cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clarification of the Identity of Several Common Species of North American Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Several common species of North American Trichogramma have been misidentified in the literature due to inattention to existing type material and the failure to designate neotypes where needed. To help clarify matters, neotypes of T. minutum Riley and T. pretiosum Riley, from the type localities, are designated. Examination of existing types of T. retorridum (Girault), T. semifumatum (Perkins), and T. fasciatum (Perkins) revealed that these names have been consistently misapplied. Populations formerly known as T. retorridum and T. fasciatum are consequently described as new (T. brevicapillum and T. exiguum , respectively). T. semifumatum apparently does not occur in North America and populations often named as such are now treated as T. pretiosum . In addition, T. beckeri Nagarkatti, a recently described species from Costa Rica, is synonymized with T. fasciatum , and lectotypes of T. semifumatum, T. fasciatum , and T. euproctidis (Girault) are designated.
The Brazilian military after the Cold War: In search of a mission

What purpose should Brazil’s armed forces serve in upcoming years? Democratization, the end of the Cold War, and Brazil’s economic crisis have prompted an unprecedented debate over this question by narrowing the range of tasks that the Brazilian military can pursue. This article investigates civilian and military support for various possible military roles and analyzes their compatibility with civilian control. It argues that the political weakness of the current government, the economic crisis, and growing social unrest militate against an expansion of the military’s conventional external defense mission and in favor of non-combatant domestic functions. This has begun to occur despite military enthusiasm for the former and military reservations about the latter. The military’s adoption of multiple domestic assignments in a country with a tradition of military interventionism poses risks to civilian control.
Influence of Menopausal Status on Sleep and Hot Flashes Throughout Breast Cancer Adjuvant Chemotherapy

ABSTRACT Objectives To examine the patterns and differences among sleep and hot flashes based on menopausal status (pre, peri, or post) in breast cancer adjuvant chemotherapy patients before, during, and after treatment. Design Secondary analysis from a randomized clinical trial. Setting Outpatient clinics and participants' homes. Patients/Participants Two hundred nineteen (219) women; mean age of 52 years (29-79); postoperative, Stages I to IIIA breast cancer. Methods Participants were randomized to a behavioral sleep intervention or a healthy eating control group. Variables measured were menopausal status (self-report), subjective sleep (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), objective sleep (actigraphy), perceived interruption of sleep by hot flashes (diary), and demographic/medical characteristics. Data reported were collected 48 hours before initial chemotherapy, at treatment 4, and 30 days after the last treatment. Analysis included descriptives and repeated measures mixed model analysis of variance. Results Objective sleep and the perceived interruption of sleep by hot flashes changed significantly over time. Sleep and hot flashes differed over time by menopausal status. Only hot flashes were significantly different by study group and by menopausal status over time. Conclusion Women's menopausal status when starting chemotherapy was associated with differing patterns of sleep and hot flashes over time.
An evaluation of a distributed medical device safety surveillance system: the DELTA network study.

Background Post-market medical product safety surveillance is a complex task requiring standardized data collection, prompt adverse event reporting mechanisms and appropriate methodologies to identify low frequency safety threats and risk communication.
White matter correlates of adolescent depression: structural evidence for frontolimbic disconnectivity.

Objective Despite the significant prevalence of adolescent depression, little is known about the neuroanatomical basis of this disorder. Functional dysregulation in frontolimbic circuitry has been suggested as a key neural correlate of adult and adolescent depression impeding emotional regulation. However, less is known about whether this dysregulation is overlaid on impaired white matter microstructure. Guided by neuroimaging findings, we test the a priori hypotheses that adolescent depression is associated with alterations in white matter microstructure in the uncinate fasciculus (UF) and cingulum bundles. Method Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTI) data were obtained on 52 unmedicated adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 42 matched controls. We calculated fractional anisotropy (FA), radial diffusivity (RD), and axial diffusivity (AD) for bilateral UF and cingulum. We also completed a voxelwise comparison of participants with depression and control participants using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). Results Adolescents with depression had significantly lower FA and higher RD in bilateral UF; no significant differences were observed in cingulum. TBSS results additionally revealed lower FA values in the white matter associated with the limbic–cortical–striatal–thalamic circuit, corpus callosum, and anterior and superior corona radiata. Conclusion Unmedicated adolescent depression is associated with reduced fractional anisotropy in emotion regulatory networks, which may underlie the functional differences in frontolimbic circuitry characterizing depressive disorder. Given the relatively recent onset of depression in our sample, our findings in the context of the current literature provide preliminary evidence that reduced fractional anisotropy in the UF could be a predisposing risk factor for depression.
Heat transfer and pressure drop in spacer-filled channels for membrane energy recovery ventilators

Abstract This article investigates various support spacers for airflow through membrane-bound channels in energy recovery ventilators (ERVs) to enhance heat and mass transfer. Although liquid flow through membrane-bound channels has been extensively investigated, little work has looked at airflow through these channels. This article presents theoretical pressure drop and heat transfer for an open channel and for simple triangular corrugation (or plain-fin) spacers, which are common in heat exchangers and in some ERVs. It then presents the experimental pressure drop and heat transfer for two new corrugated mesh spacers, with one spacer in three orientations. Results indicate that these can improve heat transfer with little pressure-drop penalty compared to the triangular corrugation spacers. Results also show that unsteady flow occurs in the mesh spacers once a certain flow rate is reached. The optimal spacer depends on the application, which is shown with a cost savings estimate for a hypothetical ERV. Simpler performance metrics that do not require cost estimates can be used to compare two spacers, as long as their limitations are considered.
A Researcher's Rigors Abroad

guage teachers has become even more insistent. Each year many more young people enter as college freshmen wishing to prepare for language teaching. Marriage during college years reduces the number and places geographical limitations on many of the young women. Perhaps they will be our hope twenty years from now. During the past two years, the improved quality of high-school language teaching has been evident in the greater oralaural facility of college freshmen. The NDEA Institutes and the increased number of third and fourth-year classes are now showing results.
The effect of C-terminus and N-terminus iodination on avian pancreatic polypeptide (APP) binding to its chicken brain receptor

In previous studies, membranes from chicken gastrointestinal tissues failed to bind appreciable levels of 125I-APP labeled at the C-terminus. In order to address the suggestion that this was due to steric hindrance of the critical C-terminus, N-terminally labeled 125I-APP was utilized in in vitro membrane binding assays. Membranes from chicken cerebellum and spleen specifically bound N-terminally iodinated APP, while those from gastrointestinal tissues including pancreas, mucosal and muscle layers of duodenum and proventriculus did not. Cerebral cortex membranes also failed to specifically bind Bolton-Hunter labeled 125I-APP. Liver membranes, which previously were shown to bind C-terminally iodinated APP with low affinity, also did not specifically bind N-terminally labeled preparations. It is concluded that the inability of membranes from gastrointestinal tissues and brain regions other than cerebellum to bind 125I-APP is not an artifact of location of iodine placement on the molecule and that both the N- and C-termini may be important for receptor binding. It is also concluded that liver APP binding sites may be structurally distinct from those in the cerebellum, and that gastrointestinal tissues may not be direct targets for APP action.
STUDIES ON TYPHUS FEVER X. FURTHER EXPERIMENTS ON ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION AGAINST TYPHUS FEVER WITH KILLED RICKETTSIA

1. Vaccines consisting of formalinized Rickettsiae of Mexican typhus fever, obtained by our X-ray rat method, produce definite resistance in guinea pigs to subsequent infection with the virus of this disease. 2. The resistance so produced amounts to complete immunity when the subsequent infectious dose is moderate-that is, consists of typhus blood or of tunica material in reasonable amounts (not more than one-quarter of a tunica-i.e., roughly 100 to 250 infectious doses). When, as in the first experiment, excessive doses of infectious material were given, the vaccination protection was, in two of the three animals, incomplete. 3. Subcutaneous vaccination is fully as effective as intraperitoneal -even when the subsequent infection is intraperitoneal. 4. As in previously reported experiments, the vaccines made with the Mexican organisms conferred only partial and feeble protection against the European virus (Breinl strain).
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships of asparaginase formulations: the past, the present and recommendations for the future.

The discovery of the tumour-inhibitory properties of asparaginase began 50 years ago with the observation that guinea-pig serum-treated lymphoma-bearing mice underwent rapid and often complete regression. Soon afterwards, the asparaginase of bacterial origin was isolated. The asparaginases of bacterial origin induce anti-asparaginase neutralising antibodies in a large proportion of patients (44-60%), thus negating the specific enzymatic activity and resulting in failure of the target amino acid deamination in serum. There is immunological cross-reaction between the antibodies against various formulations of native Escherichia coli-asparaginase and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-asparaginases, but not to Erwinia asparaginase, as suggested by laboratory preclinical findings. This evidence was strongly inferred from the interim analyses in the Children's Cancer Group (CCG)-1961 study. Thus, anti-E. coli or PEG-asparaginase antibodies seropositive patients may benefit from the Erwinia asparaginase. The inter-relationships between asparaginase activity, asparagine (ASN) and glutamine deamination remain largely unexplored in patients. Studies have shown that ASN depletion is insufficient to induce apoptosis in T lymphoblasts in vitro and that the inhibitory concentration of CEM T-cell line is correlated with the asparaginase concentration responsible for 50% glutamine deamination. The optimal catalysis of ASN and glutamine deamination in serum by asparaginase induces apoptosis of leukaemic lymphoblasts. The percentage of ASN and glutamine deamination was predicted by asparaginase activity. Asparaginase activity of 0.1 IU/mL provided insufficient depletion of both amino acids in high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) patients. With increasing glutamine deamination, mean asparaginase activities and percentages of post-treatment samples with effective ASN depletion ( /=90% deamination of glutamine must occur before optimal ASN deamination takes place, due to the de novo ASN biosynthesis by the liver. These pharmacodynamic results from the best-fit population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model obtained from nonlinear mixed effects model pharmacodynamic analyses for standard-risk ALL patients are similar. These analyses produced the following results: (i) asparaginase activity 0.4-0.7 IU/mL was required for optimal (90%) ASN and glutamine deamination; and (ii) deamination of glutamine is dependent on asparaginase activity and it correlates with enhanced serum ASN deamination. Thus, glutamine deamination enhances asparaginase efficacy in ALL patients. Deamination of ASN >/=90% of control or ASN concentration <3 micromol/L may be associated with improved survival in this subset of patients. Our findings support the pharmacodynamic mechanism of PEG-asparaginase for disease control in ALL patients. These results taken together strongly support new experimental approaches for application of population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analyses to further enhance survival of leukaemia patients.
ORLaND — a neutrino facility at the Spallation Neutron Source

Abstract We outline the perspectives for low energy neutrino physics that would come with the proposed construction of the Oak Ridge Laboratory for Neutrino Detectors (ORLaND). This facility would be near the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS), presently under construction at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). It would be located in an underground bunker next to the first target station of the SNS, large enough to house one large general purpose 2 kt liquid scintillation detector and several 100–200 ton detectors optimized for specific neutrino-nucleus cross section measurements.
Taste perception of monosodium glutamate and inosine monophosphate by129P3/J and C57BL/6ByJ mice

Our previous studies have shown that in long-term two-bottle preference tests, mice from the C57BL/6ByJ (B6) inbred strain drink more monosodium glutamate (MSG) and inosine monophosphate (IMP) than mice from the 129P3/J (129) inbred strain. The goal of this study was to examine whether this variation in consumption could be attributed to strain differences in perception of the taste quality of MSG and IMP. We developed a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) in B6 and 129 mice to 100 mM MSG or 10 mM IMP and used a brief-access taste assay to examine CTA generalization. B6 and 129 mice did not differ in the generalization patterns following CTA to MSG: mice from both strains generalized CTA from MSG to NaCl. In contrast, strain differences in the generalization patterns were evident following the CTA to IMP: while mice from both strains generalized CTA from IMP to MSG, 129 mice tended to have stronger CTA generalization to saccharin and d-tryptophan, both of which are perceived as sweet by humans. These data suggest that the strain differences in MSG consumption are not due to variation in perception of the taste quality of MSG. Instead, the differential intake of IMP likely reflects strain differences in the way the taste quality of IMP is perceived. Our data suggest that mice perceive MSG and IMP as complex taste stimuli: some taste components are shared between these two substances, but their relative intensity seems to be different for MSG and IMP. The amiloride-sensitive salt taste component is more prevalent in MSG than in IMP taste, and in B6 compared with 129 mice.
PIV5 M protein interaction with host protein angiomotin-like 1

Paramyxovirus matrix (M) proteins organize virus assembly, functioning as adapters that link together viral ribonucleoprotein complexes and viral glycoproteins at infected cell plasma membranes. M proteins may also function to recruit and manipulate host factors to assist virus budding, similar to retroviral Gag proteins. By yeast two-hybrid screening, angiomotin-like 1 (AmotL1) was identified as a host factor that interacts with the M protein of parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5). AmotL1-M protein interaction was observed in yeast, in transfected mammalian cells, and in virus-infected cells. Binding was mapped to a 83-amino acid region derived from the C-terminal portion of AmotL1. Overexpression of M-binding AmotL1-derived polypeptides potently inhibited production of PIV5 VLPs and impaired virus budding. Expression of these polypeptides moderately inhibited production of mumps VLPs, but had no effect on production of Nipah VLPs. siRNA-mediated depletion of AmotL1 protein reduced PIV5 budding, suggesting that this interaction is beneficial to paramyxovirus infection.
Prediction of daily flow duration curves and streamflow for ungauged catchments using regional flow duration curves

A method is presented to predict flow duration curves (FDCs) and streamflow for ungauged catchments in the Mid-Atlantic Region, USA. Twenty-nine catchments were selected from the Appalachian Platea...
Shock turbulence interaction in the presence of mean shear - An application of rapid distortion theory

The present examination of the response of anisotropic turbulent flows to a shock wave uses incompressible, homogeneous rapid distortion theory and idealizes the shock-wave as 1D compression. Attention is given to the shock's effect on axisymmetric flow and both the normal and oblique cases for shear flow. The oblique angle between the directions of compression and shear significantly affects turbulence evolution. Compression amplifies all components of turbulence intensity.
Long-Wall Mine Subsidence And Its Effects On Seismic Properties of the Overburden

Common offset seismic data collected over an active longwall panel at different stages of mining reveal that significant arrival time delays occur for reflections from different intervals within the overburden. Subsidence correlates best with arrival time delays observed for a reflection from a thick sandstone located neutrally within the overburden. Mining-induced arrival time delays are also observed beyond the edges of the panel over unmined areas. These delays are produced by mining induced reductions of seismic velocity within the overburden. Mine depth in this study area is approximately 213 m beneath the surface. The stratigraphic origins of the different seismic events are identified using synthetic seismograms derived from sonic and other geophysical logs of nearby boreholes.
Determining the composition and microstructure of ethylene–propylene copolymers by pyrolysis–gas chromatography

Abstract The average composition and detailed microstructure of copolymers of ethylene and propylene have been studied by pyrolysis–gas chromatography (Py–GC), using a statistical modeling approach to analyze the data. The trimer distribution obtained from Py–GC is used to infer monomer arrangement information, which is quantified in terms of a number-average sequence length for each monomer. These values are used to define the microstructure and to calculate the average composition. Compared with other available techniques, Py–GC provides a simple, quick and reliable approach to study the microstructure and composition of polyolefin copolymers. Details of this Py–GC method are discussed, including an examination of its advantages and disadvantages, and a summary of the qualitative and quantitative analysis aspects of this approach is presented. The combination of a statistical modeling approach with Py–GC to study copolymer composition and microstructure allows one to investigate the complex problem of monomer arrangement in copolymers using a widely available analytical technique. We expect that with further advances in separation technology, especially two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC), research of this type will be become increasingly accurate and reproducible in the near future.
Ageing: a personal futures perspective

Futures research is commonly reported on the macro scale, and involves analysis of a global or national situation with a long‐range view of trends and alternative futures. This article approaches ageing and the future from the micro scale, examining the future one life at a time; suggesting that futures methodology can, and should, be effectively applied to individual lives. Three propositions relating to development of personal futures are introduced, focusing on life stages, personal trends and life events after age 60. These three elements of life are then shown as a framework on which individuals can build personal scenarios and create personal strategic plans for the stages of life after age 60.
Multiple Enactments of Educational Research

The article addresses the widespread claim to make educational research more relevant for practitioners, policy makers, potential users and stakeholders, and proposes a problematisation of the notion of 'useful knowledge'. The article illustrates the conceptual, instrumental and legitimative relevance of knowledge and highlights empirically the need to develop detailed descriptions of the local constructions of educational research to understand the non-linear dynamics and the multiple enactments of relevant/useful networks of educational research.
Mesoscale Simulation of Supercritical, Subcritical, and Transcritical Flow along Coastal Topography

Abstract A mesoscale atmospheric model is used to address the characteristics of stratified flow bounded by a side wall along a varying coastline. Initial Froude number values are varied through alteration of marine inversion strength, permitting examination of supercritical, subcritical, and transcritical flow regimes encountering several coastal configurations. Consistent with shallow water models, sharp drops in boundary layer depth and flow acceleration occur in flow rounding convex bends; however, significant flow response occurs in the stratified layer aloft, which is unexplained by conventional shallow water theory. The strongest flow acceleration occurs in the transcritical case while, regardless of inversion strength, the deformation of the isentropes aloft shows general structural similarity. Advection of horizontal momentum is an important component of the horizontal force balance. A simulation having several coastline bends exhibits a detached, oblique hydraulic jump upwind of a concave bend t...
Dual Optimality Frameworks for Expectation Propagation

We show a duality relationship between two different optimality frameworks for expectation propagation, a family of algorithms for distributed statistical inference that include belief propagation and the turbo decoder/equalizer as particular examples. Each of the two optimality frameworks may then be used to interpret each other.
New Ways to Promote Proenvironmental Behavior: The Application of Persuasion Theory to the Development Of Effective Proenvironmental Public Service Announcements

The goal of this article is to provide specific guidelines to help create effective proenvironmental public service announcements (PSAs). Campaigndesigners are encouraged to initially identify and investigate the optimal target audience and then draft and test reactions by samples of that audience using pilot messages. Designers are also advised to consider research on attitude persistence, memory, and social norms and apply this research to the message content and presentation style. The article concludes with an application of research from social psychology to a series of overallguidelines for effective PSAs. If environmental campaign developers follow these specifications, the chance of PSA success should be enhanced.
External effects correction of Landsat Thematic Mapper data

Abstract A procedure has been developed to estimate and correct for external effects (haze level, solar zenith angle) in a Landsat Thematic Mapper scene. The procedure is based on the Dave model and uses a scatterplot-matching technique to estimate haze level directly from the scene data. A means for dealing with haze that spatially varies in density over a large scene is also included. The effectiveness of this procedure is demonstrated by showing that it permits a data screening algorithm with fixed thresholds to work on hazy areas as well as clear ones. An alternative formulation is proposed that would replace manual haze estimation with automated estimation based on a computed diagnostic feature.
Shock Wave Interactions in Hypervelocity Flow

The impingement of shock waves on blunt bodies in steady supersonic flow is known to cause extremely high local heat transfer rates and surface pressures. Although these problems have been studied in cold hypersonic flow, the effects of dissociative relaxation processes are unknown. In this paper we report a model aimed at determining the boundaries of the possible interaction regimes for an ideal dissociating gas. Local analysis about shock wave intersection points in the pressure-flow deflection angle plane with continuation of singular solutions is the fundamental tool employed. Further, we discuss an experimental investigation of the nominally two-dimensional mean flow that results from the impingement of an oblique shock wave on the leading edge of a cylinder. The effects of variations in shock impingement geometry were visualized using differential interferometry. Generally, real gas effects are seen to increase the range of shock impingement points for which enhanced heating occurs. They also reduce the type IV (Edney 1968 a,b) interaction supersonic jet width and influence the type II—III transition process.
Intermediate energy proton stopping power for hydrogen molecules and monoatomic helium gas

Stopping power in the intermediate energy region (100 keV to 1 MeV) was investigated, based on the work of Lindhard and Winther, and on the local plasma model. The theory is applied to calculate stopping power of hydrogen molecules and helium gas for protons of energy ranging from 100 keV to 2.5 MeV. Agreement with the experimental data is found to be within 10 percent.
Electrophoretic characterization of amebal glucose phosphate isomerases.

Abstract An electrophoretic method for the characterization of glucose phosphate isomerase has been developed. This method was applied to the enzyme from 18 different cultures of amebae. Five strains of atypical Entamoeba histolytica and two strains of E. moshkowskii yielded a fast-migrating isomerase. Two strains of E. invadens and one strain of E. terrapinae gave a slow-migrating isomerase. Eight strains of typical, large race E. histolytica gave an enzyme which migrated intermediately between these fast- and slow-migrating enzymes. All of the amebal enzymes were electrophoretically different from crystalline yeast glucose phosphate isomerase, and from the isomerase extracted from Bacteroides symbiosus , the associate organism. The electrophoretic behavior of glucose phosphate isomerase on cellulose acetate strips is proposed as a convenient means of classifying ameba cultures and of distinguishing the typical strains of E. histolytica from atypical strains and related species. The culture relationships based on isomerase were identical with those previously reported based on the enzyme glucokinase. The biochemical properties of the amebal enzymes were similar to each other and resembled those reported for glucose phosphate isomerase from other sources.
Dynamic benefit cost analysis: Policy evaluation in a dynamic urban simulation model

Abstract Many social problems have characteristics that make them difficult to analyze accurately by static methods. They are complex, which means that causes and effects are manifold and separated in time. When static benefit-cost models are used to evaluate proposed programs affecting these problem areas, they may lead us to policy choices that are essentially incorrect; choices that may actually make matters worse. The simulation methodology has been applied to a typical urban (i.e. central city) area for purposes of illustrating a comparative-dynamic procedure for benefit-cost analysis. Application of this methodology has produced insights into some fundamental issues of benefit-cost analysis, particularly the procedures for selecting a social discount rate, incorporating uncertainty, and establishing boundary conditions for the modeling effort. These insights have been generalized for application to the appraisal of other complex systems.
African American Clergy Involvement in Marriage Preparation

Marital stability has been linked to multiple social and economic advantages, particularly for African Americans. Clergy provide the majority of marriage preparation in the United States, but historically African American denominations have not been sampled systematically. To address this issue, we conducted an exploratory survey investigating African American clergy members’ behaviors, attitudes, and perceptions about providing marriage preparation. Data were collected from 141 members of the seven primarily African American denominations and compared with 793 clergy from the 15 largest, predominantly White, congregations. African American clergy were significantly more likely than clergy in the comparison group to say they addressed premarital content effectively, say they utilized a skills-based approach to teaching communication, require a longer waiting period, more sessions, more homework assignments, and consider marriage preparation a valuable part of their ministry and to believe that couples had...
Tricyclic orthoamides: Effects of lone-pair orientation upon NMR spectra

Abstract A series of novel tricyclic orthoamides has been synthesized. The stereochemical dependence of methine 1 H chemical shifts and I J CH are reported.
Evidence for a glassy phase in the vortex state of 2H−NbSe2

We have measured the DC response and RF surface impedance of 2H−NbSe2 single crystals in fields up to 2 Tesla. The results suggest that there are two distinct states of the vortex lattice; one is ordered, the other disordered. The disordered state is formed by supercooling a flux liquid state into a metastable strongly pinned configuration. The lattice is annealed into its ordered equilibrium configuration upon application of a sufficiently strong current. The annealing process exhibits long relaxation times, which is suggestive of glassy behavior.
A note on rotation of axes

Differences in magnitude among the communalities of a set of tests may influence the convergence of successive approximations to the limiting hyperplanes of the configuration. A slight alteration in technique is presented, which may be useful in avoiding this effect and perhaps hastening convergence.
A strategy for eliciting antibodies against cryptic, conserved, conformationally dependent epitopes of HIV envelope glycoprotein.

Background Novel strategies are needed for the elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies to the HIV envelope glycoprotein, gp120. Experimental evidence suggests that combinations of antibodies that are broadly neutralizing in vitro may protect against challenge with HIV in nonhuman primates, and a small number of these antibodies have been selected by repertoire sampling of B cells and by the fractionation of antiserum from some patients with prolonged disease. Yet no additional strategies for identifying conserved epitopes, eliciting antibodies to these epitopes, and determining whether these epitopes are accessible to antibodies have been successful to date. The defining of additional conserved, accessible epitopes against which one can elicit antibodies will increase the probability that some may be the targets of broadly neutralizing antibodies. Methodology/Principal Findings We postulate that additional cryptic epitopes of gp120 are present, against which neutralizing antibodies might be elicited even though these antibodies are not elicited by gp120, and that many of these epitopes may be accessible to antibodies should they be formed. We demonstrate a strategy for eliciting antibodies in mice against selected cryptic, conformationally dependent conserved epitopes of gp120 by immunizing with multiple identical copies of covalently linked peptides (MCPs). This has been achieved with MCPs representing 3 different domains of gp120. We show that some cryptic epitopes on gp120 are accessible to the elicited antibodies, and some epitopes in the CD4 binding region are not accessible. The antibodies bind to gp120 with relatively high affinity, and bind to oligomeric gp120 on the surface of infected cells. Conclusions/Significance Immunization with MCPs comprised of selected peptides of HIV gp120 is able to elicit antibodies against conserved, conformationally dependent epitopes of gp120 that are not immunogenic when presented as gp120. Some of these cryptic epitopes are accessible to the elicited antibodies.
Interference of Linear and Nonlinear Optical Effects in Second-Harmonic Generation from Metal/Liquid Interfaces

When a metal/liquid interface is probed with second-harmonic generation, the experimental data can be severely complicated by mixed signatures of linear and nonlinear optical properties of the interface. This problem is demonstrated and clarified in this report with computer simulations for selected electrochemical systems. A phenomenological framework for these simulations is developed. The first- and second-order surface susceptibilities of the metal are treated on equal footing, and their variations due to adsorbate effects are analyzed. Analytical and simulated results are presented for two specific groups of adsorbates. Representative experimental systems of these two groups (electrodeposited Cu and Te on polycrystalline Au) are analyzed in further detail. The calculations are in full agreement with the previously published experimental data for these systems. The present formalism can be extended to other systems and, in a systematic manner, can facilitate the analysis of second-harmonic data for electrochemical systems.
Effect of column stiffness on drift concentration in steel plate shear walls

Abstract Steel plate shear walls (SPSWs) are a lateral force resisting system consisting of thin infill steel plates surrounded by boundary frame members. Hysteretic energy dissipation and lateral force resistance of the system are primarily achieved through the yielding of the infill steel plates. However, during an earthquake event, the infill plates at different building stories may not yield simultaneously due to many factors such as overstrength of some infill plates and the actual lateral force distribution which is different from the one assumed in design, possibly resulting in inter-story drift concentrations in the system. This paper investigates the effect of column stiffness on mitigating drift concentration in SPSWs. Based on an example two-story SPSW, mathematical models are derived to characterize the system behavior and quantify the effect of column stiffness on the mitigation of drift concentration. Nonlinear static pushover analyses using finite element models are performed to further validate the developed models. Finally, based on the developed models, parametric analyses are conducted to investigate the effect of column stiffness over a practical range of the considered parameters, followed by a discussion of the minimum SPSW column stiffness specified in North American codes. The results from this investigation show that column stiffness should be a design parameter to ensure a reasonably uniform drift distribution and hence a more uniform infill plate yielding along the height of SPSW buildings.
Electrocardiographic studies in Asian influenza.

Abstract Eighty-seven University of North Carolina students who had clinical and serologic evidence of infection with type A influenza viruses related to Asian strains were studied electrocardiographically, both during the illness and after recovery. The electrocardiograms were evaluated by comparison with those of a control series similar in age, sex, and social distribution. Extracardiac factors were taken into consideration. Twelve electrocardiograms were considered to be abnormal because of S-T segment deviation, depression of T waves, and auricular arrhythmias. Four of these abnormalities, including all the arrhythmias, occurred in the recovery stage. It was concluded that although these changes were minor, they could have been caused by myocarditis due to infection with influenza virus.
The paternal sex ratio chromosome induces chromosome loss independently of Wolbachia in the wasp Nasonia vitripennis.

The paternal sex ratio chromosome (PSR) is a paternally-inherited supernumerary chromosome found in some males of Nasonia vitripennis. PSR induces the loss of N. vitripennis’s paternal autosomes in early fertilized embryos. Previous examinations have not directly addressed the complication of PSR’s co-occurrence with Wolbachia. Wolbachia is the name assigned to a group of cytoplasmic bacteria which induce numerous reproductive alterations in their hosts. In Nasonia, Wolbachia cause cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) which also results in paternal chromosome loss. Here we address the question of whether PSR’s function (i.e. PSR’s transmission and/or ability to induce chromosome loss) depends upon or interacts with Wolbachia. A strain of PSR males is artificially cleared of Wolbachia. Test crosses and cytological observations of this strain demonstrate that PSR’s transmission and ability to induce chromosome loss is not dependent upon Wolbachia. Comparisons suggest an absence of interactions between PSR and Wolbachia when they co-occur. Fluorescent and confocal microscopy are used to examine and compare early embryos. Observations demonstrate that microtubule interactions with chromatin do not appear to cause the initial loss of the paternal chromosomes. Cytological observations presented here also differ from previous reports of PSR- and Wolbachia-induced chromosome loss.
A model for the acoustic impedance of linear suppressor materials bonded on perforated plate

An analytical model is developed for the acoustic impedance of a composite made of a fine screen bonded to a perforated plate, the resistance having been modeled using steady flow theory and data, and including both linear and nonlinear components. The model of the screen resistance alone is derived first, and it is then extended to include a perforated plate bonded to the screen. Quantities such as effective open ratio and pressure recovery are evaluated. Conclusions are presented, including: (1) when the screen is bonded to a perforated plate, the linear resistance increases as the inverse of the perforate open area, (2) the nonlinearity in the screen resistance depends on the square of the screen wire diameter, and (3) when the resistance is considered as a function of approach velocity, the screen nonlinear term increases as the inverse of the square of the perforated plate open area ratio. The general theory can be applied to any screen structure, but final results are limited to a twilled square weave screen. Results can be applied to the study of sound absorbing materials used for lining the walls of aircraft engine duct suppressors.
Equivalence relations, invariants, and normal forms, II

For an equivalence relation E on the words over some finite alphabet, we consider the following four problems, listed in order of increasing difficulty. Recognition: Decide whether two words are equivalent. Invariant: Calculate a function constant on precisely the equivalence classes. Normal form: Calculate a particular member of an equivalence class, given an arbitrary member. First member: Calculate the first member of an equivalence class, given an arbitrary member. We consider the questions whether p solutions for the easier problems yield NP solutions for the harder ones, or vice versa. We show that affirmative answers to several of these questions are equivalent to natural principles like NP=co-NP, NP ∩co-NP=P, and the shrinking principle for NP sets. We supplement known oracles with enough new ones to show that all the questions considered have negative answers relative to some oracles. In other words, these questions cannot be answered affirmatively by means of relativizable polynomial-time Turing reductions. Finally, we show that the analogous questions with "p" replaced by "Borel" have negative answers.
The DADO production system machine

Abstract DADO is a parallel, tree-structured machine designed to provide significant performance improvements in the execution of large expert systems implemented in production system form. A full-scale version of the DADO machine would comprise a large set of processing elements (PEs) (on the order of thousands), each containing its own processor, a small amount (20K bytes, in the current prototype design) of local random access memory, and a specialized I/O switch. The PEs are interconnected to form a complete binary tree. This paper describes the application domain of the DADO machine and the rationale for its design. Parallel algorithms for production system execution are briefly described. We then focus on the machine architecture and detail the hardware design of a moderately large prototype comprising 1023 microprocessors currently operational at Columbia University. We conclude with very encouraging performance statistics recently calculated from an analysis of simulations of the system.
Mapping the total organic carbon in the soils of the Congo

A map of the main landscape units of Congo containing 31 cartographic units was established using vegetation and parent rock types, particle-size distribution and hydromorphy in soils. The average carbon stock in each unit was calculated to a depth of 2 m. The hydromorphy and the particle-size distribution of soils seemed to be the main factors influencing the capacity of soils to store carbon. The average carbon content of Congo soils is 160.5 t/ha for a depth of 0–2 m. The total stock of organic carbon in the mapped area (302,000 km2) is 0.8 Gt at 0–10 cm, 3.3 Gt at 0–100 cm, and 3.9 Gt at 0–200 cm. The stock between 1- and 2-m depth is stable carbon. As its content is relatively constant with depth, the total amount of stable carbon can be roughly estimated at about 1.2 Gt. It could be a sink for carbon dioxide.
Mitochondrial distribution in saccharomyces.

GENETICAL experiments by Ephrussi and co-workers1 have adequately demonstrated the existence of extra-chromosomal factors determining the cytochrome oxidase and succino-dehydrogenase activities of yeast clones analysed by them. A particulate nature was ascribed to these factors, and their identity with the mitochondria was suggested in view of the well-known association of the enzymes concerned with these bodies; however, no direct observations on the behaviour of the mitochondria during cell divisions were reported.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Antagonist Infliximab for Treatment-Resistant Depression The Role of Baseline Inflammatory Biomarkers

Context Increased concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers predict antidepressant nonresponse, and inflammatory cytokines can sabotage and circumvent the mechanisms of action of conventional antidepressants. Objectives To determine whether inhibition of the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) reduces depressive symptoms in patients with treatment-resistant depression and whether an increase in baseline plasma inflammatory biomarkers, including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), TNF, and its soluble receptors, predicts treatment response. Design Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Setting Outpatient infusion center at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. Participants A total of 60 medically stable outpatients with major depression who were either on a consistent antidepressant regimen (n = 37) or medication-free (n = 23) for 4 weeks or more and who were moderately resistant to treatment as determined by the Massachusetts General Hospital Staging method. Interventions Three infusions of the TNF antagonist infliximab (5 mg/kg) (n = 30) or placebo (n = 30) at baseline and weeks 2 and 6 of a 12-week trial. Main Outcome Measures The 17-item Hamilton Scale for Depression (HAM-D) scores. Results No overall difference in change of HAM-D scores between treatment groups across time was found. However, there was a significant interaction between treatment, time, and log baseline hs-CRP concentration (P = .01), with change in HAM-D scores (baseline to week 12) favoring infliximab-treated patients at a baseline hs-CRP concentration greater than 5 mg/L and favoring placebo-treated patients at a baseline hs-CRP concentration of 5 mg/L or less. Exploratory analyses focusing on patients with a baseline hs-CRP concentration greater than 5 mg/L revealed a treatment response (≥50% reduction in HAM-D score at any point during treatment) of 62% (8 of 13 patients) in infliximab-treated patients vs 33% (3 of 9 patients) in placebo-treated patients (P = .19). Baseline concentrations of TNF and its soluble receptors were significantly higher in infliximab-treated responders vs nonresponders (P Conclusions This proof-of-concept study suggests that TNF antagonism does not have generalized efficacy in treatment-resistant depression but may improve depressive symptoms in patients with high baseline inflammatory biomarkers. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00463580.
Individual pineal cells exhibit a circadian rhythm in melatonin secretion

Pineal glands and dissociated pineal cells exhibit a circadian rhythm of melatonin secretion in vitro which persists for several cycles under constant conditions. It is not known whether individual, physically isolated pineal cells are capable of generating a circadian oscillation in melatonin release. This question was addressed by utilizing a reverse hemolytic plaque assay for the detection of melatonin secretion from individual pineal cells. Dissociated pineal cells from the anole lizard, maintained in short term culture, displayed a marked variation in melatonin secretion for up to 72 h under both cyclic lighting conditions and in constant dark. The persistence of daily fluctuations of melatonin secretion from individual cells strongly suggests that individual pineal cells can function as circadian oscillators.
Phthalates in food and medical devices.

Phthalates are ubiquitous environmental chemicals with a broad range of potential adverse health effects. Exposure pathways include air, water, packaged food and household products. Biological effects include disruption of the balance of sex hormones, allergic reactions, and enzyme inhibition. Carcinogenicity is seen in animals. In human studies, phthalates have been associated with poorer sperm quality, the symptomatology of asthma, and shortened AGD. Given the widespread use of phthalates in industrialized countries, further research, particularly on birth outcomes, endocrine disruption and child development are greatly needed.
Preparation and Characterization of Protein Isolate from Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.)

: Protein isolate (PI) was prepared from 3 cowpea varieties and 2 soybean varieties in each of 2 y. The protein contents of cowpea PI (CPI) (91.4% to 91.8%) and soy PI (SPI) (93.0% to 93.5%) were significantly different (P < 0.05). Electrophoretogram showed that CPI was concentrated at 60 and 40 kDa, whereas SPI showed bands at 95, 65, 60, 40, and 35 kDa. The CPI had higher lysine (49.3 to 51.8 mg/g) than SPI (41.9 to 43.4 mg/g). The CPI and SPI had surface hydrophobicities ranging from 387.8 to 572.9 and 640.6 to 643.1, respectively. Denaturation temperature (85.2 to 88.4 °C) and enthalpy (8.42 to 10.33 J/g) of CPI were similar to the 7S fraction of SPI (82.6 °C and 96.0 to 96.3 J/g). These characteristics of CPI might be useful to explain its functionalities for application in food systems.