cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medical, economic, and regulatory factors affecting point-of-care testing. A Report of the conference on factors affecting Point-of-Care Testing, Philalephia, PA, 6–7 May 1994

Abstract On 6–7 May 1994, the National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry sponsored a conference on point-of-care testing (POCT) in Philadelphia, PA. Several other organizations including the American Association for Clinical Chemistry, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Clinical Laboratory Management Association, the National Laboratory Training Network Eastern Area Resource Office, and Thomas Jefferson University co-sponsored the program, which brought together approximately 225 healthcare professionals involved in the decision making processes of implementing and overseeing POCT. These individuals included clinical chemists, medical technologists, clinicians, pathologists, nurse managers, respiratory therapists, laboratory and hospital administrators, and manufacturers of point-of-care devices. The conference focused primarily on the critical care setting, but some attention was given to the more general patient setting. The panelists assessed POCT from four perspectives: (1) medical aspects, (2) delivery options for achieving rapid turn-around time, (3) the economics of the different delivery options, and (4) legislative, regulatory, and legal issues. At the completion of the meeting, areas of agreement and disagreement were summarized. In addition, areas requiring further research and standardization were delineated. The impact of the conference on laboratory practices was evaluated by means of a questionnaire sent to hospital-based healthcare personnel approximately 6 months after the meeting.
Smuggling and Parallel Markets for Exports

This article proposes a model of smuggling consistent with the coexistence of firms involved in strictly legal trade with firms involved in smuggling. A framework is presented in which a firm's degree of risk aversion and the level of government enforcement are the determining factors in the decision of the firm to smuggle or not to smuggle. The model demonstrates that smuggling must be welfare enhancing or all smuggling activity will end. This article also provides a theoretical analysis of the effect enforcement has on smuggling and welfare. Increased enforcement is shown to have a negative effect on welfare. Government enforcement is assumed to have two policy instruments it can use to combat smuggling: (1) the probability of detection and (2) the monetary penalty. The relative effectiveness of government enforcement instruments in deterring smuggling is shown to be dependent on the degree of firm risk aversion.
Rex-dependent exclusion of lambdoid phages. II. Determinants of sensitivity to exclusion.

Abstract Lambdoid phages and mutants sensitive to Rex-dependent exclusion have been identified and characterized. At least two λ genes, red and ren, are required for full protection of λ from Rex-dependent exclusion. Ren mutations, which are recessive and are located between genes P and Q, may define a new gene. λ-P22 and λ-θ80 hybrids with P22 or θ80 DNA substituted for λ genes 0 and P and part of the P-Q region are sensitive to Rex-dependent exclusion, as are phages carrying a deletion (nin5) between P and Q. Complementation tests show that these phages are phenotypically Ren−. The second class of mutants sensitive to Rex are Red−, that is, defective in the phage general recombination system. Thus it appears that several phages, λ, T5, T7, and T4, produce functions (products of ren and red, lr, rbl, and rII) which allow phage growth in the presence of Rex. Because λ Red function, a known DNA nuclease, protects λ from Rex-dependent exclusion, we propose that Red and Ren may act by preventing formation of a DNA substrate which is sensitive to Rex or by repairing a DNA substrate which has been acted on by Rex. Suppressor mutations have been identified in λ and P22 replication genes, 0(18) and P(12), which allow Red− or Ren− phage to grow in the presence of Rex. Some of these mutants have acquired the property that their growth is stimulated by Rex and, in some cases, is dependent on Rex. These observations suggest that Rex can replace or compensate for limiting 0 and P activity.
The caudal-related homeobox genes cdx1a and cdx4 act redundantly to regulate hox gene expression and the formation of putative hematopoietic stem cells during zebrafish embryogenesis.

The hox genes play a central role in organogenesis and are implicated in the formation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The cdx genes encode homeodomain transcription factors that act as master regulators of the hox genes. In zebrafish, mutations in cdx4 cause a severe, but not complete, deficit in embryonic blood cells. Here, we report the expression and function of cdx1a, a zebrafish Cdx1 paralogue. Using morpholino-mediated knockdown of cdx1a in a cdx4 mutant background, we show that a deficiency in both cdx genes causes a severe perturbation of hox gene expression and a complete failure to specify blood. The hematopoietic defect in cdx-deficient embryos does not result from a general block in posterior mesoderm differentiation as endothelial cells and kidney progenitors are still formed in the doubly deficient embryos. In addition, cdx-deficient embryos display a significant reduction in runx1a+ putative HSCs in the zebrafish equivalent to the aorta–gonad–mesonephros (AGM) region. Overexpressing hoxa9a in cdx-deficient embryos rescues embryonic erythropoiesis in the posterior mesoderm as well as the formation of HSCs in the AGM region. Taken together, these results suggest that the cdx-hox pathway plays an essential role in the formation of both embryonic erythroid cells and definitive HSCs during vertebrate embryogenesis.
Laser Ranging between the Mercury Laser Altimeter and an Earth-based Laser Satellite Tracking Station over a 24-million-km Distance

Using the Mercury Laser Altimeter, a 10-cm laser ranging precision was demonstrated between Earth and the MESSENGER spacecraft over a 24-million-km distance in space.
A century of pulmonary gas exchange.

The period from 1905 to 2004 was a particularly important era in the history of pulmonary gas exchange. The dramatic increase in knowledge from rudimentary ideas at the beginning of the 20th century to today’s sophisticated analyses might be compared with the progress from the Wright flyer at Kitty Hawk in December 1903 to modern supersonic aircraft. However, I cannot resist the temptation to peek back one page to the beginning of the 19th century because in some ways that sets the stage for 1905.
Islamic Philanthropy and the Third Sector: The Portrait of Zakat Organizations in Indonesia

This paper discusses the role of zakat organizations as the emerging Third Sector in Indonesia. It presents the profiles of three currently leading zakat organizations: Rumah Zakat Indonesia (RZI), Dompet Dhuafa (DD), and Pos Keadilan Peduli Ummat (PKPU). This paper highlights that the zakat organizations play an important role in serving public needs in Indonesia. They offer many services in such areas as health, economy, education, agriculture, and disaster reliefs. Competition does exist among zakat organizations, particularly if they operate in the same areas and target the same segment of donors (e.g., wealthy Muslims in urban areas). This paper argues that some more efforts are still needed to strengthen the roles of zakat organizations as part of the Indonesian third sector. This could be achieved through strengthening the accountability and the transparency of zakat management as well as by encouraging zakat organizations to allocate more funds for economic development programs. Allocating more funds for economic development programs would make zakat organizations more powerful in promoting social welfare in the society.
Nuclear Octupole Correlations and the Enhancement of Atomic Time-Reversal Violation

We examine the time-reversal-violating nuclear “Schiff moment” that induces electric dipole moments in atoms. After presenting a self-contained derivation of the form of the Schiff operator, we show that the distribution of Schiff strength, an important ingredient in the ground-state Schiff moment, is very different from the electric-dipole-strength distribution, with the Schiff moment receiving no strength from the giant dipole resonance in the GoldhaberTeller model. We then present shell-model calculations in light nuclei that confirm the negligible role of the dipole resonance and show the Schiff strength to be strongly correlated with low-lying octupole strength. Next, we turn to heavy nuclei, examining recent arguments for the strong enhancement of Schiff moments in octupole-deformed nuclei over that of 199 Hg, for example. We concur that there is a significant enhancement while pointing to effects neglected in previous work (both in the octupole-deformed nuclides and 199 Hg) that may reduce it somewhat, and emphasizing the need for microscopic calculations to resolve the issue. Finally, we show that static octupole deformation is not essential for the development of collective Schiff moments; nuclei with strong octupole vibrations have them as well, and some could be exploited by experiment.
Soft navigation in electronic product catalogs

Current electronic product catalogs support only hard navigation in the product list. Products or product categories are displayed only if they match a criterion that a user has specified explicitly as a constraint or implicitly by following a navigation link. Hard navigation is problematic if users want to express soft preferences instead of hard constraints. Users will make sub-optimal buying decisions if they mistake soft preferences for hard requirements and focus only on products that match all their preferences. Soft navigation is an alternative means to navigate product catalogs. Users express preferences which are used to evaluate products and display them in such a way that higher-scoring products are more visible than lower-scoring products. This paper presents a product scoring catalog (PSC) that supports soft navigation and allows users to express preferences and rate their importance by following a set of rules. The paper closes by outlining possible extensions to PSC and indicating research issues related to soft navigation product catalogs.
HYDICE data from Lake Tahoe: comparison to coincident AVIRIS and in-situ measurements

Coordinated flights of two calibrated airborne imaging spectrometers, HYDICE and AVIRIS, were conducted on June 22, 1995 over Lake Tahoe. As part of HYDICE's first operational mission, one objective was to test the system performance over the dark homogeneous target provided by the clear deep waters of the lake. The high altitude and clear atmosphere makes Lake Tahoe a simpler test target than near-shore marine environments, where large aerosols complicate atmospheric correction and sediment runoff and high chlorophyll levels make interpretation of he data difficult. Calibrated data from both runoff and high chlorophyll levels make interpretation of the data difficult. Calibrated data from both sensors was provided in physical units of radiance. The atmospheric radiative transfer code, MODTRAN was used to remove the path radiance between the ground and sensor and the skylight reflected from the water surface. The resulting water-leaving spectrometer, and with values calculated form in-water properties using the HYDROLIGHT radiative transfer code. The agreement of the water-leaving radiance for the HYDICE data, the ground-truth spectral measurements, and the results of the radiative transfer code are excellent for wavelengths greater than 0.45 micrometers . The AVIRIS flight took place more than an hour closer to noon, which makes the radiance measurements not directly comparable. Comparisons to radiative transfer output for this later time indicate that the AVIRIS data is strongly by sun glint. Because water-leaving radiance is dependent upon the characteristics of the water, it can be analyzed for some of those properties. Using the CZCS algorithm based on the water-leaving radiance at two wavelengths, the chlorophyll content of Lake Tahoe was computed from the HYDICE and ground-truth data. Resulting values are slightly higher than measurements made two weeks earlier from water samples, indicating a growth in the phytoplankton population which is very plausible given the intervening atmospheric conditions. The success in determining water-leaving radiance and interpreting it for pigment concentration are very positive results for this early HYDICE flight. The interpretations made so far do not make use of the full spectral content of the data, so much room for advancement remains.
DMSO affects the efficiency of photolabeling of tetrabrominated rhodamine to collagen fibers

The ability to photolabel a compound, tetrabrominated rhodamine (TBR), onto collagen gels was tested. The influence of DMSO on the efficiency of photolabeling was determined. The DMSO enhances the photolabeling presumably by allowing the TBR to become more closely associated to the collagen fibers such that upon photon absorption which causes debromination to yield a radical, the radical can covalently link to the collagen.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cell Disruption in Broiler Breast Muscle Related to Freezing Time

SUMMARY— Cell disruption, resulting from different freezing times, was evaluated by studying the composition and amount of drip obtained from broiler breast muscles after freezing and thawing. The degree of cell disruption was estimated after measuring the amount of drip released and by total solids, nitrogen and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) concentration of the drip. Initial drip release was noted approximately 5% hr after the frozen meat was placed in a refrigerator at 16°C, and collections were made through the 18th hr. Degree of cell disruption was not uniformly related to changes in freezing times of 0.5 to 1,494 min. In general, increased freezing time resulted in greater cell disruption; however, several exceptions were noted. Cell disruption was relatively severe for tissues frozen in 18 to 35, 87, and 252 min, and relatively low for tissues frozen in times of 1 to 18 min, 132 to 22.5 min, and longer than 1,044 min. All frozen and thawed muscles had higher contents of total solids, nitrogen and DNA than unfrozen controls.
Hemispheric asymmetries in processing emotional expressions.

Abstract Three experiments are reported on visual field asymmetries in the perception of emotional expressions on the face. In experiment I full faces expressing six different emotions were presented unilaterally for exposure durations, allowing the subject to judge whether the facial expression was positive or negative. Right-handed subjects judged all expressions except happiness as more negative when presented in the left visual field (LVF). This effect was smaller for left-handers and was absent in left-handers who use the non-inverted writing posture. In experiment II subjects were presented with happy, sad and “mixed” chimeric faces, projected to each visual field, for durations allowing only the detection of the existence of a face. LVF presentations produced greater differential rating of emotional valence for the three types of stimuli. In experiment III chimeric faces containing happy and sad expressions were presented unilaterally for durations allowing the subject to perceive the existence of two expressions on the face. The subjects were required to decide whether the mood expressed in the face was predominantly negative or positive. RVF presentations resulted in a bias toward positive judgements. These results indicate right hemispheric superiority for the perception and processing of emotional valence and a left hemispheric perceptual bias toward positive aspects of emotional stimuli.
Nonlinear modeling and analysis of a rolling element bearing with a clearance

Abstract Rolling element bearings are the key components in many rotating machinery. For efficient performance of the machine it is necessary to accurately predict the effect of various parameters and operating conditions on the machine’s behavior. This paper deals with the development of a nonlinear model of the rotor-bearing system on rolling element bearings with clearance. Clearance is an important nonlinearity which can cause bifurcations and chaos as has been shown in this paper. In this paper a detailed model for clearance is developed. In this model the inner race center and the outer race center are not assumed to be collinear when relations for deflections in the rolling element are developed. The model is non-dimensionalized and then analyzed to reveal rich nonlinear phenomena. Further, for better performance of any machine it is necessary to identify and stay out of chaotic regimes of operation. Hence, Lyapunov exponents and Poincare mappings are used to analyze the system and determine the regions of chaotic response.
Partial Masking of the Canine Electroretinogram by Oscillatory Potentials

Recording the electroretinogram (ERG) in dogs has become a standard procedure in clinical ophthalmology. The ERG provides highly objective information about retinal function that is otherwise unobtainable from dogs. However, problems may be encountered in measuring the latencies and amplitudes of the a and b waves, depending upon the amplifier bandwidth used to record the potential. Superimposed on the canine ERG are other complex retinal potentials, some of which have higher frequency spectra than those that give rise to a and b waves. Whereas an amplifier bandwidth of 1.0 to 100 Hz or more insures that the slower components of the ERG are recorded, it also allows higher frequency oscillatory potentials (OP) to be recorded on the b wave. The OP cause a notching in the peak of the b wave thus necessitating a decision about how to measure the b wave. Bandwidth characteristics of the ERG and OP are presented and some possible methods for measuring the OP-contaminated ERG are discussed. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1990; 4:40–42)
In-beam gamma spectroscopy of 161 Ho

Abstract Boron ion in-beam γ-spectroscopy studies are reported, leading to assignment of eight excited members of the 161Ho ground rotational band. Energy spacings of 161Ho and 165Ho bands are analyzed in terms of perturbation expansions of the Coriolis interaction. Energies and intensities are compared with Stockholm work involving α-particle bombardments.
A Human Cartilage Metalloproteinase with Elastolytic Activity

A metalloproteinase with elastolytic properties found in human fetal and osteoarthritic cartilage could not be detected in normal adult cartilage. During extraction the enzyme appeared to be mostly associated with cartilage proteoglycans, from which it can be separated by ion exchange chromatography. This enzyme migrated during electrophoresis with an apparent molecular weight of 62,000 daltons and was found to be fully activated in the tissue under the study conditions. The enzyme showed a preference for substrates rich in non-polar amino acid residues and was capable of breaking down elastin and casein at neutral pH. The enzyme activity can be inhibited by chelating agents and specific affinity reagents, chloroketones, and is not inhibited by other proteinase inhibitors such as PMSF, aprotinin and alpha-1-antitrypsin. This enzyme may play a significant role in conditions demanding rapid cartilage matrix turnover and/or remodeling, such as normal embryonic development or osteoarthritis.
Rectal misoprostol vs 15-methyl prostaglandin F2α for retained placenta after second-trimester delivery

Objective The purpose of this study was to compare rectal misoprostol (RM) with 15-methyl prostaglandin F2α (PGF 2α ) for the management of retained placenta after second-trimester deliveries. Study Design A retrospective study of all second-trimester deliveries between the years 2000 and 2005 was performed. Women were divided into 2 groups, depending on whether they received RM or PGF 2α after the delivery. Results Three hundred three second-trimester deliveries were analyzed. The time from the administration of medications to the placental delivery was significantly shorter in women who received PGF 2α , compared with the RM group (49.5 vs 89 minutes; P 2α had lower rates of retained placenta (4.9% vs 12.4%; P = .02). Conclusion The use of PGF 2α after second-trimester deliveries results in shorter third stage of labor and lower rates of retained placenta compared with RM.
Femtosecond studies of nonlinear optical switching in GaAs waveguides using time-domain interferometry

We describe the application of a new femtosecond measurement technique, time division interferometry, for investigating the transient nonlinear index in waveguides. This technique performs an interferometric measurement using a time division multiplexed reference pulse and achieves high sensitivity with increased immunity to acoustic and thermal parasitics. Using a tunable femtosecond laser source, direct measurements of the wavelength dependent nonresonant nonlinear index have been performed in A1GaAs waveguides. In addition, conventional pump and probe absorption measurements permit the investigation of carrier dynamics, band filling, and two photon absorption effects. Two photon absorption is found to be a potentially serious limiting effect for obtaining all optical switching.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Probing the interior of peptide amphiphile supramolecular aggregates

We present a study of the aqueous solvation within self-assembled structures formed from peptide amphiphiles. We have placed tryptophan and pyrene chromophores onto the peptide backbone to enable spectroscopic examinations of the interior of the resulting supramolecular objects. Self-assembly constrains the chromophores to a defined location within an aggregate, and they experience differing degrees of quencher penetration reflective of their depth within the nanostructure. Tryptophan fluorescence indicates that the interiors remain well-solvated, suggesting that the supramolecular aggregates maintain high degrees of free volume. The Stern−Volmer quenching constants and the fractional accessibility (of covalently bound pyrene) progressively increase as the chromophore is placed closer to the aggregate exterior. Furthermore, these aggregates encourage chromophore uptake from aqueous solution as evidenced by the solubilization of free pyrene chromophores. Our findings demonstrate that covalently bound fluor...
Observations on Gye's work with the Rous sarcoma.

The writer wishes to report briefly the results of experiments carried out during the last seven months in attempting to repeat and amplify the experiments of Gye1 on the Rous chicken sarcoma. The latter interpreted his results as meaning that two factors were involved in the production of this tumor; first a specific, non-living, chemical factor found only in extracts of the neoplasm; and second, a filtering virus, capable of being cultivated in vitro under certain conditions. The latter was also obtainable from cultures of mammalian tumors. Neither substance alone was capable of producing a tumor, together they were active. The media used in cultivation of the virus contained broth, rabbit serum and chick embryonic tissue. No controls using un-inoculated, but incubated media of this type to replace virus were quoted in the original paper. In personal communications, Gye lias reported to the writer that such controls have been carried out and in his hands have proved negative. Murphy,2 on the contrary, h...
Use of 5'-UTP-agarose for ribonuclease affinity chromatography.

Abstract The use of commercially available 5′-UTP-agarose as an affinity chromatography resin for RNase has been described. It was shown that at pH 5.3, 0.025 m piperazine-HCl buffer was effective for the adsorption of active RNase A and exhibited little nonbiospecific binding as has been shown earlier for SepharoseaPhpUp [Stewart, G. R., and Stevenson, K. J. (1973) Biochem. J.135, 427–441]. Phosphate buffer at either pH 3.0 or 5.45 eluted essentially all of the RNase activity added to the column; however, pH 5.45 was slightly more efficient. Competitive elution experiments with 2′(3′)-UMP yielded a linear plot of 1 (V − V o vs [I]. From this plot KI and KIM were calculated to be 70 and 130 μ m , respectively. It is suggested that since this material is different from that which is used most often for RNase A affinity chromatography, it may prove useful for RNase binding studies.
ON THE COMMUNICATIVE PROPERTIES OF MUSIC

Music plays a variety of roles as an agent of social utility and source of entertainment. For young people in particular, music helps unify social collectives, introduces new topics, teaches society's norms and rules, and creates new symbols. Because active use of a medium increases its effect as an agent of socialization, music has an impact at physical, emotional, and cognitive levels. The modern rock movement is especially important when considering the activities of adolescents in the U.S. and Europe.
Studies on the active center of monoamine oxidase.

Zunachst werden primare und sekundare Anteile der aktiven Enzymzentren und oxydative Desaminierung definiert. Es wird dann ein allgemeines Verfahren geschildert um durch die Exploration des Substrat- und Inhibitorbereichs das aktive Zentrum der Monoamin-oxydase (MO) zu untersuchen. Phenylalkylamine, Phenylcyclopropylamine und Phenylalkylhydrazine erreichen dann ihre maximale Wirkung, wenn sie aus einem aromatischen Ring und aus einer zweigliedrigen Seitenkette bestehen. Schliesslich wird der Einfluss dieser Studien, die zum Teil ihren Ausgang von der Analyse des Iproniazideffekts nahmen, auf die Erforschung des Stoffwechsels, der Pharmakologie und der Klinik biogener Amine angedeutet.
Assessing graduate assistant teacher communication concerns

The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument measuring teacher communication concern as experienced by graduate teaching assistants (GTAs). Two‐hundred and thirty‐three GTAs enrolled in a preservice orientation program completed two scales: a revised, expanded version of the Teacher Communication Concern scale and a 28‐item Concerns Checklist. Results indicate that GTAs experience eight somewhat interrelated types of concern: self, task, impact, role conflict, teaching, area knowledge, procedural knowledge, and time management. Furthermore, GTA variables of expected duties, prior teaching experience, newness to area, foreign born, and age are likely to predict differential types of concerns.
Wavelength selection in laser arthroscopy

Electrosurgical devices and various lasers are used to cut human meniscal tissue, and the amount of thermal damage caused by each method is measured and compared.
Regucalcin and cell regulation: role as a suppressor protein in signal transduction

Regucalcin was discovered in 1978 as a calcium-binding protein that does not contain EF-hand motif of calcium-binding domain (Yamaguchi and Yamamoto Chem Pharm Bull 26:1915-1918, 1978). The name regucalcin was proposed for this calcium-binding protein, which can regulate various Ca(2+)-dependent enzyme activations in liver cells. The regucalcin gene is localized on the chromosome X, and the organization of the regucalcin gene consists of seven exons and six introns. AP-1, NF1-A1, and RGPR-p117 bind to the promoter region of the rat regucalcin gene and enhance transcription activity of regucalcin gene expression that is mediated through calcium signaling. Regucalcin plays a pivotal role in the keep of intracellular calcium ion (Ca(2+)) homeostasis due to activating Ca(2+) pump enzymes in the plasma membrane (basolateral membrane), microsomes (endoplasmic reticulum), mitochondria, and nuclei of many cell types. Regucalcin has a suppressive effect on calcium signaling from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in the proliferative cells. Regucalcin has also been demonstrated to transport to the nucleus, and it can inhibit Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinase and protein phosphatase activities, Ca(2+)-activated deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragmentation, and DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis in the nucleus. Overexpression of regucalcin suppresses cell death and apoptosis in the cloned rat hepatoma cells induced by various signaling factors. Regucalcin can inhibit the enhancement of cell proliferation due to hormonal stimulation. Regucalcin plays an important role as a regulatory protein in cell signaling system, and it is proposed to play a pivotal role in keep of cell homeostasis and function.
Layers of Trauma: the Yiddish-Hebrew Fiction of Yosl Birshteyn (1920-2003)

This article evaluates the function of Yiddish-Hebrew creative diglossia in the work of Yosl Birshteyn, a prominent Israeli novelist and short-story writer, particularly in the “first Kibbutz novel” in Yiddish, Hebrew-Yiddish fiction based on the Israeli stock market crash, and the future of Yiddishism in Hebrew and Yiddish. In short, Yiddish acts as a layer of all texts as a fact of communal pain and uncertainty in past, present and future. Birshteyn’s Hebrew originals were translated back into Yiddish and his Yiddish work was translated into Hebrew by famous and representative hands with stylistic and linguistic consequences examined here.
Does mitochondrial DNA play a role in Parkinson's disease? A review of cybrid and other supportive evidence.

Abstract Significance: Mitochondria are currently believed to play an important role in the neurodysfunction and neurodegeneration that underlie Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent Advances: While it increasingly appears that mitochondrial dysfunction in PD can have different causes, it has been proposed that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) may account for or drive mitochondrial dysfunction in the majority of the cases. If correct, the responsible mtDNA signatures could represent acquired mutations, inherited mutations, or population-distributed polymorphisms. Critical Issues and Future Directions: This review discusses the case for mtDNA as a key mediator of PD, and especially focuses on data from studies of PD cytoplasmic hybrid (cybrid) cell lines. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 16, 950–964.
The Psychology of Adult Development and Aging: A Survey of Reference Sources

The population of the United States is aging. Throughout most of the twentieth century, the older population of this country has grown far more rapidly than any other age group. During the past two decades alone, the population over sixty‐five years of age has grown fifty‐four percent, while the under sixty‐five age group has increased only twenty‐four percent.
Principles of aerosol radioactivity measurement using the electrodynamic balance

Abstract A charged microparticle levitated in an electrodynamic balance (EDB) undergoes charge loss due to scavenging of the opposite-polarity ions when ionizing radiation is present in the EDB chamber. The rate of charge loss of the suspended particle can be used to measure the level of radioactivity. A theoretical analysis of ion generation and transport inside the EDB chamber is developed which reveals the physical parameters which control the sensitivity and performance of the device. Model predictions of charge-loss rates with radioactive material deposited on the bottom electrode are compared to previously reported experimental measurements. The modelling principles are adaptable to any configuration of radioactive source and the detection sensitivity for a suspended radioactive microparticle in the EDB is also estimated. The modelling indicates that detection of radioactivity levels near 1 decay min−1 (dpm) in a suspended particle should be possible. The EDB may also function as a detector of individual decay events.
ON THE SINGLE CASE IN SCIENCE

The continuing discussion of idiography and nomothesis as scientific methods has recently been clarified by an analysis presented by duMas ( I ) . This analysis has served to make more explicit the possibilities and limitations inherent in both of these approaches to the acquisition of knowledge. Some of these were pointed out by duMas but others remain to be explored. This note is an attempt to clarify the role of time in the evaluation of nomothesis and idiography. The analytic model developed by duMas was based on three dimensions of data; each datum being regarded "as a record of an observation of a property of an entity at a particular time" (1, p. 6 5 ) . The notation system devised by duMas will also be used throughout this discussion. This notation can be summarized as follows: if a be taken to represent an observation, such an observation can be specified with regard to the individual (entity) observed, with regard to the time of observation, and with regard to the trait (or property) observed. If individuals are denoted by 1, 2, 3, . . . i . . . N, if successive time intervals be denoted 1, 2, 3, . . . k . . . L, and if traits be denoted 1, 2, 3, . . . j . . . M, then any observation can be represented as a i j k . The collection of all such possible observations is shown graphically in Fig. 1. N If C denotes that data are collected, then C a i j k would mean that observai = l tions are made and recorded of the jth trait at the kth time on individuals 1 . . . N. Such a collection would be represented in Fig. 1 as a vertical column within the solid. It should be noted that the points represented by Fig. 1 represent possible observations that could be made if one were to elect to make only one observation. However, once that observation is made the picture changes. This paper is concerned with the nature and extent of such changes and the implications of these changes for nomothesis and idiography.
Collaborative investigation of adult children of alcoholics with anxiety

The literature reports an increased incidence of anxiety disorders in alcoholic families. Whether anxiety is a complication of alcoholism or a precursor to alcohol abuse is not understood. Studies suggest that there are psychological as well as genetic components in substance abuse and anxiety disorders. The purpose of this paper is to describe a collaborative effort designed to explore the complex interaction between the etiologic factors that lead to anxiety and substance abuse. This collaboration brings together the unique perspectives of both psychiatric medicine and psychiatric nursing.
Supporting ethical problem solving: an exploratory investigation

The objective of this research was to investigate the use of decision aid technologies to support ethical problem solving. The decision aid developed for the exploratory study described in this paper was web-based and provided content that summarized and simplified much of moral philosophy (i.e. normative ethical theory) [3, 5, 11, 13, 18, 24, 26]. The ethical dilemma was posed in case format. Participants were asked to write, and revise as necessary, a solution to the case. The decision aid was developed to address five constructs in the research model: (1) Perceived Ethical Problem, (2) Perceived Alternatives, (3) Deontological Evaluation, (4) Teleological Evaluation, and (5) an Ethic of Care. Results from analysis showed that participants that used the decision aid identified the case's main issue, personal information privacy, more frequently than participants that did not use the decision aid. Individuals with support of the decision aid discussed the need to respect equal individual rights more often. Mixed results were found concerning use of other concepts from moral philosophy. An analysis technique was used that generated and statistically analyzed graphs that described how users navigated through decision problems. First, the participants' movements were captured as they went from page to page. These data were then used to construct depth-first-search trees (a particular type of graph). Characteristics of these trees were compared statistically, and the results showed no difference in the way control or treatment users navigated. Web-based ethical decision aids can be built and used, and can improve the solutions developed by students solving cases in a laboratory environment.
Determination of Barrier Height and Closed-Form Potential for the B 0+(3Π) State in BrCl

Abstract The potential energy curve for the B 0+(3Π) state in BrCl exhibits a barrier which has been attributed to the effects of an avoided crossing with another 0+ electronic state that correlates with two ground state atoms. Existing data for ν levels 2-8 in 79Br35Cl and 81Br35Cl are used to obtain closed-form representations of the B-state potential that are reliable to ∼ 0.01 cm−1. When the data for both isotopomers are fitted simultaneously, the variance rises by a factor of 2, providing an estimate of the extent of Born-Oppenheimer breakdown in this state. From among several satisfactory closed-form potentials, there are some which approximately reproduce the observed breaking off of the high-J lines in the 0-8 band of the E → B transition near 3290 A. This tunneling resonance spectrum is modeled using bound-free spectral calculations, from which the B-state barrier is located 18 520 ± 10 cm−1 above the minimum of the ground state and 275 cm−1 above the first dissociation limit.
Development of a new miniature method for the study of wound healing in human subjects

A new miniaturized method for evaluation of healing potential in human subjects has been developed. A small, standardized, subcutaneous wound is made in a standard location. Expanded PTFE tubing is placed in the wound and removed at specific intervals. The ingrowth of connective tissue is evaluated by histology and by measurement of hydroxyproline accumulation. Beginning on the fifth day, hydroxyproline accumulation correlates with visual accumulation of tissue in the tubing. Preliminary results show decreased hydroxyproline accumulation in the wounds of patients with preoperative debility. This is to be expected on the basis of previous clinical experience and laboratory studies. This method has the further advantage that the catheters may be placed with local anesthesia in outpatients and therefore may be applied systematically to populations, as well as for observation in patients requiring operation.
Diamagnetic structure of lithium: n ≈ 21

Abstract We present initial results of a study by laser spectroscopy of the diamagnetic structure of Rydberg states of lithium designed to verify the absolute accuracy to which the energy and the magnetic field can be determined, and to confirm the results of numerical calculations of the energy level structure. Spectra are displayed in the energy regime of − 252 cm−1 to − 242 cm−1, essentially exploring the n = 21 energy manifold, at magnetic fields up to 8.6 tesla.The spectroscopic resolution, ≈ 0.001 cm−1 ,represents a major improvement over previous work.
Review article: Colour and the American system of justice

A. Leon Higginbotham, In the Matter of Color: Race and the American Legal Process ‐the Colonial Period; New York, Oxford University Press, 1978. 536 pp. £8.50.
Daddy's little girl goes to college: an investigation of females' perceived closeness with fathers and later risky behaviors

Abstract Objective: The present study investigated the extent to which father–daughter relationships predicted risk-taking in a sample of female college students. Specifically, this study examined whether female adolescents’ models of father psychological presence predicted substance use and sexual risk-taking, over and above impulsivity, depression, and other risky behaviors. Methods: A sample of 203 female college students were administered several scales assessing father psychological presence, sexual risk-taking, substance use, impulsivity, and depression. Results: Father psychological presence did predict sexual risk-taking and illicit drug use (but not alcohol use) after controlling for impulsivity, other risky behavior, and mood. Further, when grouped into low and high levels of psychological presence, those in the low group were more likely to engage in a variety of risky behaviors than those who perceived high psychological presence. Conclusion: Consistent with evolutionary perspectives, paternal...
Peer Contextual Influences on the Growth of Authority-Acceptance Problems in Early Elementary School

This study investigated the effects of the peer social context and child characteristics on the growth of authority-acceptance behavior problems across first, second, and third grades, using data from the normative sample of the Fast Track Project. Three hundred sixty-eight European American and African American boys and girls (51% male; 46% African American) and their classmates were assessed in each grade by teacher ratings on the the Teacher Observation of Child Adaptation—Revised. Children's growth in authority-acceptance behavior problems across time was partially attributable to the level of disruptive behavior in the classroom peer context into which they were placed. Peer-context influences, however, were strongest among same-gender peers. Findings held for both boys and girls, both European Americans and African Americans, and nondeviant, marginally deviant, and highly deviant children. Findings suggest that children learn and follow behavioral norms from their same-gender peers within the classroom.
Trevor Kletz's impact on process safety and a plea for good science – An academic and research perspective

To provide even a short summary of Trevor Kletz’s career The December 1984 disaster in Bhopal was a wake-up all for the industry and a call to arms for all stakeholder roups. Government regulators, industry, academia and all ther stakeholder groups responded to this erstwhile unthinkble disaster with regulatory programs, industry standards, esearch, education and training. Many started talking about nherent safety concepts and other safety barriers that had ailed to cause the tragedy. Trevor Kletz, a quiet and unasuming man with the education and training of a chemist in is own characteristic manner had already been talking about nherent safety concepts much earlier. A decade before the hopal tragedy occurred, Trevor Kletz had published and spoen numerous times about inherent safety concepts in his legantly classic paper with the intriguing title, “What you on’t have can’t leak.” In appearance, a diminutive man, Trevor Kletz is a giant in he field of process safety. He has single-handedly influenced his field more than anyone else has had the opportunity to nfluence their respective fields. Amongst a lot of others, this uthor’s own career has been influenced to a great extent by revor Kletz. I am proud to recognize Trevor as a great friend, eacher and mentor. In this paper, I have tried to shed light n some of Trevor Kletz’s teachings and my opinion of what e might have said about different topics on process safety. ven though the author is indebted to Trevor Kletz for his eachings, the opinions expressed in this paper are solely the uthor’s own. The industrial revolution brought prosperity and along ith it the use of hazardous processes and complex techologies. Growing economies and global competition has led o more complex processes involving the use of hazardous hemicals, exotic chemistry, and extreme operating condiions. The growth of industry and as a result the economy is
A mechanical model of growth in regular sea urchins: predictions of shape and a developmental morphospace

The shapes of several urchins are correctly predicted by a model that uses only measured height and diameter as fitted variables. The predicted shape is based on the engineering theory of thin shells, which is conventionally used to calculate the shapes of a fluid droplet on a horizontal plane, and of `buckle-free' engineered domes. The magnitudes of forces theoretically required to generate urchin shapes at realistic sizes are similar to forces typically exerted on the skeleton by self-weight, podia and coelomic pressure. An urchin's shape, despite complex details of plate growth, is thus determined by a force balance at each point in the skeleton. Despite the skeleton's apparent rigidity, over developmental time it must deform in a manner similar to a stretchy balloon. This membrane model of morphogenesis specifies two developmental shape parameters: (i) the apical curvature; and (ii) a ratio of the mimicked vertical gradient of pressure (podial forces, etc.) to the internal coelomic pressure. An ontogenetic series of urchins is represented as a curved line in a two-dimensional, developmental morphospace. This morphospace, which is useful for studying developmental constraints and macroevolutionary dynamics, explains observed patterns of allometry in height and diameter in urchins.
Targeted recycling of PECAM from endothelial surface-connected compartments during diapedesis

Leukocytes enter sites of inflammation by squeezing through the borders between endothelial cells that line postcapillary venules at that site. This rapid process, called transendothelial migration (TEM) or diapedesis, is completed within 90 s after a leukocyte arrests on the endothelial surface1,2,3,4. In this time, the leukocyte moves in ameboid fashion across the endothelial borders, which remain tightly apposed to it during transit. It is not known how the endothelial cell changes its borders rapidly and reversibly to accommodate the migrating leukocyte. Here we show that there is a membrane network just below the plasmalemma at the cell borders that is connected at intervals to the junctional surface. PECAM-1, an integral membrane protein with an essential role in TEM5,6,7, is found in this compartment and constitutively recycles evenly along endothelial cell borders. During TEM, however, recycling PECAM is targeted to segments of the junction across which monocytes are in the act of migration. In addition, blockade of TEM with antibodies against PECAM specifically blocks the recruitment of this membrane to the zones of leukocyte migration, without affecting the constitutive membrane trafficking.
Low Molecular Weight Heparins in Special Populations

Low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) are replacing unfractionated heparin (UH) as safe and effective agents for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolism. Although LMWH offer many advantages over UH, usage is less clearly defined in certain special populations, including renal dysfunction, obesity and pregnancy. This article will briefly review the pharmacology of LMWH and discuss usage in these special populations.
Solubility, diffusion, and precipitation of oxygen impurities in MgB 2

We investigate the structure and energetics of native and oxygen-related defects in MgB 2 . First-principles total-energy calculations reveal that the nonstoichiometry in MgB 2 can be very small. Oxygen impurities have high solubility in MgB 2 at O-rich growth conditions. However, the presence of excess Mg during the growth can dramatically reduce oxygen incorporation by forming MgO precipitates. Oxygen impurities are found to exist in atomic form in MgB 2 . Interstitial oxygen atoms are very mobile, with an activation energy of 1.3 eV, indicating that they can be annealed out ex situ in Mg vapor.
Thermal Blanket for In-Situ Remediation of Surficial Contamination: A Pilot Test

Surficial PCB contamination has been successfully and safely removed from soils in a field test at the site of a former dragstrip where oil-containing PCBs had been sprayed to minimize airborne dus...
Predictors of improvement in maximum security forensic hospital patients

In a maximum security forensic hospital population (n = 376), relationships between three groups of patient factors (diagnostic data patient histories, and hospital course) and two indicators of treatment effectiveness (length of hospitalization [LOH] and restoration of competency to stand trial) were analyzed. Schizophrenia, previous hospitalizations, felony charges, drug treatment refusal, involuntary medication, physical restraint, and absence of personality disorders were associated with increased LOH. Nonschizophrenic patients without histories of previous incarceration, and, paradoxically, drug treatment refusers were relatively successful with competency restoration. Implications of these findings and questions for future research are discussed. Language: en