cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
VASCULAR PLANT TYPES OF CLARENCE KING'S EXPLORATION OF THE FORTIETH PARALLEL, 1867-1869

Presented here is a guide to the location, deposition, and authors of vascular plant type material either collected on the King exploration or described in the botany report of the exploration. A lectotype ofLupinus meionanthus var.heteranthus is herein designated by R. C. Barneby.
Update on listeria monocytogenes infection

Listeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive bacillus that causes meningitis, encephalitis, bacteremia, and febrile gastroenteritis. Most disease occurs in immunosuppressed individuals. Recent seroepidemiologic studies show that the infection is foodborne. Due to the increasing number of immunosuppressed individuals at risk for listeriosis, as well as the persistence of substantial foodborne outbreaks, L. monocytogenes has gained worldwide attention as an important pathogen. Heightened surveillance and quality control by the food industry have been instituted, leading to a reduction in the number of cases and deaths from this infection in the past decade. However, due to the ubiquity of the organism in the environment, outbreaks and sporadic disease continue to occur. The standard therapy for listeriosis is a combination of ampicillin and gentamicin or, for patients who are intolerant of β-lactam agents, trimethoprim-sulfamethazole. Despite the availability of therapy, the mortality rate remains high in those with T-cell immunodeficiencies.
All-trans-retinol is a ligand for the retinoic acid receptors

Competition of all-trans-retinol and all-trans-retinaldehyde with 3H-labeled all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) for binding to retinoic acid receptors (RARs) was examined in human neuroblastoma cell nuclear extracts. All-trans-retinol was 35-fold less potent than all-trans-RA, whereas all-trans-retinaldehyde was 500-fold less active in binding to the nuclear receptors. To confirm that all-trans-retinol binds to RARs, experiments were carried out with RARs alpha, beta, and gamma expressed as bacterial fusion proteins. All-trans-retinol was only 4- to 7-fold less potent than all-trans-RA in binding to all three RAR subtypes. The all-trans-retinol binding observed was not the result of metabolism of retinol to RA or some other active compound during the binding experiment. Retinyl acetate was virtually inactive in competition binding experiments, while very slight activity was observed with 13-cis-RA and all-trans-retinaldehyde. Significant competition occurred with 4-hydroxy-RA and 4-keto-RA, which were 15- to 40-fold less potent than all-trans-RA. The 9-cis isomer of RA was equipotent with all-trans-retinol in these studies. These results suggest that all-trans-retinol cannot be excluded as a physiologically significant ligand for RAR-mediated gene expression.
Production of antiserum in mice to human leukaemia-associated antigens.

SEROLOGICAL techniques are of major importance in the study of human tumour specific antigens, particularly with antisera that react specifically with surface antigens on malignant cells or with soluble neoantigens in the serum. Antisera to human leukaemic cells or cell extracts have been produced in rabbits1–3 but species-specific antibodies may obscure the search for leukaemia-associated antigens (LAA). Induction of tolerance in the neonate to normal human white cells4,7 or absorption of antisera with normal human antigens6 has been used to minimize detection of species-specific antibodies. Mann et al.8 have recently produced antisera in rabbits that are cytotoxic to human leukaemic blast cells but not to normal white cells by immunization with membrane components of Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines. Aisenberg9 rendered mice specifically tolerant to sheep erythrocytes by injecting them in conjunction with a high dose of cyclophosphamide. Similarly, skin allografts in mice have been prolonged by injecting the recipient with cyclophosphamide and donor leucocytes10. We have raised an antiserum in mice to human leukaemic blast cells after first inducing partial tolerance to the remission leucocytes of the patient with cyclophosphamide.
Electron cloud measurements and simulations for the Brookhaven Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider

124401-1 Intense ion beams in the Brookhaven Relativistic Ion Collider lead to a rise in the vacuum pressure. Electron clouds can contribute to such a process. To measure electron cloud densities the coherent tune shift along the bunch train was observed with different bunch spacings and intensities. From the measured coherent tune shifts, electron cloud densities are computed and compared with densities obtained in electron cloud simulations.
Emerging issues in infectious disease epidemiology

Abstract We wish to recognize our indebtedness and devotion to Abe Lilienfeld over the past years and to emphasize his broad understanding of the principles involved in the epidemiology of infectious and non-infectious diseases. The approach in this paper will place primary emphasis on the control and prevention of infectious diseases as major challenges for the future. In doing so, we envision that there will be changes in the agent, the host, the methods of transmission, and the environment as well as in the technology and methodology available to study these factors, which should provide a better understanding of their interactions in the community as well as in the individual. A number of these new challenges will relate to modification in the cultural, behavioral, and personal characteristics of the host and some to the consequences of our invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and the emergence of new therapies of prophylaxis and treatment.
Improvement with Look-ahead on Cooperative Pursuit Games

The multi-player pursuit-evasion (PE) game problem has recently received a lot of attention. Hierarchical decomposition is previously proposed for multi-player differential game for a suboptimal solution in Li, D. et al, (2005). Furthermore, optimization based on limited look-ahead is used to improve such a suboptimal solution in Li, D. and Cruz, J.B. (2006), However, it requires intensive computation. In this paper, through the further study on the properties of the suboptimal value function of a cooperative pursuit game, it becomes evident that the performance improvement by limited look-ahead results from the structure relaxation on pursuers' strategies when optimization is conducted. Based on a problem with certain objective and dynamics, we prove a linear structure of the improving strategies in terms of the structured controls associated with the suboptimal solution, and then optimization is parameterized by the linear weights. The problem is further transformed into a nonlinear programming problem. It is shown that computation can be reduced the decentralized implementation is possible
K-linked graphs with girth condition

Recently, Mader [7] proved that every 2k-connected graph with girth g(G) sufficiently large is k-linked. We show here that g(G ≥ 11 will do unless k = 4,5. If k = 4,5, then g(G) ≥ 19 will do. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 45: 48–50, 2004
Vitamin D metabolism and innate immunity

Effects of vitamin D on the immune system have been recognized for over 30 years and stemmed in part from analysis of the dysregulated vitamin D metabolism associated with granulomatous diseases. However, it is only in more recent years that a role for interaction between vitamin D and normal immune function has been proposed. As with the original studies, the basis for this new perspective on immunomodulation by vitamin D stems from studies of vitamin D metabolism by immune cells. In particular, induction of the vitamin D-activating enzyme CYP27B1 in monocytes via pathogen recognizing receptors has highlighted an entirely new function for vitamin D as a potent inducer of antibacterial innate immune responses. This has prompted a new potential role for vitamin D in protecting against infection in a wide range of tissues but has also prompted revision of the parameters for adequate vitamin D status. The following review describes some of the key developments in innate immune responses to vitamin D with particular emphasis on the role of key metabolic enzyme as determinants of localized immune activity of vitamin D.
Should Clinical Investigators invEnt acroNyms that are CoercivE?--The SCIENCE in medicine study.

Stanbrook et al. [1] entitled their recent article “Acronymnamed randomized trials in medicine— the ART in medicine study” (underlines by me). But is it a science? I know of several trial acronyms that are coercive in nature [2]. For instance, CONSENSUS, CURE, HOPE, MIRACLE and SAVE are all quite prophetic. Unfortunately, many trials with a positive-sounding acronym turned out to be negative trials [4], e.g., ATLAS, LIMITAMI, IMPROVED and PROMISE. In fact, the PROMISE trial was not promising at all and had to be terminated prematurely. Therefore, institutional review boards, sponsors of trials and the researchers conducting the trials should avoid the use of coercive acronyms [4,5]. The readers are referred to Ref. [3] for definitions of the acronyms cited in this letter.
HIGH-RESOLUTION NMR OF AN ANTISENSE DNA.RNA HYBRID CONTAINING ALTERNATING CHIRALLY PURE RP METHYLPHOSPHONATES IN THE DNA BACKBONE

A high-resolution proton NMR study has been performed on a hybrid duplex formed by a methylphosphonate (MP) oligodeoxyribonucleotide (MPO) and its target oligoribonucleotide, d(TMPCCMPTTMPAGMPCTMPCCMPTG)·r(CAGGAGCUAAGGA), where MP corresponds to positions of methylphosphonate linkages in the pure Rp stereoconfiguration. MP-containing analogs of DNA are reported to be effective antisense agents capable of specifically inhibiting protein synthesis with the Rp chiral MPOs exhibiting greater affinity for the target mRNA than their Sp counterparts. Nearly complete proton resonance assignments of the hybrid duplex have been made using two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect (2D NOE) spectra, at three different mixing times, and double quantum-filtered COSY (2QF-COSY) spectra. The 2QF-COSY cross-peak patterns which are resolved have been analyzed qualitatively to suggest sugar conformations. Distance restraints have been obtained from the 2D NOE spectra of the duplex in D2O. These interproton distance restrain...
Abstract A43: Detection of tumor‐associated KRAS mutations in the plasma and tumor tissue of colorectal cancer patients

The mutational evaluation of tumor‐derived genetic material is becoming increasingly important in the era of personalized medicine. DNA harvested from a variety of sources (e.g., tumor biopsies, plasma, serum, urine and stool) may be useful to determine the mutational status of a tumor. In addition, a variety of methods for performing mutational analyses are available. In the present study, DNA derived from tumor biopsies and plasma was evaluated for KRAS mutational status by two different methodologies: Sequenom and BEAMing. In an initial experiment, KRAS mutations were identified in 36/64 (56%) of colorectal tumors analyzed by the Sequenom method. Matched plasma samples corresponding to a subset of the patients with KRAS‐mutant tumors (n = 18) were subsequently evaluated for KRAS mutational status by Sequenom and BEAMing methodologies. Each of these methods detected the expected tumor‐associated KRAS mutation in approximately 70% of the plasma samples analyzed. An additional set of 38 plasma samples from late stage metastatic colorectal cancer patients was then evaluated by both Sequenom and BEAMing, which lead to the identification of KRAS mutations in 9/38 (24%) and 19/38 (50%) of the samples analyzed by the respective technologies. Biopsies from 8 of these 38 patients were available and evaluated for KRAS mutational status by Sequenom. In one case, a KRAS mutation was found in the tumor that had not been detected in the corresponding plasma sample, and in another case a KRAS mutation that had been detected in a plasma sample was not detected in the corresponding tumor. This study indicates that the Sequenom method can be successfully used to determine the KRAS mutational status in both tumor biopsies and plasma. The BEAMing method was also successfully used to determine KRAS mutational status in plasma, and appears to be more sensitive than the Sequenom method. Since the frequency of KRAS mutation detected in the plasma of 38 metastatic colorectal cancer patients using BEAMing (i.e., 50%) is similar to that reported in the literature for this patient population when using tumor biopsies for mutational analysis, the assessment of tumor‐associated mutations in plasma may represent a viable option in this patient population. However, since the KRAS mutational status in plasma and tumor do not always correspond, data obtained from these two sources should be independently evaluated in the clinical setting. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):A43.
A closer look at amphetamine-induced reverse transport and trafficking of the dopamine and norepinephrine transporters.

Amphetamine (AMPH) and its derivatives are regularly used in the treatment of a wide array of disorders such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obesity, traumatic brain injury, and narcolepsy (Prog Neurobiol 75:406–433, 2005; J Am Med Assoc 105:2051–2054, 1935; J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 41:514–521, 2002; Neuron 43:261–269, 2004; Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 47:681–698, 2007; Drugs Aging 21:67–79, 2004). Despite the important medicinal role for AMPH, it is more widely known for its psychostimulant and addictive properties as a drug of abuse. The primary molecular targets of AMPH are both the vesicular monoamine transporters (VMATs) and plasma membrane monoamine—dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and serotonin (5-HT)—transporters. The rewarding and addicting properties of AMPH rely on its ability to act as a substrate for these transporters and ultimately increase extracellular levels of monoamines. AMPH achieves this elevation in extracellular levels of neurotransmitter by inducing synaptic vesicle depletion, which increases intracellular monoamine levels, and also by promoting reverse transport (efflux) through plasma membrane monoamine transporters (J Biol Chem 237:2311–2317, 1962; Med Exp Int J Exp Med 6:47–53, 1962; Neuron 19:1271–1283, 1997; J Physiol 144:314–336, 1958; J Neurosci 18:1979–1986, 1998; Science 237:1219–1223, 1987; J Neurosc 15:4102–4108, 1995). This review will focus on two important aspects of AMPH-induced regulation of the plasma membrane monoamine transporters—transporter mediated monoamine efflux and transporter trafficking.
Characteristics of cometary picked‐up ions in a global model of Giacobini‐Zinner

Energetic ions observed during the International Cometary Explorer (ICE) spacecraft flyby of comet Giacobini-Zinner provide information about both the constitution of comets and the plasma physical processes associated with their interaction with the solar wind. In this investigation the details of ion 'pickup,' in the limit where small-scale fluctuations in the plasma and magnetic field are neglected, are modeled by following the motion of a large number of initially cold, heavy (mass 18) ions in a global magnetohydrodynamic model of the local plasma and magnetic field. The results indicate how the background or macroscopic velocity and magnetic field structure of the comet can affect the average spatial and spectral characteristics of the observed cometary ions. These effects, which occur by virtue of forces associated with the compression and the curvature of the magnetic field in the presence of the stagnating plasma flow, can explain the double maxima in the time series of the energetic ion flux observed along the ICE trajectory.
Bat ecology and public health surveillance for rabies in an urbanizing region of Colorado

We describe use of Fort Collins, Colorado, and nearby areas by bats in 2001–2005, and link patterns in bat ecology with concurrent public health surveillance for rabies. Our analyses are based on evaluation of summary statistics, and information-theoretic support for results of simple logistic regression. Based on captures in mist nets, the city bat fauna differed from that of the adjacent mountains, and was dominated by big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus). Species, age, and sex composition of bats submitted for rabies testing locally and along the urbanizing Front Range Corridor were similar to those of the mist-net captures and reflected the annual cycle of reproduction and activity of big brown bats. Few submissions occurred November- March, when these bats hibernated elsewhere. In summer females roosted in buildings in colonies and dominated health samples; fledging of young corresponded to a summer peak in health submissions with no increase in rabies prevalence. Roosting ecology of big brown bats in buildings was similar to that reported for natural sites, including colony size, roost-switching behavior, fidelity to roosts in a small area, and attributes important for roost selection. Attrition in roosts occurred from structural modifications of buildings to exclude colonies by citizens, but without major effects on long-term bat reproduction or survival. Bats foraged in areas set aside for nature conservation. A pattern of lower diversity in urban bat communities with dominance by big brown bats may occur widely in the USA, and is consistent with national public health records for rabies surveillance.
Rethinking transparency: constructing meaning in a physical and digital design for algebra

In the course of developing an experimental algebra unit, the researchers noted variability in their design's instructional potential across a set of implementation media. In an effort to explain this variability, we revisited the classical theoretical construct of transparency. Transparency is the perceptual and conceptual accessibility of the mechanism, logic, and application of a tool. Corroborating earlier literature, it appears that participants saw only what they had built---transparency is a subjective achievement of a learner rather than an inherent feature of a device. Our first design prompted students with an algebraic proposition, for example "3x+2=4x-1". The two equivalent expressions were to be interpreted by students as alternative quantifications of a single linear spatial interval; namely, the path that a giant took on two separate occasions to bury and recover treasure. Problem solving required manually adjusting the modeling media to coordinate two types of equivalence: (a) the total length represented by each expression; and (b) the length represented by the variable and known units. The researchers found that successful coordination was predicated on the subjective transparency of the models' perceptual. Therefore, in redesigning the activity as a computer-based application we will have learners first construct tools and only then automatize them.
The Influence of Psychological Separation and Parental Attachment on the Career Development of Adolescent Women.

Abstract This study explored the contribution of psychological separation and parental attachment to constructs related to the career development of 282 adolescent women. Results of a canonical correlation analysis suggested that high school women who experienced similar attitudes to mother, reliance on mother for assistance in daily functioning, conflictual feelings toward mother, and freedom from the need for approval, closeness, and emotional support from father evidenced very strong career self-efficacy beliefs and moderate levels of both career orientation and realism. Thus, this study indicated that young women who experienced attachment to their mothers and were moving toward independence were interested in pursuing a career, selected careers which were mostly consistent with their ability, and felt highly efficacious with regard to choosing a career. Continued attention to the career development of young women over time is critical in order to further differentiate among the individual, relational, and societal variables that promote healthy career development as well as occupational success and satisfaction for women.
Integrity of Energy Stores in Cat Papillary Muscle

Although isolated cat papillary muscles have proved useful in a variety of physiologic and pharmacologic studies, the energy integrity of this preparation has been questioned. Accordingly, papillary muscles (avg diam = 1.3 mm) were either placed in oxygenated Krebs solution for 1 hour at 26°C at rest or were made to contract at various frequencies and temperatures and for various durations. In addition, samples of right ventricular muscle were obtained from living cats. Specimens were frozen in liquid nitrogen-cooled isopentane for determination of ATP and creatine phosphate (CP). In vivo CP + ATP of right ventricular muscle was 12.9±0.8 µmoles/g. In papillary muscles at rest, CP + ATP was 16.7±0.6 µmoles/g, significantly higher than right ventricular muscle in vivo ( P <.01). In vitro at 12 contractions/minute, CP + ATP was 16.0±1.0 µmoles/g, not different from resting papillary muscles but higher than in vivo stores in right ventricular muscle. At 30 or 60 contractions/minute, CP + ATP was reduced to 13.7±1.1 and 11.1±0.7 µmole/g. Neither increasing the in vitro temperature from 26° to 37°C, nor extending the duration of stimulation from 1 to 3 hours at 12/minute significantly altered CP + ATP. It is concluded that the energy stores in papillary muscles, even of moderately large diameter, are intact for at least 3 hours while contracting at frequencies of 12/minute at 26°C. Further, energy stores of papillary muscle are even greater than those found in right ventricular muscle in vivo. While muscle is contracting at 30 or 60/minute, its energy stores may be slightly limited.
Clinical uses of artichoke leaf extract.

Artichoke, or Cynara scolymus , is a native plant to southern Europe, northern Africa, and the Canary Islands.[1][1]–[4][2] Artichoke is a member of the Asteraceae, or daisy, family and is thought to be one of the oldest used medicinal plants. It has been pictured in ancient Egyptian drawings and
Dentigerous cyst with mural ameloblastoma

Diagnosis of ameloblastoma within the dentigerous cyst wall was made after radiographic appearance and findings of a bone scan and biopsy by aspiration were examined. Multiple radiographic views to define the extent of a lesion led to a neurologic evaluation. A bone scan and aspiration test were required to establish a clinical diagnosis before the excision of the cyst and removal of the associated third molar.
Critical currents of ex situ YBa2Cu3O7- δ thin films on rolling assisted biaxially textured substrates : Thickness, field, and temperature dependencies

The critical current density ${J}_{c}$ flowing in thin $\mathrm{Y}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ (YBCO) films of various thicknesses $d$ has been studied magnetometrically, both as a function of applied field $H$ and temperature $T$, with a central objective to determine the dominant source of vortex pinning in these materials. The films, grown by a $\mathrm{Ba}{\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ ex situ process and deposited on buffered rolling assisted biaxially textured substrates (``RABiTS'') substrates of $\mathrm{Ni}\text{\ensuremath{-}}5%\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{W}$, have thicknesses $d$ ranging from $28\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ to $1.5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$. Isothermal magnetization loops $M(H;T)$ and remanent magnetization ${M}_{\mathit{rem}}(T)$ in $H=0$ were measured with $H\ensuremath{\Vert}c$-axis (i.e., normal to film plane). The resulting ${J}_{c}(d)$ values (obtained from a modified critical state model) increase with thickness $d$, peak near $d\ensuremath{\sim}120\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$, and thereafter decrease as the films get thicker. For a wide range of temperatures and intermediate fields, we find ${J}_{c}\ensuremath{\propto}{H}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ with $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\sim}(0.56--0.69)$ for all materials. This feature can be attributed to pinning by large random defects, which theoretically has power-law exponent $\ensuremath{\alpha}=5∕8$. Calculated values for the size and density of defects are comparable with those observed by TEM in the films. As a function of temperature, we find ${J}_{c}(T,sf)\ensuremath{\sim}{[1\ensuremath{-}{(T∕{T}_{c})}^{2}]}^{n}$ with $n\ensuremath{\sim}1.2--1.4$. This points to ``$\ensuremath{\delta}{T}_{c}$ pinning'' (pinning that suppresses ${T}_{c}$ locally) in these YBCO materials.
Inaccuracy of Federal Highway Administration's licensed driver data: implications on young driver trends.

Purpose The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) collects and publishes annual state-based counts of licensed drivers, which have been used to estimate per-driver crash rates and document a decline in young licensed drivers. The accuracy of these data has been questioned.
Single, split and fractionated dose X-radiation-induced malignant transformation in A31-11 mouse BALB3T3 cells

Abstract Studies were conducted to determine the effects of a single, split and fractionated doses (separated by 1-h intervals) of 100 rad of X-irradiation on the morphological transformation of BALB c 3T3 clone A31-11 mouse fibroblasts grown in media containing calf serum. Both spontaneous and radiation-induced transformation levels were lower for these cells grown in the cell-serum containing media than previously reported for these cells grown in fetal calf serum containing media. In the studies reported here, cells were irradiated either as density-inhibited plateau phase cultures or as low density cultures at 10–14 h after being reseeded from confluent dishes. We observed that a 4-fraction 100-rad dose resulted in a reduced yield of transformants compared to a single dose of 100 rad when plateau phase cultures were utilized for the radiation exposures, but not in low density cultures in which the cells were allowed to proliferate during the radiation exposures, these results suggest that the growth phase of the cells can play a major role in determining the yield of transformants induced by fractionated doses of radiation. It is noteworthy that, for the other data obtained in these studies, in none of 12 different experimental points (involving 5 separate experiments) did a fractionated dose protocol result in a reduced yield of transformants when compared to a single dose protocol.
Region-of-interest-based transmission protocol for wavelet-compressed medical images

This paper describes a communication protocol for interactive image exchange on using only a region of interest (ROI) in an image. This protocol uses a wavelet tree coder to handle large image sizes. It provides a means for convenient storage and retrieval of medical images in a digitized format. Because of the narrow bandwidth of telecommunications networks, lossy image compression is necessary for fast image transmission at low cost. In many applications, only a small portion of a large medical image is of interest to the user. It is unnecessary and unwise to treat all image pixels equally. Insignificant areas should be highly compressed to minimize the total number of bits, thereby reducing transmission time and costs without losing the diagnostic quality of the image. This communication protocol is designed for users who wish to interact with one another and exchange images selectively. In this protocol, images are compressed and decompressed from the most important ROIs. The protocol progressively improves the image quality based on the users' chosen criteria. The compression and decompression processes can be stopped at any time to provide sufficient diagnostic information at the lowest possible cost. We have implemented and tested this algorithm on an image that has been compressed using a generalized self-similarity tree.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cardiac failure in coronary heart disease

Cardiac failure, which used to be rare in coronary heart disease, is now its most common complication. Coronary heart disease can cause or appear as cardiac failure through one or more of 12 mechanisms: acute myocardial infarction, acute reversible ischemia, right ventricular dysfunction, cardiogenic shock, acute mitral regurgitation, ventricular septal perforation, cardiac free wall rupture, ischemic cardiomyopathy, ventricular aneurysm, coexisting diseases, iatrogenesis, and pseudoheart failure. An understanding of the responsible mechanism or mechanisms is essential not only for appropriate treatment but also for prognostication. Various therapeutic modalities, both medical and surgical, should be able to improve not only symptoms but also survival. Current efforts in the management of patients with cardiac failure as a result of coronary heart disease should be aimed at prevention, both primary and secondary.
Photolabeling of dextransucrase from Streptococcus sanguis with p-azidophenyl α-d-glucopyranoside

Abstract Dextransucrase from Streptococcus sanguis ATCC 10558 was photolabeled using p-azidophenyl α- d -glucopyranoside with an apparent rate constant of inactivation of 1.40 min−1. The dissociation constant for this compound, which acts as an acceptor molecule in the enzymatic reaction, is 90μ m . Apparently two acceptor binding sites exist on dextransucrase as shown by (i.) photolabeling the enzyme with p-azidophenyl-α- d -[5,6-3H]glucopyranoside and (ii.) fluorescence titration experiments.
Discriminating Proboscidean Taxa Using Features of the Schreger Pattern in Tusk Dentin

Abstract The Schreger pattern is a characteristic structural feature of proboscidean tusk dentin. We document features of the Schreger pattern in mastodons, mammoths, and Asian and African elephants. Discriminant function analyses of Schreger pattern features are highly successful in distinguishing mastodons from mammoths (>95%), mammoths from extant elephants (>99%), and small samples of extant elephant taxa from each other (100%). Schreger pattern features vary with location on a tusk; however, even when tusk location information is excluded or unknown, discriminant function analyses of Schreger pattern features successfully assign single samples to the correct taxon in 73–93% of cases. Even on small fragments or worked artifacts, measurements of Schreger pattern may be made in more than one location on the specimen; these additional measurements enhance the discriminatory power of the pattern. To maximize discriminatory power, we recommend assessing fragments or artifacts for clues to location on the tusk and making measurements in multiple locations. The ability of the Schreger pattern to distinguish tusk dentin of proboscidean taxa should prove useful to archaeologists in a variety of contexts.
Interaction between the tRNA-binding and C-terminal domains of Yeast Gcn2 regulates kinase activity in vivo

The stress-activated protein kinase Gcn2 regulates protein synthesis by phosphorylation of translation initiation factor eIF2α. Gcn2 is activated in amino acid-deprived cells by binding of uncharged tRNA to the regulatory domain related to histidyl-tRNA synthetase, but the molecular mechanism of activation is unclear. We used a genetic approach to identify a key regulatory surface in Gcn2 that is proximal to the predicted active site of the HisRS domain and likely remodeled by tRNA binding. Mutations leading to amino acid substitutions on this surface were identified that activate Gcn2 at low levels of tRNA binding (Gcd- phenotype), while other substitutions block kinase activation (Gcn- phenotype), in some cases without altering tRNA binding by Gcn2 in vitro. Remarkably, the Gcn- substitutions increase affinity of the HisRS domain for the C-terminal domain (CTD), previously implicated as a kinase autoinhibitory segment, in a manner dampened by HisRS domain Gcd- substitutions and by amino acid starvation in vivo. Moreover, tRNA specifically antagonizes HisRS/CTD association in vitro. These findings support a model wherein HisRS-CTD interaction facilitates the autoinhibitory function of the CTD in nonstarvation conditions, with tRNA binding eliciting kinase activation by weakening HisRS-CTD association with attendant disruption of the autoinhibitory KD-CTD interaction.
45 FOLLOW UP EVALUATION OF NEONATES TREATED WITH DRUGS AND HYPERVENTILATION FOR SEVERE PERSISTENT PULMONARY HYPERTENSION (PPHN)

12 infants were treated for PPHN from 1978 to 1980; nine survived. We were able to evaluate 5 of 7 [xBW=2.1 kg, xGA=37 (32-40), x5m Apgar=7] infants now >6 months old, who are being followed by their referring pediatricians. Surviving infants suffered episodes of hypo and hyperoxia 5/5, hypotension 3/5, and hypo and hypercarbia 5/5. An electrocardiogram, vector-cardiogram, and echocardiogram, chest x-ray, arterial blood gas, ophthalmologic exam, computerized brain scan (CAT), Bayley Scale of Infant Development, and physical examination by a pediatric cardiologist were done on each patient. No child was completely normal. Abnormalities include evidence of residual or previously undiagnosed cardiopulmonary disease in 3/5, minor CAT scan abnormalities in 3/5, and severe abnormality in 1/5, developmental delay in two children, severe in one (DQ<50) and borderline (DQ=86) in another, and optic atrophy in one child. None had evidence of retrolental fibroplasia or bronchopulmonary dysplasia. We conclude that these salvaged babies constitute a very high risk population for ongoing difficulties, whose followup needs include expensive multidisciplinary testing and treatment. Organized followup for these children must be developed. PPHN should be an identified risk category for enrollment in state Crippled Children's funding programs.
Coupling-fluid heated bubble pump generators: Experiments and model development

Single-pressure absorption heat pumps operate using solely thermal input and are ideal candidates for distributed cooling applications. Liquid circulation in such systems has conventionally been achieved with spot-heated bubble-pump generators, vertical tubes in which intense localized heat desorbs refrigerant. Rising refrigerant bubbles lift solutions to an upper reservoir, which feeds other system components. While this method of refrigerant separation and fluid circulation is simple, it necessitates a source of high-grade energy and thus cannot be employed in many settings. In this investigation, a full-length coupling-fluid heated bubble-pump generator is investigated. In this implementation, heating fluid is circulated through an annular jacket around the bubble-pump tube. Because the heat transfer area is much larger than in conventional spot-heated bubble-pump generators, relatively low-temperature thermal sources can be employed. Results are presented from an experimental study of a 7.8-mm-interna...
A Measurement of the a-Dependence of psi Photoproduction

$\frac{J}{\ensuremath{\psi}}$ photoproduction has been measured from beryllium and tantalum targets by observing the yield of single muons at a transverse momentum of 1.65 GeV/c with a bremsstrahlung beam of ${E}_{0}=20$ GeV. The results have been interpreted in terms of a nuclearoptics model to yield the $\ensuremath{\psi}$-nucleon total cross section. The result is ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{\psi}N}=3.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.8$ mb.
Spanish Marxism versus Soviet communism : a history of the P.O.U.M.

"Spanish Marxism Versus Soviet Communism" is the first historical study of the P.O.U.M. to appear in English. Drawing from his multi-volume work on the subject, which was published in Spanish and Catalan, Victor Alba has collaborated with Stephen Schwartz to produce a condensed and amplified study that is far more than a translation. Outside Spain, the political movement known as the Workers Party of Marxist Unification (Partido Obrero de Unificacion Marxist or P.O.U.M.) is chiefly known as the revolutionary group with which George Orwell fought during the Spanish Civil War of the 1930s. The events in which the P.O.U.M. found itself at the center of conflict between Iberian revolutionaries and Soviet interests remain a controversial topic for historians and other writers. This book presents a detailed picture of the organization and its main antecedent, the Workers' and Peasants' Bloc, in the context of a stimulating working class political culture. Those interested in Catalan history as well as historians of Western European Marxism and the Spanish Civil War will find this book useful. It will also be of interest to those concerned with Orwell and his experience in Spain. A fitting tribute to the P.O.U.M.'s great struggle against Stalinism, "Spanish Marxism Versus Soviet Communism" will surely stand out among the array of books that have been published on the Spanish Civil War period as a definitive study.
Particle creation in isotropic cosmologies

The simplest covariant generalization of the scalar wave equation leads to significant pion creation and annihilation processes near an isotropic Friedmann-type singularity (such processes are negligible for particles of nonzero spin). Estimates for a plausible initial state yield pion creation of the same order of magnitude as obtained by Zeldovich near an anisotropic Kasner-type singularity.
Preserved stable isotopic signature of subaerial diagenesis in the 1.2-b.y. Mescal Limestone, central Arizona: Implications for the timing and development of a terrestrial plant cover: Discussion and reply

No Abstract Available. The article discussed appeared in the Bulletin , v. 96, p. 737–745.
Cutoff conditions for transverse circularly polarized electromagnetic waves in a finite temperature electro-magneto-ionic medium

Dispersion relation for wave propagation in electro-magneto-ionic medium under electric and magnetic fields obtained using Maxwell- Boltzmann-Vlasov equations, discussing cut-off frequency
Attitude Regulation About a Fixed Rotation Axis

The attitude control problem of rotating a rigid body from its current attitude to a desired attitude such that the instantaneous rotation axis is aligned with an externally defined axis of rotation is considered. The keyidea is to factor the attitude quaternion into rotations parallel and perpendicular to the desired rotation axis. State feedback and output feedback control strategies are designed to minimize the perpendicular component. Simulation results are provided to illustrate the salient features of the approach.
Removal of melatonin receptor type 1 increases intraocular pressure and retinal ganglion cells death in the mouse.

Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated that melatonin is effective in lowering intraocular pressure and that it may also protect ganglion cells. We have recently reported that, in mice lacking the melatonin receptors type 1, 25–30% ganglion cells die out by 18 months of age, suggesting that these receptors might be important for ganglion cells survival. In this study we show that the loss of ganglion cells is specific for melatonin receptors type 1 knock-out since mice lacking the melatonin receptors type 2 did not show any significant change in the number ganglion cells during aging. Furthermore, we report that melatonin receptors type 1 knock-out mice have higher intraocular pressure during the nocturnal hours than control or melatonin receptors type 2 knock-out mice at 3 and 12 months of age. Finally, our data indicate that administration of exogenous melatonin in wild-type, but not in melatonin receptors type 1 knock-out, can significantly reduce intraocular pressure. Our studies indicate that the decreased viability of ganglion cells observed in melatonin receptors type 1 knock-out mice may be a consequence of the increases in the nocturnal intraocular pressure thus suggesting that intraocular pressure levels at night and melatonin signaling should be considered as risk factor in the pathogenesis of glaucoma.
Quantum process tomography of a universal entangling gate implemented with Josephson phase qubits

Quantum process tomography provides a means of benchmarking the components and algorithms of a quantum computer in a quantitative fashion, independent of the particular architecture used. Such a procedure has now been demonstrated for a universal entangling gate in a solid-state system. Quantum gates must perform reliably when operating on standard input basis states and on complex superpositions thereof. Experiments using superconducting qubits have validated truth tables for particular implementations of, for example, the controlled-NOT gate1,2, but have not fully characterized gate operation for arbitrary superpositions of input states. Here we demonstrate the use of quantum process tomography3,4 (QPT) to fully characterize the performance of a universal entangling gate between two superconducting qubits. Process tomography permits complete gate analysis, but requires precise preparation of arbitrary input states, control over the subsequent qubit interaction and ideally simultaneous single-shot measurement of output states. In recent work, it has been proposed to use QPT to probe noise properties5 and time dynamics6 of qubit systems and to apply techniques from control theory to create scalable qubit benchmarking protocols7,8. We use QPT to measure the fidelity and noise properties5 of an entangling gate. In addition to demonstrating a promising fidelity, our entangling gate has an on-to-off ratio of 300, a level of adjustable coupling that will become a requirement for future high-fidelity devices. This is the first solid-state demonstration of QPT in a two-qubit system, as QPT has previously been demonstrated only with single solid-state qubits9,10,11.
Carbonyl groups associated with mitochondrial ATP synthesis

Abstract In an attempt to define the chemical pathway responsible for ATP formation in mitochondria via oxidative phosphorylation, rat liver mitochondria were incubated with chemical compounds that are known to react with carbonyl groups. The effects of the compounds on P i -ATP exchange, ATPase and DNP-stimulated ATPase activity were determined. Hydroxylamine, semicarbazide, and cyanide were found to inhibit P i -ATP exchange activity and DNP-stimulated ATPase activity. Semicarbazide, labeled with carbon 14, was found to bind to mitochondria and the amount bound was dependent on the mitochondrial pretreatment procedure. Our results indicate that there is a functional carbonyl group(s) associated with mitochondrial ATP synthesis and with the reversal of electron transport by ATP.
Doxycycline's effect on ocular angiogenesis: an in vivo analysis.

Purpose To determine the in vivo effect of doxycycline on choroidal angiogenesis and pterygium growth by using a choroidal neovascular (CNV) murine model, a directed in vivo angiogenesis assay (DIVAA) and a pterygium murine model. Design Experimental study. Participants Three murine models were investigated with 4 mice minimum per group and 22 maximum per group. Methods Mice received water with or without doxycycline. For the CNV, the neovascular lesion volume was determined in choroid-retinal pigment epithelial flat mounts using confocal microscopy 7 days after laser induction. For DIVAA, silicone capsules containing 10 000 human pterygium epithelial cells were implanted in the flanks of mice subcutaneously. After 11 days, neovascularization (NV) was quantified using spectrofluorometry after murine tail-vein injection of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran. A pterygium epithelial cell model was developed by injecting 10 000 human pterygium epithelial cells in the nasal subconjunctival space in athymic nude mice. Doxycycline was started on day 6 at 50 mg/kg per day; corneal lesions that resulted from the injections were compared at days 6 and 15. Main Outcome Measures The Student t -test was used to evaluate the data for the CNV and DIVAA models and histologic preparations were used to evaluate pterygia lesions. Results There was significantly less NV and lesion volume with doxycycline taken in drinking water versus plain water. With doxycycline treatment, the laser-induced CNV showed a maximal 66% decrease in choroidal blood vessel volume ( P ≤0.008) and the DIVAA showed a 30% reduction of blood vessel growth and migration ( P Conclusions Doxycycline significantly inhibited angiogenesis in 3 murine models. The most dramatic effect was found in the CNV model followed by the pterygia epithelial cell DIVAA model. The anterior segment pterygium model also showed regression histologically. This suggests that doxycycline may be successful as an adjunctive treatment for CNV and pterygia in humans; clinical trials would be necessary to determine if there is a benefit. Financial Disclosure(s) The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any of the materials discussed in this article.
Synthesis of NiTi by Low Electrothermal Loss Spark Plasma Sintering

Due to their excellent shape memory and superelasticity properties, NiTi compounds are considered among the most important shape memory alloys. The present work presents a synthesis method for obtaining dense NiTi from elemental powders using a modified spark plasma sintering (SPS) setup characterized by considerably higher current density through the sample at the same total current, as well as drastically decreased heat losses. This provides the possibility to maximize the use of the strong effect of current density on enhanced interdiffusion in metal-metal systems reported in the literature. In addition, the heat loss reduction results in significantly lower total power consumption for synthesis compared to the commonly used SPS setups. The new setup is based on a metallic die/plunger set, combined with a graphite heat generating foil and a thermoelectrical insulation layer. The effect of the processing time on the homogenization of NiTi and the evolution of the intermetallic compounds with time is studied and compared to conventional SPS. Blending for 5 minutes and processing for 30 minutes (with neither preheating, nor postheating, nor quench) were enough to get almost pure dense cubic NiTi (ρ = 6.10 gcm−3, dominant NiTi phase ≈ 97 pct). A small fraction of both Ti and NiTi2, but neither Ni nor Ni3Ti, was detected after 20 minutes of processing. Ni4Ti3 was detected but not quantified.
Home, School, and Playroom: Training Grounds for Adult Gender Roles.

Gender differences in children's play activities, preferred school subjects, and occupational goals were examined in relation to such parental variables as toy-giving and chore assignment. Subjects were 245 children in grades K, 3, 6, and 8. Subjects completed questionnaires before and after Christmas asking what gifts they wanted, asked for, received, and liked best. They also were asked to name their friends and play activities, favorite and least-liked school subjects, occupational aspirations, and chores at home. Children generally wanted, asked for, received, and most-liked gender-typical toys. They were less likely to receive requested gender-atypical toys. Children's preferred activities, job aspirations and assigned chores were along gender-typical lines. Girls preferred masculine toys and jobs more than boys preferred feminine ones. With increasing age, both girls and boys increasingly preferred masculine toys and male friends. No gender differences in favorite or least-liked school subjects were found. School subject preference was related to gender-typing of occupational choice for girls but not boys.