cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
My journey in infant research and psychoanalysis : Microanalysis, a social microscope

In this paper I describe my personal journey in infant research and psychoanalysis. I describe my work with Daniel Stern and Joseph Jaffe in infant research, and with Frank Lachmann in psychoanalysis. I note some of the people and ideas that influenced me along the way. Video microanalysis taught me to see how the intricate process of mother-infant moment-to-moment communication works. It is a powerful research, treatment, and training tool. Video microanalysis taught me to see how the intricate process of mother-infant momentto-moment communication works. It is a powerful research, treatment, and training tool. I owe my love of video microanalysis to Dan Stern. Video or film microanalysis operates like a social microscope into the underworld just below perceptible view in real time. Mother-infant communicative events occur in less than a second (Beebe, 1982). They are so rapid and subtle that they are not quite grasped in real time. By slowing down the movements, frame-by-frame microanalysis identifies remarkably beautiful moments, such as both partners rising up and up into glorious sunbursts of smiles. It also reveals very disturbing moments, such as maternal anger or disgust faces, or infants becoming frantically distressed or frozen in alarm. By videotaping mothers and infants split-screen, one camera on each partner, we can see the momentby-moment dialogue between the two. From birth, infants live in a two-person social world, and they are capable of coordinating their behaviors with those of the partner (Peery, 1980; Trevarthen, 1979).
Review: Down Conversion Materials for Solid‐State Lighting

The wavelength down conversion approach to solid-state lighting (SSL) uses down conversion materials to produce visible light when excited by near-UV or blue emission from InGaN LEDs. This review discusses two classes of down conversion materials: phosphors and semiconductor quantum dots (QDs). Strong absorption of the excitation wavelength; high luminous efficacy of radiation, which enables white light with a high color rendering index and a low correlated color temperature; high quantum efficiency; and thermal and chemical stability are some of the criteria for down converters used in SSL. This review addresses the challenges in the development of down converters that satisfy all these criteria. We will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of several phosphor compositions for blue and near-UV LEDs. The use of core/shell architectures to improve the photoluminescence and moisture resistance of phosphors is presented. QDs are another class of down conversion materials for near-UV and blue LEDs. Strategies to improve the photostability and reduce the thermal quenching of QDs include strain-graded core/shell interfaces and alloying. We discuss Cd-containing II–VI QDs, and Cd-free III–V and I–III–VI QDs and their potential for SSL applications. Finally, a description of different methods to integrate the phosphors and QDs with the LED is given.
Olfactory assessment of predation risk in the aquatic environment.

The aquatic environment is well suited for the transmission of chemical information. Aquatic animals have evolved highly sensitive receptors for detecting these cues. Here, I review behavioural evi...
Ryanodine Receptor/Ca2+ Release Channels and Their Regulation by Endogenous Effectors

Current evidence suggests that excitable and nonexcitable cells may contain one or both of two intracellular Ca2+ release channels. Release of Ca2+ from intramembrane compartments can be triggered by the binding of the second messenger inositol I ,4,5-trisphosphate (lP3) to the IP3 receptor/Ca2+ release channel (for review, see 6). It also can be mediated by the ryanodine receptor (RyR)/Ca2+ release channel in response to a surface membrane action potential and/or a change in the concentration of a second messenger, by a mechanism referred to in musele as excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling. In striated muscle, rapid release of Ca2+ from the intracellular compart­ ment, sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), is initiated by a surface membrane action potential that is communicated to the SR at specialized areas where the junctional SR comes in close contact with the surface membrane or tubular infoldings of the surface membrane (T-tubule); at these areas large protein structures are present that span the gap between the two membrane systems. These structures have been termed feet (see C rranzini-Armstrong & A Jorgensen, this volume) and are now commonly known as ryanodine receptor/Ca2+ release channels because of the presence of an intrinsic ci+ channel activity within the feet structures, and their ability to bind the plant
The plasmasphere and advances in plasmaspheric research

Abstract A review is made of recent major advances in plasmaspheric research; important results have emerged from those concerning a variety of plasmasphere features. Both experiments and modeling efforts have progressed. A number of unknowns still persist, however, but research is underway toward their clarification. These clarifications are essential for obtaining a predictive capability of the near-Earth space weather in the plasmasphere region.
The Intersecting Roles of Consumer and Producer: A Critical Perspective on Co-production, Co-creation and Prosumption

The terms ‘co-creation’, ‘co-production’, and ‘prosumption’ refer to situations in which consumers collaborate with companies or with other consumers to produce things of value. These situations sometimes appear to blur the traditional roles of ‘producer’ and ‘consumer’. Building on Marx’s distinction between ‘use value’ and ‘exchange value’, we argue that, when consumers perform tasks normally handled by the company, this does not necessarily represent a fundamental change in exchange roles or economic organization. We then argue that, when individuals who are traditionally defined as ‘consumers’ produce exchange value for companies, this does represent a fundamental change.
Thermal Expansion of β-Sic, Gap and Inp

Thermal expansion is important for predicting residual stresses in epitaxial films, composites and electronic devices as well as for providing information relevant to an understanding of interatomic potentials and the equation of state of materials. Model calculations have many assumptions, both inherent and implicit, and have difficulty accurately representing thermal expansion at high temperatures and pressures. We utilize a semi-empirical quasi-harmonic model to evaluate available data for β-silicon carbide, gallium phosphide and indium phosphide. The model allows prediction of the thermal properties of these semiconductors from near 0 K to the vicinity of their melting points. The approach, consisting of a simplified frequency spectrum with several Einstein terms, provides a convenient mathematical method where a minimum of empirical parameters represent the thermal property.
Effects of coronary bypass grafting on resting left ventricular contraction in patients studied 1 to 2 years after operation.

Abstract Left ventricular contraction was evaluated with angiography in 51 patients 1 to 2 years after coronary arterial bypass surgery. The left ventricle was classified into five segments, and segmental ventricular wall motion was analyzed with subjective and objective methods. With subjective analysis, 25 percent of asyhergic segments showed improvement, 72 percent no change and 3 percent deterioration in contraction. There was a 5 percent incidence rate of new wall motion abnormalities in segments that were judged normal from the preoperative ventriculogram. Objective analysis revealed significant improvement in contraction of asynergic segments in each of the five left ventricular segments analyzed. Thus, 1 to 2 years after coronary bypass surgery, there was a significant reduction in left ventricular segmental wall motion abnormalities, and the incidence of deterioration in contraction was small.
A physics-based frequency dispersion model of GaN MESFETs

A physics-based model for GaN MESFETs is developed to determine the frequency dispersion of output resistance and transconductance due to traps. The equivalent circuit parameters are obtained by considering the physical mechanisms for current collapse and the associated trap dynamics. Detrapping time extracted from drain-lag measurements are 1.55 and 58.42 s indicating trap levels at 0.69 and 0.79 eV, respectively. The dispersion frequency is in the range of megahertz at elevated temperature, where a typical GaN power device may operate, although at room temperature it may be few hertz. For a 1.5 /spl times/ 150 /spl mu/m GaN MESFET with drain and gate biases of 10 V and -1 V, respectively, 5% decrease in transconductance and 62% decrease in output resistance at radio frequencies (RFs) from their DC values are observed. The dispersion characteristics are found to be bias dependent. A significant decrease in transconductance is observed when the device operates in the region where detrapping is significant. As gate bias approaches toward cutoff, the difference between output resistance at dc and that at RF increases. For drain and gate biases of 10 and -5 V, output resistance decreases from 60.2 k/spl Omega/ at dc to 7.5 k/spl Omega/ at RF for a 1.5 /spl mu/m /spl times/ 150 GaN MESFET.
The Transmembrane Sequence of Human Histocompatibility Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-C as a Determinant in Inhibition of a Subset of Natural Killer Cells

Molecular interactions with the extracellular domains of class I major histocompatibility complex proteins are major determinants of immune recognition that have been extensively studied both physically and biochemically. However, no immunological function has yet been placed on the transmembrane or cytoplasmic amino acid sequences of these proteins despite strict conservation of unique features within each class I major histocompatibility complex locus. Here we report that lysis by a subset of natural killer (NK) cells inhibited by target cell expression of human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-Cw6 or -Cw7 was not inhibited by expression of chimeric proteins consisting of the extracellular domains of HLA-C and the COOH-terminal portion of HLA-G. Assays using transfectants expressing a variety of HLA-Cw6 mutants identified the transmembrane sequence and, in particular, cysteine at position 309 as necessary for inhibition of 68% (25/37) of NK cell lines and 23% (33/145) of NK clones tested. Moreover, these NK clones inhibited by target cell expression of HLA-Cw6 and dependent upon the transmembrane sequence were found not to express or to only dimly express NK inhibitory receptors (NKIR1) that are EB6/HP3E4-positive. Furthermore, assays using monoclonal antibody blocking suggest that an NK receptor other than NKIR1 or CD94 is responsible for recognition dependent upon the transmembrane sequence of HLA-Cw6.
Integrated electric motor drive and power electronics for bidirectional power flow between electric vehicle and DC or AC grid

This paper presents an integrated traction machine and converter topology that has bidirectional power flow capability between an electric vehicle and the DC or AC supply or grid. The inductances of the traction motor windings are used for bi-directional converter operation to transfer power eliminating the need for extra inductors for the charger and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) converter operation. The electric powertrain system size and weight can be minimized with this approach. The concept has been analyzed with finite element coupled simulation with dynamic analysis software. Experimental results are also provided with an electric machine. The interleaving technique has been used with the inductors to share the current and reduce the converter switching stresses. The proposed integrated converter can operate in the traction mode and in the bidirectional power flow mode when energy can be transferred between the vehicle and the DC or single phase AC supply.
A possible transoceanic tsunami directed toward the U.S. west coast from the Semidi segment, Alaska convergent margin

The Semidi segment of the Alaska convergent margin appears capable of generating a giant tsunami like the one produced along the nearby Unimak segment in 1946. Reprocessed legacy seismic reflection data and a compilation of multibeam bathymetric surveys reveal structures that could generate such a tsunami. A 200 km long ridge or escarpment with crests >1 km high is the surface expression of an active out-of-sequence fault zone, recently referred to as a splay fault. Such faults are potentially tsunamigenic. This type of fault zone separates the relatively rigid rock of the margin framework from the anelastic accreted sediment prism. Seafloor relief of the ridge exceeds that of similar age accretionary prism ridges indicating preferential slip along the splay fault zone. The greater slip may derive from Quaternary subduction of the Patton Murray hot spot ridge that extends 200 km toward the east across the north Pacific. Estimates of tsunami repeat times from paleotsunami studies indicate that the Semidi segment could be near the end of its current inter-seismic cycle. GPS records from Chirikof Island at the shelf edge indicate 90% locking of plate interface faults. An earthquake in the shallow Semidi subduction zone could generate a tsunami that will inundate the US west coast more than the 1946 and 1964 earthquakes because the Semidi continental slope azimuth directs a tsunami southeastward. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Observations of Frugivory in Phylloderma stenops (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)

Abstract. The majority of phyllostomine bats (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) are considered to be primarily insectivorous and carnivorous. However, the Phyllostomus—Phylloderma clade is an exception; Phyllostomus discolor and P. hastatus are known to feed in large part on fruit and nectar. Observations of the consumption of fruits of Gurania spp. (Cucurbitaceae) by Phylloderma stenops in Costa Rican lowland wet forest suggest a similar diet for this poorly known, closely related species. Furthermore, the survival and germination of ingested seeds indicate that this bat may be an efficacious seed disperser for its food plants.
Discrete and Continuous Media in the Presence of a Frequency Gradient

Some recent results on the behavior of oscillatory media with a gradient in frequencies are described. Both continuous reaction-diffusion models and discrete nearest neighbor coupling are studied. Some mechanisms underlying the loss of phase-locking are discussed and differences in the strength of coupling are contrasted.
Out with the Old: In with the New History

Understanding the 1948 Israeli war of independence is important not just to the history of Israel, but also to the history of the Palestinians. Simultaneously one nation became a state and another became refugees. Since 1948 Israeli historians have been telling over the story of the war of Independence. Some would describe the early Israeli historians’ account of the war as uniform and primarily pro-Zionist. After the 1980s, however, the history shifted and a generation of ‘New Historians’ emerged. They challenged the theses of the ‘Old Historians’ and offered their own explanations for what happened in 1948. I propose to follow the debate between the ‘New’ and ‘Old’ historians by selecting a number of representatives from all sides, including the Arab side and presenting their theses and criticisms of each other. I hope to accurately depict the main arguments from both sides and present a relevant picture of Israeli historiography from which to understand the debate over 1948.
The Age Structure of Fall, Winter, and Spring Populations of Culex tarsalis in Kern Covinty, California

Study of the ovarian tracheation of female Culex tarsalis Coquillett collected in the summer in Kern County indicated that about 30%–50% were parpus. The percentage of nulliparous females increased in the autumn, and between early November and late January only a very small proportion were clearly parous. For female C. tarsalis to overwinter and maintain WEE virus they must take a prewinter blood meal, oviposit, and be parous. Failure to find parous females through the winter indicates that overwintering of infected females is unlikely. A very large percentage of the overwintering population of C. tarsalis became blood-engorged in late January and February; therefore, through the spring most of the population was parous. The proportion of nulliparous females increased slightly after males appeared in late March, indicating the emergence of a spring brood. Some difficulty was encountered in determining whether females had fed on blood through examination of ovarian tracheation; in many the condition of tracheation was questionable or intermediate, indicating that these may have deposited a small raft of eggs autogenously or following a small blood meal.
Health behaviors and work-related outcomes among school employees.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between selected health behaviors and work-related outcomes among 2398 school-based employees who voluntarily enrolled in a worksite wellness program. METHODS: This study presents participants' baseline data collected from a personal health assessment used by Well-Steps, a third-party wellness company. RESULTS: Employees with high levels of exercise, fruit/vegetable consumption, or restful sleep exhibited higher job-performance and job-satisfaction, and lower absenteeism (p < .05). When all 3 behaviors occurred simultaneously, there was higher job-performance (Prevalence Ratio=1.09; 95% CI=1.05-1.13), job-satisfaction (Prevalence Ratio=1.53; 95% CI=1.30-1.80), and lower absenteeism (Prevalence Ratio=1.16; 95% CI=1.08-1.325). Further, number of co-occurring health behaviors influenced other satisfaction and emotional health outcomes. CONCLUSION: Selected healthy behaviors, individually or co-occurring, are associated with health outcomes potentially important at the worksite.
Human trabecular meshwork cells express BMP antagonist mRNAs and proteins.

Abstract Glaucoma patients have elevated aqueous humor and trabecular meshwork (TM) levels of transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGF-β2). TGF-β2 has been associated with increased extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition (i.e. fibronectin), which is attributed to the increased resistance of aqueous humor outflow through the TM. We have previously demonstrated that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 4 selectively counteracts the profibrotic effect of TGF-β2 with respect to ECM synthesis in the TM, and this action is reversed by the BMP antagonist gremlin. Thus, the BMP and TGF-β signaling pathways antagonize each other’s antifibrotic and profibrotic roles. The purpose of this study was to determine whether cultured human TM cells: (a) express other BMP antagonists including noggin, chordin, BMPER, BAMBI, Smurf1 and 2, and (b) whether expression of these proteins is regulated by exogenous TGF-β2 treatment. Primary human trabecular meshwork (TM) cells were grown to confluency and treated with TGF-β2 (5 ng/ml) for 24 or 48 h in serum-free medium. Untreated cell served as controls. qPCR and Western immunoblots (WB) determined that human TM cells expressed mRNAs and proteins for the BMP antagonist proteins: noggin, chordin, BMPER, BAMBI, and Smurf1/2. Exogenous TGF-β2 decreased chordin, BMPER, BAMBI, and Smurf1 mRNA and protein expression. In contrast, TGF-β2 increased secreted noggin and Smurf2 mRNA and protein levels. BMP antagonist members are expressed in the human TM. These molecules may be involved in the normal function of the TM as well as TM pathogenesis. Altered expression of BMP antagonist members may lead to functional changes in the human TM.
Determination of methanol in cosmetics by gas chromatography and its variance evaluation

Objective To establish a method for determination of methanol in different viscosity cosmetics and predict variance of the method.Methods Samples were extracted with three methods and detected by gas chromatography,the variance of detection was predicted by precision-bias analysis quality control procedure.Results Their calibration curves were determined in the range of 20-2 000 mg/L with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 9 and the detection limit of 6.0 mg/L.The variation analysis of samples both intra-experimental and inter-experimental were FF0.05,total stand deviation was less than W,the confident limit of(R/d) of accuracy was 1.04.Conclusion The results show that this method is reliable,accurate and sensitive in the determination of methanol.
Atmospheric Pollution: GLOBAL STRATOSPHERIC OZONE REDUCTION

The stratospheric ozone layer began to form soon after the onset of oxygen-producing photosynthesis, about 2.3 billion years ago (b.y.a.). It probably did not develop fully until at least 400 million years ago (m.y.a.), when green plants evolved and molecular oxygen mixing ratios began to approach their present levels. Absorption of ultraviolet (UV) radiation by ozone is responsible for the temperature inversion that defines the present day stratosphere. This absorption is critical for preventing UV radiation from reaching the surface of the Earth, where it can harm life. The anthropogenic emission of long-lived chlorine- and bromine-containing compounds into the air since the 1930s and the slow transfer of these compounds to the stratosphere has caused a nontrivial reduction in the global stratospheric ozone layer since the 1970s. In addition, during September, October, and November each year since the early 1980s, up to 70 percent of the ozone layer has been destroyed over the Antarctic. Lesser reductions have occurred over the Arctic in March, April, and May each year. Recent international cooperation has helped reduce emissions and slow further ozone loss. In this chapter, the natural stratospheric ozone layer, global ozone reduction, and Antarctic/Arctic ozone destruction and regeneration are discussed. STRUCTURE OF THE PRESENT-DAY OZONE LAYER About 90 percent of all ozone molecules in the atmosphere reside in the stratosphere; most of the remaining molecules reside in the troposphere.
An Audience Assumed

It would seem that when I characterize a certain philosophical account of morality as inaccurate or speak of a certain moral theory as distorting the character of morality — and this is what I have done in speaking of ‘the politicization of morality’ — I also give expression to a particular conception of morality. I must at least say something about what it is that I take to have been distorted or inaccurately described. But I might seem also to assume that the author of that account or theory that I mean to criticize shares with me that same conception or understanding of morality. I assume, it might be said, that critic and author have their attention fixed on a common object; for otherwise the charge that the author has misdescribed or distorted this object would seem to be out of place. You have not misdescribed the city of London if you set out to give me and succeed in giving me a description of the city of Paris. Of course, it may be doubted that different descriptions of morality can amount to descriptions of different ‘objects’ in the way that different maps of different cities are descriptions of different ‘objects’. But the challenge to the force, as argument, of any appeal to ‘grammatical facts’ which was met at the close of Chapter 4 does, I think, at least raise the question whether an assumption that critic and author have their attention fixed on ‘the same object’ is so unproblematic as one might have thought.
Ventricular Septal Defect from Takotsubo Syndrome

Takotsubo Syndrome is a transient condition characterized by left ventricular systolic dysfunction with apical akinesis/dyskinesis and ballooning. Although the prognosis with medical management is excellent in most cases, rare cases of serious complications can occur. We present here a case of a 71-year-old woman presenting with acute decompensated heart failure with initial findings consistent with a myocardial infarction, who was found instead to have an acute ventricular septal defect as a complication of Takotsubo Syndrome.
Imaging crystal spectrometer for high-resolution x-ray measurements on electron beam ion traps and tokamaks

We describe a crystal spectrometer implemented on the Livermore electron beam ion traps that employ two spherically bent quartz crystals and a cryogenically cooled back-illuminated charge-coupled device detector to measure x rays with a nominal resolving power of λ/Δλ ≥ 10 000. Its focusing properties allow us to record x rays either with the plane of dispersion perpendicular or parallel to the electron beam and, thus, to preferentially select one of the two linear x-ray polarization components. Moreover, by choice of dispersion plane and focussing conditions, we use the instrument either to image the distribution of the ions within the 2 cm long trap region, or to concentrate x rays of a given energy to a point on the detector, which optimizes the signal-to-noise ratio. We demonstrate the operation and utility of the new instrument by presenting spectra of Mo34+, which prepares the instrument for use as a core impurity diagnostic on the NSTX-U spherical torus and other magnetic fusion devices that employ molybdenum as plasma facing components.
Understanding cultural change through the vernacular: Creolization in Louisiana

A diachronic examination of the emic meanings of “creole” in Louisiana reveals a dynamic and complex social identity that is not easily dissected into the etic (or Anglo-American emic) categories of race, class, or ethnicity. In fact, outsider misconceptions about Louisiana creoles have been incorporated into recent anthropological definitions of creolization. This study explores the vernacular understandings of creole through three generational shifts in Louisiana spanning the early-18th through mid-19th centuries. A comparison of these vernacular definitions with the results of archaeological excavations at two creole sites in New Orleans helps define three types of creolization: transplantation, ethnic acculturation, and hybridization. These are transitions that occurred in the self-fashioning of Louisianans as expressed through their houses, gardens, clothes, food, and household goods. Adopting a native perspective exposes the roles that worldview and individual agency play in shaping processes of cultural change.
Reflective pedagogy: the integration of methodology and subject-matter content in a graduate-level course

ABSTRACTThis article presents a critical reflection on how we, instructors of a graduate-level course in higher education administration, sought to integrate theoretical and subject-matter content and research methodology. Our reflection, guided by autoethnography and teacher reflection, challenged both our assumptions about curriculum design and our process of designing and teaching the redesigned course. We found that our efforts to integrate course content and methodology differed from students’ prior experiences and resulted in a disconnection between their experience and the intended course learning objectives. Recommendations include understanding the degree program culture and students’ course expectations, using assignments that facilitate learning of both theory and methods, and balancing classroom discussion among theory, methodology, and the integration of the two.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in severe influenza infection with respiratory failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been extensively used for potentially reversible acute respiratory failure associated with severe influenza A (H1N1) pneumonia; however, it remains an expensive, resource-intensive therapy, with a high associated mortality. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to summarize and pool outcomes data available in the published literature to guide clinical decision-making and further research. Methods: We conducted a systematic search of MEDLINE (1966 to April 15, 2015), EMBASE (1980 to April 15, 2015), CENTRAL, and Google Scholar for patients with severe H1N1 pneumonia and respiratory failure who received ECMO. The study validity was appraised by Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. The secondary outcomes were duration of ECMO therapy, mechanical ventilation, and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) length of stay. Results: Of 698 abstracts screened and 142 full-text articles reviewed, we included 13 studies with a total of 494 patients receiving ECMO in our final review and meta-analysis. The study validity was satisfactory. The overall mortality was 37.1% (95% confidence interval: 30-45%) limited by underlying heterogeneity ( I 2 = 65%, P value of Q statistic = 0.006). The median duration for ECMO was 10 days, mechanical ventilation was 19 days, and ICU length of stay was 33 days. Exploratory meta-regression did not identify any statistically significant moderator of mortality ( P Z = 2.01, P R 2 = 0.16). The visual inspection of funnel plots did not suggest the presence of publication bias. Conclusions: ECMO therapy may be used as an adjunct or salvage therapy for severe H1N1 pneumonia with respiratory failure. It is associated with a prolonged duration of ventilator support, ICU length of stay, and high mortality. Initiating ECMO early once the patient has been instituted on mechanical ventilation may result in improved survival.
‘How can we help you?’ Hugh Greene and the BBC Coloured Conferences

This essay examines a 1965 meeting between The British Broad Casting Corporation (BBC) Director General Hugh Greene, and members of the West Indian community. The assembly was significant, in that Greene and other managers actively sought the opinions of these citizens as the BBC planned new programmes on race relations. This unusual effort came after the Nottingham and Notting Hill riots exposed obvious racial tensions in a country that claimed no colour bar, and the highly controversial Commonwealth Immigrants Act of 1962. The discussions created possibilities within a social and institutional environment foreshadowed by social tensions examined by 1950s programming, yet seldom from the perspective of West Indians scholars or citizens. Further highlighted, through the examination of original documents at the Written Archives Centre, Caversham, Reading, are discursive elements and the varied perspectives of these attendees. How did these muted voices affect previous programming decisions, televised representations of race, and the canonical formation of programming texts?
Contingency management treatment in cocaine using methadone maintained patients with and without legal problems.

Abstract Background Legal difficulties and cocaine use are prevalent in methadone maintenance patients, and they are related to one another, as well as to poor response to methadone treatment. Contingency management (CM) is efficacious for decreasing cocaine use, but the relation of CM treatment to criminal activities has rarely been studied. Methods This study evaluated whether baseline legal problems are related to subsequent substance use and illegal activities for cocaine using methadone maintained patients and whether CM differentially improves outcomes depending on baseline legal problems. Using data from four randomized CM trials (N = 323), we compared methadone maintained patients with legal problems at the start of study participation to those without initial legal problems. Results Overall, the addition of CM to standard methadone care improved substance use outcomes regardless of initial legal problems. Endorsement of legal problems within 30 days of study initiation was associated with reduced proportion of negative samples submitted during the 12-week treatment period. A significant interaction effect of baseline legal problems and treatment condition was present for subsequent self-reports of illegal activities. Those with baseline legal problems who were assigned to CM had reduced self-reports of reengagement in illegal activity throughout a six month follow-up compared to their counterparts randomized to standard care. Conclusions Adding CM to methadone treatment improves substance use outcomes and reduces subsequent illegal activity in cocaine-using methadone patients with legal problems.
Efficient transcranial ultrasound delivery via excitation of lamb waves: Concept and preliminary results

Transcranial focused ultrasound is approved for non-invasive treatment of essential tremor, and is being researched as a noninvasive means of ablating brain tumors, neuromodulation, and of increasing delivery of cancer therapeutics through the blood-brain barrier. Present technology relies on the use of an array of transducers placed in a helmet and aimed at the skull at normal incidence, leading to inefficient transmission, excess heating of the skull, and limited treatment envelope to the center of the brain. We propose an array of ultrasound wedge transducers capable of efficiently delivering focused ultrasound energy into the brain with minimal heating of the skull and expanding the treatment envelope to include the entire brain.
Thermal Characterization of Alkali Treated Kenaf Fibers and Kenaf-Epoxy Composites

Chemical treatment of natural fibers is a well-defined means of mechanical property improvement in natural fiberreinforced composites. An understanding of mechanical and thermal properties in these media is essential for evaluating heat transfer, thermal degradation, and overall performance of these composites over their product lifetime. However, very little information is available illustrating the effect of such treatment on the thermal properties of kenaf composites. Also, no study to date has reported the thermal conductivity of individual kenaf fibers. This study reports the effects of fiber treatment (in 6 % NaOH) on thermal transport in unidirectionally oriented kenaf-epoxy composites and individual kenaf fibers. The effective thermal conductivities and thermal diffusivities of chemically treated fiber composites show a general increase over untreated fiber composites (0.210 to 0.232 W/m/K at 28 °C, 0.206 to 0.234 W/m/K at 200 °C). This improvement may be attributed to improved interfacial contact between the fibers and epoxy matrix shown in microstructural images after chemical treatment. The thermal conductivity of individual fibers was evaluated at room temperature using two techniques. Results from both techniques showed slight increases after chemical treatment (0.58±0.53 to 1.0±0.13 W/m/K and 1.2±0.54 to 1.6±0.28 W/m/K) but lacked statistical significance. Any improvement in surface crystallinity after chemical treatment does not appear to affect overall fiber thermal conductivity. A better understanding of thermal transport in kenaf fibers and composites enables better estimation of the performance of these composites in different applications. Moreover, the thermal conductivities of individual fibers are useful in understanding the fiber’s contribution to conduction in different fiber reinforcement configurations.
A Model for Conceptualizing Child Abuse Causation and Intervention

A seesaw model is utilized to illustrate both functional and nonfunctional familial states. In functional states, resources equalize stress; in nonfunctional states, stress outweighs resources. Str...
Freeform based lateral-shift compact zoom system: theory and computer simulations

A compact zoom system originating from a generalized form of the Alvarez-Lohmann (AL) varifocal lens concept is developed and discussed here in terms of its potential future applications in infrared imagers. Design methodology based on the use of different polynomial representations of corresponding freeform surfaces is also briefly outlined. In particular, a targeted polynomial technique, which can reduce the dimensionality of the optimization task, is put forward. Silicon-based AL zoom solution is found especially attractive: it can work in both in MWIR band and quasimonochromatic SWIR channel. Complex freeform surfaces can be generated in Silicon substrates by using dedicated SPDT processes. As a design example, a 3x MWIR/SWIR afocal Galilean freeform zoom is presented which covers a FOV range from 7.4° to 22.5° and offers close to diffraction limited performance.
Chronic differences in white matter integrity following sport‐related concussion as measured by diffusion MRI: 6‐Month follow‐up

Recent studies demonstrated evidence of physiological changes in the brain following sport-related concussion (SRC) that persisted beyond the point at which athletes achieved full symptom recovery. Diffusion MRI techniques have been used to study brain white matter (WM) changes following SRC; however, longitudinal studies that follow injured athletes from the acute to chronic stages of injury are sparse. The current study explores potential persisting effects of the injury, which serves as a follow-up to our previous work that reported WM changes in the acute and subacute phase of SRC recovery. Concussed high school and collegiate football players (n = 17) and well-matched teammate controls (n = 20) were followed up at 6 months postinjury with diffusion tensor (DTI) and diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) as well as measures of self-reported symptoms, cognitive functioning, and balance. Results of tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) analyses revealed continued widespread decreased mean and axial diffusivity compared to control subjects in 6-month follow-up scans. On the other hand, kurtosis metrics, which were significantly higher in concussed athletes in the acute phase, had normalized. WM tract regions-of-interest (ROIs) were created from significant clusters in the TBSS analysis, and linear mixed effects (LME) analyses were used to look at longitudinal changes in these ROIs over time. LME analyses revealed few time × group interactions indicating findings were relatively stable over time. In addition, acute concussion symptoms predicted diffusivity measures at 6 months postinjury. Findings indicate that DTI and DKI may be useful tools in assessing concussion severity, recovery, and possible long-term effects of concussion.
Pilocytic Astrocytoma and Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma

Pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) These are circumscribed, slow-growing, and often cystic astrocytic neoplasm, typically with a biphasic compact and loose architecture by histology and corresponding to WHO grade I. Though most are sporadic, there is a well-established association of pilocytic astrocytoma and neurofibromatosis Type 1 with germline mutations of the NF1 (neurofibromin) gene. Optic nerve involvement, particularly bilateral, is the most common central nervous system (CNS) finding. It has been referred to as “optic nerve glioma,” “cerebellar astrocytoma,” or “dorsal exophytic brain stem glioma.”
Evaporation and Evapotranspiration Measurement

Direct measurements of evaporation and evapotranspiration (ET) are usually experimental work where the data is used to calibrate models for long-term estimation from meteorological variables. Even the evaporation pan that is commonly used requires calibration coefficients to relate to the local evaporation or evapotranspiration. Advancement in evaporation and ET measurements will always improve the performance of ET estimation models. In this chapter, measurement methods such as pan, lysimeters, water budgets, and advanced sensor application are presented in detail.
Low Power Incore Thermionic Space Reactor Design Concepts Using Advanced Technology

Incore thermionic space reactor design concepts which operate at a nominal power output range of between 20 and 50 kWe are described. Details of the neutronic, thermionic, thermal, and shielding pe...
Assessment and English Language Learners in Special Education

Since the implementation of the No Child Left Behind Act in 2001, statewide accountability measures have drastically changed the way schools address achievement gaps among various student populations. One of the negative consequences of this legislation includes the overreliance on standardized assessment programs across all states. However, one of the populations most impacted are students who are classified as English learners and receive special education services. The following chapter highlights some of the issues English learners in special education programs have faced in Texas. This chapter also makes recommendations for appropriately assessing this student population to truly measure their academic achievement.
Efficient feedback controllers for continuous-time quantum error correction

We present an efficient approach to continuous-time quantum error correction that extends the low-dimensional quantum filtering methodology developed by van Handel and Mabuchi [quantph/0511221 (2005)] to include error recovery operations in the form of real-time quantum feedback. We expect this paradigm to be useful for systems in which error recovery operations cannot be applied instantaneously. While we could not find an exact low-dimensional filter that combined both continuous syndrome measurement and a feedback Hamiltonian appropriate for error recovery, we developed an approximate reduced-dimensional model to do so. Simulations of the five-qubit code subjected to the symmetric depolarizing channel suggests that error correction based on our approximate filter performs essentially identically to correction based on an exact quantum dynamical model.
Past hurricane damage and flood zone outweigh shoreline hardening for predicting residential-scale impacts of Hurricane Matthew

Abstract Hurricanes and tropical storms are among the most frequent and costly natural disasters in the United States, and their impacts are expected to intensify in the future. Understanding the best predictors of hurricane damage in coastal areas is of paramount importance for reducing recovery costs and protecting coastal infrastructure and human lives. This project used surveys of 295 homeowners in coastal North Carolina to evaluate damage to estuarine shorelines and homes caused by Hurricane Matthew in 2016. Specifically, we were interested in the following questions: 1) did homes with hardened shorelines (e.g. bulkheads and riprap revetments) experience more or less damage than homes with natural shorelines during the storm; and, 2) what were the strongest predictors of hurricane damage to shorelines and homes. Overall, we found that past hurricane damage to shorelines was the strongest predictor of shoreline damage during Hurricane Matthew and that flood zone and past hurricane damage to homes were the strongest predictors of home damage. However, homes with bulkheads also sustained more hurricane damage than homes with natural shorelines, perhaps because homes with bulkheads were on average 2 times closer to the shoreline than homes with natural shorelines. Our results show patterns of repeated shoreline and home damage during hurricanes and indicate that environmental context and vulnerability can outweigh individual residents’ shoreline management decisions.
Colorblindness: The Lens That Distorts

Doane provides a critical overview of the current state of theorizing colorblind racial inequality, because, as he argues, colorblindness has been identified by race scholars as one of the major political strategies for the preservation of white supremacy and racial inequality. His chapter includes both a discussion of the political and social significance of colorblindness and an analysis of its dynamic and contradictory nature. He then presents a brief analysis of racial ideology and movies, with a focus on the 2016 controversy over black representation at the Academy Awards ceremony (#OscarsSoWhite). He concludes with a discussion of the consequences of the persistence of colorblindness and systemic racism in Hollywood and in society as a whole.
Dry Heat Among the Red Rocks: Risk Perceptions and Behavioral Responses to Extreme Heat Among Outdoor Recreationists in Southeastern Utah

Understanding how people perceive the risks of extreme heat is an essential part of developing better risk communication strategies and ultimately reducing vulnerability to heat. This study analyze...
Teaching NeuroImages: Ondine curse syndrome caused by dorsolateral medullary stroke.

A 68-year-old man with an acute left dorsolateral medullary infarction (figure) had recurrent episodes of hypercarbic respiratory failure with sleep during hospitalization. While awake, the patient ventilated adequately, but when asleep, the patient developed a severe respiratory acidosis (pH 7.14, pCO2 >107) and became unarousable. He was intubated and his mentation improved rapidly. Eventually, he had a tracheostomy placed and continued to have prolonged apneic episodes with sleep during spontaneous breathing trials. The patient did not have central sleep apnea prior to the stroke.
Gender Differences in the Associations between Informal Caregiving and Wellbeing in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Background: Health risks among informal caregivers have received inadequate attention in low and middle income countries. We examined cross-sectional data from 28611 adults 18 years and older in Gh...
Using multi theory model (MTM) of health behavior change to explain intention for initiation and sustenance of the consumption of fruits and vegetables among African American men from barbershops in Mississippi

Background: African American men have poorer health outcomes compared to their white counterparts despite medical advancements and early detection of diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent the constructs of the multi theory model (MTM) explain the intention for initiation and sustenance of the consumption of fruits and vegetables among African American adult men in Mississippi. Methods: Using a cross-sectional design a valid and reliable paper survey was administered during November and December of 2019. The target population for the study consisted of African American adult men (18 or older) that had not consumed recommended levels of fruits and vegetables within 24 hours of taking the questionnaire. A convenience quota sample of African American men from select barbershops in Jackson, Mississippi, were asked to complete the 40-item questionnaire on preventive health screening behavior (n=134). Results: The mean total number of fruits and vegetables consumed by participants within 24hours of the taking the survey was 1.63 (SD =1.47). The mean intention to initiate consuming 5or more cups of fruits and vegetables per day score was 2.13 (SD=1.17) as measured on a 5-point scale (0-4). Behavioral confidence (β = 0.495, P<0.0001), and changes in physical environment(β = 0.230, P<0.0001) accounted for 40.8% of the variance in predicting the intention to initiate behavioral change regarding the daily consumption of fruits and vegetables. Practice for change (β = 0.462, P<0.001) and emotional transformation (β = 0.215, P<0.0001) accounted for 37.5% of the variance in the intention to sustain fruits and vegetables consumption behavior. Conclusion: Based on data found in the study, MTM appears to predict the intention to initiate and sustain fruit and vegetable intake of African American men. Further research studies of suitable interventions to target African American men are needed.
A deep learning classifier for local ancestry inference.

Local ancestry inference (LAI) identifies the ancestry of each segment of an individual's genome and is an important step in medical and population genetic studies of diverse cohorts. Several techniques have been used for LAI, including Hidden Markov Models and Random Forests. Here, we formulate the LAI task as an image segmentation problem and develop a new LAI tool using a deep convolutional neural network with an encoder-decoder architecture. We train our model using complete genome sequences from 982 unadmixed individuals from each of five continental ancestry groups, and we evaluate it using simulated admixed data derived from an additional 279 individuals selected from the same populations. We show that our model is able to learn admixture as a zero-shot task, yielding ancestry assignments that are nearly as accurate as those from the existing gold standard tool, RFMix.