cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ambitious and Sustainable Post-pandemic Workplace Design for Teachers: A Portrait of the Arizona Teacher Workforce

The professional lives of teachers are in an incredible upheaval as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has potential implications for the teaching profession and the workforce. The ambiguity of what schools will look like in the future and growing disparities of children have teachers concerned that their jobs are more untenable than ever before. In this chapter, we examine the teaching workforce year into the pandemic. We focus specifically on Arizona and explore whether teachers stayed in the profession or exited during this time of uncertainty. Our analysis suggests that, to date, the pandemic has not had a significant impact on an already dire labor market in Arizona—classroom vacancies and teaching positions filled by under-qualified individuals were no higher in January 2021 than in January 2020. We conclude by arguing that, while focusing teacher recruitment may seem like a viable solution, it alone is insufficient. Rather, in a post-pandemic world, we must build new structures that increase teacher coordination and collaboration that leverage the expertise of all educators, ultimately leading to better working and workplace conditions. This critical examination begins to shed light on teaching, learning, and the preparation for both as we move to a post-pandemic future.
Using program yield to guide dental educational process improvement.

ISSUE Dental education is a complex system of activities repeated on an annual cycle. Small adjustments are constant in an effort to improve the overall performance of the process. While it is possible to evaluate each change in isolation against standards particular to their circumstances, it is ultimately necessary to ensure that the set of changes has an overall positive impact on the program as a whole. APPROACH It is valuable to have a school-wide criterion for choosing the best portfolio of constituent activities. This perspective piece describes the use of one such standard: program yield, defined as the proportion of students who are recognized as competent practitioners within a few months of the anticipated graduation date. The success of one program that used this approach is described. It is also suggested that dental education is a cyclical process that involves the four classical components of the quality movement. These are described as Goal, Experience, Assessment, and Refection in this paper. IMPACT This is the first of three related perspectives. The other two are devoted to quality assurance and improvement and the challenge of transferring innovations published in the literature to application in other schools. The common theme in these perspectives is the value of driving improvement in dental education by focus on the outcome variable.
Effects of men's acute alcohol intoxication, perceptions of women's intoxication, and masculine gender role stress on sexual aggression perpetration: Findings from a laboratory analogue.

Background Although research has established an association between alcohol use and sexual assault, few studies have examined how characteristics of the perpetrator may influence sexual aggression depending upon whether alcohol is consumed by the perpetrator and/or the victim. As such, this laboratory-based investigation was designed to disentangle the effects of individual differences in masculine gender role stress and sexual aggression perpetration as a function of (1) men's acute alcohol intoxication and (2) whether a woman was consuming alcohol or not. Method A community sample of 156 men presented to two laboratory sessions, during which they completed a self-report measure of masculine gender role stress (Session 1) and completed a modified version of the sexual imposition paradigm after consuming an alcoholic or non-alcohol beverage (Session 2). In this paradigm, participants and a male friend were told that an ostensible female participant had consumed or not consumed alcohol. They were also told that she did not wish to view sexual content. Participants were then provided the opportunity to make the female confederate view a sexually or non-sexually explicit film. Sexual aggression was operationalized by selection of the sexually explicit film. Results A hierarchical logistic regression showed that men higher in masculine gender role stress who were (1) intoxicated were more likely than sober men to select the sexually explicit film when the woman was intoxicated, and (2) intoxicated, men were less likely than sober men to select the sexually explicit film when the woman was sober. Conclusions Findings suggest that sexual aggression perpetration is most likely among higher masculine gender role stress men when there is concordance in drinking (i.e., either the man and woman were both drinking or were both not drinking).
A Proposed Theoretical Model for Dyadic Marketing Negotiations

Working under the premise that exchange is an important phenomenon in marketing, understanding dyadic negotiation is a central element in marketing transactions. The negotiation process is one of the principal influences involved in the mechanics of the buying-selling process. The majority of the literature on marketing negotiations has been written based upon three contexts: industrial buying behavior, retail activity, and distribution channels. The author proposes to integrate and develop a conceptual model based on the different processes that occur within a buyer-seller negotiation dyad given the three contexts. This theoretical analysis serves as a means of understanding the variables that impact as well as the framework involved in any marketing negotiation activity.
Detection of a dipole in the handedness of spiral galaxies with redshifts z ∼ 0.04

Abstract A preference for spiral galaxies in one sector of the sky to be left-handed or right-handed spirals would indicate a parity violating asymmetry in the overall universe and a preferred axis. This study uses 15,158 spiral galaxies with redshifts − 0.0408 ± 0.011 with a probability of occurring by chance of 7.9 × 10 − 4 . A similar asymmetry is seen in the southern Galaxy spin catalog of Iye and Sugai. The axis of the dipole asymmetry lies at approx. ( l , b ) = ( 52 ° , 68.5 ° ) , roughly along that of our Galaxy and close to alignments observed in the WMAP cosmic microwave background distributions. The observed spin correlation extends out to separations ∼ 210 Mpc / h , while spirals with separations 20 Mpc / h have smaller spin correlations.
Studies on alfalfa mosaic virus: I. The protein and nucleic acid

Abstract The molecular weight of the alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) protein subunit was determined from amino acid analyses and specific staining for certain amino acids on peptide maps from tryptic and chymotryptic digests of the protein. A subunit molecular weight of 32,600 was confirmed by estimations of C-terminal and N-terminal residues and of the tryptophan content. AMV nucleic acid consisted of four components with sedimentation values of 24.3, 20.0, 17.3, and 12.7 S. The molecular weights of these components were estimated.
AC‐Link Universal Power Converters: A New Class of Power Converters for Renewable Energy and Transportation

AC???link Universal power converters are a new class of power converters with numerous advantages. Being universal the input and output of this converter may be connected to dc, single phase ac or multi???phase ac sources or loads. Therefore, this converter may be employed in a variety of applications. The ac???link universal power converter can also interface multiple loads and sources and still remain a single???stage converter. The link in this converter has high frequency alternating current and voltage and by adding a small capacitor to the link, the converter can benefit from the soft switching.
Regression Trees and Adaptive Splines for a Continuous Response

The theme of this chapter is to model the relationship between a continuous response variable Y and a set of p predictors, x 1,…, x p , based on observations \(\left\{ {x_{i1},\cdots,x_{ip},Y_i } \right\}_1^N\). We assume that the underlying data structure can be described by \(Y = f(x_1,...,x_p ) + \varepsilon,\)where f is an unknown smooth function and e is the measurement error with mean zero but unknown distribution.
New matrix material for potential use in “reversible” vasectomy: Preliminary animal biocompatibility studies

Abstract The biocompatibility of a new elastomeric-hydrogel matrix biomaterial for use as an intravasal occlusive device was assessed by inserting it into the vas deferens of dogs. The vas was removed and examined histologically after varying periods of time. The biomaterial resulted in total occlusion of the vas. Epithelial changes were limited to squamous metaplasia in areas adjacent to the implant. Changes in the subepithelium were minimal. This new material is biocompatible with the dog vas, and it has potential as an occlusive device for “reversible” vasectomy in men. Semen analysis studies are needed to assess the completeness and reversibility of the nasal occlusion achieved with this implant.
Renal biopsy in children.

RENAL biopsy offers invaluable aid in the clinical diagnosis of kidney disease and is an important technique in research designed to clarify the etiology, pathogenesis, and evaluation of therapeutic agents, in a variety of renal diseases. The majority of the scientific reports describing renal biopsy have concerned adult patients. The few available reports of renal biopsy in children do not discuss the risks attending the procedure or the specific problems peculiar to kidney biopsy in children. A review of our experience in 150 renal biopsies in children may afford a basis for evaluation of these questions. The available techniques of renal biopsy include: 1) surgical exploration and removal of a segment of kidney cortex, and 2) percutaneous needle biopsy.
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Production by Astrocytes: Autocrine Regulation by IL-6 and the Soluble IL-6 Receptor

In the CNS, astrocytes are a major inducible source of interleukin-6 (IL-6). Although IL-6 has beneficial effects in the CNS because of its neurotrophic properties, its overexpression is generally detrimental, adding to the pathophysiology associated with CNS disorders. Many factors have been shown to induce IL-6 expression by astrocytes, particularly the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta). However, the role of IL-6 in its own regulation in astrocytes has not been determined. In this study, we examined the influence of IL-6 alone or in combination with TNF-alpha or IL-1beta on IL-6 expression. IL-6 alone had no effect on IL-6 expression; however, the addition of the soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) induced IL-6 transcripts. Addition of TNF-alpha or IL-1beta plus IL-6/sIL-6R led to synergistic increases in IL-6 expression. This synergy also occurred in the absence of exogenously added IL-6, attributable to TNF-alpha- or IL-1beta-induced endogenous IL-6 protein production. IL-6 upregulation seen in the presence of TNF-alpha or IL-1beta plus IL-6/sIL-6R was transcriptional, based on nuclear run-on analysis. Experiments were extended to other IL-6 family members to determine their role in IL-6 regulation in astrocytes. Oncostatin M (OSM) induced IL-6 alone and synergized with TNF-alpha for enhanced expression. These results demonstrate that IL-6/sIL-6R and OSM play an important role in the regulation of IL-6 expression within the CNS, particularly in conjunction with the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1beta.
Large‐scale poroelastic fractured reservoirs modeling using the fast multipole displacement discontinuity method

Summary An effective approach to modeling the geomechanical behavior of the network and its permeability variation is to use a poroelastic displacement discontinuity method (DDM). However, the approach becomes rather computationally intensive for an extensive system of cracks, particularly when considering coupled diffusion/deformation processes. This is because of additional unknowns and the need for time-marching schemes for the numerical integration. The Fast Multipole Method (FMM) is a technique that can accelerate the solution of large fracture problems with linear complexity with the number of unknowns both in memory and CPU time. Previous works combining DDM and FMM for large-scale problems have accounted only for elastic rocks, neglecting the fluid leak-off from the fractures into the matrix and its influence on pore pressure and stress field. In this work we develop an efficient geomechanical model for large-scale natural fracture networks in poroelastic reservoirs with fracture flow in response to injection and production operations. Accuracy and computational performance of the proposed method with those of conventional poroelastic DDM are compared through several case studies involving up to several tens of thousands of boundary elements. The results show the effectiveness of the FMM approach to successfully evaluate field-scale problems for the design of exploitation strategies in unconventional geothermal and petroleum reservoirs. An example considering faults reveals the impact of reservoir compartmentalization because of sealing faults for both geomechanical and flow variables under elastic and poroelastic rocks. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variational method for studying self-focusing in a class of nonlinear Schrödinger equations

Abstract We discuss the use of Dirac's variational principle as applied to a class of nonlinear Schrodinger equations, i ∂ψ ∂t +∇ 2 ψ+g|ψ ∗ ψ| K ψ = 0 , in d spatial dimensions for arbitrary nonlinearity parameter K and for Gaussian initial data at t = 0. A Gaussian trial variational wave function is used to obtain qualitative information about blowup at finite times as a function of d and K. For the critical case κd = 2 we obtain an analytic expression for the critical mass necessary for blowup as a function of d which is in good agreement with the results of numerical calculations in one and two dimensions. for the supercritical case Kd > 2 we determine the critical exponents as a function of k and d.
Chromosomal Fragments Transmitted through Three Generations in Oncopeltus (Hemiptera)

Chromosomal fragments and translocations induced by x-rays in the sperm of adult milkweed bugs, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas), were detected in the meiotic cells of F(1), F(2), and F(3), males and caused high levels of sterility in lintreated progeny. The persistence of these fragments through numerous generations of cells confirmed the holokinetic nature of the milkweed bug chromosomes.
The descriptor differential scale of pain intensity: an evaluation of item and scale properties☆

Improved methods for pain measurement have both theoretical and clinical importance. This study evaluated the Descriptor Differential Scale (DDS) of Pain Intensity, a recent methodology designed for assessing pain reports in clinical samples. Experiment 1 evaluated the sensitivity of the measure to small changes in electrocutaneous stimulation relative to a traditional visual analogue scale (VAS) of pain intensity. Additionally, direct psychophysical scaling methods were employed to determine ratio-scale values for the DDS sensory items in relation to the electrocutaneous stimuli. This ratio scale was cross-validated by comparison with previously published ratio-scaled data from cross-modality matching pain intensity judgement studies. Experiment 2 evaluated the performance of the measure in both experimental and clinical pain samples, as well as the similarity of item-response patterns in each of these samples. Results indicate that the DDS of Pain Intensity is sensitive to small changes in electrocutaneous stimulation, has consistent ratio-scale properties across two different psychophysical methods, and demonstrates similar item-response patterns across divergent experimental and clinical samples. The results support the validity of the sensory DDS as a measure of pain intensity.
Evidence that additional mechanisms to cyclic GMP mediate the decrease in intracellular calcium and relaxation of rabbit aortic smooth muscle to nitric oxide

The role of cyclic GMP in the ability of nitric oxide (NO) to decrease intracellular free calcium concentration [Ca2+]i and divalent cation influx was studied in rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells in primary culture. In cells stimulated with angiotensin II (AII, 10−7M), NO (10−10–10−6M) increased cyclic GMP levels measured by radioimmunoassay and decreased [Ca2+]i and cation influx as indicated by fura-2 fluorimetry. Zaprinast (10−4M), increased NO-stimulated levels of cyclic GMP by 3–20 fold. Although the phosphodiesterase inhibitor lowered the level of [Ca2+]i reached after administration of NO, the initial decreases in [Ca2+]i initiated by NO were not significantly different in magnitude or duration from those that occurred in the absence of zaprinast. The guanylyl cyclase inhibitor, H-(1,2,4) oxadiazolo(4,3-a) quinoxallin-1-one (ODQ, 10−5M), blocked cyclic GMP accumulation and activation of protein kinase G, as measured by back phosphorylation of the inositol trisphosphate receptor. ODQ and Rp-8-Br-cyclic GMPS, a protein kinase G inhibitor, decreased the effects of NO, 10−10–10−8M, but the decrease in [Ca2+]i or cation influx caused by higher concentrations of NO (10−7–10−6M) were unaffected. Relaxation of intact rabbit aorta rings to NO (10−7–10−5M) also persisted in the presence of ODQ without a significant increase in cyclic GMP. Rp-8-Br-cyclic GMPS blocked the decreases in cation influx caused by a cell permeable cyclic GMP analog, but ODQ and/or the protein kinase G inhibitor had no significant effect on the decrease caused by NO. Although inhibitors of cyclic GMP, protein kinase G and phosphodiesterase can be shown to affect the decrease in [Ca2+]i and cation influx via protein kinase G, these studies indicate that when these mechanisms are blocked, cyclic GMP-independent mechanisms also contribute significantly to the decrease in [Ca2+]i and smooth muscle relaxation to NO.
Undirected graphs of Hermitian matrices that admit only two distinct eigenvalues

Abstract We consider the problem of determining those undirected n -vertex graphs with a corresponding Hermitian matrix that admits only two distinct eigenvalues, with multiplicities k and n − k . After giving some general algebraic characterizations of these dual multiplicity graphs, we then prove two major graph theoretic necessary conditions on such graphs. Construction techniques are then developed, and these lead to a characterization of dual multiplicity graphs for which the lesser multiplicity is two.
On the role of initial conditions in the selection of eutectic onset mechanisms in directional growth

Abstract The early-stage dynamics and onset mechanisms for eutectic solidification are investigated experimentally using slab-geometry slides of succinonitrile–(D)camphor (SCN–DC) transparent organic eutectic material. By specifically focusing separately on the pre-growth or holding period and the growth or pulling period, the critical roles of each in the establishment of initial conditions and the competition between eutectic initiation mechanisms, leading to the development of a steady-state eutectic front, are examined. It is found that a single-phase layer forms and increases in thickness monotonically with time during the holding period with a corresponding increase in the interface temperature. Because the thickness of this layer is observed to influence subsequent eutectic initiation mechanisms, it is concluded that the pre-existing structure, holding period duration, single-phase identity and thickness, and specimen slide geometry should all be reported as standard practice, along with the pulling velocity and thermal gradient, for a complete description of a gradient-zone directional solidification experiment.
CeleST: computer vision software for quantitative analysis of C. elegans swim behavior reveals novel features of locomotion.

In the effort to define genes and specific neuronal circuits that control behavior and plasticity, the capacity for high-precision automated analysis of behavior is essential. We report on comprehensive computer vision software for analysis of swimming locomotion of C. elegans, a simple animal model initially developed to facilitate elaboration of genetic influences on behavior. C. elegans swim test software CeleST tracks swimming of multiple animals, measures 10 novel parameters of swim behavior that can fully report dynamic changes in posture and speed, and generates data in several analysis formats, complete with statistics. Our measures of swim locomotion utilize a deformable model approach and a novel mathematical analysis of curvature maps that enable even irregular patterns and dynamic changes to be scored without need for thresholding or dropping outlier swimmers from study. Operation of CeleST is mostly automated and only requires minimal investigator interventions, such as the selection of videotaped swim trials and choice of data output format. Data can be analyzed from the level of the single animal to populations of thousands. We document how the CeleST program reveals unexpected preferences for specific swim “gaits” in wild-type C. elegans, uncovers previously unknown mutant phenotypes, efficiently tracks changes in aging populations, and distinguishes “graceful” from poor aging. The sensitivity, dynamic range, and comprehensive nature of CeleST measures elevate swim locomotion analysis to a new level of ease, economy, and detail that enables behavioral plasticity resulting from genetic, cellular, or experience manipulation to be analyzed in ways not previously possible.
Reversible Molecular Adsorption and Detection Using Inelastic Electron Tunneling Spectroscopy in Monolithic Nanoscopic Tunnel Junctions

Monolithic nanoscopic tunnel junctions fabricated by atomic layer deposition are used to investigate the reversible adsorption and detection of a vapor phase molecule by inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy. Molecular adsorption of acetic acid at room temperature is enhanced by a direct current electric field between the electrodes to attract and trap the molecules. Step-like features in current versus time plots are observed and assigned to discrete adsorption events. Inelastic electron tunneling spectra recorded at cryogenic temperatures match the signatures of acetic acid vibrational modes and indicate that the molecules are generally physisorbed in the junction. Annealing the tunnel junctions above room temperature desorbs molecules from the junction, and the removal of molecular features is verified by the tunneling spectra. Molecules are readsorbed in the same tunnel junctions at room temperature, which demonstrates reversible adsorption.
Nonlinear optical properties of InSb: Hot-electron effects

At high-power densities (\ensuremath{\gtrsim} 2 MW/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$) the temporal dependence of transmitted 10.6-\ensuremath{\mu}m pulses in InSb shows strong pump-depletion effects. The phenomena are on a 30-nsec time scale and are interpreted as due to hot-electronic kinetics and electron-hole excitation processes. A model calculation employing rate constants from independent measurements reported in the literature yields good agreement with the experimental time evolution of the transmitted signal.
Interaction of papillomavirus E6 oncoproteins with a putative calcium-binding protein

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are associated with the majority of cervical cancers and encode a transforming protein, E6, that interacts with the tumor suppressor protein p53. Because E6 has p53-independent transforming activity, the yeast two-hybrid system was used to search for other E6-binding proteins. One such protein, E6BP, interacted with cancer-associated HPV E6 and with bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) E6. The transforming activity of BPV-1 E6 mutants correlated with their E6BP-binding ability. E6BP is identical to a putative calcium-binding protein, ERC-55, that appears to be localized in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Photosynthetic inhibition and ammonium accumulation in Palmer amaranth after glufosinate application

Abstract Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effects of glufosinate on ammonium accumulation and photosynthetic inhibition in Palmer amaranth. Glufosinate applied at 410 g ha−1 reduced glutamine synthetase activity and enhanced ammonium content 30 min after treatment. Glufosinate application resulted in rapid inhibitions of the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance during the first 2 h after treatment (HAT), whereas the ammonium concentration increased over the same time period. Ammonium content 6 HAT was 22 times higher in treated plants than in untreated plants, whereas the photosynthetic rate of treated plants decreased by 63%. At 24 HAT, the ammonium content was 53 times higher in treated plants than in untreated plants; however, no further inhibition of photosynthesis occurred. Photosynthetic inhibition in Palmer amaranth coincided with the rapid accumulation of ammonium and decrease in stomatal conductance shortly after glufosinate application. Nomenclature: Glufosinate; Pa...
Recognition and recovery of the three-dimensional orientation of planar point patterns

A model-based approach is developed for recovering 3-dimensional surface orientation from a single image of an arbitrary planar point pattern or polygon. We define an iterative procedure which efficiently computes the correct surface orientation as well as solving the correspondence problem between the set of model features and the set of image features. There are no restrictions on the types of model point patterns and no a priori knowledge about the correspondence is assumed. The number of possible matches considered is linear in the number of points in the worst case, although experimental results show that using our heuristic for ordering candidate correspondences results in only a small constant number of matches that must be tried. The iterative procedure is also robust in that model tolerances and image distortions can be handled by relaxing the termination criterion; the resulting error in orientation is usually of the same order of magnitude as the distortion. Thus the method is of practical value because it uses arbitrary point sets and works on real, noisy data.
Aliphatic acetogenin constituents of avocado fruits inhibit human oral cancer cell proliferation by targeting the EGFR/RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK1/2 pathway

Avocado (Persea americana) fruits are consumed as part of the human diet and extracts have shown growth inhibitory effects in various types of human cancer cells, although the effectiveness of individual components and their underlying mechanism are poorly understood. Using activity-guided fractionation of the flesh of avocado fruits, a chloroform-soluble extract (D003) was identified that exhibited high efficacy towards premalignant and malignant human oral cancer cell lines. From this extract, two aliphatic acetogenins of previously known structure were isolated, compounds 1 [(2S,4S)-2,4-dihydroxyheptadec-16-enyl acetate] and 2 [(2S,4S)-2,4-dihydroxyheptadec-16-ynyl acetate]. In this study, we show for the first time that the growth inhibitory efficacy of this chloroform extract is due to blocking the phosphorylation of EGFR (Tyr1173), c-RAF (Ser338), and ERK1/2 (Thr202/Tyr204) in the EGFR/RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK1/2 cancer pathway. Compounds 1 and 2 both inhibited phosphorylation of c-RAF (Ser338) and ERK1/2 (Thr202/Tyr204). Compound 2, but not compound 1, prevented EGF-induced activation of the EGFR (Tyr1173). When compounds 1 and 2 were combined they synergistically inhibited c-RAF (Ser338) and ERK1/2 (Thr202/Tyr204) phosphorylation, and human oral cancer cell proliferation. The present data suggest that the potential anticancer activity of avocado fruits is due to a combination of specific aliphatic acetogenins that target two key components of the EGFR/RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK1/2 cancer pathway.
HAMMER Algorithm: Hashing with Arithmetic Modulo-4 for Motif Extraction of Regulatory Elements

A new algorithm, HAMMER, discovers cis-elements in promoter regions of the co-regulated genes. We show that HAMMER is faster and more accurate than well-known tools currently in use to identify cis-elements. Given input sequences that represent promoter regions of genes, this algorithm searches for subsequences of desired length w whose frequency of occurrence is relatively high, while accounting for slightly corrupted variants (with up to d substitutions). Various w-mers are numerically encoded and represented in a hash table, and d-neighbors are efficiently discovered using a modulo-4 arithmetic operation. Profile matrices are constructed and evaluated using a high-order Markov model based on background data (from a gene database). HAMMER discovers the most frequently occurring w-mers (permitting corruption in at most d positions). Experiment results show that HAMMER is significantly faster and discovers more motifs present in the test sequences, when compared with two well-known motif-discovery tools (MDScan and AlignACE).
Impact of Addressing Reasons for Weight Loss on Behavioral Weight-Control Outcome

Background One way to improve weight control may be to place greater emphasis on the main reasons why individuals want to lose weight. Purpose To evaluate the effects of emphasizing physical appearance, health, or both on behavioral weight-control outcome. Design RCT. Data were collected from 2003 to 2005 and analyzed in 2009. Setting/participants 203 women aged 18–55 years (M=41.8, SD=9.2) and BMI>27 and Intervention A 6-month weekly behavioral intervention alone (Standard) was compared to an enhanced focus on physical appearance (Appearance), health benefits of weight loss (Health), or both appearance and health (Combined). The 6-month period of acute intervention was followed by six monthly booster sessions. Main outcome measures The primary outcome was change in body weight (kg). Additional outcomes included the Multidimensional Body–Self Relations Questionnaire, Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36, and questions about satisfaction with weight, appearance, and health. Assessments were conducted at 0, 6, 12, and 18 months. Results Appearance demonstrated significantly greater weight loss compared to Standard at 6 months ( p =0.0107). Combined demonstrated greater weight loss compared to Standard at 6 and 12 months ( p 's=0.0034 and 0.0270, respectively). Although addressing motivators differentially affected satisfaction at 6 months, satisfaction was unrelated to weight outcome over the following year. Conclusions Behavioral interventions incorporating components with a focus on physical appearance were associated with improved short-term weight loss. The mechanism for this effect is unclear and warrants further study.
Small Angle Neutron Scattering Studies of the Counterion Effects on the Molecular Conformation and Structure of Charged G4 PAMAM Dendrimers in Aqueous Solutions

The structural properties of generation 4 (G4) poly(amidoamine) starburst dendrimers (PAMAM) with an ethylenediamine (EDA) central core in D2O solutions have been studied by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). Upon the addition of DCl, SANS patterns show pronounced inter-particle correlation peaks due to the strong repulsion introduced by the protonation of the amino groups of the dendrimers. By solving the Ornstein−Zernike integral equation (OZ) with hypernetted chain closure (HNC), the dendrimer−dendrimer structure factor S(Q) is determined and used to fit the experimental data, where Q is the magnitude of the scattering wave vector. Quantitative information such as the effective charge per dendrimer and the radius of gyration, RG, at different pD values is obtained. The results show that RG only changes by about 4% when the pD value varies from 10.25 to 4.97, and significant counterion association/condensation occurs, strongly mediating the inter-dendrimer interaction. The influence of interplay bet...
A chronology of high‐magnitude snow avalanches reconstructed from archived newspapers

Purpose – Using local historical data, the purpose of this paper is to compile a chronology of high‐magnitude snow avalanches to illustrate the effectiveness of information published in newspapers in assisting the management of natural hazards.Design/methodology/approach – Major transportation lines parallel the southern boundary of Glacier National Park, Montana, USA, an area where snow avalanches occur frequently and occasionally block transportation corridors. A 1986 study presented an avalanche chronology for the study area based on information collected from the 1946 to 1982 issues of a local weekly newspaper. We extend that existing data set here by using the same newspaper, recording avalanche occurrences and impacts reported in the newspaper from 1982 to 2005.Findings – The newly updated chronology is presented, with trends and temporal patterns for the entire 1946‐2005 data set analyzed. A decrease in reported avalanches, from the 1960s onward, is noted. Additionally, reported avalanches shifted ...
Assessment of the suitability of using the composite G2, G3, and CBS-RAD methods for predicting activation energies

In this work, the accuracy of the G2, G3, and CBS-RAD methods for predicting activation barriers of ligand transfer reactions is investigated. We find that the zero point corrected G2 method has an RMS error of 3.82 kcal/mol for activation barriers. The G3 method has an RMS error of 4.16 kcal/mol. After adding thermal corrections to the G2 and zero point corrected results, the RMS error for the G2 method is 4.92 kcal/mol, while the error for the G3 method is 4.55 kcal/mol. In contrast, the CBS-RAD method has errors of 3.80 kcal/mol for zero point energy corrected activation energies, and 2.82 kcal/mol for thermally corrected results. The G3 method was found to require only 40% of the computational time required for the G2 method, making it an attractive alternative for predicting activation energies yielding errors of about 4 kcal/mol. The CBS-RAD method has a computational cost four times greater than that of the G2 method and gives an improvement of only about 1 kcal/mol.
Structural Basis for Activation of Fatty Acid Binding Protein 4

Fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) delivers ligands from the cytosol to the nuclear receptor PPARγ in the nucleus, thereby enhancing the transcriptional activity of the receptor. Notably, FABP4 binds multiple ligands with a similar affinity but its nuclear translocation is activated only by specific compounds. To gain insight into the structural features that underlie the ligand-specificity in activation of the nuclear import of FABP4, we solved the crystal structures of the protein complexed with two compounds that induce its nuclear translocation, and compared these to the apo-protein and to FABP4 structures bound to non-activating ligands. Examination of these structures indicates that activation coincides with closure of a portal loop phenylalanine side-chain, contraction of the binding pocket, a subtle shift in a helical domain containing the nuclear localization signal of the protein, and a resultant change in oligomeric state that exposes the nuclear localization signal to the solution. Comparisons of backbone displacements induced by activating ligands with a measure of mobility derived from translation, libration, screw (TLS) refinement, and with a composite of slowest normal modes of the apo state suggest that the helical motion associated with the activation of the protein is part of the repertoire of the equilibrium motions of the apo-protein, i.e. that ligand binding does not induce the activated configuration but serves to stabilize it. Nuclear import of FABP4 can thus be understood in terms of the pre-existing equilibrium hypothesis of ligand binding.
A review of Catherine Milne’s book, The Invention of Science

Catherine Milne's book, The Invention of Science, recounts the history of science (mainly Eurocentric) from cross-cultural, historical and philosophical worldviews. Scientists, science educators, and teachers would find this an interesting book, not only for themselves but also for those with whom they interact. Most accounts are of the great men in science with some to women in science, including reference to the exclusion of women from science. Milne provides thought-provoking activities to use in the classroom, like asking students to write the processes that occur when sugar dissolves in hot tea, with students including the three components of causal explanation. She also encourages teachers to use narratives to help students learn the context of discovery in science. In a comparison of analogical, deductive, inductive and abductive reasoning, she encourages teachers to pay attention to dialogical arguments. Book review author predicts that Milne's book will fit well with the nation's next generation science standards, still in development form. Milne succeeded in her goal ''to combine aspects of the philosophy and history; not just to focus on specific scientific ideas but to provide a hint of the complex relationship between place and history, space and time, in the development of Eurocentric science.''
Proximal to Distal Secretory and Absorptive Gradients of the Rat Small Intestine

SummarySecretion of sodium, chloride, and water was most rapid in the proximal small intestine and showed a progressive distal decline when osmotic and concentration gradients were imposed by intraluminal 300 mM mannitol. Like secretion, absorption of sodium, chloride, and water from 152 mM sodium chloride solution was highest proximally and showed a progressive distal decrease. The pattern of transmucosal potential differences showed no correlation with absorption and secretion rates.
1740 CHURG-STRAUSS SYNDROME (ALLERGIC GRANULOMATOSIS)IN AM ADOLESCENT MALE: DEVELOPMENT OF CARDIOMYOPATHY DURING TREATMENT WITH STEROIDS

This case represents the first in-depth prospective report of an adolescent with Churg-Strauss syndrome and the first to be reported in the pediatric literature. The patient presented with pulmonary lesions, vasculitis, severe gastrointestinal involvement and leukocytosis with hypereosinophilia. Pathological examination of a wedge section from the lung revealed necrotizing granulomata filled with necrotic eosinophils. Arteries and veins of all sizes were affected with perivascular eosinophilic-rich palisaded giant cell granulomata with evidence of partial or complete occlusion. The patient was treated with prednisone with excellent resolution of his symptoms. He had recurrent episodes of pneumonia and wheezing which responded to increased levels of prednisone plus bronchodilators and antibiotics. Cardiomyopathy developed after two years while on steroid therapy. ECG studies revealed left anterior hemiblock, frontal QRS axis of -30°, LA and LV hypertrophy and non-specific ST and T wave changes. Marked depression of the ejection fraction was also noted on echocardiogram studies. He was treated with digoxin, diuretics and increased amounts of steroids. Although clinical improvement has been noted, objective studies show minimal resolution of his cardiomyopathy.
Effect of genotype on somatic embryogenesis from immature cotyledons of soybean

Genotype has a large effect on the ability of immature soybean cotyledons to undergo auxin-stimulated somatic embryogenesis. Among 33 soybean lines, all those showing good regeneration were found to have in their pedigrees one or both of the highly regenerative ancestral lines, ‘Manchu’ or ‘A.K. Harrow’. When ‘Manchu’ was crossed with ‘Shiro’, a genotype showing extremely poor regeneration, F1 hybrid cotyledons showed intermediate regeneration capacity.
Material pets, virtual spaces, isolated designers: how collaboration may be unintentionally constrained in the design of tangible computational crafts

Novel computational technologies that incorporate aspects of youth's activities, toys and culture with more traditional computer-based technology have the potential to change the landscape of youth participation in computer programming and design. This paper describes an effort to combine and centralize these aspects and technologies into an activity called "Digible Pets". The Digible Pets project was developed to be part user-crafted touchable animal and part virtual digital pet. Crafted physical pets are programmed to interact within a virtual space through a PicoBoard. In this project, academically struggling students in an alternative school successfully designed, crafted and developed a Digible Pet over the course of five weeks. While the project was designed to encourage collaboration, students actually did little idea sharing or building within or between design groups. This paper explores how collaboration, and its potential to facilitate learning, was unintentionally constrained by both students' individual dispositions and the technology interfaces.
THE PSYCHOLOGIC MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH CARDIAC DISEASE.

Abstract Dangerous disorders which threaten life, and serious disorders which threaten happiness are not the same. Death is inevitable; its occurrence before one's expected time is, at worst, only a quantitative tragedy. But misery of spirit lasting for decades is not inevitable; its occurrence at all is a qualitative tragedy. Sedatives and tranquilizers have their proper place as weapons against fear but are far inferior to the wise physician. He, by his words, actions, and feelings, can do much to banish this most common and most distressing of the symptoms related to disease of the heart. He must avoid the mistake of binding a vigorous Prometheus to the rock of Misery with chains of Fear forged either by a false diagnosis of structural heart disease or by an erroneous evaluation of its functional significance. Neither the electrocardiogram, the fluoroscope, nor the cardiac catheter can tell the physician what to say or how to say it. Science is no bubstitute for wisdom.
Revascularization in patients with coronary artery disease, left ventricular dysfunction, and viability: a meta-analysis.

Abstract Background The effects of viability status and treatment allocation on long-term mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and coronary artery disease have not been determined. Several observational studies with significant limitations have addressed this issue, and a recent meta-analysis has attempted to combine these results to increase statistical power. However, the analysis did not test for an interaction between viability status and treatment type, and included extraneous studies. We provide an alternate meta-analysis of this primary literature, utilizing interaction statistical methodology on relevant data and factoring in multiple limitations. Methods We examined papers from this prior meta-analysis examining viable and nonviable patients undergoing surgical or medical therapy. We determined an interaction odds ratio for each study and used an empirical Bayes random-effects model to obtain a combined interaction odds ratio that was tested for statistical significance. We compared our results against an interaction odds ratio we estimated from the primary studies included in the previous meta-analysis. Results Nine relevant studies with 1244 patients and 172 events were identified that utilized all 4 treatment/viability subsets. The interaction odds ratio was 2.76 ( P = .0176, 95% CI 1.19-6.38), 2.5 times lower than our estimated interaction odds ratio of 7.27 for the prior meta-analysis. Conclusions We found a markedly reduced but statistically significant interaction between viability status and treatment allocation. However, numerous limitations in the primary studies and the application of meta-analysis along with significant improvements in medical therapies render a randomized controlled trial necessary to reach a definitive conclusion to this critical question.
A Framework for Thinking about the (not-so-funny) Effects of Sexist Humor

The prevalence of sexist humor in popular culture and its disguise as benign amusement or “just a joke” give it potential to cultivate distress and harassment for women and to facilitate tolerance of sexism and discriminatory behavior among men. Thus, understanding the social consequences of sexist humor is a critical project for research in social psychology. The purpose of our paper is to provide researchers with a conceptual framework for organizing and evaluating empirical research and theories on sexist humor. We divided research on sexist humor into two categories: direct effects and indirect effects. Research on direct effects addresses questions about variables that moderate the interpretation of sexist humor as benign amusement versus a reprehensible expression of sexism. Research on indirect effects considers questions about the broader social consequences of exposure to sexist humor. For instance, “how does exposure to sexist humor affect the way people think about women and their perceptions of discrimination against women?” and “does sexist humor promote sexist behavior among men?” For each category of research, we describe representative empirical research and theoretical frameworks used to guide that research. Importantly, we also raise important issues or questions that require further empirical research or theoretical development. We hope that this research will cultivate further interest in theoretically guided empirical research on sexist humor.
Rapid development of systemic insulin resistance with overeating is not accompanied by robust changes in skeletal muscle glucose and lipid metabolism.

Prolonged overeating and the resultant weight gain are clearly linked with the development of insulin resistance and other cardiometabolic abnormalities, but adaptations that occur after relatively...