cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metoclopramide versus hydromorphone for the emergency department treatment of migraine headache.

Abstract We conducted a retrospective cohort study to compare the effects of metoclopramide versus hydromorphone for the initial emergency department treatment of migraine headache at an urban teaching hospital. The primary outcome measure was the mean difference in the subjects' self-reported pain scores before and after the administration of the initial medication treatment. We also estimated crude and adjusted relative risks (using Poisson multivariate regression modeling) to assess and control potential confounding by age, gender, race, and pain score before initial medication. Two hundred subjects were included, with 51 (25.5%) receiving intravenous or intramuscular hydromorphone, 95 (47.5%) receiving intravenous metoclopramide, and 54 (27.0%) receiving 1 of several other medications. Using a standardized pain scale of 0 to 10, mean pain score reductions were 2.3 points for hydromorphone, 3.7 points for metoclopramide, and 2.8 points for all other medications combined ( P P = .01), and the adjusted relative risk was 1.60 (95% CI, 0.84–3.03, P = .15). Metoclopramide also resulted in less use of rescue medications, faster times to discharge, and no difference in the frequency of adverse reactions. Perspective Metoclopramide appears to be an effective initial medical treatment for migraine headaches in the emergency department setting, but its pharmacologic mechanism remains incompletely understood. A double-blinded, randomized, controlled trial comparing standard dosages of hydromorphone versus metoclopramide will be needed to definitively determine which medication is more effective.
Blood lipids in young distance runners.

EISENMANN, J. C., C. J. WOMACK, M. J. REEVES, J. M. PIVARNIK, and R. M. MALINA. Blood lipids in young distance runners. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 33, No. 10, 2001, pp. 1661‐1666. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the age-and sex-associated variation in blood lipids among young athletes. Methods: A mixed-longitudinal design was used to examine the development of blood lipids in competitive young distance runners followed from 1982 to 1985. Serial data included 99 annual measurements for 27 male subjects and 84 annual measurements for 27 female subjects aged 9‐18 yr. Total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) were determined by standard procedures. Results: In general, cross-sectional age group means showed that TC and LDL-C remained stable and HDL-C declined with age, especially in male subjects. TG increased with age. Age-related trends were statistically significant for HDL-C and TG in boys only (P ! 0.05). TC and LDL-C were slightly greater in boys at all ages except 11, 15, and 17 yr (P " 0.05). HDL-C was similar between the sexes until 13 yr when values became greater in girls (3.2‐13.8 mg·dL # 1 ) (P ! 0.05 in 17$ yr). No clear pattern of sex differences emerged for TG. Compared with the general population, blood lipids of young distance runners showed the following trends: 1) TC was above reference medians, 2) LDL-C tended to approximate or to be slightly above reference medians, 3) TG fluctuated about the reference medians, and 4) HDL-C was higher in distance runners compared to the reference medians before age 14 yr, but in the older age groups, especially male subjects, HDL-C either approximated or fell slightly below the reference medians. There was considerable variability in blood lipid levels among the runners. In 21 male and 18 female subjects with serial data for 3‐5 yr, HDL-C declined 22.4 and 18.3 mg·dL # 1 (P ! 0.05), whereas TG increased 18.0 and 14.0 mg·dL # 1 (P ! 0.05 in female subjects only) in male and female subjects, respectively. Tracking coefficients over intervals of 3‐5 yr were moderate to high (0.48‐0.90), except for TG in male subjects (0.08). Conclusions: The results indicate that the development of blood lipids in young distance runners is similar to youth in the general population. In contrast to observations in adult endurance athletes, young distance runners did not possess a superior blood lipid
A new class of nontoxic nanoparticle tags based on surface enhanced Raman scattering

The advance of nanotechnology has boosted the development of ultra-sensitive biosensors for biomedical applications. Most recently, optical detection based biosensors have been demonstrated in medical imaging and diagnosis employing nanocrystals such as fluorescent quantum dots (QDs) and plasmon resonant metal nanoparticles to achieve femto-molar detection. An intriguing but far less explored approach for biological diagnostics relies on an emerging ultrasensitive technology -- surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. We have developed a stable SERS nano-tag by grafting hydrophilic polymer to gold nanoparticle-dye molecule complexes to preserve the spectral signature and fully control the aggregation states. The light-emitting power and scattered light of both QDs and SERS nano-tags have been recorded under the same experimental conditions using dark field microscope, fluorometer, and Raman instrument. A comparison in brightness, sensitivity level, and quantum efficiency between SERS nano-tags and near infrared (NIR) QDs has been assessed on both bulk colloidal solution and single particle measurements. Well-designed SERS nano-tags exhibit excellent advantages over NIR QDs.
The mature limited access order at the doorstep: Imperial Germany and contemporary China in transition

A basic premise of the limited/open access orders framework of North, Wallis, Webb and Weingast is a variant of the Hayek–Friedman hypothesis that economic and political freedom sustain each other. Keys to this framework are the specific “doorstep” conditions that enable a transition from limited to open access, which the authors draw from the historical experience of Britain, France and the United States. This essay analyzes the transition process of Imperial Germany to reveal that maintaining economic competition did not depend on democracy and that the middle classes became stakeholders in authoritarianism. It then explores the specific challenges posed by this large, mature limited access order as it was integrated into an international system sustained by a declining liberal hegemon, Great Britain. The refinements of the framework suggested by the case of Imperial Germany allow for a better understanding of some of the parallel transition processes in present-day China and its evolving relationship to both the United States and the current international order.
Assessment of natural selection in a hybrid population of mussels : evaluation of exogenous vs endogenous selection models

We examined natural selection within a population of marine mussels, sampled in southwestern England in June 1991, containing a high frequency of hybrids between Mytilus edulis L. and M. galloprovincialis Lmk. This system is particularly tractable for the assessment of natural selection because hybridization is common and individual mussels can be aged, allowing changes in the frequency of hybrid genotypes among age classes to be determined. We show that strong viability selection occurs among hybrid genotypes which results in the virtual elimination of M. edulis–like genotypes from the population over a period of 3 years. Recombinant hybrid genotypes are intermediate in fitness, with M. edulis–like genotypes having a lower survival rate and M. galloprovincialis–like genotypes having a higher survival rate than genotypes of mixed ancestry. Since intermediate fitness for hybrid genotypes is inconsistent with endogenous selection models we conclude that the structure and position of this hybrid zone is probably generated by exogenous selection. This pattern of selection is a recurring feature of this hybrid population and likely occurs elsewhere in the hybrid zone. Selection against M. edulis–like genotypes appears to be offset by extensive immigration of larvae dispersed from pure populations of M. edulis.
Do Some People Work Harder than Others? Evidence from Real Estate Brokerage

The decision to work and its levels of intensity are estimated for the real estate brokerage industry where workers can set their own hours. A three-stage model of the brokerage labor market is presented with decisions made recursively between full- and part-time status, wage offers and hours worked. The application is to data from a cross-sectional survey of 6,842 real estate licensees in the United States for 1999. Conditional on self-selection, an expected wage for real estate licensees is estimated given skills and personal characteristics. That expected wage enters the supply-side equation for the number of hours worked. The findings indicate that skills such as education, experience and licensee status are related to higher wages, but there is a negative self-selection in wages: part-time workers have higher unmeasured skills. Schooling and experience decreases hours worked, consistent with increasing efficiency. The resulting labor supply elasticity with respect to the wage is 0.24.
Two-dimensional structure of bromine intercalated graphite☆

Abstract Synchrotron and sealed tube x-ray diffraction studies on the quasi two-dimensional stage-2 graphite-bromine commensurate phase, prepared with single crystals of graphite, are presented. The two-dimensional structure of the intercalate bromine and the carbon plane has been derived from intensity data measured with a four-circle diffractometer. The bromine structure, having nearest neighbor distances of 2.25, 2.38, 2.55 and 2.86 A in the (001) plane, exhibits a novel long-chain polymeric form. The distances are comparable to the interatomic bond lengths in the existing polymeric bromides.
Delineating state groups through cluster analysis

Abstract This discussion is extracted from a larger research project in which an attempt is made to remedy the conceptual difficulties surrounding the “middle state” in international relations by defining the middle state vis-a-vis other types of states and without reference to any single dominant ontological framework. In this section of that project, the statistical technique of cluster analysis is used to demonstrate that the international state system contains three delineable state groups (labeled great, middle and small states). This article also demonstrates the use and usefulness of the cluster technique in international relations research.
Fibroblasts from long‐lived species of mammals and birds show delayed, but prolonged, phosphorylation of ERK

Fibroblasts from long-lived mutant mice show diminished phosphorylation of the stress-activated protein kinases ERK1/2 after exposure to peroxide, cadmium, or paraquat. We have now evaluated the kinetics of ERK phosphorylation in fibroblasts from long-lived and short-lived species of mammals and birds in response to stress by cadmium or hydrogen peroxide. Fibroblasts from the shorter-lived species of rodents and birds showed rapid induction of ERK phosphorylation, with a decline to basal level within 60 min. In contrast, cells from longer-lived species showed slower and more prolonged activation of ERK phosphorylation. These results suggest that fibroblasts from long-lived species may be less susceptible to the early phases of damage from cadmium or peroxide and suggest that altered kinetics of ERK activity may contribute to their stress resistance properties.
Large outdoor chamber experiments and computer simulations: (I) Secondary organic aerosol formation from the oxidation of a mixture of d-limonene and α-pinene

Abstract This work merges kinetic models for α-pinene and d-limonene which were individually developed to predict secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from these compounds. Three major changes in the d-limonene and α-pinene combined mechanism were made. First, radical–radical reactions were integrated so that radicals formed from both individual mechanisms all reacted with each other. Second, all SOA model species from both compounds were used to calculate semi-volatile partitioning for new semi-volatiles formed in the gas phase. Third particle phase reactions for particle phase α-pinene and d-limonene aldehydes, carboxylic acids, etc. were integrated. Experiments with mixtures of α-pinene and d-limonene, nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and diurnal natural sunlight were carried out in a dual 270 m3 outdoor Teflon film chamber located in Pittsboro, NC. The model closely simulated the behavior and timing for α-pinene, d-limonene, NO, NO2, O3 and SOA. Model sensitivities were tested with respect to effects of d-limonene/α-pinene ratios, initial hydrocarbon to NOx (HC0/NOx) ratios, temperature, and light intensity. The results showed that SOA yield (YSOA) was very sensitive to initial d-limonene/α-pinene ratio and temperature. The model was also used to simulate remote atmospheric SOA conditions that hypothetically could result from diurnal emissions of α-pinene, d-limonene and NOx. We observed that the volatility of the simulated SOA material on the aging aerosol decreased with time, and this was consistent with chamber observations. Of additional importance was that our simulation did not show a loss of SOA during the daytime and this was consistent with observed measurements.
Morphological and Physiological Development of Vestibular Hair Cells in the Organ-Cultured Otocyst of the Chick

Abstract The inner ear of the embryonic chick forms an oval-shaped sac or otocyst, on Embryonic Day 3, which contains presumptive sensory and support cells. After 3 weeks in organ culture the otocyst had sensory epithelia with an average of 325 ± 41 hair cells. Using light and transmission electron microscopy most of these cells were identified morphologically as type II vestibular hair cells. Whole-cell tight-seal recordings, using potassium chloride-filled micropipetes, showed that mature cultured hair cells had four different types of K currents. These included: a voltage-gated delayed rectifier K+ current (IK), an inactivating K+ current (IA), a calcium-dependent K+ current (IK(Ca)), and a K+ inward rectifier (IIR). These currents were similar to those recorded from cristae ampullares cells isolated from 2- to 3-week-old posthatched chicks. We also determined the timing of K+ current acquisition in vitro. Initially, recordings showed that cells isolated from Embryonic Day 3 otocysts had no voltage-dependent outward currents at physiological membrane potentials. Eventually, K+ currents were acquired in the order of: IK and IIR after 9 days, IA after 12 days, and IK(Ca) after 17 days in vitro . In addition, recordings using cesium chloride-filled micropipetes showed that there were two types of inward currents that were elicited in response to membrane depolarizations. These two currents included a rapidly activating, noninactivating Ca2+ current and a tetredotoxin-sensitive Na+ current. Both currents were elicited in hair cells grown in vitro for 13 days. Although INa was previously unreported in avians, both INa and ICa were also represented in hair cells isolated from the cristae ampullares of the posthatched chick. These results indicate that hair cells can acquire voltage-gated currents in vitro which are qualitatively similar to ionic currents found in crista ampullaris cells that differentiate in vivo. Thus, this organ culture system provides a means to study regulation of ionic currents in developing hair cells.
Organotransition-Metal Metallacarboranes. 46. Multidecker Sandwiches of the Cobalt Group Metals(,)(1).

The double-decker sandwich complex Cp*Ir(2,3-Et2C2B4H4) (1a) was prepared via deprotonation of nido-2,3-Et2C2B4H6 to its mono- or dianion and reaction with (Cp*IrCl2)2 in THF and isolated as a colorless air-stable solid; the B(4)-chloro derivative 1b was also obtained. Decapitation of 1a and 1b with TMEDA afforded colorless nido-Cp*Ir(2,3-Et2C2B3H5) (2a) and its 4-chloro derivative 2b. Chlorination of 1a by Cl2 or N-chlorosuccinimide gave the symmetrical species Cp*Ir(2,3-Et2C2B4H3-5-Cl) (1c), which was decapped to yield nido-Cp*Ir(2,3-Et2C2B3H4-5-Cl) (2c). The triple-decker complexes Cp*Ir(2,3-Et2C2B3H2-4[6]-Cl)IrCp* (3), an orange solid, and dark green Cp*Ir(2,3-Et2C2B3H2-4[6]-Cl)CoCp* (5) were prepared from 2a and nido-Cp*Co(2,3-Et2C2B3H5) (4a), respectively, by deprotonation and reaction with (Cp*IrCl2)2 in THF. Reaction of the 2c- anion with Rh(MeCN)3Cl3 gave the dark green tetradecker complex [Cp*Ir(Et2C2B3H2-5-Cl)]2RhH (6). In an attempt to prepare a heterotrimetallic Co−Rh−Ir tetradecker sandwich,...
Immunochemical studies of isolated human brain ganglioside components.

— Gangliosides G1 to G5 were isolated from human brain by means of TLC and tested with respect to their specificity to antisera against normal brain and Tay-Sachs brain gangliosides by agar double diffusion analysis. Gangliosides G2 and G4 gave precipitation reactions with antisera to normal human gangliosides (NHG) while only ganglioside G6 reacted with antisera to Tay-Sachs gangliosides (TSG). Additional specificity information was also obtained by use of the enzyme neuraminidase for the removal of specific sialic acid (NANA) residues. It was concluded from these data that the specificity of the anti-NHG antibodies is determined by the presence of a galactose (β1, 3) N-acetyl galactos-amine–while that of anti-TSG antibodies is due to a N-acetyl galactosamine (β1, 4) galactose-end sequence. By means of natural compounds of known structure it was found that both the sequence of carbohydrate residues and position of NANA residues in the molecule played a critical role in the formation of precipitation bands with NHG-antisera. This information was utilized to distinguish one isomeric form of disialoganglioside from another, i.e. G2 from G3 and to confirm the structure of the trisialoganglioside, G1. The immunochemical method appears to be a useful one for elucidating structural differences in ganglioside molecules.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Stimulates Cell Proliferation in Adipose Tissue-Derived Stromal-Vascular Cell Culture: Promotion of Adipose Tissue Expansion by Paracrine Growth Factors

OBJECTIVE Elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) protein and mRNA have been reported in adipose tissue from obese humans and rodents. However, TNF-alpha has catabolic and antiadipogenic effects on adipocytes. Addressing this paradox, we tested the hypothesis that paracrine levels of TNF-alpha, alone or together with insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), support preadipocyte development. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Cultured stromal-vascular cells from rat inguinal fat depots were exposed to serum-free media containing insulin and 0.2 nM TNF-alpha, 2.0 nM TNF-alpha, or 0.2 nM TNF-alpha + 1.0 nM IGF-I at different times during 7 days of culture. RESULTS TNF-alpha inhibited adipocyte differentiation as indicated by a reduction in both immunocytochemical reactivity for the preadipocyte-specific antigen (AD3; early differentiation marker) and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity (late differentiation marker). Early exposure (Days 1 through 3 of culture) to 0.2 nM TNF-alpha did not have a long term effect on inhibiting differentiation. Continuous exposure to 0.2 nM TNF-alpha from Days 1 through 7 of culture resulted in a 75% increase in cell number from control. There was a synergistic effect of 0.2 nM TNF-alpha + 1 nM IGF-I on increasing cell number by Day 7 of culture to levels greater than those observed with either treatment applied alone. DISCUSSION These data suggest that paracrine levels (0.2 nM) of TNF-alpha alone or in combination with IGF-I may support adipose tissue development by increasing the total number of stromal-vascular and/or uncommitted cells within the tissue. These cells may then be recruited to become preadipocytes or may alternatively serve as infrastructure to support adipose tissue growth.
Metabolism of 14C uniformly labeled organic material by woodlice [Isopoda: Oniscoidea] and soil microorganisms

Abstract Uniformly labeled 14C-yeast was fed to woodlice and soil microorganisms together and independently. Mineralization was more rapid and extensive in treatments in which both groups were present. Two days after a single feed of the labeled yeast to freshly-collected or wood-reared animals, approximately 12 per cent of the 14C had been respired, 28 per cent excreted, 44 per cent assimilated, and 15 per cent unaccounted for. Yeast-reared animals were 6.6 per cent less efficient in assimilating the labeled food. After 26 days, maintenance consumption had resulted in dissipation of 65.8 per cent of the assimilated label, with almost 90 per cent of this amount eliminated as CO2 and 10 per cent excreted. The elimination rate dropped from 6.8 per cent of the assimilated label per day to 0.6 per cent over the 1 month period following the single feeding of 14C. Three-quarters of the labeled faecal material excreted by the woodlice was mineralized by the soil microogranisms within 1 month; however, the rate of degradation of the faeces was significantly slower than was the rate of degradation of the labeled yeast. The 14C method appeared to give high recoveries of label and reproducible results.
Regulatory activation is accompanied by movement in the C terminus of the Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC1).

The Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC1) is expressed in most vertebrate cells and is crucial in the regulation of cell volume and intracellular chloride concentration. To study the structure and function of NKCC1, we tagged the transporter with cyan (CFP) and yellow (YFP) fluorescent proteins at two sites within the C terminus and measured fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) in stably expressing human embryonic kidney cell lines. Both singly and doubly tagged NKCC1s were appropriately produced, trafficked to the plasma membrane, and exhibited 86Rb transport activity. When both fluorescent probes were placed within the same C terminus of an NKCC1 transporter, we recorded an 11% FRET decrease upon activation of the transporter. This result clearly demonstrates movement of the C terminus during the regulatory response to phosphorylation of the N terminus. When we introduced CFP and YFP separately in different NKCC1 constructs and cotransfected these in HEK cells, we observed FRET between dimer pairs, and the fractional FRET decrease upon transporter activation was 46%. Quantitatively, this indicates that the largest FRET-signaled movement is between dimer pairs, an observation supported by further experiments in which the doubly tagged construct was cotransfectionally diluted with untagged NKCC1. Our results demonstrate that regulation of NKCC1 is accompanied by a large movement between two positions in the C termini of a dimeric cotransporter. We suggest that the NKCC1 C terminus is involved in transport regulation and that dimerization may play a key structural role in the regulatory process. It is anticipated that when combined with structural information, our findings will provide a model for understanding the conformational changes that bring about NKCC1 regulation.
Fly chemoreceptors: A model system for the taste modifier ziziphin

Abstract Ziziphin (from Ziziphus jujuba) selectively suppresses sweetness perception in humans. After a 3 min ziziphin treatment of Phormia regina tarsal chemoreceptors, the fly behavioral proboscis response to sucrose was suppressed at the initial test at 0.5 min post-ziziphin. The median time to recovery was 5.5 min postziziphin. A similar treatment significantly (p
Infants' sensitivity to uniform motion

Uniform motion across the retina is a powerful cue to the perception of self-motion. In spite of its importance for adaptive functioning, little is known about the early development of uniform motion sensitivity. Six-, 12-, and 18-week-old infants viewed random-dot kinematograms depicting leftward or rightward uniform motion. The display induced optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), which a trained observer used to judge the direction of target motion. Both speed of motion and directional coherence were varied to obtain independent motion detection thresholds. Infants of all three ages could detect uniform motion, and their detection thresholds were constant during this period of development. This is in contrast to the clear improvements in relative motion sensitivity noted previously between 6 and 18 weeks of age with a preferential looking (PL) paradigm. The developmental differences between these studies may result from: (1) separate mechanisms for detecting uniform (absolute) and differential (relative) motion; or (2) separate mechanisms underlying OKN and PL response measures.
A small molecule receptor that selectively recognizes trimethyl lysine in a histone peptide with native protein-like affinity

A small molecule receptor that mimics the HP1 chromodomain's affinity for trimethyl lysine has been identified from a dynamic combinatorial library. Discrimination for trimethyl lysine over the lower methylation states parallels that of the native protein receptor. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of small molecule receptors as potential sensors for protein post-translational modifications.
Dependence of magnetics, microstructures and recording properties on underlayer thickness in CoNiCr/Cr media

The effect of Cr underlayer thickness on the magnetic, microstructural, and recording properties of sputtered CoNiCr media is reported. Cr thickness was varied from 100 to 2000 AA while the magnetic layer was maintained in the range of 260-300 AA. Measurements using a vibrating sample magnetometer show a monotonic enhancement of coercivity from 600 to 1500 Oe with increasing Cr thickness. Media noise was measured as a function of transition density using a spectrum analyzer. The media noise power at 2400 flux changes per millimeter decreased by a factor of about 10 with the increase in Cr thickness. This reduction is accompanied by a reduction in the coercivity squareness and the development of granular features in CoNiCr grains growing on the columns of the Cr underlayer. These features are consistent with a reduction of exchange coupling among CoNiCr grains. >
Raman spectra of poly(ethylene glycols) in solution

Raman spectra have been obtained from poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) in the solid and molten phases and in aqueous and chloroform solutions. Several new lines are observed or resolved in the Raman spectrum of the solid state as a result of using a high-power argon-ion laser as a source. The Raman spectra of the molten polymer and the chloroform solutions are indicative of a disordered structure, since additional Raman lines appear as a result of the additional rotational isomers. The Raman spectrum of the aqueous solution shows that considerably less structural change occurs upon dissolution in water.
EmotiSphere: From Emotion to Music

EmotiSphere is an interactive sensor-based musical instrument that generates music based on a user's current emotional state. Interactions with EmotiSphere draw upon everyday interactions with physical spherical objects, as well as on familiar interactions with music players. EmotiSphere offers a novel way to understand the relationship between emotion and music, and is aimed at people who want to create music and express themselves but do not necessarily possess skills in music composition. We describe the conceptualization and context of EmotiSphere, as well as its technical implementation.
Choreia and Aesthetics in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo: The Performance of the Delian Maidens (Lines 156––64)

This article focuses on a set of problems involving a controversial portion of the HHA (lines 156––64) that describes the performance of the Delian chorus in a rare instance of early performance criticism. First, the two variants for a key noun in line 162, bambaliastus and krembaliastus , are discussed. Skepticism is expressed about the applicability to this scene of the first variant (favored by numerous scholars). On the contrary, krembaliastus ——the suitability of which has not been discussed in detail, even by scholars who seem to have favored it——can make good sense. Literary and iconographic evidence makes it plausible that krembaliastus denotes the act of generating through percussion devices called krembala (similar or identical to krotala ) rhythmic patterns meant to govern stylized movement, what the Greeks called scheemata . The marked term krembaliastus was probably employed to evoke a characteristic trait of the highly skilled Deliades. Furthermore, as vocal and kinetic activities were inextricably linked in choral practices, they are ultimately conceptualized as part of the same unified expressive mechanism (here denoted as φθέγγeσθαι 164). The author also questions the conventional interpretation of mimeisthai (163) as ““mimicking,”” instead reading it as ““representation,”” involving the evocation of the essence of an entity but not necessarily exact reproduction of its formal details. Finally the essay argues that the Delian chorus9 art of ““knowing how to represent the voices and the rhythmic patterns of all people”” designates the perfection of choral performance, as an all-inclusive enactment that forms a powerful trans-local bond.
The role of antileukotrienes in the treatment of asthma

Objective This article reviews the literature on the role of antileukotrienes (anti-LTs), specifically montelukast, zafirlukast, and zileuton, in the treatment of asthma. Data Sources Relevant and appropriate controlled clinical studies were used. Only literature in the English language was reviewed. Study Selection Material was taken from academic/scholarly journals, appropriate reviews, and published abstracts. Results In guidelines established by the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, a stepwise approach to asthma management is recommended, with recommendations varying depending on degree of disease severity. The anti-LTs, the newest class of drugs for the treatment of asthma, play a circumscribed role in the guidelines as they were only recently available when the latest guidelines were published. Subsequently, however, extensive clinical experience with the anti-LTs has been amassed. Multiple clinical studies have demonstrated that the anti-LTs improve pulmonary function and quality of life, and reduce asthma symptoms, asthma exacerbations, and use of β 2 -agonists and oral steroids. The anti-LTs may be particularly useful in asthma patients with aspirin sensitivity or concomitant allergic rhinitis, as well as in pediatric patients. These agents have additive effects with inhaled corticosteroids and may permit a reduction in inhaled corticosteroid dosages. Conclusions The anti-LTs have several features that are likely to promote adherence to treatment and are generally well tolerated. The available clinical data suggest that anti-LTs should be considered as a therapeutic option or as additive therapy in patients with mild to severe asthma.
Gastrointestinal distribution and in vivo gene transfection studies with nanoparticles-in-microsphere oral system (NiMOS)

The aim of this investigation was to develop and evaluate a novel nanoparticles-in-microsphere oral system (NiMOS) for gene delivery and transfection in specific regions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Plasmid DNA, encoding either for beta-galactosidase (CMV-betagal) or enhanced green fluorescent protein (EFGP-N1), was encapsulated in type B gelatin nanoparticles. NiMOS were prepared by further protecting the DNA-loaded nanoparticles in a poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) matrix to form microspheres of less than 5.0 microm in diameter. In order to evaluate the biodistribution following oral administration, radiolabeled ((111)In-labeled) gelatin nanoparticles and NiMOS were administered orally to fasted Wistar rats. The results of biodistribution studies showed that, while gelatin nanoparticles traversed through the GI tract fairly quickly with more than 85% of the administered dose per gram localizing in the large intestine within the first hour, NiMOS resided in the stomach and small intestine for relatively longer duration. Following oral administration of CMV-betagal or EFGP-N1 plasmid DNA at 100 microg dose in the control and test formulations, the qualitative results presented in this study provide the proof-of-concept for the transfection capability of NiMOS upon oral administration. After 5 days post-administration, we observed transgene expression in the small and large intestine of rats. Based on these preliminary results, NiMOS show significant potential as novel gene delivery vehicle for therapeutic and vaccination purposes.
Student affairs professionals and the media

A good strategy for working with external media is essential to the success of student affairs professionals. Examples of practices that lead to effective engagement with the various media are examined.
Power restructuring in China and the Soviet Union

Comparing types within the same species, Raymond Aron once wrote, is the essential task of sociology.' Comparative analysis is especially vital in studying the two major communist systems of the twentieth century, the Soviet Union and Communist China. These systems of power represented powerful historical syntheses of imperial national culture, social revolution, and Marxist-Leninist ideology and organization. Despite periods of stability, the Soviet and Chinese Communist systems have been repeatedly shaken by restructuring processes set in motion from within. Notable instances include the Stalin Revolution of
Event-related potentials as indices of display-monitoring performance

We evaluated event-related potentials (ERP) as indices of performance in three visual display-monitoring tasks: 1. (a) signal detection, 2. (b) running memory and 3. (c) computation. Using factor analysis, we developed a global measure of performance (PF1) for each task. Task-relevant and irrelevant-probe stimuli elicited ERPs, which included components P1, N1, P2, P300, slow waves, and fronto-central negativities. In tasks (a) and (b), P300 amplitude in the task-relevant ERPs increased when the task was engaged, and was greater for accuratethan for inaccurate-response trials. In tasks (a) and (c), the irrelevant-probe ERPs also differed among task and performance conditions. To relate ERP measures to PF1, we developed linear regression models distinguished by three factors: general versus individual-subject, stimulus relevance, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Model accuracy and reliability were highest for individual-subject, relevant-stimulus and high-SNR models, where average R2 values for the three tasks were 0.44, 0.46, and 0.38, respectively. We discuss implications of the models for performance monitoring and implications of the ERP effects for human information processing.
Field Tests of Thickened Sprays of Methyl Eugenol Potentially Usefulm Male-Annihilation Programs Against Oriental Fruit Flies

Comparison of a formulation of methyl eugenol, an attractant for male Dacus dorsalis Hendel, with 5% technical naled when soaked on small (0.25-1.32 in.3) fiber wallboard blocks was made with the same formulation when thickened with Myverol® or CAB-O-SIL® and applied as liquid drops on leaves. In replicated small-plot tests (2 g methyl eugenol per treatment site), thickened liquid treatments attracted and killed more oriental fruit flies during the first 1-2 weeks than did the formulation on fiberboard blocks. Thereafter, their performance fell below that of the blocks. Also, in unreplicated large-field tests in 1966, 1967, and 1968. thickened foliar sprays of methyl eugenol + toxicant applied aerially at 5-10 Ib/mile2 to 8-mile2 plots reduced trap catches of males over 98%, indicating their potential usefulness in male-annihilation programs.
Clinical challenges in the evaluation and treatment of individuals with poststroke dysphagia.

Although reported frequencies vary due to study design, patient characteristics, and method of ascertainment, dysphagia is a commonly encountered morbidity after stroke. Consequently, speech-language pathologists’ clinical caseloads are heavily populated with individuals with poststroke dysphagia. The body of knowledge about swallowing and swallowing disorders has expanded exponentially over the last 3 decades, and speech-language pathologists are increasingly sophisticated in their evaluation and treatment of this patient population. Nevertheless, clinical quandaries persist regarding the management of these individuals. In this article, clinical challenges are discussed, including early detection of dysphagia and aspiration risk, treatment efficacy, refractory dysphagia, and noncompliance with treatment. Research relevant to these issues is reviewed to aid in formulating sound clinical decisions.
Physiological effects and bioconcentration of triclosan on amphibian larvae.

Abstract We examined the acute effects of triclosan (TCS) exposure, a common antimicrobial found as a contaminant in the field, on survival and physiology of amphibian larvae. LC50 values were determined after 96 h for North American larval species: Acris crepitans blanchardii , Bufo woodhousii woodhousii , Rana sphenocephala , and for a developmental model: Xenopus laevis . Amphibian larvae were most sensitive to TCS exposure during early development based upon 96-h LC50 values. Heart rates for X. laevis and North American larvae exposed to TCS were variable throughout development. Metabolic rates of X. laevis and R. sphenocephala larvae exposed to TCS were significantly affected in larvae exposed to [50% LC50] and [LC50]. Tissue uptake and tissue bioconcentration factor (BCF) of TCS were investigated in X. laevis , B. woodhousii woodhousii , and R. sphenocephala . In general, a significant increase was observed as exposure concentration increased. Tissue BCF values were dependent upon stage and species. While TCS concentrations used here are higher than environmental concentrations, exposure to TCS was dependent upon species and developmental stage, with early developmental stages being most sensitive to TCS exposure.
Transient increase in the in vivo binding of the benzodiazepine antagonist [3H]flumazenil in deafferented visual areas of the adult mouse brain

Flumazer it is an imidazobenzodiazepine, an antagonist of central benzodiazepine (BDZ) receptors. BDZ binding sites are a modulatory component located on the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor macromolecule. We studied the effect of monocular enucleation on [3H]flumazenil binding in deprived and intact visual areas and nonvisual areas of the adult mouse brain under in vivo conditions. [3H]flumazenil binding was examined at seven time points up to 56 days postenucleation. In some monocularly deprived mice, changes in local blood flow accompanied with the BDZ receptor response were evaluated by coinjection of [3H]flumazenil and 9mTc-HMPAO. Monocular enucleation produced a transient increase in [3H]flumazenil binding in the deprived visual cortex and superior colliculus. At 17 days postenucleation, [3H]flumazenil binding in the anterior and posterior portions of the visual cortex and the superior colliculus increased by 28%, 15% and 23%, respectively, and declined to control levels at 45 days postenucleation. The increase in [3H]flumazenil was accompanied with a decrease in blood flow. Alterations in BDZ receptors and blood flow were selective to deprived visual structures. The regional correlation between the metabolic deficit and the BDZ response provides further support that the increase in BDZ receptor binding is confined to regions of reduced neuronal activity. [11C]flumazenil is an excellent radiotracer for in vivo imaging of benzodiazepine receptors in human brain using positron emission tomography (PET). This study suggests the suitability of [11C]flumazenil for in vivo PET study of BDZ receptor response to deafferentation of visual structures in human brain. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Foster Mothers' Stress, Coping, and Social Support in Parenting Drug-Exposed and Other At-Risk Toddlers

Foster mothers of drug-exposed (n = 18) and nonexposed (n = 11) toddlers ages 12 to 30 months completed standardized measures and semistructured interviews to assess differences between groups on parenting stress and satisfaction and to examine relations among stress, satisfaction, social support, and coping. Foster mothers in.both groups scored within normal ranges on parenting stress and reported high parenting satisfaction, and analyses revealed no group differences on parenting stress and satisfaction. Both parenting stress and satisfaction were significantly correlated with social support, but both significantly correlated with support seeking contrary to the expected direction. Foster mothers' low reported stress and high satisfaction are discussed relative to this group's high level of social support, and continued exploration of social support and coping as they affect foster parent outcomes is suggested. Implications for future research and interventions are discussed, and better understanding of...
Race, Class, and Disproportionality: Reevaluating the Relationship Between Poverty and Special Education Placement

This article analyzes how a recent National Research Council report (2002) defined the impact of poverty in explaining the overrepresentation of minority students in special education. Echoing the perspective of mainstream special education literature, the report offered a latent theory of compromised development which indicated that minority students are more likely to be poor and that “being” poor heightens their exposure to risk factors that compromise human development and increase the need for special services. We elucidate how this theory oversimplifies the concept of “development” and consequently under-analyzes how the culture and organization of schools situates minority youths as academically and behaviorally deficient and places them at risk for special education placement.
Global HIV/AIDS Medicine

In 1988, Paul Volberding and Merle Sande published the first edition of The Medical Management of AIDS. The 6th and last edition of this authoritative reference was published in 1999, leaving a void on the reference shelves of HIV care providers. Twenty years after the original book, Volberding et al. now offer Global HIV/AIDS Medicine. Their aim is to make this “The first textbook aimed at a comprehensive approach to the management of what is truly a global problem.” The first edition of Global HIV/AIDS Medicine has been extensively revamped from the previous textbook. Three new editors have been added, the text has been expanded from 38 to 71 chapters, and the 135 expert authors have been recruited from throughout the world. The text is divided into 6 major sections: Epidemiology and Biology of HIV Infection; Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of HIV Infection; Diseases Associated with HIV Infection; Prevention and Management in Resource-Rich Settings; Prevention and Management in Resource-Poor Settings; and Economic and Social Consequences of the HIV Epidemic. Advances in HIV medicine since the publication of the last edition are extensively reviewed in the first and second sections. The chapter on the molecular biology of HIV provides an excellent overview of how HIV and cellular proteins interact. Current practices in antiretroviral treatment are nicely summarized in chapters 15–18. In the last 2 sections of the book, the authors address problems facing HIV care providers practicing in the developing world. Many new chapters have been written for these sections, including chapters on antiretroviral therapy in resource-poor settings, and malaria and HIV; also included is an updated section on parasitic infections among patients residing in the developing world. Limitations of this book include the predictable minor duplications and contradictions between chapters written by different authors. Given the tome’s comprehensive nature and global purpose, certain diseases are inevitably given short shrift to limit the likelihood of back strain among readers. Any person hoping to learn about progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, biliary tract diseases, outcomes of surgery, or manifestations of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in HIV-infected patients will be disappointed. In addition, the well-written chapter on dermatologic diseases is distinguished by the baffling lack of any images of the manifestations it describes. These shortcomings are dwarfed by the positive aspects of this book. In summary, this is a magnificent work by a group of expert editors and world-class authors. This volume should be a part of every reference collection and an essential tool for any serious provider of HIV care.
Reproduction of heterosporous arborescent lycopods in the Mississippian—Pennsylvanian of Euramerica

Abstract The reproductive organization and function of heterosporous arborescent lycopods in the Carboniferous are categorized based on histologically preserved specimens: free-sporing bisporangiate cones of the Lepidostrobus type (sensu stricto) which includes Bothrodendrostrobus, Sporangiostrobus and Polysporia; monosporangiate cones with intrasporangial modification, the Mazocarpon type; megasporangium—sporophyll modification of the monosporic, dispersed Achlamydocarpon type; and the integumentary type represented by Lepidocarpon. The taxonomy—morphology of each type of megasporophyll unit is summarized; their gametophytes and embryo stages are described and illustrated. Lycopod reproductive biology is related to swamp environments and their changes in the Pennsylvanian. The morphological and functional seed-like aspects of Achlamydocarpon and Lepidocarpon are considered aquatic adaptations, partially reflecting in their sporophyll design the leaf-cushion potentials of Lepidodendron and Lepidophloios.
Diabatic subsidence in the subtropical upper troposphere derived from SAGE II measurements

Composite diabatic subsidence rates in the subtropical upper troposphere are derived using water vapor measurements of high vertical resolution from SAGE II in conjunction with collocated ECMWF reanalysis. Their relationship with the concentration of upper tropospheric water vapor is examined. The mean vertical profiles of subsidence rate show a monotonic increase in downward mass flux from the tropopause down to at least 400 mb reaching a magnitude of 22 mb day−1. This vertical structure of subsidence suggests horizontal mass convergence and horizontal moisture transport at all levels above 400 mb. Seasonal variation of upper tropospheric subsidence is also presented.
The interrater reliability of the Psychotic Inpatient Profile.

The interrater reliabilities of the 12 scales of the psychotic Inpatient Profile (PIP) were assessed in three independent samples. These reliabilities were found to be consistently low for the three samples. Several possible sources of low reliability were investigated, and evidence to support the hypothesis that consistent rater biases might have contributed to this low reliability was found. The authors make several suggestions of ways to improve PIP's reliability.
ON THE EFFECT OF WEAK NON-LINEARITIES ON LINEAR CONTROLLABILITY AND OBSERVABILITY NORMS, AN INVARIANT MANIFOLD APPROACH

Abstract Many weakly non-linear structures exhibit normal modes that are analogous to linear modes of linear oscillatory systems. As in the testing of linear modal systems, optimal sensor and actuator placement is important for obtaining the best test results. Such optimal placement is also important in control. This paper addresses this issue by extending the concepts of modal controllability and observability norm developed for linear systems to weakly non-linear systems that exhibit non-linear normal modes.
Die Hautoberflächenstruktur, ihre Methodik und ihre Bedeutung für die Gewerbehygiene

Die Verfasser wollen den Blick auf die Oberflachengestalt der Haut des tatigen Menschen hinlenken. Sie versuchen zu zeigen, das der rauhen oder glatten Oberflache der Haut eine grose Bedeutung zukommt bei allen Fragen, die Schmutz, Waschen, Speichern hautschadigender Arbeitsstoffe und andere Beziehungen betreffen, die zwischen der Haut des tatigen Menschen und seiner Arbeitsumgebung bestehen. Die hautschadigenden Stoffe wirken dort starker, wo sie langere Zeit und in groseren Mengen in der Haut gespeichert werden.