cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self and Identity in African Studies

Rather than a comprehensive review of self and identity in particular settings, this article considers implications of research in African Studies for the psychological science of self and identity. The first section considers implications of research about enemies for the concept of interdependent selfways (Markus, Mullally, & Kitayama, 1997). In contrast to the positive connotations typical of studies about culture and self, this research directs attention to the dark side of interdependence. The second section considers implications of research about identity for the concept of dynamic construction (Hong, Ip, Chiu, Morris, & Menon, 2001). In contrast to the tendency to regard cultural identities as natural entities, research in African Studies directs attention to the active reproduction of cultural identity in everyday lives.
Two normal approximations to the binomial distribution

Two new normal approximations are proposed for the cumulative binomial distribution when the mean-is reasonably large. Their adequacy is compared with that of certain well-known approximations- The first is recommended for its simplicity and accuracy relative to the standard and Gram-Charlier approximations. The second Is shown to be more accurate than all known approximations for a certain range of the probability of success.
Encoding the addressee in the syntax: evidence from English imperative subjects

Imperative subjects in English are puzzling in several respects: null subjects are possible with a definite interpretation, unlike in other clause types; quantificational subjects are often restricted to range over a set containing the addressee and exhibit binding possibilities not readily available to them in declaratives and interrogatives; and third person referential subjects are for most speakers limited to bare noun phrases. On the empirical side, this paper provides a comprehensive discussion of these properties that makes sense of the sometimes contradictory observations found in the literature. On the theoretical side, it argues that the syntactic representation of imperatives contains a functional projection not present in other clause types. This projection plays a role both in preventing the instantiation of a predication relation between the subject and the predicate, and, when sufficiently local, in licensing the special syntactic properties of the subject. This proposal differs from those that view the properties of imperative subjects as deriving uniquely from the semantic or pragmatic component; it can be seen as building on the general intuition of the old performative hypothesis, though recasting it at a level of abstraction that captures more adequately the properties of imperatives.
Heat Kernel Asymptotics on the Lamplighter Group

We show that, for one generating set, the on-diagonal decay of the heat kernel on the lamplighter group is asymptotic to $c_1 n^{1/6}\exp[-c_2 n^{1/3}]$. We also make off-diagonal estimates which show that there is a sharp threshold for which elements have transition probabilities that are comparable to the return probability. The off-diagonal estimates also give an upper bound for the heat kernel that is uniformly summable in time. The methods used also apply to a one dimensional trapping problem, and we compute the distribution of the walk conditioned on survival as well as a corrected asymptotic for the survival probability. Conditioned on survival, the position of the walker is shown to be concentrated within $\alpha n^{1/3}$ of the origin for a suitable $\alpha$.
Production and Interpretation of Perspective Drawings by Blind and Sighted People

In three experiments the production and interpretation of perspective drawings by blind and sighted subjects were examined. Blindfolded sighted, early-blind, and late-blind subjects first attempted...
The Rb-Sr age of a crystalline rock from Apollo 16

Sample 68415 is one of the few large crystalline rocks returned from Apollo 16. A meaningful age may be obtained if the sample studied represents silicate material which was isotopically homogenized at the last time it was melted. It is also assumed that the constituent phases of the sample have remained closed systems subsequent to that time. The material was crushed and separated into different fractions with the aid of heavy liquids. It was found that the mineral separates are mixtures of at least three distinct phases with intrinsically different Rb/Sr ratios. An age of 3.84 aeon was determined.
Recovery of the chronically hypoxic young rabbit heart reperfused following no-flow ischemia.

The objective of this study was to test whether chronically hypoxic immature hearts exhibit greater tolerance to no-flow ischemia than normoxic hearts. Rabbits (N = 36) were raised from birth to 5 weeks of age in either hypoxic (10% O2/90% N2) or normoxic (room air) environment. Isolated, isovolumically beating hearts, with a fluid-filled balloon catheter in the left ventricular chamber, were perfused with a well-oxygenated buffer and studied during baseline [30 minutes; perfusion pressure, 60 mmHg; end diastolic pressure (EDP), 5 mmHg], no-flow ischemia (until onset of contracture or for 30 minutes), and Reperfusion (30 minutes; perfusion pressure, 60 mmHg). Time for onset of contracture (TOC) was defined by an increase in balloon pressure of 5 mmHg. The results were as follows: hypoxic vs normoxic: Hct, 56.4 ± 2.5* vs 36.3 ± 0.4%, (right ventricle/left ventricle) weight (dry) ratio, 0.50 ± 0.04* vs 0.28 ± 0.02. Baseline: developed pressure (ΔP), 96 ± 4 vs 93 ± 5 mmHg; coronary flow, 90 ± 10* vs 62 ± 4 ml/min/gdry. No-flow ischemia: TOC, 12 ± 1* vs 24 ± 2 minutes. All hypoxic (no normoxic) hearts reached peak contracture. Reperfusion: Just after onset of contracture, ΔP, 80 ± 3* vs 67 ± 4 mmHg; EDP, 5 ± 1* vs 13 ± 2 mmHg; after 30 minutes of no-flow ischemia, ΔP, 58 ± 5 vs 46 ± 4 mmHg; EDP, 13 ± 1* vs 24 ± 3 mmHg; lactate release (LR), 0.15 ± 0.01 vs 0.17 ± 0.01 mmol/gdry, creatine kinase release (CKR), 46 ± 8* vs 242 ± 28 U/gdry. For hypoxic hearts reperfused after onset of contracture, LR was 0.11 ± 0.03 mmol/gdry, comparable to that following 30 minutes of no-flow ischemia (*p < 0.05). Rabbit hearts subjected to hypoxia from birth developed ischemic contracture earlier and reached peak contracture, showed no significant increase in LR after onset of contracture, exhibited better recovery of EDP, and had markedly reduced CKR compared to normoxic controls.
Comment on Reid Ewing and Fang Rong's “The impact of urban form on U.S. residential energy use”

Abstract Using a complicated stepped analysis, Ewing and Rong study the impact of sprawl on household energy use. They argue that dispersed land use brings about larger houses and more detached units, which consume more energy than the smaller houses and attached units typical of more compact communities. This comment suggests that their conclusions are intuitive and obvious, but that their complex methodology linking three unrelated data sets renders their quantitative conclusions suspect. Further, a simple engineering analysis can show more meaningful results, sprawl is more likely to affect energy use through increased vehicle miles traveled than house size or type, and household energy use can be mitigated by increasing the efficiency of the building envelope, heating/cooling system, appliances, and lighting. Still, combining the effects of compact urban development with the effects of energy‐efficient vehicles and housing unit design can be a real winner in our quest for more energy‐efficient communi...
Effect of particle size distribution on slurry rheology: Nuclear waste simulant slurries

Abstract Controlling the rheological properties of slurries has been of great interest in various industries such as cosmetics, ceramic processing, and nuclear waste treatment. Many physicochemical parameters, such as particle size, pH, ionic strength, and mass/volume fraction of particles, can influence the rheological properties of slurry. Among these parameters, the particle size distribution of slurry is especially important for nuclear waste treatment because most nuclear waste slurries show a broad particle size distribution. We studied the rheological properties of several different low activity waste nuclear simulant slurries having different particle size distributions under high salt and high pH conditions. Using rheological and particle size analysis, it was found that the percentage of colloid-sized particles in slurry appears to be a key factor for rheological characteristics and the efficiency of rheological modifiers. This behavior was shown to be coupled with an existing electrostatic interaction between particles in a low salt concentration. Our study suggests that the particle size distribution is a critical factor in understanding and controlling the rheological properties in nuclear waste treatment plants, such as the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford and Savannah River sites, because the particle size distributions vary significantly for different types of nuclear waste slurries.
On the mechanism of 5-oxoproline overproduction in 5-oxoprolinuria.

Abstract The primary metabolic defect in 5-oxoprolinuria (pyroglutamic aciduria) is the lack of glutathione synthetase. The mechanism of the concomitant overproduction of 5-oxoproline was studied using cell-free extracts of erythrocytes from control individuals and from patients with 5-oxoprolinuria. Such extracts catalyzed the synthesis of 5-oxoproline from L-glutamate. Addition of ATP, Mg ions and α-aminobutyrate was needed for optimal activity. The conversion of glutamate to 5-oxoproline occurred in two steps, catalyzed by γ-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase and γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase, respectively. Extracts of erythrocytes from control subjects and patients with 5-oxoprolinuria had identical capacity to synthesize 5-oxoproline. The conversion of glutamate to 5-oxoproline was markedly inhibited by reduced glutathione, which exerted its effect on the γ-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase step. The following mechanism is postulated for the overproduction of 5-oxoproline in 5-oxoprolinuria: the deficiency of glutathione synthetase causes a lack of glutathione which is an essential feed-back inhibitor in the initial step of its biosynthesis. Therefore γ-glutamyl-cysteine is produced in excessive amounts and it is subsequently converted to 5-oxoproline (and cysteine) by γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase. This overproduction of 5-oxoproline exceeds the capacity of the 5-oxoprolinase and 5-oxoproline accumulates in body fluids.
Oxygen-induced enzyme release. Assessment of mitochondrial function in anoxic myocardial injury and effects of the mitochondrial uncoupling agent 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP)

Abstract Hypoxic injury to isolated-perfused rat hearts resulted in progressive loss of mitochondrial function, as assessed by polarographic techniques. Decreased mitochondrial respiration could be detected as early as 15 min after beginning hypoxic-substrate-free perfusion and by 75 min little or no functional capacity could be detected. Control studies using mixtures of mitochondria from control and damaged hearts suggested that polarographic techniques tend to overestimate mitochondrial injury. In hearts injured by hypoxia, mitochondrial damage was heterogenous and there was a good linear correlation between the respiratory control ratios of mitochondrial suspensions and the percent damaged mitochondria in the suspensions, as determined by electron microscopy. Respiratory control ratios approached one when only 60 to 70% of mitochondria appeared morphologically damaged. The evidence suggested that significant mitochondrial function was retained in hearts after 60 min of hypoxic perfusion, a time when oxygen-induced enzyme release was nearly maximal. In similarly perfused hearts, both oxygen-induced enzyme release and associated anomalous cellular contracture were reduced or completely inhibited by 0.1 or 1 m m 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), but not by 0.04 m m DNP. In intact hearts, 1 m m DNP was required to produce biological effects on cellular morphology and enzyme release equivalent to those produced by either hypoxia or cyanide. These results provide evidence that both oxygen-induced enzyme release and cellular contractures are energy dependent events mediated by resumption of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.
The creation of Washington, D.C. : the idea and location of the American capital

Leaders of the American Revolution envisioned the United States as the next great world empire. George Washington and his allies, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, believed that the capital of that empire should be a commercial as well as political emporium. They spearheaded the effort to place it on the Potomac and make Virginia a preeminent commercial state. The Creation of Washington, D.C. covers the political struggle between the North and the South over the location of the American capital city and explains the origin of Congress's exclusive jurisdiction over the city.
Metacontrast masking and stimulus contrast polarity.

A recent report [Becker, M. W., & Anstis S. (2004). Metacontrast masking is specific to luminance polarity. Vision Research, 44, 2537–2543] of a failure to obtain metacontrast with target and mask stimuli of opposite contrast polarity is reexamined in an experiment that systematically varies not only stimulus contrast polarity but also target size and target-mask onset asynchrony (SOA). The results show that (a) although, as previously shown [Breitmeyer, B. G. (1978a). Metacontrast with black and white stimuli: Evidence of inhibition of on and off sustained activity by either on or off transient activity. Vision Research, 18, 1443–1448], metacontrast is weaker with stimuli of opposite contrast polarity, (b) substantial metacontrast can be obtained with targets and masks of opposite contrast polarity, especially (c) when the target is small. We conclude that Becker and Anstis’s failure to obtain metacontrast with stimuli of opposite contrast polarity is due to their use of a single, relatively large, SOA value.
Models of particle states

Two different types of particle state models are discussed. In the first type, particles are considered to be dynamically bound systems of a small set of physical constituents. In the second type, particle states are constructed from tensor products of “symmetry constituents,” i.e., states that are the basis elements of finite irreducible representations of an internal algebra. These states need not represent physical particles. We present three models of the first type. For the second type, we discuss in detail the main thrust of this paper, a new version of the quark-lepton model based on the algebrasu(4)flaourXsu(6)flavour. The quark color-triplet and a lepton color-singlet are united by a single irreducible representation of su(4)colour. Thesu(6)colour algebra is an extension of the originalsu(3)flavor. All observed ground-state hadron multiplets are in full accord with the predictions of this model. The numbers of hadron ground states it predicts are 36 spin-0 mesons, 36 spin-1 mesons, 70 spin-1/2 baryons, and 56 spin-3/2 baryons.
Reoxygenation-induced constriction in murine coronary arteries: the role of endothelial NADPH oxidase (gp91phox) and intracellular superoxide.

Abstract Previous work suggests that superoxide mediates hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced constriction of isolated mouse coronary arteries (CA). To determine the source of superoxide overproduction during H/R we studied CA obtained from transgenic (Tg) mice overexpressing human CuZn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) and mice lacking gp91phox using an in vitro vascular ring bioassay. We found that under normoxic conditions CA isolated from wild type (wt) mice, CuZn-SOD Tg mice and gp91phox knock-out mice had similar contractile responses to U46619 and hypoxia and similar dilation responses to acetylcholine. In wt CA, 30 min of hypoxia (1% O2) followed by reoxygenation (16% O2) resulted in further coronary vasoconstriction (internal diameter from 105 ± 11 to 84.5 ± 17.9 μm), whereas this response was completely blocked in both CuZn-SOD Tg and gp91phox knock-out CA (104.3 ± 10.5 to 120.7 ± 14 μm and 143.3 ± 15.3 to 172.7 ± 12.5 μm, respectively, p < 0.01). Furthermore, we show that H/R enhances the generation of superoxide radicals in wt CA (25.8 ± 0.7 relative light units per second (RLU/s)), whereas CuZn-SOD Tg CA (12.2 ± 0.8 RLU/s, p < 0.01) and gp91phox CA (12.5 ± 0.9 RLU/s, p < 0.01) show reduced levels. These results demonstrate that H/R-induced vasoconstriction is mediated by intracellular superoxide overproduction via endothelial NADPH oxidase gp91phox. Therefore, increasing endogenous levels of CuZn-SOD in CA may provide a novel cardioprotective strategy for maintaining coronary perfusion under conditions of H/R.
2-(Furan-2-yl)-1,3-bis(furan-2-ylmeth­yl)-1H-benzimidazol-3-ium chloride monohydrate

The title hydrated salt, C21H17N2O3 +·Cl−·H2O, exhibits disorder in one of the furan rings. The major and minor components have a refined occupancy ratio of 0.844 (19):0.156 (19). The structure displays intermolecular hydrogen bonding involving the water molecule and the chloride anion. Close intermolecular C—H⋯Cl and C—H⋯(furan ring) inter­actions complete the hydrogen bonding.
Rise of Medical Specialization and Organizations Affecting Otolaryngology

As we enter the third millennium, there are in the United States 24 medical specialties recognized by the American Board of Medical Specialties. The majority of the members of each of these specialties have their education, training, and knowledge "certified" by an examining board unique to their specialty. One hundred years ago virtually none of the foregoing existed. At the turn of the 20th century, nearly all physicians practiced all of medicine. How and why did this evolution occur and what controls evolved to contain this? The goal of this presentation is to review the rise of medical specialties and the board examination system and describe some of the many organizations, often known by acronyms, which deal with this now complex architecture.
Agroforestry for conserving and enhancing biodiversity

The intricate relationship between biodiversity loss and human well-being is increasingly being understood in ecological and economic terms. Despite the knowledge of the multiple dimensions of this relationship and its importance, species and ecosystems are still disappearing at an alarming rate. Anthropogenic pressures are the prime reason for this trend, yet attempts to reduce such pressures and conserve species in protected areas have only achieved limited success. This has led to the realization that sustainable consumptive use approaches that can combine production and conservation functions are also important in conserving biodiversity in human-dominated landscapes. Agroforestry, as part of a multifunctional working landscape, can play a major role in conserving and even enhancing biodiversity from farms to the landscape level in both tropical and temperate regions of the world. This special issue is an attempt to bring together a collection of articles that not only explore and demonstrate the biodiversity benefits of agroforestry, but also the mechanisms by which agroforestry systems sustain such high floristic and faunal diversity. While it is important to conserve biodiversity in protected areas, the articles in the special issue reiterate the importance of agroforestry as a critical tool in conserving biodiversity in human-dominated landscapes.
The Sidney circle and the protestant cause in Elizabethan foreign policy

(1975). The Sidney circle and the protestant cause in Elizabethan foreign policy. Renaissance and Modern Studies: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 31-46.
Total synthesis of slow reacting substances (SRS). “Leukotriene C-2” (11--leukotriene C) (3) and leukotriene D (4)

Abstract Syntheses are described for the “slow reacting substances” 11- trans -leukotriene C (3) (previously known as leukotriene C-2) and leukotriene D (4), the cys-gly analog of leukotriene C (2). The synthesized leukotrienes 3 and 4 were instrumental in the assignment of structure to these members of the family of naturally occuring slow reacting substances which includes also 2.
Toward a Keynesian Theory of Social Processes

Increasingly, the present society is coming to be viewed not as a condition but as an alternative, as one possible arrangement of a much larger set. The social sciences help provide an understanding of the factors and mechanisms that allow us to review such a society, propose alternative plans, and transform it in line with these new designs.
Potential impact of abrupt opioid therapy discontinuation in the management of chronic pain: A pilot study on patient perspective

Objectives: This survey highlights the perspective of patients with chronic pain when confronted with the possibility of abrupt opioid discontinuation. Design: Anonymous and self-administered survey. Setting: Pain Clinic in an urban academic hospital setting. Participants: Patients with chronic pain of at least 6 months, and age 18 years or older. Main outcome measures: The perceived impact of abrupt opioid discontinuation on mood, daily functioning, and potential for opioid misuse. Results: When patients were asked how they would feel if told their opioids would be discontinued, the responses were neglected (scale mean, 7.1), angry (6.3), helpless (6.7), and upset (7.0) on a scale of 0-10. The majority predicted loss of independence in activities of daily living (scale mean, 7.5), inability to enjoy their lives (7.4), and inability to work (7.8). A group of 19 patients (11.6 percent) reported that they would obtain opioids from friends or family, and 7 (4.4 percent) would obtain them illegally. These patients reported higher scores of neglect, anger, suspicion, helplessness, and upset (p = 0.000-0.019) and were more likely to have previously obtained opioids illegally (p = 0.008-0.023). The most common nonopioid strategies tried by patients were lumbar epidural (71.5 percent), physical therapy (78.9 percent), and exercise (83.5 percent). The strategies considered to be effective as opioid replacement therapy were lumbar epidural (42.3 percent), exercise (43.2 percent), and massage (42.0 percent). Conclusions: These data suggest that opioid therapy discontinuation is an emotionally distressing experience for most patients, and the transition to nonopioid treatments is a complex process that will require patient participation to achieve optimal care.
Normal hemostasis but defective hematopoietic response to growth factors in mice deficient in phospholipid scramblase 1

Phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) is an endofacial plasma membrane protein proposed to participate in transbilayer movement of phosphatidylserine and other phospholipids. In addition to its putative role in the reorganization of plasma membrane phospholipids, PLSCR1 is a substrate of intracellular kinases that imply its possible participation in diverse signaling pathways underlying proliferation, differentiation, or apoptosis. Because PLSCR1 is prominently expressed in a variety of blood cells, we evaluated PLSCR activity in platelets and erythrocytes, and cytokine-dependent growth of hematopoietic precursor cells, of PLSCR1 knock-out mice. Adult PLSCR1−/− mice showed no obvious hematologic or hemostatic abnormality, and blood cells from these animals normally mobilized phosphatidylserine to the cell surface upon stimulation. Whereas blood cell counts in adult PLSCR1−/− mice were normal, in both fetus and newborn animals neutrophil counts were significantly depressed relative to age-matched wild type (WT). Furthermore, when compared with WT, hematopoietic precursor cells from PLSCR1−/− mice showed defective colony formation and impaired differentiation to mature granulocytes as stimulated by stem cell factor and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). By contrast, PLSCR1−/− cells showed normal colony formation stimulated by interleukin-3 or granulocyte-macrophage CSF, and expansion of megakaryocytic and erythroid progenitors by thrombopoietin or erythropoietin was unaffected. Stem cell factor and G-CSF were also found to induce marked increases in PLSCR1 levels in WT cells. Consistent with in vitro assays, PLSCR1−/− mice treated with G-CSF showed less than 50% of the granulocytosis observed in identically treated WT mice. These data provide direct evidence that PLSCR1 functionally contributes to cytokine-regulated cell proliferation and differentiation and suggest it is required for normal myelopoiesis.
L-curve for the MINRES method

A variant of the MINRES method, often referred to as the MR-II method, has in the last few years become a popular iterative scheme for computing approximate solutions of large linear discrete ill- posed problems with a symmetric matrix. It is important to terminate the iterations sufficiently early in order to avoid severe amplification of measurement and round-off errors. We present a new L-curve for determining when to terminate the iterations with the MINRES and MR-II method.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Assessing medication adherence in the elderly: which tools to use in clinical practice?

Adherence to prescribed medication regimens is difficult for all patients and particularly challenging for the elderly. Medication adherence demands a working relationship between a patient or caregiver and prescriber that values open, honest discussion about medications, i.e. the administration schedule, intended benefits, adverse effects and costs.
Localization of an origin of replication in Corynebacterium diphtheriae broad host range plasmid pNG2 that also functions in Escherichia coli

Subcloning and protoplast transformation studies identified a 2.6 kb fragment of Corynebacteriumdiphtheriae plasmid pNG2 which contains an origin of replication (oriR). Molecular combination of the 2.6 kb oriR cartridge with Escherichia coli plasmid pUC18CmR enabled the E. coli cloning vector to replicate within several species of Corynebacterium host cells. A 2.6 kb plasmid formed from the oriR cartridge alone is capable of replicating in E. coli. This suggests that a single origin could be used in vectors shuttling between Corynebacterium spp. and E. coli.
308-nm excimer laser ablation of human cartilage

The XeCl excimer laser was investigated as an ablating tool for human fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage. Quantitative measurements were made of tissue ablation rates as a function of fluence in meniscal fibrocartilage and articular hyaline cartilage. A force of 1.47 Newtons was applied to an 800 micrometers fiber with the laser delivering a range of fluences (40 to 190 mj/mm2) firing at a frequency of 5 Hz. To assess the effect of repetition rate on ablation rate, a set of measurements was made at a constant fluence of 60 mj/mm2, with the repetition rate varying from 10 to 40 Hz. Histologic and morphometric analysis was performed using light microscopy. The results of these studies revealed that the ablation rate was directly proportional to fluence over the range tested. Fibrocartilage was ablated at a rate 2.56 times faster than hyaline cartilage at the maximum fluence tested. Repetition rate had no effect on the penetration per pulse. Adjacent tissue damage was noted to be minimal (10 - 70 micrometers ).© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Brunner's Glands: A Structural,Histochemical and Pathological Profile

Brunner's glands are unique to mammalian species and in eutherians are confined primarily to the submucosa of the proximal duodenum. In the majority of species examined, they begin at the gastrointestinal junction and extend for variable distances distally in the wall of the proximal small intestine. Ducts of individual glands empty either directly into the intestinal lumen or unite with overlying intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn) dependent on the species. Secretory units of Brunner's glands consist of epithelial tubules that show frequent distal branchings. The secretory units, with the exception of those found in rabbits and horses, consist primarily of a mucin producing cell type. However, other cell types normally associated with the overlying intestinal epithelium may be encountered scattered within the secretory units reflecting the developmental origin of these glands. Secretion from Brunner's glands contributes to a layer of mucus that forms a slippery, viscoelastic gel that lubricates the mucosal lining of the proximal intestinal tract. The unique capacity of this mucus layer to protect delicate underlying epithelial surfaces is due primarily to the gel-forming properties of its glycoprotein molecules. Mucin glycoproteins produced by Brunner's glands consist primarily but not exclusively of O-linked oligosaccharides attached to the central protein core of the glycoprotein molecule. Human Brunner's glands produce class III mucin glycoproteins and are thought to be the product of mucin gene MUC6 which is assigned to chromosome 11 (11p15-11p15.5 chromosome region). In addition to mucin glycoproteins and a limited amount of bicarbonate, numerous additional factors (epidermal growth factor, trefoil peptides, bactericidal factors, proteinase inhibitors, and surface-active lipids) have been identified within the secretory product of Brunner's glands. These factors, incorporated into the mucus layer, guard against the degradation of this protective barrier and underlying mucosa by gastric acid, pancreatic enzymes, and other surface active agents associated with this region. Yet other factors produced by Brunner's glands function to provide active and passive immunological defense mechanisms, promote cellular proliferation and differentiation, as well as contribute factors that elevate the pH of luminal contents of this region by promoting secretion of the intestinal mucosa, pancreatic secretion and gall bladder contraction. Additional insights concerning the role of Brunner's glands in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract as well as their possible evolution in this class of vertebrates have been gained from a basic understanding of their pathobiology.
A solution to the periodic-flow regenerative heat exchanger problem

An analytic solution to the problem of the periodic flow, regenerative heat exchanger is presented. The closed form solution based upon the usual simplifying assumptions permits rapid digital computer calculations of the heat exchanger design characteristics and effectiveness. The regenerator effectiveness calculated from this solution is compared with the result using the finite difference numerical technique.
β-Oxidation of 2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate in rodent liver

Abstract [7-14C]2-Ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate was isolated and purified from urine of rats given [7-14C]-di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. This metabolite was shown to serve as a precursor for 2-ethyl-3-carboxypropylphthalate in vivo. 2-Ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate was oxidized to 2-ethyl-3-carboxypropyl phthalate in liver slices from control or, much more rapidly, from clofibrate-pretreated rats. Inhibition by KCN in liver slices from untreated rats, and strong inhibition by acrylate, suggested that formation of 2-ethyl-3-carboxy-propyl phthalate involved mitochondria β-oxidation. The strong enhancement of the product of this compound by clofibrate (a very weak inducer for mitochondrial dehydrogenases), and strong inhibition by chlorpromazine suggested that peroxisomes may also be able to oxidize 2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate. We were able to detect β-oxidation of 2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate to 2-ethyl-3-carboxypropyl phthalate using purified mitochondria, but strong phthalate monoester hydrolase activity observed during incubation of the former compound with purified peroxisomes made it impossible to determine whether 2-ethyl-3-carboxypropyl phthalate could be produced in the latter organelle or not. 2-Ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate was such an inefficient substrate for β-oxidation compared to palmitic acid that it is unlikely that it contributes significantly to the production of H2O2 in rats chronically exposed to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Normal fatty acids are most likely to serve as the dominat substrates for peroxisomal β-oxidase.
Human Neuroectoderm-Derived Cell Line Secretes Fibronectin that Shares the HNK-1/10C5 Carbohydrate Epitope with Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules

A human malignant melanoma cell line, Melur, secretes several glycoproteins that contain a unique carbohydrate epitope shared by neural cell adhesion molecules and recognized by the monoclonal antibodies HNK-1, L2, and 10C5. In this report, we present evidence that one of the major melanoma glycoproteins containing the HNK-1/10C5 epitope is the cell adhesion molecule, fibronectin, or a fibronectin-like molecule. Melanoma-derived fibronectin was isolated from serum-free conditioned medium by gelatin-Sepharose affinity adsorption and shown to react with monoclonal antibodies HNK-1 and 10C5 in Western blot analysis. HNK-1-containing fibronectin was purified on a gelatin-Sepharose column followed by an affinity column using a monoclonal antibody against the HNK-1 carbohydrate. The purified HNK-1-fibronectin then could be incorporated into the extracellular matrix of hamster fibroblasts in vitro, and such a matrix was detectable using the HNK-1 monoclonal antibody in an immunofluorescence assay. Of the seven neuroectoderm-derived tumor cell lines tested, only the Melur melanoma cell secreted fibronectin containing the HNK-1 carbohydrate. Identification of human neuroectoderm-derived fibronectin as a potential carrier of the HNK-1 carbohydrate suggests a new role for fibronectin in neural development and regeneration, and represents a new model for studying the function of this carbohydrate domain in neural cell adhesion.
Noise-induced linewidth in frequency combs

Frequency combs generated by trains of pulses emitted from mode-locked lasers are analyzed when the center time and phase of the pulses undergo noise-induced random walk, which broadens the comb lines. Asymptotic analysis and computation reveal that, when the standard deviation of the center-time jitter of the nth pulse scales as np/2 where p is a jitter exponent, the linewidth of the kth comb line scales as k2/p. The linear-dispersionless (p=1) and pure-soliton (p=3) dynamics in lasers are derived as special cases of this time-frequency duality relation. In addition, the linewidth induced by phase jitter decreases with power Pout, as (Pout)−1/p.
Amphetamine‐induced c‐fos mRNA expression is altered in rats with neonatal ventral hippocampal damage

ABSTIlACT To further characterize the mechanisms underlying enhanced dopamine-related behaviors expressed during adulthood in rats with neonatal excitotoxic ventral hippocampal (VH) damage, we studied the expression of c-fos mRNA in these rats after a single saline or amphetamine (AMPH) (10 mgkg, i.p.1 injection using in situ hybridization. The VH of rat pups was lesioned with ibotenic acid on postnatal day 7 (PD7). At the age of 90 days, rats were challenged with AMPH or saline, and the expression of c-fos mRNA using an oligonucleotide probe was assessed 30, 90, and 180 min later. AMPH significantly increased c-fos mRNA expression in medial prefrontal cortex, piriform cortex, cingulate cortex, septa1 region, and dorsolateral and ventromedial striatum in control and lesioned rats. However, this response to AMPH was attenuated 30 min after AMPH injection in all of these regions in the lesioned as compared to the sham-operated rats. No significant changes were seen at other time points. These results indicate that the neonatal VH lesion alters time-dependent intracellular signal transduction mechanisms measured by AMPH-induced c-fos mRNA expression in cortical and subcortical brain regions. Changes in c-fos mRNA expression in this putative animal model of schizophrenia may have implications for long-term alterations in cellular phenotype because of altered regulation of certain target genes. o 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.*
Circadian Rhythm in Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission in the Mouse Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

It is widely accepted that most suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) neurons express the neurotransmitter GABA and are likely to use this neurotransmitter to regulate excitability within the SCN. To evalu...
Reversibility of lung inflammation caused by SP-B deficiency

Whereas decreased concentrations of surfactant protein (SP)-B are associated with lung injury and respiratory distress, potential causal relationships between SP-B deficiency and lung inflammation ...
Radical formation during the tensile failure of polymer fibers

Bond rupture associated with the tensile deformation of oriented Nylon 6 has been studied by electron spin resonance (ESR). Two samples were investigated, a single monofilament (“bristle”) and a commercial low twist yarn. Experiments with the monofilament show that tensile deformation has substantial irreversible effects on the free radical concentration observed at failure, but no effect on the ultimate properties of the fiber. It was also demonstrated that the stress-strain behavior of the yarn is quite different from that of the fibers near the ultimate extension. These present experiments raise serious questions as to the correctness of previous reports in which the bond breakage observed by ESR is assumed to uniquely determine the deformation and fracture process. Der Bruch von linearen Makromolekulen als Folge der Dehnungsdeformation von orientiertem Nylon 6 wurde mit Elektronenspinresonanz (ESR) an zwei Proben, einer Einzelfaser (Borste) und technischem, weing verdrilltem Garn, untersucht. Die Ergebnisse an der Einzelfaser zeigen, das die Dehnungsdeformation in einer wesentlichen, irreversiblen Weise die Konzentration der freien Radikale, doch nicht die Bruchspannung und Deformation beeinflust. Das mechanische Verhalten des Garns in Bruchnahe ist vollig verschieden von dem der Einzelfaser. Die vorliegenden Versuche lassen ernste Zweifel aufkommen an der Korrektheit fruhererBerichte, in denen angenommen wurde, das die mittels ESR beobachteten Kettenbruche eindeutig den Deformations- und Bruchprozes bestimmen.
Magneto-crystalline anisotropy in highly chemically ordered pseudo-binary (Fe1-xMnx)50Pt50 L10 alloys

The magnetic and structural properties of highly chemically ordered epitaxial (Fe1-xMnx)50Pt50 L10 (0lesxles0.4) thin films are investigated. Highly chemically ordered (Fe1-xMnx)50Pt50 (0lesxles0.4) is deposited epitaxially on MgO (100) substrates at 550degC by magnetron co-sputtering from two alloy targets. The epitaxial quality, degree of chemical ordering, and lattice constants for the epitaxial films are determined from specular and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. Saturation magnetization, Ms, and anisotropy constant, K1, are measured in a maximum field of 2 T using a commercial vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) spectra of the Fe and Mn L2,3 edges are taken.
The relationship of systemic hemodynamics and oxygen consumption to early allograft failure after liver transplantation

The early postoperative hemodynamic data of 88 patients who underwent primary liver transplantation between July 1989 and October 1990 at the University Health Center of Pittsburgh were analyzed to establish the relationship of systemic hemodynamics and oxygen consumption to perioperative allograft function. The 15 patients whose allografts failed within the 1st month following transplantation were designated as group 1, while 73 patients who retained adequate graft function constituted group 2. Although the cardiac index and oxygen delivery did not differ significantly between the groups, group 1 consistently demonstrated a lower mean arterial pressure, oxygen consumption, arteriovenous oxygen content difference, and arterial ketone body ratio. The etiology of reduced oxygen consumption in group 1 patients is speculative, but the data support the notion that oxygen consumption is a useful, predictive indicator for liver allograft function after transplantation.
Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia: A disease that may be confused with malignancy

Twelve new cases of an unusual, benign vasoproliferative and inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology, angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (ALHE), are described and contrasted clinically and pathologically with those appearing in the literature. Only recently recognized in the United States, the disease is of singular importance because the vascular component may be confused histologically with angiosarcoma, thereby resulting in unwarranted aggressive therapeutic measures. ALHE characteristically affects adults and presents in the head and neck region as either solitary or multiple cutaneous tumors. The lesions are pruritic, frequently bleed after minor trauma, and may be associated with peripheral eosinophilia and regional lymphadenopathy. On rare occasions, the disease may masquerade as a salivary-gland tumor, cause stenosis of the external auditory canal, or present as an osseous lesion of the skull. Extrafacial tumors are uncommon. Excision is the most frequent form of therapy; however, local irradiation, corticosteroids, electrodessication with curettage, and chemotherapy have also had varying degrees of success.
Microemboli and Neurologic Dysfunction After Cardiovascular Surgery

Several recent studies have shown that cardiac surgery poses significant risks for negative neurologic and neu ropsychological outcome. Death and major stroke have become uncommon consequences of c...
Laboratory‐determined transport properties of Berea sandstone

We report laboratory measurements of electrical resistivity ρ, water permeability k, and compressional wave velocity Vp for both intact and fractured Berea sandstone samples as functions of temperature from 20°C to 200°C and effective pressure Pe from 2.5 MPa to 50 MPa. For the intact sample, Vp increases from 3.52 km/s to 4.16 km/s as Pe goes from 3 to 50 MPa. With increasing temperature, Vp decreases at rates of about 3 percent per 100°C at Pe of 5 MPa and about 1.5 percent per 100°C at Pe of 38 MPa. Data from the fractured sample are qualitatively similar, but velocities are about 10 percent lower. For both intact and fractured samples, ρ increases less than 15 percent as Pe increases from 2.5 MPa to 50 MPa. Although both samples show a larger decrease in resistivity with increasing temperature, most of this change is attributed to the decrease in resistivity of the pore fluid over that temperature range. For both samples, k decreases with increasing pressure and temperature. The intact sample permeabi...
Improved equations for JPEG's blocking artifacts reduction approach

In this paper, we derive a new set of prediction equations for the block smoothing method of JPEG for reduction of blocking artifacts. We also devise some simple metrics to measure the effects of edging and ringing artifacts. Experiments show that at the bit rate of 0.3 b/p or less, images reconstructed using the proposed equations have significantly fewer number of artifacts compared to the images reproduced using the original set of equations.
Evaluation of in vitro drug release and in vivo tolerance of porous biodegradable reservoir device

The biodegradable polymer polycaprolactone was tested in vitro and in vivo as an intraocular drug delivery device loaded with 5-carboxyfluorescein dye. Zero-order release of carboxyfluorescein was obtained in vitro. The device was tolerated well after implantation in the rabbit eye. Further studies are necessary to determine the efficacy of this form of drug delivery.
Item Non-Response to Lifestyle Assessment in an Elderly Cohort

BACKGROUND: Greater attention is being paid to data quality in surveys of older age groups. In this paper patterns of item non-response are examined in a health risk appraisal instrument administered to an elderly cohort participating in a randomized preventive intervention study. METHODS: The association between demographic and health status factors with the number of non-responses out of 174 items was examined at baseline and at the 12-month follow-up on 1791 subjects. RESULTS: Overall, non-response decreased from baseline to 12 months. The pattern was consistent across the seven major components of the questionnaire. Univariate analyses at baseline found that item non-response increased significantly (P < 0.05) with age, being female, being unmarried, lower annual income, less education, and poorer personal health ranking. Polychotomous logistic regression identified age and personal health ranking as statistically significant at both baseline and 12-month follow-up assessments after controlling for all other factors. In addition, education was significant at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: These results help to identify subgroups of elderly participants who contribute to non-random patterns of missing data.
Pediatric Hereditary Macular Degenerations

Traditionally, hereditary macular degenerations have been distinguished from age-related forms of macular degeneration that typically begin after the age of 50. We describe here three different juvenile hereditary macular degeneration syndromes for which there are characteristic clinical macular anatomic appearances. Stargardt macular dystrophy (STGD) [1–3], Best macular dystrophy (BMD) [2, 4, 5] and juvenile X-linked retinoschisis (JXRS) [2, 6–8], the so-called juvenile macular degenerations, were initially characterized by distinctive fundus findings [187]. The genetic basis of these conditions was recognized early on. They have been the focus of much interest lately, in part because they are among the most frequent causes of blindness in children, and in part because an understanding of the underlying mechanisms may be relevant for the much more common age-related forms of macular dystrophy. Other forms of juvenile hereditary retinal dystrophies, such as Leber’s congenital amaurosis, rod cone monochromacy, and blue cone monochromacy, in which a macular degeneration is not a pathognomonic clinical anatomic characteristic are reported elsewhere (e.g., 4). We do not include a focus on cone degenerations which are panretinal in nature and are treated elsewhere.
Collecting Duct Carcinoma and Renal Medullary Carcinoma

Collecting duct carcinoma (CDC) and renal medullary carcinoma (RMC) are both rare and distinct subtypes of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) arising from the distal segment of the collecting ducts. Patients generally present with high-stage disease and median survival is significantly shorter than patients with more conventional RCC subtypes. RMC commonly affects younger, African American patients and almost all patients have a sickle cell hemoglobinopathy, most commonly sickle cell trait. Differential diagnoses include urothelial carcinoma, papillary RCC, and metastatic carcinoma. Patients with CDC and RMC are generally treated with surgical excision, followed by systemic chemotherapy, even though these tumors generally respond poorly to chemotherapy. However, due to the rarity of these tumors, studies of treatment outcome are limited to small case series and case reports, and more studies are needed to improve the outcome for these patients.
ON THE PRESENCE AND FUNCTION OF POST-CLOACAL BONES IN THE LACERTILIA

SUMMARY The distribution and mode of reduction of post-cloacal bones among Gekkonidae, Pygopodidae and Xantusiidae are discussed. The presence of the bones in Tanystropheus longobardicus (Bassani, 1886) from the Middle Triassic of Central Europe is suggested. The study of muscle-attachments on the post-cloacal bones provides anatomical evidence for GREENBERG'S (1943) interpretation of their function as anal spurs by male geckos during copulation.