cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Engineering Students’ Perceptions of Mathematical Modeling in a Learning Module Centered on a Hydrologic Design Case Study

Engineering students need to spend time engaging in mathematical modeling tasks to reinforce their learning of mathematics through its application to authentic problems and real world design situations. Technological tools and resources can support this kind of learning engagement. We produced an online module that develops students’ mathematical modeling skills while developing knowledge of the fundamentals of rainfall-runoff processes and engineering design. This study examined how 251 students at two United States universities perceived mathematical modeling as implemented through the online module over a 5-year period. We found, subject to the limitation that these are perceptions from not all students, that: (a) the module allowed students to be a part of the modeling process; (b) using technology, such as modeling software and online databases, in the module helped students to understand what they were doing in mathematical modeling; (c) using the technology in the module helped students to develop their skill set; and (d) difficulties with the technology and/or the modeling decisions they had to make in the module activities were in some cases barriers that interfered with students’ ability to learn. We advocate for instructors to create modules that: (a) are situated within a real-world context, requiring students to model mathematically to solve an authentic problem; (b) take advantage of digital tools used by engineers to support students’ development of the mathematical and engineering skills needed in the workforce; and (c) use student feedback to guide module revisions.
Storage of Medications: A Survey of Families in the Pediatric Emergency Department.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate caregivers' practice of prescription medication storage, particularly of opioid medications, as well as to provide educational materials to families about the opioid crisis. METHODS Caregivers of patients in a pediatric emergency department were asked to participate in a survey about medication storage practices and beliefs, focusing on opioid medications. Data were collected through a survey documenting demographic data along with knowledge and behaviors of medication storage. Brief education about the US opioid crisis and safe storage was provided. RESULTS In total, 233 families participated; 3 families declined; 11.5% of caregivers reported storing prescribed medications in a locked or latched place, although most store them "out of reach." Most believed their child or children's friends could not easily access their medications (81.8%). Families who did not keep their medications in locked or latched places had never thought about it (39.7%). In total, 33% of respondents were unaware of the opioid crisis; 87.4% of caregivers said they would use a medication lock box if given one. CONCLUSIONS Many caregivers are not aware of the opioid crisis and do not keep opioid medications locked up. Half of the caregivers surveyed stated they "never thought about" locking up medications. Most parents would use a lock box if given to them. This opens the door to further study, education, and interventions.
Lymphomatoid granulomatosis of the central nervous system (CNS-LYG) posing a management challenge

Isolated central nervous system lymphomatoid granulomatosis (CNS-LYG) can mimic aggressive glioblastomas. We describe a complex presentation of CNS-LYG coexisting with immune thrombocytopenia successfully managed with rituximab and ultra-low-dose radiation therapy.
A Deep Ensemble-based Wireless Receiver Architecture for Mitigating Adversarial Attacks in Automatic Modulation Classification

Deep learning-based automatic modulation classification (AMC) models are susceptible to adversarial attacks. Such attacks inject specifically crafted wireless interference into transmitted signals to induce erroneous classification predictions. Furthermore, adversarial interference is transferable in black box environments, allowing an adversary to attack multiple deep learning models with a single perturbation crafted for a particular classification model. In this work, we propose a novel wireless receiver architecture to mitigate the effects of adversarial interference in various black box attack environments. We begin by evaluating the architecture uncertainty environment, where we show that adversarial attacks crafted to fool specific AMC DL architectures are not directly transferable to different DL architectures. Next, we consider the domain uncertainty environment, where we show that adversarial attacks crafted on time domain and frequency domain features to not directly transfer to the altering domain. Using these insights, we develop our Assorted Deep Ensemble (ADE) defense, which is an ensemble of deep learning architectures trained on time and frequency domain representations of received signals. Through evaluation on two wireless signal datasets under different sources of uncertainty, we demonstrate that our ADE obtains substantial improvements in AMC classification performance compared with baseline defenses across different adversarial attacks and potencies.
Generation of dissipative and conventional solitons in a single $2\ \mu \mathrm{m}$ fiber laser

Both conventional solitons (CS) and dissipative solitons (DS) are generated in a $\boldsymbol{2 \mu \mathrm{m}}$ fiber ring laser cavity. By adjusting the intracavity polarization controller positions and modifying the pump power, switching between different types of ultrashort pulse generation is demonstrated.
Characterization of the dermatan sulfate proteoglycans, DS-PGI and DS-PGII, from bovine articular cartilage and skin isolated by octyl-sepharose chromatography.

Two forms of dermatan sulfate proteoglycans, called DS-PGI and DS-PGII, have been isolated from both bovine fetal skin and calf articular cartilage and characterized. The proteoglycans were isolated using either (a) molecular sieve chromatography under conditions where DS-PGI selectively self-associates or (b) chromatography on octyl-Sepharose, which separates DS-PGI from DS-PGII based on differences in the hydrophobic properties of their core proteins. The NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of DS-PGI from skin and cartilage is identical. The NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of DS-PGII from skin and cartilage is identical. However, the amino acid sequence data and tryptic peptide maps demonstrate that the core proteins of DS-PGI and DS-PGII differ in primary structure. In DS-PGI from bovine fetal skin, 81–84% of the glycosaminoglycan was composed of IdoA-GalNAc(SO4) disaccharide repeating units. In DS-PGI from calf articular cartilage, only 25–29% of the glycosaminoglycan was composed of IdoA-GalNAc(SO4). In DS-PGII from bovine fetal skin, 85–93% of the glycosaminoglycan was IdoA-GalNAc(SO4), whereas in DS-PGII from calf articular cartilage, only 40–44% of the glycosaminoglycan was IdoA-GalNAc(SO4). Thus, analogous proteoglycans from two different tissues, such as DS-PGI from skin and cartilage, possess a core protein with the same primary structure, yet contain glycosaminoglycan chains which differ greatly in iduronic acid content. These differences in the composition of the glycosaminoglycan chains must be determined by tissue-specific mechanisms which regulate the degree of epimerization of GlcA-GalNAc(SO4) into IdoA-GalNAc(SO4) and not by the primary structure of the core protein.
Addressing Helping Competencies in Student Affairs: Analysis of Helping Skills Course Syllabi

Helping skills are increasingly viewed as essential competencies for student affairs practitioners. The purpose of this study was to examine the helping competencies covered in student affairs professional preparation programs. The authors examined 16 syllabi of helping-skills courses in student affairs programs and compared this analysis to previous research on the needs of student affairs practitioners. Some important training areas were universally covered, while others were underrepresented. Implications for training and future research are discussed.
Using Magnatic Disk Instead of Main Memory in the Murphi Verifier

In verification by explicit state enumeration a randomly accessed state table is maintained. In practice, the total main memory available for this state table is a major limiting factor in verification. We describe a version of the explicit state enumeration verifier Murϕ that allows the use of magnetic disk instead of main memory for storing almost all of the state table. The algorithm avoids costly random accesses to disk and amortizes the cost of linearly reading the state table from disk over all states in a given breadth-first level. The remaining runtime overhead for accessing the disk is greatly reduced by combining the scheme with hash compaction. We show how to do this combination efficiently and analyze the resulting algorithm. In experiments with three complex cache coherence protocols, the new algorithm achieves memory savings factors of one to two orders of magnitude with a runtime overhead of typically only around 15%.
False Consensus Effect

The false consensus effect refers to the tendency to overestimate the extent to which one's opinions are also shared by others. It was first formally addressed in an influential article by Ross, which drew from several social psychological and personality-related themes, such as attribution theory and projection. In four carefully constructed experiments, the authors found “that raters’ perceptions of social consensus and their social inferences about actors reflect the raters’ own behavioral choices” (p. 294). They also observed that the phenomenon applied to numerous aspects of behavior, feelings, opinions, and characteristics, a finding that has been repeatedly supported in the literature. A meta-analysis of 115 tests in 23 studies found that the false consensus effect is a robust and reliable phenomenon. Keywords: cognition; social cognition
Monoclonal antibody AA4, which inhibits binding of IgE to high affinity receptors on rat basophilic leukemia cells, binds to novel α-galactosyl derivatives of ganglioside GD1b

Abstract Mouse monoclonal antibody AA4 inhibits the binding of IgE to high affinity IgE receptors on the rat basophilic leukemia cell line RBL-2H3. As shown by immunostaining of thin layer chromatograms, antibody AA4 binds avidly to two disialogangliosides (antigen I and antigen II) that occur in this cell line. The two antigens were purified by anion exchange chromatography followed by short-bed continuous thin-layer chromatography. About 230 micrograms of antigen I and 60 micrograms of antigen II were obtained from 20 g (wet weight) of leukemia cells. The structures of both purified antigens were determined to be alpha-galactosyl derivatives of the ganglioside GD1b by fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry, by chemical ionization-mass spectrometry of permethylated samples, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of partially methylated alditol acetates, and by treatment with exoglycosidases and mild acid hydrolysis. The structure of antigen I is: (formula; see text) Antigen II has an additional alpha-galactosyl residue as follows: (formula; see text) The ceramide of antigen I contains approximately equal amounts of C24:0, C22:0, C20:0, C18:0, and C16:0 N-acyl fatty acids. The ceramide base is predominantly sphingosine along with a small amount of dihydrosphingosine. In contrast, the ceramide of antigen II contains mainly C24:0 N-acyl fatty acid with much lower amounts of C22:0, C20:0, and C18:0 fatty acids. Moreover, the ceramide base is approximately 55% sphingosine and 45% dihydrosphingosine. No unsaturated N-acyl fatty acids were detected in either antigen.
Measurements in a Synthetic Turbulent Boundary Layer

Some measurements in a synthetic turbulent boundary layer (SBL) are reported. The main diagnostic tool is an X-wire probe. The celerity of the large eddies is determined to be 0.842 u∞. The mean properties of the SBL are reasonably close to those of a natural turbulent boundary layer. The large eddy in the SBL appears to be a pair of counter-rotating eddies in the stream direction, inclined at a shallow angle and occupying much of the boundary-layer thickness.
Connections between Elastic and Conductive Properties of Heterogeneous Materials

Abstract We discuss cross-property connections that interrelate effective linear elastic and conductive properties of heterogeneous materials. More precisely, they relate changes in the properties, as compared to the ones of the bulk material, caused by various inhomogeneities (cracks, pores, inclusions). They may also be developed for microstructures formed by multiple contacts, such as rough surfaces pressed against each other. Such connections are especially useful if one property (say, electrical conductivity) is easier to measure than the other (anisotropic elastic constants). For the properties governed by mathematically similar laws (for example, electrical and thermal conductivities), the connections are straightforward. However, for the elasticity–conductivity connections – the main focus of the present work – their very existence is nontrivial: not only the governing equations are different but even the ranks of tensors characterizing the properties are different (fourth-rank tensor of elastic constants versus second-rank conductivity tensor). We overview various approaches to the problem and then advance the approach rooted in similarity of the microstructural parameters that control the given pair of properties. This similarity leads to connections that, albeit approximate, have explicit closed form. They have been experimentally verified on several heterogeneous materials (metal foams, short fiber reinforced composites, metals with fatigue microcracks, sprayed coatings). Moreover, for properties controlled by entirely essentially different parameters (such as permeability or fracture of a microcracked material and its elasticity), the correlations may hold only qualitatively, at best.
The Philippines in 2010: Blood, Ballots, and Beyond

The new president of the Philippines, Benigno Aquino III, has to deal with the legacy of his predecessor, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. Her 10-year rule had the contradictory effect of stabilizing the economy but also bringing out the worst of a political process driven by patronage and anchored on the power and violence of political dynasties and warlords.
Analysis of drive power alternatives in the paper industry

The problem of comparing steam turbine engines to electric drives in high-horsepower applications (greater than 200 hp) is addressed. Only the DC-motor drive is considered. The objective of this analysis is to identify, for four selected cases, the paper mill fuel chargeable to shaft power and the tie-line power associated with the paper machine drive application. Combined with local fuel and power costs, the energy-cost impacts of each drive alternative are calculated. >
Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis: report of three cases and review of the literature.

Attention is directed to the diagnosis of acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis and the possibility of its clinical recognition is discussed. Three case histories, two diagnosed at autopsy and one clinically, are presented. The latter was treated with very generous doses of steroids and recovered spectacularly. On omission of steroids, a mild, temporary clinical recurrence occurred. Clinical, clinicopathologic, and pathologic aspects of the disease are discussed, and etiologic factors mentioned. Some thoughts on the relationship of this disease to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis are mentioned. Differential diagnosis is considered and the use of biopsy for confirmation of diagnosis especially from herpes encephalitis considered. A plea is made for the trial of treatment with large doses of steroids.
Some properties of the concentration product in counterdiffusion

Abstract By maximization of the concentration product of two species counterdiffusing through a medium, two approximations (one a function of time) are obtained for the position of the first Liesegang band. The expressions converge to the same value when the ratio of diffusion coefficients is unity. An expression of the Morse-Pierce form, relating band position to the square root of time after beginning of diffusion, is obtained as a straightforward result of the maximization. Physical significance of the derived quantities is discussed, and their range of validity is investigated.
Mass spectrometry of cyclopolysilanes

Abstract The mass spectra of perphenylated polysilanes containing four-, five-, and six-membered silicon rings and permethylated cyclopolysilanes containing five-, six-, and seven membered rings are presented and discussed. Rearrangement reactions involving methyl or phenyl migration are common features of the mass spectral chemistry of these compounds. The potential of mass spectrometry as a structural tool in this area of organometallic is evaluated. Mechanisms are suggested for the fragmentation of the title compounds after electron impact.
Glutamic acid transport in cortical synaptosomes from essential fatty acid deficient rats

The sodium dependence of the high-affinity transport of glutamic acid in rat brain synaptosomes has been studied in animals maintained on a diet deficient in essential fatty acids (EFAD), and the results compared to similar studies with animals on a normal diet. Although the data give best fit to the same kinetic model as for control data, there are differences in the constants that describe the model. Except at low sodium concentrations, uptake is lower for the EFAD group. As a consequence of the differences in constants for the two groups, there are quantitative differences in the transport mechanism. The rate equation for the best fit model has been utilized to define certain functions in terms of dissociation and translocation constants, glutamate, sodium, and total carrier concentrations. These functions were calculated and utilized to compare the transport mechanism for the two groups. Although there are differences between these functions for control and EFAD animals, these differences are small and therefore of doubtful physiological significance.
IDENTIFICATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL CRYSTALLIZATION PROCESSES

Abstract A key bottleneck in the production of pharmaceuticals is in the formation of crystals from solution. The control of the crystal size distribution can be critically important for efficient downstream operations such as filtration and drying, and product effectiveness (e.g., bioavailability, tablet stability). This paper provides an overview of recent developments in the identification of pharmaceutical crystallization processes. This includes descriptions of recent activities in sensor technologies, model identification, experimental design, and robustness analysis of pharmaceutical crystallization processes.
Effect of zeolite protons on palladium-catalyzed hydrocarbon reactions

Catalytic superactivity of electron-deficient palladium for neopentane conversion, previously reported for Pd/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}, has been verified for Pd/NaHY. The reaction rate, per accessible Pd atom, correlates with the proton content of the catalysts; for samples that contain all the protons generated during H{sub 2} reduction of Pd, it is two orders of magnitude higher than that for Pd/SiO{sub 2}. Samples prepared by reduction of Pd(NH{sub 3}){sub 2}{sup 2+} NaY display an intermediate activity. It is suggested that Pd-proton adducts are highly active sites in neopentane conversion. With methylcyclopentane as a catalytic probe, all Pd/NaHY samples deactivate rapidly and coke is deposited. Temperature-programmed oxidation reveals two types of coke, one of which correlates with the proton concentration in the catalyst. 41 refs.
Ventricular Tachycardia in Neonates

Infant VT can be a devastating arrhythmia, with high mortality for those presenting with myocarditis, long QT syndrome, or cardiovascular collapse with rapid VT due to tumors. While management of these patients can be challenging and discouraging, other infants with wide QRS rhythms tend to follow a more benign course. These latter patients have accelerated idiopathic ventricular rhythm or aberrant forms of infant supraventricular tachycardia. Distinguishing these forms of wide QRS tachycardia from the more lethal forms is paramount to institution of appropriate therapies.
Single-crystal and Nano-columnar Growth of Gadolinium-doped Ceria Thin Films on Oxide Substrates Studied Using Electron Microscopy

Gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC) thin films were grown by pulsed laser ablation on various oxide single crystal substrates including MgO, YSZ, LAO, NGO, and STO with different film-sub strate lattice mismatch ratios. The film microstructures were characterized mainly by using electron microscopy. A clear influence of the film-substrate lattice mismatch on the film crystallinity has been observed. The GDC films usually exhibit columnar grain growth for a large range of film-substrate lattice mismatch ratios. A cube-on-cube growth of GDC film on MgO has been observed with a surprisingly high lattice mismatch ratio of 28%. The highest film crystallinity is obtained on the LAO substrates under a small compressive strain. This single-crystalline GDC film shows no columnar grain growth but presents a novel directionally-aligned precipitated Gd-rich nanoparticle system, which plays a specific role in relaxing various kinds of strain fields induced during the thin film growth to ensure the film crystallinity.
Complete separation of the testis and epididymis

This report describes an unusual case of separation of the epididymis and testis in a 3-year-old boy.
The Role of PIP2 in the Voltage-Dependent Activation of Kv7.1

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) is an important regulator of ion channel activity. While PIP2 modulation of voltage-independent Kir channels has been extensively studied, the mechanism of how PIP2 potentiates the activity of voltage-dependent ion channels remains uknown. In this work, we study PIP2 activation of a voltage-dependent potassium channel (Kv7.1). Kv7.1 channels have a canonical Kv structure with a central pore-gate domain (PGD) surrounded by four peripheral voltage-sensing domains (VSDs). Kv channel activation is thought to involve two general steps. First, membrane depolarization is sensed by gating charges in the VSDs resulting in conformational changes within the VSDs from the resting state to the activated state. After all four VSDs have been activated, the second general step in Kv activation involves a concerted motion during which the PGD opens to allow ion permeation. In this study we ask if PIP2 regulates activation of Kv7.1 by potentiating the early VSD conformational changes, the concerted opening of the PGD, or both. Using the voltage-clamp fluorometry (VCF) technique to assay local conformation changes in the VSDs and the PGD simultaneously, we are able to show that although depletion of PIP2 eliminates the ionic current, the early conformational changes in the VSD do not require PIP2. This result indicates that the later conformational changes that couple VSD activation to the opening of the PGD are eliminated by PIP2 depletion. We continue this work by dissecting the molecular details of why PIP2 is required for opening of the PGD in response to VSD activation. These results may provide insights on the common principle of how Kv channels are modulated by PIP2.
PHYSIOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION IN ASTRAGALUS WITH REFERENCE TO SELENIUM

SOME SPECIES of Astragalus appear to be definite selenium indicators, occurring only on seleniferous soils and always containing selenium when collected in the field (Beath, Eppson, and Gilbert, 1935, 1939a, 1939b). Other species of Astragalus, however, are not limited to seleniferous soils. Even when growing on such soils in proximity to selenium-accumulating species, these are free from selenium or contain very low concentrations. Since two of the selenium indicators-A stragalus racemosus and Astragalus pattersonii-were found to be greatly
Roles for netrin signaling outside of axon guidance: A view from the worm

The Netrin family of extracellular ligands and their receptors were the first identified signaling pathway regulating axon guidance. Subsequent work across model systems has begun to reveal the interactions that take place downstream of Netrin reception to facilitate growth cone migration. Though intensely studied, many aspects of this signaling system remain unclear. Even less understood are the growing number of contexts in which Netrin signaling influences cells beyond axon guidance and even outside the nervous system. Genetic and cell-biological studies in C. elegans have played an instrumental role in identifying critical functions for Netrin ligands in setting up specialized and potentially adhesive membrane-associated domains within a broad range of cell types. Here we review recent literature implicating Netrin or its receptors in morphogenetic processes outside of growth cone regulation with a special focus on studies in C. elegans that suggest cell biological mechanisms for Netrin signaling. Developmental Dynamics 239:1296–1305, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of nanocrystalline materials — an overview

Abstract This paper reviews research work at the Institute for Materials and Advanced Processes (IMAP), University of Idaho, on the synthesis of nanocrystalline materials and their consolidation. Nanocrystalline materials have been synthesized by a number of ‘far from equilibrium processes’, including mechanical alloying (MA), mechanochemical processing (MCP), supercritical fluid processing (SCFP), and severe plastic deformation (SPD). Examples of the materials include the Ti–Al based intermetallic compounds and composites produced by MA and SPD, Ti base alloys and metal carbides synthesized by MCP, thin film Cu produced by SCFP, and Al–Fe alloys produced by SPD. Details of the processes used and the enhancement of properties due to the nanoscale structures in consolidated material will be presented. The potential of these processes to substitute for conventional methods of production will also be discussed.
Gao and the Almoravids Revisited: Ethnicity, Political Change and the Limits of Interpretation

L'A. commente les hypotheses et les arguments linguistiques et archeologiques de D. Lange (« Les rois de Gao-Sane et les Almoravides ») sur la dynastie Zā qui relancent le debat sur l'histoire politique (changement dynastique) et ethnique (Mande, Songhay, Berbere) de la Boucle du Niger, region du Moyen Niger, avant 1500.
Evaluation of blade-strike models for estimating the biological performance of Kaplan turbines

Abstract Bio-indexing of hydro turbines is an important means to optimize passage conditions for fish by identifying operations for existing and new design turbines that minimize the probability of injury. Cost-effective implementation of bio-indexing requires the use of tools such as numerical and physical turbine models to generate hypotheses for turbine operations that can be tested at prototype scales using live fish. Numerical deterministic and stochastic blade-strike models were developed for a 1:25-scale physical turbine model built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for the original design turbine at McNary Dam and for prototype-scale original design and replacement minimum gap runner (MGR) turbines at Bonneville Dam’s first powerhouse. Blade-strike probabilities predicted by both models were comparable with those observed in both prototype-scale live fish survival studies and a physical turbine model using neutrally buoyant beads. Predictions from the stochastic model were closer to experimental data than predictions from the deterministic model because the stochastic model considered the aspects of fish approaching to the leading edges of turbine runner blades. Therefore, the stochastic model should be the preferred method for the prediction of blade strike and injury probability for juvenile salmon and steelhead using numerical blade-strike models for evaluating the biological performance of Kaplan hydro turbines.
Strategic delivery failures in U.S. equity markets

Abstract Sellers of U.S. equities who have not provided shares by the third day after the transaction are said to have “failed-to-deliver” shares. Using a unique data set of the entire cross-section of U.S. equities, we document the pervasiveness of delivery failures and evidence consistent with the hypothesis that market makers strategically fail to deliver shares when borrowing costs are high. We then show that many firms that allow others to fail to deliver to them are themselves responsible for fails-to-deliver in other stocks. Finally, we discuss the implications of these findings for short-sale constraints, short interest, liquidity, and options listings in the context of the recently adopted SEC Regulation SHO.
Near‐field differential scanning optical microscope with atomic force regulation

We present the design and describe the operation of a scanning probe microscope which simultaneously provides the attractive mode force and near‐field optical images of objects. In this technique, the force signal is used to track the topography, thus allowing the optical signal primarily to show variations in transmissivity. A number of results are presented on the application of the technique to imaging different samples.
Strong-Field Excitation of Liquid and Solid Xe Using Intense Femtosecond Pulses †

Strong-field excitation of condensed xenon, both solid and liquid, are investigated using focused 60 fs pulses at 400 and 800 nm. Both wavelengths lead to efficient generation of excitons, which are monitored through their VUV emissions. The self-trapped Xe2* excitons are observed in both solid and liquid Xe; and although weaker, emission from the free Xe* excitons is also detected in the crystalline samples. The photoionization mechanism, which ultimately leads to the creation of excitons through electron-hole recombination, is investigated through power dependence measurements of fluorescence and transmission. At 400 nm, the ionization proceeds through the multiphoton mechanism, while at 800 nm, field-induced tunneling ionization prevails. It is observed that the ionization process is self-limited, preempting the possibility of dielectric breakdown. The failure of an electron avalanche process to develop is understood to arise from the small scattering cross-section of electrons in condensed Xe whereby the field-driven electron energy distribution localizes at the deep scattering minimum, near 0.7 eV. Additionally, the achievable field intensities are limited by beam divergence, due to the negative refraction in the generated electron plasma. This is established in the liquid-phase samples by transmission measurements through a limiting aperture. In the solid state, damage triggered by defects limit the achievable irradiation intensities. It is estimated that exciton densities of 10 18 cm -3 are reached (at pump intensities of 10 12 W/cm 2 ). Although amplification of stimulated emission can be expected at the achieved number densities, no evidence of gain is found in the on-axis spectral profile of the excitonic emission.
Scene layout from ground contact, occlusion, and motion parallax

An important factor in determining perceived scene layout is optical contact between objects and the ground surface (“ground contact”). The relation between ground contact and occlusion was investigated in four experiments with stationary and motion parallax scenes containing a pole that occluded or was occluded by one or more cylinders. Some judgements were inconsistent with occlusion in stationary scenes, but judgements were consistent with occlusion in motion parallax scenes. When the range of object positions consistent with occlusion did not include the positions specified by ground contract or by motion parallax, the ground contact and motion parallax information still had a quantitative effect on the perceived position of the object within the range consistent with occlusion. These results demonstrate a cooperative interaction between ground contact, occlusion, and motion parallax in determining perceived layout in 3-D scenes.
Estonia's time and monumental time

(1997). Estonia's time and monumental time. Journal of Baltic Studies: Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 125-152.
Validation of addictions nursing diagnoses in a sample of alcohol abstainers 1 year posttreatment

This study examined the fit between 26 Addictions Nursing diagnoses and a sample of clients who had maintained abstinence from alcohol use for 1 year after inpatient treatment for alcohol abuse. Data were obtained from interview transcriptions of 26 successful abstainers. Investigator identification of diagnoses were validated by expert nurse clinicians. Although participants had been abstinent for a year, 73% of the sample showed defining characteristics of 17 of the 26 diagnoses. In addition, the raters identified 3 human responses for which no diagnoses exist, 8 diagnoses that do not have defining characteristics that fit the data, and 13 additional defining characteristics that could be added to the list.
Molecular dynamics simulations of polarizable DNA in crystal environment

We have investigated the role of the electrostatic description and cell environment in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of DNA. Multiple unrestrained MD simulations of the DNA duplex d(CCAACGTTGG)2 have been carried out using two different force fields: a traditional description based on atomic point charges and a polarizable force field. For the time scales probed, and given the “right” distribution of divalent ions, the latter performs better than the nonpolarizable force field. In particular, by imposing the experimental unit cell environment, an initial configuration with ideal B-DNA duplexes in the unit cell acquires sequence-dependent features that very closely resemble the crystallographic ones. Simultaneously, the all-atom root-mean-square coordinates deviation (RMSD) with respect to the crystallographic structure is seen to decay. At later times, the polarizable force field is able to maintain this lower RMSD, while the nonpolarizable force field starts to drift away. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Neurofibromatosis type I: genetics and clinical manifestations.

Neurofibromatosis type I is multisystem disorder with myriad manifestations, many of which involve the eye. Diagnostic findings include neurofibromas, lisch nodules, cafe-au-lait macules, freckling, optic pathway gliomas, and skeletal dysplasia. The responsible gene and its protein product, neurofibromin have been identified. Advances have been made in the understanding of the functions of neurofibromin. This has allowed better understanding of the many manifestations and will help identify potential treatments.
Genetic diversity analysis based on ISSR, RAPD and SSR among Turkish Apricot Germplasms in Iran Caucasian eco-geographical group

Abstract Molecular markers have been used for genetic study and identification of cultivars belonging to different fruit species for a long time. In this study ISSR, RAPD and SSR markers were used to evaluate genetic variation and relationships among 95 apricot and one plumcot cultivar located in the Apricot Germplasm Repository in Malatya, Turkey. All three marker systems distinguished the apricots in various levels. The highest polymorphism (98%) was obtained with simple sequence repeat (SSR), followed by inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) (88%) and randomly amplified polimorfic DNA (RAPD) markers (77%). The similarity values were between 0.49 and 0.94 among apricot cultivars. ‘Sekerpare Igdir’ and ‘Sekerpare Benzeri’ were the most similar (0.94). The UPGMA dendrogram constructed using combined data of three marker systems separated the genotypes into two main clusters: one cluster included genotypes originating from Malatya and the other regions, and the second cluster contained cultivars mostly from Mediterranean region. The plumcot cv. ‘Kayisi Erigi’ was outgroup. These results supported that apricots in Turkey indicated considerable genetic diversity.
Interaction of heparin with human angiogenin

HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells adhere rapidly to human angiogenin (Ang) via interactions with cell-surface heparan sulfate moieties (Soncin, F., Shapiro, R., and Fett, J. W. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 8999-9005). Soluble heparin inhibits adhesion, and Ang itself binds tightly to heparin-Sepharose. In the present study, the interaction of Ang with heparin has been further characterized. The basic cluster Arg-31/Arg-32/Arg-33 has been identified as an important component of the heparin binding site. Mutations of these residues, and of Arg-70 as well, decrease both the affinity of Ang for heparin-Sepharose and the capacity of Ang to support cell adhesion. Replacements of four other basic residues do not affect heparin binding. Heparin partially protects Ang from cleavage by trypsin at Lys-60, suggesting that heparin also binds to the region of Ang that contains this residue. The map here determined indicates that the heparin recognition site on Ang lies outside the catalytic center; indeed, heparin has no significant effect on the ribonucleolytic activity of Ang. It also does not influence the angiogenic activity of this protein. Light scattering measurements on Ang-heparin mixtures suggest that 1 heparin chain (mass of 16.5 kDa) can accommodate approximately 9 Ang molecules. The minimum size required for a heparin fragment to effectively inhibit HT-29 cell adhesion to Ang was determined to be 6 disaccharide units. The implications of these findings for inhibition of Ang-mediated tumor establishment in vivo are discussed.
Interactions of adsorbed albumin with underpotentially deposited copper on gold piezoelectrodes

Abstract The adsorption of a model protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA), on Au electrodes was investigated using the Cu adatom probe method and Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Nanobalance (EQCN) technique. The adsorption of BSA was confirmed by AFM imaging and has been found to be controlled by kinetics. Using the Cu adatom probe method, we were able to reconstruct the entire BSA adsorption transient Θ BSA vs. t . The adsorption rate constant k 1 , determined from this transient is k 1 = 2.45 × 10 5 L mol − 1 s − 1 . We have found that the bulk Cu 0 deposition process is blocked by BSA adsorption and it decays exponentially with time during BSA adsorption. It ceases completely when a full monolayer of BSA is formed. In contrast to that, the mass associated with Cu-u.p.d. decreases only to ca. 50% of that in the absence of BSA, indicating that Cu adatoms can penetrate (wedge) into the space between the surface Au atoms and the adsorbed BSA molecules. In addition to that, we have found that the degree of penetration of Cu adatoms can be controlled by the applied deposition potential. By selecting a sufficiently cathodic potential, we were able to deposit a full Cu-u.p.d. monolayer, independent of the BSA surface coverage extending from Θ BSA = 0 to Θ BSA ≈ 1. The positive shift of Cu ad desorption peak potential E p , observed in the presence of adsorbed BSA, has been interpreted in terms of Frumkin exchange interaction forces between Cu ad and BSA ad , on the basis of our earlier theoretical model, expanded here to include adsorbed species in two monolayers. This expansion is possible owing to the fast rate of Cu adatom penetration in the interfacial region. From the plots of E p vs. Θ BSA , the presence of strong attractive interactions between Cu ad and BSA ad was deduced. These interactions result in a super-shift of the Cu-u.p.d. desorption peak potential, corresponding to the exchange interaction coefficient g M,X
Central American- Americans: Invisibility, Power and Representation in the US Latino World

This article examines the specificity of Central Americans in the United States in relation to issues of identity, history and politics. It also examines the contrasting relationship between Central Americans in the United States and Mexican immigrants, by historicizing the dynamics of power between these two Mesoamerican regions since colonial times, with the idea of advancing our understanding of inter-Latino relations in the United States. The article also seeks to address the invisibility of Central American refugees in the United States, arguing that the historical memory of rape and violence on the part of refugees from Guatemala and El Salvador has led Central Americans in the United States to keep themselves on the margins of social visibility and presentability. This strategic non-identity, which to some extent is historically related to Central Americans’ subordination to Mexico, as well as to their illegal status within the US, contrasts the identity politics of reaffirmation that constituted the Chicano and Nuyorican movements, with the present day situation of ‘Central American-Americans.’
Identification of selective immunoglobulin a deficiency by renal biopsy

We report three cases of selective immunoglobulin A (IgA) deficiency in which lack of direct immunofluorescent staining for IgA on renal biopsy specimens contributed to the diagnosis. In two patients, one with systemic lupus erythematosus and the other having asthma with nephrotic syndrome, the diagnosis of IgA deficiency was suggested by the complete absence of IgA on the renal biopsy. In the third patient, a renal transplant recipient, initial biopsies demonstrated donor-derived IgA, which disappeared on subsequent biopsies. The diagnosis of IgA deficiency was confirmed in all three patients by serologic quantification of IgA.
Non-Computed X-Ray Tomography: A Method Using Coherent Light Reconstruction

A new method of obtaining an x-ray tomographic image of a slice is proposed. An x-ray fan beam and detector array are moved in a line across the patient, allowing single scans that are not necessarily transaxial. Projection data is formatted and scaled by micro-processor, and an encoding process is utilized in forming an intermediate record film. This record has a format which somewhat resembles that of synthetic aperture radar, but the coherent light reconstruction of the final image is more complex. All the fundamental limitations of CAT are inherent to the process, except for the slice orientation flexibility. A number of additional limitations are present, some of which are technological. Besides the slice orientation flexibility, there is the potential of achieving better resolution of high contrast objects than current CAT scanners at a much lower total dose than for conventional tomography under comparable contrast conditions.
From sensory neuroscience to neurophilosophy: Reflections on Llinas and Churchland's mind‐brain continuum

Abstract Philosophers and psychologists seeking an accessible introduction to current neuroscience will find much value in this volume. Befitting the neuroscientific focus on sensory processes, many essays address explicitly the binding problem. Theoretical and experimental work pertaining to the “temporal synchronicity” solution is prominent. But there are also some surprising implications for current philosophical concerns, such as the intemalism/extemalism debate about representational content, epistemological realism, a “bottom‐up” approach to naturalizing intentionality, Humean concerns about the self, and implications from phantom‐limb phenomena. Higher‐level theorists about the mind ignore results like these from current neuroscience at their own peril, at least from the point of view of discourse worthy of serious attention as the sciences of the mind/brain push forward into the 21st century.
Highly stable monolayer resists for atomic layer deposition on germanium and silicon

In this paper, 1-alkenes and 1-alkynes are investigated for a new class of monolayer resists formed on the hydrogen-terminated surfaces of both germanium and silicon. A series of 1-alkenes and 1-alkynes with different chain lengths are explored as deactivating agents for atomic layer deposition of HfO2 and Pt films. It is shown that to achieve satisfactory blocking of atomic layer deposition, densely packed, highly hydrophobic monolayers must be formed. A mechanism for the film formation and blocking processes is discussed and compared with that of alkylsilane-based self-assembled monolayer resists.
Tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y are increased in ciliary ganglia of sympathectomized rats.

Abstract We have examined the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y in ciliary ganglia of normal adult rats and of adult rats in which the environment of these neurons was altered by sympathectomy at birth. Following neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine treatment, the proportion of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive and neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive neurons in ciliary ganglia was significantly increased. In ciliary neurons of both control and sympathectomized rats, neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity was preferentially co-localized with tyrosine hydroxylase. Immunoblot analysis confirmed the presence of tyrosine hydroxylase and its increase following sympathectomy. In situ hybridization studies revealed that many ciliary neurons contain mRNA for tyrosine hydroxylase and for neuropeptide Y. Like tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity, the number of ciliary neurons containing tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA and the amount of mRNA per cell were increased in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats. In contrast, neuropeptide Y mRNA levels were the same in control and 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats. Nerve growth factor is a candidate for mediating the effects of sympathectomy and most ciliary neurons in control and sympathectomized rats expressed immunoreactivity for the low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor. In addition, ciliary neurons from 6-hydroxydopamine-treated animals possessed increased nerve growth factor receptor immunoreactivity. These studies indicate that both tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y in the ciliary ganglion are regulated by alterations in their environment. Their expression was enhanced by chemical sympathectomy which does not affect ciliary neurons directly but, rather, removes sympathetic innervation of shared targets, including the iris. In situ hybridization analysis suggests that the increased tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y levels result from different mechanisms and provides evidence that neuropeptide levels can be regulated without changes in mRNA levels.
Multivariate characterization, modeling, and design of ionic liquid molecules

Abstract Ionic liquids that have tailored structures with an array of unique functional properties can have important applications in areas such as CO2 capture and sequestration, sulfur removal from fuels, energy storage, biomass pretreatment, and chemical separations. Within a computer-aided molecular design (CAMD) framework, a characterization based method was combined with chemometric techniques in a reverse problem formulation to design ionic liquid (IL) structures corresponding to particular physical properties. Infrared spectra generated from density functional theory (DFT) simulations were used for capturing information on molecular architecture and calibration of latent variable property models to synthesize ILs in a logical and systematic methodology.