cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimentally Induced Listeriosis in Turkey Poults

Abstract LISTERIA monocytogenes was first isolated from chickens by Seastone in 1935. Gray (1954) tabulated a complete list of investigators reporting listeriosis in chickens. Paterson (1937) observed sudden death in adult birds and a gradual wasting in young fowl with a listeric infection. Seastone (1935) and Graham and Levine (1943) observed no encephalitic symptoms in chickens infected with L. monocytogenes. A nervous disorder was reported by Van der Vlerk (1954) from a case of listeriosis in a young hen. In general, gross lesions produced by L. monocytogenes are characterized by necrosis of the myocardium; congestion and necrosis of the liver and spleen; general edema; fluid in the abdominal cavity and pericardial sac; enlargement of the liver, spleen, kidneys and heart. These gross lesions have been reported by Seastone (1935), Cole (1941), Hurt et al. (1941), Pallaske (1941), Graham and Levine (1943), Bigland (1950) and Thompson (1954). L. monocytogenes was observed within …
Second Opinion and Transfer of Care

Surgeons are dedicated to performing technically competent and expert operations: preventing complications wherever possible. Unfortunately, adverse events do occur and must be managed efficiently and effectively. When technical surgical complications occur as a result of an operative procedure, the surgeon must decide when to seek a second opinion and when to consider transfer of the patient for additional care.
Projection, Pronouns, and Parsing in Navajo Syntax

In this chapter, I turn to a detailed investigation of the properties of Navajo which led to its being classified as a nonconfigurational language. It turns out that the relevant data are somewhat different from the data which have inspired the nonconfigurational analyses of the languages discussed in chapter 3. All of the languages so far examined have in common the fact that they exhibit some array of syntactic facts which suggest that the projected arguments of a predicate are not hierarchically arranged in the same way as those in English. The Navajo evidence is of a different type: Navajo appears to independently require dual representations. The data from Navajo are thus interesting because they appear to confirm the conclusion drawn from the earlier studies. That is, Navajo displays an array of data which seem to require special devices for the mapping of surface strings onto abstract structure which are unlike those used for English.
The Eccentricity of a Conic Section

(2003). The Eccentricity of a Conic Section. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 116-121.
Characterization of Heterogeneous Solvent Diffusion Environments in Anion Exchange Membranes

1H high resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) NMR spectroscopy was used to characterize the solvent environments in a series of poly(phenylene)- and poly(phenylene alkylene)-based anion exchange ...
Host Intestinal Signal-Promoted Biofilm Dispersal Induces Vibrio cholerae Colonization

Vibrio cholerae causes human infection through ingestion of contaminated food and water, leading to the devastating diarrheal disease cholera. V. cholerae forms matrix-encased aggregates, known as biofilms, in the native aquatic environment. While the formation of V. cholerae biofilms has been well studied, little is known about the dispersal from biofilms, particularly upon entry into the host. In this study, we found that the exposure of mature biofilms to physiologic levels of the bile salt taurocholate, a host signal for the virulence gene induction of V. cholerae, induces an increase in the number of detached cells with a concomitant decrease in biofilm mass. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs of biofilms exposed to taurocholate revealed an altered, perhaps degraded, appearance of the biofilm matrix. The inhibition of protein synthesis did not alter rates of detachment, suggesting that V. cholerae undergoes a passive dispersal. Cell-free media from taurocholate-exposed biofilms contains a larger amount of free polysaccharide, suggesting an abiotic degradation of biofilm matrix by taurocholate. Furthermore, we found that V. cholerae is only able to induce virulence in response to taurocholate after exit from the biofilm. Thus, we propose a model in which V. cholerae ingested as a biofilm has coopted the host-derived bile salt signal to detach from the biofilm and go on to activate virulence.
A Note on the Ratio of Arc Length to Chordal Length

(1997). A Note on the Ratio of Arc Length to Chordal Length. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 391-393.
Coherent Control Methods for Detection of Explosives

We are exploring optimal dynamic detection of explosives (ODD-Ex) to exploit recent advances in optimal shaping of laser pulses for control of molecular processes to significantly enhance the standoff detection of explosives.
Estimating the causal effect of treatment in observational studies with survival time end points and unmeasured confounding

Estimation of the effect of a treatment in the presence of unmeasured confounding is a common objective in observational studies. The Two Stage Least Squares (2SLS) Instrumental Variables (IV) procedure is frequently used but is not applicable to time-to-event data if some observations are censored. We develop a simultaneous equations model (SEM) to account for unmeasured confounding of the effect of treatment on survival time subject to censoring. The identification of the treatment effect is assisted by IVs (variables related to treatment but conditional on treatment not to the outcome) and the assumed bivariate distribution underlying the data generating process. The methodology is illustrated on data from an observational study of time to death following endovascular or open repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. As the IV and the distributional assumptions cannot be jointly assessed from the observed data, we evaluate the sensitivity of the results to these assumptions.
Containing Use and Expenditures in Publicly Insured Long-Term Care Programs

British Columbia and Manitoba have the most developed and comprehensive publicly financed long-term care (LTC) programs in North America. For U.S. policymakers, these programs are large-scale natural experiments with public LTC insurance. During the 1980s, both provinces successfully contained the growth of public expenditures on nursing homes, and one province successfully contained the growth of public expenditures on home support services, adjusting for population growth. Because provincial cost-control methods are similar to those that some States already use, it is likely that managers could contain the growth of public expenditures once a publicly insured U.S. LTC program was implemented. The level of public expenditure would depend partly on the level of compensation for LTC sector personnel, which is relatively low in the United States.
The art of being replaced: The last of the Cretan Muslims between the Empire and the Nation-State

By the end of the nineteenth century the island of Crete constituted a province de facto seceded from the Ottoman Empire and openly controlled by the Kingdom of Greece. Little attention has been devoted to the Muslim community that remained on the island until 1923. The very last phase of their presence on the island formed only a small part of a long and ramified tradition. This chapter argues that the final community stimulation of Cretan Islam between 1897 and 1923 cannot be comprehended without reference to the most durable aspect of the above mentioned tradition: namely the institution of the waqf . The Muslim pious foundations of Crete will be presented here as a material reality with loaded ideological meaning, flexible enough to survive the transition of the island from the empire to the nation-state; and stable enough to inspire loyalty in an era of uncertainty and profound fluidity. Keywords:Cretan Muslims; Islam; Kingdom of Greece; Nation-State; Ottoman Empire; waqf
Adult Attachment, Perceived Social Support, Cultural Orientation, and Depressive Symptoms: A Moderated Mediation Model.

In the current study, we tested a moderated mediation model in which cultural orientation moderated the mediation model of adult attachment-perceived social support-depressive symptoms, using 2 comparable cross-cultural samples of college students recruited from China and the U.S. (n = 363 for each group). Results indicated that perceived social support mediated the effect of attachment anxiety on depressive symptoms as well as the link between attachment avoidance and depression in both samples. Moderated mediation analyses using PROCESS revealed that interdependent self-construal significantly buffered the indirect effect of attachment avoidance (via perceived social support) on depressive symptoms. The findings indicated significant differences in the mediation models between the U.S. and China groups and interdependent self-construal accounted for the between-country differences. Limitations, implications of the findings, and future research directions are discussed from the perspectives of cross-cultural variation of adult attachment functioning. (PsycINFO Database Record
CEO Inside Debt and Insider Trading

Managerial compensation theory suggests that both equity- and debt-type compensation should be included in the optimal compensation contract in order to align managers’ interests with both shareholders and debt-holders of the firm. However, this also suggests that these two forms of compensation are directly in conflict with each other in that shareholders (debt-holders) should react negatively to debt-type (equity-type) compensation. In this paper, we consider how firm insiders react to CEO debt-type compensation by examining insider trading. We find that higher CEO debt-type compensation is associated with net purchasing of shares by firm insiders. This finding is robust to using both a ratio and a flow measure of insider trading as well as various measures of debt-type compensation. Our results suggest that well-informed insiders perceive debt-type compensation to provide a positive benefit to shareholders.
HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders

HIV infection in the central nervous system (CNS) is responsible for a spectrum of neurocognitive and behavioral disorders. The wide use of appropriate combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has decreased the severity of cognitive dysfunction. Viral loads are reduced and CD4+ T cell counts are increased. In addition, patients are living longer with improved quality of life. However, cART does not completely eliminate CNS dysfunction in HIV infected patients. There is an increase in milder forms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), which are the result of a complex interplay between many factors including: aging, vascular disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and psychiatric disease. The underlying biochemical and molecular changes that underlie these changes and the underlying mechanisms of HAND pathogenesis continue to be an area of ongoing research. New advances in imaging and biomarker discovery will continue to advance clinical diagnosis and management. Treatments that can perturb the viral reservoirs and decrease chronic inflammatory response, in addition to continuing cART, may give the clinician additional tools to prevent HAND.
Ocular surface squamous neoplasia in a patient with AIDS.

A 33-year-old Hispanic man with a new diagnosis of AIDS and a CD4 count of 0.02 x 109/L presented with a six-month history of an enlarging lesion on the surface of his right eye, which caused blurry vision and irritation. On examination, there was an elevated, gelatinous, papilliform lesion at the
Short-term atrazine exposure at breeding has no impact on Blanchard's cricket frog (Acris blanchardi) reproductive success.

Studies of endocrine-disrupting contaminants have focused on early-life exposures, but later exposures could impact fitness. We exposed adult frogs (Acris blanchardi) at reproduction to ecologically relevant atrazine concentrations (0, 1, or 10 µg/L) in outdoor arenas. We measured likelihood of breeding and number of resulting tadpoles. Atrazine impacted neither the probability of breeding nor the number of tadpoles produced, suggesting anuran reproductive success may not be impacted by short-term exposure to low concentrations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:3284-3288. © 2017 SETAC.
Morphology in real time

Psycholinguistic claims about the nature of lexical storage and retrieval have generally been supported by psychological experiments such as word recognition tasks, which focus on inducing subjects to perform tasks under laboratory conditions rather than on linguistic observations. In an earlier paper (Anshen and Aronoff 1988), we examined the nature of ablaut plurals in English and the back formation of verbs such as orientate from nouns such as orientation to support a model of lexical access. We argued that speakers access morphologically complex words by at least two distinct methods, with the choice seemingly dependent upon the particular affix involved. On the one hand, they might store and retrieve an item such as correctness as an already constructed lexical unit. On the other hand, they may retrieve correct and apply a rule such as ADJ + NESS ⇒ NOUN to form the desired lexical unit. We argued that, in fact, nouns in -ness are formed by the latter method while those in -ity are formed by the former. We noted further that the surviving ablaut plurals in English such as foot — feet are characterized by the plural having either higher frequency than the singular, nearly as high frequency as the singular, or absolute high frequency, conditions which help speakers find the irregular form before they have time to apply the regular noun plural rule of English. Similarly, common back formed verbs in -ate come from nouns in -ation which are more frequent than the historically correct verbs such as orient.
Testing the Equivalence between Spatial Averaging and Temporal Averaging in Highly Dilute Solutions

Diffusion relates the flux of particles to the local gradient of the particle density in a deterministic way. The question arises as to what happens when the particle density is so low that the local gradient becomes an ill-defined concept. The dilemma was resolved early last century by analyzing the average motion of particles subject to random forces whose magnitude is such that the particles are always in thermal equilibrium with their environment. The diffusion dynamics is now described in terms of the probability density of finding a particle at some position and time and the probabilistic flux density, which is proportional to the gradient of the probability density. In a time average sense, the system thus behaves exactly like the ensemble average. Here, we report on an experimental method and test this fundamental equivalence principle in statistical physics. In the experiment, we study the flux distribution of 20 nm radius polystyrene particles impinging on a circular sink of micrometer dimension...
Therapeutic Neural Stem Cells for Brain Tumor Therapy

Neural stem cells (NSC) are the most immature progenitor cells in the nervous system that have the ability to self-renew, differentiate into terminal neural cell types, and extensively migrate to areas of pathology in the central nervous system (CNS). Due to their inherent tumor-trophic properties and their capacity to differentiate into terminal neural phenotypes, NSC represent a powerful tool for the treatment of both diffuse and localized neurologic disorders. Recent progress has confirmed the feasibility of using engineered NSC as cell-based therapeutic agents in different models of brain tumors. This chapter gives a detailed insight into the use of NSC as novel and innovative approach to treat tumors in the brain.
Efficiency improvement of thermal power plants through specific entropy generation

Abstract Numerous studies have indicated that when neither the rate of heat input nor the power output in a thermal power plant is treated as a fixed parameter, minimizing the entropy generation does not lead to an improved thermal efficiency. This article presents a unified approach to resolve this issue by introducing specific entropy generation defined as the total entropy generation rate per unit flowrate of the fuel. A regenerative gas turbine and a combined cycle power plants are chosen for the purpose of discussion. It is found that the thermal efficiency inversely correlates with specific entropy generation, and minimization of specific entropy generation is identical to maximization of thermal efficiency. An illustrative example is presented to show how specific entropy generation can be applied to improve the efficiency of an integrated cycle. The results reveal that 85% of the inefficiencies of the combined cycle studied takes place in the gas turbine cycle. Recovering the thermal energy of the flue gases for both preheating the air and producing the steam within heat recovery steam generator yields 3.5 percentage points more efficiency than the case in which the heat of flue gases is only recovered for producing steam. With this modification, minimum specific entropy generation is dropped from 1489 to 1391 (J/K·mole fuel).
Epilogue: The Power of Royal Women?

In the epilogue, Jestice pulls together the book’s argument that the women of the Ottonian dynasty were consciously endowed with the means to be effective sharers in the work of rule. Their prestige—both in terms of material wealth and symbolic authority—made them valuable tools of government under ordinary circumstances and preservers of Ottonian rule when the throne crisis of 984 forced them to take center stage.
Emerging Drug Trade and Use: Manufacturing, Marketing, and Understanding Novel Highs

One of the more difficult issues facing decision makers in regard to recent emerging drug threats is the novel nature of their manufacturing process, marketing tactics, distribution schemes, and even the large range and diverse nature of the players in each of these arenas. That is, at every stage of traditional drug control and interdiction modifications must be made to be able to monitor these emerging products. The following section describes this new marketplace with the most current intelligence and research and gives some insight into the scope and logic of novel high production, distribution, and use.
Ulnar nerve entrapment at the wrist: Cases from a hand surgery practice

Background Eight patients with 11 instances of wrist-level ulnar nerve entrapment, a fairly uncommon compression syndrome, were identified in a hand surgery practice from 1992 through 1996. Methods Presentations, causes, and surgical outcomes were examined, and the pertinent literature was reviewed. Results All eight patients had extrinsic, nonidiopathic compression of the ulnar nerve caused by tumor, vascular disease, anomalous muscle development, or a tight fibrous arch at the origin of the flexor digiti minimi. In all cases, sensory symptoms resolved with removal of the cause of ulnar nerve compression. Conclusions These cases serve to remind physicians that not every instance of numbness and tingling in the hand represents carpal tunnel syndrome. Careful clinical examination may not only localize compression of the ulnar nerve at wrist level but also may reveal its etiology. Some causes of ulnar compressive neuropathy, however, are apparent only with surgical exploration.
Hearing or Listening? Pipeline Politics and the Art of Engagement in British Columbia

Informed by intersectionality-based policy analysis (IBPA), this chapter contributes to the study of deliberative democracy to foster dialogue about sustainable energy futures in Canada and globally. It builds upon the diverse bodies of knowledge articulated during the National Energy Board hearings for the Kinder Morgan Trans Mountain pipeline expansion project (TMPEP) between 2013 and 2016 in British Columbia (BC), Canada. The chapter examines the relationship between citizen knowledge, public hearings and policy-making. It raises and responds to the following questions: What are the strengths and limitations of the TMPEP public engagement process to date? How can decision-makers operationalize IBPA and take seriously citizen’s situated and felt knowledges, expressed through oral testimonies, legal traditions and stories? What does meaningful engagement with Indigenous communities on energy initiatives look now and into the future? To conclude, this chapter discusses the value of creative communication avenues such as community filmmaking to cultivate space for dialogue about sustainable energy futures. See, for example, To Fish as Formerly, a short film co-produced by members of the Tsawout Nation with guidance from Dr Nick Claxton and researchers at the University of Victoria. As part of their oral testimony in Victoria, Tsawout representatives screened the film during their 2014 intervention.
Computing the roots of sparse high–degree polynomials that arise from the study of random simplicial complexes

The problem of computing the roots of a particular sequence of sparse polynomials pn(t) is considered. Each instance pn(t) incorporates only the n + 1 monomial terms $t,t^{2},t^{4},\ldots ,t^{2^{n}}$ associated with the binomial coefficients of order n and alternating signs. It is shown that pn(t) has (in addition to the obvious roots t = 0 and 1) precisely n − 1 simple roots on the interval (0,1) with no roots greater than 1, and a recursion relating pn(t) and pn+ 1(t) is used to show that they possess interlaced roots. Closed–form expressions for the Bernstein coefficients of pn(t) on [0,1] are derived and employed to compute the roots in double–precision arithmetic. Despite the severe variation of the graph of pn(t), and tight clustering of roots near t = 1, it is shown that for n ≤ 10, the roots on (0,1) are remarkably well–conditioned and can be computed to high accuracy using both the power and Bernstein forms.
Use of Social Robots in Mental Health and Well-Being Research: Systematic Review.

Background: Technology-assisted clinical interventions are increasingly common in the health care field, often with the proposed aim to improve access to and cost-effectiveness of care. Current technology platforms delivering interventions are largely mobile apps and online websites, although efforts have been made to create more personalized and embodied technology experiences. To extend and improve on these platforms, the field of robotics has been increasingly included in conversations of how to deliver technology-assisted, interactive, and responsive mental health and psychological well-being interventions. Socially assistive robots (SARs) are robotic technology platforms with audio, visual, and movement capabilities that are being developed to interact with individuals socially while also assisting them with management of their physical and psychological well-being. However, little is known about the empirical evidence or utility of using SARs in mental health interventions. Objective: The review synthesizes and describes the nascent empirical literature of SARs in mental health research and identifies strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities for improvement in future research and practice. Methods: Searches in Medline, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, PubMed, and IEEE Xplore yielded 12 studies included in the final review after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. Abstract and full-text reviews were conducted by two authors independently. Results: This systematic review of the literature found 5 distinct SARs used in research to investigate the potential for this technology to address mental health and psychological well-being outcomes. Research on mental health applications of SARs focuses largely on elderly dementia patients and relies on usability pilot data with methodological limitations. Conclusions: The current SARs research in mental health use is limited in generalizability, scope, and measurement of psychological outcomes. Opportunities for expansion of research in this area include diversifying populations studied, SARs used, clinical applications, measures used, and settings for those applications.
Acculturation, parent-child relationships, and mental health of adolescents in Chinese and Mexican immigrant families

Abstract Acculturation influences parenting behaviors, the ways cultural values are expressed, the adaptations parents make in response to their host culture environments, and the ways in which they transmit their heritage culture while socializing their children to function in the host culture. Varying levels of acculturation among family members in immigrant families can result in an acculturation gap between parents and children that influences children’s mental health outcomes in both positive and negative ways. Linguistic acculturation differences between immigrant parents and children can also result in adolescents functioning as translators (language brokers) for their English-limited parents, with subjective appraisals of the language-brokering experience providing more consistent evidence for its effects on adolescent outcomes. We present evidence for the conditions under which parenting behaviors, acculturation gap, and language brokering may represent sources of risk or protection for adolescent mental health in Latinx and Asian immigrant families by using examples from research on Chinese and Mexican immigrant families.
Kongruenzen und p-Adische Dichte

Es sei β(x1,...,xs) ein Polynom mit ganzzahligen Koeffizienten. Wir wollen allgemein die Kongruenz β (x1,...,xs) ≡ 0 (mod m) studieren. Wegen des chinesischen Restsatzes konnen wir uns dabei auf Primzahlpotenzmoduln p1 beschranken.
Onboard Generation of Optimal Trajectories for Hypersonic Vehicles Using Deep Learning

Recent development of deep learning has shown that a deep neural network (DNN) is capable of learning the underlying nonlinear relationship between the state and the optimal actions for nonlinear o...
Functional data analysis and prediction tools for continuous glucose-monitoring studies.

Introduction: To identify phenotypes of type 1 diabetes based on glucose curves from continuous glucose-monitoring (CGM) using functional data (FD) analysis to account for longitudinal glucose patterns. We present a reliable prediction model that can accurately predict glycemic levels based on past data collected from the CGM sensor and real-time risk of hypo-/hyperglycemic for individuals with type 1 diabetes. Methods: A longitudinal cohort study of 443 type 1 diabetes patients with CGM data from a completed trial. The FD analysis approach, sparse functional principal components (FPCs) analysis was used to identify phenotypes of type 1 diabetes glycemic variation. We employed a nonstationary stochastic linear mixed-effects model (LME) that accommodates between-patient and within-patient heterogeneity to predict glycemic levels and real-time risk of hypo-/hyperglycemic by creating specific target functions for these excursions. Results: The majority of the variation (73%) in glucose trajectories was explained by the first two FPCs. Higher order variation in the CGM profiles occurred during weeknights, although variation was higher on weekends. The model has low prediction errors and yields accurate predictions for both glucose levels and real-time risk of glycemic excursions. Conclusions: By identifying these distinct longitudinal patterns as phenotypes, interventions can be targeted to optimize type 1 diabetes management for subgroups at the highest risk for compromised long-term outcomes such as cardiac disease or stroke. Further, the estimated change/variability in an individual’s glucose trajectory can be used to establish clinically meaningful and patient-specific thresholds that, when coupled with probabilistic predictive inference, provide a useful medical-monitoring tool.
The Contribution of Skilled Immigrants to US Innovation in the First Half of the 20th Century

The first-half of the 20th century is characterized by mass migration from Europe to the US and rapid technological progress. Exploiting national immigration policy changes together with historical settlement patterns of immigrants’ across US counties, I estimate the effect of skilled immigration on local patenting rates. I find that counties that received more skilled immigrants had no impact on total patenting rates, but that this null effect masks a positive effect on the growing electrical and chemical fields and a negative effect on the traditional mechanical and textiles fields. Furthermore, I find that most of the effect is due to skilled immigration from Non-English Speaking Countries and from Countries with long patenting traditions. I offer a mechanism by which skilled immigrants act as ”Transmitters of Knowledge”, that is, they impact innovation primarily by introducing new knowledge that did not exist in their destination prior to their arrival.
Smart Entrepreneurial Systems: An Application of Deep Reinforcement Learning in Improving Entrepreneurship Mentorship

It is imperative to help entrepreneurs learn creative and strategic approaches to enterprise; however, there are limited efforts to design effective educational platforms, in particular mentorship mechanisms, for novice entrepreneurs due to limitations such as scalability, inclusivity and customizability. Addressing this gap, this study proposes a new analytical solution—the development of a smart mentorship agent (a mentor bot) for entrepreneurship education platforms. This smart agent, if developed, will be able to support novice entrepreneurs by offering them accessible, modular, personalized, and adaptive learning experiences in entrepreneurship. The proposed agent uses reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms to learn critical success factors for learning content recommendation. The BizzyB platform, an online entrepreneurship education platform, was used as a testbed to demonstrate the applicability and utility of the proposed algorithm. Using multi-layer Deep Q-learning networks, this study has theoretical and practical implications by offering a new approach to developing smart entrepreneurial systems, validating their effectiveness, and supporting data-driven entrepreneurship education.
The Inclusion-Exclusion Principle

Our goal here is to present a basic tool which can be used in a variety of enumeration problems. The need for such a tool is best illustrated by an example.
Generative neural networks separate common and specific transcriptional responses

Genome-wide transcriptome profiling identifies genes that are prone to differential expression across contexts ("common DEGs"), as well as genes with changes specific to the experimental manipulation. Distinguishing common DEGs from those that are specifically changed in a context of interest allows more efficient inference of relevant mechanisms and a more systematic understanding of the biological process under scrutiny. Currently, commonly differentially expressed genes or pathways can only be identified through the laborious manual curation of highly controlled experiments, an inordinately time-consuming and impractical endeavor. Here we pioneer an approach for identifying common patterns using generative neural networks. This approach produces a background set of transcriptomic experiments from which a null distribution of gene and pathway changes can be generated. By comparing the set of differentially expressed genes found in a target experiment against the generated background set, common results can be easily separated from specific ones. This "Specific cOntext Pattern Highlighting In Expression data" (SOPHIE) approach is broadly applicable to new platforms or any species with a large collection of gene expression data. We apply SOPHIE to diverse datasets including those from human, human cancer, and the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa datasets. SOPHIE identifies common DEGs in concordance with previously described, manually, and systematically determined common DEGs. Further, we show molecular validation indicates that SOPHIE detects highly specific, but low magnitude, biologically relevant, transcriptional changes. SOPHIE9s measure of specificity can complement log fold change values generated from traditional differential expression analyses. For example, by filtering the set of differentially expressed genes, one can identify those genes that are specifically relevant to the experimental condition of interest. Consequently, these results can inform future research directions.
The Holistic Analysis of Multicultural Teaching Framework: Capturing Teachers’ Pauses and their Hybrid and Fluid Multicultural Practices

James Banks’s framework for determining the levels of integration of multicultural content in teachers’ pedagogy has long been a tool used by researchers worldwide. This article introduces the Holistic Analysis of Multicultural Teaching Framework that rethinks Banks’s framework to allow research analysis to capture the hybrid and fluid aspects of teachers’ multicultural practices as well as the pauses in their practices over time. Data from a study on U.S. dual language teachers’ classroom implementation of multicultural practices serves to illustrate the utility of the Holistic Analysis framework in analyzing teachers’ multicultural practices. Implications for teacher educators and researchers are discussed.
Abbreviated case report

Abstract A general discussion of congenital agranulocytosis is presented, and the case of a patient suffering from this rare blood disorder and surviving long enough to reveal oral symptoms of the disease is discussed. Treatment for cases of this type should be preventive in nature. Emphasis, therefore, should be on immaculate oral hygiene; hopefully, this regimen will reduce the intensity of the oral manifestations of the disease.
Revised Relationship Quality Scale for Caregivers of the Elderly in India

The purpose of this article is to determine the factor structure of the original Strawbridge Relationship Quality Scale (RQS), on Indian caregivers of the elderly. The RQS was administered to 259 caregivers in face-to-face interviews. The confirmatory factor analysis results did not support the 10-item, two-factor scale; however, analysis resulted in an 8-item, two-factor version of the scale. The revised two-factor version showed high internal consistency for the subscales. The revised RQS has preliminary validation on Asian Indians. Practitioners can use this short reliable and valid scale with caution till further validation studies have been conducted on Asian Indian caregivers. Further replications are needed. Implications for future research and practice are presented.
Distal spike initiation zone location estimation by morphological simulation of ionic current filtering demonstrated in a novel model of an identified Drosophila motoneuron.

Studying ion channel currents generated distally from the recording site is difficult because of artifacts caused by poor space clamp and membrane filtering. A computational model can quantify artifact parameters for correction by simulating the currents only if their exact anatomical location is known. We propose that the same artifacts that confound current recordings can help pinpoint the source of those currents by providing a signature of the neuron’s morphology. This method can improve the recording quality of currents initiated at the spike initiation zone (SIZ) that are often distal to the soma in invertebrate neurons. Drosophila being a valuable tool for characterizing ion currents, we estimated the SIZ location and quantified artifacts in an identified motoneuron, aCC/MN1-Ib, by constructing a novel multicompartmental model. Initial simulation of the measured biophysical channel properties in an isopotential Hodgkin-Huxley type neuron model partially replicated firing characteristics. Adding a second distal compartment, which contained spike-generating Na + and K + cur
Physiology of cardiac tamponade and paradoxical pulse in conscious dogs

The physiological mechanism of paradoxical pulse in cardiac tamponade remains controversial. In eight conscious dogs with intact pericardia, ultrasonic dimension transducers assessed biventricular geometry and volumes, while micromanometers measured right ventricular (RV), left ventricular (LV), pleural, and pericardial pressures. With normal inspiration, peak LV pressure fell by 7.7 +/- 1.3 mmHg at control and by 20.3 +/- 3.7 mmHg during tamponade (P < 0.001), consistent with the development of paradoxical pulse. At peak inspiration during tamponade, RV filling increased, the interventricular septum shifted leftward, transeptal pressure became negative, and LV septal arc length (l theta) became smaller than its respective unpreloaded value at maximal vena caval occlusion (l(o)). Analysis of stroke work (SW)-end-diastolic volume (EDV) and end-systolic pressure-volume coordinates at peak inspiration during tamponade revealed that end-systolic pressure was 19.1 +/- 10.2 mmHg below the baseline end-systolic pressure-volume curve (P < 0.01), and SW was 24.2 +/- 8.8% below the baseline SW-EDV curve (P < 0.01), indicating transient inspiratory LV dysfunction. It is proposed that inspiratory leftward interventricular septal shifting at low LV EDV during tamponade completely unloads the septum (l theta < l o), eliminates the septal contribution to global LV SW, results in transient inspiratory LV dysfunction, and contributes to the phenomenon of paradoxical pulse.
Computational Models for Predicting Interactions with Cytochrome p450 Enzyme

Cytochrome p450 (CYP) enzymes are predominantly involved in Phase 1 metabolism of xenobiotics. As only 6 isoenzymes are responsible for approximately 90 % of known oxidative drug metabolism, a number of frequently prescribed drugs share the CYP-mediated metabolic pathways. Competing for a single enzyme by the co-administered therapeutic agents can substantially alter the plasma concentration and clearance of the agents. Furthermore, many drugs are known to inhibit certain p450 enzymes which they are not substrates for. Because some drug-drug interactions could cause serious adverse events leading to a costly failure of drug development, early detection of potential drug-drug interactions is highly desirable. The ultimate goal is to be able to predict the CYP specificity and the interactions for a novel compound from its chemical structure. Current computational modeling approaches, such as two-dimensional and three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR), pharmacophore mapping and machine learning methods have resulted in statistically valid predictions. Homology models have been often combined with 3D-QSAR models to impose additional steric restrictions and/or to identify the interaction site on the proteins. This article summarizes the available models, methods, and key findings for CYP1A2, 2A6, 2C9, 2D6 and 3A4 isoenzymes.
new perspectives on Tibetan fertility and population decline

Addresses the claim that Tibet has experienced a population decline since the 7th century due to low fertility levels influenced by cultural and psychological factors and as such represents an anomalous peasant society. Data from several recent studies do not support this contention. Fertility levels were found to be high enough to produce substantial population growth. At the assumed fertility levels a very high mortality level (about 74% for female children) would be necessary to achieve homeostasis in population levels. The study also shows sociocultural but not psychological effects on fertility behavior. It is suggested that these factors affected fertility levels even more in the past. Overall the data point to a peasant population characterized by high mortality balancing moderate to low fertility. It appears that biocultural factors reducing fertility must have played a large role in producing the low rates of population growth that characterize Tibet before the mid 18th century demographic transition.
Characteristics of lithium chloride in rotary heat and mass exchangers

Abstract The behavior of the air-water vapor-desiccant system is of central interest for modeling rotary heat and mass exchangers in desiccant cooling systems. Lithium chloride is commonly used as desiccant in commercial systems, primarily because of the low humidities that can be obtained. This paper provides relationships to describe the sorption equilibria of the air-water vapor-LiCI system. Rotary heat and mass exchangers are described by two conservation laws and two transfer equations. They form a system of two coupled non-linear hyperbolic partial differential equations and two ordinary differential equations. Since the isotherms and isopiestics of Lid exhibit discontinuities, conventional numerical methods that solve this system cannot be used. A modified method based on the finite difference model by Maclaine-cross (A theory of combined heat and mass transfer in regenerators, Ph.D. Thesis, Monash University (1979)) is presented. This method predicts the outlet conditions of the air streams and determines temperature and moisture content profiles of the matrix. A description of the complex physical behavior of rotary dehumidifiers using LiCI is presented.
Cognitive impairment in adult-onset adrenoleukodystrophy

Adenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a progressive X-linked disorder that produces pathological changes, mainly in the adrenal cortex and the white matter of the central nervous system. The main biochemical abnormality is the accumulation of saturated unbranched fatty acids with a chain length of 24 or more, referred to as very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA). Affected children develop large zones of demyelination associated with perivascular lymphoctyic infiltrations resembling those seen in multiple sclerosis. Adults show a more chronic form of the disease, referred to as adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN). AMN mainly involves the spinal cord ad peripheral nerves, although the cerebral hemispheres may also be affected. Approximately 15% of female carriers have nervous-system involvement that resembles AMN.
Vibrational frequencies and structural determination of trifluoroboroxine

Abstract The normal mode frequencies and corresponding vibrational assignments of trifluoroboroxine in D 3 h symmetry are examined theoretically using the gaussian 98 set of quantum chemistry codes. All normal modes were successfully assigned to one of assigned to one of five types of motion (B–F stretch, B–O stretch, B–F bend, O–B–O bend, and B(OOF) umbrella motion) predicted by a group theoretical analysis. By comparing the vibrational frequencies with IR and Raman spectra available in the literature, a set of scaling factors is derived. Molecular orbitals and bonding are examined.
Problems and solutions for the Stop TB partnership

Summary Recent international efforts for global control of tuberculosis have resulted in a new movement: the Stop TB partnership. One of the operational goals of this movement is based on WHO-determined targets to detect, by 2005, 70% of new smear-positive cases under DOTS, and to successfully treat 85% of these cases. In a paper in the Bulletin of the World Health Organization , Dye and colleagues present data that show the current case-detection rate to be low (only 27%), and that in many areas treatment-success rates are still below the WHO target level. Dye and colleagues predict, by linear extrapolation of these data, that the WHO target of a 70% case detection rate will be achieved by 2013. Here, we discuss why it is unlikely that the WHO global targets for either case detection or treatment success will be reached by 2013, and we also offer some potential solutions.
Sulphur retention as CaS(s) during coal combustion: a modelling study to define mechanisms and possible technologies

Several mechanistic alternatives are available for the retention of coal sulphur as solid CaS(s) during pulverized coal combustion at temperatures above that at which CaSO4(s) decomposes (i.e. 1473 K). Under fuel-rich combustion, previous experiments by other investigators and our thermodynamic predictions indicate that sulphur retentions of 90% can be obtained at particle temperatures above 1500 K even with CaS(s) fully exposed to the flue gas. Coal moisture has a strong effect on the retention level due to the formation of H2S(g). For fuel-lean combustion, retention can occur with calcium dispersed within the burning coal due to the locally reducing atmosphere when carbon is present. The product, doSo, that characterizes this atmosphere (where do is the initial coal particle diameter and So is the initial coal internal surface area) must be sufficiently high for reasonable retention to occur. The model calculations indicate that during the combustion of Illinois no. 6 at 1773 K, at least 90% sulphur can be retained within 90% of the coal particle volume. This sulphur retention is possible if doSo > 30 m3 kg−1, a typical value for pulverized coal combustion. On complete carbon burnout, CaS(s) decomposition occurs; however, comparison of literature data indicates that the oxidation rate of CaS(s) is slower than that of most coal chars. This suggests that coals of high reactivity may be suitable for sulphur retention as CaS(s).
Numbers and ratios of visual pigment genes for normal red-green color vision

Red-green color vision is based on middle-wavelength- and long-wavelength-sensitive visual pigments encoded by an array of genes on the X chromosome. The numbers and ratios of genes in this cluster were reexamined in men with normal color vision by means of newly refined methods. These methods revealed that many men had more pigment genes on the X chromosome than had previously been suggested and that many had more than one long-wave pigment gene. These discoveries challenge accepted ideas that are the foundation for theories of normal and anomalous color vision.
Sildenafil Treatment of Subacute Ischemic Stroke: A Safety Study at 25-mg Daily for 2 Weeks

Background In several animal studies of young and aged rats with ischemic stroke, treatment with sildenafil improved functional outcomes compared with placebo. We conducted a safety study of sildenafil (25 mg daily for 2 weeks) shortly after ischemic stroke onset. Methods We recruited patients aged 18 to 80 years with ischemic stroke, National Institutes of Health stroke scale (NIHSS) score 2 to 21, between days 2 and 9 after symptom onset. Patients were treated with sildenafil for 2 weeks (25 mg daily). The primary outcome measure was the adverse occurrence of any of the following during the treatment period: stroke worsening, new stroke, myocardial infarction, vision loss, hearing loss, or death from any cause. Secondary outcome measures were NIHSS score, Barthel indices, and modified Rankin score at 90 days. Results Twelve patients were recruited. Mean age was 57 years, 5 were female, and median NIHSS score at entry was 9.5 (range 2-20). The primary outcome measure occurred in one patient (sudden death). Another patient committed suicide 2 months after study entry (and 6 weeks after treatment with sildenafil had been completed). Among the 10 survivors, at 90 days, median NIHSS score was 2 (range 0-12), median Barthel index was 95 (range 15-100), and median modified Rankin score was 1.5 (range 0-5). Conclusions Sildenafil (25 mg daily for 2 weeks) appeared to be safe in this group of patients with mild to moderately severe stroke. Further studies of higher doses will be tested.
Chandler as a biographer: content thematic analysis of Chandler's biography of Henry Varnum Poor

Purpose – This paper analyzes Chandler's biography of Henry Varnum Poor to assess Chandler's contribution to management history as a biographer.Design/methodology/approach – Using Winter's content thematic analysis, measure Poor's motivational needs for achievement, affiliation‐intimacy, and power, as they are depicted by Chandler throughout the stages of Poor's career as a business editor, analyst, and reformer.Findings – Our analysis shows that Chandler views Poor's motivation as stable throughout Poor's three professional roles. This paper found that Chandler views Poor as primarily driven by his need for power, followed by a significant need for achievement, and a minor need for affiliation throughout his working life.Originality/value – This research is unique because it provides the first social‐scientific assessment of Chandler's contribution to management history as a biographer.