cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrating and analyzing psychosocial and stage theories to challenge the development of the injured collegiate athlete.

OBJECTIVE To integrate a psychosocial developmental theory and a psychological stage theory for challenging an injured collegiate student-athlete's personal development and to highlight future areas of research. DATA SOURCES I searched Education Abstracts, ERIC, Social Science Citation Index, and SPORT Discus for the years 1990-2001 using the key words student-athlete,injury,psychological reaction,Chickering, and psychosocial. DATA SYNTHESIS Stage theories are theoretic models that outline basic reactions to a stressor, regardless of age, sex, or ethnicity. In textbooks addressing the injured athlete, the Kubler-Ross stages of bereavement constitute one of the most commonly presented stage theories addressing the psychological reaction to injury. Psychosocial theories, on the other hand, such as the Chickering and Reisser theory, are theoretic models developed in the educational literature that outline the personal development process (ie, vectors) through which adolescents and adults progress. For this review, the Kubler-Ross and Chickering and Reisser revised theories will be used to outline possible psychological reactions to injury throughout the development progression from vector 1, competence, through vector 7, integrity. CONCLUSIONS The 1999 Athletic Training Clinical Proficiencies as outlined by the National Athletic Trainers' Association Education Council require clinical proficiencies in the area of psychosocial intervention and referral, yet psychosocial theory is rarely addressed in athletic training educational curricula or texts. Presenting a universal psychosocial developmental theory, such as the Chickering and Reisser 7 vectors, and integrating a common stage theory, such as the Kubler-Ross stages of bereavement, are beneficial in providing athletic training students and athletic trainers additional skills to recognize and mediate negative psychological reactions to injury and in illuminating new areas of research.
Development and Identity of Swiss Bioethics

The discourse surrounding bioethical issues is characterized by its fundamentally contentious nature, which in turn reflects the divisions in Western contemporary moral culture. One source of discord lies in the content of morality and in the specific conditions necessary for the possibility of a generally justifiable moral discourse intelligible to all. The Enlightenment project, especially as it developed under Kant, sought to create such a context and attempted to justify a common moral language by rational arguments and analysis. It proved unable to provide the intellectual and rational tools for a single moral discourse able to justify the social structure of the West. As a result the fragmentation of Western moral identity reveals eclectic “rationalities” rather than an agreement about the content of the good life. New ways to confront the realities of moral existence have emerged, typically defined by a disbelief in traditional sources of morality (particular communities, religion, etc.) and by an appeal to procedural conventions (Engelhardt, 1996).
Profiling caregivers: Hormonal variation underlying allomaternal care in wild red-bellied lemurs, Eulemur rubriventer

Neuroendocrine evidence suggests that paternal care is mediated by hormonal mechanisms, where hormonal changes in expectant and new fathers facilitate infant care. In species with obligate and extensive paternal care such as humans, androgen levels decline once males are paired and have offspring, and in direct response to offspring care. Facultative infant care is widespread in the Order Primates, but the underlying hormonal mechanisms are largely unknown. We found that wild, red-bellied lemurs living in family groups (two adults and their presumed offspring) varied in the amount of care they provided infants. The more fathers invested in helping infants (measured as a composite of carrying, holding, huddling, grooming, and playing), and specifically the more they huddled and groomed with infants, the higher their fecal androgen (fA) levels, contrary to expectations. Carrying was negatively related to fA levels. Helping by subadults and juveniles was not related to their own fA levels. Elevated fA levels during infant dependence have been observed in other vertebrate species, and are thought to reflect reinvestment in mating rather than investment in dependent offspring. However, red-bellied lemurs do not mate until after infants are weaned, and they have long-term pair-bonds, suggesting that elevated fA levels play a role in offspring care. These results support a growing body of research suggesting that elevated androgen levels do not inhibit protective infant care.
Viability of commercial cucumber fermentation without nitrogen or air purging

Abstract Background Bloated cucumber defect, resulting from the accumulation of the biologically produced carbon dioxide (CO2) in the fruit, reduces yield and economic gains for the pickling industry worldwide. It was the aim of this review to identify commonalities among effective strategies to reduce bloater defect and determine the theoretical viability of commercial cucumber fermentations without bloater defect and/or purging. Scope and approach This article summarizes the known causes of fermented cucumber bloating defect, including sources of CO2, and the strategies developed to mitigate the production of the carbonic gas such as controlled fermentation, inoculation of selected starter cultures, cover brine acidification and reformulation and the application of air or nitrogen purging. Key findings and conclusions It was understood that microbial activity during fermentation, cucumber tissue respiration, as well as the pressure in the fruits and fermentation tanks, ambient temperature and cover brine composition, impact the levels of dissolved CO2 in the system. Although the biological conversion of oxygen to CO2 reduces the cucumbers internal gas pressure, the dissipation of the gas from the tissue is reduced by brining. Once the gas accumulates in the cucumber tissue in concentrations high enough to displace it, the irreversible formation of hollow cavities or bloaters occurs. Residual CO2 is produced by acid-preserved cucumbers, presumably by tissue respiration, which results in the absence of bloating. Thus, microbial activity seems to contribute most of the CO2 needed for cucumbers to bloat. It is speculated that colonization of the internal cucumber tissue by indigenous microbes, in particular aerobic gram-negative bacteria, results in the localized production of CO2 causing bloating defect early in the fermentation. It is concluded that effective manipulation of the microbiota, reduction of dissolved oxygen levels and the use of adequately selected starter cultures may enable cucumber fermentations of acceptable quality without purging.
ORGANOMETALLIC POLYMERS AS CATALYSTS

Organometallic polymers have been used as catalysts for a large number of reactions. These catalysts are prepared by attaching a homogeneous catalyst to a polymeric support by a linking ligand. In order to understand some of the aspects of these catalysts, two analytical techniques have been explored. Election microprobe spectroscopy has been used to measure the radial distribution of the catalyst and linking agent inside of a support. Phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been found to be an efficient, rapid means of analysis of low cross-linked phosphinated polymers. The results give a structure for the catalyst on the polymer.
Hydrogen Driving Thermonuclear Fusion Energy

The thermonuclear fusion reactions in hydrogen isotopes are known to be a new source of energy in two very different situations. At one extreme, relatively slow reactions in a very controlled, confined manner produces theenergy emitted by the Sun and stars, whereas at the other, rapid thermonuclear reactions are responsible for the strong thermonuclear power of the hydrogen bomb. Somewhere between these two extremes, it should be possible to bring about thermonuclear reactions under conditions that will allow the energy to be released from hydrogen atoms at a controllable rate for electricity consumption and to meet the need for a new, yet clean, source of energy. We are mainly concerned with confinement of plasma at terrestrial temperatures (i.e., very hot plasmas); our primary interest is in applications to controlled fusion research in magnetic and inertial confinement reactors, such as the tokomak reactor machine, a magnetic confinement device and which involves a laser-driven pellet fusion chamber and micro-balloon glass, which contains the two isotopes of hydrogen to achieve inertial confinement. This chapter takes a very high-level and general approach to the subject of the two types of confinement of interest in the plasma physics of high temperatures for the purpose of thermonuclear fusion reactions that will take place between the two isotopes of hydrogen (H), namely deuterium (D) and tritium (T). The main purpose of this chapter is to provide the necessary general background for scientists and engineers who are planning to enter the field of research into another source of clean energy via controlled thermonuclear reactions [1–3].
Foot voting versus ballot box voting: why voting with your feet is crucial to political freedom

Ballot box voting is the main mechanism of political choice in modern liberal democracies. It is also often thought of as the essence of political freedom. Traditional voting has significant virtues. But as a mechanism for exercising political freedom, ballot box voting has serious flaws. The average citizen has almost no chance of affecting the outcome of an electoral process. In part as a result, he or she also has strong incentives to make ill-informed and illogical decisions. “Voting with your feet” is a superior option on both fronts. It is thereby often a superior mechanism of political freedom.
Does Grazing Matter for Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in the Western North American Great Plains

Considerable uncertainty remains regarding grazing-induced influences on soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration in semiarid grassland ecosystems due to three important complications associated with studying such effects: (1) Ecologically meaningful shifts in SOC pools attributable to grazing are difficult to detect relative to inherently large grassland SOC pools, (2) a lack of baseline (pre-treatment) data, and (3) frequent lack of or limited replication of long-term grazing manipulations. SOC sequestration rates were determined in 74-year-old grazing exclosures and paired moderately grazed sites, established across a soil texture gradient, in the western North American shortgrass steppe in northeastern Colorado. We sampled soils (0–20 cm) from 12 exclosures and paired grazed sites to measure SOC concentration and soil radiocarbon ∆14C (‰); the latter allowed us to determine turnover of the SOC pool over a 7-decade period in the presence versus the absence of grazing. Removal of grazing for more than 7 decades substantially altered plant community composition but did not affect total soil C, SOC, soil ∆14C, SOC turnover rate, or total soil N. Grazing effect also did not interact with soil texture to influence any of those soil properties. Soil texture (silt + clay content) did influence total soil C and SOC, and total soil N, but not ∆14C or SOC turnover. Results provide evidence that long-term removal of grazing from semiarid grassland ecosystems in the western North American Great Plains does not enhance long-term SOC sequestration, despite changes in the relative dominance of C3 versus C4 grasses.
Transforming RN Roles in Community-Based Integrated Primary Care (TRIP): Background and Content.

Given the large body of evidence linking physical and mental health and the impetus provided by health care reform and the Affordable Care Act, the time is ripe to engage nurses in community based,...
Gender bias in standardized tests: evidence from a centralized college admissions system

This paper aims to analyze the gender gap in educational outcomes from different student assessment methods. I exploit a college application setting in which the centralized admission system allocates students based on a composite score, which is a weighted average of high school grade point average and a standardized test score. Using administrative data, I find that females significantly outperform males in high school grade point average in every subject, and not only on average but also at all quantiles. Yet the situation is reversed when it comes to standardized test scores: males outperform females in all subjects and almost all quantiles, with the largest magnitude of the difference in quantitative subjects and highest quantiles. Based on these findings, I argue that the gender gap is affected by the student assessment method used in a centralized system of college admissions.
Irradiated B7-1 Transduced Primary Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) Cells Can Be Used as Therapeutic Vaccines in Murine AML

Recent studies have shown that tumor cells genetically modified by transduction of B7-1, a natural ligand for the T-cell costimulatory molecules CD28 and CTLA-4, are rejected in syngeneic hosts. In these reports, transformed cell lines and drug-selected cells have been used for vaccinations. To determine the effectiveness of B7-1-transduced primary acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cells on the induction of antitumor immunity, we have studied a murine AML model in which primary AML cells were retrovirally transduced with the murine B7-1 cDNA. A defective retroviral producer clone expressing B7-1 and secreting a high titer of virus was used for infection of AML cells. Unselected transduced AML cells, expressing a high level of B7-1, were used for in vivo vaccinations. Our results show that one intravenous (IV) injection of irradiated B7-1-positive (B7-1+) AML cells can provide long-lasting (5 to 6 months) systemic immunity against subsequent challenge with wild-type AML cells. Furthermore, one exposure to irradiated B7-1+ AML cells results in rejection of leukemia by leukemic mice when the vaccination occurs in the early stages of the disease. The antileukemia immunity is CD8+ T-cell-dependent and B7/CD28-mediated, since in vivo treatment of mice with anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody or CTLA-4 Ig leads to abrogation of the specific antileukemia immune response. These results emphasize that B7-1 vaccines may have therapeutic usefulness for patients with AML.
Low-Complexity Systolic Multiplier for GF(2 m ) using Toeplitz Matrix-Vector Product Method

Low-complexity systolic multipliers for GF(2m) are required in several high-performance cryptographic systems. In this paper, we propose a novel design strategy to derive efficient systolic multiplier for GF(2m) based on Toeplitz Matrix-Vector Product (TMVP) approach. The proposed work is carried out through two coherent interdependent stages. (i) A novel multiplication algorithm based on TMVP method to obtain subquadratic space complexity is proposed first. (ii) The proposed algorithm is then mapped unto to a novel and efficient architecture which is optimized further to derive a low-complexity systolic structure. The complexity analysis and comparison show that the proposed design outperforms the existing work. The proposed design can thus be used in many practical cryptosystems.
Philadelphia versus Baltimore: City Planning and Aesthetic Character in Two Antebellum American Cities:

Philadelphia and Baltimore, close economic rivals in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, had strikingly different processes of planning, patterns of growth, and resulting urban char...
The Effects of Grain Size and Strain Amplitude on Persistent Slip Band Formation and Fatigue Crack Initiation

The maximum persistent slip band (PSB) width in cyclic loading is experimentally proven to be a material property in this paper. The dependence of the maximum PSB width on grain size, selected as a microstructural property of the material, is tested and reported. The effect of strain conditions, which conversely is not a material property of copper, is also included in the study. The results demonstrate that the maximum PSB width of annealed copper (grain size = 104.2 µm) is statistically the same within this class of grains, and is statistically larger than that of the stress-relieved copper (grain size = 14.2 µm). In contrast, the PSB width evolution is not sensitive to different strain conditions. These findings advance the fundamental understanding of how persistent slip band formation is influenced by variations in fatigue mechanical stimulus and metallurgical characteristics.
Breast cancer treatment in the elderly: Do treatment plans that do not conform to NCCN recommendations lead to worse outcomes?

Abstract Background Aging remains one of the greatest risk factors for development of new breast cancer with more than 30% of breast cancers occurring after the age of 75. Elderly women have been found to not conform with all aspects of treatment recommendations. Our study compared outcomes of elderly breast cancer patients whose treatment did or did not conform to NCCN guidelines. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of breast cancer patients over the age of 70. Comparisons were made between patients whose treatment did or did not conform to NCCN guidelines for recurrence, metastatic disease, and breast cancer related deaths. Results Patients whose treatment did not conform to NCCN guidelines were older (80.5 vs. 77.7 years, P = 0.001). No significant difference was seen between groups for tumor size, breast cancer type, or nodal status; however, more nonconforming women were ER/PR positive (90.3% vs. 76.6%, P = 0.020). There was no significant difference in local recurrence, metastatic disease, or breast cancer related deaths. Conclusions Women whose treatment did not conform to NCCN guidelines were not associated with worse outcomes.
Chapter 28 – Antineoplastic Agents

Cancer is a term used for group of more than 120 distinct diseases that are characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body, which are able to invade other tissues, eventually causing death. There are several strategies to treat cancer, including surgery, radiation therapy, immunologic treatment, and chemical-based approaches. Generally, a combination of all these methods is used, and most of the therapeutic approaches to the treatment of cancer comprise a chemical component. Chemotherapy is the treatment of cancer with cytotoxic antineoplastic drugs, and now is one of the traditional methods. Generally, anticancer drugs are divided into three categories: cytotoxic or chemotherapeutic, immunotherapeutic, and hormonal drugs. Temozolomide (Triazene), the cytotoxic agent capecitabine, and the tyrosine kinase inhibitors imatinib (Gleevec) and erlotinib (Tarceva) are included in the list of Top 200 Drugs by sales for the 2010s.
Teacher Turnover in the Context of Teacher-Directed Violence: An Empowerment Lens

Teacher turnover is a significant issue in education that negatively affects students’ academic performance and instructional continuity. While multiple factors impact turnover, the effects of viol...
Functional and Regulatory Roles of Fold-Switching Proteins

Summary Fold-switching proteins respond to cellular stimuli by remodeling their secondary structures and changing their functions. Whereas several previous reviews have focused on various structural, physical-chemical, and evolutionary aspects of this newly emerging class of proteins, this minireview focuses on how fold switching modulates protein function and regulates biological processes. It first compares and contrasts fold switchers with other known types of proteins. Second, it presents examples of how various proteins can change their functions through fold switching. Third, it demonstrates that fold switchers can regulate biological processes by discussing two proteins, RfaH and KaiB, whose dramatic secondary structure remodeling events directly affect gene expression and a circadian clock, respectively. Finally, this minireview discusses how the field of protein fold switching might advance.
The Two Faces of High Self-Monitors: Chameleonic Moderating Effects of Self-Monitoring on the Relationships between Personality Traits and Counterproductive Work Behaviors

This study examines whether and how self-monitoring moderates the relationships between two personality traits (agreeableness and conscientiousness) and counterproductive work behavior directed toward the organization (CWB-O) and toward other employees (CWB-I). High self-monitors strive to attain personal goals related to status and prestige enhancement by adjusting their behavior to what the situation requires or allows for. We propose that the status enhancement motive can take on two different yet related forms — impression management (interpersonal potency) and opportunism (win-at-all-costs) — depending on relevant situational cues. We hypothesize that in public, interpersonal settings where their behavior is visible to others, high self-monitors’ desire to enhance their status by looking good to others suppresses the natural expression of low agreeableness via increased engagement in CWB-I. Conversely, we hypothesize that in private, noninterpersonal settings where their behavior is rarely visible to others, high self-monitors’ desire to enhance their status by doing whatever it takes to get what they want intensifies the natural expression of low conscientiousness via increased engagement in CWB-O. On the basis of two independent samples of participants, results of moderated multiple regression analyses provided support for the hypotheses.
Mitochondria-targeted antioxidant protects against irradiation-induced salivary gland hypofunction.

A severe consequence of radiation therapy in patients with head and neck cancer is persistent salivary gland hypofunction which causes xerostomia and oral infections. We previously showed that irradiation (IR) of salivary glands in mice triggers initial transient increases in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROSmt), mitochondrial [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]mt), and activated caspase-3 in acinar cells. In contrast, loss of salivary secretion is persistent. Herein we assessed the role of ROSmt in radiation-induced irreversible loss of salivary gland function. We report that treatment of mice with the mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant, MitoTEMPO, resulted in almost complete protection of salivary gland secretion following either single (15 Gy) or fractionated (5 × 3 Gy) doses of irradiation. Salivary gland cells isolated from MitoTEMPO-treated, irradiated, mice displayed significant attenuation of the initial increases in ROSmt, ([Ca2+]mt, and activated caspase-3 as compared to cells from irradiated, but untreated, animals. Importantly, MitoTEMPO treatment prevented radiation-induced decrease in STIM1, consequently protecting store-operated Ca2+ entry which is critical for saliva secretion. Together, these findings identify the initial increase in ROSmt, that is induced by irradiation, as a critical driver of persistent salivary gland hypofunction. We suggest that the mitochondrially targeted antioxidant, MitoTEMPO, can be potentially important in preventing IR-induced salivary gland dysfunction.
Robust Repeated First Price Auctions

We study dynamic mechanisms for optimizing revenue in repeated auctions, that are robust to heterogeneous forward-looking and learning behavior of the buyers. Typically it is assumed that the buyers are either all myopic or are all infinite lookahead, and that buyers understand and trust the mechanism. These assumptions raise the following question: is it possible to design approximately revenue optimal mechanisms when the buyer pool is heterogeneous? We provide this fresh perspective on the problem by considering a heterogeneous population of buyers with an unknown mixture of k-lookahead buyers, myopic buyers, no-regret-learners and no-policy-regret learners. Facing this population, we design a simple state-based mechanism that achieves a constant fraction of the optimal achievable revenue.
High-performance 100 Gbaud Coherent Photonic Modules

1.6 Tb/s optical engine is enabled through vertical integration of a 2-channel monolithic InP PIC with SiGe electronics and a real-time DSP ASIC operating at 100 Gbaud for 800 Gb/s transmission.
Social forecasting and the problem of changing values: With special reference to Soviet and East European writings

Abstract Was the practice of legal abortions foreseeable 10–15 years ago? Such a question highlights one difficult and neglected aspect of social forecasting—how forecasts are affected by changing values. Changes in values will influence the future as much as changes in technology, therefore it is important that forecasters and decision-makers work from a structure of preferences concerning alternative courses of action and that they understand their own current values which affect the selection of predictions.
A Discrete Event Controller Using Petri Nets Applied to Robotic Assembly: The Desired Velocity Commands

This paper takes a new approach to robotic assembly, treating assembly as a discrete event system. A discrete event in assembly is defined as a change in contact state reflecting a change in geometric constraint. The discrete event modelling is accomplished with Petri nets. Using the Petri net modelling, the constraint equations for all the states of contact are combined into one compact matrix equation. In addition, a closed form solution for the desired velocity commands is derived. Desired velocity commands insure consistency with geometric constraints, while simultaneously directing the system toward its next desired discrete transition.
Robot-assisted single-incision total colectomy: a case report.

Background Literature reports shows that robots provide an opportunity for meeting technical challenges associated with Laparo-endoscopic Single Site Surgery (LESS). Following previous success with robot-assisted single-incision right hemicolectomy, this paper reports experience with robot-assisted single-incision total colectomy. Methods Through a single incision around the umbilicus, three robotic ports and a laparoscopic port were placed through the GelPOINT. With one intraoperative redocking of the robot, it was possible to access both right and left sides of the colon. The entire colon was externalized through the GelPOINT and the umbilical incision closed in layers. Results The entire procedure took 227 minutes. There was minimal blood loss. The patient was discharged on post-operative day four with no complications. No wound site complications were observed in clinic one week after discharge. Conclusions Robot-assisted single-incision total colectomy is a feasible procedure associated with little increase in operative time. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Introduction to Molecular Biology

The term molecular biology came into use around the middle of the 20th century. In its broadest meaning, molecular biology comprises the study of a variety of biological processes at the molecular level. The physicochemical properties of cellular components and their functions in nerve-impulse conduction, vision, membrane transport, and molecular genetics constitute some of the topics of molecular biology.
Senate Judiciary Committee Subcommittee on Crime and Drugs Hearing, ‘Examining Enforcement of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act’ - Questions from Senator Specter for Professor Mike Koehler

These responses were in connection with my November 30, 2010 testimony before the Subcommittee on Crime and Drugs of the United States Senate Judiciary Committee in a hearing titled "Examination of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act."The responses relate to questions regarding the following issues: the Siemens and BAE enforcement actions, FCPA enforcement and deterrence, and debarment issues.
Thermochemistry of complex perovskites

High temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry is a versatile technique for studying the energetics of formation, solid solution mixing, phase transition, and order/disorder in complex perovskites. The methodology is described and examples of both present and possible future applications given. The stability of the perovskite structure diminishes as the tolerance factor deviates from unity and increases as the size (and basicity) of the A-site cation increases. High pressure lithium niobate and perovskite structures are formed for a number of silicates, germanates, and titanates. Their energetics become less favorable as the A-site cation radius decreases. Ordered double perovskites are favored at high pressure. Such materials as well as the vacancy-ordered brownmillerite structures are only marginally energetically stable with respect to end-member perovskites. Thermochemical data suggest that “disordered” perovskite phases in fact contain pervasive clustering and/or short range order.
Limited Access to New Hepatitis C Virus Treatment Under State Medicaid Programs.

Medicaid programs in most states restrict receipt of curative therapy for HCV infection, including markers of advanced disease, specialist prescribing, and abstinence from alcohol and illicit drugs.
Medical Management Considerations for Patients With Lung Transplantation

Lung transplantation has become an accepted modality for the treatment of end-stage lung disease. Adult and pediatric patients with a variety of lung diseases, including cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis are candidates for lung transplantation. Lung transplantation can extend survival and improve quality of life for these patients. With the introduction of new immunosuppressive agents and enhanced surgical and medical care, both short- and long-term morbidity and mortality in these populations, although not as good as other transplant types, are improving. After lung transplantation, recipients continue to face a number of obstacles including post-operative complications, complex drug regimens, drug-induced toxicities, infection, and rejection. An understanding of the management and monitoring issues after lung transplantation is the focus of this review.
Regulation of free fatty acid metabolism by insulin in humans: role of lipolysis and reesterification.

The regulation of lipolysis, free fatty acid appearance into plasma (FFA R(a)), an FFA reesterification and oxidation were examined in seven healthy humans infused intravenously with insulin at rates of 4, 8, 25, and 400 mU.m-2.min-1. Glycerol and FFA R(a) were determined by isotope dilution methods, and FFA oxidation was calculated by indirect calorimetry or by measurement of expired 14CO2 from infused [1-14C]palmitate. These measurements were used to calculate total FFA reesterification, primary FFA reesterification occurring within the adipocyte, and secondary reesterification of circulating FFA molecules. Lipolysis, FFA R(a), and secondary FFA reesterification were exquisitely insulin sensitive [the insulin concentrations that produced half-maximal suppression (EC50), 106 +/- 26, 91 +/- 20 vs. 80 +/- 16 pM, P = not significant] in contrast to insulin suppression of FFA oxidation (EC50, 324 +/- 60, all P < 0.01). The absolute rate of primary FFA reesterification was not affected by the increase in insulin concentration, but the proportion of FFA molecules undergoing primary reesterification doubled over the physiological portion of the insulin dose-response curve (from 0.23 +/- 0.06 to 0.44 +/- 0.07, P < 0.05). This served to magnify insulin suppression of FFA R(a) twofold. In conclusion, insulin regulates FFA R(a) by inhibition of lipolysis while maintaining a constant rate of primary FFA reesterification.
Impact of land use on Costa Rican tropical montane cloud forests: Sensitivity of orographic cloud formation to deforestation in the plains

[1] The current study provides new insights into the coupling of land use in lowland and premontane regions (i.e., regions below 1000 m) and orographic cloud formation over the Monteverde cloud forests. Rawinsondes launched during the Land Use Cloud Interaction Experiment (LUCIE) together with those from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) provided profiles that were used to drive the Colorado State University Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (CSU RAMS) model, which simulated three realistic land use scenarios (pristine forests, current conditions and future deforestation). For current conditions, the model-simulated clouds were compared against those observed at hourly intervals by the Geostationary Environmental Observational Satellite–East (GOES E) satellite. The model performed best on 6 different days. The model-simulated profiles of dew point and air temperatures were compared with the observed profiles from rawinsondes for these days. There was generally very good agreement below 700 mb, the region of the atmosphere most crucial to the cloud forests. The average model simulations for the 6 days show that when the lowland and premontane regions were completely forested, the orographic cloud bank intersected the mountains at the lowest elevations, covered the largest land surface area and remained longest on the surface in the montane regions. Deforestation has decreased the cloud forest area covered with fog in the montane regions by around 5–13% and raised the orographic cloud bases by about 25–75 m in the afternoon. The model results show that further deforestation in the lowland and premontane regions would lead to around 15% decrease in the cloud forest area covered with fog and also raise the orographic cloud base heights by up to 125 m in the afternoon. The simulations show that deforestation in the lowland and premontane regions raises surface sensible heat fluxes and decreases latent heat fluxes. This warms the air temperature and results in a lower dew point temperature of air masses that blow over the lowland and premontane regions. These air masses when lifted form the orographic cloud bank at higher elevations.
Atypical Retinotopic Organization of Visual Cortex in Patients with Central Brain Damage: Congenital and Adult Onset

It remains unclear to what extent retinotopic maps can undergo large-scale plasticity following damage to human visual cortex. The literature has predominately focused on retinotopic changes in patients with retinal pathologies or congenital brain malformations. Yet, damage to the adult visual cortex itself is common in cases such as stroke, tumor, or trauma. To address this issue, we used a unique database of fMRI vision maps in patients with adult-onset (n = 25) and congenital (n = 2) pathology of the visual cortex. We identified atypical retinotopic organization in three patients (two with adult-onset, and one with congenital pathology) consisting of an expanded ipsilateral field representation that was on average 3.2 times greater than healthy controls. The expanded representations were located at the vertical meridian borders between visual areas such as V1/V2. Additionally, two of the three patients had apparently an ectopic (topographically inconsistent) representation of the ipsilateral field within lateral occipital cortex that is normally associated with visual areas V3/V3A (and possibly other areas). Both adult-onset cases had direct damage to early visual cortex itself (rather than to the afferent drive only), resulting in a mostly nonfunctional hemisphere. The congenital case had severe cortical malformation of the visual cortex and was acallosal. Our results are consistent with a competitive model in which unilateral damage to visual cortex or disruption of the transcallosal connections removes interhemispheric suppression from retino-geniculate afferents in intact visual cortex that represent the vertical meridian and ipsilateral visual field.
Evaluation of the Patient with Carcinoma of Unknown Origin Metastatic to Bone

Metastatic carcinoma to bone of uncertain primary origin is a common clinical diagnostic scenario. The authors present a simple and effective staging system to identify primary malignancies. The role of clinical history, physical examination, laboratory studies, and limited radiographic studies are critical to the success of this diagnostic strategy. Needle or open biopsy is frequently needed yet is usually more effective as a confirmatory study for carcinoma or to rule out primary bone sarcomas. Patients who present as a displaced pathologic fracture require an urgent diagnostic and treatment plan that does not compromise future treatment options and provides durable skeletal reconstruction.
Novel test fixture for collecting microswitch reliability data

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) are an important enabling technology for reducing electronic component geometries and device power consumption. An example of MEMS technology, used in radio frequency (RF) circuits and systems, is the microswitch. Although the operation of microswitches is relatively simple, they are plagued by poor reliability - they must operate over 100 billion cycles. Improvements in the mechanical design of the microswitch have helped to increase their reliability but further improvements are necessary. To accomplish this, research needs to be conducted on the actual contact surfaces for investigation of the mechanical, thermal and electrical phenomena that affect reliability. The focus of this paper is the development of a unique high lifecycle test fixture capable of the simultaneous measurement of contact resistance and contact force. By incorporating a high resonance force sensor, cycle rates reaching 3kHz will be achieved enabling researchers to conduct a wide range of reliability studies. The fixture will be isolated from vibrations and will be housed in a dry-box enclosure to minimize contamination. The test fixture will be automated with control and data acquisition instrumentation to optimize data collection and test repeatability. It is predicted that this new test fixture will provide the potential for significant work to be done to improve the reliability of MEMS microswitches. Several tests were conducted using components of the new test fixture. Preliminary results indicate the feasibility and support the need for the continuing development of this new test fixture.
Patch clamp techniques to study effects of anesthetics on airway smooth muscle cells.

Inhalation anesthetics have a direct relaxant effect on airway smooth muscle. Recent research has done much to clarify the cellular mechanisms for contraction and relaxation in airway smooth muscles and has suggested a possible mechanism of action for inhalation anesthetics in these muscles [1,2]. As in other muscle cells, the free intracellular concentration of CaZ+([Ca2+]i ) plays a central role in regulation of airway smooth muscle tone [3]. Yamakage [1] demonstrated that relaxation of precontracted tracheal smooth muscle by halothane was associated with a decrease in [Ca2+]i . Because sustained contraction of this tissue requires the continued entry of e x t r a c e l l u l a r Ca 2+, a possible mechanism for the airway relaxant effect of inhalation anesthetics is inhibition of voltage-dependent Ca > channels (VDC) [4]. Patch clamp techniques provide a means for directly studying properties of membrane ion channels [5]. Applications of these methods to airway smooth muscle cells have demonstrated a variety of K + and Ca 2+ channels that are likely of functional importance [6,7]. One patch clamp method, whole-cell recording, is particularly useful for quantifying Ca 2+ current (Ic,) through VDC. In this report, we describe the results of a preliminary study that demonstrates inhibition by enflurane of Ica in isolated airway smooth muscle cells. Porcine tracheal smooth muscle, dissected free of epithelium and connective tissue, was minced. The tissue fragments were digested in Ca2+-free Tyrode's solution containing 0.1% collagenase, 0.05% trypsin
Ulcerative colitis in a child with partial trisomy 16

Dear Sir, Full trisomy 16 is incompatible with life and will always result in spontaneous abortion. In fact, it is one of the most common causes of miscarriage.1 Patients with partial, or mosaic trisomy 16, however, can survive and live for many years. The reported cases of partial trisomy 16 in the literature have been associated with a variety of abnormalities including intrauterine growth retardation, hypotonia, facial abnormalities, failure to thrive, psychomotor delay, cardiac defects, ambiguous …
Molecular Imaging of Prostate Cancer: PET Radiotracers

OBJECTIVE. Recent advances in the fundamental understanding of the complex biology of prostate cancer have provided an increasing number of potential targets for imaging and treatment. The imaging evaluation of prostate cancer needs to be tailored to the various phases of this remarkably heterogeneous disease. CONCLUSION. In this article, I review the current state of affairs on a range of PET radiotracers for potential use in the imaging evaluation of men with prostate cancer.
Gender fashioning and the dynamics of mutuality in Spenser's Amoretti

L'auteur demontre qu'en resolvant les stereotypes patriarcaux herites de Petrarque, la representation spencerienne de la femme dans les Amoretti repose sur une esthetique dynamique de la mutualite entre le poete et l'etre aime
Sports-related spinal cord injuries.

Although a relatively small number of all injuries sustained while participating in sports occur to the spinal cord, the impact that these injuries make on the U.S. health care system is enormous. Critical care nurses, who work in the field of trauma, should be aware of the epidemiology and etiology of these injuries while providing therapeutic interventions. Additionally, an understanding of the classification of these injuries will be beneficial when providing education to the patient and family. Language: en
On space and time efficient TM simulations of some restricted classes of PDA's

In this paper we present some space/time efficient Turing machine algorithms for recognizing some subclasses of DCFLs. In particular, we show that the finite minimal stacking and “simple” strict restricted (a subclass of strict restricted) deterministic pushdown automata (FMS-DPDAs, SSR-DPDAs, respectively) can be simulated by offline Turing machines simultaneously in space S ( n ) and time n 2 / S ( n ) for any tape function S ( n ) satisfying log n ⩽ S ( n ) ⩽ n which is constructable in n 2 / S ( n ) time. Generalizations are then made for the corresponding classes of 2-way DPDAs.
GAMMA-RAY EMISSION FROM COMPOUND NUCLEUS REACTIONS OF HELIUM AND CARBON IONS

The assumption that gamma emission does not occur in compound nucleus reactions until the excitation energy falls below the particle emission threshold was tested by direct observation of the gamma rays. Bombardments of Ba, Ho, Co, and Ta targets were carried out with helium ions; Te and V were bombarded with ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$ ions. For the carbon ion reactions, in which the average angular momentum induced by the projectile ranged from $17\ensuremath{\hbar}$ to $38\ensuremath{\hbar}$, the total energy release in gamma rays exceeded the neutron binding energy, in contradiction to the assumption. This was not so for any alpha-particle reaction. A comparison of the gamma yields for the same compound nucleus, as produced by alpha particles and carbon ions at the same excitation energy, indicates that the enhancement is an angular momentum effect, independent of excitation energy.The magnitude of the gamma yield enhancement is in agreement with observed displacements of heavy ion excitation functions to higher bombarding energy.The gamma yield was measured at 45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to the beam direction. Both the helium ion bombardments at 45 MeV and carbon ions incident on ${\mathrm{V}}^{51}$ at comparable energy produced large anisotropies in the gamma-ray emission, with maxima in the direction required by quadrupole transitions. The photon emission was more nearly isotropic for alpha bombardments at 28 MeV and for ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$ on Te at 115 MeV. The average photon energy ranged from 1.0 to 1.6 MeV.These observations are consistent with gamma emission in collective transitions and are inconsistent with a statistical model of the deexcitation process, which predicts dipole emission, small anisotropy, and an average gamma energy twice that observed. The lack of quadrupole anisotropy for the Te target may result from a high-spin limit to the collective motion. The energy spectra suggest that the collective transitions may be vibrational, with rotational transitions occurring mainly in nuclei deformed in the ground state. Except for compound nuclei of $A\ensuremath{\sim}60$, good agreement was obtained between the observed anisotropy and a model based on a gamma cascade through levels of specified rather than randomly chosen spin.
Nucleic acid-based methods for the detection of bacterial pathogens: Present and future considerations for the clinical laboratory

Abstract Background Recent advances in nucleic acid-based methods to detect bacteria offer increased sensitivity and specificity over traditional microbiological techniques. The potential benefit of nucleic acid-based testing to the clinical laboratory is reduced time to diagnosis, high throughput, and accurate and reliable results. Methods Several PCR and hybridization tests are commercially available for specific organism detection. Furthermore, hundreds of nucleic acid-based bacterial detection tests have been published in the literature and could be adapted for use in the clinical setting. Contamination potential, lack of standardization or validation for some assays, complex interpretation of results, and increased cost are possible limitations of these tests, however, and must be carefully considered before implementing them in the clinical laboratory. Conclusions A major area of advancement in nucleic acid-based assay development has been for specific and broad-range detection of bacterial pathogens.
Multiple Health Problems in Elderly People: Adapting what is known.

With ever increasing pressure on doctors’ time, Iona Heath (doi: 10.1136/bmj.39532.671319.94) wonders whether primary care really meets the needs of elderly people at all, while John Wasson suggests ways for doctors to improve the care of older patients that don’t require extra resources or staffing
Of Practicalities and Perspective: What Is Fair in Group Decision Making?

Establishing fair procedures to regulate intragroup disagreements should engender cooperation while inhibiting conflict. Yet what is a “fair” procedure might vary for members of different factions. To understand perceptions of fairness in group decision making, the present research developed and utilized the Fair Group Procedures Scale (FGPS). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed a four-factor structure along two dimensions: the means of distributing decision-making power (proportionality to equality) and the normative value of the approach (desirable to undesirable). Data suggest that deeming a particular decision-making procedure “fair” is predicted by one's majority/minority position within a group. Furthermore, experimental data suggest that social change (i.e., reversals of majority/minority positions) reduces the discrepancies between factions. Results support the socially constructed nature of fairness and its potential role in intragroup conflict.