cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Concurrent Multi-Domain Simulations in Structural Dynamics Using Multiple Grid and Multiple Time-Scale (MGMT) Method

This paper describes a generic algorithm for concurrently solving multiple sub-domains that are selectively discretized in space and time. The mathematical background for this approach is largely based upon the fundamental principles of domain decomposition methods (DDM) and Lagrange multipliers. A proof of stability is provided using energy method and overall efficiency, accuracy and stability of multiple sub-domain coupling is evaluated using a series of numerical examples. Numerical stability is verified by ensuring energy balance at global as well as component sub-domain level. Discussed examples highlight the greatest advantage of MGMT method; which is high simulation speedups (at the cost of reasonably small errors).
A Far-Field Transformation Procedure for Monostatic Linear Sampling Method Imaging

In this work we present a preliminary investigation of the Linear Sampling Method (LSM) for inverse scattering with monostatic collection geometries. Qualitative methods like the LSM rely on dense multistatic data which is costly and infeasible in some applications. Here we attempt to leverage the redundant nature of multistatic data through an interpolation and prediction scheme based on leveraging intersections of support between monostatic and bistatic support regions in K-space. This is then followed by a matrix completion algorithm for predicting the remainder of the bistatic apertures. Preliminary proof of concept of the technique is presented using simulated scatter data.
Using Oracle in the Information Systems Curriculum

Oracle Corporation, a client/server database vendor, has made its software products available to educational institutions either bundled with textbooks or through special academic licensing. In thi...
Self-reported rates of impulsivity in Parkinson's Disease.

Objective Impulsive decision-making is characterized by actions taken without considering consequences. Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) who receive dopaminergic treatment, especially dopamine agonists, are at risk of developing impulsive-compulsive behaviors (ICBs). We assessed impulse-related changes across a large heterogeneous PD population using the Barratt impulsivity scale (BIS-11) by evaluating BIS-11 first- and second-order factors. Methods We assessed a total of 204 subjects: 93 healthy controls (HCs), and 68 ICB- and 43 ICB + PD patients who completed the BIS-11. Using a general linear model and a least absolute shrinkage and selection operation regression, we compared BIS-11 scores between the HC, ICB- PD, and ICB + PD groups. Results Patients with PD rated themselves as more impulsive than HCs in the BIS-11 total score, second-order attention domain, and first-order attention and self-control domains. ICB + patients recorded higher total scores as well as higher scores in the second-order non-planning domain and in self-control and cognitive complexity than ICB- patients. Interpretation These results indicate that the patients with PD show particular problems with attentional control, whereas ICB + patients show a distinct problem in cognitive control and complexity. Additionally, it appears that all patients with PD are more impulsive than their age- and sex-matched healthy peers. Increased impulsivity may be a result of the disease course, or attributed to dopaminergic medication use, but these results emphasize the importance of the cognitive components of impulsivity in patients with PD.
PEDIATRIC REFERENCE ANATOMY FOR ANTEROLATERAL LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION– A CADAVERIC STUDY:

Background:The anatomy of the anterolateral ligament (ALL) has been controversial, with modern studies varying in their description of the precise origin and insertion, as well as relation to surro...
Bone remodeling after conservative treatment of nasal bone fracture in pediatric patients.

BACKGROUND The standard treatment of nasal bone fractures in pediatric patients is closed reduction. Conservative treatment is sometimes performed, but poses a risk of nasal deformity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of bone remodeling in pediatric nasal fractures. METHODS Information was extracted from the medical records of patients under 12 years of age who received conservative treatment for a nasal bone fracture and underwent follow-up computed tomography (CT) examinations. The initial fracture and its outcomes over time were graded as excellent, good, or fair according to the malalignment, displacement, or irregularity of the fractured segments. The outcomes of remodeling were evaluated through changes in the grade of the fracture between initial and subsequent CT scans. RESULTS The review identified 16 patients between March 2015 and December 2019. Their mean age was 6.2 years, and the average follow-up period was 4.9 months. Three of the five patients with a plane I frontal impact showed improved outcomes of remodeling from good to excellent, and the remaining two patients, improved from fair to good. Eight of the 11 patients with plane I lateral impacts showed improved outcomes, from good to excellent, while one patient, improved from fair to good, one patient, improved from fair to excellent, and one patient showed no interval changes. CONCLUSION In 15 of these 16 patients with non-severe fractures, the bony contour improved through remodeling, without surgical intervention. Therefore, we suggest that conservative treatment is a feasible option for mild pediatric nasal fractures.
Recovery and resiliency of skin microbial communities on the southern leopard frog (Lithobates sphenocephalus) following two biotic disturbances.

Microorganisms have intimate functional relationships with invertebrate and vertebrate taxa, with the potential to drastically impact health outcomes. Perturbations that affect microbial communities residing on animals can lead to dysbiosis, a change in the functional relationship, often associated with disease. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), a fungal pathogen of amphibians, has been responsible for catastrophic amphibian population declines around the globe. Amphibians harbor a diverse cutaneous microbiome, including some members which are known to be antagonistic to Bd (anti-Bd). Anti-Bd microorganisms facilitate the ability of some frog populations to persist in the presence of Bd, where other populations that lack anti-Bd microorganisms have declined. Research suggests disease-antagonistic properties of the microbiome may be a function of microbial community interactions, rather than individual bacterial species. Conservation efforts have identified amphibian-associated bacteria that exhibit anti-fungal properties for use as ‘probiotics’ on susceptible amphibian populations. Probiotic application, usually with a single bacterial species, may benefit from a greater understanding of amphibian species-specific microbiome responses to disturbances (e.g. dysbiosis vs. recovery). We assessed microbiome responses to two microbial disturbance events over multiple time points. Exposing Lithobates sphenocephalus (southern leopard frog) adults to the biopesticidal bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis, followed by exposure to the fungal pathogen Bd, did not have long term impacts on the microbiome. After initial shifts, microbial communities recovered and returned to a state that resembled pre-disturbance. Our results indicate microbial communities on L. sphenocephalus are robust and resistant to permanent shifts from some disturbances. This resiliency of microbial communities may explain why L. sphenocephalus is not experiencing the population declines from Bd that impacts many other species. Conservation efforts may benefit from studies outlining amphibian species-specific microbiome responses to disturbances (e.g. dysbiosis vs. recovery). If microbial communities on a threatened amphibian species are unlikely to recover following a disturbance, additional measures may be implemented to ameliorate the impacts of physical and chemical stressors on host-associated microbial communities.
An Integrated Approach of Deep Learning and Symbolic Analysis for Digital PDF Table Extraction

Deep learning has shown great success at interpreting unstructured data such as object recognition in images. Symbolic/logical-reasoning techniques have shown great success in interpreting structured data such as table extraction in webpages, custom text files, spreadsheets. The tables in PDF documents are often generated from such structured sources (text-based Word/LATEX documents, spreadsheets, webpages) but end up being unstructured. We thus explore novel combinations of deep learning and symbolic reasoning techniques to build an effective solution for PDF table extraction. We evaluate effectiveness without granting partial credit for matching part of a table (which may cause silent errors in downstream data processing). Our method achieves a 0.725 $F_{1}$ score (vs. 0.339 for the state-of-the-art) on detecting correct table bounds-a much stricter metric than the common one of detecting characters within tables-in a well known public benchmark (ICDAR 2013) and a 0.404 $F_{1}$ score (vs. 0.144 for the state-of-the-art) on our private benchmark with more widely varied table structures.
Blocking antibodies against integrin-α3, integrin-αM, and integrin-αMβ2 de-differentiate myofibroblasts and reverse lung and kidney fibroses in a mouse model

Fibrosis is involved in 45% of deaths in the United States, and no treatment exists to reverse the progression of the disease. Myofibroblasts are key to the progression and maintenance of fibrosis. We investigated features of cell adhesion necessary for monocytes to differentiate into myofibroblasts, seeking to identify pathways key to myofibroblast differentiation. Blocking antibodies against integrins α3, αM, and αMβ2 de-differentiate myofibroblasts in vitro, lower the pro-fibrotic secretome of myofibroblasts, and reverse fibrosis in vivo. Blocking key integrins may be an effective therapeutic for the treatment and reversal of fibrosis.
Marginal Fractures at the Base of the Proximal Phalanx

Marginal fractures at the base of the proximal phalanx result from avulsion of the collateral ligament or from direct impact of the phalangeal base against the metacarpal head. Such fractures may also occur with hyperextension forces at the metacarpophalangeal joint, such as those that cause complex dislocation.
Chapter 1 Neurotrophins and receptors

Publisher Summary This chapter describes some of the biological properties of the neurotrophins, especially in relation to their specificity for a family of neurotrophin receptors, the trk family of receptor tyrosine kinases. The biology of neurotrophic factors was restricted to the concepts that arose from the study of nerve growth factor (NGF). The neurotrophin family currently compromises four members. At the level of the amino acid sequence of the mature proteins, there is 50–60% identity between any two members of this family. The neurotrophins are highly basic proteins of around 120 amino acids in length and each is processed from a larger precursor. The three disulphide bridges that were originally identified in the structure of NGF appear to be retained in each of the neurotrophins and each of the six contributing cystine residues is flanked by regions of high homology. Detailed study of the biological properties of this protein has served as the model with which to test various hypotheses on the role of neurotrophic factors in development and maintenance of peripheral (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) neurons.
Female genital cutting debates

Female genital cutting (FGC) has been widely debated within and among cultures for many years. In the past few decades, FGC has gained international attention through Euro-American feminist campaigns that seek to eradicate the practice. In recent years, activists and scholars from the communities that practice FGC have responded to opposition campaigns, also arguing for a reduction in the harmful aspects of the practice but through more sensitive and respectful avenues. Keywords: body modification; circumcision; feminism
Minimal topologies and $L_{p}$-spaces

This paper deals with minimal topologies on Riesz spaces. A minimal topology is a Hausdorff locally solid topology that is coarser than any other Hausdorff locally solid topology on the space. It is shown that every minimal topology satisfies the Lebesgue property, that an Archimedean Riesz space can admit a locally convex-solid topology that is minimal if and only if the space is discrete, that $C[0,1]$ and $L([0,1])$ do not admit a minimal topology, and that the topology of convergence in measure on $Lp([0,1])(0 < p < \infty)$ is a minimal topology. A similar result is shown for certain Orlicz spaces.
Methods of Facilitation

Solid phase peptide synthesis is the only widely practiced technique of facilitation, but several other methods have also been proposed for the rapid construction of long peptide chains. Some of these alternative approaches have certain advantages over solid phase synthesis: reactions carried out in solution are not affected by the rate-limiting control of the gel. Also, where isolation of intermediates is possible, these can be analyzed and purified. A major disadvantage, however, common to the various techniques discussed below, is that they are less conducive to mechanization and automation than the Merrifield method.
The menopausal syndrome: A study of case histories

Abstract This report deals with data secured from 110 cases which clinicians had diagnosed as the somatic symptoms of the naturally occurring menopause. The series is not selected and consists of all such patients seen in the Gynecology Clinic over a twenty-two month period. The majority of clinicians appear to attribute menopausal symptoms to hormonal alterations. This is reflected by the large number of patients whose symptoms are treated with estrogens and by the numerous papers which report the success of this therapy. Behind this facade of accepted thought lies considerable difference of opinion. The disagreement relates to the proper duration of symptoms, the number of patients whose symptoms require estrogens, the degree of relief afforded by various hormonal preparations, the importance of psychological factors and even to what, exactly, are menopausal symptoms. There is also disagreement as to the role of hormonal alterations in the genesis of symptoms. In his review of the literature, Fluhman 1 found no correlations between menopausal symptoms and hormonal changes as indicated by laboratory data. He also listed clinical and experimental reasons why menopausal symptoms could not be attributed to the known hormonal alterations of the menopause and concluded that either (1) these changes may affect other glands (in a manner as yet undemonstrated) to cause the symptoms or (2) these hormonal changes and menopausal symptoms do not exist in a cause-and-effect relationship. The original purpose of this investigation was a study of the relationship between estrogens and menopausal symptoms. A case history was secured from each patient prior to further study. It is felt that the data from these histories merit consideration by themselves. In part, these data support the observations of other authors whose work will be mentioned in the discussion.
Notes on formalizing context

These notes discuss formalizing contexts as first class objects. The basic relation is ist(c,p). It asserts that the proposition p is true in the context c. The most important formulas relate the propositions true in different contexts. Introducing contexts as formal objects will permit axiomatizations in limited contexts to be expanded to transcend the original limitations. This seems necessary to provide AI programs using logic with certain capabilities that human fact representation and human reasoning possess. Fully implementing transcendence seems to require further extensions to mathematical logic, i.e. beyond the nonmonotonic inference methods first invented in AI and now studied as a new domain of logic. Various notations are considered, but. these notes are tentative in not, proposing a single language with all the desired capabilities.
Electrodeposition of Pb onto Pt (111) surfaces containing iodine adlattices: Studies by low-energy electron diffraction and Auger spectroscopy

Studies of low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and Auger spectroscopy of Pb electrodeposited from aqueous HI or HBr + HI mixtures onto well-characterized Pt (111) surfaces are reported. I− was strongly absorbed at Pt (111) to form an ordered adsorbed layer, an adlattice. The effect of electrolyte and adlattice structure on the electrodeposition behavior of Pb was investigated for two distinct adlattices: Pt (111)(√7 × √7)R19° − I, containing three I atoms per seven surface Pt atoms, θI = 37 = 0.43, formed in HI + HBr mixtures; and Pt (111)(3×3)−I, containing θI = 49 = 0.44, formed in pure HI. The Auger signal for I was not strongly attenuated by Pb deposition, indicating that I atoms were present in the topmost layer of the surface at all Pb coverages. Electrodeposition proceeded differently in the two cases: deposition from the HBr + HI mixture occurred in three narrow underpotential regions to form three highly ordered new structures. Depositioin from pure HI spanned a broad range of underpotentials followed by one prominent, narrow underpotential feature to form structures having limited stability toward emersion.
Why Morris, Lazo, and Smith (2004) was published in The Behavior Analyst.

The Fall 2004 issue of The Behavior Analyst published an article, "Whether, When, and Why Skinner Published on Biological Participation in Behavior" (Morris, Lazo, & Smith, 2004). We are its authors. Before and after it was published, several colleagues asked why we submitted it to the journal and why it was published there. They noted that its readership was already aware of Skinner's views and that the paper should have appeared in a journal whose readers had more to gain. We agreed (and agree). This is our response.
Magnetic resonance imaging appearance of intracranial hemorrhage secondary to cerebral vascular malformation in a dog

A 14-year-old dog developed an acute onset of depression, disorientation, left hemiparesis, left hemianopia, left facial hypoesthesia, and a tendency to turn to the right. Based on these findings, a lesion affecting the right forebrain was suspected. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a mass within the right cerebral hemisphere resulting in compression of the right lateral ventricle and shifting the longitudinal fissure to the left. The lesion was hyperintense on T1-weighted images and hyperintense with focal regions of hypointensity on proton density-, and T2-weighted images, consistent with a subacute hemorrhage. At necropsy, there was a hematoma in the parietal portion of the right cerebral hemisphere. The hemorrhage was surrounded by numerous thin-walled veins, most likely a venous malformation. Magnetic resonance imaging of intracranial hemorrhage is reviewed.
Analysis of the Godunov-Based Hybrid Model for Ramp Metering and Robust Feedback Control Design

This paper presents the detailed analysis of a Godunov-approximation-based dynamics model for an isolated traffic ramp metering problem. The model for the system is based on a Godunov numerical scheme so that the lumped parameter approximation retains the weak solution shock and rarefaction wave properties exhibited by the distributed model. This paper explicitly considers uncertainty in the system parameters and shows how to design controllers that are robust to those uncertainties. Simulations are performed to show the effectiveness of the proposed control law.
On the Utility of Radiosonde Humidity Archives for climate studies

This paper considers the use of upper-air data from radiosondes in long-term climate studies. The accuracy and precision of radiosonde humidity measurements, including temperature and pressure measurements used in calculating them, and their effects on the precision of reported and derived variables are estimated. Focusing on the U.S. radiosonde system, we outline the history of changes in instruments and reporting practices and attempt to assess the implications of such changes for studies of temporal variations in lower-tropospheric water vapor. Changes in biases in the data are highlighted, as these can lead to misinterpretation of climate change. We conclude that the upper-air data record for the United States is not homogeneous, especially before 1973. Because of problems with the humidity data in cold, dry conditions, the water vapor climatology in the upper troposphere, nominally above the 500-mb level, is not well known.
Targeting ICAM-1/LFA-1 interaction for controlling autoimmune diseases: designing peptide and small molecule inhibitors.

This review describes the role of modulation of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)/leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) interaction in controlling autoimmune diseases or inducing immunotolerance. ICAM-1/LFA-1 interaction is essential for T-cell activation as well as for migration of T-cells to target tissues. This interaction also functions, along with Signal-1, as a co-stimulatory signal (Signal-2) for T-cell activation, which is delivered by the T-cell receptors (TCR)-major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-peptide complex. Therefore, blocking ICAM-1/LFA-1 interaction can suppress T-cell activation in autoimmune diseases and organ transplantation. Many types of inhibitors (i.e. antibodies, peptides, small molecules) have been developed to block ICAM-1/LFA-1 interactions, and some of these molecules have reached clinical trials. Peptides derived from ICAM-1 and LFA-1 sequences have been shown to inhibit T-cell adhesion and activation. In addition, these inhibitors have been useful in elucidating the mechanism of ICAM-1/LFA-1 interaction. Besides binding to LFA-1, the ICAM-1 peptide can be internalized by LFA-1 receptors into the cytoplasmic domain of T-cells. Therefore, this ICAM-1 peptide can be utilized to selectively target toxic drugs to T-cells, thus avoiding harmful side effects. Finally, bi-functional inhibitory peptide (BPI), which is made by conjugating the antigenic peptide and an LFA-1 peptide, can alter the T-cell commitment from T-helper-1 (Th1) to T-helper-2 (Th2)-like cells, suggesting that this peptide may have a role in blocking the formation of the "immunological synapse."
Modulation of autoimmune rheumatic diseases by oestrogen and progesterone

Sexual dimorphism is evident in the risk and expression of several human autoimmune diseases. Differences in disease manifestations observed between sexes are likely to involve immunomodulation by sex steroids, nonhormonal factors encoded by genes on the X and Y chromosomes, and immunological phenomena unique to pregnancy. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and perhaps other autoantibody-mediated diseases, oestrogen seems to increase the risk of disease in genetically predisposed women by targeting key immune pathways, including the type 1 interferon (IFN) response, differentiation of CD4(+) T helper cells and survival of autoreactive B cells. By contrast, progesterone seems to reduce the risk of SLE by counteracting the effects of oestrogen on some of these same pathways, which suggests that the balance between oestrogen and progesterone can determine disease expression. In this Review we focus on the roles of the sex steroid hormones oestrogen and progesterone in modulating the risk and expression of SLE and rheumatoid arthritis. Intensive research in this area promises to identify novel therapeutic strategies and improve understanding of the immunological requirements and complications of pregnancy, and is expected to define the mechanisms behind sexual dimorphism in autoimmunity, immunity and other aspects of human health--a newly announced directive of the NIH.
Estimating infertility: not the last word

Trends of infertility can be determined going back to 1965 with the use of data from the National Survey of Family Growth, but the standardized measurement of infertility is complex. In the accompanying article we focused on the richness of demographic data to examine correlates of infertility among women aged 15–44 years to observe trends over the past two decades.
Hydrogen atom abstraction by a mononuclear ferric hydroxide complex: insights into the reactivity of lipoxygenase.

The lipoxygenase mimic [FeIII(PY5)(OH)](CF3SO3)2 is synthesized from the reaction of [FeII(PY5)(MeCN)](CF3SO3)2 with iodosobenzene, with low-temperature studies suggesting the possible intermediacy of an Fe(IV) oxo species. The Fe(III)−OH complex is isolated and identified by a combination of solution and solid-state methods, including EPR and IR spectroscopy. [FeIII(PY5)(OH)]2+ reacts with weak X−H bonds in a manner consistent with hydrogen-atom abstraction. The composition of this complex allows meaningful comparisons to be made with previously reported Mn(III)−OH and Fe(III)−OMe lipoxygenase mimics. The bond dissociation energy (BDE) of the O−H bond formed upon reduction to [FeII(PY5)(H2O)]2+ is estimated to be 80 kcal mol-1, 2 kcal mol-1 lower than that in the structurally analogous [MnII(PY5)(H2O)]2+ complex, supporting the generally accepted idea that Mn(III) is the thermodynamically superior oxidant at parity of coordination sphere. The identity of the metal has a large influence on the entropy of ...
The Analytic and Synthetic in Russell's Philosophy of Mathematics

Il faut nuancer l'interpretation commune de la philosophie des mathematiques de Russell selon laquelle celles-ci sont analytiques et a priori: dans la mesure ou les mathematiques sont deductibles de la logique, Russell pensait qu'elles sont analytiques, mais l'inference logique est "synthetique" et ampliative, et les enonces mathematiques sont synthetiques a priori, au sens ou l'analyse du sujet ne revele pas les proprietes du predicat.
Hierarchical neural net with pyramid data structures for region labeling of images

In practical pattern recognition problems, one-shot classifiers such as single feedforward neural networks trained by back-propagation may operate inefficiently in a complex pattern space and/or have unstable trained configurations. An alternative is a decision tree classifier. The authors report on the design, training, and accuracy of a hierarchical classifier implementing neural nets. Each nonterminal node is a separate feedforward neural network and is neither restricted to binary decisions nor limited to using only one feature to make those decisions. The features are pyramid data structures: identical texture parameters calculated across three different image resolutions about the training sites. In this application, results show a twenty percent relative increase in accuracy over the monolithic classifier.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Upper and lower bounds for the Perron root of a nonnegative matrix

We derive upper and lower bounds for the Perron root of a nonnegative matrix by using generalized Gershgorin inclusion regions. Our bounds seem particularly effective for certain sparse matrices.
Closed String Field Theory from Polyhedra

A fully nonpolynomial framework for closed string field theory is studied. All interactions are geometrical, the pattern of string overlaps gives polyhedra with equal perimeter faces and three edges at each vertex. All interactions are cubic in the sense that at most three strings can coincide at a point. The three point vertex used is that of Witten which is seen to be quite natural in the framework of quadratic differentials and to induce a very symmetric decomposition of moduli space.
Induced focusing in ZnSe

Zscan is based upon the principle of self4ocusing due to an inducedchange in the index of refraction. Described in the most basic equation as:ntot = n +on(I)Noting that a Gaussian beam has a higher intensity on the axis of propagation and amonotonically lower intensity at a radius p off the axis. As this beam propagates in amaterial there is an intensity based change in the index of refraction. Since theintensity is maximum at the axis the nonlinear change will be maximum on the axisthere and monotonically decreasing as p increases. This change in the index ofrefraction, nt, leads to a self4ensing or self4ocusing effect.
The digital revolution in measurements

This paper considers what it means to make a measurement, and the changes in measurement technology over the years. The impact of the latest changes, which have resulted in most electrical measurements being done digitally, is explored. It is argued that the process of measurement can be considered equivalent to one of data compression. The smart grid will certainly result in many more signals being made available, and therefore a great deal of data compression will be taking place. Measurements will be made in parts of the power system presently unmonitored, as well as parts that are already well covered by instrumentation. The smart grid engineer must decide what it means to have “useful” information. Unless care is taken, the signal processing may furnish information that is not useful, and may not even make sense. The paper concludes by examining the possibilities of data compression from multiple separate signals.
Formation of rare-earth upconverting nanoparticles using laser vaporization controlled condensation

Rare earth doped upconverting nanoparticles have been synthesized via laser vaporization controlled condensation (LVCC) and their photoluminescence properties were characterized using 980 nm laser diode excitation. This procedure is highly tunable, specifically by increasing the Yb 3+ to Er 3+ concentration the observed green emission decreases and the observed red emission increases. We have also shown that nearly equal peaks of blue, green and red emissions producing a virtually white upconverter could be synthesized by appropriately mixing Tm 3+ , Ho 3+ , and Er 3+
Removal of toxic cyanide and Cu(II) Ions from water by illuminated TiO2 catalyst

Abstract Due to its strong complex formation potential, cyanide (CN − ) has been used in a variety of metal processing and metal extracting processes. As a result, the wastewaters generated from such processes always contain a mixture of cyanide and metal ions. Photocatalytic degradation using ultraviolet-irradiated TiO 2 suspension has been investigated for destroying both free and complex cyanide with a concurrent removal of the metal (exemplified by copper). The process uses the photogenerated holes at the surface of TiO 2 upon UV irradiation of 100 W. In contrast to conventional cyanide waste treatment processes, the photocatalytic processes convert both free and complex cyanide species into carbon dioxide and nitrogen with no residual harmful chemicals remaining. Synthetic cyanide wastes (dilute solutions of sodium and copper cyanide) were used. The spent TiO 2 was separated by coagulating then centrifugation. The residual CN − concentration was monitored periodically using spectrophotometric analysis. Results revealed that about 78% of free cyanide (10 −3 M) was removed after illumination for 4 h in the presence of 1 g/L (TiO 2 ) at pH 11. Free copper (10 −2 M) was completely removed in a shorter time (3 h). The co-existence of Cu(II) and CN enhanced the removal efficiency of both CN and copper; the removal (%) increased with increase of Cu:CN molar ratio reaching a complete removal for both copper and cyanide at a ratio of 10:1 at the same previous conditions of free cyanide.
High coverage states of oxygen adsorbed on Pt(100) and Pt(111) surfaces

Abstract Oxygen adsorption on the Pt(100) and Pt(111) surfaces was investigated using X-ray photo-emission and thermal desorption spectroscopies. Low pressure (ca. 10−5 Pa) oxygen dosing at near ambient crystal temperature resulted in the formation of dissociated adsorbed species at saturation coverages of nominally 0.2–0.25 monolayer on both surfaces. The combination of higher pressure (ca. 10−3 Pa) and higher surface temperature (570 K) dosing produced a three to five times higher saturation coverage than the low pressure dosing. The effect of dosing condition on the saturation coverage appears to reconcile apparent discrepancies for the Pt(100) surface in the literature. Characterization by XPS of the higher coverage state for oxygen showed that it is in the same chemical state as the oxygen adsorbed at very low coverage. Angle-resolved XPS has shown that in all cases the oxygen appears to reside on the surface with no significant penetration of oxygen into the bulk, as would be characteristic of oxidation. However, some penetration on the surface by oxygen, such as by a place-exchange type restructuring of the first two atomic layers, cannot be entirely ruled out.
The ultrastructure of the metathoracic femoral extensors of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana.

The ultrastructure of the femoral extensors of the metathoracic leg of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana was studied to determine morphological correlations with the known patterns of innervation, physiological properties and biochemical properties. Three different types of muscle fibers were described. Type 1 consisted of short sarcomeres (mean 3.7 μm), few mitochondria and sparse glycogen-like material; Type 2, short sarcomeres (4.2 μm), numerous mitochondria, large amounts of glycogen; Type 3, long sarcomeres (7.5 μm), numerous mitochondria and large amounts of glycogen. A qualitative examination of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and transverse tubular system (TTS) revealed the density of SR and TTS to be greatest in Type 1 and least in Type 3. There were obvious correlations between the morphological features and the other known characteristics of these muscle fibers. The role of these different muscle fiber types in different locomotory behaviors was discussed. In summary, the three types of muscle fibers are used in three different behaviors: Type 1, rapid walking; Type 2, slow walking; Type 3, postural control.
New combinations and lectotypifications of North American taxa in Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Fumariaceae, Montiaceae, Papaveraceae, and Ranunculaceae

During preparation of manuscript for volume 2A of Intermountain Flora, we recognized the need to publish 11 new combinations and three second-step lectotypifications. The new combinations are: Eremogone fendleri var. plateauensis, E. fendleri var. porteri, E. fendleri var. brevicaulis, and E. kingii var. compacta (Caryophyllaceae), Atriplex gardneri var. robusta (Chenopodiaceae), Corydalis caseana var. brachycarpa (Fumariaceae), Claytonia parviflora var. utahensis (Montiaceae), Argemone parva and Eschscholzia californica var. mexicana (Papaveraceae), and Aquilegia micrantha var. loriae and Ranunculus adoneus var. caespitosus (Ranunculaceae). Second-step lectotypifications are provided for Talinum confertiflorum and Talinum pygmaeum (Montiaceae) and Platystemon termini (Papaveraceae).
Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Arylacridinium Conjugates in a Solid Glass Matrix

The photophysical properties of a series of 9-arylacridinium conjugates in solid glass matrices composed of sucrose octaacetate have been determined. The fluorescence of the charge-shift states is significantly enhanced because of the retardation of nonradiative pathways for back-electron transfer. Changes of more than 3 orders of magnitude in back-electron-transfer rates (sucrose octaacetate glass vs conventional solvents at room temperature) were observed. Transient spectra displayed long-lived charge-shift species in the microsecond time regime for thianthrene acridinium conjugates. The rate retardation is associated with slow solvation times for surrounding solvent layers in the solid matrix. The red-edge effect (excitation wavelength-dependent fluorescence) for the arylacridinium ions in solid glass confirms the microheterogeneity of the sucrose octaacetate medium.
Large constant terms from soft gluons

Abstract The vertex and soft gluon integrals in Drell—Yan and deep-inelastic processes are calculated without approximations, keeping the initial and final quarks on-shell. Asymptotic q 2 -expansion reveals log 2 -, log- and constant terms. The latter are small in deep-inelastic scattering but unexpectedly large in Drell—Yan production. Lowest order gluon diagrams provide a reliable approximation for the AF-corrections in deep-inelastic scattering but fail to do so in Drell—Yan processes.
Measures of Modal Controllability and Observability for First- and Second-Order Linear Systems

For a system described by the triple (A9B9C) where the matrix A has a set of distinct eigenvalues and a wellconditioned modal matrix, we propose measures of modal controllability and observability. The angles between the left eigenvectors of A and the columns of the matrix B are used to propose modal controllability measures and the angles between the rows of the matrix C, and the right eigenvectors of A are used to propose modal observability measures. Gross measures of controllabili ty of a mode from all inputs and its observability in all outputs are also proposed. These measures are related to other measures suggested in the literature. A closed-form relation between the norm of the residue and the proposed measures is given, thus linking the residue to the unobservability or uncontrollability of the mode. We finally show that the proposed measures can be applied directly to second-order models.
Butyrate enhances the synthesis of interphotoreceptor retinoid‐binding protein (IRBP) by Y‐79 human retinoblastoma cells

The synthesis and secretion of interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) from Y-79 human retinoblastoma cells was investigated using immunocytochemistry and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Indirect immunofluorescence of cells growing in monolayer culture for 11 and 13 days showed no significant IRBP staining although by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a small amount of IRBP was detected in the culture medium, suggesting synthesis and extracellular secretion. Butyrate (2mM) treatment of cells starting on the eighth day of culture resulted in a dramatic increase of IRBP fluorescence 3-5 days after treatment. Treatment of cells in all conditions with 1 microM monensin for 3 h showed concentration of IRBP in the Golgi apparatus of about 10-20% of cells as proved by a double immunofluorescent technique, employing anti-IRBP antibody and wheat-germ agglutinin. Incubation of cells with either radiolabeled amino acids or glucosamine followed by analysis of cell cytosol and culture medium by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis also confirmed that 1) IRBP is synthesized by the Y-79 cells and secreted into the medium and 2) its production is markedly increased by butyrate treatment. The enhancement of IRBP synthesis by butyrate suggests biochemical differentiation of Y-79 cells possibly into photoreceptor-like cells and offers a new system for studying the properties of this unique retinoid-binding protein and of factors that control its synthesis and secretion.
Radiometric dynamic scene processing for uncooled IRFPAs

The widespread use of cameras based on uncooled infrared focal plane arrays (IRFPAs) is largely because of rapid commercialization, impressive miniaturization, and low per-unit cost. As performance improves, long-wave IR cameras using uncooled IRFPAs have replaced more expensive cooled units in many applications. The uncooled units generally have a much higher noise floor. However, if the signal is robust, the uncooled units can make the measurements at lower cost. New cameras with smaller pixels continue to reduce the pixel response time, enabling higher frame rates and more applications. Uncooled IRFPAs are thermal detectors, not charge-based devices, and the implicit pixel response time can greatly affect radiometric accuracy. In addition to the pixel response time, the fidelity of radiometric measurements is affected by target size, pixel fill factor, spectral response, stray light, self-heating, and other variables. If radiometric accuracy is required, it is necessary to quantify the effects of these variables. Calibration methods and measurement compensation techniques are described with emphasis on dynamic scene processing applications.
The impact of saliva on patient care: A literature review

Decreased salivary flow results in a clinically significant oral imbalance that may manifest as increased caries, susceptibility to oral candidosis, altered taste sensation, or a host of other problems. This article reviews the role of saliva in oral health, highlights the causes and consequences of xerostomia, and outlines treatment modalities for patients with xerostomia. Journal articles were investigated through Medline, and relevant textbooks and handbooks were consulted. A summary of the literature pertinent to clinical prosthodontics is presented.
The trapezoidal rule for analytic functions of rapid decrease

Abstract The evaluation of the integral of an analytic function f over the entire real line may be accurately approximated by the trapezoidal method of integration or by “mapped” trapezoidal rules. Typically the latter is employed to accelerate the convergence rate of the rule at the expense of a bit more complicated formula. In the case that the integrand f decreases rapidly and has its singularities sufficiently removed from the real line, the trapezoidal rule provides not only a simpler method of evaluation but also a more accurate method of approximation.
The Story Picturing Engine---a system for automatic text illustration

We present an unsupervised approach to automated story picturing. Semantic keywords are extracted from the story, an annotated image database is searched. Thereafter, a novel image ranking scheme automatically determines the importance of each image. Both lexical annotations and visual content play a role in determining the ranks. Annotations are processed using the Wordnet. A mutual reinforcement-based rank is calculated for each image. We have implemented the methods in our Story Picturing Engine (SPE) system. Experiments on large-scale image databases are reported. A user study has been performed and statistical analysis of the results has been presented.
Estimating the extent of reporting to FDA: a case study of statin-associated rhabdomyolysis.

Purpose To estimate the extent of reporting to FDA through statin-associated rhabdomyolysis data. Methods Data included incidence rates (IRs) of hospitalized rhabdomyolysis among statin users from a population-based study, and comparable reported AERS cases and national estimates of statin use from an AERS analysis. Using IRs, national estimates of statin use and average days supply per prescription, we estimated the number of US statin-associated cases of hospitalized rhabdomyolysis. We compared this estimate to the observed number of cases reported to FDA to evaluate the extent of reporting. We repeated this method for atorvastatin, cerivastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin and statin combinations. We performed sensitivity analyses to check for biases such as misclassification of statin use and cohort selection bias. We evaluated potential time-dependent cerivastatin reporting by a “Dear Health Care Provider (DHCP)” letter. Results The estimated extent of reporting to FDA varied by statin (atorvastatin, 5.0%; cerivastatin, 31.2%; simvastatin, 14.2%; all four combined, 17.7%; and non-cerivastatin statins combined, 9.9%). No pravastatin-associated cohort cases occurred. Across a reasonable value range, sensitivity analyses did not significantly alter the results; overall the cohort was similar to national statin-users. There was a large increase in AERS reports after the cerivastatin DHCP letter and the estimated extent of reporting increased from 14.8 to 35.0%. Conclusions The extent of reporting of adverse events to FDA varied by statin and may be influenced by publicity. For statins-associated rhabdomyolysis, the estimated extent of reporting appears to range from 5 to 30% but in the absence of stimulated reporting appears to be 5–15%. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PrimoGENI for hybrid network simulation and emulation experiments in GENI

The Global Environment for Network Innovations (GENI) is a community-driven research and development effort to build a collaborative and exploratory network experimentation platform—a ‘virtual laboratory’ for the design, implementation, and evaluation of future networks. The PrimoGENI project enables real-time network simulation by extending an existing network simulator to become part of the GENI federation to support large-scale experiments involving physical, simulated, and emulated network entities. In this paper, we describe a novel design of PrimoGENI, which aims at supporting realistic, scalable, and flexible network experiments with real-time simulation and emulation capabilities. We present a flexible emulation infrastructure that allows both remote client machines, local cluster nodes running virtual machines, and external networks to seamlessly interoperate with the simulated network running within a designated ‘slice’ of resources. We present the results of our preliminary validation and performance studies to demonstrate the capabilities as well as limitations of our approach.
Effects of increased CO2 concentrations on surface temperature of the early earth

It is pointed out that enhanced levels of CO2 in the atmosphere could have provided the necessary warming to maintain the temperature above freezing. The processes that have been proposed for these larger amounts of CO2 are increased tectonic activity, a decrease in the solubility of CO2 in the oceans, rock weathering, and sediment deposition. It is shown here that large CO2 concentrations are necessary to maintain the early earth's surface temperature at approximately today's level. A thousand times the present atmospheric level of CO2 in the atmosphere would yield a temperature of 292 K, whereas a 100-fold increase in CO2 concentration would give a temperature of 284 K. The surface warming is highly dependent on the amount of water vapor and clouds, and knowledge of both of these during the early history of the earth is scant.
Coulomb-trapped particles in the electromagnetic fields of an oblique magnetic rotator

An oblique, rotating magnetized sphere emits electromagnetic waves which, for large magnetization, can quickly accelerate charged particles to very high energies. A central, attractive Coulomb force can trap particles in the region beyond the light cylinder by balancing the accelerating influence of the radiation on the particles. We sample some of the particle orbits possible under these dynamical conditions. A general feature of these orbits is that non-interacting particles started with random initial conditions in the domain of attraction of these orbits will arrange themselves on a curve corotating with the axis of magnetization. Such particle configurations can be a source of pulsed radiation. In the idealized case of no interparticle interactions the spectral index for the radiation emitted by one frequently occurring configuration is found to be −2/3, for emission from radio to γ-ray frequencies. The dynamical conditions in this simple model closely match those prevalent in outer pulsar magnetospheres, making it possible that part of the radiation from pulsars is emitted by trapped plasma in the region beyond the light cylinder.