cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A dental-facial attractiveness scale. Part II. Consistency of perception.

Abstract A previous report describes the reliability and validity of a scale designed to assess perceptions of dental-facial attractiveness, independent of occlusal function. The purpose of the present study was to assess the consistency of judgments of dental-facial attractiveness (DFA) for sex and race differences in photographed children. Using a five-point DFA scale, twelve college freshmen (three black females, three black males, three white females, three white males) rated ninety-six photographs of the mouths and jaws of 13- to 14-year-old children (twenty-four black females, twenty-four black males, twenty-four white females, twenty-four white males). No significant mean differences were found between the black and white children photographed or between the female and male children photographed. However, means were significantly different for DFA judgments by race and sex of the raters. Black raters judged all photographs to be more attractive than did white raters, and female raters judged all photographs to be more attractive than did male raters. Correlational data are presented describing consistency of perception within rater groups and photographed groups of children.
Rhythmic isometric fatigue patterns of the elbow flexors and knee extensors.

Abstract Twenty-seven male subjects performed two 5-min bouts of rhythmic, isometric elbow flexion and two similar bouts of knee extension at a rate of 30 maximal contractions per min. Exponential analyses revealed that the pattern of fatigue for each limb followed a single component curve of the form: Yt = a0e −Kot + c. An analysis of variance comparing the results from the two limbs revealed that (a) the strength scores for the leg were significantly (p < .05) higher than those for the arm throughout the exercise bouts; (b) both limbs experienced a significant strength decrement; and (c) there was significant interaction between trials and limbs. It appeared that the greater loss of strength by the knee extensors was reponsible for this interaction. It was concluded that during a rhythmic, all-out task, the rates of fatigue experienced by the two muscle groups tend to differ, with the elbow flexors fatiguing more rapidly initially but reaching a plateau at a relatively higher level than the knee extensors.
A Primer in Positive Psychology

Preface 1. What is Positive Psychology? 2. Learning about Positive Psychology: Not a Spectator Sport 3. Pleasure and Positive Experience 4. Happiness 5. Positive Thinking 6. Character Strengths 7. Values 8. Interests, Abilities, and Accomplishments 9. Wellness 10. Positive Interpersonal Relationships 11. Enabling Institutions 12. The Future of Positive Psychology References Index of Names Subject Index
The hypothalamic-pituitary axis of streptozotocin-induced diabetic female rats is not normalized by estradiol replacement.

Studies in diabetic rats haye found abnormalities at the hypothalamic, pituitary, and/or ovarian level but have not controlled for changes in estrogen levels induced by diabetes. The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of diabetes on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in ovariectomized rats treated with estradiol (E2). Ovariectomized 60 day old female rats were assigned to control (C, n = 42), diabetic (D, n = 47) or insulin-treated diabetic (DI, n = 16) groups. Diabetes was induced with an injection of streptozotocin in the D and DI groups. In the C, D, and DI groups, estrogen was replaced by implanting blank, 5 μg or 20 μg E2 pellets sc. Pituitary LH responsiveness to GnRH was assessed in C and D animals. Anterior hypothalamic and midhypothalamic concentrations of proGnRH and GnRH, pituitary LH and FSH and serum levels of LH, and E2 were measured by RIA. Anterior hypothalamic proGnRH concentrations were decreased in diabetic rats treated with 5 μg E2 compared to 5 μg E2 control animals (P...
IN SITU A.C. IMPEDANCE STUDIES OF OXIDE FILM GROWTH ON ZIRCALOY-4 IN HIGH TEMPERATURE/HIGH PRESSURE STEAM

Abstract Ex situ impedance spectroscopy has been used to study the electrical properties of the oxide films formed on Zircaloy-2 and Zircaloy-4 in the as-received and (α + β) water quenched conditions after exposure to steam at 500°C and 650 psi. The as-received alloys develop nodular attack after relatively short exposure times under these experimental conditions. Water-quenching from α + β domain significantly improves the short term resistance of the two alloys to nodular attack. After sufficiently long steam exposure times, nodular corrosion was also observed for this heat treatment. The Nyquist impedance spectra for the black non-attacked oxide surfaces are semicircular in form, as expected for a charge transfer process through a resistive film. For those cases in which specimen surfaces were extensively attacked by nodular corrosion, the impedance spectra take the form of a series of highly-depressed semicircles that are consistent with the existence of multiple parallel electronically-conducting paths probably related to pores in the oxide into which electrolyte penetration occurs.
Local detectors for high-resolution spectral analysis: Algorithms and performance

This paper develops local signal detection strategies for spectral resolution of frequencies of nearby tones. The problem of interest is to decide whether a received noise-corrupted and discrete signal is a single-frequency sinusoid or a double-frequency sinusoid. This paper presents an extension to M. Shahram and P. Milanfar (On the resolvability of sinusoids with nearby frequencies in the presence of noise, IEEE Trans. Signal Process., to appear, available at http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/~milanfar) the case where the noise variance is unknown. A general signal model is considered where the frequencies, amplitudes, phases and also the level of the noise variance is unknown to the detector. We derive a fundamental trade-off between SNR and the minimum detectable difference between the frequencies of two tones, for any desired decision error rate. We also demonstrate that the algorithm, when implemented in a practical scenario, yields significantly better performance compared to the standard subspace-based methods like MUSIC. It is also observed that the performance for the case where the noise variance is unknown, is very close to that when the noise variance is known to the detector. r.
Barotropic Stability and Tropical Disturbances

Abstract This paper attempts to determine under what conditions horizontal shear in the mean zonal flow can provide the initial source of energy for the traveling disturbances of low latitudes. A three-zone barotropic model is constructed in order to examine the stability of an idealized mean zonal current. The width and total wind shear associated with this mean current are varied. The form of growing disturbances and their amplification rates are found. A stability analysis is also carried out for a basic flow which has a hyperbolic tangent variation with latitude. Results obtained by numerical integration for this basic flow are similar to those found previously with the three-zone model. In discussing his easterly wave model, Yanai indicates a basic flow which has a total wind shear of about 8 m sec–1 occurring over approximately 6° of latitude. Results obtained for a basic flow with these characteristics show that the fastest growing wave has a wavelength near 2500 km and an e-folding time of about 7...
Multi-agent formation maintenance and target tracking

In this paper, we introduce distance-based control laws for the multi-agent formation maintenance and target tracking problems. Using a single-integrator agent model, the proposed controls consist of a formation acquisition term, dependent on the potential function and graph rigidity matrix, and a formation maintenance or target tracking term. The control laws are only a function of the relative position of agents in an infinitesimally and minimally rigid graph, and either the desired velocity of the formation or the target's relative position to the leader and absolute velocity. A Lyapunov analysis shows that the origin of the distance error dynamics is locally exponentially stable, and, as a consequence, formation maintenance or target tracking can be readily proven.
Two-stage adoption of different types of pollution prevention (P2) activities

Abstract Pollution prevention (P2) remains the key pollution reduction strategy in the US despite its limited success in improving environmental performance. To aid the targeting of policies to promote the types of P2 that achieve environmental goals, this study investigates the intricate nature of P2 adoption by (1) distinguishing among three types of P2: procedural changes, input and material changes and equipment and product changes, (2) disentangling the adoption decision into a binary and a count decision, and (3) analyzing benefit- and cost-related factors. Using a sample of facilities of S&P 500 firms, I employ NB hurdle models to analyze how facilities respond to these factors in making P2 adoption decisions. I find that facilities that have lower cost of adoption due to past P2 experience have higher likelihood of adoption and higher rates of adoption of all types of P2. However, those exposed to greater threat of enforcement action find limited scope for P2 in achieving environmental compliance objectives. Some regulatory threat variables even have a negative effect. Facilities also adopt P2 to enjoy market-related benefits: final good producers are more likely to adopt P2 that appeal to consumers (input and material changes), while intermediate good producers are more likely to adopt P2 that is valued by its supply chain (procedural changes). Community characteristics and other knowledge sources are not always positively associated with the likelihood of adoption nor with the rate of adoption.
The Photodissociation of Pyridine at 193 nm

Using photofragmentation translational spectroscopy, the primary processes involved in the photodissociation of pyridine are investigated at 193 nm. Upon absorption of a single photon, HCN + C4H4, CH3 + C,H2N, C3H3 + C2H2N, and H + C5H4N are the observed primary pathways, with relative yields of 59%, 21%, 11%, and 9%, respectively. This paper reports the experimental details and results of this study. Comparison of the results of this study with a previous study in our laboratory investigating the photolysis of benzene serves as a direct measure of the strong influence substitution of a heteroatom in an aromatic ring can have on a molecule's photochemistry.
Dimensions of Marital Roles in Consumer Decision Making

Researchers often make oversimplified assumptions about the structure of husband-wife roles in consumer decisions and the sufficiency of responses from one spouse. Questions about the dimensionalit...
Prior Methamphetamine Self-Administration Attenuates Serotonergic Deficits Induced by Subsequent High-Dose Methamphetamine Administrations

Abstract Background Pre-clinical studies indicate that high-dose, non-contingent methamphetamine (METH) administration both rapidly and persistently decreases serotonergic neuronal function. Despite research indicating the hippocampus plays an important role in METH abuse and is affected by METH use, effects of METH self-administration on hippocampal serotonergic neurons are not well understood, and were thus an important focus of the current study. Because humans often administer METH in a binge-like pattern, effects of prior METH self-administration on a subsequent “binge-like” METH treatment were also examined. Methods Rats were treated as described above, and sacrificed 1 or 8 d after self-administration or 1 h or 7 d after the final binge METH or saline exposure. Hippocampal serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5HT) content and transporter (SERT) function were assessed. Results METH self-administration per se had no persistent effect on hippocampal 5HT content or SERT function. However, this treatment attenuated the persistent, but not acute, hippocampal serotonergic deficits caused by a subsequent repeated, high-dose, non-continent METH treatment administered 1 d the last self-administration session. No attenuation in persistent deficits were seen when the high-dose administration of METH occurred 15 d after the last self-administration session. Conclusions The present findings demonstrate that METH self-administration alters serotonergic neurons so as to engender “tolerance” to the persistent serotonergic deficits caused by a subsequent METH exposure. However, this “tolerance” does not persist. These data provide a foundation to investigate complex questions including how the response of serotonergic neurons to METH may contribute to contingent-related disorders such as dependence and relapse.
Family-Responsive Individualized Family Service Plans for Speech-Language Pathologists.

Speech-language pathologists are the most frequent providers of services to infants and toddlers who have disabilities and their families. Because of this role, they are often involved with the fam...
Managing the Toxic Waste Problem: Lessons from the Love Canal

Toxic waste disposal is likely to be among the most serious and far-reaching problems of public policy and management for the rest of this century. This article presentsfindings on the nature of the problem drawn from a study of thefirst major toxic waste disaster, Love Canal. Based on these findings, the authors identify legislative, organizational, andfiscal dimensions that require policy research and development. Their conclude that a collaborative effort between public-and private-sector interests is essential in dealing with the challenge.
Membrane damage by a toxin from the sea anemone Stoichactis helianthus. I. Formation of transmembrane channels in lipid bilayers.

Abstract The addition of nanomolar amounts of a toxin preparation derived from the sea anemone Stoichactis helianthus to black lipid membranes increases their electrical conductance by one million-fold. In addition, the membranes become permeable predominantly to monovalent cations. The elevated bilayer conductance is voltage-dependent, and the current-voltage curves of these bilayers display rectification as well as a region of negative resistance. The membrane activity of the toxin is proportional to the third power of its concentration, and at very low concentrations the membrane conductance increases in discrete uniform steps. These observations indicate that the mechanism of toxin action involves the formation of transmembrane channels constructed by the aggregation of protein molecules which are inserted in the bilayer. The voltage-dependent membrane conductance arises from two distinct channel characteristics: (1) the unit conductance of individual channels is dependent on the polarity of applied voltage; (2) the number of ion-conducting channels is influenced by the polarity as well as the magnitude of applied potential. It is believed that these effects are due to the influence of an electric field on the insertion of toxin molecules into the bilayer or on their subsequent association with each other to produce channels. Partial chemical characterization of the toxin material has shown that the membrane active factor is a basic protein with a molecular weight of 17 500.
Anthropometric asymmetry in normal and mentally retarded males

Anthropometric asymmetry was considered in a sample of 202 normal and about 200 mentally retarded males. In addition to height, 11 bilateral measurements of bone, soft tissue and strength were taken. Differences between bilateral measurements were analysed in terms of absolute and signed differences, and in terms of the differences corrected for height. Mentally retarded individuals show greater anthropometric asymmetry than normal individuals in both absolute measurements and those corrected for height. The distributions of the differences, both absolute and signed, are also broader in the retarded, and variances of the left-right differences are greater than variances associated with measurement. Left-right differences between the normal and retarded males occur primarily in the upper extremity; in contrast, side differences in the lower extremity are not great. Within the mentally retarded sample, there are no significant left-right differences among different I.Q. groups. However, there are significant differences among aetiological categories, and those with neurological impairment are more structurally asymmetrical.
The effects of ECS and hypoxia on information retrieval

Abstract Seven groups of rats were trained in a passive avoidance task. All groups were tested 24 hr later to assure retention of the task. One group of animals was then administered an ECS treatment. Three groups were administered an ECS treatment under conditions which eliminate or reduce the production of hypoxia. Another group was exposed to a nitrogen atmosphere to induce hypoxia by a different method. All groups were then retested for retention of the passive avoidance task 3 and 24 hr later. The results indicate that ECS or nitrogen inhalation (both hypoxia producing treatments) produce an amnesia for the passive avoidance task at the 3 hr retest but not at the 24 hr retest. In contrast, minimizing or eliminating the hypoxic consequences of an ECS treatment does not result in a temporary amnesic effect.
Dietary fat saturation and cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis in aging rats

Male and female rats were fed 40% of calories as beef tallow (BT) (polyunsaturated to saturated (P:S) fatty acid ratio = 0.17) or a mix of safflower oil and beef tallow to give a P:S of 0.94 (M) in a nutritionally complete diet. Groups were killed at 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21 months of age and fatty acid and cholesterol concentration and synthesis in liver in vivo were measured. Serum cholesterol concentration and appearance of newly synthesized lipid were also determined. Serum cholesterol concentration increased with age regardless of diet. Fatty acid synthesis from alanine was generally similar to that reported for acetate in response to variables, being higher in females than males and in males consuming BT diet than those consuming M diet. Cholesterol synthesis from alanine was similar to that reported from acetate with regard to sex effect (females higher than males), but did not differ in response to diet. The latter is contrary to reports for acetate incorporation, which has been higher for more polyunsaturated dietary fats. Female rats exhibited very high rates of incorporation of alanine into both fatty acids and cholesterol at 12–18 months of age when they were fed beef tallow. This effect was not observed in females fed mixed fat nor in males. The 21 month old BT females had alanine incorporation rates more like the rats at early ages. This decline at advanced age may be the result of death of those with high synthesis rates and survival of those with lower rates.
Vitamin E reduction of lipid peroxidation products in rats fed cod liver oil and ethanol.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of vitamin E supplementation on ethanol- and cod liver oil-induced lipid peroxidation. Adult male rats received diets containing ethanol, cod liver oil and supplemented with vitamin E for 28 days. Following treatment, hepatic conjugated dienes, lipid fluorescence, and exhalation of ethane were measured as indices of lipid peroxidation. Ethane expiration over a 3-hour period was reduced by 96% in rats fed ethanol supplemented with vitamin E. Exhalation of ethane was increased by CLO feeding but was reduced 89% in the CLO-fed rats supplemented with vitamin E. In addition, ethane production was elevated in rats fed ethanol plus CLO compared to rats fed diets containing CLO supplemented with vitamin E. Supplementation of the CLO diet with vitamin E also significantly decreased hepatic conjugated fatty acid dienes levels. Levels of hepatic conjugated fatty acid dienes from rats fed ethanol plus vitamin E were reduced 91% compared to rats fed ethanol diets. Additionally, hepatic lipid fluorescence expressd as per mg of hepatic phospholipid basis was also significantly increased in rat groups fed vitamin E. ethanol, and cod liver oil diets. Where vitamin E was added to these same diets a significant decrease of hepatic lipid peroxidation products occurred. The observed reduction in lipid peroxidation by vitamin E may be useful to retard lipid peroxides derived materials involved in the development of alcoholic liver diseases.
Correctional prediction and the Level of Supervision Inventory

Abstract The Level of Supervision Inventory (LSI) has garnered attention as a useful correctional classification and prediction instrument in Canadian settings, and has also been used in the U.S. The predictive utility of the LSI was tested on a sample of male community corrections clients in Fort Collins, Colorado using halfway house program completion, recidivism on any crime, and felony recidivism as outcome variables. Bivariate correlations, Relative Improvement Over Chance (RIOC) analysis, and logistic regression were used to analyze the data. The findings raise questions regarding the predictive value of the LSI on this population.
A Critique of Certain Half Plane Diffraction Analyses

ABSTRACT When solving the diffraction problem of an electromagnetic wave incident on a half plane subject to a mixed boundary condition, the analysis can be simplified by using the field components normal to the surface. Although this is the procedure generally employed, it is shown that the Wiener-Hopf analysis may involve quantities whose edge singularities are non-integratable, and whose Fourier transforms do not exist in the classical sense. A method for overcoming the difficulty is presented.
Perceptions of health risk susceptibility in methadone maintained smokers.

Abstract Despite the well-established health hazards associated with cigarette smoking, research indicates that many smokers underestimate their personal susceptibility to these health risks. Previous studies have examined this discrepancy, but validation of measures is lacking. The purpose of this investigation was to develop and validate a measure of smokers’ perceptions of their own smoking-related health consequences. The Smokers’ Perceived Health Risk Evaluation (SPHERE) was administered at baseline to 255 smokers recruited for a cessation trial at two methadone maintenance treatment programs in Providence, Rhode Island. The scale consisted of two 3-item subscales each demonstrating good to excellent internal consistency reliability: Smoking-Related Health (α = .66) and Smoking-Related Risk (α = .87). The subscales correlated with common smoking-related pulmonary symptoms, previous treatment for smoking-related illnesses, the physical health functioning scale of the SF-12, and participants' perceived...
Radar cross section of a small low-pitch angle helix

A method of calculating the radar cross section of a dipole deformed into a helix of low-pitch angle is briefly discussed. Theoretical backscatter results are presented that show how the cross section varies as the helix coils into several turns. An interesting property of the current distribution is also discussed.
Thermoregulatory effects following exposure to particulate matter in healthy and cardiopulmonary-compromised rats

Abstract Epidemiological studies have correlated human exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) with increased morbidity and mortality, particularly in cardiopulmonary-compromised individuals. We conducted experimental studies using radiotelemetry methodology to examine the effects of PM exposure in healthy and compromised rats. Examples of ambient, combustion, and natural source particles, along with their primary metallic constituents, were tested in rodent models chosen to simulate human conditions of systemic hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary inflammation, and general cardiac stress. Results indicate that PM induces a robust hypothermia, along with significant decreases in cardiac function, leading to arrhythmogenesis and lethality. These results support those of previous epidemiological studies.
A biochemical study of the carrageenan-induced granuloma in the rat lung.

Intralobular injection of carrageenan in the rat lung induced a chronic granulomatous response, characterized by a prolonged accumulation of macrophages within the affected lobe. This was accompanied by moderate but significant increases in lysosomal beta-acetyl glucosaminidase, cathepsin B1, and neutral protease activity. Beta-acetyl glucosaminidase and cathepsin B1 activities peaked on day 16 post carrageenan injection and cathepsin B1 activity peaked again on day 112. These enzyme peaks correlated with previous morphological findings that numerous PMNs and carrageenan-containing macrophages were present in the alveoli on day 16 and on day 112. Lymphocytes and plasma cells were present in the alveoli on day 112 in addition to the numerous carrageenan-filled large macrophages. The caseinolytic enzyme activity was significantly elevated over controls throughout the duration of the experiment but no distinct peaks of activity were observed. Based on determinations of total collagen, insoluble collagen, sal...
3D-QSAR analysis of antimalarial farnesyltransferase inhibitors based on a 2,5-diaminobenzophenone scaffold.

Abstract With annual death tolls in the millions and emerging resistance to existing drugs, novel therapies are needed against malaria. Wiesner et al. recently developed a novel class of antimalarials derived from farnesyltransferase inhibitors based on a 2,5-diaminobenzophenone scaffold. The compounds displayed a wide range of activity, including submicromolar, against the multi-drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain Dd2. In order to investigate quantitatively the local physicochemical properties involved in the interaction between drug and biotarget, we used the 3D-QSAR methods CoMFA and CoMSIA to study some of the series, including the screened lead compound 2,5-bis-acylaminobenzophenone, 28 cinnamic acid derivatives, 29 N-(3-benzoyl-4-tolylacetylaminophenyl)-3-(5-aryl-2-furyl)acrylic acid amides, and 34 N-(4-substituted-amino-3-benzoylphenyl)-[5-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-furyl]acrylic acid amides. We found that steric, electrostatic, and hydrophobic properties of substituent groups play key roles in the bioactivity of the series of compounds, while hydrogen bonding interactions show no obvious impact. We built several highly predictive 3D-QSAR models, including a CoMSIA one composed of steric, electrostatic, and hydrophobic fields, with r2 = 0.94, q2 = 0.63, and r pred 2 = 0.63 . The results provide insight for optimization of this class of antimalarials for better activity and may prove helpful for further lead optimization.
Biology of urothelial tumorigenesis: insights from genetically engineered mice

Urothelium, one of the slowest cycling epithelia in the body, embodies a unique biological context for cellular transformation. Introduction of oncogenes into or removing tumor suppressor genes from the urothelial cells or a combination of both using the transgenic and/or knockout mouse approaches has provided useful insights into the molecular mechanisms of urothelial transformation and tumorigenesis. It is becoming increasingly clear that over-activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) pathway, as exemplified by the constitutively activated Ha-ras oncogene, is both necessary and sufficient to initiate the low-grade, non-invasive urothelial carcinomas. Dosage of the mutated Ha-ras, but not concurrent inactivation of pro-senescence molecules p16Ink4a and p19Arf, dictates whether and when the low-grade urothelial carcinomas arise. Inactivation of both p53 and pRb, a prevailing paradigm previously proposed for muscle-invasive urothelial tumorigenesis, is found to be necessary but insufficient to initiate this urothelial carcinoma variant. Instead, downregulation in p53/pRb co-deficient urothelial cells of p107, a pRb family member, is associated with the genesis of the muscle-invasive bladder cancers. p53 deficiency also seems to be capable of cooperating with that of PTEN in eliciting invasive urothelial carcinomas. The genetically engineered mice have improved the molecular definition of the divergent pathways of urothelial tumorigenesis and progression, helped delineate the intricate crosstalk among different genetic alterations within a urothelium-specific context, identified new prognostic markers and novel therapeutic targets potentially applicable for clinical intervention, and provided in vivo platforms for testing preventive strategies of bladder cancer.
FACTORS AFFECTING OOSPORE GERMINATION OF HETEROTHALLIC PYTHIUM SPLENDENS

Oospores from a cross between (+) and (-) mating types of Pythium splendens had a germination rate of only 2–3% on nutrient media. When oospores from 20-day-old cultures were treated with 0.25% KMn...
Wireless techniques in optical transport

The field of optical communications is undergoing a transformation from analog to digital. Advanced signal processing techniques which have been widely used in wireless communications and local access loops are now being applied to long haul optical transmission networks. In this paper, we discuss the implications of such transformations and postulate a new paradigm for optical transport in future high speed optical backbone networks.
Data summarization ontology-based query processing

Highlights? Data summarization query system is discussed. ? A generic structure of ontology for data summarization query system is proposed. ? A framework of ontology-based query language of data summarization based on the proposed ontology structure is developed. ? A prototype project of data summarization ontology-based Query by Examples (QBE) is presented. Data summarization has recently received considerable attention in the knowledge systems community. This paper discusses the design of data summarization query system. Based on an initial analysis of requirement representations in data summarization, the study develops a generic organization of ontology for data summarization query system. Furthermore, this paper proposes a framework of ontology-based query language of data summarization based on the proposed ontology structure. A prototype project of data summarization ontology-based Query by Examples (QBE) for summarizing the data incompleteness demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed framework.
Global scale-up on reservoir models with piecewise constant permeability field

Global scale-up was first proposed in the 1980s, and its benefits are well-described in the literature. However, global scale-up has not been widely applied in practice due to significant technical challenges. In this paper, we analyze some of the theoretical and numerical difficulties and present practical resolutions. First, we derive the flux and energy formulations for scale-up by using a Multiscale Finite Element framework. These formulations can be applied to local, extended local and global scale-up. Then we present a new method to improve scale-up accuracy for geo-cellular models with piecewise constant permeability. On these models, large jumps in the permeability field lead to well-known singularities in the flow solutions, making them difficult to be calculated accurately. We show that inaccurate flow solutions can lead to large scale-up errors. To mitigate the effect of the singularities and improve the scale-up accuracy, we have developed a hybrid method for solving flows which utilizes the f...
A COMPARISON OF 3H- AND 14C-GLUCOSE METABOLISM IN THE INTACT RAT.

DURING the course of using glucose-6-3H in an investigation of glucose turnover in rats, apparent values were obtained for the size of the body glucose pool, the glucose space, and the rates of glucose production and utilization, which were obviously too large when compared to similar work1,2 using glucose labelled with carbon-14. The possibility was considered that the tritium label on carbon six did not represent the entire glucose molecule, thereby giving inaccurate values for the foregoing parameters of carbohydrate metabolism.
Improved bounds for a condition number for Markov chains

Abstract Let P be the transition matrix for an n -state, homogeneous, ergodic Markov chain. Set Q = I − P and let Q # =[ q # i , j ] be the group (generalized) inverse of Q . A well-known condition number, due to Funderlic and Meyer, which is used in the error analysis for the computation of the stationary distribution vector π =[ π 1 ,…, π n ] T of the chain, is κ 4 :=max 1⩽ i , j ⩽ n | q # i , j |. In this paper we refine two upper estimates on κ 4 due to Meyer. In the course of proving one of our results we show that | q # i , j |⩽ π j (1− π i )∥ Q −1 j ∥ ∞ , where Q j is the ( n −1)×( n −1) principal submatrix of Q obtained from deleting its j th row and column, and we characterize the case of equality. The fact that we have a tight upper bound on the individual entries of the group inverse allows us to apply it in other contexts in which the group inverse arises. For an irreducible nonnegative matrix, such applications include, for instance, bounds on the second order partial derivative of the Perron root with respect to any entry of the matrix and on the elasticity of the Perron root with respect to any entry of the matrix.
The rotating square illusion

Twenty subjects viewed displays of square and trapezoidal luminous dot figures rotating about a vertical axis in both polar and parallel projections. The frequency of reported oscillation of the rotating figures was as high for the squares as for the trapezoids, provided that the squares contained static slant information in the form of internal texture gradients. Previously reported oscillation effects using shapes other than trapezoids have generally been unreliable, with a subject as likely to see rotation as oscillation for a given cycle, and then only in parallel projection. As a consequence, linear perspective information in trapezoidal shape has been taken to be the indispensable element for obtaining a strong oscillation effect. The authors argue that in the construction of the rotating object, a required condition for reliably producing the effect is a violation ofsome optical constraint regarding slant information, not necessarily one involving linear perspective.
Gender Differences in Negative Psychological Responses to Crisis News: The Case of the I-35W Collapse

Although past research suggests that media dependencies may be especially strong during crises and other times of uncertainty, little is known about gender differences in both information seeking and responses under these conditions. This study explores these differences using data collected from Minneapolis residents following the I-35W bridge collapse. Results do not support gender differences in information seeking, but indicate substantive differences in negative psychological responses. Recent research on rumination is offered as a potential explanation for these findings.
Development of an artificial neural network-based software for prediction of power plant canal water discharge temperature

Power plant cooling water systems that interact with nearby effluents are complex non-linear, large-time-delay systems. A neural network-based software tool was developed for prediction of the canal water discharge temperature at a coal-fired power plant as a function of plant operating parameters and local weather conditions, including tide information. The plant has four units totaling an installed capacity of 1550MW and its water thermal discharge is environmentally regulated. In the summer months, when the price of electricity is very profitable and the risk of exceeding the canal temperature limit is greater, the tradeoff between maximum generation and environmental compliance violations is financially significant. The software is a predictive tool to assist in scheduling load generation among the plant's four units without exceeding a thermal discharge limit of 95^oF. Back propagation neural network architectures were trained using plant operating data with an 'off-set' component. The artificial intelligence models produced reasonable trends for year-round prediction and different operational scenarios. Comparison of measured and predicted canal temperatures indicated an accuracy of less than 0.3^oF over the range between 90 and 95^oF. The software tool was developed as an Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) for Process Control (OPC) client, with real-time communication and interface with the plant Distributed Control System (DCS).
A history of atmospheric tritium gas (HT) 1950–2002

Data collected as a part of this study from 1968–2002 and data from other studies from 1950–1967 show that themaximum atmospheric concentration of tritium gas (HT) occurred in the early to mid 1970s, which corresponds to theera of frequent, large underground nuclear tests. These data clearly show that the major source of HT to the atmospherebetween 1962 and the early 1990s was the underground testing of nuclear weapons. Samples collected at both ourAlaska and Miami stations clearly show marked increases in the autumn of each year between 1970 and 1975 that wereassociated with large underground explosions conducted by the former Soviet Union at the Novaya Zemlya test site.Other significant sources of HT include accidental releases of HT used in the manufacture and maintenance of nuclearweapons stockpiles, the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel rods and emissions from nuclear power plants. Since theearly 1990s, when underground testing largely ceased, emission estimates from our data agree very well with UnitedNations estimates of worldwide releases from fuel reprocessing and nuclear power plants, suggesting that the nuclearpower industry is now the major source of HT to the atmosphere. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2004.00103.x
Modeling of Ge-Si heterojunction bipolar transistors for use in silicon monolithic millimeter-wave integrated circuits

Treating Ge-Si layers as narrow-bandgap silicon, both one-dimensional calculations and two-dimensional simulations have been carried out on heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) with varying emitter widths. The results indicate that high-speed operation can be achieved with Ge-Si HBTs, although the maximum of both the unity gain frequency and the frequency at which the unilateral gain becomes unity occurred at lower current densities than expected from the simple model. Additional simulations indicate that by lowering both the base and emitter concentrations, higher cutoff frequencies can be obtained. Similarly, increasing the collector concentration would allow higher current operation, further improving device performance. >
A cooperative calculation of geometries, energetics and electric properties of water trimers and tetramers

The cooperative model of Campbell and Mezei reproduces Kistenmacher, Lie, Popkie and dementi's Hartree-Fock energy for (H2O)4 with only a 3% error. Permanent multipole electric fields at the O nuclei and induced dipole vectors have been calculated. Analysis of a redetermination of the geometry of (H2O)4 suggests the probable symmetry of the structure at the energy minimum. The non-additive and the cooperative energies (defined below) are reported. A non-cooperative calculation of the non-additivity introduces a substantial error.
Adenylate kinase from baker's yeast. II. Substrate specificity.

1. 1. Km's were determined for nucleotides serving as substrates for yeast adenylate kinase (ATP:AMP phosphotranferase, EC 2.7.4.3), which included AMP, ADP, ATP, ITP, GMP, and GTP. IMP could not serve as a substrate and ITP greatly influenced and increased the Km of AMP. The adenosine deoxyribose derivatives could serve as substrates but at one thousandth the rate of the ribose homologs. 2. 2. The specificity of yeast adenylate kinase was determined with respect to the requirements for the ribose and purine moieties and the substituents on the purine ring. Among the adenosine nucleotides, the decreasing order of specificity was determined as follows: ADP > AMP > ATP. 3. 3. Several divalent cations were effective in potentiating the enzymic activity. The order of decreasing effectiveness was Mg2+ > Ca2+ > Mn2+ > Ba2+. 4. 4. Binding studies indicated that yeast adenylate kinase has two binding sites with different binding specificities. Evidence is presented to show that the site binding nucleotides uncomplexed with cation has the higher specificity. 5. 5 Comparisons are made between yeast adenylate kinase and myokinase with respect to similarities and differences.
A note on the theory of communication through social channels

In a previous paper (Bull. Math. Biophysics,12, 215, 1950) a theory of transmission of information through a chain of individuals was developed. It was assumed that each individual can exhibit only two mutually exclusive reactions, which serve as signals, thus transmitting to his neighbor one bit of information per signal. In the present paper the theory is generalized to the case of any numberm of mutually exclusive reactions, giving thus log2 m bits per signal. The general character of the process of transmission remains very much the same as before; the mathematical expression becoming, however, more complicated.
Global versus local processing: Is there a hemispheric dichotomy?

Abstract A major dichotomy proposed for lateralized information processing is that the right and left cerebral hemispheres are “global” and “analytic” processors respectively. Here three experiments employed a tachistoscopic recognition paradigm with letter patterns varying in size and composition. No visual field asymmetries in RT were found in the first two experiments, although statistical power was high and a Stroop-like effect (“global precedence”) was supported. Experiment 3 resulted in a right field advantage for vocal naming responses yet no asymmetry for manual responses, suggesting that both hemispheres can recognize global and local patterns, but that introduction of a laterally controlled response independently determines asymmetry.
Assembly of a Noncovalent DNA Junction on Graphene Sheets and Electron Transport Characteristics

Single-stranded (ss) DNA readily absorbs on graphene nanoribons (GNR) due to van der Waals interactions. Such absorption can be used for a single ssDNA characterization, enabling potential applications in biotechnology as well as in chemical and biological sensing. We analyze, using molecular dynamics simulations, the attachment process of the DNA codon GAG drifted by an external electric field on a gapped graphene nanoribbon. We calculate the quantum electron transport through a noncovalent junction GNR–DNA surrounded by a water monolayer with sodium counterions. We find that the GNR–DNA junction is stable in aqueous conditions at room temperature and at 330K. The DNA molecule causes a smooth transition to the conductive state of the gapped graphene; we estimate a detectable electronic signal of ∼2 nA, which allows us to identify the DNA molecule bridging the gapped graphene.
Ties That Do Not Bind: Musings on the Specious Relevance of Academic Research.

This article discusses the lack of congruence between academic research and practice in the field of public administration. It argues that this disconnect can be traced to the ambiguous and conflicting goals and expectations of scholarly research: (1) the creation of theoretical versus pragmatic knowledge; (2) the use of data-supported versus logic-driven information; (3) the use of the scientific method versus case studies; (4) the prestige of academic-oriented versus practitioner-oriented journals; and (5) the pressures of academic tenure versus the need for organizational effectiveness. The article explores the state of academic research in other disciplines and offers five solutions to narrow the gap between the academy and the agency settings.
H2-Calponin Regulates Adhesion and Migration of Macrophages

Calponin is an actin filament-associated regulatory protein. The h2 isoform of calponin is found in both smooth muscle and non-muscle cells including monocytes and macrophages. We previously demonstrated that h2-calponin plays an inhibitory role in the regulation of cell proliferation and migration and increases the stability of actin cytoskeleton (Hossain et al., AJP: 284:C156-67, 2003; JBC 280:42442-53, 2005; Biochemistry 45:15670-83, 2006). Using residential cells isolated from the intraperitoneal cavity of h2-calponin knockout mice (Huang et al., JBC 283:25887-99, 2008), the present study investigated the role of h2-calponin in macrophage motility. Substrate adhesion of h2-calponin-null macrophages was significantly decreased together with reduced cell spreading area in culture dish. The h2-calponin deficient macrophages further exhibited increased migration and transendothelial migration. The deficiency of h2-calponin did not affect macrophage invasion into Matrigel, suggesting that the increased transendothelial migration is based on unchanged activity of extracellular proteases. H2-calponin was co-localized with F-actin in thin spikes at all edges of stationary macrophages and the trailing edges of migrating cells while absent in the leading edge lamellipodium. Consistent with increased motility, h2-calponin-null macrophages exhibited losses of these anchoring spikes. The results suggest a role of h2-calponin in inhibiting macrophage motility and transendothelial migration through stabilization of actin cytoskeleton.
A collaborative approach to providing best-practice childhood feeding guidance

Objective : To examine whether training on Division of Responsibility, provided to members of a childhood feeding collaborative, increased familiarity, knowledge, and confidence in disseminating information to parents of young children. Methods : Training was provided to 47 public health nurses and 22 breastfeeding task force members. A within-group pretest, posttest, follow-up design assessed changes in familiarity, knowledge and confidence. Results : Amongst public health nurses, training resulted in a significant increase in familiarity ( P < .001); knowledge that restricting amount of food provided to overweight infants and/or children is inappropriate ( P < .05); and that children need frequent exposure to new foods ( P < .05). Confidence in disseminating information also significantly increased ( P < .001). Conclusions and Implications : Health care providers who counsel parents about childhood feeding practices should be trained to increase familiarity with, knowledge of, and confidence in disseminating best practice feeding guidelines to help ensure provision of consistent, accurate messaging.
Salvage radical prostatectomy for recurrence of prostate cancer after radiation therapy

The goal of primary radiation therapy in the treatment of prostate cancer is to eradicate all of the local tumor. Although patients with relapsing disease after radiation therapy differ in their risk of death from prostate cancer, many will develop local progression, metastasis, and death. The recognition that local recurrence after radiation therapy portends a poor prognosis has led to the development of improved methods for early detection of recurrence and the development of alternative treatment strategies for radioresistant cancers. This article reviews knowledge regarding radiation failure and the role of salvage radical prostatectomy for men with local recurrence after radiation therapy for prostate cancer.