cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Note on Superlattices and Brillouin Zones

In a number of alloys, such as CuPt, an ordered phase is formed below a definite temperature, in which atoms of the two sorts are localized in alternate layers. In some cases in the ordered phase an atom of each sort is surrounded by equal numbers of atoms of both sorts, so that the ordinary explanation of ordering, the preference of an atom to be surrounded by neighbors of the opposite type, does not apply. It is pointed out, however, that in such a case the Brillouin zone is split by the double periodicity in the lattice, with modification of the energy levels such that if the zone is approximately half-filled with electrons, the electronic energy is decreased by an amount proportional to the square of the degree of order. It is suggested that this decrease of energy is what stabilizes the ordered phase. It is also suggested that in some metals, a similar effect on the Brillouin zones would occur if alternate layers were slightly displaced in opposite directions along the normal to the planes. This also might stabilize such a structure, at low temperatures, leading to a narrow energy gap above the occupied levels, with consequent increase of resistance; this might explain the resistance increase of Mg and Au at low temperatures. The similarity of these effects to current theories of antiferromagnetism and of superconductivity is pointed out.
Trademark Strategy in the Internet Age: Customer Hijacking and the Doctrine of Initial Interest Confusion

Abstract Internet search engines allow rapid access to customers – and the potential for rapid loss of customers. “Search engine optimization” techniques create a direct mechanical pathway to inertial disruption, allowing a website owner to hijack “Firm A's” trademarks, then use those trademarks to steal Firm A's established customers. This article explains what marketers need to know about federal trademark law within an Internet context. The sequence and substance of the federal court's cyber-age infringement analysis is illustrated via examination of several recent cases. The purpose of this article is to (1) explain recent legal developments pertaining to Internet trademark use in terms accessible to non-lawyers; (2) provide guidance to practitioners on how to stop the exploitation of one's trademarks, and explain the legal limits on the use of another firm’ trademarks, and (3) demonstrate how Internet use of trademarks alters our theoretical understanding of retail equity and customer lifetime value. Recommendations for practice are discussed and theoretical implications outlined.
On the evaluation of threefold potential functions from far-infrared data

Abstract The dependence of the potential terms V3 and V6 on changes in the kinetic energy parameter is examined. An iterative type of calculation is followed and results based on far-infrared data are presented for ethyl fluoride, ethyl chloride, propene and 2-fluoropropene.
Biologically inspired hexapedal robot using field-effect electroactive elastomer artificial muscles

Small, autonomous mobile robots are needed for applications such as reconnaissance over difficult terrain or internal inspection of large industrial systems. Previous work in experimental biology and with legged robots has revealed the advantages of using leg actuators with inherent compliance for robust, autonomous locomotion over uneven terrain. Recently developed field-effect electroactive elastomer artificial muscle actuators offer such compliance as well as attractive performance parameters such as force/weight and efficiency, so we developed a small (670 g) six-legged robot, FLEX, using AM actuators. Electrically, AM actuators are a capacitive, high-impedance load similar to piezoelectrics, which makes them difficult to rive optimally with conventional circuitry. Still, we were able to devise a modular, microprocessor-based control system capable of driving 12 muscles with up to 5,000 V, operating form an on- board battery. The artificial muscle actuators had excellent compliance and peak performance, but suffered from poor uniformity and degradation over time. FLEX is the first robot of its kind. While there is room for improvement in some of the robot systems such as actuators and their drivers, this work has validated the idea of using artificial muscle actuators in biologically inspired walking robots.
Health status measurement in the evaluation of health promotion.

A step beyond treatment and even the prevention of disease is coming onto the health agenda. It is health promotion--"the advancement of well-being and the avoidance of health risks by achieving the optimal levels of the behavioral, societal, environmental and biomedical determinants of health." It differs from medical service in that the latter is directed largely toward overcoming poor health, disequilibrium with one's environment. Health promotion is aimed at maintaining the level of health and, insofar as possible, strengthening the potential (resources) for health. The emergence of health promotion raises an issue for those concerned with health status measurement: whether we consider health as having only biologic elements as traditionally understood in biomedical science, and role (performance) elements as traditionally understood in sociomedical science; or whether we add to these considerations a view of health as the dynamic equilibrium of individuals or groups of people with their environment, their capacity to live physically, mentally, and socially. The latter view entails measuring the health of people on a continuum extending from "perfect" harmony with one's environment and maximum potential for responding to adversities, on the one hand, to extreme invalidism and no reserves, i.e., the premorbid state, at the other extreme. That view also entails expanding attention to the whole population, not just the sick. It also means considering the relative emphasis to be given conceptual and methodologic work, individual versus community responsibilities for health, and the alleged medicalization of life.
Survey of Greenland instrumental temperature records: 1873–2001

Temporal and spatial variability are analysed in Greenland instrumental temperature records from 24 coastal and three ice sheet locations. Trends over the longest period available, 1873–2001, at Ilulissat/Jakobshavn indicate statistically significant warming in all seasons: 5°C in winter. Trends over the 1901–2000 century in southern Greenland indicate statistically significant spring and summer cooling. General periods of warming occurred from 1885 to 1947 and 1984 to 2001, and cooling occurred from 1955 to 1984. The standard period 1961–90 was marked by 1–2°C statistically significant cooling. In contrast to Northern Hemisphere mean temperatures, the 1990s do not contain the warmest years on record in Greenland. The warmest years in Greenland were 1932, 1947, 1960, and 1941. The coldest years were 1918, 1984, 1993, and 1972, several of which coincide with major volcanic eruptions. Over 1991–2000, statistically significant 2–4°C warming was observed in western Greenland, 1.1°C warming at the ice sheet summit (3200 m), although this is statistically insignificant. Annual temperature trends are dominated by winter variability. Much of the observed variability is shown to be linked with the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO), sea ice extent, and volcanism. The correlation of coastal temperature anomalies with the NAO is statistically significant, in autumn and winter at western and southern sites. Warming from 1873 to 1930 and subsequent cooling persists after the removal of the NAO signal. Temperature trends are often opposite between west and east Greenland. This apparent teleconnection is spurious, however, given insignificant east–west correlation values. Frequency peaks correspond with periods of 3.7, 14.3, 9.1, 5.5–6.0, 11.1, and 7.1 years in both temperature and NAO. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
An Ethical Perspective on CEO Compensation

The controversial issue of whether Chief Executive Officer (CEO) compensation is excessive or appropriate is examined in terms of two competing claims: that CEOs are overpaid for the value they provide to an enterprise, and that CEO compensation is inherently equitable. Various arguments and perspectives on both sides of the issue are assessed. Little evidence supports the claim that CEO performance justifies very high compensation. Further, the complex interactive alliance between boards of directors and CEOs compromises rational decision-making about CEO compensation, with the Enron affair offered as an illustration of what can go wrong when dishonest CEO actions combine with lax board oversight. Recommendations for restoring trust in the system include continuing current regulatory actions, using different metrics for determining CEO compensation, making board member-CEO relationships transparent to all company stakeholders, and several more radical ideas for change. Stakeholders must resist being distracted by other social, economic, or political issues from pursuing serious, lasting reform.
Statin use is associated with improved survival in patients undergoing surgery for renal cell carcinoma.

Abstract Purpose To determine whether statin use at time of surgery is associated with survival following nephrectomy or partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Statins are thought to exhibit a protective effect on cancer incidence and possibly cancer survival in a number of malignancies. To date, no studies have shown an independent association between statin use and mortality in RCC. Methods A retrospective cohort study of 916 patients who underwent radical or partial nephrectomy for RCC from 2000 to 2010 at a single institution was performed. Primary outcomes were overall (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS). Univariable survival analyses were performed using the Kaplan-Meier and the log-rank methods. Multivariable analysis was performed using a Cox proportional hazards model. The predictive discrimination of the models was assessed using the Harrell c-index. Results The median follow-up of the entire cohort was 42.5 months. The 3-year OS estimate was 83.1% (95% CI: 77.6%–87.3%) for statin users and 77.3% (95% CI: 73.7%–80.6%) for nonstatin users (P = 0.53). The 3-year DSS was 90.9% (95% CI: 86.3%–94.0%) for statin users and 83.5% (95% CI: 80.1%–86.3%) for nonstatin users (P = 0.015). After controlling for age, American Society of Anesthesiology class, pT category, pN category, metastatic status, preoperative anemia and corrected hypercalcemia, and blood type, statin use at time of surgery was independently associated with improved OS (hazard ratio = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.43–0.90; P = 0.011) and DSS (hazard ratio = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.28–0.83; P = 0.009). The multivariable model for DSS had excellent predictive discrimination with a c-index of 0.91. Conclusions These data suggest that statin usage at time of surgery is independently associated with improved OS and DSS in patients undergoing surgery for RCC.
Warfarin sodium 2‐propanol solvate

The crystal structure of the title compound, R-(Na+·C19H15O4−)·S-(Na+·C19H15O4−)·C3H8O, the 2-propanol sol­vate of the sodium salt of 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenyl­butyl)-2H-1-benzo­pyran-2-one, i.e. bis­(sodium 2-oxo-3-(3-oxo-1-phenyl­butyl)-2H-1-benzo­pyran-4-olate) 2-propanol solvate, is composed of infinite sheets in the ab plane, separated only by van der Waals contacts. The hydroxy­coumarin fragments display rotational rigid-body motion. The 2-propanol mol­ecule is rotationally disordered and was modeled as two components. Each of the two sodium ions is associated with four O atoms that form a distorted tetrahedron bridging the two warfarin anions.
Studies of failure mechanisms for head-disc interface using in situ instrumentation

AbstractThe failure mechanism for a head-disc interface has been studied using in situ multi-instrumentation. Combined with ex situ atomic force microscopy observations, the sequence of events for the failure of a head-disc interface is proposed as depletion of the lubricant on laser bumps, uniform wear of the carbon coating on laser bumps, failure of the carbon coating on laser bumps and abrasive wear of the underlying substrate.
Detrending and turning points

This paper examines the sensitivity of turning points classification to different detrending methods and the ability of each method to replicate NBER dating. We use two different turning point rules and a variety of detrending methods to compute the cyclical component of output. We show that while differences are minor with the first rule, the results are extremely sensitive to detrending with the second rule. Many detrending procedures generate false alarms and many miss several commonly classified turning points. The output series detrended with the Hodrick and Prescott filter and with a frequency domain masking of the low frequency components of the series reproduce all NBER turning points with at most two quarters lead or lag, regardless of the dating rule used.
Total synthesis of taxane terpenes: cyclase phase

Abstract A full account of synthetic efforts toward a lowly oxidized taxane framework is presented. A non-natural taxane, dubbed ‘taxadienone’, was synthesized as our first entry into the taxane family of diterpenes. The final synthetic sequence illustrates a seven-step, gram-scale, and enantioselective route to this tricyclic compound in 18% overall yield. This product was then modified further to give (+)-taxadiene, the lowest oxidized member of the taxane family of natural products.
Differential display of hepatic mRNA from killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) inhabiting a Superfund estuary

Fundulus heteroclitus (Atlantic killifish, mummichog) from a highly contaminated site on the Elizabeth River (VA, USA) are resistant to the toxicity of sediment from the site. However, the mechanistic changes that confer resistance to the toxicity are not yet well understood. We utilized differential display to identify mRNAs that are differentially expressed in hepatic tissue of male and female killifish from the Elizabeth River environment, compared to killifish from a non-contaminated reference site, King's Creek (VA, USA). Seventy-four differentially expressed mRNAs were initially identified (including sex and population-specific differences), and 65 of these were isolated and sequenced. A reverse northern blot array constructed of these cDNAs (plus an additional 15 previously sequenced mRNAs of interest) was used to confirm and quantify expression differences. High interindividual variability was observed in mRNA expression, but multiple differentially expressed mRNAs were identified, including 11 population-specific differences occurring in both sexes, 24 population-specific differences occurring in only one sex, and 22 sex-specific differences. Many of these differentially expressed mRNAs were novel, or not previously hypothesized to play a role in response to contaminant exposure. In addition, the results indicate that the effect of contaminated sediment exposure on the expression of a large proportion of the differentially expressed mRNAs was dependent on the sex of the fish.
Bayesian Simulation and Decision Analysis: An Expository Survey

The aim of this expository survey on Bayesian simulation is to stimulate more work in the area by decision analysts. We discuss the main areas of research performed thus far, including input analysis, propagation and estimation of output uncertainty, output analysis, making decisions with simulations, selecting the best simulated system, and applications of Bayesian simulation methods. Throughout, we offer avenues of future research in Bayesian simulation that may be of interest to decision analysts.
Metalloids in the high latitude North Atlantic Ocean: Sources and internal cycling

The concentrations and speciation of antimony, arsenic, and selenium were determined in horizontal transects and eight vertical profiles in the North Atlantic Ocean between 54°N to 68°N as a part of the 1993 IOC Contaminant Baseline Survey. Both arsenic and selenium display surface-water depletion and deep-water enrichment typical of nutrient-type elements, although selenium accumulates in deep waters to a much greater extent than arsenic. In contrast, antimony displays surface enrichment and a decrease with water mass age, consistent with scavenged behavior. Trivalent arsenic and antimony, and dimethyl arsinic acid, are restricted to the surface waters, but organic selenide is found in the youngest deep waters. A residence time of ca. 10 years for organic selenide is consistent with this behavior. Comparisons of allochthonous fluxes required to maintain the observed metalloid concentrations and atmospheric depositional fluxes measured on the islands of Bermuda and Ireland indicate that atmospheric deposition can be the dominant source of metalloids to the high latitude North Atlantic.
Can the Government Ban Organ Sale? Recent Court Challenges and the Future of US Law on Selling Human Organs and Other Tissue

On December 1, 2011, in Flynn v. Holder, a panel of the US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit upheld the National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 (NOTA) from a constitutional challenge, but interpreted the act such that its prohibition on sale did not encompass "peripheral blood stem cells" obtained through apheresis. Rehearing of the case was denied on March 27, 2012. The Obama administration must now decide whether to pursue its challenge in the US Supreme Court. This article explains the litigation, its significance and uses it as a backdrop against which to understand the history and future trajectory of the laws governing selling organs and other human tissue.
Inlet Flow Control Technology: Learning from History, Reinventing the Future

The history, not only of air intake development, but of inlet flow control technology in turbineengine powered aircraft is written in museum hardware from the P-59 to the YF-22 (e.g., USAF Museum). Inlet lines in all historic and current transonic/supersonic aircraft systems testify to the necessary control of inlet-related boundary layer in reliable high speed flight. In this paper the evolution of inlet flow control design features is discussed and related to the need for reduced inlet drag, especially inlet bleed drag, in future aircraft. Inlet boundary layer control will still be required to achieve lower drag inlet designs, but recent R&D suggests that boundary layers in air intake adverse pressure gradients can be controlled in many cases by sub-boundary-layer vortex generators that do not involve having to oversize the inlet in order bleed off and dispose of the flow needed for control.
Prevalence and predictors of non-medical prescription drug use among men who have sex with men

Although non-medical prescription drug use has dramatically increased in many populations during the past decade, this phenomenon remains understudied among men who have sex with men (MSM). Using a community-based sample of MSM, we provide data on the high prevalence of lifetime and recent non-medical prescription drug use among MSM for a range of prescription drug classes such as pain killers, sedatives, sleep aids, stimulants, and erectile dysfunction medications. The paper also highlights differences in rates of recent non-medical prescription drug use within this population, noting that White MSM, HIV-positive MSM, gay-identified MSM, and MSM over 40 were typically more likely to have recently used a range of prescription drugs than their counterparts. After controlling for various factors, the findings demonstrate that age, HIV-positive status, gay identity, low educational level, and White race are significant correlates of both lifetime and recent non-medical prescription drug use among MSM. The data suggest that prevention and treatment efforts for this population are likely to require some tailoring, particularly for HIV-positive MSM who may have different needs than other MSM given their health concerns and medication regimens.
Unintended Consequences of Property Tax Relief: New York’s STAR Program

New York’s School Tax Relief Program, STAR, provides state-funded property tax relief for homeowners. Like a matching grant, STAR changes the price of public services, thereby altering the incentives of voters and school officials and leading to unintended consequences. Using data for New York State school districts before and after STAR was implemented, we find that STAR resulted in small increases in student performance along with significant decreases in the efficiency with which this performance is delivered and significant increases in school spending and property tax rates. These tax-rate increases magnify existing inequities in New York State’s education finance system.
Survival of honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) spermatozoa incubated at room temperature from drones exposed to miticides.

We conducted research to examine the potential impacts of coumaphos, fluvalinate, and Apilife VAR (Thymol) on drone honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), sperm viability over time. Drones were reared in colonies that had been treated with each miticide by using the dose recommended on the label. Drones from each miticide treatment were collected, and semen samples were pooled. The pooled samples from each treatment were subdivided and analyzed for periods of up to 6 wk. Random samples were taken from each treatment (n = 6 pools) over the 6-wk period. Sperm viability was measured using dual-fluorescent staining techniques. The exposure of drones to coumaphos during development and sexual maturation significantly reduced sperm viability for all 6 wk. Sperm viability significantly decreased from the initial sample to week 1 in control colonies, and a significant decrease in sperm viability was observed from week 5 to week 6 in all treatments and control. The potential impacts of these results on queen performance and failure are discussed.
Activations and Properties of Cementitious Materials Made with Cement-Kiln Dust and Class F Fly Ash

Activation methods and their effects on strength development of nonclinker cements made with 50% cement kiln dust (CKD) and 50% Class F fly ash (FA) were investigated. These activation methods included (1) ball mill cogrinding; (2) chemical (2 and 5% NaOH ) addition; and (3) elevated temperature curing (38 and 50°C ). Particle size distribution, hydration products, and compressive strength of the CKD-FA binders were studied. Soluble alkali and chloride content as well as pH value of the CKD-FA pastes were evaluated. The results indicate that all activation methods improved binder strength development. The strength improvement was more significant at the early age than that at the later age. Curing at elevated temperature appeared to be the most effective activation methods compared with grinding and NaOH addition. Combined activation methods provided the binder with higher activation effectiveness than any single activation method. The CKD-FA pastes had much higher alkali and chloride contents but slightl...
Poetic forms of leadership pedagogy: Rediscovering creative leadership through the arts

In his article, “Educational Research: The Hardest Science of All,” policy scholar David Berliner (2002) asserts that “no unpoetic description of the human condition can ever be complete” (p. 20). Berliner's words echo the epistemological and methodological climate of late 1970s and early 1980s social science research, a phase often characterized as the “literary turn.” In this historical moment, social science scholars turned to interdisciplinary sources, most notably literary theory and the humanities, for new means of addressing the ineffable, aesthetic aspects of human activity. This work and emphasis remains a prominent, growing genre within several fields, exemplified by widespread recognition of Margaret Wheatley's poetic approach to leadership inquiry and pedagogy (2009), frequent inclusion of aesthetic works in leading research journals (such as Qualitative Inquiry), and recent creation of arts- and humanities-based educational research criteria for submissions to the American Educational Research Association's annual conference and sponsored journals. No field of inquiry better illustrates the need to understand human activity as “poetic” than leadership, which is perhaps the quintessential marker of social existence. Accordingly, in this symposium we wish to explore how such interdisciplinary approaches, specifically those grounded in the humanities, have manifested in leadership inquiry and pedagogy. It is our hope that this collection of essays will illustrate the breadth and depth of the field of leadership studies, as well as offer our readers new perspectives and inspiration in their own research and practice.
Internal Relations and the Revolutionary Consciousness

Previous work in the field of Marxism has suggested that a philosophy of internal relations underlies Marx’s view of the mediation of the objective world by human productive activity. However, within the philosophical cannon there is a variety of models of internal relations, two of which are represented in the works of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Alfred North Whitehead, respectively. The purpose of this essay is to explore the differences between these two visions of internal relations in order to demonstrate that modernist presuppositions inherent in the Leibnizian version lead those attempting a Marxian application into two significant and linked errors, one theoretical, and one practical.
Food-Induced Anaphylaxis

Food allergy is the most common single cause of anaphylaxis. About 4–6% of children and 3% of adults suffer from confirmed food allergy, which places a huge population at risk for anaphylaxis. This chapter provides an overview of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, pediatric considerations, risk factors, treatment, diagnosis, prevention, and natural history of food-induced anaphylaxis. With a growing population of food-allergic children and adults, who appear to have more severe and more persistent food allergies, new therapies are vigorously sought and are also reviewed here.
CCSP deficiency does not alter surfactant homeostasis during adenoviral infection.

Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP) deficiency in mice is associated with increased susceptibility to pulmonary inflammation after hyperoxia or viral infection. Because adenoviral exposure perturbs...
Antimicrobial Tolerance in Biofilms

The tolerance of microorganisms in biofilms to antimicrobial agents is examined through a meta-analysis of literature data. A numerical tolerance factor comparing the rates of killing in the planktonic and biofilm states is defined to provide a quantitative basis for the analysis. Tolerance factors for biocides and antibiotics range over three orders of magnitude. This variation is not explained by taking into account the molecular weight of the agent, the chemistry of the agent, the substratum material, or the speciation of the microorganisms. Tolerance factors do depend on the areal cell density of the biofilm at the time of treatment and on the age of the biofilm as grown in a particular experimental system. This suggests that there is something that happens during biofilm maturation, either physical or physiological, that is essential for full biofilm tolerance. Experimental measurements of antimicrobial penetration times in biofilms range over orders of magnitude, with slower penetration (>12 min) observed for reactive oxidants and cationic molecules. These agents are retarded through the interaction of reaction, sorption, and diffusion. The specific physiological status of microbial cells in a biofilm contributes to antimicrobial tolerance. A conceptual framework for categorizing physiological cell states is discussed in the context of antimicrobial susceptibility. It is likely that biofilms harbor cells in multiple states simultaneously (e.g., growing, stress-adapted, dormant, inactive) and that this physiological heterogeneity is an important factor in the tolerance of the biofilm state.
Synthesis of SrRuO3 by Sol-Gel Processing

Electronic conductive oxide SrRuO 3 has been synthesized by sol-gel processing. Various precursors were tested and four different processing methods were developed. Stable SrRuO 3 sols were obtained using these four processing methods with various precursors. It was found that partial hydrolysis of strontium precursors was required to achieve a cross-condensation of ruthenium and strontium, so as to obtain a single phase SrRuO 3 perovskite at relatively low temperatures. The stable sols were either poured into petri-dishes to form xerogels or dip-coated on substrates to form thin films. Single phase SrRuO 3 perovskite was obtained after heat-treatment at 800 °C or higher temperatures. TGA/DTA, XRD and SEM were applied to characterize sol-gel derived SrRuO 3 ceramic powders and films.
The Influences of Operating Parameters on the Recovery of Coated Single-Core Particles by the Spray Drying of Suspensions

The coating of fine particle was carried out by spray drying with a pneumatic nozzle. The raw powders that served as the core particles used in the experiments were particles with a narrow size distribution for polishing use. The coating material was ethyl cellulose dissolved in an ethanol and water mixture. The operating parameters were the composition of the suspensions, the concentration of ethyl cellulose and the core particle sizes. The recovery of single-core particles produced by spray drying was able to be formulated as a function of the operating parameters. The factor that most significantly influenced the recovery of single-core particles was particle size. The smaller the size, the less the single-core particles obtained. The thickness of the liquid film which adhered to the surface of a particle was estimated to be around 2.4μm.
186. Der Einfluß präoperativer Parameter auf das Operationsergebnis nach aorto-coronarem Bypass

Bei 1096 Patienten mit aorto-coronarem Venenbypass wurde der Einflus der praoperativen Parameter Geschlecht, Alter, Myokardinfarkt, klinisches Beschwerdestadium, Anzahl der stenosierten Herzkranzgefase, Ventrikelfunktion etc. auf das Operationsergebnis untersucht. Das Operationsrisiko (Fruhsterblichkeit, periop. Infarkte) wurde durch keinen dieser Faktoren signifikant beeinflust. Einen nachweisbaren negativen Einflus auf das Spatergebnis hatten das weibliche Geschlecht (4-Jahres-Uberlebens-rate, klinische Symptomatik), fruhere Infarkte (4-Jahres-Uberlebensrate) und die eingeschrankte Ventrikelfunktion (4-Jahres-Uberlebensrate, 4-Jahres-Infarktrate).
Access, entanglement, and prosociality.

Sass (2013) proposes an innovative and compelling means for increasing blood donation by encouraging what he describes as the “prosocial” elements of this institution. My goals here are, first, to ...
Abstract 5386: Investigating the role of N-terminal protein methylation in colon cancer progression.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC We have recently identified the first mammalian N-terminal methyltransferase, NRMT. NRMT is a highly conserved, ubiquitously expressed nuclear enzyme that is predicted to methylate more than 300 target proteins, including the proven targets Retinoblastoma Protein (RB), DDB2, and the oncoprotein SET. N-terminal methylation has been shown to regulate protein-DNA interactions and has also been implicated in regulating protein stability. Multiple microarray analyses have shown that NRMT is overexpressed in human colon cancer, and our preliminary data indicate the more aggressive the cancer, the higher the NRMT expression. However, there are currently no commercially available inhibitors specific for this enzyme and very little is known about the downstream signaling consequences of NRMT misregulation. We have used in silico screening of the ZINC small molecule library to identify potential NRMT-specific inhibitors. Screening of the top 100 candidates produced 10 compounds that could inhibit NRMT methyltransferase activity in vitro. The top compound of these 10 can also inhibit NRMT methyltransferase activity in cell culture and specifically stops the growth of colon cancer cell lines that have high NRMT expression. We are currently working to optimize this small molecule inhibitor for stability and solubility, understand its downstream signaling consequences, and test its efficacy in a murine model system. We are especially interested in the potential of NRMT inhibitors as a treatment for patients with mutant kRAS. These patients are often insensitive to anti-EGFR therapy, but oncogenic RAS seems to require functional RB. Therefore, impairment of NRMT activity could also impair oncogenic RAS signaling through destabilization of RB. Data from this study will enhance our understanding of how colon cancer develops and could lead to novel treatments for the disease. Citation Format: John G. Tooley, John O. Trent, Christine E. Schaner Tooley. Investigating the role of N-terminal protein methylation in colon cancer progression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5386. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-5386
Commutative Algebra of Subspace and Hyperplane Arrangements

Arrangements of linear subspaces have connections with a wealth of mathematical objects in areas as diverse as topology, invariant theory, combinatorics, algebraic geometry, and statistics. Arrangements have also recently played a prominent role in applied mathematics, appearing as key players in data mining and generalized principal component analysis, in the study of the topological complexity of robot motion planning, and in the study of configuration spaces and the Gaudin model of mathematical physics. We give an overview of a number of problems having close connections to commutative algebra and algebraic geometry; the field is very broad so this survey is selective.
A Defensive Secretion of Dineutes discolor (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae)

Adults of Dineutes discolor Aube release a secretion from a pair of pygidial glands in response to physical attack. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that the presence of the pygidial gland secretion rendered the adult beetles unpalatable to selected vertebrate predators. Normal food materials coated with the beetle secretion were likewise rejected by the predators.
On the way to biofuels from furan: Discriminating Diels-Alder and ring-opening mechanisms

We performed kinetics experiments and quantum calculations to investigate the reaction of furan to benzofuran catalyzed by the acidic zeolite HZSM-5, which is a key step in the conversion of biomass to biofuels through catalytic fast pyrolysis. The reaction was studied experimentally by placing the zeolite in contact with solution-phase furan and detecting the benzofuran product over the temperature range 270–300 °C, yielding an apparent activation energy of 72 ± 3 kJ/mol. The reaction was modeled in gas and zeolite phases to determine the energetics of the following two competing pathways: a Diels–Alder mechanism often assumed in interpretations of experimental data and a ring-opening pathway predicted by the chemoinformatic software RING. Quantum calculations on the zeolite/guest system were performed using the ONIOM embedded cluster approach. We computed the energetics of reactants, products, and all intermediate steps. Locating relevant transition states fell beyond our computational resources because...
L Type of Growth in Cultures of a Hemolytic Parainfluenza Bacillus.

SummaryIn a hemolytic parainfluenza strain a transformation process of the bacteria similar to that occurring in Streptobacillus moniliformis and Bacteroides were observed. The bacteria swelled up into large round bodies and these, transferred to appropriate media, germinated and produced a tiny colony consisting of granules which invaded the agar. The tiny colonies of granules were transitory and after 8 hours' incubation ceased to grow and disappeared.
Objective information-theoretic algorithm for detecting brainstem-evoked responses to complex stimuli.

Background: The scalp-recorded frequency-following response (FFR), an auditory-evoked potential with putative neural generators in the rostral brainstem, provides a robust representation of the neurophysiologic encoding of complex stimuli. The FFR is rapidly becoming a valuable tool for understanding the neural transcription of speech and music, language-related processing disorders, and brain plasticity at initial stages of the auditory pathway. Despite its potential clinical and empirical utility, determining the presence of a response is still dependent on the subjective interpretation by an experimenter/ clinician. Purpose: The purpose of the present work was to develop and validate a fully objective procedure for the automatic detection of FFRs elicited by complex auditory stimuli, including speech. Research Design: Mutual information (MI) was computed between the spectrographic representation of neural FFRs and their evoking acoustic stimuli to quantify the amount of shared time-frequency information between electrophysiologic responses and stimulus acoustics. To remove human subjectivity associated with typical response evaluation, FFRs were first simulated at known signal-to-noise ratios using a computational model of the auditory periphery. The MI at which model FFRs contained 1 3d B Signal-to-noise ratio was taken as the criterion threshold (uMI) for the presence of a response. uMI was then applied as a binary classifier on actual neurophysiologic responses recorded previously in human participants (n 5 35). Sham recordings, in which no stimulus was presented to participants, allowed us to determine the receiver operating characteristics of the MI metric and the capabilities of the algorithm to segregate true evoked responses from sham recordings. Results: Results showed high overall accuracy (93%) in the metric’s ability to identify true responses from sham recordings. The metric’s overall performance was considerably better than trained human observers who, on average, accurately identified only z75% of the true neural responses. Complementary results were found in the metric’s receiver operating characteristic test performance characteristics with a sensitivity and specificity of 97% and 85%, respectively. Additionally, MI increased monotonically and was asymptotic with increasing trials (i.e., sweeps) contributing to the averaged FFR and, thus, can be used as a stopping criteria for signal averaging. Conclusions: The present results demonstrate that the mutual information between a complex acoustic stimulus and its corresponding brainstem response can provide a completely objective and robust method for automated FFR detection. Application of the MI metric to evoked potential speech audiometry testing may provide clinicians with a more robust tool to quantitatively evaluate the presence and quality of speech-evoked brainstem responses ultimately minimizing subjective interpretation and human error.
A new seasonal‐deciduous spring phenology submodel in the Community Land Model 4.5: Impacts on carbon and water cycling under future climate scenarios

A spring phenology model that combines photoperiod with accumulated heating and chilling to predict spring leaf-out dates is optimized using PhenoCam observations and coupled into the Community Land Model (CLM) 4.5. In head-to-head comparison (using satellite data from 2003 to 2013 for validation) for model grid cells over the Northern Hemisphere deciduous broadleaf forests (5.5 million km2 ), we found that the revised model substantially outperformed the standard CLM seasonal-deciduous spring phenology submodel at both coarse (0.9 × 1.25°) and fine (1 km) scales. The revised model also does a better job of representing recent (decadal) phenological trends observed globally by MODIS, as well as long-term trends (1950-2014) in the PEP725 European phenology dataset. Moreover, forward model runs suggested a stronger advancement (up to 11 days) of spring leaf-out by the end of the 21st century for the revised model. Trends toward earlier advancement are predicted for deciduous forests across the whole Northern Hemisphere boreal and temperate deciduous forest region for the revised model, whereas the standard model predicts earlier leaf-out in colder regions, but later leaf-out in warmer regions, and no trend globally. The earlier spring leaf-out predicted by the revised model resulted in enhanced gross primary production (up to 0.6 Pg C yr-1 ) and evapotranspiration (up to 24 mm yr-1 ) when results were integrated across the study region. These results suggest that the standard seasonal-deciduous submodel in CLM should be reconsidered, otherwise substantial errors in predictions of key land-atmosphere interactions and feedbacks may result.
The Study on Cardiac Twist

Cardiac twist is a new sensitive index for cardiac function. In recent years, with the progress of the magnetic resonance imaging and the echocardiography technology, there are more noinvasive measures to estimate the cardiac function. The purpose of this paper is to have a review of cardiac twist.
Progress of the Quick Inspection Methods of Microorganisms in the Food

These quick inspection methods play a more and more important role in the food hygiene.and will achieve the purpose of prevent the contagions of alimentary canal and bacterial food poisoning in finally. The quick inspection methods of microorganisms in the food include quick inspection paper, molecular biology detection method,choose appraisal medium method, immunology method, bacterium direct counting method,automatic microbial monitoring system etc. This article has summarized the quick inspection methods of microorganisms in the food.
Belongingness and Pedagogy: Engaging African American Girls in Middle School Mathematics.

In the present study, school belongingness was explored in the context of a mathematics classroom over the course of one academic year. In-depth interviews with eight African American middle school...
Double Calibration (External Calibration and Stable Isotope Dilution) for Determining Selenium in Plant Tissue by Hydride Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

Both external calibration (EC) and stable isotope dilution (SID) calibration are reliable methods for determining selenium by hydride generation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HG-ICP-MS), but they are rarely used simultaneously. Because these methods are independent of each other, they could be used simultaneously to test each other and to evaluate data quality directly. A double calibration approach using EC and SID simultaneously was developed to evaluate data quality directly for analysis of Se in plant tissue by HG-ICP-MS. Natural Se was used for EC. 77 Se-enriched Se (0.004 μg; 77 Se = 94.38%) was spiked to 0.5 g sample for SID ( 78 Se or 82 Se isotope used as reference isotope). Sample preparation and measurement was not doubled, because one spiked sample served for both EC and SID. All samples were digested with acid and heat, selenate was reduced to selenite, and selenite was measured by HG-ICP-MS. The Se determined by SID corresponded to that determined by EC with a concentration ratio of 1.02 ± 0.08 (n = 207 alfalfa samples). The measured Se in 8 reference materials also agreed well with certified values. The study showed that the double calibration approach was a direct way to evaluate data quality. This approach should be applicable to other multiisotope elements.
Somebody CAN Do Something About Intimate Partner Violence

In 2009, when I became president of the American Gynecological and Obstetrical Society, the title of my presidential address was, “Why doesn't SOMEBODY do something?” In my oration, I outlined the plethora of research documenting the prevalence of intimate partner violence and the dire acute and chronic health consequences that ensue when a woman is exposed to abuse by her partner. I repeatedly pointed out that, for obstetricians and gynecologists, there can be dramatic consequences to the pregnant woman and her fetus when violence occurs during pregnancy, which makes it critical that we screen all women when we see them in the clinical setting, regardless of whether they show any signs or symptoms of abuse. It is an issue that has, sadly, become an important part of our roles as caregivers. But even with the screening and intervention guidelines published by the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) in 2012, we also know that a wide range of barriers prevent this kind of care from happening, including our own feelings of discomfort, a lack of training around the subject of IPV, and a dearth of time and resources. Domestic Violence Enhanced Home Visitation Program (DOVE) sought to determine the effectiveness of perinatal home visitors using its IPV assessment and intervention protocols had in reducing violence against women experiencing abuse in the year before, during, and after pregnancy. The authors' findings —which should excite us all—showed a significant reduction in perinatal IPV over time... Language: en
D17 Effects of the huntingtin gene (HTT) on brain development

Background The Huntingtin gene (HTT) has a unique feature of trinucleotide repeats ranging from 10–35 in healthy people, and when expanded beyond 40, causes disease. It has been shown that HTT is vital to brain development in animal models, however this has not been studied in humans. Moreover, evidence suggests that triplet repeat genes may have been vital in the evolution of the human brain. Aim To evaluate brain structure and function in a large sample of children ages 6–18 and with CAG repeat lengths from 15–59. Methods The University of Iowa Kids-HD program enrols children 8–18 years of age who are 1) healthy developing children with no family history of HD (N = 138), and 2) those who have a parent or grandparent with HD (n = 147). DNA is obtained for CAG repeat length. Each child undergoes an MRI scan and cognitive testing. Children are followed up for repeat testing. For this analysis, there were a total of 394 observations. Mixed models accounting for repeat visits evaluate the effects of CAG repeat length on cognitive and brain measures, controlling for age, sex, and parental social class. Interactions with sex and non-linear relationships were evaluated Results General measures of Intracranial Volume (ICV) and Intelligence Quotient (IQ) showed significant non-linear relationship with CAG length in which greater repeats lengths were associated with larger ICV and higher IQ until a peak at roughly 41 repeats. Above the peak, increasing repeat lengths were associated with lower ICV and lower IQ. Other brain measures showed sex-specific findings with repeat lengths affecting the striatum and cerebellum in males, and the cortex and thalamus in females. Conclusion HTT may confer an advantage or a disadvantage depending upon the repeat length, playing a key role in the evolution of a superior human brain, or causing a uniquely human brain disease.
How to Collaborate Interprofessionally

Interprofessional collaborations can be integral for successful research and clinical care. Effective collaboration utilizes colleagues’ skills appropriately with clearly defined roles. Conversely, there are several common missteps that can prevent effective collaboration. Inadequate communication, poor utilization of services, undefined expectations, and poor clinical hand-offs can be both financially costly and medically dangerous. The aim of this chapter is to provide helpful advice on how to get the most out of interprofessional collaborations in the three domains of research, clinical care, and education.