Oral d-amphetamine increases sensitivity to negative consequences on an associative learning task in cocaine users

s / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 140 (2014) e169–e251 e231 chopathology (dissociation, suicidality, depression) indicates a need to attend to these areas. Third, the PSES shows strong initial psychometric properties, showing potential utility as a brief, clinically relevant instrument for implementation in a wide variety of medical/specialty settings. Future research should further explore gender in substance expectancies given known gender differences in PTSD/SUD etiology/clinical presentation (e.g., women more likely to suffer sexual violence). Financial support: None. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.638 Oral d-amphetamine increases sensitivity to negative consequences on an associative learning task in cocaine users N.P. Vadhan1, S.M. Evans1, C.E. Myers3, M.A. Gluck2, S.C. Reed1 1 Columbia University & NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States 2 Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States 3 VA New Jersey Health Care System & New Jersey Medical School, East Orange, NJ, United States Aims: Thepurposeof this studywas to examine the acute effects of d-amphetamine (AMPH) on sensitivity to positive and negative consequences in cocaine users. Methods: Thirteen intranasal cocaine users (12male, 1 female), reporting 3.7 days (SD=1.2) of cocaine use ($228.9, SD=115.4) per week, participated in this 3-session outpatient study to date. Participants completed a computerized stimulus classification task at 180min following administration of oral AMPH (0, 10, 20mg); dose order was randomized and double-blind. On some task trials, correct responses were followed by a gain of 25 points (+$0.10) but incorrect responses were not followed by any feedback (positive consequence trials). For other task trials, incorrect responses were followed by a loss of 25 points (−$0.10), but correct responses were not followed by any feedback (negative consequence trials). The primary outcome measure was % optimal responses made on positive and negative consequence trials. Results: For the positive consequences condition, optimal responding increased as a function of trial block (p 0.05). Under the negative consequences condition, optimal responding did not increase as a function of trial block (p>0.05), but the 10mg dose of AMPH increased overall optimal responding by about 8% relative to placebo (p<0.01). Conclusions: Associative learning increased over time only when the response consequences were positive, suggesting a biased sensitivity to reward (relative to loss) in these intranasal cocaine users. The 10mg AMPH dose increased learning only when the consequences were negative, suggesting that a moderate dose of AMPH elevated sensitivity to loss in these cocaine users. Since elevated loss sensitivity incocaineabusershasbeenassociatedwith less frequent cocaineuse, thesedatamaypoint towards a therapeutic value of moderate doses of AMPH for cocaine dependence. Financial support: DA022282 (SCR). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.639 Precocious transitions and injection drug use: A longitudinal study of Mexican-American males Avelardo Valdez, Alice Cepeda, Suzanne E. Spear, C. Kaplan Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States Aims: Injection drug use is highly associated with the spread of infectious diseases such as HIV. This study examines the relationship between experience of multiple “precocious transitions” in late adolescence and injection heroin use in adulthood among Mexican Americanmenwho are former gangmembers. Precocious transitions are premature transitions to adult roles and statuses such as dropping out of high school and early parenthood. Methods: A random sample of 160 gang-affiliated Mexican American males was initially recruited for a study between 1996 and 1997 from 26 street gangs in San Antonio, Texas. Adolescents completed structured questionnaires and ethnographic interviews. A follow up study was conducted between 2009 and 2012 and 120 men from the original sample were re-interviewed. Retrospective data were collected on drug use patterns over a 10-year time period. A precocious transition index was created based on 5 binary outcomes: cohabitation, unemployment, school dropout, teenage parenting, and early nest-leaving. A one-way ANOVA was run to determine whether men with multiple precocious transitions reported more months of injection heroin use over time. Results: Men who experienced multiple precocious transitions commonly reported cohabitation, dropping out of school, and unemployment. The mean number of months of injection drug use over 10 years was 12.6 years (s.d. = 28.3). Men who experienced multipleprecocious transitionsengaged in significantlymore injection drug use over time than did men with no or 1 precocious transition (F=4.6, p= .035). Men with multiple precocious transitions injected heroin for a mean of 16.6 months compared with a mean of 5 months for men with no or 1 precocious transition. Conclusions: The experience of multiple precocious transitions places Mexican American adolescents involved with street gangs at risk for injection heroin use and infectious diseases. Subsequent analyses will determine the influence of multiple precocious transitions on specific drug use trajectories using the longitudinal retrospective data. Financial support: Funded by NIDA (Grant # 7R01DA023857). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.640 Genetics-driven animal models of addiction through next-generation sequencing Eric J. Vallender, L.M. Ogawa, J.M. Ward, D.B. Goswami New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA, United States Aims: This study aims to identify genetic variation in nonhuman primates that affects response to drugs, including drugs of abuse and their pharmaceutical therapeutics. This will increase our understandings of the genetic underpinnings of addiction and improve established non-human primate models for drug addiction research. This work refines the model, reduces unnecessary animal usage, and increases the translational validity of future studies. Methods: Using array-based capture and next generation sequencing technologies, all non-olfactory G-protein coupled receptorswere resequenced fromgenomicDNA in 40 Indian-origin rhesus, 24 Chinese-origin rhesus, and 32 cynomolgus macaques.