cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of novel heteroannular benzoylferrocene polysiloxane monomers, oligomers, and polymers

Abstract Copoly[2,2′-bis[1,1′-ferrocene]benzoylylene/3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-4-oxa-3,5-disila-1,7-heptanylene] ( III ) was synthesized by two approaches. High molecular weight III was obtained by an acid catalyzed equilibrium condensation of 1,1′-bis[1-(3′,3′,5′,5′-tetramethyl-4-oxa-3,5-disilahexyl)benzoyl] ferrocene ( IV ), while lower molecular weight III was synthesized by the dihydridocarbonyltris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium ( Ru ) catalyzed co-oligomerization of 1,1′-benzoylferrocene and 1,3-divinyltetramethyl-disiloxane. Ru catalyzed reaction of benzoylferrocene and 1,3-divinyltetramethyl-disiloxane gave 1-[2′-ferrocenoylphenethyl]-3-vinyltetramethyl-disiloxane ( II ), 1,3-bis[2′-ferrocenoyl phenethyl]tetramethyldisiloxane ( I ). The electrochemistry of I , III , and IV have been examined by cyclic voltammetry. These materials show a single reversible oxidation process. The products have been characterized by 1 H, 13 C, 29 Si NMR, IR, UV–Vis spectroscopy, as well as elemental analysis and/or high resolution mass spectrometry with peak matching. GPC, DSC and TGA of the copolymer and co-oligomer III have been determined.
A BRIEF REJOINDER TO A BRIEF REJOINDER TO SLUZKI

A journalist interviews a 130-year-old man: “Tell me, old man, how did you reach such an advanced age in such good shape?” “My secret is very simple; I have never, ever in my whole life contradicted anybody.” “Never, ever anybody? It can't be!” “No, it can't be.”
Dealing with change: university museums of natural history in the United States

Their unique position as a link between scientists and the public has lent a new dynamic to university museums of natural history in the United States. Peter B. Tirrell is associate director of the...
Combustion Characteristics of Butanol-Soybean Oil Blended Droplets

The combustion characteristics of single fuel droplets of soybean oil (SBO) and butanol binary blends simply mixed by volume were experimentally examined. The droplets were supported at an intersection of microfibers in a 100°C combustion chamber at atmospheric pressure in normal gravity. Ignition was achieved via a hot wire igniter. Ignition characteristics and burning behaviors including burning to completion, burning with microexplosion and incomplete combustion were analyzed for initial concentrations ranging from 25–75% butanol. Droplet size and temperature measurements were analyzed throughout the droplet lifetimes. Relative concentrations prior and during combustion were estimated. Temperature measurements at ignition and above the burning droplet were analyzed. The addition of butanol significantly lowered the droplet ignition temperature. All mixtures studied ignited similarly to pure butanol droplets. The results showed consistency with closed-cup flashpoint temperatures of butanol-soybean oil blends. A three-staged burn including a microexplosion was observed for all mixed droplets, which burned completely. The disruptive burning proved to be a result of a diffusion limited gasification mechanism that has been previously linked to bi-component droplets with high volatility differentials. Microexplosions occur as a result of homogeneous nucleation due to superheating of the more volatile component trapped within the droplet at flame shrinkage. Results show that more butanol is burned in the first stage for Bu75 droplets resulting in microexplosions occurring late in the combustion process. For droplets of near equal initial concentrations, the microexplosions occur earlier resulting in less fuel burned in the first stage of combustion and therefore higher concentrations of butanol trapped within the droplet at flame shrinkage. Consequently these mixtures experience more microexplosions and at a greater intensity. The reduced tendency for Bu75 droplets to experience microexplosions suggest that the maximum droplet surface temperature may be depressed compared to droplets of near equal concentrations reducing the possibility for superheating of the droplet interior. Blends of near equal concentrations by volume proved to exhibit the most favorable combustion characteristics. Bu40 exhibited the most violent microexplosions of all mixtures studied.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
The impact of power on communicative persistence, strategic diversity and bargaining outcomes

An experiment was designed to assess the impact of power on communicative persistence and compliance‐gaining strategy diversity. Participants played the roles of buyer and seller in a negotiation game. Results indicated that power exerted a substantial impact on the messages persons used during the negotiations. Furthermore, message behavior moderated the effect of power on outcomes, so that negotiators were differentially effective in any given power condition depending upon the messages employed. Finally, it was found that participants’ message behavior was often counterproductive in maximizing outcomes.
The dentistry-gerontology connection

The concerns and commitment of dentistry for the aging patient could have meaning for the entire profession. The demographic reports concerning the aging population in the United States are evidence to the validity of…
Current Gain of SiGe HBTs Under High Base Doping Concentrations

A new analytical expression for current gain including the neutral base recombination is developed for SiGe HBTs. With the constant Ge content constraint, the optimal Ge profile for the maximum current gain is found to be dependent on both base doping concentration and the total Ge content
Effects of abuse pattern of gestational toluene exposure on metabolism, feeding and body composition

Abstract Aims Inhalant abuse during pregnancy lowers birth weight and impedes early development. These studies explored the effects of brief, repeated, prenatal toluene exposures in pregnant female rats on body weight, metabolic rate, body composition, and food intake in their offspring. Method Rats were exposed to 0, 8000, 12,000, or 16,000 ppm of toluene twice daily for 15 min from gestational days 8 to 20. The effects of such exposures on post-weaning litter weights, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide output, and body fat content were determined in 2 cohorts ( n = 23, n = 24) of offspring. Food intakes and weight changes in response to 3 different diets (regular chow, purified diet, purified high fat diet) were examined in another cohort ( n = 24) from postnatal days 72 to116. Results Litter weights showed a significant linear decrease as a function of toluene dose. Offspring exposed to the 16,000 ppm toluene dose displayed statistically lower energy expenditures than control rats. Male rats exposed to 8000 or 16,000 ppm toluene had significantly greater percentage of body fat as well as total body fat than the other groups. Toluene also significantly suppressed weight gain over the time chow was consumed compared to the 0 ppm control group. Finally there were trends for a main effect of toluene dose on food intake during chow and during high fat diet consumption, with rats in the 12,000 ppm group consuming more than the 0 ppm group on both diets. Discussion These data suggest that, in addition to other previously documented abnormalities in neurological development and behavior, the physiological regulation of metabolism and body composition in males as well as food intake and weight gain in both sexes may be altered by prenatal exposure to toluene.
Measurement of Forces between Hydroxypropylcellulose Polymers: Temperature Favored Assembly and Salt Exclusion

The thermodynamic forces between hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) molecules at close separation have been measured using the osmotic stress method coupled with X-ray scattering. Two force regimes are apparent: a very short ranged, temperature insensitive force that dominates interactions within the last 2.5 A separation and a longer-ranged force that varies exponentially vs distance with a decay length of about 3−4 A. The longer-ranged force characteristics are strikingly similar to those found for many other macromolecules. We have previously argued that these characteristics are due to a hydration or water structuring force. The amplitude of the longer ranged force in these condensed arrays decreases linearly with temperature. The force switches from repulsive to attractive at ∼40 °C, about the same temperature at which HPC precipitates from dilute solution. The entropy of the HPC condensed array, derived from the temperature dependence of the force, also varies exponentially vs spacing with a 3−4 A decay ...
Computer-assisted planning of the completely synthetic gene experimental design

The construction of a completely synthetic gene offers the most flexible way to synthesize proteins (smaller than approximately 50000 molecular weight) with any desired features. The design process of synthetic gene experiments involves a large amount of information, such as the deoxyribonucleotide sequences (primary structure of genes) and amino-acid sequences (the primary structure of proteins), the codon table (the relation between the DNA triplets and amino acids), restriction endonuclease map (mapping of restriction endonuclease sites in a gene sequence), and so on. The ambiguity derived from the reverse translation (conversion of amino acids to proper DNA triplets) further increases the complexity of the design process. A prototype system which is able to manage the information and guide biologists toward a workable experiment design has been developed. The domain knowledge is incorporated into the system by using a knowledge-based expert-system shell, LISP, and C procedural routines on a SUN workstation. An intelligent, graphical user interface has been developed to ease biologists' interaction with the workstation. The system can reduce the experiment design process to hours. >
Design and characterization of a precision fluid dispensing valve

Precision fluid dispensing is a complicated but yet relevant process where fluid is dispensed in a controlled manner. It is important and applicable in an array of applications ranging from dispensing of food products, biomedical applications to dispensing of adhesive and encapsulants in the semi-conductor industry. This paper discusses the design and characterization of a precision fluid dispensing hybrid valve based on the time-pressure, positive displacement pump, and adhesive jetting technologies. The main advantage of this dispensing method is that the amount of fluid dispensed is independent of the standoff height and does not rely on surface tension between the substrate and the fluid for clean dispensation. Specifically, the dispensed fluid is jetted from a fixed needle height, and hence, repeatability and accuracy is improved while eliminating vertical travel. A prototype valve was built and tested for precision and accuracy of milligrams over a range of pressures and time. The test results are promising, indicating high repeatability and accuracy for low to medium viscous materials and are comparable to existing commercially available precision dispensing systems.
Notch and Wingless Signals Collide

Two important signal transduction pathways for developmental pattern formation in Drosophila are triggered by the binding of the Wingless protein to its receptor and the Delta protein9s binding to its receptor Notch. In a paper in this issue of Science (p. 1826), these two pathways are shown to intersect as a result of a physical interaction between Dishevelled, a cytoplasmic protein in the Wingless pathway, and the intracellular COOH-terminus of the Notch protein. In his Perspective, Blair discusses this mutually inhibitory intersection of these two key signaling pathways.
EXCITED STATE BEHAVIOR OF DIARYLETHENES IN THE SUBNANOSECOND TIMESCALE : THE ROLE OF AN UPPER SINGLET

Picosecond absorption measurements of the trans isomers of 9-styrylanthracene (9-StAn), n-styrylnaphthalene (n-StN, with n = 1 and 2), and n-styrylphenanthrene (n-StPh, with n = 1, 2, and 9) were carried out in a number of solvents at room temperature. In all cases, a short-lived transient (with τS = 0.1 ÷ 0.8 ns) was produced monophotonically within the laser pulse. This transient, which absorbs in a wide wavelength range (400−750 nm), was assigned to the S2 state. At longer delay time, the S1 → Sn absorption (with lifetime τL) replaced that of S2, its assignment being strongly supported by the comparison between τL and the fluorescence lifetime of these diarylethenes. The S1 → Sn absorption of two distinct rotamers was detected for 2-StN in solvents of different polarity, while for the other compounds only one longer-lived transient was detected. Complementary fluorimetric measurements by phase-modulation technique confirmed the presence of a second decay component in the picosecond region with a lifeti...
Reliability studies of bivariate distributions with exponential conditionals

In this paper, we study two bivariate distributions having exponential conditionals. In one of the models, the conditioning variable is fixed and in the other it exceeds a fixed value. We study these two models from a reliability point of view. Failure rates and the mean residual life functions of the marginal distributions and their monotonic properties are studied. The hazard components and their properties are investigated and their relationships with some measure of dependence are established. Finally, the failure rate of the minimum of two components is examined and its monotonicity is investigated. Some of the results presented here are general and would be useful in studying the dependence structure in other classes of bivariate distributions.
Neonatal atypical peripheral atelectasis

We report three neonatal patients with right upper lobe neonatal atypical peripheral atelectasis, one of them presenting within the first hour of life.
Effect of Radiation Environment on the Thermal Resistance of Irradiated Spores of Clostridium Sporogenes P.A. 3679

SUMMARY The thermal resistance at 100°C of Clostridiun sporogenes P.A. 3679 was determined after the spores had been irradiated with gamma rays or cathode rays under various environmental conditions. The pre-irradiation treatment sensitized the spores to heat, and spores irradiated either in air or under vacuum were heat-sensitized to the same extent. The heat sensitization induced was slightly greater when the spores were irradiated at a pH near neutrality, than at an acid pH. Spores suspended in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) were heat-sensitized to a greater degree than spores suspended in nutrient broth or pureed ham. The thermal resistance of the irradiated spores was not influenced by the concentration of viable spores in the suspension (phosphate buffer), but as the proportion of dead cells and dead spores increased with increasing doses of irradiation, the thermal resistance also increased. Spores irradiated with 660,000 rep at 66–68°C were more heat-sensitive than spores irradiated at room temperature or in the frozen state. Below this irradiation level this effect was not evident.
Patient Protection and Risk Selection: Do Primary Care Physicians Encourage their Patients to Join or Avoid Capitated Health Plans According to the Patients' Health Status?

BACKGROUND: Individual physicians who are paid prospectively, as in capitated health plans, might tend to encourage patients to avoid or to join these plans according to the patient’s health status. Though insurance risk selection has been well documented among organizations paid on a prospective basis, such physician-level risk selection has not been studied. OBJECTIVE: To assess physician reports of risk selection in capitated health plans and explore potentially related factors. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: National mailed survey of primary care physicians in 1997–1998, oversampling physicians in areas with more capitated health plans. RESULTS: The response rate was 63% (787 of 1,252 eligible recipients). Overall, 44% of physicians reported encouraging patients either to join or to avoid capitated health plans according to the patients’ health status: 40% encouraged more complex and ill patients to avoid capitated plans and 23% encouraged healthier patients to join capitated plans. In multivariable models, physicians with negative perceptions of capitated plan quality, with more negative experiences in capitated plans, and those who knew at each patient encounter how they were being compensated had higher odds of encouraging sicker patients to avoid capitated plans (odds ratios, 2.0, 2.2, and 2.0; all confidence intervals >1). CONCLUSIONS: Many primary care physicians report encouraging patients to join or avoid capitated plans according to the patient’s health status. Although these physicians’ recommendations might be associated primarily with concerns about quality, they can have the effect of insulating certain health plans from covering sicker and more expensive patients.
Analysis of opioid and non-opioid end products of pro-dynorphin in the substantia nigra of the rat

Abstract The substantia nigra is among the richest pro-dynorphin terminal field regions in the rat brain. We therefore contrasted processing in this area to the known processing in the posterior pituitary. Fractionation of acid extracts of the posterior pituitary by gel filtration followed by analysis by radioimmunoassay indicated that the molar ratio of dynorphin A(1–17) to dynorphin A(1–8) averaged 1:2. The levels of dynorphin A-related end products to α-neo-endorphin and bridge peptide (a 2K nonopioid end product of pro-dynorphin) were approximately equimolar; however, the levels of dynorphin B-sized material were 50% lower than dynorphin A levels. Similar analysis of acid extracts of the substantia nigra also indicated that the levels of dynorphin A, α-neo-endorphin, and bridge peptide were approximately equimolar. In this terminal field the levels of dynorphin B-sized material were approximately 60% lower than dynorphin A. A striking feature of the nigral system was that the molar ratio of dynorphin A(1–17) to dynorphin A(1–8) averaged 1:16. Thus, in the nigra, dynorphin A(1–17) is primarily a biosynthetic intermediate rather than as an end product.
The Effectiveness of the Paediatric Early Warning Tool (PEWT) in Identifying Children Requiring Admission To a Critical Care Unit

The Effectiveness of the Paediatric Early Warning Tool (PEWT) in Identifying Children Requiring Admission To a Critical Care Unit
Overcoming resistance to targeted therapy for lung cancer.

The discovery that certain activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase domain may determine responses to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients with advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) allowed more precise selection of patients who were likely to have a response.1,2 These mutations are seen in approximately 10 to 15% of metastatic NSCLC tumors, mostly in patients with adenocarcinoma who have never smoked. As compared with cytotoxic chemotherapy, EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors significantly improve the overall response rate and progression-free survival in previously untreated patients with EGFR-mutated NSCLC.3–5 However, despite their . . .
Highly overcoupled fused taper couplers as optical switches

In the fabrication of an overcoupled 2 X 2 fused taper coupler, the light cycles back and forth between the output fibers as a function of the optical path length of the coupling region between the waveguides. This cycling (beat frequency) becomes extremely rapid for highly overcoupled couplers as the number of cycles per unit length of pull increases exponentially. We have fabricated couplers with several thousand cycles that are extremely sensitive to small changes in the interaction length or the refractive index. We propose the use of these overcoupled fused taper couplers as optical switches or electro-optic modulators.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of extraction method on quality of orange juice: hand-squeezed, commercial-fresh squeezed and processed

BACKGROUND: Fresh orange juice is perceived to be more wholesome than processed juice. Fresh juice may have flavor and nutrients that differ from pasteurized or processed juice. RESULTS: ‘Hamlin’ and ‘Valencia’ oranges were extracted using a commercial food service juicer, pasteurized or not, resulting in fresh-commercial juice (FCJ) or pasteurized juice (FCPJ) for comparison with pasteurized processed juice (PPJ) in 2009, and gently hand-squeezed ‘Valencia’ juice (HSJ) in 2010 for quality attributes. There was higher peel oil, lower pectin content, and less cloud loss in FCJ/FCPJ compared to PPJ and HSJ regardless of pasteurization. Titratable acidity was generally higher and the ratio of solids to acids lower in FCJ/FCPJ or HSJ compared to PPJ. FCJ/FCPJ had generally higher levels of most aroma volatiles than did PPJ and, overall, the highest esters and terpenes, while methanol and ethanol levels were highest in HSJ. For sensory evaluation, FCJ/FCPJ had more peel oil and PPJ more cooked flavor than other samples, while ‘Valencia’ HSJ was preferred over the other juices. CONCLUSION: High peel oil content and thermo-pasteurization process decreased cloud loss of orange juice. Extraction and finishing processes rather than pasteurization or oil content were major factors in influencing orange juice flavor quality. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Ipsilateral graft and contralateral ACL rupture at five years or more following ACL reconstruction: a systematic review

Background: Injury to the ipsilateral graft used for reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) or a new injury to the contralateral ACL is a devastating outcome following successful ACL reconstruction, rehabilitation, and return to sport. Little evidence exists regarding the intermediate to long-term risk of these events. Methods: The present study is a systematic review of Level-I and II prospective studies that evaluated the rate of rupture of the ACL graft and the ACL in the contralateral knee following a primary ACL reconstruction with use of a mini-open or arthroscopic bone-tendon-bone or hamstring autograft after a minimum duration of follow-up of five years. Results: Six studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The ipsilateral ACL graft rupture rate ranged from 1.8% to 10.4%, with a pooled percentage of 5.8%. The contralateral injury rate ranged from 8.2% to 16.0%, with a pooled percentage of 11.8%. Conclusions: This systematic review demonstrates that the risk of ACL tear in the contralateral knee (11.8%) is double the risk of ACL graft rupture in the ipsilateral knee (5.8%). Additional studies must be performed to determine predictors for these injuries and to improve our ability to avoid this devastating outcome. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level II. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
An experimental study of the unsteady vortex structures in the wake of a root-fixed flapping wing

An experimental study was conducted to characterize the evolution of the unsteady vortex structures in the wake of a root-fixed flapping wing with the wing size, stroke amplitude, and flapping frequency within the range of insect characteristics for the development of novel insect-sized nano-air-vehicles (NAVs). The experiments were conducted in a low-speed wing tunnel with a miniaturized piezoelectric wing (i.e., chord length, C = 12.7 mm) flapping at a frequency of 60 Hz (i.e., f = 60 Hz). The non-dimensional parameters of the flapping wing are chord Reynolds number of Re = 1,200, reduced frequency of k = 3.5, and non-dimensional flapping amplitude at wingtip h = A/C = 1.35. The corresponding Strouhal number (Str) is 0.33, which is well within the optimal range of 0.2 < Str < 0.4 used by flying insects and birds and swimming fishes for locomotion. A digital particle image velocimetry (PIV) system was used to achieve phased-locked and time-averaged flow field measurements to quantify the transient behavior of the wake vortices in relation to the positions of the flapping wing during the upstroke and down stroke flapping cycles. The characteristics of the wake vortex structures in the chordwise cross planes at different wingspan locations were compared quantitatively to elucidate underlying physics for a better understanding of the unsteady aerodynamics of flapping flight and to explore/optimize design paradigms for the development of novel insect-sized, flapping-wing-based NAVs.
Monitoring Energy Metabolism with Indirect Calorimetry: Instruments, Interpretation, and Clinical Application

Indirect calorimetry is the best measure to guide calorie administration during nutrition support. This article presents an update of the types of currently available indirect calorimeters and reviews the recent advances that guide the clinical application of indirect calorimetry. The emphasis of this report is placed on issues that the practicing clinician can use to evaluate, interpret, and apply measurements of energy expenditure.
113 Acute Kidney Injury Secondary to Kidney Crystallization Attributable to Nelfinavir

ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY SECONDARY TO KIDNEY CRYSTALLIZATION ATTRIBUTABLE TO NELFINAVIR. Zaher Hamadeh, Tejinder S. Ahuja, Jeffrey Kopp. Jacobi Medical Center, New York, NY; University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Indinavir a Protease Inhibitor (PI) that can cause nephrolithiasis, crystalluria and acute kidney Injury (AKI). We are reporting a case of AKI and kidney crystallization induced by Nelfinavir another PI. A 72 years old African American male with history of HIV infection admitted with a creatinine of 3.2mg/dl (0.9mg/dl 4 months ago). His CD4 lymphocyte count is 753cells per cubic millimeter, viral load < 75 copies/ml and has been on the same highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen including Nelfinavir for the last 2 years. He denied hematuria, back or flank pain. There was no history of urinary retention, nephrolithiasis or Nephrotoxins use. Labs showed no eosinophilia. Urinalysis showed bland urine sediment with no proteinuria. Renal ultrasound was unremarkable. Percutaneous kidney biopsy was performed and light microscopy showed tubules with intraluminal deposits and chronic tubulo-interstitial nephritis (see Fig); Electron Microscopy confirmed the amorphous crystals within the tubular lumina. Nelfinavir serum trough level was 3ug/ml at the upper normal (normal range of 1-3ug/ml). HPLC was done on a urine sample which detected Nelfinavir. A kidney tissue sample was sent for Mass Spectrometry which showed MW of the kidney crystals consistent with Nelfinavir free-base. HAART regimen was discontinued and creatinine level returned to 1.4mg/dl eight months later.
Improving Tropical Precipitation Forecasts from a Multianalysis Superensemble

Abstract This paper utilizes forecasts from a multianalysis system to construct a superensemble of precipitation forecasts. This method partitions the computations into two time lines. The first of those is a control (or a training) period and the second is a forecast period. The multianalysis is derived from a physical initialization–based data assimilation of “observed rainfall rates.” The different members of the reanalysis are produced by using different rain-rate algorithms for physical initialization. The basic rain-rate datasets are derived from satellites’ microwave radiometers, including those from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellites and the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) data from three current U.S. Air Force Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites. During the training period, 155 experiments were conducted to find the relationship between forecasts from the multianalysis dataset and the best “observed” estimates of daily rainfall totals. This re...
Price-Matching Guarantees and Equilibrium Selection in a Homogenous Product Market: An Experimental Study

Price-matching guarantees have been alleged to sustain collusive prices in a homogenous product market. Theories in this literature also suggest that there exist multiple equilibria (i.e., a set of price equilibria between the competitive and the monopoly price) when all sellers adopt these guarantees in such a market. Theoretical prediction in this case fails to pin down the actual behavior of players a priori. This paper illustrates the essential role of controlled experiment in testing the collusive theory of price-matching guarantees and thereby shedding light on the embedded equilibrium selection problem. In particular, this paper studies two highly stylized market models, obtains testable predictions, and lays out the design of the controlled experiment. Results indicate that these guarantees facilitate collusion among sellers and thus solve the equilibrium selection problem considerably.
1/Q expansions and the first order phase transition of the three-state Potts model in three dimensions

Abstract The family of Q-state Potts models in three dimensions is solved in a 1/Q expansion. Transition points and latent heats are computed to O(Q−3) and the results show that all models having Q≳ 2.6–2.8 undergo a first order phase transition.
Crossing over between genes in the immunoglobulin heavy chain linkage group of the mouse.

Immunoglobulin heavy chain genes were found in wild mice (Mus musculus) that could best be explained as recombinants of immunoglobulin genotypes. In wild mice from Kitty Hawk, N. C., two new heavy chain linkage groups, G3,5,7,8H9,11FfA- and G3,5,8H9,11FfA-, were found, each of which genetically controls both the 3 and 5 distinct immunoglobulin determinants. In inbred strains the 3 and 5 determinants are found independently. The new heavy chain allotype G3,5,7,8H9,11FfA- probably arose from a homologous (intragenic) cross-over between G3,8H9,11FfA- and G5,7,8H9,11FfA14 heavy chain linkage groups. It was suggested that genes controlling G3,8G5,7,8, G3,5,8, and G3,5,7,8 are alleles. Another homozygous wild mouse (Kyushu, Japan) showed a new heavy chain allotype, 2G1,6,7,8H9,16FsA15. The 2 and G1,6,7,8 determinants are also separated in inbred strains. The 2 determinant in inbred mice is not on the γF, γH, or γA heavy chain and is probably on a γG or γG-like immunoglobulin heavy chain. Papain digestion of serum from the Kyushu mouse showed two electrophoretically different Fc fragments, one carrying the G1,6,7,8 and the other the 2 determinant. The new heavy chain allotype, 2G1,6,7,8H9,16FsA15, of the Kyushu wild mouse probably arose from a nonhomologous (unequal) cross over between 2G-H9,16FsA15 and G1,6,7,8H9,11FfA12,13,14 heavy chain linkage groups. The linkage group of the Kyushu wild mouse has at least five heavy chain genes, while that of the inbred mice has four.
Axonal Damage in Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis is a debilitating disease of the central nervous system that has been characteristically classified as an immune-mediated destruction of myelin, the protective coating on nerve fibers. Although the mechanisms responsible for the immune attack to central nervous system myelin have been the subject of intense investigation, more recent studies have focused on the neurodegenerative component, which is cause of clinical disability in young adults and appears to be only partially controlled by immunomodulatory therapies. Here, we review distinct, but not mutually exclusive, mechanisms of pathogenesis of axonal damage in multiple sclerosis patients that are either consequent to long-term demyelination or independent from it. We propose that the complexity of axonal degeneration and the heterogeneity of the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms should be taken into consideration for the design of targeted therapeutic intervention.
Dopamine β-hydroxylase and the regulation of catecholamine biosynthesis☆

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a study analyzing dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) and the regulation of catecholamine biosynthesis. An enzymatic assay for DBH activity in tissue homogenates is used to study changes that occurred with pharmacologically induced alterations in sympathetic nervous system activity. This assay is based on the conversion of a β-hydroxylated product into its N-methyl derivative in the presence of radiolabeled S-adenosylmethionine. In this assay, either phenylethylamine or tyramine is converted into its β-hydroxylated product (phenylethanolamine or octopamine) by DBH in the presence of O2, ascorbate as an electron donor, and Cu2+ which is added to inactivate the endogenous inhibitors of DBH, which are present in nearly all tissues. The results of this study suggest that the long-term changes in the level of activity in the sympathetic nervous system result in changes in the amount of DBH in the neuron. These changes, like those observed with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), appear to be mediated trans-synaptically and to require protein synthesis.
Computers in Virginia's public high schools

Abstract In 1984 the Virginia Department of Education released a series of guidelines for the use of computers in Virginia's public schools [1]. The recommendations covered areas such as planning, selection of hardware and software, staff development, general objectives for the Commonwealth's required computer literacy program, potential uses of computers in instruction, and course offerings in computer science. This study was designed to provide schools, colleges and vendors with information about the progress which has been made in integrating computers into public instruction in Virginia. In addition, it attempted to identify some of the problems and needs of the schools. Four areas were examined: (1) the extent to which Virginia's public high schools have adopted the state's recommendations for instructional uses of computers: (2) difficulties which school systems have experienced with hardware and software; (3) characteristics of the personnel who are currently teaching computer skills; and (4) the training which school personnel believe should be given to teachers, especially those having responsibility for delivering computer related instruction.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN QUANTITATIVE SEVERITY OF CORONARY STENOSIS, FRACTIONAL FLOW RESERVE FINDINGS, AND DEMAND STRESS MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION FINDINGS IN PATIENT WITH SYMPTOMATIC CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

Fractional flow reserve (FFR) has been utilized to assess the functional significance of intermediate (50% – 80%) coronary lesions. However, during hyperemic stress, regulation of coronary blood flow is more often controlled by capillary resistance and not stenosis resistance. Real time myocardial
Advances in esophageal stenting: the evolution of fully covered stents for malignant and benign disease

Self-expanding metal stents have become a leading palliative therapy for dysphagia resulting from esophageal, proximal gastric, and mediastinal cancers. Increasingly, fully covered self-expanding plastic stents and now fully covered metal stents have been used to treat a variety of benign esophageal conditions as well as cancer. Several stent designs are available in the United States and many more internationally. Each design has advantages and limitations. Knowledge of the indications for esophageal stenting and the common side effects associated with different designs allows physicians to choose the best stent for a given condition as well as to anticipate complications such as stent migration or restenosis. Compared with partially covered stents, newer, fully covered metal stents may promote less granulation tissue and subsequent stenosis and may be removable even after several weeks. However, the tradeoff may be more frequent migration. Interest in fully covered metal stents in place of fully covered plastic stents for use in strictures and leaks has also grown, despite the lack of a formal indication for metal stents in benign disease. Unfortunately, rigorous studies of newer stent designs are currently lacking.
Net uptake of dissolved free amino acids by four scleractinian corals

High pressure liquid chromatography was employed to provide the first definitive proof of the net uptake of dissolved free amino acids (DFFA) at nanomolar levels by four scleractinian corals (Montastrea annularis, Madracis mirabilis, Agaricia fragilis, and Favia fragum). During 2 h incubations all species exhibited simultaneous net uptake of eight amino acids. For M. annularis and F. fragum uptake of some dissolved amino acids occurred at concentrations lower than those found in reef waters. Microbial activity or adsorption of DFAA to exposed coral skeletons during these experiments did not appear to be important. Although it seems unlikely that DFAA uptake can provide a significant energy source for corals under ambient conditions, it may be important in the acquisition and retention of nitrogen by these animals.
The First Law of Petropolitics

Finalversion received19 April2011.We examine empirically the relationship between crude oil prices and the ebb and ﬂow of democratic insti-tutions, in order to test the hypothesis that high oil prices undermine democracy and sustain autocracy.We use a variety of time series and panel data methods over a wide range of country subsamples and timeperiods, ﬁnding strictly no evidence in favour of this so-called ‘First Law of Petropolitics’ (Friedman2006).
Effect of ionic strength on recovery of plant enzymes in extracts prepared with anion exchange resin.

Abstract In order to remove inhibitory phenols, enzymes were extracted in the presence of Dowex AG 1-X8 or insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) from germinating flax seeds and branch tissue of a poplar and willow. Dowex treatment resulted in decreased enzyme activity unless ionic strength of the extraction buffer was raised above a threshold value. Apparently, isoenzymes with low isoelectric points are selectively removed from extracts by Dowex under conditions of low ionic strength. Under the best conditions tested, Dowex, in comparison with PVP treatment, did not generally enhance the recovery of enzyme activity from poplar and willow, nor was browning of extracts lessened.
Stresses on joints of Opuntia laevis: forces necessary for mechanical failure and role of lignified xylem cells as resistance components

Abstract Species of Opuntia exhibit a wide range of morphologies. Understanding these morphologies may require knowledge of the mechanical stresses on joints of stem segments and as well as the internal components in joints that withstand joint failure (separation of the terminal cladode from the sub-terminal cladode after weights were applied perpendicularly to the long axis). Results of stress testing terminal cladodes of Opuntia laevis provided the following conclusions: (1) amounts of applied stress for joint failure were not related to the amounts of stress on joints before stress testing; (2) breaking strength (failure stress) was accurately determined for joints from linear plots of M (bending moment) versus I/c (section modulus) [breaking stress for O. laevis was 2.77 kPa]; (3) bending moments at failure were twice as high for tensile portions than for compressive portions of joints; and (4) bending moments at failure were positively correlated with amounts of lignified xylem cells in joints [for each mm2 of lignified xylem cells in joints there was an increase of 0.06 N m of bending moment]. These data support the overall hypothesis that bending stresses are the main stresses at joints of Opuntia laevis and that lignified xylem cells are the main components that resist joint failure. Moreover, since tensile portions have more lignified xylem cells than other stem portions, tensile portions can resist more applied stress.
Levels of 11Be from a study of the 9Be(t, p)11Be reaction

Abstract The reaction 9 Be(t, p) 11 Be has been studied with 20 MeV tritons and an Elbek-type spectrograph. Four previously unreported proton groups were observed corresponding to E x = 5.25, 6.51, 6.72 and 8.84 MeV in 11 Be, and two broader groups.
Necessary Condition for a Strong Relative Minimum for Singular Optimal Control

A necessary condition is developed for a strong relative minimum for a first-order singular optimal control. It is shown that the strong condition is identical with the existing weak condition, namely, the generalized Legendre-Clebsch condition. It is conjectured that the strong condition for a second-order singular control will be the same as the corresponding weak condition.
The Management Education by Internet Readiness (Mebir) Scale: Developing a Scale to Assess Personal Readiness for Internet-Mediated Management Education:

Although online delivery of management education is one of the most critical issues facing business schools and corporate universities, instruments to measure a prospective learner's readiness to participate in the online academic environment have been slow to develop. This article reports on the development of the Management Education by Internet Readiness (MEBIR) scale. The MEBIR scale can assist both online management education providers and prospective learners in determining the extent to which online delivery of management-related content is likely to be effective.
Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon Alloys Prepared by CVD of Higher Silanes

Hydrogenated amorphous silicon may be deposited at relatively low temperatures, where the density of defects may be expected to be low, by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of higher silanes. This method is an attractive alternative to plasma deposition techniques. We describe here the preparation of a-Si:H and related alloys incorporating carbon, germanium, and fluorine. a-Si:H films were deposited on heated substrates in the range 365°C–445°C by CVD of Si2H6 and Si3H8. The optical gap (Eg) ranged from 1.4 to 1.7 eV and the properties of films deposited from either Si2H6 or Si3H8 were quite similar. Wide band gap (Eg=2 eV) alloys of a-SiC:H doped with boron were prepared by CVD of disilane, methyl silane, and diborane. We also prepared variable band gap a-SiC:H alloys by substituting F2C=CFH for methylsilane, and these films were found to have approximately 1–2% fluorine incorporated. The dark conductivity of the boron doped a-SiC:H alloys deposited from either carbon source ranged from 1×10−7 to 6×10−7 (ohm-cm)−1. We also prepared low band gap alloys of Si and Ge by CVD of trisilane and germane. The band gap of a film containing 20% Ge was 1.5 eV; however, the photoconductivity of the film was relatively low.
Capillary Electrophoretic Enantiomeric Separations of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Compounds Using the Macrocyclic Antibiotic Actaplanin A and 2-Methoxyethanol

Abstract Actaplanin A, a macrocyclic antibiotic, was examined as a chiral selector in capillary electrophoresis (CE) for the enantioseparation of several racemic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory compounds. The chiral selectivity of this macrocyclic antibiotic was evaluated as a function of the run buffer pH, chiral selector concentration, and organic modifier composition. Optimized conditions using 15-30% of 2-methoxyethanol and 0.5 mM actaplanin A in 40 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6) were successful in separating all of the enantiomers from the racemic compounds tested in this study.
Impingement drying for preparing dried apple pomace flour and its fortification in bakery and meat products

This study aimed to evaluate impingement drying (ID) as a rapid drying method to dry wet apple pomace (WAP) and to investigate the fortification of dried apple pomace flour (APF) or WAP in bakery and meat products. ID at ~110 °C reduced the moisture content of apple pomace from 80 % (wet basis) to 4.5 % within 3 h, compared with 24 h to 2.2 % using 40 °C forced-air drying and ~60 h to 2.3 % using freeze drying. Furthermore, ID enhanced the extractable phenolic compounds, allowing for a 58 % increase in total phenolic content (TPC) compared with wet pomace, a 110 % and 83 % higher than TPC in forced-air dried and freeze dried samples, respectively. The 15–20 % APF-fortified cookies were found to be ~44–59 % softer, ~30 % more chewy, and ~14 % moister than those of the control. WAP-fortified meat products had significantly higher dietary fiber content (0.7–1.8 % vs. 0.1–0.2 % in control) and radical scavenging activity than that of the control. These results suggest that impingement drying is a fast and effective method for preparing dried APF with highly retained bioactive compounds, and apple pomace fortified products maintained or even had improved quality.
Appropriateness of Ciprofloxacin Dosing Based on a Population Pharmacokinetic Model

Purpose: Over the past two decades, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ciprofloxacin have been steadily increasing for gram-negative bacteria. One major reason cited for this “MIC creep” is underdosing of ciprofloxacin due to a lack of understanding of its pharmacodynamic properties. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of underdosing of ciprofloxacin in a tertiary acute care medical center based on a population pharmacokinetic model. Secondary objectives included evaluation of appropriateness of dosing based on renal function and approved product labeling.Methods: Seventy-six patients were included in this single-center, retrospective study. Data collection included demographic, laboratory, and microbiology data along with details on antibiotic administration. Patient-specific predicted 24-hour area under the curve/MIC (AUC24/MIC) values were estimated using a population pharmacokinetic model with a goal predicted AUC24/MIC of at least 100 and a preferred target ...
Reflexion from Paper

I HAVE observed a curious optical effect which I have not seen described anywhere. If an open book is illuminated fairly strongly from one side, for example, from over one shoulder, the general colour of the white paper is different for the two eyes when one or the other is closed. The effect has been tried with several subjects with the same result. When the light comes over the left shoulder and the left eye is open the pages have a bluish tinge ; when the right eye is open and the left closed the tinge is reddish. If the light comes over the right shoulder the above effects are reversed. If the light is centrally placed above and behind the head there is no difference.
Prematerialization: reducing register pressure for free

Modern compiler transformations that eliminate redundant computations or reorder instructions, such as partial redundancy elimination and instruction scheduling, are very effective in improving application performance but tend to create longer and potentially more complex live ranges. Typically the task of dealing with the increased register pressure is left to the register allocator. To avoid introduction of spill code which can reduce or completely eliminate the benefit of earlier optimizations, researchers have developed techniques such as live range splitting and rematerialization. This paper describes prematerialization (PM), a novel method for reducing register pressure for VLIW architectures with nop instructions. PM and rematerialization both select "never killed" live ranges and break them up by introducing one or more definitions close to the uses. However, while rematerialization is applied to live ranges selected for spilling during register allocation, PM relies on the availability of nop instructions and occurs prior to register allocation. PM simplifies register allocation by creating live ranges that are easier to color and less likely to spill. We have implemented prematerialization in HP-UX production compilers for the Intel® Itanium® architecture. Performance evaluation indicates that the proposed technique is effective in reducing register pressure inherent in highly optimized code.