cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential effects of retinoic acid on the growth of normal fibroblast-like cells in vitro from human, swine and rabbit skin.

The effect of trans-retinoic acid on cell growth in vitro was compared among fibroblast-like cells derived from the dermis of normal rabbit, swine and human skin. Rabbit cell growth was inhibited by 30% when treated with concentrations of retinoic acid between 5 × 10−8M and 5 × 10−9M. At higher concentrations, 5 × 10−7M, retinoic acid inhibited cell growth by 75%. In contrast to the rabbit cells, the growth of swine and human cells was not inhibited significantly by retinoic acid concentrations of 33 × 10−6M and 13.2 × 10−6M, respectively. Conversely, retinoic acid at concentrations of 3.3 × 10−7 and 3.3 × 10−6, stimulated the growth of human cells by approximately 35%. The data indicate that retinoic acid exhibits species specificity with regard to its ability to alter the growth of dermal fibroblast-like cells in vitro.
Comparison of elution strength, column efficiency, and peak symmetry in subcritical water chromatography and traditional reversed-phase liquid chromatography

Abstract In this study, the elution strength of subcritical water has been investigated by matching the retention times of catechol, aniline, and pyridine using subcritical water, acetonitrile–ambient water, or methanol–ambient water mixtures as the eluent. Separations were performed on Chromatorex C-18, Zorbax RX-C-18, and poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) columns. The separation temperature ranged from 60 to 200 °C depending on columns used. It was found that a temperature rise of 40 °C for pure water mobile phase resulted in shortening retention time of at least the last eluting solute in each mixture by approximately 50%. The column efficiency study showed that subcritical water separation was more efficient than traditional separations using organic solvent–ambient water mixtures on the PRP-1 column. When temperature was increased, peak symmetry in subcritical water separation was mostly improved. This tendency was observed for separations on all three columns.
Prion protein and the transmissible spongiform encephalopathy diseases.

Research in the past 15 years has provided a wealth of new information on the TSE diseases. Particularly noteworthy has been the identification of PrP as a factor in disease susceptibility, the species barrier, and many aspects of disease pathogenesis. Further understanding of the structure of PrP-res and of amyloids in similar diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, may provide clues as to the differences and similarities among these protein folding diseases. The problem of the nature of the TSE agents remains an enigma. Proof of the protein-only hypothesis may require generation of biologically active transmissible agent in a cell-free environment where a virus cannot replicate. Conversely, proof of a viral etiology will require identification and isolation of a candidate virus. Future efforts should not neglect this fascinating and important area.*E-mail: bchesebro@nih.gov.
Friction and adhesion of silica fibres

Sliding friction between orthogonally crossed silica monofilaments was measured as a function of applied normal load using an electronic microbalance. In the adhesion model of friction, the friction is interpreted in terms of shearing the junction. With the assumption that the ploughing term of friction can be ignored, the shear strength can simply be represented by τ =F/A whereF is frictional force,A is the real area of contact, and τ is the interfacial shear strength. Assuming a single point contact between two fibres, the estimation of the real area of contact was made from Hertzian analysis by taking the normal load as a sum of the applied force and independently determined adhesional force. The results showed that the shear strength of freshly drawn silica fibre increases linearly with the contact pressure.
Spray deposits: Opportunities for improved efficiency of utilizationvia quality, quantity and formulation

Pesticides are under an increasing array of criticism by the public and policy makers as being excessively hazardous to the environment. This has resulted in a wide variety of pesticide use reduction programs for agriculture worldwide. These include less active ingredient per unit area, safer products, and new delivery systems. As a result of these policies, and regulatory thrusts, there are numerous opportunities for improved efficiency of utilization with a better understanding of droplet placement criteria, including spray droplet quality,e.g. size/density parameters, formulation interactions, and a better educated user. This minireview revisits some recent trends in our efforts to improve the dose-transfer efficiency of the modern crop protection agents.
Numerical Evolution of Black Holes with a Hyperbolic Formulation of General Relativity

We describe a numerical code that solves Einstein’s equations for a Schwarzschild black hole in spherical symmetry, using a hyperbolic formulation introduced by Choquet-Bruhat and York. This is the first time this formulation has been used to evolve a numerical spacetime containing a black hole. We excise the hole from the computational grid in order to avoid the central singularity. We describe in detail a causal differencing method that should allow one to stably evolve a hyperbolic system of equations in three spatial dimensions with an arbitrary shift vector, to second-order accuracy in both space and time. We demonstrate the success of this method in the spherically symmetric case.
Granular activated carbon single-chamber microbial fuel cells (GAC-SCMFCs): A design suitable for large-scale wastewater treatment processes

Abstract As an emerging biotechnology capable of removing contaminants and producing electricity, microbial fuel cells (MFCs) hold a promising future in wastewater treatment. However, several main problems, including the high internal resistance (Rin), low power output, expensive material, and complicated configuration have severely hindered the large-scale application of MFCs. The study targeted these challenges by developing a novel MFC system, granular activated carbon single-chamber MFC, termed as GAC-SCMFC. The batch tests showed that GAC was a good substitute for carbon cloth and GAC-SCMFCs generated high and stable power outputs compared with the traditional two-chamber MFCs (2CMFCs). Critical operational parameters (i.e. wastewater substrate concentrations, GAC amount, electrode distance) affecting the performance of GAC-SCMFCs were examined at different levels. The results showed that the Rin gradually decreased from 60 Ω to 45 Ω and the power output increased from 0.2 W/m3 to 1.2 W/m3 when the substrate concentrations increased from 100 mg/L to 850 mg/L. However, at high concentrations of 1000–1500 mg/L, the power output leveled off. The Rin of MFCs decreased 50% when the electrode distance was reduced from 7.5 cm to 1 cm. The highest power was achieved at the electrode distance of 2 cm. The power generation increased with more GAC being added in MFCs due to the higher amount of biomass attached. Finally, the multi-anode GAC-SCMFCs were developed to effectively collect the electrons generated in the GAC bed. The results showed that the current was split among the multiple anodes, and the cathode was the limiting factor in the power production of GAC-SCMFCs.
Dietary and lifestyle factors in relation to plasma leptin concentrations among normal weight and overweight men.

Dietary and lifestyle factors in relation to plasma leptin concentrations among normal weight and overweight men
Gambling on the Lure of Historic Preservation: Community Transformation in Rocky Mountain Mining Towns

Recently four small isolated mountain communities, similar in history and common in their efforts to stem a half century of population and economic decline, chose to undertake a unique community development effort to revitalize their economies: local option, limited stakes gambling. In all four, historic preservation was the rationale for the legalization of gaming and, in all four, gaming has been highly successful in creating jobs, private and public investments, and increased tourism; yet, different state approaches to regulating gaming resulted in contrasting community development efforts. In South Dakota, most gaming taxes and fees are ear-marked for preservation while in Colorado these revenues are destined primarily for the state general fund. These legislated mandates, along with different restrictions on the magnitude of gaming establishments, have resulted in different development paths. The similarities and differences among these four communities are examined.
Tolerancing analysis of customized illumination for practical applications of source and mask optimization

Due to the extremely small process window in the 32nm feature generation and beyond, it is necessary to implement active techniques that can expand the process window and robustness of the imaging against various kinds of imaging parameters. Source & Mask Optimization (SMO) 1 is a promising candidate for such techniques. Although many applications of SMO are expected, tolerancing and specifications for aggressively customized illuminators have not been discussed yet. In this paper we are going to study tolerancing of a freeform pupilgram which is a solution of SMO. We propose Zernike intensity/distortion modulation method to express pupilgram errors. This method may be effective for tolerancing analysis and defining the specifications for freeform illumination. Furthermore, this method is can be applied to OPE matching of free form illumination source.
Laboratory design for wireless network attacks

There has been an increased awareness on the importance of a hands-on laboratory component in information security education in recent years. We developed a series of laboratory exercises for wireless network security. These laboratory exercises introduce to the students the following wireless network attacks: Wardriving, Eavesdropping, WEP Key Cracking/Decryption, Man in the Middle, MAC Spoofing, ARP Cache Poisoning, and ARP Request Replay. Open source tools such as Aircrack-ng, Cain and Abel, and Mac Makeup are used in these laboratory exercises to demonstrate how these attacks are conducted. The laboratory exercises were presented to two information security related courses at this university. The student feedback was very positive. Future work will include refining the laboratory design, conducting evaluation of the exercises extensively, developing more laboratory exercises for wireless network security and developing laboratory exercises for the Linux platform.
Climatic and megaherbivory controls on late-glacial vegetation dynamics: a new, high-resolution, multi-proxy record from Silver Lake, Ohio

Abstract Novel plant assemblages are a long-recognized feature of late-glacial North America, but identifying their causes has been hampered by inaccurate radiocarbon chronologies and the multiplicity of ecological and climatic events during the late Pleistocene. Recently we reported that the formation of no-analog vegetation may have been linked to declines in Pleistocene megafaunal communities, based on pollen and spores from the coprophilous fungus Sporormiella at sites in Indiana and New York. We present a new, multi-proxy analysis from Silver Lake, OH, which 1) updates the radiocarbon chronology of a classic pollen record with a well-established zone of no-analog vegetation, 2) combines a new sub-centennial pollen record with charcoal, Sporormiella, and x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy analyses for an integrated record of landscape change before, during, and after the period of no-analog vegetation, and 3) replicates both the absolute and relative temporal patterns of landscape change at Appleman Lake, IN. At Silver Lake, the decline in Sporormiella at 13.9 ka BP was immediately followed by the formation of novel plant assemblages, as well as the highest-magnitude charcoal peak in the record. Increased Ca and Sr concentrations during the no-analog interval indicate either increased moisture, increased input of nutrients from deciduous litter, or both. The duration of the no-analog assemblages (13.9–11.8 ka BP) roughly corresponds to the period of peak insolation dissimilarity, but is more temporally constrained than previously reported in subcontinental-scale syntheses (17–11 ka BP). We propose a hierarchy of controls on late-glacial plant communities, where biotic interactions such as megaherbivory mediate climate-driven vegetation change.
Integrated Management of System Health in Space Applications

Integrated system health management (ISHM) technologies have been developed to address safety, replace time-based maintenance with condition-based maintenance, and to reduce life cycle costs. Traditional space system designs have focused on safety to minimize the risk to crew and to protect the public, astronauts and pilots, the NASA workforce, and high-value equipment and property. Systems have relied on high reliability components to provide the necessary safety margins and avoid operational mission failures. The current vision for future manned and unmanned space missions to the International Space Station, the Moon, Mars, and beyond, will require longer duration missions and will rely on complex assemblages of components. Increased mission duration and complexity increase the probability of operational mission failures that must be mitigated without jeopardizing safety or the objectives of the current or future missions that might reuse critical mission components. ISHM technology will be essential for providing near-real-time assessments of system capability, safety margins, and maintenance and sustainment requirements. The Applied Research Lab has conducted a series of workshops for NASA which focused on defining requirements for integrated system health monitoring and for the integration of health monitoring and control to provide intelligent self situational awareness (ISSA). The results of these workshops indicate that the benefits of ISHM and greater integration between ISHM and control include increased safety and mission assurance, the ability to rapidly respond to system failures, and decreased operator workload. Emerging open system standards such as OSA-EAI provide a framework for integrating system health monitoring with control functionality in spacecraft avionics systems. The purpose of this paper is to describe areas where system health monitoring can impact safety, reliability and sustainment in space applications and present the results of workshops conducted for NASA to identify requirements for the integration of health monitoring and control in future space systems
Essay: (Re)Constructing the Framework ofWork/Family

When we talk about the connections between work, family, and marriage, what are our assumptions or our implicit model? In this Essay, I hope to expose the importance of questioning the framework within which we operate. Marriage continues to be a core focus of the typical family law course. As a matter of public policy, supporting and valuing marriage, and concern about the conflict between work and family because of the strains it imposes on marriage, makes balancing work and family within a marital framework a focus of law and policy. I argue that we need to consider
Some aspects of the design of a barometric capacitance capsule

Abstract This paper is primarily concerned with the analysis of a barometric capacitance capsule for air data systems, flight test equipment, and special-purpose test instrumentation.
Evidence for two sodium pumps in the crystalline lens of the rabbit eye

Abstract The effect of ouabain on the ATPase activity, the electrical potential, 86Rb uptake, and sodium content in the crystalline lens of the rabbit were studied. The ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity of the lens epithelium was compared to that of segments of lens cortex. The lens fibres were found to possess one-third of the total ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity of the lens. Dose-response studies of ATPase inhibition by ouabain gave a KI of about 1·4 × 10−6 m for the epithelium and about 3·3 × 10−5 m for the anterior cortex. Although ouabain sensitive ATPase was present in the posterior cortex, ouabain had no effect on 86Rb uptake across the posterior lens surface. Application of ouabain to the anterior surface of the lens resulted in an 8 mV decrease in the absolute value of the lens potential, a reduction of 86Rb uptake to about one-third of its value in unpoisoned lenses, and a significant increase in sodium content after 2 hr of incubation. Dose-response studies of these effects suggested that the Na K ATPase of the anterior cortex, but not that of the epithelium, makes an electrogenic contribution to the measured lens potential. On the other hand, inhibition of the epithelial ATPase effects a greater reduction in 86Rb uptake than inhibition of the cortical ATPase. The maintenance of lens sodium content cannot be ascribed solely to the activity of the sodium pump in the lens epithelium. The results of these studies suggest that two types of Na K ATPase with different anatomical localizations contribute to the maintenance of cation balance in the rabbit lens.
Deterrence Versus Brutalization: The Case of Arizona

For several decades, the debates and research regarding the death penalty and deterrence have focused on whether the assumed deterrent effects were real. The rise of brutalization theory, and the growing evidence in support of the theory, poses a dilemma with a different significance: It appears that executions cause more homicides than they prevent and thus increase homicide rates. This study of deterrent and brutalization effects of an Arizona execution partially replicates and extends a study that used a naturally occurring quasi-experimental situation to assess the impact of an Oklahoma execution on different (i.e., disaggregated) types of homicides in Oklahoma. The findings are consistent with those of the Oklahoma study, and indicate that Arizona's first execution in more than 29 years had no deterrent effect on Arizona homicides, but instead, led to increases in several types of homicides consistent with the predictions of brutalization theory.
Adjectives really do modify nouns: the incremental and restricted nature of early adjective acquisition.

By 24 months, most children spontaneously and correctly use adjectives. Yet prior laboratory research that has studied lexical acquisition in young children reports that children up to 3-years-old map novel adjectives to object properties only in very limited situations (Child Development 59 (1988) 411; Child Development 64 (1993) 1651; Child Development 71 (2000) 649; Developmental Psychology 36 (2000) 571; Child Development 69 (1998) 1313). In Experiments 1 and 2 we introduced 36-month-olds (Experiment 1) and 24-month-olds (Experiment 2) to novel adjectives while providing rich referential and syntactic information to indicate what the novel words mean. Specifically, we used a given novel adjective to describe multiple familiar objects which shared a salient property; in addition we used the adjectives in full noun phrases, not in conjunction with pronouns. Under these conditions, both groups mapped novel adjectives onto object properties. In Experiment 3 we asked whether the rich referential information was responsible for the successful outcome of the previous two experiments; we introduced novel adjectives to 2- and 3-year-olds as in Experiments 1 and 2, but the adjectives modified nouns of vague (very general) reference (“one”, or “thing”). Under these conditions the children failed. We suggest that young word learners require access to the taxonomy of the object type so that the relevant property can be identified. The taxonomically specific nouns of Experiments 1 and 2 accomplish this, whereas the more general, semantically bleached nominals in Experiment 3 do not. Taken together with related findings in the literature, these findings favor an account of lexical acquisition in which layers of information become available incrementally, as a consequence of solving prior parts of the learning problem. q 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
The origins of San Pietro b 80 and the development of a Roman sacred repertory

Author(s): Reynolds, Christopher | Abstract: Evidence for assumptions about the transmission of written polyphony in the fifteenth century comes primarily from two sources: archival references, both letters and pay records; and music manuscripts, the collections of the polyphony performed at a given centre. Unfortunately it is all too rare that specific archival references can be associated with surviving manuscripts of fifteenth-century polyphony. For some centres manuscripts have survived but not the archives, while for others there are archival references to the copying of music, but the manuscripts have disappeared. Nevertheless, there is ample evidence to indicate that many large manuscripts were compiled from what Charles Hamm termed ‘fascicle-manuscripts’ – small gatherings of bifolios just large enough to contain one long work or several short ones. By means of fascicle-manuscripts music could circulate randomly, travelling with singers from court to court, or it could be transmitted intentionally, as when the choir at one centre commissioned a piece from a composer working elsewhere. According to this argument, the large manuscripts we are familiar with may not even have been the normal repositories for music in this period. They were created only when enough fascicle-manuscripts had accumulated. These would then be recopied into a single manuscript, providing a greater degree of permanence. The manuscript San Pietrob80, a large choirbook which can now be shown to have been copied for the choir at the basilica of San Pietro in Vaticano, represents one of those rare instances when archival data can be matched to an existing manuscript.
An Introduction to Kalman Filtering With Applications

(1988). An Introduction to Kalman Filtering With Applications. Technometrics: Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 243-244.
A new algorithm for three-party Quantum key distribution

This paper aims to solve the security issues between two parties communicating through a Quantum channel. One of the most effective factors in Quantum cryptography is the trust between two or more parties. Communication parties need to verify the authenticity of each other and who they claim to be. The proposed model introduces a trusted center as a new party. This will be used for key distribution and trust establishment. Thus, the trusted center will be part of the process of identity verification and key agreement. Although, the suggested model in this paper is introduced between two parties and a trust center, it could be extended to cover more parties by repeating the same process on each party. This paper provides a new mechanism to establish trust between different parties. In the presented technique, each party can assure that they are communicating with the legitimate party.
An architecture and methodology for mobile-executed handoff in cellular ATM networks

An architecture is presented for a high-speed cellular radio access network based on ATM transport technology. Central to this approach is a new concept known as the virtual connection tree which avoids the need to involve the network call processor for every cell handoff attempt. Such an approach can readily support a very high rate of handoffs, thereby enabling use of physically small radio cells to provide very high system capacity, but may occasionally cause the volume of traffic to be handled by one cell site to exceed that cell site's capacity. A simple analytical methodology is developed which can be used for admission control, the purpose of which is to limit the number of in-progress calls such that two new quality of service metrics (overload probability and average time in overload) can be kept suitably low. Finally, a general framework is presented for overall system organization and signaling. >
Origins and properties of hematopoietic growth factor‐dependent cell lines

Studies of the growth regulation, differentiation and transformation of myeloid cells have been greatly facilitated by the availability of a variety of hematopoietic growth factor-dependent cell lines. These cell lines have been isolated from long-term bone marrow cultures and myeloid tumors using interleukin 3 (IL-3) as a growth factor. Using growth factor-dependent cells, it has been shown that growth regulation by IL-3 involves binding to a high-affinity receptor of 140 Kd and activation of tyrosine phosphorylation. IL-3 binding is associated with a number of cellular responses which are required for maintenance of viability, including induction of transcription of the c-myc and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) genes. In addition, IL-3 regulates the expression of transcription of the gamma T cell receptor locus. The properties of the IL-3-dependent lines are consistent with the hypothesis that they are transformed in their ability to terminally differentiate. In some of the cell lines, this transformation may terminally differentiate. In other of the cell lines, this transformation may be due to the altered expression of the c-myb gene. In other cell lines, transformation is associated with the activation of the expression of a novel gene, termed Evi-1, of the zinc finger family of transcriptional factors. Comparable transformation of erythroid lineage cells is speculated to be due to the activation of the expression of another novel gene termed spi-1. These studies have emphasized the value of well-characterized hematopoietic growth factor-dependent cell lines in advancing our understanding in the basic biology of myeloid cells.
Detecting Changes in Ecological Time Series

Some practical techniques are discussed for analyzing time series whose statistical properties are changing with time. We first consider how principal component analysis can reduce the multidimensional nature of certain series and, in particular, apply this technique to the analysis of changing seasonal patterns. Discussions of trend, changes in oscillatory behavior, and unusual events follow. The problem of making inferences regarding causation is briefly considered. We conclude with a call for flexibility in approach. See full-text article at JSTOR
Defect Structure of Flash‐Sintered Strontium Titanate

Flash sintering of strontium titanate (SrTiO3) is studied at different applied fields to understand its effect on density and grain growth. In particular, the defect structure is investigated by optical and structural analysis. SrTiO3 exhibited a trend in densification opposite that of ionically or electronically conductive ceramics: as the applied voltage decreased, the density increased. Abnormal grain growth in conventionally sintered SrTiO3 is arrested by flash sintering. Interestingly, undoped SrTiO3 behaved differently than undoped Al2O3, which did not exhibit any signs of flash sintering. Previous attempts at flash sintering could only be achieved in MgO-doped Al2O3. We believe that non-stoichiometric Ruddlesden-Popper phases in SrTiO3, as indicated by ultrafast optical spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, conductivity measurements, and transmission electron microscopy, assist flash sintering by increasing local conductivity through enhanced defect content.
MEMS accelerometers on polyimides for failure assessment in aerospace systems

This paper presents the design, fabrication and characterization of capacitive MEMS accelerometers on flexible polymer substrates. Simulated accelerometers demonstrated sensitivities of 8.3 – 23 fF/g in the z-axis and 2.5 – 9.2 fF/g for the lateral axes, depending on the device geometry, which determined the proof mass, spring constant and the resonant frequency of the accelerometers. Fabricated accelerometers showed sensitivities of 20–28 fF/g and 12–17 fF/g for the z- and lateral axes, respectively.
Diversity of influenza viruses in swine and the emergence of a novel human pandemic influenza A (H1N1)

The novel H1N1 influenza virus that emerged in humans in Mexico in early 2009 and transmitted efficiently in the human population with global spread has been declared a pandemic strain. Here we review influenza infections in swine since 1918 and the introduction of different avian and human influenza virus genes into swine influenza viruses of North America and Eurasia. These introductions often result in viruses of increased fitness for pigs that occasionally transmit to humans. The novel virus affecting humans is derived from a North American swine influenza virus that has acquired two gene segments [Neuraminidase (NA) and Matrix (M)] from the European swine lineages. This reassortant appears to have increased fitness in humans. The potential for increased virulence in humans and of further reassortment between the novel H1N1 influenza virus and oseltamivir resistant seasonal H1N1 or with highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza stresses the need for urgent pandemic planning.
Relation of fat deficiency symptoms to the polyunsaturated fatty acid content of the tissues of the mature rat.

Summary1. Caloric restriction, causing severe emaciation, followed by ad libitum feeding on the same fat-deficient diet, precipitated symptoms of fat-deficiency in mature rats. When the rats, after depletion, were maintained on the fat-free diet ad libitum for sufficiently long periods, spontaneous recovery was observed.2. The tissues of these rats were analyzed for linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acids by the spectrophotometrie method. The concentrations of linoleic and arachidonic acids in the body fat were found to vary with the appearance of the symptoms; it was high at the end of the depletion period, and low at the stage when fat deficiency symptoms were present. The higher levels of linoleic and linolenic acids at the time of recovery, after a long period on the fat-free diet, are considered as further evidence for the synthesis of essential fatty acids in the mature rat.3. Supplementation of ethyl linoleate increased the level of arachidonate in the body fat.
Ambipolar Charge Transport in Air-Stable Polymer Blend Thin-Film Transistors

Ambipolar thin-film transistors based on a series of air-stable, solution-processed blends of an n-type polymer poly(benzobisimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL) and a p-type small molecule, copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) are demonstrated, where all fabrication and measurements are performed under ambient conditions. The hole mobilities are in the range of 6.0 × 10–6 to 2.0 × 10–4 cm2 V–1 s–1 and electron mobilities are in the range of 2.0 × 10–6 to 3.0 × 10–5 cm2 V–1 s–1, depending on the blend composition. UV-vis spectroscopy and electron diffraction show crystallization of CuPc in the metastable α-crystal form within the semicrystalline BBL matrix. These CuPc domains develop into elongated ribbon-like crystalline nanostructures when the blend films are processed in methanol, but not when they are processed in water. On methylene chloride vapor annealing of the blend films, a phase transformation of CuPc from the α-form to the β-form is observed, as shown by optical absorption spectroscopy and electron diffraction. Ambipolar charge transport is only observed in the blend films where CuPc crystallized in the elongated ribbon-like nanostructures (α-form). Ambipolar behavior is not observed with CuPc in the β-polymorph. Unipolar hole mobilities as high as 2.0 × 10–3 cm2 V–1 s–1 are observed in these solution-processed blend field-effect transistors (FETs) on prolonged treatment in methanol, comparable to previously reported hole mobilities in thermally evaporated CuPc FETs. These results show that ambipolar charge transport and carrier mobilities in multicomponent organic semiconductors are intricately related to the phase-separated nanoscale and crystalline morphology.
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells obtained during arthroscopic rotator cuff repair surgery show potential for tendon cell differentiation after treatment with insulin.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine whether a one-time physiologic dose of insulin when compared with the growth factors insulin-like growth factor 1, β-fibroblastic growth factor, and growth differentiation factor 5 is capable of differentiating bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into tendon. Methods Eleven patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair consented to undergo aspiration of bone marrow. A dose-response curve was calculated to determine the optimal dose of insulin needed to differentiate MSCs into tendon. After purification of bone marrow in the operating room, MSCs were exposed to either insulin or tendon-inducing growth factors or were left untreated to serve as a control. The potential for MSCs in each of these groups to differentiate into tendon was evaluated with a multistep process that included determination of the genetic upregulation for tendon-specific proteins, confirmation that the levels of these proteins were actually increased, staining of the MSCs with antibodies for these proteins to ensure that they were expressed on the cell surface, and finally, evaluation of cell morphology to verify the MSCs' tendon-like appearance. Results MSCs treated with insulin showed increased gene expression of tendon-specific markers ( P P P Conclusions Bone marrow–derived MSCs treated with a single physiologic dose of insulin differentiated into cells with characteristics consistent with tendon. Clinical Relevance The potential for MSCs to differentiate into tendon after a 1-time dose of insulin may assist in developing practical biologic options for augmentation of rotator cuff repairs.
Surrogate headform accelerations associated with stick checks in girls' lacrosse.

Girls' lacrosse is fundamentally a different sport than boys' lacrosse, and girls are not required to wear protective headgear. Recent epidemiological studies have found that stick checks are the leading cause of concussion injury in girls' lacrosse. The purpose of this study was to determine stick check speeds and estimate the head acceleration associated with direct checks to the head. Additionally, we briefly examine if commercial available headgear can mitigate the accelerations. Seven (n=7) experienced female lacrosse players checked, with varying severity, a NOSCAE and an ASTM headform. Stick speed at impact and the associated peak linear accelerations of the headform were recorded. The NOCSAE headform was fitted with four commercially available headgear and similar stick impact testing was performed. The median stick impact speed was 8.1 m/s and 777 deg/s. At these speeds, peak linear acceleration was approximately 60g. Three out of the four headgear significantly reduced the peak linear acceleration when compared to the bare headform. These data serve as baseline for understanding the potential mechanism and reduction of concussions from stick impacts in girls' lacrosse. Language: en
Patterns of Stuttering in a Spanish/English Bilingual: A Case Report.

Stuttering patterns may differ when comparing two languages. In bilinguals, specific patterns of stuttering in each one of the languages may potentially be found. This study reports on the case of a 27-year-old Spanish/English simultaneous bilingual whose dominant language is English. Speech and language testing was performed in both languages (language repetition, language understanding, vocabulary, reading, verbal fluency, spontaneous speech and conversational speech). Some differences in the stuttering distribution were found: stuttering in adjectives, adverbs and conjunctions occurred at least twice as much in Spanish as in English; stuttering was also more frequent in verbs in Spanish. Some hypotheses are presented to explain the differences in stuttering severity in both languages. It seems that when comparing stuttering in two different languages in the same subject, it is possible to find similarities in the stuttering pattern, suggesting general stuttering laws; but also differences, associated n...
The Impact of Study Period on Perioperative Outcomes Following Hip Arthroplasty

Abstract We hypothesized that the time period studied would have a greater impact on perioperative outcomes than the hip arthroplasty procedure performed, demonstrating concerns with studies comparing new techniques to "historical" controls. One hundred total hip arthroplasty (THA) and 100 surface replacement arthroplasty (SRA) patients performed between 2004 and 2010 ("historical" period) were matched and compared to 50 THA and 50 SRA patients performed between 2010 and 2012 ("recent" period). Time to discharge was significantly improved for both the THA and SRA groups in the recent versus historical period by 16hours ( P P
A Unique Organization of the Protein Subunits of the DNA Polymerase Clamp Loader in the Archaeon Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum ΔH

Abstract Replication factor C (RFC, also called activator 1), in conjunction with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), is responsible for processive DNA synthesis catalyzed by the eukaryotic replicative DNA polymerases δ and e. Here we report the isolation and characterization of homologues of RFC and PCNA from the archaeon,Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum ΔH. In contrast to the five subunit RFC complex isolated from eukaryotic cells, the mthRFC contains only two subunits. The two genes encoding the RFC subunits called, mthRFC1 and mthRFC3, were cloned, and the proteins (54.4 and 36.8 kDa, respectively) were overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified individually and as a complex. The gene encoding PCNA was also cloned, and the protein was purified after overexpression in E. coli. Based on sizing column elution and subunit composition, the mthRFC complex appears to be a hexamer consisting of two mthRFC1 protomers and four mthRFC3protomers. Although mthRFC differs in organization from its eukaryotic counterpart, it was shown to be functionally similar to eukaryotic RFC in: (i) catalyzing DNA-dependent ATP hydrolysis; (ii) binding preferentially to DNA primer ends; (iii) loading mthPCNA onto singly nicked circular DNA; and (iv) supporting mthPolB-catalyzed PCNA-dependent DNA chain elongation. The importance and roles of RFC and PCNA in M. thermoautotrophicum ΔH replication are discussed.
Evidence for Functional Groupings of Vibrissae across the Rodent Mystacial Pad

During natural exploration, rats exhibit two particularly conspicuous vibrissal-mediated behaviors: they follow along walls, and “dab” their snouts on the ground at frequencies related to the whisking cycle. In general, the walls and ground may be located at any distance from, and at any orientation relative to, the rat’s head, which raises the question of how the rat might determine the position and orientation of these surfaces. Previous studies have compellingly demonstrated that rats can accurately determine the horizontal angle at which a vibrissa first touches an object, and we therefore asked whether this parameter could provide the rat with information about the pitch, distance, and yaw of a surface relative to its head. We used a three-dimensional model of the whisker array to construct mappings between the horizontal angle of contact of each vibrissa and every possible (pitch, distance, and yaw) configuration of the head relative to a flat surface. The mappings revealed striking differences in the patterns of contact for vibrissae in different regions of the array. The exterior (A, D, E) rows provide information about the relative pitch of the surface regardless of distance. The interior (B, C) rows provide distance cues regardless of head pitch. Yaw is linearly correlated with the difference between the number of right and left whiskers touching the surface. Compared to the long reaches that whiskers can make to the side and below the rat, the reachable distance in front of the rat’s nose is relatively small. We confirmed key predictions of these functional groupings in a behavioral experiment that monitored the contact patterns that the vibrissae made with a flat vertical surface. These results suggest that vibrissae in different regions of the array are not interchangeable sensors, but rather functionally grouped to acquire particular types of information about the environment.
Abstract 18036: Heart Rate Response to Adenosine is an Independent Predictor of Long-term Mortality in End Stage Renal Disease

Introduction: We have shown that a blunted heart rate response to adenosine (HRR) is an independent predictor of poor outcome in all comers undergoing myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). Patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) are at exceptionally high risk. We hypothesized that HRR will be independently associated with mortality in this population. Methods: We studied ESRD patients undergoing renal transplant evaluation at our institution between 2003-2007 who had adenosine MPI. All images were reprocessed using an automated program to determine the presence and extent of perfusion defects and measure left ventricular ejection fraction (EF). HRR was calculated as the % heart rate change from baseline during adenosine infusion. Mortality data was prospectively collected and verified against the social security death index database. Results: The study population consisted of 792 ESRD patients (age 52.6 ± 0.4 yrs, 60% diabetes mellitus, 95% hypertension). During a mean follow-up of 5.1± 0.1 years, 281 (36%) patients died. The HRR was lower in patients who died than those who survived (19 ± 1 vs. 28 ± 1 %, p Conclusions: HRR is a strong independent predictor of mortality in ESRD. A 1% drop in HRR provides similar prognostic data to 1% drop in EF. HRR possibly due to autonomic denervation provides valuable prognostic information in this high-risk population especially in the subset with normal perfusion pattern or normal EF.
Functional Models for Hemocyanin and Copper Monooxygenases

The active structures and reactivity of copper protein active sites have been of longtime interest to inorganic chemists, because of the novel coordination sites and their associated physical and spectroscopic features.1–6 These include (i) the unusually intense blue color and high, positive reduction potentials observed in the ‘blue’ copper electron transfer proteins or multicopper oxidases,1,2,7 (ii) the presence of a magnetically coupled dinuclear center in the O2-carrier hemocyanin and monooxygenase tyrosinase,1,-4,8 (iii) the trinuclear copper centers in the oxidases lacease1,9 and ascorbate oxidase1,9,10 or the recently suggested Cu cluster in particulate methane monooxyenase11 and (iv) the dinuclear porphyrin-iron and copper center in cytochrome c oxidase12 which effects the O2-binding and reduction to water. Thus, to further define structural and spectroscopic features in ‘blue’ ‘Type 1’ sites, there is continuing interest in the synthesis of copper complexes with thiolate ligands,2,13 as well as in generating new di- or trinuclear clusters of interest.14
Disseminated histoplasmosis presenting as pelvic inflammatory disease

A 39-year-old female patient was presented with acute abdominal pain. Diagnostic laparoscopy revealed extensive granulomas throughout the abdomen. Disseminated TB was suspected, but the biopsies were negative. Due to a high degree of suspicion, a urine antigen test was performed and was strongly positive for histoplasmosis.
Non-dam alternatives for delivering water services at least cost and risk.

The World Commission for Water in the 21st Century estimated the annual cost of meeting future infrastructural needs for water at US$180 billion by 2025, including supply, sanitation, waste-water treatment, agriculture, and environmental protection. These estimates assume that future global demand for water-related services will mimic those of industrialised nations that rely on centralised water supply and treatment infrastructural systems. This large annual expenditure excludes an estimated US$40 billion that will be invested annually on new hydropower dams and other large-scale water transfer systems. These estimates exclude the environmental and social cost from improperly designed dams, and the true long-term cost to society will be many times greater. Many hydropower schemes are at risk from irregular flow regimes resulting from drought and climate change, while increased land-use intensity leads to sedimentation rates that diminish reservoir storage capacity. Methane emissions from rotting vegetation can be higher than displaced fossil-fuel power plants, while fragmented aquatic habitats and altered flow regimes threaten biodiversity and inland fisheries – a primary protein source for millions of poor people. We present evidence that a value-adding and risk-minimising water planning process can be achieved by shifting from the conventional focus on supply expansion to one that concentrates on efficiently delivering services at and near the point of use. The State of California has two decades of experience with this approach, demonstrating that market-based policy and regulatory innovations can unleash efficiency gains resulting in more utility water services and energy services delivered with less supply expansion at lower costs, while minimising climate-change risk, pollution and the social cost that accompany large infrastructural projects. Efficiency in delivered water services could be accomplished with investments in the range of US$10-25 billion annually, while obviating the need for spending hundreds of billions of dollars on more expensive hydropower and related infrastructural expansion projects. The shift to a regulatory system that encompasses cost-effective end-use efficiency improvements in delivering water and energy services could eliminate the need for an estimated half of all proposed dams globally, thus allowing for the maintenance of other ecosystem service benefits and offer the best hopes of meeting basic human needs for water at a more achievable level of investment.
Instabilities in a nonlinear model of a passive damper

During a study of the dynamic characteristics of a wire rope vibration isolation system constructed with helical isolatoars, an interesting instability was observed. In addition to experimental investigation of this system, a semi-empirical model having nonlinear stiffness, nth-power velocity damping, and variable Coulomb-type friction damping was developed. Results obtained using ACSL compare well with experimental data. The primary emphasis of this paper, however, centers on the instabilities and largea-response behavior of this semi-empirical model. Stabilizing effects are discussed.
Gettering of Iron and Surface Oxygen by High-Energy Boron ion Implantation in Silicon

The gettering of transition metals in silicon presents new challenges since older schemes such as internal gettering cease to be effective with newer technologies. The oxygen concentration in active regions is also a matter of concern when denuding cycles are not employed. Implantation of a deep layer of boron is a promising technique. The effects of boron implants at 1.7 MeV in the dose range 1014 - 1015 at./cm2 were studied with regard to the redistribution of both Fe and 0 after a thermal cycle. Fe was introduced onto the front surface of wafers by deposition after boron implantation. The redistribution of these species was monitored through SIMS depth profiles. In addition, diffusion length measurements from the back surface of the wafers were employed as a new means of assessing Fe gettering. In general there is a lowering of the surface oxygen concentration that increases with dose, or with temperature in the range 850-1000°C. The oxygen concentration can be lowered to a level comparable to denuded wafers at the upper end of this range. The amount of Fe gettering is higher after 850°C than after 1000°C at a given dose. Diffusion length measurements correlate well with SIMS data and provide a convenient method of investigating Fe gettering. This study has demonstrated the feasibility of optimizing a combination of dose and temperature for the gettering of Fe and the lowering of surface oxygen concentration to an acceptable level for device fabrication.