cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A small animal cable coupler with vertical movement compensation

Abstract A mercury contact swivel device for use with implanted electrodes in small animals is described. It has an integral vertical movement compensation system and excellent electrical properties. It does not use cable twist to transmit turning torque to the coupler.
Prenatal Stress Enhances Responsiveness to Cocaine

Early environmental events have profound influences on a wide range of adult behavior. In the current study, we assessed the influence of maternal stress during gestation on psychostimulant and neurochemical responsiveness to cocaine, cocaine self-administration, and reinstatement of cocaine-seeking in adult offspring. Pregnant, female Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to either no treatment or to restraint stress three times per day for the last 7 days of gestation and cocaine-related behavior was assessed in offspring at 10 weeks of age. Relative to controls, a noncontingent cocaine injection elevated locomotor activity as well as nucleus accumbens levels of extracellular dopamine and glutamate to a greater extent in both cocaine-naive and cocaine-experienced prenatal stress (PNS) rats and elevated prefrontal cortex dopamine in cocaine-experienced PNS rats. To assess the impact of PNS on cocaine addiction-related behavior, rats were trained to lever press for intravenous (i.v.) infusions of cocaine (0.25, 0.5, or 1 mg/kg/infusion), with each infusion paired with a light+tone-conditioned stimulus. Lever-pressing was extinguished and cocaine-seeking reinstated by re-exposure to the conditioned cues or by intraperitoneal cocaine-priming injections (5 or 10 mg/kg). PNS elevated active lever responding both during extinction and cocaine-primed reinstatement, but not during self-administration or conditioned-cued reinstatement. PNS also did not alter intake during self-administration. These findings demonstrate that PNS produces enduring nervous system alterations that increase the psychomotor stimulant, motivational, and neurochemical responsiveness to noncontingent cocaine. Thus, early environmental factors contribute to an individual's initial responsiveness to cocaine and propensity to relapse to cocaine-seeking.
Differences in Maze Performance of Group- vs Isolation-Reared Rats:

A number of experimental investigations have verified that alterations in an animal's early experience may modify its normal pattern of behavior in adulthood (summarized by Denenberg, 1962 ) . Angermeier ( 1960), for example, found that animals reared together or in social isolation differ with respect to learning an instrumental response to obtain several kinds of social contacc. Recently, Woods (1959) confirmed the findings of Bingham and Griffiths (1952) and others (Forgays & Forgays, 1952) that rats reared in a restricted environment are inferior in later problem-solving ability to rhose reared in an "enriched," free environment. In addition, however, Woods revealed that the restricted animals' inferiority in problem solving could be considerably reduced by adult exposure to free environmental experiences. Several years ago, it was observed in our laboratory that adult rats selected from large colony cages seemed to learn a maze in fewer trials chan rhose reared in individual cages after weaning. Additional evidence to this effect was summarized in an unpublisl~ed report by Myers and Jones.' Eight rats reared in a group for 120 days achieved criterion in a maze learning task more rapidly chan an equated group reared in isolation for the same period. The purpose of the present experiment was to replicate the latter srudy, and to determine the effects of much longer periods of isolation- and group-rearing on rats' maze performance. METHOD Szcbjects and appamtz!s.-Sixteen hooded rats of the Colgate strain were randomly selected from a large number of litters born at approximately similar times. Upon weaning at 21 days, eight rats were reared in isolation in individual cages, and the remaining eight were reared together in a single cage. The isolation cages were constructed so that Ss could not come into visual or physical contacc with each other at any time during the rearing period. Also, none of
The major and minor element geochemistry of Lake Baikal

Funding for U.S. participation in the fieldwork and sample collection was provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation. Funding for the analytical work was obtained by various means.
Superior cerebellar peduncle lesions selectively abolish the ipsilateral classically conditioned nictitating membrane/eyelid response of the rabbit.

Abstract Unilateral lesions of the ipsilateral superior cerebellar peduncle as it leaves the body of the cerebellum to enter the brainstem were found to abolish or severely impair a previously conditioned nictitating membrane (NM)/eyelid response without effecting the unconditioned response or conditioning of the contralateral NM/eyelid.
Missourian (Early Late Pennsylvanian) climate in midcontinent North America

Abstract The abrupt decrease in mineable coals from Desmoinesian to Missourian rocks in Midcontinent North America has been related by several lines of evidence to the probability that Missourian climate became at least seasonally drier than Desmoinesian climate. This represents a transition from the equatorial Desmoinesian rainforest climate to the arid Permian climate, as North America moved northward from the equator. This change is reflected in the progression of evaporites from western Colorado in the Desmoinesian to Kansas in the Permian. Direct climatic evidence from soils in two Missourian shales deposited at low stands of sea-level includes caliche horizons, incompletely leached mixed-layer clays (in contrast to intensely leached Desmoinesian kaolinite), and soil profiles resembling Vertisols, which develop under semi-arid conditions. Less direct climatic evidence includes the greater proportion of marine limestone deposited at intermediate sea-level stands in the Missourian than in the Desmoinesian part of the sequence, in conjunction with the greater abundance and thickness of oolite and shoreline facies in Missourian limestones than in Desmoinesian counterparts. This probably reflects increasing dryness of the climate, which would have led to decreased detrital influx and increased salinity as rainfall and runoff diminished. Indirect climatic evidence in offshore black phosphatic shales deposited at highest sea-level stands involves possible seasonality in organic and phosphatic laminations, related to periodicity of upwelling in the tropical trade-wind belt under the strong monsoonal influence of Pangaea. Midcontinent Missourian climates probably ranged from tropical monsoon to tropical savanna or hot steppe, all having wet-dry seasonality. The coincident extinctions of conodont, brachiopod, and other marine genera as well as the loss of swamp lycopods at the end of the Desmoinesian suggest the possibility that a greater than usual drop in sea level affected both realms at this time, while the climate was becoming drier.
The identity of linguistic expressions and the paradox of analysis

over this grammatical form I am not committing myself to a phenomenological theory of "intentional reference" of mental acts, like conceiving and believing, to independent Platonic objects, like universals and propositions. I It is true that in Meaning and Necessity Carnap constructs a semantical language in which senses, or what Camap calls "intensions," are not named, as in the ideal semantic language proposed by those who, following Frege, use the "method of the name-relation." Thus, in Carnap's system we would not require special names for the individual concepts Scott and Author of Waverley in order to say that the individual concepts are different, although the individuals are identical. But in order to discuss the difference between intensions and extensions Camap requires the distinction between L-designation and F-designation in his semantical meta-language. And it seems to me that if one wanted to talk about the converse domain of the relation of L-designation, one would still have to use something like names of senses. ' Obviously, the question whether logically proper names are fictitious, like atomic propositions to be found only in artificial languages, is irrelevant to my argument. 6 Strictly speaking, since what " 'A' " is meant to name is a type, not just the individual token that is visibly quoted, its nominatum, being a universal, can be neither seen nor heard. But this difficulty can be solved by the following analysis of "'A'" names 'A': " 'A' " names the token visibly quoted, and any token of the same type as " 'A'" names the token of the same type as 'A.' 'Such a deduction presupposes, of course, the logical equivalence of "0(x)F(x)" and "1OF(a). OF(b) . . iOF(n)," where a . . . n constitute the range of the individual variable. 7Cf. W. V. Quine, "The Problem of Interpreting Modal Logic," Journal of Symbolic Logic, 12:43-48 (June 1947). 8Cf. F. B. Fitch, "The Problem of the Morming Star and the Evening Star," Philosophy of Science, 16:137-41 (April 1949).
Influence of Different Media and Bloods on the Results of Diffusion Antibiotic Susceptibility Tests

As part of an International Collaborative Study, the influence of medium and certain medium components on the results of disc susceptibility testing with nine antibiotics was examined and statistically evaluated. Four basic media, Trypticase Soy Agar, Grove and Randall's formula # 9 agar, and Mueller-Hinton agar with and without 1 mg of l-tryptophan per 100 ml, were used with six bacterial strains. Significant differences in zone diameters occurred with most antibiotics. The largest consistent differences were seen with tetracycline, and appeared to result from varying degrees of chelation of the antibiotic with free cations in the media. Reproducibility studies on different batches of Mueller-Hinton agar from two manufacturers showed some statistically significant differences, which were small except with tetracycline. Reproducibility between the products of a single manufacturer was excellent. The results of experiments to determine the effect of the addition of 5% blood of different species to agar medium showed that medium containing citrated or defibrinated horse, rabbit, sheep, or human blood yielded closely similar zone diameters, except that tetracycline zones were larger with citrated blood. A single type of medium should be selected for routine susceptibility tests whenever possible, and reproducibility of performance of the products of different manufacturers should be sought.
SU‐DD‐A3‐03: Evaluation of An Infrared Camera and X‐Ray System for Gated Radiation Therapy

Purpose: To determine the clinical feasibility of a gated treatmentdelivery system from BrainLab™. Method and Materials: The Exactrac from BrainLab™ is a localization system that uses both infrared cameras and x‐rays. In gated mode, target location is determined by implanted fiducials. Breathing patterns are determined by infrared reflectors attached to the patient's surface. The User selects an x‐ray trigger point and radiotherapy beam‐on window relative to the breathing cycle. Multiple trigger levels may be selected to simulate a fluoroscopic mode to measure organ motion. Prior to clinical use feasibility tests including localization accuracy, gating window accuracy, and beam‐on accuracy were performed. Patients with small lung lesions were selected for treatment and implanted with a 20 by 0.7 mm gold fiducial. Treatment planning CT scans were taken at expiration breath hold with internal and external fiducials present. Results:_Localization accuracy was within 3mm when using 20% of the breathing cycle for beam on. To date, five patients with lung lesions were treated.Treatment times were approximately twenty minutes (standard dose fractionations). Implanted fiducials were well localizable in all patients. Target motion was on the order of 5mm average. Repeat CT scans showed implants did not migrate. The primary limitations with the system were related to breathing signal due to placement of external fiducials. Conclusion: Gating treatment technique from Exactrac™ has been used to treatlung lesions. This initial evaluation of the system verified the accuracy of the localization system under Gated mode. Implanted fiducials are localizable in patients, and gating is possible. The benefit of this system is the potential to decrease treatment margins and improve targeting. Continued evaluation of this system would help to define patient specific dose margins and beam‐on windows for treatment.
High Resolution Electron Microscopy Study Of Silica Aerogel Transparent Insulation

The structure of silica aerogel was studied by transmission electron microscopy. The aerogel network consists of particles about 10.0 nm in diameter. The chemical composition of these aggregates was found to be a pure stoichiometric Si0; by both ESCA and Auger spectroscopy. These SiO2 groups appear to form a random network within each particle. The details of this arrangement have yet to be determined, because in this preliminary study, silica aerogel was found to transform after exposure to the intense electron beam.
Chondrogenesis, bone morphogenetic protein-4 and mesenchymal stem cells.

Summary Objective As adult cartilage has very limited potential to regenerate, cartilage repair is challenging. Available treatments have several disadvantages, including formation of fibrocartilage instead of hyaline-like cartilage, as well as eventual ossification of the newly formed tissue. The focus of this review is the application of bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in cartilage repair, a combination that could potentially lead to the formation of permanent hyaline-like cartilage in the defect. Methods This review is based on recent literature in the orthopaedic and tissue engineering fields, and is focused on MCSs and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Results BMP-4, a stimulator of chondrogenesis, both in vitro and in vivo , is a potential therapeutic agent for cartilage regeneration. BMP-4 delivery can improve the healing process of an articular cartilage defect by stimulating the synthesis of the cartilage matrix constituents: type II collagen and aggrecan. BMP-4 has also been shown to suppress chondrogenic hypertrophy and maintain regenerated cartilage. Use of an appropriate carrier for BMP-4 is crucial for successful reconstruction of cartilage defects. Due to the relatively short half-life in vivo of BMP-4, there is a need to localize and maintain the delivery of BMP-4 to the injury site. Additionally, the delivery of MSCs to the wound site could improve cartilage regeneration; therefore, the carrier should function both as a cell and a protein delivery vehicle. Conclusion The role of BMP-4 in chondrogenesis is significant, and successful methods to deliver BMP-4, with or without MSCs, to the cartilage defect site are a promising therapy to treat cartilage defects.
Connolly's Mysterious Trinity Machine: A Panentheistic Reading

Drawing Connolly's work into a conversation with Christian theology of a feminist and process persuasion, this article explores and builds upon the way in which Connolly offers a third way between the theistic certainties of George Bush's "Christian America" and the crass secularism of those who are and were appalled by the latter's religious fundamentalism. Discerning a secret Trinitarian structure in Connolly's immanent naturalism, though not the Father, Son and Ghost, the article explores the potentials for developing a counter-apocalyptic strategy for political theology that can counter fundamentalist drives and lay the basis for releasing new energies of earthly becoming.
Molecular mechanics of single molecules.

The mechanics of single molecules of bacteriorhodopsin interacting with purple membrane have been investigated from both sides of the membrane by Kessler and Gaub (2006) in this issue of Structure. Remarkably, barriers can be associated with specific amino acid sequences to an accuracy of ±3 amino acids.
Improvement in thermoelectric properties of an n-type bismuth telluride (Bi2Se0.3Te2.7) due to texture development and grain refinement during hot deformation

Abstract Hot deformation of an n-type bismuth telluride (nBT of composition Bi 2 Se 0.3 Te 2.7 ) results in a texture characteristic of the deformation mode. Extruded nBT has a fiber texture with ⟨1120⟩ directions aligned with the extrusion direction. Rolling of previously textured (extruded) and untextured (sintered powder compact) material results in a rolling texture with the basal plane parallel to the rolling plane, and the ⟨1120⟩ directions randomly oriented on the rolling plane. Results indicate an improvement in thermoelectric figure of merit at 300 K from 0.79 in the as-received extruded material to 0.93 in the rolled material.
Quality control of a mutant plasma membrane ATPase: ubiquitylation prevents cell-surface stability

The plasma membrane ATPase, Pma1, has remarkable longevity at the cell surface. In contrast to the wild-type protein, the temperature-sensitive mutant Pma1-10 is misfolded and undergoes rapid removal from the cell surface for vacuolar degradation. At the restrictive temperature, Pma1-10 becomes ubiquitylated before or upon arrival at the plasma membrane. Internalization from the plasma membrane and vacuolar degradation of Pma1-10 is dependent on the ubiquitin-interacting motif (UIM) of the epsin Ent1, suggesting recognition of ubiquitylated substrate by the endocytic machinery. Surprisingly, ubiquitylation of Pma1-10 is reversed when its internalization is blocked in an end3 mutant. Under these conditions, Pma1-10 acquires association with detergent-insoluble, glycolipid-enriched complexes (DIGs) which has been suggested to promote stability of wild-type Pma1. Ubiquitylation does not cause DIG exclusion because a Pma1-Ub fusion protein is not significantly excluded from DIGs. We suggest that ubiquitylation of Pma1-10 represents a component of a quality control mechanism that targets the misfolded protein for removal from the plasma membrane. Rapid internalization of Pma1-10 caused by its ubiquitylation may preempt establishment of stabilizing interactions.
Optically‐Active compounds via biocatalytic methods

Different approaches to improve the enantioselectivity of biocatalytic systems are presented. These methodologies have been successfully applied to the preparation of optically active dihydropyridine, calcium antagonists, and cis-3-hydroxy-6-acetoxy-cyclohex-1-ene, a valuable chiral building block for natural products synthesis. The phenomenon of enantioselective inhibition is described and several new heterocyclic amines have been shown to be effective enantioselective inhibitors in the Candida lipase system.
A Case for Differentiated Grades

The recent court ruling in favor of Case Western Reserve University that denied a medical degree to a student based on a lack of professionalism shows the clear need for differentiated grading in medical education. In the Ohio case [1], a threejudge panel concluded that evaluations regarding professionalism are academic judgments that fall within the purview of the degree-granting institution. Thus, medical students with strong academic records based on assessments of their medical knowledge and skills may legally fail a course, fail a program, or otherwise be denied a degree based on unprofessional conduct. Although this case attracted great attention, the situation is not unusual. Stories abound of students who make outstanding grades and put forth maximum effort, but are lacking in the area of professional behavior. As Chen [2] points out, many medical school faculty members would like to fail students who exhibit extremely unprofessional behavior, but often believe such a decision would be indefensible given the student’s adequate performance on examinations of medical knowledge and skills. Other faculty members attempt to address this issue by allocating sufficient weight to professionalism indictors in the grade so that students with high assessment scores, but poor professionalism, could not receive a passing course grade. In this article, we discuss an alternative solution through differentiated grading that is designed to make grades more meaningful, accurate, and educationally sound. Amalgamated Versus Differentiated Grades
Frequency Response Analysis of Piecewise Nonlinear Vibration Isolator

Non-smooth piecewise functional isolators are smart passive vibration isolators that can provide effective isolation for high frequency/low amplitude excitation by introducing a soft primary suspension, and by preventing a high relative displacement in low frequency/high amplitude excitation by introducing a relatively damped secondary suspension. In this investigation a linear secondary suspension is attached to a nonlinear primary suspension. The primary is assumed to be nonlinear to model the inherent nonlinearities involved in real suspensions. However, the secondary suspension comes into action only during a short period of time, and in mall domain around resonance. Therefore, a linear assumption for the secondary suspension is reasonable. The dynamic behavior of the system subject to a harmonic base excitation has been analyzed utilizing the analytic results derived by applying the averaging method. The analytic results match very well in the transition between the two suspensions. A sensitivity analysis has shown the effect of varying dynamic parameters in the steady state behavior of the system.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endomyocardial abscesses in a heart transplant recipient.

: Infective endocarditis is more common in heart transplant recipients than in the general population. We report a case of endomyocardial abscesses and sepsis syndrome due to community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a heart transplant recipient with a negative transesophageal echocardiogram. The suspected portal of entry for this MRSA infection was through infected herpes zoster lesions. This case demonstrates the difficulty of diagnosing endomyocardial abscesses in heart transplant patients.
Two barley catalase genes respond differentially to light

Cloned catalase probes from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) were used to examine catalase gene expression in greened and etiolated leaves of several barley lines. Etiolated leaves had greater levels of an mRNA detected by barley Cat1, compared with greened leaves, in all lines. In contrast, a Cat2-like mRNA (homologous to Cat2 of maize) was induced by light and accumulated to high levels in greened leaves, compared to the negligible levels detected in etiolated leaves. This suggests that barley contains light-inducible and light-repressible catalase genes. In the catalase-deficient barley mutant RPr 79/4, no hybridization signal was detected when RNA from greened or etiolated leaves was probed with maize Cat2, indicating that this mutant is deficient for the light-induced Cat mRNA. In etiolated seedlings of both RPr 79/4 and its motherline, the level of the Cat1 mRNA increased coordinately with a steady increase in catalase activity. Even though the mutant RPr 79/4 was able to grow to maturity in normal air, it sustained chlorosis and significant head sterility, probably due to the lack of a light-inducible catalase. Although the mutant RPr 79/4 is not completely lacking catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), the loss of the CAT-1 isozyme is evidently harmful. This observation underscores the protective role of catalases in plants.
Prenatal cystic fibrosis screening in Mexican Americans: an economic analysis.

Abstract Objective We evaluated the cost benefit of cystic fibrosis screening in Mexican American gravid women. Study design With the use of decisions analysis techniques, a cost-benefit analysis was performed. Baseline assumptions were based on published references. Sensitivity analyses were performed. Results Under the baseline assumptions, screening was not cost beneficial. Threshold analysis showed that, if the test was priced under $53.00, screening became cost beneficial. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that lower acceptance rates of amniocentesis or termination made the screening strategy less attractive. If the test sensitivity was raised to 90%, which required testing of >60 mutations, the cost of screening would need to be Conclusion Cystic fibrosis screening is not cost beneficial in Mexican American women over a wide range of assumptions. This is principally due to the poor sensitivity of the test in this population. Cultural factors, such as lower acceptance of amniocentesis and pregnancy termination of affected fetuses, further lower the cost-benefit ratio of screening.
Modeling carbon contamination of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) optics

A mathematical model is used to describe the processes that contribute to the deposition of a carbon film on EUV multilayer optics when the optic is exposed to EUV radiation in the presence of residual hydrocarbon gases. The key physical and chemical processes taken into account within the model include the transport of residual hydrocarbons to the irradiated area, molecular diffusion across the optic surface, and the subsequent dissociation or "cracking" of the hydrocarbon by both direct EUV ionization and secondary electron excitation. The dissociated hydrocarbons are reactive and form a carbonaceous film that reduces the reflectivity of the optic and the overall throughput of the EUV lithographic system. The model, which provides estimates of hydrocarbon film growth under various conditions of hydrocarbon partial pressures and EUV power, is validated by predicting the carbon thickness associated with a series of EUV exposures performed in the laboratory. The model is then used to evaluate the effects of hydrocarbon partial pressure, EUV power, hydrocarbon mass, and temperature on the growth of the carbonaceous contaminate layer.
Stakeholder capitalism and the value chain

Abstract The purpose of this article by Edward Freeman and Jeanne Liedtka is to explore the idea of stakeholder capitalism. In particular, it is argued that a firm grounding of the idea on four principles, yields a view of business as creating value for stakeholders. To further elaborate stakeholder capitalism it must be connected to the central themes in business strategy. In this article, the value chain is reinterpreted in stakeholder terms. A method of analysis for key stakeholder relationships is explained, and general principles for conceptualizing the value chain in relational terms are suggested.
Ductile fracture in copper single crystals

Abstract Metallographic and x-ray studies in the vicinity of the necks of fractured copper single crystals oriented for multiple slip have shown that initial necking takes place by general deformation followed by localized shearing after a well-developed neck has formed. Lattice rotation was observed to occur in the necked region during general deformation; void growth and quadrangular cavity formation, during localized shear process. In crystals of [112] and [001] orientation, and in twinned crystals of [111] orientation, a symmetrical positioning of slip systems about the stress axis permits the crystals to neck and to undergo large reductions of area, approaching rupture. In crystals of [111] orientation, a particular primary-cross slip combination which is non-symmetrically disposed about the stress axis is most preferred at the inception of localized shear. For this reason, such crystals fractured by shear in a narrow zone parallel to [100].
Influencing attitudes regarding special class placement using a psychoeducational report: An investigation of the elaboration likelihood model☆

Abstract In view of recent suggestions that school psychologists focus their research and practice on interpersonal influence with adults, this study investigated variables, drawn from the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM), that might be manipulated to enhance the persuasiveness of a psychoeducational report. Following random assignment, teachers in training were presented with reports containing counterattitudinal recommendations regarding the placement of a behavior-disordered student in either a mainstream or a self-contained program. All reports were identical except that they varied according to message quality, source credibility, and recipient involvement. Multivariate and univariate analyses of variance revealed that the participants were more persuaded by reports with high message quality, and the disposition to consult with a specialist after reading a report was fostered by perceptions of high recipient involvement and either high message quality or high source credibility. The results are discussed in terms of the Elaboration Likelihood Model and professional school psychology practice.
Spatial dynamics of GFP-tagged proteins investigated by local fluorescence enhancement

We describe a method of monitoring the spatial dynamics of proteins in intact cells by locally enhancing the blue excited fluorescence of green fluorescent protein (GFP) using a spatially focused ultraviolet-laser pulse. GFP fusion proteins were efficiently expressed by micro-electroporation of in vitro synthesized mRNA into adherent mammalian cells. We found that the diffusion coefficient of cycle 3 mutant GFP was 43 μm2/sec, compared to 4 μm2/sec for wild-type GFP, suggesting that cycle 3 GFP diffuses freely in mammalian cells and is ideally suited as a fusion tag. The local fluorescence enhancement method was used to study the membrane dissociation rate of GFP-tagged K-ras, a small GTP binding protein that localizes to plasma membranes by a farnesyl lipid group and a polybasic region. Our data suggest that K-ras exists in a dynamic equilibrium and rapidly switches between a plasma membrane bound form and a cytosolic form with a plasma membrane dissociation time constant of 1.5 sec.
What Is Love Anyway

This essay explores seven interlocking meanings of the term love. These meanings are the author's synthesis based on years of trying to understand what people mean by the word and why they are not more explicit in explaining themselves during psychotherapy. The meanings may help clinicians better grasp what seems to be the most basic context for understanding a person's sexual life. Love may be: a complex emotion--it is never a single feeling; an ambition; moral commitment; a private dynamic struggle; a deal; a stop sign to psychological inquiry. Many forces in culture and within individuals resist careful scrutiny of what we mean by love.
Accumulation rates in South and Central Greenland

Abstract This is the second of two papers summarizing the glaciological observations made on the southern and central parts of the Greenland Ice Sheet during two field campaigns conducted during the 1980s by scientists at The Ohio State University's Byrd Polar Research Center. Three large clusters of survey stations, as well as a strain grid leading to the Dye‐3 borehole, were deployed and surveyed in 1980, and resurveyed the next summer (1981). In 1987 and 1989, similar surveys were conducted in the Summit region as part of the GISP2 site selection. The primary objectives of these field campaigns were to measure absolute surface velocities and to obtain 20–30 year average accumulation rates from shallow firn cores. At a number of the survey sites, shallow cores were retrieved to determine accumulation rates and firn temperatures were measured in some of the boreholes. Each core was sampled for density and gross beta‐radioactivity. The latter reveals specific stratigraphic horizons associated with nuclear...
“More Than Medical Significance”: LSD and American Psychiatry—1953 to 1966

(1987). “More Than Medical Significance”: LSD and American Psychiatry—1953 to 1966. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 39-45.
Length-based indicators of fishery and ecosystem status: Glover's Reef Marine Reserve, Belize

Abstract For the spear gun fishery at Glover's Reef, Belize, we used catch length frequencies to infer whether each of the eight most common species was likely to be overfished (spawning stock biomass F > natural mortality rate M ). We used Monte Carlo simulations to determine whether the results were sensitive to uncertainty about natural mortality, asymptotic length, growth rate and length at maturity. We found that black grouper Mycteroperca bonaci is overfished, and Nassau grouper Epinephelus striatus , schoolmaster snapper Lutjanus apodus and mutton snapper Lutjanus analis are probably overfished, but hogfish Lachnolaimus maximus , stoplight parrotfish Sparisoma viride , French angelfish Pomacanthus paru and gray angelfish Pomacanthus arcuatus are probably not overfished. All species except French angelfish were experiencing overfishing across a range of life history parameters. Nassau grouper, black grouper and mutton snapper were often caught below the size at maturity L m . The results were sensitive to different assumed values of the life history parameters. Life history parameters can vary regionally for many reef fishes, and there have been few life history studies in the western Caribbean; such studies would greatly improve estimates of stock status. We also calculated six multispecies indicators of fishery status. The mean length relative to L m was greater than 1.0 and constant between 2005 and 2011. Mean trophic level, mean maximum size, and fraction piscivores increased between 2005 and 2011, partly due to the fact that parrotfish, previously an important component of the catch, have been prohibited beginning in 2009. Mean catch per unit effort declined. Given that black grouper, Nassau grouper, mutton snapper and schoolmaster snapper are found to be overfished and experiencing overfishing under most values of the life history parameters, we recommend size or catch limits for these species.
Nutrition support and deficiencies in children with severe traumatic brain injury.

Objective:Adequate nutrition support is considered important to recovery after pediatric traumatic brain injury. The 2003 Pediatric Guidelines recommend initiation of nutrition within 72 hrs after traumatic brain injury. We examined our local experience with nutritional support in severe pediatric t
Characterization of Metarhizium anisopliae isolates from Tasmanian pasture soils and their pathogenicity to redheaded cockchafer (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Adoryphorus couloni)

Two hundred and four cultures of Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae isolated from Tasmanian pasture soils were studied. Sixteen strains are distinguished by temperature requirements for germination and growth, conidial dimensions and sporulation colour. Hierarchical cluster analysis supports this classification. A key to the strains is provided. Pathogenicity testing of 184 of the cultures revealed that 50% (15/31) of isolates from one dendrogramic branch were pathogenic for L3 larvae of the scarab, Adoryphorus couloni. Only 4% (6/153) were found to be pathogenic amongst the other strains.
Status marmoratus in fetal cortical transplants.

Abstract Adult rats received unilateral transplants of either embryonic day-17 fetal neocortex or striatum. Sixty-two percent of the fetal neocortical transplants grafted into the striatum, and 25% of these neocortical transplants placed in host neocortex had regions of hypermyelination, whereas none of the striatal transplants showed such an effect. There are simlarities between these neuropathologic findings and status marmoratus in humans and animals with perinatal hypoxic injuries.
What's New? Don't Forget Capitol Hill

In his eloquent, personal, and heartfelt examination of his evolving perceptions of America, Rob Kroes posed the question, "what's new?" regarding anti-Americanism in Europe. In his attempt to answer that query, he correctly pointed to changes related to the ending of the Cold War, to the U.S. response to the attacks of September 11, 2001, to the growing political influence of conservative religious groups, and to "blinkered and parochial American journalism." In ways large and small, all the factors mentioned by Kroes have altered the way the United States relates to the rest of the world and, in turn, is perceived.' An additional factor, more structural and systemic, is the change in the U.S. Congress. While Kroes focused most of his attention on the statements and acts of George W. Bush, Dick Cheney, and Donald Rumsfeld, it can be argued that the changes affecting Congress will be more enduring than the actions of even a two-term president and therefore have more serious implications for U.S. policies. In their recently published study, Off Center: The Republican Revolution and the Erosion ofAmerican Democracy, Jacob Hacker and Paul Pierson documented the growing polarization in American politics and the increasing centralization of political power, which have upset the system of checks and balances.2 While Hacker and Pierson concentrated on developments in U.S. domestic policy, the changes in the Congress and the media that they discussed also have implications for the conduct of U.S. foreign policy and for the way foreign publics perceive the United States. The question of how the United States is perceived by foreign publics is one that has engaged me for many years, both academically and in practice. Since 9/11, the perception of the United States by others has become a matter of considerable debate in the United States. The issue is most often expressed by someone asking, "Why do they hate us?" in a puzzled and disbelieving voice. In the United States government the chief responsibility for information and cultural programs directed at foreign publics now rests with the under secretary of state for public diplomacy and public affairs. The nomination of Karen Hughes to that position in June 2005 attracted much attention in the United States and abroad. As a former counselor to the president
Risk, reward, and the double-edged sword: perspectives on pharmacogenetic research and clinical testing among Alaska Native people.

Objectives. Pharmacogenetic research and clinical testing raise important concerns for individuals and communities, especially where past medical research and practice has perpetrated harm and cultivated distrust of health care systems and clinicians. We investigated perceptions of pharmacogenetics among Alaska Native (AN) people.Methods. We held four focus groups for 32 ANs in south central Alaska to elicit views about pharmacogenetics in general and for treatment of cardiovascular disease, breast cancer, depression, and nicotine addiction. We analyzed data for perceived risks and rewards of pharmacogenetics.Results. Potential risks of pharmacogenetics included health care rationing, misuse of information, and stigma to individuals and the AN community. Potential rewards included decreased care costs, improved outcomes, and community development. Participants also discussed 8 contingent conditions that could mitigate risks and increase pharmacogenetic acceptability.Conclusions. Alaska Natives perceive ph...
Bocca: a development environment for HPC components

In high-performance scientific software development, the emphasis is often on short time to first solution. Even when the development of new components mostly reuses existing components or libraries and only small amounts of new code must be created, dealing with the component glue code and software build processes to obtain complete applications is still tedious and error-prone. Component-based software meant to reduce complexity at the application level increases complexity with the attendant glue code. To address these needs, we introduce Bocca, the first tool to enable application developers to perform rapid component prototyping while maintaining robust software-engineering practices suitable to HPC environments. Bocca provides project management and a comprehensive build environment for creating and managing applications composed of CommonComponent Architecture components. Of critical importance for HPC applications, Bocca is designed to operate in a language-agnostic way, simultaneously handling components written in any of the languages commonly used in scientific applications: C, C++, Fortran, Fortran77, Python,and Java. Bocca automates the tasks related to the component glue code, freeing the user to focus on the scientific aspects of the application. Bocca embraces the philosophy pioneered by Ruby Rails for web applications: Start with something that works and evolve it to the user's purpose.
Comparison of corneal wound-healing response in photorefractive keratectomy and laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy.

Purpose To evaluate in a rabbit model the differences in cellular and matrix stromal response in low and high attempted corrections between photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy (LASEK). Setting Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. Methods Twenty-four eyes of 12 New Zealand albino rabbits were used. Photorefractive keratectomy was performed in 1 eye and LASEK was performed in the contralateral eye of all rabbits. In 5 animals, a low refractive correction (−3 diopters [D]) was attempted. In the other 5 rabbits, a high refractive correction (−7 D) was attempted. Two rabbits served as controls. The animals were followed for 7 days, after which they were humanely killed. The eyes were enucleated and processed for histopathology and immunohystochemical analysis. Results All eyes showed an inflammatory response in the anterior stroma adjacent to the ablated area, with greater inflammatory cell infiltration with higher attempted corrections. Similar keratocyte apoptosis was found with low attempted corrections in PRK-treated and LASEK-treated eyes. However, there was a significant increase in keratocyte apoptosis in the PRK group at higher attempted corrections. Increased transformation to myofibroblasts and synthesis of chondroitin sulfate were observed adjacent to the ablated stroma in all eyes. With low corrections, no differences were observed between LASEK-treated and PRK-treated eyes. With higher attempted corrections, there was a significant increase in myofibroblast transformation and chondroitin sulfate synthesis in the PRK group. An irregular and discontinued collagen IV component of the epithelial basement membrane was observed in all PRK-treated and LASEK-treated eyes regardless of the attempted correction. Conclusions At higher attempted corrections, LASEK-treated eyes showed less keratocyte apoptosis, myofibroblast transformation, and up-regulation in the synthesis of chondroitin sulfate than PRK-treated eyes. These differences may account for better visual acuities and less stromal haze in higher attempted corrections in LASEK-treated eyes.
Processing Rate Optimization by Sequential System Floorplanning

The performance of a sequential system is usually measured by its frequency. However, with the appearance of global interconnects that require multiple clock periods to communicate, the throughput is usually traded-off for higher frequency (for example, through wire pipelining or latency insensitive design). Therefore, we propose to use the processing rate, defined as the amount of processed inputs per unit time, as the performance measure. We show that the minimal ratio of the flip-flop number over the delay on any cycle is an upper bound of the processing rate. Since the processing rate of a sequential system is mainly decided by its floorplan when interconnect delays are dominant, the problem of floorplanning for processing rate optimization is formulated and solved. We optimize the processing rate bound directly in a floorplanner by applying Howard's algorithm incrementally. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of our approach.
A Genetic Algorithm Method to Assimilate Sensor Data for Homeland Defense Applications

A critical problem in homeland defense is correctly characterizing the source of hazardous material. Field monitors are expected to measure concentrations of toxic material. Algorithms are then required that back-calculate the parameters of the source and the local meteorology so that subsequent predictive modeling can inform decision-makers. Here, a genetic algorithm is used together with transport and dispersion models to assimilate sensor data to characterize emission sources. The parameters computed include location, time, and amount of the release and meteorological conditions relevant to the transport and dispersion. This methodology is demonstrated for a basic Gaussian plume dispersion model and verified in the context of both synthetic data and actual monitored data from field tests with known release amounts. Its error bounds are set using Monte Carlo techniques and robustness assessed through the addition of white noise. Algorithm speed is tuned through optimizing the parameters of the genetic algorithm.
Climate-change and mass mortality events in overwintering monarch butterflies

Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) have a unique yearly life cycle, in which successive generations breed and move northward from the southern USA in spring to the northern US and southern Canada by late summer; they overwinter in extremely restricted areas in central Mexico and along the California coast. Mexican overwintering populations have experienced significant mortality events recently, which have been hypothesized as increasing in frequency owing to climate change. Here, we test the hypothesis of climate-change causation of these mortality events, at least in part, finding significant local weather trends toward conditions lethal for monarch survival. We use ecological niche estimates and future climate projections to estimate future overwintering distributions; results anticipate dramatic reductions in suitability of present overwintering areas, and serious implications for local human economies.
Do Geographic Regions with Higher Suicide Rates also have Higher Rates of Nonfatal Intentional Self-Harm?

Fatal and nonfatal intentional self-harm events in eight U.S. states were compared using emergency department, hospital, and vital statistics data. Nonfatal event rates increased by an estimated 24.20% over 6 years. Case fatality ratios varied widely, but two northeastern states' total event rates (fatal plus nonfatal) were very high (New Hampshire 206.5/100,000 person years; Massachusetts 166.7/100,000). Geographic context did not uniformly impact the likelihood of self-harm across event types. The state-level public health burden posed by such acts cannot, therefore, be accurately estimated from either mortality or morbidity data alone.
GapCoder automates the use of indel characters in phylogenetic analysis.

Background: Several ways of incorporating indels into phylogenetic analysis have been suggested. Simple indel coding has two strengths: (1) biological realism and (2) efficiency of analysis. In the method, each indel with different start and/or end positions is considered to be a separate character. The presence/absence of these indel characters is then added to the data set. Algorithm: We have written a program, GapCoder to automate this procedure. The program can input PIR format aligned datasets, find the indels and add the indel-based characters. The output is a NEXUS format file, which includes a table showing what region each indel characters is based on. If regions are excluded from analysis, this table makes it easy to identify the corresponding indel characters for exclusion. Discussion: Manual implementation of the simple indel coding method can be very timeconsuming, especially in data sets where indels are numerous and/or overlapping. GapCoder automates this method and is therefore particularly useful during procedures where phylogenetic analyses need to be repeated many times, such as when different alignments are being explored or when various taxon or character sets are being explored. GapCoder is currently available for Windows from http://www.home.duq.edu/~youngnd/GapCoder.