cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
X-ray Structure and Properties of the Ferrous Octaethylporphyrin Nitroxyl Complex

The preparation and characterization of the iron octaethylporphyrin nitroxyl ion, [Fe(OEP)(NO)−], is reported. The complex was synthesized by the one-electron reduction of Fe(OEP)(NO) using anthracenide as the reducing agent. The compound was isolated as the potassium (2.2.2)cryptand salt. The anion was characterized using X-ray analysis with visible and infrared spectroscopy. The spectral features of the iron nitroxyl complex were consistent with previous literature reports. The important structural changes upon reduction were a significant decrease in the Fe–N–O bond angle from 142° to 127° and an increase in the N–O bond length from that in the starting nitrosyl moiety. The porphyrin ring became significantly less planar upon reduction, but the displacement of the iron atom from the 24-atom plane was essentially unchanged. In spite of the attempt to encapsulate the potassium ion with the (2.2.2)cryptand, significant interaction between K+ and the oxygen of the nitroxyl were observed, indicating a conta...
Mistuned Bladed Disk Analysis with Unsteady Aerodynamics Using Turbo-REDUCE

In this paper, the effect of structural and aerodynamic coupling with mistuning on flutter and forced response is studied. A reduced order model (ROM) analysis procedure available in the turbo-REDUCE code is used for this purpose. The study validated the inclusion of the unsteady aerodynamic effects and the implementation of the ANSYS structural analysis into the turboREDUCE code. The calculations from turbo-REDUCE are compared with those obtained from the ASTROP2-LE code, an aeroelastic analysis code that was developed earlier for a rotor with a rigid disk. For the case studied, the effects of unsteady aerodynamic forces on flutter of the bladed disk were minimal. However, the response amplitudes increased about 60% for random mistuning and 9% for alternate mistuning due to mistuning.
Low dispositional mindfulness predicts self-medication of negative emotion with prescription opioids.

Objectives:Although evidence is mounting that opioids are abused to self-medicate negative emotions, little is known about the traits and factors linked to opioid self-medication. One potentially crucial psychological correlate is dispositional mindfulness. Thus, the purpose of this study was to des
Determining plasma and urinary corticosteroids. Normal values and clinical pitfalls.

Plasma samples are far easier to obtain than 24 hour urine collections, but measurements of corticosteroids in the urine sample are more useful. Among the many reasons is the marked diurnal variation of plasma levels. Other factors influence the accuracy of both plasma and urine tests, but a good urine test will suffice for most clinical purposes.
HUMAN TRANSFER FACTOR: EXOGENOUS LABELLING, PURIFICATION, AND ROLE OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID SEGMENT

Publisher Summary This chapter presents data on the structures of both human transfer factor (TF) moieties derived from dialysates of leukocyte extracts (DLE) and on the radioactive labeling and subsequent further purification of human TF–H7. It describes experiments in which human TF–H5 and TF–H7 are purified from crude DLE by Sephadex G-25 chromatography, phenol extraction, ethanol precipitation, HPLC, cellulose TLC, and boronate affinity chromatography. In some cases, cellulose TLC was substituted for high-pressure reverse phase liquid chromatography and phenol extraction followed by ethanol precipitation was substituted for Sephadex G-25 chromatography. Bovine TF–C5 was similarly purified from material released by immune lymph node cells. Poiyethyleneimine cellulose (PEI) TLC was performed using ascending homochromatography at room temperature without prior wetting of the surface with water. The chapter presents degradation experiments with tobacco acid pyrophosphatase. This enzyme degrades pyrophosphate linkages such as those found in ATP or eucaryotic mRNA. As it is known that TAP has difficulty cleaving some pyrophoshate linkages, enough TAP is used to cleave the 5' cap linkage from 3μg of mRNA even though the physical amounts of each TP were below microgram levels. TF–H7 can be radiolabelled with 125 I using the method of Prensky. This finding and the ability to study TF–H7 using PEI–TLC and acrylamide gel electrophoresis open up new frontiers for research on the structure of TF.
The Information System

An information system is a very complex and sophisticated communication system, but, unlike a telephone system, its major complexity lies not in the switching of lines among various users, but rather in the provision of file structures as a central medium of communication through which relatively complicated data processing takes place. Another difference is that in a telephone system, the several users approach and use the system in essentially the same mode of operation. That is, they are usually transmitters as well as receptors of information. Furthermore, processing of the information that they transmit or receive is usually considered to be a detractive or undesirable property of the communication system, if it in any way modifies the information per se, its meaning or content. The information system, on the other hand, generally has two different classes of users, each of which approaches the system in a different way and for a different purpose, although certain individuals may belong to both classes. Figure 1 presents the model of an information system, and these two classes of people are there labeled Generator and User. The medium of communication, as indicated within the ovals in the center of the diagram are the files. The Generators of information transmit to the files via depositions of various types that may generically be called Documents.
A Survey of Four Fluid Milk Processing Plants for Airborne Contamination Using Various Sampling Methods.

Air in four commercial fluid milk plants was sampled for microbiological and nonmicrobiological particles over a 4-month period. An Andersen two-stage and Ross-Microban sieve samplers, a Biotest RCS sampler, and a Met-one laser particle counter were used to sample air. Air was sampled two to three times per day in raw milk storage, processing, and filling areas. Viable particle counts per 100 L air obtained with the Andersen sampler were 2.03 ± 0.41 (log10 Mean ± SD), 2.26 ± 0.57, and 2.41 ± 0.70 in raw milk storage, processing, and filling areas, respectively. These levels were significantly (p<0.05) greater than those obtained using the RCS and Ross-Microban samplers. Overall correlations of the Ross-Microban and RCS samplers with the Andersen sampler were r2 = 0.71 and 0.62, respectively. Correlations between Andersen sampler results and number of total particles greater than 0.5 μm were r2 = 0.36 in raw milk storage, 0.15 in the processing area, and 0.18 in the filling area.
Superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic surface-enhanced separation performance of porous inorganic membranes for biomass-to-biofuel conversion applications

ABSTRACTA new class of porous membranes is introduced to provide unique separation mechanisms by surface interactions and capillary condensation. High-performance architectural surface selective (HiPAS) membranes were designed for high perm-selective flux and high-temperature tolerance for hot vapor processing and liquid processing. Due to surface-enhanced selectivity, larger-fluxes were achieved by utilizing larger pore sizes (~8 nm for vapor phase and micron-sized pores for liquid phase separations). This article describes a membrane-based separation concept for biomass conversion pathways and demonstrates the initial data for selective permeation of toluene–water and toluene–phenol–water relevant to biofuel processing.
Utilization and trends in surgical instrument use in pediatric adenotonsillectomy.

Abstract Objective Examine trends in surgical instrument usage for pediatric adenotonsillectomy. Methods An online survey asking questions about current and previous surgical instrument use was created by the authors and distributed to 517 members of the American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngology in October 2015. The survey was designed to assess trends in the use of surgical instruments in pediatric adenotonsillectomy by comparing the results of our 2015 survey to data from a previously published 2005 study. Results 133 surveys were returned. The most common instruments for total tonsillectomy in 2015 were monopolar electrocautery (57.0%) and coblation (22.7%). The most common subtotal tonsillectomy instruments in 2015 were microdebrider with monopolar electrocautery (41.3%) and coblation (37.0%). The most common adenoidectomy instruments in 2015 were monopolar electrocautery alone (41.3%), coblation (15.1%), and microdebrider with electrocautery (15.1%). Conclusion As compared to our 2005 study, our 2015 study demonstrates that the instrument choice for total tonsillectomy, sub-total tonsillectomy, and adenoidectomy have shifted away from cold techniques toward monopolar electrocautery and coblation.
Drug development: Locking down metabolism.

An allosteric inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis tryptophan synthase—an enzyme that is nonessential for in vitro growth—has potent antimicrobial activity, revealing a potentially expanded target list for antimicrobials and greater chemical space for new inhibitors.
Constructing a Knowledge Base Across Classroom Contexts: Pre-service Teachers Assess Language and Literacy in an Urban Head Start Program

The purpose of this chapter is to focus on a partnership between the Center for Family Services Head Start in Camden New Jersey and Rowan University Early Childhood majors. As a service to the preschool and to engage in real-life learning, candidates administered early-literacy assessments to 90 children enrolled at the Pine Street Head Start. The project provided candidates with authentic experiences, wherein they examined the range of literacy skills demonstrated by the children. The project goal was to provide external assessments to assist Head Start teachers in preparing preschoolers for the requirements of Common Core State Standards.
VHL and Hypoxia Signaling: Beyond HIF in Cancer

Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) is an important tumor suppressor that is lost in the majority of clear cell carcinoma of renal cancer (ccRCC). Its regulatory pathway involves the activity of E3 ligase, which targets hypoxia inducible factor α (including HIF1α and HIF2α) for proteasome degradation. In recent years, emerging literature suggests that VHL also possesses other HIF-independent functions. This review will focus on VHL-mediated signaling pathways involving the latest identified substrates/binding partners, including N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 3 (NDRG3), AKT, and G9a, etc., and their physiological roles in hypoxia signaling and cancer. We will also discuss the crosstalk between VHL and NF-κB signaling. Lastly, we will review the latest findings on targeting VHL signaling in cancer.
Cadmium and other heavy metals in sea-skaters

Exceptionally high concentrations of Cd (100 to 200 ppm dry weight) were found in samples of Halobates collected off Baja California. In contrast, no detectable Cd was found in Rheumatobates collected from mangrove lagoons in the Gulf of California. Concentrations of five other heavy metals in the two marine insects are also presented.
Notes on School-Based Crime Fighting: International Lessons in Moral Education

Few communities are immune to organized crime and corruption. What has not been fully explored is how education in lawfulness can be introduced into the curriculum of primary and secondary schools to confront the influences of criminal life styles that continue to be romanticized by factions within a community. This paper reports on such efforts in Sicily, Hong Kong, Russia, and Mexico. Each community is vigorously seeking to repel negative influences from traditional strongholds of organized crime, which continue to exert powerful and pernicious effects on those societies.
179-P: UNEXPECTED T CELL POSITIVE AND B CELL NEGATIVE FLOW CYTOMETRY CROSSMATCH IN A KIDNEY TRANSPLANT PATIENT

Aim This study was to discuss flow cytometry crossmatch (FCXM) results of a kidney transplant patient who consistently showed unexpected T positive and B negative FCXM results in the absence of unacceptable antigens (UA). Possible CREG reactivity were considered as a possible cause. Methods Flow PRA and Luminex single antigen bead assay (LSA) were performed to determine the presence of HLA antibodies. Results of 12 FCXMs with pronase treated donor cells were retrospectively analyzed. Additional crossmatches with absorbed and non-absorbed sera were performed to clarify CREG reactivity. Results Patient had previous transplant from a living donor in 2003 and developed a weak anti-HLA-A68, and strong anti-DR13, -DR52 DSAs in addtion to a few non-DSA antibodies. Among the donors of 12 FCXMs, one had both class I and class II UAs and 6 had only class II UAs. All T cell FCXMs were positive or borderline positive regardless of having UAs, while all B cell FCXMs were negative with donors without class II UAs. When donors HLA typing were scrutinized, 8/12 donors had CREG2 antigens. Therefore, we speculated that the CREG2 antigens might have crossreacted with patient’s anti-HLA-A68 antibody giving T positive, B negative (shifted) FCXM results. To confirm our speculation, the patient serum was absorbed with HLA-A68 cells and crossmatched with CREG2 and non-CREG2 donors. Absorbed serum showed nearly 20 MCS reduction in T cell FCXM and 50 MCS reduction in B cell FCXM with the CREG2 donor compared with non-absorbed serum, which correlated with several hundred MFI reduction of anti-HLA-A68 antibody strength detected by LSA. In contrast, no difference was observed between the reactivities of absorbed versus non-absorbed sera when crossmatched with non-CREG2 donor. Conclusions Based on our findings we suggest that unexpected T cell positive, B cell negative (shifted) FCXM could be partially caused by CREG2 reactivity in addition to non-HLA interference.
Approximate Proximal Gradient-Based Correlation Filter for Target Tracking in Videos: A Unified Approach

Video cameras are among the most commonly used devices throughout the world which results in imaging technology being one of the most important areas for research and development. Imaging technology requires constant research as it is used in crucial applications such as video conferencing and surveillance. In the field of image processing, motion detection and estimation are fundamental steps in extracting information on objects segmented from their backgrounds. In this paper, a cohesive approach is presented that uses two algorithms for motion estimation and detection. The proposed method is able to detect moving objects using maximum average correlation height (MACH) filter. Upon obtaining the accurate coordinates of an object of interest from the MACH filter, the next part of the algorithm starts tracking the object. For tracking, a particle filter is used to estimate the motion of the object using a Markov chain. To enhance the accuracy of particle filter, an approximate proximal gradient algorithm is employed for unconstrained minimization of the particles which restricts the tracking process to target templates (most essential information) only. Finally, a comparison between the proposed algorithm and recent similar algorithms is made that demonstrates the minimization of tracking errors using the proposed technique.
The Effect of Interventions on Functional Impairment in Youth Exposed to Mass Trauma: a Meta-Analysis

This study examined the benefit of psychosocial interventions on functional impairment in youth exposed to mass trauma. A random effects meta-analysis was used to estimate the overall effect in 15 intervention trials identified through a literature review. The moderator analysis examined how the effect of intervention differed across types of populations receiving the intervention (targeted or non-targeted samples), characteristics of intervention delivery (individual or group application and number of sessions), and the context of intervention administration (country income level). The results revealed a significant small effect on functional impairment (Hedges’ g = 0.33; 95%CI = (0.16; 0.50); p = 0.0011). None of the moderators explained the heterogeneity in intervention effect, perhaps due to the small number of trials. The effect of the interventions on functional impairment and on posttraumatic stress were positively correlated. The current analysis provides preliminary evidence that interventions can improve functioning in youth exposed to mass trauma, but the mechanisms, moderators, and duration of benefit are yet unknown.
Age-related differences in white matter: Comparing fixel based and tensor based analyses

Abstract Older adults tend to perform worse on cognitive, behavioral, motor, and sensory tasks compared to younger adults, and differences in white matter that may be associated with this phenomenon are being actively investigated. Most prior studies of white matter differences between older and younger adults have analyzed diffusion weighted images using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) analysis. But DTI results can be affected by many different factors (e.g., fiber density, fiber cross-section, crossing fibers) that are difficult to distinguish, making the interpretation of these results challenging. Recently, new fixel-based analysis (FBA) techniques have been developed that address some of these concerns, but these techniques have not yet been applied in the domain of aging. In this study, we used both DTI and FBA to analyze differences in white matter in a large sample of older and younger healthy adults. Both analysis methods identified age differences in forceps minor, fornix, bilateral internal capsule, and bilateral inferior fronto-occipital fasciculi, but the FBA results provided novel insights into the underlying structural differences. Furthermore, DTI analysis identified differences in superior longitudinal fasciculus that are not reflected in fiber density or cross-section and may instead be due to differences in crossing fiber geometry. Finally, the FBA results identified clearer differences in limbic white matter than did the DTI analysis. It also provided stronger evidence of an anterior-posterior asymmetry and segment-specific variations in white matter differences between older and younger adults. These results demonstrate the power of fixel-based analysis and provide novel insights into some of the major white matter differences associated with healthy aging.
Central Line-Associated Thrombus Formation in an Inhibitor Negative Severe Hemophilia A Patient on Emicizumab

Introduction: The main goal of Hemophilia A treatment has been to restore secondary hemostasis, whether through direct factor VIII replacement or through a combination of bypassing agents and immune tolerance induction in cases of inhibitor activity. In pediatric populations, these treatments are frequently given through a central venous access device (CVAD) for ease of access, convenience, and mitigation of pain. However, these devices carry the risk of infection and thromboembolism (Cost & Journeycake, 2011). The new Hemophilia treatment emicizumab (Hemlibra) has the benefits of less frequent dosing (weekly to every 4 weeks) and does not require central venous access since it is given subcutaneously. There have been cases in the literature of patients developing thromboemboli when using both emicizumab and high doses of inhibitor bypassing agents such as activated prothrombin complex concentrate (aPCC) (Weyand, Dorfman, Shavit, & Pipe, 2019). There have been no reported cases of patients developing thromboemboli who were on emicizumab alone. We present a patient with severe Hemophilia A with no inhibitor who developed a central line-associated venous thromboembolism (VTE) while on emicizumab. Case Summary: A nine-year-old boy with Hemophilia A, factor VIII activity Management: The femoral CVAD was removed, and the patient received two doses of recombinant factor VIII during the admission. The patient was started on enoxaparin titrated to a therapeutic anti-Xa level while continuing emicizumab. At approximately one month of follow up, the venous ultrasound showed resolution of the acute portion of his VTE and persistence of chronic VTE. Thereafter, patient was to continue eight more weeks of enoxaparin prior to further venous ultrasound imaging. This patient's family then moved, and the patient was transferred to another hemophilia treatment center. Conclusions: Patients with central venous catheters on emicizumab alone without may develop clinically significant thromboemboli. We propose that guidelines should be developed for patients with CVAD receiving emicizumab. Patients transitioned to emicizumab with central lines in place may require more urgent removal. Furthermore, standardized therapy for anticoagulation is needed for patients on emicizumab who develop VTE. References 1. Cost, C. R., & Journeycake, J. M. (2011). Deep venous thrombosis screening in patients with inherited bleeding disorders and central venous catheters. Haemophilia, 17(6), 890-894. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2516.2011.02515.x 2. Weyand, A. C., Dorfman, A. L.,Shavit, J. A., & Pipe, S. W. (2019).Emicizumab prophylaxis to facilitate anticoagulant therapy for management of intra‐atrial thrombosis in severe haemophilia with an inhibitor. Haemophilia, 25(3). doi:10.1111/hae.13721 Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Isoniazid and Rifampin-Resistance Mutations Associated With Resistance to Second-Line Drugs and With Sputum Culture Conversion.

BACKGROUND Mutations in the genes inhA, katG, and rpoB confer resistance to anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs isoniazid and rifampin. We questioned whether specific mutations in these genes were associated with different clinical and microbiological characteristics. METHODS In a multicountry prospective cohort study of multidrug-resistant TB, we identified inhA, katG, and rpoB mutations in sputum isolates using the Hain MTBDRplus line probe assay. For specific mutations, we performed bivariate analysis to determine relative risk of baseline or acquired resistance to other TB drugs. We compared time to sputum culture conversion (TSCC) using Kaplan-Meier curves and stratified Cox regression. RESULTS In total, 447 participants enrolled from January 2005 to December 2008 from 7 countries were included. Relative to rpoB S531L, isolates with rpoB D516V had less cross-resistance to rifabutin, increased baseline resistance to other drugs, and increased acquired fluoroquinolone resistance. Relative to mutation of katG only, mutation of inhA promoter and katG was associated with baseline extensively drug resistant (XDR) TB, increased acquired fluoroquinolone resistance, and slower TSCC (125.5 vs 89.0 days). CONCLUSIONS Specific mutations in inhA and katG are associated with differences in resistance to other drugs and TSCC. Molecular testing may make it possible to tailor treatment and assess additional drug resistance risk according to specific mutation profile.
Denim Risk: A Case Study by Five Fashion Designers with Nontraditional Seam Placement in a Creative Design Process Using Denim Fabric

This paper is intended to add to the conversation about scholarship and the creative process through the sharing of a case study by five designers. The study, focused on developing individual garment designs with nontraditional seam placement using an iconic American fabric, denim, showing case study scholarship as part creative practice, part research through practice. The creative practice framework incorporates problem identification as well as defining the way each designer works. By gathering, reflecting on, and analyzing the results, however, the overall project enters the framework of research through practice.
Insights into Mercury Source Identification and Bioaccumulation Using Stable Isotope Approaches in the Hannibal Pool of the Ohio River, USA.

Mercury contamination in river systems due to historic and current Hg releases is a persistent concern for both wildlife and human health. In larger rivers, like the Ohio River, USA, it is difficult to directly link Hg discharges to bioaccumulation due to the existence of multiple industrial Hg sources as well as the varied dietary and migratory habits of biota. To better understand how industrial effluent influences the cycling and bioaccumulation of Hg within the Ohio River, Hg stable isotope analysis was applied to various nonbiological and biological media. High Hg concentrations in suspended particulate matter suggest this vector was the largest contributor of Hg to the water column, and distinct Hg source signatures were observed in effluent particulates from different industrial processes, such as chlor-alkali activity (δ202 Hg = -0.52‰) and coal power plant discharge (δ202 Hg = -1.39‰). Despite this distinction, average sediments (δ202 Hg = -1.00 ± 0.23‰) showed intermediate isotopic signatures that suggest the accumulation of a mixed Hg source driven by multiple industrial discharges. Biota in the system were shown to have a conserved range of δ202 Hg and estimation approaches related these signatures back to particulate matter within Hannibal Pool. Mussels were found to conserve Hg isotopes signatures independently of food web drivers and served as ideal water column indicators of bioaccumulated Hg sources. This study highlights the complexity of Hg cycling within an industrialized river and shows that an isotope tracer approach can provide insight to water column sources of Hg. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:233-242. Published 2020. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Reasons for Concern Over Impacts of Harvesting

There are a number of effects of forest harvesting that cause concern among various environmental groups and forest managers. These include effects on aesthetics, wildlife habitat, water quantity and quality, susceptibility to fire, and long-term site productivity. The subject of this volume is restricted to only one of these issues, namely, long-term site productivity. This by no means implies that long-term site productivity is the only harvesting effect worthy of consideration; indeed, forest harvesting practices in the western United States are under attack at this moment because of concerns over wildlife habitat. However, taking the assumption that harvesting will continue and likely even intensify in many commercial forests around the world, the topic of harvesting effects upon long-term site productivity is timely and will certainly fill this volume.
Comparing preference of ankle-foot stiffness in below-knee amputees and prosthetists.

When fitting prosthetic feet, prosthetists fuse information from their visual assessment of patient gait with the patient’s communicated perceptions and preferences. In this study, we sought to simultaneously and independently assess patient and prosthetist preference for prosthetic foot stiffness using a custom variable-stiffness prosthesis. In the first part of the experiment, seven subjects with below-knee amputation walked on the variable-stiffness prosthetic foot set to a randomized stiffness, while several prosthetist subjects simultaneously observed their gait. After each trial, the amputee subjects and prosthetist subjects indicated the change to stiffness that they would prefer (increase or decrease). This paradigm allowed us to simultaneously measure amputee subject and prosthetist subject preferences, and provided a reliability index indicating the consistency of their preferences. In the second part of the experiment, amputee subjects were instructed to communicate verbally with one prosthetist subject to arrive at a mutually preferred stiffness. On average, prosthetist subjects preferred a 26% higher stiffness than amputee subjects (p < 0.001), though this depended on the amputee subject (p < 0.001). Prosthetist subjects were also considerably less consistent than amputee subjects in their preferences (CV of 5.6% for amputee subjects, CV of 23% for prosthetist subjects; p = 0.014). Mutual preference seemed to be dictated by the specific patient-prosthetist dynamic, and no clear trends emerged.
Uncoupling the Folding-Function Paradigm of Lytic Peptides to Deliver Impermeable Inhibitors of Intracellular Protein-Protein Interactions

Here, we describe the use of peptide backbone N-methylation as a new strategy to transform membrane-lytic peptides (MLPs) into cytocompatible intracellular delivery vehicles. The ability of lytic peptides to engage with cell membranes has been exploited for drug delivery to carry impermeable cargo into cells, but their inherent toxicity results in narrow therapeutic windows that limit their clinical translation. For most linear MLPs, a prerequisite for membrane activity is their folding at cell surfaces. Modification of their backbone with N-methyl amides inhibits folding, which directly correlates to a reduction in lytic potential but only minimally affects cell entry. We synthesized a library of N-methylated peptides derived from MLPs and conducted structure-activity studies that demonstrated the broad utility of this approach across different secondary structures, including both β-sheet and helix-forming peptides. Our strategy is highlighted by the delivery of a notoriously difficult class of protein-protein interaction inhibitors that displayed on-target activity within cells.
A Novel Human Glucocorticoid Receptor Variant, G459V, is Hyperactive in Response to Steroids.

ABSTRACT A potential cause of the variable response to injury and sepsis is the variability of a patient's human glucocorticoid receptor (hGR) profile. To identify hGR variants, blood samples were collected on admission and biweekly thereafter from hospitalized patients who sustained at least a 20% total body surface area burn injury. A hyperactive G1376T single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) isoform was identified. This SNP led to a single amino acid change of glutamine to valine at site 459, "G459V," in the DNA-binding domain. The isoform's activity was tested in a reporter assay after treatment with steroids, the hGR antagonist RU486 (mifepristone) alone, or RU486 followed by steroids. When treated with hydrocortisone, the hGR G459V isoform had a hyperactive response; its activity was over 30 times greater than the reference hGRα. Unexpectedly, G459V had significantly increased activity when treated with the hGR antagonist RU486. With the combination of both RU486 and hydrocortisone, G459V activity was repressed, but greater than that of RU486 alone. Finally, when hGRα was cotransfected with G459V to simulate isoform interaction, the activity was closer to that of the hGRα profile than the G459V isoform. The unique activity of the G459V isoform shows that some variants of hGR have the potential to alter a person's response to stress and steroid treatment and may be a factor as to why mitigating the clinical response to sepsis and other stressors has been so elusive.
Trigger Identification and Elimination

Migraine is a chronic, neurobiological disorder characterized by attacks of head pain and various associated features. Attacks are often separated by periods of normal brain function. Even at times of symptom freedom, patients possess an underlying predisposition for migraine episodes. This predisposition is felt to arise from a biologically based inherent hypersensitivity of the central nervous system. Exposure to certain internal and external factors may trigger a migraine attack in those possessing this migraine-prone nervous system while leaving those without such a predisposition unaffected. There are several methodological challenges in studying migraine triggers, and most of the work has come from retrospective recall or checklist surveys. Differentiating migraine triggers from early premonitory features of the prodromal phase of migraine can sometimes be challenging. Stress, changes in female hormones, sleep or meal pattern disruptions, weather factors, and strong sensory light, sound, or odor stimuli are among the most frequently reported. Identification of patient-specific migraine triggers may provide therapeutic advantages. Patients may be educated to predict or avoid certain attacks, while acute intervention measures may be deployed more readily in others. The knowledge gained from clinical research on migraine triggers may help inform specific lifestyle management recommendations for this patient population.
Simplified Zone 2 Arch Repair using a Trifurcated Graft for Acute Type A Dissection.

Abstract We report a simplified Zone 2 arch repair using a trifurcated graft for acute type A aortic dissection. The right axillary artery is cannulated. After completion of proximal aortic repair using a one-branched graft, a trifurcated graft is anastomosed to the ascending graft just above the proximal suture line or coronary buttons in case of Bentall procedure. Distal aortic anastomosis is performed at the Zone 2 level under unilateral antegrade cerebral perfusion. Full cardiopulmonary bypass flow is resumed via the right axillary and ascending graft using both Y-shaped arterial limbs. The left common carotid and innominate artery are sequentially anastomosed.
Can We Improve Model Robustness through Secondary Attribute Counterfactuals

Developing robust NLP models that perform well on many, even small, slices of data is a significant but important challenge, with implications from fairness to general reliability. To this end, recent research has explored how models rely on spurious correlations, and how counterfactual data augmentation (CDA) can mitigate such issues. In this paper we study how and why modeling counterfactuals over multiple attributes can go significantly further in improving model performance. We propose RDI, a context-aware methodology which takes into account the impact of secondary attributes on the model’s predictions and increases sensitivity for secondary attributes over reweighted counterfactually augmented data. By implementing RDI in the context of toxicity detection, we find that accounting for secondary attributes can significantly improve robustness, with improvements in sliced accuracy on the original dataset up to 7% compared to existing robustness methods. We also demonstrate that RDI generalizes to the coreference resolution task and provide guidelines to extend this to other tasks.
Best Management Practices for Low-Volume Forest Roads in the Piedmont Region: Summary and Implications of Research

Forest roads provide important access for forest management activities, yet those roads, skid trails, and stream crossings have repeatedly been reported as major sources of sediment. The passage of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 focused considerable research on the development of forestry best management practices (BMPs) for reducing sediment input from forest roads. Recent litigation in the U.S. Supreme Court has reemphasized the importance of enhancing BMPs for forest roads. This paper synthesizes and interprets two decades of applied research on BMPs for low-volume forest roads, with emphasis on research conducted on forest operations in the Virginia Piedmont region. BMP interpretations include (a) current BMP status for forest roads, skid trails, and stream crossings; (b) advantages of preharvest planning; (c) forest road design; (d) forest road closure; (e) recommended BMPs for legacy roads; (f) guidelines for minimizing area of forest roads; (g) deck and skid trail rehabilitation; (...
Health Promotion Programs: Design, Monitoring, and Evaluation

A quick survey of the definition and history of the development of health promotion programs and the rise of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) activities is provided to help orient the reader. Major theoretical approaches to health promotion are outlined. An overview of the basic components involved in program design in M&E follows. The entry then articulates the variety of M&E approaches that exist today, and concludes with key challenges confronting the design, monitoring, and evaluation of health programs. Keywords: Keywords: health; health behavior; medical sociology; public health; sociology of health and illness
Testosterone Regulation of Follicle-stimulating Hormone Secretion in the Male Dog

Studies were carried put to determine the effect of various numbers of testosterone-filied polydimethylsiloxane (PDS) capsules on plasma concentrations of testosterone and FSH in acutely orchidectomized dogs. Dogs were implanted with either one empty PDS capsule or one, three, or five testosterone-filled PDS capsules. Blood samples were collected daily prior to implantation, following implantation, following castration, with capsules left in situ, and following capsule removal. Replacement of testosterone, using one testosterone-filled capsule, did not prevent the postcastration rise of FSH. Replacement of testosterone, using three and five testosterone-filled capsules, maintained both FSH and testosterone in castrated dogs at concentrations similar to those observed in intact animals. Removal of testosterone-filled capsules from castrated dogs resulted in hypersecretion of FSH. These studies indicate that testosterone replacement within physiologic limits will maintain FSH in the acutely orchidectomized dogs at concentrations similar to those observed in intact, untreated animals.
Steam Generator Component Sizing Model in a Combined Cycle of Power Conversion Unit for Very High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor

The Department of Energy and the Idaho National Laboratory are developing a Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP), Very High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (VHTR) to serve as a demonstration of state-of-the-art nuclear technology. The purpose of the demonstration is two fold 1) efficient low cost energy generation and 2) hydrogen production. Although a next generation plant could be developed as a single-purpose facility, early designs are expected to be dual-purpose. While hydrogen production and advanced energy cycles are still in its early stages of development, research towards coupling a high temperature reactor, electrical generation and hydrogen production is under way. A combined cycle is considered as one of the power conversion units to be coupled to the very high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (VHTR). The combined cycle configuration consists of a Brayton top cycle coupled to a Rankine bottoming cycle by means of a steam generator. A detailed sizing and pressure drop model of a steam generator is not available in the HYSYS processes code. Therefore a four region model was developed for implementation into HYSYS. The focus of this study was the validation of a HYSYS steam generator model of two phase flow correlations. The correlations calculated the size and heat exchangemore » of the steam generator. To assess the model, those calculations were input into a RELAP5 model and its results were compared with HYSYS results. The comparison showed many differences in parameters such as the heat transfer coefficients and revealed the different methods used by the codes. Despite differences in approach, the overall results of heat transfer were in good agreement.« less
1,2,3-Triazoles and the Expanding Utility of Charge Neutral CH···Anion Interactions

As the field of anion supramolecular chemistry continues to grow in its sophistication and understanding of the noncovalent interactions used to effectively bind anions, there exists new theoretical and experimental evidence for a necessary reexamination of the way in which the field views hydrogen bond donors. The heteroatom based hydrogen-bond donors (e.g., NH and OH) are well-known to provide strong stabilization to negatively charged species. However, new findings point to the untapped stabilization energy that lay dormant in extrinsically-activated CH hydrogen bonds. Computational studies showed that an activated aliphatic or aromatic CH can provide an amount of anion stabilization in the gas phase approaching that of conventional NH based donors. Discovery of the Cu(I)-catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to provide 1,2,3-triazoles and the ability to readily “click” this functionality into anion receptors has allowed extensive experimental investigation of the ideas posed by these calculations. This chapter will focus on the evolution of the CH hydrogen bond from being viewed as a weak, secondary interaction to now being utilized as a powerful source of anion stabilization in macrocyclic and oligomeric receptors. In addition, the application of the anion binding power of the 1,2,3-triazole towards the preparation of mechanically interlocked structures will also be discussed.
Optimization of the power/ground network wire-sizing and spacing based on sequential network simplex algorithm

This paper presents a fast algorithm to optimize both the widths and lengths of power/ground networks under reliability and power dip/ground bounce constraints. The space-sizing which allows the length to change gives more flexibility in solving practical problems. There are two major contributions of this paper. First, we prove that for general topology, a relaxed version of this problem is also convex. Second, we present the sequential network simplex algorithm which can solve those problems with extreme efficiency. Experimental results on several large scale problems, using a PC with a 500-MHZ Pentium III processor, show that our algorithm can solve problems with hundreds of thousands of variables within a few minutes and has a speed improvement of 25+ over sequential linear programming. Experimental results also show that about 50% of the power delivery area can be reduced using our algorithm.
Flow-Sensitive Loop-Variant Variable Classification in Linear Time

This paper presents an efficient algorithm for classifying generalized induction variables and more complicated flow-sensitive loop-variant variables that have arbitrary conditional update patterns along multiple paths in a loop nest. Variables are recognized and translated into closed-form functions, such as linear, polynomial, geometric, wrap-around, periodic, and mixer functions. The remaining flow-sensitive variables (those that have no closed forms) are bounded by tight bounding functions on their value sequences by bounds derived from our extensions of the Chains of Recurrences (CR#) algebra. The classification algorithm has a linear worst-case execution time in the size of the SSA region of a loop nest. Classification coverage and performance results for the SPEC2000 benchmarks are given and compared to other methods.
Application of the port-reduction method in the design synthesis of EBGs for antenna systems

A metasurface consisting of a mushroom-type electromagnetic band gap structure (EBG) is proposed as a means of reducing the mutual coupling between antenna arrays. By capacitively loading the unit cells, not only is the size of the EBG reduced, but also the port-substitution method can be employed to optimize the antenna-EBG system. Simulation results show improvement of mutual coupling and return loss by allowing the EBG to be optimized in conjunction with the antenna array, rather than designing them separately and then combining them together after the fact. A mutual coupling reduction of 11.64 dB was achieved for the optimized antenna-EBG structure when compare with the case of no EBG.
Propagation of intense relativistic electron beams through drift tubes with perturbed walls

High levels of current and energy fluctuation appeared on an intense electron beam traversing a smooth drift tube in which two or more wall perturbations were inserted. The frequency of the fluctuations depended strongly on the geometry of the drift region. Theory and particle simulation showed that wall perturbations drastically altered the motion of the beam causing strong coherent current modulation.
In memory of Robert W. Hatfield, Ph.D.

Robert W. Hatfield died on July 19, 2006. He was a very active member of the Society since 1984, having been elected to the Board of Directors in 2002, and was due to be formally sworn in as Presid...
Attitude Research for Intercultural Communication and Interaction

The attitude data available on foreign groups are generally not enough for reconstructing their perception of a theme or problem. Attitude data show, for instance, whether a foreign group is for or against socialism, but they will not reveal whether the members of the group use the word socialism to refer to democracy or to communism, nor whether they identify it with Sweden or Red China, etc. The Associative Group Analysis technique (AGA)-which relies on the comparative analysis of free verbal associations produced by samples of people from the investigator's own and his target culture-offers attitude data as well as data on denotative, referential meanings. An associationbased attitude index has shown as a group measure high positive correlation with the criterion measures of the Semantic Differential evaluation scales and an attitude questionnaire. A second method of analysis focusing on the denotative, referential meaning was applied to universally approved value concepts: freedom, equality, etc. U.S. and Korean groups (N = 50) were tested, and the analysis has shown a variety of different culturally specific denotative components. The findings support Sapir's observation about the deceptive nature of certain universally approved “labels” to which various people attach different interpretations.
Stretching of cylindrical membranes

Abstract The axially symmetric deformations of a circular cylindrical membrane, in which the ends are pulled apart while retaining the radii of the ends fixed, are determined by a set of six nonlinear equations. This system of equations is reduced to a pair of equations having the axial and circumferential stresses as the quantities to be determined. A numerical procedure for solving these equations for small strains is described and the actual form of the strained cylinder and the circumferential stress is plotted for various representative cases.
Pretreatment of new reduced ternary molybdenum sulfide catalysts

Abstract Pretreatment of a new lanthanum molybdenum sulfide (LaMoS) hydrodesulfurization (HSD) catalyst in flowing H 2 has been investigated. Following pretreatment up to 800°C, the catalyst surface area decreased from 175 to 11 m 2 /g; the average pore diameter increased due to the loss of pore diameters smaller than 100 A. TPD characterization of the as-prepared LaMoS was used to monitor the evolution of solvents and adsorbed materials up to 800°C. The Mo oxidation state was examined after various pretreatment procedures using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR). Following temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), two types of surface oxygen were detected which could be reduced at 250°C and 950°C by a flow of 10% H 2 in N 2 . Transformation of the amorphous LaMoS to the corresponding crystalline Chevrel phase [La(Mo 6 S 8 )] was detected at 1000°C using TPR and x-ray diffraction (XRD).