cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Geology of the Battle of Monte Cassino, 1944

In 1943/44 German troops were retreating northwards out of Southern Italy. To prevent Allied forces from taking the city, Adolf Hitler ordered a defensive stand to made to the south of Rome. The Gustav Line, a system of defensive fortifications stretching across the Italian Peninsula, was constructed. The line utilised the geology and terrain as obstacles/barriers and Monte Cassino was its strong-point. Approaching the Gustav Line, the Allies first encountered lacustrine muds from Pleistocene Lake Lirino. This lake was formed behind a dam of volcanic ejecta from the Roccamonfina volcano, but was drained in the Late Pleistocene when the dam was breached. The Allies’ heavy equipment quickly became mired in the muds, forcing the soldiers to move en foot. Crossing the Rapido River developed into a major defeat for the Americans. The defenders utilised the steep banks, inundated flood plains, and fired on the Allies from fortifications in travertine outcrops. Monte Cassino presented steep slopes veneered with colluvium, hence slides were common Bedrock, exposed nearly everywhere, prevented troops from taking cover from enemy fire and from the elements. Exploding shells propelled shards of brittle rock through the air causing many head and facial injuries.
Ankle Dislocation Reduction

Dislocation of the ankle joint. This is defined by the articulation of the talus with the mortise that is formed by the distal tibia and fibula. Dislocations can be posterior, anterior, superior, or lateral and are classified by the position of the talus in relation to the tibial mortise.
Myocardial Dysfunction in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Prognostication by Echo Cardiography and Cardiac Enzymes. A Prospective Study

Background The myocardial dysfunction in nontraumatic sub-arachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is not well understood. Borderline elevations of cardiac biomarkers, electrocardiographic repolarization abnormalities and systolic dysfunction have been reported but the clinical significance of these abnormalities is uncertain.
A survey of credentialing for ERCP in the United States

Background and Aims There are limited data measuring the variability in standards used by hospitals for credentialing physicians to ERCP in the United States. Methods We performed an electronic survey of U.S. gastroenterologists. Results Among 1126 respondents, 21% reported that their hospitals had no written guidelines for initial credentialing, and 59% reported that their hospitals had no written guidelines for repeat credentialing. Among those with guidelines, less than half had any of the criteria recommended by the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Conclusions There is an urgent need to improve the credentialing process to enhance practice and to protect patients. An easy-to-use national system for recording and reporting ERCP quality data, like that of the GI Quality Improvement Consortium, is needed.
Description and Classification of Thyroid Cytology

Cytopathology plays an important role in the evaluation of thyroid nodules. A variety of benign and malignant tumors may involve the thyroid gland, encompassing tumors of follicular and C cell origin to metastases from distant sites and lymphoma. The cytological features that distinguish benign from malignant thyroid tumors are discussed in this chapter, including descriptions of some of the more common diagnostic pitfalls. In addition, the Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology is discussed.
On Love and Concupiscence: On the Virtue of Levinasian Love over Hegelian Love

The purpose of this paper is two-fold. First, I will argue that Levinas’ criticisms of Hegel are insufficient. Levinas’ accusation that Hegel’s system is totalitarian ignores the centrality of love in the latter’s work, which constitutes the ethical character of the State. Second, though, I will expand Levinas’ critique to encompass love. I argue that Hegelian love is an insufficient ground for ethics because it is, ultimately, a self-love. But, Levinasian love is sufficient, since it account for societal love, while nevertheless demanding an ethical responsibility for those outside of a given community. Hence, Levinasian love expresses the love of the stranger.
Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa in Children and Adolescents

Anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) are serious psychiatric illnesses that often first appear in adolescence. These eating disorders are driven by body shape and weight concerns, are associated with a number of serious medical and psychiatric features, and have mortality rates among the highest of all psychiatric illnesses (Sullivan, Am J Psychiatr 152(7): 1073–1074, 1995). It is important to identify them quickly, as these illnesses worsen over time and are most successfully treated soon after the onset of symptoms.
Response to critical race theory for pharmacy diversity curriculum

To the Editor: We thank Dr. Rockich-Winston for taking the time to both read our review article and provide constructive feedback.[1][1] We hope our collegial exchange on this important topic will add depth to the conversation of diversity in pharmacy education and serve as a catalyst to move this
Cultural Contexts That Influence Learning and Academic Performance

When students experience academic or behavioral difficulties, examining their learning experiences from an ecological perspective provides a much broader understanding of the relationships between culture, learning, and academic performance. The value of the systems approach to viewing culture is that it points to the limitations of focusing on a single aspect of the interactions between culture and academic performance. As we move to articulate an integrated, inclusive educational system, we must develop programs and services that are responsive to the diverse sociocultural and linguistic backgrounds of the students and families we serve so that all children participate in equally meaningful educational experiences.
Nostalgia as a Linking Phenomenon

Immigrants and refugees who leave behind their countries, loved ones, and cultural environment experience loss and are obliged to go through a mourning process which may become complicated due to a variety of factors. Many such individuals create linking objects or linking phenomena that help them to continue to have contact with the past, while adjusting to their new environment. Nostalgia is the affect that accompanies linking objects and linking phenomena and at times functions itself as a linking phenomenon. The lack of nostalgia, poisoned nostalgia, and nostalgia in the service of adaptation are discussed with clinical examples.
Kostenkontrolle durch Berichte und Meldungen

Im Vorhergehenden wurde des ofteren die Notwendigkeit fur Kostenberichte ausgedruckt. Es wurde der Aufbau der starren Budgets gezeigt und erganzend das Finanz- und Kostenrechnungssystem, das fur den wirtschaftlichen und gewinnbringenden Geschaftsablauf notig ist, erlautert. Das Budget wurde als die bestmogliche Beurteilung der zukunftigen Geschaftsentwicklung durch die Abteilungsdirektoren dargestellt. In einem spateren Kapitel wurden die flexiblen Plankosten in Verbindung mit der Standardkostenrechnung gezeigt. Es wurde ferner erlautert, wie es mit Hilfe eines StandardKostensystems moglich ist, dem Wunsch der Geschaftsfuhrung nachzukommen, eine Masgrose fur die Leistung des Personals und der Abteilungen hinsichtlich des Rohstoff-, Lohn- und Fertigungsgemeinkosten-Verbrauchs zu finden. Die Errechnung der Abweichungen von den Standard-Kosten und ihre Verbuchung in den Konten stellt nur den ersten Schritt zur Sicherung des wirklichen Wertes eines solchen Kostenrechnungsverfahrens dar. Die Verbuchung der Abweichungen stellt lediglich fest, das ein Unterschied zwischen den wirklichen und den geplanten Standard-Kosten besteht.
The Endocrinology of Parturition in the Mare

The endocrinology of late gestation and parturition in the mare has been described, but unlike other domestic animal species, the factors that initiate parturition in the mare have not been elucidated. In contrast to ruminant species, maternal estrogen and progesterone concentrations do not change markedly, and a well-defined fetal cortisol surge is not observed just prior to parturition in the mare. Parturition is associated with large increases in prostaglandin and oxytocin concentrations, which induce uterine contractions and delivery of the foal. There are many methods of inducing parturition in term mares, but the most popular and safest method is through the administration of low-dose oxytocin.
HIPS 2018 Keynote

For quite some time the computer science community has been working on new high level parallel programming models with one of its main sales pitches being to make “Next Generation Platforms” (NGP) accessible to a wide range of applications and their developers. But for the longest time adoption by big application teams was at best limited. With machines such as Sierra and Summit slated to be coming online this summer, those NGP platforms are now here and the thinking is changing from “Why would I want to deal with this?” to “I need a viable solution now!”. The Kokkos team is offering one such solution, providing a parallel programming ecosystem in C++, which supports the major publicly available HPC platforms and promises to isolate application teams from future architecture changes.
Development and Application of a Novel Distribution Model Reduction Approach for Utility Feeders

With an increasing interconnection of distributed PV into distribution systems, many utilities are facing difficulties to quickly assess grid impact from the intermittent resources. One barrier for PV interconnection study is the high computational complexity resulting from time-series simulation of various PV profiles to capture the uncertainty as well as system operational constraints. Moreover, thousands of nodes may exist in a typical distribution feeder and a utility may have to manage thousands of such feeders. To assist system operators and planners with fast assessment of grid impact of high penetration PV, this study proposes a new analytical method for distribution network reduction. The result is a tool that reduces up to 99% of the feeder nodes while preserving the accuracy of power flow results, such as node voltage errors. To maintain the high accuracy of reduced distribution networks, a modified Ward-equivalent method has been adopted to remove nodes out of interest. An aggregation method based on back sweep has been implemented to aggregate loads and distributed PV in laterals. The developed tool for model reduction has been tested with real-world distribution systems from Duke Energy. The high efficiency and accuracy of the tool is demonstrated by the simulation results.
Model-free Control of Building HVAC Systems to Accommodate Solar photovoltaicEnergy

With the increasing demand for energy in day-to-day life, the need for integrating renewable energy is growing. In this paper, we take a step in addressing this challenge by employing solar photovoltaic (PV) energy to maintain indoor temperatures in buildings. The objective we aim to meet is to consume as much of the generated PV energy as possible locally while maintaining the indoor comfort temperatures. We set this objective to reduce wastage of renewable energy and cut down the need for storage devices. We formulate a thermal model of the building Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system and employ the model-free control (MFC) technique to achieve the defined objective. Simulation results illustrate that the performance of the MFC technique, in terms of indoor temperature and total energy consumption tracking errors, is comparable with that of the recently developed augmented model predictive control technique. In addition, the MFC is computationally light and easily deployable on small embedded devices. Furthermore, we analyze the relationship between the generated PV energy and the required energy consumption of the buildings, and the results show that this relationship is linear, indicating that the developed framework can be directly implemented for a certain number of buildings given an arbitrary PV profile.
Prognosis and survival of stage I endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS) and uterine adenosarcoma: Analysis of the National Cancer Database (NCDB).

e17569Background: Surgery is potentially curative in patients with stage I Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma (ESS) and uterine adenosarcoma; however, 20-40% patients will develop recurrence, suggesting n...
Going the Distance: Optimizing RNA-Seq Strategies for Transcriptomic Analysis of Complex Viral Genomes

ABSTRACT Transcriptome profiling has become routine in studies of many biological processes. However, the favored approaches such as short-read Illumina RNA sequencing are giving way to long-read sequencing platforms better suited to interrogating the complex transcriptomes typical of many RNA and DNA viruses. Here, we provide a guide—tailored to molecular virologists—to the ins and outs of viral transcriptome sequencing and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the major RNA sequencing technologies as tools to analyze the abundance and diversity of the viral transcripts made during infection.
The effects of Estrogen on the IFN signature in Lupus

Dendritic cells (DCs) are pivotal immune regulators and are important in the pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). We have previously found that DCs from female lupus-prone mice constitutively over-express Type I Interferon (IFN) responsive genes resembling the IFN Signature found in SLE patients. Since this Signature is present in pre-diseased mice, it may contribute to disease pathogenesis. Nucleic acids, major auto-antigens in lupus, are potent stimulators of innate immunity and may contribute to the IFN signature by stimulating DCs through TLR7 and 9. As SLE is ~9 times more likely to affect women than men and the onset of SLE is most often in the reproductive years of women, estrogens have been suggested to affect the IFN response. To investigate the effects of estrogen on the IFN signature, we studied conventional DCs (cDCs), from male and female Sle1,2,3 lupus prone mice or from wild type C57BL/6 mice, generated in media void of sterols with supplemental titrations of 17-beta-estradiol (E2). We have found that DCs from male pre-diseased lupus-prone mice express the IFN Signature found previously in female DCs. Furthermore, E2 stimulation, regardless of the sex of the DCs, modulates the activation of cDCs in response to TLR stimulation. Interestingly, while high levels of E2 in hormone replete conditions were capable of exacerbating the IFN signature, the difference seen between wild-type and Sle DCs in standard conditions indicates both an E2 and E2-independent exacerbation in the activation of Sle DCs.
Coronavirus Disease-2019 in Heart Transplant Recipients in Southeastern Michigan: A Case Series.

Abstract Background Since coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, the number of cases has risen exponentially. Clinical characteristics and outcomes among patients with orthotopic heart transplant (OHT) with COVID-19 remain poorly described. Methods We performed a retrospective case series of patients with OHT with COVID-19 admitted to 1 of 2 hospitals in Southeastern Michigan between March 21 and April 22, 2020. Clinical data were obtained through review of the electronic medical record. Final date of follow-up was May 7, 2020. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, radiologic, treatment, and mortality data were collected and analyzed. Results We identified 13 patients with OHT admitted with COVID-19. The mean age of patients was 61 ± 12 years, 100% were black males, and symptoms began 6 ± 4 days before admission. The most common symptoms included subjective fever (92%), shortness of breath (85%), and cough (77%). Six patients (46%) required admission to the intensive care unit. Two patients (15%) died during hospitalization. Conclusions Black men may be at increased risk for COVID-19 among patients with OHT. Presenting signs and symptoms in this cohort are similar to those in the general population. Elevated inflammatory markers on presentation appear to be associated with more severe illness.
Intrinsic Signal Amplification by Type-III CRISPR-Cas Systems Provides a Sequence-Specific Viral Diagnostic

Abstract To combat viral pandemics, there is an urgent need for inexpensive new technologies that enable fast, reliable, and scalable detection of viruses. Here we repurposed the type III CRISPR-Cas system for sensitive and sequence specific detection of SARS-CoV-2 in an assay that can be performed in one hour or less. RNA recognition by type III systems triggers Cas10-mediated polymerase activity, which simultaneously generates pyrophosphates, protons and cyclic oligonucleotides. We show that amplified products of the Cas10-polymerase are detectable using colorimetric or fluorometric readouts.
Digital Press Criticism: The Symbolic Dimensions of Donald Trump’s Assault on U.S. Journalists as the “Enemy of the People”

Digital press criticism, or the use of non-journalistic platforms as a means for critiquing journalism, is made possible by digital technologies that circumvent traditional media channels. This for...
Intestinal Microbiome in Preterm Infants Influenced by Enteral Iron Dosing.

OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to compare the intestinal microbiome in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants who received different enteral iron supplementation (EIS) doses. STUDY DESIGN Longitudinal stool collection in 80 VLBW infants were conducted up to 2 months postnatally in a prospective study. The 16S rRNA regions V4 was used to calculate microbiome compositions and the Piphillin software was used for bacterial functional prediction. Linear mixed effect models and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were performed to examine the relationships between initial EIS dosage and stool microbiome and bacterial functional potential. RESULTS There were 105 samples collected before and 237 collected after EIS started from infants with birth gestational age and weight of 28.1 ± 2.4 weeks and 1103 ± 210 g, respectively. The average postnatal age at start of EIS was 17.9 ± 6.9 days and the average initial EIS dose was 4.8 ± 1.1 mg · kg-1 · day-1. Infants who were started on ≥6 mg · kg-1 · day-1 had higher abundances of Proteus and Bifidobacterium and a lower alpha diversity than those started on lower doses (P < 0.05). Infants given higher EIS doses had higher bacterial predicted functional potentials for ferroptosis and epithelial invasion after 2 weeks post EIS. CONCLUSIONS Higher EIS dosage is linked to higher abundances of Proteus and Bifidobacterium, and a less diverse microbiome and higher predicted potential of bacterial epithelial invasion. These observational findings should be further studied in a randomized study to elucidate the optimal dosage of EIS in VLBW infants.
‘Between their hands a fabulous geography is born’: The Maghreb Generation and the Fight to Decolonise and Unite Africa’s Minds

This chapter follows a group of Luso-African militant-poets, chief amongst them Mario de Andrade, Marcelino Dos Santos, Amilcar Cabral, and Aquino Braganca, who used Rabat as a home base for anti-colonial activism in the Portuguese colonies starting in the late 1950s. The Moroccan government provided them with passports, headquarters, press coverage, and weapons. Morocco also served as a liberated space, on the African continent, for them to imagine what one could be in the wake of an empire. In Rabat, these militant-poets met young Moroccan writers who were haunted by similar concerns over their role in the postcolonial world, amongst them poet Abdellatif Laâbi founder of the Moroccan literary journal Souffles. Through their relationships with the members of Souffles, these Luso-Africans were able to build networks of support in Morocco that lasted long after the support of the Moroccan government had dried up.
The role of Vitamin B12 and genetic risk factors in the etiology of neural tube defects: A systematic review

Neural tube defects (NTDs) are birth defects that arise during embryogenesis when normal neural tube closure fails to occur. According to the World Health Organization, NTDs are detected annually in approximately 300,000 neonates worldwide. The exact etiology of NTDs remains complex and poorly understood. It is generally agreed that most NTD cases are of multifactorial origin, having a combination of multiple genes and a number of environmental risk factors. The role of folic acid, vitamin B12 deficiency, genetics and other risk factors, in the etiology of NTDs, has also been extensively studied. This knowledge synthesis brings together different types of evidence to update the role of vitamin B12 deficiency, genetics and other risk factors, in the etiology of NTDs. Following a PubMed search and screening for relevant articles, we included 40 studies in our review (30 case-control studies, 3 cross-sectional studies, 5 cohort studies, and 2 case reports). The available data showed that vitamin B12 levels were decreased in mothers and infants in NTD groups compared with control groups. Holo-transcobalamin, the active form of vitamin B12, was also found in lower levels in mothers with NTD-affected infants. Several studies reported elevated homocysteine levels in mothers and infants in NTD groups. Additionally, numerous studies reported links between genetic variants and increased NTD risk. These genes include GIF, LRP2, CUBN, TCb1R, MTHFR, and others. Several maternal factors have also been linked with significant NTD risk such as BMI, maternal diet, air pollutants, low maternal age, and many others. The majority of studies on NTDs have focused on the role of folic acid, hence there is a need for well-designed studies on the role of other risk factors like vitamin B12 deficiency in the etiology of NTDs.
Biomechanical characterization of the foot-ground interaction among Service members with unilateral transtibial limb loss performing unconstrained drop-landings: Effects of drop height and added mass.

Abstract There exist limited data to guide the development of methodologies for evaluating impact resilience of prosthetic ankle–foot systems, particularly regarding human-device interaction in ecologically valid scenarios. The purpose of this study was to biomechanically characterize foot–ground interactions during drop-landings among Service members with and without unilateral transtibial limb loss. Seven males with, and seven males without, unilateral transtibial limb loss completed six drop-landing conditions consisting of all combinations of three heights (20 cm, 40 cm, 60 cm) and two loads (with and without a 22.2 kg weighted vest). Peak ground reaction forces (GRF), vertical GRF loading rate and impulse, as well as ankle–foot, knee, and hip joint negative (absorption) powers and work were compared across groups (i.e., contralateral side and prosthetic side vs. uninjured controls) by height and load conditions. Loading occurred primarily in the vertical direction, and increased with increasing drop height and/or with added load. Vertical GRFs were overall ~ 15% smaller on the prosthetic side (vs. controls) with similar loading rates across limbs/groups. From the most challenging condition (i.e., 60 cm with 22 kg load), ankle–foot absorption energies on the prosthetic side were 64.6 (7.2) J; corresponding values were 187.4 (8.9) J for the contralateral limb and 161.2 (6.7) J among uninjured controls. Better understanding biomechanical responses to drop-landings in ecological scenarios will help inform future iterations of mechanical testing methodologies for evaluating impact resilience of prosthetic ankle–foot systems (enhancing prescription criteria and return-to-activity considerations) as well as identifying and mitigating risk factors for long-term secondary complications within the contralateral limb (e.g., joint degeneration).
Core cysteine residues in the PAN domain are critical for HGF/c-MET signaling

Abstract The Plasminogen-Apple-Nematode (PAN) domain, with a core of four to six cysteine residues, is found in > 28,000 proteins across 959 genera but its role in protein function is not fully understood. The PAN domain was initially characterized to be present in numerous proteins including hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Dysregulation of HGF-mediated signaling results in numerous deadly cancers. All biological impacts of HGF in cell proliferation are triggered by binding of HGF to its cell surface receptor, cellular mesenchymal-epidermal transition (c-MET). Here, we show that four PAN domain cysteine residues are essential for HGF/c-MET signaling. Mutating these residues resulted in retardation of perinuclear localization, cellular internalization of HGF and its receptor, c-MET, and c-MET ubiquitination. Our observations indicate that the PAN domain of HGF is required for the c-MET binding and subsequent c-MET autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of its downstream targets, protein kinase B (AKT), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Furthermore, transcriptional activation of HGF/c-MET signaling-related genes including matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), ETS translocation variant 1, 4, and 5 (ETV1, ETV4, ETV5), and early growth response 1 (EGR1) was impaired and cell proliferation was attenuated. These results suggest that core cysteine residues in the PAN domain are critical for HGF/c-MET interaction, c-MET mediated signal transduction, and cell survival. Thus, targeting the PAN domain of HGF may represent a mechanism for selectively regulating the binding and activation of the c-MET pathway. Significance HGF/c-MET signaling induces multifunctional cellular responses. Dysregulation of HGF/c-MET signaling cascade can lead to tumorigenesis by transforming normal cells to tumor cells. This work defines the importance of core cysteine residues in the PAN domain of HGF in downstream activation of HGF/c-MET signaling. To understand the role of cysteines in the PAN domain, PAN mutants of HGF were used to stimulate c-MET signaling in cells and the impact was delineated by determining phosphorylation and transcription of downstream targets. Mutations in core cysteines in the HGF-PAN domain completely blocked downstream phosphorylation and perinuclear accumulation of c-MET. These results suggest an indispensable role for the cysteine-rich PAN domain in HGF/c-MET interaction and could set the stage for future therapies that selectively disrupt the MET signaling cascade with limited off-target effects in tumors overexpressing HGF/c-MET.
“I Want to Be Safe…And I Also Want a Job”: Career Considerations and Decision-Making Among Transgender Graduate Students:

Trans individuals experience unique stressors related to their careers, such as discrimination, workplace harassment, navigating transition, and disclosure of their identity. The current study exam...
Known by the company she keeps: Women's friendship preferences influence interpersonal evaluations

Abstract The current research examined the factors that impact women's preference for male (vs. female) friends and how these preferences, in turn, impact how women are evaluated by others. Studies 1–2 demonstrated that women who prefer male (vs. female) friends reported greater mating and sexual success, placed less trust in female friends, and held more hostility towards other women. Study 2 also showed that women's distrust of female friends is predicted by greater perceived aggression from female peers, which in turn predicted greater preference for male friends. Studies 3–5 revealed that women (but not men) reported greater distrust of female targets who prefer male (vs. female) friends. Study 5 further found that women's decreased trust in female targets who prefer male (vs. female) friends was predicted by expectations that these targets possess more socially undesirable traits, more hostility towards other women, and greater sexual unrestrictedness. Together, results suggest the relationship between women's friendship preferences and other women's evaluations may be bidirectional. Women's preference for male friends was predicted by perceived aggression from and lack of trust in other women, and other women distrusted and inferred negative traits about women who preferred male friends.
Tuberculous Lymphadenitis and Parotitis

The incidence of tuberculosis has increased worldwide, resulting in an increased incidence of tuberculous lymphadenitis. Tuberculous infection in the parotid gland usually develops following infection of intraparotid lymph nodes. As the capsule of the infected lymph tissue breaks down, parotitis may ensue. Historically, lymph node and parotid tuberculosis was caused mainly by Mycobacterium bovis, but nearly all tuberculous lymphadenitis is now due to M. tuberculosis. Symptoms associated with tuberculous lymphadenitis depend largely on the location of involved nodes. Differential diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis or parotitis is extensive. Tuberculin skin testing is the most definitive noninvasive diagnostic procedure, yielding positive results in more than 90% of persons with tuberculous lymphadenitis. When diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis remains in doubt, biopsy material must be submitted for histology, culture, and potentially PCR. Cytologic findings identify granulomatous changes in 50 to 80% of patients with tuberculous lymphadenitis, but acid-fast bacilli are identified in only 30 to 60% and cultures are positive for only 20 to 80%. A recent systematic review found that nucleic acid amplification tests for tuberculous lymphadenitis produce highly variable and inconsistent results, precluding the determination of clinically meaningful results. Management of tuberculous lymphadenitis and parotitis involves appropriate use of antituberculous chemotherapy with the judicious use of surgical excision in a minority of patients. There are no published trials of therapy for parotitis, so guidelines for lymphadenitis should be followed. Treatment involves the use of combination antituberculous chemotherapy, with occasional need for surgical excision.
A Countable Hierarchy for the Superjump

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the countable hierarchy for the superjump. The notion of a recursive functional of finite type was introduced and the usefulness of this concept was illustrated by showing that the hyperarithmetical sets of integers were exactly the sets recursive in the type 2 object 2 E . There can be no countable hierarchy that generates the class of sets of integers recursive in a type 3 object that is at least as strong as 3 E . The chapter reviews Shoenfield's construction and discusses why it works. The superjump is described and the modified countable computation is given, which makes use of Shoenfield's hierarchy. The chapter presents a countable hierarchy of type 2 jumps, and uses its constructed hierarchy to derive some results about recursiveness.
Improving the quality and safety of macadamia nuts

Abstract: Macadamia nuts (Macadamia integrifolia and M. tetraphylla) are grown in subtropical and tropical regions and are valued for their delicate flavor, crunchy texture, and healthful oil profile. The highest quality kernels are cream colored, with 72 to 78% oil and 1.5% moisture. Two major quality defects of macadamias are kernel browning after roasting and off-flavor development caused by oxidation and rancidity during storage. Incremental drying to 1.5% kernel moisture content is critical to prevent kernel browning. Protection of the shelled nuts from moisture and oxygen during storage, delays rancidity and extends shelf-life.
Adolescent Activism for Postmodern HIV/AIDS Education: A New Social Movement

The present research argues that YELL (Youth Education Life Line), a committee of the group AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP), faces limitiations in its effort to pressure for frank HIV/AIDS education, not only because of its postmodern approach to education, but also its lack of political and economic resources. Using Touraine's perspective on social movement and the postmodern approach to education, the present research argues that “resource mobilization” and “identity” paradigms combined, rather than separately, offer a better theoretical understanding of the new social movement that adolescent activism for frank HIV/AIDS education represents.
A 75–110GHz micro machined high-Q tunable filter

A 75–110GHz (W band) high-Q tunable band pass filter is demonstrated. The band pass filter has low insertion loss, a Q of approximately 200 and can be tuned across the entire W waveguide band. This filter has a variety of uses including rejecting spurious signals generated from non-linear frequency multiplication and improving signal to noise ratio at the front end of a receiver. The tuning is achieved by actuating a resonant cavity by using a sub-micron resolution stepper motor.
Neural control of the urethra and development of pharmacotherapy for stress urinary incontinence

This review discusses the control of the urethra by the central nervous system, emphasizing the importance of nervous system control and the role of serotonin and noradrenaline in storage, micturition and sphincter reflexes. The concept of pharmacological neuromodulation and the use of pharmacological therapy as first-line therapy for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is presented. Coordination between the urinary bladder and urethra is mediated by many reflex pathways organized in the brain and spinal cord. During bladder filling, activation of mechanoreceptor afferent nerves in the bladder wall triggers firing in the cholinergic efferent pathways to the external urethral sphincter and in sympathetic adrenergic pathways to the urethral smooth muscle. These storage reflexes depend on interneuronal circuitry in the spinal cord and are modulated by descending pathways. It would therefore seem that neurotransmission in the central nervous system and periphery may be important in SUI, and moreover that pharmacological agents affecting these neurotransmitter pathways may be used to treat SUI. The central and peripheral mechanisms of action of duloxetine affect serotonin and noradrenaline neurotransmission in ways that may ameliorate the symptoms of SUI.
Short-chain volatile fatty acids modulate the expression of the hilA and invF genes of Salmonella typhimurium.

The ability of Salmonella Typhimurium to invade the intestinal mucosal cells is an important step in pathogenesis. This invasion process requires genes encoded on the Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1). Two transcriptional activators, HilA and InvF, encoded in SPI1 regulate the expression of invasion genes in response to environmental stimuli such as osmolarity, oxygen tension, and pH. During its pathogenic life cycle, Salmonella Typhimurium is also exposed to short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), especially acetate, propionate, and butyrate, in the intestinal lumen, as well as the SCFA used as food preservatives. The effects of SCFA on the expression of hilA and invF–lacZY transcriptional fusions were examined to determine the potential role of SCFA in the pathogenesis of Salmonella Typhimurium. Growth rates were reduced by increasing SCFA concentrations at pH 6 but not at pH 7. At pH 7, hilA and invF expression was induced by acetate but not by propionate or butyrate, while at pH 6, all SCFA induced hil...
Polyethlyene glycol microgels to deliver bioactive nerve growth factor.

Delivery of bioactive molecules is a critical step in fabricating materials for regenerative medicine, yet, this step is particularly challenging in hydrated scaffolds such as hydrogels. Although bulk photocrosslinked poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels have been used for a variety of tissue engineering applications, their capability as drug delivery scaffolds has been limited due to undesirable release profiles and reduction in bioactivity of molecules. To solve these problems, this article presents the fabrication of degradable PEG microgels, which are micron-sized spherical hydrogels, to deliver bioactive nerve growth factor (NGF). NGF release and activity was measured after encapsulation in microgels formed from either 3 kDa or 6 kDa PEG to determine the role of hydrogel mesh size on release. Microgels formed from 6 kDa PEG were statistically larger and had a higher swelling ratio than 3 kDa PEG. The 6 kDa PEG microgels provided a Fickian release with a reduced burst effect and 3 kDa microgels provided anomalous release over ≥20 days. Regardless of molecular weight of PEG, NGF bioactivity was not significantly reduced compared to unprocessed NGF. These results demonstrate that microgels provide easy mechanisms to control the release while retaining the activity of growth factors. As this microgel-based delivery system can be injected at the site of nerve injury to promote nerve repair, the potential to deliver active growth factors in a controlled manner may reduce healing time for neural tissue engineering applications. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 604–613, 2015.
Expanded bed adsorption of human serum albumin from very dense Saccharomyces cerevesiae suspensions on fluoride-modified zirconia.

The adsorption of proteins from high cell density yeast suspensions on mixed-mode fluoride-modified zirconia (FmZr) particles (38 to 75 microm, surface area of 29 m(2)/g and density of 2.8 g/cm(3)) was investigated using human serum albumin (HSA) added to Saccharomyces cerevesiae as the model expression host. Because of the high density of the porous zirconia particles, HSA (4 mg/mL) can be adsorbed from a 100 g dry cell weight (DCW)/L yeast suspension in a threefold-expanded bed of FmZr. The expanded bed adsorption of any protein from a suspension containing >50 g DCW/L cells has not been previously reported. The FmZr bed expansion characteristics were well represented by the Richardson-Zaki correlation with a particle terminal velocity of 3.1 mm/s and a bed expansion index of 5.4. Expanded bed hydrodynamics were investigated as a function of bed expansion using residence time distribution studies with sodium nitrite as the tracer. The adsorption of HSA on FmZr exhibited features of multicomponent adsorption due to the presence of dimers. The protein binding capacity at 5% breakthrough decreased from 22 mg HSA/mL settled bed void volume for 20 g DCW/L yeast to 15 mg HSA/mL settled bed void volume for 40 g DCW/L yeast and remained unchanged for the higher yeast concentrations (60 to 100 g DCW/L). However, the batch (or equilibrium) binding capacity decreased monotonically as a function of yeast concentration (20 to 100 g DCW/L) and the binding capacity at 100 g DCW/L yeast was fivefold lower compared with that at 20 g DCW/L yeast. The lower batch binding capacity at high cell concentrations resulted from the adsorption of cells at the surface of the particles restricting access of HSA to the intraparticle surface area. Batch (or equilibrium) and column HSA adsorption results indicated that the adsorption of HSA on FmZr occurred at a time scale that may be much faster than that of yeast cells. The zirconia particles were cleaned of adsorbed HSA and yeast with a total of 1500 to 2000 column volumes (over many cycles) of 0. 25 M NaOH, without any significant effect on the chromatographic performance.
Temperature dependence of protein-hydration hydrodynamics by molecular dynamics simulations

The dynamics of water molecules near the protein surface are different from those of bulk water and influence the structure and dynamics of the protein itself. To elucidate the temperature dependence hydration dynamics of water molecules, we present results from the molecular dynamic simulation of the water molecules surrounding two proteins (Carboxypeptidase inhibitor and Ovomucoid) at seven different temperatures (T=273 to 303 K, in increments of 5 K). Translational diffusion coefficients of the surface water and bulk water molecules were estimated from 2 ns molecular dynamics simulation trajectories. Temperature dependence of the estimated bulk water diffusion closely reflects the experimental values, while hydration water diffusion is retarded significantly due to the protein. Protein surface induced scaling of translational dynamics of the hydration waters is uniform over the temperature range studied, suggesting the importance protein-water interactions.
Planning and implementation: Coordinative planning in practice

Abstract The association between planning and implementation differs in various planning models; these differences are discussed. Implementation is one of the main concerns for coordinative planning, which involves interaction between organizations. Two cases illustrate how coordinative planning works in practice: the planning and expansion of Schiphol airport in The Netherlands, and the development planning of Ben Gurion airport in Israel. Analysis reveals the interdependence between each country's context and each case's planning process, highlighting differences that limit transferability. However, the comparison also identifies similarities, indicating some of the decisions related to successes and failures, and suggesting some links between institutional design and plan implementation.
Capsaicin as a source for painful stimulation in functional MRI.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to examine the brain processing of capsaicin-induced painful stimulation in the α-chloralose anesthetized rat. Experiments were performed on a 9.4-T magnet (Magnex, UK) with Avance console (Bruker, Germany) using a surface coil tuned to 400.5 MHz centred over the rat forebrain. Gradient-echo images of two slices, with an echo time of 25 msec, repetition time of 70 msec, and 50 repetitions, were acquired per experiment. These images were analyzed using a fuzzy cluster analysis technique (EvIdent™). Activation of areas of the brain known to be associated with the processing of pain, namely the anterior cingulate (bilateral), frontal cortex (bilateral), and sensory motor cortex (contralateral), was found in all animals (N = 6) following injection of 25μL of capsaicin (128μg/mL in 7.5% dimethylsulfoxide [DMSO]) into the dorsal forepaw. It is possible to reproduce the pain response in a given animal several times throughout the course of an experiment, provided that sufficient time is allowed between capsaicin injections. This acute phase of capsaicin-induced pain involving stimulation of C polymodal nociceptors was examined by functional imaging. There was a substantial initial increase in activation in regions of the brain associated with pain and there was a trend towards increasing activation with repeated stimulations. Treatment with morphine (3 mg/kg, intravenously) was found to substantially reduce, if not completely eliminate, the areas of functional activation associated with physiologic pain (anterior cingulate and frontal cortex) after C-nociceptor stimulation with capsaicin (N = 6). FMRI involving capsaicin-induced painful stimulation could prove to be an effective tool for the study of novel analgesics and the central nervous system processing of pain. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;14:341–347. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Factors Affecting Sulphonation of Eastern Black Spruce Wood Chips

Abstract Eastern black spruce, Picea mariana, chips have been treated to high yields, at temperatures from 72° to 150°C with sulphite solutions of pH 7 and total SO2 concentrations from 0.1 to 1.0 mol L-1. The rate of sulphonation of black spruce chips is directly proportional to the product of concentration of sites available for sulphonation and the total SO2 concentration. The energy of activation for sulphonation is 62.6 ± 2.3 kJ mol-1. The rate of lignin dissolution at pH 7 is dependent only upon the temperature. High total SO2 concentrations are necessary for the efficient production of high strength ultra-high yields pulps. It is postulated that sulphonation at pH 7 is governed by a rate limited addition of bisulphite to quinone methide intermediates formed from phenolic lignin units.
Public-Private Partnerships And Public Hospital Performance In São Paulo, Brazil

Public hospitals that are directly managed by government perform poorly in many developing countries. Approaches to improving them through internal managerial reforms have failed, and effective alt...
The cause of the hot spot in vegetation canopies and soils: Shadow-hiding versus coherent backscatter

Two different mechanisms, shadow-hiding and coherent backscatter, can cause a hot spot, or opposition effect, in the bidirectional reflectance of vegetation and soils. Because the two mechanisms sample different properties, it is important to know which one is primarily responsible in a given medium. This question can be answered by measuring the bidirectional reflectance in circularly polarized light. If the results of the limited experiments reported here can be extrapolated to a wider range of materials, it appears that the primary cause of the hot spot in most vegetation canopies and in moist, clumpy soils is shadow-hiding. However, in vegetation with large numbers of wavelength-sized structures, such as mosses, and in dry, fine-grained soils, the hot spot is dominated by coherent backscatter.
Teacher Decision Making in Participation of Students with Disabilities in Large-Scale Assessment.

This article reports on the findings of a study to test the effectiveness of an intervention with teachers and administrators to improve decision making regarding participation and accommodation for students with disabilities in large-scale assessments. Using a pretest/posttest, multiple measures design involving more than 80 teachers, the study assessed the impact of training on teacher's knowledge and confidence about participation and accommodation, accommodation decisions for hypothetical students, and actual accommodation decisions the following year. Results indicate that after training, there was a stronger relationship among participation/accommodation, curriculum, and instructional needs. Teachers expressed high confidence in their ability to make accommodation decisions after training.
Use of specific antibody for rapid clearance of circulating blood background from radiolabeled tumor imaging proteins.

A major problem that arises when radiolabeled serum proteins are used for tumor imaging is the presence of a large amount of circulating background activity that persists for several days. This delays imaging for at least 2 days following injection and necessitates computer subtraction of simulated background (second radiopharmaceutical injection) which introduces artifacts that are difficult to control. We propose here the injection of specific antibody immediately before imaging as an alternate way of reducing blood background through clearance of the immune complex by the liver. 111In-alkyl human transferrin and IgG were injected IV in BALB/c tumor mice, and followed in 18 h by anti-human transferrin and anti-human IgG antibody IV. Two hours later, the tumor and organ distribution of activity was compared with control mice not receiving antibody. 111In-transferrin blood activity was reduced to 1/48 of control with no decrease in tumor concentration: as a result, the tumor to blood ratio increased from 1.4:1 to 78:1. 111In-IgG blood activity was reduced to 1/17 of control, again with no decrease in tumor. The tumor to blood ratios increased from 0.7:1 to 17:1. The liver picked up most of the blood activity with none of the complex going to spleen, bone marrow, or kidney. Dog experiments showed clearance of blood was 90% complete in less than 15 min following antibody injection. Simultaneous scintillation images showed complete clearance of activity from the heart and great vessels in the chest and neck, and over the abdomen, with a concomitant increase in liver activity but no increase in spleen, kidney, or bone marrow activity. These studies show the feasibility of using specific antibody to lower the blood background just minutes prior to tumor imaging procedures using radiolabeled proteins.