cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 311: Machine Learning of the Electrocardiogram to Detect Regional Structural Abnormalities of the Heart

Introduction: Regional dysfunction of cardiac myocardium can result from diverse underlying conditions and cause adverse events even in patients without clinically apparent cardiovascular disease o...
The impact of biosafety enhancement on stat laboratory quality metrics: Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic.

Abstract Objective It is unclear if implementation of biosafety action plans in response to the COVID-19 pandemic has affected laboratory quality metrics. Methods This retrospective study used quality data, including turnaround time (TAT) and number/type of unacceptable specimens from a stat laboratory supporting an outpatient medical clinic serving predominantly elderly cancer patients. Four months of data from the height of the COVID-19 pandemic (March-June 2020) were compared to the same months in 2019. Results March-May 2020 test volumes were decreased compared to 2019. June 2020 test volume was slightly increased compared to 2019. TATs in 2020 were similar/ slightly improved compared to the same months in 2019, due to shortened collect to receive and receive to verify TATs. The number and types of unacceptable specimens were similar in 2020 and 2019. Conclusions Despite the challenges to the system caused by the pandemic, laboratory quality metrics were maintained.
Meaning and Interpretation

This chapter presents a translation of a text published by William Stern in 1930 as a chapter in a book he authored under the title ‘Studies in the Science of Persons.’ Regarding meaning, Stern distinguishes between the personal meanings for an individual that various entities, occurrences, circumstances, etc. have, and the transpersonal meanings of an individual as viewed from the perspective of other individuals. In either case, the discernment of meaning requires interpretation, and Stern devotes the largest segment of this chapter to a discussion of various aspects of and challenges presented by the interpretive process. The discussion leaves no doubt of Stern’s conviction that qualitative methods are essential to the conduct of a genuinely personalistic psychology.
Importance of Family Connection for Healthy Weight Behaviors Amid Adverse Family Experiences and Behavioral Difficulties.

Objective Adverse family experiences (AFEs), including parent divorce and domestic violence, negatively affect obesogenic behaviors and engagement in healthy weight behaviors (HWBs). The current study used a moderated mediation model to investigate the role of family connection in the relationship between AFEs and HWBs for children with behavioral difficulties. Method Youth (6-17 years old; n = 13,921) from the 2016 National Survey of Children's Health data set were included in the study. Results Family connection mediated the relationship between AFEs and each HWB. The models of physical activity and screen time had significant direct effects. Behavioral difficulties moderated the direct effect of AFEs and screen time and physical activity. Conclusion Family connection mediated the relationships between each HWB and AFEs. The findings suggest that for children without behavioral difficulties, family connection was a stronger protective factor for adequate physical activity and decreased screen time.
1,4,5,8-Naphthalene tetracarboxylate dianhydride/g-C3N4 van der Waals heterojunctions exhibit enhanced photochemical H2O2 production and antimicrobial activity

Organic semiconductors, including graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4, CN), represent an important class of materials for the development of novel antimicrobial or biomedical technologies. Of principal interest is the ability of these materials to catalyze the reduction of elemental oxygen to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Here, we describe the fabrication of photoactive van der Waals heterojunctions incorporating 1,4,5,8-naphthalene tetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTCDA) and CN. The composite heterojunction systems were characterized by a combination of physical (TEM, SEM, pXRD), spectroscopic (FT-IR, XPS, DRUV, photoluminescence, TCSPC) and kinetic experiments. Electronic interactions between the two components of the heterojunction increase the rate of photochemical production of H2O2 from elemental oxygen by 410%, relative to samples of pure CN. Mechanistic analysis reveals that interaction of NTCDA with the surface of CN modifies the mechanism of H2O2 formation in the heterojunction photocatalysts. The photochemical production of H2O2 by irradiation of the most active heterojunction composition is sufficient to reduce the viability of E. coli O157:H7, S. aureus and Ps. aeruginosa PAO1 by 99%. Importantly, H2O2 production by the NTCDA/CN heterojunctions suppresses Ps. aeruginosa biofilm formation, even at light exposure doses that had a lesser impact on overall planktonic cell growth.
Water and organic content of boreal macrozooplankton and their significance for the energy content

Abstract Interspecific and intraspecific variation in the proportion of water and organic matter are presented for 18 species of macrozooplankton from Kosterfjorden, western Sweden, sampled over a period of one year. Crustacean species have a water content of between 70 and 84 % of the wet weight and an organic content of between 80 and 95 % of the dry weight. Gelatinous species have a water content of more than 90 % of the wet weight and an organic content of 19 to 82 % of the dry weight. The proportion of water tends to decrease and the proportion of organic matter tends to increase with increasing size of the individual in most species. The proportion of water and organic matter show opposite seasonal trends, with high values for the former from winter to early spring and low values from summer to autum. High energy content in relation to organic content indicates that boreal macrozooplankton represents a group of species that store energy as a strategy to survive unfavourable periods in their life cyc...
Transport Biochemistry of FepA

This chapter provides an overview of structural features of metal transporters as a basis for mechanistic discussions that follow. The crystals of FepA, FhuA, FecA, and BtuB all showed the hollow, 22-strand antiparallel β-barrel of the C-domain, which spans the outer membrane (OM) and contains large extracellular loops that function in ligand binding, and the structurally distinct globular N-domain, which folds into the barrel interior, blocking access to the periplasm. The FepA crystal structure did not illustrate the disposition of bound ligands, but it is known from site-directed mutagenesis and biochemistry that basic and aromatic amino acids in the surface loops adsorb ligands on the basis of ionic and hydrophobic bonds and ring stacking. FepA interconverts between two distinct structural forms that were seen by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. ESR spectroscopy also observed conformational changes in FepA during ligand uptake, but its low sensitivity made the technique difficult to employ in vivo. Ferric enterobactin (FeEnt) binds to FepA with a subnanomolar Kd that translates into a dissociation half-life of over 1 min. This calculation conflicts with the experimentally observed 20-s turnover number of FepA and argues for protein conformational change as an essential part of the transport mechanism that (i) undermines the affinity of the siderophore-receptor binding interaction, (ii) originates or unveils a channel to the periplasm, and (iii) facilitates internalization of the metal complex from the surface loops through the pore.
Learning collection fusion strategies for information retrieval

Abstract In this paper we describe an Information Retrieval problem called collection fusion. The collection fusion problem is to maximize the number of relevant natural language documents retrieved given: a natural language query, multiple collections of documents, and a fixed total number of documents to retrieve. We describe two algorithms that use past queries to learn collection fusion strategies. Tests of these algorithms on a corpus of 742,000 documents indicate that they can learn good fusion strategies. Moreover, the strategies learned by our methods are consistently superior to those learned by a standard learning algorithm.
CLINICAL CONFERENCE Pulmonic Stenosis

Dr. Engle: When pulmonic stenosis occurs as an isolated congenital malformation of the heart, it usually is due to fusion of the valve cusps into a dome with a small hole in the center. In Figure 1 the pulmonary artery has been laid open so that one can see the three leaflets of the pulmonary valve are completely fused, and that there is only a small, central, pinpoint opening which permits blood to leave the right ventricle and enter the pulmonary circulation. Valvular pulmonic stenosis is much more common than subvalvular or infundibular stenosis, where the obstruction to pulmonary blood flow lies within the substance of the right ventricle. There it may be due to a diaphragm of tissue which obstructs the outflow of the right ventricle, or to an elongated narrow tunnel lined with thickened endocardium, or to a ridge of fibrous or muscular tissue just beneath the pulmonary valve. The changes in the cardiovascular system which result from obstructed pulmonary blood flow are so characteristic that they permit the ready recognition of this condition. Proximal to the constriction, these changes manifest the burden placed on the right ventricle, which enlarges and hypertrophies. On physical examination this is demonstrated by the precordial bulge and tapping impulse just to the left of the sternum, where the rib cage overlies the anterior (right) ventricle. Radiographically, both by fluoroscopy and in roentgenograms in the frontal and both oblique views, right ventricular enlargement is seen. In the electrocardiogram, the precordial leads show a pattern of right ventricular hypertrophy.
The bi-directional spike detection in EEG using mathematical morphology and wavelet transform

Epileptic EEG often contains abnormal spiky activity which is diagnostically important. It is proposed that the multi-resolution wavelet transform with mathematical morphology can be used to detect and extract this activity. Differentiating the geometrical characteristics between spikes and normal EEG activity, the process extracts the target patterns from the EEG data in the multi-resolution domains. Morphological analysis utilizes analytic operations based on a pre-defined structuring element (SE) targeted to specific signal features. In our case the SE is defined as a disk to measure the difference in smoothness between the two components. Discrete wavelet transforms are applied to construct the processed signal. The multi-resolution property of the wavelet transform adapts well to the time-invariant nature of the signal. Combining mathematical morphology and wavelet transforms, this method successfully separates the background activity and transient phenomenon from epileptic EEG. Although the morphological operation is a non-linear process, we show that, with the selected structuring element, this approach has ability to detect both positive and negative going spikes identically.
The Status and Conservation of Leopards and Other Large Carnivores in the Congo Basin, and the Potential Role of Reintroduction

Summary The Congo Basin contains the world’s second largest expanse of tropical rainforest, and yet also within the catchment lies an extensive, geographically isolated forest–savannah mosaic. While the forests in this region have long been considered an important stronghold for leopards, Panthera pardus, the apex predator in this habitat, the forest–savannah mosaic also once harboured important populations of lions, Panthera leo, African wild dogs, Lycaon pictus, and spotted hyaenas, Crocuta crocuta. Uncontrolled hunting by man, however, has led to a dramatic decrease in ungulate populations, especially in the more accessible open habitats. Today, lions and African wild dogs are almost certainly regionally extinct, while spotted hyaenas have been reduced to one small and isolated population in the Republic of Congo. In remote forest regions, wildlife populations have remained less severely affected, but in densely populated areas where demand for wild game is high, intensive commercial hunting has led to a widespread disappearance of leopards, even from within protected areas. Conservation efforts directed towards leopards and
Where Is the New Science in Corporate R&D?

A survey shows that companies conduct most new science in developed rather than developing economies for reasons that may not always characterize the U.S. situation.
The Type Theory of PL/CV 3

This paper presents the core of the type theory of the programming logic PL/CV3. From this core the full theory can be derived. Whereas the full theory was designed to be useable, the core theory was selected to be analyzable. This presentation strives to be succinct yet thorough. The last section consists of an extended example, but the approach here is not tutorial.
August-II: a tool for step-by-step data model reverse engineering

August-II is a data reverse engineering tool whose input can be from a variety of sources from COBOL record layouts to DB/2 data definitions. The translation that is done is designed to produce a conceptual data model to that allows the user to understand the current environment and to move to new data technology. August-II produces output that can be used as input to many different software packages such as CASE tools and commercial database management systems. The power behind August-II is two-fold: the "layered data architecture" of its information dictionary system; and the step-by-step reverse engineering process. The layered data architecture allows August-II the capability of representing the wide range of data environments in use today. The step-by-step takes the database designer through the reverse engineering process in such a way that the user can concentrate on one aspect of the process at a time and not to get bogged down in the process itself.
Analysis of Energy Usage in Adaptive Sensor Networks

Currently, a rapidly increasing numbers of sensors are being used on vehicles and in surface transportation and this trend is expected to continue. In support of these sensor networks several energy management schemes, including hierarchical clustering methods, have been proposed in the literature to reduce energy usage. However, the operating conditions for wireless sensors in vehicular environments change continuously. Sensor networks must thus be able to adapt to the environment to maximize performance and reliability. In this paper, we discuss the necessity for splitting a cluster. In particular, we explore the changes in the energy usage profile when a cluster is split. Even though our algorithm is designed for specific applications relevant to automation and control of railroad operations we believe that our discussions on energy consumption is a universal issue relevant to any form of clustered networks in vehicular environments.
Breakdown of linear dynamics in phase-ordering kinetics

Simulations and experiments have shown that the linear theory in phase-ordering dynamics fails first on short length scales rather than long length scales as suggested previously. By following the example of a simple coupled nonlinear system, we show that the linear theory breaks down first at the largest wave numbers due to the nonlinear slaving of the most stable Fourier modes to the larger amplitude unstable modes. The range of wave numbers in which the dynamics is nonlinear expands toward smaller wave numbers with time. We present numerical results verifying the mode slaving hypothesis and determine ${\mathit{t}}_{\mathrm{br}}$(k), the time at which the linear theory breaks down as a function of wave number k. (c) 1995 The American Physical Society
Rare B Meson Decays Without Charm from Belle

We report preliminary results on searches for radiative and charmless hadronic B meson decay modes using 5.27 million pairs recorded on the ϒ(4S) resonance by the Belle experiment at KEKB. Both inclusive b → sγ and exclusive B → K*γ modes are observed and limits are set on the ratio B → ργ/ B→ K*γ. We see evidence for the mode B+ → ϕ K+, and several pseudo-scalar + pseudo-scalar modes. Significant signals are observed in the K+ π-, K+ π0, and K0π0 modes. We see evidence for the K0π+, π+π-, and π+ π0 modes however, the significance is small. No signal is observed in either the K+K- or K0K+ modes.
Diagnostic verification of probability forecasts

Abstract Verification of probability forecasts traditionally consists largely of the computation of a few overall performance measures. This paper outlines a diagnostic approach to the evaluation of probability forecasts. The basic elements of this approach are the joint distribution of forecasts and observations and the conditional and marginal distributions associated with factorizations of the joint distribution. These distributions and their summary measures, together with selected performance measures and their decompositions, provide potentially insightful and useful information concerning the fundamental characteristics of the forecasts of interest, the corresponding observations, and their relationship. This approach and the associated methodology are illustrated by presenting some results of an analysis of U.S. National Weather Service probability of precipitation (PoP) forecasts. The diagnostic analysis of PoP forecasts consists of graphical displays and quantitative measures describing various aspects (or attributes) of forecast quality, including calibration (or reliability), refinement, resolution, discrimination, accuracy, bias, and skill. In general, the samples of PoP forecasts examined here are relatively well-calibrated, unbiased, and skillful, but lacking to some degree in accuracy, refinement, resolution, and discrimination. Some differences in these characteristics as a function of forecast type (modelbased/subjective), season (cool/warm), and lead time are noted. Diagnostic verification of probability forecasts has obvious benefits to modelers and forecasters in terms of providing detailed feedback and suggesting ways in which forecasts might be improved.
Estimates of early embryonic loss in ewes mated to rams selected for high and low prolificacy

Abstract Two closed lines of sheep selected for high and low prolificacy were established in 1969. Rams within each line were selected on the basis of their dams' lambing records. Foundation ewes were assigned at random to selected rams, and no ewe selection was practiced until replacement yearlings were selected for mating. Selection of the rams used to mate the foundation ewes resulted in more lambs born per 100 ewes exposed to the ram (P Seven rams from each line were then used to estimate fertilization rate and embryonic survival rate when mated to an unrelated group of ewes. There was no difference in ovulation rate or fertilization rate of ewes mated to low and high line rams. Percent eggs recovered per CL was 80 and 92 (P
Oophorectomy, estrogen, and dementia: A 2014 update

Current evidence suggests that estrogen may have beneficial, neutral, or detrimental effects on the brain depending on age, type of menopause (natural versus induced), or stage of menopause (early versus late), consistent with the timing hypothesis. Three studies have now compared women who underwent bilateral oophorectomy before menopause with referent women and consistently showed an increased risk of cognitive decline and dementia. These studies suggest a sizeable neuroprotective effect of estrogen naturally produced by the ovaries before age 50 years. In this article, we focus on neuroprotection as related to cognitive decline and dementia. Several case-control studies and cohort studies also showed neuroprotective effects in women who received estrogen treatment (ET) in the early postmenopausal stage (most commonly at ages 50–60 years). The majority of women in those observational studies had undergone natural menopause and were treated for the relief of menopausal symptoms. However, the clinical trials by the Women’s Health Initiative showed that women who initiated ET alone or in combination with a progestin in the late postmenopausal stage (ages 65–79 years) experienced an increased risk of dementia and cognitive decline regardless of the type of menopause. Three observational studies have now formally tested the timing hypothesis, and showed that the neuroprotective or harmful effects of estrogen depend on age at the time of initiation of treatment and on stage of menopause. Therefore, women who undergo bilateral oophorectomy before the onset of menopause or women who experience premature or early natural menopause should be considered for hormonal treatment until the average age of natural menopause (around age 50 years). Recommendations for the use of ET by women who experience natural menopause at typical ages remain less certain, and more research is needed.
Interferometry of a single nanoparticle using the Gouy phase of a focused laser beam

We provide a quantitative explanation of the mechanism of the far-field intensity modulation induced by a nanoparticle in a focused Gaussian laser beam, as was demonstrated in several recent direct detection studies. Most approaches take advantage of interference between the incident light and the scattered light from a nanoparticle to facilitate a linear dependence of the signal on the nanoparticle volume. The phase relation between the incoming field and the scattered field by the nanoparticle is elucidated by the concept of Gouy phase. This phase relation is used to analyze the far-field signal-to-noise ratio as a function of exact nanoparticle position with respect to the beam focus. The calculation suggests that a purely dispersive nanoparticle should be displaced from the Gaussian beam focus to generate a far-field intensity change.
Demand, supply, and their interaction on markets, as seen from the perspective of evolutionary economic theory

Since the time of Marshall economists have used the constructs of demand and supply curves in their explanation and analyses of how markets determine prevailing prices and the allocation of resources among different lines of economic activity. Today almost all expositions and interpretations of price theory take a neoclassical perspective. This paper develops an interpretation of demand and supply curves and their interaction on markets that is more compatible with the general viewpoint of evolutionary economic theory.
Each mammalian mitochondrial outer membrane porin protein is dispensable: effects on cellular respiration.

Voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs, also known as mitochondrial porins) are small pore-forming proteins of the mitochondrial outer membrane found in all eukaryotes. Mammals harbor three distinct VDAC isoforms, with each protein sharing 65–70% sequence identity. Deletion of the yeast VDAC1 gene leads to conditional lethality that can be partially or completely complemented by the mammalian VDAC genes. In vitro, VDACs conduct a variety of small metabolites and in vivo they serve as a binding site for several cytosolic kinases involved in intermediary metabolism, yet the specific physiologic role of each isoform is unknown. Here we show that mouse embryonic stem cells lacking each isoform are viable but exhibit a 30% reduction in oxygen consumption. VDAC1 and VDAC2 deficient cells exhibit reduced cytochrome c oxidase activity, whereas VDAC3 deficient cells have normal activity. These results indicate that VDACs are not essential for cell viability and we speculate that reduced respiration in part reflects decreased outer membrane permeability for small metabolites necessary for oxidative phosphorylation.
An ultrastructural examination of the mesoglea of Hydra.

The survey of the mesoglea of four species of Hydra indicates a basic similarity of structure. In each species the mesoglea consists of an amorphous ground substance with three different types of fibers and particulate material dispersed in this matrix. A probable interpretation of the fine structure of the mesoglea is that collagen-like protein demonstrated by other investigators, forms all or part of the “beaded” fibers. Acid mucopolysaccharide which can be demonstrated histochemically probably corresponds to the amorphous ground substance in which the mesogleal fibers are dispersed. The role of the mesoglea as an extra-cellular skeleton and cementing substance is discussed.
Toward 1-mGal accuracy in global marine gravity from CryoSat-2, Envisat, and Jason-1

More than 60% of the Earth's land and shallow marine areas are covered by > 2 km of sediments and sedimentary rocks, with the thickest accumulations on rifted continental margins (Figure 1). Free-air marine gravity anomalies derived from Geosat and ERS-1 satellite altimetry (Fairhead et al., 2001; Sandwell and Smith, 2009; Andersen et al., 2009) outline most of these major basins with remarkable precision. Moreover, gravity and bathymetry data derived from altimetry are used to identify current and paleo-submarine canyons, faults, and local recent uplifts. These geomorphic features provide clues to where to look for large deposits of sediments. While current altimeter data delineate large offshore basins and major structures, they do not resolve some of the smaller geomorphic features and basins (Yale et al., 1998; Fairhead et al., 2001). Improved accuracy and resolution is desirable: to facilitate comparisons between continental margins; as an exploration tool and to permit extrapolation of known structu...
SINGLE-PHASE LIQUID HEAT TRANSFER IN PLAIN AND ENHANCED MICROCHANNELS

The development of advanced microchannel heat exchangers and microfluidic devices is dependent upon the understanding of the fundamental heat transfer processes that occur in these systems. There have been great advancements in our understanding of the heat transfer and fluid flow mechanisms that occur in microchannels. There is several research areas in microchannel heat transfer that so promise for such applications as microprocessor cooling. An enhanced microchannel heat exchanger (EMCHX) that uses single-phase liquid flows has been developed. This EMCHX uses flow obstructions to create a continually developing flow condition and the enhancement in heat transfer associated with that flow regime. A silicon substrate is chosen to create off-set strip fins in the microchannel flow field. Experimental verification of this new method shows excellent improvement in heat transfer over plain or traditional microchannels with straight, continuous walls. However, careful attention must be paid to the added pressure drop that is created by adding these obstructions. A new microchannel parameter called pumping power flux is developed to aid in the comparison between plain and enhanced microchannels. The pumping power flux is used in conjunction with the heat flux to calculate a coefficient of performance to demonstrate the heat transfer enhancement. The enhanced microchannels provide a much higher COP for the same flow conditions. Therefore, the improved heat transfer provided outweighs the added pressure drop caused by the enhanced microchannels.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
The Political Personalities of 1996 U.S. Presidential Candidates Bill Clinton and Bob Dole

Abstract The personalities of President Bill Clinton and Senator Bob Dole were indirectly assessed from the conceptual perspective of Theodore Millon. Information pertaining to Bill Clinton and Bob Dole was collected from published biographical material and synthesized into personality profiles using Millon's diagnostic criteria. President Clinton was found to be primarily Asserting/self-promoting and Outgoing/ gregarious, whereas Senator Dole emerged from the assessment as primarily Controlling/dominant and Conforming/dutiful. A dimensional reconceptualization of the results to examine convergences among the present Millon-based findings, Simonton's dimensions of presidential style, and the five-factor model suggests that Clinton is predominantly charismatic/extraverted, whereas Dole is deliberative/conscientious and relatively low on interpersonality/agreeableness. The profile for Bill Clinton is consistent with a presidency troubled by ethical questions and lapses of judgment, and provides an explanatory framework for Clinton's high achievement drive and his ability to retain a following and maintain his self-confidence in the face of adversity.
Investigation of the toxic principles of Hippomane mancinella L. II. Preliminary isolation of a toxic principle of the fruit.

Abstract The fresh fruit of Hippomane Mancinella L. was found to contain a water‐soluble compound very sensitive to oxygen which gave the rubreserine reaction for physostigmine. Alcohol, ether, and petroleum ether extractions of the fruit were undertaken as preliminary steps to determine the toxic properties of the fruit.
An application of monotone functions decomposition to the reconstruction of gene regulatory networks

We describe the reconstruction of a gene regulatory network involved with the Toll-like Receptor signaling pathways. By applying our recent identification algorithm to a time series gene expression dataset, we identify regulatory interactions between genes and construct discrete-time piece-wise affine regulatory functions. Our validation shows that our model predicts the expression levels of the genes involved in the network with good accuracy.
Some bounds for the expected number of level crossings of symmetric harmonizable p-stable processes

Abstract Some bounds for the expected number of crossings of a level by a real valued symmetric harmonizable p-stable process defined on the interval [0, T] are obtained. Most of the results are analogous to the well known results for stationary Gaussian processes.
Predicting Purchase Intentions for an Environmentally Sensitive Product

Expressions of positive attitudes toward the environment are only weakly related to the consumption of alternatives to products that are environmentally unfriendly. Yet, socially concerned marketers and public policy makers still appeal to general environmental concern (GEC) when trying to demarket environmentally sensitive products or market more friendly alternatives. In this article, we propose that GEC has an indirect effect on purchase intentions for environmentally related products and the relation is mediated by product-specific attitudes about consequences of using the environmentally related product as well as the product's environmental attributes. We tested the model among 210 users of disposable diapers, a product that is not environmentally friendly. The results support the proposition that GEC has only an indirect effect on purchase intentions for disposable diapers. Implications for marketers and public policy makers are discussed.
Insertion of Hsp70 Into Membranes Correlates With the Flipping of Phosphatidlyserine Across the Lipid Bilayer

Expression of heat shock proteins is the primary event in the cellular response to stress. Indeed, these proteins are crucial in preventing cell death and recovery after different physiological and environmental stresses. Hsp70 (Hsp72), which is the major stress-inducible member of the heat shock protein family, is primarily located in the cytosol. However, recent evidence has shown that this protein can be detected on the cell surface of transformed cells inserted into the plasma membrane. Hsp70 does not contain any hydrophobic domains that could predict its insertion into membranes. Consequently, the possible mechanism for translocation into membranes is likely a non-classical process. Pure recombinant Hsp70 was incubated with phosphatidylserine (PS) liposomes, and a concentration-dependent incorporation of the protein into the bilayer was observed. On the contrary, Hsp70 did not get incorporated into phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposomes. Liposomes made of a PS:PC mixture showed that insertion of Hsp70 into the bilayer was proportional to the PS concentration. In contrast, Hsp90 did not incorporate into PS liposomes. Hsp70 was found integrated into the lipid bilayer as demonstrated by lack of extraction by sodium carbonate or sonication treatment. Hsp70 inserted into PS liposomes could only be solubilized by non-ionic detergents. In cells, the presence of Hsp70 on the plasma membrane correlates with the flipping of PS to the outside of the membrane. These results demonstrate that Hsp70, which does not contain a predictable hydrophobic trans-membrane region, can spontaneously get inserted into a lipid environment by a process that may require the traslocation of PS across the lipid bilayer.
THE EMERGING MARKETS AND STRATEGIC ASSET ALLOCATION

h s article is the second of a two-part series on investing in emerging markets. The first part examines hndamental and T valuation concerns (see Castelin and Stone [1990]). This article analyzes the diversification benefits of investing in emerging markets using a mean-variance model within the context of a U.S. pension fund’s overall asset allocation strategy. The statistical conditions for investing in emerging markets using a strategic asset allocation approach are studied with three questions in mind:
Microchannel plate efficiencies for medium energy helium and carbon recoils in pulsed beam time-of-flight applications

Abstract Efficiencies of a microchannel plate detector for medium energy helium and carbon recoils were determined using a recently developed pulsed beam time-of-flight technique for near surface analysis by medium energy ion scattering. This technique utilizes a pulsed beam of singly charged He-4 or C-12 ions with energies in the 60–140 keV range to provide enhanced energy resolution when compared to conventional Rutherford backscattering techniques using solid state detectors. The detection efficiency of the microchannel plate detector was found to range between 54% and 60% for helium recoils and between 48% and 52% for carbon recoils over the energy range examined.
Building the Library Starter Kit: Developing New Technologies for Instruction

Each fall thousands of new students arrive at the University of California at Santa Cruz; the library’s goal is to ensure that each new user has the basic skills to find, evaluate, and use information resources from print, online, and Internet‐based sources. But in fact many orientation programs, online classes, and printed documentation the library provides may not be available when and where students need them. The bibliographic instruction program had to evolve to meet the needs of an increasingly diverse user population with varying learning styles. The World Wide Web offered a new medium to address this need. With help from a combination of grants and student developers, a WWW resource called the “Library Starter Kit” was developed. Already, Murphy notes, it is being used in a variety of instructional settings by librarians and faculty and as an outreach tool for local schools, colleges, and community members.
Crafting social rules: Common law vs. statute law, once again

While a considerable literature has arisen seeking to compare the economic efficiency of common law and statute law processes, some scholars have argued that these efforts are misplaced because what should be assessed is not efficiency but stability of expectations. This paper argues that any generic comparison of common law and statute law must be inconclusive, because there is no such thing asthe common law or statute law process. Rather, there are many particular processes, and any claim based on a comparison of generic alternatives will falter because it will fail to reflect essential institutional detail.
THE ALLOCATION OF TIME TO TEMPORALLY DEFINED BEHAVIORS: RESPONDING DURING STIMULUS GENERALIZATION

In one stimulus condition, reinforcement depended on rats holding a lever for a duration having both minimum and maximum boundaries. During a second light intensity, reinforcement was not available for some rats; for others, reinforcement depended on a second response duration requirement. Generalization test stimuli controlled the same response durations found during training, and the amount of time allocated to a given response duration depended on the proximity of the test stimulus to the training stimulus which controlled that particular duration. The results indicated that a gradient of stimulus control does not reflect an underlying continuous change in responding, but is a result of the mixing of responses previously controlled by stimuli present during conditioning.
Socioeconomic influence on small area hospital utilization.

Health care policy makers, concerned with the rising cost of health care, have focused on the observed variation in the use of hospitals as a potential area in which to lower health care costs, i.e., if hospital utilization can be decreased, health care costs may also decline. However, it is crucial that the reasons for the observed variation in the current practice be understood or attempts to reduce costs may lead to policies that harm groups of patients and the providers and institutions currently delivering care. Using hospital discharge data from 59 hospital market communities in the lower peninsula of Michigan in 1984-86, the authors examined possible associations between socioeconomic characteristics and the observed small area variation in hospital discharge rates. First, a series of Poisson regressions was used for each of five covariates and 112 modified diagnosis-related groups (DRGs). Then, multiple regressions were examined, utilizing the five socioeconomic characteristics, after excluding statistically influential communities. The results indicate that community characteristics, including education, poverty, and unemployment, have a statistically significant association with the observed small area hospital discharge rate for many DRGs. Moreover, the direction of the effect is consistent across multiple disease categories. In multiple regressions, the five selected socioeconomic variables explained 48% of the variance for medical admissions and 19% for surgical admissions. For most DRGs, high educational levels were associated with lower hospitalization rates. The authors also identified statistically influential communities whose hospital utilization profile was different from that of most communities in Michigan.
AN INTERPRETATION OF THE HYDRODYNAMICS OF POLLEN

The pollen grains of angiosperms are usually desiccated to some extent at the time of dispersal. Rehydration is an essential prelude to germination, and this takes place by uptake of water from the stigma after capture, water entering from the cells of the stigma surface following a water potential gradient. The passage of water into the pollen grain is regulated by the cuticle of the stigma papilla in the vicinity of the contact face, and also by the apertural mechanisms of the pollen grain exine, which act by varying the degree of exposure of the underlying pectocellulosic intine according to the degree of hydration of the grain. The sequence of events during rehydration suggests that at first the vegetative cell of the male gametophyte is without a normal plasmalemma, so that the initial dilation of the grain is followed by an interval of exudation. Thereafter, with the re-establishment of the cell membranes, the vegetative cell behaves in the manner of a normal plant cell through the period of germination. BOTANICAL LITERATURE from the early 19th Century onwards contains many excellent accounts of the early events of pollination in the flowering plants, but no attempt seems to have been made hitherto to explain the hydrodynamic relationships of pollen and stigma in the interval immediately following pollen capture except in the most general terms. The purpose of this brief paper is to offer an analysis of these relationships, and to draw attention to certain broad principles that seem to have applicability to a wide range of pollen types. Except where pollination is actually through
Preliminary observations of the thermodynamic predictions of Fe-Cr-Ni alloys in coal gasifier environments

The construction of thermodynamic stability diagrams for the Fe-Cr-Ni systems is discussed. The constructed diagrams are used to predict materials behavior at coal gasifier oxygen and sulfur potentials. Some preliminary experiments are run to compare predicted results with experimental observations. Powder mixtures of FeS, NiS, and Cr/sub 2/O/sub 3/ are used to observe the formation of the iron-chromia and nickel-chromia spinels at 871/sup 0/C. Only the iron-chromia spinel was observed. No spinels were observed on 310 stainless steel samples exposed to the same environment. 4 figures, 1 table.
Persistent mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress hinder neuronal cell recovery from reversible proteasome inhibition

Oxidative stress, proteasome impairment and mitochondrial dysfunction are implicated as contributors to ageing and neurodegeneration. Using mouse neuronal cells, we showed previously that the reversible proteasome inhibitor, [N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Ile-Glu (O-t-bytul)-Ala-leucinal; (PSI)] induced excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) that mediated mitochondrial damage and a caspase-independent cell death. Herein, we examined whether this insult persists in neuronal cells recovering from inhibitor removal over time. Recovery from proteasome inhibition showed a time and dose-dependent cell death that was accompanied by ROS overproduction, caspase activation and mitochondrial membrane permeabilization with the subcellular relocalizations of the proapoptotic proteins, Bax, cytochrome c and the apoptosis inducing factor (AIF). Caspase inhibition failed to promote survival indicating that cell death was caspase-independent. Treatments with the antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) were needed to promote survival in cell recovering from mild proteasome inhibition while overexpression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-xL together with NAC attenuated cell death during recovery from potent inhibition. Whereas inhibitor removal increased proteasome function, cells recovering from potent proteasome inhibition showed excessive levels of ubiquitinated proteins that required the presence of NAC for their removal. Collectively, these results suggest that the oxidative stress and mitochondrial inhibition induced by proteasome inhibition persists to influence neuronal cell survival when proteasome function is restored.
Arsenic uptake and metabolism by liver cells is dependent on arsenic oxidation state.

L'arsenite (trivalent) et l'arsenite (pentavalent) presentent une cinetique et une distribution differentes, a la fois in vivo et in vitro. En ce qui concerne l'arsenate, le foie ne serait pas le site primaire du metabolisme, le rein pourrait jouer un role
Preliminary Evaluation of Raboral V-RG® Oral Rabies Vaccine in Arctic Foxes (Vulpes lagopus)

We tested the Raboral V-RG® recombinant oral rabies vaccine for its response in Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus), the reservoir of rabies virus in the circumpolar North. The vaccine, which is currently the only licensed oral rabies vaccine in the United States, induced a strong antibody response and protected foxes against a challenge of 500,000 mouse intracerebral lethal dose 50% of an Arctic rabies virus variant. However, one unvaccinated control fox survived challenge with rabies virus, either indicating a high resistance of Arctic foxes to rabies infection or a previous exposure that induced immunity. This preliminary study suggested that Raboral V-RG vaccine may be efficacious in Arctic foxes.
The one-machine sequencing problem with dependent jobs

Abstract The problem of minimizing the makespan on one machine with possible dependencies between jobs is considered. We enlarge the notion of precedence constraint by considering a minimal duration between the start times of each pair of dependent jobs. We propose an exact algorithm where this duration is taken into account. This algorithm is based on Carlier's algorithm [Carlier 82] for the One-Machine Sequencing (OMS) problem with independent jobs.
Global normal-mode Rossby waves observed in stratospheric ozone data

Westward-propagating Rossby normal-mode planetary waves are documented in stratospheric ozone data using Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SBUV) satellite measurements. These modes are evidenced by enhanced spectral power and near-global coherence for westward-traveling zonal wave 1 oscillations with periods of 5-10 days. The ozone waves have maxima in high latitudes of the middle stratosphere (due to transport) and over midlatitudes in the upper stratosphere (due to photochemistry). These modes are nearly continuous throughout the eight years of SBUV observations, with maximum global coherence during the equinoxes. The upper-stratospheric waves are symmetric (in phase) between hemispheres, even for modes previously identified as antisymmetric in geopotential height. This behavior is due to differing wave vertical structure in each hemisphere; the planetary temperature waves are nearly in phase in the upper stratosphere, even though the height waves are out of phase. The observed ozone waves are furthermore compared to calculations based on linear wave transport and photochemistry, incorporating derived wind and temperature fields. Good agreement is found, showing that normal modes provide an idealized context to study the linear wave behavior of trace constituents in the real atmosphere.
Long-wavelength transitions and improved energy levels of triply ionized zirconium (Zr iv)

Fourteen new spectral lines of Zr iv lying between 3200 and 4600 A were observed with a sliding spark discharge and a 10.7-m normal-incidence spectrograph. The lines were classified as transitions between highly excited energy levels of this ion. The measured wavelengths provide improved values for the known energy levels as well as a value for the previously unknown 6h 2H term. Wavelengths with standard uncertainties varying from ±0.0005 to ±0.0018 A were determined from the optimized level values for a group of lines between 445 and 1291 A. An improved ionization energy was determined as 277 602.8±0.5 cm-1(34.41837±0.00006 eV).
Role of a geminivirus AV2 protein putative protein kinase C motif on subcellular localization and pathogenicity

Virus-derived genes or genome fragments are increasingly being used to generate transgenic plants with resistance to plant viruses. There is need to rapidly investigate these genes in plants using transient expression prior to using them as transgenes since they may be pathogenic to plants. In this study, we investigated the AV2 protein encoded by East African cassava mosaic Cameroon virus, a virus associated with a cassava disease epidemic in western Africa. For subcellular localization, AV2 was fused to the yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. Confocal analyses showed that AV2-YFP localizes mainly in the cytoplasm. Because it overlaps with the coat protein gene and therefore could be used to generate transgenic plants for resistance to geminiviruses, we investigated its pathogenesis in N. benthamiana by using the Potato virus X (PVX) vector. The chimeric virus PVX-AV2 induced a mild mottling in infected plants and was shown to suppress virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). Using point mutations, we show here that AV2 pathogenicity is dependent on a conserved putative protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation motif. Because of its pathogenicity and ability to suppress RNA silencing, AV2 transgenic plants will less likely provide a control to geminiviruses, indeed it may weaken the resistance of the plant. We therefore suggest the use of the AV2 putative PKC mutants to generate transgenic plants.
Screening asymptomatic patients at high risk for colon cancer with full colonoscopy

To evaluate the reliability of screening only the distal colon in patients at high risk for colonic cancer, the endoscopic findings of 49 completely asymptomatic patients who underwent colonoscopy based solely on a positive family history of colonic cancer (average age, 54.5 years) were reviewed. Polypoid lesions were present in 31 (63.3 percent). Thirty-three polyps in 13 patients were large than 1 cm, including two invasive cancers.