cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Original contributionMetabolic and anthropometric evaluation of insulin resistance in nondiabetic patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

Objectives Insulin resistance is nearly universal in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) when tested by glucose tolerance tests or clamp methods. However, the pattern of insulin resistance in these patients after a physiological challenge is unknown. We conducted a study to characterize the metabolic response to a mixed meal in nondiabetic patients with NASH (NDN) and to identify anthropometric determinants of insulin resistance in these patients.
Asian Immigrant Parents’ Role Enactment While Accessing and Using Services for Their Child With Developmental Disabilities in the United States: A Meta-Synthesis Study:

We conducted a meta-synthesis to explore how Asian immigrant parents in the United States enact their perceived parental role while using health and educational services for their child with developmental disabilities. We identified 11 qualitative studies for analysis, and examined these studies using a constant comparative approach and thematic analysis informed by role theory and acculturation theory. Based on our analysis, five themes related to parents' role enactment emerged: (a) parents perceive a multifaceted parental role; (b) parents' individual factors influence their role enactment; (c) system factors influence parents' role enactment; (d) parents use coping strategies to address role dissatisfaction; and (e) parental role enactment is a continuously evolving process influenced by acculturation, which spirals them toward their ultimate goal of helping their child thrive. Findings can inform practitioners' and researchers' understanding of how to create a culturally safe environment to support Asian immigrant parents in realizing their parental role.
Nonreciprocal vibrations of finite elastic structures with spatiotemporally modulated material properties

Elastic waveguides with time- and space-dependent material properties have received great attention as a means to realize nonreciprocal propagation of small-amplitude mechanical waves in unbounded elastic media. Previous works have shown that propagating waves in a modulated medium violate reciprocity by means of asymmetric frequency and wave number conversion between two counterpropagating modes. In the present study, we investigate nonreciprocal longitudinal and transverse vibrations in a finite elastic waveguide with time- and space-dependent material properties. A semianalytical approach based on coupled mode theory is derived, which makes use of the mode shapes of the nonmodulated beam subject to a set of imposed boundary conditions. The modulation parameter space is explored for designs that yield a large degree of nonreciprocity for low-frequency longitudinal and transverse vibrations. For the cases considered in this work, only a small subset of modulation parameters displays strong nonreciprocity, which reveals a sparse and complex design space that must be analyzed in order to create nonreciprocal wave devices.
Search for Wino-Bino Production Using the Emulated Recursive Jigsaw Reconstruction Technique with Run 2 Data

The previous chapter, Chap. 8, introduces the Emulated Recursive Jigsaw Reconstruction (eRJR) technique, developed to emulate the RJR technique using simplified, laboratory frame variables. This technique, defined and validated in Sect. 8.3, reproduces the three-lepton excesses in the low-mass region and ISR regions in the laboratory frame using \(36.1~\text{ fb}^{-1}\) of pp collision data collected between 2015 and 2016 by the ATLAS detector at the LHC.
Confronting the 'Electability Trap': Effects of Campaign Messages, Information, and Perceived Competence on Voter Evaluations of Underrepresented Candidates

While voters may form negative impressions of candidates that do not immediately fit traditional expectations, equal electoral success rates demonstrate that voters are not biased against women and racial minority candidates. I argue that candidates address voter perceptions through their campaign strategy and messages. Thus, a key dimension of campaign strategy is the extent to which perceptions of candidate gender and racial identity may encourage, or even necessitate, the use of differing campaign message strategies. This paper seeks to determine whether candidate profile characteristics might account for the seeming discrepancy between voter bias and electoral outcomes. I use large-scale observational and experimental messages to show how candidate identity, communication---particularly image-managing messages that express individualistic work-ethic and perseverance---and signals of competency affect voter perceptions. In a preliminary forced-choice paired-conjoint and a menu-based choice experiment (n=500), I find that constituents make judgments regarding vote choice, candidate issue competencies, and character using identity. Nevertheless, respondents positively respond to other dimensions of candidate profiles, specifically messages of work-ethic and previous political experience. In particular, Image-Management is consistently shown to be associated with a significant positive increase in these evaluations. In the menu-based survey experiment, I find that when respondents craft the candidates they would consider ideal and worthy of their vote, women and racial minorities are often recommended to pursue messages of Image-Management and higher educational attainment. Taken together, these findings suggest that candidate messaging may provide an account for why women and racial minority candidates are able to obtain electoral success despite evidence of voter biases. This work provides cutting-edge analysis of strategic campaign messaging and puts to the test its effectiveness in attenuating voter biases.
Detection of Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule in Feline Normal and Tumor Cell Lines and Tissues With Selected Commercial Anti-human EpCAM Antibodies

Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a transmembrane protein expressed at intercellular junctions in epithelial cells. As an epithelial biomarker, it used for immunologic-based capture of epithelial-derived circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in human patients with different carcinomas. EpCAM expression has not been described in normal or neoplastic epithelial tissues in cats. Our goal was to find a commercial antibody that recognizes surface EpCAM expression for CTC detection. We tested two anti-human EpCAM antibodies, designated for use with flow cytometry, for detection of surface EpCAM expression on feline cell lines derived from normal mammary and renal epithelia and mammary and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas in cats. Only one of the antibodies, a goat polyclonal antibody, labeled normal and neoplastic feline mammary epithelial cells and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells; no labeling was observed for normal feline kidney epithelial cells. At low dilution, this antibody immunohistochemically stained the intercellular junctions of normal pancreatic, intestinal and mammary epithelium, as well as neoplastic mammary epithelium in feline tissues; however, oral mucosa, skin, and an oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma showed no positive immunostaining. The antibody only weakly bound feline squamous cell carcinoma cell lines under static adhesion. Our results indicate that EpCAM is expressed in specific epithelia in cats but is variably expressed in feline mammary tumors and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. A higher avidity cross-reactive or feline-specific antibody will be required to further investigate EpCAM expression in normal and neoplastic feline tissue or for detecting CTCs in the blood of tumor-bearing cats.
Exploring the conditions that promote intergroup contact at urban parks

Urban parks have the potential to serve as places that facilitate intergroup contact between racially and ethnically diverse users. However, there is limited evidence identifying the conditions und...
Diurnal Photoreceptor Outer Segment Renewal in Mice Is Independent of Galectin-3.

Purpose Galectin-3 (gal-3) is a soluble glycoprotein that has been associated with diverse forms of phagocytosis, including some mediated by the engulfment receptor MerTK. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in vivo uses MerTK (or the related Tyro3) for phagocytosis of shed outer segment fragments during diurnal outer segment renewal. Here, we test if gal-3 plays a role in outer segment renewal in mice and if exogenous gal-3 can promote MerTK-dependent engulfment of isolated outer segment fragments by primary RPE cells in culture. Methods We explored age- and strain-matched wild-type (wt), lgals3-/- and mertk-/- mice. Immunofluorescence and immunoblotting characterized gal-3 and RPE/retina protein expression, respectively. Outer segment renewal was investigated by live imaging of phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure on photoreceptor outer segment distal tips and by microscopy of rhodopsin-labeled RPE phagosomes in tissue sections. Retinal function was assessed by recording electroretinograms (ERGs). Phagocytosis assays feeding purified outer segment fragments (POS) were conducted with added recombinant proteins testing unpassaged primary mouse RPE. Results Gal-3 localizes to neural retina and RPE in wt mice. The lgals3-/- photoreceptor outer segments display normal diurnal PS exposure at distal tips. The number of rhodopsin-positive phagosomes in wt and lgals3-/- RPE does not differ at peak or trough of diurnal phagocytosis activity. lgals3-/- mice show light responses like wt, and their eyes contain wt levels of retinal and RPE proteins. Unlike purified protein S, recombinant gal-3 fails to promote POS engulfment by mouse primary RPE in culture. Conclusions Gal-3 has no essential role in MerTK-dependent outer segment renewal in mice.
Deficiencies of SQL as a GIS Query Language

Numerous proposals have been made to extend the relational database query language SQL to serve as a spatial query language and currently efforts are under way to establish a standardized spatial SQL. Here it is argued that the SQL framework is inappropriate for an interactive spatial query language and an extended spatial SQL is at best a short-term solution. The serious deficiencies of any spatial SQL are divided into two groups: the severe difficulties to incorporate necessary spatial concepts into SQL such as graphical display and its specification and the lack of power within the relational framework with missing support for complex objects, object identity, meta queries, and non-first-order logic—all crucial when dealing with spatial data.
Human Adaptability: Past, Present, and Future

Human Adaptability: Past, Present, and Future. Stanley J. Ulijaszek and Rebecca A. Huss-Ashmore. eds. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.326 pp.
HIV-1 and Ebola virus: The getaway driver nabbed

In a healthy cell, the normal business of Tsg101 protein is as part of the machinery for protein trafficking. It now emerges that two deadly but unrelated viruses, HIV-1 and Ebola, both subvert Tsg101 as an essential step in their life cycles—exiting a cell to restart the cycle of infection. (pages 1313–1319 )
Knowledge and Social Norms

The Fate of Knowledge . Helen E. Longino. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2002. 245 pp. $49.50, £35. ISBN 0-691-08875-6. Paper, $16.95, £11.95. ISBN 0-691-08876-4. Arguing that social interactions help us "in securing firm, rationally based knowledge," Longino builds an account of scientific knowledge that weaves together social and cognitive strands.
Immunohistochemical localization of Type III collagen in the dentin of patients with osteogenesis imperfecta and hereditary opalescent dentin.

The immunohistochemical localization of Type III collagen was studied in the dentin from nine patients with dominantly inherited osteogenesis imperfecta (O.I.) and six patients with hereditary opalescent dentin (H.O.D.). The most consistent localization of Type III collagen was found in patients with O.I. Among these patients an indirect relationship existed between the severity of dentinal involvement and the presence of Type III antibody localization. Although a similar but less intense staining could be observed in some cases of H.O.D., the severity of dentinal alterations in H.O.D. was not correlative to the quantitative presence of material reacting with antibodies to Type III collagen. These observations further indicate that O.I. is not only clinically, but biochemically, a heterogeneous condition.
Transnational Migration and Entrepreneurialism: Indians in the U.S. Technology Sector

In the past, large multinational corporations led entrepreneurial activities in the technology sector, creating value and stimulating growth by bringing new ideas to market. Further, they were in charge of the growth internationally. In the last two decades, however, immigrants have increased their percentage in starting technology companies in the United States, as well as investing in technology companies, building business partnerships, allocating resources, exchanging information, and tapping technical expertise in their home countries. This paper presents a case study of Indian immigrants in the U.S. technology sector to demonstrate how entrepreneurialism is changing with transnational migration. Indian immigrants are actively contributing to an emergent global reality where the borders containing them in the field of technology are increasingly virtual, and beyond the control of any country.
Factorial validity of the United States Employment Service Interest Inventory

Abstract The United States Employment Service Interest Inventory (USES-II) was completed by 732 adult clients at a comprehensive medical and vocational rehabilitation institution. For both males ( n = 502) and females ( n = 230), principal components and LISREL analyses of item parcels provided strong support for a first-order model with factors corresponding to the 12 USES-II scales. Second-order exploratory and confirmatory analyses provided no evidence for a meaningful higher-order organization of the 12 scales. In general, these results support the U.S. Department of Labor's Counselee Assessment/Occupational Exploration System for use with persons with disabilities.
Syntheses and structural studies of η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl rhodium(III) and iridium(III) complexes of a Schiff-base expanded porphyrin

Reported here is the synthesis of new binuclear rhodium(III) and iridium(III) semi-sandwich complexes of a Schiff-base expanded porphyrin. Single crystals of these new complexes were subject to X-ray diffraction analysis. The resulting structures revealed that the Schiff-base macrocycle adopts a V-shape in which two {(η5-C5Me5)MCl} (M = Rh and Ir) fragments are accommodated within the macrocyclic pocket. The coordination environment of the metal centers is typical to that of "piano stool"-type complexes. The X-ray analyses and complementary NMR studies (carried out in CD2Cl2) provide evidence for the existence of strong intramolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions between the pyrrolic NH protons and the chloride counteranion both in solution and in the solid state.
More on boundary conditions for differential approximations

Abstract The spherical harmonic P N approximation for a half space, non-equilibrium Marshak wave problem with an isotropic incident radiation flux impinging on the surface is shown to yield exact radiation energy density and material temperature at the boundary for all times when the Mark boundary condition is used. Numerical results of the standard P 1 and diffusion approximations for the problem are compared amongst different boundary conditions.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Type attributable to a Bacterial Endosymbiote in the Protozoon Crithidia (Strigomonas) oncopelti

IN the course of an investigation of the occurrence of two paths of lysine biosynthesis1,2, tracer and enzyme experiments provided evidence that the trypanosomatid flagellate, Crithidia (Strigomonas, Herpetomonas) oncopelti, contains a bacterial endosymbiote3,4. This evidence was supported by electron microscopy : the inferred endosymbiote shows structures consistent with a cytoplasmic membrane, a cell wall, and nuclear zones, and endosymbiotes which are dividing, as judged by the presence of a constriction, exhibit membrane septa4,5. The protozoon can be ‘cured’ of its endosymbiote with penicillin4,5. It was suggested that the endosymbiote furnishes lysine and probably other metabolites to the protozoon, which in turn provides a protective environment for the endosymbiote3,4. This suggestion took into account: (a) the exceptionally simple nutritional requirements of the protozoon, which were recorded by Newton6; (b) the presence of ‘bipolar bodies’ within the protozoon, which were described by Newton and Horne7 and afterwards recognized as the endosymbiote3,4. Attempts to demonstrate deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the bipolar bodies had given inconclusive results7.
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the pathogenesis of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma.

The incidence of reflux-related esophageal disease – Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma – is rising, and the prognosis remains poor. Evidence exists that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D may augment the course of colon, breast and prostate cancer but little knowledge exists regarding its impact on disease of the esophagus. Important immune cells involved in reflux-related esophageal disease include CD4+ T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells, and key signaling pathways include Wnt, Hedgehog, NFκ-B and IL-6-JAK-STAT. There is an inter-relationship between these entities and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, which has been described in animal models and some human tissue. Despite this, there is an incomplete understanding of how the immune cell population and signaling pathways contribute to the course and prognosis of Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. More investigation with a focus on the clinical outcomes of patients with Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma and the immune ce...
Binocular summation in the evoked cortical potential

Computer-averaged evoked potentials were recorded from six subjects presented with flashes under conditions of binocular and monocular viewing, with a device fitted over each eye to produce ganzfeld conditions. Tests were run with red light and with blue. Analysis of the evoked potentials indicates a substantially larger amplitude with binocular stimulation.
Gliding robotic fish for mobile sampling of aquatic environments

Aquatic ecosystems and processes exhibit a high degree of spatial and temporal heterogeneity, which presents significant challenges for their monitoring. In this paper we report a novel underwater robot, called gliding robotic fish, as an emerging platform for mobile sensing in aquatic environments that can potentially provide high spatiotemporal coverage. The robot represents a hybrid of an underwater glider and a robotic fish, and is capable of exploiting gliding to achieve energy-efficient locomotion while using a fish-like active tail to achieve high maneuverability. Preliminary field-test results are presented, where the robot was used to sample the Kalamazoo River and theWintergreen Lake in Michigan for concentrations of crude oil and harmful algae, respectively.
A Single Base-Pair Change in 2009 H1N1 Hemagglutinin Increases Human Receptor Affinity and Leads to Efficient Airborne Viral Transmission in Ferrets

The 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus continues to circulate among the human population as the predominant H1N1 subtype. Epidemiological studies and airborne transmission studies using the ferret model have shown that the transmission efficiency of 2009 H1N1 viruses is lower than that of previous seasonal strains and the 1918 pandemic H1N1 strain. We recently correlated this reduced transmission efficiency to the lower binding affinity of the 2009 H1N1 hemagglutinin (HA) to α2→6 sialylated glycan receptors (human receptors). Here we report that a single point mutation (Ile219→Lys; a base pair change) in the glycan receptor-binding site (RBS) of a representative 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus, A/California/04/09 or CA04/09, quantitatively increases its human receptor-binding affinity. The increased human receptor-affinity is in the same range as that of the HA from highly transmissible seasonal and 1918 pandemic H1N1 viruses. Moreover, a 2009 H1N1 virus carrying this mutation in the RBS (generated using reverse genetics) transmits efficiently in ferrets by respiratory droplets thereby reestablishing our previously observed correlation between human receptor-binding affinity and transmission efficiency. These findings are significant in the context of monitoring the evolution of the currently circulating 2009 H1N1 viruses.
Highly Versatile Computer-Controlled Television Detector System

A description is presented of a television detector system which has been designed to accommodate a wide range of applications. It is currently being developed for use in X-ray diffraction, X-ray astrophysics, and electron microscopy, but it is also well suited for astronomical observations. The image can be integrated in a large, high-speed memory system, in the memory of a computer system, or the target of the TV tube or CCD array. The detector system consists of a continuously scanned, intensified SIT vidicon with scan and processing electronics which generate a digital image that is integrated in the detector memory. Attention is given to details regarding the camera system, scan control and image processing electronics, the memory system, and aspects of detector performance.
Nondrug-related aspect of treating Ekbom disease, formerly known as restless legs syndrome.

Ekbom disease (EKD), formerly known as restless legs syndrome (RLS) has affected and bothered many people over the centuries. It is one of the most prevalent neurological disorders in Europe and North-America, affecting about 10% of the population. The main characteristics are the strong urge to move, accompanied or caused by uncomfortable, sometimes even distressing, paresthesia of the legs, described as a “creeping, tugging, pulling” feeling. The symptoms often become worse as the day progresses, leading to sleep disturbances or sleep deprivation, which leads to decreased alertness and daytime functions. Numerous studies have been conducted assessing the efficacy of dopaminergic drugs, opioids, and other pharmacologic agents in alleviating EKD symptoms. However, there is also a growing body of evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of nonpharmacologic treatments including life style changes, physical activity programs, pneumatic compression, massage, near-infrared light therapy, and complementary therapies. The working mechanisms behind these alternatives are diverse. Some increase blood flow to the legs, therefore reducing tissue hypoxia; some introduce an afferent counter stimulus to the cortex and with that “close the gate” for aberrant nerve stimulations; some increase dopamine and nitric oxide and therefore augment bio-available neurotransmitters; and some generate endorphins producing an analgesic effect. The advantages of these treatments compared with pharmacologic agents include less or no side effects, no danger of augmentation, and less cost.
A programming model for the Mark III hypercube with multiple processor nodes

The Caltech/JPL Mark III Hypercube originally consisted of an ensemble of processing elements each containing two Motorola M68020 processors — one M68020 processor and a M68881 Floating-Point coprocessor used for data processing, the other M68020 processor dedicated to hypercube communications. In the interest of achieving even greater computational capability a third processing element, the Weitek XL system, was added to enhance floating point performance. Each of what is now three processing elements is configured with CPU, local static memory, communication peripherals, clocks, and control logic. In addition, they share 4 megabytes of dynamic memory on the node card. We will describe a programming model and environment that accommodates the operation of the three processors, preparation, extended Crystalline communications, and intranode concurrency.
DNA sequence, structure, and phylogenetic relationship of the small subunit rRNA coding region of mitochondrial DNA from Podospora anserina.

DNA sequence analysis and the localization of the 5′ and 3′ termini by S1 mapping have shown that the mitochondrial (mt) small subunit rRNA coding region fromPodospora anserina is 1980 bp in length. The analogous coding region for mt rRNA is 1962 bp in maize, 1686 bp inSaccharomyces cerevisiae, and 956 bp in mammals, whereas its counterpart inEscherichia coli is 1542 bp. TheP. anserina mt 16S-like rRNA is 400 bases longer than that fromE. coli, but can be folded into a similar secondary structure. The additional bases appear to be clustered at specific locations, including extensions at the 5′ and 3′ termini. Comparison with secondary structure diagrams of 16S-like RNAs from several organisms allowed us to specify highly conserved and variable regions of this gene. Phylogenetic tree construction indicated that this gene is grouped with other mitochondrial genes, but most closely, as expected, with the fungal mitochondrial genes.
Mapping dopamine D2/D3 receptor function using pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging

Rationale Regulation of dopamine release and synthesis occurs via pre-synaptic dopamine (DA) D2/D3 autoreceptors (DARs). Mapping of DAR function in vivo is difficult and is usually best assessed using invasive measures of DA release, such as microdialysis at discrete sites. We wished to show that pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging (phMRI) may prove useful for this purpose.
School food reduces household income disparities in adolescents' frequency of fruit and vegetable intake

Abstract Objective The aim of this study is to examine whether school food attenuates household income-related disparities in adolescents' frequency of fruit and vegetable intake (FVI). Method Telephone surveys were conducted between 2007 and 2008 with adolescent-parent dyads from Northern New England; participants were randomly assigned to be surveyed at different times throughout the year. The main analysis comprised 1542 adolescents who typically obtained breakfast/lunch at school at least once/week. FVI was measured using 7-day recall of the number of times adolescents consumed fruits and vegetables. Fully adjusted linear regression was used to compare FVI among adolescents who were surveyed while school was in session (currently exposed to school food) to those who were surveyed when school was not in session (currently unexposed to school food). Results Mean FVI was 8.0 (SD = 5.9) times/week. Among adolescents unexposed to school food, household income and FVI were strongly, positively associated. In contrast, among adolescents exposed to school food, FVI was similar across all income categories. We found a significant cross-over interaction between school food and household income in which consuming food at school was associated with higher FVI among adolescents from low-income households versus lower FVI among adolescents from high-income households. Conclusion School food may mitigate income disparities in adolescent FVI. The findings suggest that the school food environment positively influences FVI among low-income adolescents.
Effect of testosterone on ribonucleic acid metabolism in the prostate, seminal vesicle, liver and thymus of immature rats.

A single injection of 1 mg testosterone stimulated the synthesis of RNA in the ventral prostate, seminal vesicle and liver of immature rats. In contrast, the metabolism of RNA in the thymus was unaltered by treatment with testosterone. The synthesis of RNA at varying times after the injection of androgen was estimated by the injection of 3H-cytidine 30 min before the rats were killed. The specific activity of the RNA from the purified nuclei and the cytoplasm of these organs was increased markedly 2 and 12 hr after the administration of testosterone but decreased toward control levels at 38 hr. The amount of tritium sedimenting with cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA of ventral prostate and liver was increased 2 and 12 hr after the administration of testosterone. In control rats, isotope was incorporated into the soluble RNA fraction within the 30 min following the injection of 3H-cytidine. The amount of RNA per g tissue in seminal vesicle increased slightly at 12 hr and markedly at 38 hr following administration ...
New data on mitochondrial diversity and origin of Hemimysis anomala in the Laurentian Great Lakes

Abstract The most recent Ponto-Caspian species to invade the Laurentian Great Lakes is the crustacean Hemimysis anomala , first reported in 2006. A previous study described three haplotype groups (A, B, C) of H. anomala in native and invaded areas within Europe, but only one haplotype (A1) in a sample from Lake Michigan. Our study expands these results to additional populations in the Great Lakes basin, and evaluates relationships among North American and European populations. A 549-bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene was analyzed from populations of H. anomala in Lakes Ontario, Erie, Huron, and the St. Lawrence River. Two different haplotypes, A1 and B1, were observed in the sampled populations of H. anomala and in a previous analysis from H. anomala in Oneida Lake (New York). Our results, in contrast with a previous study, detect an additional haplotype in North America.
Concordance of interstitial cystitis in monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs

Our objective was to determine whether there is a greater concordance of interstitial cystitis (IC) among monozygotic than dizygotic twins. Members of the Interstitial Cystitis Association (ICA) who responded to a survey about first-degree family members with IC symptoms or confirmed IC were requested to identify themselves if they were 1 of a twin pair. Each twin respondent and co-twin were then evaluated via a questionnaire and acquisition of hydrodistention reports as to their meeting modified National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) criteria for IC. Of the co-twins of 8 monozygotic twin respondents, 2 had probable and 3 had confirmed IC compared with none of the co-twins of the 26 dizygotic twin respondents (including 15 female co-twins). There is a greater concordance of IC among monozygotic than dizygotic twin pairs suggesting a genetic susceptibility to IC.
PSEUDOFILAMENTOUS GREEN ALGAE FORM INDEPENDENT CHLOROPHYTE AND STREPTOPHYTE LINEAGES

The pseudofilamentous condition in green algae has been characterized as the formation of a linear array of autospores. Although it is likely that this characterization will be found to be an over-simplification, it serves as a logical starting point for a study of diversity among pseudofilamentous taxa. Therefore, given that molecular phylogenetic analyses have revealed that coccoid, autospore-formers are found in a number of independent green algal lineages, it is reasonable to expect that pseudofilamentous taxa are likely to be found in a number of distinct lineages. In order to test this hypothesis, data from the nuclear-encoded 18S r RNA gene were collected from several pseudofilamentous, green algal genera (Geminella, Gloeotila, Hazenia, Interfilum, Microspora, and Sphaeroplea) and incorporated into an 18S rRNA database of chlorobiont taxa. Results from phylogenetic analyses of these data support (1) an alliance of Interfilum, two Geminella isolates, and Klebsormidium within the streptophyte lineage, (2) an alliance of two Geminella isolates and Microspora as a sister group to the ulvophycean/chlorophycean/trebouxiophycean clade or as a sister group to trebouxiophycean taxa, (3) an alliance of Hazenia with ulotrichalean taxa, (4) of Gloeotila with trebouxiophycean taxa and (5) an alliance of Sphaeroplea with chlorophycean taxa. These data confirm that the filamentous condition has evolved in a number of independent lineages. Moreover, these data further illustrate that the extent of molecular variability within the green algae is far from fully appreciated.
Customer-Focused Assessment of Electric Power Microgrids

The cost-effectiveness of interconnected microgrid systems with combined heat and power is examined for 36 cases involving six microgrid applications in six different U.S. locations. In the baseline analysis, microgrids are found to be good investments in areas with relatively high “spark spreads” (electricity/natural gas price differentials). Customers with a higher value for electric reliability realize greater benefits. Results become more favorable over time if the rate of increase of electricity prices is at least 60% of the rate of increase of natural gas prices—a plausible scenario in states with substantial natural-gas fired capacity. Sensitivity analyses reveal that the choice of microgrid customer mix has a much greater impact on system economics than climate. Economies of scale are shown to be fairly modest for the systems considered here, but microgrids do show clear benefits over traditional single customer distributed generation. If performance goals of current U.S. Department of Energy rese...
Numerical simulation of the dynamics of an electrostatically levitated drop

Abstract In this paper we use the boundary integral method to simulate the dynamics of a liquid drop levitated by electrostatic force. Our numerical code reproduces the Rayleigh limit, the Taylor limit and the stable equilibrium shape of a leviated drop obtained by previous authors. It also reveals the mechanism by which a levitated drop might breakup. Using this code, we have obtained the natural frequencies of the drop under various levitation conditions. We have also examined the effect of the electrostatic field on the resonant interactions between the modes. We found that the presence of the electric field enhances the modal interactions; modes which otherwise would not interact become coupled to each other. Calculations of the dynamics of a levitated drop under a time-periodic electric field indicate that the main resonance occurs when the frequency of the electric field is near the free oscillation frequency of the fundamental mode.
Effect of reirradiation on radioresistance in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)

The radioresponse of 20 M 2 families of cultivated peanuts representing proven radioresistant, radiosensitive and radioresistant × radiosensitive hybrid genotypes was determined in the M 7 M 1 (treated twice with irradiation, seven generations previously and one generation previously), M 7 M 5 M 1 and M 7 M 5 M 3 M 1 generation-treatments. Each cycle of irradiation consisted of 15 kr of X or gamma rays applied to dormant seeds. Further evaluations were made of the same families for mutation frequency and fruit yield in subsequent generations. Statistically significant differences were noted among M 2 families, among generation treatments and for treatment × family interactions when radiation damage, per cent survival and yield were recorded in split-plot field designs using the treatments as sub-plots. All families tended to have greater survival and less damage in the M 7 M 5 M 1 generation-treatment than either the M 7 M 1 or M 7 M 5 M 3 M 1 treatments. This response is explained by assuming that selection for radioresistance was effective during the early cycles of reirradiation but the continued radio-effects of the fourth cycle coupled with the narrow genetic base resulting from prior selection resulted in greater damage as reirradiation continued. No clear relationship between the radiation history of the M 2 families and the radioresponse in the three generationtreatments under study could be ascertained on a family basis. Where statistically significant differences existed, yields tended to decrease with increased cycles of reirradiation.
Nausées et vomissements postopératoires de l'adulte

Resume Objectif. – Identifier les facteurs de risque et les modeles de prediction des nausees et vomissements postoperatoires de l'adulte et proposer une conduite a tenir pour la prevention et traitement. Sources des donnees. – Medline® (1997–2002) en utilisant postoperative nausea and vomiting [MESH]. Extraction des donnees. – Les etudes randomisees et controlees, les revues systematiques et les analyses multivariees ont ete retenues. Synthese des donnees. – Les nausees et vomissements postoperatoires sont les evenements les plus frequents et les moins bien supportes par les patients, apres une anesthesie generale. Les gaz halogenes et les morphiniques sont les facteurs de risques principaux d'autant qu'ils sont administres chez les patients predisposes : les femmes, ceux ayant des antecedents de nausees et vomissements postoperatoires ou de mal des transports et les non-fumeurs. Apres anesthesie halogenee, la prediction du risque de nausees et vomissements postoperatoires est possible par deux scores simples et valides. La prophylaxie par le droperidol, la dexamethasone et les antagonistes des recepteurs 5-HT3, seuls ou en association, doit etre envisagee chez les patients a risque eleve. Le traitement fait appel en priorite aux antagonistes des recepteurs 5-HT3. Conclusion. – Une strategie de prevention et de traitement des nausees et vomissements postoperatoires, stratifiee sur le risque predit, apparait coherente et rentable, mais demande a etre validee.
Regulation of β-chain mRNA of ovine follicle-stimulating hormone by 17β-estradiol

17 β-Estradiol (E2) rapidly and reversibly decreases the synthesis of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in primary dispersed cell cultures of ovine pituitaries. Similarly, E2 also causes a decrease in the messenger RN A for the beta subunit of ovine FSH (FSHβ-mRNA) as measured in an in vitro translation assay. These results are consistent with the concept that E2 directly regulates either transcription of the FSHβ gene or processing of FSHβ-mRNA in sheep. Of additional interest is the observation that pituitary cultures from various species respond differently to E2 in terms of FSH synthesis. For example, E2 stimulates FSH synthesis in rat pituitary cultures, has no effect in similar rabbit cultures, and inhibits FSH synthesis in ovine cultures. Thus, a set of eukaryotic ‘mutants’ may exist to aid studies of the effect of E2 on FSH synthesis and secretion.
Maternal moderators of child care: the role of maternal separation anxiety.

Mothers' concern about separation is an important moderator of the effects of maternal employment and child care on children's development.
Rare earth fluorescence in some LnOCl type hosts

Abstract LaOCl, LuOCl and ScOCl represent three different structures with the Ln ion coordination changing from 9 to 7 and 6. The rare earth ions Sm +3 , Eu +3 , Tb +3 , Dy +3 and Tm +3 can be introduced into all three of these hosts and the luminescence is discussed as a function of the local crystal symmetry.
Small sample properties of the multiple rank F-test with lagged dependent variables

Abstract The parametric and multiple rank F -tests are compared using Monte Carlo methods in a leading linear lagged dependent variable model for different error distributions, sample sizes and strengths of relationship.
Drilling mud-evoked hydranth shedding in the hydroid Tubularia crocea

Abstract At 100 000 ppm, the suspended particulate and liquid phases of a reference drilling mud and a used production mud significantly increase the hydranth shedding proportion in the hydroid coelenterate Tubularia crocea after 48 h. At 10 000 ppm only the liquid phase of the synthetic drilling mud significantly increased hydranth shedding. At 1000 ppm the 3% iron and calcium forms of the five lignosulphonates tested were found to be toxic. Other organic constituents of drilling muds found to be toxic included, tannic acid (100 ppm), paraformaldehyde (1 ppb), and water-soluble fractions of crude oil and No. 2 fuel oil (approximately 20 ppm). Mercury, cadmium, copper, cobalt, zinc and nickel were found toxic at 100 ppm. Exposure to 0.1−0.001 ppm mercury, 1% WSF of crude oil, and 10 ppm cadmium resulted in a significant decrease in the hydranth shedding proportion. This reduction in hydranth shedding proportion may reflect hormesis, a stimulation of growth by low-level exposure to a pollutant, but cannot be conclusively demonstrated until growth measurements are made.
Computationally efficient ion implantation damage model: modified Kinchin-Pease model

A new computationally efficient ion implantation damage model has been developed and implemented in UT-MARLOWE Version 4.0. Based on the modified Kinchin-Pease formula, this model accounts for damage generation, damage accumulation, defect encounters and amorphization. With two parameters, one species-independent and the other species-dependent, good agreement with experimental impurity profiles has been obtained for sufficiently low energy implants. In addition, the amorphous layer thicknesses obtained in this model are also in reasonable agreement with experimental measurements. For higher energy implants, another parameter is introduced into the model to remedy a deficiency of the conventional Kinchin-Pease model. With this modification, good agreement with experimentally measured impurity profiles has been obtained for implant energies up to 65 keV for BF 2 , 80 keV for boron, 180 keV for arsenic and phosphorus over a wide range of doses (1 X 10 13 cm -2 to 8 X 10 15 cm -2 ) and tilt angles and rotation angles. In combination with other CPU time reduction techniques, a speed improvement of up to an order of magnitude has been observed.
Correction of breathing-induced errors in magnetic resonance thermometry of hyperthermia using multiecho field fitting techniques

Purpose: Breathing motion can create large errors when performing magnetic resonance (MR) thermometry of the breast. Breath holds can be used to minimize these errors, but not eliminate them. Between breath holds, the referenceless method can be used to further reduce errors by relying on regions of nonheated fatty tissue surrounding the heated region. When the surrounding tissue is heated (i.e., for a hyperthermia treatment), errors can result due to phase changes of the small amounts of water in the tissue. Therefore, an extension of the referenceless method is proposed which fits for the field in fatty tissue independent of temperature change and extrapolates it to the water-rich regions. Methods: Nonheating experiments were performed with male volunteers performing breath holds on top of a phantom mimicking a breast with a tumor. Heating experiments were also conducted with the same phantom while mechanically simulated breath holds were performed. A nonheating experiment was also performed with a healthy female breast. For each experiment, a nonlinear fitting algorithm was used to fit for temperature change and B0 field inside of the fatty tissue. The field changes were then extrapolated into water-rich (tumor) portions of the image using a least-squares fit to a fifth-order equation, to correct for field changes due to breath hold changes. Similar results were calculated using the image phase, to mimic the use of the referenceless method. Results: Phantom results showed large reduction of mean error and standard deviation. In the non-heating experiments, the traditional referenceless method and our extended method both corrected by similar amounts. However, in the heating experiments, the average deviation of the temperature calculated with the extended method from a fiber optic probe temperature was approximately 50% less than the deviation with the referenceless method. The in vivo breast results demonstrated reduced standard deviation and mean. Conclusions: In this paper, we have developed an extension of the referenceless method to correct for breathing errors using multiecho fitting methods to fit for the B0 field in the fatty tissue and using measured field changes as references to extrapolate field corrections into a water-only (tumor) region. This technique has been validated in a number of situations, and in all cases, the correction method has been shown to greatly reduce temperature error in water-rich regions. The method has also been shown to be an improvement over similar methods that use image phase changes instead of field changes, particularly when temperature changes are induced.
Selfish genetic elements.

Abstract Complex genetic systems appear to be inherently vulnerable to subversion by ‘selfish' genetic elements, which gain a transmission advantage relative to the rest of the genome and are often detrimental to the organism. Such elements appear to have evolved many times, and show diverse origins and mechanisms for gaining a transmission advantage. The purpose of this report is to indicate how widespread such selfish genetic elements are, and to review the main evolutionary and population genetic questions relating to them.
Scaling in multiplicity distributions in hadron-hadron interactions at 2-1000 GeV/ N

We present the measurement of charged-particle multiplicity distributions produced by 200, 300, 400, and 1000 GeV/c proton, 200 and 16 GeV/c pion, and 1.85 GeV/nucleon argon in nuclear emulsions. We find that the secondary particles produced in $p\ensuremath{-}p$ and ($p$,$\ensuremath{\pi}$,Ar)-emulsion collisions satisfy Koba, Nielsen, and Olesen scaling.
Radiation Effects on GaAs Charge Coupled Devices with High Resistivity Gate Structures

The results of a study on the effects of 1 MeV electrons and 1 MeV neutrons on the operation of high speed GaAs Charge Coupled Devices (CCDs) are presented. Radiation-induced trapping levels are characterized using a linear array CCD structure and the periodic pulse technique. 1 MeV electron irradiation introduced traps at 0.1 eV and 0.39 eV with bulk trap introduction rates of 1 cm-1 and 0.33 cm-1, respectively. The devices were irradiated to a maximum fluence of 9×1014 electrons/cm2. 1 MeV neutron irradiation introduced an electron trap level at 0.64 eV with a bulk trap introduction rate of 0.5 cm-1. Catastrophic device failure occurred at neutron fluences of 6×1013 neutrons/cm2. Device charge transfer efficiency was characterized pre- and post-irradiation over the temperature range of 80°K to 300°K.
The Neutral Grounding Reactor

A neutral grounding reactor (Petersen Coil) has been in operation on the system of the Alabama Power Company since October 12, 1921. This is the first of these devices in this country, although there are perhaps several hundred of them in operation in Europe. The present paper discusses the tests made shortly after installation of this reactor. A companion paper by Messrs. J. M. Oliver and W. W. Eberhardt, discusses the operation of the reactor for a period of about a year. It is believed that this device has a somewhat limited use in this country on account of the prevalence and popularity of the solidly grounded neutral. Nevertheless, there are certain installations favorable to the use of the reactor and it is partly the purpose of the present paper to outline the field of this device as well as to show how its rating may be determined for a particular system.
Minimally Invasive Follicular Carcinoma.

The criteria for the diagnosis of follicular carcinoma of the thyroid and in particular of the “minimally invasive” variant are discussed. The introduction of a new terminology reflecting the indolent behavior of most of the thyroid neoplasms morphologically resembling follicular adenomas, and currently diagnosed as carcinomas on the sole basis of capsular invasion, is recommended.
Modeling of photonic crystals and nanostructures

In this paper, we present a brief overview of the most common electromagnetic model used to analyze the properties and performance of photonic crystal structures, namely the plane wave method. This method is commonly used to determine the electromagnetic dispersion properties of a photonic crystal structure and thereby provides key insight into the nature of the band diagram, which ultimately reveals the presence of a band gap. Following the overview, we then apply this tool to estimate the effects of fabrication errors on the confinement properties of photonic crystal slab waveguides. As we show in this paper, fundamental issues related to a shift in the allowable states in a photonic crystal wave are show to be a source of significant propagation loss.