cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Showerhead Injection on Film Cooling Effectiveness for a Downstream Row of Holes

There have been numerous studies of film cooling performance for the downstream coolant holes on a turbine airfoil using test geometries ranging from flat plates to airfoils. Most of these studies simulate a relatively unperturbed boundary layer flow approaching the coolant holes. This stimulated the current inquiry into the effects of realistic upstream conditions for downstream coolant holes. To investigate this, a series of experiments were performed focussing on the first downstream row of holes on the pressure side of a typical turbine vane. The film cooling effectiveness for this pressure side row of holes was determined subject to no showerhead blowing, and to showerhead blowing with varying blowing rates. Furthermore, tests were conducted with low and high freestream turbulence levels. For this investigation, a leading edge showerhead array of six film cooling rows was utilized, with coolant from three of these rows being directed towards the pressure side of the vane. For all experiments a coolant to freestream density ratio of nominally DR = 1.8 was used. Adiabatic effectiveness was determined from surface temperature measurements for a nominally adiabatic surface using an infrared camera for spatially resolved mapping of the surface temperature. This study showed that showerhead injection had a dominant influence on the adiabatic effectiveness performance of downstream cooling. Showerhead injection appeared to cause a significant increase in coolant jet dispersion, presumably by increased levels of turbulence. Even when the freestream turbulence level at the pressure side coolant holes was increased to 17%, showerhead injection caused a significant degradation in the film cooling performance of the pressure side row of holes. Because of the increased dispersion caused by the showerhead injection for the pressure side coolant jets, the superposition model failed to correctly predict adiabatic effectiveness levels for combined showerhead and pressure side coolant injection.Copyright © 2000 by ASME
Evaluation of copper oxide to copper selectivity of chemical systems for BEOL cleaning through electrochemical investigations

Back End of Line (BEOL) cleaning of copper based structures requires chemical formulations that can remove copper oxide selectively without corroding copper and etching the dielectric. Many commercially available semi-aqueous and all aqueous formulations claim to meet these criteria. These include semi-aqueous fluoride strippers (SAF) and all- aqueous ammonium phosphate based chemical systems. This paper will report the results from a fundamental study undertaken to evaluate the performance of a semi-aqueous fluoride formulation in removing copper oxide films of controlled thickness grown on copper. The thickness and composition of the oxide films were determined electrochemically using cathodic reduction technique. Electrochemical impedance spectra of samples immersed in the formulation have been measured as a function of time to follow copper oxide dissolution and the data have been analyzed to detect the transition of copper oxide to copper.
Optimization of Serum Immunoglobulin Free Light Chain Analysis for Subclassification of Cardiac Amyloidosis.

Accurate and rapid classification of cardiac amyloidosis is important for patient management. We have optimized the use of serum free light chain kappa and lambda values to differentiate immunoglobulin light chain amyloid (AL) amyloidosis from transthyretin amyloid and amyloid A using 85 cases of tissue-proven cardiac amyloidosis, in which there was direct classification of amyloidosis by mass spectrometry or immunofluorescence. The serum free light chain kappa/lambda ratios were non-overlapping for the three major groups: AL-lambda (0.01–0.41, n = 30), non-AL (0.52–2.7, n = 43), and AL-kappa (6.7–967, n = 12). A kappa/lambda ratio value between 0.5 and 5.0 had 100 % sensitivity and 100 % specificity for distinguishing AL amyloidosis from non-AL amyloidosis. This optimized range for serum light chain kappa/lambda ratio provides extremely robust classification of cardiac amyloidosis. Cases of cardiac amyloidosis in which the serum kappa/lambda free light chain ratio falls close to these new cutoff values may benefit most from direct amyloid subtyping.
Ethnography and the Meaning of Adolescence in High‐Risk Neighborhoods

In this commentary it is argued that ethnography is the "most important method" for studying development among ethnic minority teens growing up in high-risk neighborhoods. Data from a five-year ethnographic study of inner-city African American families and their adolescent children illustrates the utility of ethnography in identifying contexutal issues that are critical for understanding development among urban minority teens, but have yet to be systematically "uncovered" and explored in studies that use traditional survey methods. The implications of ethnographic approaches for developing future research on context and adolescent development in ethnic minority populations is discussed in the conclusion.
Editorial: Status of AWPL

The continued success of the IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters (AWPL) is demonstrated by the increase in the number of submissions to the journal in 2012 and the increase in the number of printed pages. Compared to the previous year, in 2012 there was a growth of nearly 12% in the number of submissions and 7% in the number of printed pages. In fact, with 1835 submissions and 1800 printed pages, 2012 represented the largest volume published to date. Despite the steady growth, the journal has been able to retain its leadership spot among IEEE journals in terms of the median number of weeks from submission to posting on IEEE Xplore. In the third quarter of 2012, the median time from submission to posting was, in fact, 9.8 weeks. The review time has also remained one of the fastest among IEEE journals: approximately 38 days on average from submission to decision. Figures are provided that shows the time from submission to decision in 2012 and the number of papers by recommendation. Overall, approximately 45% of papers submitted were accepted for publication.
The Symbolic Presidency: How Presidents Portray Themselves

Describing how American presidents present themselves and their governments to the people, this text analyzes the entire staging of a presidential appearance. Focusing on the modern presidents, from Truman to Bush, the author's research is rooted in the Public Papers of each president.
Cytidine 5′monophosphosialic acid synthetase: Activity and localization in the nucleate fragments of the unfertilized sea urchin egg

Abstract The sialic acid activating enzyme (CMP-sialic acid synthetase) was measured in nucleate and anucleate fragments from the unfertilized sea urchin egg. Most of the recovered enzymatic activity was associated with the nucleate white half produced by disrupting the eggs by centrifugation in 0.85 M sucrose. CMP-N-AN synthesized by the enzyme in the nucleate half was identified by chemical, chromatographic and electrophoretic means. These investigations are consistent with previous studies which assigned the nucleus of the cell as the subcellular site for this enzymatic activity.
Probing the Dynamic Updating of Value in Schizophrenia Using a Sensory-Specific Satiety Paradigm

It has been proposed that both positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia (SZ) may derive, at least in part, from a disrupted ability to accurately and flexibly represent the value of stimuli and actions. To assess relationships between dimensions of psychopathology in SZ, and the tendency to devalue food stimuli, on which subjects were fed to satiety, we administered a sensory-specific satiety (SSS) paradigm to 42 SZ patients and 44 controls. In each of 2 sessions, subjects received 16 0.7-ml squirts of each of 2 rewarding foods and 32 squirts of a control solution, using syringes. In between the 2 sessions, each subject was instructed to drink one of the foods until he/she felt "full, but not uncomfortable." At 10 regular intervals, interspersed throughout the 2 sessions, subjects rated each liquid for pleasantness, using a Likert-type scale. Mann-Whitney U-tests revealed group differences in SSS effects. Within-group tests revealed that, while controls showed an effect of satiety that was sensory specific, patients showed an effect of satiety that was not, devaluing the sated and unsated foods similarly. In SZ patients, we observed correlations between the magnitude of SSS effects and measures of both positive and negative symptoms. We argue that the ability to flexibly and rapidly update representations of the value of stimuli and actions figures critically in the ability of patients with psychotic illness to process salient events and adaptively engage in goal-directed behavior.
Electrical relaxation in double doped calcium fluoride and activation volume for the RI relaxation

Audio frequency dielectric relaxation measurements are reported over a temperature range 150-250 K for various samples of calcium fluoride doped with two different rare-earths. Consequently, the RI relaxation region has been studied. It is found that the RI relaxation region in the double-doped samples is composed only of the RI relaxations found in the singly-doped materials. This is consistent with the usual association of the RI relaxation with a simple point defect consisting of a substitutional rare-earth and a nearest neighbor interstitial fluorine ion (tetragonal site). In addition, the complex dielectric constant for calcium fluoride doped with either erbium or terbium has been measured at pressures up to 0.4 GPa at 195 K. The activation volume for the motion is found to be 2.9 ± 0.2 cm3/mol. For comparison, a theoretical value of 2.4 cm3/mol is calculated using Flynn's dynamical diffusion model. In addition, the results are compared with recent activation volume data for Type II dipoles in strontium fluoride and impurity-vacancy dipoles in calcium fluoride.
A result on the relationship between simple precedence languages and reducing transition languages

Two of the more recently published systems for the efficient parsing of subclasses of deterministic, context-free languages are the backwards-deterministic, (or unambiguous, as they were originally called) simple precedence languages due to Wirth and Weber, and the reducing transition languages due to Eickel, Paul, Bauer, and Samelson. The main result demonstrated in this paper is that the backwards-deterministic, simple precedence languages are a proper subclass of the reducing transition languages. The reducing transition languages are certainly a subclass of the deterministic, context-free (LR(1)) languages but it is not known if this inclusion is proper. The major complaint against the reducing transition languages is the large amount of memory required when this technique is utilized with large grammars, such as the ALGOL 60 grammar. With memory costs and physical memory sizes decreasing at a rapid rate, it is very possible that this disadvantage will not exist in the not-too-distant future. When this becomes true, the advantage of reducing transition languages, i.e., the relatively small amount of time required for their parsing, may result in their significance being substantially increased. Thus it is of some import that we study their relationship to other languages. The main result is based on two theorems: (1) if G is a backwards-deterministic simple precedence grammar, then G is a reducing transition grammar; and (2) the language L1 = {a0n1n2m¦m,n ≥ 1} u {b0n1m2n¦m,n ≥ 1} is a reducing transition language but is not a backwards-deterministic simple precedence language.
A market in action: Fuzzy information and trade‐offs between operating rules in the invited tender‐bid procurement auction

The invited tender‐bid procurement auction used by oil companies to procure intermediate inputs into oil gathering has to find solutions to several problems. Assesses the nature of these problems and the peculiarities of the operating rules designed to solve them. Develops an economic rationale for the rules, and discusses various advantages and disadvantages of the price‐discovery arrangement. Utilizes the transaction‐cost paradigm, some standard results from auction theory, and the concept of fuzzy information.
Stoichiometry of rain across the U.S.A.: Evidence of independent neutralization of sulfate and nitrate acidities

Annual wet-deposition fluxes of ions in the rains for 1982–1984 at the NADP/NTN sites across the U.S.A. were corrected for contributions from sea salt and anomalous rains (∫cations/∫ anions ratios outside 0.85 to 1.15). The resulting fluxes of normal rains in gram equivalents/ha/yr were used to determine the flux ratios of (NH4+ + H+)/SO42− and (Ca2+ + Mgt+ + K+ + Na+)/N03 . The first ratio is 1 ± 0.15 over a large area including most sites west of the Mississippi River, except California. A smaller core of this area has the second ratio equal to 1 ± 0.15. These results are attributed to mineral carbonate aerosol from the Western Plains being distributed by the prevailing westerly winds. This aerosol acts as a sink for NOx and forms mineral nitrates. When the supply of carbonate is limited, free HN03 occurs. The aerosol NH4HSO4 is the main sink for NH3 and SO2. Thus, a major conclusion is that sulfate and nitrate acidities are neutralized independently.
Discovering mathematical operator definitions

ABSTRACT In the context of IL, a discovery system for mathematics, we describe our implementation of a general method, Generate, Prune, and Prove (GPP), for the discovery of mathematical operator definitions. This discovery process is driven by the intended purpose of the created operator. The GPP method is general with respect to the operator's definition language, the specific operators, and the specified purpose of the operator. We illustrate GPP with one of our case studies - the discovery of the definition of the multiplicative operator for complex numbers.
Behavioral and Attitudinal Factors Differentiating Male Intimate Partner Violence Perpetrators With and Without a History of Childhood Family Violence

This study utilized a sample of men (N = 340) charged with assault against a female partner to assess differences among IPV perpetrators with and without a history of childhood family violence on factors such as angry, controlling and violent behaviors, substance use related behaviors, and attitudes towards women. Over two-thirds of the sample reported childhood exposure to maltreatment or witnessing IPV. Chi-square analyses and t-tests indicated significant differences between perpetrators with and without a history of family violence on eight of eleven measures. Findings suggest perpetrators with a family violence history more strongly endorse ideas that present women and feminine attributes in a negative light. This research demonstrates that while exposure to family violence during childhood is not necessary for IPV to occur, its presence may be a marker for more severe attitudinal and behavioral problems. Findings highlight the need for primary prevention efforts and can inform secondary prevention strategies.
Role of non-surface antigens in controlling Paramecium surface antigen synthesis.

SYNOPSIS. Paramecium aurelia exposed to antisera prepared against cells of a different surface antigenic type are often induced to transform to a new serotype. One possible explanation is that paramecia that are so affected have antigens related to the ciliary antigens, but not accessible to immobilizing antibodies. It is these secondary antigens that are bound by the antibodies, thereby forcing the cells to alter their pattern of antigen synthesis. Examination of affected paramecia has disclosed that secondary antigens are often present but the specificity of these antigens cannot account for the activity of the antisera. It is therefore proposed that antibodies directed against substances other than the immobilization antigens may induce transformation. Two kinds of antiserum, neither of which contains immobilizing antibodies of any sort, are able to markedly alter the expression of the serotypes. One was obtained by immunizing rabbits with culture fluid in which paramecia had been growing. The 2nd was made by injecting rabbits with normal sera from other rabbits.
Differential proliferation of endothelial cells and keratinocytes in psoriasis and spongiotic dermatitis

This study used MIB-1 monoclonal antibody to quantify the proliferating keratinocytes and endothelial cells and their proliferation fractions in cases of normal skin, acute and established plaque psoriasis, and acute and chronic spongiotic dermatitis. The number and the proliferation fraction of MIB-1 positive cells were higher in psoriatic and chronic spongiotic lesions than in normal skin (p < 0.05). Established plaque psoriasis had a higher number of proliferating keratinocytes and a higher keratinocytic proliferation fraction than did acute psoriasis (p < 0.05). The number of proliferating endothelial cells decreased as acute psoriatic lesion became chronic, but the number in acute spongiotic lesion increased as it became chronic. The endothelial proliferation fraction was higher in acute psoriasis than in established plaque psoriasis (p < 0.05). The ratio of keratinocytic proliferation fraction to endothelial cell proliferation fraction of the psoriatic and spongiotic lesions suggested the presence of different reaction patterns to inflammation in psoriasis and spongiotic dermatitis.
On combining independent nonparametric regression estimators

Abstract Three estimators are investigated for linearly combining independent nonparametric regression estimators. Assuming fixed designs, the asymptotic mean squared errors and asymptotically optimal bandwidths are given for each estimator and compared. One estimator essentially ignores the differences in the sources and naively pools all of the data. The second utilizes individually optimized bandwidths and then estimates the best weights to combine them. The third estimator solves a general minimization problem and employs equal bandwidths and weights similar to those for combining unbiased estimators with unequal variance. It is found to be superior to the other two in most situations that would be encountered in practice.
Localization of sialic acid at the surface of embryonic myocardial cells.

Abstract Spontaneously beating aggregates of 7-day embryonic chick myocytes were treated with two highly purified preparations of Clostridium perfringens neuraminidase. Both enzyme preparations were contaminated with variable amounts of a protein that electrophoretically co-migrated with a known standard of phospholipase C. Therefore, C. perfringens phospholipase C was used as a control in both beat rate and cell surface studies. The presence of sialic acid residues on the available myocardial cell surfaces present at the aggregate's periphery was confirmed by observing polycationic ferritin staining at pH 3.4, removal of stain by neuraminidase, and by acid methylation procedures. Neuraminidase treatment (1.2 U/ml for 2 h at 37°C) of either viable or fixed aggregates produced a reduction in stain at the cell surface. Although lower concentrations or shorter treatment times with neuraminidase resulted in little morphological change from controls, differences in aggregate beat rate could be detected with only 0.03 U/ml. The maximum response to the enzyme usually occurred within 10 to 30 min. Thereafter, contraction became arrhythmic. Phospholipase C was also effective in slowing beat rate and removing polycationic ferritin from the cell surface. This study demonstrates that sialic acid residues are present at the surface of embryonic chick myocardial cells as early as 7 days of development and that these monosaccharides, as well as phospholipids, may play a role in the maintenance of rhythmic beating.
Sport, Men, and the Gender Order: Critical Feminist Perspectives: Michael Messner and Don Sabo, Editors (Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers, 1990)

(1992). Sport, Men, and the Gender Order: Critical Feminist Perspectives: Michael Messner and Don Sabo, Editors (Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers, 1990) Journal of the Philosophy of Sport: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 95-99.
Contributions of contact activation pathways of coagulation factor XII in plasma

Activation of human blood plasma coagulation by contact with hydrophilic or hydrophobic surfaces (procoagulants) is dominated by kallikrein (Kal)-mediated activation of the blood zymogen FXII (Hageman Factor). Mathematical modeling of prekallikrein (PK)-deficient platelet-poor plasma (dPKPPP) and PK-reconstituted dPKPPP (RdPKPPP) coagulation shows that autoactivation of FXII () produces no more than about 25% of the total FXIIa produced by the intrinsic pathway. Autoactivation and reciprocal-activation increase in the same proportion with procoagulant surface energy (water-wettability), whereas total amount of FXIIa produced per-unit-area procoagulant remains roughly constant for any particular procoagulant. These results suggest that procoagulant surfaces initiate the intrinsic cascade by producing a bolus of FXIIa in proportion to surface energy or surface area but play no additional role in subsequent molecular events in the cascade. Results further suggest that reciprocal-activation occurs in proportion to the amount of FXIIa produced by the initiating autoactivation step. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
Relationship Between Climate and Vegetation and the Stable Carbon Isotope Chemistry of Soils in the Eastern Mojave Desert, Nevada

The relationship between the stable C-isotope composition of the soil environment and modern climate and vegetation was determined empirically along a present-day climatic transect in the eastern Mojave Desert. The δ13C of the soil CO2 and carbonates decreased with increasing elevation and plant density, even though plant assemblages at all elevations were isotopically similar. Several factors, including differences in the ratios of pedogenic of limestone calcite and differences in past vegetation, were considered as explanations of this trend, However, it appears that in the sparsely vegetated Mojave Desert, the δ13C of pedogenic carbonate is controlled by differences in plant density and biological activity. This relationship may provide a tool for assessing past vegetational densities, as long as the vegetation is isotopically homogeneous.
Conformational and dynamic aspects of an ion- binding cyclic peptide analogue of valinomycine, cyclo(LAla-Gly-DPhe-LPro)3

We have investigated the binding of various cations Ba, K, Rb, Cs, Na and Li to a newly synthesized cyclododecapeptide cycle (LAla-Gly-DPhe-LPro)3 in various solvents by using the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance technique. It was shown that Na and Li form primarily 12 ion peptide complexes with the cyclic peptide while the other cations form mainly 11 ion peptide complexes. Temperature variation and solvent perturbation techniques were used in addition to the coupling constants to deduce the conformations of the 11 ion peptide complexes. These were found to be related to the bracelet conformation of the valinomycin–K complex. However, small but significant conformational differences were found in the various cation complexes which could be explained on the basis of the cation characteristics. Isotope exchange studies also allowed us to propose a mechanism of cation release capture involving the breaking of three of the six intramolecular hydrogen bonds which stabilise the 1/1 ion peptide complex.
On the Assessment of Ozone Control Policies for the Northeastern United States

Currently, increased attention is being paid to the nation’s smog problem in major urban areas because of the lack of a sustained improvement in meeting and maintaining the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for ozone. The efficacy of various emission control policies at the urban and regional scale can be examined through the application of grid-based photochemical models (NAS, 1991). In this paper, we report on the use of the Regional Oxidant Model (ROM) in the eastern United States for two ozone conducive events in examining the response of ozone concentrations to NOx- and VOC- focussed emission control strategies. As expected, the results indicate that the predicted peak ozone levels decrease as emissions are reduced, but the amount of improvement in ozone concentration levels is strongly dependent upon the prevailing meteorological conditions. ROM simulations reveal that NOx-focussed controls are more effective in reducing the areal extent of the ozone exceedances than VOC- focussed controls. Further, the improvement in the peak ozone levels over urban areas from the base case for the VOC-focussed scenario is found to be comparable to that of the NOx-focussed scenario. However, the peak ozone in rural areas are found to respond more favorably to NOx- focussed controls rather than to VOC-focussed controls. These results demonstrate the need for region-wide NOx and urban-specific VOC control strategies to attain the ozone NAAQS throughout the eastern United States.
Conservation principles in multivelocity electron flow

This paper considers the extension of Poynting's theorem to an electron gas with a continuous distribution of velocities. In particular, an extension of the concept of "kinetic potential" is attempted, since this concept has proved itself very useful in the investigation of single-velocity flow. It is found that in three dimensions the electrokinetic-flow vector cannot be expressed as the product of the convection-current density and a single scalar quantity of the dimension potential. In one-dimensional applications, however, this circumstance is immaterial. Another difficulty is encountered when a small perturbation component on a steady state is considered. The nonlinear Bolzmann transport equation gives a linear equation between the first-order perturbations, but the nonlinearity makes possible a conversion of part of the perturbation power flow to dc power flow. In other words, the power flow associated with a single-frequency perturbation is not necessarily conserved in multivelocity flow, even in the absence of an ac Poynting vector. In the case of space-charge-limited flow in an electron gun, the consequence is that the cooling of an electron stream by adiabatic expansion can proceed beyond the potential minimum and very low noise temperatures are attainable in principle if the accelerating field is maintained small over an appreciable length of the electron gun.
Simultaneous Assessment of Fractional and Coronary Flow Reserves in Cardiac Transplant Recipients Physiologic Investigation for Transplant Arteriopathy (PITA Study)

Background— The utility of measuring fractional flow reserve (FFR) to assess cardiac transplant arteriopathy has not been evaluated. Measuring coronary flow reserve (CFR) as well as FFR could add information about the microcirculation, but until recently, this has required two coronary wires. We evaluated a new method for simultaneously measuring FFR and CFR with a single wire to investigate transplant arteriopathy. Methods and Results— In 53 cases of asymptomatic cardiac transplant recipients without angiographically significant coronary disease, FFR and thermodilution-derived CFR (CFRthermo) were measured simultaneously with the same coronary pressure wire in the left anterior descending artery and compared with volumetric intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging. The average FFR was 0.88±0.07; in 75% of cases, the FFR was less than the normal threshold of 0.94; and in 15% of cases, the FFR was ≤0.80, the upper boundary of the gray zone of the ischemic threshold. There was a significant inverse correlati...
Store, Forget, and Check: Using Algebraic Signatures to Check Remotely Administered Storage

The emerging use of the Internet for remote storage and backup has led to the problem of verifying that storage sites in a distributed system indeed store the data; this must often be done in the absence of knowledge of what the data should be. We use m/n erasure-correcting coding to safeguard the stored data and use algebraic signatures hash functions with algebraic properties for verification. Our scheme primarily utilizes one such algebraic property: taking a signature of parity gives the same result as taking the parity of the signatures. To make our scheme collusionresistant, we blind data and parity by XORing them with a pseudo-random stream. Our scheme has three advantages over existing techniques. First, it uses only small messages for verification, an attractive property in a P2P setting where the storing peers often only have a small upstream pipe. Second, it allows verification of challenges across random data without the need for the challenger to compare against the original data. Third, it is highly resistant to coordinated attempts to undetectably modify data. These signature techniques are very fast, running at tens to hundreds of megabytes per second. Because of these properties, the use of algebraic signatures will permit the construction of large-scale distributed storage systems in which large amounts of storage can be verified with minimal network bandwidth.
FPGA Implementation of High Speed FIR Filters Using Add and Shift Method

We present a method for implementing high speed finite impulse response (FIR) filters using just registered adders and hardwired shifts. We extensively use a modified common subexpression elimination algorithm to reduce the number of adders. We target our optimizations to Xilinx Virtex II devices where we compare our implementations with those produced by Xilinx CoregenTM using Distributed Arithmetic. We observe up to 50% reduction in the number of slices and up to 75% reduction in the number of LUTs for fully parallel implementations. We also observed up to 50% reduction in the total dynamic power consumption of the filters. Our designs perform significantly faster than the MAC filters, which use embedded multipliers.
Electrochemiluminescence detection for development of immunoassays and DNA probe assays for clinical diagnostics.

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) has been developed as a highly sensitive process in which reactive species are generated from stable precursors (i.e., the ECL-active label) at the surface of an electrode. This new technology has many distinct advantages over other detection systems: no radioisotopes are used; detection limits for label are extremely low (200 fmol/L); the dynamic range for label quantification extends over six orders of magnitude; the labels are extremely stable compared with those of most other chemiluminescent systems; the labels, small molecules (approximately 1000 Da), can be used to label haptens or large molecules, and multiple labels can be coupled to proteins or oligonucleotides without affecting immunoreactivity, solubility, or ability to hybridize; because the chemiluminescence is initiated electrochemically, selectivity of bound and unbound fractions can be based on the ability of labeled species to access the electrode surface, so that both separation and nonseparation assays can be set up; and measurement is simple and rapid, requiring only a few seconds. We illustrate ECL in nonseparation immunoassays for digoxin and thyrotropin and in separation immunoassays for carcinoembryonic antigen and alpha-fetoprotein. The application of ECL for detection of polymerase chain reaction products is described and exemplified by quantifying the HIV1 gag gene.
Strategies for deveIopment projects: an empirical study*

This paper summarizes results from a study of strategy choices and outcomes in one government laboratory over a fifteen-year time period. Several considerations associated with the effectiveness of a parallel strategy are presented and discussed. These include different types of uncertainty encountered in a given problem and their effect on the rate of learning. Contrary to observations in other studies, the present results suggest that the rate of learning is often slow and may not be facilitated by the use of many parallel approaches in only early project stages. In many instances major uncertainties are not reduced until the product is evaluated in the operational environment.
New insect system for testing antibiotics

New and efficient methods to screen antibiotics are needed to counter increased antibiotic resistance in pathogens and the emergence of new diseases. Here we report a new insect model for screening antibiotics in vivo using the grasshopper Romalea microptera. The system is inexpensive, efficient, and flexible, avoids animal-welfare problems, and can be used to test against most major pathogenic groups. We employed this system to test 11 commercial antibiotics against a pathogenic Encephalitozoon species (Microsporidia). Oral treatment with fumagillin or thiabendazole significantly reduced pathogen spore counts, whereas spore counts of grasshoppers fed with albendazole, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, griseofulvin, metronidazole, sulfadimethoxine, or tetracycline were not significantly different from the infected controls. Quinine produced a distinct, but nonsignificant, reduction in spores, and streptomycin a nonsignificant increase in spores. Although 2 antibiotics significantly reduced spore counts, in no case was the pathogen totally eliminated. This study demonstrates the validity of this system as a method to screen antibiotics. It also corroborates the difficulty researchers and physicians have had in treating microsporidia infections, and suggests that quinine and related alkaloid compounds should be further examined as possible therapeutic agents against this group of ubiquitous pathogens. In addition, streptomycin and related compounds should be tested to determine if this widely used antibiotic enhances microsporidiosis.
Non-conventional sources of peptides presented by MHC class I

Effectiveness of immune surveillance of intracellular viruses and bacteria depends upon a functioning antigen presentation pathway that allows infected cells to reveal the presence of an intracellular pathogen. The antigen presentation pathway uses virtually all endogenous polypeptides as a source to produce antigenic peptides that are eventually chaperoned to the cell surface by MHC class I molecules. Intriguingly, MHC I molecules present peptides encoded not only in the primary open reading frames but also those encoded in alternate reading frames. Here, we review recent studies on the generation of cryptic pMHC I. We focus on the immunological significance of cryptic pMHC I, and the novel translational mechanisms that allow production of these antigenic peptides from unconventional sources.
Isomorphic activation of astrocytes in the somatosensory thalamus

Structural recovery in the rat somatosensory thalamus after the loss of one of its major inputs provided a model for studying the changes in astrocytes associated with reactive synaptogenesis. The temporal separation of the initiation of Wallerian degeneration and reactive synaptogenesis permitted astrocytic changes to be correlated either with the removal of degeneration, early in the recovery sequence, or with synaptogenesis, later in recovery. Over a period of post-lesion times ranging from 3 days to 13.5 months, GFAP-positive astrocytic fibers were quantified and the population density of S-100-positive astrocytic cell bodies was determined in the ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL). The relative area of astrocytic cell bodies was measured at an early peak of the increased GFAP immunoreactivity (4-5 days post-lesion). The normal side of VPL (c-VPL) was compared to the deafferented side of VPL (d-VPL) and the ratio d-VPL/c-VPL was determined. Astrocytes in d-VPL underwent a minimal isomorphic activation with little or no hypertrophy or proliferation but with a large increase in GFAP immunoreactivity. Prior to the initiation of synaptogenesis, there was a decrease both in GFAP immunoreactivity and in the population density of VPL astrocytes. The decreases in the recovery curves suggested that a suppression of the influence of astrocytes may have been important for sprouting and/or synaptogenesis. In other systems, where synaptogenesis was initiated early in the recovery sequence, the suppression of astrocytes that was related to synaptogenesis may have been masked by astrocytic changes related to the removal of degeneration.
ABSORPTION AND EMISSION STUDIES OF ELECTRONIC STATES OF N‐ARYLBENZAMIDES

— Absorption and emission spectra of several N-arylbenzamides have been measured. The quantum yields for their fluorescence were found to be dependent on matrix viscosity and temperature. Singlet-triplet splittings for these compounds were determined from their emission spectra and found to be abnormally small forπ. π* states (˜ 1500 cm-1). Indeed, the phosphorescence maxima of N-arylbenzamides occur slightly to the blue relative to their fluorescence maxima. Intersystem crossing efficiencies were determined for several of these compounds and are consistent with S1S0 radiationless decay.
The design of the Ku band Dielectric Resonator Oscillator

Phase noise is considered as a significant source of performance degradation of irreducible error rate in millimeter-wave and microwave systems, in particular, for applications employing low cost and moderate bit rate systems. Many new ways to improve oscillator phase noise haw been proposed. There was the new developments using dielectric resonators assembled on monolithic microwave integrated circuits. The paper provides a new approach to accurately simulate the Dielectric Resonator and design the GaAs MESFET Dielectric Resonator Oscillator (DRO) in the 12.75GHz by Negative Resistance theory and Harmonic Balance theory with use of two EDA (Electronic Design Automation) tool (CST&ADS). Passive microwave & RF component design is traditionally seen as CST’s core competence. The soft of CST will be used in accurately simulate the Dielectric Resonator. The soft of Advanced Design Systerm of the Agilent will be used in the nolinerity analyses and optimization design of the DRO . After the EDA tool simulate and optimization, The unprecedented performance of DRO was found . At @12.75GHz, output power exceed 13dBm, Phase noise less −104dBc.
Picosecond Photomodulation Study of Nanocrystalline Hydrogenated Silicon

We have extended our photomodulation studies of nc-Si:H to the picosecond time domain. We measured the decays of photoinduced reflectivity with 100fs temporal resolution as a function of light intensity. Comparison with the data obtained on a-Si:H and c-Si indicates that ultrafast trapping and recombination processes are mainly the properties of the amorphous phase. It has also been observed that nc-Si:H is unstable under high illumination.
IMPLICATIONS OF A SEDIMENT-CHEMISTRY STUDY ON SUBALPINE MARSH CONSERVATION IN THE LAKE TAHOE BASIN, USA

Abstract Sediment cores, representing a range of watershed characteristics and anthropogenic impacts, were collected in 11 subalpine marshes in the Lake Tahoe basin, USA and vicinity in order to trace the effect of anthropogenic impacts on sedimentation and sediment accumulation rates. Cores were 210Pb-dated using a CRS model, and these data were used to calculate sedimentation rates and sediment accumulation rates, which were compared with environmental variables. Age-depth profiles indicated that sedimentation rates changed at different times in different marshes, and we separated sediment cores into two parts to show sediment characteristic and sediment-accumulation-rate changes. Ranges of dry mass accumulation rates and sedimentation rates were 0.081–1.356 kg m−2 yr−1 and 0.94–4.64 mm yr−1 in the upper core and 0.094–0.563 kg m−2 yr−1 and 0.57–1.75 mm yr−1 in the lower core. In general, the cores showed recent increases in sediment accumulation rates. Species composition was related to water quality, ...
The Goldsbrough–Stommel Circulation of the World Oceans

Abstract Goldsbrough first showed how the mass flux at the ocean surface due to the difference between evaporation and precipitation could induce barotropic flow in the ocean interior through the requirement of vorticity conservation. Stommel proposed to close this circulation by adding the western boundary currents. Here, a first-otder description of the Goldsbrough-Stommel circulation for the world oceans is presented, using available climatologies. While such flows are an order of magnitude smaller than the wind-driven circulation, the interaction between the Goldsbrough-Stommel gyres and the wind-driven and thermally driven circulation determines the salinity distribution of the world oceans. Therefore, it is important to study the Goldsbrough-Stommel circulation and its interaction with motions driven by other forcings. In addition, the western boundary currents required to close the Goldsbrough interior and to satisfy interbasin mass transport can be substantial. In the Atlantic the southward wester...
Integrating Apache Airavata with Docker, Marathon, and Mesos

Science Gateways provide scientists with tools for creating, executing, and monitoring scientific experiments on multiple resource infrastructures. Apache Airavata abstracts interactions between gateways and distributed computing infrastructures like Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment, international grids, and campus clusters. Airavata consists of several component services such as the API server, Orchestrator, Workflow Interpreter, Credential Store, and Application Factory. In addition, Airavata uses third party software, including RabbbitMQ for messaging, MySQL for production database management, and Apache Zookeeper for internal communications. In this paper, we discuss our initial experiences with leveraging open source technologies to manage Airavata and its dependent components to deploy, detect, and restart failed components in an auto-scaling platform. Such capabilities will allow Airavata services to be deployed in a wide area, large Virtual Machine VM based cluster, and a developer's laptop. The emerging technologies in cloud computing and Big Data that address these needs are the following: Docker, Marathon, and Apache Mesos. Docker is a Linux-based lightweight container that allows different applications to run isolated from each other but safely share the machine's resources. Docker images of applications can be published in registries and retrieved for execution in the target infrastructures. Marathon provides a cluster-wide init and control system for services, including Docker containers. Mesos provides a cluster-wide framework to schedule tasks based on fine-grained resource needs. Mesosphere provides the packages, scripts, and web interface to ease the use of these technologies. We present the design, experience, and lessons learned from integrating Mesos, Docker, and Marathon with Apache Airavata. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fatigue Evaluation Procedures for Multi-Axial Stress State in Welded Joints

The Battelle structural stress method (BSSM) for fatigue life evaluation is examined for multi-axial stress states that develop due to uniaxial loading in welded structures. The resultant multi-axial stress state due to simple uniaxial loading is easily observed in common joint types such as a plate with a welded tube or a plate with an angled attachment. In these joint types, under simple loading, the stress distribution at the location of failure along the weld line shows significant in-plane shear stress (parallel to the weld line) as well as normal stress (normal to weld line). Although the fatigue data, as exemplified by the inverse slope of the S-N curve for the subject joints under uniaxial loading, are observed to be similar to that for normal-loading-mode dominant (Mode I) failures in welded joints, when only the normal structural stress is considered for these joints the predictions of both the fatigue failure location and the fatigue life using the master S-N curve approach are inaccurate because the in-plane shear stress plays a significant role in the development of the crack.The slope of fatigue data exhibited in S-N curves taken from weld fatigue data for resultant multi-axial stress state generated by uniaxial loading is different from multi-axial fatigue loading conditions for tubular joints as discussed in the recent work [OMAE2014-23459].In this article, the fatigue behavior of welded joints with multi-axial stress states is evaluated using an effective equivalent structural stress range parameter that is formulated as a von Mises form of the combined normal and in-plane shear equivalent structural stress ranges. When the effective equivalent structural stress range parameter is employed, the fatigue failure location can be predicted correctly. It is also found that the cycles-to-failure data from the subject joint types are comparable with the master S-N curve for Mode I loading dominant behavior (inverse slope of 3.125). Therefore, the master S-N curve that was developed for Mode I failures can be equally applicable for fatigue life prediction for these joints by replacing the equivalent structural stress range with effective equivalent structural stress range on the ordinate axis.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Telomere length change plateaus at 4 years of age in Latino children: associations with baseline length and maternal change

Telomeres are the protective complexes at the end of chromosomes, required for genomic stability. Little is known about predictors of attrition in young children or the relationship between parental and child patterns of telomere change. Telomere length was assessed twice over one year, at 4 and at 5 years of age, in Latino preschool children (n = 77) and their mothers (n = 70) in whole blood leukocytes. Maternal and child rates of attrition during the same time period were compared in 70 mother-child pairs. More children showed lengthened telomeres over one year compared to their mothers and very few children showed attrition (2.6 %). Approximately 31 % of children and 16 % of mothers displayed lengthening over one year while 66 % of children showed maintenance in contrast with 74 % of mothers. The strongest predictor for child telomere length change was child's baseline telomere length (r = -0.61, p < 0.01). Maternal rate of change was associated with child rate of change (r = 0.33, p < 0.01). After controlling for child baseline telomere length, the relationship between child and maternal rate of change trended towards significance (Coeff = 0.20, 95 % CI -0.03 to 0.43; p = 0.08). We found primarily maintenance and lengthening from 4 to 5 years of age in children, with minimal telomere attrition, indicating that most of the telomere loss happens in the first 4 years, plateauing by age 4. Lastly, we found close to 10 % of the variance in rate of change in children shared by mothers. While some of this shared variance is genetic, there are likely environmental factors that need to be further identified that impact rate of telomere length change.
Abstract 359: Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) as a target for treatment of metastatic uveal melanoma

Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular malignant tumor in adults; 30% to 50% of patients ultimately succumb to metastatic disease, predominantly to hepatic metastasis. Despite new diagnostic and therapeutic tools, the survival rate for patients with metastatic uveal melanoma remains poor. The reason for the hepato-tropism of metastatic uveal melanoma is largely unknown. It has been reported that the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) is expressed in more than 70% of primary uveal melanoma tissue specimens; expression of IGF-1R is correlated to poor prognosis. IGF-1 which binds to IGF-1R is produced mainly in the liver and this may account for the hepato-tropism of uveal melanoma. In this study, we investigated the effect of IGF-1 on the in vitro growth of metastatic uveal melanoma cells. The expression of IGF-1R on a metastatic uveal melanoma cell line (UM001), established from a hepatic metastasis, was demonstrated by flow cytometry and western blot analyses. The effect of IGF-1 on tumor-cell growth was then tested by adding IGF-1 (RD RD 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 359.