cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nanofabrication of superzone solid immersion vortex lens and subwavelength antireflection surfaces for enhanced scanning laser imaging

This paper describes the development of a superzone solid immersion diffraction vortex lens and sub-wavelength antireflection surfaces for analyzing dense integrated circuitry through the silicon substrate. The diffractive optic is used with the scanning laser microscope imaging system at a wavelength of 1064 nm. The silicon substrate consists of wafer grade silicon, 1015 cm−3 P-type, with an integrated memory array at the 90 nm technology node as the target structures. The solid immersion diffractive optic is designed using computer generated holography, and the functionality is simulated using a finite difference time domain numerical method. The blazed phase profile and sub-wavelength structures of the diffractive optic are fabricated using a two step procedure of gray scale gallium implantation with the focused ion beam, followed by the reactive ion etching using CHF3 chemistry. The developed fabrication conditions for the optical structures investigate implant doses ranging from 0 to 1000 pC μm−2 using the 1000 pA beam current, with etch times from 0 to 25 min. Experimental results demonstrate functional optical vortex lenses that achieve selective suppression of signals from target IC structures to enhance the contrast of the surrounding circuitry. To reduce reflection losses, sub-wavelength, antireflection surfaces targeting the 1064 and 3300 nm wavelengths are investigated. Spatial periods of 140 and 500 nm are achieved, with fill factors of 0.3 to 0.4 over the quarter wavelength antireflective height. For resolution enhancement, a second order superzone solid immersion lens with a numerical aperture of 3.4 is fabricated and demonstrates a 1.6× improvement in image resolution over the first order solid immersion lens with a numerical aperture of 1.7, which in turn achieves a 3.5× improvement over no immersion lens.
Zirconia sol―gel coatings on alumina―silica refractory material for improved corrosion resistance

Abstract The corrosion resistance of a simple zirconia (ZrO2) sol–gel coating deposited from a highly dilute sol on an alumina–silica (Al2O3–SiO2) refractory crucible material to molten borosilicate glass was investigated. The bulk density and porosity of the Al2O3–SiO2 refractory substrate material measured by mercury intrusion porosimetery (MIP) were 3.3 g/ml and 38%, respectively. The porosity measurements were verified by electron microscopic image analysis, revealing that the porosity was appreciably decreased to a value of 18% for the ZrO2 coated refractory. The corrosion loss of an uncoated refractory in molten borosilicate glass held at 1400 °C for 168 h was 27%, as measured by ASTM C621-84. A lower corrosion loss of 16% was observed for ZrO2 coated refractory. Nanoscratch testing indicated strong adhesion of the zirconia film to the refractory materials. Microstructural analysis performed at the corroded interface regions by optical microscope and SEM/EDS suggested that the corrosion loss of the Al2O3–SiO2 refractory was governed by the decomposition of the SiO2 phase and diffusion of Al2O3 crystals into the molten borosilicate glass. The crystal phases present in the corroded interface regions were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The improved corrosion resistance of the ZrO2 coated refractory to molten borosilicate glass was correlated to the reduced surface porosity and may be aided by the presence of zircon (ZrSiO4) in the surface layer.
Binding of pyrene to DNA, base squence specificity and its implication

Solubilization as well as spectral studies of pyrene in natural DNA and synthetic deoxypolynucleotide solutions at neutral pH reveal at least two binding modes. Sites I are predominant in native DNA and in poly(dA-dT): poly(dA-dT) whereas sites II are found with denatured DNA and other polynucleotides such as poly(dA):poly(dT) and three different types of guanine containing copolymers which solubilize pyrene to a lesser extent. Spectral comparison with the covalent adducts of trans-7,8-dihydroxy-anti-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10- tetrahydro-benzo(a)pyrene (anti-BPDE) and the physical complexes of its tetraols lead to the suggestion of a base sequence specific binding model for this carcinogenic metabolite to account for the puzzling fact that although its physical binding is predominantly intercalative, the covalent adducts appear not to be intercalated. It is speculated that in neutral solutions, intercalation may have little, if any, to do with the chemical lesion of this metabolite to the guanine base of the DNA and may, on the contrary, provide an efficient pathway for detoxification.
Effective Treatment for Mixed Urinary Incontinence with a Pubovaginal Sling

ABSTRACTPurpose: We assessed the results of autologous fascia pubovaginal sling (PVS) in women with mixed incontinence using a validated outcome score and identified risk factors for failure.Materials and Methods: A total of 131 women who received a PVS for sphincteric incontinence (SUI) confirmed by history, physical examination and/or videourodynamic study (VUDS) were identified from a database during the accrual dates 1995 to 2001. Patients with a urethral diverticulum, neoplasm or urinary fistula were excluded. Patients with SUI who also complained of urinary urge incontinence (UUI) and/or had detrusor instability that reproduced incontinence symptoms during VUDS were diagnosed with mixed incontinence (MUI). Patients completed a urological questionnaire, 24-hour voiding diary, pad test, VUDS and cystoscopy preoperatively. The diagnosis of SUI and UUI was further confirmed by physician interview. In patients with MUI detrusor overactivity was classified according to urodynamic criteria. At least 1 year...
Development of interneurons with ipsilateral projections in embryonic rat spinal cord

Considerable progress has been made in recent years in identifying molecules with restricted expression in mammalian spinal cord at early developmental stages. However, the significance of the different expression patterns for most of these molecules is nuclear because so little is known about the development of various classes of spinal interneurons. Recently, we have characterized the development of rat spinal cord interneurons with an axon that crosses in the ventral commissure (Silos-Santiago and Snider, J. Comp. Neurol., 325:514, 1992). In the current study, we describe the morphological development of ipsilaterally projecting spinal interneurons in laminae V–VIII of the thoracic spinal cord. These neurons were labelled by retrograde lateral diffusion of DiI after crystals were placed in various locations in the embryonic thoracic cord. By E14, approximately 48 hours after the first interneurons are generated, eight different groups of ipsilateral interneurons are present in the spinal cord. By E15, these groups of ipsilateral interneurons have reached distinct locations within the gray matter. Even at this early stage, different groups of cells have elaborated characteristic dendritic arborizations. By E19, at least 17 different types of ipsilateral interneurons can be identified on the basis of location and dendritic morphology. In general, ipsilateral interneurons are located more dorsally and laterally than commissural interneurons at all stages of embryonic development. Furthermore, in comparison with commissural neurons, fewer ipsilateral interneurons have dendritic arbors with a mediolateral orientation in the transverse plane. This work demonstrates that rat embryonic spinal cord contains a large number of morphologically distinct classes of interneurons that extend axons into the ipsilateral lateral funiculus. These neurons can be distinguished from commissural neurons on the basis of location and morphology. These results, taken together with those from our previous study, provide a framework for the localization of gene expression to different classes of spinal interneurons at early developmental stages. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Suspensolide, a new macrolide component of male caribbean fruit fly(anastrepha suspensa [loew]) volatiles

Abstract A novel macrolide was isolated from volatiles produced by male Caribbean fruit flies and identified as ( E , E )-4,8-dimethyl-3,8-decadien-10-olide, I, on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical evidence, including synthesis.
Superconductivity, magnetism and valence fluctuations in rare earth-transition metal borides

Abstract Experiments on rare earth (R)-transition metal (T) borides of the type RRh4B4 and CeT3B2 are described. The interaction between superconductivity and competing types of magnetic order produce complex and interesting low temperature phase diagrams in pseudoternary RRh4B4 systems, formed by substituting another R element at the R sites, or a different T element at the Rh sites. The compounds CeT3B2, with T  Ru, Rh and Ir, display superconductivity, ferromagnetism and valence fluctuations, respectively. The low temperature phase diagram of the pseudoternary system formed between CeRu3B2 and CeRh3B2, and resonant photoemission measurements on these two compounds are discussed in connection with the anomalous ferromagnetism of CeRh3B2.
Monte Carlo investigations of elastic scattering spectroscopy applied to latex spheres used as tissue phantoms

An optical-fiber-coupled, elastic-scatter spectrometer has proven effective in discriminating between malignant and non-malignant tissue in the human bladder and gastrointestinal tract. The system injects broadband light into the tissue with an optical fiber and spectrally analyzes the returning light collected by an adjacent fiber. The collected photons have experienced multiple scattering events and therefore arrive at the analysis fiber after traveling varied paths.the diameter of the source fiber is comparable to its separation from the collection fiber. The diffusion model is inappropriate for this geometry; therefore, Monte Carlo simulations are used. In addition, the size of the scattering sites in tissue are expected to be of the same order as the excitation wavelengths, and Mie theory is expected to provide the best description of the scattering and extinction. The authors will present and compare the results of simulations and measurements of the elastic scatter signal for suspensions of latex spheres in hemoglobin solutions of varying concentrations.
H 2 optimal control for sampled-data systems

This paper considers an aut°2 optimal control problem for sampled-data systems. After defining a new ~2 norm for sampled-data systems, we give a state space solution to the optimal controller synthesis problem. We show that the -'~2 optimal control problem for a sampled-data system is equivalent to a standard ,9~' 2 optimal control problem for a related discrete-time system.
Effect of Specimen Thickness on Fracture Toughness and Adhesive Properties of Hydroxyapatite-Filled Polycaprolactone

Abstract The fracture toughness of hydroxyapatite (HAP)-filled polycaprolactone (PCL) biocomposites was investigated using the technique of essential work of fracture (EWF). The influence of specimen thickness on the toughness parameters was investigated. The specific essential work of fracture ( w e ) was found to decrease with the increase in filler loading and with the thickness of the specimen. The testing procedure used for the EWF measurement obeyed the validity criteria of the concept and w e determined can be considered to be a good measure of the plane-stress toughness of the composite. The adhesive strength between the HAP and the PCL phase was determined using T-peel tests. The layer of the laminates in the PCL–HAP–PCL peel test specimens was varied to study the influence of laminate thickness on the interfacial work of fracture. The effect of temperature on the interfacial work of fracture was also evaluated. The parameters were varied to determine the effect of the plastic deformation on the peel strength. The interfacial work of fracture between HAP and PCL was found to be relatively strong; however, the effect of temperature and PCL laminate thickness did not significantly vary the adhesion strength.
High-speed IP packet forwarding over Internet using ATM technology

Framework of IP packet delivery with high throughput and small latency using ATM technology in large scaled internets is proposed, while keeping the current subnet model. Router has the mapping functionality between flow-identifier (e.g. in IPv6 header) and VPI/VCI value to forward IP packets cell-by-cell, rather than the conventional packet-by- packet forwarding. By using this cut-thru IP packet forwarding, both resource reservation oriented IP packet flows (i.e. IP packet flow provided by RSVP) and nonresource reservation oriented IP packet flows (i.e. best effort service) experience less packet delivery latency and obtain higher throughput, compared to the conventional hop-by-hop packet forwarding does. In order to perform the cut-thru IP packet forwarding using cell relaying capability in the router, routers exchange the information how the IP packet flows are aggregated into ATM- VCC. This information exchanging is hop-by-hop base, and the cut-thru decision is a matter of every router's local decision. With the hop-by-hop cut-thru IP packet forwarding, soft-state oriented and scalable QoS-ed high speed communication platform can be provided.
Implementation of Response to Intervention A Snapshot of Progress

This article provides a snapshot of how all 50 states are progressing with the development and implementation of response-to-intervention (RtI) models 1 year after the final regulations for the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act were passed. Data were collected through a review of existing state department of education Web sites and conversations with representatives in each state department of education. Information related to RtI model type, implementation status, professional development, criteria for eligibility, and specific features of individual state RtI models are presented. Findings indicate that most states are in some phase of RtI development, although approaches vary widely throughout the country. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
The Past, Present, and Possibilities of Commons in the Academic Library

Within the past 10 years, commons have become increasingly prominent in academic libraries. Commons evolved out of the “library as a place” movement and stem from the digital revolution, increased emphasis on collaborative learning, and changing student habits and needs. The three levels of commons are information commons, learning commons, and the emerging virtual commons. Libraries implementing commons must consider the impact on reference services and staffing and be prepared for higher than anticipated use. Libraries should use both quantitative and qualitative assessment methods. Commons can revitalize the library by giving it a key role in reaching university strategic goals.
A method for estimating the boiling points of organic compounds from their melting points

Abstract A novel boiling point relationship has been derived from melting temperature and relevant structural features. In this model, the boiling points of 1419 organic compounds are calculated from their melting points, rotational symmetries, and from a simple atomic contribution scheme which includes all atoms and accounts for the donor hydrogen atoms in a hydrogen-bonding molecule. The regression gives a correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.913 and a standard error (s) of 28.1 K. Despite its simplicity, the proposed model is comparable in accuracy to two widely accepted boiling point estimation methods.
Dicyclic horizontal symmetry and supersymmetric grand unification.

It is shown how to use as horizontal symmetry the dicyclic group $Q_6 \subset SU(2)$ in a supersymmetric unification $SU(5)\otimes SU(5)\otimes SU(2)$ where one $SU(5)$ acts on the first and second families, in a horizontal doublet, and the other acts on the third. This can lead to acceptable quark masses and mixings, with an economic choice of matter supermultiplets, and charged lepton masses can be accommodated.
MRI-induced heating of selected thin wire metallic implants-- laboratory and computational studies-- findings and new questions raised.

We performed experiments and computer modeling of heating of a cardiovascular stent and a straight, thin wire by RF fields in a 1.5 T MRI birdcage coil at 64 MHz. We used ASTM F2182‐02a standard and normalized results to 4 W/kg whole body average. We used a rectangular saline‐gel filled phantom and a coiled, double stent (Intracoil by ev3 Inc) 11 cm long. The stent had thin electrical insulation except for bare ends (simulating drug eluting coating). The stent and phantom were placed close to the wall of the RF Coil and had approximately 0.5°C initial temperature rise at the ends (local SAR = 320 W/kg). We exposed a wire (24.1 cm, 0.5 mm diameter) with 0.5 mm insulation and saw an 8.6°C temperature rise (local SAR = 5680 W/kg) at the bare ends. All heating was within 1 mm3 of the ends, so the position of our fiber optic temperature probe was critical for repeatability. Our computational study used finite difference time domain software with a thermodynamics solver. We modeled a coiled bare‐wire stent as a...
A time-resolved modulated-carrier rapid flow system for following rapid structural changes in biological reactions

Abstract Flow systems to monitor kinetic changes by EXAFS spectrosopy have been developed. These systems, including regenerative pulse flow and continuous flow techniques are described and preliminary experimental results on the flash photolysis of myoglobin and horseradish peroxidase are reported.
Minimum cycle coverings and integer flows

Abstract : It was conjectured by Fan that if a graph G = (V,E) has a nowhere- zero 3-flow, then G can be covered by two even subgraphs of total size at most / V/ + /E/ -3. This conjecture is proved in this paper. It is also proved in this paper that the optimum solution of the Chinese Postman problem and the solution of minimum cycle covering problem are equivalent for any graph admitting a nowhere-zero 4-flow.
Reducing Anxiety to Prevent Depression

Depression is one of the most prevalent mental disorders. Accordingly, treatment research has flourished; however, prevention efforts have lagged behind. The extant literature is reviewed on the relationship between anxiety and depression and the potential for childhood anxiety interventions to reduce the risks of secondary depression. Additionally, methodologic issues and recommendations in the design of depression prevention programs are presented. Research appears to support the view that anxiety plays a role in the development of depression; yet, the nature of that role remains unclear.
How Well Does The IS-LM Model Fit Postwar U. S. Data?

Postwar U. S. time series for money, interest rates, prices, and GNP are characterized by a multivariate process driven by four exogenous disturbances. Those disturbances are identified so that they can be interpreted as the four main sources of fluctuations found in the IS-LM-Phillips curve model: money supply, money demand, IS, and aggregate supply shocks. The dynamic properties of the estimated model are analyzed and shown to match most of the stylized predictions of the model. The estimated decomposition is also used to measure the relative importance of each shock, to interpret some macroeconomic episodes, and to study sources of permanent shocks to nominal variables.
Skill components of task analysis

Some task analysis methods break down a task into a hierarchy of subgoals. Although an important tool of many fields of study, learning to create such a hierarchy (redescription) is not trivial. To further the understanding of what makes task analysis a skill, the present research examined novices’ problems with learning Hierarchical Task Analysis and captured practitioners’ performance. All participants received a task description and analyzed three cooking and three communication tasks by drawing on their knowledge of those tasks. Thirty six younger adults (18–28 years) in Study 1 analyzed one task before training and five afterwards. Training consisted of a general handout that all participants received and an additional handout that differed between three conditions: a list of steps, a flow-diagram, and concept map. In Study 2, eight experienced task analysts received the same task descriptions as in Study 1 and demonstrated their understanding of task analysis while thinking aloud. Novices’ initial task analysis scored low on all coding criteria. Performance improved on some criteria but was well below 100 % on others. Practitioners’ task analyses were 2–3 levels deep but also scored low on some criteria. A task analyst’s purpose of analysis may be the reason for higher specificity of analysis. This research furthers the understanding of Hierarchical Task Analysis and provides insights into the varying nature of task analyses as a function of experience. The derived skill components can inform training objectives.
Isoantibodies specific for myeloma γG and γH immunoglobulins of BALB/c mice

Strain LP mice immunized with BALB/c γG myeloma immunoglobulins made precipitating antibodies that identified allotypic specificities common to all BALB/c γG immunoglobulins which were located on the papain Fc fragments, and also identified unique specificities found only on the immunizing myeloma protein. Precipitating antibodies with BALB/c γH myeloma proteins were prepared in strain AL mice. These antisera identified allotypic specificities on all γH immunoglobulins of BALB/c which were located on the papain Fc fragment. Additional specificities which differentiated the group of BALB/c γH myeloma immunoglobulins from BALB/c normal γH immunoglobulins were also found. No precipitating antibodies were found in BALB/c mice immunized with any of the γG or γH myeloma proteins. The Fc papain fragments from myeloma proteins within a class (i.e. γG or γH) gave similar tryptic peptide maps. Thus antisera identifying specificities on the Fc fragments distinguish genetic differences between mouse strains. Tryptic peptide maps of Fc fragments of γG and γH myeloma proteins differed by many peptides. A composite tryptic peptide map of a γG and a γH Fc fragment, however, showed 12 common peptides indicating large areas of common amino acid sequence. This suggests that one of the closely linked structural heavy-chain genes arose from the other by duplication.
Negro Political Behavior and Community Political and Socioeconomic Structural Factors

In analyzing Negro political mobilization and its relationship to the political and socioeconomic structure of Alabama communities, it was found that substantial changes have been made since the passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act. Negro political mobilization has increased in practically every county of Alabama, being facilitated by the presence of candidates acceptable to Negroes and the presence of federal examiners. Traditional relationships between community socioeconomic structure and Negro political mobilization have been disrupted and new ones instituted. It is thought that these changes in Alabama reflect similar changes occurring in other southern states, and demand a reformulation of many generalizations concerning Negro political behavior. Tr lraditionally Negroes have been isolated from the political systems of the South. As a result, many of them have been unaccustomed to the beliefs, values, and behavior common to political life. However, in the very recent past the southern Negro has begun to surge out of his domain of political impotence. The mid-1960's voter registration drives, the development of political organization by Negro communities, and the 1965 Voting Rights Act have fermented the process of political socialization of the Negro community.1 Studies of southern Negro political behavior have been primarily concerned with such behavior before the advent of these activities, and it is questionable whether their findings can be applied to current conditions.2 " Revised version of a paper presented at the an-nual meeting of the Association of Social Science Teachers, 1968. The author gratefully acknowledges the technical assistance of his research assistant Billie Johinson, and the critical evaluation of the manuscript by Edgar Epps, Glenn Howze, C. G. Gomillion, Jo Howze, and Herbert Lindsey. 1 For an account of the 1960's southern Negro political movement see, Pat Watters and Reese Cleghorn, Climtbing Jacob's Ladder (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967). 2 See Donald R. Matthews and James W. Prothro, Negroes and the New Southern Politics This content downloaded from 157.55.39.242 on Thu, 21 Apr 2016 05:41:59 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms NEGRO POLITICAL BEHIIAVIOR 275 The aspect of political behavior of concern in this analysis is the mobilization of the Negro community to vote. Voter registration is used as a measure of this political mobilization. This study focuses on one of the southern states, Alabama, and attempts to analyze (a) the changes in Negro political mobilization from 1960 to 1966, and (b) the changes in the relationships between Negro political mobilization and the socioeconomic structure of Alabama communities from 1960 to 1966. Because of the lack of appropriate data on smaller units within the state, and the importance of such elected county offices as sheriff, the county was chosen as the basic unit of analysis. This limits the depth of the analyses; however, it affords greater comparability with those studies that have used the same unit of analysis. HYPOTHESES AND DESCRIPTION OF
Impact of calcineurin inhibitors on hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation.

The aim of this retrospective study is to assess the impact of calcineurin inhibitors on hepatitis C virus recurrence following liver transplantation. A total of 396 patients underwent liver transplantation for hepatitis C virus-induced liver disease between 1991 and 2005 at a single center. We examined the pre- and post-operative characteristics of patients who received either cyclosporine (n = 126) or tacrolimus (n = 270) as maintenance immunosuppression. In addition, we compared the postoperative course, including patient, graft and hepatitis C virus recurrence-free survival between the two groups. There were no significant differences between the two groups in either post-operative hepatitis C virus—ribonucleic acid or histological fibrosis score (performed within 6 months after transplant per protocol). The graft and patient survivals did not differ between the two groups (logrank p = 0.34 and 0.15, respectively). Histologic hepatitis C virus recurrence-free survival, however, was significantly higher in the cyclosporine group than in the tacrolimus group (55.4 vs. 30.8% at 1 year, 18.6 vs. 10.3% at 3 years, 16.7 vs. 8.1% at 5 years, p < 0.001). Patients transplanted for hepatitis C virus and treated with cyclosporine versus tacrolimus may have a higher recurrence-free survival.
Evidence for loss of synaptic AMPA receptors in anterior piriform cortex of aged mice.

It has been suggested that age-related impairments in learning and memory may be due to age-related deficits in long-term potentiation (LTP) of glutamatergic synaptic transmission. For example, olfactory discrimination learning is significantly affected by aging in mice and this may be due, in part, to diminished synaptic plasticity in piriform cortex. In the present study, we tested for alterations in electrophysiological properties and synaptic transmission in this simple cortical network. Whole-cell recordings were made from principal neurons in slices of anterior piriform cortex from young (3-6 months old) and old (24-28 months) C57Bl/6 mice. Miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) mediated by AMPA receptors were collected from cells in presence of tetrodotoxin and held at -80 mV in voltage-clamp. Amplitudes of mEPSCs were significantly reduced in aged mice, suggesting that synaptic AMPA receptor expression is decreased during aging. In a second set of experiments, spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (s/mEPSCs) were recorded in slices from different cohorts of young and old mice, in the absence of tetrodotoxin. These currents resembled mEPSCs and were similarly reduced in amplitude in old mice. The results represent the first electrophysiological evidence for age-related declines in glutamatergic synaptic function in the mammalian olfactory system.
Krishna's Cosmic Victories

In this article I attempt to uncover priorities in the worship of Krishna from 500 to 1500 A.D. which are not always clear in texts of the period but which emerge with great force in sculpture. By a series of indices it is shown that Krishna's battles with the serpent Kdliya at the River Jumna and his battle with Indra at Mount Govardhana were much the most popular motifs in the Krishna sculpture of the period. These battles were singled out for such marked attention, I believe, because of their unique role in representing aspects of Krishna's cosmic victory. Krishna's victories at river and mountain, over the waters below and the waters above, establish cosmic order according to paradigms that are familiar both in Indian religion and in the history of religions generally. One meaning of this order is that the forces which are defeated take their proper place in the cosmos, namely, at its limits. In recognizing their proper relation to Krishna as the center of the cosmos and guarantor of its order, they become his devotees and are portrayed as such. Of particular interest are the strong affinities that bind Krishna to his enemies in these two cases, affinities that are not present with Krishna's other adversaries. I conclude the essay by drawing attention to a complex of ritual events in which this cosmic victory is reaffirmed in India today. They form collectively a New Year's cycle whose impressive analogies to "classical" New Year's rites have been little noticed.
Application of a nifH oligonucleotide microarray for profiling diversity of N2-fixing microorganisms in marine microbial mats.

Summary Diazotrophic community structure in microbial mats from Guerrero Negro (GN), Baja California, Mexico, was studied using polymerase chain reaction amplification of the nifH gene and a newly developed nifH oligonucleotide microarray. Ninety-six oligonucleotide probes designed for nifH sequences from cultivated isolates and the environment were printed on glass microarrays. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the probes represented all of the main nifH clusters. Specificity was tested by (i) evaluation of cross hybridization using individual targets, and (ii) comparison of the observed hybridization signals and those predicted from the sequences cloned from microbial mats. Signal intensity had a positive relationship with target concentration and the percentage identity between probe and target. Under moderate stringency and high target concentration, specificity of the probes varied from 77% to 100% with the individual targets tested. At the end of a 7-month long nutrient manipulation experiment in GN microbial mats, no expression of nitrogen fixation under nitrogen loading was detected, although a diverse community of diazotrophs was detected. The diversity in diazotrophic population present was higher than in the population expressing the nifH gene, and there were taxa specific differences in response to nutrients. The nifH microarray is a powerful tool for diazotroph community analysis in the marine environment.
Prognostic factors in hairy cell leukemia. (Leukemic reticuloendotheliosis)

Prognostic factors were examined in 31 patients with hairy cell leukemia seen at M. D. Anderson Hospital. Long survival from presentation was significantly associated with ease of aspiration of iliac crest bone marrow, absence of major infection, hemoglobin greater than 10 g/dl, and absence of a prior history of pneumonia. Long survival from splenectomy was associated most closely with absence of a prediagnosis history of pneumonia, suggesting that a long-standing host defense abnormality may exist that is not corrected by splenectomy. Generally, patients with sustained improvement in hematologic parameters postsplenectomy lived longest from splenectomy, although the results were not statistically significant.
Single-particle analog of the Schrödinger exchange operator

An operator ${Q}_{s}(y)$, $y={S}_{z}$, is constructed which has the property that for $y={y}_{q}=q\ensuremath{-}(S+1)$, $q=1,2,\dots{},2S+1$, ${Q}_{s}({y}_{q})={(\ensuremath{-}1)}^{25+q\ensuremath{-}1}$. ${Q}_{s}(y)$ is shown to be a polynomial of degree $2S$ in $y$ and a systematic procedure for computing its coefficients for general $S$ is given; ${Q}_{\frac{1}{2}}(y)=2y$. By way of illustration, the thermodynamics of a system of $N$ spins with Hamiltonian $\mathcal{H}=\ensuremath{-}(\frac{\ensuremath{\lambda}}{2})\ensuremath{\Sigma}{i=1}^{N}{Q}_{s}({S}_{\mathrm{zi}})$ is studied.
Phosphorus Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Of Myocardial Infarction Using Surface Coils

The ability of living cells and tissues to function properly is directly linked to basic biochemical events. The term metabolism is used to describe the integrated, concerted cellular biochemical processes that support cell and organ functions. Indeed, metabolism is the fundamental basis for understanding function and physiology in living systems. Therefore, any method or methods that could provide localized metabolic information for clinical diagnostic use would be of significant value.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Empathic Physician-Aged Patient Relationship

Abstract An important aspect of the physician-aged patient relationship is the development of empathy. Teaching medical students how to develop empathic relationships with aged patients requires three integrated steps discussed in this article. First, medical students must understand the psychological phenomena between the physician and the aged patient, such as countertransference, transference, rapport, and resistance. Second, the student must work through his or her own attitudinal barriers. Third, students must develop communication skills with aged patients that incorporate verbal communication, nonverbal communication, and how to compensate for patients with communication problems.
Optical Intersatellite Communication Links: State of CO 2 Laser Technology

This paper describes the baseline design of an optical intersatellite communication system using CO 2 laser technology and reports about the present status of the relevant technologies and the various hardware development activities going on. These activities are primarly aimed towards laboratory breadboarding and full operational testing of the system, with the potential of space qualifying all hardware components for reasons of ex-perimental inflight testing in the early 1990's.
THE EFFECT OF TRIS (HYDROXYMETHYL) AMINOMETHANE ON GLUCOSE UTILIZATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE.

Abstract The effect of Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (THAM) on the glucose metabolism of the isolated rat diaphragm was studied in vitro. The addition of THAM (pH 7.45) to the incubation medium significantly stimulated the uptake of glucose, lactic acid production and the oxidation of glucose to CO 2 , but significantly decreased the glycogen content of the tissues. The stimulatory effect of THAM on glycolysis was independent of the bicarbonate or CO 2 concentration in the medium. THAM-chloride (0.05 M) increased glycolysis significantly when added to the balanced salt solution or when substituted for equimolar concentrations of NaCl in the medium; however, the former effect was significantly greater. The effect of insulin and THAM on glucose uptake and lactic acid production was additive, while the effect of the 2 agents on glycogen synthesis was opposite. Insulin stimulated the membrane transport of d-xylose into the intact rat diaphragm preparation, while THAM had no effect. THAM did not affect the incorporation of C 14 from leucine into proteins. It is suggested that THAM stimulates the utilization of glucose by skeletal muscle directly, by a mechanism which is different from that of insulin, but insulin has a permissive role. These findings could explain the hypoglycemia observed in human subjects and animals following the infusion of THAM.
Infiltrative Eosinophilic Myocarditis Diagnosed and Localized by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging

A 58-year-old man with a history of asthma was admitted for pneumonia and peripheral neuropathy. On admission, the patient was found to have a white blood cell count of 15.9 K/uL, with an increased eosinophil count of 2002/uL and pulmonary infiltrates seen on chest x-ray. His hospital course …
Highway Lighting--Principles and Sources

Linking the first studies of highway lighting with the present studies, this paper enumerates some aspects of the optical problem involved in producing satisfactory levels of brightness on typical pavements to insure adequate visibility under various weather conditions. Characteristics of incandescent, sodium vapor, and high intensity mercury vapor lamps are discussed, together with the designs of luminaires mounting heights, and spacings necessary to provide optimum conditions for vision.
Factors Affecting Memory for Dynamically Changing System Parameters: Implications for Interface Design

Factors that delimit the performance of human operators monitoring dynamic information are essential considerations for interface designers. Using a procedure pioneered by Yntema and colleagues (1962, 1960), the present research examines the effect of the configuration of visual information (i.e., whether the subject is presented with multiple objects, mapped to a single attribute or multiple attributes mapped to a single object) on subjects' memory for that information. Results suggest that the similarity between bits of information, rather than how the information is organized, is the critical factor in determining memory performance for dynamic information. These results suggest implications for the design of visual displays.
Destructive and non-destructive depth profiling using ESCA

Abstract While the chemical analysis of a surface has become commonplace using a variety of techniques including Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) and Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA), it is often advantageous to differentiate between the chemistry of the surface and the near surface. The method used to make this distinction depends on the thickness of the layers to be differentiated. If the combined thickness of the layers is greater than 100 A, then the surface must be physically removed by ion bombardment before the subsurface components can be identified. An example of the chemistry revealed by this method is given in a sputter profile of an eight layer, 3000 A, metal magnetic tape. The internal interfaces show more oxidation than the bulk of the metal layers. If the combined thickness of the layers is less than 100 A, then the surface and subsurface components can be identified by non-destructive techniques. This is accomplished by using high energy excitation or by angle resolved studies. Examples will be shown of the change in the surface and near surface chemistry of polystyrene as it is treated in H 2 and H 2 O plasmas. The degree of oxidation of the polymer surface can be monitored as a function of reaction depth using angle resolved ESCA. Extending the range of angle resolved studies by using Au Mα X-rays is shown for a native oxide on silicon.
Jet spectroscopy of pyrene complexes: Unusual complexation shifts in the S0 → S1 spectrum

Abstract The fluorescence excitation spectra of pyrene complexes with n-alkanes are reported for the S0 → S1 and S0 → S2 transitions. The S2 spectral shifts are predictable from theory, and by comparison with other molecules, such as perylene. On the other hand, the S1 Resonances of pyrene complexes show unusually small displacements from those of the parent species. The spectra of the butane, pentane and hexane complexes actually exhibit net blue shifts. This behaviour provides good evidence for a repulsive interaction in the S1 state, which is not observed in S2. Moreover, because the butadiene and benzene complexes give predictable red shifts ⩾ 100 cm−1, and these are found to have plane-parallel geometries, the blue shift correlates with a host carbon—guest hydrogen interaction in the repulsive regime. We also report that the ethylene complex of pyrene exhibits a net blue shift on the S0 → S1 transition, and a red shift on S0 → S2 only 75% of the predicted value, based on measurements with perylene complexes. This behaviour strongly indicates that ethylene-pyrene has a T-shaped configuration, as predicted by potential energy calculations.
Dose-dependent effect of ethanol on hepatic oxidative stress and interleukin-6 production after burn injury in the mouse.

Background: Burned patients with detectable blood alcohol levels (BAL) show an elevated mortality rate. Interleukin (IL)-6 and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is stimulated independently by alcohol and burn injury. The aim of the study was to determine whether increasing levels of alcohol differentially enhance the hepatic production of IL-6 and ROS after burn in a murine model of dorsal scald injury. Groups of mice received either saline or alcohol intraperitoneally to reach a BAL of 100 mg/dl or 300 mg/dl at the time of burn (15% total body surface scald) or sham injury. Results: Burn injury alone resulted in a low mortality rate at 24 hr after injury as did the burn group with a BAL of 100 mg/dl (15%), whereas 57% of the mice burned with a BAL of 300 mg/dl did not survive (p 0.02). Twenty-four hours after burn or sham injury, IL-6 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in serum and liver. In the saline-treated group, IL-6 circulating and hepatic levels rose after burn injury (p 0.03). Circulating IL-6 levels in sham mice increased 1.5-fold in the group with a BAL of 100 mg/dl and 3-fold in those with a BAL of 300 mg/ml (p 0.005 versus burn-injured, saline-treated). IL-6 hepatic production after burn injury was higher in the mice with a BAL of 300 mg/dl than in those with a BAL of 100 mg/dl and the saline-treated group (p 0.001). Among the burned mice, alcohol exposure increased hepatic ROS production, measured by lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation, in a dosedependent manner. Conclusions: Alcohol enhances in a dose-dependent manner the hepatic production of IL-6 induced by burn injury through the modulation of oxidative stress. The increased mortality rate of mice exposed to alcohol and burn injury may be due to the adverse effect on immune function induced by IL-6 elevation.
Nonequilibrium coherence dynamics of a soft boson lattice

We study the nonequilibrium evolution of the phase coherence of a Bose-Einstein condensate in a one-dimensional optical lattice as the lattice array is suddenly quenched from a highly-number-squeezed to a superfluid state. We observe slowly damped phase coherence oscillations in the regime of large filling factor ($\ensuremath{\sim}100$ bosons per site) at a frequency proportional to the generalized Josephson frequency.
Misinterpretation and misuse of exposure limits.

Users of occupational exposure limits (OELs) often fail to distinguish between the complementary processes of risk assessment and exposure (risk) management. The former refers to those activities that lead to the selection of a reasonably protective exposure limit and often includes an analysis of exposure databases and an evaluation of group-based risk. The latter focuses on individual risk, and refers to those actions required of employers to ensure that each employee is unlikely to incur harm to health. This presentation focuses on how this failure to distinguish leads to misinterpretation and misuse of OELs. A typical OEL definition consists of at least three components: a concentration, an averaging time, and a target (usually the individual worker). OELs are occasionally improperly applied, resulting in a reduction of the expected level of protection. For example, sampling strategies proposed by the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) and Comite Europeen de Normalisation (CEN) permit work...
Unique challenges of obtaining regulatory approval for a multicenter protocol to study the genetics of RRP and suggested remedies

Objective Investigations that seek to generalize findings or to understand uncommon diseases must be conducted at multiple centers. This study describes the process of obtaining regulatory approval for a minimal risk genetic study in a multi-center setting as undertaken by the Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis (RRP) Task Force. Study design and setting Sequential cohort of American children’s hospitals. A single protocol was submitted to each Institutional Review Board (IRB). Results Documentation was prepared for 14 IRBs over 2.5 years. The median time between enlistment and approval at the first 8 sites was 15 months. Institutions varied considerably in their requirements and in the issues that were raised. Protocols were submitted sequentially and accumulated experience was used in the preparation of applications to subsequent IRBs. Nevertheless, there was no correlation between the accumulated experience and the number of issues that were raised. Conclusion Despite uniform federal standards, all local IRBs required unique and individualized submissions. For multicenter studies, investigators should seriously consider the establishment of cooperative authorization agreements. On a simpler level, a standardized format for applications needs to be adopted nationwide. EBM rating: B-3b
Epidemiologic Differences between Women with Borderline Ovarian Tumors and Women with Epithelial Ovarian Cancer

Abstract Objective. The aim of this study was to study the relationship between borderline ovarian tumors (BLOT) and epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) by comparing the epidemiologic features of women with BLOT with those of women with EOC of similar histology. Material and Methods. The epidemiologic features of 32 women with serous and mucinous BLOT were compared with those of 273 women with primary serous or mucinous EOC. We included all women with the documented respective histologic diagnoses admitted to Roswell Park Cancer Institute between 1982 and 1996 who returned a self-administered epidemiologic questionnaire which contained 44 items pertaining to reproductive, contraceptive, medical, social, dietary, occupational, and family histories of cancer. Individual variables between both groups were compared using the Student t test, χ 2 analysis, the Mantel–Haenszel test, and the Wilcoxon nonparametric test. Two-tailed P Results. The response rate to the questionnaire was 63% in the BLOT group and 60% in the EOC group. There was no significant difference between the two groups in geographic location, race, education, income, smoking, marital status, age at first pregnancy, age at first birth, history of hysterectomy, history of infertility, history of tubal surgery, use of hormone replacement therapy, or history of diaphragm or intrauterine contraceptive device use. There were no significant differences in family history of malignancy between women with BLOT and those with EOC. Women with BLOT were significantly younger than those with EOC (mean age 47 ± 14.0 versus 56 ± 13.7, P P = 0.089). Conclusions. The epidemiologic features of women with BLOT are similar to those of women with EOC with the exception of an earlier age of onset. These findings might be consistent with one etiology for both conditions.