cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring social support in rehabilitation.

Purpose. To provide a comprehensive and up-to-date literature review of social support and a description of available assessment measures in order to facilitate a theoretical and operational framework for incorporating social support in rehabilitation interventions.Method. An overview of the different theoretical models and conceptual dimensions and a description of specific measures of social support are given. The implications of social support assessment for rehabilitation and recommendations for future research are discussed.Conclusion. To move forward in this area, a consensus on the definition and dimensions of social support needs to occur which could be obtained through an evaluation of existing measures . Practitioners and researchers in rehabilitation need to study measures of social support in order to provide empirical support for scales used in professional practice and in research to expand understanding of this important construct.
Group Problem Solving Effectiveness under Conditions of Pooling vs. Interaction

(1963). Group Problem Solving Effectiveness under Conditions of Pooling vs. Interaction. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 147-157.
The Time Dependence of Magnetic, Velocity and Intensity Fields in the Solar Atmosphere

Spectroheliogram movies of magnetic, velocity, and intensity fields have been obtained in a wide variety of spectral lines. The time resolution was typically 10–30 s. Some of the lines used were: CN λ 3883; CaI λ 6103; FeI λ 4071; FeI λ 5434; FeIi λ 4924; CaIi λ 3934; CaIi λ 8542.
Do "Language Rights" Serve Indigenous Interests? Some Hopi and Other Queries

While valuable, the discourse of language rights neglects language use in cultural, social, and historical contexts. This article examines some implications of that neglect, especially vis-a-vis small-scale, indigenous, "oral" societies. Drawing principally on Hopi examples, I argue that language rights discourse rests on a reflexivization of language and culture enhanced by globalism. Now reified, language becomes an allegory of ethnic identity. Preexisting sociolinguistic sensibilities get repositioned, for example, in Native Americancommunities in which language has hitherto been deployed as a technique of privacy and sovereignty, language rights ideology islogocentric and presumes a democratic, secular space of language use, conflicting with both privacy and performativity in Native linguisticvalues. And some linguistic usage reinforces social inequality, both transnationally and group-internally: Here, language rights contradict other human rights. Language rights discourse also requires anthropology to rethink its recent antipathy to the culture concept and to treat language and culture objectively. [Keywords: language rights, sociolinguistic values, sovereignty, logocentrism, globalism]
VO2MAX, blood doping, and erythropoietin.

Methods (legal and illegal) of increasing total body haemoglobin and thereby o2max are discussed By the 1930s it was clear that champion endurance athletes had remarkably high maximal O2 uptake (o2max).1 In the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, classic studies were performed on the physiological determinants of o2max and on its key role in endurance performance.2–4 During this time there was much debate on O2 delivery versus O2 extraction as the “limiting factor” for o2max.5,6 Observations during this era clearly established the role of maximal cardiac output as a determinant of o2max, and very high maximal cardiac output values were seen in champion endurance athletes.2 In addition, the important role of blood volume and total body haemoglobin as determinants of o2max also emerged (fig 1).2,7–9 In an effort to better understand the physiological determinants of o2max, studies were then conducted that attempted to manipulate O2 delivery using a variety of approaches including altered concentrations of inspired O2, drugs that speed or slow the heart, and, as will be discussed here, techniques that altered total body haemoglobin and haemoglobin concentration.10,11 In general, by the 1970s it was clear that manoeuvres that increased total body haemoglobin increased o2max and manoeuvres that reduced total body haemoglobin reduced o2max. …
Density-dependent stimulation and inhibition of cell growth by agents that disrupt microtubules

Abstract We have previously reported that agents that disrupt microtubules, such as colchicine, inhibit the growth stimulation of lymphocytes and arrested fibroblasts; other workers have recently reported enhanced stimulation of fibroblasts in the presence of the same drugs. In the present studies, we resolve this conflict by demonstrating that the stimulatory and inhibitory effects of microtubule disruption depend upon the density and the cell type of the treated cultures. Our analysis included an examination of three variables: (i) cell density (sparse or confluent), (ii) cell type (resting fibroblasts from mouse or chicken embryos or from the permanent 3T3 mouse fibroblast line), and (iii) treatment with colchicine and related drugs in the presence or absence of various mitogens such as serum, insulin, and epidermal growth factor. We found that colchicine augmented mitogenesis in confluent cultures of all cell types. Colchicine by itself appeared to be mitogenic only for confluent chicken embryo fibroblasts. In sparse cultures with minimal cell-cell contacts, however, there were differences between embryonic cells and the 3T3 cell line. In confirmation of our previous reports, disruption of microtubules by colchicine inhibited the mitogenic stimulation of sparse cultures of embryonic chicken or mouse fibroblasts. In contrast, fibroblasts of the permanent 3T3 line in sparse cultures were stimulated by some mitogens despite the presence of colchicine. The augmentative effects of colchicine on the stimulation of confluent cultures were synergistic with the mitogens, and colchicine allowed response to otherwise submitogenic doses of growth factors. Kinetic studies indicated that the stimulatory and inhibitory effects of colchicine are separable and that both can operate simultaneously. The experiments suggest that the regulation of growth by nutrient deprivation and the regulation by density dependence proceed at least in part by different mechanisms. All of the results suggest that microtubular integrity can be associated with the expression of either negative or positive controls on cell growth, depending upon the confluence or lineage of the cells in culture.
The cosmic ray intensity above the atmosphere near the geomagnetic pole

With the help of new high altitude intensity measurements of Meredith, Van Allen and Gottlieb with single Geiger counters near the north geomagnetic pole, an assessment of existing knowledge of the low rigidity end of the primary cosmic ray spectrum is presented. The new Iowa rocket experiments fully confirm and substantially extend previous evidence for the marked flattening of the integral primary cosmic ray spectrum below a magnetic rigidity of about 1.5–109 volts. In particular, they indicate a complete or nearly complete absence of the major components (H, He) of the primary radiation in the following spectral regions: (a) For hydrogen, the magnetic rigidity range 1.2–109 volts to 0.18-109 volts (kinetic energy range 590 MeV to 18 MeV). (b) For helium, the magnetic rigidity range 1.2 · 109 volts to 0.37·109 volts (kinetic energy range 700 MeV to 72 MeV). The low end of these ranges is far below that attainable by any means except rocket-borne apparatus. This observed absence of low rigidity primaries is not inconsistent with a solar dipole moment as large as 0.6–1034 gauss-cm3. But there may be an entirely different physical cause. Due to the low relative abundance of primary nuclei ofZ > 2, the present data are not of sufficient accuracy to conclusively exclude their presence in the low rigidity region of the spectrum. A crucial test of the solar cut-off hypothesis is available in this connection. Preliminary roeket flights of pulse ionization chambers have been made with the intention of investigating the intensities of low rigidity heavy nuclei.
Power and performance characteristics of USB flash drives

Even though their capacities are still orders of magnitude lower than those of hard disks, flash storage systems are rapidly gaining importance in energy-constrained systems. This paper focuses on USB flash drives, which can provide portable storage to mobile systems or storage to systems that otherwise do not have persistent storage opportunities (e.g., low-power sensor devices). The paper presents studies relating to power consumption, energy overheads and benefits, and performance impacts of USB flash drives. The key insights obtained from these experiments are that (i) read/write costs are not significantly greater than idle costs and (ii) the size of the flash itself has only limited bearing on energy consumption.
Furnace grown gate oxynitride using nitric oxide (NO)

Gate oxynitride was grown in NO for the first time. This approach can provide a tight N accumulation near the Si/SiO/sub 2/ interface. Much lower thermal budget is required for an NO process than for an N/sub 2/O process to produce an oxynitride with useful properties. Submicron MOSFET's with NO oxynitride showed superior current drive characteristics and comparable hot carrier immunity to those with N/sub 2/O oxynitride. >
Needle exchange policy adoption in American cities: Why not?

`There is no longer doubt that these (NEP) programs work, yet there is a striking disjunction between what science dictates and what policy delivers . . . little qualitative and quantitative research has been done in HIV prevention policy, and no body of evidence exists to inform the ¢eld about the factors that in£uence policy.. .' The National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement, 1997
Fuel-optimal rendezvous for linearized equations of motion

A new transformation of the state variables is presented so that some recent necessary and sufficient conditions for solution of the general fuel-optimal linear problem can be efficiently applied. Additional insight into the solution of the boundary-value problem may be obtained by working in this transformed state space. The necessity of inverting a fundamental matrix solution is avoided in this approach. This theory is applied to the problem of rendezvous of a spacecraft near an arbitrary Keplerian orbit in fixed time. Bounded-thrust fuel-optimal spacecraft trajectories are compared for elliptical, parabolic, and hyperbolic orbits.
Experimental Pharmacologic Approaches for the Reduction of Suicidal Ideation and Behavior

Treatment of the suicidal patient is limited by existing antidepressant medications, which can take weeks for an adequate response. New treatment approaches associated with rapid reduction of acute suicide risk are greatly needed. Experimental therapeutics—including intravenous ketamine and scopolamine—have rapid, robust, and relatively sustained reductions in suicidal thoughts within minutes to hours of administration. These findings have the potential to transform emergent treatment of the acutely suicidal patient and implicate the glutamatergic and muscarinic system in the development of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Other putative targets for antisuicidal intervention include the thyroid and purinergic system, the latter involving the impulsive/aggressive suicide endophenotype. Benefits of research involving rapid-acting therapeutics include smaller sample sizes, short length of clinical trials, and assured compliance with study interventions. This approach also permits the evaluation of possible biomarkers of response and relapse to be incorporated into clinical trial design to more rapidly identify neurobiological correlates of suicide risk.
Poled Glassy Polymers and Metallated Macrocycles for Nonlinear Optics

The design and properties of amorphous polymers with second-order nonlinear optical functionality, is discussed. Certain device types are reviewed in the context of the material properties. Third order materials of a specific type, based on metallated macrocycles are also reviewed.
The Success of Entrepreneurial Networks: Evidence from Brazil

This paper identifies how the network structure amongst initial employees affects the performance of a newly founded firm. We use a large panel data set from Brazil and employ firm survival rates as our measure of success. We then construct a quantifier for network concentration using the Herfindahl Hirschman Index (HHI) and test the impact of network concentration on firm survival. We find that new firms with higher network concentrations, i.e. wherein initial employees have worked together previously, are more likely to survive, and that this effect increases with the initial size of the newly founded firm. We also look at how the size of an individual’s parent firm affects the success rate of his/her newly founded firm and find that employees from smaller parent firms are associated with more successful entrepreneurial ventures.
The Twilight Zone between Scientific Certainty and Legal Sufficiency: Should a Jury Determine the Causation of Schizophrenia?

In lawsuits involving complex scientific issues of causation, dispute resolution requires that a final decision be reached in each case, regardless of whether science is able to provide definitive answers to the questions of causation raised at trial. Proving causation before science has is a concept that scientists may find disconcerting and foreign to some of their basic assumptions. This paper explores the foregoing issues, discusses medical versus legal concepts of causation, outlines the legal tests for admissibility of novel scientific evidence (including Federal Rule of Evidence 702 and the Frye test of general acceptance by the relevant scientific community), and presents a toxic tort case in which expert psychiatric testimony addressed the issue of causation of schizophrenia. The paper articulates concerns about the “misleading aura of certainty” posed by scientific evidence and the burden of decision making that is cast upon the legal system in such scientific issue cases.
War and Constitutions: A Bargaining Model

We conceptualize the modern democratic republic - which combines the somewhat contradictory elements of property rights and universal franchise - as the result of bargaining in the face of military threat. Rich democracies converged on these two foundational pillars of modern constitutionalism because of their efficiency in mobilizing societal resources for war: property rights in exchange for money from the rich, and the right to vote in exchange for manpower from the masses. Once medieval monarchies exhausted their own reserves or their opportunities for plunder, they were forced to grant property rights in return for more resources - taxes or loans. With few and usually brief exceptions, universal male franchise emerged only later with full manpower mobilization, which for some states was the 20th century world wars.
Distributed Representations of Words to Guide Bootstrapped Entity Classifiers

Bootstrapped classifiers iteratively generalize from a few seed examples or prototypes to other examples of target labels. However, sparseness of language and limited supervision make the task difficult. We address this problem by using distributed vector representations of words to aid the generalization. We use the word vectors to expand entity sets used for training classifiers in a bootstrapped pattern-based entity extraction system. Our experiments show that the classifiers trained with the expanded sets perform better on entity extraction from four online forums, with 30% F1 improvement on one forum. The results suggest that distributed representations can provide good directions for generalization in a bootstrapping system.
Next Generation Space Interconnect Standard.

It has become a well known fact that satellite development and integration costs are expensive and usually long. Vendor components, sub-systems, and systems are optimized and application specific. Historically it has been more prevalent to see large costs and long integration times incurred with large satellites. New paradigms, within the last few years to a decade at the longest, are altering how many government agencies and their associated industrial vendors design and integrate satellites. One method by which a solution is imminent is through a standardization process that encompasses how data is moved within the satellite. As opposed to a environment of “boxes” each with its own specific type of logical and physical interconnect, the Next Generation Space Interconnect Standard (NGSIS) proposes to bring together the largest group of government entities and commercial companies that live in the space industry to develop, through consensus, a standard method by which they network a satellite. This is accomplished by leveraging commercially available protocols and, if at all possible, commercially available physical interconnects. The physical interconnects given the large increase in data loaded on the satellite network reasonably implies a change in the type of medium in which we move the data.
Intersexual variation in densities of plant bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae) on Juniperus scopulorum.

Demographic and phytochemical investigations involving a group of specialized phytophagous plant bugs ( Dichrooscytus spp.) on dioecious Rocky Mountain juniper, Juniperus scopulorum Sargent, reveal patterns of individual host plant use correlated to tree sex and phytochemistry. Male trees support higher diversities of mirid species and higher peak densities of individual species; the latter are correlated with the levels of certain sesquiterpenoids and phenyl propanoids in the trees' volatile oils. Compounds correlated with variations in bug density occur in higher levels in female trees, and transferred insects have lower rates of survival to sexual maturity on female trees. The sex of the host thus appears to represent a potentially important factor that influences the choice of host for plant bugs feeding on dioecious species.
Experimental Study on the Flashover Characteristics of 500 kV AC Ice-covered Insulator String Under Different Arrangement

We experimentally researched 500 kV polluted and icing ac insulator strings under different arrangements,and analyzed the ice condition,flashover process,and flashover voltage of insulator string.The results show that,because of the arc floating from one side of the insulator strings to the other side in the discharge process,the distance along the surface of insulation is greatly shortened,resulting in the lower flashover voltage of double I string than that of I string in consequence.For the V string,the gaps between sheds are difficult to be bridged and the surface contamination can be easily washed away by molten ice,so the flashover voltage of V string is higher than the other two arrangements.If the insulator string is under light or moderate icing conditions,the flashover voltage of "3+1" string is higher than the phase voltage of 500 kV AC power line;however,under severe icing conditions,the flashover voltage will be lower than phase voltage.The test results can be used to select arrangement method of insulator string for different icing regions.
Blood cholesterol in women

The distribution of blood lipids is described and their role as cardiovascular risk factors in women is discussed. The determinants of serum cholesterol levels are identified in genes, in particular in changes of codes for LDL and HDL; in habitual food intake as polyunsaturated and saturated fats. Obesity, jointed by atherogenic lipoproteins as total and LDL-cholesterol, is considered a risk factor independently on smoking habit or age. Finally the role of menopause in changing lipoprotein levels and in increasing cardiovascular risk is reported.
Isolation of chloramphenicol from whole eggs by supercritical fluid extraction with in-line collection

Egg consumption, at more than 65 billion per year in the United States, represents a potentially significant source of exposure to drug residues, particularly if the laying hens are treated with antimicrobial compounds or fed a diet containing medicated feed. Residues resulting from the use of chloramphenicol (CAP) is especially problematic if this compound is not used in accordance with national registration, e.g., for the control of Salmonella microorganisms in poultry. The most commonly used methods for the determination of CAP in biological samples require the use of large amounts of organic solvent. As a result, a less solvent intensive supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method was developed for CAP in whole chicken eggs, and the results were compared with those for a solvent extraction procedure. In the SFE method, the egg sample is extracted with supercritical CO2 (without a modifier) at 10,000 psi (680 bar), 80 degrees C, and an expanded gas flow rate of 3.0 L/min to a total volume of 150 L. The CAP is trapped in-line on a Florisil sorbent bed. The CAP is eluted post-SFE by using the liquid chromatographic mobile phase solvent (water-methanol), and determined on a C8 column with ultraviolet detection at 280 nm. Recovery from eggs fortified at the 10 ppb level (n = 6) was 81.2 +/- 4.3%. To obtain eggs containing incurred CAP, hens were given a single daily dose of 75 mg CAP (orally by gelatin capsule) for 2 consecutive days, and the eggs were collected over a 12-day period. The mean value for "normally incurred" CAP in the eggs (n = 17) analyzed by SFE ranged from none detected to 174.5 ppb, with an overall mean of 60.5 ppb, compared with a mean of 60.4 ppb for the solvent extraction method. No significant difference in results was found between methods. However, the SFE method is more rapid, uses less solvent, and gives recoveries similar to those for the solvent extraction method, making it ideal for regulatory monitoring.
Expiratory positive airway pressure for sleep apnea after stroke: A randomized, crossover trial

Study Objectives:Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is common after stroke and predicts poor outcomes. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treats OSA but is generally poorly tolerated by stroke p...
Upslope walking with transfemoral prosthesis using optimization based spline generation

Powered transfemoral prostheses are robotic systems that aim to restore the mobility of transfemoral amputees by mimicking the functionalities of healthy human legs. The advantage of using a powered prosthetic device is the enhanced performance on various terrains. One of the most frequent terrain found during daily locomotion (other than flat ground) is the surface with slope. In this work, we introduce a framework to generate upslope walking gaits automatically utilizing an online algorithmic formulation. This approach is inspired from analyzing human gait characteristics during upslope walking. In particularly, it is found that the ankle and knee trajectories of upslope walking share a similar pattern with flat ground walking during the middle section (from 20% to 80%) of one step. This observation motivates us to propose an approach of blending the first portion of nominal flat ground gaits with a set of cubic splines to achieve upslope gaits. Importantly, parameters of these cubic splines are solved using an online optimization, which gives the users ability to traverse in different terrains without using any intention detection algorithm. For the last portion of a step, an impedance controller with low gains is considered upon the contact of prosthetic legs to the ground, which allows the users to step onto unknown terrains. The proposed framework is validated on a custom transfemoral prosthesis AMPRO II with showing automatic motion switches between flat ground and upslope walking.
QI Tools: Epidemiology Basics – Application of Epidemiological Tools to Patient Safety and Quality [1, 2]

Patient safety refers to freedom from accidental or preventable injuries produced by medical care. This chapter aims to provide a brief introduction to epidemiology basics and outline their application to patient safety via a clinical example.
DNA Transport and Analysis

Microdevices for analyzing deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are ubiquitous in biological analysis, and techniques for analyzing DNA in microchips pervade the analytical chemistry literature. Use of nanochannels to study polymer physics has also become common. Owing to DNA's huge biological importance, its chemical properties have been thoroughly studied, and the experimental tools available for chemical analysis of DNA are numerous. The ubiquity and convenience of DNA has also led to extensive study of its physical properties. DNA is therefore an excellent example of how microscale systems facilitate analysis, as well as a model system for examining the effect of nanostructured devices on molecular transport of linear polyelectrolytes. Because the chemistry for fluorescently labeling DNA is relatively inexpensive and available commercially, fluorescence microscopy of DNA is a widely used means for visualizing DNA. It is quite routine to fluorescently label and observe the gross morphology of a single DNA molecule with 1-µm resolution, and thus straightforward experiments can be brought to bear on questions of molecular configuration. DNA (and other idealized linear polymers) behave physically somewhere in between small molecules (which behave like idealized points) and particles (which behave like rigid continuous solid phases). The behavior observed (and the models that describe this behavior) incorporates aspects of point and particle behavior, and these behaviors are different depending on the type of transport.
Disparities at the intersection of marginalized groups

Purpose Mental health disparities exist across several dimensions of social inequality, including race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status and gender. Most investigations of health disparities focus on one dimension. Recent calls by researchers argue for studying persons who are marginalized in multiple ways, often from the perspective of intersectionality, a theoretical framework applied to qualitative studies in law, sociology, and psychology. Quantitative adaptations are emerging but there is little guidance as to what measures or methods are helpful.
Albumin-Binding Evans Blue Derivatives for Diagnostic Imaging and Production of Long-Acting Therapeutics.

One of the major design considerations for a drug is its pharmacokinetics: a drug with short blood half-life is less available at a target organ which in turn dictates treatment with either high or more frequent doses, and increases the likelihood of undesirable side effects. One method to improve drug pharmacokinetics is adding functional chemical groups to the drug molecule that can increase the half-life in the blood, hopefully, without significantly affecting its desired biological activity. Evans Blue (EB) dye reversibly binds to serum albumin with moderate affinity and has a long blood half-life. The binding of EB to albumin has been exploited to quantify protein leakage as an indicator of increased vascular permeability. Design of new chemical entities based on EB structure and coupling them to drugs, enables the usage of albumin as a reversible carrier in the blood and improves drug’s half-life. This Topical Review summarizes the recent developments of various EB derivatives for molecular imaging ...
Frequency down-conversion using photodiode sampling

We present a RF frequency down-conversion scheme using a switching mode uni-travelling-carrier (UTC) photodiode. This approach has the potential to achieve good conversion linearity and is suitable for photonic integration.
Extended calorie restriction suppresses overall and specific food cravings: a systematic review and a meta-analysis.

SummaryBackground Multiple studies have concluded that calorie restriction for at least 12 weeks is associated with reduced food cravings, while others have shown that calorie restriction may increase food cravings. We addressed this ambiguity in a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods We searched for studies conducted on subjects with obesity, implemented calorie restriction for at least 12 weeks and measured food cravings pre-intervention and post-intervention. Our final eight studies mostly used the Food Craving Inventory. Other comparable methods were converted to a similar scale. We used the duration ≥12 weeks, but closest to 16 weeks for studies with multiple follow-ups and performed DerSimonian–Laird random-effects meta-analyses using the ‘metafor’ package in r software. Results Despite heterogeneity across studies, we observed reductions in pooled effects for overall food cravings (−0.246 [−0.490, −0.001]) as well as cravings for sweet (−0.410 [−0.626, −0.194]), high-fat (−0.190 [−0.343, −0.037]), starchy (−0.288 [−0.517, −0.058]) and fast food (−0.340 [−0.633, −0.048]) in the meta-analysis. Baseline body weight, type of intervention, duration, sample size and percentage of female subjects explained the heterogeneity. Conclusions Calorie restriction is associated with reduced food cravings supporting a de-conditioning model of craving reductions. Our findings should ease the minds of clinicians concerned about increased cravings in patients undergoing calorie restriction interventions.
Periodic wind disturbance rejection using robust individual pitch control

A robust individual pitch control strategy is presented to deal with periodic load disturbances on wind turbines under operating point variation. The asymmetric loads are mainly caused by the tower shadow and wind shear effects. Multi-blade coordinate (MBC) transformation is utilized to model the turbine dynamics under various operating points. The coupling dynamics of the multi-input multi-output (MIMO) system are considered to reveal high harmonic frequency peak reduction. The stability and robustness performance of the system under uncertainties are guaranteed by robust control design. The performance of the synthesized controller is compared with a collective controller and a PI individual controller. The results show significant load mitigation in periodic frequencies.
Mobile multi-factor authentication

Security has always been an important topic when it comes to the communication of sensitive data. With hardware advances allowing users the advantage of accessibility used in mobile devices, individuals are now spending more and more time on these devices. Additionally, with the viral popularity of social media applications and single sign-on, users do not always take as many precautions as needed with their information. Multi-factor authentication creates more and varied walls to block out the wrong people from seeing your information. Three-factor authentication can be applied to mobile devices as the first factor is already built in.
Practical Considerations in Morse-Smale Complex Computation

The Morse-Smale complex is an effective topology-based representation for identifying, ordering, and selectively removing features in scalar-valued data. Several algorithms are known for its effective computation, however, common problems pose practical challenges for any feature-finding approach using the Morse-Smale complex. We identify these problems and present practical solutions: (1) we identify the cause of spurious critical points due to simulation of simplicity, and present a general technique for solving it; (2) we improve simplification performance by reordering critical point cancellation operations and introducing an efficient data structure for storing the arcs of the complex; (3) we present a practical approach for handling boundary conditions.
Brainstem Sensitivity to Hypoxia and Ischemia

The response of the brain to hypoxic challenge identifies brain stem regions that participate in the physiological adaptation process and are also the most sensitive to hypoxic/ischemic stress. Adaptation to prolonged mild hypoxia includes increased ventilation through carotid body and nucleus tractus solitarius pathways, which are sensitive to arterial pO2. The neurons of the rostral ventral lateral medulla (RVLM) drive cerebrovasodilator circuits in response to arterial oxygen content. Cerebral cortical capillary density is increased in response to signals generated by local tissue pO2 deficiency.
Comparison of Direct Angiotensin II Receptor Blockade with Converting Enzyme Inhibition in the Rat Model of Heart Failure

The purpose of our investigations was to compare the effects of ACE inhibition with captopril to direct AT1 receptor blockade with losartan in the rat postinfarction model of congestive heart failure. In the first group of studies, hemodynamic and neurohormonal effects of treatment for 2 weeks with captopril (2g/liter in drinking water) or losartan (40 mg/kg by gavage) were compared, starting 3 weeks after infarction. Losartan and captopril reduced LV end-diastolic pressure and LV end-diastolic volume index and increased venous compliance. In both treatment groups, these changes were significant compared to placebo treatment (p < 0.05). Serum angiotensin II and aldosterone levels were lower after treatment with captopril, whereas only aldosterone tended to be lower after treatment with losartan. A second study compared the survival of heart failure rats treated with captopril (2g/liter drinking water, n = 46) or losartan (2g/liter drinking water, n = 51). Treatment was started immediately after coronary artery ligation and continued for 1 year. Uncensored median survival in captopril-treated rats that survived at least 48 h was 201.5 days versus 236.0 days for losartan-treated rats (p = 0.066). Median survival censored for rats with lung infections was 201.5 days in captopril-treated rats versus 243.0 days for losartan-treated rats (p = 0.028). Conscious hemodynamic measurements and remodeling data obtained at one year in the surviving rats (n = 5 for captopril, n = 9 for losartan) revealed no differences except for an increase in heart rate and a decrease in developed LV pressure in losartan-treated rats. We conclude that in this experimental model of heart failure, there was no difference between hemodynamic effects and survival after AT1 receptor blockade with losartan and with ACE inhibition with captopril.
PTSD is associated with emotional eating among veterans seeking treatment for overweight/obesity.

Abstract Both obesity and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are common among veterans. Veterans with PTSD are at higher risk for obesity and have poorer outcomes in obesity treatment. We examined emotional eating among veterans presenting for obesity treatment, and its relationship with PTSD. Veterans completed questionnaire batteries before initiating treatment. Participants were 120 veterans with a mean age of 62 years and mean BMI of 38. A positive PTSD screen was associated with significantly higher scores on the Yale Emotional Overeating Questionnaire (YEOQ) overall, as well as higher scores on each individual item, which includes anxiety, sadness, loneliness, tiredness, anger, happiness, boredom, guilt, and physical pain (all p
Some Classes of Admissible Groups

We have called a group admissible if it admits complete mappings and we proved that a finite group cannot be admissible if its Sylow 2-subgroup is nontrivial and cyclic. We proved the converse, known as the Hall-Paige conjecture, for abelian groups and groups of odd order. In this chapter we will prove the Hall-Paige conjecture true for more classes of groups. We will introduce HP-systems, an important tool in the construction of complete mappings, and use these to prove the Hall-Paige conjecture true for alternating and symmetric groups. We will also prove the Hall-Paige conjecture true for solvable groups, for Mathieu groups, for Suzuki groups, for certain unitary groups, and for groups whose Sylow 2-subgroups intersect trivially.
Two new penetration models for ballistic clay incorporating strain-hardening, strain-rate and temperature effects

Abstract Ballistic clay, such as Roma Plastilina No. 1 (RP # 1) clay, has been used as a standard backing material in back-face signature (BFS) tests of body armor. Hence, it is important to thoroughly understand penetration mechanics of ballistic clay. In the current paper, two analytical solutions for dynamic spherical cavity expansion in an infinite elastic-plastic solid are first derived by including the strain-hardening effect, strain-rate dependence and temperature influence. The elastic region in the solid is treated as either compressible or incompressible and described using Hooke's law, while the plastic region is regarded as incompressible and characterized using two different constitutive models, one of which is the well-known Johnson-Cook model and the other is a modified Johnson-Cook model simplified from a recently proposed model for ballistic clay. Based on these two dynamic spherical cavity expansion solutions, two models for penetration into a ballistic clay by a rigid projectile with a spherical or an ogival nose are then developed, which incorporate the coupled strain-hardening, strain-rate and temperature effects for the first time. The depth of penetration and impact time relations are obtained for non-penetration impacts, and the ballistic limit and residual velocity are determined for penetration impacts by each type of projectile. To quantitatively illustrate the two newly developed penetration models, they are directly applied to simulate drop tests and impact tests of RP # 1 clay. It is found that the predictions by the current new models agree fairly well with existing experimental data and simulation results.
Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Georgia and Alabama

Georgia is known as one of the major producers of cotton, peanut, pecan, vegetables, peaches and blueberries in the United States. In Alabama, cotton, hay, corn, peanut, soybean, wheat, and cucumbers are the major crops. Crop production in these states is threatened by the widespread occurrence and spread of invasive plant parasitic nematodes. Nematodes currently cost Georgia and Alabama growers millions of dollars in lost revenues. Several management strategies including crop rotation, chemical nematicides, host resistance, cover crops, and other options have been used by the growers; however, plant parasitic nematodes continue to cause damage every year. Although several species of nematodes cause damage to several different crops, in this chapter major emphasis will be given on the detection, distribution and management of root knot (Meloidogyne spp.), reniform (Rotylenchulus reniformis), lance (Hoplolaimus columbus), stubby root (Nanidorus minor) and ring (Mesocriconema ornatum and M. xenoplax) nematodes because of their economic importance in both Georgia and Alabama.
Geographic Distribution of Adult Inpatient Surgery Capability in the USA

Access to timely, quality, and affordable surgical services is an important component of health care systems. A better understanding of the geographic distribution of surgical services in the USA may help identify disparities in access to surgery. Using the 2015 American Hospital Association Annual Survey, the 2010 Census Bureau Data, and the American Community Survey 5-year estimates from 2011 to 2016, all hospitals with surgical capabilities were geocoded with 30 straight-line mile service areas around each hospital using geospatial analysis. Major surgical hospitals were defined as meeting three of the four following criteria: bed size ≥ 45, ≥ 8600 operations per year, ≥ 12 operating rooms, and academic medical center. The distribution of the US population based on proximity to a hospital capable of performing adult inpatient surgery and a major surgical hospital was then analyzed and compared. Overall, 3409 hospitals were identified that had the capacity to perform adult inpatient surgery of which 1373 were defined as major surgical hospitals. Based on geospatial analysis, 10% of the US population was found to reside outside of a linear 30-mile radius of a surgical hospital. Younger age (OR 0.97, CI 0.96–0.97), female sex (OR 4.6, CI 4.3–5), African-American race (OR = 5.4, CI 4.7–6.2), Hispanic/Latino race (OR 5.5, CI 4.8–6.3), having completed high school or greater (OR = 3.6, CI 3–4.2), being employed (OR 4.8, CI 4.6–4.9), and having any type of health insurance were significantly associated with living in a service area. A significant proportion of the US population lives greater than 30 straight-line miles from a major surgical hospital. Common demographic and socioeconomic factors highlight disparities in access to surgical care.
Medical millennials: a mismatch between training preferences and employment opportunities

Abstract Background Millennials, defined as those born between 1981 and 1996, have begun to enter the physician workforce, and now represent 15% of all working physicians. A better understanding of their aspirations and consideration of the unique education and skillset of millennials may lead to more effective recruitment and retention. In this study, we aimed to measure the availability of cross-training opportunities—that is, completion of more than one degree or complete combined medical residency training—for millennial physicians at the undergraduate and graduate levels in the USA. Further, we compared the availability of medical jobs that advertised for cross-trained physicians. Methods Data were obtained from published statistics fom the Association of American Medical Colleges and National Resident Matching Program. Additional data were obtained from a literature search and April 2018 internet searches of medical school websites. Findings US undergraduates had a 70% increase in college double majors between 2001 and 2011 and double majors are increasing among matriculated medical students. The number of medical schools offering an MBA in 2018 (n=63), has nearly doubled since 2006 (n=37). Before 2001, no residency programmes, apart from those in preventive medicine, provided trainees with formal opportunities to obtain an MBA or MPH. However, in 2018, 45 residency programmes have a pathway for residents to pursue an MBA, MPH, or PhD during residency. In the past 20 years, the rate of increase in total number of combined residency programmes (49% [from 128 in 1996 to 191 in 2017]) is triple that of corresponding categorical programmes (16% [from 1350 to 1562 in the same time period]). Between 1996 and 2016, 17 new specialty combinations became available for residency training. Data from USAJobs, the federal employment website, and the New England Journal of Medicine online CareerCenter show few advertised jobs that specifically require skills demonstrated by combined degrees or combined residency training. Interpretation Millennial physicians are choosing to cross-train throughout undergraduate, medical, and graduate medical education; however, the current physician marketplace does not match the skills of this population. A mismatch between provider skills and available jobs is costly for both employers and workers, and such a mismatch can adversely affect health systems. Health-care organisations should capitalise on the availability of multiskilled graduates in order to effectively recruit and retain the next generation of physicians. Funding None.
High mobility Si1-xGex PMOS transistors to 5K

P-channel Si 1-x Ge x MOSFETs with peak Ge content x=0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 have been fabricated via MBE and experimentally characterized from room temperature down to 5K. Mobility enhancements relative to identically processed Si controls were largest at the lowest temperatures. The highest mobility measured, μ FE =1622 cm 2 /V.sec for the x=0.3 SiGe device, was approximately a factor of four higher than the mobility of the Si control devices. Peak mobility decreased as the fraction of Ge in the SiGe channel layer increased for the range of concentrations studied here
Representing and Evaluating Strategies for Solving Parsons Puzzles

Parsons puzzles are popular for programming education. Identifying the strategies used by students solving Parsons puzzles is of interest because they can be used to determine to what extent students use the strategies typically associated with programming expertise, and to provide feedback and monitor the progress of students in a tutor. We propose solution sequence as an approximation of the student’s strategy for solving Parsons puzzles. It is scalable in terms of both the size of the puzzle and the number of students solving the puzzle. We propose BNF grammar to represent desirable puzzle-solving strategies associated with expert programmers. This representation is extensible and agnostic to the puzzle-solving strategies themselves. Finally, we propose a best match parser that matches a student’s solution sequence against the BNF grammar of a desirable strategy and quantifies the degree to which the student’s solution conforms to the desirable strategy. As a proof of concept, we used the parser to analyze the data collected by a Parsons puzzle tutor on if-else statements over five semesters and found a significant difference between C++ and Java puzzle-solvers in terms of their conformance to one desirable puzzle-solving strategy. Being able to tease out the effects of individual components of a strategy is one benefit of our approach: we found that relaxing shell-first constraint in the strategy resulted in significant improvement in the conformance of both C++ and Java students.
Thinking about multiple identities boosts children's flexible thinking.

Studies of children's developing social identification often focus on individual forms of identity. Yet, everyone has multiple potential identities. Here we investigated whether making children aware of their multifaceted identities-effectively seeing themselves from multiple angles-would promote their flexible thinking. In Experiment 1, 6- to 7-year-old children (N = 48) were assigned to either a Multiple-Identities condition where they were led to consider their multiple identities (e.g. friend, neighbor) or to a Physical-Traits condition where they considered their multiple physical attributes (e.g. legs, arms). Children in the Multiple-Identity condition subsequently expressed greater flexibility at problem-solving and categorization than children in the Physical-Traits condition. Experiment 2 (N = 72) replicated these findings with a new sample of 6- to 7-year-old children and demonstrated that a Multiple-Identity mindset must be self-relevant. Children who were led to think about another child's multiple identities did not express as much subsequent creative thinking as did children who thought about their own multiple identities. Experiment 3 (N = 76) showed that a Mmultiple-Identity framework may be particularly effective when the identities are presented via generic language suggesting that they are enduring traits (in this case, identities depicted as noun phrases rather than verbal phrases). These findings illustrate that something as simple as thinking about one's identity from multiple angles could serve as a tool to help reduce rigid thinking, which might increase open-mindedness in a society that is becoming increasingly diverse.
Control and Optimization of Energy Efficiency in Small-Footprint Embedded Systems: A Coupled Hybrid Systems Model

The IoT and its related applications will require engineering of edge devices that can autonomously optimize their non-functional performance. We present a hierarchical model of small-footprint embedded systems that (1) cleanly separates and shows the interactions between their physical and computational aspects and (2) enables their control and optimization. This model exposes power use, energy use, and temporal responsiveness as functions of the hardware configuration of the processor and surrounding peripherals, including sleep mode, voltage/frequency scaling, and clock/power gating. The foundation layer consists of a coupled hybrid systems model for energy measurement and system control; this layer underpins a multi-stage graph model of execution that admits optimization using dynamic programming. In this paper, we demonstrate on-line achievement of energy subsistence, wherein the system uses the minimum energy possible given all controllable hardware resources. We describe a software/hardware implementation architecture, and illustrate the approach using an experimental networked embedded system platform.