cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Angular constraints and the Melosh transformation

Abstract The Melosh transformation between current and constituent quarks is discussed when formulated on a light-like plane, as is natural for the description of collinear symmetries like SU(6) W . There is no unique definition of the transformation in this context, but further angular constraints are introduced to ensure that the states coupled by SU(6) W transformations have the correct spin properties. It is then shown that there is no transformation generated by single quark operators which satisfies these requirements, save if only terms to first order in the transverse momentum are kept. Some of the resultant inconsistencies are illustrated by a discussion of baryon magnetic moments. It is concluded that there is no satisfactory explanation of μ p /μ n = − 3 2 from this approach to the Melosh transformation. A non-field theoretic version of the free quark model which solves these angular constraints is exhibited.
The value of a name: Estimating the economic impact of public land designation

Abstract Public land designations have been shown to have significant impact on their contextual regional economies. This paper reviews the existing literature on how public lands impact the proximate regional economies in which they are situated. Based on this collected wisdom the paper synthesizes past lessons into a comprehensive impact methodology. This methodology distinguishes quality effects in terms of visitors’ willingness to pay for sites of higher quality and quantity effects in terms of additional visitation to such sites to give a more comprehensive methodology for characterizing visitation and economic impact of protected area designation. We focus on National Monuments and National Parks, given that these two types of public lands have the broadest popular exposure and feature the most reliable data. A case study is then presented for a hypothetical protected area in Ferry County, Washington, USA, applying this new methodology to assess the likely economic effects of different types of protected areas.
Effect of Calcium and Phosphorus on the Incidence of Leg Abnormalities in Growing Broilers

Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of various dietary levels of Ca and P on growth and leg abnormalities in broiler cockerels fed corn and soybean meal diets varying in Ca and P content. Experiment 1 was a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement utilizing .77 and .97% Ca and .33, .38, .43, and .48% available (non-phytate) P (AP). The higher level of Ca reduced the growth rate of chicks fed low levels of AP. Neither Ca nor AP affected the incidence of crooked legs or dyschondroplasia. Increasing AP to .43% increased (P less than .05) the percentage of bone ash and bone weight. In Experiment 2, chicks were reared for 3 wk on diets containing either .40 or .50% AP. From 3 to 6 wk of age, the chicks were fed diets containing from .25 to .50% AP. The Ca:AP ratios were 2:1 in all diets. The level of AP in diets fed to 3 wk of age had no influence on chick growth, the incidence of crooked legs, or dyschondroplasia in either the starting or growing period. In Experiment 3, the chicks were reared in environmental chambers and from 3 to 6 wk of age and exposed to either constant temperature (27 C) and relative humidity (RH) (50%) or cyclic temperature (27 to 38 C) and RH (80 to 50%). The chicks were fed diets containing either .30% AP and .60% CA or .45% AP and .90% Ca from 3 to 6 wk of age. Cyclic temperature and higher RH depressed growth (P less than .05) but had no effect on the incidence of weak legs or dyschondroplasia.
Direct measurement of active transport systems for alanine in freshly isolated rat liver cells.

Abstract A method for the direct measurement of alanine transport in liver cells has been developed with the use of alanine aminotransferase inhibitors which block the metabolic utilization of alanine. Freshly isolated rat hepatocytes treated with DL-cycloserine or aminooxyacetate are shown to actively accumulate alanine by three neutral amino acid transport systems, analogous to the A, ASC, and L systems of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. At a medium concentration of 1mM, these systems contribute 60, 20, and 5% respectively to hepatic alanine uptake. Passive influx accounts for the remainder.
The English Church and Royal Propaganda During the Hundred Years War

The main force shaping English institutional development during the late middle ages was the intermittent but seemingly endless war with France—a war that was occasionally expanded to include the struggle with France's enthusiastic Scottish ally. Hardly an aspect of English society remained unaffected by these conflicts: the crown was obliged to organize and manage the war effort; the nobility and many freemen had to fight; and most of the population, with few exceptions of class or status, bore the cost. Even if the average Englishman had been able momentarily to forget the continuing state of emergency prevailing in his country, such things as commissions of array, requests for subsidies, seizures of goods and services, alerts and alarms against invasion, and barrages of propaganda and counter-propaganda would have reminded him of the burdens of war. Especially after the formal beginning of the Hundred Years War in 1338, enormous pressures were placed on the institutions of English public administration by the demands of a war waged simultaneously on several fronts.Associated with the expansion of the wartime activities and needs of royal government was the emergence both in England and France of an official mentality attuned to the importance of public opinion for facilitating the exploitation of community resources for military purposes. The inherent nature of feudal monarchy, which was heavily dependent on the cooperation and voluntary service of the governed, had always obliged medieval kings to recognize and respect the vox populi; but official awareness of the value of favorable publicity for conducting the domestic and foreign affairs of the crown increased notably from the late thirteenth century as a result of the French and Scottish wars.
Ethanol and stimulus generalization

Two experiments examined stimulus generalization after injection of a dose of ethanol that did not affect motor performance (.8 g/kg). Generalization of conditioned suppression to tone frequencies was assessed in the first study with rats. In the second study, generalization of the pigeon’s autoshaped keypeck was examined along a line-tilt continuum. In both experiments, ethanol had no significant effect upon the height or shape of the generalization gradient. The second experiment also contained a dose-response analysis of keypecking in a hue-discrimination task. A low dose of ethanol (.4 g/kg) increased CS+ responding, a moderate dose (.8 g/kg) had no effect, and a high dose (1.2 g/kg) depressed responding. Responding to CS— was unaffected by any dose.
A cotwin-control analysis of drug use and abuse/dependence risk associated with early-onset cannabis use.

Abstract We assessed whether, after controlling for genetic and shared environmental influences, early cannabis use remains a significant predictor of other drug use, abuse, and dependence, and whether the risk for early-users is greater than that for later cannabis users. Data from a 1992 telephone diagnostic interview of 8169 male twins (M = 42.0 years at interview) who served in the U.S. military during the Vietnam-era were used to identify a subsample of 293 monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs discordant for early cannabis use (before age 18). Using cotwin-control analyses, outcomes assessed were: lifetime illegal drug use (stimulant/cocaine, sedative, opiate, and hallucinogen/PCP), lifetime DSM-III-R illegal drug abuse/dependence, and lifetime DSM-III-R alcohol dependence. After controlling for covariates, early cannabis users were at greater risk than their later/never-using cotwins for 8 of 9 substance-related comparisons, including: using other illegal drugs (ORs: 2.71–4.09), having illegal drug abuse/dependence (ORs: 2.02–2.13), and developing alcohol dependence (OR = 2.36). When analyses were limited to pairs in which the cotwin used cannabis later, early and later-users only differed significantly on sedative, opiate, and hallucinogen use. After familial influences on early cannabis use were controlled for, cannabis use—regardless of the age of initiation—still conferred increased risk of other illegal drug use, drug abuse/dependence, and alcohol dependence. In contrast to previous research, there is limited evidence for increased risk associated with early-onset use in this sample of Vietnam-era veterans.
Experimental growth of primary anhydrite at low temperatures and water salinities

Well-crystallized anhydrite nucleates and grows readily at temperatures and salinities resembling those in hot, arid regions, provided that certain types of macromolecular organic compounds are also present. In experiments utilizing two different crystal-growth techniques at 60 °C and 50‰ NaCl, small amounts of polymaleic acid, polyacrylic acid, and a phosphate ester induced crystallization of well-formed anhydrite laths 0.5 to 2 μm in size. This anhydrite apparently precipitated through primary nucleation rather than through secondary nucleation in the presence of gypsum or bassanite precursors.
A Finite-Element Perturbation Approach to Fluid/Rotor Interaction in Turbomachinery Elements. Part 1: Theory

The vibrational characteristics of a rotor that is in contact with a fluid in an annular clearance gap, as dictated by the fluid forces in the gap, are investigated. The «rotor » here is a general term that may refer to the shaft segment within the housing of an annular seal, on the simple end of the application spectrum, or the shroud-seal assembly in a shrouded-impeller stage of a turbomachine, on the complex end. The disturbance under consideration involves the axis of rotation, and includes a virtual lateral eccentricity, together with a whirling motion around the housing centerline
Isolated optic nerve oedema as unusual presentation of electric injury

A 45-year-old man with no significant medical history presented following an electric current injury (380 V). He developed multiple systemic injuries including third degree burns and after 1 week of hospitalisation he reported unilateral visual changes. Examination suggested the presence of optic nerve oedema without evidence of haemorrhage, exudate or vessel abnormality. This was considered to be related to the electric shock. A trial of corticosteroids was considered. He was followed up to 5 months in clinic and was noted to have developed unilateral optic atrophy and no other systemic manifestations. Initial and 5 months follow-up optic nerve colour photograph and optical coherence topography were documented. The present case highlights the fact that electric current injury can present with only a unilateral ischaemic optic neuropathy, the need for early diagnosis for timely treatment and the controversial role of corticosteroids.
Ouabain-induced arrhythmia in the rabbit: effects of alpha-methyl-meta-tyrosine.

Abstract Rabbits were pretreated 0.5 to 48 hr with alpha-methyl meta-tyrosine (α-MMT) prior to challenge with a single toxic dose of ouabain. The pretreatment of rabbits with α-MMT, in many cases, prolonged the time to ventricular rhythm disturbances induced by the single intravenous dose of ouabain. The protection afforded by such pretreatment appeared to be biphasic. The early protection, after only 1 2 hr of pretreatment, against ventricular extrasystole seemed to be related to a fall in blood pressure. However, the prolongation of the time to fibrillation and death was not totally related to blood pressure changes. That protection observed after longer pretreatment times was in no way related to blood pressure changes. The results obtained, in the present study, suggest that the adrenergic nervous system may be of importance in the development of ventricular arrhythmia in certain instances, but certainly does not seem to be the only mechanism involved in the development of ouabain-induced arrhythmia.
Relationship of age-related decline across several behavioral domains.

These studies were designed to assess whether aged rats have a similar degree of impairment across a number of behavioral tasks. In Experiment 1, no relationship between the severity of a spatial learning impairment and reaction time performance was found among aged rats. This result is in contrast with a relationship that was found in aged rats between spatial learning and the rate of recovery from gustatory neophobia (results of Experiments 2 and 3). Experiment 3 further showed that the relative spatial learning abilities of two subgroups of aged rats, i.e., "impaired" and "unimpaired," were related to transfer training in the water maze conducted six weeks after the completion of original training. The subgroups of aged animals were also distinguished by their latencies (but not errors) on a circular holeboard maze, and the pattern of water consumption during the light/dark cycle determined at the end of the entire protocol (13th week of testing). Other measures, however, did not distinguish the aged subgroups that were formed on the basis of spatial learning ability.
Emerging Effectiveness of Competition and the Need for Consumer Protection

This paper has the following objectives: a long-range view of structural change in the food industries, an update of market performance expectations, an assessment of important performance problems in the food industry and some observations on the kind of public bureaucracy needed to protect consumers' interests. Where the discourse follows industrial organization conventional wisdom, I will make it as brief as possible. On the few occasions where it is necessary to leave the well-worn path, I will attempt to detail'the landscape more fully.
Rocky Mountain Tertiary coal-basin models and their applicability to some world basins

Abstract Tertiary intermontane basins in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States contain large amounts of coal resources. The first major type of Tertiary coal basin is closed and lake-dominated, either mud-rich (e.g., North Park Basin, Colorado) or mud plus carbonate (e.g., Medicine Lodge Basin, Montana), which are both infilled by deltas. The second major type of Tertiary coal basin is open and characterized by a preponderance of sediments that were deposited by flow-through fluvial systems (e.g., Raton Basin, Colorado and New Mexico, and Powder River Basin, Wyoming and Montana). The setting for the formation of these coals varies with the type of basin sedimentation, paleotectonism, and paleoclimate. The mud-rich lake-dominated closed basin (transpressional paleotectonism and warm, humid paleoclimate), where infilled by sandy “Gilbert-type” deltas, contains thick coals (low ash and low sulfur) formed in swamps of the prograding fluvial systems. The mud- and carbonate-rich lake-dominated closed basin is infilled by carbonate precipitates plus coarse-grained fan deltas and fine-grained deltas. Here, thin coals (high ash and high sulfur) formed in swamps of the fine-grained deltas. The coarse-clastic, open basins (compressional paleotectonism and warm, paratropical paleoclimate) associated with flow-through fluvial systems contain moderately to anomalously thick coals (high to low ash and low sulfur) formed in swamps developed in intermittently abandoned portions of the fluvial systems. These coal development patterns from the Tertiary Rocky Mountain basins, although occurring in completely different paleotectonic settings, are similar to that found in the Tertiary, Cretaceous, and Permian intermontane coal basins in China, New Zealand, and India.
Arachidonic acid activation of guinea pig lung guanylate cyclase by two independent mechanisms

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mechanisms by which arachidonic acid activates guanylate cyclase from guinea pig lung. Guanylate cyclase activities in both homogenate and soluble fractions of lung were examined. Guanylate cyclase activity was determined by measuring formtion of [32-P] cyclic GMP from alpha-[32-P] GTP in the presence of Mn2+, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor and a suitable GTP regenerating system. Arachidonic acid, and to a slight extent dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, activated guanylate cyclase in homogenate but not soluble fractions. Similarly, phospholipase A2 activated homogenate but not soluble guanylate cyclase. Methyl arachidonate, linolenic, linoleic and oleic acids did not activate guanylate cyclase in either fraction. High concentrations of indomethacin, meclofenamate and aspirin inhibited activation of homogenate guanylate cyclase by arachidonic acid and phospholipase A2, without altering basal enzyme activity. These data suggested that a product of cyclooxygenase activity, present in the microsomal fraction, may have accounted for the capacity of arachidonic acid to activate homogenate guanylate cyclase. This view was supported by the findings that addition of the microsomal fraction to be soluble fraction enabled arachidonic acid to activate soluble guanylate cyclase, an effect which was reduced with cycloooxygenase inhibitors. Lipoxygenase activated guanylate cyclase in homogenate and soluble fractions. Arachidonic acid potentiated the activation of soluble guanylate cyclase by lipoxygenase, and this effect was inhibited with nordihydroguairetic acid, 1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidone and hydroquinone, but not with high concentrations of indomethacin, meclofenamate or aspirin. These data suggest that arachidonic acid activates guinea pig lung guanylate cyclase indirectly, via two independent mechanisms, one involving the microsomal fraction and the other involving lipoxygenase.
A simple and sensitive assay procedure for ribonucleotide reductase system.

Abstract A sensitive, rapid, and accurate assay for measuring ribonucleotide reductase activity, including the reduction of CDP, UDP, GDP, and ADP to their corresponding deoxyribonucleotides, is described. Using polyethyleneimine-cellulose thin-layer chromatography, I was able to separate the substrates, the reaction products, and the associated hydrolytic products from each other. This procedure allowed me to measure all of the products formed without dephosphorylation or acid hydrolysis. It has been adapted to study the ribonucleotide reductase system of bacteriophage T4-infected cells.
Mammary gland development: cell fate specification, stem cells and the microenvironment

The development of the mammary gland is unique: the final stages of development occur postnatally at puberty under the influence of hormonal cues. Furthermore, during the life of the female, the mammary gland can undergo many rounds of expansion and proliferation. The mammary gland thus provides an excellent model for studying the 'stem/progenitor' cells that allow this repeated expansion and renewal. In this Review, we provide an overview of the different cell types that constitute the mammary gland, and discuss how these cell types arise and differentiate. As cellular differentiation cannot occur without proper signals, we also describe how the tissue microenvironment influences mammary gland development.
Solute and penetrant diffusion in swellable polymers. II. Verification of theoretical models

A mathematical model developed to describe diffusion of a penetrant and a solute in a swellable polymer slab was applied to the case of a hydrophilic polymer loaded with a soluble drug in which the penetrant (water) is sorbed and solute (drug) is desorbed. An exponential dependence of the penetrant and solute diffusion coefficients on penetrant concentration was chosen and shown to be adequate for description of the systems studied. Experimental verification of the model was conducted by using copolymers of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (NVP). The monomers were bulk polymerized with benzoyl peroxide initiator and cut into thin disks. Monomer mole fractions of HEMA in the copolymers were 0.707, 0.446, and 0.211. Swelling behavior of the samples was observed in water at 37 and 0°C. Solute-containing samples were prepared and solute release from these samples into water was followed by monitoring the UV absorption of the release medium. The concentration dependence of the diffusivity of water and two model solutes, sodium trifluoroacetate and sodium heptafluorobutyrate, in the gels was studied by using the pulsed-gradient spin-echo NMR technique. The diffusivities measured by this technique followed the concentration dependence predicted by the free-volume theory. The simple exponential dependence used in the model was an adequate approximation of this behavior in the case of a transient diffusion experiment.
Decade in review—genomics: A decade of discovery in cancer genomics

Over the past decade, genetic testing for rare inherited mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, has been successfully incorporated into clinical practice. Next-generation sequencing of cancer-susceptibility genes and entire tumour genomes has transformed cancer care and prevention. The discoveries of new cancer syndromes have raised exciting opportunities and potential liabilities for cancer-care providers seeking to incorporate genomic approaches into preventive oncology practice.
European views on the transfer of technology from military to civil uses

A study was conducted in seven major industrialized countries of Western Europe aimed at throwing new light on problems of military to civilian transfer of resources (Udis, 1975). While a variety of subjects are discussed in the full report, the section on technology transfer has been abstracted for this paper. The basic interview was designed for organizations forced to adjust to a reduced level of dependence on military expenditures and the consequent need to develop civil market alternatives. The field work consisted of a series of interviews with industrial executives, government officials, university professors and journalists.
Malaria 2050: from science to strategy; from evidence to eradication

The malaria community has moved rapidly from acceptance of the possibility of elimination in some countries to an active discussion about eventual human malaria eradication, perhaps by 2050. If this ambitious goal is to be achieved, several things are necessary. First, we must have a clear overall strategy for the achievement of malaria eradication. This involves three equally important elements: • Aggressive control in the heartland to bring malaria burden from high to low. • Shrinking the malaria map by eliminating transmission in countries at the endemic margins. • Research to bring forward new drugs, vaccines, insecticides and other tools and technologies. Second, we must have a clear roadmap leading to eradication in 2050. If all countries have eliminated by 2050, what must the 2040 map look like? What must the 2030 map look like? And so on. We must set ambitious but achievable five-yearly targets. These must be accompanied by research timelines for the discovery of new and better tools and technologies. Third, we must aggressively use today’s tools today and be ready to adopt and rapidly scale-up tomorrow’s tools for tomorrow. Fourth, we must work to strengthen both national programs and regional collaborations. Two significant regional collaborations, APMEN and E8, provide models. Fifth, we must overcome specific technical challenges including artemisinin-resistant P. falciparum, Plasmodium knowlesi, cross-border malaria movement, and the systemically weak management that is found in most National Malaria Control Programs. Sixth, we must ensure adequate finance, not only to reach elimination, but to prevent reintroduction. The possibility of declining budgets in the face of declining malaria, and no budgets in the face of no malaria, is ever present. Sri Lanka in the 1960s will repeat itself if we are not proactive. We vaccinate against measles where there is no measles. We need to invest in malaria control where there is no malaria. Finally, we must continue to transition from a science-led malaria endeavor to a science-supported malaria endeavor. Scientists will always focus on what we do not know and on the lack of evidence to support aggressive action. Leadership needs to come from those who are experienced in bold action based on sufficient evidence, to create a more ambitious trajectory toward eradication. And this leadership needs to be supported by the best scientists and the most vigorous development of new products and tools. Linked to this culture of action, must be an emphasis on operational research and learning while doing. With these and other commitments and efforts, we can collectively embrace the vision of a planet with no human malaria by 2050.
Ediacaran fossils in Meso- and Paleoproterozoic rocks in peninsular India extend Darwin

Typically or arguably Ediacaran fossils (635 Ma to 543 Ma) are reported by several research groups from one unit of the Chhattisgarh and two units of the Vindhyan Supergroups in peninsular India. Depositional ages of the host sediments, however, are inferred to be ∼1000 Ma and ∼ 1630 Ma as determined by U-Pb dating of magmatic and detrital zircons in rhyolitic tuff (∼ porcellanite) and sandstones, provenance considerations and paleopole positions. The contradiction of absolute ages results from inferring the Ediacaran age strictly on the basis of fossils. I argue that the fossils reported from the Chhattisgarh and Vindhyan Supergroups should be considered mostly Mesoproterozoic and late Proterozoic in age. I also argue that although the Ediacaran Period records explosive diversity of preserved fossils, many forms very likely appeared much earlier with variable degrees of preservation or none at all at times, and, that their age-ranges extend to the Paleoproterozoic. I hypothesize that the rate of increase of biological diversity was lower than the rate of preservation in certain geological intervals, especially immediately after extinction events.
Knowing more than we can tell : resolving the dynamic paradox of self-deception

L'A. souleve le paradoxe de l'autoillusion selon lequel le trompeur ne peut etre la victime de sa propre illusion. Procedant par analogie avec le lecteur de pensee (mind reader), l'A. examine les cas d'illusion inter- et intrapersonnelle, afin de montrer que le controle conscient de l'action intentionnelle laisse ouverte la possibilite de l'autoillusion
Collaboration with Health and Social Service Professionals: Preparing Teachers for New Roles

The authors outline the implications that the growing number of health and social service professionals in schools has for schools, teachers, and teacher education and discusses the need to improve coordination and collaboration among these professionals. Teacher education units are urged to monitor this trend, to consider modifying their programs in appropriate ways, and to model collaborative relationships with human service professionals.
Hibernation by tree-roosting bats.

In summer, long-eared bats (Nyctophilus spp.) roost under bark and in tree cavities, where they appear to benefit from diurnal heating of roosts. In contrast, hibernation is thought to require a cool stable temperature, suggesting they should prefer thermally insulated tree cavities during winter. To test this prediction, we quantified the winter thermoregulatory physiology and ecology of hibernating tree-roosting bats, Nyctophilus geoffroyi and N. gouldi in the field. Surprisingly, bats in winter continued to roost under exfoliating bark (65%) on the northern, sunny side of trees and in shallow tree cavities (35%). Despite passive re-warming of torpid bats by 10–20°C per day, torpor bouts lasted up to 15 days, although shorter bouts were also common. Arousals occurred more frequently and subsequent activity lasted longer on warmer nights, suggesting occasional winter foraging. We show that, because periodic arousals coincide with maximum roost temperatures, when costs of rewarming and normothermic thermoregulation are minimal, exposure to a daily temperature cycle could largely reduce energy expenditure during hibernation. Our study provides further evidence that models of torpor patterns and energy expenditure from hibernators in cold temperate climates are not directly applicable in milder climates, where prolonged torpor can be interspersed with more frequent arousals and occasional foraging.
A study of some aromatic and halocarbon vapors in the ambient atmosphere of New Jersey

Abstract Concentrations of ten known or suspected toxic and/or carcinogenic volatile organic compounds, including benzene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, tetraehloroethylene, ortho‐ and para‐diehlorobenzene, 1,2‐dichloroethane, 1,1,1‐trichloroethane, and nitrobenzene were measured in ambient air. Samples were taken in three sections of northeastern New Jersey for purposes of discerning whether high concentrations of these species existed in selected areas of the state. The pollutants were collected by trapping on porous polymer (Tenax), thermal desorption, and high resolution gas chromatographic analysis. Concentrations in the low and sub‐part‐per billion range were found. Differences in the concentration levels of these pollutants were detectable when urban, suburban residential, and industrial areas were compared. The results obtained in this work prove to be comparable with those of researchers in other locations.
Complexation thermodynamics and the structure of the binary and the ternary complexes of Am3+, Cm3+ and Eu3+ with IDA and EDTA + IDA

Abstract The stability and the associated thermodynamic parameters of the binary and the ternary complexes of trivalent Am, Cm, and Eu with IDA and with EDTA + IDA, were determined by using a solvent extraction technique for aqueous solutions of I = 6.60 m (NaClO4) at temperatures of 0–60 °C. The endothermic enthalpy and the positive entropy reflect the significant effect of dehydration in the formation of these complexes at high ionic strength. TRLFS and NMR (1H and 13C) data helped to establish the structure of the ternary complexes in solution. In the ternary complex M(EDTA)(IDA)3−, EDTA binds via four carboxylates and two nitrogens, and IDA via two carboxylates and one nitrogen to the central Eu3+.
Ab initio study of the elastic behavior of MgSiO3 ilmenite at high pressure

We investigate the athermal high pressure be- havior of the elastic properties of MgSiO3 ilmenite up to 30 GPa using the ab initio pseudopotential method. Our results at zero pressure are in good agreement with single- crystal elasticity measurements. The elastic anisotropy is shown to decrease slightly under compression and hence to remain substantial (25 to 20% shear wave anisotropy and 16 to 10% longitudinal wave anisotropy) over the pressure regime studied. The directions of fastest and slowest wave propagation are found to change slightly with pressure as determined by the pressure dependence of c14 and c25 .C om- parisons with the elastic behavior of other deep transition zone phases such as ringwoodite and garnet show that il- menite is likely to be the fastest and most anisotropic min- eral in this region. Large contrasts ( 10%) in velocities and densities between ilmenite and garnet are suggested to be signicant for the interpretation of lateral structure in the transition zone.
Site-preferential dissociation of peptides with active chemical modification for improving fragment ion detection.

Multiple reaction monitoring tandem mass spectrometry becomes an important strategy for measuring protein targets in complex biomatrixes. Active chemical modification of peptides like phenylthiocarbamoylation has unique potential for improving the measurement. This potential is enabled by active participation of a modifying group in site-preferential dissociation of modified peptides, which produces certain fragment ions at very high yields and in a sequence-independent manner. In this work, a novel combination of energy-resolved mass spectrometry with substituent effect investigation is used to analyze important factors that control the specificity of the site-preferential dissociation of phenylthiocarbamoyl peptides. On the basis of the linear correlation between collision energy and the Hammett constant as well as computational studies, it is found that the initial enhanced capture of a mobile proton and the subsequent, site-directed intramolecular proton transfer are important to the high yields (∼70−...
When are spectral reflectance curves comparable

Spectral reflectance curves of flat laboratory samples of the carbonaceous chondrite Allende, a basalt, and the ordinary chondrite Bruderheim measured in a bidirectional geometry are shown to differ from those measured using an integrating sphere. In general, reflectance curves obtained by the bidirectional method are redder than those obtained with an integrating sphere. The degree of difference increases with increasing absolute reflectance. When spectral reflectance curves obtained by the two methods are compared to the reflectance curves expected for spherical and aspherical planets covered with the same materials, it is found that in general the integrating sphere measurements provide a better match to a planet at small phase angles. As the phase angle increases, bidirectional reflectance curves provide a closer match.
Fission-Track and K-Ar Ages of Tertiary Ash-Flow Tuffs, North-Central Nevada

Ages obtained from three Tertiary ash-flow tuffs in central Nevada by fission-track and K-Ar dating are concordant. Samples dated by these methods from the same localities give the same age within the limits of analytical uncertainty. Samples of three units from widely separated localities were dated further to confirm the concordance of the dating methods and to establish that ages can be used, in conjunction with normal geologic techniques, as a criteria for correlation. The minerals dated by K-Ar were biotite and sanidine; and sphene zircon and apatite were used to determine the fission track ages. The Bates Mountain Tuff was dated at 24.0 m.y. (F.T.) and 24.0 m.y. (K-Ar). The Fish Creek Mountains Tuff has a fission-track age of 24.4 m.y., and a K-Ar age of 23.9 m.y. The average fission-track age for the Caetano Tuff is 34.9 m.y., and it has an average K-Ar age of 32.3 m.y. The amount of analytical uncertainty is slightly greater in the fission track method. Sampling, preparation, and determination of the age by the fission-track method is competitive with the K-Ar method.
Scintiphotographic studies of acquired cardiovascular disease

Radionuclide angiocardiography, performed after the intravenous injection of 99m Tc-pertechnetate, is a simple, rapid, and safe procedure that permits identification and physiologic assessment of a wide variety of acquired cardiovascular lesions, including valvular stenosis and/or insufficiency, myocardial lesions, and lesions of the great vessels. The simplicity of the procedure lends itself to repeated measurements to assess the effects of therapy or to follow the course of the disease. the diagnostic criteria employed for a representative group of these acquired lesions are presented together with illustrative examples to demonstrate the type and quality of the information that may be obtained with the method.
Provenance-aware secure networks

Network accountability and forensic analysis have become increasingly important, as a means of performing network diagnostics, identifying malicious nodes, enforcing trust management policies, and imposing diverse billing over the Internet. This has led to a series of work to provide better network support for accountability, and efficient mechanisms to trace packets and information flows through the Internet. In this paper, we make the following contributions. First, we show that network accountability and forensic analysis can be posed generally as data provenance computations and queries over distributed streams. In particular, one can utilize declarative networks with appropriate security and provenance extensions to provide a unified declarative framework for specifying, analyzing and auditing networks. Second, we propose a taxonomy of data provenance along multiple axes, and show that they map naturally to different use cases in networks. Third, we suggest techniques to efficiently compute and store network provenance, and provide an initial performance evaluation on the P2 declarative networking system with modifications to support authenticated communication and provenance.
The Economics of School Quality

Recent national concerns about student performance on PISA tests and similar assessments appear warranted because of the direct relationship between student cognitive skills and both individual earnings and national growth. The evidence on the impacts of school quality indicates very large economic effects. Available research shows, however, that improving school quality is difficult and not closely related to spending levels. One approach supported by research is improving teacher quality, which can yield sizable gains in student performance. Instituting appropriate policies to alter the teacher force will necessarily take significant time.
Template-Assisted Assembly of the Functionalized Cubic and Spherical Microparticles

The patterned template-assisted assembly of the cubic microparticles driven by the competing capillary, Columbic, and van der Waals forces had been studied in comparison with the traditional spherical colloidal microparticles. We observed that the spherical and cubic microparticles assembled with different probability in the channels of the hydrophobic–hydrophilic patterned substrates due to differences in a balance of adhesive and capillary forces. In contrast to highly selective assembly of spherical microparticles, selective deposition of cubic microcrystals with channels is impeded by strong adhesive forces facilitated by large specific interfacial areas between cube facets and substrate. The modification of the patterned substrate by functionalized coatings with oppositely charged topmost layers significantly increases the probability (to 86%) of the cubic microparticles to assemble into chemically modified channels. The introduction of ultrathin LbL shells on cubic microparticles and functionalizati...
The Effect of Working Fluid Inventory on the Performance of Revolving Helically Grooved Heat Pipes

The results of a recently completed experimental and analytical study showed that the capillary limit of a helically-grooved heat pipe (HGHP) was increased significantly when the transverse body force field was increased. This was due to the geometry of the helical groove wick structure. The objective of the present research was to experimentally determine the performance of revolving helically-grooved heat pipes when the working fluid inventory was varied. This report describes the measurement of the geometry of the heat pipe wick structure and the construction and testing of a heat pipe filling station. In addition, an extensive analysis of the uncertainty involved in the filling procedure and working fluid inventory has been outlined. Experimental measurements include the maximum heat transport, thermal resistance and evaporative heat transfer coefficient of the revolving helically grooved heat pipe for radial accelerations of |a r | =0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, and 10.0-g and working fluid fills of G=0.5, 1.0, and 1.5. An existing capillary limit model was updated and comparisons were made to the present experimental data.
Metabotropic glutamate receptors modulate feedback inhibition in a developmentally regulated manner in rat dentate gyrus.

We investigated group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) modulation of glutamatergic input onto hilar-border interneurones and its regulation of feedback inhibition in the dentate gyrus. Selective activation of group II mGluRs with (2S,2′R,3′R)-2-(2′,3′-dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine (DCG-IV) depressed mossy fibre (MF)-evoked excitatory drive to these interneurones with significantly greater depression in juvenile than adult rats. During 20 Hz MF stimulus trains, EPSCs became depressed. Depression during the early, but not later part of the train was significantly greater in juvenile than adult rats and was blocked by the mGluR antagonist (2S)-2-amino-2-[(1S,2S)-2-carboxycycloprop-1-yl]-3-(xanth-9-yl) propanoic acid (LY341495). In dentate granule cells from juvenile rats polysynaptic feedback IPSCs, but not monosynaptic IPSCs, were strongly suppressed by DCG-IV. DCG-IV also suppressed feedback inhibition of perforant path-evoked population spikes. In contrast, in adult animals DCG-IV did not significantly depress feedback inhibition. During 20 Hz stimulus trains in juvenile animals the summation of polysynaptic, but not monosynaptic IPSCs was suppressed by synaptically activated group II mGluRs. Blockade of these mGluRs with LY341495 significantly increased the area and duration of the summated IPSC, causing greater feedback inhibition of granule cell firing. In contrast, in adult animals LY341495 did not alter feedback inhibition following the stimulus train. These findings indicate that group II mGluRs modulate excitatory drive to interneurones in a developmentally regulated manner and thereby modulate feedback inhibition in the dentate gyrus.
THE TEMPERATURE OF QUIESCENT STREAMERS DURING SOLAR CYCLES 23 AND 24

Recent in-situ determinations of the temporal evolution of the charge state distribution in the fast and slow solar wind have shown a general decrease in the degree of ionization of all the elements in the solar wind along solar cycles 23 and 24. Such a decrease has been interpreted as a cooling of the solar corona which occurred during the decline and minimum phase of solar cycle 23 from 2000 to 2010. In the present work, we investigate whether spectroscopic determinations of the temperature of the quiescent streamers show signatures of coronal plasma cooling during cycles 23 and 24. We measure the coronal electron density and thermal structure at the base of 60 quiescent streamers observed from 1996 to 2013 by SOHO/SUMER and Hinode/EIS and find that both quantities do now show any significant dependence on the solar cycle. We argue that if the slow solar wind is accelerated from the solar photosphere or chromosphere, the measured decrease in the in-situ wind charge state distribution might be due to an increased efficiency in the wind acceleration mechanism at low altitudes. If the slow wind originates from the corona, a combination of density and wind acceleration changes may be responsible for the in-situ results.
Evidence-Based Assessment of Childhood Injuries and Physical Risk-Taking Behaviors

OBJECTIVE: To offer a critical evidence-based review and summary of assessment methods of childhood injuries and physical risk-taking behaviors. METHODS: A literature review was conducted to identify methodologies for assessing injury events and physical risk-taking behaviors. Methodologies reviewed included self- or parent-report scales, behavioral observations, and participant event monitoring. We classified methodologies according to published criteria of "well-established," "approaching well-established," or "promising." RESULTS: 7 methodologies were classified as "well-established", 9 were classified as "approaching well-established", and 8 were classified as "promising." CONCLUSIONS: Several approaches to assessing injuries or physical risk-taking behaviors have strong psychometric properties. Opportunities for further psychometric validation of techniques are noted. It is hoped that this review inspires researchers throughout the fields of pediatric and clinical child psychology to adopt assessments of injury and physical risk-taking in their ongoing research efforts. Language: en
Helical Instabilities in Solid-State Plasmas

The background of thermal carriers is included in a theory for helical instabilities in electron-hole plasmas. An important quantity in determining the stability criteria and frequency of the instability is the injection level. The theory applies to any injection level in $n$-type, $p$-type, and intrinsic semiconductors and to insulators. Comparison with Ancker-Johnson's experiment in $p\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{InSb}$ strongly supports the helical instability as the basic mechanism in the oscillistor. Experiments with different types of material should, according to the theory, give markedly different results. When the temperature dependence of the mobilities is known the plasma temperature can be determined from the electric field at the onset of instability.
Effects of overexpression of HBP1 upon growth and differentiation of leukemic myeloid cells

HMG-box containing protein 1 (HBP1) is a member of the high mobility group (HMG) of chromosomal proteins. Since HBP1 exhibits tumor-suppressor activity in nonmyeloid tissues, we examined the effects of ectopic overexpression of HBP1 upon the growth and differentiation of myeloid cells. We prepared transient and stable transfectants of the myeloblast cell line K562, which overexpress HBP1 mRNA and protein. HBP1 transfectants displayed slower growth in cell culture and reduced colony formation in soft agar, retardation of S-phase progression, reduced expression of cyclin D1 and D3 mRNAs and increased expression of p21 mRNA. HBP1 transfectants also underwent increased apoptosis, as demonstrated by morphology and binding of Annexin V. Fas ligand mRNA levels were increased in HBP1 transfectants, suggesting involvement of the Fas/Fas ligand pathway. HBP1 overexpression enhanced differentiation of K562 cells towards erythroid and megakaryocyte lineages, as evidenced by increased hemoglobin and CD41a expression. Overexpression of HBP1 modulated mRNA levels for myeloid-specific transcription factors C/EBPα, c-Myb, c-Myc, and JunB, as well as lineage-specific transcription factors PU.1, GATA-1, and RUNX1. These findings suggest that in myeloid cells HBP1 may serve as a tumor suppressor and a general differentiation inducer and may synergize with chemical differentiating agents to enhance lineage-specific differentiation.
Construction of Cuprous Oxide Electrodes Composed of 2D Single‐Crystalline Dendritic Nanosheets

An unusual anisotropic growth of Cu(2)O is stabilized via the electrochemical synthesis of Cu(2)O in the presence of Ag(+) ions, which results in the formation of Cu(2)O electrodes composed of 2D sheetlike crystals containing complex dendritic patterns. It is quite unusual for Cu(2)O to form a 2D morphology since it has a 3D isotropic cubic crystal structure where the a, b, and c axes are equivalent. Each Cu(2)O sheet is single-crystalline in nature and is grown parallel to the {110} plane, which is rarely observed in Cu(2)O crystal shapes. A various set of experiments are performed to understand the role of Ag(+) ions on the 2D growth of Cu(2)O. The results show that Ag(+) ions are deposited as silver islands on already growing Cu(2)O crystals and serve as nucleation sites for the new growth of Cu(2)O crystals. As a result, the growth direction of the newly forming Cu(2)O crystals is governed by the diffusion layer structure created by the pre-existing Cu(2)O crystals, which results in the formation of 2D dendritic patterns. The thin 2D crystal morphology can significantly increase the surface-to-volume ratio of Cu(2)O crystals, which is beneficial for enhancing various electrochemical and photoelectrochemical properties of the electrodes. The photoelectrochemical properties of the Cu(2)O electrodes composed of 2D dendritic crystals are investigated and compared to those of 3D dendritic crystals. This study provides a unique and effective route to maximize the {110} area per unit volume of Cu(2)O, which will be beneficial for any catalytic/sensing abilities that can be anisotropically enhanced by the {110} planes of Cu(2)O.