cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scattering of High Energy Protons in Hydrogen

7340 photographs of high energy proton tracks in hydrogen were taken and the observed frequency of scattering was compared with Mott's wave-mechanical treatment. Strong anomalies were found when the energy of the incident proton exceeded 600 kv. The anomalies consisted chiefly in finding about ten times too much scattering in the angular range 40\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}-45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, where this angle is the angle of scattering of the longer tine as measured in the observer's coordinate system. The angular distribution for energies less than 600 kv was found to be in accord with Mott's expression to within the rather large statistical fluctuations. Although only 74 collisions with an energy greater than 600 kv were observed it seems very improbable that the distribution can be entirely accounted for by statistical fluctuations. Since Mott's formula is based upon the assumption of Coulomb forces the experimental discrepancies indicate a departure from the inverse square law when the energy of the incident proton exceeds about 600 kv. This means that for a classical distance of closest approach of about 6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ the two protons can no longer be treated as classical point charges, whereas on purely classical grounds there should be no such difficulties down to 1/1846 the electron radius or about ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}$ cm.
Analytical and Numerical Study of a Misaligned Cavitating Hydrodynamic Cryogenic Journal Bearing

Abstract High speed hydrodynamic/hydrostatic journal bearings have been widely used in various types of rotating machinery. In space applications, the use of cryogenic fluids as working lubricants has become significant. The primary goal of this paper is to model the nonlinearities that occur in a cryogenic, liquid oxygen (LO 2 ) hydrodynamic journal bearing. They will be examined through bearing-fluid-film pressure distribution and linear and non-linear bearing stiffness and damping characteristics. The numerical model that couples a variable property Reynolds' equation with the dynamics of the rotor is solved by means of a finite difference solution technique. The procedure involves an iterative scheme that solves the coupled Reynolds' and liquid oxygen property equations for fluid film pressure. The pressure curve is then integrated to calculate bearing support forces. Continuing the iteration loop a two-dimensional Newton-Raphson iteration method is used to locate the journal equilibrium position from which both linear and non-linear bearing stiffness and damping characteristics are evaluated using small perturbation techniques. Using a typical plain journal bearing as an example, we shall parametrically analyse the effects of input variables such as the lubricant inlet temperature, external load, angular rotational speed, and shaft/bearing axial misalignment on the axial and circumferential pressure distribution and the non-linear behaviour of the bearing stiffness and damping.
The Ecological Rift: Capitalism's War on the Earth

John Bellamy Foster, Brett Clark, and Richard York, New York: Monthly Review, 2010, 544 pp. The Ecological Rift confronts environmental degradation with capitalism squarely in its cross-hairs. Acco...
Short-term cognitive-behavioral treatment of hypoactive sexual desire in an individual with a history of childhood sexual abuse

Abstract The treatment offered individuals of childhood sexual atruse is often unnecessarily long-term and is typically based upon the victimization/recovery model. This paper presents a brief casestudy illustrating the successful short-term cognitive-behavioral treatment of a 28year-old woman with hypoactive sexual desire who reported a history of reported sexual molestations throughout her childhood.
Regulation by FSH and ICSH(LH) of Reproductive Function in the Immature Male Rat

Requirements for FSH and ICSH (LH) in male reproduction have been evaluated in immature rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain; animals were hypophysectomized at 28 days of age and hormone injections initiated 2 months later. Combinations of extensively purified ovine FSH and ICSH of high specific activity established spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules of the retrogressed testis, and promoted copious androgen secretion as evidenced by growth of the sex accessory organs. FSH, given together with ICSH, markedly enhanced androgen production. Alone, individual hormones effected only limited development of the seminiferous tubules in these immature animals. FSH stimulated Sertoli cell development but no advance in germ cell maturation. Testosterone stimulated primary spermatocytes to complete meiosis, as did ICSH; with neither hormone did spermiogenesis proceed beyond the early spermatid stage. In individual rats, production of spermatozoa was correlated with high androgen secretion. However, exogenous and...
Relaxin Stimulates Multiple Signaling Pathways: Activation of cAMP, PI3K, and PKCζ in THP-1 Cells

Relaxin has been shown previously to stimulate cyclic AMP production and the activation of MAPK. We reported that phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) activity is required for biphasic stimulation of cAMP by relaxin and that relaxin treatment increased PI3K activity in THP-1 cells. A downstream target of PI3K is protein kinase C zeta (PKCζ). Relaxin stimulated translocation of PKCζ to the plasma membrane in THP-1, MCF-7, pregnant human myometrial (PHM1-31), and mouse mesangial (MMC) cells. PKCζ translocation is PI3K dependent and independent of cAMP production. Pharmacological and antisense approaches, utilized to inhibit or knock down PKCζ, resulted in a 40% inhibition of relaxin-stimulated cAMP production. The stimulation of PKCζ by relaxin therefore is downstream of PI3K leading to increased cAMP production. To determine the role of PI3K/PKCζ stimulation by relaxin on downstream-mediated events, we examined the increase in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene expression by relaxin. Treatment of THP-1 or MMC cells with the PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, abolished the relaxin-mediated stimulation of VEGF transcript levels. In summary, relaxin has pleiotropic signaling effects in THP-1 cells activating ERK1/2, cAMP, PI3K, and PKCζ. We have described a novel bifurcated pathway by which relaxin stimulates Gs alpha and PI3K/PKCζ leading to increased cAMP production and increased VEGF gene expression. Some, but not all, of these pathways are detected in other cell lines which may cause the unique diversity of downstream responses from this interesting hormone.
Emplacement of shallow dikes and sills beneath a small basaltic volcanic center – The role of pre-existing structure (Paiute Ridge, southern Nevada, USA)

Abstract Late Miocene sills and dikes in the Paiute Ridge area of southern Nevada were emplaced in an extensional setting beneath a small volume, alkali basaltic volcanic center. Dikes (400–5000 m long, 1.2–9 m wide) mostly occupy pre-existing E-dipping normal faults. Elastic deformation of the wall rocks alone cannot explain dike dimensions; inelastic deformation, wall rock erosion by flowing magma, and syn-emplacement extension of the host structural system also contributed to dike widths. After primarily subvertical emplacement, flow focused toward the southern end of one of the dikes to form a volcanic conduit. This dike and a fault-hosted radial dike subsequently were subject to high pressures due to transient volcanic processes. Three small sills (extending laterally up to ∼ 500 m, and 20–46 m thick) and two larger sills (each having lateral dimensions ∼ 1 km) locally branch off some dikes within ∼ 250 m of the paleosurface. Individual small sills extend only into the hanging wall blocks of the faults that host their parent dikes, and are connected to the dikes by stems that are only a few tens of meters wide; elsewhere along their strikes the parent dikes extend above the sills. This mode of sill emplacement was caused by local rotation of principal stresses related to the intersection of the dike-hosting fault planes with the complex contact between relatively strong Paleozoic carbonates and weak Tertiary tuffs. Orientation of bedding planes in the tuffs controlled the direction of sill propagation. The three most areally extensive sills formed lopoliths with sagging roofs, indicating interaction with the free surface.
Power imbalances in therapeutic and forensic relationships.

This article examines the ways that power imbalances affect relationships in the forensic mental disability system and between therapists and their clients. It considers the impact of the “dual loyalty” dilemma on forensic relationships, the manner in which courts deal with this dilemma, and suggests several points of commonality that arise around such power conflicts. It also examines recent litigation involving therapeutic relationships, and attempts to extract doctrinal threads from these cases. Finally, it recommends that, in order for the judicial system to attempt to correct any of the underlying imbalances, courts and jurors must openly come to grips with the psycho-dynamic issues that underlie these imbalances.
Development of measles virus-based shielded oncolytic vectors: suitability of other paramyxovirus glycoproteins.

Antibody-mediated neutralization may interfere with the efficacy of measles virus (MV) oncolysis. To circumvent vector neutralization, we sought to exchange the envelope glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (H) and fusion (F), with those from the non-crossreactive Tupaia paramyxovirus (TPMV). To sustain efficient particle assembly, we generated hybrid glycoproteins with the MV cytoplasmic tails and the TPMV ectodomains. Hybrid F proteins that partially retained fusion function, and hybrid H proteins that retained fusion support activity, were generated. However, when used in combination, the hybrid proteins did not support membrane fusion. An alternative strategy was developed based on a hybrid F protein and a truncated H protein that supported cell–cell fusion. A hybrid virus expressing these two proteins was rescued, and was able to spread by cell fusion; however, it was only capable of producing minimal amounts of particles. Lack of specific interactions between the matrix and the H protein, in combination with suboptimal F-protein processing and inefficient glycoprotein transport in the rescue cells, accounted for inefficient particle production. Ultimately, this interferes with applications for oncolytic virotherapy. Alternative strategies for the generation of shielded MV are discussed.
Aspects of Imaging and Counting in Nuclear Medicine Using Scintillation and Semiconductor Detectors

In the interest of minimizing patient irradiation, while maximizing diagnostic image quality, it is desirable to utilize all of the radiation emerging from the patient. For optimum utilization, it appears to be necessary to allow photons with different energies to contribute to the image with different weights. Optimum weights have been determined for the most common case of noise-limited images, where it is assumed that the weights should be chosen so as to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio. For less noisy images, sharpening may be achieved by assigning negative weights to scattered photons; that is, by scatter subtraction. In general, image formation with multiple weighted channels provides a greater degree of flexibility than is possible with a single channel.
DISPOSING OF THE EMPTY SHOPPING MARKET CART-AN INFORMAL LOOK'

An informal enquiry suggested that only about one out of five shoppers, when finished using shopping carts, returned them to a designated depository.
Effects of exercise training on bone density in older men and women.

Objectives: To determine the effects of up to 14 months of aerobic exercise on measures of bone density in older adults. Design: Randomized controlled trial with subjects assigned to either an aerobic exercise condition, non-aerobic yoga, or a wait list non-exercise control group for 4 months. Aerobic fitness and bone density were evaluated in all subjects at baseline (Time 1) and after 4 months (Time 2). A semi-crossover design was utilized with all subjects completing 4 months of aerobic exercise, followed by another evaluation (Time 3). All subjects were then given the option of 6 additional months of aerobic exercise, after which they had a fourth evaluation (Time 4). Setting: An outpatient exercise rehabilitation facility at a large, major medical center. Subjects: One-hundred-one healthy men (n = 50) and women (n = 51) over age 60 (Mean age = 67.0), recruited from the community. Intervention: The exercise program included stretching, cycle ergometry, and walking three times per week for 60 minutes throughout the course of the study. Outcome Measures: Aerobic fitness (VO2 max) as assessed by cycle ergometry, and bone density (bone mineral content) measured by single photon absorptiometry. Results: Subjects achieved a 10%–15% increase in VO2 max after 4 months of exercise training, and 1%–6% further improvement with additional training. Aerobic fitness was associated with significant increases in bone density in men, but not women, who maintained aerobic exercise for 14 months.
There Will be No ‘One Big Union’: The Struggle for Interracial Labor Unionism in California Agriculture, 1933 — 1939:

In California, between 1933 and 1939, Filipino, Japanese and Mexican farm workers engaged in far-reaching labor strikes. In this article, I argue that the practice of White supremacy prevented inte...
Time-dependent integral equation approach to quantum dynamics of systems with time-dependent potentials

Abstract The solution of the time-dependent Schrodinger equation in the form exp(−i Ht /ℏ)Ψ(0) is valid only for Hamiltonian systems for which H is independent of time. This fact precludes the solution in this form for any time interval, t , during which H changes significantly. We present a formal solution, by means of integral equations, which is valid for time-dependent potentials and arbitrarily long times, as well as for time-dependent stochastic potentials. An important feature of the approach is the explicit inclusion of time ordering of noncommuting operators even when the formal solution is converted into a computationally viable form. The resulting time-ordered expression provides a basis for numerical algorithms for treating such systems to arbitrary accuracy. Several schemes for implementing the approach are presented. Some problems for which the present approach is the appropriate one include: (1) mixed quantum and classical systems (e.g., systems containing both light and heavy particles); (2) systems in which the interaction with radiation is treated semiclassically and (3) nonisolated systems. In addition we show briefly how the same techniques can be applied to treat the von Neumann equation for the density matrix, time-dependent Hohenberg—Kohn—Sham density functional equations (where the time dependence arises from a mixed quantum-classical treatment of electron-ion interactions in solids), and to an example of a nonisolated system, namely a driven oscillator.
Sooting limits of chlorinated hydrocarbonmethane-air premixed flames

Abstract Carbon formation limits of a number of chlorinated methanes, ethanes, ethylenes, and benzene in mixtures with methane and air were determined using a laminar, flat flame burner and the luminosity method. The onset of carbon formation was observed consistently at lower equivalance ratios as the chlorine content of a compound in a given series was increased, as well as when the proportion of the chlorinated hydrocarbon in the mixture was increased. The critical O C ratios were more complex functions of the composition of the mixture.
The T cell differentiation antigen Leu-2/T8 is homologous to immunoglobulin and T cell receptor variable regions

Leu-2/T8 is a cell surface glycoprotein expressed by most cytotoxic and suppressor T lymphocytes. Its expression on T cells correlates best with recognition of class I major histocompatibility complex antigens, and it has been postulated to be a receptor for these proteins. We have determined the complete primary structure of Leu-2/T8 from the nucleotide sequence of its cDNA. The protein contains a classical signal peptide, two external domains, a hydrophobic transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic tail. The N-terminal domain of the protein has striking homology to variable regions of immunoglobulins and the T cell receptor. The membrane-proximal domain appears to be a hinge-like region similar to that of immunoglobulin heavy chains. The superfamily of immunologically important surface molecules can now be extended to include Leu-2/T8.
Financing Abatement of Mine Drainage Pollution: Case Study Appalachia

A financing program for the prevention, control, and abatement of mine drainage pollution was developed using Appalachia as a case example. The financing program was selected by using three performance criteria in a screening process-applicability of financing program to pollution problem, feasibility of program to unit costs and capturing potential benefits, and feasibility of program to economic and legal consideration. Effluent charges with some modifications are suggested as the appropriate financing mechanism.
Separation of nucleosides and nucleotides by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with volatile buffers allowing sample recovery.

Abstract Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using a C 18 column with volatile buffers as the eluant was applied to the separation of a number of nucleosides and nucleotides. Groups of seven nucleosides and five nucleoside monophosphates were separated isocratically employing 0.1 m trimethylammonium acetate and 2% acetonitrile at pH 7.0. Groups of seven nucleoside diphosphates and seven nucleoside triphosphates were separated with 0.1 m triethylammonium bicarbonate and 2% acetonitrile titrated to a pH of 7.1 with acetic acid. The techniques described give resolution and separations comparable to nonvolatile buffers. Moreover, the eluant trimethylammonium acetate or triethylammonium bicarbonate buffer can easily be removed in vacuo from the column effluent, making the technique useful for preparative separations of these compounds. The observed elution pattern of nucleoside phosphates suggests that “paired-ion” chromatography is involved in the separation.
Scaling up microbial desalination cell system with a post-aerobic process for simultaneous wastewater treatment and seawater desalination

Abstract A key challenge in developing microbial desalination cells (MDC) is system scaling up. Herein, a large-scale MDC system (total liquid volume of 105 L) was developed and used as a research platform to investigate the issues associated with scaling up. Highly nonuniform performance was observed among the individual MDC modules. Multiple feeding points could enhance current generation through better substrate distribution. Applying an external voltage significantly increased current generation from 670 mA (no external voltage) to nearly 2000 mA (1.1 V applied), with the corresponding increase in salt removal rate from 3.7 to 9.2 kg m− 3 day− 1. Energy consumption for salt removal decreased with increasing the applied voltage, but wastewater treatment required more energy at the same time. The high COD input decreased current generation and thus salt removal because of growth of heterotrophic microorganisms on the cathode surface. Reducing catholyte recirculation intensity could greatly decrease energy consumption by 40–60%.
A dual detector capillary waveguide biosensor for detection and quantification of hybridized target

We describe a novel technique for improving the sensitivity of analytical instruments based on the measurement of fluorescent intensity. Independent measurement of the Rayleigh scattered intensity component by means of a second photodetector leads to normalized data, which are independent of various experimental parameters. Incorporation of this technique into a fully automated capillary waveguide biosensor improved the instrument sensitivity by a factor of three. The technique enables quantification, as well as detection, of the hybridized target molecules.
Efficient wide area data transfer protocols for 100 Gbps networks and beyond

Due to a number of recent technology developments, now is the right time to re-examine the use of TCP for very large data transfers. These developments include the deployment of 100 Gigabit per second (Gbps) network backbones, hosts that can easily manage 40 Gbps, and higher, data transfers, the Science DMZ model, the availability of virtual circuit technology, and wide-area Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) protocols. In this paper we show that RDMA works well over wide-area virtual circuits, and uses much less CPU than TCP or UDP. We also characterize the limitations of RDMA in the presence of other traffic, including competing RDMA flows. We conclude that RDMA for Science DMZ to Science DMZ transfers of massive data is a viable and desirable option for high-performance data transfer.
Examining Intimate Partner Violence and Health Factors Among Rural Appalachian Pregnant Women

Among pregnant women, intimate partner violence (IPV) is recognized as a critical risk factor in adverse health outcomes for the mother and newborn alike. This pilot study examined IPV and health for rural Appalachian pregnant women, a particularly vulnerable high-risk and high-needs group. Participants were 77 rural, Appalachian pregnant women entering a hospital-based inpatient detoxification unit primarily for Opiate Dependence. Study participants gave informed consent to a face-to-face interview and secondary data abstraction from hospital medical records. IPV was measured via questions from the National Violence Against Women Survey, the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2), and the Psychological Maltreatment of Women Inventory (PMWI). The majority of the sample reported lifetime psychological (89.6%) and physical (64.9%) violence. A little over three fourths (75.3%) experienced IPV in the past year. Furthermore, over one third (39.0%) experienced stalking, physical, or sexual violence in the past year. Most participants (71.4%) experienced psychological abuse in the past year. IPV experiences, in conjunction with pervasive substance use, mental and physical health problems, and poverty present in rural Appalachia, culminate in a particularly high-risk and high-needs group of pregnant women. These women present unique opportunities and challenges for prevention, intervention, and treatment.
An update on the prevention of influenza in children and adolescents

Influenza virus types A and B cause yearly outbreaks of respiratory tract infections in all age groups including children and adolescents. Complications, such as high fever, febrile convulsions, secondary bacterial infections and myositis frequently lead to hospitalisation. Safe and effective split, subunit and virosome vaccines are available from 6 months of age onwards. Most European countries do have guidelines for the use of influenza vaccines and current strategies primarily aim at decreasing the burden of influenza disease in certain, heterogeneously defined high risk groups. Conclusion:unfortunately, compliance of many physicians and patients with immunisation recommendations is rather poor and several barriers to immunisation have been identified. These deserve our specific attention in the future. Recently, neuraminidase inhibitors with curative and preventive efficacy against influenza virus types A and B have become available. They serve as second line weapons for influenza prophylaxis under specific circumstances.
Effects of Framing on Actual Time Allocation Decisions

Abstract The purpose of this research was to test the effect of positive versus negative frames on the riskiness of actual time allocation decisions. Two experiments were conducted, one involving an unattractive task and the other involving an attractive exercise. Framing effects were observed in both experiments, and these effects were generally in line with prospect theory (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979). However, the effects of framing were small to moderate in magnitude, and in some instances there was little or no effect. Implications of these results and directions for future research are discussed.
Radiation-Induced Lung Injury Is Mitigated by Blockade of Gastrin-Releasing Peptide

Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), secreted by pulmonary neuroendocrine cells, mediates oxidant-induced lung injury in animal models. Considering that GRP blockade abrogates pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in hyperoxic baboons, we hypothesized that ionizing radiation triggers GRP secretion, contributing to inflammatory and fibrotic phases of radiation-induced lung injury (RiLI). Using C57BL/6 mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis developing ≥20 weeks after high-dose thoracic radiation (15 Gy), we injected small molecule 77427 i.p. approximately 1 hour after radiation then twice weekly for up to 20 weeks. Sham controls were anesthetized and placed in the irradiator without radiation. Lung paraffin sections were immunostained and quantitative image analyses performed. Mice exposed to radiation plus PBS had increased interstitial CD68+ macrophages 4 weeks after radiation and pulmonary neuroendocrine cells hyperplasia 6 weeks after radiation. Ten weeks later radiation plus PBS controls had significantly increased pSmad2/3+ nuclei/cm2. GRP blockade with 77427 treatment diminished CD68+, GRP+, and pSmad2/3+ cells. Finally, interstitial fibrosis was evident 20 weeks after radiation by immunostaining for α-smooth muscle actin and collagen deposition. Treatment with 77427 abrogated interstitial α-smooth muscle actin and collagen. Sham mice given 77427 did not differ significantly from PBS controls. Our data are the first to show that GRP blockade decreases inflammatory and fibrotic responses to radiation in mice. GRP blockade is a novel radiation fibrosis mitigating agent that could be clinically useful in humans exposed to radiation therapeutically or unintentionally.
Enhancing photovoltaic output power by 3-band spectrum-splitting and concentration using a diffractive micro-optic

We report the enhancement of photovoltaic output power by separating the incident spectrum into 3 bands, and concentrating these bands onto 3 different photovoltaic cells. The spectrum-splitting and concentration is achieved via a thin, planar micro-optical element that demonstrates high optical efficiency over the entire spectrum of interest. The optic (which we call a polychromat) was designed using a modified version of the direct-binary-search algorithm. The polychromat was fabricated using grayscale lithography. Rigorous optical characterization demonstrates excellent agreement with simulation results. Electrical characterization of the solar cells made from GaInP, GaAs and Si indicate increase in the peak output power density of 43.63%, 30.84% and 30.86%, respectively when compared to normal operation without the polychromat. This represents an overall increase of 35.52% in output power density. The potential for cost-effective large-area manufacturing and for high system efficiencies makes our approach a strong candidate for low cost solar power.
Role of T Cells and Cytokines in Effecting Fibrosis

A number of humoral and cellular immune abnormalities are present in patients with early scleroderma (systemic sclerosis). Most of these abnormalities reflect ongoing autoimmune reactions of the cellular and humoral types, resulting in a variety of autoantibodies to cellular and tissue constituents. Evidence exists for a defect(s) in immunoregulation favoring excessive helper T cell activity. The presence of circulating cytokines and shed interleukin-2 receptors suggest ongoing cellular immune reactions are occurring, generating cytokines and lymphokines that are capable of effecting the vascular and fibrotic lesions that are hallmarks of the disease. Future directions for research are suggested that would focus on determining if, and at what point, flbroblasts might function autonomously to generate excessive matrix components and on determining the nature of the original antigenic stimulus that starts the scleroderma process.
Representational momentum and related displacements in spatial memory : A review of the findings

Memory for the final location of a moving target is often displaced in the direction of target motion, and this has been referred to asrepresentational momentum. Characteristics of the target (e.g., velocity, size, direction, and identity), display (e.g., target format, retention interval, and response method), context (landmarks, expectations, and attribution of motion source), and observer (e.g., allocation of attention, eye movements, and psychopathology) that influence the direction and magnitude of displacement are reviewed. Specific conclusions regarding numerous variables that influence displacement (e.g., presence of landmarks or surrounding context), as well as broad-based conclusions regarding displacement in general (e.g., displacement does not reflect objective physical principles, may reflect aspects of naive physics, does not solely reflect eye movements, may involve some modular processing, and reflects high-level processes) are drawn. A possible computational theory of displacement is suggested in which displacement (1) helps bridge the gap between perception and action and (2) plays a critical part in localizing stimuli in the environment.
Randomised controlled trial of intravenous maintenance fluids

Aim: Traditional paediatric intravenous maintenance fluids are prescribed using hypotonic fluids and the weight-based 4:2:1 formula for administration rate. However, this may cause hyponatraemia in sick and post-operative children. We studied the effect of two types of intravenous maintenance fluid and two administration rates on plasma sodium concentration in intensive care patients. Methods: A Factorial-design, double-blind, randomised controlled trial was used. We randomised 50 children with normal electrolytes without hypoglycaemia who needed intravenous maintenance fluids for >12 h to 0.9% saline (normal saline) or 4% dextrose and 0.18% saline (dextrose saline), at either the traditional maintenance fluid rate or 2/3 of that rate. The main outcome measure was change in plasma sodium from admission to 12–24 h later. Results: Fifty patients (37 surgical) were enrolled. Plasma sodium fell in all groups: mean fall 2.3 (standard deviation 4.0) mmol/L. Fluid type (P = 0.0063) but not rate (P = 0.12) was significantly associated with fall in plasma sodium. Dextrose saline produced a greater fall in plasma sodium than normal saline: difference 3.0, 95% confidence interval 0.8–5.1 mmol/L. Full maintenance rate produced a greater fall in plasma sodium than restricted rate, but the difference was small and non-significant: 1.6 (−0.7, 3.9) mmol/L. Fluid type, but not rate, remained significant after adjustment for surgical status. One patient, receiving normal saline at restricted rate, developed asymptomatic hypoglycaemia. Conclusion: Sick and post-operative children given dextrose saline at traditional maintenance rates are at risk of hyponatraemia.
Bush's Mythic America: A Critique of the Rhetoric of War

This article offers a mythological critique of the Bush Administration's war rhetoric from 2003 through April 2006. I argue that during this period the administration adapted America's war myth into one shaped largely through opposition to the dissonant narrative known as “the Vietnam Syndrome.” This critique demonstrates how the Vietnam Syndrome functioned as the oppositional narrative premise for a revisionist war mythology composed of three central mythemes: righteous war, democratic salvation, and shock and awe. This critique further explicates rhetorical myth's form and function by revealing how the iconic agents, acts, and sacred scenes of this war myth served to transform the material complexities of the Iraq war into a negation of the cultural dissonance of the Vietnam Syndrome.
Ab initio study of dipolar defects and 180° domain walls in PbTiO3

Abstract We have calculated the electronic and ionic structures for oxygen-vacancy–impurity-metal complexes and 180° domain walls in PbTiO 3 using a first-principles total energy method. The binding energy of an oxygen vacancy to a Pt impurity in PbTiO 3 is calculated to be ∼3.0 eV. The complex is strongly polar, stabilized by electron capture, and pins the polarization of the surrounding lattice. Domain walls are found to be Pb-centered and extremely narrow with a width of only about two lattice constants. The energy density of a domain wall is calculated to be ∼150 erg/cm 2 .
High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Isolation and Spectroscopic Characterization of Three Major Metabolites from the Plasma of Rats Receiving Rapamycin (Sirolimus) Orally

Abstract Three major metabolites of rapamycin (M2, M3, and M5) were isolated from pooled plasma of orally dosed rats. Metabolites were extracted from the plasma with ethyl acetate/methanol prior to isolation by HPLC using a Supelcosil SPLC-18, 5μm, 10 × 250 mm column. The mobile phase was a methanol/ammonium acetate linear gradient system. The isolated metabolites were characterized by negative ion FAB MS, ion-spray MS and ion-spray MS/MS. Metabolite M2 is oxygenated in the southern portion of rapamycin and the macrolide ring is opened. M3 is a structural isomer of rapamycin where the lactone ring is opened. M5 is O-demethylated on the C41 methoxy moiety and the macrolide ring is intact.
Tagless and universal biosensor for point detection of pathogens

We demonstrate the use of terahertz time domain spectroscopy for determination of ligand binding for biomolecules. Vibrational modes associated with tertiary structure conformational motions lay in the THz frequency range. We examine the THz dielectric response for hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL): free and bound with tri-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. Transmission measurements on thin films show that there is a small change in the real part of the refractive index as a function of binding and a sizable decrease in the absorbance. A phenomenological model is used to determine the source of the absorbance change. A change in the vibrational mode density of states and net dipole moment changes will necessarily happen for all biomolecule-ligand binding, thus THz dielectric measurements may provide an universally applicable method to determine probe-target binding for biosensor applications.
siRNA-mediated gene silencing in vitro and in vivo

RNA interference is now established as an important biological strategy for gene silencing, but its application to mammalian cells has been limited by nonspecific inhibitory effects of long dsRNA on translation. Here, we describe a viral-mediated delivery mechanism that results in specific silencing of targeted genes through expression of small interfering RNA (siRNA). We establish proof of principle by markedly diminishing expression of exogenous and endogenous genes in vitro and in vivo in brain and liver, and further apply this strategy to a model system of a major class of neurodegenerative disorders, the polyglutamine diseases, to show reduced polyglutamine aggregation in cells. This viral-mediated strategy should prove generally useful in reducing expression of target genes to model biological processes or to provide therapy for dominant human diseases.
Sequence of the human somatostatin I gene

Two human genomic DNA fragments containing alleles for the gene coding for somatostatin I were isolated and sequenced. This gene contains a single intron that interrupts the coding sequence in the propeptide portion of the somatostatin moiety. The site of initiation of transcription of the gene was located by transcription experiments in HeLa cell extracts, and the putative regions for controlling the initiation of transcription were identified.
Differences in Macrocognition Strategies With Face to Face and Distributed Teams

Deciding is an important macrocognition function for small teams performing overconstrained tasks. It is unclear how macro cognition strategies differ for small teams that work in a traditional fac...
Relating the reproductive toxicity of five ingested metals in calanoid copepods with sulfur affinity

Abstract The sublethal toxicity of dietary Ag, Cd, Hg, Mn, and Zn to marine copepods, measured as depressed egg production, was evaluated as a function of ambient metal concentrations and metal concentrations in copepod tissues. All metals were toxic following 4-h feedings on metal-contaminated phytoplankton food, but there was a four order of magnitude difference between the inhibitory concentration in copepod tissues of the most toxic (2.4 nmol g−1 dry wt. for Hg) and least toxic (13.4 μmol g−1 dry wt. for Mn) metals. Metal concentrations in copepods that elicited a toxic response were about 3 times higher than background concentrations for Ag and 9 times higher for Hg, about 2 times higher for Cd, two orders of magnitude higher for Mn, and only 5% higher for Zn. Copepods exposed to lower concentrations of Zn for longer periods (1 week), resulting in tissue Zn concentrations similar to those in the short-term exposures, were not affected, suggesting that copepods were capable of adjusting to slowly increasing Zn by sequestration of this metal. Toxic metal concentrations in copepod tissues were directly proportional (r2=0.85) to the affinity of the metals for sulfur, as indicated by the solubility products of the metal sulfides. This relationship, together with protein analysis of eggs, published recently, suggests that metals affect egg production by binding to enzymes involved with vitellogenesis.
Same Day Tri-Modality Functional Brain Mapping Prior to Resection of a Lesion Involving Eloquent Cortex: Technical Feasibility

Non-invasive functional evaluation of the brain complements structural MRI imaging and has largely supplanted invasive techniques such as awake craniotomy. Techniques used for functional mapping of the brain include BOLD-functional MRI (fMRI), magnetoencephalography (MEG), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). We describe the case of a right-handed patient with a lesion centered in the left inferior perirolandic cortex who underwent fMRI, MEG, and TMS on a single day to facilitate maximal lesion resection while preserving eloquent cortex and eloquent white matter tracts.
Social Commerce from a Theory of Planned Behavior Paradigm: An Analysis of Purchase Intention

Social commerce s-commerce is linked to social shopping, social sharing, and described as focusing on sharing information with affiliate shoppers. Due to the increased popularity of private and public social networking websites, this empirical study extends Ajzen's 1991 theory of planned behavior TPB to explain and predict purchase intention after interacting with an s-commerce website. Results indicate significant support for the theoretical paradigm from an s-commerce perspective. No significant effects emerged from the multiple linear regression conducted to determine whether the current study's theoretical paradigm confirmed to the applicability of the theory of planned behavior. Using a path model as outlined by Ajzen 2004, the path analysis produced good support for the model in which purchase intention had a positive relationship with attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived control behavior. Analysis of attitudes, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and intentions revealed subjective norm had the greatest influence on purchase intention. Implications for theoretical and practical analysis are presented, along with recommendations for future research.
An Empirical Investigation of Two Group Idea Generation Techniques: Manual Versus Electronic Gallery Writing

Gallery writing is a widely used variant of brainwriting and the technique is available in electronic and manual forms. This study posits a model based on the input-process-output framework to empirically test the relative efficacy of electronic and manual gallery writing. An experiment using a student sample was conducted and data was collected to test the proposed model. Path analysis shows that while either technique can be used successfully, groups using the electronic version generated more text. Also, free riders were dissatisfied with the meeting process. Some implications of this study are that when a large number of ideas are desired in group meetings, electronic gallery writing might be the preferred technique, while manual gallery writing might be better when meeting participants want to keep the discussion focused on succinct ideas.
Eco-labeling and dolphin avoidance: A dynamic model of tuna fishing in the Eastern Tropical Pacific

Abstract This paper examines the impact of dolphin-safe eco-labeling on the spatial distribution of fishing effort and fishermen's willingness to pay to avoid dolphins using a dynamic discrete choice model applied to the Eastern Tropical Pacific tuna fishery. This estimator couples the contemporaneous expected utility associated with fishing a specific site with the expected value of future optimal behavior for all future location choices on the cruise. We show that producers attempting to avoid dolphins faced a smaller set of viable sites as compared to producers actively targeting dolphins. Thus, the spatial distribution of effort within the fishery was significantly altered following the implementation of “dolphin-safe” tuna labeling in the early 1990s. We also show that vessels attempting to meet the label criteria were willing to pay substantial amounts to increase the spatial distribution of fishing grounds amenable to dolphin avoidance, but a mandatory eco-label would have been quite costly to all fishermen in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean (ETP) compared to the voluntary label implemented in 1990.
Extratemporal EEG and MRI findings in ANNA-1 (anti-Hu) encephalitis

Summary Introduction Extratemporal involvement has been reported in ANNA-1 encephalitis, but the rate is unknown. EEG and MRI are used in the evaluation of these patients, but the relative value of each has not been determined. The study objectives were to measure the rate of extratemporal abnormalities, and to determine the relative value of MRI and EEG in an ANNA-1 encephalitis cohort. Methods We selected from the neuroimmunology laboratory database ANNA-1 seropositive patients who underwent: (1) neurological evaluation at Mayo Clinic Rochester between 1990 and 2010 (2) comprehensive autoimmune paraneoplastic serological evaluation and (3) at least one EEG and MRI. Results Of 28 identified patients, the EEG was abnormal in 24 (86%). Extratemporal abnormalities included slowing [12(43%)], epileptiform discharges [eight (29%)], and epilepsia partialis continua [two (7%)]. In ten patients, only the MRI or EEG showed an abnormality but not both. Six patients had focal EEG abnormalities localized to regions other than those on MRI. In 13 patients with a negative MRI, the EEG showed a focal abnormality in seven (54%). Conclusion Extratemporal EEG abnormalities are present in nearly half of ANNA-1 seropositive patients, suggesting that extratemporal involvement is common. EEG and MRI are often complementary in determining lesional distribution in ANNA-1 seropositive patients.
Anisotropic, time-dependent solutions in maximally Gauss-Bonnet extended gravity

Abstract In an arbitrary number of dimensions, we find the full exact anisotropic, time-dependent, diagonal-metric solutions to maximally Gauss-Bonnet extended gravity theory. This class of theories, for which the lagrangian is an arbitrary linear combination of dimensionally extended Euler forms, is the most general gravitational theory in which the field equations contain no more than second derivatives of the metric. We show that the space-time exponentially approaches an asymptotic state of constant, anisotropic curvature and prove three theorems concerning two generic types of singularities. The first theorem gives conditions for the existence of Kasner-like curvature singularities. For these the metric diverges as t Pi where ∑ p i = 2 k max - 1 and k max is the highest power of the curvature in the lagrangian. Other critical point singularities can arise from the polynomial nature of the theory. The remaining theorems demonstrate that the generic solution is extendible at all of these other critical points and that the generic critical points occur at moments of external volume density of space-time. We give an explicit coordinate transformation which produces a smooth extension through the critical point. The space-time may therefore alternately expand and contract for many cycles before expanding forever or contracting to a singularity. Many particular cases are treated in detail including several power series solutions, the generalized Kasner solution to general relativity with or without cosmological constant, the perturbative solution for quadratic string gravity, and five-dimensional extended gravity.
Localization and Developmental Expression of Surfactant Proteins D and A in the Respiratory Tract of the Mouse

Surfactant protein D (SP-D) is synthesized and secreted by pulmonary epithelial cells. Like surfactant protein A (SP-A), SP-D is a collagen-like glycoprotein belonging to the "collectin" class of C-type lectins that may play an important role in pulmonary host defense. To begin studies on SP-D gene regulation and function using the mouse as an animal model, we identified the cellular sites of SP-D gene expression in adult mouse lung and trachea and characterized the developmental expression of SP-D mRNA in murine fetal and newborn lungs. We compared these findings with similar studies for murine SP-A, which has an established role in surfactant function and metabolism and a probable role in pulmonary host defense. SP-D mRNA and protein were readily detected by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry in alveolar type II and nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells of the lung, as well as in cells of the tracheal epithelium and tracheal submucosal glands of the adult mouse. Although SP-A mRNA and protein were also localized to alveolar and nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells of the murine lung, there was no detectable labeling for either SP-A mRNA or protein in the murine trachea. Expression of murine SP-D mRNA was first detected by Northern blot analysis on d 16 of gestation in timed-pregnant mice, with an average gestational period of 17 d, and this increased dramatically before birth and during the immediate postnatal period. The developmental expression of murine SP-A mRNA paralleled that of SP-D except that there was a small decrease in mRNA content on postnatal d 5. These studies provide the first description of the cellular distribution and developmental expression of SP-D in mouse lung, which will be important for interpreting future studies of SP-D gene expression in transgenic animal models. In addition, these studies provide the first documentation that, unlike SP-A, SP-D is synthesized not only in the lung but also in submucosal glands of the trachea.
Auto-tuning multi-programmed workload on the SCC

The need for power-aware computing has become increasingly apparent. Common power-aware platforms have placed the burden of optimizing energy consumption on the programmer. In many cases this is a complex task which requires more time from the programmer than is acceptable. Hence, auto-tuning for power-aware computing has been proposed to alleviate the programmer from this task. Previous research has been focusing on automatic tuning of individual applications. However, there has been little work that tunes multiple programs across an entire platform. The Single-Chip Cloud Computer (SCC) is an experimental processor created by Intel Labs. In this paper, we present a method that extends auto-tuning to consider the multi-programmed workload across the entire many-core platform of SCC. Using an algorithm based on Differential Evolution, we were able to reduce the energy-delay product of the workload by 58.5%.