cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Connecting the Yakima fold and thrust belt to active faults in the Puget Lowland, Washington

[1] High-resolution aeromagnetic surveys of the Cascade Range and Yakima fold and thrust belt (YFTB), Washington, provide insights on tectonic connections between forearc and back-arc regions of the Cascadia convergent margin. Magnetic surveys were measured at a nominal altitude of 250 m above terrain and along flight lines spaced 400 m apart. Upper crustal rocks in this region have diverse magnetic properties, ranging from highly magnetic rocks of the Miocene Columbia River Basalt Group to weakly magnetic sedimentary rocks of various ages. These distinctive magnetic properties permit mapping of important faults and folds from exposures to covered areas. Magnetic lineaments correspond with mapped Quaternary faults and with scarps identified in lidar (light detection and ranging) topographic data and aerial photography. A two-dimensional model of the northwest striking Umtanum Ridge fault zone, based on magnetic and gravity data and constrained by geologic mapping and three deep wells, suggests that thrust faults extend through the Tertiary section and into underlying pre-Tertiary basement. Excavation of two trenches across a prominent scarp at the base of Umtanum Ridge uncovered evidence for bending moment faulting possibly caused by a blind thrust. Using aeromagnetic, gravity, and paleoseismic evidence, we postulate possible tectonic connections between the YFTB in eastern Washington and active faults of the Puget Lowland. We suggest that faults and folds of Umtanum Ridge extend northwestward through the Cascade Range and merge with the Southern Whidbey Island and Seattle faults near Snoqualmie Pass 35 km east of Seattle. Recent earthquakes (MW ≤ 5.3) suggest that this confluence of faults may be seismically active today.
Lymphocyte Fc receptors: the special case of T cells

The different cell types of the lymphoid-myeloid lineage constitutively express various Fc receptors. The exception is the T-cell lineage where most subsets express Fc receptors only during a narrow window following cellular activation. M. Sandor and R.G. Lynch summarize information which identifies a multi-level relationship between Fc receptors and clonotypic T-cell receptors and conclude that this relationship might account for the restricted expression of Fc receptors on T cells.
Rational Surface Design for Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Porous Polymer Adsorbent Media

The construction and use of nonflat agarose surfaces in a simulation box, together with the employment of criteria for the immobilization of a set of dextran polymer chains on the nonflat agarose surfaces whose mathematical physics is compatible with that of the criteria used for the immobilization of the same set of dextran polymer chains on flat agarose surfaces, are shown to generate, through the use of molecular dynamics simulations whose simulation box has linear dimensions along the lateral directions that are the same when flat and nonflat agarose surfaces are used, dextran porous polymer structures whose pore sizes at the outermost surface and in the vicinity of the outermost surface of the porous medium can be controlled by an indirect manner through the variation of the parameters that characterize the nonflat surface. The use of a nonflat surface for the generation of desired large pores requires only a small or modest increase in the number of solvent molecules in the simulation box, while the use of a flat surface for the construction of the same desired large pores requires significant increases in the size of the linear dimensions of the flat surface. This increases so substantially the number of solvent molecules that the computational loads become intractable. The results in this work show that through the use of nonflat surfaces porous dextran polymer layers having pores of desired sizes can be effectively constructed, and this approach could be used for the design and construction of polymer-based porous adsorbent media that could effectively facilitate the transport and adsorption of an adsorbate biomolecule of interest that must be separated from a mixture of components. A useful definition about the properties that a porous polymer structure must have in order to become, for an adsorbate biomolecule of interest of known molecular size, a useful adsorbent medium, is presented and is used to (1) evaluate the porous polymer structures generated through the employment of different nonflat surface models and (2) determine and select the nonflat surface model from a set of nonflat surface models that is effective in producing promising porous structures. Then a procedure is presented by which a set of porous polymer media is generated through the use of the selected nonflat surface model, and the desired porous structure from this set is determined and could be considered to be used for the transport and immobilization of the selected affinity groups/ligands and the subsequent transport and adsorption of the desired to be separated adsorbate.
Measuring the Quality of Teacher–Child Interactions in Toddler Child Care

Research Findings: The toddler stage is a unique developmental period of early childhood. During this stage, children are developing autonomy, self-regulation, and language capabilities through interactions with significant adults in their lives. Increasing numbers of toddlers are being enrolled in child care. This article focuses on the need to assess quality in child care classrooms serving children ages 15 to 36 months based on the developmental needs of toddlers. It suggests and provides preliminary validation information for a measure of teaching behaviors centered on teacher–child interactions adapted from the Classroom Assessment Scoring System and discusses results from observations in 30 toddler classrooms. Practice or Policy: Findings are discussed in terms of policy implications for toddler child care and future directions for research.
Wavelength‐Controlled Photocleavage for the Orthogonal and Sequential Release of Multiple Proteins

On-demand manipulation of protein release to alter cellular phenotypes in real time is of great interest to the fields of drug delivery, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.[1-3] For such therapeutic and research ventures, hydrogels, due to their high water content and mechanical stability, have emerged as suitable polymeric materials not only to localize proteins but also to control their release rate on-site.[4, 5] Protein release from hydrogels is typically achieved either through diffusion or by stimuli. Diffusion controlled mechanisms rely upon control of the hydrogel mesh size, which needs to be preprogrammed during synthesis; as a result, limited regulation of release is only possible afterward. To complement this strategy, stimuli (e.g., temperature, pH, light and proteins)[6, 7] sensitive materials have evolved and become attractive protein delivery systems, as they offer opportunities to regulate molecular release using a specific stimulus. Stimuli controlled mechanisms applied to hydrogels are typically based on the degradation/swelling of hydrogel networks, in which non-covalently sequestered proteins are released in response to increased pore size/decrosslinking of networks. Such noncovalent approaches do not require chemical modification of proteins and have the potential to precisely control the release of single protein molecules. However, applying such approaches to control the release of multiple proteins is quite complex and often requires either multiple gels or microspheres for encapsulation.[8-12] Thus, a number of studies aimed at directing cellular processes or disease regulation would benefit from the delivery of more than one protein and often necessitates their delivery in varied doses at different time points [8-11]. Herein, we present an approach that allows precise control over the release of multiple proteins from a single hydrogel depot using an external light.
Corticosteroids and Cardiopulmonary Bypass* A Review of Clinical Investigations

Traditionally, corticosteroids have been administered to patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) to ward off detrimental physiologic alterations associated with activation of the systemic inflammatory response, yet few well-controlled investigations exist, and use of these drugs in this setting remains controversial. This review article critically examines the results of clinical investigations in this area, and certain conclusions are suggested. The constellation of findings indicate that corticosteroids offer no clinical benefits to patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB and in fact may be detrimental. Further directions for clinical research in this area are also suggested.
Cesium sorption by clay minerals and shales at elevated temperatures

Abstract Cesium sorption from 0.02 N CaCl 2 and NaCl solutions by montmorillonites, illites, micas, kaolinites, chlorites and shales decreased significantly with increasing temperature. For example, Cs sorption by AZ montmorillonite in 0.02 N CaCl 2 decreased from 1.05 meq/100 g at 25°C to 0.69 meq/100 g at 80°C. At all the temperatures used for Cs sorption, a greater amount of Cs was sorbed by all the minerals from 0.02 N NaCl than from 0.02 N CaCl in2 . The results of this study clearly suggest that the effect of geothermal gradient on Cs sorption by clay minerals and shales is considerable and therefore may be considered before determining the suitability of a shale for a radioactive waste repository.
The exclusion of ions from the region near the surface of activated carbon

Abstract When electrolyte solutions contact activated carbon, the solute can simultaneously adsorb on the surface and be excluded from the liquid near the liquid-solid interface. In general agreement with earlier work, it is shown that (1) both cation and anion adsorb, and (2) the order of adsorption for cations is H+ > Al3+ > Ca2+ > Li+, Na+, K+; for anions, NO3− > Cl−. Adsorption can be suppressed with the addition of HCl, thereby isolating the exclusion, or negative adsorption, effect. There is a slight tendency for the ions which hydrate least to be excluded from the surface region least, in qualitative agreement with the exclusion effect observed earlier in silica gel-electrolyte solution systems. While a “geometric effect” (found in systems in which a large area bounds a unit volume of solution) seems to play a role in both silica gel and carbon systems, there may be an additional reason for exclusion in activated carbon systems, such as the existence of a solvent layer on the surface of the solid. The exclusion effect was also found when a nonporous, high area channel black was used. Thus, the effect is an area, and not uniquely a pore, phenomenon.
Vouchers and voting: An initial estimate based on the median voter model

One of the major concerns associated with school voucher proposals is that they will only benefit those who leave public schools in favor of private schools. The children left behind in public schools are expected to necessarily be made worse off by such policies. This paper provides evidence suggesting that children left behind in public schools will also benefit. The available evidence suggests that, after a voucher plan, voter support for public schools will rise enough to increase the human capital of public school students, despite the presence of negative peer group effects.
Polarization fractions of K X-rays emitted by fast fluorine ions incident in different charge states on helium

Abstract Polarization fractions have been measured for K X-rays emitted by energetic fluorine ions passing through helium gas. A strong monotonic charge state dependence is found, increasing to an observed polarization of ∼ 30% for highly charged ions.
Toward a Critical Phenomenology of “Illegality”: State Power, Criminalization, and Abjectivity among Undocumented Migrant Workers in Tel Aviv, Israel

Given the vast scope and magnitude of the phenomenon of so-called “illegal” migration in the present historical moment, this article contends that phenomenologically engaged ethnography has a crucial role to play in sensitizing not only anthropologists, but also policymakers, politicians, and broader publics to the complicated, often anxiety-ridden and frightening realities associated with “the condition of migrant illegality,” both of specific host society settings and comparatively across the globe. In theoretical terms, the article constitutes a preliminary attempt to link pressing questions in the fields of legal anthropology and anthropology of transnational migration, on one hand, with recent work by phenomenologically oriented scholars interested in the anthropology of experience, on the other. The article calls upon ethnographers of undocumented transnational migration to bridge these areas of scholarship by applying what can helpfully be characterized as a “critical phenomenological” approach to the study of migrant “illegality” (Willen, 2006; see also Desjarlais, 2003). This critical phenomenological approach involves a three-dimensional model of illegality: first, as a form of juridical status; second, as a sociopolitical condition; and third, as a mode of being-in-the-world. In developing this model, the article draws upon 26 non-consecutive months of ethnographic field research conducted within the communities of undocumented West African (Nigerian and Ghanaian) and Filipino migrants in Tel Aviv, Israel, between 2000 and 2004. During the first part of this period, “illegal” migrants in Israel were generally treated as benign, excluded “Others.” Beginning in mid-2002, however, a resource-intensive, government-sponsored campaign of mass arrest and deportation reconfigured the condition of migrant “illegality” in Israel and, in effect, transformed these benign “Others” into wanted criminals. By analyzing this transformation the article highlights the profound significance of examining not only the judicial and sociopolitical dimensions of what it means to be “illegal” but also its impact on migrants' modes of being-in-the-world.
Glass Sealing Of Optical Fibers

A novel method of glass-sealing optical fiber inside sleeves permits coupling the fiber to an optoelectric device light source, while providing hermeticity and optical-signal integrity. The glass-seal development overcomes limitations inherent in epoxy and metal-solder techniques.
Induction of metallothioneiin by adrrenocortical steroids

Abstract Metallothionein concentration in the liver of hamsters was increased by the administration of hydrocortisone and dexamethasone. However, the increase was of a low order of magnitude (40–80%) in comparison to the large increase seen after zinc and cadmium administration (700–2000%). These data suggest that the small increase in metallothionein seen after various forms of stress could be mediated by the endogenous release of adrenocortical steroids and that the large increase after exposure to cadmium or zinc is unlikely to be mediated via adrenocortical steroid hormones.
Nodular mastocytosis present at birth

Nodular mastocytosis was diagnosed shortly after birth by special staining of a skin biopsy for the presence of intracytoplasmic granules in tissue mast cells. The infant has been observed for 1 year with almost complete disappearance of the lesions.
Cytokine regulation and the signaling mechanism of osteoclast inhibitory peptide-1 (OIP-1/hSca) to inhibit osteoclast formation

The osteoclast (OCL) is the primary bone resorbing cell. OCL formation and activity is regulated by local factors produced in the bone microenvironment. We recently identified OCL inhibitory peptide-1 (OIP-1/hSca) as a novel inhibitor of OCL formation and bone resorption that is produced by OCLs. OIP-1 is a glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol (GPI)-linked membrane protein (16 kDa) related to the mouse Ly-6 family of hematopoietic proteins. OIP-1 mRNA is expressed in human OCL precursors, granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming unit (GM-CFU), bone marrow cells, and osteoblast cells. We used cycle-dependent reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis, which further demonstrated that interferon-γ (IFN-γ) strongly enhanced OIP-1/hSca mRNA expression in bone marrow cells and GM-CFU. Similarly, interleukin (IL)-1β also enhanced OIP-1 mRNA expression in GM-CFU. To determine the participation of OIP-1 in IFN-γ inhibition of OCL formation, we tested the capacity of a neutralizing antibody specific to OIP-1 c-peptide to inhibit IFN-γ's effects on OCL-like cell differentiation of mouse macrophages, RAW 264.7 cells. Anti-OIP-1 c-peptide specific antibody partially neutralized IFN-γ inhibition of OCL differentiation. Furthermore, OIP-1 inhibited phospho-c-Jun (p-c-Jun) kinase activity in RAW 264.7 cells. However, OIP-1/hSca did not affect NF-κB activation in these cells. Western blot analysis further demonstrated that OIP-1 significantly decreased TNF receptor associated factor 2 (TRAF-2) expression in RAW 264.7 cells. However, OIP-1 had no effect on TRAF-6 expression in these cells. These data show that IFN-γ enhances OIP-1/hSca expression in OCL precursors, GM-CFU, and that OIP-1 inhibits OCL formation through suppression of TRAF-2 and p-c-Jun kinase activity.
Structure of Ceramide-1-Phosphate at the Air-Water Solution Interface in the Absence and Presence of Ca2+

Ceramide-1-phosphate, the phosphorylated form of ceramide, gained attention recently due to its diverse intracellular roles, in particular in inflammation mediated by cPLA2α. However, surprisingly little is known about the physical chemical properties of this lipid and its potential impact on physiological function. For example, the presence of Ca2+ is indispensable for the interaction of Cer-1-P with the C2 domain of cPLA2α. We report on the structure and morphology of Cer-1-P in monomolecular layers at the air/water solution interface in the absence and presence of Ca2+ using diverse biophysical techniques, including synchrotron x-ray reflectivity and grazing angle diffraction, to gain insight into the role and function of Cer-1-P in biomembranes. We show that relatively small changes in pH and the presence of monovalent cations dramatically affect the behavior of Cer-1-P. On pure water Cer-1-P forms a solid monolayer despite the negative charge of the phosphomonoester headgroup. In contrast, pH 7.2 buffer yields a considerably less solid-like monolayer, indicating that charge-charge repulsion becomes important at higher pH. Calcium was found to bind strongly to the headgroup of Cer-1-P even in the presence of a 100-fold larger Na+ concentration. Analysis of the x-ray reflectivity data allowed us to estimate how much Ca2+ is bound to the headgroup, ∼0.5 Ca2+ and ∼1.0 Ca2+ ions per Cer-1-P molecule for the water and buffer subphase respectively. These results can be qualitatively understood based on the molecular structure of Cer-1-P and the electrostatic/hydrogen-bond interactions of its phosphomonoester headgroup. Biological implications of our results are also discussed.
Step structure during OMVPE growth of ordered GaInP

Abstract Steps on the nominally (001)-oriented surface of Ga 0.5 In 0.5 P lattice matched to GaAs have been studied using high resolution atomic force microscopy. The layers were grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE) at temperatures between 570°C and 720°C on substrates misoriented by angles, ϑ m , of from 0° to 9° toward the [110] direction in the lattice. Growth rates from 0.5 to 4.0 μm/h were investigated. For a growth rate of 0.5 μm/h at 620°C, for example, an array of bunched steps from 25 to 50 A in height, depending on the substrate misorientation angle, is observed on the surface. The steps have a several hundred A wide (001) facet on one side and a (11 n ) facet on the other. An unusual feature of these bunched or supersteps, as compared to those reported previously for GaAs surfaces, is that they have relatively short lengths of a few thousand A. In addition, not all of the steps congregate into the surface steps. Thus, the GaInP surfaces for most growth conditions studied consist of 3 “phases”: (001) flats, (11 n ) facets, and vicinal areas covered by nominally monolayer steps. At higher growth temperatures of 720°C the supersteps disappear: A single phase vicinal surface is stable. For growth at 620°C, the fraction of steps contained in the supersteps decreases monotonically as ϑ m increases from 3° to 9°. This differs from reports of the nature of GaAs surfaces grown under similar conditions where essentially all of the steps congregate into supersteps. The steps become markedly smaller as the growth rate is increased from 0.5 to 4.0 μm/h and the steps become more closely spaced. An attempt was made to correlate the surface structure with the ordered microstructure which is observed to vary significantly with misorientation angle, growth temperature, and growth rate.
The enthalpies of solution and neutralization of HF(I); enthalpies of dilution and derived thermodynamic properties of HF(aq)

Enthalpies of solution, ΔHsoln, of HF(I) in water and the enthalpy of neutralization, ΔHN, of HF(I) in dilute NaOH, as well as some enthalpies of dilution, ΔHdlln, of HF(aq) were measured in a reaction calorimeter. These results were combined with some enthalpies of dilution of HF(aq) reported in the literature to obtain the enthalpy of solution of liquid HF as a function of composition between HF·∞H2O and HF·H2O. The enthalpies of formation of all aqueous HF solutions in this concentration range were obtained by combination of the enthalpy of formation of HF(I) and the enthalpies of solution of HF(I). In addition, the relative apparent molar enthalpies, Lo, of HF(aq) and the relative partial molar enthalpies, L2 and L1, of HF and H2O, respectively, were calculated. Some of the key measured and derived results at 298.15 K obtained in this work are ΔHoN(HF, 1) = - (21017 ± 29) calth mol−1, ΔHosoln(HF, 1) = − (7672 ± 38) calth mol−1, and ΔHot,(HF, aq) = ΔHof(F−, aq) = − (80.22 ± 0.07) kcalth mol−1.
Theoretical study of electron capture dissociation of [Mg(H2O)n]2+ clusters

Abstract The electron capture dissociation (ECD) of [Mg(H2O)n]2+ clusters is examined using ab initio electronic structure methods to interpret experimental data on [Mg(H2O)n]2+ and [Ca(H2O)n]2+. Calculations are performed on Mg2+(H2O)n clusters containing a full first hydration shell plus one or two additional water molecules positioned to represent second- and third-shell molecules. The propensity of the Mg-containing clusters to undergo fragmentation primarily into [Mg(H2O)n−m]1+ + m H2O (m = 10) for n > 17 but primarily into [Mg(OH)(H2O)n−k]1+ + H + (k−1) H2O (k−1 = 10) for n a. For Mg with n H σ* orbital of a first-shell water molecule or into a Rydberg orbital surrounding the cluster, after which electron transfer to a first-shell O H σ* orbital occurs, liberating an H atom and generating OH−. The experimental observation that 10 water molecules are released is shown to favor a mechanism in which electron attachment to a Rydberg orbital occurs first and is followed by transfer to an O H σ* orbital. b. For Mg with n > 17, the second hydration shell is posited to be filled, and it is shown that electron attachment to a second-shell water O H σ* orbital is unlikely. So, electron attachment to a surface-localized Rydberg orbital of the [Mg(H2O)n]2+ cluster takes place in a 5-eV exothermic process that boils off ca. 10 water molecules. No OH− + H is formed in such cases.
SU‐D‐301‐05: Angular Dependency of the Slice Sensitivity Profile in Tomographic Breast Imaging

Purpose: To study the effect of angular acquisition on the slice sensitivity profile (SSP) in tomographic breast imaging, for both breast CT and tomosynthesis. Methods: Brass disks (0.025 mm thick) ranging in diameter from 2.5–20 mm were placed within mammography phantoms of varying thicknesses (3–6 cm). The disks were imaged using a prototype digital tomosynthesis system (Selenia Dimensions, Hologic Corporation, Bedford, Ma). The tomosynthesis system acquires images over an angular acquisition range of 15‐degrees. The same brass disks were used to measure the SSP in breast CT, using a 14cm‐diameter cylindrical polyethylene phantom. The bCT angular range spanned from 15 to 360‐degrees. A subset of the projection images were reconstructed with a filtered back projection algorithm to simulate limited‐angle acquisition. The SSP was determined by measuring the mean gray‐scale (GS) in the tomographic images along the z axis of the scan corresponding to the disk position. Normalized profiles of the background‐corrected mean GS values were generated as a function of the distance away from the detector. The full‐width at half maximum (FWHM) GS intensity was determined. Results: As the angular acquisition range increases, the SSP narrows and results in a smaller FWHM value. The FWHM values of the SSP for the smallest disk at (2.5 mm‐diameter) were 8.6 mm, 4.2 mm, and 0.8 mm for 15, 40, and 180 degrees, respectively. Conclusions: Limited angle tomography results in a broadening of the SSP, inversely proportional to the angular range of acquisition. The SSP approaches a minimum as the angular coverage exceeds 180 degrees. One author receives funding from Hologic (Bedford, Mass).
The influence of wanting to look like media figures on adolescent physical activity

Abstract Purpose To examine the association of adolescents' wanting to look like figures in the media with physical activity levels. Methods Cross-sectional mailed survey of 11,606 boys and girls, between the ages of 9 and 16 years, participating in the Growing Up Today Study in 1997. Participants reported detailed information on physical activities over the previous year, and the degree to which they were trying to look like same-sex images in television, movies, and magazines. We performed linear regression modeling to assess the independent effects of wanting to look like figures in the media on physical activity levels. Results Mean total weekly physical activity levels were 12.4 hours in girls and 15.2 hours in boys. 3019 (46%) girls and 1360 (27%) boys reported making at least some effort to look like figures in the media. Adjusted for age, body mass index, sexual maturity rating, and race/ethnicity, total physical activity levels were higher by 0.7 (95% CI 0.5–0.9) and 1.2 (95% CI 0.9–1.6) hours per week in girls and boys, respectively, for every 1 (out of 5) category increase in wanting to look like figures in the media. Adjustment for intrapersonal and social confounders modestly attenuated the associations. Conclusions Wanting to look like figures in the media was associated with higher physical activity levels among older children and adolescents, independent of other personal and social influences. These data suggest that television, movie, and magazine industries should be encouraged to cultivate and reinforce realistic and healthy norms of physical activity and body image.
The Virginia opossum in psychological research.

The Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) has certain characteristics by which it can make unique contributions to psychological research, namely, an exposed embryological development suitable for developmental studies, and a characteristic marsupial brain suitable for “split-brain” studies of relationships between the two cerebral hemispheres and comparative learning. Disadvantages to using opossums, such as their low resistance to parasites and disease, viciousness, and nocturnal habits, have largely been overcome as the result of recent interdisciplinary efforts.
Systematics and Phylogeography of Pocket Gophers in the Genera Cratogeomys and Pappogeomys

Mitochondrial-DNA sequence data were analyzed from individuals sampled from 38 localities across the complete geographic range of the closely related pocket gopher genera Pappogeomys and Cratogeomys. Results of phylogenetic analysis of 1133 base pairs from the cytochrome b gene are consistent with past hypotheses of relationships among members of the castanops species group within the genus Cratogeomys. However, phylogeographic variation within the gymnurus species group of the genus Cratogeomys differs significantly from relationships reflected by current taxonomy. The data indicate that there are five geographically distinct clades within the gymnurus species group. Members of the two nominal species C. gymnurus and C. tylorhinus are scattered among these clades. The three peripherally isolated species, C. fumosus, C. neglectus, and C. zinseri, do not appear to be genetically distinct from other gymnurus species group taxa. An historical biogeographic hypothesis is proposed that will be tested using nuclear DNA data.
Integrating nested spatial scales: implications for the coexistence of competitors on a patchy resource

1. Intraspecific aggregation at a single spatial scale can promote the coexistence of competitors. This paper demonstrates how this same mechanism can be applied to the many systems that are patchy at two scales, with patches nested within ‘superpatches’. 2. Data are presented from a field study showing that insects living in rotting fruits have aggregated distributions in the fruits under a single tree, and that the mean density and degree of aggregation varies significantly among trees. Observations in this system motivate the following models. 3. A model of competition has been developed between two species which explicitly represents spatial variation at two scales. By integrating the probability distributions for each scale, the marginal distributions of competitors over all patches can be found and used to calculate coexistence criteria. This model assumes global movement of the competitors. 4. Although spatial variation at a single scale may not be sufficient for coexistence, the total variation over all patches can allow coexistence. Variation in mean densities among superpatches and variation in the degree of aggregation among superpatches both promote coexistence, but act in different ways. 5. A second model of competition between two species is described which incorporates the effects of limited movement among superpatches. Limited movement among superpatches generally promotes coexistence, and also leads to correlations among aggregation and the mean densities of competitors.
Final Step of Phosphatidic Acid Synthesis in Pea Chloroplasts Occurs in the Inner Envelope Membrane

The second enzyme of phosphatidic acid synthesis from glycerol-3-phosphate, 1-acylglycerophospate acyltransferase, was localized to the inner envelope membrane of pea chloroplasts. The activity of this enzyme was measured by both a coupled enzyme assay and a direct enzyme assay. Using the coupled enzyme assay, phosphatidic acid phosphatase was also localized to the inner envelope membrane, although this enzyme has very low activity in pea chloroplasts. The addition of UDP-galactose to unfractionated pea chloroplast envelope preparations did not result in significant conversion of newly synthesized diacylglycerol to monogalactosyldiacylglycerol. Thus, the envelope synthesized phosphatidic acid may not be involved in galactolipid synthesis in pea chloroplasts.
Characterization of polymeric dielectric insulation by thermomechanical analysis

Abstract Use of a thermomechanical analyzer, TMA, affords a rapid, precise method for determining linear expansion coefficients and linear expansivities of cross-linked polymeric insulation material. Completed cable samples were dissassembled and insulation specimens were cut longitudinally and examined with repeated temperature cycling: ethylene—propylene copolymer rubbers and filled and unfilled crosslinked polyethylenes. The TMA results indicated that all specimes were oriented, likely incurred from extrusion processing. The facility of TMA for investigating potential anisotropic behavior from prior orientation is illustrated by examples of TMA measurements on radial specimens, similarly free of mechanical constraints.
Energy levels and wave functions of Bloch electrons in rational and irrational magnetic fields

An effective single-band Hamiltonian representing a crystal electron in a uniform magnetic field is constructed from the tight-binding form of a Bloch band by replacing $\ensuremath{\hbar}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}$ by the operator $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{p}}\ensuremath{-}\frac{e\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{A}}{c}$. The resultant Schr\"odinger equation becomes a finite-difference equation whose eigenvalues can be computed by a matrix method. The magnetic flux which passes through a lattice cell, divided by a flux quantum, yields a dimensionless parameter whose rationality or irrationality highly influences the nature of the computed spectrum. The graph of the spectrum over a wide range of "rational" fields is plotted. A recursive structure is discovered in the graph, which enables a number of theorems to be proven, bearing particularly on the question of continuity. The recursive structure is not unlike that predicted by Azbel', using a continued fraction for the dimensionless parameter. An iterative algorithm for deriving the clustering pattern of the magnetic subbands is given, which follows from the recursive structure. From this algorithm, the nature of the spectrum at an "irrational" field can be deduced; it is seen to be an uncountable but measure-zero set of points (a Cantor set). Despite these-features, it is shown that the graph is continuous as the magnetic field varies. It is also shown how a spectrum with simplified properties can be derived from the rigorously derived spectrum, by introducing a spread in the field values. This spectrum satisfies all the intuitively desirable properties of a spectrum. The spectrum here presented is shown to agree with that predicted by A. Rauh in a completely different model for crystal electrons in a magnetic field. A new type of magnetic "superlattice" is introduced, constructed so that its unit cell intercepts precisely one quantum of flux. It is shown that this cell represents the periodicity of solutions of the difference equation. It is also shown how this superlattice allows the determination of the wave function at nonlattice sites. Evidence is offered that the wave functions belonging to irrational fields are everywhere defined and are continuous in this model, whereas those belonging to rational fields are only defined on a discrete set of points. A method for investigating these predictions experimentally is sketched.
Chemisorption and rotational epitaxy of lithium on Ru(001)

Abstract Rotational epitaxy of an overlayer along a non-symmetry direction of the substrate has been observed as a mechanism for the accommodation of lattice mismatch in rigid thin films. We have examined the adsorption and rotational epitaxy of Li on the Ru(001) surface using low energy electron diffraction and thermal desorption spectroscopy. At 80 K, commensurate (2×2) and (√3×√3)R30° phases were observed at coverages below 0.33 monolayer. At higher coverages, the Li layer orientation rotates relative to the substrate as the interatomic spacing of the layer is compressed. This behavior is qualitatively similar to that observed for Na on Ru(001), but differences were observed which may suggest that Li overlayers are less rigid than Na overlayers.
Hybrid Central Odontogenic Fibroma with Giant Cell Granuloma-like Component: Case Report and Review of Literature

Central odontogenic fibroma (COF) is a rare benign ectomesenchymal tumor of the jaws. Only 12 cases of COF with giant cell granuloma (GCG)-like lesion have been reported in the English literature. Here, we present a new case of COF epithelium rich type with a GCG-like component. Radiographically, this lesion presented as a well defined unilocular radiolucency in the body of the mandible. Histologically, the lesion showed a unique confluence of odontogenic epithelial rests with multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs) in a highly cellular fibrous connective tissue stroma, with osteoid and cementoid deposits. A distinct area showed the typical histological picture of each component separately. Immunohistochemical staining with pancytokeratin (CK) highlighted the odontogenic epithelial component merging with the GCG component throughout most of the lesion. The significance of GCG-like areas within COF is the reported increased risk of recurrence following curettage, possibly necessitating more aggressive therapy.
Recent developments in blind channel equalization: from cyclostationarity to subspaces

Abstract Since Tong et al. (1991) demonstrated the feasibility of identifying possibly nonminimum phase channels using second-order statistics, considerable research activity, both in algorithm development and fundamental analysis, has been seen in the area of blind identification of multiple FIR channels. Many of the recently developed approaches invoke, either explicitly or implicitly, the algebraic structure of the data model, while some others resort to the use of cyclic correlation/spectral fitting techniques. The objective of this paper is to establish insightful connections among these studies and present recent developments of blind channel equalization. We also unify various representative algorithms into a common theoretical framework.
Relation between variability of ventricular response intervals and exercise capacity in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation.

Background Reduced variability of the ventricular response interval (VRI) has been reported to predict adverse prognosis in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). To examine whether it could be related also to the quality of the daily life of patients with AF, the relationships between VRI variability and exercise tolerance, one of the markers for quality of life, were determined in patients with persistent AF. Methods and Results Thirty-one patients with idiopathic AF were included in the present study. Holter monitoring results and symptom-limited treadmill exercise testing were correlated in these patients without medications for the rate control of AF. The VRI variability, both the SD of the mean R-R interval (SDNN) and the SD of the 5-min mean R-R interval (SDANN), showed significant positive correlation with the exercise capacity (r=0.583, p=0.0004, and r=0.543, p=0.0013, respectively), whereas age, left ventricular ejection fraction and body mass index did not have any significant relationships. Multiple regression analysis revealed that increased SDNN was the only independent predictor of good exercise capacity during the treadmill exercise testing. Conclusions Increased VRI variability, independently of other clinical variables, can predict good exercise capacity in patients with idiopathic AF, thus being a new sensitive maker for quality of life in AF. (Circ J 2004; 68: 294 - 296)
Endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy

Endoscopic billiary sphincterotomy (ES) was described in 1974 and propelled endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) from a diagnostic to a therapeutic procedure. This article outlines the basic concepts and techniques for performing ES.
The therapeutic relationship in Rational-Emotive Therapy: Some preliminary data

This study assessed the therapeutic relationship between psychotherapy clients and Albert Ellis and other Rational-Emotive Therapists. Clients at the Institute for Rational-Emotive Therapy completed the relationship questionnaire (Truax, & Carkhuff, 1967). The results suggest that RET therapists do develop positive therapeutic relationships. Clients receiving RET endorsed significantly higher scores on most therapeutic relationship subscales compared to subjects in the initial articles introducing the therapeutic relationship scale. There were no differences in therapeutic relationship scores by gender of the therapist. Also, there was no correlation between the relationship scores and the number of sessions completed, which suggests the therapuetic relationship develops early. Both clients of senior and junior therapists received higher relationship scores than did clients of Dr. Ellis. This disconfirms the argument that RET practices cannot lead to a therapuetic relationship and Ellis' therapeutic relationship is a result of his fame and could not be duplicated by other therapists using RET.
Telephone Charges and Payments in a Diabetes Clinic

Objectives. To determine reimbursement rates after initiation of charges for certain telephone calls in a pediatric diabetes care center. Design. A review of charges and payments data during 1996. Results. Four hundred seventy-two telephone calls initiated by patients and parents were billed during the study period. These calls regarded treatment of hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, ketonuria, sick day treatment, and insulin dose changes. Insured patients were charged for 384 telephone calls and indigent patients were charged for 88 telephone calls. Telephone calls from insured patients generated charges of $9215 and payments of $3074. Insurance payments were $1677 (18% of charges), and patient payments were $1396 (15% of charges). Telephone calls from uninsured patients covered by Texas Medicaid or Chronically Ill and Disabled Children funding generated charges of $2193 and no payments. Conclusions. Telephone charges were reimbursed by all payors at an overall rate of 27%.
Ultrapure materials - Containerless evaporation and the roles of diffusion and Marangoni convection

Contamination from containers is a major problem in preparing ultrapure refractory materials. Space with its zero gravity and its high vacuum offers an opportunity for containerless purification of these materials. The evaporation of impurities from a melt will involve many complex chemical equilibria. Thermodynamic calculations have been modified to describe these equilibria when impurities in the melt evaporate into vacuum. The contributions of diffusion and Marangoni convection to mass transfer rates in the bulk liquid have been estimated. Calculations for the evaporative purification of molten alumina are given.
Functional gene array-based analysis of microbial community structure in groundwaters with a gradient of contaminant levels

To understand how contaminants affect microbial community diversity, heterogeneity, and functional structure, six groundwater monitoring wells from the Field Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy Environmental Remediation Science Program (ERSP; Oak Ridge, TN), with a wide range of pH, titrate, and heavy metal contamination were investigated. DNA from the groundwater community was analyzed with a functional gene array containing 2006 probes to detect genes involved in metal resistance, sulfate reduction, organic contaminant degradation, and carbon and nitrogen cycling. Microbial diversity decreased in relation to the contamination levels of the wells. Highly contaminated wells had lower gene diversity but greater signal intensity than the pristine well. The microbial composition was heterogeneous, with 17-70% overlap between differentwells. Metal-resistant and metal-reducing microorganisms were detected in both contaminated and pristine wells, suggesting the potential for successful bioremediation of metal-contaminated groundwaters. In addition, results of Mantel tests and canonical correspondence analysis indicate that nitrate, sulfate, pH, uranium, and technetium have a significant (p < 0.05) effect on microbial community structure. This study provides an overall picture of microbial community structure in contaminated environments with functional gene arrays by showing that diversity and heterogeneity can vary greatly in relation to contamination.
Regional intralymphatic infusion (ILI) of irradiated tumor cells with evidence of distant effects.

A case of canine lymphoma with radiographically-documented involvement of the para-aortic nodes is reported. Intralymphatic infusions (ILI) of cultured irradiated autochthonous tumor cells to remote lymph node bearing areas were associated with a dramatic initial shrinkage of the para-aortic lymphadenop-athies. Three ILI timing schedules were used consecutively during a course of 10 treatments, allowing a comparison of responses in the same animal. The reported case suggests that a normal lymph node can be effectively “stimulated” by the same agent approximately every 3 weeks. A possible schedule for intralymphatic infusion is proposed for further investigation.
Assessment of potency with the doppler flowmeter

Abstract The Doppler flowmeter was utilized to study penile blood flow in 36 patients. A tenpoint average grading system is devised for the three main penile arteries. Our data indicate the applicability of this device as a means of assessing arterial insufficiency in the penis, enough to produce impotence.
Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Environmental Levels of Polychlorinated Biphenyls on Pharmacokinetics of Pentobarbital in Rats

The pharmacokinetics of pentobarbital, 30 mg/kg iv, were studied in untreated rats and rats pretreated with 1, 5, and 25 ppm of polychlorinated biphenyls in food for up to 140 days. Environmental contaminants may contribute to variations in metabolic rates of drugs by causing enzyme induction. The objective of this work was to quantitate the effects of environmental levels of the contaminant and enzyme inducer, a polychlorinated biphenyl, on the pharmacokinetics of pentobarbital, a drug whose primary elimination route is liver metabolism. The pharmacokinetics of pentobarbital in rats could be fit to a biexponential equation of the type Cp = Ae= αt + Be= βt. After 35 days of pretreatment, only the 25-ppm-treated rats showed any significant acceleration of pentobarbital elimination. At the 70- and 140-day samplings, both the 5- and 25-ppm pretreatments showed significant acceleration of pentobarbital elimination. There were no significant effects on A, α, B, and Vd for any pretreatment. The β-values for the 25-ppm-pretreated rats reached a constant value from the 35-day pretreatment period onward. A calculation of total body clearance suggested that pentobarbital elimination in those rats had approached portal blood flow rate-limited metabolism.
Measuring in-use ship emissions with international and U.S. federal methods

Regulatory agencies have shifted their emphasis from measuring emissions during certification cycles to measuring emissions during actual use. Emission measurements in this research were made from two different large ships at sea to compare the Simplified Measurement Method (SMM) compliant with the International Maritime Organization (IMO) NOx Technical Code to the Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS) compliant with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 1065 for on-road emission testing. Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2), and carbon monoxide (CO) were measured at load points specified by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to compare the two measurement methods. The average percentage errors calculated for PEMS measurements were 6.5%, 0.6%, and 357% for NOx , CO2, and CO, respectively. The NOx percentage error of 6.5% corresponds to a 0.22 to 1.11 g/kW-hr error in moving from Tier III (3.4 g/kW-hr) to Ti...
Human operant eyelid conditioning: Auditory vs visual reinforcing signal

The human eyeblink response was conditioned as a free operant, employing a double-blind yoked-control procedure. High levels of conditioning were obtained with experimental Ss by employing either a visual or auditory reward signal. No significant differences in response level were associated with reward signal modality in conditioning nor, as previously hypothesized, for yoked controls. Evidence for a significant conditioning effect was obtained even when the data of only “unaware” Ss were considered.