cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A nearest-neighbor imputation approach to mapping tree species over large areas using forest inventory plots and moderate resolution raster data

Abstract The paper describes an efficient approach for mapping multiple individual tree species over large spatial domains. The method integrates vegetation phenology derived from MODIS imagery and raster data describing relevant environmental parameters with extensive field plot data of tree species basal area to create maps of tree species abundance and distribution at a 250-m pixel size for the entire eastern contiguous United States. The approach uses the modeling techniques of k-nearest neighbors and canonical correspondence analysis, where model predictions are calculated using a weighting of nearest neighbors based on proximity in a feature space derived from the model. The approach also utilizes a stratification derived from the 2001 National Land-Cover Database tree canopy cover layer. Data pre-processing is also described, which includes the use of Fourier series transformation for data reduction and characterizing seasonal vegetation phenology patterns that are apparent in the MODIS imagery. A suite of assessment procedures is applied to each of the modeled dataset presented. These indicate high accuracies, at the scales of assessments used, for total live-tree basal area per hectare and for many of the most common tree species found in the study area. The end result is an approach that enables the mapping of individual tree species distributions, while retaining much of the species covariance found on the forest inventory plots, at a level of spatial detail approaching that required for many regional management and planning applications. The proposed approach has the potential for operational application for simultaneously mapping the distribution and abundance of numerous common tree species across large spatial domains.
A 250-MHz skewed-clock pipelined dual-port embedded DRAM

A special-purpose dual-port dynamic memory suitable for use in a variety of digital switching and signal processing applications is described. The memory design is based on a dual-port three-transistor (3T) cell that occupies less than half the area of a conventional dual-port SRAM cell. Hamming error correction coding (ECC) is used to improve the memory's immunity to soft errors, as well as enhance its fabrication yield. Skewed-clock pipelining permits operation at clock rates as high as 250 MHz, and a compact low power sense amplifier circuit allows the use of a wide data bus to increase the memory's bandwidth.
Plasmon-mediated Synthesis of Silver Triangular Bipyramids

Synthetic methods have been developed for producing a wide variety of nanostructures that differ in size, shape, and composition. Indeed, methods now exist for preparing nonspherical, monodisperse samples of Au and Ag triangular prisms,[1–5] cubes,[6, 7] wires,[8] bars,[9] tetrahedra,[7, 10] octahedra,[11] decahedra,[12, 13] bipyramids,[14] and disks.[15] Synthetic control over particle shape allows one to chemically tailor the optical, electric, magnetic, and catalytic properties of such structures, making them useful for many applications, including biological diagnostics,[16] therapeutics,[17, 18] catalysis,[19, 20] and optics.[21, 22]
A Bayesian approach for short-term transmission line thermal overload risk assessment

An on-line conductor thermal overload risk assessment method is presented in this paper. Bayesian time series models are used to model weather conditions along the transmission lines. An estimate of the thermal overload risk is obtained by Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. We predict the thermal overload risk for the next hour based on the current weather conditions and power system operating conditions. The predicted risk of thermal overload is useful for on-line decision making in a stressed operational environment.
Prediction of Quality Change During Food Storage

Food product quality is influenced by many factors during storage, transportation and marketing. The objective of this research was to develop mathematical models to describe the influence of temperature abuse on quality change in a conduction heat transfer food. The mathematical equations used include first-order rate expressions for change in the quality parameter, temperature dependence by the Arrhenius equation and heat conduction in standard geometries. The results of the investigation are presented in the form of charts with the quality change ratio presented as a function of Fourier Number at various magnitudes of a dimensionless number containing the activation energy constant and the initial temperature difference between the product and the environment.
The Origin of Anomalous Strain in Thin Sputtered Mo Films on Si(100)

Stress and structure evolution in thin films of sputtered Mo on Si(100) substrates has been studied, as a function of microstructure, by x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS). Double crystal x-ray diffraction topography (DCDT) has been employed to determine film stress as a function of thickness. High compressive stress, about 1000 MPa, is found for the thinnest Mo film. With increasing film thickness a minimal residual stress level is reached. Low incidence angle x-ray diffraction patterns indicated that crystalline Mo is present even in the thinnest films. Line broadening of the Mo(l10) diffraction peak has shown that the grain dimension is comparable to the film thickness over the range studied. Plan view TEM observations of films less than 20nm demonstrated the presence of continuous film with grain dimensions on the order of film thickness, in good agreement with the x-ray results.
Modeling the hydrogeophysical response of lake talik evolution

Geophysical methods provide valuable information about subsurface permafrost and its relation to dynamic hydrologic systems. Airborne electromagnetic data from interior Alaska are used to map the distribution of permafrost, geological features, surface water, and groundwater. To validate and gain further insight into these field datasets, we also explore the geophysical response to hydrologic simulations of permafrost evolution by implementing a physical property relationship that connects geology, temperature, and ice saturation to changes in electrical properties.
Experimental Verification of All Optical Hollow Core Fiber Spatial Domain De-multiplexer

Experimental large scale testing of all optical hollow core fiber de-multiplexer for applications in spatially multiplexed communication systems. Includes power coupling analysis and compared to prior simulated results to confirm validity of the design.
Spatial and temporal dynamics of epiphytic microalgae on the cordgrass Spartina alterniflora in North Inlet Estuary, South Carolina

Epiphytic microbial biomass (as chlorophylla) was measured monthly in North Inlet Estuary, South Carolina, for 16 months on spatially distinct stem sections (bottom and middle) of dead and livingSpartina alterniflora growth forms (tall, medium, and short) exposed at low tide. The highest biomass was located on the bottom section of tall plants, presumably due to their relatively longer contact with creek water and associated phytoplankton, and their closer proximity to marsh sediments with associated benthic microalgae, both recruitment sources for epiphytes. Dead plants left standing from the previous year’s growth cycle had higher epiphytic biomass than living plants, which occurred mostly in late spring through fall. Epiphytic biomass was highest in the winter (mean of 1.77 mg chla (m2 marsh)−1) and lowest in the summer (mean of 0.34 mg chla (m2 marsh)−1). Because phytoplankton andSpartina production are lowest in the winter, the results emphasize the relative importance of epiphytes to growth of herbivores in this season.
A marginal utility day-to-day traffic evolution model based on one-step strategic thinking

Most deterministic day-to-day traffic evolution models, either in continuous-time or discrete-time space, have been formulated based on a fundamental assumption on driver route choice rationality where a driver seeks to maximize her/his marginal benefit defined as the difference between the perceived route costs. The notion of rationality entails the exploration of the marginal decision rule from economic theory, which states that a rational individual evaluates his/her marginal utility, defined as the difference between the marginal benefit and the marginal cost, of each incremental decision. Seeking to analyze the marginal decision rule in the modeling of deterministic day-to-day traffic evolution, this paper proposes a modeling framework which introduces a term to capture the marginal cost to the driver induced by route switching. The proposed framework enables to capture both benefit and cost associated with route changes. The marginal cost is then formulated upon the assumption that drivers are able to predict other drivers’ responses to the current traffic conditions, which is adopted based on the notion of strategic thinking of rational players developed in behavior game theory. The marginal cost based on 1-step strategic thinking also describes the “shadow price” of shifting routes, which helps to explain the behavioral tendency of the driver perceiving the cost-sensitivity to link/route flows. After developing a formulation of the marginal utility day-to-day model, its theoretical properties are analyzed, including the invariance property, asymptotic stability, and relationship with the rational behavioral adjustment process.
Further Transcendental Procedures

As transcendental on-looker attending to the essential demarcations of mental life in the transcendental natural attitude, I have now taken the first step in unbuilding reduction of the fully real, objective world to the primordial quasi-objective world (in the wide sense of the term “primordial”). At the same time, I also indicated the sorts of phenomenological affairs uncovered as peculiar to this “upper story” of oriented constituting.
Decoherence of rotational degrees of freedom

The mechanism of decoherence for a mesoscopic quantum system with rotational degrees of freedom is studied. From a simple model of elastic scattering, we show that the nondiagonal density-matrix elements of the system exponentially decay. The decay rate depends on the difference of scattering amplitudes for different rotational configurations, leading to the gradual loss of quantum coherence between the pointer states in the orientational space. For a dielectric ellipsoid immersed in a photon-gas environment (assuming no absorption), the decay rate is found to be proportional to the seventh power of the temperature. For an ellipsoidal object interacting with massive particles, the decay rate is proportional to the 5/2 power of the temperature. Both are different from the case of translational decoherence induced by the same environment scattering. For photon scattering, the coherence time in the rotational degrees of freedom is shown to be much shorter than that in the translational degrees of freedom.
A research on the demographic factors and the high risk behaviors related to AIDS among 803 MSM in Qinhuangdao area

[Objective]To study the demographic factors and the high risk sexual behaviors related to the HIV infection and spreading among men have sex with men(MSM) in Qinhuangdao area,provide evidence for formulating related strategies.[Methods]A questionnaire survey was conducted in MSM in VCT clinic or monitored by Qinhuangdao CDC during 2008-2011.The demographic factors and the data of high risk sexual behaviors related to AIDS were analyzed statistically.[Results]A total of 803 MSM were investigated during 2008-2011,and serological detection was conducted in their blood samples.The average age of the respondents was 25.60 year-old.86.67% of them were unmarried,68.12% looked for sexual partners through internet,89.41% had homosexual behavior in the past six months,and 80.50% used the condom in the last homo-anal intercourse.The HIV positive cases in this population increased year by year,and the infection rate was 2.37% in the past four year.[Conclusion]The MSM group in Qinhuangdao area is younger,and has active homosexual behavior and lower infection rate of HIV.Therefore,consequently education and intervention should be further strengthened to control the HIV epidemic.
College and the Grieving Student: A Mixed-Methods Analysis

The current mixed-methods study examines how college students negotiate the grief process with the competing demands of college. Data were collected from 950 students at a regional comprehensive university and a research intensive institution. Quantitative findings revealed closeness to the deceased as a key positive predictor of mental health and academic difficulties and positive associations between changes in peer relationships and mental health difficulties. Qualitative findings showed that closeness to the deceased was associated with a greater sense of purpose in the college experience and findings suggested that institutions and their faculty encourage and exhibit more sensitivity about grief issues.
E-063 validation of the interventional stroke assessment scale for eligibility in endovascular therapy (isas-et)

Introduction Less than 55% of patients have shown good outcomes in multiple randomized clinical trials. We are validating the Interventional Stroke Assessment Scale-for-Eligibility in Endovascular Therapy (ISAS-ET) Methods Retrospective analysis of all patients (n = 111) with ischemic stroke and received advanced stroke treatment. The score range (0–8), where a high score predicts a better outcome. Patients received 2, 1, 0 points for collateral scores of 3–4, 2, 0–1 respectively. Patients received 2, 1, 0 points for NIHSS scores of 0–10, 11–20 and over 21 respectively. Age Results 10.1% mortality. We found a significant correlation between the ISAS-ET score and outcome (95% CI, 3.36–4.24, P Conclusion The use ISAS-ET scale appears to be appropriate in this single center study at predicting outcome using parameters prior to intervention. This data may help determine the urgency of transfer for intervention in hospitals without endovascular capabilities while helping determine which patients will benefit significantly from intervention. Disclosures H. Dababneh: None. K. Sivakumar: None. T. Sibharwal: None. R. Kumar: None. G. Jain: None. A. Tiwari: None. K. Arcot: None. J. Farkas: None.
Modified Ileocolonic Bladder: 5Years of Experience

AbstractA total of 25 patients 17 to 78 years old (mean age 61 years) underwent bladder replacement with a modified ileocolonic bladder: 20 underwent construction of the neobladder following cystoprostatectomy for invasive bladder tumor, 4 after cystectomy for severe interstitial cystitis and 1 for undiversion. There were 21 men and 4 women. Followup ranged from 3 to 66 months. There were no perioperative deaths. The early complication (perioperative 3 months) and late complication rates were 18% and 16%, respectively. Complications included ureterocolonic anastomotic strictures in 4 ureters (3 were treated via endoscopic retrograde balloon dilation and 1 with endourological antegrade dilation), urethral strictures in 2 patients, treated by urethral dilation, pancreatitis 2 weeks postoperatively in 1 and mild hyperchloremia without concomitant acidosis in 2. One patient presented 3 years postoperatively with a left mid ureteral stone that was managed by ureteroscopic extraction. Three patients died of rec...
Economic politics: Discretion and Accountability in the Fiscal Policy Process

Fiscal policy consists of public decisions about government expenditures and revenues. Spending policy and taxation policy have always been of interest in their own right, but at least since the 1930s, spending and taxing and the balance between them have been seen by at least some economists as having controllable consequences for the performance of the macroeconomy. For example, Keynesians have advocated active discretionary manipulation of the size of the budget deficit (or surplus) to stabilize the economy, to reduce unemployment, and to shift the path of economic growth. The Kennedy-Johnson tax cut of 1964 is seen by Keynesians as a successful example of how fiscal policy can increase prosperity by increasing aggregate demand. Supply side economists have acknowledged the success of that tax cut, but explain its success in terms of increasing aggregate supply, rather than demand. They would defend the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 on the same, supply oriented grounds. Causality goes in the other direction as well. That is, the performance of the economy has an effect on the size of the government's deficit (or surplus). Specifically, when the economy expands, revenues may rise faster than expenditures, thus reducing a deficit. And when the economy goes into a recession, expenditures may rise (e.g., because of increased unemployment compensation claims) while revenues fall, because of declining incomes and reduced economic activity.
Delayed onset paraparesis complicating epidural steroid injection with underlying spinal dural arteriovenous fistula

We report a case of a 48-year-old man with chronic back pain attributed to discogenic lumbar radiculopathy who underwent a fluoroscopy-guided L2–3 interlaminar epidural steroid injection. 4 h later, he developed acute paraparesis, sensory loss below T10 level and urinary retention. MRI of the thoracic spine revealed diffuse abnormal T2/FLAIR signal and extensive vascular flow voids. A spinal dural arteriovenous fistula was confirmed on spinal angiography. Embolization of the spinal dural arteriovenous fistula resulted in significant improvement of symptoms. We review previously reported cases and current understanding of the pathophysiology of this complication. All cases had symptom onset several hours after the procedure. There seems to be a trend toward better outcomes with earlier treatment.
Characterizing Water Use Efficiency and Water Deficit Responses in Apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh. and Malus sieversii Ledeb.) M. Roem.

Reduced availability of water for agricultural use has been forecast for much of the planet as a result of global warming and greater urban demand for water in large metropolitan areas. Strategic improvement of water use efficiency (WUE) and drought tolerance in perennial crops, like fruit trees, could reduce water use without compromising yield or quality. We studied water use in apple trees using 'Royal Gala', a relatively water use-efficient cultivar, as a standard. To examine whether genes useful for improving WUE are represented in a wild relative genetically close to M. ·domestica ,w e surveyed Malus sieversii for traits associated with WUE and drought resistance using material collected from xeric sites in Kazakhstan. This collection has been maintained in Geneva, NY, and surveyed for various phenotypes and has been genetically characterized using simple sequence repeats (SSRs). These data suggest that most of the diversity in this population is contained within a subpopulation of 34 individuals. Analysis of this subpopulation for morphological traits traditionally associated with WUE or drought resistance, e.g., leaf size and stomata size and arrangement, indicated that these traits were not substantially different. These results imply that some of the genetic diversity may be associated with changesin the biochemistry, uptake, and/or transport of water,carbon, or oxygen thathave allowed thesetrees to survive in water-limited environments. Furthermore, genes responding to drought treatment were isolated from 'Royal Gala' and categorized according to the biological processes with which they are associated. A large fraction of upregulated genes from roots were identified as stress-responsive, whereas genes from leaves were for the most part associated with photosynthesis. We plan to examine expression of these genes in the M. sieversii population during water deficit in future studies to compare their patterns of expression with 'Royal Gala'.
Myelofibrosis secondary to renal osteodystrophy

![Figure][1] A 33-year-old African American man with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis for 5 years presented with anemia and splenomegaly. His peripheral blood smear demonstrated anemia (hemoglobin 77 g/L) with anisopoikilocytosis including occasional teardrop cells (panel A, green
Ideological Cognitive Dissonance

The author examines the occurrence of a type of cognitive dissonance found among individuals when they are asked to think about their own ideology. Ellis and Stimson’s Ideology in America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012) examines the paradoxical relationship people have with the concept. Americans want to identify and label themselves with the word conservative, yet when asked about their particular policy preferences, they tend to prefer liberal policies. This translates to a preference for symbolic conservatism and operational liberalism. Why do people do this? I argue that this combination of contradictory preferences is driven, in part, by personality. In particular I point to one’s level of agreeableness. The more agreeable one is, the more they desire positive relationships. This leads to the simple desire, at least in the abstract, to support what they perceive to be the majority’s opinion.
Instability and Falls

Upon completion of the chapter, the student will be able to: 1. Identify the prevalence of falls in older adults. 2. Identify predisposing risk factors for falls among older adults. 3. Develop and implement a plan of care for a patient with history of recurrent falls.
Transition-Metal-Free and Base-Free Electrosynthesis of 1H-Substituted Benzimidazoles

A direct electrochemical synthesis of 1H-substituted benzimidazoles is described. Benzimidazole is a commonly used nitrogen heterocycle in U.S. FDA approved drugs; therefore, a direct and sustainable approach that limits chemical waste for the synthesis of substituted benzimidazoles is appealing. The electrosynthetic approach described within is able to synthesize a variety of 1H-substitubed benzimidazoles while concurrently producing H2, without a transition-metal catalyst or added bases. Furthermore, the procedure works efficiently with only simple carbon electrodes, thus avoiding commonly employed platinum and gold electrodes. This electrochemical procedure also exhibited good functional group tolerance. Desired products were achieved with up to 88% yield, illustrating the range and possible sustainability of this approach.
High-Risk Pregnancy: Maternal Comorbidity

Modern medicine has increased the longevity as well as the functional status of women who have systemic diseases. This has resulted in many women reaching childbearing age with successful pregnancies. In vitro fertilization has its own impact in this phenomenon. The end result is a steady increase in the number of women requiring high-risk obstetric and anesthetic care to successfully maneuver these individuals through pregnancy, labor, and delivery. This chapter will focus on pathophysiology of various comorbid conditions one might encounter during obstetric anesthetic practice, and how it influences the anesthetic management.
Detection of Organic Attachment onto Highly Ordered Three-Dimensional Nanostructure Thin Films by Generalized Ellipsometry and Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Techniques

Highly ordered three-dimensional nanostructure thin films provide substantially increased surface area for organic attachment and new detection principles due to the new and unique optical and physical properties of the nanostructures. Upon organic material attachment, the optical birefringence of these highly ordered three-dimensional nanostructure thin films changes due to screening of polarization charges. The surfaces of the highly ordered three-dimensional nanostructure thin films are thus suitable candidates for studying organic adsorption for sensing and chromatography applications. We review contemporary research in this area and specifically report the monitoring of organic attachment using the generalized ellipsometry and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation techniques. Both methods are sensitive to the adsorption of organic layers, on the order of few angstroms to few micrometers in thickness, at the solid-liquid interface. The combinatorial use of both techniques, described in Chap. 11, provides insight toward how organic materials attach within highly ordered three-dimensional nanostructure thin films. We discuss studies of fibronectin protein adsorption, decanethiol chemisorption, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide adsorption. We also address potential future developments and applications.
Coarctation of the aorta: echocardiographic diagnosis in a child.

A 9-year-old boy was referred to our institution for evaluation of a heart murmur that had been discovered recently by his pediatrician. The boy had been physically active and asymptomatic. He had a history of eye surgery and a fracture of the left leg. On physical examination, both femoral pulses were absent, both brachial pulses were strong, the blood pressure in the right arm was 122/78 mmHg, and the blood pressure in the legs could not be determined manually. A grade 1+/6 ejection systolic murmur was heard at the left sternal border and a grade 1/6 bruit was heard all around the chest. The diagnosis of coarctation of the aorta, which was obvious from the physical examination of this patient, was confirmed by 2-dimensional and Doppler echo-cardiography (Figs. 1–3). The boy underwent resection of the coarcted segment of the aorta, followed by end-to-end anastomosis, with excellent results. Fig. 1 Two-dimensional echocardiogram in the suprasternal long-axis view showing coarctation of the aorta (arrow) below the origin of the left subclavian artery. Post-stenotic dilatation of the descending thoracic aorta (DAO) is seen. Fig. 2 Spectral Doppler flow pattern across the coarcted segment, showing 3-m/sec systolic flow velocity. Note the double density, the denser proximal part (low velocity), and the lighter distal part (higher velocity). In addition, the diastolic runoff ... Fig. 3 Spectral Doppler flow pattern in the abdominal aorta. The nonpulsatile continuous flow pattern lends strong support to the diagnosis of coarctation of the aorta. In this patient, the quality of imaging was excellent. Frequently in children with coarctation of the aorta, the images are not as good. For example, when echocardiograms are performed in a small community hospital for evaluation of a heart murmur, they are usually done by technicians trained in echocardiography of adults; generally, there is no supervision by a pediatric cardiologist. Therefore, many congenital cardiac defects, including coarctation of the aorta, can be missed. However, with knowledge, experience, and a state-of-the-art echocardiogram machine, technicians performing echocardiography can obtain remarkably clear images (see figure legends for details).
Hope, Hype, and Fear: The Promise and Potential Pitfalls of the Big Data Era in Criminal Justice

Over the past decade, algorithmic decision systems (ADSs) — applications of statistical or computational techniques designed to assist human-decision making processes — have moved from an obscure domain of statistics and computer science into the mainstream. Advocates of these “intelligence-led” or “evidence-based” policy approaches assume big data tools will allow government agencies to use objective data to overcome historical inequalities to better serve underrepresented groups. However, the assumption of objective data is flawed. All human behavior or social phenomenon that machine learning algorithms attempt to predict come from a data-generation process (DGP) which is comprised of trillions of complex interactions between the roughly seven billion people that inhabit our planet. If a statistical model — an abstraction of the DGP — assumes incorrectly about the underlying dynamics, the predictions and conclusions generated will be inaccurate and biased. In this paper, I highlight examples from a variety of fields to discuss why this is particularly true for algorithmic decision systems in criminal justice, then examine a specific application of predictive policing in Oakland, California, and then conclude with what police departments should consider in the deployment of policing technologies in the era of artificial intelligence and big data.
Business Process Models to Web Services Generation: A Systematic Literature Review

Business process automation is complex activity especially while dealing with large and composite processes. To simplify the automation process, the business requirements are frequently model and verified in early stages. In this context, Business Process Modelling Notation (BPMN) is a renowned language particularly used for the modelling of business processes. Subsequently, the BPMN models are transformed to target models for further verification and deployment. Therefore, in this article, a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) is performed to investigate BPMN features, SoaML constructs used for services specification and tools for service generation. Consequently, 30 studies published during 2009–2018 are selected and analysed. This leads to identify 12 leading BPMN modelling constructs in the context of service generation. Moreover, 4 model transformations and 8 service generation techniques are identified. Furthermore, 6 BPMN modelling, 10 transformations, 5 service generation and 2 testing tools are presented. Finally, a comparative analysis of BPMN modelling tools is performed. It is concluded that business process automation became easy with the help of model representation and these models can be used for services generation. The finds of the article are highly beneficial for the researchers and practitioners of the domain.
Radical pluralism and the challenges of educating for democratic-ecological civic identities: Reflections from the Mexican school context:

This article builds on the growing importance of concepts of identity and diversity in citizenship education studies and argues for an expanded conception of diversity that ultimately includes the ...
Moving Radiology Workflow to the Electronic Health Record: Quantitative and Qualitative Experience From a Large Academic Medical Center.

Rationale and Objectives To objectively and subjectively evaluate a large, academic radiology department's transition to electronic health record (EHR) centered workflow. Materials and Methods Multiple metrics were compared from before and after the move to EHR-driven workflow. Examination ordering and reading priority data were obtained for 30 days both before and after the transition. Sixteen radiologists were observed opening a computed tomography (CT) examination, and time to open, mouse clicks, and keystrokes were recorded. Information available to the radiologist during interpretation was also compared. Additionally, a 12 question survey was sent out to the residents and faculty both before and after the transition. Results Implementation of an eight-level reading priority system increased worklist granularity and improved identification of more urgent studies to read. Radiologists opened CT studies in picture archiving and communications system-driven workflow in 52.4 ± 16.9 seconds using 9.5 ± 3.9 clicks and 6.3 ± 2.9 keystrokes, compared to 17.3 ± 9.5 seconds, 4.8 ± 1.5 clicks, and 0.1 ± 0.3 keystrokes in EHR-driven workflow (p Conclusion Transitioning to an EHR-driven workflow at a large academic medical center improved efficiency, was favorable to radiologists, and enhanced examination prioritization.
The Calculation of the Decay Rate of the Proton

All attempts which have been made to construct a model which unifies the strong, weak, and electromagnetic interactions predict the existence of currents which transform quarks into leptons and this generally leads to the prediction that the proton is unstable. Now usually when a theorist predicts the existence of an exotic interaction for which there is no experimental evidence, he keeps one step ahead of the experimentalists by arguing that the mass of the particles which mediate this exotic interaction are arbitrarily massive so that as the experimentalists decrease the upper bound on this interaction the theorist increases these masses. In a certain class of grand unified theories this option is closed since the masses of the particles mediating the interactions which lead to proton decay are exactly calculable. This class of grand unified theories is the class obeying the “desert hypothesis” namely the hypothesis that between the threshold for production of W’s and Z’s (~100 GeV) and grand unification there are no new degrees of freedom which open up. The simplest such model is the SU(5) model of Georgi and Glashow1, and since the point of unification of the strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions is very insensitive† to the exact details of the model provided it obeys the desert hypothesis, I shall work with the SU(5) model.
Alcohol Use Disorder and Depressive Disorders

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) and depressive disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders and co-occur more often than expected by chance. The aim of this review is to characterize the prevalence, course, and treatment of co-occurring AUD and depressive disorders. Studies have indicated that the co-occurrence of AUD and depressive disorders is associated with greater severity and worse prognosis for both disorders. Both pharmacologic and behavioral treatments have demonstrated efficacy for this population. However, treatment response is somewhat modest, particularly for drinking outcomes, highlighting the importance of further research on the etiology and treatment of co-occurring AUD and depressive disorders. Key future directions include studies to understand the heterogeneity of both AUD and depressive disorders, research on novel treatment approaches to enhance outcomes, and better understanding of sex and gender differences.
Natural History of Nonoperative Management of Grade II Blunt Thoracic Aortic Injury.

Background The morbidity and mortality of thoracic blunt aortic injury (BAI) has been both diminished and revolutionized by the advent of endovascular repair. Nevertheless, the question remains as to what severity of injury requires endovascular repair. We therefore conducted a retrospective analysis of our experience with nonoperative grade II BAI of the thoracic aorta. Methods The records of patients with BAI from 2007 to 2017 at a Level I trauma center were retrospectively reviewed. Images were reviewed and graded by a radiologist according to the Society of Vascular Surgery Guidelines (grade I–IV). Demographics, injury severity, and outcomes were recorded. Results We identified 111 patients with BAI. Of these, 15 were deemed grade II injuries and were managed nonoperatively. Mean patient age was 45 ± 21 years; 60% of patients were male. The mean injury severity scale was 36 ± 13. No patients had progression of BAI to a more severe grade requiring intervention. Until now, the survival rate is 86.7% with a mean follow-up of 69 months (range 7–138). Conclusions Within the grade II BAI cohort, injury progression did not occur, nor were any operative interventions performed. We conclude that grade II BAI can be managed nonoperatively. However, given that progression of the BAI is possible, follow-up aortic imaging is encouraged as well as appropriate blood pressure control and exercise restriction.
Voxel-based strain tensors from near-field High Energy Diffraction Microscopy

Abstract High energy X-ray diffraction microscopy is one of several techniques that use spatially resolved diffraction to nondestructively map crystal unit cell orientations in three dimensions inside bulk polycrystalline samples. The near-field variant of the technique (nf-HEDM) yields grain shapes, grain boundary character information, and intra-granular orientation variations. Here, we demonstrate, through analysis of simulated and physical data sets, the extension nf-HEDM to include mapping of heterogeneous intra-granular strain states with spatial resolution on the micron scale. Sensitivity to all strain tensor components is 5 × 10 - 4 . The GPU assisted implementation of an optimization algorithm is described.
Resuscitating the Crashing Pregnant Patient

Care of the critically ill pregnant patient is anxiety-provoking for those unprepared, as the emergency physician must consider not only the welfare of the immediate patient, but of the fetus as well. Familiarity with the physiologic changes of pregnancy and how they affect clinical presentation and management is key. Although some medications may be safer in pregnancy than others, stabilizing the pregnant patient is paramount. Emergency physicians should target pregnancy-specific oxygen and ventilation goals and hemodynamics and should be prepared to perform a perimortem cesarean section, should the mother lose pulses, to increase chances for maternal and fetal survival.
Investigations of non-hydrostatic, stably stratified and rapidly rotating flows

We present an investigation of rapidly rotating (small Rossby number ) stratified turbulence where the stratification strength is varied from weak (large Froude number ) to strong ( ). The investigation is set in the context of a reduced model derived from the Boussinesq equations that retains anisotropic inertia-gravity waves with order-one frequencies and highlights a regime of wave–eddy interactions. Numerical simulations of the reduced model are performed where energy is injected by a stochastic forcing of vertical velocity, which forces wave modes only. The simulations reveal two regimes: characterized by the presence of well-formed, persistent and thin turbulent layers of locally weakened stratification at small Froude numbers, and by the absence of layers at large Froude numbers. Both regimes are characterized by a large-scale barotropic dipole enclosed by small-scale turbulence. When the Reynolds number is not too large, a direct cascade of barotropic kinetic energy is observed, leading to total energy equilibration. We examine net energy exchanges that occur through vortex stretching and vertical buoyancy flux and diagnose the horizontal scales active in these exchanges. We find that the baroclinic motions inject energy directly to the largest scales of the barotropic mode, implying that the large-scale barotropic dipole is not the end result of an inverse cascade within the barotropic mode.
Host Fishes and Life History of the Round Hickorynut (Obovaria Subrotunda)

The Round Hickorynut, Obovaria subrotunda, is declining throughout its range, but little life history information exists for the species. We examined host use and glochidial size in Buck Creek (Cumberland River drainage) and the Licking River (Ohio River drainage), Kentucky, and we examined age and growth in Buck Creek. Glochidia of O. subrotunda from Buck Creek metamorphosed on five darter species (Percidae)—Etheostoma baileyi, Etheostoma blennioides, Etheostoma gore, Etheostoma variatum, and Percina stictogaster—but not on 43 other fish species from nine families; host use was broadly similar to previous studies in the Duck River, Tennessee, and Lake St. Clair, Ontario. Glochidia from the Licking River metamorphosed only on Eastern Sand Darters (Ammocrypta pellucida) and not on 11 other darter species, including two that produced juveniles in the Buck Creek trial. Glochidial metamorphosis was higher on A. pellucida than on any other species, suggesting that sand darters are primary hosts for O. subrotunda, but sand darters do not occur in several streams occupied by O. subrotunda. Such major differences in host use may indicate phylogenetic divergence between these populations. Glochidial size differed significantly between the Buck Creek and Licking River populations, suggesting that it may have taxonomic value also. Obovaria subrotunda was relatively short-lived (13 yr) and fast-growing (K = 0.22), and age-at-maturity was estimated at 2–3 yr. Males and females had similar growth rates, but males were substantially larger (L∞: males = 53.7 mm; females = 39.2 mm). Life-history data support categorizing O. subrotunda as a periodic life-history strategist, and this view provides benchmarks for assessing population health and responses to watershed conditions.
A Non-extreme-Points Approach to Extreme Points of Integral Families of Analytic Functions

Non extreme points of compact, convex integral families of analytic functions are investigated. Knowledge about extreme points provides a valuable tool in the optimization of linear extremal problems. The functions studied are determined by a 2-parameter collection of kernel functions integrated against measures on the torus. Families from classical geometric function theory such as the closed convex hull of the derivatives of normalized close-to-convex functions, the ratio of starlike functions of different orders, as well as many others are included. However for these families of analytic functions, identifying “all” the extreme points remains a difficult challenge except in some special cases. Aharonov and Friedland [1] identified a band of points on the unit circle which corresponds to the set of extreme points for these 2-parameter collections of kernel functions. Later this band of extreme points was further extended by introducing a new technique by Dow and Wilken [3]. On the other hand, a technique to identify a non extreme point was not investigated much in the past probably because identifying non extreme points does not directly help solving the optimization of linear extremal problems. So far only one point on the unit circle has beenidentified which corresponds to a non extreme point for a 2-parameter collections of kernel functions. This leaves a big gap between the band of extreme points and one non extreme point. The author believes it is worth developing some techniques, and identifying non extreme points will shed a new light in the exact determination of the extreme points. The ultimate goal is to identify the point on the unit circle that separates the band of extreme points from non extreme points. The main result introduces a new class of non extreme points.
Transport through the ependymal linings.

Publisher Summary Three main areas are covered in this chapter regarding the transport through the Ependymal linings. The first concerns with techniques of potential use in studying transport with particular reference to the problems involved in transport across the ependyma. The second concerns an attempt to characterize, in so far as possible, the Ependymal lining of mammalian brain as a membrane. And the final concern is a brief on functional aspects of the relationship between cerebrospinal fluid and the brain. Factors causing unequal distribution of a compound across a biological membrane not related to active transport are also mentioned in this review. Experiments are mentioned specifically considering the ependyma as a barrier to transport. Using the technique of radioisotopic analysis, the diffusion profile of substances moving from the cerebrospinal fluid across the ependyma into the brain substance was studied. The diffusion profile of a weak organic acid, para aminohippuric acid, from ventricular fluid across the ependyma into the brain substance was also studied in this review.
Galectin-8 Promotes Cytoskeletal Rearrangement in Trabecular Meshwork Cells Through Activation of Rho Signaling

Purpose: The trabecular meshwork (TM) cell-matrix interactions and factors that influence Rho signaling in TM cells are thought to play a pivotal role in the regulation of aqueous outflow. The current study was designed to evaluate the role of a carbohydrate-binding protein, galectin-8 (Gal8), in TM cell adhesion and Rho signaling. Methods: Normal human TM cells were assayed for Gal8 expression by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. To assess the role of Gal8 in TM cell adhesion and Rho signaling, the cell adhesion and spreading assays were performed on Gal8-coated culture plates in the presence and the absence of anti-b1 integrin antibody and Rho and Rho-kinase inhibitors. In addition, the effect of Gal8-mediated cell-matrix interactions on TM cell cytoskeleton arrangement and myosin light chain 2 (MLC2) phosphorylation was examined. Principal Findings: We demonstrate here that Gal8 is expressed in the TM and a function-blocking anti-b1 integrin antibody inhibits the adhesion and spreading of TM cells to Gal8-coated wells. Cell spreading on Gal8 substratum was associated with the accumulation of phosphorylated myosin light chain and the formation of stress fibers that was inhibited by the Rho inhibitor, C3 transferase, as well as by the Rho-kinase inhibitor, Y27632. Conclusions/Significance: The above findings present a novel function for Gal8 in activating Rho signaling in TM cells. This function may allow Gal8 to participate in the regulation of aqueous outflow.
Judging the Validity of Psychological Science from the Bench: A Case in Point

Psychologists seek to testify in court as experts on a variety of matters ranging from clinical assessment to social framework evidence. In Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals (1993), the U.S. Supreme Court entrusted judges with a gatekeeping role in which they should base their admissibility decisions on the relevance and reliability of the proffered expert evidence. Many legal scholars and social scientists have questioned whether judges are up to the challenges inherent in Daubert and have speculated about the effects of this ruling on legal practice. Recent research has begun to shed light on these critical questions. After reviewing this research, facts from the case of United States v. Libby (2006) are presented to illustrate how issues of fit, common understanding, ecological validity, and expert characteristics may come into play when judges weigh the admissibility of psychological science in court. Implications of this case are discussed, and recommendations for psychologists who wish to testi...
An enolate claisen route to c-pyranosides : Development and application to an ionophore synthon

Abstract A new method for the stereoselective synthesis of dihydropyrans of various substitution patterns is described, involving the Ireland ester enolate Claisen rearrangements of 6-alkenyl-1,4-dioxan-2-ones. The method has been applied to an enantioselective synthesis of the “left-wing” tetrahydropyran portion 2 of the ionophore antibiotic indanomycin ( 1 ). The synthetic sequence employed for the production of 2 proceeded in greater than 29% overall yield in 12 steps from the allylic alcohol 26 , thus underscoring the utility of the heterocycle synthesis described.
La Belle Africaine : The Sudanese Giraffe Who Went to France

In 1826, Mehmet Ali of Egypt sent a giraffe from somewhere in what is now the Republic of the Sudan to King Charles X of France. The first live giraffe ever to reach France, she arrived when public museums and zoos were emerging, inspiring scholarly and popular interest in science and the world beyond French borders. This article studies the career and “afterlives” of this giraffe in France and relative to giraffes at large in the Sudan, in order to trace a Franco-Sudanese history that has stretched from the early nineteenth century to the present. At the same time, viewing this connected history in the aftermath of the 2011 secession of South Sudan, when colonial and national borders appear contingent and subject to change, this article approaches the Sudan as a zone (as opposed to a fixed country) within global networks of migration involving people, other animals, things, and ideas.
Silicon-fluorine chemistry—XV: Reaction of silicon difluoride with thionyl fluoride. Some new fluorosiloxanes

Abstract The low-temperature reaction of silicon difluoride and thionyl fluoride has been investigated. The volatile products obtained on warming the reactants to room temperature do not contain sulfur, and consist of three series of fluorosiloxanes: SiF3(SiF2)nOSiF3n = 1−2; SiF3OSiF3 and SiF3OSiF2 OSiF3; and (SiOF2)nn = 2−3. Compounds were characterized via mass spectrometry and, where possible, by 19F NMR spectrometry.