cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface complexation modeling I. Strategy for modeling monomer complex formation at moderate surface coverage

Surface complexation models (SCMs) have previously been shown to be capable of predicting metal ion sorption behavior onto mineral surfaces. Application of SCMs, however, requires a self-consistent approach for determining model parameter values. In this paper, titration data for α-Al2O3 and metal ion sorption data for Co(II) are used to determine the metal ion sorption parameters for the triple-layer model (TLM) version of the SCM. This was accomplished by calibrating the TLM parameters to a moderate-coverage (0.1%) data set and then using these values to predict data over a wide range of surface coverages (0.05 to 10%), pH (5 to 9), and ionic strength (0.001 to 0.1 M as NaNO3). The results of the analysis showed that a range of TLM parameter values could fit the calibration data set equally well. However, when metal ion sorption data covering a range of ionic strength and surface coverages were considered, an optimal set of TLM parameter values could be identified. For high surface coverage data (> 10%), the model was shown to underpredict the data, presumably due to the formation of multinuclear species. In order to extend the model predictions range to high surface coverage, polymer or surface precipitation TLM reactions are needed.
Apolipoprotein-E genotype and human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurocognitive disorder: the modulating effects of older age and disease severity.

The apolipoprotein-E (APOE) e4 allele is a risk factor for vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Recent studies are equivocal with regards to whether or not the e4 allele confers increased risk for the development of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), but suggest that age and/or disease severity may be modulating factors. The aim of this study was to assess the interactions and contributions of APOE genotype, age, and HIV disease severity as risk factors for HAND in HIV-infected adults.Participants were 259 HIV-positive individuals who underwent APOE genotyping, a standardized neurological evaluation, a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation, and laboratory testing.Older e4 carriers showed a higher frequency of HAND compared with age-matched non-e4 carriers. Analysis by discrete neurocognitive domain revealed that advanced age modulated the effect of the e4 allele, such that older e4 allele carriers showed reduced executive functioning and information processing speed. Exploratory analyses assessing the relationship between e4 and disease severity in the overall sample revealed that disease severity modulated the effect of the e4 allele on cognition. Lower absolute CD4+ cell count among e4 allele carriers was associated with poorer working memory ability.Advancing age and degree of immunosuppression may influence the association between APOE e4 allele status and HAND. These two factors need to be taken into account in future research.
Fast Zernicke decomposition of images with applications to magnetic resonance imaging

A technique for the fast [O(N)] decomposition of images with respect to Zernicke polynomials is presented. The technique is used to compare images that are equivalent up to a rotation, to correct images misaligned by a rotation, to place symmetric images into a known orientation, and for pattern recognition applications in which rotation-invariant image features are desired. Zernicke polynomials form a class of rotation-invariant polynomials defined on the unit disk |z| ≤ 1. Although the generation of the coefficients of the expansion of an image in terms of these polynomials seems computationally inefficient, we show how the O(N) wavelet transform can be used to replace the Zernicke-image inner products by a component-wise product of the wavelet transforms of the Zernicke polynomials and the wavelet transform of the image. We show how the Zernicke decomposition of an image leads to the correction of rotational misalignment of magnetic resonance images, and how a wide class of centerline-symmetric images (such as magnetic resonance images of the head) can be brought into a uniform alignment using the Zernicke technique.
Electromagnetic form factor of the (scalar) deuteron

The off-mass-shell behavior of the electromagnetic form factor of the composite (scalar) deuteron is examined in a simple source-theoretic model in a nonrelativistic context. In particular, an explicit low-energy reduction of the general double-spectral form shows how the elements of the particle description combine to give the usual quantum-mechanical interpretation of the form factor as the Fourier transform of a charge density with the final-state theorem being satisfied.
A Regular Solution Model for Met-Aluminous Silicate Liquids: Applications to Geothermometry, Immiscibility, and the Source Regions of Basic Magmas

Adopting a set of multioxide components and using published compositional data on olivineand plagioclase-liquid equilibria we have developed a 17 component regular solution model for met-aluminous silicate liquids. The partial molar excess free energies predicted from this model can be used together with phenocryst compositions as an effective geothermometer, with an approximate error of 20 °C (30 °C for olivine, 12 °C for plagioclase). The regular solution formulation is also successful in predicting liquid immiscibility at (1) high mole fractions of silica commonly observed in phase diagrams, and at (2) lower temperatures in lunar basalts and intermediate lavas. The model yields activities of silica which are consistent with those obtained from solid-liquid silica buffers in rocks which contain olivine and enstatite or quartz. From predicted activities of KAlSi3O8 in liquids coexisting with plagioclase a value is obtained for the limiting Henry's law activity coefficient of KAlSi3O8 in the solid. This coefficient agrees well with that inferred from plagioclase-sanidine equilibrium phenocryst assemblages in rhyolites. The activities of silica obtained from this model are used to place constraints on the pressure-temperature regions where various types of basic magmas are generated. In conjunction with plagioclase geothermometry an application is given where the pressure, temperature, and water content of an olivine andesite is predicted from the activity of silica.
Effects of Strain Hardening and Fine Structure on Strength and Toughness of Tempered Martensite in Carbon Steels

A series of medium-carbon low alloy steels was quenched to martensite and tempered at 150 C. This low-temperature-tempered (LTT) martensite was subjected to uniaxial tensile and impact testing. Yield and ultimate tensile strength and uniform elongation increased, and post uniform and total elongation and fracture toughness decreased, with increasing carbon concentration. The carbon dependence of the mechanical properties is attributed to the dislocation/transition carbide substructure of the LTT martensite. As carbon content increases, the density of the transition carbide arrays increases, and the rate of strain hardening increases, resulting in the noted property changes. The strain hardening mechanisms and questions remaining about the evolution and characterization of the transition carbide structures are discussed.
Exclusive Formation of C16O in the Prompt Oxidation of Carbon Films by 18O2 on Sm216O3. Implications for the Mechanism of Oxygen Activation

The oxidation of carbon films on Sm_2^(16)O_(3-γ) exposed to ∼1 Langmuir/s ^(18)O_2 at 1100 K solely yields C^(16)O while the substrate is quantitatively capturing oxygen. This is evidence that chemisorbed ^(18)O scrambles its label with the catalyst before oxidizing carbon or diffusing into the bulk oxide. O-diffusion coefficients measured in samaria under present conditions (D_O ≥ 8 × 10^(-9) cm^2 s^(-1) above 1000 K) imply that scrambling is complete in a few nanoseconds. We infer that dissociative ^(18)O_2 chemisorption is assisted by the concomitant restructuring of extended surface regions, on which carbon films are oxidized by the statistically preponderant unlabeled oxygen species.
Subcellular responses of mesophyll cells to wild cucumber mosaic virus.

Abstract Particles of wild cucumber mosaic virus (WCMV) were found in various concentrations in mesophyll cells of Marah oreganus . When low in concentration, virus particles were scattered in the ground cytoplasm. When particles were highly concentrated, crystalline aggregates occurred. Cells in an advanced stage of breakdown had lost their plasma membranes and virus particles occurred within chloroplasts, but were not in crystalline arrays. Chloroplasts contained numerous double membrane-bound vesicles, and single membrane-bound vesicles were present in the ground cytoplasm surrounding the chloroplasts. Similar vesicles have been reported in turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV)-infected cells. WCMV and TYMV are serologically related and similar in size and external morphology. They show a similar chloroplast pathology, although not in a common host, The diagnostic value of chloroplast vesicle formation is discussed.
Early Immunologic Events at the Tick-Host Interface

Ixodes species ticks are competent vectors of tick-borne viruses including tick-borne encephalitis and Powassan encephalitis. Tick saliva has been shown to facilitate and enhance viral infection. This likely occurs by saliva-mediated modulation of host responses into patterns favorable for viral infection and dissemination. Because of the rapid kinetics of tick-borne viral transmission, this modulation must occur as early as tick attachment and initiation of feeding. In this study, cutaneous bite-site lesions were analyzed using Affymetrix mouse genome 430A 2.0 arrays and histopathology at 1, 3, 6, and 12 hours after uninfected Ixodes scapularis nymphal tick attachment. At 1 and 3 hrs after attachment, the gene expression profile is markedly different than at later time points. Upregulated gene ontology term clusters enriched at 1 and 3 hrs were related to post-translational modification. At 6 and 12 hrs, cytoskeletal rearrangements, DNA replication/cell division, inflammation, and chemotaxis were prominent clusters. At 6 and 12 hrs, extracellular matrix, signaling, and DNA binding clusters were downregulated. Histopathological analysis shows minimal inflammation at 1 and 3 hrs but an appreciable neutrophil infiltrate at 6 and 12 hrs. In addition, putative hyperemia, localized necrosis, and increased ECM deposition were identified. Putting the gene expression and histopathology analysis together suggests early tick feeding is characterized by modulation of host responses in resident cells that merges into a nascent, neutrophil-driven immune response by 12 hrs post-attachment.
Stratospheric NO and HNO3 observations in the northern hemisphere for three seasons

NO, HNO3, and O3 levels and air temperature were measured as a function of latitude in the 18 to 21 km region of the stratosphere, and the sum of odd nitrogen, equal to NO + NO2 + HNO3, was calculated and compared with model predictions. (NO2 values were inferred from photochemical equilibrium characteristics.) The data show that NO measurements generally exhibit good agreement with model predictions for low and midlatitudes but poor agreement at high latitudes. The experimental sum of odd nitrogen mixing ratios and model predictions agree within a factor of 2-1/2 or better at both 20 and 40 deg N, and show excellent agreement for latitudinal dependence.
THE EVIDENTIAL VALUE OF RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCES

The purpose of this paper is to answer the following two closely related questions: (a) Are there any experiences which provide evidential support for religious beliefs? (b) If so then how, generally speaking, do they provide such support? As I am using the expression, a religious belief is any belief in the existence of God, disembodied human souls, angels, or other beings that could be termed supernatural or immaterial in the relevant senses of these terms. I am using the expression "religious belief in a very broad sense. My main reason for doing so is that, as I shall argue later in the paper, the beliefs which I am calling religious can best be defended on the basis of experience if all of them are treated together as a class. I will use the expression "religious experience" to mean any experience that by itself or in conjunction with other experiences may appear to provide evidential support for a religious belief. There is a special philosophical problem in regard to the support for religious beliefs on the basis of experience primarily because the kinds of experience that can be appealed to in any attempt to provide such support are not shared by the common run of people. The relative numbers of people who have any of the various kinds of religious experience do, of course, vary considerably from one kind of experience to another. Some occur to only, say, one person in ten or twenty thousand (e.g., mystical experience), while others occur to, say, one person in 3 or 4 (e.g., the apparent sensing of God's presence in the appreciation of nature). But for none of these kinds of experiences are there criteria for a "normal observer" or a "normal subject." That is to say, there is no objectively specifiable set of circumstances such that should a normal human being be in those circumstances, that person would have the religious experience in question, were the experience genuine. As a consequence of this, the sort of philosophical treatment that is appropriate for assessing the evidential value of experiences such as seeing colors and feeling pain under normal circumstances is not appropriate regarding religious experiences. The claim in the preceding paragraph is made from a modern "sophisticated" International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 16:189-202 (1984). ©1 984 MartinusNijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht. Printed in the Netherlands.
Protonated phosphorus suppression and its application to chemistry in polymer blends

In a recent experiment, we emp loyed 3’P mag ic-angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance to unravel the phosphorus-based chemistry associated with an organophosphi te antioxidant agent in polymer blends during high-temperature (280-300°C) extrusion (I, 2). To produce these blends, a phosphite stabilizer, bis( 2,4-di-t-butylphenyl) pentaerythritol d iphosphate (BTBP), is first compounded, as a concentrate, with one of the components of the blend, at a relatively low temperature. The other components of the blend are added in another extrusion step to bring the concentration of the phosphite to the desired final level. The objective in the 31P MAS NMR study was twofold: ( 1) to determine the concentration of the stabilizer both in the concentrate (about 10% wt proposed) and in the final b lend (0.5% wt) and (2) to determine what, if any, chemical reactions are occurring with the BTBP stabilizer during the compounding processes. The sensitivity ofthe isotropic chemical shift of 3’P MAS NMR to local chemical environment makes this technique ideal for following solid-state chemistry (3). MAS NMR was successfully emp loyed to follow the concentration of BTBP throughout processing ( 1) . In addition, interesting phosphorus chemistry was observed. This chemistry was found to be directly related to the effectiveness of the stabilizer in preventing ester exchange reactions during the compounding process (2). In particular, BTBP, whose MAS NMR chemical shift is 115.5 ppm, was observed to be converted either completely or in part to a family of phosphorus species with resonances near 7 ppm. On ly blend batches in which this chemistry occurs were observed to be protected against ester exchange during compounding. The reader is referred to Refs. ( 1, 2) for further details on ester exchange, its measurement, and its relationship to the NMR results. It was desired to identify the phosphorus-containing species resonating near 7 ppm that were the reaction products of BTBP. This was not possible, however, solely on the basis of the observed MAS isotopic chemical shift since the resulting species could have been either orthophosphates or dialkyl phosphonates, considering only the chemical shift. These two classes of phosphorus compounds have overlapping chemical-shift ranges. The first class of species results from oxidation of the phosphite stabilizer while the latter is produced by hydrolysis (4). Phosphorus in phosphates and in phosphonates differs in that only the latter has a direct P-H bond. This suggested that one way to rapidly make an identification was to use the idea embodied in protonated
Population and Community Ecology of Small Mammals in a Gallery Forest of Central Brazil

Population ecology of small mammals was examined over a 14-month period in the tropical gallery forests of the cerrado of central Brazil. Mark-recapture techniques provided detailed information on age structure, population dynamics, biomass, and patterns of reproduction for six species of oryzomyine rodents ( Oecomys bicolor, Oecomys concolor, Oryzomys capito, Oligoryzomys eliurus, Rhipidomys mastacalis , and Nectomys squamipes ) and two species of marsupials ( Didelphis albiventris and Gracilinanus agilis ). Different species show distinctive patterns of population increase and reproductive activity, with some maintaining stable populations throughout the year and others having a boom-and-bust pattern. Those that show pronounced differences in population size at different times of the year generally reach their lowest population levels during the region's pronounced dry season. Among the smaller-bodied species, the great majority of mammalian biomass on the study area is contained in the rodents. If the larger-bodied species are included, however, the marsupials comprise most of the biomass. Most species did not appear to be long-lived. Only D. albiventris persisted on the grid for >12 months; the majority of species lasted <6 months. The tropical gallery forests of central Brazil support a small-mammalian fauna that is at least as rich and complex as any other tropical site that has been examined to date and may support higher densities than any other site heretofore examined.
pH-Responsive Membrane Skins by Surface-Catalyzed Polymerization

We have prepared pH-responsive PM-CO2H films atop an alumina porous support by a surface-catalyzed polymerization and subsequent hydrolysis. Film resistances against ion transfer decrease by a factor of 200 between pH 4 and pH 11 as the film becomes charged.
An examination of class differences in network capital, social support and psychological distress in Orleans Parish prior to Hurricane Katrina

AbstractThis study extends prior social support research by using an ego-centered network approach to explain class differences in perceptions of social support adequacy and, in turn, mental health outcomes (i.e., distress) across class strata. Data come from a 2003 study by the Center for the Study of Public Health Impacts of Hurricane at Louisiana State University. Independent samples t-tests and ordinary least squares regression analyses reveal differences in network capital, perceptions of social support adequacy, and levels of distress across social class. We find that working/lower-class individuals report being embedded in lower-ranging network structures than their affluent middle-class counterparts. Furthermore, for working/lower-class individuals, lower-ranging network structures positively affect perceptions of social support adequacy. We also find that although greater perceptions of social support adequacy reduce psychological distress, there are variations in class in how perceptions of soci...
Selectivity and Related Measures for nth-Order Data.

Analytical figures of merit are often used as criteria to decide whether or not a given instrumental method is suitable for attacking an analytical problem. To date, figures of merit primarily exis...
A protein molecular weight map of ES2 clear cell ovarian carcinoma cells using a two‐dimensional liquid separations/mass mapping technique

A molecular weight map of the protein content of ES2 human clear cell ovarian carcinoma cells has been produced using a two-dimensional (2-D) liquid separations/mass mapping technique. This method uses a 2-D liquid separation of proteins from whole cell lysates coupled on-line to an electrospray ionization-time of flight (ESI-TOF) mass spectrometer to map the accurate intact molecular weight (M r ) of the protein content of the cells. The two separation dimensions involve the use of liquid isoelectric focusing as the first phase and nonporous silica reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as the second phase of separation. The detection by ESI-TOF-MS provides an image of p/ versus M r analogous to 2-D gel electrophoresis. Each protein is then identified based upon matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-TOF-MS peptide mapping and intact M r so that a standard map is produced against which other ovarian carcinoma cell lines can be compared. The accurate intact M r together with the p/ fraction, and peptide map serve to tag the protein for future interlysate comparisons. An internal standard is also used to provide a means for quantitation for future interlysate studies. In the ES2 cell line under study it is shown that nearly 900 M r bands are detected over 17 p/ fractions from pH 4 to 12 and a M r range up to 85 kDa and that around 290 of these bands can be identified using mass spectrometric based techniques. The protein M r is detected within an accuracy of 150 ppm and it is shown that many of the proteins in this human cancer sample are modified compared to the database. The protein M r map may serve as a highly reproducible standard Web-based method for comparing proteins from related human cell lines.
A Critique of Mr. Suits' Definition of Game Playing

(1979). A Critique of Mr. Suits' Definition of Game Playing. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 59-65.
Intrusion activity projection for cyber situational awareness

Previous works in the area of network security have emphasized the creation of intrusion detection systems (IDSs) to flag malicious network traffic and computer usage. Raw IDS data may be correlated and form attack tracks, each of which consists of ordered collections of alerts belonging to a single multi-stage attack. Assessing an attack track in its early stage may reveal the attackerpsilas capability and behavior trends, leading to projections of future intrusion activities. Behavior trends are captured via variable length Markov models (VLMM) without predetermined attack plans. A virtual terrain schema is developed to model network and system configurations, and used to estimate critical elements and vulnerabilities exposed to each attacker given his/her progress. Experimental results show promises for these proactive measures in ensuring continuous and critical cyber operations.
Impurity generation during intense lower hybrid heating experiments on the Alcator C tokamak

Abstract Experiments are underway on the Alcator C tokamak with over 1 MW of RF power injected into the plasma at a frequency of 4.6 GHz to study both heating and current drive effects. During these studies, impurity generation from limiter structures has been observed. The RF induced impurity influx is a strongly nonlinear function of net injected power. For PRF P RF = 1.0 MW , n e = 1.3 × 10 14 cm −3 , and the SiC coated limiters, Zeff is seen to increase from 1.5 before the RF pulse to about 4 during the heating. At the same time, central Te increases from 2000 to 3000 eV and central Ti from 1200 to 1800 eV. Similar effects are seen in both H2 and D2 working gas discharges. The contribution to impurity generation of nonthermal electrons, which are produced by the RF, is under investigation. Changes in edge plasma temperature and density, as well as the possibility that the particle transport is affected by the RF, are also being examined. Results of the experiments with the three different limiter materials are compared, and contributions of impurity radiation to the overall power balance are estimated.
The Early Foundations of Golconda and the Rise of Fortifications in the Fourteenth-Century Deccan

The fort of Golconda gained fame in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, when it was the capital of the Qutb Shahi dynasty (c. 1495–1687), but despite its legendary status many aspects of the fort's physical development remain uncharted. It is known that it existed before the Qutb Shahis occupied it, that it was developed greatly during the years it served as their capital, and that it then became essentially abandoned after their defeat by the Mughals of Delhi in 1687, but the major turning points and key developments between these landmark dates have yet to be identified and discussed. Through the visual comparison of remains from several sites in the Deccan, this article attempts to identify and date the earliest phase of Golconda's development, prior to its adoption as the Qutb Shahi capital. It thereby adds another example to the corpus of medieval Indian forts, providing more data to this subject in need of further study. It also highlights the importance of these early foundations, which remain...
The response of the pressure in an elementary vacuum system

A simple vacuum system consisting of a volume V (I), a wall, a real pump S (I. s −1 ) and a gas leak L is considered. The system gas is allowed to interact with the wall via a single adsorption state characterized by a sojourn time τ W and a wall pumping speed S W (I. s −1 ). Within this model, the response in time of the system pressure (i) to a pumpdown, (ii) to a sudden change of L , (iii) to a sudden change of S is evaluated. It is shown that these three cases can be described in terms of a single function containing all of the gas-wall interaction parameters and expressions for this function are derived for two situations of interest; i.e. S/S W ≪ 1, and τ S /τ W ≪ 1, where τ s = V/S . In addition, the change in d p /d t at t = 0 due to a sudden change in the real pumping speed by an amount Δ S (I. s −1 ) is shown to be P o Δ S/V, p o being the pressure at t = 0. It is noted that this result is in fact independent of the details of the gas-wall interaction processes.
Effects of Negative Political Advertising on Individuals' Cynicism and Self-Efficacy: The Impact of Ad Type and Message Exposures

Prior research has indicated that exposure to negative political advertising can foster among individuals feelings of alienation, distrust, and apathy toward government or the political process. However, investigation regarding the amount of exposure to such advertising and the form in which it is presented remains scant. This experimental study examined the impact of ad type (character based vs. issue based) and amount of advertising exposures on individuals' cynicism and perceived self-efficacy in relation to the government. Results indicated that issue-based attack ads aired during the 2004 presidential election led to greater cynicism and lower self-efficacy than did character-based attack ads. A significant interaction revealed that the difference on the self-efficacy measure was greatest at the highest exposure level, indicating that continual exposure to ads dealing with governmental policies may nurture the perception that the political process is overly complex, which subsequently can decrease in...
Cross-sectional studies of personality in a national sample: 1. Development and validation of survey measures

Short scales were developed to measure three broad dimensions of personality in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) Epidemiologic Followup Study. Items to measure neuroticism were selected rationally from the General Well-Being Schedule, and items to measure extraversion and openness to experience were selected by multiple regression from the NEO Personality Inventory. In a sample of 654 men and women from the Augmented Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, all three short scales showed clear evidence of convergent and discriminant validity against full scales in self-reports, and against peer and spouse ratings. Because they were developed and validated on a sample with a comparable age range, the NHANES scales should be useful in examining age trends in these three personality dimensions in a national sample.
15N-{1H} NOE experiment at high magnetic field strengths.

The heteronuclear 15N–{1H} NOE values are typically determined by taking the ratio of 15N signal intensities recorded in the presence and absence of 1H saturation prior to evolution of 15N magnetization. Since the intensity ratio of two independent experiments is taken, complete recovery of 15N magnetization during the scan repetition delay is critical to obtain reliable NOE values. Because it may not be practical to wait for the complete recovery of magnetization at high magnetic fields, Solomon equations may be used to correct measured NOE values. Here, based on experiments and simulations, we show that since the cross-correlation between 1H–15N dipole and 15N chemical shift anisotropy becomes significant at high fields for small or deuterated proteins, measured NOE values can not be accurately corrected based on the Solomon equations. We also discuss ranges of rotational correlation times and proton spin-flip rate, in which the NOE values can be corrected by the equations.
Bulk Atmospheric Mercury Fluxes for the Northern Great Plains, USA

Total atmospheric bulk mercury (Hg) concentration and deposition were measured from August 2008 to November 2010 at nine locations in the Northern Great Plains, USA using passive bulk mercury samplers. Monthly mercury concentrations ranged from 1.3 to 51.0 ng L−1 with an overall volume weighted mean of 12.9 ng L−1. Normalized daily Hg fluxes ranged from 0.43 to 110 ng m−2 day−1 with higher rates occurring during high precipitation months as rainfall during spring and summer. Annual deposition rates ranged from 5.82 to 9.21 μg m−2 year−1 and were comparable to studies performed at similar latitudes and to estimates from the Mercury Deposition Network (MDN). There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between measured atmospheric mercury for one colocated bulk Hg sampler and an existing MDN wet-only sampler at Eagle Butte, South Dakota, demonstrating measurement unity between the two sampling techniques in this geographic area.
The Subversion and Transcendence of the Subject

The focus of contemporary studies in religion on methodology can be explored as the recognition of a fundamental epistemological problem. This paper is first an acknowledgment that we do not have an adequate conceptuality to render intelligible inward turning and then an experiment with the meaning of intelligibility. The dispossession of consciousness as the sole place and origin of meaning constituting an intellectual aporia is presented as an experience of the subversion of the subject by the discovery of the unconscious in depth psychologies and the discovery of the transcendence of the subject in foundational theologies. Taking account of this duplex expression of what lingers in disguise behind the scripts of ordinary life is defined as a fundamental exigency in the further development of human understanding and theological reflection.
Teaching Public Relations Management: The Current State of the Art.

Abstract Despite exhortations from public relations practitioners, theorists, and educators for the need to equip practitioners with management skills, a review of many of the largest academic programs in public relations finds most undergraduate programs appear to pay only lip service to this goal. While many programs offer no undergraduate courses specifically devoted to public relations management, syllabi for those PR management courses which are currently being taught reveal both a lack of consensus as to how public relations management is conceptualized and wide variations in course content emphasis. Issues examined by this study include the extent to which public relations management is taught; the nature of PR management course content; implications of the management education vacuum on public relations trends. The authors offer recommendations for PR management course content and highlight examples of innovative teaching strategies currently in use at programs around the country.
A dead-time generator based on OPA slew rate for consumer electronic applications

Using H-bridge as a driving device is popular and important in many consumer electronic applications, such as robots, DC/DC converters, D-class audio amplifiers and so on. Furthermore, the existence of dead time is necessary for the H-bridge driver to avoid the occurrence of shoot-through current. In this paper, based on the concept of OPA slew rate, a new dead-time generation is proposed to achieve more precise dead time compared with the conventional dead-time generators.
Extrasolar Planet Detection

This paper discusses the concept of extrasolar planet detection using a large-aperture infrared imaging telescope. Coronagraphic stellar apodization techniques are less efficient at infrared wavelengths compared to the visible, as a result of practical limitations on aperture dimensions, thus necessitating additional starlight suppression to make planet detection feasible in this spectral domain. We have been investigating the use of rotational shearing interferometry to provide up to three orders of magnitude of starlight suppression over broad spectral bandwidths. We present a theoretical analysis of the system performance requirements needed to make this a viable instrument for planet detection, including specifications on the interferometer design and telescope aperture characteristics. The concept of using rotational shearing interferometry as a wavefront error detector, thus providing a signal that can be used to adaptively correct the wavefront, will be discussed. We also present the status of laboratory studies of on-axis source suppression using a recently constructed rotational shearing interferometer that currently operates in the visible.
Children's Somatization Inventory: Psychometric Properties of the Revised Form (CSI-24)

Objective To conduct a multimethod psychometric evaluation to refine the Children’s Somatization Inventory (CSI) and to investigate its dimensionality. Method The CSI was administered to 876 pediatric patients with chronic abdominal pain at their initial visit to a pediatric gastroenterology clinic. Tools from three psychometric models identified items that most effectively measured the construct of somatization and examined its dimensionality. Results Eleven statistically weak items were identified and removed, creating a 24-item CSI (CSI-24). The CSI-24 showed good psychometrics according to the three measurement models and correlated .99 with the original CSI. The CSI-24 has one dominant general factor but is not strictly unidimensional. Conclusions The CSI-24 is a reliable and psychometrically sound refinement of the original CSI. Findings are consistent with the view that somatization has a strong general factor that represents a continuum of symptom reporting, as well as minor components that represent specific symptom clusters in youth with chronic abdominal pain.
Genetic algorithm synthesis (GaS): a novel approach for the synthesis of LUT-based architectures

Genetic algorithm synthesis (GaS) is presented in this paper. GaS is based on a hardware implementation of a genetic algorithm (GA), aimed at evolving the logic circuit of a defined input function, while minimizing the total number of resources utilized on the underlying hardware platform. A GA bases its operation on society itself, attempting to initiate natural selection in computing systems (Holland, 1975). It has been found that GAs are very good search techniques, to be used when either the search is vast or the present deterministic techniques are too restrictive. The field of logic synthesis, as well as technology mapping onto a field programmable gate array (FPGA), contain both of the aforementioned obstacles, and thus a new method must be realized to overcome the obstacles.
An Approach to Explore Mobile Software Engineering Advances in Cloud Computing Environment

Mobile software, helped by the astonishing success from Apple iPhone's debut to Google Android's follow-up, has become a new and hot growth area in the software computing industry. From a software engineering point of view, cloud computing with Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a potential paradigm shift following the major paradigm shift from mainframe based computing to client-server computing in the early 1980s. The purpose of the paper is to perform a study on the state of the art of cloud computing technology and to understand the effectiveness of applying this technology in the field of mobile software engineering. To facilitate the research study, we built a music streaming application prototype system based on Android platform and Google App Engine to explore the impact and effect of cloud computing in mobile software environment.
Calculating worst-case gate delays due to dominant capacitance coupling

In this paper we develop a gate level model that allows us to determinethe best and worst case delay when there is dominant interconnectcoupling. Assuming that the gate input windows oftransition are known, the model can predict the worst and bestcase noise, as well as the worst and best case impact on delay. Thisis done in terms of a Ceff based gate model under general RCinterconnect loading conditions.
Thrombospondin-1 Regulates Blood Flow via CD47 Receptor–Mediated Activation of NADPH Oxidase 1

Objective— Although the matricellular protein thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) is highly expressed in the vessel wall in response to injury, its pathophysiological role in the development of vascular disease is poorly understood. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that TSP1 stimulates reactive oxygen species production in vascular smooth muscle cells and induces vascular dysfunction by promoting oxidative stress. Methods and Results— Nanomolar concentrations of TSP1 found in human vascular disease robustly stimulated superoxide (O2•−) levels in vascular smooth muscle cells at both cellular and tissue level as measured by cytochrome c and electron paramagnetic resonance. A peptide mimicking the C terminus of TSP1 known to specifically bind CD47 recapitulated this response. Transcriptional knockdown of CD47 and a monoclonal inhibitory CD47 antibody abrogated TSP1-triggered O2•− in vitro and ex vivo. TSP1 treatment of vascular smooth muscle cells activated phospholipase C and protein kinase C, resulting in phosphorylation of the NADPH oxidase organizer subunit p47 phox and subsequent Nox1 activation, leading to impairment of arterial vasodilatation ex vivo. Further, we observed that blockade of CD47 and NADPH oxidase 1 gene silencing in vivo in rats improves TSP1-induced impairment of tissue blood flow after ischemia reperfusion. Conclusion— Our data suggest a highly regulated process of reactive oxygen species stimulation and blood flow regulation promoted through a direct TSP1/CD47-mediated activation of Nox1. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of a matricellular protein acting as a ligand for NADPH oxidase activation and through specific engagement of integrin-associated protein CD47.
Racial Mismatch and School Type: Teacher Satisfaction and Retention in Charter and Traditional Public Schools

Studies of teacher satisfaction suggest that satisfaction is related to both the racial composition and the organizational structure of the schools in which teachers work. In this article, the authors draw from theories of race and organizations to examine simultaneously the effects of school type (traditional public vs. charter) and racial mismatch on teacher satisfaction and subsequent turnover. In doing so, they examine the organizational differences between traditional public and charter schools that contribute to systematic differences in satisfaction and turnover across these school types. Using 1999-2000 Schools and Staffing Survey data, the authors find that charter school teachers are more satisfied than are public school teachers because of greater autonomy. Charter school teachers, however, are more likely to leave teaching than are traditional teachers. The authors also show that teaching in racially mismatched schools results in lower levels of satisfaction for white teachers and that being in a charter school reduces this negative effect.
Thumb force deficit after lower median nerve block

Purpose The purpose of this study was to characterize thumb motor dysfunction resulting from simulated lower median nerve lesions at the wrist.
Steroid-Independent Translocation of the Glucocorticoid Receptor by the Antidepressant Desipramine

The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a ligand-regulated transcription factor that in its unactivated form resides primarily in the cytoplasm. After being bound by steroid, the GR undergoes a conformational change and translocates to the nucleus, where it influences gene transcription. Because the GR mediates negative feedback exerted by circulating glucocorticoid hormones on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, it has been hypothesized that abnormalities in GR expression and/or function may underlie the HPA axis hyperactivity described in patients with major depression. In further support of this hypothesis, animal studies have shown that long term in vivo treatment with antidepressants enhances glucocorticoid feedback inhibition, possibly through a direct effect on the GR. To examine this latter possibility, we evaluated translocation of the GR from the cytoplasm to the nucleus after 24-hr in vitro treatment of L929 cells (mouse fibroblasts) with the tricyclic antidepressant desipramine (0.1–10 μm) in the presence or absence of the synthetic steroid dexamethasone. In addition, GR-mediated gene transcription was measured with the use of L929 cells stably transfected with the mouse mammary tumor virus-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene. Desipramine was found to (i) induce GR translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in the absence of steroids (with no effect alone on GR-mediated gene transcription) and (ii) potentiate dexamethasone-induced GR translocation and dexamethasone-induced GR-mediated gene transcription. Treatment with desipramine for 24–96 hr had no effect on the expression of GR protein as measured by cytosolic radioligand receptor binding. We suggest that one important aspect of the effects of antidepressants in vivo may be to facilitate GR-mediated feedback inhibition on the HPA axis, by facilitating GR translocation and function, and thereby reverse glucocorticoid hypersecretion in depression.
BEHAVIOR ENGINEERING PROPOSALS: 5. AN EXPERIMENTAL COMPARISON OF TEAM VERSUS SOLO PROOFREADING

An experiment is reported that tested the effectiveness of a common proofreading strategy known as team proofreading. Subjects in 32 pairs proofread a series of passages containing misspellings; on...
William James, the Nature of Knowledge, and Current Issues in Emotion, Cognition, and Communication

This article summarizes the distinction between knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description (or knowledge about) put forward by William James in Principles of Psychology. The relevance of this distinction for the Zajonc-Lazarus debate on the primacy of affect versus cognition is considered, and Gibson s ecological theory of perception is invoked to suggest that the initial pickup of events is "filtered" by special-purpose motivational/emotional systems, leading to knowledge by acquaintance of the event. The phenomenon of agnosia is considered as a case of a modality-specific inability to convert knowledge by acquaintance into knowledge by description. From this, a model of the appraisal process is presented in which appraisal is defined as the integration of the knowledge by acqaintance of the event and motivational/emotional responses associated with the event. Subjective experience is considered as the knowledge by acquaintance of the state of certain motivational/emotional systems (feelings ...
Optimal generation scheduling with ramping costs

In this paper, a decomposition method is proposed which relates the unit ramping process to the cost of fatigue effect in the generation scheduling of thermal systems. The objective of this optimization problem is to minimize the system operation cost, which includes the fuel cost for generating the required electrical energy and starting up decommitted units, as well as the rotor depreciation during ramping processes, such as starting up, shutting down, loading, and unloading. According to the unit fatigue index curves provided by generator manufacturers, fixed unit ramping-rate limits, which have been used by previous studies, do not reflect the physical changes of generator rotors during the ramping processes due to the fatigue effect. By introducing ramping costs, the unit on/offstates can be determined more economically by the proposed method. The Lagrangian relaxation method is proposed for unit commitment and economic dispatch, in which the original problem is decomposed into several subproblems corresponding to the optimization process of individual units. The network model is employed to represent the dynamic process of searching for the optimal commitment and generation schedules of a unit over the entire study time span. The experimental results for a practical system demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in optimizing the power system generation schedule. >
The Capitalist State and the Origins of National Welfare Policy in Nineteenth-Century Germany

Historians and sociologists point to the Bismarckian welfare reforms as the prime example of a strong state acting independently of class interests. Explanations of this sort ignore the class biases and contradictions embedded in the structure and functioning of the nineteenth-century German state. The class compromises between the industrial and agricultural fractions of capital as well as class conflicts between capitalists and workers were institutionalized within the state. The shape of the national welfare reforms can be understood as the outcome of protracted struggles and unstable compromises between a state-organized power bloc and a state-disorganized petty bourgeoisie. The theoretical insights of Nicos Poulantzas serve as a partial guide to this attempt to "being class back into" analyses of the policy making activities of capitalist states.
Estrogenic Regulation of Growth and Polypeptide Growth Factor Secretion in Human Breast Carcinoma

I. Introduction: Estrogen and Breast Tumor Growth HORMONAL influences on cancer cell proliferation have recently received much attention with the proposal of autocrine or self-stimulating polypeptide growth factors (1). The growth of several types of cancer has long been known to be under endocrine control by steroid hormones: leukemia, prostate carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma, and breast carcinoma. The present article will summarize what is known at present concerning the possible interaction of steroidal endocrine and polypeptide autocrine and paracrine regulators in control of human breast cancer growth. Breast cancer is notable among the above mentioned cancers in that its growth is dependent upon estrogenic hormones in about one-third of clinical cases and can be inhibited by antiestrogenic antagonists (2). The frequency of breast cancer in women who never had functional ovaries is only 1% that in women with intact ovaries. Thus estrogens are involved, at least initially, in nearly all breast cancers.