cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ready‐to‐wear: Discovering grounded formal theory

As qualitative methods have become popular and qualitative reports abundant, researchers have begun to discuss techniques for synthesizing findings about related phenomena from diverse samples. Grounded formal theory analysis is one such approach that can yield higher level, broadly applicable theory from analysis of situation-specific substantive theories. Although grounded formal theories may lack the cultural detail and contextual tailoring of smaller, more focused “designer” analyses, they have the potential to serve as “ready-to-wear” models that fit experiences of individuals in a variety of settings. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Res Nurs Health 21: 179–186, 1998
Does human chorionic gonadotropin have human thyrotropic activity in vivo

Current evidence indicates that thyroid cells are sensitive to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) stimulation. In turn, thyroid hormones appear to influence ovarian and endometrial physiology and reproductive function. Our studies addressed the possible effect of endogenous and exogenous hCG on in vivo thyroid function in normal pregnancy and controlled ovarian hyperstimulation, respectively. Circulating concentrations of hCG in pregnant women during gestation were positively correlated with serum free thyroxine (r = 0.43, p = 0.02) and negatively correlated with thyrotropin levels in the same patients (r = 0.42, p = 0.02). By contrast, exogenous administration of hCG to effect follicular maturation in non- pregnant patients undergoing ovarian hyperstimulation resulted in lower circulating hCG concentrations than seen in pregnancy and failed to alter free thyroxine or thyrotropin levels (p > 0.22). Endogenous isoforms of hCG in early pregnancy appear to have thyrotropic activity in vivo. However, the resu...
Why do Black Americans have a higher risk of pancreatic cancer than White Americans

Background.For several decades, the incidence of pancreatic cancer has been 50% to 90% higher among blacks than among whites in the United States. The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors that may contribute to this racial disparity.Methods.We conducted a population-based case-control
Sensitivity of the lateral correlation function in deep seismic reflection data

In the absence of multiple scattering the lateral correlation function of the reflected wavefield can be related to the lateral correlation function of the medium. We have analyzed the lateral correlation function of a series of synthetic seismograms from stochastic models of reflective lower crust with the structural and petrophysical statistics of the Ivrea Zone. Our results show that in the presence of Ivrea-type lower crustal heterogeneity the lateral correlation function of the backscattered wavefield is insensitive to the lateral correlation function of the scattering medium, which suggests that multiple scattering is important in the reflective lower crust. This interpretation is consistent with lower crustal reflections commonly being shorter than a Fresnel zone, the absence of clear diffractions and the poor performance of standard migration algorithms on deep seismic reflection data.
Concentrations of Dioxins and Dibenzofurans in the Atmosphere

Abstract Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans have been found in environmental sinks such as lake sediments and human fat. We have previously shown that the most likely source of these compounds is municipal or chemical incineration of chloroaromatic compounds and that there is a transformation of the congener class profile for these compounds as they move from source to sink. This report examines the transportation and depositional media of these compounds by analyzing ambient air and rain samples. Air was sampled with a high volume sampler and split into operationally defined particulate and vapor phases with a glass fiber filter and a polyurethane foam plug. Rain was sampled with a one square meter wet-only collector. The analytical methodology is based on a two step chromatographic cleanup followed by negative ion gas chromatographic mass spectrometry. Concentrations of the different congeners in the samples were 1 to 750 femtograms per cubic meter of ambient air for the vapor and parti...
A testable model of consumption with externalities

Abstract This paper presents a nonparametric model of interdependent preferences, where an individual's consumption may act as an externality on the preferences of other consumers. We assume that individual price consumption data is observed for all consumers. It is known that the general consumption model with externalities imposes few restrictions on the observed data, where the consistency requirement is Nash rationalizability. We motivate potential games as an important sub class of games where the family of concave potential games is refutable and imposes stronger restrictions on observed data. We use this framework to extend the analysis of Brown and Matzkin [D. Brown, R. Matzkin, Testable restrictions on the equilibrium manifold, Econometrica 64 (1996) 1249–1262] on refutable pure exchange economies to pure exchange economies with externalities. Finally, we discuss an application of this model to inter-household consumption data.
Effects of monocrotaline, a pyrrolizidine alkaloid, on glutathione metabolism in the rat

Monocrotaline (MONO), a pyrrolizidine alkaloid, causes veno-occlusive disease of the liver, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and right ventricular hypertrophy. Toxicity is due to the hepatic formation of a pyrolic metabolite that can be detoxified by conjugation with glutathione (GSH). We have shown that the GSH content of the liver affects the quantity of the pyrrolic metabolite that is released from the liver. We have now examined whether MONO, in turn, affects GSH metabolism. Twenty-four hours after administration of MONO to rats (65 mg/kg, i.p.), the highest concentration of bound pyrrolic metabolites was found in the liver, followed by the lung and kidney. Heart and brain contained lower concentrations of these metabolites. Significantly higher levels of GSH were found in liver and lungs of MONO-treated rats than in saline-injected control animals. In the liver, activities of the following enzymes were elevated: gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, GSH synthetase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, dipeptidase, and microsomal GSH transferase. The same changes were seen in the lung. In the heart, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity was decreased markedly, and cytosolic GSH transferase activity was elevated. In the kidney, the activities of GSH synthetase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and cytosolic GSH transferase were increased. Our results establish a mutual interaction of MONO and sulfur metabolism. It appears that an early metabolic action of MONO is to modify sulfur amino acid metabolism, diverting cysteine metabolism from oxidation to taurine towards synthesis of GSH.
Likelihood-based specification analysis of continuous-time models of the short-term interest rate ☆

An extensive collection of continuous-time models of the short-term interest rate is evaluated over data sets that have appeared previously in the literature. The analysis, which uses the simulated maximum likelihood procedure proposed by Durham and Gallant (2002), provides new insights regarding several previously unresolved questions. For single factor models, I find that the volatility, not the drift, is the critical component in model specification. Allowing for additional flexibility beyond a constant term in the drift provides negligible benefit. While constant drift would appear to imply that the short rate is nonstationary, in fact, stationarity is volatility-induced. The simple constant elasticity of volatility model fits weekly observations of the three-month Treasury bill rate remarkably well but is easily rejected when compared with more flexible volatility specifications over daily data. The methodology of Durham and Gallant can also be used to estimate stochastic volatility models. While adding the latent volatility component provides a large improvement in the likelihood for the physical process, it does little to improve bond-pricing performance.
Thiazide diuretics do not potentiate cAMP response to parathyroid hormone

We evaluated the hypothesis that thiazide-induced hypercalcemia reflects potentiation of the cAMP response to parathyroid hormone (PTH) consequent to inhibition of phosphodiesterase in bone and kidney. A panel of thiazide diuretics did inhibit low-Km phosphodiesterase activity from bone homogenates. However, furosemide, a nonthiazide diuretic that does not promote calcium retention, was more potent a phosphodiesterase inhibitor than either chloro- or hydrochlorothiazide (CTZ, HCTZ). Thiazides did not influence basal or PTH-stimulated cAMP levels in incubated calvaria or renal cortical slices. Administration of CTZ or HCTZ to rats for 4 days did not affect basal cAMP, nor did such treatment potentiate the cAMP response in Calvaria to infusion of parathyroid extract in vivo. CTZ, HCTZ, and furosemide increased basal adenylate cyclase from renal cortex but did not affect PTH-stimulated activity. Adenylate cyclase from bone was not affected by thiazides but was inhibited by furosemide. Thiazide treatment potentiated the calcemic response to parathyroid extract in vivo but did not affect the calcemic response to dibutyryl cAMP. We conclude that potentiation of the cAMP response to PTH does not underlie the unique effects of thiazides on calcium metabolism.
The effects of an intercultural communication workshop on participants’ intercultural communication competence: An exploratory study

It was the purpose of the present study to measure the effects of an intercultural communication workshop (ICW) on American participants’ intercultural communication competence. This study utilized the behavior observation methodology developed by Ruben (1976) with the contrast‐American simulation technique developed by Stewart (1966) to investigate intercultural communication competence development. Using a nonequivalent control group design, a structured communication event employing the contrast‐American technique was developed in which each subject discussed the topic of leadership communication with a contrast‐American at two intervals (pretest and posttest) and these interactions were videotaped. Two judges then viewed the videotaped interactions and rated the subjects’ intercultural communication competence using behavioral observation measures. The results suggest that (I) behavioral observation methodology can be reliably employed to assess intercultural communication competence and (2) the ICW d...
A Glow Discharge Anemometer

A glow discharge at atmospheric pressure is responsive to air velocity, and may be used as an anemometer. The properties of such a glow are discussed in this paper, and data relating to glow current, voltage, glow length, and air velocity are presented. It is also shown that the glow discharge responds to rapid fluctuations in air velocity and is therefore a practical device for investigating turbulence. A comparison of such an anemometer with the previously used hot wire method is given.
Crystal growth and properties of the lead phosphate Pb5P4O15

Single crystals of Pb5P4O15 have been grown by the Czochralski technique. At room temperature the compound has the monoclinic space group P21c with lattice parameters a = 12.405 A, b = 18.441 A, c = 24.752 A, β = 92.26°, Z = 16. A structural phase transformation has been observed at 250°C. Dielectric properties of this compound have been measured and are discussed.
Bacteriophages show promise as antimicrobial agents

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has prompted interest in alternatives to conventional drugs. One possible option is to use bacteriophages (phage) as antimicrobial agents. We have conducted a literature review of all Medline citations from 1966–1996 that dealt with the therapeutic use of phage. There were 27 papers from Poland, the Soviet Union, Britain and the U.S.A. The Polish and Soviets administered phage orally, topically or systemically to treat a wide variety of antibiotic-resistant pathogens in both adults and children. Infections included suppurative wound infections, gastroenteritis, sepsis, osteomyelitis, dermatitis, empyemas and pneumonia: pathogens included Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Klebsiella, Escherichia, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Shigella and Salmonella spp. Overall, the Polish and Soviets reported success rates of 80–95% for phage therapy, with rare, reversible gastrointestinal or allergic side effects. However, efficacy of phage was determined almost exclusively by qualitative clinical assessment of patients, and details of dosages and clinical criteria were very sketchy. There were also six British reports describing controlled trials of phage in animal models (mice, guinea pigs and livestock), measuring survival rates and other objective criteria. All of the British studies raised phage against specific pathogens then used to create experimental infections. Demonstrable efficacy against Escherichia, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus spp. was noted in these model systems. Two U.S. papers dealt with improving the bioavailability of phage. Phage is sequestered in the spleen and removed from circulation. This can be overcome by serial passage of phage through mice to isolate mutants that resist sequestration. In conclusion, bacteriophages may show promise for treating antibiotic resistant pathogens. To facilitate further progress, directions for future research are discussed and a directory of authors from the reviewed papers is provided.
Insect cell culture technology in baculovirus expression systems

Abstract The ability to produce large quantities of proteins relatively cheaply and easily, by expressing genes in heterologous systems, is a useful tool in modern biology and medicine. High-level protein expression systems have been developed from a number of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Insect baculovirus-based systems have shown great promise recently for the production of biologically active proteins. In this review we discuss the application of insect cell culture to baculovirus expression systems.
Wavelength scaling of high-harmonic generation efficiency close to the multiphoton ionization regime

Our experiment shows a less dramatic wavelength scaling of high harmonic generation efficiency between the tunneling and the multiphoton ionization regimes, which can be explained by a modified three-step model with complex ionization time.
THE INFLUENCE OF TUMOR SIZE AND MORPHOLOGY ON THE OUTCOME OF PATIENTS WITH FIGO STAGE IB SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF THE UTERINE CERVIX

Purpose: To define the influence of tumor size and morphology on rates of central tumor control (CTC), pelvic tumor control (PTC), and disease-specific survival (DSS) in patients treated with radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the intact uterine cervix. Methods and Materials: Records of 1526 patients treated with radiotherapy for FIGO Stage IB squamous cell carcinoma of the intact uterine cervix between 1960 and 1989 were retrospectively reviewed. The maximum tumor or cervical diameter was determined from clinical descriptions for 1494 patients. Tumors were divided into nine size categories. Tumors ≥ 4 cm were further classified according to the dominant morphology (i.e., exophytic or endocervical). Median follow-up was 12.2 years. Five-year CTC, PTC, and DSS rates were calculated actuarially. Results: CTC, PTC, and DSS rates correlated strongly with tumor diameter (p < 0.0001). Overall, CTC, PTC, and DSS rates for patients with tumors < 5 cm were 99%, 97%, and 88%, respectively. For patients with tumors 5–7.9 cm these rates were 93%, 84%, and 69%, respectively. There were no significant differences in the rates of PTC, CTC, or DSS between subgroups of patients with lesions 5–7.9 cm in diameter. The rates of CTC (97%) and DSS (76%) for patients with 5–7.9 cm exophytic tumors were significantly better than those for patients with endocervical tumors of the same size (91% and 66%, resectively); there was no difference in the PTC rate. Conclusion: Although the CTC rates were excellent for all patients with tumors < 8 cm in diameter, these rates for tumors < 5 cm (99%) and for exophytic tumors 5–7.9 cm (97%) make it difficult to justify the use of adjuvant hysterectomy. Although patients with tumors of 5–7.9 cm had consistently poorer PTC and DSS rates than did patients with smaller tumors, the control rates achieved with aggressive radiotherapy were still excellent. The strong correlation between tumor size and outcome suggests that tumor diameter should be assessed when tumors are clinically evaluated and staged and when treatment results are reported for patients with FIGO Stage IB carcinoma of the uterine cervix.
Change is a constant requiring a coach

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess individualized and team coaching as a tool for empowering library employees to respond to the constantly changing needs of customers.Design/methodology/approach – The paper documents a variety of strategic models and approaches to coaching that can be adapted for practical implementation with the aim of promoting positive change in employee skills and behaviors.Findings – To remain competitive libraries must cultivate intrinsically motivated, high‐performance employees inspired by a culture that puts people first. Coaching is a methodology that can generate passion for the organizational vision and goals.Research limitations/implications – Analysis of the theoretical premise for implementing a coaching program at the public library branch level is largely derived from referenced literature from the corporate domain. Evaluation of coaching goals should be conducted using qualitative and quantitative research methods decided upon during strategic planning for...
Police Officer Characteristics and the Likelihood of Using Deadly Force

Past research on police shootings, when examining officer characteristics, has focused on the officer's race, particularly when it is not the same as the race of the person shot. Data from 186 offi...
Markov and multifractal wavelet models for wireless MAC-to-MAC channels

Statistical understanding of bit-errors above the physical layer facilitates the design and verification of wireless protocols and applications. In this paper, we provide analysis and modeling of bit-errors at the 802.11b MAC layer. We show that MAC-to-MAC bit-errors at 2 and 5.5 Mbps are Markov, whereas those at 11 Mbps are long-range dependent (LRD). For the 2 and 5.5 Mbps channels, we observe that low-complexity hierarchical and hidden Markov models cannot characterize the bit-error processes, and consequently high-order full-state Markov chains are employed for accurate channel characterization. A multifractal wavelet model is employed to accurately capture the LRD 11 Mbps bit-error process.
Excitotoxic lesions of the paraventricular hypothalamus: metabolic and cardiac effects.

Abstract The excitotoxin, N- methyl- d -aspartic acid (NMDA), was used to lesion cell bodies, but not fibers-of-passage, in the paraventricular hypothalamus. Bilateral injections of NMDA ( 12.6 nmol 100 nl ) were made into the paraventricular hypothalamus in halothane-anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats. Water intake, food intake, urine output and body weight were measured daily for 26 days after lesioning. Lesioned rats exhibited a modest, but significant, reduction in the rate of gain of body weight, which was most closely correlated with decreases in food intake. Water intake and urine output were not significantly different among the groups. Resting blood pressure, heart rate and baroreflex sensitivity (using the infusion of phenylephrine method) were similar in conscious animals of both groups, 4–5 weeks after lesioning. Neuronal loss, primarily of parvocellular elements, was evident in the paraventricular hypothalamus and neuronal loss frequently extended into the ventro-medial thalamus adjacent to the paraventricular hypothalamus in NMDA-lesioned rats. In a second experiment, injections of NMDA were given acutely into the paraventricular hypothalamus of halothane-anesthetized rats. Upon recovery from anesthesia, behavioral excitation and increases in blood pressure and heart rate were evident for 1–2 hr. Histological examination of hearts taken 48 hr after injection of NMDA revealed a largely mononuclear inflammatory infiltration, hyperemia and myocardial hemorrhage and focal myocardial necrosis. Inflammatory and degenerative changes were most prominent in the left ventricular subendocardium. The cardiomyopathy possessed similarities with catecholamine-induced myocardial necrosis. The results indicated that NMDA-induced lesions of parvocellular elements of the paraventricular hypothalamus did not cause hyperphagia or obesity or alter the resting systemic circulatory function. However, an inflammatory cardiomyopathy, termed “excitotoxin-induced myocardial necrosis”, was associated with injections of NMDA into the hypothalamus. Excitotoxin-induced myocardial necrosis may complicate any hemodynamic studies performed in rats in which lesions of the CNS have been produced by means of application of excitotoxins.
Digital recording reliability for information exchange applications

In the past several years both government and industry have been using computers with digital tape drives which record at 800 characters per inch (cpi). As more equipment of this type is used, complaints of read failures from users increase. The most frequent complaint is that users experience problems while attempting to read tapes which have been written on a computer other than their own, or sometimes within their own facility.
Understanding the evolution and development of neurosensory transcription factors of the ear to enhance therapeutic translation

Reconstructing a functional organ of Corti is the ultimate target towards curing hearing loss. Despite the impressive technical gains made over the last few years, many complications remain ahead for the two main restoration avenues: in vitro transformation of pluripotent cells into hair cell-like cells and adenovirus-mediated gene therapy. Most notably, both approaches require a more complete understanding of the molecular networks that ensure specific cell types form in the correct places to allow proper function of the restored organ of Corti. Important to this understanding are the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors (TFs) that are highly diverse and serve to increase functional complexity but their evolutionary implementation in the inner ear neurosensory development is less conspicuous. To this end, we review the evolutionary and developmentally dynamic interactions of the three bHLH TFs that have been identified as the main players in neurosensory evolution and development, Neurog1, Neurod1 and Atoh1. These three TFs belong to the neurogenin/atonal family and evolved from a molecular precursor that likely regulated single sensory cell development in the ectoderm of metazoan ancestors but are now also expressed in other parts of the body, including the brain. They interact extensively via intracellular and intercellular cross-regulation to establish the two main neurosensory cell types of the ear, the hair cells and sensory neurons. Furthermore, the level and duration of their expression affect the specification of hair cell subtypes (inner hair cells vs. outer hair cells). We propose that appropriate manipulation of these TFs through their characterized binding sites may offer a solution by itself, or in conjunction with the two other approaches currently pursued by others, to restore the organ of Corti.
The importance of corpus-based research for language teachers

Abstract In the past decade, interest has grown tremendously in the use of language corpora and computer tools for language education. Unfortunately, however, publications addressed to teachers have focused almost entirely on concordancing and lexical or lexico-grammatical studies. They have not introduced teachers to more comprehensive types of corpus-based studies, even though these studies also have important implications for teaching. In this article, I introduce the fundamental characteristics of corpus-based research and then illustrate such research with a study of a complex grammatical feature in English: linking adverbials (i.e. connecting expressions such as therefore and in other words). With this sample study I show that corpus-based research is useful even with features that cannot be studied with automatic computer programs. In addition, this research facilitates investigation of multiple characteristics of a feature so that we can gain a fuller understanding of its use. Specifically, for linking adverbials I examine frequency, semantic category, grammatical structure, placement within the clause, the specific item used, and variation across registers (academic prose, newspaper reportage, fiction, and conversation)—as well as the interactions of these characteristics. I also illustrate how this corpus-based study can lead to more principled classroom materials and activities.
Non-linear density dependence in in low energy kaon-nucleus interactions

Abstract The importance of effects non-linear in the nuclear density in low energy kaon-nucleus interactions is investigated using a schematic picture for correlations between strange baryons and nucleons in connection with an analysis of the kaon self energy in nuclear matter. Several ways of extrapolating the KN amplitude below threshold are employed. The results indicate that effects non-linear in nuclear density play a non-negligible role in low energy kaon-nucleus scattering.
Relationships between triglycerides, lipoproteins, glucose and coronary artery disease

We examined the relationship of apolipoprotein B (apo B), glucose, triglycerides and other lipoprotein lipids to coronary artery disease (CAD). Using receiver-operating characteristic curves (ROC), we noticed that the triglyceride ROC curve crossed above other lipoprotein curves at a triglycerides level of approximately 1.4 g/l. We examined subgroups of 1.4 g/l. ANOVA (F = 18.9, P 1.4 g/l group were low density lipoprotein cholesterol and apo B. Glucose did not appear to significantly alter the predictive power of triglycerides. These data suggest that triglyceride appears to be an overall significant univariate marker for CAD because of its effect at lower concentrations. The strong relationship between CAD and triglycerides at low triglyceride levels may reflect increased levels of very low density lipoprotein metabolites in some individuals. We conclude that some triglyceride-rich particles are independently atherogenic, that glucose did not alter this relationship and that when the samples were split into those with high and low levels of triglycerides, triglycerides and apo B but not HDLC was a significant predictor of CAD.
The Art of Scientific Writing: From Student Reports to Professional Publications in Chemistry and Related Fields, 2nd ed. Hans F. Ebel, Claus Bliefert, and William E. Russey. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2004, 608 pp, $35.00, softcover. ISBN 3-527-29829.

This book is intelligently, and about evenly, divided into two broad areas. The first, “Goals and Forms in Scientific Writing”, covers preparation of reports, dissertations, journal articles, and books. In addition to giving practical advice on format and organization, the authors raise such fundamental issues as the role of scholarly journals in communicating information and “what is a book?”. Virtually no stone is left unturned; even the time of day most productive for writing is considered. The second section, “Materials, Tools, and Methods in Scientific Writing”, is likely to receive the most use. This how-to portion addresses writing techniques, editing, proofreading, presentation of formulae, preparation of figures, and organization and citation of existing literature. The section on …
Stent-supported coil embolization: the treatment of fusiform and wide-neck aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms.

Objective We describe a consecutive series of patients treated with endovascular stent-supported coil embolization for symptomatic or enlarging wide-neck and fusiform aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms of the carotid and vertebrobasilar arteries. Methods Seven stent-supported coil embolization procedures were performed for seven aneurysms in seven consecutive patients. There were five pseudoaneurysms, one dissecting aneurysm, and one berry aneurysm. Four aneurysms were located in the carotid artery, and three were located in the vertebrobasilar system. Three aneurysms were intracranial. Four patients were symptomatic, and three had angiographic evidence of increasing aneurysm size. Results Technical success was achieved in six (86%) of seven patients. Entanglement of a coil with the stent struts necessitated partial coil delivery into the parent artery in one patient, but there were no neurological or other adverse sequelae. The 30-day rate of periprocedural stroke or mortality was 0%. At a mean clinical follow-up of 14.5 months, neurological status was at baseline or better in all patients. To date, all treated patients remain clinically asymptomatic with oral administration of aspirin only. Conclusion Stent-supported coil embolization represents an emerging therapeutic alternative to surgery for the treatment of symptomatic or enlarging wide-neck and fusiform aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms of the cervical and vertebrobasilar arteries, which are not amenable to conventional unsupported coil embolization. Experience with greater numbers of patients and long-term follow-up are required to further validate this technique.
Is there injustice in the international economy

Economic as well as ethical aspects of discrimination and other forms of injustice in the context of a nation’s economy have been discussed by scholars for many decades. However, until relatively recent times, much attention has not been given – especially by economists – to discrimination and injustice in the international context. At least since 1961, several works in Catholic social thought have addressed the issues of injustice as well as poverty and inequality among countries. Discusses the social economics of discrimination and other forms of injustice in the international context. After a brief introduction, presents some views on injustice in the international economy and some empirical evidence. Briefly discusses the way mainstream economics mostly avoids discussion about injustice. Follows by looking at social economists’ perspective on injustice, also giving remarks on how some documents comprising Catholic social thought discuss injustice in the context of international development. Concludes with observations on how distribution/justice issues could be incorporated in discussions dominated by growth/development objectives.
A Novel Method for Localizing Reporter Fluorescent Beads Near the Cell Culture Surface for Traction Force Microscopy

PA gels have long been used as a platform to study cell traction forces due to ease of fabrication and the ability to tune their elastic properties. When the substrate is coated with an extracellular matrix protein, cells adhere to the gel and apply forces, causing the gel to deform. The deformation depends on the cell traction and the elastic properties of the gel. If the deformation field of the surface is known, surface traction can be calculated using elasticity theory. Gel deformation is commonly measured by embedding fluorescent marker beads uniformly into the gel. The probes displace as the gel deforms. The probes near the surface of the gel are tracked. The displacements reported by these probes are considered as surface displacements. Their depths from the surface are ignored. This assumption introduces error in traction force evaluations. For precise measurement of cell forces, it is critical for the location of the beads to be known. We have developed a technique that utilizes simple chemistry to confine fluorescent marker beads, 0.1 and 1 µm in diameter, in PA gels, within 1.6 μm of the surface. We coat a coverslip with poly-D-lysine (PDL) and fluorescent beads. PA gel solution is then sandwiched between the coverslip and an adherent surface. The fluorescent beads transfer to the gel solution during curing. After polymerization, the PA gel contains fluorescent beads on a plane close to the gel surface.
DNA replication-independent silencing in S. cerevisiae.

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae , the silent mating loci are repressed by their assembly into heterochromatin. The formation of this heterochromatin requires a cell cycle event that occurs between early S phase and G2/M phase, which has been widely assumed to be DNA replication. To determine whether DNA replication through a silent mating-type locus, HMR a , is required for silencing to be established, we monitored heterochromatin formation at HMR a on a chromosome and on a nonreplicating extrachromosomal cassette as cells passed through S phase. Cells that passed through S phase established silencing at both the chromosomal HMR a locus and the extrachromosomal HMR a locus with equal efficiency. Thus, in contrast to the prevailing view, the establishment of silencing occurred in the absence of passage of the DNA replication fork through or near the HMR locus, but retained a cell cycle dependence.
Effectiveness of acupuncture as adjunctive therapy in osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized, controlled trial.

Background Evidence on the efficacy of acupuncture for reducing the pain and dysfunction of osteoarthritis is equivocal. Objective To determine whether acupuncture provides greater pain relief and improved function compared with sham acupuncture or education in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Design Randomized, controlled trial. Setting Two outpatient clinics (an integrative medicine facility and a rheumatology facility) located in academic teaching hospitals and 1 clinical trials facility. Patients 570 patients with osteoarthritis of the knee (mean age [+/-SD], 65.5 +/- 8.4 years). Intervention 23 true acupuncture sessions over 26 weeks. Controls received 6 two-hour sessions over 12 weeks or 23 sham acupuncture sessions over 26 weeks. Measurements Primary outcomes were changes in the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain and function scores at 8 and 26 weeks. Secondary outcomes were patient global assessment, 6-minute walk distance, and physical health scores of the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). Results Participants in the true acupuncture group experienced greater improvement in WOMAC function scores than the sham acupuncture group at 8 weeks (mean difference, -2.9 [95% CI, -5.0 to -0.8]; P = 0.01) but not in WOMAC pain score (mean difference, -0.5 [CI, -1.2 to 0.2]; P = 0.18) or the patient global assessment (mean difference, 0.16 [CI, -0.02 to 0.34]; P > 0.2). At 26 weeks, the true acupuncture group experienced significantly greater improvement than the sham group in the WOMAC function score (mean difference, -2.5 [CI, -4.7 to -0.4]; P = 0.01), WOMAC pain score (mean difference, -0.87 [CI, -1.58 to -0.16];P = 0.003), and patient global assessment (mean difference, 0.26 [CI, 0.07 to 0.45]; P = 0.02). Limitations At 26 weeks, 43% of the participants in the education group and 25% in each of the true and sham acupuncture groups were not available for analysis. Conclusions Acupuncture seems to provide improvement in function and pain relief as an adjunctive therapy for osteoarthritis of the knee when compared with credible sham acupuncture and education control groups.
A Critical Thinking/Learning Pilot Study: Student Perceptions of Higher- Order Cognitive Levels of Thinking/ Learning in College Classrooms

To what extent are higher order thinking skills taught and tested on college campuses today? This challenging question prompted the researcher to conduct a Pilot Study for purposes of teaching twelve junior and senior students the cognitive levels of thinking/learning and to measure their perceptions of the extent to which it occurred in their classes. Participants in the study underwent a two week teaching/ practice session prior to making observations forfour weeks in six selected courses. In fourout of six classes, students perceived the learning environment to be primarily concerned with the lower order levels of thinking/learning at least 96 percent of the time. The higher-order cognitive levels of thinking/learning occurred in two classes, as perceived by students, at least 18 percent of the time. Educators should be encouraged to more effectively challenge and stimulate the critical thinking/learning process of their students.
Persistence in Leader Selection Rescues Arrow Electronics in Its Darkest Hours

When a flash fire swept through the conference center at the Stouffer's Inn Hotel and Conference Center in Harrison, NY, on December 4, 1980, killing two of Arrow's three top executives, one the CEO, along with 11 other executives, it fell to the sole surviving leader, John Waddell, to hold the grieving company together. His most pressing challenge was finding a new leader with the right vision, values, and leadership style to take the helm. For Waddell, the experience was laced with highs and lows, including a decision destined to be a serious error in judgment. But 2 years later, the charismatic leader he wooed, Stephen P. Kaufman, was moving decisively to implement reforms that would change the modus operandi of the electronics distribution industry and make Arrow bigger and better than before.
High-resolution Fourier transform infrared spectra of 12C32S, 12C33S, 12C34S, and 13C32S

Abstract The v = 1-0 infrared absorption bands of the 12C32S, 12C33S, 12C34S, and 13C32S isotopes and the v = 2-1 “hot” band of 12C32S all in the ground electronic state were measured using a high-resolution Fourier transform spectrometer coupled to a long-path absorption cell. P- and R-branch transitions, up to J = 41 for 12C32S, have been measured at 0.004 cm−1 unapodized resolution. Rotational and centrifugal distortion parameters which are improved over those obtained in previous diode laser measurements for the less abundant 12C33S and 13C32S isotopes are reported. Improved v = 1-0 band origins of the various isotopes are also reported. Analysis included published microwave data along with the present IR measurements. The present results are compared with previous infrared diode laser, Fourier transform spectrometer, and microwave measurements.
Hybrid adaptive control of intelligent structures with simultaneous precision positioning and vibration suppression

This paper focuses on the dynamic analysis, simultaneous precision positioning and vibration suppression, and experiments of Active Composite Panels (ACPs). First, the dynamics of a panel with two surface-mounted PZT patches is analyzed and measured by the finite element method and experiments. A hybrid adaptive control scheme is then proposed to achieve precision positioning and vibration suppression simultaneously. The control scheme takes advantage of two adaptive feed forward controllers and an adaptive feedback controller. The simulation results of the hybrid adaptive controller are compared with those of a PID controller, showing that it can provide better precision position and faster vibration suppression. The experimental results demonstrate that the relative precision can reach 98.5% of the required position in large vibration level, verifying that the hybrid adaptive control scheme is reliable and efficient.
Effects of continuous darkness on ERG correlates of disc shedding in rabbit retina.

The electroretinogram (ERG) was recorded in the dark from photo-entrained albino rabbits, using a constant-intensity, 500-nm, 50- or 100-msec stimulus at 1-min intervals. Under these conditions, the b-wave of the ERG was previously shown to decrease in amplitude at the time of the morning rod photoreceptor disc shedding event. We have extended our observations to rabbits housed in continuous darkness. The present data show that in constant darkness the change in retinal sensitivity continues to occur, but with a period slightly less than 24 hr. Unilatral dark adaptation, achieved by eyepatching, alters the timing of the event only in the retina of the occluded eye. Thus, the change in retinal sensitivity shares the characteristics of endogenous rhythmicity and intraocular control that have been demonstrated by histologic methods for mammalian rod disc shedding. We also report elongation of rod outer segments in some regions of the albino rabbit retina aftercontinuous darkness.
CD40 ligation impedes lymphoblastoid B cell proliferation and S-phase entry

The CD40 cell surface antigen and member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily is expressed in many cell types, including normal and neoplastic B cells. Signaling through CD40 induces B cell proliferation, differentiation and, in some circumstances, protects the B cell from apoptosis. Lymphoblastoid cells (LCLs) resemble the malignant B cells that comprise the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders, in that the cells bear a highly activated phenotype and, unlike most other EBV positive tumor cells, express the majority of latent EBV genes. In this study, we use assays of cell viability, proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis to demonstrate that ligation of the CD40 receptor in EBV-transformed LCLs inhibits their growth. The process does not involve apoptosis, but is characterized by reduced S-phase entry from G0/G1. A better understanding of the negative effects of CD40 ligation in these cells may offer clues for the development of novel therapies in EBV-related B cell disorders.
A competition-based explanation of collaborative invention within the firm

Existing literature shows that collaborative invention within the firm enhances innovativeness by facilitating knowledge recombination. Despite such benefit, firms vary in their use of collaborative invention when drawing on their individual inventors' knowledge. In addressing this puzzle, we argue that competition from rival products building on similar knowledge compels firms to favor search depth over exploratory search and respond expeditiously, thus reducing a firm's inclination toward collaborative invention. In contrast with prior research's focus on how upstream resources influence a firm's position in downstream markets, this study shows that downstream competition drives heterogeneity across firms in their utilization of upstream resources. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parameter tuning of reduced order evaporator models via numerical model reduction

Two modeling paradigms have been shown to be effective in modeling the dynamics of multi-phase heat exchangers. The more complex finite control volume approach accurately captures the distributed nature of the system parameters; while the simpler moving boundary lumped parameter approach uses effective parameter values to create a more control-oriented model. However, parameter tuning of these simpler models can be time and data intensive. This paper presents an approach to apply model reduction techniques to the finite control volume models to extract an optimal choice of effective parameters for use in the simpler control oriented models. The process can be repeated over a wide range of operating conditions to obtain maps of effective parameters which can be used to create a low-order, first principles nonlinear model of the dynamics. A key advantage of these approaches is retention of the physical nature of the system states which are lost when using standard model reduction procedures.
Attention Deficits in Adolescence: Description, Evaluation, and Management

Attention deficits may persist through childhood and into adolescence or they first may become manifest in adolescence. Their manifestations are often more subtle but Severe enough to exact a significant toll on academic performance. Associated learning disabilities, behavioral problems, and affective dysfunction, especially low self-esteem, are frequent concomitants or complications. On the other hand, some traits (such as creativity) of attention deficits may serve as redemptive features. Evaluation necessitates a systematic gathering, synthesis, and interpretation of a vast amount of information as well as direct testing and observation. Compensatory strengths and other positive attributes should be elicited and mobilized. Management should be individually tailored to the adolescent9s specific needs and resources and implemented in a stepwise fashion. Intervention is usually multimodal, because attention deficits invariably affect several areas of function: academic, behavioral, social, and emotional. Management might include educational interventions, counseling, cognitive behavior therapy, behavior modification, and pharmacotherapy. Management should always include demystification, construction of a functional profile, specific advice-giving, encouragement, advocacy, and long-term follow-up, roles for which the pediatrician is especially qualified. With increased awareness of the plight of adolescents with attention deficits, the pediatrician, working closely with other professionals, has an extraordinary opportunity to minimize the accusations, suffering, and maladaptive, self-destructive behaviors that have been so much a part of the adolescent9s condition in the past. As we become more sensitive to the effects of endogenous dysfunction during adolescence, it will become increasingly possible to redeem the struggling young people in their own eyes and in the eyes of important adults in their lives. Optimal evaluation and treatment is likely to be taxing, time-consuming, and expensive for all involved. However, the price of neglect, false attributions, and failure will be far higher.
New Governance and Health Care Regulation.

This paper explores a new approach to health care regulation, referred to generally as new governance. New governance is not a unitary theory of law but rather is a collection of approaches to regulation which lie between an open market system and a very prescriptive regulatory regime, often characterized as command and control regulation. Originally developed in Australia, the various approaches to new governance have been implemented in Europe and North America as well, generally in highly technical arenas in matters concerning safety and the environment The paper considers the application of new governance in health care, primarily in the context of medical errors, but also considers application so this doctrine to licensure as well.
Decompensated Cirrhosis after Renal Transplantation: A Case Report

Patients with end-stage liver disease with renal failure can be considered for simultaneous liver kidney transplantation. There are, however, no clear guidelines as to the management of the well-compensated cirrhotic patient with end-stage renal disease. We present the case of a patient with cirrhosis who decompensated after renal transplantation. With no indication for liver transplantation, can these patients safely undergo renal transplantation?
CC--MPI: a compiled communication capable MPI prototype for ethernet switched clusters

Compiled communication has recently been proposed to improve communication performance for clusters of workstations. The idea of compiled communication is to apply more aggressive optimizations to communications whose information is known at compile time. Existing MPI libraries do not support compiled communication. In this paper, we present an MPI prototype, CC--MPI, that supports compiled communication on Ethernet switched clusters. The unique feature of CC--MPI is that it allows the user to manage network resources such as multicast groups directly and to optimize communications based on the availability of the communication information. CC--MPI optimizes one--to--all, one--to--many, all--to--all, and many--to--many collective communication routines using the compiled communication technique. We describe the techniques used in CC--MPI and report its performance. The results show that communication performance of Ethernet switched clusters can be significantly improved through compiled communication.