cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stuff and Things

Metaphysical problems often concern the relation between various types of entities or putative entities. Philosophers at least since Aristotle have puzzled over the relation between particulars and universals, substances and things, movements and actions. Debate over the first of these issues still continues, but I think it is fair to say that there was an increase in clarity when, around the turn of the century, the notion of a set was made clearer and more explicit. For the purposes of logic, at least, the use of a set of objects as the analogue of a universal has been quite fruitful. Interpreting a predicate by means of a set of ordered n-tuples has provided a precise characterization of the semantics of the language which has led to interesting metatheoretical and philosophical consequences. There are still some problems which are not resolved by this approach. For example, it seems intuitively plausible that there could be two distinct universals with the same instances. Nevertheless, the approach at least gives an unproblematic theory of truth for sentences involving only particulars and universals. The issue about distinct universals with the same instances is a disputed one and in any case the set theoretic view enables one to give a sharp statement of the issue in dispute.
Deiodinases: implications of the local control of thyroid hormone action

The deiodinases activate or inactivate thyroid hormone, and their importance in thyroid hormone homeostasis has become increasingly clear with the availability of deiodinase-deficient animals. At the same time, heightened interest in the field has been generated following the discovery that the type 2 deiodinase can be an important component in both the Hedgehog signaling pathway and the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1-mediated (GPBAR1-mediated) signaling cascade. The discovery of these new roles for the deiodinases indicates that tissue-specific deiodination plays a much broader role than once thought, extending into the realms of developmental biology and metabolism.
Molecular biology: case of mistaken identity.

An enzyme involved at grass-roots level in assembling genes for receptors that are essential in fighting infection has now been fingered as a suspect in certain cancers — proof that mistakes can be costly.
On the forced motions of antisymmetric cross-ply laminated plates

Abstract Analytical solutions of the classical, first-order and third-order laminate plate theories are used to study the transient response of antisymmetric cross-ply simply supported rectangular plates. The solutions bring out the influence of the transverse shear deformation, the degree of anisotropy and the number of layers on the transient response. The study concludes that shear deformation theories accurately predict the behavior of the composite laminates, while the classical theory underestimates the transverse deflection.
Resistant hypertension and obstructive sleep apnea in the setting of kidney disease.

Objectives To explore the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and resistant hypertension in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
Metal deposition in calcific uremic arteriolopathy.

Background Calcific uremic arteriolopathy (CUA) is an often fatal disease that affects patients with end-stage renal disease. Although animal studies support a role for metals in the pathogenesis of CUA, metal accumulation in human tissue has not been previously evaluated. Objective We sought to evaluate metal deposition in CUA. Methods Twelve histologically proven cases of CUA were identified from our dermatopathology database. Five skin biopsy specimens from patients with chronic kidney disease exposed to gadolinium contrast but without CUA were used as controls. Quantification of metals including iron, aluminum, and gadolinium in the lesional skin was performed using inductively coupled mass spectrometry. Results Seven patients had documented exposure to gadolinium-based contrast in the 2 years before CUA. Three of them had concurrent nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. Highly significant quantities of iron (P = .03) and aluminum (P = .0002) were detected in CUA specimens compared with controls. Significant amounts of gadolinium were present in several CUA biopsy specimens. Limitations Observational, retrospective study design and small sample size are limitations. Conclusion Tissue iron and aluminum content is increased in CUA. A significant amount of gadolinium is also present in some CUA specimens. Based on animal studies that strongly implicate metals in the pathogenesis of CUA, our data suggest that metal deposition should be considered in the pathogenesis of human CUA.
Outpatient weight management in African-Americans: the Healthy Eating and Lifestyle Program (HELP) study

Abstract Background Effective clinical weight management approaches are needed to reach African-Americans. Methods African-Americans recruited through outpatient practices for a culturally-adapted Healthy Eating and Lifestyle Program were offered 10 weekly weight loss classes (Phase 1) with the option of continuing for another 8–18 months (Phase 2) in a randomized comparison of further group counseling or staff-facilitated self-help vs. follow-up clinic visits only. Results. Of 237 enrollees (91% women; mean age 43.5 years; mean body mass index 38.0 kg/m 2 ), 167 attended no classes or only the first Phase 1 class, 134 provided Phase 1 follow-up data, 128 were randomized in Phase 2, and 87 provided final follow-up data (“completers”). Mean weight changes for completers were: −1.5 ( P P = 0.47), and −1.2 ( P = 0.04) kg, respectively, for Phase 1, Phase 2, and overall (baseline to final visit; average 18 months total duration), with no Phase 2 treatment effect ( P = 0.55). Final study weight was ≥5% below baseline for 25% of completers and was strongly predicted by Phase 1 weight loss. Conclusions Weight loss achieved in Phase 1 was maintained even with relatively minimal follow-up contact. Increasing the percent who achieve clinically significant weight loss initially would improve long-term results.
Intracavitary Cardiac Melanoma Diagnosed by Endomyocardial Left Ventricular Biopsy

A patient was evaluated for a persistent pericardial effusion and on two-dimensional echocardiography was found to have an intracavitary left ventricular mass. Twenty-two years earlier, a melanoma of the ethmoid sinus had been excised. An electrocardiogram revealed impressive T-wave abnormalities and pathologic Q waves, initially suggestive of "myocardial infarction." However, the coronary arteries were normal at angiography. At catheterization, the left ventricular mass was biopsied, using a transvenous catheter-directed technique, and proved to be a metastatic melanoma. This procedure obviated the need for diagnostic thoracotomy. We believe that this is a unique application of the use of catheter-directed biopsy to make a histologic diagnosis of a left ventricular neoplasm.
Measurement of Sense of Community Within the Sphere of City1

Based on a deductive process, several objective items were developed to measure people's sense of community with their city of residence. An item analysis produced a 17-item scale, which was then evaluated for homogeneity and external validity in three studies using telephone interviews on random samples in Alabama and South Carolina. Of seven hypotheses that were tested, six received support. Results described the scale as internally reliable and unidimensional, and the scale differentiated between people who differed in terms of demographics, home ownership, and civic contributions. Contrary to prediction, the scale did not relate to how long people had lived in their city. Explanations for this were offered and then conclusions were drawn about the potential usefulness of the scale.
Isolated hepatocytes as a model for aging effects on hepatotoxicity: Studies with allyl alcohol

Abstract The influence of aging on the toxicity of allyl alcohol was studied in hepatocytes isolated from male Fischer 344 rats. Initial values for trypan blue uptake, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, alanine aminotransferase release, and glutathione content were similar in cells isolated from rats aged 5, 15, or 26 months. Incubation with 0.1 to 0.8 m m allyl alcohol resulted in a dose- and time-dependent loss of viability. Dose-effect and time-effect curves were displaced to the left with hepatocytes isolated from old rats compared with those from young rats. Intermediate values were found for hepatocytes of middle-aged rats. Inhibition by pyrazole of allyl alcohol-induced LDH release from hepatocytes also was affected by age. Total protection was observed for cells from young rats whereas no protection was found for those of old rats. Cells from middle-aged rats were between the extremes. The results demonstrate that isolated hepatocytes can be used to study age-related differences in hepatotoxicity.
Structural Interactions Dictate the Kinetics of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Inhibition by Different Cancer-Preventive Isothiocyanates

Regulation of cellular processes by dietary nutrients is known to affect the likelihood of cancer development. One class of cancer-preventive nutrients, isothiocyanates (ITCs), derived from the consumption of cruciferous vegetables, is known to have various effects on cellular biochemistry. One target of ITCs is macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a widely expressed protein with known inflammatory, pro-tumorigenic, pro-angiogenic, and anti-apoptotic properties. MIF is covalently inhibited by a variety of ITCs, which in part may explain how they exert their cancer-preventive effects. We report the crystallographic structures of human MIF bound to phenethylisothiocyanate and to l-sulforaphane (dietary isothiocyanates derived from watercress and broccoli, respectively) and correlate structural features of these two isothiocyanates with their second-order rate constants for MIF inactivation. We also characterize changes in the MIF structure using nuclear magnetic resonance heteronuclear single-quantum coherence spectra of these complexes and observe many changes at the subunit interface. While a number of chemical shifts do not change, many of those that change do not have features similar in magnitude or direction for the two isothiocyanates. The difference in the binding modes of these two ITCs provides a means of using structure-activity relationships to reveal insights into MIF biological interactions. The results of this study provide a framework for the development of therapeutics that target MIF.
Supply response of farm program in rice-growing states

This study aims to develop an acreage response model for rice-growing states using a policy-inducing variable. The single equation regression model for each rice-producing state is estimated by using the ordinary least square multiple regression procedure after log transformation. Data for the period 1959 to 1988 for acreage plantation, market price, target price, loan rate, and acreage reduction rate are used in designing the policy-inducing price. The estimated parameter shows a significant inverse relationship between the rice acreage planted and policy-inducing prices in all of the rice-growing states, with the exception of Louisiana. The estimated short-run elasticities for Arkansas, California, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas are -0.36, -0.68, 0.30, -0.37, and -0.59, respectively. The heterogeneity in the magnitude of the elasticities suggests the need for redesigning the rice programs to generate desirable acreage responses from all of the rice-growing states.
A key angiogenic role of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in hemangioendothelioma proliferation.

Angiomatous lesions are common in infants and children. Hemangioendotheliomas (HE) represent one type of these lesions. Endothelial cell proliferation and the development of vascular/blood cell-fil...
Forecasting changes in preference over the life span: a qualitative study of African–American men’s prostate cancer decision making

The goal of this study was to explore the processes by which African–American men, at greatest risk, might forecast and manage health changes as they age if they were diagnosed with prostate cancer. Twenty-nine African–American men, 40–70 years old, with no history of prostate cancer, participated in four focus groups and four follow-up individual interviews. Transcripts were analyzed using Grounded Theory, with thematic analysis and constant comparison of data. There was a curvilinear relationship between age and participants’ preference for quality versus quantity of life in deciding to treat prostate cancer. Two mechanisms accounted for this: a change with age in the (1) reference point for judging value and (2) decision-making goal. With increasing long-term survivorship, it is vital to understand the multiple decisions cancer patients will face as they continue to age. The current study is an initial step in studying how patients might anticipate and manage such changes.
Genetic discrimination and the employment provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Act: Emerging legal, empirical, and policy implications

The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) is the most comprehensive federal civil rights law addressing employment discrimination against potentially millions of Americans. The Human Genome Project (HGP) is a federally funded research effort that seeks to map and sequence every human gene. This article is meant to contribute to the emerging dialogue on the interplay between the HGP and the employment provisions of the ADA, set forth in the Title I of the act. The relevance of the HGP to emerging legal questions, including those arising under Title I and recent EEOC guidelines, is described. Thereafter, empirical issues are discussed, and directions for future investigation of genetic discrimination under the ADA are explored.
K-12 Teachers' Perceptions of School Policy and Fear of School Violence.

Since the 1990s, schools have focused their attention on policies designed to improve school safety. Most researches on school violence policies have concentrated on the needs of students and administrators. This study investigated the impact of school violence policies on K-l 2 teachers' fear. Using self-report data from 447 K-12 teachers from a large southeastern school district and multilevel path analysis, this study showed that K-12 teachers' perceptions of school policies impacted their fear of school violence. Further, ecological factors had a direct relationship with teacher fear. Policy implications from these findings are discussed.
Vortical distribution of sunspots

Abstract A remarkable vortical distribution of sunspots, photographed at National Solar Observatory, Tucson, may be an important indication that a vortex flow is essential in the formation of sunspots. It is argued that the concept of vortex flow around a spot is not a heresy, since a generation mechanism of non-trivial force-free fields requires the presence of time varying vorticity in the photosphere.
Vertical distribution and abundance of Calanus pacificus and Pseudocalanus newmani in relation to chlorophyll a concentrations in Dabob Bay, Washington

Abstract Recent evidence suggests that diatoms may induce reproductive failure in planktonic copepods, either through ingestion of diatoms by females or contact of embryos with diatom extracts. Therefore, the co-location of copepods and diatoms in situ may affect copepod reproductive success. As part of a study to determine the effect of diatoms on copepod reproductive effort, we measured the abundance and nighttime vertical distribution of two species of copepods, Calanus pacificus and Pseudocalanus newmani , as well as vertical distribution of chlorophyll a , during winter–spring in Dabob Bay, Washington State, USA, in 2002 and 2003, with limited observations in the summer of both years. Populations of both species declined throughout the winter–spring but rebounded by summer. While C. pacificus females, males, and CV copepodites were not strongly co-located with chlorophyll a concentrations, those same stages of P. newmani were consistently found within the layer containing the chlorophyll maximum. Our limited data on vertical migration show that female and CI–CII copepodites of C. pacificus exhibited normal diel vertical migration behavior, but adult P. newmani exhibited reverse diel migration. Overall, these data suggest that the patterns of reproductive success observed for the two species may be related to their different vertical distributions and may affect their population dynamics.
Decoding Sharawadgi: Taoist influence on the Chinese landscape garden

Abstract This paper explores the influence of Taoist philosophy on Chinese garden aesthetics from crosscultural and interartistic perspectives. Problematising the comparability between the Chinese landscape garden and the European picturesque garden that is based on the notion of irregularity and associated with Sharawadgi, it argues that the Chinese garden is essentially different from its European cousin. It further argues that as the product of an eclectic culture and of a holistic art the Chinese garden has received the strongest influence from Taoism through the agency of landscape poetry and painting. Such influence is seen both in the conception of its space and in the mode of viewing this space.
Single-case probabilities and content-neutral norms: a reply to Gigerenzer

Abstract Gigerenzer (2001) argues that (a) statements about single-case probabilities are problematic because they specify no reference class, and that (b) norms should not be applied to specific situations in a ‘content-blind’ way. In reply I argue that (a) statements about single-case probabilities make sense and are unambiguous despite specifying no reference class, and that (b) although Gigerenzer is right that the application of norms to specific situations should take into account the content of the situations and thus should not be content-blind, Gigerenzer has not undermined the appropriateness of probabilistic and other norms which purport to have force in every situation and are in this sense content-neutral.
Improved density functional theory/electrostatic calculation of the His291 protonation state in cytochrome C oxidase: self-consistent charges for solvation energy calculation

The protonation state of His291 in cytochrome c oxidase (CcO), a ligand to the Cu(B) center of the enzyme, has been recently studied in this group by using combined density functional theory (DFT)/electrostatic (QM/MM) calculations. On the basis of these calculations, a model of the proton pumping mechanism of CcO has been proposed. Due to certain technical difficulties, the procedure used in the previous calculation to find partial atomic charges of the QM system for the solvation energy evaluation was not entirely satisfactory; i.e., it was not self-consistent. Here, we describe a procedure that resolves the problem and report on the improved calculations of the protonation state of the His residue. The new procedure fits the protein and reaction field potentials in the region of the QM system with artificial point charges placed on a surface of a sphere surrounding the QM system and a few charges inside the sphere and allows one to perform DFT calculations that involve an inhomogeneous dielectric environment in a self-consistent way. The procedure improves the accuracy of calculations in comparison with previous work. The improved results show, however, that although the absolute energies change significantly the relative energies of the protonated and deprotonated states of His291 remain close to the previously reported ones and therefore do not change significantly the pK(a) values reported earlier. Therefore, our new improved calculations support for the proposed His291 model of the CcO pump.
Firms' complaint handling policies and consumer complaint voicing

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to examine the effects of actions recommended by researchers for firms to encourage complaint voicing, and test the proposition that complaining by dissatisfied consumers would increase if only firms would make it easier to complain.Design/methodology/approach – An experimental study assessed consumer reactions to scenarios in which a retailer made it easier or harder to complain by varying its refund policy, employee empowerment, access to call center representatives, and in‐store hassles to return merchandise. Consumers in an online panel completed questionnaires measuring perceived effort, likelihood of success, and complaint intentions.Findings – Complaint‐friendly policies produced perceptions of lower anticipated difficulty and increased chances of successful redress. However, only lenient refund policy significantly influenced complaint voicing intentions. While most policies designed to make complaining easier had limited impact on complaint voicing, measu...
Determination of emersed electrochemical interface thickness by ellipsometry: Aqueous electrolytes on Ag

Abstract An ellipsometric method for the determination of emersed electrochemical interfacial thickness at metal electrodes is reported. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique, a series of layers on Ag electrodes emersed from aqueous electrolytes are characterized. For most electrolytes, the measured thickness of the emersed interface is consistent with separation of the interface from bulk solution just outside of the outer Helmholtz plane. This behavior is discussed in terms of the various forces involved in structuring the electrochemical interface.
Electron back scattering study of domain structure in monoclinic phase of a rare-earth orthoniobate LaNbO4

Abstract The recently developed SEM electron back scattering technique was employed to examine the domain structure in the monoclinic phase of a rare-earth orthoniobate LaNbO4. The monoclinic phase was identified by X-ray diffraction. The existence of the domain structure was revealed by the electron back scattering pattern, optical microscope and TEM. The orientation relationship between domains was determined by the electron back scattering technique as a rotation of 94° about the [010] axis. This result was confirmed by TEM diffraction and mathematical relations between domain orientations were established.
Relative performance of a 1.06 μm laser with various Nd doped crystals

Abstract Laser emission at 1.06 μm has been observed from Nd: doped YAG, KGW and SGGM crystals pumped by a linear Xe-gas filled flashlamp in the input energy range of 1–25 J. The intrinsic slope efficiency has been determined to be 8.84%, 2.25% and 1.25% from Nd: KGW (Nd: 3% atomic), Nd: YAG (Nd: 1.0% atomic) and Nd: SGGM (Nd: 4% atomic), respectively.
Response Errors of Nonblack Males in Models of the Stratification Process

Abstract We assess biases due to measurement errors in structural equation models of the intergenerational transmission of socioeconomic status. Using data for nonblack males from the 1973 Occupational Changes in a Generation-II survey, we find that retrospective reports of status variables are as reliable as contemporaneous reports and that response errors are strictly random. When measurement errors are ignored, occupational returns to schooling are underestimated by about ten percent, the effects of some background variables are underestimated by as much as 19 percent, and residual variation in socioeconomic achievements is underestimated by as much as 16 percent.
Feedback effects and social facilitation of vigilance performance: Mere coaction versus potential evaluation

In an investigation of coaction effects on performance, Ss undertook a visual vigilance task in both isolation and coaction with a peer. Performance was improved by the presence of a coactor only when the coactor had access to information about the quality of the S’s performance.
Continuous purification of porcine lipase by rotating annular size-exclusion cnromatography

Crude porcine lipase (triacylglycerol lipase, EC 3.1.1.3) was purified in a single-stage Chromatographic process. The purification was accomplished in a batch, as well as in a continuous system. Two types of sizeexclusion packing materials (Sephadex and Sephacryl) were used. The average x-fold increase in purity, and the average recovered activity in the batch Sephadex and Sephacryl experiments were 13.6 and 89.7%, and 34.2 and 98.8%, respectively. The average x-fold increase in purity and the average activity recovered in the continuous Sephadex and Sephacryl experiments were 27.1 and 82.5% and 16.2 and 89%, respectively. Flow visualization experiments were carried out by tagging the protein to be separated with a fluorescent dye. The results from these experiments are also reported in this article.
Verifying Autonomic Fault Mitigation Strategies in Large Scale Real-Time Systems

In large scale real-time systems many problems associated with self-management are exacerbated by the addition of time deadlines. In these systems any autonomic behavior must not only be functionally correct but they must also not violate properties of liveness, safety and bounded time responsiveness. In this paper we present and analyze a realtime Reflex Engine for providing fault mitigation capability to large scale real time systems. We also present a semantic domain for analyzing and verifying the properties of such systems along with the framework of real-time reflex engines.
MRI of the Urethra in Women With Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: Spectrum of Findings at Static and Dynamic Imaging

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of our study was to determine the findings at both static and dynamic MRI in women with a clinically suspected urethral abnormality.MATERIALS AND METHODS. MRI of the urethra was performed in 84 women with lower urinary tract symptoms using multiplanar T2-weighted turbo spin-echo and unenhanced and contrast-enhanced gradient-echo sequences. A dynamic true fast imaging with steady-state free precession sequence was performed during straining in the sagittal plane. Images were evaluated by two radiologists for urethral pathology and pelvic organ prolapse. MRI findings were correlated with clinical symptoms using the Fisher's exact and Mann-Whitney tests.RESULTS. Urethral abnormalities were found in 10 of 84 patients (11.9%), including two urethral diverticula, five Skene's gland cysts or abscesses, and three periurethral cysts. Thirty-three patients (39.3%) were diagnosed with pelvic organ prolapse, of whom 29 (87.9%) were diagnosed exclusively on dynamic imaging. In 29 of 33 patients ...
A frequency-domain approach to polynomial-based interpolation and the Farrow structure

Interpolation filters are used to interpolate new sample values at arbitrary points between the existing discrete-time samples. One interesting class of these filters is the polynomial-based interpolation filters which can be efficiently implemented using the Farrow structure. This discrete-time filter structure has a time-varying impulse response. Therefore, it is usually modeled by a simple hybrid analog/digital (A/D) system which is based on the reconstruction of the continuous-time signal. In this work, an interesting frequency-domain relationship between the Farrow structure and the hybrid A/D model is derived. This result can be utilized to develop efficient design algorithms for polynomial-based interpolation filters.
Fitting models to data: Interaction versus polynomial? your choice

Polynomials are widely used for fitting models empirically to data. Low-degree polynomials (specifically, degrees 1, 2, and at most 3) have stood the test of time by proving their versatility when it comes to fitting a wide variety of different surface shapes over limited regions of interest. However, when faced with modeling a surface over an experimental region whose boundaries extend beyond some localized neighborhood or limited-sized region of interest, a polynomial of degree 2, or even of degree 3, may not be adequate. For this situation we propose fitting an interaction model which is a reduced form of higher-degree polynomial. Some examples of actual experiments are presented to illustrate the improvement in fit by an interaction model over that of a standard polynomial, even for response surfaces with uncomplicated shapes.
Use of the Activated Coagulation Time and Heparin Dose-Response Curve for the Determination of Protamine Dosage in Vascular Surgery

The activated coagulation time (ACT) can be used to construct a two-point heparin dose-response curve (HDRC) from the ACT values at baseline and 5 minutes after heparin administration. The ACT value at any subsequent time interval can then be used to estimate the residual heparin activity from the HDRC. The protamine dose is calculated to be the amount of residual heparin multiplied by a correction factor (1.3 was suggested for cardiac surgery). In vascular surgery, heparin and protamine dosing remain empirical, ACT monitoring is not standard, and use of the HDRC has not been previously investigated. Forty-five patients were prospectively randomized to one of three groups. ACT was measured before heparinization (1 mg/kg, 1 mg = 100 U), 5 minutes later, and then every 30 minutes until just prior to and after protamine administration. Group I received 1 mg/kg of protamine. In Groups II and III the residual heparin activity was interpolated from the HDRC and multiplied by 1.3 or 1.0, respectively, to derive the protamine dosage. Randomization created balanced groups with respect to demographic data. The individual peak effect of heparin ranged from 177% to 401% of control. The ACT returned to control after protamine in all groups. The protamine dose was significantly less when the HDRC was used (P < 0.05). Group III received the least protamine (0.64 +/- 0.07 mg/kg, P < 0.05). No adverse protamine reactions or postoperative bleeding occurred. It is concluded that ACT monitoring and use of the HDRC provides a safe and easy method to individualize protamine dosage in vascular surgery.
Shear Design Equations for Concrete Girders Strengthened with FRP

Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) systems have emerged as one of the most promising and widely accepted methods of strengthening concrete structures. FRP strengthening systems may consist of carbon (CFRP), glass (GFRP), or aramid (AFRP) fibers. The acceptance and utilization of such strengthening techniques depends on the availability of reliable design guidelines. Shear strengthening with externally bonded FRP is still under investigation and the results obtained thus far are scarce and sometimes controversial. In this study, predictions by the existing analytical models developed for externally bonded FRP shear reinforcements were evaluated and compared to experimental results available in the literature. The results of this investigation show that the models are not reliable for predicting the shear strengthening effect of externally bonded FRPs in a majority of cases. Results from full-scale testing and a comprehensive collection of data from the literature were used in the development and calibration of new design equations which give better predictions of the FRP contribution to shear resistance. This paper presents the results and final recommendations of this study.
An Introduction to Graph Data

Graph mining and management has become an important topic of research recently because of numerous applications to a wide variety of data mining problems in computational biology, chemical data analysis, drug discovery and communication networking. Traditional data mining and management algorithms such as clustering, classification, frequent pattern mining and indexing have now been extended to the graph scenario. This book contains a number of chapters which are carefully chosen in order to discuss the broad research issues in graph management and mining. In addition, a number of important applications of graph mining are also covered in the book. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the different kinds of graph processing and mining techniques, and the coverage of these topics in this book.
On spatial smoothing and linear prediction

The relationship between Cadzow's signal subspace algorithm and the spatially smoothed minimum-norm algorithm of Tufts-Kumaresan is investigated. It is shown that Cadzow's algorithm can be realized by subarray averaging lower rank approximations to the array covariance matrix. A data-domain algorithm that is applicable in a correlated signal environment is formulated. This algorithm offers the advantage of lower word length requirements, and obviates the necessity of computing higher order statistics. It may also be extended in a straightforward way to incorporate signal enumeration. Simulation results are given that contrast the performance of this algorithm to the signal eigenvector approach. >
8 Organizations and Management in China

AbstractChina’s economic transition and its integration into the global economy have been widely recognized as among the most important social changes in the past three decades. This transformation has attracted scholarly attention from multiple disciplines, and sociologists have made particularly important contributions to literature emphasizing theories of organizations, organizational change, and management practice. In this article, we present a critical review of the state of sociological literature on organization and management issues in the transition process. We focus on studies that explore how organizations shaped the trajectory of China’s economic transition, how organizations affect important social and economic outcomes during transition, and the unique challenges that managers face in China’s transition context. We conclude with suggestions for resolving central debates and future research directions.
The increase of cell-membranous phosphatidylcholines containing polyunsaturated fatty acid residues induces phosphorylation of p53 through activation of ATR.

The G1 phase of the cell cycle is marked by the rapid turnover of phospholipids. This turnover is regulated by CTP:phosphocholine-cytidylyltransferase (CCT) and group VIA Ca2+-independent-phospholipase A2 (iPLA2). We previously reported that inhibition of iPLA2 arrests cells in G1 phase of the cell cycle by activating the p53-p21 checkpoint. Here we further characterize the mechanism of p53 activation. We show that specific inhibition of iPLA2 induces a time dependent phosphorylation of Ser15 in p53 in the absence of DNA damage. This phosphorylation requires the kinase ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad-3-related (ATR) but not the ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) kinase. Moreover, we identify in cell membranes a significant increase of phosphatidylcholines (PCs) containing chains of polyunsaturated fatty acids and a decrease of PCs containing saturated fatty acids in response to inhibition of iPLA2. The time course of phosphorylation of Ser15 in p53 correlates with increasing levels of PCs containing polyunsaturated fatty acids. We further demonstrate that the PCs with linoleic acid in their sn-2 position (18:2n6) induce phosphorylation of Ser15 in p53 in an ATR-dependent manner. Our findings establish that cells can regulate the levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids in phospholipids through iPLA2-mediated deacylation of PCs. Disruption of this regulation increases the proportions of PCs containing polyunsaturated fatty acids and activates the ATR-p53 signalling pathway.
Breaking the academic mould : economists and American higher learning in the nineteenth century

Studies of the economists who struggled to establish a secure place for their discipline in American universities in the 19th c., and made significant contributions to the reshaping of American academic life. They were often at war among themselves as they sought to define the mission and methods of
Explaining Rivalry Escalation to War: Space, Position, and Contiguity in the Major Power Subsystem

Vasquez's (1996) rivalry escalation theory stressed territorial disputes as the principal focus for a two-path explanation of war. Neighbors fight over adjacent space and non-neighbors sometimes join ongoing wars between neighbors. But major powers are also much concerned with positional issues. Expanding the war motivation focus to encompass both spatial and positional issues facilitates the development of a new, more elaborate theory from which several new hypotheses can be derived, in addition to the older ones. Testing of the new theory can also proceed with rivalry data not based on dispute density measures, different types of contiguity can be assessed, and the presence of spatial-positional issues can be measured directly, as opposed to relying on a proximity proxy. The empirical outcome strongly supports the two-path, two-issue theory. In the major power subsystem, noncontiguous rivals outnumber contiguous rivals, dyadic wars are scarce, and war joining has been the norm. Spatial issues alone would have a hard time accounting for this pattern. Variable mixes of spatial and positional issues are able to account for it and a number of derived hypotheses reasonably well. This is not the last word on rivalry escalation to war but it appears to be an additional step in the right direction.
Evaluating Policy Interventions to Reduce the Use of Tobacco Products

Over the last several years, tobacco control programs have moved away from smoking cessation and preventive education and toward advocacy for policies that shape the environment and social norms to discourage tobacco use and support decisions not to smoke or to quit smoking. With this change in program emphasis has come a need to adapt program evaluation strategies and methods so that the work of evaluators is both useful to and used by those funding and conducting programs.
Thoracic and lumbar vertebrae morphology in Lenke type 1 female adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients

Background Pedicle screws are widely used in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) surgeries. Pedicle screw malposition may lead to serious vascular and neurologic complications. Knowledge of the morphometric anatomy of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae is essential for the surgeon while implanting pedicle screws. It has been reported that there is a reduction of pedicle width at the concavity of the curve in AIS patients. However, it is unclear if gender plays a role in this pedicle width pattern. The goal of this study is to assess the vertebrae morphology in a more homogeneous group of AIS patients - female patients with Lenke type 1 curve. Methods The thoracic and lumbar vertebra and pedicle morphometry of 17 consecutive Lenke type 1 female AIS patients was analyzed based on 1mm fine cut CT scans. Morphometric anatomy of 539 pedicles from T1 to L5 was studied. Measurements included pedicle length, chord length, transverse pedicle width, transverse pedicle angle and vertebral rotation angle. Results The mean age of the patients was 14 years old (range 12-18). The mean Cobb angle was 56° (range 43° -88°) and the mean angle of vertebral rotation varied between 4-13.8°. The apical vertebra was between T7 and T11. The transverse pedicle width was significantly smaller (p 0.05). The pedicle length varied between 15.4-28.7 mm and was significantly smaller (p Conclusions The vertebrae morphology in Lenke type 1 female AIS patients is substantially different from the vertebrae in normal spines especially at the apex and in the upper thoracic region. This is consistent with some previous reports which did not distinguish between male and female patients. Our findings suggest that gender does not play a major role in the vertebrae morphology pattern of AIS patients. Furthermore, recognizing this pattern is critical in order to optimize pedicle screw instrumentation and may allow for some leeway adjustments in the pedicle screw trajectory regardless of the methods of implantation.
Four formulas for calculating cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulin G abnormalities in multiple sclerosis. A comparison.

The authors used laser immunonephelometry to measure cerebrospinal fluid and serum immunoglobulin G and albumin in patients with multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases known to cause increased cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulin G. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test showed that for four commonly used formulas (Tourtellotte’s, Schuller’s, the immunoglobulin G index, and immunoglobulin G/albumin) the definite multiple sclerosis group had significantly higher values of these variables than did the normal group or the groups with possible multiple sclerosis, other neurological diseases, or nonimmunological other neurological diseases. McNemar’s test of symmetry showed that Tourtellotte’s formula was more sensitive than other formulas and that Schuller’s formula was slightly more specific than other formulas. Receiver operating characteristic curves showed that there was little difference among the formulas.
Automated Aerial Refueling: Extending the Effectiveness of UAVs

Unmanned Air Vehicles are playing an important role in today’s military initiatives. They are invaluable in locating time critical targets, reporting enemy positions and movements to battlefield commanders, and destroying strategic targets or lethal ground systems. Additionally, these unmanned systems are being designed to remain in flight for time periods of 18 hours or more. Unfortunately, these vehicles will have to return to their base of operations to obtain more fuel. This limitation creates a deployment and logistics challenge for battlefield commanders. To help overcome this deficiency, the Air Force Research Laboratory and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency have established a program that will enable this class of vehicle to perform aerial refueling operations in the same fashion as manned aircraft. This paper describes this technology development program as well as the critical role that flight test and flight simulation play in the technology development and validation process.
Aluminum-ligand cooperative N-H bond activation and an example of dehydrogenative coupling.

Activation of N–H bonds by a molecular aluminum complex via metal–ligand cooperation is described. (PhI2P2–)AlH (1b), in which PhI2P2– is a tridentate bis(imino)pyridine ligand, reacts with anilines to give the N–H-activated products (PhHI2P–)AlH(NHAr) (2). When heated, 2 releases H2 and affords (PhI2P–)Al(NHAr) (3). Complex 1b catalyzes the dehydrogenative coupling of benzylamine to afford H2, NH3, and N-(phenylmethylene)benzenemethanamine.
Patterns of adult cross-racial friendships: A context for understanding contemporary race relations.

OBJECTIVES This study examined patterns, characteristics, and predictors of cross-racial friendships as the context for understanding contemporary race relations. METHOD A national survey included 1,055 respondents, of whom 55% were white, 32% were black, and 74% were female; ages ranged from 18 to ≥65 years. Focus groups were conducted to assess societal and personal benefits. Participants (n = 31) were racially diverse and aged 20 to 66 years. RESULTS After accounting for multiple covariates, regression analysis revealed that Asians, Hispanics, and multiracial individuals are more likely than their white and black counterparts to have cross-racial friends. Females were less likely than males to have 8 or more cross-racial friends. Regression analysis revealed that the depth of cross-racial friendships was greater for women than men and for those who shared more life experiences. Increasing age was associated with lower cross-racial friendship depth. Qualitative analysis of open-ended questions and focus group data established the social context as directly relevant to the number and depth of friendships. Despite the level of depth in cross-racial friendships, respondents described a general reluctance to discuss any racially charged societal events, such as police shootings of unarmed black men. CONCLUSION This study identified salient characteristics of individuals associated with cross-racial friendships and highlighted the influence of the social, historical, and political context in shaping such friendships. Our findings suggest that contemporary race relations reflect progress as well as polarization. (PsycINFO Database Record
Variable inlet of two dimensional scramjet engine

In order that scramjet engine can work reliably over a wide range of Mach number and attack angles,a multi-objective optimization design for two-dimensional variable inlet was established.Total pressure recovery coefficient,static pressure rise and drag coefficient were selected as objective functions to form the multi-objective optimization of the two-dimensional scramjet mixed compression inlet.Based on one-dimensional aerodynamics analysis method,a multi-objective genetic algorithm was employed to find Pareto solutions on the design-condition.Then for different Mach numbers and angles of attack,optimal variable inlets,of which partial compression angles,angle and length of cowl and inlet height were variable,were obtained.The correctness of theoretical analysis was confirmed by simulations,and several conclusions were achieved.Firstly,the engine could work efficiently through a wide envelop of mach numbers and angles of attack by employing the optimal variable inlets.Secondly,the alterable inlet height makes the engine start and work steadily in both ramjet and scramjet mode.Thirdly,with the high mach number as the design mach number,the engine performance is improved by variable inlet design.
Clinical observation on curative effect of mycobacterium vaccae injection in the initial treatment of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with pneumoconiosis

Objective To observe and evaluate the clinical therapeutic efficacy of mycobacterium vaccae injection in the initial treatment of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with pneumoconiosis.Methods 91 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with pneumoconiosis were selected as the control group,and another 84 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with pneumoconiosis were selected as the test group.All patients were treated with the same chemotherapy 2H3R3Z3E3 /4H3R3,but the test group was additionally treated with mycobacterium vaccae injection at the same time.The curative effect was compared between the two groups.Results The improvement of clinical symptoms,pulmonary lesion absorption,and sputum negative transform was more pronounced in the test group than in the control group(P 0.05).Conclusion Mycobacterium vaccae injection can significantly improve the patients' clinical symptoms and promote the absorption of pulmonary lesions in the initial adjuvant treatment of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with pneumoconiosis.
Evaluation of HTLV-1 Cytotoxic T-Cell Epitopes in HLA-A2.1 Transgenic Mice

Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus Type-1 (HTLV-1), the first human retrovirus to be characterized, is the causative agent of HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy or Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP). This is a neurologic disease characterized by inflammatory infiltrates of the central nervous system. HTLV-1 is also the etiological agent of an aggressive T-cell malignancy called Adult T-cell Leukemia (ATL) characterized by rapid onset and resistance to chemotherapy. Approximately 10–20 million people worldwide are infected with the virus and 4–5% of these individuals develop one of the diseases [1]. Several studies have outlined the importance of cytotoxic responses in the clearance of viral infections and tumor irradication. In HTLV-1 infected individuals, a large majority of the natural cellular responses has been directed against a single immunodominant epitope from the tax protein namely Tax 11–19 [2].
Things You Learn Lying on the Bathroom Floor

ABSTRACTThis article examines the challenges faced by those with physical impairments and disabilities in engaging in ordained or full-time ministry. It discusses the fears and issues perceived and felt to the author's identity as he attempts to discern what is “enough” in a person called to ministry in terms of functionality and productivity. The article seeks to suggest that identity is given by God, rather than other societal elements or forces. Finally, it suggests that the Church of Christ benefits exponentially from receiving ministry from those who are impaired and disabled and, as a result, expectations of ministers, lay and ordained, may need to be refined.