cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Similarities and differences between mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease.

This special issue is dedicated to discussion of similarities and differences between mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Amnestic MCI is thought to be a transition between normal aging and early dementia and may represent the best opportunity for pharmacologic interventions. Data suggest that conversion from MCI to dementia occurs at a rate of 10% to 15% per year [1] with ∼80% conversion by the sixth year of follow-up; although∼5% of MCI subjects remain stable or convert back to normal [2,3]. With the description of MCI as a transition between normal aging and dementia, recent emphasis has focused on early disease detection and elucidation of pathogenic mechanisms that underlie progression to AD with the hope of early treatment to stop or slow progression of the disease. Over the past few years multiple studies have examined pathogenic changes in MCI brain and have demonstrated changes that are comparable to changes observed in late stage AD.
Dynamic anterior stabilisers of the shoulder with the arm in abduction

The stabilising effects on the glenohumeral joint of each of the rotator-cuff muscles and of the biceps were studied with the arm in abduction and external rotation in 13 cadaver shoulders. The muscles were loaded one at a time with forces proportional to their cross-sectional areas. We recorded the positions of the humeral head before and after the application to the humerus of an anterior force of 1.5 kg. When the capsule was intact, the anterior displacement with the subscapularis loaded was significantly larger than with the other muscles loaded (p = 0.0009). With the capsule vented, the displacement with the biceps loaded was significantly smaller than that with the subscapularis loaded (p = 0.0052). After creating an imitation Bankart lesion, the displacement with the biceps loaded was significantly less than with any of the rotator-cuff muscles loaded (p = 0.0132). We conclude that in the intact shoulder, the subscapularis is the least important anterior stabiliser, and that the biceps becomes more important than the rotator-cuff muscles as stability from the capsuloligamentous structure decreases. Strengthening of the biceps as well as the rotator-cuff muscles should be part of the rehabilitation programme for anterior shoulder instability.
Consumption, Income, and Liquidity

The general nature of Clower’s interpretation of the Keynesian consumption function as a manifestation of the failure of labor markets to clear is by now well known. Clower stressed that whereas in neoclassical utility maximization analysis, labor supply, and hence income, is a choice variable determined by the household jointly with its consumption and asset demands, in Keynesian analysis, employment and income are given data to which the household passively adjusts its consumption and asset demands. Clower argued that these divergent treatment can be reconciled by explicitly recognizing that the neoclassical model assumes the labor market to be clearing, whereas the Keynesian model assumes that there is excess supply in the labor market. This excess supply causes the household to perceive the quantity of employment and income as a demand- determined constraint and reduces the Keynesian utility maximization problem to the optimal division of this constrained income between consumption and saving.
Dyadic Relationship Conflict, Gender, and Mortality in Urban Hemodialysis Patients

Abstract . The effects of dyadic satisfaction and conflict have not been well defined in the hemodialysis (HD) population. The aim of this study was to determine whether the perception of decreased dyadic satisfaction was associated with mortality in patients treated with HD, and if so, whether there were different relationships between risk factors, and differential outcomes in men and women. A total of 174 HD patients, primarily African-Americans, involved in dyadic relationships for more than 6 mo had indices of dyadic satisfaction, depression, perception of illness effects, social support, behavioral compliance with the dialysis prescription, and plasma interleukin-1 (IL-1) and β-endorphin levels measured. Cox proportional hazards models assessed relative mortality risks. Patients9 dyadic satisfaction scores correlated with β-endorphin levels. There was no correlation of IL-1 or β-endorphin with any psychosocial or behavioral compliance measure in the group as a whole. Correlations between psychosocial, medical, and neuroimmunologic variables were different in men and women. For women, dyadic satisfaction correlated with β-endorphin levels, depression, and perception of illness. Women with higher dyadic satisfaction and decreased dyadic conflict were at decreased mortality risk, but dyadic adjustment indices were unassociated with differential survival in the larger group of men. Correlations between neuroendocrine and immune markers are different in African-American male and female HD patients. Greater dyadic satisfaction and lower dyadic conflict are independently associated with decreased mortality in female African-American HD patients, of the same order of magnitude as medical risk factors. Such effects may be attributable to a relationship between dyadic satisfaction and conflict and health-related behaviors, or through an effect on neuroendocrine or immunologic status.
Nonmedical use of prescription medications: A longitudinal analysis with adolescents involved in child welfare

Abstract This study evaluated a sample of 1005 adolescents involved in the child welfare system, looking for risk and protective factors in their nonmedical use of prescription medications. It comprised a secondary data analysis of longitudinal records extracted from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW), and it employed generalized estimating equations. Its multivariate results indicate that such use of medications in the past 30 days was (a) associated positively with misuse of prescribed drugs prior to NSCAW participation and with time involved in the child welfare system, as well; but (b) associated negatively with parental monitoring and feeling close to parents. Implications for services and research are discussed.
Ethyl methanesulfonate-induced mutations of the Sh1 protein in maize.

Abstract 16 Sh 1 mutants have been obtained by treating kernels of Sh 1 Wx genotype with the chemical mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). Immunochemical analysis of 20-day-old endosperms of newly obtained sh 1 mutants showed that 6 are CRM + (form cross reacting material with Sh 1 protein) and IO are CRM − . These mutants were further studied by starch gel electrophoresis. The occurrence of a CRM + class of sh 1 mutants, in addition to the mutants specifying electrophoretic variants of Sh 1 protein, suggests that the genetic changes induced are true gene mutations at the sh 1 locus. This study indicates that the Sh 1 protein carries out a specific function in the development of the endosperm and is not a non-specific storage-like protein since qualitative changes in the Sh 1 protein are associated with the appearance of the sh 1 phenotype.
Internal adaptations to effects of changes in financial accounting standards

Abstract Managers of organizations may be expected to select actions which will lead to favorable performance evaluations. Evaluations which are based upon accounting measures may be affected by changes in financial accounting standards. These effects on performance evaluations may motivate managers to change selctions of actions in order to maintain favorable evaluations even though the new set of actions may not be in the best interests of the organization. A survey of current research reveals that these effects have been misclassified in assessing the effects of changes in accounting standards. This paper develops a conceptual framework for testing the proposition that firms which have failed to effectively adapt internally for the effects of changes in financial accounting standards may experience unintended side effects as a result of changed management actions. The major points of the paper are illustrated in a hypothetical case study involving Research and Development activity.
Generating Policies for Sustainable Water Use in Complex Scenarios: An Integrated Land-Use and Water-Use Model of Monroe County, Michigan

Rapidly declining groundwater levels since the early 1990s have raised serious concern in Monroe County, Michigan. Hydrological studies suggest that land-use changes have caused this decline. The mechanisms linking land-use and groundwater dynamics are not clear, however. In this paper I present WULUM, the Water-Use and Land-Use Model, an agent-based model that serves as an analytical framework to understand how these processes interact to create the observed patterns of resource depletion, and to suggest policies to reverse the process. The land-use component includes the main groundwater extractors in the county—stone quarries, golf courses, farms, and households. The groundwater component includes the glacial deposits and the underlying bedrock acquifer. The behavior of water users is defined by simple rules that determine their location and consumption. The dynamics of groundwater are represented through infiltration and diffusion rules between each cell and its immediate neighbors. Initial exploratio...
Response of terrestrial isopods, Armadillidium vulgare and Porcellio laevis (Isopoda: Oniscidea) to the ant Tetramorium caespitum: morphology, behavior and reproductive success

Summary Little is known about the effects of predatory stress on reproduction in terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Oniscidea). We studied direct and indirect influences of predatory ants Tetramorium caespitum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on the behavior and reproduction of two terrestrial isopods, Armadillidium vulgare and Porcellio laevis. A. vulgare females were more cryptic than P. laevis females in both the presence and absence of ants, but in both species control animals were more cryptic than experimental animals exposed to ants. This likely resulted from increased movement in the presence of ants. Both species also avoided ventilated enclosures containing ants, but control animals not previously exposed to ants remained significantly further away. P. laevis also remained significantly further from ants than A. vulgare, suggesting that P. laevis more actively avoids potential predators. This is consistent with morphological differences between the two species: A. vulgare can roll into a sealed ball where...
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis-inducing activity of synthetic polyadenylic and polyuridylic homopolymers and complexes in guinea pigs.

Abstract In addition to the capacity of polyuridylic acid (poly(U)) or complexes of polyadenylic acid (poly(A)) and Poly(U) (poly(A : U)) to serve as adjuvants for induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in guinea pigs sensitized to spinal cord or myelin basic protein, these synthetic polynucleotide homopolymers possess inherent EAE-inducing activity for this host. EAE activity of poly (A) or poly(A : U) was demonstrable following a single injection of the purine homopolymer or the complex in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA). EAE-inducing activity of poly(U) was observed only in guinea pigs initially primed with this pyrimidine homopolymer in IFA.
New Insights on the Nanoparticle Growth Mechanism in the Citrate Reduction of Gold(III) Salt: Formation of the Au Nanowire Intermediate and Its Nonlinear Optical Properties

The synthesis of gold nanospheres via the reduction of AuCl4- salt by sodium citrate has been revisited, with focus on the mechanism of particle growth. In stark contrast to the widely accepted LaMer nucleation-growth model, the initially formed nanoclusters of about 5 nm diameter self-assemble to form an extensive network of nanowires. The diameter of the nanowires progressively increases in size, and at the same time the connected network is fragmented into small segments before the final spherical particles are formed. We put forward a modified nanocrystal growth mechanism, which is able to explain a number of other experimental observations. By arresting the reduction process by rapid cooling, the 5 nm diameter nanowires could be isolated and were found to be very stable. The nonlinear optical properties of the Au nanowires were investigated and discussed. Highly connected, small diameter nanowires of highly conductive metals may be useful for future electronic applications, e.g., conductive polymer−m...
Cyclic Mechanical Reinforcement of Actin Interactions

The fundamental mechanism underlying force regulation in actin dynamics is not understood. To investigate actin depolymerization under dynamic force environments, single molecule experiments were conducted using atomic force microscopy (AFM).A custom-made AFM and force-clamped experimental procedures were used. To measure G-actin/G-actin (GG) interaction, G-actin was immobilized on the AFM cantilever tip and the polystyrene petri-dish was functionalized with G-actin. For G-actin/F-actin (GF) interaction, F-actin was prepared and immobilized on the petri-dish. To mimic dynamic force, once binding was detected during the tip retraction, force was applied to it via one of the programming paths; (1) loading the bond to 10, 15, 20 and 25 pN forces, and then reducing the force to 5 pN; (2) loading 1.5-, 2.5- or 3.5-cycle with a 10 pN peak force and holding at 10 pN to measure bond lifetime.GG and GF dissociations were qualitatively similar to each other. When loaded by a linear ramp, actin dissociations exhibited a biphasic transition from a catch bond to a slip bond. In the catch bond region, bond lifetimes increased as force increased to a maximum at 12 pN in GG and at 20 pN in GF interactions. Interestingly, after applying cyclic forces, the post-priming bond lifetimes of GG and GF were significantly prolonged at low force range (5-10 pN), instead of reverting instantly to a low affinity state. This shows that cyclic force is more effective in strengthening actin-actin bonds than a linear ramp.Our study demonstrated that kinetics of actin depolymerization is force dependent and the mechanical priming process by cyclic force application significantly enhanced bond lifetime of actin/actin. We hypothesize that the mechanical reinforcement of actin/actin interaction is an important regulatory mechanism underlying cytoskeletal dynamic rearrangement by affecting the actin depolymerization kinetics.
Fluorescence Quenching by Photoinduced Electron Transfer in the Zn2+ Sensor Zinpyr-1: A Computational Investigation

We report a detailed study of luminescence switching in the fluorescent zinc sensor Zinpyr-1 by density functional methods. A two-pronged approach employing both time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) and constrained density functional theory (CDFT) is used to characterize low-lying electronically excited states of the sensor. The calculations indicate that fluorescence activation in the sensor is governed by a photoinduced electron transfer mechanism in which the energy level ordering of the excited states is altered by binding Zn(2+). While the sensor is capable of binding two Zn(2+) cations, a single Zn(2+) ion appears to be sufficient to activate moderate fluorescence in aqueous solution at physiological pH. We show that it is reasonable to consider the tertiary amine as the effective electron donor in this system, although the pyridyl nitrogens each contribute some density to the xanthone ring. The calculations illustrate an important design principle: because protonation equilibria at receptor sites can play a determining role in the sensor's fluorescence response, receptor sites with a pK(a) near the pH of the sample are to be disfavored if a sensor governed by a simple PET fluorescence quenching model is desired.
Changing Residential Preferences across Income, Education, and Age Findings from the Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality

Residential preferences and their role in creating and maintaining residential segregation are a subject of intense interest in ongoing debates about race and residential sorting in U.S. metropolitan areas and are central in work based on the Schelling tolerance models of residential selection. This study examines how residential preferences change across income, education, and age and provides new information on how race and socioeconomic status interact to create patterns of preference in particular locations. In general, African-Americans with increasing income show a distinct shift to greater willingness to live in integrated settings but also a distinct shift to own-race selections with second choices for neighborhood composition. Whites' unwillingness to move to African-American neighborhoods of more than 50% other race exacerbates the tendency to separate. Socioeconomic status plays a similar role for other ethnic groups. These findings parallel those from agent-based modeling about the low probabi...
Bacterial growth: constant obsession with dN/dt.

One of life's inevitable disappointments—one felt often by scientists and artists, but not only by them—comes from expecting others to share the particularities of one's own sense of awe and wonder. This truth came home to me recently when I picked up Michael Guillen's fine book Five Equations
Radiation changes in the hollow viscera

A S EARLY AS 1897, deleterious effects of the "Roentgen ray" on the gastrointestinal system were apparent. 1 By 1915, doserelated rectal strictures and fistulae were recognized as complications of radiation therapy for gynecological cancer. 2 However, skin toxicity remained the dose-limiting factor until the advent of megavoltage radiation in the 1950s. Since that time, the internal organs have assumed that role, and none so prominently as the gastrointestinal viscera. Many of the cancers treated by radiation therapy, particularly in the pelvis, demand a tumerocidal dose perilously close to the tolerance of the abdominal viscera, and treatment is governed principally by the tolerance of the bowel in the treatment field. It is difficult to accurately assess the overall incidence of gastrointestinal injury after radiotherapy to the abdomen and pelvis. There are therapy parameters such as dose, time course, and irradiated volume to be taken into account in comparing reported toxicity rates. In addition, many series only report serious injury requiring surgical intervention or injury measured by specific criteria, eg, blood loss or hospitalizations. This probably underestimates the total risk of chronic injury. In general, it is reported that the incidence of injury is 1%-25% with "serious" injury occurring in 1% to 5% of patients radiated. 2-n Although the small intestine is more radiosensitive than the rectum, radiation injury occurs more commonly in the rectosigmoid than in the small bowel. The rectum is fixed in position and in close proximity to many malignancies treated frequently by
Pathways for migration and cleavage of the S-peptide unit of the leukotrienes

Abstract Sulfoxides of leukotriene C ( 2 ) and various analogs ( 5 , 8 ) undergo a 1,7-migration of sulfur (forming diastereomers 3 , 6 , and 9 , respectively) with noteworthy facility. Generation of the S-halo derivatives of leukotriene C in water results in heterolysis of the CS bond to give (5S, 12R)- and (5S, 12S)-6- trans -leukotriene B in a process which mimics biochemical deactivation.
Diagnostic Assessment of Autism: A Review of Objective Scales:

Five objective scales for diagnosis of autism are evaluated with reference to psychometric criteria of reliability (test-retest, interrater, internal consistency) and validity (content, construct, ...
Sequence requirements in the reactive-center loop of plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1 for recognition of plasminogen activators.

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a member of the serpin superfamily of proteins and is the fast acting inhibitor of both urinary plasminogen activator and tissue-type plasminogen activator. We have assessed the functional significance of reactive center residues on the carboxy-terminal side of the cleavage site of recombinant human PAI-1. Using site-directed mutagenesis, the P1′–P5′ residues (P1′ is the first residue on the carboxy-terminal side of the protease cleavage site) of the wild-type PAI-1 reactive center sequence were replaced with the corresponding sequences of plasminogen activator inhibitor-2, antithrombin, α2-antiplasmin and protease nexin I. Rate constants of inhibition of the serine proteases urinary plasminogen activator, tissue-type plasminogen activator, plasmin and thrombin by the variants were determined. The results suggest a crucial role for both reactive center length and sequence in the inhibition of plasminogen activators by PAI-1. Analysis of substitutions at positions P4′ and P5′ both confirms and extends our previous work demonstrating a favorable electrostatic interaction between these residues and tissue-type plasminogen activator. None of the variants show dramatic increases in the rate constants of inhibition of other serine proteases, suggesting that these residues alone are not sufficient to confer protease specificity on PAI-1. Apparently, the determinants of the rapid inhibitory specificity of PAI-1 are localized to the P1′–P5′ region of the reactive center and these residues act synergistically to produce the exquisite specificity of PAI-1 for plasminogen activators.
Strategic motivations and choice in subsistence markets

Abstract This paper examines the different motivations behind strategic choice in base of the pyramid or subsistence markets. Two strategies are examined through comparative analysis: market extension and strategic intent. Using two commercial bank's micro-lending business strategies in Sri Lanka, a comparative case study suggests that strategic intent is motivated by building capabilities over time that results in successful poverty alleviation, whereas market expansion is motivated by an immediate desire to expand overall sales revenue. This conclusion may help reframe subsistence market or BoP arguments away from such false choices as appropriate size (e.g., multinational corporations versus small and medium size enterprises) toward more useful discussion on understanding why firms participate in subsistence markets and what is the motivation behind their strategic choice. By considering more than just size and scope and studying the motivations behind long-term solutions to poverty alleviation, firm success can be better understood and achieved.
A Consensus Data Mining secondary structure prediction by combining GOR V and Fragment Database Mining

The major aim of tertiary structure prediction is to obtain protein models with the highest possible accuracy. Fold recognition, homology modeling, and de novo prediction methods typically use predicted secondary structures as input, and all of these methods may significantly benefit from more accurate secondary structure predictions. Although there are many different secondary structure prediction methods available in the literature, their cross-validated prediction accuracy is generally <80%. In order to increase the prediction accuracy, we developed a novel hybrid algorithm called Consensus Data Mining (CDM) that combines our two previous successful methods: (1) Fragment Database Mining (FDM), which exploits the Protein Data Bank structures, and (2) GOR V, which is based on information theory, Bayesian statistics, and multiple sequence alignments (MSA). In CDM, the target sequence is dissected into smaller fragments that are compared with fragments obtained from related sequences in the PDB. For fragments with a sequence identity above a certain sequence identity threshold, the FDM method is applied for the prediction. The remainder of the fragments are predicted by GOR V. The results of the CDM are provided as a function of the upper sequence identities of aligned fragments and the sequence identity threshold. We observe that the value 50% is the optimum sequence identity threshold, and that the accuracy of the CDM method measured by Q3 ranges from 67.5% to 93.2%, depending on the availability of known structural fragments with sufficiently high sequence identity. As the Protein Data Bank grows, it is anticipated that this consensus method will improve because it will rely more upon the structural fragments.
Gender Differences in Functional Limitations in Adults Living with Type 2 Diabetes: Biobehavioral and Psychosocial Mediators

Background Differences in functional limitations between adults with and without diabetes are more evident in women than they are in men.
Heat Treatment of Semi-Conductors and Contact Rectification

It is suggested that the heat treatment results in the formation of a layer low in impurity concentration near the surface of the semi-conductor. This is the result of a rapid evaporation of impurity atoms from the surface and a slower influx by diffusion from the interior. The conditions for the formation of this layer are discussed, and an expression for the ratio of the evaporation coefficient to the diffusion coefficient is derived. The effect of the depleted layer on the electrical characteristics of a semi-conductor-metal rectifying contact are calculated on the basis of the diode theory of rectification; and it is shown that the heat treatment results in increased back resistance and decreased contact capacity. The effect of these changes on the efficiency of rectification is discussed.
Sequence Stratigraphic Interpretations from Palynofacies, Dinocyst and Lithological Data of Upper Eocene-Lower Oligocene Strata in Southern Mississippi and Alabama, U.S. Gulf Coast

Abstract This paper presents new information on the sequence stratigraphy of the Upper Eocene–Lower Oligocene strata in southern Mississippi and Alabama, based on palynological and lithological data from five sections. By integrating lithological characteristics with palynofacies assemblages, several dinocyst paleoecological groups, the Deflandrea group, and the abundance of reworked dinocysts in samples, paleobathymetric curves were reconstructed and used to revise the sequence stratigraphy of the area. We identified a maximum flooding surface in the middle of the Shubuta Clay Formation in southern Mississippi, and dated it as latest Eocene. In southern Alabama, the Eocene–Oligocene boundary was placed within a condensed section representing about 0.19 Ma, and it coincided with the Shubuta Clay–Vicksburg Group contact. This condensed section is equivalent to the accumulation of the upper Shubuta and Red Bluff Formations in southern Mississippi. The Forest Hill–Mint Spring contact, which has been interpreted as a sequence boundary that merged with a transgressive surface, does not correlate with the Tejas A (TA) 4.3/4.4 sequence boundary of Haq et al. (1988) . The Pachuta Marl and lower Shubuta Clay Formations are constituents of a Late Eocene transgressive systems tract in southern Mississippi, but this systems tract extended to the Shubuta Clay–Vicksburg Group contact in southern Alabama. The overlying Early Oligocene highstand systems tract consisted of the upper Shubuta (in Mississippi), and the Red Bluff–Bumpnose–Forest Hill Formations. A thin sandstone in the Mint Spring was interpreted as a deposit of a possible lowstand systems tract above the sequence boundary in one southern Mississippi section. In general, the Mint Spring Marl and Marianna Limestone constituted a transgressive systems tract.
Review of B. F. Skinner's The Behavior of Organisms

As I reread my review nearly 50 years later, I think of the circumstances. I had heard a paper by Fred at the Ithaca meeting of the APA in 1932, and recall the praise by Edna Heidbreder, who was sitting next to me, whose remark was that "He has a clean mind." The year before his book appeared, I had already cited eight of his published papers in a review of the conditioned response in relation to conventional learning experiments that appeared in the Psychological Bulletin (1937, 34, 61-102). It may be because of that the editor sent me Fred's book to review.When I received the copy of his new book to review, I read it carefully, and soon reported on it orally before Lewis Terman's weekly seminar to get comments and questions before revising my review. I was pleased by Terman's excitement over the originality of Fred's approach.
IL-8 and angiogenesis: evidence that human endothelial cells lack receptors and do not respond to IL-8 in vitro

It has been established that IL-8 triggers angiogenesis in vivo, but this effect may be mediated either by IL-8-recruited leukocytes or by direct actions of IL-8 upon endothelial cells (EC). We have approached this question by examining interactions of recombinant human IL-8 with cultured large vessel and microvascular human EC. We are unable to detect specific IL-8 binding to cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) or leukocyte-like IL-8 receptor mRNA expression by either cultured HUVEC or human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (DMEC). We find no alteration of cytoplasmic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in either cell type in response to IL-8 treatment. Finally, we find no IL-8-induced change in EC proliferative rates in the presence or absence of endothelial cell growth factor. Our data favour an indirect action for IL-8 as an angiogenic factor.
A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO CAPITAL STRUCTURE FOR BANKS

Like U.S. companies in many industries. American's bank's attention to capital structure is reflected in their high level of stock repurchases in recent years. But, if banks are responding to some of the same economic forces that are driving industrial firms to shed excess capital, there are some important differences between banks and industrials that complicate the process of establishing appropriate capital levels for banks. The most important difference comes from regulation. Since the implementation by FDICIA of risk based capital guidelines in the early 1990s, the capital ratios of U.S. banks have increased substantially. In fact, most U.S. banks today carry considerably more capital than is required by the regulators. This tendency to exceed regulatory capital levels is especially pronounced for smaller institutions, which can in turn be explained by the riskier profile of smaller banks: While such banks have the highest proportion of the lowest-risk assets (such as cash, mortgages, and marketable securities), they also have a much greater degree of concentration (and co-variance) among their riskier assets. This article recommends using a quantitative economic approach (such as a RAROC model) to generate a lower bound on the amount of necessary capital. This estimate can then be translated into a target capital structure by taking account of a variety of practical, qualitative considerations, including banks' preference to maintain capital levels that provide a comfortable margin above bank regulators' “well capitalized” levels. Although such considerations will vary in importance from one bank to another, they will generally include management's risk tolerance, regulatory constraints, market pressures (as reflected in peer group capital levels), the bank's prospects and investment plans, and, for larger banks, rating agency requirements.
Gender Stereotypes and the Evaluation of Men and Women in Military Training

The present study investigated perceptions of men and women in the Texas A&M Corps of Cadets. For both stereotypes and evaluations of individual cadets enrolled in the training program, men more than women were believed to possess the motivation and leadership qualities necessary for effective military performance, whereas women were believed to possess more feminine attributes that impair effective military performance. Because men and women did not differ on objective measures of military performance, the sex-differentiated evaluations of cadets enrolled in training most plausibly reflect the influence of gender stereotypes rather than performance differences between the sexes. Furthermore, integration of women into the corps was associated with more favorable stereotypic judgments of women and did not reveal a backlash against women in this strongly male- dominated setting.
Realization of Unidirectional Planar GaAs Nanowires on GaAs (110) Substrates

A self-aligned unidirectional planar GaAs nanowire (NW) array is realized by growing on (110) GaAs substrates through the Au-catalyzed vapor-liquid-solid mechanism. All NWs on (110) substrates propagate along the [00-1] direction, yielding planar NWs with trapezoidal cross sections where the top surface and sidewalls are identified by micro X-ray diffraction analysis to be [110], [010], and [100] facets, respectively. Depletion-mode long-channel metal-semiconductor field-effect transistors using these [00-1] GaAs NWs as channels exhibit well-defined dc output and transfer characteristics, confirming the high material quality of the NWs. Completely ordered site controlled arrays of planar NWs are demonstrated by growing on (110) substrates with Au catalyst nanoparticles patterned using electron beam lithography.
Abnormalities of circadian rhythmicity in liver disease

U  conditions, a wide range of biological processes exhibit a diurnal rhythm of approximately 24 h (the term circadian arises from the Latin, circaΩapproximately, diemΩday). The most obvious rhythm is the one related to variations in the sleep/wake cycle, but almost all aspects of the internal environment undergo such changes over a 24-h period. This oscillation occurs in parallel to the daily alteration in external conditions that our rotatory planet imposes on all species. Thus, a teleological perspective of circadian function would posit that such internal organization allows adequate adaptation to the changing external environment. However, there is ample evidence to indicate that circadian rhythms arise from an internal time-keeping system that functions even in the absence of external cues (1). The existence of a ‘‘biological clock’’ with its afferent/efferent connections allows the organism to foresee and anticipate the modifications in the external environment that occur during the day/night cycle. Abnormal rhythms of several biological parameters have been described in patients with cirrhosis. The robustness of these findings will be influenced by the frequency of recording, and few studies have utilized continuous or very frequent samples in patients with liver disease. Furthermore, a diurnal variation cannot be truly termed circadian until it is shown that the rhythm persists under conditions of a constant external environment. Still, most biological oscillations are shown to persist under controlled circumstances, and diurnal variations under natural conditions can be viewed as reflecting circadian processes. Reports of abnormal rhythmicity in liver disease include such diverse processes as the lack of diurnal variation of arterial pressure in continuous 24-h recordings (2), the blunted rhythm of several hormones, such as angiotensin and aldosterone (3), the nocturnal rise in portal pressure (4) and alterations of the rhythm of plasma melatonin
rK7-kallikrein in rat kidney and urine

Rat Kidney is reported to contain the rK7-kallikrein gene expressed at a high mRNA level. However, there is no direct evidence that the rK7 enzyme is present in kidney or urine. We have analyzed rat kidney and urine for rK7-like enzyme activity, using distinctive properties of purified rK7 enzyme (hydrolysis of specific substrate, inhibition by SBTI). Rat urine and kidney cortex contain substantial levels of rK7-like enzyme activity. Nearly 40% of the enzyme in urine is in an active form while nearly all of the rK7 in kidney cortex is in the inactive form. Treatment with low salt diet and mineralocorticoid increases rK7 in both kidney cortex and urine approximately 2-fold. The percentage of active enzyme in urine increases markedly on this regimen.
THE FINAL PHASE

This essay reviews the recent book by Carolyn Dean that seeks to elucidate the ways in which complaints about a “surfeit of memory” and the privileging of Jewish victimization during the Holocaust as unique and as the emblem of radical evil in our times has shaped discussions of victims in general, creating an environment in which groups vie for victim status as a means of validating their grievances and making claims for justice. The hostility to such claims has, Dean argues, created antivictim discourses that end up generating aversion toward victims, primarily by denying the validity of their claims to suffering and, in the case of Jews, projecting them as “perpetrators” in their neglect of the suffering of others. At the same time, Dean argues, the demand that victims narrate their suffering in the aesthetically constrained style of “minimalism” equally undermines the legitimacy of victims' memories by demanding that they be presented in an already mastered form, thereby erasing the very trauma that, in principle, such narratives seek to represent. At stake in the debates concerning Holocaust memorial consciousness and its proper modes of representation, this article suggests, are larger historiographical and ethical issues about how to integrate the horrors of the past and the traumatic experience of terror into the normal protocols of historical writing, which rely on distance, objectivity, and interpretive critique as governing procedures. To incorporate terror into historical representation will mean acknowledging and accepting as historiographically legitimate the differing status of analytically recuperated “facts” and victim testimony and finding a way to theorize the reality of “voices” from the past without assuming the necessary “truth” of what they convey.
The influence of environmental fluids and temperature on the cut-surface morphology of single-crystal silicon

Single-crystal (Cz) silicon wafers [(100) p-type] were cut in air, d6onked (DI) water and ethanol, at room temperature, 150 and 200°C by a diamond impregnated dicing wheel using a specially designed apparatus. The effects of environmental fluids and temperature on the cut surface morphology were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM investigation showed that gouging and ploughing is predominant when silicon is cut in DI water or ethanol. Debris size analysis showed that the mean diameter of the volume distribution (MV) of debris formed in ethanol at room temperature was 9.5 μm while that formed in air was 1.3 μm. The surface morphology is significantly different at 150 and 200° C as compared to room temperature, i.e. the width of individual wear tracks varied from 0,8 μm for room temperature to 1.6 μm for 200° C.
Boosted and Linked Mixtures of HMMs for Brain-Machine Interfaces

We propose two algorithms that decompose the joint likelihood of observing multidimensional neural input data into marginal likelihoods. The first algorithm, boosted mixtures of hidden Markov chains (BMs-HMM), applies techniques from boosting to create implicit hierarchic dependencies between these marginal subspaces. The second algorithm, linked mixtures of hidden Markov chains (LMs-HMM), uses a graphical modeling framework to explicitly create the hierarchic dependencies between these marginal subspaces. Our results show that these algorithms are very simple to train and computationally efficient, while also reducing the input dimensionality for brain-machine interfaces (BMIs).
TOWARD A NATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATES

This paper reviews a series of studies sponsored by the Association of Research Libraries to determine more rational and economical methods for serving the information needs of the public. Libraries in the United States are characterised as independent agencies supported from governmental and private sources and serving a local clientele. Steadily rising costs of operation associated with population growth, increased publishing rates, higher wages and other factors have led to reduced quality of services. Efforts to share costs through interlibrary loan and other co‐operative arrangements have only partially alleviated the financial problems and have done little to improve the quality of services. The ultimate solution is seen as a more systematic national approach designed to optimise available resources in order to achieve more rationally defined goals. There remain a number of unresolved questions concerning the configuration of national resource collections, bibliographic organisation and access, communication and delivery methods, and co‐ordinating mechanisms. A strong leadership role by the federal government seems mandatory for establishing and maintaining a comprehensive, higher quality information service.
Influence of neighboring base sequence on mutagenesis induced by in vitro misincorporation in the lacI gene of Escherichia coli.

Abstract Genetic and electrophoretic assays of misincorporation were used to assess the effect of DNA sequence on mutagenesis arising from in vitro DNA synthesis within the lacI gene of Escherichia coli . The viral strand of a derivative of phage M13 containing the entire lacI gene was annealed with a series of synthetic oligonucleotides complementary to the N -terminal region of the lacI gene. Each primer-template was incubated with E. coli DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment) under conditions favoring misincorporation, wherein one of the 4 dNTPs was lacking (‘minus’ reaction) or present at very low concentration (‘micro’ reaction). The extent of elongation of each primer was assessed by gel electrophoresis, and lacI mutants arising during the misincorporation reactions were detected by a transfection assay in which i − base substitutions within the in vitro synthesized strand were selectively recovered by the use of uracil-containing templates. Direct dideoxy sequencing of the ‘-A’ reaction products and sequence analysis of i − mutant progeny revealed a vast predominance of single and non-tandem multiple base transitions. The addition of small quantities of dATP to a ‘-A’ reaction increased the mutation yield and broadened the distribution of base substitutions along the template. We detected a general bias towards increased base substitution at template positions flanked by G · C base pairs or 5′-pyrimidine, 3′-purine nearest neighbors, although considerable site-to-site variation in the occurence of base substitutions was seen, even within identical nearest neighbor contexts.
Antiphase boundaries in GaP layers grown on (001) Si by chemical beam epitaxy

Abstract We have investigated the origin of contrast features observed in coalesced GaP islands, deposited by chemical beam epitaxy on (001) Si, by high resolution transmission electron microscopy and conventional dark field electron microscopy. Our results indicate that these features are antiphase boundaries (APBs) lying on {110} planes. Image simulations have been performed to show that APBs can only be seen under specific defocus conditions in high resolution lattice images. The observed contrast is attributed to the presence of Ga–Ga and P–P wrong bonds at APBs. A model is proposed to show that the coalescence of GaP islands on the same Si terrace may not produce APBs, and the formation of such boundaries may require the presence of monoatomic steps, separating the coalescing islands.
Seasonal photosynthesis and water relations of juvenile loblolly pine relative to stand density and canopy position

To assess the effects of stand density and canopy environment on tree physiology, we measured gas exchange responses of the same needle age class of 16-year-old loblolly pines (Pinus taeda L.) in thinned (512 trees ha−1) and non-thinned treatment plots (2,863 trees ha−1) in central Louisiana. Physiological data were collected in the upper and lower canopy positions on 26 sunny days between July 1996 and June 1997 (one-half of the leaf life span). Mean net photosynthesis was highest (4.3 µmol m−2 s−1) in the spring and closely corresponded with light intensity in the canopy. Photosynthesis in the winter was nearly 3.0 µmol m−2 s−1, indicating that loblolly pine enables substantial carbon fixation all year around in the Gulf Coastal Plain region. Mean transpiration and stomatal conductance were highest in the summer and lowest in the winter. With increased light availability after thinning, needle photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance rose 84, 40 and 23%, respectively, in the lower canopy of the thinned-treatment trees. Light-saturated photosynthetic capacity of the lower canopy needles was 5.2 µmol m−2 s−1 for the thinned treatment and 4.2 µmol m−2 s−1 for the non-thinned treatment. It is concluded that thinning-induced light penetration through the canopy enhances physiological activities in the lower canopy foliage of residual trees, and that light availability is the only significant variable for predicting needle-level photosynthesis rates.
Fluorometric evidence for the participation of chlorophyll a-695 in system 2 of photosynthesis.

Abstract 1. The diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, grown in weak light is unusual in having a fluorescence emission band at 710 mμ in addition to the normal emission at 681 mμ at room temperature. At −187° this emission maximum is at 714 mμ and is much larger than the 681-mμ peak. The presence of this emission band is correlated with an absorption band near 700 mμ. The characteristics of the long-wavelength absorption band with respect to its fluorescence emission, formation only during light-limited growth, and lability are the same as those of a chlorophyll a form in Euglena called Ca695. 2. The time course of fluorescence during exposure to 436-mμ incident light, measured between 10 sec and 3 min, was the same for both the 681- and 710-mμ fluorescence bands. 3(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea affected this time course at both wavelengths similarly. 3. When the temperature was lowered from 20° to −187°, the fluorescence yield decreased at 680 mμ and increased at 714 mμ. When the temperature was lowered after partial destruction of Ca695 by 10% ethanol, the fluorescence at 680 mμ emitted by chlorophyll a-670 no longer decreased and the yield at 714 mμ increased much less. 4. These data from similar time courses and corresponding yield changes suggest that Ca695 receives excitation from Ca670 and could be a reaction center for System 2 of photosynthesis.
A kill chain architecture for prosecution of ground targets

It is becoming more important for the designer of radar (and other military sensing) systems to be able to provide military commanders and procurement decision makers with a concept of how a new system can enhance warfighting capability. Showing enhanced sensor performance is no longer sufficient to sell a new system. In order to better understand issues relating to sensor employment, we develop a top-level functional architecture of the kill chain for Air-to-Ground targeting. A companion paper constructs an executable model in the form of a Colored Petri Net (CPN) from the architecture. The focus on architecture that we present here aligns well with the new Department of Defense guidance, which requires new acquisition programs to be structured around system architectures. This should provide a common reference system for communication among warfighters, planners, and technologists. The translation to an executable model should allow identification of technology insertion points.