cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing the research and education needs of the organic dairy industry in the northeastern United States

Demographic and management data about organic dairies have been reported previously, but the current study is the first needs assessment of research and educational priorities of organic dairy farmers in the northeastern United States based directly upon their input. Our objectives were to (1) develop an initial understanding of the emerging research and educational needs of organic dairy farmers in the northeastern United States via focus group interviews, and (2) prioritize the needs identified by the focus groups with a broader population of organic dairy farmers via survey methods. Focus group interviews determined the questions used for the survey questionnaire distributed to 1,200 members of the Northeast Organic Dairy Producers Alliance. The members were asked about demographic information, but more importantly, challenges concerning business management and marketing, organic certification, and animal nutrition, health, and reproduction. The results (183 respondents, 15% response rate) were parsed by region (New England farms compared with New York and Pennsylvania farms), herd size (i.e., 12 to 37, 38 to 59, and >60 cows), and years of organic certification (<4 yr vs. ≥4 yr); however, no differences between regions were observed for demographic data. The average farm consisted of 309 acres and 57 milking cows, on which most of the forage was homegrown but grains were purchased (73% of farms). Among the greatest challenges identified by the farmers were obtaining a steady, fair price for milk (85% respondents); determining dry matter intake for animals on pasture (76%); and controlling nuisance flies (89%). Needs for additional research included organic treatments for mastitis (92% respondents), growing forages for organic production (84%), and developing value-added products (84%). Farms with <4 yr of organic certification were concerned with level of knowledge and experience of local certifiers, whereas organic producers with ≥4 yr of organic certification were more interested in field testing of new organic products. Opportunities for educational programs included learning about direct marketing possibilities (76% respondents) and providing training to regional veterinarians interested in organic remedies (91%). In conclusion, the information obtained from the current needs assessment provides a foundation for future research proposals and educational outreach programs, germane to stakeholder needs, which could benefit the organic dairy industry within the region and beyond.
Retinal Oximetry Using Intravitreal Illumination

Purpose: To demonstrate spectroscopic retinal oximetry measurements on arteries and veins in swine using intravitreal illumination. Retinal arterial and venous saturations are measured for a range of inspired O2 levels after pars plana vitrectomy. Methods: Pars plana vitrectomy and intravitreal manipulations were performed on two female American Yorkshire domestic swine. Light from a scanning monochromator was coupled into a fiberoptic intraocular illuminator inserted into the vitreous. The retinal vessels were illuminated obliquely, minimizing vessel glints. Multispectral images of the retinal vasculature were obtained as the swine's arterial blood oxygen saturation was decreased from 100% to 67% in decrements of approximately 10%. Retinal vessel spectra were used to calculate oxygen saturation in selected arteries and veins. Arterial oxygen saturations were calibrated using blood gas analysis on blood drawn from a Swan-Ganz catheter placed in the femoral artery. Results: Oblique illumination of retinal ...
EFFECTS OF PRESCRIBED FALL BURNING ON A WETLAND PLANT COMMUNITY, WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT OF PLANTS AND HERBIVORES

An important contemporary challenge for adaptive resource management is assessing both the direct and indirect effects of management activities by designing appropriate monitoring programs and sound analysis meth- ods. Here we evaluate the effects of prescribed fall burning on a wetland plant community that is managed primarily for spring-migrating geese. During late fall in 2 consecutive years, we burned vegetation in 4 replicate blocks (2.3 ha each) that traversed a natural moisture and associated vegetation gradient. We used ordination, gradient analysis, and contin- gency table analysis to evaluate how annual changes in relative abundance of plants were affected by burning as well as other important ecological factors. Burning increased species diversity of plants, especially in the 2 wetter vegetation zones, but had no effect on species richness or on the proportion of native plant species. Wetland plant species responded to prescribed burning independently, and their response often differed by vegetation zone and with annual variation in flooding. Burning enhanced the abundance of native foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatum) and reduced the abundance of introduced swamp timothy (Crypsis shoenoides). Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata), a native plant species, was usually less abundant following burning, although the level of response was different for each of the 3 vegetation zones. Two other introduced plant species, quackgrass (Elytrigia repens) and reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinaceae), were less abundant after fall burning, especially when spring flooding was more extensive. Wild geese using the experimental blocks for feeding clearly preferred burned sites, suggesting that fall burning can enhance wetland use by geese during spring. Given that simple manipulations such as burning and flooding of a wetland system may often produce complex results, we suggest that on-going management schemes be regularly evaluated with field experiments such as those con- ducted in this study.
Individualized screening decision tool for HNPCC

A58 For individuals at risk of colon cancer, determining the optimal period for and timing of screening exams can be difficult. Although formal guidelines exist for those at general risk, identifying those at elevated risk who are in need of increased screening is sometimes problematic. Hereditary colon cancer represents approximately 5% of cancers, and consist primarily of familial adenomatous poylposis (FAP) and hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer (HNPCC). For those with HNPCC, diagnosis may be difficult as the Amsterdam criteria is strict requiring a strong family history, and genetic testing of the DNA mismatch repair genes does not necessarily identify all mutations. Consequently, we have developed a personalized screening decision tool for at risk HNPCC patients that incorporates one9s carrier probability based on family history. A microsimulation model is designed built upon the natural history disease states: healthy, adenoma, pre-clinical carcinoma, clinical carcinoma, and death. Based on SEER incidence rates, US census death rates, and sojourn time distributions for adenomas and carcinomas, transition rates for each state are estimated. From a patient9s personal family history, gene carrier probabilities are estimated from MMRpro, a Mendelian gene carrier risk prediction model. Using these probabilities as weights for the various distributions, a cohort of simulated natural histories for the patient is generated. Varying intervals of screening are considered, and probabilities of early detection, late detection and over-diagnosis are then estimated according to the screening intervals. Our model was then piloted on a series of families who have undergone counseling at the Johns Hopkins hereditary colon cancer clinic.
Action of Parathyroid Hormone in Normal and Hypophysectomized Pigeons.

SummaryThe parathyroid hormone (parathormone) effectively increases the serum calcium level in normal, hypophysectomized and in thyroidectomized pigeons. Pigeons are therefore to be added to the few species now known to be suitable for use in studies which seek to identify the particular anterior pituitary hormone which stimulates the parathyroids. The parathormone preparation used contained something which led to increased blood sugar values in 5 of 6 tests made on normal pigeons.
Protection of Woolen Carpeting Against Black Carpet Beetle Larval Damage: Investigation of Six Compounds

Woolen carpeting has been protected against carpet beetle and clothes moth damage in the home by on-location oil-solution spray applications of DDT for at least 2 decades. DDT for protecting woolens against insect damage was suggested as early as 1944 (Anonymous 1944) and was used extensively for this purpose until 1969 when some of its recommended uses were canceled. Perthane® (a mixture of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis( p -ethylphenyl)ethane (95%) and related reaction products (5%)) and Strobane® (terpene polychlorinates (65% chlorine)) had been recommended for other mothproofing applications for many years, and in 1969 it was suggested that they be recommended as replacements for DDT for carpet spray treatments. However, the pest-control industry did not favor use of these compounds for on-location spray treatments for woolen carpets. Members of the industry indicated that because dust has a tendency to adhere to woolen fibers treated with these insecticides there would probably be rapid soiling of carpets treated with them. Therefore, tests were conducted at the Savannah Laboratory of the Stored-Product Insects Research Branch with these insecticides and 4 other compounds to determine their suitability as on-location carpet treatments.
Mineral Content of Boll Weevils, Cotton Buds, and Synthetic Diets

The mineral content of Anthonomus grandis Boheman, wild and mass-reared, cotton buds, and synthetic diets was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Manganese was low by a factor of 10 in the artificial diet when compared to cotton squares. All minerals except copper were enhanced, especially iron (100-fold) in overwintered weevils when compared to F1 weevils.
Information, Privilege, Opportunity, and Insider Trading

Insider trading legislation requires insiders to publicly report their trades through securities commissions and prohibits them from using confidential, undisclosed information that is material to the value of securities in connection with the trades.' In Canada, insider trading is both a civil and quasi-criminal offense.' In the United States, Rule 10b-5 of the Securities Exchange Act is often cited as authority for prosecuting insider trading cases. We will examine this subject.
The Tendency Towards Regionalization in the Dollar Bloc

The empirical evidence on intra-dollar Bloc trade, total Dollar Bloc trade and world trade is summarized in Table 56, for nine years covering the period 1928–1956.
Idiopathic and Traumatic Male Urethral Strictures

Urethral stricture is defined as a narrowing of the urethra which obstructs the flow of urine from the bladder to the urethral meatus as a result of fibrotic tissue. Scar tissue buildup from traumatic injury, instrumentation, congenital malformations, malignancy, or infection can cause a narrowing of the urethral lumen. Although the actual incidence is unknown, urethral stricture disease represents a significant economic burden on the healthcare system. The economic burden of urethral stricture in the United States was last evaluated for the year 2000. The annual costs exceeded over $200 million and resulted in over 1.5 million office visits. Urethral stricture actually results in more office visits and procedures than more seemingly common urologic problems such as kidney stones.
Servicizing in Supply Chains and Environmental Implications

Recently, a new type of innovative business models have been developed based on the premise that economic value is not necessarily associated with the production and distribution of products, but rather with the use and functionality that the products can offer. It has been argued that such models, often referred to as servicizing business models, may have a positive impact on the environment because they can enable firms to achieve both economic and environmental sustainability. However, they may also present unique implementation challenges because they require the business-as-usual relationship between the different partners in a supply chain to change from product-based to use- or function-based. In this chapter, we outline a taxonomy of different servicizing business models observed in practice, based on different operational characteristics. Based on these characteristics, we also provide an overview of the reasons why servicizing may improve environmental performance. More importantly, we also provide a discussion of why servicizing may backfire and lead to worse environmental outcomes due to the firm and/or consumer decisions. Finally, we identify implementation challenges that may prevent the adoption of servicizing business models in practice.
The Importance of a Strong Methodology When Choosing Baselines for Physiological Assessment

This study examines current resting baseline practices in physiological measurement. Specifically, we investigated between- and within-baseline stability of two-minute resting periods for electrocardiography (ECG), cerebral bloodflow velocity (CBFV), function near-infrared imaging (fNIR), and electroencephalography (EEG). A 4 x 4 within subjects ANOVA revealed instability between and within baselines for several psychophysiological measures. Planned comparisons between the final 30 seconds of each resting period, however, revealed that most measures return to a stabilized level after a period of attenuation. Outcomes suggest that researchers disregard the first minute and thirty seconds of resting baselines to allow for this attenuation when using a full suite of physiological measures.
Monolithic-like heterogeneously integrated microsystems using dense low-loss interconnects

In this paper, two integration technologies are discussed for heterogeneously integrated microsystems. First, this paper presents low-loss TSVs using an air-isolation technique for silicon interposers. The proposed air-isolated TSVs exhibit approximately 35% and 37% reduction in insertion loss and capacitance, respectively, at 20 GHz. Moreover, this paper presents a TSV-less integration technology using bridge chips and Compressible MicroInterconnects (CMIs). Compared to other packaging and assembly options, the investigated TSV-less approach provides monolithic-like electrical performance by significantly reducing chip-to-chip interconnect length and loss, increasing interconnect density, and providing the ability to seamlessly integrate chips of diverse functionalities.
A dynamic hydrophobic core orchestrates allostery in protein kinases

Eukaryotic protein kinases (EPKs) constitute a class of allosteric switches that mediate a myriad of signaling events. It has been postulated that EPKs’ active and inactive states depend on the structural architecture of their hydrophobic cores, organized around two highly conserved spines: C-spine and R-spine. How the spines orchestrate the transition of the enzyme between catalytically uncommitted and committed states remains elusive. Using relaxation dispersion nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we found that the hydrophobic core of the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A, a prototypical and ubiquitous EPK, moves synchronously to poise the C subunit for catalysis in response to binding adenosine 5′-triphosphate. In addition to completing the C-spine, the adenine ring fuses the β structures of the N-lobe and the C-lobe. Additional residues that bridge the two spines (I150 and V104) are revealed as part of the correlated hydrophobic network; their importance was validated by mutagenesis, which led to inactivation. Because the hydrophobic architecture of the catalytic core is conserved throughout the EPK superfamily, the present study suggests a universal mechanism for dynamically driven allosteric activation of kinases mediated by coordinated signal transmission through ordered motifs in their hydrophobic cores.
Adults and Children in Low-Income Households that Participate in Cost-Offset Community Supported Agriculture Have High Fruit and Vegetable Consumption.

This paper examines fruit and vegetable intake (FVI) in low-income households that participated in a cost-offset (CO), or 50% subsidized, community-supported agriculture (CSA) program. CSA customers paid farms upfront for a share of the harvest, and received produce weekly throughout the growing season. A cohort of adults and children 2–12 y in a summer CO-CSA were surveyed online twice: August 2015 (n = 41) and February 2016 (n = 23). FVI was measured by the National Cancer Institute’s (NCI) Fruit and Vegetable Screener (FVS) and an inventory of locally grown fruits and vegetables. FVI relative to United States (US) recommendations and averages, and across seasons, were tested with non-parametric tests and paired t-tests (p < 0.05). Both adults and children in the CO-CSA had higher FVI than the US averages, and more often met recommendations for vegetables. Some summer fruits and vegetables were more often eaten when locally in-season. The CO-CSA model warrants further examination as an avenue for improving vegetable consumption among adults and children in low-income households. However, causality between CO-CSA participation and FVI cannot be inferred, as CO-CSA participants may be positive deviants with respect to FVI. A multi-state randomized controlled trial is currently underway to evaluate impacts of CO-CSAs on FVI and related outcomes.
Strain energy density theory applied to plate-bending and shell problems

When a slender member is stretched gradually with consideration given only to the principal stress in the axial direction, then failure in the global sense is said to occur by yielding if this stress reaches the elastic limit or yield point and by fracturing if the ultimate strength of the material is reached. Material elements within this member, however, are in a multiaxial stress state. Hence, yielding and/or fracture in the local sense or at a point cannot be adequately described by considering just one of the six stress or strain components even if the remote loading is uniaxial. The distinction between localized and global yielding or fracture must be made before selecting a quantity whose critical value will be assigned to determine the load carrying capacity of the member. In principle, this quantity should involve some combination of the stresses or strains.
A Spatial Interactome Reveals the Protein Organization of the Algal CO2-Concentrating Mechanism

Approximately one-third of global CO2 fixation is performed by eukaryotic algae. Nearly all algae enhance their carbon assimilation by operating a CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM) built around an organelle called the pyrenoid, whose protein composition is largely unknown. Here, we developed tools in the model alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to determine the localizations of 135 candidate CCM proteins and physical interactors of 38 of these proteins. Our data reveal the identity of 89 pyrenoid proteins, including Rubisco-interacting proteins, photosystem I assembly factor candidates, and inorganic carbon flux components. We identify three previously undescribed protein layers of the pyrenoid: a plate-like layer, a mesh layer, and a punctate layer. We find that the carbonic anhydrase CAH6 is in the flagella, not in the stroma that surrounds the pyrenoid as in current models. These results provide an overview of proteins operating in the eukaryotic algal CCM, a key process that drives global carbon fixation.
The Problem and the Method of Investigation

The first issue that must be faced in the analysis of thinking and speech concerns the relationship among the various mental functions, the relationship among the various forms of the activity of consciousness. This issue is fundamental to many problems in psychology. In the analysis of thinking and speech, the central problem is that of the relationship of thought to word. All other issues are secondary and logically subordinate; they cannot even be stated properly until this more basic issue has been resolved. Remarkably, the issue of the relationships among the various mental functions has remained almost entirely unexplored. In effect, it is a new problem for contemporary psychology.
The cell and molecular biology of eggshell formation in Schistosoma mansoni

Figure 1 is a micrograph of a newly formed egg within a female Schistosoma mansoni. Schistosome eggs are unusual amongst invertebrate eggs comprising many cells in addition to the fertilized ovum (Ov in Fig. 1). These so-called vitelline cells serve as a food source during embryogenesis within the egg in addition to being responsible for eggshell production. In Fig.1, there are vitelline cells on both the inside and outside of the eggshell. This egg was formed prior to perfusion of the mouse. The vitelline cells outside the eggshell probably leaked into the ootype during or after perfusion because the anesthetic used on the mouse host appears to relax the sphincter at the end of the vitelline duct allowing vitelline cells to leak into the ootype after eggshell formation.
Miscellaneous Cutaneous Neoplasms

Because of their low incidence and aggressive malignant potential, rare tumors such as atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX), dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP), Merkel cell carcinoma, and sebaceous carcinoma are not discussed in greater detail in this atlas. For the sake of familiarization with the appearance of some of these benign and malignant neoplasms, the following images are included (Figs. 5.1–5.17).
Indicator Bird Species for Toxicity Determinations: Is the Technique Usable in Test Method Development?

Pesticide, food, drug, and cosmetic industries have used indicator animal species for many years to provide data on the relative hazards of synthetic or natural chemical products to applicators or users. A considerable amount of toxicological information is available on the relative susceptibility of different mammal species to various chemicals. This information has been used to predict hazards to other mammals, including man. Indicator species often are used for evaluating the efficacy of chemicals or their hazards to wild birds. However, the available toxicological information is generally not sufficient to extrapolate valid relationships between the indicator species and the target species. In this paper we have presented the state of the art for the use of indicator bird species and have expressed pur opinion on the use of these data. Because many current uses for bird indicator species are not well supported by available data, we recommend that further test method development with avian indicator species be terminated until additional data can be gathered on the relevancy of the technique.
PQLC2 signals lysosomal cationic amino acid abundance to the C9orf72 complex

Abstract The C9orf72 protein is required for normal lysosome function. In support of such functions, C9orf72 forms a heterotrimeric complex with SMCR8 and WDR41 that is recruited to lysosomes when amino acids are scarce. These properties raise questions about the identity of the lysosomal binding partner of the C9orf72 complex and the amino acid sensing mechanism that regulates C9orf72 complex abundance on lysosomes. We now demonstrate that an interaction with the lysosomal cationic amino acid transporter PQLC2 mediates C9orf72 complex recruitment to lysosomes. This is achieved through an interaction between PQLC2 and WDR41. The interaction between PQLC2 and the C9orf72 complex is negatively regulated by arginine, lysine and histidine, amino acids that PQLC2 transports across the membrane of lysosomes. These results define a new role for PQLC2 in the regulated recruitment of the C9orf72 complex to lysosomes and reveal a novel mechanism that allows cells to sense and respond to changes in the availability of cationic amino acids within lysosomes.
Local Maximum Acceleration Based Rotating Machinery Fault Classification Using KNN

Rotating machinery are continuously operated tools for power generation and mechanical applications. The smooth operation of these tools is fundamental in businesses to accomplish their profitability. The status of such machines can be monitored by continuously assessing their working parameters that aid to identify abnormal behaviors. Upon detection of abnormal behaviors, such machines can be early scheduled for maintenance. Conditioned Based Maintenance (CBM) is one such approach that continuously monitors the machine and recommends taking action before equipment fails. This approach uses monitoring parameters such as temperature, pressure, and vibration signals to minimize unnecessary breakdown and catastrophic failure. Vibration parameters based machine fault identification approach is one of the widely used methods in CBM. Various machine malfunctions can be predicted and detected based on energy at specific frequencies of vibration signals. Common faults such as unbalanced and misalignment are often identified by examining the operating frequencies and their harmonics. Based on machine malfunctions, the dominant differences are expected at these frequencies. Barring few dominating peaks, other peaks are not exactly located at harmonic speed, so it can be misleading to use information from only harmonic speed. Rather than just examining operating frequencies and their harmonics, we looked at the local peaks and identified their frequencies. The acceleration amplitude at the operating speed and the local maximum acceleration amplitude are selected as a vibration feature for the fault classification. The proposed KNN classifier demonstrated its reliability with an accuracy of over 96% for the tested data set of 25 samples.
"You're kind of at war with yourself as a nurse": Perspectives of inpatient nurses on treating people who present with a comorbid opioid use disorder.

Background In the midst of an opioid epidemic, health care workers are encountering an increasing number of patients who have opioid use disorder in addition to complex social, behavioral and medical issues. Of all the clinicians in the hospital, nurses spend the most time with hospitalized patients who have opioid use disorder, yet there has been little research exploring their experiences in caring for this population. The objective of this study was to assess the attitudes, perceptions, and training needs of nurses in the inpatient setting when caring for patients who have opioid use disorder. Methods One-on-one in-depth interviews were conducted with nurses working at a large academic medical center in Boston, MA, using a semi-structured interview guide. Nurses were recruited via email notifications and subsequent snowball sampling. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analyzed using a grounded theory approach. Results Data from in-depth interviews with 22 nurses were grouped into six themes: (1) stigma, (2) assessing & treating pain, (3) feelings of burn out, (4) communication between providers, (5) safety & security, and (6) opportunities for change. These themes were organized within four ecological levels of the Socio-Ecological Model: I) societal context, II) hospital environment, III) interpersonal interactions, and IV) individual factors. Nurses were cognizant of the struggles that patients who have opioid use disorder confront during hospitalization such as pain, withdrawal and stigma, and elaborated on how these challenges translate to professional and emotional strain among nurses. Nurses offered recommendations by which the hospital could streamline care for this population, including expanded role support for nurses and more structured policies regarding care for patients who present with a comorbid opioid use disorder. Conclusion Our results highlight the need for the development of programs targeting both organizational culture and the inpatient nurse quality of life to ultimately enhance quality of care for patients who present with opioid use disorder.
Accurate Rectifier Characterization and Improved Modeling of Constant Power Load Wireless Power Transfer Systems

Wireless power transfer (WPT) is an emerging technology deployed for a wide range of applications. Various design challenges need to be addressed at both circuit and system levels. However, the conventional modeling methods either require impractical assumptions or only focus on the coil-to-coil part. This article presents a system-level model for WPT applications, including all the critical interior blocks, such as power amplifier, transmitter coil, receiver coil, matching networks, and rectifier. An accurate characterization method is proposed to obtain the rectifier impedance as a realistic load condition. Then, through frequency harmonic analysis, the power capabilities along the power flow path are analytically derived for both the fundamental and higher order harmonic components. The system efficiency and the power loss at each block can be accurately estimated. As a result, this model can not only optimize the system performance, but also help improve the thermal design for WPT products. With the assistance of this improved model, a practical design methodology is introduced to optimize the system parameters. An experimental prototype is built to validate the proposed model and the design methodology. Good correlations are observed between the calculations and experiments in both the time-domain and frequency-domain results.
Localization of Rolling and Firm-Adhesive Interactions Between Circulating Tumor Cells and the Microvasculature Wall

The adhesion of tumor cells to vessel wall is a critical stage in cancer metastasis. Firm adhesion of cancer cells is usually followed by their extravasation through the endothelium. Despite previous studies identifying the influential parameters in the adhesive behavior of the cancer cell to a planer substrate, less is known about the interactions between the cancer cell and microvasculature wall and whether these interactions exhibit organ specificity. The objective of our study is to characterize sizes of microvasculature where a deformable circulating cell (DCC) would firmly adhere or roll over the wall, as well as to identify parameters that facilitate such firm adherence and underlying mechanisms driving adhesive interactions. A three-dimensional model of DCCs is applied to simulate the fluid-structure interaction between the DCC and surrounding fluid. A dynamic adhesion model, where an adhesion molecule is modeled as a spring, is employed to represent the stochastic receptor-ligand interactions using kinetic rate expressions. Our results reveal that both the cell deformability and low shear rate of flow promote the firm adhesion of DCC in small vessels ($$< 10 \, \mu {\text{m}}$$). Our findings suggest that ligand–receptor bonds of PSGL-1-P-selectin may lead to firm adherence of DCC in smaller vessels and rolling-adhesion of DCC in larger ones where cell velocity drops to facilitate the activation of integrin-ICAM-1 bonds. Our study provides a framework to predict accurately where different DCC-types are likely to adhere firmly in microvasculature and to establish the criteria predisposing cancer cells to such firm adhesion.
Statin use in uterine malignancies.

5592 Background: Statins, or 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors, are commonly used to manage hyperlipidemia. Epidemiologic studies have recently linked statins to improved cancer ...
Exosomes in hypoxia-induced remodeling of the tumor microenvironment.

Abstract Exosomes are structurally and functionally pleiotropic nano-sized (~30–150 nm in diameter) extracellular vesicles (EVs) with endosomal origin. These vesicles are secreted by almost all cells and play a significant role in intercellular communication and bio-waste disposal. To a great extent, exosomes represent biological “snapshot” of parent cells, and their cargos (protein, nucleotides, lipids, and metabolites) are loaded uniquely under different pathophysiological conditions. For example, most cancerous cells secrete a higher amount of exosomes loaded with distinct cargos under stressful low oxygen condition i.e. hypoxia, a key characteristic of solid tumors responsible for disease aggressiveness and poor survival. Exosomes secreted under hypoxia (ExoHypoxic) play a vital role in aiding cancer cells crosstalk with its microenvironment constituents to create conditions advantageous for cancer growth and metastatic spread. In this review article, we have highlighted the effects of ExoHypoxic on various tumor microenvironment components involved in angiogenesis, survival, proliferation, pre-metastatic niches preparation, immunomodulation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. We have also described key ExoHypoxic cargos (miRNA, proteins, etc) and their targets in the receipt cells, responsible for various biological effects. Finally, we have emphasized the applicability of ExoHypoxic as a biomarker of tumor hypoxia and disease prognosis.
The Effect of Milling Time and Speed on Solid Solubility, Grain Size, and Hardness of Al-V Alloys

The effect of milling time and speed on solid solubility of V in Al and grain refinement was studied. High-energy ball milling was used to produce Al-xV (x = 2, 5, and 10 at.%) alloys at milling speeds of 280 and 350 RPM. The ball-milling time was varied from 10 to 100 hours. The ball-milled alloys were consolidated under uniaxial pressure of 3GPa at room temperature. The solid solubility of V and grain size after ball milling of Al-xV alloys were estimated using the x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. High-energy ball milling imparted the nanocrystalline structure and formation of Al-V solid solution. Grain refinement and solid solubility of V in Al were dependent on the milling speed, milling time, and V content in the alloy.
Empfängerbenennung nach § 162 BAO – Systematik und aktuelle Judikatur

Was bei dem einen Abgabepflichtigen eine steuermindernde Wirkung hat, soll beim empfangenden Abgabepflichtigen nicht (unrechtmasig) unversteuert bleiben. Diesem Grundsatz folgend raumt der Gesetzgeber den Abgabenbehorden die Moglichkeit ein, vom Abgabepflichtigen zu verlangen, den Empfanger einer steuerlich abzugsfahig behandelten Zahlung klar zu bezeichnen. Bei Verweigerung der Benennung wird die steuerliche Absetzbarkeit von Betriebsausgaben versagt und bei Korperschaften ein zusatzlicher Zuschlag iHv 25 % festgesetzt. Der folgende Beitrag behandelt die generelle Systematik der Empfangerbenennung iSd § 162 BAO samt der aktuellen Judikatur.
Engineered Tissue Patch for Cardiac Cell Therapy

Cell therapy can be administered via injections delivered directly into the myocardium or as engineered cardiac tissue patches, which are the subject of this review. Engineered cardiac patches can be created from sheets of interconnected cells or by suspending the cells in a scaffold of material that is designed to mimic the native extracellular matrix. The sheet-based approach produces patches with well-aligned and electronically coupled cardiomyocytes, but cell-containing scaffolds are more readily vascularized by the host's circulatory system and, consequently, are currently more suitable for applications that require a thicker patch. Cell patches can also be modified for the co-delivery of peptides that may promote cell survival and activate endogenous repair mechanisms; nevertheless, techniques for controlling inflammation, limiting apoptosis, and improving vascular growth need continue to be developed to make it a therapeutic modality for patients with myocardial infarction.
Interfacial Infrared Vibrational Spectroscopy.

The last five years have been to electrochemical infrared spectroscopy what the 1940s were to standard infrared spectroscopy. Prior to World War II, Raman spectroscopy was the most commonly used form of vibrational spectroscopy. The development of infrared technology, particularly detector technology, during World War II led to the rapid growth of infrared spectroscopy. In part owing to the relative cost advantage, the use of infrared spectroscopy rapidly overtook Raman spectroscopy for routine vibrational analyses. The advent of the laser produced a resurgence in Raman spectroscopy but it still ranks far behind infrared spectroscopy in routine use. We are today on the verge of a period in which rapid growth in electrochemical infrared spectroscopy can be expected. Furthermore, as will be discussed below, infrared methods may have greater sensitivity and versatility as a general spectroscopic probe for electrochemical systems than Raman methods. The recent development of electrochemical infrared spectroscopy resulted not from technological breakthroughs but from the marriage of well-established electrochemical and spectroscopic techniques.
Criminal justice theory: Explaining the nature and behavior of criminal justice

1. Criminal Justice, Criminology, and Criminal Justice Theory Part 1: The Nature, Method, and Boundaries of Criminal Justice Theory 2. Foundations of Criminal Justice Theory 3. Durkheim's Comparative Method and Criminal Justice Theory 4. The Dominance of Crime and Neglect of Justice in Criminal Justice Theory Part 2: Theories of Policing 5. Explaining Police Organizations 6. Understanding Variety in Urban Community Policing Part 3: Individual and Community Level Theories of the Courts 7. Assessing Blameworthiness and Assigning Punishment 8. Courts and Communities Part 4: Testing Correctional Sector Theories: Two Examples 9. A Test of a Turnover Intent Model 10. Correctional Resources and the Structure of the Institutionalized Environment - Conclusion 11. Directions for Theory and Theorizing in Criminal Justice
Neurogenesis in the adult is involved in the formation of trace memories

The vertebrate brain continues to produce new neurons throughout life. In the rat hippocampus, several thousand are produced each day, many of which die within weeks. Associative learning can enhance their survival; however, until now it was unknown whether new neurons are involved in memory formation. Here we show that a substantial reduction in the number of newly generated neurons in the adult rat impairs hippocampal-dependent trace conditioning, a task in which an animal must associate stimuli that are separated in time. A similar reduction did not affect learning when the same stimuli are not separated in time, a task that is hippocampal-independent. The reduction in neurogenesis did not induce death of mature hippocampal neurons or permanently alter neurophysiological properties of the CA1 region, such as long-term potentiation. Moreover, recovery of cell production was associated with the ability to acquire trace memories. These results indicate that newly generated neurons in the adult are not only affected by the formation of a hippocampal-dependent memory, but also participate in it.
Some New Applications and Techniques of Molecular Beams

Publisher Summary This chapter presents molecular beam as a tool in technical applications, such as in the measurement of magnetic fields, the measurement of acceleration, the measurements of length, information storage, and isotope separation. The observations should be made on the molecules of the beam so that when the interference fringes pass over the beam, the number of molecules that are affected by the light will undergo a periodic variation. Then only Doppler effect and the resonance line width of the molecules of the beam limit the path difference, which can be tolerated in the interferometer. The chapter also discusses the sources of neutral molecular beams. The detectors of neutral beams is described in the chapter that falls into two broad categories; those which give a direct measure of the beam intensity—for instance, by ionizing the molecules and measuring the resultant ion current—and those in which the effect of the beam on some suitably sensitive device, such as a highly refined manometer, gives an indirect measure of the beam intensity. The chapter assists new users of molecular beams by providing the descriptions of more or less conventional molecular- beam components with suggestions for future development.
Summary of the evidence on modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia: A population-based perspective.

Abstract An estimated 47 million people worldwide are living with dementia in 2015, and this number is projected to triple by 2050. In the absence of a disease-modifying treatment or cure, reducing the risk of developing dementia takes on added importance. In 2014, the World Dementia Council (WDC) requested the Alzheimer's Association evaluate and report on the state of the evidence on modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia. This report is a summary of the Association's evaluation, which was presented at the October 2014 WDC meeting. The Association believes there is sufficient evidence to support the link between several modifiable risk factors and a reduced risk for cognitive decline, and sufficient evidence to suggest that some modifiable risk factors may be associated with reduced risk of dementia. Specifically, the Association believes there is sufficiently strong evidence, from a population-based perspective, to conclude that regular physical activity and management of cardiovascular risk factors (diabetes, obesity, smoking, and hypertension) reduce the risk of cognitive decline and may reduce the risk of dementia. The Association also believes there is sufficiently strong evidence to conclude that a healthy diet and lifelong learning/cognitive training may also reduce the risk of cognitive decline.
The Relationship between Media in the Home and Family Functioning in Context of Leisure

The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between media-based family leisure and family functioning. Because the sample (n = 500) included responses from parents and children (ages 1...
Exposure to biomass, kerosene or coal fires and lung function in the BOLD study

Introduction : Several studies suggest that respiratory disease is associated with exposure to biomass fuels. We investigated the risks of cooking using biomass, kerosene or coal on respiratory symptoms and lung function in the BOLD study. Methods : Post-bronchodilator spirometry was recorded in representative samples of people over 40 years old in 23 sites (N= 16,259) together with a history of chronic bronchitis lasting >2 years, respiratory exacerbations and use of biomass (wood, crop residue and animal dung), kerosene or coal for cooking. Chronic bronchitis and exacerbations, presence of an FVC 15 years) after adjustment for age, sex and smoking. Meta-analytic techniques combined site specific log odds ratios (OR) for a pooled log OR. Result s: 10.2% reported exacerbations, 3.1 % chronic bronchitis and 49% cooking with biomass, kerosene or coal. Symptoms were more common in those exposed [OR (95% CI) 1.31 (1.04, 1.65) for exacerbations and 1.35 (1.03, 1.77) for chronic bronchitis]. CAO and Low FVC were not significantly associated with exposure [OR (95% CI) for CAO 1.14 (0.98, 1.32) and for low FVC 1.10 (0.93, 1.31)]. Symptoms were higher in those exposed for > 15 years compared to Conclusions Symptoms were more common in those exposed to biomass, kerosene or coal fires but we found no evidence of a significant association with either CAO or low FVC.
Identifying the Start of Multiple Sclerosis Injury: A Serial DTI Study

BACKGROUND The events leading up to the development of new multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions on conventional imaging are unknown. The purpose of this study is to use diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to investigate prelesional changes in MS to better understand the pathological changes that lead to lesion development. METHODS Twenty-one patients with relapsing MS starting natalizumab therapy underwent serial DTI for 12-18 months. Regions of interest were outlined within normal-appearing white matter and new gadolinium-enhancing lesions that developed over the course of the study. Images from all time points were coregistered and nonparametric regression was used to assess DTI changes prior to lesion appearance. RESULTS A total of 31 newly enhancing lesions were identified. Significant changes in transverse diffusivity (TD) (P < .001), longitudinal diffusivity (LD) (P = .025), mean diffusivity (MD) (P < .001), and fractional anisotropy (FA) (P = .04) were observed prior to gadolinium enhancement. A progressive increase in TD and LD occurred up to 10 months prior to lesion development. DTI measures in normal appearing white matter remained unchanged over the study period. CONCLUSIONS A significant change in diffusion measures can be seen prior to gadolinium enhancement. Changes in TD drove changes in FA and MD, providing evidence for impaired myelin integrity prior to gadolinium enhancement. DTI may be a sensitive measure for early detection of inflammatory disease activity in MS.
The Presence of Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Underserved Preschool Children

This study identified risk factors (ie, high-risk racial/ethnic group, overweight/obesity, elevated blood pressure, elevated casual blood glucose, and the presence of acanthosis nigricans) for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in underserved children with or without a family history of diabetes during annual preschool health screenings. Early identification of risk factors for the development of T2DM will allow for effective interventions to be implemented, thus, improving the long-term health-related quality of life of at-risk children.
Incorporation of dietarycis andtrans octadecenoate isomers in the lipid classes of various rat tissues

The percentage distribution of the geometrical and positional isomers in the hexadecenoates and octadecenoates isolated from triglycerides, phosphatidylcholines, and phosphatidylethanolamines of brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, spleen, and adipose tissues from rats maintained four weeks on a semipurified diet supplemented with 15% partially hydrogenated safflower fatty acids, has been determined. Except for brain, octadecenoate percentages were increased in each of the lipid classes of all the tissues by the dietary fat. Although the diet did not contain detectable hexadecenoates, the 16∶1 fraction from the lipid classes of all the tissues was composed of 10–70% of thetrans isomers, indicating chain shortening of the dietary octadecenotes. Distribution ofcis andtrans positional isomers in triglyceride hexadecenoates was approximately the same in all tissues. Relatively high percentages of the Δ9, Δ10, and Δ11 isomers were observed, but the Δ8 was the predominatingtrans hexadecenoate isomer, indicating preferential chain shortening of thetrans δ10 octadecenoate.Trans octadecenoates were found in all tissues, but concentrations were dependent on tissue and lipid class. The distribution of thecis andtrans octadecenoate isomers was similar in all the tissue triglycerides, with the distribution of thetrans isomers resembling the diet. In contrast, the percentage distribution of thetrans octadecenoates in the phospholipid classes differed dramatically from the diet, and the distribution was dependent on both the tissue and lipid class. The Δ12, Δ13, and Δ14trans octadiet, suggesting an accumulation of these isomers. Although thecis Δ10 octadecenoate was a significant dietary component, this isomer was not incorporated significantly into any lipid class of any tissue. The metabolic fate of this isomer remains unknown.
Impairment of learning or memory in the mature and old rat by diazepam.

Old and mature adult rats were injected IV with diazepam 30 s prior to the initial session in a step-through task. Fifteen hours after the initial session diazepam produced an age-dependent impairment of the step-through task. It is concluded that diazepam probably decreased the passive-avoidance responding of the animals by causing an agedependent impairment of learning or memory.