cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence that choline can exchange for hydrogen across proximal tubules of dogs.

AbstractExperiments were, carried out to test the hypothesis that choline can exchange for sodium ion across the proximal tubule and replace hydrogen for sodium ion exchange. Close arterial injection of choline chloride containing solutions indicates that choline enters luminal fluid by an extraglomerular path. Appearance of choline is accompanied by a decrease in UNa+. In like experiments, hydrogen ion was also found to acidify urine by an extraglomerular path. Urinary acidification in these experiments was not accompanied by any meaningful change in sodium excretion. In model experiments, it was found that choline can compete effectively with hydrogen ions for exchange against sodium across a cation exchange membrane. Choline counteracts the natriuresis induced by Diamox. The results of these experiments are discussed and are considered to be consistent with the hypothesis tested.
On the generalization of velocity slip in fluid flows using a steady-state series expansion of the wall shear stress: Case of simple Newtonian fluids

Abstract This paper is one of two articles, where we present a new wall slip formulation based on a series expansion involving both differential in space and exponential forms of wall shear stress. In the first of these articles, we presented and described this new formulation using Phan-Thien–Tanner fluid as case study. Meanwhile, this second paper analyzes the new slip formulation for Newtonian Fluid. Unlike in the first paper, here, we have considered both the exponential and differential forms, though truncated at three terms each. Thus, we use our new truncated triple-slip-coefficients wall slip law to analyze Newtonian fluid in different systems. In particular, we study the planar Couette and planar Poiseuille problem, where two infinitely long and parallel plates have been used. For this part also, slip velocities and shear stresses at the walls are scrutinized for both problems. Further, as the Couette problem is pressure independent; the differential form of the slip law is considered for Poiseuille problem only. In addition, the pressure and flow-rate are studied for various slip coefficients for Poiseuille flow case using condensed forms of the triple-slip-coefficients. Our results obtained prove reasonable as represented by physically realistic plots herein. This feasibility is especially dictated by the velocity profile across channel width for both application problems. More importantly, results obtained for Poiseuille problem is corroborated with experimental data. Therefore, we can infer from all these, that this new model has the potential of providing results which can match experimental data, that is, if the three slip-coefficients are properly chosen.
Computer-Aided Prescription of Communication Aids for the Non-Vocal Motor Handicapped:

The problem of prescribing alternative communication systems for motor disabled non-vocal people is outlined. Attention is called to the diverse, multi-dimensional character of the human assessment problem. Techniques under development for finding the optimal match between descriptive profiles of patients and available devices are presented. Emphasis is given to the essential involvement of computers in the proposed methodologies.
Investment in Men Versus Investment in Machines: The Case of India

This chapter attempts to evaluate the economic rate of return to society as a whole of investment in physical capital, on one hand, and of investment in secondary and higher education, on the other. The chapter deals exclusively with data from India. It goes into considerable methodological detail in an effort to indicate ways of making as good use as possible of data that are far from ideal. Poor data are characteristic of underdeveloped countries—indeed, the Indian data are probably better than those for the overwhelming bulk of poor countries. Part of my purpose in presenting this study is to help ‘break the ice’ by suggesting a variety of ways of overcoming potential inadequacies in the data. The other part of my purpose is to draw some inferences about the Indian situation.
Toward an Integrated Federal Health System

This Viewpoint discusses the fragmented nature of the current US federal health system and proposes approaches for achieving a more integrated and efficient system.
A Method to Calculate Ground Potential Raise Caused by Rail Stray Current Induced by Alternative Magnetic Field due to Single-Phase Earth Fault in Transmission Line

In previous calculation of step voltage the ground potential raise near the rail due to rail stray current is not taken into account,so the calculation result of step voltage exceeds its true value by 20%.After theoretical derivation,an approximate computation model for ground potential raise near the rail is given,thus the potential difference between the rail and any point close to it can be obtained,besides,a simplified method to calculate the step voltage between the rail top and the point,which is apart from the rail top by 0.8m,is given.
Surveillance result analysis of adverse events following immunization from 2010 to 2012 in Jishui county

Objective To analyze the occurrence of adverse events following immunization(AEFI) from 2010 to 2012 in Jishui county,and discuss vaccination safety and measures to reduce the occurrence of AEFI.Methods The datas from AEFI surveillance system was analyzed by the descriptive epidemiology.Results There were 56 AEFI cases from 2010 to 2012 in Jishui county,accounted for 10.76/100 000,13 kinds of vaccines were involved and reporting cases related to measles vaccine and diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine were the most.The general reaction took the majority in AEFI,accounted for 94.64%(53/56),and the abnormal reaction accounted for 3.57%(2/56) and the coupled disease accounted for 1.79% (1/56).47 cases came about adverse events less than 1 days after vaccination,which accounted for 83.93%.Conclusion The incidence of AEFI in Jishui county is low and vaccination is safe.The focus of monitoring will be in less than 1 days after inoculation.To strengthen the AEFI surveillance can improve the prevention and handling ability of AEFI.
Determination of atrazine and chlorotoluron residue in corn and soil by high performance liquid chromatography

Objective:To develop a high performance liquid chromatography method for determination of atrazine and chlorotoluron residue in corn and soil.Methods:After extraction,the sample extracant was cleaned-up with silica gel solid phase column,and finally it was separated using C18 column by use of gradient elution with methanol-water and detected at 216nm.Results:In both matrixes,atrazine and chlorotoluron could be well separated.The linearity range for atrazine and chlorotoluron was 3.2～200 ng and 6.5～80 ng,respectively.The correlation coefficients for atrazine and chlorotoluron were both greater than 0.9999.The recoveries were between 93.3%～103.3%,with RSD between 1.72%～3.76%.The method detection limits for atrazine and chlorotoluron were 0.03 mg/kg and 0.02 mg/kg.Conclusion:This method is simple with high recoveries.It is suitable for measurement of atrazine and chlorotoluron.
Screening for Outflow Cannula Malfunction of Left Ventricular Assist Devices (LVADs) With the Use of Doppler Echocardiography: New LVAD-Specific Reference Values for Contemporary Devices

Abstract Background Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) is used as a screening tool to evaluate the integrity and mechanics of the pump and circuit. We aimed to 1) establish the normal range and upper reference limit of peak velocity of the outflow cannula for the modern era of LVADs and 2) assess the clinical performance of the currently cited and newly proposed reference limits in patients with continuous-flow LVADs as a screening tool for cannula malfunction. Methods LVAD outflow peak CW velocities were measured with the use of Doppler transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) in 57 patients with LVADs (44 with Heartmate II (HM2), 13 with Heartware (HW)). The average velocity and the upper and lower normal reference limits (defined as ±2 standard deviations from the mean) for each LVAD type was calculated. The upper reference limit was then used as a screening threshold for cannula malfunction. Results The average outflow cannula peak velocity for the normal HM2 cohort was 1.86 ± 0.44 m/s with upper and lower reference limits of 2.73 m/s and 0.98 m/s, respectively. The average outflow cannula peak velocity for the normal HW cohort was 2.36 ± 0.53 m/s with upper and lower reference limits of 3.42 m/s and 1.3 m/s, respectively, which was significantly higher than the HM2 cohort ( P = .004). Conclusions In both HM2 and HW LVADs, the average peak outflow velocity and reference limit for the normal population, as measured by Doppler TTE, was markedly higher than the currently used LVAD reference limits of 2 m/s and are significantly different between devices. Patients with peak outflow velocities above our upper reference limits should be evaluated for LVAD outflow cannula malfunction.
The Femtosecond Field Emission Camera: A Device for Continuously Observing the Motion of Single Adsorbed Atoms and Molecules

Unlike many laser techniques for achieving fast time resolution, a streak camera generates a continuous record of picosecond phenomena. By applying the beam-sweeping method of the streak camera to the electrons field-emitted from a sharp metal tip, we have developed the femtosecond field emission camera (FFEC), which can continuously record the motion of individual atoms or molecules adsorbed on the tip with a time resolution of 10-13 s. This is fast enough to observe directly the vibrational motion of atoms and molecules. We have recorded the motion of an single Cs atom on a tungsten (111) tip with 1 nm and 2 ps resolution,2 a factor of 106 faster than any previous continuous observation of atomic motion.
Chronic Kidney Disease and Gastrointestinal Disorders

Abstract The kidneys and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract share a bidirectional relationship. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) commonly experience GI symptoms including dysgeusia, anorexia, dyspepsia, hiccups, nausea, and vomiting. GI hemorrhage occurs more frequently in CKD patients. Lower GI tract symptoms occurring in CKD patients include constipation and diarrhea. CKD also affects gastric motility, the pancreas, and the gall bladder. Disorders of the GI tract may result in renal injury. Inflammatory bowel disease may affect kidney function through development of acid/base disorders, hypovolemia, and kidney stones. Patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery may develop kidney stones and kidney injury. Amyloidosis may involve the GI tract and the kidney independently. This chapter reviews the nexus between the kidneys and the GI tract and explores the etiology, pathophysiology, and management of the relevant disorders.
PCR-Based Full-Length cDNA Cloning Utilizing the Universal-Adaptor/Specific DOS Primer-Pair Strategy

Biological systems are often influenced by molecules that are neither present in vast quantities or easily purified to homogeneity from other cellular constituents. The development of simple, efficient molecular cloning systems coupled with the relative ease of DNA sequence determination has made nucleic acid sequence determination the choice methodology when sequence determination of the complete biological molecule is indicated. However, one bottleneck that impedes direct access to sequence determination is the necessity to screen recombinant libraries containing a large number of clones for the low-abundance member. Advances in protein microsequencing techniques combined with application of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) help simplify this process (1-3). Utilizing only the N-terminal protein sequence information, we have developed a protocol for the selective amplification and subsequent cloning of specific full-length cDNAs, which in some instances may circumvent the time-consuming, tedious process of library screening. This approach, as illustrated in Fig. 1, employs the following steps:
A Culture of Poverty with Special Reference to the Aboriginal Community of Australia and the Former South African Dispensation

Cultures of poverty represent a worldwide phenomenon of considerable topical interest. The term designates a social grouping with low socioeconomic and cultural levels (viewed from the dominant culture's perspective), and scant social and economic status. Consequently families in disadvantaged environments are subjected to adverse factors such as poverty, cultural and geograpical isolation, membership of a non-technological cultural group, physical deficiencies, and the high mobility and uprooting of families caused by migrant labour and rapid industrialisation and resultant urbanisation. Although the various social groups in cultures of poverty may differ worldwide in certain respects, they do share some of the following common indicators: low economic and social status, a low level of education, poor housing, limited privacy, insufficient or unsuitable food, inferior occupations or unemployment, limited community involvement, and a limited potential for upward social mobility. These characteristics are indicative of social groups that are caught up in a spiral or syndrome of poverty, deprivation and cultural destitution because of their disadvantaged milieu and psychosocial impediments. For this reason they are seriously handicapped in their efforts to achieve optimal self-actualisation, to improve their chances in life, and to make an invaluable, meaningful and constructive contribution to a dynamic technocratic society.
Reaction Times When Switching From Autonomous to Manual Driving Control: A Pilot Investigation

As autonomous vehicles become more prevalent in our everyday lives, we must succumb to the realities of technological deficiencies. Although a future of fully autonomous vehicles would be the pinnacle of safety and efficiency, the current reality leaves us in a transitional state requiring human interaction with autonomous systems. Therefore it is imperative to understand human-system interaction with the autonomous features in current and future technologies. To gain an improved understanding, we designed an investigational study to gain a better understanding of human performance parameters at the moment they relieve and regain control of autonomous systems. The current findings show that reaction time increases as time disengaged from the task of driving increases, regardless of cognitive engagement.
Cognitive Decline, Body Mass Index, and Waist Circumference in Community-Dwelling Elderly Participants.

Objective:The aim of this study was to explore the association of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and BMI and WC changes over time with cognitive decline in a nationally representa...
Social relations in sensation seeking and urgency: An SRM approach

Abstract The Social Relations Model (SRM; Kenny, 1994) shows that many personality measures reflect the effects of social relations as well as trait-like predispositions. We applied the SRM to sensation seeking and negative urgency, two personality characteristics linked to internalizing and externalizing symptoms. In two studies, participants rated their levels of these constructs when with mothers and close peers. The SRM isolated variance due to 1) trait effects that generalized across relationship partners, 2) peer effects that reflected whether the relationship partner was a mother or a peer, and 3) dyadic effects that reflected influences of specific partners beyond their status as mothers or peers. There were large peer and dyadic effects for most constructs. Peers consistently evoked more sensation seeking, externalizing behaviors, and attitudes than did mothers. To a lesser extent, mothers evoked more internalizing symptoms. In addition, specific dyadic partners evoked more sensation seeking and urgency, as well as internalizing and externalizing symptoms. For dyadic effects, sensation seeking and urgency had different correlates. For example, partners who evoked urgency had different personal characteristics than those who evoked sensation seeking. Thus, self-report measures of impulsivity reflect important social relations effects as well as traits.
Meibocyte differentiation and renewal: Insights into novel mechanisms of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD)

This paper reviews our current understanding of age-related meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) and the role of the nuclear receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), in the regulation of meibomian gland function, meibocyte differentiation and lipid synthesis. The studies suggest that PPARγ is a master regulator of meibocyte differentiation and function, whose expression and nuclear signaling coupled with meibocyte renewal is altered during aging, potentially leading to atrophy of the meibomian gland as seen in clinical MGD. Study of meibomian gland stem cells also suggest that there is a limited number of precursor meibocytes that provide progeny to the acini, that may be susceptible to exhaustion as occurs during aging and other environmental factors. Further study of pathways regulating PPARγ expression and function as well as meibocyte stem cell maintenance may provide clues to establishing cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying MGD and the development of novel therapeutic strategies to treating this disease.
Detection and Evalutaion of Potential Hazards to Human Health (Second Session) Chairman’s Comments

Earlier in the Symposium the perspectives on agricultural imperatives were presented. The world population continues to increase. The food providers and associated technology must respond. Included in the technology is the use of chemical substances to modify the agricultural environment. Under discussion are the implications for human, animal and plant welfare with the use of substances to curtail unwanted competing plant growth and to control pests of a wide variety. In order to move beyond empiricism or to capitalize on the fruits of empiricism, attempts are made to explain the mechanisms of the biological effects induced by the chemicals. Continuing studies relating chemical structure to activity - wanted or unwanted - allow the design of second, third and succeeding generations of chemicals to maximize effectiveness against specific targets while sparing or reducing the consequences to the user or producer populations.
Photochemical dynamics of a trimethyl-phosphine derivatized [FeFe]-hydrogenase model compound

Abstract Though there have been many studies on photosensitizers coupled to model complexes of the [FeFe]-hydrogenases, few have looked at how the models react upon exposure to light. To extract photoreaction information, ultrafast time-resolved UV/visible pump, IR probe spectroscopy was performed on Fe2(μ-S2C2H4)(CO)4(PMe3)2 (2b) dissolved in heptane and acetonitrile and the photochemical dynamics were determined. Excitation with 532 and 355 nm light produces bleaches and new absorptions that decay to half their original intensity with time constants of 300 ± 120 ps and 380 ± 210 ps in heptane and acetonitrile, respectively. These features persist to the microsecond timescale. The dynamics of 2b are assigned to formation of an initial set of photoproducts, which were a mixture of excited-state tricarbonyl isomers. These isomers decay into another set of long-lived photoproducts in which approximately half the excited-state tricarbonyl isomers recombine with CO to form another complex mixture of tricarbonyl and tetracarbonyl isomers.
Maternal Immune Responses to Fetal Antigens

If there were a complete immunologic separation between mother and fetus, there would be no need for this chapter, because maternal immune responses to fetal antigens would not occur. The fact that they do occur indicates that the mother’s immune system can respond to fetal antigens. However, the existence of such reactions does not tell us how they develop. They might originate locally, i.e., in or around the placenta, and then, because of the mobility of elements of the immune system (Chapter 1) result in a state of systemic sensitization. Or, they might originate from fetal-to-maternal cell traffic, in which case the sensitization would take place outside of the materno-fetal unit. Or, both mechanisms might operate.
Complete Genome Sequence of Industrial Dairy Strain Streptococcus thermophilus DGCC 7710.

ABSTRACT We report here the complete genome sequence of Streptococcus thermophilus DGCC 7710. S. thermophilus is widely used in industrial dairy production.
Abstract 19865: Exploring miRNA-mRNA Regulatory Network in Cardiac Pathology of Na+/H+ Exchanger Isoform 1 Transgenic Mouse Hearts

Numerous studies have demonstrated that elevated activity of Na + /H + exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1) in myocardial diseases is detrimental. To better understand the involvement of NHE1, cardiac-specific NHE1 transgenic mice with overexpression of a constitutively active NHE1 allele were studied. We have previously shown that NHE1 transgenic mice develop cardiac hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis as well as depressed cardiac function (Xue 2010). The purpose of the current study was to identify microRNAs (miRNAs) and their mRNA targets involved in NHE1-mediated cardiac injury. An un-biased high throughput sequencing study was performed on both miRNAs and mRNAs. RNA sequencing showed that differentially-expressed genes were enriched in hypertrophic/dilated cardiomyopathy (HCM/DCM) pathways by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotation in NHE1 transgenic hearts. These genes were classified as contraction defects (e.g. Myl2, Myh6, Mybpc3 and Actb), impaired intracellular Ca 2+ homeostasis (e.g. SERCA2a, Ryr2, Rcan1 and CaMKII delta) and signaling molecules that cause HCM and DCM (e.g. Itga/b, IGF-1, Tgfb2/3 and Prkaa1/2). miRNA sequencing revealed that fifteen miRNAs were differentially-expressed (2 fold, P
Pathophysiology of the sphincter of Oddi.

Pathophysiology of the sphincter of Oddi—or sphincter of Oddi dysfunction—manifests as either a biliary-type pain syndrome or recurrent pancreatitis. Imaging studies are unreliable, and direct endoscopic manometry is used to diagnose this entity. Milwaukee biliary classification, in addition to manometry, helps guide therapy. Endoscopic sphincterotomy in selected patients achieves permanent relief of symptoms. Endoscopic therapy for recurrent pancreatitis is still experimental.
Effects of Lightning and Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulse on an Advanced Composites Aircraft

Design of future high performance aircraft systems will show more emphasis being placed on advanced composite materials and sophisticated avionics in order to meet the mission requirements. The low electrical conductivity of advanced composites relative to metals presents the design engineer with potential problems when utilizing composites in the construction of primary aircraft components. This conductivity is a key parameter in determining the vulnerability of an aircraft to lightning and nuclear electromagnetic pulse. The intent of this paper is to investigate the behavior of graphite/epoxy structures when exposed to both of these threats and to present suggestions to improve their performance.
Film Portrayals of Social Workers Doing Child Welfare Work

This article reports on research that investigated the images of social workers engaged in child welfare work as portrayed in movies, a major medium of popular culture. Findings from an analysis of 27 movies spanning from 1938 to 1999 are presented with particular attention to themes about how children are depicted as recipients of child welfare services and how child welfare worker activities and interventions are portrayed. Ways that the results of the research can guide intervention efforts that more accurately and more completely portray the activities, values, and knowledge base of the profession of social work are suggested.
Preparation of teleost rod inner and outer segments.

Publisher Summary Light detection in vertebrate rod photoreceptor is governed by the outer segment, a highly modified, nonmotile cilium consisting of a “9+0” axoneme and a stack of photopigment-packed, membranous disks, derived from and surrounded by the ciliary membrane. The distal portions of the rod project from the surface of the retina into the subretinal space and lack adhesive contacts to other cells or extracellular structures, so isolation of rod outer segments (ROS) or rod inner segments with attached outer segments (RIS-ROS) from the more proximal part of the cell (nucleus and axon) and from other retinal cells is easy. When retinas are shaken in culture medium, rods break off just distal to the perinuclear region, at the myoid, releasing RIS-ROS into suspension with minimal cell damage. The suspension of teleost RIS-ROS differs from rod preparations obtainable from other vertebrate species. Teleost preparations are highly enriched in RIS-ROS, with few other cell types. Another advantage of the teleost retina is that it is avascular; most vertebrate retinas contain blood vessels, adding contaminants to retinal cilia preparations. Preparations of RIS-ROS are highly enriched for rod ciliary axonemes. To enrich for axonemes, RIS-ROS cytoskeletons can be prepared by extraction with TritonX-100. RIS-ROS cytoskeletons also contain a robust inner-segment actin cytoskeleton and other Triton-insoluble material associated with the basal body. With most buffers, the outer-segment axoneme with attached basal body dissociates from the actin cytoskeleton, making the separation of outer- and inner-segment cytoskeletal components a possibility. This chapter discusses the method, that is, the solution, the equipment, the fish experimented upon, and the procedure.
Possibilities and impossibilities in Kolmogorov complexity extraction

Randomness extraction is the process of constructing a source of randomness of high quality from one or several sources of randomness of lower quality. The problem can be modeled using probability distributions and min-entropy to measure their quality and also by using individual strings and Kolmogorov complexity to measure their quality. Complexity theorists are more familiar with the first approach. In this paper we survey the second approach. We present the connection between extractors and Kolmogorov extractors and the basic positive and negative results concerning Kolmogorov complexity extraction.
PET-MRI for the Study of Metabolic Bone Disease.

This review article attempts to summarize the current state and applications of the hybrid imaging modality of PET-MRI to metabolic bone diseases. The advances of PET and MRI are also discussed for metabolic bone diseases as potentially applied via PET-MRI. Etiologies and mechanisms of metabolic bone disease can be complex where molecular changes precede structural changes. Although PET-MRI has yet to be applied directly to metabolic bone disease, possible applications exist since PET, specifically 18F-NaF PET, can quantitatively track changes in bone metabolism and is useful for assessing treatment, while MRI can give detailed information on bone water concentration, porosity, and architecture through novel techniques such as UTE and ZTE MRI. Earlier detection and further understanding of metabolic bone disease via PET and MRI could lead to better treatment and prevention. More research using this modality is needed to further understand how it can be implemented in this realm.
Fronthaul-Aware Resource Allocation for Energy Efficiency Maximization in C-RANs

Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) is a key architecture for 5G cellular wireless network that aims at improving spectral and energy efficiency of the network by merging RAN and cloud computing together. In this paper, a novel resource allocation scheme that optimizes the network energy efficiency of a C-RAN is designed. First, an energy consumption model that characterizes the computation energy of the BaseBand Unit (BBU) is introduced based on empirical results collected from a programmable C-RAN testbed. Then, an optimization problem is formulated to maximize the energy efficiency of the network, subject to practical constraints including Quality of Service (QoS) requirement, radio remote head transmit power, and fronthaul capacity limits. The introduced Network Energy Efficiency Maximization (NEEM) problem jointly considers the tradeoff among the network accumulated data rate, BBU power consumption, fronthaul cost, and beamforming design. To deal with the non-convexity and mixed-integer nature of the problem, we utilize successive convex approximation methods to transform the original problem into the equivalent Weighted Sum-Rate (WSR) maximization problem. We then propose a provably-convergent iterative method to solve the resulting WSR problem. Extensive simulation results coupled with real-time experiments on a small-scale C-RAN testbed show the effectiveness of our proposed resource allocation scheme and its advantages over existing approaches.
Robust Controller Design for Non-Minimum Phase UAV System and System Analysis

Different from other references that use Ziegler–Nichols method or another trial and error method to design the proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller, this paper is based on the precise controller design in combination with the root locus criterion. According to the system properties and the task requirements, we applied the model reduction method, root locus criterion, root contour, pole-zero placement, frequency response, and orthodox PID criterion to design various controllers. Besides, we analyzed the system responses in a time domain to obtain the optimal controller parameters. We also designed a robust controller to give the system better relative stability through the comparisons of system performances in the frequency domain. Furthermore, in this paper, we also created the reverse gain PID controller to deal with the negative effects of the non-minimum phase system. Not only does this controller improve both the transient response and steady-state error but also enhance the relative stability of the system at the same time. Finally, according to the system properties, this paper can make the controllability of UAV much better by a variety of design methods and flexible controller applications, and then expand the application fields and scopes of UAVs. In sum, the research content is academic, practical, and very efficient as it can be used as reference material that can be applied in further follow-up research.
Authorship Correction: Promising Approaches for Engaging Youth and Young Adults Living with HIV in HIV Primary Care Using Social Media and Mobile Technology Interventions: Protocol for the SPNS Social Media Initiative.

BACKGROUND In the United States, disparities in the rates of HIV care among youth and young adults result from the intersections of factors that include stigma, substance use, homelessness or marginal housing, institutional neglect, and mental health issues. Novel interventions are needed that are geared to youth and young adults. OBJECTIVE In this paper, we aim to describe the interventions used by participating sites for Using Social Media initiative, the process for classifying the intervention components, and the methods for conducting a comprehensive evaluation of the interventions. METHODS In 2015, the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) HIV/AIDS Bureau, Special Projects of National Significance (SPNS) funded the Evaluation and Technical Assistance Center (ETAC) at the University of California, Los Angeles and 10 demonstration projects at sites across the United States that incorporated innovative approaches using a variety of social media and mobile technology strategies designed specifically for youth and young adults living with HIV. The ETAC developed a typology, or a classification system, that systematically summarizes the principal components of the interventions into broader groups and developed a multisite, mixed-methods approach to evaluate them based on the Department of Health and Human Services HIV health outcomes along the HIV care continuum. The mixed-methods approach is key to remove potential biases in assessing the effectiveness of demonstration projects. RESULTS This SPNS project was funded in September 2015, and enrollment was completed on May 31, 2018. A total of 984 participants have been enrolled in the multisite evaluation. Data collection will continue until August 2019. However, data analysis is currently underway, and the first results are expected to be submitted for publication in 2019. CONCLUSIONS This HRSA-funded initiative seeks to increase engagement in HIV medical care, improve health outcomes for people living with HIV, and reduce HIV-related health disparities and health inequities that affect HIV-positive youth and young adults. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT RR1-10.2196/10681
Histologic Diagnosis of Renal Mass Biopsy.

Context.— Core biopsy has been increasingly used for clinical decision-making in the management of patients with renal masses. The sensitivity and specificity of histologic diagnoses of renal mass ...
Landscape of Cardiovascular Device Registries in the United States.

Background Regulators increasingly rely on registries for decision making related to high‐risk medical devices in the United States. However, the limited uniform standards for registries may create...
Role of Interhemispheric Cortical Interactions in Poststroke Motor Function

Background/Objective. We investigated interhemispheric interactions in stroke survivors by measuring transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)–evoked cortical coherence. We tested the effect of TMS o...
Major Trends of Psychosomatic Medicine and Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry in the United States and Canada

Long before Columbus “discovered” America (1492), Native Americans practiced forms of holistic medicine emphasizing human’s harmonious place in nature. At the time Europeans began to colonize America after 1600, the medicine/psychiatry they practiced was in essence no different from that of the Native Americans, based on medieval notions of “possession” and moral failings. During the latter part of nineteenth century, two major approaches to psychiatry arose in Europe – the descriptive tradition of Emil Kraepelin (1855–1926) and the psychodynamic tradition of Sigmund Freud (1856–1939). American psychiatry was greatly influenced by the descriptive, disease model of psychiatry. The Flexner Report (1910) brought improved American medical education based on scientific methods. Psychodynamic psychiatry and psychoanalysis gained dominance in American psychiatry with the influx of distinguished European psychoanalysts fleeing Nazism.
Feasibility and acceptability of an animatronic duck intervention for promoting adaptation to the in‐patient setting among pediatric patients receiving treatment for cancer

BACKGROUND During cancer treatment, children undergo potentially stressful hospitalizations and procedures. Animatronic devices are a promising means of distraction intervention. This study aimed to assess acceptability and feasibility of the My Special Aflac Duck® (MSAD) intervention among pediatric oncology patients and parents. We hypothesized that MSAD would be feasible to implement, have greater than 50% acceptance, and be useful distraction. PROCEDURES This feasibility study enrolled oncology patients aged 3-11 years admitted to Children's Healthcare of Atlanta between May and August 2018. Patients were exposed to MSAD for 3 days and completed quantitative and qualitative assessments of acceptability. Patient and hospital data were abstracted. RESULTS Seventeen (80.9%) of 21 eligible patients enrolled; 64.7% were <7 years, 47% were female, 52.9% had leukemia, 41.2% had solid tumors, and 5.9% had brain tumors. Patients had 1-12 previous admissions (mean 4.8, SD 3.1) and approximately 65% were planned hospitalizations. Approximately 69% reported MSAD helped reduce in-patient distress and 93.7% were satisfied with MSAD overall. Child satisfaction was high. There were no significant differences in acceptability or satisfaction with MSAD based on age, gender, number of inpatient procedures or previous hospitalizations, or hospitalization reason. Qualitative interviews revealed patients liked expressing feelings with tokens and thought MSAD was a fun distraction. CONCLUSIONS MSAD implementation was feasible, and its acceptability was high among both patients and parents. MSAD shows potential as good distraction and an alternative means of communicating feelings. Future research should expand upon the effectiveness of MSAD on reducing distress.
Best Practices for Administering Attitudes and Beliefs Surveys in Physics.

Physics faculty care about their students learning physics content. In addition, they usually hope that their students will learn some deeper lessons about thinking critically and scientifically. They hope that as a result of taking a physics class, students will come to appreciate physics as a coherent and logical method of understanding the world, and recognize that they can use reason and experimentation to figure things out about the world. Physics education researchers have created several surveys to assess one important aspect of thinking like a physicist: what students believe that learning physics is all about. In this article, we introduce attitudes and beliefs surveys and give advice on how to choose, administer, and score them in your classes. This article is a companion to “Best Practices for Administering Concept Inventories,” which introduces and answers common questions around concept inventories, which are research-based assessments of physics content topics.
Imaging diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: LI-RADS

Liver cancer is the third most common cause of cancer related death worldwide, 90% being hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and about half of all HCCs estimated to occur in China. Imaging plays a pivotal role in the management of HCC. When stringent criteria are applied to at-risk populations, it enables HCCs to be diagnosed by imaging alone without further need of invasive histology confirmation. To optimize HCC imaging diagnosis and reporting, several systems have been proposed. The Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS®) is currently the most comprehensive of these systems, providing guidance on all imaging-related aspects of HCC, from technique for acquisition, reporting, assessment of treatment response and management. For diagnosis, LI-RADS uses major and ancillary imaging features to assign hierarchical categories that communicate the relative probability of HCC to focal liver observations detected in patients at risk. Two LI-RADS algorithms yield high specificity and positive predictive value for HCC diagnosis on contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), CT and MRI. The standardized lexicon and interpretation provided by LI-RADS also improve inter-reader agreement for imaging features and lesion categorization. Additionally, a LI-RADS treatment response algorithm (LR-TR) provide imaging criteria for assessment of response to locoregional therapy. LI-RADS is designed for universal adoption and in this review, we highlighted the most relevant aspects of LI-RADS for the diagnosis of HCC in clinical practice and discussed areas where LI-RADS and Asian guidelines are different.
Estimating the Changing Infection Rate of COVID-19 Using Bayesian Models of Mobility

Abstract In order to prepare for and control the continued spread of the COVID-19 pandemic while minimizing its economic impact, the world needs to be able to estimate and predict COVID-19’s spread. Unfortunately, we cannot directly observe the prevalence or growth rate of COVID-19; these must be inferred using some kind of model. We propose a hierarchical Bayesian extension to the classic susceptible-exposed-infected-removed (SEIR) compartmental model that adds compartments to account for isolation and death and allows the infection rate to vary as a function of both mobility data collected from mobile phones and a latent time-varying factor that accounts for changes in behavior not captured by mobility data. Since confirmed-case data is unreliable, we infer the model’s parameters conditioned on deaths data. We replace the exponential-waiting-time assumption of classic compartmental models with Erlang distributions, which allows for a more realistic model of the long lag between exposure and death. The mobility data gives us a leading indicator that can quickly detect changes in the pandemic’s local growth rate and forecast changes in death rates weeks ahead of time. This is an analysis of observational data, so any causal interpretations of the model’s inferences should be treated as suggestive at best; nonetheless, the model’s inferred relationship between different kinds of trips and the infection rate do suggest some possible hypotheses about what kinds of activities might contribute most to COVID-19’s spread.
Sex-stratified gene-by-environment genome-wide interaction study of trauma, posttraumatic-stress, and suicidality.

Abstract Epidemiologic studies recognize that trauma and posttraumatic stress are associated with heightened suicidal behavior severity, yet examination of these associations from a genetic perspective is limited. We performed a multivariate gene-by-environment genome-wide interaction study (GEWIS) of suicidality in 123,633 individuals using a covariance matrix based on 26 environments related to traumatic experiences, posttraumatic stress, social support, and socioeconomic status. We discovered five suicidality risk loci, including the male-associated rs2367967 (CWC22), which replicated in an independent cohort. All GEWIS-significant loci exhibited interaction effects where at least 5% of the sample had environmental profiles conferring opposite SNP effects from the majority. We identified PTSD as a primary driving environment for GxE at suicidality risk loci. The male suicidality GEWIS was enriched for three middle-temporal-gyrus inhibitory neuron transcriptomic profiles: SCUBE- and PVALB-expressing cells (β = 0.028, p = 3.74 × 10−4), OPRM1-expressing cells (β = 0.030, p = 0.001), and SPAG17-expressing cells (β = 0.029, p = 9.80 × 10−4). Combined with gene-based analyses (CNTN5 passociation = 2.38 × 10−9, pinteraction = 1.51 × 10−3; PSMD14 passociation = 2.04 × 10−7, pinteraction = 7.76 × 10−6; HEPACAM passociation = 2.43 × 10−6, pinteraction = 3.82 × 10−7) including information about brain chromatin interaction profiles (UBE2E3 in male neuron p = 1.07 × 10−5), our GEWIS points to extracellular matrix biology and synaptic plasticity as biological interactors with the effects of potentially modifiable lifetime traumatic experiences on genetic risk for suicidality. Characterization of molecular basis for the effects of traumatic experience and posttraumatic stress on risk of suicidal behaviors may help to identify novel targets for which more effective treatments can be developed for use in high-risk populations.
Ambient hydrogen sulfide exposure increases the severity of influenza A virus infection in swine.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is common in concentrated pig feed operations from the decomposition of manure. Ambient H2S is a respiratory tract irritant and an environmental stressor for caretakers and p...
Incremental health care utilization and expenditures for sleep disorders in the United States

Study Objectives: To determine the incremental increases in health care utilization and expenditures associated with sleep disorders. Methods: Adults with a diagnosis of a sleep disorder (Internati...
Contributions of gravity waves in the ocean to T-phase excitation by earthquakes.

The generation of T waves in a deep ocean by an earthquake in its epicentral region is often observed, but the mechanism of the excitation of the acoustic waves travelling horizontally with the speed of sound remains controversial. Here, the hypothesis is investigated that the abyssal T waves are generated by the scattering of ballistic sound waves by surface and internal gravity waves in the ocean. Volume and surface scattering are studied theoretically in the small perturbation approximation. In the 3–50 Hz typical frequency range of the observed T waves, the linear internal waves are found to lack the necessary horizontal spatial scales to meet the Bragg scattering condition and contribute appreciably to the T-wave excitation. In contrast, the ocean surface roughness has the necessary spatial scales at typical sea states and wind speeds. The efficiency of the acoustic normal modes' excitation at surface scattering of the ballistic body waves by wind seas and sea swell is quantified and found to be comparable to that of the established mechanism of the T-wave generation at downslope conversion at the seamounts. The surface scattering mechanism is consistent with key observational features of the abyssal T waves, including their ubiquity, low-frequency cutoff, presence on seafloor sensors, and weak dependence on the earthquake focus depth.
Failure of Rubella Virus to Replicate in Mosquitoes

Rubella virus failed to replicate in mosquitoes (Aedes albopictus and Culex fatigans) following parenteral inoculation. The virus demonstrated in mosquitoes tested immediately after inoculation but was not detected in insects sampled 7, 14 and 21 days postinoculation. This experiment provides further evidence that rubella is not an arbovirus, but does not invalidate its classification as a togavirus.
Comparison of 99mTc-MAA SPECT/CT versus triple phase CT in Yttrium-90 microsphere dose calculation

1150 Objectives Radioembolization (RET) using yttrium-90 microspheres (Y-90) is an emerging therapy option for unresectable liver malignancies with either Y-90 SIR-Spheres (SIRS) or Y-90 Thera-Spheres (THERA). Dose calculations use perfused liver volume (RxVol) for THERA and RxVol and the treated tumor volume (TVol) for SIRS. Angiography (ANGIO) and triple phase computed tomography (CT) have been traditionally used for this purpose. RxVol and TVol can also be obtained with SPECT/CT of 99mTc-albumin macroaggregates (MAA). The goal of this study was to compare the total liver (TotVol), RxVol and TVol and the calculated THERA/SIRS doses based on measurements from SPECT/CT versus CT. Methods 39 Pts(22Male) with primary or metastatic liver tumors underwent CT prior to RET. ANGIO with selective MAA injection, followed by SPECT/CT, was performed prior to RET. SPECT/CT and CT were analyzed for TotVol, RxVol and TVol. THERA and SIRS doses were calculated for each imaging modality. Pearson regression and Bland Altman analyses were performed. Results There was good agreement between SPECT/CT and CT measurements of TotVol and RxVol (P Conclusions The calculated THERA doses were almost identical for both imaging modalities, due to similar RxVol measurements. The differences in calculated SIRS doses between SPECT/CT and CT may be due to overestimation of TVol by SPECT/CT due to partial volume effect and underestimation of TVol by CT at small TVol, and lower TVol by SPECT/CT at large TVol due to tumor necrosis. Additionally, the use of quantitative SPECT/CT allows the calculation of absorbed doses in healthy liver and tumor, which could lead to optimization of the therapeutic effectiveness
Small-angle light scattering of bioparticles: III. Vaccinia virus

Abstract The Sloan-Arrington treatment of small-angle light scattering (1–60 °) was evaluated for use in the size determination of small model bioparticles (.365 and .500 μ diameter) and vaccinia virus. Results from the vaccinia virus measurements were compared with those obtained by wide-angle light scattering (30–130 °) using the Zimm treatment. Agreement between the two methods was found to be excellent indicating that this small-angle light-scattering technique is useful for bioparticles as small as 0.365 μ in diameter.