cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetics and genomics: unraveling new opportunities for addiction treatment and education.

Almost 15% of Americans have tried cocaine (as cited in Volkow, 2010a), about 10 million people in America have tried methamphetamines (NIDA, 2011), and marijuana use ranks the highest in America when compared to 17 other countries (as cited in Volkow, 2010b). Clearly substance abuse and addictions is an ongoing challenge in our country. New research in genomics offers key insight into understanding substance abuse disorders and the possibility of novel treatment modalities. Progress in the fi eld of genomics has come a long way since 1865 when Mendel fi rst discovered the laws of genetics. We have moved from understanding the sequence of a single strand of DNA to sequencing the entire human genome in 2003, and now international studies of genetic variations across multiple populations. With this ever growing knowledge about the human genome come limitless opportunities for utilizing this information for the treatment of addictions. In this editorial, we will give an overview of genomics, discuss the latest genomic fi ndings as they relate to addictions treatment, the role of nurse educators in incorporating genomics into course curriculum, and social and ethical challenges involved with genomic medicine and research. The human genome is estimated to contain 30,000 genes, and the functions are still unknown for over 50% of the genes that have currently been discovered. A gene is a segment of DNA containing all of the information needed to encode for a specifi c protein. The order of base pairs in a gene determines which protein it encodes for. While the process to translate genes to proteins occurs naturally in the body, sometimes mistakes can happen. Mutations in the genome can occur which can affect how the gene is expressed, by changing the corresponding protein and its function. Mutations called polymorphisms, considered to occur in at least 1% of the population, are largely responsible for determining risk for disease, and differences between how humans respond to treatment. The most common mutations are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and copy number polymorphisms(CNVs) where
High-Q mid-infrared chalcogenide glass-on-silicon resonators for spectroscopic chemical sensing

We fabricated and characterized high-index-contrast As 2 Se 3 micro-disk resonators on silicon with a record loaded Q-factor of 105 at 5.2 μm wavelength. On-chip chemical sensing using cavity-enhanced infrared spectroscopy was demonstrated using the micro-disk device.
Nucleocytoplasmic Recycling of the Nuclear Localization Signal Receptor α Subunit In Vivo Is Dependent on a Nuclear Export Signal, Energy, and RCC1

Nuclear protein import requires a nuclear localization signal (NLS) receptor and at least three other cytoplasmic factors. The alpha subunit of the NLS receptor, Rag cohort 1 (Rch1), enters the nucleus, probably in a complex with the beta subunit of the receptor, as well as other import factors and the import substrate. To learn more about which factors and/or events end the import reaction and how the import factors return to the cytoplasm, we have studied nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of Rch1 in vivo. Recombinant Rch1 microinjected into Vero or tsBN2 cells was found primarily in the cytoplasm. Rch1 injected into the nucleus was rapidly exported in a temperature-dependent manner. In contrast, a mutant of Rch1 lacking the first 243 residues accumulated in the nuclei of Vero cells after cytoplasmic injection. After nuclear injection, the truncated Rch1 was retained in the nucleus, but either Rch1 residues 207-217 or a heterologous nuclear export signal, but not a mutant form of residues 207-217, restored nuclear export. Loss of the nuclear transport factor RCC1 (regulator of chromosome condensation) at the nonpermissive temperature in the thermosensitive mutant cell line tsBN2 caused nuclear accumulation of wild-type Rch1 injected into the cytoplasm. However, free Rch1 injected into nuclei of tsBN2 cells at the nonpermissive temperature was exported. These results suggested that RCC1 acts at an earlier step in Rch1 recycling, possibly the disassembly of an import complex that contains Rch1 and the import substrate. Consistent with this possibility, incubation of purified RanGTP and RCC1 with NLS receptor and import substrate prevented assembly of receptor/substrate complexes or stimulated their disassembly.
Analysis of antennas on finite circular cylinders with conical or disk end caps

The techniques of wedge diffraction and edge currents are applied to compute the radiation patterns of radial monopole and circumferential slot antennas on a finite circular cylinder having conical or disk end caps.
On the Equation which Governs Cavity Radiation II

In this work, the equation which properly governs cavity radiation is presented. Given thermal equilibrium, the radiation contained within an arbitrary cavity depends upon the nature of its walls, in addition to its temperature and its frequency of observation. With this realization, the universality of cavity radiation collapses. The constants of Planck and Boltzmann can no longer be viewed as universal.
MIL-STD-781C: A Vicious Circle

Reliability practitioners have confused theorists about the true area of application of MIL-STD-781C. This has occurred because theorists have neglected to explain important basic concepts to practitioners. This paper analyzes the situation in detail.
New methods of controlled monolayer-to-multilayer deposition of Pt for designing electrocatalysts at an atomic level *

Two new methods for monolayer-to-multileyer Pt deposition are presented. One involves Pt deposition by the replacement of an UPD metal monolayer on an electrode surface and the other the spontaneous deposition of Pt on Ru. The first method, exemplified by the replacement of a Cu monolayer on a Au(111) surface, occurs as a spontaneous irreversible redox reaction in which the Cu monolayer is oxidized by Pt cations, which are reduced and simultaneously deposited. The second method is illustrated by the deposition of Pt on a Ru(0001) surface and on carbon-supported Ru nanoparticles. This deposition takes place upon immersion of a UHV-prepared Ru(0001) crystal or Ru nanoparticles, reduced in H2, in a solution containing PtCl6 2- ions. The oxidation of Ru to RuOH by a local cell mechanism appears to be coupled with Pt deposition. This method facilitates the design of active Pt-Ru catalysts with ultimately low Pt loadings. Only a quarter of a monolayer of Pt on Ru nanoparticles yields an electrocatalyst with higher activity and CO tolerance for H2/CO oxidation than commercial Pt-Ru alloy electrocatalysts with considerably higher Pt loadings.
Behavioral Interactions Between Juvenile Nine-banded Armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) in Staged Encounters

Abstract Juvenile nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) discriminate between the scents of siblings and nonsiblings, spending more time near and investigating more often the scent of a sibling. In the present experiment we examined whether the ability to make such distinctions generates behavioral differences in how juveniles interact with one another. Two juveniles (siblings or nonsiblings) were placed in an arena and the ensuing interactions were videotaped. Contrary to expectation, juvenile armadillos showed no evidence of behavioral discrimination between siblings and nonsiblings. All interactions were highly amicable and aggressive behavior was almost completely absent. The absence of behavioral discrimination between juvenile armadillos may be due to (1) the lack of an appropriate context for discrimination in our experiments; (2) ontogenetic considerations such that only older animals actually exhibit discrimination, or (3) low genetic variability in our population that makes discrimination...
Obergefell v. Hodges: Framing Fundamental Rights

While Justice Kennedy posed his analysis in Obergefell first as a due process question, followed by an equal protection echo, his fundamental rights inquiry is at heart about equal protection values and cannot be isolated from them. This is because he resolved the question of how to properly frame the right at issue by analyzing whether same-sex couples were similarly situated to opposite-sex couples with respect to those attributes that make the marriage right fundamental in nature. In so doing, Justice Kennedy provided important guidance to lower courts and advocates on how to argue equal protection claims in the absence of suspect classification status.
College Student Development and the Hook Up Culture

College students have always searched for meaning and purpose through romantic and intimate relationships. As the dominant script for sexual activity on most U.S. residential campuses, “hooking up” explicitly separates physical intimacy from interpersonal closeness and mutual commitment. A developmental analysis of hooking up demonstrates that normative undergraduate identity development and meaning-making structures map closely onto the contemporary hook up peer culture. A developmental lens suggests why the hook up scene is resistant to change but also implies directions for effective campus intervention.
Isokinetic Temperature and Size-Controlled Activation of Ruthenium-Catalyzed Ammonia Borane Hydrolysis

Metal-catalyzed hydrolysis is an important reaction for releasing hydrogen stored in ammonia borane, a promising fuel form for the future hydrogen economy, under ambient conditions. A variety of catalysts made of different transition metals have been investigated to improve the efficiency of hydrogen generation; however, little attention has been given to the possible influence of the compensation effect on catalyst design. Using face-centered cubic (FCC) packed ruthenium (Ru) nanoparticles supported on layered double oxide nanodisks, we show that the compensation effect produces an isokinetic temperature at Ti = 17.5(±1.6) °C within the operational range of hydrogen generation. We further show that the turnover frequency (TOF) of the reaction can be maximized for operations performed below Ti by reducing the size of Ru-FCC nanoparticles, which increases the fraction of edge and corner atoms and lowers the activation energy. At 15 °C, TOF can reach more than 90% of the theoretical maximum (0.72 mol m–2 h–...
Electric Power Dispatching Control Professional Knowledge Representation Based on Ontology

Knowledge representation is the basis of enterprise knowledge management system.With the increasing complexity of the enterprise expertise,the existing enterprise professional knowledge representation method can not fully meet the demand of a wider range of knowledge sharing.Therefore,this paper discusses the three phases of power dispatching control professional knowledge ontology construction,and proposes the system framework of electric power dispatching control professional knowledge base based on ontology.
In vitro diagnosis in asthma: The state-of-the-art

"In vitro assays in asthmatic patients have been exploring the "allergic" component of asthma. Solid-phase IgE tests can supplement or replace skin tests. Histamine release and determination are performed with automated, or RIA/ELISA; however, these assays are still research oriented. More recently, tryptase has been investigated, and the serum levels of this enzyme correlate well with mast-cell activation. But asthma is a multifactorial/facetted syndrome, and these assays provide minimal and specific informations which may just focus on limited etiological aspects of an elusive malady".
Pragmatism, Interests, and Morality

The conclusion of Chapter 3 is that morality is justified directly by instrumental rationality, and that it is rational to be moral. Questions of whether it is rational to be moral have often been cast in terms of the relation between morality and prudence, where ‘prudence’ is taken to be synonymous with ‘self-interest’. But we have many interests, and not all of them are self-directed. Some of our interests are other-directed (i.e., altruistic). Thus, if rationality consists of promoting our interests, then a strategy to promote all of our interests—self-directed and otherdirected—will be rational. As noted in Chapter 2, we can continue to say that morality is prudentially rational, as long as we always keep firmly in mind that we are not using ‘prudential’ in an egoistic sense, but instead to refer to the satisfaction of all of our interests—both self- and otherregarding; indeed I will use the word ‘prudential’ in this way throughout this chapter. And, of course, when we speak of morality as being rational, we must keep in mind the notion of strategic cooperative rationality defended in Chapter 3. Pragmatism is not rational egoism.
Confluence of Mutual and Private Funds

The growth of the hedge fund industry and the proliferation of retail alternative funds in combination with the fundamental reshaping of the regulatory landscape for the hedge fund industry suggest that mutual funds are becoming more like hedge funds as a matter of investment strategy while hedge funds are becoming more like mutual funds as a matter of the regulatory framework. The chapter conceptualizes confluence as an emerging process and shows that confluence of mutual and hedge funds has implications for the evolution of the hedge fund industry, the governance of the mutual fund industry, the growth of the retail alternative fund market, and the structure of federal securities regulation.
Technical Standards and Lawsuits Involving Accommodations for Health Professions Students.

The law and medical ethics demand reconsideration of inflexible technical standards that are vulnerable to litigation under disability discrimination laws.
School-Aged Children’s Attachment Dismissal Prospectively Predicts Divergence of Their Behavioral and Self-Reported Anxiety

Recent studies on attachment in middle childhood suggest that dismissing children tend to underreport their psychological distress relative to physiological indices of distress. However, this has yet to be examined in the context of behavioral indicators of distress. In this longitudinal study, a community sample of children (N = 34, M age = 9.59 years) completed the Child Attachment Interview at Time 1. Three years later, they returned and completed the Trier Social Stress Task for Children (TSST-C), providing ratings of their state anxiety before and after the stressor. Four raters coded children’s behavioral signs of anxiety (e.g., non-signaling gestures, eye movement, posture, facial expression) on a 7-point scale during the storytelling and arithmetic tasks in the TSST-C. Hierarchical linear regressions revealed that greater attachment dismissal was associated with greater behavioral anxiety in both the story and math tasks, but was not associated with greater increases in self-reported anxiety. Dismissal prospectively predicted increased divergence of behavioral and self-reported anxiety, such that higher dismissal was associated with higher divergence scores (i.e., underreporting of anxiety relative to behavioral indicators). We discuss these results in terms of their contribution to understanding attachment and emotion in an understudied developmental phase.
Semi-Supervised Techniques for Mining Learning Outcomes and Prerequisites

Educational content of today no longer only resides in textbooks and classrooms; more and more learning material is found in a free, accessible form on the Internet. Our long-standing vision is to transform this web of educational content into an adaptive, web-scale "textbook", that can guide its readers to most relevant "pages" according to their learning goal and current knowledge. In this paper, we address one core, long-standing problem towards this goal: identifying outcome and prerequisite concepts within a piece of educational content (e.g., a tutorial). Specifically, we propose a novel approach that leverages textbooks as a source of distant supervision, but learns a model that can generalize to arbitrary documents (such as those on the web). As such, our model can take advantage of any existing textbook, without requiring expert annotation. At the task of predicting outcome and prerequisite concepts, we demonstrate improvements over a number of baselines on six textbooks, especially in the regime of little to no ground-truth labels available. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of a model learned using our approach at the task of identifying prerequisite documents for adaptive content recommendation --- an important step towards our vision of the "web as a textbook".
Charge Transfer Exciton and Spin Flipping at Organic-Transition-Metal Dichalcogenide Interfaces.

Two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMD) can be combined with other materials such as organic small molecules to form hybrid van der Waals heterostructures. Because of different properties possessed by these two materials, the hybrid interface can exhibit properties that cannot be found in either of the materials. In this work, the zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc)–molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) interface is used as a model system to study the charge transfer at these interfaces. It is found that the optically excited singlet exciton in ZnPc transfers its electron to MoS2 in 80 fs after photoexcitation to form a charge transfer exciton. However, back electron transfer occurs on the time scale of ∼1–100 ps, which results in the formation of a triplet exciton in the ZnPc layer. This relatively fast singlet–triplet transition is feasible because of the large singlet–triplet splitting in organic materials and the strong spin–orbit coupling in TMD crystals. The back electron transfer would reduce the yield...
Connecting with Art: How Families Talk About Art in a Museum Setting

In this chapter we explore the question of what families learn about art during visits to an art museum. Museums are informal learning environments that can be designed to provide experiences that reflect disciplinary thinking and support explanatory engagement (National Academy of Sciences, 2009, Learning science in informal environments: Places, people, and pursuits. Washington, DC: National Academies Press). Conversation is a natural part of a museum visit, and researchers have discovered that analyzing these conversations provides access to the processes of learning that take place in informal settings. Studying conversations allows researchers to explore the ways in which prior knowledge, motivation, and the specifics of a particular moment create a context in which a learning experience transpires. Science museums in particular have looked closely at the ways in which mediation helps to shape more fruitful learning experiences, and they have designed environments to support the learning of particular concepts or learning behaviors (Borun et al., 1998, Family learning in museums: The PISEC perspective. Philadelphia: The Franklin Institute; Humphrey, Gutwill et al., 2005, Fostering active prolonged engagement: The art of creating APE exhibits. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press).
Science as a Public Good: Findings From a Survey of March for Science Participants:

On April 22, 2017, millions of people marched for science in response to a growing sense of urgency for preserving scientific funding and knowledge, both perceived as threatened by the Trump admini...
The conceptualization of resources for lesbian student-athletes to promote inclusive environments in division I institutions

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the phenomenological study was to understand how lesbian student-athletes experience academic and sport environments at a Division I institution in the Southeast region of th...
The Discursive (Re)construction of Journalism’s Gatekeeping Role

Through the lens of discursive institutionalism, and drawing on an extensive corpus of metajournalistic discourse dating from 2000 to 2017, this study considers how journalists have defined and (re...
The indirect gender discrimination of skill-selective immigration policies

The immigrant admission policies of states often demonstrate a strong preference for ‘highly skilled’ migrants, while making it more difficult for ‘low-skilled’ migrants to enter. Although those po...
The prediction of fitness levels of United States Air Force officers: validation of cycle ergometry.

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the accuracy of the United States Air Force cycle ergometer test (CET) to predict maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) of Air Force officers. The United States Air Force is currently evaluating cardiovascular fitness by cycle ergometry. In order to validate the accuracy of the CET, 50 male Air Force officers who were attending professional military education at Maxwell AFB were evaluated by a maximal treadmill Bruce test and open circuit spirometry. Characteristics of the subjects included the following mean values +/- SD: VO2max = 47.9 +/- 10.3 ml.kg-1.minute-1; age = 39.3 +/- 3.9 years; weight = 76.9 +/- 9.5 kg; height = 176.4 +/- 8.8 cm; percent fat = 20 +/- 9%; heart rate max = 174 +/- 10 beats.minute-1; and respiratory exchange ratio = 1.09 +/- 0.09. The predicted VO2max with the cycle ergometer test was 39.9 +/- 9.8 ml.kg-1.minute-1. The following product-moment correlation was derived between criterion VO2max (maximal treadmill test and the CET: r = 0.74 and standard error of estimate = 6.9 ml.kg-1.minute-1). A repeated measures analysis of variance between the CET and maximal treadmill test found a significant mean difference of 8.0 ml.kg-1.minute-1 (p < 0.0001). The CET significantly underpredicted fitness levels of Air Force officers. Based upon Air Force standards, the CET underpredicted oxygen uptake values by approximately one fitness category or 17%.
A Framework for a Formal Sovereign Debt Restructuring Mechanism: The KISS Principle (Keep It Simple, Stupid) and Other Guiding Principles

Given the ongoing work on a multilateral restructuring process for sovereign debt in the UN, consideration of the content and implementation of a sovereign debt restructuring mechanism (SDRM) is timely. The framework and content of the SDRM proposed here differs from earlier proposals in several important respects. For the classification and supermajority voting of claims in the approval a restructuring plan, it would mimic the structure and operation of the model collective action clauses (Model CACs) proposed by the International Capital Markets Association. Restructuring under a qualified sovereign debt restructuring law (QSDRL) would be guided by four principles: (i) observe the KISS (keep it simple, stupid) principle, (ii) follow the Model CACs, (iii) limit the discretion of an administrator of a proceeding, and (iv) address only major current problems.A convention would oblige each adopting state to recognize and enforce a restructuring plan approved under a QSDRL of another adopting state. This obligation would be subject to exceptions along the lines of those under the New York Convention on arbitral awards. The QSDRL would employ novel methods of binding creditors under an approved restructuring plan. The convention would specify the requirements for a QSDRL while leaving implementing legislation to adopting states wishing to enact a QSDRL. A QSDRL would address many matters normally covered in an insolvency law, such as the requirements for approval of a plan. But it would not provide for the cramdown of dissenting classes of creditors, which would offend the norm of super-majority voting and require a tribunal with substantial discretion. It also would not provide for priority interim financing, as priority rules necessarily would offend the KISS principle and could be addressed outside the QSDRL. The proposed QSDRL would embrace a voluntary, contractual, and market-based approach — standards advocated by SDRM opponents such as the United States, the EU, and the IMF.
Fabrication of a Malaria-Ab ELISA Bioassay Platform with Utilization of Syringe-Based and 3D Printed Assay Automation

We report on the fabrication of a syringe-based platform for automation of a colorimetric malaria-Ab assay. We assembled this platform from inexpensive disposable plastic syringes, plastic tubing, easily-obtainable servomotors, and an Arduino microcontroller chip, which allowed for system automation. The automated system can also be fabricated using stereolithography (SLA) to print elastomeric reservoirs (used instead of syringes), while platform framework, including rack and gears, can be printed with fused deposition modeling (FDM). We report on the optimization of FDM and SLA print parameters, as well as post-production processes. A malaria-Ab colorimetric test was successfully run on the automated platform, with most of the assay reagents dispensed from syringes. Wash solution was dispensed from an SLA-printed elastomeric reservoir to demonstrate the feasibility of both syringe and elastomeric reservoir-based approaches. We tested the platform using a commercially available malaria-Ab colorimetric assay originally designed for spectroscopic plate readers. Unaided visual inspection of the assay solution color change was sufficient for qualitative detection of positive and negative samples. A smart phone application can also be used for quantitative measurement of the assay color change.
The economic value of identifying and treating Chagas disease patients earlier and the impact on Trypanosoma cruzi transmission.

Background The World Health Organization’s 2020 Goals for Chagas disease include access to antiparasitic treatment and care of all infected/ill patients. Policy makers need to know the economic value of identifying and treating patients earlier. However, the economic value of earlier treatment to cure and prevent the Chagas’ spread remains unknown. Methods We expanded our existing Chagas disease transmission model to include identification and treatment of Chagas disease patients. We linked this to a clinical and economic model that translated chronic Chagas disease cases into health and economic outcomes. We evaluated the impact and economic outcomes (costs, cost-effectiveness, cost-benefit) of identifying and treating different percentages of patients in the acute and indeterminate disease states in a 2,000-person village in Yucatan, Mexico. Results In the absence of early treatment, 50 acute and 22 new chronic cases occurred over 50 years. Identifying and treating patients in the acute stage averted 0.5–5.4 acute cases, 0.6–5.5 chronic cases, and 0.6–10.8 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), saving $694-$7,419 and $6,976-$79,950 from the third-party payer and societal perspectives, respectively. Treating in the indeterminate stage averted 2.2–4.9 acute cases, 6.1–12.8 chronic cases, and 11.7–31.1 DALYs, saving $7,666-$21,938 from the third-party payer perspective and $90,530-$243,068 from the societal perspective. Treating patients in both stages averted ≤9 acute cases and ≤15 chronic cases. Identifying and treating patients early was always economically dominant compared to no treatment. Identifying and treating patients earlier resulted in a cumulative cost-benefit of $7,273-$224,981 at the current cost of identification and treatment. Conclusions Even when identifying and treating as little as 5% of cases annually, treating Chagas cases in the acute and indeterminate stages reduces transmission and provides economic and health benefits. This supports the need for improved diagnostics and access to safe and effective treatment.
A challenge to lepton universality in B meson decays

One of the key assumptions of the Standard Model of fundamental particles is that the interactions of the charged leptons, namely electrons, muons, and taus, differ only because of their different masses. While precision tests have not revealed any definite violation of this assumption, recent studies of B meson decays involving the higher-mass tau lepton have resulted in observations that challenge lepton universality at the level of four standard deviations. A confirmation of these results would point to new particles or interactions, and could have profound implications for our understanding of particle physics.
Like-Minded People: University-Based Interdisciplinary Collaborations in STEM Teacher Preparation Programs

A need exists for impactful interdisciplinary collaborations between STEM and Education departments to build successful STEM teacher education programs. Within extant literature, few studies have examined the qualities that make STEM and Education collaborations possible for the purpose of STEM teacher preparation. The purpose of this study was to analyze the motivation, development and sustainability of collaborations between STEM and Education faculty and university supervisors to better enhance STEM teacher education programs. This study analyzes the dynamics between STEM and Education faculty and university supervisors at seven universities with Robert Noyce Teacher Scholarship Programs within the state of Texas. Through a qualitative multiple-case study research approach, we collected data through focus group interviews, archival information, and field notes. Our exploratory study yielded three main findings to include the following: (1) characteristics of impactful STEM-Education collaborations; (2) impact of STEM-Education collaborations; and (3) common STEM-Education collaboration constraints. Based on the findings from this study, implications for universities, institutional leaders, students, and the grant foundation are discussed.
Analysis of State-Specific Differences in Childhood Vaccination Coverage in Rural India.

There is little research on state-level differences in child health outcomes in India. The aim of this study was to identify state-level characteristics that relate to childhood immunizations. Most state-level characteristics came from the 2011 Indian Census. Individual-level data and other state-level characteristics were obtained from the 2007–2008 District Level Household and Facility Survey. Predictors of full vaccination were assessed with logistic regression models. Among 86,882 children 12–36 months, 53.2% were fully vaccinated. Children living in bigger households (≥7 members), born in non-institutional settings, and female had lower odds of complete vaccination. Individuals living in states in the mid-range of poverty had lower odds of full vaccination compared to those in lower or higher poverty states (3rd vs. 1st quintile: odds ratio [OR]: 0.36, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.30, 0.42). Greater average population per primary health center was associated with decreased odds of full vaccination (5th vs. 1st quintile: OR: 0.37, 95% CI: 0.30, 0.47). Vaccination coverage in India can be explained by a complex interplay of individual- and state-level factors. Solutions to increasing vaccination must be multisectoral and acknowledge the cultural and socio-economic diversity that influences an individual child’s vaccination coverage along with within-state disparities.
Low Temperature Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (LTMOCVD) Route to the Fabrication of Thin Films of High Temperature Oxide Superconductors

Although the recent discovery of high Tc superconductivity in bulk oxide ceramic samples has excited the scientific community, the technological potential of this new class of superconductors, especially in device-oriented applications, will not be fully realized until a relatively straightforward and easily reproducible technique can be applied to the synthesis of high quality superconducting thin films.1, 2 There has been considerable progress in the fabrication of superconductor thin films using a variety of techniques, e.g., reactive ion beam deposition, cosputtering from separate sources, dc and rf magnetron sputtering from a single source, sequential evaporation, plasma-assisted laser beam deposition, and chemical vapor deposition.3-8 In the present paper, we report on the successful preparation of thin films of the Y-Ba-Cu-O system, showing a sharp transition at 90K, by a novel metal-organic chemical vapor method, followed by in-situ post-deposition annealing. This method has the advantages of relative simplicity and controllability, good film adherence, high film uniformity over a large area and reduced susceptibility to interfacial mixing and cross-contamination. In addition, it produces superconductor films on substrates of complex shape and with high growth rates. Because deposition can be achieved at temperatures as low as 300 °C, the method is called LTMOCVD.
Big data, traditional data and the tradeoffs between prediction and causality in highway-safety analysis

Abstract The analysis of highway accident data is largely dominated by traditional statistical methods (standard regression-based approaches), advanced statistical methods (such as models that account for unobserved heterogeneity), and data-driven methods (artificial intelligence, neural networks, machine learning, and so on). These methods have been applied mostly using data from observed crashes, but this can create a problem in uncovering causality since individuals that are inherently riskier than the population as a whole may be over-represented in the data. In addition, when and where individuals choose to drive could affect data analyses that use real-time data since the population of observed drivers could change over time. This issue, the nature of the data, and the implementation target of the analysis imply that analysts must often tradeoff the predictive capability of the resulting analysis and its ability to uncover the underlying causal nature of crash-contributing factors. The selection of the data-analysis method is often made without full consideration of this tradeoff, even though there are potentially important implications for the development of safety countermeasures and policies. This paper provides a discussion of the issues involved in this tradeoff with regard to specific methodological alternatives and presents researchers with a better understanding of the trade-offs often being inherently made in their analysis.
Prebiotic Astrochemistry and the Formation of Molecules of Astrobiological Interest in Interstellar Clouds and Protostellar Disks

Despite the generally hostile nature of the environments involved, chemistry does occur in space. Molecules are seen in environments that span a wide range of physical and chemical conditions and t...
Predicting innovative work behaviors through transformational leadership: The moderating role of corporate social responsibility

To stay competitive and viable in today's rapidly evolving and highly hostile market climate, companies need to concentrate more on innovation. In this regard, the specific quality of transformational leadership has been strongly linked to organizational innovativeness. However, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between transformational leadership and the innovation behavior of employees. The literature review developed in the current study is fundamentally centered on how transformational leaders value innovation by facilitating organizational learning to foster innovative behavior among employees. Corporate social responsibilities as an organizational level factor that can drive employee attitudes were also examined as a moderating effect in this relationship. The rationale of the relationship of the variables is supported by both transformational leadership theory (TFL) and social exchange theory (SET). Data were collected from corporate social responsibility engaged SMEs operating in Rwanda. Using Cranach’s alpha reliability and validity were tested while structural equation modeling (SEM) was used in analyzing data. The findings of this study intend to fill some gaps in the current literature such as the introduction of CSR in the relationship between top managerial level leadership, organizational learning, and innovation behavior of employees, also introducing SET to explain such important relationship
Developing capacity and reducing risk? An analysis of federal international contracting

The US federal government outsources much of its work abroad, spurring a large and competitive industry to implement these contracts. Simultaneously, the US government has an explicit foreign polic...
Oncogene-regulated release of extracellular vesicles

Oncogenes can alter metabolism by changing the balance between anabolic and catabolic processes. However, how oncogenes regulate tumor cell biomass remains poorly understood. Using isogenic MCF10A cells transformed with nine different oncogenes, we show that specific oncogenes reduce the biomass of cancer cells by promoting extracellular vesicle (EV) release. While MYC and AURKB elicited the highest number of EVs, each oncogene selectively altered the protein composition of released EVs. Likewise, oncogenes alter secreted miRNAs. MYC-overexpressing cells require ceramide, whereas AURKB requires ESCRT to release high levels of EVs. We identify an inverse relationship between MYC upregulation and activation of the RAS/MEK/ERK signaling pathway for regulating EV release in some tumor cells. Finally, lysosome genes and activity are downregulated in the context of MYC and AURKB, suggesting that cellular contents, instead of being degraded, were released via EVs. Thus, oncogene-mediated biomass regulation via differential EV release is a new metabolic phenotype.
Review on Reserve Services Issues of the Power Systems in the Background of Energy Internet

In the background of energy internet, power systems in China have witnessed a great increase of renewable energy generation and ultra-high voltage (UHV) alternative current/directive current (AC/DC) interconnection between reginal power grids, which call for increasing requirement of reserve capacity to cater for system contingency and net load power fluctuations. Meanwhile, reserve resources from the demand side, energy storage, and adjacent grids will become important supplement to the conventional generation side reserve. The current categorization and management mode of ancillary services based on “The two rules” in China can hardly satisfy management requirements of future power system. With this respect, a new reserve categorization system is proposed the perspective of controlling process. The response time and duration requirements of each type of reserve services are specified. The new reserve categorization system integrates various reserve sources from generators, networks, demand side, and energy storage. What type of reserve services they can provide is also discussed. The potential issues to implement the new reserve system are discussed.
Slow Biological Processes in Memory Storage and “Recovery” of Memory

Despite all the evidence which has been reviewed at this symposium, the hypothesis that RNA and protein synthesis are required for long-term memory storage has not yet been firmly established. Although it is difficult to conceive of long-term memory storage in the brain without mediation of the prime cellular regulatory mechanisms which rely heavily on the synthesis of RNA and proteins, the various experiments which have been described here do not prove conclusively that these macromolecules are required. One could argue, for example, that increased incorporation of radioactive precursors into brain macromolecules during a learning experience is attributable to generalized cerebral activation or to changes in the specific radioactivity of precursor pools. Likewise, studies with inhibitors of cerebral protein synthesis can be faulted because of the known side effects of both puromycin (Cohen, Ervin and Barondes, 1966) and cycloheximide (Segal, Squire and Barondes, 1971). However, though we may challenge the interpretation of the experiments which have been presented, the general hypothesis remains supported.
Predicting Satisfaction with the Office Environment by Measuring Constraints to Worker Activities

Previous research has shown that people often feel crowded when the environment gets in their way. This suggests that suitable measures of environmental constraint may be predictive of perceived cr...
Developing a Nomenclature for EMR Errors

Latent medical errors may occur in electronic medical record (EMR) systems. Analyses of medical errors, including the cognitive theory of action and the systems approach, are described. Key aspects of EMR systems are presented and examples are provided. A nomenclature is suggested to improve reporting and communication about EMR errors. The nomenclature uses concepts of an error state and a precipitating event. The error state comprises an error element, an error condition, and an error context. The precipitating event comprises an event agent, and event task, and an event context. The event task includes a task object, a task action, and task parameters.
Preparation and properties of cloning inhibitory factor. II. Factors affecting its production and assay.

Abstract Cloning Inhibition Factor (CIF), an activity present in PHA or antigen stimulated lymphocyte culture supernatants, inhibited the cloning of HeLa cells when diluted 1:9 in HeLa culture medium. CIF was not detectable at 8 hr, was maximal at 24–48 hr, and declined with longer periods of lymphocyte culture. CIF production increased with lymphocyte concentration up to 1–2 × 10 6 lymphs/ml but plateaued at higher concentrations. At lower lymphocyte concentrations, more CIF activity was present when lymphocytes were cultured in 5% rather than 12% serum. PPD elicited similar CIF activity from either highly purified or unpurified lymphocytes. CIF activity was independent of HeLa medium serum concentration. It remained stable for 3–6 months at −20 °C, but was inactivated by heating at 56 °C for 30 min. At a 1:9 dilution CIF was not cytocidal but produced cytopathic changes. CIF shares many properties with, and may be identical to, Proliferation Inhibitory Factor.
Anaerobic Synthesis of Apocytochrome Oxidase and Assembly of the Holoenzyme in Yeast Protoplasts

Abstract When protoplasts of anaerobically grown yeast are aerated in the presence of inhibitors of protein synthesis they become competent to synthesize cytochrome oxidase anaerobically when the inhibitors are removed. With the judicious use of cycloheximide, chloramphenicol, and acriflavin, it was possible to show that the anaerobic elaboration of the oxidase involves synthesis de novo of polypeptides of the oxidase which are translated on cytoplasmic and mitochondrial ribosomes, as well as the operation of mitochondrial transcription, suggesting the need for synthesis of mitochondrial messenger RNA. Under certain conditions the cytoplasmic and the mitochondrial protein-synthesizing systems can be uncoupled leading to accumulation of cytoplasmic or mitochondrial components of cytochrome oxidase. It is concluded that synthesis de novo of apocytochrome oxidase and its combination with heme a to form the active holoenzyme can occur in the absence of oxygen.
Competition between Nonprofit and For-Profit Firms

This paper considers a nonprofit firm competing against a for-profit firm in a homoge- nous goods market. Given a stochastic demand function and an asymmetric tax schedule, we derive Cournot-Nash equilibrium allowing the nonprofit firm to have an altruistic preference toward consumer surplus or total surplus. The effects of the tax rate and the degree of altruis- tic preference on market equilibrium outcomes are analyzed thereof.
The Psychological Effects of Lung Cancer Screening on Heavy Smokers: Another Reason for Concern.

In August 2011, the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) investigators published their results: screening with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) reduces mortality from lung cancer among heavy smokers.1 For some, these results were evidence enough to begin LDCT screening programs. Others2 more closely examined the total evidence about thevalueof lung cancer screening, that is, the extent towhich the benefits justify the harms and costs.3 One of the important analyses in this effort used NLST data to assess cost-effectiveness.4 This analysis found that screening heavy smokers has an incremental costeffectiveness ratio (ICER) of $81 000 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY), with a wide 95% CI ($52 000-$186 000) and marked variation among subgroups. For example, a subgroup analysis showed that the ICER for people with a history of heavy smoking (at least 30 pack-years) who were currently smoking was $43 000 per QALY; for those who had previously stopped smoking, the ICER was $615 000 per QALY. This analysis involved 2 critical assumptions about the psychological effects of screening on heavy smokers: that the cascade of screening leads to few psychological harms and that screening has no effect on smoking behavior. The qualitative study by Zeliadt et al5 in this issue of JAMA Internal Medicine should prompt us to revisit these 2 assumptions. Althoughmany acknowledge the potential psychological effects of lung cancer screening,6 we have little useful evidence to help determine the frequency and burden of the potential psychological harms of lung cancer screening. The critical question that needs to be answered is what are the shortand longer-termpsychological effects of offering LDCT screening as a proven program to heavy smokers, compared withnot offering screening? Studies that compare screenedvs nonscreened groups within randomized clinical trials do not address this question because participation in the trial itself has psychological effects and participants usually differ from community nonparticipants in important ways. Studies that compare false-positivewithnegative screening results donot help us answer the critical question. Studies that do not use sensitive condition-specificmeasurement instruments areunlikely to detect the types of psychological effects thatmay result from screening. This issue iswhere thequalitative analysis byZeliadt et al5 is helpful. The investigators use a more sensitive qualitative approach to gain a richer understandingof the associationbetween screening and heavy smokers’ sense of their health. It Related article page 1530 Lung Cancer Screening in Smokers and theMotivation to Quit Smoking Original Investigation Research
Family Reunification and Integration Policy in the EU: Where Are the Women?

In its early efforts to create a migration regime, the EU passed the 2003 Directive on the Right to Family Reunification. This directive has long been considered controversial, in part because of the directive's treatment of migrant women. In 2011, the EU published a Green Paper on the right to family reunification as a way to begin to assess interest in revisiting this directive. While one could consider this a positive step due to the initial uproar over the 2003 directive, it is clear that the EU's interest in reopening the debate on family reunification is problematic for many reasons. This paper explains the consultation process in the EU to expose the concerns of various constituencies and uncovers the ways in which family reunification and integration policy in the EU are still conceived of as "gender neutral" policy areas. While reopening the 2003 family reunification Directive could have been a positive move for migrant women, this paper underscores the ways in which the EU, and even parts of the nongovernmental community, continue to fall short in crafting gender sensitive policies that would benefit migrant women, their families, and the EU a whole.