cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tetraspanins in Cancer

The Tetraspanins comprise a distinct family of small transmembrane proteins capable of molecular organization of its non-tetraspanin partners. The 33 family members are characterized by a recurrent structural theme and conserved cysteines. While catalytic domains and ligands have not been identified, tetraspanins appear to function as molecular organizers by recruiting non-tetraspanin partners into organized membrane structures known as tetraspanin-enriched microdomains (TERM). These interactions allow tetraspanins to regulate adhesion, cytoskeletal interactions, molecular signaling, and protein trafficking. Tetraspanins are involved in a multitude of biological processes ranging from synaptic contacts at neuromuscular junctions to epithelial integrity and T-cell activation. In recent years, their role in several malignancies has become particularly apparent. Some tetraspanins appear capable of limiting cancer progression while others promote tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. This chapter focuses on reviewing the current understanding of tetraspanins in tumorigenesis.
SWARMS: A geographic information system for desert locust forecasting

Abstract The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations operates a centralised Desert Locust Information Service. Similar to most early warning systems, it relies on accurate information received in a timely manner, in this case, from countries affected by locusts, regional centres and meteorological services. Until recently, this information was managed manually at FAO Headquarters. However, this has changed with the introduction of a computer-based geographic information system. This system operates on a UNIX workstation and uses ARC/INFO and INGRES software. It is connected to a satellite receiving station and to the Internet. The system will allow forecasters to manage locust and environmental data better, and it may encourage more precise data collection in the field. As locust forecasters become more proficient in the use of SWARMS, as field data improve and as remote sensing imagery become validated. FAO should be able to provide more accurate forecasts and early warnings to affected countries FAO should also be able to provide better advice to the international donor community, which in turn could contribute to improved planning and decision making.
Security games with multiple attacker resources

Algorithms for finding game-theoretic solutions are now used in several real-world security applications. This work has generally assumed a Stackelberg model where the defender commits to a mixed strategy first. In general two-player normal-form games, Stackelberg strategies are easier to compute than Nash equilibria, though it has recently been shown that in many security games, Stackelberg strategies are also Nash strategies for the defender. However, the work on security games so far assumes that the attacker attacks only a single target. In this paper, we generalize to the case where the attacker attacks multiple targets simultaneously. Here, Stackelberg and Nash strategies for the defender can be truly different. We provide a polynomial-time algorithm for finding a Nash equilibrium. The algorithm gradually increases the number of defender resources and maintains an equilibrium throughout this process. Moreover, we prove that Nash equilibria in security games with multiple attackers satisfy the interchange property, which resolves the problem of equilibrium selection in such games. On the other hand, we show that Stackelberg strategies are actually NP-hard to compute in this context. Finally, we provide experimental results.
Weak coordination of H2S to the solid-state ferrous porphyrin complexes with diatomic molecules. Characterization of 6-coordinate adducts at low temperature

Abstract The interaction of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) with ferrous porphyrin five coordinate complexes bearing CO and O 2 (L) was studied at low temperatures in sublimated porphyrin layers using electronic and infrared absorption spectroscopy. Upon addition of H 2 S to a cryostat containing Fe(II)(TPP)(L) (TPP is meso -tetraphenyl-porphyrinato dianion) at low temperatures, the spectral changes were observed that are consistent with H 2 S binding in axial position trans to the diatomic ligand. Density functional theory (DFT) computational analysis also supports formation of the six-coordinate adducts. These complexes are stable only at very low temperature and dissociate upon warming. The stretching frequencies of diatomic ligands in the six-coordinate adducts were recorded and compared with those, known for the other thiol and thioether ligands.
Noncanonical placental Fc receptors: What is their role in modulating transplacental transfer of maternal IgG?

The transplacental transfer of maternal Immunoglobulin G (IgG) to the fetus is critical for protection against infectious diseases in the first year of life [1]. Maternal protective IgG is transferred from the maternal to the fetal circulatory system via the placenta, and this process begins in the first trimester of pregnancy [2]. By 37–40 weeks of gestation, maternal passively acquired IgG concentrations in newborns can exceed maternal IgG serum levels in normal pregnancies [3–7]. Yet, the molecular mechanisms of transplacental transfer of maternal IgG remain poorly understood. In order to reach the fetal circulatory system, maternal IgG must traverse three distinct placental anatomical barriers: (1) the syncytiotrophoblast cell barrier, (2) the villous stroma containing placental fibroblasts and Hofbauer cells, and (3) fetal endothelial cells. It is well established that IgG crosses the syncytiotrophoblast by binding to the canonical IgG shuttle receptor: Fragment crystallizable (Fc) receptor neonatal (FcRn) [2, 8]. However, how maternal IgG traverses the subsequent placental barriers is not completely understood, as they do not express FcRn, yet recent RNAseq analyses have shown that Fcγ receptors, including FcγRIIIa, FcγRIIa, FcγRIIb, and FcγRI, are expressed in term placentas [9]. However, it should be cautioned that it is not yet known if these noncanonical placental FcRs play a role, if at all, in the transplacental transfer of maternal IgG. A deeper understanding of the molecular mechanism(s) of IgG binding to placentally expressed Fc receptors could be important (1) for the design of novel maternal IgG-based therapeutics and vaccines with optimal transplacental transfer efficiency, with the ultimate goal of increasing infant protection against congenital and neonatal infectious diseases, and (2) to optimize the Fc region of immunomodulatory IgG monoclonal antibody therapeutics for blunted transplacental transfer to potentially reduce the transplacental transport of maternal self-reactive IgG in women with autoimmune disorders.
Increasing Healthy Exercise in the Primary Care Setting

The primary care hospital and clinic settings offer many rewards to practitioners and challenges alike. One major challenge that health care professionals may often identify in the primary care setting is the sedentary lifestyle of their patients. Needless to say, the lack of healthy exercise can be a leading cause of obesity, type II diabetes, essential hypertension, as well as obesity. In this chapter we will discuss outcome research that has been shown to increase patient participation in healthy exercise and decrease the symptoms associated with the diseases (such as type II diabetes, obesity, and essential hypertension) that can be effectively treated with behavioral health interventions directly within the primary care clinics.
Silver Selenide Colloidal Quantum Dots for Mid-Wavelength Infrared Photodetection

Lately discovered silver selenide (Ag2Se) colloidal quantum dots with tetragonal crystal structure exhibit promising optical properties in the mid-wavelength infrared. Although colloidal synthesis of uniform sizes and shapes as well as detailed phase transformation and photoluminescence properties have been studied recently, investigations of their optoelectronic properties as an active layer in photodetector devices remain scarce. Herein, we present the fabrication and characterization of Ag2Se colloidal quantum dot-based photoconductive photodetectors. We investigate the effect of ligand exchange as well as temperature and spectral-dependent photoresponses. Our results suggest that further enhancement in performance could be achieved through accurate control of carrier concentration. With this improvement, Ag2Se colloidal quantum dots may serve as a promising mid-wavelength infrared absorber for the development of thermal infrared sensors and imagers with low size, weight, power consumption, and cost.
Can Symptoms Differentiate Between Chronic Adenoiditis and Chronic Rhinosinusitis in Pediatric Patients

The purpose of this article is to differentiate pediatric patients with chronic adenoiditis from those with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) based on presenting symptoms. A chart review from a tertiary care facility with pediatric patients who presented with suspected CRS from 2006 to 2014 was identified. We compared patient characteristics, clinical symptoms, duration of symptoms, and past medial history using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. Based on recent literature, utilizing the computed tomography (CT) score, we identified those children with CRS versus those with chronic adenoiditis. Of the 99 pediatric patients included, 22 patients had diagnosis of adenoiditis and 77 had diagnosis of CRS. When purulent rhinorrhea was present with facial pain, CRS was statistically more prevalent than chronic adenoiditis (P = .017). Symptoms including cough (P = .022), rhinorrhea (P = .27), and facial pressure (P = .98) were not predictive of one diagnosis over the other. Past medical history of asthma or allergy was similar in both groups. Smoke exposure was associated with CT scores >5 (odds ratio 2.4, 95% confidence interval, 0.799-7.182). We conclude that purulent rhinorrhea in the presence of facial pain is more indicative of CRS versus chronic adenoiditis. For all other children, an adenoidectomy without the need for a CT scan can be entertained.
Device architecture for metasurface integrated uncooled SixGeyO1-x-y infrared microbolometers

This paper reports the design, fabrication, characterization, and noise reduction of metasurface based uncooled infrared microbolometers with focus on device architecture. Two designs are investigated. In the first design, the devices are fabricated with the legs positioned underneath the microbolometer pixel. This is facilitated by the use of the metasurface which removes the need for a Fabry-Perot 1/4 cavity. Placing the legs underneath the pixel permits longer legs without sacrificing fill factor and raises the thermal resistance between the microbolometer and the substrate. The metasurface potentially allows spectrally dependent IR absorption. The second design extends this architecture to include a second microbolometer suspended above the first microbolometer to form a single pixel. Metasurfaces on each microbolometer can be designed to capture a portion of the spectrum with the combined structure maximizing the total absorptance across the Long Wave Infrared (LWIR) band. The TCR and resistivity are measured on the fabricated devices with and without the addition of the metasurface for both designs. The metasurface produces a slight increase in the TCR 5% to 12% and a dramatic reduction in the resistivity (>5×) which leads to a two order of magnitude reduction in the microbolometer noise voltage Power Spectral Density (PSD) after annealing in vacuum. The measured single cavity microbolometer has a voltage responsivity of 4.1×104 V/W and detectivity of 3.57×108 cm·Hz1/2/W.
Cooperative Control Strategy of Hybrid Energy Storage System under Isolated Operation of Micro-grid

Wind and photovoltaic(PV) power generation have strong randomness, fluctuation and intermittence, so it is necessary to configure energy storage devices in micro-grid to suppress its output fluctuation. Aiming at the characteristics of islanded operation mode of micro-grid, a coordinated control strategy of hybrid energy storage system with lithium batteries (Li-b) and super capacitors (SC) is designed. The two-stage filter structure of the first-order low-pass filter and the second-order high-pass filter is adopted to distribute the load power gap. On this basis, considering the state of charge (SOC) of Li-b and the voltage of SC, a cooperative control strategy of hybrid energy storage system is designed. Then, according to the coordinated control strategy, the control structure of the two-stage energy storage converter (including DC/DC converter and DC/AC converter) is designed. Finally, a simulation model is built in MATLAB/Simulink to verify the effectiveness of the control strategy of the hybrid energy storage system designed in this paper.
Abstract TP351: Axl/Mer Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Mediates Erythrophagocytosis-Induced Macrophage Reparative Phenotype and Brain Recovery in Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Introduction: Local inflammation contributes to both brain injury and recovery after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Our previous studies have shown brain-infiltrating macrophages (BIMs) aggravate ...
Symbol and Artifact: Jungian Dynamics at McLuhan's Technological Interface

ions could be said to be interior stimuli, wh'ile input resulting out of the i~mediate interaction between the individual and the environment are exteri~r. The importance of maintaining this distinction will become more apparent later when we deal with media as the so~rce of secondary · environmental effects.These effects include the reversal of exterior dynamics into interior determinants that bia-s the reactive and affectual properties·of the organism (see Chapter 3). "Individual u will be used t·o represent the human organism as a functioning psych~-biologic complex that has self-awareness or is conscious. The existence of consciousness implies a set of interior symbolic processes resulting in the creation and maintenance of a differentiation between the organism and its environment. Such people as _George Herbert Mead h?ve developed theoretical constructs that delineate the developmental stages in self-awareness and th . 't t . t· 1 l't' 12 A e1r concomm1 an exper1en 1a qua 1 1es. n awareness of the complicated processes that enable the individual to translate outer stimuli into inner thoughts not only enhances conceptions of the individual as a functioning organism but also is an invaluable aid to understanding the impact media have upon the individual's sensory relationship with his environment.
Justification and Legitimacy: Essays on Rights and Obligations

Introduction 1. The principle of fair play 2. Fair play and political obligation: twenty years later 3. The obligations of citizens and the justification of conscription 4. Associative political obligations 5. External justifications and institutional roles 6. Philosophical anarchism 7. Justification and legitimacy 8. 'Denisons' and 'Aliens': Locke's problem of political consent 9. Human rights and world citizenship: the universality of Human Rights in Kant and Locke 10. Original-acquisition justifications of private property 11. Historical rights and fair shares 12. Makers' rights.
Identity, the politics of policing, and limits to legitimacy in Northern Ireland

This paper draws connections between the lived experiences of community-based stakeholders in the Northern Ireland peace process and dominant discourses and practices of political leaders to identi...
Performance-based computational design via differential modeling and two-staged mapping

Computational performance-based building design support faces a conflict. It is important to provide building performance feed back to the designer as early as possible in the design process. But many aspects of building performance are significantly affected by the design of the building’s technical systems, which are typically configured in detail only in the later stages of design. The challenge is thus to find a method to use detailed simulation tools even during the early stages of design when values for many of the variables for the building’s technical sub-systems are not yet available. In this paper, we demonstrate how this problem can be partially solved by combining two levels of automation. The first level consists of differential building representation involving a number of domain (application-specific) object models that are derived from a shared object model automatically. The second level uses generative agents that create reference designs for the technical sub-systems of the building. To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach, we use the building energy systems domain (heating, cooling, ventilation, and air-conditioning) as a case in point.
Fluorinated Pyrimidines and Their Nucleosides

Since their introduction (Heidelberger et al., 1957), the fluorinated pyrimidines and their nucleosides have been widely used as biochemical tools for the elucidation of a number of problems encountered in cell biology and molecular biology. Of more practical importance, however, has been their extensive use as drugs for the palliative treatment of patients suffering from disseminated cancer. One of the compounds is now clinically useful in the curative treatment of herpes simplex viral infections of the eye. Although these compounds have generated an enormous literature, this chapter will deal primarily with a review of the major pharmacological and biochemical effects of these compounds; the coverage of the literature, by necessity, will focus only on key references that are germane to the topics being described. Several reviews of this topic have appeared elsewhere (Heidelberger and Ansfield, 1963; Heidelberger, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1969, 1970, 1973; Mandel, 1969; Carter, 1970).
Nature of Phonons, Isotope Effect, and Superconductivity in Ba 1-x K x BiO 3

Phonon density-of-states of insulating BaBiO3 in orthorhombic phase and superconducting Ba0.6K0.4BiO3 in cubic phase are studied using the molecular dynamics (MD) method. The MD results are compared with the recent inelastic neutron scattering experiments and electron tunneling experiments. The exponent of the oxygen isotope effect is calculated from the first moment of the phonon density of states (the weak coupling limit) and from the solution of Eliashberg gap equations. Results are compared with isotope effect experiments. Evidence based on inelastic neutron scattering, tunneling, and isotope effect experiments when combined with the MD calculations suggest that this material is a normal weak coupling BCS superconductor with strong coupling of the carriers to the high energy oxygen phonons.
DEVELOPING REGIONAL INPUT-OUTPUT MODELS FROM THE U.N. FORMAT ADOPTED BY THE U.S. IN THE NEW 1972 INPUT-OUTPUT MODEL

Since the mid-1940s, interest in the interrelationships of subnational economies has been growing. Part of this interest flows from a realization of the need to manage regional growth and mitigate the effects of economically unstable components of regional economies on the welfare of the people within the region. Aggregated macroeconomic models applied at the national level commonly provide insufficient information about their components, the regional economies. This lack has led to the development of state and regional macro models which can provide specific information relevant to state or local decision makers. Such information includes the availability of regional resources necessary to support and expand regional production and the impacts of changes in demand on the welfare of local inhabitants. These models are also useful in estimating the impacts of national policy on regional economies. The development of regional input-output models is an example of the trend toward fuller understanding of regional economies. State or regional input-output models can be constructed either by survey or by estimation from the national input-output model. Time and money constraints have increased the popularity of the latter approach among regional economists.
Move to component based architectures: introducing Microsoft's .NET platform into the college classroom

A transformation has been occurring in the architectural model for computer-based application intense software systems. This new model, software-as-a-service, will have a profound impact on the design and development of software for many years to come and as such college level computing curriculums will need to incorporate the concepts and methodologies associated with this new architecture. The platform is built upon a view of interrelated, distributed peer-level software modules and components that work in tandem to achieve specified functional goals. From Microsoft's viewpoint, migration to the new platform requires a radical shift in the software development lifecycle. It is becoming imperative that higher education computing programs take a proactive stance in reviewing their curriculums and making plans to align them with this new paradigm. This paper explores Microsoft's .NET strategy and provides a synopsis of the efforts taken by one Computer Science and Information Systems Department to incorporate .NET into the curriculum and the classroom.
Trytophanase from Aeromonas liquefaciens SUBUNIT STRUCTURE AND AGGREGATION OF THE ENZYME INTO ENZYMATICALLY ACTIVE POLYMERIC SPECIES

Abstract Tryptophanase from Aeromonas liquefaciens is composed of four apparently identical subunits of molecular weight near 54,000 as indicated by sodium dodecyl sulfate disc gel electrophoresis, sedimentation equilibrium analyses in the presence of 6 m guanidine hydrochloride and 8 m urea, and tryptic peptide mapping. The 216,000 molecular weight native enzyme (now referred to as the monomer) aggregates into enzymatically active polymeric species. This is indicated from the fact that protein distribution and enzyme activity coincide in sucrose gradients and disc gel electrophoresis. From sedimentation coefficients and the molecular weights of the aggregates the type of polymerization appears to be monomer-dimer-trimer-tetramer, etc. The degree of polymerization appears to be indefinite in that higher order polymers than a tetramer have been observed. This polymerization is readily induced by -20° freezing, but not by rapid freezing (about -70°) in an acetone-alcohol-Dry Ice bath. The aggregated species appear to be stable structures which are not in a rapid equilibrium with the monomer. Noncovalent forces are involved in holding together both the subunits of the monomer and the aggregated species of the monomer. KCl (1 m) or variation in pH does not result in polymerization of the monomer or depolymerization of its aggregates. Also, the charge per unit mass of the monomer and its aggregates are similar. These observations suggest that it is the interaction of nonpolar amino acid residues that stabilizes the structure of the aggregates.
Glassy ferromagnetism and magnetic phase separation in La 1 − x Sr x CoO 3

We present the results of a comprehensive investigation of the dc magnetization, ac susceptibility, and magnetotransport properties of the glassy ferromagnet ${\mathrm{La}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{\mathrm{CoO}}_{3}.$ The compositions studied span the range from the end-member ${\mathrm{LaCoO}}_{3}$ $(x=0.0)$ through to $x=0.7.$ These materials have attracted attention recently, primarily due to the spin-state transition phenomena in ${\mathrm{LaCoO}}_{3}$ and the unusual nature of the magnetic ground state for finite x. In this paper we present a consistent picture of the magnetic behavior of ${\mathrm{La}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{\mathrm{CoO}}_{3}$ in terms of short-range ferromagnetic ordering and intrinsic phase separation. At high Sr doping $(xg0.2)$ the system exhibits unconventional ferromagnetism (with a Curie temperature up to 250 K), which is interpreted in terms of the coalescence of short-range-ordered ferromagnetic clusters. Brillouin function fits to the temperature dependence of the magnetization as well as high-temperature Curie-Weiss behavior suggest that the ${\mathrm{Co}}^{3+}$ and ${\mathrm{Co}}^{4+}$ ions are both in the intermediate spin state. At lower Sr doping $(xl0.18)$ the system enters a mixed phase that displays the characteristics of both a spin glass and a ferromagnet. A cusp in the zero-field-cooled dc magnetization, a frequency-dependent peak in the ac susceptibility and time-dependent effects in both dc and ac magnetic properties all point towards glassy behavior. On the other hand, field cooling results in a relatively large ferromagneticlike moment, with zero-field-cooled and field-cooled magnetizations bifurcating at an irreversibility point. Even in the region above $x=0.2$ the out-of-phase component of the ac susceptibility shows frequency-dependent peaks below the Curie temperature (indicative of glassy behavior) which have previously been interpreted in terms of the freezing of clusters. All of the results are consistent with the existence of a strong tendency towards magnetic phase separation in this material, a conclusion which is further reinforced by consideration of the electronic properties. The metal-insulator transition is observed to be coincident with the onset of ferromagnetic ordering $(x=0.18)$ and has a behavior in the doping dependence of the low-temperature conductivity which is strongly suggestive of percolation. This can be interpreted as a percolation transition within the simple ferromagnetic cluster model. On the metallic side of the transition the system exhibits colossal magnetoresistance-type behavior with a peak in the negative magnetoresistance (\ensuremath{\sim}10% in 90 kOe) in the vicinity of the Curie temperature. As the transition is approached from the metallic side we observe the onset of a negative magnetoresistance that increases in magnitude with decreasing temperature, reaching values as large as 90% in a 90-kOe field. This magnetoresistance is enhanced at the metal-insulator transition, where it persists even to room temperature.
Factors associated with hysterectomy among older women from Latin America and the Caribbean

To identify factors associated with hysterectomy, data collected from 1999-2000 were assessed from seven cities of the Health, Well-Being and Aging in Latin America and the Caribbean Study on 6,549 women, aged 60 years and older. Hysterectomy prevalence ranged from 12.8% in Buenos Aires (Argentina) to 30.4% in Bridgetown (Barbados). The median age for having had a hysterectomy ranged from 45 to 50 years across the cities and was 47 years in the pooled sample. Ethnic differences in hysterectomy rates were partially explained by differences across cities. Factors significantly associated with lower odds for hysterectomy included older age, household crowding conditions, and having public/military or no health insurance, compared to having private health insurance. Women who had three or more children were less likely to have had a hysterectomy, a finding that differs from most previous studies. Socioeconomic position related to rates of hysterectomy in late life rather than hysterectomies earlier in life. However, the nature of these differences varied across birth cohorts. The findings suggested that adverse socioeconomic factors were most likely related to hysterectomy risk by affecting access to health care, whereas parity was most likely acting through an effect on decision-making processes.
Stability and specificity of heterodimer formation for the coiled-coil neck regions of the motor proteins Kif3A and Kif3B: the role of unstructured oppositely charged regions

We investigated the folding, stability, and specificity of dimerization of the neck regions of the kinesin-like proteins Kif3A (residues 356-416) and Kif3B (residues 351-411). We showed that the complementary charged regions found in the hinge regions (which directly follow the neck regions) of these proteins do not adopt any secondary structure in solution. We then explored the ability of the complementary charged regions to specify heterodimer formation for the neck region coiled-coils found in Kif3A and Kif3B. Redox experiments demonstrated that oppositely charged regions specified the formation of a heterodimeric coiled-coil. Denaturation studies with urea demonstrated that the negatively charged region of Kif3A dramatically destabilized its neck coiled-coil (urea1/2 value of 3.9 m compared with 6.7 m for the coiled-coil alone). By comparison, the placement of a positively charged region C-terminal to the neck coiled-coil of Kif3B had little effect on stability (urea1/2 value of 8.2 m compared with 8.8 m for the coiled-coil alone). The pairing of complementary charged regions leads to specific heterodimer formation where the stability of the heterodimeric neck coiled-coil with charged regions had similar stability (urea1/2 value of 7.8 m) to the most stable homodimer (Kif3B) with charged regions (urea1/2 value of 8.0 m) and dramatically more stable than the Kif3A homodimer with charged regions (urea1/2, value of 3.9 m). The heterodimeric coiled-coil with charged extensions has essentially the same stability as the heterodimeric coiled-coil on its own (urea1/2 values of 7.8 and 8.1 m, respectively) suggesting that specificity of heterodimerization is driven by non-specific attraction of the oppositely unstructured charged regions without affecting stability of the heterodimeric coiled-coil.
Bone morphogenetic proteins: background and implications for oral reconstruction. A review.

Abstract For over 30 years now, research has been carried out to isolate and purify bone morphogenettc protein (BMP), a substance which has been shown to induce heterotopic bone formation in various animal species. Recent advances in the fields of developmental biology, molecular biology, genetics and wound healing, have shown that the BMPs are not only responsible for postfetal bone induction (including normal bone remodeling, healing and repair), but are also critical during embryogenesis, not only in regards to the skeletal system, but quite possibly in the morphogenesis and pattern formation of other tissues and organs as well, Therefore. BMPs have the potential as a therapeutic utility in orthopedic and dento-alveolar reconstruction.
Acute regulation of IGF-I by alterations in post-exercise macronutrients

This investigation sought to examine the contributions of exercise and nutrient replenishment on in vivo regulation of the insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) axis components. Eight college-aged males completed three high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols followed by three post-exercise nutritional protocols: (1) placebo (EX); (2) carbohydrate only (CHO); and (3) essential amino acid/carbohydrate (EAA/CHO). Samples were analyzed for growth hormone (GH), free IGF-I, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2, insulin, hematocrit, hemoglobin, serum leucine, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) proteolytic activity, and presence of IGFBP-3 protease activity. No evidence for IGFBP-3 proteolysis was observed. Significant increases in [free IGF-I] and [leucine] were observed in the EAA/CHO group only. Significant differences were noted in [IGFBP-1] and [IGFBP-2] across conditions. Significant increases in [GH] and MMP-9 activity were observed in all groups. These results indicate that post-exercise macronutrient ratio is a determinant of [free IGF-I], [IGFBP-1 and -2] and may play a role in modulating the IGF-I axis in vivo.
The blue-gray cystic basal cell epithelioma

We report, in two men, the occurrence of a tiny, dome-shaped, blue-gray cystic nodule of the face. The nodule in both men clinically simulated an eccrine or apocrine hidrocystoma. Histologic examination revealed that both were cystic basal cell epitheliomas. These cases are reported in order to bring this unusual clinical presentation of basal cell epithelioma to the attention of clinicians.
Role of Tat Protein in HIV Neuropathogenesis

The Tat protein of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of the neurocognitive deficits associated with HIV infection. This is the earliest protein to be produced by the proviral DNA in the infected cell. The protein not only drives the regulatory regions of the virus but may also be actively released from the cell and then interact with the cell surface receptors of other uninfected cells in the brain leading to cellular dysfunction. It may also be taken up by these cells and can then activate a number of host genes. The Tat protein is highly potent and has the unique ability to travel along neuronal pathways. Importantly, its production is not impacted by the use of antiretroviral drugs once the proviral DNA has been formed. This article reviews the pleomorphic actions of Tat protein and the evidence supporting its central role in the neuropathogenesis of the HIV infection.
Human papillomavirus-associated adenocarcinoma of the base of the tongue.

Summary Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a major cause of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma with characteristic clinical and pathologic features relative to their non–HPV–associated counterparts. Here we describe 2 cases of HPV-associated adenocarcinoma of the oropharynx. Both cases arose at the base of the tongue, and neither had the histologic or immunohistochemical features of a primary salivary gland tumor or metastasis from another location. One patient had metastases to neck lymph nodes and the lungs and died of disease 37 months after diagnosis. Evidence for an HPV association consisted of strong diffuse expression of p16, polymerase chain reaction–based detection of HPV16 DNA sequences, and localization of HPV by in situ hybridization within tumor cells of both primary and metastatic lesions. These results further expand the spectrum of HPV-associated head and neck malignancy. This rare entity should be distinguished from primary salivary gland adenocarcinoma and may be a candidate for HPV-specific targeted therapies.
What Makes the Bioactive Lipids Phosphatidic Acid and Lysophosphatidic Acid So Special

Phosphatidic acid and lysophosphatidic acid are minor but important anionic bioactive lipids involved in a number of key cellular processes, yet these molecules have a simple phosphate headgroup. To find out what is so special about these lipids, we determined the ionization behavior of phosphatidic acid (PA) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in extended (flat) mixed lipid bilayers using magic angle spinning 31 P NMR. Our data show two surprising results. First, despite identical phosphomonoester headgroups, LPA carries more negative charge than PA when present in a phosphatidylcholine bilayer. Dehydroxy-LPA (1-oleoyl-3-(phosphoryl)propanediol) behaves in a manner identical to that of PA, indicating that the difference in negative charge between LPA and PA is caused by the hydroxyl on the glycerol backbone of LPA and its interaction with the phosphomonoester headgroup. Second, deprotonation of phosphatidic acid and lysophosphatidic acid was found to be strongly stimulated by the inclusion of phosphatidylethanolamine in the bilayer, indicating that lipid headgroup charge depends on local lipid composition and will vary between the different subcellular locations of (L)PA. Our findings can be understood in terms of a hydrogen bond formed within the phosphomonoester headgroup of (L)PA and its destabilization by competing intra- or intermolecular hydrogen bonds. We propose that this hydrogen bonding property of (L)PA is involved in the various cellular functions of these lipids.
Quantification of U.S. spent fuel inventories in nuclear waste management

Abstract The goal of this research was to develop a methodology to collect inventory estimates for the analysis of spent fuel in the United States. Data sets were collected from publicly available information on 103 operating U.S. reactors over the lifespan of each unit. SCALE 6.1’s ORIGEN-ARP module was used to produce plant models for each reactor and inventory estimates for spent fuel removed 0, 1, 3, 5, 10, and 20 years ago. The analysis includes assessments of radiotoxicity and heat load levels. Reductions in radiotoxicity and heat load were quantified for the oldest spent fuel, and it was noted that the values were smaller for BWR assemblies due to lower enrichment levels. The obtained results serve as a guiding tool in evaluating spent fuel management strategies, including spent fuel pool conditions, dry cask loading sequences of interim storage options, and expectations for permanent disposal needs.
Indians and Anthropologists: Vine Deloria, Jr. and the Critique of Anthropology

Indians and Anthropologists: Vine Deloria, Jr. and the Critique of Anthropology. Thomas Biolsi and Larry J. Zimmerman. eds. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1997. + 226 pp., contributors, index.
Early Stimulation of Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis in Livers from Triiodothyronine-Injected Mice

The incorporation of 14C-leucine into mitochondrial protein was increased 15% within 3 hr following the intraperitoneal injection of L-triiodothyronine into euthyroid mice; at the same time 14C-leucine incorporation into microsomal protein was unchanged. At 24 and 48 hr following a single injection of triiodothyronine mitochondrial incorporation was approximately doubled.
Catalytic Study of Methanol-to-Olefins Conversion in Four Small-Pore Silicoaluminophosphate Molecular Sieves: Influence of the Structural Type, Nickel Incorporation, Nickel Location, and Nickel Concentration

The selectivity of four small-pore silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieves, including SAPO-34 (CHA), SAPO-35 (LEV), SAPO-17 (ERI), and SAPO-18 (AEI), toward light olefins in general and ethylene in particular has been investigated for the methanol-to-olefins reaction using gas chromatography. This study was prompted by earlier electron spin resonance and electron spin−echo modulation results on nickel-modified SAPO materials in which Ni(I) was incorporated into both framework and ion-exchanged sites. These seemingly similar materials behaved significantly differently with respect to reducing agents and adsorbates. Attention was focused on whether the catalyst performance is influenced by the structural type, the presence of a transition metal ion (Ni) either in the framework or at ion-exchanged positions, or the amount of incorporated transition metal ion. Our results show that these factors indeed play an important role in the catalytic behavior. Among the protonated H−SAPO-n materials, the highest combi...
Vertebral response to laminectomy

Abstract A finite element model of a complete vertebra was formulated from a previously developed bilaterally symmetric model. This model was verified by comparing its results to those of the previous model and by ensuring that the output was bilaterally symmetric. The applied nodal loads were checked against experimentally measured pressures on the vertebral endplate. Simulations of complete and partial laminectomies on one side of a vertebra were performed. High tensile stresses occurred in the pedicle and in the region of the pars interarticularis as a result of surgery, particularly when the superior half of the lamina was removed.
Raman Scattering by Magnons in Rare Earth Metals

A theory of light scattering in a magnetic metal using the spin-dependent electric polarizability is developed and is applied to Raman scattering by magnons inn heavy rare earth metals. An important mechanism for one- and two-magnon scatterings arises from the coupling of radiation field with the 4 f localized moments via spin-orbit interaction. There are also indirect mechanisms in which electric polarizability of the conduction electrons are modulated by the s - f exchange interaction. Contributions of these mechanisms to the spin-dependent polarizability are estimated. We present calculations of the scattering symmetries and intensities for one- and two-magnon processes in systems with ferro-magnetic, spiral and conical spin structures, with application to Tb and Dy, assuming the first mechanism is predominant. In the cases of spiral and conical structures the magnons with wave vectors ± k 0 and ±2 k 0 are excited, where k 0 is the wave vector describing the periodicity of the static spin arrangement.
Inhibition of the DNA damage response blocks herpes simplex virus infection in corneal epithelium

Purpose Herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) is the leading cause of cornea-derived and infection-associated blindness in the developed world. Many HSK cases are refractory to treatment with available drugs, leading to permanent corneal pathology. In addition, drug-resistant viral strains are beginning to emerge and may present a major clinical problem in the future. Thus, our study focused on identifying and targeting critical virus-host interactions to suppress herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in corneal epithelium. Specifically, we investigated the role of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), a key protein in the mammalian DNA damage response pathway, in the molecular pathogenesis of HSK. Methods We utilized three experimental models in our studies. The in vitro model (human corneal epithelial and keratinocyte cell lines) was used to dissect the molecular mechanisms of HSV-ATM interactions. The ex vivo model (human and rabbit explanted corneas) was used to validate our tissue culture findings. And the in vivo model (young C57BL/6 mice) was used to test the antiviral potential of ATM inhibition in a physiologically-relevant context of ocular infection. Results ATM inhibition reduces HSV infection in corneal epithelial cells by blocking viral genome replication. Importantly, this inhibitory effect was observed not only with wild type HSV-1, but also with two different drug-resistant strains. The antiviral effects of Acyclovir and ATM inhibition were additive. We have also made progress into elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. Conclusion We have shown that ATM is a new therapeutic target for the treatment of herpes simplex keratitis. ATM inhibitors could be used alone or as adjuvant therapy to combat HSK.
Measurements of Light-Induced Degradation in A-Si,Ge:H,F Alloys

The effects of illumination on the optical and electronic properties of narrow gap hydrogenated and fluorinated amorphous Si-Ge (a-Si 1-x Ge x :H, F) alloys have been evaluated. A series of alloys with optical gaps ranging from 1.30 eV to 1.64 eV has been light soaked at ∼1 sun intensity for 354 hours. Measurements of sub-gap absorption, photo- and dark conductivities and dark conductivity activation energy were made on alloys in the annealed and the light-soaked states. The results indicate that samples with optical gaps ≳ 1.4 eV degrade significantly. The 1.3 eV sample shows no degradation in its optical or electronic properties except for a factor of 5 increase in the dark conductivity.
Behaviour of specialist and generalist caterpillars on plantain (Plantago lanceolata)

. 1 Foraging patterns of specialist (Junonia coenia Hubner: Nymphalidae) and generalist (Spilosoma congrua Wlk.: Arctiidae) caterpillars on five genotypes of plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.: Plantaginaceae) were examined in an experimental garden. 2 Movement by the specialists reflected declining availability of new leaves. When direct sunlight was available, these caterpillars were usually exposed to it. 3 Although the generalists also preferred new leaves, they spent less than 50% of their time on the plantain and changed location more frequently than the specialists. They often hid at the base of plants or under leaves. 4 Plant genotype influenced the apparency of the specialists and damage by the herbivores.
Prevention of the metabolic effects of 2-tetradecylglycidate by octanoic acid in the genetically diabetic mouse (db/db).

Abstract 2-Tetradecylglycidate is a specific inhibitor of the enzyme carnitine palmitoyl transferase, the rate-limiting step in long chain fatty acid oxidation. We previously showed that chronic administration of TDGA to genetically diabetic mice caused a dose-dependent decrease in blood glucose, retarded the development of renal immunopathologic lesions, and resulted in significant cardiomegaly. The present study was designed to evaluate whether all the observed consequences of chronic TDGA administration resulted from inhibition of long chain fatty acid oxidation or whether the drug exerted other nonspecific effects. To circumvent the effects of LCFAO inhibition, diabetic mice were dosed with TDGA and given a diet containing 9% octanoic acid. Octanoic acid is a medium chain fatty acid, whose oxidation is not dependent on the carnitine transferase system and is not inhibited by TDGA. Administration of the octanoate diet to diabetics receiving TDGA abrogated all the drug effects, including lowering of blood glucose and prevention of renal immunopathology. Cardiomegaly, a consequence of increased protein accretion associated with TDGA dosing, did not occur in the octanoate-fed animals. These results indicate that all the actions of TDGA are mediated via its inhibitory effects on long chain fatty acid oxidation. The cardiac changes resulting from chronic TDGA administration suggest that long chain fatty acid oxidation and its relationship with myocardial energetics may exert a regulatory role on protein synthesis in the myocardium.
Magnetoelastic quantum oscillations in PbTe

Abstract The first observation of quantum oscillations in the elastic constants of a degenerate semiconductor, PbTe, is reported, together with a theory based on a deformation potential model which is in quantitative agreement with experiment.
RADIUM SEPARATION THROUGH COMPLEXATION BY AQUEOUS CROWN ETHERS AND ION EXCHANGE OR SOLVENT EXTRACTION

ABSTRACT The effect of three water-soluble, unsubstituted crown ethers (15-crown-5 (15C5), 18-crown-6 (18C6) and 21-erown-7 (21C7) on the uptake of Ca, Sr, Ba and Ra cations by a sulfonic acid cation exchange resin, and on the extraction of the same cations by xylene solutions of dinonylnaphthalenesulfonic acid (HDNNS) from aqueous hydrochloric acid solutions has been investigated. The crown ethers enhance the sorption of the larger cations by the ion exchange resin, thereby improving the resin selectivity over calcium, a result of a synergistic interaction between the crown ether and the ionic functional groups of the resin. Similarly, the extraction of the larger alkaline earth cations into. xylene by HDNNS is strongly synergized by the presence of the crown ethers in the aqueous phase. Promising results for intra-Group IIa cation separations have been obtained using each of the three crown ethers as the aqueous ligands and the sulfonic acid cation exchange resin. Even greater separation factors for the...
Structural mechanisms underlying sequence-dependent variations in GAG affinities of decorin binding protein A, a Borrelia burgdorferi adhesin

Abstract Decorin-binding protein A (DBPA) is an important surface adhesin of the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease. DBPA facilitates the bacteria's colonization of human tissue by adhering to glycosaminoglycan (GAG), a sulfated polysaccharide. Interestingly, DBPA sequence variation among different strains of Borrelia spirochetes is high, resulting in significant differences in their GAG affinities. However, the structural mechanisms contributing to these differences are unknown. We determined the solution structures of DBPAs from strain N40 of B. burgdorferi and strain PBr of Borrelia garinii, two DBPA variants whose GAG affinities deviate significantly from strain B31, the best characterized version of DBPA. Our structures revealed that significant differences exist between PBr DBPA and B31/N40 DBPAs. In particular, the C-terminus of PBr DBPA, unlike C-termini from B31 and N40 DBPAs, is positioned away from the GAG-binding pocket and the linker between helices one and two of PBr DBPA is highly structured and retracted from the GAG-binding pocket. The repositioning of the C-terminus allowed the formation of an extra GAG-binding epitope in PBr DBPA and the retracted linker gave GAG ligands more access to the GAG-binding epitopes than other DBPAs. Characterization of GAG ligands' interactions with wild-type (WT) PBr and mutants confirmed the importance of the second major GAG-binding epitope and established the fact that the two epitopes are independent of one another and the new epitope is as important to GAG binding as the traditional epitope.