cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical imaging technology for body size and shape analysis: evaluation of a system designed for personal use.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Three-dimensional optical (3DO) imaging systems that rapidly and accurately provide body shape and composition information are increasingly available in research and clinical settings. Recently, relatively low-cost and space efficient 3DO systems with the ability to report and track individual assessments were introduced to the consumer market for home use. This study critically evaluated the first 3DO imaging device intended for personal operation, the Naked Body Scanner (NBS), against reference methods. PARTICIPANTS/METHODS Circumferences at six standardized anatomic sites were measured with a flexible tape in 90 participants ranging in age (5-74 years), ethnicity, and adiposity. Regression analysis and Bland-Altman plots compared these direct measurements and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) %fat estimates to corresponding NBS values. Method precision was analyzed from duplicate anthropometric and NBS measurements in a subgroup of 51 participants. RESULTS The NBS exhibited greater variation in test-retest reliability (CV, 0.4-2.7%) between the six measured anatomic locations when compared with manually measured counterparts (0.2-0.4%). All six device-derived circumferences correlated with flexible tape references (R2s, 0.84-0.97; p < 0.0001). Measurement bias was apparent for three anatomic sites while mean differences were present for five. The NBS's %fat estimates also correlated with DXA results (R2 = 0.73, p < 0.0001) with no significant bias. CONCLUSIONS This system opens a new era of digital home-based assessments that can be incorporated into weight loss or exercise interventions accessible to clinical investigators as well as individual users.
Guided wave tomography based on least-squares reverse-time migration:

A key to successful damage diagnostics and quantification is damage imaging through ultrasonic guided wave tomography. We propose the implementation of least-squares reverse-time migration in a cir...
Taxonomy and anatomy

Abstract The diverse species of grapevine belong to the botanical family Vitaceae, which includes mostly shrubs and woody lianas that climb using leaf-opposed tendrils. The vast majority of the thousands of grape cultivars belong to the species Vitis vinifera. Some of the other species are used as pest-tolerant rootstocks to which cultivars with desirable fruit properties are grafted. Cultivars are propagated asexually as cuttings so that each individual is a clone of its mother plant. Grapevines comprise vegetative organs (roots, trunk, cordon, shoots, leaves, and tendrils) and reproductive organs (clusters with flowers or berry fruit). All organs are interconnected through the vascular system comprising the xylem for water and nutrient transport, and the phloem for assimilate transport. The roots form the plant–soil interface, while the trunk, cordons, and shoots of a vine form its stem. The shoots carry the leaves, buds, tendrils, and clusters. Leaves are arranged in spiral phyllotaxy in juvenile vines and in alternate phyllotaxy in mature vines. Buds are young, compressed shoots embedded in leaf scales. Tendrils and clusters are modified shoots. After fertilization, the flower pistil develops into the berry fruit. The berry houses up to four seeds surrounded by the endocarp, the mesocarp or flesh, and the exocarp or skin.
Mario Góngora como pensador político. Un debate inconcluso

Este trabajo tiene un doble objetivo. Por una parte, apunta a realizar un balance historiografico sobre el debate que Mario Gongora ha generado en Chile como pensador politico, mas que como historiador propiamente tal. Y, por otra, cotejar ese debate a la luz de dos ejes fundamentales del pensamiento politico de Gongora: antiliberalismo y fascismo catolico. Para ello, se distinguen dos momentos en ese debate: el que siguio a la publicacion de su celebre Ensayo historico sobre la nocion de Estado en Chile en los siglos XIX y XX, en la decada de 1980, y el libro, editado en 2017 por Gonzalo Geraldo y Juan Carlos Vergara, que da cuenta de unas jornadas sobre el pensamiento de Gongora, celebradas tres anos antes. El argumento de este articulo es que la mayoria de los comentaristas de Gongora tiende a pasar por alto o, al menos, minimizar los mencionados ejes de su pensamiento, lo que ha generado una notoria condescendencia hacia su figura intelectual.
The Clinical Utility and Ecological Validity of the Medication Management Ability Assessment in Older Adults with and without Dementia.

OBJECTIVE Older adults are susceptible to medication nonadherence, which may signify functional decline. Thus, performance-based proxies of medication-taking behavior may help diagnose dementia. We assessed the Medication Management Ability Assessment's (MMAA) clinical utility and ecological validity. METHOD This was a retrospective chart review of 180 outpatients (age = 72 ± 8 years) who completed the MMAA during clinical evaluations. Forty-seven were cognitively normal (CN), 103 had mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 30 had dementia. Most (136) were independent in medication management, whereas 28 were assisted and 16 were dependent. Kruskal-Wallis tests assessed whether MMAA scores differed by diagnosis and independence. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses identified diagnostic cut-offs. Classification accuracy estimates were derived. RESULTS MMAA performance differed across diagnosis as expected (p's < .001). Those who were independent in medication management outperformed assisted and dependent counterparts (p's < .001). Assisted and dependent cases were no different. At a cut-off = 23, the MMAA was good-to-strong in distinguishing dementia from CN cases (Sn = 0.96, Sp = 0.83), dementia from MCI (Sn = 0.70, Sp = 0.83), and dementia from functionally unimpaired cases (Sn = 0.78, Sp = 0.83). At a cut-off = 27, it had good sensitivity but weaker specificity when distinguishing both MCI and all cognitively impaired patients (MCI and dementia) from CN cases (Sn = 0.81, Sp = 0.66 and Sn = 0.81, Sp = 0.72, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The MMAA has ecological validity and clinical utility in identifying dementia. Its inclusion in neuropsychological practice may be especially useful when medication mismanagement is suspected.
Minimally Invasive Intradural Tumor Resection

In conjunction with neurofibromas, schwannomas are the second most commonly occurring intradural extramedullary tumor. They are a benign encapsulated nerve sheath tumor that are typically slow growing. They occur equally as frequently in the cervical and lumbar spine. If symptomatic, surgical resection may be warranted. In this surgical technique video, we present a case of a 70-year-old woman who presented with worsening symptoms consistent with cauda equina syndrome secondary to intradural masses at the L1-2 level. A minimally invasive resection of the intradural lesions was performed without any complication. Final pathology of the resected masses revealed schwannoma.
Unjustified Administration in Liberal Use of Tranexamic Acid in Trauma Resuscitation.

Abstract Background Early administration of tranexamic acid (TXA) has been widely implemented for the treatment of presumed hyperfibrinolysis in hemorrhagic shock. We aimed to characterize the liberal use of TXA and whether unjustified administration was associated with increased venous thrombotic events (VTEs). Methods We identified injured patients who received TXA between January 2016 and January 2018 by querying our Level 1 trauma center's registry. We retrospectively reviewed medical records and radiologic images to classify whether patients had a hemorrhagic injury that would have benefited from TXA (justified) or not (unjustified). Results Ninety-five patients received TXA for traumatic injuries, 42.1% were given by emergency medical services. TXA was considered unjustified in 35.8% of the patients retrospectively and in 52% of the patients when given by emergency medical services. Compared with unjustified administration, patients in the justified group were younger (47.6 versus 58.4; P = 0.02), more hypotensive in the field (systolic blood pressure: 107 ± 31 versus 137 ± 32 mm Hg; P Conclusions Our results highlight a high rate of unjustified administration, especially in the prehospital setting. Hypotension and tachycardia were indications of correct use. Although we did not observe a difference in VTE rates between the groups, though, our study was underpowered to detect a difference. Cautious implementation of TXA in resuscitation protocols is encouraged in the meantime. Nonetheless, adverse events associated with unjustified TXA administration should be further evaluated.
Facilitating the HPC Data Center Host efficiency through Big Data Analytics

Quality of service is important feature for a High Performance Computing Center (HPC) center like Partnership for an Advanced Computing Environment (PACE) center in Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech). The user’s job fails running on a HPC center may due to a spectral of reasons, one of major contributor is the hardware and network failure. Reducing the hardware failure rate can significantly increase a data center’s quality of service as well as reducing the cost of human intervention. This is critical during PACE’s transition to a fee-based service model in which uptime correlates directly with revenue. PACE has around 9 millions jobs each year with 12% of job failure rate. In order to extend service life of hardware and reduce the potential failure and data center’s cost, we present a machine learning method to understand the center’s host usage pattern. By clustering the hosts based on multiple features, we reshuffle the host list to avoid the hosts being overused over time. We build a test framework which runs the complex combination of experiments, and presents the ad hoc comparisons. We intend to make the machine learning method in a rack aware fashion, and show the meaningful result with rack information included.
Saving Substantial Similarity

Substantial similarity, an analysis of the similarity between two works, is the fulcrum of copyright infringement. Recent cases involving Led Zeppelin’s signature song “Stairway to Heaven,” the award-winning movie “The Shape of Water,” and Google and Oracle’s dispute over computer code all require courts to grapple with this fundamental question. This Article reveals that copyright plaintiffs today have only a one in ten chance of winning – the worst in a century, as well as the cause - defendants’ devastatingly effective use of pretrial motions and the rise of lawsuits against non-rival defendants. Scholarly debates on substantial similarity typically revolve around the works of authorship at issue, circuit splits, and leading cases. These discussions entirely miss the unprecedented and unreported demise of substantial similarity. Rehabilitating the doctrine will require a fresh look at how we judge substantial similarity. Judging when defendants appropriated too much can be an inherently opaque and subjective enterprise. To many courts and scholars, substantial similarity is “bizarre,” “ad hoc,” and “a virtual black hole in copyright jurisprudence.” Every creative work borrows some inspiration from other works, whether copyrighted or not. If left theoretically unaddressed, the law will continue adrift without compass or rudder, inhibiting the growth of creative industries. Helping plaintiffs win fairly and viably will be critical in fostering diverse, innovative ecosystems like architecture, literature, movies, and software. For this to happen, three things must change. First, courts must judge works holistically from the vantage of an ordinary observer, and once plaintiffs have proven facial similarity, defendants should then explain why they are not infringing. Avoiding elemental dissections of the copyrighted work makes substantial similarity easier for factfinders to administer and less likely to penalize plaintiffs whose works invariably incorporate some unprotectable elements. Second, jurors must be the default arbiters of substantial similarity. The layperson, and not experts, are copyright’s principal audience. Third, requiring copyright registrants to identify the expressive elements of the works in their registrations will help clarify what they seek to protect and provide better notice to defendants. Beyond copyright, the observations and insights in this Article map to broader scholarly debates on rules versus standards, the centrality of jury trials, and structural biases within the American justice system.
The Carnival of the Mad: Foucault’s Window into the Origin of Psychology

Foucault’s participation in the 1954 carnival of the mad at an asylum in Switzerland marked the beginning of his critical reflections on the origins of psychology. The event revealed a paradox at the heart of psychology to Foucault, for here was an asylum known for its progressive method and groundbreaking scientific research that was somehow still exhibiting traces of a medieval conception of madness. Using the cultural expression of this carnival as a starting place, this paper goes beyond carnival costumes to uncover the historical structures underneath the discipline of modern psychology. Drawing on Foucault’s earliest works in psychology, his 1954 Mental Illness and Personality, his 1954 “Dream, Existence and Imagination,” his 1957 “Scientific Research and Psychology” and briefly his 1961 History of Madness, I will describe the discrepancy between the theory of modern psychology, which finds its heritage in the methods of modern science, and the practice of modern psychology, which finds its heritage in the classical age. I will argue that this division helps make sense of unexplained psychological phenomena, as seen in general practices related to artistic expression, and individual experiences, as seen in the presence of guilt and the resistance to medical diagnosis in patients.
Changes to ophthalmic clinical care during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.

Purpose of review Given the impact that society as a whole, and medicine specifically, has experienced as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, an examination of clinical care changes enacted in the field of ophthalmology is of interest to the specialty. Recent findings In order to adapt to the reality of the COVID-19 pandemic, measures, such as broadening telehealth capabilities, adopting universal masking, careful sanitation procedures, applying virtual teaching in academic environments, and deferring elective surgeries were put in place. These were aimed at reducing person-to-person spread of SARS-CoV-2. Though best efforts were made at triaging ophthalmic emergencies during these times, unfortunate delays in care were observed in some circumstances. Finally, a prospective study interrogating the risk of spread at slit lamp distances for short periods of time was encouraging, suggesting low risk of transmissibility, though limited by a small case-positive sample size. Summary Significant changes have been made in the design and delivery of ophthalmic care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Some of these, such as telemedicine, may provide value in a postpandemic world.
A Uqp(u2) model for rotational bands of nuclei

A rotational model is developed from a new version of the two-parameter quantum algebra Uqp(u2). This model is applied to the description of some recent experimental data for the rotating superdeformed nuclei 192-194-196-198Pb and 192-194Hg. A comparison between the Uqp(u2) model presented here and the Raychev-Roussev-Smirnov model with Uq(su2) symmetry shows the relevance of the introduction of a second parameter of a 'quantum algebra' type.
Social Class and Infant Intelligence

There is generally widespread agreement that social class differences in intellectual development are present in older preschool children, as reflected in their performance on standard intelligence tests beginning during the third year of life, and later in their academic achievement in school. However, there is disagreement about whether such differences are present in infancy. There has also been a great deal of controversy about how social class differences in intellectual development can best be explained or interpreted, as well as strong disagreement about what can or should be done about such differences.
De Novo Sequencing of Peptides Using Mass Spectrometry

Peptides are important biomolecules that play a variety of functional roles. Knowledge of the specific sequence of amino acids in peptides is essential to understand their biological functions, to identify them in target tissues, to map changes in their metabolic profile, to assess the purity of newly synthesized peptides and to characterize their precursor proteins. Currently, mass spectrometry has assumed a pivotal role in determining the sequence of peptides. The procedure involves conversion of peptide molecules into gas-phase ions, fragmentation of these species into the sequence-specific ions, and deciphering the mass spectral data into the sequence of the target peptide. This procedure, known as “de novo sequencing”, requires understanding of the peptide fragmentation rules and guidelines for interpretation of a mass spectrum. These aspects are discussed in detail in this chapter.
Dynamic Elastic Modulus and Internal Friction in Fibrous Composites

Solid-state elastic constants fill many needs. Engineering design calculations require them for estimating load-deflection and thermoelastic stress. Derived from fundamental interatomic forces, elastic constants index both cohesion and strength. They relate to other physical properties such as specific heat and thermal expansion, all of which help define a solid’s equation of state.
Iron and silicate regulation of new and export production in the equatorial Pacific: A physical‐biological model study

Based on a physical-biological model with monthly mean forcing, numerical experiments are conducted to examine the effects of iron and silicate availability on phytoplankton growth in the equatorial Pacific. The effects of elevated iron are realized in terms of increasing the phytoplankton light acclimation efficiency (α) and decreasing the molar ratio Si/N of diatom uptake. The increase of α (decrease of Si/N) would release the iron stress to phytoplankton growth in the equatorial Pacific thus support higher organic production, which tends to drive the system into nitrate depletion. However, the biogenic silica (BSi) production remains largely unchanged due to the reduction of Si removal for unit production of organic nitrogen by diatoms. As a result, the BSi production is lower than the new production and the Si(OH) 4 is higher than the NO 3 , which is consistent with conditions during glacial periods as inferred from the geological records but opposite to the conditions in the modern equatorial Pacific. The numerical experiments suggest that, if other conditions stay the same, low NO 3 concentration during glacial periods may prevent diatoms from out-growing small phytoplankton in the equatorial Pacific.
College cops: a study of education and policing in California

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the state of police education in California. There is limited national data on the topic and this study aims to improve our knowledge by studying the state with the highest number of law enforcement officers in the USA. Design/methodology/approach – A total of 162 local law enforcement agencies (police and sheriffs’ departments) in California completed a 32-question electronic survey about police education and training. Findings – Findings reveal that California agencies are more likely than agencies nationwide to offer incentives to encourage officers to pursue higher education. Although most departments require only a high school diploma, 35 percent of sworn officers are college graduates. Most college-educated officers are employed by medium and large sized agencies in urban counties which pay above-average salaries. Research limitations/implications – This paper demonstrates how the prevalence of educated police officers varies and that higher educati...
Contemporary management and research directions in advanced heart failure: where are we going?

Congest Heart Fail. 2011;17:241–247. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Advanced heart failure (AHF) is not a uniform disorder, but is rather a heterogeneous group of patients with varying clinical presentations and definitions. It is growing in magnitude and represents a major public health problem. Herein we describe contemporary care of the patient with AHF, novel medical therapies, and mechanical circulatory assist devices. We speculate where progress has been made and where the major gaps in knowledge remain. Clearly, there is ample opportunity for research and discovery to further advance the care of these very sick patients.
Is renoprotection with RAAS blockade a failed paradigm? Have we learnt any lessons so far?

Squibb laboratory scientists in the early 1970s discovered the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), which were subsequently introduced into clinical medicine as antihypertensive agents (1). Thereafter, the angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) were introduced, again initially as antihypertensive agents as well (2). In the last three decades, following several randomised multi-centre placebo-controlled trials, the indications for ACEIs and ARBs have continued to expand to now include heart failure, diabetic nephropathy, non-diabetic nephropathies, with specific claims of cardio-protection and renoprotection (3-9). Recently, the concepts of total RAAS blockade with combination ACEI+ARB, or the use of supra-therapeutic doses of ACEIs or ARBs, purportedly to maximise the espoused benefits of maximal angiotensin blockade have been proposed (10). The result is that currently, in some surveys, nearly 80% of some US diabetic patients are receiving an ACE inhibitor, an ARB or a combination of both agents (11).
Subcutaneous Immunotherapy Versus Sublingual Immunotherapy: Which Is More Effective?

Subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) and sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) are both effective treatments for allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma, both show clinical evidence of disease modification by decreasing new sensitizations in individuals who were monosensitized, by reducing the development of asthma in patients with allergic rhinitis, and by inducing clinical improvement that persists for years after discontinuation of a successful course of treatment. Initiation of SLIT is accompanied by a high incidence of local symptoms, but these are generally mild and do not usually persist beyond the first few weeks. Systemic reactions do occasionally occur with SLIT but much less frequently than with SCIT, and, to date, no fatal or near fatal reactions have been reported. Effective doses have been defined for many allergens for SCIT and are now being defined for SLIT. There remains the unanswered question of the effectiveness of SLIT with multiple allergen extracts. The relative clinical efficacy of SCIT and SLIT remains to be defined. When each is compared with placebo, results of meta-analyses suggest greater efficacy of SCIT. In the limited number of randomized, head-to-head studies, SCIT has more often provided greater clinical and immunologic responses. However, head-to-head studies with well-defined effective doses by the 2 routes are urgently needed.
Assessment of Mehlich3 and ammonium bicarbonate-DTPA extraction for simultaneous measurement of fifteen elements in soils

Few existing extractions such as Mehlich3 and ammonium bicarbonate‐DTPA (ABDTPA) can be used as a multi‐element soil test. A multi‐element extraction is attractive to scientists and soil testing laboratories because it eliminates the need for multiple extractions and allows simultaneous measurement of elements by using the Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). The objective of this study was to evaluate Mehlich3 and ABDTPA for simultaneous measurement of 15 elements in 30 acidic and 20 alkaline U.S. soils from 21 states. Widely‐accepted, and conventional soil tests (Bray1 and Olsen for phosphorus (P); NH4OAc for calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and sodium (Na); diluted HCl and DTPA for aluminum (Al), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) were employed for the evaluation. Single and multiple regression analysis were applied to investigate the relationship between Mehlich3 or ABDTPA and the respective soil test. The re...
Combining low-power scan testing and test data compression for system-on-a-chip

We present a novel technique to reduce both test data volume and scan power dissipation using test data compression for system-on-a-chip testing. Power dissipation during test mode using ATPG-compacted test patterns is much higher than during functional mode. We show that Golomb coding of precomputed test sets leads to significant savings in peak and average power, without requiring either a slower scan clock or blocking logic in the scan cells. We also improve upon prior work on Golomb coding by showing that a separate cyclical scan register is not necessary for pattern decompression. Experimental results for the larger ISCAS 89 benchmarks show that reduced test data volume and low power scan testing can indeed be achieved in all cases.
Accelerating Cavities for an 800 MeV Soc

The minimum required energy gain per turn for the 800-MeV Separated Orbit Cyclotron increases by a factor of about five from the injection radius to maximum orbit radius. Ordinary rectangular cavities operating in the TM11O mode can be used to provide the accelerating voltage; however, the cavity length is then about twice the distance between the inner and outer orbits (~18 ft). This length, and the rf power loss, can be reduced by shaping the cavity to excite in addition the TM210 and TM310 modes. Inclusion of these higher order modes shifts the maximum voltage from the midpoint of the cavity out toward the end, resulting in a shorter cavity and lower losses. The performance of a 1/4-scale model of the "shaped rectangular cavity" was found to agree quite well with theory. "Wedge-shaped" cavities were also investigated. In this cavity, which is a sector of a cylinder, the length of the accelerating gap increases with machine radius. The upper and lower boundaries of either type of cavity can be shaped to excite higher order Mlodes.
Image-guided optical spectroscopy in diagnosis of osteoarthritis: a clinical study

This goal of this study was to clinically evaluate the potential of a novel hybrid imaging techniques, called x-ray guided multispectral diffuse optical tomography, for identifying physiological parameters of joint tissues that can be used to distinguish between osteoarthritic and healthy joints in the hand. Between 2006 and 2009, the distal interphalangeal (DIP) finger joints from 40 subjects including 22 osteoarthritis patients and 18 healthy controls were examined clinically and scanned by the hybrid imaging platform that integrated a C-arm based x-ray tomosynthetic system with a mutlispectral diffuse optical imaging system. Based on the reconstructed results from the 40 subjects, it was observed that oxygen saturation and water content were two statistically most significant physiological discriminators for differentiation of the healthy joints from the osteoarthritic ones.
Vicarious Trauma: Proposed Factors That Impact Clinicians

This article provides an overview about vicarious traumatization (VT) seen in military (and civilian) therapists working with combat veterans. Special focus is placed on the impact of VT on therapists on personal and professional levels. In addition, 8 important factors that impact the VT symptom severity are described: (a) the number of combat veterans and severity of combat trauma assigned/seen by the therapist; (b) personal history of trauma; (c) professional trauma, including deployment/redeployment in combat zones (in Afghanistan and Iraq) to provide therapy in combat zones; (d) the perception of adequate training for working with combat veterans with Type II trauma; (e) peer supervision and/or consultation; (f) availability of social support; (g) self-care and leisure; and (h) resiliency and stress buffers.
Portentous Birds Flying West: On the Mesopotamian Origin of Homeric Bird-Divination*

Abstract Drawing on the Akkadian omen series Summa Ālu and its predecessors, this essay argues for a Mesopotamian origin of Homeric bird-divination. Against the suggestion of Hogemann and Oettinger that Greek bird-divination has its closest parallels with Hittite bird-divination, I argue that both in its function as a tool for divination and in its specific content, Homeric bird-divination, if not all such ancient Greek divination, finds much closer parallels in Mesopotamian divination traditions than it does in Anatolian traditions. I suggest that the late 8th century B.C.E. and the decades before and after 1200 B.C.E. represent two periods when conditions were particularly ripe for the introduction of Mesopotamian bird-divination into the Aegean and that itinerant diviners, perhaps in the employment of armies, were the most likely conveyors of this particular form of divination.
The organization of an ethnic economy: Urban black communities in the early twentieth century

Abstract Pioneering investigations of urban black communities have asserted that during the early twentieth century, the diverse activities of black entrepreneurs were not organized into a coherent ethnic economy. However, in the present study, multivariate analyses of Census data cast doubt on this assertion. They show that in large northern cities, measures of black participation in numerous entrepreneurial and professional occupations were positively and significantly associated with one another and were, in some cases, positively associated with measures of black participation in various public service, artistic, entertainment, and mass media occupations. There is evidence, then, for a revisionist view of black enterprise that suggests that important economic and social endeavors coexisted in beneficial relationships within the black communities of cities that were the principal destinations of black migrants from the South in the early twentieth century.
A multi-directional backlight for a wide-angle, glasses-free three-dimensional display

Multiview three-dimensional (3D) displays can project the correct perspectives of a 3D image in many spatial directions simultaneously. They provide a 3D stereoscopic experience to many viewers at the same time with full motion parallax and do not require special glasses or eye tracking. None of the leading multiview 3D solutions is particularly well suited to mobile devices (watches, mobile phones or tablets), which require the combination of a thin, portable form factor, a high spatial resolution and a wide full-parallax view zone (for short viewing distance from potentially steep angles). Here we introduce a multi-directional diffractive backlight technology that permits the rendering of high-resolution, full-parallax 3D images in a very wide view zone (up to 180 degrees in principle) at an observation distance of up to a metre. The key to our design is a guided-wave illumination technique based on light-emitting diodes that produces wide-angle multiview images in colour from a thin planar transparent lightguide. Pixels associated with different views or colours are spatially multiplexed and can be independently addressed and modulated at video rate using an external shutter plane. To illustrate the capabilities of this technology, we use simple ink masks or a high-resolution commercial liquid-crystal display unit to demonstrate passive and active (30 frames per second) modulation of a 64-view backlight, producing 3D images with a spatial resolution of 88 pixels per inch and full-motion parallax in an unprecedented view zone of 90 degrees. We also present several transparent hand-held prototypes showing animated sequences of up to six different 200-view images at a resolution of 127 pixels per inch.
Physical Organic Chemistry of Transition Metal Carbene Complexes. 27.† Substituent Effects on the Nucleophilic Substitution of [Aryl(thiomethyl)carbene]pentacarbonylchromium(0) Complexes by Amines in Aqueous Acetonitrile

A kinetic study of the reactions of (CO)5CrC(SMe)C6H4Z (Z = 4-CF3, 4-Cl, 4-F, 4-Me, 4-MeO, and 4-Me2N) with n-butylamine, 2-chloroethylamine, piperidine, and 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine in 50% MeCN−50% water (v/v) at 25 °C is reported. In all cases the nucleophilic attachment of the amine to the carbene complex is rate limiting, which contrasts with the previously reported aminolysis of the methoxy analogues ((CO)5CrC(OMe)C6H4Z), where leaving group departure is rate limiting in most cases. The substituent effect on the nucleophilic attachment step is much weaker (average ρ = 0.55) than for the methoxy analogue (ρ = 2.03). It is shown that the small ρ value for (CO)5CrC(SMe)C6H4Z is “normal” and reflects the near cancellation of the substituent effects on the partial positive and partial negative charges at the transition state. These findings provide evidence that the high ρ value for (CO)5CrC(OMe)C6H4Z is “abnormal” and the result of the strong π-donor effect of the methoxy group on the reactant carben...
Abstract B51: Discovery of novel genomic targets in the NRF2‐mediated antioxidant response pathway by ChIP‐on‐chip and ChIP‐seq

Sulforaphane is a dietary isothiocyanate that has been shown to have anticancer, antidiabetic and antimicrobial properties. Found in cruciferous vegetables, sulforaphane acts primarily as a phase II enzyme inducer through the pathway mediated by nuclear factor (erythroid‐derived 2)‐like 2 (NRF2). NRF2 is the key transcriptional activator in this pathway, binding as a heterodimer with small Maf proteins to cis ‐acting antioxidant response elements (AREs) found in the promoter regions of downstream oxidative response genes. In Nrf2 knockout mice, oxidative stress exposure causes increased damage to lung, liver and neurological tissue compared to wild type mice. Conversely, an aggressive cancer phenotype has been linked to permanently activated NRF2; indicating NRF2 may directly regulate other pathways unrelated to oxidant defense. In order to investigate NRF2 binding and gene regulation on a genome wide scale, we analyzed chromatin immunoprecipitated (ChIP) NRF2‐bound DNA using ChIP‐on‐chip and ChIP‐Seq technologies. Specifically, a human lymphoblastoid cell line (HapMap GM11994) was exposed in triplicate to 10uM sulforaphane, crosslinked, sonicated and immunoprecipitated with NRF2 antibody. NRF2‐bound DNA was amplified and hybridized to the Agilent Human Promoter chip, which provides −5.5 to +2.5 kilobase coverage around the majority of gene transcriptional start sites (ChIP‐on‐chip). Additionally, ChIP NRF2‐bound DNA was sequenced using the Solexa GAII second‐generation sequencing platform (ChIP‐seq). ChIP‐on‐chip intensity data was input to Agilent9s DNA analytics software and 1056 probes in promoter regions of 277 genes displayed sulforaphane ‐ induced NRF2 binding, 20 of which had been previously identified as NRF2‐regulated genes. Ingenuity pathway analysis found these 277 genes were involved in oxidative stress, cellular growth and proliferation, cellular development, small molecule biochemistry and other signaling pathways. We cross referenced the ChIP‐on‐chip data with results from gene expression (induction>1.2‐fold/suppression −6 ) in 60 sulforaphane‐exposed HapMap lymphoblastoid cells lines as determined by Illumina microarray. We identified 32 differentially expressed genes with NRF2 binding, 17 that had not previously been described as regulated by NRF2. Preliminary analysis of the ChIP‐seq data has mapped 2.1 million uniquely aligned sequencing reads resulting in 945 bound regions (high quality peaks). Of these, 5% are located near known NRF2‐binding regions, and approximately 20% of the regions overlap with the ChIP‐on‐chip platform. Using both the ChIP‐on‐chip and ChIP‐seq platform in this study has allowed us to investigate NRF2 on a genome‐wide scale and identify novel sulforaphane‐activated NRF2 gene targets. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):B51.
Anomalous ionic conduction in AgBrAgI mixed crystals and multiphase systems

Abstract Ionic conductivity, σ, of the AgBrAgI system has been studied as a function of composition and temperature. The maximum conductivity of 3 × 10 -4 Ω −1 cm −1 at 25°C is obtained for a AgI-20 mole% AgBr two-phase mixture which is $ 3 orders of magnitude larger than that predicted by the classical theories of Lord Rayleigh and Maxwell. On the other hand, the substitution of so-called homovalent ions, e.g. Br − in AgI and I − in AgBr one phase solid solutions leads to anomalously large increase in the ionic conductivity that cannot be explained in terms of the charge compensation (doping) mechanism, and is attributed to purely elastic displacements (lattice distortion) due to the very “wrong” size of the substituted ions. A quadratic dependence of conductivity on the concentration of substituents is substantiated. An important consequence of the latter anomaly is that AgBr + 30 mole% AgI exhibits σ $ 7 Ω −1 cm −1 at 380°C which is $ 170% higher than that of α-AgI, the best known superionic conductor, at its melting point (557°C).
Physical Activity as a Natural Antioxidant Booster and its Effect on a Healthy Life Span

Abstract The recent Surgeon General's report (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1996) promotes regular physical activity to enhance health. A possible mechanism by which physical activity contributes to a healthy life span is via enhanced antioxidant status. The purpose of this paper is to summarize findings from human studies on life span, health, antioxidants, and the effectiveness of physical activity as a natural antioxidant booster. Epidemiological studies concur that some antioxidants are inversely related to mortality. A single bout of exercise elevates some antioxidant enzyme and coenzyme activities. Regular physical activity enhances some antioxidants; however, strenuous exercise may diminish others. Results generally show that antioxidants play a mediating role in the way in which physical activity positively affects a healthy life span.
Finite markov processes in psychology

Finite Markov processes are reviewed and considered for their usefulness in the description of behavioral data. The various alternative responses in an experimental situation define a vector space, and changes in the probabilities of these alternatives are represented by movements in this space. Methods of fitting the theory to experimental data are considered. The simplest process, with a constant matrix of transitional probabilities that is applied repeatedly to represent the effect of successive trials, seems inadequate for most learning data. A matrix function that may be useful for learning theory is presented.
A coaxial cylinder viscometer for the study of fluids under high velocity gradients

Abstract A coaxial cylinder viscometer is described for the absolute measurement of shearing stress vs. velocity gradient up to high values of gradient. Principal features of construction are: bottomless cylindrical shearing surfaces, very small annular clearance, rigid mechanical alignment of the cylinders, and a pressure-feeding system. Several advantages are thereby achieved, not found together in other cylindrical viscometers: (1) versatility in testing a wide range of viscous fluids, including gels; (2) measurement of shearing stress and corresponding velocity gradient as essentially point values; (3) variability of velocity gradient up to high values; (4) good control of fluid temperatures; and (5) ease of introduction of fluids for test. Typical experimental results are presented for viscous Newtonian fluids, a commercial paint, and a varnish.
Effect of surface impurities on low-energy implanted-ion depth distributions

The depth distributions of 80-eV D/sup +/ implants in W (110) have recently been measured by field-desorption microscopy. Prominent structure, consisting of seven major and several minor peaks, is observed in the measured distributions. This contrasts with conventional implantation theory which predicts two peaks, one for the channeled D/sup +/ and one for the nonchanneled D/sup +/. The observed structure is explained in the present work by a model which ascribes the various peaks to D/sup +/ groups which have been scattered into planar channels by the surface impurities. The model allows a determination of D/sup +/ stopping powers in the various planar channels and the stopping power of C and O impurities which recoil down the axis. These are the first stopping-power values obtained in this energy region. The model suggests that surface location of the impurities as well as their elastic scattering cross section for D/sup +/ projectiles could be extracted from more elaborate calculations and experiments.
Role of P450 Aromatase in Sex-Specific Astrocytic Cell Death:

Female animals are protected from ischemic brain damage relative to age-matched males, in part through protection provided by endogenous estradiol. In brain, estradiol is produced from testosterone by cytochrome P450 aromatase (cyp 19), a steroid synthetic enzyme present in astrocytes. We tested the hypothesis that astrocytes derived from neonatal female rat brain are less susceptible than male cells to oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD), and that this endogenous protection is associated with enhanced aromatase activity. Primary cultured cortical astrocytes were prepared from male and female rat pups separately and grown to confluence in estrogen-free media. Cell death in response to OGD, alone or in combination with hydrogen peroxide, lipopolysaccharides, interleukin-1b, tissue necrosis factor-a, or nitric oxide (NO) donor diethylenetriamine/nitric oxide adduct (DETA/NO) was quantified as the ratio of propidium iodide to calcein AM-positive cells. Aromatase activity and cyp19 mRNA and protein levels were measured in cultures from each sex. Female astrocytes are more resistant to OGD and oxidant cell death induced by H2O2 , but sustain greater cell death when inflammatory mediators are combined with OGD compared with OGD alone. Media transfer from female to male cells conferred protection against OGD-induced cell death. Aromatase activity and expression is greater in female than in male astrocytes. The aromatase inhibitor, Arimidex (100 nmol/L), abolishes sex differences in OGD-induced cell death, whereas treatment with 17b-estradiol (10 nmol/L) protects cells of either sex. We conclude that astrocytes isolated from neonatal cortex exhibit marked sex differences in sensitivity to OGD, in part because of enhanced aromatization and estradiol formation in female cells.
Novel recombinant hemoglobin, rHb (beta N108Q), with low oxygen affinity, high cooperativity, and stability against autoxidation.

Using our Escherichia coli expression system, we have constructed rHb (βN108Q), a new recombinant hemoglobin (rHb), with the amino acid substitution located in the α1β1 subunit interface and in the central cavity of the Hb molecule. rHb (βN108Q) exhibits low oxygen affinity, high cooperativity, enhanced Bohr effect, and slower rate of autoxidation of the heme iron atoms from the Fe2+ to the Fe3+ state than other low-oxygen-affinity rHbs developed in our laboratory, e.g., rHb (αV96W) and rHb (αV96W, βN108K). It has been reported by Olson and co-workers [Carver et al. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 14443−14450; Brantley et al. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 6995−7010] that the substitution of phenylalanine for leucine at position 29 of myoglobin can inhibit autoxidation in myoglobin and at position 29 of the α-chain of hemoglobin can lower NO reaction in both the deoxy and the oxy forms of human normal adult hemoglobin. Hence, we have further introduced this mutation, αL29F, into βN108Q. rHb (αL29F, βN108Q) is stab...
Stress proteins as biomarkers of contaminant exposure in archived environmental samples

Abstract Stress proteins have been shown to provide information on the biological impact of toxic chemicals to organisms and to predict adverse consequences of that exposure. In this study we have examined the accumulation to two major stress proteins, hsp60 and hsp70, in banked samples to determine if they accumulate at high levels in organisms exposed to contaminants in their environment. We found that relative to laboratory controls, stress proteins concentrations were elevated in mussels and fish tissue collected as part of the NOAA National Status and Trends Program. Sediment and water chemistry from the stations where these organisms were collected and data on contaminant body burdens of these same organisms indicated that they had been exposed to contaminants for long durations in their environment. This study suggests that stress protein accumulation may provide a method for quantifying adverse biological impacts of exposure to chemicals in the environment when examined in wild populations from contaminated sites. This aproach may also prove valuable in retrospective studies when used in banked specimens which have been collected as part of a large scale surveillance monitoring programs.
Enhancing the robot avateering metaphor discreetly with an assistive agent and its effect on perception

We present a modeling approach to develop an agent that assists users discreetly in teleoperation when avateering a robot via an inexpensive motion sensor. Avateering is a powerful metaphor, and can be an effective teleoperating strategy. Avateering a Humanoid Robot (HR) with no wearable device encumberment, such as using the popular Kinect/NUI motion sensor, is also desirable and very promising. However, this control scheme makes it difficult for the slave robot to make contact and interact with objects with high accuracy due to factors such as viewpoint, individually-unique and unilateral human-side control imprecision, and lack of informative tactile feedback. Our research explores the addition of an assistive agent that arbitrates user input without disrupting the overall experience and expectation. Additionally, our agent assists with maintaining a higher level of accuracy for interaction tasks, in our case, a grasping and lifting scenario. Using theWebots robot simulator, we implemented 4 assistive agents to augment the user in avateering the Darwin-OP robot. The agent iterations are described, and results of a user study are presented. We discuss user perception towards the avateering metaphor when enhanced by the agent and also when unassisted, including perceived easiness of the task, responsiveness of the robot, and accuracy.
Methyl bromide for increasing I131 uptake by Pine trees

Soil sterilization by methyl bromide greatly increases the uptake by pine trees of I/sup 131/ which had been introduced into the soil. This effect seems to be due to destruction of differentially permeable cytoplasmic membranes of pine roots in treated soil, destruction of soil microorganisms which biologically absorb minerals in the rhizosphere, and prior occupation of the small but significant anion adsorption capacity of soil by bromine compounds. Under these conditions, iodine remains mobile in the soil solution and is swept into the transpiration stream. For other isotopes, soil sterilants with different characteristics might be more effective. (auth) Dynamics of spontaneous supraweak luminescence (5 x 10/sup 4/ quant/sec cm/sup 3/) of tissues was observed during acute radiation sickness. Tissue homogenization as functions of thermal peroxide decay and temperature was analyzed. The concept of an autolytic mechanism in the terminal stages was in agreement with the tissue luminescence. (R.V.J.)
The value of small lead shields against the injurious effect of total-body irradiation.

which it was observed that the peptide absorption depends not only on the constituent amino acids but also on the order of arrangement. The variations, however, always remain within the order of magnitude of the values given above. It is concluded from these findings, as well as from studies on other proteins, that peptide bonds show a band with a maximum near 185 ma and that data collected at 205 mAt mirror this band. The details of this study will be reported elsewhere.