cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction: On the Nature of Philosophic Historiography

As an implication of practice in some recent writers, the claim that the history of philosophy is not different from philosophy itself has come to constitute a denial of the historicity of philosophic history as such. This denial is based on an explicit, broader negation of the social situatedness and extralogical interests of all philosophic work. Just as, in Plato’s Sophist, the sophistical visitor from Elea had defined the Sophist as a mimetic fabricator (mimetes, doksomimetes, eironikos mimetes, 267C10–268B4) of knowledge not a seeker of it, so today do those who believe that philosophy is applied logic also believe that the history of philosophy is only logic applied to the philosophic thought of the past. Just as a competent Sophist could appear to be a man of knowledge (sophos), the new analysts of past thinkers have found a way of appearing to practice history while extending doctrine in a covered-up (eironikos) way.
Circulating exosomes carrying an immunosuppressive cargo interfere with cellular immunotherapy in acute myeloid leukemia

Exosomes, small (30–150 nm) extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from plasma of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) carry leukemia-associated antigens and multiple inhibitory molecules. Circulating exosomes can deliver suppressive cargos to immune recipient cells, inhibiting anti-tumor activities. Pre-therapy plasma of refractory/relapsed AML patients contains elevated levels of immunosuppressive exosomes which interfere with anti-leukemia functions of activated immune cells. We show that exosomes isolated from pre-therapy plasma of the AML patients receiving adoptive NK-92 cell therapy block anti-leukemia cytotoxicity of NK-92 cells and other NK-92 cell functions. NK-92 cells do not internalize AML exosomes. Instead, signaling via surface receptors expressed on NK-92 cells, AML exosomes simultaneously deliver multiple inhibitory ligands to the cognate receptors. The signals are processed downstream and activate multiple suppressive pathways in NK-92 cells. AML exosomes reprogram NK-92 cells, interfering with their anti-leukemia functions and reducing the therapeutic potential of adoptive cell transfers. Plasma-derived exosomes interfere with immune cells used for adoptive cell therapy and may limit expected therapeutic benefits of adoptive cell therapy.
The Subject of Logic

Any attempt to discover and delimit the domain of a science necessarily resolves itself into the determination of just what the science investigates, studies, and analyzes. But that about which a science conducts its investigation is called the subject of the science, as has already been explained.1 For “that is the subject in a science whose causes and properties we seek.”2 The investigation of the domain of logic, therefore, requires the accurate determining of its subject. In the texts distinguishing logic from metaphysics which have just been seen, much is said about the subject of logic. In other texts also among those already examined there are indications of what logic studies. The operations of reason, ens rationis, intentions, the mode of predication, and the true and the false have all been assigned to logic as the field of its endeavors. Each of these must be carefully examined to determine and delimit the domain of logic and discover exactly what St. Thomas considers to constitute the proper subject of this science.
A method for measuring whole plant photosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana

Measurement of photosynthesis of intact leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana has been prohibitive due to the small leaf size and prostrate growth habit. Because of the widespread use of Arabidopsis for plant science research it is important to have a procedure for accurate, nondestructive measurement of its photosynthesis. We developed and tested a method for analysis of photosynthesis in whole plants of Arabidopsis. Net carbon assimilation and stomatal conductance were measured with an open gas exchange system and photosynthetic oxygen evolution was determined from chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. Individual plants were grown in 50 cubic centimeter tubes that were attached with an air tight seal to an enclosed gas exchange chamber for measurement of carbon dioxide and water exchange by the whole plant. Chlorophyll fluorescence from intact leaves was simultaneously measured with a pulse modulated fluorometer. Photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance rates were calculated with established gas exchange procedures and O2 evolution was determined from chlorophyll fluorescence measurement of Photosystem II yield. Carbon assimilation and oxygen evolution in response to light intensity and ambient CO2 concentration was measured and is presented here to demonstrate the potential use of this method for investigation of photosynthesis of Arabidopsis plants in controlled environment conditions.
A historical review of compartment syndrome and Volkmann's ischemic contracture.

SUMMARY Compartment syndrome has been a recognized disease entity since the mid-nineteenth century. Extensive research and clinical observation have allowed for a better understanding of this uniquely complex disease process. Outstanding contributions by clinicians over the past century have provided the basis for our current perspective on its pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Although Volkmann’s early reference to increased “pressure” as the cause of this syndrome was made over 100 years ago, today’s modern concept of treatment to prevent contracture based on increased intracompartment pressure has evolved only through the combined efforts of various committed clinicians during the past century.
AIG in the Crisis

The financial structure of the derivatives insured by AIG with credit default swaps (CDS) was ultimately related to the systemic risk from the inability of the mortgagors to service their debts. AIG made several serious mistakes. First: The estimate of the drift of the capital gain, which drove the bubble, was based upon the unsustainable growth of the housing price index 2004–2006. A collapse would occur when the unsustainable capital gain declined below the interest rate. Second, risk was underestimated because AIG ignored the negative correlation between the capital gains and the liabilities/claims. The CDS claims grew when the value of the insured obligations declined. This set off collateral requirements, and the stability of AIG was undermined. The solution for the optimal insurance liabilities on the basis of SOC is derived. The SOC approach is a generalization of the contributions of the economics and actuarial literature. The chapter concludes with an evaluation of the government bailout.
Future Studies in Psychoneuroimmunology

While the presence of a chapter on the future of psychoneuroimmunology in a book concerning the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) suggests that the two areas are coextensive, they are not. Nonetheless, there is a great deal of overlap between the two areas. The progress that must be made in combatting AIDS needs to include the expertise of neuroscientists and immunologists knowledgeable in the interface of the immune system and central nervous system (CNS). Presented here then are a review of psychoneuroimmunology and suggestions for the future.
Comparable on-therapy mortality and supportive care requirements in Black and White patients following initial induction for pediatric acute myeloid leukemia.

Background Black patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are more likely to present with high acuity and consequently experience higher rates of induction mortality than white patients. Given the consistently identified racial disparities in overall survival (OS) among patients with AML, we aimed to evaluate whether there were sustained on-therapy racial differences in inpatient mortality, intensive care unit (ICU) requirements, or supportive care beyond initial induction. Procedure Within a retrospective cohort of 1239 children diagnosed with AML between 2004 and 2014 in the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database who survived their initial course of induction chemotherapy, we compared on-therapy inpatient mortality, ICU-level care requirements, treatment course duration, cumulative length of hospital stay (LOS), and resource utilization after induction I by race. Results Over the period from the start of induction II through completion of frontline chemotherapy, there were no significant differences in mortality (adjusted odds ratios [OR], 1.01; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 0.41-2.48), ICU-level care requirements (adjusted OR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.69-1.26), LOS (adjusted mean difference, 3.2 days; 95% CI, -2.3-9.6), or supportive care resource utilization for black patients relative to white patients. Course-specific analyses also demonstrated no differences by race. Conclusion Although black patients have higher acuity at presentation and higher induction mortality, such disparities do not persist over subsequent frontline chemotherapy treatment. This finding allows interventions aimed at reducing disparities to be directed at presentation and induction.
Selective posterior cerebral artery amobarbital test: a predictor of memory following subtemporal selective amygdalohippocampectomy

Background The selective posterior cerebral artery (PCA) amobarbital test, or PCA Wada test, is used to predict memory impairment after epilepsy surgery in patients who have previously had a failed internal carotid artery (ICA) amobarbital test. Methods Medical records from 2012 to 2018 were retrospectively reviewed for all patients with seizures who underwent a selective PCA Wada test at our institution following a failed or inconclusive ICA Wada test. Standardized neuropsychological testing was performed before and during the Wada procedure and postoperatively in patients who underwent resection. Results Thirty-three patients underwent a selective PCA Wada test, with no complications. Twenty-six patients with medically refractory epilepsy had a seizure focus amenable to selective amygdalohippocampectomy (AHE). Six patients (23%, n=26) had a failed PCA Wada test and did not undergo selective AHE, seven (27%) declined surgical resection, leaving 13 patients who underwent subtemporal selective AHE. Hippocampal sclerosis was found in all 13 patients (100%). Twelve patients (92%) subsequently underwent formal neuropsychological testing and all were found to have stable memory. Ten patients (77%) were seizure-free (Engel Class I), with average follow-up of 13 months. Conclusion The selective PCA Wada test is predictive of memory outcomes after subtemporal selective AHE in patients with a failed or inconclusive ICA Wada test. Furthermore, given the low risk of complications and potential benefit of seizure freedom, a selective PCA Wada test may be warranted in patients with medically intractable epilepsy who are candidates for a selective AHE and who have a prior failed or inconclusive ICA Wada test.
Robust extended-range wireless power transfer using a higher-order PT-symmetric platform

This study introduces a real and constant eigenfrequency in the higher-order PT-symmetric electronic systems that can be used to realize a robust wireless power transfer platform without hopping the frequency of operation.
The Role of Emergency Medical Services in the Opioid Epidemic.

The opioid crisis is an ongoing public health concern and EMS agencies are in a critical position to reach at-risk populations. The traditional role of EMS in treating acute opioid overdoses has ex...
A Framework For Contrastive Self-Supervised Learning And Designing A New Approach

Contrastive self-supervised learning (CSL) is an approach to learn useful representations by solving a pretext task which selects and compares anchor, negative and positive (APN) features from an unlabeled dataset. We present a conceptual framework which characterizes CSL approaches in five aspects (1) data augmentation pipeline, (2) encoder selection, (3) representation extraction, (4) similarity measure, and (5) loss function. We analyze three leading CSL approaches--AMDIM, CPC and SimCLR--, and show that despite different motivations, they are special cases under this framework. We show the utility of our framework by designing Yet Another DIM (YaDIM) which achieves competitive results on CIFAR-10, STL-10 and ImageNet, and is more robust to the choice of encoder and the representation extraction strategy. To support ongoing CSL research, we release the PyTorch implementation of this conceptual framework along with standardized implementations of AMDIM, CPC (V2), SimCLR, BYOL, Moco (V2) and YADIM.
The structure and subtypes of gambling activities: Genetic, psychiatric and behavioral etiologies of gambling frequency.

Abstract The multitude of gambling activities has given rise to heterogeneous ways of analyzing these behaviors and may partially underlie the lack of replication in gambling research. The current study used complementary analyses to investigate the structure, typology and etiology of gambling behaviors in a discovery sample of 2,116 twins (54.86% female; Mage = 24.90) and a replication sample of 619 siblings (30.37% female; Mage = 28.00). Our approach was twofold. First, we used confirmatory factor analyses to investigate the structure across the frequency of eight gambling activities. Second, we used factor mixture models to identify gambling frequency subtypes. We assessed associations with gambling frequency as well as conducted genetically informed analyses to estimate the role of genetic and environmental influences. Across samples, a two-factor model fit the data best, with a Common Gambling factor influencing all activities and a separate factor for Skill Gambling. Our study identified four gambling frequency subtypes, which resembled the typology from the Pathways Model. We found distinct demographic, psychiatric, behavioral and genetic risk profiles for the different gambling factors and subtypes with robust associations observed for male sex, risk-taking, sensation seeking, alcohol dependence and problem gambling. Controlling for shared genetic and environmental influences (via co-twin control modeling), we found that sensation seeking directly increased Common Gambling frequency. In sum, we illustrated the utility of multi-dimensional statistical techniques for disentangling the structure and typology from complex multivariate gambling data.
The whiteness of the Mediterranean Diet: A historical, sociopolitical, and dietary analysis using Critical Race Theory

Ample evidence indicates that adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, heart failure, cancer mortality, type 2 diabetes, overweight, and obesity. The MedDiet is widely accepted as a gold standard diet, yet its adoption and promotion as the healthiest cultural diet reflects systemic racism and inherently biased research, rather than evidence-based science. This analysis establishes that while the Mediterranean region is multi-cultural and multi-ethnic, the MedDiet is a White diet. It also asserts that a lack of causal research and other methodologic issues in research about the MedDiet has resulted in a hyperfocus on the MedDiet over other cultural diets. Third, this essay compares the MedDiet to the traditional Chinese and African diets to assert that many cultural diets are healthy and may be as healthy as the MedDiet. Ultimately, health professionals promoting the MedDiet as a gold standard marginalize people from non-White cultures by maintaining White culture as normative. In order to better serve and include people of color, dietary recommendations need to become as diverse as the US population. Doing so will also improve cultural competence among professionals, lead to a more equitable profession
COVID-19 vaccine uptake in United States counties: geospatial vaccination patterns and trajectories towards herd immunity

Following the COVID-19 pandemic, safe and effective vaccines were developed and authorized for use in the general population. Studying factors that encourage community acceptance of these vaccines is needed to prevent proliferation of SARS-CoV-2 variants, to safely relax local restrictions, and to return to pre-pandemic living conditions. To our knowledge, United States (US) county-level disparities in vaccination are yet to be investigated. Our data span February - May 2021 across 3138 US counties. We consider percentage of residents with at least one dose of an authorized COVID vaccine as the outcome. Spatio-temporal models were used to determine associations of vaccination rates with time-fixed and time-varying covariates. Spatial variability was modelled via Conditional Auto-regressive models; county trajectories over time were specified using random slopes. Greater vaccination rates occur in counties with older residents, high educational attainment, and high proportion of minority residents. Vaccination rates change with COVID risk metrics, suggesting continued slowing of vaccine uptake due to decreasing incidence and infection rates. County effects reveal strong regional patterns in average vaccination rates and trajectories. Although local herd immunity can be expected in August 2021 for counties with typical uptake rates, these counties are clustered in relatively few areas of the country.
Implementation of the ABA's New Experiential Training Requirement: More Whimper Than Bang

When the American Bar Association adopted a new experiential training requirement in 2014, there was hope it would spur law schools to significantly change the way they prepared students for legal practice. The new six-credit requirement was less than the fifteen credits proposed by some educators and did not include a mandate for a law clinic or externship experience. Nonetheless, the six credits were an improvement over the ABA’s previous “substantial instruction” in professional skills requirement. But data from the first two years of the new six-credit requirement in 2019 and 2020 suggest its effect has been more of a whimper than the bang some hoped for, with little evidence it has spurred legal education to enhance the ability of students to get hands-on training in professional skills. While some law schools have made important changes to their curriculum, on average, schools have not reported positive changes. The number of law clinic seats available per J.D. student since 2014 is unchanged, and externship placements and seats available in simulation courses have decreased over the six-year period. Similarly, data show that a New York Court of Appeals skills competency standard adopted in 2015 for bar candidates does not appear to have spurred New York’s schools to noticeably enhance their professional skills training of students or to provide more training than schools in states following only the ABA requirement. Results from the recent Center for the Study of Applied Legal Education (CSALE) “2019-20 Survey of Applied Legal Education” of law schools likewise show little measurable effect from the new experiential training standard. Schools reported no increase in the median number of law clinic courses offered to their students since the 2016-17 survey and no increase in the percentage of students that graduate with a clinic experience. Similarly, there was no reported increase in the percentage of students that graduate with an externship experience, with student demand for externship courses up slightly from the last survey yet significantly less than externship demand in 2014 when the new ABA standard was adopted. It is time for the ABA to address these deficiencies by at a minimum requiring law schools to report actual enrollments in law clinic and simulation courses so that the ABA can better judge the effect of its requirement and prospective applicants to schools will not continue to be potentially deceived by reports of ethereal “available” law clinic opportunities. Yet, the ABA should do much more by heeding the many calls for reform of lawyer training and revisit proposals for fifteen-credits of experiential coursework and a mandatory, live-client clinical experience for all J.D. students.
The Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination

In the first comprehensive textbook on prejudice with a strong psychological research base, Whitley and Kite cover a broad range of topics including race and ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, and ageism. By integrating theory and research with students' own experiences, the authors increase students' awareness of influences that shape prejudices. As students are asked to evaluate research results and their personal, subjective beliefs, they develop an appreciation of scientific evidence regarding stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination.
Comparison of Simulated and Experimental Combustion of Biodiesel Blends in a Single Cylinder Diesel HCCI Engine

The effect of biodiesel content on homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine performance has been investigated both experimentally and by computer simulation. Combustion experiments were performed in a single cylinder HCCI engine using blends of soy biodiesel in ultra low sulfur diesel, with concentrations ranging from 0 to 50 vol% and equivalence ratios ( ) from 0.38 to 0.48. Data from the engine tests included combustion analysis and exhaust composition analysis with standard gaseous emissions equipment. The engine utilized a custom port fuel injection strategy to provide highly premixed charges of fuel and air, making it possible to compare the results with single zone chemical kinetics simulations that were performed using CHEMKIN III, with a reaction set including 670 species and over 3000 reactions. The reaction mechanism incorporated equations for the combustion of a paraffinic fuel, n-heptane, and an oxygenated component, methyl butanoate, as well as reactions for the formation of NOx. The zero-dimensional model did a reasonably good job of predicting the HCCI combustion event, correctly predicting intake temperature effects on the phasing of both low temperature heat release (LTHR) and the main combustion event. It also did a good job of predicting the magnitude of LTHR. Differences betweenmore » the simulation and experimental data included the dependence on biodiesel concentration and the duration of both LTHR and the main combustion event. The probable reasons for these differences are the changing derived cetane number (DCN) of the model fuel blend with biodiesel concentration, and the inability of the model to account for stratification of temperature and . The simulation also showed that concentrations of intermediate species produced during LTHR are dependent on the magnitude of LTHR, but otherwise the addition of biodiesel has no discernable effect.« less
Polyprotein precursors to mouse mammary tumor virus proteins.

Abstract Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) derived from the culture medium of GR cells contained seven proteins, identified as gp55, gp33, p25, pp20, p16, p12, and p10. The major viral phosphoprotein was the 20,000-molecular-weight protein, pp20. Immunoprecipitation of cytoplasmic extracts from pulse-labeled GR cells identified three MMTV gag-specific proteins, termed Pr78gag, Pr110gag, and Pr180gag+. These intracellular polyproteins were precipitable from cytoplasmic extracts by antisera to virions p25 and p12 but not by antisera to gp55. The major intracellular gag-specific precursor polyprotein, Pr78gag, contained antigenic determinants and tryptic peptides characteristic of p25, p12, p10, and presumably pp20. This precursor is presumably derived from nascent chain cleavage or rapid posttranslational cleavage of the larger intracellular precursor-like protein, designated Pr110gag. Pr110gag contained all but one of the leucine-containing tryptic peptides of Pr78gag, plus several additional peptides. In addition to Pr78gag and Pr110gag, monospecific antisera to virion p12 and p25 were also capable of precipitating from pulse-labeled cells a small amount of a 180,000-molecular-weight precursor-like protein, designated Pr180gag+. This large polyprotein contained nearly all of the leucine-containing tryptic peptides of Pr78gag and Pr110gag plus several additional peptides. By analogy to type C viral systems, Pr180gag+ is presumed to represent a gag-pol common precursor which is the major pathway for synthesis of MMTV polymerase. Immunoprecipitation of cytoplasmic extracts from pulse-labeled cells with antisera to gp55 identified two env-specific proteins, designated gPr76env and gP79env. The major env precursor, gPr76env, could be labeled with radioactive glucosamine and was shown to contain antigenic determinants and tryptic peptides characteristic of gp55 and gp33. A minor glycoprotein, gP79env, contained both fucose and glucosamine and was precipitable from cytoplasmic extracts with monospecific serum to gp55. It is suggested that gP79env represents fucosylated gPr76env which is transiently synthesized and cleaved rapidly into gp55 and gp33.
Measured flame structure and kinetics in a fuel-rich ethylene flame

Abstract Molecular-beam mass spectrometry (MBMS) has been used to map the structure of a fuel-rich C 2 H 4 /O 2 flame and infer new C 2 H 4 and C 2 H 3 kinetics. Axial profiles of concentration, area expansion ratio, and temperature were measured for a C 2 H 4 /O 2 /50% Ar (φ = 1.90) flame at 2.667 ± 0.001 kPa (20 Torr) and 62.5 cm/s burner velocity (300 K). Full concentration profiles were mapped for 42 radical and stable species. Elemental flux balances were within 12%, supporting the data’s accuracy and validity. Species flux-balance calculations were used to obtain net rates of reaction for the species. Rate constants were determined for H-abstraction from C 2 H 4 by H at 1850–2150 K, and their agreement with theory and previous lower-temperature data leads to recommendation of the ab initio /BAC-MP4 result: C 2 H 4 + H = C 2 H 3 + H 2 k = 4.49 × 10 7 × T 2.12 exp (−13,366/ RT ) in cm, mol, s, cal, K units. Data for abstraction by OH, combined with literature data, give: C 2 H 4 + OH = C 2 H 3 + H 2 O k = (5.53 ± 0.14) × 10 5 × T (2.310 ± 0.004) exp [−(2900 ± 60)/ RT ] for temperatures between 1400 and 1800 K. Rate constants for vinyl decomposition reaction C 2 H 3 = C 2 H 2 + H were analyzed, supporting the recent recommendations of Knyazev and Slagle [41] .
Regulation of Trafficking Receptor Expression in Human Forkhead Box P3+ Regulatory T Cells

Forkhead Box P3(+) (FOXP3(+)) T cells are regulatory cells important for maintaining immune tolerance. While chemokine- and other homing-receptors are important for T cell migration, it has been unclear how they are regulated in FOXP3(+) T cells. We thoroughly investigated, ex vivo and in vitro, the regulation of chemokine receptor expression on human FOXP3(+) T cells in neonatal cord blood, adult peripheral blood, and tonsils. We found that human FOXP3(+) T cells undergo changes in trafficking receptors according to their stages of activation and differentiation. FOXP3(+) T cells are divided into CD45RA(+) (naive type) and CD45RO(+) (memory type) FOXP3(+) T cells in neonatal blood, adult blood, and tonsils. CD45RA(+)FOXP3(+) T cells mainly express lymphoid tissue homing receptors (CD62L, CCR7, and CXCR4), while CD45RO(+)FOXP3(+) T cells highly express both Th1 and Th2-associated trafficking receptors along with the lymphoid tissue homing receptors at reduced frequencies. Up-regulation of Th1/Th2-associated trafficking receptors begins with activation of CD45RA(+)FOXP3(+) T cells and is completed after their differentiation to CD45RO(+) cells. Some chemokine receptors such as CXCR5 and CXCR6 are preferentially expressed by many FOXP3(+) cells at a specific stage (CD69(+)CD45RO(+)) in tonsils. Our in vitro differentiation study demonstrated that CD45RA(+)FOXP3(+) T cells indeed undergo chemokine receptor switch from CD45RA(+) (secondary lymphoid tissue homing) to CD45RO(+) type (lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissue homing). The orderly regulation of trafficking receptors in FOXP3(+) T cells according to stages of differentiation and activation is potentially important for their tissue-specific migration and regulation of immune responses in humans.
Streitbeilegung und Durchsetzungsmechanismen im Völkerrecht

Im folgenden Kapitel soll die Streitbeilegung im Volkerrecht erortert werden. Die Streitbeilegung geschieht in der Regel auf zwei verschiedene Arten, entweder durch Entscheidungen internationaler Gerichte wie dem Internationalem Gerichtshof (IGH) oder durch Schiedsgerichte (z.B. das DSB im Rahmen der WTO, s.o. S. 154). Daneben bestehen noch verschiedene auýergerichtliche Streitbeilegungsmechanismen auf diplomatischer Ebene, insbesondere Verhandlung, Untersuchung, Vermittlung usw. (siehe Art. 33 I SVN).
De novo myotonic dystrophy mutation in a Nigerian kindred

An expansion of an unstable (CTG)n trinucleotide repeat in the 3' UTR of a gene encoding a putative serine/threonine protein kinase (DMPK) on human chromosome 19q13.3 has been shown to be specific for the myotonic dystrophy (DM) disease phenotype. In addition, a single haplotype composed of nine alleles within and flanking DMPK over a physical distance of 30 kb has been shown to be in complete linkage disequilibrium with DM. This has led to two hypotheses: (1) predisposition for (CTG)n instability results from a founder effect that occurred only once or a few times in human evolution; and (2) elements within the disease haplotype may predispose the (CTG)n repeat to instability. A detailed haplotype analysis of the DM region was conducted on a Nigerian (Yoruba) DM family, the only indigenous sub-Saharan DM case reported to date. Each affected member of this family had an expanded (CTG)n repeat in one of his or her DMPK alleles. However, unlike all other DM populations studied thus far, disassociation of the (CTG)n repeat expansion from other alleles of the putative predisposing haplotype was found. We conclude that the expanded (CTG)n repeat in this family is the result of an independent mutational event. Consequently, the origin of DM is unlikely to be a single mutational event, and the hypothesis that a single ancestral haplotype predisposes to repeat expansion is not compelling.
Filter switching device for dual-wavelength videoimaging.

An inexpensive, dual-wavelength, videoimaging system that can be used for parallel observation of two fluorescent dyes is described. All four filters, two for excitation and two for emission, are placed on the same oscillating holder. Filters are coupled with a single dichroic mirror having two spectral windows. A coil driven by an electronic circuit connected to photosensors, which determine the position of the holder, moves the magnet that shifts the position of the filters. Since the filter holder is placed between two springs, it oscillates with the frequency of mechanical resonance. As a result the filter switching did not require much power and did not produce significant vibrations of the base. Switching frequencies up to 4.5 s−1 were reached with the first experimental device. System performance was tested using phospholipid vesicles loaded with water-soluble and membrane dyes. It has been demonstrated that the device can be used successfully in experiments on membrane fusion with rhodamine- and calcein-labeled liposomes.
Methadone and alcohol.

We have demonstrated the dangers of alcoholism that complicate methadone treatment of heroin addiction. In future papers, we will attempt to identify contributory factors and suggest interventionist techniques. In the final analysis, however, rehabilitation programs, vocational programs, and, above all, alleviation of the dreadful socioeconomic deprivations related to, among other factors, the racial bias under which most of these people have been born and have suffered during their lives will, in the long run, prove the most satisfactory means of reducing the heroin problem, except for a minority whose psychologic problems will then provide the irreducible minimum from which the majority of the addicts will come. As has so often been stated, the great drug problem in this country is alcoholism. We know that legal prohibition does not prevent the rise of alcoholism, and we know to our sorrow that not only does it give rise to enormous wealth and power to criminals and criminal gangs but that some of them are now also profiting from the great wealth to be made by dealing in heroin. Language: en
ACTIVE–PASSIVE PIEZOELECTRIC ABSORBERS FOR SYSTEMS UNDER MULTIPLE NON-STATIONARY HARMONIC EXCITATIONS

Abstract Previous research has shown that piezoelectric materials can be shunted with electrical networks to form devices that operate similarly to a mechanical vibration absorber. These systems can be tuned to provide modal damping (modal tuning) or to attenuate a harmonic disturbance (tonal tuning). Semi-active piezoelectric absorbers have also been proposed for suppressing harmonic excitations with varying frequency, a scenario that cannot be easily controlled using passive devices. However, these semi-active systems have limitations that restrict their applications. In a previous study, the authors have developed a high performance active–passive alternative to the semi-active absorber that uses a combination of a passive electrical circuit and active control actions. The active control consists of three parts: an adaptive inductor tuning action, a negative resistance action, and a coupling enhancement action. This new device has been shown, both analytically and experimentally, to be very effective for the suppression of harmonic disturbances with time-varying frequency. In the present paper, the adaptive active–passive piezoelectric absorber configuration is extended so that it can track and suppress multiple harmonic excitations. A new optimal tuning law is derived, and the stability conditions of the system are investigated. The effectiveness of this new multi-frequency absorber design is demonstrated by comparing its performance and control power requirement to the popular Filtered-x adaptive feedforward control algorithm.
Varieties of ordered algebras

A variety of ordered algebras is a class K of ordered algebras satisfying satisfying a set of inequalities [email protected]?t'. It is shown that a class K of ordered algebras is a variety if K is closed under subalgebras, products, and certain homomorphic images. The process of obtaining a ''canonical'' @w-completion of an ordered algebra is analyzed and it is shown that varieties of ordered algebras are closed with respect to @w-completion. The concluding sections concern (i) a connection between ordered algebras and ordered algebraic theories, and (ii) a logic of inequalities, analogous to equational logic. A completeness theorem for this logic is proved.
System reliability for seismic sensing

Hewlett-Packard Company and Shell Oil Company are developing a 1 million sensor, network capable, wireless seismic survey system, incorporating the next generation in seismic sensing technology. This mega-system will provide oil and gas companies with low frequency data, high resolution images at economics that make dense mega-channel sampling a reality.
Variable gearing in a biologically inspired pneumatic actuator array

A fundamental feature of pennate muscles is that muscle fibers are oriented at an angle to the line of action and rotate as they shorten, becoming more oblique throughout a contraction. This change in fiber orientation (pennation angle) can amplify the shortening velocity of a fiber and increase output velocity of the muscle. The velocity advantage resulting from dynamic changes in pennation angle can be characterized as a gear ratio (muscle velocity/fiber velocity). A recent study has shown that a pennate muscle's gear ratio varies automatically depending on the load such that a muscle operates with a high gear during rapid contractions and low gear during forceful contractions. We examined whether this variable gearing behavior can be replicated in a pennate array of artificial muscles. We used McKibben type pneumatic actuators, which shorten in tension when filled with compressed gas. Similar to muscle fibers, the actuators expand radially during shortening, a feature thought to be a critical part of the variable gearing mechanism in pennate muscles. We arranged McKibben actuators in an array oriented to mimic a pennate muscle, and quantified the system's gear ratio during contraction against a range of loads. Video was used to measure the gear ratio during each contraction. We find that similar to pennate muscles, the gear ratio decreases significantly with increasing load and that variable gearing results from load-dependent variation in the amount of actuator rotation. These results support the idea that variable gearing in pennate muscles is mediated by difference is fiber rotation and the direction of muscle bulging. The behavior of our artificial muscle array also highlights the potential benefits of bio-inspired architectures in artificial muscle arrays, including the ability to vary force and speed automatically in response to variable loading conditions.
The effect of physiological doses of thyroxine on carrier-mediated ADP uptake by liver mitochondria from thyroidectomized rats.

Summary Carrier-mediated ADP uptake by liver mitochondria from myxedematous thyroidectomized rats was compared with that of mitochondria from thyroidectomized animals rendered euthyroid or hyperthyroid by exogenous thyroxine (T 4 ). Uptake by mitochondria from thyroidectomized rats treated with 0, 2, 5, and 20 μg T 4 /100 g body weight/day for 6 days was 1.24 ± 0.16, 2.26 ± 0.14, 3.82 ± 0.09, and 8.20 ± 0.58 nmoles ADP/min/mg protein respectively (mean ± SE; p 4 /100 g/d, a physiological replacement dose. These findings provide further evidence that the calorigenic action of thyroid hormone may be mediated by an action on the mitochondrial ADP-ATP carrier.
Hydrolyzable poly (ester-urethane) networks from L-lysine diisocyanate and D,L-lactide/ε-caprolactone homo- and copolyester triols

Bioabsorbable poly(ester-urethane) networks were synthesized from ethyl 2,6-diisocyanatohexanoate (L-lysine diisocyanate) (LDI) and a series of polyester triols. LDI was synthesized by refluxing L-lysine monohydrochloride with ethanol to form the ester, which was subsequently refluxed with 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane to yield a silazane-protected intermediate. This product was then phosgenated using triphosgene. Polyester triols were synthesized from D,L-lactide, ϵ-caprolactone, or comonomer mixtures thereof, using glycerol as initiator and stannous octoate as catalyst. Polyurethane networks were cured using [NCO]/[OH] = 1.05 and stannous octoate (0.05 wt %) for 24 h at room temperature and pressure and 24 h at 50°C and 0.1 mm Hg. LDI-based polyurethane networks were totally amorphous and possessed very low sol contents. Networks based on poly (D,L-lactide) triols were rigid (Tg ∽ 60°C) with ultimate tensile strengths of ∼ 40–70 MPa, tensile moduli of ∼ 1.2–2.0 GPa, and ultimate elongations of ∼ 4–10%. Networks based on ϵ-caprolactone triols were low-modulus elastomers with tensile strengths and moduli of ∼ 1–4 MPa and ∼ 3–6 GPa, respectively, and ultimate elongations of ∼ 50–300%. Networks based on copolymers displayed physical properties consistent with monomer composition and were tougher than the networks based on the homopolymers. Tensile strengths for the copolymers were ∼ 3–25 MPa with ultimate elongations up to 600%. Hydrolytic degradation under simulated physiological conditions showed that D,L-lactide homopolymer networks were the most resistant to degradation, undergoing virtually no change in mass or physical properties for 60 days. ϵ-Caprolactone-based networks were resistant to degradation for 40 days, and high-lactide copolymer-based networks suffered substantial losses in physical properties after only 3 days. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Theory of Oil-Blast Circuit Breakers

DIRECT experimental proof of the oil blast theory of arc interruption has been assembled. A circuit breaker has been constructed having oil driven between its electrodes at a measurable velocity, and tests show that a correlation exists between the rate of recovery voltage rise and oil velocity. This correlation corresponds to an oil dielectric strength of 55 kv. per 1/10 in. of oil. To determine whether or not this correlation is accidental, relations between voltage and oil velocity and between current and oil velocity have been studied, but correlation does not appear. Impulse tests also have been made on clean and carbonized oils.
Introduction The Banda della Magliana, The Camorra, The ’Ndrangheta, and the Sacra Corona Unita: The Mafia Onscreen Beyond the Cosa Nostra

With its late spring release in 2008, acclaimed hit Gomorra (Matteo Garrone)1 secured a stronghold for the Camorra2 in the international imaginary and provided a visual counterpoint to Roberto Savi...
MATURING MOTORIZATION AND HOUSEHOLD TRAVEL : THE CASE OF NUCLEAR-FAMILY HOUSEHOLDS

Abstract The effect of car ownership on household travel behavior diminishes as a society becomes motorized. The statistical analysis of this study shows that households without cars have travel patterns distinct from those households that own cars. Maturing motorization, however, implies that only a small number of households fall in this category. At the same time the differences in household travel patterns between one-car households and multi-car households, or between two-car households and households with three or more cars, are much less significant. Consequently, car ownership no longer exhibits a strong association with observed household travel patterns. The study further shows that household structure expressed as stage in lifecycle accounts for as much or more variations in travel pattern indicators as do household size, income, number of workers, number of adults, number of drivers and number of cars. Activity engagement and hence trip rate is determined largely by lifecycle stage, not by car ownership. It is also shown that driver-trip time expenditure and number of driver trips have less systematic variations across lifecycle stages, indicating nonlinear relationships between household person trip generation and car trip generation, vehicle-miles traveled, and transportation facility usage.
Teaching Applied Macro in Emergent Economies: Lessons from Bahrain.

In this article we explore the challenges of adapting a standard introductory MBA course in applied macroeconomics to a student audience in a small open economy with a pegged currency. Our focus will be on the Kingdom of Bahrain, with reference to other countries in the Arabian Gulf region, where one would expect to use an open-economy theoretical course structure focused on the role of trade in the economy and the interaction of exchange rates and currency movements with that trade. Based on our experience in DePaul University's AACSB-accredited MBA program in Bahrain, we find that structuring the course content around open-economy macroeconomics requires a background in theoretical models which are beyond the time constraints of an MBA core curriculum. Alternatively, we consider how well a standard applied macroeconomic curriculum of output determination, business cycles, and monetary and fiscal policy can be adapted to students in the Gulf. We discuss how our approach is fraught with challenges which a...
Predictive models of information systems

Abstract The problem of modelling information systems is studied with focus on predictability. Predictability presupposes discovery and knowledge of empirical laws and theories, which are in the domain of information science. Discovery of such laws and theories goes hand in hand with the development of the capability to measure important variables in that domain. The state-of-the-art of predictive modelling is discussed with respect to syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic criteria, emphasizing the need for concentrated effort in further development of the empirical foundation of information science.
Editorial message: computer ethics & human values track

This is the inaugural year of the Computer Ethics and Human Values Track at SAC. The purpose of this track is to encourage deep thinking about how the technical details of applied computing interact with fundamental human values.
Increased high affinity beta-adrenergic receptor densities and cyclic AMP responses of CD8 cells in multiple sclerosis.

Abstract Beta-adrenergic receptor (βR) density is increased on suppressor T-cells (T s from patients with chronic progressive multiple sclerosis (CPMS). We investigated the contribution of high-affinity ( k h ) βR to cAMP responses of nongranular leukocyte subsets from CPMS patients and normal individuals (NL). CD8 βR density was 1930 receptors/cell in CPMS compared to only 1020 receptors/cell in NL ( t (18) = 2.73, P 6 cells in CPMS and 3.5 pmol/10 6 cells in NL. Isoproterenol stimulation elevated cAMP levels in CD8 cells to 49.9 pmol/10 6 cells in CPMS patients and to 25.7 pmol/10 6 cells in NL (difference after activation: t (18) = 3.23, P P s function, hypothesized to play a role in the immune pathogenesis of CPMS, may be altered.
Exercise-Induced Asthma

Exercise-induced bronchospasm is a common condition of patients who have asthma. Its mechanism appears to be related to cooling of the airways. Clinically, it can be managed by pretreatment with β-adrenergic medications or cromolyn. Measures to protect the airway from excessive loss of heat, such as the use of scarves or participating in indoor activity, are also effective strategies in its management.
Becoming Enthusiastic About Learning for the First Time as a Child

In this study, a qualitative method of research was used to study how students experience becoming enthusiastic about the learning process for the first time as a child. The objective of the study was to explicate the student’s perspective and articulate it as a coherent structural whole. Six students (ages 17-22 years) provided descriptions of becoming enthusiastic about education for the first time as a child that were analyzed using a phenomenological style of analysis. The focus of the study was the qualitative significance of becoming enthusiastic about learning as lived by the students themselves. The results were framed within the context of a formal student–educator pedagogical encounter in particular.
Reserpine and Thyroid Activity in Fowls.

SummaryReserpine at levels of 30 μg/100 g/day and above depressed thyroidal-I131 release rate in chickens and caused body weight losses. At 15 and 30 μg/100 g/day, thyroxine secretion rate (TSR) was reduced in pigeons with depression in body weight and feed intake. No level of reserpine was found which would inhibit TSR without depressing feed intake. It is suggested that depression of thyroid activity at higher levels of reserpine is secondary to depression in food intake.
Miscibility of polyethyloxazoline with thermoplastic polymers

Polyethyloxazoline (PEOx) blends with several other thermoplastic polymers were examined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for miscibility. Styrene/acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymers having compositions in the range of about 20–40% acrylonitrile (AN) by weight were found to be miscible with PEOx whereas SANs outside this range were not. The polyhydroxyl ether of bisphenol A (Phenoxy) was also found to be miscible with PEOx. A vinylidene chloride copolymer (Saran) was found to be partially miscible with PEOx, whereas poly(methyl methacrylate) and polycarbonate were not miscible at all.
Host-plant oligosaccharins in the honeydew ofSchizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Insecta, Aphididae)

The honeydew of the aphidSchizaphis graminum (Rondani) contains hetero-oligosaccharides (mol. wt>2200 D) having neutral sugar and uronic acid compositions similar to the pectic substances of the host plant,Sorghum biocolor (L.) Moench. These oligosaccharides are pectic fragments which result from the depolymerization of pectic substances in the phloem by aphid salivary polysaccharases.