cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PHAS/4E-BPs as regulators of mRNA translation and cell proliferation

Abstract Insulin and growth factors elicit rapid increases in protein synthesis by stimulating mRNA translation. PHAS/4E-BPs, a recently discovered family of elF4E-binding proteins, appear to play a key role in this process, as well as in the control of cell proliferation.
Learning and Behavior in Reef Fish: Fuel for Microevolutionary Change?

Small-scale population differentiation among coral reef fishes may be more common than previously thought. New molecular technologies have informed patterns of differentiation, while experimental approaches focusing on larval abilities to limit distribution have explored processes leading to diversification. Building upon a recently published paper by Wismer et al. that examined population level differences in learning and cooperative behaviors in cleaner wrasse (Labroides dimidiatus), we use a phylogenetic framework to explore how social behaviors are distributed among wrasses in the Labrichthyines clade. Establishing links between social behavior and speciation across the phylogeny allows us explore how social behaviors such as learning and cooperation may also act as possible mechanisms driving diversification at the microevolutionary scale.
Comment on the paper by Desmond

I enjoyed reading Professor Desmond’s paper. It makes clear a number of impor- tant issues which are often obscured in the literature. I note in passing that the pseudolikelihood (5.5) has better small-sample behavior if it is combined with REML, see Carroll and Ruppert (1988, pp. 75-76) and Breslow and Clayton (1993). My main comments are tangentially concerned with the material in Section 7 on case-control studies. There are two ways to estimate the covariance matrix (3.3): using the structure of the model (e.g., homoscedastic linear, logistic, Poisson, etc.) or nonparametrically via the method of moments (there are analogs to the parametric
Commercial agriculture as creative destruction or destructive creation: a case study of chili cultivation and plant‐pest disease in the southern Yucatán region

Agricultural change encompasses both social and ecological alterations, some negative, some positive. Studies of land change and land degradation treat plant pest and diseases triggered by agricultural change in an inconsistent fashion. A study of the southern Yucatan region of Mexico reveals that the shift to commercial chili cultivation yields both positive and negative consequences, akin to the concepts of creative destruction and destructive creation. The negative consequences are dramatically amplified by persistent plant pest and diseases apparently triggered by the means of cultivation and by the inclusion of the region into a national marketing structure. Thus, while providing economic benefits to some of the farmers of the region the short- and long-term impacts of chili cultivation on farmer households is mixed. Studies of agricultural land-use change and household economics will benefit by incorporating plant pests and diseases as one of the suite of factors involved in land degradation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Uncertainty Analysis Method for Coordinate Referencing in Manufacturing Systems

Accurate and consistent transformations between design and manufacturing coordinate systems are essential for high quality part production. Fixturing and coordinate measurements are common coordinate referencing techniques which are used to locate points or measurement points on workpiece reference surface to establish these coordinate transformations. However, uncertainty sources such as geometric form deviations in workpiece surfaces, tolerances on fixture locators, and errors in coordinate measurements exist. A result is that coordinate transformations established using the locating and measurement points are in herently uncertain. An uncertainty analysis method for coordinate referencing is presented in this paper. The uncertainty interval concept is used to describe essential characteristics of uncertainty sources in coordinate referencing and coordinate transformation relationhips. The method is applied to estimating uncertainties in simple and compound coordinate transformation obtained using coordinate referencing in an experimental mold manufacturing system. Results of Monte Carlo simulations are used to show that the uncertainty analysis method gives a consistent and high percentage of coverage in evaluating coordinate referencing in the examples studied
Longitudinal treatment of primary progressive aphasia: A case study

The purpose of this longitudinal study was to describe the evolving treatment regimen provided to a woman with a 4 year history of non-fluent primary progressive aphasia (PPA). Over her 2.5 years of treatment, three different therapy approaches were used to adapt to her changing communicative abilities and needs: (i) a traditional stimulation-facilitation approach, (ii) the 'Back-to-the-drawing board' programme, and (iii) a functional communication approach including provision of an augmentative communication device. Improvement was found following each treatment approach indicating that PPA patients can continue to benefit from long-term speech-language pathology services.
Vasopressin release induced by water deprivation: effects of centrally administered saralasin.

Uncertainty exists as to whether endogenous angiotensin activates brain mechanisms controlling vasopressin (AVP) secretion during dehydration. Various doses of saralasin were injected into a lateral cgrebroventricle (IVT) of conscious, male rats deprived of water for 48 h. The rats were killed at different times. The concentration of AVP in the plasma p(AVP), measured by radioimmunoassay, was unaffected by saralasin. IVT pretreatment with 1-Sar-8-Ile-angiotensin II blocked maximal AVP release by IVT angiotensin, but this pretreatment did not reduce p(AVP) after 24, 48 or 72 hr water deprivation. A 3-hour continuous IVT infusion of CSF or saralasin (10 micrograms/hour) into 48-hour water-deprived rats revealed equivalent p(AVP) concentration and urine volumes. When the infusions were continued for 3 h more with water available, control and saralasin-treated rats: (1) drank at similar rates, (2) excreted similar amounts of urine, and (3) reduced their p(AVP) concentration levels to the same extent. IVT saralasin did not affect p(AVP) concentration of rats dehydrated with hypertonic NaCl. Combined IVT saralasin and atropine reduced p(AVP) concentration of 48-hour water deprived rats about 30 percent (p less than 0.05). It is concluded that redundancy exists for sensing, integrating and releasing vasopressin in dehydrated rats.
Oh Wise Women of the Stalls...

Graffiti are frequently considered mere vandalism or aimless ramblings on a wall, yet closer examination of washroom graffiti shows otherwise. Studies of graffiti in women's lavatory stalls at the ...
Progression-linked properties of specific-lesion cell populations from 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-exposed rat tracheal implants.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are any relationships between the morphological expressions of the progression of neoplasia in tracheal epithelium in vivo, and the increased in vitro growth autonomy expressed by carcinogen-altered cell populations isolated from the same tracheas. Rat tracheal implants were exposed for 2 weeks or 4 weeks to 200 micrograms 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-beeswax pellets. In the first phase of this study reported earlier (1), the numbers of carcinogen-altered cell populations, identified by their lack of need for exogenous pyruvate and insulin for survival in cell culture, were quantitated 2, 6 and 9 months after the start of the exposures. Before generating the cell cultures, lesions on the pieces of pre-exposed tracheal implants were identified by placing them in organ culture for 24 h and collecting the exfoliated cells from the medium for diagnostic cytopathology. Although the pieces of 2-week DMBA-exposed tracheas had not developed any markedly atypical lesions by 9 months, there was a progressive increase in the growth autonomy of the small number of subculturable cell populations (approximately 1/trachea) obtained from this exposure group. This was seen in the decreased time needed in culture to expand the population for testing anchorage-independent growth and tumorigenicity in nude mice. Also, anchorage-independent growth was markedly enhanced from 25 to 80% between 2 and 6 months and then to 100% at 9 months. Tumorigenicity did not show an increase. In the 4-week DMBA-exposed group, 74% of the large number of subculturable cell populations (approximately 5.0/trachea) already showed anchorage-independent growth at 2 months. This percentage increased to 94-100% at 6 and 9 months. A progressive increase in tumorigenic cell populations was also clearly seen. At 2 months, 26% of the cell populations inoculated into nude mice formed tumors. This number increased from 45 to 61% at 6 and 9 months, respectively. The pieces of tracheas taken at 2 months after the start of the 4-week DMBA exposure had no markedly atypical lesions. At 6 months one marked atypia was detected, and at 9 months five markedly atypical lesions and two carcinomas in situ were present. The cell populations derived from the explants harboring these lesions showed a high incidence of growth autonomy, e.g. anchorage-independent growth and tumor formation, indicating a close relationship between these properties and the evolving morphological manifestations of tumor development.
Reliable Time to Estimate Subglottal Pressure

Summary Measuring subglottal pressure ( P s ) with complete interruption can be problematic due to unsteady plateaus in supraglottal pressure data traces during balloon valve interruption. Subjectively determining when the graph plateaus neglect the effects of laryngeal, auditory, and other physical reflexes may alter patient effort and glottal configuration. If the P s estimation was made at a consistent time before the onset of reflexes, the recorded pressure would not be dependent on subjective analysis by a clinician, and intrasubject data would be more precise. Previously collected data using the airflow interruption system have shown consistency at approximately 150 milliseconds after balloon valve inflation. To evaluate the validity of estimating P s at this point, a theoretical and a physical model were applied. A theoretical ideal gas model of capacitance calculated the time necessary for supraglottal pressure to equilibrate with P s . Using a mechanical pseudolung which served as a constant pressure source, known subresistor pressures were compared to the pressure measured by the interruption device. Both models confirmed the validity of measuring P s consistently at 150 milliseconds into the 500-millisecond interruption. In human trials testing 25 subjects, mean intrasubject standard deviation using this optimal time constant was 0.66±0.37cmH 2 O, and 1.11±0.48cmH 2 O when performing plateau analysis ( P P s estimation demonstrates a marked improvement in the reliability of balloon valve interruption while maintaining the validity demonstrated in previous studies.
A Fractal Theory of the Temperature Distribution at Elastic Contacts of Fast Sliding Surfaces

The statistical temperature distribution at fast sliding interfaces is studied by characterizing the surfaces as fractals and considering elactic deformtion of the asperities. The fractions of the real contact area in the slow, transitional, and fast sliding regimes are determined based on the microcontact size distribution. For a smooth surface in contact with a rough surface, the temperature rises at the real contact area are determined under the assumption that most of the frictional heat is transferred to one of the surfaces. The interfacial temperature rises are bounded by the maxinum temperature rise at the largest microcontact when the fractal dimension is 1.5 or less, and are unbounded when it is greater than 1.5. Higher temperature rises occur at larger microcontacts when the fractal dimension is less than 1.5, and at smaller microcontacts when it is greater than 1.5. For a fractal dimension of 1.5, the maximum temperature rise at a microcontact is independent of its size. The maximum temperature rise at the largest microcontact is expressed as a function of the friction coefficient, sliding speed, elastic and thermal properties, real and apparent contact areas, and fractal parameters. The closed-form solutions for the distribution density function of the temperature rise can be used to calculate the fraction of the real contact area of fast sliding surfaces subjected to temperature rises in any given range. The present theory is applied to boundary-lubricated and dry sliding contacts to determine the fractions of the real contact area where lubricant degradation and thermal surface failure may occur
Simulation on photoacoustic conversion efficiency of optical fiber-based ultrasound generator using different absorbing film materials

The low energy-conversion efficiency in photoacoustic generation is the most critical hurdle preventing its wide applications. In recent studies, it was found that the selection of the energy-absorbing layer material and design of the acoustic generator structure both determine the photoacoustic conversion efficiency. The selection of the absorbing material is based on its optical, thermal, and mechanical properties. In this research, we calculated and compared the conversion efficiencies of six different absorbing film materials: bulk aluminum, bulk gold, graphite foil, graphite powder-resin mixture, gold nanospheres, and gold nanorods. The calculations were carried out by a finite element modeling (FEM) software, COMSOL Multiphysics. A 2D-axisymmetric model in COMSOL was built up to simulate a 3-layer structure: optical fiber tip, light absorbing film, and surrounding water. Three equations governed the thermo-elastic generation of ultrasonic waves: the heat conduction, thermal expansion and acoustic wave equations. In "thick-film" generation regime, majority of the laser energy is absorbed by the film and converted to high-frequency film vibration, and the vibration excites the ultrasound wave in the adjacent water, while the water would not be heated directly by the laser. From the results of this FEM simulation, the acoustic signal generated by gold nanosphere (or nanorod) film is over two times stronger than that generated by graphite powder-resin film of the same thickness. This simulation provides a strong support to the absorbing material selection for our proposed fiber ultrasound generator.
“¿Cómo se dice?” Children's multilingual discourses (or interacting, representing, and being) in a first-grade Spanish immersion classroom

Abstract At the Spanish Immersion Elementary School (SIES), most students speak only English at home, but they soon speak Spanish—and other new discourses—at school. Taking a socio-cultural approach, this qualitative study used critically oriented discourse analysis to examine: how did first-grade students at SIES appropriate multiple languages and discourses during classroom activities? In turn, how did they support each other and their teachers in creating new discourses? Data included weekly field notes and six hours of video from four months of participant observation. Analyses demonstrated that teachers’ structured, whole-group activities fostered children's Spanish while small groups fostered diverse language use. In whole groups, students appropriated ways of interacting, representing, and being that resembled teachers and translators. In contrast, students wrestled with multilingual, identity discourses in small groups. This pushes the field of language immersion education forward by moving beyond the quantification of language use, production and achievement. Highlighting how youth scaffold language development, appropriate new discourses, and create speech communities in multilingual contexts has implications for the design of language education.
Characterization of the Pre-mRNA Binding Site for Yeast Ribosomal Protein L32: The Importance of a Purine-rich Internal Loop

Abstract The structure of the RNA binding target forSaccharomyces cerevisiaeribosomal protein L32 was examined using chemical and enzymatic probes as well as thermodynamic methods.In vivo, the production of yeast RPL32 is regulated by a feedback mechanism whereby RPL32 binds to the 5′ end of its transcript and inhibits splicing. The binding site of ribosomal protein L32 on the L32 RNA transcript can be reduced to fewer than 30 nucleotides which compromise a stem-internal loop-stem structural motif. The internal loop is closed by a potential G·U pair, is asymmetric and contains mostly purines. The existence of the two helical regions was confirmed by chemical and enzymatic probing. The reactivity of the loop region suggests a structure intermediate between that of single and double-stranded RNA. Base stacking continues into the loop, but two loop bases are extremely reactive to chemical agents. The interaction between the model RNA and the protein is specific and has a dissociation constant of approximately 10 nM. Several of the loop bases are critical for protein binding, as demonstrated by mutational data and chemical protection and modification interference studies. The internal loop destabilizes the RNA, and allows the RNA to melt in an all-or-none fashion.
A Compensation Analogy for Grading Students in Sales Management Courses

This article presents a grading plan for students in a sales management course that is analogous to a compensation plan for salespeople. A detailed example of how the plan can be applied is presented, based on the author's experience in undergraduate sales management classes.
Review of Ecotherapy: Healing With Nature in Mind

This is a four-part review of the new book Ecotherapy: Healing With Nature in Mind edited by Linda Buzzell and Craig Chalquist and published by Sierra Club Books. Bringing together four different perspectives offers an opportunity for a dimensional review that is representative of the many practices this book is intended to inform. Lisa Lynch and Thomas Doherty, as teachers of ecopsychology, review the text at both the undergraduate and graduate psychology level. They look at the book as an important representation of the ever-evolving field of ecopsychology and suggest ways the text could be stronger, and emphasize the ways in which it makes a necessary contribution to their teaching. Martin Jordan reviews the book from across the Atlantic in England and suggests that the book could have attended to a more inclusive perspective. As a scholar and practitioner he is able to emphasize certain essays and how they make a contribution to the work he is doing. Sandra Newes reviews Ecotherapy from the point of v...
Determination of the equation of state of dense matter.

Nuclear collisions can compress nuclear matter to densities achieved within neutron stars and within core-collapse supernovae. These dense states of matter exist momentarily before expanding. We analyzed the flow of matter to extract pressures in excess of 10 34 pascals, the highest recorded under laboratory-controlled conditions. Using these analyses, we rule out strongly repulsive nuclear equations of state from relativistic mean field theory and weakly repulsive equations of state with phase transitions at densities less than three times that of stable nuclei, but not equations of state softened at higher densities because of a transformation to quark matter.
Literal solutions for time-domain crosstalk on lossless transmission lines

The transmission line equations for a three-conductor lossless line in a homogeneous medium are solved in literal (symbolic) form in the time domain. The resulting formulas for the crosstalk voltages are exact and are given in terms of the line parameters and the termination impedances. These formulas demonstrate the effect of the various line parameters on the resulting crosstalk and show how to adjust the line parameters to achieve a desired time-domain crosstalk. In addition, other solution methods are discussed and used to verify the literal solution. >
Seven myths of financial planning and baby boomer retirement

is a Research Scientist at the MIT AgeLab. Her research addresses the social aspects of aging, including questions about what an aging population will need to enhance and improve their quality of life and to enable older adults to live independently longer. Before coming to the MIT AgeLab, she was a research analyst at the Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, USDOT. Dr D ' Ambrosio earned her PhD from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and her AB from Brown University. ABSTRACT Myths are tales that combine fact and fi ction. Commonly shared business myths help provide the foundation for underlying beliefs about what is important, what matters to the customer, and explain or justify business practices. While myths can be a means to structure information and knowledge, they can also be barrier to innovation in a changing market. The changing demographics in all industrialised markets and the coming retirement of the baby boom generation pose challenges to seven commonly accepted myths among fi nancial planners about who customers are, what they want and the most effective ways to deliver service value. This paper examines these widely held ' industry beliefs ' and suggests strategies that product developers and planners might consider to improve practice management and to grow new business in an ageing marketplace.
Injury Mortality among Non-US Residents in the United States 1979–1984

More than 20 million non-US residents visit the United States each year. Data on deaths in this country among these non-US residents were obtained from US vital records. These data showed that from 1979 through 1984, 17,988 deaths occurred. Cardiovascular disease (International Classification of Diseases [ICD-9] 390-459) was the leading cause of death among non-residents. Injuries (ICD-9 E800-E999) ranked second as a cause of death and accounted for 23% of the deaths (4078). More than half of these injury deaths occurred among people aged 15-34 years and 79% of the people who died from injuries were males. The most frequent causes of injury deaths were motor vehicle traffic crashes (37%), drownings (15%), and homicides (11%). Although general patterns of injury mortality among non-US residents and US residents were similar, there were differences in the proportion of deaths due to homicides, drownings, and falls. Prevention efforts targeted to the major causes of injury mortality in the US will affect both US and non-US residents.
ASSESSMENT OF TEAM COHESION: A RUSSIAN APPROACH

The CS-1/4, a computerized system for assessing cohesion and conflict, was designed by Kalinin and Nilopets for application with Russian Olympic team sports. The instrument combines Symbolic Intera...
A Person-Oriented Approach to Understanding Dimensions of Parenting in Low-Income Mothers.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine parenting types in a low-income sample from a person-oriented approach. Data were used from a public use data set from the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project (EHSREP) along with new extant ratings of parenting behavior from the EHSREP archive of videotaped parent–child observations. Parenting behavior indicators were examined using latent class analysis as a grouping strategy across three time points to characterize this sample of 2631 Early Head Start mothers. Three latent classes of mothers were identified at 14, 24, and 36 months: developmentally supportive (the largest group in this sample), unsupportive, and negative. Predictors of parenting types were also examined and parenting types were linked to child outcomes. The results of these analyses show common characteristics of these distinct types of parents likely to be in Early Head Start programs and may help programs identify which families would most benefit from services to help them increase behaviors to promote their young children's early development.
Immunoassay to Measure Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated Protein in Cellular Lysates

Background: Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a neurologic disorder caused by mutations in the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene. A clinical diagnosis of A-T is confirmed by radiosensitivity testing and immunoblotting for ATM protein. Because both of these tests have long turnaround times (≥3 months), we developed a rapid immunoassay to measure ATM protein and determined its sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing A-T. Methods: Recombinant ATM protein was used for standardization. Lysates of lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from A-T patients, controls, and A-T heterozygotes were tested for ATM protein by immunoassay. Results: Between-run imprecision (CV) was ≤13%. Nuclear lysates from control LCLs and PBMCs had ATM protein concentrations of 49–610 μg/L and 48–943 μg/L, respectively. ATM protein was not detectable in LCL nuclear lysates from 18 of 21 A-T patients. The three remaining A-T patients had trace amounts of ATM protein, which was confirmed on immuoblots. ATM protein was also detectable in whole-cell lysates from 4 × 106 cells at concentrations of 64–463 μg/L and 42–444 μg/L for control LCLs and PBMCs, respectively. A-T heterozygotes had ATM protein concentrations of 52–98 μg/L. ATM protein was stable in PBMCs stored for 1 month at −70 °C, but rapidly decreased after 1 day in unprocessed blood. Conclusions: This ATM protein immunoassay can be used to confirm a diagnosis of A-T in 2 days on small numbers of PBMCs and can potentially identify A-T carriers and individuals at increased risk for cancer.
A new model for myosin dimeric motors incorporating Brownian ratchet and powerstroke mechanisms

A new dimer model is introduced to describe the behavior of dimeric processive motor proteins in general. A single motor domain is modeled using our previous work on hybrid motors that exhibit elements of both a powerstroke and a Brownian motor mechanism. The different behavior observed in Myosins V and VI can be explained by varying the physical parameters describing the coupling between the two motor domains. The dynamics of the resulting stepping mechanics under loaded and unloaded conditions are examined. The results from this dimer model are compared with experimental data for two-headed processive motors.
Measurements on a Near-Confocal Optical Resonator

Near confocal optical resonator measurements for multimode power output of carbon dioxide laser
Does Overconfidence Affect Corporate Investment? CEO Overconfidence Measures Revisited

This article presents the growing research area of Behavioural Corporate Finance in the context of one specific example: distortions in corporate investment due to CEO overconfidence. We first review the relevant psychology and experimental evidence on overconfidence. We then summarise the results of Malmendier and Tate (2005a) on the impact of overconfidence on corporate investment. We present supplementary evidence on the relationship between CEOs’ press portrayals and overconfident investment decisions. This alternative approach to measuring overconfidence, developed in Malmendier and Tate (2005b), relies on the perception of outsiders rather than the CEO’s own actions. The robustness of the results across such diverse proxies jointly corroborates previous findings and suggests new avenues to measuring executive overconfidence.
Thymosin β4 promotes angiogenesis, wound healing, and hair follicle development

New blood vessel formation is important in many physiological process, including development, wound repair, and tumor growth. In aged animals, angiogenesis is reduced resulting in poor wound healing. We have identified a novel small molecule, thymosin beta(4), that promotes angiogenesis and wound repair in both normal and aged rodents. It also promotes hair growth in normal and aged rodents. It acts by increasing angiogenesis and cell migration and is currently in clinical trials for wound repair.
The inhibition of benzimidazole derivatives on corrosion of iron in 1 M HCl solutions

The inhibitive action of some benzimidazole derivatives namely 2-aminobenzimidazole (AB), 2-(2-pyridyl)benzimidazole (PB), 2aminomethylbenzimidazole (MB), 2-hydroxybenzimidazole (HB) and benzimidazole (B), against the corrosion of iron (99.9999%) in solutions of hydrochloric acid has been studied using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). At inhibitor concentration range (10 3 /10 2 M) in 1 M acid, the results showed that these compounds suppressed both cathodic and anodic processes of iron corrosion in 1 M HCl by adsorption on the iron surface according to Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The efficiency of these inhibitors increases in the order AB/PB/MB/HB/B. Both potentiodynamic and EIS measurements reveal that these compounds inhibit the iron corrosion in 1 M HCl and that the efficiency increases with increasing of the inhibitor concentration. Data obtained from EIS were analyzed to model the corrosion inhibition process through equivalent circuit. A correlation between the highest occupied molecular orbital EHOMO and inhibition efficiencies was sought. # 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
GWENDOLEN’S MADNESS

Grandcourt threw himself into a chair and said, with undertoned peremptoriness, “Sit down.” She, already in the expectation of something unpleasant, had thrown off her burnous with nervous unconsciousness, and immediately obeyed . . . “Oblige me in future by not showing whims like a mad woman in a play .” (502; ch. 36; emphasis added) N OVELISTIC HEROINES , like Gwendolen in George Eliot’s Daniel Deronda , become trapped in a complex network of social contradictions when they face the threat of marital violence in a world where such violence was thought not to exist — the middle and upper classes. Though increasing attention was paid to violence in the Victorian home as the century progressed, pamphlets, studies, and legislative inquiry significantly ommited sustained or systematic scrutiny of violence in the home that existed beyond the bounds of the working classes. Frances Power Cobbe’s important essay, “Wife Torture in England,” sought to raise public awareness about marital violence and to stimulate interest in protective legislation for the victims. Yet, in spite of Cobbe’s willingness to consider the possibility that some “gentlemen” might be guilty of abuse, she presents the phenomenon of wife abuse as safely distant from the comfortable quarters of the middle and upper classes, asserting that “the dangerous wife-beater belongs almost exclusively to the artisan and labouring classes” (55). In the debates surrounding the passage of the Divorce Act of 1857, Parliament repeatedly made apparent their belief that middle- and upper-class men could not be a danger to their wives by focusing exclusively on marital violence as a working-class issue. Only in “the humbler ranks of life [was] some prompt remedy” necessary; only “poor women” were conceived of as sufferers of violence at the hands of their husbands ( Hansard Parliamentary Debates , 3rd ser., 145 [25 May 1857], col. 801–02).
XEROGRAPHY AS A MODEL OF THE VISUAL SYSTEM

Sttmmasy.-Xerography has been suggested a. a model of the perceptual processes of the visual system. The adequacy of the model was tested in two areas, simultaneous brightness contrast and geometric illusions. Results fail to support the model. Noting the similarity between the marked edge effects in xerography and the familiar phenomenon of marginal contrast in human vision, Crovitz and Schiffman (1968) suggest that the xerographic process can be used as a model of the visual system. Accordingly, they demonstrate an operation which facilitates the perception of simultaneous brightness contrast by the human visual system. Using the same operation, they demonstrate an increase in the objective brightness differences in a xerographic copy, i.e., consistent with investigations of simultaneous brightness contrast, a gray area siirrounded by a light field is copied darker by the Xerox machine than a photometrically equally gray surrounded by a dark field. However, for the xerographic process to be acceptable as a model of the mechanism underlying simultaneous brightness contrast, two f~irrher operations must be demonstrated: (1) a decrease in the objective brightness of a gray testfield on a xerographic copy wich an increase in the area of a white inducing-field (Diamond, 1955) and (2) an increase in the objective brightness of a gray testfield on a xerographic copy wich an increase in the separation between the testfield and a white inducing-field (Leibowitz, et dl., 1953). Patterns were prcpared to determine whether these results could be obtained. A Xerox 914 copier was used, and the xerographic copies of the patterns (Fig. 1) were made while covered by a screen, since the latter was an essential condition in the Crovitz and Schiffman (1968) demonstration. By covering the xerographic copies wich a uniformly gray sheet which has openings to permit the gray test-fields only to be seen and compared, it is apparent that there are no objective brightness differences in the xerographic copies of the test-fields as a result of an increase in inducing-field area (Fig. la) or as a result of an increase in separation between test- and inducing-fields (Fig. lb) . While it appears not entirely accurate to consider xerography a model of the mechanism subserving simultaneous brightness contrast, the xerographic process may serve as a model of the visual system in another sense in that it does involve a vector field, and therefore, it provides an opportunity to reproduce Orbison's (1939) figures and to test his contention that shape is a function of the vector field. While recent literature on the geometric illusions makes reference to Orbison's theory (e.g., Gregory, 1963), no persuasive argument has been offered against it.
The ADAQ framework: An integrated toolkit for data acquisition and analysis with real and simulated radiation detectors

Abstract The ADAQ framework is a collection of software tools that is designed to streamline the acquisition and analysis of radiation detector data produced in modern digital data acquisition (DAQ) systems and in Monte Carlo detector simulations. The purpose of the framework is to maximize user scientific productivity by minimizing the effort and expertise required to fully utilize radiation detectors in a variety of scientific and engineering disciplines. By using a single set of tools to span the real and simulation domains, the framework eliminates redundancy and provides an integrated workflow for high-fidelity comparison between experimental and simulated detector performance. Built on the ROOT data analysis framework, the core of the ADAQ framework is a set of C++ and Python libraries that enable high-level control of digital DAQ systems and detector simulations with data stored into standardized binary ROOT files for further analysis. Two graphical user interface programs utilize the libraries to create powerful tools: ADAQAcquisition handles control and readout of real-world DAQ systems and ADAQAnalysis provides data analysis and visualization methods for experimental and simulated data. At present, the ADAQ framework supports digital DAQ hardware from CAEN S.p.A. and detector simulations performed in Geant4; however, the modular design will facilitate future extension to other manufacturers and simulation platforms.
Walter Kohn, World Citizen and Professor Extraordinaire

How can I find the words to express all that Walter Kohn means to me, and to our University of California, Santa Barbara campus?
Synthesis and Storage of Regulatory Cytokines In Human Eosinophils

Eosinophils are prominent cells in allergic inflammation, asthma, and immune reactions against parasitic helminths.1,2 The association between eosinophils and asthma has been extensively documented. Large numbers of eosinophils and their granule products have been observed in the airways of patients with asthma,2 and an inverse correlation between the degree of bronchial hyperreactivity and peripheral blood eosinophilia was shown in subjects in whom a late-phase response developed after antigen challenge.3 With use of fiberoptic bronchoscopy it was possible to correlate the number of activated eosinophils with the degree of bronchial hyperresponsiveness.4 However, despite this close association, the evidence of a cause and effect relationship between eosinophil products and tissue damage remains unproven.
A Model Study for Transport of Metallo-Drugs within Lipid Bilayers

While many studies are concerned about the transport of metal ions through membranes, our work is the first, to our knowledge, that uses a lipid soluble copper complex to probe membrane structure and motion (1). Previous work has shown that 3-ethoxy-2 oxobutyraldehyde bis (N4-d imethyl-thiosemicarbazonato) Cu(II), CuKTSM2, is relatively inert with respect to reduction by thiols and with respect to competition for either the metal or the ligand from cellular constituents (2,3). The toxicity of CuKTSM2 against Ehrlich ascites tumor cells is greatly reduced from the toxicity of CuKTS for which protons replace the methyl groups on the amine (Fig. 1).
Liposomal Bupivacaine for Pain Control After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction A Prospective, Double-Blinded, Randomized, Positive-Controlled Trial

Background:Local anesthetics are commonly administered into surgical sites as a part of multimodal pain control regimens. Liposomal bupivacaine is a novel formulation of bupivacaine designed for slow diffusion of a single dose of local anesthetic over a 72-hour period. While early results are promising in various settings, no studies have compared pain management regimens containing liposomal bupivacaine to traditional regimens in patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.Purpose:To evaluate liposomal bupivacaine in comparison with 0.25% bupivacaine hydrochloride (HCl) for pain control after ACL reconstruction.Study Design:Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1.Methods:A total of 32 adult patients undergoing primary ACL reconstruction with a soft tissue quadriceps tendon autograft between July 2014 and March 2015 were enrolled. All patients received a femoral nerve block immediately before surgery. Patients then received either a 40-mL suspension of 20 mL Exparel (1 vi...
Epidemiological surveillance of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and associated reservoir hosts during 2012 in Fujian province, China

Objective To elucidate the epidemiological characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS) andassociated reservoir hosts in Fujian province, China and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of this disease.MethodsThe data on the epidemic situation of HFRS in Fujian province were subjected to statistical analysis. Rodents werecaptured using cages at night, and the population density and species composition of captured rodents were determined.Hantavirus antigen was detected and identified from rodent lungs by indirect immunofluorescence assay.ResultsA total of 373cases of HFRS were reported in Fujian in 2012, with an incidence of 1.0027/100 000. The cases distributed in 61 counties,county-level cities, or districts, particularly in cities of Nanping, Fuzhou, Quanzhou, and Ningde. The incidence of HFRS was thehighest in counties of Songxi, Zhouning, Shaowu, and Zhenghe. The surveillance of rodent populations showed that the mean trapcatch rate was 5.32% indoors. The Norway rat(Rattus norvegicus), the reservoir of Soul virus, was the predominant species. In themixed epidemic area, the mean trap catch rate of rodents was 3.62% in the field, and R. fulvescens was the predominant species.HFRS virus antigen was detected for the first time from R. norvegicus and R. tanezumi in county of Jiangle and R. norvegicus incounty of Wuping.Conclusion R. norvegicusis still the main reservoir host of HFRS in Fujian. In 2012, the incidence of HFRSin Fujian increased significantly, especially in counties of Songxi county and Zhouning. Integrated rodent management should beimplemented, and HFRS bivalent vaccine should be widely administered among the high-risk populations, so as to reduce theincidence and prevent the outbreak of HFRS.
The use of the disease activity score in the analysis of clinical trials in rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain how well the disease activity score discriminates drug from placebo treated patients. METHODS: Three placebo controlled trials in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were reanalyzed using the disease activity score: DAS = 0.53938 x SQRT (Ritchie index) + 0.06465 x (# swollen joints) + 0.330 x 1n (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) + 0.224. RESULTS: Patient groups receiving methotrexate, high dose D-penicillamine and sulfasalazine had the statistically greatest improvement vs placebo treated groups; patient groups receiving gold sodium thiomalate (GSTM) and low dose D-penicillamine also showed statistically significant improvement versus placebo treated groups. Patients receiving sulfasalazine or GSTM were deemed to benefit compared to placebo treated patients in this analysis, unlike the results presented in the initial analyses of this trial. CONCLUSION: The disease activity score is a simple and effective measure of inflammation that can discriminate between active drug and placebo treated patient groups. Use of this composite measure may improve analysis of clinical trials and also be applicable to clinical care.
Rapid and Simple Capillary-Rise/Vanishing Interfacial Tension Method To Determine Crude Oil Minimum Miscibility Pressure: Pure and Mixed CO2, Methane, and Ethane

We report here a simplification of the capillary-rise/vanishing interfacial tension (IFT) method to measure minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) based on only requiring knowledge of when the interfacial tension approaches zero. Simply measuring the height of the crude oil in a capillary at several pressures from ambient to near the MMP pressure and extrapolating the oil height versus pressure plot to zero oil height yields the MMP without the need of the additional instrumentation and labor required to perform actual IFT measurements. A total of 2–4 MMP values can be determined per day with only one experimental apparatus, and the method greatly reduces the initial cost and complexity of the required instrumentation. The use of three capillaries having different inner diameters allows for triplicate determinations of MMP from each experiment. Because the actual MMP pressure need not be reached during the experiment, MMP values that exceed the pressure ratings of the equipment can be reasonably estimated (e....
A Calcium/Sodium Requirement Near Reaction Center II in Anacystis Nidulans

Incubation of Anacystis nidulans in liquid nutrient medium devoid of calcium and sodium results in a rapid loss of oxygen-evolving capacity. Addition of sub-millimolar amounts of either calcium or sodium effects full restoration of oxygen evolution. Other cations, mono-, di-, or trivalent, have little or no effect. Both the depletion process and restoration by either calcium or sodium are light-dependent. Partial reactions have isolated the site of this cation requirement at or very near the reaction center, on the oxidizing side. Flash yield decline in depleting cells indicates a decrease in the number of functional reaction centers.
Security Analytics for EMS Modules

In modern energy control centers, the energy management system (EMS) refers to a set of computational tools which are employed for system wide monitoring, analysis, control, and operation. A schematic diagram of EMS and its modules are shown in Fig. 1.6 in Chap. 1 State estimation is the core module in EMS that estimates the system state variables from a set of real-time telemetered measurements (from meters) and topology statuses (from breakers and switches). The term “states” denotes bus voltages, from which power flows through transmission lines can be computed. As seen in Fig. 1.6, the output of state estimation is required by several other modules, i.e., optimal power flow (OPF) , contingency analysis , and automatic generation control (AGC) , for economic dispatch calculations and security assessment.
Thrombosis and Cancer

Abstract The association of increased venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with cancer has been long appreciated. Its importance is underscored by VTE being the most likely cause of death in cancer patients with the exception of the cancer itself. This association is known to be a function of the cell type of the malignancy, clinical stage of tumor burden, and is enhanced by medical comorbidities, recent surgery, and cancer treatment. Using simple, readily available data, the Khorana Risk Score has proven to be a reliable predictor of patients at risk for their initial VTE or for VTE recurrence as well as an indication for those whom VTE prophylaxis may be indicated. Low-molecular-weight heparin has been the standard treatment of choice for cancer-associated VTE, but emerging data suggest a role for using direct oral anticoagulants in this setting as well.
A passive electromagnetic eddy current friction damper (PEMECFD): Theoretical and analytical modeling

Summary The focus of this paper is on analytical modeling of a novel type of passive friction damper for seismic hazard mitigation of structures. The proposed seismic damping device, which is termed as passive electromagnetic eddy current friction damper, utilizes a solid-friction mechanism in parallel with an eddy current damping mechanism to maximize the dissipation of input seismic energy through a smooth sliding in the damper. In this passive damper, friction force is produced through magnetic repulsive action between two permanent magnetic sources magnetized in the direction normal to the friction surface, and the eddy current damping force is generated because of the motion of the permanent magnetic sources in the vicinity of a conductor. The friction and eddy current damping parts are able to individually produce ideal rectangular and elliptical hysteresis loops, respectively; which, when combined in the proposed device, are able to accomplish a higher input seismic energy dissipation than that only by the friction mechanism. This damper is implemented on a two-degree-of-freedom system to demonstrate its capability in reducing seismic responses of frame building structures. The numerical results show that the seismic performance of the proposed damper is comparable with that of passive magnetorheological damper of the same force capacity. However, the cost of the device is likely to be quite lesser than that of a magnetorheological damper.
Disasters and Security: Key Concepts

This document defines and contextualizes key concepts linking environmental, human, and theater security, including “security,” “environmental security,” and “human security.” It then introduces disaster risk management as a framework for engaging military and civilian authorities in developing a whole-of-government approach and building resilience to climate change and climate-induced disasters.
Congenital Muscular Dystrophies and Cognitive Impairment

Reserchers at the Department of Paediatric Neurology, Catholic University, Rome and other Italian centers specializing in neuromuscular disease studied the prevalence of congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD) in the Italian population, and the frequency of individual genetically defined forms, including de novo phenotypes.