cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 22.4 Electrostatic interactions in proteins

Electrostatic interactions play a key role in determining the structure, stability, binding affinity and chemical properties, and hence the biological reactivity, of proteins and nucleic acids. The goal of electrostatic calculations is to take the structural information provided by crystallography or NMR and obtain a realistic description of the electrostatic potential distribution ϕ(r), energies and forces. Three problems must be solved to obtain the electrostatic potential distribution: modelling the macromolecular charge distribution; modelling the response of the macromolecule, water and solvent ions; and rapidly and accurately solving the electrostatic equations that determine the potential. The response arises from electronic polarization, reorientation of permanent dipolar groups and redistribution of mobile ions in the solvent. The most common theoretical approaches to modelling this response are briefly described, along with the methods used to obtain potential distributions, energies and forces. A summary of the theory behind application to three broad areas is presented: electrostatic potential distributions, charge (proton and electron) transfer equilibria, and electrostatic contributions to binding energies. Keywords: binding energies; charge-transfer equilibria; electrostatic fields; electrostatic interactions in proteins; electrostatic potential; electrostatics
An Educational Intervention to Improve the Sleep Behavior and Well-Being of High School Students.

Objective The objective of this study was to determine whether a sleep education intervention improves knowledge of sleep, sleep behaviors, and depression in high school freshmen. Methods We recruited student volunteers at a single magnet high school in Los Angeles, California through their health class. Twenty-four freshmen participated and 18 students (17 female, 1 male) completed pre- and postsurveys. Curriculum consisted of 4 hours of after-school interactive lectures emphasizing sleep physiology, benefits of sleep, what impacts sleep, and methods to improve sleep, followed by a 9-week sleep behavior change journal. Pre- and postsurveys measuring both sleep behaviors and knowledge, and a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 depression screening were administered to participants prior to and after the intervention. We used t tests and χ 2 tests to analyze knowledge and behavior change. Results Subjects improved in average sleep hours per night (preintervention 6.9 hours to postintervention 7.8 hours, P=.0134), and average weekend night bedtime (11:36 pm to 10:54 pm, P=.0307). Conclusions This school sleep behavior intervention demonstrated students' average sleep hours per night and weekend bedtime improved after the lecture and sleep journal intervention. This suggests a sleep education intervention may benefit this population. Further studies are needed to demonstrate effectiveness of this education over time, across sexes, and in high-risk students.
Attacking the NE+ exosome with protamine sulfate effectively attenuates ECM remodeling in a COPD mouse model

Aims and Objectives: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by lung extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling which contributes to obstruction. This is driven in part by exosomes from activated neutrophils (PMNs), which express an a-1 antitrypsin (AAT) insensitive form of neutrophil elastase (NE). Protamine sulfate is a cationic compound used safely for decades in humans. In vitro, the NE upon exosomes is dissociated from the exosome surface by protamine sulfate, rendering the NE AAT-sensitive. We sought to test whether protamine sulfate would effectively prevent NE+ exosome-driven ECM remodeling in an animal COPD model. Methods: PMNs were purified from healthy human donor peripheral blood by the Ficoll gradient technique and activated with f-Met-Leu-Phe (2mM) for 30 minutes, and exosomes purified by differential ultracentrifugation. Exosomes were preincubated with PBS alone or protamine sulfate (25mM) and these were delivered together intratracheally to anesthetized female 10-12 week old A/J mice, which were sacrificed on day 7 and lung morphometry performed. Results: Activated PMN exosomes caused alveolar destruction (MLI 38.52 +/- 2.31 to 55.55 +/- 3.33mm, P= 0.03). This effect was abrogated by exosome preincubation with protamine sulfate (MLI 49.25 +/- 1.48mm, P=0.03). Conclusions: Activated PMN exosomes cause a COPD-like phenotype when given intratracheally to mice, driven in part by AAT resistant surface NE, an effect ameliorated by protamine sulfate treatment. Protamine sulfate is a promising potential therapy for COPD, which may conceivably be tailored into a disease-modifying inhaled or nebulized agent.
Clinician Unconscious Bias and Its Impact on Trauma Patients

In the effort to understand the persistence of healthcare inequities, even in the high-stakes field of trauma, this chapter examines the personal ethos of the clinicians involved in the care of injured patients. It describes the cognitive and behavioral science basis of unconscious bias or the socially driven automated, implicit preferences for specific racial/ethnic groups. The authors describe how the unique features of trauma care, such as the diverse patient population and the high cognitive load associated with caring for acutely and critically ill patients, can predispose to the formation of unconscious biases. The current literature on the impact of unconscious bias on clinical decision-making in trauma and acute care surgery is reviewed; research has yet to uncover a clear relationship between unconscious bias and clinical decision-making, although there are other causal pathways that have yet to be examined. We conclude by proposing educational and cognitive strategies for reducing surgeons’ unconscious biases, including cross-cultural communication training, that aim to better equip surgeons to care for injured patients from all racial/ethnic and social backgrounds.
GRADE 3 PYROPHOSPHATE SCAN WITH VAL122ILE MUTATION AND NEGATIVE ENDOMYOCARDIAL BIOPSY: A CLINICAL, DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC CONUNDRUM

Imaging with technetium pyrophosphate (99mTc-PYP) and a pathologic mutation are sufficient to initiate tafamidis therapy for hereditary cardiac amyloid transthyretin (h-ATTR), but a negative biopsy poses significant challenges. A 61 year old African American (AA) female, whose mother has biopsy-
Emotion Discrimination through Electrode Network Connectivity Pattern Recognition

Real-time emotional state recognition from neural activities has great potentials, e.g., enabling closed-loop systems to treat neuropsychiatric disorders. Besides its utility in identifying epileptogenic brain regions, electrocorticography (ECoG) provides the opportunity to study brain activities during various emotional events. In this study, we aim to test if the second order statistics such as the electrode network connectivity are relevant in discriminating different emotions. Specifically, we adopt the statistical dependence as the connectivity measure and use sparse logistic regression for classification based on the connectivity features. The practical issues of limited samples and imbalanced data are addressed. We show that the data with the highest synchronization in the γ band provide the most competitive performance. The identified brain regions involved in the most discriminative connectivity patterns are consistent with the previous findings in the literature.
An IoT Based System for Monitoring and Soothing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Patients

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that follows a traumatic event or experience. The PTSD patient usually suffers from some disorders in the form of nightmares, flashbacks, etc. Nowadays, modern technology such as wearable devices plays an important role in healthcare applications. This paper proposes a soothing system to monitor and calm down the PTSD patient by using different approaches. The system senses the PTSD symptoms using a wearable device then acts accordingly by different actions (aromatherapy, video, auditory therapy, light patterns) to distract the patient while awakeness to prevent the occurrence of PTSD episodes. On the other hand, if the patient is asleep, the system tries to soothe the patient using different methods (aromatherapy, auditory therapy). If the nightmare is persistent, the system will take the decision to wake him up. The data is continuously recorded in order to help the system learn the most efficient techniques, take the suitable decision and efficiently update the system reactions each time the PTSD episode occurs.
Epidemiological study of human brucekkosis in Qian'an county of Hebei province from 2007 to 2010

Objective To analyze the prevalence and epidemic trend of human brucellosis between 2007 -2010 in Qian'an county, and to provide a basis for future prevention and control measures. Methods Epidemiological data of brucellosis between 2007 - 2010 were obtained from the "national disease surveillance report on management information system", population data were from the "national disease surveillance information management system for basic information reporting system", and descriptive epidemiological methods was used for statistical analysis. Results A total of 86 cases were infected with brucellosis in Qian'an county from 2007 to 2010, with 68 cases of male and 18 cases of female, and male to female ratio was 3.78 : 1. Patients were mainly in the age of 20 - 55, with 40 - ＜ 45 year-old group the highest. All patients were local residents. Most professional were livestock acquisition, processing and aquaculture personnel. The majority of patients lived in Jianchang town,with 51 cases, accounting for 59.30％. Thirteen patients were reported in 2007, incidence was 0.0201‰(13/ 647 983). Thirty-nine patients were reported in 2010, and incidence was 0.0563‰(39/657 380). There was a fluctuations increase from 2007 to 2010. In 2007 brucellosis occurred in only two townships(towns), which spread to eight townships (towns) and urban areas in 2010. Conclusions The epidemic of human brucellosis in Qian'an is in a spreading trend. We recommend the government to strengthen the quarantine of livestock, and the infected livestock should be timely treated. Strengthen the prevention and control in Jianchangying. At the same time increase the brucellosis propaganda, and enhance self-protection awareness of the occupational groups. Key words: Brucellosis; Epidemiologic methods; Data collection
141 Diet supplementation alters oocyte lipid content and developmental competence in mares

The equine oocyte is dense in lipids, which may serve as an energy source for oocyte maturation and later embryonic development. However, the association between lipid content and fertility remains to be determined, as does the extent that diet can modify oocyte lipids. We hypothesised that diet supplementation can alter the oocyte lipid profile and subsequent developmental potential. In Study 1, we examined if oocyte triglyceride (TG) relative abundance was affected by dietary supplementation. Mares (16–22 years, n = 9) were fed grass/alfalfa hay and supplemented daily with a combination of commercially available feed additives designed to promote equine wellness and fertility [Equine GI™ (147 g daily), Potency® (28 g daily), Motility Plus® (23 g daily), Healthy Weight Oil (60 mL daily), Platinum Performance Inc.]. Oocytes were collected from the mares before (PRE) and after ≥8 weeks (POST) of supplementation during the natural breeding season. In Study 2, we compared oocyte developmental potential after injection of sperm into oocytes obtained from mares supplemented for ≥8 weeks with the same additives (ADD, 18–24 yr, n = 5) or from a similar group of mares supplemented with a grain control diet (450 g of grain mix and 60 ml of corn oil daily, GRN, 19–23 years, n = 5). Oocytes were collected from dominant follicles (≥35 mm) during oestrus and at 20 ± 2 h after induction of follicular maturation. In Study 1, oocytes were denuded of cumulus cells after collection, snap frozen, and assessed for TG composition by nontargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry using an Acquity UPLC system (Waters). In Study 2, recovered oocytes were placed in maturation medium for 22 ± 2h before being injected with sperm from one stallion, and blastocyst formation was assessed in 7 or 8 days. A total of 100 annotated TG species were identified. Normalized peak areas for PRE and POST oocyte TG were compared using two-tailed, paired t-tests. Blastocyst development rates were compared by Fisher’s exact test. Relative abundance of 71 TG species differed (P ≤ 0.05) between PRE and POST; all TG species as well as total relative abundance of TG were higher in oocytes from PRE compared with POST. Blastocyst rates per sperm-injected oocyte were greater (P = 0.03) for ADD (40%, 6/15) than for GRN (5%, 1/19). Dietary supplementation of the complex mix of nutrients to middle-aged and older mares resulted in reduced relative abundance of TG in oocytes and improved developmental potential. We determined that oocyte lipid content can be modified through diet. The extent that diet supplementation improved oocyte competence by altering the lipid profile is still to be determined.
On Science Genius and Cultural Agnosia: Reality Pedagogy and/as Hip-Hop Rooted Cultural Teaching in STEM Education

This paper offers a theoretical and practical approach to teaching and learning in STEM education. We uncover the deficits in existing STEM pedagogies while outlining a culturally relevant/responsi...
Supramolecular Fmoc-valyl based nanoassemblies for delivery of mitoxantrone into HeLa cells

Abstract Recent advances in nanotechnology have allowed for engineering efficient nanoparticulate drug delivery vehicles for the controlled release of therapeutic drugs. Herein, we have developed a new nanoscale drug delivery system formed by the conjugation of fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-valine with N 1 ,N 5 Bis-Boc spermidine (boc-spermidine), which spontaneously self-assembled into supramolecular nanoassemblies under aqueous conditions. To explore the efficiency of the nanoassemblies as a drug delivery vehicle, we incorporated the antineoplastic drug Mitoxantrone. FTIR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry were utilized to study the interactions involved between the nanoassemblies and the drug. The incorporation of the drug was also confirmed by electron microscopy. The encapsulation efficiency was found to be dependent upon the concentration of the drug utilized. In vitro release profiles indicated that the nanoassemblies exhibited sustained release of the drug over a period of 240 h. Furthermore, the nanoassemblies were biocompatible with mammalian (HeLa) tumorigenic cells, but could release encapsulated Mitoxantrone into these cells and lead to cell death. Thus we have devised a novel nanoparticulate drug delivery system with potential applications as a chemotherapeutic delivery agent.
Resistance of Legionella pneumophila to Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides

Cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMP) form an important part of the innate immune response in many organisms ranging from humans to amoebae. The fact that CAMP resistance mechanisms exist in Legionella pneumophila is suggested by several lines of evidence. Investigations were undertaken to investigate the role of the pagP-like gene in L. pneumophila in CAMP resistance and intracellular infections. To investigate the role of the pagP-like gene in CAMP resistance, the MICs of PmB, a bacterially derived CAMP, and C18G, a synthetic CAMP based on human platelet activating factor IV, were assessed for the mutants generated. Consequently, bacterial growth in low Mg2+ minimal media increases the CAMP resistance generated by pagP. CAMP resistance to PmB or C18G was increased by growth in low-Mg2+ CDM in both 130b and NU260. Thus, there was no obvious defect in the initial stages of infection, i.e., attachment and invasion. Intracellular growth of both wild type and mutant was also tested in a coculture assay with Hartmannella vermiformis. This amoeba is known to support the growth of L. pneumophila and was isolated from a clinical case of legionellosis.
Convergence for iterative methods on Banach spaces of a convergence structure with applications to fractional calculus

We present a semilocal convergence for some iterative methods on a Banach space with a convergence structure to locate zeros of operators which are not necessarily Frechet-differentiable as in earlier studies such as (Argyros in J Approx Theory Appl 9(1):1–10, 1993; Argyros in Southwest J Pure Appl Math 1:32–38, 1995; Argyros in Convergence and applications of Newton-type iterations, Springer, New York, 2008; Meyer in Numer Funct Anal Optim 13(5 and 6):463–473, 1992). This way we expand the applicability of these methods. If the operator involved is Frechet-differentiable one approach leads to more precise error estimates on the distances involved than before (Argyros in Convergence and applications of Newton-type iterations, Springer, New York, 2008; Meyer in Numer Funct Anal Optim 13(5 and 6):463–473, 1992) and under the same hypotheses. Special cases are presented and some examples from fractional calculus.
Gravitational lensing of wormholes in noncommutative geometry

It has been shown that a noncommutative-geometry background may be able to support traversable wormholes. This paper discusses the possible detection of such wormholes in the outer regions of galactic halos by means of gravitational lensing. The procedure allows a comparison to other models such as the Navarro-Frenk-White model and f(R) modified gravity and is likely to favor a model based on noncommutative geometry.
Decreased monosynaptic sensory input to an identified motoneuron is associated with steroid-mediated dendritic regression during metamorphosis in Manduca sexta

The proleg withdrawal reflex of Manduca sexta larvae is mediated by mono- and polysynaptic connections from afferents innervating mechanosensory planta hairs (PHs) to ipsilateral proleg retractor motoneurons. During the larval-pupal transformation, a rise in ecdysteroids causes the dendrites of proleg motoneurons to regress and, concurrently, the proleg withdrawal reflex is lost. The objective of this study was to identify synaptic correlates of dendritic regression that contributed to this behavioral change. The accessory planta retractor (APR) motoneuron regresses during the larval-pupal transformation and dies in a segment-specific pattern after pupation. The compound excitatory postsynaptic potential (cEPSP) evoked in APR by electrically stimulating the proleg sensory nerve decreased in amplitude during the larval-pupal transformation. The developmental decrease in cEPSP amplitude, the extent of APR's regression, and several of APR's intrinsic electrical properties were similar in segments in which the motoneuron was fated to live or die. In heterochronic mosaic pupae bearing retained larval PH afferents, APR's dendritic regression was associated with decreases in both the mean amplitude of monosynaptic EPSPs produced by PH afferents and the proportion of PH afferents that produced detectable EPSPs. These changes appeared due to a developmental decrease in the size of the synaptic currents produced by PH afferents. Evidence was also obtained suggesting that PH afferents do not regress at pupation. These findings support the hypothesis that the ecdysteroid-mediated regression of proleg motoneuron dendrites disconnects them from sensory inputs and, thereby, contributes to the elimination of the proleg withdrawal reflex.
APPLICATION OF THE EIGENFUNCTION EXPANSION METHOD TO DETERMINE CRACK-TIP STRESSES IN THIN PLATES SUBJECTED TO BENDING

ABSTRACT Expressions for the crack-tip stress field in thin plates subjected to bending are derived using the three-dimensional eigenfunction expansion solutions developed by Hartranft and Sih. The approach presented in this paper avoids errors introduced by the Kirchoff boundary conditions in earlier work by Williams. Expressions for the maximum shearing stress, Tmax, obtained from the present approach are compared with those from Williams' solution and the respective trajectories are illustrated for the case of skew-symmetric bending moments applied at infinity.
OC07.03: The significance of foramen ovale view in fetuses with prenatal diagnosis of complete transposition of the great arteries (d‐TGA)

Objectives: To assess the impact of routine transplacental fetal treatment (TFT) for anti-Ro antibody-mediated complete heart block (CHB) ± endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE). Maternal dexamethasone from CHB diagnosis until birth, β-stimulation for fetal bradycardia <55 beats/minute, and intravenous immune globulin for EFE has been routinely used at our institutions to improve outcomes of these babies. The benefit of this approach has been questioned by 2 retrospective studies (Lopes Circulation 2008; Eliasson Circulation 2011). Methods: We reviewed 88 consecutive fetuses with isolated CHB in a multicenter setting (1997–2010) and compared the findings with Eliassons’ and Lopes’ studies. Results: The table compares our CHB cohort (‘‘current’’) with the 2 prior studies with inconsistent fetal therapy. Median follow-up of our patients is 6 years. Conclusions: We demonstrate that routine TFT was associated with significantly better survival rates when compared to occasionally treated fetal cohorts with CHB ± EFE. TFT improves outcomes and lowers the rate of late-onset cardiomyopathy likely by limiting the maternal anti-Ro antibody-mediated insult on the fetal heart.
Assessing Grocery Store Attraction via Cross-Shopping Linkages

The present study is unique in its approach to assessing the value of cross-shopping by categorizing stores as either a customer attraction or a customer sharing store. Previous research has used consumer perceptions of store qualities (i.e., service quality, price, store brands) to develop consumer profiles of cross-shoppers. These profiles are subsequently linked to specific retail formats. In the current study results from a mail survey of grocery shoppers located in Charlotte, NC are used to measure a store’s attraction/sharing ratio. The study found that infrequent shoppers perceive attraction stores to have greater service quality, but these perceptions change as shopping frequency increases. The findings imply that a grocery store owner should focus on reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy to attract cross-shoppers away from the competition.
Measurement of Drug Craving During Naloxone-Precipitated Withdrawal in Methadone-Maintained Volunteers

This study assessed whether naloxone-precipitated withdrawal occasioned opiate craving in methadone-maintained volunteers and whether craving would be greater when an opiate could be taken during withdrawal. Volunteers were injected intramuscularly with saline during 2 sessions and 0.2 mg naloxone during 2 sessions. During 2 sessions (1 naloxone, 1 saline), volunteers were told that if withdrawal distress was intense, they could choose to receive methadone 30 min after the test injection. This choice, however, would result in the loss of $10. Naloxone precipitated withdrawal on observer-rated, physiological, and subjective measures. Opiate craving significantly increased during withdrawal when measured by a multi-item scale but not when measured by a standard single-item question. Withdrawal, mood, and craving measures were not significantly influenced by opiate availability. The concept and measurement of craving and conditions that modulate it are discussed. Drug craving refers to an internal state that is often used to describe antecedent or concurrent aspects of compulsive self-administration behavior. Although this topic arouses spir
A randomized algorithm for a tensor-based generalization of the singular value decomposition

An algorithm is presented and analyzed that, when given as input a d-mode tensor A, computes an approximation A. The approximation A is computed by performing the following for each of the d modes: first, form (implicitly) a matrix by “unfolding” the tensor along that mode; then, choose columns from the matrices thus generated; and finally, project the tensor along that mode onto the span of those columns. An important issue affecting the quality of the approximation is the choice of the columns from the matrices formed by “unfolding” the tensor along each of its modes. In order to address this issue, two algorithms of independent interest are presented that, given an input matrix A and a target rank k, select columns that span a space close to the best rank k subspace of the matrix. For example, in one of the algorithms, a number c (that depends on k, an error parameter � , and a failure probability δ) of columns are chosen in c independent random trials according to a nonuniform probability distribution depending on the Euclidean lengths of the columns. When this algorithm for choosing columns is used in the tensor approximation, then under appropriate assumptions bounds of the form
Cu pattern density impacts on 2.5D TSI warpage using experimental and FEM analysis

Through Silicon Interposer (TSI) needs to fulfill multi-die stacking in one packaging which can bring high integration density, short interconnection length and small size for next generation devices. Die stacking is a key process in the TSI manufacturing flow, and within that process, die warpage is of central concern. This is because the large warpage of the Si-mterposer induces poor joining of u-bump interconnection, lithograph missing and die breakage during the assembly process. According to our experience, the Cu metal density of redistribution layer (RDL) significantly effects on TSI warpage. [2] The work proposes to design four different Cu metal densities, namely code A (10~25%), B (25~40%), C (40~55%) and D (55~70%) and combine the different metal density to investigate the relationship between Cu metal pattern density and TSI warpage under four different TSI size. Each unit of Cu metal density area is 12 × 12 mm 2 . The TSI size is ranging from unit 1 × 1 (12 × 12 mm 2 ), 1 × 2 (12 × 24 mm 2 ), 2 × 2 (24 × 24 mm 2 ) and 2 × 3 (24 × 36 mm 2 ). In this work, the TSI warpage modeling methodology has been developed and carried out to find the correlation between pattern density and warpage behavior using the finite element method (FEM). A simplified pattern-inclusion model has been constructed to obtain its warpage response under a thermal loading. Furthermore, the equivalent model has been established to obtain the effective mechanical properties of the equivalent layer (i.e., the composite layer of Cu traces and IMD) through adapting the warpage results to correctly match the simplified pattern-inclusion model. Therefore, the TSI warpage can be calculated during the reflow process after acquiring the effective mechanical properties of different Cu pattern densities. The simulation warpage variation of 1 × 1 (12 × 12 mm 2 ) TSI die size for code A, B, C and D are 8 μm, 19 μm, 32 μm, and 47 μm, respectively. The simulation results indicate that large TSI with high Cu metal density possesses high warpage. After fabricating the different Cu metal density wafer, the wafer was grinded to 100 μm for dicing, then using thermal shadow moire to measure the TSI warpage after one time reflow process. The experimental TSI warpage variation of 1 × 1 (12 × 12 mm 2 ) TSI die size with code A, B, C and D are 6-10 μm, 21-26 μm, 31-36 μm, and 43-70 μm, respectively. The experimental results imply that large TSI with high Cu metal density possesses high warpage. After measuring the warpage of those dies during the thermal curve, we compared the measurement data with our simulation result and explored 3 subjects: different pattern density, die size, and symmetry. We found the TSI warpage between simulation and measurement result are consistent. The finite element simulation results in the work correlate well with the experimental test results. Therefore, we are highly confident that this finite element model can help generate design guidelines for wafer patterns and predict the die warpage variation during the assembly process.
Residential Mobility and Public Policy Issues: “Why Families Move” Revisited

Early twentieth century concerns with social problems and pathologies perceived as stemming from rural to urban migration, neighborhood transiency and an absence of spatially stable communities fueled the early study of residential mobility. Knowing why people moved, it seemed, presented a potential for fostering neighborhood stability, place oriented community and a cure for urban ills such as crime, delinquency and other forms of anomic behavior. The finding that residential mobility was neither pathological nor indicative of normlessness but was a normal process through which families improve their housing situations set the tone for later mobility research. The myriad of studies on mobility precipitants and housing adjustment processes have, today, firmly established the finding that residential shifts are driven by family compositional changes accompanying family life cycle stages. Without a problems context, it appears that residential mobility research has little obvious relevance to public policy concerns. To be relevant to public policy, we propose that mobility research change focus from looking at the precipitants of residential moves toward looking at the mechanisms that structure the patterning of residential choices within metropolitan areas. We present some new directions for mobility research dealing with factors governing housing production and its spatial distribution along with why and where people live where they do.
Replicability and cross-gender invariance of a two-dimensional model of antisociality in male and female college students

A confirmatory factor analysis of indicators from the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles-Layperson Edition (PICTS-L), Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy (LSRP) scale, and Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) Antisocial Features (ANT) scale was used to test the replicability and cross-gender invariance of a two-dimensional (proactive, reactive) model of antisociality. Employing a sample of 478 male and female students, the two-dimensional model was contrasted with a one-factor general deviance model and a two-factor social learning model (criminal thinking, antisocial behavior). Fit statistics indicated that the two-dimensional model achieved a significantly better fit than the alternative general deviance and social learning models. The results of a two-group confirmatory factor analysis of 208 male college students and 270 female college students revealed that the two-factor model was invariant across gender.
Use of non-etching adhesion promoters in advanced PCB applications

Throughout the manufacturing cycle of both simple and complex printed circuit boards, there are many occasions where there is a need for enhanced and reliable adhesion between two materials. The most common of these being the adhesion between an inner layer core and the epoxy resin used during bonding, and also that between the outer layer circuitry and its encapsulating solder mask.
Drug Discovery Benefits from Venomous Clues

Pharmaceutical drug discovery is reliant on innovative research and development approaches that uncover novel agents that could service a drug pipeline. Development of novel drugs to combat human disease is largely dependent on the availability of safe and effective drugs, many of which are under development and evaluation—the so-called drug pipeline. While the costs involved in novel drug discovery, research, development and clinical evaluation are quite significant, one approach that can prove both cost-effective and a viable source of bio-therapeutic agents involves bio-prospecting for therapeutically active compounds commonly found in natural resources including microorganisms, plants, invertebrates or reptiles. In a recent issue of Proteomic Insights, Hang Fai Kwok et al provide a historical and current perspective of proteomic and genomic approaches on lizard venoms that have allowed us to understand and appreciate not only this valuable resource of discovering biologically active molecules, but also to alert us to the need of conservation of such invaluable and beneficial natural resources.
A stereotaxic map of the bony tentorium of the cat

Abstract A map in stereotaxic coordinates of the tentorium cerebelli is presented. Its utility in positioning brain stem and cerebellar electrodes is briefly discussed.
Fever: The Old and the New

Early concepts of fever as a major feature of illness range from those of Hippocrates to those present in the Bible and have influenced cultural attitudes during several major European pandemics of both black plague and tuberculosis, the "white plague" of the early 19th century. Evolving ideas of thermoregulation and fever in the 19th century followed the first extensive use of the clinical thermometer by Wunderlich. Experimental studies on the pathogenesis of fever during the last 30 years suggest that fever and certain aspects of both immunoregulation and inflammation are produced by a single hormone, the monokine interleukin-1, which has presumably been selected by evolution to protect the host against infection.
Power Supply System for Beam Steering

The power supply system for steering the Bates Linac beam provides continuous adjustment of the current from + 2.5A to -2.5A per pair of coils at ±25 volts. A simple, inexpensive system has been assembled from off-shelf components. Separate controls for 26 pairs of coils are provided by means of power operational amplifiers and drivers connected in series with the coils across a common pair of ±30V busses. No current regulation is used. After coils and amplifiers have reached thermal equilibrium (about one-half hour at 2.5A) the current is stable within 0.5%.
Thermo-optically tunable linear photonic crystal microcavities in advanced SOI CMOS technology

We demonstrate linear photonic crystal (PhC) microcavities with thermo-optic tuning capability realized in the IBM 45nm (12SOI) silicon-on-insulator CMOS microelectronics fabrication process. The PhC microcavities can be used as efficient integrated optical wavelength add-drop filters. The cavity is created in the monocrystalline silicon transistor body layer of the CMOS process, with a resonance wavelength of 1520 nm. The cavity device layer is doped to lower the electrical resistance so that current sent through it generates local heating with reasonable drive voltages. The dissipated heat increases the temperature of the cavity and, because of the high thermo-optic coefficient of silicon, increases the index of refraction, shifting the resonance wavelength. This method should be more effective than an adjacent metal or polysilicon heater because the hot spot is right in the middle of the optical mode of the cavity.
Classification of trabeculae into three-dimensional rodlike and platelike structures via local inertial anisotropy.

Trabecular bone microarchitecture is a significant determinant of the bone’s mechanical properties and is thus of major clinical relevance in predicting fracture risk. The three-dimensional nature of trabecular bone is characterized by parameters describing scale, topology, and orientation of structural elements. However, none of the current methods calculates all three types of parameters simultaneously and in three dimensions. Here the authors present a method that produces a continuous classification of voxels as belonging to platelike or rodlike structures that determines their orientation and estimates their thickness. The method, dubbed local inertial anisotropy (LIA), treats the image as a distribution of mass density and the orientation of trabeculae is determined from a locally calculated tensor of inertia at each voxel. The orientation entropies of rods and plates are introduced, which can provide new information about microarchitecture not captured by existing parameters. The robustness of the method to noise corruption, resolution reduction, and image rotation is demonstrated. Further, the method is compared with established three-dimensional parameters including the structure-model index and topological surface-to-curve ratio. Finally, the method is applied to data acquired in a previous translational pilot study showing that the trabecular bone of untreated hypogonadal men is less platelike than that of their eugonadal peers.
Animating to Build Higher Cognitive Understanding: A Model for Studying Multimedia Effectiveness in Education*

This paper presents a model for designing experiments to test the effectiveness of multimedia and other technological enhancements in education. It is based upon a discussion of an experimental study that examined the impact of one specific multimedia enhancement—animation—on a very specific aspect of learning—the ability to apply knowledge, for a well-defined population—adult, continuing education students, in a highly specified knowledge domain–Boolean algebra. The paucity of substantial evidence supporting the value of multimedia as an educational enhancement can at least partially be attributed to definitional problems within experimental designs. What specifically does “learning,” and, for that matter, “multimedia”, mean? If these terms are not explicitly defined and intimately incorporated into the experimental controls, there is little hope for creditable results. This study indicates that careful attention to defining these two terms can produce meaningful results.
Measurement of the Impact of Recreation Investments on a Local Economy

A from‐to type of interindustry model is formulated and empirically implemented to quantify local economic impacts of a transfer nature arising from outdoor recreation. Direct, indirect, and induced sales, income, and employment impacts are derived and multiplier values are calculated. Relationships among the from‐to model, supplemental studies, and the analysis of regional benefits for governmental investment decisions are discussed.
Angle Measurement System (AMS) for Establishing Model Pitch and Roll Zero, and Performing Single Axis Angle Comparisons

The angle measurement system (AMS) developed at NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) is a system for many uses. It was originally developed to check taper fits in the wind tunnel model support system. The system was further developed to measure simultaneous pitch and roll angles using 3 orthogonally mounted accelerometers (3-axis). This 3-axis arrangement is used as a transfer standard from the calibration standard to the wind tunnel facility. It is generally used to establish model pitch and roll zero and performs the in-situ calibration on model attitude devices. The AMS originally used a laptop computer running DOS based software but has recently been upgraded to operate in a windows environment. Other improvements have also been made to the software to enhance its accuracy and add features. This paper will discuss the accuracy and calibration methodologies used in this system and some of the features that have contributed to its popularity.
Hydration Energy Determines Isovalent Cation Exchange Selectivity by Clay Minerals

Cation exchange is one of the most venerable concepts in soil science, yet it needs rethinking. This paper presents an extremely simple conceptual framework for interpreting many observed trends in cation exchange. Takingthe example of Cs-K exchange, the methods of computational molecular mechanics found that Cs-montmorillonite is considerably higher in energy than K-montmorillonite at constant water content, in agreement with inferences from a new thermodynamic cycle representation of cation exchange. Since montmorillonite selects Cs + over K + in real experiments, these results mean that alkali cation-exchange selectivity is controlled by selectivity of the solution phase for the more strongly hydrated cation. Thus the clay does not "select" for Cs + over K + in any positive sense and it may be more useful to consider cation exchange as a partitioning reaction: Given two cations of equal valence, the more weakly hydrated will tend to partition into the "subaqueous" smectite interlayer phase. This concept seems not only parsimonious, but also more accurate than other hypotheses for cation exchange selectivity that impute more favorable interactions between smectite surfaces and the selected cations; such theories err by ignoring energy changes in the solution phase. This simple partitioning concept rationally explains the alkali and alkaline earth selectivity sequences as well as the selectivities of smectites for organic cations over inorganic, for larger organic cations over smaller, and for organometallic complexes over the uncomplexed metal.
How "Caucasoids" got such big crania and why they shrank. From Morton to Rushton.

In the 19th century measurements of cranial capacity by Morton and others supported a Caucasoid > Mongoloid > Negroid hierarchy of intelligence. This continued through most of the 20th century but was challenged by a nonhierarchical view originating with Boas. Beginning in the 1980s Rushton correlated cranial and IQ measurements and presented a hierarchy with Mongoloids at the top. Each of these periods relates to its social context : the 19th-century hierarchy paralleled the height of European world domination ; the nonhierarchy of the 20th century reflected world wars, worldwide depression, and the breakup of empires; the Mongoloid > Caucasoid > Negroid hierarchy followed the economic success of several Asian nations. Morton's cranial ranking was the result of his sampling error and his acceptance of the hierarchical thinking of his time. But how is it possible for Rushton to support the M > C > N ordering while using the data of several anthropologists who have rejected racial hierarchies on empirical grounds? The answer to this question involves a critique of Rushton's use of the race concept, his aggregation of diverse populations into three traditional races, his claim to explain differences in cultural achievements on the basis of variation in brain size, and a number of other problems. The study concludes by noting that the major consequence of these hierarchies is the apparent justification for the exploitation of those at the bottom.
Translational expansion of radiative interaction operators in molecules

Abstract The translational expansion of radiative magnetic-dipole operators L o and L ±1 from the center of mass of a molecule to atomic centers is derived here in the right-handed coordinate system. It is shown that the expansion of L ±1 at the atomic centers produces an extra gradient operator which operates on the atomic wavefunction of angular momentum I to generate wavefunctions of different angular momenta l ± 1. This operation is illustrated by applying L ±1 (which is referred to the center of mass) to a LCAO molecular orbital π u, ∓ ( n p), resulting in a linear combination of molecular orbital functions σ u ( n p), σ u (s) and σ u (d). The translational expansion of radiative electric-multipole operators is also given.
Implementation and Performance of a Network Control Plane for Airborne Networks

Airborne network (AN) backbones hold the promise of providing the persistent high-bandwidth line-of-sight (LOS) conduit that interconnects the various mission elements in a battlespace. When properly designed the control of such a backbone should make the collection of links that form the backbone appear, as much as possible, as a seamless high-bandwidth connection between mission elements communicating through it. This can be accomplished by dynamically adapting the topology of the backbone network in a manner that takes into account flow demands and communications link capacities across the entire network, and by applying quality-of-service (QoS) techniques, to attain the desired performance. This goal must be satisfied despite the fact that connectivity is intermittent, nodes leave and join the network frequently, and a diverse set of communications technologies is used on the nodes that form the backbone. Accomplishing this task requires the use of control information distributed across various network layers. We use a Network Control Plane (NCP) for this purpose. A communications architecture designed specifically for the Airborne Network problem has been prototyped and characterized using simulation and emulation. During flight tests conducted in August of 2006, many of the prototyped concepts were verified in a 3-node airborne network backbone based on directional RF links. In this paper we describe the infrastructure evaluation portion of the flight tests and implementation of the prototyped AN architecture in the 3-node backbone, with emphasis on the Network Control Plane. Measured end-to-end performance obtained from data gathered during the experiment is presented.
Plasticity in the olfactory cortex: age-dependent effects of deafferentation.

In order to assess the role of input-target interactions in the development of olfactory ccrtex, the primary afferent fibers from the olfactory bulb to the superficial part of layer I of the cortex (layer Ia) were removed in developing and mature rats. After survival periods that vary from a few days to 2–6 months, changes were assessed in (1) the radial thickness of layer I, (2) the laminar distribution of intracortical associational fibers, which normally terminate in a deep part of layer I (layer Ib), and (3) the distribution of glia in layer I. The findings indicate that the lamination of fibers within layer I is not intrinsically prespecified, but gradually becomes “set” during the first month after birth. If the fibers from the olfactory bulb are removed, the dendrites of cortical cells are capable of accepting inputs from other fiber systems, depending on the maturational state of the dendrites and the ingrowing axons. Development of the abnormal inputs is associated with relatively normal dendritic growth, whereas lack of adequate input results in dendritic atrophy. Thus, after neonatal bulb ablation, the intracortical fibers occupy both superficial and deep parts of layer I, and a normal synaptic density is established throughout the layer. Layer I also develops to nearly its normal adult thickness, although the high density of glia that normally characterizes layer Ia is not apparent. With bulb ablation at progressively older ages (from postnatal day (P-) 3 to 21), the cortical associational fibers show progressively less extension into the denervated layer Ia. Layer I continues to grow, but rut to the same extent as after P-1 ablations. In these experiments the glia distribution resembles the pattern present at the time of denervation. After adult olfactory bulb albation, the long intracortical fibers extend very little into layer Ia, which undergoes pronounced shrinkage and becomes filled with a high concentration of glia. However, partial reinnervation of layer Ia is accomplished by the proliferation of a normally sparse native fiber system, which has been identified only with the Timm method. These results are interpreted as evidence that the normal development of lamination of afferent fibers to the olfactory cortex depends on axodendritic interaction during development.
Is There A J-Curve? A New Estimation for Japan

The controversial J-curve phenomenon is empirically tested using quarterly data for Japan between 1975:1 and 1996:4. The effects of an appreciation of yen on the ratio of imports to exports (M/X) is analyzed using an error correction model. The impulse response function indicates that the J-curve holds for Japan during the flexible exchange rate regime. [F31, F32, F40]
Decentralisation in Planning and Economic Decision-Making in Ghana

‘The general guide should be to transfer power to the smallest unit consistent with the scale of the problem.’ This quotation is based on the experience of the United States, but should be even more applicable to less-developed countries, because of their poor system of communications. In this article I shall examine the attempts to decentralise planning and economic decision-making in Ghana, analyse the rationale for such moves away from centralisation, and evaluate the Ghanaian experience against the existing body of knowledge on this subject and the special local conditions that are relevant.