cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling the effect of refraction on OCT imaging of lung tissue: a ray-tracing approach

Determining the structure of lung tissue is difficult in ex-vivo samples. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) can image alveoli but ignores optical effects that distort the images. For example, light refracts and changes speed at the alveolar air-tissue surface. We employ ray-tracing to model OCT imaging with directional and speed changes included, using spherical shapes in 2D. Results show apparent thickening of inter-aveolar walls and distortion of shape and depth. Our approach suggests a correction algorithm by combining the model with image analysis. Distortion correction will allow inference of tissue mechanical properties and deeper imaging.
The Significance Attained by the Best-Fitting Regressor Variable

Abstract In the forward selection of independent variables for a linear regression model, the next best-fitting variable for inclusion is the variable with largest F-to-enter. We consider the evaluation of the p value for this selection.
Black women working together: Diversity in same sex relationships

Abstract As Black women choose to remain single longer, marry later or terminate through separation or divorce dissatisfying heterosexual relationships, relationships with other Black female become more critical to the maintenance of their well-being. Black women throughout history have been characterized by their intimate relationships with each other despite diversities in backgrounds, attitudes or beliefs. Variables of gender and culture/ethnicity are often overlooked in attempts to understand the interpersonal dynamics of their close relationships. This paper examines the influence of the social constraints of racism and sexism on the same sex relationship behaviors among Black women. Research is presented on the interpersonal behaviors of a group of diverse Black women when both gender and ethnic constraints were minimized. Implications for further research and interventions methods to eradicate lateral oppression among Black women are discussed.
Structural change in large police agencies during the 1990s

According to community policing advocates, police agencies should implement a variety of important organizational changes. These changes are supposed to occur in a number of different substantive domains, including the culture, behavior, and structure of police organizations. This paper examines the evidence for change in just one of these domains: formal organizational structure. Based on concepts derived from organization theory, and using data from six different data sets, the paper explores whether the structures of US police organizations changed during the 1990s. Overall, it finds mixed evidence. Some changes have occurred in the direction encouraged by community policing reformers, some changes have occurred in the opposite direction, and some changes have not occurred at all.
In-group and out-group attitudes of Muslim children

Although negative stereotypes towards Muslims escalated after the events of September 11th, little is known about how Muslim children think about their own group members. Therefore, the current study examined Muslim children's attitudes towards Muslims and non-Muslims. Sixty-five 5- to 8-year-old Muslim children, enrolled in an Islamic school, engaged in two tasks. In the attribution task, children rated pictures of Muslims and non-Muslims on an adjective bipolar scale containing positive and negative adjectives. In the preference task, children were asked who they preferred as a neighbor, teacher, and friend. Children made more positive attributions for Muslims than non-Muslims, with young children providing more negative evaluations of non-Muslims than older children. Children also preferred Muslims as potential teachers, neighbors, and friends. Implications of Muslim children's attitudes towards in-group and out-group members are discussed.
Dynamic interaction between tectonic plates, subducting slabs, and the mantle

Mantle convection models have been formulated to investigate the relation between plate kinematics and mantle dynamics. The cylindrical geometry models incorporate mobile, faulted plate margins, a phase change at 670 km depth, non-Newtonian rheology, and tectonic plates. Models with a variety of parameters indicate that a relatively stationary trench is more likely to be associated with a subducted slab that penetrates into the lower mantle with a steep dip angle. However, a subducted slab that is deflected above the 670-km phase change with a shallow dip is more likely to be associated with a margin that has undergone rapid retrograde trench migration. This relation between slab morphology and plate kinematics is consistent with seismic tomography and plate reconstruction of western Pacific subduction zones. The efficiency of slab penetration through the 670-km phase change is controlled by both the buoyancy of the subducting plate and the mobility of the overriding plate. While older subducting plates have a greater propensity for slab penetration, trench mobility reduces the propensity for slab penetration. Smaller overriding plates have a greater mobility. When subducted slabs approach the bottom thermal boundary layer, hot fluid is pushed aside, and plumes form on the periphery of slab accumulations. There are sharp temperature contrasts between the subducted slab and the thermal boundary layer at the core mantle boundary (CMB). Old subducted slabs and a thermal boundary layer lead to large-scale lateral structure near the CMB.
A Projection Method for Locally Refined Grids

A numerical method for the solution of the two-dimensional Euler equatons for incompressible flow on locally refined grids is presented. The method is a second-order Godunov-projection method adapted from Bell, Colella, and Glaz. Second-order accuracy of the numerical method in time and space is established through numerical experiments. The main contributions of this work concern the formulation and implementation of a projection for refined grids. A discussion of the adjointness relation between gradient and divergence operators for a refined grid MAC projection is presented, and a refined grid approximate projection is developed. An efficient multigrid method which exactly solves the projection is developed, and a method for casting certain approximate projections as MAC projections on refined grids is presented.
Constraining rates of thrusting and erosion: Insights from kinematic thermal modeling

We present a thermal model of a simple thrust system that can be used to determine thrust rates and erosion rates from low-temperature thermochronology. Unlike previous models, this model incorporates the effects of erosion both during and after thrusting. In particular, we examine the modeled evolving thermal structure and pressure-temperature-time evolution of hanging-wall rocks that undergo fault-bend folding due to transport over a blind footwall ramp. In all cases, rocks cool as they move over the footwall ramp, potentially providing a common pinpoint for determining thrust rates. In the simplest case, low-temperature thermochronology of minerals that pass through their closure temperature over the ramp will yield details on thrust kinematics (thrust rate, timing of initiation, and duration of thrusting). Additional cooling ages of a more comprehensive sample suite can capture cooling due to erosion. In these latter cases, model results can place limitations on erosion rates.
Cytological and histochemical investigations on the pineal organ of the adult frog (Rana esculenta).

1. Among the various cellular components of the epiphysis described in adult Rana esculenta, the sensory cells seem to display a spectrum of images in their outer segments after careful fixation. 2. A histochemical analysis has revealed, in addition to an active lipid metabolism and accumulation, the presence of sulfonic acid, glycol, or perhaps acid mucopolysaccharide components in the outer segments of sensory cells and in the pineal lumen. The possible relationships of these materials to sensory or secretory functions of the cells have been considered. 3. Observations by means of silver stains have shown that sensory cells possess the usual neural characteristics of a sensory epithelium, and also a secondary and possibly efferent innervation. This finding has been discussed in relation to the question of secretion. 4. Since the efferent type of innervation is seen on both sensory and parenchymal types of cells, the classification of the latter as of supportive origin has been questioned. 5. Sensory cells have been found in clustered arrangement not only in the epiphyseal lumen, but also in close proximity to the subcommissural organ. These posterior pineal clusters display protuberances extending into the third ventricle. 6. Epiphyseal follicles with a cystein- or cystine-rich protein component in their secretion have been described. The origin and possible functions of such follicles have been discussed especially in relation to the subcommissuralorgan.
Evaluation of auditory and visual feedback for airflow interruption

Summary Introduction Clinical application of mechanical interruption methods for measuring aerodynamic parameters has been hindered by relatively high intrasubject variability. To improve the intrasubject reliability, we evaluated the effect of auditory and visual feedback on subject performance when measuring aerodynamic parameters with the airflow interrupter. Methods Eleven subjects performed four sets of 10 trials with the airflow interrupter: no feedback (control); auditory feedback (tone matching subject's F 0 played over headphones); visual feedback (real-time feedback of sound pressure level, frequency, and airflow); and combined auditory and visual feedback. Task order was varied across subjects. The effect of each feedback method on mean and coefficient of variation (CV) of subglottal pressure ( P s ), mean flow rate (MFR), and laryngeal airway resistance ( R L ; P s /MFR) compared with that of the control trials was determined using paired t tests. Feedback methods were compared against each other using one-way repeated measures analysis of variance. Results Each feedback method significantly decreased CV of R L compared with that of the control trials (auditory feedback: P =0.005; visual feedback: P =0.008; and combined feedback: P P =0.011) and combined feedback ( P =0.026) also decreased CV of MFR. Mean MFR was significantly higher during trials with visual feedback compared with that of the auditory feedback. Conclusions Each feedback method improved the intrasubject consistency when measuring R L . Feedback appeared to have a greater effect on MFR than P s . Although there is no clear optimal feedback method, each is preferable to not providing any feedback during trials. Evaluating new methods of visual feedback to further improve MFR and thus R L measurement would be valuable.
Negotiating the semantic gap: from feature maps to semantic landscapes.

In this paper, we present the results of a project that seeks to transform low-level features to a higher level of meaning. This project concerns a technique, latent semantic indexing (LSI), in conjunction with normalization and term weighting, which have been used for full-text retrieval for many years. In this environment, LSI determines clusters of co-occurring keywords, sometimes, called concepts, so that a query which uses a particular keyword can then retrieve documents perhaps not containing this keyword, but containing other keywords from the same cluster. In this paper, we examine the use of this technique for content-based image retrieval, using two different approaches to image feature representation. We also study the integration of visual features and textual keywords and the results show that it can help improve the retrieval performance significantly.
A rapid method for removal of [125I]iodide following iodination of protein solutions.

Abstract A simple, highly effective, and rapid method for the removal of [ 125 I]iodide following iodination of protein solutions is described. Greater than 98% of free iodide is removed in approximately 2 min with protein recoveries in excess of 90%. An advantage of the procedure is the confinement of radioactive waste to small easily disposable tubes.
The earliest foresail, on another Etruscan vase

Presentation d'un vase etrusque du 7e siecle av. J.-C. decore d'une scene de bataille navale. Les auteurs etudient plus particulierement la conception des bateaux representes.
Constraining permeabilities in a large-scale groundwater system through model calibration

Abstract The range of field estimates of permeabilities in rocks of the Atikokan Research Area (ARA), Canada, has been reduced by calibrating a groundwater flow model of the ARA. The flow model was calibrated to the recharge component of the water balance and to measured freshwater heads in boreholes. A good match between field and simulated recharge, and between measured and simulated heads was obtained with two different permeability-depth distributions that differed by up to two orders of magnitude in places. Solute transport simulation of the distributions of total dissolved solids (TDS), chlorides (Cl) and oxygen-18 ( 18 O) in groundwater in the area was performed to further refine the permeability estimates. Vertical average linear groundwater velocities from the calibrated flow model were used in one-dimensional solute transport models of the system to generate depth–concentration profiles of TDS, Cl and 18 O. Recharge-, midline- and discharge-area models of both the fracture zones and the rock mass were employed. The midline area is the narrow zone that separates the recharge (downward flow) area from the discharge (upward flow) area. Groundwater flow is essentially horizontal in the midline area. “Envelopes” formed by the simulated profiles that were created with the velocities of one simulation case more tightly enclosed the field data (TDS, Cl, 18 O) than those of another simulation case, indicating that velocities of the former simulation case better represent the hydrodynamics of the real system. The models demonstrate that the scatter of TDS, Cl and 18 O field data for the ARA is consistent with the groundwater flow model predictions and can be explained by the complexity arising from different hydraulic regimes (recharge, midline, discharge) and hydrogeologic environments (fracture zones, rock mass) of the regional flow system. Solute transport simulation of hydrochemical constituents can aid in refining and constraining permeabilities in large-scale groundwater systems.
Analysis and optimization of parameter combinations in wire electrical discharge machining

Abstract This paper presents a formulation and solution of a multi-objective optimization problem for the selection of the best control settings on a wire electrical discharge machine. The measures of performance for the model are taken to be metal removal rate and surface finish quality. A factorial design model is used to predict the measures of performance as a function of a variety of control settings. To aid in selecting the best combination of settings the concept of a non-dominated point is introduced. The non-dominated points are related to two important complementary optimization problems. Two techniques for the computation of non-dominated points are presented—one using explicit enumeration and the other based on the principles of dynamic programming.
Tissue distribution of mucosal antibody-producing cells specific for respiratory syncytial virus in severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) mice engrafted with human tonsils.

Groups of C.B-17 SCID mice were reconstituted intraperitoneally with human tonsillar mononuclear cells (hu-TMC) from children seropositive for antibody to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and subsequently challenged intraperitoneally with inactivated RSV or sham-immunized. The synthesis and the distribution characteristics of human antibody to RSV in various murine tissues were studied using an enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT). No specific antibody was observed in sham-immunized animals. In contrast, mice engrafted with hu-TMC exhibited the appearance of specific human antibody secreting cells (hu-ASC) after i.p. immunization with inactivated RSV. RSV-specific hu-ASC were detected only in animals engrafted with cells from donors seropositive for antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus. Hu-TMC engrafted mice showed RSV-specific IgM and, in lower numbers, IgG hu-ASC in several tissues including the lungs. Numbers of RSV-specific IgA hu-ASC were low, however, and detected only in the lung. No RSV-specific hu-ASC were detected in the intestine. These data demonstrate for the first time that hu-TMC-SCID chimeras respond to immunization with viral antigen. Furthermore, the results suggest that hu-TMC engraft in lungs but not in the intestinal tissue.
Imperfect antireflection coating effect reduction schemes for birefringent interleaver and optical communication systems

Chromatic dispersion (CD) caused by an imperfect antireflection coating is a great concern for optical engineers, and different techniques have been proposed to reduce CD in optical devices. In this article, we investigate two popular CD reduction techniques used in birefringent interleaver manufacturing and their effects on performance improvement of optical communication systems. Our results show that some CD reduction scheme bringing about a smaller CD ripple amplitude does not necessarily guarantee better system performance. This result can be used as a guideline for optical engineers working on reducing CD caused by an imperfect antireflection coating.
Drug-like density: a method of quantifying the "bindability" of a protein target based on a very large set of pockets and drug-like ligands from the Protein Data Bank.

One approach to estimating the “chemical tractability” of a candidate protein target where we know the atomic resolution structure is to examine the physical properties of potential binding sites. A number of other workers have addressed this issue. We characterize ∼290 000 “pockets” from ∼42 000 protein crystal structures in terms of a three parameter “pocket space”: volume, buriedness, and hydrophobicity. A metric DLID (drug-like density) measures how likely a pocket is to bind a drug-like molecule. This is calculated from the count of other pockets in its local neighborhood in pocket space that contain drug-like cocrystallized ligands and the count of total pockets in the neighborhood. Surprisingly, despite being defined locally, a global trend in DLID can be predicted by a simple linear regression on log(volume), buriedness, and hydrophobicity. Two levels of simplification are necessary to relate the DLID of individual pockets to “targets”: taking the best DLID per Protein Data Bank (PDB) entry (becau...
Fundamentals of constructing particle-laden jetflow by fractal point sets and predicting 3D solid-erosion rates

Abstract A theoretical framework is established for constructing arbitrary particle-laden jetflow by means of fractal sets in the sense of average scale. This novel approach involves three main coherent components, in which one (1) searches for an appropriate original point set and confirms its intrinsic properties such as chaos, symmetry and density distribution; (2) derives governing equations for the formation of new point sets with any geometric configuration and desired normal velocity profile so that they can physically and geometrically represent particle motion on the cross-section of jetflow; and (3) develops the constitutive equations of particle-target interaction with erosion histories of particles and introduces the memory-element technique to handle the chaotic penetrating capabilities of millions of particles. Based on these results, the model is applied to predict the erosion rate in a drilling operation by abrasive waterjet. Results show that theory is consistent with experiments of drilling glass and titanium.
The legacy of the 60s and the challenge of the 70s

(1974). The legacy of the 60s and the challenge of the 70s. Peabody Journal of Education: Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 43-47.
Pharmacotherapy for weight loss: the cardiovascular effects of the old and new agents

Summary What is known and objective Obesity affects approximately one-third of the American population, and its prevalence continues to increase. It is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and contributes to increased healthcare costs and mortality. The objective is to review the current literature on the cardiovascular effects of weight loss pharmacotherapy agents. Methods Literature was accessed through MEDLINE/PubMed (up to April 2013) using the search terms obesity, weight loss, pharmacotherapy, cardiovascular adverse effects and cardiovascular side effects. References of the articles identified and www.clinicaltrials.gov were also reviewed. Relevant guidelines, review articles, clinical trials, meta-analyses, case series, FDA documentation and prescribing information were included and limited to English language articles. Results and discussion With the newly FDA-approved weight loss pharmacotherapy, treatment options for obesity are more diverse. However, safety concerns, including adverse cardiovascular effects, have played a significant role in the history of weight loss pharmacotherapy and will likely play a role in the future of the new agents, lorcaserin and phentermine/topiramate, as well. What is new and conclusion Long-term cardiovascular outcomes studies with and without high-risk cardiovascular patients are still needed for both lorcaserin and phentermine/topiramate before these agents can be recommended in these patient populations. It is yet to be determined whether modest weight loss benefit of these new agents outweighs the cardiovascular risks.
AnN-Dimensional Analogue of Szegö's Limit Theorem

Abstract Let T denote the unit circle in the complex plane, let φ∈L∞( T N), and for (a1,…, aN)∈( Z +\0)Nlet Λ be the rectangular lattice: Λ={(m1,…, mN)∈ Z N: mi∈[0, ai)}. For each positive integerpdefine Λp={(m1,… mN)∈ Z N: mi∈[0, pai)}. The Toeplitz matrixTp(φ): l2(Λp)→l2(Λp) with symbol φ is defined by[formula]where[formula]denotes the Fourier coefficients of φ. Assuming appropriate conditions on φ and on a functionFwe findN+1 terms of the asymptotic expansion of the trace ofF(Tp(φ)) asp→∞. This expansion takes the form[formula]where the coefficientscJ, F=cJ, F(φ) depend on theN−Jdimensional faces of Λ. We also find an expansion for the case when the edges of Λ expand at different rates and we apply this generalization to compute an example.
Compositional reservoir simulation in parallel supercomputing environments

A large-scale compositional simulation ($>$1,000 cells) is not often run on a conventional serial computer due to excessive memory requirements and turn-around times. The advent of parallel supercomputers makes a large-scale compositional simulation possible with a reasonable turn-around time. This dissertation presents memory management, programming and computational techniques that fully exploit the capabilities of parallel supercomputers for a large-scale compositional simulation. Examples of such techniques are the allocation of variables to dynamic memory, the implementation of the Young formulation and the use of the newly developed Sequential Staging of Tasks (SST) technique. The Sequential Staging of Tasks is a novel technique that can take full advantage of parallel processing to speed-up the solution of a large linear system. The SST technique is a state-of-the-art parallel algorithm which has a number of advantages when compared to conventional domain decomposition techniques: (1) SST can use any number of parallel processors without a need for recoding, (2) SST automatically keeps good load balance among the processors, (3) SST significantly reduces paging when the problem size exceeds the processor storage, (4) SST preserves vectorization speed-up, (5) SST makes use of readily available iterative solvers, (6) SST is much easier to implement, and (7) SST yields substantially higher parallel speed-up. Proper memory management allows for compositional simulations as large as 200,000 cells. Vectorization provides approximately a seven times reduction in CPU time requirements. The SST technique yields a 5.6 speed-up with six parallel processors. The compositional simulator developed with the techniques presented in this work provides a turn-around time over one hundred times faster than on a conventional serial computer.
The impact of dual-career families on international relocations

Abstract Staffing positions in international markets continue to be an omnipresent issue for multinational corporations. Failure rates have been particularly high among United States' expatriates. One of the contributing factors to this high expatriate failure rate has been identified as family and spouse-related. It is anticipated that, as the number of dual-career families continues to grow, the issues associated with a trailing spouse will factor much more into the decision to relocate overseas, completion of international assignments and performance at or above expected levels. This paper examines the results of Society of Human Resource Management: International (SHRM:I) members and their insights into the dual-career phenomena.
The effects of favouring lower alcohol content beverages: Four examples from Finland:

AimsThis paper studies the possibility of substituting the consumption of one alcoholic beverage category for another by changing alcohol control measures. It examines four Finnish examples: the wa...
Perinatal role of hepcidin and iron homeostasis in full-term intrauterine growth-restricted infants.

Objectives To prospectively investigate iron homeostasis in full-term intrauterine growth–restricted (IUGR) and appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) infants at birth, by evaluating cord blood concentrations of hepcidin (a bioactive molecule, principal regulator of iron metabolism, downregulated by hypoxia/iron deficiency and upregulated by inflammation), erythropoietin (EPO, a marker of prolonged fetal hypoxia), soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR, a marker of increased erythropoiesis and tissue iron deficiency), iron, ferritin, and unsaturated iron-binding capacity (UIBC). Methods Serum cord blood samples from 47 well-defined IUGR and 104 AGA singleton, full-term infants were analyzed for concentrations of all the aforementioned parameters by enzyme immunoassays and spectrophotometry. Results Hepcidin concentrations were similar, while EPO concentrations were higher in IUGR cases than in AGA controls (P = 0.047). Cord blood sTfR concentrations were increased in IUGR, compared to AGA infants (P = 0.004), and negatively correlated with their customized centiles and birth weight (r = −0.238, P = 0.003 and r = −0.157, P = 0.050, respectively). Ferritin concentrations were lower in IUGR cases than in AGA controls (P = 0.039). In both groups, no correlations were observed between cord blood hepcidin concentrations and iron status indices. Conclusions Cord blood hepcidin concentrations in term IUGRs may remain unaffected, possibly due to a balance between hepcidin downregulation by chronic fetal hypoxia (indicated by higher EPO concentrations) and impaired iron metabolism (indicated by lower ferritin and higher sTfR concentrations) on the one hand, and hepcidin upregulation by the inflammatory state characterizing IUGRs, on the other. Furthermore, our findings may possibly indicate the need for regular follow-up for detection of iron-deficient anemia, not only in preterm but also in full-term IUGR neonates.
Paneth cells expand from newly created and preexisting cells during repair after doxorubicin-induced damage

Paneth cell numbers increase following intestinal damage, but mechanisms driving this process are not understood. We hypothesized that the increase in Paneth cell numbers is due to recruitment of cells from a preexisting pool of secretory progenitors. Mice were given a single injection of doxorubicin (Dox), and intestinal tissue was collected 0–168 h after treatment. Paneth, goblet, and intermediate cells were counted and evaluated for cell morphology. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to measure expression of various genes associated with Paneth cell allocation and maturation. Paneth cells were birth dated using incorporation of thymidine analogs given before or after Dox. Staining revealed “intermediate” cells, which were rarely observed in control crypts but increased significantly in number 96 and 120 h after Dox treatment. Birth dating of intermediate cells 5 days after Dox treatment revealed that 24% of these cells took up thymidine analog given prior to Dox treatment and 36% took up thymidine analog given after Dox treatment. Quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated a significant increase in Spdef, Atoh1, Sox9, EphB3, Mist, Wnt5a, FGF-9, and FGF-18 mRNAs and a significant decrease in Indian hedgehog mRNA. Expansion of the Paneth cell compartment after Dox treatment is due to generation of new cells and recruitment of cells from an existing pool. These cells express Paneth and goblet biomarkers and are found only during repair. Expansion of these cells correlates temporally with reduced Indian hedgehog and increased FGF and Wnt mRNA. These findings are significant, as they provide a first step in understanding mechanisms of Paneth cell expansion during mucosal repair.
Examining Information Searching on the World Wide Web with a Screen-Reader: A Verbal Protocol Analysis:

Recently, assistive devices designed for computer systems have proliferated, including those designed to support users with visual impairments (i.e., screen-readers). However, research examining how individuals use screen-readers to access the Internet is virtually non-existent. Therefore, the purpose of the reported study was to examine the behavior of a user with visual impairment, via protocol analysis, while using the World Wide Web to find information. We classified her behavior into an HCI-relevant model, i.e., Norman's (1988) seven stages of action, in order to identify potential usability bottlenecks. The results indicated that executing actions and, more notably, interpreting the system state were the most frequent and time-consuming tasks. In addition, the results suggested that the user had difficulty determining the effects of her control inputs on system status, as well as determining whether or not goal-relevant information was present on the current page. For screen-reader design, this sugg...
Evolution of catabolic pathways for synthetic compounds: bacterial pathways for degradation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene and nitrobenzene

The pathways for 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) and nitrobenzene offer fine illustrations of how the ability to assimilate new carbon sources evolves in bacteria. Studies of the degradation pathways provide insight about two principal strategies for overcoming the metabolic block imposed by nitro- substituents on aromatic compounds. The 2,4-DNT pathway uses novel oxygenases for oxidative denitration and subsequent ring-fission. The nitrobenzene pathway links facile reduction of the nitro- substituent, a novel mutase enzyme, and a conserved operon encoding aminophenol degradation for mineralization of nitrobenzene. Molecular genetic analysis with comparative biochemistry reveals how the pathways were assembled in response to the recent appearance of the two synthetic chemicals in the biosphere.
9 Evaluation of the Third Molar Problem

Among the complications which arise from unerupted and impacted third molars are pericoronitis, periodontitis, pathologic resorption, and cyst formation. The indications for prophylactic removal of impacted molars and procedures for salvaging them if they are needed for orthodontic reasons are discussed.
"They get a C-section...they gonna die": Somali women's fears of obstetrical interventions in the United States

The authors explore sources of resistance to common prenatal and obstetrical interventions among 34 Somali resettled adult women in Rochester, New York. Results of individual interviews and focus groups with these women revealed aversion to or outright fear of cesarean sections because of fear of death and substantial resistance regarding other obstetrical interventions. Because Somali women expressed resistance to many common U.S. prenatal/obstetrical care practices, educating health professionals about Somali women's fears and educating Somali women about common obstetrical practices are both necessary to improve maternity care for non-Bantu and Bantu Somali women.
Recognition of Fibronectin by the Platelet Integrin αIIbβ3 Involves an Extended Interface with Multiple Electrostatic Interactions

Normal platelet function is dependent on the ability of integrin αIIbβ3 (glycoprotein IIb/IIIa) to interact with components of the subendothelial matrix, such as fibronectin (Fn), exposed at sites of vascular injury. Studies using synthetic peptides derived from human Fn sequences Asp1373−Thr1383 and Arg1493−Asp1495 have suggested a role for both the 9th (3fn9) and 10th (3fn10) type III repeats of this ligand in binding to αIIbβ3. In this study, we have taken a charge-to-alanine mutagenesis approach to evaluate the importance of these sites, and other charged residues, within the context of recombinant 3fn9−10 modules for binding to αIIbβ3. To identify residues that are involved in Fn binding to αIIbβ3, recombinantly expressed 3fn9−10 module pairs with alanine substitutions introduced into each of the 38 charged residues were individually assayed for the ability to inhibit Fn binding to purified αIIbβ3. Substitutions at Fn residues Arg1493 and Asp1495 of the RGD sequence were found to have the greatest ef...
Tactile spatial acuity differs between fingers: a study comparing two testing paradigms

Tactile spatial acuity (TSA) is a reliable and reproducible measure of somatosensory system function that has been used to study a broad range of subject populations. Although TSA is most often assessed at the fingertip, published studies employing identical stimuli disagree on whether TSA differs between the fingers of neurologically normal subjects. Using a validated grating orientation discrimination task, we determined TSA bilaterally at the index and ring fingers of 16 healthy young adults. Motivated by earlier work, we utilized two stimulus presentation paradigms, the method of constant stimuli (MCS) and a staircase (SC) method. We found that TSA was significantly higher (the discrimination threshold was lower) at the index than at the ring finger, which was consistent with a prior study. Although mean thresholds at both fingers were higher when measured with the SC than with the MCS paradigm, this difference did not reach statistical significance ( p =.14). These findings should facilitate both design and interpretation of future studies investigating TSA.
Libraries and machines—A Review†

The application of computers to library operations is discussed in broad terms. Three phases in automation of libraries are identified: the mechanization of conventional operations such as bibliographical control processes and administrative monitoring systems; the automation of search processes based on subject matter; and the move toward new and different kinds of services that computer technology may make possible. We are in the second phase, and snagged by the difficulty experienced by computers dealing with natural language and subjective ambiguities. To move forward through phase two will require a better dialog capacity between man and machine than presently exists. Before progressing into the third phase a better identification of the purposes that our files of information are to serve will be needed. Practical considerations affecting computer adoption by libraries are identified as: the need to stay in business during conversion to automated modes; the necessity for demonstrating in advance the economic advantages of conversion; the difficulty of proving in advance that conversion will meet real user needs; and the standardization and compatibility problems that will have to be solved to make the various automated libraries able to use one another's services efficiently.
BEHAVIORISTIC AND COGNITIVE APPROACHES IN PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION

The ability to communicate in a language involves the unconscious application of the rules of the language while focusing conscious attention on the content of what is being said. In order to develop language ability to the skill level, some modern language teachers prefer mechanistic techniques; others advocate mentalistic procedures. Although programmed materials have generally followed Skinnerian principles, they can be prepared to correspond to cognitive interpretations of learning. Utilizing both types of programming would enable the teacher to provide for individual differences in learning preference and style. Viewing the skill development sequence in its entirety would enable the teacher to ascertain what particular advantages programmed learning has to offer as well as to determine at what stages it must be supported by additional classroom activities.
Sign language for telemanipulation

Literal teleoperation doesn't work very well. Limited bandwidth, long latencies, non- anthropomorphic mappings all make the effort of teleoperation tedious at best and ineffective at worst. Instead, users of teleoperated and semi-autonomous systems want their robots to `just do it for them,' without sacrificing the operator's intent. Our goal is to maximize human strategic control in teleoperator assisted robotics. In our teleassisted regime, the human operator provides high-level contexts for low-level autonomous robot behaviors. The operator wears an EXOS hand master to communicate via a natural sign language, such as pointing to objects and adopting a grasp preshape. Each sign indicates intention: e.g., reaching or grasping; and, where applicable, a spatial context: e.g., the pointing axis or preshape frame. The robot, a Utah/MIT hand on a Puma arm, acts under local servo control within the proscribed contexts. This paper extends earlier work [Pook & Ballard 1994a] by adding remote visual sensors to the teleassistance repertoire. To view the robot site, the operator wears a virtual research helmet that is coupled to binocular cameras mounted on a second Puma 760. The combined hand-head sensors allows teleassistance to be performed remotely. The example task is to open a door. We also demonstrate the flexibility of the teleassistance model by bootstrapping a `pick and place' task from the door opening task.
A generic, formal language-based methodology for hierarchical floorplanning-placement

Floorplanning in 2-D or 3-D space is always a difficult and time consuming problem for automated manufacturing, storaging, civil engineering design and especially for the physical layout design cycle of the chip design automation. In particular, the physical layout cycle itself consists of several steps, such as partitioning, floorplanning, placement, synthesis, routing, and compaction, where the right placement of the appropriate components is the most important element of performance. In this paper, a generic floor-planning methodology is presented by offering a good solution to such problems. The methodology is based on the hierarchical cooperation of two context-free languages (Scan and Geometria). In order to achieve an acceptable planning, the Scan language defines the partitioning of the floor area and the global acquisition strategy (scan patterns) for the placement of the macro-blocks. On the other hand, the Geometria language deals with the local synthesis of the block under the constraints superimposed by global scan patterns. The results obtained by this methodology are very promising in comparison with other floorplanning methodologies.
Light-fermion-mass generation in a Kaluza-Klein theory.

I study a model of a compactified Kaluza-Klein theory as an SU(2) gauge theory on the direct product of a flat two-dimensional Minkowski space ${M}^{2}$ with a two-sphere ${S}^{2}$. The perturbation theory on ${M}^{2}$ is developed. In particular, induced tree-level fermion-gauge field and one-loop fermion\char21{}Higgs-boson Yukawa couplings are computed. The latter calculation generates a mass hierarchy for the massless fermions on ${M}^{2}$.
Equilibrium pollution and economic development in China

This paper develops and estimates a structural equilibrium pollution model, in which the price and quantity of industrial pollution are jointly determined by the intersection of environmental demand and supply functions. The industrial environmental demand function relates industrial pollution intensity to the local price of pollution, while controlling for characteristics such as sector, scale, and ownership. The local environmental supply function specifies the pollution price imposed by the host community as pollution rises. The model provides a good fit to available data on provincial variations in China's pollution levy, or industrial emissions charge. Our results also suggest that Chinese industry has reduced emissions significantly in response to the levy.
A Cognitive-Behavioral Approach to Case Formulations for Nonsuicidal Self-Injury

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a highly prevalent behavior among clinical and nonclinical samples. Despite the prevalence, maladaptive, and potentially dangerous nature of the behavior, no empirically supported interventions have been identified specifically for NSSI, and clinicians report a lack of knowledge regarding the treatment of NSSI. This article discusses the application of a common component of therapy, the case formulation, to conceptualizing and treating NSSI. This strategy for case formulation incorporates cognitive-behavioral and functional analytic approaches while focusing on factors pertinent to the development, maintenance, and treatment of NSSI. A case example is presented.
Responsiveness of cardiometabolic-related microbiota to diet is influenced by host genetics

Intestinal microbial community structure is driven by host genetics in addition to environmental factors such as diet. In comparison with environmental influences, the effect of host genetics on intestinal microbiota, and how host-driven differences alter host metabolism is unclear. Additionally, the interaction between host genetics and diet, and the impact on the intestinal microbiome and possible down-stream effect on host metabolism is not fully understood, but represents another aspects of inter-individual variation in disease risk. The objectives of this study were to investigate how diet and genetic background shape microbial communities, and how these diet- and genetic-driven microbial differences relate to cardiometabolic phenotypes. To determine these effects, we used the 8 progenitor strains of the collaborative cross/diversity outbred mapping panels (C57BL/6J, A/J, NOD/ShiLtJ, NZO/HILtJ, WSB/EiJ, CAST/EiJ, PWK/PhJ, and 129S1/SvImJ). 16s rRNA profiling of enteric microbial communities in addition to the assessment of phenotypes central to cardiometabolic health was conducted under baseline nutritional conditions and in response to diets varying in atherogenic nutrient (fat, cholesterol, cholic acid) composition. These studies revealed strain-driven differences in enteric microbial communities which were retained with dietary intervention. Diet-strain interactions were seen for a core group of cardiometabolic-related microbial taxa. In conclusion, these studies highlight diet and genetically regulated cardiometabolic-related microbial taxa. Furthermore, we demonstrate the progenitor model is useful for nutrigenomic-based studies and screens seeking to investigate the interaction between genetic background and the phenotypic and microbial response to diet.
A Picture is Worth a Thousand Mental Models: Evaluating Human Understanding of Robot Teammates

Across the domains in which robots are prevalent, it is possible to imagine many different forms and functions of robots. The purpose of this investigation was to gain a better understanding of the scope and type of a priori knowledge structures humans hold of robots, among novice users of robotic systems. Participant mental models of a hypothetical robot in a military team scenario were elicited along the dimensions of form and function, taking prior individual experiences into consideration. Participants who conceived a robot with anthropomorphic or zoomorphic qualities reported more perceived knowledge of their robotic teammate, as well as of their human–robot team. Participants who had more experience with video games also believed that they had more knowledge of their imagined robot and their human–robot team. Insight into novice users’ understanding of robots has implications for HRI design and training.
A finiteness theorem of harmonic maps from compact lie groups toO HS(H): Harmonic maps between groups

In this article we study the behavior of harmonic maps from compact connected Lie groups with bi-invariant metrics into a Hilbert orthogonal group. In particular, we will demonstrate that any such harmonic map always has image contained within someO(n),n<∞. Since homomorphisms are a special subset of the harmonic maps we get as a corollary an extension of the Peter-Weyl theorem, namely, that every representation of a connected compact Lie group is finite dimensional.
HOTEL OVERBOOKING AS A MARKOVIAN SEQUENTIAL DECISION PROCESS

This paper deals with the problems of hotel overbooking and the scientific determination of hotel booking policies. The general hotel reservations system is described, and a Markovian sequential decision model is proposed for it. An application of the model is presented, based on an actual sample of hotel data. Because of the significance of the cancellation phenomena in the sample, the model prescribes a substantial amount of overbooking. The paper concludes with comments regarding the necessity for and course of future research in this area.
Parental consent and the surgical management of intersexed newborns

After years of secrecy the public is becoming more aware of different intersex conditions in newborns. This enlightenment is leading to increased discussion of the ethical issues raised by surgical management of such conditions. A central issue turns on consent to surgery for intersex conditions. Since surgeries to “correct” the physical manifestations of intersexuality are initiated early in infancy, and infants are unable to consent, informed consent must be given by parents. Yet there is evidence that parents are routinely deceived or incompletely informed when making these life-impacting decisions for the thousands of children born intersexed each year.
Very low voltage testing of SOI integrated circuits

Very Low Voltage (VLV) testing has been proposed to increase flaw detection in bulk silicon CMOS integrated circuits and this paper explores these and additional advantages in the context of testing Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) integrated circuits. In the VLV regime, the history effect, which describes how delays through SOI circuits vary based on a circuit's recent switching history, is amplified. This amplification improves the ability at test to monitor fabrication process shifts, which may lead to excessive delay variation under normal operating conditions. VLV test techniques can be used to identify parts that have been fabricated outside the specified process window. In addition, the use of VLV testing is investigated to detect defects that have been described in previous VLV papers, however now addressed in the context of SOI technology.