cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and correlates of depression among veterans with multiple sclerosis

Objectives: To establish the prevalence of major depressive episode (MDE) in a large sample of veterans with multiple sclerosis (MS); to identify demographic characteristics, aspects of disease presentation, and perceptions of disability associated with greater concurrent risk for MDE; and to examine the relationship between MDE, service utilization, and activity participation. Methods: Veterans with MS (n = 1,032) were identified via computer database and surveyed by mail; 451 (43.7%) responded. Results: Twenty-two percent of the sample met criteria for current MDE. Low income, unemployment, presence of falls, younger age, absence of a marital partner, and high levels of perceived disability due to bowel functioning were independently associated with MDE. Disease subtype, disease duration, use of disease modifying therapies, and perceived disability due to mobility or bladder problems were unrelated to MDE. Current MDE was in turn associated with increased primary care visits and increased impact of disease upon activity participation. Similar correlates were associated with minor depressive episode. Conclusions: Unlike the general population, rates of depression in this predominantly male sample were similar to those found in predominantly female samples of persons with multiple sclerosis. Specific aspects of disability were differentially associated with depression, and depression was independently associated with increased service utilization and increased participation limitations.
Teaching tools for positive psychology: A comparison of available textbooks

This article analyzes and compares available textbooks in positive psychology. In addition to describing six major standard textbooks, supplemental materials are also discussed, including special issues of professional journals devoted to the topic, specialized sole-authored and edited books on core subtopics in positive psychology, and strengths-focused books from related fields, such as anthropology, business, social work, history, and philosophy. Available supplements for existing textbooks, such as test banks and Powerpoint presentations, are also discussed.
β2 adrenergic agonist, clenbuterol, enhances working memory performance in aging animals

Previous studies using a mixed β1 and β2 adrenergic antagonist, propanolol, have indicated that β adrenoceptors have little effect on the cognitive functioning of the prefrontal cortex. However, recent studies have suggested that endogenous stimulation of β1 adrenoceptors impairs working memory in both rats and monkeys. Since propanolol has no effect on cognition, we hypothesized that activation of β2 adrenoceptors might improve performance in a working memory task. We tested this hypothesis by observing the effects of the β2 agonist, clenbuterol, on spatial working memory performance. Clenbuterol was either infused directly into the prefrontal cortex (rats) or administered systemically (monkeys). Results demonstrated that clenbuterol improved performance in many young and aged rats and monkeys who performed poorly under control conditions. Actions at β2 adrenoceptors were confirmed by challenging the clenbuterol response with the β2 adrenergic antagonist, ICI 118,551. The effects of clenbuterol were not universal and depended on the cognitive status of the animal: the drug moderately improved only a subset of animals with working memory impairment.
Neural correlates of single word reading in bilingual children and adults.

Abstract The present study compared the neural correlates of language processing in children and adult Spanish–English bilinguals. Participants were asked to perform a visual lexical processing task in both Spanish and English while being scanned with fMRI. Both children and adults recruited a similar network of left hemisphere “language” areas and showed similar proficiency profiles in Spanish. In terms of behavior, adults showed better language proficiency in English relative to children. Furthermore, neural activity in adults was observed in the bilateral MTG. Age-related differences were observed in Spanish in the right MTG. The current results confirm the presence of neural activity in a set of left hemisphere areas in both adult and child bilinguals when reading words in each language. They also reveal that differences in neural activity are not entirely driven by changes in language proficiency during visual word processing. This indicates that both skill development and age can play a role in brain activity seen across development.
Triethyltin exposure suppresses synaptic transmission in area CA1 of the rat hippocampal slice.

Abstract To examine the effects of TET on the electrophysiology of area CA1 of hippocampus, hippocampal slices were obtained from adult hooded rats and were maintained in vitro using standard techniques. Stimulating and recording electrodes were placed in the Schaffer collaterals and CA1 pyramidal cell body layer, respectively. Following baseline measurements, slices were exposed to either 0, 1, 3, 6, or 10 μM TET in the incubating medium. Both pyramidal cell excitability and recurrent/feedforward inhibition were suppressed in a dose-dependent manner within 3 hr postexposure. The evoked population spike and population excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) were suppressed significantly by 2 hr postexposure for 1 and 3 μM TET exposures, and by 45 min postexposure for 6 and 10 μM exposures. A similar dose-dependency was observed for the suppression of recurrent/feedforward inhibition in hippocampal CA1. A second procedure tested the specificity of TET effects to axonal conduction of Schaffer collaterals. Both the stimulating and recording electrode were placed in the Schaffer collaterals so that both the Schaffer collateral population fiber volley and the CA1 pyramidal cell population EPSP could be recorded. TET exposure suppressed pyramidal cell EPSPs without significantly affecting the amplitude of Schaffer collateral fiber volleys. The results support the view that acute TET exposure suppresses synaptic transmission in area CA1 of hippocampus.
Algebraic multigrid techniques for discontinuous Galerkin methods with varying polynomial order

We present a parallel algebraic multigrid (AMG) algorithm for the implicit solution of the Darcy problem discretized by the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method that scales optimally for regular and irregular meshes. The main idea centers on recasting the preconditioning problem so that existing AMG solvers for nodal lower order finite elements can be leveraged. This is accomplished by a transformation operator which maps the solution from a Lagrange basis representation to a Legendre basis representation. While this mapping function must be user supplied, we demonstrate how easily it can be constructed for somepopular finite element representations includingquadrilateral/hexahedral and triangular/tetrahedral DG formulations. Furthermore, we show that the mapping does not depend on the Jacobian transformation between reference and physical space and so it can be constructed with very limited mesh information. Parallel performance studies demonstrate the versatility of this approach.
The effects of right-to-work legislation on union outcomes: Additional evidence

The authors reexamine the role of open shop legislation in affecting union outcomes. New indices of union success are employed which include election voting behavior, the size of newly certified units, and the rate of union decertification. Three competing hypotheses are empirically tested: (1) the free rider argument predicting lower membership levels in right-to-work (RTW) areas; (2) the saturationist hypothesis predicting a higher level of organizing activity in RTW areas as a result of large concentrations of unorganized workers; and, (3) the hypothesis that legislation is vitiated by distinct organizing behaviors in RTW and nonRTW areas. Empirical results, based on SMSA data from 35 states, tend to provide support for hypotheses (2) and (3). Recently, RTW areas have experienced more prounion outcomes, and the union returns to regional attributes (measured by Chow tests) are found to be distinct in the two areas.
Second derivatives of circle packings and conformal mappings

William Thurston conjectured that the Riemann mapping functionf from a simply connected region Ω onto the unit disk $$\mathbb{D}$$ can be approximated as follows. Almost fill Ω with circles of radius ź packed in the regular hexagonal pattern. There is a combinatorially isomorphic packing of circles in $$\mathbb{D}$$ . The correspondencefź of ź-circles in Ω with circles of varying radii in $$\mathbb{D}$$ should converge tof after suitable normalization. This was proved in [RS], and in [H] an estimate was obtained which led to an approximation of |fź| in terms offź; namely, |fź| is the limit of the ratio of the radii of a target circle offź to its source circle. In the present paper we show how to approximatefź andfź in terms offź. Explicit rates for the convergence tof, fź, andfź are obtained. In the special case of convergence to |fź|, the estimate in this paper improves the previously known estimate.
Enhanced coupling of terahertz radiation to cylindrical wire waveguides

Wire waveguides have recently been shown to be valuable for transporting pulsed terahertz radiation. This technique relies on the use of a scattering mechanism for input coupling. A radially polarized surface wave is excited when a linearly polarized terahertz pulse is focused on the gap between the wire waveguide and another metal structure. We calculate the input coupling efficiency using a simulation based on the Finite Element Method (FEM). Additional FEM results indicate that enhanced coupling efficiency can be achieved through the use of a radially symmetric photoconductive antenna. Experimental results confirm that such an antenna can generate terahertz radiation which couples to the radial waveguide mode with greatly improved efficiency.
Equilibrium models displaying endogenous fluctuations and chaos

Abstract This paper surveys current developments in dynamic general equilibrium theory concerned with conditions under which endogenous fluctuations are possible. Existing contributions are divided into two classes: the larger one consists of models with a unique perfect-foresight equilibrium, while the second includes models where equilibrium is indeterminate and the set of equilibria involving endogenous fluctuations includes ‘sunspots equilibria’. While the two classes of models involve oscillations of different natures and with different policy implications, we show that both are consistent with optimizing behavior and competitive equilibrium.
Competitive Benzene C−H Bond Activation versus Olefin Insertion in a (Monomethyl)palladium(II) β-Diketiminate Complex

The monomethylpalladium(II) complex (COD)Pd(CH_3)Cl (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) is found to undergo both benzene C−H activation and migratory insertion of olefin, with the former faster than the latter, at room temperature in the presence of an anionic β-diketiminate ligand, to yield η^3-(6-R-cyclooctenyl)palladium(II) β-diketiminate (R = methyl or phenyl). The reaction is proposed to take place via the formation of a (monomethyl)palladium(II) β-diketiminate with COD as the fourth ligand, followed by competitive benzene C−H activation and migratory insertion of olefin. The proposed mechanism is supported by density functional theory calculations upon a simplified model system.
Some Pb and Sr isotopic measurements on eclogites from the Roberts Victor mine, South Africa

Five nodules of eclogite, one nodule of garnet peridotite, and one sample of kimberlite from the Roberts Victor Mine in the Orange Free State were analyzed for concentrations of U, Th, Pb, Rb, and Sr, and also isotopic compositions of Pb and Sr. Results are presented and analyzed. They indicate that the Roberts Victor eclogites have been contaminated by lead from the host rock of kimberlite. This finding suggests that stepwise extraction of lead may be a means of obtaining the isotopic composition of the primary lead in kimberlitic eclogites.
Artificial intelligence in structural engineering

Abstract This paper addresses application of artificial intelligence in the field of structural engineering. Existing experimental knowledge-based expert systems in the area of structures are surveyed and reviewed. Applicable artificial intelligence tools and techniques are discussed briefly.
Electrochemical reduction of Cr(VI) in the decontamination process ELDECON

Abstract One of ABB Atom's methods, ELDECON, is an electrochemical process for decontamination of components used in nuclear power plants. ELDECON removes radioactive species while producing small amounts of waste. However, the waste sludge that is produced in the ELDECON process contains chrornate (Cr(VI)). According to the US Cod of Feguration, 40 CFR 261, if a process in any step creates chromate, the final waste has to be tested in a toxicity characteristic leachate procedure. In order to pass the test, the chromate has to be reduced to chromium (Cr(III)). Electrochemistry has proven to be a valuable tool. When incorporating indirect electrolysis into the ELDECON concept, the chromate ions are reduced. This is done by the use of an electrochemical cell (reactor bed). The method involves ferric nitrate as a reagent which, besides converting the chromate completely, also decreases the reaction time. The reaction time and the amount of solution treated in the cell have a close to linear relationship (i.e. the reaction time is proportional to the amount of solution). This makes the test cell feasible to scale up and use in the industry.
How to Improve Your Teaching Evaluations without Improving Your Teaching

The current increased interest in evaluating the teaching of college and university faculty has made course evaluations even more important to the careers of academic faculty. The most important use of teaching evaluations is to guide instructors in revising courses and altering teaching methods to become more effective educators. A second use is becoming more frequent: comparing scores on teaching evaluations across faculty to make major personnel decisions, including hiring, firing, promotion, and tenure. The soundness of these decisions depends upon the validity of the evaluation instrument, and even the most reliable and consistent instrument can easily be compromised if administered inappropriately. Based on a review of the literature, I list 20 ways to compromise teaching evaluations and improve ratings without improving teaching.
RECENT CHANGES IN TRADE AND TRANSPORT IN WEST GREENLAND

West Greenland has long been dependent on the sea for its wealth, supplemented by a small production of coal for domestic use, and cryolite for export. While sea mammals such as seals, walrus and small whales were for long the mainstay of native hunters, changes in water temperatures in the past thirty years have brought cod into coastal waters and permitted contemporary economic expansion. Transport today is of far greater significance than formerly. The old subsistence economy supplemented by modest imports from Europe paid for by exports of seal and other oils, has given way to a modern trading economy with large imports of fuel, construction materials and a wide variety of consumer's goods. These are paid for, in part, by exports of dried, salt and frozen fish. The former small ocean-going vessels are no longer adequate, and modern passenger-cargo ships owned by the government trading company and an equal tonnage of chartered vessels are used. Modern coaster carry exports from outposts to the main harbours, which are themselves being modernized. Cryolite has been exported for almost a hundred years. That for North America is carried in chartered vessels which convey little or no cargo to Greenland. That destined for Copenhagen provides a return cargo for vessels carrying supplies to Greenland settlements. Apart from the commercial fishing by Greenlanders, there is a growing production from vessels from Norway, Denmark and the Faeroes, which are based on special Greenland harbours. These are serviced by large freighters bringing salt and other supplies and carrying away fish products. This trade is completely separate from that of Greenland proper, and it does not appear in published statistics. In recent years imports to Greenland settlements have amounted to about 50,000 tons per annum, made up approximately of coal 20%, salt 20%, and general cargo including oil fuel, 60%. Exports have been slightly larger, amounting to about 60,000 tons of which 80% by weight has been cryolite.
A family of strings with spin

Using an equivalence theorem, we discuss some stationary interiors for a string with spin density in a space with torsion. We show that there is a family of solutions characterized by the spin divergences and compare the solutions to string solutions in general relativistic spacetimes.
Some improvement in prescribing oral contraceptives as predicted by a computer simulation.

Abstract A simplified but representative model of the human menstrual cycle is reprogrammed in a new interactive simulation language, BIOMOD, and pulses representing various estrogen dominant oral contraceptives are added to the system. The system's response to these pulses gives a fair representation of the actual physiological response to oral contraceptives. New approaches are suggested for the generalized application of programable biological systems to problems of drug design and individualized drug prescription.
Acute ischaemic stroke outcomes following mechanical thrombectomy in the elderly versus their younger counterpart: a retrospective cohort study.

Objectives Many physicians debate the efficacy of mechanical thrombectomy for ischaemic stroke, but most agree that to establish potential benefit, patient selection must be examined further. People >80 years are a growing population of patients with ischaemic stroke but are largely excluded from clinical trials. The benefit of thrombectomy for them may be greatly reduced due to diminishing neuroplasticity and a larger number of medical comorbidities. To address this knowledge gap, we examined clinical and economic outcomes after mechanical thrombectomy in the ischaemic stroke population from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Our null hypotheses were that elderly patients (>80 years) would have a similar rate of inpatient mortality in comparison to their younger counterparts and incur a similar economic expense. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting A 20% stratified sample of US community hospitals within the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Participants All patients from 2008 to 2010 with a primary diagnosis of ischaemic stroke that received mechanical thrombectomy were included. Primary and secondary outcome measures The primary outcome was inpatient mortality. Secondary outcomes included hospital charges and length of stay. Results Less than 1% of all ischaemic stroke cases (9300) were treated with mechanical thrombectomy. Of these, 18% involved patients over 80 years of age. The odds of inpatient mortality in elderly patients treated with mechanical thrombectomy were approximately twice that of their younger counterparts (OR1.993, p Conclusions The odds of inpatient mortality after mechanical thrombectomy in patients over 80 years of age were twice that of their younger counterparts. This is consistent with the overall worse prognosis seen in the natural history of this age group. Studies to better identify patients that would benefit from endovascular mechanical thrombectomy may improve outcomes and reduce the gap currently observed in age stratifications.
705. A Practical Approach to siRNA-Based Treatment Design Using Bioluminescent Imaging and Mathematical Modeling

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules achieve sequence-specific gene silencing through a process known as RNA interference (RNAi). Compared to other nucleic acid-based therapeutics aimed at post-transcriptional gene silencing, such as antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, siRNA molecules achieve greater magnitude and duration of gene silencing at significantly lower doses. While the duration of gene knockdown by siRNA typically lasts around 1 week in rapidly dividing cells, recent reports of knockdown lasting for several weeks in nondividing cells indicate that dilution due to cell division may be a limiting factor in rapidly dividing cells. To determine if cell division directly impacts the duration of gene knockdown by siRNA, we chose to investigate the kinetics of siRNA-mediated gene silencing in luciferase-expressing cell lines with different observed doubling times using noninvasive bioluminescent imaging and a mathematical model of siRNA delivery and function. In vitro and in vivo, the duration of gene knockdown is inversely proportional to the rate of cell division. Consistent with previous reports, luciferase protein levels recover to pre-treatment values within less than 1 week in rapidly dividing cell lines, but take longer than 3 weeks to return to steady-state levels in nondividing fibroblasts. Similar results are observed in vivo, with knockdown lasting around 1 week in subcutaneous tumors in A/J mice and 3-4 weeks in the nondividing hepatocytes of BALB/c mice. These data indicate that dilution due to cell division, and not intracellular siRNA half-life, governs the duration of gene silencing under these conditions. Here, we will present our latest results describing the effects of cell doubling time, siRNA stability, and dosing schedule on siRNA- mediated gene silencing. Specifically, we will investigate whether the duration of knockdown using chemically modified siRNA molecules exhibits a similar dependence on cell doubling time. The implications of these findings will be highlighted using model calculations to determine the dosing schedule required to maintain persistent silencing of target proteins and to predict when maximum mRNA or protein knockdown will occur, an especially important factor when trying to observe a therapeutic effect resulting from protein knockdown. The approach of bioluminescent imaging combined with mathematical modeling provides insights into siRNA function that will hopefully be of practical use for both researchers and clinicians alike.
Corticosteroids, aurothioglucose and soybean trypsin inhibitor do not prevent pemphigus antibody-induced acantholysis in vitro.

SUMMARY Hydrocortisone, triamcinolone acetonide, aurothioglucose and soybean trypsin inhibitor were added to normal human skin explants cultured with IgG from pemphigus serum to determine if acantholysis could be prevented. At the therapeutic concentrations used none of these compounds prevented binding of the autoantibody to the epidermal target cells, and none prevented acantholysis. These experiments support the concepts that the pemphigus antibody alone is responsible for producing the acantholytic lesions of pemphigus, that the therapeutic effectiveness of steroids and gold salts is probably due to their ability to reduce serum autoantibody titres and that pemphigus acantholysis is probably not caused by a serine proteinase.
p120 catenin is a key effector of a Ras-PKCɛ oncogenic signaling axis

Within the family of protein kinase C (PKC) molecules, the novel isoform PRKCE (PKCɛ) acts as a bona fide oncogene in in vitro and in vivo models of tumorigenesis. Previous studies have reported expression of PKCɛ in breast, prostate and lung tumors above that of normal adjacent tissue. Data from the cancer genome atlas suggest increased copy number of PRKCE in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). We find that overexpression of PKCɛ in a non-tumorigenic breast epithelial cell line is sufficient to overcome contact inhibition and results in the formation of cellular foci. Correspondingly, inhibition of PKCɛ in a TNBC cell model results in growth defects in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) culture conditions and orthotopic xenografts. Using stable isotope labeling of amino acids in a cell culture phosphoproteomic approach, we find that CTNND1/p120ctn phosphorylation at serine 268 (P-S268) occurs in a strictly PKCɛ-dependent manner, and that loss of PKCɛ signaling in TNBC cells leads to reversal of mesenchymal morphology and signaling. In a model of Ras activation, inhibition of PKCɛ is sufficient to block mesenchymal cell morphology. Finally, treatment with a PKCɛ ATP mimetic inhibitor, PF-5263555, recapitulates genetic loss of function experiments impairing p120ctn phosphorylation as well as compromising TNBC cell growth in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate PKCɛ as a tractable therapeutic target for TNBC, where p120ctn phosphorylation may serve as a readout for monitoring patient response.
Derivativewise unramified infinite integral extensions

Let A be a normal noetherian domain with quotient field K and let B be a localization of the integral closure of A in an infinite algebraic fieid extension of K. Two obvious necessary conditions in order that B be noetherian are finite splitting and finite ramification of prime ideals of A in B. We consider various situations in which these conditions are also sufficient. As an important ingredient of this we give conditions for a prime ideal in B to be the extension of its contraction in A. When B is noetherian we investigate preservation from A to B of the property of being pseudogeometric. We do all this by introducing the concept of compositumwise unramifiedness and various related notions. We also present structure theorems for compositumwise unramified extensions in the local case. This local theory ensures finite splitting of all prime ideals by assuming it only for maximal ideals.
First-principles search for high-pressure phases of GaAsO 4

First-principles calculations are performed to examine the high-pressure behavior of the berlinite system ${\mathrm{GaAsO}}_{4}.$ Structural properties of six possible ${\mathrm{GaAsO}}_{4}$ phases, berlinite, ${\mathrm{VCrO}}_{4},$ rutile, ${\mathrm{AlNbO}}_{4},$ ${\mathrm{BiSbO}}_{4}$ and a monoclinic structure with space group ${P2}_{1}/m11,$ are investigated up to $25 \mathrm{GPa}.$ It is shown that between 1.4 and 2.3 GPa, a monoclinic ${\mathrm{AlNbO}}_{4}$-type structure is energetically favored, and beyond this range the favored structure is a rutile form. We also identify an unexpected metastable form of rutile structure (rutile-II) produced as a high-pressure modification of the ${\mathrm{VCrO}}_{4}$-type structure.
Back to basics and beyond: increasing the level of resistance to Septoria tritici blotch in wheat

Septoria tritici blotch (STB), caused by the ascomycete Mycosphaerella graminicola (anamorph: Septoria tritici), is one of the most ubiquitous and important diseases of wheat worldwide. Losses to STB can range from 30 to 50% in disease-conducive climates. Little progress was made in increasing the level of resistance to STB in wheat prior to 1990, due to a variety of factors, including slow growth of the pathogen in culture, long latent period of the disease, the need for specific environmental conditions for infection, and variability in symptom expression, which complicated the scoring of inoculated plants. To identify and map genes for resistance to STB in the wheat genome, to understand how they function in their interactions with the pathogen and, ultimately, to increase the level of resistance so that the disease can be managed without extensive use of fungicides, crosses between parents differing in response to STB were made or obtained from collaborators for the resistance genes Stb1, Stb2, Stb3, Stb4 and Stb8. Plants were grown and inoculated with one or more isolates of M. graminicola in a greenhouse. The five targeted resistance genes Stb1-Stb4 and Stb8 were mapped to wheat chromosomes 5BL, 3BS, 6DS, 4DS, and 7BL, respectively. All of the genes had at least one linked microsatellite locus, and two of them (Stb2 and Stb8) were mapped between flanking microsatellites. These experiments plus those in other laboratories worldwide have determined the map locations for 12 genes for resistance to STB in wheat during the past 7 years. Most of these genes have associated molecular markers that will be useful for future marker-assisted selection. These analyses were aided by accurate phenotypic analysis, which remains the most difficult part of the process. Technological approaches for improving phenotypic evaluation show promise, including measuring fungal biomass and estimating expression of host genes that are associated with disease resistance by real-time PCR, but they will work better when augmented with improved methods of plant inoculation. Although there is still a great need for more markers, additional mapped genes, and a better understanding of defence responses, recent results now provide the basis for rapid progress in increasing the level of resistance to STB in wheat.
Accuracy and Reproducibility of Absolute Quantification of Myocardial Focal Tracer Uptake from Molecularly Targeted SPECT/CT: A Canine Validation

Accurate and reproducible SPECT quantification of myocardial molecular processes remains a challenge because of the complication of heterogeneous background and extracardiac activity adjacent to the heart, which causes errors in the estimation of myocardial focal tracer uptake. Our aim in this study was to introduce a heuristic method for the correction of extracardiac activity into SPECT quantification and validate the modified quantification method for accuracy and reproducibility using a canine model. Methods: Dual-isotope–targeted 99mTc and 201Tl perfusion SPECT images were acquired using a hybrid SPECT/CT camera in 6 dogs at 2 wk after myocardial infarction. Images were reconstructed with and without CT-based attenuation correction, and the reconstructed SPECT images were filtered and quantified simultaneously with incorporation of extracardiac radioactivity correction, gaussian fitting, and total-count sampling. Absolute myocardial focal tracer uptake was quantified from SPECT images using 3 different normal limits (maximum entropy [ME], mean-squared-error minimization [MSEM], and global minimum [GM]). SPECT-quantified percentage injected dose (%ID) was calculated and compared with the well-counted radioactivity measured from the postmortem myocardial tissue. SPECT quantitative processing was performed by 2 different individuals with extensive experience in cardiac image processing, to assess reproducibility of the quantitative analysis. Results: Correlations between SPECT-quantified and well-counted %IDs using 3 different normal limits were excellent (ME: r = 0.82, y = 0.932x − 0.0102; MSEM: r = 0.73, y = 1.1413x − 0.0052; and GM: r = 0.7, y = 1.2147x − 0.0002). SPECT quantification using ME normal limits resulted in an underestimation of %ID, as compared with well-counted %ID. Myocardial focal tracer uptake quantified from SPECT images without CT-based attenuation correction was significantly lower than that with the attenuation correction. The %IDs quantified from attenuation-corrected SPECT images using MSEM and GM normal limits were not significantly different from well-counted %IDs. Reproducibility of the SPECT quantitative analysis was excellent (ME: r = 0.98, y = 0.9221x + 0.0001; MSEM: r = 0.97, y = 0.9357x + 0.0004; and GM: r = 0.96, y = 0.9026x + 0.001). Conclusion: Our SPECT/CT quantification algorithm for the assessment of regional radioactivity may allow for accurate and reproducible serial noninvasive evaluation of molecularly targeted tracers in the myocardium.
The role of competing mechanisms in the fatigue-life variability of a titanium and gamma-TiAl alloy

The variability in fatigue lives of an α+β titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo) and a γ-TiAl-based alloy in stress vs. life space resulted from superposition of variability associated with two separate mechanisms. The mean lives of the two mechanisms diverged with decreasing stress level, giving rise to the variability. A life-prediction methodology based on the variability in the worst-case mechanism is suggested. The potential for reducing uncertainty and increasing the utilization of the useful life as compared to more traditional approaches is discussed.
Davydov Splitting in the Optical Absorption Spectra of the Cr +3 2 E State in Some Rare-Earth Orthochromites

We report here the $R$-line optical absorption spectra of ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{+3}$ in the rare-earth orthochromites ErCr${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, HoCr${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, and YCr${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ as a function of an applied magnetic field. All three materials exhibit Davydov splittings. Their polarized spectra are found to be dissimilar. It is shown that these differences arise from the different types of spin structures which these materials exhibit in their magnetically ordered phases, and that from the polarization characteristics the magnetic factor group may be determined. ErCr${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ is found to undergo a spin reorientation at 9 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}=0$ exciton problem is solved for the different spin structures and the transfer-of-energy matrix elements responsible for the Davydov splittings are determined. They are 5 to 100 times smaller than those of the corresponding excited state of ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{+3}$ in ${\mathrm{Cr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. The differences are shown to arise from a combination of the different crystal structures of the two materials and the spin selection rules on the transfer-of-energy matrix elements.
Dynamic Structural Analysis of the Model 9979 Type AF Shipping Packaging

This paper presents the dynamic structural analysis results of Model 9979 Type AF packaging under hypothetical accident conditions. The submitted compliance documentation, Safety Analysis Report for Packaging Model 9979, with the regulatory requirements in 10 CFR 71.73 was based on testing five full-scale prototype units by the Savannah River National Laboratory. According to the test results under accident conditions, the 55-gallon outer drum maintained structural integrity and retained the inner 30-gallon drum, while the 30-gallon drum maintained its confinement of the contents. However, we identified several structural-related issues during our technical evaluation of the report — specifically, whether the structural tests were performed under the worst conditions and/or in the worst test sequence that would yield the most cumulative damage to the packaging. These structural-related issues were evaluated using the finite-element code ABAQUS. The dynamic structural analysis results show that a packaging with the full payload would indeed experience more damage during the drop test than a packaging without the payload. The analysis results also indicate that a corner drop of a fully loaded packaging, followed by a corner crush test, is the worst test sequence and results in highly localized plastic deformation of the 55-gallon outer drum, but no loss of its structural integrity. Both the test results and the dynamic structural analysis results demonstrated that the structural design and performance of the 9979 packaging are acceptable.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Olefin insertion and CH activation reactions of organolanthanides

Abstract Three general reaction pathways of organolanthanides will be discussed, illustrated by chemistry of the complex M(η 5 -C 5 Me 5 ) 2 R (M = Lu, Yb, Y; R = H, CH 3 ). There are: 1. olefin insertion into the MC or MH bonds, 2. β-alkyl elimination - the reverse of olefin insertion into the MC bonds - and 3. CH activation reactions. In particular, the results of a mechanistic study of the exchange reaction of Lu(η 5 -C 5 Me 5 ) 2 CH 3 with methane, 13 C, will be presented.
Restricting State Part C Eligibility Policy is Associated with Lower Early Intervention Utilization

To examine if state differences in early intervention (EI) utilization can be explained by recent restrictions on EI state eligibility policy. The sample (n = 923), derived from the 2009/10 National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs, included CSHCN who were ages 0-3 with a developmental delay or disability that affected their function. Multi-level logistic modeling was used to describe state differences in EI utilization and to determine if narrower state eligibility policy explained these differences. EI utilization ranged from 6 to 87 % across states. Having a severe condition (β = 0.99, SE = 0.28) and a usual source of care (β = 0.01, SE = 0.001) was associated with higher odds of utilizing EI. Compared to a diagnosed disability, having a developmental delay (β = -0.61, SE = 0.20) was associated with lower odds of utilizing EI. Living in a state with narrow and narrower state eligibility policy (β = -0.18, SE = 0.06) was significantly associated with lower odds of EI utilization, and this effect was strongest for children with the most severe functional impairments. Significant state variation in EI rates exists that can be explained, in part, by the restrictiveness of state eligibility criteria. Children with the most severe functional impairments appear to be least likely to utilize EI in states with the most restrictive eligibility policies.
Empirical realization of a critical point description in atomic nuclei.

It is shown that ${}^{152}\mathrm{Sm}$ and other $N\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}90$ isotones are the first empirical manifestation of the newly predicted analytic description of nuclei at the critical point of a vibrator to axial rotor phase transition.
Progressivism for the Pacific world: Urban social policymaking in modern Osaka

Abstract This essay explores the roots of modern urban social policymaking in Osaka. It rejects the conventional historical narrative, which characterizes these new policies as a simple response to the Rice Riots of 1918, contending by contrast that the city’s pioneering policies were part and parcel of a preexisting scheme to promote urban social progress. In recognition of the social problems that plagued the working classes of Osaka, whose numbers expanded exponentially in the early 20th century, Mayor Ikegami Shiro took the unprecedented position that social relief (treatment) should be superseded by social policy (prevention). Ikegami’s right hand man was a scholar-official named Seki Hajime, whose intellectual and ideological affiliation with the transnational movement of Social Progressivism identified him as a true believer in the power of social “principle” to inform social “practice” in the cause of positive change. Appointed Deputy Mayor of Osaka in 1914, Seki was placed in charge of the newly-formed Urban Reform Research Association. In the interest of harmonizing the city’s goals of economic development and social stability, Seki set his sights on the creation of new urban facilities—and, more specifically, social services. By 1920, the City of Osaka had created a new Social Department that erected lunch stands, employment offices, public housing projects, nursery schools, medical clinics, public baths, counseling centers, barbershops, lodging houses, youth centers, maternity hospitals, and public markets across the city. By 1929, the city counted 135 different facilities that established Osaka as a paragon of urban progressivism.
Analysis of Consistencies of Kaolin-Water Systems Below the Plastic Range1

Consistency curves and characteristics of Newtonian, pseudoplastic, Bingham body, thixo-tropic and dilatant types of flow are reviewed. The theoretical effects of particle shape on effective hydrodynamic volume and shear resistance for ideal suspensions are considered. The rheological properties of hydrogen and sodium mono base-exchanged kaolinite clays were determined, using a rotational viscometer, on slips containing up to 50 g solids per 100 g slurry. Changes in rheological properties were also evaluated as a hydrogen slip containing 20 g solids per 100 g slurry was converted into the sodium form. The discussion includes the effect of differences in charges and charge distribution on the sodium and hydrogen particles and the resulting effects on particle orientation and flocculation. Correction factors for dissociation and particle interference have allowed the use of Einstein’s equation for the viscosity of a suspension up to concentrations of about 40 percent solids for the hydrogen kaolinite system, and about 50 percent solids for the sodium kaolinite system.
Behavioral Health Homes: An opportunity to address healthcare inequities in people with serious mental illness

People with serious mental illness (SMI) face striking reductions in lifespan versus the general population, in part due to the inadequacy of healthcare systems in meeting the substantial physical health needs of this group. Integrated care, the strategic combination and coordination of behavioral health and primary care services, has been proposed as a potential healthcare service delivery solution to address these care gaps. Inspired by the primary care Patient-Centered Medical Home concept, Behavioral Health Homes bring primary care services into the community mental health center in various ways. In this paper the authors review the literature describing Behavioral Health Home interventions and highlight an integration project that provides co-located and coordinated primary care and wellness services in a community mental health center. Such approaches hold great promise for improving the health and healthcare of people with SMI.
Lynching, Crime, and the Law in Postbellum America

Bruce E. Baker, This Mob Will Surely Take My Life: Lynchings in the Carolinas, 1871–1947. New York, NY: Continuum Books, 2008. John D. Bessler, Legacy Violence: Lynch Mobs and Executions in Minneso...
The Rockefeller Foundation and spectroscopy research: the programs at Chicago and Utrecht.

The introduction of new experimental or analytical tools into programs of scientific research can be the spur for advancing and deepening scientific understanding. In the life sciences, for example, the use of the microscope to examine cells from organisms that previously had been studied only by genetic crossing allowed changes in chromosomal organization to be correlated with the inheritance of specific physical features, thereby stimulating the elaboration of new theories of evolutionary change. Similarly, the use of chemical and physical manipulations on embryos whose developmental changes had been meticulously followed only with microscopic techniques permitted new types of insights into embryological changes and opened up new categories of questions about the regulation of differentiation and development. Decisions to employ new techniques and strike out in novel and uncertain directions have generally been individual ones made by single investigators in response to their own perceived research needs. In the mid-1930s the Natural Sciences division of the Rockefeller Foundation, under the direction of Warren Weaver, began a major initiative to improve research in the biological sciences by bringing the tools of the physical sciences into biological investigations.' At that time, the Rockefeller Foundation had made sup-
Flutter in magnetic recording of data

Among the sources of error in magnetic tape recording, one of the more important is the distortion of the reproduced time scale generally described by the term "flutter." Flutter is defined as the deviation in reproduced frequency from the original recorded frequency, which results from nonuniform speed of the recording medium during recording and reproduction. The present paper provides a qualitative and quantitative discussion of flutter including: 1) Causes-eccentricities, resonances, frictional variations. 2) Effects-FM noise, AM' noise, time displacement error. 3) Measurements-methods, units and relations between them. 4) Compensation-methods and limitations. The object of the paper is to collect the essential characteristics of flutter in a way that will be of value to users of magnetic tape recording equipment.
Automatic Skin Pixel Selection and Skin Color Classification

We describe an automatic method for classifying skin color, independent of lighting and imaging device characteristics, using consumer digital cameras and a simple color calibration target. After color normalization and face detection is performed as described in Harville et al. [1], pixels of each face image are clustered in an unsupervised fashion. Pixels likely to be representative of skin color, rather than of distractors such as shadows, specularities, eyes, and lips, are identified by selecting the dominant clusters that have large number of pixels assigned per volume. A Gauss mixture model (GMM) of a person's skin color is formed from the pixels belonging to the selected clusters. When a set of exemplar images with skin color labels by an expert, we show that the label assigned by the same expert to a new, test face image can be predicted by comparison of the GMMs of the test image and the exemplars. Specifically, we use the label of the exemplar whose GMM has smallest KL divergence from that of the test image.
Attributional Consistency in CAI Tutorials

This article introduces the concept of attributional consistency in CAI tutorials. Attributional consistency insures that the major elements of a tutorial (e.g., presentation, interaction and correction/feedback screens) correspond with the performance attribute specified in the objective (e.g., discriminate, describe, demonstrate, and depict graphically). Guidelines for establishing attributional consistency for teacher-made tutorials are presented.
Effects of drugs on human blood platelet and plasma amine oxidase activity in vitro and in vivo.

Abstract A method employing radioactive substrates has permitted sensitive assay of monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in blood platelets and plasma. Kinetic studies indicate that while platelet and plasma MAO are distinct from that of liver mitochondria, the platelet and liver enzymes are quite similar, particularly in the characteristics of their response to inhibitors. Administration of six different MAO inhibitors including furazolidone to human subjects resulted in marked inhibition of platelet MAO, accompanied by expected changes in urinary tryptamine excretion. Effects of these drugs on plasma MAO were variable; an additional drug, isoniazid, in therapeutic dose was found to inhibit markedly plasma, but not platelet, MAO. Use of platelet MAO assay in the direct assessment of the MAO-inhibitory potency of drugs in man is suggested.
Computer programs for ESR spectral analysis.

Abstract A computerized on-line system utilizing time-sharing services for the signal analysis and display of the electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra of organic free radicals is described. The system provides a broad analysis capacity for arithmetic and transfer operations on spectra; curve smoothing and filtering by a moving average function; differentiation and integration functions; the addition, subtraction, and inversion of spectra; and correction factor routines required to match spectral parameters. Data collection is performed by a minicomputer housed in the laboratory which transmits this data to a large time-sharing facility for further analysis. The resultant data may be displayed in either a digital or graphic format. Applications of the programs to determine free radical spin concentrations, to analyze spectra consisting of overlapping peaks, and to enhance low intensity signals are illustrated.