cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Framing new research in science literacy and language use: Authenticity, multiple discourses, and the “Third Space”

This article presents a theoretical framework in the form of a model on which to base research in scientific literacy and language use. The assumption guiding the framework is that scientific literacy is comprised of the abilities to think metacognitively, to read and write scientific texts, and to apply the elements of a scientific argument. The framework is composed of three theoretical constructs: authenticity, multiple discourses, and Bhabha's Third Space. Some of the implications of the framework are that students need opportunities to (a) use scientific language in everyday situations; (b) negotiate readily among the many discourse genres of science; and (c) collaborate with teachers and peers on the meaning of scientific language. These ideas are illustrated with data excerpts from contemporary research studies. A set of potential research issues for the future is posed at the end of the article. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed88:901–914, 2004
An Empirical Approach to Representing Patterns of Consumer Tastes, Nostalgia, and Hierarchy in the Market for Cultural Products

Previous empirical research on consumer tastes for cultural products has investigated the structures of markets for art, entertainment, and popular culture by examining how customer characteristics affect preferences among cultural categories (e.g., films versus television) or within a category (e.g., television soap operas versus TV sports programs). The present study explores preferences both among and within cultural categories. It hypothesizes and finds taste patterns that reflect age-related nostalgia and that indicate a hierarchy from highbrow to lowbrow cultural products. Further—in answer to a research question concerning the market segments defined by ethnic group, gender, and religion—it appears that whites, men, and Christians tend relatively to favor the more popular or lowbrow aspects of the consumer culture.
Correlated intermediate structures in the elastic-inelastic scattering and α-transfer channels of 24Mg + 24Mg

Abstract Excitation functions for the α-transfer reaction 24Mg(24Mg, 20Ne)28Si as well as the elastic and inelastic scattering of 24Mg + 24Mg have been measured in 100 keV steps over the energy range Elab = 89.720–95.520 MeV. The α-transfer channels show narrow structures of width Γ CM ∼ 200 keV which are strongly correlated with the structures in the elastic and inelastic channels. The distribution of resonance strength into various modes of decay is deduced from the measured data.
Oxygen‐18 variations in a global ocean model

The ratio of 18O to 16O in water of the world oceans is examined using the GISS ocean general circulation model. This ratio is governed by fractionation during evaporation and sea-ice formation and by the isotopic content of precipitation and runoff entering the oceans. The δ18Oω at any point depends on a balance between local evaporation, precipitation, and regional ocean and sea-ice processes. Surface δ18Oω equilibrates after 30–50 model years to produce a pattern of high values (0.5–1.5 ‰ ) in the sub-tropics (highest in the Indian and Atlantic oceans) and low values (−15-−1‰ ) in the mid-to-high latitudes. Arctic values are low especially where runoff enters from Arctic rivers. Comparisons with data show that regional linear relationships between δ18Ow and salinity are reasonably captured by the model. Surface data from the entire ocean show a clear distinction in slope between the tropical oceans and the extra-tropics, however, departures from the linear relationships are significant. Importantly for attempts at calculating paleo-salinities, the seasonal and longer-term temporal gradients (Δδ18Ow/ΔS at a fixed point) are not generally equal to the spatial gradient (at a fixed time).
Quadratic class numbers and character sums

We present an algorithm for computing the class number of the quadratic number field of discriminant d. The algorithm terminates unconditionally with the correct answer and, under the GRH, executes in O ∈ (|d| 1/4+∈ ) steps. The technique used combines algebraic methods with Burgess' theorem on character sums to estimate L(1, X d ). We give an explicit version of Burgess' theorem valid for prime discriminants and, as an application, we compute the class number of a 32-digit discriminant.
A simplified cavity analysis for estimating energy coupling during laser ablation and drilling of solids – theory

A radiative cavity analysis is developed to estimate the change in laser energy coupling with a solid opaque target as a function of the cavity shape and size, and the heat transfer in a target. The approach of the analysis is to examine the departure in the net energy absorbed by a target due to the formation of a cavity, from that absorbed by a flat surface. The development of a general departure function, f, is presented, complete with the assumptions made and their implications on the resulting analysis. A specific f for a typical laser ablation process and common cavity geometry is also given in algebraic form. The meaning of the terms contained within f are discussed with respect to laser energy coupling in solids, and the range of validity of the theory is examined.
The role of working memory and long-term memory in visual search

Models of attentional deployment in visual search commonly specify that the short-term, or working memory, system plays a central role in biasing attention mechanisms to select task relevant information. In contrast, the role of long-term memory in guiding search is rarely articulated. Our review of recent studies calls for the need to revisit how existing models explain the role of working memory and long-term memory in search. First, the role of working memory in guiding attentional selection and search is much more complex than many current theories propose. Second, both explicit and implicit long-term memory representations have such clear influences on visual search performance that they deserve more prominent treatment in theoretical models. These new findings in the literature should stir the conception of new models of visual search.
Transparahippocampal selective amygdalohippocampectomy in children and adolescents: efficacy of the procedure and cognitive morbidity in patients.

Object. Unilateral resection of the hippocampus and amygdala can be used to treat medically intractable mesial temporal lobe seizures. To date seizure outcome and the extent of cognitive morbidity have been unknown in children following the transparahippocampal variation of selective amygdalohippocampectomy (TSA), which prompted the present prospective study. Methods. Preoperative examinations and outcomes in 22 consecutive children and adolescents who underwent TSA were studied. Cognitive and psychological morbidity were assessed using standard neuropsychological instruments. The authors evaluated relationships between seizure control and cognitive morbidity and 13 and nine clinical variables, respectively. Seizure control was achieved in 11 (65%) of 17 patients (> 2 years follow up). Among 13 clinical variables, the only preoperative finding that had a significant bearing on seizure control was the presence of unilateral hypometabolism, which could be observed on [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose—positron emissio...
Examination of a freshwater surface microlayer for diel changes in the bacterioneuston

The surface microlayer of a small freshwater pond was sampled every 6–8 hours on four occasions (April, July, September, and November) to examine changes in total and respiring bacterioneuston for diel cycles and comparing them to similar measurements of the bacterioplankton. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved reactive phosphorous (DRP) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) were also measured. Both the mean numbers and enrichments of the two bacterial parameters in the surface microlayer samples showed seasonal differences, but in general, no significant difference (P > 0.05, ANOVA) in the mean numbers of total and respiring bacterioneuston were observed over diel periods except in November. The converse was true for the bacterioplankton. The presence of a visually thick surface film contributed to the results. The mean numbers of bacterioneuston and their enrichments were not correlated to any of the physical/chemical parameters measured.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Photocatalytic Activity of Titanium Dioxide Nanotubes, Nanowires and Nanospheres

TiO2 nanostructures with various morphologies and crystal structures were obtained by calcination of alkaline hydrothermal synthesized hydrogen titanate at different temperatures. The photocatalytic activities of the as-prepared samples were investigated by degradation of methyl orange aqueous solution under ultraviolet irradiation. The effects of the phase composition, crystallinity, surface area and shape of the nanostructures were evaluated. The results showed that high crystallinity, pure anatase phase and nanowire structure are favorable for the photocatalysis. The dependence of the photocatalytic activity on the surface area is not significant as usually expected.
PERTUSSIS AMONG HOSPITALIZED INFANTS

Pertussis in the very young, unimmunized infant is a serious, continuing problem and appropriate care and management requires early, accurate diagnosis. From 1976-1983, 41 infants ages 16 days to 9 months, with a majority under 3 months, were treated for clinical pertussis at Children's Hospital. Despite a high pre-treatment rate (54%), infection with B. pertussis was present in 30/41 (73%) by culture on B-G media or by IFA, or both. There was equal sensitivity of the two methods, although yield by culture was significantly less in treated infants. Major presenting signs included cough, cyanosis, apnea, whoop, vomiting and weight loss. In hospital, one-half experienced repeated coughing paroxysms with minor feeding difficulties only; however, the others had severe disease with cyanosis (42%), brady-cardia (54%) and apnea (22%) repetitively and were all under 3 months of age. 15 (36%) were cared for in the ICU due to severity of the paroxysmal syndrome; 3, ages 16 days, 4 and 5 weeks, respectively, required intubation and ventilation and the youngest died of overwhelming pneumonitis. 22 (54%) had no immunizations and only 1 had completed the series. Any immunization appeared to modify the disease and shorten the hospital course, whereas, pre-treatment appeared not to shorten the hospital course. It would seem that the burden of care for pertussis in the hospital has shifted from the ward/pediatrician to the ICU/intensivist. This has major implications for health care providers.
742: The human fetus maintains normal renal artery blood flow regardless of inflammation

REGARDLESS OF INFLAMMATION HUMBERTO AZPURUA, MERT O. BAHTIYAR, EDMUND F. FUNAI, ANTONETTE T. DULAY, SONYA S. ABDEL-RAZEQ, STEPHEN F. THUNG, GUOYANG LUO, IRINA A. BUHIMSCHI, JOSHUA A. COPEL, CATALIN S. BUHIMSCHI, Yale University, Ob./Gyn.R 2) There was no relationship between Doppler indices and GA or EFW in either normal pregnancies or those complicated by PTB. 3) Cord blood IL-6 was higher in IAI (p 0.001); 4) The degree of fetal inflammation by cord IL-6, did not impact on either renal artery PI, RI, S/D ratio or end-diastolic blood flow; 5) A significant inverse relationship between renal artery RI and AFI remained after correcting for membrane status (r -0.33, p 0.02) (Figure). CONCLUSION: This is the first study to demonstrate that the fetus is capable of sustaining normal renal artery hemodynamics regardless of inflammation. We also demonstrate that the resistance of the fetal renal artery impacts on urine output independent of inflammation.
Cooling rates of 27 iron and stony-iron meteorites

Iron and iron-stony meteorites cooling rates in relation to Ni content and Widmanstatten structure suggest development in different thermal environments
Mechanism of hydrogenation of triglycerides.

Factors affecting the rate of hydrogenation, selectivity, and isomerization are discussed in detail. The proposed mechanism for the reaction involves transfer steps for the reactants and products to and from the catalyst surface and the chemical steps occurring on the catalyst surface.
Effect of Ex Vivo Culture of CD34+ Bone Marrow Cells on Immune Reconstitution of XSCID Dogs Following Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation

Successful genetic treatment of most primary immunodeficiencies or hematological disorders will require the transduction of pluripotent, self-renewing hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) rather than their progeny to achieve enduring production of genetically corrected cells and durable immune reconstitution. Current ex vivo transduction protocols require manipulation of HSC by culture in cytokines for various lengths of time depending upon the retroviral vector that may force HSC to enter pathways of proliferation, and possibly differentiation, which could limit their engraftment potential, pluripotentiality and long-term repopulating capacity. We have compared the ability of normal CD34+ cells cultured in a standard cytokine cocktail for 18hours or 4.5 days to reconstitute XSCID dogs following bone marrow transplantation in the absence of any pretransplant conditioning with that of freshly isolated CD34+ cells. CD34+ cells cultured under standard γ-retroviral transduction conditions (4.5 days) showed decreased engraftment potential and ability to sustain long-term thymopoiesis. In contrast, XSCID dogs transplanted with CD34+ cells cultured for 18hours showed a robust T cell immune reconstitution similar to dogs transplanted with freshly isolated CD34+ cells, however, the ability to sustain long-term thymopoiesis was impaired. These results emphasize the need to determine ex vivo culture conditions that maintain both the engraftment potential and "stem cell" potential of the cultured cells.
A factor influencing aggression in adult mice: witnessing aggression when young.

Three groups of male mice (Mus musculus, C57BL/6), 10 per group, were weaned and individually isolated at 20 days of age. From 21 to 30 days of age the mice in each group were individually placed inside a protective mesh container for 5 min a day. The mice in Group I were exposed to a pair of strange adult male C57BL/6 mice that were fighting outside the container. Group II mice were exposed daily to a pair of peaceful adult male C57BL/6 strangers outside the container. Mice in Group III were exposed daily to nothing. Defecation data gathered during this exposure period indicated a greater number of boluses from Group I mice than from Groups II and III. Isolation was then continued until 51 days of age. At that time a strange adult (50–60 days old) male C57BL/6 that had been group housed was placed in the isolate's home cage. Measures of aggressive behavior were latency for the isolate to attack and an aggression score. Group I mice had a significantly shorter attack latency than Group II mice. Group III mice never fought. Aggression scores were such that Group I mice were more aggressive than Group II mice which were more aggressive than Group III mice. The results indicate that the prior witnessing of aggression, under the above conditions, shortens attack latency and increases aggressive behavior in C57BL/6 male mice. The results are interpreted along the lines of an acquired familiarity with strangers aided by brainstem arousal as a function of witnessing aggression.
Metamorphosis in summer flounder: manipulation of rearing salinity to synchronize settling behavior, growth and development

Abstract In the aquaculture of summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus), the inherent variation in growth and settling behavior during metamorphosis may lead to cannibalism and necessitate increased labor due to size grading. Our goal was to use an environmental salinity change as a cue to synchronize settling behavior and produce a larger, more uniformly sized cohort of juvenile summer flounder. Early metamorphic flounder were exposed to either a 5-day fluctuating (30–20–30–20–30 ppt; “Flux”) or a single (30–20 ppt; “20 ppt”) drop in rearing salinity. A control (continuous 30 ppt) was used for comparison. Average values for a peak settlement interval (PSI; defined as the interval beginning on the day by which the first 20% had settled until the day 80% had settled) were not affected by salinity manipulation, though the 20-ppt treatment did significantly increase percent settled per day by 54 dah. Average fish size was increased by the 20-ppt treatment (19.3±0.5 mm), but not the flux treatment (17.2±0.4 mm), compared to the control (17.6±0.5 mm). Developmental stage was significantly increased in the 20-ppt treatment (3.2±0.1) in comparison to the Flux (2.9±0.1), but not the control (3.1±0.1). However, the 20-ppt treatment reduced variance in development. To confirm the positive effects of the 20-ppt treatment, a second experiment was performed. A single salinity drop (“20 ppt”), a previously successful ([Gavlik, S., Albino, M., Specker, J.L., 2002. Metamorphosis in summer flounder: Manipulation of thyoid status to synchronize settling behavior, growth, and development. Aquaculture 203 (3-4), 359-373]thyroid hormone manipulation treatment (“TH”) and a combination of the two (“TH+20 ppt”) were compared to a control (continuous 30 ppt, no thyroid manipulation). The mean PSI was significantly reduced by both TH (7±1 days) and TH+20 ppt (8±0 days) treatments, compared to the control (11±1 days). The PSI for the 20-ppt treatment (9±0 days) was not significantly different than the control. The percent flounder settled per day was significantly increased by 20 ppt salinity and significantly modified (decreased, then increased) by TH manipulation. Flounder exposed to 20-ppt salinity were both larger (20 ppt: 18.6±0.3 mm; TH+20 ppt: 18.3±0.3 mm) and more developmentally advanced (20 ppt: 3.1±0.04; TH+20 ppt: 3.2±0.03) than flounder in 30 ppt (TH: 17.8±0.3 mm/3.1±0.3; Control: 17.9±0.3 mm/3.0±0.05). Finally, 20-ppt treatment reduced variance in development, while TH treatment reduced variance in both growth and development. Percent survival was unaffected by treatment in both experiments. In summary, a decrease in rearing salinity, from 30 to 20 ppt, increased growth, settling behavior and development of metamorphosing summer flounder. A decrease in rearing salinity, in combination with a TH manipulation, should result in larger, more uniformly sized flounder cohorts. We expect this synchronization will reduce the cannibalism and labor costs associated with size grading of cultured, metamorphosing summer flounder.
Congestion Prediction of Self-Similar Network through Parameter Estimation

In a state of emergency, in complex and dynamic situations where packet delay increases and congestion builds up, certain network nodes may not to able to handle the traffic load. To avoid the congestion build-up in advance, it is mission critical to predict the symptoms of network traffic and to preemptively alter the routing paths to allow a smooth and efficient flow of data packets for effective situation management. In this paper, we have developed a practical methodology for estimation of key parameters of self-similar network traffic using Index of Dispersion for Counts and coefficient of determination. Self-similarity causes performance degradation in the queueing delay and buffer overflow at routers and at switches. We proved the impact of Hurst parameter and fractal onset time on the average queueing delay and the waiting-time distribution of self-similar traffic, utilizing experimental queueing analysis. Based on the understanding obtained, we can predict the congestion of data network in advance through estimation of traffic parameters. In addition, the results of this study on the delay provide a practical means of finding a lower delay path in data networks under the self-similarity.
Effects of Nicotine Administration on Striatal Dopamine Signaling after Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats

Previous studies on the therapeutic potential of agents affecting the dopamine system in traumatic brain injury (TBI) suggest that dopamine dysregulation may have a major role in behavioral deficit after TBI. We have previously identified that TBI reduces striatal dopamine synthesis and release at 7 days post-injury. In order to reverse deficits in the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine release following TBI, we administered nicotine by intraperitoneal injection into rats for 7 days. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity assay demonstrated recovery of activity with nicotine treatment in injured animals. Microdialysis experiments using potassium stimulation to induce dopamine release showed recovery of dopamine release in injured animals receiving nicotine treatment. There was no effect of nicotine injection on extracellular dopamine metabolite levels, indicating the specificity of nicotine's effect on dopamine synthesis and release. Also, the activation of downstream postsynaptic molecule dopamine and cAMP regulated phosphoprotein 32 (DARPP-32) was assessed by Western blots for DARPP-32 phosphorylated at threonine 34 (pDARPP-32-T34). Injury reduced pDARPP-32-T34 levels, but nicotine treatment of injured animals did not alter pDARPP-32-T34 levels, indicating that postsynaptic dopamine signaling is complex, and the recovery of dopamine release may not be sufficient for the recovery of DARPP-32 activity.
A mathematical model of early-time blast attenuation for one-chamber axisymmetric mufflers

A mathematical model for the early time flow processes of a weapons silencer is constructed. This model predicts exit baffle overpressure and energy efflux rates which are in fair agreement with results from experiment and numerical simulation [1]. A secondary benefit of the model is an understanding of the origins of a separation bubble in the primary flow, the presence of which is evident from the numerical simualtion, but whose theoretical existence in the absence of further supporting evidence has been questioned [2]. The presence of this separation bubble on the axis of the duct and within a region of what is initially primary flow is shown to be induced by shock reflection and shock collisions which create a backflow on the axis of symmetry. Under the influence of vorticity generation at a curved shock a swirling flow is then generated.
Alcohol consumption and cardiovascular risk: mechanisms of action and epidemiologic perspectives

An inverse association between moderate alcohol intake and cardiovascular risk, in particular coronary disease and ischemic stroke, has been demonstrated in many epidemiologic studies. In addition, several not primarily vascular diseases are also known to occur less frequently in moderate drinkers than in nondrinkers, whereas excess drinking is unquestionably harmful. As a consequence, strong concern exists on the possibility that at any dosage the benefit of alcohol could overcome its harmful effects. Alcohol affects several biochemical factors that have potential cardioprotective benefits, including lipids, platelet aggregation, fibrinogen, tissue-plasminogen activator, plasminogen-activator inhibitor and omega-3 fatty acids. Wine possibly acts through mechanisms that might provide additional cardiovascular benefits. Mechanisms supporting the protective effect of moderate alcohol intake against cardiovascular disease, and epidemiologic evidence concerning the relationship between alcohol dosing and vasc...
197 ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN CEREBRAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS (AVM)

Five newborns (mean weight 3.5 Kg) with cerebral AVM were evaluated by M-mode echocardiography (E). Two died without surgery, 1 intraoperatively, and 1 ten months post-operatively (PO). The fifth is alive 2 years PO with severe neurological damage. Initial E revealed mild right ventricular (RV) dilatation with an end diastolic dimension (EDD) of 1.9±.96cm. and normal septal motion. A normal left ventricular (LV) EDD of 1.98±.32 and an end diastolic volume index (EDVI) of 41.6±19.6 increased subsequently to 2.29±.26 and 59.2±2.31 on the 3 patients (pts.) examined just prior to surgery at 20-60 days of age. PO the 2 survivors had a markedly diminished LV EDVI of 24.7±6.2 and the RV diameter was .413±.21. Thus these pts. had E evidence of biventricular volume overload pre-operatively compared with PO, however, the pre-operative LV size was still in the normal range for normal infants. All but 1 pt. had an easily seen, large descending aorta on E. In utero most of the AVM return would be shunted via the ductus away from the LV and down the descending aorta. Thus the LV would be relatively small and unprepared for the massive increase in flow associated with the ex-utero circulation and the descending aorta would be large. Our E findings are consistent with this explanation. The relatively undilated LV at birth would be partly responsible for the inability of these infants to tolerate the acute volume overload and their early severe congestive heart failure.
Hysteroscopic Morcellation: Review of the Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) Database

Abstract Study Objective To investigate the number and type of adverse events associated with hysteroscopic morcellation of intrauterine disease. Design Systematic review of Manufacturer and User Device Experience (MAUDE) database from 2005 to June 2014 (Canadian Task Force classification III). Setting N/A. Patients Women undergoing hysteroscopic surgery for removal of intrauterine polyps or myomas with use of a reciprocating morcellator. Interventions The MAUDE database was searched for the key words "Hysteroscope," "Hysteroscopic reciprocating morcellator," "Interlace," "MyoSure," "Smith & Nephew," and "TRUCLEAR," to identify reported incidences of device malfunction, injury, or death. A total of 119 adverse events were analyzed. Reports were reviewed individually and categorized by date of occurrence, type of morcellation device, type of complication, and a brief description. Each company was contacted to provide an estimate of the number of procedures performed or units sold to date. Measurements and Main Results From 2005 to June 2014, 119 adverse events were reported to the MAUDE database. On the basis of severity, adverse events were categorized as major or minor complications. Major events included intubation/admission to an intensive care unit (n = 14), bowel damage (n = 12), hysterectomy (n = 6), and death (n = 2). Minor events included uterine perforation requiring no other treatment (n = 29), device failure (n = 25), uncomplicated fluid overload (n = 19), postoperative bleeding controlled using noninvasive measures (n = 6), and pelvic infection (n = 4). These events were then categorized according to manufacturer. The number of adverse events reported to the MAUDE database was divided by the total units sold as a surrogate for the estimated number of procedures performed. Understanding the limitation of the numbers used as a numerator and denominator, we concluded that adverse events complicated hysteroscopic morcellation in Conclusions The suction-based, mechanical energy, rotating tubular cutting system was developed to overcome adverse events that occur during traditional resectoscopy. On the basis of acknowledged limited information from the MAUDE database, it seems that life-threatening complications such as fluid overload, uterine perforation, and bleeding do occur with hysteroscopic morcellation but less frequently than with traditional electrocautery.
Light amplification by evanescent wave coupling in a multimode fiber

Amplification of light propagating as bound modes of a multimode fiber through evanescent wave coupling is reported. Experiments have been performed by immersing sections of a stripped fiber 2–20 cm long in a Kiton red dye solution which is pumped by the evanescent fields of a cw Ar-ion laser also propagating as bound modes of the fiber. Gain coefficients as high as 0.02/cm have been observed by a 633-nm He-Ne probe beam when pumped by a 5-W laser. Numerical calculations obtained by performing a Taylor series expansion of the eigenvalue equation for a cylindrical waveguide with a small active component in the cladding region show that modes near cutoff can exhibit gains 60% or higher, approaching those assumed for the cladding region.
Quality of life outcomes after ventilating tube insertion for otitis media in an Australian population

Summary Objective To assess the change in quality of life in a group of Australian children with recurrent acute otitis media (AOM) and/or otitis media with effusion (OME) who were treated with ventilating tube (VT) insertion. Methods Prospective pre- and post-intervention outcome study at the Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia. The Otitis Media 6-item (OM-6) survey was used as a measure of disease-specific quality of life prior to surgery and then again at 6 weeks post-operatively. Any patients who were listed for any additional ear, nose or throat (ENT) procedures at the same time were excluded. Results Complete responses for both pre- and post-surgery questionnaires were obtained from the parents of 53 patients. The age range was 11 months to 15.4 years (average 5.1 years), and 39.6% (n = 21) were suffering from recurrent AOM whilst the remaining 60.4% (n = 32) were suffering from OME. Overall ear-related quality of life was found to improve significantly following insertion of ventilating tubes (p Conclusions The disease-specific quality of life of a group of Australian pediatric patients with otitis media was found to significantly improve following insertion of ventilating tubes as measured by the OM-6 survey. Improvements were found in global ear-related quality of life, in the mean OM-6 score, as well as in all individual domains of the OM-6 survey.
Structure and Function of LGP2, a DEX(D/H) Helicase That Regulates the Innate Immunity Response

RNA recognition receptors are important for detection of and response to viral infections. RIG-I and MDA5 are cytoplasmic DEX(D/H) helicase proteins that can induce signaling in response to RNA ligands, including those from viral infections. LGP2, a homolog of RIG-I and MDA5 without the caspase recruitment domain required for signaling, plays an important role in modulating signaling by MDA5 and RIG-I, presumably through heterocomplex formation and/or by serving as a sink for RNAs. Here we demonstrate that LGP2 can be coexpressed with RIG-I to inhibit activation of the NF-κB reporter expression and that LGP2 protein produced in insect cells can bind both single- and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), with higher affinity and cooperativity for dsRNA. Electron microscopy and image reconstruction were used to determine the shape of the LGP2 monomer in the absence of dsRNA and of the dimer complexed to a 27-bp dsRNA. LGP2 has striking structural similarity to the helicase domain of the superfamily 2 DNA helicase, Hef.
The Effects of Didactic Classroom Instruction versus Field Exposure on Career Maturity.

Abstract This study tested two types of career training (field exposure and didactic classroom) to determine which is more effective in bringing about the development of career maturity. Forty-six first-year Upward Bound students were assigned to either a field exposure or a didactic group by the use of a stratified random assignment technique. A pretest/post-test design was utilized with the Career Maturity Inventory as the data-collecting instrument. The data were analyzed by analysis of covariance. The results of the study indicate that field exposure career training is an effective method to increase career maturity.
Interpretation of Stretched-Exponential Defect Kinetics in a-Si:H

A physical interpretation is given for the widespread observation of stretched-exponential time dependences for both light-induced generation and thermal anneal behavior of a-Si:H. This interpretation is based on a distribution of simultaneous rate processes, each of which represents a subset of normal metastable defects having a simple exponential behavior; it is thus an adaptation of one used for relaxation in glasses. The distribution can be evaluated from an observed stretched exponential, and for the case of thermal anneal with activated time constants, the stretch parameter should increase with temperature quite generally. The shape and width of the distributions of time constants and activation energies are inferred from these relations and properties of observed stretched exponentials.
Analysis of countercurrent liquid-vapor interactions and the effect on the liquid friction factor

A closed mathematical model of the liquid friction factor for flow occurring in triangular grooves is presented. The model considers the interfacial shear stresses due to liquid-vapor frictional interactions for countercurrent flow. Using a coordinate transformation and the Nachtsheim-Swigert iteration scheme, a method is developed by which the asymptotic, two-point boundary value problem with one point-value varying can be solved. The coordinate transformation provides a means by which the irregular cross section of the liquid flow can be changed into a regular shape, which can then be solved numerically. The solution yields the velocity distribution for countercurrent liquid-vapor flow and allows the governing liquid flow equations to be solved for cases where the liquid surface is strongly influenced by the vapor flow direction and velocity. To verify the analytical results, an experimental test facility was constructed. The numerical solutions for channel angles of 20°, 40°, and 60° are compared with the corresponding experimental data and found to be in good agreement.
Specifications for the development of a knowledge-based image-interpretation system

Abstract This paper presents the structure and design criteria of a knowledge-based system to classify an image, based on its constituent entities. A knowledge base is used to store the structural and spatial information which form part of a frame-based expert system. A frame data structure is used to represent the knowledge of image entities from different points of view, and a semantic net representation is used to reflect the relative positions of these entities within an image. The search through the knowledge base utilizes a heuristic data-driven approach over an entity-space tree whose nodes are labelled with a priori goodness measures. The entity-space tree describes various complex patterns in terms of a hierarchical composition of simpler subpatterns (entities). The knowledge base is augmented by including data pertaining to identified images, and modifying the weights on the corresponding nodes of the entity-space tree accordingly. A set of knowledge rules is used to determine the system path strategy. This paper discusses the structure of the knowledge-based system mentioned above, along with the search technique suggested for the proposed system.
Differential accumulation and localization of maternal poly(A)-containing RNA during early development of the ascidian, Styela

Abstract The regional distribution of poly(A) + RNA was examined in sections of Styela oocytes and fertilized eggs by in situ hybridization with [ 3 H]poly(U). The nucleus and cytoplasm of previtellogenic oocytes contain equivalent densities of [ 3 H]poly(U) binding sites. The concentration of these sites is reduced in the cytoplasm, but not the nucleus, during vitellogenesis. Consequently, the germinal vesicle (GV) plasm of mature oocytes is characterized by an eightfold elevation in [ 3 H]poly(U) binding activity relative to the surrounding cytoplasm. The distinctive cytoplasmic regions of the mature oocyte do not exhibit differential concentrations of [ 3 H]poly(U) binding sites. Following fertilization which triggers GV breakdown, meiosis, and ooplasmic segregation, the high density of [ 3 H]poly(U) binding sites characteristic of the GV plasm is conserved in the basophilic cytoplasm during its extensive migration and eventual accumulation in the animal hemisphere of the egg. The insensitivity of the [ 3 H]poly(U) binding sites of the basophilic cytoplasm to actinomycin D suggests that they are of maternal origin. It is concluded that maternal poly(A) + RNA is subject to differential accumulation in the GV plasm and its derivative ooplasm during the early development of Styela .
A finite element based study of the biomechanics of the mandible

The biomechanics of the human mandible is studied in an attempt to understand the interplay between its form and function. Of particular interest is the distribution of mechanical stresses and strains in the bone as a consequence of modeling different patterns of muscle and biting loads. To initiate the studies, a three-dimensional finite-element model of a partially edentulated mandible has been constructed and is being analyzed. A convergence test has shown that the necessary degree of mesh refinement has been achieved using a model with over 20000 degrees of freedom. Results with incisal bite and appropriate muscle loading show that the areas of highest tensile stress are along the anterior portion of the ramus. There is significant bending in the molar region of the corpus, with compressive stresses present on the inferior portion, and tensile stresses on the superior portion. >
Electronic switching network of the IBM 2750

A description of the voice and data switching network of a fully electronic private automatic branch exchange (PABX) is given, including a description of the crosspoint device and its principles of operation. Some related circuity is described, including the terminal and service circuits, supervision circuits and a loss-compensation device.
Total hemispherical emissivity of tungsten

The temperature variation of the total hemispherical emissivity ∊h of an electropolished surface of 3N8 pure tungsten has been investigated with a transient calorimetric technique in the temperature range 180–1000 K. The experimental data are believed to be the first ever obtained on tungsten below 273 K and also the first ever obtained on electropolished tungsten above 273 K. It is found that the data depart in a significant manner at all temperatures investigated from the theory that assumes a zero relaxation time τ for conduction electrons. In the range 180–300 K, ∊h behaves as though τ is finite and nearly independent of the frequency. At higher temperatures, ∊h behaves in a manner that indicates qualitatively that τ is frequency dependent. Beginning at 600 K, the slope of the ∊h -vs-T graph increases steadily up to 1000 K. This increase is belived to be due to the onset of interband excitations.
The Impact of Team Members’ Cultural Values on Productivity, Cooperation, and Empowerment in Self-Managing Work Teams

Using a field survey of 81 self-managing work teams (SMWTs) in Belgium, Finland, the Philippines, and the United States, we examined the extent to which team members’ resistance to SMWTs mediated the relationships between team members’ cultural values and team effectiveness. Specifically, we found that teams higher, rather than lower, in collectivism were also more productive, cooperative, and empowered; and that these relationships were fully mediated by the level of team resistance to the team-related aspect of SMWTs. Also, we found that teams that were more, rather than less, doing-oriented were also more empowered, and that this relationship was fully mediated by the level of team resistance to the self-managing aspect of SMWTs. The findings suggest that it may behoove managers who are charged with implementing SMWTs to pay close attention to the predominant cultural values inherent in the teams they lead. Additional practical and theoretical implications are discussed.
Detection of Na+ Transporter Proteins in Urine

Previous studies have established that the vasopres- sin-regulated water channel of the collecting duct, aquaporin-2, is excreted in the urine, providing a means for assessment of regulation and dysregulation of aquaporin-2 in humans. This article addresses the hypothesis that membrane transporters from upstream nephron segments are normally detectable in urine. The experiments employed rabbit polyclonal antibodies against the major Na transporters of the proximal tubule (the type 3 Na-H exchanger (NHE3)), the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (the bumetanide-sensitive Na-K-2Cl cotrans- porter (NKCC2)), and the distal convoluted tubule (the thia- zide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC)) in immunoblotting experiments. All three of these transporters were readily de- tectable as high molecular weight complexes present in low- density membrane fractions from urine of normal rats. Cross linking studies of NHE3, NKCC2, and NCC revealed that high molecular weight complexes are normally present in renal tissue. The molecular weights of the complexes in urine matched those of the cross-linked complexes in native kidney tissue. The presence in urine of integral membrane proteins representative of each nephron segment raises the possibility that limited or comprehensive proteomic analysis of urine samples may be useful in clinical settings.
Diffusion and tunneling currents in GaN/InGaN multiple quantum well light-emitting diodes

We have studied the electrical characteristics and optical properties of GaN/InGaN multiple quantum well (MQW) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. It appears that there is an essential link between material quality and the mechanism of current transport through the wide-bandgap p-n junction. Tunneling behavior dominates throughout all injection regimes in a device with a high density of defects in the space-charge region, which act as deep-level carrier traps. However, in a high-quality LED diode, temperature-dependent diffusion-recombination current has been identified with an ideality factor of 1.6 at moderate biases. Light output has been found to follow a power law, i.e., L /spl prop/ I/sup m/ in both devices. In the high-quality LED, nonradiative recombination centers are saturated at current densities as low as 1.4 /spl times/ 10/sup -2/ A/cm/sup 2/. This low saturation level indicates that the defects in GaN, especially the high density of edge dislocations, are generally optically inactive.
Global Income Inequality in Numbers: in History and Now

article presents an overview of calculations of global inequality, recently and over the long term, and outlines the main controversies and political and philosophical implications of the findings. It focuses in particular on the winners and losers of the most recent episode of globalization, from 1988 to 2008. It suggests that the period has witnessed the first decline in inequality between world citizens since the Industrial Revolution. However, the decline can be sus- tained only if countries' mean incomes continue to converge (as they have been doing during the past ten years) and if internal (within-country) inequalities, which are already high, are kept in check. Mean-income convergence would also reduce the huge 'citizenship premium' that is enjoyed today by the citizens of rich countries.
Threshold voltage of thin-film Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MOSFET's

The charge coupling between the front and back gates of thin-film silicon-on-insulator (SOI: e.g,, recrystallized Si on SiO 2 ) MOSFET's is analyzed, and closed-form expressions for the threshold voltage under all possible steady-state conditions are derived. The expressions clearly show the dependence of the linear-region channel conductance on the back-gate bias and on the device parameters, including those of the back silicon-insulator interface. The analysis is supported by current-voltage measurements of laser-recrystallized SOI MOSFET's. The results suggest how the back-gate bias may be used to optimize the performance of the SOI MOSFET in particular applications.
Gender Differences in the Developmental Links Between Conduct Problems and Depression Across Early Adolescence

Various developmental models have attempted to explain the relationship between antisocial behavior and depressive symptoms in youth, often proposing intermediary processes such as social and academic functioning. However, few studies have tested these developmental models fully, particularly in mixed gender samples. The current study strives to fill this gap in the literature, examining these processes in an early adolescent sample. Results indicated both direct and indirect paths between antisocial behavior and depression. In addition, potentially important gender differences were found. These results underscore the importance of examining direct and indirect links between symptoms of depression and anti-social behavior, and suggest that there may be important developmental differences between girls and boys in the relationship between these symptoms.
Parental Monitoring Affects the Relationship Between Depressed Mood and Alcohol-Related Problems in Adolescents

ABSTRACTBackground: Parental monitoring has been identified as a protective factor for adolescent drinking, whereas depressed mood, peer substance use, and peer tolerance of substance use have been identified as risk factors. The purpose of this study was to test the association between depressed mood and alcohol-related problems in adolescents, and to test whether parental monitoring and peer substance use/tolerance of use moderate the strength of this relationship. Methods: Participants included 227 adolescents (Mage = 15.36; 51.5% female) recruited from a hospital emergency department and surrounding community who completed self-report assessments. Results: Hierarchical linear regression analysis demonstrated that depressed mood was associated with more alcohol-related problems. A significant interaction between depressed mood and parental monitoring indicated a moderating effect, with high levels of depressed mood being associated with alcohol-related problems when parental monitoring was low; at low ...
The Buddha's Extra Scoop: Neural Correlates of Mindfulness and Clinical Sport Psychology

Recent studies using neuroimaging technologies offer evidence that ancient beliefs about the benefits (e.g., enhanced attention, increased distress tolerance) associated with mindfulness practice and other forms of meditation may be supported by identifiable neuroanatomical changes in the brain. Although it is too early to make probative statements regarding exactly how and why contemplative practices affect the structure and activity of the brain, sport psychologists may want to consider the potential implications of the findings that have begun to emerge from this neural correlates research. The goal of this article is to (a) review the findings from the principal studies of contemplative practice that have employed measures of neuronal activity (e.g., fMRI, EEG) and (b) examine the potential relevance of these studies to the treatment of psychological disorders among athletes and the enhancement of athletic performance.
Support for Educating Software Engineers Through Humanitarian Open Source Projects

The net generation of students have characteristics which make them well-suited for participating in open source projects including being comfortable with information technologies, using IT as a form of communication, desiring to work in groups, a desire to do social good, and being fascinated by new technologies. The nature of open source projects where communities of developers from around the world collaborate to create useful applications are a natural fit for this generation of students. Humanitarian open source projects can serve as a solid foundation for providing software engineering education to the net generation of students. This paper discusses the initial stages of SoftHum, a project for developing course materials to support undergraduate involvement in humanitarian open source projects.