cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subjectivity in fair-value estimates, audit quality, and informativeness of other comprehensive income

Abstract This study empirically examines whether difference in audit quality is reflected in the pricing of other comprehensive income (OCI). Specifically, we first investigate whether OCI measures of Big 4 clients are more value-relevant than those of non-Big 4 clients. Considering different degrees of subjective management judgment involved in the OCI reporting process, we then explore whether the differential valuation effect of OCI between Big 4 and non-Big 4 clients is more pronounced for more subjective OCI components (e.g., minimum pension liability and foreign currency-translation adjustment) than a less subjective component (e.g., marketable securities adjustment). We predict that the aggregate OCI of a Big 4 client is more value-relevant than that of a non-Big 4 client. We also hypothesize that the differential valuation effect between Big 4 and non-Big 4 clients can be attributed to the amount of subjective assumption and judgment required in estimating OCI. Consistent with our predictions, we find that aggregate OCI audited by a Big 4 auditor has incremental information content over earnings, compared to OCI audited by a non-Big 4 auditor. More interestingly, our results also show that the differential valuation effect between Big 4 and non-Big 4 clients is stronger for OCI components of a more subjective nature. Our results are robust even after controlling for self-selection bias, the potential effect of the financial crisis, and other related effects.
Determining the last process to fail

A total failure occurs whenever all processes cooperatively executing a distributed task fail before the task completes. A frequent prerequisite for recovery from a total failure is identification of the last set (LAST) of processes to fail. Necessary and sufficient conditions are derived here for computing LAST from the local failure data of recovered processes. These conditions are then translated into procedures for deciding LAST membership, using either complete or incomplete failure data. The choice of failure data is itself dictated by two requirements: (1) it can be cheaply maintained, and (2) it must afford maximum fault-tolerance in the sense that the expected number of recoveries required for identifying LAST is minimized.
SiC thin film thermistor

Abstract A thermistor using an r.f.-sputtered SiC film has been developed as a temperature-sensing device. The resistance of the SiC film has a unique temperature dependence in that the constant B increases linearly with increasing temperature. Thus the following experimental equation representing the temperature dependence of the resistance R is obtained: R = AT −n exp ( m T ) where A , n and m are experimental constants and T is the absolute temperature. The temperature dependence of the resistance can be obtained with good reproducibility by controlling the substrate temperature and adding a small amount of nitrogen gas to the argon sputtering atmosphere. The thermistor has the advantage of being able to detect temperature with (1) high accuracy over a wide range, (2) rapid response by brazing a thermistor element to a metal housing and (3) good stability for long periods under severe conditions.
Wireless Nanosensor Network System

Many types of wireless modules are being developed to enhance wireless performance with low power consumption, compact size, high data rates, and wide range coverage. However trade-offs must be taken into consideration in order to satisfy all aspects of wireless performance. For example, in order to increase the data rate and wide range coverage, power consumption should be sacrificed. To overcome these drawbacks, the paper presents a wireless client module which offers low power consumption along with a wireless receiver module that has the strength to provide high data rates and wide range coverage. Adopting Zigbee protocol in the wireless client module, the power consumption performance is enhanced so that it plays a part of the mobile device. On the other hand, the wireless receiver module, as adopting Zigbee and Wi-Fi protocol, provides high data rate, wide range coverage, and easy connection to the existing Internet network so that it plays a part of the portable device. This module demonstrates monitoring of gait analysis. The results show that the sensing data being measured can be monitored in any remote place with access to the Internet network.
Generalized abelian S-duality and coset constructions

Abstract Electric-magnetic duality and higher dimensional analogs are obtained as symmetries in generalized coset constructions, similar to the axial-vector duality of two-dimensional coset models described by Rocek and Verlinde. We also study global aspects of duality between p-forms and (d — p — 2)-forms in d-manifolds. In particular, the modular duality anomaly is governed by the Euler character as in four and two dimensions. Duality transformations of Wilson line operator insertions are also considered.
Pinned bilayer Wigner crystals with pseudospin magnetism

We study a model of pinned bilayer Wigner crystals (WC) and focus on the effects of interlayer coherence (IC) on pinning. We consider both a pseudospin ferromagnetic WC (FMWC) with IC and a pseudospin antiferromagnetic WC (AFMWC) without IC. Our central finding is that a FMWC can be pinned more strongly due to the presence of IC. One specific mechanism is through the disorder induced interlayer tunneling, which effectively manifests as an extra pinning in a FMWC. We also construct a general ``effective disorder'' model and effective pinning Hamiltonian for the case of FMWC and AFMWC respectively. Under this framework, pinning in the presence of IC involves interlayer spatial correlation of disorder in addition to intralayer correlation, leading to enhanced pinning in the FMWC. The pinning mode frequency $({\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\mathrm{pk}})$ of a FMWC is found to decrease with the effective layer separation, whereas for an AFMWC the opposite behavior is expected. An abrupt drop of ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\mathrm{pk}}$ is predicted at a transition from a FMWC to AFMWC. Possible effects of in-plane magnetic fields and finite temperatures are addressed. Finally we discuss some other possible ramifications of the FMWC as an electronic supersolid-like phase.
ANTI-DE SITTER SPACE, THERMAL PHASE TRANSITION AND CONFINEMENT IN GAUGE THEORIES

The correspondence between supergravity (and string theory) on AdS space and boundary conformal field theory relates the thermodynamics of super-Yang–Mills theory in four dimensions to the thermodynamics of Schwarzschild black holes in anti-de Sitter space. In this description, quantum phenomena such as the spontaneous breaking of the center of the gauge group, magnetic confinement and the mass gap are coded in classical geometry. The correspondence makes it manifest that the entropy of a very large AdS Schwarzschild black hole must scale "holographically" with the volume of its horizon. By similar methods, one can also make a speculative proposal for the description of large N gauge theories in four dimensions without supersymmetry.
Controlling the shapes and assemblages of graphene

Carbon, a vital element in our daily lives, is still fascinating us at the nanoscale. In PNAS, Geng et al. (1) manage to synthesize ordered arrays of atom-thick hexagonal microplatelets consisting of sp2 hybridized carbon. Since the discovery of C60 (Buckminsterfullerene; an icosahedral carbon cage molecules with diameter of approximately 0.7 nm) (2), carbon nanoscience emerged, and it was witnessed that nanoscale carbon materials possessed different physicochemical properties compared with the well known bulk allotropes of carbon: graphite and diamond. During the past 20 y, other novel carbon materials have been synthesized and intensively studied: carbon nanotubes (3⇓–5) and graphene (6, 7). Graphene consists of an atom-thick sp2 hybridized carbon sheet, in which each carbon atom is bonded to three carbon atoms, thus forming a hexagonal framework with bond lengths of 1.42 A. This 2D hexagonal sheet has shown outstanding properties compared with other forms of carbon. Graphene exhibits a room-temperature quantum Hall effect (8), it is a semimetal, and it has an extremely high room temperature carrier mobility (at least two orders of magnitude greater than that of silicon) (9). Graphene could also exhibit extremely high thermal conductivity values ranging from (2.50 ± 0.44)×103 to (5.30 ± 0.48)×103 W/m⋅K (10, 11). From the mechanical standpoint, graphene is very robust and exhibits a Young modulus of approximately 1 TPa (12). It is noteworthy that the aforementioned properties of graphene systems strongly depend on, for example, the degree of crystallinity (e.g., domain size of crystalline domains and types/number of defects), edge morphology (atomically smooth edges or rough edges), and number of stacking layers (e.g., bilayer, trilayer). Individual graphene sheets were first isolated by using a repeated peeling “scotch-tape” method (6). However, alternative methods involving the thermal decomposition … [↵][1]1E-mail: mut11{at}psu.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Betatron motion with coupling of horizontal and vertical degrees of freedom

Presently, there are two most frequently used parameterezations of linear x−y coupled motion used in the accelerator physics. They are the Edwards-Teng and Mais-Ripken parameterizations. The article is devoted to an analysis of close relationship between the two representations, thus adding a clarity to their physical meaning. It also discusses the relationship between the eigen-vectors, the beta-functions, second order moments and the bilinear form representing the particle ellipsoid in the 4D phase space. Then, it consideres a further development of Mais-Ripken parameteresation where the particle motion is descrabed by 10 parameters: four beta-functions, four alpha-functions and two betatron phase advances. In comparison with Edwards-Teng parameterization the chosen parametrization has an advantage that it works equally well for analysis of coupled betatron motion in circular accelerators and in transfer lines. Considered relationship between second order moments, eigen-vectors and beta-functions can be useful in interpreting tracking results and experimental data. As an example, the developed formalizm is applied to the FNAL electron cooler and Derbenev's vertex-to-plane adapter.
Extremely Luminous Water Vapor Emission from a Type 2 Quasar at Redshift z = 0.66

A search for water masers in 47 Sloan Digital Sky Survey type 2 quasars using the Green Bank Telescope has yielded a detection at a redshift of z = 0.660. This maser is more than an order of magnitude higher in redshift than any previously known and, with a total isotropic luminosity of 23,000 L☉, also the most powerful. The presence and detectability of water masers in quasars at z ~ 0.3-0.8 may provide a better understanding of quasar molecular tori and disks, as well as fundamental quasar and galaxy properties such as black hole masses. Water masers at cosmologically interesting distances may also eventually provide, via direct distance determinations, a new cosmological observable for testing the reality and properties of dark energy, currently inferred primarily through Type 1a supernova measurements.
X-Ray Properties of the Gigahertz Peaked and Compact Steep Spectrum Sources

We present Chandra X-ray Observatory observations of gigahertz peaked-spectrum (GPS) and compact steep spectrum (CSS) radio sources. The Chandra sample contains 13 quasars and 3 galaxies, with measured 2-10 keV X-ray luminosities within 1042-1046 erg s−1. We detect all of the sources, five of which are observed in X-rays for the first time. We study the X-ray spectral properties of the sample. The measured absorption columns in the quasars are different from those in the galaxies in that the quasars show no absorption (with limits ~1021 cm−2), while the galaxies have large absorption columns (>1022 cm−2) consistent with previous findings. The median photon index of the sources with a high signal-to-noise ratio is Γ = 1.84 ± 0.24, which is larger than the typical index of radio-loud quasars. The arcsec resolution of the Chandra telescope allows us to investigate extended X-ray emission and to look for diffuse components and X-ray jets. We found X-ray jets in two quasars (PKS 1127–145 and B2 0738+32), and an X-ray cluster surrounding a CSS quasar (3C 186; z = 1.1). We detected a possible binary structure in galaxy 0941–080 and an extended diffuse emission in galaxy PKS B1345+125. We discuss our results in the context of X-ray emission processes and radio source evolution. We conclude that the X-ray emission in these sources is most likely unrelated to a relativistic jet, although the sources' radio loudness may suggest a high radiative efficiency for the jet power in these sources.
Staggered boards, accounting discretion and firm value

Motivated by agency theory, this study investigates how staggered boards influence accounting discretion. The results indicate that staggered boards do affect accounting discretion. In fact, the impact of staggered boards on accounting discretion is substantially larger (about seven times stronger) than the effect of all other corporate governance provisions combined. Firms with a staggered board exercise less income inflating accounting discretion. Further evidence reveals that accounting discretion has a benign effect on subsequent firm value. Yet, the presence of staggered boards reduces significantly the favourable effect of accounting discretion on subsequent firm performance. The evidence is robust to a large number of control variables including other governance provisions. The evidence is in line with the notion that staggered boards improve managers’ job security, reduce managerial myopia, and thus induce managers to exercise less short-term transitory accounting discretion.
Research on Sustainable Steelmaking

The international steel community is faced with the challenge of developing processes that will make steel production more sustainable in the future. Specifically, processes that produce less CO2 and less net waste materials and emissions and that consume less energy are required. This article outlines where energy consumption and CO2 emissions are high and can be reduced. Reductions can be achieved by incremental improvements to existing processes or by a “break-through innovative process”; both strategies are examined. Since most of the energy consumption and CO2 generation occur in ironmaking, research in this area is emphasized. Research on controlling the cohesive zone in the blast furnace, improving the final stages of reduction in direct reduction processes, the use of biomass, and other innovative processes for ironmaking are reviewed. In oxygen steelmaking, improved postcombustion (PC) to allow for more scrap melting is examined. Postcombustion and slag foaming in the electric arc furnace (EAF) in order to reduce energy is reviewed.
Measuring CP violating phases at a future linear collider

Abstract At a future Linear Collider one will be able to determine the masses of charginos and neutralinos and their pair production cross sections to high accuracies. We show how systematically including the cross sections in the analysis improves the measurement of the underlying mass parameters, including potential CP violating phases. In addition, we investigate how experimental statistical errors will affect the determination of these parameters. We present a first estimate on the lower limit of observable small phases and on the accuracy in determining large phases.
Settlement Bargaining and the Design of Damage Awards

An injurer undertakes precautions to reduce both the probability and the severity of an accident. The damages that the victim suffers are privately observed, and will be verified at a cost if the case is litigated. While finely tuned damage awards induce the injurer to take appropriate precautions ex ante, they increase the probability that the litigants will disagree about the case, and thereby aggravate the settlement process. Flat damage awards reduce the level of costly litigation, but lead to underinvestment in precautions. We show that when the litigation costs are small the optimal award is finely tuned to the actual damages, and when litigation costs are large the optimal award is a flat penalty. Applications to scheduled damages and workers' compensation are discussed.
The effects of myofascial trigger point injections are naloxone reversible

Ten patients with myofascial trigger point pain were entered into a double-blind cross-over study of the reversibility of myofascial trigger point injection (TPI) effects with naloxone versus placebo in order to test the hypothesis that the benefits of TPI are mediated, at least in part, through activation of an endogenous opioid system. Injection of trigger points with 0.25% bupivacaine decreased pain in all subjects and increased range of motion in subjects who, on initial assessment, demonstrated limitations of movement of the affected part(s). Allodynia and palpable bands preceding TPI when present also showed reduction after TPI. All improvements afforded by TPI were significantly reversed with intravenous naloxone (10 mg) compared to intravenous placebo. These results demonstrate a naloxone-reversible mechanism in TPI therapy. This suggests an endogenous opioid system as a mediator for the decreased pain and improved physical findings following injection of myofascial trigger points with local anesthetic.
Incentive design for Direct Load Control programs

We study the problem of optimal incentive design for voluntary participation of electricity customers in a Direct Load Scheduling (DLS) program, a new form of Direct Load Control (DLC) based on a three way communication protocol between customers, embedded controls in flexible appliances, and the central entity in charge of the program. Participation decisions are made in real-time on an event-based basis, with every customer that needs to use a flexible appliance considering whether to join the program given current incentives. Customers have different interpretations of the level of risk associated with committing to pass over the control over the consumption schedule of their devices to an operator, and these risk levels are only privately known. The operator maximizes his expected profit of operating the DLS program by posting the right participation incentives for different appliance types, in a publicly available and dynamically updated table. Customers are then faced with the dynamic decision making problem of whether to take the incentives and participate or not. We define an optimization framework to determine the profit-maximizing incentives for the operator. In doing so, we also investigate the utility that the operator expects to gain from recruiting different types of devices. These utilities also provide an upper-bound on the benefits that can be attained from any type of demand response program.
Asymmetric Reactions of 2-Methoxy-1,4-benzoquinones with Styrenyl Systems: Enantioselective Syntheses of 8-Aryl-3-methoxybicyclo[4.2.0]oct-3-en-2,5-diones, 7-Aryl-3-hydroxybicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-en-2,8-diones, 2-Aryl-6-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-ols, and Pterocarpans

Reactions of 2-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinones 2 and 3 with (E)-propenylbenzenes 1 promoted at −78 °C by Ti(IV)−TADDOLates prepared from diol-(+)-4 afford (1R,6R,7R,8R)-8-aryl-3-methoxy-7-methylbicyclo[4.2.0]oct-3-en-2,5-diones 5/8 or (1R,5R,6R,7R)-7-aryl-3-hydroxy-6-methylbicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-en-2,8-diones 7/10 in good yield and high ee. (2S,3S)-2-Aryl-6-methoxy-3-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-ols 6/9 are also found, but in slightly lower ee. Cyclobutanes 5/8 cleanly and efficiently rearrange to the dihydrobenzofurans 6/9 without loss of enantiomeric purity upon treatment with the Ti−TADDOLates at higher temperatures. Reactions of (Z)-propenylbenzene 17 and of indene with 2 and 3 give products in moderate enantiomeric purity. Products obtained from reactions of 1-anisylcycloalkenes with 2 differ significantly in yield and enantiomeric purity. In the latter reactions, the ee's of the cyclobutane products are consistently much higher than those of the dihydrobenzofuran products. More significantly, products of d...
GROUND STATE AND EXCITED STATES OF A CONFINED CONDENSED BOSE GAS

The Bogoliubov approximation is used to study the ground state and low-lying excited states of a dilute gas of N atomic bosons held in an isotropic harmonic potential characterized by frequency \ensuremath{\omega} and oscillator length ${\mathit{d}}_{0}$=\ensuremath{\surd}\ensuremath{\Elzxh}/m\ensuremath{\omega}. By assumption, the self-consistent condensate has a macroscopic occupation number ${\mathit{N}}_{0}$\ensuremath{\gg}1, with N-${\mathit{N}}_{0}$\ensuremath{\ll}${\mathit{N}}_{0}$. A linearized hydrodynamic description yields operator forms of the particle-conservation law and Bernoulli's theorem, expressed in terms of the small density fluctuation operator \ensuremath{\rho}^\ensuremath{'} and velocity potential operator \ensuremath{\Phi}^\ensuremath{'}, along with the condensate density ${\mathit{n}}_{0}$ and velocity ${\mathbf{v}}_{0}$. For positive scattering length a and large stationary condensate (${\mathit{N}}_{0}$\ensuremath{\gg}${\mathit{d}}_{0}$/a and ${\mathbf{v}}_{0}$=0), the spherical condensate has a well-defined radius ${\mathit{R}}_{0}$\ensuremath{\gg}${\mathit{d}}_{0}$, and the low-lying excited states are irrotational compressional waves localized near the surface. Approximate variational energies ${\mathit{E}}_{0\mathit{l}}$ of the lowest radial modes (n=0) for successive values of orbital angular momentum l form a rotational band given by ${\mathit{E}}_{0\mathit{l}}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}${\mathit{E}}_{00}$+1/2${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Elzxh}}}^{2}$l(l+1)/${\mathrm{mR}}_{0}^{2}$, with radial zero-point energy ${\mathit{E}}_{00}$\ensuremath{\propto}\ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega}(${\mathit{R}}_{0}$/${\mathit{d}}_{0}$${)}^{2/3}$=(${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Elzxh}}}^{2}$ m${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}^{4}$${\mathit{R}}_{0}^{2}$${)}^{1/3}$. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
A Simple System for Long-Term 3D Tracking of Quantum Dot Probes in Live Cells

The intracellular signaling function of G-protein coupled receptors and tyrosine kinase receptors is governed in part by their transport dynamics on the cell surface and within the cell cytosol. Fluorescent nanocrystal quantum dot (QD) probes are especially well suited for investigation of the spatial dynamics of these membrane receptor proteins, including their membrane diffusion, internalization, and intracellular transport. The bright and relatively photostable fluorescence of QDs have enabled dynamic tracking of single or discrete groups of receptors in live cells, but a major limitation in obtaining long-term information on receptor dynamics is that QD probes can only be observed for as long as they remain within the depth of field of the microscope. Because receptors often diffuse or are actively transported out of the focal imaging plane, measurements of QD trajectories are limited in time and z location.We have overcome this limitation by implementing a 3D tracking system to track receptors for extended durations. Our 3D tracking system is simple and flexible, requiring only an epifluorescence microscope, computer control of a piezo-driven stage and an EMCCD camera. We demonstrate 100-200 nm z-position accuracy over a 10 micron depth for 10s of minutes, with temporal resolution of 7.2s per (x,y,z) coordinate. These capabilities allow measurement of QD probe positions over whole cells for durations relevant to the long-term signaling dynamics of membrane protein receptors. We will present the application of this system to measuring the spatial dynamics of QD-membrane receptor probes for long durations in live cells.
Market Regulation and Multimarket Rivalry

Multimarket contact between duopolists in an X and Y market is modelled with a trigger strategy. We show that mildly restrictive price-cap regulation in the X market decreases Y market quantities; but restrictive caps in the X market have a positive impact on Y market outputs. Behavior in laboratory markets confirms these propositions. Regulation that lowers X market prices by a small amount results in a statistically significant reduction in Y outputs. When the regulated X market price is reduced to the Cournot/Nash level, Y market outputs rise to a point statistically indistinguishable from the unregulated quantities.
Direct extragalactic distance determination using X-ray scattering

We examine the feasibility of using dust-scattered X-rays for direct determination of distances to nearby galaxies with bright background AGNs, QSOs, or GRBs. We show how the Chandra X-Ray Observatory could be used to determine the distance to M31 to an unprecedented absolute accuracy of ~1%.
Line-driven Ablation and Wind Tilting by External Irradiation

The directional variation of the velocity gradient in a supersonic, radiatively accelerated flow gives an effectively anisotropic character to the line-scattering process. This leads to surprising consequences in source geometries that are more complex than isolated nonrotating stars. In this paper we explore the wind dynamics from a planar slab atmosphere that is irradiated by an external oblique source, within the framework of standard Castor, Abbott, & Klein (CAK) wind theory. We show that the presence of externally incident radiation can be surprisingly effective at tilting the flow away from the vertical. Even more surprising is our conclusion that such illumination should often enhance the mass loss and can even induce outflow from a surface with no intrinsic radiation source. We examine the physical causes of such "line-driven ablation" and discuss the potential implications for modeling line-driven flows in massive-star binary and accretion-disk systems.
Constraints on the Low-Energy Cutoff in the Electron Distribution of the PKS 0637-752 Jet

We reanalyze the Chandra ACIS spectrum of the kpc-scale jet in PKS 0637-752 to investigate the possible low-energy cutoff in the relativistic electron spectrum producing the nonthermal radiation in the scenario of inverse Compton (IC) emission off the cosmic microwave background. This was among the first objects targeted by the Chandra Observatory and gives a unique opportunity to study the low-energy X-ray emission free of detector contamination. As previously reported in the literature, the spectrum can be fit by a power law, with the slope predicted by the radio spectrum, modified by low energy absorption through the Galaxy as determined from the spectrum of the quasar core and by HI 21 cm observations. We obtain a marginally better fit with a model of IC emission produced by an electron population that exhibits a cutoff at γmin δ10 between about 50 and 80 (assuming Γ = δ). This range for γmin is higher than has previously been assumed in broadband spectral fits to the jet emission. The observed optical flux can be used to place a lower limit on γmin; the constraint is not very strong, but does suggest that γmin must be higher than 1 to avoid overproducing the optical emission. We investigate the effect of uncertainties in the column density for galactic absorption as well as the calibration of Chandra for these early observations. Finally, we discuss the implication of these limits on the jet luminosity in this source.
Gold(I)-catalyzed enantioselective intramolecular hydroamination of allenes with ureas

Enantioselective intramolecular hydroamination of N-allenyl ureas catalyzed by an enantiomerically enriched bis(gold) phosphine complex forms pyrrolidine derivatives in good yield with up to 93% ee.
Spitzer Observations of Gamma-Ray Burst Host Galaxies: A Unique Window into High-Redshift Chemical Evolution and Star Formation

We present deep 3.6 μm observations of three z ~ 5 GRB host galaxies with the Spitzer Space Telescope. The host of GRB 060510B, at z = 4.942, is detected with a flux density of 0.23 ± 0.04 μJy, corresponding to a rest-frame V-band luminosity of 1.3 × 10^(10) L_☉, or ≈0.15 L_(*,V,z=3). We do not detect the hosts of GRBs 060223A and 060522 and constrain their rest-frame V-band luminosity to <0.1 L_(*,V,z=3). Our observations reveal that z ~ 5 GRB host galaxies are a factor of ~3 less luminous than the median luminosity of spectroscopically confirmed z ~ 5 galaxies in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey and the Hubble Ultra Deep Field. The strong connection between GRBs and massive star formation implies that not all star-forming galaxies at these redshifts are currently being accounted for in deep surveys and GRBs provide a unique way to measure the contribution to the star formation rate density from galaxies at the faint end of the galaxy luminosity function. By correlating the comoving star formation rate density with comoving GRB rates at lower redshifts, we estimate a lower limit to the star formation rate density of 0.12 ± 0.09 and 0.09 ± 0.05 M_☉ yr(-1) Mpc^(-3) at z ~ 4.5 and z ~ 6, respectively. This is in excellent agreement with extinction-corrected estimates from Lyman break galaxy samples. Finally, our observations provide initial evidence that the metallicity of star-forming galaxies evolves more slowly than the stellar mass density between z ~ 5 and z ~ 0, probably indicative of the loss of a significant fraction of metals to the intergalactic medium, especially in low-mass galaxies.
Milk precipitins, circulating immune complexes, and IgA deficiency.

It has been known for some years that the gastrointestinal tract of the newborn is permeable to macromolecules, and that undigested food antigens such as cow’s milk can enter the circulation and stimulate the production of antibodies (1–3). Many normal infants up to the age of 3 months develop precipitating antibodies after the introduction of cow’s milk into the diet but these antibodies disappear with age and are ultimately found in only 1–2% of the general population (3,4). However, in one immunodeficiency disease, selective IgA deficiency, milk precipitins are commonly found in all age groups (4).
Solid-State Kinetic Models: Basics and Mathematical Fundamentals

Many solid-state kinetic models have been developed in the past century. Some models were based on mechanistic grounds while others lacked theoretical justification and some were theoretically incorrect. Models currently used in solid-state kinetic studies are classified according to their mechanistic basis as nucleation, geometrical contraction, diffusion, and reaction order. This work summarizes commonly employed models and presents their mathematical development.
Optimal Semi-Active Suspension with Preview Based on a Quarter Car Model

This paper deals with the synthesis of an optimal yet practical finite preview controller for a semi-active dissipative suspension system based on a two - degree - of - freedom (2-DOF) vehicle model. The proposed controller utilises knowledge about approaching road disturbances obtained from preview sensors to minimise the effect of these disturbances. A truly optimal control law, which minimises a quadratic performance index under passivity constraints, is derived using a variational approach. The optimal closed loop system becomes piecewise linear varying between two passive systems and a fully active one. It is shown that the steady state system response to a periodic input is also periodic and its amplitude is proportional to the amplitude of the input. Therefore, frequency domain characteristics in a classical sense can be generated. The problem formulation and the analytical solution are given in a general form and hence they apply to any bilinear system with system disturbances that are a priori unknown but some preview information is possible. The results of this analysis are applied to a quarter car model with semi-active suspension whose frequency domain and time domain performances are evaluated and compared to those of fully active and passive models. The effect of preview time on the system performance is also examined.
Compton Scattering in Static and Moving Media. II. System-Frame Solutions for Spherically Symmetric Flows

I study the formation of Comptonization spectra in spherically symmetric, fast-moving media in a flat spacetime. I analyze the mathematical character of the moments of the transfer equation in the system frame and describe a numerical method that provides fast solutions of the time-independent radiative transfer problem that are accurate in both the diffusion and free-streaming regimes. I show that even if the flows are mildly relativistic (V ~ 0.1, where V is the electron bulk velocity in units of the speed of light), terms that are second order in V alter the emerging spectrum both quantitatively and qualitatively. In particular, terms that are second order in V produce power-law spectral tails, which are the dominant feature at high energies, and therefore cannot be neglected. I further show that photons from a static source are upscattered by the bulk motion of the medium even if the velocity field does not converge. Finally, I discuss these results in the context of radial accretion onto and outflows from compact objects.
Modeling the Counts of Faint Radio-Loud Quasars: Constraints on the Supermassive Black Hole Population and Predictions for High Redshift

We use a physically motivated semianalytic model, based on the mass function of dark matter halos, to predict the number of radio-loud quasars as a function of redshift and luminosity. Simple models in which the central black hole (BH) mass scales with the velocity dispersion of its host halo as MBH ∝ σ have been previously found to be consistent with a number of observations, including the optical and X-ray quasar luminosity functions. We find that similar models, when augmented with an empirical prescription for radio emission, overpredict the number of faint (~10 μJy) radio sources by 1-2 orders of magnitude. This translates into a more stringent constraint on the low-mass end of the quasar BH mass function than is available from the Hubble and Chandra Deep Fields. We interpret this discrepancy as evidence that BHs with masses 107 M☉ either are rare or are not as radio-loud as their more massive counterparts. Models that exclude BHs with masses below 107 M☉ are in agreement with the deepest existing radio observations but still produce a significant tail of high-redshift objects. In the 1-10 GHz bands at the sensitivity of ~10 μJy, we find surface densities of ~100, ~10, and ~0.3 deg-2 for sources located at z > 6, 10, and 15, respectively. The discovery of these sources with instruments such as the Allen Telescope Array, Extended Very Large Array, and the Square Kilometer Array would open a new window for the study of supermassive BHs at high redshift. We also find surface densities of ~0.1 deg-2 at z > 6 for millijansky sources that can be used to study 21 cm absorption from the epoch of reionization. We suggest that, although they are not yet optically identified, the FIRST survey may have already detected ~103-104 such sources.
Data-driven prognosis: a multi-physics approach verified via balloon burst experiment

A multi-physics formulation for data-driven prognosis (DDP) is developed. Unlike traditional predictive strategies that require controlled offline measurements or 'training' for determination of constitutive parameters to derive the transitional statistics, the proposed DDP algorithm relies solely on in situ measurements. It uses a deterministic mechanics framework, but the stochastic nature of the solution arises naturally from the underlying assumptions regarding the order of the conservation potential as well as the number of dimensions involved. The proposed DDP scheme is capable of predicting onset of instabilities. Because the need for offline testing (or training) is obviated, it can be easily implemented for systems where such a priori testing is difficult or even impossible to conduct. The prognosis capability is demonstrated here via a balloon burst experiment where the instability is predicted using only online visual observations. The DDP scheme never failed to predict the incipient failure, and no false-positives were issued. The DDP algorithm is applicable to other types of datasets. Time horizons of DDP predictions can be adjusted by using memory over different time windows. Thus, a big dataset can be parsed in time to make a range of predictions over varying time horizons.
On the geometry of Sasakian-Einstein 5-manifolds

On simply connected five manifolds Sasakian-Einstein metrics coincide with Riemannian metrics admitting real Killing spinors which are of great interest as models of near horizon geometry for three-brane solutions in superstring theory [24]. We expand on the recent work of Demailly and Kollar [14] and Johnson and Kollar [20] who give methods for constructing Kahler-Einstein metrics on log del Pezzo surfaces. By a previous result of the first two authors [9], circle V-bundles over log del Pezzo surfaces with Kahler-Einstein metrics have Sasakian-Einstein metrics on the total space of the bundle. Here these simply connected 5-manifolds arise as links of isolated hypersurface singularities which by the well known work of Smale [36] together with [11] must be diffeomorphic to S5#l(S2×S3). More precisely, using methods from Mori theory in algebraic geometry we prove the existence of 14 inequivalent Sasakian-Einstein structures on S2×S3 and infinite families of such structures on #l(S2×S3) with 2≤l≤7. We also discuss the moduli problem for these Sasakian-Einstein structures.
New high yield syntheses of cyclams using the crab-like cyclization reaction

Abstract A new high yield method to synthesize cyclams containing one or two unsubstituted ring nitrogen atoms and with alkyl groups on the remaining ring nitrogen atoms is presented. The method consists of the ring closure reaction of a crab-like bis -α-chloroamide with a bis -secondary amine followed by reduction. The amide functions of the starting material act as protecting groups for the protons on the amide nitrogen atoms.
Cerebrovascular Assessment of the High-Risk Patient: The Role of Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound

With increased attention to the causes and effects of neurologic injury related to cardiopulmonary bypass anesthesia and surgery, multiple modality examination and monitoring of cerebral function and perfusion in the perioperative period may prove to be advantageous. Transcranial Doppler examination and monitoring is inexpensive, noninvasive, safe, provides unique information about the functional status of the intracranial circulation, and complements the duplex Doppler study of the extracranial carotid vessels of the neck for preoperative evaluation of the surgical patient. The transcranial Doppler examination permits quantitation of blood flow velocity of the intracranial vessels, evaluation of autoregulatory capacity and vasomotor reserve, determination of symmetry of flow velocity in the circle of Willis, assessment of collateral circulatory capacity, examination of vessels not accessible to the duplex Doppler and serves as a baseline for intraoperative monitoring and the postoperative examination. Noninvasive, unilateral or bilateral, continuous monitoring of brain blood flow velocity intraoperatively or postoperatively with trending, storage, and correlation with other physiologic variables provides evidence of cerebral perfusion, occurrence and rate of cerebral embolism, and continuous monitoring of therapeutic interventions. A review of the incidence of stroke and neuropsychologic deficit after bypass surgery is focused on parameters amenable to diagnosis using transcranial Doppler. Patient-specific risk factors for neurologic injury derived from previous studies are discussed as well as risk factors that are related to anesthetic and surgical management and equipment. A description of Doppler technology and the correlation of transcranial Doppler findings with angiography and radionucleotide scans establishes the accuracy of the Doppler examination. The preoperative examination, provocative tests of vasomotor reserve, the evaluation of cerebral collateral circulation, and examples of Doppler applications are discussed.
Model approximation for batch flow shop scheduling with fixed batch sizes

Batch flow shops model systems that process a variety of job types using a fixed infrastructure. This model has applications in several areas including chemical manufacturing, building construction, and assembly lines. Since the throughput of such systems depends, often strongly, on the sequence in which they produce various products, scheduling these systems becomes a problem with very practical consequences. Nevertheless, optimally scheduling these systems is NP-complete. This paper demonstrates that batch flow shops can be represented as a particular kind of heap model in the max-plus algebra. These models are shown to belong to a special class of linear systems that are globally stable over finite input sequences, indicating that information about past states is forgotten in finite time. This fact motivates a new solution method to the scheduling problem by optimally solving scheduling problems on finite-memory approximations of the original system. Error in solutions for these "t-step" approximations is bounded and monotonically improving with increasing model complexity, eventually becoming zero when the complexity of the approximation reaches the complexity of the original system.
Robustness analysis for battery-supported cyber-physical systems

This article establishes a novel analytical approach to quantify robustness of scheduling and battery management for battery supported cyber-physical systems. A dynamic schedulability test is introduced to determine whether tasks are schedulable within a finite time window. The test is used to measure robustness of a real-time scheduling algorithm by evaluating the strength of computing time perturbations that break schedulability at runtime. Robustness of battery management is quantified analytically by an adaptive threshold on the state of charge. The adaptive threshold significantly reduces the false alarm rate for battery management algorithms to decide when a battery needs to be replaced.
Caltech Faint Galaxy Redshift Survey. XIII. Spectral Energy Distributions for Galaxies in the Region of the Hubble Deep Field North

We introduce a new empirical function for modeling the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of galaxies. We apply it to a sample of 590 galaxies in the region of the Hubble Deep Field (HDF) with z < 1.5 using multicolor photometry with wide wavelength coverage combined with spectroscopic redshifts from our 93% complete R-selected redshift survey there. We find the following: As expected, galaxies with strong signs of recent star formation (i.e., those that show emission lines) have bluer continua in both the rest-frame ultraviolet and optical/near-infrared. The redder galaxies tend to be more luminous. Although galaxies with strong absorption lines and no emission features are ~15% of the total sample with 0.25 < z < 0.8, they are ~50% of the 25 most luminous galaxies in the sample at rest-frame R. The SEDs of actively star-forming galaxies become bluer in the mean in the rest-frame UV at higher redshifts, a trend that might arise from SED modeling errors. Aside from this, we discern no change with redshift in the relationship between SED characteristics and galaxy spectral type based on the strength of narrow emission and absorption features. Combining with similar work at higher and lower redshift, the bluest galaxies have indistinguishable SEDs in the rest-frame UV over the redshift regime of 0?3. There is no evidence in our R-selected sample that supports the existence of a substantial population of very dusty star-forming galaxies at z 1.5. Our ability to predict the mid-IR flux using the UV, optical, and near-IR SEDs is limited. The potential accuracy of photometric redshifts is evaluated, bearing in mind that a break at 4000 ? must be detectable to within the errors of the photometry to assign a photo-z for galaxies in this redshift regime. The rest-frame K-band luminosity as a function of redshift clearly shows a gradual change in the population of various types of galaxies, with star-forming galaxies becoming both more luminous and a larger fraction of the total population at higher redshifts. The overall pattern of the L(K)-z relationship suggests that passive evolution at constant stellar mass is a good approximation to the actual behavior of at least the most luminous galaxies in this large sample of galaxies in the region of the HDF out to z ~ 1.5.
Predicted Abundances of Carbon Compounds in Volcanic Gases on IO

We use chemical equilibrium calculations to model the speciation of carbon in volcanic gases on Io. The calculations cover wide temperature (500-2000 K), pressure (10-8 to 10+2 bars), and composition ranges (bulk O/S atomic ratios ~0 to 3), which overlap the nominal conditions at Pele (1760 K, 0.01 bars, O/S ~ 1.5). Bulk C/S atomic ratios ranging from 10-6 to 10-1 in volcanic gases are used with a nominal value of 10-3 based on upper limits from Voyager for carbon in the Loki plume on Io. Carbon monoxide and CO2 are the two major carbon gases under all conditions studied. Carbonyl sulfide and CS2 are orders of magnitude less abundant. Consideration of different loss processes (photolysis, condensation, kinetic reactions in the plume) indicates that photolysis is probably the major loss process for all gases. Both CO and CO2 should be observable in volcanic plumes and in Io's atmosphere at abundances of several hundred parts per million by volume for a bulk C/S ratio of 10-3.
Quenching of Carbon Monoxide and Methane in the Atmospheres of Cool Brown Dwarfs and Hot Jupiters

We explore quench kinetics in the atmospheres of substellar objects using updated timescale arguments, as suggested by a thermochemical kinetics and diffusion model that transitions from the thermochemical-equilibrium regime in the deep atmosphere to a quench-chemical regime at higher altitudes. More specifically, we examine CO quench chemistry on the T dwarf Gliese 229B and CH4 quench chemistry on the hot-Jupiter HD 189733b. We describe a method for correctly calculating reverse rate coefficients for chemical reactions, discuss the predominant pathways for interconversion as indicated by the model, and demonstrate that a simple timescale approach can be used to accurately describe the behavior of quenched species when updated reaction kinetics and mixing-length-scale assumptions are used. Proper treatment of quench kinetics has important implications for estimates of molecular abundances and/or vertical mixing rates in the atmospheres of substellar objects. Our model results indicate significantly higher Kzz values than previously estimated near the CO quench level on Gliese 229B, whereas current-model-data comparisons using CH4 permit a wide range of Kzz values on HD 189733b. We also use updated reaction kinetics to revise previous estimates of the Jovian water abundance, based upon the observed abundance and chemical behavior of carbon monoxide. The CO chemical/observational constraint, along with Galileo entry probe data, suggests a water abundance of approximately 0.51-2.6 × solar (for a solar value of H2O/H2 = 9.61 × 10–4) in Jupiter's troposphere, assuming vertical mixing from the deep atmosphere is the only source of tropospheric CO.
Generating surface crack patterns

We present a method for generating surface crack patterns that appear in materials such as mud, ceramic glaze, and glass. To model these phenomena, we build upon existing physically based methods. Our algorithm generates cracks from a stress field defined heuristically over a triangle discretization of the surface. The simulation produces cracks by evolving this field over time. The user can control the characteristics and appearance of the cracks using a set of simple parameters. By changing these parameters, we have generated examples similar to a variety of crack patterns found in the real world. We assess the realism of our results by comparison with photographs of real-world examples. Using a physically based approach also enables us to generate animations similar to time-lapse photography.