cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Analysis of Valproic Acid in Children with Epilepsy

Objective To monitor the Valproic acid concentration in children with epilepsy,to investigate the influencing elements on the Valproic acid concentration,and so as to provide reference for the clinical rational drug application.Methods Valproic acid concentrations were detected by enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique(EMIT),and the data were statistically analyzed.Results Boys had 1 643 tests(61.3%),and girls had 1 036 tests(38.7%).As in different ages,the 3 years group had the maximum ratio,accounted for 37.7%(1 009 tests).Valproic acid concentration decreased when combined with Carbamazepine,and the average concentrations of valproic acid were significantly different before and after the use of Carbamazepine(P 0.05).The 50 ～ 100 μg / mL group had the maximum ratio,accounted for 56.4%(1 511 tests),and the average concentration was(69.78 ± 12.96) μg / mL.The 100 μg / mL group has the highest effective rate,accounted for 95.1%(162 tests),and the average concentration was(114.32 ± 12.54) μg / mL.Conclusion Children have significant metabolic differences.Individual treatment will be safe and effective based on the consideration of integrated elements besides drug concentration.
Ultrastructural Analysis of the Testes in Male Pseudohermaphrodism Due to Deficiency of 17-Ketosteroid Reductase

Light and electron microscopic observations of the testes in male pseudohermaphrodism due to deficiency of 17-ketosteroid reductase demonstrate an increased thickness of the walls of the seminiferous tubules. Although the seminiferous tubules are filled mostly by Sertoli cells containing crystalloids of Charcot-Bottcher, clusters of spermatogonia and spermatocytes are located at infrequent intervals along their lengths. Differentiation of spermatogenetic cells beyond the spermatocyte stage was not observed. Hyperplasia of Leydig cells, which are structurally similar to those of the normal testis, was pronounced. Pigment bodies were present in Leydig cells, whereas crystals of Reinke were not observed. The decreases in plasma androstenedione, testosterone and estrone following orchiectomy and the presence of a well-developed system of organelles (smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria containing tubular cristae), typical of steroid-secreting cells, indicate that the Leydig cells were active in steroid hormone synthesis, albeit deficient in 17-kestosteroid reductase activity.
The distribution of plasmaspheric hiss wave power with respect to plasmapause location

In this work, Van Allen Probes data are used to derive terrestrial plasmaspheric hiss wave power distributions organized by (1) distance away from the plasmapause and (2) plasmapause distance from Earth. This approach is in contrast to the traditional organization of hiss wave power by L parameter and geomagnetic activity. Plasmapause-sorting reveals previously unreported and highly repeatable features of the hiss wave power distribution, including a regular spatial distribution of hiss power with respect to the plasmapause, a standoff distance between peak hiss power and the plasmapause, and frequency-dependent spatial localization of hiss. Identification and quantification of these features can provide insight into hiss generation and propagation and will facilitate improved parameterization of hiss wave power in predictive simulations of inner magnetosphere dynamics.
Auxiliary particle filter-model predictive control of the vacuum arc remelting process

Solidification control is required for the suppression of segregation defects in vacuum arc remelting of superalloys. In recent years, process controllers for the VAR process have been proposed based on linear models, which are known to be inaccurate in highly-dynamic conditions, e.g. start-up, hot-top and melt rate perturbations. A novel controller is proposed using auxiliary particle filter-model predictive control based on a nonlinear stochastic model. The auxiliary particle filter approximates the probability of the state, which is fed to a model predictive controller that returns an optimal control signal. For simplicity, the estimation and control problems are solved using Sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) methods. The validity of this approach is verified for a 430 mm (17 in) diameter Alloy 718 electrode melted into a 510 mm (20 in) diameter ingot. Simulation shows a more accurate and smoother performance than the one obtained with an earlier version of the controller.
Multi-scale simulation method for electroosmotic flows

Electroosmotic transport in micro-and nano- channels has important applications in biological and engineering systems but is difficult to model because nanoscale structure near surfaces impacts flow throughout the channel. We develop an efficient multi-scale simulation method that treats near-wall and bulk subdomains with different physical descriptions and couples them through a finite overlap region. Molecular dynamics is used in the near-wall subdomain where the ion density is inconsistent with continuum models and the discrete structure of solvent molecules is important. In the bulk region the solvent is treated as a continuum fluid described by the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with thermal fluctuations. A discrete description of ions is retained because of the low density of ions and the long range of electrostatic interactions. A stochastic Euler-Lagrangian method is used to simulate the dynamics of these ions in the implicit continuum solvent. The overlap region allows free exchange of solvent and ions between the two subdomains. The hybrid approach is validated against full molecular dynamics simulations for different geometries and types of flows.
Polycyclic Ring Formation Using Bis-diazolactams for Cascade Stitching

The chemoselective reaction of donor/acceptor (D/A) and acceptor/acceptor (A/A) diazo moieties in the same molecule was examined using 3-diazo-1-(ethyl 2-diazomalonyl)indolin-2-one under rhodium(II) catalysis. The metallo carbenoid derived from the D/A diazo group is preferentially formed and undergoes selective CH, NH, and OH insertion reactions, cyclopropanation, cyclopropenation, sulfur ylide formation/2,3-sigmatropic rearrangement, as well as nitrogen ylide formation followed by azetidine ring expansion. The initial reaction can be paired with a subsequent tandem cascade sequence involving dipole formation/cycloaddition in either an intra- or intermolecular sense to generate polycyclic N-heterocycles in one pot, with the formation up to three new rings in a single operation. Excellent diastereoselectivity was observed in the intramolecular cycloaddition reaction producing 5 to 7-membered rings.
How NATO remembers: explaining institutional memory in NATO crisis management

ABSTRACTThis article introduces an argument for how institutional memory of crisis management operations develops in North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Scholars of European security and of international organisations have examined organisational learning, but have yet to explain its precondition: institutional memory. In a context of increasing turnover due to defence budget cuts, it remains unclear how shared knowledge of strategic errors is acquired. This article finds that the NATO secretariat facilitates practitioners’ use of informal processes for contributing to institutional memory in response to the constraints of existing formal learning processes. These formal processes, including a lessons learned centre and a lessons learned database, inadvertently disincentivise practitioners from contributing such knowledge as using them can incur reputational costs. Drawing on NATO documentation and interviews with 27 NATO elite practitioners, the paper provides evidence that practitioners instead s...
Illegal Trade of Marine Mammal Bone Exposed: Simple Test Identifies Bones of “Mermaid Ivory” or Steller's Sea Cow (Hydrodamalis gigas)

In the US, marine mammals in the US are protected by the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA). Most of these species are listed by CITES and thus international trade in their products is restricted. Therefore, commercial sale of unfossilized marine mammal bone is largely prohibited. Sale of Steller’s sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas) bone is legal, however, since the animals have been extinct since 1768. The current study outlines a simple test that can identify bone which is bona fide Steller’s sea cow – and thus legal to sell. The test uses a segment of the D-loop of the mitochondrion, which has the power to exclude samples which are not specifically H. gigas or a Sirenian relative. The test also includes a reliable method to extract DNA from bone and amplify it using PCR. Extracted DNA was sequenced to verify that only manatees, dugongs, elephants and their relatives produced a positive result. Using this test, products being sold commercially as legal “mermaid ivory” (Steller sea cow bone) were found to actually come from gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus), pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata) and white-beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) bone. This finding indicates that government agencies should monitor bones being sold as “mermaid ivory” because protected species are being illegally traded under the guise of being legal Steller’s sea cow bone.
Activity analysis of construction equipment using audio signals and support vector machines

Abstract In the construction industry, especially for civil infrastructure projects, a large portion of overall project expenses are allocated towards various costs associated with heavy equipment. As a result, continuous tracking and monitoring of tasks performed by construction heavy equipment is vital for project managers and jobsite personnel. The current approaches for automated construction equipment monitoring include both location and action tracking methods. Current construction equipment action recognition and tracking methods can be divided into two major categories: 1) using active sensors such as accelerometers and gyroscopes and 2) implementing computer vision algorithms to extract information by processing images and videos. While both categories have their own advantages, the limitations of each mean that the industry still suffers from the lack of an efficient and automatic solution for the construction equipment activity analysis problem. In this paper we propose an innovative audio-based system for activity analysis (and tracking) of construction heavy equipment. Such equipment usually generates distinct sound patterns while performing certain tasks, and hence audio signal processing could be an alternative solution for solving the activity analysis problem within construction jobsites. The proposed system consists of multiple steps including filtering the audio signals, converting them into time-frequency representations, classifying these representations using machine learning techniques (e.g., a support vector machine), and window filtering the output of the classifier to differentiating between different patterns of activities. The proposed audio-based system has been implemented and evaluated using multiple case studies from several construction jobsites and the results demonstrate the potential capabilities of the system in accurately recognizing various actions of construction heavy equipment.
A user-friendly software package for VIC hydrologic model development

The Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) hydrologic and river routing model simulates the water and energy fluxes that occur near the land surface and provides useful information regarding the quantity and timing of available water within a watershed system. However, despite its popularity, wider adoption is hampered by the considerable effort required to prepare model inputs and calibrate the model parameters. This study presents a user-friendly software package, named VIC-Automated Setup Toolkit (VIC-ASSIST), accessible through an intuitive MATLAB graphical user interface. VIC-ASSIST enables users to navigate the model building process through prompts and automation, with the intention to promote the use of the model for practical, educational, and research purposes. The automated processes include watershed delineation, climate and geographical input set-up, model parameter calibration, sensitivity analysis, and graphical output generation. We demonstrate the package's utilities in various case studies. We introduce VIC-Automated Setup Toolkit (VIC-ASSIST).VIC-ASSIST framed within a MATLAB GUI aids building and calibrating the VIC model.VIC-ASSIST helps users navigate the model building processes through automation.We demonstrate the package's utilities in various case studies.
'A Certain Dangerous Engine': Private Security Robots, Artificial Intelligence, and Deadly Force

Robots equipped with artificial intelligence will transform existing notions of work in fields as diverse as fast food, health care, manufacturing and the military. A recent use of a remote controlled robot equipped with lethal force has raised the question of how police might use robots to supplement or replace existing police work. Those same questions apply equally to private individuals who will want security robots, some of which are already in development and for lease. What about a future in which people employ autonomous and lethally armed security robots for protecting their homes and themselves? How would courts characterize security robots? One possibility involves spring guns. While spring guns may not ultimately be well suited as a way to discuss security robots, it turns out that many of the questions considered in the spring gun cases may begin the framework that courts will have to develop as robots enter the security business.
Screening of three promising rice genotypes for rainfed shallow lowlands of red and lateritic areas of West Bengal, India

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2011-12 at Rice Research Station, Bankura, West Bengal to screen promising rice genotypes suitable for rainfed shallow lowland situation of red and lateritic areas of West Bengal. Among the thirty genotypes of rice tested, only three genotypes gave significantly higher yields over best check variety Swarna sub-1 (5324 kg ha-1). These three promising genotypes of rice were IET 21987 (6898 kg ha-1), IET 21979 (6759 kg ha-1) and IET 21996 (6342 kg ha-1). It is to be noted that IET 21987 is a nomination from Rice Research Station, Bankura, West Bengal. It was nominated to AICRIP trial IVT-RSL during 2010 in the designation of CN 1317-557-56-BNKR 42-2-3.
High-Resolution NMR in Inhomogeneous Fields

During recent years, portable and single-sided NMR devices and methodologies have drawn considerable attention. The ability to conduct NMR with portable and inexpensive systems, or ex situ, enhances a variety of fields and applications. For example, such NMR sensors enable scanning in the field and would provide access to immovable, arbitrary-sized objects.
Survival, Dormancy, and Nonculturable Cells in Extreme Deep-Sea Environments

An important conclusion from the initial application of 16S rRNA sequence analysis to problems in microbial ecology (263) is that most microorganisms (and frequently the dominant ones in an environment) do not exist in culture collections (6, 59, 124, 158). The basis for the incongruence between cultivated and naturally occurring strains has been attributed to microbial competition during the culturing process, to cell dormancy in nature due to starvation and other stresses, and (or) to insufficient understanding of the combined physical, chemical, and nutritional conditions required by the dominant strains, especially by symbionts and members of consortia. The ability to culture only a minor fraction of the microorganisms occurring in nature is particularly perplexing in specialized environments where limited diversity is anticipated and intensive culturing efforts have been pursued for decades, as in the famous hot springs of Yellowstone National Park (15, 336). On the other hand, the discovery that potentially key microbial players in pelagic marine environments do not yet exist in culture (70, 71, 75, 116, 118, 125, 237, 297) is less surprising. The oceans are spatially extensive, remote to sample, chemically and physically diverse on many scales, and frequently characterized by extreme conditions of temperature, pressure, or oligotrophy (300), promoting starvation and dormancy (230). Together these conditions make obtaining representative cultures, or even samples, of the major microbial players difficult and the results sometimes counterintuitive. For example, anaerobic microorganisms are now known to live in oxygenated sections of the water column. Biologically produced methane has been detected in such waters (208, 301), as have significant communities of uncultured (activity unknown) archaeal organisms, identified by rRNA sequence analysis as possibly related to known anaerobic genera (70, 116, 118, 237).
Tachyons, Backwards Causation, and Freedom

‘Tachyons’ are hypothetical faster-than-light particles.1 Their existence has been suspected and sought,2 on the ground that they appear to be compatible with the laws of nature, particularly with Special Relativity, and so there is at least some likelihood that they exist. That last mad inferential leap is justified by the experience of particle physicists, summed up in ‘Gell-Mann’s totalitarian principle’ that “whatever is not forbidden is compulsory.” Experimental searches made so far have failed to find them.
Multiscale and Multiphysics Modeling of Soils

This chapter addresses the multiscale and multiphysics modeling of soils explicitly. The presentation revolves around three main paradigms: continuum, discrete, and multiscale. The advantages and disadvantages of each of the paradigms are discussed and their particular developments are addressed. We show that continuum models are the backbone of current analysis at the engineering scale and furnish an appropriate framework to implement multiphysics couplings including thermal, hydraulic, mechanical, and chemical (THMC) effects. On the other side of the spectrum, discrete models have emerged and they are capable of capturing explicitly the discrete nature of granular soils. Progress has been made to make discrete models accurate. More recent developments include multiscale methods connecting continuum and discrete approaches. Multiscale methods show much promise and have been able to reproduce material behavior in the laboratory. We anticipate that future applications will demand more multi-scale and analysis of geologic materials.
Probing film solidification dynamics in polymer photovoltaics

Abstract Semiconducting conjugated polymers have drawn a great deal of attention over the past decade due to their solution processability and potential use in roll to roll fabrication of organic solar cells. Here, we report the effect of solvent vapor pressure on poly(3-hexylthiophene):[6,6]-phenyl C 61 -butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) blade coated inverted solar cells using ZnO as the electron transporting layer and MoO 3 as the hole transporting layer. The resultant morphology and device performance are investigated for devices processed from solvents with varied vapor pressure and a mixed solvent. We report that the use of a mixed solvent system is advantageous for controlling the initial vapor pressure of the processing solution, thereby controlling the phase separated morphology between P3HT and PCBM which impacts ultimate solar cell performance.
Occurrence of Phyllodistomum superbum Stafford, 1904 (Trematoda: Gorgoderidae), in the Urinary Bladder of Yellow Perch, Perca flavescens, from Lake St. Clair, Michigan, U.S.A.

A total of 196 yellow perch, Perca flavescens (Percidae), from 3 locations (100 from Strawberry Light in September 2015, 73 from Clinton River Cutoff in November 2017, and 23 from New Baltimore in November 2017) in Lake St. Clair, Michigan, U.S.A., were examined for the digenetic trematode Phyllodistomum superbumStafford, 1904 (Gorgoderidae Looss, 1901). The prevalence, mean intensity, and mean abundance of P. superbum in yellow perch were highest at Strawberry Light (30%, 1.5, and 0.45, respectively) and lowest at Clinton River Cutoff (7%, 1.2, and 0.08, respectively). The maximum intensity of P. superbum varied from 2 to 5 worms per infected fish. Individuals of P. superbum infected the urinary bladder and ureters of perch. Lake St. Clair is a new locality record for P. superbum.
Inequality and Crowdfunding

The advent of crowdfunding brought great optimism about the technological disruption’s capacity to facilitate similarly profound and beneficial economic and social change. Proponents of this optimistic viewpoint argued that crowdfunding could help reduce inequality because it reduces: (a) disparities associated with the search for, and process of gaining access to, funders; and (b) identity constraints and associated biases to the extent that specific facets of one’s identity can be selectively revealed or obscured when raising funds online. Thus it potentially affords access to larger markets or pools of funders with given characteristics and preferences. In this chapter, I take stock of the evidence concerning how, and if so to what extent and why, crowdfunding has had a material bearing on inequality of opportunity associated with gender, race, and geography. While the empirical evidence supports the optimistic case concerning gender, the evidence is mixed with respect to geography, and less encouraging in terms of race.
Providers' Guidance to Parents and Service Use for Latino Children with Developmental Disabilities.

To better understand disparities between Latino and White children with autism or other developmental disabilities (ASD/DD), we examined whether Latino ethnicity predicted the number of specialty care services received by children with severe functional limitations depending on medical providers' responses to parents' initial concerns about their child's development. Through linkage of the Pathways and NS-CSHCN datasets, we found ethnic disparities in the receipt of specialty services associated with providers' responsiveness to parent-reported concerns among children with ASD/DD. Among children with significant functional limitations, Latino children whose parents received passive/reassuring responses from their providers were less likely to receive specialty services than White children with ASD/DD. Providers' guidance to parents may be a promising point of intervention for future disparity reduction efforts.
MITOCHONDRIA CONTAINING EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES FROM AUTOLOGOUS INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL DERIVED CARDIOMYOCYTES RESTORE BIOENERGETICS IN ISCHEMIC MYOCARDIUM

Mitochondrial dysfunction results in an imbalance between energy supply and demand in a failing heart. Extracellular vesicle (EV)-mediated transfer of autologous mitochondria and their related energy source may enhance cardiac function following myocardial injury through restoration of myocardial
Women in Aviation: A Phenomenological Study Exploring the Needs and Wants Necessary for Graduation

Despite the increased awareness of gender and race equality movements, today's population of minority women in aviation is still underrepresented. This research focused on underrepresented minority women who want to pursue a career in the aviation field and what factors affect their level of success in a specialized aviation higher education institution. There is not enough data and research surrounding the topic of minority women in aviation and their paths to success in these institutions. This qualitative research aimed to bridge the existing gap in the literature related to minority women in aviation and their needs and wants to complete a four-year degree. The research objective was to raise awareness for equality of race and gender in aviation higher education institutions and explore the needs and wants that could lead to academic success for minority women. The qualitative research design brought in six students who identify as a minority woman defined by conditions set upon by the researchers, and they were asked a list of questions in a semi-structured interview format. The qualitative data collected from in-depth interviews helped identify significant aspects and patterns that minority women in aviation recognize as needs and wants that could lead to academic success. Open communication, friendship and community, and positive faculty support were identified as the perceived needs and wants of minority female students in aviation. These findings can be used to better serve underrepresented students in an aviation specialized higher education institution. In conclusion, the findings can be used to bring awareness on an issue that is not widely studied or discussed in educational aviation institutions.
The incidence of the healthcare costs of chronic conditions

Who pays for the costs of chronic conditions? In this paper, we examine whether 50–64-year old workers covered by employer-sponsored insurance bear healthcare costs of chronic conditions in the form of lower wages. Using a difference-in-differences approach with data from the Health and Retirement Study, we find that workers with chronic diseases receive significantly lower wages than healthy workers when they are covered by employer-sponsored insurance. Our findings suggest that higher healthcare costs of chronic conditions can explain the substantial part of the wage gap between workers with and without chronic diseases.
It’s the End of the World as We Know It (And I Feel Fine)

The end of Dennard scaling and the imminent end of semiconductor feature scaling means that software systems and applications will no longer benefit from 40% per annum performance increases, a continually rising tide that lifted all boats. Future software developers will work harder to find the capability to support productive, high-level programming languages; richer, more natural models of human-computer interactions; and new, compute-intensive applications. This talk focuses on what software can do to find the performance headroom that we need. The solutions to this problem are more diverse and challenging than our previous path, and do not offer 40 years of uninterrupted progress. Some of these improvements are the performance engineering discipline that has only been necessary in cutting-edge systems, while others are opportunities to change the way in which software is developed. The new emphasis on performance, monitoring, adaptation and new ways of developing software should also lead the hardware and architecture communities to revisit the long-standing debate on the hardware-software interface.
Some Remarks on Hume’s Account of Property Including One Cheer for the Communist Manifesto

Hume’s theory of property is founded upon an analysis of human nature in the context of permanent economic scarcity in all societies. This paper addresses seven questions to Hume about possessions and the nature and origin of property. Hume’s answers reveal the salient features of his liberal and individualistic theory of society. The paper concludes with a discussion of the creative destruction (Schumpeter’s term) described by Marx and Engels as a basic characteristic of industrial capitalism. It ends by pointing out a basic error in Marx’s account that Hume had no difficulty avoiding.
Attack Graph Techniques

Modern attack-graph techniques can automatically discover all possible ways an attacker can compromise an enterprise network by analyzing configuration information of the hosts and network [7, 12, 13, 19, 20, 24, 26, 27, 37, 38, 39, 41, 44, 46, 47, 50, 52]. We will use the MulVAL logical attack graph [38, 39] as the foundation to build themetric models. A logical attack graph directly encodes the logical causality relationship among configuration settings and potential attacker privileges. It shows “why an attack can happen”, instead of “how an attack happens” as in some earlier attack-graph works [41, 46, 47, 50]. Its semantics is similar to the “exploit dependency attack graph” in the Cauldron project [7, 20, 35], and to a lesser degree also similar to the “multiple-prerequisite attack graph” [19] in the NetSPA project [27].
The Impact of Judicial Review on American Federalism: Promoting Centralization More than State Autonomy

The relative scope of federal and state power under the U.S. Constitution has been a major bone of contention for over 200 years. Courts have sometimes enforced substantial limits on federal authority by striking down federal laws deemed to be outside the scope of Congress’ enumerated powers under Article I of the Constitution. Very often, the judiciary has also constrained state power by invalidating state laws as violations of constitutional rights.While judicial review has therefore promoted both centralization and state autonomy at different times, on balance it has strengthened the former at the expense of the latter. This pattern has been especially prevalent since the 1930s, as the Supreme Court largely abandoned earlier efforts to police limits on congressional power, while simultaneously enforcing a growing array of individual rights against state and local governments.This chapter examines the impact of judicial review on American federalism without attempting a normative judgment. It briefly outlines the structure of American federalism and judicial review, and then describes the history of judicial review of structural limits on federal power. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the Supreme Court engaged in limited, but significant efforts to constrain congressional power. These efforts were to a large extent abandoned after the constitutional revolution of the New Deal period in the 1930s. The Supreme Court has recently attempted to revive judicial enforcement of limits on federal power. But so far these efforts have had only a limited effect. The chapter then summarizes the history of judicial review of state laws. The range of issues on which federal courts have invalidated state laws is extremely broad. Overall, the impact of these rulings in curbing state autonomy significantly exceeds the effects of the courts’ more limited efforts to constrain federal power. The last part of the chapter briefly explains why the latter result was not accidental. Because federal judges are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate, the chance that they will resist the political agenda of the dominant political coalition in the federal government is reduced. Even when federal judges do want to invalidate federal legislation, they may hesitate to do so when the result might create a political confrontation that the courts are likely to lose. Federal judges face fewer political risks when they strike down state legislation.
Simplified output control via parallel compensation

Because controller complexity tends to increase with the relative degree of the plant, output control of plants with high relative degree may be difficult to implement successfully. To alleviate the problem, a filter is placed in parallel with the minimum phase plant such that the combination of plant and filter is relative degree one and minimum phase. Very little knowledge of the uncertain plant is required for the design. With the filter in place, a controller designed for relative degree one plants may be used to control the high relative degree plant; designs for stabilization via gain feedback and robust output tracking using model reference robust control and variable structure control are detailed.
The Bastille day Magnetic Clouds and Upstream Shocks: Near-Earth Interplanetary Observations

The energetic charged particle, interplanetary magnetic field, and plasma characteristics of the 'Bastille Day' shock and ejecta/magnetic cloud events at 1 AU occurring over the days 14-16 July 2000 are described. Profiles of MeV (WIND/LEMT) energetic ions help to organize the overall sequence of events from the solar source to 1 AU. Stressed are analyses of an outstanding magnetic cloud (MC2) starting late on 15 July and its upstream shock about 4 hours earlier in WIND magnetic field and plasma data. Also analyzed is a less certain, but likely, magnetic cloud (MC1) occurring early on 15 July; this was separated from MC2 by its upstream shock and many heliospheric current sheet (HCS) crossings. Other HCS crossings occurred throughout the 3-day period. Overall this dramatic series of interplanetary events caused a large multi-phase magnetic storm with min Dst lower than -300 nT. The very fast solar wind speed (greater than or equal to 1100 km/s) in and around the front of MC2 (for near average densities) was responsible for a very high solar wind ram pressure driving in the front of the magnetosphere to geocentric distances estimated to be as low as approx. 5 R(sub E), much lower than the geosynchronous orbit radius. This was consistent with magnetic field observations from two GOES satellites which indicated they were in the magnetosheath for extended times. A static force free field model is used to fit the two magnetic cloud profiles providing estimates of the clouds' physical and geometrical properties. MC2 was much larger than MCI, but their axes were nearly antiparallel, and their magnetic fields had the same left-handed helicity. MC2's axis and its upstream shock normal were very close to being perpendicular to each other, as might be expected if the cloud were driving the shock at the time of observation. The estimated axial magnetic flux carried by MC2 was 52 x 10(exp 20) Mx, which is about 5 times the typical magnetic flux estimated for other magnetic clouds in the WIND data over its first 4 years and is 17 times the flux of MC1. This large flux is due to both the strong axially-directed field of MC2 (46.8 nT on the axis) and the large radius (R(sub 0) = 0.189 AU) of the flux tube. MC2's average speed is consistent with the expected transit time from a halo-CME to which it is apparently related.
Hazardous Gambling among Women Court-Mandated to Batterer Intervention Programs

Although it has been a profound source of controversy in the past,1 it is now generally recognized that females are as physically aggressive as are their male counterparts.2 – 3 The prevalence of female-to-male intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration has been found to be similar to, if not greater than, that of male-to-female IPV perpetration, with the most common form of IPV being bi-directional in nature.2 , 4 Many states have implemented mandatory arrest laws for domestic violence in which all parties found to be involved in the perpetration of IPV, including women, must be arrested when authorities arrive at a violent scene.5 Often, these individuals are further mandated to attend batter intervention programs (BIPs). Unfortunately, there is still very little known regarding women's use of IPV, and even less is known about women court-mandated to BIPs. Further, while there is a large body of research showing a strong association between alcohol use and violent behavior,6 alcohol use and gambling,7 – 10 and violent behavior and gambling,11 –13 very little is known regarding the co-occurrence of all three of these variables. This is especially true of women who have been found to be intimately violent. Understanding the poly-morbid relationship between these three behaviors is an important step toward improving the effectiveness of BIPs, so that the constellation of issues relevant for these women can be more adequately addressed, which could have substantial implications for public health and policy. The aim of the current study was to address this gap. The sample of women used in the current analyses comes from a larger study of women in Rhode Island court-mandated to BIPs, described previously in this journal.14 For the purposes of the current study, a total of 92 women who completed measures of gambling, alcohol use, and IPV were utilized. Females' gambling behavior was assessed with the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS).15 Consistent with the published scoring protocol for the SOGS, hazardous gambling was defined as a cut score of five or greater, and problem gambling was defined as a score between one and four. Alcohol use was assessed with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT).16 Hazardous drinking was defined as meeting one or more of the following three criteria: scoring eight or higher on the AUDIT; drinking four or more drinks on one occasion on a monthly or more frequent basis; or being intoxicated on a monthly or more frequent basis. Finally, perpetration of IPV was assessed with the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2).17 Specifically, perpetration of psychological abuse, physical abuse, and sexual coercion were examined.
Phosphoinositide 3‐kinase regulates crosstalk between Trk A tyrosine kinase and p75NTR‐dependent sphingolipid signaling pathways

The mechanism of crosstalk between signaling pathways coupled to the Trk A and p75NTR neurotrophin receptors in PC12 cells was examined. In response to nerve growth factor (NGF), Trk A activation inhibited p75NTR-dependent sphingomyelin (SM) hydrolysis. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) inhibitor, LY294002, reversed this inhibition suggesting that Trk A activation of PI 3-kinase is necessary to inhibit sphingolipid signaling by p75NTR. In contrast, SM hydrolysis induced by neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), which did not activate PI-3 kinase, was uneffected by LY294002. However, transient expression of a constituitively active PI 3-kinase inhibited p75NTR-dependent SM hydrolysis by both NGF and NT-3. Intriguingly, NGF induced an association of activated PI 3-kinase with acid sphingomyelinase (SMase). This interaction localized to caveolae-related domains and correlated with a 50% decrease in immunoprecipitated acid SMase activity. NGF-stimulated PI 3-kinase activity was necessary for inhibition of acid SMase but was not required for ligand–induced association of the p85 subunit of PI 3-kinase with the phospholipase. Finally, this interaction was specific for NGF since EGF did not induce an association of PI 3-kinase with acid SMase. In summary, our data suggest that PI 3-kinase regulates the inhibitory crosstalk between Trk A tyrosine kinase and p75NTR-dependent sphingolipid signaling pathways and that this interaction localizes to caveolae-related domains.
Comment on B. Davids et al.; Proton-Decaying States in 22Mg and the Nucleosynthesis of 22Na in Novae

B.S. Davids {\em et al.} make the explicit assumption that radiative widths of analog states in \ne22 and \mg22 are equal. We demonstrate that this misapplication of iso-spin symmetry leads to very wrong results. Considerations of elementary nuclear structure suggests that such an assumption can be inaccurate by a large factor (in \mg22), as is evident from a comparison with recent measurements of radiative width in \mg22. Estimates of radiative widths from analog transitions are common but often wrong (e.g. in \mg22) and should not be considered a useful tool in nuclear astrophysics.
Nonlinear Analysis of Physiological Control Systems

This chapter shows the utility of employing the van der Pol and Poincare models as theoretical constructs for characterizing the dynamic behavior observed in physiological oscillators, such as cardiac and circadian pacemakers. One feature that distinguishes a nonlinear oscillator from a linear oscillatory system is that the former can exhibit the phenomenon of entrainment or phase‐locking. In the nonlinear case, the phase‐plane plot shows a closed‐loop figure, but the structure of the plot is much more irregular than the ellipse. The chapter illustrates a specific application of the describing function method. Although the Hodgkin‐Huxley equation set is able to reproduce many features of neuronal dynamics, it constitutes an unwieldy model, containing several state variables and a large number of empirical constants. The changes in dynamics exhibited by the Poincare oscillator or any nonlinear system that occurs abruptly as a system parameter is decreased or increased are commonly referred to as bifurcations .
Experimental optimization of the performance and reliability of stand-alone photovoltaic systems

Stand-alone photovoltaic systems are deceptively complex. Optimizing the performance and reliability of these systems requires a complete understanding of their behavior as a function of site-dependent environmental conditions. Individual component specifications provide useful design information. However, to fully understand the interactions between components, it is necessary to simultaneously characterize the performance of the system and its separate components under actual operating conditions. This paper describes how a new 30-day outdoor testing procedure was coupled with array performance modeling to accomplish this objective. The procedure measures battery capacity, determines appropriate set-points for charging, and based on daily intervals quantifies DC-energy available from the array, charge-controller efficiency, battery efficiency, inverter efficiency, overall system efficiency, days of autonomy, and AC-energy available by month.
A war for the soul of America: a history of the culture wars

Perhaps my favorite moment in the culture wars of the 1980s and 1990s might be when Tipper Gore strong-armed record companies into putting warnings on albums she deemed “filthy,” thus creating the ...
Maternal ethnicity and pre‐eclampsia in New York City, 1995–2003

Studies on ethnic differences in risk of preeclampsia are limited. We linked birth records for 902,460 singleton births for the period 1995–2003 in New York City with hospital discharge data to evaluate the association between ethnicity and the risk of preeclampsia and compare risks between US-born and foreign-born women. Logistic regression models adjusted for maternal age, maternal education, parity, self-reported prepregnancy maternal weight, smoking during pregnancy, and year of delivery, were used to estimate the adjusted odds ratios of preeclampsia and 95% confidence intervals, comparing each ethnic group to non-Hispanic white women. The prevalence of preeclampsia in this study population was 3.2%. Among the major ethnic groups considered in our study, East Asian women had the lowest risk of preeclampsia (1.4%) and Mexican women had the highest risk (5.0%). Compared to non-Hispanic white women, there was a slightly decreased risk for East Asian women (adjusted OR=0.8, 95% CI [0.7, 0.8]), similar risk for North African women (adjusted OR=1.1, 95% CI [0.9, 1.3]), and increased risk for all other major ethnic groups (adjusted ORs: 1.3–2.9), with the highest risk for Mexican women (adjusted OR=2.9, 95% CI [2.7, 3.1]). No difference in risks was observed for US versus foreign born women with the exception that foreign-born South-East Asian and Pacific Islanders had increased risk of preeclampsia (adjusted OR=1.8, 95% CI [1.0, 3.1]) relative to those born in the US. We concluded that there was ethnic heterogeneity in the development of preeclampsia among women in New York City and Asian subgroups should be examined separately in future studies on ethnicity. Our results should contribute to screening for preeclampsia taking ethnic variation into account and may help to suggest leads for study of etiology.
Toward Integrative Learning and Teaching In Social Work: An Analytic Framework

Abstract Accepting the assumption that integrated learning in professional education is desirable, a beginning “map” for analyzing the educational environment is developed and presented. Drawing upon the work of Tyler, Brunner, and Bloom and their own empirical work, the authors discuss those manipulatable variables, concepts to be taught, integrative threads, and integrative elements that each school can organize and develop as it attempts to achieve its stated educational objectives. Some variables that may be more powerful in bringing about integrative learning are briefly discussed.
Co hydrogenation over NaY encaged Pd clusters

CO hydrogenation has been studied over reduced Pd/NaY; a pronounced structure sensitivity was observed. Catalysts containing highly dispersed Pd clusters initially showed high selectivity towards CH4, but as the Pd particles grew during the reaction the selectivity changed towards CH3OH, CH3OCH3 and higher hydrocarbons. On catalysts initially containing large Pd particles, CH3OH and CH3OCH3 were selectively formed from the start of the reaction. The results suggest that dissociative adsorption of CO is favored on very small Pd clusters leading to CH4 formation. On larger Pd particles CH3OH is formed; it is subsequently converted to CH3OCH3 and higher hydrocarbons on acid sites.
Further Beyond the Durkheimian Problematic: Environmental Sociology and the Co‐construction of the Social and the Natural

The biophysical environment is not tangential to the social; it is only tangential to conventional sociological thought. Environmental sociology arose in the 1970s based on this presupposition, but over time theory and empirical research have generally adopted a social constructionist or natural realist approach. Despite rejection of the Durkheimian dictum of explaining social facts through the invocation of other social facts, and thus refusal to presuppose human exemptionalism from ecological constraints, scholarship continues to reflect this nature/culture divide. When environmental sociologists focus on one side or the other of the nature/culture divide, the intertwining and conjoint constitution of the social and the biophysical–material is obscured. The intent of the present essay is to articulate a co-constructionist ontological position sensitive to the temporal emergence of hybridity between the social and the natural and amenable to recognition of salient dynamics not readily envisioned from either side of the nature/culture divide. In doing so, the argument builds upon prior metatheoretical scholarship in environmental sociology and science and technology studies and highlights ontological conundrums that must be confronted in order to further the move toward a viable co-constructionist posture.
Kinesin-2's Neck-Linker is Critical to Navigating Obstacles on the Microtubule Surface More Efficiently Than Kinesin-1

A number of cargo during intracellular transport are known to be bound to both kinesin-1 and kinesin-2, but the advantage of having two similarly plus-end directed motors on a single cargo is not clear. Kinesin-1 is known to be sensitive to alterations in the microtubule track, including those arising from post-translational modifications, changes in nucleotide state, and the presence of microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) such as Tau. Less is known about effects of microtubule lattice modifications on kinesin-2 motility. Kinesin-2, which contains three additional amino acids in its neck-linker compared with kinesin-1, has reduced stepping coordination between motor domains, which decreases its processivity on paclitaxel-stabilized microtubules. We hypothesize these differences in kinesin-2's structure and function allows it to more easily navigate obstacles on the microtubule surface, such as Tau, compared to kinesin-1. To directly test this hypothesis, we used single molecule imaging with TIRF microscopy to measure motility from different kinesin-1 and kinesin-2 neck-linker chimeras stepping along microtubules in the absence or presence of two isoforms of Tau known to differentially affect kinesin-1 motility. Our results demonstrate that kinesin-2, unlike kinesin-1, is insensitive in the presence of either Tau isoform on paclitaxel-stabilized microtubules. Swapping the neck-linkers between kinesin-1 and kinesin-2 resulted in a switch in the sensitivity to Tau between the two motors: the kinesin-1 construct containing a kinesin-2 neck-linker became insensitive to Tau, while the kinesin-2 construct containing a kinesin-1 neck-linker became sensitized to the presence of Tau. Thus, while kinesin-2 is less processive than kinesin-1, it is better optimized through its longer neck-linker to navigate obstacles on the microtubule surface, such as Tau, allowing the two motors to work together for the efficient delivery of cargo in the complex intracellular environment.