cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis A virus.

The most common clinical manifestation of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is acute hepatitis, which typically presents with rapid onset of nausea, loss of appetite, fever, abdominal pain, dark urine, and jaundice. Importantly, HAV causes only acute hepatitis, and long-term persistent infection has never been well documented or clearly associated with chronic liver disease. The internal ribosome entry site (IRES) structure is unique, but overall resembles the aphthovirus IRES more than the enterovirus IRES. Importantly, the HAV IRES is distinguished from other picornaviral IRES elements by its apparent requirement for all eukaryotic translation initiation factors, including intact eIF- 4G, to direct internal entry of the 40S ribosome on the viral RNA. In vivo, the virus is thought to replicate primarily within hepatocytes. The infecting HAV particle presumably arrives at the basolateral membrane surface of the hepatocyte, within the space of Disse, via the portal circulation from the intestines and diffusion through the hepatic sinusoids. Viremia is present throughout much of the incubation period and into the acute phase of illness but is reduced in magnitude (as is the fecal shedding of virus) with the onset of hepatitis and the appearance of antibodies to HAV.
Bipolar Patients with Vascular Risk Display a Steeper Age-Related Negative Slope in Inhibitory Performance but Not Processing Speed: A Preliminary Study

Objective Bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with cognitive deficits, yet little is known about associations between cognition, vascular risk (VR), and age in this population. This study investigated whether BD patients with VR demonstrate stronger apparent age-related decline in inhibitory performance and processing speed (PS). Methods A full medical history was obtained for 34 euthymic BD and 41 healthy comparison (HC) individuals. The Delis-Kaplan Executive Functions Color Word Interference Subtests were administered to all participants to assess for inhibitory performance (condition 3) and PS (conditions 1 and 2). VR positive (VRPos) and VR negative (VRNeg) groups were created based on the presence of one or more VR factors. Results VRPos-BD participants demonstrated significantly worse inhibitory performance with older age, whereas age and inhibition were not significantly related in the VRPos-HC group or in those who were VRNeg. The same was not true for PS. Conclusion BD patients with VR may also be at risk for greater decline in inhibitory performance, but not PS, with age. Longitudinal studies are needed to further investigate the contributions of VR to cognitive decline among older BD patients.
Postdischarge Outcomes of Pyogenic Liver Abscesses: Single-Center Experience 2007-2012

Background Pyogenic liver abscesses (PLA) are increasingly managed by percutaneous treatment instead of surgery, but there are limited data about postdischarge outcomes. Postdischarge services and factors predicting poor outcomes have not been described. Methods We performed a retrospective, descriptive case series at a single center assessing treatment and outpatient follow-up for patients treated for PLA from 2007 to 2012. We reviewed the electronic medical record for patient characteristics and outcomes. Data for care received at other facilities were not available. In our analysis, we compared patients with malignancy with those without and attempted to determine predictors of emergency department (ED) visits and hospital readmissions. Results Of 125 patients identified with PLA, 12 had surgical drainage, 23 had percutaneous aspiration, 78 had percutaneous drainage (PD), 11 had no drainage, and 1 was made comfort measures only. Seventy (60%) were discharged with a drain, and 31 (25%) were discharged on intravenous (IV) antibiotics. After discharge, 46 (38%) had ED visits and 36 (30%) were readmitted within 30 days of discharge. Fourteen (12%) had complications from antibiotics, and 4 (13%) had complications from peripherally inserted center catheter lines. A total of 8 patients, 5 in-hospital and 3 postdischarge, died. In our analysis of risk factors for 90-day postdischarge ED visit/readmission, only malignancy was a predictor. Conclusions Pyogenic liver abscess patients have intense postdischarge needs (drain management, IV antibiotics) and a high rate of ED visits and readmissions. Although PD provides source control without surgery, ambulatory needs are now more complex, requiring multidisciplinary collaboration.
Effects of test method and participant musical training on preference ratings of stimuli with different reverberation times.

Selecting an appropriate listening test design for concert hall research depends on several factors, including listening test method and participant critical-listening experience. Although expert listeners afford more reliable data, their perceptions may not be broadly representative. The present paper contains two studies that examined the validity and reliability of the data obtained from two listening test methods, a successive and a comparative method, and two types of participants, musicians and non-musicians. Participants rated their overall preference of auralizations generated from eight concert hall conditions with a range of reverberation times (0.0–7.2 s). Study 1, with 34 participants, assessed the two methods. The comparative method yielded similar results and reliability as the successive method. Additionally, the comparative method was rated as less difficult and more preferable. For study 2, an additional 37 participants rated the stimuli using the comparative method only. An analysis of v...
Management of peri-implantitis – A contemporary synopsis

Prevalence of peri-implant complication is expected to be on the rise with the increased number of implants being placed. Depending on the degree of osseous involvement, the clinician needs to decide if the treatment goal is to arrest the disease progression, regeneration or explantation and replacement. Host's medical status, defect configuration, aesthetic outcome, ability to access for plaque control post-treatment, and the patient's wishes are key factors to consider. The purpose of this review is to provide a contemporary synopsis on the management of peri-implantitis with emphasis on explantation. Guidance on the identification of factors/situations where salvaging an implant may be less favourable is discussed and the various techniques to remove a fractured, or peri-implantitis-affected non-mobile implant are described.
Molecular Prerequisites for Diminished Cold Sensitivity in Ground Squirrels and Hamsters.

Summary Thirteen-lined ground squirrels and Syrian hamsters are known for their ability to withstand cold during hibernation. We found that hibernators exhibit cold tolerance even in the active state. Imaging and electrophysiology of squirrel somatosensory neurons reveal a decrease in cold sensitivity of TRPM8-expressing cells. Characterization of squirrel and hamster TRPM8 showed that the channels are chemically activated but exhibit poor activation by cold. Cold sensitivity can be re-introduced into squirrel and hamster TRPM8 by transferring the transmembrane domain from the cold sensitive rat ortholog. The same can be achieved in squirrel TRPM8 by mutating only six amino acids. Reciprocal mutations suppress cold sensitivity of the rat ortholog, supporting functional significance of these residues. Our results suggest that ground squirrels and hamsters exhibit reduced cold sensitivity, partially due to modifications in the transmembrane domain of TRPM8. Our study reveals molecular adaptations that accompany cold tolerance in two species of mammalian hibernators.
Upper Extremity and Hand Orthotics

The general principles of upper extremity orthoses are discussed in this article, and the materials used to fabricate the orthoses are described. Static and dynamic splints and their indications are reviewed.
Marmosets in Auditory Research

Abstract Marmosets have become an important model system in biomedical research. Because of their rich vocal behaviors, marmosets are also of particular interest to those studying behavioral and neural mechanisms related to hearing and vocal communication. Here we summarize the past several decades of research into the marmoset auditory system, including perceptual abilities, the anatomy and physiology of the marmoset auditory pathway, commonly used methods in marmoset auditory research, and, finally, select topics in marmoset auditory neuroscience. Although much of what we know about the marmoset auditory system is similar to that of both humans and other nonhuman primates, marmosets have contributed to significant advances in our understanding of auditory coding mechanisms. Many new and upcoming research methods have shown promise in marmosets, positioning them as a research model that will continue to provide invaluable insights into the mechanisms of both hearing and human speech.
Particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 μm causes multiple pathological dysfunctions as presented by various biomarkers

Particulate matter (PM) is a growing public health concern due to growing economy rooted in the worldwide technological development. PM with a diameter of 2.5 μm (PM2.5) enters the body due to its small size and can accrue in the lungs, enter circulation, and deposit itself along the endothelial walls. Understanding the different types of PM and the various biomarkers that accumulate in the body is imperative to understanding mechanisms of disease development to create potential treatment plans. Three main effects of PM2.5are examined: pro-inflammatory cytokines release upon exposure, DNA conformation breakage, and cancer metabolite accumulation. The pro-inflammatory cytokines release after periodical exposure to PM2.5revealed that despite the concentration of PM, the bodily release of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 was elevated. IL-8 was universally secreted in highest amounts by the body. The potential role that DNA conformation breakage could play in disease onset or progression in specifically hepatocyte cells showed that DNA conformation breakage was inevitable in disease progression. Cancer onset as a result of PM2.5exposure was deemed attributable to reactive oxygen species properties in the PM as well as various metabolic dysfunctions. This mini-review examines some of the biomarkers that result from PM2.5exposure and attempts to provide insight into how legislative and community efforts can curb the rising rates of PM in the air.
Nanoparticle charging with mixed reverse micelles in apolar media

Abstract The charging of colloidal particles using mixed surfactants in apolar media is investigated. Previous work has shown that one can predict the sign and magnitude of particle charge by comparing the acid-base properties of an oil-soluble surfactant to the acid-base properties of a specific particle. The present work sought to tune the acid-base properties by using mixed surfactants. Unexpected mineral oxide particle charging results were obtained however, from mixing the acidic surfactant sorbitan monooleate (SPAN 80), with the basic surfactant polyisobutylene succinimide (OLOA 11000), requiring further investigation into the mixed reverse co-micelle particle charging mechanism. Conductometric titrations and small-angle neutron and x-ray scattering measurements showed that the surfactant mixtures formed spherical reverse co-micelles. Quartz crystal microbalance adsorption measurements demonstrated that both surfactants can adsorb to the particle surface. Lastly, electrophoretic mobility measurements showed that the surfactant mixture produced negative particle charging for nearly all surfactant ratios, and a greater magnitude of negative charging than that produced by the OLOA 11000 surfactant alone. It was discovered that in the mixed surfactant system studied, the basic surfactant would charge the hydroxyl groups on both the oxide surface, and the adsorbed acidic surfactant head groups. The results showed that particle charging behavior in apolar media using mixed micelles requires knowledge beyond that for the individual surfactants and their proportions in the mixture.
Lefamulin: The First Systemic Pleuromutilin Antibiotic:

Objective: To review the pharmacology, microbiology, efficacy, and safety of lefamulin. Data Sources: A literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar (2010 to end-April 2020) with...
Labor relations and the overdose crisis in the United States

To assess the impact of noted long-term changes in US labor relations and labor market structures on the rapid rise of overdose death in the United States. State-level overdose death rates obtained...
Mesoporous Silica Drug Delivery Systems

As solid dispersions have become an accepted method to improve the amorphous stability and increase the solubility of drug substances, mesoporous silicas have become an attractive option to create amorphous solid dispersions, and the topic of significant research into its efficacy and safety as a functional excipient for enhanced drug delivery. The use of silicas to improve the dissolution profile of a drug has been investigated for over four decades and many materials and techniques have been developed. This review is a basic overview of the background, theory, materials, and methods used by a growing number of researchers. It is focused on macroparticulate mesoporous silicas for drug delivery, particularly silica-based solid dispersions for oral dosage forms. This review draws on the large field of available, relevant research that has been published. It attempts to provide a general overview of the research and provide relevant references for deeper investigation. The overview provides a brief history and description of the materials, identifies its applications when used in drug delivery, discusses the theoretical basis and mechanisms for drug release from mesoporous silicas, describes both solvent-based and solvent-free methods of drug loading, identifies and discusses the effects of different physical and chemical properties as they relate to drug loading and dissolution, and provides possible techniques to characterize and evaluate the solid dispersion systems created. This overview is meant as a guide to the current status of silica-based solid dispersions and as a starting point for further investigation by interested scientists.
A Novel Post-Transplant Multimodal Antibody Management Protocol for Highly Sensitized Lung Transplant Recipients

Purpose In lung transplant candidates with a high-calculated panel reactive antibodies (cPRA), the waitlist time and risk of death are considerable. Additionally, the presence of post-transplant HLA antibodies is associated with chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) and mortality. Our center designed a post-transplant multimodal antibody management protocol (PMAMP) in an effort to alter immune response and minimize antibody development of highly sensitized recipients (cPRA > 80) with the goal of improving transplant outcomes. Methods This is a single center, retrospective evaluation of our PMAMP. Lung transplant recipients with cPRA >80% were eligible for our PMAMP (Table 1). From April 2019 to April 2020, there were 5 eligible patients who underwent transplant. For comparison, matched historical control data was collected from 7 highly sensitized patients who underwent transplant from March 2003 to September 2008 but did not receive PMAMP. Demographics and outcome data were collected. Results Demographics and outcomes are described in Table 2. To date, all 5 patients who underwent PMAMP are alive with CLAD-free survival and no episodes of rejection with a median transplant follow-up time of 427 days. Of note, all patients in both groups experienced at least one infectious complication following transplant. Conclusion Our PMAMP shows promise for mediating CLAD-free survival, rejection, and extending post-transplant survival in highly sensitized candidates undergoing lung transplant; however, more data and follow-up is needed to ensure the safety and efficacy of this protocol.
The Long View in Physical Education and for Girls and Women

(1943). The Long View in Physical Education and for Girls and Women. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 14, No. 9, pp. 478-510.
Book Review, Reviewing Theunis Roux, The Politics of Principle: The First South African Constitutional Court, 1995-2005 (2013)

This review of Theunis Roux’s important book, The Politics of Principle: The First South African Constitutional Court, 1995-2005 (2013), explores the interplay of principle and pragmatism in the impressive work of the South African Constitutional Court during its first decade. It endorses Roux’s view that for most of this decade the court was in a particularly uncomfortable institutional position, facing serious constraints both from the political system and from the legal system’s demands for adjudication according to law. Roux insightfully explains that the court’s institutional success in fact depended on the assent and support of the government, and thus of the African National Congress (ANC), and he argues that the Court’s challenge therefore was to develop a principled jurisprudence that did not alienate its supporters in the ANC. The review agrees with Roux’s inference that the justices of the Constitutional Court were aware of their court’s institutional position, but questions whether in fact the justices made doctrinal choices based on that awareness. Perhaps more importantly, the review urges that if the court’s decisions were in some measure based on “consequentialist, policy-based reasoning,” that reasoning need not be seen as a departure from the “path of principle,” but might better be understood as part of the “current of constitutionalism.”
The Survival of Costal Cartilage Graft in Laryngotracheal Reconstruction

Acquired subglottic stenosis in children is a difficult problem. One of the successful procedures used to correct this condition is an autogenous costal cartilage graft to the subglottis and upper trachea. The fate of the cartilage graft is not known, despite the good results of the procedure. Prompted by recovery of viable cartilage graft from two patients previously operated upon by this procedure, we performed autogenous costal cartilage grafting to the subglottic area of fifty young New Zealand rabbits, with inspection of these grafts at 2- and 4-month postoperative intervals. The purpose of this study is to prove the survival of autogenous costal cartilage grafts in the subglottic area. Gross and histologic examination 2 and 4 months postoperatively showed viable cartilage as well as lining of the graft with respiratory epithelium in the majority of cases.
The Impossibility of a Prescriptive Paretian

Most normatively oriented economists appear to be welfarist and Paretian to one degree or another: They deem responsiveness to individual preferences, and satisfaction of one or more of the Pareto criteria, to be a desirable attribute of any social welfare function. I show that no strictly welfarist or Paretian social welfare function can be normatively prescriptive. Economists who prescribe must embrace at least one value apart from or additional to welfarism and Paretianism, and in fact will do best to dispense with Pareto entirely.
From Response Systems to Distributed Systems for Enhanced Collaborative Learning

Innovators need a common, reusable framework for implementing patterns of collaborative learning on wireless handheld devices. Our project explores the application of an architecture from distributed system research, “tuple spaces,” to a wide variety of collaborative learning scenarios. We are testing this approach with documented scenarios from prior work published by our team and others. We are also designing new scenarios that leverage the architecture to engage learners optimally in cognitive, collaborative work. Our research explores the conceptual alignment, programming complexity, and classroom usability of this approach.
The Law and Economics of Consumer Privacy Versus Data Mining

The collection, storage, processing, recombination, and (re)sale of consumers' data has grown tremendously. Consumer data is now usually maintained in on-line databases and collected without remuneration towards or even the informed consent of consumers. The mining of such consumer data raises a host of legal and economic issues. This paper considers the tradeoff between allocative efficiency from matching direct mail advertising with demographic niches versus consumer privacy; potential misuse or abuse of data mining, ranging from outright criminal theft to inaccurate or outdated records; piggy-backing of law enforcement agencies on privately created data mines; whether default rules about data mining effectively become mandatory; and finally, who does and should own such data as consumers' names, addresses, phone numbers and purchase histories. Traditional consumer protection law deals with such problems of fraudulent business practices as deceptive advertising and misrepresentation in product warranties. Such laws have the economics of information as their common intellectual basis. This paper applies psychological games and behavioral economics to investigate distinct justifications for and types of regulation of data mining. This paper also considers personhood and commodification perspectives critical of applying economic analysis to study legal rules and institutions, in particular, treating consumers' data as private property.
Origin of the Theory of Agency: An Account By One of the Theory's Originators

The first scholars to propose, explicitly, that a theory of agency be created, and to actually begin its creation, were Stephen Ross and Barry Mitnick, independently and roughly concurrently. Ross is responsible for the origin of the economic theory of agency, and Mitnick for the institutional theory of agency, though the basic concepts underlying these approaches are similar. Indeed, the approaches can be seen as complementary in their uses of similar concepts under different assumptions. In short, Ross introduced the study of agency in terms of problems of compensation contracting; agency was seen, in essence, as an incentives problem. Mitnick introduced the now common insight that institutions form around agency, and evolve to deal with agency, in response to the essential imperfection of agency relationships: Behavior never occurs as it is preferred by the principal because it does not pay to make it perfect. But society creates institutions that attend to these imperfections, managing or buffering them, adapting to them, or becoming chronically distorted by them. Thus, to fully understand agency, we need both streams -- to see the incentives as well as the institutional structures. This paper describes the origin and early years of the theory, placing its development in the context of other research in this area.
Effects of dietary selenium and fish oil (MaxEPA) on arachidonic acid metabolism and hemostatic function in rats

This study investigated whether hemostatic function can be modified by both the consumption of fish oil and the level of dietary selenium. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed for 8 wk semipurified diets containing 7% corn oil (by wt) or 5.5% fish oil (MaxEPA) plus 1.5% corn oil with or without selenium supplementation. Consumption of the four diets caused no difference in weight gain, food intake or plasma malondialdehyde content. The selenium-supplemented rats had significantly higher levels of selenium and glutathione peroxidase activity in plasma. Fish oil feeding decreased ADP-induced platelet aggregation and increased bleeding time. The level of dietary selenium and type of oil interacted to influence the production of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha: more was produced when corn oil was fed in the selenium-deficient diets. These data suggest that the effect of dietary selenium on hemostatic function and the production of eicosanoids is minor.
CLINICAL STUDIES ON GLUCOSE METABOLISM VIA THE PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY IN HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES.

Glucose metabolism via the pintos phosphate pathway was studied by measuring accelerated O2 uptake of human erythrocytes in the presence of methylene blue. Erythrocyte 02 uptake was independent of age in 67 normal patients. Erythrocyte 02 uptake was increased in pernicious anemia in relapse and in 5 of 6 jaundiced patients but was normal in pernicious anemia in remission and in 20 cases of malignancies of various types. In the latter cases there was no correlation between erythrocyte 02 uptake and hemoglobin content or reticulocyte count.
Nucleic Acid Homologies Among Species of Saccharomyces

Evolutionary divergence among species of the yeast genus Saccharomyces was estimated from measurements of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)/DNA and ribosomal ribonucleic acid (RNA)/DNA homology. Much diversity was found in the DNA base sequences with several species showing little or no homology to the three reference species, S. cerevisiae, S. lactis, and S. fragilis. These three reference species also showed little or no homology to each other. On the other hand the diversity among ribosomal RNA base sequences was small since most species showed a high degree of homology to the reference species. The arrangement of species based on ribosomal RNA homologies agrees in most cases with current taxonomic groupings. A yeast hybrid (S. fragilis × S. lactis) was shown to contain two nonhomologous genomes. A minimum genome size of 9.2 × 109 daltons for S. cerevisiae was calculated from the rate of DNA renaturation.
A Genealogy of Dissent: Southern Baptist Protest in the Twentieth Century

" A Choice Outstanding Academic Title Between the Civil War and the turn of the last century, Southern Baptists gained prominence in the religious life of the South. As their power increased, they became defenders of the racial, political, social, and economic status quo. By the beginning of this century, however, a feisty tradition of dissent began to appear in Southern Baptist life as criticism of the center increased from both the left and the right. The popular belief in a doctrine of ""once saved, always saved"" led progressive Baptists to claim that moderates, once saved, did not address the serious social and political problems that faced many in the South. These Baptist dissenters claimed that they could not be ""at ease in Zion."" Led by the radical Walter Nathan Johnson in the 1920s and 1930s, progressive Baptists produced civil rights advocates, labor organizers, women's rights advocates, and proponents of disarmament and abolition of capital punishment. They challenged some of the most fundamental aspects of southern society and of Baptist ecclesiastical structure and practice. For their efforts and beliefs, many of these men and women suffered as they lost jobs, experienced physical danger and injury, and endured character assassination. In A Genealogy of Dissent, David Stricklin traces the history of these progressive Baptists and their descendants throughout the twentieth century and shows how they created an active culture of protest within a highly traditional society.
Access to mutualistic endosymbiotic microbes: an underappreciated benefit of group living

A central question in behavioral ecology has been why animals live in groups. Previous theories about the evolution of sociality focused on the potential benefits of decreased risk of predation, increased foraging or feeding efficiency, and mutual aid in defending resources and/or rearing offspring. This paper argues that access to mutualistic endosymbiotic microbes is an underappreciated benefit of group living and sets out to reinvigorate Troyer’s hypothesis that the need to obtain cellulolytic microbes from conspecifics influenced the evolution of social behavior in herbivores and to extend it to nonherbivores. This extension is necessary because the benefits of endosymbionts are not limited to nutrition; endosymbionts also help protect their hosts from pathogens. When hosts must obtain endosymbionts from conspecifics, they are forced to interact. Thus, complex forms of sociality may be more likely to evolve when hosts must repeatedly obtain endosymbionts from conspecifics than when endosymbionts can be obtained either directly from the environment, are vertically transmitted, or when repeated inoculations are not necessary. Observations from a variety of taxa are consistent with the ideas that individuals benefit from group living by gaining access to endosymbionts and the complexity of social behavior is associated with the mode of acquisition of endosymbionts. Ways to test this theory include (a) experiments designed to examine the effects of endosymbionts on host fitness and how endosymbionts are obtained and (b) using phylogenetic analyses to examine endosymbiont–host coevolution with the goal of determining the relationship between the mode of endosymbiont acquisition and host sociality.
Preparation and Structure of CeSc2N@C80: An Icosahedral Carbon Cage Enclosing an Acentric CeSc2N Unit with Buried f Electron Spin

Herein, we report the preparation, purification, and characterization of a mixed trimetallic nitride endohedral metallofullerene, CeSc2N@C80. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction shows that CeSc2N@C80 consists of a four-atom asymmetric top (CeSc2N) inside a C80 (Ih) carbon cage. Unlike the situation in most endohedrals of the M3N@C2n type, the nitride ion is not located at the center of the carbon cage but is offset by 0.36 A in order to accommodate the large CeIII ion. The cage carbon atoms near the endohedral Ce and Sc atoms exhibit significantly larger pyramidal angles than the other carbon atoms on the C80 cage. Surprisingly, at ambient temperature, the 13C NMR spectrum exhibits isotropic motional averaging yielding only two signals (3 to 1 intensity ratio) for the icosahedral C80 cage carbons. At the same temperature, the 45Sc NMR exhibits a relatively narrow, symmetric signal (2700 Hz) with a small temperature-dependent Curie shift. A rotation energy barrier (Ea = 79 meV) was derived from the 45Sc NMR l...
Structural Determinants of Police Effectiveness in Market Democracies

This study examined structural correlates of police effectiveness in 28 market democracies. It found that perceptions of police effectiveness rose in countries with low homicide rates, independent judiciaries, and high income. Greater political freedoms and a lower robbery rate were associated with low police effectiveness. The size of police forces and population and unemployment rates were largely irrelevant. Findings demonstrated the basic dependence of quality policing on good judicial governance and a healthy economy. Making the police more effective requires reform of more than the police. In postmodern democracies, effective policing will require improved media portrayal of crime and increased democratization of police tactics and strategies.
Evidence derived from sister chromatid exchanges of restricted rejoining of chromatid subunits.

SISTER chromatid exchanges (SCE) were first described by Taylor et al.1 using autoradiographic techniques. After DNA replication in the presence of tritiated thymidine and subsequent replication in the absence of this radioisotope, two types of SCE were observed in colchicine-induced tetraploid cells. Twin exchanges represented events occurring in the second division cycle whereas single exchanges represented events occurring in the first division cycle.
Generation of mid-IR and visible radiation from four-wave amplification of ultrashort laser pulses in transparent dielectrics

We analyze and simulate the generation of mid-IR radiation from the propagation of bichromatic laser pulses in transparent, centrosymmetric dielectrics. The process relies on using the beatwave associated with the bichromatic pulse to seed four-wave parametric amplification in the mid-IR. We derive propagation equations describing the evolution of the pump waves and scattered waves including the effects of third-order nonlinearity, dispersion, and finite laser spot size. An expression for the growth rate of the scattered waves due to four-wave mixing is derived in the limit of negligible pump depletion and is characterized for various transparent dielectric materials. For fused silica, it is found that a bichromatic pump with wavelengths near 1 μm can generate forward-directed radiation near 3 μm. Fully explicit particle-in-cell modeling shows exponential growth and high conversion efficiency to mid-IR and visible radiation when the beat-wave-generated frequency comb is tuned to overlap the gain band of the four-wave amplification process.
Proline Biosynthesis Is Required for Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The amino acid proline is uniquely involved in cellular processes that underlie stress response in a variety of organisms. Proline is known to minimize protein aggregation, but a detailed study of how proline impacts cell survival during accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has not been performed. To address this we examined in Saccharomyces cerevisiae the effect of knocking out the PRO1, PRO2, and PRO3 genes responsible for proline biosynthesis. The null mutants pro1, pro2, and pro3 were shown to have increased sensitivity to ER stress relative to wild-type cells, which could be restored by proline or the corresponding genetic complementation. Of these mutants, pro3 was the most sensitive to tunicamycin and was rescued by anaerobic growth conditions or reduced thiol reagents. The pro3 mutant cells have higher intracellular reactive oxygen species, total glutathione, and a NADP+/NADPH ratio than wild-type cells under limiting proline conditions. Depletion of proline biosynthesis also inhibits the unfolded protein response (UPR) indicating proline protection involves the UPR. To more broadly test the role of proline in ER stress, increased proline biosynthesis was shown to partially rescue the ER stress sensitivity of a hog1 null mutant in which the high osmolality pathway is disrupted.
Multicomponent transport with coupled geochemical and microbiological reactions: model description and example simulations

A reactive transport code (FEREACT) has been developed to examine the coupled effects of two-dimensional steady-state groundwater flow, equilibrium aqueous speciation reactions, and kinetically-controlled interphase reactions. The model uses an iterative two-step (SIA-1) solution algorithm to incorporate the effects of the geochemical and microbial reaction processes in the governing equation for solute transport in the subsurface. This SIA-1 method improves upon the convergence behavior of the traditional sequential iterative approach (SIA) through the inclusion of an additional first-order term from the Taylor Series expansion of the kinetic reaction rate expressions. The ability of FEREACT to simulate coupled reactive processes was demonstrated by modeling the transport of a radionuclide (cobalt, 60Co2+) and an organic ligand (ethylenediaminetetraacetate, EDTA4−) through a column packed with an iron oxide-coated sand. The reaction processes considered in this analysis included equilibrium aqueous speciation reactions and three types of kinetic reactions: adsorption, surface dissolution, and biodegradation.
The stimulation of prolactin secretion by taurine: Studies on the site of action

Taurine's site of action within the central nervous system was localized by studying its effect on prolactin secretion following the microinfusion of 125 nmoles of this amino acid into discrete regions of the brain. Taurine was found to stimulate prolactin secretion only when microinfused into the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Taurine was not effective in other areas of the hypothalamus or in several extra-hypothalamic sites. Mannitol infusions (125 nmoles) into the arcuate nucleus, used as a control, were without effect on prolactin secretion. These studies extend previous observations on the prolactin-releasing action of centrally administered taurine and suggest further that the arcuate nucleus is one target site for this action.
High School Economics: Problems and Prospects.

Asserting that the basic problem in high school economics is that we have not identified “what high school economics ought to be,” Warmke proceeds to spell out some of the specific obstacles hindering the development of more and better secondary level courses. He then discusses some of the more encouraging trends in research, teaching, teacher-training, materials development, and the like, and makes some cautious projections for the future.
Introduction to the Blood Coagulation Cascade and Cloning of Blood Coagulation Factors

The coagulation cascade that occurs in mammalian plasma involves a large number of plasma proteins that participate in a stepwise manner and eventually give rise to the formation of thrombin. This enzyme then converts fibrinogen to an insoluble fibrin clot. This series of reactions involves a number of glycoproteins that particupate as enzymes as well as cofactors. These proteins that circulate in the blood in a precursor or zymogen form are multifunctional proteins that share many common segments or domains. One group includes the vitamin K-dependent glycoproteins (prothrombin, factor IX, factor X, and protein C) that show considerable homology in both their amino acid sequences and their gene structures. The proteins that participate in the contact or early phase of the blood coagulation cascade include plasma prekallikrein, factor XII, and factor IX. The amino-terminal regions of both factor XI and plasma prekallikrein contain four tandem repeats of about 90 amino acids, and these tandem repeats show considerable amino acid sequence homology. Factor XII contains four different domains in the amino-terminai region of the protein, including a kringle structure, two growth factor domains, and type I and type II finger domains. The finger domains were first identified in fibronectin. The carboxyl-terminal portion of plasma prekallikrein, factor XII, and factor XI contains the serine or protease portion of the molecule. These various plasma proteins that share common domains appear to have evolved by gene shuffling that may have, in some cases, involved introns.
The Redox Biochemistry of Protein Sulfenylation and Sulfinylation

Controlled generation of reactive oxygen species orchestrates numerous physiological signaling events (Finkel, T. (2011) Signal transduction by reactive oxygen species. J. Cell Biol. 194, 7–15). A major cellular target of reactive oxygen species is the thiol side chain (RSH) of Cys, which may assume a wide range of oxidation states (i.e. −2 to +4). Within this context, Cys sulfenic (Cys-SOH) and sulfinic (Cys-SO2H) acids have emerged as important mechanisms for regulation of protein function. Although this area has been under investigation for over a decade, the scope and biological role of sulfenic/sulfinic acid modifications have been recently expanded with the introduction of new tools for monitoring cysteine oxidation in vitro and directly in cells. This minireview discusses selected recent examples of protein sulfenylation and sulfinylation from the literature, highlighting the role of these post-translational modifications in cell signaling.
Rapid ubiquitination of Syk following GPVI activation in platelets.

Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) activation is a key intermediate step in the activation of platelets by the physiologic agonist collagen. We have found that Syk is rapidly ubiquitinated upon activation of platelets by collagen, collagen-related peptide (CRP), and convulxin. The Src family kinase inhibitors prevented Syk phosphorylation and its ubiquitination, indicating that the process is downstream of Src kinases. The ubiquitination of Syk did not cause degradation of the protein as evidenced by the lack of effect of proteasomal and lysosomal inhibitors. We separated ubiquitinated Syk from its nonubiquitinated counterpart and used an in vitro kinase assay to compare their activities. We found that the ubiquitinated Syk appeared to be about 5-fold more active. Using a phosphospecific antibody to Syk (Tyr525/Tyr526) that measures activated Syk, we found that most (60%-75%) of the active Syk is in the ubiquitinated fraction. This result explains the apparent high specific activity of ubiquitinated Syk. In c-Cbl–deficient mice, Syk is not ubiquitinated, implicating c-Cbl as the E3 ligase involved in Syk ubiquitination. Furthermore, Syk is not dephosphorylated in these mice. We propose that c-Cbl plays a regulatory role in glycoprotein VI (GPVI)/Fc receptor γ (FcRγ)-chain–dependent platelet activation through its interaction with Syk.
A wireless sensor tag platform for container security and integrity

Cargo containers onboard ships are widely used in the global supply chain. The need for container security is evidenced by the Container Security Initiative launched by the U.S. Bureau of Customs and Border Protection (CBP). One method of monitoring cargo containers is using low power wireless sensor tags. The wireless sensor tags are used to set up a network that is comprised of tags internal to the container and a central device. The sensor network reports alarms and other anomalies to a central device, which then relays the message to an outside network upon arrival at the destination port. This allows the port authorities to have knowledge of potential security or integrity issues before physically examining the container. Challenges of using wireless sensor tag networks for container security include battery life, size, environmental conditions, information security, and cost among others. PNNL developed an active wireless sensor tag platform capable of reporting data wirelessly to a central node as well as logging data to nonvolatile memory. The tags, operate at 2.4 GHz over an IEEE 802.15.4 protocol, and were designed to be distributed throughout the inside of a shipping container in the upper support frame. The tags are mounted in a housing that allows for simple and efficient installation or removal prior to, during, or after shipment. The distributed tags monitor the entire container volume. The sensor tag platform utilizes low power electronics and provides an extensible sensor interface for incorporating a wide range of sensors including chemical, biological, and environmental sensors.
Behavioral methods of assessing forgiveness

One problem in forgiveness research is the reliance on one method (i.e. having people recall an offense and complete self-report measures). Thus, we present two strategies for studying forgiveness-related behavior. First, we adapted the Cyberball paradigm, which is a game of toss where two computer players (ostensibly virtual players) exclude the participant from play. We adapted Cyberball to include a second round that gave participants the opportunity to retaliate or forgive the player who excluded them. Self-reported forgiveness predicted the first toss and total number of tosses to the offender in the subsequent round. Second, we had participants describe an offense (as is typical with the recall method), but then also complete an activity in which they listed as many positive qualities as they could about the offender. Self-reported forgiveness predicted the number of positive qualities listed. We discuss the contribution of these studies to the multimodal study of forgiveness.
Time-domain terahertz spectroscopy of bioagent simulants

In this work, we present initial results of time-domain Fourier transform spectroscopy in the THz frequency range (from 0.5 to 4 THz) of bio-agent simulants. Also shown are spectra acquired with conventional FT-IR spectroscopy. The potential promise and limitations of the technique will be discussed for stand-off detection of biological threat agents.
Inequalities with three functions

This paper gives a unified treatment of a variety of inequalities associated with the names of Hardy, Littlewood, Opial, Beesack, Troesch, Block, Weyl, and others. Although most of the general results and specific examples are new, it must be stated the underlying ideas have been available at least since the time of Jacobi. The novelty consists chiefly in the fact that the three functions are not required to be related by a differential equation but are, in essence, three arbitrary functions. In keeping with the tradition established by Hardy and Littlewood in their fundamental work on this subject, we avoid ad hoc restrictions, and require that the needed side conditions shall be deduced from convergence of the integrals occurring in the statement of our theorems. Likewise in keeping with this tradition, we discuss conditions for equality. It is a particular feature of the method that strict inequalities (corresponding to an unattained extremum) are just as easy to establish as weak inequalities. It will be apparent to the reader that many of the results generalize to n dimensions, though this is not done here. Other possibilities of extension are suggested by the results of [I], [2], [3], [4], and [5].
Subtest Scatter as an Indicator of the Inaccuracy of Short-Form Estimates of IQ

Short-forms of Wechsler intelligence tests have abounded in the literature and have been recommended for use as screening instruments in clinical and research settings. Clinicians who administer short-forms as screening devices are concerned with the accuracy of the resulting IQ estimate. LoBello recently recommended that subtest scatter might serve as an indicator that the resulting short-form IQ does not accurately estimate the IQ based on the entire scale. In this study, the data from 69 children who had taken the WPPSI-R were used to estimate the correlation for the differences between Full Scale WPPSI-R IQs on the complete test and on the short-form (four subtests) and the differences between the subtests with the highest and lowest scaled scores. The Pearson r of .02 indicates that subtest scatter is not related to the accuracy of the short-form IQ and will not reliably alert clinicians to the need to administer the entire battery.
An Approach to Automated Agent Deployment in Service-Based Systems

In service-based systems, services from various providers can be integrated following specific workflows to achieve users' goals. These workflows are often executed and coordinated by software agents, which invoke appropriate services based on situation changes. These agents need to be deployed on underlying platforms with respect to various requirements, such as access permission of agents, real-time requirements of workflows, and reliability of the overall system. Deploying these agents manually is often error-prone and time-consuming. Furthermore, agents need to migrate from hosts to hosts at runtime to satisfy deployment requirements. Hence, an automated agent deployment mechanism is needed. In this paper, an approach to automated agent deployment in service-base systems is presented. In this approach, the deployment requirements are represented as deployment policies, and techniques are developed for generating agent deployment plans by solving the constraints specified in deployment policies, and for generating executable code for runtime agent deployment and migration.
Phase II study of prolonged oral etoposide in refractory ovarian cancer

A phase II study of prolonged oral etoposide at 50 mg m−2 was performed in patients with refractory ovarian cancer. A dose schedule algorithm was used to generate a calendar with the number of capsules to be administered each day and the date of blood tests. Fourteen of 15 patients were evaluable for response. Among the evaluable patients, 12 (86%) had poorly differentiated tumors, 13 (93%) had primary or secondary platin-resistant tumors, and 12 (86%) had progressed on a prior taxoid therapy. The median number of prior regimens was four (1–7). Despite the use of a 50-mg capsule of etoposide, the algorithm permitted the delivery of a median of 94% (89–107.5%) of the ideal calculated dose. The dose-limiting toxicity was myelosuppression with a grade 3 or 4 neutropenia in two-thirds of the patients. There were no deaths on the study and no significant neurologic or cardiovascular toxicity noted. There were no objective responses. The median survival of evaluable patients was 8.1 (95% CI 5.6–13.2) months.