cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pentalene complexes of group 7 metal carbonyls: an organometallic mixed-valence system with very large metal-metal electronic coupling.

The bimetallic complexes [M(CO)3]2(μ:η5:η5-Pn) (Pn = pentalene, C8H6; M = Mn, Re) have been synthesized and characterized crystallographically; the Mn compound was isolated as solely the anti-isomer, while the Re analogue was formed as a mixture of anti- and syn-isomers. [Mn(CO)3]2(μ:η5:η5-Pn) may be reduced chemically to its mono- and dianions; the mixed-valence MnI/Mn0 monoanion is shown by ESR, vibrational, and electronic spectroscopies to be a Robin−Day class III system with an exceptionally large electronic coupling between the metal centers.
Ligand exchange effects in gold nanoparticle assembly induced by oxidative stress biomarkers: homocysteine and cysteine.

Abstract The interactions of oxidative stress biomarkers: homocysteine (Hcys) and cysteine (Cys) with the multifunctional gold nanoparticles, important in view of novel biomedical applications in diagnostics and therapy, have been investigated using resonance elastic light scattering (RELS), UV–Vis plasmonic spectroscopy, and high-resolution TEM imaging. The Hcys-induced assembly of gold nanoparticles has been observed for non-ionic surfactant-capped gold nanoparticles as well as for negatively-charged citrate-capped gold nanoparticles. We have observed for the first time the de-aggregation of citrate-capped gold nanoparticle ensembles followed by their conversion to citrate-linked Hcys-capped nanoparticle assemblies. The Cys molecules, which are smaller than Hcys by only one CH 2 group, show much less activity. The mechanisms leading to this intriguing disparity in the abilities of these two thioaminoacids to ligand exchange with surfactant- or citrate-capping molecules of the gold nanoparticle shells are proposed on the basis of the experimental evidence, molecular dynamics simulations, and quantum mechanical calculations. For citrate-capped gold nanoparticles, we postulate the formation of surface complexes facilitated by electrostatic attractions and formation of double hydrogen bonds for both Hcys and Cys. The conformational differences between these two kinds of complexes result in marked differences in the distance between –SH groups of the biomarkers to the gold surface and different abilities to induce nanoparticle assembly. Analytical implications of these mechanistic differences are discussed.
Computer use for entertainment among young men and women in Qatar: Evidence from a national sample☆

Abstract In this study we examined the home use of computers for entertainment among 15-year old students in Qatar using a national sample of 8601 students. Scale and item level analyses were performed in univariate and multivariate contexts in order to understand the relationship of computer use with computer availability, internet availability, and demographic differences such as gender and socioeconomic status. Our results suggested significant differences in mean entertainment use across gender and categories of computer and internet availability, while computer use and socioeconomic status were found to be moderately correlated. Implications were discussed.
Topology and ring statistics in covalent glasses

Abstract Random networks and cellular froths can be constructed by successive applications of local elementary transformations and relaxation (“shake and bake”). Their effect on ring statistics is analyzed. One distinguishes between T1 transformations under which subgraphs of the network remain planar, resulting in an average ring size ⩽ 6, and 8-switches, which conserve ring parity but are non-planar inclusions and yield > 6. The size of the largest rings is a length scale for medium range order.
Improved performance of carbon nanotube buckypaper and ionic-liquid-in-Nafion actuators for rapid response and high durability in the open air

Abstract The fabrication and electromechanical performance of three layer actuators (carbon nanotube/Nafion/carbon nanotube) with doped Nafion were studied. The Nafion actuators were doped with 1-butyl-3methylimmidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMI+BF4−) ionic liquid, which was verified by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis. The three layer actuators were fabricated using a simple method involving a doping and hot-pressing process. Carbon nanotube thin films (buckypaper or BP) were used as the electrode layers for fabricating the actuators. The actuators doped with the ionic liquid generated electromechanical strains up to 0.4%, which was ten times higher than when testing the neat Nafion three layer actuators. The results were promising for manufacturing lightweight, low power smart structures.
Intramarriage and intermarriage: young Iranians in Los Angeles

Abstract This study examines the attitudes of young Muslim Iranians and young Jewish Iranians regarding intramarriage and intermarriage, and identifies reasons for differences between these two groups. It also examines differences between male and female Iranians in choosing a prospective spouse. The results indicate that Muslim Iranians attitudes regarding mate selection are more liberal (Americanized) than are those of Jewish Iranians. Regardless of religion, male Iranians attitudes regarding mate selection are more Americanized than are those of female Iranians. The findings indicate that cultural, religious, sex role attitudes, and dating patterns are factors in young Iranians attitudes regarding mate selection.
Large scale cultivation of Bordetella pertussis in submerged culture for production of pertussis toxin

Large quantities of purified Bordetella pertussis toxin were required to develop an investigational toxoid vaccine. To overcome the difficulties associated with the large scale growth of Bordetella pertussis in submerged culture, we employed an aeration strategy using compressed oxygen and an antifoam agent. The microorganism grown in this way in 1001 batches for 20–24 h yielded 4–6 mg·1-1 pertussis toxin.
Terahertz Heterodyne Imaging Part II: Instruments

This paper is Part II of a series of articles on Terahertz heterodyne imaging. In Part I introductory information and techniques were presented. In this paper the authors describe four different types of heterodyne imaging instruments that have been established at their facilities. In Part III (to appear in a future issue of this journal) selected applications of these instruments are discussed.
Knowledge-enhanced change audit for configuration management

IT infrastructure is highly complex and changeable for reacting to business update with market change. Unfortunately, change is not always successful. Managing change effectively and reducing the negative effects of day-to-day operations has become one of the most important tasks in IT service management. Beyond recording all configuration items used in the provision of operational services, analysis and audit for the operations on configuration items are more important. One needs to scale or respond to special domain knowledge, collaboration and the right data for helping IT professionals to improve their configuration management. In this paper, a sync audit with Request for Change (RFC) ticket and knowledge-enhanced audit analysis services is proposed to improve change & configuration management quality. The essential contribution of this work is to organize the highly complex IT configuration information with RFC ticket and to build a knowledge repository for accumulating and reusing experts' knowledge for audit. In addition, a prototype is implemented to explore this knowledge-enhanced audit analysis services framework. Finally, a real use case of change management is used for evaluating the effectiveness and efficiency of the knowledge-enhanced audit analysis services framework.
Optical pumping of vibrational overtones in KI:CN- infrared lasers.

By using an open-resonator configuration, cw laser oscillation at 4.9 μm has been obtained on the 2 → 1 vibrational transition of CN− impurities embedded in KI. Population inversion in this device is produced by direct optical pumping of the first-overtone transition of CN− at 2.42 μm with a tunable (F2+)A color-center laser. By using a closed resonator, simultaneous pulsed laser output has been observed from the 3 → 2 and 2 → 1 transitions of CN− following long-pulse pumping of the second-overtone transition with the recently developed high-power NaCl:F2+:O2− color-center laser.
Interstitial cell tumour and germ cell tumour with carcinoma in situ in rabbit testes

Simultaneous occurrence of a well-demarcated interstitial cell tumour and an intratubular seminoma-like tumour, which was beginning to invade peritubular areas, in the contralateral testes of a 3-year-old Dutch-Belted rabbit is described. Morphological hallmarks of carcinoma in situ, which have not been reported previously for the rabbit, were observed in association with the seminoma. These observations indicate that carcinoma in situ, preceding a seminoma-like tumour, occurs in the rabbit and that the rabbit may serve as a practically useful animal model for studying testicular germ cell neoplasia.
Structure of benzyl chloride parent ions: An unusual bimolecular isomerization process

Abstract The benzyl chloride radical cation produced by electron ionization has been observed to undergo an isomerization reaction in the trapped source of an ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) mass spectrometer. Laser photodissociation techniques show that ionization of benzyl chloride initially produces a homogeneous population of ions absorbing in the red. These ions upon collision with benzyl chloride neutrals then react to form isomeric species absorbing in the blue. The rate constant obtained indicates a reaction collision efficiency of approximately 2% for the isomerization of red—blue-absorbing ions. This result reconciles the apparent contradictions in the literature concerning the formation of more than one structure upon ionization of benzyl chloride. Benzyl chloride has also been ionized by charge exchange to determine the effects of internal energy on the ion structures formed. It is concluded that a single initial structure (perhaps the molecular ion) results from all the ionization conditions examined.
Multivariate tests for non-additivity

A full bivariate generalization of the Anscombe-Tukey one degree of freedom for univariate non-additivity is presented, and is compared to other proposals. Higher dimensional extensions follow directly. In general, k(k+1)/2 degrees of freedom can be allocated to assessing non-additivity in k dimensions. Hence coordinate-wise additivity is necessary but not sufficient for multivariate additivity.
The effects of experience and attrition for novice high-school science and mathematics teachers.

Because of the current high proportion of novice high-school teachers, many students’ mastery of science and mathematics depends on the effectiveness of early-career teachers. In this study, which used value-added models to analyze high-school teachers’ effectiveness in raising test scores on 1.05 million end-of-course exams, we found that the effectiveness of high-school science and mathematics teachers increased substantially with experience but exhibited diminishing rates of return by their fourth year; that teachers of algebra 1, algebra 2, biology, and physical science who continued to teach for at least 5 years were more effective as novice teachers than those who left the profession earlier; and that novice teachers of physics, chemistry, physical science, geometry, and biology exhibited steeper growth in effectiveness than did novice non–science, technology, engineering, and mathematics teachers.
Adenylate Cyclase Activation by Cholera Toxin in Pig Epidermis: An Obligatory Role of the GTP-Regulatory Protein

Cholera toxin (CT) stimulates the epidermal adenylate cyclase system in vitro. This stimulation was demonstrated in the skin (slice) floating system and the homogenate (membrane) assay system. With the floating system, the addition of CT to the incubation medium caused a marked accumulation of cAMP intracellularly, which was both dose- and time-dependent. A 1-h lag time was present before activation started. Pretreatment of the skin with CT changed the nature of the stimulatory effect caused by epinephrine and histamine, i.e., the transient accumulation of cAMP (a peak at 5 min and subsequent decrease) was no longer observed but the stimulation became persistent. With the membrane assay system in which the receptor components had been uncoupled, adenylate cyclase activities were markedly stimulated by CT (with guanosine-5′-triphosphate, GTP), guanylyl-β,γ-imidodiphosphate (GTP-analog, Gpp[NH]p), or sodium fluoride. The stimulation was both dose- and time-dependent without an initial time lag. Either CT or Gpp[NH]p could fully activate adenylate cyclase, and the simultaneous addition of both did not cause further additive stimulation. These data are consistent with the view that the GTP-regulatory protein plays a key role in the activation of adenylate cyclase, and that CT both activates the catalytic unit and modifies the response to receptor hormones through its action on this protein.
1627 COLLOID ONCOTIC PRESSURE (COP) IN HMD

Since COP plays a vital role in fluid shifts and in the outcome, we studied the sequential changes in COP and total protein (TP) in 33 sick infants with severe HMD. Their birth weight and gest. age ranged from 0.55 to 2.5 kgs and 24 to 36 weeks respectively. COP was measured from 0.3 ml of heparinized arterial blood on day 1,3 & 5 using Wescor colloid osmometer. TP was measured using TS meter. In addition COP of healthy preterm infants were measured for comparison. Their mean COP was 15.36±0.56. On day 1 COP in sick infants with severe HMD was significantly lower than the healthy preterm and infants c mild HMD. 8/33 infants died by day 3. COP in these infants decreased from 11.45±0.67 on day 1 to 8.8±0.8 (p<.05) prior to death inspite of colloid administration. Among survivors COP steadily increased reaching normal levels by day 5 (see table). All infants received standard amount of fluids according to weight. COP did not correlate with G.Age or B.Wt. These data (1) demonstrate that a dropping COP is a poor prognostic indicator (2) Low COP contributes to increased transcapillary exudation (3) Gradual increase in COP among survivors suggests a decreased leakage of fluid 20 to stabilization of alveoli.
Sensory and sympathetic nerve sprouting in the rat cornea following neonatal administration of capsaicin.

Corneal sensory and sympathetic nerves exert opposing actions on corneal mitogenesis and wound healing. The mechanisms by which these nerves exert their actions are unknown; however, the release of axonally transported neuropeptides has been postulated. In the present study, we investigated changes in innervation densities of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP-) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH-)immunoreactive (IR) nerves of the rat cornea following neonatal capsaicin administration, and the relationships between these changes and the development of neuroparalytic keratitis. Newborn rats were injected with capsaicin on each of the first 3 days of life. Forty-eight hours after the last injection, corneal CGRP immunostaining had totally disappeared from the cornea, whereas TH immunostaining was relatively unaffected. Over the next several weeks, a dramatic reinnervation of the cornea took place. By 6–8 weeks both the CGRP-and TH-IR corneal innervation density in the capsaicin-treated animals exceeded that of...
The reactions of O(3P) with ozone and carbonyl sulfide

The competitive reactions between 2-trifluoromethylpropene (TMP) and OCS for O(3P) atoms were studied between 300° and 523°K, using the mercury-senstitized photolysis of N2O as a source of O(3P). From the known value for the rate constant of the O(3P) + TMP reaction, k3 was found to be 1.6 × 10−11 exp (−4500/RT) cm3/particle-sec, where reaction (3) is Mixtures of O3 and OCS were photolyzed at 197°, 228°, 273°, and 299°K with radiation above 4300 A to produce O(3P) from the photolysis of O3, and thus study the competition between reaction (3) and From the above value of k3, k1 could be computed. When combined with all the previous data, the best espression for k1 is k1 = 1.2 × 10−11 exp (−4300/RT) cm3/particle-sec.
Stimulation of ATPase activity of purified multidrug resistance-associated protein by nucleoside diphosphates.

Abstract Membrane vesicles prepared from cells expressing the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) transport glutathioneS-conjugates of hydrophobic substrates in an ATP dependent manner. Purified MRP possesses ATPase activity which can be further stimulated by anticancer drugs or leukotriene C4. However, the detailed relationship between ATP hydrolysis and drug transport has not been established. How the ATPase activity of MRP is regulated in the cell is also not known. In this report, we have examined the effects of different nucleotides on the ATPase activity of purified MRP. We have found that pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphates have little effect on enzymatic activity. In contrast, purine nucleotides dATP, dGTP, and adenosine 5′-(β,γ-imido)triphosphate function as competitive inhibitors. Somewhat unexpectedly, low concentrations of all the nucleoside diphosphates (NDPs) tested, except UDP, stimulate the ATPase activity severalfold. ADP or GDP at higher concentrations was inhibitory, reflecting NDP binding to the substrate site. On the other hand, the enhancement of hydrolysis at low NDP concentrations must reflect interactions with a separate site. Therefore, we postulate the presence of at least two types of nucleotide binding sites on the MRP, a catalytic site(s) to which ATP preferentially binds and is hydrolyzed and a regulatory site to which NDPs preferentially bind and stimulate hydrolysis. Interestingly, the stimulatory effects of drugs transported by MRP and NDPs are not additive, i.e. drugs are not able to further stimulate the NDP-activated enzyme. Hence, the two activation pathways intersect at some point. Since both nucleotide binding domains of MRP are likely to be required for drug stimulation of ATPase activity, the two sites that we postulate may also involve both domains.
Implementing phrase-structure productions in PL/I

A method is described for implementing the productions of a context-free phrase structure grammar in a PL/I procedure whose structure and statements parallel the structure and notation of the grammar.
Confidence Intervals for True Scores under an Answer-until-Correct Scoring Procedure.

Under an answer-until-correct scoring procedure, many measurement problems can be solved when certain cognitive models of examinee behavior can be assumed (Wilcox, 1983). Point estimates of true score under these models are available, but the problem of obtaining a confidence interval has never been addressed. Two simple methods for obtaining a confidence interval are suggested that give good results when the sample size is reasonably large, say, greater than or equal to 20, and when true score is not too close to zero or one. A third procedure is suggested that can also be used to get slightly better results where again the sample size is assumed to be reasonably large and true score is not too close to zero or one. For small sample sizes or situations where true score is close to zero or one, a fourth procedure is described that always gives conservative results.
Patterns of organic contaminants in eggs of an insectivorous, an omnivorous, and a piscivorous bird nesting on the Hudson River, New York, USA.

Belted kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon), spotted sandpiper (Actitus macularia), and tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) eggs were collected in 2004 from the upper Hudson River, New York, USA. This area is one of the most polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-contaminated locations in North America. Multivariate analyses indicated among species differences in the concentration and composition of PCB congeners, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD), and dibenzofuran (PCDF, PCDD-F when combined with PCDDs) congeners, and chlorinated pesticides. Total PCB concentrations followed the typical food chain biomagnification paradigm of higher concentrations in piscivorous bird eggs and lower concentrations in eggs of species that feed at lower trophic levels. Concentrations in the insectivorous swallows (geometric mean = 6.8 µg/g wet wt) were approximately half the concentrations present in the piscivorous kingfisher (11.7 µg/g) or omnivorous sandpiper (12.6 µg/g). In contrast, PCB toxic equivalents (TEQs) were higher in swallows (1,790 pg/g wet wt) than in either kingfishers (776 pg/g) or sandpipers (881 pg/g). This difference can be mainly attributed to higher PCB77 concentrations in swallows relative to the other two species. Also contrary to the accepted food-chain paradigm, the sum of PCDD-F concentrations and the sum of their TEQs were higher in swallows than in either sandpipers or kingfishers. Metabolic pathway differences in the respective food chains of the three species probably accounted for the differences observed in PCB TEQ, total PCDD-F, and PCDD-F TEQ concentrations among species.
The antiproliferative effects of staurosporine are not exclusively mediated by inhibition of protein kinase C.

Summary The effects of the kinase inhibitor staurosporine on mitogenesis in NIH/3T3 fibroblasts were characterized. In the presence of serum, staurosporine caused dose- and time-dependent inhibitions of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA (IC50 ∼ 0.1 nM after 24 hr). Depletion of protein kinase C (PKC) by treatment of the cells with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) for 24 hr did not affect the rate of DNA synthesis either in the absence or presence of staurosporine. Down-regulation of PKC did not affect the basal rate of [3H]thymidine incorporation in serum-starved cells, or mitogenesis in response to serum or epidermal growth factor (EGF). Proliferation in response to PMA, platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), insulin and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) was inhibited by PKC-depletion. Dose response curves for staurosporine-mediated inhibition of DNA synthesis were essentially parallel for insulin, EGF, FGF, PDGF and PMA; however, mitogenesis in response to serum was more resistant to staurosporine. Therefore, staurosporine appears to be equally effective in inhibiting mitogenesis induced by activation of PKC and by activation of receptor tyrosine kinases.
N-Acetylcysteine enhances the lung cancer inhibitory effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate and forms a new adduct

The major tea polyphenol, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), inhibits carcinogenesis in many in vivo models. Many potential mechanisms of action have been proposed based on cell line studies, including prooxidant activity. In the present study, we studied the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on the inhibitory effects of EGCG on lung cancer cell growth. We found that NAC (0-2 mM) dose dependently enhanced the growth inhibitory activity of EGCG against murine and human lung cancer cells. The combination of NAC and EGCG caused an 8.8-fold increase in apoptosis in CL13 mouse lung cancer cells compared to treatment with either agent alone. Addition of 2 mM NAC increased the stability of EGCG in the presence of CL13 cells (t 1/2=8.5 h vs 22.7 h). Intracellular levels of EGCG were increased 5.5-fold by the addition of 2 mM NAC. HPLC and LC-MS analyses of cell culture medium from CL13 cells treated with EGCG and NAC for 24 h revealed that EGCG-2'-NAC was time dependently formed. This adduct was not formed in the absence of NAC. The present results show that under cell culture conditions, EGCG and NAC interact to form a previously unreported adduct, EGCG-2'-NAC, which may contribute to enhancement of EGCG-mediated cell killing.
IMPORTANCE OF DECISION AND POSTDECISION DISSONANCE: A RETURN TO THE RACETRACK

Summary.-Festinger (1957) hypothesized that cognitive dissonance would be aroused postdecision and that the more weighty the choice, the greater the dissonance. His first hypothesis has been supported in racetrack betting and in guessing contests; however, no attempt was made to test the hypothesis that the greater the stakes, the greater the dissonance. In addition to replicating the Knox and Inkster 1968 racetrack betting study, this research focused on the size of the bet and the amount of confidence expressed. 129 Charleston, West Virginia racetrack bettors recorded their confidence in winning shortly before or immediately after placing bets smaller or greater than $5.00. Chi-squared analyses indicated that postdecision dissonance occurred , but a two-sample I test indicated no significant relationship between size of the bet and bettors' confidence. Possible reasons for the lack of support are discussed. In their earliest works on cognitive dissonance, Brehm (1956) and Festinger (1957) stated that dissonance is provoked when one must choose between two desirable alternatives and that this postdecision dissonance is resolved by enhancing the desirable qualities of the chosen alternative and diminishing the negative qualities of the rejected option. Festinger (1757) also hypothesized that the more important the decision, the greater the dissonance. Findings from several studies have supported the hypothesis of postdecision dissonance. Knox and Inkster (1768) found such dissonance operated in racetrack gambling. After placing their wagers, bettors expressed more confidence in selecting a winner than those who had not yet placed their bets. Younger, Walker, and Arrowood (1977) analyzed postdecision dissonance of players of games of chance and reported sidar results, with players expressing significantly more confidence after having paid to play a game than before. In a contest guessing the number of gumballs in a container, Rosenfeld, Kennedy, and Giacalone (1986) also confirmed ths postdecisional burst of confidence for subjects' responses immediately after guessing, relative to their responses before guessing or to confidence of controls. None of these studies, however, examined the relationship between the relative importance of the decision and the amount of dissonance aroused. In addition to replicating the original study of Knox and Inkster (1968), this research included the importance of the decision to assess whether the size of the commitment affected bettors' confidence. In line with Festinger's theory (1957) the authors hypothesized that, compared with those who wa
A Keck HIRES Investigation of the Metal Abundances and Kinematics of Three Damped Lyα Systems toward Q2206-199

We present high-resolution, high signal-to-noise ratio spectra of the QSO Q2206-199 obtained with HIRES on the 10 m W. M. Keck Telescope. Our analysis focuses on the two previously identified damped Ly? systems found at z = 1.920 and z = 2.076. For the z = 1.920 system, we measure accurate abundances (relative to solar) for Fe, Cr Si, Ni, Ti, and Zn: [Fe/H] = -0.705 ? 0.097, [Cr/H] = -0.580 ? 0.100, [Si/H] = -0.402 ? 0.098, [Ni/H] = -1.012 ? 0.095, [Ti/H] = -0.776 ? 0.081, and [Zn/H] = -0.379 ? 0.097. This system exhibits the highest metallicity we have measured for a damped Ly? system. By contrast the z = 2.076 system is the most metal poor ([Zn/H] 19.0 assuming metallicity relative to solar equal to 0 and no depletion. Together with the damped system at z = 1.920, this marks the first confident (>5 ?) detection of Ti in QSO absorption-line systems. We analyze the abundance ratios [Mn/Fe] and [Ti/Fe] and their values are inconsistent with significant dust depletion, yet consistent with the abundance pattern detected for halo stars in the Galaxy (Lu, Sargent, & Barlow 1996). Finally, we identify a C IV system at z = 2.014 that shows a very narrow feature in Si IV and C IV absorption. The corresponding b-values (5.5 and 8.9 km s-1 for Si IV and C IV, respectively) for this component suggest a temperature of 4.7 ? 104 K. Because collisional ionization can explain the observed abundances only for T > 8 ? 104 K, we contend these ions must have formed through a different physical process (e.g., photoionization).
On the capabilities of the double-layer representation for Stokes flows. Part III. Numerical approximation

Abstract Boundary-integral equations of the second kind for Stokes flows known as the completed-double-layer (CDL) representation are promising formulations for the solution of many-body problems in suspension mechanics. The application of polynomial interpolation and uniform versus other refinement schemes for three-dimensional triangular elements to solve the CDL representation is examined. The case of particles in close proximity is considered since, for this geometry, the double-layer density shows significant spatial oscillations. Other pertinent topics such as numerical integrations, error estimates, and iterative schemes are addressed and numerical examples are presented. It is shown that the convergence of the numerical results (with respect to uniform refinement) using quadratic interpolants is fast at gaps larger than 10% of the particle radius with uniform refinement. For gaps smaller than 10%, the interpolation should accompany a better refinement scheme. This work presents an axial Chebyshev refinement scheme which is shown to be very effective in this respect.
Manipulations of irrelevant information: suffix effects with articulatory suppression and irrelevant speech.

Numerous studies have demonstrated impaired recall when the to-be-remembered information is accompanied or followed by irrelevant information. However, no current theory of immediate memory explains all three common methods of manipulating irrelevant information: requiring concurrent articulation, presenting irrelevant speech, and adding a stimulus suffix. Five experiments combined these manipulations to determine how they interact and which theoretical framework most accurately and completely accounts for the data. In Experiments 1 and 2, a list of auditory items was followed by an irrelevant speech sound (the suffix) while subjects engaged in articulatory suppression. Although articulatory suppression reduced overall recall compared to a control condition, comparable suffix effects were seen in both conditions. Experiments 3 and 4 found reliable suffix effects when list presentation was accompanied by irrelevant speech. Experiment 5 found a suffix effect even when the irrelevant speech was composed of a...
Basic neuroanatomy and neuropharmacology of cannabinoids

Humans have used Cannabis sativa (marijuana) for at least 12,000 years, but researchers have only recently described an endogenous cannabinoid system. The endocannabinoid system modulates an array of physiological and psychological functions. Endocannabinoids are widely distributed throughout the body, including the central nervous system (CNS). This article gives a basic overview of endocannabinoid neuroanatomy and function. Several endocannabinoids have been discovered to date, and their roles are being elucidated. Two G-protein coupled cannabinoid receptors, CB1R and CB2R, have been identified, although other candidate receptors exist, including ion channel and nuclear receptors that might be components of the endocannabinoid system. It appears that cannabinoids are dysregulated in a number of psychiatric disorders and might be involved in their pathogenesis. There is now evidence that manipulation of the endocannabinoid system could be a therapeutic target for a variety of conditions.
Consolidation and overpressure near the seafloor in the Ursa Basin, Deepwater Gulf of Mexico

Abstract In mudstones of the Ursa Basin, Gulf of Mexico, the volume of voids to solids, or void ratio, ranges from 4 (porosity = 80%) at the seafloor to 0.6 (porosity = 37%) at 600 m below seafloor. This seven-fold change in void ratio can only be described by a compaction model that includes greater sediment stiffening with stress than has commonly been used in geotechnical or geological approaches. Through uniaxial consolidation experiments, we show that specific volume (v = 1 + void ratio) declines as an exponential function of effective stress. We use this relationship to successfully predict in-situ overpressures at Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Sites U1322 and U1324. This technique can be used around the world to describe sediment compaction and predict pore pressure in the first 1000 m below seafloor. Rapid sediment consolidation near the seafloor provides the fluid source that generates overpressure despite the fact that these sediments have high permeability. Ultimately sediment consolidation is a first order control on when and at what depth overpressure will be generated in the subsurface. This in turn will impact whether submarine landslides are expected and the regional gradient of continental margins.
Jaltomata I: circumscription, description, and new combinations for five South American species (Solaneae, Solanaceae)

The genusJaltomata (includingHebecladus) is described. FiveHebecladus species are transferred toJaltomata.Jaltomata viridiflora is widespread, from western Venezuela through Ecuador;J. bicolor andJ. propinqua occur in central Peru;J. umbellata of the Loma Formation of the Department Lima, Peru is rare;J. ventricosa is known only from the vicinity of La Libertad, Otuzco, Peru. All are montane except forJ. umbellata. Included are short descriptions and illustrations.
The entropy of hydration of simple hydrophobic solutes

Abstract Infinite-dilution partial molar entropies of solvation of simple, monatomic solutes in water are defined in terms of the entropy associated with (1) solute insertion at constant volume and at a fixed position in the solvent, and (2) expansion or contraction of the pure solvent to maintain constant pressure. A statistical mechanical expansion for the entropy of solution in terms of multiparticle correlation functions is applied to this definition to identify three intrinsic contributions to the hydration entropy - solute-solvent pair correlations, rearrangement of solvent in the vicinity of the solute molecule, and expansion or contraction of the pure solvent - which we evaluate for the inert gases in water at 25°C. For the smaller solutes, we find that the solvent reorganization and solvent expansion contributions offset one another such that the entropy of hydration is determined almost exclusively by solute-water pair correlations. The solute-water pair correlation entropy also prevails as the primary factor determining entropies of hydration for the larger solutes; however, solvent reorganization now makes a small, negative contribution to the entropy.
Vector aerial image with off-axis illumination

As the numerical aperture (NA) in optical projection systems increases, the vector nature of the projected electric and magnetic fields becomes more important. Recent advances in off- axis illumination, tilting condenser lenses, and applying spatial filters, as well as phase-shift masks, hold the potential of increased depth of focus. To simulate these techniques in the high- NA regime, we have developed new fast algorithms. The development reported here builds on our recent work (1) extending scalar aerial imaging. The systematic treatment of (1) has now been applied to account for the vector nature of light.
Infrared Study of the Polymorphic Phase Behavior of Dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine and Dioleoylphosphatidylcholine Mixtures

Abstract Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy has been used to examine the structural dynamics of lipid fatty acyl chains, lipid/water interface and phosphate headgroup of phospholipid mixtures containing dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) and dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) in lamellar liquid crystalline (Lα) and inverted hexagonal (HII) phases. The CH2 symmetric stretching, CO stretching and OPO symmetric and antisymmetric stretching bands of the lipids were measured at different lipid compositions (0–100% DOPE) and temperatures (0–75°C). For pure DOPE, a significant increase in the CO and a slight increase in the CH2 stretching frequencies were found at 5–10°C which corresponds to the known Lα-HII transition temperature of DOPE. No significant changes were observed for the OPO symmetric and antisymmetric frequencies. Upon increasing the content of DOPC in the DOPE/DOPC binary mixtures, the Lα-HII transition became broadened and shifted to higher temperatures. This behavior was further quantitated by the use of a contour plot of CO frequency as a function of temperature and PE%. Ternary mixtures of DOPE/DOPC/tetradecane were also studied at a fixed DOPE/DOPC ratio (75:25) and at 23°C. The CO stretching frequency increased as the oil concentration varied from 0% to 6% (oil/lipid weight%) and remain constant as the oil content increased from 6–20%. A slight decline in the CH2 frequency was also noticed at 6–8% tetradecane. These results agreed with the known HII promotion effect of tetradecane in the binary DOPE/DOPC mixtures.
Lattice compression from conduction electrons in heavily doped Si:As

Des mesures de diffusion de rayons X a haute resolution de Si:As fortement dope montrent une compression relative du reseau par rapport a Si pur de Δa/a=−0,0019±0,0003, bien que les mesures d'EXAFS montrent que la longueur de la liaison As-Si soit 0,006±0,02 A fois plus grande que la longueur usuelle de la liaison Si-Si. La compression d'ensemble du reseau est attribuee a l'augmentation de la population des etats de la bande de conduction. Ces mesures fournissent les premieres mesures directes du potentiel de deformation hydrostatique pour la limite de la bande de conduction du silicium. +3,3±0,7 eV
Classifying COAs with three variations of the cast: classification rates, stability, and gender differences

Abstract The Children of Alcoholics Screening Test (CAST) was administered to a sample of young adolescents as sixth graders and again one year later. Psychometric properties of the full CAST and a shortened version (CAST-6) were examined, and three different rules for classifying COAs were analyzed. The CAST was found to demonstrate adequate internal consistency and test-retest reliability. When examined as an entire group, the vast majority of respondents maintained the same classification (COA or NCOA) from the first to the second administration. For boys, however, CAST scores and the proportion who were self-identified as COAs declined significantly. Classification rates based on the full CAST and on the shortened version were similar. The use of two confirmatory items, “Ever think your father (mother) was an alcoholic?” however, substantially reduced the percentage of self-identified COAs. Finally, girls were dramatically more likely than boys to endorse items suggesting parental alcoholism, and they were also more likely to self-identify as COAs.
Determination of solid-state sulfidation mechanisms in ion-implanted copper

Abstract Ion-beam irradiation and ion implantation were used to evaluate the influence of point defects and alloying elements on the sulfidation rate of copper films in atmospheric environments containing H 2 S. Low-energy ions from an oxygen plasma were used to grow thin metal oxide passivation layers on Cu films that were subsequently irradiated and exposed to sulfidizing environments (50–600 ppb H 2 S in air with 0.5–85% relative humidity). The type of oxide proved to be important in that a CuO layer essentially prevented sulfidation whereas a Cu 2 O layer permitted sulfidation. For the native copper oxide (Cu 2 O), density-functional theory modeling of Cu divacancy binding energies suggested that alloying with In or Al would cause vacancy trapping and possibly slow the rate of sulfidation. This finding was then experimentally verified for an In-implanted Cu film. A series of marker experiments using unalloyed Cu showed that sulfidation proceeds by solid-state transport of Cu from the substrate through the Cu 2 S product layer.
Effective diffusivity measurement in porous media via NMR radial imaging

Diffusion of 2H2O into a water-saturated porous cylinder of zirconia is studied using nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI or MRI). Typically, NMRI experiments require 1 to 100 min per image, which precludes its use for the study of transport processes with short time constants. However, by employing a fast radial imaging scheme, radial concentration profiles in the pellet at different times were obtained with spatial resolution of < 200 μm in less than 1 min. Since the reservoir of fluid around the pellet was not agitated, the effect of external mass transfer was accounted for by using the measured surface concentration as a function of time. From these measurements, the effective diffusivity was found to be 6.5 × 10−6 cm2/s, yielding a tortousity value of 1.98 which is in good agreement with the value calculated from 1/e(τ = 1.90).
State-Sponsored Mass Killing in African Wars—Greed or Grievance?

What motivates African governments to engage in mass killings at some stage in the armed conflicts? I make the argument that violence against civilians is the outcome of a rational decision process. Using an empirical model, I identify the conditions for civil wars to evolve into mass killings. The results show that the existence of oil onshore and diamonds, the cost of a military conflict, and the number of ethnic groups in a country affect the likelihood of mass killing.
K-- HYDROGEN CHARGE-EXCHANGE SCATTERING

Author(s): Eberhard, Philippe; Rosenfeld, Arthur H.; Solmitz, Frank T.; Tripp, Robert D.; Watson, Mason B.
Reinforcement rate and force proportional reinforcement

Abstract The research examines the consequences of making two reinforcement contingencies simultaneously available for the same bar-pressing response. Specifically, two experiments are described which concern the effects of reinforcement rate upon force proportional reinforcement (FPR). In Experiment 1, reinforcement rate was constrained by combining differential reinforcement of low rate with a force-proportional reinforcement contingency. The group of rats exposed to this regimen eventually showed a significant increase in response force compared to control groups. Experimental vs control response rates were not significantly different. In Experiment 2, reinforcement rate was affected through the expedient of relating the probability of obtaining a single pellet to the response force. The group for which the probability-force relationship was discontinuous came to exert higher forces than either a group for which the relationship was fairly continuous or an ordinary variable ratio control group. Response rate was significantly higher for the control group.
Integrated Process for CFD Modeling and Optimization of Gas Turbine Combustors

Honeywell Engines, Systems & Services has developed the A dvanced C ombustion T ool (ACT) CFD process to rapidly analyze the performance of a combustor configuration from a given fuel injector, CAD geometry and engine cycle information. ACT integrates and streamlines the traditional steps of generating and specifying geometry, mesh, physical models, boundary conditions, initial conditions, convergence criteria and post-processing. Notably, ACT utilizes several key features to reduce cycle time and improve fidelity in the CFD analysis process: a high-pressure spray diagnostic facility to obtain fuel droplet boundary conditions, feature-based macros to parametrically automate geometry and mesh generation, preprocessors to simplify and standardize boundary condition and physical model specification, and post-processors to provide graphical and analytical responses. This integrated process for CFD modeling and optimization is the subject of this paper. A demonstration of this process is the numerical prediction of the TFE731-60 combustor flowfield on a 30 degree sector model compared to experimentally measured results.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Long-term variations in the microwave brightness temperature of the Uranus atmosphere

We present a self-consistent, 36-year record of the disk-averaged radio brightness of Uranus at wavelengths near 3.5 cm. It covers nearly half a uranian year, and includes both equatorial and polar viewing geometries (corresponding to equinox and solstice, respectively). We find large (greater than 30 K) changes over this time span. In agreement with analyses made of more limited microwave data sets, our observations suggest the changes are not caused by geometric effects alone, and that temporal variations may exist in the deep uranian troposphere down to pressures of tens of bars. Our data also support an earlier suggestion that a rapid, planetary-scale change may have occurred in late 1993 and early 1994. The seasonal record presented here will be useful for constraining dynamical models of the deep atmosphere, and for interpreting observations made during Uranus' 2007 equinox passage. As part of a multi-wavelength observing campaign for this event, the Goldstone-Apple Valley Radio Telescope (GAVRT) project will continue to make frequent, single-dish observations near 3.5 cm.
Global Kinetics for a Commercial Diesel Oxidation Catalyst with Two Exhaust Hydrocarbons

Global kinetics for the oxidation of diesel fuel (DF), propylene (C3H6), CO, H2, and NO were determined over a commercial diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) with simulated diesel exhaust between 200 and 415 °C over a wide concentration range intended to represent engine exhaust from both conventional and premixed compression ignition (PCI) combustion. Total hydrocarbons in the exhaust were represented as a combination of propylene, to represent partially oxidized fuel species, and diesel fuel, to represent unburned fuel. An integral reactor with high space velocity capability (up to 2 million h-1) was used to generate low and moderate conversion data for the rate-generation process. Mass transport properties of DF were determined based on the experimental data. First-order concentration dependency for all of the reactants involved in the DF, C3H6, CO, and H2 oxidation reactions adequately captured the experimental behavior. An overall inhibition term including only the effects of CO and NO was found to be ad...
Predictive factors for early mortality after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy.

Abstract Background: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is a safe access procedure for enteral nutrition. The purpose of this investigation is to identify predictive factors for early mortality after PEG. Methods: A retrospective review of the hospital records of 416 patients undergoing PEG from June 1, 1989, through December 31, 1991, was conducted. Patient demographics, admitting diagnosis, indication for PEG, risk factors for early mortality, and cause and date of death were reviewed. Logistic regression analysis was used to develop a model to predict early mortality after PEG. The follow-up period ranged from 1 to 30 months. Results: The overall mortality rate in this review was 227 of 416 patients (54.6%). The 7- and 30-day case fatality rates were 39 of 416 (9.4%) and 97 of 416 (23.3%), respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that urinary tract infection (odds ratio (OR) = 3.05; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.45 – 6.43) and previous aspiration (OR = 6.86; 95% CI=3.27 – 14.4) were predictive factors for death at 1 week after PEG. Patients who had both risk factors had a 48.4% probability of dying within 7 days after PEG insertion, whereas those who had no risk factors had a 4.3% probability of death. Urinary tract infection (OR = 2.00; 95% CI=1.17 – 3.41), previous aspiration (OR = 3.62; 95% CI=2.00 – 6.55), and age greater than 75 years (OR = 2.49; 95% CI=1.47 – 4.21) were predictive factors for death at 1 month after PEG. Patients who had all three risk factors had a 67.1% probability of death at 1 month while those who had no risk factors had a 10% probability of death. Conclusions: A subgroup of patients exists that has a very high mortality rate after PEG. Less invasive ways of nutritionally supporting these high-risk patients should be evaluated. (Gastrointest Endosc 1995;42:330-5.)