cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computing confidence values for geometric constraints for use in sketch recognition

Geometric constraints are used by many sketch recognition systems to perform high-level assembly of components of a sketch into semantic structures. However, with a few notable exceptions, most of the current recognition systems do not have constraints that use real-valued notions of confidence. We discuss methods for assigning confidence values to different kinds of constraints. We show how these confidence values equate to user perception, how they can be used to balance speed and accuracy in recognition algorithms, and how they can be used to assign confidence values to the high-level shapes they are used to construct. We use these constraints to extend the LADDER shape definition language in a system that recognizes 5,900 hand-drawn examples of 485 different military course-of-action diagrams at an accuracy of 89.9%.
Firms’ Relative Operational Efficiency and Analysts’ Earnings Forecasts

Relatively more efficient firms tend to maintain more stable levels of output and operating performance compared to their industry peers (Mills and Schumann 1985). Such firms also tend to have more sustainable performance (Berger et al. 1993). Given their more stable and sustainable levels of operating performance, we test the related prediction that financial analysts find the earnings of relatively more efficient firms to be more predictable. Using a stochastic frontier approach to measure firms’ relative operational efficiency, we find that analysts face less earnings uncertainty for relatively more efficient firms, compared to other firms in the same industry. We find that this broader more encompassing measure of firms’ relative operational efficiency yields stronger results than comparable accounting ratios (ROA and ROE). These results indicate that analysts behave as if they factor into their forecasts an understanding of the underlying economics of a business of an industry. Furthermore, the users of these forecasts can also benefit from this information in terms of assessing the level of reliability of forecasts.
Further Research is Required to Determine Which Database Products Best Support Research in Public Administration

A review of: Tucker, James, Corey. “Database Support for Research in Public Administration.” Behavioral & Social Sciences Librarian 24.1 (2005): 47-60. Objective – To examine the extent to which six commercial database products support student and faculty research in the area of public administration. Design – Bibliometric study. Setting – Academic library in the United States. Subjects – Six commercial business-related database products were examined: Proquest’s ABI/INFORM Global edition (ABI), EBSCO’s Business Source Premier (BSP), Gale’s General BusinessFile ASAP (GBF), EBSCO’s Academic Search Premier (ASP), EBSCO’s Expanded Academic Index (EAI) and Proquest’s International Academic Research Library (ARL). Three of the databases (ABI, BSP, GBF) were chosen because they address the management, human resource, and financing elements of public administration. The other three (ASP, EAI, ARL) were included because of their multidisciplinary coverage. Methods – A list of journal titles covering public administration was assembled from the Institute of Scientific Information’s Social Sciences Citation Index and previously published lists of recommended journals in the field. The author then compared the compiled list of journal titles against the journal titles indexed by the six database products. He further analyzed the results by level of journal coverage (abstract only, full-text, and full-text with embargo) and subject area based on categories described in Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory. Main Results – The study found that three of the six database products --EAI, BSP, and ARL -- provide indexing for the greatest number of public administration journals contained in the compiled list. EIA and ARL cover the greatest number of those that are full-text journals, while BSP and ASP cover the greatest number of those full-text journals limited by publisher embargoes. Conclusion – The author concludes that of the six databases examined, EAI, BSP, and ARL are the best for public administration research, based on their strength in the subject areas of public administration and public finance. The author also recommends that librarians in the field of public administration “carefully evaluate each database to see which one best fits the needs of the library and patrons” (56).
Nuclear fuel cycle facility accident analysis handbook

The Accident Analysis Handbook (AAH) covers four generic facilities: fuel manufacturing, fuel reprocessing, waste storage/solidification, and spent fuel storage; and six accident types: fire, explosion, tornado, criticality, spill, and equipment failure. These are the accident types considered to make major contributions to the radiological risk from accidents in nuclear fuel cycle facility operations. The AAH will enable the user to calculate source term releases from accident scenarios manually or by computer. A major feature of the AAH is development of accident sample problems to provide input to source term analysis methods and transport computer codes. Sample problems and illustrative examples for different accident types are included in the AAH.
Nonmycetomic Actinomadura madurae infection in a patient with AIDS.

Actinomadura madurae is an aerobic actinomycete which is best known worldwide as the cause of actinomycotic mycetomas. It has not previously been reported to have caused invasive pulmonary or disseminated infection in humans. We describe an AIDS patient with opportunistic A. madurae-induced pneumonia and bacteremia. The isolate from the patient9s blood was subjected to dilutional antimicrobial susceptibility tests with 12 antimicrobial agents and was found to have a wide spectrum of susceptibility. This unusual microorganism may be a cause of infections in severely immunosuppressed patients. Images
The Unexplained Miracle

Most scholars believe that nationalism and the nation state originated in the modernizing West, only permeating "non-Western" societies in the past two centuries in response to Western intrusion. This paper argues that the Vietnamese developed a clear sense of national identity, even perhaps of nationhood, early in their history. The long-term struggle for survival of the Vietnamese nation against tremendous odds (including conquest by foreigners and chronic internal discord) can best be explained by attributing to them a long entrenched proto-nationalism or national consciousness that later blossomed in their 20th century assertion of independence and resistance.
Increasing the Visibility of the Library within the Academic Research Enterprise.

Academic libraries support their universities' goals of developing and maintaining successful research programs. As the information landscape and researcher practices change, recognition of the library's role in supporting research may be diminishing. This article will explore some aspects of the academic research enterprise and identify opportunities libraries can use to position themselves as key members of the research enterprise as well as increase their visibility among the research community. Successful initiatives implemented at Wayne State University will be highlighted to illustrate strategies librarians can use at their own institutions.
TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION OF THYMIDINE KINASE, A MARKER FOR CELL CYCLE CONTROL

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the recent information about transcriptional regulation of the mouse thymidine kinase (TK) gene and the roles played by in this process cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks), growth suppressor proteins, and transcription factors. The growth-factor-mediated signals that drive the cell-cycle progression and thereby cell proliferation have been linked recently to functions of cyclins, the regulatory subunits of cdks. Evidence has now accumulated to show that the G1/S phase-specific cyclin/cdk kinases modulate one or more transcription factors that in turn up-regulate transcription of several S phase genes, such as TK, shortly before initiation of DNA synthesis. Cyclins were first identified in marine invertebrate embryos as proteins that accumulate during interphase but undergo an abrupt degradation at the end of each mitosis. At the onset of S phase, expression of several genes encoding products associated with DNA replication are induced, including histones, TK, thymidylate synthase, and dihydrofolate reductase. TK is regulated at levels of transcription, post-transcription, translation, and post-translation, thus ensuring a large increase in its activity when cells enter S phase.
Easing the Pain of Procurement

The difficulty in procuring for America an arsenal adequate to ensure national security at the lowest possible price is no more insolvable than dozens of other problems the American people face. Critics of the procurement process too often fail to understand, though, that the business of supplying our nation's defense needs cannot be analyzed in exactly the same terms as, for example, the business of supplying consumer goods or even most commercial goods and services. The purchase of a hammer from a defense contractor may in fact be a different kind of transaction than the purchase of a hampier from a hardware store. How it is different and whether it should be different is at the heart of the defense
An analysis of geometry and pressure drop for the horizontal, annular, two-phase flow of water and air in the entrance region of a pipe

Abstract A method of predicting film thicknesses and pressure drops was developed for the horizontal annular flow of a gas-liquid system with no entrainment. The method utilizes axial and circumferential force balances which include the effects of drag, lift, gravity, and surface tension. The solution of the force balances is accomplished for given inlet conditions by a numerical integration technique. Axial variations in mean film thickness, circumferential variations in local film thickness, and pressure drop were predicted simultaneously. A brief experimental study by high-speed photography of the gas-liquid interface was conducted by a novel method which allowed the observation of the cross-section of the liquid film. The interfacial waves were found to be of two types: low-amplitude symmetrical waves and high-amplitude roll waves.
Sedimentational Analysis of the Duchesne River Formation, Uinta Basin, Utah

An assemblage of Sedimentational entities revealed the following. Provenance of the Duchesne River Formation is the Uinta Mountains, Utah, and consists of two separate source rock suites: the Precambrian quartzite core in the western part of the range and the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic sediments in the eastern part. These sources produced two distinct petrologic provinces, a sandy facies in the west and a muddy facies in the east. The sediments of the Duchesne River Formation were transported from the rising Uinta highlands in the north and northwest to a low flood plain in the south-central and southeastern parts of the basin. During Duchesne River time, an initial subaqueous environment changed to subaerial conditions, and there was a progression of uplift and relief in the Uinta Mountains from west to east. A sensitivity index, represented by the quotient of the ratio of largest to smallest values of each entity, was determined for several areal subdivisions. The values used are averages and indicate that compositional entities were the most sensitive; primary structures, the next sensitive; and textural factors, the least sensitive and that the environmental agencies most influential on the sedimentation were respectively, source rock, topographic relief, and distance of transport. Textural patterns of deposition drawn from logarithmic plots of coarsest 1 percentile grain size, C, and median grain size, M, were a simple and rapid method of making a preliminary survey which offers clues to the kind of additional studies that might be needed. They also serve as guides to textural characteristics such as permeability.
Rank aggregation methods comparison: A case for triage prioritization

This paper seeks to test and to determine a suitable aggregation method to represent a set of rankings made by individual decision makers (DMs). A case study for triage prioritization is used to test the aggregation methods. The triage is a decision-making process with which patients are prioritized according to their medical condition and chance of survival on arrival at the emergency department (ED). There is a lot of subjective decision-making in the process which leads to discrepancies among nurses. Four rank aggregation methods are applied to the prioritization data and then an expert evaluates the results and judges them on practicality and acceptability. The proposed recommendation for preference aggregation is the method of the estimation of utility intervals. Expert opinion is highly valued in a decision-making environment such as this, where experience and intuition are key to successful job performance and outcomes.
Successful induction for new teachers: a guide for NQTs & induction tutors, coordinators, and mentors

by Sara Bubb, London, Sage/Paul Chapman Publishing, 2007, 144 pp., £21.99 (paperback), ISBN 978 1‐84‐787034‐6 Even on the best of days, teaching is a demanding profession that requires countless ho...
Subcellular Distribution of Neutral Protease and Peptidases in Rabbit Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes

SEVERAL peptidases which are active around neutral pH have been described in polymorphonuclear (PMN) leucocytes. One of these, which we have found concentrated within the lysosomes of rabbit peritoneal exudate PMN cells, hydrolyses histone but not haemoglobin at neutral pH1,2. Here we compare the subcellular distribution of this enzyme with that of three peptidases active at near-neutral pH in rabbit PMN cells. Hydrolysis of their respective substrates seems to be due to separate activities, and this distinction must precede any attempts to ascribe a function to the enzymes in tissue injury3–6.
The pattern of incorporation of [3H]-Leucine by the enamel and dentine matrices of the rhesus monkey: An autoradiographic study

Abstract An 8-month-old male rhesus monkey ( Macaca mulatta ) received an intravenous injection of 40 μCi/g body weight of l -leucine-4,5- 3 H. The monkey was killed 4 days after injection and autoradiographs of unerupted mandibular incisor teeth were prepared. Labelled proteins were incorporated into the developing enamel and dentine matrices as radioactive bands. Silver grains were arranged in a linear pattern over the dentinal tubules of the pre-injection dentine matrix but were also diffusely distributed over the pre-injection enamel matrix. The segments of the dentinal tubules that traversed the radioactive dentine band were especially heavily labelled and it is suggested that the newly formed labelled proteins are initially concentrated in membrane-bound packages within the odontoblastic processes before they are secreted into the peri-odontoblastic space. It was concluded that the developing primate tooth incorporates matrical proteins in a manner similar to that previously observed in the rodent and newt.
Role of residue 480 in substrate specificity of cytochrome P450 2B5 and 2B11.

Abstract The role of residue 480 as a determinant of the specificities of cytochrome P450 2B5 and 2B11 toward androstenedione, progesterone, 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (245-HCB), and benzyloxyresorufin has been investigated. Two reciprocal mutants at position 480, 2B5 Val-480 → Leu and 2B11 Leu-480 → Val, two hybrid enzymes, H1B (amino acid residues 1–370 from P450 2B11, 371–491 from P450 2B5) and H2B (amino acid residues 1–370 from P450 2B5, 371–494 from P450 2B11) (Kedzie et al., 1993, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1164, 124–132), and two hybrid back mutants, H1B Val-480 → Leu and H2B Leu- 480 → Val, were constructed and expressed in Escherichia coli, and compared with the wild-type enzymes P450 2B5 and 2B11. For androstenedione metabolism, the Leu-480 → Val mutation in P450 2B11 resulted in an increase in the 16β-OH:16α-OH ratio from 1.2 to 3, whereas the Val-480 → Leu mutation in hybrid H1B decreased the 16β-OH:16α-OH ratio from 4.2 to 1.1. In the case of progesterone, the Leu-480 → Val mutant of P450 2B11 displayed 3-fold higher 16α- and 21-hydroxylase activities than the wild-type 2B11. In the absence of cytochrome b 5 , 2B11 L480V displayed half of the benzyloxy- resorufin O -dealkylase (BROD) activity of 2B11 wild-type, whereas H1B V480L showed 5.6-fold higher activity than H1B. Therefore, residue 480 seems to play an important role in steroid and benzyloxyresorufin metabolism by P450 2B11. In contrast, the mutation Leu-480 → Val did not have a significant effect on the 245-HCB hydroxylase activity of P450 2B11, and the mutation Val-480 → Leu in P450 2B5 had no notable effect on its progesterone hydroxylase activity. Cytochrome b 5 caused marked stimulation of the BROD activity of P450 2B11 and H1B and their mutants. Furthermore, P450 2B5 exhibited different progesterone metabolite profiles in the absence or presence of cytochrome b 5 .
Minocycline-induced drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome with persistent myocarditis

Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is a rare serious adverse effect associated with a variety of medications. We present a case of minocycline-induced DRESS syndrome, which resulted in acute renal failure, transient thyroiditis, and transaminitis, and a persistent lymphocytic myocarditis resulting in congestive heart failure. To our knowledge, this is the third reported case of minocycline-induced myocarditis. Additionally, we report successful plasmapheresis and rituximab treatment for minocycline-induced myocarditis associated with the DRESS syndrome.
Associations Between Residential Segregation and Smoking During Pregnancy Among Urban African-American Women

Approximately 10% of African-American women smoke during pregnancy compared to 16% of White women. While relatively low, the prevalence of smoking during pregnancy among African-American women exceeds the Healthy People 2010 goal of 1%. In the current study, we address gaps in extant research by focusing on associations between racial/ethnic residential segregation and smoking during pregnancy among urban African-American women. We linked measures of segregation to birth certificates and data from the 2000 census in a sample of US-born African-American women (n = 403,842) living in 216 large US Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs). Logistic regression models with standard errors adjusted for multiple individual observations within MSAs were used to examine associations between segregation and smoking during pregnancy and to control for important socio-demographic confounders. In all models, a u-shaped relationship was observed. Both low segregation and high segregation were associated with higher odds of smoking during pregnancy when compared to moderate segregation. We speculate that low segregation reflects a contagion process, whereby salutary minority group norms are weakened by exposure to the more harmful behavioral norms of the majority population. High segregation may reflect structural attributes associated with smoking such as less stringent tobacco control policies, exposure to urban stressors, targeted marketing of tobacco products, or limited access to treatment for tobacco dependence. A better understanding of both deleterious and protective contextual influences on smoking during pregnancy could help to inform interventions designed to meet Healthy People 2010 target goals.
Nuclear conversion of microinjected avian leukosis virion RNA into an envelope-glycoprotein messenger.

Nuclear conversion of microinjected avian leukosis virion RNA into an envelope-glycoprotein messenger
Mechanical properties of glass/flax hybrid composites based on a novel modified soybean oil matrix material

In the Affordable Composites from Renewable Resources (ACRES) program at the University of Delaware, soybean oil and other plant triglycerides have been made amenable to polymerization using a broad range of chemical routes. The resultant polymers range in properties from soft rubbers to hard thermosets for composite applications. In this paper we present an investigation of the mechanical properties of glass/flax hybrid composites based on these thermoset matrix materials. Composites with different glass/flax ratios and different fiber arrangements were made using a modified soybean oil matrix material. The fiber arrangement was varied to make symmetric and unsymmetric composites. The latter were tested in different modes in flexural tests and drop weight impact tests. The mechanical properties of the composites were found to depend upon the glass/flax ratio and the arrangement of fibers in the composite. On proper selection of the arrangement of fibers in the composite, the glass fibers and flax fibers were found to act synergistically resulting in an improved flexural and impact performance. POLYM. COMPOS., 26:407–416, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers
Using Results From Infectious Disease Modeling to Improve the Response to a Potential H7N9 Influenza Pandemic

As the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and other government agencies prepared for a possible H7N9 pandemic, many questions arose about the virus's expected burden and the effectiveness of key interventions. Public health decision makers need information to compare interventions so that efforts can be focused on interventions most likely to have the greatest impact on morbidity and mortality. To guide decision making, CDC's pandemic response leadership turned to experts in modeling for assistance. H7N9 modeling results provided a quantitative estimate of the impact of different interventions and emphasized the importance of key assumptions. In addition, these H7N9 modeling efforts highlighted the need for modelers to work closely with investigators collecting data so that model assumptions can be adjusted as new information becomes available and with decision makers to ensure that the results of modeling impact policy decisions.
Acculturation in East Africa. III. Attitudes toward Parents, Teachers, and Education

(1962). Acculturation in East Africa. III. Attitudes toward Parents, Teachers, and Education. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 57, No. 2, pp. 409-415.
Experiments on the resonance of long-period waves near islands

Rotating model studies of the resonant trapping of wave energy at periods longer than the inertial demonstrate this phenomenon for Kelvin- and shelf-type waves. Previous predictions for the resonant frequencies for the Kelvin-type waves are quantitatively confirmed. For the shelf-type waves systematic discrepancies are found between the experiments and the theoretical predictions. The effects of amplitude and horizontal scale on these waves are discussed, but no explanation for the discrepancies is found.
Packing defects, cavities, volume fluctuations, and access to the interior of proteins. Including some general comments on surface area and protein structure

A brief review is given of the use of molecular surface area in estimations of hydrophobic forces and of their influence on protein structure. Molecular area can be used as an estimate of the free energy of transfer of a solute between solvents of differing polarity. Area changes that occur on forming secondary and tertiary structural units are examined including the possible uses of such estimates in algorithms for folding peptide chains. In 1975Lumry andRosenberg introduced the concept of mobile defects in discussing protein dynamics with particular reference to hydrogen exchange experiments (25). This idea is examined quantitatively in this paper. A first order approach is taken by assuming volume changes to occur by isometric expansion and contraction of the small cavities that occur as packing defects in the structures of all proteins. The positions and mean volume of these defects can be derived from the known X-ray structure using the Voronoi construction. The volume fluctuations of these cavities are assumed to follow a normal distribution leading to a probability of expansion to any preset value, vo. The standard deviation of the fluctuation, σ, is related to the mean isothermal compressibility of the protein and is a characteristic of that particular molecule (8). The parameter vo is related to the process being considered and should be the same for all proteins. For hydrogen exchange it should be related to the volume of a water molecule. For fluorescence quenching it would reflect the molecular volume of the quencher. The theory has been applied to myoglobin and pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. Reasonable agreement with hydrogen exchange data for the slowly exhanging amide protons can be obtained, but there is difficulty with the rapidly exchanging protons and access to the protein surface. No explicit account has yet been taken of the changes in exchange rate due to primary or secondary structure, factors which will particularly effect the surface positions.
Cells transformed by human Herpesvirus type 2 transcribe virus-specific RNA sequences shared by Herpesvirus types 1 and 2.

RECENT studies associate herpesviruses with neoplastic diseases of several animal species and man (see review by Klein1). Direct evidence links herpesviruses with the aetiology of Marek's disease of chickens2 and with the Lucke adenocarcinoma of the frog3–6 and less direct but persuasive data associate the Epstein-Barr herpesvirus with human Burkitt's lymphoma1. Herpesviruses with oncogenic properties have also been isolated from monkeys7 and rabbits8, although their role in cancer has not been established.
Variational calculation of the energy levels of the (dt micro)+ molecule.

The ground and the excited states of both the s and p states of the (dt..mu..)/sup +/ molecule are calculated using the variational method of moments. Our best energy values are -319.117 and -34.776 eV for the s states, and -232.436 and -0.628 eV for the p states.
Thermal neutron detection with pyrolytic boron nitride

Abstract Commercially acquired samples of pyrolytic boron nitride (pBN) were tested as potential thermal neutron detectors. The pBN material has a high content of 10 B (19.9% natural abundance), allowing for the excitation of charge carriers from the 10 B(n,α) 7 Li reaction. Samples 5 mm×5 mm×1 mm thick with conductive contacts applied to both sides were operated as traditional planar semiconductor detectors. Being a solid, the material is attractive as a possible solid-state neutron detector. The devices were tested in a diffracted neutron beam from a nuclear reactor. Experimental results from the prototype devices are reported.
Genetic differentiation of bicolor damselfish (Eupomacentrus partitus) populations in the Florida Keys

Electrophoretic variation in proteins encoded by 23 loci revealed substantial genetic differentiation among populations of bicolor damselfish (Eupomacentrus partitus) collected from four coral reefs in the Florida Keys, USA, during 1986–1988. Genetic differentiation was concentrated between a sample collected from Little Grecian Rocks Reef (LGR) and the remaining samples, including fish from a reef only 600 m distant (Grecian Rocks Reef). Genetic distinction of the LGR sample derived from significantly heterogenous allelic frequencies at six of eight polymorphic loci. Aco-1 (aconitase); Ada (adenosine deaminase); Gpi-2 (glucosephosphate isomerase); Ldh-2 and Ldh-3 (lactate dehydrogenase); and Me-1 (malic enzyme); nevertheless, differentiation at cytosolic aconitase (Aco-1) far exceeded that observed for other loci (fixation index, F ST=0.482), and differences in Aco-1 allele frequencies were largely responsible for large genetic distances (≥0.20) between LGR and the other reefs. Paradoxically, estimates of numbers of migrants exchanged between reefs per generation (mN e=17.47) indicated the potential for extensive gene flow. The extent of genetic differentiation among these populations is evaluated relative to models of population genetic structure based on equilibrium between gene flow and natural selection or genetic drift.
Rice and man: agricultural ecology in southeast Asia

This book has two parts, and each part has four chapters. The first chapter describes the physical and demographic aspects of Bang Chan, once a village and now an industrialized suburb in Central Thailand. The second and third chapters display an elegant command of the history and biology of rice expressed in properly anthropomorphic terms.
MIMI: Multimodality, Multiresource, Information Integration Environment for Biomedical Core Facilities

The rapid expansion of biomedical research has brought substantial scientific and administrative data management challenges to modern core facilities. Scientifically, a core facility must be able to manage experimental workflow and the corresponding set of large and complex scientific data. It must also disseminate experimental data to relevant researchers in a secure and expedient manner that facilitates collaboration and provides support for data interpretation and analysis. Administratively, a core facility must be able to manage the scheduling of its equipment and to maintain a flexible and effective billing system to track material, resource, and personnel costs and charge for services to sustain its operation. It must also have the ability to regularly monitor the usage and performance of its equipment and to provide summary statistics on resources spent on different categories of research. To address these informatics challenges, we introduce a comprehensive system called MIMI (multimodality, multiresource, information integration environment) that integrates the administrative and scientific support of a core facility into a single web-based environment. We report the design, development, and deployment experience of a baseline MIMI system at an imaging core facility and discuss the general applicability of such a system in other types of core facilities. These initial results suggest that MIMI will be a unique, cost-effective approach to addressing the informatics infrastructure needs of core facilities and similar research laboratories.
Replication and Returns to Scale in Production

Replication alone does not yield a smooth constant-returns-to-scale production function as those usually assumed in the literature. However, such a function arises endogenously with replication, driven by profit-maximization, if the efficiency of the underlying production process varies with the intensity it is operated at, and reaches a maximum at a stationary point. The result applies when the number of production processes must be discrete, thus overcoming the so-called integer problem. When inputs are non-rival, public goods or generated by externalities, replication can lead to increasing or decreasing returns to scale.
A rapid filter paper assay for UDPglucose-glycogen glucosyltransferase, including an improved biosynthesis of UDP-14C-glucose.

Abstract A modified method for enzymic synthesis of UDP-14C-glucose in high yield is described. Labeled UDPglucose is isolated by high-voltage paper electrophoresis after an alkaline phosphatase treatment of the reaction products. The synthesis gives high yields and is reproducible, and the isolation of radioactive UDPglucose from the electrophoresis is quantitative. A new assay for UDPglucose: glycogen α-4-glucosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.11) is also described. Enzyme reaction mixtures are spotted directly on filter paper squares and washed with 66% ( v v ) ethanol, and 14C-glycogen is counted in a liquid scintillation spectrometer. The method is accurate for all transferase preparations tested if corrections are applied for sample quenching. Assay time is greatly reduced and large numbers of assays can be processed with very little increase in assay time. The assay is also readily applicable to the determination of transferase-I kinase activity. It was also found that stopping the transferase-catalyzed reaction by precipitation of trichloroacetic acid insoluble protein resulted in a loss of radioactive glycogen. When crude preparations of transferase were assayed, up to 20% of the radioactivity bound to glycogen was precipitated by 6% trichloroacetic acid.
Estimation of group means when adjusting for covariates in generalized linear models

Generalized linear models are commonly used to analyze categorical data such as binary, count, and ordinal outcomes. Adjusting for important prognostic factors or baseline covariates in generalized linear models may improve the estimation efficiency. The model-based mean for a treatment group produced by most software packages estimates the response at the mean covariate, not the mean response for this treatment group for the studied population. Although this is not an issue for linear models, the model-based group mean estimates in generalized linear models could be seriously biased for the true group means. We propose a new method to estimate the group mean consistently with the corresponding variance estimation. Simulation showed the proposed method produces an unbiased estimator for the group means and provided the correct coverage probability. The proposed method was applied to analyze hypoglycemia data from clinical trials in diabetes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
'Nedoceratops': an example of a transitional morphology.

Background The holotype and only specimen of the chasmosaurine ceratopsid dinosaur ‘Nedoceratops hatcheri’ has been the source of considerable taxonomic debate since its initial description. At times it has been referred to its own genus while at others it has been considered synonymous with the contemporaneous chasmosaurine Triceratops. Most recently, the debate has focused on whether the specimen represents an intermediate ontogenetic stage between typical young adult Triceratops and the proposed mature morphology, which was previously considered to represent a distinct genus, ‘Torosaurus’. Methodology/Principal Findings The only specimen of ‘Nedoceratops hatcheri’ was examined and the proposed diagnostic features of this taxon were compared with other chasmosaurine ceratopsids. Every suggested autapomorphy of ‘Nedoceratops’ is found in specimens of Triceratops. In this study, Triceratops includes the adult ‘Torosaurus’ morphology. The small parietal fenestra and elongate squamosals of Nedoceratops are consistent with a transition from a short, solid parietal-squamosal frill to an expanded, fenestrated condition. Objections to this hypothesis regarding the number of epiossifications of the frill and alternations of bone surface texture were explored through a combination of comparative osteology and osteohistology. The synonymy of the three taxa was further supported by these investigations. Conclusions/Significance The Triceratops, ‘Torosaurus’, and ‘Nedoceratops’ morphologies represent ontogenetic variation within a single genus of chasmosaurine: Triceratops. This study highlights how interpretations of dinosaur paleobiology, biodiversity, and systematics may be affected by ascribing ontogenetic and other intraspecific variation a taxonomic significance.
The T-Effect: A Method for increasing resolution in some systems in which substances traverse a medium at different rates

Abstract By placing two media in tandem ( T -effect), resolution can sometimes be increased without increasing the time required for separation in chromatography, ion-exchange, electrophoresis, distillation, particle classification, production of spectra by refraction of light, etc. Conditions necessary for this increase in resolution are derived mathematically. Optimum conditions for maximum resolution are calculated
Wait-time in college classes taken by education majors

Professors teaching education classes differed little from professors teaching noneducation classes in terms of the questions they asked and how long they paused after questions and students' responses. Fewer professor questions went unanswered in the education courses. Professors ask on average about 25 questions each class hour, the majority of which are higher-level. They pause about 2.25 seconds after questions and .45 seconds after student responses. These pauses suggest many students are effectively shut out of responding and are not provided the opportunity to elaborate their answers, even those to complex, divergent questions.
Solubility of SO2 in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone and tri-n-butyl phosphate

The ability of two organic solvents (1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone and tri-n-butyl phosphate) to remove SO2 from utility and industrial waste gases to an environmentally acceptable level was studied. Infinite dilution activity coefficients of SO2 for the systems were obtained by gas-liquid chromatography. From these coefficients, the solubility data of SO2 were derived via a single-parameter form of the Wilson equation in conjunction with regular solution theory. The results were quite comparable to data obtained from a classical bubble-sparger apparatus. On a etudie la capacite de deux solvents organiques (le 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone et le tri-n-butyl phosphate) a enlever le SO2 des gaz de services publics et de dechets industriels jusqu'a un niveau acceptable pour le milieu. On a obtenu par chromatographie gaz-liquide, les coefficients d'activite a dilution infinie du SO2. A partir de ces coefficients, on a pu etablir les donnees de solubilite du SO2, en employant une forme a un seul parametre de l'equation de Wilson conjointement avec la theorie des solutions regulieres. Les resultats se sont averes tres comparables aux donnees obtenues avec un barboteur a bulles classique.
Optical Wave Measurement Technique and Experimental Comparison with Conventional Wave Height Probes

An optical system developed to measure wave slope is described. When the phase speed of a wave train propagating in a single direction is known, the measured slope can be integrated to give wave height directly. Results obtained under these conditions are compared with those from a capacitive wave height probe and demonstrate the accuracy of the system. These experiments also indicate a rather severe limitation of the wave height probe due to a lack of spatial resolution because of the mensicus on the probe. Confirmation is also given that the correct value of surface tension to use in the wave dispersion relation can be obtained from a static measurement, in this case by a du Nouy tensiometer.
Growth of Tomato Seedlings in Commercial Substrate Amended With Dewatered Aquaculture Effluent

Dewatered aquaculture effluent (AE) could replace portions of commercial potting mix for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedling production. In two separate experiments, tomato, cv. Bolseno, seedling growth responses were evaluated when a commercial potting mix was amended with 0%–75% of AE (v/v) and fertigated with a water-soluble, complete inorganic fertilizer. In Experiment 1, differences existed for seedling plant height, leaf area, leaf dry matter, stem dry matter, and total dry matter 2 weeks after transplanting. Plant growth parameters decreased when AE was ≥25% container volume due to suboptimal physical and chemical properties of the substrate. In Experiment 2, commercial potting mix replaced with 5% AE improved plant height, leaf area, leaf dry matter, stem dry matter, and total dry matter by 26%, 124%, 87%, 75%, and 83%, respectively, compared to the control. Plants grown in substrates with 10% and 15% AE had greater plant height and leaf area compared to the control, whereas other growth par...
CO2 capture: Value functions, separative work and process economics

Abstract The relationship between the thermodynamic minimum work of separation and the “separative work” from the theory of staged separation processes is examined. These functions show similar patterns of concentration dependence over much of the range but they diverge at the extremes of high and low concentrations with the result that, for separation processes in which a pure product is extracted from a low concentration feed, the “separative work” is substantially greater than the thermodynamic minimum. The implications for CO 2 capture, both from stack gas and from the atmosphere, are examined in detail. It is shown that, according to this model, the separative work required for direct air capture (per mole of CO 2 ) is substantially greater than the thermodynamic minimum and may be as much as 100 times greater than the energy required for capture from the stack gas of a coal fired power plant.
Palaeoclimate: A fresh look at Arctic ice sheets

During the Last Glacial Maximum, ice sheets in Eurasia terminated at the edge of the Laptev Sea. Seismic data now suggest that a separate ice sheet was repeatedly centred further east, in the East Siberian Sea, during previous glacial periods.
Arsenic forms in mine-polluted sediments of Moira Lake, Ontario

Abstract The sediments of Moira Lake, Ontario, have accumulated large quantities of arsenic and toxic metals since the 1830's when mining began in its drainage basin. Despite the fact that the mine activities ceased in 1961, leachates from the abandoned mine wastes still deliver large quantities (about 3.5 Mg.y −1 ) of arsenic to the lake. The As concentrations at the top of the sediments average about 545 μg.g −1 , with maximal concentrations of about 1000 μg.g −1 occurring at depths of 23–27 cm. Approximately 56% of the As in the sediments is bound to the iron and manganese oxides. Observed changes in the profiles of As bound to the different chemical fractions suggest that some of the oxide-bound As is being converted to the residual phases. In view of the dominant form of As in the sediments, changes in the Eh or pH may trigger the release of large quantities of As to the overlying water.
Response of human artery, vein, and cultured smooth muscle cells to atrial and C-type natriuretic peptides

OBJECTIVES We determined the response of intracellular cyclic GMP in human arteries and veins and in smooth muscle cells cultured from these vessels to C-type natriuretic peptide in comparison with atrial natriuretic peptide. DESIGN Repeated-measures analysis of concentration-response curves. SETTING Anesthesia research laboratory. SUBJECTS Vascular smooth muscle cells from human blood vessels obtained with Institutional Review Board approval and patient consent. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Segments of internal mammary artery and saphenous vein were obtained from patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Smooth muscle cells were cultured from these vessels. Concentration-response curves of intracellular cyclic GMP were determined and analyzed by two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures. In segments of intact saphenous vein, C-type natriuretic peptide was significantly more effective than atrial natriuretic peptide (16-fold increase in cyclic GMP in response to 1 microM of C-type natriuretic peptide vs. six-fold increase in cyclic GMP in response to 1 microM of atrial natriuretic peptide, p < .05). In rings of intact internal mammary artery, 1 microM of atrial natriuretic peptide (26-fold increase in cyclic GMP over basal value) was more effective than 1 microM of c-type natriuretic peptide (three-fold increase in cyclic GMP over basal value, p < .05). In cultured cells from these vessels, the pattern of response to C-type natriuretic peptide and atrial natriuretic peptide was the same as in the intact vessels. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that human smooth muscle cells in arteries and veins express both forms of natriuretic peptide receptors but that atrial natriuretic peptide acts primarily on the artery and C-type natriuretic peptide acts predominantly on the vein. Increased concentrations of C-type natriuretic peptide could contribute to venous pooling in septic shock.
Investigation of the initial chemisorption and reaction of fluorine (XeF2) with the GaN(0001)-(1 × 1) surface

X-ray and ultraviolet photoemission and X-ray-excited Auger spectroscopies have been used to study the initial chemisorption and reaction of fluorine (XeF2) with GaN(0001)-(1 × 1) surfaces. An inhomogeneous layer is formed, with a saturation coverage of ΘFsat ≈ 0.67 monolayers, which is stable up to ∼ 550°C. Higher coverages are attained under similar conditions on surfaces damaged by N-ion bombardment. Band bending on the ordered surface is essentially eliminated by chemisorbed F. Ga atoms bonded to two or three F atoms are identified in the fluorinated layer through the appearance of a chemically-shifted satellite in the Ga 3d XPS and of other features associated with GaF3. However, the additional presence of a ‘GaF-like’ monofluoride and/or NF bonds cannot be excluded.
Water wave reflection due to surface tension and floating ice

In this paper two distinct but related problems are considered: the reflection of water waves from a region covered by floating matter, and the reflection of water waves from a region having an appreciable surface tension. The results are obtained from shallow water theory on the supposition that the depth is small compared to the wavelength.
Two tools for network traffic analysis

Abstract This paper explores two tools for evaluating irregular sequences of numbers occurring in the operation of computer networks. The time series might be interarrival times, packet lengths, or IP destination addresses. The tools were developed because there is a need for network designers and administrators to understand network traffic, an understanding not provided by conventional statistical methods. An application of the tools would be comparison of real and synthetic sequences; should a synthetic sequence not yield the same outputs as a real sequence, then use of the synthetic sequence in modeling would be questionable. The first tool is a modification of fractal dimension work in other fields, notably radar research. Its application is limited to data for which a numerical comparison makes sense, such as time lengths. The second tool essentially discovers the same thing as the first, the existence of data points that are visited frequently. However, the second tool does not rely upon a metric and so can be applied to data such as addresses.
Governance and global communities

Abstract Communities are a new form of organization in which volunteers primarily contribute to the creation of economic value. Building upon transaction cost economics, communities are investigated as a fourth form of governance structure. The concept of transaction benefits is introduced to the governance structure equation and some key variables (individual characteristics and needs, information technology, and national culture and policy) influencing transaction benefits are identified. Within communities, four major forms (restrictive, diffusive, inventive and adaptive) are identified based upon dimensions of responsiveness and transaction benefits. We conclude with a discussion of the relationship between communities and other governance structures.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE MELANDER EFFECT

Abstract Melander's experimental results on the apparent production of salt nuclei by evaporation of salt solutions are examined both theoretically and experimentally. It is concluded theoretically that the rate of evaporative escape of molecular sodium chloride or other salts from sea water is too low by a factor of 1018 to account for the formation of the nuclei active in cloud condensation. It is shown experimentally that the rate of collection of salt particles of diameter in excess of 0.05 micron over evaporating salt solution is too low by a factor of at least 106 to account for the observed rate of atmospheric condensation. Therefore, there appears to be no basis for accepting Wright's suggestion that Melander's work provides an answer to Simpson's long-standing objection to the sea-salt hypothesis of condensation nuclei.