cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Normal Approximation Rate and Bias Reduction for Data-Driven Kernel Smoothing Estimator in a Semiparametric Regression Model

Accuracy of the normal approximation for Speckman's kernel smoothing estimator of the parametric component s in the semiparametric regression model y=x?s+g(t)+e is studied when the bandwidth used in the estimator is selected by a general data-based method which includes such commonly used bandwidth selectors as (delete-one-out) CV, GCV, and Mallows' CL criterion. We find that, contrary to what we might expect, this data-driven estimator cannot attain the optimal Berry?Esseen rate n?1/2. Consequently, the confidence region of s based on this normal approximation is not first-order accurate. The reason for this is that the bias of Speckman's estimator is still of nonparametric order at the data-driven bandwidth choice. We then propose a resmoothing method to reduce the bias and show that the proposed estimator can achieve the optimal Berry?Esseen rate. A simulation study shows a slightly better small-sample performance of the proposed estimator.
Estimation of the binary response model using a mixture of distributions estimator (MOD)

Abstract In this paper, we develop a semiparametric sieve estimator, which is termed a mixture of distributions estimator (MOD), to estimate a binary response model when the distribution of the errors is unknown. The estimator of the distribution function is composed of a mixture of smooth distributions, where the number of mixtures increases with the sample size. The model is semiparametric because it is assumed that a parametric index type restriction holds. Optimal rates of convergence are established for the distribution function under the L 2 norm, and conditions are derived under which estimates of the parametric component are asymptotically normal. An appealing feature about MOD is that it is possible to restrict the estimator of the distribution function, a priori, to be smooth, nonnegative, nondecreasing, and to integrate to one. This has important practical and theoretical implications.
Addressing the Nature of Science in Preservice Science Teacher Preparation Programs: Science Educator Perceptions

The nature of science (NOS) has a prominent role among the national science education content standards at all grade levels, K–12. Results from a national survey of collegiate science educators indicate the perception that the greatest contributors to preservice teachers’ understanding of the nature of science were science methods courses, research projects, and science content courses. Implications of findings are discussed, including connections to current research concerning teacher preparation for effective NOS classroom teaching and student learning.
A Descriptive Comparison of Alcohol-Related Presentations at a Large Urban Hospital Center from 1902 to 2009

Although alcohol use has long been a significant cause of hospital presentations, little is published regarding the long-term demographic changes that have occurred at a single hospital site. To address this deficit, we prospectively studied all acute alcohol-related presentations to Bellevue Hospital Center (New York, NY) and compared this contemporary data set with one from the same institution from 1902 to 1935. We prospectively identified all patients presenting to the emergency department because of acute alcohol use over an 8-week period in 2009. We described the basic attributes of patients presenting currently because of alcohol and compared these data to those previously described between 1902 and 1935. We also compared our census data with contemporaneous data from all patients presenting to this hospital site. During the study period, 560 patients presented because of acute alcohol use which extrapolated to an estimated 3,800 patients over the calendar year. This compares to 7,600 presentations recorded annually early in the twentieth century. Twelve percent of patients in 2009 were female as compared to 18 % of patients between 1934 and 1935. Patients with alcohol-related presentations in 2009 were more likely to be admitted than contemporaneous patients without an alcohol-related presentation (30 vs. 19 % admitted; p < 0.001). Since first measured 110 years ago at one large New York City hospital, alcohol-related presentations remain common representing 5 % of all emergency department visits. This demonstrates alcoholism's continuing toll on society's limited medical resources and on public health as a whole.
Parkinson-Related Dementias

Recent advances in neurogenetics, molecular biology, and immunocytochemical staining methods have expanded the spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders now known to cause dementia associated with parkinsonism. This review concentrates on those rare disorders in which cognitive impairment/dementia and parkinsonism coexist: corticobasal syndrome/corticobasal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, multiple system atrophy, and frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17. The clinical, neuropsychologic, neuroradiologic, and neuropathologic similarities and differences in these disorders are compared and contrasted with each other and with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease with dementia, and dementia with Lewy bodies, highlighting the features critical for identifying the correct diagnosis.
A 320 Mbps flexible discrete wavelet transform processor for extreme environments

A 320 Mbps radiation-tolerant discrete wavelet transform application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) chip has been developed. 12The ASIC chip implements the discrete wavelet transform functionality specified by the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) recommendation for Image Data Compression. Input sample precision is configurable up to 16 bit values, and the filter functions in both integer and floating modes are also highly configurable. The design is implemented in 0.25um CMOS utilizing a custom library designed around radiation-hard-by-design (RHBD) techniques and targeted operation from −55 to 125 degree C. The chip has been verified functionally and under radiated conditions demonstrating an LET onset threshold greater than 55 LET and latchup immunity beyond 120 LET. A plan is in place to further test the functionality of this ASIC at extremely low temperatures at the GSFC cryogenic test facilities.
Biochemical Analysis of DNA Polymerase η Fidelity in the Presence of Replication Protein A

DNA polymerase η (pol η) synthesizes across from damaged DNA templates in order to prevent deleterious consequences like replication fork collapse and double-strand breaks. This process, termed translesion synthesis (TLS), is an overall positive for the cell, as cells deficient in pol η display higher mutation rates. This outcome occurs despite the fact that the in vitro fidelity of bypass by pol η alone is moderate to low, depending on the lesion being copied. One possible means of increasing the fidelity of pol η is interaction with replication accessory proteins present at the replication fork. We have previously utilized a bacteriophage based screening system to measure the fidelity of bypass using purified proteins. Here we report on the fidelity effects of a single stranded binding protein, replication protein A (RPA), when copying the oxidative lesion 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-guanine(8-oxoG) and the UV-induced cis-syn thymine-thymine cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (T-T CPD). We observed no change in fidelity dependent on RPA when copying these damaged templates. This result is consistent in multiple position contexts. We previously identified single amino acid substitution mutants of pol η that have specific effects on fidelity when copying both damaged and undamaged templates. In order to confirm our results, we examined the Q38A and Y52E mutants in the same full-length construct. We again observed no difference when RPA was added to the bypass reaction, with the mutant forms of pol η displaying similar fidelity regardless of RPA status. We do, however, observe some slight effects when copying undamaged DNA, similar to those we have described previously. Our results indicate that RPA by itself does not affect pol η dependent lesion bypass fidelity when copying either 8-oxoG or T-T CPD lesions.
An efficient tag search protocol in large-scale RFID systems

Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology has many applications in inventory management, supply chain, product tracking, transportation and logistics. One research issue of practical importance is to search for a particular group of tags in a large-scale RFID system. Time efficiency is a core factor that must be taken into consideration when designing a tag search protocol to ensure scalability. In this paper, we design a new technique called filtering vector, which can significantly reduce transmission overhead during search process, thereby shortening search time. Based on this technique, we propose an iterative tag search protocol. In each round, we filter out some tags and eventually terminate the search process when the search result meets the accuracy requirement. The simulation results demonstrate that our protocol performs much better than the best existing ones.
Hypotensive epidural anesthesia in patients with aortic stenosis undergoing total hip replacement.

Background and Objectives: The use of conduction anesthesia and induced hypotension are traditionally contraindicated in patients with aortic stenosis. This hypothesis-generating observational pilot study details the clinical outcomes in patients with aortic stenosis undergoing hypotensive epidural anesthesia for total hip replacement. Methods: From a database of 1,947 consecutive patients undergoing total hip replacement under hypotensive epidural anesthesia performed from 1994 to 2005, 22 patients were identified with aortic stenosis. Chart review was performed. All patients were monitored with central venous pressure and radial arterial catheters. Cardiovascular and renal outcomes, thromboembolic events, and blood loss and transfusion were assessed. Results: Twenty-two patients were identified: 19 patients (86%) were American Society of Anesthesiologists classification III, and 3 patients (14%) were American Society of Anesthesiologists classification IV. The mean age was 75 years (range: 58-92). No patient suffered from preoperative angina, syncope, or resting dyspnea. Valve areas ranged from 0.9 to 1.8 cm2 and peak gradient from 12 to 64 mm Hg. Systolic blood pressure was maintained at 60 to 100 mm Hg. The mean duration of hypotension was 91 minutes (range: 50-200). Heart rate was maintained at a mean (±SD) of 70 ± 11. Central venous pressure was maintained at baseline value. Mean intraoperative crystalloid administered was 1,695 mL (range: 900-4,000), and mean estimated blood loss was 234 mL (range: 100-1,500). There were no deaths, myocardial infarctions, cerebrovascular accidents, or pulmonary embolic events. No patient developed renal dysfunction. Conclusions: We report the absence of complications (with calculated upper limit 95% confidence interval of approximately 13.6%) when hypotensive epidural anesthesia was performed in 22 patients with noncritical asymptomatic aortic stenosis.
An effective therapeutic approach to the control of atherosclerosis illustrating harmlessness of prolonged use of thyroid hormone in coronary disease.

A case report has been presented illustrating the method of approach used in adjusting the transitory and/or continuous lipoid metabolic imbalance present in focal atheromatosis.
Osmetrichia: specialized scent hair in black-tailed deer

Black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) possess a conspicuous tarsal hair tuft covering the tarsal gland which is located on the inside of the hock. The central hairs of that tuft carry a strong smelling mixture of sebaceous and urinary components. These central hairs are short and stiff in comparison to the outer hair of the tuft and the deer's other body hair. These “scent hairs” have large chambers between the cuticular scales, and the scales have comb-like group of ridges. Lipids, in which volatiles are trapped, are held on the hair by these two features. The term “osmetrichia” is proposed for the specialized scent hair. No comparable features were found on hair covering the metatarsal gland of black-tailed deer, the tarsal gland of white-tailed deer (O. virginianus borealis); the subauricular gland of pronghorn (Antilocapra americana); on scalp, axillary, and pubic hair of Homo sapiens; or the ventral gland hair of Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). SEM pictures of the trough-like osmetrichia of the Mongolian gerbil are presented.
Influence of attended repetition trials on negative priming in younger and older adults.

A lengthened response time when a distractor becomes a target, called negative priming, is an undisputed phenomenon in selective attention, yet just what the underlying mechanism responsible for negative priming is has not been resolved. In this study, the proportion of attended repetition trials was manipulated in order to test the predictions of three theories that have been proposed for explaining spatial negative priming: distractor suppression (e.g., Tipper, 1985), episodic memory retrieval (e.g., Neill, Valdes, & Terry, 1995), and novelty bias (e.g., Milliken, Tipper, Houghton, & Lupianez, 2000). The results supported the proposal that a novelty bias, which is flexible and can be overridden, is the primary mechanism responsible for priming in spatial tasks. Memory retrieval obscured the novelty bias for target processing, was more selective in older adults, and did not affect distractor processing. Novelty bias and distractor suppression may share the same inhibitory attentional mechanism.
Justifying imagery: multimedia support for learning through explanation

Photographs and video play an important role in classroom learning, serving to illustrate many complex phenomena. However, these images are too often used as "visual aids"--simple explanations of concepts that do not require students to think deeply about the meanings implicit in the imagery. This paper describes an approach to using photographs and video as a primary data source for inquiry learning. We describe a framework for students to collaborate around photographs and video, collaboration that leads to inquiry and the development of explanatory models. We also describe two of our learning environments to illustrate how students can begin to develop predictive theories from image data.
Genders and Sexualities in Modern Thailand

Genders and Sexualities in Modern Thailand. Peter A. Jackson and Nerida M. Cook. eds. Bangkok: Silkworm Books, 1999. + 289 pp., tables.
A CAMAC based fast decision module

Abstract A high speed decision module based on a 1 Mbit memory array was designed and built with full CAMAC functionality. The module has 16 bits of ECL output and 1 programmable ECL output designed to act as a gate. Both the memory and functionality are programmable via CAMAC commands. The module can function as either a high speed look-up table or as a logic array. Tests show that ECL output can be generated in 35 ns and gate output in 65 ns.
Planar density-functional approach to the solid-fluid interface of simple liquids.

A planar formulation of the weighted-density approximation is applied to the solid-fluid interface of simple liquids. Computational requirements are reduced from the previous theory through definition of a one-dimensional weighted density that recognizes the planar symmetry of the interface. After finding good agreement with hard-sphere Monte Carlo results, the approach is extended to attractive systems, in particular, the Lennard-Jones fluid. This system provides a stringent test of the model due to its long-range interactions; it is a well-studied example of systems whose density difference varies with temperature. Interfacial tensions are determined for both the solid-liquid and solid-vapor regions of the phase diagram, and reasonable agreement is found with molecular-dynamics simulations at the triple point.
Incorporation of arabinosyl cytosine into 2-7S ribonucleic acid and cell death.

Abstract Murine leukemic cells, L5178Y, exposed to arabinosyl-cytosine (ara-C) for brief periods of time during exponential growth undergo exponential cell death and cannot be rescued by deoxycytidine. The increments of cell death correlate with a linear increase of incorporation of the analog into the ribonucleic acid (RNA). Incorporation into DNA ceased after 60 min in cells incubated with [3H]ara-C (3.3 × 10−5 M, 750 μc/μmole) for 30–240 min (14–93 per cent cell kill). In addition, incorporation of the analog into DNA could also be reduced by pretreatment of the cells with FUdR and methotrexate, although cell kill was increased 4-fold. The incorporation of [3H]ara-C was mostly in the 2–16S RNA when isolated by a sucrose gradient. The 2–16S RNA was fractionated on 5% polyacrylamide gels and the label appeared first in 1–2S RNA, then in the 2–4S RNA and then in heavier RNA. Incorporation of [3H]uridine into 2–7S RNA was markedly decreased by pretreatment of the cells with ara-C; other RNA fractions were unaffected. It is suggested that ara-C incorporation in 2–7S RNA may result in acute cell death.
Mechanism of site-selective DNA nicking by the hydrodioxyl (perhydroxyl) radical.

In previous studies, the ability of the hydrodioxyl (perhydroxyl) radical [HOO•, the conjugate acid of superoxide (O2•-)] to “nick” DNA under biomimetic conditions was demonstrated, and a sequence selectivity was observed. A background level of nonspecific nicking also was noted. This paper provides support for 5‘-hydrogen atom abstraction from the deoxyribose ring as the initial event in the sequence-selective nicking by O2•-/HOO•. Two experiments support the proposed mechanism. First, using a defined sequence 5‘-32P-labeled restriction fragment as the DNA substrate, only free (unalkylated) 3‘-phosphate is produced at the site of nicking. Second, using poly (dA)·poly (T) as the substrate, furfural is formed in the reaction from deoxyribose ring breakdown. Both results are consistent with 5‘-hydrogen atom abstraction for initiation of the site-selective nicking. Hydrogen atom abstraction at other sites of the deoxyribose ring and/or base oxidation and loss followed by strand scission likely are responsibl...
Focal high-dose-rate brachytherapy: A dosimetric comparison of hemigland vs. conventional whole-gland treatment

Purpose: To determine the utility of focal high-dose-rate brachytherapy for localized prostate cancer, we investigated the impact on target coverage and dose to organs at risk (OARs) with hemigland (HG) compared with whole-gland (WG) treatment. Methods and Materials: A total of 10 WG implants were used to generate 10 WG and 20 HG (left and right) treatment plans optimized with the inverse planning simulation annealing algorithm using Oncentra MasterPlan (Nucletron B.V., Veenendaal, The Netherlands). The standard distribution of 17-18 catheters designed for WG was used to generate HG plans. The same OARs namely bladder, rectum, and urethra contours and dose constraints were applied for HG and WG plans. The HG contour was a modification of the WG contour whereby the urethra divided the prostate into HGs. The prescription dose was 7.25 Gy×6. Evaluated dose parameters were target dose D90, V100, and V150 and D0.1 cc, D1 cc, and D2 cc to OARs. Results: The HG plans had a D90, V100, and V150 to the HG target of 112%, 97.6%, and 33.8%, respectively. The WG plans had a D90, V100, and V150 to the WG target of 108%, 98.8%, and 26.5%, respectively. The OAR D2 cc doses were significantly lower in HG vs. WG plans: rectum (53.1% vs.64.1%, p<0.0001), bladder (55.9% vs. 67.5%, p<0.0001), and urethra (69.3% vs. 95.2%, p<0.0001). Conclusions: In the present model, HG plans yielded a statistically significant decreased radiation dose to OARs and provided complete target coverage with a catheter array designed for WG coverage. The good dosimetry results obtained in this study support the feasibility of HG brachytherapy by using a subset of the WG catheter array. Catheter distribution and dosimetry refinements tailored to subtotal prostate brachytherapy should be explored to see if further improvements in dosimetry can be achieved. © 2013 American Brachytherapy Society.
Ionic mechanisms of wavebreak in fibrillation.

out an intermediate band of resting tissue. This causes extinction of the segment of wavefront that hits this functional obstacle and the formation of two singularity points (white dots, 33 ms). The two resulting wavefronts pivot around the points of the wavebreaks (53‐73 ms) and make a complete rotation in approximately 83 ms. The results clearly demonstrate that at the high frequencies of VF, excitation wavefronts frequently encounter and interact with functional and/or anatomic obstacles, giving way to intermittent propagation block patterns, with consequent fragmentation of the wavefront into new daughter wavelets. Therefore, irrespective of the underlying mechanisms, wavebreak and fibrillatory conduction account for the complex patterns of propagation, wavelet formation, and apparent aperiodic activity that typify fibrillation. 11 The question that arises, however, is: What mechanisms underlie wavebreak formation at the ionic/molecular level?
Feasibility of measuring organ magnesium turnover in vivo by continuous feeding of a stable isotope

Abstract The feasibility of measuring organ endogenous magnesium (Mg en ) turnover in vivo by continuous feeding of a single stable isotope of Mg was demonstrated in this investigation. Adult CD-1 mice were fed a Mg deficient diet and deionized water with (+Mg) or without (−Mg) added 24 Mg (290 μg/mL) for 16 days. The change in organ 25 Mg content over time was then accurately determined by in vitro isotope dilution with 26 Mg as spike. Organ endogenous Mg content was then calculated as 25 Mg en / 0.1028 and exogenous Mg (Mg ex ) content from the expression Mg ex = Mg total - Mg en . All soft tissues examined in the +Mg group showed significant turnover of Mg en and accumulation of Mg ex . The rate at which this occurred was organ specific. Apparent half-lives for Mg en turnover were 3.83, 4.13, 5.87, and 8.77 days for liver, heart, brain, and skeletal muscle, respectively. Mg restriction resulted in a dramatic decrease in the rate of Mg en turnover with apparent half-lives ranging from 60.3 to 146 days. Brain showed the smallest decrease in Mg en turnover with Mg restriction, and was the only tissue observed to lose a significant amount of total Mg.
Development of an indoor patrol robot based on ultrasonic and vision data fusion

In this paper we present the development and implementation of a patrol robot for indoor environments. First, we propose an indoor patrol strategy by using ultrasonic sensors. According to the gathered range information of the environment, we apply the wall-following strategy to design of patrol rules for determining the navigation commands of the patrol robot. Then we design a steering controller based on the potential field method to drive the patrol robot moving along the wall baselines. In addition, we propose another navigation strategy by using ultrasonic and vision data fusion to improve the accuracy and robustness of the sensing system. We implement a visual navigation controller to successfully steer the patrol robot following the wall and keeping a certain distance to the wall.
Nonlinear Boussinesq convective model for large scale solar circulations

We present extensive numerical calculations for a model of thermal convection of a Boussinesq fluid in an equatorial annulus of a rotating spherical shell. The convection induces and maintains differential rotation and meridian circulation. The model is solved for an effective Prandtl number P = 1, with effective Taylor number T in the range 102 <T <106, and effective Rayleigh number R between the critical value for onset of convection, and a few times that value. With Ω = 2.6 × 10−6 s−1, d = 1.4 × 1010 cm (roughly the depth of the solar convection zone) the range of Taylor number is equivalent to kinematic viscosities between 1014 and 1012 cm2 s−1, which encompasses eddy viscosities estimated from mixing length theory applied to the Sun.
MicroRNAs in HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a critical role in multiple biological and metabolic processes. Recent studies suggested that miRNAs are critical in the maintenance of glomerular homeostasis in both physiological and pathological states. However, the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) has not been studied. In the present study, we have used a microarray-based approach in combination with real-time PCR to profile the miRNA expression patterns in HIV-1 transgenic mice (Tg26). Our results showed that 13 miRNAs, which belong to 11 miRNA families, were downregulated in HIVAN when compared with control mice. These miRNAs were classified into 20 functional categories. In in vitro studies, we examined the expression of specific miRNAs in HIV-1 transduced human podocytes. Our results showed that HIV-1 downregulated miRNA expression, specifically of miR-200 and miR-33. These studies suggest that miRNAs contributed to the development of the proliferative phenotype of HIVAN. Further functional analysis of these miRNAs in HIVAN animal model will not only enhance understanding of the pathogenesis but would also lead to the development of therapeutic strategies for HIVAN patients.
Tertiary Lymphoid Tissues Generate Effector and Memory T Cells That Lead to Allograft Rejection

Tertiary lymphoid tissues are lymph node-like cell aggregates that arise at sites of chronic inflammation. They have been observed in transplanted organs undergoing chronic rejection, but it is not known whether they contribute to the rejection process by supporting local activation of naive lymphocytes. To answer this question, we established a murine transplantation model in which the donor skin contains tertiary lymphoid tissues due to transgenic expression of lymphotoxin-alpha(RIP-LT alpha), whereas the recipient lacks all secondary lymphoid organs and does not mount primary alloimmune responses. We demonstrate in this model that RIP-LT alpha allografts that harbor tertiary lymphoid tissues are rejected, while wild-type allografts that lack tertiary lymphoid tissues are accepted. Wild-type allografts transplanted at the same time as RIP-LT alpha skin or 60 days later were also rejected, suggesting that tertiary lymphoid tissues, similar to secondary lymphoid organs, generate both effector and memory immune responses. Consistent with this observation, naive T cells transferred to RIP-LT alpha skin allograft but not syngeneic graft recipients proliferated and differentiated into effector and memory T cells. These findings provide direct evidence that tertiary lymphoid structures perpetuate the rejection process by supporting naive T-cell activation.
The Type Ia Supernova rate in the local Universe

Abstract Current measurements of the Type Ia Supernova (SNIa) rate, as determined by standard astronomical methods, are in reasonable agreement with measurements of the cosmic star formation rate combined with simple models for SNIa progenitors. However, systematic uncertainties still undermine a precise determination of the SNIa rate. Recent models of these systematics, combined with new measurements, indicate that the local SNIa rate may be a factor ∼4 higher than previous determinations. This result, if true, would have interesting implications for many areas of astronomy and SNIa physics. Here, I will examine some of these implications, focusing in particular on the prospects for MeV gamma ray astronomy. Additionally, since SNIa are believed to produce at least half of the iron abundance in the Universe, I discuss how a new high SNIa rate could alleviate the tension between the observed and predicted iron abundance. Finally, I combine this new rate with measurements of the SNIa radial distribution in local galaxies and positron escape in SNIa to update predictions for positron production in the Milky Way bulge, concluding that median estimates make SNIa a strong candidate to account for the observed INTEGRAL signal.
Melt dispersion mechanism for fast reaction of aluminum nano- and micron-scale particles: Flame propagation and SEM studies

Abstract Flame propagation studies for Al nanoparticles (80 nm) and micron particles (3–4.5 μm) mixed with MoO 3 in both an open and confined burn setup were examined. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the reactants and products reveals quantitative size data that contributes toward an understanding of the governing reaction mechanisms. For the confined burn tube experiments, nanoscaled reactants exhibited a flame speed of 960 m/s, the same as has been reported in previous experiments. Micron scale particles exhibited a flame speed of 402 m/s, much higher than the 244 m/s obtained previously for 1–3 μm particles. These flame speeds are in quantitative agreement with predictions based on the recently developed melt-dispersion mechanism (MDM) describing the reaction of Al particles. It also demonstrates that some micron particles can reach flame speeds just 58% lower than the fastest nanoparticles, while micron scale particles are less expensive and do not have the pre-combustion safety and environmental issues typical of nanoparticles. The SEM analysis reveals a significant (at least by factor of 3.7 for nanoparticles) reduction in Al particle size post combustion, which is in agreement with the MDM and in contrast to the predictions based on diffusion mechanisms. Open burn experiments with nanoscale reactants have flame speeds of 12 m/s and product particle sizes almost as small as those in the burn tube experiments. However, the presence of some large particles, which may grow based on the diffusion mechanism, exclude evaporation and the homogenous nucleation mechanism. For open burn experiments with micron reactants, with flames speeds of 9 m/s, SEM analysis shows a molten-resolidified product with no distinguishable particles and cavities containing numerous nanoparticles with a measured diameter of 36 nm.
Numerical Simulation of the Development of Mean Monsoon Circulation in July

Eight different experiments are carried out, ranging from 8 to 20 days, with a primitive equation model consisting of five atmospheric layers and one oceanic layer. The purpose is to investigate the relative importance of radiative heating and deep cumulus condensation, orography, and initial conditions for the development of the mean monsoon circulation from June to July in the 0-180 deg E, 25 deg S - 55 deg N region. Two alternative initial states are used, one based on the observed monthly mean June pressure distribution, the other on the mean June zonal average pressure distribution. Whereas large-scale condensation and actual land and sea distributions are included in every experiment, deep cumulus cone condensation and radiative heating are always taken together. It is found that the means sea level pressure distribution and low-level flow pattern produced by these simulations are in the main determined by the diabatic heating distribution and are influenced somewhat by orography; they are, however, almost independent of the initial state. The low pressure systems are found to develop faster when diurnal variation of solar radiation is allowed for; this is thought to be due mainly to the more vigorous cumulus activity during the day.
Measuring satisfaction with children's mental health services: Validity and reliability of the satisfaction scales☆☆☆

This paper describes the measurement of parent and adolescent satisfaction with children's mental health services delivered in a case managed continuum of care model. Internal consistency of the scales was assessed. Correlational analyses were conducted to explore the extent to which the Satisfaction Scales replicated findings by other research in the literature. Based on these analyses, the Satisfaction Scales were demonstrated to be reliable instruments to measure parent and adolescent satisfaction with child and adolescent mental health services. Validity was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis to determine whether the content areas truly represented distinct, although related, dimensions of satisfaction. Preliminary exploration of the validity of the parent version of the Satisfaction Scales for outpatient services supported the existence of four dimensions of satisfaction including: (1) access and convenience, (2) child's treatment process and relationship with the therapist, (3) parent and family services, (4) global satisfaction.
Weak ties: a mechanism for helping women expand their social networks and increase their capital

Abstract This paper proposes a model for helping women expand their opportunities by using weak ties. It discusses social support networks and their impact on women’s ability to expand their social connections and increase access to opportunities, resources, and jobs, thus supporting the importance of whom one knows. It presents the context in which women seek opportunities and presents “weak ties” as a mechanism for helping women to move beyond their immediate social networks to connect to persons with diverse resources. It discusses human, social, cultural, political, and economic capital and suggests ways women can increase these forms of capital in a model that suggests incorporating opportunities for women to come together and help each other to identify and utilize resources.
Some observations on provider–patient communication research

Abstract This article presents reflections on, and suggestions for, research on provider–patient communication. These include: (1) the need for more precise causal analysis, (2) considerations when doing moderator analysis, (3) the need to study values concordance between providers and patients, (4) the relative neglect of studying provider attitudes, emotions, and characteristics, (5) the potential value of studying providers’ sensitivity to their patients, and (6) the importance of studying patients’ impact on providers. Finally, the field is challenged to ask and answer the questions: why do we do this research and how is it being used?
The Role of Interruptions and Contextual Associations in Delayed‐Execute Prospective Memory

Summary: We conducted three experiments to examine the dynamics of a delayed-execute prospective memory task involving task interruptions. In the delayed-execute paradigm, participants must delay a response until some future condition is met. After an intention was formed to a salient cue, an interruption reduced prospective memory relative to a no-interruption condition. Prospective memory for cues encountered during an interrupting task was worse than for cues occurring before an interruption, but the location of the cue in either the ongoing task or the interruption did not affect prospective memory. Importantly, reinstating the prevailing context after the interruption alleviated the negative influence of the interruption. Providing participants with information about the future context for making the delayed-execute response also alleviated some of these deficits presumably because participants could encode more specific features of the performance context. These results highlight the potential importance of contextual associations and reminders in completing everyday intentions successfully. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Insulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Stimulate the 3α-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Activity of Human Placental Cytotrophoblasts*

Abstract The placenta is the primary source of progesterone during pregnancy. Because pregnant diabetic women are reported to have higher serum progesterone levels than nondiabetic pregnant women, we studied the roles of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in the regulation of human cytotrophoblastic 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3βHSD) activity. Incubation of cytotrophoblasts with insulin or IGF-I for 24 h significantly increased the ability of these cells to convert pregnenolone to progesterone by 75.8 ± 16.5% (±SE) and 65.4±12.7%, respectively. Treatment with either insulin or IGF-I did not alter cytotrophoblastic production of 20α-hydroxypregn- 4-en-3-one (the primary metabolite of progesterone), thus demonstrating that these peptides increased progesterone synthesis (i.e. 3βHSD activity) rather than decreased progesterone catabolism. Insulin and IGF-I stimulated 3βHSD activity at concentrations as low as 50 and 10 ng/ml, respectively. Insulinand IGF-I-stimulated 3βHSD activities were ...
Optical and electrical diagnostics of a non-equilibrium air plasma

An AC-driven, non-equilibrium, atmospheric pressure air plasma is generated within the gap separating a disc-shaped metal electrode and a water electrode. The typical OH emission intensity distribution is recorded by high-speed CCD camera. The temporal emission behaviour of OH(A–X) shows that the OH emission intensity stays relatively constant during most of the current cycle but decreases abruptly when the current is close to zero. The N2 rotational and vibrational temperatures are obtained by comparison of the simulated spectra of C 3 � u–B 3 � g (�v =− 2) band transition of nitrogen with the experimental results. They are about 1800 K and 2600 K, respectively. The electron density in the plasma is measured utilizing the electrical conductivity. It is found to be 7 × 10 12 cm −3 in the centre of the discharge during the peak current of Ipeak = 40 mA. The electron density follows a Gaussian radial distribution with a typical width of 0.35 mm.
Workforce trends, issues and values

As we consider the future of the information professions, it is useful to reflect on issues related to the library and information science workforce and the values that underlie the field. The author's professional experience and research are used to highlight important practice trends such as digital libraries, embedded librarianship, broadening the audience for library and information services, involvement in problem-based learning, evidence based practice, end user searching of online databases, and the increasing need to conduct studies that link information services to key outcomes. The importance of tracking practice trends as part of the ongoing curriculum revision process is emphasized. Linking both education and research to practice will be crucial to the success of future educational programs and the ability of graduates to make a useful contribution in the workplace. Workforce tracking of alumni is a key component of effective strategic planning and overall workforce planning, especially in a time of major demographic change. Professional associations have an important role of play in continuing education and building the core ethics and values of the field.
Point of care testing

Abstract Point of care testing (POCT) is an area of medical technology that has been growing rapidly over the past decade. As new devices and equipment become available, new questions of regulation and quality assurance are generated. In this report, we attempt to relate to some of the history in the development of POCT technology, show how this technology has been incorporated into our medical practice, and discuss how we think it will be incorporated in the future. We will describe some of the current devices used in POCT and discuss at least some of the points that are debated by physicians on the necessity of POCT. Finally, the broad-based description of the governmental regulation of POCT, as it is set forth in the 1998 Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments, are discussed. The future trends and direction of POCT are also discussed.
LEGIBILITY DISTANCES OF FLUORESCENT TRAFFIC SIGNS AND THEIR NORMAL COLOR COUNTERPARTS

It is well known that fluorescent traffic signs have a daytime conspicuity that is far superior to that of normal color signs. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis whether adding the property of fluorescence, while leaving all (or in practical terms most) other sign features the same, does increase the legibility distance. Six diamond-shaped signs were fabricated and laminated with the normal colors on one side and their fluorescent color counterparts on the other. The investigated sign background colors included yellow, fluorescent yellow, fluorescent yellow green, pink, fluorescent pink, purple, and fluorescent purple. Four of the six signs used Landolt rings to avoid word familiarity issues. A pedestrian-crossing symbol sign and a "Plant Entrance" warning sign were used in addition to the Landolt ring signs. It was found that fluo rescence actually did statistically significantly increase the legibility distances. However, the actual increases were fairly small from a practical point of view...
Myocardial blood flow during cardiac tamponade in dogs with coronary occlusion: Effects of isoproterenol

To determine the effects of cardiac tamponade in dogs with ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery, fluid was introduced into the pericardial space to raise right and left atrial and pericardial pressures, first to 7 to 9 mm Hg and then to 11 to 12 mm Hg. Normal and ischemic myocardial blood flow fell approximately 20% to 25% during mild tamponade (1.27 +/- 0.16 to 1.00 +/- 0.06 ml/min/gm and 0.52 +/- 0.12 to 0.39 +/- 0.08 ml/min/gm, respectively) and by 50% during moderate tamponade (0.66 +/- 0.08 and 0.23 +/- 0.05 ml/min/gm, respectively). The inner/outer left ventricular wall blood flow ratio decreased modestly from 1.16 to 1.08 (p less than 0.025) in normal areas but increased from 0.53 to 0.61 (p less than 0.05) in the ischemic regions, suggesting possible epicardial vessel compression. Isoproterenol resulted in prompt decreases in pericardial and filling pressures, 16% increase in aortic pressure, and 200% rise in cardiac output. Normal myocardial blood flow more than doubled (1.55 +/- 0.12 ml/min/gm, p less than 0.001). Although average ischemic blood flow rose slightly to 0.042 +/- 0.10 ml/min/gm, the increase was not significant. Furthermore, changes in ischemic blood flow were heterogeneous with frank decrease in one dog. Therefore, although isoproterenol has salutary hemodynamic effects, its unpredictable action on myocardial blood flow should cause one to use it cautiously in those with tamponade who are believed to have coronary occlusive disease.
Vision-Based, Distributed Control Laws for Motion Coordination of Nonholonomic Robots

In this paper, we study the problem of distributed motion coordination among a group of nonholonomic ground robots. We develop vision-based control laws for parallel and balanced circular formations using a consensus approach. The proposed control laws are distributed in the sense that they require information only from neighboring robots. Furthermore, the control laws are coordinate-free and do not rely on measurement or communication of heading information among neighbors but instead require measurements of bearing, optical flow, and time to collision, all of which can be measured using visual sensors. Collision-avoidance capabilities are added to the team members, and the effectiveness of the control laws are demonstrated on a group of mobile robots.
A viral sequence in the 3′-untranslated region mimics a 5′ cap in facilitating translation of uncapped mRNA

For recognition by the translational machinery, most eukaryotic cellular mRNAs have a 5' cap structure [e.g. m7G(5')ppp(5')N]. We describe a translation enhancer sequence (3'TE) located in the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of the genome of the PAV barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV-PAV) which stimulates translation from uncapped mRNA by 30- to 100-fold in vitro and in vivo to a level equal to that of efficient capped mRNAs. A four base duplication within the 3'TE destroyed the stimulatory activity. Efficient translation was recovered by addition of a 5' cap to this mRNA. Translation of both uncapped mRNA containing the 3'TE in cis and capped mRNA lacking any BYDV-PAV sequence was inhibited specifically by added 3'TE RNA in trans. This inhibition was reversed by adding initiation factor 4F (eIF4F), suggesting that the 3'TE, like the 5' cap, mediates eIF4F-dependent translation initiation. The BYDV-PAV 5'UTR was necessary for the 3'TE to function, except when the 3'TE itself was moved to the 5'UTR. Thus, the 3'TE is sufficient for recruiting the translation factors and ribosomes, while the viral 5'UTR may serve only for the long distance 3'-5' communication. Models are proposed to explain this novel mechanism of cap-independent translation initiation facilitated by the 3'UTR.
Biogeographic studies on trichomycete gut fungi in winter stonefly nymphs of the genus Allocapnia

Winter stoneflies of the genus Allocapnia (Plecoptera, Capniidae) have low vagility, and apparently first evolved in the Appalachian system from where they slowly dispersed and speciated at different times during the Pleistocene. Five described genera and species of Harpellales (Trichomycetes) live in the aquatic nymphs of Allocapnia. Two of these, Genistelloides hibernus and Simuliomyces spica, were found widely distributed in 53 stream sites in nine states that include the western and southern dis? tribution limits of Allocapnia spp. This suggests that the fungi had already evolved in Allocapnia nymphs before major radiation pulses of the stoneflies during the Pleistocene. Two other fungi, Ejectosporus magnus and Capniomyces stellatus, were more limited in their distribution and might have evolved subsequent to early Allocapnia dispersals. One species, Orphella hiemalis, may be endemic to the Ozark Plateau and Ouachita Mountains. The presence of different extant species of Genistelloides and Orphella in the stonefly faunas of North America and Europe indicates that species of those two genera of fungi must have existed prior to the final separation of the two continents during the Lower Eocene. Isozymes were extracted and electrophoresed from 25 axenic cultures of G. hibernus obtained from six states. When grouped by geographic region, the greatest coefficient of similarity among fungal isozyme phenotypes was between the Ozarkian isolates and those from northeastern Texas. However, the similarities between central Tennessee and Kansas were greater than they were between eastern Tennessee and Alabama. This apparent disparity might be explained biogeographically by a southwestward Pleistocene dispersal into Alabama of G. hibernus-infested Allocapnia populations originally located between the Cumberland Plateau and the mountains to the east, and a separate westward dispersal of other pop? ulations of fungus-infested stoneflies that were situated to the west of the Cumberland Plateau. The isozyme data also suggest that G. hibernus may have moved with its hosts from northern Alabama into the Ozark Plateau.
Grain metamorphism in polar nitrogen ice on triton

The rate of nitrogen grain growth on putative N2-rich polar caps on Triton is calculated. For most plausible assumptions of independent variables, mean grain sizes in polar N2 are meter-scale. Triton's polar caps should constitute the definitive solar-system test bed for the process of ice grain metamorphism. Interpretation of data already in hand may require long path length through condensed N2, possibly due to grain growth. Upcoming Voyager data may clarify the situation, although possible complications in detecting a glaze of N2 ice exist.
From external requirements to appropriate knowledge representations: a case study

Describes a knowledge engineering project in which external requirements, like the maintainability of the knowledge base, the flexibility of the interface and the completeness/correctness of the advice generated by the system, were found to be crucial for the development of efficient knowledge-based systems. As a result/spl minus/quite in opposition to traditional approaches/spl minus/the external requirements were considered the determining factor for the choice of a particular knowledge representation. It is discussed why rules, "repair plans" and model-based representations were not appropriate representations for building a system which at the same time was easily maintainable, supported flexible interaction, and generated complete and correct advice. It is then shown how the problem was solved by building a cooperative knowledge-based system which uses a relatively simple representational formalism. >