cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Federal Institutions and Multinational Investors: Federalism, Government Credibility, and Foreign Direct Investment

Political risk is an important factor in the decision to invest abroad. While the investment potential might be lucrative, there is always the risk that the host government will expropriate the profits and assets of the foreign investor. Political institutions, however, can serve as constraints on the actions of political actors in the host country. We argue that federal structures lower political risk. Joint-reputational accountability in overlapping political jurisdictions increases the likelihood that investment contracts will be honored. Empirical analyses of cross-sectional time-series data for 115 countries, from 1975–1995, are used to study how political institutions affect foreign direct investment (FDI) flows. After controlling for the effect of relevant economic and political variables, we find that both democratic and federal institutions help attract FDI, although the additive effect of democracy and federalism is small. This is not surprising; democratic systems already have low political ris...
A ratio estimator of the total of a subpopulation

If the total of an auxiliary variable is known for an entire population but is unknown for some subpopulation, the usual estimator of the total of the primary variable for the subpopulation is the ratio estimator that uses the auxiliary total for the entire population. This article proposes a ratio estimator that uses an estimator of the auxiliary total over the subpopulation as suggested by Kish (1967, p. 438). Under some conditions, it is shown that the latter estimator is unbiased and has smaller variance than the former estimator in large simple random samples.
Upper Mesozoic flysch of Tierra del Fuego and South Georgia Island: A sedimentologic approach to lithosphere plate restoration

The South Georgia Island segment of the North Scoria Ridge is interpreted as having once been adjacent to Tierra del Fuego, South America. The upper Mesozoic graywackes, mudstones, and tuffs of South Georgia (Cumberland Bay and Sandebugten strata) and Tierra del Fuego (Yahgan Formation and Tekenika Beds) are the infill of a marginal basin that formed between the South American continent and an active calc-alkalic arc. The former arc site is now occupied by the Patagonian batholith; ophiolites represent the former basin sea floor. Sediment gravity flow fabrics, sedimentary structures, and bedding styles and relatively deep-water trace fossils ( Phycosiphon , Helminthopsis , Taenidium , Zoophycos , Chondrites , Scalarituba ?, Lophoctenium ?) indicate deposition on submarine fans. Paleocurrent and petrographic analyses indicate bilateral infilling of the basin. The only known possible sources for the Sandebugten sandstones are silicic volcanic and interbedded sedimentary rocks of the Jurassic Tobifera Formation of South America; this evidence indicates former juxtapositioning of South Georgia and Tierra del Fuego. The Sandebugten-type sandstones and the Jurassic volcanic rocks have abundant quartz and plagioclase, uncommon potassic feldspar, and essentially no pyroxene and amphibole. Lithic fragments in these sandstones have identical counterparts in the Jurassic volcanic and sedimentary rocks. The Yahgan and Cumberland Bay clastic rocks were eroded chiefly from calc-alkalic volcanic rocks positioned south of their depositional areas. The latter sandstones are made up dominantly of andesite and dacite tuff and flow fragments. Plagioclase is common; quartz, ferromagnesian minerals, and mafic volcanic fragments are uncommon. Basin closure and deformation occurred during the Late Cretaceous Andean orogeny when the rocks were metamorphosed to prehnite-pumpellyite grade. South Georgia was translated relatively eastward, probably as the result of collision of the Drake Passage spreading zone with the continent during Oligocene to Miocene time.
Primary structure of yeast cytochrome c peroxidase: II. The complete amino acid sequence☆☆☆

Abstract The complete amino acid sequence of 293 residues in the single polypeptide chain of yeast cytochrome c peroxidase has been determined. Sequence analyses were performed on fragments obtained by cleavage with cyanogen bromide and by tryptic digestion of citraconylated protein. These fragments were aligned with sequential and compositional data as well as those obtained with intact protein, tryptic, and chymotryptic peptides (Takio and Yonetani, 1980, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 203 , 605–614). Residues critical for catalysis by the enzyme were identified as arginine 48, tryptophan 51, histidine 52, and histidine 174 by fitting the sequence to the electron density map derived by others. Sequence comparison with other proteins show limited homology with horseradish peroxidase and myoglobin.
Comparison of thyrotropin-releasing hormone with melanocyte-stimulating-hormone-release-inhibiting factor as pentobarbital antagonists in monkeys.

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), 0.1 mg/kg, i.m., significantly counteracted pentobarbital narcosis in six monkeys, but melanocyte-stimulating-hormone-release-inhibiting factor (MIF), 0.1 mg/kg i.m., did not. Earlier dose-response studies in unanesthetized monkeys had shown that this dose of MIF stimulated motor activity; this dose of TRH had shown no stimulant effect, but a higher dose depressed activity. Thus, an MIF dose that stimulates unanesthetized monkeys does not reverse pentobarbital narcosis; a TRH dose that by itself is neither stimulant nor depressant does partially reverse pentobarbital narcosis.
Sex-role differences in time use

Analysis of how men and women spend their time reveals much about patterns of underlying sex-role relationships. This article examines national sample data on time use by men and women in order to determine systematic sex differences in the division of work and leisure in society. Particular attention is directed to how time-use patterns shift as both paid work and marital and family burdens are added to the woman's role. To determine time use, subjects kept diaries of their activities for a particular day. In addition, attitude questions about time use were also analyzed. Paid employment was found to constrain the free time of women far more than any other single role factor, including marriage and parenthood. Consequently, employed married women have significantly less free time than do employed men or women not in the labor force. While the free time of a married woman with children decreases when she becomes employed, a husband's free time may actually increase with his wife's employment. Nevertheless, few women indicated that they would like more help with housework and child care from their husbands. Several explanations for women's resistance to more male help are examined. Implications of these results for the career development of employed women and for future changes in marital role relationships are discussed.
The cost of commercializing energy inventions

Abstract Inadequate financing is a common cause of failure among inventors and entrepreneurs striving to bring new energy technologies onto the market. This paper describes the cost of commercializing energy inventions and sources of funds used by successful entrepreneurs, based on data from the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy-Related Inventions Program (ERIP). On average, it has taken several years of work and $1.1 million for an ERIP technology to enter the market. Personal sources of funding play an important role throughout the development process, while external investors are practically invisible until the technologies are into mature stages of prototype development. The role for pre-venture government programs is clearly indicated from these findings, and is discussed.
Another look at tax policy and state economic growth: The long-run and short-run of it

I use a spatial Durbin model to estimate the effects of taxes on state economic growth. Results indicate that taxes have negative short-run and long-run own-state and spatial spillover effects on state growth.
Coherent transient optical pulse-shape storage/recall using frequency-swept excitation pulses.

We demonstrate that frequency-chirped laser excitation pulses may be employed to generate coherent transient signals possessing the same temporal profile as a particular excitation pulse. In comparison with the short, fixed-frequency pulses used in previous studies of this effect, chirped pulses can be temporally longer, of lower intensity, and hence easier to generate. The experiment was performed on the 555.6-nm transition of vapor-phase atomic ytterbium, and pulse-shape information was stored in a coherence between excited-state Zeeman levels. A simple theoretical analysis of our results is presented.
The child who coughs

Cough is a common symptom for children seeking medical attention. Although the cause of cough varies with age, its main cause in all childhood age groups is the common cold. A complete history and physical examination will determine the cause in most cases; associated symptoms also are quite useful in assessment of cough. Occasionally, additional laboratory evaluation is necessary to determine the cause of cough. When not self-limited, cough requires special attention, and certain kinds of cough require immediate medical attention. This review discusses clinical clues to the cause of cough and outlines its evaluation and treatment.
Development of scaling requirements for natural convection liquid-metal fast breeder reactor shutdown heat removal test facilities

This paper summarizes similitude requirements for liquid-metal fast breeder reactor natural convection shutdown heat removal test facilities. It is generally not possible under natural circulation ...
Design of nano-gap piezoelectric resonators for mechanical RF magnetic field modulation

Abstract Novel piezoelectric MEMS resonators with magnetic shielding have been developed to mechanically generate RF magnetic fields in the megahertz frequency range from static magnetic fields. Thermally evaporated thin film nickel iron (NiFe) (10–20 nm) was deposited with a saturation flux density of 0.5 T, coercivity of 500 A/m and a high relative permeability of 3.7 × 10 3 . Aluminum nitride (AlN) resonators developed for high frequency operation, resonate in a contour mode to increase and decrease a gap surrounding the resonator. This gap, 200–350 nm, is formed using an amorphous silicon sidewall deposition as a sacrificial spacer. Resonators with frequencies up to 60 MHz have been fabricated and tested with design improvements to increase planarity.
AUTHORS AS MARKERS OF INTELLECTUAL SPACE: CO‐CITATION IN STUDIES OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

Interrelations of writings in a complex field such as studies of science, technology and society, turn out to be highly patterned when data on author co‐citations are statistically analysed and mapped. For both authors and specialities, the maps reveal structures of subject matter and intellectual impact, based on the perceptions of hundreds of citers since 1972. A new tool thus is available to historians and others concerned with a field's intellectual development.
Thermomechanical Analysis of Elastoplastic Bodies in a Sliding Spherical Contact and the Effects of Sliding Speed, Heat Partition, and Thermal Softening

A thermomechanical analysis of elasto-plastic bodies is a necessary step toward the understanding of tribological behaviors of machine components subjected to both mechanical loading and frictional heating. A three-dimensional thermoelastoplastic contact model for counterformal bodies has been developed, which takes into account steady state heat flux, temperature-dependent strain hardening behavior, and interaction of mechanical and thermal loads. The fast Fourier transform and conjugate gradient. method are the underlying numerical algorithms used in this model. Sliding of a half-space over a stationary sphere is simulated with this model. The friction-induced heat is partitioned into two bodies based on surface temperature distributions. In the simulation, the sphere is considered to be fully thermoelastoplastic, while the half-space is treated to be thermoelastic. Simulation results include surface pressure, temperature rise, and subsurface stress and plastic strain fields. The paper also studies the influences of sliding speed and thermal softening on contact behaviors for sliding speed ranging three orders of magnitude.
Analysis of microstructural fields in heterogeneous piezoelectric solids

Abstract A theory is developed to analyze the internal fields in heterogeneous piezoelectric solids. It is used to derive expressions for mean values and variations of the internal fields due to external loading and eigenfields. The general theory is applicable to both polycrystalline ceramics as well as matrix-based composites. After the general development, the theory is applied to multiphase matrix-based piezoelectric composites, and explicit relations are obtained for two-phase composites. Exact connections are established between the effective thermal properties and the effective electroelastic moduli, and these agree with previous results of Benveniste [3] and Dunn [15] obtained by two different approaches. The stored enthalpy of the heterogeneous solid is also expressed as an explicit function of the effective thermoelectroelastic properties. Finally, to demonstrate the applicability of the theory, numerical results for average fields and field variations are presented for a two-phase composite consisting of continuous piezoelectric fibers embedded in a polymer matrix.
Recent advances in our understanding of sediment-to-water contaminant fluxes: The soluble release fraction

Abstract Flux from the sediment-bed is a key element in chemical fate and transport water quality models used for rivers, lakes, estuaries and coastal oceans. These environmental chemodynamics simulation tools are being used to evaluate the effectiveness of remediating contaminated bed sediments. The options include monitored natural recovery, capping, dredging, in situ treatment and combinations of these. The chemical flux to water based on the particle processes (i.e., resuspension and setting) have traditionally been the focus of attention and it has received much study and re-development in the past decade. The recent availability of large sets of high quality particle and chemical data from several rivers containing poylchlorinated biphenyl compounds has caused a shift in thinking and a re-evaluation of the significance of the soluble release process. This process occurs when water flow conditions are unfavorable for any significant particle re-suspension. The objective of this paper is to demonstrat...
Rumination: the eating disorder of infancy

Rumination is a relatively rare, potentially fatal syndrome in infants. This article reviews the historical and current treatment of rumination. Two cases are presented: a six-month-old who narrowly escaped surgery when the disorder was not recognized, and a complicated case from the neonatology intensive care unit. Environmental changes and enhanced mothering are described as being critical to correction of rumination and appropriate weight gain.
Effect of BAL on survival of rats after lethal doses of polonium.

Summary(1) Control rats injected with a lethal dose of polonium (36 μc/kg) had a median survival time of 22 days, whereas the BAL-treated group had a median survival time of 89 days. (2) Blood studies of control rats showed the typical picture of hemopoietic failure in contrast with well sustained cell and platelet levels found for the BAL-treated group. The difference is believed to be due to a reduced radiation exposure of the spleen and marrow caused by the action of BAL in accelerating excretion and in diverting polonium from the hemopoietic organs into muscle.
Growth, Patterning, and One-Dimensional Electron -Transport Properties of Self-Assembled Ag-TCNQF4 Organic Nanowires

Controllable synthesis approaches for organic nanowires that permit the in situ fabrication of devices will enable future applications in nano-electronics and nano-optoelectronics. Here, the first synthesis of single-crystal silver-tetrafluorotetracyano-p-quinodimethane (Ag-TCNQF4) nanowires is reported. Ag-TCNQF4 is a good charge-transfer complex and nanowires of this organic semiconductor material were deterministically synthesized in a facile vapor-solid process on selected regions through the reaction of TCNQF4 vapor with patterned silver. Use of a growth barrier is shown to control the growth of Ag-TCNQF4 nanowires to horizontal alignment, permitting the reproducible in situ growth of single Ag-TCNQF4 nanowire devices and device arrays between prefabricated electrodes. The single-crystal nanowires are predominantly monoclinic in structure with efficient π-stacking of the TCNQF4 units, leading to a high conductivity along the nanowire. However, the electron-withdrawing fluorine groups on the π-delocal...
SOME DYNAMIC ASPECTS OF THE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

Nuclei of frog oocytes were isolated, fixed in OsO4 or KMnO4, and washed. Nuclear envelopes were then dissected off, placed on grids, and air-dried for electron microscopy. Envelopes from immature oocytes at the stage of beginning yolk deposition were compared with those from mature oocytes. Envelopes from the immature stage had "pores" whose annuli contained more material and showed central globules in the center much more frequently than envelopes from mature eggs. Annuli and central globules had similar appearance and fixation properties, suggesting similar chemical composition. After fixation with KMnO4, residual densities suggested that "pore" diaphragms are much more variable in thickness or composition in the younger stages. Envelopes of the immature oocytes had about 40 per cent more "pores" per unit area than mature envelopes. In crowding together, the "pores" tended to assume geometrical packing arrays in the young envelope, showing minimum center-to-center spacings of about 1530 A. Since the actual discontinuities in the membranes of the envelope are only about 950 A in diameter, this minimum distance of approach suggests that adjacent formations of the nuclear surface are associated with "pore" structure and perhaps set their limiting spacing distances. If this is true, then it can be deduced that "pore"-associated structures of the nuclear surface are probably circular in outline and about 1500 A in diameter. Isotopically labeled lysine was administered to intact, growing oocytes for 1 to 4 hours and the envelopes were subsequently isolated and fixed. Autoradiography of entire envelopes showed little or no incorporation of lysine into proteins, as compared with small fragments from other parts of the cell of roughly comparable mass. It was concluded that the isolated envelope, as seen in the electron micrographs, does not synthesize or turn over lysine-containing protein at a high rate.
Anthropometric analysis of the face in hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia: A family study

Sixteen individuals with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) were compared to normal standards as well as to 16 unaffected family members by using a series of 20 anthropometric measurements of the head and face. Individuals with HED were generally smaller than normal controls or their unaffected relatives. However, this size reduction was not uniform. Instead, it was most evident in the anterior-posterior dimensions of the lower two-thirds of the face, in facial height, and in the size of the ears, nose, and mouth. A stepwise discriminant function analysis indicated that a function constructed from four variables (depth of the lower face, width of the nose, mandibular arc, and total facial height) could accurately classify 96.7% of the 32 individuals in the combined sample of affected and unaffected individuals. These findings demonstrated that the face of individuals with HED is unique and can be useful in its diagnosis. Additional studies are needed to determine if similar-though-less-pronounced facial abnormalities can be used to detect minimally affected gene carriers of this presumably X-linked condition.
Augmentation, not blocking, in an A+/AX+ flavor-conditioning procedure.

An A+/AX+ Pavlovian conditioning design typically produces weakened or blocked conditioning to stimulus X. Two experiments were conducted in which rats first received an odor (A+) paired with an emetic US, and then received odor and taste (AX+) paired with the US. In both experiments, the preconditioned odorfacilitated conditioning to the taste. In Experiment 1, a group that received two odor-illness pairings in A+ conditioning had a stronger taste aversion than a group that only had a single odor-illness pairing. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the strengthened taste aversion in the A+/AX+ condition was not due to stimulus generalization. The results represent a unique outcome in the flavor-aversion literature that is similar to potentiation. We propose that this facilitated conditioning to X in the A+/AX+ design be termedaugmentation.
Derivation of one-dimensional refractive-index profiles from interferograms

A method is presented for the derivation of one-dimensional refractive-index fields from interferograms that may be distorted by light-deflection effects. The technique involves an iterative process that employs closed-form solutions for light propagation through inhomogeneous media and a three-parameter polynomial function to describe the refractive-index field. The method was tested by analyzing the interferograms associated with various refractive-index fields generated by diffusion and convection at a solid–fluid interface. The results show that the derived polynomial refractive-index profiles closely approximate the concentration fields and accurately depict the interfacial refractive index. However, the derived interfacial refractive-index gradient can be in error, because of the limitations of the precision with which the exact location of the interface can be established on an experimental interferogram.
Reply to a comment “on electron tunneling”

Abstract A recent comment criticizing kinetics of electron tunneling reactions appears to be incorrect. The original form, which gives an exponential decrease of trapped electron yield with increasing acceptor concentration, is shown to be valid.
Molecular structural factors in competitive inhibition of sugar transport.

The high potency of phloretin as a competitive inhibitor of the human red cell9s monosaccharide transport system is not shared by any of several molecular fragments of phloretin, but is duplicated in certain artificial estrogens resembling phloretin in respect to the spacing between terminal phenolic —OH groups. Related molecules which are slightly less extendible are comparatively inactive.
Sex Differences in the Use and Effectiveness of Tactics of Impression Management

Sex differences and comparisons of use and effectiveness of 28 impression management tactics were examined for 178 men and 124 women in higher-level positions. Few differences were found despite several exceptions. Women used greeting cards more frequently than men and gave higher effectiveness ratings to warmth and support, making small talk, and avoiding a direct “no” in response to a request. Use and effectiveness ratings were positively related, yet men gave higher effectiveness than use ratings to sending greeting cards and remaining calm under pressure. Women gave higher effectiveness than use ratings to being knowledgeable about a work-related topic and calmness under pressure. Results reinforce the idea that women emphasize interpersonal relationships on the job and also suggest that remaining calm under pressure may represent a developmental need for men and women in higher-level jobs.
Effects of multiple routes of cadmium exposure on the hibernation success of the American toad (Bufo americanus).

The effects of multiple routes of cadmium exposure on juvenile American toads (Bufo americanus) were evaluated using environmentally relevant concentrations. During or after exposure, toads were individually hibernated for 172 days at approximately 4°C. The following experiments were conducted: (1) dermal exposure (hibernation in soil contaminated with up to 120 μg Cd/g (dry weight)); (2) injection exposure (single injection with cadmium to achieve a maximum whole-body nominal concentration of 3 μg Cd/g (wet weight) 12 days before hibernation in uncontaminated soil); and, (3) oral exposure (feeding with mealworms containing ≤16 μg Cd/g (dry weight) for 50 days before hibernation in uncontaminated soil). We hypothesized that sublethal levels of cadmium would become lethal during hibernation because of combined chemical and cold stress. No prehibernation mortality occurred in the injection and oral exposure studies. There was a significant treatment effect on whole-body cadmium concentration in toads orally or dermally exposed and on percent of cadmium retention in toads orally exposed. There was also a trend of increased time-to-burrowing and more toads partially buried with greater cadmium concentration in the dermal study, which indicated avoidance. In all 3 experiments, no significant differences were found among cadmium treatments in hibernation survival, percent of mass loss, or locomotor performance. However, toads fed mealworms averaging 4.7 μg Cd/g (dry weight) had only 56% survival compared with 100% survival for controls. Although our results suggest that environmentally relevant levels of cadmium do not pose a great risk to American toads, factors such as soil type or prey species may increase cadmium bioavailability, and other amphibian species may be more sensitive to cadmium than B. americanus.
Regional and decadal patterns of native and exotic plant coexistence in California grasslands

Coexistence through a variety of mechanisms is possible for species with differential responses to environmental conditions. Understanding the role of environmental heterogeneity in mediating coexistence of species of different provenance (i.e., native vs. exotic) has important implications for theory and management. We used two California grassland data sets, one spanning seven years at three reserves along a 500-km latitudinal gradient and one spanning 47 years at 11 sites within a single 1000-ha reserve, to determine how environmental heterogeneity in space and time contributes to variability in provenance group abundance and diversity, and whether native and exotic species respond similarly to spatial and temporal variability. We found that temporal environmental heterogeneity is the primary determinant of provenance group abundance, while spatial and temporal environmental heterogeneity both contribute to community diversity. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity must therefore be considered simultaneously when examining community dynamics and species coexistence. Provenance was a poor general predictor of species response; native and exotic species exhibit similar spatiotemporal patterns in some cases but not others. Plant persistence may depend more upon the abiotic environment than competition from the other provenance group as native and exotic diversity were generally positively correlated. Furthermore, mesoscale (10(2)-10(3) m) spatial heterogeneity may be a greater mediator of provenance group coexistence than temporal heterogeneity or spatial heterogeneity at other scales.
Optical properties and electronic structures of semiconductors with screened-exchange lda

Results of first-principles calculations of the optical properties and electronic structure, determined by employing the screened-exchange LDA method to obtain accurate electronic structures as well as self-consistent eigenfunctions, are presented for some cubic semiconductors (Si, Ge, InSb, and GaAs). As implemented in the full-potential linearized augmented-plane-wave method, this approach does not require any adjustable parameters to calculate optical properties. The inadequacy of using the transverse expression of the dielectric function (involving $\mathbf{\^e}\ensuremath{\cdot}\mathbf{p}$ matrix elements) is shown numerically for the optical spectra and dielectric constants even when the renormalization factor associated with the LDA eigenvalues is included. This is because the nonlocality of the Hamiltonian and the difference of the self-consistent eigenfunctions from the LDA ones are not negligible. In contrast, the optical properties evaluated using the longitudinal expression (with ${e}^{i\mathbf{q}\ensuremath{\cdot}\mathbf{r}}$ matrix elements) yield excellent agreement with experiment considering the neglect of lifetime, local-field, and excitonic effects.
697. Molecular Forms of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Following Gene Transfer to Airway Epithelia

We are investigating the nonprimate FIV lentiviral vector for gene transfer applications. Although this vector can integrate in transduced cells, little is known about the fate of FIV vector in host cells after infection. Transgenic DNA can persist as an integrated provirus, but may also persist as episomal DNA, such as 1 or 2-LTR circles, in slowly dividing cell types that are potential targets for gene transfer in tissues such as the airway epithelium. Although persistant gene expression in airway epithelia has been observed following FIV gene transfer, this phenomenon may include gene expression from both integrated and non-integrated episomes. To better understand the nature and composition of viral DNA forms that are present in tranduced host cells, we are using quantitative PCR to contrast the abundance of integrated provirus versus episomal 2-LTR circles. Our preliminary data indicate that in dividing cells 2-LTR circles show a gradual decline over time while the integrated forms persist. To better understand the biology of the process of integration site selection, we begun to map integration events in primary airway epithelial cells as an extension of our previous integration mapping study in HepG2 liver cells. To date, we have mapped 28 integration sites, of which 20 integrations occurred within RefSeq genes (71.4% within a RefSeq transcript). Two integrations occurred within an exon, and the remaining integrations were located in introns. Furthermore, this data is similar to our previous findings for 226 FIV integrations in HepG2 cells, in that the integrations in epithelia occur across the RefSeq gene transcripts. These studies provide an important step in understanding the biology and fate of the FIV vector in host cells.
Gender Differences in Baseline Health, Needs at Release, and Predictors of Care Engagement Among HIV-Positive Clients Leaving Jail

Women represent a significant and growing segment of jail detainees and persons living with HIV. This paper examines gender differences in health status, care and social service needs, and care engagement among jail releasees with HIV. Data are from 1,270 participants in the HRSA-funded Enhancing Linkages to HIV Primary Care and Social Services multisite demonstration project (EnhanceLink). Compared to men, more women reported homelessness, reduced adherence to prescribed ART, worse health, more severe substance use disorders, and more chronic health conditions. Men and women generally reported different needs post-release. As the number of expressed needs increased, women were more likely to drop out of care. Our findings suggest that effective and gender-specific strategies are required to identify needs, link services between jails and communities, and sustain retention of women with HIV in programs after release from criminal justice settings.
GM-CSF production allows the identification of immunoprevalent antigens recognized by human CD4+ T cells following smallpox vaccination.

The threat of bioterrorism with smallpox and the broad use of vaccinia vectors for other vaccines have led to the resurgence in the study of vaccinia immunological memory. The importance of the role of CD4+ T cells in the control of vaccinia infection is well known. However, more CD8+ than CD4+ T cell epitopes recognized by human subjects immunized with vaccinia virus have been reported. This could be, in part, due to the fact that most of the studies that have identified human CD4+ specific protein-derived fragments or peptides have used IFN-γ production to evaluate vaccinia specific T cell responses. Based on these findings, we reasoned that analyzing a large panel of cytokines would permit us to generate a more complete analysis of the CD4 T cell responses. The results presented provide clear evidence that TNF-α is an excellent readout of vaccinia specificity and that other cytokines such as GM-CSF can be used to evaluate the reactivity of CD4+ T cells in response to vaccinia antigens. Furthermore, using these cytokines as readout of vaccinia specificity, we present the identification of novel peptides from immunoprevalent vaccinia proteins recognized by CD4+ T cells derived from smallpox vaccinated human subjects. In conclusion, we describe a “T cell–driven” methodology that can be implemented to determine the specificity of the T cell response upon vaccination or infection. Together, the single pathogen in vitro stimulation, the selection of CD4+ T cells specific to the pathogen by limiting dilution, the evaluation of pathogen specificity by detecting multiple cytokines, and the screening of the clones with synthetic combinatorial libraries, constitutes a novel and valuable approach for the elucidation of human CD4+ T cell specificity in response to large pathogens.
Genetic activity of niridazole in yeast

Niridazole, one of several drugs presently known to be of value in the treatment of human schistosomiasis, was tested for its activity in inducing mitotic recombination in yeast. It was found that niridazole is genetically active when the treatment of yeast cells is performed in a rich medium (YPG-medium) under growing conditions, but not when treatment is carried out in a non-nutrient suspension (phosphate buffer). The data suggest that niridazole might be converted to an active compound by yeast metabolism. The results of the experiments with niridazole in the non-nutrient medium were compared with those of AF-2 and SQ18, 506, two agents which have been shown to be genetically active in the present assay system.
Direct and thermal desorption of ^4He films

We have studied desorption from a ^4He film due to a hot but low-intensity beam of phonons incident from a sapphire substrate. Time of flight spectra of the desorbed atoms revealed two distinct peaks which we attribute to direct desorption by substrate phonons and to thermalization with subsequent desorption.
The effect of primary tooth extraction on the eruption of succedaneous premolars

This study evaluated the time of eruption of maxillary and mandibular premolars after the premature loss of the antecedent; the contralateral side was used as the control. Although environmental factors seem to influence tooth emergence, they appear to have little influence on tooth maturation.
Mapping the development of the rat brain by GAP-43 immunocytochemistry.

Abstract Growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) is a phosphoprotein of the nerve terminal membrane which has been linked to the development and restructuring of axonal connections. Using a monospecific antibody prepared in sheep against purified GAP-43, we examined the temporal and spatial changes in the distribution of this protein from embryonic stage day 13 (E13) to adulthood. At stages in which neurons are still dividing and migrating, levels of GAP-43 are extremely low, as is seen in the cortical plate throughout the embryonic period. With the onset of process outgrowth, intense GAP-43 immunoreactivity appears along the length of axons: by E13, such staining is already strong in the brainstem, where it continues up through the first postnatal week and then disappears. In the neocortex, intense fiber staining first appears several days later but ends at the same time as in the brainstem. At the end of the period of intense axonal staining there is a brief interval in which high levels of GAP-43 immunostaining are seen in the neuropil. In regions of the brain in which specific developmental events have been characterized anatomically and physiologically, the period of dense neuropil staining coincides with the formation of axonal end-arbors, the beginning of synaptogenesis, and the time at which synaptic organization can be modified by the impingent pattern of activity (i.e. the critical period). Over the next few days, staining in neuropil declines sharply in most regions except for certain structures in the rostral neuraxis which may be sites of ongoing synaptic remodeling.
ADO.NET entity framework: raising the level of abstraction in data programming

The ADO.NET Entity Framework provides a persistence layer for .NET applications that allows developers to work at a higher level of abstraction when interacting with data and data-access interfaces. Developers can model and access their data using a conceptual schema that is mapped to a relational database via a flexible mapping. Interaction with the data can take place using a SQL-based data manipulation language and iterator APIs, or through an object-based domain model in the spirit of object-to-relational mappers.We demonstrate how the Entity Framework simplifies application development using sample scenarios. We illustrate how the data is modeled, queried and presented to the developer. We also show how the provided data programming infrastructure can result in easier-to-understand code by making its intent more explicit, as well as how it can help with maintenance by adding a level of indirection between the logical database schema and the conceptual model that applications operate on.
Modeling picosecond-laser-driven neonlike titanium x-ray laser experiments

The technique of first using a nanosecond pulse to preform and ionize the plasma and then using a picosecond pulse to heat the plasma enables low-Z neonlike and nickellike ions to lase, driven by small lasers, with only 10 J of energy. Recent experiments at the Compact Multipulse Terawatt laser facility at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory have demonstrated lasing in neonlike titanium by irradiation of 1-cm-long slab targets of titanium with a 4.8-J, 800-ps prepulse that is followed 1.6 ns later by a 6-J, 1-ps drive pulse. In this study we model the neonlike titanium x-ray laser under those experimental conditions. The LASNEX code is used to calculate the hydrodynamic evolution of the plasma and to provide the temperatures and densities to the XRASER code, which then performs the kinetics calculations to determine the gain. The temporal and spatial evolution of the plasma is studied both with and without radiation transport included for the 3d and the 3s→2p neonlike titanium resonance lines. Large regions with gains greater than 80 cm-1 are predicted for the 3p 1S0→3s 1P1 neonlike titanium laser line at 32.6 nm. The gain is shown to be quasi-steady-state over these time scales with regard to the equilibration of the excited-state populations. The transient nature of the gain is shown to be due to the ionization balance in the plasma. Given the large gain and the large gradients in these plasmas, we calculate x-ray laser propagation, including refraction effects, to understand which regions have the right combination of high gain and low density gradients for an optical contribution to the x-ray laser output. Calculations with different delays between the long and the short pulses and with different durations for the short pulse are presented to provide a better insight into optimization of the laser output. High gain is also predicted and observed for the self-photopumped 3d 1P1→3p 1P1 laser line at 30.1 nm in neonlike titanium, and calculations are presented to help understand this lasing mechanism.
Nutrient controls on new production in the Bodega Bay, California, coastal upwelling plume

Abstract A theoretical framework for the time-dependent processes leading to the high rates of new production in eastern boundary upwelling systems has been assembled from a series of past upwelling studies. As part of the CoOP WEST (Wind Events and Shelf Transport) study, new production in the Bodega Bay upwelling area and it's control by ambient nitrate and ammonium concentrations and the advective wind regime are described. Data and analyses are focused primarily on the WEST 2001 cruise (May–June 2001) when the two legs differed greatly in wind regimes but not nutrient concentrations. Elevated concentrations of ammonium in upwelled water with high nitrate were observed in both legs. Nitrate uptake by phytoplankton as a function of nitrate concentration was linear rather than Michaelis–Menten-like, modulated by inhibitory levels of ammonium, yielding coefficients that enable the specific nitrate uptake element of new production to be estimated from nutrient concentrations. The range of specific nitrate uptake rates for the two legs of WEST 2001 were similar, essentially a physiological response to nutrient conditions. However, the low “realization” of new production i.e. incorporation of biomass as particulate nitrogen that occurred in this system compared to the theoretical maximum possible was determined by the strong advective and turbulent conditions that dominated the second leg of the WEST 2001 study. These data are compared with other upwelling areas using a physiological shift-up model [Dugdale, R.C., Wilkerson, F.P., Morel, A. 1990. Realization of new production in coastal upwelling areas: a means to compare relative performance. Limnology and Oceanography 35, 822–829].
Position Location: Triangulation Versus Circulation

Position location algorithms, using data from electronic surveillance systems have, for the most part, been based upon statistical analysis of the points of intersection of the lines of bearing. These triangulation ion algorithms may well minimize the effect of random measurement errors on the location estimate, but few existing algorithms account for systematic (bias) errors. An algorithm based upon intersecting circles which eliminates certain types of systematic error is presented with simulation data utilized to compare the position location estimates obtained from both triangulation and circulation algorithms.
Addressing real-time constraints in the design of autonomous agents

THE PHOENIX PROJECT IS AN EXPERIMENT IN THE DESIGN OF AUTONOMOUS AGENTS FOR A COMPLEX ENVIRONMENT. THE PROJECT CONSISTS OF A SIMULATOR OF THE ENVIRONMENT, A BASIC AGENT ARCHITECTURE, AND SPECIFIC IMPLEMENTATION OF AGENTS BASED ON REAL-TIME TECHNIQUES; THE FIRST TWO PARTS HAVE BEEN CONSTRUCTED, THE THIRD IS ON-GOING. THE FACETS OF PHOENIX THAT FACILITATE REAL-TIME RESEARCH ARE: A SIMULATOR PARAMETERIZED FOR VARYING ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND INSTRUMENTED TO RECORD BEHAVIORS, AN AGENT ARCHITECTURE DESIGNED TO SUPPORT ADAPTABLE PLANNING AND SCHEDULING, AND METHODS FOR REASONING ABOUT REAL-TIME CONSTRAINTS.
The Archives of the History of American Psychology: An Interview with David B. Baker

Loreto R. Prieto is an assistant professor of Counseling Psychology at The University of Akron. Active in the Society for the Teaching of Psychology (STP), Prieto currently serves as the Chair of the Task Force on Diversity, recently completed a term on the Long Range Planning Committee, and has served on several other working groups and committees associated with STP. He was the Chair of the Working Group on Diversity for the American Psychological Association Psychology Partnerships Project.David B. Baker is the Director of the Archives of the History of American Psychology and an associate professor of Psychology at The University of Akron. A counseling psychologist by training, he received his PhD from Texas A & M University in 1988. He has written on the history of school and counseling psychology. He coauthored and coedited with Ludy T. Benjamin, Jr., a special section of the American Psychologist in February 2000 that examined the 50th anniversary of the Conference on Graduate Education in Clinical...
Acculturation is associated with hypertension in a multiethnic sample.

Background: Hypertension varies in prevalence among race/ethnic groups in the United States. Within-ethnic group differences associated with acculturation have been less frequently examined. We studied the association of three measures of acculturation (language spoken at home, place of birth, and years living in the US) with hypertension in a population sample of 2619 white, 1898 African American, 1,494 Hispanic, and 803 Chinese participants in the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Methods: Multivariate Poisson regression was used to estimate the association between the acculturation variables and hypertension. Results: Birthplace outside the US and speaking a non-English language at home were each associated with a lower prevalence of hypertension after adjustment for age, gender, and socioeconomic status (prevalence ratio [95% confidence intervals] 0.82 (0.77‐0.87) for non-US born versus US born and 0.80 (0.74‐0.85) for those not speaking English at home versus speakers of English at home, both P .001). For participants born outside of the US, each 10-year increment of years in the US was associated with a higher prevalence of hypertension after adjustment for age, gender, and socioeconomic status (P for trend .01). The associations between acculturation variables and hypertension were weakened after adjustment for race/ethnic category and risk factors for hypertension. Compared to US-born Hispanics, those born in Mexico or South America had lower prevalence of hypertension, but those born in the Caribbean and Central America had higher prevalence of hypertension. Conclusions: Acculturation and place of birth are associated with hypertension in a multiethnic sample. Am J Hypertens 2007;20:354‐363 © 2007 American Journal of Hypertension, Ltd.
Peripherally induced Treg: mode, stability, and role in specific tolerance.

Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells (Treg) have an essential function of preventing autoimmune disease in man and mouse. Foxp3 binds to forkhead motifs of about 1,100 genes and the strength of binding increases upon phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate/ionomycin stimulation. In Foxp3-expressing T cell hybridomas, Foxp3 promoter binding does not lead to activation or suppression of genes which becomes only visible after T cell activation. These findings are in line with observations by others that Foxp3 exerts important functions in collaboration with T cell receptor (TCR)-dependent transcription factors in a DNA-binding complex. Tregs can be generated when developing T cells encounter TCR agonist ligands in the thymus. This process apparently depends on costimulatory signals. In contrast, extrathymic conversion of naive T cells into Tregs appears to depend on transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and is inhibited by costimulation. In fact, dendritic cell-derived retinoic acid helps the conversion process by counteracting the negative impact of costimulation. Tregs induced by subimmunogenic antigen delivery in vivo are much more stable than Tregs induced by antigenic stimulation in the presence of TGF-β in vitro which correlates with the extent of demethylation of the Foxp3 locus. Tregs can be induced by conversion of antigen-specific T cells that occur with a very low frequency in wt mice. Conversion of naive cluster of differentiation (CD)4 T cells into Tregs by a single peptide of HY antigens results in complete antigen-specific tolerance to an entire set of HY epitopes recognized by CD4 as well as CD8 T cells when presented with male skin or hemopoietic grafts.
Effect of End-Stage Renal Disease on Decreased Heart Rate Variability

We compared short-term heart rate variability (HRV) in 60 patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) with 33 age-matched healthy controls and also assessed the contribution of known determinants of HRV in the ESRD patients. HRV was markedly decreased in the ESRD patients and the predictor variables of cardiac diseases, diabetes mellitus, age, heart rate, gender, and smoking explained only a small portion of HRV, suggesting that ESRD itself is an independent factor for decreased HRV.