cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A novel bilateral grafting technique for studying patterning in Hydra.

Abstract Control of patterning and the specification of body axes are fundamental aspects of animal development involving complex interactions between chemical, physical, and genetic signals. The freshwater polyp Hydra has long been recognized as a useful model system to address these questions due to its simple anatomy, optical transparency, and strong regenerative abilities, which enabled clever grafting experiments to alter and probe patterning. Reliable methods exist for the transplantation of small tissue pieces into the body column or the combination of sections cut perpendicular to the body axis, which can be used to examine oral-aboral gradients and axis induction potential of tissue fragments. However, existing methods do not allow researchers to probe questions of axis alignment and lateral information exchange. We therefore developed a technique to produce chimeric animals split longitudinally along the body axis of the animal by anesthetizing the animals with the terpene linalool and threading the donor pieces onto pairs of fine glass needles. Our novel approach can be applied to study questions in Hydra research that have thus far been inaccessible, including patterning processes acting perpendicular to the oral-aboral axis and the extent of lateral cell migration.
Primary gastrointestinal T-cell lymphomas: concepts and diagnostic insights

Abstract The gastrointestinal tract represents the most common site of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Malignant lymphomas represent up to 4% of all malignant neoplasms of the GI tract. Overall, lymphomas of B-cell lineage predominate. T-cell lymphomas are uncommon and account for 6% of all GI tract lymphomas. Intestinal T-cell lymphomas comprise a heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative neoplasms with distinct morphologic, immunophenotypic, and genetic features. Based on the recently revised 2017 WHO classification, intestinal T-cell lymphomas are categorized into four distinct entities: Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL), monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma (METL), intestinal T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (ITCL, NOS) and indolent T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. Herein, we aim to create awareness of these uncommon neoplasms with emphasis on key diagnostic points.
Room temperature, nanosecond, 60 mJ/pulse Fe:ZnSe master oscillator power amplifier system operating at 3.8-5.0 µm.

We report on a RT gain-switched Fe:ZnSe master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) system tunable over 3.8–5.0 µm pumped by radiation of Er:YAG laser operating at 2.94 µm. The mechanically Q-switched Er:YAG laser with output energy up to 220 mJ was used as a pump source for a master oscillator and three-stage power amplifier. The maximum output energies in 200 ns pulses exceeded 60, 56, and 48 mJ at 4.4, 4.3, and 4.1 µm, respectively, under 220 mJ of pump energy. The extraction energy efficiencies were measured to be 25, 30, and 40% at the first, second, and third stages, respectively.
Bacterial Transcription Continues to Surprise: Activation by Alarmone-Mediated σ-Factor Tethering.

Travis et al. (2020) reveal how Francisella tularensis uses stress-induced ppGpp to activate its virulent pathogenesis program by tethering an αCTD–DNA organizer (PigR) to a σ-organizing heterodimer (MglA-SspA), highlighting the remarkable diversity of transcriptional mechanisms in under-studied bacteria.
Evidence that Advanced Motor Cortex Pathology in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Causes Whole Brain Systemic Effects (874)

Objective: We examined iron accumulation and white matter (WM) microstructural integrity throughout the entire brain to determine if oxidative stress causes WM pathology outside the motor cortex (MC) and motor neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Background: Recent studies have demonstrated that excessive oxidative stress in motor neurons due to iron accumulation in the MC results in loss of WM microstructural integrity along the motor pathway in ALS. Measuring WM integrity and iron accumulation using advanced MRI techniques such as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) respectively may provide insights into ALS pathophysiology. Design/Methods: ALS and age- and sex-matched normal MRI studies were identified in a preexisting database at our institution. WM integrity was estimated from fractional anisotropy (FA) values from DTI in 23 regions throughout the brain using Reproducible Objective Quantification Scheme. Iron deposition was measured on QSM using manual tracing on MRtrix3 software in all 23 regions and bilateral primary motor cortices. Control FA values were used to construct normal distributions per WM region and to compute Z-scores. Associations between FA Z-scores and corresponding iron concentrations were performed using nonparametric Spearman-Rho correlations. Results: 40 ALS (mean age 63±9, 16 F) and 35 controls were obtained. Increasing pathologic MC iron deposition was significantly associated with increased iron deposition in 20 regions after controlling for multiple comparisons (p Conclusions: Iron accumulation outside the MC, decreased WM integrity in superior motor neurons, and increased integrity in frontal WM pathways may reflect previously unrecognized systemic effects of advanced ALS. Disclosure: Dr. Wang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Niogi has nothing to disclose.
Expression of IL-20 Receptor Subunit β Is Linked to EAE Neuropathology and CNS Neuroinflammation

Considerable clinical evidence supports that increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability is linked to immune extravasation of CNS parenchyma during neuroinflammation. Although BBB permeability and immune extravasation are known to be provoked by vascular endothelial growth factor-A (i.e., VEGF-A) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12), respectively, the mechanisms that link both processes are still elusive. The interleukin-20 (i.e., IL-20) cytokine signaling pathway was previously implicated in VEGF-mediated angiogenesis and is known to induce cellular response by way of signaling through IL-20 receptor subunit β (i.e., IL-20RB). Dysregulated IL-20 signaling is implicated in many inflammatory pathologies, but it's contribution to neuroinflammation has yet to be reported. We hypothesize that the IL-20 cytokine, and the IL cytokine subfamily more broadly, play a key role in CNS neuroinflammation by signaling through IL-20RB, induce VEGF activity, and enhance both BBB-permeability and CXCL12-mediated immune extravasation. To address this hypothesis, we actively immunized IL-20RB-/- mice and wild-type mice to induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and found that IL-20RB-/- mice showed amelioration of disease progression compared to wild-type mice. Similarly, we passively immunized IL-20RB-/- mice and wild-type mice with myelin-reactive Th1 cells from either IL-20RB-/- and wild-type genotype. Host IL-20RB-/- mice showed lesser disease progression than wild-type mice, regardless of the myelin-reactive Th1 cells genotype. Using multianalyte bead-based immunoassay and ELISA, we found distinctive changes in levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines between IL-20RB-/- mice and wild-type mice at peak of EAE. We also found detectable levels of all cytokines of the IL-20 subfamily within CNS tissues and specific alteration to IL-20 subfamily cytokines IL-19, IL-20, and IL-24, expression levels. Immunolabeling of CNS region-specific microvessels confirmed IL-20RB protein at the spinal cord microvasculature and upregulation during EAE. Microvessels isolated from macaques CNS tissues also expressed IL-20RB. Moreover, we identified the expression of all IL-20 receptor subunits: IL-22 receptor subunit α-1 (IL-22RA1), IL-20RB, and IL-20 receptor subunit α (IL-20RA) in human CNS microvessels. Notably, human cerebral microvasculature endothelial cells (HCMEC/D3) treated with IL-1β showed augmented expression of the IL-20 receptor. Lastly, IL-20-treated HCMEC/D3 showed alterations on CXCL12 apicobasal polarity consistent with a neuroinflammatory status. This evidence suggests that IL-20 subfamily cytokines may signal at the BBB via IL-20RB, triggering neuroinflammation.
Regulation of Rac1 Activation in Choroidal Endothelial Cells: Insights into Mechanisms in Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide. Vision loss from the neovascular form is associated with the invasion of choroidal endothelial cells into the neural retina to form vision-threatening macular neovascularization (MNV). Anti-angiogenic agents are the current standard of care but are effective in only ~50% of AMD cases. The molecular mechanisms involved in invasive MNV point to the importance of regulating signaling pathways that lead to pathologic biologic outcomes. In studies testing the effects of AMD-related stresses, activation of the Rho GTPase, Rac1, was found to be important for the choroidal endothelial cell invasion into the neural retina. However, current approaches to prevent Rac1 activation are inefficient and less effective. We summarize active Rac1-mediated mechanisms that regulate choroidal endothelial cell migration. Specifically, we discuss our work regarding the role of a multidomain protein, IQ motif containing GTPase activating protein 1 (IQGAP1), in sustaining pathologic Rac1 activation and a mechanism by which active Rap1, a Ras-like GTPase, may prevent active Rac1-mediated choroidal endothelial cell migration.
An In-Flight Investigation of Nonlinear Roll Control

An in-flight simulation was undertaken to study the piloting problems associated with a type of nonlinear control effectiveness which is characteristic of spoiler roll control systems. Typically, the initial response is small or even zero, followed by a narrow region of highly effective control, and a final one of moderate effectiveness. Results for the landing flare and touchdown, which turned out to be the critical flight phase, indicate that a substantial amount of dead zone and changing effectiveness can be tolerated, but the best level of handling is obtained with linear, aileron-like control.
Justice and the Administrative State: The FDIC and the Superior Bank Failure (Essay)

This essay demonstrates through the Superior Bank failure how an administrative agency, the FDIC, can act without taking into account what is fair and just for all involved parties, instead maximizing its power or its economic recovery. The author argues that the FDIC lost sight of how it should have responded and not how it could have by giving preferential treatment to Superior's shareholders and attempting to sue the auditor Ernst & Young in contravention of Superior's contractual obligations. The FDIC's actions sublimated the fairness of the insolvency resolution process for the creditors of Superior and exposed Ernst & Young to liabilities well beyond what it had contracted for with Superior.
Role of innovation in growth of countries

The paper discusses the role of innovative capability in growth of a country by arguing that in the long run, a nation’s higher order competitive advantage can be built only with innovation. The paper also identifies eight determinants of innovation capability of a country. The discussion of these eight determinants should be useful for policy makers in countries attempting to promote economic growth by improving the productivity of the firms in their countries.
From Kabul to Kandahar: Change and the Canadian Forces

Occasionally the policy world creates a “natural experiment,” where a striking series of events creates dramatically different before-and-after conditions that can challenge existing understandings of political situations and relationships. The Canadian Forces (CF) who are engaged in operations in Afghanistan have recently undergone such a natural experiment, experiencing multiple major changes almost simultaneously. The keystone that cemented all these was the change in their primary location of deployment: the move from Kabul to Kandahar in August 2005. What had begun as a complex peace and stability operation, of the kind that seemed familiar to Canadians ever since the cold war ended in the early 1990s, morphed into a classic counterinsurgency operation, of a kind that Canada had not seen since the Boer War at the turn of the last century.
Active and Inactive Forms of the Transition-state Analog Protease Inhibitor Leupeptin: Explanation of the Observed Slow Binding of Leupeptin to Cathepsin B and Papain

Leupeptin and similar peptide argininal (arginine aldehyde) transition-state analog protease inhibitors exist in three covalent forms in aqueous solution, the leupeptin hydrate (IH), a cyclic carbinolamine form (IC) generated by the addition of the guanidino epsilon N to the aldehydic carbon, and the free aldehyde form (IA). 1H NMR in D2O show their equilibrium concentrations to be 42, 56, and 2% for IH, IC (R and S enantiomers), and IA. The rates of conversion of (formula; see text) were determined by 1H NMR in D2O by trapping IA with semicarbazide. Application of a deuterium isotope effect of 2.8 led to rate constants in H2O for kC of 0.092 min-1 and kD of 0.73 min-1. The equilibrium concentration of IA and rates for kC and kD are then used to explain the lag phase in the inhibition of cathepsin B and papain by leupeptin. Two circumstances are observed. (i) At micromolar concentrations of leupeptin and papain the binding of leupeptin is biphasic with rate constants identical to kD and kC. (ii) At more dilute nanomolar concentrations of total leupeptin and proteases, the observed lag phase for approach to steady-state inhibition (with rate constant k') is now explained by the low values of the koff rate constants (0.072 min-1 for cathepsin B and 0.024 min-1 for papain) together with the extremely low concentrations of the active inhibitor form IA, with k' = kon[IA] + koff. While kon[IA] is slow, the second-order rate constant kon is found to be quite fast, 1.2 x 10(7) M-1 s-1 for cathepsin B and 1.8 x 10(7) M-1 s-1 for papain. Thus, the binding of leupeptin to cathepsin B and papain may show a lag phase, but this is not due to slow binding.
The dynamics of coupled oscillator phase control

Arrays of coupled oscillators have been proposed as means of realizing high power RF sources via coherent spatial power combining. In such applications, a uniform phase distribution over the aperture is usually desired. However, it has been shown that by detuning some of the oscillators away from the oscillation frequency of the ensemble of oscillators, one may achieve other useful aperture phase distributions. Of particular interest among those achievable are linear phase distributions because these result in steering of the output RF beam away from the broadside direction. The theory describing the behavior of such arrays of coupled oscillators is quite complicated since the phenomena involved are inherently nonlinear. However, a simplified theory has been developed which facilitates intuitive understanding. This simplified theory is based on a "continuum model" in which the aperture phase is represented by a continuous function of the aperture coordinates. A challenging aspect of the development of this theory is the derivation of appropriate boundary conditions at the edges or ends of the array.
Network science: Destruction perfected.

Pinpointing the nodes whose removal most effectively disrupts a network has become a lot easier with the development of an efficient algorithm. Potential applications might include cybersecurity and disease control. See Letter p.65
Phase Stability of Ni2Al3 under Electron Irradiation

In-situ electron irradiations at 200, 300, and 1000 keV have been performed on Ni2Al3 at 100 and 300 K. At low doses, the Ni2Al3 partially disorders to a B2 structure with a lattice parameter of 0.284 nm, close to that extrapolated for US -NiAl at 60 at.% Al, the Ni2Al3 composition. The electron dose required to disorder the Ni2Al3 decreased with increasing accelerating voltage and possibly with decreasing temperature. At high doses, precipitation of aluminum from the B2 matrix occurs, along with radiation-induced sputtering and radiation-induced segregation. Lattice parameter changes for the B2 structure observed during irradiation are explained in terms of the compositional dependence of the lattice parameter of US -NiAl. The B2 structure remains stable to doses of 6 /times/ 10SY electrons/mS, with no amorphization detected. 17 refs., 4 figs.
Spin Torque Writing for Next Generation MRAM - Challenges and Prospects

Summary form only given. The initial predictions and subsequent definitive demonstrations of the ability of a spin-polarized current that impinges onto a thin film nanomagnet to reversibly switch the orientation of its magnetic moment, and/or to excite it into microwave precession, by the torque exerted through the transfer of spin angular momentum from the incident conduction electrons, have catalyzed what is now a quite broad and very active area of spin torque research. Since those initial works, there has been remarkable progress in advancing the fundamental understanding of this new spintronics phenomenon, and in successfully moving it towards technological implementations, particularly spin-torque magnetic random access memory (ST-MRAM) and spin-torque microwave oscillator applications, that have the potential for broad impact. In this presentation I will discuss the basics of the spin torque effect and briefly survey the various approaches that can be employed to demonstrate and study it in both all-metallic, spin-valve-type nanostructures and, most importantly for applications, in nanoscale magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs). I will discuss some recent work that has sought to contribute to the rapidly advancing spin-torque research effort, by helping both to better understand quantitatively the details of the phenomenon and to understand and enhance the efficiency of the effect I will summarize results from studies of spin-transfer switching and microwave excitation in magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs), which include the use of the spin transfer phenomenon to quantitatively determine, through spin-torque- excited ferromagnetic resonance (ST-FMR), both the bias dependent efficiency of the spin torque in high quality MTJs and the magnetic damping of individual free layer nanomagnets. I will also briefly describe some recent work that has been examining spin torque effects in nanoscale structures with distinctly non-uniform magnetization which is giving us some new information regarding magnetic dynamics in nanoscale structures and are pointing to ways by which it may be possible to significantly reduce the spin polarized current needed for the short- pulse switching of a thermally stable nanomagnet for MRAM applications. I will conclude by briefly discussing some of challenges that remain to be overcome before spin-torque based technologies, particularly ST-MRAM, can be successfully implemented and of the pathways that might be effectively taken to overcome those challenges.
Optimal Dose of Fenoterol by Metered-Dose Inhaler in Asthmatic Adults*

Three doses of fenoterol were administered by metered-dose inhaler to 20 adult subjects with asthma in order to determine the optimal dose for routine administration. Inhaled doses of l00µg, 200μg, and 400μg of fenoterol with isoproterenol and placebo controls were administered in a randomized double-blind crossover regimen. We found that 200µg of fenoterol by metered-dose inhaler produced a longer duration of action, greater peak response, and greater overall time-weighted responses in the forced expiratory volume in one second, in the mean forced expiratory flow during the middle half of the forced vital capacity, and in airway resistance than did the other drug regimens. The 400µg dose of fenoterol produced no increase in response over that seen after the 200µg dose. Side effects were minimal and no greater than with isoproterenol.
Using Theoretical Descriptors in Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships: Opiate Receptor Activity by Fentanyl-like Compounds

The number of applications of computational techniques to medicinal chemistry is growing rapidly. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR) have been used very successfully to correlate structural features to biological activities. A type of QSAR, Linear Solvation Energy Relationships (LSER) has been used to correlate a large number and wide variety of biological properties. Famini and Wilson have developed a theoretical extension of the LSER, called the TLSER, that incorporates only computationally derived descriptors. We have applied the TLSER methodology to a series of fentanyl-like compounds that exhibit activity at the opiate receptor. TLSER correlations of the entire data set, as well as specific subsets are considered.
A parallel least squares collocation conjugate gradient approach for the advection diffusion equation

Abstract This paper presents a least squares collocation technique that allows one to employ the preconditioned conjugate gradient solution procedure and orthogonal meshes to the solution of the advection diffusion equation defined over domains with irregular shape. The new approach can achieve a reasonable fraction of the optimal performance of a wide variety of parallel architectures, since most of its computational tasks are performed independently.
Hypomelanosis of Ito: a description, not a diagnosis.

The term hypomelanosis of Ito has been used as a diagnosis for individuals with hypopigmentation or depigmentation distributed along the lines of Blaschko. Approximately half of these patients have had neurologic, skeletal, and/or ocular abnormalities. In many, determination that the lighter areas of skin were hypopigmented rather than the darker areas hyperpigmented has been arbitrary. Evidence documenting single-gene transmission is unconvincing and recurrence risks appear to be negligible in most instances. Karyotyping of blood lymphocytes, skin fibroblasts, and/or keratinocytes of 115 individuals reported in the literature revealed abnormal chromosome constitutions in 60. Three patients were 46,XX/46,XY chimeras, two were 46,XX/46,XX chimeras. Most patients were mosaic for aneuploidy or unbalanced translocations, with two or more chromosomally distinct cell lines either within the same tissue or between tissues. The more common alterations included mosaic trisomy 18, diploidy/triploidy, mosaicism for sex chromosome aneuploidy, and tetrasomy 12p. Karyotyping of blood and, if necessary, skin, to detect mosaicism is warranted in all patients presenting with swirley pigmentary changes, either hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation. The terms hypomelanosis of Ito and incontinentia pigmenti achromians should be abandoned as they are neither diagnostic nor specific. J Invest Dermatol 103:141S-143S, 1994
Methods for one-sided testing of the difference between proportions and sample size considerations related to non-inferiority clinical trials

Assessment of non-inferiority is often performed using a one-sided statistical test through an analogous one-sided confidence limit. When the focus of attention is the difference in success rates between test and active control proportions, the lower confidence limit is computed, and many methods exist in the literature to address this objective. This paper considers methods which have been shown to be popular in the literature and have surfaced in this research as having good performance with respect to controlling type I error at the specified level. Performance of these methods is assessed with respect to power and type I error through simulations. Sample size considerations are also included to aid in the planning stages of non-inferiority trials focusing on the difference in proportions. Results suggest that the appropriate method to use depends on the sample size allocation of subjects in the test and active control groups. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FANY (First Aid Nursing Yeomanry) ‘Other Spaces’: toward an application of Foucault's heterotopias as alternate spaces of social ordering

This article applies the principles of Foucault's (1986) concept of heterotopia to the spatial imaginaries and material realities of the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry (FANY), an elite organisation of British women volunteers who served on the Western Front during World War I. First, the FANY created crisis heterotopia shaped by the history and politics of the period and linked to gendered cultural anxieties at this slice in time; second, FANY space was ordered and made accessible through the interplay of class privilege and patriotic national identity; third, it involved possibilities for transgression through the heterotopic juxtaposition of material practices of domesticity within and against sites of combat; and finally, FANY space both involved an utopian element that contrasted with other real spaces available to women and helped reveal the gendered politics of those traditional sites.
Business-To-Business Exchanges

Abstract Business-to-business electronic commerce includes the use of exchanges, Internet-based marketplaces in which companies can purchase or sell a variety of products, some generic across industries and others specific to a given industry. the proliferation of exchanges since 1999 provides managers with numerous choices for purchasing and selling office supplies, maintenance and repair equipment, and surplus inventory as well as steel, paper, plastics, energy, and a host of other industry products. Business managers and IT professionals need to be aware of the costs and benefits of using exchanges and how exchanges may affect companies operating at various points on the supply chain. This article describes the various types of exchanges, how they evolved, and their costs and benefits. It provides advice to managers regarding the selection and effective use of exchanges.
The pregnant woman's eye

The effects of pregnancy on the eye fall into three categories. Nonpathological physiologic changes in pressures, corneal sensitivity and thickness, and visual function can occur. Pathologic conditions reported to develop during pregnancy include central serous chorioretinopathy, hypertensive and vascular disorders, and uveal melanoma. Pregnancy also can affect pre-existing ocular conditions, such as diabetic retinopathy, tumors, and a variety of immunological disorders and can have beneficial effects on such pre-existing conditions as glaucoma. This review covers ocular disorders in these three categories, and summarizes the systemic changes of pregnancy and the effects of ocular medications on the fetus.
Decomposition of linear programs using parallel computation

This paper describes DECOMPAR: an implementation of the Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition algorithm for block-angular linear programs using parallel processing of the subproblems. The software is based on a robust experimental code for LP decomposition and runs on the CRYSTAL multicomputer at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Initial computational experience is reported. Promising directions in future development of this approach are discussed.
Phenotypic variation in oak litter influences short- and long-term nutrient cycling through litter chemistry

The influence of intraspecific variation on ecosystem functioning is relatively unknown. We investigated the effects of litter phenotype on carbon and nitrogen fluxes in the litter and soil, and on microarthropod and bacterial populations over a 3-year period. Different litter phenotypes significantly affected carbon and nitrogen fluxes. Short- and long-term fluxes within single phenotype treatments were significantly, but unpredictably, different from a mixed phenotype treatment. Fluxes were associated with variation in litter chemistry which has a significant genetic component. We found no effects of phenotype identity on soil bacterial or microarthropod communities. However, persistent litter phenotype effects upon carbon and nitrogen fluxes support our previous suggestion that losses in genetic diversity may influence ecosystem processes.
Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein effect with flavor-changing neutrino interactions.

We consider the effect that flavor-nondiagonal neutrino interactions with matter have on the resonant {nu} oscillations. It is shown that, even in the absence of {nu} mixing in a vacuum, an efficient conversion of the electron neutrinos from the Sun to another {nu} flavor can result if the strength of this interaction is {similar to}10{sup {minus}2}{ital G}{sub {ital F}}. We show how this can be implemented in the minimal supersymmetric standard model with {ital R}-parity breaking. Here, the {ital L}-violating couplings induce neutrino masses, mixings, and the flavor-nondiagonal neutrino interactions that can provide a Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein-like solution to the solar-neutrino problem even for negligible vacuum mixings.
Trainee nondisclosure in supervision: What are they not telling you?

Aims: The purposes of this study were to examine: (1) the content of and reasons for trainee nondisclosure in supervision, and (2) the influence of trainee anxiety and perception of the supervisory working alliance on amount of nondisclosure and willingness to disclose. Method: As the focus of the study was a single supervision session, qualitative and quantitative data were collected from 204 trainees about their most recent supervision session. Results: Within the single supervision session on which they reported, 84.3% of trainees withheld information from their supervisors. Trainees reported an average of 2.68 nondisclosures occurring in the session, with the most common nondisclosure involving a negative supervision experience. Trainee perception of a better supervisory working alliance was related to less nondisclosure and greater overall willingness to disclose in supervision. Higher trainee anxiety was related to greater nondisclosure and lower overall willingness to disclose in supervision. Implications: The implications of the findings for the practice of supervision are discussed and areas for further research are suggested.
Thymus and autoimmunity: capacity of the normal thymus to produce pathogenic self-reactive T cells and conditions required for their induction of autoimmune disease.

BALB/c athymic nu/nu mice spontaneously developed organ-specific (gastritis, thyroiditis, oophoritis, or orchitis) and systemic (arteritis, glomerulonephritis, and polyarthritis) autoimmune diseases when transplanted with neonatal BALB/c thymuses. Transplantation of thymuses from adult BALB/c mice was far less effective in inducing histologically evident organ-specific autoimmune disease in nu/nu mice. Autoimmune disease developed, however, when adult thymuses were irradiated at a T cell-depleting dose before transplantation. Engrafting newborn thymuses into BALB/c mice T cell depleted by thymectomy, irradiation, and bone marrow transplantation produced similar organ-specific autoimmune disease as well, but thymus engrafting into T cell-nondepleted BALB/c mice (i.e., mice thymectomized as adults, but not irradiated) did not, despite the fact that transplanted thymuses grew well in both groups of mice. The mice with organ-specific autoimmune disease produced autoantibodies specific for the respective organ components, such as gastric parietal cells, thyroglobulins, oocytes, or sperm. The thymus-transplanted nu/nu mice also had hypergammaglobulinemia and developed anti-DNA autoantibodies, rheumatoid factors, and immune complexes in the circulation. These results indicate that: (a) the thymus of a murine strain that does not develop spontaneous autoimmune disease can produce pathogenic self-reactive T cells that mediate organ-specific and/or systemic autoimmune diseases; and (b) such self-reactive T cells, especially those mediating organ-specific autoimmune disease, spontaneously expand and cause autoimmune disease when released to the T cell-deficient or -eliminated periphery.
Nuclear EGFR contributes to acquired resistance to cetuximab.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a ubiquitously expressed receptor tyrosine kinase involved in the etiology of several human cancers. Cetuximab is an EGFR-blocking antibody that has been approved for the treatment of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and metastatic colorectal cancer. Previous reports have shown that EGFR translocation to the nucleus is associated with cell proliferation. Here we investigated mechanisms of acquired resistance to cetuximab using a model derived from the non-small cell lung cancer line H226. We demonstrated that cetuximab-resistant cells overexpress HER family ligands including epidermal growth factor (EGF), amphiregulin, heparin-binding EGF and β-cellulin. Overexpression of these ligands is associated with the nuclear translocation of the EGFR and this process was mediated by the Src family kinases (SFK). Treatment of cetuximab-resistant cells with the SFK inhibitor, dasatinib, resulted in loss of nuclear EGFR, increased membrane expression of the EGFR and resensitization to cetuximab. In addition, expression of a nuclear localization sequence-tagged EGFR in cetuximab-sensitive cells increased resistance to cetuximab both in vitro and in mouse xenografts. Collectively, these data suggest that nuclear expression of EGFR may be an important molecular determinant of resistance to cetuximab therapy and provides a rationale for investigating nuclear EGFR as a biomarker for cetuximab response. Further, these data suggest a rationale for the design of clinical trials that examine the value of treating patients with cetuximab-resistant tumors with inhibitors of SFKs in combination with cetuximab.
Lifetime measurements and multiple Coulomb excitation in Dy 162

Rotational states up to spin ${12}^{+}$ in $^{162}\mathrm{Dy}$ have been Coulomb excited by 148.6 MeV $^{40}\mathrm{Ar}^{8+}$ ions. The half-lives of the ${4}^{+}$, ${6}^{+}$, and ${8}^{+}$ states were measured by the Doppler-shift recoil-distance method and were found to be 132\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6, 18.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0, and 4.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3 ps, respectively. In addition, relative Coulomb excitation probabilities up through the ${12}^{+}$ member in the ground-state band were measured. All $B(E2)$ values are in good agreement with rotational model expectations except for the ${10}^{+}$ state, and within $2\ensuremath{\sigma}$ it is in agreement.
Design of Online Monitoring and Evaluation System for Master Station Running Status

The increase of data access capacity and data types of the power grid leads to a more complex and varied grid running environment. Hence, in order to guarantee the running security of the master station, an online monitoring and evaluation system based on index system for master station is proposed in this paper. It can construct a dynamic evaluation model and complete automated collection, analysis, scoring and evaluation of indexes by using specific index calculation methods. Moreover, this system can provide comprehensive interface display for evaluation results and achieve online alarming for the abnormal situations of the master station. This system offers a new and effective way to guarantee the safe and reliable running of the master station.
PHASON ANOMALIES IN ALKALI METALS

A Comment on the Letter by C. D. Amarasekara and P. H. Keesom, Phys. Rev. Lett. 47, 1311 (1981).
Effects of physical training on hypothalamic obesity in rats.

Forthy-eight male rats either underwent sterotaxic placement of electrolytic lesions in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus or had a sham operation and, after a recovery period of at least two weeks, were assigned to either a trained or untrained condition. Training consisted of treadmill running for 120 min per day, 5 days per week, for 12 weeks. At which point all rats were sacrificed to allow the determination of carcass analysis and fat pad lipolysis rates. Both untrained and trained animals with lesions had significantly increased carcass fat. The increased fat content not be attributed to an increased intake since the average daily food consumption of the four groups was not different. Training significantly reduced the fat content in both the lesioned and unlesioned rats. However, the loss in the lesioned rats was about one third less than that of the unlesioned. Training also increased the rate of lipolysis irrespective of whether an animal was lesioned or not. However, the amount of increase was about one third less than in trained normals. Destruction of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus apparently does not destroy the ability of exercise to alter body composition. The lesions may diminish the capacity of endurance programs to reduce carcass fat. Since the findings relative to lipolysis result from an in vitro investigation, they do not necessarily reflect the events occurring in the in vivo state.
Pressure and temperature dependence of Freon-12 absorption coefficients for CO(2) waveguide laser radiation.

Freon-12 absorption coefficients for the P(22) through P(48) CO2 waveguide laser transitions of the 00°1– (10°0, 02°0)I band are presented. For pressures below 10 Torr and a spectral resolution of 0.1 MHz, the absorption coefficients show considerable spectral structure within ±250 MHz of the CO2 laser line center; but individual absorption lines are only resolved for pressures below 100 μm. The absorption coefficients around the CO2 waveguide laser lines are shown to be spectrally structureless as well as pressure independent above 20 Torr. The temperature dependence of the absorption coefficients are presented for the first time, and they are shown to be linearly dependent on temperature.
Balancing Mechanisms of Distortion to Yield Distortion-free/Shape Stable Composites:

The underlying mechanisms of manufacturing distortion in composite components have been suggested to be anisotropy, material property gradients, and part-tool interactions. These mechanisms have been sub-divided into those that result in shape change with changing temperature (thermoelastic) and those that are one-time-only effects (non-thermoelastic), generally related to isothermal cure shrinkage. The responses related to anisotropy and material property gradient mechanisms are predicted to include both thermoelastic and non-thermoelastic contributions; however, stresses imposed on the laminate and the resulting distortion due to part—tool interaction is merely non-thermoelastic in nature. Previous research has suggested that this non-thermoelastic component is critical to generating a composite angle bracket on net-shape tooling that is simultaneously distortion-free and shape-stable with temperature.The current research investigates the degree of tailorability available in both the part—tool interacti...
Effects of cold shock on the distribution of leucocytes in goldfish,Carassius auratus

Goldfish,Carassius auratus, which lived at a temperature varying between 22° and 24° C, were exposed to cold shock,i.e., immersion in water at 2° C for 3.5 to 4.0 min. One hour, two hours, four hours, six hours and 24 hours after that treatment, cold-stressed animals were sacrificed and smears of their blood prepared. Comparisons of the differential counts of the white blood cells of these animals with those of control fish indicated that significant lymphopenia and neutrophilia occurred early, one and two hours after cessation of the cold shock (Table 1). By four hours after treatment, the counts for the experimentals and controls were not significantly different (Table 1).
What corporations want in MBA engineers

Abstract This article describes a survey of major U.S. corporations which asked what they want in entry level MBA engineers. The information was gathered in order to refine the MBA program at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute — a program which is designed specifically for engineers. Key findings are that corporations want management engineers to be stronger in interpersonal and communications skills. They also want them to be more creative, practical and realistic in their outlook. By comparison, they are relatively less concerned about their analytic and technical skills.
Utility of video-EEG monitoring in a tertiary care epilepsy center

Our video-EEG monitoring (VEEG) unit is part of a typical metropolitan tertiary care center that services a diverse patient population. We aimed to determine if the specific clinical reason for inpatient VEEG was actually resolved. Our method was to retrospectively determine the stated goal of inpatient VEEG and to analyze the outcome of one hundred consecutive adult patients admitted for VEEG. The reason for admission fit into one of four categories: 1) to characterize paroxysmal events as either epileptic or nonepileptic, 2) to localize epileptic foci, 3) to characterize the epilepsy syndrome, and 4) to attempt safe antiepileptic drug adjustment. We found that VEEG was successful in accomplishing the goal of admission in 77% of cases. The remaining 23% failed primarily due to lack of typical events during monitoring. Furthermore, of the overall study cohort, VEEG outcomes altered medical management in 53% and surgery was pursued in 5%.
Effects of Body Size and Repeated Matings on Female Milkweed Beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Reproductive Success

For female red milkweed beetles, Tetraopes tetraophthalmus (Forster), body size is positively correlated with the number of larvae produced per day and during an individual's lifetime. As a result there is a potential reproductive advantage to males of mating with larger females. The data provide no evidence for increased reproductive success of females who mate with larger males. Females that mate often lay a higher proportion of fertile eggs than females that mate only once. Repeated matings also increase lifetime fecundity. Possible mechanisms for this increase in the number of larvae produced by females that mate more than once are discussed.
Determinants of sexual arousal and the accuracy of its self‐estimation in sexually functional males

Men with and without sexual dysfunction present with varying patterns of agreement between subjective estimates of sexual arousal and more objective psychophysiological measures of the same construct. This relative accuracy seems to be associated with sexual function, with men who have sexual dysfunction presenting less accurate estimations (mostly reporting below measured arousal levels). The purpose of this study is to clarify the processes underlying sexual arousal and the accuracy of its self‐estimation. We looked at potential predictors of sexual arousal (subjective and physiological) and accuracy in estimating objective sexual arousal in a sample of 60 sexually functional males. Predictors included pre‐existing sexual attitudes (erotophobia), both trait and state positive and negative affect, self‐focused attention, and interoceptive awareness. Results indicate that this sexually functional sample generally reported below their own erection level. Interestingly, trait negative affect was associated ...
Betamethasone activation of CTP: Cholinephosphate cytidylyltransferase is mediated by fatty acids

The purpose of the present study was to determine the mechanisms by which glucocorticoids increase the activity of CTP: cholinephosphate cytidylyltransferase, a key enzyme required for the synthesis of surfactant phosphatidylcholine. Lung cytidylyltransferase exists as an inactive, light form low in lipids (L-form) and an active, heavy form high in lipid content (H-form). In vivo, fatty acids stimulate and aggregate the inactive L-form to the active H-form. In vivo, betamethasone increases the amount of H-form while decreasing the amount of L-form in fetal lung. There is also a coordinate increase in total free fatty acids in the H-form. In the present study, we used gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to measure the fatty acid species associated with the H-forms in fetal rat lung after the mothers were treated with betamethasone (1 mg/kg). In vivo, betamethasone increased the total amount of free fatty acids associated with the H-form by 62%. Further, the hormone selectively increased the mass of myristic and oleic acids in H-form by 52 and 82%, respectively. However, betamethasone produced the greatest increase in the amount of H-form linoleic acid, which increased fourfold relative to control. In vitro, each of the fatty acids increased L-form activity in a dose-dependent manner; however, linoleic acid was the most potent. Linoleic and oleic acids also effectively increased L-form aggregations. These observations suggest that in vivo glucocorticoids elevate the level of specific fatty acids which convert cytidylyltransferase to the active form. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Experimental evidence of Si-H bond energy variation at SiO2-Si interface

The threshold energy barrier for hydrogen desorption from the SiO2–Si interface has been assumed to be the Si–H bond energy with the value of 3.6 eV. Based on the uniform Si–H bond energy and diffusion-limited degradation, the time-dependent hot-carrier degradation of metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) devices has been described by the so-called power law. In this letter, by investigating the degradation of submicron n-channel MOS devices at various stress conditions and over a large time scale (0.01–10000 s), we present experimental evidence that contradicts the uniform bond energy theory and supports the bond energy variation theory proposed recently by Hess and co-workers [Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 3147 (1999); Physica B 272, 527 (1999)]. We find that, instead of a constant power factor of n=0.5 predicted by the uniform bond/diffusion-limited energy theory, n varies from ∼0.8 at the initial stress stage to ∼0.2 at the final stress stage consistent with the bond energy variation theory.
Geometrical impact of the San Andreas Fault on stress and seismicity in California

[1] Most large earthquakes in northern and central California clustered along the main trace of the San Andreas Fault (SAF), the North American-Pacific plate boundary. However, in southern California earthquakes were rather scattered. Here we suggest that such along-strike variation of seismicity may largely reflect the geometrical impact of the SAF. Using a dynamic finite element model that includes the first-order geometric features of the SAF, we show that strain partitioning and crustal deformation in California are closely related to the geometry of the SAF. In particular, the Big Bend is shown to reduce slip rate on southern SAF and cause high shear stress and strain energy over a broad region in southern California, and a belt of high strain energy in the Eastern California Shear Zone.
Analysis of macrophage functions in Rous sarcoma-induced tumor regressor and progressor 6.B congenic chickens

Qureshi, M.A. and Taylor, Jr., R.L., 1993. Analysis of macrophage functions in Rous sarcoma-induced tumor regressor and progressor 6.B congenic chickens. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol.. 37: 28% 294. Macrophage functional competence was studied in two congenic chicken lines 6.6-2 (B’B’) and 6.15-5 (BsBs) which are regressors and progressors, respectively, of Rous sarcoma-induced tumors. Sephadex-elicited abdominal exudate cells (AEC) were harvested from 4-week-old chickens to determine their total number, glass adherence potential, percentage of adherent macrophages and phagocytosis of antibody coated (ops) and uncoated (unops) sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Tumoricidal abilities of culture medium conditioned with lipopolysaccharide treated macrophages and of macrophages cocultured with target cells were assessed against 51Cr-labelled tumor cell targets. The congenic lines did not differ in total AEC or percent macrophages. However, AEC from BSBs birds exhibited significantly lower (PC 0.05) glass-adherence potential than AEC from B2B2 birds. The percentage of phagocytic macrophages did not differ between lines for unop-SRBC, whereas a higher percentage of B5B5 compared with B2B2 birds (PC 0.05 ) macrophages phagocytized ops-SRBC. Macrophages from BSBS birds had significantly (P-zO.05) lower activity in both tumoricidal tests. These results imply that the tumor progression in BSB5 birds is associated with reduced activation of macrophages towards a tumoricidal pathway.