cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of a cubic spline function in finite elements

A variation of the cubic spline function is used in the development of a finite element for use in thick composite plate analysis. The imposition of a cubic distribution through the thickness of the element insures that compatibility of the displacements and their first and second derivatives, and thus shear strains, are maintained from lamina to lamina. The cubic distribution is seen as a higher order approximation than has been previously employed, but because of the nature of the spline, the theory is less cumbersome and more easily implemented than parabolic theory. In addition, there is no introduction of additional degrees of freedom with the cubic theory. A family of 2-D isoparametric elements is employed in conjunction with the theory to solve a class of 3-D thick plate problems. Results are presented showing comparisons which are in good agreement with previously published work.
The Indian Civil Service and the nationalist movement: neutrality, politics and continuity

How was it that the Indian Civil Service (ICS), involved as it was in various activities to secure the British Raj against the pressures of Indian nationalism, was able to survive and flourish in the new political order after independence? This article argues that part of the explanation lies in the fact that it was, and was seen to be, a ‘politically neutral’ institution. In the course of making this argument, it surveys the changing role of the ICS vis-a-vis the nationalist movement before independence, and also considers the theoretical question of what is meant by the claim that bureaucratic work is ‘apolitical’ or ‘neutral’ with respect to politics.
The Use and Evaluation of Scaffolding, Student Centered-Learning, Behaviorism, and Constructivism to Teach Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and IR Spectroscopy in a Two-Semester Organic Chemistry Course.

Since 2002, infrared spectroscopy (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry have been introduced at the beginning of the first-semester organic chemistry lab course at this university. Starting in 2008, each individual student was given 20 unique homework problems that consisted of multiple-choice 1H NMR and IR problems during the first-semester course and a combination of 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and IR during the second-semester course. Using the four instructional techniques of scaffolding, student centered-learning, behaviorism, and constructivism, students were assisted in solving these homework problems by the instructor and a small group of upper-level students. A comparison was made of exam data from years in which students shared a small variety of homework assignments versus years in which each student had his or her own unique set of homework problems. The data indicate that solving the unique problems with assistance from tutors provides an effective way for the students to learn the diff...
Thermal cycloadditions of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate with cyclic enolethers. An entry into medium size oxocyclic systems

Abstract Thermal cycloaddition of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate with a series of cyclic enolethers gave the corresponding bicyclic compounds which were expanded to medium size oxocyclic systems by further thermolysis or Lewis acid catalysis.
Characterization of Fiber Volume Fraction Gradients in Composite Laminates

Experimental methods were assessed for accurately characterizing through-the-thickness fiber volume fraction gradients in fiber-reinforced composite laminates. Two optical microscopy-based image analysis methods were considered for this purpose: the areal method and the fiber counting method. Although the areal method currently appears to be the more commonly used method, the fiber counting method was determined to be the preferred optical microscopy-based method when an accurate measure of fiber cross-sectional area is available. Based on this determination, the fiber counting method was used to perform ply-by-ply fiber volume fraction determinations on four sets of autoclave-cured carbon/ epoxy unidirectional and symmetric cross-ply laminates. Although all four laminates displayed out-of-plane curvature following curing, no statistically significant through-the-thickness fiber volume fraction gradient was found in any of the laminates.
A randomised pilot and feasibility study examining body weight tracking frequency and psychosocial health indicators.

Summary Daily weight tracking may enhance weight loss, but experimental data are scarce. This study tested feasibility of delivering varying weight tracking instructions, assessed adherence, and monitored psychosocial changes. Thirty adults were enrolled and randomised to daily or weekly tracking for 6 months. Study retention was 100%. Adherence averaged 97.5% with no group differences ( p =.15). There were no group differences and minimal changes for depression, anxiety, and body image ( p =.41–.82). Daily trackers reported fewer barriers ( p
Seasonal Affective Disorder and IPO underpricing: implications for young firms

A critical event in the life of a firm is when it undergoes an initial public offering (IPO). Drawing on the Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) literature, which evidences a psychological condition that produces heightened pessimism and risk aversion during the fall and winter months, this study focuses on understanding the potential implications of SAD for young firms. Our results confirm the influence of SAD on IPO underpricing and demonstrate that younger firms experience even higher underpricing during periods most heavily associated with SAD. However, we find that using a higher-quality underwriter or changing the share retention decision can mitigate this impact.
A Global Health Strategy to Capitalize on Proven-Effective Interventions for Heart, Lung, and Blood Diseases

Global health research has historically been a high priority endeavor at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and currently represents one of the five priorities of the NIH Director.1 Recognizing that science and disease have no national borders, NIH has encouraged its Institutes, Centers, and Offices to work with the Fogarty International Center to support biomedical research and research training across the globe.2, 3 In this effort, many Institutes including the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Cancer Institute, National Eye Institute and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, and others, have established or expanded their global health programs. More recently, the US Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) produced a report calling for a more robust US engagement in global health, especially for non-communicable diseases (NCDs).4, 5 In the report, a task force commissioned by CFR analyzed the case for increased U.S. focus on NCDs by examining countries that received significant U.S. health assistance and found that the premature burden of death and disability in many of these countries was heavily NCD-related.5 The CFR finds two compelling global health interests that justify increasing the US engagement with NCDs. First, NCDs undermine the effectiveness of existing U.S. global health investments. Second, NCDs represent an opportunity for the U.S. government to build on existing U.S. global health platforms that can achieve sustainable reductions in premature death and disability that disproportionately affect the poor.
Analysis of End-Use Impact of Daylighting and Glare Controls for Private Office Spaces

ABSTRACTEarly design phase decisions are critically important to reduce a building’s energy needs. Building orientation and exterior aesthetics which drive window sizes and types are often made by architects and owners prior to daylighting or sustainability consultant’s involvement. Because designs can be difficult, if not impossible, to change as the design process proceeds the need to inform design decisions has lead to the development of a simplified calculation method capable of predicting annual lighting, cooling, and heating loads in a private office design with minimal input based on various design parameters. The method correlations have been produced for four US cities of varying climates to confirm the regression approach is transferable. An example design using these equations calculated to within 4% to 8% of detailed building energy simulation results. One significant benefit of the developed calculation method is its ability to evaluate the three main energy consumption sources’ impact provid...
Photodehydrocyclisations of stilbene‐like compounds XVI: Photoreactions of α‐(9‐phenanthryl)stilbene and 1‐(9‐phenanthryl)‐1‐phenylethylene

The regular photocyclisation of α-(9-phenanthryl)stilbene (1) to 9-phenylbenzo[g]chrysene (2) is accompanied by formation of 4,5-diphenylacephenanthrylene (3). A similar photocyclisation, providing a five-membered ring, occurs on irradiation of 1-(9-phenanthryl)-1-phenylethylene (4) which yields a small amount of 5-phenylacephenanthrylene (5). The structures of 3 and 5 were confirmed by comparison of their spectral data with those of acephenanthrylene (10). This was synthesized by photolysis of 1-(o-iodobenzylidene)indane (8), followed by dehydrogenation, however, 10 cannot be obtained by irradiation of 1-(o-iodobenzylidene)indene (11). The different photoreactivity of 8 and 11 is discussed briefly.
Proximal femur mechanical adaptation to weight gain in late adolescence: a six-year longitudinal study.

The effect of weight gain in late adolescence on bone is not clear. Young women who consistently gained weight (n = 23) from 17 to 22 yr of age had increased BMD but a lack of subperiosteal expansion compared with stable weight peers (n = 48). Bone strength increased appropriately for lean mass in both groups but decreased relative to body weight in weight gainers, suggesting increased bone fragility in weight gainers. Introduction: Weight gain leading to obesity often starts in adolescence, yet little is known about its effects on bone. We used longitudinal data to examine the effects of weight gain in late adolescence (from 17 to 22 yr of age) on proximal femur BMD, geometry, and estimates of bending strength. Materials and Methods: Participants were classified as either weight gainers (WG, n = 23) or stable weight (SW, n = 48) using a random coefficients model. Weight gainers had positive increases in weight (p < 0.05) at each clinic visit from age 17 onward. Proximal femur DXA scans (Hologic QDR 2000) taken annually from 17 to 22 yr of age were analyzed for areal BMD (g/cm2), subperiosteal width (cm), and bone cross-sectional area (CSA) at the proximal femoral shaft. Cortical thickness was measured, and section modulus (Z, cm3) was calculated as a measure of bone bending strength. Total body lean (g) and fat (g) mass were measured from DXA total body scans. Results: Over ages 17–22, height remained stable in both groups. Weight remained static in the SW group but increased 14% on average in the WG group (p < 0.05). After controlling for age 17 baseline values, WG had higher BMD (+2.6%), thicker cortices (+3.6%), and greater bone CSA (+2.3%). Increased BMD did not translate to greater increases in bone bending strength (Z). The SW group achieved similar gains in Z by greater subperiosteal expansion. Bone strength index (SI = Z/height) normalized for body weight remained constant in the SW group but decreased significantly in the WG group. In contrast, SI normalized to lean mass did not change over time in either group. Other variables including physical activity, nutrition, and hormone levels (estradiol, testosterone, cortisol) did not differ significantly between groups. Conclusions: These data suggest that weight gain in late adolescence may inhibit the periosteal expansion known to normally occur throughout life in long bones, resulting in decreased bone strength relative to body weight.
Helen Brooke Taussig: pediatric cardiology leader and innovator

Dr Helen Taussig was a pioneer as a woman in academic medicine and as a leader in pediatric cardiology. She was the second woman promoted to Professor at The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, although her promotion and recognition occurred much later than her achievements warranted. The development of treatment of congenital heart defects was hastened by her careful observations as a clinician and her collaboration with Dr Alfred Blalock and other specialists. Dr Taussig received recognition not only for her pioneering work but also for her advocacy, which led to the Food and Drug Administration not permitting use of thalidomide in the United States and her leadership and election to president of the American Heart Association. She received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1964.
Jaw-muscle spindle afferent feedback to the cervical spinal cord in the rat

Putative synaptic contacts between masticatory-muscle spindle afferents and brainstem neurons which project to the cervical spinal cord were studied in rats by combining retrograde and intracellular neuronal labeling. Spinal cord projecting neurons were retrogradely labeled via injection of horseradish peroxidase unilaterally or bilaterally into cervical spinal cord segments C2 through C5. Twenty-four hours after the injection of horseradish peroxidase, one to five jaw-muscle spindle afferent axons were physiologically identified and intracellularly stained with biotinamide on each side of the brainstem. Horseradish-peroxidase-labeled neurons were found bilaterally in the supratrigeminal region, trigeminal principal sensory nucleus, parvicellular reticular nucleus including its alpha division, spinal trigeminal subnuclei oralis and interpolaris and the medullary reticular formation. Retrogradely labeled neurons were most numerous in the spinal trigeminal subnucleus oralis, parvicellular reticular formation and the ventral part of the spinal trigeminal subnucleus interpolaris. A small number of horseradish-peroxidase-labeled neurons were also present in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus and spinal trigeminal subnucleus caudalis. Appositions between jaw-muscle spindle afferent boutons and spinal projecting neurons were found in the supratrigeminal region, dorsomedial portions of the trigeminal principal sensory nucleus and spinal trigeminal subnuclei oralis and interpolaris, and the parvicellular reticular formation including its alpha division. Putative synaptic contacts were most frequent in the parvicellular reticular formation and the dorsomedial portion of the trigeminal subnucleus oralis. These results indicate that some orofacial proprioceptive feedback transmitted via the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus reaches the cervical spinal cord directly and suggests that jaw-muscle spindle afferent feedback reaches the cervical spinal cord predominately via relays in the dorsomedial part of the spinal trigeminal subnucleus oralis and the parvicellular reticular formation. It is hypothesized that these pathways are primarily involved in the coordination of jaw and neck movement during mastication and biting.
Determination of nanogram amounts of bismuth in rocks by substoichiometric isotope dilution analysis

Abstract A rapid procedure suitable for the routine determination of 1–10 ng of bismuth in a silicate rock matrix is described. Results for the U.S. Geological Survey standard rocks are presented. Rocks and minerals are dissolved in hydrofluoric-perchloric acid in the presence of 207 Bi tracer and the silica is removed by evaporation. The perchloric acid residue is taken up in water and bismuth iodide is extracted into methyl isobutyl ketone. After three acid-iodide washes, the bismuth is stripped into water and reacted with a substoichiometric amount of EDTA. Excess of bismuth is extracted as the iodide and the specific activity of the bismuth-EDTA complex is determined.
Structural characterization of enterobactin hydrolase IroE.

The proliferation of many pathogenic bacteria is limited by the scarcity of soluble iron in their environment. Many of these bacteria scavenge iron by synthesizing and exporting small molecule siderophores that chelate iron. Iron-bound siderophores are subsequently imported for metabolic processing. Three related serine hydrolases have been characterized biochemically in this pathway: Fes, IroD, and IroE. Here, we report the crystal structure of IroE from uropathogenic Escherichia coli CFT073. The native structure and a complex with diisopropyl fluorophosphonate (DFP, a potent serine hydrolase inhibitor) were determined at 2.3 and 1.4 A resolution, respectively. IroE has the typical α/β-hydrolase fold with an atypical catalytic dyad composed of Ser 189 and His 287. Mutation of either residue was detrimental to catalysis. In addition, rather than the typical oxyanion hole composed of backbone amides, IroE employs the atypical guanidinium moiety of Arg 130. Asp 90 anchors Arg 130 in the active site, and mu...
The Marine Planning Framework for South Australia: A new ecosystem-based zoning policy for marine management

Abstract The Marine Planning Framework for South Australia is a new large-scale, ecosystem-based zoning policy for management of development and use in the marine environment. Utilising the Geographic Information System (GIS), the model establishes four ecologically rated zones, derived from known ecological criteria. A series of goals, objectives and strategies represent the desired outcomes for each of the ecologically rated zones. A Performance Assessment System (PAS) will subsequently evaluate the success of the marine plans. Implementation will be supported by a collaborative whole-of-government approach. Marine plans will facilitate the delivery of long-term protection to the marine environment as a whole ecosystem, whilst enabling a broad range of activities to occur in a sustainable manner.
Tobacco Smoking Modifies Association Between Gln-Arg192 Polymorphism of Human Paraoxonase Gene and Risk of Myocardial Infarction

Abstract —Paraoxonase, a high density lipoprotein–associated human serum enzyme, plays a role in atherosclerosis by protecting against lipid peroxidation. Its activity is modulated by 2 common amino acid polymorphisms at positions 192 (Gln→Arg) and 55 (Met→Leu) in the paraoxonase gene ( PON1 ) . We studied the association of PON1 polymorphisms and myocardial infarction (MI) in a population-based study consisting of 492 cases and 518 controls matched for age, sex, and area of residence, all living in Costa Rica. The allele frequency of PON1 192Arg was higher in cases (0.27) than in controls (0.24, P =0.008), whereas that of PON1 55Leu was identical (0.26). Compared with PON1 192Gln-Gln, the PON1 192Arg allele was associated with an increased risk of MI (odds ratio [OR] 1.36, CI 1.06 to 1.75), and this association was independent of the PON1 55 polymorphism, which was not associated with MI (OR 1.10, CI 0.82 to 1.48). Adjustment for lipid and nonlipid risk factors strengthened the association between PON1 192Arg and the risk of MI (OR 1.51, CI 1.13 to 2.03). Interestingly, this association was evident only among nonsmokers (OR 1.90, CI 1.29 to 2.79): there was no evidence of an association in smokers (OR 0.95, CI 0.57 to 1.79). The interaction between PON1 192 and smoking status was statistically significant ( P =0.04). Thus, the PON1 192 but not the PON1 55 gene polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of MI. This association is not evident among smokers.
Molecular Dynamics of the Shewanella oneidensis Response to Chromate Stress

Temporal genomic profiling and whole-cell proteomic analyses were performed to characterize the dynamic molecular response of the metal-reducing bacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 to an acute chromate shock. The complex dynamics of cellular processes demand the integration of methodologies that describe biological systems at the levels of regulation, gene and protein expression, and metabolite production. Genomic microarray analysis of the transcriptome dynamics of midexponential phase cells subjected to 1 mm potassium chromate (K(2)CrO(4)) at exposure time intervals of 5, 30, 60, and 90 min revealed 910 genes that were differentially expressed at one or more time points. Strongly induced genes included those encoding components of a TonB1 iron transport system (tonB1-exbB1-exbD1), hemin ATP-binding cassette transporters (hmuTUV), TonB-dependent receptors as well as sulfate transporters (cysP, cysW-2, and cysA-2), and enzymes involved in assimilative sulfur metabolism (cysC, cysN, cysD, cysH, cysI, and cysJ). Transcript levels for genes with annotated functions in DNA repair (lexA, recX, recA, recN, dinP, and umuD), cellular detoxification (so1756, so3585, and so3586), and two-component signal transduction systems (so2426) were also significantly up-regulated (p < 0.05) in Cr(VI)-exposed cells relative to untreated cells. By contrast, genes with functions linked to energy metabolism, particularly electron transport (e.g. so0902-03-04, mtrA, omcA, and omcB), showed dramatic temporal alterations in expression with the majority exhibiting repression. Differential proteomics based on multidimensional HPLC-MS/MS was used to complement the transcriptome data, resulting in comparable induction and repression patterns for a subset of corresponding proteins. In total, expression of 2,370 proteins were confidently verified with 624 (26%) of these annotated as hypothetical or conserved hypothetical proteins. The initial response of S. oneidensis to chromate shock appears to require a combination of different regulatory networks that involve genes with annotated functions in oxidative stress protection, detoxification, protein stress protection, iron and sulfur acquisition, and SOS-controlled DNA repair mechanisms.
Coronary Magnetic Resonance Angiography

Andre J. Duerinckx 342 pp. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 2002. $198.00. ISBN 0-387-94959-3 Recent advances in MRI hardware and software permit the routine acquisition of images of the coronary arterial lumen at a field strength of 1.5 tesla. Within the past 10 years, investigators from many countries have documented the usefulness of MRI techniques in identifying the course of normal and anomalous coronary arteries, determining native coronary artery and bypass graft patency, and measuring coronary arterial blood flow reserve. Importantly, these advances have been achieved noninvasively without exposure to ionizing radiation or iodinated contrast materials. In addition, these new coronary imaging and flow assessment techniques can be combined in a single examination with other cardiac MRI procedures, …
Hans Morgenthau's Principles of Political Realism: A Feminist Reformulation:

International politics is a man’s world, a world of power and conflict in which warfare is a privileged activity. Traditionally, diplomacy, military service, and the science of international politics have been largely male domains. In the past, women have rarely been included in the ranks of professional diplomats or the military: of the relatively few women who specialize in the academic discipline of international relations, few are security specialists. Women political scientists who do international relations tend to focus on areas such as international political economy, North-South relations and matters of distributive justice.
Role of eicosanoids in prostate cancer progression

Metabolism of arachidonic acid through cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, or P450 epoxygenase pathways leads to the formation of various bioactive eicosanoids. In this review, we discuss alterations in expression pattern of eicosanoid-generating enzymes found during prostate tumor progression and expound upon their involvement in tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, motility, and tumor angiogenesis. The expression of cyclooxygenase-2, 12-lipoxygenase, and 15-lipoxygenase-1 are up-regulated during prostate cancer progression. It has been demonstrated that inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2, 5-lipoxygenase and 12-lipoxygenase cause tumor cell apoptosis, reduce tumor cell motility and invasiveness, or decrease tumor angiogenesis and growth. The eicosanoid product of 12-lipoxygenase, 12(S)-hydroeicosatetraenoic acid, is found to activate Erk1/2 kinases in LNCaP cells and PKCα in rat prostate AT2.1 tumor cells. Overexpression of 12-lipoxygenase and 15-lipoxygenase-1 in prostate cancer cells stimulate prostate tumor angiogenesis and growth, suggesting a facilitative role for 12-lipoxygenase and 15-lipoxygenase-1 in prostate tumor progression. The expression of 15-lipoxygenase-2 is found frequently to be lost during the initiation and progression of prostate tumors. 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, the product of 15-lipoxygenase-2, inhibits proliferation and causes apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells, suggesting an inhibitory role for 15-lipoxygenase-2 in prostate tumor progression. The regulation of prostate cancer progression by eicosanoids, in either positive or negative ways, provides an exciting possibility for management of this disease.
Charles Tilly and the Practice of Contentious Politics

Charles Tilly developed the concept of the repertoire of contention over a long and distinguished career. It wasn't easy and it wasn't quick. In addition to being easily distracted, Tilly also needed to develop the analytical tools with which to study repertoires and performances and complete his transformation from what he called "an old structuralist" to what he came to call a "relational realist." This long development came to final fruition in the book he completed shortly before his death, Contentious Performances, which the author of this tribute regards as his masterpiece.
A Perspectivist Approach to Theory Construction

A perspectivist approach is taken to the theory-construction process in psychological research. This approach assumes that all hypotheses and theories are true, as all are false, depending on the perspective from which they are viewed, and that the purpose of research is to discover which are the crucial perspectives. Perspectivism assumes also that both the a priori conceptual phase of research and the a posteriori empirical phase have both discovery and testing functions. Topics discussed include how the perspectivist approach can improve methodology training and practice (particularly as regards theory construction); what researchers accept as theoretical explanations; the nature of mediational theories; how theories can be formalized, expressed in multiple modalities and for various scaling cases; and how experimental designs can be enriched by theory-guided mediational and interactional variables.
Protease Inhibitors and Adverse Birth Outcomes: Is Progesterone the Missing Piece to the Puzzle?

The ability to prevent mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with combination antiretroviral (ARV) treatment or
Male Aggression, Dominance and Breeding Behavior in Red Desert Feral Horses

Abstract As part of a study on feral horse social organization, habitat use and movements, observations were made on agonistic, dominance and breeding behaviors in Wyoming's Red Desert. The types of aggressive behavior observed among the horses depended on the sex of the aggressor and the sex of the opponent. Fecal piles were involved in 25% of all male-male aggressive encounters and seemed to function in intraband and possibly interband dominance. Three breeding systems were observed in multiple male bands: 1) several males breeding serially with one mare within a band, 2) consort pair formation and 3) nearly exclusive breeding by the dominant male. The type of breeding system found in any one band usually corresponded to the male dominance structure in the band. Zusammenfassung Als aggressives Verhalten benutzen Hengste gegen Stuten meist das Zusammentreiben, Stuten gegen Hengste das Auskeilen (oder das vorhergehende Zukehren der Hinterhand), Hengste untereinander die Drohhaltung mit gebogenem Hals. 25% aller Hengst-Auseinandersetzungen fanden an Kothaufen statt. In 69% dieser Falle wurde markiert. Es gab keine klare Reihenfolge, in der mehrere Hengste nacheinander denselben Kotplatz markierten, doch markieren Hengste der gleichen Gruppe normalerweise pro Besuch dieselbe Stelle. Kothaufen scheinen in und zwischen Gruppen Dominanzzeichen zu sein. In Gruppen mit mehreren Hengsten sind rangtiefere haufiger als die dominanten Hengste in Zwischengruppen-Aggressionen verwickelt. In Gruppen mit nur einem Hengst vollzog dieser 18 von 21 Paarungen; die anderen kamen von gruppenfremden Hengsten. In Gruppen mit mehreren Hengsten entfielen 49% der Paarungen auf den dominanten, 42% auf rangtiefere, 9% auf gruppenfremde. Kampfe unter Hengsten gab es nur, wenn Stuten sich in Junggesellengruppen paarten. In Gruppen mit mehreren Hengsten paarten sich entweder mehrere Hengste oder vorwiegend bis ausschlieslich der Alpha-Hengst mit jeder Stute, Hengste und Stuten schlossen sich zu Paaren zusammen. Das kann von Gruppe zu Gruppe, aber auch innerhalb derselben Gruppe mit der Zeit wechseln.
Distal posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysm: a mysterious course, historical controversies!

neurysms arising from the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) are fortunately infrequent. Their incidence A varies from 0.49% to 3% of all intracranial aneurysms in various published studies (1-8). Typically, most of PICA aneurysms originate from the PICA-vertebral artery junction. Only a small proportion of these aneurysms (<1%), which are called distal PICA aneurysms, arise from more peripheral segments of this tortuous artery (1, 8). Understanding the complex anatomy of this artery is absolutely critical to choosing the best surgical approach.
Comparison of accuracy of the Reflection Coefficient Method (RCM) relative to the Sommerfeld Formulation (SF)

The accuracy of the reflection coefficient method (RCM) relative to the Sommerfeld formulation (SF) is discussed. RCM can be derived from SF via the method of steepest descent. It is also shown that RCM is not the far-field approximation.
Coalitional Prospects in a Multi-Racial Society: African- American Attitudes Toward Other Minority Groups

This paper analyzes the coalitional perceptions of African-Americans after incorporation in their city's dominant political condition. Our research ad dresses two main questions. First, how do African-Americans view their coalition prospects with other major racial and ethnic minority groups? Here we focus on the perceptions of African-Americans in one city, Los Angeles, toward Latinos and Asian-Americans, and compare their attitudes with those of blacks in other cities. Second, how do these coalitional perceptions fit into a fuller model of political attitudes? This analysis provides us with evidence of generational differences in coalitional perceptions and supports the hypothesis of coalitional entropy.
The use of mid infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to determine quantitatively the chemical composition of tall fescue

Abstract Tall fescue samples that were harvested over 3 yr were ground using two methods and oven- or freeze-dried. The samples were then analyzed chemically and by mid infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and in vitro digestible dry matter. Results indicated that the same principles that govern the development of near infrared calibrations apply to the development of calibrations using mid infrared spectra. Overall, results indicated that spectra collected at a resolution of 4cm –1 produced better calibrations than did spectra collected at 16cm –1 , that a wide variety of data treatments needed to be tested, and that oven- and freeze-dried samples calibrated identically. However, unlike previous results using near infrared spectroscopy, samples ground in a Udy cyclone mill (Udy Corp., Fort Collins, CO) were preferred over samples ground in a Christy-Norris mill (Christy and Norris Ltd., Chelmsford, England). A reduction in the size of the calibration set decreased the accuracy of calibrations to the level found for near infrared calibrations. Approximately 56 randomly selected samples out of 223 total were needed for acceptable calibrations. Finally, determinations for samples from a given year using calibrations developed for samples from another year indicated that mid infrared calibrations, at least as developed in this study, may be less robust than near infrared calibrations. In conclusion, the results presented in this study show that mid infrared spectra can be used to develop calibrations to determine the composition of forages and that mid infrared calibrations behave in a manner similar to that of near infrared calibrations.
Between a ROCK and a Hard Place How to Align Our Circadian Rhythms

Many, if not all, aspects of biology are temporally controlled to align our temperaments and behavior with a 24-hour world. Such rhythms are driven by the dynamic interplay of a master molecular clock, housed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and peripheral tissue clocks, all conditioned by environmental inputs, most of which we poorly understand.1 Expression of ≈20% of genes in most tissues oscillates in a circadian fashion,2 and the tightly regulated transcriptional regulation of the clock is complemented by additional controls—by microRNAs3 and posttranslational4 and epigenetic modifications.5 Further underscoring the importance of this system, the molecular clock is highly conserved, exhibits marked elemental redundancy, and is central among the networks that link biological networks that are prominent in distinct tissues.1 Article see p 104 Longstanding clinical interest in circadian rhythms has been fostered by temporal variability in the incidence of symptoms of many diseases1—asthma, endogenous depression, myocardial infarction, and stroke among them—as well as in the efficacy and metabolism of commonly used drugs.6 Coincident with the diurnal pattern of cardiovascular events, diurnal variations have been reported in the pressor response to infused vasoconstrictors, sympathetic nerve activity, the renin–angiotensin system, QT …
Resin composite--state of the art.

Objectives: The objective is to review the current state of the art of dental composite materials. Methods: An outline of the most important aspects of dental composites was created, and a subsequent literature search for articles related to their formulation, properties and clinical considerations was conducted using PubMed followed by hand searching citations from relevant articles. Results: The current state of the art of dental composites includes a wide variety of materials with a broad range of mechanical properties, handling characteristics, and esthetic possibilities. This highly competitive market continues to evolve, with the major emphasis in the past being to produce materials with adequate strength, and high wear resistance and polishability retention. The more recent research and development efforts have addressed the issue of polymerization shrinkage and its accompanying stress, which may have a deleterious effect on the composite/tooth interfacial bond. Current efforts are focused on the delivery of materials with potentially therapeutic benefits and self-adhesive properties, the latter leading to truly simplified placement in the mouth. Significance: There is no one ideal material available to the clinician, but the commercial materials that comprise the current armamentarium are of high quality and when used appropriately, have proven to deliver excellent clinical outcomes of adequate longevity.
The new high voltage level up shifter for HVIC

A new high voltage level up shifter for high-voltage integrated circuits (HVIC) is presented that combines the optimized shape of a high doping concentration layer (N+ buried layer) and low doping isolation. In order to realize the high voltage level up shifter for HVIC, not only the P-doping level for isolation area but also the shape of N+ buried layer is very important. In P-doping level, it is hard to find the optimized condition. If the doping level is higher than proper condition, the breakdown voltage is lower than 600 V. In the opposite case, there is leakage currents between active to active area. After several experiments, one can find the optimized condition for P- isolation-around 8E12 ion/cm/sup 2/. Under the optimized Pisolation condition, the shape of the N+ buried layer decides the breakdown voltage of the level up shifter. According to experimental result, as the edge radius of the N+ buried layer increases from 0 /spl mu/m to 100 /spl mu/m, the breakdown voltage of the level up shifter increases from 355 V to 645 V under the same vertical structure and process conditions.
Comparing Two Long-Term Hurricane Frequency and Intensity Records from San Salvador Island, Bahamas

Abstract Park, L.E., 2012. Comparing two long-term hurricane frequency and intensity records from San Salvador Island, Bahamas. Climate and El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) patterns are thought to be the main drivers of hurricane occurrence and intensity, based on modern and historical data. However, a paucity of data exist examining longer-term hurricane records, particularly the variability of such records from geographically distinct locations. Two long-term records from San Salvador Island, Bahamas, were recovered from sediment cores and compared, identifying storm-activity trends, periods of hurricane hyperactivity, and Caribbean dryness. The sedimentological records from both Clear Pond and Storr's Lake (San Salvador Island, Bahamas) indicate that the hurricane recurrence interval from the western side of the island is comparable to the overall rate reported for the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean region but is less than the rate recorded from the eastern part of the island, suggesting that records ...
Electronic Portfolios in a Teacher Education Program

While much of the research literature focuses on the traditional paper and pencil format of teaching portfolios, the increased integration of electronic technology into teacher preparation curricula has propelled the use of electronic portfolios for a range of evaluative purposes. Electronic portfolios, or e-portfolios as they are commonly labeled, are similar in many respects to paper and pencil format portfolios in terms of content and alignment with a pre-designated purpose, and the artifacts included in the portfolio usually represent a variety of experiences over time. However, characteristics specific to e-portfolios are many and important to address when considering their effective implementation. This article discusses the benefits and challenges specific to implementing electronic portfolios within a teacher education program. Suggestions for navigating key aspects of planning, implementation, and assessment are also included.
Effective Strategies for Ethnic Segmentation and Marketing

Many marketers have attempted to garner the market potential among ethnic minorities in the US, who have experienced tremendous growth in population and purchasing power. While more marketers are using ethnic segmentation and targeted marketing to reach these consumers, some have grown increasingly concerned with the impact of differentiated marketing on organizational efficiency and marketing performance. This research examines the costs and benefits associated with ethnic segmentation and marketing mix differentiation, and discusses managerial implications for improving marketing performance.
Glomerular therapeutics: looking back, looking forward.

Fifty years ago, the prospects for treatment of glomerulonephritis were dim. Beginning around 1950 the field of "glomerular therapeutics" was begun by the introduction of new agents (adrenocorticotrophic hormone, cortisone, nitrogen mustard) as possible disease-modifying therapies for the various forms of glomerular disease. For the next several decades these and other agents (azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, prednisone) were used therapeutically in a largely uncontrolled and anecdotal fashion. The application of randomized, controlled trials led to the adoption of some forms of therapy as both effective and reasonably safe, and the rejection of others as either ineffective or hazardous. New regimens involving different routes of administration or dosing schedules were adopted. After about another two decades, new and increasingly selective agents began to be introduced into the therapeutic armamentarium (cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil). Diseases previously associated with a very poor outcome were transformed into manageable disorders. The consequences of glomerular disease (e.g., nephrotic syndrome, chronic renal failure) were now subject to control and alleviation in many circumstances. The next transformation of "glomerular therapeutics" is now under way. The revolution in molecular genetics and pharmacogenomics will allow new agents to be developed that target specific aspects of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying glomerular disease. This transformation will not be an easy one, because development, testing, approval, and application of these new concepts in therapeutics (e.g., somatic gene therapy) will be time consuming and expensive. Eventually, the understanding of the genetic basis of susceptibility to glomerular disease and its progression will allow a preventative and curative, rather than palliative, strategy to emerge.
Perceived discrimination, social stress, and depression in the transition to adulthood: Racial contrasts

We consider the association between racial discrimination and depression in a relatively comprehensive assessment of general social stress. Data for this investigation come from a sample of Miami-Dade County young adults; the present analyses are limited to African American and white non-Hispanic respondents. Findings indicate that perceptions of discrimination are strongly related to psychological distress. Surprisingly, however, these perceptions contribute almost nothing to an understanding of the origins of racial differences in depression. It appears that differences in lifetime adversity and in exposure to recent and chronic stressors capture those variations in personal history and circumstance which are linked to and arise from social disadvantage and which are relevant to mental health. Variations in these more general forms of social stress account for observed racial differences in depressive symptomatology.
Pulmonary Mast Cell Tumor and Possible Paraganglioma in a Free-ranging Pacific Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens), Barrow, Alaska, USA

We describe a pulmonary mast cell tumor in a subsistence-harvested free-ranging Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens). Neoplastic cells effacing a focal area of pulmonary parenchyma were characterized by rare metachromatic granules and positive staining for C-kit. We also report co-occurrence of a peribronchial mass with a morphologic and immunohistochemical profile compatible with paraganglioma.
I=0,S-ware% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaaccaGae8hWda% Nae8hWdaNaeyOKH4Qae8NMdS0aa0aaaeaacqWFAoWsaaaaaa!3E3F! interaction near thresholdinteraction near threshold

An analysis of theI=0,S-wave\(\pi \pi \to {\rm K}\overline {\rm K} \) interaction near threshold has been carried out using a complex effective-range model. The absolute cross-sections of\(\pi \pi \to {\rm K}\overline {\rm K} \) are extracted from CERN and Argonne experiments on π−+p→K1+K1+n. Least-squares fits to\(\sigma _{\pi \pi \to {\rm K}\overline {\rm K} } \) yield two solutions of comparable χ2. Solution I leads to a bound state of ∼0.957 GeV with a ππ decay width of ∼ 8 MeV. Solution II gives rise to a virtual state with a complex mass: (0.929−i0.090) GeV. Argand diagrams of both solutions do not exhibit the characteristics of a resonance. The scattering length considered as a special case of the present method has also been re-evaluated: the real and imaginary parts are found to be |a|=(0.72±0.15) andb=(0.085±0.011) fm, respectively. Comparison with Argand diagrams of solutions I and II indicates:a<0. A discussion on other related effects is presented.
Planning a Sustainable City: The Making of Curitiba, Brazil

Curitiba, Brazil, is recognized as a model of urban planning. The city’s innovative practices have been internationally praised for the past twenty years, although the first plans that enabled the urban form that Curitiba has today are rarely acknowledged. Sustainable initiatives were implemented in Curitiba before sustainability became the preferred alternative for development; however, the people behind Curitiba’s innovations have not been properly recognized. This article provides a historical overview of all the urban plans that have made the Curitiba paradigm possible. It also recounts Curitiba’s urban development and planning history through the voices of some of the people who contributed to making it the city that it is today. In addition to archival research, a series of interviews reveals their stories and memories of the experience of planning a city to be the best it can be. Their commentary on Curitiba’s future suggests the work is not done. The article concludes with an appraisal of sustaina...
Notes on reproduction in fi ve species of Emoia (Squamata: Scincidae) from Papua New Guinea

Males of Emoia caeruleocauda, E. jakati, E. longicauda, E. obscura and E. pallidiceps from Pa- pua New Guinea exhibit extended periods of sperm formation. Emoia caeruleocauda, E. longicauda, E. obscura produced clutches of 2 eggs; E. jakati and E. pallidiceps produced clutches of -2 eggs. One E. ob- scura female contained corpora lutea from a previous clutch and concomitant yolk deposition, and two contained oviductal eggs and concomitant yolk deposition for subsequent clutches, indicating the pro- duction of multiple clutches under natural conditions. Estimates of minimum sizes for sexual maturity are given for each Emoia species.
Ureteral Calculi: Natural History and Treatment in an Era of Advanced Technology

Patients with ureteral stones may be managed expectantly, or treated with a variety of invasive and noninvasive techniques depending on stone composition, size and location, expectations of the patient and experience of the surgeon. Of 378 patients with documented ureteral calculi 60% passed the stones spontaneously. Passage rates from the proximal, middle and distal ureter were 22, 46 and 71%, respectively. Basketing under fluoroscopic control of distal stones was successful in 79% of the attempts and for those in whom this approach failed ureteroscopy was performed, with a success rate of 90%. When ureteroscopy was used as the initial treatment of distal stones removal was achieved in 81% of the patients. These statistics serve as a reminder that traditional therapy of ureteral stones has not lost its role in contemporary practice.
On two characteristic frequencies of acceleration spectra: Patch corner frequency and fmax

Abstract We examine two issues related to the radiation of tectonic earthquake sources: (i) the complexity of the shape of observed source spectra, and (ii) the effect of recording site characteristics on the cut-off frequency f max of acceleration spectra beyond which spectral amplitudes diminish sharply. We compute the far-field spectra of the 1979 Imperial Valley and the 1984 Morgan Hill earthquakes from the slip functions that were inferred from detailed inversion studies of strong motion and teleseismic data of these two California strike-slip events. These spectra, along with data from the 1983 Central Japan Sea earthquake sequence (main shock and aftershocks), demonstrate the existence of the so-called patch corner frequency, which is related to the scale-length of heterogeneities of the fault plane. Such a frequency is a distinct feature of the source spectrum of the specific barrier model of Papageorgiou and Aki. By analyzing accelerograms of the San Fernando earthquake of 1971, we found that f max determined from records at soil stations is nearly the same as that determined from records at hard rock stations.