cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward a Biocultural Medical Anthropology

To study cultures as ideational systems without mapping the complex cybernetic circuits that link them to social systems, to ecosystems, and to the psychology and biology of individuals would turn cultural analysis into an arcane pursuit isolated from surrounding disciplines at a stage when a fantastic burst of scientific knowledge—with human survival as the stakes—is being launched: a burst that should relegate to the realm of Ptolemaic astronomy (or at least preWatson-Crick genetics) previous theories in ecology, the neurosciences, psychology, and related fields.
Use of the automatic interaction detector method to identify patient characteristics related to methotrexate clearance

Systemic methotrexate (MTX) clearance was determined in 108 children who received 15 courses of MTX, 1000 mg/m2 iv over 24 hours, as a component of therapy for acute lymphocytic leukemia. The median MTX clearance was used as the representative value for each patient, and these values ranged from 44.7 to 132.1 ml/min/m2(X = 78.4 ml/min/m2). The automatic interaction detector approach was used to determine the patient characteristics that correlated with MTX clearance. Characteristics examined were sex, age, estimated Creatinine clearance, SGPT, and body surface area. The initial splits were based on Creatinine clearance, and mean MTX clearances in three subgroups (50 to 100, 100 to 150, and >150 ml/min/m2) were 73.1, 78.3, and 90.5 ml/min/m2, respectively. For patients with the slowest Creatinine clearance, abnormal SGPT concentrations (>35 IU/L) were associated with slower MTX clearance (77.6 vs. 67.8 ml/min/m2). In the latter subgroup, boys had faster clearance than girls (77.4 vs. 60.9 ml/min/ m2). These results demonstrate that for children with normal serum Creatinine concentrations, interpatient variability in MTX clearance can partly be explained by measures of renal and hepatic function, which indicates that the observed variability in MTX clearance is not totally random. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1986) 39, 592–597; doi:10.1038/clpt.1986.102
Model for the induction of spike timing-dependent plasticity by pre- and postsynaptic spike trains

Spike timing-dependent plasticity (STDP), a process in which changes in synaptic strength are determined by the relative timing of pre- and postsynaptic activity, has been studied and modeled by a number of researchers, but many questions still remain. It has been suggested that STDP involves a postsynaptic chemical network with stable states corresponding to long term potentiation (LTP) and long term depression (LTD). It is believed that the switching between these states is driven by the postsynaptic Ca2+ concentration, but the manner in which the Ca2+ dynamics is able to trigger either LTP or LTD, depending on the relative timing of pre- and postsynaptic activity remains unclear. We have investigated a model of STDP that combines (1) the tristable chemical network involving CaMKII and PP2A studied by Pi and Lisman [1], with (2) compartmental modeling of backpropagating action potentials (BPAPs), N-methyl D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), and voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs). In previous work we have studied how this model responds when a presynaptic pulse arrives either shortly before or shortly after a postsynaptic pulse (a BPAP), and shown how this model leads naturally to LTP when the presynaptic pulse arrives first, or LTD when the postsynaptic pulse arrives first, in agreement as found in experimental studies (e.g., [2] and [3]). The response to spike triplets and other more complex pre- and postsynaptic spike trains are also of interest. Experiments [4] have shown that the response to such multispike trains is not simply the sum of the responses to the component spike pairs. For example, the response to a spike triplet consisting of pre-post-presynaptic spikes is often not explained by the simple addition of the responses to a pre-post spike pair followed by a post-pre spike pair. Previous work has proposed only heuristic rules for such multispike responses. In this paper we describe the application of our model of STDP to multispike situations. Our model exhibits a non-additive response similar to that observed by Wang et al. [4], and gives insight into how this non-additivity arises from properties of the CaMKII/PP2A network.
Tuffaceous ephemeral lake deposits on an alluvial plain, middle Tertiary of central California

The Oligocene and Miocene Valley Springs Formation is one element in the middle to late Cenozoic alluvial fill of the Central Valley of California and represents a large fluvial depositional system that extended westward from sediment-filled palaeovalleys in the high Sierra Nevada to a piedmont alluvial plain under the present Central Valley. The Valley Springs Formation consists largely of tuffaceous mudrock, tuffaceous sandstone, polymict conglomerate and rhyodacitic tuff. The most prominent lithofacies in the formation is yellowish grey or greyish yellow, tuffaceous mudstone and claystone characterized by crude, commonly wavy layering or bedding, an irregular fracture, and common clay-lined partings, fissures, and small branching tubules. Petrographic and X-ray diffraction analyses of the composition, texture, fabric, mineralogy and organic content of an 8 m thick section of the tuffaceous mudrock lithofacies have provided evidence for an origin quite different from the earlier interpretations of this lithofacies as altered tuffs. Numerous rounded mudstone or claystone clasts in a detrital mud matrix, together with abundant freshwater microfossils (megaspores, chrysophyte cysts, diatoms and sponge spicules), indicates that the lithofacies is a mostly epiclastic sedimentary deposit. Root traces, fissuring, orientated clay skins lining pores and secondary surfaces, and mineralogical data are evidence of periodic exposure and desiccation. The tuffaceous mudrock lithofacies of the Valley Springs Formation, interpreted in the context of the middle to lower regions of a piedmont alluvial system, most probably represents a complex of ephemeral lake and marsh environments on a low gradient alluvial plain. The inferred abundance of shallow lakes, ponds and marshes implies a climate that was wetter than the semi-arid climate of the region today.
Computational Simulation of an Unmanned Air Vehicle Impacting Water

Computational simulations were performed to study the splashdown of an unmanned air vehicle (UAV) falling nose-first into seawater from various heights. Solutions were generated with a time-accurate finite-volume method based on the unsteady "compressible" ensemble averaged Navier-Stokes equations for the air and the unsteady "incompressible" ensemble averaged Navier-Stokes equations for the seawater. The volume of fluid model was used to track the air-water interface and a deforming mesh algorithm was used to move the UAV through the computational domain. Computed pressure histories at four key locations on the UAV forebody were compared with experimentally measured values to validate this study. The computational simulations were shown to have accurately predicted the magnitude and character of the pressure histories, but with some discrepancies in the behavior of the pressure within the UAV inlet aperture. Results are presented for various drop heights, which simulated a range of impact velocities. Modifications were also made to the UAV geometry to examine the effect of deflecting the upper inlet lip downward. Deflection angles of 30 deg and 20 deg were analyzed for a drop height condition of 35 ft with results showing a significant decrease in impact force and pressure within the inlet.
Synchronization in an array of chaotic systems coupled via a directed graph

Most analytical results on the synchronization of coupled chaotic systems consider the case of reciprocal coupling, i.e., the coupling matrix is symmetric and the underlying topology is an undirected graph. We study synchronization in arrays of systems where the coupling is nonreciprocal. This corresponds to the case where the underlying topology can be expressed as a weighted directed graph. We show that several recently proposed definitions of the algebraic connectivity of directed graphs are useful in deriving sufficient conditions for synchronization. In particular, we show that an array synchronizes for sufficiently strong cooperative coupling if the coupling topology includes a spanning directed tree. This is an intuitive result since the existence of such a tree implies that there is a system which influences directly or indirectly all other systems and thus it is possible to make every system synchronize to it.
A New Current-Sweep Method for Assessing the Mixed-Mode Damage Spectrum of SiGe HBTs

We present a new ldquocurrent-sweeprdquo stress methodology for quantitatively assessing the mixed-mode reliability (simultaneous application of high current and high voltage) of advanced silicon-germanium (SiGe) HBTs. This electrical-stress methodology allows one to quickly obtain the complete ldquodamage spectrumrdquo of a given device from a particular technology platform, enabling better understanding of the complex voltage, current, and temperature interdependence associated with electrical stress and burn-in of advanced transistors. We consistently observe three distinct regions of mixed-mode damage in SiGe HBTs and find that hot-carrier-induced damage can be introduced into SiGe HBTs under surprisingly modest mixed-mode-stress conditions. For more aggressively scaled technology generations, a larger percentage of hot carriers generated in the collector-base junction are able to travel to and hence damage the emitter-base (EB) spacer, leading to enhanced forward-mode base-current leakage under stress. A new self-heating-induced mixed-mode-annealing effect is observed for the first time under specific high-voltage- and high-current-stress conditions, and a new damage mechanism is observed under very high-voltage and high-current conditions. Finally, as an example of the utility of our stress methodology, we quantify the composite mixed-mode damage spectrum of a commercial third-generation (200 GHz) SiGe HBT. We find that if devices are stressed with either voltage or current alone during burn-in, they can easily withstand extreme overstress conditions. Unfortunately, devices can easily be damaged when stressed with a combination of stress voltage and current, and this has significant implications for the lifetime prediction under realistic mixed-signal-circuit operating conditions.
A quinine‐induced drug reaction of photosensitive distribution with histological features mimicking mycosis fungoides

Drug reactions simulating mycosis fungoides have been described most frequently for phenytoin, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and carbamazepine. The first reported case of a quinine-induced drug reaction that histologically mimicked mycosis fungoides is described.
Shielding properties of protective thin film coatings and blended concrete compositions for high level waste storage packages

Abstract Various thin film coatings have been proposed to protect stainless steel high level waste (HLW) containers from premature failure due to localized corrosion, hydrogen embrittlement, and mechanical wear. These coatings include TiN, ZrO 2 , MoS 2 , TiO 2 , and Al 2 O 3 , to be deposited either in multiple layers or as a thicker, single-layer composite. Linear attenuation coefficients of these materials have been simulated using MicroShield and measured experimentally for various photon energies. Additionally, spent fuel casks with overpacks made of two different types of concrete were simulated to compare exposure rate at the cask surface. In the energy range that is significant for high level waste storage all coating materials possess very similar attenuation behavior. A specialty concrete, containing magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) and lead oxide (PbO), reduces the exposure rate at the outer surface of the overpack by several orders of magnitude. The higher-Z elements not present in ordinary concrete greatly increase attenuation of intermediate-energy gammas (0.4–1.0 MeV). The thin film coatings do not affect the shielding capabilities of the HLW packaging, as their total proposed thickness is nearly three orders of magnitude less than the mean free path (MFP) of the primary photons of interest.
Precautionary Measures in Laboratory Work With Liquid Chlorine

To the article * outlining the methods for the analysis of chlorine for hydrogen chloride and nitrogen trichloride, the following paragraphs, concerning the proper handling of liquid chlorine, should be added. The analysis of liquid chlorine is a difficult and potentially dangerous operation which should be attempted only by those persons who are thoroughly familiar with the handling of this substance. During the sampling of liquid chlorine containers, a certain amount will inevitably escape into the air and therefore great care must be observed in carrying out this operation. The operator must be provided with a suitable gas mask approved by the US Bureau of Mines and which is known to be in good condition. Gasproof goggles and gloves must also be provided. Sampling should never be attempted within a building, except in an extremely well ventilated hood. Splashes of liquid chlorine destroy clothing and, if such clothing is next to the skin, will produce irritations and burns.
Immigration Reform and Social Work

IMMIGRATION REFORM has been a legislative topic of many states and the federal government for nearly 10 years. In 1985, legislation finally was at tained with passage of the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) of 1986 (P.L. 99-603, Immigration and Natural ization Service [INS], 1986). Still, in 1986, there was extensive discussion concerning the impact of the act—par ticularly on the employment status of Hispanics, because it was assumed that the majority of undocumented workers were of Hispanic origin. Implementation of the provisions of the act began in 1987. The implications of this immigration reform legislation for social welfare have not been addressed in these discussions. As is often the case, social workers experience firsthand the effects of social policy decisions on their clients. Unless the majority of undocumented aliens returns to their native country, social workers will find themselves attempting to remedy the effects of an immigration policy that prevents the undocumented alien from attaining satisfactory living conditions. In addition, social workers will have to confront problems involving health care, intergenerational assis tance, depression, domestic violence, homelessness, or criminal behavior. Social workers will confront these prob lems in mental health settings, state and county protective service agencies as well as in prisons. Social workers in public protective service agencies may become frustrated in trying to obtain services for their clients because of their illegal resident status. Social workers seeking to obtain ser vices for undocumented aliens will re quire knowledge not common among the majority of practitioners. Applicants for legal residence come from a wide range of countries, including many African and Asian countries whose citizens were formerly unable to migrate to the United States in any substantial numbers because of discriminatory immigration policies. Social workers who assist these clients will need to understand the dif Donald E. Gelfand Rebeca Bialik-Gilad
Partial Disassembly Sequence Optimization of End-of-Life Products for Value Recovery

End-of-life product recovery operations require performance improvement to be viable in an industrial environment. A genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed to optimize end-of-life partial disassembly decisions based on disassembly costs, revenues, and environmental impacts. Facilitating disassembly optimization with costs, revenues, and environmental impacts is necessary to enhance sustainable manufacturing through value recovery. End-of-life products may not warrant disassembly past a unique disassembly stage due to limited recovered component market demand and minimal material recovery value. Remanufacturing is introduced into disassembly sequence optimization in the proposed GA as an alternative to recycling, reuse, and disposal. The proposed GA’s performance is first verified through optimizing partial disassembly sequences considering costs and environmental impacts independently. Extension to a multiobjective case concerning costs, revenues, and impacts is achieved by specifying a new set of multi-objective crossover probabilities from independent crossover probabilities.
Glycopolypeptides with a Redox-Triggered Helix-to-Coil Transition

Conformation-switchable glycopolypeptides were prepared by the living polymerization of glycosylated l-cysteine-N-carboxyanhydride (glyco-C NCA) monomers. These new monomers were prepared in high yield by coupling of alkene-terminated C-linked glycosides of d-galactose or d-glucose to l-cysteine using thiol–ene “click” chemistry, followed by their conversion to the corresponding glyco-C NCAs. The resulting glycopolypeptides were found to be water-soluble and α-helical in solution. Aqueous oxidation of the side-chain thioether linkages in these polymers to sulfone groups resulted in disruption of the α-helical conformations without loss of water solubility. The ability to switch chain conformation and remain water-soluble is unprecedented in synthetic polymers, and allows new capabilities to control presentation of sugar functionality in subtly different contexts.
Comparative Carcinogenicity of 4-Hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide and Its Diacetyl Derivative in Mice and Rats

Summary4-Hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide and its O,O'-diacetyl derivative were compared with respect to their abilities to induce skin tumors in mice (with subsequent application of croton oil) and to induce sarcomas at the site of sc injection in rats or mice. The two compounds had approximately equal activities in the two mouse assays; however, the diacetyl derivative was much less active than its parent compound in the induction of sarcomas in rats.
Pierre d'Angicourt and Angevin Construction

From approximately 1270 to 1343, the Angevin kings of Naples ordered the construction and repair of dozens of fortresses, churches, and new towns within their newly acquired lands. Pierre d'Angicourt, a Frenchman from Picardy, was connected to approximately a dozen of these projects. Listed in Angevin diplomas beginning in 1278 as the “headmaster and supervisor of the court's works,” Pierre is identified often in Angevin studies as an architect, either in the modern meaning, as a theory-based designer, or in the occasional medievalist use, as a master mason. In Pierre d'Angicourt and Angevin Construction , Alexander Harper reexamines the Angevin chancellery diplomas that mention Pierre and the buildings connected to him and argues that in fact he was an administrator charged with the bureaucratization of construction within the kingdom. This conclusion has wide implications for our understanding of Angevin architecture, especially in regard to architectural agency, building types, and reception within the emerging southern Italian state.
Examining Rates of Engagement over Time with Court-Ordered Men in a Domestic Abuse Treatment Program

ABSTRACTLimited research exists on the engagement process in domestic abuse treatment. This exploratory study of a large urban domestic abuse program (N = 81) examined the engagement of men entering group treatment using the Group Engagement Measure (GEM-27) over two time points. The GEM-27 pointed to significant change in engagement scores reported by facilitators between pre- and posttest, despite the involuntary nature of the treatment process. The subscore Means for the category “working on own problem” at time one was significantly higher for completers compared to dropouts. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Deceptive Speech: Clues from Spoken Language

Deception is generally defined as ‘a deliberate attempt to mislead others’ [1]; thus, deceivers are those trying to convince others that something the deceivers know to be false is in fact true. Distinguishing the behavior of deceivers from that of truth-tellers has long been a topic of interest, both to behavioral scientists and to law enforcement personnel. To the latter, research into deception may help to improve human performance in deception detection by pointing out reliable cues to deceptive behavior [2]. However, numerous studies have found that, even when subjects are trained to look for cues highly correlated with deception, many still perform very poorly at deception detection [3, 4]. Alternatively, research into the objectively observable correlates of detection may help us to develop new technologies to identify such behavior automatically, augmenting current technology such as the polygraph as a tool for deception detection.
Corpus-based Approaches to Construction Grammar

This corpus-based study uses a stepwise logistic regression analysis to examine the diachronic development of that/zero alternation with three verbs of cognition, viz. think, guess and understand in both spoken and written corpora from 1560–2012. Eleven structural features which have been claimed in the literature to predict the presence of the zero complementizer form are tested to see if (1) there is indeed a diachronic trend towards more zero use, (2) whether the conditioning factors proposed in the literature indeed predict the zero form, (3) to what extent these factors interact and (4) whether the predictive power of the conditioning factors becomes stronger or weaker over time. The analysis disproves the hypothesis that there has been an overall diachronic development towards more zero use and that the interactions with verb type brings to light differences between verbs in terms of the predictive power of the individual structural features.
Andromeda, Cosmology, and Post-World War II Astronomy

Edwin Hubble’s contributions to astronomy were immense. He resolved the island-universe debate, established a classification system for galaxies, and discovered that the universe was expanding. His work paved the way for the Big Bang theory. But Hubble was not the last word in galactic research. Several issues needed correction or completion, and much of this was addressed during and after World War II.
A depth-averaged 2-D model of flow and sediment transport in coastal waters

A depth-averaged 2-D model has been developed to simulate unsteady flow and nonuniform sediment transport in coastal waters. The current motion is computed by solving the phase-averaged 2-D shallow water flow equations reformulated in terms of total-flux velocity, accounting for the effects of wave radiation stresses and general diffusion or mixing induced by current, waves, and wave breaking. The cross-shore boundary conditions are specified by assuming fully developed longshore current and wave setup that are determined using the reduced 1-D momentum equations. A 2-D wave spectral transformation model is used to calculate the wave height, period, direction, and radiation stresses, and a surface wave roller model is adopted to consider the effects of surface roller on the nearshore currents. The nonequilibrium transport of nonuniform total-load sediment is simulated, considering sediment entrainment by current and waves, the lag of sediment transport relative to the flow, and the hiding and exposure effect of nonuniform bed material. The flow and sediment transport equations are solved using an implicit finite volume method on a variety of meshes including nonuniform rectangular, telescoping (quadtree) rectangular, and hybrid triangular/quadrilateral meshes. The flow and wave models are integrated through a carefully designed steering process. The model has been tested in three field cases, showing generally good performance.
Chiroptical Spectroscopy: Fundamentals and Applications

This book details chiroptical spectroscopic methods: electronic circular dichroism (ECD), optical rotatory dispersion (ORD), vibrational circular dichroism (VCD), and vibrational Raman optical activity (VROA). For each technique, the text presents experimental methods for measurements and theoretical methods for analyzing the experimental data. It also includes a set of experiments that can be adopted for undergraduate teaching laboratories. Each chapter is written in an easy-to-follow format for novice readers, with necessary theoretical formalism in appendices for advanced readers.
Effects of exercise and stress management training on nighttime blood pressure dipping in patients with coronary heart disease: A randomized, controlled trial

Introduction Blunted nighttime blood pressure (BP) dipping is prognostic of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) are often characterized by a blunted nighttime BP dipping pattern. The present study compared the effects of 2 behavioral intervention programs, aerobic exercise (EX) and stress management (SM) training, with a usual care (UC) control group on BP dipping in a sample of CHD patients. Methods This was a secondary analysis of a randomized, controlled trial with allocation concealment and blinded outcome assessment in 134 patients with stable CHD and exercise-induced myocardial ischemia. Nighttime BP dipping was assessed by 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring, at prerandomization baseline and after 16 weeks of one of the following treatments: usual medical care; UC plus supervised aerobic EX for 35 minutes, 3 times per week; UC plus weekly 1.5-hour sessions of SM training. Results The EX and SM groups exhibited greater improvements in systolic BP dipping ( P =.052) and diastolic BP dipping ( P =.031) compared with UC. Postintervention systolic BP percent-dipping means were 12.9% (SE=1.5) for SM, 11.1% (SE=1.4) for EX, and 8.6% (SE=1.4) for UC. Postintervention diastolic BP percent-dipping means were 13.3% (SE=1.9) for SM, 14.1% (SE=1.8) for EX, and 8.8% (1.8) for UC. Conclusions For patients with stable CHD, EX or SM training resulted in improved nighttime BP dipping compared with usual medical care. These favorable effects of healthy lifestyle modifications may help reduce the risk of adverse clinical events.
Bring on Board New Enthusiasts! A Case Study of Impact of Wikipedia Art + Feminism Edit-A-Thon Events on Newcomers

Success of online production communities such as Wikipedia highly relies on a continuous stream of newcomers to replace the inevitable high turnover and to bring on board new sources of ideas and labor. However, these communities have been struggling with attracting newcomers, especially from a diverse population of users. In this work, we conducted a case study on how organizing an offline co-located event over a short period of time contributes to involving newcomers in the online community. We present results of our multiple-source quantitative analysis of Wikipedia Art+Feminism edit-a-thon as a case of such events. The results of our analysis shows that such offline events are successful in attracting a large number of newcomers; however, retention of the newcomers stays as a challenge.
Discussion: Issues and Implications in Current Procedures for Establishing Research Priorities

In the original description of this session, Hildreth's paper was to contain (1) a description of how priorities are now being established for different areas of agricultural research or for individual research projects and (2) an evaluation of the performance of agricultural research organizations in establishing priorities stated in terms of issues and implications. The paper presented is Kestricted to a discussion of research in departments of agricultural economics at land-grant universities rather than to agricultural research. Empirical insights about factors influencing the priority rating of research problems in departments of agricultural economics are scattered throughout the paper. But these bits are incidental to other discussions and do not constitute an orderly description of the way in which research priorities are actually established. There is no evaluation of the procedures followed in establishing research priorities. It is unfortunate that Hildreth has not chosen to write more specifically on the topic assigned him. He is well qualified by training and experience to have undertaken this task.
Four species of lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) exhibit limited predation on Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) eggs and nymphs

Abstract The Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) co-occur in many habitats with many arthropods that are of suitable size as prey. The Pentatomidae (Hemiptera) are one such group of insects with eggs and early instars that could be susceptible to predation by Coccinellidae. The objective of this laboratory study was to examine if predation by adult and larval Coccinellidae occurred on the eggs and 1st instars of Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). We tested whether live eggs, live nymphs, or dead nymphs (recently frozen) would be fed on by Coleomegilla maculata, Harmonia axyridis, Hippodamia convergens and Olla v-nigrum (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Our results show that starved 4th instars and adults of all tested Coccinellidae cannot feed on N. viridula eggs. More feeding by larval lady beetles occurred on recently frozen, dead 1st instars than on live 1st instars. The exception to this was larval C. maculata which fed similarly on live and dead nymphs. Adult lady beetles did not feed on live 1st instar N. viridula. Observations indicated that in some instances, a live N. viridula nymph was capable of repelling a predator. From this study, it is unlikely that the Coccinellidae contribute to substantial predation of N. viridula eggs and nymphs.
Dating and Sexual Violence Research in the Schools: Balancing Protection of Confidentiality with Supporting the Welfare of Survivors.

Rigorous research and program evaluation are needed to understand the experience of dating and sexual violence among youth and the impact of prevention and intervention efforts. Our dilemma in doing this work occurred when youth disclosed dating and sexual violence on a research survey. What responsibility do researchers have to protect survivors' confidentiality as a research participant versus taking steps to ensure the student has the opportunity to access help? In our evaluation of a pilot dating violence prevention program, our protocols employed widely used procedures for providing resources to participants upon their completion of the survey and de-identifying survey data. Upon reviewing preliminary survey results, we became concerned that these established procedures were not sufficient to support research participants who were adolescent survivors of dating and sexual violence. We followed a structured ethical decision-making process to examine legal and ethical considerations, consult with colleagues, consider impacts and alternative solutions, and ultimately find a solution. Through this process, we developed procedures that balance participant confidentiality and the desire to support the welfare of survivors, which other researchers may want to employ when conducting youth sexual and dating violence research in school and community settings.
Computers as persuasive media: Simulation

This chapter proposes three categories of simulation that are relevant to persuasive technologies—simulated cause-and-effect scenarios, simulated environments, and simulated objects. Simulations can persuade people to change their attitudes or behaviors by enabling them to observe immediately the link between cause and effect. Environment simulations provide users with new surroundings. Like cause-and-effect scenarios, simulated environments provide a safe ”place“ to explore new behaviors and perspectives. Simulated environments can persuade through creating situations that reward and motivate people for a target behavior; allow users to practice a target behavior; control exposure to new or frightening situations; and facilitate role-playing, adopting another person's perspective. Object simulations are opposite to the environment simulations; this approach enables users to experience more directly how their daily routines would be affected by what is being simulated. These are less dependent on imagination or suspension of disbelief and make clear the impact on everyday life.
Evolution of Host Target Cell Specificity During HIV-1 Infection.

Background Many details of HIV-1 molecular virology have been translated into lifesaving antiviral drugs. Yet, we have an incomplete understanding of the cells in which HIV-1 replicates in untreated individuals and persists in during antiretroviral therapy. Methods In this review we discuss how viral entry phenotypes have been characterized and the insights they have revealed about the target cells supporting HIV-1 replication. In addition, we will examine whether some HIV-1 variants have the ability to enter cells lacking CD4 (such as astrocytes) and the role that trans-infection plays in HIV-1 replication. Results HIV-1 entry into a target cell is determined by whether the viral receptor (CD4) and the coreceptor (CCR5 or CXCR4) are expressed on that cell. Sustained HIV-1 replication in a cell type can produce viral lineages that are tuned to the CD4 density and coreceptor expressed on those cells; a fact that allows us to use Env protein entry phenotypes to infer information about the cells in which a viral lineage has been replicating and adapting. Conclusion We now recognize that HIV-1 variants can be divided into three classes representing the primary target cells of HIV-1; R5 T cell-tropic variants that are adapted to entering memory CD4+ T cells, X4 T cell-tropic variants that are adapted to entering naive CD4+ T cells and Mtropic variants that are adapted to entering macrophages and possibly other cells that express low levels of CD4. While much progress has been made, the relative contribution that infection of different cell subsets makes to viral pathogenesis and persistence is still being unraveled.
The Multiple Worlds of Ghanaian-Born Immigrant Students and Academic Success:

Background/ContextThe multiple worlds model is defined as the ability of students to connect, manage, and negotiate to cross the borders of their two worlds to successfully transition through diffe...
RC-index: diversifying answers to range queries

Query result diversification is widely used in data exploration, Web search, and recommendation systems. The problem of returning diversified query results consists of finding a small subset of valid query answers that are representative and different from one another, usually quantified by a diversity score. Most existing techniques for query diversification first compute all valid query results and then find a diverse subset. These techniques are inefficient when the set of valid query results is large. Other work has proposed efficient solutions for restricted application settings, where results are shared across multiple queries. In this paper, our goal is to support result diversification for general range queries over a single relation. We propose the RC-Index, a novel index structure that achieves efficiency by reducing the number of items that must be retrieved by the database to form a diverse set of the desired size (about 1 second for a dataset of 1 million items). Further, we prove that an RC-Index offers strong approximation guarantees. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first index-based diversification method with a guaranteed approximation ratio for range queries.
Why Levodopa May Increase Falls in Parkinson's Disease (P06.091)

OBJECTIVE: To identify the components of balance and gait which improve with levodopa in patients with Parkinson9s disease (PD). BACKGROUND: Levodopa usually improves the main symptoms of PD such as rigidity and bradykinesia. But there are conflicting reports of its effectiveness on balance and gait. DESIGN/METHODS: 20 patients (mean age: 63.9 years, range 42-77 years; mean PD duration: 8.5 years, range 4-20 years) with balance difficulty were examined using the motor part of the revised UPDRS, tandem gait, and balance subtests such as turning 360o and standing on one foot. Patients were timed walking 7.63 meters (25 feet) and their steps were counted. The examination was conducted while off levodopa for at least 16 hours and repeated one hour after their standard dose of levodopa. Dyskinesias were assessed before and after levodopa. The t-test was used for comparing continuous variables and a chi-square test was used for comparing categorical variables. RESULTS: UPDRS “off” score of 28.9 + 12.4 significantly decreased to an “on” score of 16.6 + 9.2. UPDRS subtests of gait and freezing of gait decreased (improved) significantly. Step length and velocity increased (improved) significantly. Dyskinesias increased on levodopa but were judged not to affect gait or balance. Subtests of balance including postural stability, turning, standing on one foot, and tandem gait decreased (improved) significantly. Improvements in gait on levodopa were greater than improvements in balance. This may be why some patients with balance difficulty fall more frequently: as gait speeds-up, because of levodopa, and as balance doesn9t improve proportionately, patients fall. CONCLUSIONS: Gait improved more than balance on levodopa. This may explain why in some patients levodopa may increase falls. Disclosure: Dr. Dhall has received personal compensation for activities with Teva Neuroscience. Dr. Krishnamurthi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lieberman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dhanani has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pan has nothing to disclose.
“Uninformed” consent and the wealthy volunteer: An analysis of patient volunteers in a clinical trial of a new anti-inflammatory drug

After a 16-week clinical trial of a new anti-inflammatory drug, the participants were given a factual test to determine whether they had understood and remembered the information given them when consent was solicited. They filled out a questionnaire about their reasons for volunteering and their views on clinical studies and on medical practice in general. Demographic information was also obtained. Two thirds of the participants did not remember that they had been informed about potential risk (gastrointestinal ulceration). Some subjects remembered, but misunderstood, what they had been told; others developed erroneous ideas about the trial and the study drug. The volunteers agreed to participate in the study to help both their own arthritis and that of other patients. They took pride in their self-sacrifice and in being commended by their friends for their altruism. Analysis of the demographic data shows that indigent persons are not necessarily the most likely to participate in clinical trials. Two thirds of the subjects were from the middle class. The median family income was $13,000. To improve the informed consent procedure, we recommend group meetings in which the participants in a clinical trial can discuss the protocol and the risks of the study. Obtaining consent again, after initial anxiety has decreased, may improve comprehension.
The effect of androgen on nitric oxide synthase in the male reproductive tract of the rat

Objective To determine if nitric oxide synthase activity within the male reproductive tract is regulated by androgen. Design Nitric oxide synthase activity was measured in the reproductive organs of three groups of mature rats: unoperated controls, 1-week castrates, and 1-week castrates given T capsules at the time of surgery. The presence of nitric oxide synthase activity was confirmed by using the nitric oxide synthase-specific inhibitor N -nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME). Results After castration, nitric oxide synthase activity was significantly reduced by 88%, 73%, and 54% in the caput, corpus, and cauda epididymidis, respectively. In the penis, nitric oxide synthase activity decreased 45% and nitric oxide synthase protein decreased 57% after castration. In the seminal vesicle and lateral prostate, nitric oxide synthase activity increased significantly after castration from nondetectable levels in controls. Nitric oxide synthase activity in the coagulating gland and ventral and dorsal prostate did not change after castration. The changes in nitric oxide synthase activity in all organs after castration were prevented by T replacement. Additionally, the activity measured in every organ in all three treatment groups was >90% inhibited by l-NAME. Conclusion These data demonstrate that androgen differentially affects nitric oxide synthase activity in the male reproductive tract. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time that nitric oxide synthase activity has been shown to be influenced by androgen in any tissue.
Cash for Candor? Entrepreneur to Investor Disclosure in Securing the Commitment of Resources

No venture is perfect. How entrepreneurs disclose the blemishes of a venture to investors may be a significant predictor of how much funding a venture receives. From this idea, this paper develops ...
Studies on the structure-function relationships and regulation mechanisms of Escherichia coli adenylosuccinate synthetase

57 INTRODUCTION 59 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 62 RESULTS 66 DISCUSSION 71 REFERENCES 75 GENERAL CONCLUTION 86 REFERENCES 91 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 93
Physiological studies of binaural tone-in-noise detection in the inferior colliculus of awake rabbit

With identical noise maskers presented to both ears, human listeners have lower tone detection thresholds when the tone is presented out-of-phase between the ears (N0Sπ) rather than in-phase (N0S0). The threshold difference is called the binaural masking level difference (BMLD). Human listeners have BMLDs up to at least 4 kHz, but previous studies to understand neural mechanisms have only used low-frequency tones. Here, we recorded single-neuron responses from the inferior colliculus in awake rabbit to a wide range of overall noise levels and tone frequencies near the neuron’s characteristic frequency. Maskers were 1/3-octave gaussian noise centered at the tone frequency. Neural thresholds at each noise level were estimated from average-rate responses at signal-to-noise ratios of -12 to +8 dB based on receiver-operating-characteristic analysis. Neural thresholds were similar across noise levels and were pooled together for further analysis. BMLDs of all recorded neurons with measurable thresholds for both N0S0 and N0Sπ ranged up to +17 dB (i.e., a substantial masking release for the N0Sπ condition). Across the population of neurons tuned to different frequencies, the largest BMLDs at each frequency decreased with increasing frequency, consistent with human psychophysical studies, but with a more gradual slope.With identical noise maskers presented to both ears, human listeners have lower tone detection thresholds when the tone is presented out-of-phase between the ears (N0Sπ) rather than in-phase (N0S0). The threshold difference is called the binaural masking level difference (BMLD). Human listeners have BMLDs up to at least 4 kHz, but previous studies to understand neural mechanisms have only used low-frequency tones. Here, we recorded single-neuron responses from the inferior colliculus in awake rabbit to a wide range of overall noise levels and tone frequencies near the neuron’s characteristic frequency. Maskers were 1/3-octave gaussian noise centered at the tone frequency. Neural thresholds at each noise level were estimated from average-rate responses at signal-to-noise ratios of -12 to +8 dB based on receiver-operating-characteristic analysis. Neural thresholds were similar across noise levels and were pooled together for further analysis. BMLDs of all recorded neurons with measurable thresholds for both...
Antihypertensive Medication Nonpersistence and Low Adherence for Adults <65 Years Initiating Treatment in 2007–2014

Previous evidence suggests modest improvements in antihypertensive medication adherence occurred from 2007 to 2012 among US adults ≥65 years of age. Whether adherence improved over time among adult...
HPV testing through p16 immunocytochemistry in neck-mass FNA and its correlation with tissue samples

Background Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of a neck mass is frequently the initial diagnostic procedure for patients with human papillomavirus-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. By performing a p16 immunocytochemistry (ICC) stain on FNA material, the pathologist can help to direct the treating physician's search for the primary site and to select the proper management for the patient. There is currently no established threshold for the evaluation of p16 ICC in cytology samples. This study was aimed at establishing an optimal threshold for p16 ICC interpretation in cytology samples. Methods The pathology databases were searched for all neck-mass FNAs diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma from January 2010 to March 2019. p16 ICC was performed on cytology smears, and the percentage and intensity of p16-positive cells were assessed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted to determine the best cutoff threshold for p16 positivity on cytology smears. Results p16 ICC was performed on 50 cytology smears. An analysis of 8 different thresholds (combinations of the percentage and intensity of the p16 stain) using ROC curves demonstrated the best threshold to be 50% p16 staining with a sensitivity of 74% and a specificity of 100%. Applying the threshold used for surgical specimens (70%) to cytology samples resulted in a low sensitivity (45%). Conclusions p16 ICC on cytology smears shows diminished staining in comparison with surgical samples. Using 50% staining as the cutoff to consider positivity for p16 in cytology smears is proposed to decrease false-negative results while maintaining specificity.
Abstract 467: Identification of Novel Pathogenic Mutations in Non-Canonical RNA Splice Sites in Congenital Heart Disease

Rationale: Congenital heart disease (CHD) occurs in about 1 in 100 live births, yet known genetic causes explain less than 20% of CHD cases. While variants that cause frameshift, nonsense, start/st...
Influence of Pier Settlement on Structural Stress of Longitudinal Connected Track in High-Speed Railways

Pier settlement is unavoidable in the construction and operation of high-speed railways. This paper presents a work on the influence of pier settlement on additional structural stress of longitudinal connected track (LCT). First of all, the generation mechanism of additional structural stress of LCT caused by pier settlement is described in detail. On this basis, the deformation of LCT caused by pier settlement is analytically deduced and a dynamic model of high-speed train-LCT-bridge coupled system considering pier settlement is established based on the train-track-bridge dynamic interaction theory, adopting which the additional structural stresses of LCT are discussed from static and dynamic perspectives. Results show that pier settlement has a great influence on the stability of LCT. Additional tensile stresses of LCT appear at settlement pier location and two adjacent pier locations. Tensile stresses on top surface of slab and on bottom surface of base should be paid attention to. The behaviors of LCT at adjacent pier locations cannot be ignored in studying the influence of pier settlement on the system. To ensure the stability of LCT and running performance of train, the control value of pier settlement is suggested to be 10.5 mm from the static and dynamic perspectives in practical engineering.