cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal properties of wood-derived copper–silicon carbide composites fabricated via electrodeposition

Copper–silicon carbide composites were fabricated by electrodeposition of copper into pores of wood-derived silicon carbide, a ceramic with a microstructure that can be tailored via the use of different wood precursors. Thermal conductivity values were determined using flash diffusivity at temperatures from 0 to 900 °C. Thermal conductivities of up to 202 W/mK at 0 °C and 148W/mK at 900 °C were achieved. Object-oriented finite-element analysis (OOF) modeling was used to understand the heat flux distributions throughout the microstructures. OOF was also used to calculate the effective thermal conductivity, which correlated well with experimentally-determined values for axially-oriented composites. In addition, OOF was used to predict effective conductivity values and heat flux distributions for transversely-oriented composites.
Strategic Maneuvering in the 2008 Presidential Debates

Application of the pragma-dialectic perspective, and particularly, strategic maneuvering, to political argumentation remains sparse. To address the issue in the context of the 2008 campaigns, the clash strategies of Barack Obama and John McCain during the debates were coded using the same content analysis codebook as prior analyses of presidential debates, allowing comparison between 2008 and the other nine electoral cycles with general election debates. The 2008 debates included significant shifts in the candidates’ use of ritualistic discourse, direct statements to opponent, self-analysis, opponent analysis, policy statements, comparison, and cooption. Although structural elements continue to serve as a corrective to functional theory, it appeared that the political climate, more than format, explained these changes. The findings suggest that candidates engage in strategic maneuvering consistent with the focal-points perspective and that campaigns engage in competitive learning in an attempt to master f...
Training in child diagnostic assessment: A survey of clinical psychology graduate programs

A survey was designed to obtain data from clinical psychology graduate programs. 107 program directors provided information regarding pre‐internship training in child assessment. Questionnaire data pertained to formal coursework and experience in administration of a wide variety of psychological, neuropsychological and psychoeducational tests. Additional information was gathered regarding the requirements for formal graduate coursework related to clinical child psychology. Specific tests were classified into eight general categories of assessment: 1) intellectual functioning, 2) academic achievement, 3) auditory processing/language, 4) auditory‐visual processes, 5) perceptual‐motor functioning, 6) neuropsychological batteries, 7) personality/emotional functioning and 8) adaptive behavior. It was concluded that current training in child assessment continues to be focused largely on the formal assessment of intelligence and personality, and that training encompasses a comparatively narrow range of test inst...
Optical bistability in the semilinear phase-conjugate mirror

It is shown theoretically that the semilinear phase conjugate mirror exhibits bistability when it is “seeded” by a weak external pump beam. Full hysteresis in the output intensity is obtained when the “seed” intensity is swept through the two-stable-states region and the coupling strength is below the self-oscillation threshold.
THE INTERACTION OF A STRONG MAGNETIC FIELD WITH A COLD PLASMA: THE EVOLUTION OF A MAGNETIC BUBBLE

An intense localized magnetic field is suddenly introduced into a stationary, uniform, cold plasma and generates a region characterized by an intense field that excludes all particles ("magnetic bubble") enveloped by a spherical shell of very dense plasma ("snowplow"). Outside the shell, the field disappears over a small distance scale and the plasma density tends to that of the undisturbed plasma. While a mathematically self-similar solution to the astrophysical problem associated with the early history of the magnetic bubble exists, the dynamical evolution maintains a subtle but significant difference from the self-similar solution. This MHD behavior can arise in the evolution of young stellar objects, during the switch-on of an OB star, in the solar wind, and during the formation of a magnetized neutron star or "magnetar" immediately following a supernova explosion.
Strategic Considerations for First-Time Sovereign Bond Issuers

The recent round of debt relief has restored debt sustainability in many low-income countries (LICs). This, along with a continued search for yield and desire for portfolio diversification by investors, has increased the range of viable financing options, including international bonds, for many emerging market (EM) economies and LICs. This paper presents some of the advantages and disadvantages of international debut bonds, within a debt sustainability framework. It outlines key preconditions and discusses strategic considerations that countries need to take into account when contemplating bond issuance in international markets for the first time. In this context, the paper also discusses some typical pitfalls in accessing international capital markets, including excessive issue size relative to the intended use of bond proceeds, issuance of bullet bonds, and inadequate preparation for accessing the markets.
The Processivity of Kinesin-2 Motors Suggests Diminished Front-Head Gating

Kinesin-2 motors, which are involved in intraflagellar transport and cargo transport along cytoplasmic microtubules, differ from motors in the canonical kinesin-1 family by having a heterodimeric rather than homodimeric structure and possessing a three amino acid insertion in their neck linker domain. To determine how these structural features alter the chemomechanical coupling in kinesin-2, we used single-molecule bead experiments to measure the processivity and velocity of mouse kinesin-2 heterodimer (KIF3A/B) and the engineered homodimers KIF3A/A and KIF3B/B and compared their behavior to Drosophila kinesin-1 heavy chain (KHC). Single-motor run lengths of kinesin-2 were 4-fold shorter than those of kinesin-1. Extending the kinesin-1 neck linker by three amino acids led to a similar reduction in processivity. Furthermore, kinesin-2 processivity varied inversely with ATP concentration. Stochastic simulations of the kinesin-1 and kinesin-2 hydrolysis cycles suggest that "front-head gating," in which rearward tension prevents ATP binding to the front head when both heads are bound to the microtubule, is diminished in kinesin-2. Because the mechanical tension that underlies front-head gating must be transmitted through the neck linker domains, we propose that the diminished coordination in kinesin-2 is a result of its longer and, hence, more compliant neck linker element.
Radiologic education of pediatric residents during morning report

Rationale and Objectives. The authors assessed the radiologic educational content of a pediatric morning report teaching conference to determine ways of improving radiologic education of pediatric residents. Materials and Methods. The authors conducted a prospective, observational study from September 1995 to June 1996. Data collected from conference case presentations included types of radiologic studies shown and unanswered radiologic questions. Results. During 388 case presentations, 559 radiologic studies were shown. Imaging modalities most commonly shown were plain radiography, computed tomography (CT), and ultrasound. The most common types of images shown were chest and abdominal plain radiographs and head CT scans. Common unanswered questions concerned radiologic study indications and techniques and radiologic appearance of diseases. Conclusion. Pediatric residents must learn basic radiologic interpretation methods, imaging approaches to common problems, and ways of using the radiologist as a consultant. A large part of their radiologic education occurs in morning report, from nonradiologists. Participating in a morning report is an important way for radiologists to enhance the education of primary care residents.
Traumatic Lesions of the Gingiva: A Case Series

Background: The most recent classification of periodontal diseases includes a new section on traumatic gingival lesions. Traumatic lesions of the gingiva are thought to be highly prevalent, yet the periodontal literature contains few references on the topic. The purpose of this article is to present a broad spectrum of traumatic gingival lesions of iatrogenic, accidental, and factitious origin. Methods: Twelve clinical cases were selected to document chemical (due to aspirin, snuff, and peroxide), physical (due to malocclusion, flossing, removable partial denture, oral piercing, and self-inflicted trauma), and thermal (due to overheated ultrasonic scaler, hot food, and ice) injury to the gingiva. Results: Chemical, physical, and thermal gingival injuries of iatrogenic, accidental, or factitious origin can have a variety of presentations with overlapping clinical features. Although the appearance and associated symptoms of a gingival lesion may be suggestive of a particular traumatic etiology, useful or co...
Cauchy Analysis of Imaginary-Dielectric-Index Bands*

A simple procedure is presented for use of the Cauchy–Lorentzian expression in calculating molecular parameters of a multiple-band system in the infrared. The Cauchy function accurately portrays the imaginary-dielectric-index spectrum for a system of damped harmonic oscillators, and thus highly accurate values of transition strength and damping constants may be calculated.
Oral intubation in the multiply injured patient: The risk of exacerbating spinal cord damage

The use of oral intubation during the resuscitation of seriously injured patients has been discouraged because of the fear that this technique may lead to cervical cord damage. We report a retrospective study of the 18-month experience of an emergency department in which oral intubation was the usual method of airway control for victims of blunt trauma. There were 237 injured patients intubated in the Ed; 21 patients (8.9%) had cervical cord or bone injury. There were no patients in whom a neurologic loss followed an airway maneuver. Oral intubation was the definitive airway maneuver in 213 patients. There was no statistically significant difference in the type of definitive airway maneuver used (eg, oral intubation, nasal intubation, or cricothyrotomy-tracheotomy) between patients with cervical injuries and patients without such injuries. The risk of spinal cord injury secondary to oral intubation in the seriously injured patient was low in our population. Selection of the method for definitive airway control should be based primarily on the operator's skills and experience rather than the fear of inflicting cervical cord damage.
Asymmetric postoperative visual loss after spine surgery in the lateral decubitus position

Postoperative visual loss (POVL) is a rare but potentially devastating complication associated with spine surgery. In 1999, the American Society of Anesthesiologists Committee on Professional Liability established a POVL Registry to examine cases in search of common elements. Most cases of POVL after spine surgery which have been reported to the POVL Registry have been associated with intraoperative prone positioning. We present an atypical case that occurred after spine surgery performed in the lateral decubitus position.
Quality of Life: An Interpersonal Perspective

Quality of life is a continuum having a higher to lower range. A person's perceptions of life quality are time-related and situation-dependent and tend to vary according to changing life circumstances. Human relationships, especially during the early years of growth and development, can be constructive or destructive influences which can color perceptions, expectations, and behavior patterns manifested in interpersonal interactions throughout the life span. Relationships define and confirm self-worth, identity, acceptance as a human being, a sense of belonging, and other essential interpersonal needs. Relationships provide social support and tend to reduce stress. The quality of interpersonal relationships has a strong bearing on perceptions of quality of life.
A Model Study of Internal Tides in Coastal Frontal Zone

Abstract Internal tides near a midlatitude shelf–slope front are studied using an idealized numerical model, with emphasis on their structure, energetics, and mixing effects. It is found that the properties of internal tides are highly dependent on frontal configuration and tidal frequency. At a winter front, energetic internal tides are generated and arrested in the frontal zone; the cross-shelf flow tends to be surface (bottom) intensified by a large internal circulation cell at the diurnal (semidiurnal) frequency. At a summer front, the diurnal internal tide is still trapped, but a semidiurnal internal tide propagates out of the frontal zone in the offshore direction while arrested at the inshore boundary. The presence of the shelf–slope front enhances the generation of internal tides, and it also causes an amplification of the semidiurnal internal tide by trapping its energy in the frontal zone. This amplification is most prominent at the offshore boundary of the winter front and the inshore boundary ...
Inbreeding, pedigree size, and the most recent common ancestor of humanity

How many generations ago did the common ancestor of all present-day individuals live, and how does inbreeding affect this estimate? The number of ancestors within family trees determines the timing of the most recent common ancestor of humanity. However, mating is often non-random and inbreeding is ubiquitous in natural populations. Rates of pedigree growth are found for multiple types of inbreeding. This data is then combined with models of global population structure to estimate biparental coalescence times. When pedigrees for regular systems of mating are constructed, the growth rates of inbred populations contain Fibonacci n-step constants. The timing of the most recent common ancestor depends on global population structure, the mean rate of pedigree growth, mean fitness, and current population size. Inbreeding reduces the number of ancestors in a pedigree, pushing back global common ancestry times. These results are consistent with the remarkable findings of previous studies: all humanity shares common ancestry in the recent past.
On transformation of logic specifications into procedural programs

A method for transforming a source program expressed as a set of Horn clauses into a target program in an Algol-like procedural language is presented. Compared with deterministic execution of a conventional program, the top-down procedural interpretation of a Horn clause program is inherently nondeterministic. This transformation method is aimed at removing certain types of nondeterministic in a Horn clause program via a variable-dependence analysis and a procedure formation scheme. It is assumed that the input/output mode information for each predicate in the Horn clause is known in advance and that each predicate is used unidirectionally, i.e. each argument in the argument list of a predicate is used either as an input or an output, but not both. Therefore, the Horn clauses treated by this method represent only a subclass of the general Horn logic clauses. During the transformation process, the method is also capable of discovering inconsistent or missing information in the source program. >
Sex Differences in Mothers' Speech and Play Behavior with 6-, 9-, and 14-Month-Old Infants

In this study, we analyzed mothers' speech and play behavior with their 6-, 9-, and 14-month-old sons and daughters. Thirty-six infant–mother dyads participated in a 10-min free-play session with gender-neutral toys. No sex differences were found in the infants' behavior, but sex differences were found in mothers' verbal behavior and level of engagement. Mothers of daughters made more interpretations and engaged in more conversation with their daughters, whereas mothers of sons made more comments and attentionals, which were typified by instructions rather than conversation. Furthermore, mothers interacted more with their daughters than with their sons across all ages. Overall, these results demonstrate that mothers transmit different messages to their male and female infants, both through language and interaction, which may contribute to infants' gender role development.
From Pareto Inter-Contact Times to Residuals

Interactions between mobile users are the building blocks of a variety of emerging communication paradigms, among which opportunistic networking is one of the most promising. In opportunistic networks, the information propagates through pair-wise contacts between users, and hence the inter-contact time, i.e., the time between two consecutive interactions between a pair of users, plays a key role in the latency of information propagation. Given that new message availability and actual communication are typically asynchronous, analytical models often rely on the concept of residual inter-contact time, i.e, the time left before the next communication opportunity, starting from a random point in time. The statistical properties of the inter-contact times determine those of the associated residual inter-contact time. Of particular interest is the case of inter-contact times featuring a Pareto distribution, due to the great attention this case has received in the literature. In this letter we discuss how to compute the residual inter-contact time when the inter-contact process between a pair of nodes features a Pareto distribution and we show that our exact solution can significantly improve the results commonly used in the literature.
How I manage cold agglutinins

ararely cause accelerated destruction of mismatched red blood cells (RBCs), and it is not necessary to detect examples of these antibodies that only react below body temperatures. The extent to which cold agglutinins can interfere with the results of pretransfusion antibody detection and compatibility tests is evident from a study by Garratty 1 on the importance of anticomplement reagents in immunohematology. With a low-ionic-strength saline (LISS) method that included room temperature incubation and polyspecific (anti-IgG+ C3) antiglobulin serum, the rate of unwanted positive tests (due primarily to the detection of cold-reactive auto- and alloagglutinins) was on the order of 1.41 percent! Omitting the room temperature incubation phase and use of anti-IgG reduced the unwanted positive rate reduced to 0.1 percent.
Postural stability of constrained three dimensional robotic systems

A Lyapunov-based approach for the design of a PD controller for robotic systems that are subject to multiple constraints is developed. A candidate Lyapunov function is proposed for the proof of stability using the mechanical energy equation for constrained systems. Sufficient conditions for local and global stability of the unconstrained system are given. An analysis is presented for the unconstrained case and extended to the constrained case. To check the effectiveness of the proposed controller, an eight-link 3D biped model is considered. The system dynamic equations are first derived. Constraint support forces are later added to the system. Simulation of the model motion when equipped with the proposed controller shows that it exhibits a stable response in the unconstrained case. >
Demand Signalling and Screening in Channels of Distribution

This paper examines two ways channel members at the manufacturing and retail ends deal with asymmetric information in the context of new product introduction. A manufacturer who has private information that demand for a new product will be high can differentiate itself from a manufacturer less confident of demand by undertaking high levels of pre-launch advertising and offering a high wholesale price. A retailer, for its part, can screen potentially high demand from potentially low demand products by stipulating a take-it-or-leave-it slotting allowance, the assumption being that the offer will be accepted only by manufacturers confident of sufficient demand to recover the high initial cost of slotting allowances. It is shown that manufacturers prefer to signal demand through advance advertising and wholesale price, retailers to screen demand through slotting allowances. It is shown that, unless advance advertising is sufficiently effective, slotting allowances yield higher total channel profits and higher social welfare.
Inhibition of hypoxia inducible factor 1α causes oxygen-independent cytotoxicity and induces p53 independent apoptosis in glioblastoma cells

Abstract Purpose: Hypoxia, which activates the hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) pathway, is a common feature in malignant gliomas and has been linked with tumor cell survival and therapy resistance. In this study, we examined the effect of antisense inhibition of HIF-1α on the survival, apoptosis and responses to chemotherapy in U-87 malignant glioma cells. Methods and materials: Hypoxia (1% oxygen) was achieved in a tri-gas incubator with intermittent N 2 gas flushing or in a gas tight-module sealed with 94% N 2 , 1% O 2 and balance CO 2 . HIF-1α inhibition was achieved with antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide (AS-HIF ODN), delivered using cytofectin GSV3815. HIF-1α expression level was monitored by a hypoxia-responsive luciferase reporter assay and verified by northern blot and immunoblot analyses. Cell viability was quantified by a colorimetric microtiter plate MTS [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt] assay. Apoptotic cell death was detected with a colorimetric caspase-3 assay, as well as using terminal transferase-catalyzed in situ end labeling (TUNEL) staining. Results: Antisense HIF-1α phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide (AS-HIF ODN) treatment suppressed HIF-1α expression by up to 80% under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions as measured by a hypoxia-responsive reporter assay and confirmed by northern and western blot analyses. Antisense knockdown of HIF-1α resulted in significant reduction in U-87 cells survival and an acceleration of apoptosis, which did not involve p53 transactivation. Pretreatment of cells with Z-Val-Ala-Asp (-OCH 3 )-fluoromethylketone (Z-VAD), a broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor largely eliminated this effect of AS-HIF. Caspase-3 specific activity was markedly induced 3 days after AS-HIF treatment when increased cell death was also noted. Transient overexpression of HIF-1α in U-87 cells neutralized apoptosis-inducing effect of AS-HIF. AS-HIF treatment did not affect viability of primary astrocytes and was selectively more toxic to U-87 glioma cells than normal human fibroblasts. The HIF-1α antisense treatment exerted an oxygen-independent, and additive but not synergistic effect to the cytotoxicity of cisplatin, etoposide, and vincristine. Conclusions: These results together indicate that suppression of HIF-1α-expression may be a promising strategy that is selective for reducing the survival and facilitating chemotherapeutic efficacy of malignant glioma.
Method for varying gamma in charge-coupled imagers

A method affording operation of a charge-coupled device imager to obtain a nonlinear relation between illumination level and size of collected charge packet, leading to high light level saturation similar to imaging tubes with gammas less than unity, will be covered.
A critical assessment of monitoring practices, patient deterioration, and alarm fatigue on inpatient wards: a review

Approximately forty million surgeries take place annually in the United States, many of them requiring overnight or lengthier post operative stays in the over five thousand hospitals that comprise our acute healthcare system. Leading up to this Century, it was common for most hospitalized patients and their families to believe that being surrounded by well-trained nurses and physicians assured their safety. That bubble burst with the Institute of Medicine’s 1999 report: To Err Is Human, followed closely by its 2001 report: Crossing the Quality Chasm. This review article discusses unexpected, potentially lethal respiratory complications known for being difficult to detect early, especially in postoperative patients recovering on hospital general care floors (GCF). We have designed our physiologic explanations and simplified cognitive framework to give our front line clinical nurses a thorough, easy-to-recall understanding of just how these events evolve, and how to detect them early when most amenable to treatment. Our review will also discuss currently available practices in general care floor monitoring that can both improve patient safety and significantly reduce monitor associated alarm fatigue.
Using feature locality: can we leverage history to avoid failures during reconfiguration?

Despite the best efforts of software engineers, faults still escape into deployed software. Developers need time to prepare and distribute fixes, and in the interim deployments must either tolerate or avoid failures. Self-adaptive systems, systems that adapt to meet changing requirements in a dynamic environment, have a daunting task if their reconfiguration involves adding or removing functional features, because configurable software is known to suffer from failures that appear only under certain feature combinations.Although configuration-dependent failures may be difficult to provoke, and thus hard to detect in testing, we posit that they also constitute opportunities for reconfiguration to increase system reliability. We further conjecture that the failures that are sensitive to a system configuration depend on similar feature combinations, a phenomenon we call feature-locality, and that this locality can be combined with historical data to predict failure-prone configurations. In a case study on 128 failures reported against released versions of an open source configurable system, we find evidence to support our hypothesis. We show that only a small number of features affect the visibility of these failures, and that over time we can learn these features to avoid future failures.
On the Ethics of Crowdsourced Research

This article examines the ethics of crowdsourcing in social science research, with reference to my own experience using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. As these types of research tools become more common in scholarly work, we must acknowledge that many participants are not one-time respondents or even hobbyists. Many people work long hours completing surveys and other tasks for very low wages, relying on those incomes to meet their basic needs. I present my own experience of interviewing Mechanical Turk participants about their sources of income, and I offer recommendations to individual researchers, social science departments, and journal editors regarding the more ethical use of crowdsourcing.
Measuring the capacity for auditory system plasticity: An examination of performance gains during initial exposure to auditory-targeted cognitive training in schizophrenia

Abstract Auditory-Targeted Cognitive Training (ATCT), which aims to improve auditory information processing efficiency, has shown great promise for remediating cognitive deficits in schizophrenia (SZ). However, there is substantial heterogeneity in the degree of cognitive gains made during ATCT, and some patients show negligible benefit after completing therapeutic doses of training. Identifying individual differences that can be measured early in the course of ATCT and that predict subsequent cognitive benefits from the intervention is therefore important. The present study calculated a variety of performance metrics during the initial hour of exposure to ATCT Sound Sweeps, a frequency discrimination time-order judgment task, and investigated the relationships of these metrics to demographic, clinical, and cognitive characteristics of SZ patients. Thirty-seven SZ outpatients completed measures of auditory attention, working memory, verbal memory, and executive functioning, followed by 1 h of Sound Sweeps training. Performance metrics, calculated after the first training level, the first training stage (Levels 1–4), and the entire hour of training included baseline and best auditory processing speed (APS) scores, as well as percent improvement in APS after training. The number of training levels completed by each participant was also calculated. Baseline and best APS correlated with performance in all cognitive domains, whereas APS improvements only correlated with verbal memory. Number of training levels completed was marginally associated with auditory attention only. Conclusions: Sound Sweeps performance correlates with a range of neurocognitive abilities. APS improvement may provide a particularly sensitive index of “plasticity potential” within the neural network underlying verbal learning and memory.
The Use Of Accounting Information Before And After The Award Of The MFOAs Certificate Of Conformance

This study examines whether the Municipal Finance Officers Associations Certificate of Conformance (CC) provides an effective signal to financial statement users of cities financial reporting quality. Bond ratings were modeled prior to and subsequent to the award of the CC. The model using accounting data subsequent to the ward of the CC had a higher rate of classificatory accuracy (55.6%) than the model using accounting data prior to the award of the CC (50.6%). However, the difference in classificatory accuracy between the two models was not statistically significant.
Two- and Three-Dimensional Copper 5-Sulfoisophthalate Coordination Polymers with Conformationally Flexible Dipyridyl-Piperazine Type Co-Ligands

Several divalent copper coordination polymers containing both 5-sulfoisophthalate (sip) and bis(pyridyl)piperazine type co-ligands have been hydrothermally synthesized and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Across this series, the nature of the neutral co-ligands plays a crucial structure-directing role. Bis(3-pyridylmethyl)piperazine (3-bpmp) and its isomer bis(4-pyridylmethyl)piperazine (4-bpmp) afforded layered phases with different topologies. {[Cu(sip)(H3-bpmp)(H2O)]·3H2O}n (1) and {[Cu(sip)(H4-bpmp)(H2O)]·4H2O}n (2) both possess (4,4) grid topologies, although the latter exhibits mutually inclined 2D + 2D → 3D interpenetration. {[Cu(sip)(H4-bpmp)]·7.5H2O}n (3), which forms concomitantly with 2, has an uncommon (3,6) triangular grid layer based on {Cu2(OCO)2} dimers. A lower temperature pseudopolymorph, {[Cu6(sip)6(H24-bpmp)3(H2O)20]·4H2O}n (4), is an oligomeric molecular species. Employing bis(4-pyridylformyl)piperazine (4-bpfp) generated {[Cu4(sip)2(OH)2(H2O)3(4-bpfp)]·...
Survival of Plasmodium gallinaceum Sporozoites in Previously-Excised Skin of Mouse and Chick.

SummaryWhen Aedes aegypti mosquitoes infected with Plasmodium gallinaceum were allowed to deposit the sporozoites of this organism while probing into the excised skin of the chick and the mouse, the infections resulting from the intraperitoneal implantations into clean chicks of these probed pieces of skin were in the ratio of 24 from the chick skin to one from the mouse skin. It appears that there is something deleterious to the survival of the introduced plasmodium in the skin of the mouse that is not dependent upon its living state.
Becoming a Scientist: Using First-Year Undergraduate Science Courses to Promote Identification with Science Disciplines

In this qualitative study, we examined how two professors (a physicist and biochemist) of first year college students perceived their students’ development of identification in biochemistry or physics and how they actively supported this development. The professors described students who entered college with different levels of domain identification and different expectations for their college science experience depending upon whether they were in a biochemistry or physics major. Although neither professor was familiar with research related to the concept of domain identification, their beliefs about their students’ identification and academic support strategies generally aligned with the Osborne and Jones (2011) model of academic identification.
A generalization of Bayesian inference in the Dempster-Shafer belief theoretic framework

In the literature, two main views of Dempster-Shafer (DS) theory are espoused: DS theory as evidence (as described in Shafer's seminal book) and DS theory as a generalization of probability. These two views are not always consistent. In this paper, we employ the generalized probability view of DS theory to arrive at results that allow one to perform Bayesian inference within the DS theoretic (DST) framework. The importance of this generalization is its capability of handling a wider variety of data imperfections, a feature inherited from the DST framework. In the process of developing these results akin to Bayesian inference, we also arrive at an evidence combination strategy which is consistent with the generalized probability view of DS theory, a feature lacking in the popular Dempster's combination rule (DCR). Finally, using the data from a political science survey, we demonstrate the application of our results on an experiment which attempts to gauge the hidden attitude of an individual from his/her observed behavior.
Hume and The Nature of Taste

Etude de la conception de la force normative du standard de gout chez Hume, defini comme le verdict conjoint de vrais juges. Soulevant avec R. Shusterman le paradoxe de l'universalite du principe de gout et de la rarete des esprits capables du standard de beaute, l'A. montre, a travers l'analyse de la parabole des parents de Sancho que Hume tire du «Don Quichotte», que la difference entre les gens ne releve pas de la nature humaine, mais du niveau de perception des qualites des objets qui sont sources du sentiment particulier de plaisir ou de deplaisir
How Designers Play: The Ludic Modalities of the Creative Process

Abstract In any endeavor, play has the ability to bring forth creativity. Some say it is impossible not to be creative while in a state of play; the two have a strong correlation. In this paper, we look at play through the lenses of both Johan Huizinga and Roger Caillois to establish a foundation for play discourse in the design process. Their perspectives help provide formal definitions for several of the ludic activities found in the design process. Play allows us to create in very intuitive ways. It provides for moments of reflection and for moments of whimsical imagination. It is the key to being creative.
A characterization of the error exponent for the Byzantine CEO problem

The discrete CEO problem is considered when the agents are under Byzantine attack. That is, a malicious intruder has captured an unknown subset of the agents and reprogrammed them to increase the probability of error. Two traitor models are considered, depending on whether the traitors are able to see honest agents' messages before choosing their own. If they can, bounds are given on the error exponent with respect to the sum-rate as a function of the fraction of agents that are traitors. The number of traitors is assumed to be known to the CEO, but not their identity. If they are not able to see the honest agents' messages, an exact but uncomputable characterization of the error exponent is given. It is shown that for a given sum-rate, the minimum achievable probability of error is within a factor of two of a quantity based on the traitors simulating a false distribution to generate messages they send to the CEO. This false distribution is chosen by the traitors to increase the probability of error as much as possible without revealing their identities to the CEO. Because this quantity is always within a constant factor of the probability of error, it gives the error exponent directly.
On the Sum-Rate of Broadcast Channels with Outdated 1-Bit Feedback

In this paper, a single-input single-output (SISO) downlink channel with K users is analyzed in the presence of Rayleigh flat fading. A limited channel state information (CSI) feedback scheme is considered, where only an outdated 1-bit feedback per user is available at the base station for each fading block. A closed-form expression for the achievable ergodic sum- rate of the 1-bit feedback scheme is presented for any number of users, as a function of the fading temporal correlation coefficient, the threshold of the 1-bit CSI quantizer and the SNR. It is proved that the sum-rate scales with increasing number of users as log log K, which is the same scaling law achieved by the optimal non-delayed full CSI feedback scheme. In addition, the sum-rate degradation due to outdated CSI is evaluated in the asymptotic regimes of either large K or low SNR.
High spatial resolution mass spectrometry imaging reveals the genetically programmed, developmental modification of the distribution of thylakoid membrane lipids among individual cells of maize leaf.

Summary Metabolism in plants is compartmentalized among different tissues, cells and subcellular organelles. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) has recently advanced to allow for the visualization of metabolites at single-cell resolution. Here we applied 5- and 10 μm high spatial resolution MALDI-MSI to the asymmetric Kranz anatomy of Zea mays (maize) leaves to study the differential localization of two major anionic lipids in thylakoid membranes, sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerols (SQDG) and phosphatidylglycerols (PG). The quantification and localization of SQDG and PG molecular species, among mesophyll (M) and bundle sheath (BS) cells, are compared across the leaf developmental gradient from four maize genotypes (the inbreds B73 and Mo17, and the reciprocal hybrids B73 × Mo17 and Mo17 × B73). SQDG species are uniformly distributed in both photosynthetic cell types, regardless of leaf development or genotype; however, PG shows photosynthetic cell-specific differential localization depending on the genotype and the fatty acyl chain constituent. Overall, 16:1-containing PGs primarily contribute to the thylakoid membranes of M cells, whereas BS chloroplasts are mostly composed of 16:0-containing PGs. Furthermore, PG 32:0 shows genotype-specific differences in cellular distribution, with preferential localization in BS cells for B73, but more uniform distribution between BS and M cells in Mo17. Maternal inheritance is exhibited within the hybrids, such that the localization of PG 32:0 in B73 × Mo17 is similar to the distribution in the B73 parental inbred, whereas that of Mo17 × B73 resembles the Mo17 parent. This study demonstrates the power of MALDI-MSI to reveal unprecedented insights on metabolic outcomes in multicellular organisms at single-cell resolution.
MTS-DeepNet for lane change prediction

Time series data are ubiquitous and are of importance in many application problems in engineering, science, medicine, economics and entertainment. Many real world pattern classification problems involve the processing and analysis of multiple variables in the temporal domain. These types of problems are referred to as Multivariate Time Series (MTS) problems. In many real-world applications, an MTS problem can involve a large number of signals, and require algorithms to select signals and extract temporal and spatial features from them. In this paper, we present an innovative convolutional neural network, MTS-DeepNet that is specially designed for MTS pattern classification. The system integrates signal and feature selections with MTS pattern classification in one learning framework. MTS-DeepNet is applied to a real-world problem, namely predicting driver lane departure based on driver's physiological signals. Our experimental results showed that, in comparison to a multi-layer neural network trained with the backpropagation algorithm, MTS-DeepNet gave better prediction accuracy.
Comments on Federal Reserve's 'Minneapolis Plan'

The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis issued a proposed plan in November to attempt to solve the problem of too-big-to-fail banks. These are Prof Schwarcz's comments on that proposal.
CHAPTER 240 – Cdc42 and Its Cellular Functions

Cdc42 is a member of the Rho subfamily of small GTPbinding (G) proteins. A variety of biochemical and cellular studies have shown that Cdc42 plays important roles in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, programmed cell death, and in the establishment of cell polarity. The molecular mechanisms underlying these biological activities have emerged from recent breakthrough studies of the interactions of Cdc42 with its various downstream targets including Wiscott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein (WASP), Ɣ-coatomer (Ɣ-COP), and the p21-activated kinase (PAK), activated Cdc42-associated kinase (ACK) and partitioning-defective (PAR) proteins. Through these interactions, Cdc42 impacts two major cellular activities: F-actin polymerization and membrane vesicle trafficking. These findings now lead to the suggestion that Cdc42 serves as a convergence point for pathways that influence actin cytoskeletal architecture and intracellular trafficking. This chapter focuses on the molecular mechanisms underlying the ability of Cdc42 to mediate its cellular functions.
Codevelopment Between Key Personality Traits and Alcohol Use Disorder From Adolescence Through Young Adulthood.

OBJECTIVE: Personality traits related to negative emotionality and low constraint are strong correlates of alcohol use disorder (AUD), but few studies have evaluated the prospective interplay between these traits and AUD symptoms from adolescence to young adulthood. METHOD: The Minnesota Twin Family Study (N = 2,769) was used to examine the developmental interplay between AUD symptoms and three personality measures of constraint, negative emotionality, and aggressive undercontrol from ages 17 to 29. RESULTS: Results from random-intercept cross-lagged panel models showed that low constraint and aggressive undercontrol predicted subsequent rank-order increases in AUD symptoms from ages 17 to 24. AUD symptoms did not predict rank-order change in these traits from ages 17 to 24. There was support for both cross-effects from ages 24 to 29. Biometric analysis of the twin data showed genetic influences accounted for most of the phenotypic correlations over time. CONCLUSION: Results are consistent with the notion that personality traits related to low constraint and aggressive undercontrol are important vulnerability/predisposition factors for the development of early adult AUD. In later young adulthood, there is more evidence for the simultaneous co-development of personality and AUD. Implications are addressed with attention to personality-based risk assessments and targeted AUD prevention approaches. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Language: en
209: Towards the identification novel regulators for Th1 differentiation by computational genetics

T helper (Th) cells play critical functions in response to infectious, allergic, and autoimmune diseases. Upon exposure to an infectious agent or stimulus, different types of Th responses are observed, which influence disease outcome, with differences in responses in different inbred mouse strains as well. To investigate the genetic factors that contribute to such differential immune responses, we have integrated computational genetic analysis and transcriptomic data to identify novel elements involved in Th1 differentiation. We determined the phenotypic profiles of in vitro differentiated Th1 cells from 16 inbred mouse strains by measuring the RNA and protein level of the Th1 signature cytokine (IFN©) at six time points. Then, according to the phenotypic ranking of 16 inbred strains, we performed a haplotype-based computational genetic analysis. At all time points, we observed strong and significant inter-strain differences, which suggested that the observed variations were due to genetic differences, and we identified ∼1075 genes ( p + T cells, ∼80 genes had a significantly change in expression (FC > 2, P
A novel process to extract important information from invisible video captured by smartphone

Hemoglobin (HB) is an important protein molecule in blood. Traditionally, hemoglobin level measurement is accomplished through invasive way [1] in clinics. But, non-invasive techniques are becoming more popular nowadays, though its accuracy is not up to the mark. The conventional invasive approaches need the blood sample from the patient which is quite inappropriate always for premature infants, aging population, sickle cell patients, anemia patients, and pregnant women. To solve the HB measurement issues, we have chosen the smartphone, an essential tool in mHealth technology due to its multi-faceted aspects [2]. Many researchers used the high-end spectrometer, hyperspectral camera, and optical devices for hemoglobin level measurement noninvasively, those devices are not available and expensive. To overcome expense and mobility issues, in this poster, we propose a smartphone-based non-invasive HB measurement tool where we capture the video image HSV values with three channels at 30 frames per second. Based on the capabilities of smartphones, this research output can make the remarkable change in resource-limited countries.
Systematic Review of Cyberbullying Interventions for Youth and Parents With Implications for Evidence-Based Practice.

Background Cyberbullying is a new risk factor for the well-being of pediatric populations. Consequences of cyberbullying include both physical and mental health concerns such as depression, anxiety, and somatic concerns. Adolescents who have been victims of cyberbullying and developed secondary symptoms are often recommended to visit a healthcare provider to obtain effective, evidence-based treatment. To date, no interventions exist in the healthcare setting for adolescents who are victims of cyberbullying. Aims The purpose of this project is to review interventional studies on cyberbullying that have components for adolescents who have been involved with cyberbullying and their parents and to provide recommendations on effective intervention components with the goal of guiding clinical practice. Methods A systematic review was conducted using the Institute of Medicine guidelines. A comprehensive electronic literature search was completed targeting interventions of cyberbullying in any setting. No date limits were used. Literature was searched in MEDLINE, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PubMed, Communication and Mass Media Complete, Education Information Resource Center (ERIC), and PsycINFO databases. The following search terms were applied "cyberbullying" + "intervention" or "treatment" or "therapy" or "program." Only articles with a pediatric population were selected for review. Results Seventeen cyberbullying intervention programs in 23 articles were found to meet the search criteria. The most frequently used intervention components included education on cyberbullying for the adolescent, coping skills, empathy training, communication and social skills, and digital citizenship. Parent education on cyberbullying was also found to be important and was included in programs with significant outcomes. Linking evidence to action As youth present to healthcare providers with symptoms related to cyberbullying, effective interventions are needed to guide evidence-based practice. This review supports educating the individual youth and parent on cyberbullying and teaching the youth skills in communication and social, empathy, coping with cyberbullying, and digital citizenship.