cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Ga-67 imaging for detection and estimation tasks: dependence of imaging performance on spectral acquisition parameters.

We have compared the use of two (93 and 185 keV) and three (93, 185, and 300 keV) photopeaks for Ga-67 tumorimaging and optimized the placement of each energy window. Methods: The bases for optimization and evaluation were ideal and Bayesian signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) for the detection of spheres embedded in a realistic anthropomorphic digital torso phantom and ideal SNR for the estimation of their size and activity concentration. Seven spheres of radii ranging from 1 to 3 cm, located at several sites in the torso, were simulated using a realistic Monte Carlo program. We also calculated the ideal SNR for the detection from simple phantom acquisitions. Results: For detection and estimation tasks, the optimum windows were identical for all sphere sizes and locations. For the 93 keV photopeak, the optimal window was 84–102 keV for the detection and 87–102 keV for estimation; these windows are narrower than the 20% window often used in the clinic (83–101 keV). For the 185 keV photopeak, the optimal window was 170–220 keV for the detection and 170–215 keV for estimation; these are substantially different than the 15% window used in our clinic (171–199 keV). For the 300 keV photopeak, the optimal window for detection was 270–320 keV, and for estimation, 280–320 keV. Using the three optimized, rather than only the two lower-energy, windows yielded a 9% increase in the SNR for the detection of the 3 cm diam sphere (a 12% increase for a 2 cm diam sphere) and a 7% increase in the SNR for estimation of its size. For the acquired phantom data, detection also increased by 9%–12% when using three, rather than two, energy windows.
Surface mechanical property assessment of ultra-thin HfO2 films

Abstract As the devices scale down, HfO2 is an excellent gate dielectric material and can replace SiO2 in complementary metal-oxide semiconductor technology. However, the mechanical property-based reliability such as wear resistance and deformation mechanism are rarely understood. This paper describes the effect of annealing treatment on 20-nm-thick HfO2 films under varying applied normal forces (31.3–104.2 μN). According to grazing incident X-ray diffraction analysis, the HfO2 thin films changed from amorphous to polycrystalline structure after annealing treatment. The scratch depth relative to initial surface was proportional to normal force. In addition, plowing behavior dominated the deformation mechanism in the form of lumps along the edge of groove by atomic force microscopy images. The annealing-induced crystallization resulted in reduced penetration depth, coefficient of friction, and wear rate at all applied normal forces, indicating that the surface hardness and wear resistance of HfO2 thin films can be enhanced through appropriate annealing treatment. Furthermore, substrate effect caused negative correlation between wear resistance and normal force was not obvious to annealed samples. It could be attributed to the broadening of HfSixOy interfacial layer which enhanced the structure strength.
Growth and characterization of lead-tin-ytterbium-telluride for diode lasers

PbSnYbTe is a new and potentially useful material for fabricating double hetero junction PbSnTe diode lasers by molecular b it can be doped heavily p-type at low temperatures for y ∼ 0.10. The lattice constant of (Pb0.85 Sn0.15)1−x Ybx Te is independent of x up to x ∼ 0.10. these characteristics make (Pb1−y Sny )1−x Ybx Te well-suited for the fabrication of lattice-matched double heterojunction lasers with y∼ 0.10.
Evidence for hyporegulation in the calanoid copepod, Acartia tonsa

1. 1. The euryaline calanoid copepod, Acartia tonsa, maintains haemolymph Na below that of the external medium in salinities above 34ooo (475 mM Na). 2. 2. The measured transepithelial electrical potential. −9.97 ± 1.0 mV, indicates that Na is regulated out of electrochemical equilibrium. 3. 3. Water osmotically lost in hyporegulation is replaced by Na-dependent absorption by the gut. 4. 4. High osmotic water permeability is evidenced by the fact that with an increase in external salinity from 475 mM Na to 580 mM Na the copepod's drinking rate nearly doubles. 5. 5. Sodium efflux measurements indicate that ionic permeability is much lower than other hyporegulating crustaceans. 6. 6. The energetic advantage of hyporegulation in this species is considered.
WALL THICKNESS AND DELAYED ENHANCEMENT ON MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION

To determine the prevalence of LV diastolic function (DF) according to the presence of myocardial fibrosis (MF) and increased wall thickness in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). We retrospectively studied 38 consecutive HCM patients referred to our Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center
Quantitative structural MRI for early detection of Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is not currently diagnosed until a patient reaches the stage of dementia. There is a pressing need to identify AD at an earlier stage, so that treatment, when available, can begin early. Quantitative structural MRI is sensitive to the neurodegeneration that occurs in mild and preclinical AD, and is predictive of decline to dementia in individuals with mild cognitive impairment. Objective evidence of ongoing brain atrophy will be critical for risk/benefit decisions once potentially aggressive, disease-modifying treatments become available. Recent advances have paved the way for the use of quantitative structural MRI in clinical practice, and initial clinical use has been promising. However, further experience with these measures in the relatively unselected patient populations seen in clinical practice is needed to complete translation of the recent enormous advances in scientific knowledge of AD into the clinical realm.
Ultrastructure of lung in surfactant protein B deficiency.

Congenital alveolar proteinosis (CAP), a cause of respiratory failure in fill-term newborns, often leads to death in infancy despite medical therapy. We recently described an inherited deficiency of surfactant protein B (SP-B) (N. Engl. J. Med. 1993; 328:406-410) in two siblings with CAP. The SP-B deficiency was accompanied by marked abnormalities, both quantitative (increase) and qualitative (distribution), of SP-A and SP-C in the lungs of the affected infants. Ultrastructural studies of the lung of one of these infants and of a third affected sibling born in the index family showed abundant alveolar concentric multilamellated structures and membranous vesicles but no typical tubular myelin. In addition, membranous vesicles from type II cells and immunogold labeled SP-A and SP-C were found between type II cells and their basement membrane despite intact interepithelial cell junctions. These findings suggest an important role for SP-B in the directionality of surfactant secretion and in the formation of t...
Nitrogen fixation by Oscillatoria (Trichodesmium) thiebautii in the southwestern Sargasso Sea

Abstract The acetylene reduction technique was used to measure N 2 fixation by Oscillatoria theibautii , a planktonic blue-green alga, in the southwestern Sargasso Sea during May. Most previous measurements showed that N 2 fixation occurs at low rates relative to its total N budget. Average N 2 fixation for five stations in May with the acetylene reduction method was 0.044 μg N colony −1 day −1 and ranged from 0.009 to 0.083. Average C and N content of the colonies was 11.4 and 1.55 μg, respectively. These N 2 fixation rates would double cellular N and permit on the average one cell division every 47 days (range between 12 to 115 days). These estimated division rates, while considerably more rapid than those obtained by others, still suggest that a considerable portion of the nitrogen required by O. thiebautii must be obtained from sources other than N 2 fixation.
Invasion of Intestinal Epithelial Cells In Vitro by Escherichia coli Is Influenced by Microaerophilic Conditions and the Presence of ibe Genes † 890

Enteric bacteria are an important cause of sepsis in neonates, children with chronic gastrointestinal diseases (such as short bowel syndrome), immunocompromised hosts, and children with central venous catheters. It is unclear what microbial factors may mediate the translocation of enteric bacteria across the intestinal epithelial barrier. E. coli RS218 is a K1 encapsulated clinical isolate from the CSF of a newborn infant with meningitis, which has been used to elucidate mechanisms of invasion of brain microvascular endothelial cells. The aims of our study were to evaluate (1) the ability of RS218 and Tn phoA transposon mutants of RS218 to invade two intestinal epithelial cell lines, and (2) the influence of growth conditions on RS218 invasion. Materials and Methods: Monolayers of Caco-2 and C2BBe1 cells were allowed to fully differentiate, expressing dome formation characteristic for transporting epithelia, and were infected at a minimum of 15 days post-confluency. Bacterial strains were grown overnight under either aerobic or microaerophilic conditions, and approximately 107 bacteria were added to each monolayer. Cells were incubated at 37°C for 1.5 hours, washed, and then incubated with a gentamicin containing medium for one hour to eliminate extracellular bacteria. Cells were lysed and viable bacteria were enumerated by plating onto sheep blood agar plates. Results: RS218 was invasive in both Caco-2 and C2BBe1 cell lines. RS218 was 3 to 6.5-fold more invasive than HB101, a known noninvasive E. coli, in both cell lines. RS218 grown under microaerophilic conditions showed a 10-fold increase in invasion in both cell lines. Tn phoA mutants, which have been shown to be noninvasive in brain microvascular endothelial cells, were at least 16 to 300-fold less invasive than RS218 in both cell lines.Conclusions: (1) The E. coli genes involved in the invasion of brain microvascular endothelial cells (such as ibe10) also play a role in the in vitro invasion of intestinal epithelial cells. (2) The microaerophilic environment enhances E. coli invasion of gut epithelial cells in vitro.
Effect of diameter variation in a large set of carbon nanotube transistors

A study involving a large number of carbon nanotube transistors reveals that the nanotube diameter and the metal contact material play key roles in determining the on- and off-state currents of these devices. The results are discussed in terms of the Schottky barrier at the metal-semiconductor junction and the variation of this barrier relative to the alignment of energy levels between the carbon nanotube and the metal.
Phantom contours: A new class of visual patterns that selectively activates the magnocellular pathway in man

The visual system of primates has two anatomical pathways: magno (M) and parvo (P). Here we report a novel technique for selectively stimulating the magnocellular pathway in man. The stimulus was a texture border between black spots and white spots displayed on a uniform gray field. This stimulus (Frame 1) was followed by Frame 2, in which all the black spots were replaced with white spots and all the white spots with black. The procedure was repeated in a continuous cycle; that is, spots reversed polarity without changing positions. At high temporal frequencies (20 Hz), subjects could not see the difference between the flickering spots, but could see a phantom contour separating the two indiscriminable regions. The difference between the spots themselves could be discriminated only at about 17 Hz. Since the M pathway can follow high flicker rates but is insensitive to the sign of the border, we suggest that the phantom border is seen exclusively by the M system. The P system, on the other hand, can report the sign of the border, but only at low flicker rates. Phantom contours provide a psychophysical scalpel for producing a temporary “lesion” in the par-vocellular pathway of intact human subjects. One could therefore repeat all of classical psychophysics and physiology using phantom contours to determine whether or not a given visual process receives an M input. Also, these stimuli might provide a simple diagnostic test for revealing the loss of M-cell function that occurs in early glaucoma.
Development of a Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Method for the Measurement of Relative Allelic Expression and Identification of CYP2A13 Alleles with Decreased Expression in Human Lung

CYP2A13 is a human cytochrome P450 monooxygenase that is efficient in the metabolic activation of tobacco-specific nitrosamines. Sequence variations that affect CYP2A13 expression may contribute to interindividual differences in susceptibility to tobacco-related tumorigenesis. The aim of this study was to identify any impact of CYP2A13 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on CYP2A13 expression in human lung. Expression levels of CYP2A13 mRNA in normal lung displayed significant interindividual variation (>50-fold). Preliminary sequence analysis of CYP2A13 RNA-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products suggested that a 7520C > G variation, located in the 3′-untranslated region, could be associated with low transcript abundance. Subsequently, we developed a method for the measurement of relative allelic expression, by taking advantage of the capability for melting-curve analysis in real-time PCR. Quantitative analyses using this method indicated that transcripts from the 7520G-containing alleles were >10-fold less abundant than those from the 7520C-containing alleles in 14 of 16 samples examined. The frequencies of the 7520C > G variation in anonymous White, African American, Hispanic, and Asian newborns from New York State were found to be 5.2, 26.8, 17.7, and 4.3%, respectively. The 7520C > G SNP was previously known to be present in both CYP2A13*1H and *3 alleles. However, analyses of SNP distribution indicated that, in 15 of the 16 heterozygous DNA samples, the 7520C > G SNP belonged to new CYP2A13*1 haplotypes. These findings provide a basis for further studies that associate CYP2A13 haplotypes with incidences of smoking-related lung tumors and for studies on the mechanisms of the low-expression phenotype of the 7520G-containing allele.
Still a stranger here: attitudes among secondary school students towards computer science

Numerous studies have examined the possible explanations for the paucity of women with computer science majors in undergraduate studies. Much of this work has focused on the undergraduate years themselves. We present results from a survey of American secondary school students in advanced mathematics and computer science classes. We conclude that both male and female students continue to see computer science as a primarily "male" field and to make their career choices accordingly. We suggest two means to combat this perception - single-sex summer workshops for secondary school girls and mother-daughter computer science clubs for elementary school girls.
Effects of interface traps and border traps on MOS postirradiation annealing response

Threshold-voltage and charge-pumping measurements are combined to estimate densities of radiation induced bulk-oxide, interface, and border traps in transistors with soft 45-nm oxides. Immediately after irradiation, nearly all effects usually attributed to interface traps are actually due to border traps in these devices. During positive-bias anneal at 80/spl deg/C, the interface-trap density grows by more than a factor of 10, and the border-trap density changes by less than 30%. The increase in interface-trap density is matched by a decrease in bulk-oxide-trap charge. This raises the possibility that slowly transporting or trapped protons in the oxide may be responsible for this effect. An alternate explanation is offered by H-cracking models. Latent "interface-trap" growth in harder 27.7-nm oxides is associated with (true) interface traps, not border traps. Switched-bias annealing of the soft 45-nm oxides reveals fast and slow border traps with different annealing responses. Trivalent Si defects associated with O vacancies in SiO/sub 2/, the E/sub /spl gamma//' center and the O/sub 3-x/Si/sub x/Si/spl middot/ family, are excellent candidates for slow and fast border traps, respectively. For O/sub 3-x/Si/sub x/Si, x=0 is the E/sub s/' defect; x=3 is the D center; and x=1 or 2 have been proposed as candidates for the "P/sub b1/" defect on (100) Si. A hydrogen-related complex (e.g. OH/sup -/) may also be a border trap. The practical significance of these results is discussed for (1) bias-temperature instabilities in thin oxides, (2) effects of burn-in on MOS radiation response, and (3) enhanced bipolar gain degradation at low dose rates.
The labial plate major connector in the partial mandibulectomy patient.

Abstract The indications, design, and advantages of the labial plate major connecter as compared with the labial and lignual bar major connector are reviewed. The mechanical principles of increased rigidity and strength are discussed. The article suggests that the labial plate major connector may have an advantage over the labial bar major connector and should be considered when a labial connector is indicated.
Solubilization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Diamine-Terminated Oligomeric Poly(ethylene Glycol) in Different Functionalization Reactions

A comparative study is reported on the solubilization of as-prepared and purified single-walled carbon nanotubes with diamine-terminated oligomeric poly(ethylene glycol) in different functionalization reactions under various conditions. The soluble nanotube samples were characterized by using spectroscopic, microscopic, and gravimetric techniques. The results were used in the evaluation of the functionalization reactions.
A comparison between maize and wheat in respect of leaf area after flowering and grain growth

A comparison of leaf-area index (L) in the postflowering period was made between a single cross maize hybrid in Rhodesia and a winter and a spring wheat variety in England. At the beginning of the period L of the maize was lower than that of the wheat but it remained near its initial value for a relatively long time, whereas L of the wheat decreased rapidly. The proportion of L consisting of sheath was much lower in the maize than in wheat. Grain yield was higher in the maize largely because of its longer period of grain growth. In Rhodesia maize might benefit from a greater L than that recorded in this study. The high yields achieved by maize are partly due to the relatively long life of its leaves.
Hepatic degeneration and dysfunction in Reye's syndrome.

Hepatocyte degeneration and associated dysfunction were studied in 6 patients with Reye's syndrome. The degenerative changes consisted of varying degrees of hepatocytolysis and cellular swelling with obliteration of the sinusoidal architecture. Concurrent with this was evidence of hepatocellular dysfunction including elevated serum levels of SGOT, LDH isoenzymes 4 and 5, and occasionally, bilirubin as well as decreased prothrombin concentration and clotting factors I, VII and X.
Correlating Heart Interstitium Structure and Function using Hydration and Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI) Analyses

Interstitial edema forms during myocardial infarction and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. To clarify tissue responses to excess fluid, we studied structure and function in ischemic (at-risk, AR) and nonischemic (not-at-risk, NAR) myocardial regions of injured pig hearts. Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury was induced as described (Argenta et al. 2010) using protocols approved by the institutional animal use committee. Colloidosmotic stress, MRI including diffusion tensor analyses and histology were used to determine the extent of edema from changes in (a) hydration parameters, (b) water molecules’ freedom of motion (T2), and (c) tissue structure. Comparing AR to NAR, T2 values were 44±5 and 35±2 ms (n = 16, 1mm-thick slices from 4 animals ); the apparent diffusion coefficients were 1.20±0.07 and 1.01±0.04 mm2/s, respectively. Fractional anisotropy was 0.292±0.046 vs 0.425±0.053. Diffusion-tensor eigenvalues representing flux in directions normal to myocardial fibers increased in AR. All differences were significant (p-values < 0.0001 in ANOVA and Fisher's post-hoc least significant difference tests). Qualitative histological examination of tissue sectioned perpendicular to the fibers showed markedly enlarged interlaminar spaces in AR regions. Equilibrium and dynamic hydration parameters measured by colloidosmotic titrations (McGee et al., 2012) also differed between regions; fluid efflux was faster, and hydration potential lower in AR than NAR regions, while hydraulic conductance was similar. These findings suggest that flow-resistance scales with interstitial fluid-transfer surface, together with diffusion-tensor results presented here, are consistent with increased local pressure gradients driving fluid in the edematous myocardial interstitial matrix. Functionally, these changes suggest that in vivo interstitial water transfers from flooded, nonbeating myocardia toward healthier, better drained regions, limiting local edema and improving transcapillary exchange.
Parainfluenza Virus 5 Expressing the G Protein of Rabies Virus Protects Mice after Rabies Virus Infection

Rabies remains a major public health threat around the world. Once symptoms appear, there is no effective treatment to prevent death. In this work, we tested a recombinant parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) strain expressing the glycoprotein (G) of rabies (PIV5-G) as a therapy for rabies virus infection: we have found that PIV5-G protected mice as late as 6 days after rabies virus infection. PIV5-G is a promising vaccine for prevention and treatment of rabies virus infection.
The role of social meaning in inattentional blindness: When the gorillas in our midst do not go unseen.

Without visual attention, even the obvious–like a gorilla walking through a scene of people–goes undetected (Mack & Rock, 1998; Simons & Chabris, 1999). This “inattentional blindness” is a persistent, well-documented limitation of the human visual system. The current research examines whether social meaning reduces this visual bias by imbuing unexpected objects with signal value, thus increasing their relevance and facilitating perception. Using one of the most established illustrations of inattentional blindness, we show for the first time that activating a social association, even an erroneous one (i.e., the African American–ape association), drastically attenuates inattentional blindness. This is not accounted for by visual feature matching. Rather, these results suggest that social meaning, even when flawed, may direct our visual system towards associated visual information that would otherwise be overlooked. As such, these results provide a powerful replication of the African American–ape association and illustrate that this broadly held association has the power to spontaneously change the content of one's visual world.
Abnormal taste preference for saccharin in hypothyroid rats.

Abstract Taste preferences for saccharin in concentrations ranging from 0.16 m M to 50 m M were determined in rats made hypothyroid with radioactive iodine and in their littermate controls. Hypothyroid rats demonstrated taste preferences for saccharin which were similar to those of controls only at very low (0.016 m M ) or very high (49.0 m M ) saccharin concentrations. At these concentrations of tastant, the preferences for tastant and water were similar to one another. At a concentration of 5.1 m M , preferences were also very similar in both groups but were very high. At intermediate saccharin concentrations of 1.1 and 3.0 m M , hypothyroid animals showed significantly lower percent preferences for the sweet tastant than did controls, mean ± SEM (62.48 ± 5.97 vs. 82.92 ± 4.60, p = 0.0002) for the 1.1 m M concentration and (74.98 ± 5.12 vs. 89.40 ± 2.54, p = 0.0029) for the 3.0 m M concentration. These changes in taste preference for saccharin in hypothyriod rats were similar in direction and magnitude to those previously published by this laboratory using sucrose as the tastant. Thus, hypothyroid rats demonstrate abnormalities in taste preference for both the nonnutritive sweetener, sodium saccharin, as well as for the nutritive sweetener, sucrose.
An orchestrated dance between differing regulatory T cell phenotypes in allograft tolerance.

Rejuvenated by the seminal findings of Qin et al. (1) in 1993, understanding the process of induced regulatory tolerance in immunologically mature animals has been a major goal in experimental transplantation. While there is great ongoing interest in the nature and function of donor-reactive regulatory T cells, uncertainty remains concerning exactly what type of regulatory activity is required to mediate tolerance and when and where such control of allograft reactivity occurs. The majority of transplant tolerance studies—as well as in the general study of peripheral tolerance—arguably tend to focus on CD4þ CD25þ Foxp3þ regulatory T cells (Tregs) as the hallmarkmediators of immune regulation. However, it is essential to consider that several types of antigen-specific T cells with differing forms of regulatory function have been described (2). Thus, immune ‘regulation’ is a biological activity and is not necessarily a specific cellular or molecular phenotype. In this issue of the American Journal of Transplantation, Gagliani et al. (3) present very intriguing results suggesting that Foxp3þ Tregs and IL-10-producing T regulatory type 1 (Tr1) cells each play obligate and cooperative roles in inducing and maintaining allograft tolerance.
Analysis of Thermal Conductivity in Composite Adhesives

ABSTRACT In this work, we provide theoretical foundations for use in design of thermally conductive composite adhesives. For proof of concept, we consider a two dimensional model. We prove existence, uniqueness, and continuous dependence theorems for the model. We formulate a probability based parameter estimation problem for estimating thermal parameters and present numerical results. We derive sensitivity equations for our system and use these to investigate the sensitivity of composite silicones with respect to the thermal conductivity of both the base silicone polymer and the filler particles. Numerical results of this investigation are also presented.
Withdrawal and dependency symptoms among adolescent alcohol and drug abusers

Due to differences in duration, intensity and topography of alcohol and drug use patterns, the withdrawal and dependency symptoms of adolescent substance abusers may differ from those of adult substance abusers. To explore these potential differences, 166 adolescents recruited from inpatient alcohol and drug treatment programs in the USA were assessed for alcohol and other drug withdrawal and dependency symptoms. Teens were administered the Customary Drinking and Drug Use Record following 2 weeks of abstinence and evaluated for recent (< 3 months) DSM-III-R psychoactive substance withdrawal and dependency symptoms. Adolescents were all multiple substance users with a life-time average of 4.27 drugs used in addition to alcohol. Amphetamines were the most frequently used drug (50% of sample) and the most prevalent withdrawal symptoms were those associated with central stimulant use. However, the number of different withdrawal symptoms (M = 11.27) was greater than expected for uncomplicated stimulant withdrawal or withdrawal from any single substance. On average, participants reported dependency symptoms more than DSM-III-R criteria for the diagnosis of alcohol dependency (M = 3.30), as well as dependency on their two most frequently used drugs. Heavy alcohol and cigarette use were found to exacerbate withdrawal symptoms of other drugs. These findings highlight the importance of assessing adolescent substance abusers for withdrawal from and dependency on multiple substances.
Pragmatism: Exploring Public Administration's Policy Imprint

Public administrators are often described as pragmatic. Yet few scholars have investigated what this might mean. This article introduces the notion of policy imprint-the effect that professional gr...
Piezoelectric/electrostrictive multimaterial PMN-PT monomorph actuators

Abstract Fused deposition of multimaterials (FDMM), a CAD-based layered manufacturing technique, was utilized to fabricate monolithic piezoelectric/electrostrictive multimaterial monomorphs. The samples, comprised of piezoelectric 0.65Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.35PbTiO3 and electrostrictive 0.90Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.1PbTiO3, have been successfully prototyped and co-sintered. Bimorphs, that are isometric with the co-fired samples, have also been prepared by attaching individual piezoelectric and electrostrictive layers with conductive epoxy, and were used as a comparison for displacement properties. The dielectric permittivity, displacement, and polarization hysteresis were investigated. The permittivity of the multimaterial co-sintered samples followed the two-capacitors in-series model, showing a dielectric constant of 5800 at room temperature. The P–E loop of the multimaterial samples exhibited a saturation polarization, remnant polarization, and hysteresis between that of the single material electrostrictive 0.9PMN-0.1PT and the single material piezoelectric 0.65PMN-0.35PT. Displacement hysteresis was shown to be lower for the monolithic monomorph as compared to the bimorph and reached ∼11 μm at ∼3 kV/cm.
Abstract 4646: Evaluation of EGFR gene amplification status, mRNA, protein, and phosphoprotein levels expression in head and neck cancer patient tissues

Purpose: Evaluate EGFR gene amplification status and EGFR mRNA and protein/phosphoprotein levels in tumors from patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) surgically treated with curative intent from 2000-4 to define relationships between and assess the prognostic values of these biomarkers. Background: EGFR has been reported to be overexpressed in HNSCC, and high levels of EGFR protein and EGFR gene amplification have been independently reported to be associated with poorer prognosis. To our knowledge, tumor levels of the known site-specific phosphorylated EGFR (Y992, Y1068) have not been reported as prognostic indicators for HNSCC. Methods: 58 tumor specimens and 50 paired adjacent mucosal tissues from patients surgically treated for HNSCC were collected through an Early Detection Research Network (EDRN) study. Tissue microarrays (TMAs) were constructed using these paired patient samples and 30 oral mucosal specimens from cancer-free controls. Three cores from each specimen were arrayed on two TMAs and evaluated for EGFR gene amplification by dual-color FISH and for EGFR by IHC (EGFR levels in these IHC specimens have been previously reported). Corresponding fresh-frozen tumor specimens were evaluated by reverse-phase protein array (RPPA) for total EGFR, EGFR P-Y992 and P-Y1068 levels and by quantitative RT-PCR for EGFR mRNA levels. Progression-free survival (PFS) was calculated using the University of Pittsburgh Head and Neck Cancer Registry data as months from date of surgery to date of first cancer recurrence, new primary, or death. Hazard Ratios were determined using Cox proportional hazards models. Results: Tumors with high level EGFR gene amplification expressed significantly higher levels of EGFR protein as assessed by IHC than tumors without EGFR gene amplification (P Conclusions: Similar to previous findings, we find that patients with tumor EGFR gene amplification tend to have shorter PFS than do patients without EGFR gene amplification. We find that tumors with EGFR gene amplification have significantly higher EGFR protein levels as assessed by IHC. Though increased EGFR protein levels in tumors are not always associated with gene amplification, this may be an important mechanism for increased EGFR expression. Differential levels of site-specific EGFR phosphorylation at Y992 and Y1068 indicate that signaling pathways associated with these sites may play different roles in disease progression. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4646.
Preparation and crystal structure of pyridinium tetraiodoantimonate(III)-an infinite chain structure

Crystals of (C5H5NH)SbI4 are orthorhombic, space group Pbca, witha=25.156(6),b=13.960(2),c=7.838(1) A. Least-squares refinement on the basis of 607 observed reflections gave a final residual index of 0.039. The structure is composed of SbI4− ions which form infinite chains through the crystal via iodide linkages. Each antimony lies in a distorted octahedral environment; all I-Sb-I angles are close to 90°. Similar linkages forming infinite chains had previously been found for the chloro and bromo analogues. However the asymmetry associated with the bridge appears to decrease as the size of the halogen increases.
Successful minimally invasive parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism without using intraoperative parathyroid hormone assays.

Abstract Background The need for intraoperative parathyroid hormone (iPTH) assays in minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP) remains controversial. We report the results of MIP performed without the use of iPTH assays. Methods This was a single-institution retrospective review of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism treated with MIP between October 1, 1998, and December 31, 2002. Results Seventy-seven patients were studied. The mean preoperative calcium level was 11.4 mg/dL. All patients had a normal calcium level postoperatively (range, 7.4–10.2 mg/dL, mean, 9.1 mg/dL). Three patients (4%) required re-exploration for various reasons including the development of a second adenoma, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and discordant pathology. All 3 patients initially were eucalcemic. Conclusions Our success rate of 96% using a combination of preoperative sestamibi scans, intraoperative gamma probe localization, and selective frozen pathology is consistent with the published success rates using iPTH assays of 95% to 100%. We conclude that MIP can be performed successfully without using iPTH assays.
The Carolingian Revival of Early Christian Architecture

Some thirty years ago the development of ecclesiastical architecture from late Antiquity to the Romanesque period seemed fairly well established. The consensus of opinion was that it had evolved according to the following pattern: in the beginning there was the Early Christian basilica, and this was of the type represented in Rome by Old St. Peter's or St. Paul's—an atrium, surrounded by porticoes, was followed by a colonnaded nave with four side aisles; this led to a long narrow transept which in turn was terminated by a semicircular apse. This T-type basilica was thought to have survived in Italy from the fourth to the twelfth century; the lack of the transept and of two of the four aisles was considered merely a reduction of the basic type. From Italy the scheme was supposed to have spread all over Europe from the fifth century on, and to have undergone continuous transformation until in the eleventh century, Romanesque architecture evolved from it.1
Using randomization in the teaching of data structures and algorithms

We describe an approach for incorporating randomization in the teaching of data structures and algorithms. The proofs we include are quite simple and can easily be made a part of a Freshman-Sophomore Introduction to Data Structures (CS2) course and a Junior-Senior level course on the design and analysis of data structures and algorithms (CS7/DS&A). The main idea of this approach is to show that using randomization in data structures and algorithms is safe and can be used to significantly simplify efficient solutions to various computational problems. We illustrate this approach by giving examples of the use of randomization in some traditional topics from CS2 and DS&A.
High Risk or Low: How Location on a “Risk Ladder” Affects Perceived Risk

Efforts to explain risk magnitude often rely on a "risk ladder" in which exposure levels and associated risk estimates are arrayed with low levels at the bottom and high ones at the top. Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that perceived threat and intended mitigation vary with the location of the subject's assigned level on the risk ladder. Subjects were New Jersey homeowners, asked to assume a particular level of radon or asbestos contamination in their homes, to read a brochure explaining the risk, and then to complete a questionnaire. Both studies found that the difference between an assigned level one-quarter of the way up the ladder and the same level three-quarters of the way up the ladder significantly affected threat perception; the effect on mitigation intentions was significant in only one of the studies. Variations in assigned risk also affected threat perception and mitigation intentions. Variations in test magnitude (e.g., 15 fibers per liter vs. 450 fibers per cubic foot, roughly equivalent risks) had no effect, nor did the distinction between radon and asbestos affect the dependent variables. These findings suggest that communicators can design risk ladders to emphasize particular risk characteristics.
Employment patterns of long-term cancer survivors.

As more people are diagnosed at earlier stages and surviving cancer, they are increasingly likely to be at working ages, where issues regarding productivity and employment continuation must be addressed by patients and employers alike. To this end, we studied the employment patterns of 253 long-term cancer survivors in the Detroit Metropolitan Area. Of those working at the time of their initial diagnosis, 67% were employed 5-7 years later. Patients who stopped working did so because they retired (54%), were in poor health/disabled (24%), quit (4%), cited other reasons (9%), or their business closed (9%). Many employed patients worked in excess of 40 h per week although some reported various degrees of disability that interfered with job performance. Overall, the ability of cancer patients to continue employment appears optimistic.
Pathophysiology of Age-Related Bone Loss and Osteoporosis

With the aging of the population, osteoporosis is an enormous and growing public health problem. Considerable work over the past decade has identified the role of age-related changes in sex steroid production or availability as playing a key role in mediating age-related bone loss in both sexes. Increasing serum parathyroid hormone levels with age also contribute to the late phase of bone loss in women and likely also in men. Superimposed on these fundamental mechanisms are a host of other factors, some present only in subsets of individuals, which contribute to increased bone loss and fracture risk.
Introduction to the special issue: The psychodynamics of adult attachments - Bridging the gap between disparate research traditions

(2002). Introduction to the special issue: The psychodynamics of adult attachments - Bridging the gap between disparate research traditions. Attachment & Human Development: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 131-132.
Implications of the Helping Relationship between Learning Disabled Students and their Teachers

Asking for and providing help is a critical issue in the relationship between the learning disabled student and the learning disabilities teacher. The usual concerns of demonstrating academic growth often overshadow some of the subtle, yet very real, effects of the relationship between the LD student and the LD teacher. Dyer discusses some highly significant factors that the LD teacher should be aware of when help is provided to the LD student. It is suggested that LD teachers have a responsibility to monitor their involvement with the LD student so as to develop a relationship that facilitates, rather than impedes, the student's overall growth and development.
The dominant areas of Social Entrepreneurship: a survey study of preferences

There is a growing trend of an enterprise in the domain of entrepreneurship, which is attracting a considerable attention from the academics, business professionals, movies stars and politicians. The new kid on the block is called Social Entrepreneurship (SE). The concept of SE centres on the 'win-win' strategy of doing well financially while doing 'good' for society. As the practice of SE proliferated, it has branched out into a couple of dozens of challenging areas where society needed much assistance such as in filling the gap in the digital divide, providing affordable housing, finding alternative energy sources, etc. Altogether, there are 20 mutually exclusive major areas of SE specialisation opportunities. Therefore, a survey study will be conducted to determine for the first time the dominant areas of preference as reported by a sample of 666 college students. The data will be statistically analysed to see if differences of preference towards the 20 selected areas of SE specialisation are significant.
Electronic structure of nanocrystal quantum-dot quantum wells

The electronic states of $\mathrm{Cd}\mathrm{S}∕\mathrm{Cd}\mathrm{Se}∕\mathrm{Cd}\mathrm{S}$ colloidal nanocrystal quantum-dot quantum wells are studied by large-scale pseudopotential local density approximation (LDA) calculations. Using this approach, we determine the effects of CdS core size, CdSe well thickness, and CdS shell thickness on the band-edge wave functions, band-gap, and electron-hole Coulomb interactions. We find the conduction-band wave function to be less confined to the CdSe well layer than predicted by $\mathbf{k}∙\mathbf{p}$ effective-mass theory, which accounts for the previous underestimation of the electron $g$ factor.
Screening of Oil Pools on Alaskan North Slope and Phase Behavior Study of Viscous Oil and CO2 System in Conjunction with CO2 Sequestration

Abstract Carbon dioxide gas, a greenhouse gas (GHG), is released in the atmosphere by combustion of solid waste, wood, and fossil fuels for energy generation. Due to conspicuous absence of CO2 sequestration studies for Alaska, the study of CO2 sequestration options on North Slope has a very important role to play. The screening of the oil reservoirs to evaluate the technical feasibility with respect to their CO2-EOR potential was performed by calculating the rank of the oil reservoirs with parametric approach. CMG-WinProp® simulator was used to predict phase behavior for CO2 injection in viscous oil by tuning the equation-of-state.
Effectiveness of Venous Oxygenation during Progressive Hypoxia

This study was undertaken to assess the effect of extracorporeal oxygenation on the heart and on gas exchange. In acute experiments on anesthetized, closed-chest greyhounds, venovenous shunting under pulsatile pressure did not affect heart rate, cardiac output or arterial blood pressure. Then progressive hypoxia was produced by hypoventilation and the venous oxygen tension was raised by mechanical oxygenation. The magnitude of this effect was inversely related to the degree of existing hypoxia. With the blood flow from a single cannula in a femoral vein and with an efficient oxygenator, a volume of oxygen amounting to half of the animal's consumption could be transferred.
Tectonics of the Intermountain Seismic Belt, Western United States: Microearthquake Seismicity and Composite Fault Plane Solutions

During the summer of 1969, six portable seismographs were operated at 82 sites along the Intermountain Seismic Belt from southwestern Utah to northwestern Montana. This survey followed a well-known seismic belt along the eastern physiographic boundary of the Basin and Range province, and within the middle and northern Rocky Mountains. In general, the 120 microearthquakes located in this study follow the same spatial trend as the macroseismic earthquakes reported by the NOS (formerly USCGS). Most of the micro-earthquakes clustered in time and space along well-known fault zones on which late Tertiary or younger movements have occurred. All of the accurately located hypocenters occurred between the surface and a 20 km depth. Composite fault plane solutions along the Hurricane and Sevier fault zones (southwestern Utah), Tushar and Sevier fault zones (Marysvale area, Utah), and Wasatch and East Cache fault zones in central and northern Utah indicate vertical-motion on steeply dipping fault planes. These motions may be indicative of differential movements between the Basin and Range province and the Colorado Plateau-Rocky Mountains. Composite fault plane solutions (CFPS) in the Caribou Mountains, southeastern Idaho, and Flathead Lake area, northwestern Montana, show normal faulting on less steeply dipping planes and have west-northwest trending extensional axes. Swarm activity was also observed in the above two regions. Between the above two areas of uplift and extension lies a region of complicated geology and seismicity.
Expanding the differential diagnosis of chronic dizziness.

Results:Nearly all patients with chronic subjective dizziness were diagnosed with psychiatric or neurologic illnesses. These included primary and secondary anxiety disorders (n=206 [59.7%]) and central nervous system conditions(n=133[38.6%]),specificallymigraineheadaches, mild traumatic brain injuries, and neurally mediated dysautonomias. A small number of patients (6 [1.7%]) had dysrhythmias. Four of 5 patients with migraine or dysrhythmias had comorbid anxiety. Conclusions: Chronic dizziness has several common causes, including anxiety disorders, migraine, traumatic brain injuries, and dysautonomia, that require differenttreatments.Keyfeaturesoftheclinicalhistorydistinguishtheseillnessesfromoneanotherandfromactive neurotologicconditions.Thehighprevalenceofsecondary anxiety may give a false impression of psychogenicity.
Dissolution of well and poorly crystallized kaolinites; Al speciation and effects of surface characteristics

This study compared surface characteristics and dissolution behavior of well-crystallized (KGa-1b) and poorly crystallized (KGa-2) kaolinite standards. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that particles of KGa-1b generally have nicely hexagonal micromorphology and crystallographically controlled microtopographic features. Particles of KGa-2 are also hexagonal, but their micromorphology tends to be more rounded. Basal-plane surfaces tend to be more irregular with fewer clearly crystallographically controlled features. KGa-1b particles tend to be larger in diameter and thicker than KGa-2 particles. Micromorphologic measurements showed that both KGa-1b and KGa-2 have modal edge- to total surface-area ratios of approximately 0.1 (mean ~ 0.2), although these measurements did not include the potentially large contribution of basal-plane step edges (additional 20% or more). Dissolution experiments were conducted in oxalic acid and inorganic acids at pH 3, 22 °C, I = 0.01 M, under batch dissolution conditions. Dissolution rates (measured as Si release) in 1 m M oxalic acid were approximately twice as fast for KGa-2 as for KGa-1b (2.27 vs. 0.96 nmol/m 2 ·h). Rates for KGa2 and KGa-1b were similar in HNO3 (0.86 and 1.16 nmol/m 2 ·h, respectively). The comparable rates for these two sedimentary kaolinites and for a hydrothermal kaolinite studied by Wieland and Stumm (1992) suggests that the fundamental structure of kaolinite, rather than specific surface details, exerts the greatest influence on dissolution kinetics. High-performance cation exchange chromatography (HP-CEC) was used to determine the distributions of monomeric Al species over the course of kaolinite dissolution. For dissolution in 1 m M oxalate, Al-oxalates were observed almost exclusively in agreement with results of equilibrium speciation calculations. For dissolution in HNO 3, the peak representing uncomplexed Al species, Al f, was predominant but not exclusive, as predicted by calculations. A peak having a retention time characteristic of species with +2 charge may be evidence for an AlOSi(OH) 3 2+ species, and warrant further investigation.