tissue sarcomas, is the best strategy.
Self-enforcing trade agreements and lobbying

Abstract In an environment where international trade agreements must be enforced via promises of future cooperation, the presence of an import-competing lobby has important implications for optimal punishments. When lobbies work to disrupt trade agreements, a Nash reversion punishment scheme must balance two conflicting objectives. Longer punishments help to enforce cooperation by increasing the government's costs of defecting, but, because the lobby prefers the punishment outcome, this also incentivizes lobbying effort and with it political pressure to break the agreement. Thus the model generates an optimal length for Nash reversion punishments, and it depends directly on the political influence of the lobbies. Trade agreement tariffs are shown to be increasing in the political influence of the lobbies, as well as their patience levels.
Cost-efficient case-control cluster sampling designs for population-based epidemiological studies.

Abstract Cost-efficient sampling schemes for population-based case-control studies are necessary for sampling subjects in geographically dispersed populations where in-house surveys are expensive to conduct due to high interviewer travel costs that may be associated with simple random sampling. Motivated by the original study conducted by Cockburn et al. (2011) that investigated the relationship between exposure to pesticides and prostate carcinogenesis, a set of cluster-based individually matched case-control designs is presented for cost-efficient sampling of additional controls. Based on cluster sampling from the field of survey sampling, the case-control study designs presented, where one case is individually matched to three controls, use case-control status in the sampling of the primary sampling clusters. In the secondary stage, interviewer travel costs are reduced by subsampling additional controls within primary sampling clusters as opposed to selecting additional controls purely at random, which would be highly inefficient from a cost perspective. Compared to the simple random sampling (SRS) 1:1 and SRS 1:3 (one case matched to: n SRS control(s)) designs, computer simulations demonstrate that these cluster-based designs provide unbiased rate ratio estimation and statistical efficiencies that are no worse than the SRS 1:1 design and moderately less than the SRS 1:3 design. Even under situations where the intracluster correlation for the exposure variable is extremely high for the exposure of interest, the cluster-based designs have statistical efficiencies that are comparable to that of the SRS 1:1 design. Furthermore, a cost-efficiency analysis is presented that demonstrates that the cluster-based designs are more cost-efficient compared to the SRS 1:3 design.
Bilateral Multiligamentous Knee Injuries: A Case Report and Technique Review

Bilateral knee dislocations are rare musculoskeletal injuries. We report a case of a patient who sustained traumatic bilateral knee dislocations resulting in multiligamentous injuries to both knees. The patient subsequently underwent acute ligamentous reconstructions of both knees performed at 2 weeks and 3 weeks after the initial injury. One year after these procedures, the patient has achieved excellent functional outcomes and has returned to recreational sports.
Parallel solution of finite element equations

The paper examines several parallel processing solution algorithms for finite element equations arising in linear equilibrium problems. Two basic groups of algorithms, direct and iterative, are investigated with respect to a number of parallel computer architectures and associated selection criteria. The direct algorithms include: LR-Gauss, Crout, Cholesky, Cyclic Reduction and WZ-factorization. The iterative methods examined are: Accelerated Gauss-Seidel, Surrogate Stiffness, Jacobi, Series Expansion, and Energy Monte Carlo. For real-time applications, where the object is to minimize the execution time, Cyclic Reduction appears to be best suited. This assumes a computer with an unlimited number of parallel processors. However, for computers with a limited number of parallel processors that must be used efficiently, both Gauss factorization and Jacobi-like iterative methods rank favorably.
A statistical model of laminar-turbulent transition

Publisher Summary This chapter investigates the possibility of coupling a simple model of interacting instability waves to bridge the gap between transition models and turbulence models. A set of interacting instability waves coupled to a shell model of turbulence is also proposed in the chapter. Unperturbed instability wave evolution is characterized by initial subharmonic growth because of parametric excitation, the subsequent development of phase coherence, and by explosive nonlinear amplitude growth. Coupling to a shell model disrupts the phase coherence and the explosive amplitude growth. It leads to a period of bounded chaotic amplitude evolution followed by a sudden onset of large amplitude broadband disturbances, which are qualitatively similar to turbulence. This coupled model exhibits some qualitative properties of transition to turbulence.
Relations of Early Childhood Education Teachers' Depressive Symptoms, Job-Related Stress, and Professional Motivation to Beliefs about Children and Teaching Practices.

Research Findings: This study used teacher questionnaires to investigate the relationships of early childhood education teachers’ depressive symptoms, professional motivation, and job-related stres...
600.17 Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement in Patients with Chronic Total Coronary Occlusion

Coronary artery disease is a common diagnosis among patients evaluated for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). It is unknown whether the presence of chronic total occlusion (CTO) of coronary arteries has any impact on TAVR procedural characteristics or in-hospital outcomes. The study
Efficacy of activated persulfate in pathogen inactivation: A further exploration.

Abstract Activated persulfate, a relatively new advanced oxidation process, has gained attention for its potential to ensure fresh produce safety. One of the major advantages is to avoid the formation of toxic chlorinated disinfection byproducts which are concerns for chlorine-based sanitizers. This study was aimed to investigate the efficacy of ferrous and alkaline activated persulfate in inactivating Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes, with the primary focus on the effect of initial persulfate concentration, the effect of gradual addition of ferrous ion, and the stability of activated persulfate. The prepared 5-strain pathogen cocktails were treated by activated persulfate for 60 or 120 s. Sodium thiosulfate combined with phosphate buffer was used to quench the reaction. Both pathogens were plated onto non-selective agars for colony enumeration. The steady-state concentrations of sulfate and hydroxyl radicals were quantified in each activation conditions. The results showed higher initial persulfate concentration can lead to more pathogen reductions. About 8.50 log CFU/mL reduction was observed in 120 s after the initial persulfate concentration was increased to 80 mmol/L (ferrous activation on both pathogens) or 600 mmol/L (alkaline activation on L. monocytogenes). Gradual addition of ferrous ion into persulfate solution achieved more pathogen reductions than adding all ferrous ion at once. However, only the increases of reductions achieved by four sequential addition were significant (P
Ouija boards, shape shifters, and dropouts moral panics and neoliberal Precarity in rural Yucatan

In 2010, a group of teenagers in the rural Yucatecan town of Dzitas were reportedly possessed by the devil while playing with a Ouija board in a local cemetery. This fed into a moral panic regarding the corrupting moral influence of transnational media and consumerism on local young people whose livelihood prospects look increasingly precarious. This bore a superficial resemblance to the 1980s “Satanic Panic” of the United States, which also embodied parental fears of cultural change and neoliberal precarity. However, the Yucatecan case bears the particular mark of a culture in which belief in divination and sorcery is more wide-spread than in the United States on the 1980s, and where neoliberal precarity did not emerge amidst the decay of an older Fordist stability. A comparison of the cultural dimensions of these two moral panics highlights important differences in the experience of neoliberalism at different points in the global system.
Finding quantum effects in strong classical potentials

The long-standing challenge to describing charged particle dynamics in strong classical electromagnetic fields is how to incorporate classical radiation, classical radiation reaction and quantized photon emission into a consistent unified framework. The current, semiclassical methods to describe the dynamics of quantum particles in strong classical fields also provide the theoretical framework for fundamental questions in gravity and hadron–hadron collisions, including Hawking radiation, cosmological particle production and thermalization of particles created in heavy-ion collisions. However, as we show, these methods break down for highly relativistic particles propagating in strong fields. They must therefore be improved and adapted for the description of laser–plasma experiments that typically involve the acceleration of electrons. Theory developed from quantum electrodynamics, together with dedicated experimental efforts, offer the best controllable context to establish a robust, experimentally validated foundation for the fundamental theory of quantum effects in strong classical potentials.
A Distance-Delivered Teacher Education Program for Rural Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Teacher Candidates

This article describes a collaborative, distance-delivered, teacher preparation program for rural, culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) teacher candidates. Multiple institutions partnered with one university in order to diversify the teaching force in the region and meet the needs of CLD students living there. In describing the program’s design and implementation phases, a focus on cultural responsiveness to the candidates’ needs, their rural settings, and high populations of Latino/a students in the rural areas in which they were trained is presented. Assessment of each implementation phase guided program practice for the participants’ training as effective teachers. Relevant discussion indicates that even with responses to the pre-service teachers’ academic, social, and financial needs, issues of communication and barriers imposed by distances emerged. Additionally, while collaborative bonds among the partner institutions facilitated the candidates’ training as effective teachers, the building of multi-institutional partnerships concurrently with the implementation phases caused participants and implementers stress.
Chapter 4 – Energy Cascading

The concept of energy cascading is invoked in Chapter 4 as a framework to compare high-performance six-junction solar photovoltaic cells operating under concentrated sunlight with combined-cycle thermal power plants comprised of natural gas and steam turbines. Throughout this case study, calculations of theoretical limiting cell power conversion efficiency as well as estimates of achievable AC module efficiency are presented to understand not only the limits but also the capabilities of advanced multijunction cells operating under concentrated sunlight.
Discussion on “ Transparency in Structural Research” by I. Andrews, M. Gentkow and J. Shapiro

We provide a complementary approach to global sensitivity analysis that should be useful for empirical work in economics.
Annual performance of the second-generation variable-geometry oscillating surge wave energy converter

Abstract Recent studies in wave energy have highlighted the need for a structured innovation approach in wave energy converter (WEC) design because cost-of-energy estimates have remained high. One such innovation being investigated by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory is WEC geometry control, which uses control surfaces in combination with an oscillating surge WEC (OSWEC) to increase device availability and power generation while limiting structural costs. This study performs the first analysis of annual performance for a novel OSWEC with geometry control to understand how the geometry control affects availability, annual power generation, and structural loadings like the power-take-off (PTO) torque or surge foundation force. Device hydrodynamic coefficients are calculated using linear potential theory for six geometry configurations. A nonideal PTO system is assumed and quadratic viscous damping losses are considered. Annual performance is evaluated and compared for three U.S. wave energy sites. The WEC geometry and PTO system are controlled on a sea-state basis to optimize for power capture while remaining under limits set on motion amplitude and structural loads. Results indicate that geometry control can increase availability up to 25 days in an average year depending on design limits, increase average power generation, and significantly reduce peak structural loads.
Regional White Matter Diffusion Changes Associated with the Cumulative Tensile Strain and Strain Rate in Nonconcussed Youth Football Players.

The purpose of this study is to assess the relationship between regional white matter diffusion imaging changes and finite element strain measures in nonconcussed youth football players. Pre- and p...
Systematic Literature Review of Virtual Reality Intervention Design Patterns for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders

The aims of this systematic literature review were to uncover, analyze, and present design characteristics of virtual reality (VR) systems that have been designed as training tools for individuals ...
Modeling Methods for Marine Science

This advanced textbook on modeling, data analysis and numerical techniques for marine science has been developed from a course taught by the authors for many years at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. The first part covers statistics: singular value decomposition, error propagation, least squares regression, principal component analysis, time series analysis and objective interpolation. The second part deals with modeling techniques: finite differences, stability analysis and optimization. The third part describes case studies of actual ocean models of ever increasing dimensionality and complexity, starting with zero-dimensional models and finishing with three-dimensional general circulation models. Throughout the book hands-on computational examples are introduced using the MATLAB programming language and the principles of scientific visualization are emphasised. Ideal as a textbook for advanced students of oceanography on courses in data analysis and numerical modeling, the book is also an invaluable resource for a broad range of scientists undertaking modeling in chemical, biological, geological and physical oceanography.
SU‐E‐T‐457: Impact of Interfractional Variations On Anterior Vs. Lateral‐Field Proton Therapy of Prostate Cancer

Purpose: To investigate the effects of interfractional anatomy and setup variations on plans with anterior-oblique vs. lateral beams for prostate cancer pencil beam scanning (PBS) and passive scattered (PS) proton therapy. Methods: Six patients with low/intermediate risk prostate cancer treated with PS proton therapy at our institution were selected. All patients underwent weekly verification CT scans. Implanted fiducials were used for localization, and endorectal balloons for prostate immobilization. New PBS plans with lateral beams, as well as PBS and PS plans with anterior-oblique beams (±35 deg) were created. PBS plans used two different spot sizes: ∼10mm (large) and ∼5mm (medium) sigma at 25cm range and optimized as single-field-uniform-dose with ∼8% non-uniformity. No range uncertainty margins were applied in PBS plans to maximize rectal sparing. Field-specific apertures were used when planning with large spots to sharpen the penumbrae. The planned dose was recomputed on each weekly CT with fiducials aligned to the simulation CT, scaled and accumulated via deformable image registration. Results: The dose volume analysis showed that although difference between planned and accumulated dose remains negligible for plans with conventional lateral beams using both PS and PBS, this is not the case for plans with anterior beams. The target coverage in anterior plans was largely degraded due to the variations in the beam path length and the absence of range margins. The average prostate D95 was reduced by 7.5/15.9% (using PS/PBS) after accumulation for anterior plans, compared with 0/0.4% for lateral plans. The average mean dose in organs-at-risk decreased by 1% for lateral and 2% for anterior plans, similarly for PS and PBS. Spot size did not affect the dose changes. Conclusion: Prostate plans using anterior beams may undergo clinically relevant interfractional dose degradation. Corrective strategies guided by in-vivo range measurements should be studied before clinical application of this technique.
Temporal evolution of pore geometry, fluid flow, and solute transport resulting from colloid deposition

Deposition of colloidal particles is one of many processes that lead to the evolution of the structure of natural porous media in groundwater aquifers, oil reservoirs, and sediment beds. Understanding of the mechanisms and effects of this type of structural evolution has been limited by a lack of direct observations of pore structure. Here, synchrotron X-ray difference microtomography (XDMT) was used to resolve the temporal evolution of pore structure and the distribution of colloidal deposits within a granular porous medium. Column filtration experiments were performed to observe the deposition of relatively high concentrations of colloidal zirconia (200 mg/l of particles having diameter {approx}1 {micro}m) in a packed bed of glass beads (diameters 210-300 {micro}m). Noninvasive XDMT imaging of the pore structure was performed three separate times during each column experiment. The structural information observed at each time was used to define internal boundary conditions for three-dimensional lattice Boltzmann (LB) simulations that show how the evolving pore structure affects pore fluid flow and solute transport. While the total deposit mass increased continuously over time, colloid deposition was observed to be highly heterogeneous and local colloid detachment was observed at some locations in a low ionic strength medium. LB simulations indicated thatmore » particle accumulation greatly reduced the permeability of the porous medium while increasing the tortuosity. The colloidal deposits also increased the spatial variability in pore water velocities, leading to higher dispersion coefficients. Anomalous dispersion behavior was investigated by simulation at the scale of the experimental system: weak tailing was found in the clean bed case, and the extent of tailing greatly increased following colloid deposition because of the development of extensive no-flow regions. As a result of this coupling between pore fluid flow, colloid accumulation, and the pore geometry, colloid deposition is expected to strongly influence long-term solute dynamics in cases where solute transport is either accompanied by high colloid influx or where the passage of the solute front mobilizes and then redistributes material from the porous matrix.« less
Multinomials and polynomial bosonic forms for the branching functions of the su(2)M x su(2)N/su(2)M+N conformal coset models

We give explicit expressions for the q-multinomial generalizations of the q-binomials and Andrews' and Baxter's q-trinomials. We show that the configuration sums for the generalized RSOS models in regime III studied by Date et al. can be expressed in terms of these multinomials. This generalizes the work of ABF and AB where configuration sums of statistical mechanical models have been expressed in terms of binomial and trinomial coefficients. These RSOS configuration sums yield the branching functions for the su(2)M x su(2)N/su(2)M+N coset models. The representation in terms of multinomials gives Rocha-Caridi-like formulas whereas the representatiot of Date et al. gives a double sum representation for the branching functions.
Fair and Effective Use of Present Antitrust Procedure

No GOVERNMENT policy has received such long and unquestioned public acceptance as that expressed by the Sherman Antitrust Act. The domination of market by small groups and the concentration of wealth and power in a few have been a matter of continuing public concern for over 40 years. However, in spite of a governmental religion officially dedicated to the economic independence of individuals, the growth of great organizations in America has been amazing. The Internal Revenue statistics for 1935 show that over 50%o of all net corporate income is earned by less than one-tenth of 17o of the corporations reporting, and 84%o of the aggregate corporate net profits is earned by less than 4%o of the corporations reporting. We have become a nation of employees. Our private property, our security in our old age and the care of our families when we die usually consist of claims held directly or indirectly against great industrial organizations. Our problem is therefore to define the public responsibility of such organizations, and to determine where industrial efficiency ends and industrial empire building begins. As a practical matter, indicated in the President's statement of February 18th, the question of prices overshadows the entire subject. We are accustomed to think of prices for building material, for aluminum kitchen utensils and for the various other things which are essential to decent living, as different from taxes. But when these prices are set by a group which dominates the market, the only difference between such prices and taxes is the fact that such prices are levied without public responsibility or public control, and that their proceeds are used for private and not for public purposes. Mr. Justice Brandeis recognized this as early as 1922 when in The New England Divisions Case' he called a railroad rate a tax. The failure of the public to realize that monopoly prices are taxes has been possible only because our peculiar mythology makes this sort of taxation by industrial organizations a more pleasant way of levying tribute than direct taxation by government, even though tribute when paid in the form of price runs only to the benefit of the few while when levied in the form of taxes it runs to the benefit of all. Yet the effect in reducing our individual incomes is even worse because such industrial prices so officially fixed are taxes levied on the rich and poor alike. And they are worse for another reason
File filtering in Stata: Handling complex data formats and navigating log files efficiently

A text file filter is a program that converts one text file into another on the basis of a set of rules. For statistical applications, a text file filter can convert data embedded in a complicated text file so that Stata can read and analyze it. A text file filter can also automate the production of more user-friendly output from long Stata log files. The file command lets you use text file filters in Stata. This article reviews some key programming points for successful implementation of such filters.
Targeting the [CL/cyt c] complex to protect electron transport and prevent ROS formation prevents mitochondrial IR injury without ROS scavenging (LB169)

SS-31 (D-Arg-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NH2) is a ROS-scavenging cardiolipin-targeting tetrapeptide which is known to protect against oxidative stress-induced ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. The interaction of CL with cytochrome c (cyt c) is necessary for electron carrier function of cyt c but can also lead to a [CL/cyt c] complex formation, which prevents electron transfer and promotes superoxide and hydrogen peroxide generation. SS-31 was shown to protect the carrier function of cyt c while preventing oxidative stress and optimizing bioenergetic efficiency. To distinguish between ROS scavenging and inhibition of ROS formation in mitochondrial protection during IR injury, we developed an analog of SS-31 which lacks the ROS-scavenging dimethylTyr moiety (SS-20; Phe-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH2). We showed that SS-20 interacts specifically with CL in liposomes and mitochondria. In isolated mitochondria, SS-20 increases oxygen respiration and reduces hydrogen peroxide formation. Although SS-20 cannot scavenge ROS, it is as...
Biosynthesis of the purines. XXIX. Purification and properties of formylglycinamide ribonucleotide amidotransferase from chicken liver.

Abstract A procedure for purification of formylglycinamide ribonucleotide amidotransferase from chicken liver has been presented. The highly purified preparation showed a single component in the ultracentrifuge. The molecular weight of the enzyme was found to be about 133,000 with a sedimentation coefficient of 6.5 S. The enzyme is rapidly denatured by alkaline or thermal treatment. This denaturation, however, is completely prevented by the addition of all of the substrates and cofactors of the enzyme and partially by various combinations of these substrates and cofactor. The equivalence of the products formed in the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme was studied by the use of various assay procedures. For the formation of 1 mole of formylglycinamidine ribonucleotide, a product of the reaction, 1 mole each of glutamine and of ATP was converted to glutamate and to ADP and orthophosphate, respectively.
History and Literature

Ever since Aristotle, theoreticians have analyzed the differences and commonalities of narration in historiography and literature. Both in the modern novel as well as in modern historiography one has tried to get rid of narration as a basic principle. Narration survived all new experiments in the two areas. The interrelation of factual and fictional narration is on the mind of many theoreticians these days. Hayden White's thesis of the poetic structure of historiography has been discussed in a controversial manner. In order to point out the differences in the two modes of narration one has to understand the varying truth concepts behind historiography and the novel. As Kate Hamburger has pointed out, it is the as-if structure of fiction that makes the novel different from historiography. What both forms of narration have in common are the creation of meaning, the function of memory, and the formation of identity.
Inverse ocean modeling with ADCIRC

A modular system for ocean data assimilation has recently been developed. It has already been implemented in an unsophisticated way with a variety of models of the ocean and the coupled ocean-atmosphere. The system is currently being enhanced with modern information technology to facilitate the application of the system to models of coastal oceans, ocean basins, and the global ocean. One of the several ocean models that will interface with this “Inverse Ocean Modeling System” (IOM) is ADCIRC, a finite element circulation model for shelves, coasts, and estuaries. First, several aspects of the IOM are explained, with emphasis on features that facilitate its implementation with a variety of models. Second, the unique challenges of interfacing ADCIRC with the IOM are described, including the development of the time-discrete cost functional that depends on the primitive equation residuals (rather than the wave continuity residuals). Then the derivation of the forward and adjoint generalized wave continuity equations from the primitive Euler-Lagrange equations will be described by example.
PCCG: An Optional Tracked Grid for Creating Conceptual Graphs

A method of acquiring knowledge from natural language (NL) and multiple experts into a standard knowledge representation is provided by the PCCG (Personal Constructs as Conceptual Graphs) operational tracked grid. A tracked grid is similar to a repertory grid with the difference that operational synthetic problems can be acquired naturally via an NL interface. The PCCG tracked grid provides an ability to guide a semi-automatic process of converting NL phrases to conceptual graphs. These phrases may be either stand-alone sentences or the elements and constructs of a tracked grid. If the phrases are from grids and from different experts then the PCCG operational grid will use graph similarity in close conjunction with case based (CB) reasoning to guide consistency checking and integration of the knowledge of the different experts.
A Quest to Identify Prostate Cancer Circulating Biomarkers with a Bench-to-Bedside Potential

Prostate cancer (PCA) is a major health concern in current times. Ever since prostate specific antigen (PSA) was introduced in clinical practice almost three decades ago, the diagnosis and management of PCA have been revolutionized. With time, concerns arose as to the inherent shortcomings of this biomarker and alternatives were actively sought. Over the past decade new PCA biomarkers have been identified in tissue, blood, urine, and other body fluids that offer improved specificity and supplement our knowledge of disease progression. This review focuses on superiority of circulating biomarkers over tissue biomarkers due to the advantages of being more readily accessible, minimally invasive (blood) or noninvasive (urine), accessible for sampling on regular intervals, and easily utilized for follow-up after surgery or other treatment modalities. Some of the circulating biomarkers like PCA3, IL-6, and TMPRSS2-ERG are now detectable by commercially available kits while others like microRNAs (miR-21, -221, -141) and exosomes hold potential to become available as multiplexed assays. In this paper, we will review some of these potential candidate circulating biomarkers that either individually or in combination, once validated with large-scale trials, may eventually get utilized clinically for improved diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment.
Diffusional and thermodynamic interactions in the Cu-Ni-Zn system at 775°C

Diffusion was investigated in both α(fcc) and β(bcc) phase regions of the Cu-Ni-Zn system at 775°C with solid-solid diffusion couples and interdiffusion coefficients were determined at several compositions. Intrinsic and interdiffusion coefficients were also estimated from available data on thermodynamic activities and tracer diffusivities for α Cu-Ni-Zn alloys; and the estimated coefficients were consistent with those experimentally determined. Large off-diagonal coefficients indicating strong interactions among the diffusing species were observed and could be appreciated in terms of the compositional dependence of the thermodynamic activities of the components.
Staphylococcus aureus Stimulates Neutrophil Targeting Chemokine Expression in Keratinocytes through an Autocrine IL-1α Signaling Loop

Staphylococcus aureus is a significant human pathogen that can colonize the skin. Neutrophils are well known to be involved in clearance of the bacterium. This study focused on exploring the role that human keratinocytes have as first responders to bacterial challenges. IL-1α and IL-1β increased mRNA production and protein secretion of the neutrophil chemotactic CXCL1, CXCL2, and IL-8 in keratinocytes. S. aureus and the bacterial cell wall components lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and peptidoglycan (PGN) induced similar expression profiles in a Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2-dependent manner. Interestingly, the S. aureus-induced mRNA levels peaked at later time points than those induced by IL-1. The S. aureus-activated chemokine production was preceded by significant IL-1α and IL-1β secretion. Expression of IL-1α was significantly higher than that of IL-1β. Inhibition of IL-1RI using neutralizing antibodies revealed that S. aureus-derived LTA and PGN-induced chemokine expression requires IL-1RI engagement. Surprisingly, we further found that chemokine secretion is dependent upon endocrine IL-1α, but not IL-1β, signaling. Our data show that the innate immune response of keratinocytes is regulated differently than those of other cell types. This may represent a fail-safe system that protects the host against genetic variation and immune evasion mechanisms developed by pathogens.
Kinetics of synthesis and/or conformational changes of biological macromolecules

The analogy, in both the thermodynamics and the kinetics, of reversible polymerizations on templates (in the case wherein these are catalyzed by exoenzymes) to helix–coil transitions (in the case where these proceed only from one end of each macromolecular chain) is presented. A suggestion, based on this analogy, is made concerning the possible nature of biological control of synthesis of macromolecules (enzyme induction and repression). The equations governing the kinetics of these one-dimensional cooperative processes are presented and their solutions discussed.
Quality of life of disease-free survivors of advanced (stage III or IV) oropharyngeal cancer

Background This study assessed the quality of life (QOL) of patients with advanced oropharyngeal cancer (stage III or IV) who were disease-free at 1 year posttreatment. Methods Between 1993 and 1994, 13 consecutive cases were identified from the University of Washington QOL registry. Patients were divided into two groups, depending on treatment: surgical group, 6 patients treated with surgical resection and postoperative radiotherapy; and nonsurgical group, 7 patients treated with definitive radiotherapy. Results Composite pretreatment and posttreatment QOL scores were similar for the two treatment groups. Subset analysis of QOL domains revealed that both treatment groups generally reported a worsening of chewing and swallowing. A worsening of appearance and of speech was more frequently reported by the surgical group. Sixty-seven percent of the surgically treated patients reported pain relief, as opposed to only 29% of the nonsurgical group. Conclusion Composite QOL-score sensitivity may be compromised by inverse changes in individual QOL domains. Treatment-specific QOL domains may be more sensitive measures of outcome. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 19:466–473, 1997.
Trajectories of Adolescent Mother–Grandmother Psychological Conflict During Early Parenting and Children's Problem Behaviors at Age 7

This study extends the determinants of parenting model to adolescent mothers by examining how adolescent mother–grandmother psychological conflict and perceptions of infant fussiness from birth through age 2 years relate to children's problem behaviors at age 7. Participants were 181 adolescent mother, child, and grandmother triads living in multigenerational households and recruited at delivery. Psychological conflict was characterized by two stable trajectories. In multivariate models that included maternal depression, both psychological conflict and perceptions of infant fussiness predicted externalizing behavior at age 7. Perceptions of infant fussiness, but not psychological conflict, predicted internalizing behavior at age 7.
A transformation of the inequality-constrained linear model

Abstract The generalized stochastic linear model with a set of independent linear inequality constraints on its parameters is transformed so that the constraint subset forms the positive orthant in the parameter space. It is shown that the transformation preserves the projection relation between the unconstrained and constrained least-squares estimates of the parameters in a different norm. A relation between the pre- and post-transformation constrained estimates is established. The results are applied to derive a procedure for testing a set of inequality constraints on the parameters of the linear model.