cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Securing the Fog using Software-Defined Networking: A Study of Challenges, Approaches, and Open Problems

Fog computing is a new paradigm that provides Cloud-like services to the network edge where the end-users reside. It opens up the facilities of Cloud to the edge of the network. It enables a wide range of benefits, including enhanced security, decreased bandwidth, and reduced latency, it is an appropriate paradigm for many IoT services. As the Fog has similarities with the Cloud, it inherits all the security problems of the Cloud as well as faces new security and privacy issues such as authentication at different levels of gateways, trust model, Fog network security, etc. Recent research work shows that Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is very effective in managing network flows. In this study, we explore and provide a systemic analysis of the security and privacy issues of existing Fog-based networks. We present attack surfaces and threat models of Fog computing. We then discuss existing research projects to resolve security issues. We also analyze existing SDN-based solution for Fog networks. Through this study, we find out a set of open problems in existing Fog-based systems and provide a detailed description for each of them. Furthermore, we investigate the possibilities of an SDN-based solution for the Fog-based system.
A Compartmental Model Describing the Kinetics of β-Carotene and β-Carotene-Derived Retinol in Healthy Older Adults.

Background Descriptive and quantitative information on β-carotene whole-body kinetics in humans is limited. Objectives Our objective was to advance the development of a physiologically based, working hypothesis compartmental model describing the metabolism of β-carotene and β-carotene-derived retinol. Methods We used model-based compartmental analysis (Simulation, Analysis and Modeling software) to analyze previously published data on plasma kinetics of [2H8]β-carotene, [2H4]β-carotene-derived retinol, and [2H8]retinyl acetate-derived retinol in healthy, older US adults (3 female, 2 male; 50-68 y); subjects were studied for 56 d after consuming doses of 11 μmol [2H8]β-carotene and, 3 d later, 9 μmol [2H8]retinyl acetate in oil. Results We developed a complex model for labeled β-carotene and β-carotene-derived retinol, as well as preformed vitamin A, using simulations to augment observed data during model calibration. The model predicts that mean (range) β-carotene absorption (bioavailability) was 9.5% (5.2-14%) and bioefficacy was 7.3% (3.6-14%). Of the absorbed β-carotene, 41% (25-58%) was packaged intact in chylomicrons and the balance was converted to retinol, with 58% (42-75%) transported as retinyl esters in chylomicrons and 0-2% by retinol-binding protein. Most (95%) chylomicron β-carotene was cleared by the liver. Later data revealed differences in the metabolism of retinyl acetate- versus β-carotene-derived retinol; data required that both β-carotene and derived retinol be recycled from extrahepatic tissues (e.g. adipose) in HDL. Of total bioconversion [73% (47-99%)], 82% occurred in the intestine, 17% in the liver, and 0.83% in other tissues. Conclusions Our model advances knowledge about whole-body β-carotene metabolism in healthy adults, including the kinetics of transport in all lipoprotein species, and suggests hypotheses to be tested in future studies, such as the possibility that retinol derived from hepatic conversion over a long period of time might contribute to plasma retinol homeostasis and total body vitamin A stores.
Bayesian network modeling of accident investigation reports for aviation safety assessment

Abstract Safety assurance is of paramount importance in the air transportation system. In this paper, we analyze the historical passenger airline accidents that happened from 1982 to 2006 as reported in the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) aviation accident database. A four-step procedure is formulated to construct a Bayesian network to capture the causal relationships embedded in the sequences of these accidents. First of all, with respect to each accident, a graphical representation is developed to facilitate the visualization of the escalation of initiating events into aviation accidents in the system. Next, we develop a Bayesian network representation of all the accidents by aggregating the accident-wise graphical representations together, where the causal and dependent relationships among a wide variety of contributory factors and outcomes in terms of aircraft damage and personnel injury are captured. In the Bayesian network, the prior probabilities are estimated based on the accident occurrence times and the aircraft departure data from the Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS). To estimate the conditional probabilities in the Bayesian network, we develop a monotonically increasing function, whose parameters are calibrated using the probability information on single events in the available data. Finally, we develop a computer program to automate the generation of the Bayesian network in compliance with the XML format used in the commercial GeNIe modeler. The constructed Bayesian network is then fed into GeNIe modeler for accident analysis. The mapping of the NTSB data to a Bayesian network facilitates both forward propagation and backward inference in probabilistic analysis, thereby supporting accident investigations and risk analysis. Several accident cases are used to demonstrate the developed approach.
Assessment of Soil Fertility Status Using Nutrient Index Approach of Ovu Sub-Clan, Delta State, Nigeria

Background: Amendment of soil fertility through regular nutrient assessment is a necessary intervention for sustainable crop production. Ovu, is a sub-clan in Delta State, Nigeria which comprised of: Ovu-Inland, Okoemaka, Ekpan, Urhodo, Okoroke and Oviorie that are mostly farmers without the knowledge of their soil fertility. The study investigated soil fertility status of Ovu Sub-Clan.Methods: Cassava, oil palm and plantain farms were randomly selected in the six community and 118 representative soil samples were taken. Soil pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus content of soil and exchangeable bases were measured. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and Parker’s nutrient index was used to compare the fertility level.Result: The cassava, oil palm and plantain farms were slightly acidic mean values of 6.4±0.38, 6.5±0.31 and 6.4±0.30, respectively indicating slight acidity. Organic carbon was low to high while total nitrogen was high except at Okoemaka that was moderate (0.19±0.04%). Available phosphorus content was low to medium while exchangeable potassium and calcium were medium to high, exchangeable magnesium was low to medium. Nutrient index showed that soil pH was moderate and while total nitrogen was high.
The Paradox of Pleasurable Fear

Why do some people enjoy being afraid? A recent study by Andersen et al. found an inverted U-shaped relationship between fear and enjoyment, consistent with the theory that the pursuit of pleasurable fear is a form of play.
Implementation of a Quality and Patient Safety Curriculum for Pathology Residency Training

Quality and Patient Safety education for resident physicians is necessary to prepare them for independent practice and to meet accreditation requirements. Integrating such education into the residents' routine work can provide them with valuable practical experience, while advancing the institution's quality priorities. We committed to Quality and Patient Safety education for our pathology residents but found no published program that met their specific needs. To fill this gap in pathology residency education, we designed and implemented a new curriculum that spans the 4-year duration of residency training. Curriculum content was drawn from the pathology milestones, and educational strategies were based on the principles of adult learning. The curriculum was implemented in the 2018 to 19 academic year, and residents were assessed before and after their participation. The residents engaged in several Quality and Patient Safety activities and projects under faculty supervision, and improved their scores on objective assessments (Quality and Patient Safety quiz and in-service examination). Implementation was facilitated by a Quality and Patient Safety chief resident, and the recruitment of faculty with demonstrated Quality and Patient Safety interest. Our comprehensive Quality and Patient Safety curriculum is feasible to implement and can help pathology residents develop the knowledge and skills needed to lead quality initiatives. We believe that the curriculum framework is readily adaptable to other residency programs.
From my perspective: Staying unchanneled

Abstract By reinforcing our past behavior or encouraging us to emulate our peers, social media and e-commerce algorithms channel our attention narrowly. This impedes our ability to perceive and connect diverse trends and phenomena, as our research requires. This essay focuses on one strategy – monitoring popular literature – for remaining unchanneled. The strategy reveals the reading public's fears and longings, and illustrates one way to help preserve one's capacity for independent thinking, synthesis and creativity.
Does This Photo Make Me Look Good?: How Social Media Feedback on Photos Impacts Posters, Outsiders, and Friends

In recent years, the use and importance of visual communication through photos have grown considerably. However, we have little understanding of the alignment between the intentions of the photo posters and the reactions of viewers. To address this gap, we replicated previous work that studied the alignment of poster and outsider judgments of text posts by extending it to photo posts. In our study of 573 users across four social media platforms, we found that outsiders generally judge photo posts more positively than anticipated by posters. Examining viewer engagement on social media revealed that photos depicting family and friends receive fewer reactions. We apply our insight to propose novel solutions that can help users create a more positive digital presence by aligning their photo posts with the expectations of their audiences.
How structural biology transformed studies of transcription regulation.

The past 4 decades have seen remarkable advances in our understanding of the structural basis of gene regulation. Technological advances in protein expression, nucleic acid synthesis, and structural biology made it possible to study the proteins that regulate transcription in the context of ever larger complexes containing proteins bound to DNA. This review, written on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the founding of the Protein Data Bank focuses on the insights gained from structural studies of protein–DNA complexes and the role the PDB has played in driving this research. I cover highlights in the field, beginning with X-ray crystal structures of the first DNA-binding domains to be studied, through recent cryo-EM structures of transcription factor binding to nucleosomal DNA.
Anesthetic Considerations in Endovascular Repair of the Ascending Aorta

Since the first endovascular aortic repair in 1990, endovascular devices and the indications for their use have significantly grown. Considerable progress has been made in endovascular devices and techniques, such that endovascular repair is now considered first-line treatment for patients with descending aortic disease. However, for patients with ascending aortic disease, open surgical repair with cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermic cardiac arrest was the only option until recently. Although the outcomes for open surgical repair of the ascending aorta have improved over the years, approximately 30% of patients with an emergent surgical indication, such as type A aortic dissection, are considered to be too high risk for open repair. For these patients, endovascular repair of the ascending aorta offers a life-saving procedure. The ascending aorta is regarded as the final frontier for endovascular therapy. Endovascular repair of it has posed a formidable challenge thus far, due to its unique anatomy, hemodynamic forces, and lack of an appropriate stent-graft designed specifically for the ascending aorta. Although currently there are no comprehensive data from randomized clinical trials, there are several case series and case reports that have shown favorable outcomes. Improvements in available devices soon will drive an exponential increase in the number of patients undergoing endovascular ascending aortic repair. In this review, the authors discuss multiple aspects of endovascular ascending aortic repair including the unique surgical and anesthetic considerations, the devices used, and the available outcomes data, and future directions are also explored.
SSR Mitigation of DFIG Wind Power Plants Using Virtual Synchronous Generator Control

This paper presents sub-synchronous resonance (SSR) mitigation of double-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind generation system. The system is series compensated by a capacitor in transmission model. A virtual generator control (VSG) is developed and supplemented to the grid side converter (GSC) of the DFIG to not only enhance the inertial response, but also to alleviate SSR. Two cases are designed to: 1) analyze the system stability under different compensation levels, and 2) test the sensitivity of parameters of VSG loop on system stability. The linearized small-signal model was developed on MATLAB/Simulink to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Sensitivity analysis is conducted to examine the impact of VSG gains on stability of series compensated DFIG-based system.
Inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 are induced in endotoxin- stimulated microglia through different signaling cascades.

By using an animal model in which inflammatory cytokines are induced in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-injected rat brain, we investigated the induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin...
Motivic cohomology, localized Chern classes, and local terms

Let \({c : C \rightarrow X \times X}\) be a correspondence with C and X quasi-projective schemes over an algebraically closed field k. We show that if \({u_\ell : c_1^*\mathbb{Q}_\ell \rightarrow c_2^!\mathbb{Q}_\ell}\) is an action defined by the localized Chern classes of a c2-perfect complex of vector bundles on C, where l is a prime invertible in k, then the local terms of ul are given by the class of an algebraic cycle independent of l. We also prove some related results for quasi-finite correspondences. The proofs are based on the work of Cisinski and Deglise on triangulated categories of motives.
A roadway information system for vehicle guidance/control

This paper describes the principle of an Intelligent Roadway Reference System (IRRS). It discusses both the sensing and communication capabilities of an IRRS. It then assesses the information capability of an IRRS, focusing on the ability for providing static information for an Intelligent Vehicle Highway System (IVHS). This paper also investigates the information representation methods and indicates that some of the static information needed for IVHS can be conveyed by an IRRS.
Powerful Extended Radio Sources: A Goldmine for Cosmology

The radio properties of powerful extended radio sources may be used to study the environments of the sources, the source energetics, a characteristic length-scale that can be used as a cosmological tool, and the relation between radio galaxies and radio loud quasars. Thus, these sources offer a rich variety of diagnostics, both direct and indirect, of the cosmological model that describes our universe. They, indeed, are a goldmine for cosmology.
Human fetal breathing movements after carbohydrate ingestion in fasting and nonfasting subjects

Abstract Human fetal breathing movements were observed by means of the linear array real-time B-scan technique in 40 study sessions at 35 to 36 weeks' gestation. Fasting and nonfasting subjects received water or 75 gm of glucose orally. Fetal breathing activity, observed as movement of the chest wall, was analyzed. The data support conclusions that fetal breathing increased after maternal ingestion of glucose in both fasting and nonfasting subjects, that the absolute increases in fetal breathing were similar for fasting and nonfasting subjects, and that fetal breathing occurred more frequently in nonfasting control subjects than in fasting control subjects in the setting of the study.
An immersive collaborative virtual environment of a university campus for performing virtual campus evacuation drills and tours for campus safety

The use of a collaborative virtual reality environment for training and virtual tours has been increasingly recognized an as alternative to traditional reallife tours for university campuses. Our proposed application shows an immersive collaborative virtual reality environment for performing virtual online campus tours and evacuation drills using Oculus Rift head mounted displays. The immersive collaborative virtual reality environment also offers a unique way for training in emergencies for campus safety. The participant can enter the collaborative virtual reality environment setup on the cloud and participate in the evacuation drill or a tour which leads to considerable cost advantages over large scale real life exercises. This paper presents an experimental design approach to gather data on human behavior and emergency response in a university campus environment among a set of players in an immersive virtual reality environment. We present three ways for controlling crowd behavior: by defining rules for computer simulated agents, by providing controls to the users to navigate in the VR environment as autonomous agents, and by providing controls to the users with a keyboard/ joystick along with an immersive VR head set in real time. Our contribution lies in our approach to combine these three methods of behavior in order to perform virtual evacuation drills and virtual tours in a multi-user virtual reality environment for a university campus. Results from this study can be used to measure the effectiveness of current safety, security, and evacuation procedure for campus safety.
Abstract MP27: Cellphone Intervention for You (CITY): A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Behavioral Weight Loss Intervention by Cellphone or Personal Coaching for Young Adults

Background: Obesity affects young adults, leading to future morbidity and mortality. Early behavioral intervention may promote long-term weight control. Mobile technology-based (mHealth) interventions may be particularly effective in young adults. We compared both an mHealth behavioral weight loss intervention and a personal coaching weight loss intervention to no intervention (and to each other) in overweight/obese young adults. Methods: We randomized 365 generally healthy adults age 18-35 years with BMI > 25 kg/m2 (overweight or obese) to 24-months of intervention delivered primarily via investigator-designed cell phone (CP) or intervention delivered primarily via in-person (6 weekly) and by phone (23 monthly) coaching (PC), compared to usual care control group (Control). Primary outcome was weight change from baseline to 24 months. This study was conducted as part of the Early Adult Reduction of weight through LifestYle (EARLY) cooperative trials. Results: Randomized participants (N=365) had mean BMI 35 kg/m2, mean age 29yrs, were 70% women, 36% African American, 6% Latino. Final weight was obtained in 86%; missing weight was multiply imputed. At 24 months, weight loss was not different in either PC or CP vs Control (see Figure). Weight loss in PC was significantly greater than Control at 6 months. From baseline to 24 months, clinically significant weight loss (> 3% per national guidelines) occurred in 40% of PC, 34% of CP, and 30% of Control. Conclusions: mHealth alone may not be sufficient for weight loss in young adults but mHealth-enhanced contact with an interventionist has a modest short-term effect. Future interventions should maximize the complementarity of mHealth and personal contact to achieve larger and more sustained effect.
Application of the shell model to nuclear spectroscopy

The intent in these lectures is to present a cursory overview of existing nuclear shell model technology, to give an indication of how well nuclear phenomena can be described by the nuclear shell model, and what are possible future directions of the field. The nuclear shell model has been with us for a long time, and it is a widely used model. It is also very popular in many circles to deride the model for its lack of elegance and sophistication. Thus, I believe it is appropriate to spend a minute at the beginning of these lectures to recall some of the reasons for our interest in the nucleus. The combination of features that make the nucleus unique are: 1) the microscopic dimensions of the nucleus are such that one must use quantum mechanics; 2) at the level we study, it is a manybody system with 1 ~ 300 particles; and 3) of the four “fundamental” interactions (weak, strong, electromagnetic, and gravitational), only the gravitational force is generally ignorable. Beta-decay, particle transfer reactions, and electromagnetic transitions are direct manifestations of the first three of these forces, respectively. The nucleus is the only known quantum-mechanical manybody system where one can conceive of treating the constituent coordinates microscopically. There now exist volumes of nuclear data on a vast array of nuclear observables.
A Micro-benchmark Suite for Evaluating HDFS Operations on Modern Clusters

Hadoop Distributed File System HDFS is the primary storage system of Hadoop. Many applications use HDFS as the underlying file system due to its portability and fault-tolerance. The most popular benchmark to measure the I/O performance of HDFS is TestDFSIO which involves the MapReduce framework. However, there is a lack of standardized benchmark suite that can help users evaluate the performance of standalone HDFS and make comparisons for different networks and cluster configurations. In this paper, we design and develop a micro-benchmark suite that can be used to evaluate performance of HDFS operations. This paper also illustrates how this benchmark suite can be used to evaluate the performance results of HDFS installations over different networks/protocols and parameter configurations on modern clusters.
Do hospitals that do the right thing have more satisfied patients

BACKGROUND Hospital incentive payments are increasingly becoming tied to quality. However, the U.S. health care system continues to face rising health care costs and scarce workforce resources, making improving quality a challenge. Patient satisfaction and process quality are two areas of quality tied to reimbursement. Both are associated with positive health outcomes, but little is known about the relationship between the two. PURPOSES The purpose of this study is to determine if there is an association between process quality and patient satisfaction in a representative sample of U.S. hospitals. METHODOLOGY/APPROACH We utilize a pooled cross-sectional study design with year fixed effects from 2009 to 2011. We linked the Hospital Compare data set and the American Hospital Association Annual Survey of Hospitals (AHA) data set. We use a method prescribed by the Joint Commission to determine hospital-level process quality in three areas: heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, and pneumonia treatment. We then use regression models to measure the relationship between process quality and two measures of overall hospital patient satisfaction. FINDINGS After we control for hospital-level characteristics and year, we find that patient satisfaction is positively associated with all three areas of hospital process quality (p < .01). For example, acute myocardial infarction process quality was positively associated with whether patients "would definitely recommend the hospital" (B = 0.75, p < .01). Process quality areas were moderately and positively correlated (p < .01), and on average, patient satisfaction scores have increased over time (p < .01). PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Our findings of an association between process quality and patient satisfaction suggest that focusing on process quality does not have negative implications for patient satisfaction. As performance in different process quality areas is only moderately correlated, managers should continually monitor all areas. The trend of increased patient satisfaction over time, perhaps because of industry pressures, should be investigated further.
Development of flexible secondary alkaline battery with carbon nanotube enhanced electrodes

Abstract We present the development of flexible secondary alkaline battery with rechargeability similar to that of conventional secondary alkaline batteries. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were added to both electrodes to reduce internal resistance, and a cathode containing carbon black and purified MWCNTs was found to be most effective. A polyvinyl alcohol–poly (acrylic acid) copolymer separator served the dual functions of electrolyte storage and enhancing flexibility. Additives to the anode and cathode were effective in reducing capacity fades and improving rechargeability.
Circuit Design for Minimizing the FM Noise of a CW Gunn Oscillator

The FM noise spectrum of a Gunn diode operated in any microwave circuit may be calculated from three noise parameters and the results of simple microwave measurements. These three noise parameters, one describing thermal noise properties and two describing flicker noise properties are assigned to each diode as a result of noise measurements made in a standard test circuit.
Representational primitives for geometric tolerancing

Abstract The ANSI standard Y14.5 defines a set of geometric tolerances to be used to specify permissible part variations in manufacturing. With the increasing trend towards replacing drawings with solid models, a representation is needed to express these tolerances unambiguously within the context of a solid model. Although the standard is complex, the tolerances can be represented by a small number of tolerancing primitives, providing a few generally applicable concepts. By combining these primitives in different ways, extensions to the standard can be expressed which are consistent with the framework established by the standard. The paper describes these representational primitives and general concepts and how they address the complexities of the standard. This comprehensive tolerance representation, with a few exceptions, allows for the specification of all the standard tolerances. This representation serves as the basis for a computer system for tolerance analysis and synthesis.
Ultrastructural Features of Mitosis in Anisonema sp. (Euglenida)

The fine structure of stages in mitosis in a colorless euglenoid, Anisonema sp., reveals that chromosomes remain condensed throughout the life cycle and are attached to the nuclear envelope at interphase. The onset of mitosis is marked by the anterior migration of the nucleus towards the base of the reservoir and by elongation of the nucleolus. The nuclear envelope persists throughout mitosis. Microtubules are generated in the peripheral nucleoplasm adjacent to the envelope and attach to the chromosomes while they are still associated with the envelope. The region of microtubular contact develops into a distinct layered kinetochore as the developing spindle with attached chromosomes separates from the nuclear envelope and moves into the nucleoplasm. The mature spindle consists of a number of subspindles each containing about 8–10 microtubules and a few associated chromosomes. Both chromosomal and non-chromosomal microtubules are present in each subspindle and extend towards the envelope terminating at or near the nuclear pores. Chromosomal segregation is concomitant with nuclear elongation. By late division, an interzonal spindle develops in the dumbbell-shaped nucleus and nucleolar separation occurs. Continued invagination of the nuclear envelope in the region of the interzonal spindle eventually separates the daughter nuclei. A remnant of the interzonal spindle persists in the cytoplasm until cytokinesis.
Testimony on alcohol advertising. U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on Transportation and Hazardous Materials, March 1, 1990.

r D R. CHAIRMAN, I appreciate the opportunity to appear before you today. I am the Director of the Alcohol M \ ,[ 2 Policies Project of the Center for Science in the Public Interest, a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting the public's health. We are supported by zoo,ooo members nationwide and work closely with broad coalitions of other consumer, health, religious, and alcoholism organizations to promote public policies to prevent the devastation caused by drinking.
Effects of dispersal, population delays, and forest fragmentation on tree migration rates

Examining the relation between the dispersal of seeds across landscapes and the migration of species can inform studies of processes such as invasions and response to climatic change. In this research a spatially explicit model is used to analyze the effects of dispersal probability, limits on establishment, generation time, seed crop probability, and varying proportions and patterns of landscape fragmentation on migration rate. Comparisons are made with rates inferred for migrations based on isopols of species range changes in the Holocene (20–200 km/century). The effects of the parameters on migration rate in the model are additive. Dispersal probability, related to diaspore type, is the most influential factor. Limits on establishment show effects only if severe. Lower seed crop probabilities can slow migration slightly. Generation times of 10 to 40 yr reduce migration rate moderately, while generations set long enough to reflect population doubling times would slow migration greatly. Extensive fine-scale fragmentation slows migration more than a single large barrier, but not greatly; multiple large barriers have greater effects. The factors have their greatest absolute and relative effects at higher dispersal probabilities; this result indicates that combinations of low dispersal probability and slow population development could increase the differences in migration rate among species while fragmentation could reduce these differences.
Secular trends in desired weight of adults

The prevalence of overweight and obese adults in the United States is at record levels. The primary purpose is to describe secular trends in desired weight among adults from 1994 to 2003, and secondarily, to examine the hypothetical impact of achieving desired weight on obesity prevalence. Data were from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (1994, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2003), a random-digit-dialed telephone survey. Sample included respondents from 47 states and the District of Columbia. Non-institutionalized adults aged 18 years or older were included (N=703 286). Primary outcome measures included reported weight and desired weight. Means for desired weight increased 2.3 kg between 1994 and 2003, and reported weights increased 3.9 kg. The increased trend was observed across several subgroups for age, race/ethnicity and education. Within subgroups of weight status, the trend has remained relatively stable, particularly when examined in relation to the difference between reported and desired weight as a percentage of reported body weight. Generally, overweight men desired weights approximately 4.5% less than their reported weight, and obese men desired weights approximately 15% less than their reported weight for each corresponding year. For women, approximate values of desired weight were 12% less than reported weight for overweight women and 24% less for obese women. The prevalence of obesity would decrease to 4.4% if individuals weighed their desired weight. Americans are shifting their desired weight upward, concomitantly with an increase in their reported body weight.
Module-based subnetwork alignments reveal novel transcriptional regulators in malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum

Malaria causes over one million deaths annually, posing an enormous health and economic burden in endemic regions. The completion of genome sequencing of the causative agents, a group of parasites in the genus Plasmodium, revealed potential drug and vaccine candidates. However, genomics-driven target discovery has been significantly hampered by our limited knowledge of the cellular networks associated with parasite development and pathogenesis. In this paper, we propose an approach based on aligning neighborhood PPI subnetworks across species to identify network components in the malaria parasite P. falciparum. Instead of only relying on sequence similarities to detect functional orthologs, our approach measures the conservation between the neighborhood subnetworks in protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks in two species, P. falciparum and E. coli. 1,082 P. falciparum proteins were predicted as functional orthologs of known transcriptional regulators in the E. coli network, including general transcriptional regulators, parasite-specific transcriptional regulators in the ApiAP2 protein family, and other potential regulatory proteins. They are implicated in a variety of cellular processes involving chromatin remodeling, genome integrity, secretion, invasion, protein processing, and metabolism. In this proof-of-concept study, we demonstrate that a subnetwork alignment approach can reveal previously uncharacterized members of the subnetworks, which opens new opportunities to identify potential therapeutic targets and provide new insights into parasite biology, pathogenesis and virulence. This approach can be extended to other systems, especially those with poor genome annotation and a paucity of knowledge about cellular networks.
Investigation of charged secondaries emitted upon absorption of stopped π-mesons by carbon

Abstract One thousand interactions of stopped negative pions with carbon nuclei have been investigated using Ilford K.2 emulsion loaded with diamond chips. The results are compared with an evaporation calculation by Guthrie, Alsmiller and Bertini and estimates by Fowler and Mays.
Shades of Meaning: Skin Tone, Racial Attitudes, and Constructive Memory in African American Children

For many decades, researchers have argued that white racism affects African American children's racial attitudes and self concept. To examine the effects of negative majority-culture stereotypes of race on young African American children's intra-racial attitudes, elementary school-age children (N = 56) were asked to recall information embedded in stories that was either consistent or inconsistent with cultural stereotypes of lighter- versus darker-complexioned African Americans. To test the importance of individual differences and cognitive variables, children were later given measures of interracial attitudes, self-perceived skin tone, skin tone selection, and classification skill. As predicted, children showed better memory for stereotypic than counterstereotypic information about skin tone. Individual differences in the extent to which this memory bias was evident varied in relation to children's (a) endorsement of negative majority-culture views of African Americans and (b) self-ratings of skin color. The research has important theoretical implication for understanding racial attitude and identity development, and has applied implications for the design of multicultural programs for African American, as well as Euro-American, children.
Functional Impacts of NRXN1 Knockdown on Neurodevelopment in Stem Cell Models

Exonic deletions in NRXN1 have been associated with several neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism, schizophrenia and developmental delay. However, the molecular mechanism by which NRXN1 deletions impact neurodevelopment remains unclear. Here we used human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) as models to investigate the functional impacts of NRXN1 knockdown. We first generated hiPSCs from skin fibroblasts and differentiated them into neural stem cells (NSCs). We reduced NRXN1 expression in NSCs via a controlled shRNAmir-based knockdown system during differentiation, and monitored the transcriptome alteration by RNA-Seq and quantitative PCR at several time points. Interestingly, half reduction of NRXN1 expression resulted in changes of expression levels for the cell adhesion pathway (20 genes, P = 2.8×10−6) and neuron differentiation pathway (13 genes, P = 2.1×10−4), implicating that single-gene perturbation can impact biological networks important for neurodevelopment. Furthermore, astrocyte marker GFAP was significantly reduced in a time dependent manner that correlated with NRXN1 reduction. This observation was reproduced in both hiPSCs and hESCs. In summary, based on in vitro models, NRXN1 deletions impact several biological processes during neurodevelopment, including synaptic adhesion and neuron differentiation. Our study highlights the utility of stem cell models in understanding the functional roles of copy number variations (CNVs) in conferring susceptibility to neurodevelopmental diseases.
Unilateral mydriasis after maxillary osteotomy: a case series and review of the literature.

Purpose To present 4 cases of unilateral mydriasis associated with orthognathic surgery and to review the differential diagnosis and management related to this condition. Materials and Methods Four cases of unilateral mydriasis associated with orthognathic surgery were identified from the authors' institutional experience. All maxillary osteotomies performed by the authors' department from 2001 to 2013 were identified based on Current Procedural Terminology codes; 4 cases of unilateral mydriasis were found. Cases are presented and the literature is reviewed. Results Two male and 2 female patients with an age range of 16 to 34 years developed unilateral mydriasis after maxillary osteotomy; the estimated prevalence is 0.004%. Although the precise cause can be difficult to determine, in this series 1 case was attributable to swelling affecting contents of the superior orbital fissure, 1 was related to edema or medications, and 2 were pharmacologically induced. Conclusion Although rare, a review of the differential diagnosis for and management of unilateral mydriasis associated with orthognathic surgery is pertinent to those who perform corrective jaw surgery.
M867, a novel selective inhibitor of caspase-3 enhances cell death and extends tumor growth delay in irradiated Lung cancer models

Background Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Radioresistance of lung cancer cells results in unacceptable rate of loco-regional failure. Although radiation is known to induce apoptosis, our recent study showed that knockdown of pro-apoptotic proteins Bak and Bax resulted in an increase in autophagic cell death and lung cancer radiosensitivity in vitro. To further explore the potential of apoptosis inhibition as a way to sensitize lung cancer for therapy, we tested M867, a novel chemical and reversible caspase-3 inhibitor, in combination with ionizing radiation in vivo and in vitro. Methods and Findings M867 reduced clonogenic survival in H460 lung cancer cells (DER = 1.27, p = 0.007) compared to the vehicle-treated treated cells. We found that administration of M867 with ionizing radiation in an in vivo mouse hind limb lung cancer model was well tolerated, and produced a significant tumor growth delay compared to radiation alone. A dramatic decrease in tumor vasculature was observed with M867 and radiation using von Willebrand factor staining. In addition, Ki67 index showed >5-fold reduction of tumor proliferation in the combination therapy group, despite the reduced levels of apoptosis observed with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining. Radiosensitizing effect of M867 through inhibiting caspases was validated using caspase-3/-7 double-knockout (DKO) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) cell model. Consistent with our previous study, autophagy contributed to the mechanism of increased cell death, following inhibition of apoptosis. In addition, matrigel assay showed a decrease in in vitro endothelial tubule formation during the M867/radiation combination treatment. Conclusions M867 enhances the cytotoxic effects of radiation on lung cancer and its vasculature both in vitro and in vivo. M867 has the potential to prolong tumor growth delay by inhibiting tumor proliferation. Clinical trials are needed to determine the potential of this combination therapy in patients with locally advanced lung cancer.
Risk of chronic kidney disease after cancer nephrectomy

The incidence of early stage renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is increasing and observational studies have shown equivalent oncological outcomes of partial versus radical nephrectomy for stage I tumours. Population studies suggest that compared with radical nephrectomy, partial nephrectomy is associated with decreased mortality and a lower rate of postoperative decline in kidney function. However, rates of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients who have undergone nephrectomy might be higher than in the general population. The risks of new-onset or accelerated CKD and worsened survival after nephrectomy might be linked, as kidney insufficiency is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality. Nephron-sparing approaches have, therefore, been proposed as the standard of care for patients with type 1a tumours and as a viable option for those with type 1b tumours. However, prospective data on the incidence of de novo and accelerated CKD after cancer nephrectomy is lacking, and the only randomized trial to date was closed prematurely. Intrinsic abnormalities in non-neoplastic kidney parenchyma and comorbid conditions (including diabetes mellitus and hypertension) might increase the risks of CKD and RCC. More research is needed to better understand the risk of CKD post-nephrectomy, to develop and validate predictive scores for risk-stratification, and to optimize patient management.
Level of education and alcohol abuse and dependence in adulthood: a further inquiry.

OBJECTIVES. Prospectively gathered data were used to reexamine and to strengthen previously described observations about education and the risk of alcohol abuse and dependence. The hypothesis was that individuals who dropped out of high school and those who entered college but failed to get a college degree might be at increased risk for an alcohol disorder. METHODS. Study subjects were selected between 1980 and 1984 by taking probability samples of roughly 3000 adult household residents at each of the five Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program survey sites. To assess the occurrence of psychiatric conditions, staff administered the Diagnostic Interview Schedule soon after sampling and again at follow-up, roughly 1 year later. RESULTS. Individuals who had dropped out of high school were 6.34 times more likely to develop alcohol abuse or dependence than were individuals with a college degree. For those who had entered college but failed to achieve a degree, the estimated relative risk was 3.01. To extend the...
Global deformation from the great 2004 Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake observed by GPS: Implications for rupture process and global reference frame

Static coseismic offsets > 1 mm are observed up to 7800 km away from the great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of 26 Dec. 2004 using global GPS network data. We investigate the rupture process based on far-field continuous GPS data. To reduce error in the coseismic offset estimates due to post-seismic deformation in the days following the main shock, we simultaneously fit a model of co- and postseismic offsets for nearby stations SAMP (500 km) and NTUS (900 km). The 3-month cumulative postseismic displacement for station SAMP amounts to 20% of the coseismic displacement, and can be well modeled by velocity-strengthening afterslip. We find that coseismic slip on the northern rupture segment is ∼3 m, which is consistent with seismic estimates. Our best estimate of the moment magnitude is M w = 9.13 if we take into account the expected increase of the shear modulus with depth (for uniform μ = 30 GPa, the moment-magnitude would only be 8.97). Our geodetic results, and thus our inferred rupture model, are different from a similar study using far-field data of Banerjee et al. (2005). These differences highlight the challenge in earthquake studies on a global scale in terms of the sensitivity of far-field offset estimates to the analysis strategy and reference frame treatment. Our predicted coseismic offsets from this event are at least 1 mm across almost the entire globe. This warrants a reconsideration of how to maintain the global terrestrial reference frame affected by earthquakes of M w > 9.0.
Hydrogen chemisorption on Pd(100) studied with he scattering

Abstract He scattering from the clean Pd(100) surface yields extremely weak diffraction beams relative to the specular, corresponding to a very small maximum corrugation amplitude of ~ 0.04 A. Hydrogen adsorption at a temperature of 110 K leads to the formation of a c(2 × 2) ordered phase at a coverage of 0.5 monolayers and a (1 × 1) phase at saturation coverage. The maximum corrugation amplitude of the c(2 × 2)H is ~0.13 A; surface charge density calculations using overlapping atomic charge densities indicate a normal distance of the hydrogens to the topmost Pd layer dn ≅ 0.65–0.70 A corresponding to a H-Pd bonding distance of ~ 2.05 A in the fourfold hollow sites. The result that the maximum corrugation amplitude of the (1 × 1) hydrogen phase, with ~ 0.025 A, even smaller than that of the clean surface may indicate a movement of the hydrogens closer to the topmost metal layer, when the coverage is increased from 0.5 monolayers to saturation.
LOEX‐of‐the‐West Conference

Purpose – To share conference highlights and introduce new speakers.Design/methodology/approach – A conference report of the LOEX‐of‐the‐West Conference held in June 2006 in Hawaii demonstrating trends and techniques in library instruction while addressing the use of current and emerging technologies in library instruction.Findings – Library instruction must be relevant to students and compliment the academic programs in which they are enrolled. The theme of “Information literacy for a lifetime,” suggests how fluid the library landscape is and how necessary it is to incorporate appropriate technologies that are commonly used by students in their daily lives to support the goals for instruction.Originality/value – Introducing sessions and presentations that utilized different instructional technologies this conference report suggests some rather creative strategies for teaching and offering bibliographic instruction.
1056 ADVANCES KITH THE VARICELLA VACCINE: A TRIAL OF THE TETRAVAIENT VACCINE (MMRV) AND A POST EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS STUDY

A combination varicella, measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine was tested in 17 healthy children aged 15-18 months. The seroconversion rates were 100% for varicella (FAMA), 100% for measles (Micro HI), 93.7% for mumps (EIA) and 100% for rubella (FIAX). In addition, 3/4 vaccinees who were low titer seropositive on day 0 for anti-varicella antibody had a 1 ≥ 4 fold increase in titer. Rashes occurred in 7/17, 5 morbilliform and 2 had rashes similar to varicella vaccine rashes as previously described. None had vesicular eruption. Three children had temperature above 38.3°C, 2 with morbilliform rashes, 1 with varicella vaccine like rash. In another study, the varicella vaccine was administered in a double blind placebo controlled trial of post exposure prophylaxis. Within 5 days of a sibling household exposure, 13 children received vaccine and 13 children received placebo. Twelve of 13 placebo recipients developed varicella (60-600 lesions) while 4 of 13 vaccinees developed mild varicella (2-50 lesions). Three of 4 vaccinees who developed mild varicella were immunized > 3 days after exposure. The protective efficacy was 67%, p < 0.003; protection plus modification efficacy was 100%, p, 0.000003. These data indicate that the varicella vaccine is immunogenic in combination with the MMR and is successful when given separately for post exposure prophylaxis.