cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
National policy on growth monitoring and promotion--Swaziland leads the way.

Growth faltering is a significant problem in the Royal Kingdom of Swaziland in southern Africa with 33% of all children affected before 5 years of age. The Ministry of Health Government of Swaziland in conjunction with UNICEF developed a strategy to arrest growth faltering. Task forces visited health facilities and recommended that nurses and nursing assistants need to be better trained to counsel on and interpret growth monitoring methods; training materials appropriate for Swaziland need to be developed; and a national stand on growth monitoring and promotion (GMP) needs to be publicized. The Ministry of Health organized a workshop to train health workers in growth monitoring through pre-service and in-service training. The workshop resulted in the development of a GMP manual posters and easy-to-understand charts. A national seminar on GMP resulted in a draft of national policy and international experience. UNICEF is currently sharing this experience with East African countries. An appendix delineates the definition objectives and implementation of the national GMP policy in Swaziland.
Synthesis and characterization of nucleosides and oligonucleotides with a benzo[a]pyren-6-ylmethyl adduct at adenine N6 or guanine N2.

Benzo[a]pyrene (1) can be converted to reactive electrophilic species by a number of metabolic pathways, of which the route to the mutagenic and carcinogenic diol epoxide(s) is the best studied. An...
Depositional history of a muddy sabkha complex in the Sokoto Basin of Nigeria, West Africa

Sedimentological and stratigraphical analysis of the Sokoto Basin has resulted in recognition of four lithostratigraphic units. They are Unit A—siltstone and fine-grained sandstone; Unit B—shale and marl; Unit C—limestone and calcareous shale; and Unit D—red sandstone. Unit A represents a wadi plain system composed of desert-alluvial beds; Unit B, a mud-rich sabkha system; and Unit C, an inner-shelf carbonate system. A marine transgression from the northwest began in the Maastrichtian and reached its peak in the Palaeocene. After regression in the late Palaeocene, the area was subjected to erosion, followed by fluvial sedimentation of Unit D. Wadi plain beds and mud-rich sabkha facies of Sokoto Basin are similar to alluvial and coastal mud-flat deposits in the northwestern Gulf of California and ephemeral stream and tidal-flat sediments in Gladstone Embayment, Australia.
Oscillations in digital control systems

Signal quantization induced low amplitude oscillations in digital control systems, discussing relationship to digital controller programming form
Experimental and Numerical Investigations on Q-Switched Laser-Seeded Fiber MOPA at 2.8 μm

An Er3+-doped ZBLAN fiber amplifier for Q-switch-ed pulses at 2.79 μm is reported. Over 24 μJ of pulse energy at an average output power of 1.0 W was achieved at a maximum available pump power of 9.4 W. The efficiency of this pulsed laser fiber amplifier is about 10%. Our simulation predicts that over 300-μJ pulses can be achieved with this fiber amplifier when a 120-W pump is used.
The role of the protestant church in Eastern Germany: Some personal experiences and reflections

(1993). The role of the protestant church in Eastern Germany: Some personal experiences and reflections. Religion, State and Society: Vol. 21, No. 3-4, pp. 277-288.
EFFECTIVENESS OF METHADONE MAINTENANCE FOR HEROIN ADDICTION

Methadone maintenance programs have effectively reduced heroin dependency and are available in most countries affected by heroin addiction. Methadone, developed in Germany during World War II as a pain killer, does not have the euphoric effects of heroin and the goal of treatment is to substitute methadone for heroin use. Recidivism is probably a life-long risk. Methadone maintenance programs began in the 1960s in the United States in New York City. Once tolerance is developed, it may be used continually without harmful side effects. Dosage is important for effectiveness as are counseling, rehabilitation services, and employment support. Reduction in criminality and AIDS has been associated with methadone maintenance programs.
Recognition thresholds in the central and lateral visual fields following temporal lobectomy.

Summary This study examined recognition thresholds for patients with unilateral left or right temporal lobectomy and for normal subjects. Material was projected tachistoscopically and successively to the center, left, and right visual fields. Stimuli were random designs and three-letter words oriented vertically. The recognition thresholds of the left temporal and normal groups were comparable, for both sets of stimuli. In contrast, the right temporal group was impaired in the recognition of words and random designs in the central and lateral fields. Results were seen to reflect the processing of units of visual information, whether in the form of letters or random designs, which at this elementary level relates to right temporal lobe functioning.
Public economics of hitchhiking species and tourism-based risk to ecosystem services

Abstract This paper is the first to examine the public economics of export-based externalities arising within the provisioning of ecosystem services, with direct application to policies to prevent the spread of hitchhiking invasive species. We find when risk enters through exports, policy makers face a tradeoff between welfare improvements and reducing risk of invasion. Estimates of visitor demand elasticity for ecotourism are low, so price policies are not likely to reduce risk, though they can raise tax revenue. If demand is elastic enough to reduce risk, trade effects can cause loss of income greater than the risk of the invasion. The paper is motivated by the expansion of invasive species’ within the United States. We apply our model to the specific example of quagga and zebra mussels invasion into the U.S. Pacific Northwest.
A better decomposition theorem for simply connected m-convex sets

Abstract A set S in R d is said to be m -convex, m ⩾ 2, if and only if for every m points in S , at least one of the line segments determined by these points lies in S . For S a closed m -convex set in R 2 , various decomposition theorems have been obtained to express S as a finite union of convex sets. However, the previous bounds may be lowered further, and we have the following result: In case S is simply connected, then S is a union of σ ( m ) or fewer convex sets, where σ(m) = [(m − N )(m − 3 2 ) + 3 2 ] . Moreover, this result induces an improved decomposition in the general case as well.
Relation of Age of Bacteria to Bacteriostatic Properties of Aniline Dyes

The bacteriostatic properties of aniline dyes bear a distinct relation to the age of the organism used for the study. Older cultures are much less resistant to gentian violet than young. This rule holds even for organisms which are undergoing sporulation.
Assessing an ill-posed solution for the back calculation of the AIDS epidemic

Abstract The AIDS epidemic is the most serious infectious disease epidemic in American history. There has been a prodigious effort to estimate the HIV infection distribution by back calculating the AIDS case series. In a prior work, the back calculation procedure was shown to be an ill-posed problem having both multiple, equally consistent solutions and sensitivity to case data in the most recent period [7]. This work, using extensive Monte Carlo simulations, assesses the point estimates developed in the earlier work, develops confidence intervals for the total number of infections, and explores other epidemiologically important parameters associated with the distribution of HIV infection. Truncating an estimator was found to be a technique to stabilize the estimator and reduce the sensitivity of the ill-posed problem. These methods are applied to United States AIDS case data for risk group specific estimates.
Ergodic theorem for general functions

The purpose of this paper is to prove a generalization of the classical ergodic theorem, which is applicable to functions with non-numerical values. We will proceed by giving a suggestive reformulation of the classical result, passing to the abstract formulation, and then proving the generalized theorem. Given a measure space (X,S,p), a real-valued integrable function f, and a measure preserving transformation T, the ergodic theorem asserts that the averages
Linking job demands and resources to employee engagement and burnout: A theoretical extension and meta-analytic test.

We refine and extend the job demands-resources model with theory regarding appraisal of stressors to account for inconsistencies in relationships between demands and engagement, and we test the revised theory using meta-analytic structural modeling. Results indicate support for the refined and updated theory. First, demands and burnout were positively associated, whereas resources and burnout were negatively associated. Second, whereas relationships among resources and engagement were consistently positive, relationships among demands and engagement were highly dependent on the nature of the demand. Demands that employees tend to appraise as hindrances were negatively associated with engagement, and demands that employees tend to appraise as challenges were positively associated with engagement. Implications for future research are discussed.
Wetting of quartz by oleic/aqueous liquids and adsorption from crude oil

Abstract Contact angles for crude oil and brine on smooth quartz are sometimes used to assess the wettability of sandstone reservoirs. In this paper, the dynamic Wilhelmy plate technique is applied to the study of wetting of quartz by oil and brine. Changes in wetting of the quartz plate from a completely water-wet state were induced by adsorption from crude oil or de-asphalted crude oil (maltenes). Other variables included brine composition, pH, aging temperature and time, the solvent used to remove excess crude oil from the plate, and the temperature of measurement. The effect of plate speed and allowing an equilibration time during the course of measurement were also investigated. Force–distance relationships for a quartz plate passing through an oil–brine interface were used to obtain water-receding and water-advancing contact angles under dynamic conditions. Wetting states ranged from completely water-wet through hybrid-wet (very large contact angle hysteresis) to very strongly oil-wet. Contact angle hysteresis was often observed. Water-receding force–distance curves sometimes exhibited small-scale fluctuations for receding contact angles in the range of about 62–100°. These were ascribed to heterogeneity of wetting. Two modes of contact angle transition, pinning and slippage, were observed. Experimental results were compared with predicted force–distance relationships given by interface pinning during transitions from receding to advancing contact angles. Slippage during contact angle transitions was usually observed for receding angles in the range of 30° to about 60° with associated advancing angles in the range of 65–165°. Slippage was eliminated by allowing an equilibration time of about 30–60 min prior to reversing the direction of movement of the plate; experimental results were then in close agreement with theory.
Experience in using SIMD and MIMD parallelism for computational fluid dynamics

One of the key objectives of the Applied Research Branch in the Numerical Aerodynamic Simulation (NAS) Systems Division at NASA Ames Research Center is the accelerated introduction of highly parallel machines into a fully operational environment. In this report we summarize some of the experiences with the parallel testbed machines at the NAS Applied Research Branch. We discuss the performance results obtained from the implementation of two computational fluid dynamics (CFD) applications, an unstructured grid solver and a particle simulation, on the Connection Machine CM-2 and the Intel iPSC/860.
Stabilizing uncertain systems with dynamic quantization

We consider state feedback stabilization of uncertain linear systems with quantization. The plant uncertainty is dealt with by the supervisory control framework, which employs switching among a finite family of candidate controllers. For a static quantizer, we quantify a relationship between the quantization range and the quantization error bound to guarantees closed loop stability. Using a dynamic quantizer which can vary the quantization parameters in real time, we show that the closed loop can be asymptotically stabilized, provided that additional conditions on the quantization range and the quantization error bound are satisfied. Our results extend previous results on stabilization of known systems with quantization to the case of uncertain systems.
A study of biologically-inspired design as a context for enhancing student innovation

This article describes an investigation of the use of biologically-inspired design as a context from which to teach innovative design. The research compared ideation behavior among mechanical engineering students from a capstone design class to mechanical engineering students who had taken a semester-long course specifically focused on biologicallyinspired design. Both groups of students were presented with the same design challenge, and pre-established metrics were used to characterize the novelty and variety of the resultant designs generated by the students. The designs from the biologically-inspired design students had an average novelty score 80% higher than those from the control group of capstone students, and the result was statistically-significant. The biologically-inspired design students also had a 37% higher average variety score, although a small sample size led to a high variance and prevented statistical significance. The increased scores for novelty and variety imply a greater tendency toward innovative design among the biologically-inspired design students. The source of greater innovation is unclear but may be due to improved analogical reasoning capabilities among the biologically-inspired design students.
Semicollusion vs. Full Collusion: The Role of Demand Uncertainty and Product Substitutability

We examine the profitability of two different cartel organizational forms: full collusion, under which firms collude on both price and quality, and semicollusion, under which firms collude on price only. We show that, in the presence of demand uncertainty that cannot be contracted upon in the cartel agreement, firms may be better off limiting their collusive agreement to price only. However, a positive relationship between demand uncertainty and the relative profitability of semicollusion exists only for low levels of demand substitutability. The converse is true for high levels of demand substitutability. Therefore, if demand substitutability is sufficiently high, no level of demand uncertainty will make semicollusion the optimal organizational form. In contrast, semicollusion is guaranteed to be optimal for a sufficiently low level of demand substitutability. The market structure described is motivated by and closely parallels that of shipping cartels.
An integrated component selection framework for system-level design

The increasing system design complexity is negatively impacting the overall system design productivity by increasing the cost and time of product development. One key to overcoming these challenges is exploiting Component Based Engineering practices. Components are designed for various specifications and usually variants of each component exist with different performance and quality of service parameters. Therefore it is a challenge to select the optimum components from a component library that will satisfy all functional and non-functional system requirements. If these designs and architectural decisions are delayed, they may lead to design re-spins thereby, negatively impacting the product development cost and time. In this paper we propose an integrated framework for component selection.
Descriptions of larvae of Merluccius australis, Macruronus magellanicus, and observations on a larva of Micromesistius australis from southern Chile (Pisces: Gadiformes)

Larvae of two commercially important fish species, namely southern hake (Merluccius australis) and hoki (Macruronus magellanicus), are described for the first time from material collected in southern Chile. Observations on a third species, blue whiting (Micromesistius australis), are also provided. The three species demonstrate larval characteristics typical of gadiform fishes, including a short gut, and pigmentation distributed in blotches and bands. Characteristics of the larvae of M. australis from Chile are similar to those observed in sketches from New Zealand, such that the descriptions may be used to identify the larvae from other regions. The similarity of characteristics between M. magellanicus larvae from Chile and Argentina and larvae of M. novaezelandiae from Tasmanian and New Zealand waters demonstrate the taxonomic affinity between these species. The presence of three dorsal fins in a late postflexion Micromesistius australis larva allowed it to be easily recognised.
Induction of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 gene expression in liver of protein-restricted rats and in rat hepatoma cells limited for a single amino acid.

Restriction of the dietary protein intake of young growing animals results in a rapid cessation of growth. In order to gain further insight into the molecular mechanisms for metabolic adaptation to protein restriction, the expression of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) gene was examined in 4-week-old male rats fed isocaloric diets containing 20%, 8%, or 4% protein over a 10-day period. Expression of the IGFBP-1 gene was strongly induced in the protein-restricted animals. Animals on the 8% protein diet exhibited a 14-fold increase, and animals on the 4% protein diet exhibited a 33-fold increase in hepatic IGFBP-1 messenger RNA (mRNA) abundance relative to the abundance of IGFBP-1 mRNA in animals on the 20% protein diet. Expression of the IGFBP-1 gene was also strongly increased by severe energy restriction: IGFBP-1 mRNA abundance was increased 15-fold in animals maintained for 10 days on a diet with energy restricted to 50% of the ad libitum intake rate. In animals fasted for 24 h there was a 6-fold increase in IGFBP-1 mRNA abundance, a lower induction than was observed in either of the two chronic nutritional restriction models. To determine whether limitation for substrate (i.e. amino acids) might have a direct effect on IGFBP-1 gene expression, we examined the effect on IGFBP-1 gene expression of limitation of H4-II-E rat hepatoma cells for a single essential amino acid (phenylalanine, methionine, leucine, or tryptophan) for a period of 24 h. The abundance of IGFBP-1 mRNA was increased by approximately 4- to 5-fold in cultures limited for any of these four amino acids as compared with its abundance in cells incubated in medium containing all essential amino acids. To study further the molecular mechanism for induction of IGFBP-1 gene expression by nutritional restriction, probes specific for intron 3 or intron 1 of the rat IGFBP-1 gene were used to quantify levels of the IGFBP-1 primary nuclear transcript in protein-restricted rats and amino acid-limited cultured cells. The level of the IGFBP-1 primary transcript was increased by 8-fold in animals on the 8% protein diet and 14-fold in animals on the 4% protein diet, suggesting that the induction of IGFBP-1 mRNA was caused largely by an increase in transcription.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
An estimation of the spectral radius of a product of block matrices

Let C(r) = [C ij ], r = 1, 2,...,R, be block m x m matrices where C ij (r) are nonnegative N i x N j matrices for i, j = 1, 2,..., m. Let ∥.∥ be a consistent matrix norm. Denote for each r by B(r) = [∥C ij (r)∥] an m × m matrix. The relation of the spectral radii ρ(Π R r=1 C(r)) and ρ(Π R r=1 B(r)) is studied in this paper. It is shown with two proofs that ρ(Π R r=1 C(r)) . ρ (Π R r=1 B(r)). As shown in one of the proofs, ρ(Π R r=1 B(r)) can be reduced so that it gives a better estimation of ρ(Π R r=1 C(r)).
Response of polycarbonate, poly(methylmethacrylate), and epoxy resins to dynamic contact loading. I: Experimental results

Measurements of the resistance force to a wide range of contact loadings have been performed on poly(methylmethacrylate), polycarbonate, and epoxy specimens. Rigid spherical indenters of 4.5, 9, and 18 mm diameter, as well as cones of various apex angles, were driven into thick specimens at constant velocity over the range 0.005 to 150000 mm/min. The objective of this study was to develop a data base useful for the understanding and analysis of the phenomena involved when polymeric solids are impacted by small hard bodies. Spheres and cones were used because these symmetrical shapes offer the best chance for analysis in terms of viscoelastic extensions of the classical Hertz elastic contact problem. Measurements covered penetration depths from first detection of contact, where the strains are smallest and the material response should most likely be interpretable in terms of linear viscoelastic analysis, to much greater depths where the strains far exceed the yield values. The observations are tabulated, as are the values of parameters that allow the data to be modeled to within experimental error. These parameters fit into a specially developed empirical law designed to facilitate subsequent treatment of the data using Laplace transform methods. An analysis is offered to try to sort out time-dependent force relaxation from depth-dependent force increase during the progress of the penetration. The results of the response at small penetration depths are in broad accord with published relaxation moduli. However, the dependence of force upon indenter geometry does not follow simple expectation.
Distributed Space-Time Coding in Wireless Relay Networks

We apply the idea of space-time coding devised for multiple-antenna systems to the problem of communications over a wireless relay network with Rayleigh fading channels. We use a two-stage protocol, where in one stage the transmitter sends information and in the other, the relays encode their received signals into a "distributed" linear dispersion (LD) code, and then transmit the coded signals to the receive node. We show that for high SNR, the pairwise error probability (PEP) behaves as (logP/P)min{TH}, with T the coherence interval, that is, the number of symbol periods during which the channels keep constant, R the number of relay nodes, and P the total transmit power. Thus, apart from the log P factor, the system has the same diversity as a multiple-antenna system with R transmit antennas, which is the same as assuming that the R relays can fully cooperate and have full knowledge of the transmitted signal. We further show that for a network with a large number of relays and a fixed total transmit power across the entire network, the optimal power allocation is for the transmitter to expend half the power and for the relays to collectively expend the other half. We also show that at low and high SNR, the coding gain is the same as that of a multiple-antenna system with R antennas. However, at intermediate SNR, it can be quite different, which has implications for the design of distributed space-time codes
Prefrontal cortical blood flow predicts response of depression to rTMS.

Abstract Background Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an effective treatment for resistant major depressive disorder. The response rate of rTMS for depression is modest, motivating the search for biomarkers predictive of treatment response. Methods Thirteen patients (mean age 45 years, three males) with current major depression resistant to at least one antidepressant trial in the current episode were treated with a 25 day course of rTMS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Resting state cerebral perfusion was measured prior to the first day of treatment and after the final day of treatment. Treatment response was measured using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale - 24 Item (Ham-D). Baseline cerebral perfusion was compared in responders to non-responders. In addition, post-treatment cerebral perfusion was compared to pre-treatment in responders as well as in non-responders. Results Six individuals responded to rTMS. Responders had greater resting state blood flow in the left DLPFC (the target site) at baseline compared to non-responders. Non-responders showed greater baseline activity in the left medial frontal cortex. Neither group exhibited changes during treatment, nor did the combined group. Limitations This study suffers from low sample size and resulting small responder and non-responder subgroups. The sample was not balanced to gender. A normal control group was not included. Conclusions We believe this is the first study to compare pre-treatment brain perfusion patterns of depressed individuals who responded to rTMS to those who did not. Our results suggest stronger left DLPFC perfusion in responders and stronger medial prefrontal perfusion in non-responders both at baseline and post-treatment. These results await confirmation in a larger, prospective, placebo-controlled study.
Multi-layer loss recovery in TCP over optical burst-switched networks

It is well-known that the bufferless nature of optical burst-switching (OBS) networks cause random burst loss even at low traffic loads. When TCP is used over OBS, these random losses make the TCP sender decrease its congestion window even though the network may not be congested. This results in significant TCP throughput degradation. In this paper, we propose a multi-layer loss-recovery approach with automatic retransmission request (ARQ) and Snoop for OBS networks given that TCP is used at the transport layer. We evaluate the performance of Snoop and ARQ at the lower layer over a hybrid IP-OBS network. Based on the simulation results, the proposed multi-layer hybrid ARQ + Snoop approach outperforms all other approaches even at high loss probability. We developed an analytical model for end-to-end TCP throughput and verified the model with simulation results.
Concerted integration of viral DNA termini by purified avian myeloblastosis virus integrase.

Abstract Concerted integration of retroviral DNA termini, which produces a characteristic duplication of sequences at the integration site and formation of the proviral state, is a necessary step of the retroviral life cycle. We investigated the pairwise integration reaction catalyzed by purified avian retrovirus integrase by measuring the response to solution parameters and how the sequences of the viral termini, which comprise the avian imperfect inverted repeat, affect the reaction. When we optimized the reaction, an efficiency was achieved which approached that measured in systems using cytoplasmic extracts from virus-infected cells. The response of purified avian integrase to solution parameters was similar to that of the integration activity derived from cellular extracts. For strand transfer, the U3 viral terminal sequences were preferred to those of the U5 termini, a result we previously showed for the trimming reaction. That the sequence preference was the same for trimming and strand transfer may be further evidence that only one catalytic site is used for both reactions. A significant number of integration sites were sequenced. Interesting trends were found for the fidelity of the host duplications to the avian 6-bp duplication size, the clustering of the integration sites in the nonessential region of the lambda host DNA, and the sequence characteristics of the duplication sites.
Zinc(II)-Selective Ratiometric Fluorescent Sensors Based on Inhibition of Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer

To develop a zinc(II)-selective emission ratiometric probe suitable for biological applications, we explored the cation-induced inhibition of excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) with a series of 2-(2'-benzenesulfonamidophenyl)benzimidazole derivatives. In the absence of Zn(II) at neutral pH, the fluorophores undergo ESIPT to yield a highly Stokes' shifted emission from the proton-transfer tautomer. Coordination of Zn(II) inhibits the ESIPT process and yields a significant hypsochromic shift of the fluorescence emission maximum. Whereas the paramagnetic metal cations Cu(II), Fe(II), Ni(II), Co(II), and Mn(II) result in fluorescence quenching, the emission response is not altered by millimolar concentrations of Ca(II) or Mg(II), rendering the sensors selective for Zn(II) among all biologically important metal cations. Due to the modular architecture of the fluorophore, the Zn(II) binding affinity can be readily tuned by implementing simple structural modifications. The synthesized probes are suitable to gauge free Zn(II) concentrations in the micromolar to picomolar range under physiological conditions.
JIT in Services: A Review of Current Practices and Future Directions for Research

Maintains that, although service industries would benefit from research concerning the implementation of just‐in‐time (JIT) techniques, most research has focused on JIT only in manufacturing firms. A review of applied journals and articles, however, revealed JIT concepts migrating to non‐manufacturing environments. These articles describe JIT techniques successfully moving from the factory floor to other environments and suggest a potentially rich research opportunity. Summarizes these articles using Benson′s guidelines for applying JIT in service. Illustrates various JIT applications within each of the JIT categories.
Impacts of merit order based dispatch on transfer capability and static voltage stability

In this paper, the goal is to investigate the impacts of generation merit order based dispatch on transfer capability and static voltage stability. The concept of generation merit order can be based on traditional costs or market bids. The new merit order feature has been incorporated into the existing Continuation Method Trace Tool (CMTRACE). More specifically, the well-known continuation power flow problem is reformulated to take into account the merit order effect of dispatching generators on the static P-V curve, given a power system operating point, a load demand forecast and a table of generation MW blocks and prices. The modeling difficulties in dealing with sequentially ordered generation block dispatches, such as exact transition point search and solution time, are efficiently solved. The numerical results on two case studies of a 3493-bus system show that the merit order of dispatching generation has significant impacts on the P-V curve and the simulation time.
Are Appropriate Educational Programs Operationally Achievable Under Mandated Promises of P.L. 94-142?

The author discusses financial and administrative obstacles to successful implementation of P.L. 94-142. He points out that P.L. 94-142 has established new and higher performance objectives for special education without providing sufficient monetary resources. Despite the limited resources, the special education cost spiral continues upward. A major administrative obstacle to the implementation of the Law is the failure of its drafters to recognize the importance of the local special education administrator in carrying through on the Law's provisions and intent. In marked contrast to other special education legislation, which is generally limited to broad policy statements, P.L. 94-142 hands down specific policies and operational procedures. However, the need to prepare the local administrative cadre on whom falls the burden of implementation has not been addressed. External mandates alone cannot ensure change in the quality of services delivered to exceptional children. Yet the leadership training needs ...
Pedaling alters the excitability and modulation of vastus medialis H-reflexes after stroke

Abstract Objective Individuals post-stroke display abnormal Group Ia reflex excitability. Pedaling has been shown to reduce Group Ia reflexes and to normalize the relationship between EMG and reflex amplitude in the paretic soleus (SO). The purpose of this study was to determine whether these changes extend to the paretic quadriceps. Methods H-reflexes were used to examine Group Ia reflex excitability of the vastus medialis (VM). H-reflexes were elicited in paretic (n = 13) and neurologically intact (n = 13) individuals at 11 positions in the pedaling cycle and during static knee extension at comparable limb positions and levels of VM EMG. Results VM H-reflexes were abnormally elevated in the paretic limb of stroke survivors. During static muscle activation, H-reflex amplitude did not change with the level of background VM activity. Pedaling reduced the amplitude of paretic VM H-reflexes and restored the normal relationship between VM EMG and H-reflex amplitude. Conclusions Pedaling-induced changes in Group Ia reflex excitability that have been reported for the paretic SO are evident in the paretic VM. Pedaling may have a generalized effect on lower extremity Group Ia reflexes post-stroke. Significance Pedaling may be therapeutic for reducing Group Ia reflexes after stroke.
Drinking Careers: A Twenty‐Five‐Year Study of Three Navajo Populations

Drinking Careers: A Twenty-Five-Year Study of Three Navajo Populations. Stephen J. Kunitz and Jerrold E. Levy with Tracy Andrews, Chena DuPuy, K. Ruben Gabriel, and Scott Russell. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994. vii + 280 pp.
ALOG domains: provenance of plant homeotic and developmental regulators from the DNA-binding domain of a novel class of DIRS1-type retroposons

Members of the Arabidopsis LSH1 and Oryza G1 (ALOG) family of proteins have been shown to function as key developmental regulators in land plants. However, their precise mode of action remains unclear. Using sensitive sequence and structure analysis, we show that the ALOG domains are a distinct version of the N-terminal DNA-binding domain shared by the XerC/D-like, protelomerase, topoisomerase-IA, and Flp tyrosine recombinases. ALOG domains are distinguished by the insertion of an additional zinc ribbon into this DNA-binding domain. In particular, we show that the ALOG domain is derived from the XerC/D-like recombinases of a novel class of DIRS-1-like retroposons. Copies of this element, which have been recently inactivated, are present in several marine metazoan lineages, whereas the stramenopile Ectocarpus, retains an active copy of the same. Thus, we predict that ALOG domains help establish organ identity and differentiation by binding specific DNA sequences and acting as transcription factors or recruiters of repressive chromatin. They are also found in certain plant defense proteins, where they are predicted to function as DNA sensors. The evolutionary history of the ALOG domain represents a unique instance of a domain, otherwise exclusively found in retroelements, being recruited as a specific transcription factor in the streptophyte lineage of plants. Hence, they add to the growing evidence for derivation of DNA-binding domains of eukaryotic specific TFs from mobile and selfish elements.
An Exercise in Accounting for Marketable Securities

This exercise illustrates the accounting for passive equity investments in other companies (marketable equity securities). It focuses specifically on equity securities classified as either trading securities or AFS securities. It is intended for use in an introductory financial accounting course to introduce the accounting for marketable equity securities. It may be used as a stand-alone exercise or followed by the Berkshire Hathaway Inc. - Intercorporate Investments (A) and (B) cases (UVA-C-2240 and UVA-C-2276). The instructor may also assign the technical note, Accounting for Marketable Securities, (UVA-C-2280) to accompany the case.
Part I: A New Framework for Modeling and Tracing of Bilateral Transactions and the Corresponding Loop Flows in Multi-Control Area Power Networks

This paper introduces a novel multi-control area framework for explicit modeling, managing, and accounting of simultaneous bilateral transactions with specified contract paths. Our framework provides a modular and multi-layered electrical network representation with zooming-in and zooming-out capabilities. The zoomed-out representation concerns interconnections and inter-area transactions, while the zoomed-in representation concerns a single area and its internal transactions. The framework allows explicit modeling of bilateral transactions with contract paths through a transformation of a meshed electrical network into a spanning tree. Loop flows are introduced to represent a deviation between the contract paths of bilateral transactions and physical line flows. The effects of both intra-area and inter-area bilateral transactions and loop flows can be graphically traced in the framework. Moreover, these tracing methods allocate bilateral transactions to line flows and loop flows, essential for accounting and flow control. Our tracing methods differ from the distribution factor based method because the distribution factor matrix handles nodal injections only and it cannot account for contract paths of bilateral transactions and the resulting loop flows. The multi-layered network transformations and tracing methods are illustrated on the IEEE 14-bus system.
Toxicity of D-Limonene, The Major Component of Citrus Peel Oil, To All Life Stages of the Cat Flea, Ctenocephalides Felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)

D-limonene was toxic to all life stages of the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis. In contact exposure tests, eggs were most sensitive, followed by adults and then larvae; pupae were least affected. D-limonene vapors were also toxic to all stages; vapors are the principal route by which the compound enters the flea's body. Adults were rapidly immobilized when treated with D-limonene, and symptoms of poisoning suggest that this monoterpene acts on the nervous system. D-limonene was synergized by piperonyl butoxide; when combined, these compounds produced a synergistic ratio of 3.2 and more rapid mortality of adult fleas.
Cervical hematoma following an endocrine surgical procedure: The MD Anderson experience.

Background Airway compromise from postoperative neck hematoma remains the most feared complication after cervical endocrine operative procedures. Events are rare and potentially lethal, and clear multidisciplinary guidelines for management of these patients are lacking. The aim of our study was to review the experience of a tertiary cancer center in this scenario. Methods Data prospectively collected over a 10-year period, between 2005 and 2014, were retrospectively analyzed. We included all adult patients who had had a neck operation and needed reoperation for postoperative neck hematoma after an endocrine procedure. We excluded pediatric patients and cases with incomplete records. Results The inclusion criteria were met for 21 patients (21/2,930; 0.7%). The median age at operation was 56.2 years (SD: 16.7). The M:F ratio was 1:2. All 21 patients presented with a neck swelling at the time of reoperation. Eight of 21 patients (38%) underwent emergency bedside clot evacuation. Presentation was within 6 hours for two thirds (14/21) of the patients; the remaining one third of the patients had the hematoma develop during the evening/night (from 1700–0500). The mean estimated hematoma size was 98 cc (SD: 58). A source of bleeding was identified in 12 of 21 cases (57%). A total of 15.8% of patients had an airway classified as difficult/awkward under the American Society of Anesthesiologists classification for their wound re-exploration. Conclusion Postoperation, increased vigilance is needed for the first 6 hours to detect patients with neck swelling. Emergency drainage by the bedside was performed in 38% of patients. A difficult airway was uncommon in our series.
Aesthetic Responses to Exact Fractals Driven by Physical Complexity.

Fractals are physically complex due to their repetition of patterns at multiple size scales. Whereas the statistical characteristics of the patterns repeat for fractals found in natural objects, computers can generate patterns that repeat exactly. Are these exact fractals processed differently, visually and aesthetically, than their statistical counterparts? We investigated the human aesthetic response to the complexity of exact fractals by manipulating fractal dimensionality (D), symmetry, recursion, and the number of segments in the generator using a variety of fractal patterns. In the first study, we found that preference ratings for exact midpoint displacement fractals can be described by a linear trend with preference increasing as D increases. For the majority of individuals, preference increased with D. We replicated these results in a second study, while also testing the effects of symmetry and recursion by presenting fractals without mirror symmetry (asymmetric dragon fractals and radially symmetric dragon fractals) and fractals with mirror symmetry (Sierpinski carpets and Koch snowflakes). We found a strong interaction among recursion, symmetry and fractal dimension. Specifically, at low levels of recursion, the presence of symmetry was enough to drive high preference ratings for patterns with moderate to high levels of fractal dimension. Most individuals required a much higher level of recursion to recover this level of preference in asymmetric patterns, while others were less discriminating. Here, what distinguished among respondents was their sensitivity to the presence of mirror symmetry. All participants in the second study exhibited a general increase of preference with D. This suggests that exact fractals are processed differently than their statistical counterparts. We propose a set of four factors that influence complexity and preference judgments in fractals that may extend to other patterns: fractal dimension, recursion, symmetry and the number of segments in a pattern. Conceptualizations such as Berlyne’s (1971) and Redies’ (2015) theories of aesthetics provide a suitable framework for interpretation of our data with respect to the individual differences that we detect. Future studies that incorporate physiological methods to measure the human aesthetic response to exact fractal patterns would further elucidate our responses to such timeless patterns.
Use of the hollow fiber assay for the discovery of novel anticancer agents from fungi

The hollow fiber assay (HFA) is a drug discovery tool to aid investigators in the prioritization of lead compounds identified by in vitro testing for further development in animal models of disease. In the HFA, cells are cultured in hollow fibers containing pores of a diameter (500 kDa) large enough for proteins and other macromolecules to enter, but too small for the cells to escape. The fibers are filled with cells, sealed and placed in the peritoneal cavity of immunodeficient mice. The mice undergo a predetermined treatment regimen after which the fibers are retrieved and the cells evaluated for activity of a target relevant to the disease modeled. The HFA combines advantages of both in vitro and in vivo assay systems. It uses the same cell lines used in culture systems, is a rapid assay, and requires fewer animals and less test substance than conventional xenograft systems. Like traditional in vivo assays, the test substance is evaluated in a live animal, which affords an initial assessment of associated toxicity and pharmacokinetic properties of the test substance.
Targeted disruption of Cd40 in a genetically hypertensive rat model attenuates renal fibrosis and proteinuria, independent of blood pressure

High blood pressure is a common cause of chronic kidney disease. Because CD40, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family, has been linked to the progression of kidney disease in ischemic nephropathy, we studied the role of Cd40 in the development of hypertensive renal disease. The Cd40 gene was mutated in the Dahl S genetically hypertensive rat with renal disease by targeted-gene disruption using zinc-finger nuclease technology. These rats were then given low (0.3%) and high (2%) salt diets and compared. The resultant Cd40 mutants had significantly reduced levels of both urinary protein excretion (41.8 ± 3.1 mg/24 h vs. 103.7 ± 4.3 mg/24 h) and plasma creatinine (0.36 ± 0.05 mg/dl vs. 1.15 ± 0.19 mg/dl), with significantly higher creatinine clearance compared with the control S rats (3.04 ± 0.48 ml/min vs. 0.93 ± 0.15 ml/min), indicating renoprotection was conferred by mutation of the Cd40 locus. Furthermore, the Cd40 mutants had a significant attenuation in renal fibrosis, which persisted on the high salt diet. However, there was no difference in systolic blood pressure between the control and Cd40 mutant rats. Thus, these data serve as the first evidence for a direct link between Cd40 and hypertensive nephropathy. Hence, renal fibrosis is one of the underlying mechanisms by which Cd40 plays a crucial role in the development of hypertensive renal disease.
Artificial Diets for Mosquitoes

Mosquito-borne diseases are responsible for more than a million human deaths every year. Modern mosquito control strategies such as sterile insect technique (SIT), release of insects carrying a dominant lethal (RIDL), population replacement strategies (PR), and Wolbachia-based strategies require the rearing of large numbers of mosquitoes in culture for continuous release over an extended period of time. Anautogenous mosquitoes require essential nutrients for egg production, which they obtain through the acquisition and digestion of a protein-rich blood meal. Therefore, mosquito mass production in laboratories and other facilities relies on vertebrate blood from live animal hosts. However, vertebrate blood is expensive to acquire and hard to store for longer times especially under field conditions. This review discusses older and recent studies that were aimed at the development of artificial diets for mosquitoes in order to replace vertebrate blood.
Complementary and Integrative Treatments: Expanding the Continuum of Care

This article is an introduction to the concepts of complementary, alternative, and integrative medicine. It discusses the scope and prevalence of complementary and integrative medicine (CIM) use among otolaryngology patients. Specific types of CIM are characterized in the context of their origins, philosophic and historical bases, scientific evidence, and applicability to the practice of otolaryngology. The author's intent is to provide a framework for discussing CIM with patients and integrating it into treatment paradigms in an evidence-based manner.
Structure and Properties of Solid Surfaces

Solid surfaces are giant lattice defects, generated through the abrupt termination of the crystalline lattice. Their structure and properties are a manifestation of their defect nature and not necessarily of the intrinsic characteristics of the solid. Although, in terms of number of atoms, surfaces represent a very small fraction of macroscopic solids (of the order of 10−8) they are more often than not crucial in the characterization, understanding, and overall behavior. Mechanical, electrical, optical or other types of communications with a solid are realized through the surface. Furthermore, all chemical and physical interactions of solids with gases, liquids or other solids take place through the surface atoms. Indeed, surface phenomena bear directly on all facets of basic and applied technology; in advanced electronics, in friction and wear, in catalysis, in the chemical stability or instability of solid systems, on chemical processing, in environmental (pollution) processes, and others; life sciences rest to a large extent on surface phenomena. Like other lattice defects, surfaces often play a very important role in the mechanical behavior of solids, and many types of mechanical failures are initiated at the surfaces.