cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Short Sleep Duration and Deprivation on Gustation and Olfaction: Implications for Dietary Intake

Abstract Gustation and olfaction are two of the chemical senses. Variations in taste and smell function and perception have been associated with undesirable dietary changes. Accumulating evidence suggests that shorter sleep duration, either through curtailment or deprivation, acutely and, typically, negatively influences chemosensory function and perception. These changes are best exemplified by increased preference for sweeter stimuli after shorter sleep duration and are consistent with other work demonstrating associations with short sleep duration and increased carbohydrate consumption. Work to date has relied upon model systems with minimal complexity. Whether these stimuli accurately reflect changes that also occur when evaluating complex stimuli is uncertain. More research is needed to fully understand how sleep affects the chemical senses and how these alterations may perturb dietary intake.
The biomechanics of the supraspinatus-deficient shoulder treated with superior capsular reconstruction vs. reverse total shoulder arthroplasty—experimental study

Our objective was to compare biomechanical effects of superior capsular reconstruction (SCR) and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA) on shoulder motion, in the setting of an irreparable supraspinatus (SS) tear. We hypothesized that rTSA would produce greater improvement in abduction force and shift the humerus inferiorly, while SCR would produce greater range of motion (ROM) and prevent superior migration of the humerus during abduction. Six cadaveric shoulders were evaluated using a custom biomechanical apparatus. Each shoulder underwent four experimental conditions: (1) intact/control, (2) irreparable SS tear, (3) SCR using dermal allograft, and (4) rTSA without SCR. Deltoid abduction force, superior humeral head translation, and passive range of motion were measured in static tendon loading condition at 0, 30, and 60° of glenohumeral abduction. Both rTSA and SCR restored abduction force to intact levels at all abduction angles. rTSA significantly increased abduction force compared with the SS-deficient shoulder at 0, 30, 60° (p = 0.04), while SCR produced a significant increase at 0° (p = 0.05) abduction. rTSA inferiorly shifted the humeral head by 27 mm (p = 0.002). SCR restored superior humeral head translation to intact SS levels. Compared with SCR, rTSA resulted in 25° less passive abduction (p = 0.001) without significant differences in forward flexion/extension. Compared with SCR, rTSA achieved 10° less passive internal rotation at 0° abduction (p = 0.03) and 26° and 17° greater external rotation at 30° and 60° abduction, respectively (p = 0.03, p = 0.04). Our investigation found that abduction force was restored to intact cuff levels by both procedures, without significant differences between the two techniques. SCR restored superior humeral head migration and rTSA translated the humerus inferiorly. rTSA resulted in decreased passive abduction ROM and increased external rotation, compared with SCR. Both SCR and rTSA restore key biomechanical parameters following an irreparable SS tear, although SCR offers superior passive abduction ROM.
Prussian blue based vertical graphene 3D structures for high frequency electrochemical capacitors

Abstract Kilohertz high frequency electrochemical capacitors (HF-ECs), with a compact size, are being actively investigated with the aim for line-frequency ripple current filtering and other applications. However, the reported performance, particularly achievable capacitance density, the frequency response, and the phase angle that are directly determined by the electrode structure is still far from satisfactory that hinders its practical application prospect. In this work, metal organic framework (Prussian Blue, PB) is introduced as a structural mediator to develop three-dimensional vertical graphene architecture, or edge-oriented graphene (EOG) on a current collector via a 5-min rapid plasma carbonization and deposition process. With several prominent merits integrated together in the resulted EOG electrode structure, HF-ECs exhibit very low equivalent series resistance (ESR) of 40 ​mΩ ​cm−2 and attractive cell capacitance of 1.02 ​mF ​cm−2 and phase angle of −85.9° or 2.34 ​mF ​cm−2 and -80.6° at 120 ​Hz, which are the best reported overall performances thus far. Integrated cell is also assembled to work higher voltage for line-frequency ripple filtering, with demonstrated excellent performance. This study provides a new method and structure for developing high-performance HF-ECs.
Abstract 4481: Effect of immune checkpoint blockade on myeloid derived suppressor cell populations in patients with melanoma

Introduction: Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are a subset of immature myeloid cells that inhibit innate anti-tumor immunity and promote an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. MDSC quantity has been correlated with tumor burden and survival in cancer patients. These cells have the potential to contribute to immune therapy resistance. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the ongoing changes to MDSC populations in patients with advanced melanoma as they receive immune checkpoint therapy. Methods: Patients with melanoma (n=125) were consented to participate in an IRB-approved prospective clinical registry (OSU-13114), and provided blood samples. Samples were drawn at the time of initiation of immune checkpoint therapy (cycle 1), and prior to the beginning of cycles 2 and 3. Samples were then processed using Ficoll and analyzed for MDSC (CD33+/CD11b+/HLA-DRlo/−) and MDSC subsets, monocyte (CD14+, M-MDSC) and granulocytic (CD15+, PMN-MDSC) via flow cytometry. Patient demographics were compiled into a comprehensive database and correlated to the flow cytometry data. Statistical analysis was performed using unpaired and paired t-tests across and within patient cohorts. Results: Total MDSC percentages increased following initiation of immune checkpoint blockade (10 to 25%, p Conclusions: MDSC levels initially increase following immune checkpoint blockade, but stabilize in responders and continue to rise in non-responders. The proportion of PMN-MDSC decreases with immune checkpoint blockade, most significantly seen with pembrolizumab. Patients who have been previously treated with immune therapy have a more significant decrease in PMN-MDSC. Citation Format: Steven Hao Sun, Brooke Benner, Himanshu Savardekar, Mallory DiVincenzo, David Abood, Andrew Stiff, Megan Duggan, Erin Nagle, John H. Howard, Manisha H. Shah, Kari Kendra, William E. Carson. Effect of immune checkpoint blockade on myeloid derived suppressor cell populations in patients with melanoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 4481.
Pelvic Floor Considerations in COVID-19

Background Much of the research and clinical commentary on COVID-19 have been focused on respiratory function. Pelvic floor therapists understand that both respiratory dysfunction and hospitalization can have an impact on pelvic floor function. This clinical commentary provides context as to how the long-term effects of COVID-19 could affect the pelvic floor as well as some generalized treatment considerations. Discussion The respiratory diaphragm has an impact on the ability of the pelvic floor to contract and relax in a manner that will allow for both continence and elimination. COVID-19 survivors often have disability in this muscle of respiration that can lead to implications for both overactive and underactive pelvic floor. Commonly, this population is hospitalized for long periods of time, which can have long-term consequences on both bladder and bowel functioning including, but not limited to, incontinence, urinary retention, and constipation. Pelvic floor therapists must be prepared to adjust both their evaluation and treatment methods in consideration of this novel treatment population. Conclusions Because of the pervasive nature of this virus, pelvic floor physical therapists should be a part of the rehabilitation team treating these patients once they have become medically stable.Video abstract with sound available at http://links.lww.com/JWHPT/A36.
One-pot synthesis of graphene quantum dots using humic acid and its application for copper (II) ion detection

A new carbon source, humic acid, has been used in fabricating graphene quantum dots by a facial one-pot hydrothermal reaction. The morphology of the cyan emission graphene quantum dots has been characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The result showed well-displayed crystalline with a lattice spacing of 0.286 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) have demonstrated the diverse functional groups on GQDs, like carboxylic groups, which will cause significant fluorescence quenching by Cu2+ because of the strong chelating interactions. The optical properties of GQDs were characterized by photoluminescence (PL) spectra and ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy; it showed that GQDs have an excitation-dependent fluorescence behavior and a large stoke shift with maximum excitation/emission wavelength at 360/470 nm. Furthermore, GQDs showed a good photostability by the kinetic analysis of irradiation for 1500 s and a relatively high quantum yield of 20%, which could be applied in bioimaging. Besides, the selectivity study of metal ions indicates that the GQDs could be used in Cu2+ detection. The linear range is from 1 to 40 μM with the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.44 μM. Overall, this work provided a simple method to produce GQDs with low-cost raw material humic acid, which could be also used in Cu2+ monitoring in river water.
From Minnow to Whales: An Empirical Study of Purchase Behavior in Freemium Social Games

This paper empirically investigates whether and how social dynamics, in combination with user past performance, drives purchase propensity in freemium social games online. Two essential elements of freemium social games are (1) social dynamics — users can perform various levels of social interactions, and (2) freemium setting — users can play fully functional games for free, or make multiple cash purchases to enhance their gaming experience. The key to success of such flexible freemium games is to encourage users to make continued, large purchases even though they could enjoy the product for free. Using an online freemium social game data set, the authors find that both formal social groups formed within the game and informal social connections influence purchase decisions. Furthermore, informal social connections moderate the effect of user past performance on spending. Managerially, the study proposes several design and targeting strategies for freemium social games and other businesses adopting a similar model, including fostering a social environment at various levels; implementing targeted promotional activities based on social status and social connections will benefit revenue in this flexible freemium context.
The Criminal Conflicts Paradox

Prosecutors may seek to disqualify defense counsel based on conflicts among defendants. In doing so prosecutors do not assert rights of current, former, or prospective clients, as in the usual conflicts assertion. They instead assert other interests, the most concrete of which is the interest in not wasting resources in a retrial if a conviction is tainted by a conflict. Wheat v. United States sets a lenient standard for assessing such assertions. Judges may disqualify defense counsel even if the relevant parties are willing to waive conflicts that should be waivable as both a positive and normative matter. Wheat rested this standard on a set of concerns that are insufficient to justify its holding. As colloquy at argument showed, the Court was particularly concerned that defendants would not be held to waivers but instead would challenge on appeal even knowing and intelligent waivers of waivable conflicts. Wheat was wrong on the facts, wrong on the law, and sets bad policy. It was wrong on the facts because the conflict at issue was waivable and the trial court abused its discretion in holding that it was not. It was wrong on the law because it collapsed materially different conflicts into one category and because it refused to decide whether a knowing waiver would bind a court. It set bad policy because it sought to offset the free option of appeal with a free option to prosecutors to challenge defense counsel. The Court's concern illustrates the risk to defendants of permissive standards of appeal. A defendant unable to commit credibly to a waiver may lose the benefits a waiver would provide, with little or no gain to offset the loss. This paper frames the problem of permissive standards of appeal by drawing a partial analogy to the familiar "lemons" framework. The problem is discussed more fully in future work.
Pediatric scoliosis

Pediatric scoliosis is a relatively uncommon condition typically first noticed due to altered stature or by routine spine screenings by a school nurse or pediatrician. The formal diagnosis is made with spine radiographs, with coronal curvature measurement of 10° or greater. Treatment may consist of serial observation, bracing until skeletal maturity, or surgery for correction and fusion/stabilization of severe or progressive deformity. Overall success for non-operative management of scoliosis is affected by the etiology for the deformity, close follow up and monitoring for evolution of the deformity, and patient compliance with their treatment regimen. The most common surgical technique is a posterior approach spine fusion with implanted instrumentation, and patients are typically back to their activities of daily living by 6 months postoperatively. Continued intermittent monitoring of the scoliosis throughout adulthood is recommended, to detect late deformity progression, development of arthritis symptoms, or other associated issues.
Social perception and influence of lies vs. bullshit: a test of the insidious bullshit hypothesis

Although a ubiquitous social behavior, little is known about bullshitting (i.e., communicating with no regard for truth and/or evidence) and its effects on social perception and influence. Although bullshit and lies are viewed as undesirable, the distinction may have important implications for social influence. Frankfurt’s (1986) insidious bullshit hypothesis (i.e., bullshitting is evaluated less negatively, but more insidious, than lying) is examined in light of social perception (i.e., evaluation and perceived motives; Experiment 1) and social influence (Experiment 2). Results suggest bullshitting is evaluated less negatively than lying and identifies ignorance, dishonesty, and opinion expression as mediators of a bullshit/lie-evaluation link. Furthermore, relative to lies, bullshit appears to have a more potent impact on that which is perceived to be true as well as attitudes formed for novel attitude objects.
The effect of a statewide prescription drug monitoring program on opioid prescribing patterns.

PURPOSE Determine whether opioid prescribing patterns have changed as a result of implementation of a prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP) in the state of Massachusetts. MATERIALS AND METHODS A multicentered retrospective study was performed including patients who received tonsillectomy, parotidectomy, thyroidectomy or direct laryngoscopy and biopsy with or without rigid esophagoscopy and/or rigid bronchoscopy at Lahey Hospital and Medical Center (Burlington, MA) or Boston Medical Center (Boston, MA). Opioid prescribing patterns were compared for the 12 months prior to implementation of the Massachusetts Prescription Awareness Tool (MassPAT) to 36 months of prescribing patterns post implementation. Quantity of opioids prescribed was based on morphine milligram equivalents (MME). Continuous variables were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA) while categorical variables were compared using chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test. Multivariate analysis was performed using linear regression. RESULTS A total of 2281 patients were included in the study. There was a significant association in mean overall MME prescribed comparing pre-MassPAT and post-MassPAT data [tonsillectomy: 635.9 ± 175.6 vs 463.3 ± 177.7 (p < 0.0001), parotidectomy: 250.4 ± 71.33 vs 169.8 ± 79.26 (p < 0.0001), thyroidectomy: 186.2 ± 81.14 vs 118.3 ± 88.79 (p < 0.0001), direct laryngoscopy with biopsy: 308.3 ± 246.9 vs 308.3 ± 246.9 (p = 0.0201)]. There was also a significant association between length of opioid prescription (days) and implementation of MassPAT, but there was no significant difference in the percent of patients requiring refills pre- MassPAT and post-MassPAT. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that prescribers have been able to significantly decrease the amount of opioids prescribed for tonsillectomy, parotidectomy, thyroidectomy, and direct laryngoscopy and biopsy and patients have not required additional opioid refills.
Aggregate employment dynamics and lumpy adjustment costs

Abstract We are honoring and celebrating Walter Oi's contributions to economics, in particular his important contributions to labor economics. The contribution motivating Dan Hamermesh's paper is Walter's “Labor as a Quasi-Fixed Factor”. This paper launched a career, and is one for which I hold a special fondness. I read the Quasi-Fixed Factor paper as an undergraduate at a large state university. It was the first journal article I had read. Together with the nearly simultaneous publication of Becker's (1962) work on general and firm-specific human capital. “Labor as a Quasi-Fixed Factor” marks the birth of the theoretical foundation of the economics of turnover--the area in which I have focused my research. I enjoy the fresh approach to the problem of dynamic labor demand that Hamermesh takes in “Aggregate Employment Dynamics and Lumpy Adjustment Costs” and its predecessor (Hamermesh 1989). In particular, the research provides a nice link between microeconomic behavior and aggregate dynamics. I will begin with a focused summary of the model as a springboard to a few comments that I hope will be productive.
Interstitial cell migration in Hydra attenuata: I. Quantitative description of cell movements☆

The interstitial cell system of hydra contains multipotent stem cells which can form at least two classes of differentiated cell types, nerves and nematocytes. The amount of nerve and nematocyte production varies in an axially dependent pattern along the body column. Some interstitial cells can migrate, which makes it conceivable that this observed pattern of differentiation is not the result of regionally specified stem cell commitment, but rather arises by the selective movement of predetermined cells to the correct site prior to expression. To assess this latter possibility quantitative information on the dynamics of interstitial cell migration was obtained. Epithelial hydra were grafted to normal animals in order to measure (1) the number of cells migrating per day, (2) the location of these cells within the host tissue, and (3) the axial directionality of this movement. Tissue properties such as axial position and the density of cells within the interstitial spaces of the host were also tested for their possible influence on migration. Results indicate that there is a considerable traffic of migrating interstitial cells and this movement has many of the characteristics necessary to generate the position-dependent pattern of nerve differentiation.
Ets-2 and c-Myb act independently in regulating expression of the hematopoietic stem cell antigen CD34.

Abstract CD34 is currently the only well defined human hematopoietic stem cell marker and is expressed on 1-4% of normal bone marrow cells. Putative binding sites for Ets proteins, a family of transcription factors involved in the regulation of cell differentiation and proliferation in many cell systems, are present in the 5'-flanking region of the CD34 gene. Some of these sites are in close proximity to binding sequences of the encoded product of the proto-oncogene c-myb, which regulates CD34 expression by interacting with the Myb binding sites. Here we demonstrate that Ets-2 (i) transactivates the CD34 promoter in rodent fibroblasts upon interaction with Ets binding sites and (ii) induces expression of CD34 mRNA and protein in the CD34- human glioblastoma T98G cells. Ets-2 and c-Myb transactivate the CD34 promoter independently because specific transactivation is abrogated by site-specific mutations of the binding sites or by competition with oligomers that include wild type but not mutated Myb or Ets binding sites. Ets-2 and c-Myb appear to have addictive effects on transactivation of the CD34 promoter and on induction of CD34 mRNA. Instead, CD34 surface protein levels might be induced synergistically, raising the possibility of a posttranslational mechanism of CD34 expression in cells constitutively expressing c-Myb and Ets-2.
Social Diversity Affects the Number of Parties Even Under First Past the Post Rules

Nearly all systematic empirical work on the effect of social diversity on the number of parties suggests that there is an interaction between rules and diversity. Most analyses make a strong case that social heterogeneity leads to party fragmentation under permissive electoral rules, but that a psychological effect mitigates the power of social forces to promote party proliferation under single-member district, first-past-the-post rules. However, in this paper we provide substantial evidence that runs counter to most previous work. Using an original data set of district-level measures of ethnic diversity and party fragmentation, we demonstrate that social diversity helps shape the number of parties even under first-past-the-post electoral rules, thus suggesting that restrictive rules are not as powerful a constraint on electoral behavior and outcomes as is usually supposed.
Development and endocrine regulation of mitochondrial cytochrome biosynthesis in the insect fat body. delta-[14C]Aminolevulinic acid incorporation.

Abstract The rate of incorporation of [ 14 C]aminolevulinic acid (ALA) into cytochrome hemes was used to measure mitochondrial cytochrome synthesis in the fat body of adult male Blaberus discoidalis cockroaches. The hemes of cytochromes aa 3 + b and c + c 1 , were chemically separated to observe differential rates in their synthesis and regulation. [ 14 C]ALA was linearly incorporated into cytochrome hemes for at least 8 h. No significant pool of endogenous ALA was detected relative to the amount of administered [ 14 C]ALA. Peak cytochrome synthesis occurred 4 to 6 days after adult emergence. Endocrine disruption by corpora cardiaca-corpora allata extirpation or cervical ligation eliminated the 4-day developmentally related increase in the rate of cytochrome aa 3 + b synthesis but had no effect on the production of cytochromes c + c 1 . Injections of corpora cardiaca extracts into cervically ligated animals stimulated the rate of production of cytochromes aa 3 + b by 2.5 times but did not affect cytochromes c + c 1 . By comparison, juvenile hormone injections did not affect the rate of synthesis of either cytochrome fraction. These findings indicate that a neurohormone regulates the rate of synthesis of cytochromes a + b in insect fat body mitochondria.
SU-E-T-185: Clinically-Relevant Investigation of Flattening Filter Free Skin Dose

Purpose: Flattening-filter-free (FFF) beams are increasingly used for small-field treatments due to inherent advantages like higher MU efficiency and reduced treatment time and scatter dose. Removal of the flattening-filter increases the electron contamination and low-energy x-rays. As such, surface-dose characteristics are different from traditional flattened (FF) beams. The goal of this work is to investigate surface dose of 6/10 MV FFF and FF beams under conditions representative of emerging complex techniques like small-field stereotactic treatments which use small fields formed with multi-leaf-collimators (MLCs) at closer SSDs. Methods: A parallel-plate PTW Markus-chamber (N23343) placed in custom air- and water-equivalent phantoms was used to measure surface-dose at 2/3/4/6/8/10/20/30 cm2 field sizes, at 80/90/100 cm source-to-surface distances, and at fields defined by jaws and MLCs. The effect of dose rate (600 and 1400/2400 MU/min) was also investigated at 100 cm SSD. Measurements were performed on TrueBeam linac (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA) for 6X/6XFFF/10X/10XFFF beam energies. Results: No dose-rate dependence was seen for FFF skin-dose. Air-phantom measurements were, on average, 5±3% larger than for water-phantom measurements. With SSD increase from 80 to 100 cm, skin-dose decreased by an average of 3.9±2.5%. FFF beams were found to be more sensitive to SSD changes in comparison to FF beams. The difference in skin dose between MLC- and jaw-fields was less variable with field size for FFF compared to FF beams. 10 MV beams showed greater difference in FFF-to-FF ratio, 50% (jaws) and 22% (MLC), between the largest and smallest field sizes compared to 6 MV beams, 30% (jaws) and 9% (MLC). Conclusion: Under clinically-relevant conditions, surface dose for FFF beams was higher at small field size (<10 cm), lower at largest field size (30 cm), more sensitive to SSD changes, and had less variation with field size compared to dose for FF beams.
A numerical study of the two- and three-dimensional unsteady Navier-Stokes equations in velocity-vorticity variables using compact difference schemes

A compact finite-difference approximation to the unsteady Navier-Stokes equations in velocity-vorticity variables is used to numerically simulate a number of flows. These include two-dimensional laminar flow of a vortex evolving over a flat plate with an embedded cavity, the unsteady flow over an elliptic cylinder, and aspects of the transient dynamics of the flow over a rearward facing step. The methodology required to extend the two-dimensional formulation to three-dimensions is presented.
The economic, social, and ecological impacts of wild pistachio (Pistacia atlantica Desf.) oleo-gum resin extraction cooperatives in Zagros forests, Ilam province, Iran

One of the most economically important non-wood forest products (NWFPs) of Zagros forests in the west of Iran is an oleo-gum resin called ‘Saqez’, extracted from wild pistachio trees (Pistacia atlantica Desf.). Cooperatives were created about 20 years ago to organize Saqez exploitation by local communities and to decrease the related ecological threats on the Zagros forests. The aim of this research was to evaluate the economic, social, and ecological impacts of Saqez extraction cooperatives in Ilam province. Thirteen active cooperatives in the county of Malekshahi were selected for data collection and to conduct interviews with 72 randomly selected members. Our results show that none of the Saqez cooperatives in the studied areas could reach their intended purposes, that is, the enhancement of local livelihood and the sustainable management of the forest in general and of the pistachio trees in particular. Major causes for this failure were: cooperative members did not directly participate in the Saqez e...
Before it's too late: Why synthetic biologists need an open‐parts collaboration—and how to build one

For almost a decade, synthetic biologists have bet their future on the idea that new organisms can be designed by combining short snippets of DNA—so‐called standard biological parts—into complex genetic blueprints in the same manner that LINUX modules are now combined to make software. Scientists and their governments are further betting on this vision to create a multi‐billion dollar industry; and they seem to be right. Consider, for example, the apparent success of the industry's leading company, Amyris (Emeryville, CA, USA). Four years ago, The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation supported the company with US$50 million to design a new organism that can secrete the precursor of the anti‐malarial compound artemisin. Amyris will reportedly achieve this goal on time and under budget, yet this is only the beginning. Although Amyris agreed to do the work at cost, it gained something much more valuable than profit: experience. Having assembled 30 or more parts into a working organism, the company's next project will proceed at a faster pace and cost less money. It has already decided to chase the biggest market of the twenty‐first century: biofuels. Amyris claims that its organisms will be turning sugar cane into diesel by 2010, into jet fuel by 2011 and into gasoline by 2013. Technologically, then, the idea of assembling standard biological parts into increasingly complex DNA blueprints has worked beautifully. But the standard parts strategy is about more than technology. It also has powerful economic implications. Twenty years ago, the need for standardized software gave us the Microsoft monopoly. Will something similar happen in synthetic biology, or can the community push the analogy in a more hopeful direction; for example, by launching a LINUX‐like initiative for standard DNA parts? > Technologically, then, the idea of assembling standard biological parts into increasingly complex DNA blueprints has worked …
Is “service with a smile” enough? Authenticity of positive displays during service encounters

Abstract Service providers use impression management strategies to engender satisfaction and repeat business in customers. Managing emotional expressions is one strategy to meet those goals. We extended research on the “Duchenne Smile” to see if authenticity of employee expressions influenced the impressions formed of the employee’s friendliness and the overall satisfaction with the encounter. Furthermore, we took two other factors into account—task performance and busyness—to examine the conditions under which authenticity would have the greatest impact. In Study 1, we obtained reactions to videotaped simulations that manipulated authenticity of positive displays and task performance during a hotel check-in encounter. ANCOVA results supported that authenticity of the service provider enhanced perceptions of friendliness, but only influenced customer satisfaction when tasks were performed well. In Study 2, hierarchical linear modeling with reactions from 255 customers of 64 restaurant servers showed that perceived display authenticity enhanced the perceived friendliness of the employee when the store was slow, but less so when it was busy. Display authenticity had a direct effect on customer satisfaction, regardless of task performance (which was generally high) and busyness. We conclude that display authenticity is an extra-role behavior for service encounters with an additive effect on encounter satisfaction only when other factors are at optimal levels. We suggest implications for display rule policies and service training.
Measurement of Thermal Fluctuations in Radiation

The thermal fluctuations in radiation are described by the Einstein-Fowler relation $〈{(\ensuremath{\Delta}E)}^{2}〉=k{T}^{2}(\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}〈E〉}{\ensuremath{\partial}T})$. Two terms contribute to this fluctuation, a photon shot noise term and an expression predicted by wave theory. In the present experiment the second term has been measured.
Strategies in Biologic Augmentation of Rotator Cuff Repair: A Review

Background Degenerative rotator cuff tears are increasing with the aging population, and healing is not uniform after surgery. Rotator cuffs may show improved healing when biologic factors are added during surgery.
Guinea pig model for antibiotic transport across gastric mucosa: inhibitory tissue concentrations of clindamycin against Helicobacter pylori (Campylobacter pylori) following two separate dose regimens.

An animal modelforantibiotic secretion acrossgastric mucosa was developed using adult guinea pigs. Antibiotics were givenintramuscularly, andlevels inserum andgastric mucosa were measured byhighpressureliquid chromatography at1,2,4,6,and8hpostinjection. Mucosal levels ofthedrugs weremeasured inthesuperficial luminal portion ofthemucosa, which was removed bymechanical scraping. Clindamycin levels weremeasured after doses of10and100mg/kgofbodyweight. After doses of100mg/kg, levels inserum peaked at15.95 ,ug/mI at2h.Gastric mucosashowed abimodal concentration curvewithpeaks of15.91 ,ug/g at1hand25.07 ,ug/g at4h.Concentrations inmucosaremained highwhenlevels inserum fell, showing a mucosa/serum ratio of87.70 after 8h.Atalltimes, clindamycin levels inmucosa wereinexcessoftheMICfor 90%oftheHelicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori strains tested.
Climatology and seasonal variability of ocean fronts in the East China, Yellow and Bohai seas from satellite SST data

Front detection and declouding algorithms developed at the URI have been applied to the 12-year (1985–1996) Pathfinder SST data set to produce the first comprehensive, objectively derived, year-round climatology of ocean thermal fronts in the eastern China Seas, from 24°N to 41°N. Ten fronts have been distinguished, namely Kuroshio, Zhejiang-Fujian, Jiangsu, Shandong Peninsula, Bohai Sea, Seohan Bay, Kyunggi Bay, Western and Eastern Chejudo (South Korean Coastal Front), and Yangtze Bank Ring Front. The fronts are seasonally persistent: they emerge and disappear in the same seasons of different years. The frontal pattern remains fairly stable from one year to another, whereas individual fronts display different modes of seasonal variability.
Advances on the Masquelet technique using a cage and nail construct

Traumatic, cancerous or infectious loss of bone is treated by either amputation or reconstruction. With limb salvage always preferable, surgeons rely on already established techniques such as grafting and distraction osteogenesis to avoid amputation, and ideally restore structure and thus function. The Masquelet technique is an effective method of bone reconstruction and limb salvage which is underreported in the English literature, and we report a case with advances using a cage and nail construct, resulting in successful eradication of methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus infection and reconstitution of a 17 cm diaphyseal defect in the tibia.
Spectroscopic studies of hydrogen bonding in NH3

Abstract Quantitative gas-phase infrared intensity measurements for NH 3 in the 3 μ region have been used to determine the following quantities: the energy of hydrogen bonding (4.5 ± 0.4 kcal/mole), the factor by which the integrated region intensity was increased because of hydrogen bonding (∼25), and the ratio (7.0±0.5) of the sum of the squares of the vibrational matrix elements for the transitions (010 0 0 0 → 110 0 0 0 ) and (010 0 0 0 → 011 1 0 0 ) to the sum of the squares for the transitions (000 0 0 0 → 100 0 0 0 ) and (000 0 0 0 → 001 1 0 0 ).
Trajectories of depressive symptoms in response to prolonged stress in medical interns.

Objective The high degree of heterogeneity in the development of depression under stress is unaccounted for in traditional statistical modeling. We employ growth mixture modeling to identify classes of individuals at highest risk of depression under stress. Method Medical internship was used as a prospective stress model. Interns from US residency programs completed demographic, psychological, and depressive symptom assessments 2 months prior to internship and at 3-month intervals throughout internship year. Results A total of 2278 (59%) of interns chose to take part in the study. Three classes of depressive symptoms were identified: i) Stress-resilient class: 62% of participants report low depressive symptoms before and throughout internship year; ii) Stress-neutral class: 22% of participants report mild depressive symptoms before and throughout internship year; and iii) Stress-sensitive class: 16% of participants report low depressive symptoms before internship stress, and high levels of depressive symptoms throughout internship year. Individuals in the Stress-sensitive class were more likely to be female, in a surgical specialty, and have a history of depression, difficulty early family environment and high-neuroticism scores compared with individuals in the Stress-resilient class. Conclusion Trajectory-based analysis allows for the identification of a high-risk group, within a heterogeneous population, that accounts for the link between stress and depression.
On the effectiveness of self-paced learning.

Abstract Metacognitive monitoring and control must be accurate and efficient in order to allow self-guided learners to improve their performance. Yet few examples exist in which allowing learners to control learning produces higher levels of performance than restricting learners’ control. Here we investigate the consequences of allowing learners to self-pace study of a list of words on later recognition, and show that learners with control of study-time allocation significantly outperformed subjects with no control, even when the total study time was equated between groups (Experiments 1 and 2). The self-pacing group also outperformed a group for which study time was automatically allocated as a function of normative item difficulty (Experiment 2). The advantage of self-pacing was apparent only in subjects who utilized a discrepancy-reduction strategy—that is, who allocated more study time to normatively difficult items. Self-pacing can improve memory performance, but only when appropriate allocation strategies are used.
Enhanced photovoltaic efficiency in polymer-fullerene composites by thermally controlled interdiffusion

The interface between polymer and fullerene in organic photovoltaic devices is improved by thermally induced interdiffusion. Starting from a bilayer of 2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene copolymer (MEHPPV) and the Buckminsterfullerene (C 60 ) devices are heated in the vicinity of the glass transition temperature creating a gradient bulk-heterojunction. Interdiffused devices show photoluminescence quenching with concomitant improvements in photocurrents. Variation of the polymer layer thickness shows an increase in photocurrents with decreasing layer thickness within the examined thickness regime as transport of the separated charges out of the device is improved. The interdiffusion was observed in situ by monitoring the photocurrents during the heating step. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy reveals C 60 clusters of up to 30 nm in diameter in the interdiffused devices. The clustering of the fullerene molecules puts a significant constraint on the interdiffusion process.
THE RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION OF OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS IN CENTRAL CITIES AND SUBURBS

The impression of journalists and social critics in the 1950’s that post-war suburbia was uniformly middle-class has been generally rejected by social scientists, but there is a persisting belief in a high degree of residential segregation by social level in suburbia and in a high degree of socio-economic homogeneity within suburban neighborhoods. A comparison of eight central cities with their suburban zones in 1950 and in 1960 revealed, for both dates, (a) small differences in occupational distributions between the central cities and the suburban zones and (b) generally higher Index of Residential Dissimilarity values for pairs of occupational groups in the central cities. These findings indicate that suburban neighborhoods, at least in the eight suburban zones studied, were little, if any, more occupationally homogeneous than the central city neighborhoods. This suggests that the belief in homogeneous suburban neighborhoods should be added to the growing list of discredited “myths of suburbia. ”
Kinetic studies of the homogeneous abiotic reactions of several chlorinated aliphatic compounds in aqueous solution

Abstract The base mediated and neutral abiotic reactions of 4 chlorinated aliphatic compounds have been studied as a function of temperature and pH. Arrhenius parameters obtained for base mediated reactions were as follows: 1,1,2-trichloroethane, log10A=14.36±0.55, Ea=95.6±3.6 kJ/mol; 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane, log10A=14.56±0.33, Ea=101.4±2.1 kJ/mol; 1,2,3-trichloropropane, log10A=13.31±0.53, Ea=95.9±3.5 kJ/mol. For the neutral reaction of 2,3-dichloro-1-propene the Arrhenius parameters were log10A=10.2±1.3, Ea=98±9 kJ/mol. For 1,1,2-trichloroethane the product of the base mediated reaction was identified as 1,1-dichloroethene, in contrast to previous studies. 2,3-dichloro-1-propene was found as an intermediate in the base mediated reaction of 1,2,3-trichloropropane, with 2-chloro-2-propen-1-ol as the major final product. Results from the present study are compared to those found in previous work.
Effects of Nipple and Trough Watering Systems on Broiler Performance

Abstract WATER represents a major part of the nutrient intake of poultry. The vital role of water is indicated by the observation that the body can lose practically all of its fat and over one-half of its protein while the loss of one-tenth of its water results in serious physical disorders. (Maynard, 1951; and Kellerup et at., 1965). Feed wastage may be markedly influenced by the form of the feed and the type of waterer. Feed wastage of approximately ¼ gram per bird per day was recovered from the drinking water of birds fed finely ground feed, while a negligible amount was recovered when birds were fed pellets (Eley and Hoffman, 1949). The wastage of mash was reduced by the use of dew-drop waterers to approximately 1/10th to 1/20th of that obtained with trough and pan waterers, respectively (Weiss, 1960). The dew-drop waterer is similar to the more recently accepted nipple…
On the energy loss distribution: a new approach

Abstract The intrinsic fluctuation in ionization energy loss of a charged particle has been found to be the limiting factor in the charge resolution of track-etch detectors. The detector appears to respond to restricted energy loss in a binary on-off mode on microscopic scales, resulting in an excellent charge resolution, a wide dynamic sensitivity, and a tunable charge threshold. A statistical approach to the distribution of ionization energy loss is suggested in this paper. The method, based on the Edgeworth series, can be used to calculate the distribution of total energy loss and restricted energy loss for any absorber with an arbitrary thickness. Several previous treatments of thin and thick absorbers can be obtained as asymptotic limits in the new formalism. Numerical examples, together with Monte-Carlo verifications, are also presented.
Separation of methyl malvalate from methyl sterculate

Methyl malvalate and sterculate, labile and differing by a single methylene, are difficult to separate completely. They have been separated in our laboratory by high vacuum spinning band distillation. Each of these fatty esters has been prepared completely free of the other.
Unintended Consequences? Monumentality as a Novel Experience in Formative Mesoamerica

To contribute to creation of a model for the initial steps in monumental construction in Formative period Mesoamerica (ca. 1100–700 B.C.), this article employs concepts from theories of structuration. It treats evidence of differential durability of construction materials as sources of insight on possible intended and unintended consequences of the construction of earthen platforms by the generations of people who lived through these new construction projects. It explores the changes in spatiality, connection to place, and materialization of time at multiple scales that these construction projects produced.
An Evaluation of the Ability of Antiperspirant Compounds to Reduce Perspiration Flow

The objective of this study was to apply a previously developed electro-conductivity method of measuring moisture in gases and vapors to the determination of the ability of an antiperspirant compound to reduce perspiration flow. A skin cell was developed which enclosed two adjacent areas of skin. The optimum site of application of the skin cell was the forearm and the optimum environmental temperature of the subject was 35°. Three types of commercial bases were studied to determine their effect on the perspiration flow. Then six different commercial products and one compound not commercially available were compared to 24 per cent Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 .18 H 2 O solution to show their effectiveness at reducing perspiration flow.
Efficient computation of modal sensitivities for systems with repeated frequencies

The physical origin and ambiguity of repeated frequency modes is discussed, followed by a mathematical derivation of the governing equations for the partial derivatives of repeated eigenvalues with respect to changes in the system parameters. This is followed by a derivation for the associated eigenvector derivative equations. Physical interpretations are included to help explain the analytical results. An efficient computation procedure, which preserves the bandwidth for very large systems, is also proposed for systems with repeated or closely spaced eigenvalues. Two small examples to illustrate the solution procedure are presented. 8 references.
Impact of design methods on decision support systems success: an empirical assessment

Abstract Many of the Decision Support Systems (DSS) developed and implemented in the last decade or so, have not been used or are only used for mundane report generation rather than for direct support of strategic planning. These failures can be attributed to the fact that existing DSS design methods (representation-based, evolutive, and adaptive) have never been evaluated with respect to their success. Thus, the designer had no way of knowing what design method to employ in developing an effective DSS. This paper investigated the relationship between the selection of a DSS design method and its ultimate success. DSS success was measured through DSS usage, user satisfaction, and user attitudes and perceptions criteria. The data utilized was collected from individuals responsible for designing and evaluating DSS, specifically the managers, intermediaries, and designers. In terms of the DSS usage and user satisfaction criteria, all three groups rated the evolutive design method superior, followed by the representation-based and adaptive methods. Using the DSS attitudes and perceptions criteria, the designer group rated the evolutive method best, followed by the representation-based, and adaptive methods. The ratings by the managers and intermediaries were rather mixed. Each design method did better in some success criteria than in others.
An Examination of Skin from Patients with Collagen Disease Utilizing the Combined Alcian Blue-Periodic Acid Schiff Stain

Alcian blue, a relatively new phthalocyanine dyestuff (1), is used by industry for dyeing cotton. In 1950 Steedman described the use of this compound for staining mucin (2). Current evidence indicates that Alcian blue (AB) selectively stains structures containing acid mucopolysaccharides (3,4). The periodic acid Schiff (PAS) stain for 1,2 glycols, including carbohydrates, has been widely used since the fundamental work of McManus (5) and Hotchkiss (6) in 1946 and 1948. In the present study Alcian blue was combined with the periodic acid Schiff stain (AB-PAS) for the examination of involved skin from patients with known collagen disease.