cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
One hundred years of imaging: new benefits, new challenges.

Computed tomography and ultrasound, including Doppler vascular imaging, are now commonplace. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is rapidly becoming a routine imaging option, while MRI spectroscopy is undergoing experimental evaluation. Positron emission tomography (PET) has undergone many years of research and is being used increasingly for functional imaging ofmetabolism of the brain and heart. With the added sophistication of these imaging modalities, interventional radiology has seen its options broadened. In addition to the improvements in radiologic imaging technology, computers are becoming a more integral part of the radiology department. Advances in digital imaging techniques have created exciting future possibiities for displaying "conventional" radiographs. Currently, digitized images can be transmitted within a hospital or even to another hospital for viewing on a display monitor. Technological innovations with diagnostic capabilities will continue to enhance the efficacy of the radiology department and challenge its departmental staff.
Ab Initio Spectroscopic Integrals for Th i

Hartree–Fock solutions have been obtained for eight configurations of Th i. Slater integrals, configuration-interaction integrals, and dipole integrals of spectroscopic interest are presented.
Electric transit bus for variable grade terrain

This paper overviews the design changes necessary to convert an AVS-22 electric bus to an in-vehicle component testbed. These changes include the addition of a data acquisition system and a modular control system that will be adaptable with changing components. The majority of this paper discusses the need for the bus to climb 25% grades, and how battery chemistry significantly affects hill climb performance. An equivalent capacity LI battery pack weighs 1620 kg less than the current LA battery pack. This corresponds to a reduction in required traction motor torque by 557 Nm and a peak power reduction of 132 kW. The weight reduction correlates to a reduction of the gear ratio by one, in the transmission. Therefore, the LI battery pack allows the bus to go up a 25% grade hill, without experiencing a significant drop in vehicle performance.
Role of muscarinic receptors, G-proteins, and intracellular messengers in muscarinic modulation of NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission.

Previously, we reported that activation of muscarinic receptors modulates N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in auditory neocortex [Aramakis et al. (1997a) Exp Brain Res 113:484–496]. Here, we describe the muscarinic subtypes responsible for these modulatory effects, and a role for G-proteins and intracellular messengers. The muscarinic agonist oxotremorine-M (oxo-M), at 25–100 μM, produced a long-lasting enhancement of NMDA-induced membrane depolarizations. We examined the postsynaptic G-protein dependence of the modulatory effects of oxo-M with the use of the G-protein activator GTPγS and the nonhydrolyzable GDP analog GDPβS. Intracellular infusion of GTPγS mimicked the facilitating actions of oxo-M. After obtaining the whole-cell recording configuration, there was a gradual, time-dependent increase of the NMDA receptor-mediated slow-EPSP, and of iontophoretic NMDA-induced membrane depolarizations. In contrast, intracellular infusion of either GDPβS or the IP3 receptor antagonist heparin prevented oxo-M mediated enhancement of NMDA depolarizations. The muscarinic receptor involved in enhancement of NMDA iontophoretic responses is likely the M1 receptor, because the increase was prevented by pirenzepine, but not the M2 antagonists methoctramine or AF-DX 116. Oxo-M also reduced the amplitude of the pharmacologically isolated slow-EPSP, and this effect was blocked by M2 antagonists. Thus, muscarinic-mediated enhancement of NMDA responses involves activation of M1 receptors, leading to the engagement of a postsynaptic G-protein and subsequent IP3 receptor activity. Synapse 32:262–275, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Influence of hydrogen absorption on magnetic ordering in some zirconium-based Laves phase compounds☆

Abstract Magnetization measurements were carried out on several zirconium-based hexagonal Laves phase compounds, i.e. the ZrMn2 + δ, (Zr,Ti)Mn2, Zr(Mn,Fe)2 and Zr(Fe,Al)2 systems and their hydrides. The absorbed hydrogen leads to a large increase (20%–30%) in volume without a change in the crystal structure. ZrMn2 + δ is a weak Pauli paramagnet but becomes a spin glass near-ferromagnet by hydriding, indicating that the manganese moments are subjected to competing ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic coupling tendencies. In the (Zr1−xTix)Mn2 hydrides, ferromagnetic, spin-glass-like, ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic behaviors appear at 4.2 K in the sequence of increasing x and/or decrease in hydrogen concentration. In the Zr(Mn,Fe)2 system, the hydrogen absorption increases both the magnetic moments and the magnetic transition temperatures, while absorbed hydrogen leads to suppression of ferromagnetism in the Zr(Fe,Al)2 system. These varied and complex magnetic behaviors are attributed to the effects of 1. (1)variations in the interatomic distances, 2. (2) changes in the 3d electron concentration and 3. (3) varying local hydrogen concentrations occurring as a result of statistical fluctuations.
Fluorescence lifetime reference standards for the range 0.189 to 115 nanoseconds.

Abstract A review of the modern literature reveals that the values for quinine fluorescence lifetime are in good agreement, the mean value being 18.91±0.56 nsec. By virtue of some very unusual properties, quinine appears suitable for use as a lifetime reference standard for any value from 0.189 to 18.9 nsec, with an expected accuracy of ±3% throughout this range. Cl−, not normally considered a quenching agent, quenches quinine emission at diffusion-controlled rates. The Stern-Volmer plot was unique in that the strict lincarity, indicating pure collisional quenching, was maintained even when fluorescence was > 99% quenched. Thus, solutions of quinine-NaCl can be made up having lifetimes known to great accuracy. Similarly, γ-pyrenebutyrate solutions containing KI are suitable standards for the range up to 115 nsec. The compositions of such solutions have been calculated and tabulated. It is argued that the lifetimes of these solutions are at least as reliable as any of the hundreds of lifetimes which have been reported in the literature. Several important applications of such lifetime standards are discussed.
The fine structure of blood follicles in the earthworm genera Amynthas and Lumbricus (Annelida: Oligochaeta)

Blood follicles of the earthworm Amynthas are hemoglobin-containing, sac-like dilatations of blood vessels which connect to the general circulation. Grape-like clusters of follicles are found posterior to the pharynx, among tufts of micronephridia, and single follicles are located among cells of the pharyngeal gland. In Lumbricus, follicles take the form of simple swellings and irregular-shaped diverticula of nephridial capillaries. The fundamental structure of the wall of follicles and of vessels in both genera is the same and consists of two layers: an extracellular vascular lamina and an outer (coelomic) covering of smooth muscle-like myoperithelial cells. Hemocytes may be free and circulating or they may facultatively attach to the vascular lamina as littoral cells, constituting an incomplete endothelium-like surface. Hemocytes that appear to be in the process of attaching or detaching are rounded, while adherent cells are flattened and elongate. Free and littoral hemocytes actively endocytose packets of circulating extracellular hemoglobin. Hemocytes within follicles possess radiating cell processes which also endocytose hemoglobin. Although these cells were presumed to secrete hemoglobin, staining with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine confirms the presence of hemoglobin only within pinosomes and not within protein-synthesizing or packaging organelles. The presence of hemosiderin-like bodies suggests that follicular hemocytes catabolize hemoglobin. Blood follicles apparently provide a means of significantly increasing cell-surface area for hemoglobin processing, without substantially increasing the volume and pumping load of the circulatory system.
Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Transpassive Corrosion Behavior of Austenitic Stainless Steels

Abstract Irradiated and unirradiated austenitic stainless steels (SS) were exposed to a transpassive potential (1,050 mVSCE) in a sulfuric acid (H2SO4) solution, and the corrosion responses were studied. Applicability of the transpassive technique to evaluation of radiation-induced segregation (RIS) of impurities was considered. The charge density during the potentiostatic transpassive test and the corrosion morphology after the test were functions of both the material chemistry and irradiation. The charge density of the unirradiated materials was correlated successfully with the bulk impurity level, as defined in terms of the parameter (wt% silicon + wt% phosphorus × 10). The charge density increased steeply above an impurity level parameter of 0.5, which corresponded to the region where intergranular attack (IGA) became visible. The change in charge density after neutron irradiation also was a function of the impurity level. Irradiation resulted in a considerable increase in charge density and grain-bou...
Gender and Conditional Support for Torture in the War on Terror

The events of September 11 have clearly changed the way that Americans think about politics and policy and may have changed attitudes about the treatment of America's perceived enemies. At the same time, revelations about American interrogation techniques in the war on terror have forced a national dialogue on human rights during a time of war. Americans do tend to oppose a variety of harsh interrogation techniques, but opposition appears to be conditioned by gender, partisanship, and the context in which an interrogation might take place. We explore how conditions shape attitudes on interrogation techniques in the war on terror, with a particular focus on gender and contextual framing. We analyze data from a unique 2004 national survey of American adults to test several hypotheses. Our results suggest that gender strongly shapes opposition to harsh interrogation techniques, but contextual framing also shapes opposition. Partisanship and contextual framing also mediate the influence of gender on attitudes.
The effects of nitrogen on the kinetics and mechanisms of oxidation of titanium-tantalum alloys

The oxidation kinetics of Titanium alloys containing nominally 5, 40, and 60 weight percent Ta were measured for 16 hr in nitrogen-20% oxygen. In all three alloys at each temperature tested oxidation rates in the nitrogen-oxygen mixture were significantly lower than those previously measured in argon-20% oxygen or pure oxygen. Using X-ray diffraction and electron microprobe a nitrogen rich layer was identified in the scale near the scale/metal interface. This layer apparently acts as an oxygen-diffusion barrier, as demonstrated by the reduced depth of oxygen penetration in the metal relative to identical specimens oxidized in nitrogen free atmospheres.
Time- and space-resolved imaging and numerical simulation of laser zone texturing of Ni-P disk substrates

This work investigates the transient process of melting and microscale surface deformation upon pulsed Nd:YLF laser heating of Ni-P hard disk substrates. The laser pulse energy is in the range of 1.0 (mu) J to 5.0 (mu) J. The features produced by laser heating have a diameter of approximately 15 micrometers and height in the tens of nanometers range. A laser flash photography system is developed to visualize the transient topography development during the laser texturing process. The system has a nanosecond time resolution and sub-micron spatial resolution. A numerical analysis based on finite difference method is conducted to simulate the microscale energy transport and fluid glow. Comparison between the numerical and the experimental result helps to understand the physical mechanism of the process.
The visible airglow experiment—a review

Contributions of the Visible Airglow Experiment (VAE) to the understanding of various airglow and auroral processes are reviewed. The impact of instrumental design and operation on the observations is discussed, and emphasis is placed on the relationship between observations and inversion for optical measurements of light emissions from a diffuse medium. VAE data are used to explain the physical mechanisms responsible for the production and destruction of excited species including O(+)(1P), O(1D), O(1S), N(2D), and Mg(+)2P1/2.
Surrenalectomia laparoscopica robot-assistita

La laparoscopia e la tecnica di riferimento nella presa in carico chirurgica delle malattie surrenaliche benigne. Negli ultimi 5 anni vi sono stati parallelamente miglioramenti nel campo della chirurgia robotica. La quasi totalita degli interventi urologici, inizialmente eseguiti in laparoscopia, sono stati oggetto di miglioramento grazie all’impiego del robot. Dopo un cenno degli elementi di anatomia, questo articolo tratta delle indicazioni all’intervento di surrenalectomia laparoscopica robot-assistito; riassume poi gli inizi della sperimentazione robotica in questo campo e descrive infine dettagliatamente la tecnica della surrenalectomia laparoscopica robot-assistita. La surrenalectomia laparoscopica robotizzata e ad oggi poco diffusa. I suoi vantaggi rispetto a quella laparoscopica convenzionale non sono ancora stabiliti. Sono attesi miglioramenti nel campo della robotica, segnatamente l’aggiunta di capacita sensoriali tattili (da ritorno della spinta), miniaturizzazione dei diversi componenti, riduzione dei costi e nuove acquisizioni nel campo della telemanipolazione. Essi permetteranno di definire meglio il ruolo della robotica nella presa in carico delle patologie surrenaliche
The Distribution of Polar Ejection Forces Determines the Amplitude of Chromosome Directional Instability

Summary Background Polar ejection forces have often been hypothesized to guide directional instability of mitotic chromosomes, but a direct link has never been established. This has led, in part, to the resurgence of alternative theories. By taking advantage of extremely precise femtosecond pulsed laser microsurgery, we abruptly alter the magnitude of polar ejection forces by severing vertebrate chromosome arms. Results Reduction of polar ejection forces increases the amplitude of directional instability without altering other characteristics, thus establishing a direct link between polar ejection forces and the direction of chromosome movements. We find that polar ejection forces limit the range of chromosome oscillations by increasing the probability that motors at a leading kinetochore abruptly disengage or turn off, leading to a direction reversal. Conclusions From the relation between the change in oscillation amplitude and the amount a chromosome arm is shortened, we are able to map the distribution of polar ejection forces across the spindle, which is surprisingly different from previously assumed distributions. These results allow us to differentiate between the mechanisms proposed to underlie the directional instability of chromosomes.
Interleukin-1 suppresses follicle-stimulating hormone-induced estradiol secretion from cultured ovarian granulosa cells

Abstract The effect of recombinant human interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) on the follicle stimulating hormone- (FSH) induced secretion of estradiol was investigated using cultured granulosa cells obtained from immature rats with diethystilbestrol implants. Estradiol secretion was significantly reduced by IL-1β in cultures containing FSH and either 10 −7 or 10 −8 M androstenedione as a substrate for estradiol synthesis. However, the inhibition of FSH-induced estradiol secretion by IL-1β was more apparent in the presence of 10 −8 M as compared to 10 −7 M androstenedione. IL-1β suppressed estradiol secretion during a 72 h culture in a dose-dependent manner with a minimum effective dose of 10 ng/ml. The reduction of FSH-stimulated estradiol secretion by IL-1β was greatest after a 48 h culture in the presence of 10 −8 M androstenedione. IL-1β did not effect estradiol production when cultures were incubated with various doses of androstenedione in the absence of FSH. Finally, IL-1β also suppressed the forskolin-induced secretion of estradiol. These results suggest that IL-1β may play some role in the multifactorial regulation of aromatase and estrogen secretion in the early developing follicle, and IL-1β may exert an effect on the cAMP-adenylate cyclase messenger system in granulosa cells. Taken together with previous studies, these results provide further evidence for the existence of a putative communications network between the immune and reproductive endocrine systems.
Changes in the Yellow Perch Population of Lake Mendota, Wisconsin, Between 1916 and 1948

Many investigations of marine fish populations have been made during the last few decades. These were often prompted by a serious reduction in commercial yields and there usually followed in their wake restrictions on fishing and other conservation measures. In smaller inland lakes of this continent commercial fishing is relatively rare, and angling solely for recreation represents man's most important direct influence on the fishes present. There are few such lakes where the available information permits us to follow the fate of one particular species of fish over more than a human generation. One of the few is Lake Mendota, Wisconsin, and this report is an attempt to trace the changes in its population of yellow perch (Perca flavescens Mitchill) during the last 50 years. For the following reasons this lake is particularly well suited for such a study: (1). It was much influenced by human development because the rapidly growing city of Madison partly surrounds it. (2). Its limnology has been
Acute hypobaric hypoxia (5486 m) induces greater pulmonary HIF-1 activation in hilltop compared to madison rats.

Engebretsen, Barbara J., David Irwin, Maria E. Valdez, Mary K. Donovan, Alan Tucker, and Martha Tissot van Patot. Acute hypobaric hypoxia (5486 m) induces greater pulmonary HIF-1 activation in hilltop compared to Madison rats. High Alt. Med. Biol. 8:312‐321, 2007.—Compared to Madison strain Sprague‐Dawley rats, the Hilltop strain is resistant to acute hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and pulmonary leak, a pathology resembling high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) in humans. Hypoxia inducible transcription factor-1 (HIF-1) mediates transcription of proteins that can “rescue” tissue from hypoxia, including vasoactive and angiogenic proteins such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Because these proteins have theoretical relevance to the etiology of HAPE, we hypothesized that hypoxia-resistant Hilltop rats acutely exposed to high altitude would have greater HIF-1 activity and expression of iNOS and VEGF as compared to hypoxia-sensitive Madison rats. Animals were exposed to normobaric normoxia or hypobaric hypoxia (18 h at 5486 m). The presence of nuclear HIF-1 heterodimer subunits, HIF-1‐DNA binding, and iNOS and VEGF protein expression were determined in lung tissue. Hypoxic HIF-1� expression, HIF-1‐DNA binding, and iNOS and VEGF expression were greater in Hilltop than in Madison rats. After 18-h hypobaric hypoxia, HIF-1 activity and HIF-mediated protein expression were elevated in Hilltop rats, but not in Madison rats. To our knowledge, this is the first report of differing HIF-1 activation between two strains of animals with clearly divergent physiological responses to identical hypoxic conditions.
Functional correlates of characteristic frequency in single cochlear nerve fibers of the Mongolian gerbil.

Single-unit recordings obtained from the auditory nerve of the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus, revealed functional differences in the response properties of neurons tuned to low and high frequencies. The distribution of neural thresholds displayed a distinct rise for auditory nerve fibers with characteristic frequencies] (CFs) between 3–5 kHz. This frequency band also marked abrupt changes in both the distribution of spontaneous discharge rates and the shape of the neural tuning curve. For neurons of all CFs, spontaneous firing rates were inversely related to neural threshold but unrelated to sharpness of neural tuning. The range of CF thresholds encountered, even when data from many animals were combined, rarely exceeded 20 dB, suggesting that cochlear nerve responses obtained from this species display little inter-animal variability. These results are compared with similar data from other species and discussed in terms of recent studies on sound communication and cochlear anatomy in gerbils.
Mechanical Breath Profile of Airway Pressure Release Ventilation: The Effect on Alveolar Recruitment and Microstrain in Acute Lung Injury

RESULTS Higher PEEP (16-24 cm H2O) and a brief Tlow (APRV T-PEFR to PEFR ratio of 75%) reduced microstrain. Microstrain was minimized with an APRV T-PEFR to PEFR ratio of 75% (mean [SEM], 0.05 [0.03]) and PEEP of 16 cm H2O (mean [SEM], 0.09 [0.08]), but an APRV T-PEFR to PEFR ratio of 75% also promoted alveolar recruitment compared with PEEP of 16 cm H2O (mean [SEM] total inspiratory area, 52.0% [2.9%] vs 29.4% [4.3%], respectively; P .05).
Feasibility of Accessing Data in Hospitalized Patients to Support Diagnosis of Malnutrition by the Academy-A.S.P.E.N. Malnutrition Consensus Recommended Clinical Characteristics

Background: The feasibility of accessing data in hospitalized patients to support a malnutrition diagnosis using the new Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics–American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (AND-A.S.P.E.N.) consensus recommended clinical characteristics of malnutrition is largely unknown. We sought to characterize baseline practice to guide the development of appropriate interventions for implementation of the recommended approach. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted of 262 consecutive adults who were referred for dietitian or nutrition support team assessments at 2 tertiary teaching hospitals in Pennsylvania. The availability of data to support the proposed AND-A.S.P.E.N. approach and the resulting malnutrition diagnoses were examined. Results: Mean ± SD age was 58.2 ± 17.1 years, and half were female. Food intake history was available for 76%, weight history for 67%, and physical examination for loss of fat and muscle mass for 94% and for edema for 84%. Hand...
Collisional alignment and orientation of atomic outer shells. III. Spin-resolved excitation

Abstract The review generalizes the formalism of the first part of this series [N. Andersen, J.W. Gallagher and I.V. Hertel, Phys. Rep. 165 (1988) 1–188] on electron-atom collisions to cases where the spin polarization of the electron is investigated at least once, i.e., before and/or after the collision. In addition, the target atom may be spin polarized. The preparation of initially polarized beams and/or the analysis of photon and spin polarization in the final state significantly increase the number of cases where a “perfect scattering experiment” can be performed. The connection between the scattering amplitudes and the generalized Stokes and STU parameters is analyzed. Favorable scattering geometries for perfect experiments and possibilities for consistency checks are pointed out. Recommendations are made about directions of future work.
Early stages in amorphous Zr65Al7.5Cu27.5 film growth on HOPG

Ultra thin Zr65Al7.5Cu27.5 metallic glass films, deposited by electron beam evaporation onto HOPG (Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite), are investigated in situ with STM with regard to the beginning of amorphous film growth and to atomic structures visible by STM. Island growth with coalescence at 5.0 nm film thickness is observed, where surface diffusion is discussed to be a dominating mechanism in forming the morphology by the use of a statistical analysis. On top of the islands additional structures on an atomic scale can be resolved.
RAG-1 and Ly6D Independently Reflect Progression in the B Lymphoid Lineage

Common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs) are thought to represent major intermediates in the transition of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to B lineage lymphocytes. However, it has been obvious for some time that CLPs are heterogeneous, and there has been controversy concerning their differentiation potential. We have now resolved four Flt3+ CLP subsets that are relatively homogenous and capable of forming B cells. Differentiation potential and gene expression patterns suggest Flt3+ CLPs lacking both Ly6D and RAG-1 are the least differentiated. In addition to B cells, they generate natural killer (NK) and dendritic cells (DCs). At the other extreme is a subset of the recently described Flt3+ Ly6D+ CLPs that have a history of RAG-1 expression and are B lineage restricted. These relatively abundant and potent CLPs were depleted within 48 hours of acute in vivo estrogen elevation, suggesting they descend from hormone regulated progenitors. This contrasts with the hormone insensitivity of other CLP subsets that include NK lineage progenitors. This progenitor heterogeneity and differentiation complexity may add flexibility in response to environmental changes. Expression of RAG-1 and display of Ly6D are both milestone events, but they are neither synchronized nor dependent on each other.
Problems of snowmelt runoff modelling for a variety of physiographic and climatic conditions

Abstract Snowmelt runoff is a significant component of the hydrological cycle in many regions. Major problems of snowmelt runoff modelling associated with the physiographic and climatic conditions of these regions, and problem solutions being investigated, are reviewed. Problems common to all regions include: (a) definition of the spatial and temporal distribution of model input; (b) measurement or estimation of snow accumulation, snowmelt, and runoff process parameters for a range of applications and scales; and (c) development of accurate short term and long term snowmelt runoff forecasts. Procedures being investigated to solve these problems include: (a) integrating conventional and remote-sensing data to improve estimates of input data; (b) developing snowmelt process algorithms which have parameters that are closely related to measurable basin and climatic characteristics; and (c) updating model parameters and components using measured data or knowledge of past uncertainty. Research needs include dev...
A Comparison of Structures in the Andean Orogen of Northern Chile and Exhumed Midcrustal Structures in Southern California, USA: An Analogy in Tectonic Style?

The modern Andean Cordillera has proven to be a good modern analog for the Mesozoic and early Tertiary tectonic evolution of the US Cordillera, particularly for the transition between the Sevier and Laramide orogenies. A detailed version of this analogy, based on the tectonic evolution of the northern Chilean Andes, may explain the tectonic style of intra-arc exhumation and the southward migration of tectonism associated with arc extinction in southern California. Two regionally extensive episodes of deformation and exhumation are identified in southern California; the first occurred in an intra-arc setting in mid-Late Cretaceous time, and the second followed extinction of the magmatic arc and tectonic underplating by a blueschist/greenschist-grade metagraywacke terrane. We develop a model of Laramide oblique subduction of an aseismic oceanic ridge to explain these observations, based on modern subduction of the Juan Fernandez Ridge beneath the northern Chilean Andes. Laramide oblique ridge collision and ...
Minimal Genetic Findings and Their Cancer Control Implications: A Family With the Cancer Family Syndrome

A kindred in which five first-degree relatives were initially known to exhibit colorectal, endometrial, and unspecified carcinoma for two generations, occurring at an early age and including three cases of multiple primary cancer, is consistent with criteria for the cancer family syndrome. Follow-up included a diligent surveillance program that led to the early diagnosis of colon cancer in a young member of the third generation who had been considered at high risk for this lesion. Manifestly, hereditary cancer syndrome identification may be expedited through longitudinal study of apparently cancer-prone kindreds, given limited historical information about tumor expression. However, cancer surveillance measures can and should be instituted early and predicated on clues that suggest, but need not be diagnostic of, such a hereditary cancer predisposing disorder. ( JAMA 240:535-538, 1978)
Quadriceps EMG frequency content following isometric lumbar extension exercise.

Abstract A relationship exists between muscles of the lumbar spine and those of the lower extremity where the quadriceps become more inhibited after lumbar paraspinal. The purpose of this experiment was to compare surface electromyography (sEMG) total frequency content after lumbar paraspinal fatiguing exercise. Scope: 50 subjects performed fatiguing lumbar extension exercise indexed by downward shifts in median frequency calculated from lumbar paraspinal sEMG signal. Before and after each exercise set we recorded maximal, isometric knee extension torque and quadriceps central activation ratio (QI) using the superimposed burst technique while recording vastus lateralis sEMG. We calculated total frequency content of the sEMG signal ( f EMG TOTAL ) as the area of the quadriceps sEMG frequency spectrum. Quadriceps f EMG TOTAL decreased from baseline following the first and second exercise sets. There was no significant change in quadriceps sEMG median frequency among baseline and post-exercise measures. The change in f EMG TOTAL was correlated with the change in QI following the first ( r =−0.41, P =0.003) and second ( r =−0.32, P =0.02) exercise sets. Conclusion: Quadriceps f EMG TOTAL decreased following fatiguing lumbar extension exercise, in the absence of a significant change in quadriceps median frequency.
Obervations on the changing lipid patterns during the life cycle of Oncopeltus fasciatus

Abstract The lipids of the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus were analysed at three stages of its life cycle and qualitative changes were observed. 1. The neutral lipid fraction consisted mainly of triglyceride which decreased with age. 2. An unidentified sterol was found. 3. Lecithin and phosphatidyl ethanolamine were the major phospholipid constituents at all three stages. 4. The fatty acids fractions were characterized by their high content of unsaturated acids.
Levels in 137Cs, 139La, 143Pm and 145Eu observed with proton transfer reaction

Abstract Levels in the N=82 nuclei 137Cs, 139La, 143Pm and 145Eu have been studied with the (d,3He) and (3He,d) reactions on 138Ba and 144Sm at an incident energy of 40 MeV.
Research opportunities in atomic physics at the Advanced Light Source

Abstract The Advanced Light Source (ALS) now under construction at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory is being planned as a national user facility for the production of high-brightness and partially coherent X-ray and ultraviolet synchrotron radiation. The ALS is based on a low-emittance electron storage ring optimized for operation at 1.5 GeV with insertion devices in 11 long straight sections and up to 48 bending-magnet ports. High-brightness photon beams from less than 10 eV to more than 1 keV will be produced by undulators, thereby providing many research opportunities in atomic and molecular physics and chemistry. Wigglers and bending magnets will provide high-flux broad-band radiation at energies to 10 keV.
Retrospective comparison of 3 laser platforms to correct myopic spheres and spherocylinders using conventional and wavefront-guided treatments.

Purpose To compare 3 excimer laser platforms for the correction of myopic spheres and myopic spherocylinders using conventional algorithms or wavefront-guided treatments. Setting Private practice, in-office laser facility. Methods This retrospective comparative interventional case series comprised 458 patients (721 eyes). Sequentially selected patient eyes had laser in situ keratomileusis surgery by the same surgeon using 1 of 3 lasers (Visx Star S4, LADARVision 4000, WaveLight Allegretto) with a conventional algorithm or with wavefront-guided software. The same aberrometer was used before and after surgery in a given eye. A femtosecond laser (IntraLase Corp.) was used for flap creation. Parametric and nonparametric 1-way analysis of variance and regression analysis were performed. Outcomes were analyzed for change in visual, refractive, and wavefront categories. Results On average, all lasers improved uncorrected visual acuity and best spectacle-corrected visual acuity, produced predictable refractive change, and induced higher-order aberrations (HOAs). Overall, the Star S4 wavefront treatment improved results compared with Star S4 conventional treatment; however, LADARVision wavefront treatment did not improve the conventional results. The Allegretto produced the best results in the category of visual acuity in spherocylinder eyes only. The Star S4 wavefront treatment produced the best HOA results for sphere and spherocylinder. In the spherocylinder group, the LADARVision reduced astigmatism and defocus the most. Conclusion These results document that different laser platforms achieve statistically significantly different outcomes depending on refractive, patient, and surgical variables.
Mediastinal Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma and Kasabach-Merritt Phenomenon in a Patient with no Skin Changes and a Normal Chest CT

A 16-month-old previously healthy boy was admitted to the hospital with respiratory distress and thrombocytopenia. Initial workup demonstrated large pleural and pericardial effusions. The patient had no cutaneous abnormality on physical examination, and his initial chest CT (computed tomography) was nondiagnostic. He required multiple platelet transfusions, chest tube placement, and pericardiocentesis. Sixteen days after admission, a chest MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) revealed a large infiltrative mass of the superior mediastinum, consistent with kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE). The patient's thrombocytopenia was due to associated Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon (KMP). The patient now has complete resolution of KMP after medical treatment with prednisolone, aminocaproic acid, vincristine, and aspirin.
Salmonella Focal Intracranial Infections: Review of the World Literature (1884–1984) and Report of an Unusual Case

Focal intracranial infections are unusual manifestations of salmonellosis. Forty-three such infections have been reported in the world literature. The clinical data for 34 well-documented cases are reviewed. Eleven patients had brain abscess, 19 had subdural empyema, three had epidural abscess, and one had both subdural empyema and brain abscess. Brain abscess occurred more often in adults; in contrast, subdural empyema presented more often in children. Fever, signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure, change in mental status, seizures, and focal neurologic deficits were the commonest clinical features. Salmonella serotypes typhi, typhimurium, and enteritidis occurred most frequently. The precipitating factors of these infections included meningitis, trauma, and intracranial hematoma. Surgical drainage combined with systemic antibiotic therapy resulted in the recovery of 21 of 25 patients. A case of embryonal carcinoma plus seminoma of the testis with brain metastases complicated by a salmonella brain abscess is also reported. This is the first report in the world literature of a focal salmonella infection in a neoplastic lesion within the central nervous system.
On the optimality of cooperative intrusion detection for resource constrained wireless networks

The problem of cooperative intrusion detection in battery-powered wireless mesh and sensor networks is challenging, primarily because of the limited resources available to participating nodes. Although the problem has received some attention from the research community, little is known about the tradeoffs among different objectives, such as high network performance, low power consumption, low delay in information collection and high security effectiveness. This article proposes, to the best of our knowledge for the first time, cooperative intrusion detection functions that take into account multiple objectives simultaneously. We formulate the problem of identifying the type of intrusion detection function each node runs, as a multi-objective optimization problem, and propose solutions based on genetic algorithms. Through extensive simulations we demonstrate that our solutions are scalable to large networks, and are characterized by a small variance in the normalized fitness value of individual/single objectives and by a small attack detection/reporting delay. In a real implementation/evaluation we demonstrate that our cooperative intrusion detection system achieves a higher detection rate (93%) than state of art solutions.
Intergovernmental relations and the advocacy coalition framework: the operation of federalism in Denver water politics.

The relationship between intergovernmental relations and the formulation and implementation of public policies is not well understood by scholars. Borrowing from the advocacy coalition framework, this study contends that public policies reflect the strategic choices of federal, state, and local actors operating within policy subsystems. The success of various governmental policy strategies is dependent on the autonomy of each actor and the level of policy fragmentation within the subsystem. These variables are defined, operationalized, and examined within the context of intergovernmental relations in Denver water politics.
“Much Dispute and Wonderful Contentions”: Free-Speech Values in The Book of Mormon

Although some scholars have called for religious speech in the public square to be curtailed in ways other expression is not, a careful examination of Mormon scripture demonstrates broad and deep support for the values that animate secular free expression. If religious speech enables the search for truth, facilitates democracy, provides a safety valve, promotes tolerance, and fosters autonomy, then the argument for restricting religious speech is undermined. The Book of Mormon teaches that while not all speech is of equal value, both secular and religious free expression deserve legal protection and respect.
In vitro comparisons of the inhibitory activity of florfenicol, copper sulphate and potassium permanganate towards Aeromonas hydrophila and Flavobacterium columnare

Aeromonas hydrophila and Flavobacterium columnare, the aetiological agents of motile aeromonas septicaemia (MAS) and columnaris disease respectively, have been recently causing crippling mortalities to the sunshine bass, Morone chrysops female ×Morone saxatilis male (Percichthyidae), industry in the United States. Isolates of A. hydrophila and F. columnare obtained from fish that died during farm outbreaks were subjected to in vitro evaluation of florfenicol (FFC), copper sulphate (CuSO4) and potassium permanganate (KMnO4). Florfenicol inhibited the growth of A. hydrophila and F. columnare more than CuSO4 and KMnO4. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of FFC was 0.04 ± 0 and 0.2 ± 0.1 mg L−1 for A. hydrophila and F. columnare respectively, while the 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) for A. hydrophila and F. columnare was 0.23 ± 0.01 and 0.4 ± 0.2 mg L−1 respectively. Copper sulphate was more effective against A. hydrophila than KMnO4; CuSO4 had a MIC of 83.2 ± 0 mg L−1 compared to 158.0 ± 0 mg L−1 for KMnO4. Copper sulphate was also more effective against F. columnare than KMnO4. The IC50 values of CuSO4 and KMnO4 towards F. columnare were 4.8 ± 0.3 and 8.7 ± 1.6 mg L−1 respectively, and the minimum bactericidal concentration values of CuSO4 and KMnO4 towards F. columnare were 25.0 ± 0 and > 158.0 mg L−1 respectively. In addition, F. columnare was more sensitive to CuSO4 and KMnO4 than A. hydrophila.
Using a Semi-Active Tuned Mass Damper to Limit the Motion of a Nonlinear Absorber and Attenuate Structural Vibrations

When optimally tuned, a tuned mass damper (TMD) can be very effective for reducing the response amplitude of a structure or mechanical system when it is excited near resonance. If the stiffness of the TMD were to develop nonlinear properties, either due to operation outside of its linear range or component degradation, its ability to function can be significantly compromised. Previous work has demonstrated that semi-active tuned mass dampers (STMDs) are able to provide better vibration attenuation than passive devices with significantly lower power requirements than active devices. In this paper, the authors numerically explore the use of an STMD to address the undesirable conditions resulting from a TMD developing nonlinear (cubic) hardening properties. It is found that by adding the STMD in series to the structure/nonlinear TMD (NTMD) system, the response of the NTMD can be reduced, limiting its motion to the linear range where it is able to better attenuate the response of the primary structure.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Wonder in the face of scientific revolutions: Adam Smith on Newton's ‘Proof’ of Copernicanism

In this essay, I construct an epistemology for Adam Smith from some of his lesser known writings, especially ‘The History of Astronomy’ (‘Astronomy’), collected in his posthumous Essays on Philosop...
Quantitative bacterial transcriptomics with RNA-seq

RNA sequencing has emerged as the premier approach to study bacterial transcriptomes. While the earliest published studies analyzed the data qualitatively, the data are readily digitized and lend themselves to quantitative analysis. High-resolution RNA sequence (RNA-seq) data allows transcriptional features (promoters, terminators, operons, among others) to be pinpointed on any bacterial transcriptome. Once the transcriptome is mapped, the activity of transcriptional features can be quantified. Here we highlight how quantitative transcriptome analysis can reveal biological insights and briefly discuss some of the challenges to be faced by the field of bacterial transcriptomics in the near future.
SU-FF-J-84: An Algorithm for Automated Organ Motion Evaluation Based On 4DCT Image Analysis

Purpose: To develop a high throughput method for quantitative analysis of organ motion characterization based on 4DCT image reconstruction and identify breathing phases corresponding to the most extreme target motion. Method and Materials: A novel algorithm was developed that utilizes subtraction of paired images obtained under 4DCT protocol and analyzes the resulting image residuals to characterize the extent of organ motion. The cumulative pixel value (CPV) of the image residual is calculated for all possible combinations of the paired image sets. The maximum CPV is associated with the greatest separation of the target in two image sets, and extreme “breathing” phases are identified. The algorithm was validated on a set of 4DCT images obtained for a dynamic phantom (CIRS, Inc., Norfolk, VA) for different target sizes and motion characteristics. Initial tests on 4 patients with different degrees of motion were conducted. Results: The extent of target motion was correctly described for all pairs of image sets by calculated CPV values. The phases known to correspond to extremes of motion were correctly identified for the phantom study. Phantom studies using targets of different sizes (1 to 3 cm) and different amplitudes of motion (1 to 2cm) produced similar results. Using patient images, our method correctly predicted the degree of observable motion in a blinded test. Conclusions: An automated algorithm for target motion evaluation was developed and tested using 4DCT image sets obtained with a dynamic phantom. The algorithm predictions were accurate for a range of target sizes and amplitudes of motions. The method is objective and robust and therefore may be effectively used in the clinic as a quantitative measure of organ motion. Preliminary results of using patient data are very promising.
Hereditary disorders of potassium homeostasis.

Abstract There has been a dramatic recent increase in the understanding of the renal epithelial transport systems with the identification, cloning and characterization of a large number of membrane transport proteins. The aim of this chapter is to integrate this body of knowledge with the understanding of the clinical disorders that accompany gain, loss or dysregulation of function of these transport systems. The specific focus is on the best-defined human clinical syndromes in which there are derangements in potassium (K + ) homeostasis. The focus is on inherited syndromes, rather than on acquired syndromes due to tubular transport defects, and the therapeutic approaches address chronic derangements of K + homeostasis rather than acute interventions directed at life-threatening hyperkalaemia.
Lateralization of activity associated with language function using magnetoencephalography: a reliability study.

SummaryThis study was conducted to investigate the reliability of magnetoencephalography in lateralizing and localizing brain activity associated with receptive language function. Sixteen right-handed adults with no history of neurologic disorder engaged in a continuous recognition memory task for v
Collaborative Co-Design for Library Workshops

This article describes a year-long application of critical information literacy theory for social-science-related library workshops. Each of these workshops had a customized section that included working with special collections and university archives. The students who participated ranged from incoming freshman to seniors at Stanford University. The curriculum development method for these workshops is based on principles of collaborative co-design.
Executive Stock Options: To Expense or Not?

The issue of whether the stock option expense should be recognized when a company reports its earnings has produced an extended debate in virtually every segment of corporate America. Advocates of expensing argue that to obtain a more accurate picture of net earnings, this form of executive compensation, like other forms, must be deducted from earnings in the year the options are granted. Not to do so overstates corporate earnings and can lead to inflated stock prices. Moreover, not expensing encourages excessive option awards, which can distort managerial incentives, and can result in extreme forms of earnings management. Opponents counter that recognizing the expense requires an accurate and accepted measure of the value of options, which is controversial. Further, for many high tech companies, the present treatment encourages greater innovation and growth. Besides, the relevant information for calculating the impact on earnings is already disclosed in the footnotes to the financial statements. 1
Promoting Self-Determination in Early Elementary School: Teaching Self-Regulated Problem-Solving and Goal-Setting Skills

Problem solving and goal setting are important components of self-determination that young people learn over time. This study describes and validates a model of teaching in early elementary grades that teachers can use to infuse these activities into existing curricula and programs. Can young children set goals for learning using the Self-Determined Learning Model of Instruction, and can teachers implement this model in a variety of subjects and settings with students having diverse learning needs? Our results show that even the youngest students (ages 5—6) were able to set goals and use the model to achieve. Teachers used the model effectively to support the investigation of student interests, the facilitation of choices, and the goal setting and attainment of young children.