cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bubble Razor: An architecture-independent approach to timing-error detection and correction

Several methods that eliminate timing margins by detecting and correcting transient delay errors have been proposed [1–5]. These Razor-style systems replace critical flip-flops with ones that detect late arriving signals, and use architectural replay to correct errors. However, none of these methods have been applied to a complete commercial processor due to their architectural invasiveness. In addition, these Razor techniques introduce significant hold time constraints that are difficult to meet given worsening timing variability. To address these two issues we propose Bubble Razor (B-Razor) (Fig. 28.6.1), which uses a novel error-detection technique based on two-phase latch timing and a local replay mechanism that can be inserted automatically in any design. The error detection technique breaks the dependency between minimum delay and speculation window, restoring hold-time constraints to conventional values and allowing timing speculation of up to 100% of nominal delay. The large timing speculation makes Bubble Razor especially applicable to low-voltage designs where timing variation grows exponentially.
Abundance and movement patterns of age-0 juvenile lake sturgeon in the Peshtigo River, Wisconsin

In Great Lakes tributaries, age-0 juvenile lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens use riverine nursery habitats during their first summer of life and migrate to adjacent lakes after a seasonal decline in water temperature. We used mark-recapture data collected during this river-residency phase to monitor patterns in juvenile abundance and movement in the Peshtigo River, Wisconsin, during 2006 and 2007. Jolly-Seber and multistate models were used to estimate abundance and describe the probability of movement between river sections. Juvenile abundance was higher in 2007 than in 2006; however, in both years, abundance at the end of the sampling season was lower than at the beginning. Downstream movements were observed more frequently than upstream movements, and the probability of a downstream movement was higher than the probability of an upstream movement. The lower abundance later in the sampling season and propensity for downstream movements suggests that some age-0 juvenile lake sturgeon may leave the natal river before a seasonal decline in water temperature.
Detection of Deficits in Temporal Pattern Discrimination Using the Seashore Rhythm Test in Young Children with Reading Impairments

A deficiency in temporal pattern discrimination frequently is a distinguishing characteristic of children with dyslexia or learning disabilities (LD). We studied the feasibility of using the Seashore Rhythm Test, a subtest of the Halstead-Reitan neurological assessment battery (Halstead, 1947), with young children to discriminate children with reading impairments from age-matched controls reading at a normal level, in an effort to develop tools to determine readiness to read in young school-age children. Major considerations in test selection were ease of administration and wide use and acceptance. Fifty-nine children in Grades 1 through 3 were administered a battery of tests during the last 3 weeks of the school year by blinded experimenters. Tests administered included the Seashore Rhythm Test, Benton Visual Retention Test, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Blau Torque Test, and the Rod and Frame Test. Children with reading impairments (n = 24) in all age groups were found to exhibit a marked deficit in the ability to discriminate patterned pairs of tones on the Seashore Rhythm Test compared to controls (n = 26). These children also exhibited deficits in right-left orientation, as indicated by their poor performance on the Blau Torque Test. Performance on the Seashore and the Blau by a group of children diagnosed as learning disabled (n = 9) was similar to the group with reading impairments. No significant differences between controls and children with reading impairments or LD were observed in Rod and Frame or Benton performance. The results suggest that the Seashore Rhythm Test may prove to be a useful tool to detect young children who will later show signs of reading impairment.
Association of Epicardial Fat, Hypertension, Subclinical Coronary Artery Disease, and Metabolic Syndrome With Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction

Epicardial fat is a metabolically active fat depot that is strongly associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and coronary artery disease (CAD). The relation of epicardial fat to diastolic function is unknown. We sought to (1) understand the relation of epicardial fat volume (EFV) to diastolic function and (2) understand the role of EFV in relation to potential risk factors (hypertension, subclinical CAD, and metabolic syndrome) of diastolic dysfunction in apparently healthy subjects with preserved systolic function and no history of CAD. We studied 110 consecutive subjects (65% men, 55 ± 13 years old, mean body mass index 28 ± 5 kg/m 2 ) who underwent cardiac computed tomography and transthoracic echocardiography within 6 months as part of a self-referred health screening program. Exclusion criteria included history of CAD, significant valvular disease, systolic dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction
Oxidation of the Piston Crevice Hydrocarbon During the Expansion Process in a Spark Ignition Engine

Abstract Engine-out HC emissions were measured in SI engine experiments in which the piston topland crevice size was changed systematically. For a warmed-up engine, the HC emissions were found to be modestly sensitive to the piston crevice size-a 10% change in size results in approximately a 2% change in HC emissions. This low sensitivity is explained in terms of a crevice HC diffusion/oxidation model in the expansion process. When the piston crevice is sufficienlly small, however, the model shows that the HC emissions have a one-to-one correspondence with the crevice size.
Models of Clergy Spouse Involvement in Protestant Christian Congregations

While all adults in the paid labor force face the difficult task of managing the competing pressures of work and family life, clergy families encounter an added dynamic in the way spouses are integrated into the church. Yet spouses approach involvement in unique and varied ways, making intentional choices over how much or little to participate in the congregations their husbands and wives pastor. Drawing from in-depth interviews with 46 pastors and clergy spouses in five Protestant Christian denominations, this study describes three models of clergy spouse participation showing the diverse ways women and men interpret and enact their role through the ongoing management of boundaries. I consider several social factors informing the model a clergy spouse embraces—pressure from congregants or one’s own ideas, congregational precedent, gender and stage in the life cycle—shedding light on the interaction between individual preferences and contextual factors. In doing so, I argue that although the women and men in this study are continually recreating what it means to be a clergy spouse, they remain heavily rooted in a traditional expectation that pastors’ wives and husbands provide support to their spouse’s church and calling to pastoral ministry.
Managing environmental problems during transitions: The department of energy as a case study

Many federal, state, and private agencies deal with long-term environmental problems within a transition framework where political administrations, funds, regulators, regulatory requirements, environmental conditions, and tribal and stakeholder concerns change. In this article, we examine the types of transitions, as well as important stabilities, that agencies face, the interactions with stakeholders that are vulnerable to disruption or failure, and some of the problems that develop as a result of these conditions, using the U.S. Department of Energy (US DOE's) Office of Environmental Management (EM) as a case study. Transitions, or instabilities, include changes in administrations at the federal, state, and local level; public perceptions and concerns; political climate; available funds; environmental conditions (e.g., global climate change, global contaminant transport, local and regional contamination); international and national business conditions; and site conditions (physical, chemical, biological). Governmental agencies operate under several different kinds of uncertainties, including scientific, fiscal-year economic, technological, and societal. Not all information can be known, and the outcomes from scientific issues or technologies cannot always be predicted. The authors believe that transitions from one set of conditions to another can be more effectively integrated with the long-term stability of environmental laws and regulations, and with the stability of the treaty rights and concerns of tribal nations, as well as the shorter-term stability of career personnel and established programs. A sense of stability for government agencies allowing maintenance of ongoing environmental management programs can also be achieved through processes and programs, such as establishing long-term contracts (for remediation or restoration work), schedule and scope documents, future land-use documents, National Environmental Research Parks (which obligate lands to study and conservation), and other programs that set the direction of work and activities for many years. Further, two other factors are essential for success within any agency facing transitions: (1) expectations should be both forward-looking and realistic, and (2) there must be flexibility in both programs and processes. The authors conclude that several features are essential to addressing some of the problems created by transitions, including information, integration, iteration, interaction, and inclusion. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Efficient computation of statistical procedures based on all subsets of a specified size

Many statistical techniques require that computations be done on all subsets of size r in a data set of size n. Typically, this is done lexographically, i.e., with nested for-loops. If an exchange one point update formula is available, then it is used on the inner loop. In this paper we discuss a method of counting through all subsets of size r in a data set of size n by changing only one element between successive subsets. Such methods have been studied in the applied mathematics literature but are mostly unknown to statisticians. The advantage of such methods is that an update formula can be used at every step, thus potentially saving computation time. The method used to compute the next subset in the list requires some computation time, and thus the new method will only be faster if the update formula is sufficiently faster than doing the computation from scratch.
Auditory differential conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response: I. Effects of mixed- and separate-phase training

This study compared several procedures for establishing differential conditioning with tonal stimuli. Eight albino rabbits received 3 days of differential conditioning consisting daily of 60 reinforced (CS+) trials randomly interspersed with unreinforced (CS-) trials (mixed-phase or D). After each of 32 rabbits received 60 trials of continuous reinforcement (CRF) on Day 1, Ss were divided into four groups (separate phase): (a) Group CRF-D was given 60 differential conditioning trials for the remainder of that session; (b) Group CRF-I-D received 10 CS— trials and completed the session on Day 1 with 50 differential conditioning trials; (c) Group 2 CRF-2I-D (10–20–10) received 10 CS—, 20 CS+, 10 CS—, and 20 differential trials; and (d) Group 2 CRF-2I-D (5–10–5) was given 5 CS—, 10 CS+, 5 CS—, and 40 differential conditioning trials. All separate-phase Ss received 120 trials/day of conventional differential conditioning on Days 2 and 3. The separate-phase Ss demonstrated a superior rate of differentiation on Day 2 in comparison with the mixed-phase Ss, but by Day 3 the latter Ss had reached a similar rate of differentiation.
Effect of melt spinning and cold drawing on structure and properties of poly (aryl ether ketone) (PAEK) fibers

The effects of melt spinning and cold drawing on structure development and resulting properties of poly (aryl ether ketone) (PAEK) have been investigated. Melt spun and subsequently cold drawn fibers were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, wide angle X-ray diffraction, small angle X-ray diffraction, and birefringence techniques. At low take-up speeds, essentially amorphous fibers are produced. High take-up speeds result in development of crystallinity in the as-spun fibers. Cold drawing above the, Tg of PAEK causes further increase of crystallinity. Wide angle X-ray patterns indicate progressive alignment of chains along the fiber axis in as spun as well as in cold-drawn fibers with the draw down ratio and cold draw ratio. However, cold drawing was observed to broaden the WAXS peaks. SAXS patterns of cold drawn and fixed annealed fibers changed from two-point to four-point patterns indicating mosaic pattern formation of crystalline and amorphous regions. Mechanical properties including tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus, and yield strength were measured and correlated with fiber structure. Fracture surfaces of tensile tested fibers were observed using scanning electron microscopy and correlated with developed fiber structure.
Differentiation of the female reproductive body in the colonial hydroidCampanularia flexuosa.

A comparison of two genetic stocks ofCampanularia flexuosa revealed consistent differences with respect to (1) the number of eggs present in the maturefemale reproductive body (gonangium), (2) the level on each upright stem at which the first gonangium forms, and (3) their preference for the formation of reproductive versusvegetative (side-branch) structures.Alterations in food intake established the optimum feeding level for maximal production of structurally normal gonangia and also showed differences between stocks in the effects of reduced food intake on gonangial versus vegetative growth.A staging series for gonangiogenesis was developed from observations of filling of the gonangium with primordial egg cells (PEC), gonangial elongation, funnel maturation and oogenesis.When upright segments bearing immature gonangia are isolated from the stolon the gonangia frequently resorb, transform into vegetative outgrowths, or form structurally abnormal gonangia bearing fewer germ cells than normal. These responses, and the observed accumulation of PEC at sites of presumptive gonangial outgrowth, support a stolonic origin hypothesis for PEC and implicate PEC and oocytes in the initiation, maintenance and maturation of structurally normal gonangia. In addition, continued differentiation of the gonangial structure appears to be necessary for oocyte maturation.Possible mechanisms for somatic and gametic cell recruitment, and the theoretical importance of cellular proliferation, aging, cell-shape changes, cell movement and cellular interactions in normal gonangial differentiation are discussed.
Design of a Cylindrical Long-Slot Array Antenna Integrated With Hybrid EBG/Ferrite Ground Plane

Two wideband cylindrical long-slot antenna arrays (CLSAs) integrated with hybrid electromagnetic band-gap (EBG)/ferrite ground planes are designed for communication applications in 150-600-MHz (lower) and 0.7-6.5-GHz (upper) bands. The CLSA designs are compact, the lower and upper bands designs' dimensions being 78 × 63 cm2 (height × diameter and 29 × 48 cm2, respectively. The hybrid EBG/ferrite ground plane, previously developed and experimentally verified by the authors for planar arrays, was used to both eliminate the slot radiation toward the center of the cylinder and was found to be also important in enhancing the wideband properties of the array. Simulation results show that, under normal operation mode (all array elements have equal phases), the CLSA produces omnidirectional coverage over a wide bandwidth. In challenging environments, the CLSA can also be used in the phased array mode to produce directive and steerable beam patterns. In phased array mode, the beam can be steered 360 ° field of view (FOV) in azimuth without any distortion in the beam pattern and with more than 10 dB gain increase over the normal operation mode.
Electron-electron Thomas peak in fast transfer ionization

''Thomas process'' is a name used for a family of singular two-step processes that can lead to electron transfer. The Thomas process of the ''second kind,'' occurring in reactions with both transfer and ionization, utilizes the e-e scattering in the second step, so this Thomas process requires the dynamics of the electron-electron interaction. We calculate numerically the second order element of an S matrix and corresponding cross sections for the transfer ionization process. We find that the position and shape of the Thomas peak depend on both electron-electron and the electron-nucleus interaction. Also the direct and exchange amplitudes are equal at the peak position. We test the peaking approximation used for transfer ionization. Our results can be compared to experimental results for p{sup +}+He{yields}H+He{sup 2+}+e{sup -}. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Reliability of gate dielectrics of MOSFETs exposed to synchrotron radiation

Abstract MOSFETs of channel lengths from 1.75 to 10 μm exposed to synchrotron radiation at Aladdin, Wisconsin (22.7 A critical wavelength for 800 MeV electrons) to a total incident energy of 120 mJ/cm 2 show the post-irradiated threshold voltage shifts to be dependent on the channel length. Threshold voltages for different substrate bias ranging from 0 to −3 V show that the nature of the curves is the same for all the channel lengths but the shift is different. The short channel devices show a lesser threshold voltage shift compared to the longer devices. This is attributed to a smaller number of charges produced in the oxide after irradiation in the case of the short channel devices since more of the electron-hole pairs produced by X-rays are lost to the field oxide regions on either side of the gate insulator. Also, for the same reason, the effective channel length is enhanced.
Panoramic imaging of brain pHi and CBF during penicillin and metrazole induced status epilepticus.

Abstract Using real-time in vivo umbelliferone fluorescent imaging, cortical intracellular brain pH (pH i ) and cortical blood flow (CBF) were measured in New Zealand white rabbits during generalized seizures induced by intravenous metrazole or sodium penicillin. In the former, brain pH i declined from 7.04 ± 0.07 to 6.78 ± 0.07 within 15 min of generalized seizures and remained at this level for 1 h. In the penicillin group, pH i fell from 7.05 ±0.10 to 6.81 ±0.07 and also remained at this level over 60 min. This brain acidosis was uniform across the brain's surface. With the onset of status epilepticus there was a hyperemia which occurred in a heterogeneous pattern with blood flow appearing to be greater adjacent to cortical vasculature and slower in border zones between surface blood vessels. In the metrazole group, there was evidence of vasomotor paralysis with loss of autoregulation involving both cortical surface vasculature and penetrating arterioles with their capillary beds.
Prevention of Biliary Leaks

Introduction Since the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy more than two decades ago, the incidence of bile duct injury has remained greater than that established during the era of open cholecystectomy.
Depression Treatment Disparities Among Older Minority Home Healthcare Patients

Objective Determine the racial/ethnic effect on depression treatment among home healthcare patients. Design Cross-sectional analyses of administrative data. Setting A large home healthcare agency in Bronx, NY. Participants Patients 65 years and older admitted to homecare in 2010 (N = 3,744). Measurements Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-2 depression screen. Other data, such as diagnosis, medications, and demographics, were collected from the patient electronic medical record. Results 6.52% of the sample had a depression diagnosis, 11.11% screened positive for depression (+PHQ-2), and 13.39% were prescribed antidepressants. The odds of receiving an antidepressant among those who screened positive for depression were 0.42 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.22–0.79) for African Americans and 0.49 (95% CI: 0.26–0.93) for Hispanics compared with Caucasians. Conclusions These findings suggest that disparities continue to exist in depression treatment for older minority home healthcare patients compared with older Caucasians.
Atypical spontaneous aorto-caval fistula: CT appearance

CT findings of a clinically occult abdominal aorto-caval fistula secondary to atherosclerotic abdominal aortic aneurysm are presented. A review of 20 CT's demonstrating nonruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm was conducted. This review, in conjunction with the case presented, suggests that extensive caval effacement, with loss of the aorto-caval fat plane is an uncommon finding, and may indicate the presence of a thrombotically occluded aorto-caval fistula.
Predictors of Delay in Heart Failure Patients and Consequences for Outcomes

Persons with heart failure (HF) symptoms delay up to 7 days before seeking treatment. Delay can result in worse symptoms and potentially impact outcomes. The purpose of this review was to describe predictors and outcomes of delay in HF patients. Demographic factors, increased symptom number, social factors, greater HF knowledge, lower anxiety, and depression predicted increased delay. HF patients had difficulty recognizing and interpreting symptoms of HF. Results are conflicting related to symptom pattern, time of care seeking, and history of HF as predictors of delay. The only outcome predicted by delay was length of stay with those delaying longer reporting longer lengths of stay. Future research related to delay should include theoretical frameworks and larger, more ethnically diverse samples from multiple sites and link delay to outcomes. Valid and reliable instruments are needed to measure delay and related factors. HF education should include supportive others.
Coexistence of mixotrophs, autotrophs, and heterotrophs in planktonic microbial communities

We examine what circumstances allow the coexistence of microorganisms following different nutritional strategies, using a mathematical model. This model incorporates four nutritional types commonly found in planktonic ecosystems: (1) heterotrophic bacteria that consume dissolved organic matter and are prey to some of the other organisms; (2) heterotrophic zooflagellates that depend entirely on bacterial prey; (3) phototrophic algae that depend only on light and inorganic nutrients, and (4) mixotrophs that photosynthesize, take up inorganic nutrients, and consume bacterial prey. Mixotrophs are characterized by a parameter representing proportional mixing of phototrophic and heterotrophic nutritional strategies. Varying this parameter, a range of mixotrophic strategies was examined in hypothetical habitats differing in supplies of light, dissolved organic carbon, and dissolved inorganic phosphorous. Mixotrophs expressing a wide range of mixotrophic strategies persisted in model habitats with low phosphorus supply, but only those with a strategy that is mostly autotrophic persisted with high nutrient supply, and then only when light supply was also high. Organisms representing all four nutritional strategies were predicted to coexist in habitats with high phosphorus and light supplies. Coexistence involves predation by zooflagellates and mixotrophs balancing the high competitive ability of bacteria for phosphorus, the partitioning of partially overlapping resources between all populations, and possibly nonequlibrium dynamics. In most habitats, the strategy predicted to maximize the abundance of mixotrophs is to be mostly photosynthetic and supplement nutritional needs by consuming bacteria.
The Ability of Restaurateurs to Meet the Dining Needs of Individuals With Diabetes Mellitius

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To understand restaurant marketing opportunities for meeting the needs of individuals with diabetes mellitus. Eating out is a pleasurable experience for the general population, but individuals with diabetes mellitius (IWDM) may choose to eat out less often because they are unsure of how menu items fit with their nutritional requirements. After revision of the pilot survey, members of 11 diabetes support groups and restaurants located within a 50 mile radius of these groups were surveyed to determine if restaurateurs were meeting the dining needs of IWDM. One hundred forty surveys were collected from IWDM. Restaurant response to a similar mail survey was 41.5%. Data were analyzed for response frequency using the Statistical Analysis System. Response comparisons were evaluated using Chi-square and Fisher's exact test. IWDM dined out 2-3 times per week, ate in fast-food restaurants (54%) and dined in the evening (68.4%). IWDM drank skim milk (53%) or were able to order the milk required by their diet (47%). Skim milk was offered by 27.2% of the restaurants, 2% milk was offered by 71.8% of the restaurants, and whole milk was offered by 29.1% of the restaurants. IWDM (92%) would use sugar-free condiments, but only 43% of the restaurants offered sugar-free condiments. IWDM (39%) would like to have decaffeinated, diet, carbonated (DDC) beverages available at restaurants, but only 38% of the restaurants offered DDC beverages. IWDM (92%) would order sugar-free desserts. Sugar-free desserts were available in 19% of the restaurants, IWDM preferred sugar-free ice cream (67.2%) and sugar-free pie (52.2%). Restaurants served sugar-free gelatin (53.3%) and sugar-free pudding (40.0%). Restaurants (92%) used standardized recipes, but only 47.3% of the restaurants identified the portion sizes on the menu. Restaurants (87%) reported that their waitstaff knew the basic ingredients of the menu items. Restaurants would benefit from nutrition education focused on the needs of IWDM. Menu marketing opportunities exist for the inclusion of menu items that would be ordered by IWDM.
Integrable stationary solution for the fully nonlinear local induction equation describing the motion of a vortex filament

In this brief communication, we demonstrate an implicit exact stationary solution to the fully nonlinear local induction equation describing the motion of a vortex filament. The solution, which is periodic in the spatial variable, is governed by a second-order nonlinear equation that has two exact first integrals.
Biomechanics of manual material handling through simulation: computational aspects

Abstract Computerized human motion simulation allows generation of dynamic human motions on computers. Biomechanical stresses can be estimated using the motions generated on a computer without actually collecting joint coordinate data. A two-dimensional whole-body lifting simulation model is presented in this paper. The model assumes that humans perform lifting activities based on minimization of physical work, subject to various constraints. The simulation method contains three major computation units: trajectory formation unit, dynamics of motion unit, and nonlinear optimization unit. The trajectory formation unit generates smooth polynomials representing motion characteristics of human lifting. Kinematics and kinetics are calculated in the dynamics unit. Objective and constraint functions are evaluated in the optimization unit. Optimal motions are generated by minimizing the objective function, subject to the constraints. Computation methods of the three units and simulation results are presented.
Bang-bang digital PLLs at 11 and 20GHz with sub-200fs integrated jitter for high-speed serial communication applications

Wireline communication applications typically require a low-phase-noise wide-tuning-range PLL. While these requirements can be met using traditional charge-pump PLL architectures, a high-performance digital PLL (DPLL)-based solution offers potential advantages in area, testability, and flexibility. Nearly all high-performance DPLL architectures reported in the literature to date (see, e.g., [1–3]) incorporate a time-to-digital converter (TDC) that acts as the loop's PFD. Subject to its quantization limits, a high-resolution TDC generates output signals proportional to the phase error at its input, effectively linearizing the PFD response. It should be noted, however, that reported high-performance TDC-based DPLLs have generally been fractional-N, i.e., not integer-N, synthesizers. In a fractional-N loop, the phase difference between the feedback clock and the reference clock at the PFD input varies significantly, frequently jumping by as much as a full output clock period from one phase comparison to the next. At 10GHz output, this results in a 100ps phase shift, thus making a TDC with resolution on the order of 10 to 20ps adequate to generate multiple quantization levels. In an integer-N case, by contrast, a PLL with 500fs rms jitter at the output and a typical feedback divider value in the range of 16 to 40 would have feedback phase jitter of only 2 to 3.2ps rms . In this low noise situation, a TDC with less than 3.2ps of resolution would act essentially like a bang-bang PFD (BB-PFD). Existing wireline communication PLLs are predominantly integer-N designs with strict system-level requirements on the rms jitter. A DPLL designer targeting these applications, therefore, would have to face the challenging and ever-increasing requirements on TDC resolution, or to find a way of using a BB-PFD.
Passive scalar spectrum in high-Schmidt-number stationary and nonstationary turbulence.

Chasnov [Phys. Fluids 10, 1191 (1998)] reviewed the results for passive scalar spectra in high-Schmidt-number stationary turbulence as derived by Kraichnan [J. Fluid Mech. 64, 737 (1974)] and generalized them to simple nonstationary flows. In two-dimensional turbulence, the Kraichnan spectra are usually fitted by numerically solving the spectral equation using the derived asymptotic behavior for small and large wave numbers. In this Brief Report, we show that the Kraichnan passive scalar spectrum over the entire range of $k$ is essentially a modified Bessel function of the second kind. We also present analytical forms of the spectra in three-dimensional nonstationary turbulence, where as shown by Chasnov, the nonstationarity can be responsible for different asymptotic behavior than the usual Kraichnan's three-dimensional stationary form. Our results considerably simplify the ``fitting'' of passive scalar spectra from experimental and numerical data, with the simple analytical form valid for the whole range of $k$, instead of just the asymptotes, which are usually valid only for a small fraction of resolved wave numbers.
Enzymatic synthesis of polyglutamate derivatives of 7-hydroxymethotrexate

Abstract 7-Hydroxymethotrexate, an important metabolite of methotrexate, is a substrate for folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS) isolated from rat liver and several human leukemia cell lines. The substrate activity it displays over a wide range of concentrations (0–200 μM) is nearly equivalent to that of methotrexate. The 7-hydroxy derivative of dichloromethotrexate is also a substrate for FPGS. The pattern of polyglutamate products synthesized by rat liver FPGS was nearly identical with both 7-hydroxymethotrexate and methotrexate. In addition, conversion of MTX polyglutamates to the corresponding 7-hydroxy compounds was demonstrated using partially purified rabbit liver aldehyde oxidase. The rate of conversion was concentration dependent, and the relative rate decreased as the MTX polyglutamate chain length increased. We propose that 7-hydroxymethotrexate polyglutamates may be formed by initial hydroxylation of methotrexate and subsequent polyglutamate formation or by direct hydroxylation of methotrexate polyglutamates. It was further shown that the relative substrate activity of folate analogs for folylpolyglutamate synthetase is dependent on the source of the enzyme.
The epidermal growth factor receptor juxtamembrane domain has multiple basolateral plasma membrane localization determinants, including a dominant signal with a polyproline core.

The epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor is located predominantly in the basolateral membrane of polarized epithelia, where it plays a pivotal role during organogenesis and tissue homeostasis. We have shown previously that a 22-amino acid sequence in the EGF receptor juxtamembrane domain contains autonomous sorting information necessary for basolateral localization using the Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cell model. The goal of this study was to determine the molecular basis of EGF receptor basolateral membrane expression using site-directed mutagenesis to modify specific residues in this region. We now show that this sequence has two different, functionally redundant basolateral sorting signals with distinct amino acid requirements: one dependent on residues658LL659 conforming to well-characterized leucine-based sorting signals, and a second containing a polyproline core comprising residues Pro667 and Pro670(667PXXP670). Our data also suggest that Arg662 contributes to the function of the proline-based signal. 667PXXP670was the dominant signal when both motifs were present and was more effective than 658LL659 at overriding strong apical sorting signals located in the same molecule. Site-directed mutations at Arg662, Pro667, and Pro670 were also associated with increased apical expression of full-length EGF receptors, demonstrating for the first time that the juxtamembrane region is necessary for accurate polarized expression of the native molecule.
Specific interaction of mucoid strains of Pseudomonas spp. with oregano (Origanum vulgare) clones and the relationship to prevention of hyperhydricity in tissue culture

Summary Control of hyperhydricity or vitrification in tissue culture has included modifications of media nutrients and environmental conditions. Recently, inoculation of Oregano ( Origanum vulgare ) shoot expiants with a Pseudomonas spp. was reported to prevent hyperhydricity (Shetty et al., 1995). In this report, several different strains of Pseudomonas spp. were isolated and their role in preventing hyperhydricity was investigated in two oregano clonal lines 0–1 and 0–4. Characteristics of the bacteria include two mucoid producing strains A and F, a non-mucoid strain (NMA) isolated as a spontaneous variant from A, and a non-mucoid strain (NMF) obtained from F through chemical mutagenesis. Hyperhydricity was identified based on shoot morphology and related physiological characteristics such as chlorophyll, water, solids, and total phenolic content. Prevention of hyperhydricity was observed in shoots of both clonal lines inoculated with mucoid strains A and F, and such shoots had highest content of total chlorophyll, phenolics, and solids. Shoot expiants inoculated with non-mucoid strain NMA had partial prevention of hyperhydricity and intermediate levels of chlorophyll, phenolics, and solids between mucoid strain inoculation and the uninoculated control. Shoots inoculated with the non-mucoid strain NMF showed hyperhydricity and had very similar levels of chlorophyll, solids, and phenolics as uninoculated control. This research provides new clues about Pseudomonas spp. interactions with Oregano shoot expiants and clearly showed that prevention of hyperhydricity in tissue culture was linked to mucoid strains.
Lamellar crystallization during bulk polymerization of poly(p-oxybenzoate)

Abstract Poly( p -oxybenzoate) (PpOBA) has been polymerized in the bulk at temperatures below the melting point of the monomer. Polymerization involves, isothermally, sublimation-recrystallization-melting (chemical reaction)-polymerization-liquid crystal domain formation-crystallization processes. Lamellae, about 100 A thick for P p OBA, are observed along with particulate material. D.s.c. and FT i.r. scans indicate that the sublimate is identical to the monomer, but that the ‘melt’ has undergone some esterification. The polymer produced is of relatively low molecular weight, but the degree of polymerization can be rapidly increased by heating to elevated temperatures.
Evaluation of the thermal dilution technique for the measurement of steady and pulsatile flows.

Abstract The Stewart-Hamilton equation or its thermal analogue, which is used to compute cardiac output, is based upon the assumptions of well mixed, steady flow and a mean flow sampling technique. When thermal dilution measurements are made in the aorta, the conditions required by these assumptions are not strictly met, since the flow is pulsatile and a local point sampling technique is employed. The purpose of the investigation reported here was to examine in a model system the accuracy of the thermal dilution technique under pulsatile flow conditions likely to exist in the human aorta, and in particular the influence of sensor positioning. The results of our model study showed the technique to be accurate to within 10 per cent for all flow conditions studied, as long as the fluid was well mixed at the sampling site. The ratio of indicated to actual mean flowrates was not affected by the radial location of the sensor, mean Reynolds number, frequency parameter or amplitude ratio. However, a buoyancy effect was observed which gave rise to significant errors in flowrate determination under certain conditions which may be representative of some applications of the local thermal dilution technique in short segments of small diameter vessels.
Potential application of tungsten carbides as electrocatalysts: 4. Reactions of methanol, water, and carbon monoxide over carbide-modified W(110)

The reactions of methanol, water, and carbon monoxide over clean and carbide-modified W(110) are studied by using temperature-programmed desorption, high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy, and Auger electron spectroscopy . The product selectivity of methanol on unmodified W(110) is 67.5% toward complete decomposition, 8.5% toward CO, and 24% toward CH 4 . After the W(110) surface is modified by carbon, the complete decomposition pathway decreases to 58%, with the remaining methanol dissociating to produce approximately equal amounts of CO and CH 4 . On W(110), the number of H 2 O molecules undergoing dissociation is determined to be 0.320 water molecules per W atom. Upon carbon modification, the activity of water decreases by half to 0.153 molecules per W atom. The study of CO on W(110) shows three reaction pathways: decomposition to surface C and O, formation of gas-phase CO 2 , and molecular desorption at 284 and 335 K. On the C/W(110) surface, only 7% of the adsorbed CO decomposes to produce surface C and O; additionally, no CO 2 desorption is detected. The preadsorption of water onto C/W(110) does not appear to affect the amount of CO adsorption, but does lead to CO desorbing at the lower temperature of 271 K. These results are compared to our previous studies on W(111) and C/W(111) to determine the effect of substrate structure on the reaction pathways of methanol, water, and CO.
Travel distance as factor in follow-up visit compliance in postlaparoscopic adjustable gastric banding population

Abstract Background Despite the 2008 “American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, The Obesity Society, and American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Medical Guidelines for Clinical Practice for the Perioperative Nutritional, Metabolic, and Nonsurgical Support of the Bariatric Surgery Patient,” consensus does not exist for postoperative care in laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) patients (grade D evidence). It has been suggested that regular follow-up is related to better outcomes, specifically greater weight loss. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of travel distance to the clinic on the adherence to follow-up visits and weight loss in a cohort of LAGB patients in the setting of a rural, university-affiliated teaching hospital in the United States. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed of all consecutive LAGB patients for a 1-year period. Linear regression analysis was used to identify the relationships between appointment compliance and the distance traveled and between the amount of weight loss and the distance traveled. Results Linear regression analysis was performed to investigate the effect of the travel distance to the clinic on the percentage of follow-up visits postoperatively. This effect was not significant (P = .4). Linear regression analysis was also performed to elucidate the effect of the travel distance to the clinic on the amount of weight loss. This effect was significant (P = .04). Conclusion The travel distance to the clinic did not seem to be a significant predictor of compliance in a cohort of LAGB patients with ≤1 year of follow-up in a rural setting. However, a weak relationship was found between the travel distance to the clinic and weight loss, with patients who traveled further seeming to lose slightly more weight.
Reliable micro-electro-mechanical (MEM) switch design for ultra-low-power logic

Fundamental energy-efficiency limits for transistor-based digital logic circuits have led to renewed interest in micro-electro-mechanical (MEM) switches [1-12] because they have the ideal characteristics of zero off-state leakage and abrupt switching behavior. Reliable operation with high endurance is a key requirement for digital logic applications, and historically has been a challenge for mechanical computing devices. This paper discusses various failure modes for MEM switches, with particular focus on contact stiction due to welding. Experimental results show that device endurance (number of on/off switching cycles before welding-induced failure) improves exponentially with decreasing contact temperature, and that it depends on the contact material, contact voltage (VC), on-state resistance (RON) and load capacitance. A contact reliability model calibrated to the experimental data projects that endurance will exceed 1015 cycles at 1V operating voltage. Implications for switch contact design, logic applications and dimension scaling are discussed.
A reindeer herder’s perspective on caribou, weather and socio-economic change on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska

Non-climate variables shape vulnerability and adaptive capacity to climate change. Here, we describe how recent environmental and socio-economic developments have transformed reindeer herding and perceptions of weather on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska. The reindeer industry has shrunk considerably since the early 1990s, when the winter range of the Western Arctic Caribou Herd expanded, and over 17 000 reindeer mixed with migrating caribou and left the region. Socio-economic and environmental repercussions make the continuation of herding tenuous, and erode the ability of herders to cope with weather variability, among other perturbations. We present a case study of one herder’s annual cycle, and juxtapose physical drivers of herding activities, including weather-station and herder observations of local weather variability, with socio-economic factors. There is an increased urgency to access and monitor reindeer with caribou present, but herding plans are constrained by lower economic returns and the need to spend more time in non-herding jobs. Although weather is a greater concern now for immediate herd access, standard weather data are largely irrelevant to the mechanics of herding, whereas variables pertaining to the timing of biotic events (e.g., synchrony of spring break-up and calving) and visibility are attributed to lost herding opportunities. Short-term responses to weather conditions stem from more longterm vulnerability associated with caribou presence, reduced herd size, difficulties affording snowmobile maintenance or crew assistance, and dwindling market opportunities. We emphasize the environmental and socioeconomic interactions that affect vulnerability and adaptive capacity for modern herding.
Expanding urban American Indian youths' repertoire of drug resistance skills: pilot results from a culturally adapted prevention program

This article examines changes in the drug resistance strategies used by urban American Indian (UAI) middle school students during a pilot test of a substance use prevention curriculum designed specifically for UAI youth, Living in 2 Worlds (L2W). L2W teaches four drug resistance strategies (refuse, explain, avoid, leave [R-E-A-L]) in culturally appropriate ways. Data come from 57 UAI students (53% female; mean age = 12.5 years) who participated in L2W during an academic enrichment class for Native youth at two Phoenix schools. Students completed a pre-test questionnaire before the L2W lessons and a post-test 7 months later. Questions assessed the use of R-E-A-L and alternative strategies commonly reported by UAI youth (change the subject, use humor). Tests of mean differences from pre-test to post-test showed significant increases in use of refuse, explain, and leave, and an expanding R-E-A-L repertoire. Use of more passive strategies (avoid, use humor) did not change significantly, except for change the subject, which increased. Changes in the use of strategies did not differ significantly by gender, age, school grades, parental education, or length of urban residence. The L2W curriculum appears effective in teaching culturally relevant communication strategies that expand UAI youths' repertoire of drug resistance skills.
Anxiety and defensiveness: individual differences in affective startle modulation

Anxious individuals selectively attend to threatening information, and defensiveness may influence the experience and expression of anxiety. Fifty-eight undergraduates scoring high and low on measures of anxiety and defensiveness viewed pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant pictures. Acoustic startle probes were presented 60, 240, or 2,000 ms after picture onset. At 60 ms and 240 ms, repressors (low anxiety, high defensiveness) showed weaker blinks during both pleasant and unpleasant compared to neutral pictures, suggesting enhanced early attention to affective stimuli, regardless of valence. At 2,000 ms, high-anxious but not low anxious participants showed potentiated startle responses during unpleasant compared to pleasant pictures. Although this result replicated previous research on anxiety and valence modulation of startle, exploratory analyses suggested that the valence effect was restricted to trait anxious individuals tending toward a defensive coping style. Across probe conditions, defensiveness was associated with heightened startle reactivity independent of self-reported anxiety and foreground stimulus characteristics.
Child-centred physical activity programme and parent-centred dietary programme alone or combined lead to sustainable reductions in BMI in 5-10-year-olds: diet alone or diet plus activity programmes seemed most effective.

Commentary on: AD Okely, CE Collins, PJ Morgan, et al.. Multi-site randomized controlled trial of a child-centered physical activity program, a parent-centered dietary-modification program, or both in overweight children: the HIKCUPS study. J Pediatr2010;157:388–94, 394.e1.
Reduction of metastases of lewis lung carcinoma by an ayurvedic food supplement in mice

Abstract In this investigation we studied the effect of oral feeding of an Ayurvedic Rasayana (health promoting/ therapeutic preparation) called Maharishi Amrit Kalash-4 (M-4) on metastasis of Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) in mice. C57BL/6 female mice were fed either chow containing M-4 or stadtard laboratory chow and inoculated subcutaneously with 5×10 5 LLC tumor cells. Animals were sacrificed 1–3 days after first animal died in either group (4–5 weeks). The animals receiving M-4-containing chow had significantly (P