cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conditional substance abuse and dependence by diagnosis of mood or anxiety disorder or schizophrenia in the U.S. population.

Background Little is known about the association of various psychiatric disorders with the risk of developing dependence or abuse among users of various psychoactive substances (conditional dependence, CD; conditional abuse, CA).
Proving equivalence of different axiomatizations of free groups

The equivalence problem of different non-classical equational axiomatizations of free groups due to Higman and Neumann, Neumann, and others, is discussed. It is shown that such problems can be done easily using a rewrite rule based theorem prover such as RRL by generating complete rewriting systems for these axiomatizations. Some of these complete rewriting systems are obtained after introducing new function symbols which do not appear in the original non-classical axiomatizations. It is, however, suspected that these equivalence problems can be a considerable challenge for theorem provers based on other paradigms, such as natural deduction, resolution (clausal as well as non-clausal), and connection graphs.
Potent inhibition of peroxynitrite-induced DNA strand breakage by ethanol: possible implications for ethanol-mediated cardiovascular protection

Abstract Epidemiological studies have conclusively demonstrated that moderate consumption of ethanol is causally associated with a significant reduction in cardiovascular events. However, the exact mechanisms underlying the ethanol-mediated cardiovascular protection remain to be elucidated. Because peroxynitrite has been extensively implicated in the pathogenesis of various forms of cardiovascular disorders via its cytotoxic effects, this study was undertaken to investigate if ethanol could inhibit peroxynitrite-induced DNA strand breaks, a critical event leading to peroxynitrite-elicited cytotoxicity. Toward this goal, φX-174 RF I plasmid DNA was used as an in vitro model to determine the protective effects of ethanol on peroxynitrite-induced DNA strand breaks. Incubation of φX-174 plasmid DNA with the peroxynitrite generator, 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1) led to the formation of both single- and double-stranded DNA breaks in a concentration- and time-dependent fashion. The presence of ethanol at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 1% (w/v) resulted in a significant inhibition of SIN-1-induced DNA strand breaks. Ethanol also showed inhibitory effects on SIN-1-induced DNA strand breakage in the presence of bicarbonate. The inhibition of SIN-1-induced DNA strand breaks by ethanol exhibited a concentration-dependent manner. Notably, a marked inhibition of SIN-1-elicited DNA strand breaks was observed with 0.01% ethanol. Ethanol at 0.01–1% was unable to affect SIN-1-mediated oxygen consumption, indicating that ethanol did not affect the auto-oxidation of SIN-1 to form peroxynitrite. Furthermore, incubation of the plasmid DNA with authentic peroxynitrite resulted in a significant formation of DNA strand breaks, which could be dramatically inhibited by the presence of 0.02–0.1% ethanol. Taken together, this study demonstrates for the first time that ethanol at physiologically relevant concentrations can potently inhibit peroxynitrite-induced DNA strand breakage. In view of the critical involvement of peroxynitrite in cardiovascular disorders, the results of this study might have implications for the cardiovascular protection associated with moderate consumption of ethanol in humans.
The concepts and terminology of bird navigation

As understanding of the processes and mechanisms of bird navigation has increased, older conceptual frameworks and terminology have become inadequate. Terminology used to refer to orientation and navigation behaviour have acquired varied and divergent meanings. Here I present a unified set of terminology that I hope will help clarify thinking and communication in the field.
Regulation of cysteine dioxygenase degradation is mediated by intracellular cysteine levels and the ubiquitin–26 S proteasome system in the living rat

Mammalian metabolism of ingested cysteine is conducted principally within the liver. The liver tightly regulates its intracellular cysteine pool to keep levels high enough to meet the many catabolic and anabolic pathways for which cysteine is needed, but low enough to prevent toxicity. One of the enzymes the liver uses to regulate cysteine levels is CDO (cysteine dioxygenase). Catalysing the irreversible oxidation of cysteine, CDO protein is up-regulated in the liver in response to the dietary intake of cysteine. In the present study, we have evaluated the contribution of the ubiquitin–26 S proteasome pathway to the diet-induced changes in CDO half-life. In the living rat, inhibition of the proteasome with PS1 (proteasome inhibitor 1) dramatically stabilized CDO in the liver under dietary conditions that normally favour its degradation. Ubiquitinated CDO intermediates were also seen to accumulate in the liver. Metabolic analyses showed that PS1 had a significant effect on sulphoxidation flux secondary to the stabilization of CDO but no significant effect on the intracellular cysteine pool. Finally, by a combination of in vitro hepatocyte culture and in vivo whole animal studies, we were able to attribute the changes in CDO stability specifically to cysteine rather than the metabolite 2-mercaptoethylamine (cysteamine). The present study represents the first demonstration of regulated ubiquitination and degradation of a protein in a living mammal, inhibition of which had dramatic effects on cysteine catabolism.
Gene expression profiles in the rat central nervous system induced by JP-8 jet fuel vapor exposure.

Abstract Jet propulsion fuel-8 (JP-8) is the predominant fuel for military land vehicles and aircraft used in the US and NATO. Occupational exposure to jet fuel in military personnel has raised concern for the health risk associated with such exposure in the Department of Defense. Clinical studies of humans chronically exposed to jet fuel have suggested both neurotoxicity and neurobehavioral deficits. We utilized rat neurobiology U34 array to measure gene expression changes in whole brain tissue of rats exposed repeatedly to JP-8, under conditions that simulated possible occupational exposure (6 h/day for 91 days) to JP-8 vapor at 250, 500, and 1000 mg/m 3 , respectively. Our studies revealed that the gene expression changes of exposure groups can be divided into two main categories according to their functions: (1) neurotransmitter signaling pathways; and (2) stress response. The implications of these gene expression changes are discussed.
Marshall and Montgomery: Promoters of Military Professionalism 1

A graduate of the Virginia Military Academy in 1901, George Catlett Marshall (born 1880) rose through the officer ranks to become Chief of Staff of the US Army on 1 September 1939. Throughout his c...
How Racial and Ethnic Groupings May Mask Disparities: The Importance of Separating Pacific Islanders From Asians in Prenatal Care Data

Objective To understand racial/ethnic differences in prenatal care receipt among Pacific Islanders and Asians, who are often combined into a single A/PI category. Methods Retrospective, population-based data were collected by the Vital Statistics branch of the California Department of Health Services. Approximately 2.6 million records of all live California births with a birth certificate in 2000–2004 were included. Analysis focused on prenatal care receipt and population characteristics associated with lack of adequate prenatal care, especially among Asian and Pacific Islander groups. Results Pacific Islanders (n = 11,962) were the most likely, compared to any other racial/ethnic group, to have inadequate prenatal care (OR = 2.9, 95% CIs 2.8–3.1), even when controlling for factors known to affect care receipt, specifically maternal age, educational attainment, parity, insurance, geographical region of residence, and maternal place of birth. In contrast, Asian women (n = 295,741) received care closer to that of the White reference group (OR = 1.5, 95% CIs 1.5–1.5). Among Pacific Islanders, Samoans (OR = 3.0, 95% CIs 2.7–3.4) were at particular risk of inadequate care compared to other PI sub-groups. Conclusion Pacific Islander women received less adequate prenatal care than women of other racial/ethnic groups. The common practice of combining Asians and Pacific Islanders into a single A/PI category may mask needs in the Pacific Islander community. Therefore, in order to continue to reduce health disparities, it may be necessary to collect separate data on these two distinct populations in order to be able to appropriately direct programs and resources.
Development of a mirror backed volume phase grating with potential for large aperture and high damage threshold

Abstract The present paper proposes a new grating concept by which a volume phase grating is placed on top of a dielectric mirror stack. Instead of using a multilayer dielectric grating, wherein the uppermost layer of a thin film mirror is etched to create the desired binary phase grating we suggest to have an upper grating layer of a lower density gelatin-based volume phase grating in either sol–gel or dichromated gelatin. The key benefit is the elimination of the etching step which is the limiting factor in the production of large aperture gratings. We have investigated designs for s- and p-polarization as well as the necessary chemistry that is needed to achieve the required index modulations. Damage testing on dichromated gelatin and aerogel was performed and diffraction efficiencies for various prototypes were measured.
Dietary carbohydrate decreases 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase activity and cholesterol synthesis in rat liver

Abstract Diets high in carbohydrate and low in fat led to a decrease in the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in livers of healthy, reverse light-cycled rats. The effect on reductase was due both to a decline in expressed enzyme activity and to a decrease in total number of enzyme molecules. Inhibition of reductase activity was paralleled by a fall in hepatic cholesterolgenesis and by an increase in triglyceride formation. Thus, a reduction in endogenous cholesterol synthesis may explain the serum, cholesterol-lowering effect of high carbohydrate, low fat diets in man.
Repression of Benzo[a]pyrene Tumorigenesis by Agents Present in Cells Infected or Transformed by Type 12 Adenovirus

Summary and ConclusionsA significant retardation in the appearance and growth of benzo[a]pyrene-induced tumors was noted in hamsters pretreated with unpurified type 12 adenovirus (active or heated-inactivated) and also with sonicated virus-free Ad12-transformed hamster embryo cells (HET). Maternal immunization with active Ad12 or sonicated HET similarly retarded the development of benzypyrene-induced tumors in the mature offspring, when the first of three injections of the chemical was given at the age of 3 weeks.
Familial breast and ovarian cancer: The role of the BRCA genes

Abstract Sporadic breast cancer and ovarian cancer constitute two of the top four cancers occurring in women in the 1990s. Familial forms of these diseases also have been recognized; breast cancer is heritable in 5–10% of cases and ovarian cancer in 3–13% of cases. Screening for early disease has been useful for breast cancers but not for ovarian cancers. Genetic testing allows for predicting who will be at risk for developing either disease. The Breast Cancer (BRCA) genes are thought to be involved in 99% of all combined familial breast and ovarian cancers; the best defined gene is BRCA1. The presence of a mutated BRCA1 allele confers a lifetime risk of breast cancer of 70–80% and a risk of ovarian cancer of 40–50%. Individuals with this mutation also have an increased risk of developing colon, prostate, and pancreatic cancer. Genetic analysis for these genes is complex, and management of the information gained from testing needs to be handled with care. Nonetheless, the discovery of the BRCA genes and the determination of their role in familial breast and ovarian cancers represent major steps in cancer prevention.
Probabilistic inductive inference

Inductive inference machines construct programs for total recursive functions given only example values of the functions. Probabilistic inductive inference machines are defined, and for various criteria of successful inference, it is asked whether a probabilistic inductive inference machine can infer larger classes of functions if the inference criterion is relaxed to allow inference with probability at least p, (0
Purification and characterization of a toxin from brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa) venom gland extracts.

Abstract A Toxic protein has been purified from brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa) venom gland extracts. Cation-exchange chromatography at pH 4.0 was used as a high-yield method to purify the toxin to apparent homogeneity, as shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Activities associated with the toxin included lethality to mice, induction of necrosis in rabbits, calcium-dependent hemolysis of human erythrocytes and a decrease in the calcium-induced coagulation time of human plasma. All four activities were destroyed when the toxin was subjected to chemical modification of disulfide bonds. The toxin had an apparent mol. wt of 31,000 in the nonreduced conformation and 37,000 in the disulfide-modified form, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. Iodination of the toxin did not destroy any of the four associated activities. Discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified toxin revealed three apparent components. Collection and assay of these components showed that only two of these retained their activities, and the total recovery of activity was less than 40%.
Proof of dual-topology architecture of Fluc F− channels with monobody blockers

Fluc-type channels—used by microorganisms to extrude toxic fluoride ions—have been suggested to adopt an unusual antiparallel topology across the membrane. Stockbridge et al. now provide the best evidence so far for this atypical arrangement, showing that specific monobodies block channel activity from both sides of the membrane.
Soiling by Atmospheric Aerosols in an Urban Industrial Area

(1990). Soiling by Atmospheric Aerosols in an Urban Industrial Area. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association: Vol. 40, No. 9, pp. 1285-1289.
Components of the Secondary Pathway Stimulate the Primary Pathway of Eukaryotic Okazaki Fragment Processing

Reconstitution of eukaryotic Okazaki fragment processing implicates both one- and two-nuclease pathways for processing flap intermediates. In most cases, FEN1 (flap endonuclease 1) is able to efficiently cleave short flaps as they form. However, flaps escaping cleavage bind replication protein A (RPA) inhibiting FEN1. The flaps must then be cleaved by Dna2 nuclease/helicase before FEN1 can act. Pif1 helicase aids creation of long flaps. The pathways were considered connected only in that the products of Dna2 cleavage are substrates for FEN1. However, results presented here show that Dna2, Pif1, and RPA, the unique proteins of the two-nuclease pathway from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, all stimulate FEN1 acting in the one-nuclease pathway. Stimulation is observed on RNA flaps representing the initial displacement and on short DNA flaps, subsequently displaced. Neither the RNA nor the short DNA flaps can bind the two-nuclease pathway proteins. Instead, direct interactions between FEN1 and the two-nuclease pathway proteins have been detected. These results suggest that the proteins are either part of a complex or interact successively with FEN1 because the level of stimulation would be similar either way. Proteins bound to FEN1 could be tethered to the flap base by the interaction of FEN1 with PCNA, potentially improving their availability when flaps become long. These findings also support a model in which cleavage by FEN1 alone is the preferred pathway, with the first opportunity to complete cleavage, and is stimulated by components of the backup pathway.
Early BOMEX Results of Sea Surface Salinity and Amazon River Water

Abstract The Amazon River outflow during the spring rainy season is detected in the Atlantic Ocean far from its source. Radio message data from ocean stations taken during BOMEX 1969 indicate the vast extent of the water mass. The fresh water on the surface permits a warm stable layer to exist below the surface.
Outwitting the Lying Oracle

At the Delphi Casino an oracle operates a table where gamblers place bets on coin flips. The gamblers win or lose the amounts they bet, depending on whether they correctly predict the outcomes of the coin flips. As you approach the table, the oracle says to you, "I know how the coin will land each time and I am willing to tell you, but I must warn you, I will try to win your bet by occasionally lying to you." This does not strike you as a very promising game, but after some negotiation, the oracle agrees to lie no more than once during the next three coin flips, provided that before each flip you first tell the oracle the amount of your wager. The question is: How should you place your bets on the three coin tosses so that you win the greatest amount of money in the end, no matter what the oracle does and no matter what the coin tosses are? We assume that the oracle is always agreeable to any amount that you wish to wager, but you cannot wager more than you currently possess. We first encountered this problem in an article in Scientific American [3]. A very similar, but more general, problem appeared as Problem 10801 in the American Mathematical Monthly [2], along with its solution [1]. We gave this problem as a "Problem of the Fortnight" at Hampden-Sydney College, where we assumed you began with $100 and the coin was flipped three times. One student solved the problem in the following manner (slightly paraphrased): "The greatest amount of money that you can be guaranteed to receive, regardless of what the oracle does and regardless of what the coin flips are, is $200: You should bet $50 on the first flip and agree with the oracle's prediction. If the oracle lies, then you will still have $50 left, but will correctly guess the remaining two flips for $200; if the oracle is truthful, then you will have $150. On the next flip again bet $50 and agree with the oracle's prediction. If the oracle lies, then you have $100 with one flip remaining, which you will guess correctly for $200; if the oracle is truthful, then you will still have $200 and will bet $0 on the final flip." While this answer is not entirely rigorous, the key ideas are present: No matter what the oracle does and what the results of the tosses are, if you always agree with the oracle, you have a strategy that guarantees that you double your initial amount. This answer raised some interesting questions: How does the solution change if we increase the number of flips and allow the oracle to lie more than once? Can you outwit the oracle by disagreeing with the oracle's prediction? Or, stated differently, is there a strategy by which you could expect to win more than the maximum guaranteed outcome? Furthermore, is it possible to use the size of the bet to influence the oracle either to lie or tell the truth?
A Physical Understanding of RF Noise in Bulk nMOSFETs With Channel Lengths in the Nanometer Regime

Experimental and simulation results of high-frequency channel noise in MOSFETs with 40-, 80-, and 110- nm gate lengths are presented. The measured dc I-V characteristics can be matched using the drift-diffusion (DD) and hydrodynamic (HD) transport models, both incorporating velocity saturation. The DD model grossly underestimates the measured noise, demonstrating the inadequacy of channel-length modulation and impact ionization to explain the excess noise. The HD model generates higher noise but not enough, showing that introduction of carrier heating is still insufficient to explain the experimental results. The underprediction of noise using the HD model can be mitigated by a suitable choice of the energy relaxation time and saturation velocity; however, simultaneous matching of both noise and dc I-V does not produce satisfactory results. Thus, TCAD simulators are unable to simulate this excess-noise mechanism at this time. Experimental data support that, at 40 nm gate lengths, noise can be described by a shot noise like expression.
Fatty acid relationship in an aquatic food chain.

The relationships amongst the fatty acids of the lipids from members of a model aquatic food chain were examined. The basic pattern of the fatty acids in the members, algae-brine shrimp-hydra, originated in the phytoplankton. Fatty acids in the neutral lipids of adult brine shrimp,Artemia salina, closely resembled dietary, or algal, fatty acids, whereas the phospholipid acids differed considerably from those in the algae. Fatty acids from the total lipids ofHydra pseudoligactis fed brine shimp nauplii also resembled the dietary acids, but more C20 polyunsaturates and fewer C18 unsaturated acids were present in those raised at 10C than were found at 20C.
Effects of Ginkgo biloba administered after spatial learning on water maze and radial arm maze performance in young adult rats.

Ginkgo biloba is reported to improve learning and memory in animals. However, many studies do not directly test the effects of Ginkgo on memory because the drug is administered during the learning phase of the experiments. In this study, we examined the effect of 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/ kg, or 40 mg/kg G. biloba extract on spatial memory by administering the drug in the interval between training and testing. Rats were tested for long-term reference memory retention in the radial arm maze and in the Morris water maze during daily probe trials in which the hidden platform was removed. G. biloba had no effect on reference memory in either the water maze or radial arm maze. To test short-term working spatial memory using the radial arm maze, animals were removed after receiving the reward from 4 of the 8 arms and were returned to complete the maze 2 h later. While Ginkgo had no effect on working memory, over time animals exposed to Ginkgo learned task better than control animals. Thus, Ginkgo appears to enhance neither short-term working memory nor long-term reference memory, but it may promote learning of spatial information.
Nuclear magnetic susceptibility of3He adsorbed on graphite below 4.2 K

The nuclear magnetic susceptibility of3He films adsorbed on graphite substrates was measured by means of pulsed NMR techniques at 10 and 20 MHz. Submonolayer, monolayer, and multilayer coverages were examined, as well as one monolayer of3He mixed with various amounts of4He. The temperature range of measurements extended from 0.35 to 4.2 K. For pure3He and for3He mixed with4He the nuclear magnetic susceptibility displays departures from Curie's law. The observed behavior in pure3He layers can be fitted to an ideal-Fermi-gas curve with an effective degeneracy temperature of 0.15 K. The nuclear magnetic susceptibility of3He–4He films is also found to fall below the values predicted by Curie's law as the temperature is lowered, but the results suggest that in this case the film is not uniform, possibly as a result of a phase separation in the film at low temperatures.
Fall fare: the NISO ERM Forum

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to describe highlights from the NISO ERM Forum held September 2007 in Denver, Colorado.Design/methodology/approach – The article notes key areas from the conference, gleaned from speaker comments, audience feedback, and conversations with attendees.Findings – The biggest impediment to successful e‐resource management is lack of sufficient staffing.Originality/value – This article provides a current view on the issues surrounding electronic resource management activities and ERMS deployment.
Monocular Extraction of 2.1D Sketch Using Constrained Convex Optimization

This paper presents an approach to estimating the 2.1D sketch from monocular, low-level visual cues. We use a low-level segmenter to partition the image into regions, and, then, estimate their 2.1D sketch, subject to figure-ground and similarity constraints between neighboring regions. The 2.1D sketch assigns a depth ordering to image regions which are expected to correspond to objects and surfaces in the scene. This is cast as a constrained convex optimization problem, and solved within the optimization transfer framework. The optimization objective takes into account the curvature and convexity of parts of region boundaries, appearance, and spatial layout properties of regions. Our new optimization transfer algorithm admits a closed-form expression of the duality gap, and thus allows explicit computation of the achieved accuracy. The algorithm is efficient with quadratic complexity in the number of constraints between image regions. Quantitative and qualitative results on challenging, real-world images of Berkeley segmentation, Geometric Context, and Stanford Make3D datasets demonstrate our high accuracy, efficiency, and robustness.
Mitrofanoff for Valve Bladder Syndrome: Effect on Urinary Tract and Renal Function

Purpose: Despite early diagnosis and valve ablation, progressive renal impairment develops in a significant proportion of boys born with posterior urethral valves. Bladder dysfunction is thought to have an important role in the etiology of this renal deterioration. We report the outcome of treating bladder dysfunction with clean intermittent catheterization and overnight drainage via a Mitrofanoff appendicovesicostomy with respect to upper tract imaging, urodynamic findings and renal function.Materials and Methods: All patients were established on a clean intermittent catheterization program via the Mitrofanoff stoma, including 3 or 4 daytime catheterizations and overnight drainage with an indwelling catheter. We analyzed trends in serum creatinine, renal ultrasound appearance and urodynamic data.Results: Mitrofanoff formation was performed in 24 patients with valve bladder syndrome. Median followup was 6.2 years. Hydronephrosis, quantified by combined anteroposterior diameter measurements of the renal pe...
Formally modeling and extending whole-language-scale semantic space

For the analysis of continuous discourse in a wide range of corpora, it is essential both to model and to expand whole-language lexical resources (e.g.,Roget’s International Thesaurus), in order to make such whole-language lexical resources adaptable to differentiated-discourse domains by means of rapid extensibility. Thus, rapidly extensible lexicons are of interest as special-domain extensions to a whole-language lexicon. My presentation argues for the validity of this approach, with specific reference to a viable conceptual, whole-language, foundational lexicon,Roget’s International Thesaurus (1962).
RECOGNITION OF THE FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME IN EARLY INFANCY

Abstract Historical reports indicate that the observation of an adverse effect on the fetus of chronic maternal alcoholism is not new. Three additional cases of the fetal alcohol syndrome have been recognised in two newborn infants and a 7-month-old baby. The immutable nature of the prenatal-onset growth deficiency was further confirmed. The first necropsy performed on a patient with fetal alcohol syndrome disclosed serious dysmorphogenesis of the brain, which may be responsible for some of the functional abnormalities and the joint malposition seen in this syndrome.
Differences in Education and Earnings Across Racial and Ethnic Groups: Tastes, Discrimination, and Investments in Child Quality

Viewing the United States as comprising many racial and ethnic groups, it is shown that group differences in earnings, schooling, and rates of return from schooling are striking and that the groups with higher levels of schooling also have higher rates of return. These data are shown to be consistent with a child quality investment model, but they are not consistent with the hypotheses that the primary determinants of schooling level are discrimination, minority group status, differences in time preference (discount rates), or “tastes” for schooling. Group differences in fertility and female labor supply are examined as partial determinants of investment in child quality. Policy implications are discussed.
Electrophysiological, Morphological, and Topological Properties of Two Histochemically Distinct Subpopulations of Cerebellar Unipolar Brush Cells

Unipolar brush cells (UBCs) are excitatory cerebellar granular layer interneurons whose brush-like dendrites receive one-to-one mossy fiber inputs. Subclasses of UBCs differ primarily by expressing metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) 1α or calretinin. We used GENSAT Tg(Grp-EGFP) BAC transgenic mice, which selectively express enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in mGluR1α-positive UBCs to compare the functional properties of the two subclasses. Compared to EGFP-negative UBCs, which include the calretinin-positive cells, EGFP-positive UBCs had smaller somata (area 48 vs 63 μm2), lower specific membrane resistance (6.4 vs. 13.7 KΩ cm2), were less prone to intrinsic firing, and showed more irregular firing (in cell-attached ~49 % were firing vs. ~88 %, and the CV was 0.53 vs. 0.32 for EGFP-negative cells). Some of these differences are attributable to higher density of background K+ currents in EGFP-positive cells (at −120 mV, the barium-sensitive current was 94 vs. 37 pA in EGFP-negative cells); Ih, on the contrary, was more abundantly expressed in EGFP-negative cells (at −140 mV, it was −122 vs. −54 pA in EGFP-positive neurons); furthermore, while group II mGluR modulation of the background potassium current in EGFP-negative UBCs was maintained after intracellular dialysis, mGluR modulation in EGFP-positive UBCs was lost in whole-cell recordings. Finally, cell-attached firing was reversibly abolished by the GABAB activation in EGFP-positive, but not in EGFP-negative UBCs. Immunohistochemistry showed that EGFP-negative UBCs express GIRK2 at high density, while mGluR1α UBCs are GIRK2 negative, suggesting that GIRK2 mediates the mGluR-sensitive current in EGFP-negative UBCs. These data suggest that the two subclasses perform different functions in the cerebellar microcircuits.
THE NATURE AND ORIGINS OF PRIMATE SPECIES

The living world has genetic discontinuity in it, and morphological discontinuity as well. Patterns of these discontinuities overlap to a large extent. When they do, species discrimination is unambiguous. But directly at the point of cladogenesis, there are parallel sets of processes occurring, which result in patterns that can be difficult to reconcile in a single term such as speciation. Primate “species,” living and extinct, exhibit various degrees of morphological discontinuity and genetic incompatibility, which implies that a single concept of speciation may be difficult to apply universally.
Antiferromagnetic resonance in EuTe

Previous measurements of the low-frequency branch of the "easy-plane" antiferromagnet have been extended to the high-frequency branch. The resonance fields as a function of angle at constant frequencies greater and less than the zero-field resonance frequency, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}$, have been measured and analyzed based on resonance equations including the dipolar and a phenomenological uniaxial anisotropy energy. Good agreement is obtained for branches associated with the different $T$ domains. Deviations, attributed to domain-wall effects, are observed. The zero-field resonance frequency, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}$, has been determined from measurements of $\ensuremath{\omega}$ vs $H$ with $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{H}}$ in an easy plane. The decrease in ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}(T)$ with increasing temperature is proportional to ${T}^{\frac{3}{2}}$ and is the same as found for the critical (exchange) field by Oliveira et al. The frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}$ at $T=0$ corrected for demagnetizing effects corresponds to a dipolar interaction, ${K}_{d}=0.817\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}$ erg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$, which is \ensuremath{\sim}10% larger than the classically calculated value for EuTe. The exchange field, ${H}_{E}$, determined from the variation $\ensuremath{\omega}$ vs $H$ with $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{H}}$ in an easy plane was obtained. The value at $T=0$ and corrected for demagnetizing effects is ${H}_{E}(0)=73.0$ kOe compared with the value ${H}_{E}=72.2$ kOe determined directly by Oliveira et al. This excellent agreement is considered fortuitous.
Risk of hepatitis B transmission in breast-fed infants of chronic hepatitis B carriers.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To measure the rate of hepatitis B (HBV) transmission from chronic HBV carriers to breast-fed infants after immunoprophylaxis. METHODS: Since 1992, information on women with HBV during pregnancy has been collected in a prospective longitudinal study. Those HBV carriers and their infants participating in a county HBV immunoprophylaxis program were identified. Infants were followed for up to 15 months and examined for hepatitis B infection by hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). RESULTS: A total of 369 infants born to women with chronic HBV met the inclusion criteria and received hepatitis B immune globulin at birth and the full course of the hepatitis B vaccine series. We compared 101 breast-fed infants with 268 formula-fed infants. There was no significant difference between the two groups with respect to the number of women who were positive for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) (22% versus 26%, P = .51). Three women in the breast-feeding group had liver transaminase abnormalities, compared with six women in the formula-feeding group (P = .29). Overall, there were nine cases of HBV infection transmission (2.4%). None of the 101 breast-fed infants and nine formula-fed infants (3%) were positive for HBsAg after the initial vaccination series (P = .063). The mean length of time for breast-feeding was 4.9 months (range 2 weeks to 1 year). CONCLUSION: With appropriate immunoprophylaxis, including hepatitis B immune globulin and hepatitis B vaccine, breast-feeding of infants of chronic HBV carriers poses no additional risk for the transmission of the hepatitis B virus.
Self-representation of online identity in collected hyperlinks

Online identity is the representation of one's persona in a digital context. A primary factor in this representation is the collection of links that represent an individual in search. Designed by the authors, claimID (http://claimID.com) is a web service that enables individuals to use the hyperlinks about them to create a rich presentation of their online identity. In this paper, we analyze patterns of self-representation of online identity as observed in claimID.
Navigation in tree spaces

The orientable cover of the moduli space of real genus zero algebraic curves with marked points is a compact aspherical manifold tiled by associahedra, which resolves the singularities of the space of phylogenetic trees. The resolution maps planar metric trees to their underlying abstract representatives, collapsing and folding an explicit geometric decomposition of the moduli space into cubes, endowing the resolving space with an interesting canonical pseudometric. Indeed, the given map can be reinterpreted as relating the real and the tropical versions of the Deligne-Knudsen-Mumford compactification of the moduli space of Riemann spheres.
A linear technique for discrimination of optically coded waveforms using optical frequency combs

We have demonstrated a coherent-detection architecture for an OCDMA system using only linear optical devices that successfully distinguishes between different users at record-low average power levels of ∼30μW.
Detection of IgG antibodies to measles virus using monoclonal antibodies for antigen-capture in enzyme immunoassay

An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the detection of IgG antibodies to measles viral hemagglutinin (H) has been developed. Monoclonal antibodies were employed as antigen-capture reagents on a polystyrene ball solid phase. The antigen-capture EIA was significantly more sensitive than hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and somewhat more sensitive than indirect immunofluorescence and indirect EIA for the detection of antibodies to measles virus. The importance of selecting a monoclonal antibody with a high binding affinity, and controlling for non-specific adherence of antigen or antibodies to the solid phase were demonstrated. This method offers not only greater sensitivity than HAI, but also the practicality of reagents capable of standardization and long term storage.
ADAPTIVE FEEDBACK LINEARIZING CONTROL OF CHUA'S CIRCUIT

In this Letter a feedback linearizing adaptive control system for the control of Chua's circuits is presented. It is assumed that all the parameters of the system are unknown. Using a backstepping design procedure, an adaptive control system is designed which accomplishes trajectory control of the chosen node voltage by an independent voltage source. Simulation results are presented which show precise trajectory tracking and regulation of the state vector to the desired terminal state.
An academic model of excellence for international business education

Describes international management development programmes at the University of Hawaii. The programmes prepare business people for economic development in the Asia Pacific region and the international marketplace. A unique feature is the strong interaction of participants with multinational and multi‐cultural students.
Message-passing for motif finding

A message-passing algorithm for motif finding is presented. Motif finding stands for the problem of identifying a collection of common subsequences within a given set of DNA sequences. Using a combinatorial framework for this problem, this paper describes it in terms of a graphical model. Subsequently, an inference problem is formulated over this graphical representation for the motif finding problem. The paper develops a message-passing algorithm to efficiently solve this graph-based inference problem. This algorithm serves as an efficient heuristic for solving what is otherwise a computationally intensive combinatorial optimization problem.
Anterior urethral valves: a rare cause of infravesical obstruction in children.

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to report the clinical presentation, mode of diagnosis, and treatment of patients with anterior urethral valves (AUV), a rare congenital anomaly causing infravesical obstruction in children. Methods: Three patients with anterior urethral valves were admitted in the Pediatric Urology Unit at The Children's Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan, during the period 1997 through 1998. Main clinical features included difficulty in voiding, dribbling of urine, incontinence, poor urinary stream, hematuria, and urinary tract infections. The diagnosis was confirmed by voiding cysto-urethrogram (VCUG) in 2 patients and retrograde urethrogram in 1 patient. A total of 4 valves were found; 1 patient had 2 valves. Two patients had associated vesico-ureteric reflux. Endoscopic resection was performed in all patients. Results: Postoperatively, all patients were able to pass urine with good stream. At 9 to 24 months' follow-up, all patients remain well and asymptomatic. Conclusions: Although rare, AUV must be considered in the differential diagnosis of lower urinary tract obstruction. They present with all degrees of severity depending on the age of patient and the degree of obstruction. A properly performed and carefully interpreted VCUG is essential for diagnosis. Transurethral resection is the treatment of choice. J Pediatr Surg 35:556-558. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Servants, scoundrels, and hitchhikers: current understanding of the complex interactions between crayfish and their ectosymbiotic worms (Branchiobdellida)

AbstractAstacoidean crayfishes serve as hosts to obligate ectosymbiotic annelids called branchiobdellidans. Branchiobdellidans can act either as mutualistic cleaners or as ectoparasites and can have strong effects on crayfish growth and survivorship. This potentially vital aspect of crayfish biology has gone largely unexplored until recently. We reviewed the current state of knowledge regarding this symbiosis and examined factors that contribute to variability in the effects of branchiobdellidans on crayfish. We show that branchiobdellidans affect crayfish in various ways depending on branchiobdellidan species, abundance, and ecological context. We also discuss evidence for regulatory controls that crayfish exert over their symbionts and symbiont–host preferences. Last, we evaluate the utility and challenges of using the crayfish–branchiobdellidan association as a model system for ecological and evolutionary research and point to promising areas for future study. Further investigations of the complex inte...
Correlates of mall visit frequency

Abstract We study the relationships between mall shopping frequency and background variables, both demographic and those related to shopping motivations, which characterize shoppers at a mall. We test a specific renewal process underlying mall visits, and find that a Poisson-gamma model, commonly used to explain grocery shopping trips, fits our mall shopping data well. We account for measurement error due to forgetting by survey respondents. Using our renewal and recall model we obtain adjusted or true correlations between customer variables and shopping frequency. We are able to test hypotheses about the relationships between mall shopping frequency and characteristics of shoppers such as functional shopping motivation, deal proneness, recreational shopping motivation, age, income and family size.
Lunar-solar interactions in the equatorial electrojet

To first order the ground magnetic signature of the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) reflects the height integral of J = σE, where σis a conductivity and E represents some combination of the global dynamo-generated electric field and the electric field due to local winds. Day-to-day variations in the conductivity are strongly controlled by the solar flux, while E depends on solar and lunar tides, planetary waves, and the disturbance dynamo. In this study we demonstrate how complexity is introduced into the EEJ due to the interaction between lunar tide variability in the equatorial electric field and solar-driven variability in the E region conductivity. Toward this end, we analyze magnetometer data from the Huancayo observatory both in the time and frequency domain. We present results for the year 1990, and we show that 86% of the variance in the EEJ is due to the lunar-solar interaction.
Cold tolerance, yield, and fruit quality of ‘d'Anjou’ pears influenced by nitrogen fertilizer rates and time of application

Abstract Low and moderate rates of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) fertilizer were applied in late winter or late summer to mature ‘d'Anjou’ pear (Pyrus communis, L.) trees (planted 1963, 1965) from 1976 to 1994. Data on cold tolerance, nutrition, yield and fruit quality in relation to nitrogen (N) fertilization were collected between 1980 and 1988. Early autumn cold tolerance was higher for trees receiving low N rates versus moderate N rates in either late winter or late summer. In late autumn and early winter, cold tolerance increased for all trees, and little difference in winter hardiness existed for any N treatment. By mid‐winter, cold tolerance was higher for trees receiving the moderate rate of N in late winter versus low N in late summer. Cold tolerance was relatively high throughout autumn and winter freeze‐test periods for trees fertilized with low N in late winter. Tree vigor, fruit size, leaf N, and fruit N were highest for trees receiving the late winter, moderate rate of N. Yield was lowest, but f...
Polarized proton beams

The acceleration of polarized proton beams in circular accelerators is complicated by the presence of numerous depolarizing spin resonances. Careful and tedious minimization of polarization loss at each of these resonances allowed acceleration of polarized proton beams up to 22 GeV. It has been the hope that Siberian Snakes, which are local spin rotators inserted into ring accelerators, would eliminate these resonances and allow acceleration of polarized beams with the same ease and efficiency that is now routine for unpolarized beams. First tests at IUCF with a full Siberian Snake showed that the spin dynamics with a Snake can be understood in detail. We now have results of the first tests of a partial Siberian Snake at the AGS, accelerating polarized protons to an energy of about 25 GeV. These successful tests of storage and acceleration of polarized proton beams open up new possibilities such as stored polarized beams for internal target experiments and high energy polarized proton colliders.
Power consumption comparison for regular wireless topologies using fault-tolerant beacon vector routing

Fault-tolerant beacon vector routing (FBVR) is an efficient technique for routing in the presence of node failures. Several common wireless topologies exist that can be used with this technique. This paper compares the power consumption of various regular topologies using FBVR and makes appropriate recommendations. The topology types include mesh, torus, communication graph, and F-cycle ring (FCR). An existing analytical method for power consumption prediction is used. The results of this analytical method are compared against simulation results, which match closely, showing a high level of confidence in the power consumption results.
Yard Waste Composting: Studies Using Different Mixes of Leaves and Grass in a Laboratory Scale System

Composting has become a widely used method of recycling yard wastes such as leaves and grass. However, very little information is available on the chemical changes that occur during the composting of different mixtures of leaves and grass. In this study, three different mixes of leaves and grass were composted at approximately 60% moisture in a temperature controlled laboratory scale system. The mixes, which consisted of all leaves (Mix 1); 2/3 leaves + 1/3 grass (Mix 2); and 1/3 leaves + 2/3 grass (Mix 3), had initial C:N ratios of 48, 30 and 22, respectively. The compost process was monitored by measuring the rate of CO2 evolution, pH, stability, the degree of humification and changes in polysaccharide, carbon, nitrogen and organic matter content. Results showed that the greater the grass content of the mix, the higher the initial pH and the faster the rate of CO2 evolution, organic matter loss and nitrogen loss. After 43 days of composting, Mixes 1, 2 and 3, lost, respectively 61%, 74% and 78% of the c...
Wideband MIMO mobile impulse response measurements at 3.7 GHz

This paper summarizes the propagation characteristics of a 20 MHz channel at a carrier frequency of 3.676 GHz transmitted from a two-antenna base to a two-antenna mobile receiver. The experiments were conducted in a moderate density suburban setting outside Chicago, Illinois. The transmit and receive systems are described, as are the data collection procedures and data analysis. The results include path loss measurements and various metrics of the MIMO channel, such as channel impulse responses, rms delay spread, and other spatial characteristics.
Medical Hypothesis: Why Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Is a Relentlessly Progressive Illness

Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is a relentlessly progressive, usually ascending, disease process. Once secondary progression begins, regardless of how long the disease was present before secondary progression began, patients appear to progress at a uniform rate. Recent studies show that it responds poorly to medications effective in relapsing remitting disease, although these drugs decrease relapses and have a substantial effect on lesions seen on magnetic resonance imaging. Disruption of axonal transport is known to occur in demyelinated fibers. Synapses, vacated when axons are destroyed, cause sprouting in surviving terminal axons, resulting in metabolic overload in the terminal axons. This noninflammatory process would not be expected to be altered by current disease-altering therapies.
Are Military Professionals Bound by a 'Higher' Moral Standard?

Many people, both in and out of the military, believe that military professionals are bound by a higher moral standard. What, exactly, might this mean? And do we have good reasons for thinking mili...