cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Involvement of Serine and Carboxyl Groups in the Activity of Bovine Pancreatic Deoxyribonuclease A

Abstract Pancreatic DNase is inactivated rapidly by reaction with methane sulfonyl chloride. Eight sites are sulfonylated at pH 7 with 98% loss in activity. At pH 5, the reaction is more specific and 0.7 to 0.8 site is sulfonylated at 70 to 80% loss in activity. Above the 70 to 80% decrease in activity there is significant sulfonylation of a second site. Calcium ions can partially protect the enzyme against inactivation by methane sulfonyl chloride. The main site sulfonylated at pH 5 is serine. The rate of desulfonylation of inactivated DNase in acid or base parallels the lability of model sulfonyl serines and is far faster than desulfonylation of tyrosine or histidine. Lysine is also a possible site for sulfonylation. The 9 lysine residues in DNase can be converted quantitatively to homoarginine by reaction with O-methyl isourea and the modified protein has 70% of initial enzymic activity. This homoarginine derivative of DNase with all 9 lysines blocked still loses activity at the same rate on treatment with methane sulfonyl chloride. Sulfonylated serines can be treated with the nucleophile β-mercaptoethylamine to form S-aminoethylcysteine which is stable to acid hydrolysis and can be measured on the amino acid analyzer. Sulfonylated, inactive DNase treated with β-mercaptoethylamine gives yields of S-aminoethylcysteine which indicate that a single serine residue has been sulfonylated and is critical for DNase activity. Carboxylate side chains of aspartic and glutamic acid residues probably participate in Ca2+ binding to DNase. When DNase is treated with the carboxyl group selective reagent 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide, 18 to 20 carboxyl groups are modified within 20 min and over 90% of the enzyme activity is lost. In the presence of 0.1 m CaCl2, only 11 to 12 carboxyl groups are modified and 46% of the activity is lost. Calcium protects six to eight critical carboxyl groups from the carbodiimide reaction.
The Role of Burden and Deviation in Ostracizing Others

Ostracism (being excluded and ignored) is a painful experience, so why do individuals ostracize others? Previous research suggests individuals often ostracize those who are deviate, but not always. We posit that there may be two types of deviation, burdensome and non-burdensome, and the former is most likely to be ostracized. Study 1 manipulated burdensome deviation by programming a group member to perform more slowly (8 or 16 sec.) than others (4 sec.) in a virtual ball-toss game. Participants perceived slower players as more burdensome and deviate than normal speed players. Additionally, participants ostracized (gave fewer ball tosses to) the slowest player. Study 2 examined participant responses to both burdensome deviation (8- and 16-sec. players) and non-burdensome deviation (goth appearance). Participants again perceived the slower players to be burdensome and deviate, and ostracized them. They perceived the goth player to be deviate but not burdensome and did not ostracize this player.
DENTAL MICROWEAR AND DIET IN A WILD POPULATION OF MANTLED HOWLING MONKEYS (Alouatta palliata)

The mantled howling monkey (Alouatta palliata) was the subject of the first naturalistic study of nonhuman primate behavior - Carpenter’s classic 1934 work in Panama. That study not only set the stage for future naturalistic behavioral-ecological work, it also set the tone for our perceptions of howling monkeys. For 40-50 years, howlers were essentially viewed as humid tropical forest leaf-eaters. It is only within the past 20-25 years that researchers have begun to appreciate the ecological variability and adaptability of howlers. Now, based on the work of Crockett, Glander, Milton, and others, researchers have gained a more realistic picture of howlers as folivorous frugivores which can inhabit a wide range of habitats including rain forests, swamp forests, and semideciduous forests (Crockett — Eisenberg, 1986). In fact, they are so adaptable that they are often the first neotropical primates to colonize new patches of secondary forest.
Medikamenten-Compliance bei Epilepsie

Inadequate adherence to a prescribed medication regimen, so-called noncompliance (NC), occurs in 30-50% of patients with epilepsy and is thought to be a major cause of insufficient seizure control. This article gives an overview on how NC can be diagnosed, its causes, which patient groups are at risk, and which interventions are suitable to improve or maintain compliance.
How Can the Human Mind Occur in the Physical Universe

1. Cognitive Architecture 2. The Modular Organization of the Mind 3. Human Associative Memory 4. The Adaptive Control of Thought 5. What Does It Take to Be Human? Lessons From High School Algebra 6. How Can the Human Mind Occur?
Ovarian cancer: markers of response.

Objectives: Despite improved knowledge regarding the etiology of ovarian cancer, as well as application of aggressive surgery and chemotherapy, there has been only a modest change in the mortality statistics over the last 30 years. Given these results and the evolution of targeted therapies, there is an increasing need for prognostic and predictive factors to stratify patients for individualized care. Many laboratories have also investigated the specific individual biomarkers correlating them with clinicopathologic characteristics. Unfortunately, the vast majorities of these biomarkers have not proved clinically valuable. In this article, we review published genomic signatures including data generated in our laboratory for their relevance. Methods: Multiple published expression profiling articles were selected for review and discussion. Genomic studies were separated from those with dichotomized survival data and unsupervised analysis to identify discreet subsets of tumors and studies that generated activated pathways. Results: The identification of prognostic and predictive individual biomarkers has been common. Few of these have been validated. Genomic profiles have been obtained that distinguish short- from long-term survivors. The relevance of these studies to the large number of patients within the extremes remains unclear. Unsupervised clustering studies of ovarian cancers have identified potential subsets of tumors that reflect different clinical behavior. These studies will require large numbers of independent samples for validation. Another approach has been to identify genes that correlate with patient survival as a continuous variable. These genes are then placed into biologic context using pathway analysis. These pathways provide potential therapeutic targets, and those patients whose tumors express these targets may be most effectively treated by using inhibitors specific for the pathway. Conclusions: There is a major need for prognostic and predictive biomarkers for ovarian cancer. With the development of new genomic technologies, there is an opportunity to identify gene expression signatures that can be used to stratify patients according to their ultimate survival and response to chemotherapy. Large independent sets and robust statistical techniques will be required to fully exploit this approach.
Sustained Corticosterone Release in Lactating Rats following Olfactory Stimulation from the Pups1

Lactating female rats of the W/Z Strain were housed in plastic cages divided by a double wire partition at one end or in similar cages without the partition. The pups were removed at 9 AM on the seventh day postpartum for 3 hr and then returned to the cage. At this time they were placed either behind the partition or in direct contact with the lactating rat. For the control experiments glass stoppers were placed next to the adult rat or behind the wire partition. Corticosterone levels were significantly elevated in both virgin and lactating females at IS min after placement of pups or glass stoppers. At 60 min lactating rats in contact with pups had an elevated corticosterone level (23.1 μg %) but there was no significant elevation in lactating rats exposed directly to glass stoppers. However, elevated plasma corticosterone levels of 22.2 μg % were found in lactating rats exposed to pups behind a wire partition for 60 min. In the virgin rats, plasma corticosterone levels were not elevated after 60 min of ...
COMBINED NEPHROTOXICITY OF GENTAMICIN AND METHOXYFLURANE ANAESTHESIA IN MAN A Case Report

The clinical and biochemical findings are decribed in a patient who developed nephrotoxicity due to the combined effects of methoxyflurane anaesthesia and gentamicin. Following methoxyflurane anaesthesia mild nephrotoxicity occurred which rapidly increased in severity when gentamicin therapy was commenced, suggesting that the nephrotoxicity of these two drugs may be additive.
Chemistry of M(allyl)3 (M = Rh, Ir) compounds: structural characterization of tris(allyl)iridium complexes with phosphorus ligands

While addition of phosphorus ligands such as P(OPh)3 to Rh(allyl)3 gives monovalent Rh(allyl)L2, the iridium analog gives stable mixed σ/π-tris(allyl) complexes, as evidenced by the structural characterization of mono-, bi-, and tri-dentate ligand complexes.
Luminescence and Reflectance of Tranquillity Samples: Effects of Irradiation and Vitrification

Luminescence measurements of Tranquillity samples indicate that energy efficiencies for excitation by protons and ultraviolet are in the range 10 -6 or below; natural and induced thermoluminescence is even weaker. If these samples are typical, lunar surface luminescence cannot occur at reported levels. Comparison of proton luminescence spectra from the exterior and interior of rocks and fine fragments provides evidence of solar wind impingement on the moon9s surface. Spectral reflectance and albedo measurements of fresh rock powders before and after both laboratory proton irradiation and fusion indicate that vitrification may be an important mechanism of lunar darkening.
Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative

With the same intellectual courage with which she addressed issues of gender, Judith Butler turns her attention to speech and conduct in contemporary political life, looking at several efforts to target speech as conduct that has become subject to political debate and regulation. Reviewing hate speech regulations, anti-pornography arguments, and recent controversies about gay self-declaration in the military, Judith Butler asks whether and how language acts in each of these cultural sites.
Economic and Capital Market Antecedents of Venture Capital Commitments (1960-2010)

Using vector autoregression technique, we examine the interrelation between venture capital flows, economic development, capital market fund-raising activities, and capital market valuation, based on annual data of the United States over the past half-century. We find that venture capital commitments appear to be correlated with GDP and capital market valuation. While capital market fund-raising activities (Initial Public Offerings and Seasoned Equity Offerings) are also correlated with venture capital flows, these effects are subsumed by GDP, indicating that the overall economy drives both venture capital flows and capital market financing activities. Analyses from impulse response functions suggest that shocks to GDP have a permanent effect on venture capital flows, while the impact of capital market valuation (Standard & Poor 500 returns) on venture capital flows is rather short lived. Overall, both economy-wide development and financial market fluctuations seem to impact venture capital flows.
Hume's Influence on John Gregory and the History of Medical Ethics

The concept of medicine as a profession in the English-language literature of medical ethics is of recent vintage, invented by the Scottish physician and medical ethicist, John Gregory (1724-1773). Gregory wrote the first secular, philosophical, clinical, and feminine medical ethics and bioethics in the English language and did so on the basis of Hume's principle of sympathy. This paper provides a brief account of Gregory's invention and the role that Humean sympathy plays in that invention, with reference to key texts in Gregory's work. The paper also considers two interesting and perhaps provocative ways in which Hume can be read through Gregory: first, sympathy as a principle of scientific discovery in Hume's science of man and moral physiology; and sympathy as gendered feminine in Hume's moral philosophy. Hume's principle of sympathy is at the core of Gregory's medical ethics and the histories of Western medical ethics and bioethics pivot on Gregory--and, therefore, on Hume--as it does on few other figures.
Isolation of a Miller-Dieker lissencephaly gene containing G protein beta-subunit-like repeats

Lissencephaly (agyria-pachygyria) is a human brain malformation manifested by a smooth cerebral surface and abnormal neuronal migration. Identification of the gene(s) involved in this disorder would facilitate molecular dissection of normal events in brain development. Type 1 lissencephaly occurs either as an isolated abnormality or in association with dysmorphic facial appearance in patients with Miller-Dieker syndrome. About 15% of patients with isolated lissencephaly and more than 90% of patients with Miller-Dieker syndrome have microdeletions in a critical 350-kilobase region in chromosome 17p13.3 (ref. 6). These deletions are hemizygous, so haplo-insufficiency for a gene in this interval is implicated. Here we report the cloning of a gene (LIS-1, lissencephaly-1) in 17p13.3 that is deleted in Miller-Dieker patients. Non-overlapping deletions involving either the 5' or 3' end of the gene were found in two patients, identifying LIS-1 as the disease gene. The deduced amino-acid sequence shows significant homology to beta-subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins, suggesting that it could possibly be involved in a signal transduction pathway crucial for cerebral development.
Analysis of the surface-probe equation

Abstract An integrating surface-probe is a tool for the determination of local fluxes from surface-integrated measurements. For an axisymmetric system, the data analysis involves the numerical solution of a severely ill-conditioned Volterra integral equation of the first kind. This study establishes the existence of a unique solution under certain conditions and considers solution techniques based on product integration and also evaluation of the inversion integral. The methods are tested for convergence against exact input data, and the performance of the best methods against simulated experimental data is studied.
Gender and Cognitive Abilities in the Acquisition and Transfer of Basic Flying Skills - Another Look:

Thirty Air Force Academy cadets, 15 males and 15 females, participated in an experiment designed to investigate the relationship between certain cognitive abilities, gender and the acquisition and transfer of basic flying skills. Subjects were classified into low, medium and high groups based on their scores on tests measuring spatial relations and visualization. Males and females were matched within the groups. Results suggest classification removes previous apparent gender differences in psychomotor performance. Language: en
Optimizing Exposure Therapy for Anxiety Disorders: An Inhibitory Learning and Inhibitory Regulation Approach

Exposure-based cognitive-behavioral therapy is the treatment of choice for anxiety disorders. Unfortunately, many individuals fail to benefit from treatment or demonstrate a return of fear. Inhibitory
Bone scintigraphy of fibro-osseous lesions of the jaw

Abstract A review of bone scintigraphy and its potential uses and limitations in evaluation of the facial skeleton is presented. The use of bone scans for the evaluation of two cases of fibro-osseous lesions is described. Bone scintigraphy in these cases ruled out other areas of bone involvement and confirmed radiographic findings.
Efficient verification of Tunnell’s criterion

An integern is congruent if there is a triangle with rational sides whose area isn. In the 1980s Tunnell gave an algorithm to test congruence which relied on counting integral points on the ellipsoids 2x 2 +y 2 + 8z 2 =n and 2x 2 +y 2 + 32z 2 =n. The correctness of this algorithm is conditional on the conjecture of Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer. The known methods for testing Tunnell’s criterion useO(n) operations. In this paper we give several methods with smaller exponents, including a randomized algorithm using timen 11/2+o(1) and spacen o(1) and a deterministic algorithm using space and timen 1/2+o(1).
Scattering by Pruppacher-Pitter raindrops at 30 GHz

Optimum design of modern ground-satellite communication systems requires the knowledge of rain-induced differential attenuation, differential phase shift, and cross polarization factors. Different available analytical techniques for raindrop scattering problems were assessed. These include: (1) geometrical theory of diffraction; (2) method of moment; (3) perturbation method; (4) point matching methods; (5) extended boundary condition method; and (6) global-local finite element method. The advantages and disadvantages of each are listed. The extended boundary condition method, which was determined to yield the most scattering results, is summarized. The scattered fields for Pruppacher-Pitter raindrops with sizes ranging from 0.5 mm to 3.5 mm at 20 C and at 30 GHz for several incidence angles are tabulated.
Self-Testing Embedded Parity Checkers

It is shown that if a 4-by-n binary matrix has four distinct even-parity rows such that each column has exactly two 0's and two 1's, then there exists a totally self-checking even-parity checker that is tested by the four rows of this matrix. The utility of this result in designing self-testing embedded parity checkers is described.
Characterization of light chain and light chain constant region fragment mRNAs in MPC 11 mouse myeloma cells and variants

Cultured MPC 11 mouse myeloma cells synthesize not only gamma2b heavy and kappa light chains but also a carboxyl terminal (constant region) fragment of kappa light chain. In vitro translational analysis of total cytoplasmic and microsomal RNA indicates that these cells contain RNA which directs synthesis of both a light chain precursor and a light chain fragment precursor. Variant clones which do not synthesize either heavy or light chains continue to synthesize the light chain fragment. One such "nonproducing" variant was studied in detail. It does not contain translatable mRNA for the intact light chain but does contain RNA which is translated into the light chain fragment precursor. Nucleic acid hybridization analysis with a cDNA probe specific for the constant region of kappa light chains revealed that microsomal RNA from the wild-type cell contains both 14S and a 10S species of kappa specific RNA, whereas the variant contains only the 10S species. Translational analysis of these same RNAs indicates that the 14S species codes for the light chain precursor, while the 10S RNA codes for the light chain fragment precursor.
The impact of serial prostate biopsies on sexual function in men on active surveillance for prostate cancer.

Purpose: NCCN Guidelines® recommend annual prostate biopsies for men with low risk prostate cancer on active surveillance. We determined whether erectile function decreases with the number of biopsies experienced.Materials and Methods: During a median 3.2-year followup after prostate cancer diagnosis in 2003 to 2010 at our institution 427 men on active surveillance underwent a total of 1,197 biopsies and provided 1,398 erectile function evaluations via the Sexual Health Inventory for Men questionnaire. For analysis we decomposed the 25-point questionnaire responses into a 5-point erectile function score and a 3-level sexual activity status. We used separate models adjusted for patient characteristics to determine whether either outcome varied with biopsy exposure.Results: At diagnosis the median age was 61 years and median prostate specific antigen was 5.3 ng/ml. Of the cases 70% were clinical stage cT1 and 93% were Gleason score less than 7. Of biopsies followed by evaluations 40% were the first undergon...
Cross-inhibition of SR-BI- and ABCA1-mediated cholesterol transport by the small molecules BLT-4 and glyburide

Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) and ABCA1 are structurally dissimilar cell surface proteins that play key roles in HDL metabolism. SR-BI is a receptor that binds HDL with high affinity and mediates both the selective lipid uptake of cholesteryl esters from lipid-rich HDL to cells and the efflux of unesterified cholesterol from cells to HDL. ABCA1 mediates the efflux of unesterified cholesterol and phospholipids from cells to lipid-poor apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I). The activities of ABCA1 and other ATP binding cassette superfamily members are inhibited by the drug glyburide, and SR-BI-mediated lipid transport is blocked by small molecule inhibitors called BLTs . Here, we show that one BLT, [1-(2-methoxy-phenyl)-3-naphthalen-2-yl-urea] (BLT-4), blocked ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux to lipid-poor apoA-I at a potency similar to that for its inhibition of SR-BI (IC50 ∼ 55–60 μM). Reciprocally, glyburide blocked SR-BI-mediated selective lipid uptake and efflux at a potency similar to that for its inhibition of ABCA1 (IC50 ∼275–300 μM). As is the case with BLTs, glyburide increased the apparent affinity of HDL binding to SR-BI. The reciprocal inhibition of SR-BI and ABCA1 by BLT-4 and glyburide raises the possibility that these proteins may share similar or common steps in their mechanisms of lipid transport.
Acupuncture, Connective Tissue, and Peripheral Sensory Modulation

Although considerable controversy surrounds the legitimacy of acupuncture as a treatment, a growing literature on the physiological effects of acupuncture needling in animals and humans is providing new insights into basic cellular mechanisms including connective tissue mechanotransduction and purinergic signaling. This review summarizes these findings and proposes a model combining connective tissue plasticity and peripheral sensory modulation in response to the sustained stretching of tissue that results from acupuncture needle manipulation.
Reflectins: The Unusual Proteins of Squid Reflective Tissues

A family of unusual proteins is deposited in flat, structural platelets in reflective tissues of the squid Euprymna scolopes. These proteins, which we have named reflectins, are encoded by at least six genes in three subfamilies and have no reported homologs outside of squids. Reflectins possess five repeating domains, which are highly conserved among members of the family. The proteins have a very unusual composition, with four relatively rare residues (tyrosine, methionine, arginine, and tryptophan) comprising ∼57% of a reflectin, and several common residues (alanine, isoleucine, leucine, and lysine) occurring in none of the family members. These protein-based reflectors in squids provide a marked example of nanofabrication in animal systems.
Evaluation of cardinal direction developments between moving points

Recently, a wide range of applications like hurricane research, fire management, navigation systems, and transportation has shown increasing interest in managing and analyzing space and time-referenced objects, so-called moving objects, that continuously change their positions over time. In the same way as moving objects can change their location over time, the spatial relationships between them can change over time. An important class of spatial relationships are cardinal directions like north and southeast. In spatial databases and GIS, they characterize the relative directional position between static objects in space and are frequently used as selection and join criteria in spatial queries. Transferred to a spatiotemporal context, the simultaneous location change of different moving objects can imply a temporal evolution of their directional relationships, called development. The goal of this paper is to illustrate, explain, and formally define cardinal direction developments between two moving points.
Freezing of Ni-Al bimetallic nanoclusters in computer simulations

Bimetallic particles have two features not observed in one-component systems: surface segregation and compositional ordering. Molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to study the freezing of Ni-Al nanoclusters at different compositions. It was found that for Al-rich and equiatomic compositions the surface segregation of Al atoms inhibits nucleation, causing supercooled clusters to solidify to an amorphous aggregate. In the case of N i 3 Al particles, where there are not enough Al atoms to complete the surface layer, clusters froze to multiply twinned structures with well-defined local translational order but, owing to the fast kinetics of solidification, with compositional disorder.
Fine-Tuning the Signal: Image and Identity at the Federal Reserve

ABSTRACT This article develops a conceptual model of fine-tuning by elite policymakers. Fine-tuning is a set of strategic practices employed by policy elites to construct the signals sent to stakeholders outside the organization. Such signals are used to influence immediate stakeholder behavior as well as maintain longer-term agency reputation. The clarity of the signal varies strategically from transparency to opacity according to political and economic circumstances. We identify two fine-tuning practices, expectation modulation and credibility filtering, which are part of the toolkit of the signalers. These practices are grounded in an agency's sense of its image and identity. Using verbatim transcripts of meetings at the Federal Reserve, this article explores the fine-tuning practices that are employed by policymakers to store up trust, anticipate threats, and rationalize failure to stakeholders.
Shape effects on hypersonic slender body wake geometry and transition distance.

Using flow shadowgraph and schlieren photographs obtained from the Naval Ordnance Laboratory's ballistics ranges, measurements have been made of the widths of the laminar wakes, their lengths (wake transition distances), and the subsequent growth of the turbulent wakes of both pointed and blunt slender cones. The laminar wake width and transition dis- tance measurements include the effects of base rounding. Correlations of laminar wake width with transition Reynolds number are shown. Transition Reynolds numbers of cones with rounded bases are larger for Mm > 12 than those for cones with flat bases. Moderate nose bluntness and change in nose shape have no measurable effects on laminar wake width or wake transition distance. An empirical wake growth function appears to be related to laminar wake width and transition distance functions. HEN the boundary layer on a hypersonic axisymmetric body is laminar, laminar-turbulent transition occurs in the wake flow region downstream of the neck. At present, no adequate theoretical method exists for the solution of the axisymmetric laminar wake stability problem and subsequent prediction of the transition location. Therefore, correlations of experimental data in terms of freestream parameters or computed flowfield properties should be of value. This paper presents results of an investigation of the effects of three factors on wake transition: laminar wake width, nose shape and bluntness, and the rounding of the base expansion corner of the pointed-cone models. Measurements of widths and lengths of laminar wrakes were made from shadowgraphs resulting from tests conducted for the General Electric Com- pany in the ballistics ranges at Naval Ordnance Laboratory (NOL). Only rounds with low angle of attack, as determined in orthogonal planes, have been used. The laminar wake has a virtually constant thickness from the neck to the transition point. After transition, the wake grows by turbulent diffu- sion. Measurements of turbulent wake width of both pointed- and blunt-cone models have been made on shadow- graphs and schlieren photographs. The measurement at any axial station has been the average of the maximum and mini- mum wake width in the immediate region of the point. Only shots with low angle of attack, as determined in orthogo- nal planes, have been used. Many previous studies1"3 of turbulent wake growth of spheres and cones have been made; however, their emphasis has been on the far wake growth, ignoring the transitional region. The purpose of this present study is to examine the transitional region to determine how laminar wake character- istics affect turbulent wake growth and how the laminar and turbulent regions can be related. Toward this end, meas- urements have been made in the region 0 < x/d < 100.
Dry beveling micropipettes using a computer hard drive

It is sometimes useful in electrophysiological recordings to try various micropipette profiles in order to determine which tip works best in a given experiment. A pipette puller can be used to pull very sharp or blunt pipettes, and to fire polish tips for whole cell patch recordings. Broken tip pipettes can be "bumped" to an acceptable tip diameter under a microscope. However, it may be difficult to rationalize the purchase of a commercial beveling machine simply to test whether beveled pipettes are best for recording intracellularly from the cell types of interest. Presented here are methods that use a surplus computer hard drive to reproducibly dry bevel glass micropipettes. Compared to sharp or broken tip electrodes, pipettes dry beveled with this simple system are superior for making intracellular recordings from cichlid Mauthner neurons. Preliminary data obtained with this inexpensive apparatus may allow investigators to successfully justify the purchase of a commercial beveler.
Immunological comparison of acetylcholine receptors and their subunits from species of electric ray

Abstract Rabbit antibodies were produced against purified acetylcholine receptor and each of the four acetylcholine receptor subunits from Torpedo californica. Using the technique of double diffusion in agar, cross reactivities were observed between these antibodies and purified acetylcholine receptor and receptor subunits from Torpedo marmorata, Torpedo nobiliana, and Narcine brasiliensis, as well as from Torpedo californica. The specificity of each of the four anti-subunit antibodies and the conservation of subunit antigenic determinants in the four electric rays studied are demonstrated.
Inducible nitric oxide synthase: identification of amino acid residues essential for dimerization and binding of tetrahydrobiopterin.

Abstract Nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) require tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) for dimerization and NO production. Mutation analysis of mouse inducible NOS (iNOS; NOS2) identified Gly-450 and Ala-453 as critical for NO production, dimer formation, and BH4 binding. Substitutions at five neighboring positions were tolerated, and normal binding of heme, calmodulin, and NADPH militated against major distortions affecting the NH2-terminal portion, midzone, or COOH terminus of the inactive mutants. Direct involvement of residues 450 and 453 in the binding of BH4 is supported by the striking homology of residues 448-480 to a region extensively shared by the three BH4-utilizing aromatic amino acid hydroxylases and is consistent with the conservation of these residues among all 10 reported NOS sequences, including mammalian NOSs 1, 2, and 3, as well as avian and insect NOSs. Altered binding of BH4 and/or L-arginine may explain how the addition of a single methyl group to the side chain of residue 450 or the addition of three methylenes to residue 453 can each abolish an enzymatic activity that reflects the concerted function of 1143 other residues.
Software compensation for execution time delay in hybrid computation

Abstract A hybrid computer is a highly interactive design tool for complex physical problems. Typically, problem design follows very much the same procedure one uses when the design tool is an all digital computer. The major problems are somewhat different however. The principle difference lies in the fact that a hybrid computer solves the design equations effectively using a first order numerical method. This leads to some rather serious error considerations which have been pointed out by various authors and are restated in this paper for completeness. Of these errors one of the more serious is that due to the evaluation of functions of the digital computer, referred to as execution time delay. The reduction or elimination of this error is the subject of this paper. Two primary methods for the reduction or elimination of execution time delay have been considered; function sequencing, and function extrapolation techniques. A Taylor series approach is given which eliminates execution time delay in certain cases, at the expense of additional computational complexity. An extrapolation method, based on the Lagrangian interpolation formula is described which reduces execution time delay errors and is computationally appealing.
Implications of family history of myocardial infarction in young women.

Background Family history of premature myocardial infarction (FHMI) may be a useful marker of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in young subjects, but comparisons of its implications for CVD risk factor burden, prevalent atherosclerosis, and risk awareness between young men and women have not been reported. Methods We analyzed data from 2404 young subjects with ages 30 to 50 in the Dallas Heart Study, which is a population-based study. Family history of premature MI was defined as a first-degree relative with myocardial infarction (MI) before age 50 (men) or 55 (women). Coronary artery calcification was measured by computed tomography scan, and perceived lifetime risk of MI was assessed by questionnaire. Analyses were sex-stratified. Results Women with versus without FHMI had an increased composite risk factor burden (≥2 CVD risk factors, 49.1% vs 39.1%; P P = .6). Family history of premature MI was independently associated with coronary artery calcification among women (adjusted odds ratio, 2.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-4.1) but not among men (adjusted odds ratio, 1.7; 95% confidence interval, 0.9-3.2). A higher proportion of subjects with FHMI versus no FHMI perceived their lifetime risk of MI to be at ≥ average in women (59.7% vs 47.4%; P P = .004), with the increment greatest among men ( P interaction=.02). Conclusions Despite a stronger association with CVD risk factors and atherosclerosis prevalence with FHMI among young women compared with men, young women with FHMI demonstrated less CVD risk awareness and worse lifestyle choices. Family history of premature MI may be an especially useful risk assessment tool in young women, and greater efforts are needed to promote CVD risk awareness among young women with FHMI.
FlexBot, Groo, Patton and Hamlet: research using computer games as a platform

This paper describes four systems we intend to demonstrate at the AAAI-02 Conference. The first system is FlexBot - a software agent research platform built using the Half-Life game engine. The remaining three systems are research applications that were developed on top of the FlexBot architecture: • Groo - an efficient bot constructed using behavior-based techniques. • Patton -a system for monitoring and controlling bots through remote, possibly mobile, devices. • Hamlet - the first part of a system for monitoring players and dynamically adjusting gameplay to promote dramatic/narrative immersion. This demonstration is designed to show FlexBot in action and to exhibit the flexibility, efficiency and overall ease with which the FlexBot architecture supports a variety of AI research tasks.
Variation in children's classroom engagement throughout a day in preschool: Relations to classroom and child factors.

Abstract This study examined sources of variability in preschool children's positive and negative engagement with teachers, peers, and tasks, and how that variability was related to both classroom activity settings (e.g., teacher-structured time, outdoor time, transitions) and child factors (age, gender). Participants were 283 socioeconomically and linguistically diverse children drawn from 84 classrooms, 34–63 months old (M = 50.8, SD = 6.5). Each child's engagement was observed and rated multiple times within a single day. Results suggested that children's engagement varied significantly across the preschool day. Activity settings that provided children with a greater degree of choice (free choice and outdoor time) were associated with more positive engagement with peers and tasks, while teacher-structured activities were associated with more positive engagement with teachers. Transitions emerged as a difficult part of the day, associated with less positive engagement with teachers and tasks. Older children were rated higher on peer and task engagement. These findings, together with previous research, suggest that both characteristics of the classroom setting and child factors are associated with children's classroom engagement throughout a day in preschool.
The Soul's Comeback: Immortality and Resurrection in Early Christianity

In the middle of the twentieth century biblical scholars claimed the unity of the human person as the core of biblical anthropology.1 The Hebrew term , “life,” “person,” was no longer to be translated as “soul,” and the best English equivalent for the Greek ψυχή was “person.” In the seventies and eighties, on both sides of the Atlantic, the pendulum swung even further, to the point of favoring the body. In Paris, in the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Pierre Geoltrain offered a lecture course on the “body” in several texts of the New Testament, while in the United States Dale Martin worked on his book published under the title The Corinthian Body.2 In Geneva, where expression corporelle had become a form of instruction in dance and eurhythmic practice at the Institut Jaques-Dalcroze, some New Testament scholars incorporated bodily experience into their understanding of biblical passages.3 It was also this time that saw—in the secular realm—the creation of “body shops” and the continuous care of one's own body. With Merleau-Ponty we can say that this recent period witnesses a rediscovery of the body.4
A dynamic adaptation scheme for general 3-D hybrid meshes

Hybrid meshes consisting of all types of three dimensional elements (prisms, hexahedra, pyramids and tetrahedra) pose a challenge to current mesh adaptation methods. Primary issues addressed are (i) the complex topology of the mesh which makes division/coarsening more difficult, (ii) the minimization of interface elements such as pyramids, (iii) the complex and memory consuming data structures, and (iv) simplification of the implementation of the adaptation algorithm. Local refinement and coarsening are applied using special division rules and templates which result in a relatively simple implementation of adaptation and in minimization of the number of pyramids. An appropriate data structure is presented which handles all four types of elements and minimizes required memory. Case-independent linear scaling of the required CPU time and memory for adaptation is demonstrated.
Infrared Spectroscopy of Three-Dimensional Self-Assembled Monolayers: N-Alkanethiolate Monolayers on Gold Cluster Compounds

Transmission infrared spectroscopy has been used to probe the structure of alkanethiolate monolayers adsorbed onto nanometer-sized gold clusters. The alkyl chain lengths vary between propanethiolate and tetracosanethiolate; specifically the C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C10, C12, C16, C20, and C24 alkanethiolates have been examined as solid suspensions in KBr pellets. It has been found that the smaller chain lengths (C3, C4, and C5) are relatively disordered, with large amounts of gauche defects present, and thus most resemble the free alkanes in the liquid state. The longer length alkanethiolates are predominantly in the all trans zigzag conformation. There are detectable amounts of near surface gauche defects, the amount of which decreases with increasing chain length, and a reasonably high percentage of end-gauche defects, the relative amount of which increases with increasing chain length. Internal gauche defects cannot be detected. A model is proposed to explain these observations, and the data are compare...
Dynamic Simulation of a Vehicle Interacting with Biological and Physical Systems

Simulation analysis techniques were applied to study the dynamic response of a vehicle impacting biological and physical system barriers. Computer programs were developed to take into account the environmental factors on ground conditions and vegetation. They were incorporated into the Highway-Vehicle-Object Simulation Model (HVOSM) programs to simulate the interactions between a vehicle and the system barriers. The biophysical barriers were designed to absorb the kinetic energy of the impacting vehicle and to provide a means of preventing fatalities. The simulated results showed that judicious planting of shrubs in median and roadsides would effectively deter the errant vehicle without injury to the operator or damage to the vehicle. The shrub barriers would also reduce traffic noise and headlight glare, providing roadway beautification and environmental safety for natural conservation.
Paired-magnon analysis of quantum antiferromagnets

We study the spin-(1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnet on an infinite square lattice. The calculational scheme known as ``paired-phonon analysis'' developed for strongly correlated quantum fluids is extended to a ``paired-magnon analysis'' to study quantum antiferromagnets. We define a complete and orthonormal set of multimagnon states and calculate the matrix elements of the Hamiltonian using a separability approximation. Our results obtained by diagonalizing the Hamiltonian matrix analytically are very similar to those obtained in spin-wave theory. We obtain -0.3290, for the ground-state energy per bond in units of the antiferromagnetic coupling and 0.303 for the ground-state staggered magnetization. These results compare well with the best-known estimates -0.334\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.001 and 0.313, respectively. We derive the analytic form of the ground-state wave function in this approximation and find it to be of the same form as that assumed by Marshall in his variational studies.. The zero-point motion of long-wavelength excitations (spin waves) in the model, however, reflects a long-range tail in our wave function. We discuss the separability approximation by giving quantitative arguments which justify its validity.
From PAMELA to CDMS and back.

We study implications of the recent results from the CDMS Collaboration on astrophysical probes of dark matter. By crossing symmetry an elastic scattering cross section with the nucleon implies annihilation of dark matter into hadrons inside the halo, resulting in an anti-proton flux that could be constrained by data from the PAMELA Collaboration if one includes a large boost factor necessary to explain the PAMELA excess in the positron fraction. As an illustration, we present a model-independent analysis for a fermionic dark matter and study the upper bound on the boost factor using the PAMELA anti-proton flux.
Effects of Gross Motor Training on Attention-Deficit Behavior in One Learning-Disabled Child

The effects of gross motor training on attention-deficit behavior of one learning disabled boy were studied. An A-B-A-B reversal design was used with motor training administered during B phases and no motor training administered during A phases. At the end of each phase, data on motor coordination, self-concept, locus of control, and attention deficit were collected. Motor coordination, self-concept, locus of control, and teacher's ratings of attention-deficit behavior were more positive at the end of B phases than at the end of immediately previous A phases. Mother's ratings of attention-deficit were also more positive at the end of the first B phase than at the end of the first A phase but worsened from the end of the second A phase to the end of the second B phase.
Perceived Impediments to Prenatal Care among Low-Income Women

The study describes women’s experience with prenatal care, their perceived impediments to care, and compares the impediments cited by the women with levels of care utilization. The sample consisted of 126 African American women. A structured interview and questionnaire were used. The results showed that pregnancy was unplanned in 78.6% of the women, and no one encouraged the women to obtain care in half the cases. Only 50.8% of the women made adequate utilization of prenatal care. The main impediments to care were transportation, long waiting time, having too many other problems, and fear of staff finding out about the women’s use of substances. Five of the reported impediments significantly influenced the women’s utilization of care. These were: substance abuse, fear of medical examination, the belief that prenatal care is not necessary, already knew of pregnancy, and no babysitter for other children.
Scalar and directional field and analytical data for spatial variability studies

Maps are used primarily as inventories or to evaluate spatial variability as a means of testing hypotheses. Sequential steps involved in evaluating relevant variables and in testing hypotheses about specified target populations are outlined. Identification of component subproblems and attempts to use the formalism necessary iteratively to test deterministic differential equations (or the corresponding probabilistic equations) could enhance the understanding of many earth-science problems.
Anomaly-free supergravity theories remain anomaly-free after dimensional reduction

Abstract We show that the anomaly after compactification of a supergravity theory coupled to Yang-Mills matter is usually given by an integral of the original anomaly over the compact space, as long as there are no isometries for the compact space. This means that a supergravity theory, whose anomaly vanishes identically (i.e., without the addition of local counter terms to the action), will remain anomaly-free after compactification to any lower dimension, subject to some restrictions on self-dual antisymmetric tensors. We next consider the case where the original anomaly cancels by the Green-Schwarz mechanism. In this case, again subject to the restrictions on self-dual antisymmetric tensors, the anomaly will still cancel after compactification to any lower dimension D > 2, provided that: (1) There are no U(1) gauge groups after compactification. (2) There exists a three-form field strength H such that d H = (Tr R 0 2 + k Tr F 0 2 ), or that the compact space is chosen such that (Tr R 0 2 + k Tr F 0 2 ) = 0.
Anomeric specificity for the rapid transient efflux of phosphate ions from pancreatic islets during secretory stimulation with glucose.

Abstract When pancreatic islets prelabeled with [ 32 P]-orthophosphate are stimulated with glucose solutions differing only in their anomeric composition, the α anomer induces a greater efflux of radiophosphate than the β anomer. This anomeric specificity suggests that the altered anionic flux may be initiated by the glucose molecule itself or by disposition of glucose which does not entail initial phosphorylation.
A rapid procedure for obtaining hydrodynamic voltammetry plots for electrochemical detectors in high-pressure liquid chromatography systems

Abstract The construction of relatively simple and inexpensive apparatus for the determination of the operating conditions for electrochemical detectors in high-pressure liquid chromatography systems is described. A procedure has been developed for the characterization of electrochemically active compounds.
Electronic Structure of the Jahn-Teller Distorted Vacancy in Silicon

This Letter reports self-consistent\char22{}field calculations of the electronic structure of the Jahn-Teller distorted vacancy in Si. With use of the tetragonal atomic displacements estimated by Watkins, it is found that the Jahn-Teller splitting of the sixfold-degenerate bound state in the gap is of the order of 0.5 eV. This, together with small breathing-mode displacements, results in a fully occupied doublet in the lower part of the band gap, in agreement with experimental observations.