cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
La sangre es más espesa que el agua: perspectivas históricas y analíticas sobre los estudios del parentesco y el género

This article deals with the intersection of the concepts of gender, kinship, and family. It contrasts the historical development of these issues in anthropology with the ruptures, paradoxes, and ambivalences arising from the theoretical analysis of contemporary issues, such as social acceptance and the legalization of same-sex marriage, the new reproductive technologies, and the possibilities of sex change. These issues challenge the traditional notions of nature and culture, biology, and society. To illustrate this, I introduce some of the theories and discussions that have emerged in the field, and purport that to understand kinship as a category, we have to pay attention to gender too, as if they were two sides of the same coin. Both categories are about relational practices that articulate different forms of relatedness and its social implications. Finally, I examine gender inequality from the point of view of kinship and social organization as well as their interactions with other social and cultural categories.
Cholesterol metabolism plays a crucial role in the regulation of autophagy for cell differentiation of granular convoluted tubules in male mouse submandibular glands

It has been long appreciated that sex hormone receptors are expressed in various non-gonadal organs. However, it remains unclear how sex hormones regulate the morphogenesis of these non-gonadal organs. To address this issue, we used a male mouse model of androgen-dependent salivary gland morphogenesis. Mice with excessive cholesterol synthesis in the salivary glands exhibited defects in the maturation of granular convoluted tubules (GCTs), which is regulated through sex hormone-dependent cascades. We found that excessive cholesterol synthesis resulted in autophagy failure specifically in the duct cells of salivary glands, followed by the accumulation of NRF2, a transcription factor known as one of the specific substrates for autophagy. The accumulated NRF2 suppressed the expression of Foxa1, which forms a transcriptional complex with the androgen receptor to regulate target genes. Taken together, our results indicate that cholesterol metabolism plays a crucial role in GCT differentiation through autophagy.
Effective like me? Does having a more productive mentor improve the productivity of mentees?

Abstract We use a novel database of the preservice apprenticeships (“student teaching placements”) of teachers in Washington State to investigate the relationship between mentor effectiveness (as measured by value added) and the future effectiveness of their mentees. We find a strong, positive relationship between the effectiveness of a teacher's mentor and their own effectiveness in math and a more modest relationship in English Language Arts. The relationship in math is strongest early in a teacher's career, and would be positive and statistically significant even in the presence of non-random sorting on unobservables of the same magnitude as the sorting on observables. This suggests that at least some of this relationship reflects a causal relationship between mentor effectiveness and the future effectiveness of their mentees in math.
Thermodynamic Studies of Orientational Disorder in π-Molecular Compounds: III. Heat Capacities of Naphthalene-Pyromellitic Dianhydride and Pyrene-Pyromellitic Dianhydride

The heat capacities and thermodynamic functions from 5 to 300 K for naphthalene-pyromellitic dianhydride (N-PMDA) and pyrene-pyromellitic dianhydride (P-PMDA) are reported. From the featureless hea...
Improving Billing Accuracy Through Enterprise-Wide Standardized Structured Reporting With Cross-Divisional Shared Templates.

Abstract Objective We describe our experience in implementing enterprise-wide standardized structured reporting for chest radiographs (CXRs) via change management strategies and assess the economic impact of structured template adoption. Methods Enterprise-wide standardized structured CXR reporting was implemented in a large urban health care enterprise in two phases from September 2016 to March 2019: initial implementation of division-specific structured templates followed by introduction of auto launching cross-divisional consensus structured templates. Usage was tracked over time, and potential radiologist time savings were estimated. Correct-to-bill (CTB) rates were collected between January 2018 and May 2019 for radiography. Results CXR structured template adoption increased from 46% to 92% in phase 1 and to 96.2% in phase 2, resulting in an estimated 8.5 hours per month of radiologist time saved. CTB rates for both radiographs and all radiology reports showed a linearly increasing trend postintervention with radiography CTB rate showing greater absolute values with an average difference of 20% throughout the sampling period. The CTB rate for all modalities increased by 12%, and the rate for radiography increased by 8%. Discussion Change management strategies prompted adoption of division-specific structured templates, and exposure via auto launching enforced widespread adoption of consensus templates. Standardized structured reporting resulted in both economic gains and projected radiologist time saved.
Those Who Must Die: Syrian Refugees in the Age of National Security

The purpose of this study is to deconstruct the language used in President Trump’s Facebook posts while on the campaign trail, and the subsequent comments which reiterate and reify this rhetoric, to understand how Syrian refugees are labeled as a dangerous population unworthy of asylum. By utilizing the theoretical groundwork of Foucault (1980), Agamben (2005), and Mbembe (Public Culture 15: 11–40, 2003), this qualitative content analysis will explore how Syrian refugees, as depicted by Facebook comments, represent a “disposable population.” We conclude that by reducing Syrian refugees to a sub-human status and representing them as the dangerous and unworthy other, both President Trump who initiated this rhetoric, and those who responded in a way which legitimized his views, effectively labeled Syrian refugees as a dangerous population unworthy of asylum within the USA.
Patterns of infant‐only wake bouts and night feeds during early infancy: An exploratory study using actigraphy in mother‐father‐infant triads

BACKGROUND Infants' ability to fall back to sleep without parental involvement may reduce nighttime feeding frequency. OBJECTIVE We describe the associations between infant-only wake bouts ("self-soothing") and nighttime feeds using actigraphy from 6 to 24 weeks of age. METHODS Mother-father-infant triads (N = 20) wore sleep monitors, and mothers recorded infant night feeds, when infants were 6, 15 and 24 weeks of age. Actigraphy data were matched within-families to quantify infant-only wake bouts (infants woke; mothers/fathers remained asleep). Mixed models tested associations between infant-only wake bouts and night feeding frequency. RESULTS The proportion of infant-only wake bouts/night increased from 6 to 15 weeks of age (6 weeks: 52% [95% CI: 45-59]; 15 weeks: 64% [57-71]; 24 weeks: 62% [55-69]; P < .01). For every 10% increase in the proportion of infant-only wake bouts/night, there were 0.36 fewer feeds/night (P < .01) at 24 weeks; these concurrent associations were not found at 6 and 15 weeks. The proportion of infant-only wake bouts/night at 6 weeks predicted a faster rate of decline in the number of feeds/night from 6 to 24 weeks (P < .01). CONCLUSION Infants' ability to fall back to sleep without parent involvement at 6 weeks was associated with the trajectory of nighttime feeding frequency across early infancy.
Abstract 15315: SGLT2 Inhibitor Ertugliflozin Decreases Elevated Intracellular Sodium, Improves Myocardial Energetics and Enhances Function in Metabolic Heart Disease

Background: Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are antidiabetic drugs of great interest in cardiology due to their improvement of heart failure outcomes independent of diabetes. As ...
Organic Matter in Cometary Environments.

Comets contain primitive material leftover from the formation of the Solar System, making studies of their composition important for understanding the formation of volatile material in the early Solar System. This includes organic molecules, which, for the purpose of this review, we define as compounds with C–H and/or C–C bonds. In this review, we discuss the history and recent breakthroughs of the study of organic matter in comets, from simple organic molecules and photodissociation fragments to large macromolecular structures. We summarize results both from Earth-based studies as well as spacecraft missions to comets, highlighted by the Rosetta mission, which orbited comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko for two years, providing unprecedented insights into the nature of comets. We conclude with future prospects for the study of organic matter in comets.
Greater trochanteric pain syndrome: predicting who will respond to a local glucocorticoid injection.

Objectives: This study aimed to explore whether certain clinical tests or a rapid improvement in lateral hip pain following periarticular injection are predictive of subsequent efficacy of local gl...
Dementia or no dementia in the elderly. Why

Abstract Dementia is a syndrome, not a unique disease and rarely occurs in the absence of substantial brain pathology. However, many older individuals can have similar brain pathology without dementia. About 65% of older individuals aged 90+ have evidence of dementia usually due to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology and vascular disease. The AD neurodegenerative process is associated with Aβ amyloid and phosphorylated tau deposition and usually coexists with vascular disease and other proteinopathies. Individuals who survive to age 90+ free of dementia, about 5%–10% of the population, include two populations: (1) little vascular and amyloid pathology and low risk of clinical AD (50%); and (2) others with pathology and cognitive reserve (50%). We do not know the initial pathological event that leads to neuronal death. Brain microvascular disease and blood–brain barrier dysfunction are probably playing an important role in development of AD pathology in relation to clearance and metabolism of beta amyloid 1–42 (Aβ1-42). Major determinants of successful survival without dementia to older ages 85–90+ include low atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis burden, less brain microvascular disease and neurodegeneration and fitness.
By The Numbers: Individual Bias and Enterprise Risk Management

In theory, enterprise risk management (ERM) appears to be a succinct and effective risk management model. In practice, as is the case with most managerial techniques, the devil is in the implementation. This study explores this issue by examining how the composition of ERM groups determines which risks are managed and which risks are ignored. In two experiments, we find that groups with accounting or financial backgrounds place greater emphasis on financial risks compared with cross-functional groups. Results suggest that organizations will achieve different ERM outcomes from using cross-functional groups than financially oriented group.
Emerging Perspectives on Leukemia Inhibitory Factor and its Receptor in Cancer

Tumorigenesis and metastasis have deep connections to inflammation and inflammatory cytokines, but the mechanisms underlying these relationships are poorly understood. Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) and its receptor (LIFR), part of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) cytokine family, make up one such ill-defined piece of the puzzle connecting inflammation to cancer. Although other members of the IL-6 family have been shown to be involved in the metastasis of multiple types of cancer, the role of LIF and LIFR has been challenging to determine. Described by others in the past as enigmatic and paradoxical, LIF and LIFR are expressed in a diverse array of cells in the body, and the narrative surrounding them in cancer-related processes has been vague, and at times even contradictory. Despite this, recent insights into their functional roles in cancer have highlighted interesting patterns that may allude to a broader understanding of LIF and LIFR within tumor growth and metastasis. This review will discuss in depth the signaling pathways activated by LIF and LIFR specifically in the context of cancer-the purpose being to summarize recent literature concerning the downstream effects of LIF/LIFR signaling in a variety of cancer-related circumstances in an effort to begin teasing out the intricate web of contradictions that have made this pair so challenging to define.
SU-E-T-629: Prediction of the ViewRay Radiotherapy Treatment Time for Clinical Logistics

Purpose: An algorithm is developed in our clinic, given a new treatment plan, to predict treatment delivery time for radiation therapy (RT) treatments of patients on ViewRay magnetic resonance-image guided radiation therapy (MR-IGRT) delivery system. This algorithm is necessary for managing patient treatment appointments, and is useful as an indicator to assess the treatment plan complexity. Methods: A patient’s total treatment delivery time, not including time required for localization, may be described as the sum of four components: (1) the treatment initialization time; (2) the total beam-on time; (3) the gantry rotation time; and (4) the multileaf collimator (MLC) motion time. Each of the four components is predicted separately. The total beam-on time can be calculated using both the planned beam-on time and the decay-corrected delivery dose rate. To predict the remaining components, we quantitatively analyze the patient treatment delivery record files. The initialization time is demonstrated to be random since it depends on the final gantry angle and MLC leaf positions of the previous treatment. Based on modeling the relationships between the gantry rotation angles and the corresponding rotation time, and between the furthest MLC leaf moving distance and the corresponding MLC motion time, the total delivery time is predicted using linear regression. Results: The proposed algorithm has demonstrated the feasibility of predicting the ViewRay treatment delivery time for any treatment plan of any patient. The average prediction error is 0.89 minutes or 5.34%, and the maximal prediction error is 2.09 minutes or 13.87%. Conclusion: We have developed a treatment delivery time prediction algorithm based on the analysis of previous patients’ treatment delivery records. The accuracy of our prediction is sufficient for guiding and arranging patient treatment appointments on a daily basis. The predicted delivery time could also be used as an indicator to assess the treatment plan complexity. This work was supported by a research grant from Viewray Inc.
Asexualities: Socio-Cultural Perspectives

We explore the multi-layered concept of asexuality. After giving a brief history of the use of the term asexual, we explain and debunk some of the myths associated with the term, while offering a brief summary of some current literature. We clarify how asexual differs from celibacy and illuminate the particulars of asexuality compared to several Diagnostic and Statistical Manual diagnoses. By situating asexuality within a historical and current socio-cultural context, we examine the gap between self-identified asexuals’ experiences and cultural misunderstandings of asexualities. After briefly addressing diversity within the asexual community, we argue for several avenues of future research.
Spiritual Discernment in Soseki Natsume's Kokoro

The Orient—from the European borders of the old Ottoman Empire to the archipelago of Japan—often has been regarded by the West as a land of mystery, enigma, and alien sensibility. Such an attitude and its attendant postures towards cultures of the Orient, which are as diverse as they are rich, reflect a failure of studied appreciation for these societies. Such misinformed opinion also sometimes betrays a not-too-well-disguised jingoism and xenophobia that occasionally permit the West to conveniently, simplistically, and erroneously classify the peoples of the Pacific Rim and the interior of Asia as inhabitants of cultures which are altogether removed from the psychological, religious, and social experiences of life as these are understood and lived in the West. This misapprehension of the East may, in part, be based on the two hemispheres' relative lack of common recognition points of reference in language, metaphor, and story, but this misapprehension can be corrected in part by a close examination of the literature of the East—especially when the author under review is someone like Soseki Natsume, a Japanese writer with more than passing familiarity with the West.
Kosterlitz-Thouless transition in Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8 thin films.

Electrical transport properties of {ital c}-axis-oriented Tl{sub 2}Ba{sub 2}CaCu{sub 2}O{sub 8} thin films have been examined within the context of the Kosterlitz-Thouless (KT) model. The nonlinear current versus voltage and resistivity versus magnetic field characteristics below the KT transition temperature ({ital T}{sub {ital c}}=99.0 K), together with the exponential inverse-square-root temperature dependence of the resistivity just above {ital T}{sub {ital c}}, were consistent with each other and with the theory. The parametrization of the resistivity data well above the transition by Aslamazov-Larkin theory was also consistent with that of the KT theory.
Capsule Commentary on Wolff, et al., A Look at Person- and Family-Centered Care Among Older Adults: Results from a National Survey

Person- and family-centered care involves weighing potential benefits and burdens of medical treatments according to the values and preferences of patients and their families.1 Such decision-making is especially crucial as people age and develop comorbidities, which increase opportunities for more medical treatments and the susceptibility to treatment burdens.2 A key finding In the article by Wolff and Boyd3 was that nearly 40 % of older adults reported treatment burden—that healthcare activities were difficult, didn’t get done, or were too much to do. Burden was even more likely for older adults in poor health and/or those with limited literacy.
It's All a Matter of Attitude

Abstract Should programs and services for sexual minority families be mainstreamed in organizations which traditionally cater to a predominantly non-gay, non-lesbian clientele, or should these services and programs remain the purview of specialized organizations catering to the needs of gay and lesbian clientele? This essay begins with a discussion of the unique needs of sexual minority families and the current rationale for separate versus integrated services, including an examination of the pressures on these families and what they need to sustain family life. Arguments for and against separate and integrated services are explored. Second, the ways an organization's culture shapes receptivity and responsiveness to a particular client population are considered. Attitudes, values, beliefs, and symbols dictate an agency's norms and prescribe its organizational behavior. Ultimately this is reflected in the programs and services to parents and children. Finally, this essay sets out an argument for developing...
Distinct Sets of Rab6 Effectors Contribute to ZW10‐ and COG‐Dependent Golgi Homeostasis

The organization of the Golgi apparatus is determined in part by the interaction of Rab proteins and their diverse array of effectors. Here, we used multiple approaches to identify and characterize a small subset of effectors that mimicked the effects of Rab6 on Golgi ribbon organization. In a visual-based, candidate protein screen, we found that the individual depletion of any of three Rab6 effectors, myosin IIA (MyoIIA), Kif20A and Bicaudal D (BicD), was sufficient to suppress Golgi ribbon fragmentation/dispersal coupled to retrograde tether proteins in a manner paralleling Rab6. MyoIIA and Kif20A depletions were pathway selective and suppressed ZW10-dependent Golgi ribbon fragmentation/dispersal only whereas BicD depletion, like Rab6, suppressed both ZW10- and COG-dependent Golgi ribbon fragmentation. The MyoIIA effects could be produced in short-term assays by the reversible myosin inhibitor, blebbistatin. At the electron microscope level, the effects of BicD-depletion mimicked many of those of Rab6-depletion: longer and more continuous Golgi cisternae and a pronounced accumulation of coated vesicles. Functionally, BicD-depleted cells were inhibited in transport of newly synthesized VSV-G protein to the cell surface. In summary, our results indicate small, partially overlapping subsets of Rab6 effectors are differentially important to two tether-dependent pathways essential to Golgi organization and function.
Effects of cross-link density and polymer structure on thermal analysis of phenol-formaldehyde polymers

Cross link density and polymer structure effects on thermal analysis of phenol formaldehyde polymers
Diagnosis of endometrial cancer complicated by morbid obesity—a case report

A 47 year old morbidly obesity nulligravid female presented to a local hospital with chest pain and shortness of breath, CT of the chest confirmed pulmonary embolism, and endometrial biopsy performed showed grade 1 endometrioid adenocarcinoma with squamous differentiation. CT scan performed demonstrated pelvic, retroperitoneal, inguinal and right axillary lymphadenopathy, and hepatomegaly with grossly unremarkable uterus and ovaries. Due to the burden of disease, axillary and inguinal lymph node biopsy was attempted, however due to depth of nodes, the tissue was not reached and biopsy efforts were abandoned. It required a great deal of discussion with the radiology department to decide which lesion would be least morbid to biopsy. After failed attempts at several methods, the gastroenterologist consulted felt the retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy adjacent to the duodenum was a possibility. The sample was sparse, but confirmed a metastatic adenocarcinoma and ruled out an inflammatory or granulomatous process. Ultimately, this unfortunate woman’s obesity caused her to have a worse outcome, not only due to medical comorbidities, but also with regards to delayed diagnosis and treatment and progression of disease. As the obesity epidemic worsens, this is likely to occur more commonly. It is important to realize the limitations of our consults as all aspects and fields of medicine are limited by morbid obesity.
Keith M. Brown and Alan R. MacDonald, eds., The History of the Scottish Parliament, vol. 3: Parliament in Context, 1235-1707.

Keith M. Brown and Alan R. MacDonald, eds., The History of the Scottish Parliament, vol. 3: Parliament in Context, 1235-1707. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2010. Pp. 304. ISBN 978-0-7486-1486-8. £70.00.
Nanoscale Morphology of Kerogen and In Situ Nanomechanical Properties of Green River Oil Shale

AbstractOil shale is an important energy resource that is immensely underutilized due to the cost of extraction of crude oil from oil shale as a result of limited scientific understanding of the locking of kerogen, the precursor to crude oil in the oil shale. Here, nanomechanical properties of in situ kerogen surrounded by minerals in oil shale are evaluated for the Green River Formation oil shale of Colorado Piceance Basin. Electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy experiments indicate that the sizes of kerogen-rich phases in the oil shale samples are of the scale of 10–50 nm. Comparison of nanoindentation experiments on light- and dark-colored oil shale regions indicates that light oil shale has softer regions arising from higher kerogen content. There do not appear to be significant differences between light- and dark-colored oil shale in orientation parallel and perpendicular to the bedding plane. The elastic modulus values of dark- and light-colored oil shale from nanomechanical experime...
Identification of metabolic system parameters using global optimization methods

The problem of estimating the parameters of dynamic models of complex biological systems from time series data is becoming increasingly important. Particular consideration is given to metabolic systems that are formulated as Generalized Mass Action (GMA) models. The estimation problem is posed as a global optimization task, for which novel techniques can be applied to determine the best set of parameter values given the measured responses of the biological system. The challenge is that this task is nonconvex. Nonetheless, deterministic optimization techniques can be used to find a global solution that best reconciles the model parameters and measurements. Specifically, the paper employs branch-and-bound principles to identify the best set of model parameters from observed time course data and illustrates this method with an existing model of the fermentation pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This is a relatively simple yet representative system with five dependent states and a total of 19 unknown parameters of which the values are to be determined. The efficacy of the branch-and-reduce algorithm is illustrated by the S. cerevisiae example. The method described in this paper is likely to be widely applicable in the dynamic modeling of metabolic networks.
Johannesburg: The Elusive Metropolis Sarah Nuttall and Achille Mbembe, editors.

(2009). Johannesburg: The Elusive Metropolis Sarah Nuttall and Achille Mbembe, editors. Urban Geography: Vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 567-568.
Carbon isotope ratios of apatite from fossil bone cannot be used to reconstruct diets of animals

The reconstruction of animals' diets from measurements of stable isotope levels in fossils relies on the fact that the 13C/12C ratio of animal carbon reflects the 13C/12C ratio of dietary carbon1,2. Two phases in fresh bone, collagen and the carbonate occurring in apatite, the predominant bone mineral, have isotopic ratios that are related to the 13C/12C ratio of the diet1. The isotopic ratios of both phases have been used to study the diets of extant animals3,4. Reconstruction of the diets of fossil animals using the isotopic method has been limited to analysis of collagen preserved in bone5–8. It has not been possible to use the 13C/12C ratios of carbon in the inorganic phase of fossil bone for dietary reconstruction because most fossil bones contain significant amounts of calcium carbonate, deposited after the animal's death, that contribute to the CO2 evolved from the bone during acid hydrolysis3,4. However, Sullivan and Krueger9 recently presented data which led them to conclude that the 13C/12C ratio of CO2 extracted by acid hydrolysis from the apatite phase of fossil bone records information about an animal's diet. We have now determined the 13C/12C ratios of both the apatite phase and the collagen of 24 fossil animal and human bones, and our results indicate that the 13C/12C ratio of fossil bone apatite cannot be used for dietary reconstruction.
Systematics and biogeography of Sternarchellini (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae): Diversification of electric fishes in large Amazonian rivers

Sternarchellini (Gymnotiformes, Apteronotidae) e um clado de 10 especies de peixes eletricos que habitam canais profundos de rios das bacias do Amazonas e Orinoco, que atingem um tamanho moderado quando adultos (15-50 cm CT), e possuem habito predatorio. Rastreamos a origem evolutiva e diversificacao de Sternarchellini utilizando tecnicas filogeneticas e biogeograficas padroes e um conjunto de dados de 70 caracteres morfologicos. Os principais resultados sao: 1) o genero Sternarchella inclui duas especies atualmente atribuidas ao genero Magosternarchus; e 2) as assembleias de multi-especies de Sternarchellini nas bacias Amazonica e do Orinoco nao formam grupos monofileticos. A analise biogeografica historica sugere que a evolucao do Sternarchellini esteve ligada ao evento de captura de rio de grande escala que formou as atuais bacias do Amazonas e Orinoco, i.e., o soerguimento do arco estrutural Vaupes no Mioceno Superior e o rompimento concomitante do arco estrutural Purus. E proposto que esse evento contribuiu para o surgimento das especies atuais de Sternarchellini, e para a formacao das assembleias modernas de especies de Sternarchellini com ampla distribuicao nas bacias. Os resultados indicam que cladogenese (especiacao) e anagenese (evolucao adaptativa) foram processos desacoplados na evolucao de Sternarchellini
A survey of amino acid side-chain interactions in 21 proteins

Abstract Based on the atomic co-ordinate data for 21 representative proteins, the frequencies of long-range interactions between side-chain groups and 15 different types of side-chain atoms have been determined. The observed frequencies are compared to the results expected for random association in order to define a scale of relative affinities. Thirty-five residue-atom pairs exhibit frequencies of interaction that differ by at least 50% from the expected values. The amino acids tend to fall into three classes: non-polar, neutral and polar amino acids. The data are regrouped in a different way to determine the average affinity of each amino acid side-chain group for all other types of side-chain groups. Fourteen side-chain pairs have at least 50% fewer interactions than expected, while 21 side-chain pairs have at least 50% more interactions than expected. Unusual patterns of association are discussed and compared with current ideas about the organization of protein structure.
Dynamics and structure of some tricarbonylferrole-iron tricarbonyl derivatives

Abstract A series of compounds of the formula Fe2(CO)6-x(PR3)x(R′C2R″)2 (x = 0, R′ and R″ = Ph, R′ and R″ = H, R′ = Ph and R″ = H; x = 1, K = Ph or n-Bu, and R′ and R″ = Ph) were studied by 13C NMR to observe their solution properties. The tricarbonylferrole unit was found to be static from −125 to +95° C, while the π-Fe(CO)3 group appeared to be fluxional over the same temperature range. Definite assignments of the carbonyl carbon and ferrole ring carbon resonances have been made. A low temperature single crystal X-ray study of Fe2(CO)5PPh3(PhC2Ph)2 demonstrated that the phosphine ligand was attached to the ferrole iron contrary to previous belief based on chemical evidence.
From Welfare to Work: Has Welfare Reform Worked?

This paper discusses estimates of the effect of welfare reform,as measured by the imposition of time limits and family cap provisions, on the employment and fertility of less educated unmarried women. This analysis shows that welfare reform has induced less educated unmarried women to move from welfare to work in significant numbers. The imposition of time limits and other administrative reforms correlated with it have increased the employment of unmarried women with 12 or fewer years of education by an estimated 363,171, approximately 28 percent of the decline in welfare caseloads for this group since 1994. Furthermore, evidence shows that women who have left welfare for employment worked approximately 29 hours per week, which even at low wages may significantly improve their financial status relative to public assistance. However, little evidence can be found to show that the imposition of time limits and family caps affect the fertility of less educated unmarried women. © 2001 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Further observations of shear localization at the tip of a notch

An experimental investigation of shear localization at the tip of a notch is reported. The initiation and propagation of shear localization in two aging conditions of 300 maraging steel is recorded using ultra-high-speed photography with the goal of discovering more about; (1) the shear fatigue susceptibility of the materials, and (2) the transition from shear failure to tensile failure. These two areas are identified as important because shear localization as a failure mechanism requires, first, that the material be susceptible to such a localization, second, that the localization be dominant over other modes of failure and, last--due to boundary conditions in specific problems--that the shear localization propagate from one point into another. In reference to the first topic, the fundamental issue is whether shear localization susceptibility can be measured at all. In this work shear localization susceptibility is qualitatively investigated indicating that peak-aged 300 maraging steel is more susceptible than under- aged. The final failure within the shear band is characterized through ultra-high-speed observation and post- mortem examination. Propagation is observed and characterized by impacting side notched plates while observations are made using high speed photography at framing rates of 480,000 fps. Shear failure is seen to propagate at 1000 m/s in peak-aged material and 200 m/s in under-aged material. The peak aged material fails fully by shear while the shear failure in under-aged material arrests and is followed by tensile failure. Finite element modeling is used to determine the nature of elastic wave propagation in the specimen.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Apoer2: A Reelin Receptor to Remember

The extracellular protein Reelin is crucial for neuronal positioning during brain development, but its expression persists long after cell migration is completed. In this issue of Neuron, Beffert et al. demonstrate that Reelin exerts an additional function in the mature brain, to modulate synaptic plasticity and to favor memory formation. This activity is carried out exquisitely by the Apoer2 receptor and critically requires the presence of an alternatively spliced exon. This exon encodes an intracellular domain that interacts with postsynaptic proteins and promotes binding and phosphorylation of NMDA receptors.
Modulator and the glucocorticoid receptor

Abstract The presence o f a small molecule, named ‘modulator', has been observed in liver cytosol. It inhibits nuclear translocation or binding to DNA by the activated glucocorticoid receptor. Separate experiments using chemical probes of active sites of receptor suggested that the modulator could be pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. Experiments with pyridoxine-deficient animals seem to fortify that conclusion.
Internal spin angular momentum of an asymptotically flat spacetime

In this paper we investigate the manner in which the internal spin angular momentum of a spinor field is encoded in the gravitational field at asymptotic infinity. The inclusion of internal spin requires us to reanalyze our notion of asymptotic flatness. In particular, the Poincare symmetry at asymptotic infinity must be replaced by a spin-enlarged Poincare symmetry. Likewise, the generators of the asymptotic symmetry group must be supplemented to account for the internal spin. In the Hamiltonian framework of first-order Einstein-Cartan gravity, the extra generator comes from the boundary term of the Gauss constraint in the asymptotically flat context. With the additional term, we establish the relations among the Noether charges of a Dirac field, the Komar integral, and the asymptotic Arnowitt-Deser-Misner-like geometric integral. We show that by imposing mild restraints on the generating functionals of gauge transformations at asymptotic infinity, the phase space is rendered explicitly finite. We construct the energy-momentum and the new total (spin + orbital) angular momentum boundary integrals that satisfy the appropriate algebra to be the generators of the spin-enlarged Poincare symmetry. This demonstrates that the internal spin is encoded in the tetrad at asymptotic infinity. In addition, we find that a new conserved and (spin-enlarged) Poincare invariant charge emerges that is associated with the global structure of a gauge transformation.
The action of Mendelian genes in human diploid cell strains.

Some of the cells of every human being will grow outside the body as microorganisms. It is possible to show, in a variety of ways, that these cells resemble genetically the individual from whom they were obtained. Over 35 inherited human diseases and anomalies can now be studied in such cell lines. Human diploid cell strains, biochemically marked by one or more mutant Mendelian genes, have proven particularly useful for the study of gene action in man and for the detection of genetic changes such as mutation and somatic cell hybridization. In addition, the strains have a number of clinical applications, including the antenatal diagnosis of inherited disease. The failure of cultured human cells to display their phenotype at most loci continues to restrict their use in both genetics and medicine. There are reasons for hoping that this difficulty will eventually be solved, and some experiments bearing on the problem are already feasible.
Organocatalytic, Enantioselective Synthesis of VNI: A Robust Therapeutic Development Platform for Chagas, a Neglected Tropical Disease

VNI is a potent inhibitor of CYP51 and was recently shown to achieve a parasitological cure of mice infected with T. cruzi in both acute and chronic stages of infection. T. cruzi is the causative parasite of Chagas disease, a neglected tropical disease. The first enantioselective chemical synthesis of VNI (at a materials cost of less than $0.10/mg) is described. Furthermore, the key enantioselective step is performed at the 10 g scale.
The Effect of Glucagon on the Pulmonary Transvascular Fluid Filtration Rate

Administration of glucagon has been shown to decrease pulmonary vascular resistance, but its primary site of action is undetermined. Whether this is on the arterial or venous side of the capillary would be reflected in the microvascular hydrostatic pressure. We used the pulmonary flow of lymph, a sensitive index of the transvascular fluid filtration rate, to monitor the microvascular hydrostatic pressure. Eight unanesthetized sheep with a surgically created long-term fistula for monitoring pulmonary lymph were given a 3-mg bolus of glucagon after a baseline period. We found no change in pulmonary arterial or left atrial pressures but noted a significant increase in cardiac output and a decrease in pulmonary resistance. The flow of pulmonary lymph increased by 50 percent for 30 minutes after administration of glucagon, and the protein content of the lymph decreased by 15 percent, indicating a large increase in the microvascular hydrostatic pressure. From these data, we calculated a decrease in arterial resistance from 60 percent to 30 percent of the total and, subsequently, an increase of 6 cm H2O in the microvascular hydrostatic pressure. Administration of glucagon, therefore, decreases the arterial resistance while increasing microvascular pressure in the process.
Integrating Science and Practice: Adopting the Pasteurian Model:

The field of psychology has a long history of attempting to make its basic science relevant to the analysis and solution of social problems. Some psychologists claim that it has been successful at this goal, but others are not convinced. Historically, the field has followed a linear model in its attempts at being relevant: Basic science is somehow developed first, and later someone comes along to apply it to solve problems in real-world settings. This model is now undergoing serious reconsideration in the physical and biological sciences. An alternative model in which science and practice develop seamlessly is represented in the remarkable career of Louis Pasteur. This article discusses both of these models in the context of psychological science and practice. Three fundamental principles underlying Pasteur's way of doing science and practice are presented. Adopting a Pasteurian framework should help resolve at least some of the debates about our science and practice linkage, but this will require a change in how professionals function and how future generations of professionals are trained. Suggestions are presented for making psychology more Pasteurian to help it achieve its stated goal "as a science, as a profession, and as a means of promoting human welfare".
FFECTS OF BETA‐PROPIOLACTONE AND CEEPRYN ON CHROMOSOMES OF VICIA AND ALLIUM

A UNIFYING PRINCIPLE in the induction of gene and chromosomal mutations as well as in cancer chemotherapy (Rhoads, 1954) is that the site of control rests in the nucleoproteins of the cell nucleus. Some have stressed the essentiality of the protein components for specificity; on the other hand, certain evidence from bacterial genetics indicates that desoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) alone may transmit "genetic information." The structure of the chromosome as seen under the microscope has been shown to depend on the combination of protein with DNA (for review see Mirsky, 1953). A series of experiments carried out in Caspersson's laboratory led him and Schultz to conclude that heterochrornatin directs nucleic-acid metabolism and, thus, the protein metabolism in the chromosomes and cytoplasm (for review see Caspersson, 1950). In the experiments reported here, two compounds with predictable basically different effects on nucleic acids and proteins were used to treat root meristems and the response was observed in growth and chromosomal changes. MATERIALS AND METHODS.-Seeds of Burpee's commercial strain of Vicia faba were sprouted until the primary root was about 25 mm. lona. Root tips were then immersed for 30 min. in solutions of beta-propiolactone, the simiplest known lactone; and of the cationic surface-active compound cetyl pyridinium chloride, known commercially as ceepryn. Chemical formulae for these two compounds are given below:
Designing educational policy: A mini-primer on values, theories and tools

Abstract The paper attempts to clarify the many issues and critiques that have been raised on the occasion of the World Bank's 1995 Education Sector Review, using the example of a country official having to decide how to allocate a new influx of resources to education. It is argued that, pending future scientific developments, human capital theory and estimates of the rate of return to investment in education can illuminate such allocation decisions and even lead to diametrically opposite educational policies relative to more conventional tools. Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd
Thermal distributions in a water bath heated mouse tumor

In the past several years numerous investigators have employed various mouse tumor systems and a variety of heating methods to examine the effects of hyperthermia in vivo. These studies have led, in some cases, to different results in tumor response in what appear to be similar experiments. Our results indicate that these discrepancies may in part be attributable to variations in intratumor temperature and depend strongly upon the method and conditions of heating employed. In all cases, we have employed the C3H mammary carcinoma tumor system with the tumor implanted in the right hind limb of the mouse. All tumors were 7–9 mm in diameter at the time of the experiments. Water bath heating was employed with the animals under one of four possible conditions: the presence or absence of anesthesia, and the use or lack of core cooling. Thermometry was performed with an array of multiple microthermocouples, each less than 150 micron in diameter, implanted in the tumor in a grid-like pattern. Significant variations (1.0°C for no anesthesia, p < .01; 1.3°C for Thorazine/Ketamine, p < .001) in intratumor temperature were found across the tumor in the unperturbed state. These variations were essentially eliminated under all hyperthermic conditions. Control of core (rectal) temperature (with or without anesthesia) reduced the intratumor temperatures even though the water bath temperature was held constant resulting in variations between water bath and tumor temperatures of from 0.17–0.8°C.
Effect of pleading the fifth amendment on perceptions of guilt and morality

A simulated jury situation was used to study the effects of pleading the fifth amendment on inferences about an accused person’s guilt and ratings of his morality. Subjects read a fabricated transcript of a grand jury proceeding for an embezzlement case in which an accused person either denied guilt for himself or took the fifth amendment and either denied guilt for another person or took the fifth amendment when questioned about the other person. Thus, the experiment was a 2 by 2 between-groups factorial design. Results showed that negative moral evaluation was in direct proportion to the frequency with which the fifth amendment was taken. Inferences of guilt showed a similar trend except that consistency of pleading for self and other also moderated inferences of guilt.
Stimulation of cholesterol metabolism in the luteinized rat ovary by luteinizing hormone.

1. 1. Minced luteinized rat ovaries were incubated with luteinizing hormone for 1 h, then homogenized and subsequently incubated for 2 h with added luteinizing hormone, [7α-3H]cholesterol and pyridine nucleotides. Control tissues were incubated in the absence of luteinizing hormone or pyridine nucleotides. Luteinizing hormone when present during both the prior incubation and the subsequent incubation with substrate, stimulated the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone, progesterone, and 20α-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3-one. The major metabolites of cholesterol in the presence of TPN+ and glucose 6-phosphate were progesterone and 20α-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3-one together with a small amount of pregnenolone. The metabolism of cholesterol by homogenized luteal tissue was negligible in the absence of added pyridine nucleotides. 2. 2. Luteinizing hormone either given in vivo 3 h previously or added in vitro had no effect on the metabolism of [7α-3H]pregnenolone by minced luteinized ovaries. The major metabolites of pregnenolone were progesterone and 20α-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3-one. 3. 3. The results indicated that luteinizing hormone stimulated the synthesis of progesterone by an effect on a step between cholesterol and pregnenolone and that the effect was independent of the generation of TPNH.
Condensation of Steam on Finned Surfaces With Addition of a Surfactant

A fundamental knowledge of the parameters affecting film condensation is essential for the design of two phase heat exchangers. The current study examines the effect of extended surfaces and surface energy modifications and their interaction for condensation of steam in quiescent and vapor flow conditions. The enhancement of heat transfer for vertical, flat surfaces and two finned surfaces were compared for Reynolds numbers ranging from approximately 10 to 50. The addition of a nonionic surfactant, alcohol alkoxylate, to the system was evaluated for the same surfaces and vapor field conditions. Vapor flow of 0.25 m/s enhanced the heat transfer approximately 40%, while 0.5 m/s vapor velocity produced almost 100% increase in heat transfer. The addition of surfactant to the system produced small enhancement in heat transfer except in the case of condensate hold-up between the fins. In this case, the addition of surfactant increase the heat transfer an additional 25%, likely because the vapor flow and change of surface energy were sufficient to largely eliminate the hold-up of condensate between the fins.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
The Special Issue on Ken Gergen's Book Relational Being

This special issue of the venerable Journal of Constructivist Psychology attempts to capture the ideas and dialogue of a 2010 APA symposium on Kenneth Gergen's (2009) book, Relational Being: Beyond...
Effects of Atomic Layer Deposition of Al2O3 on the Li[Li0.20Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2 Cathode for Lithium-Ion Batteries

The lithium-excess layered oxide Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2 has been surface modified with Al2O3 films grown with atomic layer deposition (ALD) and examined as cathodes for lithium-ion batteries. Al2O3 was grown on powders prior to electrode fabrication, directly on the electrode, and directly on the electrode followed by a heat-treatment at 300°C in air. Compared to the bare electrode, an Al2O3 film on an as-formed electrode improved the cycle performance significantly. Furthermore, the heat treatment of the ALD-coated electrodes result in significant increase in capacity, due to the transformation of the as-deposited Al2O3 to a better Li+-conductive material. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicate that the heat-treatment leads to an inter-diffusion of atoms between the Al2O3 coating and the Li[Li0.20Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2 core.