cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Amygdala Resting State Connectivity Differences between Bipolar II and Borderline Personality Disorders.

Background Borderline personality disorder (BPD) and bipolar II disorder (BD II) have significant clinical overlap, leaving the potential for diagnostic inaccuracies and inadequate treatment recommendations. However, few studies have probed for clinical and neurobiological differences between the two disorders. Clinically, some prior studies have linked BPD with greater impulsivity and more frequent negative affective shifts than BD II, whereas previous neuroimaging studies have highlighted both similar and distinct neural abnormalities in BPD and BD II. Notably, no prior study has specifically targeted cortico-limbic neural differences, which have been hypothesized to underlie these core clinical differences. Methods Individuals with BPD (n = 14) and BD II (n = 15) completed various clinical measures and a resting state functional imaging scan at 3T. Whole-brain amygdala resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) was compared between the two groups. Results Relative to the BD II group, BPD participants reported significantly higher levels of impulsivity, trait anxiety, more frequent negative affective shifts, greater interpersonally reactive affective instability, lower overall functioning, and were characterized by lower amygdala-middle frontal gyrus RSFC. Lower amygdala-middle frontal gyrus RSFC was associated with greater impulsivity, trait anxiety, affective shifts, interpersonal affective reactivity, and functional impairment. Limitations The current study consisted of small sample sizes and lacked a control group. Conclusions This preliminary study suggests that amygdala-frontal RSFC may distinguish BPD from BD II. These results may guide future work aimed at identifying neural markers that can help disentangle these two disorders, leading to greater diagnostic accuracy and appropriate treatment implementation.
Structure, Composition, and Electrochemistry of Chromium-Substituted ε-LiVOPO4

Lithium vanadyl phosphate (LiVOPO4) is an attractive cathode material for next-generation lithium-ion batteries, having the ability to reversibly intercalate two Li ions per transition-metal redox ...
The metropolitan context of substance use and substance use disorders among US adults on probation or parole supervision.

Rates of substance use and substance use disorders are higher among adults on probation or parole supervision compared to the general population. Substance use is a risk factor of not adhering to s...
Effect of dynamic load redistribution in reinforced concrete flat-plate structures under collapse

Abstract An initial punching shear failure or column loss in a reinforced concrete flat-plate structure may lead to the dynamic load redistribution to the surrounding connections. The dynamic demand and capacity at these connections will determine if subsequent failures occur leading to collapse of the structure. Therefore, the effect of dynamic load needs investigation in order to evaluate the collapse potential of the structure. This paper analyzes previous experimental work as well as new computational models to determine the effect of the dynamic load in terms of the dynamic load amplification as well as the dynamic capacity. The dynamic load amplification in flat-plate structures may be much less than what is used in current design guidelines. In addition, while the dynamic strength is relatively unchanged from the static, the ductility may be greater for connections with low reinforcement ratios. The results show that including the dynamic capacity can increase the load of the flat-plate system considered in this study to resist collapse progression by only approximately 0.5 kN/m2 (10 psf).
Quantifying Mediators of Racial Disparities in Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.

Studies on symptomatic osteoarthritis suggest that Black patients report worse pain and symptoms compared with White patients with osteoarthritis. In this study, we aimed to quantify the relationship among variables such as overall health and socioeconomic status that may contribute to disparities in patient-reported outcomes. Methods A total of 223 patients were enrolled. A mediation analysis was used to evaluate cross-sectional associations between race and the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) questionnaire, which was administered to patients prior to undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty. Results Black patients had worse KOOS pain, symptoms, and activities of daily living subscale scores than White patients. In our cohort, Black patients were younger, more likely to be female, and more likely to report lower educational status. We identified age, sex, Charlson Comorbidity Index, and education as partial mediators of racial disparities in KOOS subscale scores. Insurance status, deformity, radiographic (Kellgren-Lawrence) grade, C-reactive protein level, marital status, body mass index, and income did not show mediating effects. We found that, if age and sex were equal in both cohorts, the racial disparity in KOOS symptom scores would be reduced by 20.7% and 9.1%, respectively (95% confidence intervals [CIs], -5.1% to 47% and -5.5% to 26.3%). For KOOS pain scores, age and education level explained 18.9% and 5.1% of the racial disparity (95% CIs, -0.6% to 37% and -10.8% to 22.9%). Finally, for KOOS activities of daily living scores, education level explained 3.2% of the disparity (95% CI, -19.4% to 26.6%). Conclusions No single factor in our study completely explained the racial disparity in KOOS scores, but our findings did suggest that several factors can combine to mediate this disparity in outcome scores. Quantification of variables that mediate racial disparity can help to build models for risk adjustment, pinpoint vulnerable populations, and identify primary points of intervention. Level of evidence Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Measure Inputs to Fuzzy Rules

Our concern is with the determination of the firing level of the antecedent fuzzy set in a fuzzy systems model rule base. We first consider the case where the input information is also expressed in terms of a normal fuzzy set. We provide the requirements needed by any formulation of this operation. We next consider the case when the input information is expressed using a measure. Here we also provide the requirements for any formulation that can be used to determine the firing level of the antecedent fuzzy set when the input information is a measure. We provide some examples of these formulations. Since a probability distribution is a special case of a measure we are able to determine the firing level of fuzzy rules with probabilistic inputs.
Nels Anderson: A Profile

Dr. Nels Anderson (1889–1986) was among American sociologists a pioneer whose work is only now beginning to win the recognition it deserves, especially in Europe. His ethnographic studies of wandering workmen (The Hobo), frontier sectarians (The Desert Saints), and migrant laborers (Men on the Move) are seen as models of empirical research that provide insights into the lives of groups and classes marginalized by the wider society. Anderson’s life experience was as varied as his work. A child just as the frontier was ending, he knew first-hand life in the slum, the backwoods, and the Indian reserve, as well as work in mining, logging, and road-gang communities. Before he began his formal education in sociology at the University of Chicago, Anderson had been a newsboy, mule-skinner, mine worker, track repairman, coal forker, field hand, railroad maintenance carpenter, timberman, grade school teacher, concrete former, millwright, Army engineer and demolitions expert, itinerant peddler, and male nurse. After he received his Masters degree in 1925 from the University of Chicago he found work as a Juvenile Protection Agency investigator, a night club inspector, Municipal Lodging House employee, college teacher, and freelance writer (and ghostwriter). Having received a Doctoral degree in 1930 from New York University, Anderson entered government service as head of Labour Relations in the Work Relief Program, and when the war broke out he became an officer for the War Shipping Administration overseas. After the war his duties included service with the High Commission in Frankfurt and the State Department in Bonn. He helped reorganize free trade unions in Germany and ran a research centre for graduate students to study the needs of refugee families and of youth throughout the country, the nature of work and community organization in a presentation / presentation
Educating for Sportsmanship

(1955). Educating for Sportsmanship. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 36-73.
FcγRIIB Prevents Inflammatory Type I IFN Production from Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells during a Viral Memory Response

The type I IFN (IFN-α) response is crucial for viral clearance during primary viral infections. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are important early responders during systemic viral infections and, in some cases, are the sole producers of IFN-α. However, their role in IFN-α production during memory responses is unclear. We found that IFN-α production is absent during a murine viral memory response, despite colocalization of virus and pDCs to the splenic marginal zone. The absence of IFN was dependent on circulating Ab and was reversed by the transgenic expression of the activating human FcγRIIA receptor on pDCs. Furthermore, FcγRIIB was required for Sendai virus immune complex uptake by splenic pDCs in vitro, and internalization via FcγRIIb prevented cargo from accessing TLR signaling endosomes. Thus, pDCs bind viral immune complexes via FcγRIIB and prevent IFN-α production in vivo during viral memory responses. This Ab-dependent IFN-α regulation may be an important mechanism by which the potentially deleterious effects of IFN-α are prevented during a secondary infection.
Hardware/software co-modeling of SAT solver based on distributed computing elements using SystemC

We propose the architecture of a novel distributed SAT solver, which is composed of a control unit (CU) and multiple implication units (IU). In this model, CU handles the control-intensive tasks such as clause partitioning, decision and backtracking, and IUs process implications, which are computation-intensive. This model has been modeled with SystemC successfully and simulation results show that it has the potential to get >35 speedup compared to software solvers, and moreover, it does not need to re-compile implication circuits for different instances, in contrast to other hardware SAT solvers.
Quantitative Proteomics Using Nano‐LC with High Accuracy Mass Spectrometry

Despite significant advances in LC-MS based technologies, challenges remain in implementing a proteomics platform for routine clinical applications. These include the needed robustness as well as the sensitivity and dynamic range of detection to both effectively address extremely small tissue samples, for example microdissected or biopsy tissues, or high dynamic range samples, such as blood plasma. Other key components include providing the needed throughput to enable statistically meaningful number of analyses for clinical setting within a robust platform that utilizes effective quantitative approaches for high accuracy and reproducibility. This chapter describes the key components of a nanoLC- MS based technological approach that is designed to target these challenges by virtue of enhancing sensitivity, dynamic range coverage, and throughput, for the generation of robust quantitative measurements in support of clinical studies.
Differential privacy and the power of (formalizing) negative thinking

Differential privacy is a promise, made by a data curator to a data subject: you will not be affected, adversely or otherwise, by allowing your data to be used in any study, no matter what other studies, data sets, or information from other sources is, or may become, available. This talk describes the productive role played by negative results in the formulation of differential privacy and the development of techniques for achieving it, concluding with a new negative result having implications related to participation in multiple, independently operated, differentially private databases.
Synthesis and Thermoelectric Properties of Bi2S3 Nanobeads

Bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3), a direct band gap material with Eg ≅ 1.3 eV, attracts high interest in thermoelectric investigations. In this work, nanometer-sized bismuth sulfide with unique morphology has been successfully prepared by a precipitation between bismuth 2-ethylhexanoate and thioacetamide in high-temperature organic solution with presence of proper capping/ stabilizing agents. By employing this technique, we are able to produce nanobeads of bismuth sulfide with an aspect ratio of ~ 5, typically ~10 nm wide and ~50 nm long according to the TEM observation. Characterization of XRD and TEM/HRTEM reveals that the as-prepared particles exist in single orthorhombic phase and possess high crystallinity. The composite ratio between Bi and S can be adjusted by varying the ratio between two precursors and was determined by using EDS (TEM) technique. Thermoelectric properties of these bismuth sulfide nanobeads were also investigated and will be discussed comparatively with those from commercial bulk materials.
Abnormalities of serum monoamine oxidase in chronic liver disease

Abstract Serum levels of monoamine oxidase were determined in 119 adults with acute and chronic liver disease. Elevated enzyme levels were found in patients with Laennec's cirrhosis, postnecrotic cirrhosis, and massive neoplastic replacement of the liver, but not during the acute phases of hepatitis or extrahepatic biliary obstruction. The increased enzyme activity could not be ascribed to hepatocellular necrosis or dysfunction. Positive correlations were found between increased enzyme activity and signs of portal hypertension and portal-systemic collateral circulation. Increased enzyme activity was most closely associated with hepatic fibrosis and "sinusoidal" hypertension.
Evidence-Based Case Studies in Osteoporosis

Significant advances have been made in the care of the patient with osteoporosis in the last decade. Anti-fracture regimens have been tested in rigorous randomizedcontrolled trials (RCTs) and evidence supports several therapeutic options. The burden of fractures in the United States is high and accounts for over $14 billion in annual direct medical costs (1). It is estimated that a white woman at age 50 in the United States has a 17% chance of sustaining a hip fracture and 32% chance of a vertebral fracture in her lifetime (2,3). In the year following a hip fracture, mortality rates have been reported as high as 20–24% (4,5), whereas up to 50% of patients are unable to walk without assistance and 33% are totally dependent or in a nursing home (4,6,7). Despite the evidence for anti-fracture efficacy of multiple therapeutic regimens, it is alarming that reports find the majority of women and men with a recent hip or wrist fracture were not getting appropriate therapy (8, 9, 10). The challenge is to ensure that those most in need of diagnosis or therapy are obtaining adequate care.
On-Line Scheduling of Real-Time Services for Cloud Computing

In this paper, we introduce a novel utility accrual scheduling algorithm for real-time cloud computing services. The real-time tasks are scheduled non-preemptively with the objective to maximize the total utility. The most unique characteristic of our approach is that, different from the traditional utility accrual approach that works under one single time utility function (TUF), we have two different TUFs--a profit TUF and a penalty TUF--associated with each task at the same time, to model the real-time applications for cloud computing that need not only to reward the early completions but also to penalize the abortions or deadline misses of real-time tasks. Our experimental results show that our proposed algorithm can significantly outperform the traditional scheduling algorithms such as the Earliest Deadline First (EDF), the traditional utility accrual scheduling algorithm and an early scheduling approach based on the similar model.
Hydroxyl chain formation on the Cu(110) surface: Watching water dissociation

The formation of hydroxyl chains from water dissociation on the Cu(110) surface has been studied by using a combination of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), electron stimulated desorption ion angular distribution (ESDIAD), temperature programmed desorption (TPD), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Annealing the D2O-covered surface to a temperature of ∼200 K leads to desorption of D2O molecules and produces a zigzag structure due to adsorbed OD groups with a periodicity of 5 A along the direction in the STM image. Coadsorption of O2 promotes the water dissociation reaction and produces hydroxyl chains with much higher coverage. ESDIAD measurements show a two-beam pattern consistent with OD(a) species inclined ∼40° with respect to the surface normal and orientated along the azimuth. The calculations reveal the existence of stable chain structures comprised solely of hydroxyl groups as well as of interacting water and hydroxyl groups that are consistent with the observed STM image.
New england prototype network demonstration project in breast cancer

An evaluation of the data form the New England Breast Demonstration Network Projects suggests that not all patients are receiving optimum evaluation and treatment. Breast self examination and screening have been neglected, particularly in the group in which it would be the most effective. The major question raised by this data is the manner in which the transfer of this information will be accomplished at the community level. It is not clear how this or any other demonstration project will assure that modern management approaches will improve the quality of survival and increase longevity. The Executive Committee of the New England Demonstration Project, as a result of an analysis of the data, has increased the efforts to provide appropriate screening and has established both professional and public education programs, particularly in the area of breast self examination. Each hospital has been encouraged to review the performance of its staff relative to the guidelines adopted by each institution. Many hospitals are now engaged in a medical audit and the network data provide the basis for analysis of present methods of evaluation and treatment and suggestions for improvement. It would be reasonable to assume that analysis of data from other demonstration projects will reflect similar deficiencies in cancer management. Appropriate corrective measures based upon these findings could insure that all patients have access to modern cancer management.
Renal interactions between norepinephrine and calcium antagonists

The combined action of norepinephrine and calcium antagonists on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of isolated rat kidneys perfused at a constant pressure of 105 mm Hg was studied. Norepinephrine, 74 +/- 9 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM), increased the renal vascular resistance (RVR) by 50% and GFR declined by 88% (P less than 0.001). The subsequent addition of either diltiazem or verapamil (5 microM) returned RVR nearly to control and increased the GFR by an average of 86% over control (P = 0.007). Diltiazem or verapamil alone had little effect on RVR or GFR. Norepinephrine (20 ng/ml) did not affect RVR or GFR. In the presence of diltiazem, norepinephrine (20 ng/ml) again did not affect RVR but increased GFR by 58% (P = 0.003). With a low-calcium perfusate containing 0.4 mM total calcium, norepinephrine (90 ng/ml) did not affect RVR or GFR. Increasing perfusate norepinephrine to 236 +/- 8 ng/ml elicited a 50% increase in RVR, and GFR decreased by 95% (P less than 0.001). The subsequent addition of verapamil increased GFR to 2.8 times the original baseline value (P = 0.011) and restored RVR to control levels. These data suggest that diltiazem and verapamil block the vasoconstrictor action of norepinephrine on afferent arterioles selectively. Renal vascular sensitivity to norepinephrine decreases markedly either when the extracellular calcium concentration is reduced or in the presence of a calcium antagonist. However, a low-calcium perfusate does not mimic the property of calcium antagonists to facilitate an increase in GFR in the presence of norepinephrine.
Optical Molecular Imaging of Multiple Biomarkers of Epithelial Neoplasia: Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Expression and Metabolic Activity in Oral Mucosa

Biomarkers of cancer can indicate the presence of disease and serve as therapeutic targets. Our goal is to develop an optical imaging approach using molecularly targeted contrast agents to assess several centimeters of mucosal surface for mapping expression of multiple biomarkers simultaneously with high spatial resolution. The ability to image biomarker expression level and heterogeneity in vivo would be extremely useful for clinical cancer research, patient selection of personalized medicine, and monitoring therapy. In this proof-of-concept ex vivo study, we examined correlation of neoplasia with two clinically relevant biomarkers: epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and metabolic activity. Two hundred eighty-six unique locations in nine samples of freshly resected oral mucosa were imaged after topically applying optical imaging agents EGF-Alexa 647 (to target EGFR) and 2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose (to target metabolic activity). Quantitative features were calculated from resulting fluorescence images and compared with tissue histopathology maps. The EGF-Alexa 647 signal correlated well with EGFR expression as indicated by immunohistochemistry. A classification algorithm for presence of neoplasia based on the signal from both contrast agents resulted in an area under the curve of 0.83. Regions with a posterior probability from 0.80 to 1.00 contained more than 50% neoplasia 99% (84/85) of the time. This study demonstrates a proof-of-concept of how noninvasive optical imaging can be used as a tool to study expression levels of multiple biomarkers and their heterogeneity across a large mucosal surface and how biomarker characteristics correlate with presence of neoplasia. Applications of this approach include predicting regions with the highest likelihood of disease, elucidating the role of biomarker heterogeneity in cancer biology, and identifying patients who will respond to targeted therapy.
A Theory of Government Formation

This article presents a theory of the size and party composition of cabinet governments in multiparty democracies. The object of the theory is to improve our understanding of the causal linkages that exist between the choices politicians perceive and the historically determined political and social structures that give meaning to these perceptions and lead politicians repeatedly to make essentially the same choices. A typology of multiparty democracies is employed to capture the decisive political and social structures that give meaning to these perceptions. The structural attributes, in conjunction with a constellation of bargaining relationships, lead to predictable government formation outcomes.
Molecular Ultrasound Imaging of Tissue Inflammation Using an Animal Model of Acute Kidney Injury.

Purpose The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of molecular ultrasound (US) imaging for monitoring the early inflammatory effects following acute kidney injury.
Corrosion resistance and in vitro response of laser-deposited Ti-Nb-Zr-Ta alloys for orthopedic implant applications.

While direct metal deposition of metallic powders, via laser deposition, to form near-net shape orthopedic implants is an upcoming and highly promising technology, the corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of such novel metallic biomaterials is relatively unknown and warrants careful investigation. This article presents the results of some initial studies on the corrosion resistance and in vitro response of laser-deposited Ti-Nb-Zr-Ta alloys. These new generation beta titanium alloys are promising due to their low elastic modulus as well as due the fact that they comprise of completely biocompatible alloying elements. The results indicate that the corrosion resistance of these laser-deposited alloys is comparable and in some cases even better than the currently used commercially-pure (CP) titanium (Grade 2) and Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloys. The in vitro studies indicate that the Ti-Nb-Zr-Ta alloys exhibit comparable cell proliferation but enhanced cell differentiation properties as compared with Ti-6Al-4V ELI. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
The Schottky barrier of Co on strained and unstrained SixGe1−x alloys

Abstract In this study, metal films of Co were deposited in situ on strained and unstrained Si x Ge 1− x alloys, and the Schottky barrier ( E F - E V ) was determined by angle resolved ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (ARUPS). Measurements were obtained as a function of Ge composition. Strained and unstrained epitaxial Si x Ge 1− x alloys were grown on Si(100) wafers using electron beam evaporation in an ultra-high vacuum molecular beam epitaxy (UHV MBE) chamber. The ARUPS experiments were performed to measure the Schottky barrier heights of Co on a series of Si x Ge 1− x alloys, and to observe the surface states. The surface states of clean Si x Ge 1− x alloys were observed and were extinguished as Co thickness increased to ∼0.4 A. The p-type Schottky barrier of Co on Si was found to be 0.52 eV. The measured barrier heights of Co on strained Si x Ge 1− x alloys ranged from 0.33 eV to 0.46 eV as x increased from 0.40 to 0.80. The Schottky barrier of Co on unstrained Si x Ge 1− x alloys ranged from 0.23 eV to 0.41 eV as x increased from 0 to 0.60. In fact, the p-type Schottky barrier was essentially identical for strained and unstrained Si x Ge 1− x alloys of the same concentration. This indicates that the n-type Schottky barrier is substantially different for strained and unstrained alloys. ARUPS was also conducted to measure the electron affinities of the series of Si x Ge 1− x alloys and the work function of Co. The results show that the barrier does not follow the work function model.
"Packaging" of fetal hemoglobin in sickle cell anemia.

In this issue of Blood , Steinberg et al describe the clinical importance of the distribution or “packaging” of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) within erythrocytes of persons with sickle cell anemia.[1][1] ![Figure][2] Disease phenotype depends on how HbF is packaged in HbS-containing
Instability of Non-Zonal Baroclinic Flows

Linear instabilities have been found for tropospheric flows consisting of a mean zonal component and a tilted, forced, stationary wave. The eigensolutions of maximum growth rate provide an adequate explanation of the location and structure of regions of maximum bandpass transient activity (storm tracks). The study also highlights the importance of adequate resolution in models involving first-order coupling mechanisms, such as a standing wave. It identifies the curvature of the mean state as a possibly significant factor in determining the 'baroclinicity' of a region.
Life Satisfaction Among Rural Low-Income Mothers: The Influence of Health, Human, Personal, and Social Capital

The satisfaction with life among rural low-income mothers was assessed using a sample of 163 mothers who participated in a multi-state, three-year longitudinal study. Dependent variables included those that represented various forms of capital (health, human, personal and social) as well as the mothers’ levels of life satisfaction from prior years. Nearly two-thirds of the rural mothers were satisfied with their life in all three years. Their level of satisfaction appeared to be constant, however, such persistence had a time frame of only one year. The variables that affected their satisfaction with life were symptoms of risk of depression (health capital) and income adequacy (personal capital). These findings provide important insight on a marginalized, yet often overlooked, population.
Limiting Resolution in an Image-Orthicon-Type Pickup Tube

An analysis is made of some of the factors which limit resolution in a television pickup tube of the image-orthicon type. Particular attention is given to effects of the glass-target characteristics and to departure from perfect focus in the image section, resulting from electron-emission velocities. It is shown that, as the width of lines in a resolution pattern is reduced, the signal generated tends to take the form of a small periodic modulation superimposed on a constant signal. This gives, in the reproduced image, a gradual reduction in contrast. A quantitative determination of limiting resolution, expressed as a number of lines, depends upon a physiological evaluation, not as yet available, of the minimum contrast in the reproduced image which will permit the pattern to be recognized as having a multiplicity of separate lines rather than a continuous blur. The general effects of target thickness and of color of incident light discussed herein have been confirmed experimentally.
Diffusion of H through Pd membranes: Effects of non-ideality

Abstract H diffusion constants, DH, have been obtained from steady-state fluxes through Pd membranes with the downstream side maintained at p H 2 ≈ 0. Good linearity of plots of H flux versus (1/d), where d is the thickness, attests to H permeation being bulk diffusion controlled in this temperature (423–523 K) and p H 2 range (≤0.2 MPa). DH values have been determined at constant pup and also at constant H content. H fluxes through Pd membranes with three different surface treatments have been investigated (polished (unoxidized), oxidized and palladized) in order to determine the effects of these pre-treatments. The palladized and oxidized membranes give similar DH values but the polished membranes give values about 12% lower. For diffusion in a concentration gradient J = − D H ∗ (cH/RT)(dμH/dx) is the proper equation for the flux, where cH is the H concentration, rather than Fick's first law, J = −DH(dcH/dx), where DH and D H ∗ are the concentration-dependent and -independent diffusion constants. D H ∗ can be obtained from DH using the thermodynamic factor, D H ( c H ) = D H ∗ ( ∂ ln p H 2 1 / 2 / ∂ ln c H ) T = D H ∗ f ( c H ) . In the commonly employed situation, where there is a large difference in concentrations between the upstream and downstream sides of a membrane, the thermodynamic factor varies with distance through the membrane and this should be allowed for in obtaining D H ∗ . Procedures are given and utilized to determine D H ∗ from DH(cH) when there is a large concentration gradient through the membrane. Activation energies for diffusion, ED(cH), have been determined. ED is found to increase with cH, which is attributed to the thermodynamic factor.
Lectin-resistant cell surface variants of eukaryotic cells

Cytotoxic lectins are proteins that bind oligosaccharides on mammalian cell surfaces and kill the cells. Variants have been selected from established cell lines which are resistant to such lectins. These variants are aiding our understanding of the biological role and mode of assembly of cell surface oligosaccharides.
Tje spherically averaged structures of cowpea mosaic virus components by X-ray solution scattering

Abstract The X-ray diffraction patterns of the four components of cowpea mosaic virus isolated from a cesium chloride gradient were measured, using film methods, to 30 A resolution. Diffraction patterns were analyzed by fitting computed two-shell spherical models to the observed data. The fitting procedure was applied to data to 80 A resolution to avoid the nonspherical contribution to the pattern observed at higher resolution. At pH 7.0 all four components displayed the same external spherically averaged radius of 140 ±2 A. The lowest density component (top), which contains no RNA, was best modeled by an empty shell with an outer radius of 140 A and an inner radius of 101 ± 3 A. The middle component, containing 27% RNA by weight, was modeled with a uniform electron density sphere. The bottom upper and bottom lower components, which are biologically identical but display different buoyant densities in cesium chloride solutions, were analyzed independently. The bottom upper component was best modeled with a 101 A inner (RNA containing) sphere of mean electron density 0.453 e − /A 3 and a 101 to 140 A outer (protein containing) shell of electron density 0.410 e − /A 3 . The bottom lower component was fit with the same model except that the RNA containing region displayed a mean electron density of 0.459 e − /A 3 . The implications of the spherically averaged component structures for the protein structure, RNA and protein hydration, and cesium binding to RNA are discussed.
The millimeter and submillimeter rotational spectrum of 1,3-dihydroxyacetone

Recent detection of the 2C sugar glycolaldehyde in the Sgr B2(N-LMH) hot core source as well as the presence of several sugars and other polyhydroxylated species in the Murchison meteorite have led to interest in observational searches for higher order sugars in the interstellar medium. 1,3-Dihydroxyacetone, the simplest 3C sugar, is one of the species detected in Murchison and is of considerable importance for observational searches as the next step in complexity for interstellar sugars. However, little spectroscopic information is available for this molecule. We present here the Doppler-limited rotational spectrum of 1,3-dihyroxyacetone to 450 GHz. Assignments include the ground state up to J=104 and four additional vibrational states. Standard rotational and quartic centrifugal distortion constants have been determined for each of these states.
Phase II study of esorubicin (4′-deoxydoxorubicin) in advanced or metastatic squamous carcinoma of the uterine cervix: A Gynecologic Oncology Group study

Twenty-eight patients with advanced, measurable squamous carcinoma of the uterine cervix were treated with 62 courses of esorubicin at doses ranging from 20–35 mg/m2 every three weeks. All patients were evaluable for response and toxicity. All patients had received prior therapy including radiation therapy in 28, chemotherapy in 23, and surgery in 11. All patients were Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) performance status 0, 1 or 2. There were no responses seen. Severe (grade 3 or 4) leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia were seen in 13, 3, and 9 patients, respectively. Gastrointestinal toxicity as well as alopecia were the other adverse effects. Mucositis and phlebitis were not seen. Neither clinical congestive cardiomyopathy nor decrement in left ventricular ejection fraction was observed. Lack of response in association with moderate toxicity using this dose and schedule of esorubicin in squamous carcinoma of the cervix previously treated with chemotherapy makes further study as a salvage agent unwarranted.
Do Overweight and Obese Individuals Select a “Moderate Intensity” Workload When Asked to Do So?

The purpose of this study was (1) to determine if overweight/obese individuals (age 26–50 y) would self-select moderate exercise intensity when asked to do so and (2) to determine how this self-selected workload compared to exercising at a workload (60% peak aerobic capacity) that is known to provide cardioprotective health benefits. Oxygen consumption (VO 2) and energy expenditure were measured in 33 men/women ( B M I ≥ 2 7 kg/m 2) who completed two 30 min walking bouts: (1) self-selected walking pace on an indoor track and (2) prescribed exercise pace (60% VO 2 peak) on a treadmill. The data revealed that (1) the prescribed intensity was 6% higher than the self-selected pace and elicited a higher energy expenditure ( 𝑃 0 . 0 5 ) than the self-selected pace (+83 kJ); (2) overweight subjects walked at a slightly lower percentage of VO 2 peak than the obese subjects ( 𝑃 0 . 0 5 ); (3) men walked at a lower percentage of VO 2 peak than the women ( 𝑃 0 . 0 5 ). In conclusion when asked to walk at a moderate intensity, overweight/obese individuals tended to select a lower workload in the “moderate intensity” range which could be maintained for 30 min; however, a higher intensity which would be more cardioprotective could not be maintained for 30 min by most individuals.
Phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein tau on Ser 262 by an embryonic 100 kDa protein kinase.

Abstract This study examined the phosphorylation of tau on Ser 262, within the first microtubule-binding domain, by a developmentally regulated 100 kDa protein kinase exhibiting significantly greater activity in the embryonic rat brain than in the adult rat brain. This protein kinase co-purified with microtubules and co-immunoprecipitated with both tau and MAP-2. In addition to phosphorylating tau, MAP-2, and a Ser 262-containing peptide, the present protein kinase activity was shown to autophosphorylate as determined by the in-gel kinase assay in the absence of any protein or peptide polymerized into the matrix. Phosphorylation of tau with this protein kinase significantly reduced the tau–microtubule interaction, and the effect was significantly greater with microtubule-associated protein (MAP) preparations from embryonic brain than with preparations from the adult. Ser 262 is phosphorylated extensively in paired helical filament (PHF) tau from Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain, to a lesser extent in fetal tau, and only to a very minor extent in biopsy-derived human tau. Because the 100 kDa protein kinase activity phosphorylates Ser 262 and is higher in the fetal brain than the adult brain, it is hypothesized that an inappropriate re-expression and/or re-activation of this or a similar developmentally regulated protein kinase could contribute to the phosphorylation of Ser 262 in PHF-tau, and thus play a role in the pathogenesis of AD.
The Insignificance of Null Hypothesis Significance Testing

The current method of hypothesis testing in the social sciences is under intense criticism, yet most political scientists are unaware of the important issues being raised. Criticisms focus on the c...
Advanced modeling of packaged RF MEMS switches and its application on tunable filter implementation

This paper presents advanced modeling of a packaged RF MEMS switch considering the effect of packaging, mounting pad and bond-wires. The importance of the switch advanced model for accurate prediction of tunable filter response is also investigated for three different types of RF MEMS tunable filters; a lumped element 25–75 MHz tunable filter, an inductively-loaded microstrip 1.06–1.23 GHz tunable filer and a surface-integrated-waveguide 1.8–2.3 GHz tunable filter.
Surface modification of yttria-stabilized zirconia electrolyte by atomic layer deposition.

Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte membranes were surface modified by adding a 1 nm thin, high-yttria concentration YSZ film with the help of atomic layer deposition. The addition of the 1 nm film led to an increase of the maximum power density of a low-temperature solid oxide fuel cell (LT-SOFC) by a factor of 1.50 at 400 °C. The enhanced performance can be attributed to an increased oxide ion incorporation rate on the surface of the modified electrolyte.
Echo Detection and Target-Ranging Neurons in the Auditory System of the Bat Eptesicus fuscus

Some of the neurons in the nucleus intercollicularis and auditory cortex of the echolocating bat Eptesicus fuscus respond selectively to sonar echoes occurring with specific echo delays or pulse-echo intervals. They do not respond for a wide range of other types of sounds or for sonar echoes at longer or shorter pulse-echo intervals; they may, therefore, be specialized for detection and ranging of sonar targets.
Functional group analysis of interferometric data from gas chromatography fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

A method is presented for the direct analysis of interferometric data from gas chromatography Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (GC/FTIR). A synthetic interferogram is initially produced which represents the characteristic absorption features of a particular functional group or compound class. A zero displacement correlation is performed between this test interferogram and each sample interferogram from the GC data. The presence of the desired functionality in the GC effluent is indicated by a small value of the resulting cumulative sum. A "correlogram" which emulates the response from a chemically specific GC detector is obtained by plotting the cumulative sum from each sample correlation. Synthetic interferograms representing infrared absorption bands which are truly specific for a particular functionality yield the best results.
Hidden Error Variance Theory. Part I: Exposition and Analytic Model

AbstractA conundrum of predictability research is that while the prediction of flow-dependent error distributions is one of its main foci, chaos fundamentally hides flow-dependent forecast error distributions from empirical observation. Empirical estimation of such error distributions requires a large sample of error realizations given the same flow-dependent conditions. However, chaotic elements of the flow and the observing network make it impossible to collect a large enough conditioned error sample to empirically define such distributions and their variance. Such conditional variances are “hidden.” Here, an exposition of the problem is developed from an ensemble Kalman filter data assimilation system applied to a 10-variable nonlinear chaotic model and 25 000 replicate models. The 25 000 replicates reveal the error variances that would otherwise be hidden. It is found that the inverse-gamma distribution accurately approximates the posterior distribution of conditional error variances given an imperfec...
High energy focused ion beam lithography using P-beam writing

Abstract The term “P-beam writing” is used to describe the technique of using focused high energy proton microbeams for micro or nanofabrication applications. The P-beam technique can be used to rapidly fabricate three-dimensional, high aspect ratio microstructures in a variety of materials without the use of masks and it is proving to be a versatile lithographic method. Recent developments in the application P-beam writing of microstructures at the Louisiana Accelerator Center are presented.
Black San Francisco: The Struggle for Racial Equality in the West, 1900-1954

By 1867 black San Franciscans had gained access to public transportation. In 1869 they were granted the right to vote by the state of California. In 1875 they fought for desegregated schools and won. Yet in 1957, Willie Mays was initially denied the opportunity to purchase a home in an exclusive San Francisco neighborhood because he was black. "In Black San Francisco," Albert Broussard explores race relations in a city where whites, for the most part, were outwardly civil to blacks while denying them employment opportunities and political power. Understanding the texture of the racial caste system, he argues, is critical to understanding why blacks made so little progress in employment, housing, and politics despite the absence of segregation laws. When it came to racial equality in the early twentieth century, Broussard argues, the liberal progressive image of San Francisco was largely a facade. Illustrating how black San Franciscans struggled to achieve equality in the same manner as their counterparts in the Midwest and East, he challenges the rhetoric of progress and opportunity with evidence of the reality of inequality for black San Franciscans. "Black San Francisco" is considerably broader in scope than any previous study of African-Americans in the West. It provides extensive coverage of the city's black community during the Great Depression and the New Deal, details civil rights activities from 1915 to 1954, and provides extensive biographical material on local black leaders. In his reconstruction of the plight of San Francisco's black citizens, Broussard reveals a population that, despite its small size before 1940, did not accept second-class citizenship passively yet remained nonviolent into the 1960s. He also shows how World War II was a watershed for Black San Francisco, bringing thousands of southern migrants to the bay area to work in the war industries. These migrants, in tandem with native black residents, formed coalitions with white liberals to attack racial inequality more vigorously and successfully than at any previous time in San Francisco's history.
Children's participation in household labor: Child socialization versus the need for household labor.

Despite the scarcity of studies of children's participation in housework, it has been established that children contribute a significant amount of total household labor. However, research on why some children contribute more than others has yielded ambiguous results. Using data from the National Survey of Families and Households(J. A. Sweet, L. Bumpus, and V. Call [1988], working paper NSFH-1, Center for Demography and Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison), this study tests two competing theories of children's labor participation. The first, dealing with child socialization,proposes that parents assign household chores to children as a socializing experience (e.g., to promote responsibility). The second posits that children are used as a labor source whenever structural constraints prevent adults from performing the necessary chores, and alter the demand for household labor.The results indicate that children average 7 hours of housework per week, representing 12% of all household labor. Both theories receive support, yet the pragmatic aspects of households (e.g., adult labor force participation) receive greater confirmation.
Potential errors due to aliasing in digital video analysis of quantitative autoradiography

Digital image analysis of quantitative autoradiographic (QAR) films is widely used in neuroscience applications. Unless proper precautions are taken when autoradiographic images are converted to digital form they can be inadvertently modified by improper application of the sampling process. This type of modification is termed aliasing error and can cause nonexistent structures to appear in the reconstructed digital image, changing the apparent optical density values of the data. The theoretical basis of aliasing error is presented, along with examples of aliasing from optical resolution test patterns and 2-deoxy[14C]glucose (2-DG) experimental QAR images. We show that aliasing can change the apparent shape of structures, as well as the derived values obtained from QAR experiments. In an example with experimental 2-DG images, aliasing in the cerebellar cortex consistently underestimates tissue radioactivity levels in gray matter (P < 0.001) and overestimates levels in adjacent white matter (P < 0.001). Additional data transformations, such as the equations used for blood flow or glucose utilization, can, somewhat unpredictably, accentuate the errors introduced by aliasing. We present a discussion of the autoradiographic image features and electronics design that play a role in introducing aliasing errors and means by which aliasing can be recognized and minimized.
Objective and Social Factors as Determinants of Task Perceptions and Responses: An Integrated Perspective and Empirical Investigation

The purpose of this study was to test the merits of an integrated perspective derived from the job characteristics and social information processing models of task design. We conducted a complex la...