cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of anticholinergic and cholinesterase blocking drugs on appetitive behavior under different deprivation conditions

Abstract The effects of scopolamine HBr (0.125−1.0 mg/kg) methscopolamine bromide (0.125−1.0 mg/kg), physostigmine sulphate (0.05−0.4 mg/kg), and neostigmine bromide (0.025−0.2 mg/kg) were studied under four different states of deprivation. The dependent measures were differentiated into two appetitive behaviors: lever pressing for food reward and for water reward. The dosages of both anticholinergic agents were effective in reducing appetitive behavior for food reward. The central acting anticholinergic (scopolamine) alone suppressed appetitive behavior for water reward. The effect of cholinesterase blockade was significantly effected by the locus of action with physostigmine suppressing both forms of appetitive behavior while the effect of peripheral cholinesterase blockade on appetitive behavior was specific to suppressing lever pressing for food reward. There were significant interactions of these agents with the deprivation conditions which were particularly evident in the effects of the less extensive acting drugs.
The Epidemiology Of HIV/AIDS In The New York State Correctional System:

HIV infection, AIDS, and associated conditions have become the pre-eminent health care issues in correctional facilities. In the New York State correctional system alone, there have been over 1,100 cases of AIDS among inmates and up to 10,000 current inmates may be infected with HIV. The extent and characteristics of the HIV epidemic among New York State inmates are presented and used as a reference for discussions of the implications of the epidemic on the criminal justice system.
Origin of CaCl 2 brines by basalt-seawater interaction: Insights provided by some simple mass balance calculations

Modern rift zone hydrothermal brines are typically CaCl2-bearing brines, an unusual chemical signature they share with certain oil field brines, fluid inclusions in ore minerals and a few uncommon saline lakes. Many origins have been suggested for such CaCl2 brines but in the Reykjanes, Iceland, geothermal system a strong empirical case can be made for a basalt-seawater interaction origin. To examine this mechanism of CaCl2 brine evolution some simple mass balance calculations were carried out. Average Reykjanes olivine tholeiite was “reacted” with average North Atlantic seawater to make an albite-chlorite-epidotesphene rock using Al2O3 as the conservative rock component and Cl as the conservative fluid component. The excess components released by the basalt to the fluid were “precipitated” at 275° C as quartz, calcite, anhydrite, magnetite and pyrite to complete the conversion to greenstone. The resulting fluid was a CaCl2 brine of seawater chlorinity with a composition remarkably similar to the actual Reykjanes brine at 1750 m depth. Thus, the calculations strongly support the idea that the Reykjanes CaCl2 brines result from “closed system” oceanic basalt-seawater interaction (albitization — chloritization mechanism) at greenschist facies temperatures. The calculation gives a seawater: basalt mass ratio of 3∶1 to 4∶1 (vol. ratio of 9∶1 to 12∶1), in keeping with experimental results, submarine vent data and with ocean crust cooling calculations. The brine becomes anoxic because there is insufficient dissolved or combined oxygen to balance all the Fe released from the basalt during alteration. Large excesses of Ca are released to the fluid and precipitate out in the form of anhydrite which essentially sweeps the brine free of sulfate leaving an elevated Ca concentration. The calculated rock-water interaction basically involves Na + Mg + SO4 ⇌ Ca + K, simulating chemical differences observed between oceanic basalts and greenstones from many mid-ocean ridges.
SAR wavefront reconstruction using motion-compensated phase history (polar format) data and DPCA-based GMTI

This paper address the problem of processing an X-band SAR database that was originally intended for processing via a polar format imaging algorithm. In our approach, we use the approximation-free SAR wavefront reconstruction. For this, the measured and motion compensated phase history (polar format) data are processed in a multi-dimensional digital signal processing algorithm that yields alias-free slow-time samples. The resultant database is used for wavefront image formation. The X-band SAR system also provides a two channel along-track monopulse database. The alias-free monopulse SAR data are used in a coherent signal subspace algorithm for Ground Moving Target Indication (GMTI). Results are provided.
Micropapillae: a local modification of the cell surface observed in rabbit oocytes and adjacent follicular cells.

Numerous lenticular to hemispherical, electron dense accumulations of homogeneous material 300–700 A in diameter are associated with the inner leaflet of the plasmalemma of rabbit oocytes and adjacent follicular cell processes, thus forming small surface protrusions or micropapillae. They appear when the zona pellucida is formed and are present through fertilization. They may possibly bud off to become spherical, membrane-bound granules of similar size which are found in abundance in the zona pellucida. Their significance is obscure.
From the Beginning: The Journal of Chemical Education and Secondary School Chemistry

The people, events, and issues that were involved in the beginning and the evolution of the Journal of Chemical Education and the Division of Chemical Education (DivCHED) are traced and discussed. The constitution of the American Chemical Society incorporates the roots of chemical education as an area of interest to the Society. Both DivCHED and the Journal have developed from these roots. The precollege initiative was an early concept in the development of the Journal. It gained significant traction during the CHEM Study project, which was part of the response to the Sputnik event.
EARLIEST CHRISTIANITY IN COUNTERFACTUAL FOCUS

Granted that the historical Jesus existed and was confessed as Christ and Lord, what might have changed earliest Christianity utterly or even stopped it completely? I propose four events which would have altered Christianity beyond at least my capacity to imagine. What if all of earliest Christianity had stayed among the small hamlets of rural Galilee rather than some of it moving immediately to great cities like Jerusalem, Damascus, and Antioch? What if earliest Christianity had not accepted pagans alongside Jews within the new eschatological community of God? What if three revolts within seventy years, inside and outside the Jewish homeland, had not brought down upon it the destructive vengeance of the Roman empire? What if that same empire had not adopted a "don't ask, don't tell" attitude towards earliest Christianity but made it immediately a forbidden superstition?
Getting to the point: developing IT for the sharp end of healthcare

Healthcare demonstrates the same properties of risk, complexity, uncertainty, dynamic change, and time-pressure as other high hazard sectors including aviation, nuclear power generation, the military, and transportation. Unlike those sectors, healthcare has particular traits that make it unique such as wide variability, ad hoc configuration, evanescence, resource constraints, and governmental and professional regulation. While healthcare's blunt (management) end is more easily understood, the sharp (operator) end is more difficult to research the closer one gets to the sharp end's point. Understanding sharp end practice and cognitive work can improve computer-based systems resilience, which is the ability to perform despite change and challenges. Research into actual practice at the sharp end of healthcare will provide the basis to understand how IT can support clinical practice. That understanding can be used to develop computer-based systems that will act as team players, able to support both individual and distributed cognitive work at healthcare's sharp end.
AFM Measurements of Adhesion between CMP Slurry Particles and Copper

Adhesion between abrasive particles and surfaces being polished plays an important role in chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) processes. The changes in particle - surface and particle – particle interactions can significantly influence the effectiveness of material removal and cleaning methods. To determine the adhesion between actual abrasive particles and different surfaces treated by the CMP process a method employing atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique is being developed. The monolayer of silica abrasive nanoparticles was deposited on silicon wafer covered with polymer anchoring layer. High affinity of the thin polymer film to the particles and wafer ensures the stability of particles monolayer on the surface during measurements. AFM cantilever was modified with attachment of 20-40 microns hollow glass bead (representing a flat surface), which then was covered with copper using physical vapor deposition technique. Force-distance curves were collected employing AFM force volume mode and used to calculate the adhesion value. The effect of different factors (such as pH, presence of surfactants) on adhesion between copper surface and silica slurry has been studied.
A data base standard for the evaluation of vapor-liquid-equilibrium models

Abstract In order to evaluate vapor-liquid-equilibria models it is necessary to have a reliable data set. While there are many compendiums of VLE data, in many cases they are too large to manage efficiently, too limited in scope, of unknown reliability, or do not allow a classification of the systems so that one can predict how other systems may behave. A standard low pressure VLE data base which avoids these problems has been developed. A total of 104 binary systems has been selected and divided into groups according to the polarity of the components and whether they form ideal or nonideal systems. Each data set has been tested carefully for thermodynamic consistency. As far as possible the data are evenly distributed among the systems and over the entire concentration ranges. This data set is recommended as a standard for testing new VLE models.
The clinical development of histone deacetylase inhibitors as targeted anticancer drugs

Importance of the field: Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are being developed as a new, targeted class of anticancer drugs.Area covered in this review: This review focuses on the mechanisms of action of the HDAC inhibitors, which selectively induce cancer cell death.What the reader will gain: There are 11 zinc-dependent HDACs in humans and the biological roles of these lysine deacetylases are not completely understood. It is clear that these different HDACs are not redundant in their activity. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which HDAC inhibitors can induce transformed cell growth arrest and cell death, inhibit cell mobility and have antiangiogenesis activity. There are more than a dozen HDAC inhibitors, including hydroxamates, cyclic peptides, benzamides and fatty acids, in various stages of clinical trials and many more compounds in preclinical development. The chemically different HDAC inhibitors may target different HDACs.Take home message: There are extensive preclinical studies with tr...
Morphologic changes in the mesolimbic pathway in Parkinson's disease motor subtypes.

Abstract Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder associated with gray matter atrophy. Cortical atrophy patterns may further help distinguish between PD motor subtypes. Comparable differences in subcortical volumes have not been found. Methods Twenty-one cognitively intact and treated PD patients, including 12 tremor dominant (TD) subtype, Nine postural instability gait dominant (PIGD) subtype, and 20 matched healthy control subjects underwent 3.0 T high-resolution structural MRI scanning. Subcortical volumetric analysis was performed using FreeSurfer and shape analysis was performed with FIRST to assess for differences between PD patients and controls and between PD subtypes. Results No significant differences in subcortical volumes were found between motor PD subtypes, but comparing grouped PD patients with controls revealed a significant increase in hippocampal volume in PD patients (p = 0.03). A significant shape difference was detected in the right nucleus accumbens (NAcc) between PD and controls and between motor subtypes. Shape differences were driven by positive deviations in the TD subtype. Correlation analysis revealed a trend between hippocampal volume and decreasing MDS-UPDRS (p = 0.06). Conclusion While no significant differences in subcortical volumes between PD motor subtypes were found, increased hippocampal volumes were observed in PD patients compared to controls. Right NAcc shape differences in PD patients were driven by changes in the TD subtype. These unexpected findings may be related to the effects of chronic dopaminergic replacement on the mesolimbic pathway. Further studies are needed to replicate and determine the clinical significance of such morphologic changes.
Comparison of Miocene provincial foraminiferal stages to coccolith zones in the California Continental Borderland

Biostratigraphic ages determined by planktic coccoliths and benthic foraminifera for the same core samples from the California Continental Borderland suggest that a significant overlap exists among provincial Miocene stages of California and that some of the benthic foraminifera commonly used to recognize these stages are time-transgressive. For example, samples assigned to the middle Miocene Discoaster exilis Zone of coccoliths (∼ 14 ± 1 m.y.) are also assigned to the Relizian, Luisian, and lower Mohnian Stages on the basis of benthic foraminifera. Significantly, most past and current geologic interpretations of Cenozoic marine sequences in California rely heavily on provincial benthic foraminiferal stages and zones. Thus, the apparent overlapping of provincial stages has serious implications for geologic studies of the California Cenozoic and should be further investigated in sections onshore.
Finite element modelling of architectural laminated glass

Laminated glass (LG) comprises two or more glass plates bonded together with elastomeric interlayer. Automobile and aircraft industries have used LG for years because of its ability to maintain closure of window openings following fracture. In the last decade, the architectural industry began to utilise the potential of LG as the best glazing material for building fenestrations that might experience extreme loadings. Polyvinyl butyral (PVB) interlayer and recently advanced polymer interlayer have relatively small thickness in comparison with that of the glass plates in LG. In addition, the structural properties of the interlayer materials vary radically from those of window glass. These issues make analysis of LG difficult. This article presents a higher order finite element model (FEM) to analyse LG under uniform loading. The formulated model can analyse LG with different glass plate types and different interlayer thicknesses over a wide temperature range. While not as comprehensive as some analytical te...
Challenges in setting up a potable water supply system in a United Nations peacekeeping mission: the South Sudan experience.

Abstract Problem A United Nations peacekeeping contingent was deployed in the conflict affected areas of South Sudan with inadequate environmental sanitation, lack of clean drinking water and a heightened risk of water-borne diseases. In the immediate post-deployment phase, the contingent-owned water purification system was pressed into service. However, laboratory analyses of processed water revealed its unsuitability for human consumption. Approach A systematic, sanitary survey was conducted to identify the shortcomings in the water supply system's ability to provide potable water. Under field conditions, the ‘H 2 S method’ was used to detect faecal contamination of drinking water. Local setting The raw water from the only available source, the White Nile River, was highly turbid and contaminated by intestinal and other pathogens due to an unprotected watershed. Water sterilizing powder was not readily available in the local area to replenish the existing stocks that had deteriorated during the long transit period from the troop contributing country. The water pipelines that had been laid along the ground, under water-logged conditions, were prone to microbial recontamination due to leakages in the network. Relevant changes The critical evaluation of the water supply system and necessary modifications in the purification process, based upon locally available options, yielded safe drinking water. Lessons learnt . Provision of safe drinking water in the mission area requires an in-depth analysis of prevailing conditions and appropriate planning in the pre-deployment phase. The chemicals for water purification should be procured through UN sources via a ‘letter of assist’ request from the troop contributor.
Phylogenetics of rat inbred strains.

Laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus) have played animportant role in biomedical research for over 100years with more than 200 strains bred as physiologi-cal models of human disease (Lindsey 1979; Steenet al. 1999; Kwitek-Black and Jacob 2001). Unlikemouse inbred strains, little is known about rela-tionships among rat strains (Festing 1979). TheAllele Characterization Project (ACP; lgr.mcw-edu/research/lgr_acp.html) was initiated to guide theidentiﬁcation of individual strains, ensure purity ofstrains used for speciﬁc research purposes, and pro-vide a means of mapping genes based on linkage(Jacob et al. 1995; Brown et al. 1998; Steen et al.1999). The ACP genotyped 48 commonly used ratinbred strains by using over 4800 microsatellitemarkers with known genomic locations. The mi-crosatellite markers are spread relatively evenlyacross the rat genome and have been integrated intothe rat radiation hybrid (RH) map (Steen et al. 1999).Using the ACP microsatellite data and a limitednumber of isozymes, Canzian (1997) conducted agenealogic study of inbred rat strains to better un-derstand relationships among strains and to providea basis for the selection of rat strains for biomedicalresearch. Similar research of mouse inbred strainshas been signiﬁcant for studies of evolution anddisease (Fitch and Atchley 1985; Beck et al. 2000).The Canzian (1997) study used a simple distancemodel (Fitch and Margoliash 1967) with percentagesof genotype differences. The results of this studyhave been cited by other authors to justify the use ofparticular rat strains for the study of a disease (Rapp2000) and to support the phylogenetic hypothesisthat a given strain of interest is ancestral to otherstrains (D’Cruz et al. 2000; Lorincz et al. 2001).Evolutionary models of microsatellite changehave been shown to more accurately reconstructdivergence patterns involving this type of marker,and there is a rich tradition in the evolutionary bi-ology literature of these models. These models havebeen used to measure population subdivision (Slat-kin 1995), investigate human evolution (Goldsteinet al. 1995b; Perez-Lezaun et al. 1997), map disease-related traits (Fishman et al. 2001), and understandmutations (Colson and Goldstein 1999). Models in-corporating speciﬁc hypotheses about mutationalmechanisms of microsatellite markers can clearly besuperior to simple percentage difference models thatpose no hypotheses about how markers mutate. Es-timates of mutation rates for microsatellite markersare approximately 10
Echocardiographic observations of calcium in operatively excised stenotic aortic valves

Qualitative and quantitative 2-dimensional (2-D) echocardiographic methods were developed to define the anatomic and physiologic significance of valvular calcium in aortic stenosis (AS). Qualitative methods assigned etiologic diagnoses by matching patterns of calcium with anatomic criteria. Quantitative techniques measured echodensities from superimposed short-axis views of calcium. Fifty-five pathologic specimens procured from surgery were photographed and radiographed. Etiologic diagnoses were assigned from gross examination and radiodensities were planimetered. Echocardiographic and anatomic diagnoses were compared. Sensitivities for diagnosing the most common etiologies, congenitally bicuspid and degenerative, were 58% and 100% and specificities were 100% and 76%. Calcium tended to be heaviest in congenitally diseased valves and lightest in those with degenerative disease (p less than 0.2) and showed propensity for the right cusp in all etiologies except for those with degenerative disease. Correlation of echodensities to radiodensities was 0.82. The relation of calcific echodensities to orifice area was curvilinear; beyond a level of calcium, further deposits did not reduce the orifice more. A systematic echocardiographic examination of calcium in stenotic aortic valves can give a correct etiologic diagnosis in most patients and identify the severely narrowed orifice.
Production of CN(A2Πi) in the photolysis of acetonitrile at 158 nm

Abstract The primary product of the photolysis of acetonitrile and acetonitrile-d3 in the first Rydberg system absorption at 158 nm is shown to be CN(A2Πi). Near collision free measurements of the quantum state distributions in the A2Πi ν′ = 0 level detect little rotational excitation in the CN fragment. The population of the ν′ = 1 level of the CN(A2Πi) state is less than 10% of that in the ν′ = 0 level. The occupation of the Π 3 2 and π 1 2 manifolds seem to be statistical.
Implications of Fuzziness for the Practical Management of High-Stakes Risks

High-stakes (dangerous, catastrophic) risks take on a wider profile as progress unfolds. What are the impacts of technological and social change on the risk landscape? Due to the complexities and dynamics involved, we can only answer these questions approximately. By using the concept of fuzziness, we can formalize our imprecision about high-stakes risk, and therefore place their management on a stronger footing. We review here the impacts of fuzziness, i.e., knowledge imperfection, on high-stakes risk management, including its implementation via computationally intelligent decision aids.
Modeling three-dimensional morphological structures using spherical harmonics.

Quantifying morphological shape is a fundamental issue in evolutionary biology. Recent technological advances (e.g., confocal microscopy, laser scanning, computer tomography) have made the capture of detailed three-dimensional (3D) morphological structure easy and cost-effective. In this article, we develop a 3D analytic framework (SPHARM—spherical harmonics) for modeling the shapes of complex morphological structures from continuous surface maps that can be produced by these technologies. Because the traditional SPHARM methodology has limitations in several of its processing steps, we present new algorithms for two SPHARM processing steps: spherical parameterization and SPHARM registration. These new algorithms allow for the numerical characterization of a much larger class of 3D models. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the method by applying it to modeling the cerci of Enallagma damselflies.
Position of the Final Intron in Full-Length Transcripts: Determined by NMD?

Nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) pathways for detection and degradation of transcripts containing premature termination (stop) codons (PTCs) are ubiquitous among the eukaryotes. NMD uses the presence of a second signal downstream of a termination codon to distinguish a PTC from a true stop codon. In mammals and perhaps other eukaryotes, the second signal is a protein complex closely associated with exon-exon junctions formed after removal of spliceosomal introns. A valid transcript in such species must have its 3'-most intron positioned so as not to serve as a second signal relative to the true stop. This requirement has been termed the "55-bp rule", in reference to the position within the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of valid transcripts downstream of which introns should not be found. However, as more information has become available, it is apparent that the 55-bp rule still holds in species with NMD pathways, which are not intron dependent. To clarify the applicability of the 55-bp rule, we constructed a large database of 3'-most intron positions within full-length transcripts from 4 eukaryotes, 2 of which (human and mouse) use intron positions for NMD, 1 of which (Drosophila melanogaster) does not, and 1 of which (Arabidopsis thaliana) may not use intron positions. Surprisingly, we found intron numbers to be sharply reduced within 3' UTRs in comparison to coding sequences starting immediately downstream of true stop, rather than 55 bp; this strong threshold existed for all 4 species. We suggest that a more general mechanism--higher rates of intron inclusion within 3' UTRs--is better able to explain this threshold. We propose that 3' UTRs are better able to tolerate loss of intron integrity than other gene regions, due to the generally greater length of conserved sequences important within 3' UTR exons. This mechanism may also help to explain the roughly 3 times greater length of 3' UTRs in comparison to 5' UTRs.
X-ray structural study of trans-polyacetylene at high pressure

The evolution with hydrostatic pressure (0 < P < 8.1 kbar) of the interchain ordering in trans-polyacetylene was measured using 4-circle synchrotron x-ray diffractometry and a Merrill-Bassett diamond anvil cell. The P-dependence of (HK0) reflections signify a lowering of the two-dimensional space group symmetry from pgg to p2 with a threshold P < 0.5 kbar, with an angle γ between the a and b axes of about 92° throughout the entire P range. The interchain compressibility is large and highly anisotropic. Below 6 kbar, Δa/a and Δb/b are 8.3 × 10−3/kbar and 3.8 × 10−3/kbar respectively. Both a and b stiffen above 6 kbar as the system approaches true close-packing.
Understanding the Role of Community in Online Dating

Online dating sites have become a common means of finding a romantic partner. And yet, these sites differ greatly from many other socially oriented websites: perhaps most notably, the pairwise style of interaction afforded by these sites prevents a robust online community from forming. Users, however, have taken matters into their own hands by creating thriving external forums for discussion of specific dating sites. We report on a multiple methods study of two online dating services, via observation and interviews with users of the forums associated with these sites. Our findings suggest that these forums play an essential role in creating an "outsourced community" for the dating sites, and also reveal practices around how some users "game the system" in online dating, the prevalence of harassment in online dating, and users' frustrations with current dating sites. We conclude with a number of recommendations for system design.
Hormonal, lipoprotein, and vascular effects of the selective estrogen receptor modulator raloxifene in hypercholesterolemic men

Why LVEF impairment ,0.36 is not as good a predictor of survival as NYHA functional class in this study is unclear. LVEF assesses systolic LV function alone, whereas functional class assesses diastolic and systolic function indirectly. LV diastolic dysfunction, in combination with systolic impairment, might predict survival better than systolic impairment alone. In the CABG Patch Trial, functional class represented a composite of symptoms over the 2-month period before CABG, eliminating the possibility that transient changes in preload alone were responsible for the symptoms. Because functional class had longterm predictive value after CABG, it was unlikely
Extraction from free ribosomes of a factor mediating ribosome detachment from rough microsomes.

Abstract A salt extract of rabbit reticulocyte free monosomes or polysomes contains a factor with an activity that detaches membrane bound monosomes but not polysomes from dog pancreas rough microsomes. It is proposed that this activity, referred to as detachment factor, functions in the dissociation of membrane bound ribosomes from the microsomal membrane after each round of translation. In addition to free ribosomes, the factor is also present in a ribosome-free, high speed supernatant, the cell fractionation equivalent of the cytosol. The factor can be extracted from free ribosomes of a variety of tissues and species, and is able to function on ribosome membrane junctions homologous as well as heterologous with respect to its source.
Nuclear desalination for Saudi Arabia: an appraisal

Abstract The viability of using nuclear energy in desalting seawater in Saudi Arabia is considered. On the basis of recent plans to expand in the capacity and distribution of power and desalination plants, scenarios are developed to examine the economics of nuclear systems within the frame of present development. Merits of employment of nuclear energy are discussed and regional factors which may affect future plans are presented.
Shroom: A Cultural History of the Magic Mushroom

Review of Shroom: A Cultural History of the Magic Mushroom . Andy Letcher. 2007. Ecco HarperCollins, New York. Pp. 384. $14.99 (paperback). ISBN 9780060828295.
The effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibition on breathing movements and electrocortical activity in fetal sheep.

Abstract Fetal breathing movements (FBM) indicated by repetitive negative intrathoracic pressures and biparietal electrocorticograms (ECoG) were recorded from 8 fetal sheep for 3 h before (control) and 3 h after the administration of a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, acetazolamide. FBM and the low voltage (LV) ECoG state occurred 36±5% (SEM) and 60±3% of the control period, respectively. Virtually no FBM occurred during high voltage (HV) ECoG while in 57±6% of the LV state the fetuses were making FBM. The peak magnitude of the negative intrathoracic (tracheal) pressure deflections was 4±1 Torr. Following acetazolamide the incidence of FBM rose to 53±4% ( P P P 2 fraction to the ewe in that the respiratory stimulation induced by acetazolamide is not associated with an increased incidence of the permissive LV ECoG state.
Measurement of particle flow properties in a suspension by a laser system

Particle cloud density and velocity in a gaseous suspension with a particle size distribution were determined by a two-dimensional laser system. Measurements were made possible by the combined use of a two-dimensional laser Doppler velocimeter and a phase Doppler particle analyzer. The results and data system show the feasibility of determining average and fluctuating properties and Reynolds stresses.
Hand to Hand: Teaching Tolerance and Social Justice One Child at a Time

Many educators (Cohen, 2006, 2007; Jones, 2004; Stevens & Charles, 2005) believe that teaching tolerance is a pedagogical imperative, while others relegate children's moral development to the purvi...
Supraspinal Peroxynitrite Modulates Pain Signaling by Suppressing the Endogenous Opioid Pathway

Peroxynitrite (PN, ONOO−) is a potent oxidant and nitrating agent that contributes to pain through peripheral and spinal mechanisms, but its supraspinal role is unknown. We present evidence here that PN in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) is essential for descending nociceptive modulation in rats during inflammatory and neuropathic pain through PN-mediated suppression of opioid signaling. Carrageenan-induced thermal hyperalgesia was associated with increased 3-nitrotyrosine (NT), a PN biomarker, in the RVM. Furthermore, intra-RVM microinjections of the PN decomposition catalyst Fe(III)-5,10,15,20-tetrakis( N -methyl-pyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin (FeTMPyP5+) dose-dependently reversed this thermal hyperalgesia. These effects of FeTMPyP5+ were abrogated by intra-RVM naloxone, implicating potential interplay between PN and opioids. In support, we identified NT colocalization with the endogenous opioid enkephalin (ENK) in the RVM during thermal hyperalgesia, suggesting potential in situ interactions. To address the functional significance of such interactions, we exposed methionine-enkephalin (MENK) to PN and identified the major metabolite, 3-nitrotyrosine-methionine-sulfoxide (NSO)-MENK, using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Next, we isolated, purified, and tested NSO-MENK for opioid receptor binding affinity and analgesic effects. Compared to MENK, this NSO-MENK metabolite lacked appreciable binding affinity for δ, μ, and κ opioid receptors. Intrathecal injection of NSO-MENK in rats did not evoke antinociception, suggesting that PN-mediated chemical modifications of ENK suppress opioid signaling. When extended to chronic pain, intra-RVM FeTMPyP5+ produced naloxone-sensitive reversal of mechanical allodynia in rats following chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve. Collectively, our data reveal the central role of PN in RVM descending facilitation during inflammatory and neuropathic pain potentially through anti-opioid activity.
SU‐FF‐T‐166: Dose Measurement to ICD Outside the Treatment Fields Using Optically Stimulated Luminescence

Purpose: To determine relative sensitivity factors for optically stimulated luminescence(OSL)dosimeters (microStar™ DOT, Landauer), as a function of distance from the field edge, to be applied when measuring dose at any out‐of‐field point. Method and Materials:OSLdosimeters have been used to measure the radiation dose to patient's implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) outside the treatment fields. ICDs have a thin outer case made of 0.4–0.6 mm thick titanium (∼2‐mm tissue equivalent) and are usually implanted 3‐mm underneath skin. Approximate 5‐mm bolus thickness is about the equivalent depth of the sensitive electronics. The responses of the dosimeters with and without bolus were measured per unit dose to water at off‐axis distances up to 15‐cm. Doses were measured by an ionization chamber located at various depths for 6 and 15 MV using a Varian Clinac‐iX linear accelerator. The relative sensitivity of the OSLdosimeters was determined as the ratio of the sensitivity at each off‐axis distance to that at central axis. Results: The OSL results were compared with those of other detectors in our previous studies [1]. The detector sensitivity as a function of distance from the field edge changed little for LiF TLD (∼2%) and OSL (∼7%); decreased by 12% and 17% for the ISORAD photon diode (Sun Nuclear Corp.); increased 11% and 14% for the skin QED diode (Sun Nuclear Corp.) for 6 MV and 15 MV, respectively. Conclusions: Compared to other detectors studied, OSLdosimeter has the closest out‐of‐field dosimetric characteristics to TLD.OSLdosimeters should be calibrated out‐of‐field and preferably with bolus equal in thickness to the depth of interest. This can be readily performed at each institution.
Economic Performance, Job Insecurity and Electoral Choice

The existing literature on economic voting concentrates on egocentric and sociotropic evaluations of short-term economic performance. Scant attention is paid to other economic concerns people may have. In a neo-liberal economy characterized by global economic competition and a down-sized labour market, one widely-publicized economic concern and one whose consequences political scientists have largely ignored is job insecurity. Data from a survey conducted after the 1996 US presidential election show that job insecurity is a novel form of economic discontent that is distinctive in its origins and electoral impact from retrospective evaluations of short-term economic performance. In a multinomial probit model of electoral choice, performance measures offer little explanation of the Perot vote, but sociotropic job insecurity helps to explain why Americans rejected both major-party candidates, as well as abstention, in favour of the third-party alternative, Ross Perot.
Metrics for model driven requirements development

The CMMI defines two process areas associated with requirements elicitation: Requirements Development (RD) and Requirements Management (REQM). The Measurements and Analysis process area (MA) requires measurements and quantitative objectives for RD and REQM, but nowhere does it state what those measurements are. Furthermore, in order to extract measurements and evaluate them, a process must enable or otherwise support the taking of measurements. It is especially difficult to do this during requirements development, as it is generally viewed as a writing activity that does not lend itself to quantitative measurements. This paper describes a CMMI compliant formal approach to measurement and analysis during a model-driven requirements development process. It presents a set of metrics that were used successfully on several Siemens projects, describing team dynamics, project size and staffing, how the metrics were captured and used, and lessons learned.
Spectral Requirements for Flower Initiation in Two Longday Plants, Rape (Brassica campestris cv. Ceres), and Spring Wheat (Triticum×aestivum)

Action spectra for the promotion of flowering by long periods of irradiation in the red and far-red regions of the spectrum have been determined by the use of interference filters. The percentage floral initiation was greatest at 710–720 um for both wheat and rape (about 1 k erg · cm−2· s−1). Lowering the temperature from 35 to 15°C did not shift the most effective wavelength, suggesting that the effect of high levels of radiation at 710 nm was not related to a balance between photoactivation of phytochrome and its destruction. In both wheat and rape, an increase in temperature promoted the flower-initiating action of broad-band far-red and 710 nm radiation more than the action of broadband red or 660 nm radiation. The flower-promoting effect of broad-band red and 600 nm radiation was particularly depressed by temperatures above 25°C. It is concluded that the promotion of flowering by long periods of high energy at 710 nm is caused by the activity of a high-energy pigment, rather than through a special effect of phytochrome.
Effect of metal reconstruction plates on cobalt-60 dose distribution: a predictive formula and clinical implications.

Abstract Purpose: We sought to create a predictive formula for the dose perturbations caused by head and neck reconstruction plates in the delivery of postoperative radiotherapy with 60 Co beams. Materials and Methods: The dose perturbation effects of Vitallium and Titanium reconstruction plates and flat metal plates of aluminum ( 13 Al), stainless steel ( 26 Fe), tin ( 50 Sn) and lead ( 82 Pb) irradiated with a 60 Co beam were measured in polystyrene phantoms using a film dosimetry system. We then used these results to create formulas to predict the effect of a metal reconstruction plate dependent upon its effective atomic number. Results: Percentage dose increases secondary to back scattering were 10% at 1 mm in front of the Vitallium plate and 40% at the plate while the percentage dose decrease was 29% at the plate and 10% 1 mm behind the plate. For the Titanium plate, the percentage dose increase was 5% at 1 mm in front the plate and 25% at the plate while the percentage dose decrease was 20% at the plate and 5% 1 mm behind the plate. For flat plates the percentage dose increases and decreases, respectively, at the plate surfaces were: 13 Al (8%, 6%), 26 Fe (35%, 16%), 50 Sn (60%, 24%), and 82 Pb (85%, 13%). A second order polynomial predicting the back scatter and shadowing effects was created, Y = a + bZ + cZ 2 , where Z is the effective atomic number of the plate while a, b, and c are the following constants: for back scatter a = 0.854 ± 0.082, b = 0.0212 ± 0.0044, c = −0.00011 ± 0.00004 and for shadowing a = 1.108 ± 0.021, b = −0.0141 ± 0.0011, c = 0.00014 ± 0.00001. Conclusions: It is possible to predict the effect of a metal reconstruction plate upon the delivered postoperative radiotherapy dose. The dose perturbations around the plate only exist for a few millimeters, but this is substantially greater than the thickness of a normal tissue or tumor cell. Perhaps a coating of a low effective atomic number, biologically inert, substance might allow for greater dose homogeneity and decrease the risks of plate failure or tumor recurrence.
Optics of anisotropic layered media: A new 4 × 4 matrix algebra

Abstract A new 4 × 4 matrix algebra, which combines and generalizes Abeles' 2 × 2 matrix method and Jones' 2 × 2 matrix method, is introduced to investigate plane-wave propagation in an arbitrarily anisotropic medium. In this new method, each layer of finite thickness is represented by a propagation matrix which is diagonal and consists of the phase excursions of the four partial plane waves. Each side of an interface is represented by a dynamical matrix that depends on the direction of the eigenpolarizations in the anisotropic medium.
Evidence that the spectral dependence of light absorption by aerosols is affected by organic carbon

[1] The wavelength dependence of light absorption by aerosols collected on filters is investigated throughout the near-ultraviolet to near-infrared spectral region. Measurements were made using an optical transmission method. Aerosols produced by biomass combustion, including wood and savanna burning, and by motor vehicles, including diesel trucks, are included in the analysis. These aerosol types were distinguished by different wavelength (λ) dependences in light absorption. Light absorption by the motor vehicle aerosols exhibited relatively weak wavelength dependence; absorption varied approximately as λ−1, indicating that black carbon (BC) was the dominant absorbing aerosol component. By contrast, the biomass smoke aerosols had much stronger wavelength dependence, approximately λ−2. The stronger spectral dependence was the result of enhanced light absorption at wavelengths shorter than 600 nm and was largely reduced when much of the sample organic carbon (OC) was extracted by dissolution in acetone. This indicates that OC in addition to BC in the biomass smoke aerosols contributed significantly to measured light absorption in the ultraviolet and visible spectral regions and that OC in biomass burning aerosols may appreciably absorb solar radiation. Estimated absorption efficiencies and imaginary refractive indices are presented for the OC extracted from biomass burning samples and the BC in motor vehicle-dominated aerosol samples. The uncertainty of these constants is discussed. Overall, results of this investigation show that low-temperature, incomplete combustion processes, including biomass burning, can produce light-absorbing aerosols that exhibit much stronger spectral dependence than high-temperature combustion processes, such as diesel combustion.
Pregnant Adolescents With Addictions

Adolescence is the most formative time in the lives of women. During this time girls are making choices that have implications for the rest of their lives. Adolescence also can be a time when the negative impact of sexual and physical abuse from childhood begins to take its toll, contributing to adolescent pregnancy and substance abuse. In the last decade the incidences of pregnancy and drug use in the adolescent population have increased, with 80% of teenagers reported being sexually active by the age of 19 years and 80% of high school seniors reporting use of alcohol; 64% reporting smoking; and 41% reporting marijuana use in 1995. Nurses working with pregnant adolescents must screen for substance abuse problems and physical abuse. If problems are identified, the nurse should refer the adolescent for counseling.
5-Fluorouracil containing combinations in murine tumor systems.

5-FUra is a familiar member of a variety of clinically useful regimens. Examples include: Cytoxan-Adriamycin-5-FUra (CAP); Methotrexate-Prednisone-Vincristine-Cytoxan-5-FUra (the Cooper regimen); and CisDDPt-5-FUra. In addition to its clinical utility, over 20 different 5-FUra-combinations have been reported to be therapeutically synergistic in experimental systems (Table 1). In this report, we will attempt to evaluate the reasons behind the widespread utility of this agent in combination therapy and suggest future directions for research efforts.
Selling Atlanta Black Mayoral Politics from Protest to Entrepreneurism, 1973 to 1990

Situated at the intersection between histories of urban politics, civil rights, and the rise of neoliberalism, this article explores the changing dynamics of mayoral politics in Atlanta, Georgia, d...
Evidence for the induction of cuticle proteins by 20-hydroxyecdysone in two established insect cell lines

We have studied two different established insect cell lines capable of synthesizing chitin, UM-BGE-4 from the cockroach and BRL-AG-2 from the boll weevil, for their ability to produce putative cuticle proteins. Mouse polyclonal antibodies were raised against the abdominal cuticle proteins extracted from the cuticle of nymphal and adult stage cockroaches, and larval, pupal, and adult stage cotton boll weevils. On Western blots, these antibodies detected several cross-reacting proteins in untreated control cells and a variety of induced proteins in cells first exposed to a double pulse of the molting hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone (a low concentration followed by a higher concentration of hormone). The majority of these hormone induced proteins recognized by the anti-cuticle protein antibodies were found to correspond in size to specific proteins observed in abdominal cuticle extracts. Electron microscopy utilizing colloidal gold to identify antibody binding sites indicated the antigenic proteins were present in the extracellular material found on the surface of the cultured cockroach and boll weevil cells. The evidence presented suggests that these cell lines can produce cuticle proteins. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Comparison of the protein nutritional value of TVP, methionine-enriched TVP and beef for adolescent boys

The protein nutritional value of an extruded soybean product resembling beef (TVP), a 1% DL methionine-enriched TVP product and beef for adolescent boys was compared. The experimental diets supplied food energy to approximately maintain weight and were supplemented with vitamins and minerals. Mean nitrogen balances of subjects fed 4.Og nitrogen as TVP, methionine-enriched TVP, or beef in successive 6-day periods were −0.08, +0.48 and +0.32g per day, respectively. Nitrogen retention was significantly higher in response to methionine-enriched TVP or beef than to TVP alone
Life history and resource acquisition: Photosynthetic traits in selected accessions of three perennial cereal species compared with annual wheat and rye

 Premise of the study: Few previous studies have considered how plant age affects photosynthetic physiology in herbaceous perennials or how photosynthetic capacity in annual cereals compares to perennial relatives. Newly developed perennial cereals offer novel systems for addressing these questions. Our study makes a novel contribution by considering how life history differences affect photosynthetic physiology.  Methods: In two linked fi eld studies, we evaluated effects of life history and plant age on photosynthetic rates ( A ), and related biochemical, morphological, and water-relations traits, comparing 1- and 2-yr-old cohorts of perennial wheat, intermediate wheatgrass, and perennial rye to close annual relatives (wheat and rye).  Key results: Photosynthetic rates ( A ) were 10–50% higher in perennial cereals compared to annuals. In wheatgrass, elevated A was associated with higher carboxylation ( V C ), triose phosphate utilization (TPU) and electron transport rates ( J ), and higher leaf soluble protein and chlorophyll. Younger wheatgrass plants maintained higher A , TPU , J , and V C than older plants did. Perennial wheat and rye differed from annual relatives in some but not all of these parameters. Differences in stomatal limitation were not involved, while differences in stomatal conductance ( g s ) became evident under drier conditions.  Conclusions: This study demonstrates that some perennial cereal species can maintain higher midseason A than their annual crop relatives. These changes are not fully explainable by increased access to soil water and may refl ect trade-offs between allocation to reproduction and to resource acquisition. We also found evidence for age-related changes in photosynthetic physiology in a herbaceous perennial plant.