cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social Engines and Social Science: A Revolution in the Making

Scholars are starting to use tools such as Google Trends much more frequently in their work. Yet, a central ‘search-engine’ field of inquiry has yet to emerge. Rather, academics using search-engine data to address social issues are spread across many disciplines, which makes search valuable across fields but not critical to any one particular area in social science. In an effort to promote a comprehensive debate on these issues, this paper provides a review of pioneering work that included data generated through search engine accessory applications, making the point that the greater value of search-engine research lies in using such tools for broader inquiry rather than examining search engines themselves as the central object of research. The challenges and opportunities involved in this methodological transition are addressed, with a view to benefiting both social researchers and technology developers. This paper was written as a reflection and further research on the nature of search in social, political and economic aspects of society that was part of a series of meetings between British academics and Google UK. This project was funded by a Knowledge Exchange Grant from the UK Economic and Social Research Council.
Safety and efficacy of combined antegrade and retrograde endoscopic dilation for complete esophageal obstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background Complete esophageal obstruction (CEO) due to occlusive proximal stricture occurs after chemoradiation for head and neck cancers. A combined antegrade and retrograde endoscopic technique with controlled recanalization and dilation (CARD) has been shown to be an effective and safe method for regaining and maintaining esophageal luminal patency in the short term. Methods We conducted a comprehensive search of multiple electronic databases and conference proceedings, including PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases (from inception through November 2018), to identify studies that reported the outcomes of CARD. The primary outcomes were the pooled rates of technical and clinical success, specifically improvement in dysphagia and independence from percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG)-tube feeds. The secondary outcomes were the need for repeat dilations and the risks of complications, such as pneumomediastinum, perforation, and death. Results From a total of 19 studies (229 cases and 251 procedures) the calculated technical success rate was 88.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 83.9-92.5, I 2=0). The rates of improvement in dysphagia and being PEG-tube free were 58.4% (95%CI 50-66.3, I 2=12.6) and 43.5% (95%CI 34.1-53.4, I 2=30.6), respectively. The pooled rate of repeat dilatations was 78.9% (95%CI 69.7-85.8, I 2=15.2). The risks of pneumomediastinum, perforation and death were 9.9% (95%CI 6.2-15.6, I 2=0), 8% (95%CI 4.8-13, I 2=0), and 6.8% (95%CI 3.4-13.1, I 2=0), respectively. Minimal heterogeneity was noted in the analysis. Conclusions The CARD procedure for CEO has a high technical success rate, but also a high rate of repeat dilations. Given its complexity and associated adverse events, this procedure should be restricted to centers with a high level of expertise.
Designing, Choosing, and Using Assessment Tools in Healthcare Simulation Research

Studies in healthcare simulation research are often based on performance scores. These scores can be used to compare provider groups, establish the efficacy of competing educational programs, and identify clinical skills deficiencies. The following chapter provides an overview of the development and use of assessment tools. Researchers need to select tools that align with the purpose of the assessment. Where human evaluators are employed, they should have sufficient expertise in the domains being assessed. Training is also necessary to ensure that evaluators are using the rubrics as intended. In the future, technology may be helpful for gathering accurate data from, and providing standardized scoring for, various simulation-based assessments. Healthcare simulation researchers who employ assessment tools need to evaluate whether the scores that are produced represent reliable and valid estimates of ability. Without some assurance of the psychometric rigor of the scores, their use in any research study could be questioned.
THE ROLE OF HANDWRITING INSTRUCTION IN WRITERS’ EDUCATION

Based on the Writer(s)-within-Community Model, this article focuses on the role of handwriting in writers’ composing process. With the goal of highlighting the importance of researching and promoti...
An evaluation of Datix implementation for incident reporting at Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare

BackgroundIncident-reporting systems are designed to obtain information about events and situations affecting patient safety. These incidents can be used to inform individual and organizational lea...
Remaining vigilant: reflexive considerations for white researchers studying whiteness

Drawing on Applebaum’s theory of White Complicity, this paper considers how white researchers remain complicit in the reproduction of whiteness despite our intentions of disrupting its hegemonic na...
Measured versus Estimated Blood Loss: Interim Analysis of a Prospective Quality Improvement Study:

Estimated blood loss (EBL) is an increasingly important factor used to predict outcomes, such as morbidity and mortality, length of stay, and readmissions, after major abdominal operations. However...
Chapter 7 – Implant-Related Biological Reactions

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the important points related to successful implantology. Some of these points include: bone healing, hemocompatibility, cell adhesion, adsorption, spreading, proliferation, and cell growth. The dental implants, usually made from titanium materials, are biocompatible metal anchors surgically positioned in the jawbone underneath the gums to support an artificial crown where the natural teeth are missing. There are three main types of dental implants: the root form implants, the plate form implants, and the subperiosteal implants. The four major factors influencing the success rates of placed implants include: correct indication and favorable anatomic conditions (bone and mucosa), good operative technique, patient cooperation (oral hygiene), and adequate superstructure. For both dental and orthopedic implant surgeries, bone healing is the major step immediately after implant placements. There are principle steps of peri-implant bone healing. The first healing phase, osteoconduction, relies on the recruitment and migration of the osteogenic cells to the implant surface, through the residue of the peri-implant blood clot.
A single one-minute, comfortable paced, stair-climbing bout reduces postprandial glucose following a mixed meal

Abstract Background and Aims Postprandial blood glucose (PBG) is an independent predictor of disease and mortality risk. To date, the shortest, single, moderate intensity exercise intervention to reduce PBG is a 1-min bout of stair stepping during an oral glucose tolerance test. Whether this effect translates to real meal consumption is unknown. Methods and Results Subjects (N=30) participated in a randomized controlled crossover trial performing 0min (seated control), 1min, 3min or 10min of stair climbing and descending bouts (SCD) at a self-selected pace after consumption of a mixed meal on four separate visits. Compared to control, all SCD reduced PBG at least one timepoint: at 30-minutes the 3min (-10.8(-18.7 to -2.8)mg/dL, p = 0.010) and 10min (-36.3(-46.4 to -26.3)mg/dL), p Conclusions Single, subjectively “light” intensity stair climbing and descending bouts as short as 1 minute in duration attenuate the postprandial glucose response in normal weight individuals following consumption of a mixed meal. More pronounced effects require longer bouts in a dose-dependent manner.
Absence of evidence doesn’t falsify a hypothesis

A Note on page 18 of Katinas and Funk (2020) An updated classification of the basal grade of Asteraceae (= Compositae): from Cabrera’s 1977 tribe Mutisieae to the present raises a red flag because ...
Supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage as a complication of infratentorial tumor removal: A case report

Abstract Introduction In this article we report a case of supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage developed following days of posterior fossa surgical tumor removal. Presentation of case Nine years old female was diagnosed as a patient with posterior fossa tumor and hydrocephalus, endoscopic third ventriculostomy was done and the tumor was resected using craniectomy and trans-vermian approach. The patient was discharged home on post-operative day 10 but re-admitted on day 35 with a new insult of right temporo-parieto-occipital intracerebral hematoma which was evacuated successfully urgently and the patient had got better on day 4, but then she developed right hemispheric ischemia and died. Discussion Although this complication is rare, it carries significant morbidity and mortality, literatures discussing this condition are scanty and no obvious cause was mentioned. Conclusion We recommend putting in mind such a complication in case of any post-operative neurological deterioration occurs to a patient with surgically excised posterior fossa lesion.
The Case for 6-Hour Repeat Insar

Modern spaceborne radar systems today achieve near-global coverage at moderate resolution with weekly or better repeat intervals. Consideration of adequate temporal sampling and the need to average images to reduce noise suggests that reducing radar revisit times can enable heretofore impossible applications. We propose that the aspirational goal of fine-resolution repeat coverage every 6 hours would be a revolutionary advance in radar and InSAR capability and utility, and should be a guidepost for new system design. Here we review the science and user needs for such a system, and show that current technologies, with some evolutionary extensions can enable such a system.
In the Public Interest: The Proliferation of Opinion-based T.V. News Content and the FCC’s Ability to Regulate Post-Fairness Doctrine

The Capitol Insurrection of January 6, 2021 has renewed discussions about ways our institutions can curb the spread of disinformation. One of these institutions being re-examined is the Fourth Estate, the press. Freedom of the Press was written into the Constitution because our framers understood that a well-informed electorate was imperative to the functioning of a democratic society, where the government is accountable to the people. But what happens to a democracy when the electorate doesn’t trust the press? When the electorate can no longer differentiate between fact and opinion? When news is labeled as “fake”? This Note sets out to analyze ways in which the FCC has in the past assisted the public in sifting through the deluge of information that flows from television screens. While the print media is largely free from regulation, the history of telecommunications media tells a different story. From its inception, the broadcast industry has always been tightly regulated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). This is likely because of broadcasters’ ability to reach the most people and because the barriers to entry into the broadcast industry are high. One way the FCC has historically regulated broadcast media is through licensing. Licensing allows broadcasters to operate a radio or television station should there be availability on the broadcast spectrum, and should they show that their programming was in the public interest, convenience, or necessity. This note does not suggest that a government commission such as the FCC should implement news reporting content standards for television news, but it does explore the government’s capabilities and the shortcomings when it comes to the regulation of television news. This note suggests that moving forward, the answer to the proliferation of opinion-based T.V. news both relies on principles from the Fairness Doctrine, yet also might lie outside the bounds of FCC regulation.
Collaborative Wearable Art Design Process for Wearable Art Designers, Artists, and Industrial Designers

Collaborations between fashion designers and artists, traced back to 19th century, bloomed in early 20th century when fashion became a modern desire and was mass producible (Mackrell, 2005). Due to the complexity and ambiguity of the wearable art design process, wearable art designers usually explore inspirations from a multiplicity of sources, sometimes drawing from fine arts. Collaborations often occur between wearable art designers and artists that contribute differential resources and various talents to achieve complementary goals (Dodgson, 1994). For this design process study, the initial goal was to develop a framework for: (a) initiating and completing collaborative design projects, (b) evaluating the design ideas involving a wearable art designer and an artist who provided the artwork as the inspiration, and (c) integrating a review critique into the design process by presenting design ideation to a professional reviewer (with fashion design and wearable art background), an industrial designer, and collaborating artist.
Faculty at American Universities: Becoming Increasingly Liberal?

The book which kicked off my research — Closed Minds? Politics and Ideology in American Universities — was written by Smith et. al in 2010. The conclusion of the authors was striking and contrary to popular belief. The authors claimed that “Far from being bastions of liberal bias, American universities have largely withdrawn from the world of politics” They supported their research with a well-executed survey conducted in 2007 amongst college faculty. Naturally, these results surprised me and I became determined (14 years later) to conduct my own historical and contemporary research to evaluate the accuracy and relevance of Smith’s conclusions. The purpose of my research is to re-examine the question — “Have American universities and their faculty grown more or less political?”. This fascinating question about American politics was seemingly “answered” by an earlier paper by Smith et. al. Through exhaustive analysis, I plan to measure the validity of Smith’s argument, and possibly present a slightly modified and more nuanced argument (fully supported by available research literature) that is more relevant today.
Zero air pollution and zero carbon from all energy at low cost and without blackouts in variable weather throughout the U.S. with 100% wind-water-solar and storage

Abstract This study analyzes 2050–2051 grid stability in the 50 U S. states and District of Columbia after their all-sector (electricity, transportation, buildings, industry) energy is transitioned to 100% clean, renewable Wind-Water-Solar (WWS) electricity and heat plus storage and demand response (thus to zero air pollution and carbon). Stability is analyzed in five regions; six isolated states (Texas, California, Florida, New York, Alaska, Hawaii); Texas interconnected with the Midwest, and the contiguous U.S. No blackouts occur, including during summer in California or winter in Texas. No batteries with over 4-h storage are needed. Concatenating 4-h batteries provides long-duration storage. Whereas transitioning more than doubles electricity use, it reduces total end-use energy demand by ∼57% versus business-as-usual (BAU), contributing to the 63 (43–79)% and 86 (77–90)% lower annual private and social (private + health + climate) energy costs, respectively, than BAU. Costs per unit energy in California, New York, and Texas are 11%, 21%, and 27% lower, respectively, and in Florida are 1.5% higher, when these states are interconnected regionally than islanded. Transitioning may create ∼4.7 million more permanent jobs than lost and requires only ∼0.29% and 0.55% of new U.S. land for footprint and spacing, respectively, less than the 1.3% occupied by the fossil industry today.
Surface-mediated delivery of siRNA from fibrin hydrogels for knockdown of the BMP-2 binding antagonist noggin

Abstract Antagonists and inhibitory molecules responsible for maintaining tissue homeostasis can present a significant barrier to healing when tissue engineering/regenerative medicine strategies are employed. One example of this situation is the up-regulation of antagonists such as noggin in response to increasing concentrations of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) present from endogenous bone repair processes or delivered exogenously from biomaterials (synthetic bone grafts). While recombinant human (rh)BMP-2 delivered from synthetic bone grafts has been shown to be an effective alternative to autografts and allografts, the supraphysiological doses of rhBMP-2 have led to clinically-adverse side effects. The high rhBMP-2 dosage may be required, in part, to overcome the presence of antagonists such as noggin. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is an appealing approach to overcome this problem because it can knock-down antagonists or inhibitory molecules in a temporary manner. Here, we conducted fundamental studies on the delivery of siRNA from material surfaces as a means to knock-down antagonists like noggin. Non-viral cationic lipid (Lipofectamine)–siRNA complexes were delivered from a fibrin hydrogel surface to MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts that were treated with a supraphysiological dose of rhBMP-2 to achieve noggin mRNA expression levels higher than cells naive to rhBMP-2. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry showed intracellular uptake of siRNA in over 98% of MC3T3-E1 cells after 48 h. Doses of 0.5 and 1 μg noggin siRNA were able to significantly reduce noggin mRNA to levels equivalent to those in MC3T3-E1 cells not exposed to rhBMP-2 with no effects on cell viability. Statement of significance Small interfering RNA (siRNA) has been considered for treatment of diseases ranging from Alzheimer’s to cancer. However, the ability to use siRNA in conjunction with biomaterials to direct tissue regeneration processes has received relatively little attention. Using the bone morphogenetic protein 2 antagonist, noggin, as a model, this research describes an approach to knock-down molecules that are inhibitory to desired regenerative pathways at the mRNA level via siRNA delivery from a hydrogel surface. Interactions between the material (fibrin) surface and polycation–siRNA complexes, release of the siRNA from the material surface, high levels of cellular uptake/internalization of siRNA, and significant knockdown of the targeting (noggin) mRNA are demonstrated. Broader future applications include those to nerve regeneration, cardiovascular tissue engineering, directing (stem) cell behavior, and mitigating inflammatory responses to materials.
Options for high-volume test of multi-Gb/s ports

Devices with multi-GB/s ports from a variety of suppliers are shipping in high-volume today. Common port standards such as PCI Express are proliferating along with specialty ports. The number of lanes in multi-GB/s port can usually be scaled to increase bandwidth. The use of this serial/parallel port technology is growing as its bandwidth scaling, PCB trace out. Traditional SERDES devices with only 1 or 2 lanes had most yield fallout in the high-speed serial portion of the design. The industry responded with ATE instruments to expose those defects. Physical layer compliance testing is always a challenge and becomes overwhelming when coupled with multiple port types. In many cases, logic test patterns are applied through a multi-GB/s port at speed. The very high speed interfaces shows non-deterministic logic behavior.
For Whom the Pell Tolls: Market Power, Tuition Discrimination, and the Bennett Hypothesis

Are federal Pell grants "appropriated" by universities through increases in tuition - consistent with what is known as the Bennett hypothesis? Based on a panel of 71 universities from 1983 to 1996, we find little evidence of the Bennett hypothesis among either public or lower-ranked private universities. For top-ranked private universities, though, increases in Pell grants appear to be more than matched by increases in net tuition. The behavior most consistent with this result is price discrimination that is not purely redistributive from wealthier to needier students.
Large glucagon immunoreactivity in extracts of pancreas.

Abstract The glucagon immunoreactivity present in canine pancreatic extracts can be separated by gel filtration into two fractions; one fraction, comprising over 90% of the immunoreactivity, is similar in molecular size to the glucagon-131I marker, while the other appears to be at least twice as large. Incubation of this large glucagon immunoreactivity (LGI) in solutions such as 1 m acetic acid, 8 m urea, 0.1 m mercaptoethanol, or 6 m guanidine hydrochloride, which favor the dissociation of noncovalent protein complexes, fails to change its molecular size as determined by gel filtration, suggesting that LGI is not glucagon noncovalently bound either to itself or to another protein. However, tryptic hydrolysis of LGI results in the disappearance of most of the immunoreactivity and in a reduction in the molecular size of the remaining immunoreactivity to approximately that of glucagon-131I. Neither LGI nor its tryptic product, both of which resemble glucagon immunologically, has glycogenolytic activity in the perfused rat liver. It is possible that LGI includes the immunoreactive sequence of glucagon or of an immunologically similar peptide.
The Internet and American Politics: Where the Politically Rich Get Richer and the Politically Poor Get Perez Hilton

Although the Internet holds great promise for strengthening American political life, only a segment of the American public reaps its benefits. Those who possess high levels of political capital are able to partake in enriching political debates, sift through mountains of information, organize protests, and donate money to important causes. Those with lower levels of political capital are lost in a sea of facts, distracted by online poker and joke e-mails, and may be simply not interested in reading political content. This paper maintains that those who avail themselves of superior political resources on the Internet accelerate their political skills, while everyone else remain unengaged. Overall, the Internet produces unequal benefits, and this disparity may be a troubling development as the Internet increases elite control over politics and widens existing gaps within society.
Epidemiologic application of a standardized ribotype scheme for Vibrio cholerae O1.

A standardized scheme of 27 different BglI ribotypes and subtypes of Vibrio cholerae O1 strains is proposed on the basis of data from 214 human and environmental strains isolated in 35 countries and 14 U.S. states over the past 60 years. The ribotype patterns obtained are reproducible and stable over time. Seven different but very similar ribotypes (1a to 1g) were observed among 16 strains of the classical biotype. Twenty ribotypes and subtypes were identified among 198 V. cholerae O1 strains of the El Tor biotype. Six different patterns were found among the strains causing the current seventh pandemic. Strains of ribotype 8 originated only in central African countries, while those of ribotype 3 originated mainly in Asia and the Pacific Islands. The most widely distributed strains were those of ribotype 6, which was subdivided into three very similar but still distinguishable subtypes. The present Latin American epidemic is caused by strains of ribotype 5. Strains of this ribotype were isolated from several other geographic locations but can be differentiated from the Latin American strains by other molecular methods. Strains associated with two documented environmental reservoirs exhibited three distinct ribotype patterns; those isolated from patients who ate food from the U.S. Gulf waters were all of ribotype 2, while the strains related to the northeast Australian rivers were of ribotypes 9 and 10. Nontoxigenic V. cholerae O1 strains originating in Latin America and the U.S. Gulf Coast did not form a specific cluster of ribotypes. Ribotyping in combination with other well-defined methods can assist in epidemiologic investigations, helping to trace the movement of strains and to identify their geographic origins. Images
Preparation and characterization of the deepoxy trichothecenes: deepoxy HT-2, deepoxy T-2 triol, deepoxy T-2 tetraol, deepoxy 15-monoacetoxyscirpenol, and deepoxy scirpentriol.

Abstract The production of deepoxy metabolites of the trichothecene mycotoxins T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol, including deepoxy HT-2 (DE HT-2), deepoxy T-2 triol, deepoxy T-2 tetraol, deepoxy 15-monoacetoxyscirpenol, and deepoxy scirpentriol is described. The metabolites were prepared by in vitro fermentation with bovine rumen microorganisms under anaerobic conditions and purified by normal and reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. Capillary gas chromatographic retention times and mass spectra of the derivatized metabolites were obtained. The deepoxy metabolites were significantly less toxic to brine shrimp than were the corresponding epoxy analogs. Polyclonal and monoclonal T-2 antibodies were examined for cross-reactivity to several T-2 metabolites. Both HT-2 and DE HT-2 cross-reacted with mouse immunoglobulin monoclonal antibody 15H6 to a greater extent than did T-2 toxin. Rabbit polyclonal T-2 antibodies displayed greater specificity to T-2 toxin compared with the monoclonal antibody, with relative cross-reactivities of only 17.4, 14.6, and 9.2% for HT-2, DE HT-2, and deepoxy T-2 triol, respectively. Cross-reactivity of both antibodies was weak for T-2 triol, T-2 tetraol, 3'OH T-2, and 3'OH HT-2.
Redefining high performance in Northern Ireland: Deeper learning and twenty-first century skills meet high stakes accountability

This study examined four secondary schools in Northern Ireland serving a significant percentage of low income families: two schools from the ‘Maintained’ (de-facto Catholic) sector, one school from the ‘Controlled’ (de-facto Protestant) sector, and one school from the ‘Integrated’ (mixed faith) sector. The objective was to identify when and how the schools fostered higher level cognitive skills, interpersonal skills and intrapersonal skills, known collectively in the literature as twenty-first century learning. This paper focuses on the Integrated school as representative of many of the attributes encountered in all four schools and as a particular exemplar of high performance. The selected school served 28 % low income families, consistently outperformed demographic peers on required exams for the General Certificate of Secondary Education, and revealed through inspection reports and professional reputation a school wide commitment to instruction of twenty-first century skills. Analysis of classroom observations and focus group interviews with students, teachers, and administrators revealed that (1) Twenty-first century task demand is relatively higher when student learning is assessed with portfolios, performances, and local assessment practices, and twenty-first century task demand is relatively lower when learning is assessed with external exams. (2) Pastoral care, thoughtfully deployed, is a powerful lever for twenty-first century learning. (3) Cross-community contact, developed in meaningful ways, is a potentially powerful lever not only for peace-building in the province, but high level learning for the province’s youth. (4) The School fostered twenty-first century skills by advancing a vision for learning that extends well beyond the low level demand of state accountability metrics. Recommendations for policy and practice are offered.
Evidence that hepatic crystalline deposits in a patient with protoporphyria are composed of protoporphyrin.

The livers of patients with protoporphyria and hepatic disease typically contain pigment crystals which may be a factor in the pathogenesis of liver injury. We isolated and characterized these crystals from a patient who developed hepatic failure and underwent liver transplantation. The porphyrin concentration in the liver was 516 μg/g wet weight (normal is a trace amount), over 99% of which was protoporphyrin. Through a discontinuous sucrose density gradient, followed by tissue digestion with deoxycholate, pigment crystals were obtained that had ultrastructural features like those in the whole liver section. After the crystals were dissolved in perchloric acid-methanol, their fluorescence emission and excitation spectra were identical to those of an extract of whole liver tissue and to a protoporphyrin standard. This provides evidence that the pigment crystals in livers of patients with protoporphyria and hepatic disease are composed of protoporphyrin.
Arteriovenous Fistulas and Their Characteristic Sites of Stenosis

OBJECTIVE. In the United States, more than 250,000 patients with end-stage renal disease are dialyzed through arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs). The three most common AVFs are the radiocephalic fistula, the brachiocephalic fistula, and the brachial artery–to–transposed basilic vein fistula. Although many potential access site stenoses can and do occur within any given fistula, each fistula has a characteristic site of stenosis. This article will discuss the characteristic site of stenosis for each type of fistula including the effects of stenosis at that site on fistula function, and their treatment. CONCLUSION. The characteristic sites of stenosis in AVFs used for dialysis share in common significant angulation, which likely causes stenosis by leading to turbulent flow and intimal injury. While balloon dilation is considered first-line therapy, further interventions such as stent placement or surgical revision are sometimes needed to treat these recalcitrant areas of stenosis.
Fats, Flies, and Palmitate

Biologists have long pondered how animal cells regulate the composition of their complex lipid membranes. In their Perspective, Nohturfft and Losick discuss new work ( Dobrosotskaya et al .) that solves another piece of the puzzle. Flies and mammals share a similar feedback pathway for lipid synthesis that depends on controlling the proteolysis of sterol response element binding protein. The new work shows that in flies, cleavage of this protein depends on a membrane phospholipid sensor, phosphatidylethanolamine.
Virtually justifiable homicide: The effects of prosocial contexts on the link between violent video games, aggression, and prosocial and hostile cognition

Previous work has shown that playing violent video games can stimulate aggression toward others. The current research has identified a potential exception. Participants who played a violent game in which the violence had an explicitly prosocial motive (i.e., protecting a friend and furthering his nonviolent goals) were found to show lower short-term aggression (Study 1) and show higher levels of prosocial cognition (Study 2) than individuals who played a violent game in which the violence was motivated by more morally ambiguous motives. Thus, violent video games that are framed in an explicitly prosocial context may evoke more prosocial sentiments and thereby mitigate some of the short-term effects on aggression observed in previous research. While these findings are promising regarding the potential aggression-reducing effects of prosocial context, caution is still warranted as a small effect size difference (d = .2-.3), although nonsignificant, was still observed between those who played the explicitly prosocial violent game and those who played a nonviolent game; indicating that aggressive behavior was not completely eliminated by the inclusion of a prosocial context for the violence.
Full inverter characterization of PWM algorithms implemented with a very large flash memory SD card

This paper demonstrates the use of a very large SD Card flash-memory to the control of a three-phase inverter. The digital architecture differs from conventional counter-based implementation because it follows a pre-programmed optimal PWM pattern that is read from a large-size (8MB) memory with magnitude and phase as coordinates. A multi-optimal PWM algorithm is considered to reduce harmonics while maintaining the same count of switching processes as a conventional center-aligned PWM. The current paper presents the detailed experimental results achieved with a low-cost STEVAL-IHM-25 off-the-shelf inverter. Performance is investigated with respect to voltage harmonics, for both the novel multi-optimal PWM algorithm and the conventional center-aligned Space Vector (SV) Modulation. A discussion on the requirements and tools available for harmonic analysis of PWM algorithms is included.
Safety of Striatal Infusion of siRNA in a Transgenic Huntington's Disease Mouse Model.

BACKGROUND The immune system In Huntington's disease (HD) is activated and may overreact to some therapies. RNA interference using siRNA lowers mutant huntingtin (mHTT) protein but could increase immune responses. OBJECTIVE To examine the innate immune response following siRNA infusion into the striatum of wild-type (WT) and HD transgenic (YAC128) mice. METHODS siRNAs (2'-O-methyl phosphorothioated) were infused unilaterally into striatum of four month-old WT and YAC128 mice for 28 days. Microglia number and morphology (resting (normal), activated, dystrophic), cytokine levels, and DARPP32-positive neurons were measured in striatum immediately or 14 days post-infusion. Controls included contralateral untreated striatum, and PBS and sham treated striata. RESULTS The striata of untreated YAC128 mice had significantly fewer resting microglia and more dystrophic microglia than WT mice, but no difference from WT in the proportion of activated microglia or total number of microglia. siRNA infusion increased the total number of microglia in YAC128 mice compared to PBS treated and untreated striata and increased the proportion of activated microglia in WT and YAC128 mice compared to untreated striata and sham treated groups. Cytokine levels were low and siRNA infusion resulted in only modest changes in those levels. siRNA infusion did not change the number of DARPP32-positive neurons. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that siRNA infusion may be a safe method for lowering mHTT levels in the striatum in young animals, since treatment does not produce a robust cytokine response or cause neurotoxicity. The potential long-term effects of a sustained increase in total and activated microglia after siRNA infusion in HD mice need to be explored.
Catch-and-Release Fishing: A Comparison of Intended and Actual Behavior of Marine Anglers

Abstract Research on catch-and-release fishing has typically relied on stated or observed preferences, with few applications that incorporate both data types. Further, most models ignore the effects of species on the release decision. We present a discrete-choice model estimated from stated preference data in which conservation release is a function of the species caught and angler characteristics that include fishing avidity, demographic variables, and three angler orientation measures that assess an angler's catch-and-release ethic, attitude toward fisheries regulations, and need for self-caught fish for food. We then compare our stated preference model predictions for an individual angler with field data on catch-and-release fishing for the same angler. The results provide some important messages for managers. First, all angler characteristics were significant in the discrete-choice model, suggesting that an understanding of angler populations may help predict future catch-and-release behavior. Second,...
Self-Diffusion, the Green-Kubo Formulas, and the Long Tail of the Velocity-Autocorrelation Function

It is shown that viscous flow and equipartition in the large-scale modes are sufficient conditions for ${t}^{\frac{\ensuremath{-}n}{2}}$ behavior of the velocity-autocorrelation function. Dissipation via viscosity is critical; other mechanisms give different rates of falloff.
Assessing the magnitude of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Burma.

Objectives: Estimates of the HIV/AIDS burden in Burma (Myanmar) are uncertain. Using data from the 1999 national HIV sentinel surveillance and available population data we generated estimates of Burma’s HIV burden in 1999. Methodology: The 1999 sentinel surveillance included women attending antenatal clinics male military recruits blood donors injecting drug users patients of sexually transmitted disease clinics and sex workers. We used data for women attending antenatal clinics and male recruits aged 20–29 years to estimate HIV prevalence among women and men respectively. Data points were merged to give five regional estimates of prevalence for men and women. Census figures were used to obtain national population estimates of the numbers of Burmese living with HIV infection along with confidence intervals (CIs). Results: HIV prevalence varied by region with the lowest rates in the West intermediate rates in the central region and highest rates in the North East and South. The highest rates were in the East (Shan State) with female prevalence of 3.0% (95% CI 1.9–4.5). The total number of infected women nationwide was 218300 (95% CI 159400–277100) and that of men was 468700 (95% CI 343300–594200). We estimated HIV prevalence of at least 3.46% (95% CI 2.72–4.19) among adults aged 15–44 years; 5700 infants were born with HIV infection in 1999. Discussion: Burma has a generalized epidemic of HIV-1 in reproductive age adults. We estimated that there were 687000 (95% CI 541100–832900) Burmese adults living with HIV infection in 1999 or about one of every 29 adult citizens. This estimate is higher than the UNAIDS estimate for the same year of 530000 adults and children living with AIDS or a population prevalence of about one in 50 adults. HIV prevention and care programs are urgently needed in Burma. (authors)
The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System

This chapter discusses the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System as a tool for collecting data to be used in benchmarking studies.
College Students' Expectations of Grandparent and Grandchild Role Behaviors

Survey responses of 704 college students revealed that the majority of college students have at least one grandparent, and some have eight or more. Students identified degree of closeness with most close grandmother and grandfather. Students' perceptions of grandparent and grandchild roles were generally positive, indicating affection and respect for grandparents. This study is compared with Robertson's study of student attitudes from 12 years ago. Analyses of variance with gender, race, and family form as independent variables reveal differences on role attitudes among students from various backgrounds.
Peer rejection as an antecedent of young children's school adjustment: an examination of mediating processes.

A short-term longitudinal design (N = 399) was used to examine peer relations processes that may mediate the relation between peer rejection and children's emotional and academic adjustment during kindergarten. These proposed mediating processes extend the current literature by explicating behavioral pathways via which the attitudinal construct of peer rejection may affect adjustment outcomes. Structural equatiton modeling results supported the hypothesis that negative peer treatment (e.g., victimization, refusal of peer group entry bids, and exclusion from peer activities) and classroom participation partially mediate the relationship between rejection and adjustment outcomes. Rejected children were more likely to experience negative peer treatment, more likely to show decreases in classroom participation, and more likely to report loneliness, to express a desire to avoid school, and to perform less well on achievement measures.
Measurements of Contact Resistance between Normal and Superconducting Metals

The contact resistance between crossed wires of Pb and Sn, Pb and Cu, Sn and In separated by their natural oxide layers has been measured at constant temperatures as a function of current direction and magnitude. Plots of these measurements in the case of a normal and a superconducting element show the resistance at low currents to be constant and to increase suddenly above a critical current. The low current resistance generally decreased with decreasing temperature. Calculation of the radius of the current-bearing area gives radii of atomic dimensions and shows that in some cases part of the barrier resistance disappears. Furthermore, four contacts showed an immeasurably small resistance at a temperature where only one of the contact members was superconducting. These measurements and earlier ones by others suggest a schematic representation of the resistance as a function of current and temperature. No significant rectification between normal conductors and superconductors was observed.
A case study on rule-based and CRF-based author extraction methods

Information extraction (IE) is the task of automatically extracting structured information from unstructured documents. A typical application of IE is to process a set of documents written in a natural language and populate a database with the information extracted. This paper presents a case study on author extraction from unstructured documents. A rulebased method and a CRF-based (Conditional Random Field) method are implemented for this task. The rule-based method involves defining a set of heuristic rules and leveraging prior knowledge on author names and affiliations to identify metadata. The CRF-based method involves preparing a labeled training dataset, defining a set of feature functions, learning a CRF model, and applying the model to label new documents. We evaluate and compare the performance of the two methods through experiments, and give some useful hints for application developers on the choice of heuristics and formal methods when addressing the real-world information extraction problems.
Equilibrium point defects in intermetallics with the B2 structure: NiAl and FeAl.

Equilibrium point defects and their relation to the contrasting mechanical behavior of NiAl and FeAl are investigated. For NiAl, the defect structure is dominated by two types of defects---monovacancies on the Ni sites and substitutional antisite defects on the Al sites. The defect structure of FeAl differs from that of NiAl in the occurrence of antisite defects at the transition-metal sites for Al-rich alloys and the tendency for vacancy clustering. The strong ordering (and brittleness) of NiAl is attributed mainly to the difference in atomic size between constituent atoms.
Differential and specific inhibition of ECHO viruses by plant extracts.

Summary1) Comparison of antiviral activity of several plant extracts against several ECHO viruses revealed that M2, prepared from a strain of Calvatia gigantea significantly inhibited only ECHO 4 and 11; while M4, a different preparation from the same strain, inhibited only ECHO 7 and 8; and M14, from a species of Cattleya, inhibited ECHO 2. The effectiveness of M2 in vitro was greatest when the cells were pretreated and when the virus inocula did not exceed 100 TCID50. 2) Specificity of the antiviral action of M2 was demonstrated by inhibition of one M2-susceptible virus followed in the same culture by growth of a second M2-nonsusceptible virus. Inhibition continued, however, if the cultures were reinoculated with a second M2-susceptible virus. 3) Activity of M2 was demonstrated in vivo by its ability to suppress the antigenicity of an M2-susceptible virus. 4) The results demonstrate strikingly the capacity of the materials to prevent infection of susceptible cells by specific viruses although the cells ...
A Comparison of the Multiple Dispatch and M/M/c Priority Queueing Models of Police Patrol

In many cities, a substantial fraction of calls for police service require more than one patrol car. We compare Green's multiple dispatch queueing model to several M/M/c-based approximations for multiple car dispatching that are obtained by adjusting the parameters. We found that none of the approximate models yields consistently reliable results under a broad range of conditions. The best approximations are produced by reducing the actual number of servers. Increasing the call rate gives the worst results.
Gas-phase reactions of sulfides, mercaptans, and dimethyl methylphosphonate with ionic species derived from argon and water

Abstract Rate coefficients for gas-phase ion/molecule reactions involving sulfides, mercaptans of the form RSR′ (where R  H, CH 3 , CH 3 CH 2 ), and dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) are measured using a selected ion flow tube (SIFT) technique. The ionic reactants include Ar + , Ar + 2 , OH + , H 2 O + , H 3 O + (H 2 O) n with n  0–3. All the rate coefficients indicate relatively fast, nearly collisional reactions. Ar + and Ar + 2 react with DMMP to produce the parent ion (charge transfer channel) as well as ionic fragments of DMMP. Reactions of DMMP and RSR′ with H 3 O + result in proton transfer. Both proton and charge transfer products are observed when H 2 O + reacts with DMMP. Hydration of H 3 O + by up to three water molecules reduces the proton transfer reaction rate with DMMP by a factor of two.
Thyroxine and vitamin D in the gorgonian Leptogorgia virgulata.

Abstract The gorgonian coral Leptogorgia virgulata contains thyroxine, or a thyroxine-like substance, referred to here as G-T 4 . The G-T 4 levels were significantly higher in colonies collected in the summer vs. winter months. Using immunocytochemical techniques, G-T 4 was localized in the axis, polyp epithelium, and within the electron dense bodies of scleroblasts (spicule-forming cells), as well as on the periphery of spicules. G-T 4 was also localized in the mesoglea between closely adjacent scleroblasts. The effects of exogenous T 4 on the uptake of Ca 45 was determined in spicule, tissue and axis fractions of L. virgulata . The uptake of Ca 45 increased in T 4 treated spicules but decreased in the tissue fraction for all time periods tested. The uptake of Ca 45 into axes was not affected by exogenous T 4 until day 10 of the study. These data suggest that G-T 4 may function in the process of spicule formation. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D apparently is synthesized via ultraviolet radiation. Colonies deprived of ultraviolet radiation had significantly more ‘irregular’ spicules than colonies maintained in ultraviolet radiation. Exposure to sunlight therefore may be associated with the process of normal spicule formation.
C. Walton and F. John

This paper is a brief biography of two of the most important contributors to the development of open heart surgery. In 1952, John Lewis performed the first successful open heart surgical procedure of any kind, repairing an atrial septal defect under general hypothermia in a 5-year-old girl. In March 1954, Walt Lillehei, utilizing controlled cross circulation, embarked on a series of 45 consecutive patients. The bubble oxygenator appeared in 1955, and open heart surgery was introduced to many of this nation's major medical centers.