cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discovery of Surface Phases by Low Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED)

Publisher Summary This chapter describes low energy electron diffraction (LEED) patterns found after adsorption. LEED experiments shows that chemisorptions of simple molecules such as O2 on a single crystal metal surface can produce many different adsorbed structures that are dependent on coverage and thermal history. LEED allows in principle to find locations of adsorbed atoms on a surface and to follow the course of their interaction with other atoms on the surface or with molecules coming up to the surface from the gas phase. Atomic structure upon a particular crystal face acting as a catalyst can be imagined to control the mechanism and hence the kinetics of catalytic action. The special ability to catalyze a given reaction may be a unique characteristic of a particular adsorption structure. Seeking and understanding such structures seems the most important objective in the pursuit of the elusive nature of heterogeneous catalysis.
Red, Yellow, Green, and Blue Amplified Spontaneous Emission and Lasing Using Colloidal CdSe Nanoplatelets

There have been multiple demonstrations of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) and lasing using colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals. However, it has been proven difficult to achieve low thresholds suitable for practical use of nanocrystals as gain media. Low-threshold blue ASE and lasing from nanocrystals is an even more challenging task. Here, we show that colloidal nanoplatelets (NPLs) with electronic structure of quantum wells can produce ASE in the red, yellow, green, and blue regions of the visible spectrum with low thresholds and high gains. In particular, for blue-emitting NPLs, the ASE threshold is 50 μJ/cm2, lower than any reported value for nanocrystals. We then demonstrate red, yellow, green, and blue lasing using NPLs with different thicknesses. We find that the lateral size of NPLs does not show any strong effect on the Auger recombination rates and, correspondingly, on the ASE threshold or gain saturation. This observation highlights the qualitative difference of multiexciton dynamics in C...
Sovereign Debt and the “Contracts Matter” Hypothesis

The academic literature on sovereign debt largely assumes that law has little role to play. Indeed, the primary question addressed by the literature is why sovereigns repay at all given the irrelevance of legal enforcement. But if law, and specifically contract law, does not matter, how to explain the fact that sovereign loans involve detailed contracts, expensive lawyers, and frequent litigation? This Essay makes the case that contract design matters even in a world where sovereign borrowers are hard (but not impossible) to sue. We identify a number of gaps in the research that warrant further investigation.
What protection engineers need to know about networking

The communications infrastructure of the electric grid has been evolving rapidly in the last decades due to the need for transporting ever more sophisticated information, both data and control. More recently Ethernet based networks have been added into the picture, as modern relays need to communicate with control and dispatch centers and centralized management systems over local and wide area networks. Notably, the need to support IEC 61850 standards encouraged relay vendors into speeding up the development of Ethernet as a preferred method of communication.
Postnatal Undernutrition (PUN) Permanently Alters the Heart to Reduce Maximal Exercise Capacity in Female Mice

Undernutrition during development increases the risk for adult cardiovascular disease. To determine if PUN alters heart structure function, and maximal exercise capacity in adulthood, newborn control mouse pups were fostered to dams fed a control (CON; 20% protein) or a protein-restricted diet (PUN; 8% protein; n=7-10 litters/treatment). At 21 d (PN21) pups were fed the CON diet ad lib. At PN70 a maximal treadmill test was performed to determine VO2peak; maximal vertical work was calculated for the final 30 sec. At PN80 cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography. VO2peak was the same in CON and PUN mice and higher in males than females (249 + 9 and 169 + 6 ml/hr, respectively, P<0.001); gender x diet, NS. Maximal vertical work at VO2peak was higher in CON than PUN females (1.64 + 0.07 and 1.33 + 0.06 J/min, respectively, P < 0.01) but not males; gender x diet, P<0.02. Resting cardiac output was higher in CON than PUN offspring (18.8 + 0.7 and 16.3 + 0.7 ml/min, respectively; P<0.02) and in males t...
The genome of hawaii virus and its relationship with other members of the caliciviridae.

Hawaii virus (Hu/NLV/GII/Hawaii virus/1971/US), a member of the genus ‘Norwalk-like viruses’ (NLVs) in the family Caliciviridae, has served as one of the reference strains for the fastidious caliciviruses associated with epidemic gastroenteritis in humans. The consensus sequence of the RNA genome of Hawaii virus was determined in order to establish its relatedness with other members of the family. The RNA genome is 7,513 nucleotides (nts) in length, excluding the 3′-end poly (A) tract, and is organized into three major open reading frames (ORF1, nts 5–5,104; ORF2, nts 5,085–6,692; and ORF3, nts 6,692–7,471). Phylogenetic analysis showed the closest relatedness of Hawaii virus throughout its genome to Lordsdale virus, a Genogroup II NLV. Analysis of the predicted secondary structure of the RNA from the 5′-end of the genome and the putative beginning of the subgenomic RNA showed the presence of two hairpin structures at both ends that are similar to each other and to those of other NLVs.
Spatial Similarity Queries with Logical Operators

Traditional spatial querying assumes that a user specifies exactly the constraints of valid results, and that the result set contains only those items that fulfill exactly the query constraints. The nature of spatial data, however, makes it difficult for a user to always guess correctly the values stored, while exhaustive enumerations of acceptable alternatives to the ideal target would become a tedious process. Likewise, values that deviate somewhat from the query constraints should be part of a ranked result set as well. This paper develops methods for the retrieval of similar spatial information, in particular when several similarity constraints with logical combinations must be compared and integrated. The first set of methods is concerned with spatial similarity reasoning over null values by denoting the semantics of different types of null values with explicit identifiers that imply different degrees of uncertainty. The second set of methods contributes to a consistent and comprehensive methodology for spatial similarity retrieval in response to complex queries with combinations of logical operators. We provide an exhaustive list of spatial query scenarios with conjunctions, disjunctions, and negation and present justified solutions for each case. Since these computational methods are founded on fundamental psychological knowledge about similarity reasoning, they are particularly well suited for generating similarity results that match with users’ intuitions.
Environmentally Responsible Value Orientations: Perspectives from Public Assembly Facility Managers

Drawing on the theories of stakeholder salience and the value-belief norm (VBN) theory, this study examined managerial value orientations for supporting environmental responsibility. This purpose was accomplished by testing a dichotomized model of managerial value orientations, conceptualized as 'self-interested' (performance focused) and 'other-interested' (community focused). The hypotheses were tested among a sample of Public Assembly Facility (PAF) managers who support ER policies in this industry. The results demonstrated how the managerial value orientations influenced the hypothesized outcomes. For example, a performance-focused stance influenced image and economic ends, while a community-focused stance more concerned with moral obligations and localized impact. Implications are discussed in terms of how internal and external stakeholder considerations, performance concerns, community issues, and personal values toward ER are perceived by PAF managers. Accordingly, the results have implications for broad organizational theory and add to the debate over whether economic factors, social factors, or both influence ER decision-making. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Nucleic acid delivery into skin for the treatment of skin disease: Proofs-of-concept, potential impact, and remaining challenges

Nucleic acids (NAs) hold significant potential for the treatment of several diseases. Topical delivery of NAs for the treatment of skin diseases is especially advantageous since it bypasses the challenges associated with systemic administration which suffers from enzymatic degradation, systemic toxicity and lack of targeting to skin. However, the skin's protective barrier function limits the delivery of NAs into skin after topical application. Here, we highlight strategies for enhancing delivery of NAs into skin, and provide evidence that translation of topical NA therapies could have a transformative impact on the treatment of skin diseases.
Racial Formation Theory and Systemic Racism in Hip‐Hop Fans’ Perceptions

This work contributes empirical research to racial formation theory (RFT) and systemic racism (SR), demonstrating how these theories complement each other. There are few practical applications of these theories. This research examines RFT and SR from the perspective of hip-hop fans. I qualitatively examine how 23 nonblack women articulate the relationships of race, class, and gender through discussion of hip-hop music and videos that accompany it. Findings suggest that hip-hop is a site of racial formation. Participants spoke from a color-blind perspective and white racial frame so that they perpetuated ideals of systemic racism theory.
Simulation of PEP-II beam position monitors

We use MAFIA to analyze the PEP-II button-type beam position monitors (BPMs). Employing proper termination of the BPM into a coaxial cable, the output signal at the BPM can be determined. Thus the issues of sensitivity and power output can be addressed quantitatively, including all transient effects and wakefields. Besides this first quantitative analysis of a true BPM 3D structure, we find that internal resonant modes are a major source of high value narrow-band impedances. These are evaluated and methods are presented to suppress these parasitic resonances below the tolerable limit of multibunch instabilities.
Escherichia coli Mutants Tolerant to Beta-Lactam Antibiotics

Abstract Two types of Escherichia coli mutants tolerant to beta-lactam antibiotics were isolated. One is E. coli χ2452, which showed a tolerant response against beta-lactam antibiotics when grown at 42°C, and the others are the mutants C-80 and C-254, selected from mutagenized E. coli χ1776 by cycles of exposure to ampicillin, cephaloridine, and starvation of the nutritionally required diaminopimelic acid. Beta-lactam antibiotics caused rapid loss of viability and lysis in cultures of χ1776 or in χ2452 grown at 32°C. In contrast, the same antibiotics caused only a reversible inhibition of growth in mutants C-80 and C-254 or in cultures of χ2452 grown at 42°C. Beta-lactam antibiotics that show high affinity for penicillin-binding proteins 2 or 3 (mecillinam and cephalexin, respectively) induced similar morphological effects (ovoid cell formation and filament formation) in both parent and mutant strains. In contrast, beta-lactam antibiotics which have a high affinity for penicillin-binding protein 1 (e.g., cephaloridine or cefoxitin), which cause rapid lysis in the parental strains, caused cell elongation in the tolerant bacteria. In contrast to the parental cells, autolytic cell wall degradation was not triggered by beta-lactam treatment of χ2452 cells grown at 42°C or in mutants C-80 and C-254. The total autolytic activity of mutants C-80 and C-254 was less than 30% that of the parent strain. However, virtually identical autolytic activities were found in cells of χ2452 grown either at 42 or 32°C. Possible mechanisms for the penicillin tolerance of E. coli are considered on the basis of these findings.
Fiscal incentives for investment and innovation

Investment promotion is an important objective of tax policy in developing and industrial countries alike. Governments are active in using tax policy instruments to promote investment, but little information is available to policymakers in developing countries on how effective these measures are in achieving their stated objectives. A careful assessment of past practices can provide data essential for a redesign of public policy measures. This volume presents the outcome of a research project undertaken by the World Bank's Policy Research Department. The project's purpose was to examine the effects of fiscal incentives on investment in developing and emerging market economies. This research was part of a larger effort by the department to develop policy guidance for reform of fiscal systems, using rigorous conceptual and empirical analysis. Taken together, this analysis provides a sound basis for identifying the types of incentives that may work and the situations in which their use is justified.
A framework for automatic CMOS OpAmp sizing

The problem of automatic CMOS OpAmp sizing is addressed. Given the specifications and the netlist of the OpAmp, our approach produces a design that has the accuracy of the BSIM models used for simulation and the advantage of a quick design time. The approach is based on generating an initial first-order design by using geometric programming and then refining it using simulations. Device-level simulations performed on a two stage OpAmp prove the efficacy of our approach.
Topics in Neonatal Informatics: Meaningful Use: Implications for the Neonatologist

Meaningful use is promoting rapid spread and implementation of the electronic health record in hospital systems and practices of eligible providers. Meaningful use criteria are directed at supporting policy priorities for health outcomes. The staged timeline began in 2010 and extends to 2021 with final incentive payments. Specific objectives and clinical quality measures must be met in order for hospitals or providers to be eligible for the incentives. Neonatologists can benefit from understanding meaningful use and advocating for systems and measures that meet the workflow and clinical needs of the neonatal care providers and patients.
Cardiorespiratory effects of venous air embolism in dogs receiving a perfluorocarbon emulsion

✓ The cardiorespiratory effects of a nonlethal venous air embolism were studied in dogs in the presence of a perfluorocarbon emulsion (PFE). Prior to embolization, five dogs received 20 cc/kg of hydroxyethyl starch (6% HES) and five received PFE oxypherol (20% FC-43). Determinations of mean systemic arterial pressure (MAP), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), left ventricular pressure (LVP), first and second derivatives of LVP with respect to time (dP/dt and Vmax), cardiac index (CI), stroke index, left and right ventricular stroke work index (LVSWI and RVSWI), PaCO2, PaO2, and venous admixture (Qs/Qt) were made before and then 1, 5, 10, and 30 minutes after placement of the venous air emboli (0.75 cc/kg/min for 5 minutes). After emboli were introduced, PaO2, MAP, LVSWI, dP/dt, Vmax, and CI decreased; the average decrease during the first 5 minutes was significantly less in the PFE group. Following introduction of venous air emboli, PAP, PaCO2, RVSWI, and Qs/Qt increased less in the PFE group than in the HES...
Gastroesophageal reflux in infants: Relation to apnea

The temporal relationship between apnea and gastroesophageal reflux was examined in 14 infants with abnormal GER scores and histories of prolonged apnea. Simultaneous polysomnographic and intraesophageal pH recordings were performed for each infant. GER episodes were compared to control segments of the recording (without GER) for frequency and type of apnea. Apnea was equally likely to occur during the control segments as during the GER episodes. Brief obstructive apneic episodes were more common during the onset of GER episodes than the onset of control segments. GER duration appeared prolonged during sleep. GER and apnea were not temporally related in the majority of instances, and may be two manifestations of a more general developmental delay.
Effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on beta-glucuronidase activity in urine, intestinal, and cecal contents of rats.

Abstract Oral supplementation of ascorbic acid in adult male F344 rats that was equivalent to 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 gram in humans based on W2/3 was assessed for its capacity to inhibit beta‐glucuronidase activity In urine and gastrointestinal contents. The ascorbic acid reduced the beta‐glucuronidase activity in the cecal samples In all three groups in a range of from 24% to 38%. The high treatment group (i.e., the 5.0 gm human equivalent) for urinary values was associated with a decreased activity level of 25%.
Reação de maracujazeiro-amarelo ao complexo fusariose-nematoide de galha

The present work was conducted in greenhouse conditions at APTA/Bauru, Sao Paulo State, during the first semester of 2007, with the objective of evaluating the resistance of two varieties of yellow passion fruit, Maguari and Afruvec, to the Fusarium solani-Meloidogyne incognita race 3 complex. The experimental delineation was entirely randomized in a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement, with 4-5 repetitions, with the plot constituted by 1 vase containing 1 plant. The appraised parameters in the assay were disease severity, caused by F. solani , measuring the lesion length (cm) in the collar zone of plants and number of galls formed by M. incognita race 3 in the root system. The two varieties of yellow passion fruit showed susceptibility to F. solani. Only in the Afruvec variety, the presence of nematode resulted in increase of fusariosis. As for resistance to the phytonematode, the Maguary variety was classified as resistant in the presence or absence of Fusarium. In contrast, for the Afruvec variety, the presence of Fusarium resulted in reduction of resistance to the nematode, going from moderately resistant to susceptible.
Effective measures of irrationality for certain algebraic numbers

In this paper, we derive a number of explicit lower bounds for rational approximation to certain cubic irrationalities, proving, for example, that for any non-zero integers p and q. A number of these irrationality measures improve known results, including those for . Some Diophantine consequences are briefly discussed.
Contextual Spelling Correction Using Latent Semantic Analysis

Contextual spelling errors are defined as the use of an incorrect, though valid, word in a particular sentence or context. Traditional spelling checkers flag misspelled words, but they do not typically attempt to identify words that are used incorrectly in a sentence. We explore the use of Latent Semantic Analysis for correcting these incorrectly used words and the results are compared to earlier work based on a Bayesian classifier.
Kinetics of metazoan mortality

Abstract In contrast to the well-known generalization that force of mortality and probability of death in aging populations increase exponentially with age (‘Gompertz's law’), analysis of mortality kinetics data from a variety of metazoan species that have now become available indicates that Gompertz's law is only an approximation, not valid over a certain terminal part of the lifespan, during which force of mortality levels off. A previously introduced simple paradigm which describes mortality kinetics more accurately is analyzed mathematically; its applicability and usefulness for experimental gerontology are illustrated. It is shown mathematically that this paradigm is equivalent with Gompertz's law over the initial age range in which this law is generally valid.
Rhabdomyolysis After Correction of Hyponatremia Due to Psychogenic Polydipsia

Severe neurologic complications resulting from correction of hyponatremia are common, but reports of nonneurologic sequelae are scarce. This article describes a patient in whom rhabdomyolysis developed during correction of severe hyponatremia attributable to psychogenic polydipsia. Relevant material about volume regulation in the cell is presented, and a potential mechanism of cell damage is proposed. This case report emphasizes the importance of monitoring for nonneurologic complications during correction of hyponatremia.
Trends in cost-sharing and user fees for access to government information

Abstract This article looks at the issues of cost sharing by government depository libraries and fees paid by users of government information for access in the context of information policy development by the federal government. It covers the impact of changing to new publishing technology, and the attitudes of government officials regarding why and how those changes are made, upon the formulation of information laws and regulations. In addition, developments in the debate over cost-sharing and user fees are outlined, and the argument is made that economic considerations in government have tended to promote and protect commercial interests. This represents a shift from a democratic perspective of government publishing primarily for the good of the public. Failure to resolve the information policy debate has left many issues unsettled and has prevented development of legislation and rules reconfirming historically held information policy concepts.
Human embryos in the original position

Two different discussions in John Rawls' A Theory of Justice lead naturally to a rather conservative position on the moral status of the human embryo. When discussing paternalism, he claims that the parties in the original position would seek to protect themselves in case they end up as incapacitated or undeveloped human beings when the veil of ignorance is lifted. Since human embryos are examples of such beings, the parties in the original position would seek to protect themselves from their embryonic stages onward. When discussing the basis of equality, Rawls claims that the parties in the original position would guarantee basic rights for all those with the capacity to take part in this original position. To guarantee the basic rights of infants and young children, he goes on to interpret this capacity as a "potentiality that is ordinarily realized in due course." Since human embryos have this potentiality, they too should have basic rights.
Simple Formulas For Estimating The Microwave Shielding Effectiveness Of Ec-Coated Optical Windows

Electrically conductive (EC) coatings on optically transparent windows can be used to protect internal system's components against electromagnetic interference effects. The purpose of this paper is to derive simple but correct formulas for assessing the far-field shielding effectiveness of a thin metallic film or multilayer stack deposited on top of a dielectric slab. Using conventional transmission-line theory in conjunction with proper expressions for the transmittance of a perfect dielectric, the author demonstrates that, for coatings much thinner than the skin depth, the following holds. CO In a half-wave geometry, the shielding effectiveness (in decibel) is a function of the sheet resistance only: (SEλ/2 = 20log(1+188.5/Rs) if Rs is in ohm per square. And (b), in a quarter-wave geometry, the shielding effectiveness is best approximated by means of a semiempirical expression, (SE)λ/4 = 201og(1+Er)/(2√Er) + 188.5/(√ErRs), where Er refers to the dielectric constant of the substrate. These formulas provide upper and lower limits for the effective shielding performance of an EC-coated window, depending upon the phase thickness; they accurately predict measured microwave attenuations for a variety of visible- and infrared-light transmitting domes as well as for standard conductive-glass windows.
XPS and bonding: when and why can relaxation effects be ignored

Abstract The arguments behind the use of the term `chemical Shift' in X-ray photoelectron (ESCA) spectroscopy are explored. The factors that relate to initial state (chemical) vs final state (relaxation) contributions are described along with relationships to applied cases, with a particular emphasis on oxides. It is demonstrated that some major classes of oxides, such as silicates, are excellent examples of systems for which the measured binding energy shifts are directly related to differences in initial state chemistry.
( d , n ) Reactions with 15-Mev Deuterons. Part I. Angular Distributions

Nine elements are bombarded with 15-Mev deuterons from a cyclotron. The resulting angular distributions of 9.25- to 13.1-Mev neutrons are measured by means of a four-proportional counter telescope and also by threshold detectors. It is observed that all the measured angular distributions are peaked in the forward direction, some showing a peak at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and others peaks at 10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}-15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} with respect to the deuteron beam. Different methods of production of neutrons from ($d,n$) reactions are discussed, and it is shown that most of the observed neutrons are produced by a stripping process.
Exact finite difference scheme for second-order, linear ODEs having constant coefficients

We construct an exact finite difference scheme for a second-order, linear equation that forms the basis for modeling and analyzing linear damped vibratory systems with forcing.
Endocarditis of a Tricuspid Prosthesis Causing Valvular Stenosis and Shunting Through a Patent Foramen Ovale

A young intravenous drug user presented with Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis involving the tricuspid valve, which was replaced with a Hancock bioprosthesis. She presented again with fever and dyspnea five months later and was found to be cyanotic. Recurrent endocarditis involving the prosthesis with right-to-left shunting through a patent foramen ovale was documented by echo and confirmed at autopsy.
Use of the continuous-flush maneuver to prevent air bubbles on the urethrogram in a male patient: technical note.

f patients is described. The tip of the catheter is first held upward and the catheter is filled to overflowing with contrast medium. Do not pinch the catheter. While the phallus is held upright, the tip of the catheter is inserted into the fossa navicularis. Simultaneously, contrast medium is continuously infused or injected into the urethra until the balloon of the catheter is adequately inflated by an assistant. The phallus is then placed over the upper thigh and ure thrography may proceed. Contrast med ium spilled during this maneuver can be wiped away by a gauze pad and will not interfere with the results of the urethrogram. Use of this manuever washes out the preexisting air bubbles inside the urethra and prevents further trapping of air into the urethral lumen during manipulation (Fig. 1). Figure 2 shows the artifact of air bubbles inside the urethra. As shown in Figure 3, the artifactual air bubbles have been eliminated by use of the continuous-flush maneuver in the same patient. This procedure has been performed more than 100 times with satisfactory results and without air bubbles in the urethrogram.
Obesity, cancer, and acetyl-CoA metabolism

As rates of obesity soar in the Unites States and around the world, cancer attributed to obesity has emerged as major threat to public health. The link between obesity and cancer can be attributed in part to the state of chronic inflammation that develops in obesity. Acetyl-CoA production and protein acetylation patterns are highly sensitive to metabolic state and are significantly altered in obesity. In this article, we explore the potential role of nutrient-sensitive lysine acetylation in regulating inflammatory processes in obesity-linked cancer.
Effect of zinc on increasing oxygen affinity of sickle and normal red blood cells

Abstract We have hypothesized a state of zinc deficiency in sickle cell disease (SCD). This could at least partially explain the growth problems, hypogonadism, and slow healing leg ulcers associated with SCD. Preliminary findings revealed abnormally low red blood cell zinc levels in 10 of 16 patients studied. Before suggesting zinc supplementation in SCD we thought it important to look at the effect of zinc on red cell metabolism and function. It was found that zinc chloride added to normal and SCD blood to a final concentration of 1.5 × 10 −3 M caused a left-shift of the blood oxygen affinity curve (increased oxygen affinity) varying from 1.5 to 3.5 mm Hg change in half saturation (p50). This curve shifting property has important implications for SCD since recent work with cyanate suggests that such shifts are very beneficial in treatment of SCD. Thus zinc supplementation in SCD, in addition to its potential role in correcting wound healing and growth problems, may have a beneficial effect on the basic pathological process. Data are given which suggest that zinc and 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate may not be competing for the same site on the hemoglobin molecule.
Post-burn organ dysfunction: an overview

The etiology of multiple organ failure (MOF) remains inadequately understood and it remains a significant cause of mortality in thermally injured patients. Many factors may drive or lead to MOF, su...
A marriage of old and new: chemostats and microarrays identify a new model system for ammonium toxicity.

Ammonium (NH4+), the substance created by the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen (N2), occupies a central role in cellular nitrogen metabolism. However, even though it is an important metabolite, free ammonium is present only transiently in biological systems, where it is rapidly converted into amino acids—initially glutamate and, particularly, glutamine. From there, transamination reactions convert it into other amino acids and nitrogen-containing cellular components. The scarcity of free ammonium is not accidental. Ammonium and ammonia (NH3; the term ammonium is used here generically) are highly reactive compounds with substantial cytotoxicity. Ammonium detoxification is the primary function of the urea cycle in mammals, which converts the amine group from arginine into urea in the liver before it is excreted. Above-normal levels of ammonium (hyperammonemia), principally as a result of liver damage, can cause a variety of pathologies, the most serious of which is swelling of the brain, termed hepatic encephalopathy. In plants, high ammonium concentrations (in the low millimolar range) in the soil can retard growth, impair root development, and cause a yellowing of the leaves (chlorosis). Ammonium toxicity in plants is an interesting and troubling problem (for a more thorough discussion, see [1]). Ammonium levels in soils are generally rising, presaging increasingly severe effects on plant life. The rising concentrations come from the heavy agricultural use of ammonium-based fertilizers; at low concentrations, ammonium is an ideal nutrient for plants. This clearly illustrates the paradox of ammonium: in multicellular organisms, it is a nutrient, a metabolite, and a toxin. As for many other processes, a genetically tractable model system would help shed light on these contradictory roles. In microbes, however, ammonium is considered a preferred nitrogen source, one capable of supporting optimal growth rates even at high levels. In fact, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis grow well in even molar concentrations of ammonium [2], making a bacterial model for ammonium toxicity unlikely.
Mechanism of heat transfer to fluidized beds

In order to determine the nature of the resistance controlling heat transfer between fluidized beds and surfaces in contact with them, heat transfer measurements were made on the same solid constituents with several different fluidizing gases. The heat transfer coefficients obtained with fluidized beds are found to be proportional to the square root of the thermal conductivity of the quiescent beds. This result indicates that the process controlling fluidized heat transfer may be considered to be an unsteady-state diffusion of heat into mobile elements of quiescent bed material. This picture is analyzed mathematically to yield an equation for the heat transfer coefficient h = h wherein the effects of the bed thermal properties are separated from the effects of the stirring factor S, which accounts for bed motion and geometry. The mass transfer analogue is also derived and shown to correlate existing mass and heat transfer data reasonably well. It is concluded that the proposed mechanism yields a satisfactory picture of the fluidized heat transfer process and may provide the beginnings of a rational approach to the correlation and prediction of fluidized heat transfer in engineering work.
Guidance Fifty Years Ago

The New York Personnel and Guidance Association recently presented its annual award to Robert Hoppock, Professor of Education, New York University. In accepting the award Dr. Hoppock recalled his own experiences as a young person seeking vocational guidance in the days when professional counselors were rare. Excerpts from his address are printed here because of their historical interest.
The effect of fetal hemoglobin on the survival characteristics of sickle cells

The determinants of sickle red blood cell (RBC) life span have not been well-defined but may include both intrinsic factors (eg, the tendency to sickle) and extrinsic factors (eg, the capacity of the reticuloendothelial system to remove defective RBCs). Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is heterogeneously distributed among sickle RBCs; F cells contain 20% to 25% HbF, whereas the remainder have no detectable HbF (non-F cells). Autologous sickle RBCs were labeled with biotin and reinfused to determine overall survival, non–F- and F-cell survival, and time-dependent changes in HbF content (%HbF) for the surviving F cells. A total of 10 patients were enrolled, including 2 who were studied before and after the percentage of F cells was increased by treatment with hydroxyurea. As expected, F cells survived longer in all subjects. Non–F-cell survival correlated inversely with the percentage of F cells, with the time for 30% cell survival ranging from 6 days in patients with more than 88% F cells to 16 days in patients with less than 16% F cells. As the biotin-labeled RBCs aged in the circulation, the HbF content of the surviving F-cell population increased by 0.28%/d ± 0.21%/d, indicating that within the F-cell population those with higher HbF content survived longer.
Concanavalin A modulates a potassium channel in cultured Aplysia neurons.

Abstract A novel 100 pS K + -selective ion channel is frequently observed in cell-attached membrane patches from cultured Aplysia neurons. The activity of this channel is moderately voltage-dependent, but channel openings are rare and brief even when the patch is strongly depolarized. However, the activity of the channel is increased dramatically by the addition of the lectin concanavalin A (Con A), to the patch pipette. The channel is also activated by Con A in the bathing medium, suggesting that the lectin's action is via an as yet unidentified intracellular second messenger. In the one single-channel patch studied, Con A had no effect on the channel mean open time; rather it decreased the average duration of the long closed times between bursts of openings. Thus Con A increases either the open probability of single channels, the number of functional channels in the patch, or both. The functional significance of the Con A-induced modulation of K + channel activity remains to be determined.
Relationship Between Supersymmetry and the Inverse Method in Quantum Mechanics

Abstract In supersymmetric QM the bosonic hamiltonian H + = A † A yields the fermionic hamiltonian H_ = AA † . However, the most general Bλ that satisfies B λ B † λ =H_ yields an H B + (λ) = B † λ B λ which in general is not H+. This new hamiltonian can be understood as a special case of the application of the inverse method to H+ to obtain new hamiltonians, one of which is HB+(λ). When λ=0 the new Hamiltonian has the original bosonic spectrum but with the ground state removed.
Aristotle on Norms of Inquiry

Where does Aristotle stand in the debate between rationalism and empiricism? The locus classicus on this question, Posterior Analytics II. 19, seems clearly empiricist. Yet many commentators have resisted this conclusion. Here, I review their arguments and conclude that they rest in part on expectations for this text that go unfulfilled. I argue that this is because his views about norms of empirical inquiry are in the rich methodological passages in his scientific treatises. In support of this claim, I explore such passages in On Parts of Animals and De anima. I argue that they reach distinct, though complementary, conclusions about the norms governing zoological and psychological inquiries.
Potentiating Effect of Ascorbic Acid on Cortisone-Induced Gluconeogenesis

SummaryThe action of ascorbic acid treatment on the gluconeogenic action of cortisone was investigated in adrenalectomized mice. The deposition of glycogen in the liver is enhanced in animals treated with ascorbic acid in addition to cortisone. This observation is discussed in relation to the action of the vitamin in preventing the activation of the pituitary-adrenal axis in animals exposed to stressors. It is suggested that the vitamin may be synergistic with cortisone in some of its actions.
Undergraduate Computer Science Enrollment Trends in Liberal Arts Colleges

There has been a good deal of informal, anecdotal discussion about undergraduate computer science enrollment trends at liberal arts colleges. While this information can be helpful, it is difficult to do detailed planning on the basis of informal and unsubstantiated evidence. This article presents quantitative data about enrollments in the computer science program at Macalester College for the eight‐year period 1985‐1992. The article also compares our local data with information on computer science enrollments from 11 national liberal arts colleges. These data incorporate enrollments at all levels of the curriculum‐‐service, introductory, core, and advanced courses. They also include information on the number of majors and graduates. Based on the data, we draw a set of 10 “observations” about enrollments trends which can help computer science departments in their long‐term planning and budgeting process.
Fifty most cited articles in orthopedic shoulder surgery

Background The number of times an article has been cited has been used as a marker of its influence in a medical specialty. The purpose of this study was to determine the 50 most cited articles in shoulder surgery and their characteristics. Methods Science Citation Index Expanded was searched for citations of articles published in any of the 61 journals in the category "Orthopedics." Each of the journals was searched to determine the 50 most often cited articles specific to shoulder surgery. The following characteristics were determined for each article: authors, year of publication, source journal, geographic origin, article type, and level of evidence for clinical articles. Citation density (total number of citations/years since publication) was also determined. Results The number of citations ranged from 1211 to 192. The 50 most often cited articles were published in 8 journals. The majority of the articles (42) were clinical, with the remaining representing some type of basic science research. The most common level of evidence was IV (23). The mean number of citations for methodologic articles (437 citations per article) was greater than that for non-methodologic articles (301 citations per article) ( P = .034). Conclusions Articles that introduced instruments for outcome evaluation or that introduced classification systems (methodologic) were highly cited regardless of the date of publication. The top 50 list presented provides residency and fellowship directors with a group of "classic" articles in the subspecialty of orthopedic shoulder surgery that can be included in reading curriculums for their trainees.
Growth of the Amphibian Pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, in Response to Chemical Properties of the Aquatic Environment

Water samples from two of 17 field sites in Arizona (USA) inhibited growth of the amphibian pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Chemical analyses of samples revealed statistically significant facilitating or inhibitory activity of certain elements. Although low levels of copper were found in environmental samples demonstrating facilitated growth, growth was inhibited at concentrations of copper sulfate (CuSO4) at or greater than 100 ppm.
Field description of coarse bioclastic fabrics

Shell- and bone-bearing rocks can be readily categorized into 9 macroscopic fabric types using semi-quantitative scales for close-packing and size-sorting of bioclasts greater than 2 mm in diameter. Although designed to describe fossiliferous siliciclastics and volcaniclastics, this system of field description can also be used to enlarge upon standard petrographic descriptions of fossiliferous carbonates. In cross-sectional bed views, coarse bioclasts may be densely packed. These coarse bioclasts (>2 mm) may be well sorted (central 80% of bioclasts lie within 1 or 2 adjacent phi size-classes), bimodal (well sorted but with a distinct second mode), or poorly sorted (central 80% of bioclasts distributed over 3 or more adjacent size-classes). Despite the complicating effects of bioclast shape, novices show 90% accuracy in estimating close-packing from photographs. They have only 60% accuracy in estimating size-sorting (the most common error is underestimating goodness of sorting), underscoring the importance of size-tallies to cross-check visual estimates when first using this scheme. This packing/sorting approach provides a good visual image of the fabric, and narrows the range of possible modes of origin more than alternative criteria such as volumetric percent-abundance (which shows no one-to-one equivalence with close-packing), orientation, and fragmentation. However, detailed interpretations of fabrics usually requiremore » more information on these and other features of the deposit, including bioclast condition, associated sedimentary structures, life-habits of bioclast-producers, and stratigraphic context.« less
Advancements in high-speed link modeling and simulation (An invited paper for CICC 2013)

As the high-speed I/O (HSIO) and serial link data rate keeps increasing, the requirements for accuracy and advanced capabilities of its modeling and simulation techniques get more stringent. Emerging requirements such as comprehending process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations at deep sub-micron process nodes or smaller, fully accounting for all the circuit blocks of the link, gap closing between modeling and measurements, have become critical and important, yet the conventional modeling and simulation methods cannot meet most or all of those requirements. In this paper, we will start with reviewing the status of techniques/methods used in recent HSIO simulation and modeling for signaling, integrated circuits (ICs), board circuits, such as behavioral statistical, SPICE and IBIS-AMI, outlining areas where they fall short, in comparison with those emerging requirements. We then will discuss the new methods and techniques that can meet and comprehend these emerging requirements and how they enhance and advance the accuracy and capability for the HSIO link modeling and simulation. We will give simulation and experimental results to demonstrate and quantify how to meet emerging requirements, as well as needed accuracy and capability advancements, with the new techniques.
Novel Chromaffin Granule Serpins, Endopin 1 and Endopin 2

: Endopin 1 and endopin 2 represent two novel serpin protease inhibitors localized within chromaffin granules, secretory vesicles of adrenomedullary chromaffin cells that represent a model neuroendocrine cell for synthesis and secretion of peptide neurotransmitters. This chapter describes the molecular features of the primary sequences of endopin 1 and endopin 2 that provided prediction of their distinct target protease specificities. Endopin 1 inhibits trypsin that cleaves at basic residues. In contrast, endopin 2 possesses cross-class inhibition of papain and elastase that represent cysteine and serine proteases, respectively. Cell biological studies indicate that endopin 1 and endopin 2 are localized within chromaffin granules. These results implicate endopin 1 inhibition in vivo of trypsin-like proteases in secretory vesicles, and endopin 2 inhibition of papain- or elastase-like proteases. Indeed, endopin 2 inhibits the endogenous cysteine protease PTP (prohormone thiol protease), present in chromaffin granules, that participates in the proteolytic processing of proenkephalin. These findings indicate the presence of endogenous endopin 1 and endopin 2 in secretory vesicle function.
The determinants of capital gains tax compliance: evidence from the RJR Nabisco leveraged buyout

Abstract Inability to observe both actual and reported capital gains has impeded studies of capital gains tax compliance. This study overcomes such limitations through access to both confidential tax returns and internal shareholder records. Tests are conducted at the individual taxpayer level for associations between compliance rates for capital gains taxes generated by RJR Nabisco shareholders during its leveraged buyout and income, marginal tax rates, socioeconomic characteristics, and measures of the taxpayer’s perception of the noncompliance penalty. We find noncompliance decreasing in taxable income, including RJR Nabisco capital gains, first-dollar marginal tax rates, self-employment income, rental income, and other interest paid.
Measurement of the solubility of carbon dioxide in milk at high pressures

Abstract The solubility of CO 2 in milk was studied at temperatures of 25, 38 and 50°C and at pressures up to 6.9 MPa using a static method with an accuracy of 5%. These data are important for the design and control of processes which use CO 2 for precipitation of casein from milk. The solubility of CO 2 in milk was found to increase with pressure and decrease with increasing temperature — a trend similar to that observed for the solubility of CO 2 in water. At 25°C, the solubility of CO 2 in milk was less than the solubility in water over the entire pressure range studied. Precipitation of casein was not observed. At 38°C and 50°C and pressures greater than 5.5 MPa, complete precipitation of casein from milk was observed, and the solubility of CO 2 in milk was approximately the same as that in water. This indicates that casein destabilization is accompanied by an increase in water available for dissolution of CO 2 .
Water transport through soft contact lenses determined in a fan-evaporation cell

Abstract On-eye movement of commercial soft contact lenses (SCL) is crucial to the health of the cornea. Comfort and safety of a SCL lens depends on both the water content of and the water flux through the lens membrane. To acquire SCL water-permeability data, a newly designed fan-evaporation cell (FEC) is constructed. The fan-evaporation cell uses a more simple design compared to the previously used vacuum-evaporation cell for flat membranes [16] . The new cell accommodates both commercial SCLs and flat-sheet membranes. After correcting for membrane thickness, measured water fluxes in the FEC agree with those obtained in the vacuum-evaporation cell (VEC) validating the new FEC. Ambient-temperature (23.5 °C) and on-eye (35 °C) gradient-driven water fluxes are reported for 10 commercial SCLs including both HEMA and silicone-hydrogel materials. For relative humidities less than about 75%, effective Fickian diffusivities of water in the hydrogels are about 3 × 10−7 cm2/s, essentially independent of lens material, saturated water content, and temperature. The effect of salt, mucin, and lysozyme on water-transport rates is minimal through Biomedics® 38, PureVision™, and Focus® DAILIES® lenses. However, lysozyme significantly reduces water flux through Acuvue 2 lenses.