cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reactions of t-BuOK and Dibenzyl, Benzyl Allyl, and Allyl β-Keto Sulfide Complexes of the Chiral Rhenium Lewis Acid [(η5-C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3)]+: Highly Diastereoselective or Chemoselective [2,3]-Sigmatropic Rearrangements

Reaction of the dibenzyl sulfide complex [(η5-C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3)(S(CH2Ph)2)]+TfO- (4a+TfO-) and t-BuOK (THF, −80 °C) gives the thiolate (η5-C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3)(SCH(o-C6H4CH3)Ph) (5a; 99%) as a 96:4 mixture of SR,RS/SS,RR Re:C diastereomers. This transformation involves initial deprotonation of a benzyl group to give an ylide, followed by [2,3]- and [1,3]-rearrangements. A crystal structure of (SR,RS)-5a establishes the configuration. Similar reactions of the benzyl allyl sulfide complexes [(η5-C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3)(S(CH2CRCH2)CH2Ph)]+TfO- (R = H, CH3) give mainly the thiolates (SS,RR)-(η5-C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3)(SCH(CH2CRCH2)Ph), derived from benzyl group deprotonation. Some thiolates derived from allyl group deprotonation also form. Similar reactions of the allyl β-keto sulfide complexes [(η5-C5R5)Re(NO)(PPh3)(S(CH2CR‘CR‘‘2)CH2COPh)]+X- (R/R‘/R‘‘ = H/H/H, H/H/CH3, H/CH3/H, CH3/H/H) give the thiolates (η5-C5R5)Re(NO)(PPh3)(SCH(CR‘‘2CR‘CH2)COPh), derived from CH2COPh group deprotonation, as >96:<4 to 68:32 diastereomer...
The renal clearance of phenylpyruvate

Abstract In patients with oligophrenia phenylpyruvica (OP), the overall clearance ratio of phenylpyruvate/creatinine is somewhat lower than i.o. Yet the renal excretion of phenylpyruvate (PP) appears to be mainly the result of a tubular secretion, probably localized in the proximal tubule of the nephron. It is unlikely that the secretion of PP is closely related with the H + - and NH 4 + -excretion. The PP, found in the urine of patients with OP, is probably of extrarenal origin. A partial renal genesis is possible.
Dynamic void collapse and material failure mechanisms in metallic crystals

Abstract The micromechanical failure mechanisms of compression-induced high strain-rate void collapse in monocrystalline copper are studied. A theoretical and a computational constitutive model are introduced to study the material failure mechanisms of shear-strain localization and cleavage fracture in monocrystalline fcc structures. An explicit dynamic finite-element algorithm is introduced for the integration of the numerically stiff micromechanical visco-plastic constitutive relations. The combined effects of strain hardening, strain-rate history, lattice rotation, and thermal softening on void collapse are investigated, and criteria for the formation of macroscopic shear-bands and tensile cracks formation are developed. The computed results are compared with experimental results and observations, and it is shown that the material failure mode is governed by the competition between the strengthening and the softening mechanisms of the crystalline structure. Shear bands may form, if the thermal and geometrical softening mechanisms of the crystal surmount the dynamic strain hardening and the strain-rate hardening of the crystal. An increase in the strain hardening and the strain-rate hardening of the crystal retards the formation of shear bands. Material failure, in this case, is due to the coupled effects of large stress concentrations and physically limiting values of plastic strain-rates, temperatures, resolved shear-stresses, and dislocation velocities near the tip of the collapsed void. These physically limiting values result in the homogeneous generation of dislocations and the local unloading of the stresses from compression to tension at the void tip. This opening mode of stress, at the void tip, in combination with the limiting values, can result in tensile cracks occurring normal to the compression stress axis.
Projections from ventral hippocampus to medial prefrontal cortex but not nucleus accumbens remain functional after fornix lesions in rats

Sensorimotor gating, as measured by prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle, is deficient in human beings with schizophrenia and is greatly reduced in rats after bilateral infusion of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) into the ventral hippocampus (VH). The disruption of PPI by bilateral VH NMDA infusion is blocked by bilateral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) lesions, but not by bilateral lesions of the fornix, which is the principal output pathway of the hippocampal formation of the VH. Tract-tracing studies have shown the presence of additional nonfornical pathways by which the VH and neighboring structures of the amygdala may reach forebrain regions that regulate PPI, including the mPFC. To determine whether these nonfornical pathways might mediate forebrain activation after VH NMDA infusion, we examined the effects of bilateral VH NMDA infusion on c-Fos protein expression in the mPFC and nucleus accumbens (NAC) after sham vs. bilateral fornix lesions. Significant increases of c-Fos expression were observed in both the mPFC and NAC after bilateral VH NMDA infusions. Fornix lesions blocked enhanced c-Fos expression in the NAC but not the mPFC after VH NMDA infusion. The results suggest that an intact fornix may be necessary for VH activation of the NAC, but that the VH uses additional nonfornical projections to activate PPI-regulatory circuits within the mPFC.
A Rural Perspective on Perinatal Depression: Prevalence, Correlates, and Implications for Help‐Seeking Among Low‐Income Women

UNLABELLED: CONTEXT/PURPOSE: To examine a low-income sample of women in the rural Midwest (N = 1,086) who were screened for perinatal depression through the outreach and education activities within a Healthy Start Initiative project. Specifically, we describe the frequency and severity of depressive symptoms, explore social and demographic correlates of depression, and examine help-seeking through patterns of self-referral to a Healthy Start perinatal depression project in a rural, medically underserved community. METHODS: Depression screening data using the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD) as well as intake records from the project were analyzed in a retrospective analysis to identify important demographic and psychosocial characteristics associated with elevated levels of depressive symptoms and help-seeking patterns. FINDINGS: Thirty-six percent of screened women met criteria for major, minor, or subthreshold depression, with 13% meeting diagnostic criteria for major depression alone. Less than 8% were currently receiving any type of mental health services or treatment at screening. The most significant correlate of self-referral to the Healthy Start project was meeting symptom criteria for major depression, although minor depression, subthreshold depression, and status as low-income/Temporary Aid to Needy Families (TANF)-eligible were all significantly associated with self-referral. CONCLUSIONS: The findings from this study highlight the potential significance of identifying and addressing the unmet mental health needs of low-income rural women during and around pregnancy. In addition, the study illustrates that low income, in addition to depressive symptoms, impacts mental health service delivery in this rural community with a fragmented mental health service infrastructure.
Synthesis of Polychromatic Light Sources with Arbitrary Degrees of Coherence: Some Experiments

Abstract A simple optical system for synthesizing two-dimensional planar sources having a wide variety of one-dimensional spectral degrees of coherence is analysed. A pupil-mask acting on the dispersed image of a polychromatic incoherent slit is used to control the spectral degree of coherence of the source. Examples of sources exhibiting interesting spectral shifts and modulations in the far field are shown.
Nicotine enhances cerebral glucose utilization in central components of the rat visual system.

Abstract The effect of nicotine in visual system components of the rat brain was examined using the 2-deoxy-D-[1- 14 C]-glucose ([ 14 C]DG) technique. Nicotine was administered subcutaneously (SC) at doses of 0.1,0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg 2 min before the infusion of the radiotracer. Local cerebral glucose utilisation (LCGU) was stimulated by nicotine in a dose-dependent manner in many brain regions associated with the visual system. Increases of over 100% were seen in the superior colliculus, nucleus of the optic tract, and portions of the accessory optic system (medial and dorsal terminal nuclei, and the inferior fasciculus). Statistically significant increases were also observed in the lateral geniculate nucleus, the lateral terminal nucleus and the cerebellum. The effects were blocked by pretreatment with mecamylamine and by enucleation. The findings lend support to the involvement of the nicotinic cholinergic system in the processing of visual information or visual-motor function.
Urinary diversion in hypospadias surgery 1987

Abstract To determine which form of urinary diversion is most effective for each type of hypospadias, we polled all full-time practicing pediatric urologists in the United States and Canada. Each was asked to complete a questionnaire, specifying the method of urinary diversion used, based on the severity of the hypospadias. Ninety-eight percent (84 of 86) of the urologists contacted replied to the survey. Our findings suggest that: (1) Urinary diversion is usually not necessary for very mild types of hypospadias. (2) Intraurethral drainage is the preferred form of diversion for moderate types of hypospadias. (3) Suprapubic drainage with an intraurethral stent is the favored means of diversion for severe types of hypospadias. (4) Perineal urethrostomy is rarely used today in hypospadias surgery.
SPONGISTATIN SYNTHETIC STUDIES. 2. ASSEMBLY OF THE C(18-28) SPIROKETAL

Abstract The C(18–28) CD-ring spiroketal subunit of the spongistatins, marine polyether macrolides with unprecedented antitumor activity, has been generated via a highly convergent and completely stereocontrolled sequence. Key operations include a one-flask dithiane bisalkylation and a metal-assisted spiroketal equilibration.
Mutagenicity of thymidine to cultured Chinese hamster cells.

THYMIDINE starvation is known to be both toxic and mutagenic to various prokaryotes, including Escherichia coli1,2, Bacillus subtilis3 and bacteriophage T4 (refs 4–6). Base excess, as well as base starvation, can also be mutagenic. For instance, Bernstein et al.5 showed that a superabundance of exogenous thymidine (4 mM) produced an increased reversion rate for some T4 amber mutants. In mammalian cells a superabundance of exogenous thymidine is toxic, perhaps by inhibiting DNA synthesis7–9. The mechanism for these effects may be related to the observations that dTTP inhibits the enzymatic reduction of CDP to dCDP by ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase10 and also that thymidine reduces the dCTP pools of Chinese hamster cells to 90% of normal11. We report here that a superabundance of exogenous thymidine is both toxic and highly mutagenic to V-79 Chinese hamster cells but that hydroxyurea, an inhibitor of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase, is toxic but not mutagenic.
Identification and Characterization of RHOA-Interacting Proteins in Bovine Spermatozoa

In somatic cells, RHOA mediates actin dynamics through a GNA13-mediated signaling cascade involving RHO kinase (ROCK), LIM kinase (LIMK), and cofilin. RHOA can be negatively regulated by protein kinase A (PRKA), and it interacts with members of the A-kinase anchoring (AKAP) family via intermediary proteins. In spermatozoa, actin polymerization precedes the acrosome reaction, which is necessary for normal fertility. The present study was undertaken to determine whether the GNA13-mediated RHOA signaling pathway may be involved in acrosome reaction in bovine caudal sperm, and whether AKAPs may be involved in its targeting and regulation. GNA13, RHOA, ROCK2, LIMK2, and cofilin were all detected by Western blot in bovine caudal sperm. Overlay, immunoprecipitation, and subsequent mass spectrometry analysis identified several RHOA-interacting proteins, including proacrosin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, tubulin, aldolase C, and AKAP4. Using overlay and pulldown techniques, we demonstrate that phosphorylation of AKAP3 increases its interaction with the RHOA-interacting proteins PRKAR2 (the type II regulatory subunit of PRKA, formerly RII) and ropporin (ROPN1, a PRKAR2-like protein, or R2D2). Varying calcium concentrations in pulldown assays did not significantly alter binding to R2D2 proteins. These data suggest that the actin-regulating GNA13-mediated RHOA-ROCK-LIMK-cofilin pathway is present in bovine spermatozoa, that RHOA interacts with proteins involved in capacitation and the acrosome reaction, and that RHOA signaling in sperm may be targeted by AKAPs. Finally, AKAP3 binding to PRKAR2 and ROPN1 is regulated by phosphorylation in vitro.
Detection and Summarization of Salient Events in Coastal Environments

The monitoring of coastal environments is of great interest to biologists and environmental protection organizations with video cameras being the dominant sensing modality. However, it is recognized that video analysis of maritime scenes is very challenging on account of background animation (water reflections, waves) and very large field of view. We propose a practical approach to the detection of three salient events, namely boats, motor vehicles and people appearing close to the shoreline, and their subsequent summarization. Our approach consists of three fundamental steps: region-of-interest (ROI) localization by means of behavior subtraction, ROI validation by means of feature-covariance-based object recognition, and event summarization by means of video condensation. The goal is to distill hours of video data down to a few short segments containing only salient events, thus allowing human operators to expeditiously study a coastal scene. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on long videos taken at Great Point, Nantucket, Massachusetts.
Estimating denitrification rates in estuarine sediments: a comparison of stoichiometric and acetylene based methods

We compared denitrification rates obtained using an adaptation of the acetylene block technique to rates estimated from benthic flux nutrient stoichiometry in the subtidal sediments of Tomales Bay, California (USA). By amending whole cores with acetylene and saturating nitrate concentrations, we obtained potential denitrification rates, which ranged between 4 and 30 mmol N m−2 d−1. We determined the apparent Michaelis constant (Kapp) and the maximum potential rate (Vmp) of the denitrifying community and used these constants in a rectangular hyperbola to estimatein situ denitrification rates. Both the Kapp and Vmp of the denitrifying community exhibited significant variation over both depth in the sediment column and time of sampling.
Solving Problems by Reading Mathematics

1980s." That was the first of eight recommendations by the National Coun cil of Teachers of Mathematics in its pol icy statement, An Agenda for Action: Recommendations for School Mathe matics in the 1980s. Although not specifi cally aimed at college remedial programs, this recommendation should have impli cations for them just as as it does for high school and elementary school mathe matics programs. In current high school mathematics courses and college remedial programs problem solving is typified by story problems or word problems, which are given as applications of algorithmic skills. Students anticipate which skill to use because most mathematics text books classify word problems by type. Word problems requiring systems of equations, for instance, are in the sec tion where systems of equations are dis cussed. In view of the concern that this approach is not enough to help students acquire skills in problem solving, a course was developed at the University of Georgia to improve remedial stu dents' problem-solving skills. A secondary goal of the course was to improve the remedial program in gen eral, since problem-solving experiences are not the only facets that have been
Aspirin Degradation in Mixed Polar Solvents

AbstractDegradation studies were conducted on 0.2% w/v aspirin liquid formulation in a wide range of water-propylene glycol mixtures and water-triethylene glycol diacetate mixtures at four temperatures. The effect of a surfactant, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate, on aspirin stability was also investigated. There was a linear relationship between water content and degradation rate constants. The surfactant increased aspirin degradation in all formulations. Formulations containing the higher concentration of the surfactant showed the greater aspirin decomposition.
Constructive Conflict, Participation, and Shared Governance

This article discusses citizen participation in the governance process in light of two theoretical approaches: hooks’s talking back as a way to empower citizens and Mary Parker Follett’s constructive conflict as a form of participation founded in political dialogue. The authors argue that constructive conflict not only allows citizens and government to jointly define and redefine the governance process in truly collaborative ways but also permits the joint construction and delivery of effective public programs. The point of contact between citizens and administrators presents an ideal opportunity where citizens are most willing, by virtue of their physical presence in the routine interaction between citizens and administrators, and most able, by knowing something about their situation and the program/policy that affects them directly, to participate.
Phosphonate-functionalized ORMOSIL coatings for magnesium alloys

Abstract Hybrid organically modified silicates, or ORMOSIL materials, with covalently attached pendant phosphonate groups were processed by a sol–gel method. A hydrolysis and condensation route was used involving a phosphonato-silane and resultant films were evaluated as prospective coatings for magnesium AZ31B alloy substrates. The inclusion of phosphonate functionalities into the coating matrix was achieved by a co-condensation of the phosphonato-silane with other organo-functional silanes followed by blending the resultant phosphonate-functionalized silicate oligomers with another sol–gel matrix material to form an interpenetrating network structure. The effect of synthesis composition on the hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance and film barrier properties was examined by several methods, including constant immersion and electrochemical tests. The observed enhancement in corrosion protection properties was attributed to a combination of the barrier properties of the organo-silicate matrix along with strengthening of the coating/substrate interface due to chemical bonding of the phosphonate groups to the metal surface.
1000 DEFECTIVE PRODUCTION OF ANTI-HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS(HSV) ANTIBODY IN NEONATAL MICE

Both neonatal humans and mice are extremely susceptible to lethal HSV infection. In humans there is some evidence for defective anti-HSV antibody production. We have now demonstrated that one week old C57B1/6 mice inoculated i.p. with 104PFU of HSV fail to produce anti-HSV antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) antibody prior to death (day 5-7). The ontogeny of antibody production is such that one week old mice produce no antibody, 2 and 3 week old mice produce antibody by day 5, and 4 or 6 week olds by day 3 post infection. Injection of 5×106 adult syngeneic (not allogeneic-Balb/C) peritoneal cells one day prior to HSV infection reconstitutes neonatal antibody production on day 5 (reconstituted 30.7 ± 8.4% ADCC activity, 1/20 dilution versus control 1.1 ± 1.1%, n=6, p < .02) and day 6 (reconstituted 36.7 ± 13.5% versus control 0.3 ± 0.3%, 1/20 dilution, p < .05) and affords survival. Staph protein A absorption and RIA confirm this as IgG antibody. Use of anti-theta or anti-Ia monoclonals plus complement, silica (a macrophage inhibitor), or adherence fractionation has demonstrated the necessity of both adult T cells and macrophages to reconstitute the neonatal antibody production defect. Peritoneal cells thus reconstitute both ADCC effector function and antibody production in neonatal mice. The active or passive reconstitution of human neonates must be investigated. Supported by NIH grant HD13021 and Basic Research Grant 1-914 from the March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation.
Effects of ovulatory concealment and synchrony on protohominid mating systems and parental roles

Abstract The potential for males to increase fitness by acquiring many mates is often high and male confidence of paternity is often low; these factors are theorized to have precluded the evolution of paternal care in most species. It is hypothesized here that ovulatory concealment and synchrony and extended sexual receptivity constituted pressures that forced protohominid males to extend consortships and behave increasingly paternally. Concealment, synchrony, and extended receptivity are expected to have produced these effects by taxing males' capacities to sexually monopolize multiple females. Data from the literature on modern humans, pygmy chimpanzees, hamadryas baboons, and lion tamarins are presented in support of these arguments.
Prenatal diagnosis of congenital imperforate hymen

Background: Congenital imperforate hymen is an external urogenital anomaly that has a small differential diagnosis. With careful antenatal sonographic evaluation of the female perineum, identification of a thin protruding membrane consistent with imperforate hymen can be made. Case: We report a case in which an imperforate hymen was diagnosed in a fetus at 25 weeks' gestation. It appeared as a thin membrane that distended the vagina and spread the labia majora because of retained secretions. An associated renal abnormality was present, representing either a right multicystic dysplastic kidney or cystic dysplasia. Conclusion: Imperforate hymen and hydrocolpos can be diagnosed as early as the second trimester. Because of the additional renal anomaly in this case, it is suggested that the presence of prenatally diagnosed imperforate hymen warrants a careful survey of the remaining fetal anatomy to rule out associated abnormalities. The possibility of a familial occurrence should be considered, and the appropriate history should be obtained.
Thermal diffusivity of fiber-reinforced composites using the laser flash technique

Abstract The applicability of the flash technique for measuring thermal diffusivity of fiber-reinforced composites has been examined. While the usefulness of this technique has been demonstrated previously for randomly dispersed composites and for layered structures, problems arise from preferential heat paths in fibrous-reinforced composites. For these materials the concept of diffusivity must be expanded to include dependencies upon sample thickness to unit cell ratios and transient times in addition to the usual constituent property ratios and temperature dependencies of properties. Nevertheless, the flash technique has been shown to be a powerful tool for examining heat flow in these materials. It is possible to obtain diffusivity data which are equivalent to steady-state properties. In addition, it is possible to determine in situ properties for the fiber and matrix and to examine defect structures.
Apoplectic headache and oculomotor nerve palsy An unusual presentation of multiple sclerosis

A patient with a history of facial myokymia presented with apoplectic headache and a 3rd nerve palsy. Initial CT, lumbar puncture, and cerebral angiogram were unremarkable, but subsequent CSF examination revealed oligoclonal bands. MRI displayed over 30 white matter lesions. This case demonstrates that multiple sclerosis may present with severe headache and a 3rd nerve palsy, simulating the clinical picture of a posterior communicating artery aneurysm.
Between a rock and a hard place: The evaluation of demographic forecasts

Forecasting, in general, has been described as an unavoidable yet impossible task. This irony, which comprises the ‘rock’ and the ‘hard place’ in the title, creates a high level of cognitive dissonance, which, in turn, generates stress for those both making and using forecasts that have non-trivial impacts. Why? Because the forecasted numbers that are invariably accorded a high degree of precision inexorably reveal their inevitable imprecision when the numbers forming the actuality finally take place and the numbers comprising the forecast's errors are precisely measured. The current state of the art in demography for dealing with the ‘rock’ and the ‘hard place’ is a less-than-successful strategy because it is based on an acceptance of accuracy as the primary evaluation criterion, which is the source of cognitive dissonance. One way to reduce cognitive dissonance is to change the relationship of the very cognitive elements creating it. We argue that forecast evaluations currently focused on accuracy and based on measures like RMSE and MAPE be refocused to include utility and propose for this purpose the ‘Proportionate Reduction in Error’ (PRE) measure. We illustrate our proposal with examples and discuss its advantages. We conclude that including PRE as an evaluation criterion can reduce stress by reducing cognitive dissonance without, at the same time, either trivializing the evaluation process or substantively altering how forecasts are done and presented.
Platelet-Activating Factor and Nitric Oxide Mediate Microvascular Permeability in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Increased microvascular permeability is a hallmark of ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. We hypothesized that platelet-activating factor (PAF) and nitric oxide (NO) are involved in the extrvasation of macromolecules in I/R injury. To block endogenous PAF, we used a PAF-receptor antagonist (WEB 2086; 2 mg/kg, i.v). To inhibit endogenous nitric oxide, we employed L-NG-monomethyl arginine (10(-5) M L-NMMA), a NO synthase inhibitor. We assessed microvascular permeability to FITC-dextran 150 by measuring changes in integrated optical intensity (delta IOI) using computer-assisted image analysis in the hamster cheek pouch. We examined one area of ischemia and one control area in each pouch. Ischemia was induced for 2 hr and was followed by 1 hr of reperfusion. Six groups were investigated. Group 1 (n = 5) had no pharmacologic intervention; Group 2 (n = 5) received WEB 2086 15 min before reperfusion; Group 3 (n = 5) received WEB 2086 at reperfusion; Group 4 (n = 5), WEB 2086 was infused 15 min after the onset of reperfusion. Group 5 (n = 3) received topical L-NMMA (30 min prior to reperfusion and continuously for the remainder of the experiment). Group 6 (n = 3) received both L-NMMA (as in Group 5) and WEB 2086 (administered 15 min after reperfusion). In Group 1, I/R increased the mean (+/- SEM) delta IOI value from 61.5 +/- 11.1 to 127.2 +/- 26.1. WEB 2086 inhibited the increase in delta IOI at each time point. Similarly, the groups given L-NMMA alone and L-NMMA + WEB 2086 showed no difference between ischemic and control groups. Our data demonstrate that (1) PAF and nitric oxide are involved in the permeability changes associated with the microvascular dysfunction of ischemia-reperfusion injury; (2) inhibitors of PAF and nitric oxide synthase are effective in attenuating macromolecular extravasation when given during ischemia or after initiation of reperfusion.
Utility of cognitive-behavioral procedures for social skills training with children: A critical review

Thirty-three studies that have used cognitive-behavioral social skills training procedures were critically reviewed. These studies were classified under four broad categories: modeling, coaching, treatment packages, and social problem solving. Seven criteria were used to critically evaluate these studies: subject characteristics, treatment specification, outcome measures, statistical analyses, experimental design, generalization, and cost effectiveness.
Persistent Trade Effects of Large Exchange Rate Shocks

This paper presents a theoretical basis for the argument that large exchange rate shocks—such as the 1980s dollar cycle—may have persistent effects on trade flows and the equilibrium exchange rate itself. We begin with a partial-equilibrium model in which large exchange rate fluctuations lead to entry or exit decisions that are not reversed when the currency returns to its previous level. Then we develop a simple model of the feedback from hysteresis in trade to the exchange rate itself. Here we see that a large capital inflow, which leads to an initial appreciation, can result in a persistent reduction in the exchange rate consistent with trade balance.
Trading off area, yield and performance via hybrid redundancy in multi-core architectures

Manufacturing yield is a major concern for modern CMOS technologies. Fortunately, evolving chip architectures such as multi-cores have provided new venues for yield enhancement, and calls for a fresh perspective on the classic method of redundancy insertion. In this paper we outline a new approach towards redundancy insertion in modern multi-core CPU architectures. Traditionally, applying redundancy at a finer intra-core level of granularity provides great benefits in yield improvement, but requires additional steering logic and wiring that has a detrimental impact on area and performance. At the other end of the spectrum, coarse-grained core level redundancy can enable spare sharing, but it is only beneficial in highly-parallel GPU architectures. To this end, we will 1) introduce a hybrid spare sharing redundancy insertion scheme that combines the advantages of the above two approaches, while carefully leveraging the associated area and performance overheads, 2) present an extensively verified, systematic scalable model to evaluate the quality of the final design in terms of projected revenue per wafer, and 3) introduce a maximization algorithm to determine the near optimal redundancy configurations during the design stage. Experimental results show that our new design methodology provides more than 15% improvement in revenue per wafer, compared to using existing redundancy insertion techniques.
Closed reduction and percutaneous skeletal fixation of sacral fractures

Closed manipulative reduction and percutaneous fixation of a displaced sacral fracture is a treatment alternative that offers several advantages. The fracture is reduced and stabilized without an extensile surgical exposure. The risks of surgical wound problems, especially infection, are lessened. Operative and anesthesia times are decreased by using percutaneous techniques of reduction and fixation. Blood loss is also minimized by the percutaneous procedure. Sacral nonunion after this technique is rare. The procedure is dependent on quality fluoroscopic pelvic imaging, a thorough understanding of the posterior pelvic anatomy and early operative intervention, especially in patients with severe posterior pelvic deformities.
Robotic assisted total hip arthroplasty using the MAKO platform

Surgeons want to perform a perfect total hip replacement (THR) with every operation. Human performance has limitations, especially when performing a mechanical operation in a biological environment. Recent suggested changes to improve outcomes have been large femoral heads and anterior incisions, but unfortunately neither has resulted in any scientific data that change has been effected. The scientific data does tell us that poor component positions and impingement are the source of increasing mechanical complications. Therefore, attempts to improve the surgeon’s performance by precise quantitative knowledge in the operating room have been used. We discuss robotic guided navigation as a solution. This technology provides predictable and reproducible results.
Colored reverse-banding of human chromosomes with acridine orange following alkaline-formalin treatment: densitometric validation and applications.

A technique is described in detail for 1. differentially denaturing DNA along chromosome arms with sodium hydroxide containing formalin (NaOH-F) and 2. staining with acridine orange (AO). The NaOH-F/AO technique results in chromosomes with red, yellow, brown and green colored bands which, when photographed in black and white, appear to be the reverse of Q bands. Densitometry tracings of these patterns confirm them to be the reverse of Q bands with the exception of some centromeric regions and the secondary constrictions on chromosomes 1, 9 and 16.
Evidence that DNA double-strand breaks initiate the phenotype of delayed reproductive death in Chinese hamster ovary cells.

A persistently reduced cloning efficiency occurs in many of the cloned progeny of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells surviving X irradiation, a stable phenotype we have previously termed delayed reproductive death (Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 60, 483-496, 1991). We now report that this phenotype is also induced by the alkylating agent ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), but not by irradiation with ultraviolet light. The restriction endonuclease HinfI, which binds at ${\rm G}\hat{\}{\rm ANTC}$ DNA sequences and generates cohesive-end double-strand breaks, was also efficient in inducing delayed reproductive death. On the other hand, an X-ray-sensitive CHO mutant, xrs-5, which is defective in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks, did not show this phenotype following X irradiation. These results suggest that DNA double-strand breaks, as well as the endogenous repair processes for these breaks, are associated with the induction of the delayed reproductive death phenotype in CHO cells. The possible m...
Transition from Ionic to Electronic Conduction in Pure ThO2 Under Reducing Conditions

Open-circuit emf and ac conductivity studies were conducted on two batches of dense polycrystalline ThO2. The open-circuit emf data were used to delineate the low-po2 ionic domain boundary for “pure” ThO2, which is presented as a log Pθ line on a log Po2-1/T diagram. In addition the ionic conductivity, σion, and the high-Po2 log Pθ boundary were also determined, mainly from ac conductivity measurements, which also confirmed the Po2I/4 dependence of σp, the p-type electronic conductivity, shown by other investigators. The main results are, for the first batch, log Pθ= 12.7−220.2 × 103/4.575T, log σion= 1.9−44.3×103/4.575T, and log Pθ=−1.0−31.4 × 103/4.575T; for the second batch, log Pθ=11.2−219.7 × 103/4.575T, log σion= 1.7−41.6 × 103/4.575T, and log Pθ=0.6−40.4 × 103/4.575T. The oxygen permeability of ThO2 tubes and the oxidation rate constant of Th were predicted from the conductivity and emf data and compared with direct measurements previously reported. The calculated and previously measured permeabilities agreed very well; however, the correlation between the predicted and previously measured oxidation kinetics was somewhat less satisfactory.
Ventilation in two species of lizards during rest and activity.

Abstract 1. 1. Oxygen consumption, ventilation frequency and tidal volume were measured simultaneously in two lizards, Varanus gouldii and Sauromalushispidus, during rest and maximal activity. 2. 2. Ventilation frequency and tidal volume are almost identical in these species. The greater oxygen consumption during activity of Varanus results from a greater oxygen extraction from ventilated air. 3. 3. Increased oxygen consumption during activity results from increments in tidal volume; ventilation frequency remains constant. 4. 4. The thermal and weight dependence of ventilatory variables in reptiles is analyzed. 5. 5. The capacity for oxygen extraction by saurian lungs is similar to that of mammals and birds, even at identical ventilation rates, in spite of their simple lung morphology.
Possible chemical mechanisms underlying the antitumor activity of S-deoxyleinamycin

Abstract Though less potent than the parent natural product leinamycin, S-deoxyleinamycin displays activity against human cancer cell lines that is comparable to many clinically used agents. The results reported here suggest that the 1,2-dithiolan-3-one heterocycle found in S-deoxyleinamycin reacts with thiols to generate a persulfide intermediate (RSS−) that could deliver biologically active polysulfides, hydrogen sulfide, and reactive oxygen species ( O 2 - , H2O2, and HO ) to the interior of cells.
The influence of a multimedia physics tutor and user differences on the development of scientific knowledge

Abstract This research examines high school students' performance on an interactive multimedia tutorial for learning physics concepts in conjunction with their individual differences. Students' performance were compared between two sections of the tutorial, the initial portion where the students learned concepts and the final portion that required the students to apply the concepts. Results indicated students most troubled with the concepts exhibited their best performance in conjunction with learning the concepts and with less abstract material presented early in each program segment. Also, students exhibiting right-hemispheric preferences (global, intuitive), performed better than left-hemispheric (i.e., linear, sequential, logical) students in the initial phase of the tutorial. These findings counter previous research associating left-hemispheric preferences with computer aptitude, and are discussed in terms of the special demands of working with computers for instructional, rather than programming purposes. The final phase of the tutorial appeared to be more difficult for all students. Implications in terms of the design of future student models for interactive multimedia tutorials that take into account individual differences are discussed. Recommendations for future research that explores the development of mental models of scientific phenomena via instructional strategies appealing to visual or verbal cognitive processing are suggested.
Blood-borne vasoconstrictor stimulates release of [14C]arachidonate from prelabeled isolated perfused rabbit gastrocnemius muscle (41493).

AbstractThe effect of a blood-borne vasoconstrictor on vascular resistance and arachidonate release was examined using isolated, perfused rabbit gastrocnemius muscle. Replacement of blood by perfusion with Tyrode's solution caused a marked drop in vascular resistance. Addition of rabbit plasma or the plasma factor partially purified from human blood restored vascular resistance in a concentration dependent manner. The pressor effect of the plasma factor was unaffected by concentrations of phentolamine (2.5 μg.ml-1) and sar1-ala8-angiotensin II (75 μg.ml-1) sufficient to completely block the effects of norepinephrine and angiotensin II, respectively. However, the pressor effects of the factor were inhibited by indomethacin in a concentration-dependent manner. The factor produced a concentration dependent (r = 0.95, n = 12) increase in release of [14C]arachidonate from prelabeled preparations. This release was blocked by indomethacin. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the pressor effects...
Heritable colon cancer syndromes: Long-term B-lymphocyte suspension cultures derived from colonic mucosal biopsies

Human B-lymphocyte suspension cultures of known cancer genotypes have been established from colonic mucosal biopsies taken during colonoscopy. These lines were derived from primary biopsies from patients with an autosomal dominant colon cancer syndrome (3 FPC, 1CFS, 1HCC) who previously had a colonic adenocarcinoma surgically removed but had no evidence of clinical cancer at the time of biopsy. Immunological typing demonstrated that the cells of each line were of colonic and clonal origin. All have been characterized and samples frozen as reference source.
Combustion Synthesis and Characterization of Porous NiTi Intermetallic for Structural Application

This paper describes experimental investigation of thermal and combustion phenomena as well as structure for self-propagating combustion synthesis of porous Ni–Ti intermetallic aimed for structural biomedical application. The objective is to correlate processing conditions with structure for the porous material. Ni–Ti mixture is prepared from elemental powders of Ni and Ti. The mixture is pressed into solid cylindrical samples of 1.1 cm diameter and 2–3 cm length, with initial porosity ranging from 30% to 42%. The samples are preheated to various initial temperatures and ignited from the top surface such that the flame propagates axially downwards. The flame images are recorded with a motion camera as well as the temperature profile. The samples were then cut using a diamond saw in both longitudinal and latitudinal directions. Image analysis software was then used to analyze the porosity distribution in each sample. The porosity distribution was then systematically correlated with the input processing conditions.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
The Bohl transformation for second order linear differential systems

Abstract The Bohl transformation has been a useful method for studying the oscillation of scalar self-adjoint linear differential equations. In this paper we define and develop a corresponding transformation which is applicable to self-adjoint linear differential systems, and use it to establish criteria for oscillation of these systems. In the process of this development we establish criteria for the global existence of solutions of several nonlinear systems of differential equations.
Characterization of ultrafast interactions with materials through the direct measurement of the optical phase

The change in phase of ultrashort optical pulses induced by travelling through nonlinear media is used to determine the nonlinear index of refraction and to study the dynamics of femtosecond optical-field-ionization of noble gases.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Quantum mechanics as demanded by the special theory of relativity

We present a new approach on the interpretation of the quantum mechanism. The derivation is phenomenological and incorporates an energetic vacuum which interacts with elementary particles. We consider a classical ensemble average for the square of 4-velocities of identical elementary particles with the same initial conditions in Minkowski space. The relativistic extension of a result in Brownian motion allows the variance to be identified with Bohm's quantum potential. A simple relation between 4-velocities and 4-momenta at a specific 4-position with given proper time leads to one of two statistical equations that constitute our quantum theory, the other being the continuity equation. The Klein-Gordon equation is a consequence of these two statistical equations.
The chromosomal origin of replication (oriC) of Erwinia carotovora

The chromosomal DNA replication origin (oriC) of the plant pathogen Erwinia carotovora has been isolated and sequenced. The minimal E. carotovora oriC regional functional in Escherichia coli is a 374 base pair region located on a 7.9 kilobase pair SalI fragment which also contains a functional asnA gene. Differences between the nucleotide sequence of the minimal origin regions of E. carotovora and those of E. coli and Salmonella typhimurium are clustered nucleotide substitutions, with regions of complete homology, up to 19 base pairs long, between the three origins. Nine GATC sites are found in the minimal origin, and all are conserved. In contrast, the region toward asnA from the minimal origin shows little clustering and the differences occur mainly every third nucleotide, suggesting that this region is a protein coding region.
Loss of Individual MicroRNAs Causes Mutant Phenotypes in Sensitized Genetic Backgrounds in C. elegans

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs that regulate the translation and/or stability of their mRNA targets. Previous work showed that for most miRNA genes of C. elegans, single-gene knockouts did not result in detectable mutant phenotypes. This may be due, in part, to functional redundancy between miRNAs. However, in most cases, worms carrying deletions of all members of a miRNA family do not display strong mutant phenotypes. They may function together with unrelated miRNAs or with non-miRNA genes in regulatory networks, possibly to ensure the robustness of developmental mechanisms. To test this, we examined worms lacking individual miRNAs in genetically sensitized backgrounds. These include genetic backgrounds with reduced processing and activity of all miRNAs or with reduced activity of a wide array of regulatory pathways. With these two approaches, we identified mutant phenotypes for 25 out of 31 miRNAs included in this analysis. Our findings describe biological roles for individual miRNAs and suggest that the use of sensitized genetic backgrounds provides an efficient approach for miRNA functional analysis.
Nonlinear control of a polymerization CSTR with singular characteristic matrix

The experimental work concerns the multivariable nonlinear control of a pilot-size continuous polymerization reactor with generically singular characteristic matrix. The control problem is to control conversion and temperature in a continuous stirred tank reactor by manipulating two coordinated flow rates (reactor residence time) and two coordinated heat inputs. A nonlinear controller is synthesized within the framework of the globally linearizing control (GLC) method and is implemented on a microcomputer. Conversion is inferred from on-line measurements of density and temperature. A key feature of the control problem is that its characteristic matrix is generically singular. Singularity of the characteristic matrix is handled by using a dynamic input/output linearizing state feedback rather than a static feedback. A reduced-order observer is used to calculate the monomer, initiator, and solvent concentration estimates, which are needed for the calculation of controller action. In the presence of active state and input constraints, the reactor-startup and setpoint-tracking performance of the controller is evaluated through experimental runs
Force commutated three level boost type rectifier

A new force commutated three level boost type rectifier is proposed in this paper. The rectifier has the characteristics of drawing nearly sinusoidal current from utility with unity fundamental power factor. High reliability is possible due to its shoot-through free structure. A doubled dc bus voltage compared to a normal two-level rectifier is also possible because of the neutral point clamping. The operating principle, steady state analysis, input current and neutral point voltage control schemes, as well as detailed experimental results are presented in this paper.
Indirect cycle-time quantile estimation for non-FIFO dispatching policies

Previous work has shown that the Cornish-Fisher expansion (CFE) can be used successfully in conjunction with discrete event simulation models of manufacturing systems to estimate cycle-time quantiles. However, the accuracy of the approach degrades when non-FIFO dispatching rules are employed for at least one workstation. This paper suggests a modification to the CFE-only approach which utilizes a power data transformation in conjunction with the CFE. An overview of the suggested approach is given, and results of the implemented approach are presented for a model of a non-volatile memory factory. Cycle-time quantiles for this system are estimated using the CFE with and without the data transformation, and results show a significant accuracy improvement in cycle-time quantile estimation when the transformation is used. Additionally, the technique is shown to be easy to implement, to require very low data storage, and to allow easy estimation of the entire cycle-time cumulative distribution function.