cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Guru-Curses and Moral Accountability: Popular Ethical Values in North Karnataka

The giving and receiving of blessings and curses form an important part of ethical reckoning and its causative dynamics in North Karnataka popular religion. Powerful V?rasaiva ascetic gurus, called Viraktas, are said to have s?pa-anugraha samartha, the ability to both curse and grace. While these gurus are known primarily as teacher-protectors of devotees?royal, wealthy, and peasant?oral historical narratives are yet threaded with their curses, s?pas or ?nes1 in Kannada. Gurus' curses are seen as part of community moral functioning and must be distinguished from imprecations given by those of evil intent. Curses are often disconnected in modern Western life from anything either powerful or good. All too commonly we curse to express daily personal irritation and allow fictional television or film evildoers to entertain us with their impreca tions. Yet throughout history, cursing has often been part of a society's protective efforts (as in Egyptian tomb inscriptions), warnings or punishments (as in the Bible), and verbal explanations for unexpected illness and death. Difficult life situations, paradoxical events of compounded misery, still leave us asking, "Why did this happen? Did I or you do something to cause this trouble?" Gwrw-curses in India offer one type of causal explanation for the alarming, partly unexplained anomalies of human existence. However, since such curses involve respected gurus or deity as curser, issues of moral accountability are heightened. Should one blame God or teacher for bestowing a curse? As we shall see, it is probably not a good idea. Curses play crucial roles in the Hindu epics and later works based on them. According to William Smith (1986: 269-72), curses most likely came into classical literature from Indian popular culture. Karnataka's oral traditions represent one such regional popular culture, so reading curse tales from both literary and popular sources, one senses the presence of common characters and similar themes. P. V.
Ion Acoustic Turbulence and Anomolous Transport

Theoretical interpretation of ion acoustic turbulence is shown to require the use of renormalized turbulence theory for calculating the turbulent spectra and transport coefficients. The physics of solitons, double layers, and ion phase space holes have an impact on the one-dimensional problem.
Bio-Inspired, Odor-Based Navigation

The ability of many insects, especially moths, to locate either food or a member of the opposite sex is an amazing achievement. There are numerous scenarios where having this ability embedded into ground-based or aerial vehicles would be invaluable. This paper presents results from a 3-D computer simulation of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) autonomously tracking a chemical plume to its source. The simulation study includes a simulated dynamic chemical plume, 6-degree of freedom, nonlinear aircraft model, and a bio-inspired navigation algorithm. The emphasis of this paper is the development and analysis of the navigation algorithm. The foundation of this algorithm is a fuzzy controller designed to categorize where in the plume the aircraft is located: coming into the plume, in the plume, exiting the plume, or out of the plume.
Reentry site during fibrillation induction in relation to defibrillation efficacy for different shock waveforms.

Reentry Site and Defibrillation Waveform Efficacy.Introduction: Unsuccessful defibrillation shocks may reinitiate fibrillation by causing postshock reentry. Methods and Results: To better understand why some waveforms are more efficacious for defibrillation, reentry was induced in six dogs with 1-, 2-, 4-, 8-, and 16-msec monophasic and 1/1- (both phases 1 msec) 2/2-, 4/4-, and 8/8-msec biphasic shocks. Reentry was initiated by 141 ± 15 V shocks delivered from a defibrillator with a 150- μ F capacitance during the vulnerable period of paced rhythm (183 ± 12 msec after the last pacing stimulus). The shock potential gradient field was orthogonal to the dispersion of refractoriness. Activation was mapped with 121 electrodes covering 4 × 4 cm of the right ventricular epicardium, and potential gradient and degree of recovery of excitability were estimated at the sites of reentry. Defibrillation thresholds (DFTs) were estimated by an up-down protocol for the same nine waveforms in eight dogs internally and in nine other dogs externally. DFT voltages for the different waveforms were positively correlated with the magnitude of shock potential gradient and negatively correlated with the recovery interval at the site at which reentry was induced by the waveform during paced rhythm for both internal (DFT = 1719 + 64.5 ∇ V − 11.1RI; R2= 0.93) and external defibrillation (DFT = 3445 + 150 ∇ V − 22RI; R2= 0.93). Conclusion: The defibrillation waveforms with the lowest DFTs were those that induced reentry at sites of low shock potential gradient, indicating efficacious stimulation of myocardium. Additionally, the site of reentry induced by waveforms with the lowest DFTs was in myocardium that was more highly recovered just before the shock, perhaps because this high degree of recovery seldom occurs during defibrillation due to the rapid activation rate during fibrillation.
Correction of Some Erroneous Calculations of the Einstein A Coefficient for the 18 cm Transition of OH

IN a recent note1 Turner pointed out the confusion over the value of the Einstein A coefficient for the 2II3/2, J = 3/2, Λ-doublet transition of OH. This coefficient is required to derive the interstellar abundance of OH from the intensity of the OH absorption lines observed in radio astronomy. Turner points out an error in previous calculations which may be traced to an incorrect matrix element in equation (2–16) of Townes and Schawlow2. His own calculation, however, is also in error in some respects. The calculation of the transition probability can most conveniently be done in two steps. First the probability can be calculated for the pure Λ-doublet transition, without regard to hyperfine structure. Second, the effect of the hyperfine structure can be treated by well-known methods. The Einstein A coefficient for the Λ-doublet transition is related to the dipole matrix element μij by where |μij| is given by3 The summation is carried out only over M′, since AΛ represents the probability that a molecule in one particular state M of the upper level will make a transition to any state M′ of the lower level. The dipole matrix element may be related to the line strength Sij in the usual manner where μ is the permanent electric moment. Sij is identical with the familiar symmetric rotor line strength4 if K (the component of angular momentum along the molecular axis) is replaced by ; we thus have so that With the use of the most recent molecular constants of Radford5, which lead to Ω = 1.470 and the accurate dipole moment (1.660±0.010 D) of Powell and Lide6, we finally obtain for the 2II3/2, J = 3/2 transition
A microtechnique for the rapid determination of the glycosaminoglycans of vascular tissues

Abstract A micromethod was developed for the qualitative and quantitative determination of the glycosaminoglycans of vascular tissues. This procedure requires only 1 mg of dry, defatted tissue and is characterized by its simplicity, high reproducibility, and high resolution of the glycosaminoglycans. Proteolytic digestion with papain and Pronase of the tissue is sufficient for the preparation of the glycosaminoglycans. No dialysis or purification is required prior to the direct determination of these macromolecules. The separation of the glycosaminoglycans is achieved by two-dimensional electrophoresis on cellulose acetate plates. Subsequently, the cellulose acetate plates are stained with alcian blue. For quantification, the dye bound to each GAG (1–10 μg) is determined spectrophotometrically. Thus, the GAG distribution and total GAG content of an aortic or arterial specimen is obtained in a single analysis.
Effect of Substrate Impurities on the Q Factor of Toroidal Microcavities

We have experimentally demonstrated that the quality (Q) factor of the silica microtoroid depends on the silicon substrate dopant concentration. This dependence agrees well the theoretical prediction and calculation.
Phosphorous-filled nanobrick wall multilayer thin film eliminates polyurethane melt dripping and reduces heat release associated with fire ☆

Abstract Unique trilayer (TL) thin films of sodium montmorillonite (MMT), poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(sodium phosphate) (PSP) are prepared via layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. This three-component nanocoating completely shuts down melt dripping and reduces heat release of open-celled flexible polyurethane (PU) foam when exposed to direct flame due to a synergistic interaction between PSP and the thermally shielding clay platelets in the condensed phase. Post burn scanning electron microscopy reveals the nanocoating's swollen morphology is able to maintain foam shape, cellular structure, and porosity. Cone calorimetry reveals that 4 TL coated foams (
PRE-ERYTHROCYTIC DEVELOPMENT OF PLASMODIUM BERGHEI.

THE fate of the sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei in rodent hosts has been the subject of much research and speculation and has drawn the attention of malariologists from, the early days of the discovery of this parasite1. For it was evident to all that this useful and easily accessible Plasmodium, an instrument of great promise in biological and medical research, could not achieve or claim true distinction so long as part of its life-cycle remained unmapped and obscure. Early attempts to elucidate the primary development of this parasite were, according to C. G. Huff, unsuccessful (personal communication). Investigations were greatly hampered by the necessity of obtaining sporozoites from wild-caught Anopheles dureni from the forest galleries of Katanga and in view of the early inability to infect laboratory-bred anopheline species under experimental conditions2. The demonstration early in 1964 of successive cyclical transmissions of P. berghei by the bite of experimentally infected Anopheles quadrimaculatus in mice, hamsters and tree rats3 has brought new interest and a renewed attempt to solve the problem of the existence of a primary tissue phase of P. berghei. We report here some preliminary results of these investigations and our findings of pre-erythrocytic stages of development of this parasite.
Solubilities of solid n-octacosane, n-triacontane and n-dotriacontane in supercritical ethane

Abstract The solubilities of solid n-octacosane (n-C 28 H 58 ), n-triacontane (n-C 30 H 62 ) and n-dotriacontane (n-C 32 H 66 ) in supercritical ethane at temperatures between 308.15 K and 319.15 K and pressures up to 20 MPa are reported here. The results have been correlated using an equation of state. A new correlation based on the solute reduced density at the triple point is also reported for this homologous series.
Using virtual environments to assess directional knowledge

Computer-simulated (virtual) environments offer several potential advantages over traditional means (e.g. paper and pencil tests) of assessing people's spatial knowledge of large-scale environments. We examined the relative accuracy and precision with which people estimated directions among unseen landmarks in a large familiar environment using five different methods. People estimated directions (1) in the real environment, (2) in an immersive virtual environment, (3) in a desktop virtual environment, (4) using a static visual image of the environment, and (5) using a traditional paper and pencil assessment technique. Direction estimates were more accurate and more precise in the first three conditions than in the other conditions. Errors and variances were highly correlated among the first three conditions but were not correlated among the other conditions. Direction estimates in the paper and pencil condition were affected by a response bias that has not been adequately addressed in prior literature.
Neutrophil activation and adhesion molecule expression in a canine model of open heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass

Objective: The aim was to determine whether, in a canine model, changes in surface expression of the neutrophil adhesion molecules CD11b/CD18 and L-selectin during and after open heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass can be used to identify subjects at risk for postoperative pulmonary dysfunction. Methods: Adult mixed breed dogs underwent cardiopulmonary bypass and were compared to “sham bypass” controls. Flow cytometry was performed on blood from the two groups of dogs and changes in CD11b/CD18 adhesion molecules and L-selectin were investigated. Results: Flow cytometry on blood from bypass dogs showed increased CD18 expression during and after cardiopulmonary bypass and a reciprocal decrease in L-selectin expression. Sham animals showed no significant change. In the bypass animals, changes in adhesion molecule expression were not evenly distributed across the population of circulating neutrophils; however, they were indicative of a percentage of activated cells. There was a significant negative linear relationship between the percentage of activated cells and arterial oxygenation 3 h after bypass (r = −0.80, P < 0.001). From this analysis, 11 animals were identified as “high” responders and seven as “low” responders, with different patterns of cellular activation and oxygenation during and after bypass. High responders had an average of 40(SEM 5)% activated cells during bypass with a persistently raised percentage of activated cells [38(3)%] 3 h later, whereas low responders had only 22(6)% activated cells during bypass and 11(2)% activated cells 3 h after bypass. High responder animals had a marked and continued deterioration in Po2 after bypass [to 25(6)% of baseline 3 h after bypass] whereas low responder animals showed recovery of oxygenation after the first hour postbypass and improved to 80(8)% of baseline at 3 h. Conclusions: Changes in adhesion molecule expression serve as a marker of neutrophil activation during cardiopulmonary bypass. The percentage of activated neutrophils in the circulation within 3 h after cardiopulmonary bypass may be predictive of an ongoing inflammatory process that is linked to pulmonary dysfunction.
Collisional model for granular impact dynamics.

When an intruder strikes a granular material from above, the grains exert a stopping force which decelerates and stops the intruder. Many previous studies have used a macroscopic force law, including a drag force which is quadratic in velocity, to characterize the decelerating force on the intruder. However, the microscopic origins of the force-law terms are still a subject of debate. Here, drawing from previous experiments with photoelastic particles, we present a model which describes the velocity-squared force in terms of repeated collisions with clusters of grains. From our high speed photoelastic data, we infer that ``clusters'' correspond to segments of the strong force network that are excited by the advancing intruder. The model predicts a scaling relation for the velocity-squared drag force that accounts for the intruder shape. Additionally, we show that the collisional model predicts an instability to rotations, which depends on the intruder shape. To test this model, we perform a comprehensive experimental study of the dynamics of two-dimensional granular impacts on beds of photoelastic disks, with different profiles for the leading edge of the intruder. We particularly focus on a simple and useful case for testing shape effects by using triangular-nosed intruders. We show that the collisional model effectively captures the dynamics of intruder deceleration and rotation; i.e., these two dynamical effects can be described as two different manifestations of the same grain-scale physical processes.
Technology for Space Optical and Infrared Interferometry

Optical and IR interferometry will open new vistas for astronomy over the next decade. Space based interferometers, operating unfettered by the Earth's atmosphere, will offer the greatest scientific payoff. They also present the greatest technological challenge: laser metrology systems must perform with sub-nanometer precision; mechanical vibrations must be controlled to nanometers requiring orders of magnitude disturbance rejection; a multitude of actuators and sensors must operate flawlessly and in concert. The interferometry technology program at NASA's JPL is addressing these challenges with a development program that plans to establish technology readiness for the Space Interferometry Mission by early in the year 2001.
Turbo Decoding Complexity Reduction by Symbol Selection and Partial Iterations

Based on an analysis on the recursive computation of the iterative maximum a posteriori (MAP) algorithm for turbo decoding, this paper considers a modified MAP scheme with reduced block lengths for symbols with unreliable detection after some initial iterations. Applying symbol selection based on cross-entropy measurement for parallel concatenated convolutional codes, we develop partial, windowed iterations for selected symbols. By omitting computations for symbols with reliable detection results, this approach significantly reduces complexity but well maintains the performance by complete iterations.
Occupational Values of Male and Female Nursing Students

This comparative analysis of the occupational values of nursing students is focused on males, for whom nursing is a status-contradictory occupation due to its sex typing as a female domain. The study suggests the strength of prior sex-role socialization and values and delineates the manner in which men maintain a masculine self-image and identity within the confines of an occupation in which their sex functions as a discrepancy.
Interval estimation of availability of a series system

For a system that consists of n independent subsystems connected in series, based on a sample of complete periods for each subsystem, an approximate interval estimate of the steady-state availability of the system is presented for three cases: when each lifetime and repair-time has an exponential distribution; when each lifetime has an exponential distribution and each repair-time has a log-normal distribution; and the case where each lifetime and repair-time has a log-normal distribution. For a large system it often costs less to test subsystems than to test the system. Consequently, it is more economical to estimate the steady-state availability of the system by using the data from each subsystem. Moreover, it is time-saving since subsystems can be tested simultaneously prior to assembly of the system. Numerical examples show good confidence bounds for the steady-state availability. >
Comparative Accuracy of Real-Time Myocardial Contrast Perfusion Imaging and Wall Motion Analysis During Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography for the Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Disease

Objective This study sought to compare the accuracy of myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) and wall motion analysis (WMA) during submaximal and peak dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD). Background The relative merits of MCE and WMA for the detection of CAD during DSE have not been studied in a large number of patients. Methods We studied 170 patients who underwent dobutamine (up to 50 μg/kg/min)-atropine stress testing and coronary angiography. The WMA and MCE (using repeated boluses of Optison [Mallinckrodt, St. Louis, Missouri] or Definity [Bristol-Myers Squibb, New York, New York]) were performed at rest, at intermediate stress (65% to 75% of maximal heart rate), and at peak stress. The diagnosis of CAD (≥50% stenosis in ≥1 coronary artery) was based on reversible wall motion and perfusion abnormalities. Results Coronary artery disease was detected in 127 (75%) patients. Sensitivity of MCE was higher than that of WMA at maximal stress (91% vs. 70%; p = 0.001) and at intermediate stress (84% vs. 20%; p = 0.0001). Specificity was lower for MCE compared with WMA (51% vs. 74%; p = 0.01). Overall accuracy was higher for MCE than for WMA (81% vs. 71%; p = 0.01). Sensitivity for detection of CAD based on abnormalities in ≥2 vascular regions was higher for MCE than for WMA (67% vs. 28%; p Conclusions The majority of inducible perfusion abnormalities occur at an intermediate phase of the stress test, without wall motion abnormalities. Myocardial contrast echocardiography provides better sensitivity than WMA, particularly in patients with submaximal stress and in identifying patients with multivessel CAD.
Work In Progress &#8211; Do Women Score Lower Than Men on Computer Engineering Exams?

Women have long been underrepresented in undergraduate engineering programs. Women may drop out of engineering programs when they become discouraged by low exam scores. In this project, we examine whether women earn lower exam scores than men and whether Dweck's model of self-theories explains the difference. Dweck proposed two categories for individuals' beliefs about intelligence: incremental theories and entity theories. Dweck found that women are more likely to be entity theorists than men. In our study, we found that the difference between exam averages between women and men, and between entity and incremental theorists were not statistically significant
Generalized common spatial factor model

There are often two types of correlations in multivariate spatial data: correlations between variables measured at the same locations, and correlations of each variable across the locations. We hypothesize that these two types of correlations are caused by a common spatially correlated underlying factor. Under this hypothesis, we propose a generalized common spatial factor model. The parameters are estimated using the Bayesian method and a Markov chain Monte Carlo computing technique. Our main goals are to determine which observed variables share a common underlying spatial factor and also to predict the common spatial factor. The model is applied to county-level cancer mortality data in Minnesota to find whether there exists a common spatial factor underlying the cancer mortality throughout the state.
Isolated Singularities of the 1D Complex Viscous Burgers Equation

The Cauchy problem for the 1D real-valued viscous Burgers equation ut+uux = uxx is globally well posed (Hopf in Commun Pure Appl Math 3:201–230, 1950). For complex-valued solutions finite time blow-up is possible from smooth compactly supported initial data, see Polacik and Sverak (J Reine Angew Math 616:205–217, 2008). It is also proved in Polacik and Sverak (J Reine Angew Math 616:205–217, 2008) that the singularities for the complex-valued solutions are isolated if they are not present in the initial data. In this paper we study the singularities in more detail. In particular, we classify the possible blow-up rates and blow-up profiles. It turns out that all singularities are of type II and that the blow-up profiles are regular steady state solutions of the equation.
Benefit or Burden? Social Capital, Gender, and the Economic Adaptation of Refugees.

This paper examines the role of co-ethnic social capital on the earnings of refugees, using a unique data set for adult refugees who resettled in Portland, Maine, between 1998 and 2004. Multiple regression models test the effect of access to co-ethnic social capital on the log earnings of refugees in their first and most recent years of work. Results show that over time access to co-ethnic social capital upon arrival decreased earnings for female refugees. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the findings for social capital and immigration research.
Caricom countries and the Irrelevance of economic smallness

Abstract The pioneers of development argued that natural resources determined a country's economic structure of production. Since a small country would of necessity have a smaller endowment of natural resources than a large country, they further argued that the economic structure of production of a small country would be more concentrated than that of a large country. This article contends that economic smallness is no longer an important determinant of a country's economic structure of production. The global economy is becoming more and more integrated and knowledge skills have become the most important resource in production processes. If, therefore, small countries such as those in Caricom can accumulate in sufficient quantities the appropriate knowledge skills, they can have a diversified economic structure of production by developing new products and services, and by attracting foreign direct investment.
Awareness of hormesis will enhance future research in basic and applied neuroscience.

Hormesis is defined operationally as responses of cells or organisms to an exogenous or intrinsic factor (chemical, temperature, psychological challenge, etc.) in which the factor induces stimulatory or beneficial effects at low doses and inhibitory or adverse effects at high doses. The compendium of articles by Calabrese entitled “Neuroscience and Hormesis” provides a broad range of examples of neurobiological processes and responses to environmental factors that exhibit biphasic dose responses, the signature of hormesis. Nerve cell networks are the “first responders” to environmental challenges—they perceive the challenge and orchestrate coordinated adaptive responses that typically involve autonomic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral changes. In addition to direct adaptive responses of neurons to environmental stressors, cells subjected to a stressor produce and release molecules such as growth factors, cytokines, and hormones that alert adjacent and even distant cells to impending danger. The discoveries that some molecules (e.g., carbon monoxide and nitric oxide) and elements (e.g., selenium and iron) that are toxic at high doses play fundamental roles in cellular signaling or metabolism suggest that during evolution, organisms (and their nervous systems) co-opted environmental toxins and used them to their advantage. Neurons also respond adaptively to everyday stressors, including physical exercise, cognitive challenges, and dietary energy restriction, each of which activates pathways linked to the production of neurotrophic factors and cellular stress resistance proteins. The development of interventions that activate hormetic signaling pathways in neurons is a promising new approach for the preventation and treatment of a range of neurological disorders.
Alcohol, lipids and heart disease

Abstract The attenuating effect of moderate amounts of alcohol on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality has been reported by several groups of investigators at various geographic locations. At this time, the generally accepted explanation for this cardioprotective effect favors an increase in plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, a factor inversely associated with the development of coronary heart disease (CHD). Other variables potentially influencing the development of CHD such as a reduced tendency for blood coagulation and increased fibrinolytic activity has also been enhanced by alcohol and may be considered as possible additional mechanisms for the cardioprotective effects of the agent. Because of its addictive potential, alcohol should not be considered for treatment of CHD.
Protein Networks as Logic Functions in Development and Cancer

Many biological and clinical outcomes are based not on single proteins, but on modules of proteins embedded in protein networks. A fundamental question is how the proteins within each module contribute to the overall module activity. Here, we study the modules underlying three representative biological programs related to tissue development, breast cancer metastasis, or progression of brain cancer, respectively. For each case we apply a new method, called Network-Guided Forests, to identify predictive modules together with logic functions which tie the activity of each module to the activity of its component genes. The resulting modules implement a diverse repertoire of decision logic which cannot be captured using the simple approximations suggested in previous work such as gene summation or subtraction. We show that in cancer, certain combinations of oncogenes and tumor suppressors exert competing forces on the system, suggesting that medical genetics should move beyond cataloguing individual cancer genes to cataloguing their combinatorial logic.
Evolution Programs for Various Discrete Problems

As stated in the Introduction, it seems that most researchers modified their implementations of genetic algorithms either by using non-standard chromosome representation and/or by designing problem-specific genetic operators (e.g., [141], [385], [65], [76], etc.) to accommodate the problem to be solved, thus building efficient evolution programs. Such modifications were discussed in detail in the previous two chapters (Chapters 9 and 10) for the transportation problem and the traveling salesman problem, respectively. In this chapter, we have made a somewhat arbitrary selection of a few other evolution programs developed by the author and other researchers, which are based on non-standard chromosome representation and/or problem-specific knowledge operators. We discuss some systems for scheduling problems (section 11.1), the timetable problem (section 11.2), partitioning problems (section 11.3), and the path planning problem in mobile robot environment (section 11.4). The chapter concludes with an additional section 11.5, which provides some brief remarks on a few other, interesting problems.
Intracellular localization and protein interactions of the gene 1 protein p28 during mouse hepatitis virus replication

Coronaviruses encode the largest replicase polyprotein of any known positive-strand RNA virus. Replicase protein precursors and mature products are thought to mediate the formation and function of viral replication complexes on the surfaces of intracellular double-membrane vesicles. However, the functions of only a few of these proteins are known. For the coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), the first proteolytic processing event of the replicase polyprotein liberates an amino-terminal 28-kDa product (p28). While previous biochemical studies have suggested that p28 is associated with viral replication complexes, the intracellular localization and interactions of p28 with other proteins during the course of MHV replication have not been defined. We used immunofluorescence confocal microscopy to show that p28 localizes to viral replication complexes in the cytoplasm during early times postinfection. However, at late times postinfection, p28 localizes to sites of M accumulation distinct from the replication complex. Furthermore, by yeast two-hybrid and coimmunoprecipitation analyses, we demonstrate that p28 specifically binds to p10 and p15, two coronavirus replicase proteins of unknown function. Deletion mutagenesis experiments determined that the carboxy terminus of p28 is not required for its interactions with p10 and p15. These results suggest that p28 may play a part at the replication complex by interacting with p10 and p15. Moreover, our findings highlight a potential role for p28 at virion assembly sites.
Splashing from drop impact into a deep pool: multiplicity of jets and the failure of conventional scaling

We report high-speed optical and X-ray observations of jets formed during the impact of a drop with a deep pool of the same liquid. We show that a scaling that relies entirely on liquid properties, as is conventionally employed, is insufficient to determine the threshold for splashing. In order to determine if the gas properties could account for this deficit, we conducted experiments with different surrounding gases. We find that the splashing threshold depends on the gas’s dynamic viscosity, but not its density. We argue that these results are consistent with a thickening of the ejecta caused by the bubble trapped on impact between the drop and the pool. We also show that drop impact can generate a third jet, distinct from the lamella and the ejecta, that produces secondary droplets of an intermediate size.
ATM cell scheduling with queue length-based priority scheme

The asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is the choice of transport mode for B-ISDN. In this paper, we propose a window-based ATM cell scheduling scheme using a neural network to achieve higher throughput for nonblocking ATM switches. In a nonblocking switch with input queues, significant loss of throughput can occur due to head-of-line blocking when FIFO queueing is employed. To resolve this problem, we propose an optimal input bypass queueing method which maximizes switch throughput. We also employ a queue length based priority scheme to reduce cell delay variations and cell loss probabilities. With the employed priority scheme, the variance of delay is also significantly reduced under nonuniform traffic, resulting in lower cell loss rates at a given buffer size. Due to higher switch throughput achieved with our cell scheduling, the cell loss probabilities and the buffer sizes necessary to guarantee a given cell loss rate become even smaller than those with output queueing that has been known to provide better performance than input queueing.
Blood: Introductory Comments

Blood is a unique tissue in that it is both easily biopsied and easily separated into its major component parts. Because of these characteristics a wealth of biochemical information concerning those components has accumulated. In terms of lipid chemistry the extent of this information as well as the major differences in the biochemical patterns and physiologic behavior between the various components have necessitated the organization of this tissue into four major divisions.
Teaching Domestic Violence Online A Step Forward or a Step Backward

With the increasing number of courses and degree programs available online, faculty may be interested in developing an online course on domestic violence. This article analyzes the similarities and differences involved in teaching about domestic violence online versus face-to-face. Highlights of course activities and notable online resources are identified including YouTube videos, webinars, online training modules, and websites. The limitations and challenges of teaching domestic violence in an asynchronous online course and recommendations for future teaching are discussed.
Focus on . . . Limited Liability Companies

Man businesses and professional firms are-or are considering-conducting business as limited liability companies (LLCs) or limited liability partnerships (LLPs), rather than in one of the more traditional business forms (C corporation, S corporation, general partnership, limited partnership). Here's a look at how that decision affects the business' employee benefit plans.
Seasonal effects on metabolism and thermoregulation in Northern Bobwhite

Seasonal differences in metabolism and cold hardiness are common among small passerine birds. However, seasonal adjustments of metabolism and insulation are less well studied in nonpasserines and in larger birds. We measured basal metabolic rate (BMR), metabolic response to temperature, and maximal capacity for thermogenesis (peak cold-induced oxygen consumption, VO 2sum ) in late spring/summer and winter in outdoor captive Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) near the northern boundary of their natural range, to determine whether seasonal adjustments in metabolism are a component of acclimatization in this species. Mass, BMR and regression equations describing diurnal and nocturnal metabolic response to temperature were not significantly different between seasons. After metabolic tests below thermoneutrality, cloacal temperature (T b ) was not dependent on ambient temperature (T a ) at either season, and nocturnal T b did not differ significantly between seasons. However, after metabolic tests below thermoneutrality, diurnal T b was significantly greater in summer (38.9 ± 1.1°C) than in winter (37.7 ± 1.1°C). Although body mass of winter birds was significantly greater than their body mass in late spring, maximal thermogenic capacity did not differ significantly on a seasonal basis, and winter bobwhite were only marginally more cold tolerant than late spring birds under severe cold stress. For individual birds tested in both winter and late spring, individual ranking of VO 2sum was not consistent between seasons (i.e., birds with a high VO 2sum in winter did not necessarily have a high VO 2sum in late spring). These data suggest little seasonal adjustment of metabolism or insulation in the Northern Bobwhite, a relatively large nonpasserine species native mainly to regions with relatively mild winter climates.
Laser-Induced Ablation Processes Investigated Using Enhanced Impulse Measurement Techniques

A Thrust Stand Mass Balance has been developed as a new diagnostic tool to study physical processes in laser-surface interactions. Direct measurements of the impulse and mass loss can lead to a better understanding and characterization of the efficiency of ablation processes possible under different configurations. The stand has been designed and tested with a robust calibration system to measure impulsive forces with resolution as low as a few nano-Newton-seconds and mass losses as low as few micrograms. A technique has been developed to decouple the signal of the impulse and the mass lost as a result of the ablation process. By simultaneously measuring impulse and mass loss the efficiency of the ablation coupling and its specific impulse as applicable to a possible micro-propulsion device can be ascertained. This paper will detail the experimental results from the efficiency and specific impulse measurements and supporting experimental tests on Buna, Viton, and Teflon, with comparisons to existing models.
Selective Functions and Operations

(1934). Selective Functions and Operations. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 41, No. 9, pp. 556-562.
Vaginal Leptothrix: From Fungi to Lactobacillosis

Vaginal Leptothrix: From Fungi to Lactobacillosis A review of using Pap smears to diagnose a number of microorganisms including Leptothrix vaginalis was carried out by Fitzhugh and Heller. They pointed out that the diagnosis accuracy of the Pap smear differs amongst the organisms in question. The authors also described Leptothrix, as very long, fusiform lactobacilli that may well be as long as spermatozoa.Vaginal Leptothrix journey, from fungi to Lactobacillosis is a clear example on how medical science and discovery work hand to hand. We are still facing the challenge of figuring out what role Leptothrix play in the vaginal ecosystem.
Ground states of conjugated molecules—V: Fused cyclobutadienes

Abstract Resonance energies have been calculated for a number of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons containing a cyclobutadiene ring, using the SCF MO method developed in previous papers of this series. 2 The calculated values seem to correlate well with the properties reported for these compounds. The calculated heat of formation of biphenylene leads to a new value for the strain energy.
Mineralogy and petrology of a mullite-bearing pseudotachylyte: Constraints on the temperature of coseismic frictional fusion

Pseudotachylyte from the Homestake Shear Zone, central Colorado, contains acicular, 5-10 x 100 μm mullite crystals, 1-5 μm octahedra of magnetite, and variably melted clasts of quartz in an originally molten matrix. Several lines of evidence support the interpretation that the pseudotachylyte represents the quenched equivalent of a molten phase derived from preferential melting of primarily biotite, microcline and plagioclase, and to a lesser extent quartz, from the gneissic protolith: the morphology of the mullite crystals, which nucleate on and radiate from relic sillimanite clasts; abundant magnetite octahedra scattered throughout the pseudotachylyte matrix and intergrown with mullite, forming plumose quench structures; partially melted relict quartz clasts; the composition of the isotropic pseudotachylyte matrix; and chemical gradients surrounding quartz clasts in pseudotachylyte matrix. Although the sample had been nearly completely molten (except for 10-100 μm relict quartz clasts), HRTEM imaging of the pseudotachylyte matrix reveals that it has devitrified. The slightly birefringent matrix consists of intergrowths of submicrometer flakes of white mica. Microprobe analysis shows that the mullite is highly enriched in Fe (8-10 wt% Fe 2 O 3 ) compared with other natural mullites. HRTEM and SEM images reveal the presence of oriented platelets of an Fe-oxide phase, dominantly hematite that appears to have exsolved from the mullite during cooling, indicating that the limit of solid solution of Fe 3 + in mullite decreases with temperature. The estimated melt temperature ranges from 1150 to 1200 °C; this interpretation is based on the Fe 2 O 3 content of mullite, the liquidus temperature for melts corresponding to the matrix compositions, and liquidus temperatures for gneissic wall rocks, which underwent complete to very high degrees of melting.
The Selective Use of Dimercaptosuccinic Acid Renal Scans in Children with Vesicoureteral Reflux

AbstractDimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) renal scans were performed on 75 children (115 refluxing renal units) to determine the efficacy of routine scanning in patients with various grades of vesicoureteral reflux. Cystourethrography demonstrated grades I and II reflux in 75 renal units and grades III to V in 40. Of the patients 51 presented with febrile urinary tract infection and 24 were asymptomatic (patients presenting with nonfebrile urinary tract infections or those undergoing sibling screening). Renal ultrasounds were performed in 60 patients. All patients were initially managed with medical therapy and 19 (25%) ultimately underwent antireflux surgery. DMSA scans demonstrated scarring in 17 of 40 renal units (43%) of patients with high grade vesicoureteral reflux and 6 of 75 renal units (8%) of those with low grade reflux. Renal ultrasounds that were interpreted as normal always correlated to a normal DMSA scan in asymptomatic patients. In patients presenting with febrile urinary tract infections the...
Vascular degenerative changes in the uterine arteries and veins of multiparous rats.

Repeatedly bred female rats develop arteriosclerosis spontaneously. The arterial lesions appear first in the abdominal aorta, as in man, and later, in the arch and thoracic aorta, coronary, carotid, renal, mesenteric, and peripheral arteries. Uniparous and multiparous rats were examined for the sequential appearance of arterial disease during the trimesters of pregnancy, at parturition, during the trimesters of lactation, and after weaning. The uterine arteries showed an unusual predilection toward the early development of arterial disease consisting of elastic tissue destruction during the pregnancy phase and endothelial cell proliferation during the lactation phase. The uterine veins became thin walled, flaccid, and greatly dilated. Both the arterial and venous degenerative changes are progressive, and concomitants of repeated pregnancies. The hormonal alterations associated with reproduction may have a conditioning effect toward ground substance and connective tissue degeneration in the arteries and veins of multiparous rats. These findings are particularly provocative in the light of recently reported vascular accidents allegedly due to the pseudopregnancy state induced by birth control pills.
Vitamin E ameliorates adverse effects of endothelial injury in brain arterioles

Endothelium-dependent dilation, produced by applying acetylcholine (ACh) to pial arterioles, was unaffected after 6 mo of a diet with zero vitamin E or 8 mo of a vitamin E-enriched diet. The enriched diet did not affect constriction produced by topically applied NG-monomethyl-L-arginine, an inhibitor of the synthesis of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF). EDRF mediates the response to ACh and is a basally released dilator and antiplatelet paracrine substance. Endothelial injury produced by a helium-neon laser and Evans blue technique eliminates the response to ACh, but in vitamin E-enriched mice the response to ACh was unaffected by the injury. More prolonged exposure of the laser induces platelet adhesion/aggregation at the injured site. A significantly longer exposure to the laser was required to initiate adhesion/aggregation in vitamin E-enriched mice. Because effects of endothelial damage in this model are mediated at least in part by singlet oxygen produced by injured tissue (W.I. Rosenblum and G.H. Nelson, Am. J. Physiol. 270 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 39): H1258-H1263, 1996.), we conclude that the antioxidant, radical-scavenging actions of vitamin E explain the protective action of the vitamin E-enriched diet. However, raising vitamin E levels did not protect against putative adverse effects of normally occurring oxidants.
Development of Sustainable, Epoxy-Bound Mg/NaNO3 Compositions for the U.S. Army’s 40 mm Yellow Illuminant Flares

We report here on the development of novel yellow-emitting pyrotechnic flares based on ground magnesium, sodium nitrate (NaNO3), and a two-part epoxy thermoset. This work was aimed to eliminate the chemical exposure risk posed by the toxic and solvent-based polyester thermoset specified for two of the U.S. Army’s 40 mm yellow illuminant flares, the M585 star cluster and M583A1 star parachute signals. In particular, we describe efforts to develop a common replacement composition for both flares based on a two-part epoxy thermoset free of volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) or phthalate plasticizer. In addition, for the M583A1, we compare static burn performance of flares encased in Viton-laminated phenolic tubes to those in unlaminated tubes. A role for the Viton laminate is also proposed.
Abstract # 1745 Evidence for dissociation between spontaneous pain and depression-like behavior in neuropathic pain models

Chronic pain and depression frequently occur together but the interplay between the two is poorly understood. One of the reasons is that preclinical studies mostly focus on evoked pain hypersensitivity (allodynia and hyperalgesia) instead of spontaneous pain that is the most important component of chronic pain in humans. We used innovative approaches to study spontaneous pain in response to spared nerve injury (SNI) or chemotherapy in C57/Bl6 mice. We measured spontaneous pain by conditioned place preference (based on the ability of mice to associate relief of pain with environmental cues) and dynamic weight bearing (based on weight distribution between hindpaws in freely moving mice). We also measured depression-like behaviors in the same animals using forced swim test (FST) and sucrose preference. Our data show that retigabine, a potassium channel opener, alleviated evoked and spontaneous pain but did not block depression-like behavior induced by SNI. Conversely, genetic deletion of the tryptophan-metabolizing enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)1 which is required for SNI-induced depression-like behavior had no effect on evoked and spontaneous pain. Finally, treatment with cisplatin reliably induced evoked pain hypersensitivity and spontaneous pain but does not result in depression-like behavior. Taken together our data indicate that chronic pain per se is not sufficient to cause depression-like behavior in models of neuropathic pain and conversely that depression-like behavior does not modulate the pain response.