cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diurnal Variation of Temperature and Energy Budget for the Oceanic Mixed Layer During BOMEX

Abstract The regularity and completeness of temperature soundings for a 12-day period during the 1969 Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Experiment (BOMEX) has permitted an analysis of the diurnal variation in temperature at all depths in the oceanic mixed layer at five fixed-ship positions. The growth and decline of the diurnal thermocline is pronounced and is well documented for all five ship positions. The primary instruments used were the Bissett Berman salinity-temperature-depth multisensor unit and the Eppley pyranometer. The oceanic heat storage term was combined in an energy budget equation with incident radiation measurements and estimates for advection and back radiation, so that estimates of the diurnal amplitude and phase of the evaporative and sensible heat transfer could be obtained. A mean evaporation rate of about 5.8 mm day−1 was determined. The highest evaporation rates were calculated for a 6-hr period centered on the time of local sunset, and the lowest rates were found to occur...
The attitudes and goals of police supervisors: results from a national sample

There is little research examining the general attitudes or goals of police supervisors. In this study, a survey instrument was provided to a sample of over 400 police supervisors in attendance at the FBI’s National Academy. Respondents work in law enforcement agencies that range from very large to very small. Findings indicate that police supervisors having aggressive law enforcement attitudes were related to two goals: making arrests, and seizing guns and drugs. Those supervisors having community policing attitudes were negatively related to seizing guns and drugs. Supervisor characteristics provided little help in explaining variations in policing goals. Research implications will be discussed.
Marketing to consumer segments using health-promoting lifestyles

Abstract Consumers' orientation toward health issues often influences their behavior in the market-place, suggesting implications for marketers of health-related products and services on how best to reach their customers. This research introduces Pender's health promotion model (HMP) to a marketing audience and demonstrates how the concept of a health-promoting lifestyle can be used to characterize the market for health-related offerings. A cluster analysis of consumers' participation in 29 health-promoting behaviors identified six consumer segments. Using variables suggested as influencing such behavior by the HPM, these segments were further characterized using eight cognitive-perceptual variables and 22 personal and demographic variables. Four segments appear to be viable targets for marketers, based on their positive association with various combinations of exercise and nutrition behaviors and related attitudes and other descriptive characteristics. Two other segments were described in terms of members' lack of interest in health-promoting behavior or their participation in health-repressing behaviors.
Photochemical addition of stilbene to dienes

Die isomeren Stilbene (I) reagieren uber die trans-Form (Ib) mit 2,5-Dimethyl-2,4- hexadien (II) unter Photolyse-Bedingungen zu den beiden Addukten (III) und (IV).
Change in energy reserves in different segments of the nephron during brief ischemia

Change in energy reserves in different segments of the nephron during brief ischemia. Rat kidneys were made ischemic for 5 to 120 seconds. Segments of individual nephrons were dissected from freeze dried sections and analyzed for ATP, phosphocreatine, glycogen, glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, lactate and creatine kinase. ATP fell most rapidly in proximal convoluted and straight tubules (PCT, PST) and distal convoluted tubules (DCT), and most slowly in glomerulus and papilla. Phosphocreatine levels ranged fivefold and was highest in DCT, where it approached that of brain. Creatine kinase ranged 100-fold with lowest level in PCT, where the ischemic fall in phosphocreatine was so slow as to suggest a function other than that of an energy reserve. Glycogen varied tenfold from modest levels in distal segments to very low levels in PST, and was not used rapidly in any segment. Glucose consumption and lactate production were most rapid in distal portions. High–energy phosphate consumption for the first 7.5 seconds of ischemia, calculated from these data, indicates roughly–equal energy metabolism in proximal and distal segments, with lower levels in papilla, and especially in glomerulus. The absolute values suggest that the in vivo metabolic rate of the nephron continued almost unabated for 5 or 10 seconds of ischemia.
The effects of subject-generated and normative constructs upon the formation of impressions.

This study examined the validity of G. Kelly's Individuality Corollary by assessing the role of individual personal constructs in the formation of impressions. All subjects formed impressions from six traits, three positive and three negative, attributed to an unknown person. All of the traits presented to one group were normatively determined. Three other groups received six traits partly or entirely generated by the subjects themselves in descriptions of other persons. These groups were characterized as own-positive, own-negative and all own. As hypothesized, subjects produced more differentiated impressions in the conditions in which they received as stimuli the self-generated traits. Evaluations of the unknown other moved in the direction of the evaluative component of the self-generated traits. In addition, the most highly organized impressions were produced in the normative and all-own conditions. These results were interpreted as supporting both the Individuality Corollary and a conflict model of impression organization.
MiRNA nano-packages for maternal-placental-fetal communication

Positioned at the maternal-fetal interface, the placenta generates regulatory signals and serves as a communication junction that governs pregnancy health. In addition to hormones, growth factors and diverse proteins, we and others have recently shown that small non-coding RNA molecules, including microRNAs (miRNAs), traffic among the maternalplacental-fetal compartments, and may have a central role in maternalfetal adaptation to homeostatic perturbations. Although common and unique types of miRNAs are expressed by the placenta during pregnancy, the function of placental miRNA species remains largely unknown. We recently showed that primary human trophoblasts are resistant to infection by a heterogeneous panel of viruses, and that this resistance can be partly conferred to non-trophoblast cells by exogenous expression of trophoblast-specific miRNAs, expressed from the chromosome 19 miRNA cluster (C19MC). This effect was not observed during cell infection by nonviral placental pathogens, including Listeria monocytogenes, and Toxoplasma gondii. Trophoblastic miRNAs can be released to the extracellular space within several types of vesicles, including cell fragments, apoptotic bodies, microvesicles, and nanovesicles (exosomes), or can be packaged with non-vesicular protein complexes, such as argonaute-2. To examine the trafficking of trophoblastic miRNAs to maternal-fetal tissues we engineered a transgenic mouse that expresses a 160 kb segment of human genomic DNA harboring the human C19MC cluster. We coupled this technology with RNAseq analysis of miRNA expression in triads of placenta, maternal plasma and fetal plasma from pregnant women at term. Together, these analyses shed new light on transplacental bidirectional miRNA trafficking patterns (Supported by NIH HD06589, HD075665, HD071707, AI081759, and the Pennsylvania Department of Health Research Formula Funds)
Mechanism of glutamate release from rat hippocampal slices during in vitro ischemia

Abstract There was a large release of endogenous glutamate and of pre-accumulated [3H]- d -aspartate from rat hippocampal slices during deprivation of oxygen and glucose (in vitro ischemia). The role of Na+-dependent glutamate transporters in this process was investigated. The release of both glutamate and [3H]- d -aspartate was largely blocked by two competitive substrate analogues of the Na+-dependent glutamate transporters ( l -trans-pyrrolidine-2, 4-dicar☐ylate and d , l -threo-B-hydroxyaspartate) if the substrate analogues were intracellularly loaded prior to the ischemia. The pre-loaded analogue, d , l -threo-B-hydroxyaspartate, did not block exocytotic release of glutamate, induced by high-potassium. Dihydrokainate, an inhibitor of a subset of the Na+-dependent transporters, did not inhibit ischemia-induced release of glutamate or [3H]- d -aspartate However, it did block release induced by veratridine, which was also blocked by the pre-loaded substrate analogues. Dihydrokainate could still inhibit veratridine-induced release during ischemia, showing that conditions during ischemia did not reduce its efficacy. It is concluded that release of glutamate during ischemia is largely via reversal of the Na+-dependent glutamate transport system. The differential effects of dihydrokainate and the competitive substrate analogues on ischemia-induced release indicate that this release occurs via a subset of the glutamate transporters that are present in the hippocampus.
Lessons from oil and gas exploration in and around Britain

Abstract After 35 years, exploration in and around Britain has reached a mature stage. Pure oil and gas exploration has with certain exceptions given way to the search for small fields close to infrastructure and maximizing recovery from existing fields. To examine the lessons of 35 years of exploration before many of the major players leave the stage is opportune. Lessons learned can be applied elsewhere. An examination of the history suggests that lessons can be grouped under four headings: organization, technical skills, personal qualities and tactics. Successful companies optimize all of these. Unsuccessful companies, on the other hand, often fail because of a particular flaw in one of them. It is concluded that successful exploration companies would field a team captained by a technically competent open-minded manager closely linked to skilled geoscientists, all of whom would have a deep understanding (through relatively long service) of the area being explored. Both managers and geoscientists would be able to take sensible risks and would not confuse the primary concern of the technical merits of a prospect with the secondary concern of the economics of success. Finally, luck appears to play an important part but there is no doubt that successful companies work hard for their luck. Other lessons centre on the quirkiness of individual behaviour. This is something that no amount of study can eliminate.
Superconductivity in the anyon model

We analyze a two-dimensional system of electrons or holes, interacting via, in addition to the electromagnetic fields, the Chern-Simons gauge fields (aν) equipped with the action (μ/2)(eλνρaλ∂νaρ. For ‖μ‖=e2N/2π (N=2,4,6,. . . ), the ground state is unique and a spin singlet, having completely filled Landau levels with respect to the Chern-Simons magnetic fields. For these values of μ, equations are derived that replace the London equations in BCS theory. It is shown that a complete Meissner effect operates at zero temperature. Integer quantum Hall effects in the Chern-Simons fields play a crucial role. The magnetic penetration depth coincides with that in BCS theory as long as N≪1000.
Internet-Facilitated Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children: Findings From a Nationally Representative Sample of Law Enforcement Agencies in the United States

This article explores the variety of ways in which the Internet is used to facilitate the commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) and provides national incidence estimates for the number of arrests involving such technology-facilitated crimes in 2006. The National Juvenile Online Victimization Study is a nationally representative longitudinal study of more than 2,500 local, county, state, and federal law enforcement agencies across the United States. The current article utilizes Wave 2 data, which surveyed arrests in 2006 for Internet-related sex crimes against minors. Detailed data were collected via telephone interviews with investigators about 1,051 individual arrest cases. Findings show that an estimated 569 arrests for Internet-facilitated commercial sexual exploitation of children (IF-CSEC) occurred in the United States in 2006. Offenders in IF-CSEC cases fell into two main categories: (1) those who used the Internet to purchase or sell access to identified children for sexual purposes including child pornography (CP) production (36% of cases), and (2) those who used the Internet to purchase or sell CP images they possessed but did not produce (64% of cases). Offenders attempting to profit from child sexual exploitation were more likely than those who were purchasing to have (a) prior arrests for sexual and nonsexual offenses, (b) a history of violence, (c) produced CP, (d) joined forces with other offenders, and (e) involved female offenders. Although the number of arrests for IF-CSEC crimes is relatively small, the victims of these crimes are a high-risk subgroup of youth, and the offenders who try to profit from these crimes are particularly concerning from a child welfare perspective.
The Retention of Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludge Applied to a Freshwater Tidal Wetland

The hypothesis that freshwater tidal wetlands act as sinks for heavy metals was tested using sewage sludge applied biweekly from March to October 1981 at low treatment (25 g m−2 wk−1) and high treatment (100 g m−1) levels. No differences in aboveground macrophyte standing crop were found except in June when high and low treatment sites had significantly higher (p=0.05) standing crops than control sites. Except for chromium, metal standing stocks in the vegetation on treatment sites did not increase as a result of sludge application. The March litter had significantly higher (p=0.05) concentrations of chromium, copper, lead, and nickel at all sites than the October vegetation, but only high and low treatment litter chromium levels were significantly higher (p=0.05) than control litter. When sludge application terminated in October, the top 5 cm of soil at the high and low treatment sites had retained, respectively, 47 and 43% of the cadmium, 53 and 28% of the chromium, 52 and 0% of the copper, 51 and 0% of the zinc, 31 and 0% of the lead, and 0 and 0% of the nickel applied; only cadmium (15 and 46%, respectively) and chromium (12 and 28%, respectively) were still retained the following March. Thus, freshwater tidal wetlands can retain significant quantities of heavy metals associated with sewage sludge. The vegetation and litter play minor roles while the soil plays a major role in heavy metal retention.
Separable Programming for Considering Risk in Farm Planning

This paper proposes use of separable programming for selecting farm enterprises which are efficient in terms of expected income and income variance. An empirical application on a croplivestock farm in the Columbia Basin of Washington is presented. The effects of removing statistically insignificant covariance terms and the error introduced by the linear approximation are explored.
The nuclear membrane as a barrier to the free diffusion of proteins.

A RECENT investigation of the osmotic properties of the nucleus in intact frog oocytes has indicated that the nuclear membrane of these cells is not freely permeable to large molecules (mol. wt. 40,000 or greater)1. The present investigation was carried out in order to determine whether or not similar results could be obtained for oocytes of an unrelated species.
The influence of acoustic phonons on the magnitude of energy fluctuations in DNA

Abstract It is shown that acoustic phonons can play an important role in determining the magnitude of energy fluctuations along the DNA molecule. This reflects heterogeneity in DNA flexibility associated with different stacking energies that stabilize various combinations of nucleotide sequences in its structure. Regions of DNA having greater flexibility undergo larger energy fluctuations. As a result, these regions have higher probability that conformational changes occur and this increases the rates of such kinetic processes as drug intercalation, DNA breathing and protein-DNA interactions. We discuss further biological implications of this effect here.
Management of unexplained antepartum circulatory collapse directed by transesophageal echocardiography findings.

PRIMARY nontraumatic spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a rare cause of myocardial infarction that occurs predominantly in young women. Although myocardial infarction in pregnancy itself is rare, and the etiology of SCAD is uncertain, approximately one-third of reported SCAD in women occurs between the third trimester of pregnancy and 4 months postpartum. 1 We report a previously healthy 19-yr-old woman being treated for premature labor who presented with acute circulatory collapse at 32 weeks gestation. After resuscitation and emergency Cesarean section, the use of transeophageal echocardiography (TEE) excluded the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism or aortic dissection as possible causes of her collapse. Instead, the finding on TEE of left ventricular akinesis in the distribution of the left main coronary artery prompted urgent angiography to delineate the etiology.
Pubertally born neurons and glia are functionally integrated into limbic and hypothalamic circuits of the male Syrian hamster

During puberty, the brain goes through extensive remodeling, involving the addition of new neurons and glia to brain regions beyond the canonical neurogenic regions (i.e., dentate gyrus and olfactory bulb), including limbic and hypothalamic cell groups associated with sex-typical behavior. Whether these pubertally born cells become functionally integrated into neural circuits remains unknown. To address this question, we gave male Syrian hamsters daily injections of the cell birthdate marker bromodeoxyuridine throughout puberty (postnatal day 28–49). Half of the animals were housed in enriched environments with access to a running wheel to determine whether enrichment increased the survival of pubertally born cells compared with the control environment. At 4 wk after the last BrdU injection, animals were allowed to interact with a receptive female and were then killed 1 h later. Triple-label immunofluorescence for BrdU, the mature neuron marker neuronal nuclear antigen, and the astrocytic marker glial fibrillary acidic protein revealed that a proportion of pubertally born cells in the medial preoptic area, arcuate nucleus, and medial amygdala differentiate into either mature neurons or astrocytes. Double-label immunofluorescence for BrdU and the protein Fos revealed that a subset of pubertally born cells in these regions is activated during sociosexual behavior, indicative of their functional incorporation into neural circuits. Enrichment affected the survival and activation of pubertally born cells in a brain region-specific manner. These results demonstrate that pubertally born cells located outside of the traditional neurogenic regions differentiate into neurons and glia and become functionally incorporated into neural circuits that subserve sex-typical behaviors.
Fluctuation dominated dynamics of a Townsend barrier microdischarge

The statistical fluctuations can dramatically change the dynamics of low current barrier microdischarges when the number of charged particles in the discharge gap is small. The systematic approach is developed to incorporate into the equations of the commonly used fluid model the main stochastic processes in Townsend barrier discharges. It is shown that when natural discharge oscillations are undamped, the fluctuations in the number of ions in the gap eventually lead to disruption of the discharge (i.e. to the state when all charged particles are swept out of the gap). For damped oscillations, the level of fluctuations is limited. It is also shown that fluctuations of the shape of the ion distribution over the gap are negligible.
Calculations of axisymmetric stability of Tokamak plasmas with active and passive feedback

Abstract A new linear MHD stability code, NOVA-W, has been developed in order to study feedback stabilization of the axisymmetric mode in deformable tokamak plasmas. The NOVA-W code is a modification of the non-variational MHD stability code NOVA that includes the effects of resistive passive conductors and active feedback circuits. The vacuum calculation has been reformulated in terms of the perturbed poloidal flux to allow the inclusion of perturbed toroidal currents outside the plasma. The boundary condition at the plasma-vacuum interface relates the instability displacement to the perturbed poloidal flux. This allows a solution of the linear MHD stability equations with the feedback effects included. The passive stability predictions of the code have been tested both against a simplified analytic model and against a different numerical calculation for a realistic tokamak configuration. The comparisons demonstrate the accuracy of the NOVA-W results. Active feedback calculations are performed for the CIT tokamak design demonstrating the effect of varying the position of the flux loops that provide the measurements of vertical displacement. The results compare well with those computed earlier using a less efficient nonlinear code.
BIOREMEDIATION OF PETROLEUM POLLUTANTS

Hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms are ubiquitously distributed in soil and aquatic environments. Populations of hydrocarbon-degraders normally constitute less than 1% of the total microbial communities, but when oil pollutants are present these hydrocarbon-degrading populations increase, typically to 10% of the community. With regard to rates of natural degradation, these typically have been found to be low and limited by environmental factors. Rates reported for pristine marine waters typically are less than 0·03 g/m3/day. In adapted communities rates of hydrocarbon degradation of 0·5–50 g/m3/day have been reported. Bioremediation tries to raise the rates of degradation found naturally to significantly higher rates. The two general approaches that have been tested for the bioremediation of marine oil spills are the application of fertilizer to enhance the abilities of the indigenous hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria and the addition of naturally occurring adapted microbial hydrocarbon-degraders by seeding. Bioremediation, accomplished by the application of fertilizer to enhance the abilities of the indigenous hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria, was successfully applied for the treatment of the 1989 Alaskan oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Seeding with adapted nonindigenous microbial hydrocarbon degraders was tested on smaller spills in Texas—such as the Mega Borg spill—but bioremediation to remove petroleum pollutants by seeding has yet to be demonstrated as efficacious in field trials. The spill of more than 200,000 barrels of crude oil from the oil tanker Exxon Valdez in Prince William Sound, Alaska, as well as smaller spills in Texas—such as the Mega Borg spill—have been treated by bioremediation to remove petroleum pollutants. The Exxon Valdez spill formed the basis for a major study on bioremediation through fertilizer application and the largest application of this emerging technology. Three types of nutrient supplementation were tested: water-soluble (23:2 N:P garden fertilizer formulation): slow-release (Customblen); and oleophilic (Inipol EAP 22). Each fertilizer was tested in laboratory simulations and in field demonstration plots to determine the efficacy of nutrient supplementation. The use of Inipol EAP22 (oleophilic microemulsion with urea as a nitrogen source, laureth phosphate as a phosphate source, and oleic acid as a carbon source) and Customblen (slow-release calcium phosphate, ammonium phosphate, and ammonium nitrate within a polymerized vegetable oil coating) was approved for shoreline treatment and was used as a major part of the cleanup effort. Multiple regression models showed that nitrogen applications were effective in stimulating the rates of biodegradation.
Using models of operations and equations

From a general and systematic point of view, this article has attempted to answer the questions, How do models and equations relate?, How does one teach this relationship? In the process, a systematic procedure for analyzing this task of teaching operations with the use of models and developing teaching strategies has been demonstrated. In applying the several concepts of this article to the preparation of a lesson, the teacher can (a) choose models and a family of equations, (b) choose an analysis of the equations into constituent parts involving family or equation levels, (c) choose an analysis of models into their critical attributes, and (d) plan a strategy utilizing direct correlates or oblique correlates for connecting the equations and models at a general or instance level. On the basis of such planning, the teacher will develop with a class a knowledge of the parts of the equation, the critical parts of the model, and correlates for connecting the two. Without utilizing these concepts, teachers have been found to attempt the introduction of the connection between an equation and a new model simply by placing the illustration (instance of a model) and equation together on the chalkboard and reading the equation. (This may seem absurd, but the author is aware of a film designed to present exemplary teaching in which this is done and has observed student teachers overlooking the necessity for carefully connecting the model and the equation.) Such practices as these in the context of the common ‘telling-teaching’ process suggest that teachers' commentaries should provide extensive analyses and direct correlates [7]. The four concepts (correlates, analysis of models and families of equations at the general and instance level, oblique correlates, and adequacy of analysis of models and equations) have been referred to as general concepts. They are general in the sense that they can be applied to the use of models of any operation. As was pointed out earlier, this level of generality extends to more than forty families of models of operations and inverse operations on whole numbers. It also extends to the use of models of operations in other number systems.
Critical care sedation for neuroscience patients

In 2000, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) introduced the mandate for the implementation of standards for both pain assessment and need for therapy in hospitalized patients. The need for the appropriate titration of sedation and analgesia is particularly poignant in an intensive care unit (ICU) setting where iatrogenic discomfort often complicates patient management. Neurologically ill patients in ICUs present particularly complex sedation issues, owing to the need to monitor these patients with serial neurological exams. Hence, maximal comfort without diminishing neurological responsiveness is desirable. Here, we review the frequently applied methods of evaluating levels of pain and agitation in critically ill patients as well as discuss the appropriate classes of pharmaceutical agents common to this population, with particular emphasis on the potential neurophysiological impact of such therapy.
Do child abuse rates increase on those days on which professional sporting events are held

This paper examines possible relationships between days on which professional sports events are held and daily rates of substantiated physical abuse of children by males. Three different hypotheses about possible relationships between various types of sporting events and rates of child abuse are examined using statewide data drawn from the Missouri Division of Family Services. Hierarchical OLS Multiple regressions were used to test for these relationships. Effects were controlled for the month in which the abuse occurred and the day of the week during which the incident occurred. The findings do not support the hypothesis that sporting events yield increases in number of substantiated male-perpetrator child abuse cases.
Oil and water can mix: an integration of polyhedral and AST-based transformations

Optimizing compilers targeting modern multi-core machines require complex program restructuring to expose the best combinations of coarse- and fine-grain parallelism and data locality. The polyhedral compilation model has provided significant advancements in the seamless handling of compositions of loop transformations, thereby exposing multiple levels of parallelism and improving data reuse. However, it usually implements abstract optimization objectives, for example "maximize data reuse", which often does not deliver best performance, e.g., the complex loop structures generated can be detrimental to short-vector SIMD performance. In addition, several key transformations such as pipeline-parallelism and unroll-and-jam are difficult to express in the polyhedral framework. In this paper, we propose a novel optimization flow that combines polyhedral and syntactic/AST-based transformations. It generates high-performance code that contains regular loops which can be effectively vectorized, while still implementing sufficient parallelism and data reuse. It combines several transformation stages using both polyhedral and AST-based transformations, delivering performance improvements of up to 3× over the PoCC polyhedral compiler on Intel Nehalem and IBM Power7 multicore processors.
Magnetic resonance in an atomic vapor excited by a mechanical resonator

We demonstrate a direct resonant interaction between the mechanical motion of a mesoscopic resonator and the spin degrees of freedom of a sample of neutral atoms in the gas phase. This coupling, mediated by a magnetic particle attached to the tip of the miniature mechanical resonator, excites a coherent precession of the atomic spins about a static magnetic field. The novel coupled atom-resonator system may enable development of low-power, high-performance sensors, and enhance research efforts connected with the manipulation of cold atoms, quantum control, and high-resolution microscopy.
Solubility of Alkyl Benzoates III: Hydrogen Bonding and Solubility—A Theoretical Approach

The theoretical aspects of the solubility features of a series of alkyl p-hydroxybenzoates (parabens), singly or as a combination (benzylparaben with each of the alkyl parabens in a homologous series ranging from methyl to n-butyl), were evaluated. The involvement of hydrogen bonding was considered. Both IR and NMR spectrometry were employed for analyses. The inter-relation of molecular symmetry, solubility, and entropy was discussed.
Differences in the regulation of biosynthesis of 20- versus 22-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids

The incorporation of (n-3) versus (n-6) fatty acids into membrane lipids is regulated by a number of different processes within the cell. It is generally accepted that a common 6-desaturase uses both linoleate and linolenate as substrates. Desaturation of linoleate and linolenate are generally considered to be the rate limiting steps in the biosynthesis of arachidonate and 20:5(n-3) respectively (1). The addition of fatty acids to the diet, beyond the rate limiting 6-desaturation step, would thus appear to be a way to increase the amount of arachidonate or 20:5(n-3) that is produced and potentially made available for esterification into membrane lipids. In order to evaluate this hypothesis, we carried out a number of feeding studies with deuterium labeled (n-6) fatty acids using the following general protocol. Male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained on a modified AIN diet that contained 3.3% fat the composition of which was 2.1% oleate, 1.0% linoleate and 0.2% linolenate. After 4 weeks on this diet, the animals were changed to one in which all of the linoleate was replaced by 17,17,18,18-d4 linoleate. After 4 days the animals were sacrificed and it was observed that 34 mol % of arachidonate esterifed in liver phospholipids was derived from the deuterium labeled linoleic acid. Another group of animals was maintained on the AIN diet that contained 1.9% oleate, 1% linoleate, 0.2% linolenate and in addition 0.2% ethyl 18:3(n-6). Again, all of the linoleate
Safety of Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors during Pregnancy and Breastfeeding.

Purpose Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors are useful in the treatment of numerous inflammatory and immunologic disorders. Since many of these conditions occur in women of childbearing age, safety during pregnancy and breastfeeding is of considerable importance.
Accounting anomalies and fundamental analysis: An alternative view

The literature on accounting anomalies and fundamental analysis provides important insights into the behavior of stock prices and the relation between accounting numbers and firm value. My review discusses five key topics from this literature: (1) discriminating between risk and mispricing explanations for return anomalies; (2) estimating the implied cost of capital; (3) inferring investors’ perceptions of the earnings process; (4) understanding the importance of trading costs and firm size; and (5) improving the construction of characteristic-based trading strategies. My discussion highlights important challenges facing the literature and offers suggestions for improving empirical tests.
Relational and social-cognitive correlates of early adolescents’ forgiveness of parents

Abstract This study examined how mother and father–child relationship quality and marital forgiveness were related to early adolescents’ forgiveness of mothers and fathers. Adolescents’ social-cognitive skills (empathy and emotional regulation) and parents’ forgiveness of child were examined as mediators. Mother, father, and child self-reported questionnaires and observational data were taken from Time 1 and Time 3 (two years later) of the Flourishing Families Project, and included 334 two-parent families with an early adolescent ( M age at Time 1 = 11.24; 51% male; 76% Caucasian). Using path analyses via structure equation modeling, mother–child relationship quality and adolescents’ own social-cognitive skills were salient correlates of adolescents’ forgiveness toward parents. The unique contributions of mothers and fathers, differences by reporter, and the importance of studying forgiveness within the parent–child relationship are discussed.
Contract management in USA hospitals: service duplication and access within local markets

This paper examines the extent to which hospitals that are under external contract management engage in service duplication, as well as the degree to which the various services they offer contribute to or detract from community access. The study incorporates all USA hospitals using data from the American Hospital Association Annual Survey Database, supplemented by county level measures obtained from the area resource file (ARF). Using data on the 3794 hospitals classified as acute care facilities in 2002, we performed a set of logistic regressions that analyzed whether a hospital offered each of 74 distinct services. For each service (regression), key independent variables measured the number of other hospitals in the local market area that also offered the service. Local area market definitions are the areas circumscribed by the hospital within distances of 10 and 20 miles. Results suggest that contract-managed (CM) hospitals display a more competitive pattern (service duplication) than hospitals in general, but CM hospitals that are the sole provider of services locally are less likely to offer services than traditionally managed sole hospital providers. Contract management does not appear to offer any particular advantages in improving access to hospital services.
Cytomegalovirus as a trans-activator of cellular genes

Abstract Cytomegalovirus proteins have been shown to act as trans-activators on other, heterologous, viral promoters as well as on its own promoter. In the immunocompromised host, part of the response to cytomegalovirus infection may be related to the effect of viral proteins on the transcription of cellular genes. The viral proteins may upregulate the gene directly, or could interact with know transcription factors to increase cellular gene transcription. This article explores the ability of the CMV immediate early proteins to interact with cellular genes which mediate various aspects of the immune response; specifically the cellular genes for interleukin-and tumor necrosis factor.
Prostate brachytherapy seed reconstruction using an adaptive grouping technique

Fluoroscopy-based three-dimensional seed localization as a component of intraoperative dosimetry for prostate brachytherapy is an active area of research. A novel adaptive-grouping-based reconstruction approach is developed. This approach can recover overlapped seeds that are not detected from the fluoroscopic images. Two versions of the adaptive-grouping-based reconstruction approach are implemented and compared to an epipolar geometry-based seed reconstruction technique. Simulations based on nine patient datasets are used to validate the algorithms. A total of 2259 reconstructions is performed in which different types of error such as random noise in seed image locations and ambiguities in projection geometry are incorporated. Among those reconstructions, nine of the cases with overlapping seeds and the different types of error are performed. It is demonstrated that the adaptive-grouping-based reconstruction method is more accurate than the epipolar geometry method and allows faster reconstruction. At a random noise level of 0.6 mm , the mean distance error in reconstructed seed locations is approximately 1.0 mm for one of the relevant cases examined in detail. The best adaptive-grouping-based approach successfully recovered overlapped seeds in the majority of simulated cases (89%), with the remainder of cases generating one false positive seed. Phantom validation is also performed, and overlapped seeds are successfully recovered with all 92 seeds correctly localized and reconstructed. The mean distance error between segmented seed images and projected seeds is 0.5 mm in the phantom study.
African trypanosomes contain calmodulin which is distinct from host calmodulin

Abstract Studies were initiated to determine whether African trypanosomes utilize Ca 2+ fluxes to coordinate complex morphological and biochemical life cycle changes. We have identified the ubiquitous intracellular Ca 2+ receptor, calmodulin, in two developmental stages of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense . The transition from rapidly dividing, slender bloodstream trypomastigotes to slow growing procyclics in axenic culture was accompanied by changes in specific calmodulin content (3 μg/mg cell protein to 1 μg/mg cell protein, respectively) and a shift in intracellular calmodulin distribution, Trypanosome calmodulin is physically and functionally distinct from that of host tissues, including bovine brain and rat erythrocytes. It is similar to but distinct from Tetrahymena calmodulin. Comparisons among these proteins isolated from the four sources were made using the following criteria: (1) mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate discontinuous polyacrylamide gels; (2) Ca 2+ -induced conformational changes; (3) CNBr-cleavage fragments; (4) activation of bovine brain cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase in both a Ca 2+ -dependent and calmodulin-dependent manner; (5) activation of human erythrocyte (Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ )-ATPase; and (6) inhibition of calmodulin activity by trifluoperazine and penfluridol. Trifluoperazine but not trifluoperazine sulfoxide was cytotoxic to trypanosomes in vitro. Half maximal effect occurred at 15 μM. We conclude that calmodulin is a functional component of Africal trypanosomes and suggest that it plays an important role in mediating the host-parasite relationship.
Charge distribution of the even Nd isotopes

Abstract : High energy electron scattering has been used to deduce the nuclear charge distribution of the isotopes 142, 144, 146, 148, 150Nd. The measured cross sections have been fitted using a two- and a three-parameter Fermi shape. A significant increase of the surface thickness between 142Nd and 150Nd is observed. The data for 142Nd at high momentum transfer can only be fitted by introducing a modification on the charge distribution which is due to shell model effects. (Author)
In vivo biocompatibility evaluation of Cibacron blue-agarose.

This study investigated the biocompatibility of Cibacron blue-agarose as a biomaterial for microencapsulation. Cibacron blue-agarose is known to have an affinity for albumin under certain pH conditions and in the proper steric environment. Thus it was postulated that the material's high affinity for host albumin might reduce a secondary immune response and reduce the fibrotic overgrowth that often accompanies transplanted foreign materials. In vivo tests were performed using the Lewis rat model. Both Cibacron blue-agarose and plain agarose disks were prepared, with some disks from each group being pre-exposed to sera from Lewis rats. The disks were transplanted into the peritoneal cavities of Lewis rats. After 115 days the disks were excised. Fibrotic overgrowth was analyzed using light microscopy, and a blind study was used to measure the average growth thickness on each disk. The results demonstrated that all disks developed some fibrotic encapsulation and that the presence of Cibacron blue was not significant in reducing fibrotic overgrowth (p = 0.62). Agarose disks pre-exposed to sera had significantly less average overgrowth than any other group (p = 0. 06).
Pluripotent possibilities: human umbilical cord blood cell treatment after neonatal brain injury.

Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury and stroke in the developing brain remain important causes of chronic neurologic morbidity. Emerging data suggest that transplantation of umbilical cord blood-derived stem cells may have therapeutic potential for neuroregeneration and improved functional outcome. The pluripotent capacity of stem cells from the human umbilical cord blood provides simultaneous targeting of multiple neuropathologic events initiated by a hypoxic-ischemic insult. Their high regenerative potential and naive immunologic phenotype makes them a preferable choice for transplantation. A multiplicity of transplantation protocols have been studied with a variety of brain injury models; however, only a few have been conducted on immature animals. Biological recipient characteristics, such as age and sex, appear to differentially modulate responses of the animals to the transplanted cord blood stem cells. Survival, migration, and function of the transplanted cells have also been studied and reveal insights into the mechanisms of cord blood stem cell effects. Data from preclinical studies have informed current clinical safety trials of human cord blood in neonates, and further work is needed to continue progress in this field.
Multisectored interstitial ultrasound applicators for dynamic angular control of thermal therapy

Dynamic angular control of thermal ablation and hyperthermia therapy with current interstitial heating technology is limited in capability, and often relies upon nonadjustable angular power deposition patterns and/or mechanical manipulation of the heating device. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of multisectored tubular interstitial ultrasound devices to provide control of the angular heating distribution without device manipulation. Multisectored tubular transducers with independent sector power control were incorporated into modified versions of internally cooled (1.9 mm OD) and catheter-cooled (2.4 mm OD) interstitial ultrasound applicators in this work. The heating capabilities of these multisectored devices were evaluated by measurements of acoustic output properties, measurements of thermal lesions produced in ex vivo tissue samples, biothermal simulations of thermal ablation and hyperthermia treatments, and MR temperature imaging of ex vivo and in vivo experiments. Acoustic beam measurements of each applicator type displayed a 35 degrees -40 degrees acoustic dead zone between each independent sector, with negligible mechanical or electrical coupling. Thermal lesions produced in ex vivo liver tissue with one, two, or three sectors activated ranged from 13-18 mm in radius with contiguous zones of coagulation between active sectors. The simulations demonstrated the degree of angular control possible by using variable power levels applied to each sector, variable duration of applied constant power to individual sectors, respectively, or a multipoint temperature controller to vary the power applied to each sector. Despite the acoustic dead zone between sectors, the simulations also showed that the variance from the maximum lesion radius with three elements activated is within 4%-13% for tissue perfusions from 1-10 kg m(-3) s(-1). Simulations of hyperthermia with maximum tissue temperatures of 45 degrees C and 48 degrees C displayed radial penetration up to 2 cm of the 40 degrees C steady-state contour. Thermal characterizations of trisectored applicators in ex vivo and in vivo muscle, using real-time MR thermal imaging, reinforced angular controllability and negligible radial variance of the heating pattern from the applicators, demonstrated effective heating penetration, and displayed MR compatibility. The multisectored interstitial ultrasound applicators developed in this study demonstrated a significant degree of dynamic angular control of a heating pattern without device manipulation, while maintaining heat penetration consistent with previously reported results from other interstitial ultrasound applicators.
The Treatment of Error in Oral Work.

ABSTRACT Frequently, discussions about language teaching include the questions: Which types of errors should be treated and which ignored? How should errors be treated? To see the extent to which the behaviors of teachers could help answer these questions, eleven teachers were videotaped teaching the same lesson to their classes. Transcripts were made, containing both verbal and nonverbal behaviors. The analysis of the tapes showed that both the types of errors treated and the treatments used were quite similar. The teachers seemed less concerned with errors of grammar than with incorrect meaning. Giving the right answer was the most popular treatment. The similarity of behavior among the teachers did not provide as much insight into the treatment of errors as was hoped for. The process of analysis did lead to a number of ideas about possible alternative treatments. The treatments suggested are based on the importance in learning of contrasts, redundancy, explicit feedback, and the difference between long- and short-term memory.
The reaction of chicken liver sulfite oxidase with dimethylsulfite

We have undertaken a steady-state and rapid kinetic study of the reaction of enzyme with sulfite and dimethylsulfite. Methylation of sulfite results in a significant increase in Km and Kd for the substrate in the course of steady-state and rapid reaction kinetics, respectively, but kcat and the limiting rate constant for enzyme reduction (kred) are essentially unchanged. This indicates that while substrate oxyanion groups are effective in stabilizing the Eox · S complex, the breakdown of this complex proceeds at the same rate even in their absence. The critical element of the substrate required for reactivity is a suitable lone-pair available to undertake nucleophilic attack on a MoO group of the active site.