cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 6 Radiation Hybrid Mapping in Crop Plants

Abstract A number of recombination‐based and physical mapping methods have been developed in order to study and understand the genomic organization of plant species. Of these methods, physical mapping methods provide the best correlation between position on a map and actual physical location on the chromosome. In this review, we discuss differences between maps developed on the basis of recombination and those developed independent of recombination. In the latter method, termed commonly as physical mapping, we discuss methods that have been employed in a number of agriculturally important plant species including rice, the legume model Medicago , tomato, soybean, barley and wheat, and then focus on the radiation hybrid method of physical mapping. After a brief overview of the radiation hybrid methods employed in mammalian species, we discuss radiation hybrid mapping for maize, barley, cotton and wheat in detail.
Spatial Scan Statistics

This article reviews the spatial scan statistic, including its definition, adjustment for overdispersion, bootstrap methods for p-value computation, and selected software for implementation. Keywords: bootstrap; clusters; likelihood ratio statistic; overdispersion; spatial scan statistics
Semantic Characterizations of Number Theories

The first-order predicate calculus is complete for its intended semantics, by Godel’s Completeness Theorem. Type Theory, though not complete for its intended semantics, is complete for the more liberal yet natural semantics of Henkin-structures. We derive here similar semantic characterizations for number theories.1 We show that Peano’s Arithmetic is sound and complete for truth (with object variables interpreted as natural numbers) in Henkin-structures that are closed under abstract jump (Theorem 4.10). By “abstract jump” we mean here Barwise’s strict-Π 1 1 definability, a notion that agrees with Turing jump over the natural numbers, and which we argue is of foundational significance. We also show that Σ1-Arithmetic is sound and complete for validity in all Henkin-structures that contain their “abstract RE” (i.e. strict- Π 1 1 definable) sets (Theorem 4.11). The paper is a refinement (of both results and exposition) of [Lei90]. The author is grateful to P. Odifreddi, J. Sgall, W. Sieg, and S. Simpson for useful comments and conversations pertaining to this paper.
The Outlook for Ceramics in Heat Engines, 1990=2010: Results of a Worldwide Delphi Survey

A study is described that was conducted to provide a realistic technical and economic assessment of the use of advanced ceramic materials technology for heat engines in transportation applications. Key results from a worldwide Delphi survey are presented on the expected timing and rate of market development for ceramic engine components and engines. These results show that, by the mid 1990s, a substantial number of ceramic engine components will be in production and ceramic-intensive engines will be introduced. Also presented in the study are benefits and barriers to the use of ceramic technology in heat engines and other relevant factors influencing its rate of adoption. A modeling approach is presented that uses the survey data to produce a series of market penetration curves for individual ceramic engine components for light- and heavy-duty applications under different scenarios. Finally, the conditions required for rapid market development of ceramic technology for heat engines are discussed.
The instability of a horizontal magnetic field in an atmosphere stable against convection

The theoretical problem posed by the buoyant escape of a magnetic field from the interior of a stably stratified body bears directly on the question of the present existence of primordial magnetic fields in stars. This paper treats the onset of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability of the upper boundary of a uniform horizontal magnetic field in a stably stratified atmosphere. The calculations are carried out in the Boussinesq approximation and show the rapid growth of the initial infinitesimal perturbation of the boundary. This result is in contrast to the extremely slow buoyant rise of a separate flux tube in the same atmosphere. Thus for instance, at a depth of 1/3 of a solar radius beneath the surface of the sun, a field of 100 G develops ripples over a scale of 1000 km in a characteristic time of 50 years, whereas the characteristic rise time of the same field in separate flux tubes with the same dimensions is 10 billion years. Thus, the development of irregularities proceeds quickly, soon slowing, however, to a very slow pace when the amplitude of the irregularities becomes significant. Altogether, the calculations show the complexity of the question of the existence of remnant primordial magnetic fields in stellar interiors.
Theory and Tests on the Plastic Stability of Plates and Shells

Buckling of plates and shells superimposes an additional state of stress on the original one. Assuming that plastic deformation is governed only by the amount of elastic shearing energy at the point in question, it is shown that the assumption of "plastic deformation" leads to smaller buckling stresses than that of "plastic flow." Using the assumption of "plastic deformation," it is found that the theory is in good agreement with tests by Kollbrunner and by the N.A.C.A. I t is found that the ratio between plastic and elastic buckling stress is highest when the proportions of the deviator components, as superimposed by buckling, differ most from the proportions of the original deviator components. The stress-strain relations are derived by writing the infinitely small excess strains as total differentials and computing the partial derivatives of the strains with respect to the stresses. The differential equation for plate buckling is derived, and results of its application to several kinds of loading and boundary conditions are tabulated. The theory for the buckling of shells is also given. The author presents a comparison of his theory with the theories of Ilyushin, Stowell, and Handelman and Prager.
The common sense of customer service employing advice from the trade and popular literature of business to interactions with irate patrons in libraries

Summary The trade and popular literature of business provides a rich source of commentary upon interactions with difficult people. Examining information from the literature concerning this topic and applying it to the library setting, the reference librarian or public services staff member may acquire techniques for use in confronting a patron who, for one reason or another, is angry or hostile. The activities suggested here- clarifying a misunderstanding, insulating oneself from negativity, showing empathy, and listening-are common sense elements of successful customer service and coping techniques.
Sedation for gastroscopy: Is it an adequately understood and informed choice?

Introduction Sedation uptake rates for oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD) vary greatly. Issues concerning adequate information and consent have been raised. Additionally, patient comprehension of sedation options is inconsistent.
High-speed cell classification systems for real-time data classification and cell sorting

When conducting flow cytometric data analyses or cell sorting which results in classification of cells into two or more subpopulations, it is difficult to know which method is providing the best method and further classified using other methods.In this work we describe high-speed cell classification methods suitable for real-time data classification or cell sorting. Real-time generation of statistical classifiers and methods for comparing different classification methods by ROC analysis are also discussed. Multiparameter data mixtures of human MCF-7 breast cancer cells and human bone marrow wee analyzed by several cell classification systems including cluster analyses, principal components and discriminant function analysis. True classifier tags, implemented as additional correlated listmode parameters not used for these analyses, were used to uniquely identify each cell type and to compare classifier results. The performance of classifier systems was also assessed using ROC analysis. Preliminary results are discussed in terms of the advantages/disadvantages and problems/pitfalls of each method.
Embedded Language elements in Acholi / English codeswitching : what's going on?

Abstract This article describes the main types of Embedded Language material that can appear within a bilingual clause. Specifically, Embedded Language elements in an Acholi/English codeswitching corpus are analysed. Three overall arguments are supported. First, when speakers employ Embedded Language material, the major motivation is that such material better expresses the semantics and pragmatics of the speaker's intentions than approximate Matrix Language counterparts. Second, in order to access the preferred Embedded Language material, speakers sometimes resort to compromise strategies. In the case of Acholi/English codeswitching, the most distinctive such strategy is to put English present participles into service as Acholi inflected verbs, with the entire construction often functioning as a reduced relative clause. That such a compromise strategy is possible supports the notion that languages are not citadels of rigid structures. Instead, as long as those features that are critical to a specific lang...
Ultrasound for the detection of intraperitoneal fluid: The role of Trendelenburg positioning

Abstract A prospective, observational study was performed to evaluate the role of Trendelenburg positioning in improving the sensitivity of the single-view ultrasound examination. Hemodynamically stable patients undergoing diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) were assigned to one of two groups: supine or 5° of Trendelenburg positioning. Baseline right intercostal oblique images of Morison's pouch were obtained followed by additional images for each 100 cc of lavage fluid instilled into the peritoneal cavity. The initial volume of fluid required to identify an anechoic stripe was recorded for each patient. Patients were excluded if they had (1) a positive DPL for hemoperitoneum (defined as 10 cc of gross blood or >100,000 red blood cells/μL), (2) positive baseline ultrasound study, (3) hemodynamic instability, or (4) lack of documentation (ie, baseline/subsequent hard copy images were not obtained or inadequately demonstrated anechoic stripe). The mean quantity of fluid for visualization of the anechoic stripe was 443.8 cc in the Trendelenburg group (n = 8) and 668.2 cc in the supine group (n = 11). These means were statistically different ( P t test). The median amount of fluid needed for visualization of the anechoic stripe was 400 cc and 700 cc for the Trendelenburg and supine groups, respectively.
A NONLOCAL VECTOR CALCULUS, NONLOCAL VOLUME-CONSTRAINED PROBLEMS, AND NONLOCAL BALANCE LAWS

A vector calculus for nonlocal operators is developed, including the definition of nonlocal divergence, gradient, and curl operators and the derivation of the corresponding adjoint operators. Nonlo...
Body fat, leptin, and hypothalamic amenorrhea.

Hypothalamic amenorrhea can be defined as the cessation of menstruation due to a dysfunction of hypothalamic signals to the pituitary gland, resulting in a failure of ovulation. Typically, young wo...
Diagnosis and Management of Stress Urinary Incontinence in Females With Neurogenic Disease

Women with a wide variety of neurological conditions, including multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson’s disease (PD), cerebrovascular accidents (CVA), and spinal cord injury (SCI) frequently develop neurovesical dysfunction, commonly resulting in what is often called neurogenic bladder (NGB). The most common manifestations of NGB are urinary urgency, frequency, and urgency urinary incontinence (UUI). However, because many women with NGB conditions lead active lifestyles and are at an age when stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is prevalent, indeed, SUI is not uncommon in affected women. It is also true that, in some conditions, SUI may be a direct result of the neurological insult, for example, patients with low thoracic or lumbar SCI. Thus, deciphering the cause of urinary incontinence in patients with NGB is often complex, yet vital to developing optimal management strategies. This review focuses on the recent literature regarding both the diagnosis and treatment of SUI in women with NGB. In particular, specific strategies that may be essential in evaluating women with NGB and urinary incontinence (UI) will be discussed. Additionally, we will discuss both treatments uniquely applicable to patients with NGB and SUI as well as common treatments that might have unique risks and adaptations in women with NGB. From this review, it is clear that, as standardized practice and technologies continue to grow for management of SUI in patients with comorbid neurological conditions, additional research and analysis may be required to determine the complexities of this unique disease process.
Individual magnitude estimates for various distributions of signal intensity

Magnitude estimates of loudness were collected for several variations in the schedule of signal presentations. For wide ranges (about 50 dB centered at 65 dB), the conditions were: random selection of 21 signals equally spaced in decibels, constrained selection so that each signal was used equally often but successive signals were always close together, constrained selection in which successive signals were always far apart, and random selection from a nonuniform distribution that consisted of two groups of equally spaced signals separated by a gap of 24 dB. In addition, two other ranges, 10 and 30 dB, were run with random selection of 21 equally spaced signals. The measures examined were: mean magnitude estimate as a function of signal intensity, coefficient of variation of the ratio of successive responses as a function of signal separation, and the correlation of the logarithm of successive responses as a function of signal separation. The basic question was whether all of the different schedules of signal presentation produce data that can be viewed as selections from appropriate regions of the 50-dB random signal selection data. To a degree, this was found, but with systematic exceptions.
Differential distribution of retinoic acid synthesis in the chicken embryo as determined by immunolocalization of the retinoic acid synthetic enzyme, RALDH-2.

Abstract Retinaldehyde dehydrogenase type 2 (RALDH-2) is a major retinoic acid generating enzyme in the early embryo. Here we report the immunolocalization of this enzyme (RALDH-2-IR) in stage 6–29 chicken embryos; we also show that tissues that exhibit strong RALDH-2-IR in the embryo contain RALDH-2 and synthesize retinoic acid. RALDH-2-IR indicates dynamic and discrete patterns of retinoic acid synthesis in the embryo, particularly within the somitic mesoderm, lateral mesoderm, kidney, heart, and spinal motor neurons. Prior to somitogenesis, RALDH-2-IR is present in the paraxial mesoderm with a rostral boundary at the level of the presumptive first somite; as the somites form, they exhibit strong RALDH-2-IR. Cervical presomitic mesoderm exhibits RALDH-2-IR but thoracic presomitic mesoderm does not. Neural crest cells do not express detectable levels of RALDH-2, but migrating crest cells are associated with RALDH-2 expressing mesoderm. The developing limb mesoderm expresses little RALDH-2-IR; however, RALDH-2-IR is strongly expressed in tissues adjacent to the limb. The most lateral, earliest-projecting motor neurons at all levels of the spinal cord exhibit RALDH-2-IR. Subsequently, many additional motor neurons in the brachial and lumbar cord regions express RALDH-2-IR. Motor neuronal expression of RALDH-2-IR is present in the growing axons as they extend to the periphery, indicating a potential role of retinoic acid in nerve influences on peripheral differentiation. With the exception of a transient expression in the facial/vestibulocochlear nucleus, cranial motor neurons do not express detectable levels of RALDH-2-IR.
Trans fatty acids: Positional specificity in brain lecithin

Fifteen-day-old rats were divided into three groups: one group received an intracerebral injection of 5 μ Ci of 9-trans, 12-trans [1-14C] octadecadienoic acid; the second group was given 5 μCi of the same compound plus an equal wt of nonradioactive allcis arachidonic acid; the third group was given 5 μCi of 9-trans [1-14C] octadecenoic acid. All animals were sacrificed 8 hr after injection. Glycerophosphocholine (GPC) was isolated and partically deacylated with phospholipase A2 fromCrotalus Adamanteus venom. The results of this study were as follows: 1) aftert [1-14C] 18∶1 injection, there was twice as much radioactivity in the 1-position as in the 2-position; 2) whentt [1-14C] 18∶2 was injected, more than 90% of the total radioactivity was found in the 2-position; 3) followingtt[1-14C]-18∶2 +nonradioactive arachidonate injection, ca. 75% of the total radioactivity still remained in the 2-position; and 4) all of the injected [1-14C]-tracers showed evidence of undergoing β-oxidation to form acetyl-CoA, which was converted to radioactive palmitate. The possibility is discussed that the observed distribution pattern of the injected radioactive tracers may be attributed to tissue metabolic specificity. Ramifications of the deposition of dietarytrans fatty acids in the brain during the developmental stage of the central nervous system are also discussed.
Sharing of vacancies between closely matched K and L shells

The sharing of vacancies in the 3dsigma molecular orbital between the K shells of chlorine and argon projectiles and 2p/sub 3/2/ and 2p/sub 1/2/ L subshells of tin, antimony, and xenon targets has been studied. Projectile energies varied from 1 to 16 MeV. The vacancy-sharing ratios deduced from experimental results are interpreted in terms of a long-range exponential-coupling model.
Why does fertilization reduce plant species diversity? Testing three competition-based hypotheses

Summary 1 Plant species diversity drops when fertilizer is added or productivity increases. To explain this, the total competition hypothesis predicts that competition above ground and below ground both become more important, leading to more competitive exclusion, whereas the light competition hypothesis predicts that a shift from below-ground to above-ground competition has a similar effect. The density hypothesis predicts that more above-ground competition leads to mortality of small individuals of all species, and thus a random loss of species from plots. 2 Fertilizer was added to old field plots to manipulate both below-ground and aboveground resources, while shadecloth was used to manipulate above-ground resources alone in tests of these hypotheses. 3 Fertilizer decreased both ramet density and species diversity, and the effect remained significant when density was added as a covariate. Density effects explained only a small part of the drop in diversity with fertilizer. 4 Shadecloth and fertilizer reduced light by the same amount, but only fertilizer reduced diversity. Light alone did not control diversity, as the light competition hypothesis would have predicted, but the combination of above-ground and below-ground competition caused competitive exclusion, consistent with the total competition hypothesis.
Effect of 2-N-mono- and 2-N-diethylaminoethanol on normal and choline-deficient rats.

Abstract In rats, the acute oral LD 50 value of neutralized 2- N -monoethylaminoethanol (MEAE) was found to be 1.0 (0.68–1.35) g/kg. The acute oral toxicity of MEAE, but not that of 2- N -diethylaminoethanol (DEAE) could be largely reversed by simultaneous or subsequent ingestion of choline. MEAE partially prevented the development of fatty liver in choline-deficient rats. No reversal of depressed growth rate was noted in choline-deficient animals whose diets were supplemented with either MEAE or DEAE.
Hepatocytes internalize trophic receptors at large endocytic “Hot Spots”†‡

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis in mammalian epithelial cells is believed to require the synergistic action of structural coat proteins and mechanochemical enzymes to deform and sever the plasma membrane (PM) into discreet vesicles. It is generally believed that the formation of clathrin-coated pits in epithelial cells occurs randomly along the apical and basolateral plasma membranes. In this study we visualized the endocytic machinery in living hepatocytes using green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged dynamin, a large mechanochemical guanosine triphosphate (GTP)ase implicated in the liberation of nascent vesicles from the plasma membrane and a variety of internal membrane compartments. Confocal microscopy of living cells expressing the epithelial isoform of GFP-tagged dynamin [Dyn2-GFP] revealed a distribution along the ventral PM in discrete vesicle-like puncta or in large (2-10 μm) tubuloreticular plaques. Remarkably, these large structures are dynamic as they form and then disappear, while generating large numbers of motile endocytic vesicles with which dynamin associates. Inhibiting dynamin function by microinjection of purified dynamin antibodies increases the number and size of the tubuloreticular plaques. Importantly, these “hot spots” sequester specific trophic receptors and cognate ligands such as transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), but not TfR2. Conclusion: These findings suggest that hepatocytes sequester or prerecruit both structural and enzymatic components of the clathrin-based endocytic machinery to functional hot spots, from which large numbers of coated pits form and vesicles are generated. This process may mimic the endocytic organization found at the synapse in neuronal cells. (HEPATOLOGY 2011;)
Design guidelines of substrate-integrated cavity backed patch antennas

A set of substrate-integrated cavity-backed patch antennas of alternative topologies is proposed. Using the substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) technology, the cavity backing the patch is emulated using array of plated through via holes. The proposed topologies have the potential to widen the inherent limited bandwidth of the conventional patch from typically 2% to about 15% depending on the height of the backing cavity. Additionally, the cavity enhances the antenna gain by about 2 dB, as the cavity is very effective in suppressing the unwanted surface waves, thus improving the radiation efficiency. Meanwhile, the proposed SIW topology has a low fabrication cost, as the whole structure could be attained using conventional printed circuit board processing. Design parameters of the SIW cavities are thoroughly investigated in this study, demonstrating their leakage characteristics. Four different structures are investigated corresponding to the different combinations of rectangular or circular patches backed by rectangular or circular SIW cavities. Detailed design guidelines are presented for the SIW cavities to ensure minimum leakage losses and for the radiating elements to achieve a desired fractional bandwidth. Based on experimental prototypes, a thorough comparative study between the four different topologies is presented demonstrating the attractive characteristics of each topology as far as gain, bandwidth, cross-pol level and mutual coupling.
Natural homolog of tRNA synthetase editing domain rescues conditional lethality caused by mistranslation.

AlaXp is a widely distributed (from bacteria to humans) genome-encoded homolog of the editing domain of alanyl-tRNA synthetases. Editing repairs the confusion of serine and glycine for alanine through clearance of mischarged (with Ser or Gly) tRNAAla. Because genome-encoded fragments of editing domains of other synthetases are scarce, the AlaXp redundancy of the editing domain of alanyl-tRNA synthetase is thought to reflect an unusual sensitivity of cells to mistranslation at codons for Ala. Indeed, a small defect in the editing activity of alanyl-tRNA synthetase is causally linked to neurodegeneration in the mouse. Although limited earlier studies demonstrated that AlaXp deacylated mischarged tRNAAla in vitro, the significance of this activity in vivo has not been clear. Here we describe a bacterial system specifically designed to investigate activity of AlaXp in vivo. Serine toxicity, experienced by a strain harboring an editing-defective alanyl-tRNA synthetase, was rescued by an AlaXp-encoding transgene. Rescue was dependent on amino acid residues in AlaXp that are needed for its in vitro catalytic activity. Thus, the editing activity per se of AlaXp was essential for suppressing mistranslation. The results support the idea that the unique widespread distribution of AlaXp arises from the singular difficulties, for translation, poised by alanine.
Reclaiming polymer-flooding produced water for beneficial use: Salt removal via electrodialysis

This paper discusses the use of electrodialysis (ED) to remove salts from polymer-flooding produced water (PFPW) in order to meet confecting polymer solution standards. Specifically, the ED treatment of PFPW with total dissolved solids (TDS) concentrations and varying cations and anions distributions was evaluated at three voltage settings. The removal rates of cations, anions, and TDS increased rapidly with time at the same voltage; their removal rates also simultaneously increased with voltage. With Neosepta® CMX-SB/AMX-SB membranes, cations and anions were generally found to be removed in the following order (from the fastest to the slowest): Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ ≈ Na+ and Cl- > SO2- 4 > CO2- 3> HCO- 3. The viscidity of the polymer solution confected by treated PFPW was found to be superior compared with the polymer solution confected by fresh water.
Induced neutron magnetic form factor of LaSn3

Abstract Polarized neutron scattering techniques have been used to study the spatial distribution of the magnetization induced in a single crystal of LaSn 3 by a magnetic field of 42.5 kG at 100 K. We find that the magnetic form factor decreases very rapidly with increasing scattering angle, and bears no resemblance to the spin or orbital free-atom magnetic form factor. The experimental results are in reasonable agreement with band theoretical calculations of the spin magnetic form factor of LaSn 3 . We conclude that (a) the spin part is the dominant contribution to the bulk susceptibility of LaSn 3 and (b) there is a substantial amount of Sn-5p electronic character in the wavefunctions near the Fermi level.
Affine curve moment invariants for shape recognition

This paper presents a method of affine curve moment invariants for shape recognition. The proposed method extends affine moment invariants from an area domain to a curve domain. First, a new type of curve moments is defined on a parameterized boundary description of an object. A set of affine moment invariants are then derived based on the theory of algebraic invariants. The proposed moment invariants only deal with pixels on a shape boundary and are mathematically proven to be invariant under arbitrary affine transformations. Furthermore, after a parameterized object boundary description is acquired through curve fitting, the newly defined curve moments can be represented by an integration of the fitting function, so that the computation of moment invariants can be obtained from either one-by-one computation of boundary pixels or a direct integration of the fitting function, which makes the computation efficient while at the same time reducing noise effect. Affine curve moment invariants work well in recognition of affine-deformed objects, which is demonstrated by processing various 2-D shapes under affine transformations.
Teaching Modern Macroeconomics at the Principles Level

Ideas taught at the Macroeconomics Principles level should satisfy two goals. First, they should be simple enough to be both understandable and memorable for the beginning student. Second, they should be consistent both with the modem economy and with the macroeconomic models of this economy that are used in practice for policy evaluation. There is no necessary conflict between these two goals. The greater the consistency between the ideas taught in the classroom and the models used in practice, the easier the ideas are to understand and the worthier they are of being remembered. It would be an exaggeration to say that a consensus now exists in advanced research about how macroeconomics should evolve in the future. Debates continue, for example, about the usefulness of models with representative agents or what it means to have a fully articulated model of money. Nevertheless, at the practical level, a common view of macroeconomics is now pervasive in policyresearch projects at universities and central banks around the world. This view evolved gradually since the rational-expectations revolution of the 1970's and has solidified during the 1990's. It differs from past views, and it explains the growth and fluctuations of the modern economy; it can thus be said to represent a modem view of macroeconomics.1 The purpose of this paper is to show how this modem macroeconomics can be taught at the Principles level. I focus on macroeconomic concepts (including economic growth and fluctuations) and their graphical representation rather than on techniques of delivery, whether active learning, experiments, or the use of new media.2 The teaching ideas are similar to those used by David Romer (2000) and Taylor (1998), but the purpose of this paper is to show how closely they represent modern macroeconomics.
Temperature Dependence of Blue Phosphorescent Cyclometalated Ir(III) Complexes

The photophysical properties for a series of facial (fac) cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes (fac-Ir(C∧N)3 (C∧N = 2-phenylpyridyl (ppy), 2-(4,6-difluorophenyl)pyridyl (F2ppy), 1-phenylpyrazolyl (ppz), 1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)pyrazolyl) (F2ppz), and 1-(2-(9,9′-dimethylfluorenyl))pyrazolyl (flz)), fac-Ir(C∧N)2(C∧N′) (C∧N = ppz or F2ppz and C∧N′ = ppy or F2ppy), and fac-Ir(C∧C′)3 (C∧C′ = 1-phenyl-3-methylbenzimidazolyl (pmb)) have been studied in dilute 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF) solution in a temperature range of 77−378 K. Photoluminescent quantum yields (Φ) for the 10 compounds at room temperature vary between near zero and unity, whereas all emit with high efficiency at low temperature (77 K). The quantum yield for fac-Ir(ppy)3 (Φ = 0.97) is temperature-independent. For the other complexes, the temperature-dependent data indicates that the luminescent efficiency is primarily determined by thermal deactivation to a nonradiative state. Activation energies and rate constants for both radiative and nonradi...
The Recovery of a Fifth Member of the Cape York, West Greenland, Sideritic Fall (CN=0670,760:)

The circumstances of the discovery and recovery, on 1955 August 9, of what appears to be the fifth and, to date, the smallest-known member of the famous Cape York, West Greenland, sideritic fall — a mass weighing 106 pounds — are detailed, together with a brief description of the specimen, in a letter received from Mr. William G. Melbourne, a U.C.L.A. alumnus and a member of the party that recovered the meteorite.
Macrophages and progressive renal disease in experimental hydronephrosis.

. Many recent clinical and experimental studies have clearly demonstrated that one of the initial events taking place in the process of progressive renal injury is monocytic infiltration of the glomerular and tubulointerstitial compartments. In this report, experimental data supporting the role of the infiltrating renal macrophage (MΦ) as a mediator of interstitial fibrosis during the course of obstructive nephropathy will be reviewed as it pertains to the unilateral ureteral obstruction model in the rat. The central pathobiologic theme drawn on data from this model is that fibrogenic cytokines, especially transforming growth factor-β, are, in part, MΦ-derived and represent pivotal links between the initial postobstructive renal inflammation and the late development of renal scarring. The tubular epithelium, as a consequence of the mechanical disturbance produced by ureteral obstruction, may elaborate a host of MΦ chemoattractant moieties. Many substances can be released by these infiltrating MΦ ; however, our studies have focused on transforming growth factor-β1. Transforming growth factor-β is an important regulator of extracellular matrix, through its direct effects and modulation of other growth factors to maintain matrix homeostasis. We propose that the markedly increased expression of transforming growth factor-β1 following ureteral ligation, as detected by a number of laboratories, induces a profibrogenic state and initiates a cascade of dysregulatory events, including the upregulation of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase. Transforming growth factor-β1 also may serve as a potent stimulus for the modulation of quiescent interstitial fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. From a therapeutic standpoint, targeting these early cellular and molecular events may be extremely important in interrupting the interstitial fibrotic response to long-term obstructive uropathy.
Hydrogenation of Pd-coated samples of the Ti–Zr-based icosahedral phase and related crystalline phases

Abstract Although Ti-based quasicrystals and related crystalline phases are candidate materials for hydrogen storage applications, their absorption, desorption and cycling have been inhibited by the presence of a surface barrier due to an oxide coating. To circumvent this, melt-spun ribbons and annealed ingots of Ti 45 Zr 38 Ni 17 , containing the thermodynamically stable icosahedral phase (i-phase), were plasma-etched and a thin Pd coating was applied by vapor deposition. This dramatically reduced the loading time, enabled absorption at room temperature, and allowed reversible desorption of the stored hydrogen. This procedure also allowed an investigation of hydrogen absorption in the C14 phase in these alloys and in the i-phases and related crystal phases in Ti–(Cr, Mn)–Si–O alloys. The relative loading capacities of these phases are presented and discussed.
Surface Chemical Modification of Poly(Methylphenylphosphazene)

The surface reactivity of poly(methylphenylphosphazene), PMPP, and its derivatives containing silane, PMPP-SiH, and alcohol, PMPP-OH, substituents was investigated. These polymers were fabricated into films by casting from THF solutions and reactions were carried out at the interface between solid film samples and solutions. The surface of PMPP was successfully modified by deprotonation under dilute conditions followed by reactions with RMe2SiCl [where R = CH=CH2, and H]. While surfaces of PMPP-OH were not readily modified, those containing Si-H groups reacted with oxygen when heated and with carbon tetrachloride. The polymer surfaces were examined by contact angle measurements, attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Inward rectifier K+-channel kinetics from analysis of the complex conductance of Aplysia neuronal membrane

Conduction in inward rectifier, K+-channels in Aplysia neuron and Ba++ blockade of these channels were studied by rapid measurement of the membrane complex admittance in the frequency range 0.05 to 200 Hz during voltage clamps to membrane potentials in the range -90 to -40 mV. Complex ionic conductances of K+ and Cl- rectifiers were extracted from complex admittances of other membrane conduction processes and capacitance by vector subtraction of the membrane complex admittance during suppressed inward K+ current (near zero-mean current and in zero [K+]0) from complex admittances determined at other [K+]0 and membrane potentials. The contribution of the K+ rectifier to the admittance is distinguishable in the frequency domain above 1 Hz from the contribution of the Cl- rectifier, which is only apparent at frequencies less than 0.1 Hz. The voltage dependence (-90 to -40 mV) of the chord conductance (0.2 to 0.05 microS) and the relaxation time (4–8 ms) of K+ rectifier channels at [K+]0 = 40 mM were determined by curve fits of admittance data by a membrane admittance model based on the linearized Hodgkin-Huxley equations. The conductance of inward rectifier, K+ channels at a membrane potential of -80 mV had a square-root dependence on external K+ concentration, and the relaxation time increased from 2 to 7.5 ms for [K+]0 = 20 and 100 mM, respectively. The complex conductance of the inward K+ rectifier, affected by Ba++, was obtained by complex vector subtraction of the membrane admittance during blockage of inward rectifier, K+ channels (at -35 mV and [Ba++]0 = 5 mM) from admittances determined at -80 mV and at other Ba++ concentrations. The relaxation time of the blockade process decreased with increases in Ba++ concentration. An open-closed channel state model produces the inductive-like kinetic behavior in the complex conductance of inward rectifier, K+ channels and the addition of a blocked channel state accounts for the capacitive-like kinetic behavior of the Ba++ blockade process.
Centrifuge Permeameter for Unsaturated Soils. I: Theoretical Basis and Experimental Developments

A new centrifuge permeameter was developed with the specific objective of expediting the measurement of the hydraulic characteristics of unsaturated soils. The development, theoretical basis, and typical results associated with using the centrifuge permeameter for concurrent determination of the soil-water retention curve (SWRC) and hydraulic conductivity function ( K function) of unsaturated soils are presented in this paper. Components developed for the centrifuge permeameter are described, including the centrifuge, permeameter, water flow control system, and instrumentation used to concurrently and nondestructively measure the infiltration rate (flow pump and outflow transducer), volumetric water content (time domain reflectometry), and matric suction (tensiometers) in flight during steady-state infiltration. A companion paper focuses on definition of the SWRC and K function for a clay soil using the procedures described in this paper. While conventional geotechnical centrifuges are used to reproduce t...
Cytokine-induced S-nitrosylation of soluble guanylyl cyclase and expression of phosphodiesterase 1A contribute to dysfunction of longitudinal smooth muscle relaxation.

The effect of proinflammatory cytokines on the expression and activity of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) and cGMP–phosphodiesterases (PDEs) was determined in intestinal longitudinal smooth muscle. In control muscle cells, cGMP levels are regulated via activation of sGC and PDE5; the activity of the latter is regulated via feedback phosphorylation by cGMP-dependent protein kinase. In muscle cells isolated from muscle strips cultured with interleukin-1β (IL-1β) or tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) or obtained from the colon of TNBS (2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid)-treated mice, expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was induced and sGC was S-nitrosylated, resulting in attenuation of nitric oxide (NO)–induced sGC activity and cGMP formation. The effect of cytokines on sGC S-nitrosylation and activity was blocked by the iNOS inhibitor 1400W [N-([3-(aminomethyl)phenyl]methyl)ethanimidamide dihydrochloride]. The effect of cytokines on cGMP levels measured in the absence of IBMX (3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine), however, was partly reversed by 1400W or PDE1 inhibitor vinpocetine and completely reversed by a combination of 1400W and vinpocetine. Expression of PDE1A was induced and was accompanied by an increase in PDE1A activity in muscle cells isolated from muscle strips cultured with IL-1β or TNF-α or obtained from the colon of TNBS-treated mice; the effect of cytokines on PDE1 expression and activity was blocked by MG132 (benzyl N-[(2S)-4-methyl-1-[[(2S)-4-methyl-1-[[(2S)-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopentan-2-yl]carbamate), an inhibitor of nuclear factor κB activity. NO-induced muscle relaxation was inhibited in longitudinal muscle cells isolated from muscle strips cultured with IL-1β or TNF-α or obtained from the colon of TNBS-treated mice, and this inhibition was completely reversed by the combination of both 1400W and vinpocetine. Inhibition of smooth muscle relaxation during inflammation reflects the combined effects of decreased sGC activity via S-nitrosylation and increased cGMP hydrolysis via PDE1 expression.
Virtual interventions for image-based blood flow computation

Image-based blood flow computation provides great promise for the evaluation of vascular devices and assessment of surgical procedures. However, many previous studies employ idealized arterial and device models or only patient-specific models from the image data after device deployment, since the tools for model construction are unavailable or limited and tedious to use. Moreover, in contrast to retrospective studies from existing data, there is a pressing need for prospective analysis with the goal of surgical planning. Therefore, it is necessary to construct models with deployed devices in a fast, virtual and interactive fashion. The goal of this paper is to develop new geometric methods to deploy stents or stent grafts virtually to patient-specific geometric models constructed from a 3D segmentation of medical images. A triangular surface representing the vessel lumen boundary is extracted from the segmentation. The diseased portion is either clipped and replaced by the surface of a deployed device or rerouted in the case of a bypass graft. For diseased arteries close to bifurcations, bifurcated device models are generated. A method to map a 2D strut pattern on the surface of a device is also presented. We demonstrate three applications of our methods in personalized surgical planning for aortic aneurysms, aortic coarctation, and coronary artery stenosis using blood flow computation. Our approach enables prospective model construction and may help to expand the throughput required by routine clinical uses in the future.
Stability and Probability 1 Convergence for Queueing Networks via Lyapunov Optimization

Lyapunov drift is a powerful tool for optimizing stochastic queueing networks subject to stability. However, the most convenient drift conditions often provide results in terms of a time average expectation, rather than a pure time average. This paper provides an extended drift-plus-penalty result that ensures stability with desired time averages with probability 1. The analysis uses the law of large numbers for martingale differences. This is applied to quadratic and subquadratic Lyapunov methods for minimizing the time average of a network penalty function subject to stability and to additional time average constraints. Similar to known results for time average expectations, this paper shows that pure time average penalties can be pushed arbitrarily close to optimality, with a corresponding tradeoff in average queue size. Further, in the special case of quadratic Lyapunov functions, the basic drift condition is shown to imply all major forms of queue stability.
New State, County, and Drainage Basin Records of West Virginia (USA) Stoneflies (Plecoptera)

Based on recent collections, the checklist of the stoneflies of West Virginia is updated to include 140 species. Four state records, 154 county records and 16 drainage basin records are added to the plecopteran fauna of the state. Range extensions are noted for Perlesta lagoi Stark, P. shubata Stark, P. puttmanni Kondratieff and Kirchner and Neoperla robisoni Poulton and Stewart. Distributions of the new records in seven major drainage basins of West Virginia are presented.
Method to Determine all Detectable Exchangeable Cations Using X-Ray Emission and Optical Emission Spectroscopy

A method is described, employing as the sample bottom mud from Linsley Pond, North Branford, Connecticut, for the determination of all detectable exchangeable cations lying between lithium and uranium on the periodic table. Dried (48 h 110°C) and ground (200 mesh) lake mud samples are leached successively with IN, pH 6.9 ammonium acetate. Another set of similarly prepared samples are leached with doubly distilled deionized water. The leachate is made up to 100 ml. This volume is then added to a beaker containing two grams of terephthalic acid. The liquid is evaporated on to the water-insoluble terephthalic acid. The dried material is ground and pressed into a pellet. Another set of samples is treated in a similar fashion except that methyl cellulose is used as a substrate. The advantages and disadvantages of the two substrates are discussed. The pressed pellets containing the absorbed detectable exchangeable cations are examined with a G. E. x-ray emission spectroscope for those elements present between fluorine and uranium, and the lighter elements are examined by use of optical emission. The method in both cases is described.
We Learn with a Little Help from Our Friends: A Technical Services Librarian Explores Issues in Public Services at McConnell Library, Radford University

AbstractKay Johnson, coordinator of technical services at McConnell Library, Radford University (Virginia), has a conversation with three of her colleagues about hot topics in their public services departments. Electronic subscriptions and technology issues factor strongly in their work.
Color preference for black and white by infants and young children.

During the past ten years there has been a great deal of research on color preference and color meaning in young children and adults. Emphasis has been on black/white color preference. Investigators in this area have suggested that children and adults prefer the color white to the color black and that this preference for white is a universal one. Some researchers have suggested that the evaluations placed on the colors black and white also influence attitudes toward black and white people. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the preference for the color white was present in infants and young children; and if the preference existed, did the age, race, sex of the subject or the type of toy presented determine the strength of the color preference. A pilot study conducted by the present investigator examined color preference in Afro infants and toddlers, ranging in age from six months to three years. Results indicated that there was a significant tendency toward white preference, that this preference increased as the subjects advanced in age, and that this trend toward white preference should be further investigated.
Safety and efficacy of the Rapid Four-Step Technique for cricothyrotomy using a Bair Claw.

Abstract The Rapid Four-Step Technique (RFST) has been demonstrated to be faster than standard open crico thyrotomy technique, but may have a higher incidence of cricoid injury with tracheal hook traction applied caudad. The “Bair Claw” is a novel device that may help eliminate these complications. This randomized, experimental trial used a fresh-frozen cadaver model of cricothyrotomy to compare speed and safety between RFST using a Bair Claw and standard open technique. Outcome measures included time to definitive airway, size of largest endotracheal (ET) tube able to be passed, and incidence of complications. We observed that RFST using a Bair Claw was significantly faster than standard open technique. There was no significant difference with regard to size of ET tube able to be passed with RFST using a Bair Claw versus standard open technique, and there was no damage to trachea or larynx observed with either technique. We concluded that RFST using a Bair Claw is faster and appears to be equally safe when compared to standard open technique in a fresh-frozen cadaver model of cricothyrotomy. The two techniques were equal with regard to maximal ET tube size.