cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early almond harvest as a strategy for sustainable irrigation, pest and disease management

Abstract Almonds (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb) are one of the most economically important agricultural commodities in California. As production in the state continues to increase, growers seek sustainable methods to manage agricultural water use and pests that are affordable and environmentally sustainable. The primary objectives of this research were to test the efficacy of hull split regulated deficit irrigation in combination with early harvest of almonds (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb) for improved irrigation efficiency and control of navel orangeworm (NOW) (Amyelois transitella (Walker)) and hull rot (HR) (Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb:Fr.) Vuill.; Monilinia fructicola (G. Wint.) Honey). Standard Harvest (SH) timing was compared to Early Harvest (EH) timing at approximately three to four weeks earlier in two California almond orchards using a randomized complete block design at each orchard. Stem water potential (SWP) measurements were used to monitor tree water status and manipulate irrigation to prepare trees for EH treatments. Trees were maintained at -1400 to -1800 kPa SWP for two to three weeks leading up to both EH and SH. There were significantly lower HR strikes in EH treatment trees than in SH treatment trees, and significant reductions in the percentage of kernels infested with NOW when EH was employed. There were no significant kernel yield, marketable yield, or shaker efficacy differences between the two treatments. Although 83.3 and 40.9 mm less water was applied to EH trees than SH trees at the Denair and Woodland sites respectively, the trees from both treatment regimes at both sites returned to the same water status after SH and recovered from the induced moderate water stress by the same date after harvest. With further development of complementary harvest and processing strategies, early harvest of almonds shows promise as a strategy for improved water use efficiency and pest and disease control in almond orchards.
Exploring Language Patterns in a Medical Licensure Exam Item Bank

This study examines the use of natural language processing (NLP) models to evaluate whether language patterns used by item writers in a medical licensure exam might contain evidence of biased or stereotypical language. This type of bias in item language choices can be particularly impactful for items in a medical licensure assessment, as it could pose a threat to content validity and defensibility of test score validity evidence. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt using machine learning (ML) and NLP to explore language bias on a large item bank. Using a prediction algorithm trained on clusters of similar item stems, we demonstrate that our approach can be used to review large item banks for potential biased language or stereotypical patient characteristics in clinical science vignettes. The findings may guide the development of methods to address stereotypical language patterns found in test items and enable an efficient updating of those items, if needed, to reflect contemporary norms, thereby improving the evidence to support the validity of the test scores.
Performance Criteria for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic Cements by X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis

Bulk oxide determinations from two pairs of ASTM C150/C150M-12 portland cements are used to calculate precision and accuracy values for X-ray fluorescence (XRF) by both the fused glass bead and the pressed powder sample preparation methods. The first pair of cements are ordinary portland cement (OPC) with 45 participants, while the second pair contains ca. 3 % limestone, with 24 labs participating. Each lab provided results from six replicates analyzed in duplicate, covering fifteen analytes, CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, SO3, MgO, Na2O, K2O, TiO2, P2O5, Mn2O3, SrO, ZnO, Cr2O3, and Cl, with the laboratories roughly split between the two different sample preparations. Chemical data using traditional chemical analyses (the Reference Methods per ASTM C150) from the Cement and Concrete Reference Laboratory (CCRL) proficiency test program were included for comparison to the XRF results. Precision measures for within- and between-laboratory performance are presented as 1σ and 95 % limits (ASTM d2s). Accuracy criteria are based upon a two-sided 95 % prediction interval for the mean of two separate test results, defining the range of values one might expect for each analyte relative to a certified value of a reference material. Comparing to current C114 limits, based upon classical wet chemical analysis, within-lab precision for CaO is larger, wheras SiO2 precision is similar to existing limits. Al2O3 and Fe2O3 precisions are substantially better, whereas for the remaining analytes, the precision is generally similar to ASTM C114 limits. A comparison of the ASTM accuracy criteria shows that CaO accuracy is poorer than the current limit, SO3 is larger, SiO2 and Na2O are similar, while the remaining accuracy limits for XRF are generally better than the ASTM C114 criteria. The powder method shows a positive relative bias for CaO for the cements containing less than 5 % limestone, suggesting a need for more limestone-containing reference materials for powder method calibration for these cements.
Unexpected findings in trauma patients dying in the intensive care unit: results of 153 consecutive autopsies.

Abstract BACKGROUND: The true incidence of missed injuries in trauma-related deaths is unknown, because in only about 60% of injury-related deaths nationwide is an autopsy performed. Few studies have documented the frequency of missed diagnoses leading to deaths specifically in the trauma ICU population. We attempted to evaluate the incidence and nature of missed injuries and complications in trauma- and burn-related deaths in our ICU given an autopsy rate of close to 100%. STUDY DESIGN: The medical records of all trauma- and burn-related deaths in the ICU over a 2-year period were reviewed retrospectively. Missed diagnoses were classified as class I: major diagnosis that if recognized and treated appropriately might have changed outcomes; class II: major diagnosis that if recognized and treated appropriately would not have changed outcomes; and class III: minor diagnosis. RESULTS: Complete antemortem records were available for 158 patients, of which 153 (97%) underwent autopsy. Mean age was 50 years, and 72% were males. Mean ICU stay was 10 ± 15 days. Four (3%) patients had class I missed diagnoses: bowel infarction, meningitis, retroperitoneal abscess, and bleeding gastric ulcer. Twenty-five (16%) patients had class II diagnoses, and 12 (8%) patients had class III diagnoses. Overall, 81% of 153 patients had either class III diagnoses or no missed injuries or complications. Pneumonia was the most common missed diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: With an autopsy rate of 97%, 3% of deaths had missed major diagnoses that might have affected outcomes if recognized antemortem. Autopsy findings can still provide valuable feedback in improving the quality of care of critically ill trauma patients.
May State Law Take Away an Employer’s Right to Do Business in the State as a Penalty for Employing Unauthorized Aliens, When Federal Law Handles Such Violations Differently?

Part of the Law Commons Publication Information Jessica E. Slavin and Alyssa Johnson, May State Law Take Away an Employer’s Right to Do Business in the State as a Penalty for Employing Unauthorized Aliens, When Federal Law Handles Such Violations Differently?, 38 Preview U.S. Sup. Ct. Cas. 121 (2010). © 2010 American Bar Association. This information or any portion thereof may not be copied or disseminated in any form or by any means or downloaded or stored in an electronic database or retrieval system without the express written consent of the American Bar Association.
Recursive Algorithms for Optimal Solutions of Stochastic Teams with Decentralized Information

We consider in this paper a class of stochastic team and nonzero-sum game problems with more than two agents who have access to decentralized information and may build their own subjective probability models to be used in the decision process. There is, in general, no compatibility between different models built by different agents, and this makes the available theory on teams and games inapplicable to our problem. We discuss different equilibrium solutions to the team and game problems in this multimodelling framework, and develop convergent algorithms which would lead to such an equilibrium under a number of conditions and for different probabilistic models. As a by-product of our analysis, we obtain a recursive algorithm which provides a solution to quadratic teams when the underlying distributions are not Gaussian.
Administration of Aspirin as a Prophylaxis Agent Against Venous Thromboembolism Results in Lower Incidence of Periprosthetic Joint Infection

The efficacy and safety of aspirin (ASA) for prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) following total joint arthroplasty (TJA) have been demonstrated. Our hypothesis was that postoperative ASA compared to warfarin lowers the incidence of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). Between January 2006 and December 2012, 1456 patients received ASA and 1700 patients received warfarin following primary TJA as standard VTE prophylaxis. Logistic regression was utilized to identify independent risk factors of PJI. Incidence of PJI was significantly lower at 0.4% in patients receiving ASA vs. 1.5% in patients receiving warfarin (P<0.001). Warfarin and elevated BMI were independent risk factors for PJI following TJA (P<0.05). Our research suggests that the use of ASA compared to warfarin for VTE prophylaxis reduces the risk of PJI following TJA.
Practical issues and research opportunities when implementing zero speed sensorless control

It is well accepted that drives require knowledge of rotor and flux linkage positions to precisely control torque and motion at all speeds including zero and near zero. In industrial applications the rotor position sensor is the standard solution. However, in the rapidly emerging automotive and aerospace applications the harsh environment (temperature, humidity, chemicals and vibration) can easily cause failure of the sensor connectors, cables or sensor components. Such failures are unacceptable. Furthermore, the weight and cost penalty associated with mechanically protecting the sensor, sensor connector, and sensor cabling is a significant disadvantage. Thus, true sensorless operation through the power leads is fast becoming a requirement. This paper will focus on practical Implementation and research issues for sensorless, high performance, zero and near zero speed, motion control.
King of the Crocodylians: The Paleobiology of Deinosuchus

David R. Schwimmer, 2002, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 240 p. (Hardcover, $45.00) ISBN: 0-253-34087-X In a media world driven by dinosaurs, crocodyliforms have finally made the big time. The giants and oddities of the group have appeared in feature articles in National Geographic (e.g., Flynn and Krause, 2000; Sereno, 2001) and on television programs. This attention comes with a cost, as the same media biases plaguing dinosaurs arise, especially the push to find the biggest. But every clade has cool stories to tell, and a truly fascinating group is finally reaching a broad audience. David Schwimmer's King of the Crocodylians is the most complete effort to date to tell the story of an animal crocodile aficionados have long admired—the enormous Campanian alligatoroid Deinosuchus . Deinosuchus found its way into the public imagination, however modestly, before any other big extinct crocodyliform; and, as Schwimmer describes, the famous restoration displayed by the American Museum of Natural History left an indelible mark in the minds of many. In many ways, King of the Crocodylians reads like two separate works combined into one. Parts of the book discuss the paleoenvironments and stratigraphy of the Cretaceous of eastern North America, and it is here that Schwimmer is at his best. Other parts are an account of the paleobiology of Deinosuchus , and it is here that the book is weakest. Nonetheless, Schwimmer has made a real contribution with the material he has collected and some of the conclusions drawn in this book. The first chapter sets the stage, beginning with a you-are-there description of a Late Cretaceous salt marsh somewhere in Alabama. Schwimmer describes the vegetation, the marine life, and the animals that lived on the land-sea interface. In a nod to the correct Scala Naturae, the peace is broken by Deinosuchus killing and …
Treatment of category generation and retrieval in aphasia: effect of typicality of category items.

Purpose Kiran and colleagues (Kiran, 2007, 2008; Kiran & Johnson, 2008; Kiran & Thompson, 2003) previously suggested that training atypical examples within a semantic category is a more efficient t...
Isolation, Structural Elucidation, and Chemical Synthesis of 2-Hydroxy-3-octadecyl-5-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (Irisoquin), a Cytotoxic Constituent of Iris missouriensis

As part of a continuing effort to provide novel agents of potential value in cancer chemotherapy, 2-hydroxy-3-octadecyl-5-methoxy-1, 4-benzoquinone (irisoquin) was identified as a component of Iris missouriensis. This novel species demonstrated cytotoxic activity with cultured KB and P-388 cells (ED50 = 1.8 and 0.03 μg/mL, respectively). The structure was assigned on the basis of spectral analyses and confirmed by chemical synthesis. The latter provides a facile method for the production of irisoquin and structural derivatives that may be of value for the examination of structure–activity relationships. A closely related compound, 3-octadecyl-5-methoxy-1, 4-benzoquinone (deoxyirisoquin), was also isolated from Iris missouriensis, prepared synthetically, and found to be devoid of cytotoxic activity.
VARIANCE OF GENE FREQUENCIES.

Inbreeding, gene frequency variance, and their corresponding effective population numbers are now commonplace terms in population genetics. The concepts and much of the theory are classical (Wright, 1921, 1931; Fisher, 1930). More recent refinements and extensions of the theory by Crow and associates (Crow, 1954; Crow and Morton, 1955; Kimura and Crow, 1963a, b) have been primarily concerned with distinguishing between the inbreeding effect on heterozygosity and on the variance of gene frequencies which are so intimately connected in finite populations. The purpose of the present paper is to relate the two in a way which the author thinks is meaningful and easy to grasp. Further, correlational measures are made compatible with probability measures of identity by descent and a simple basis is provided for the analysis of the variance of gene frequencies in experimental or natural populations. The procedure is to work with the variance of a linear function and to incorporate the role that the inbreeding and coancestry of individuals play in this variance. First, let us develop this role. We let aij index the jth allele in the ith individual and introduce a measure of frequency xij defined by
Update 2001: Ambulatory intraaortic balloon counterpulsation

Abstract As Originally Published in 1994: Ambulatory Intraaortic Balloon Counterpulsation by Scott A. Buchanan, MD, Scott E. Langenburg, MD, Michael C. Mauney, MD, Lorne H. Blackbourne, MD, Mark A. Groh, MD, James D. Bergin, MD, and Curtis G. Tribble, MD. Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia. A technique is described for the retroperitoneal placement of a balloon pump that preserves patient mobility. This technique may be superior to standard femoral placement when prolonged support is required for cardiac transplant candidates awaiting donor organs.
Flotation Using Microgas Dispersions for the Removal of Pentachlorophenol from Aqueous Solutions

ABSTRACT Microgas dispersions called colloidal gas aphrons (CGAs) were generated using cationic, anionic, and nonionic surfactants, and were used in an adsorptive bubble flotation process in a semibatch mode to remove pentachlorophenol (PCP) from the aqueous phase. The aqueous solution was maintained at pH values by using buffers. CGAs generated with Tergitol, which is a nonionic surfactant, were found to be the most efficient for the removal of PCP; the efficiency remained nearly independent of pH. In the case of an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (DDBS), the efficiency of removal improved from 15 to 36% with a change in pH from 10.1 to 3.0. For a cationic surfactant, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB), the removal at pH 10.1 was 81%, which decreased to 68.1% at pH 3.0. The charges on the encapsulating film of CGAs may explain the higher percentage of adsorption of PCP on the CGAs generated using HTAB as compared to CGAs generated using DDBS. For all the surfactants, an increas...
Accuracy of Equations Predicting the Phyllochron of Wheat

Predicting the rate of leaf appearance, or phyllochron, aids in understanding and modeling grass development and growth. Nine equations predicting the phyllochron of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were evaluated using field data from a variety of locations, cultivars, and management practices. Each equation is referred to by the last name of the first author; if there is more than one equation by the first author, additional descriptors were included. The BAKER and KIRBY equations predict the phyllochron based on changes in daylength following seedling emergence; CAO-TEMP and CAO-DAY use a curvilinear relationship with temperature and daylength; VOLK mathematically refines CAO-TD MIGLIETTA-DAY adds photoperiod effects ot MIGLIETTA. No equation adequately predicted the phyllochron. The r 2 values between predicted and measured phyllochron for winter wheat and spring cultivars, respectively, were BAKER (0.001, 0.486, KIRBY (0.002, 0.487), CAO-DAY (0.000, 0.174), MIGLIETTA-DAY (0.013, 0.008), MIGLIETTA (0.002, 0.405), CAO-TEMP (0.100, 0.190), CAO-FIELD (0.078, 0.036), CAO-TD KIRBY tended to overestimate the phyllochron; and the remaining equations were biased towards underestimating the phyllochron. Equations developed from field data had the greater range of predicted phyllochrons. Based on multiple criteria, the BAKER equation best predicted the phyllochron for the experimental data set. Other factors must be added to the equations to improve predictions. Much opportunity exists to improve our ability to predict the phyllochron
Correlates of “Feeding Well” in Babies in the Newborn Nursery† 686

“Feeding well”, one criterion for hospital discharge of newborn babies, is not well defined. Previously we reported on volume and duration of feeding in 63 bottle-fed newborns; we now report on a total of 151 babies. AIMS: 1) To define correlates of “feeding well”; and 2) To expand our database. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective evaluation of volume and duration of feeding for each 4 hr. epoch from birth through 48 hrs. of age in babies on ad lib q4 hr. feedings as well as documentation of individual feeding baby (mother [M] or nurse [N]). Exclusion criteria: breast feeding, risk of sepsis or hypoglycemia, phototherapy, gavage feeding, or emesis. RESULTS: Data collection was initiated in 151 babies, 10 were excluded. The resultant 141 babies had mean GA 38.8±1.3 wks, and BW 3.19±0.38 kg. Twenty-three infants were slightly preterm (35-37 wks). At 12 hrs. of age babies ingested mean volume of 32.0±15 cc over mean of 18±8 minutes; by 48 hrs. volume was 55.0±19 cc over mean of 14±6 minutes (p<.001). M fed their babies more volume than N(p=.018), however there was no difference in duration of feeding between N and M (p=.43). While preterm infants took longer to feed than term (p=.001), they took similar volumes (p=.95). CONCLUSIONS: 1) Correlates of “feeding well” in the newborn nursery are: increasing postnatal age, term gestation, and M as individual feeding the baby; and 2) By 48 hrs. of age most babies in the newborn nursery ingest approximately 2 oz of formula q4 hrs. Figure
Some numerical methods for the Hele-Shaw equations

Abstract Tryggvason and Aref used a boundary integral method and the vortex-in-cell method to evolve the interface between two fluids in a Hele-Shaw cell. The method gives excellent results for intermediate values of the nondimensional surface tension parameter. The results are different from the predicted results of McLean and Saffman for small surface tension. For large surface tension, there are some numerical problems. In this paper, we implement the method of Tryggvason and Aref but use the point vortex method instead of the vortex-in-cell method. A parametric spline is used to represent the interface. The finger widths obtained agree well with those predicted by McLean and Saffman. We conclude the the method of Tryggvason and Aref can provide excellent results but that the vortex-in-cell method may not be the method of choice for extreme values of the surface tension parameter. In a second method, we represent the interface with a Fourier representation. In addition, an alternative way of discretizing the boundary integral is used. Our results are compared to the linearized theory and the results of McLean and Saffman and are shown to be highly accurate.
Distributed multi-cell power control in transmit beamforming systems using intercell-interference plus noise estimates

We address the problem of distributed multi-cell power control in multi-user transmit beamforming systems. The transmit beamforming vectors are obtained by exploiting the multi-cell uplink-downlink duality, and for fixed beamformers, the downlink power is allocated so as to satisfy certain per user SINR constraints with minimal total power. The proposed scheme is based on measurement of real-time intercell-interference plus noise (I+N) at the users using an interference projection technique. At each base station (BS), locally available information and the intercell I+N reports from the users can be combined to implement improved distributed multi-cell power control. Simulation results are provided to assess the performance of the proposed technique.
Determination of Time Course of Tablet Disintegration II: Method Using Continuous Functions

An analysis of the disintegration-dissolution sequence of drug release from a tablet leads to a mathematical expression relating disintegration to the dissolution profile of the tablet and the dissolution rate of the primary drug particles in the tablet. The equation describing the disintegration of an acetaminophen tablet is determined to demonstrate the application of the theory.
Distribution of bottom stress and tidal energy dissipation in a well-mixed estuary

Abstract Estimates of area-averaged tidal bottom stress are made for four channel segments of the Great Bay Estuary, N.H. Current and sealevel measurements are used to estimate acceleration and pressure gradient terms in the equation of motion, while the equation of motion itself is used to infer the remaining stress term. Dynamic terms, bottom stress values, friction coefficients and energy dissipation rates are estimated for each site. The analysis shows that while throughout the estuary the principal force balance is between the frictional stress and the pressure gradient forcing, RMS values of total bottom stress range from 2·67 to 10·38 Nm−2 and friction coefficients vary from 0·015 to 0·054. Both stress and energy dissipation are largest in the seaward portion of the estuary with an order of magnitude decrease in dissipation at the most inland site. These distributions of stress and energy dissipation are consistent with cotidal charts of the principal semi-diurnal tidal constituent (M2) which indicate that the estuary is composed of a highly dissipative more progressive tidal wave regime seaward and a less dissipative standing wave regime landward.
WE-G-217BCD-04: Diagnostic Image Quality Evaluation of a Dedicated Extremity Cone- Beam CT Scanner: Pre-Clinical Studies and First Clinical Results.

Purpose: To assess the diagnostic performance of a prototype cone‐beam CT(CBCT) scanner developed for musculoskeletal extremity imaging. Studies involved controlled observer studies conducted subsequent to rigorous technical assessment as well as patient images from the first clinical trial in imaging the hand and knee. Methods: Performance assessment included: 1.) rigorous technical assessment; 2.) controlled observer studies using CBCTimages of cadaveric specimens; and 3.) first clinical images. Technical assessment included measurement of spatial resolution(MTF), constrast, and noise (SDNR) versus kVp and dose using standard CT phantoms. Diagnostic performance in comparison to multi‐ detectorCT (MDCT) was assessed in controlled observer studies involving 12 cadaveric hands and knees scanned with and without abnormality (fracture). Observer studies involved five radiologists rating pertinent diagnostics tasks in 9‐point preference and 10‐point diagnostic satisfaction scales. Finally, the first clinical images from an ongoing pilot study were assessed in terms of diagnostic utility in disease assessment and overall workflow in patient setup. Results: Quantitative assessment demonstrated sub‐mm spatial resolution(MTF exceeding 10% out to 15–20 cm‐1) and SDNR sufficient for relevant soft‐tissue visualization tasks at dose <10 mGy. Observer studies confirmed optimal acquisition techniques and demonstrated superior utility of combined soft‐tissue visualization and isotropic spatial resolution in diagnostic tasks. Images from the patient trial demonstrate exquisite contrast and detail and the ability to detect tissue impingement in weight‐bearing exams. Conclusions: The prototype CBCT scanner provides isotropic spatial resolution superior to standard‐protocol MDCT with soft‐tissue visibility sufficient for a broad range of diagnostic tasks in musculoskeletal radiology. Dosimetry and workflow were advantageous in comparison to whole‐body MDCT. Multi‐mode and weight‐bearing capabilities add valuable functionality. An ongoing clinical study further assesses diagnostic utility and defines the role of such technology in the diagnostic arsenal. ‐ Research Grant, Carestream Health ‐ Research Grant, National Institutes of Health 2R01‐CA‐112163
Response criterion placement modulates the benefits of graded alerting systems in a simulated baggage screening task

An experiment compared the benefits of two-level and graded alerting systems as human performance aids in a simulated baggage x-ray screening task. Decision boundaries for the graded systems were v...
Etiology of infertility in monkeys with endometriosis: measurement of peritoneal fluid prostaglandins.

To study the relationship between peritoneal fluid prostaglandins and infertility associated with endometriosis, we autografted endometrial or adipose tissue to the pelvic peritoneum in 21 monkeys. Peritoneal washings were collected prior to tissue transplantation and during a subsequent laparotomy performed for biopsy of the implants. Monkeys were mated and peritoneal washings were collected during three subsequent cycles. The content of prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α ) in adipose tissue autografts was significantly less (p 2α concentration in peritoneal fluid increased significantly (p 2α concentrations in peritoneal washings obtained during these cycles were increased in comparison with those of ovulatory cycles, the difference was not significant. A relationship between spontaneous abortion and prostaglandin concentrations in peritoneal fluid was not established.
Meritocracy and the Singapore Political System

Abstract A meritocracy presumes those with innate and demonstrated talent will be an elite. The implementation of meritocracy remains a guiding principle of the People's Action Party's (PAP) non-communist leaders who have governed Singapore since 1959. This article focuses on meritocracy, elected public officials and the PAP's recruiting to government a cohort from among Singapore's best and brightest. The success of the PAP, the world's longest-governing elected political party, is based on meritocracy, incorruptibility and effective policies. Important to understanding Singapore's meritocracy is political recruitment which has been refined for half a century. Compensation for the high flyers means elected officials and top civil servants are probably the highest paid in the world. The realistic justification is that you can retain outstanding persons. Comprehensive and effective anti-corruption measures combined with high pay means Singapore is one of the most corruption free governments in the world.
Influence of 6-Deoxy-6-Fluoroglucose on Glucose Utilization in Rat Epididymal Adipose Tissue and Rat Diaphragm.∗:

SummaryThe effect of 6-deoxy-6-fluoroglucose (6-FG) on oxidation of glucose has been examined in vitro in rat epididymal adipose and rat diaphragm tissue. It was found that 6-FG at all concentrations studied was an effective inhibitor of the oxidation of glucose. However, at high 6-FG concentrations, inhibition curve of glucose oxidation approaches a maximum at approximately 75% and 50% for adipose and diaphragm tissue respectively. The inhibition curve obtained with 2-deoxyglucose, which was used for comparison purposes, appeared to asymptotically approach 100% inhibition of glucose oxidation in these tissues. These results have been interpreted to mean that 2 or more pathways previous to the hexokinase reaction appear to exist for oxidation of glucose in these tissues, and that only one of these pathways is inhibited by 6-FG.
Thermally Activated Methyl and t -Butyl Group Reorientation in Solids

We reinterpret proton spin-lattice relaxation measurements in solid 1,4-di-$t$-butylbenzene (1,4-DTB) [P. A. Beckmann, F. A. Fusco, and A. E. O'Neill, J. Magn. Reson. 59, 63 (1984)] in light of a recent study of solid 1,3-DTB [P. A. Beckmann, A. I. Hill, E. B. Kohler, and H. Yu, Phys. Rev. B 38, 11098 (1988)]. We investigate the relationship between the spectral density that characterizes the intramolecular reorientation of the $t$-butyl groups and their constituent methyl groups in DTB, and the $t$-butyl group environment which dictates the symmetry of the local electrostatic potential. For both isomers, if one assumes a sixfold potential, then a spectral density characteristic of a distribution of correlation times (or a nonexponential correlation function) is required, but if one assumes a lower, threefold symmetry due to crystal effects (for both isomers) or due to intramolecular effects (for the 1,3-isomer), then the relaxation-rate data can be interpreted in terms of a unique correlation time for intramolecular reorientation. For the case where only methyl groups are reorienting (i.e., either no $t$-butyl group reorientation or no $t$-butyl groups at all) one can only use the model which characterizes the reorientation in terms of a distribution of correlation times (or a nonexponential correlation function). Recent work in methyl-substituted phenanthrenes [K. G. Conn, P. A. Beckmann, C. W. Mallory, and F. B. Mallory, J. Chem. Phys. 87, 20 (1987)] is used to make the latter point.
The problem of extraneous text: opposition to organizational change, dynamic & synoptic orientations

This paper provides an initial examination of discourses used to resist and destabilize change after change has been initiated within a social network. The study examines an email exchange among association members in which one member offered a proposal for changing the way members post email to their list serve. In the proposal, the writer employed one discourse of usability and claimed it to be the dominant (and only) form for the field. As that specific discourse began to stabilize, other actors entered the conversation to destabilize both the change and the conversation that enabled the possibility of change. The result of these exchanges was a reinforcement of the very forms the agent of change attempted to challenge. Examining the relative stability of each contribution to the email conversation, the study shows that opposition was enacted only once the change appeared to stabilize. The case describes one example of the competing discursive aggregations that constitute organizational networks and the forms enacted by discourses of change.
Positive Definiteness of Gravitational Field Energy

The total gravitational field energy functional is shown to have only one extremum under variation of the metric field variables. At the extremum the energy vanishes and space is flat; second variation shows that the vacuum state is also a local minimum.
Soil-sorbed, sulfur-containing gases: analytical methodology and preliminary application to geochemical petroleum prospecting

Abstract The object of this project was to examine a possible relation between hydrocarbon accumulations at depth and surface-soil concentrations of S-containing gases (S-gases). Two independent, sensitive techniques selective for S-gases were used to analyze the gases thermally desorbed from surface soil samples taken from on and off a producing oil field, the Pineview field in NE Utah, U.S.A. One technique, metal foil collection/flash desorption/S-selective detection (MFC/FD/SSD), is a rapid “total” S-gas technique. The other, an improved high resolution, cryogenic gas chromatograph/flame photometric detector system (HRGC/FPD), separates and quantifies the individual S-gases. The relative S responses from the two techniques correlated well when used to analyze the same surface soil samples. The larger S responses from the Pineview samples were associated both with the areal extent of the field and with the larger soil-atmosphere hydrocarbon responses from a previous independent survey.
Reactions of Polyphosphoric Acid and Bitumen Model Compounds with Oxygenated Functional Groups: Where Is the Phosphorylation?

Polyphosphoric acid (PPA) is used to modify bitumen, but the chemical reactions responsible for the change in bitumen properties remain, for the most part, undetermined. In an effort to better understand these reactions and phosphorylation in particular, four bitumen model compounds with various oxygenated functional groups were heated with PPA in conditions typical of those used to prepare PPA−modified bitumens, namely, bisphenol A (phenol), butyl phenyl ether (ether), acetophenone (ketone), and benzoic acid (carboxylic acid). The reactions were followed by thin-layer chromatography and infrared spectroscopy. It was found that the extent of the reactions decreased as bisphenol A > acetophenone > benzoic acid > butyl phenyl ether. The detailed analysis of the infrared spectra revealed that the hydroxyl group of bisphenol A was not phosphorylated by PPA. Instead, it facilitated the scission of the bisphenol into fragments of lower molecular weight. The reaction of acetophenone had the reverse effect, becau...
Enthalpy increments for α- and β-Na2UO4 and Cs2UO4 by drop calorimetry The enthalpy of the α to β transition in Na2UO4☆

A high-precision drop-calorimetric system has been used to measure the enthalpies (relative to 298.15 K) of α- and β-Na2UO4 to 1300 K, and of Cs2UO4 to 1100 K. In the range 298 to 1193 K the enthalpy increments for α-Na2UO4 can be represented by the equation: H°(T)−H°(298.15 K={38.8476(T/K)+3.09342×10−3(T/K)2+5.01109×105(T/K)−1−13538.12}calthmol−1. In the range 1193 to 1300 K the enthalpy increments of β-Na2UO4 can be represented by: H°(T)−H°(298.15K={53.69844(T/K)−23824.88} calthmol−1. Enthalpy increments for Cs2UO4 are represented over the temperature range 298 to 1100 K by: H°(T)−H°(298.15K)={39.4076(T/K+2.03432×10−3(T/K)2+3.65323×105(T/K)−1−13155.51} calth mole−1. Values of Cpo(T), {Ho(T) − Ho(298.15 K), So(T), and {Go(T) − Ho(298.15 K)}T are tabulated. For the α to β transition in Na2UO4, a value of ΔHtr = 5.9 kcalth mol−1 at 1193 K has been deduced.
Addressing tobacco use through organizational change: a case study of an addiction treatment organization.

Abstract Compared to the general population, persons entering addiction treatment are three to four times more likely to be tobacco dependent and even addiction treatment staff members are two to three times more likely to be tobacco dependent. In these settings, tobacco use continues to be the norm; however addiction treatment programs are increasingly aware of the need to assess for and treat tobacco dependence. The problem is a cultural issue that is so ingrained that assumptions about tobacco use and dependence in addiction treatment are rarely questioned. Denial, minimization, and rationalization are common barriers to recovery from other addictions; now is the time to recognize how tobacco use and dependence must be similarly approached. This article describes the Addressing Tobacco through Organizational Change (ATTOC) model which has successfully helped many addiction treatment programs to more effectively address tobacco use. The article will review the six core strategies used to implement the A...
Rho GTPases show differential sensitivity to nucleotide triphosphate depletion in a model of ischemic cell injury

Rho GTPases are critical for actin cytoskeletal regulation, and alterations in their activity may contribute to altered cytoskeletal organization that characterizes many pathological conditions, in...
Paleomagnetism of mesozoic red chert from Cedros Island and the San Benito Islands, Baja California, Mexico revisited

Previous paleomagnetic study of Mesozoic subduction-complex rocks on Cedros Island and the San Benito Islands, Mexico, shows that these rocks have been remagnetized; a single-polarity magnetization was found in chert sections and underlying pillow basalt deposited during a mixed-polarity interval of the geomagnetic field. Reanalysis of the Cedros and San Benito chert samples (101 total) shows that 13 samples also retain a high blocking-temperature component of magnetization (600° to 680°C) indicating a polarity stratigraphy and deposition of the bedded chert near 2° ± 3° paleolatitude. These data are similar to those for red chert in California and Japan implying that many of the Mesozoic ophiolitic chert sequences now exposed around the Pacific rim were initially deposited within the equatorial zone of high biologic productivity. These new data also support accretion of the Cedros and San Benito chert to the American margin at tropical paleolatitudes requiring significant northward translation (and clockwise rotation) to bring them to their present position with respect to the continental interior.
Kinetics of tumor cell cytostasis by sea star factor-activated macrophages

Macrophages obtained from Wistar/Furth (W/Fu) and Fischer (F344) rats receiving intraperitoneal injection of 0.2 mg of sea star factor (SSF) exert a profound suppressive effect on proliferation of tumor cells in vitro. The cytostatic effect of these activated macrophages is not immunologically specific, and is demonstrably effective against syngeneic, allogeneic, or xenogeneic targets (the latter of murine origin, P815-X2 of DBA/2 strain). Evidence suggests that cytostasis can be resolved into three discrete temporally progressive steps: cytoadhesion, macrophage-dependent, and macrophage-independent states. Interference with the first stage by the use of high molecular weight dextran blocks development of macrophage-dependent cytostasis. Suppression of this second stage by selective macrophage toxicity using silica blocks the final event of irreversible macrophage-independent cytostasis. Taken together, these data suggest that suppression of tumor cell division by SSF-activated macrophages requires direct contact for a relatively prolonged period between viable effector macrophages and tumor target cells to achieve maximal cytostasis.
Larval diapause in the mosquito aedes triseriatus: effects of diet and temperature on photoperiodic induction.

Abstract Larval diapause was induced in both a northern (Ohio) and a southern (Alabama) strain of Aedes triseriatus by photoperiodic treatment of the larval stage itself. The effect of a short-day (10 hr) photoperiod during larval development was cumulative and resulted in failure of the fourth instar to pupate. The larvae, which had been obtained from long-day (16 hr) eggs, underwent diapause when their development was slowed by a low-quantity diet or low temperature (16°C) for a sufficient number of days to allow the short-day photoperiod to exert a visible effect.
Integrating nanotechnology into a working storage device

The thermomechanical scanning-probe-based data storage concept, internally known as the ''millipede'' project, combines ultrahigh density, small form factor, and high data rates. Ultrahigh storage densities of more than 1 Tb/in^2 can be achieved by using local-probe techniques to write, read back, and erase data in very thin polymer films. In this paper special focus is given to the crucial role of the polymer storage medium in thermomechanical probe storage systems. High data rates are achieved by parallel operation of large 2D arrays with thousands micro/nanomechanical cantilevers/tips that can be batch-fabricated by silicon surface-micromachining techniques. The very high precision required to navigate the probe tips over the storage medium is achieved by MEMS-based x/y actuators that position the large arrays of probe tips for parallel write/read/erase operations. The inherent parallelism, the ultrahigh areal densities and the small form factor may open up new perspectives and opportunities for application in areas beyond those envisaged today.
On the Numerical Solution of a Quasi-Linear Elliptic Equation

A boundary value problem for the quasi-linear elliptic equation (xx/q2s)x + (xy/q2s)y = 0, where q2 = xx2 + xy2, 0 ≤ s
Anti-tumor potential of retinoic acid: stimulation of immune mediated effectors.

Data are presented on the effects of retinoic acid (RA) treatment on the in vivo growth of tumors in two mouse strains. Inhibition of tumor growth as a result of systemic RA injection was observed in three out of seven tumor models. Using adult thymectomized, lethally irradiated and fetal liver (A × TFL) reconstituted mice, we found that inhibition of tumor growth is not due to direct toxic effects of RA but rather appears to be the result of stimulation of thymus-dependent immune-mediated effectors able to suppress tumor growth. Results suggest that only strongly immunogenic tumors are sensitive to in vivo retinoid inhibition.
Analog Computer for Base Excess and HCO 3 - from pH and P CO2 Electrodes

This communication reports a new mathematical and analog computation of in vivo or extracellular fluid (ECF) base excess (BEe) of man derived from blood pH and PCO 2 . BEe is defined here as BE of blood diluted fourfold with extracellular fluid, as estimated by reading Siggaard-Andersen's alignment nomogram at 3 gm hemoglobin (Hb). An equation for his nomogram, which can be solved analogically but not analytically, is: BEe = 0.61 × 10π - 24.4 - 3.8 (1.2 - π)+ where π = log PCO2 + f(pH - 7.4), and f = Δ log PCO2/ΔpH, a function of Hb and BE. At Hb = 3, f = 11.5/(BEe + 37.5) + 0.95. "+" indicates that negative values of the final term are counted zero. The multiplier "f" is generated in a FET in which source-drain resistance is a hyperbolic function of gate voltage, controlled by feedback from the computed BEe. The π summing amplifier drives both an antilog circuit to obtain 10π and, through a diode, a linear subtraction of the final term, which applies only when -30 <BE <-15. The analog solution tracks the nomogram within ±0.5 mEq/l. An intermediate solution of plasma HCO3 - is obtained by setting f = 1.044 and dropping the two final terms.
Response of the main pulmonary artery of dogs to neuronally released versus blood-borne norepinephrine.

The effects of sympathetic nerve stimulation and of norepinephrine infusions on the dynamic elastic properties of the main pulmonary artery were studied in 20 anesthetized, open-chest dogs. Pulmonary arterial pressure and diameter were linearly related between 5 to 45 mm Hg and at heart rates of 40 to 200 beats/min. Sympathetic nerve stimulation changed the stiffness (pressure-diameter slope) of the pulmonary artery by +35%; infusion of norepinephrine (0.25 µg/kg/min) by only +14%. Diameter intercepts, determined by extrapolation of the linear pressure-diameter line, were unchanged during stimulation, but decreased significantly during the infusion of norepinephrine. Local application of norepinephrine to the wall duplicated the changes produced by sympathetic nerve stimulation. Histologically, the arrangement of smooth muscle in the outer layers of the media of the artery suggested linkage of smooth muscle with continuous elastic fibers, whereas smooth-muscle cells of the deeper layers of the media appeared to connect with each other, and elastic fibers were discontinuous. The topical application of elastase to the outer wall effected a loss of elastic fibers in the outer layers of the media. After elastase, neither stimulation nor norepinephrine infusions increased stiffness; diameter intercepts decreased with both. The observations are consistent with the idea that stiffening of this artery during nerve stimulation is produced by contraction of smooth muscle attached to elastic fibers and that the anatomical arrangement for stiffening is located in the outer layer of the media, where the sympathetic nerve endings are located. In contrast, blood-borne norepinephrine stimulates predominantly the inner layers.
Perceived stress and depression in left and right hemisphere post-stroke patients

Although it is well accepted that depression and stress are closely related in the general adult population, this link is less understood in post-stroke patients. Due to the high occurrence of depression in post-stroke patients it is important to look closely at this possible association. The current study explores perceived stress and depression in post-stroke patients. Nineteen left hemisphere (LH) stroke patients and 12 right hemisphere (RH) post-stroke patients were assessed for depression, perceived stress, and neurological functioning with the Stroke Aphasia Depression Questionnaire, the Perceived Stress Scale, and the Scandinavian Stroke Scale once per month for three months. Perceived stress and depressive symptoms were significantly correlated for both stroke groups. Neurological functioning was not correlated with either depressive symptoms or perceived stress in either stroke group. The perception of stress may be a more critical variable in developing post-stroke depression than neurological functioning is in stroke patients. Routine screening of perception of stress may need to occur in post-stroke patients to avoid development of depression.
Activation of the alternative pathway of complement by monosodium urate crystals

Monosodium urate crystals (MSU) have been shown to activate the alternative pathway of complement in a dose- and time-dependent fashion at 37 degrees C. Activation was maximal upon addition of 10-20 mg/ml monosodium urate crystals to C2-deficient human serum (C2D) or normal human serum containing 5 mM MgEGTA. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of such treated sera demonstrated cleavage of C3 and factor B. Incubation of highly purified C3 and factor B with 10 mg/ml MSU did not, however, affect their immunoelectrophoretic pattern, suggesting that cleavage of either factor B or C3 in serum requires an intact alternative complement pathway. The fluid-phase control proteins, Factor H and Factor I, were not found to be diminished upon incubation of C2D serum or NHS containing MgEGTA with MSU. Thus activation appeared to be surface dependent and not a consequence of control protein depletion. It was also found, in agreement with earlier observations, that the classical complement pathway is activated, with concomitant depletion of C1 and C4. We conclude that MSU crystals activate both the classical and alternative pathways, and that such activation may participate in the pathogenesis of gouty arthritis.