cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solvent effects on the growth kinetics of subtilisin crystals

Abstract The effects of salts on subtilisin crystallization were investigated. Three salts—NaCl, NaNO3 and NaSCN—were selected to study the effects of different anions on growth kinetics of three subtilisin mutants—Properase®, Purafect® and Purafect®OX. The effectiveness of salts in decreasing the solubility of Properase® and Purafect® subtilisin followed the reverse order of the Hofmeister series: SCN−>NO3−>Cl−. The average length and diameter of crystals were measured during crystallization. The nature of salt changed the length/diameter ratio of crystals, indicating the changes in the relative growth rate of different crystal faces. The required supersaturation, (c−s)/s, for a given growth rate increased in the order of NaCl, NaNO3 and NaSCN. The observed trend in required supersaturation indicates a kinetic effect and was counter to the trend for the solubility data. A rationale is provided based on the influence of ion binding and kinetics on the energetics of crystal growth and growth rate is correlated to the molar Gibbs free energy of hydration of the anion.
Endogenous excitatory amino acids tonically stimulate striatal acetylcholine release through NMDA but not AMPA receptors

The effect of stimulation and blockade of excitatory amino acid receptors on striatal acetylcholine release was examined using in vivo microdialysis in awake, freely moving rats. Local perfusion with the NMDA receptor antagonists CPP and MK-801 reduced striatal acetylcholine release, while NMDA itself enhanced striatal acetylcholine release. Co-perfusion with MK-801 blocked the NMDA-induced increase in acetylcholine release. The AMPA/kainate antagonists NBQX and GYKI 52466 alone did not decrease striatal acetylcholine release, although AMPA increased acetylcholine release. Co-perfusion with NBQX reduced the AMPA-induced elevation in acetylcholine release. These findings suggest that endogenous excitatory amino acids tonically stimulate striatal acetylcholine release through NMDA but not AMPA receptors.
CFP and IPE: The anomaly of mutual boredom

The paper explores a puzzling anomaly in the interaction between two major analytic foci in the study of world politics. In the real world there is considerable overlap between problems of international political economy and the conduct of foreign policy; but this overlap is not manifest in the conceptual equipment employed by those engaged in the comparative study of foreign policy (CFP) and those who specialize in international political economy (IPE). Instead of drawing upon each other's work, both fields appear bored by the other. The paper seeks to explain this boredom and offers suggestions for overcoming it.
The scientific foundation for understanding attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder as a valid psychiatric disorder

Continued questioning of the validity of a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has created uncertainties about its management in the minds of many clinicians and the public. Inaccurate beliefs about the validity of ADHD hinder the clinical care of many ADHD patients and lead to confusion about the need to seek out or accept treatment. Critics describe ADHD as a diagnosis used to label difficult children who are not ill but whose behavior is at the extreme end of normal. They further contend that, far from having a biological basis, ADHD results from poor parenting and ineffective teaching practices. Such attitudes do much to further stigmatize patients and their families and increase the burden of this debilitating condition. This review attempts to address these challenges by presenting evidence to show that ADHD meets the criteria for a valid psychiatric diagnosis. Not only does it cause specific disabling symptoms that frequently persist into adulthood, but many studies show it has a biological basis and a characteristic response to treatment. Such data support the idea that ADHD is a valid diagnostic category.
Effects of long-range crystalline order on collective diffusion in binary solids.

We examine in quantitative detail the effects of long-range crystalline order on the collective diffusion of an interstitial species that is dissolved in a coherent, binary hard-sphere crystal. A linear constitutive law relating the flux of diffusing interstitials to the chemical driving force for diffusion is derived within the framework of linear-response theory. We use this law to argue that, by contrast with tracer diffusion, collective diffusion in coherent, deformable crystalline solids may be spatially nonlocal (i.e., non-Fickian) in some instances due to effective elastic interactions among the diffusing interstitials. We demonstrate this by performing a molecular-dynamics simulation of interstitial diffusion in a binary hard-sphere crystal. A diffusion response function as a function of orientation in reciprocal space is calculated from the simulation. We find that the limit of the diffusion response function as the wave vector tends to zero remains a function of orientation in reciprocal space, implying that the equation that describes the diffusion of the interstitial species is spatially nonlocal. Our results are consistent with earlier predictions by Cahn concerning the effects of compositional strain on collective diffusion in coherent crystalline solids.
Radical Addition of a Conjugated Polymer to Multilayer Fullerenes (Carbon Nano-onions)

Multilayer fullerenes (carbon nano-onions, CNOs) represent a largely unexplored carbon allotrope due to their inherent insolubility. Expectations are that the properties of these nano-onions will be unique and potentially useful, as has been the case with the fullerenes and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). CNOs show diminished chemical reactivity; however, the established thermal diradical formation and reactivity of bis-o-diynyl arene (BODA) monomers afforded direct functionalization, solution processing, and de-functionalization of CNOs; and the first example of a radical addition of a conjugated polymer to CNOs. The functionalized and soluble CNOs were characterized by TEM, GPC, TGA, Raman spectroscopy, and XPS. A CNO defunctionalization method using oxidative TGA is also presented.
Taste Acuity of the Morbidly Obese before and after Gastric Bypass Surgery.

Obese individuals have an increased preference for high caloric foods, such as sweets and fats. However, following gastric bypass (GBP) surgery, morbidly obese patients tend to avoid these foods. We hypothesize that this aversion may occur, in part, from permutations in taste acuity. To test this hypothesis, taste detection and recognition thresholds for the four basic tastes (salt, sweet, sour, and bitter) were assessed using a modification of the Henkin forced choice three stimulus technique. Taste acuity measurements were obtained at baseline and at 30, 60, and 90 days post-operative for six morbidly obese GBP women and ten non-surgical, lean female controls. We found non-significant differences in taste detection and recognition thresholds between morbidly obese and lean control study subjects at baseline, and no significant correlation between taste acuity and body size. Furthermore, in our study population of lean and obese women, ages 26 to 52, there were no significant interrelationships between baseline taste thresholds and known effectors of taste acuity, i.e., zinc levels, glycemic status, liver and kidney function, or age. Following GBP surgery, a significant up-regulation in taste acuity for bitter and sour was observed along with a trend toward a reduction in salt and sweet detection and recognition thresholds. These findings would suggest the following: (1) taste acuity does not influence taste preferences of the obese individual who has not had bariatric surgery; (2) taste effectors such as zinc, when within the range of normal values, do not alter thresholds of the 4 basic tastes; and (3) weight loss following gastric bypass surgery is associated with an up-regulation in taste acuity in the morbidly obese. Studies are currently under investigation at our center to identify the specific etiology of taste acuity upregulation in the morbidly obese following GBP surgery.
Epimorphin in embryonic pancreas induces epithelial morphogenesis

Abstract Introduction: Epimorphin is a membrane-associated mesenchymal protein postulated to regulate epithelial morphogenesis in several tissues such as hair follicles, mammary gland, lung and gastrointestinal tract. However, the role of epimorphin in the development and differentiation of the pancreas has not been studied. Methods: Embryonic pancreata of ICR mice were harvested at various gestational ages. The localization of epimorphin protein and mRNA expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry/western blotting and RT-PCR. Further, E (embryonic day) 11.5 dorsal pancreatic rudiments were cultured in Millipore filter-containing Matrigel. Epimorphin neutralizing antibody or recombinant epimorphin protein was added to modulate endogenous epimorphin activities. Results: Epimorphin mRNA was observed in pancreatic mesenchyme from E11.5 through the rest of gestation. Protein expression was seen in the mesenchymal cells as early as E12.5. The intensity and breadth of expression of epimorphin gradually increased during pancreas differentiation and maturation. In adult pancreas, epimorphin was expressed in mesenchymal cells, ducts, blood vessels and islets of Langerhans. Western blot analysis showed expression of both 32-kD and 150-kD isomers in developing pancreas. Treatment of cultured pancreatic epithelia with epimorphin neutralizing antibody prevented normal duct morphogenesis. However, when neutralizing antibody-treated cultures were incubated with recombinant epimorphin, ductal morphogenesis was rescued. Conclusions: The expression of epimorphin during the embryonic period, together with in-vitro culture results, suggest that epimorphin may play a role in mediating the mesenchymal induction of pancreatic epithelial differentiation. This role may be particularly important in duct formation.
A stability estimate of an inverse problem in financial prospection

In many option pricing models, there is a need to derive a stability estimate of their solutions. This paper is concerned with the stability estimate of the regularized solution arising in the inverse problem of option pricing. This kind of inverse problems, where one looks for causes for observed or desired effects, are usually ''ill-posed'', i.e., their solution is not unique or unstable with respect to data perturbations. Stability estimate is needed for stable solution of these ill-posed problems. If one cannot guarantee the stability of a solution to these problems, then the problem does not make sense and there is no hope of handling them numerically. It is shown here that one can achieve stability by using so called stabilizing functional suggested by Tikhonov [Linear Integral Equation, Applied Mathematical Sciences, Springer, New york, 1989].
Hot hydrogen in prebiological and interstellar chemistry.

Two articles discuss the recent experimental work of Hong et al. on the production of amino acids and gas-phase organic compounds from the ultraviolet irradiation of simple gases, with hot hydrogen atoms used as the principal energy conversion agent. The reaction possibilities involving frozen ices are mentioned in both articles, as well as the significance of three-body collisions in this situation.
Effects of vaccination against different T cell receptors on maintenance of immune function during murine retrovirus infection.

Abstract Murine retrovirus infection causes an aberrant stimulation of several subsets of T helper 2 cells identified by their T cell receptors (TCR). C57BL/6 mice were treated with synthetic peptides based upon different human TCR Vβ CDR1 sequences following experimental infection with the murine retrovirus. Previous studies established that retrovirally infected mice produced autoantibodies to certain of these peptides, and their administration after infection diminished many of the cytokine abnormalities induced by the virus. This study determined whether the complete 16-mer synthetic peptides modeling the Vβ CDR1/FR3 were required, and whether admixture of autoantigenic peptides synergized immune preservation. Treatment with complete TCR pep β3 and pep Vβ5.2 peptide alone and combined largely prevented the retrovirus-induced reduction in B and T cell proliferation and Th1 cytokine secretion while suppressing excessive production of Th2 cytokines, which are stimulated by retrovirus infection. Treatment with overlapping short peptides corresponding to the N-terminal 11-mer and C-terminal 12-mer did not significantly prevent the immune dysfunction in retrovirus-infected mice. These data suggest that immune dysfunction and abnormal cytokine production, induced by murine retrovirus infection, were largely prevented by TCR Vβ CDR1 peptides, and the complete CDR1 in association with the five residues from FR2 was required.
Learning from examples in unstructured, outdoor environments

In this paper, we present a multi-pronged approach to the “Learning from Example” problem. In particular, we present a framework for integrating learning into a standard, hybrid navigation strategy, composed of both plan-based and reactive controllers. Based on the classification of colors and textures as either good or bad, a global map is populated with estimates of preferability in conjunction with the standard obstacle information. Moreover, individual feedback mappings from learned features to learned control actions are introduced as additional behaviors in the behavioral suite. A number of real-world experiments are discussed that illustrate the viability of the proposed method. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Children and Fitness: A Public Health Perspective: A Response

(1987). Children and Fitness: A Public Health Perspective: A Response. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 58, No. 4, pp. 331-333.
Changes in Soluble Citrate of Pigeon Bone during Egg Laying

Accompanying the structural changes in medullary bone during the egg-laying cycle there are local increases in the concentration of soluble, citrate. Since citrate can form both soluble and insoluble compounds with calcium, it is suggested that this anion may have a regulatory function in bone apposition and resorption.
Notch signalling in B cells

Notch signalling is likely to regulate multiple aspects of lymphoid development and function. During T cell development, Notch signalling is required for commitment of the earliest progenitor, and may also function during other developmental stages. T cell commitment from a common lymphoid progenitor occurs at the expense of B cell development, suggesting that Notch signalling inhibits the earliest stage of B lymphopoiesis. In contrast, recent evidence suggests that Notch promotes the development of marginal zone lymphocytes. Not only is Notch required for later stages of B cell development, but several viral proteins appear to utilize Notch signalling in B cells to mediate their functions. In this review, we will focus on potential roles of Notch signalling in B lymphopoiesis and also consider how viral proteins may utilize Notch signalling in B cells.
Distribution of Peyer's patches in the distal ileum.

Background and aims Peyer's patches play a major role in intestinal immunity, are portals of entry for significant pathogens, and may be important in Crohn's disease. Whereas their microscopic anatomy and immune function are well described, surprisingly little is known of their macroscopic anatomy and distribution. Our aim was to assess their number, area, and distribution in the normal distal ileum, with particular reference to patient age. Methods Distal ilea (200 cm) obtained at autopsy from 55 adults without intestinal disease were opened along the mesenteric border, fixed in acetic acid, and transilluminated. Peyer's patches were counted, and the length, breadth, and distance from the ileocecal valve were recorded. Results Patches were most numerous in the terminal 10-15 cm where they formed a lymphoid ring. More proximal patches were oval, antimesenteric, and irregularly spaced. By area, 46% of patch tissue occurred in the terminal 25 cm. The mean number of patches ranged from 29.4 +/- 5.4 in the youngest group studied, to 19.0 +/- 3.0 in the oldest. Total patch area was greatest in the group aged 21-30 (47.4 +/- 1.0 cm2). Conclusion Peyer's patches are concentrated in the distal 25 cm of ileum but extend proximally for 200 cm. The variation in their size, shape, and distribution in different individuals is greater than often appreciated and may influence the presentation of diseases centered on these structures.
Video coding scheme using irregular binning and iterative decoding

We propose a novel video coding scheme requiring a simple encoder and a complex decoder where video frame is intra-coded periodically and the intermediary frames between the successive intra-coded frames are coded efficiently by a proposed irregular binning. We investigate a method of forming an irregular binning which is capable of quantizing any value effectively with only small number of bins. Based on the fact that successive frames in a video are highly correlated, the video reconstructed at the decoder is enhanced gradually by applying POCS (projection on the convex sets). After an image frame is reconstructed with the irregular binning information at the proposed decoder, we can improve the resulting quality more by modifying the reconstructed image with motion-compensated data from the neighboring frames. In the proposed decoder, several iterations of these modification and re-projection can be performed. Experimental results show that the performance of the proposed coding scheme is slightly lower than that of H.264, and thus can be an alternative of H.264 in the applications requiring a simple encoder.
Cholesterol transport and uptake in miniature swine fed vegetable and animal fats and proteis. 1. Plasma lipoproteins and LDL clearance

In a 2×2 factorial arrangement, miniature pigs were fed four diets containing vegetable protein/fat (soybean) and animal protein (egg white)/fat (beef tallow) to demonstrate the effects of protein and fat source on total plasma cholesterol, lipoprotein distribution, low density lipoprotein (LDL) composition, and plasma clearance of LDL-cholesterol and protein. Beef tallow consumption resulted in greater plasma cholesterol concentration, decreased LDL-cholesterol concentration, and a lower LDL-cholesterol to LDL-protein ratio than did consumption of soybean oil. High density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol concentration was increased by beef tallow consumption. Cholesterol percentage by weight in LDL was significantly greater in pigs consuming soybean oil than those consuming beef tallow. Percentages by weight of protein, triglyceride and phospholipid in LDL were not significantly different in any group. Dietary protein source had no significant effect on total plasma cholesterol concentration, lipoprotein concentration or LDL composition. Egg white consumption decreased fractional catabolic rate and irreversible loss of LDL-cholesterol and LDL-protein when compared with consumption of soy protein. Dietary fat source had no consistent effect on LDL clearance from plasma. Dietary fat and protein seemed to influence lipoprotein metabolism by different mechanisms. Fat source altered lipoprotein concentration and LDL composition, whereas protein source affected the removal rate of LDL from plasma.
Immunocytochemical localization of Na+, K+-ATPase in the rat kidney.

To determine if rat kidney Na+, K+-ATPase can be localized by immunoperoxidase staining after fixation and embedding, we prepared rabbit antiserum to purified lamb kidney medulla Na+, K+-ATPase. When sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide electrophoretic gels of purified lamb kidney Na+, K+-ATPase and rat kidney microsomes were treated with antiserum (1∶200), followed by [125I]-Protein A and autoradiography, the rat kidney microsomes showed a prominent radioactive band coincident with the α-subunit of the purified lamb kidney enzyme and a fainter radioactive band which corresponded to the β-subunit. When the Na+, K+-ATPase antiserum was used for immunoperoxidase staining of paraffin and plastic sections of rat kidney fixed with Bouin's, glutaraldehyde, or paraformaldehyde, intense immunoreactive staining was present in the distal convoluted tubules, subcapsular collecting tubules, thick ascending limb of the loops of Henle, and papillary collecting ducts. Proximal convoluted tubules stained faintly, and the thin portions of the loops of Henle, straight descending portions of proximal tubules, and outer medullary collecting ducts did not stain. Staining was confined to basolateral surfaces of tubular epithelial cells. No staining was obtained with preimmune serum or primary antiserum absorbed with purified lamb kidney Na+, K+-ATPase, or with osmium tetroxide postfixation. We conclude that the basolateral membranes of the distal convoluted tubules and ascending thick limb of the loops of Henle are the major sites of immunoreactive Na+, K+-ATPase concentration in the rat kidney.
The Use of Electrochemical and Surface-Analytical Techniques to Characterize Passive Oxide Films on Nickel

Abstract Anodic oxide films formed on nickel in Na2SO4 solutions have been examined by electrochemical and surface-analytical techniques (RHEED, OKα X-ray emission spectroscopy, Auger electron spec...
Noninvasive Assessment of Wall-Shear Rate and Vascular Elasticity using Combined ARFI/SWEI/Spectral Doppler Imaging System

The progression of atherosclerotic disease is a complex process believed to be a function of the localized mechanical properties and hemodynamic loading associated with the arterial wall. It is hypothesized that measurements of cardiovascular stiffness and wall-shear rate (WSR) may provide important information regarding vascular remodeling, endothelial function and the growth of soft lipid-filled plaques that could help a clinician better predict the occurrence of clinical events such as stroke. Two novel ARFI based imaging techniques, combined on-axis/off-axis ARFI/Spectral Doppler Imaging (SAD-SWEI) and Gated 2D ARFI/Spectral Doppler Imaging (SAD-Gated), were developed to form co-registered depictions of B-mode echogenicity, ARFI displacements, ARF-excited transverse wave velocity estimates and estimates ofwall-shear rate throughout the cardiac cycle. Implemented on a commercial ultrasound scanner, the developed techniques were evaluated in tissue-mimicking and steady-state flow phantoms and compared with conventional techniques, other published study results and theoretical values. Initial in vivo feasibility of the method is demonstrated with results obtained from scanning the carotid arteries of five healthy volunteers. Cyclic variations over the cardiac cycle were observed in on-axis displacements, off-axis transverse-wave velocities and wall-shear rates.
Predictors and correlates of follow-up visit adherence among adolescents receiving laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding ☆

Abstract Background Adherence behaviors have not been examined among adolescents undergoing laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB). In addition, studies of youth receiving bariatric surgery have not considered the influence of psychopathology on postoperative adherence. The purpose of this study was to evaluate predictors and correlates of adherence to post-surgery visits among a sample of adolescents undergoing LAGB. Methods Postoperative visits with surgical staff were analyzed over the 2 years after surgery (n = 101 adolescents). Growth mixture modeling examined trends in adherence. Results A 3-class solution provided the best fit to the data. The classes from the final model were characterized by class 1 (61.6%) demonstrating high levels of adherence over the 24 months after LAGB, class 2 (28.5%) showing a more gradual decline in adherence, and class 3 (9.9%) with an accelerated decline in adherence. Higher levels of preoperative depressive symptoms and more preoperative episodes of loss of control overeating decreased the likelihood of adherence. Class 3 adolescents had significantly higher estimated 24-month body mass indices than classes 1 or 2. Conclusion Variable patterns of follow-up visit adherence were identified among adolescents receiving LAGB, which were predicted by depressive symptoms and loss of control overeating. The trajectory characterized by a rapid decline in adherence to follow-up visits was also associated with less weight loss.
MO‐D‐M100J‐03: Reducing the Sensitivity of IMPT Treatment Plans to Setup Errors and Range Variations

Purpose: Intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) has the ability to deliver highly conformal dose distributions to tumors of complex shape. However, the accuracy of IMPT treatment plans is potentially compromised by various uncertainties, including setup errors and variations of the range of a proton beam in the patient. Method and Materials: We present two treatment planning concepts for IMPT which incorporate uncertainties into the optimization. The first approach minimizes the expectation value of the deviation of delivered dose and prescribed dose, assuming the delivered dose depends on several random variables that model the uncertainty. The second approach minimizes the maximal dose deviation that can occur. Results: It is shown that these methods can utilize the physical characteristics of the proton beam to make treatment plans relatively insensitive to a particular type of uncertainty. A treatment plan optimized while accounting for range uncertainties avoids placing a bragg peak directly in front of the OAR. Instead, the lateral fall‐off of the pencil beam is utilized in order to avoid the risk of overdosing the OAR. In addition, the dose distributions delivered by individual beams are relatively homogeneous in beam direction. This ensures tumor coverage and homogeneity. On the other hand, treatment plans optimized by accounting for setup errors (modeled as a rigid translation of the entire patient) utilize the distal fall‐off at a transition of OAR and tumor. In addition, the dose distributions delivered by individual beams avoid steep dose gradients perpendicular to the beam direction to ensure tumor homogeneity. Robustness of a treatment plan with respect to both setup error and range variations is possible to a limited degree only, since both types or uncertainty favor conflictive treatment plans. Conclusion: The presented methods are valuable to make IMPT treatment plans insensitive to various types of uncertainty.
Conventional vs high-frequency jet ventilation in a piglet model of meconium aspiration: Comparison of pulmonary and hemodynamic effects†

The pulmonary and cardiovascular effects of high-frequency jet (HFJV) and conventional (CV) ventilation were evaluated in a piglet model of meconium aspiration. A mixture of 20% human meconium and 0.9% saline solution was instilled deep into the trachea of 10 piglets, after which either HFJV or CV was administered for 4 hours. Arterial blood gases, cardiac output, mean pulmonary and systemic arterial pressures, pulmonary and systemic vascular resistances, and pulmonary mechanics were compared between groups. During the 4 hours of ventilation, PaO2 and PaCO2 were not statistically different between groups. The peak inspiratory pressure necessary to maintain PaCO2 in the preset range was approximately half as much in the HFJV group as in the CV group (P less than 0.002). Mean airway pressure was lower in the HFJV group only during the second hour (P less than 0.03). Cardiac output, mean aortic and pulmonary artery pressures, systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance, dynamic lung compliance, and pulmonary resistance were not statistically different between groups. Our results suggest that HFJV may be more effective than CV in the early stages of meconium aspiration syndrome because HFJV allows more efficient ventilation and adequate oxygenation at lower peak inspiratory pressures.
The Peculiarities of the Optical Absorption of Monocrystalline Fluorene and Its Heteroanalogues in the Energy Range Between 3.5 eV and 8.5 eV

Electronic absorption spectra of carbazole, dibenzofuran and fluorene were obtained in all three crystallographic directions (energy range 3.5-8.5eV). All electronic transitions with transition dipoles at oblique angles to a and b crystallographic axes can be traced to parental molecular states. Crystal transitions with parallel transition dipoles can be traced to parental molecular states for thin (0.1-0.2μ) crystals, slow crystallized from melt under uniaxial pressure. For sublimation flakes and crystals fast crystallized from melt, these transitions cannot be traced to parental molecular states since their spectra have continuous, essentially uniform intensity distribution except for such transition at the onset of absorption.
Crystal structure of ClpA, an Hsp100 chaperone and regulator of ClpAP protease.

Escherichia coli ClpA, an Hsp100/Clp chaperone and an integral component of the ATP-dependent ClpAP protease, participates in regulatory protein degradation and the dissolution and degradation of protein aggregates. The crystal structure of the ClpA subunit reveals an N-terminal domain with pseudo-twofold symmetry and two AAA+ modules (D1 and D2) each consisting of a large and a small sub-domain with ADP bound in the sub-domain junction. The N-terminal domain interacts with the D1 domain in a manner similar to adaptor-binding domains of other AAA+ proteins. D1 and D2 are connected head-to-tail consistent with a cooperative and vectorial translocation of protein substrates. In a planar hexamer model of ClpA, built by assembling ClpA D1 and D2 into homohexameric rings of known structures of AAA+ modules, the differences in D1-D1 and D2-D2 interfaces correlate with their respective contributions to hexamer stability and ATPase activity.
Rhetorical variation in Arabic academic discourse: Humanities versus law

The study adopts a genre analysis approach in order to investigate rhetorical variation in introductions of Arabic research articles from the fields of law and humanities. Fifty introductions from each discipline are analyzed in terms of the kinds of research justification and reader orientation they provide. The results show that law introductions exhibit more exponents of both functions; but neither discipline has utilized challenges to previous scholarship as a means of justifying the research proposed. These findings are accounted for through cultural, sociolinguistic, and educational factors that characterize the context of production of the texts considered.
Form-accuracy analysis and prediction in computer-integrated manufacturing

Abstract The manufacturing of high-quality products at low costs is one of the greatest challenges of every company today. Form accuracy is among the quality parameters of machined parts and is directly related to functional performance. Control and improvement of form accuracy is to be performed under the computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) concept. This paper investigates the form accuracy of mechanical machining and studies the essential aspects and procedures of form-accuracy simulation. The emphases are on the integration of form-accuracy analysis and the simulation into the CIM database construction and virtual manufacturing. Form-accuracy analysis in this paper reveals that the inherent drawbacks in design will directly affect the geometric quality of a workpiece, and proper process planning can enhance the manufacturability of parts with the required geometric quality. The simulation procedure implemented in this paper can be used at the design stage to predict the form accuracy of a machined part and functional performance. The procedure can also be used at the process planning stage to predict and control form accuracy during the machining process.
Emergency medical services screening of elderly falls in the home.

Objectives. Previous studies of injury prevention among the elderly have focused on care by community-based services for the elderly. The plan for this study was to determine whether emergency medical services (EMS) could be a valuable partner in an injury prevention program for the elderly. The purposes of the study were: 1) to determine whether it is feasible to gather injury prevention data prospectively, 2) to determine whether these data suggest the need for further intervention to aid the elderly, and 3) to determine whether retrospective chart data are comparable to prospectively gathered data for evaluating the elderly home environment. Methods. Trained fire/EMS chiefs gathered prospective data from the homes of all elderly falls. Patients were included if they were 65 years of age or older. Demographics extracted from the chart were gender, age, and average income based on zip code information from the city office. A 29-question survey was developed based on a literature review. Results were obta...
Photochemistry and identification of photodegradation products of the marine toxin domoic acid

Abstract The photochemistry of the marine toxin domoic acid (DA) and its related compounds in aqueous solution was investigated under environmentally relevant concentrations and radiation conditions. DA was readily phototransformed under simulated sunlight, showing exponential decay as a function of irradiation time. Major identifiable intermediate products were three geometric isomers identified as isodomoic acids D, E, and F. Isodomoic acids D and E formed much more quickly and in higher concentrations relative to isodomoic acid F when DA was irradiated. When pure solutions of either isodomoic acids D, E, or F were irradiated, there was concomitant production of the two other isomers as well as production of DA. These results are significant because they indicate that the three isomers produced upon photolysis of DA are also photolabile and are capable of regenerating the original form of the toxin. A group of less polar products all with a molecular weight of 267 Da was also detected in irradiated solutions of DA. These products are tentatively identified as decarboxylated derivatives of DA. These results demonstrate that exposure of DA to simulated sunlight modifies the chemical structure of DA and produces a suite of isomers and decarboxylated derivatives that can potentially affect the toxicity and metal binding capacity of the original toxin. It is also shown that the photochemistry of DA is a complex system involving simultaneous reversible (isomerization) and irreversible (e.g. decarboxylation) reactions. Therefore, results from this study suggest that isodomoic acids D, E, or F might act as photo-intermediates in the photochemical degradation of DA in the ocean.
Example of a gauge theory renormalizable even at infinite coupling constant

A local SU(2) gauge theory with one multiplet of scalars in the adjoint representation is considered. In the limit of infinite gauge coupling constant ($g=\ensuremath{\infty}$), Yang-Mills fields become auxiliary and the action possesses a larger invariance than the usual gauge invariance; hence, the system develops a richer structure of constraints. The constraint analysis is carried out, the Faddeev-Popov-Senjanovi\ifmmode \acute{c}\else \'{c}\fi{} determinant is evaluated, and all the functional integrals in the generating functional $W[J]$ over all canonical momenta, as well as over the gauge fields ${A}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{a}$ and two of three components of the scalar field ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{a}$, are evaluated, yielding the extremely curious result that, in this limit ($g=\ensuremath{\infty}$), the original theory is equivalent to a one-component self-interacting real scalar theory. This is an exact nonperturbative result. Some possible implications of this result are discussed.
Determining the Relative Antihypertensive Potency and Relative Cardiovascular Risk Reduction Associated With Different Thiazide and Thiazide‐Type Diuretics

PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED Peterzan A, Hardy R, Chaturvedi N, Hughes AD. Meta-Analysis of Dose Response Relationships for Hydrochlorothiazide, Chlorthalidone, and Bendroflumethiazide on Blood Pressure, Serum Potassium and Urate. Hypertension. 2012;59:1104–1109. Roush GC, Holford TR, Guddati AK. Chlorthalidone Compared with Hydrochlorothiazide in Reducing Cardiovascular Events: systemic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Hypertension. 2012;59:1110–1117.
On the utility of a post hoc correction procedure for one-zero sampling duration estimates

Numerous previous studies have shown that one-zero sampling in direct observation systematically overestimates behavioral durations. Apost hoc correction procedure has been proposed and demonstrated to be capable of removing most of the systematic errors found in one-zero duration estimates. However, the remaining errors for some individual observation sessions can still be quite substantial in practical terms. In this paper, the condition under which thepost hoc correction procedure will produce results with negligible systematic errors in one-zero duration estimates is identified.
On the invariance of small overlap hypotheses

Suppose thtS is a semigroup with a finite presentation (X; R). John Remmers has proved that the word problem for the presentation (X; R) is solvable if the presentation satisfies a certain small overlap hypothesis,C(n), forn≥3. Here we prove that, with trivial but numerous exceptions, if (X 1;R 1) and (X 2;R 2) are both finite presentations forS which satisfyC(2), then forn≥2, (X 1;R 1) satisfiesC(n) if and only if (X 2;R 2) satisfiesC(n).
Global Transport Calculations with an Equivalent Barotropic System.

Transport properties of the two-dimensional equations governing equivalent barotropic motion are investigated on the sphere. This system has ingredients such as forcing, equivalent depth, and thermal dissipation explicitly represented, and takes into account compression effects associated with vertical motion along isentropic surfaces. Horizontal transport properties of this system are investigated under adiabatic and diabatic conditions for different forms of dissipation, and over a range of resolutions. It is shown that forcing represetative of time-mean and amplified conditions at 10 mb leads to the behavior typical of observations at this level. The displacement of the polar night vortex and its distortion into a comma shape are evident, as is irreversible mixing under sufficiently strong forcing amplitude. It is shown that thermal dissipation influences the behavior significantly by inhibiting the amplification of unstable eddies and thereby the horizontal stirring of air.
Quantitative evaluation of nasal airflow in relation to facial morphology

This study examines the relationship between facial morphology and nasal respiration. Nasal resistance to expiratory airflow, average volume flow rate, and temporal characteristics of the respiratory cycle were measured for twenty-eight adults. Subjects were categorized as having (1) normal facial proportions with competent lips (n = 10), (2) normal facial proportions with incompetent lips (n = 9), and (3) long vertical face height (n = 9). Results indicate that the three groups do not differ significantly in terms of nasal airflow. Lip incompetence is not synonymous with mouth breathing. Although long-faced subjects as a group had a higher mean value of nasal resistance, the range of variation was so great as to preclude the diagnosis of nasal obstruction from an assessment of facial morphology.
Studies of the Semiconducting Properties of the Compound CsAu

Data are presented showing CsAu to be a semiconductor. The optical absorption curve is typical of a semiconductor with a threshold for direct optical excitation across the gap between 2.6 and 3.3 ev and exciton peaks at about 2.6, 3.0, and 3.3 ev. A relatively high optical absorption at smaller photon energies may indicate an indirect absorption process. Additional information has been obtained by measuring the spectral response curve of the photoemission from CsAu. The resistivity of the material is approximately 0.01 ohm-cm over the range from 410\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, indicating either degeneracy or impurity banding. X-ray studies show that CsAu has a CsCl structure and a lattice constant of 4.263\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.001 A. Finally, some preliminary results obtained with other alkali metal-gold compounds are described.
Affective Antecedents of the Perceived Effectiveness of Antidrug Advertisements: An Analysis of Adolescents’ Momentary and Retrospective Evaluations

Perceived message effectiveness is often used as a diagnostic tool to determine whether a health message is likely to be successful or needs modification before use in an intervention. Yet, published research on the antecedents of perceived effectiveness is scarce and, consequently, little is known about why a message is perceived to be effective or ineffective. The present study’s aim was to identify and test the affective antecedents of perceived effectiveness of antidrug television messages in a sample of 190 adolescents in the 15–19 year age range. Factor-analytical tests of retrospective message evaluation items suggested two dimensions of perceived effectiveness, one that contained items such as convincingness whereas the other contained pleasantness items. Using retrospective data as well as real time valence and arousal ratings, we found that arousal underlies perceived convincingness and valence underlies perceived pleasantness. The results indicated activation of appetitive and defensive motivational systems, which suggests a clear motivational component to the concept of perceived message effectiveness.
Clinical activity of ponatinib in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase with e1a2 transcripts.

The two major types of transcripts[1][1] of the BCR-ABL1 oncoprotein are b2a2 (e13a2) and b3a2 (e14a2). These transcripts are observed in over 95% of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase (CML-CP) at the time of initial presentation. Very rarely (<1%), CML patients are seen
Technique for Escape from Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit Using a Solar Sail

A technique for escaping the Earth using a solar sail is developed and numerically simulated. The spacecraft is initially in a geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO). A sail force control algorithm is derived that continuously orientsthesailin threedimensions tomaximizethecomponentof sailforcealong thevelocity vector.Thisapproach maximizes the instantaneous rate of increase of the total orbital energy. Trajectories using this strategy are not necessarily minimum-time solutions, but independent analysis has shown that for the realistic order of magnitude of sail acceleration considered here, the solutions obtained are near-minimum-time trajectories. The equations of motion for the trajectory are expressed in modie ed equinoctial orbital elements, which are well behaved as the trajectory goes from elliptic to hyperbolic during escape. In this preliminary study a spherical gravity model for the Earth is assumed. The gravitational perturbation of the sun is included but atmospheric drag and shadowing effectsoftheEarthareneglected.No sailangle,sailanglerate,orminimumperigeeradiusconstraintsareincluded. Numerical results cone rm that escape does occur, with the escape time highly dependent on the sail acceleration magnitude but relatively independent of the time of year of the deployment.
Soft-tissue balance in revision total knee arthroplasty

Medial and lateral soft-tissue releases to correct varus and valgus deformities in primary total knee arthroplasty are achieved by sequential release of contracted soft-tissue constraints or, occasionally, advancement of elongated ligaments1-3. In primary total knee arthroplasty, soft-tissue constraints are typically well-defined anatomical structures, whereas, in revision total knee arthroplasty, the soft-tissue constraints may be thickened and scarred, attenuated, or absent. Soft-tissue balance in revision total knee arthroplasty is achieved by a combination of soft-tissue releases and variation in the bone resection level, implant position, and implant size4. ### Relationship Between Medial-Lateral and Flexion-Extension Balancing Medial-lateral soft-tissue balance depends on the length of the collateral ligaments and musculotendinous constraints, which may be contracted or elongated as a result of prior surgery and/or deformity. Balance of the collateral ligaments implies that the soft-tissue tension on the medial and lateral sides of the knee, as determined with varus and valgus stress-testing with spacer blocks or trial components in place, is symmetric. This may require release of contracted soft tissues (Fig. 1). Medial-lateral soft-tissue balance may be different in flexion and extension because the posterior capsule and the hamstring tendons contribute to medial-lateral stability in full extension whereas they are lax during flexion (Fig. 2). Medial-lateral soft-tissue balance in flexion depends on the integrity of the collateral ligaments. Soft-tissue balance may be achieved in full extension but not in flexion if one of the collateral ligaments is lax. FIG. 1 A: Diagram of a trapezoidal extension space after distal femoral and tibial bone cuts with a shortened medial collateral ligament. B: Diagram of a trapezoidal flexion space after posterior femoral and tibial bone cuts with a shortened medial …
Counseling-based teacher interventions: Defining, exploring, and differentiating.

School counselors have many responsibilities as part of their job descriptions. Counseling-based teacher interventions (CBTI) have been created to help more students receive services throughout preschools and elementary schools. CBTI models have branched out from the filial therapy model, allowing counselors to teach teachers therapy skills to facilitate help to more at-risk children. The author will detail three major CBTIs including Kinder Training, Child‐Teacher Relationship Training, and Relationship Enhancement for Learner And Teacher. Each model is described, including strengths and weaknesses, research, and practicalities. The article concludes with criteria to help school counselors pick a model.
Students' Perceptions of Sense of Community in Abstract Algebra: Contributing Factors and Benefits.

In this phenomenological study, we explore how multiple assessments contribute to creating a sense of community (SOC) in an undergraduate abstract algebra course. Strike (2004) describes community as a process rather than a feeling and outlines four characteristics of community: coherence, cohesion, care, and contact. In this report, we describe contributing factors to and perceived benefits of SOC that students provided in an open-ended interview. Our findings indicate students viewed the teacher and the classroom environment as the primary sources for creating a SOC. Our findings also suggest students believed the SOC of the classroom increased classroom interaction and opened the doors of communication between students and with the instructor. The contributing factors align with Strike’s and McMillan and Chavis’(1986) definitions of community, support social cognitive theory, and serve as a model for building a SOC in the classroom.