cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PARTICLE-TURBULENCE INTERACTION IN A BOUNDARY LAYER

Abstract Particle-turbulence interaction in wall turbulent flows has been studied. A series of experiments varying particle size, particle density, particle loading and flow Re has been conducted. The results show that the larger polystyrene particles (1100 μm) cause an increase in the number of wall ejections, giving rise to an increase in the measured values of the turbulence intensities and Reynolds stresses. On the other hand, the smaller polystyrene particles (120 μm) bring about a decrease in the number of wall ejections, causing a decrease in the measured intensities and Reynolds stresses. These effects are enhanced as the particle loading is increased. It was also found that the heavier glass particles (88 μm) do not bring about any significant modulation of turbulence. In addition, measurements of the burst frequency and the mean streak-spacing show no significant change with increase in particle loading. Based on these observations, a mechanism of particle transport in wall turbulent flows has been proposed, in which the particles are transported (depending on their size, density and flow Re) by the bursting events of the wall regions.
Sources of strontium and calcium in desert soil and calcrete

The carbon-cycle significance of soil carbonate fluxes is subject to large uncertainties because it is not clear precisely how much calcium is derived from atmospheric sources compared with that from the chemical weathering of silicate minerals. In the petrocalcic horizon (calcrete) of a Pleistocene soil from the USDA‐SCS Desert Project area near Las Cruces, NM, approximately 1.5 g Ca=cm 3 has been added, with an associated expansion of the profile of200%. Strontium isotope values for the labile cations and carbonate from the A, B and K soil horizons have 87 Sr= 86 Sr values that range from 0.7087 to 0.7093, similar to the values for easily soluble local dust and rain. The parent material, non-calcareous Camp Rice alluvial sediment, has a 87 Sr= 86 Sr ratio of0.7165. Mixing calculations indicate a minimum atmospheric contribution to soil carbonate calcium of 94%; the more likely scenarios indicate at least 98% of the Ca originated from atmospheric input. The variations in 87 Sr= 86 Sr ratios of soil silicate (0.7131 to 0.7173) are consistent with weathering of volcanogenic sediments and neoformation of clay minerals in the petrocalcic horizon. Moreover, the Sr isotope data suggest that 50‐70% of silicate in the uppermost 25 cm of the profile could be atmosphere-derived. The isotopic composition of labile strontium in the A horizon and the mass distribution of silicon and calcium indicate that the uppermost portion of the profile is the present zone for the release of cations due to silicate weathering. Steady-state models of the whole profile yield a Sr weathering flux ranging from200 to 400 m gc m 2 Ma 1 . The results indicate that both the present-day and long-term contribution of calcium from silicate weathering is less than 2% of that supplied from the atmosphere, and confirm that desert soil formation is not a significant sink for atmospheric carbon. © 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
THE LOGIC OF DEFINITION IN CRIMINOLOGY: PURPOSES AND METHODS FOR DEFINING “GANGS”

This article is aimed at clarifiing some of the problems in gang definition by examination of the logic of definition. Definitions are considered in terms of various purposes as well as lexical and stipulative definitional types. Methods of stipulative definition that have been tangled together in gang research and theory are identified as analytic definition and synthetic definition, with the latter including correlational, causal, and definition by description. The article examines how various researchers and theorists have fallen into various errors of logic in use of these methods and how gang research and theory might make more consistent progress through clariJication of the definitional issues. Problems of definition in criminology are more serious than many admit, for as Maxson and Klein (1990:71) quote an anonymous attorney, “Let me make the definitions and I’ll win any argument.” This article examines the term gang, which is the subject of the quotation, as a case in point. When surveyed in the early 1980s, 50% of the 44 largest cities in the United States reported gang problems (Needle and Stapleton, 1983).
Inclusive production of K+ mesons in 2.1-GeV/nucleon nuclear collisions.

{ital K}{sup +} meson production by 2.1-GeV/nucleon Ne, {ital d}, and {ital p} projectiles on NaF and Pb targets has been measured. The cross sections depend exponentially upon the kaon energy in the nucleon-nucleon c.m. frame, with an inverse slope {ital T}{sub 0} larger than the values obtained from comparable proton and {pi}{sup {minus}} spectra. The angular distribution in this frame is approximately isotropic. The {ital A} dependence of the kaon yield has been determined. Data are compared with theoretical predictions.
The Y chromosome, social signals, and offense in mice.

Offense is one type of aggression in mice (Mus musculus/Mus domesticus). Offense was measured in a panel of testers design for two congenic strains of mice. The two congenic strains were DBA1Bg and DBA1. C57BL10-YBg. These differ in the Y chromosome. Offense was measured for the following dyadic pairs: Group 1 (DBA1 tested against a DBA1 opponent); Group 2 (DBA1 tested against a DBA1.C57BL10-Y opponent); Group 3 (DBA1.C57BL10-Y tested against a DBA1.C57BL10-Y opponent); and Group 4 (DBA1.C57BL10-Y tested against a DBA1 opponent). Group 1 was more aggressive than Group 3, whereas Group 2 was no more aggressive than Group 4. Thus, when the experimental and opponent pairs have the same Y chromosome, the congenics differ in offense, whereas when the experimental and opponent pairs have different Y chromosomes, the congenics do not differ in offense. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that these Y chromosomes affect the display of and response to social or other stimuli for offense of mice. These stimuli may be individual recognition chemosignals in urine.
Polyether-Modified Poly(acrylic acid): Synthesis and Applications

Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) copolymers modified with block-copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) are inherently attractive for medicinal applications as their components are considered pharmaceutically safe. The laboratory-scale synthesis of poly(acrylic acid) bonded onto a PEO−PPO−PEO triblock (Pluronic) backbone via dispersion polymerization is reported. Initial optimization of the synthesis defines appropriate levels of initial loading of acrylic acid and Pluronic, with a mixture of 2,2‘-azobis(2,4-dimethylpentanenitrile) and lauroyl peroxide as an initiator system. The synthesis results in a copolymer with low residual monomer content and a very high degree of bonding between Pluronic and PAA. Diluted aqueous solutions of Pluronic-g-PAA exhibit rapid thermogelation. Rheological parameters of the copolymers urge on their ophthalmic applications.
Synthesis of Isomeric Dideoxynucleosides with Partial Symmetry

Abstract Approaches to the synthesis of (S) and (R) enantiomers of hydroxymethylated isodideoxynucleosides have been developed. Because of the symmetry introduced at the carbon that normally bears the -CH2OH group, these compounds have only one asymmetric center and each enantiomeric series may be viewed as being both D- and L- related.
Political Theory and the Conduct of Faith: Oakeshott on Religion in Public Life

This article examines Michael Oakeshott's peculiar understanding of religion and its connection to politics and public affairs in democratic societies. It considers Oakeshott's views on both the prominence of religion as an expression of practical life, and the conciliatory role of the religious imagination in human existence. Upon inspection, Oakeshott's notion of a reconciled form of religiosity appears to be devised to speak to problems of religious enthusiasm in liberal democracies. Oakeshott's response to challenges of religious enthusiasm is insufficient and problematic, however, as is the conservative disposition he advocates for individual persons in democratic polities.
Surgical management of necrotizing enterocolitis and isolated intestinal perforation in premature neonates

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and isolated intestinal perforation (IP) are two relatively common disease conditions that require neonatal surgical therapy. The early mortality rate approaches 50%, and survivors frequently have growth and neurodevelopmental impairment. Much discussion has occurred regarding whether initial drain placement alone or laparotomy with resection of diseased intestine should be the initial surgical therapy. Several recent prospective studies have shown that the early mortality rate is likely not significantly different after either of these surgical approaches. Major morbidity, especially the likelihood for neurodevelopmental impairment, may be different in the two treatment groups. Further prospective trials are needed to further explore this question and are planned. Studies focusing on prevention of NEC and IP and also on improved medical treatment are needed to allow a major advance in the outcomes of infants with NEC and IP. As these studies are being performed, trials evaluating existing medical and surgical therapies are also needed.
Transforming growth factor-β signaling in cancer

Transforming growth factor (TGF-beta) is a multifunctional polypeptide implicated in the regulation of a variety of cellular processes including growth, differentiation, apoptosis, adhesion, and motility. Abnormal activation or inhibition of these TGF-beta regulated processes is implicated in many diseases, including cancer. Cancers can develop through selective exploitation of defects in TGF-beta signaling that occur at several different levels in the pathway. The TGF-beta signal transduction cascade is initiated when TGF-beta binds to transmembrane receptors. The TGF-beta receptors then phosphorylate and activate Smad proteins, which transduce the signal from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. In the nucleus, Smads can bind directly to DNA and cooperate with other transcription factors to induce transcription of TGF-beta target genes. Mutations in target genes, Smads, or the TGF-beta receptor are associated with certain human cancers.
The anticarcinogenic and tumor growth inhibitory activities of lymphotoxin are associated with altered membrane glycoprotein synthesis.

Abstract Membrane glycoprotein synthesis was studied in non-tumorigenic and tumor cells treated with the lymphokine hormone, lymphotoxin, to define the biochemical mechanisms by which lymphotoxin prevents carcinogenesis and inhibits growth of tumor cells. Syrian hamster lymphotoxin increased the synthesis of high molecular weight (50,000–250,000) membrane glycoproteins in non-tumorigenic secondary passage NIH N Syrian hamster embryo fibroblasts and caused a decrease in the synthesis of high molecular weight glycoproteins in benzo[a]pyrene-induced hamster tumor cells. Increased glycoprotein synthesis varied directly with lymphotoxin concentration and duration of treatment and occurred contemporaneously with lymphotoxin-initiated prevention of carcinogen-induced morphologic transformation. These lymphotoxin-stimulated fluctuations in membrane glycoprotein synthesis are evidence of specific biochemical target cell changes associated with the anticarcinogenic and tumor-inhibitory actions of this immunologic hormone.
On the kolmogorov and frozen turbulence in numerical simulation of capillary waves

Abstract Numerical simulation of dynamical equations for capillary waves excited by long-scale forcing shows the presence of both Kolmogorov spectrum at high wavenumbers (with the index predicted by weak-turbulent theory) and non-monotonic spectrum at low wavenumbers. The value of the Kolmogorov constant measured in numerical experiments happens to be different from the theoretical one. We explain the difference by the coexistence of Kolmogorov and “frozen” turbulence with the help of maps of quasi-resonances. Observed results are believed to be generic for different physical dispersive systems and are confirmed by laboratory experiments.
Bending characteristics of nitinol wire

U ntil recently only a limited group of alloys have been used for orthodontic wires, namely, gold-caper, austenitic stainless steel, and chromium-cobalt-nickle (CrCo-Ni) based materials. In general, the last two groups have similar mechanical properties although processing, stress-relieving, heat-treating, and minor alloying adjustments allow for small product differences. On the other hand, the gold-based wires have a modulus of elasticity approximately one half that of the other two groups. Unfortunately, the yield strength of gold alloys is less by approximately the same factor, which gives them a ratio of yield strength to modulus of elasticity that is nearly the same as that of stainless steel and Cr-Co-Ni alloys, Since springback or resilience is proportional to this ratio, all three categories of alloys are approximately the same in regard to this clinical characteristic. When used in orthodontic appliances, wires with low moduli of elasticity in combination with high resilience aid in delivering clinically desirable low continuous forces and increased working time.’ It is these benefits, coupled with technologic advances in metallurgy and wire processing, which have promulgated the introduction of several lowstiffness, high-springback orthodontic wires. Braided wires use traditional stainless steel but achieve their improved properties through unique design of the wire’s cross section. A second approach to obtaining “high-deflection” wires is through the use of novel alloys, the most notable being nitinol, a nickel-titanium alloy.2 Nitinol was developed by William F. Buehle? in the early 1960’s. The original alloy contained 55 percent nickel and 45 percent titanium, which resulted in a one-to-one stoichrometric ratio of these elements. The most unique feature of this NiTi intermetallic compound is the “memory” phenomenon, which is a result of temperature-induced crystallographic transformations.” Andreasen’ suggested that these shape changes might be used by the orthodontist to apply forces. This memory principle is not used clinically, although it would appear plausible. The commercially available nitinol orthodontic wire contains 1.6 percent cobalt to modify the transition temperature and mechanical properties. Even without the “memory” effect, the unusually low modulus of elasticity of 4.8 x lo6 p.s.i. and high resilience offer desirable features to the orthodontist. Using a clinical model, Andreasen and Barrett” demonstrated that nitinol had a lower stiffness than stainless steel and could be deflected further without permanent deformation when tied into malaligned brackets. Andreasen and Morrow’ have evaluated the bending characteristics and spring rate of
Density functional theory for differential capacitance of planar electric double layers in ionic liquids

Abstract The differential capacitance of electric double layers in ionic liquids and its correlation with the surface charge density, ion size and concentration are studied within the framework of the classical density functional theory (DFT). As prescribed by previous analytical theories, DFT is able to reproduce the transition in the differential capacitance versus the surface potential curve from the ‘camel’ shape to the ‘bell’ shape when the ionic density increases. However, DFT predicts alternating layers of cations and anions at the charged surface that cannot be described by the classical Gouy–Chapman–Stern model and its modifications.
Meeting the Listening Needs of Adolescents: FM and Other Technologies

The benefits of frequency-modulated (FM) systems have been well established. An FM system provides a favorable signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio even in the most difficult listening situations. With toda...
Schottky-Barrier-Type Optoelectronic Structures

This chapter focuses on optoelectronic structures which employ Schottky-barrier-type junctions. In the chapter we shall use the term “Schottky-barrier-type junction” to refer to rectifying metal-semiconductor (MS) junctions, metal-interfacial layer-semiconductor (MIS) junctions, and semiconductor-interfacial layer-semiconductor (SIS) junctions. The optoelectronic structures to be considered are light-emitting diodes, photodiodes, and photovoltaic devices.
Intrauterine subdural hemorrhage

Subdural hemorrhage (SDH) detected postnatally in the newborn infant is usually related to trauma at the time of vaginal delivery. With improvement in obstetric methods, the incidence of this problem has declined. However, with advances in obstetric ultrasonography, it has been recognized that SDH may occur in utero before the onset of delivery. Intrauterine SDH remains a rare event. A review of the literature revealed only 32 cases to date (Tables I and II). Neonatal SDH is venous in origin and associated with trauma in most cases. Etiopathogenesis of neonatal SDH is explained by shearing of bridging veins or other venous structures caused by trauma. Instrumental delivery (forceps or vacuum extraction) causes distortion of the infant's cranium with elongation of the falx and angulation of the tentorium, leading to tearing of posterior fossa venous structures and bleeding into the subdural space. Rupture or tearing of large venous channels, such as the great vein of Galen, straight or transverse sinus or falx laceration with rupture of the sagittal sinus, result in accumulation of blood in both the supratentorial and infratentorial compartments. However, etiopathogenesis of intrauterine SDH is less certain. The fetus is usually well protected from direct abdominal trauma by maternal structures and amniotic fluid. Fetal intracranial vessels may be susceptible to shearing or acceleration/deceleration forces because of the following features: first, the head is large and neck muscles weak; this allows more rotational movement with angular acceleration. Second, the subarachnoid space is larger, allowing the brain to move within the cranium easily. Third, the fetal brain has a higher water content that increases its mass and allows it to develop more momentum when acceleration is applied. These unique conditions could make the fetus more susceptible to developing subdural hematomas and allow the development of subdural hematomas without obvious trauma.
Multiresolution-based direct trajectory optimization

In this paper we present a multiresolution-based approach for direct trajectory optimization. We transcribe the optimal control problem into a nonlinear programming (NLP) problem and solve the resulting NLP problem on an adaptive grid. The proposed algorithm automatically generates a grid to accurately capture the discontinuities and switchings in the state and control variables. The path constraints are handled with ease using the proposed technique without any additional computational complexity. The efficiency and accuracy of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated with the help of several examples.
Quantitative affinity-based chemical proteomics of TrkA inhibitors

Quantitative chemical proteomics enabled affinity-isolation and enrichment of the tyrosine receptor kinase TrkA and protein isolation was competed by the inhibitors purvalanol B and staurosporine in a dose-related manner. These methods will advance occupancy biomarker development and our understanding of TrkA biochemistry in disease.
A 2D Mesoporous Imine-Linked Covalent Organic Framework for High Pressure Gas Storage Applications

Hole-some mixture: A 2D mesoporous covalent organic framework (see figure) featuring expanded pyrene cores and linked by imine linkages has a high surface area (SA(BET) = 2723 m(2) g(-1)) and exhibits significant gas storage capacities under high pressure, which make this class of material very promising for gas storage applications.
Strange Bedfellows? Reaffirming Rehabilitation and Prison Privatization

Private prisons are here to stay irrespective of empirical findings for or against their existence in the corrections industry. It is necessary, therefore, to step back and consider them on a broader level to assess how they can benefit current penological practice. It will be argued that prison privatization creates an opportunity to reassess the dominant correctional philosophy in America. In particular, the contractual structure of private prisons allows for “what works” in corrections to be built into performance evaluations. The implications of this assertion for private prisons as well as the current status of the rehabilitative ideal will be discussed.
Quantifying the impact of technical barriers to trade : a framework for analysis

There has been increasing use of technical regulations as instruments of commercial policy in the context of multilateral, regional, and global trade. These nontariff barriers are of special concern to developing countries, which may bear additional costs in meeting mandatory standards. Many industrial and developing countries express frustration with regulations that vary across their export markets, require duplicative conformity procedures, and are continually revised to exclude imports. The authors provide a comprehensive overview of the policy debate and methodological issues surrounding product standards and technical barriers to trade. They begin with a review of the policy context driving demand for empirical analysis of standards in trade, then provide an analytical overview of the role of standards and their relationship to trade. They then review methodological approaches that have been used to analyze standards and their impact on trade. Their main interest lies in advancing techniques that are practical and may be fruitfully extended to the empirical analysis of regulations and trade. They discuss concrete steps that could be taken to move forward a practical, policy-relevant program of empirical research. Such steps would include: a) administering firm-level surveys in developing countries; b) devising methods for assessing how much standards restrict trade; and c) establishing econometric approaches that could be applied to survey and microeconomic data, to improve understanding of the role of standards in exports.
Spectral resolution and noise robustness in auditory modeling

An analysis is presented of an auditory model of the inner ear to achieve robust spectral estimation. To obtain a better estimate of spectral magnitude, a new method of determining aggregate synchrony is developed. Using mathematical analysis, the first-stage bandpass filtering in the model is shown to directly determine spectral resolution and noise robustness. Statistical evaluation results are presented for the performance factors of bias, variance, resolution, and noise threshold of the auditory spectral estimator. >
Systems Biology Approach in Chlamydomonas Reveals Connections between Copper Nutrition and Multiple Metabolic Steps

In this work, we query the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii copper regulon at a whole-genome level. Our RNA-Seq data simulation and analysis pipeline validated a 2-fold cutoff and 10 RPKM (reads per kilobase of mappable length per million mapped reads) (~1 mRNA per cell) to reveal 63 CRR1 targets plus another 86 copper-responsive genes. Proteomic and immunoblot analyses captured 25% of the corresponding proteins, whose abundance was also dependent on copper nutrition, validating transcriptional regulation as a major control mechanism for copper signaling in Chlamydomonas. The impact of copper deficiency on the expression of several O₂-dependent enzymes included steps in lipid modification pathways. Quantitative lipid profiles indicated increased polyunsaturation of fatty acids on thylakoid membrane digalactosyldiglycerides, indicating a global impact of copper deficiency on the photosynthetic apparatus. Discovery of a putative plastid copper chaperone and a membrane protease in the thylakoid suggest a mechanism for blocking copper utilization in the chloroplast. We also found an example of copper sparing in the N assimilation pathway: the replacement of copper amine oxidase by a flavin-dependent backup enzyme. Forty percent of the targets are previously uncharacterized proteins, indicating considerable potential for new discovery in the biology of copper.
Anticipating Explanations in Relative Clause Processing

We show that comprehenders’ expectations about upcoming discourse coherence relations inuence the resolution of local structural ambiguity. We employ cases in which two clauses share both a syntactic relationship and a discourse relationship, and hence in which syntactic and discourse processing might be expected to interact. An o-line sentence-completion study and an on-line self-paced reading
Increasing resource specialization among competitors shifts control of diversity from local to spatial processes

We argue that an increase in the number of specialized consumers can shift the control of ecological dynamics from local to spatial processes. When there are only a few specialized types, local dynamics maintains most types within each patch. As the number of types increases, the probability of local extinction rises. Subsequent colonizations perturb local dynamics, setting off another round of extinctions and the potential for later recolonization. Global processes of colonization and extinction reduce local diversity and increase differentiation among patches. We draw an analogy between the specificity of host-parasite genetics and the specificity of consumer–resource pairs.
Dispersive modes in the time domain: analysis and time-frequency representation

Four algorithms for time-frequency (TF) distributions are considered for the processing and interpretation of dispersive time-domain (TD) data: the short-time Fourier transform, frequency and time-domain wavelets, and a new ARMA-based representation. The TF resolutions of the various distributions are discussed and compared with reference to results for the scattered fields from a chirped finite grating excited by a pulsed plane wave. The processing in the TF phase space extracts TD phenomenology, in particular the instantaneous dispersion relation /spl minus/ with its associated time-dependent frequencies-descriptive of the local TD Floquet modes on the chirped truncated grating. >
A common representational system governed by Weber's law: nonverbal numerical similarity judgments in 6-year-olds and rhesus macaques.

Abstract This study compared nonverbal numerical processing in 6-year-olds with that in nonhuman animals using a numerical bisection task. In the study, 16 children were trained on a delayed match-to-sample paradigm to match exemplars of two anchor numerosities. Children were then required to indicate whether a sample intermediate to the anchor values was closer to the small anchor value or the large anchor value. For two sets of anchor values with the same ratio, the probability of choosing the larger anchor value increased systematically with sample number, and the psychometric functions superimposed when plotted on a logarithmic scale. The psychometric functions produced by the children also superimposed with the psychometric functions produced by rhesus monkeys in an analogous previous experiment. These examples of superimposition demonstrate that nonverbal number representations, even in children who have acquired the verbal counting system, are modulated by Weber’s law.
The splicing regulators Esrp1 and Esrp2 direct an epithelial splicing program essential for mammalian development

Genes are turned into their protein products via two steps. The first, transcription, produces an intermediate RNA molecule or ‘transcript’; the second step, translation, turns the transcript into a protein. Most genes in mammals contain stretches of DNA called exons, which code for protein, interspersed with sequences called introns that do not. Therefore, a transcript must be ‘spliced’ before translation—the introns are removed and the exons joined. In some genes, certain exons can be optionally included or excluded from a transcript to produce different versions of the same protein that can often have very different functions. This is known as alternative splicing, and is essential for normal development. A large number of regulatory proteins control this process, many of which are only made in specific types of cells or tissues. Esrp1 and Esrp2 are two proteins that regulate alternative splicing in epithelial cells. These specialized cells form sheets that line most organs in the body and are found in the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. Although Esrp1 and Esrp2 have previously been studied in the laboratory using cultured cell lines, their roles have not been investigated in living animals. Bebee, Park et al. have now examined mice that are unable to produce one or both of these proteins. Mice that only lacked Esrp1 developed a cleft lip and palate. In mice that lacked both proteins, many organs failed to develop correctly and in some cases did not form at all. In the epidermis, the loss of Esrp1 and Esrp2 disrupted the splicing of the transcripts from genes that give epithelial cells many of their specialized characteristics, such as the ability to form sheets of cells with well formed junctions between them. This meant that epidermis that lacked Esrp1 and Esrp2 could not form a proper barrier layer, which is a crucial role of epithelia in skin as well as in other organs. In future, the mutant mice will be valuable for exploring how alternative splicing affects the development of epithelial cells and their properties.
A comparative study of isometric and isotonic quadriceps exercise programs.

One hundred and sixty-nine patients with knee injuries were divided into isometric and isotonic exercise groups by a process of random selection. The groups were comparable with respect to age and type of injury suffered. The isometric group required a mean of 11.7 treatments and the isotonic group 14.9 treatments to return to duty. The difference between the two means, 3.2 treatments, is statistically and clinically significant. In both groups there was a small but statistically significant cross-education effect on the unexercised limb. Muscle hypertrophy in both groups was insignificant during the exercise period.
Immunohistochemical Detection of NRASQ61R Mutation in Diverse Tumor Types.

Objectives: Testing for NRAS mutation at codon Q61 is of therapeutic, prognostic, and diagnostic importance for metastatic melanoma, thyroid carcinoma, and colorectal carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry for NRAS Q61R, the most common NRAS mutation, offers several practical advantages over current molecular diagnostic techniques. Methods: We investigated the sensitivity and specificity of NRAS Q61R in a series of 149 tumors with known NRAS genotype (72 malignant melanomas, 13 melanocytic nevi, 28 thyroid carcinomas, 25 gastrointestinal carcinomas, and 11 other malignancies). Results: Thirty-five cases harbored the NRAS Q61R mutation (19 malignant melanomas, one melanocytic nevus, 10 thyroid carcinomas, two gastrointestinal carcinomas, and three other malignancies). In this series, the concordance rate between immunohistochemistry and mutational analyses was 100%. The sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 100%, respectively. However, lower staining intensity was observed for thyroid carcinomas in comparison to melanomas and other tumors. Conclusions: Our studies confirmed that immunohistochemistry provides excellent sensitivity and specificity for detecting the NRAS Q61R mutation in a variety of tumor types in a clinical setting.
Addressing Political Feasibility as Well as Economic Viability Constraints to Achieve Sustainable Telecommunications Policies in the U.S.

Sustainable development of a nation’s telecommunications infrastructure requires that regulatory policies be politically feasible and also satisfy the economic conditions for maintaining a financially viable telecommunications industry. Fulfilling these joint requirements is becoming particularly difficult under deregulatory policies. Thus far, academic research emphasizes the need for policymakers to better understand the economic realities that limit achievability of policy goals in a competitive environment, but lacks sufficient recognition of political feasibility problems. This paper provides the foundation for an analytical framework to fill the gap between political feasibility and economic viability constraints in designing sustainable telecommunications policies. This paper provides examples of sustainability problems both pre- and post-Telecommunications Act of 1996, and discusses unique political problems associated with attempts to retrench from traditional public utility regulation. This paper concludes with a discussion of recent events that may open new windows of opportunity for policy change.
An Asian American Perspective on Segregated Schooling, Brown v. Board, and Affirmative Action

Most Americans are at least dimly aware of the “separate but equal” doctrine, the notorious chapter in U.S. history that the Brown v. Board of Education decision intended to end, and are occasionally reminded of persistent difficulties faced by African-American students when using education in a bid for upward social mobility. Meanwhile, another group of minority Americans, those of Asian descent, have been extolled for some four decades as whiz kids, dubbed the “model minority” because of their impressive academic achievement in K-12 education and on through college, graduate, and professional schools. Accompanying this seemingly benign model minority construction is the stereotype of docile, compliant, and studious Asian American students who seldom stray from their books to complain or protest. This chapter complicates that portrayal through a historical analysis of Asian Americans’ participation in segregated schooling and their contemporary position in the American academic landscape.
Isolation of pleuropneumonia-like organisms from pathological specimens with the aid of penicillin.

SummaryPenicillin is of considerable help in isolating pleuropneumonia-like organisms from specimens contaminated with bacteria. Penicillin alters the colonies of certain bacteria in such a manner that in impression preparations they become indistinguishable from pleuropneumonia-like organisms. Furthermore penicillin may induce the growth of pleuropneumonia-like organisms from bacteria. To prove that these organisms are present in the specimens, the characteristic colonies must be apparent in the cultures without the use of penicillin.
Coal-Direct Chemical Looping Gasification for Hydrogen Production: Reactor Modeling and Process Simulation

A novel process scheme for hydrogen production from coal with in situ CO2 capture, known as the coal-direct chemical looping (CDCL) gasification process, is discussed in this article. The CDCL process utilizes an iron oxide based oxygen carrier as a chemical looping medium to indirectly gasify coal into separate streams of H2 and CO2. ASPEN Plus reactor simulation models based on both thermodynamic equilibrium limitations and kinetic limitations are developed to analyze individual CDCL reactors. Process simulations are subsequently performed to estimate the performance of the CDCL process under various mass and energy management schemes. Reactor modeling results indicate that a moving bed reducer can effectively convert coal while reducing the oxygen carrier. The reduced oxygen carrier can in turn be oxidized by steam to produce hydrogen in a moving bed oxidizer. The fates of pollutants as well as the effects of various process operating parameters such as carbon and iron oxide conversions are also evalua...
Something old, something new: The ILO response to the 2008 financial and economic crisis

In October 2008, rumblings in the financial markets finally erupted in a week of steady and unprecedented losses on the New York Stock Exchange. The ensuing contagion and ultimate descent into a protracted global downturn would expose a failed system of global economic governance. The international institutions, and in particular those longstanding critics of the Washington Consensus of privatization and deregulation, rightly seized on the occasion to rethink exactly how and for whom the global economy should work. As it did for reform of some excesses and lax oversight of the financial sector, so too would the crisis create opportunities to increase spending on job creation and social protection, long shrinking as states sought to lower taxes and create accommodating business environments. By 2009, governments were mobilizing trillions of dollars to lubricate lending markets and shore up failing banks, but also to support public works, extend unemployment and other social protection benefits. For its part, the International Labout Organization (ILO) would cast the episode as a global jobs crisis, naturally, which only coordinated international action could address (ILO, 2009). But in addition to prescriptions for remedying depressed labour demand, it would also undertake an unprecedented push for the expansion of social protection. Immediately following the crisis, the ILO’s work was guided by two objectives. The first was to keep the initial expansionary reaction afloat in many industrialized nations where formal protection systems existed and had been active in providing cover from the fallout. The second was to introduce new coverage for exposed populations, often inside developing countries where social protection systems were too selective, weak or altogether non-existent. For the latter, the ILO’s initial approach appeared to sequence the construction of social security systems, recommending investments in establishing coverage breadth – even if it meant delivering only limited benefits to larger numbers of people – before going on to address concerns about the size of transfers and their ultimate impact on poverty (ILO, 2009a)1. The roll-out of ‘at least basic’ income security and essential health care for all represented the social protection floor, ensuring all of those in need have access to support often coming in the form of non-contributory cash benefits. This sequenced, or progressive, approach had several advantages. First, it seemed to make good sense that the construction of social protection floors would serve to build up the requisite institutions and administrative capacities of governments needed to deliver social protection benefits, whatever their size. Second, by first covering all those in need,
TANGIER IN THE RESTORATION EMPIRE

This article reintegrates the colonization of Tangier into our understanding of the development of the English empire in the latter half of the seventeenth century. At its acquisition in 1661, Tangier appeared integral to the imperial ambitions of the restored monarchy and promised to carry England's commercial and maritime empire into the Mediterranean. This article argues that the particular conceptions of imperial and commercial organization that underlay the occupation of Tangier isolated the city from England's wider empire and contributed to its failure. The creation of a free port and crown colony at Tangier reflected prevalent perceptions of the political economy of trade in the Mediterranean, but added to a wider process whereby ideological debates over the organization of trade and empire helped to create legal and jurisdictional boundaries that differentiated oceanic space. As a free port, Tangier was out of place within an empire increasingly defined by exclusive and restricted trade. It was, however, the ideological significance of Tangier's status as a crown colony that made it unsustainable. Unable to sustain or surrender its sovereignty over Tangier, the crown abandoned the city in the face of Moroccan empire-building.
The Challenge of a Black Scholar

(1969). The Challenge of a Black Scholar. The Black Scholar: Vol. 1, Black Politics, pp. 58-63.
Implant survival and radiographic analysis of proximal bone levels surrounding a contemporary dental implant.

Objective:This study was performed to evaluate the performance of a contemporary dental implant. Assessments were made regarding implant survival and radiographic bone changes from surgical placement to subsequent time points.Materials and Methods:Seventy-five patients received 204 dental implants.
Aspects topologiques de la théorie des fonctions réeles et quelques conséquences dynamiques

Les developpements ci-apres sont de nature topologique et ils sont dans certains espaces metriques, l'espace hilbertien (reel, separable) toujours inclu; cette theorie est suivie par des applications aux systemes dynamiques.
Sulphamidase activity in leucocytes, cultured skin fibroblasts and amniotic cells: diagnosis of the Sanfilippo A syndrome with the use of a radiolabelled disaccharide substrate

1. Sulphamidase activity was assayed by incubation of the radiolabelled disaccharide O-(alpha-2-sulphamino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosyl)- (1 leads to 3)-L-[6-3H]idonic acid with homogenates of leucocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts and concentrates of urine derived from normal individuals, patients affected with sulphamidase deficiency disorder [mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA (MPS IIIA): the Sanfilippo A syndrome], parents of such patients and patients affected with other mucopolysaccharidoses and lysosomal enzyme deficiencies. 2. The assay clearly distinguished affected homozygotes from normal controls, heterozygotes and other mucopolysaccharidoses types. 3. Sulphamidase displayed remarkable thermal stability; reaction rates were constant for at least 24 h at 60 degrees C for leucocyte and 20 h at 37 degrees C for cultured fibroblast preparations. Apparent Km values for fibroblast sulphamidase were 71 mumol/l at 37 degrees C and 100 mumol/l at 50 degrees C; the corresponding Vmax, values were 21 and 72 pmol min-1 mg-1 of protein respectively. An incubation temperature of 60 degrees C was used for the routine assay of sulphamidase activity in leucocytes, urine and amniotic supernatant preparations. The specific activities of fibroblast and amniotic cell sulphamidase, assessed at incubation temperatures of 37 degrees C, were more than 10-fold the leucocyte enzyme activity at 60 degrees C. 4. We recommend the use of radiolabelled disaccharide substrate for the assay of sulphamidase in leucocytes, skin fibroblasts and urine, for the routine enzymic detection of the sulphamidase deficiency disorder of the Sanfilippo A syndrome.
An Improved Embedding Box for Paraffin

(1950). An Improved Embedding Box for Paraffin. Stain Technology: Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 113-113.
186 TRENDING SERUM ALBUMIN IN PREDICTING PROGNOSIS IN LUNG CANCER: A COMPUTER DATABASE REVIEW.

Introduction Prognosis in lung cancer patients has not improved significantly in many years. Prior studies that have evaluated the prognostic value of serum albumin included only patients with late-stage lung cancer, did not control for comorbidities, and only used a single serum albumin value. We evaluated whether serum albumin obtained over time after diagnosis may be associated with lung cancer prognosis. Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed using the New Mexico Veterans Affairs Health Center (NMVAHC) electronic charting system. Inclusion criteria included patients diagnosed with lung cancer at NMVAHC from 1995 to 2004. Data collected were age, smoking history, lung cancer histology, date of diagnosis and death, serum albumin at diagnosis and within 1 year post-diagnosis, other prognostic laboratory markers, comorbid conditions, and receipt of curative surgical treatment. Relationship of albumin to survival was performed using a Cox proportional hazards modeling. Results 234 lung cancers diagnosed at the NMVAHC were evaluated. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comprised 88% of all lung cancer, 34% of which were early stage (I and II) and 30% late stage (III and IV). Average age was 67 years, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 34%, diabetes 100%, heart failure 6%, renal failure 2%, nephrotic syndrome 1%, hepatitis C 2%, and cirrhosis 2%. After controlling for comorbidities, albumin at diagnosis (p = .18) or the difference in albumin between diagnosis and 1 year post diagnosis (p = .98) were not predictive of survival. However, trending albumin over a year was predictive of survival for all stages of lung cancer (p = .0207), with an associated risk of death of 1.83 with every 1 g/dL drop in albumin 1 year after diagnosis. Conclusion Trending serum albumin over a year of diagnosis can be used as a prognostic indicator for survival in lung cancer regardless of comorbidities, morphology, and stage of lung cancer. Availability of electronic charting allows us to trend patient data and aid in assessing tools for prognosis.
Virulence Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes

Listeria monocytogenes, a foodborne intracellular pathogen, is responsible for about 300 deaths every year in the USA. It has the ability to escape host defense mechanisms and causes listeriosis more frequently in immunocompromised individuals. Virulence mechanisms in L. monocytogenes are highly regulated and tightly controlled. A number of virulence factors that play important roles in pathogenesis of listeriosis have been identified and characterized. This review highlights the power of comparative genomics and functional genomics in identifying genes and proteins involved in the infection process. These genes and proteins are potentially useful as biomarkers for detecting virulent L. monocytogenes. This review also focuses on developments in the in vivo and in vitro models used in characterization of listerial virulence.
Angle sensing LWIR detectors using coupled nano-antenna arrays

In this paper, we present the design and simulation of a long-wave infrared (LWIR) angle sensing detector operating at 10.6 µm. The proposed detector is composed of a two-element antenna array where the antennas are strongly coupled to each other. Each antenna is loaded with a resistive microbolometer detector to detect incoming IR radiation and absorb power from the antenna. The system is designed in a manner to ensure that the power absorbed in each microbolometer is a strong function of the angle of incidence of the wave. This way, the ratio of the power absorbed in each bolometer can be used as a means to detect the angle of incidence of the IR wave without needing to perform any coherent measurements.
Utilization of Monoclonal Antibodies in the Characterization of Monocyte-Macrophage Differentiation Antigens

Cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage perform diverse functions ranging from phagocytosis of microorganisms and other foreign substances, killing of antibody-coated erythrocytes or tumor cells (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, ADCC) (Poplack et al., 1976; Levy et al., 1979), spontaneous killing of unsensitized tumor cells (natural killing, NK) (Mantovani et al., 1979; de Vries et al., 1980; and Fischer et al., 1981), uptake and presentation of antigenic material in a form that is stimulatory to helper T lymphocytes (Unanue, 1978), suppression of immune responses (Allison, 1978), and secretion of certain complement components and other stimulatory products (Nathan et al., 1980; Beatty et al., 1981).
Measuring fear of falling among high-risk, urban, community-dwelling older adults

Abstract Fear of falling (FOF) creates a psychological barrier to performing activities for many older adults. The negative impact of fear of falling increases risk of curtailment of activities, future falls, and injury. The specific aim for this study was to investigate the relationship between two fear of falling measures used in clinical research, the FOF Likert scale and Falls Self Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I). The study included a convenience sample of 107 high-risk, community-dwelling, mostly Black (94%) members from one Program for All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly program. The FOF scale is one-item asking to rate overall concern about falling, while the FES-I is 16-items rating concern about falling during physical and social activities. One-way ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis were highly significant (F-value = 22.25, R-squared = 0.39, p