cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beta Skin Dosimetry using Passivated Planar Silicon Detector.

Abstract Accurate measurement of beta skin dose remains a challenge. This dose is defined as the dose to the basil layer at 7 mg/cm2 (approximately 70 µm) below the surface of the skin and averaged over an area of 1 cm2. This dose is dependent upon the energy of the beta contamination on the surface of the skin, the area of contamination and the attenuation of this radiation through the 7 mg/cm2 epidermal layer. Ideally, knowing the energy spectra of betas at this level below the surface of the skin would allow accurate prediction of dose. In this work, a Passivated Planar Silicon (PIPS) detector was tested by measuring beta spectra in a geometry simulating skin and, from that, estimating dose. Three calibrated beta sources were used, a low energy beta source, (147Pm), a medium energy source, (204Tl), and a high energy beta source, (90Sr/90Y) to cover the range of beta energies typically found in skin contamination events. Modelling utilized the MCNPX and VARSKIN 4.0 computer codes to calculate dose in skin and were found to be in good agreement with each other. Experimental measurements using a 300 µm thick, 3 cm2 PIPS and the three sources identified above showed good agreement with MCNPX results (and thus, also with VARSKIN). Finally, MCNPX modelling compared the dose rates from a commercially available, 100 µm thick, 1.5 cm2 PIPS detector and skin, and found that the beta dose could be accurately predicted within 17% over the range of beta energies tested. This result can be obtained with a single measurement and without the need for post data collection analysis.
Sexual Behavior of Pan paniscus under Natural Conditions in the Lomako Forest, Equateur, Zaire

Allusions to the flexible sociosexual behavior of the pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus) have been incorporated into the “bonobo model” of human evolution (Zihlman, 1979; Zihlman and Cramer, 1978; Zihlman et al., 1978), although data to substantiate pygmy chimpanzee sexuality is scant due to the limited number of subjects available for study in captivity and the recency of field studies of free-ranging animals. However, all laboratory and field studies to date that have examined aspects of sexual behavior (Jordan in Neugebauer, 1980; Kano, 1980; Kuroda, 1980; Patterson, 1979; Savage and Bakeman, 1978; Savage-Rumbaugh and Wilkerson, 1978; Savage-Rumbaugh et al., 1977; Tratz and Heck, 1954) have noted that the species is characterized by a high frequency of ventroventral copulation, a prolonged period of female sexual responsivity and homosexual behavior, especially between females in the form of genitogenital rubbing. Behavioral data coupled with a number of paedomorphic characters, including small size, gracile build, low degree of sexual dimorphism, reduced dentition and facial prognathism, have led some (Coolidge, 1933; Lowenstein and Zihlman, 1980; Zihlman and Cramer, 1978; Zihlman, 1979; Zihlman et al., 1978) to suggest that this “generalized” species might provide the best model for the last common ancestor of Pan, Gorilla, and Homo.
Regulatory pathways coordinating cell cycle progression in early Xenopus development.

The African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, is used extensively as a model organism for studying both cell development and cell cycle regulation. For over 20 years now, this model organism has contributed to answering fundamental questions concerning the mechanisms that underlie cell cycle transitions – the cellular components that synthesize, modify, repair, and degrade nucleic acids and proteins, the signaling pathways that allow cells to communicate, and the regulatory pathways that lead to selective expression of subsets of genes. In addition, the remarkable simplicity of the Xenopus early cell cycle allows for tractable manipulation and dissection of the basic components driving each transition. In this organism, early cell divisions are characterized by rapid cycles alternating phases of DNA synthesis and division. The post-blastula stages incorporate gap phases, lengthening progression, and allowing more time for DNA repair. Various cyclin/Cdk complexes are differentially expressed during the early cycles with orderly progression being driven by both the combined action of cyclin synthesis and degradation and the appropriate selection of specific substrates by their Cdk components. Like other multicellular organisms, chief developmental events in early Xenopus embryogenesis coincide with profound remodeling of the cell cycle, suggesting that cell proliferation and differentiation events are linked and coordinated through crosstalk mechanisms acting on signaling pathways involving the expression of cell cycle control genes.
Expectation and Limit Theorems

This chapter explains how to compute Eg(X) in the cases when X, which is a random variable, has a discrete distribution and when X has an absolutely continuous distribution. It discusses functions of the several random variables. It illustrates a case of two random variables, which have zero correlation and yet are highly dependent. The chapter further discusses the properties of convergence in probability. A constant is a random variable that takes only one value with probability one. Finite sums, products, and quotients of sequences of random variables, which converge in probability to constants, converge in probability to the corresponding sum, product, and quotient of these constants. A sequence {X n } of random variables is an independent, identically distributed sequence of random variables, if they are independent and if all have the same distribution function.
Effects of Arterial Baroreceptor Denervation on Long-Term Regulation of Arterial Blood Pressure

Studies of arterial baroreflex mechanisms involving carotid sinus receptors were initiated in the 1800s [12, 46]. The first investigation involving aortic baroreceptor function was reported by Cyon and Ludwig [18]. Although these early studies recognized that neural reflexes were involved in cardiovascular regulation, it was Hering [30] who initially realized the importance of carotid sinus reflexes in controlling arterial blood pressure. Thus, Hering’s laboratory was one of the earliest to use denervation of arterial baroreceptors (sinoaortic denervation, SAD) as an approach toward understanding the role of baroreflexes in blood pressure homeostasis. The controversy regarding the chronic effects of SAD developed immediately when subsequent experiments reported by Koch and Mies [36] (Koch was trained in Hering’s laboratory) produced conflicting results. Nevertheless, the concept that surgical removal of arterial baroreceptors results in a sustained cardiac acceleration and vasoconstriction was supported by several studies conducted primarily in dogs during the period of 1930–1950 [25, 26, 31, 39, 43, 49]. Yet there were many problems associated with these studies, including the use of anesthesia, utilizing percutaneous puncture of an artery for blood pressure measurements and use of short recording sessions. In addition, the time course of changes in blood pressure following denervation was often ignored.
Choosing the Best Time for Palatal Surgery

Diagnosis and surgical treatment planning in both medicine and dentistry are most frequently dependent on the patient’s age and nature and extent of the tissue’s defect. In cleft lip and palate, the timing for surgically closing a cleft palate has been traditionally based solely on the age of the patient and the onset of speech (usually between 6 and 8 months) irrespective of the physical assets and defects of the affected tissue and not on the relative size of the palatal cleft defect to that of the surrounding palatal tissue.
Maternal betaine supplementation affects fetal growth and lipid metabolism of high-fat fed mice in a temporal-specific manner.

Maternal obesity increases the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), which results in fetal overgrowth and long-lasting metabolic dysfunctioning in the offspring. Previous studies show that maternal choline supplementation normalizes fetal growth and adiposity of progeny from obese mice. This study examines whether supplementation of betaine, a choline derivative, has positive effects on fetal metabolic outcomes in mouse progeny exposed to maternal obesity and GDM. C57BL/6J mice were fed either a high-fat (HF) diet or a control (normal-fat, NF) diet and received either 1% betaine (BS) or control untreated (BC) drinking water 4–6 weeks before timed-mating and throughout gestation. Maternal, placental, and fetal samples were collected for metabolite and gene-expression assays. At E12.5, BS prevented fetal and placental overgrowth and downregulated glucose and fatty acid transporters (Glut1 and Fatp1) and the growth-promoting insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) and its receptor Igf1r in the placenta of HF, glucose-intolerant dams (P < 0.05). However, these effects disappeared at E17.5. At E17.5, BS reduced fetal adiposity and prevented liver triglyceride overaccumulation in HF versus NF fetuses (P < 0.05). BS fetal livers had enhanced mRNA expression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (Mttp) (P < 0.01), which promotes VLDL synthesis and secretion. Although we previously reported that maternal choline supplementation downregulated mRNA expression of genes involved in de novo lipogenesis in fetal livers, such alterations were not observed with BS, suggesting differential effects of betaine and choline on fetal gene expression. We propose a temporal-specific mechanism by which maternal BS influences fetal growth and lipid metabolic outcomes of HF mice during prenatal development.
Seasonal sea ice prediction based on regional indices

Abstract. Basic statistical metrics such as autocorrelations and across-region lag correlations of sea ice variations provide benchmarks for the assessments of forecast skill achieved by other methods such as more sophisticated statistical formulations, numerical models, and heuristic approaches. However, the strong negative trend of sea ice coverage in recent decades complicates the evaluation of statistical skill by inflating the correlation of interannual variations of pan-Arctic and regional ice extent. In this study we provide a quantitative evaluation of the contribution of the trend to the predictive skill of monthly and seasonal ice extent on the pan-Arctic and regional scales. We focus on the Beaufort Sea where the Barnett Severity Index provides a metric of historical variations in ice conditions over the summer shipping season. The variance about the trend line differs little among various methods of detrending (piecewise linear, quadratic, cubic, exponential). Application of the piecewise linear trend calculation indicates an acceleration of the trend during the 1990s in most of the Arctic subregions. The Barnett Severity Index as well as September pan-Arctic ice extent show significant statistical predictability out to several seasons when the data include the trend. However, this apparent skill largely vanishes when the data are detrended. No region shows significant correlation with the detrended September pan-Arctic ice extent at lead times greater than a month or two; the concurrent correlations are strongest with the East Siberian Sea. The Beaufort Sea’s ice extent as far back as July explains about 20 % of the variance of the Barnett Severity Index, which is primarily a September metric. The Chukchi Sea is the only other region showing a significant association with the Barnett Severity Index, although only at a lead time of a month or two.
Mongolia’s 2015 Referendum via Text Messaging: Engaging Rural and Nomadic Citizens in Public Screen Deliberation

How can emergent democracies engage rural and mobile citizens in deliberative democracy? This article analyzes the ways that Mongolia’s two national referenda, the 1945 vote for independence and the 2015 referendum on mining contracts, attempted to engage pastoral-nomadic citizens in national deliberations via a public screen. The analysis is prefaced by an examination of public political deliberation and the role of referenda in both settled and emergent democracies. This is followed by an assessment of Mongolia’s ICT development, which enabled the 2015 referendum to be held via short message service text messages and deliberated about over Twitter. I conclude that, although the 2015 referendum did not result in a clear policy mandate, the method of using text messaging to distribute a national referendum shows great promise as a way to reach and engage even the most rural and mobile citizens.
A $Ka$ -Band SiGe Bootstrapped Gilbert Frequency Doubler With 26.2% PAE

This letter presents a $Ka$ -band Gilbert frequency doubler (FD), in which the phase of the injected signal to switching transistors is adjusted to maximize the core conversion gain (CG) and power-added efficiency (PAE). It achieves a peak PAE of 26.2% and a peak CG of 21 dB at 28 GHz, without any output buffer. The FD provides a saturated output power of 11.9 dBm, a 3-dB bandwidth of 22–36 GHz, and a fundamental harmonic rejection of 32 dB. To the best of our knowledge, this FD achieves the highest CG and PAE among all reported Si-based FDs without output buffers.
Immune Complex Disease

Various types of injury induced by complexes of antigen and anti-body are reviewed. These include reactions in which antibody reacts with antigens that are fixed in tissues or are soluble but localized at a particular site and reactions that occur following localization of circulating immunologic complexes in a particular tissue from the blood stream. Examples of each are reviewed.
Percutaneous reinforced osteoplasty for long bone metastases: a feasibility study.

While percutaneous osteoplasty is common for the treatment of vertebral fractures, low strength of fixation remains a major challenge for use in metastatic weight-bearing bones. With stent, wire, and cement augmentation, this study explores the feasibility of percutaneous reinforced osteoplasty for use in correcting long bone fractures. Fifteen explanted swine femora were randomly assigned into three groups. Group 1 (n = 5) was native (intact) bones without any intervention (control), group 2 (n = 5) received cementoplasty, and group 3 (n = 5) received stent and wire scaffolding (“rebar”) in addition to cementoplasty. All treatment procedures were performed under fluoroscopic guidance. Mechanical strength of fracture fixation was quantified by peak load to failure, stiffness, work done to fracture, and fatigue testing with four-point bend test. Percutaneous osteoplasty with or without reinforcement was successfully achieved in all specimens. The respective peak load at failure, flexural stiffness, and work done to fracture (mean ± SEM) for group 1 was 2245 ± 168 N, 14.77 ± 1.3 Nm/degree, and 4854 ± 541 Nmm; group 2 was 468 ± 81 N, 3.9 ± 0.5 Nm/degree, and 401 ± 56 Nmm; and group 3 was 594 ± 90 N, 4.42 ± 0.4 Nm/degree, and 522 ± 54 Nmm. The mean cyclic displacement for groups 1, 2, and 3 were 0.15, 0.58, and 0.48 mm, respectively, at 220–240 N loading. While percutaneous reinforced osteoplasty with stent, wire, and cement augmentation resulted in improved mechanical strength in restored bones, it did not differ significantly from specimens that underwent exclusive cementoplasty. With the improvement of fracture strength, the concept may be applicable for prevention or treatment of pathological fractures.
Z.6 and the Argument About Platonic Forms

Taking Platonic Forms to be basic constituents, Aristotle argues that forms are the same as their essences, but it’s clear that this argument is meant to be generalizable to any plausible candidate for basic constituents. His argument contains two reductio arguments. The first is generalizable whether sameness in it is identity or sameness in formula. If sameness in the second is identity, it is generalizable only if individual composites are excluded from its generalization. If sameness is sameness in formula, individual composites will be included in its generalization. Given what has been said in Z.1–5 and about the pale man argument, one has reason to understand sameness in it as sameness in formula. This allows individual composites to be candidates for basic constituents.
Perceptions of a Collaborative Professional Learning Program: Seeing the “Bigger Picture”

Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of special education practitioners (i.e., speech-language pathologists, special educators, para-educators, and other related service...
Examining Patterns of School-Based Polyvictimization and Repeat Victimization: A Latent Class Analysis Approach

This study uncovers nuances in the range and frequency of adolescent school-based victimization experiences, focusing on the gendered nature of these experiences. A concentration on indicators of c...
Protective Practices as a Criterion for High-Voltage Transmission Design [includes discussion]

Technological advances and closely engineered practices have kept the cost of high-voltage transmission from rising in a period of inflation. By applying the experiences that have contributed to this economy into the higher voltages, design is under way to transmit large blocks of power at 345 kv on the Bonneville Power Administration system in the Pacific Northwest. Practices that have made this possible include revised concepts of protection from abnormal voltages, always an item of high cost, and one which warrants continued study.
Profiles of successful textile handcraft entrepreneurs in Teotitlán del Valle, Oaxaca, México

7 0 Introduction 71 Historic Perspective of Handcraft and Market Change in a Zapotec Village 7 3 Handcraft Change, Vendors as Communication Links, and Handcraft Consumers 7 4 Field Research with Teotitlen del Valle Textile Handcraft Producers 8 0 Product Evolution and Market Change 8 2 Teotitlen del Valle Handcraft Change: A Comparison with Existing Models and Profiles 9 2 Stages for Change in a Handcraft Marketing System 9 5 References 9 7 Author Notes 1 0 0 RESEARCH OVERVIEW AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 1 1 1 Summary 111 Future Directions for Research 11 9 REFERENCES 122 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 127 APPENDIX A: SMITH'S PROFILES OF U.S. MANUFACTURING ENTREPRENEURS AND THEIR BUSINESSES 1 29 APPENDIX B: MODELS FOR HANDCRAFT CHANGE 1 33 APPENDIX C: QUESTIONS USED TO GUIDE INTERVIEWS DURING DATA COLLECTION 137
Presence of a human chorionic gonadotropin-like substance in human sperm

Abstract An hCG-like material has been extracted from human sperm. These experiments were designed to characterize this material. Sperms of 10 volunteers were separated from seminal fluid, washed in PBS three times, and resuspended in 0.5 ml of the same buffer. Samples were pooled; cells were disrupted by sonication and extracted in alkaline buffer by constant agitation at 4° C. The extract was ultracentrifuged at 4° C. Supernate was lyophilized and reconstituted in 2 cc of distilled water. This material presented a dose-response curve parallel to those of IS2-hCG and CR119 in βhCG RIA. When chromatographed in a Sephadex G-150 column the extract eluted within the hCG range and immunoreacted in the specific βhCG RIA. When absorbed onto a concanavalin A-Sepharose column, all recovered immunoreactive material eluted after exposure to α- d -methylglucoside, indicating that it is a glycoprotein. The extract stimulated progesterone and testosterone secretion in porcine granulosa cells and decapsulated rat testis, respectively, indicating its biologic potency.
Solving Problems V. Claiming Rights: The Pragmatist Challenge to Legal Liberalism

Recent developments in both theory and practice have inspired a new understanding of public interest lawyering. The theoretical development is an intensified interest in Pragmatism. The practical development is the emergence of a style of social reform that seeks to institutionalize the Pragmatist vision of democratic governance as learning and experimentation. This style is reflected in a variety of innovative responses to social problems, including drug courts, ecosystem management, and "new accountability" educational reform. The new understanding represents a significant challenge to an influential view of law among politically liberal lawyers over the past 50 years. That view - Legal Liberalism - is less a creature of academic theory than an implicit popular jurisprudence of practicing lawyers. It consists of a cluster of ideas associated with the Warren Court, the ACLU, the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, Ralph Nader, and the legal aid and public defender movements. This essay seeks to reconsider Legal Liberalism in the light of the Pragmatist approach and to offer a tentative appraisal of the newcomer. It begins by explicating the sometimes - tacit premises of Legal Liberalism and exploring its shortcomings. It then introduces the contrasting premises of the Pragmatist approach as they appear in a variety of recent works of legal scholarship. It illustrates the Pragmatist approach with a discussion of two case studies - one of drug courts and one of "second generation" employment discrimination remedies. It concludes with some comments about ambiguities and limitations of Legal Pragmatism.
The Origin of the Elements

The current state of our understanding of the origin of the elements in stars is reviewed. Only some selected topics are discussed.
Association of Atrial Fibrosis Quantified Using LGE‐MRI with Atrial Appendage Thrombus and Spontaneous Contrast on Transesophageal Echocardiography in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

Introduction Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is used to evaluate for left atrial appendage (LAA) thrombi prior to restoration of sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation (AF). We examined the relationship of atrial fibrosis quantified using late gadolinium enhancement MRI (LGE-MRI) with TEE findings.
Work place violence and negative affective responses: A test of Agnew's general strain theory

In an attempt to extend Agnew's (1992) general strain theory to adults in an organizational setting, an analysis of secondary data was conducted to determine how employee mistreatment by co-workers affects performance and well-being. Age, gender, race, education, religion, and ethnic discrimination were utilized as independent variables on outcome measures of negative emotional responses. Furthermore, harassment in the form of insults, sexual advances, threats, and other more subtle forms of mistreatment were employed as predictors of the same dysfunctional responses. Those employees who perceived harassment experienced significantly more negative emotions than those who did not. The theoretical relevance of the findings is discussed in conclusion.
Effect of temperature on certain life stages of the face fly.

A series of laboratory tests was conducted on the face fly, Musca autumnalis De Geer, using a specially designed compartmentalized cabinet that would allow 6 different temperatures to be maintained simultaneously. The temperatures used in the test were: 100, 95, 90, 85, 80, and 70°F. It was observed that pupae exposed to high temperatures (95 or 100°F) and low temperatures (70°F) resulted in poor adult emergence. Optimum emergence occurred at 85°F. Age of the pupae was a definite factor. Four- and 5-day-old pupae were much less affected by extremes in temperature than 1- and 2-day-old pupae. Adult face fly longevity decreased with an increase in the temperature. The results from the production of F1, progeny from a known number of parent adults indicated that the optimum temperature was 80°F. Higher temperatures (85-100°F) or lower temperature (70°F) resulted in a decreased production of progeny. It is thus concluded that temperature might be a factor in the distribution of this insect in North America.
The Near-iron Transporter (NEAT) Domains of the Anthrax Hemophore IsdX2 Require a Critical Glutamine to Extract Heme from Methemoglobin

Several Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria employ near-iron transporter (NEAT) domains to acquire heme from hemoglobin during infection. However, the structural requirements and mechanism of action for NEAT-mediated heme extraction remains unknown. Bacillus anthracis exhibits a rapid growth rate during systemic infection, suggesting that the bacterium expresses efficient iron acquisition systems. To understand how B. anthracis acquires iron from heme sources, which account for 80% of mammalian iron stores, we investigated the properties of the five-NEAT domain hemophore IsdX2. Using a combination of bioinformatics and site-directed mutagenesis, we determined that the heme extraction properties of IsdX2 are dependent on an amino acid with an amide side chain within the 310-helix of the NEAT domain. Additionally, we used a spectroscopic analysis to show that IsdX2 NEAT domains only scavenge heme from methemoglobin (metHb) and that autoxidation of oxyhemoglobin to metHb must occur prior to extraction. We also report the crystal structures of NEAT5 wild type and a Q29T mutant and present surface plasmon resonance data that indicate that the loss of this amide side chain reduces the affinity of the NEAT domain for metHb. We propose a model whereby the amide side chain is first required to drive an interaction with metHb that destabilizes heme, which is subsequently extracted and coordinated in the aliphatic heme-binding environment of the NEAT domain. Because an amino acid with an amide side chain in this position is observed in NEAT domains of several genera of Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria, these results suggest that specific targeting of this or nearby residues may be an entry point for inhibitor development aimed at blocking bacterial iron acquisition during infection.
Structure of cytochrome c6 from Arthrospira maxima: an assembly of 24 subunits in a nearly symmetric shell

Cytochrome c6 from the cyanobacterium Arthrospira maxima is present in isoforms that can be resolved by size-exclusion chromatography. One isoform crystallized in space group I4132 with eight protein molecules in the asymmetric unit and a total of 384 molecules in the unit cell. Within the crystal, the molecules are arranged as clusters of 24 cytochrome c6 molecules. Each cluster is a hollow shell with approximate octahedral (432) symmetry. Structural and biochemical studies of cytochrome c6 isolated from other cyanobacteria and algae have led to the suggestion that cytochrome c6 forms oligomers. The cytochrome c6 complex described here is the largest assembly of cytochrome c6 molecules observed thus far.
Physical Biology in Cancer. 5. The rocky road of metastasis: the role of cytoskeletal mechanics in cell migratory response to 3D matrix topography

The tumor microenvironment is a milieu of heterogeneous architectural features that affect tumor growth and metastatic invasion. Pore size, density, stiffness, and fiber architecture change dramatically from location to location throughout the tumor matrix. While many studies have addressed the effects of two-dimensional extracellular matrix structure and composition on cell migration, less is known about how cancer cells navigate complex, heterogeneous three-dimensional (3D) microenvironments. Mechanical structures such as actin and keratin, part of the cytoskeletal framework, and lamins, part of the nucleoskeletal framework, play a key role in migration and are altered during cancer progression. Recent evidence suggests that these changes in cytoskeletal and nucleoskeletal structures may enable cancer cells to efficiently respond to features such as pore size and stiffness to invade and migrate. Here we discuss the role of cell mechanics and the cytoskeleton in the ability of cells to navigate and respond to 3D matrix features and heterogeneities.
Propagation of Hydrogentic waves in the upper F2-region>

The theory of hydromagnetic-wave in the upper F2-region, in which electrons are in a transitional regime from collisional to collisionless conditions and ions are in a collisionless state, is examined. Derivation of the governing equations is based on the fact that the isotropic electrons are fluid-like, and the anisotropic ions follow kinetic equations modified by ion-electron collisions. Magneto-acoustic waves of a period of from about 0.2 to 10 sec are dissipated by ion Landau damping and electron thermal conduction and viscosity. Numerical solutions under ionospheric conditions show that the dissipation of hydromagnetic waves is insufficient to modify the large scale heating of the ionosphere.
Negative Gate Transconductance in Gate/Source Overlapped Heterojunction Tunnel FET and Application to Single Transistor Phase Encoder

Negative gate transconductance (NGT) is shown in gate/source overlapped heterojunction tunnel FET (SO-HTFET). At higher $V_{{\textrm {GS}}}$ , depletion region in the gate overlapped source region reduces the electric field along channel resulting in reduced band-to-band-tunneling and NGT. Application of SO-HTFET in designing a single transistor binary phase shift-keying with significantly reduced complexity is discussed.
The ionic hall effect in the solid electrolyte C5H6NAg5I6

Abstract The ionic Hall effect was measured in polycrystalline C5H6NAg5I6 at 25°C using an ac electric field and a dc magnetic field. The Hall voltages ranged between 10 and 100nV for magnetic fields of 0.1-T. From these data we calculated the average Ag+ ion mobility, the number of mobile Ag+ ions per cm3, the percentage of free silver ions, and the average relaxation time. We conclude that the exceptionally high ionic conductivity in C5H6NAg5I6 at 25°C probably arises from a relatively small number of mobile Ag+ ions.
STARS: Fax Machines [Scanning Our Past]

The basic concept of a facsimile, or fax, machine-a machine that electrically transmits an image-has not changed since 1843. The three main components remain the scanner transmitter, the transmitting medium, and the receiver recorder. Three broad, intertwined, technical trends help define the history of facsimile. First, the complexity of fax equipment vastly increased over time. Second, as machines became more sophisticated, they became “black boxes,”their technical aspects increasingly hidden from view. Third, and ironically enough, they became easier to use while more sophisticated in capability. Beyond the black, or gray, or white box of the machine, there were changes in facsimile's enabling and supporting technologies, the social environment, its competition, and the expectations and assumptions of its promoters and users.
Don't worry about who's watching.

The article discusses privacy concerns and why the author thinks they are overestimated. He notes the controversy regarding the electronic mail (e-mail) account offered by U.S. Internet search company Google, called Gmail, in which text advertisements were displayed with incoming mail, a free overseas telephone service called Futurephone, and why privacy fears are more of an emotional reaction than a rational one.
The deep metaphysics of quantum gravity: The seventeenth century legacy and an alternative ontology beyond substantivalism and relationism

Abstract This essay presents an alternative to contemporary substantivalist and relationist interpretations of quantum gravity hypotheses by means of an historical comparison with the ontology of space in the seventeenth century. Utilizing differences in the spatial geometry between the foundational theory and the theory derived from the foundational, in conjunction with nominalism and platonism, it will be argued that there are crucial similarities between seventeenth century and contemporary theories of space, and that these similarities reveal a host of underlying conceptual issues that the substantival/relational dichotomy fails to distinguish.
Syntheses of the P-Methylase Substrates of the Bialaphos Biosynthetic Pathway

Genetic studies suggest that either N-acetyldemethyl phosphinothricin (1, N-AcDMPT) or N-acetyldemethyl phosphinothricin tripeptide (2, N-AcDMPTT) is the substrate for the P-methylation reaction in the biosynthesis of phosphinothricin tripeptide (PTT), which is widely used as an herbicide. To study the mechanism for this unique P-methylation reaction catalyzed by the BcpD protein and the functions of the unusual nonribosomal peptide synthetases involved in PTT biosynthesis, this work reports the chemical syntheses of 1 and 2.
Thermal Conduction in a Tangled Magnetic Field

The suppression of thermal conduction by a static stochastic magnetic field is calculated for different ratios of the field scale length to the collisional mean free path. The effects of magnetic trapping are determined through a two-scale analysis and Monte Carlo particle simulations. In galaxy-cluster cooling flows, thermal conductivity is reduced from the Spitzer value by a factor of order ${10}^{2}$ to ${10}^{3}$.
Na + /Cr - ratios in rain across the USA, 1982–1986

Ratios of Na + /Cl - for annual rain collections for 178 sites in the NADP/NTN network across the USA were compared to the same ratio for sea water. 48% of the sites had ratios which were, within experimental error, the same as sea water. 32% of the sites, all in western states, had Na + /Cl - ratios greater than sea water. These higher ratios are attributed to Na + from feldspar and clay aerosols. The remainder (20%) of the sites, with ratios less than sea water are mostly in a contiguous area composed of lower Michigan, lower Wisconsin, eastern Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, West Virginia, northern Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York and Massachusetts. This area coincides with the areas of highest SO 2- 4 and NO - 3 concentrations in rain and is believed to receive imputs of Cl - from coal-fired power plants. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1989.tb00320.x
government policies for technological innovation: criteria for an experimental approach

Abstract The United States Government has had only limited success in conducting complex experiments on incentives to promote technological innovation in the public and private sectors. Political pressure for early success has distorted programme objectives and encouraged policy demonstrations under conditions favouring ‘successful’ outcomes, rather than true policy experiments. A wide range of conceptual and practical problems must be confronted before undertaking a major programme of experimentation in national policy related to technological innovation. Experiments to test the effect of specific governmental policies on the rate of and direction of technological innovation should be rigorously selected and designed so as to provide valid results that are useful to decision-makers. The problem of selecting experiments can be dealt with by applying selection criteria that relate to the importance of the problem or barrier in the innovation process to be overcome, to the implications of implementing the policy that will over-come the problem, and to the technical design and feasibility of conducting the experiment. Suggested criteria include: (1) value of the information generated; (2) leverage of the solution; (3) importance of the target population; (4) political acceptability of the policy; (5) legal aspects of the policy; (6) target population support; (7) cost acceptability; (8) policy effectiveness and range; (9) policy equity; (10) understanding of the policy; (11) administrative feasibility; (12) ease of policy monitoring; (13) organizational structure for implementation; (14) sound experimental hypothesis; (15) careful experimental design; (16) experimental feasibility; (17) time scale of the experiment; (18) experimental cost, and (19) relative cost-effectiveness. The proposed selection criteria are demonstrated using a current experiment of the US National Science Foundation.
Response to six classes of antihypertensive medications by body mass index in a randomized controlled trial

Blood pressure increases with increasing body mass index (BMI) and BMI is linearly related to blood pressure in population studies. Obesity has been said to cause resistance to antihypertensive medications. We compared short-term and 1-year blood pressure response by BMI category and weight change with hydrochlorothiazide, atenolol, diltiazem-SR, captopril, clonidine, prazosin, or placebo in 1292 male veterans. Drug doses were titrated to achieve goal diastolic blood pressure 30) were 2.5 times more likely to have diastolic blood pressure controlled by atenolol than normal weight (BMI <27) patients (p=0.01). Only prazosin patients gained weight: 1.7 lb (end-titration, p<0.0001; 1-year, p=0.02). Obesity does not appear to cause resistance to antihypertensive medications.
Thermally stable perfluoroalkylfullerenes with the skew-pentagonal-pyramid pattern: C60(C2F5)4O, C60(CF3)4O, and C60(CF3)6.

Reaction of C60 with CF3I at 550 °C, which is known to produce a single isomer of C60(CF3)2,4,6 and multiple isomers of C60(CF3)8,10, has now been found to produce an isomer of C60(CF3)6 with the Cs-C60X6 skew-pentagonal-pyramid (SPP) addition pattern and an epoxide with the Cs-C60X4O variation of the SPP addition pattern, Cs-C60(CF3)4O. The structurally similar epoxide Cs-C60(C2F5)4O is one of the products of the reaction of C60 with C2F5I at 430 °C. The three compounds have been characterized by mass spectrometry, DFT quantum chemical calculations, Raman, visible, and 19F NMR spectroscopy, and, in the case of the two epoxides, single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound Cs-C60(CF3)6 is the first [60]fullerene derivative with adjacent Rf groups that are sufficiently sterically hindered to cause the (DFT-predicted) lengthening of the cage (CF3)C−C(CF3) bond to 1.60 A as well as to give rise to a rare, non-fast-exchange-limit 19F NMR spectrum at 20 °C. The compounds Cs-C60(CF3)4O and Cs-C60(C2F5)4O are ...
Reactive plasticity for clays during dehydration and rehydration. Part 1: concepts and options

Abstract A mixture theory framework is adapted to analyze the effects of changes in clay chemistry during dehydration and rehydration on clay mechanical properties. Macroscopic and microscopic evidence points to a possibility of modeling the mineralogical processes of illitization of smectites and re-smectitization of illite as kinetic reactions in closed systems. A version of thermo-chemo-plasticity for rehydrating illite is presented in which a hidden variable of hardening depends on temperature and the reaction progress variable in addition to plastic strain.
Small Angle Neutron Scattering at the National Institute of Standards and Technology

The small angle neutron scattering technique is a valuable method for the characterization of morphology of various materials. It can probe inhomogeneities in the sample (whether occurring naturally or introduced through isotopic substitution) at a length scale from the atomic size (nanometers) to the macroscopic (micrometers) size. This work provides an overview of the small angle neutron scattering facilities at the National Institute of Standards and Technology and a review of the technique as it has been applied to polymer systems, biological macromolecules, ceramic, and metallic materials. Specific examples have been included.
Gravity modeling with Lotus 1-2-3

Abstract Because of recent advances in microcomputer speed and memory, spreadsheet programs, such as Lotus 1-2-3, now can be used to solve highly technical exploration problems. One such application is interactive gravity modeling. The spreadsheet template GWIZ provides explorationists with a rapid and easy method for potential-field modeling. Using this template, many possible source solutions can be obtained for gravity profile data. This allows explorationists to apply their geologic experience to such problems in an efficient manner. Eighteen 2- and 2 1 2 - dimensional geometric models ranging from simple cylinders to complex polygonal prisms are supported. Parameter fitting can be performed manually or automatically. The advantage of using a spreadsheet, rather than conventional computer languages, for technical problems such as gravity modeling is that the spreadsheet program itself provides for screen graphics. input-output operations, and support for peripheral devices. This makes programming easier and user instructions simpler.
Extracellular endoglucanase activity by a novel bacterium isolated from marine shipworm

An extracellular enzyme preparation from shipworm bacterium cultures dramatically increased reducing sugar content of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC3), but did not solubilize sugar from particulate cellulose. The preparation degraded cellodextrins larger than cellotriose (G3). Only interior cellodextrin chain linkages were cleaved and the center-most bond of cellohexaose (G6) was preferentially cleaved. Activity maxima were observed at 60 degrees C and between pH 5.0 and 7.0. The activity was resistant to protease treatment and little loss of activity was observed after 14 d at 25 degrees C.
The Effect of Annulus Water on the Wellbore Heat Loss From a Steam Injection Well With Insulated Tubing

Recently completed field experiments using an instrumented string and test well have verified that the presence of annulus water in injection well annuli introduces a real and economically important heat loss mechanism, wellbore refluxing, for surface-generated steam. Measured boiling heat transfer rates at local hot spots are sufficient to maintain steady refluxing over a realistic range of injection conditions and overburden properties. It is shown that with the wellbore wet, the thermal properties of the cement and overburden, not those of the insulated tubulars, control the magnitude of the wellbore heat loss.
Molecular Mechanisms of Human Melanocyte Attachment to Fibronectin

Abstract In this report we show that fetal and neonatal melanocyte attachment to fibronectin (FN) is inhibited by antibodies to the β1 integrin subunit, suggesting a role for these molecules in melanocyte attachment to FN. The VLA-5 integrin was shown to be the predominant receptor for fetal melanocyte attachment to FN, in contrast with neonatal melanocytes in which the very late antigen (VLA)-5, VLA-3, and αv integrins each contributed to melanocyte attachment to FN. Peptides containing the arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine (RGDS) sequence inhibited fetal and neonatal melanocyte attachment to FN by a maximum of 48% and 85%, respectively. The almost complete inhibition of neonatal melanocyte attachment to FN by RGDS-containing peptides suggests that the central cell-binding domain of FN is the primary recognition site for neonatal cell attachment to FN. Fetal and neonatal melanocytes showed a concentration dependent attachment to two proteolytically derived fragments of the FN molecule: a 75-kD fragment, which contains the central cell-binding domain, and 33/66-kD fragments of the FN molecule, which encompass the heparin-binding domains V and VI. Antibodies to the β1 subunit inhibited fetal and neonatal melanocyte attachment to the 33/66-kD fragments by a maximum of only 15% and 24%, respectively, suggesting that other, non-integrin, receptors are involved in melanocyte recognition of this portion of the FN molecule. We propose that human fetal and neonatal melanocytes attach to FN by different complements of receptors and ligand target sequences, and that these differences may direct melanocyte interactions with FN during development.
Basement Ages and Basement Depths in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific from Deep Sea Drilling Project Legs 5, 8, 9, and 16

Recent literature contains numerous references to basement ages and basement depths determined by the Deep Sea Drilling Project. The data are derived from a variety of sources, many of them inadequately documented or preliminary, and are not uncommonly inaccurate or conflicting. In this paper we present tabulations of basement ages and depths from DSDP Legs 5, 8, 9, and 16 in the eastern equatorial Pacific, refer them to the latest biostratigraphic time scale, and document and discuss their error limits. We recommend that in future use of this type of data a similar practice be adopted and that the precise source of data, time scale used, and procedures for determining ages and errors be clearly identified in order to avoid confusion. Based on the data presented here, we also give the relations between basement age, distance from the spreading center, and basement depth. The errors inherent in the data cause these relations to be very general and to have less resolution than ascribed to them by some previous investigators.
Holographic Recording with Limited Laser Light

Various holographic recording media were compared for conditions of low signal energy densities. The peak value of diffraction efficiency divided by signal-beam exposure (Q) and of normalized contrast ratio divided by signal-beam exposure (A) for Kodak 649 F and for Agfa 8E70, 10E70, and 14C70 were determined. The quantities were optimized with respect to bleaching, hypersensitization, development, and reference beam exposure. Above some value of the reference-to-signal beam ratio these quantities were constant, while their dependence, if any, on the offset angle and signal beamwidth was not determined. The film response was considered in terms of the model Ta = [b/(b + Ed)]e from which Q and A were calculated.
Cohesive models for damage evolution in laminated composites

A trend in the last decade towards models in which nonlinear crack tip processes are represented explicitly, rather than being assigned to a point process at the crack tip (as in linear elastic fracture mechanics), is reviewed by a survey of the literature. A good compromise between computational efficiency and physical reality seems to be the cohesive zone formulation, which collapses the effect of the nonlinear crack process zone onto a surface of displacement discontinuity (generalized crack). Damage mechanisms that can be represented by cohesive models include delamination of plies, large splitting (shear) cracks within plies, multiple matrix cracking within plies, fiber rupture or microbuckling (kink band formation), friction acting between delaminated plies, process zones at crack tips representing crazing or other nonlinearity, and large scale bridging by through-thickness reinforcement or oblique crack-bridging fibers. The power of the technique is illustrated here for delamination and splitting cracks in laminates. A cohesive element is presented for simulating three-dimensional, mode-dependent process zones. An essential feature of the formulation is that the delamination crack shape can follow its natural evolution, according to the evolving mode conditions calculated within the simulation. But in numerical work, care must be taken that element sizes are defined consistently with the characteristic lengths of cohesive zones that are implied by the chosen cohesive laws. Qualitatively successful applications are reported to some practical problems in composite engineering, which cannot be adequately analyzed by conventional tools such as linear elastic fracture mechanics and the virtual crack closure technique. The simulations successfully reproduce experimentally measured crack shapes that have been reported in the literature over a decade ago, but have not been reproduced by prior models.
EVALUATION OF ANELASTIC EVIDENCE FOR INTERSTITIAL SOLUTE BINDING IN BCC METALS

A Direct Spectrum Analysis (DSA) technique has been applied to key internal friction and elastic after-effect data which are involved in the controversy over the existance of interstitial clustering in the refractory metals. It is found that at relatively high interstitial solute concentrations some of the Snoek peak broadening is due to relaxations that are distinct from the main relaxation. This finding supports the view that interstitial solutes have an interaction that produces clusters of interstitials.