cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bipolar disorder in older persons: perspectives and new findings.

Elderly patients with bipolar (BP) disorders have severe illness, 1 are challenging to treat, 2 and use health care services at a high rate, 3 but recent reports 4,5 have pointed out that the evidence-base in these patients is sparse. In this issue of the Journal, a series of studies address these and related issues. Their findings highlight the heterogeneity of BP illness in the aged and the many dimensions that await investigation in this population.
Thiamine treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Chronic hepatitis B is an international health concern that causes cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, liver failure, and death. Current treatment options are expensive and associated with side effects; however, indirect evidence suggests a relationship between relative thiamine deficiency and chronic hepatitis B infection. METHODS: The authors present three case studies wherein multiple crossovers of daily thiamine administration were used to evaluate a hypothesized association between thiamine treatment and aminotransferase levels. RESULTS: In each case study, thiamine administration was associated with reduction in aminotransferase levels and the fall of HBV DNA to undetectable levels. Analyses by t test demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in aminotransferase levels in all three cases. CONCLUSIONS: The relationship between thiamine administration and chronic hepatitis B infection warrants further study. If proven effective in reducing liver damage or inducing remission of the hepatitis B virus in larger trials, thiamine will offer obvious advantages over the current treatments for chronic viral hepatitis B infection.
In vivo expression and genomic organization of the mouse cyclin I gene (Ccni).

Abstract Cyclins control cell-cycle progression by regulating the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases. Cyclin I was recently added to the cyclin family of proteins because of the presence of a cyclin box motif in the deduced amino-acid sequence. Cyclin I may share functional roles with cyclin G1 and G2 because of the high structural similarity between their deduced amino-acid sequences. However, the biological and functional roles of this subclass of cyclins remain obscure. The mouse cyclin G1 and G2 genes have previously been cloned and characterized. In this report, we describe the cloning of the mouse homolog of cyclin I. The cyclin I cDNA sequence was used to determine the genomic organization of the mouse cyclin I gene which co-localizes with cyclin G2 to chromosome 5E3.3–F1.3. Cyclin I was transcribed from seven exons distributed over more than 19 kb of genomic sequence. The expression of cyclin I was determined in various tissues, but no clear correlation with the proliferative state was found. Furthermore, in contrast to cyclin G1, cyclin I expression was stable during cell-cycle progression after partial hepatectomy in both the absence and presence of DNA damage. Transient expression of cyclin I–green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion proteins in cell lines showed that cyclin I was distributed throughout the cell in contrast with the mainly cytoplasmic localization of cyclin G2 and nuclear localization of cyclin G1. Our results indicate that despite the close structural similarity between cyclin G1, G2 and I, these three proteins are likely to have distinct biological roles.
Vulgarians of the world unite: Sport, dirty language, and ethics

(2008). Vulgarians of the World Unite: Sport, Dirty Language, and Ethics. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport: Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 17-42.
Nuclear Reactions of Iron with 340-Mev Protons

Natural iron has been bombarded with the full energy proton beam of the Berkeley 184-inch synchrocyclotron, and a number of radioactive spallation products have been isolated and identified and their formation cross sections measured against that of the reaction ${\mathrm{Al}}^{27}(p,3\mathrm{pn}){\mathrm{Na}}^{24}$. A simple mechanism has been postulated to account for the observed product yields. A new isotope of chromium, assigned to mass 48, has been observed and partially characterized.
Expression, Detergent Solubilization, and Purification of a Membrane Transporter, the MexB Multidrug Resistance Protein

Multidrug resistance (MDR), the ability of a cancer cell or pathogen to be resistant to a wide range of structurally and functionally unrelated anti-cancer drugs or antibiotics, is a current serious problem in public health. This multidrug resistance is largely due to energy-dependent drug efflux pumps. The pumps expel anti-cancer drugs or antibiotics into the external medium, lowering their intracellular concentration below a toxic threshold. We are studying multidrug resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that causes infections in patients with many types of injuries or illness, for example, burns or cystic fibrosis, and also in immuno-compromised cancer, dialysis, and transplantation patients. The major MDR efflux pumps in P. aeruginosa are tripartite complexes comprised of an inner membrane proton-drug antiporter (RND), an outer membrane channel (OMF), and a periplasmic linker protein (MFP) 1-8. The RND and OMF proteins are transmembrane proteins. Transmembrane proteins make up more than 30% of all proteins and are 65% of current drug targets. The hydrophobic transmembrane domains make the proteins insoluble in aqueous buffer. Before a transmembrane protein can be purified, it is necessary to find buffer conditions containing a mild detergent that enable the protein to be solubilized as a protein detergent complex (PDC) 9-11. In this example, we use an RND protein, the P. aeruginosa MexB transmembrane transporter, to demonstrate how to express a recombinant form of a transmembrane protein, solubilize it using detergents, and then purify the protein detergent complexes. This general method can be applied to the expression, purification, and solubilization of many other recombinantly expressed membrane proteins. The protein detergent complexes can later be used for biochemical or biophysical characterization including X-ray crystal structure determination or crosslinking studies.
Discontinuation of warfarin is unnecessary in total knee arthroplasty.

Patients with medical comorbidities that necessitate chronic anticoagulation therapy frequently present as candidates for total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We asked whether it was necessary to stop warfarin preoperatively to avoid postoperative bleeding complications. We retrospectively reviewed 77 preoperatively anticoagulated patients undergoing TKA. Thirty-eight of these 77 patients were maintained on their routine therapeutic warfarin regimen throughout the perioperative period. The remaining 39 patients had their routine preoperative warfarin regimen discontinued preoperatively and then restarted after surgery. We compared rates of comorbid illness, blood transfusions, wound complications, and reoperations. The demographic data and the ratio of primary to revision arthroplasties were similar in the two groups. The age-adjusted risk ratios for blood transfusions, wound complications, and reoperations were 0.61, 0.29, and 0.43, respectively. The data presented suggest maintaining a therapeutic warfarin regimen throughout the perioperative period for high-risk patients is not associated with an increase risk of complications after TKA.
Socialization into a Civilization: The Dewey–Kaplan Synthesis in American Jewish Schooling in the Early 20th Century

Abstract This historical study focuses on how John Dewey's theory of education as socialization and Mordecai Kaplan's theory of Judaism as a civilization together served as an ideological base and pedagogical framework for the creation of “progressive,” “reconstructed” American Jewish school programs in the early 20th century (1910s–1930s). In the main, progressive Jewish educators no longer conceived of Jewish education merely as a program of religious education designed to impart the ways and dictates of Judaism. Rather, Jewish education was conceptualized as a total program of socialization designed to prepare children for active and intelligent participation in American Jewish life.
Detection of Elasticity as an Invariant Property of Objects by Young Infants

Three-month-old infants were habituated to two different motions of deformation, presented ‘live’ with an object of sponge rubber. After habituation, one-third of the subjects was presented with a third deforming motion; one-third was presented with a rigid motion of the same object; and the other third was presented with a continuation of the habituation sequence. The group presented with a rigid motion dishabituated, exhibiting a sharp increase in looking time. The other two groups showed little or no increase. These results suggest that infants perceive elasticity of substance, in contrast to rigidity, as an invariant property of an object over different deforming motions.
Memory cueing and instructional effects on Wason's selection task.

The present study examined the hypothesis that violation and role-playing instructions are necessary conditions for facilitation on Wason’s selection task and that facilitation due to memory cueing via thematic content is secondary. The results of a factorial experiment employing these factors did not support the hypothesis. Memory cueing was indicated as the primary factor, but violation instructions did increase the amount of facilitation observed. This interactive effect and the nature of facilitation by memory cueing are briefly discussed.
THE MATHEMATICS OF PRINCIPAL VALUE INTEGRALS AND APPLICATIONS TO NUCLEAR PHYSICS, TRANSPORT THEORY, AND CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS

A review of developments in the mathematics and methods for principal value (PV) integrals is presented. These topics include single-pole formulas for simple and higher-order PVs, simple and higher-order poles in double integrals, and products of simple poles in general multiple integrals. Two generalizations of the famous Poincare-Bertrand (PB) theorem are studied. We then review the following topics: dispersion relations for the advanced, retarded, and causal Green’s functions; Titchmarsh’s theorem; applications of the PB theorem to two- and three-particle loop integrals; and the R and T matrix formalism. Also, various applications of the PV methods to nuclear physics, transport theory, and condensed matter physics are studied. In the appendices several methods for evaluating PV integrals, including the Haftel-Tabakin procedure for calculating the R and T matrices, are reviewed.
Structural preferences among folate compounds and their analogues for ATPase-mediated efflux by inside-out plasma membrane vesicles derived from L1210 cells.

Abstract Our prior studies with inside-out plasma membrane vesicles from L1210 cells (Schlemmer SR and Sirotnak FM, J Biol Chem 267: 14746–14752, 1992) identified an outwardly directed, translocating ATPase as mediating the majority of methotrexate (MTX) efflux in these cells. In the current studies, we examined by competitive inhibition with [ 3 H]MTX as permeant some of the structural features that determine preferences among folate compounds and their analogues as permeants for this ATPase. The results show that folate compounds are preferred over simple quinazolines (5,8-dideaza-pteridines), and IL5-CH 3 -folateH 4 , and probably other 5-substituted folates are preferred over folic acid. In the latter regard, the observed equivalence in preference to IL5-CH 3 -folateH 4 of the 4-oxa-pyridopyrimidine, lometrexol (DDATHF), probably relates to its close similarity to folateH 4 . The results also suggest that the 4-position in the case of folate analogues, but not in the case of the quinazoline analogues, is an important determinant with 4-amino preferred over 4-oxa. They also suggest that the N10 position on the bridge region in both series of compounds, and probably for the pyridopyrimidine lometrexol, is not an important determinant. In contrast to results seen with the simple quinazolines, the 2-CH 3 desamino quinazoline ZEN D1694, modified as well by a 2-benzyl to thienyl replacement on the side chain, was highly preferred. The same relative differences seen among some of these analogues as inhibitors of [ 3 H]MTX efflux in inside-out vesicles were documented for their effectiveness as permeants for ATP-dependent efflux in intact L1210 cells.
Lupine influence on soil carbon, nitrogen and microbial activity in developing ecosystems at Mount St. Helens.

Lupine influence on soil C, N, and microbial activity was estimated by comparing root-zone soil (LR) to nonroot-zone soil (NR) collected at Mount St. Helens. Samples were collected from 5 sites forming a gradient of C and N levels as a reflection of different locations and varying volcanic disturbance by the 1980 eruption. In volcanic substrates undergoing primary ecosystem development, C and N levels were low, as would be expected, but higher in LR soil than NR soil. At the least disturbed sites, N was only slightly greater in LR soil whereas significantly less C was observed in LR soil than in surrounding NR soil. Inorganic-N concentrations were small at all sites but comprised a significant proportion of the total amount of soil N in volcanic substrates. In general, LR zone soil contained significantly more NH inf4sup+ -N. The addition of glucose increased respiration in soils from all sites with the greatest relative response in volcanic soil from the low end of the C and N gradient. Active soil microbial biomass-C and cumulative respiration were correlated with C and N and were significantly greater in LR soil than in NR soil for all sites. These results are consistent with some expected trends in ecosystem development and demonstrate the significance of resource dynamics and lupines in determining patterns of ecosystem response to disturbance at Mount St. Helens. They also suggest that processes leading to soil heterogeneity can be related to either development or to degradation depending on the context of the specific ecosystem or resource under consideration.
Patients’ competence to consent to neurobiological research

Progress has been made defining the standards for determining subjects’ competence to consent to research: abilities to communicate a choice, understand relevant information, appreciate the nature of the situation and its consequences, and manipulate information rationally. Available data show clearly that persons with mental illness display a spectrum of decisionmaking abilities, with many performing well, but some doing quite poorly. More attention now is required to identifying the degree of capacity required for competent consent to projects with varying risk/benefit characteristics. Practical means are also required for screening for subjects with impaired capacities, attempting to improve their performance, and providing substituted consent when their deficiencies are intractable.
Systemic Hydration: Relating Science to Clinical Practice in Vocal Health

Summary Objectives To examine the current state of the science regarding the role of systemic hydration in vocal function and health. Study Design Literature review. Methods Literature search spanning multiple disciplines, including speech-language pathology, nutrition and dietetics, medicine, sports and exercise science, physiology, and biomechanics. Results The relationship between hydration and physical function is an area of common interest among multiple professions. Each discipline provides valuable insight into the connection between performance and water balance, as well as complimentary methods of investigation. Existing voice literature suggests a relationship between hydration and voice production; however, the underlying mechanisms are not yet defined and a treatment effect for systemic hydration remains to be demonstrated. Literature from other disciplines sheds light on methodological shortcomings and, in some cases, offers an alternative explanation for observed phenomena. Conclusions A growing body of literature in the field of voice science is documenting a relationship between hydration and vocal function; however, greater understanding is required to guide best practice in the maintenance of vocal health and management of voice disorders. Integration of knowledge and technical expertise from multiple disciplines facilitates analysis of existing literature and provides guidance as to future research.
Africentric social work practice: The new approach for social work practice intervention in the 21st century

This article identifies the Africentric approach as a viable link to understanding multicultural social work practice. This Africentric social work model views the client with an African ancestry with minority status in the community as in need of unique cultural understanding in the helping process. Although most of the research and articles in this article are from the United States, social workers worldwide can find it useful in helping racial or ethnic minority clients everywhere. Examples are given with the treatment and prevention of violent and criminal problems using this Africentric approach.
Gastro-intestinal absorption and toxicology: Ingesta-exchange and simulated-meal techniques

Abstract The ingesta-exchange technique involves the homogeneous incorporation of a test substrate into ingesta recovered from donor animals and subsequent administration of the mixture to recipient animals. This and the simulated-meal technique, which involves incorporation of the test substrate into semi-liquid preparations of normal diets, overcome many of the limitations of conventional oral dosing of animals with microgram quantities of synthetic non-nutritive substances, especially if these substances are lipophilic and have high toxicity or biological activity. The techniques are compatible with time-course studies and are especially useful for studies involving non-absorbable markers. Equipment is described for the extrusion of semi-solid donor gastric ingesta or simulated meals. The rate and dynamics of absorption of a lipophilic carbamate were much slower and delayed after an ingesta-exchange dose than after a conventional dose given by oesophageal cannula, while the extent of metabolism was apparently greater after the ingesta-exchange dose.
Microscopic mechanisms governing exciton-decay kinetics in type-II GaAs/AlAs superlattices

We have measured the time- and space-resolved evolution of type-II excitons in GaAs/AlAs superlattices with various AlAs layer thicknesses, at temperatures ranging from 1.8 to 30 K. Our photoluminescence (PL) time decay and transport results demonstrate that the exciton-decay kinetics at low temperatures are entirely determined by intrinsic radiative recombination, whereas at higher temperatures, the PL time decays are dominated by nonradiative defect trapping processes. We show that these nonradiative decays do not occur within the layers but are instead localized at the heterointerfaces. The measured lifetimes at 30 K are consistent with our model calculations based on this interpretation. Furthermore, the superlattice and interface-disorder-induced {Gamma}-{ital X} mixing potentials are determined from our low-temperature exciton lifetimes to be 1.3 and 0.2 meV, respectively.
Structure of a Proteasome Pba1-Pba2 Complex IMPLICATIONS FOR PROTEASOME ASSEMBLY, ACTIVATION, AND BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION

The 20S proteasome is an essential, 28-subunit protease that sequesters proteolytic sites within a central chamber, thereby repressing substrate degradation until proteasome activators open the entrance/exit gate. Two established activators, Blm10 and PAN/19S, induce gate opening by binding to the pockets between proteasome α-subunits using C-terminal HbYX (hydrophobic-tyrosine-any residue) motifs. Equivalent HbYX motifs have been identified in Pba1 and Pba2, which function in proteasome assembly. Here, we demonstrate that Pba1-Pba2 proteins form a stable heterodimer that utilizes its HbYX motifs to bind mature 20S proteasomes in vitro and that the Pba1-Pba2 HbYX motifs are important for a physiological function of proteasomes, the maintenance of mitochondrial function. Other factors that contribute to proteasome assembly or function also act in the maintenance of mitochondrial function and display complex genetic interactions with one another, possibly revealing an unexpected pathway of mitochondrial regulation involving the Pba1-Pba2 proteasome interaction. Our determination of a proteasome Pba1-Pba2 crystal structure reveals a Pba1 HbYX interaction that is superimposable with those of known activators, a Pba2 HbYX interaction that is different from those reported previously, and a gate structure that is disrupted but not sufficiently open to allow entry of even small peptides. These findings extend understanding of proteasome interactions with HbYX motifs and suggest multiple roles for Pba1-Pba2 interactions throughout proteasome assembly and function.
Recovery of B-cell homeostasis after rituximab in chronic graft-versus-host disease.

Investigation of the effects of rituximab (anti-CD20) on B-cell-activating factor of the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF) and B cells would better define the significance of B-cell homeostasis in chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) pathophysiology. We studied 20 cGVHD patients at a median of 25 months after rituximab treatment when most patients had recovered total B-cell numbers. A total of 55% of patients had stable/improved cGVHD, and total B-cell numbers in these patients were significantly higher compared with rituximab-unresponsive patients. Although total B-cell number did not differ significantly between cGVHD groups before rituximab, there was a proportional increase in B-cell precursors in patients who later had stable/improved cGVHD. After rituximab, BAFF levels increased in all patients. Coincident with B-cell recovery in the stable/improved group, BAFF/B-cell ratios and CD27+ B-cell frequencies decreased significantly. The peripheral B-cell pool in stable/improved cGVHD patients was largely composed of naive IgD+ B cells. By contrast, rituximab-unresponsive cGVHD patients had persistent elevation of BAFF and a predominance of circulating B cells possessing an activated BAFF-RLoCD20Lo cell surface phenotype. Thus, naive B-cell reconstitution and decreased BAFF/B-cell ratios were associated with clinical response after rituximab in cGVHD. Our findings begin to delineate B-cell homeostatic mechanisms important for human immune tolerance.
Adaptive neurocontrol of heat exchangers

This paper investigates the use of adaptive artificial neural networks (ANNs) to control the exit air temperature of a compact heat exchanger. The controllers, based on an internal model control scheme, can be adapted on-line on the basis of different performance criteria. By numerical simulation a methodology by which the weights and biases of the neural network are modified according to these criteria was developed. An ANN controller for an air-water compact heat exchanger in an experimental facility is then implemented. The parameters of the neural net are modified using three criteria: minimization of target error, stabilization of the closed-loop performance of the controller, and minimization of a performance index that we have taken to be the energy consumption. It is shown that the neural network is able to control the air exit temperature in the heat exchanger. The neurocontroller is able to adapt to major structural changes in the system as well as to simultaneously minimize the amount of energy used.
What you don't know : The role played by errors of omission in imperfect self-assessments

Perceptions of ability often bear little relationship to objective performance. We suggest that people fail to judge their ability more accurately because they have little or no insight into their errors of omission (i.e., solutions they could have generated to problems but missed), although they can be perfectly aware of solutions found. Across five studies with tasks involving, for example, word games and research methodology, we found that participants gave weight to the number of solutions found when making self-evaluations, but not to solutions missed. When given explicit information about these errors of omission, participants gave them just as much weight as they did solutions found, and thus provided more accurate self-evaluations.
Optimizing interactive performance for long-distance remote observing

Remote observing is the dominant mode of operation for both Keck Telescopes and their associated instruments. Over 90% of all Keck observations are carried out remotely from the Keck Headquarters in Waimea, Hawaii (located 40 kilometers from the telescopes on the summit of Mauna Kea), and this year represents the tenth anniversary of the start of Keck remote observing from Waimea. In addition, an increasing number of observations are now conducted by geographically-dispersed observing teams, with some team members working from Waimea while others collaborate from Keck remote observing facilities located in California. Such facilities are now operational on four campuses of the University of California and at the California Institute of Technology. Details of the motivation and planning for those facilities and the software architecture on which they were originally based are discussed in several previous reports. The most recent of those papers reported the results of various measurements of interactive performance as a function of alternative networking protocols (e.g., ssh, X, VNC) and software topologies. This report updates those results to reflect performance improvements that have occurred over the past two years as a result of upgrades to hardware, software, and network configurations at the respective sites. It also explores how the Keck remote observing effort has evolved over the past decade in response to the increased number and diversity of Keck instruments and the growing number of mainland remote observing sites.
Management of low birth weight infants with congenital heart disease

Low birth weight infants with congenital heart disease (CHD) have a higher mortality risk and likely a higher morbidity risk than their preterm or appropriate for gestational age counterparts without CHD and term counterparts with CHD. As our understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment of the diseases associated with prematurity and growth restriction improves, the outcomes for these infants should continue to improve. In addition, as more of these infants survive and are referred for surgery, operative techniques and strategies are likely to continue to improve. At this time, there is no adequate evidence that mortality is improved by delaying surgery for weight gain or performing palliative operations initially. Given the challenging physiology in this population, optimal management includes early referral to a tertiary or quaternary facility and a multidisciplinary team approach consisting of cardiologists, neonatologists, surgeons, nurses, perfusionists, and anesthesiologists.
Sub-surface imaging with the magnetic resonance force microscope

The magnetic resonance force microscope (MRFM) is based on mechanical detection of magnetic resonance signals. The force between the field gradient due to a small permanent magnet and the spin magnetization in the sample is used to drive the oscillation of a high Q, low spring-constant micro-mechanical resonator (e.g. atomic force microscope cantilever). This same field gradient also enables microscopic magnetic resonance imaging. We will discuss the characteristics and capabilities of the electron spin MRFM we have fabricated. Our MRFM has a sensitivity of 3×1011 electron spins at room temperature in an applied field of 253 Gauss. Its vertical resolution is ∼1 micron. One- and two-dimensional scans of a particle beneath the silicon cantilever have been performed which demonstrate the sub-surface spatial imaging capabilities. We also discuss recent advances in the miniaturization of two crucial MRFM components: the micromechanical resonator and the micromagnetic tip.
360 EFFECT OF HYPERMAGNESEMIA ON NEONATAL NEUROMUSCULAR FUNCTION (NMF)

Effect of hypermagnesemia on NMF was studied in 2 groups. Group A-hypermagnesemic (HM) infants of magnesium sulfate (MS) treated preeclamptic mothers. Cord blood Mg++(CBM) was 4.2±0.7 mg/dl. Group B-control infants of normal non MS treated mothers (CBM 1.5±0.2 mg/dl). Tension(t) generated by thenar muscle concentration in response to ulnar nerve stimulation was measured by recording initial train of 4 (T4=4 stimuli ½ sec. apart), tetany produced by 50 and 100 Hz stimuli, and post-tetanic T4. Results are expressed as %fade ([(tinitial-tfinal)/tinitial] × 100). Neonatal hypermagnesemia results in significant (values underlined = p < 0.005) impairment of NMF during the first 24 hrs. of life.
Dazl Functions in Maintenance of Pluripotency and Genetic and Epigenetic Programs of Differentiation in Mouse Primordial Germ Cells In Vivo and In Vitro

Background Mammalian germ cells progress through a unique developmental program that encompasses proliferation and migration of the nascent primordial germ cell (PGC) population, reprogramming of nuclear DNA to reset imprinted gene expression, and differentiation of mature gametes. Little is known of the genes that regulate quantitative and qualitative aspects of early mammalian germ cell development both in vivo, and during differentiation of germ cells from mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) in vitro.
The Impact of Children on Legal Actions Taken by Women Victims of Intimate Partner Violence

Successful criminal or civil legal system response to assaults against intimate partners (intimate partner violence; IPV) usually rely on the victim’s participation in the legal process, including having contact with the prosecutor, filing charges, and/or applying for an order of personal protection. Using data abstracted from criminal and civil legal system records for a county-wide cohort of 990 female IPV victims over a 4-year period, we examine the impact of having children, and of specific child factors, on victims’ engagement with the criminal prosecution of their abusive partners and/or seeking a personal protection order (PPO) in the civil court system. Having children increased victim’s contact with the prosecutor and applications for PPOs, but did not increase her likelihood of wanting to file or drop charges. Findings support prior work suggesting both the importance and complexity of children on mothers’ decision-making. Policy makers and service providers may want to assess survivors’ thoughts about the role children play in their decision-making. Additionally, by offering survivors interventions to help their children address the impact of IPV exposure, survivors may be more willing to engage with services.
Stratified Atmospheric Boundary Layers and Breakdown of Models

The goal of this study is to assess complications in atmospheric stable boundary layers which are not included in numerical models of the stably stratified boundary layer and to provide a formulation of surface fluxes for use in numerical models. Based on an extensive interpretive literature survey and new eddy correlation data for the stable boundary layer, this study defines two prototype stable boundary layers: the weakly stable case and the very stable case. The weakly stable boundary layer is amenable to existing models. The very stable boundary layer eludes modeling attempts due to breakdown of existing formulations of turbulence and due to features found in the atmosphere which are not normally included in models. The latter includes clear-air radiative cooling, low-level jets, surface heterogeneity, gravity waves, meandering motions, and other mesoscale motions which propagate from outside the local domain. While these mechanisms are not essential to understanding idealized or laboratory versions of the stable boundary layer, they complicate comparisons of numerical models and theories with actual atmospheric boundary layers. Statistics which describe various features of the stable boundary layer are offered for future comparison with modeling results.
Systematic detection and repair of subclinical inguinal hernias at radical retropubic prostatectomy.

Abstract Objectives Inguinal hernias occur in 15% of men within 1 to 2 years after radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP). This suggests that many of these hernias may have been present at surgery, but not diagnosed. Beginning in September 2001, all patients undergoing RRP were carefully examined intraoperatively for the presence of a hernia or a dilated internal inguinal ring. In this study we define the frequency of inguinal hernias detected at RRP and the durability of repair. Methods Between September 2001 and December 2004, 430 patients underwent RRP by one surgeon. Hernias, detected in 142 men (33%), were repaired preperitoneally: direct hernias were repaired with mesh and indirect hernias with 2-0 Prolene suture. The patients were followed up for an average of 19 months (range 9 to 36). Information on postoperative hernia status was available for 315 men (73.3%). Results Of the 430 patients, 142 (33%) had hernias repaired at RRP. Of these hernias, 32% were right sided, 28% left sided, and 40% bilateral; 34% were direct hernias and 66% indirect. Of the 142 patients who underwent intraoperative hernia repair, 95 (67%) had follow-up data, and 5 (5.3%) of that group developed a hernia postoperatively. None of the hernias repaired at RRP recurred. Recurrent hernias on the side of the repair occurred in 3.1%. Conclusions Incidental inguinal hernias were commonly found (33%) at RRP. Two thirds of the defects detected were indirect. Clinical recurrence after repair was rare.
Geography And Public Policy1

(1972). Geography And Public Policy. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 101-101.
Inlet Drag and Stability Considerations for Mo = 2.00 Design

The results of an experimental study to evaluate the performance and low-flow stability limits of several isolated inlet models are presented. The lowest drag approach to provide large-flow regulation was a bypass device for handling the excess airflow. The use of compression surface modulation or a boundary-layer bleed system to dispose of the excess airflow incurred similar drag penalties which were significantly greater than those for the bypass configuration. A good correlation of low-flow stability range data with a shock-lip geometry parameter is demonstrated. A by-product of this work is the introduction of a drag parameter that allows a more complete approach to quantifying inlet drag characteristics.
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis: Structures resembling Myxovirus Nucleocapsids in Cells cultured from Brains

DURING the past 2 yr, reports from several laboratories1–3 have associated subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) with measles on the basis of three observations in patients with this disease: (1) an unusually high level of anti-measles antibody in their serum and spinal fluid; (2) the demonstration in brain sections of measles antigen by means of immunofluorescence; and (3) intranuclear particles resembling myxovirus nucleocapsids in the neurones and oligodendrocytes of the brain seen by electron microscopy. These observations were not concurrent, nor were they universal, but each was noted in several patients.
Redefining the Standards

AbstractAlthough the current political climate favors standards-based education, there has been little discussion that examines the language reformers use to promote their policies. Teachers who wish to fight the implementation of Common Core should modify their language to clarify their positions.
Negative life events and depression in adolescents with HIV: a stress and coping analysis

The prevalence of negative life events (NLE) and daily hassles, and their direct and moderated associations with depression, were examined among HIV-infected adolescents. Specifically, we examined whether the negative association with depression of NLE, daily hassles, and/or passive coping were moderated by social support or active coping strategies. Demographic characteristics, depression, coping, social support, NLE, and daily hassles were collected at baseline as part of the Adolescent Impact intervention via face-to-face and computer-assisted interviews. Of 166 HIV-infected adolescents, 53% were female, 72.9% black, 59.6% with perinatally acquired HIV (PIY), the most commonly reported NLE were death in family (81%), violence exposure (68%), school relocation (67%), and hospitalization (61%); and for daily hassles "not having enough money (65%)". Behaviorally infected youth (BIY--acquired HIV later in life) were significantly more likely to experience extensive (14-21) lifetime NLE (38.8% vs. 16.3%, p < .012) than PIY. In multiple stepwise regression analysis, the model accounting for the greatest variability in depression scores (32%) included (in order of entry): daily hassles, low social support, behaviorally acquired HIV, minority sexual orientation, and passive coping. A significant passive coping-by-social support interaction revealed that the association between passive coping and depression was exacerbated when social support was low. Social support moderated the effect of NLE, such that NLE were associated with greater depression when social support was low, although the effect did not remain statistically significant when main effects of other variables were accounted for. Daily hassles, poor coping, and limited social support can adversely affect the psychological well-being of HIV-infected adolescents, particularly sexual minority youth with behaviorally acquired HIV. Multimodal interventions that enhance social support and teach adaptive coping skills may help youth cope with environmental stresses and improve mental health outcomes.
Foes to Friends: Changing Contexts and Changing Intergroup Perceptions

Abstract To advance the study of comparative public policy there must be stronger methodological and theoretical descriptions and explanations of the development of policies and the actors, events, and contexts surrounding their development. Using the social construction and advocacy coalition frameworks, this study compares intergroup perceptions in adversarial and collaborative contexts in the Lake Tahoe Basin, United States. The results suggest one of the benefits of collaborative compared to adversarial contexts is improved intergroup perceptions. However, years may be needed for improved intergroup perceptions to take effect, and these effects may indicate the continuation of relative group positions.
Silent Myocardial Ischemia

Silent myocardial ischemia is defined as objective documentation of myocardial ischemia in the absence of angina or anginal equivalents. Since its original description in the 1970s, it has undergone intensive investigation, and its clinical significance is now well established. This review will serve as an update on the pathophysiology, detection, prevalence, prognosis, and treatment of silent ischemia in both asymptomatic patients and those with angina, whether stable or unstable. ### Pain Studies No discussion of silent ischemia is complete without consideration of the cardiac pain mechanism. Although much has been learned about this subject, much is still uncertain. The afferent fibers that run in the cardiac sympathetic nerves are usually thought of as the essential pathway for the transmission of cardiac pain (Figure 1). The atria and ventricles are abundantly supplied with sympathetic sensory innervation; from the heart, the sensory nerve endings connect to afferent fibers in cardiac nerve bundles, which in turn connect to the upper 5 thoracic sympathetic ganglia and the upper 5 thoracic dorsal roots of the spinal cord. Within the spinal cord, impulses mediated by this sympathetic afferent route probably converge with impulses from somatic thoracic structures onto the same ascending spinal neurons. This would be the basis for cardiac pain referred to the chest, wall, arm, back etc. In addition to this “convergence-projection theory,” the contribution of vagal afferent fibers must be acknowledged for an explanation of cardiac pain referred to the jaw and neck. How these vagal fibers are activated remains unclear. Furthermore, somatic localization of ischemic pain cannot predict the site of myocardial ischemia (anterior, inferior, or lateral) from one patient to the next. Figure 1. Mechanisms of cardiac pain. From Droste and Roskamm (used with permission).4 The actual “trigger” that stimulates the sensory nerve endings remains elusive. If a chemical pain stimulus is involved, …
Expression of murine CD34 by fetal liver NK cell progenitors.

Although 14.5-day murine fetal liver (FL) has few, if any, mature natural killer (NK) cells, culture of FL with recombinant human IL-2 (rhIL-2) and stroma from irradiated NK longterm bone marrow cultures (NK-LTBMC) allows proliferation and differentiation of NK cell progenitors. Using this system, NK cell progenitors were found in both CD34+ and CD34- sorted subpopulations of FL. The CD34 antigen was expressed by 14+/-1.3% of whole FL cells, while mature NK cells cultured from NK cell precursors in FL did not express the CD34 antigen. Anti-TER-119 mAb reacted with 84%+/-10.3% of the FL cells, and NK cell progenitors were enriched in the TER-119- subpopulation. After coculture with rhIL-2 and stroma, neither TER-119- nor TER-119+ cells expressed antigens associated with T cells (CD3, CD4, and CD8) or myeloid cells (Gr-1 and Mac-1). Only the TER-119 subpopulation generated NK1.1+ (77%) and B220+ (87%) cells. Within the TER-119 subpopulation, both CD34+ and CD34- cells generated cytolytic and NK1.1+ cells after culture. By a limiting dilution assay (LDA) of the Lin (i.e., negative for NK1.1, CD3, CD4, CD8, B220, Gr-1, and TER-119) CD34 positive or negative subpopulations, the calculated mean frequency of NK cell progenitors was about 1/100 for the CD34+Lin- subpopulation and about 1/(200-300) for the CD34-Lin- subpopulation. In kinetic studies, we found that NK1.1 antigen expression continued to increase with time in culture for both the CD34+Lin- and CD34-Lin- fractions. In contrast, the percentage of CD34+ cells decreased rapidly and produced CD34- cells, and the CD34- population remained CD34-. These data suggest that both CD34+ and CD34- subpopulations of FL can differentiate into NK cells when cocultured for 13 days with irradiated NK-LTBMC stroma and rhIL-2, and that CD34+ progenitors differentiate to CD34- precursors, which in turn differentiate to CD34- mature NK cells.
Geodesic based registration of sensor data and anatomical surface image data.

This paper presents two related methods for registering an image of an anatomical object with data from sensors arranged on the object. One method is described with reference to a test case involving a rectangular electrode plaque disposed on a heart surface, which is imaged with MRI. Data from the electrodes is fused with the MRI image at the appropriate locations. The registration scheme involves four parts. First, selected landmarks on a data surface (e.g., electrode plaque) are registered to known locations on a target anatomical surface image. Second, the anatomical surface is represented numerically with a spherical harmonic expansion. Third, given the registration of the select data surface landmarks, the location of the outer four corners of the rectangular electrode plaque are located on the anatomical surface. Fourth, a quasi-evenly spaced grid within these four corners is formed on the anatomical surface. The third and fourth steps involve calculating geodesics on the anatomical surface, preferably by utilizing the spherical harmonic expansion. According to the second registration method, spherical harmonics and geodesics are used to extract a mesh from the anatomical surface. Laplace’s equation is solved on this mesh to generate a mapping from the anatomical surface to the data surface (electrode plaque).
Polyphosphoinositides as a probable source of brain free fatty acids accumulated at the onset of ischemia.

The quantitative relationship between phos-phoinositides and free fatty acids (FFAs) in brain ischemia was studied by measuring contents of individual fatty acids in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidic acid (PA), diacylglycerol (DAG), and the FFA pool. Various periods of complete ischemia (1, 3, 10, and 30 min) were produced by decapitation. Ischemia of 1-3 min caused rapid decreases in PIP2 and PIP content together with preferential production of stearic and arachidonic acids in the DAG and FFA pools. The decrement in levels of these fatty acid residues in polyphosphoinositides was sufficient to account for their increment in levels in the enlarged DAG and FFA pools. After 10 min of ischemia, levels of PIP2, PIP, and DAG approached plateau values, but levels of all FFAs continued to increase. The increases in content of DAG and FFAs at later ischemic periods could not be accounted for by the decreases in content of PIP2 and PIP. PI and PA levels showed only transient and subtle changes. These results indicate that, at the onset of ischemia, phosphodiesteric cleavage of PIP2 and PIP and subsequent deacylation by lipases are primarily responsible for the preferential increase in levels of free stearic and arachidonic acids and that, later, hydrolysis of other phospholipids plays a major role in the continuous accumulation of FFAs.
Evaluation of stylus for radiographic image annotation

We evaluated the use of a stylus as a computer interface for radiographic image annotation. Our case study concerned the annotation of spiculated lesions on mammograms. Three experienced radiologists annotated 20 mammograms depicting spiculated lesions. We evaluated the interobserver agreement in annotations marked with a stylus versus those marked with a mouse using the intraclass correlation coefficient. Better agreement in annotating spicule width was observed with the stylus, suggesting that it is easier to accurately annotate subtle regions on an image using a stylus.
Rorschach patterns of response in Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder versus combat and normal controls

To further evaluate Rorschach indicators of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), test protocols of 16 combat veterans so diagnosed were compared with those of 9 combat controls and 12 noncombat subjects. Results replicated Rorschach abnormalities previously associated with this disorder, including signs of low stress tolerance, poor affect modulation, perceptual distortion, and interpersonal disengagement. However, only two indicators, EB (Erlebnistypus) and CC (combat-related content), differentiated PTSD subjects from controls (P < .05). Examination of negative findings revealed that all three groups similarly deviated from Exner nonpatient norms (Exner, 1993: The Rorschach, Vol 1. New York: John Wiley and Sons) on many Rorschach variables. Possible explanations for these findings are considered, and the need for control subjects in Rorschach investigation is underscored.
Mechanical design of SXLS radio-frequency cavity

The mechanical design of an all-copper RF cavity for the Superconducting X-ray Lithography Source (SXLS) is described. The design has been optimized for space and functional requirements by analytical studies using Superfish and ANSYS computer programs. Resonance frequency variation due to thermal deformations is minimized by water channels machined onto the main structure. The effects of pressure deformations, residual thermal deflections, and mechanical tolerances are compensated by adjusting the gap size through step machining of the drift tube nose which is separable from the main body. An ultrahigh vacuum is achieved by pumping through conical vacuum port with a 220-l/s ion pump. The design provides for a tuner to compensate for the frequency drift under thermal and reactive beam loads during the operation, and antennas for the suppression of higher-order modes. Multipactoring effects are controlled by sputtering the cavity with titanium and backfilling it with dry nitrogen. >