cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrated selective: An innovative teaching strategy for sleep medicine instruction for medical students

Abstract Objectives Sleep disorders are common among all age groups, but repeated studies have demonstrated that physicians underdiagnose sleep disorders. Lack of curriculum time and the limited number of faculty with expertise in sleep medicine have been cited as major barriers for sleep medicine instruction. This paper describes the development, implementation, and evaluation of an integrated selective in sleep medicine for fourth-year medical students. Methods A one-month required fourth-year integrated selective in sleep medicine was implemented at Medical College of Wisconsin (MCW). A curriculum was developed, incorporating core competencies of sleep medicine and using a combination of instructional strategies. Three sources of data were used to evaluate the selective: an elective-specific questionnaire, learner ratings, and performance on a pre- and post-knowledge test. Results Twenty medical students (13 male; 7 female) have completed the selective to date. Lack of exposure to sleep medicine during the first three years of medical school was the most common reason for taking the elective. Student evaluation of the rotation averaged 1.5 on a five-point scale (1=best), above the average for fourth-year rotations. The mean examination scores increased significantly from pre- (56%) to post- (86%) selective ( p Conclusions A well-designed fourth-year integrated selective improves student knowledge in sleep medicine and may provide an opening for additional inclusion of sleep medicine instruction for various trainees.
RF knee walkout and source access region of unpassivated HFETs

A simple circuit model is used for the source access region of an AlGaN/GaN HFET in a microwave power amplifier to show that the interaction between gate-to-source surface current and 2DEG conductivity by itself can produce RF knee walkout.
Automated constraint placement to maintain pile shape

We present a simulation control to support art-directable stacking designs by automatically adding constraints to stabilize the stacking structure. We begin by adapting equilibrium analysis in a local scheme to find "stable" objects of the stacking structure. Next, for stabilizing the structure, we pick suitable objects from those passing the equilibrium analysis and then restrict their DOFs by managing the insertion of constraints on them. The method is suitable for controlling stacking behavior of large scale. Results show that our control method can be used in varied ways for creating plausible animation. In addition, the method can be easily implemented as a plug-in into existing simulation solvers without changing the fundamental operations of the solvers.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Flow and Mixing for Single-Hole Film Cooling

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurement techniques are used to reveal the coupled 3D velocity and coolant concentration fields for a single film cooling hole with L/D of 4, ejection angle of 60°, and blowing ratios of 0.5 and 1. The jet exits into a boundary layer with momentum thickness of 0.1D. Magnetic resonance velocimetry (MRV) measures 3 component mean velocity everywhere within the channel, cooling hole, and feed plenum. Magnetic resonance concentration (MRC) provides the coolant concentration distribution which is directly analogous to film cooling effectiveness. The coupled velocity and concentration show that high velocity ratios lead to a detached jet which lowers effectiveness. Vorticity from the feed hole creates a streamwise oriented counter rotating vortex pair which lifts the coolant stream from the surface and sweeps in main channel flow inducing a kidney-shape to the coolant jet cross-section. Without the need for optical access, MRV allows study of the flow inside the feed hole including the entrance separation and secondary flows. Cross-stream feeding of the cooling hole shows added spanwise asymmetry at the hole entrance, but this asymmetry is significantly reduced moving up the hole.© 2011 ASME
Endoscopic forehead lift: Technique and case presentations

Abstract Purpose: The advent of the endoscopic forehead lift has provided an alternative to the conventional open approach. This article describes the basic technique, with some modifications, and reports three clinical cases. Results: The subperiosteal forehead technique rejuvenates the upper third of the face with no scalp resection, minimal risks of hypesthesia, limited risk of alopecia, reduced tissue trauma, small camouflaged scars, less bleeding and edema, improved postoperative comfort, and faster recovery compared with the standard open techniques. Conclusions: The endoscopic subperiosteal forehead lift is a useful technique for providing rejuvenation of the upper third of the face. It reduces or eliminates forehead rhytids by eliminating the reflex contracture of the frontalis and contributes to softening of the vertical glabellar rhytids. Longitudinal studies will be required to assess the effectiveness of this technique compared with open techniques.
Mutational analysis in BCR-ABL-negative classic myeloproliferative neoplasms: impact on prognosis and therapeutic choices

The diagnostic value of JAK2 mutational analysis in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) is now well established and endorsed by the World Health Organization classification system for hematologic malignancies. The current review is focused on the prognostic impact and therapeutic relevance of JAK2 and other MPN-associated mutations in polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). Mutations involving JAK2, MPL, TET2, and ASXL1 are discussed. In general, within a specific disease category, the mere presence or absence of any one of these mutations does not appear to correlate with survival or development of blast phase disease, myelofibrosis, or thrombosis. In contrast, interesting associations between JAK2V617F allele burden and clinical outcome (e.g. lower quartile range allele burden and shorter survival in PMF and higher allele burden and fibrotic transformation in PV) have been made, but require further validation, and their impact on treatment choices is not clear. Similarly, although detection of JAK2V617F status post allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant indicates minimal residual disease, the general use of mutant allele burden for monitoring treatment response has not been systematically studied. Current information on mutational status and response to JAK2 inhibitor drug therapy is too preliminary to draw any conclusions.
Influence of cis double bonds in the sn-2 acyl chain of phosphatidylethanolamine on the gel-to-liquid crystalline phase transition

We have semisynthesized 19 species of mixed-chain phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs) in which the sn-1 acyl chain is derived from saturated fatty acids with varying chain lengths and the sn-2 acyl chain has different chain lengths but contains 0, 1, and 2 cis double bond(s). The gel-to-liquid crystalline phase transition temperatures (Tm) of lipid bilayers prepared from these 19 mixed-chain PEs were determined calorimetrically. When the Tm values are compared with those of saturated and monounsaturated counterparts, a common Tm profile is observed in the plot of Tm versus the number of cis double bonds. Specifically, a marked stepwise decrease in Tm is detected as the number of cis double bonds in the sn-2 acyl chain of the mixed-chain PE is successively increased from 0 to 1 and then to 2. The large Tm-lowering effect of the acyl chain unsaturation can be attributed to the increase in Gibbs free energy of the gel-state bilayer as a result of weaker lateral chain-chain interactions. In addition, we have applied molecular mechanics calculations to simulate the molecular structure of dienoic mixed-chain C(X):C(Y:2 delta n,n+3)PE in the gel-state bilayer, thus enabling the three independent structural parameters (N, delta C, and LS) to be calculated in terms of X, Y, and n, which are intrinsic quantities of C(X):C(Y:2 delta n,n+3)PE. When the Tm values and the corresponding N and delta C values of all dienoic mixed-chain PEs under study are first codified and then analyzed statistically by multiple regressions, the dependence of Tm on the structural parameters can be described quantitatively by a simple and general equation. The physical meaning and the usefulness of this simple and general equation are explained.
Evolutionary Significance of Sexual and Asexual Modes of Propagation in Neogene Species of the Bryozoan Metrarabdotos in Tropical America

Three new Miocene-Pliocene species of the cheilostome bryozoan Metrarabdotos from Venezuela are atypical in showing significant evidence that as many as half the colonies originated asexually (clonally) by “regeneration” from previously existing colonies, rather than almost exclusively from ancestrular zooids (products of metamorphosis of sexually produced larvae), as is characteristic of the genus. The extremely low proportion of zooids (less than two percent) recognizably committed to producing larvae (ovicelled) in these Venezuelan species agrees with that reported in a variety of Danian (Paleocene) genera in which clonal propagation has been reported to predominate. However, all but two of 17 other living and fossil species of Metrarabdotos also have fewer than two percent of their zooids ovicelled, even though all but one of more than 250 colony bases examined originated from ancestrulae. The lack of significant correlation in Metrarabdotos between frequencies of ovicelled zooids and of ancestrular colonies suggests that clonal propagation may not have diverted resources from sexual reproduction. This inference is supported by the retention in these species of a level of heritable morphologic variation (estimated by partitioning among-colonies and within-colonies variance in zooid characters) that is commensurate with that estimated for species of Metrarabdotos in which propagation was apparently entirely by sexual means. Thus, sexual reproduction throughout the genus was apparently sufficient to maintain the genetic diversity from which speciation could proceed at normal rates. As estimated by both cladistic and nearest-neighbor morphologic-stratigraphic methods, the three Venezuelan species occupy quite different positions in the inferred phylogeny of Metrarabdotos. Thus, the elevated level of clonal propagation in these species appears to be a response to local conditions, most probably high productivity associated with upwelling, that promoted more rapid vegetative growth while leaving the level of sexual reproduction unchanged.
Müller and RPE cell response to photoreceptor cell degeneration in aging Fischer rats.

With increasing age, retinas of male Fischer rats gradually lose photoreceptor cells beginning at the ora serrata and extending to the central retina resulting in a pronounced peripheral retinopathy. In this study, we used immunocytochemical methods for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) to study the Muller cell response to age-related photoreceptor cell degeneration in the superior retina. Retinas of Fischer rats were also examined by electron microscopy to investigate retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell and Bruch's membrane structural changes with advancing age. Our study showed extensive photoreceptor cell loss in the region of the ora serrata beginning by 16 months, while few photoreceptor cells were found at 23 months. Neovascularization also occurred in the area of the peripheral retinopathy at the level of the RPE cells as determined by electron microscopy, as well as a thickening of Bruch's membrane with initial signs of small breaks. Dense areas of GFAP-immunostaining of Muller cell processes were found in the superior peripheral retina of 16-30 month-old rats where photoreceptor cells were degenerating. After 21 months, Muller cell processes extended into the subretinal space. However, in the central retina, where the photoreceptor cell population was more stable, GFAP-immunolabelled Můller cells were not detected. Immunoblots of retinal homogenates confirmed elevated GFAP levels at 18-30 months when compared to homogenates from retinas of 6-month-old Fischer rats. During photoreceptor cell degeneration, Muller cell processes were also prominently immunostained for CA II, which were seen to occupy the subretinal space at 18-30 months. Our results suggest that Muller cells respond to the age-related peripheral retinopathy in Fischer rats by increasing GFAP content and growth of their processes into the subretinal space to form a glial scar, but only in the area of severe photoreceptor cell loss. In addition, RPE and Bruch's membrane of aged retinas exhibit typical early age-related changes as also reported for aged human eyes.
Urbanism from the Perspective of Ecological Psychologists

The perspective of ecological psychology on urbanism is presented, with emphasis on the following premises. The urban milieu consists of complexes of behavior settings. The size of a city should be understood in relationship to the number and variety of its settings, rather than simply in terms of population size. Manning refers to the ratio of number of people per setting; low ratio defines undermanning, while high ratio defines overmanning. Urban centers are likely to exhibit relatively more optimally manned or overmanned settings, relative to rural centers. This condition has important consequences for the behavior and experience of urban inhabitants.
Real Readers, Implied Readers, and Professional Writers: Suggested Research.

Research on distinguishing real and implied readers raises the question o f whether writers are aware of this distinction. The terms real and implied are defined, and their emergence as issues for debate is detailed. The study is then described and hypotheses for investigation are posed: Are professional writers aware of real and implied readers; does a writer's way of perceiving a reader affect contextual development; do shifts occur in writers' conceptions of reader; are writers' perceptions of readers linked to a sense of genre and explained by principles of cognitive processing? Suggestions for further research are provided.
Sensitivity of the rat hippocampal GABAA receptor α4 subunit to electroshock seizures

Abstract The effects of one and five electroshock seizures on [ 3 H]flunitrazepam binding, diazepam-insensitive (DIS) [ 3 H]Ro 15–4513 binding, and levels of mRNA for GABA A receptor α 1, α 4, β 3 and γ 2 subunits were examined in rats. No changes in any parameter were observed in the CA1 region of hippocampus or in parietal cortex. However, a single seizure produced a rapid and transient increase of α 4 mRNA in the dentate gyrus, without altering the expression of the other subunits. The putative α 4 protein, as measured by DIS [ 3 H]Ro 15–4513 binding, was also elevated in the dentate gyrus by a single shock. Repeated electroshock (48-h intervals) resulted in an enhanced response of the α 4 subunit to the seizure. Neither one nor five seizures altered [ 3 H]flunitrazepam binding.
Enabling Antenna Systems for Extreme Deep-Space Mission Applications

Two NASA deep-space probes, Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) and New Horizons (NH), are moving towards the extremes of our solar system (Mercury and Pluto). The delivery of the science in these extreme environments is a challenge, and the missions require unique approaches. MESSENGER'S antenna system utilizes the first electronically scanned high-gain array for a deep-space telecommunication application. The array, which provides the high-data-rate downlink, is scanned in one dimension and is circularly polarized. Although a linearly polarized array would have satisfied the minimum mission science data rate requirements, MESSENGER'S circularly polarized array doubles it. To achieve this, the Johns Hopkins University/Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) developed an innovative technique to produce circular polarization from a narrow-wall slotted waveguide array. The new technique uses short parasitic monopoles mounted to the exterior of the waveguides. The result is a simple, lightweight, and all-metal circularly polarized array capable of operating at +300 OC, and a variety of measurement techniques were used to verify phased-array antenna system performance during qualification. The NH antenna system is a stack arrangement of a high-gain antenna (HGA), medium-gain antenna (MGA), and low-gain antenna (LGA). To minimize mission operating costs, the spacecraft is spin stabilized at all times except during encounters to maintain a fixed spacecraft attitude. This approach and application for a narrow beamwidth antenna is unique for a deep-space mission, resulting in new approaches to accurately measure the gain and radio-frequency (RF) boresight direction in a compact range facility. Because of the importance of the HGA function to overall mission success, testing of the HGA system at operational temperatures of -200 OC was also performed. Recent in-flight measurement of the NH HGA pattern verified ground alignments. The RF design of the NH antenna also forms the baseline RF design for a deployable antenna system JHU/APL is developing called the Hybrid Deployable Antenna (HDA). The HDA combines a fixed parabolic dish with a deployable/inflatable reflector annulus that greatly increases antenna area after launch. This concept provides a high-payoff deployable antenna system that is being developed to address the "all or nothing" risk by providing a viable backup capability. This paper discusses some of the challenges to advance this concept for a future deep-space mission.
Unusual occurrence of photooxidation of a cage diol

An unusual photooxidation was noted upon photolytic cage closure of a substituted tricyclo[6.2.1.02.7]undecane-exo, exo-diol. The resultant compound, which may be regarded as a mono-reduced pentacyclo[5.4.0.02,6.03,10.05,9]undecane-8,11-dione, was characterizedvia X-ray crystallography. This species could be reduced to the tricyclo[6.2.1.02,7]undecane-endo, exo-diol under conditions previously shown to be inert for the parent dione.
Mesoscale Convergence Zone Development in Northeastern Colorado under Southwest Flow

Abstract In July 1987 during the CINDE project, three similar mesoscale planetary boundary layer convergence zones were observed to form in northeastern Colorado near Denver under synoptic-scale southwesterly flow. A number of recent studies have documented the importance of such convergence zones on the local weather in the Denver area. The three case studies presented in this paper are the boundary type previously classified by Wilson and Schreiber (1986) to be of unknown origin. The analysis of mesonet, radar, and sounding data indicates that during periods of southwesterly flow at mountaintop levels over Colorado, the ridgetop winds may intrude into the Denver basin once the nocturnal temperature inversion has been eroded, provided that no other dominant synoptic-scale surface feature is affecting northeastern Colorado. When such an intrusion occurs, the southwest flow progresses northeastward until it reaches the frequently observed cold pool of air over the Platte River valley, which forms as the re...
A new genetic concept: uniparental disomy and its potential effect, isodisomy

In recent years, cytogenetic studies of spontaneous abortion products have disclosed a relatively high frequency of aneuploid embryos. These karyotypic anomalies chiefly stem from meiotic errors affecting the distribution of the chromosomes in one of the two gametes. This information not only implies the remarkable frequency of gonocyte aneuploidy but also reveals the prevalence of certain types of errors. It follows that gametal haploidy is often altered by the loss (nullisomy) or the addition (disomy) of certain members, in particular the X, the Y, and chromosomes 15, 16, 21, and 22. Therefore, it is to be expected that, in some exceptional zygotes, euploidy could result from the random union of a disomic gamete with a gamete nullisomic for the homologue. To this hypothetical phenomenon - which is, however, statistically likely and foreseeable - we have ascribed the name of uniparental disomy, owing to the fact that both members of such a pair arise from only one parent. Furthermore, such a mechanism implies the probability of introducing into the genome pairs of chromosomes with whole sequences of identical alleles, a consequence which we describe by the neologism of isodisomy. Such homozygosity for a series of colinear alleles implies, from the genetic stand-point, risks and advantages akin to those of parental consanguinity. An analogous mechanism could also modulate and modify the consequences of trisomies in which entire segments of two of the three implicated chromosomes, including the supernumerary one, could as well be isoallelic (isodisomic trisomy or di-isotrisomy). This article briefly states some other predictions stemming from the concept of uniparental disomy, whose confirmation should serve as a test of the proposed hypothesis.
Opioid-induced rigidity after intravenous fentanyl

Background Large doses of intravenous opioids may cause severe rigidity and prevent spontaneous or controlled ventilation. The mechanism of this effect appears to be neuraxis dopamine antagonism. Rigidity after analgesic doses of fentanyl has not been reported previously. Case A pregnant woman receiving haloperidol for multiple psychiatric conditions presented for evaluation of vaginal bleeding. Intravenous fentanyl was administered to facilitate vaginal examination. Severe rigidity of the extremities and truncal region occurred, which prevented spontaneous or assisted ventilation. Conclusion Opioid administration may result in rigidity and respiratory embarrassment. Decreased analgesic requirements in pregnancy and concomitant butyrophenone administration may predispose to opioid-induced rigidity.
Cytological observations on the cytoplasmic factor “kappa” in Paramecium aurelia

Abstract The cytoplasmic factor kappa has been studied free from whole animals in several stocks of Paramecium aurelia . It was shown that no appreciable distortion occurred when kappa was freed from intact animals. However, considerable distortion was caused by the use of Schaudinn's fixative according to methods employed in earlier work. Kappa is rod-shaped, varying in length from 0.6 to 10 micra. Its form differs in different strains of killers. Kappa appears as singles, doubles (suggesting multiplication by binary fission), and enlarged forms containing a refractile body. The refractile structure usually consists of two or four parts of unknown composition and function. The proportion of forms with refractile bodies was shown to increase in one stock when the fission rate of the paramecia was reduced by a restriction of the food supply. Kappa reacts positively to the Serra test for arginine. Under phase kappa appears strikingly like bacteria. On the other hand, enzymatic content, “nuclear” differentiation, and in vitro growth could not be demonstrated.
Flow cytometric analysis of altered mononuclear cell transmembrane potential induced by cyclosporin.

Immunosuppression by the fungal metabolite cyclosporin A (CsA) is characterized by functional inhibition, rather than destruction of cells. Because activation of immune cells involves intracellular signalling events associated with modulations of cell transmembrane potential (TMP), we tested the ability of cyclosporin A (CsA) to modulate immune mononuclear cell TMP in vitro using a TMP sensitive cationic dye, dihexyloxacarbocyanine (DIOC6(3)). All analyses were performed by flow cytometry. CsA increased TMP in monocytes and lymphocytes isolated from the blood of healthy human volunteers. CsA-induced hyperpolarization was time and concentration dependent in monocytes while the lymphocyte hyperpolarization, although time dependent, was evident over the entire range of CsA concentrations tested. CsA-induced hyperpolarization of lymphocytes was dependent on potassium ion (K+) efflux as indicated by the absence of hyperpolarization in 154 mM KCl or with pretreatment with 100 uMM quinine (an inhibitor of K+ channels). Monocyte hyperpolarization by CsA was not inhibited in either system. Dihydrocyclosporin C (DH-CsC), an immunosuppressive analog of CsA, also hyperpolarized mononuclear cells. The anionic TMP sensitive dye bis oxonol (di-BA-C4) indicated that CsA treatment depolarized mononuclear cell plasma membranes. The mitochondrial poison carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl-hydrazine (FCCP) eliminated CsA induced hyperpolarization and also indicated that CsA caused plasma membrane depolarization. We conclude that brief in vitro exposure to cyclosporin alters the transmembrane electrical potential of human lymphocytes and monocytes. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Functional levels of floor surface roughness for the prevention of slips and falls: clean-and-dry and soapsuds-covered wet surfaces.

Abstract Literature has shown a general trend that slip resistance performance improves with floor surface roughness. However, whether slip resistance properties are linearly correlated with surface topographies of the floors or what roughness levels are required for effective slip resistance performance still remain to be answered. This pilot study aimed to investigate slip resistance properties and identify functional levels of floor surface roughness for practical design applications in reducing the risk of slip and fall incidents. A theory model was proposed to characterize functional levels of surface roughness of floor surfaces by introducing a new concept of three distinctive zones. A series of dynamic friction tests were conducted using 3 shoes and 9 floor specimens under clean-and-dry as well as soapsuds-covered slippery wet environments. The results showed that all the tested floor–shoe combinations provided sufficient slip resistances performance under the clean-and-dry condition. A significant effect of floor type (surface roughness) on dynamic friction coefficient (DFC) was found in the soapsuds-covered wet condition. As compared to the surface roughness effects, the shoe-type effects were relatively small. Under the soapsuds-covered wet condition, floors with 50 μm in Ra roughness scale seemed to represent an upper bound in the functional range of floor surface roughness for slip resistance because further increase of surface roughness provided no additional benefit. A lower bound of the functional range for slip resistance under the soapsuds-covered wet condition was estimated from the requirement of DFC > 0.4 at Ra ≅ 17 μm. Findings from this study may have potential safety implications in the floor surface design for reducing slip and fall hazards.
Serum Lysozyme in Sarcoid Uveitis

In a study of 100 patients, the mean serum lysozyme value for patients with sarcoidosis and active uveitis was elevated, while the mean value for patients with inactive sarcoidosis and inactive uveitis was within the normal range. The mean value for patients with a clinical picture of sarcoid uveitis, but without an established diagnosis of sarcoidosis, was high. In patients with ophthalmologic findings compatible with sarcoidosis, but without radiologic, immunologic, or other clinical evidence of the disease, an elevated serum lysozyme level may be indicative of sytemic disease.
Defensins and Other Antimicrobial Peptides at the Ocular Surface

Although constantly exposed to the environment and “foreign bodies” such as contact lenses and unwashed fingertips, the ocular surface succumbs to infection relatively infrequently. This is, in large part, due to a very active and robust innate immune response mounted at the ocular surface. Studies over the past 20 years have revealed that small peptides with antimicrobial activity are a major component of the human innate immune response system. The ocular surface is no exception, with peptides of the defensin and cathelicidin families being detected in the tear film and secreted by corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells. There is also much evidence to suggest that the role of some antimicrobial peptides is not restricted to direct killing of pathogens, but, rather, that they function in various aspects of the immune response, including recruitment of immune cells, and through actions on dendritic cells provide a link to adaptive immunity. A role in wound healing is also supported. In this article, the properties, mechanisms of actions and functional roles of antimicrobial peptides are reviewed, with particular emphasis on the potential multifunctional roles of defensins and LL-37 (the only known human cathelicidin) at the ocular surface.
Financial networks with intermediation: Risk management with variable weights

In this paper, we develop a framework for the modeling, analysis, and computation of solutions to multitiered financial network problems with intermediaries in which both the sources of financial funds as well as the intermediaries are multicriteria decision-makers. In particular, we assume that these decision-makers seek not only to maximize their net revenues but also to minimize risk with the risk being penalized by a variable weight. We make explicit the behavior of the various decision-makers, including the consumers at the demand markets for the financial products. We derive the optimality conditions, and demonstrate that the governing equilibrium conditions of the financial network economy can be formulated as a finite-dimensional variational inequality problem. Qualitative properties of the equilibrium financial flow and price pattern are provided. A computational procedure that exploits the network structure of the problem is proposed and then applied to several numerical examples.
Nitrogen-15 chemical shift in the pyridine-methanol complex

Abstract This Letter presents density functional theory calculations of the 15 N chemical shifts of pyridine in the presence of a methanol molecule. These calculations were done to study the effects of hydrogen bonding (HB) on the principal components of the aromatic nitrogen chemical shift tensors. Calculations have been done in three dimensions, i.e. varying the distance and the bond and dihedral angles between the pyridine and the methanol molecule. The results show that HB effects on the chemical shifts are significantly more sensitive to the distance between molecules than to the angles.
Technology: How to build a low-energy future.

Advanced construction technologies promise huge energy savings, says Philip Farese. Investment is needed to bring them to market and to encourage their use.
Radiative corrections to low-energy neutrino reactions

We show that the radiative corrections to charged current (CC) nuclear reactions with an electron (positron) in the final state are described by a universal function. The consistency of our treatment of the radiative corrections with the procedure used to extract the value of the axial coupling constant g(A) is discussed. To illustrate we apply our results to (anti) neutrino deuterium disintegration and to pp fusion in the sun. The limit of vanishing electron mass is considered, and a simple formula sufficiently accurate for E(obs)greater than or similar to 1 MeV is obtained. The size of the nuclear structure-dependent effects is also discussed. Finally, we consider CC transitions with an electron (positron) in the initial state and discuss some applications to electron capture reactions.
Effect of Embryonic Administration of 131I Upon Reproductive Performance of the White Leghorn

Abstract IODINE-131 may partially or totally destroy thyroid tissue in poultry. Six thousand microcuries (μCi.) 131I per 100 g. of body weight injected into chicks were found to completely destroy their thyroids (Winchester et al., 1949; Winchester and Davis, 1952). The use of a low iodine diet plus thiouracil reduced the 131I necessary for thyroid destruction to 1500 μCi. per 100 g. (Mellen and Wentworth, 1962). However, Seigel and Mraz (1965) reported that 5 μCi.131I in 16-day embryos, 50 μCi. 131I in 8- or 12-day embryos or 1-day-old chicks and 100 μCi. 131I in 2-week-old chicks reduced thyroid activity in these birds at 14 weeks of age. As low as 2 μCi. 131I administered at 16 days of incubation reduced 131I uptake by the thyroid of the subsequent chick at 4 weeks of age (Mraz, 1966). Growth, however, was reduced only at the 50 μCi. level. Hens were found to deposit . . .
Rb-Sr age of lunar igneous rocks 62295 and 14310

Measurements of Rb-Sr ages of crystallization performed on igneous lunar highland rocks 62295 and 14310 are reported. Lunar sample 62295 is a mesostasis-rich spinel-troctolite very-high-alumina basalt exhibiting a variable igneous structure. Sample 14310 is a feldspathic KREEP-rich basalt. The determined ages probably date the cooling of shock melts.
Cours II: Leçons d'esthéthique à Clermont-Ferrand, leçons de morale, psychologique et métaphysique au lycée Henri-VI

(1994). Cours II: Lecons d'esthethique a Clermont-Ferrand, lecons de morale, psychologique et metaphysique au lycee Henri-VI. History of European Ideas: Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 320-322.
Isotope effects on intermolecular interactions in crystalline benzene

Abstract Spectroscopic studies of pure and isotopic mixed benzene crystals have shown that for the S 1 ← S 0 transition (i) the resonance interactions in pure C 6 H 6 and C 6 D 6 are identical; (ii) the effects of the static (binding) forces are the same in pure C 6 H 6 and C 6 D 6 crystals; and (iii) the gas-to-crystal shift of a dilute guest in an isotopic mixed crystal is different from that of the host. These results provide a consistent explanation of the differences between calculated and experimental spectra of heavily doped isotopic mixed benzene crystals.
Identifying profitable self-service markets: A test in gasoline retailing

The increased presence of self-service products is explored. A model is constructed that views service as an attribute of a product bundle that can be separated to create a self-service substitute. In terms of market elasticities and revenues we suggest an analytical measure of a seller's incentive to debundle service. For retail gasoline markets, we empirically estimate with reduced form equations the own and cross price elasticities of full- and self-service demand across Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas in the United States to show that regional differences in sales of self-service gasoline are explained by our measure.
What we still don’t know about treating chronic noncancer pain with opioids

See related review article by Furlan and colleagues, page [923][1] In a survey of 2012 Canadian adults, nearly one-third reported chronic noncancer pain, and the average duration of pain was over 10 years. [1][2] Other data show that opioids are commonly — and increasingly — used to treat
CHARACTERIZATION OF PRINTABLE MICRO-FLUIDIC CHANNELS FOR ORGAN PRINTING

Organ printing is a complex and challenging process in execution due to the lack of fundamental understanding of tissue and organ formation, and problems associated with giving the organ-conforming 3D shapes. One of the major challenges is the inclusion of blood vessel-like channels between layers to support cell viability in terms of nutrients and oxygen transport. Tissue scaffolds have been widely used in generation of replacement tissue by providing mechanical support and fluid nutrients, but complications with scaffold degradation and the corresponding adverse effects on extra cellular matrix still present major challenges. This paper introduces a new approach in tissue scaffolding for cellular assembly to minimize these problems.
Ab initio SCF studies of the electronic structures of halogen nitrates. 2. FNOx (x = 1, 2, 3)

Self-consistent field calculations have been performed on the compounds FNO{sub x} (x = 1, 2, 3) using 4-31G, 6-31G*/MP2, and PDZ/MP2 basis sets. Dipole moments, Koopman's ionization potentials, and predicted geometries are reported. The predicted relative stability for FNO{sub 2} isomers is FNO{sub 2} > c-FONO > t-FONO. FONO{sub 2} is predicted to only slightly prefer a planar configuration in agreement with experiment. The FONO{sub 2} isomer is more stable than FOONO by about 40 kcal/mol.
Isolation and characterization of a lung lipoprotein surfactant.

Abstract A highly surface active lipoprotein fraction was isolated in the sediment of cell-free lung wash of excised rabbit lung by a relatively simple centrifugation technique (50,000 × g, 7 C; twice for one hour, with removal of the supernatant). Based on immunology and disc electrophoresis studies we believe the lipoprotein is indigenous to lung. It consists of about 60% lipid (lecithin) and 40% protein by weight. Of the lipid, about 90% is phospholipid and 10% non-phospholipid. By gas-liquid chromatography, the total fatty acids of the lipid moiety were found to be equally distributed among saturated and unsaturated acids. In different preparations, there was a consistent mobility of bands on disc electrophoresis, and, in addition, we obtained reproducible surface pressure-area and surface potential-area curves, relating area occupied by known quantities of lipoprotein (M2/mg), spread in a 0.1% solution of amyl alcohol. The findings indicate uniformity of the lipoprotein extracted. The lipoprotein monolayers showed no hysteresis in their force-area and surface potential-area curves and remained in the liquid state. Hysteresis occurred after injection of an aliquot of a 0.9% saline minced lung extract under lipoprotein monolayers. It appears that hysteresis of films of lung extract solution is related to penetration and desorption of soluble species during expansion and compression, respectively.
Perioperative care of the elderly patient: an update.

Elderly patients pose unique challenges perioperatively. They are more likely than younger surgical patients to be mentally and physically compromised at baseline, which increases the risk of delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Postoperative cognitive risk can be predicted, however, and effective strategies exist to reduce this risk. Elderly patients are also at increased risk of a precipitous postoperative decline in physiologic reserve, which can lead to organ failure. General recommendations for the perioperative care of elderly patients include avoiding drugs that raise the risk of delirium, ensuring adequate caloric and fluid intake, getting the patient out of bed and into physical therapy as soon as possible, and early planning for discharge. An elderly patient’s postoperative cognitive risk and its impact on quality of life should be factored into the decision whether to undergo surgery. Family conferences are recommended to address the many questions and challenges that surgery in an elderly person can pose.
The Role of Framing in Productive Classroom Discussions: A Case for Teacher Learning

Abstract In this paper, we contrast two mathematical arguments that occurred during an algebra lesson to illustrate the importance of relevant framings in the ensuing arguments. The lesson is taken from a graduate course for elementary teachers who are enrolled in a mathematics specialist program. We use constructs associated with enthnography of argumentation to characterize the framings for warrants and backings that supported the ensuing arguments. Our findings suggest that teachers fully participated in argumentations that were framed by problem situations that were familiar to them, ones that were couched in elementary, fundamental mathematical ideas, and that these types of argumentations were arguably more productive in terms of opportunities for learning.
Revealing the nuanced associations between facets of trait impulsivity and reactive and proactive aggression

Abstract Although impulsivity has been repeatedly associated with aggression, specific associations between facets of impulsivity and reactive (RA) and proactive (PA) have yet to be fully elucidated. This may be due, in part, to overlapping variance among facets of impulsivity and between RA/PA. The current study systematically examined associations among these variables using both bivariate correlations as well as path analysis. In addition to raw aggression scores, we isolated the variance unique to both RA/PA by regressing RA onto PA (and vice versa), and saving these residual aggression scores. Participants included 384 racially-diverse undergraduates. Results indicated facets of impulsivity uniquely characterize RA/PA, particularly using residual aggression scores. RA was uniquely characterized by higher levels of Negative Urgency followed by low Perseverance, as well as high Premeditation and low Positive Urgency. In contrast, PA was uniquely characterized by higher levels of Positive Urgency, and to a lesser degree, high Premeditation. Results indicate facets of impulsivity represent potentially different underlying pathways to specific subtypes of aggression. As such, impulsivity, particularly in the context of affect, may be especially important to consider in relation to specific subtypes of aggression.
Retrospectives: Economists and the Fed: Beginnings

As usually understood, the significant debate over the founding of the Fed was between advocates of the real bills doctrine and advocates of the quantity theory of money. This understanding however conflates two different distinctions: one between the banking principle and the currency principle, and one between self-regulation and active management. It also fails to take seriously both the context of practical experience with the national banking system and the developing practical experience inside the Fed. I propose a new interpretation focused mainly on the contributions of four economists: J. Laurence Laughlin, Irving Fisher, Paul Warburg and Benjamin Strong.
Longitudinal mode instabilities of particle cloud combustors in a reduced gravity environment

Abstract This paper presents descriptions and analysis of novel acoustic phenomena that have been observed during the combustion of particle clouds in flame tubes in a reduced gravity environment. It has been found that flame propagation is steady for fuel-rich particle mixtures. However, for near-stoichiometric mixtures of fuel and air, the flame propagates in an unsteady “chattering” or vibratory fashion accompanied by high amplitude periodic pressure oscillations. A longitudinal mode combustion instability analysis of the system is formulated to explain this behavior. Predictions from the model are in good agreement with experimentally obtained data. In particular, the oscillation frequency is well predicted and it is shown that stoichiometrically rich particle mixtures may adversely affect the excitation of the flame-acoustic instability and contribute to the observed disappearance of chattering flames for fuel-rich mixtures.
Automated proof of ring commutativity problems by algebraic methods

Using a simple computer program, we have proved thousands and thousands of instances ofthe theorem that for any integer n>1, for any element x in an associative ring, x^n=x implies the commutativity of the ring (an instance of the theorem is obtained by taking a specific value for n). The program is based on Newton's binomial theorem and Euclid's gcd algorithm. New algorithms are introduced to speed up the gcd computation and to decide quickly whether a binomial coefficient is odd.
INCREASED PLANT SIZE IN EXOTIC POPULATIONS: A COMMON‐GARDEN TEST WITH 14 INVASIVE SPECIES

The "evolution of increased competitive ability" (EICA) hypothesis predicts that exotic species will adapt to reduced herbivore pressure by losing costly defenses in favor of competitive ability. Previous studies often support the prediction that plants from exotic populations will be less well defended than plants from native populations. However, results are mixed with respect to the question of whether plants from exotic populations have become more competitive. In a common-garden experiment involving plants from two native and two exotic populations of 14 different invasive species, we tested whether exotic plants generally grow larger than conspecific native plants, and whether patterns of relative growth depend on the intensity of competition. We found a quite consistent pattern of larger exotic than native plants, but only in the absence of competition. These results suggest that invasive species may often evolve increased growth, and that increased growth may facilitate adaptation to noncompetitive environments.
Endoscopic Ultrasound in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is an advanced endoscopic technique currently used in the staging and diagnosis of many gastrointestinal neoplasms. The proximity of the echoendoscope to the gastrointestinal tract lends itself to a detailed view of the luminal pathology and the pancreas. This unique ability enables endoscopists to use EUS in patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs). Diagnostic EUS allows previously unidentified NETs to be localized. EUS also determines tumor management by staging the GEP-NETS, enabling the clinicians to choose the appropriate endoscopic or surgical management. The ability to obtain a tissue diagnosis with EUS guidance enables disease confirmation. Finally, recent developments suggest that EUS may be used to deliver therapeutic agents for the treatment of NETs. This review will highlight the advances in our knowledge of EUS in the clinical management of these tumors.
Evaluación Económica de un Programa de Inmunización Infantil en México Basado en la Vacuna Neumocócica Conjugada 13-Valente

Objectives: Vaccination is an effective intervention for reduce child morbidity and mortality associated to pneumococcus. The availability of new anti-pneumococcal vaccines makes it necessary to evaluate its potential impact on public health and costs related to their implementation. The aim of this study was to estimate the costeffectiveness and cost-utility of immunization strategies based on pneumococcal conjugated vaccines (PCV=s) currently available in Mexico from a third payer perspective. Material and Methods: A decision tree model was developed to assess both, economic and health impact, of anti-pneumococcal vaccination in children 2 years (lifetime time horizon, discount rate: 5% annual). Comparators were: no-vaccination (reference) and strategies based on 7, 10 and 13-valent PCV=s. Effectiveness measures were: child deaths avoided, life-years gained (LYG) and quality adjusted life years (QALY=s) gained. Effectiveness, utility, local epidemiology and cost of treating pneumococcal diseases were extracted from published sources. Univariate sensitivity analysis were performed. Results: Immunization dominates no-vaccination: strategy based on 13-valent vaccine prevented 16.205 deaths, gained 331.230 LY=s and 332.006 QALY=s and saved US$1.307/child vaccinated. Strategies based on 7 and 10-valent PCV=s prevented 13.806 and 5.589 deaths, gained 282.193 and 114.251 LY=s, 282.969 and 114.972 QALY=s and saved US$1.084 and US$731/child vaccinated, respectively. These results were robust to variations in herd immunity and lower immunogenicity of 10-valent vaccine. Conclusions: In Mexico, immunization strategies based on 7, 10 and 13-valent PCV=s would be cost-saving interventions, however, health outcomes and savings of the strategy based on 13-valent vaccine are greater than those estimated for 7 and 10-valent PCV=s. Palabras Claves: evaluacion economica, neumococo, vacuna neumococica conjugada 13 valente, Mexico.
On the maximization of information flow between spiking neurons

A feedforward spiking network represents a nonlinear transformation that maps a set of input spikes to a set of output spikes. This mapping transforms the joint probability distribution of incoming spikes into a joint distribution of output spikes. We present an algorithm for synaptic adaptation that aims to maximize the entropy of this output distribution, thereby creating a model for the joint distribution of the incoming point processes. The learning rule that is derived depends on the precise pre-and postsynaptic spike timings. When trained on correlated spike trains, the network learns to extract independent spike trains, thereby uncovering the underlying statistical structure and creating a more efficient representation of the incoming spike trains.