cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Concurrent and construct validity of scores on the Timed Movement Battery.

Background and Purpose . The Timed Movement Battery (TMB) is a new assessment tool designed to measure mobility in elderly individuals. “Mobility” was defined as a person's ability to maneuver his or her body independently in order to accomplish everyday tasks. The purpose of this study was to assess the concurrent and construct validity of scores obtained with the TMB as a measure of mobility in a group of elderly individuals who reported moderate or no difficulty in performing either basic or instrumental activities of daily living (BADL or IADL). Subjects. Thirty community-dwelling elderly people, with a mean age of 77.5 years (SD=7.0, range=65–92), participated in this study. Methods. Subjects responded to 2 questionnaires regarding their activities of daily living (ADL) (ie, Barthel Index and an 18-item ADL/IADL scale) and completed 3 assessments of mobility (ie, Berg Balance Scale, Timed “Up & Go” Test, and the TMB). Subjects were asked to perform the items on the TMB at a “self-selected” speed (their normal speed) and at a “maximum-movement” speed (as quickly as they could safely perform the items). Subjects' scores on the TMB were cross-correlated with data for 4 criterion tests (ie, Berg Balance Scale, Timed “Up & Go” Test, Barthel Index, and the 18-item ADL/IADL scale) using Spearman rank correlations and Pearson product moment correlations. Results. Composite scores of the TMB performed at self-selected speeds correlated highly with data for the criterion tests and differentiated between those subjects reporting difficulty with ADL and those reporting no difficulty. Conclusion and Discussion. These results support the validity of scores obtained with the TMB as a measure of mobility in this sample of elderly individuals with moderate or no reported difficulty with ADL.
Optimized Fixation and Storage Conditions for FISH Analysis of Single-cell Suspensions

In our protocol to isolate and identify fetal cells in maternal peripheral blood, antibody (Ab)-stained cells are preserved with paraformaldehyde (PF) before batch flow cytometric sorting. However, PF fixation compromises the quality of subsequent interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). We therefore examined the effect of PF concentrations and storage time in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) on the quality of FISH signals. Cells were analyzed for changes in light scatter, morphology, and accessibility of target cell DNA. Fixation in 3% PF for 1 hr was ideal for both flow cytometry and subsequent FISH detection. However, beyond 10 days of storage, FISH quality deteriorated. (J Histochem Cytochem 46:971-973, 1998)
Direct and indirect effects of giant kelp determine benthic community structure and dynamics

Indirect facilitation can occur when a species positively affects another via the suppression of a shared competitor. In giant kelp forests, shade from the canopy of the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, negatively affects understory algae, which compete with sessile invertebrates for space. This raises the possibility that giant kelp indirectly facilitates sessile invertebrates, via suppression of understory algae. We evaluated the effect of giant kelp on the relative abundance of algae and invertebrates by experimentally manipulating kelp abundance on large artificial reefs located off San Clemente, California, USA. The experiments revealed a negative effect of giant kelp on both light availability and understory algal abundance and a positive effect on the abundance of sessile invertebrates, which was consistent with an indirect effect mediated by shade from the kelp canopy. The importance of these processes to temporal variability in benthic community structure was evaluated at 16 locations on natural reefs off Santa Barbara, California, over an eight-year period. Interannual variability in the abundance of understory algae and in the abundance of sessile invertebrates was significantly and positively related to interannual variability in the abundance of giant kelp. Analysis of these observational data using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) indicated that the magnitude of the indirect effect of giant kelp on invertebrates was six times larger than the direct effect on invertebrates. Results suggest that the dynamics of this system are driven by variability in the abundance of a single structure-forming species that has indirect positive, as well as direct negative, effects on associated species.
A Critical View of Context

In this study, a discriminative detector for object context is designed and tested. The context-feature is simple to implement, feed-forward, and effective across multiple object types in a street-scenes environment. Using context alone, we demonstrate robust detection of locations likely to contain bicycles, cars, and pedestrians. Furthermore, experiments are conducted so as to address several open questions regarding visual context. Specifically, it is demonstrated that context may be determined from low level visual features (simple color and texture descriptors) sampled over a wide receptive field. At least for the framework tested, high level semantic knowledge, e.g, the nature of the surrounding objects, is superfluous. Finally, it is shown that when the target object is unambiguously visible, context is only marginally useful.
SYNTHESIS OF WHOLE-BODY BEHAVIORS THROUGH HIERARCHICAL CONTROL OF BEHAVIORAL PRIMITIVES

To synthesize whole-body behaviors interactively, multiple behavioral primitives need to be simultaneously controlled, including those that guarantee that the constraints imposed by the robot’s structure and the external environment are satisfled. Behavioral primitives are entities for the control of various movement criteria, e.g. primitives describing the behavior of the center of gravity, the behaviors of the hands, legs, and head, the body attitude and posture, the constrained body parts such as joint-limits and contacts, etc. By aggregating multiple primitives, we synthesize whole-body behaviors. For safety and for e‐cient control, we establish a control hierarchy among behavioral primitives, which is exploited to establish control priorities among the difierent control categories, i.e. constraints, operational tasks, and postures. Constraints should always be guaranteed, while operational tasks should be accomplished without violating the acting constraints, and the posture should control the residual movement redundancy. In this paper we will present a multi-level hierarchical control structure that allows the establishment of general priorities among behavioral primitives, and we will describe compliant control strategies for e‐cient control under contact interactions.
Distributed linear combination estimators for localization based on received signal strength in wireless networks

Wireless geolocation problems based on received signal strength (RSS) are discussed in this paper. Using the maximum likelihood based range estimates, a new distributed and iterative linear combination location estimator is proposed. In a non-cooperative case where unknown-location (blindfolded) devices only utilize the power measurements from known-location devices (anchors), the proposed algorithm has a similar error performance to the maximum likelihood estimator but the computation time is much less. In cooperative localization, a blindfolded node uses information from not only anchors but also other blindfolded nodes. After being compared with the distributed maximum likelihood estimator and the distributed weighted-multidimensional scaling (dwMDS) method, it is recognized that the estimator performs well in accuracy, computation time, and the use of wireless transmissions under various wireless environments.
Effect of ionic liquids on the conformation of a porphyrin-based viscometer

Structure of the cationic and anionic counterparts of ionic liquids has a significant impact on the conformational bias of the porphyrin rotor; an apparent correlation between the conformation and the viscosity of ionic liquids was noted, albeit it was found to be distinct and more complex from that found in molecular solvents.
DEVELOPMENT AND REGULATION OF LIPID SYNTHESIS FROM KETONE BODIES BY RAT BRAIN

— Cerebral cortex slices from 1-day old rats incorporated actively 3-hydroxy[3-14C] butyrate into lipids. The rate of synthesis increased moderately during the first postnatal week and then decreased rapidly reaching negligible rates by the end of the fourth postnatal week. The incorporation of [3-14C]acetoacetate (5 mM) and 3-hydroxy[3-14C]butyrate (5 mM) at non-physiological concentrations into lipids by cerebral cortex from 1-week old rats was markedly stimulated in the presence of added glucose; however, the addition of glucose had no effect on the oxidation of ketone bodies to 14CO2 At physiological concentrations of acetoacetate (0.5 mM) and 3-hydroxybutyrate (1 mM), glucose stimulated both the oxidation of ketone bodies to 14CO2 and the incorporation of ketone body-carbon into cerebral lipids. In contrast, the oxidation of [U-14C]glucose to CO2 and its incorporation into lipids by brain slices were markedly reduced in the presence of ketone bodies at physiological as well as non-physiological concentrations. However, the total rate of lipid synthesis, as determined by the incorporation of 3H from 3H2O, was maintained under these conditions. This indicated that the decreased contribution of the acetyl moiety from glucose was compensated to a similar extent by acetyl-CoA formed from ketone bodies. The findings show that both acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate are better precursors than glucose for in vitros lipid synthesis in developing rat brain.
A Physical Explanation For Less Than Quadratic Recorded Attenuation Values

A review of experimental evidence shows that the low frequency attenuation of compressional acoustic waves in sandy marine sediments obeys a simple power law consistent with a frequency dependent attenuation proportional to fn , n =1.0. This observation is in general agreement with Biot's model (1956) for frequencies less than 1 kHz. Recent theoretical work [A. D. Pierce etal., Proc. Oceans 2005, Brest, FR. (2005)] shows that in this lower frequency range, a quadratic dependence (n=2) is to be expected and is decreased by predictable modal propagation characteristics in shallow water. Physical properties and depth-dependent characteristics of the sediment are used to explain the apparent n=18 power law dependence of attenuation. Calculations performed using parabolic equation codes with simplified Biot geoacoustic profiles are compared to experimental results.
Die Kathodenstrahlröhre als Hochfrequenzoszillograph

Alle Oszillographen beruhen auf der Tatsache, das ein von einem Strome durchflossener Leiter in einem magnetischen Felde gemas dessen Starke und Polaritat abgelenkt wird. Dem verstorbenen Herrn Prof. Dr. F. Braun1) gebuhrt das Verdienst, die Kathodenstrahlrohre erfunden zu haben2).
Fourier Transform Techniques for Measuring Absorption of Transient Species Inoptical Limiting Materials

We have developed methods of measuring absorption of transient species utilizing both rapid scan and stepped-scan Fourier transform interferometery that allows a combination of broad spectral coverage (10,000 - 15,000 cm-1 per spectrum), good spectral resolution, and the ability to cover temporal ranges from minutes to nanoseconds. A wide range of pump sources are used including continuous, modulated, ns pulsed, and ultrafast lasers. The probe is provided by a broadband, incoherent source providing large spectral information in each experiment. This capability enables investigation of phenomena such as excited state absorption, charge transfer, formation of metastable species, and others. Extension of the technique to the ps realm is underway and will be discussed.
The Campaign to Restore the Voting Rights of People Convicted of a Felony and Sentenced to Probation in Connecticut

In May 2001, a Democratic-led Connecticut General Assembly passed a bill restoring the voting rights of convicted felons on probation. The measure, signed into law by then governor John G. Rowland, a Republican, made Connecticut one of the first states to successfully and significantly alter its voter eligibility law in the aftermath of the controversial 2000 presidential election. This was the culmination of a 7-year campaign started when Hartford freshman legislator Kenneth P. Green introduced a bill designed to eliminate Connecticut's restriction on voting rights of persons convicted of felonies. This investigation tells how Green and the Connecticut Voting Rights Restoration Coalition—a racially and ethnically diverse coalition of more than 40 grassroots organizations and social justice and faith-based groups and agencies working in the criminal justice system and 3 legislatively sponsored commissions for women, Latinos, and African Americans—worked together to secure passage of this landmark piece of...
Flavobacterium johnsoniae GldK, GldL, GldM, and SprA Are Required for Secretion of the Cell Surface Gliding Motility Adhesins SprB and RemA

Flavobacterium johnsoniae cells move rapidly over surfaces by gliding motility. Gliding results from the movement of adhesins such as SprB and RemA along the cell surface. These adhesins are delivered to the cell surface by a Bacteroidetes-specific secretion system referred to as the type IX secretion system (T9SS). GldN, SprE, SprF, and SprT are involved in secretion by this system. Here we demonstrate that GldK, GldL, GldM, and SprA are each also involved in secretion. Nonpolar deletions of gldK, gldL, or gldM resulted in the absence of gliding motility and in T9SS defects. The mutant cells produced SprB and RemA proteins but failed to secrete them to the cell surface. The mutants were resistant to phages that use SprB or RemA as a receptor, and they failed to attach to glass, presumably because of the absence of cell surface adhesins. Deletion of sprA resulted in similar but slightly less dramatic phenotypes. sprA mutant cells failed to secrete SprB and RemA, but cells remained susceptible to some phages and retained some limited ability to glide. The phenotype of the sprA mutant was similar to those previously described for sprE and sprT mutants. SprA, SprE, and SprT are needed for secretion of SprB and RemA but may not be needed for secretion of other proteins targeted to the T9SS. Genetic and molecular experiments demonstrate that gldK, gldL, gldM, and gldN form an operon and suggest that the proteins encoded by these genes may interact to form part of the F. johnsoniae T9SS.
Apolipoprotein E Genotype and Cardiovascular Diseases in the Elderly

The apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype is a genetic risk factor for dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). It includes three alleles (e2, e3, e4) that are located on chromosome 19q3.2. The e3 allele is the most common and is more common in people of Northern European ancestry and less common in those of Asian ancestry. Those with at least one e4 allele are at increased risk for CVD outcomes. It is well established that the presence of an e4 allele is linked to higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, even at young ages. Even though most CVD occurs in older people, there are few studies of the effects of APOE on CVD in older people. This review addresses recent research on the links between APOE, CVD, and vascular mechanisms by which APOE may affect CVD in the elderly.
Fine structure of taste buds located on the lamb epiglottis

Background: Taste buds located on the aryepiglottal folds and laryngeal surface of the epiglottis are the principal receptors respon- sible for the initiation of the laryngeal chemoreflex. In contrast to the wealth of information available concerning the ultrastructure of oral taste buds, little comparable data exists for taste buds located at the entrance to the larynx. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the fine structure of taste buds located on the lamb epiglottis. Materials: Stained thick and semi-serial thin sections from taste buds located on the lamb epiglottis were examined with light and electron mi- croscopy. ResuZts: Based on morphological criteria, three types of cells could be identified in the taste bud Type I, Type 11, and basal cells. Both Type I and Type I1 cells extended into the apical taste pore, but there were differences between these two cell types with regard to nuclear profiles, electron den- sity, and the relative density of ribosomes, apical mitochondria, and rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Basal cells did not extend a process into the taste pore. Nerve processes were observed throughout the taste bud. Synapses were observed between both Type I and Type I1 cells and nerve fibers. These synapses exhibited membrane thickenings and accu- mulations of clear and dense-cored vesicles of varying proportions in the taste cell cytoplasm adjacent to membrane specializations. ConcZusions: The taste buds located on the lamb epiglottis share several structural similarities to taste buds located in the oral cavity and other regions of the pharynx and larynx of many mammalian species. The pres- ence of synapses on both Type I and Type I1 cells of the lamb epiglottal taste bud suggests that both cell types are involved in laryngeal chemoreception.
Threonine Imbalance and the Threonine Requirement of the Chicken

Experiments were conducted to determine the influence of dietary amino acids on the threonine requirement of chicks. A diet limiting in threonine and containing the equivalent of 20.6% crude protein was imbalanced by supplements of 0.9 to 1.5% L-tryptophan, 3.0% L-serine, a mixture of 2% each, leucine, isoleucine and valine or a 6.0% mixture of all essential amino acids but threonine. All amino acid supplements decreased the growth of chicks, and decreased food intake and/or efficiency of food utilization (P less than 0.05). Supplemental threonine prevented these effects in all cases except for 1.5% tryptophan in which the adverse effect of tryptophan was not prevented completely. The threonine requirement of Leghorn chicks was 0.69 to 0.72 percent of the diet when the diet did not contain the imbalancing amino acid supplements. We concluded that the threonine requirement of the chick is higher than previously reported, and is influenced by the amino acid content of the diet.
Strategies to find candidate genes for bipolar disorder.

Sir. Linkage studies have been revealing many new linkage loci not supporting previous regions of interest in the development of bipolar disorder. In addition, a number of association studies failed to get continuous replications as well as family based association studies in bipolar disorders.1 Moreover, 5-HTTLPR and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promoter polymorphisms are now found to be more complex than previously thought, and thus previous papers on these polymorphisms should be treated with caution, although some researchers picked these genes as relatively most promising candidates for bipolar disorder.1,2 As proposed before, we could have more well-organized and robust information by interactive approaches combining multiple candidate genes, contributing psychosocial factors and establishment of potential endophenotypes for bipolar disorder. However, these new approaches would be liable to a repetition of trial and error as did past studies since such individual approach has its inherent pitfalls (i.e., complexity of polymorphisms, for example, 5-HTTLPR was found to have novel alleles showing different functional significance; syndromal diagnosis of bipolar disorder; presence of small effect genes).2,3 Hence we need more clearly-defined new pathway to find candidate genes, for example, setup of worldwide cooperation, consensus and protocols for genetic studies which may be lessoned from practical clinical trials, i.e., CATIE4 and EUFEST5 studies. In fact we may focus on more highly selective diseased family data with this approach, i.e., focusing on single large family excluding geographic and genetic heterogeneity. We may also need to quantify the role of candidate genes after complete interactive analyses for their contribution to the disorder and then weighted values should be given as their rates of contribution, which eventually might give us a statistically stringent model incorporating proven potential genes (i.e., namely targeted candidate gene cluster level I, II and III etc.). Other option might be a combination of phylogenetic and endophenotypic approach to bipolar disorder since the disorder has different clinical and biological faces, although currently bipolar disorders are simply categorized as same phenomenological classification and genetic studies are also based on simple diagnostic criteria. Finally well-organized and systematized pathway-based candidate gene analysis not searching individual gene analysis based on specific pathophysiology will also help us to shorten finding high risk genes. Definitely today is just preparing the first puzzle but not finding the final one. I believe that the efficient strategies and tactics to find precise implications through stepwise integration of currently available findings are more important than finding a new candidate gene today.
THE RHETORIC OF PEOPLE AND GRAINS

The complex intertwining of culture and environment, materialised into a rhetorical process of cultural and natural categories of evidence makes it impossible to separate between “archaeology” and “environmental archaeology”. Therefore an archaeological approach to a prehistoric culture should reconstruct its metonymic and metaphoric rules from the synchronic and diachronic interactions of material culture, rituals and environmental data. The examples in support of a rhetorical archaeology are taken from the Cucuteni-Tripolye Chalcolithic culture.
The Carbon Dioxide Cycle: Reservoir Models to Depict the Exchange of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide with the Oceans and Land Plants

The following survey of carbon dioxide in nature places major emphasis on describing how the injection of CO2 into the atmosphere by man’s industrial activity has perturbed the natural carbon cycle on a global scale. In a sense, this injection is a mammoth geochemical experiment. It permits us to observe the transient response of the air, the oceans, and the biosphere to a major disturbance taking place over the interval of only a few years. Our quantitative understanding of the carbon cycle is thus repeatedly challenged and refined.
Writing Biographical Fiction: Some Personal Reflections

Jay Parini, author of three biographies and three biographical novels, reflects on the different strategies and approaches to both genres, clarifies the different kinds of “truths” each pictures, d...
Understanding Community College Student Persistence through Photovoice: An Emergent Model.

Because it has been noted that a more educated workforce is necessary to meet the demands of the future workplace, community colleges have experienced significant pressures to generate more graduates. High instances of attrition and low rates of credential obtainment among students, however, have historically been tenuous issues for community colleges. The purpose of this article is to put forward, in the form of a constructivist grounded theory, a model of community college student persistence based on the findings from a photovoice project aimed at understanding the educational lives of community college students. The Emergent Model of Community College Student Persistence has the potential to assist community college faculty, administrators, policy makers, and other stakeholders understand student persistence decisions.
The differential effects of syntactical pairings on cued recall and recognition

Tulving and Thompson’s (1973) procedure was used to test for both cued recall and recognition of the same set of target words. Analyses indicated that performance on the former was superior. However, if the kind of “syntactical” pairing (noun-adjective, verb-noun or noun-noun) was examined, the effect was restricted only to the noun-adjective pairs. These results suggest a limitation in the generality of Tulving and Thompson’s (1973) encoding specificity hypothesis and raise the possibility that their results were artifactual.
Inhibition of Yeast Growth by 2-4 Dinitrophenol.

The undissociated acid form of 2-4 dinitrophenol (alpha-DNP) has been shown by Field, Martin and Field1, 2 to stimulate both the rate of oxygen consumption and of fermentation by yeast.Is this heightened metabolic level reflected in an increase in the growth rate? To test this we have grown yeast in the L-shaped rocker tubes designed by Fraser,3 rocking 42 times per minute through an angle of 50°, in a water bath with temperature maintained at 25° C. The medium used was 10% yeast autolysate4 in 0.2 M phosphate buffer at pH 6.8. The solution contained 2% to 5 % glucose. Adequate precautions were taken to prevent contamination during inoculation and sampling, and our pure strain1, 2 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, race F, was used. Under these conditions there was little or no change in pH over a period of 4 days. Use of such yeast, tubes and media gave good checks (within 5%) in the control tubes.The concentration of the sodium salt of alpha-DNP which gave maximum stimulation of respiration at pH 6.8 was 400 ...
Seeking a Mexicana/Mestiza Ethic of Care: Rosa’s Revolución of carrying alongside

AbstractThis Chicana Critical Feminist Testimonio reveals a Mexican/Mexican-American Ethic of Care particular to the needs and strengths of Mexicana/o students and Testimonios of struggle, survival informing one Mexican/Mexican-American female educator of predominantly Mexican/Mexican-American students. This work, theoretically framed within Chicana and Black Feminisms, is part of a larger ethnographic study conducted through multiple methods. Findings reveal Rosa’s Mexicana/Mestiza Ethic of Care, a (re)incarnated social justice revolution carrying education as ethical imperative toward uplift. Findings have implications for all educators to protect and sustain ongoing struggles for equity and dignity for Mexicana/o youth and all those on the margins of schooling.
The dimensions of emotional intelligence, alexithymia, and mood awareness: Associations with personality and performance on an emotional stroop task

This study examined the different facets of emotional intelligence, alexithymia, and mood awareness. Undergraduate students (N = 129) completed the Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS), the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), and the Mood Awareness Scale (MRS). A factor analysis revealed two dimensions, attention to and clarity of emotions, that cut across all three instruments. These two dimensions were differentially associated with personality, as measured by the neuroticism, extra-version, and openness to experience portions of the NEO-FFI, and with performance on an emotional Stroop task. We discuss the implications for the conceptualisation of broad constructs such as emotional intelligence and alexithymia, as well as the potential utility of more narrowly defined individual differences.
Information Technology and Systems - II:Server Administration Networks

A majority of IS graduates (56% in one recent survey] are involved in server administration, network administration and IS security work. An important recent innovation in these areas is the deployment of separate networks dedicated to server administration and related tasks, combining the cost and productivity advantages of remote administration with risk levels comparable to console-based administrative access. Remote server administration is a previously undocumented artisanal tradition that evolved in scientific and technical network environments, and is now becoming applicable to an increasing range of business networks. This tutorial article provides an overview of current server administration network architectures, and of the software, workstation, and user interface technologies associated with remote server administration.
Training Together: how another human Trainee's Presence affects Behavior during Virtual human- Based Team Training

Despite research showing that team training can lead to strong improvements in team performance, logistical difficulties can prevent team training programs from being adopted on a large scale. A proposed solution to these difficulties is the use of virtual humans to replace missing teammates. Existing research evaluating the use of virtual humans for team training has been conducted in settings involving a single human trainee. However, in the real world multiple human trainees would most likely train together. In this paper, we explore how the presence of a second human trainee can alter behavior during a medical team training program. Ninety-two nurses and surgical technicians participated in a medical training exercise, where they worked with a virtual surgeon and virtual anesthesiologist to prepare a simulated patient for surgery. The agency of the nurse and the surgical technician were varied between three conditions: human nurses and surgical technicians working together; human nurses working with a virtual surgical technician; and human surgical technicians working with a virtual nurse. Variations in agency did not produce statistically significant differences in the training outcomes, but several notable differences were observed in other aspects of the team's behavior. Specifically, when working with a virtual nurse, human surgical technicians were more likely to assist with speaking up about patient safety issues that were outside of their normal responsibilities; human trainees spent less time searching for a missing item when working with a virtual partner, likely because the virtual partner was physically unable to move throughout the room and assist with the searching process; and more breaks in presence were observed when two human teammates were present. These results show that some behaviors may be influenced by the presence of multiple human trainees, though these behaviors may not impinge on core training goals. When developing virtual human-based training programs, designers should consider that the presence of other humans may reduce involvement during training moments perceived to be the responsibility of other trainees, and should consider that a virtual teammate's limitations may cause human teammates to limit their own behaviors in corresponding ways (e.g. searching less).
Neuronal Nuclear Membrane Budding Occurs during a Developmental Window Modulated by Torsin Paralogs.

DYT1 dystonia is a neurodevelopmental disease that manifests during a discrete period of childhood. The disease is caused by impaired function of torsinA, a protein linked to nuclear membrane budding. The relationship of NE budding to neural development and CNS function is unclear, however, obscuring its potential role in dystonia pathogenesis. We find NE budding begins and resolves during a discrete neurodevelopmental window in torsinA null neurons in vivo. The developmental resolution of NE budding corresponds to increased torsinB protein, while ablating torsinB from torsinA null neurons prevents budding resolution and causes lethal neural dysfunction. Developmental changes in torsinB also correlate with NE bud formation in differentiating DYT1 embryonic stem cells, and overexpression of torsinA or torsinB rescues NE bud formation in this system. These findings identify a torsinA neurodevelopmental window that is essential for normal CNS function and have important implications for dystonia pathogenesis and therapeutics.
Chlamydia pneumoniae and Inflammatory Arthritis

Chlamydia pneumoniae is a pathogen of much current interest in relation to several chronic and acute human diseases. Associations of this organism with some clinical entities, such as multiple sclerosis and late-onset (sporadic) Alzheimer’s disease, remain highly controversial, but a role for C. pneumoniae in the genesis of inflammatory arthritis has gained much credence over the last several years. While the published data briefly summarized in this chapter clearly support a role for C. pneumoniae in this disease, a good deal remains to be learned concerning the mechanisms by which disease generation is initiated and/or maintained by the bacterium. Forexample, studies of C. trachomatis and its pathogenic role in reactive arthritis convincingly show that this bacterium resides long-term in synovial tissue in the persistent, rather than the actively growing, state, and thatjoint pathogenesis by this organism must be understood in terms of host-pathogen interactions specific to that biologic state. Currently availabledataconcerning the biology of C.pneumoniae in the joint, while strongly suggestive of persistent infection, do not unequivocally demonstrate that this organism, like its sister-species, undergoes persistence during chronic infection of the synovium. Further, some data suggest that molecular genetic and other details of persistent infection and host-pathogen interaction differ somewhat between C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae. Those potential differences must be defined carefully, since the lack of clear extraarticular features for the inflammatory arthritis apparently induced by the latter organism probably relate to those differences. Moreover, the role of the APOE e4 gene product must be elucidated, since some observations indicate that it may be important, specifically in the C. pneumoniae associated pathogenesis process. Thus, even though it is likely that this unusual organism does indeed elicit synovial pathogenesis, much work remains to be done before its role in joint disease is fully understood.
Time Series Models: AR, MA, ARMA, & ALL THAT

Time series are ubiquitous in everyday manipulations of financial data. They are especially well suited to the nature of financial markets, and models and methods have been developed to capture time dependencies and produce forecasts. This is the main reason for their popularity. This chapter is devoted to a general introduction to the linear theory of time series, restricted to the univariate case. Later in the book, we will consider the multivariate case, and we will recast the analysis of time series data in the framework of state space models in order to consider and analyze nonlinear models.
Stemming the Medical Brain Drain: A Personal Perspective on a Global Problem

The term “medical brain drain” refers to the international migration of physicians from the developing world to developed countries. This loss of health professionals contributes significantly to global health inequities. The issue has been framed in terms of ethical, financial, and infrastructural issues, and many attempts have been made to pose solutions that address the respective arms of this multifaceted phenomenon. This article seeks to explore the medical brain drain from a migrant physician’s personal perspective, contextualized with data and analysis from relevant literature. I conclude that adopting the mindset of “brain circulation” rather than “brain drain” will be a component in paving the way for multidisciplinary solutions to the problems that promote the migration of physicians from resource-limited settings.
Line ratios for soft-x-ray emission following charge exchange between O 8 + and Kr

Lyman spectra and line ratios are reported for soft-x-ray emissions following the charge exchange process in 293, 414, 586, and 1256 km/s ${\mathrm{O}}^{8+}$ and Kr collisions. Lyman series from Ly-$\ensuremath{\alpha}$ to Ly-$\ensuremath{\varepsilon}$ were resolved for the ${\mathrm{O}}^{7+}$ ion using a high-resolution x-ray quantum microcalorimeter detector. It is found that the observed line ratios are dependent on the $nl$ distribution of the captured electron, and the Ly-$\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and Ly-$\ensuremath{\beta}$ x-ray emissions are enhanced. Moreover, by comparing the measured line ratios to the constructed theoretical single charge exchange line ratios for ${\mathrm{O}}^{8+}+\text{H}$, it is suggested that autoionizing double capture plays a significant role in the enhancement of Ly-$\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and Ly-$\ensuremath{\beta}$ emissions for the present system.
Thyroid Hormone Signaling in Retinal Development, Survival, and Disease.

Abstract Thyroid hormone (TH) is essential in numerous physiological functions and developmental processes. It acts through TH receptors (TRs) to regulate gene expression. The retina is the light-sensitive tissue lining the back of the eye and functions as the first step of the visual process. Rod and cone photoreceptors are specialized sensory neurons in the retina that initiate phototransduction. Rods are responsible for dim light vision, whereas cones are responsible for daytime vision, color vision, and visual acuity. TH signaling regulates retinal development and maintenance. The requirement of TH signaling is typically manifested as its regulation in the cone maturation and expression of the light-sensing pigment protein (cone opsin). There are two components of this regulation. First, TRβ2, a TH-activated transcription factor, is expressed in immature cones and regulates cone differentiation and cone opsin expression; activation of TRβ2 suppresses the expression of short-wave-sensitive opsin 1, induces the expression of medium-wave-sensitive opsin 1, and promotes dorsal–ventral opsin patterning. Second, hypothyroid mouse models display abnormalities in cone opsin expression, supporting the necessity of TH itself in retinal development. TH has been linked to photoreceptor survival. Excessive TH signaling leads to death of developing photoreceptors in healthy and diseased retina, whereas suppressing TH signaling preserves cones in mouse models of retinal degeneration. Some eye diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, have been associated with elevated circulation TH levels. Future work should aim to better understand how TH regulates retinal development, functionality, and survival, to examine the role of TH signaling in the pathogenesis of retinal degeneration, and to explore the potential of TH signaling manipulation for photoreceptor protection. Hopefully, these knowledge bases will lead to the identification of novel strategies for retinal disease prevention and management.
A Professional Code for Physical Education

(1928). A Professional Code for Physical Education. American Physical Education Review: Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 186-188.
Estado Transicional de Direito / Transitional Rule of Law

DOI:10.1590/2179-8966/2017/24950 Resumo O presente estudo sustenta o surgimento de um novo paradigma do Estado de Direito, em razao da indispensavel absorcao pelo constitucionalismo das conquistas na seara da Justica de Transicao. Trata-se de uma nova perspectiva que, ao utilizar raciocinio hipotetico-dedutivo e dados de natureza primaria (acordaos e leis) e secundaria (entendimentos doutrinarios), leva em consideracao nao apenas o Estado, mas tambem a sociedade civil, vislumbrando de forma simultânea os fatos ocorridos no passado e o futuro do processo constitucional, de modo a incorporar ao constitucionalismo social-democratico a tolerância, o consenso, a busca pela verdade, a solidariedade e a efetiva participacao do cidadao. Assim e que, a luz da Justica de Transicao e da abordagem de “constitucionalismo do futuro” realizada por Jose Roberto Dromi, procura-se estabelecer os contornos e limites do Estado Transicional de Direito, compatibilizando a ampla protecao das minorias com o direito a verdade. Palavras-chave: Justica de Transicao; Estado de Direito; Constitucionalismo. Abstract This study analyzes the emergence of a new paradigm of rule of law, due to the absorption of essential achievements in the field of Transitional Justice. It is a new perspective that takes into account not only the State, but also civil society, incorporating to the social-democratic constitutionalism new values (tolerance, consensus, truth, solidarity and effective citizen participation). Considering the jurisprudential maturity in Transitional Justice and Jose Roberto Dromi’s approach to “the constitutionalism of the future”, we establish the contours and limits of Transitional Rule of Law, harmonizing the broad protection of minorities with the right to truth. Keywords : Transitional Justice; Rule of Law; Constitutionalism.
Peer Victimization and Dating Violence Among LGBTQ Youth: The Impact of School Violence and Crime on Mental Health Outcomes

This study examined the moderating role of school violence and peer victimization on the association between sexual orientation and mental health. The sample consisted of 11,794 high school student...
Validation of a rat model for analyzing microRNA in CHONDROSARCOMA

Purpose: We compared the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) in rat chondrosarcoma relative to normal rat cartilage with miRNA expression in human chondrosarcoma relative to normal human cartilage. We did this in order to answer the question: Are the miRNA profiles of chondrosarcoma in humans and rats similar enough to allow for the rat model to be valid for study of chondrosarcoma in humans? Methods: Twenty rats were sacrificed, cartilage was collected, RNA extracted and 233 miRNAs analyzed. The expression of these miRNAs was then compared to their expression in normal human tissue and chondrosarcoma. Integrative correlation coefficients were applied to the data in whole to measure the similarity between the rat and human miRNA. Results: For normal human versus normal rat cartilage the integrative correlation coefficient was 0.84 (95% CI: 0.82–0.87). The integrative correlation coefficient for chondrosarcoma in human versus rat tissue was 0.70 (95% CI: 0.65–0.74). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that huma...
Activation of the sympathetic nervous system suppresses mouse white adipose tissue hyperplasia through the β1 adrenergic receptor.

Adipose tissue (AT) expands via both hypertrophy and hyperplasia during the development of obesity. While AT hypertrophy involves the increase in size of existing adipocytes, hyperplasia is the process of creating new adipocytes from the pool of adipocyte precursor cells (APCs), which includes adipocyte progenitor cells and preadipocytes. Prior studies have implicated a role of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in regulation of hyperplasia in white adipose tissue (WAT). Here, we aimed to determine the mechanisms underlying SNS regulation of APC proliferation in mouse WAT. Using flow cytometry with antibodies against various cell surface markers, along with an intracellular marker of proliferation (Ki67), we quantitated the percentages and proliferative status of adipocyte progenitor cells and preadipocytes in the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of WAT. In vivo SNS activation through cold exposure, as well as in vitro adrenergic stimulation via exposure to the canonical SNS neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE), inhibited preadipocyte proliferation. Pretreatment with propranolol, a β1- and β2-adrenergic receptor (AR) antagonist, trended toward rescuing the inhibitory effects of NE in primary cell culture. The selective β1-AR agonist dobutamine diminished preadipocyte proliferation both in vivo and in vitro, whereas the selective β2-AR agonist, salbutamol, promoted proliferation in vitro, suggesting that the β1-AR may mediate the inhibitory effect of NE on preadipocyte proliferation. Taken together, we conclude that SNS activation suppresses preadipocyte proliferation via activation of the β1 AR in WAT.
High-Density Redox Amplified Coulostatic Discharge-Based Biosensor Array

High-density biosensor arrays are essential for many cutting-edge biomedical applications including point-of-care vaccination screening to detect multiple highly contagious diseases. Typical electrochemical biosensing techniques are based on the measurement of sub-pA currents for micrometer-sized sensors requiring highly sensitive readout circuits. Such circuits are often too complex to scale down for high-density arrays. In this paper, a high-density 4,096-pixel electrochemical biosensor array in 180-nm CMOS is presented. It uses a coulostatic discharge sensing technique and interdigitated electrode (IDE) geometry to reduce both the complexity and size of the readout circuitry. Each biopixel contains an interdigitated microelectrode with a 13-aA low-leakage readout circuit directly underneath. Compared to standard planar electrodes, the implemented IDEs achieve a maximum amplification factor of 10.5 $\times $ from redox cycling. The array’s sensor density is comparable to state-of-the-art arrays, all without augmenting the sensors with complex post-processing. The detection of anti-Rubella and anti-Mumps antibodies in human serum is demonstrated.
A novel method for determining sagittal pediatric patellar height with the Blumensaat-Epiphyseal Containment of the Knee Angle.

Defining normal pediatric patellar height is complicated. Current methods use ratios calculated from lateral radiographs, but often provide inconsistent results and are time-consuming. It has been observed that the angle formed by Blumensaat's line and the distal femoral physis, when extended, form an area of patellar containment throughout a range of knee flexion. Deemed the Blumensaat-Epiphyseal Containment of the Knee (BECK) Angle, the objective of this study was to investigate this as a simple alternative to identify normal pediatric patellar height. Lateral radiographs were taken every 15° from 0° to 90° flexion on 10 fresh-frozen cadaveric knees. Patellar height was measured as the percentage of pole-to-pole patellar length contained within the BECK angle. The method was then applied to normal lateral radiographs of 105 pediatric knees, divided into age groups of 7-9, 10-12, and 13-16 years old. BECK angle patellar containment was compared with previously described methods. For cadaveric specimens, at least 50% patellar containment occurred between 0° and 71° flexion without quadriceps tension and between 21° and 81° flexion with 30 N of quadriceps tension. For pediatric radiographs, flexion ranged from 9° to 81°. At least 50% patellar containment occurred in 96% of knees in all three age groups. Knee flexion fell within a range of 15°-60° in 92 of the 105 pediatric knees. Limiting the analysis to this range, at least 50% patellar containment occurred in 99% of knees in all three age groups. On the basis of this study, normal pediatric knee lateral radiographs between 15° and 60° flexion should show at least 50% patellar containment within the BECK angle. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Diagnostic Level II study.
A preliminary study of the influence of sagittal plane neck alignment on mylohyoid activity during oropharyngeal swallowing: A surface electromyographic analysis

Forward head posture lengthens mylohyoid muscles, but its impact on swallowing is unknown. This study determined the effect of sagittal plane neck alignment on surface electromyographic parameters ...
Use of various obesity measurement and classification methods in occupational safety and health research: a systematic review of the literature

This study systematically examined obesity research in occupational safety and health regarding the use of various obesity measurement and classification methods. A systematic search of the PubMed database on English language publications from 2000 to 2015 using related keywords and search of citations resulted in selection of 126 studies. They were categorized into two groups based on their main research question: 1) general physical or mental work-related functioning; and 2) task or body part specific functioning. Regardless of the study group, body mass index (BMI) was the most frequently used measure. Over 63% of the studies relied solely on BMI to define obesity. In only 22% of the studies, body fat was directly measured by methods such as dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Abdominal obesity was defined using waist circumference in recent years, and waist-hip ratio in earlier years. Inconsistent cut-offs have also been used across studies investigating similar topics. Few authors acknowledged the limitations of using indirect obesity measures. This is in part due to the limited understanding of some occupational safety and health researchers regarding the complex issues surrounding obesity classification and also the mixed recommendations over the past 2–3 decades and across populations. Efforts need to be made to promote appropriate obesity measurement and reporting in this field.