cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The environmental audit. I. Concepts

Extensive criticism of water quality monitoring programs has developed as costs are compared with the benefits produced by monitoring efforts. Collecting water quality data while developing understanding of the functional character of the environment will improve water quality monitoring data utility in environmental management. The “environmental audit” characterizes the attributes of the natural environment (that is, attribute type, intensity, and variability), providing a theoretical as well as practical foundation for data interpretation. In the view proposed here, traditional monitoring means the very narrow activity of collecting samples and perhaps analyzing them and storing the analyses. In the environmental audit, these activities are a mechanism to systematically improve environmental monitoring and assessment by improving the design and implementation of environmental programs. Major reasons why existing programs fail to meet the needs of legislators, regulators, and conservationists are identified.
The formation and elongation of filopodia during transformation of sea urchin coelomocytes

Sea urchin coelomocytes were examined during their morphological transformation from petaloid to filopodial forms by scanning electron microscopy and cine film analysis, Petaloid coelomocytes have a variable morphology but, in general, consist of numerous thin sheets of cytoplasm, the petals, arranged in three dimensions around a central nuclear region. The transition to the filopodial form can occur in either substrate-attached or suspended cells and begins with the formation of several microspikes at the edge of each petal. These become more apparent as the cytoplasm between each microspike/filopodium is retracted centripetally. Concomitantly, the diameter of the flattened cell is increased by as much as twofold as the filopodia actively lengthen at a uniform, average rate of 0.5 microns/minute. The transformation process requires ca 15 minutes and is complete when the cell diameter no longer increases. These filopodia are functionally distinct from the passively produced retraction fibers observed in cultured mammalian cells. The formation of filopodia is biphasic and includes both a cytoplasmic retraction phase and an active extension phase.
Impact of process parameters of TiN cap formation on threshold voltage and gate leakage in HKMG last integration

In this work factors influencing threshold voltage in replacement gate integration are investigated. Using DOE, the impact of TiN deposition parameters on Vt,lin and gate leakage is studied. 3D atom probe is used to determine the oxygen and nitrogen profiles within the gate stack.
Decompressive hemicraniectomy for acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: case report.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) varies widely in symptoms and severity. Some cases are associated with massive life-threatening cerebral edema refractory to conventional medical management. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 51-year-old woman with ADEM who developed severe brain swelling and herniation despite aggressive medical management is described. INTERVENTION: A decompressive hemicraniectomy and durotomy led to rapid improvement and an excellent outcome. CONCLUSION: This case report reinforces the place of this procedure in the armamentarium of treatment options for patients with medically refractory brain swelling and elevated intracranial pressure caused by ADEM. The potential for an increase in the incidence of ADEM with more frequent small-pox vaccinations emphasizes the significance of redefining the full range of management options for this treatable disease.
Misunderstanding and Potential Unintended Misuse of Acetaminophen Among Adolescents and Young Adults

Acetaminophen is highly accessible yet potentially dangerous when used incorrectly. In attempts to address concerns about acetaminophen, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has identified gaps in evidence about unintentional misuse among adolescents. Therefore, our objectives were to assess adolescents' (1) health literacy, (2) knowledge about acetaminophen, (3) recent use of over-the-counter (OTC) medicines, and (4) understanding of medication dosing (instructions for how to use the medicine, i.e., "acetaminophen skills"). We conducted a cross-sectional survey of adolescents and young adults (ages 16-23 years) recruited from education settings and health care sites in Monroe County, New York, from 11/08-9/09. Using structured in-person interviews, we assessed acetaminophen knowledge and recent use of over-the-counter (OTC) medicines. Through role-plays of everyday health scenarios, we assessed participants' abilities to identify acetaminophen in OTC products and answer questions about instructions for acetaminophen use. We measured health literacy with the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM) for participants >18, and the REALM-Teen for those <18. Confusion about acetaminophen and its use was common. Limited health literacy was an independent risk factor for poor knowledge, misunderstanding, and potential unsafe use of acetaminophen-containing medicines; however, most participants at all health literacy levels erred dangerously in "unsafe" understanding of acetaminophen use from label instructions. Individuals with limited health literacy could face disproportionate risk of unsafe use of acetaminophen because of confusion and misunderstanding of label information. Better labeling, public health programs, and educational efforts could facilitate safer use of acetaminophen.
Opioid modulation of taste responses in the nucleus of the solitary tract.

Abstract Gustatory processing within the medulla is modulated by a number of physiologic and experiential factors. Several neurotransmitters, including excitatory amino acids, GABA, and substance P, are involved in synaptic processing within the rostral portion of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST). Endogenous opiates have been implicated in the regulation of feeding behavior and in taste palatability and gustatory responses in the parabrachial nuclei are reduced by systemic morphine. In the present experiments, extracellular recording of neuronal activity within the NST in response to taste input was combined with local microinjection of met-enkephalin (Met-ENK) and naltrexone (NLTX) to determine the effect of these agents on gustatory activity. The anterior tongue was stimulated with anodal current pulses to determine the time course of drug action ( n =85 cells) and with prototypical taste stimuli (0.032 M sucrose, NaCl, and quinine hydrochloride, and 0.0032 M citric acid) to investigate the effects of these opioid compounds on taste-evoked responses ( n =80 cells). Among these 165 taste-responsive neurons in the NST, the activity of 39 (23.6%) was suppressed by Met-ENK. These effects were dose-dependent and blockable by NLTX, which alone was without effect, suggesting that opiates do not maintain a tonic inhibitory influence. Immunohistochemical experiments demonstrated both μ- and δ-opioid receptors within the gustatory portion of the NST; previous studies had shown numerous fiber terminals containing Met-ENK. These data suggest that endogenous opiates play an inhibitory role in gustatory processing within the medulla.
The effect of a calcium antagonist on the retention of simple associational learning.

Abstract Using a newly developed training paradigm, rats were trained to associate a spatial location and a black interior with mild footshock and another adjacent location with white interior with the absence of footshock in three independent experiments. Retention of these associations was measured 24 and 48 hr after training in a situation in which the animals could move freely between the black and white locations over a 90 sec test. Other rats were subjected to a control procedure in which shock was received on both the black and the white sides of the apparatus. In each of the experiments, half of the animals in the experimental and the control groups were trained following the administration of the calcium slow channel blocking agent, nimodipine (5 mg/kg), and the other half after saline administration. In experiment 1, the injections were given 15 min before training. In experiment 2, the injections were given chronically, over a 6 day period before training. In experiment 3, the animals were given a single injection 7 days before training. In all cases, retention was examined both 24 and 48 hr after training. The results were that the experimental procedures produce a strong aversion to the black portion of the apparatus. The greatest amount of retention was found in animals that had received the chronic injections, whether they were of saline or of nimodipine. In every aspect of retention in which the saline-treated rats were less than perfect in retention, the nimodipine animals exhibited superior performance.
High-power tunable two-color VECSEL for on-demand wavelength generation

High power, tunable two color lasers are highly suitable for the new wavelengths generation thanks to various nonlinear conversion phenomena. Vertical external cavity surface emitting lasers (VECSELs) are of special interest due to the access to the high intracavity circulating power and wavelength control. We report a novel VECSEL cavity design, which can deliver high power, tunable two color emission. The VECSEL setup is based on a two-chip T-shape cavity configuration which utilizes a polarizing beam splitter to combine two VECSEL cavities. This allows for two-color orthogonally polarized high-power collinear outputs. The two color emission of this kind is ideal for type II nonlinear frequency conversion. A high-Q folded T-cavity is utilized to achieve the combined beams circulating power in excess of 175 W. Intracavity birefringent filters are used to facilitate tunability and wavelength separation between two colors. A configuration of this type is used for high power intracavity type II sum frequency generation, which resulted in tunable blue emission with above 750 mW output, and in the second case a tunable green emission with more than 1.4 W output was obtained. A signal around 1 THz was achieved through type II difference frequency generation in tilted periodically poled lithium niobate. Lastly, a silver thiogallate was utilized to generate mid-IR wavelength around 5.36 μm through type II difference frequency generation.
Reunification of Korea: a social development approach to resolving the Korean conflict1

This paper deals with Korea, a nation divided for more than half a century, and aims to shed some light on the type of social welfare regime that will need to come to the fore in the process of gradual reunification, whenever it inevitably occurs. Reunification will create changes in mobility, urbanization, employment, housing, healthcare, and social welfare in general. Many of the basic facets of society will be redrawn and rearranged. A comparative case study analysis between Germany and Korea reveals that an unbearable social cost could challenge the future of reunified Korea if it were to follow Germany's rapid market-based absorption model. The main argument is that these negative socio-economic consequences can be minimized if the process of change is gradual such that it maximizes freedom and minimizes dehumanization. This social development approach to reunification suggests building a common social welfare policy regime that ensures social rights as an empowerment strategy.
The integration of novel EAP-based Braille cells for use in a refreshable tactile display

Structures demonstrating the viability of both the hydraulic and latching Braille dot, and the dielectric elastomer fiber Braille dot have been fabricated and characterized. A hydraulic proof-of-concept structure has achieved the necessary volumetric change required to lift a Braille dot over 0.5mm at voltages under 1000V and at speeds under 100ms. Long bimorphs have been fabricated that demonstrate large tip displacements over 2mm that could be used to mechanically latch the Braille rod in the 'up' position to achieve the force requirement. The addition of radial prestrain in dielectric elastomer tubes has reduced the wall thickness and directed the strain in the axial direction which has had a dramatic impact on their resulting characteristics. The required bias voltage for the dielectric elastomer fiber Braille dot has been reduced from 15.5kV to 8.75kV while the Braille head tip displacement of a fabricated prototype has almost tripled on average and now also exceeds the required displacement for a refreshable Braille display. Finally, potential solutions to the current shortcomings of both designs in meeting all of the requirements for such a display are discussed.
Effects of modification of the sulfhydryl groups of calf lens low molecular weight alpha-crystallin

Abstract Chemical modification of 45–80% of the total sulfhydryl groups of the native low molecular weight calf α-crystallin with iodoacetic acid at pH 8·7 resulted in a marked decrease in size from 710 000 to 355 000 daltons, 19–125. Circular dichroic measurements between 200–260 nm of the carboxymethylated samples showed that the observed changes in size distribution are not accompanied by significant alteration of the polypeptide conformation. Since α-crystallin contains only four cysteines per 1000 residues, these results suggest that minor modifications in the protein can lead to dramatic changes in the aggregation of the α-crystallin macromolecule. That a maximum of 80% of the total SH groups of α-crystallin can be reacted in the absence of a dissociating medium indicates that the remaining 20% are blocked or located in the interior of the α-crystallin macromolecule. Iodoacetamide is less effective than iodoacetic acid in the carboxymethylation of the native protein, suggesting the possible involvement of positively charged groups near the accessible SH groups. Carboxymethylation of urea-treated α-crystallin or urea deaggregation and reaggregation of carboxymethylated alpha samples did not change the size of 12 S aggregates. These results are discussed with earlier data on the formation of 12 S aggregates by the treatment with urea or guanidine to suggest the architecture of the α-crystallin macromolecule. Carboxymethylation of some of the histidines has no effect on the size distribution of the α-crystallin while iodination of tyrosines results in an increase in size.
Cavitated block copolymer micellar thin films: Lateral arrays of open nanoreactors

We report the formation of novel self-assembled ultrathin (ca. 20 nm) films comprising in-plane arrays of nanoscale surface cavities. The original micellar thin films, formed by casting kinetically stable reverse micelles from a solution of a styrene (PS)−acrylic acid (PAA) diblock copolymer in toluene onto silicon nitride substrates, consist of lateral hexagonal arrays of spherical PAA microdomains in PS matrix. Upon aqueous treatment to load metal ions into the PAA domains, cavitation of the individual PAA micelle cores occurs, leading to the formation of cavities in the center of the micelles and exposing the PAA domains to the film's surface. Experimental evidence reveals that cavitation takes place as a result of hydration and swelling of the PAA micelle cores during sample treatment in an alkaline solution. The use of these cavitated, metal-loaded PAA domains as arrays of open nanoreactors for inorganic nanocluster synthesis is demonstrated.
A modified adaptive accept–reject algorithm for univariate densities with bounded support

The need to simulate from a univariate density arises in several settings, particularly in Bayesian analysis. An especially efficient algorithm which can be used to sample from a univariate density, f X , is the adaptive accept–reject algorithm. To implement the adaptive accept–reject algorithm, the user has to envelope T ∘ f X , where T is some transformation such that the density g(x) ∝ T −1 (α+β x) is easy to sample from. Successfully enveloping T ∘ f X , however, requires that the user identify the number and location of T ∘ f X ’s inflection points. This is not always a trivial task. In this paper, we propose an adaptive accept–reject algorithm which relieves the user of precisely identifying the location of T ∘ f X ’s inflection points. This new algorithm is shown to be efficient and can be used to sample from any density such that its support is bounded and its log is three-times differentiable.
Contemporary developmental theory and adolescence: developmental systems and applied developmental science.

Abstract Purpose To discuss developmental systems models of human development and explain how they offer a productive frame for research, policies, and programs aimed at understanding adolescents' development and enhancing their health and positive development. Contemporary developmental theory stresses that the multiple levels of organization involved in human life (ranging from biology through culture, the natural and designed ecology, and history) are systemically integrated across ontogeny. Relations within this developmental system are the focus of developmental analysis and application Methods The key features of developmental systems theories are reviewed, and their use for framing scholarship about and applications for improving adolescent development are assessed. Results We demonstrate the potential of contemporary developmental theory for understanding the character and dynamics of adolescent development and for using this knowledge for the design of effective policies and programs that promote positive youth development. Conclusions An adequate and sufficient science of adolescent development, and one that is able to help in the development of successful policies and programs for youth, must integratively study the relations between individuals and contexts in an integrated, systemic, and temporal manner.
Complex Index Interference Films On Metal Substrates

A spectral reflectance model for a homogeneous complex index film on a metal substrate is presented which illustrates the importance of interference in producing selective absorption. In this model the real part of the film's index of refraction (n) and the film thickness (d) are chosen to satisfy the normal quarter wave condition at a shoulder wavelength of approximately 1-2 microns, while the imaginary part of the film's index (k) is chosen so as to match amplitudes of a front and back surface reflected wave. In order to isolate the effects of interference, all optical constants are assumed to be independent of wavelength and all surfaces are considered smooth. The conditions under which zeroes in the reflectivity occur are investigated with a vector diagram technique and the effect of varying these conditions on the spectral reflectivity is studied. A tradeoff between the solar absorptance and the width of the visible-infrared transition region is shown to be a natural consequence of the conditions placed on (n,k) of the interference film. The effect of grading the film's index on this tradeoff can be treated analytically without approximating the film as a stack of homogeneous layers. This analytical approach is outlined and preliminary results are presented.
Optical rotatory dispersion of poly-S-carboxymethyl-l-cysteine in aqueous solutions: A beta ⇌ random coil transition

The far ultraviolet optical rotatory dispersion of poly-S-carboxymethyl-l-cysteine in water was investigated as a function of pH, temperature and molecular weight. The random coil form of the polymer, which is formed at pH values higher than 5, has two troughs, [m′]236 = − 3300 and [mt']207 = − 7900. The β form of the polymer, stable at lower pH, has a shallow trough at 242 mμ and a positive peak at 210 mμ. The Cotton effects observed for the random coil and β conformation are influenced by the interaction of peptide groups with side-chain sulfur atoms, and are slightly different from those reported for random poly-l-lysine or random poly-l-glutamic acid. The Cotton effects of the β form are, again, different from those observed for the β form of poly-l-lysine. As the molecular weight of the polymer increases, the β form is more completely formed. β formation has both a concentration-independent and a concentration-dependent step due to intramolecular folding and intermolecular aggregation. From studies of the temperature dependence of the Cotton effects, it is concluded that the magnitude of the 240 mμ trough is independent of polymer conformation. Quantitative determination of the rotatory dispersion of the β form is difficult; the largest values obtained for it were [m′]242 = + 480 and [m′]210 = + 23,000. Thermodynamic parameters have been calculated for the β → random coil transition.
Personal Constructs and Shyness: The Relationship Between Rep Grid Data and Therapy Outcome

Abstract The potential of the Role Construct Repertory Grid (rep grid) was explored in the context of a study of therapy outcome for shy and socially anxious adults. Measures of subjects' number of functionally independent constructs (FIC), how well constructs were integrated (ordination), how much subjects thought they would have to change on their other construct dimensions to go from being shy to being nonshy (implications of change), and the content of role constructs (cognitive and behavioral) were obtained from rep grids completed prior to therapy. Subjects also filled out self-report inventories related to anxiety and social relationships both before and after a cognitive-behavioral group intervention. Results showed that shy subjects had very few independent role constructs. FIC scores were not related to other questionnaire measures, while ordination and implications scores showed significant correlations. As predicted by personal construct theory, implications scores and the interaction of FIC a...
An economic analysis of migration in Mexico.

This paper analyzes internal migration in Mexico over the 1960–1970 period. A model of the determinants of migration is specified and estimated for aggregated interstate migration flows. The results show that distance serves as a significant deterrent to migration, that higher destination earlings levels are attractive to migrants, and that regions with high unemployment rates experience lower rates of in-migration. An unanticipated finding is that regions with higher earnings levels have greater rates of out-migration. The data are disaggregated to examine separate migration relationships for each state. The results are that distance is a lesser deterrent for those migrants with more accessible alternatives, that higher earnings levels reduce the deterring effects of distance, and that regions with higher earnings levels have lower associated elasticities of migration. It is concluded that economic factors have played a crucial role in internal migration and thus in the changing occupational and geographic structure of the Mexican labor force.
Acute blunt laryngeal and tracheal trauma

Five cases of blunt trauma to the anterior neck were presented. It is most important to keep a high index of suspicion for the potential of total airway obstruction. Persons trained in establishing multiple types of emergency airways should be available until laryngotracheal damage has been ruled out, as the usual endotracheal tube or cricothyreotomy may be inadequate.
Optical characterization of continental and biomass-burning aerosols over Bozeman, Montana: A case study of the aerosol direct effect

[1] Atmospheric aerosol optical properties were observed from 21 to 27 September 2009 over Bozeman, Montana, during a transitional period in which background polluted rural continental aerosols and well-aged biomass-burning aerosols were the dominant aerosol types of extremely fresh biomass-burning aerosols resulting from forest fires burning in the northwestern United States and Canada. Aerosol optical properties and relative humidity profiles were retrieved using an eye-safe micropulse water vapor differential absorption lidar (DIAL) (MP-DIAL), a single-channel backscatter lidar, a CIMEL solar radiometer as part of the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET), a ground-based integrating nephelometer, and aerosol products from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Terra and Aqua. Aerosol optical depths (AODs) measured during the case study ranged between 0.03 and 0.17 (0.015 and 0.075) at 532 nm (830 nm) as episodic combinations of fresh and aged biomass-burning aerosols dominated the optical depth of the pristinely clean background air. Here, a pristinely clean background refers to very low AOD conditions, not that the aerosol scattering and absorption properties are necessarily representative of a clean aerosol type. Diurnal variability in the aerosol extinction to backscatter ratio (Sa) of the background atmosphere derived from the two lidars, which ranged between 55 and 95 sr (50 and 90 sr) at 532 nm (830 nm), showed good agreement with retrievals from AERONET sun and sky measurements over the same time period but were consistently higher than some aerosol models had predicted. Sa measured during the episodic smoke events ranged on average from 60 to 80 sr (50 to 70 sr) at 532 nm (830 nm) while the very fresh biomass-burning aerosols were shown to exhibit significantly lower Sa ranging between 20 and 40 sr. The shortwave direct radiative forcing that was due to the intrusion of biomass-burning aerosols was calculated to be on average −10 W/m2 and was shown to compare favorably with regional-scale forcing calculations using MODIS-Terra and AERONET data in an effort to assess the accuracy of estimating the regional-scale aerosol direct radiative forcing effect using aerosol optical properties measured from a single rural site such as Bozeman, Montana.
Redox mechanisms of muscle dysfunction in inflammatory disease.

Free radicals first were detected in skeletal muscle by Commoner et al [1] in 1952 using the emerging technology of electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The pathophysiologic importance of this finding was largely unappreciated until the mid-1980s, when scattered reports began to link muscle disease with oxidative stress [2–6]. In the ensuing 2 decades, an increasing number of publications has made it clear that oxidative stress is a fundamental part of inflammatory disease and is linked inextricably to muscle dysfunction under pathologic conditions. Oxidative stress has been linked to loss of muscle performance in widely diverse pathologies that include heart failure [7,8], cancer [9,10], muscular dystrophy [11–13], chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [14], rheumatoid arthritis [15], obstructive sleep apnea [16–18], rhabdomyolysis [19], renal insufficiency [20], and AIDS [21]. The prevalence of this association and the disparate nature of the underlying diseases raise obvious questions about the factors that induce oxidative stress in muscle and the mechanisms whereby oxidative stress compromise muscle function.
The role of personal values in the charismatic leadership of corporate managers: A model and preliminary field study

Abstract This study used multi-source field data collected in five organizations to examine linkages among managers' personal value system (i.e., intensity of openness to change, traditional, collectivistic work, self-transcendent, and self-enhancement values), charismatic leadership of managers, and three outcome measures. Two-hundred and eighteen managers provided self-reports of their personal values and ratings of their followers' extra effort and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Nine-hundred and forty-five subordinates rated the focal managers' charismatic leadership. Superiors of the focal managers provided ratings of managerial performance 2 months after collecting the managers' and subordinates' ratings. Results indicated that traditional, collectivistic work, self-transcendent, and self-enhancement values related positively to charismatic leadership, which predicted managerial performance and followers' extra effort and OCB. Managerial performance moderated the relationships between leaders' values, charismatic leadership, and followers' outcomes.
Massive chylothorax associated with lymphangiomatosis of the bone

Chylothorax in the absence of tumor or trauma is uncommon. Lymphangiomatosis of the bone, although extremely rare, has been associated with chylothorax. The authors describe the case of a 12-year-old boy who presented with a symptomatic left chylothorax associated with lymphangiomatosis of the ribs, scapula, and clavicle. Despite tube thoracostomies and the initiation of total parenteral nutrition, massive losses of chyle persisted, resulting in hypoproteinemia and severe lymphopenia. Control of the chylothorax was achieved by a parietal pleurectomy and application of fibrin glue (Tisseel). In the literature there are 16 cases of chylothorax associated with lymphangiomatosis of the bone. Their presentation, treatment, and outcome are reviewed. Conservative treatments such as dietary manipulations or thoracenteses were rarely successful. Thoracotomy with parietal pleurectomy on the side of the effusion is usually effective in controlling the chylothorax. Lymphangiomatosis should be considered a diagnostic possibility for any child who presents with a chylothorax.
Habitat selection in birds

Introduction. Habitat Selection in Specific Bird Taxa. Habitat Selection in Specific Habitat Types. A Variety of Approaches to Habitat Selection in Birds.
The Use of 3,5,4′-Tri-O-acetylresveratrol as a Potential Prodrug for Resveratrol Protects Mice from γ-Irradiation-Induced Death

Currently, no drugs are available to protect humans from γ-irradiation-induced death. Because reactive oxygen species are produced upon exposure to γ-irradiation and directly responsible for the resulting death, we hypothesized that antioxidants found in foodstuffs may provide a safe and potent means of antioxidant-dependent radioprotection. Here, we describe our studies investigating the radioprotective properties of resveratrol and 3,5,4′-tri-O-acetylresveratrol. Each of these natural antioxidants was found to protect live cells after γ-irradiation. In mice, the use of 3,5,4′-tri-O-acetylresveratrol with Cremophor EL was particularly effective, indicating that this natural antioxidant may be a leading candidate for radioprotective drug development.
Mutagenesis of a single AT basepair in mice transgenic for PhiX174 am3 cs70: I. Spleen and testis

Abstract Mutations induced in a single AT base pair were studied in spleen and testis by using mice transgenic for PhiX174 am3, cs70 and ethylnitrosourea (ENU) as the mutagen. The transgenic mice were produced on the C57BL6/J background. The line (am54), which carries 50 copies of PhiX per haploid genome integrated in a tandem array, was selected for experimental use and was maintained by random breeding. The animals for mutagenesis studies were produced by mating homozygous am54 males to wildtype C57BL6/J females. Hemizygous male offspring (8 to 10 weeks old) from this cross were injected i.p. with 150 mg ENU per kg and were euthanized 3, 10 or 110 days after treatment. The spontaneous revertant frequency in the spleen was 1.42×10−6 per plaque forming unit (pfu) and in the testis it was 1.41×10−6 per pfu. There was no significant difference between the two tissues. In spleen, it was not until 110 days after ENU treatment that the average revertant frequency among treated animals was significantly higher than the revertant frequency among the control animals. In spleen, the induced frequency of basepair substitutions in the center AT basepair in the am3 nonsense codon was 2×10−6. Also at this post-injection interval the variance of revertant frequencies in the spleen was not different from control variance. In testis, the average revertant frequency 110 days post ENU injection was not significantly different from the control. However, two important observations were made regarding the testis data. First, one animal had a significantly increased revertant frequency 110 days after ENU treatment in comparison to the other four animals in the group that had revertant frequencies equal to or lower than the average control frequency. Second, the variance of revertant frequencies in the testis among the treated animals increased as the post injection period increased. Taken together, these observations may indicate that the revertants formed large clusters in one testis sample.
E2F1 and E2F2 Are Differentially Required for Homeostasis-Driven and Antigen-Induced T Cell Proliferation In Vivo

Homeostasis-driven T cell proliferation occurs in response to a lymphopenic environment and is mediated by TCR and IL-7 signaling. In this report, we demonstrate a defect in the proliferation of murine naive and memory T cells lacking both E2F1 and E2F2 in response to lymphopenic conditions, suggesting that E2F1 and E2F2 function redundantly downstream of TCR and/or IL-7 signaling during homeostasis-driven proliferation. In contrast, T cell proliferation in response to antigenic stimulation is either unaffected (in vivo) or potentiated (ex vivo) by loss of E2F1 and E2F2, indicating divergent requirements for these E2F factors in T cell proliferation mediated by distinct stimuli. E2F1/E2F2 double knockout (DKO) T cells enter S phase in response to homeostatic signaling, but fail to divide, suggesting that S phase progression is either incomplete or defective. In addition, E2F1/E2F2 DKO mice do not recover normal T cell numbers following exposure to a sublethal dose of radiation, indicating that this defect in homeostasis-driven proliferation is physiologically relevant. Consistent with their failure in cell cycle progression, the differentiation of DKO T cells into memory T cells in response to homeostatic signals is significantly reduced. These observations support the idea that proliferation is required for memory T cell formation and also have implications for the development of clinical strategies to minimize the occurrence of lymphopenia-induced autoimmunity.
Nonlinear convection in a rotating fluid

The paper studies convection in a horizontal layer of fluid rotating about a vertical axis. The flows at large Rayleigh number R , with a single horizontal wave-number, are investigated using the mean-field approximation of Herring (1963). The flow that maximizes the heat flux is the same as that which gives an upper bound to the heat flux in the limit of infinite Prandtl number as calculated by the methods of Howard (1963) and Chan (1971, 1974). Rotation is not significant until the Taylor number Ta exceeds O ( R ). For $O(R) \ll Ta \ll O[(R\log R)^{\frac{4}{3}}]$ , it can increase the rate of heat transfer, a phenomenon noted experimentally by Rossby (1969). It does so because an Ekman layer is formed outside the thermal boundary layer, causing a thinning of the thermal layer. The maximum value of the Nusselt number N is approximately $0.177R^{\frac{1}{5}} Ta^{\frac{1}{10}}[\log Ta]^{\frac{1}{5}}$ . As the Taylor number increases further into the region $O[(R\log R)^{\frac{4}{3}}] \ll Ta \ll O(R^{\frac{3}{2}})$ , the maximum value of N drops sharply, and becomes approximately $0.029 R^{\frac{3}{2}} Ta^{-1} \log(R^{\frac{3}{2}}/Ta)$ . Hence, N now decreases with a further increase of Ta and eventually becomes O (1) as $Ta\rightarrow O(R^{\frac{3}{2}})$ and the layer becomes stable.
MIMO Beamforming for QoS Enhancement via Analog, Digital and Hybrid Relaying

Quality-of-service (QoS) of multimedia broadcast/multicast service (MBMS) is the most challenging issue that needs to be addressed for next generation wireless broadcasting. Multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) and multihop relay technologies are viable options for improving QoS of MBMS. For stable MBMS, the average throughput of overall cell region must be guaranteed. Nevertheless, severe throughput degradation may occur in the outer region of multicells due to significant interference from neighboring cells or relay stations, thereby limiting the overall performance. This paper describes an effective technique, which combines MIMO and two-hop relay, to guarantee the QoS of edge users. We assume that the channel between the base station (BS) and the fixed relay station (FRS) is line-of-sight (LOS). First, we define a criterion needed to install the FRS. Second, we construct a weight matrix for hybrid relaying having lower complexity than digital relaying. Finally, we propose a user scheduling algorithm which can be adapted to analog relaying (amplify and forward), digital relaying (decode and forward) and hybrid relaying (filter, amplify and forward). The simulation results show that the proposed method can improve both the QoS of edge users and the sum-rate.
Field flume reveals aquatic vegetation's role in sediment and particulate phosphorus transport in a shallow aquatic ecosystem

Abstract Flow interactions with aquatic vegetation and effects on sediment transport and nutrient redistribution are uncertain in shallow aquatic ecosystems. Here we quantified sediment transport in the Everglades by progressively increasing flow velocity in a field flume constructed around undisturbed bed sediment and emergent macrophytes. Suspended sediment 100 μm became dominant at higher velocity steps after a threshold shear stress for bed floc entrainment was exceeded. Shedding of vortices that had formed downstream of plant stems also occurred on that velocity step which promoted additional sediment detachment from epiphyton. Modeling determined that the potentially entrainable sediment reservoir, 46 g m− 2, was similar to the reservoir of epiphyton (66 g m− 2) but smaller than the reservoir of flocculent bed sediment (330 g m− 2). All suspended sediment was enriched in phosphorus (by approximately twenty times) compared with bulk sediment on the bed surface and on plant stems, indicating that the most easily entrainable sediment is also the most nutrient rich (and likely the most biologically active).
Pulsatile exocytosis is functionally associated with GnRH gene expression in immortalized GnRH-expressing cells.

Pulsatile release of GnRH is essential for proper reproductive function, but little information is available on the molecular processes underlying this intermittent activity. Recently, GnRH gene expression (GnRH-GE) episodes and exocytotic pulses have been identified separately in individual GnRH-expressing cells, raising the exciting possibility that both activities are linked functionally and are fundamental to the pulsatile process. To explore this, we monitored GnRH-GE (using a GnRH promoter-driven luciferase reporter) and exocytosis (by FM1-43 fluorescence) in the same, living GT1-7 cells. Our results revealed a strong temporal association between exocytotic pulses and GnRH-GE episodes. To determine whether a functional link existed, we blocked one process and evaluated the other. Transcriptional inhibition with actinomycin D had only a modest influence on exocytosis, suggesting that exocytotic pulse activity was not dictated acutely by episodes of gene expression. In contrast, blockage of exocytosis...
Instability of an Axisymmetric Vortex in a Stably Stratified, Rotating Environment

We investigate the stability of a barotropic vorticity monopole whose stream function is a Gaussian function of the radial coordinate. The model is based on the inviscid Boussinesq equations. The vortex is assumed to exist on an $f$-plane, in an environment with constant, stable density stratification. In the unstratified, nonrotating case, we find growth rates that increase monotonically with increasing vertical wave number, the so-called “ultraviolet catastrophe” characteristic of symmetric instability. This type of instability leads to rapid turbulent collapse of the vortex, possibly accompanied by wave radiation. In the limit of strong background stratification and rotation, the vortex exhibits a scale-selective instability which leads to the formation of stable lenses. The transition between these two regimes is sharp, and coincides approximately with the centrifugal stability boundary.
A MITOCHONDRIAL DNA MUTATION AT NUCLEOTIDE PAIR 14459 OF THE NADH DEHYDROGENASE SUBUNIT 6 GENE ASSOCIATED WITH MATERNALLY INHERITED LEBER HEREDITARY OPTIC NEUROPATHY AND DYSTONIA

A five-generation Hispanic family expressing maternally transmitted Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and/or early-onset dystonia associated with bilateral basal ganglia lesions was studied. Buffy coat mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from a severely affected child was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and greater than 90% sequenced. The mtDNA proved to be a Native American haplogroup D genotype and differed from the standard "Cambridge" sequence at 40 nucleotide positions. One of these variants, a G-to-A transition at nucleotide pair (np) 14459, changed a moderately conserved alanine to a valine at NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6 (ND6) residue 72. The np 14459 variant was not found in any of 38 Native American haplogroup D mtDNAs, nor was it detected in 108 Asian, 103 Caucasian, or 99 African mtDNAs. Six maternal relatives in three generations were tested and were found to harbor the mutation, with one female affected with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy being heteroplasmic. Thus, the np 14459 G-to-A missense mutation is specific to this family, alters a moderately conserved amino acid in a complex I gene, is a unique mtDNA variant in Native American haplogroup D, and is heteroplasmic, suggesting that it is the disease-causing mutation.
Octahedral and truncated high-voltage spinel cathodes: the role of morphology and surface planes in electrochemical properties

High-voltage spinel cathodes LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 are promising candidates for large-scale energy-storage applications such as electric vehicles. However, the widespread adoption of this high-voltage spinel cathode is hampered by severe capacity fade, particularly at elevated temperatures, resulting from aggressive formation of a thick solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer through side reactions with the electrolyte at the high operating voltage, cationic ordering between Mn4+ and Ni2+ ions in the crystal lattice, and formation of a rock salt LixNi1−xO impurity phase. While these issues have been explored, the wide variation in physical and electrochemical properties with different synthesis methods is not fully understood. In this investigation, we present how the synthesis conditions of the co-precipitation method influence the microstructure and morphology through nucleation and growth of crystals in solution. The samples were prepared by two similar wet-chemical routes and were characterized by microscopy and electrochemical methods to determine the role of microstructure and morphology in the electrochemical performance. Various factors such as the degree of cation ordering between Mn4+ and Ni2+, Mn3+ content, Ni–Mn ratio in the sample, change in lattice parameter with the state of charge, and surface crystal planes were examined to develop a better understanding of the factors influencing the electrochemical performance. It is found that the surface crystal planes, the arrangement of lithium ions near the surface, and the lithium diffusion mechanism have a dominant effect on the capacity retention and rate performance.
Neutralizing TIMP1 Restores Fecundity in a Rat Model of Endometriosis and Treating Control Rats with TIMP1 Causes Anomalies in Ovarian Function and Embryo Development

Human and rat endometriotic lesions synthesize and secrete tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1). More TIMP1 localizes in the ovarian theca in an established rat model for endometriosis (Endo) when compared to surgical controls (Sham). We hypothesized that endometriotic TIMP1 secreted into peritoneal fluid (PF) negatively affects ovarian function and embryogenesis by altering the balance of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and TIMPs. Three experiments were performed modulating TIMP1 in vitro and in vivo to investigate ovarian and embryonic anomalies. The first experiment demonstrated control embryos treated in vitro with endometriotic PF concentrations of TIMP1 developed abnormally. In the second experiment where TIMP1 was modulated in vivo, TIMP1-treated Sham rats had fewer zygotes, ovarian follicles, and corpora lutea (CLs) and poorer embryo quality and development, which is analogous to the findings in Endo rats. Importantly, Endo rats treated with a TIMP1 function-blocking antibody had zygote, follicle, and CL numbers and embryo quality similar to Sham rats. In addition, more TIMP1 inhibitory activity was found in ovaries from Endo and TIMP1-treated Sham rats than in ovaries from Sham or TIMP1 antibody-treated Endo rats. In experiment three, control rats (no surgery) treated with Endo PF had fewer follicles and CLs and increased TIMP1 localization in the ovarian theca whereas treatment with Endo PF stripped of TIMP1 or with Sham PF had no effect, providing further evidence that endometriotic TIMP1 sequesters in the ovary and inhibits MMPs necessary for ovulation. Collectively, these results showed that excessive TIMP1 was deleterious to ovulation and embryo development. Thus, novel TIMP1-modulating therapies may be developed to alleviate infertility in women with endometriosis.
New activity of spironolactone. Inhibition of angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo.

Background The formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) is a critical component in a variety of pathological settings, including solid tumor growth, macular degeneration, and atherosclerosis. Methods and Results We have found that orally administered spironolactone inhibited the area of angiogenesis induced by basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in a rabbit corneal micropocket assay. Additionally, spironolactone inhibited bFGF- and vascular endothelial growth factor–stimulated capillary endothelial cell proliferation in vitro, inhibited bFGF-stimulated capillary endothelial cell chemotaxis in vitro, and caused avascular zones when placed on the chick chorioallantoic membrane. Experiments analyzing spironolactone metabolites revealed that the major human metabolites 6β-hydroxy-7α-thiomethyl spironolactone and canrenoic acid retained antiangiogenic activity. The antiangiogenic activity appears to be unrelated to the antiandrogenic and antimineralocorticoid effects of spironolactone. Conclusions These...
Screening of cosmetic ingredients from authentic formulations and environmental samples with desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

A rapid and sensitive method based on desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) has been utilized for the detection of chemicals related to cosmetic products without prior preparation. DESI-MS was used to rapidly screen target compounds at ambient conditions, allowing the investigation of surface-bound residues, complex chemical matrices, and components of authentic cosmetic formulations. This high-throughput method routinely achieved low nanogram detection limits, and quantitative ability was demonstrated with decent linearity and precision. Continuous, direct analysis of cosmetic impurities in drinking water matrices was also validated, implementing thermal assistance into the ionization source design to increase overall sensitivity.
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY DISCURSIVE ROOTS OF THE CONTINUING DEBATE ON THE SOCIAL-SEXUAL CONTRACT IN TODAY'S EGYPT

This paper begins with an examination of the recent debate between active women's groups in Egypt who wanted to change the format of the marriage contract and the state functionaries who had claimed to better serve women's rights in the change of personal status laws. Next, it uses the work of Carole Pateman on the "sexual contract" in the West and its impact on the development of civil society to look back on the important Egyptian debate which took place in the 1890s and defined women's rights in modern society. The paper recovers the contributions made by 'A'isha Taymur and Zaynab Fawwaz to this discussion. It also examines shaykh Abdallah al-Fayumi's polemical response to Taymur and the views of the women's journals on the subject. It also shows how Qasim Amin borrowed heavily from these women in the development of a hegemonic fraternal discourse on women's rights that survives until today.
Web grammars and picture description

This paper describes an investigation of the practicality of describing pictures using linguistic structures other than strings-in particular, using labelled directed graphs (“webs”). A parsing program for a class of “neural network” pictures is demonstrated.