cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solution-based synthesis of efficient WO3 sensing electrodes for high temperature potentiometric NOx sensors

Electrode nanostructures as well as species at electrode–electrolyte interfaces have substantial influence on the sensitivity, response and recovery times of electrochemical sensors. YSZ-based potentiometric NOx sensors with WO3 sensing electrodes have shown considerable promise for enhanced sensitivity. In this study, we present a solution-based method using peroxytungstate solutions to fabricate WO3 electrodes. UV-ozone treatment of the YSZ was necessary for effective bonding of the WO3 to the YSZ. The resulting WO3 electrode was found to exhibit different surface nanostructures, better mechanical stability, faster recovery times, and better sensitivity than devices made from conventional ceramic WO3 powders. Upon UV-ozone treatment, the YSZ surfaces become more reactive towards the acidic peroxytungstate solution and results in monoclinic ZrO2 formation at the electrode–electrolyte interface, which, based on earlier studies, we propose to be responsible for the improved sensor sensitivity. Better adhesion of the peroxytungstate-based WO3 electrode to the YSZ electrolyte is related to the improved recovery times.
In the Search for New Anticancer Drugs. XXIII: Exploration of a Predictive Design for Anticancer Drugs of Carbohydrates Containing N-Nitrosochloroethylamino, N-Nitrosomethyl, and N-Nitrosoaminoxyl Components

Abstract The spin-labeled glucose nitrosoureas 13–16, streptozotocin (18), chlorozotocin (31), streptozotocin analogues of galactosyl 24 and mannosyl 28, and their tetra-O-acetyl derivatives 25 and 29, MCNU (Cymerin, 34), and glucamine (21) were synthesized and evaluated in vivo for their anticancer activities against the murine lymphocytic leukemia P388. Compounds 13–16, 18, 24, 28, 31, and 34 possessed activities ranging from 33 to 603% increase in life span (%ILS), whereas 21, 25, and 29 were inactive (%ILS = 9 to 10). All CD 2 F 1 male mice treated with the most active compounds (13, 14, and 34) at 20 mg/kg were alive after 30 days, whereas all mice treated with the clinical drug streptozotocin (18) and clinically tested chlorozotocin (31) succumbed. Compounds 13–16, 18, 31, and 34 were further evaluated for their antineoplastic activity against lymphoid leukemia L1210. Compounds 13 and 34 on day 60 exhibited %ILS values of 557 and 713, respectively, as compared with %ILS values of 646 and 713 for CCNU (1) and the spin-labeled SLCNU (3), respectively. The lipophilicities of 13–16,18,21, 24, 25, 28, 29, 31, and 34 were determined using EPR and/or UV methods. A predictive design pattern was observed, with the most active drug (34) possessing some hydrophobic property (log P = 1.24), followed by 13 (log P = 1.87) and 14 (log P = 1.81) as the more active drugs with higher hydrophobicity than 34. The clinical drugs streptozotocin (18) and chlorozotocin (31) were distinctly hydrophilic and less active. Finally, it was concluded that various scattered results of anticancer activity in the literature can be explained by a linear correlation of activities with lipophilicities.
The influence of lead ions on the drying of oils

Lead compounds or pigments alter the drying behavior and physical properties of oil paints and varnishes, enabling artists and craftsmen to tailor the properties most suited for their purposes. Investigations into the mechanism of these changes have, however, often been contradictory or misleading. Using modern theories of driers, the behavior of lead additives or pigments can be interpreted or classified.
Sex behaviour of male Japanese tourists in Bangkok, Thailand

This paper explores why Japanese men engage in potentially risky commercial sexual behaviours while on holiday in Thailand. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with 30 heterosexual male Japanese tourists, aged 19-36, who paid for sex with Thai women. Study participants were recruited at guesthouses in Bangkok. Analysis revealed eight main factors that encourage participation in commercial sex: a sense of freedom and anonymity during "time-out" spent travelling in a foreign country; a sense that there are permissive norms governing commercial sex in Thailand; the perceived sexual desirability of Thai women, a sense of economic and racial superiority relative to Thai women; a sense of loneliness or feeling in need of companionship; peer influence; the widespread availability of inexpensive sexual services in Thailand; and sexual desire or need. Findings indicate that Japanese male sexual conduct reflects individual drives while on holiday, in the context of interactions among Japanese peers, shaped by Thailand's socio-cultural environment.
The Road Less Traveled: One Genetic Counselor’s Reflections on Disability and the Genetic Counseling Profession

Reflections on disability and the genetic counseling profession from the perspective of a seasoned genetic counselor who is also the mom of a child with a disability.
Emotional prosody and diffusion tensor imaging in children after traumatic brain injury.

AbstractPrimary objective: Brain structures and their white matter connections that may contribute to emotion processing and may be vulnerable to disruption by a traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurring in childhood have not been thoroughly explored.Research design and methods: The current investigation examines the relationship between diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics, including fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and 3-month post-injury performance on a task of emotion prosody recognition and a control task of phonological discrimination in a group of 91 children who sustained either a moderate-to-severe TBI (n = 45) or orthopaedic injury (OI) (n = 46).Main outcomes and results: Brain-behaviour findings within OI participants confirmed relationships between several significant white matter tracts in emotional prosody performance (i.e. the cingulum bundle, genu of the corpus callosum, inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF) and the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus ...
High throughput identification of monoclonal antibodies to membrane bound and secreted proteins using yeast and phage display.

Antibodies are ubiquitous and essential reagents for biomedical research. Uses of antibodies include quantifying proteins, identifying the temporal and spatial pattern of expression in cells and tissue, and determining how proteins function under normal or pathological conditions. Specific antibodies are only available for a small portion of the proteome, limiting study of those proteins for which antibodies do not exist. The technologies to generate target-specific antibodies need to be improved to obtain high quality antibodies to the proteome at reasonable cost. Here we show that renewable, validated, and standardized monoclonal antibodies can be generated at high throughput, without the need for antigen production or animal immunizations. In this study, 60 protein domains from 24 selected secreted proteins were expressed on the surface of yeast and used for selection of phage antibodies, over 400 monoclonal antibodies were identified within 3 weeks. A subset of these antibodies was validated for binding to cancer cells that overexpress the target protein by flow cytometry or immunohistochemistry. This approach will be applicable to many of the membrane-bound and the secreted proteins, 20–40% of the proteome, accelerating the timeline for Ab generation while reducing the cost.
Identification of a Novel Expressed Open Reading Frame Situated between Genes UL20 and UL21 of the Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Genome

An open reading frame (ORF) situated between the U(L)20 and U(L)21 genes encodes a protein designated as U(L)20.5. The U(L)20.5 ORF lies 5' and in the same orientation as the U(L)20 ORF. The expression of the U(L)20.5 ORF was verified by RNase protection assays and by in-frame insertion of an amino acid sequence encoding an epitope of an available monoclonal antibody. The tagged U(L)20.5 protein colocalized in small dense nuclear structures with products of the alpha22/U(S)1.5, U(L)3, and U(L)4 genes. Expression of the U(L)20.5 gene was blocked in cells infected and maintained in the presence of phosphonoacetate, indicating that it belongs to the late, or gamma(2), kinetic class. U(L)20.5 is not essential for viral replication inasmuch as a recombinant virus made by insertion of the thymidine kinase gene into the U(L)20.5 ORF replicates in all cell lines tested [J. D. Baines, P. L. Ward, G. Campadelli-Fiume, and B. Roizman (1991) J. Virol. 65, 6414-6424]. The genomic location of the recently discovered genes illustrates the compact nature of the viral genome.
Preliminary empirical model for scaling fourier amplitude spectra of strong ground acceleration in terms of modified mercalli intensity and recording site conditions

This paper presents an empirical model for scaling Fourier amplitude spectra of ground acceleration during strong earthquake shaking in terms of the reported Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) and the simplified characteristics of the geologic environment at the recording station. This analysis shows that (i) for the intermediate and high-frequency motions the spectral amplitudes approximately double for every level of the MMI; that (ii) the uncertainties associated with estimation of Fourier spectral amplitudes in terms of MMI are not greater than the uncertainties associated with similar estimation in terms of earthquake magnitude and epicentral distance; that (iii) the high frequency spectral amplitudes tend to be greater on basement rock sites relative to alluvium sites, with this trend being reversed for the low-frequency spectral amplitudes; and that (iv) the spectral amplitudes of very high-frequency vertical shaking are equal to or higher than the corresponding spectral amplitudes for horizontal shaking.
A novel gene derived from a segmental duplication shows perturbed expression in Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a disabling neurodegenerative disorder with onset commonly in late life. Three genes have been identified causing earlier onset AD, and a fourth has been shown to be a risk factor for late onset AD (LOAD), while many more yet unrecognized genes are thought to contribute to susceptibility. Many studies have reported linkage to LOAD on human chromosome 10, where we have identified a parent of origin effect [Bassett SS, Avramopoulos D, Perry RT, Wiener H, Watson B Jr, Go RC, Fallin MD. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 141:537-540, (2006), Bassett SS, Avramopoulos D, Fallin D. Am J Med Genet 114:679-686, (2002)]. In this paper, we report on a gene in this region that shows reduced expression with increasing age, reduced expression in females across ages, and further reduction in LOAD patients. In concordance with the observed parent of origin effect on the linkage, this reduction is more pronounced in patients with an affected mother. We discovered this gene while studying the alkaline ceramidase gene (ASAH2); it is a partial paralog of ASAH2, and we call it ASAH2L. It is the result of a partial duplication of ASAH2 on chromosome 10q11.23, just downstream from the sequence with promoter activity. ASAH2L has a polymorphic start codon with a single nucleotide change of the original ASAH2 sequence plus other putative translation start sites that might produce novel proteins. It is expressed in all the tissues we tested including the brain and is an interesting example of the generation of a new gene. Comparison of primate and other mammal genomes suggests that ASAH2L is human specific. Further research would be necessary to determine the function of the ASAH2L transcript and explore any possible involvement in neurodegeneration.
Transcriptional induction of endothelial nitric oxide synthase type III by lysophosphatidylcholine.

Endothelial synthesis of NO is catalyzed by constitutive NO synthase type III (NOS-III). NOS-III has been thought to be regulated mainly at the level of enzyme activity by intracellular calcium. We report that in human umbilical vein endothelial cells lysophosphatidylcholine (lyso-PC), a component of atherogenic lipoproteins and atherosclerotic lesions, increases NOS-III mRNA and protein levels. This leads to the augmentation of NOS-III activity and the enhancement of anti-platelet properties of endothelial cells. Importantly, nuclear run-off experiments demonstrate a transcriptional mechanism of regulation of NOS-III expression by lysophosphatidylcholine. As endothelium-derived NO appears to be an anti-atherogenic molecule, induction of NOS-III by lyso-PC may be a protective response that limits the progress of the atherosclerotic lesion and promotes its regression.
Mastering Iron: The Struggle to Modernize an American Industry, 1800–1868

Anne Kelly Knowles. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2013. 334 pp., maps, photos, diagrams, illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. $45.00 cloth (ISBN 978-0-226-44859-6); $7.00–$36.00 e...
ESTIMATION OF INFECTION RATES IN POPULATIONS OF ORGANISMS USING POOLS OF VARIABLE SIZE

A method is given for estimating the infection rate in a population of organisms when variably sized sample pools are analyzed, a common situation in practice but not one which can be dealt with by existing methodology. An example is given of estimating the infection rate of yellow fever virus in a mosquito population; there is a suggestion that larvae with a longer developmental period had a higher infection rate. The minimum infection rate (MIR) parameter is shown previously for studies with a constant pool size; the MIR is however an acceptable estimate if the true infection rate is small.
Adenovirus mutants with DNA sequence perturbations in the intragenic promoter of VAI RNA gene allow the enhanced transcription of VAII RNA gene in HeLa cells

Ad2 VAI gene strongly competes for transcription with VAII gene in vitro. It has been suggested that this competition may be a basis for the large excess of VAI gene transcription in virus infected cells at late times. We have studied the effect of the DNA sequence perturbations of the intragenic promoter of the VAI gene on transcription of VAII gene at the level of viral chromosome. Several Ad5 mutants with mutations in the promoter of VAI gene were constructed and transcription of their VAI and VAII genes were analyzed in the infected cells. It was found that transcription of VAII gene increased dramatically when either Box A or Box B promoter sequences of VAI gene were mutated or when the entire VAI gene was replaced by a DNA segment with an unrelated DNA sequence. Thus, at late times, active transcription of VAI gene appears to partially repress transcription of VAII gene. Those mutants which synthesized large quantities of VAII RNA only grew more slowly yielding a titer which was 1/10 of that of their parent but 5 to 6 fold higher than that of an Ad5 mutant lacking both VAI and VAII genes.
Population dynamics of infectious diseases : A discrete time model

Basic reproduction ratio R0 Epidemiological model Disease models Infectious disease dynamics Matrix population models Multi-state capture-mark-recapture (CMR) models Wildlife disease management abstract Mathematical models of infectious diseases can provide important insight into our under- standing of epidemiological processes, the course of infection within a host, the transmis- sion dynamics in a host population, and formulation or implementation of infection control programs. We present a framework for modeling the dynamics of infectious diseases in dis- crete time, based on the theory of matrix population models. The modeling framework presented here can be used to model any infectious disease of humans or wildlife with dis- crete disease states, irrespective of the number of disease states. The model allows rigorous estimation of important quantities, including the basic reproduction ratio of the disease (R0) and growth rate of the population (� ), and permits quantification of the sensitivity of R0 andto model parameters. The model is amenable to rigorous experimental design, and when appropriate data are available, model parameters can be estimated using statistically robust multi-state capture-mark-recapture models. Methods for incorporating the effects of population density, prevalence of the disease, and stochastic forces on model behavior also are presented.
Disruption of the Gene Which Encodes a Serodiagnostic Antigen and Chitinase of the Human Fungal Pathogen Coccidioides immitis

Disruption of genes in medically important fungi has proved to be a powerful tool for evaluation of putative virulence factors and identification of potential protein targets for novel antifungal drugs. Chitinase has been suggested to play a pivotal role in autolysis of the parasitic cell wall of Coccidioides immitis during the asexual reproductive cycle (endosporulation) of this systemic pathogen. Two chitinase genes (CTS1 and CTS2) of C. immitis have been cloned. Preliminary evidence has suggested that expression of CTS1 is markedly increased during endospore formation. The secreted CTS1 chitinase has also been shown to react with patient anti-Coccidioides complement-fixing (CF) antibody and is a valuable aid in the serodiagnosis of coccidioidomycosis. To examine the role of CTS1 in the morphogenesis of parasitic cells, the CTS1 gene was disrupted by a single, locus-specific crossover event. This resulted in homologous integration of a pAN7.1 plasmid construct that contained a 1.1-kb fragment of the chitinase gene into the chromosomal DNA of C. immitis. Results of Southern hybridizations, immunoblot analyses of culture filtrates using both CTS1-specific murine antiserum and serum from a patient with confirmed coccidioidal infection, an immunodiffusion test for CF antigenicity, and substrate gel electrophoresis assays of chitinase activity confirmed that the CTS1 gene was disrupted and nonfunctional. This is the first report of a successful targeted gene disruption in C. immitis. However, loss of CTS1 function had no effect on virulence or endosporulation. Comparative assays of chitinase activity in the parental and Δcts1 strains suggested that the absence of a functional CTS1 gene can be compensated for by elevated expression of the CTS2 gene. Current investigations are focused on disruption of CTS2 in the Δcts1 host to further evaluate the significance of chitinase activity in the parasitic cycle of C. immitis.
In depth generation lifetime profiling of heat‐treated czochralski silicon

A technique is given for measuring the MOS generation lifetime of minority carriers as a function of depth from the silicon wafer surface. The technique monitors a transient current instead of the more commonly utilized transient capacitance, and is capable of obtaining a whole in-depth lifetime profile in one measurement. Heat treated silicon wafers examined in this study exhibit a constant high lifetime close to the wafer surface, and the lifetime decreases toward the bulk. This is correlated to SiO2 precipitation and gettering behavior. Eine Methode zur Messung der MOS-Generationslebensdauer von Minoritatstragern als Funktion der Tiefe unter der Silizium-Waferoberflache wird angegeben. Die Technik registriert einen nicht-stationaren Strom anstelle der ublicherweise benutzten nichtstationaren Kapazitat und ist in der Lage das gesamte Tiefen-Lebensdauerprofil bei einer Messung zu erhalten. Warmebehandelte untersuchte Siliziumwafer zeigen eine konstante hohe Lebensdauer an der Waferoberflache, wahrend die Lebensdauer zum Volumen hin abnimmt. Dies entspricht einer SiO2,-Prazipitution und Getterverhalten.
Managing energy consumption costs in desktop PCs and LAN switches with proxying, split TCP connections, and scaling of link speed

The IT equipment comprising the Internet in the USA uses about $6 billion of electricity every year. Much of this electricity use is wasted on idle, but fully powered-up, desktop PCs and network links. We show how to recover a large portion of the wasted electricity with improved power management methods that are focused on network issues.
Halogenated Analogues of Tamoxifen: Synthesis, Receptor Assay, and Inhibition of MCF7 Cells

Abstract This study was conducted to develop a ligand for imaging estrogen-receptor-positive breast tumors by positron emission tomography or single photon emission computed tomography. We synthesized fluoro and iodo analogues of tamoxifen, and these halogenated analogues produced greater affinity for binding to the receptor than tamoxifen. Values of the inhibition affinity constants were as follows: tamoxifen, 15 000 nM; fluoromethyl- N , N -diethyltamoxifen, 2500 nM for the cis isomer and 500 nM for the trans isomer; and iodomethyl- N , N -diethyltamoxifen, 1500 nM for the cis isomer and 1000 nM for the trans isomer. In studies of human MCF7 breast tumor cell growth, concentrations that inhibited tumor growth in 50% of the cases were as follows: tamoxifen, 11 μM; fluoromethyl- N , N -diethyltamoxifen, 4.5 and 11.8 μM for the cis and trans isomers, respectively; and iodomethyl- N , N -diethyltamoxifen, 2.4 and 6.3 μM for the cis and trans isomers, respectively. These studies suggest that both fluoro and iodo analogues of tamoxifen may be useful diagnostic compounds for predicting the response of estrogen-receptor-positive breast tumors to tamoxifen analogues used in chemotherapy.
IFN-γ mediates CD4 + T-cell loss and impairs secondary antitumor responses after successful initial immunotherapy

Protective cell-mediated immune responses in cancer are critically dependent on T-helper type 1 (TH1) cytokines such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ). We have previously shown that the combination of CD40 stimulation and interleukin-2 (IL-2) leads to synergistic antitumor responses in several models of advanced metastatic disease. We now report that after this treatment and other immunotherapy regimens, the CD4+ T-cell population, in contrast to CD8+ T cells, did not significantly increase but rather exhibited a substantial level of apoptosis that was dependent on IFN-γ. Mice immunized with tumor cells and treated with an immunotherapy regimen that was initially protective were later unable to mount effective memory responses compared with immunized mice not receiving immunotherapy. Immunotherapy given to tumor-bearing Ifngr−/− mice resulted in restoration of secondary responses. Thus, although immunotherapeutic regimens inducing strong IFN-γ responses can lead to successful early antitumor efficacy, they may also impair the development of durable antitumor responses.
Ab initio post-Hartree-Fock study on tautomeric stabilities of phosphine oxide, phosphinous acid and their thio analogues

The prototropic tautomerism H3PX ⇌ H2PXH (X = O, S) is investigated by ab initio quantum-mechanical calculations. The relative internal energies at 0 K computed at different levels of theory (electronic energies calculated at the MP4(SDTQ)/6-311G**//MP2/6-31G** level + zero-point energies from MP2/6-31G** vibrational frequencies) undoubtedly suggest that in a gas phase H2PSH predominates over H3PS much more distinctly than H2POH over H3PO. Temperature-dependent thermochemical contributions to the free energies calculated at T = 298·15 K do not change the conclusions concerning the stabilities of the studied species in a gas phase. The effect of the polar environment on the shift of the H3PX ⇌ H2PXH equilibria is briefly discussed.
Back to the future for integrated diagnostics (electronic military systems)

The integrated-diagnostics methodology to correcting high failure ambiguity rates seeks to provide an effective mix of diagnostic capabilities to improve fault detection and isolation. A certain measure of success has been obtained in the reduction of failure ambiguity; however, considerable improvements may be attained using built-in-monitoring equipment (BIME) or a visually oriented performance-analysis workstation (VOPAW). These concepts are discussed. >
Silent Thromboembolic Events Associated with the Treatment of Unruptured Cerebral Aneurysms by Use of Guglielmi Detachable Coils: Prospective Study Applying Diffusion-weighted Imaging

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Aneurysm embolization using Guglielmi detachable coils (GDC) is gaining increasing acceptance as a viable alternative to surgery in the treatment of cerebral aneurysms. Although recent reports describe a significant rate of symptomatic thromboembolic complications with GDC use, many of the neurologic deficits are transient. We sought to determine the incidence of silent thromboembolic events with the use of diffusion-weighted imaging and to correlate radiologic findings with the results of neurologic examinations. METHODS: Diffusion-weighted MR imaging was performed within 48 hours in 14 consecutive elective GDC aneurysm treatments. Embolizations were performed under systemic heparinization; all flush solutions were heparinized, and both guiding catheters and microcatheters were placed for continuous heparinized infusions. Neurologic examination, including the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale determination, was performed by a stroke neurologist before the coiling procedures were performed, immediately after the procedures were performed, and before discharge. MR imaging examinations were reviewed by a stroke neurologist and an interventional neuroradiologist, with determination and characterization of diffusion-weighted imaging abnormalities. RESULTS: Small areas of restricted diffusion, presumed to represent procedure-related embolic infarctions, were noted on the images of eight of 14 patients. All except one of the areas were located ipsilateral to the side of the catheterization. Six patients had evidence of multiple infarcts. Most lesions were small ( .5). CONCLUSION: Silent thromboembolic events related to the use of the GDC system are a common occurrence, despite meticulous technique and systemic anticoagulation. Although clinical sequelae are rare, the high rate of occurrence suggests that alterations in the technique, such as the addition of antiplatelet agents, should be considered.
Gender Stereotyping in State Executive Elections: Candidate Selection and Success

Research on gender stereotypes has found that voters ascribe certain beliefs and traits to candidates based on the candidate's sex. Most of this research relies on experimental data and examines stereotyping solely in terms of voter decision making. In contrast, we examine state executive office elections to determine if stereotypes influence both candidate selection and success. State executive elections are ideal for studying gender stereotypes as many of the offices focus on specific policy issues that correspond with stereotypical competencies of male and female candidates. We find considerable support for our expectation of an interaction between candidate sex and office type in candidate selection: women are less likely to run for offices that are inconsistent with their stereotypical strengths and, beginning in 1990, somewhat more likely to run for stereotypically consistent offices. In terms of candidate success, however, we do not find that women's likelihood of winning varies strongly across off...
Inositol 1, 4, 5-Trisphosphate Receptors and Human Left Ventricular Myocytes

Background—Little is known about the function of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) in the adult heart experimentally. Moreover, whether these Ca2+ release channels are present and play...
A Worldwide Survey of Cultivated Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu & Cheng (Taxodiaceae: Cupressaceae) from 1947 to 2007

Abstract Since the first seeds were sent from China in December 1947, the famous “living fossil” Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu & Cheng has been cultivated for 60 years throughout the world. The comprehensive survey of Metasequoia cultivation presented herein has been conducted over the past five years, yielding 2535 accessions from nearly 50 countries on every continent. Optimal growth seems to be in the USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 5 through 9 in North America and Europe, as well as comparable areas in East Asia. The tallest individual reported is approximately 38 m in height, and the largest is approximately 6.2 m in girth. The details of each accession are summarized, including place cultivated, recent growth statistics, and information about the source of introduction.
Solid-state carbon-13 NMR studies of vulcanized elastomers. VI: Relaxation in sulfur-vulcanized natural rubber

Abstract Molecular motions in sulfur-vulcanized NR are investigated by solid state 13C NMR relaxation techniques. Since the high-resolution spectra of crosslinked samples exhibit overlapping in the aliphatic region, a combined application of variable temperature spin-lattice relaxation measurements and the computer simulation of the overlapped spectral region is used in order to detect resonance signals. Motional restrictions introduced by crosslinks are investigated from the temperature dependence of nT1 relaxation times for individual carbons. The V-curves for all polyisoprene signals and for the detectable signals arising from the network units exhibit a similar general trend with increased curing time: curve broadening, shift of the minima to higher temperatures, and increase of the T1 min values. All the backbone carbons show quantitatively similar effects of vulcanization on the spin-lattice relaxation. At shorter curing times, motional restrictions for the methyl side group are more pronounced comp...
Dynamic Response Characteristics of the Uster Evenness Transducer1

The dynamic response characteristics of the evenness transducer of the Uster Evenness Tester was analyzed by studying the transducer response to special test tapes and yarns prepared with various s...
Mortality of first-year cultured northern quahogs, Mercenaria mercenaria, through thermal decline: Impacts of low temperature, the rate of temperature decrease and dietary 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3

Abstract In a preliminary investigation, first-year cultured northern quahogs, Mercenaria mercenaria (Linnaeus, 1758), were administered a matrix of dietary highly unsaturated n-3 fatty acids, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 to observe their effect on homeoviscous adaptation to low temperature. The quahogs were subjected to high magnitude thermal fluctuations of the natural, declining temperature regime of a temperate estuary during the approach to winter. Inverse correlations emerged between mortality and dietary abundance of 20:5n-3 during the upper range of the temperature decline (18°–12 °C), and 22:6n-3 during the lower range (12°–6 °C), demonstrating their unique roles in supporting homeoviscous adaptation within each respective phase of thermal decline. High survival of a group whose diet was devoid of these n-3 fatty acids was associated with high molar % increases of endogenic non-methylene-interrupted fatty acids, 22:2Δ7,13 and 22:2Δ7,15. Conversely in the current investigation, similarly grouped juvenile quahogs all experienced reductions in incorporated 22:2Δ7,13 and 22:2Δ7,15 when subjected to a mild temperature decrease of 0.2 °C per day, suggesting that high magnitude thermal fluctuation is a signal for the synthesis of non-methylene-interrupted fatty acids. The unfavorable circumstance of this group of quahogs deprived of dietary 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 was exacerbated by diminishing incorporation of these compounds and suffered the earliest and highest overall mortality of all dietary treatments. High early-phase mortality of this same group was associated with high levels of previously incorporated 22:6n-3, considered to be homeoviscously unfavorable at the upper thermal range above 12 °C, and this direct relationship fell neatly within the 95% confidence interval of a linear regression model established in the preliminary study. Statement of relevance Results of this supplemental experiment provide novel correlations among thermal decline, diet and mortality of juvenile northern quahogs, distinct from the preliminary investigation cited in this paper. This work distinguishes the effects of absolute temperature decline and rapid decline on mortality of juvenile northern quahogs. This work also demonstrates the requirement of high magnitude thermal decline to signal the endogenic biosynthesis of EPA, DHA and 22:2 NMIs in juvenile northern quahogs in homeoviscous adaptation to falling temperature. Results of this work can be applied to tailor supplemental diets of northern quahog seed to prepare for forecasts of rapid thermal decline. Such timely dietary supplementation may reduce loss of bivalve seed which might improve the industries annual production and profitability.
A 216GHz 0.5mW transmitter with a compact power combiner in 65nm CMOS

This paper presents the design and measurements of a 216GHz, 0.5mW transmitter using 65nm bulk CMOS process. The transmitter is formed of an amplifier-multiplier chain, where the power amplifier delivers a P sat =16dBm at 110GHz to a passive frequency doubler. The PA stage employs a novel single-ended to 2-way differential power combiner based on vertically coupled transmission lines. A passive frequency doubler implemented using MOS varactors follows the PA. The 216GHz transmitter delivers a maximum of 0.5mW at 216GHz with a 2.8% bandwidth, while consuming 500mW from a 1V DC supply. The chip, implemented in thin BEOL seven metal ST-65nm CMOS process, occupies a total area of 0.88mm2.
Knot automata

This paper studies a mathematical model for automata as direct abstractions of digital circuitry. We give a rigorous model for distributed delays in terms of a precedence order of operations. The model is applied to automata that arise in the study of topological invariants of knots in three dimensional space and to digital design. >
A preliminary investigation of tsunami hazard

A method for determining tsunami hazard is presented using simple seismological and hydrodynamic models. The seismological model assumes that submarine earthquakes of the dipstrike type can occur, with equal likelihood, anywhere along a well-defined straight fault and that the site under consideration lies on the perpendicular bisector of and far removed from the fault. The ground dislocation is circular in the horizontal plane, and the vertical offset is uniform. The radius of the circle and the vertical offset are related to seismic moment which is assumed to be random. The hydrodynamic model is based on linear dispersive wave theory. It is assumed that the earth is flat, water depth constant, and ocean infinite in horizontal extent. The maximum elevation of water surface of the leading wave is related to ground motion characteristics (or seismic moment) and the distance from the site to the source. The probability of the event that the water elevation at a site exceeds an arbitrary but specified level is then derived and computed. A sensitivity study is performed to determine the importance of various parameters.
Faceting of Single-Crystal SrTiO3 During Wet Chemical Etching

We use an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) to study changes in the surface of single-crystal SrTiO3 etched in HF-based solutions. Attention in this work has been focused upon observations of pyramidal pitting–both because of an interest in avoiding etch pits during substrate preparation prior to heteroepitaxial growth, and because of an interest in micromachining this highly polarizable material. We note that (110) SrTiO3 is surprisingly robust against the formation of pits, while pitting is significant on {100} surfaces. Particular etch rates have been measured, and we discuss anisotropies in the rates of dissolution. These data are combined to extract a macroscopic model describing processes relevant to the most extreme pitting, which we show to be associated with surface defects.
United Nations Arms Trade Treaty: Russia's justifications for abstention and the treaty's effectiveness in application

Over the last two decades, many States have recognized the need for a multi-lateral treaty regulating weapons that are used all over the world to commit genocides and other atrocities. The United Nations (UN) Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) was passed on April 2, 2013, and came into effect on December 24, 2014, as an attempt to address this problem. However, after a nearly universal acceptance of the need for such a treaty, Russia, along with many other key States, has abstained from joining the ATT. While Russia did not object outright to an arms trade treaty, Russia does not have any clear intent to join the current ATT. Russia has listed several reasons for its abstention including: the non-binding nature of the treaty, the treaty’s failure to address transfers to private parties, the treaty’s low standards, and its potentially discriminatory effect against Russia. This Comment considers the validity of Russia’s justifications for abstention and the effectiveness of the ATT without Russia and other key States being parties to the treaty. Russia’s abstention raises serious questions as to the ATT’s effectiveness. Russia is the second largest arms distributor in the world and is more than capable of arming States that would otherwise be barred under the ATT. Additionally, since transfers to private parties remain unregulated and because much of the treaty’s terms are mere recommendations, it is likely the ATT is nothing more than a superficial attempt to remedy a deep problem. However, while the ATT may seem to be weak, it is still a step in the right direction. * Juris Doctor, December 2014, J. Reuben Clark Law School, Provo, UT. SUMMER 2015 United Nations Arms Trade Treaty
Genu varum and genu valgum in children

Genu varum and genu valgum are often normal developmental changes in knee alignment that occur in a young child. Measuring the child's height and understanding normal development is the key to determining which children need further evaluation for a possible skeletal or metabolic bone dysplasia.
Overview of Evidence Based Practices in Psychology and Implementation Science

The chapter provides an overview, brief critique, and description of how COMPASS fits within the Evidence Based Practices in Psychology (EBPP) framework. We also describe the models that guided the development and testing of COMPASS. Specifically, we describe the Ladder of Evidence, Dunst and Trivette’s (2012) implementation science framework and introduce and describe our Integrated Model. The Integrated Model starts with the consultant, teacher and student as primary actors, includes measures of the quality of the interaction between actors and incorporates internal and external resource factors impacting each actor. The Integrated Model was the primary guide for our research into understanding and testing the effectiveness, as well as exploring potential mechanisms of action and factors that underlie COMPASS effectiveness.
Condensation of thresholds in multimode microlasers

We show from ab initio laser theory that by choosing an appropriate spatial pump profile, many different spatial modes of a typical microlaser can be turned on at the same pump energy, substantially increasing the number $N$ of simultaneous lasing modes. The optimal pump profile can be obtained simply from knowledge of the space-dependent saturated gain profile when the system is uniformly pumped up to the $N\mathrm{th}$ modal threshold. We test this general result by applying it to a two-dimensional diffusive random laser and a microdisk laser. Achieving highly multimode lasing at reasonable pump powers is useful for reducing the spatial coherence of laser sources, making them suitable for use in speckle-free imaging and other applications.
Catecholamines promote an M2 macrophage activation phenotype (P1299)

Based on their function, activated macrophages are categorized as having M1 or M2 phenotypes. M1 macrophages are pro-inflammatory and mediate host defenses against pathogens. M2 macrophages promote immunosuppression and wound healing. Here, we report significant alterations in activated macrophage phenotypes by catecholamines. Epinephrine and norepinephrine dramatically reduced TNF production by LPS-stimulated mouse macrophages in vitro, with IC50s of 5.5 and 700 nM, respectively. Co-treatment of macrophages with LPS and either catecholamine promoted an anti-inflammatory phenotype, including increased IL-10 mRNA and protein production. Interestingly, in LPS-stimulated macrophages, co-presence of either catecholamine reduced iNOS (a marker for M1 macrophages) mRNA by 75-81%, while Arginase (M2 marker) mRNA expression was enhanced by 8.3 to 13.5-fold. Therefore, catecholamines promoted an M2-like macrophage activation phenotype. This effect was determined to be mediated through the beta-2 adrenergic receptor and the phosphoinositol 3-kinase pathway. Catecholamines modulated both MyD88-dependent and MyD88-independent signaling through several different TLRs. In rodent models of acute lung injury, co-administration of a beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist reduced inflammatory mediator production and prevented injury. These data have significant clinical implications for diseases ranging from allergy and asthma to sepsis.
Trends in the Inclusion of Mental Health Providers in Medicare Shared Savings Program ACOs

Objective:The study evaluated the presence of mental health providers in the Medicare Shared Savings Program (MSSP) accountable care organizations.Methods:On the basis of data for all 105,155 providers participating in the 220 MSSPs in 2012 and 2013, MSSPs were classified by whether they included psychiatrists, psychologists, or clinical social workers. Descriptive statistics were calculated, including the number and type of mental health providers.Results:The inclusion of mental health providers varied substantially over time and across MSSPs. Only 52% of MSSPs included at least one mental health provider in April 2012. This proportion increased to 64% in July 2012 and was 61% in January 2013. MSSPs including mental health providers had a mean average of 26 such practitioners (minimum of 1, median of 11, and maximum of 240).Conclusions:Although the MSSP model generally incentivized high-quality, coordinated care, it has largely overlooked mental health services.
What I Learned from the Pew Report on Orthodox Jews in America

Questions about the representativeness of Pew’s small sample of Orthodox Jews are raised. The tensions operating in the Orthodox world among the Haredi and Modern Orthodox are examined. For the former, their embrace of the Republican party appears contrary to their self-interest in receiving government aid to support their large, poor families. For the latter, their pursuit of higher education and advanced degrees, which provides them the opportunity for greater income to support their families, produces a more open attitude that might challenge Orthodox beliefs and behaviors.
Risk of Venous Thromboembolism and Operative Duration in Patients Undergoing Neurosurgical Procedures

BACKGROUND The association of operative duration with the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) has not been quantified in neurosurgery. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of surgical duration for several neurosurgical procedures and the incidence of VTE. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study involving patients who underwent neurosurgical procedures from 2005 to 2012 and were registered in the American College of Surgeons National Quality Improvement Project registry. In order to control for confounding, we used multivariable regression models, and propensity score conditioning. RESULTS During the study period, there were 94 747 patients, who underwent neurosurgical procedures, and met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 1358 (1.0%) developed VTE within 30 days postoperatively. Multivariable logistic regression demonstrated an association of longer operative duration with higher 30-day incidence of VTE (odds ratio [OR], 1.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19-1.25). Compared with procedures of moderate duration (third quintile, 40-60th percentile), patients undergoing the longest procedures (>80th percentile) had higher odds (OR, 3.15; 95% CI, 2.49-3.99) of developing VTE. The shortest procedures (<20th percentile) were associated with a decreased incidence of VTE (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.27-0.76) in comparison to those of moderate duration. The same associations were present in propensity score-adjusted models, and models stratified by subgroups of cranial, spinal, peripheral nerve, and carotid procedures. CONCLUSIONS In a cohort of patients from a national prospective surgical registry, increased operative duration was associated with increased incidence of VTE for neurosurgical procedures. These results can be used by neurosurgeons to inform operative management, and to stratify patients with regard to VTE risk.
Variable stiffness adaptation to mitigate system failure in inflatable robots

Although inflatable soft robots are not yet a common robot platform, air leaking from the internal structure is a common and undesirable mode of failure for these platforms. In this paper we demonstrate a method to detect leaks in the structural chamber of an inflatable, pneumatically actuated robot. We then show that our method can adaptively lower commanded joint stiffness which slows the mass flow rate of the leak. This extends the operational life of the robot by decreasing long term error during operation by as much as 50% of the steady state error at the end effector when compared to the same leak if our adaptation method is not used. In future applications where we expect soft, inflatable robots to be useful, our methods can enable failure mitigation in resource-limited situations such as space exploration or disaster response.
Predicate Abstraction of Rewrite Theories

For an infinite-state concurrent system \(\mathcal{S}\) with a set AP of state predicates, its predicate abstraction defines a finite-state system whose states are subsets of AP, and its transitions s → s′ are witnessed by concrete transitions between states in \(\mathcal{S}\) satisfying the respective sets of predicates s and s′. Since it is not always possible to find such witnesses, an over-approximation adding extra transitions is often used. For systems \(\mathcal{S}\) described by formal specifications, predicate abstractions are typically built using various automated deduction techniques. This paper presents a new method—based on rewriting, semantic unification, and variant narrowing—to automatically generate a predicate abstraction when the formal specification of \(\mathcal{S}\) is given by a conditional rewrite theory. The method is illustrated with concrete examples showing that it naturally supports abstraction refinement and is quite accurate, i.e., it can produce abstractions not needing over-approximations.
Resonances: Second Language Development and Language Planning and Policy from a Complexity Theory Perspective

This chapter begins by introducing Complexity Theory and five of its theoretical tenets that have implications for both second language development (SLD) and language planning and policy (LPP). The tenets have to do with qualities of complex systems: emergence, interconnected levels and timescales, nonlinearity, dynamism, and context dependence. These tenets are then applied to SLD. I go on to show that these same qualities of complex systems hold resonances for LPP. However, descriptive resonances are not sufficient for building a bridge between SLD and LPP. Thus, I conclude that a bridge must be constructed of a deeper awareness, namely that both second language learners/educators and planners/policy makers operate in a complex world, where interventions need to be situated, contingent, and adaptable, and where agents of change need to be prepared for unexpected outcomes.