cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ocean wave transmission and reflection by viscoelastic ice covers

Modeling ice covers as viscoelastic continua, Zhao and Shen, (2013) applied a two-mode approximate method to determine the transmission and reflection between two different ice covers. This approximate solution considered only two modes of the dispersion relation. In addition, the horizontal boundary conditions were simplified by matching mean values over the interfaces. In this study, we employ a variational method (Fox and Squire, (1990)) to calculate the wave transmission and reflection from two connecting viscoelastic ice covers of different properties. The variational approach minimizes the overall error function at the interface of two ice covers, hence is more rigorous than the previous approximate method that minimized the difference between mean values at the interface. The effect of additional travelling and evanescent modes are also investigated. We compare results from different matching methods, as well as the effects of including additional modes. From this study, we find that additional modes do not always improve the results for our model. For all cases tested, two modes appear to be sufficient. These two modes represent the open-water-like and the elastic-pressure wave-like behavior. The two-mode approximate method and the variational method have similar results except at very short wave periods.
Variation of the Point Spectrum under Compact Perturbations

This article provides a complete answer to the following problem: given a Hilbert space operator T, find all possible pairs of subsets Σ, Ξ of the complex plane such that for some compact operator K, Σ is the point spectrum of T - K and Ξ is the point spectrum of its adjoint. The result is applied to study the continuity properties of the function T → σp (T)−, and several related spectral functions.
Approaches to Identify Environmental and Epigenomic Components or Covariates of Cancer and Disease Susceptibility

A complex disease such as cancer is one of the major public health burdens for the United States and developing societies. A combination of variations in multiple genes and environmental factors contribute to the susceptibility and progression of different diseases. Comprehensive understanding of the interactions between multiple genetic and environmental factors will more accurately predict a risk of contracting a disease or a particular cancer and treatment response to explain the etiology than any single genetic or environmental factor. Although advances in the knowledge of measuring genetic variants and the amount of data available has steadily been increasing, a major barrier to further the success of molecular epidemiology studies, especially those with a environment-gene interactions, is to determine an appropriate methodological strategy for analysis and interpretation of results. Here we describe approaches to measure genome wide genetic variation and suggest resources to conduct gene × environment (G×E) interaction analysis. We also describe epigenomics that how it may play an important role in enhancing the risk for complex diseases such as cancer. Study of G×E interactions aim to describe how genetic and environmental factors jointly influence the risk of developing a disease. Analysis of G×E interactions take into account the various ways in which genetic effects are modified due to environmental exposures. The number of levels of these exposures and the model on which the genetic effects can be based are also discussed in this chapter. Choice of study design, sample size and genotyping technology influence the analysis and interpretation of observed G×E interactions. Current systems for reporting epidemiological studies make it difficult to assess whether the observed interactions are reproducible. Suggestions are made for improvements in this area.
Vaginal Chlamydia trachomatis prevalence in sexually abused prepurbertal girls

The prevalence rate of Chlamydia trachomatis in the vagina of prepubertal sexually abused children was examined. Additionally, the culture technique was compared to direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA) for diagnosing chlamydial infections in the vaginas of prepubertal children. The study group included 50 consecutive prepubertal girls examined for sexual abuse in an urban pediatric hospital's emergency room. Vaginal swabs were obtained for culture and direct immunofluorescence assays of C trachomatis and for gonorrhea culture. Of these, 8/47 (17%) of the Chlamydia cultures, 4/43 (9.3%) of the direct immunofluorescence assay specimens, and 0/49 gonorrhea cultures were positive for Chlamydia. All patients with positive findings by direct immunofluorescence assay also had positive chlamydial cultures. Of the four other patients with positive cultures for Chlamydia, two had negative findings by direct immunofluorescence assay and two had inconclusive results reported. Twenty-nine patients had a syphilis serologic study performed, and all had negative results. There was no significant difference between the Chlamydia-positive and -negative groups with regards to age, race, nature of the abuse, frequency of abuse, and symptoms or findings on physical examination. Although not statistically significant, children with cultures positive for C trachomatis reported rectal penetration five times and vaginal penetration twice as often as those children with C trachomatis-negative results. This study demonstrates a significant prevalence of vaginal chlamydial infections in sexually abused children. Vaginal cultures for C trachomatis should be included in the medical evaluation of sexually abused girls. The culture technique was superior to the direct immunofluorescence assay in this group of patients. Language: en
Photochemistry of alkyl halides—VII : Cyclopropanation of alkenes

Abstract The previously observed cyclopropaoation of alkenes by irradiation of diiodomethane (I) in their presence has been studied in more detail and found to be a synthetically useful procedure which is significantly less subject to steric effects than the traditional Simmons-Smith method. The results from photocyclopropanation of a variety of alkenes are summarized in Tables 1 and 3–4. In a number of cases the photochemical procedure afforded improved results over the Simmons-Smith method, particularly with sterically congested alkenes. Cycloalkenes showed relative rates of photocyclopropanation as a function of ring size similar to those of the Simmons-Smith method (Table 5). However, the photocyclopropanation reaction exhibited steadily increasing relative rates with increasing substitution about the double bond—in contrast with the Simmons-Smith method (Table 6), in which steric effects offset increasing nucleophilicity of the alkene with increasing substitution. The α-iodocation 2 is suggested as the methylene transfer species. In the presence of lithium bromide cation 2 was trapped to afford bromoiodomethane.
The Future of Cherenkov Astronomy

In the last ten years, the field of Cherenkov astronomy has become an important contributor to high energy astrophysics with the detection of eight objects at energies above 300 GeV. These observations have advanced our understanding of active galactic nuclei, supernova remnants, the extragalactic background light and cosmic-ray acceleration and production. Several efforts are now underway to develop new Cherenkov telescopes which will cover a wider range of energies (10 GeV - 50 TeV), improve the flux sensitivity by at least an order of magnitude and provide more accurate measures of particle energy and direction. I describe some of the new Cherenkov telescopes and discuss their potential to improve our understanding of astrophysics and fundamental physics.
Behavior Analytic Interventions for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are pervasive developmental disorders characterized by deficits in social and communicative behavior and excesses in repetitive and stereotyped behaviors. The effectiveness of Behavior analytic interventions to improve the behavior deficits and excesses in individuals with ASD has been well documented. This paper describes several types of behavior analytic interventions used to address skills deficits often faced by this population; including highly structured teaching procedures such as discrete trial teaching (DTT) and naturalistic teaching procedures. The utility of behavior analytic interventions for establishing verbal repertoires is highlighted.
Learning Neuroscience: An Interactive Case-Based Online Network (ICON)

We have developed an interactive case-based online network (ICON) that provides a new learning environment and integrates the student's thinking across the different concentration tracks of one of Harvard's interfaculty science initiatives. ICON takes advantage of this cross-disciplinary, undergraduate curriculum as a model system to bring a compelling, integrative focus to bear on reshaping how Harvard students learn neuroscience. ICON contains 9 learning modules specific to each case: Case, Working Papers, Blackboard, Neuroimaging, Research Programs and Trials, Decision Tree, Learning Objectives, Virtual Contact, and Brainstorm. Modules allow the student to get away from interpreting vast amounts of available information, move toward selecting useful information, recognize discriminating findings, and build a conceptual understanding of real and meaningful problems in neuroscience. The result is that ICON introduces a new landscape within the academic curriculum where the active participation of faculty and students effectively intersects and captures an immediate, integrative learning experience for the student. The benchmark of ICON is the time spent by students and faculty to create a user-defined learning network that engages faculty to participate in the students' learning and transforms the way the student thinks.
Mechanisms of Protection of Trehalase Against Heat Inactivation in Neurospora

The half-life of trehalase and invertase at 65 and 60 C was found to be much greater when intact ascospores of Neurospora tetrasperma were heated, as compared with extracts. By contrast, no protection was afforded these enzymes when they were heated in intact conidia and mycelium of N. crassa or N. tetrasperma. The protective effect of ascospores for trehalase was further investigated by heating ascospore extracts before and after dialysis. The removal of small molecules by dialysis lowered the heat resistance of trehalase significantly in such extracts. When the dialysate from extracts of mycelium, conidia, or ascospores was added to dialyzed enzyme extracts, that from ascospores was by far the most active. However, the same dialysates had only a small protective effect on invertase. The addition of ashed dialysates did not protect trehalase, and trehalose and glucose protected less effectively than the dialysate.
Terrorism and the Ethics of War: “Who dun it” definitions of terrorism

If I have succeeded so far, readers should now accept the definition I have defended. Before fully accepting it, however, readers should understand that the definition differs from the definitions given by many experts on terrorism and clashes with widespread beliefs about terrorism. In this chapter, I will show why the definition should be accepted in spite of these clashes and departures. AGENT-FOCUSED DEFINITIONS I claim that terrorist acts have four features. They: 1. are acts of serious, deliberate violence or credible threats of such acts; 2. are committed in order to promote a political or social agenda; 3. generally target limited numbers of people but aim to influence a larger group and/or the leaders who make decisions for the group; 4. intentionally kill or injure innocent people or pose a threat of serious harm to them. Someone could accept all the features on the list as defining characteristics of terrorism but reject the definition because it fails to include a crucial feature of terrorist acts. According to both ordinary usage and the language of scholars, the word “terrorism” only applies to actions done by certain types of people or groups. This “agent-focused” conception of terrorism takes different forms. The crudest, most blatantly biased form defines “terrorism” as violence by groups who are “our” enemies. A less crude but still biased form limits terrorist acts to violence carried out by non-governmental groups. This view implies that the word “terrorism” cannot be applied to violence carried out by governments.
The global and regional impact of mortality and fertility transitions, 1950-2000.

During the 1950s the world population especially in less developed regions (LDRs) experienced demographic changes at an unprecedented pace. While interest typically concerns the long-term implications of mortality and fertility trends into the 21st century fewer attempts are made to examine and assess how different the existing population is as a result of the past changes. This paper evaluates the impact of demographic changes in the second half of the 20th century on the existing population. This impact of past changes is measured by comparing prevailing demographic characteristics with the outcomes of retrospective counterfactual projections. Overall the review of the demographic consequences of changes in mortality and fertility regimes during the past 50 years leads to three conclusions. First it places existing fertility declines and the prospects for future fertility declines in perspective. Second the balancing out at the world level should not support a fatalistic view of short-term population growth either. Third although on average fertility declines have followed mortality declines and kept population growth in check regional diversity cannot support a homeostatic view of existing transitions in LDRs.
Management of perioperative microvascular thrombotic complications - The use of multiagent anticoagulation algorithm in 395 consecutive free flaps.

Summary Background Thrombotic complications remain a major barrier to successful microsurgical reconstruction, but their effective management remains controversial. Methods A retrospective review of 395 consecutive microvascular transfers was performed with the focus on treatment of thrombotic complications utilizing an algorithm, which employed multiagent anticoagulation. Results Three-hundred-ninety-five free flaps were performed in 255 patients for breast (n = 316), head and neck (n = 57), extremity (n = 16), trunk (n = 3), and pelvis (n = 3) defects that were oncologic in 95.2% and irradiated in 33.4% of cases. Patients with a hypercoagulable history (8 of 9) and intraoperative thrombosis (16 of 16) were anticoagulated without developing postoperative thrombotic events. The hematoma exploration rate among the patients anticoagulated during the initial free flap procedure was 27%. Twenty four (9.4%) patient were returned to the operating room postoperatively for threatened free flaps: 6 had non-microvascular issues and 18 (7.1%) patients underwent microsurgical explorations. Fourteen (5.5%) patients had 15 postoperative free flap thrombotic events in 14 free flaps, of which 12 flaps were successfully salvaged with a combination of flap intra-arterial (n = 15), subcutaneous/intramuscular (n = 6), and intravenous (n = 3) tissue plasminogen activator ( t PA), microvascular explorations (n = 20), and therapeutic multiagent anticoagulation/antiplatelet therapy (n = 17); none had a hematoma of the reconstructed site. Two free flaps were lost to arterial thrombosis, with an overall microvascular salvage rate of 89% and a free flap success rate of 99.5%. Conclusions Thrombophilia uncovered by microvascular procedures can be effectively treated with anticoagulation upon discovery and prevent postoperative free flap thrombotic events. High free flap salvage can be achieved with the early intervention combined with thrombolysis and multiagent anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy.
Ring-opening polymerization of [2.2]cyclophanes promoted by iodine

It is show that thermal ring opening polymerization of [2.2]-(2,5)-thiophenonane (TPP) and several other easily oxidized [2.2]paracyclophanes can be catalyzed by iodine to produce poly(arylene ethylene)s. The reaction is simple and carried out under mild condition. However, some of the thiophene rings in the polymer from TPP are substituted with iodine
Perception of mechanical causality.

Summwy.-Using a photographic animation technique, the effects of qualitative and quantitative factors on the perception of mechanical causality were investigated. The results indicated that the type of response required of S has a significant effect on the proportion of responses of causality reported. Several of Michotte's (1954) findings were supported, while others were rejected. In addition, the use of easily identifiable rather than abstract objects, greatly enhanced the impression of causality. The study of the perception of causality has received its greatest impetus from the work of Michotte (1954) who examined those elements which persuade the observer to give a report of causality. Using a series of mechanical devices, he required his Ss to determine if the movement of one object was responsible for the movement of another object. He found that the responses of his Ss fell into four categories: (1) the entraining effect--object A joined object B and carried it along, (2) the launching effect--object A hit object B and set ic in motion, (3) the triggering effect--object A "set off" or triggered the movement of object B, and (4) noncausaliry+bject A moved to object B, which then moved away. In dealing with the effect of speed on the impression of causality, Michotte found that the absolute speed of the objects was not crucial to this impression. Instead, he found that the ratio of the speed of A, before impact, to the speed of B, after impact, was of prime importance, especially with the trained S (one who had been previously tested on causal tasks). When the speed of B was noticeably greater than A, the trained S reported triggering. The results for 21 untrained Ss, however, indicated different findings. When the speed of A was reduced relative to the speed of B, all untrained Ss reported launching. When the speed of B was reduced relative to A, 12 ouc of 21 Ss reported launching, 8 reported triggering, and one reported indecision. Rizy (1963) using untrained Ss, examined speed ratios in the perception of causality and found that the causal effect never completely extinguished throughout the extreme ratios of 3.5:l and 1:3.5. He also found that there were no differences in the patterns of response (whether triggering or launching was reported) whether A or B moved faster. This finding was in contradiction to Michotte's (1954) experiments. In addition to changes in the perception of causality, as a function of speed
Kinetics and Thermodynamics of H• Transfer from (η5-C5R5)Cr(CO)3H (R = Ph, Me, H) to Methyl Methacrylate and Styrene

The rates of H/D exchange have been measured between (a) the activated olefins methyl methacrylate-d(5) and styrene-d(8), and (b) the Cr hydrides (eta(5)-C(5)Ph(5))Cr(CO)(3)H (2a), (eta(5)-C(5)Me(5))Cr(CO)(3)H (2b), and (eta(5)-C(5)H(5))Cr(CO)(3)H (2c). With a large excess of the deuterated olefin the first exchange goes to completion before subsequent exchanges begin, at a rate first order in olefin and in hydride. (Hydrogenation is insignificant except with styrene and CpCr(CO)(3)H; in most cases, the radicals arising from the first H. transfer are too hindered to abstract another H. .) Statistical corrections give the rate constants k(reinit) for H. transfer to the olefin from the hydride. With MMA, k(reinit) decreases substantially as the steric bulk of the hydride increases; with styrene, the steric bulk of the hydride has little effect. At longer times, the reaction of MMA or styrene with 2a gives the corresponding metalloradical 1a as termination depletes the concentration of the methyl isobutyryl radical 3 or the alpha-methylbenzyl radical 4; computer simulation of [1a] as f(t) gives an estimate of k(tr), the rate constant for H. transfer from 3 or 4 back to Cr. These rate constants imply a DeltaG (50 degrees C) of +11 kcal/mol for H. transfer from 2a to MMA, and a DeltaG (50 degrees C) of +10 kcal/mol for H. transfer from 2a to styrene. The CH(3)CN pK(a) of 2a, 11.7, implies a BDE for its Cr-H bond of 59.6 kcal/mol, and DFT calculations give 58.2 kcal/mol for the Cr-H bond in 2c. In combination the kinetic DeltaG values, the experimental BDE for 2a, and the calculated DeltaS values for H. transfer imply a C-H BDE of 45.6 kcal/mol for the methyl isobutyryl radical 3 (close to the DFT-calculated 49.5 kcal/mol), and a C-H BDE of 47.9 kcal/mol for the alpha-methylbenzyl radical 4 (close to the DFT-calculated 49.9 kcal/mol). A solvent cage model suggests 46.1 kcal/mol as the C-H BDE for the chain-carrying radical in MMA polymerization.
Exciton states in crystalline argon

Abstract The formalism of the preceding paper is applied numerically to exciton states in crystalline argon arising from the atomic 3 p 5 4 s configuration. Under the assumptions that higher configurations do not perturb the energies and transition probabilities and that the L owdin symmetrical orthogonalization process converges at terms of order S 2 , the F renkel model predicts two exciton absorption lines at 9 eV (±1 eV) separated by 0.2 eV and having a combined integrated absorption coefficient of the order of 10 6 cm −1 eV. The estimated computational error in excitation energy arises not from the neglect of any important interactions but from difficulties in evaluating two- and three-center integrals and from the natural inaccuracy of the atomic H artree -F ock functions. Exciton effective masses are relatively insensitive to the direction of exciton momentum, are of the order of +5 electron masses, and are found to depend primarily on exchange and overlap interactions rather than the H eller -M arcus long-rangp interaction. It is suggested that closely related overlap and exchange terms may be of considerable importance in the attractive part of crystal binding energies, particularly in the rare gases.
Autophagosome biogenesis in primary neurons follows an ordered and spatially regulated pathway

Autophagy is an essential degradative pathway in neurons, yet little is known about mechanisms driving autophagy in highly polarized cells. Here, we use dual-color live-cell imaging to investigate the neuron-specific mechanisms of constitutive autophagosome biogenesis in primary dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and hippocampal cultures. Under basal conditions, autophagosomes are continuously generated in the axon tip. There is an ordered assembly of proteins recruited with stereotypical kinetics onto the developing autophagosome. Plasma- or mitochondrial-derived membranes were not incorporated into nascent autophagosomes in the distal axon. Rather, autophagosomes are generated at double FYVE-containing protein 1 (DFCP1)-positive subdomains of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), distinct from ER exit sites. Biogenesis events are enriched distally; autophagosomes form infrequently in dendrites, the soma, or midaxon, consistent with a compartmentalized pathway for constitutive autophagy in primary neurons. Distal biogenesis may facilitate degradation of damaged mitochondria and long-lived cytoplasmic proteins reaching the axon tip via slow axonal transport.
Up-regulation of Tetrodotoxin-Sensitive Sodium Currents by Prostaglandin E2 in Type-4 Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Cells

Abstract Mechanisms were studied by which prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) up-regulates Na+ currents (INa) in medium diameter dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells that express large T-type Ca2+ currents (type-4 DRG cells). PGE2 or the adenylyl cyclase (AC) activator forskolin (10 μM) up-regulated peak INa evoked by test potentials (TP) to −10 mV by an average of 13.5% and 21.8%, respectively. The PGE2 and forskolin induced up-regulation of INa, evoked with TPs to −10 mV, began approximately 15–20 s after initiation of drug exposure and continued gradually over the course of 2–3 min. Both PGE2 and forskolin significantly increased peak conductance without significantly shifting the voltage at which INa was ½ activated (Va) or ½ steady state inactivated. However, although Va was not significantly shifted, both PGE2 and forskolin induced a proportionally greater percent increase in conductance at weak TPs to around −30 mV compared to stronger TPs to around 10 mV. The PGE2-induced up-regulation of INa was occluded by prior up-regulation with forskolin, and the up-regulation of INa by both PGE2 and forskolin was blocked by Rp-cAMPs and 50 nM tetrodotoxin (TTX). In the presence of Rp-cAMPs, both PGE2 and forskolin induced decreases in INa that peaked around 25 s following initiation of PGE2/forskolin application. The decrease induced by PGE2 averaged 8.5%, which was significantly greater than the average 3.5% decrease induced by forskolin. Estimation of kinetic rate constants by fitting INa with a Markov channel state model, suggested that both PGE2 and forskolin up-regulated INa by changing channel gating rather than by increasing channel number or unitary conductance. The data suggest that application of PGE2 may initially induce a relatively rapid down-regulation of TTX-sensitive INa (signaling pathway uncharacterized), followed by a gradual up-regulation of INa via activation of an AC/PKA-dependent signaling pathway. The up-regulation of INa in sensory neurons with type-4 cell bodies may increase excitability and strengthen signaling, and may play some role in the allodynia and hyperalgesia associated with injury to nerves and peripheral tissues.
Correlates of Leadership Behavior at Two Managerial Levels in a Mental Institution1

Relationships between leadership behavior for first- and second-level managers and several measures of employee performance and satisfaction were investigated in a state school for the mentally retarded. Four leadership dimensions and a modified fifth dimension, all from the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire-Form XII were used. Three of these measures were highly intercorrelated and were combined into a “Considerate Influence” dimension. This dimension was significantly related to a number of employee criteria at the first managerial level and about one-fifth as many criteria at the second level. The other two leadership dimensions had very few significant relationships. Second-level leadership in combination with first-level leadership in a number of cases significantly increased relationships for Considerate Influence beyond separate treatment of first- and second-level leadership, while such was not generally true for the other leadership dimensions.
Multicomponent cleaning verification of stainless steel surfaces for the removal of dairy residues using infrared microspectroscopy.

UNLABELLED The application of infrared microspectroscopy (IRMS) technology, combined with multivariate analysis, was evaluated to develop sensitive and robust methods to assess cleanability of stainless steel surfaces for the removal of dairy food residues. UHT milk samples (skim, 1%, 2%, and whole) were analyzed for total nitrogen (Kjeldahl) and fat (Babcock) contents. The coupons were manually soiled with serially diluted milk samples resulting in soils ranging from 0.1 to 428.1 μg/cm(2) for protein and 0.1 to 374.17 μg/cm(2) for fat, and then autoclaved to simulate a heated equipment surface. Reflectance spectra were collected from stainless steel coupons by using IRMS, and multivariate analysis was used to develop calibration models based on cross-validated partial least squares regression (PLSR). Statistical analysis for the prediction of protein and fat showed a standard error of cross-validation (SECV) of 0.5 and 0.4 μg/cm(2) for prediction of protein and fat, respectively, and correlation coefficients (rVal) > 0.99. To improve the sensitivity, swabbing and concentration steps were used prior to IRMS analysis obtaining SECV of 0.04 and 0.01 μg/cm(2) for the prediction of protein and fat, respectively, and rVal > 0.99. The PLSR models accurately predicted the levels of protein and fat on autoclaved stainless steel coupons soiled with milk. A simple, reliable, and robust protocol based on IRMS and multivariate analysis was developed for multicomponent characterization of stainless steel surfaces that can contribute to more efficient cleaning verification with regard to contamination on surfaces of processing equipment. PRACTICAL APPLICATION We report the application of Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIR) for the validation of CIP cleaning efficiency that would provide a basis for better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the removal of physical soil and food residues from different types of equipment surfaces commonly utilized in the biotech, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Reliable calibration models were generated that showed the ability to predict the amounts of dairy soils on the surface of stainless steel coupons. Including a swabbing step of the coupons before infrared spectral acquisition provided improved sensitivity and reproducibility for multicomponent cleaning verification. Results from this research project would allow designing experiments to rapidly evaluate different materials and finishes, the effects of process variables, the influence of food components, and the development of reliable and robust cleaning validation protocols to ensure the safety and quality of the product.
Unifying criteria for dissolution kinetics of various hydroxyapatite preparations

Abstract A powder suspension method has been used to study the dissolution rate behavior of various hydroxyapatite (HAP) preparations in acidic media containing different levels of calcium and phosphate. Despite the reported variabilities in the properties among differently prepared samples, the present study indicates that, with regard to the dissolution rate behavior, there is an important common characteristic dissolution rate component. There appears to be a dissolution site common to most HAP preparations that may be associated with the predominant surface of the HAP crystal. Also, an attempt is made to correlate the dissolution rate data with the study of Young and Holcomb on the properties of different HAP preparations.
Cardiovascular and Hematologic Responses to Phlebotomy in Blood Donors

A study was made of the cardiovascular and hematologic responses of 28 male and 13 female normal blood donors to withdrawal of about 500 ml. of blood. During the bleeding there was a predominant tendency toward a fall in systolic and a rise in diastolic blood pressure, a mild rise in net peripheral resistance, a slight fall in cardiac output and respiratory rate with little change in heart rate. The prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time were unchanged but there was a significant fall in plasma clotting time. Immediately upon cessation of bleeding the hemoglobin and hematocrit values indicated a “dilution quotient” of 2 to 2.5 per cent but plasma fibrinogen, plasma prothrombin and leukocyte counts suggested a prompt and rapid over-dilution of the plasma. In three donor reactions occurring in the course of the study, the primary changes were a sharp fall in blood pressure, peripheral resistance and pulse rate. It is suggested that the mechanism of post-phlebotomy fainting may involve undue sensitivity of the intracranial circulation to neurohumoral agents, inadequacy in the functional “central blood volume” or deficient peripheral vascular reflexes.
Optimal economic power dispatch in the presence of intermittent renewable energy sources

This paper describes a method for solving the economic power dispatch problem in the presence of renewable energy sources. The method proposed in this paper uses linear programming because linear programming based formulations tend to be flexible, reliable, and faster than their nonlinear counterparts. A linearized network model in the form of DC power flow model is utilized in this paper. Thermal limits of transmission lines and real power constraints have both been considered in the proposed model. In addition, piecewise linear models for generating units cost curves are developed during the realization of the presented work. A micro-power optimization model based on Homer software is used to account for the uncertainty in the output power of the intermittent renewable energy sources. The proposed linear programming based method is demonstrated on the standard IEEE 30 bus system. Test results are reported, discussed, and thoroughly analyzed.
In Memoriam: Peter Cary Waterman

Waterman spent his entire professional life as a researcher for a variety of companies (including the Avco and MITRE corporations) and consultancies. He published about 40 articles in the open literature. For a list and a more detailed biography, see [1], a paper in a special issue of the Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer dedicated to Waterman's memory.
Using red-black interval trees in device-level analog placement with symmetry constraints

The traditional way of approaching device-level placement problems for analog layout is to explore a huge search space of absolute placement representations, where cells are allowed to illegally overlap during their moves. This paper presents a novel exploration technique for analog placement, operating on the set of tree representations of the layout, where the typical presence of an arbitrary number of symmetry groups of devices is directly taken into account during the search of the solution space. The efficiency of the novel approach is due to the use of red-black interval trees (T.H. Cormen et al, Introduction to Algorithms, McGraw-Hill, 1990), data structures employed to support operations on dynamic sets of intervals.
PLACENTAL GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER (GLUT 1) IN FETAL SHEEP IS REGULATED BY TIME-DEPENDENT CHANGES IN GLUCOSE AND INSULIN CONCENTRATIONS. |[utrif]| 1828

Fetal glucose supply under basal conditions is solely derived from the maternal circulation via placental transport. Placental glucose transport is mediated by facilitative glucose transporters, the predominant isoform being Glut 1. We examined the time-dependent effect of maternal glucose(HYPERglycemic) and insulin (HYPOglycemic) infusions on placental Glut 1 in late gestation chronically catheterized pregnant sheep. HYPER (+80% normal; n=14) was produced by maternal continuous infusions of 50% glucose and HYPO( 48hr-41d) and hypoglycemia (<50%) with consistent fetal hypoinsulinemia, respectively. Placental tissue was analyzed for Glut 1 levels(50-55 kD) at these different time points by quantitative Western blot analysis using a rabbit anti-rat Glut 1 COOH IgG. HYPER caused a transient but minimal increase in Glut 1 protein levels at 2-3 hr (p<0.05) followed by a normalization between the 10 and 20d duration. In contrast, HYPO led to a 50% decline starting at 24-48 hr and lasting through 25 to 41d (p<0.05). We conclude that 1] changes in placental Glut 1 are time-dependent, and 2] HYPER causes a transient but minimal increase while HYPO leads to a persistent decline in placental Glut 1 concentrations. We speculate to the extent that changes in placental glucose transporter characteristics influence the rate of maternal-fetal glucose transport & fetal glucose availability, the HYPO induced decline in placental Glut 1 may mediate the development of fetal hypoglycemia and concomitant intra-uterine growth restriction.
Estimating the temperatures of the precious metal sites on a lean NOx trap during oxidation reactions

Abstract The temperatures of the platinum sites on a 0.64 cm long monolithic platinum/potassium/alumina lean NOx trap have been estimated during CO oxidation from the conversion of a trace amount of hydrocarbon (HC) and a HC conversion versus temperature calibration curve. The base exhaust contained 5% O2, 10% H2O, 10% CO2, and 200 ppm of the HC in N2. For CO levels of 2 to 5%, CO injection times of 5 to 180 s, and base temperatures of 300 to 500 °C, the inferred platinum site temperatures were in good agreement with tracer gases of propane, butane, hexane, and methane (when used), even though the levels of HC conversion were significantly different. At a base temperature of 300 °C with 2% CO, the steady-state precious metal temperature was approximately 130 °C higher than the temperature of the exhaust gas exiting the catalyst. The difference in PGM temperature and gas temperature decreased with increasing base temperature and increasing CO level, suggesting that radiation is an important mechanism of heat transfer within a catalyst during exothermic reactions.
Model Validation: Model Parameter and Measurement Uncertainty

Our increased dependence on complex models for engineering design, coupled with our decreased dependence on experimental observation, leads to the question: How does one know that a model is valid? As models become more complex (i.e., multiphysics models), the ability to test models over the full range of possible applications becomes more difficult. This difficulty is compounded by the uncertainty that is invariably present in the experimental data used to test the model; the uncertainties in the parameters that are incorporated into the model; and the uncertainties in the model structure itself. Here, the issues associated with model validation are discussed and methodology is presented to incorporate measurement and model parameter uncertainty in a metric for model validation through a weighted r 2 norm. The methodology is based on first-order sensitivity analysis coupled with the use of statistical models for uncertainty. The result of this methodology is compared to results obtained from the more computationally expensive Monte Carlo method. The methodology was demonstrated for the nonlinear Burgers' equation, the convective-dispersive equation, and for conduction heat transfer with contact resistance. Simulated experimental data was used for the first two cases, and true experimental data was used for the third. The results from the sensitivity analysis approach compared well with those for the Monte Carlo method. The results show that the metric presented can discriminate between valid and invalid models. The metric has the advantage that it can be applied to multivariate, correlated data.
Proposal for the measuring molecular velocity vector with single-pulse coherent Raman spectroscopy

Methods for simultaneous measurements of more than one flow velocity component using coherent Raman spectroscopy are proposed. It is demonstrated that using a kilowatt broad-band probe pulse (3–30 GHz) along with a megawatt narrow-band pump pulse (∼100 MHz), coherent Raman signal resulting from a single laser pulse is sufficient to produce a high-resolution Raman spectrum for a velocity measurement.
High-performance semiconducting nanotube inks: progress and prospects.

While the potential for high mobility printed semiconducting nanotube inks has been clear for over a decade, a myriad of scientific and technological issues has prevented commercialization and practical use. One of the most challenging scientific problems has been to understand the relationship between the pristine, individual nanotube mobility (known to be in the 10 000 cm2/V·s range) and the as-deposited random network mobility (recently demonstrated in the 100 cm2/V·s range). An additional significant scientific hurdle has been to understand, manage, and ultimately eliminate the effects of metallic nanotubes on the network performance, specifically the on/off ratio. Additional scientific progress is important in understanding the dependence of nanotube length, diameter, and density on device performance. Finally, the development of ink formulations that are of practical use in manufacturing is of paramount importance, especially with regard to drying time and uniformity, and ultimately, the issue of sc...
Spoofed surface plasmon Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) structure for THz bio-sensing applications

We designed and analyzed Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) structure consisted of doubly-corrugated spoofed surface plasmon polariton (DC-SSPP) waveguide. In this abstract a mathematical model is used to predict the phase accumulation of THz signals travelling through each arm of the MZI with various sample loadings. HFSS simulation is performed as verification of the theoretical analysis. It is demonstrated that when compared with single-armed SSPP waveguide, the MZI structure shows significant shift of the transmission maxima and minima when different DNA samples are loaded, as well as remarkably elevated qualify factors for the transmission peaks. This structure can be potentially used in applications such as tag-free genetic molecular sensing. The highly localized E-M field at frequencies close to SSPP resonance is shown to be beneficial as it may reduce the sample amount needed without affecting the selectivity of the sensing structure
Windows 7 planning and implementation

Lehigh University began planning for the arrival of Windows 7 in the fall of 2009. As with any operating system upgrade, there are many steps that need carefully planned and many questions answered in order to reduce problems for the technical staff as well as end users. What does the arrival of Windows 7 mean to your organization? How are you going to plan for a smooth transition to Windows 7? How should your organization approach the implementation of Windows 7? During the past year, over 100 applications were tested at Lehigh on various computing platforms, with many successes as well as failures. Current hardware needs were analyzed and decisions were made on issues such as; what version should be used -- 32 bit or 64 bit? The needs of the University faculty and students must first be addressed with a close look at budgetary restraints as well as administrative overhead. This paper will outline and discuss the best practices for the implementation of Windows 7 and will address the many issues and challenges faced during the year.
Energy Efficiency and Spectrum Efficiency of Multihop Device-to-Device Communications Underlaying Cellular Networks

Device-to-device (D2D) communications are usually considered to be two user equipment units (UEs) communicating directly without going through the central base station (BS). In fact, they can be further broadened to multihop D2D communications in which a UE may help other UEs communicate with each other or assist other UEs to communicate with the BS. In this paper, the authors investigate a scenario of multihop D2D communications where one UE may help other two UEs to exchange information with a two-time-slot physical-layer network coding scheme. The authors analyze the average energy efficiency and spectral efficiency of multihop D2D communications under Rayleigh fading channels and get close analytical approximations based on Taylor series expansion. Comparisons with direct D2D communications and traditional cellular communications through BS are provided. The optimal UE transmission powers of these three different modes to maximize the energy efficiency are also derived.
Equations of Piezo-electricity

PROF. W. G. CADY'S exposition of the basic equations of piezo-electricity in his recent book “Piezoelectricity” contains errors which should be brought to the attention of students and workers in this field.
Unchanged pulmonary capillary filtration coefficients after Escherichia coli endotoxin infusion.

Abstract The pulmonary capillary filtration coefficient ( K f,c ) was measured in intact, anesthetized dogs before and after the intravenous administration of alloxan and E. coli endotoxin. The method used to measure K f,c was that of determining the capillary filtration rate by analyzing the weight transient following a change in capillary pressure ( ΔP c ) and dividing the initial filtration rate by ΔP c . In four dogs given 75 mg/kg of alloxan, the K f,c increased 10-fold. This indicated that the capillary membranes were damaged by the alloxan and that, by using this method of measuring K f,c , changes in K f,c were easily detected. The K f,c , measured after a 3-hr continuous infusion of a total of 4 mg/kg of E. coli endotoxin [0.35 ± 0.21 (SD) ml/min/mm Hg/100g], was not different from the value found in the same animals before the endotoxin (0.33 ± 0.29). Since the K f,c is a sensitive indicator of capillary membrane pore size, these results strongly suggest that E. coli infusion did not damage the pulmonary capillary membrane.
Schoolwork, Homework, Life's Work The Experience of Students With and Without Learning Disabilities

Elementary school students were interviewed about schoolwork, homework, and personal learning projects (e.g., learning about astronomy). Four groups of students were distinguished. Those in the first group experienced school knowledge as an integral part of life and inseparable from their personal projects; students in the second group saw such knowledge as necessary for preparing for life, but as less engaging than their personal projects. For those in the third group, schoolwork was an imposition, contrasting sharply with satisfying personal learning projects. Those in the fourth group lacked absorbing personal learning projects and found schoolwork to be an imposition. Students with learning disabilities (more than students without) fell into the last category. Fostering more favorable motivation and voice (ability to articulate purposes and critique schooling) in such students might involve changing their views of school knowledge, helping them find personal identity-building learning projects, and re...
Existence and uniqueness theory of the Vlasov-Poisson system with application to the problem with cylindrical symmetry

The Vlasov-Poisson system is a nonlinear integro-differential system of equations which describes the motion of charged particles in the presence of the electrostatic force field which the particles themselves generate. The system can be written for any number of interacting positively and negatively charged species. For simplicity the system that is given here is for a single charged species, say electrons. Also, the system is commonly written for a one-, two-, or three-dimensional Euclidean space. In this paper the space is three dimensional. The Vlasov-Poisson system that we study is the following:
Review of the Ford-O’Connell results for radiation reaction in electrodynamics

We review of the Ford-O'Connell results on radiation reaction in electrodynamics and contrast them with the work of others. We conclude that the Ford-O'Connell results are the most complete and exact results .
Oxygen reduction kinetics on graphite cathodes in sediment microbial fuel cells

Sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFCs) have been used as renewable power sources for sensors in fresh and ocean waters. Organic compounds at the anode drive anodic reactions, while oxygen drives cathodic reactions. An understanding of oxygen reduction kinetics and the factors that determine graphite cathode performance is needed to predict cathodic current and potential losses, and eventually to estimate the power production of SMFCs. Our goals were to (1) experimentally quantify the dependence of oxygen reduction kinetics on temperature, electrode potential, and dissolved oxygen concentration for the graphite cathodes of SMFCs and (2) develop a mechanistic model. To accomplish this, we monitored current on polarized cathodes in river and ocean SMFCs. We found that (1) after oxygen reduction is initiated, the current density is linearly dependent on polarization potential for both SMFC types; (2) current density magnitude increases linearly with temperature in river SMFCs but remains constant with temperature in ocean SMFCs; (3) the standard heterogeneous rate constant controls the current density temperature dependence; (4) river and ocean SMFC graphite cathodes have large potential losses, estimated by the model to be 470 mV and 614 mV, respectively; and (5) the electrochemical potential available at the cathode is the primary factor controlling reduction kinetic rates. The mechanistic model based on thermodynamic and electrochemical principles successfully fit and predicted the data. The data, experimental system, and model can be used in future studies to guide SMFC design and deployment, assess SMFC current production, test cathode material performance, and predict cathode contamination.