cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EPR Studies of Oxo-Molybdenum(V) Complexes with Sulfur Donor Ligands: Implications for the Molybdenum Center of Sulfite Oxidase.

A series of six-coordinate compounds containing a chelating dithiolate coordinated to the [LMoVO]2+ unit (L = hydrotris(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)borate) have been characterized by EPR spectroscopy as models for the molybdenum centers of pterin-containing molybdenum enzymes. The structure of LMoO(bdt) (1) (bdt = 1,2-benzenedithiolate) has been determined by X-ray crystallography; the space group is P21/n with a = 10.727(1) A, b = 14.673(2) A, c = 15.887(2) A, β = 100.317(4)° and Z = 4. Compound 1 exhibits distorted octahedral stereochemistry; the terminal oxo group and the sulfur atoms are mutually cis to one another. The MoO distance is 1.678(4) A, and the average Mo−S distance is 2.373(2) A. The EPR parameters for 1, determined from simulation of the frozen-solution spectrum, are g1 = 2.004, g2 = 1.972, g3 = 1.934 and A1(95,97Mo) = 50.0 × 10-4, A2 = 11.4 × 10-4, A3 = 49.7 × 10-4 cm-1. The EPR parameters for several LMoVO{S(CH2)xS} compounds (x = 2−4) with saturated chelate skeletons are similar to those ...
Quantum optics: Slowing single photons

The successful integration of a single-photon source with a slow-light medium creates important opportunities for photon synchronization and marks a step towards the development of distributed networks for quantum information processing.
Stable zwitterions of indenyl and fluorenyl Cp*Ru(η6-arene) complexes

Abstract The novel complexes [Cp*Ru(η 6 -C 9 H 8 )] + O 3 SCF 3 − and [Cp*Ru(η 6 -C 13 H 10 )] + O 3 SCF 3 − (where Cp*=C 5 (CH 3 ) 5 ; C 9 H 8 =indene; C 13 H 10 =fluorene) are formed from the reaction of [Cp*Ru(NCCH 3 ) 3 ] + O 3 SCF 3 − with indene and fluorene, respectively. These complexes react with NaH forming the stable zwitterionic complexes Na[Cp*Ru(η 6 -C 9 H 7 )O 3 SCF 3 ] and Na[Cp*Ru(η 6 -C 13 H 9 )O 3 SCF 3 ]. Since no evidence for η 6 -to-η 5 haptotropic rearrangement is observed at ambient temperatures, we believe that the barrier to metal migration must be high resulting in the stability of these zwitterionic complexes. 1 H and 13 C NMR data for these complexes are reported.
The nitrogen cycle on Mars : Impact decomposition of near-surface nitrates as a source for a nitrogen steady state

Abstract Nitrogen isotopes appear to be escaping from Mars at approximately the primordial ratio 14N/15N ≈ 275 and to have an atmospheric nitrogen depletion time scale of about 800 Myr. For the standard model of a progressive decline of an initial inventory of atmospheric nitrogen, having no source of N, the agreement of the isotopic ratio of escaping N with primitive nitrogen would be coincidental. Here we propose a steady state model in which nitrates, produced early in Mars' history, are later decomposed by the current impact flux. The detection of near-surface nitrates can discriminate between the standard and the steady state models. Based on current estimates of N loss to space, we predict a quantity of nitrates equivalent to 60 ± 30 mbars for a steady state, or a global layer of about 3 m of pure NaNO3.
Nitrate Inhibition of Legume Nodule Growth and Activity : II. Short Term Studies with High Nitrate Supply.

Soybean plants (Glycine max [L.] Merr) were grown in sand culture with 2 millimolar nitrate for 37 days and then supplied with 15 millimolar nitrate for 7 days. Control plants received 2 millimolar nitrate and 13 millimolar chloride and, after the 7-day treatment period, all plants were supplied with nil nitrate. The temporary treatment with high nitrate inhibited nitrogenase (acetylene reduction) activity by 80% whether or not Rhizobium japonicum bacteroids had nitrate reductase (NR) activity. The pattern of nitrite accumulation in nodules formed by NR(+) rhizobia was inversely related to the decrease and recovery of nitrogenase activity. However, nitrite concentration in nodules formed by NR(-) rhizobia appeared to be too low to explain the inhibition of nitrogenase. Carbohydrate composition was similar in control nodules and nodules receiving 15 millimolar nitrate suggesting that the inhibition of nitrogenase by nitrate was not related to the availability of carbohydrate.Nodules on plants treated with 15 millimolar nitrate contained higher concentrations of amino N and, especially, ureide N than control nodules and, after withdrawal of nitrate, reduced N content of treated and control nodules returned to similar levels. The accumulation of N(2) fixation products in nodules in response to high nitrate treatment was observed with three R. japonicum strains, two NR(+) and one NR(-). The high nitrate treatment did not affect the allantoate/allantoin ratio or the proportion of amino N or ureide N in bacteroids (4%) and cytosol (96%).
Developing problem solving and communication skills through memo assignments in a management science course

The authors describe how to structure a memo format for homework assignments in which a manager requests analysis of a particular issue from the student. The student must respond with a memo stating a recommendation and describing the solution approach. The results from using the memo format include improved student performance and professional writing on word-problem assignments.
Artificial ultraviolet-B radiation and cell expansion in the intertidal alga Ulva expansa (Setch.) S. and G. (Chlorophyta)

Abstract Growth rates of segments of Ulva expansa (Setch.) S. and G. (Chlorophyta) thallus were measured in an indoor tank under controlled photoperiod and UV-B levels. Growth rates in this tank were lower than those in outdoor tanks used in earlier experiments and the response to UV-B was somewhat different, probably because of differences in ratios of PAR:UV-A:UV-B under the artificial conditions. Plastic and total extension of algal segments were measured under defined tensile loads to determine whether UV-B reduced cell wall extensibility. No significant changes in wall extensibility were measured following exposure of tissues to solar UV-B or a range of artificial doses of UV-B. Osmotic potentials of the cell solution did not vary systematically with treatment, even when growth rates between UV-B-exposed and -unexposed segments were significantly different. These results indicate that the UV-induced reduction in cell expansion is effected by some means other than an inhibition of wall extensibility or a lowering of turgor pressure and argue for a more direct method of control of cell expansion rate.
Single-molecule microscopy of Cre recombination

The Cre recombination system, which has been commonly used as a bioengineering tool for altering eukaryotic genomes in a highly efficient and precise manner, is an archetypical member of a large family of tyrosine site-specific DNA recombinases. Different family members are responsible for a wide range of biological pathways such as regulation of gene expression and DNA replication, plasmid copy number maintenance, conjugative transposition, catenated circle resolution, daughter chromosome segregation, and prokaryotic telomere processing. Despite this wide-ranging biology, it is thought that all family members proceed through a common multistep reaction pathway (Fig. 1A) in which a recombinase tetramer executes a sequential pair of strand exchanges that first generate (Fig. 1A, i–iii) and then resolve (Fig. 1A, iv–vi) a four-way DNA Holliday junction (HJ) intermediate. Recombination is accomplished without high-energy cofactors via two pairs of DNA cleavage and ligation reactions staggered by 6 to 8 bp and mediated by covalent 3′-phosphotyrosine linkages (Fig. 1A, ii and iv). By elegantly pairing two single molecule techniques, Pinkney et al. (1) extract several details from this important model system and provide a framework for investigations into other systems.
Performative acts of autism

Relatively little research has aimed to understand autism from an emic perspective. The majority of studies examining the organization of the talk of individuals with autism presume that autism organizes discourse rather than examine ways in which talk itself constructs the notion of autism. This study explored the meanings of autism performed in and through the talk of the parents of children with autism and their therapists. Drawing from a larger ethnographic study, we report on findings generated from interview data with parents and therapists. Situating this study within a discursive psychology framework, we attend to the ways in which ‘normality’ and ‘abnormality’ are performed, drawing upon critical notions of disability, poststructural understandings of discourse, and conversation analysis. We point to the importance of situating the construction of an ‘ordered’ or ‘disordered’ body in relationship to the exclusionary practices and policies that individuals with autism and those close to them exper...
An Optimal Trading Rule Under a Switchable Mean-Reversion Model

This work provides an optimal trading rule that allows buying and selling an asset sequentially over time. The asset price follows a switchable mean-reversion model with a Markovian jump. Such a model can be applied to assets with a "staircase" price behavior and yet is simple enough to allow an analytic solution. The objective is to determine a sequence of trading times to maximize an overall return. The corresponding value functions are characterized by a set of quasi-variational inequalities. A closed-form solution is obtained under suitable conditions. The sequence of trading times can be given in terms of a set of threshold levels. Finally, numerical examples are given to demonstrate the results.
WE‐G‐BRC‐06: Magnetic Resonance Imaging : Enhancing Concepts through Desktop Models and Supplementing Clinical Rotations with Video Presentations

Purpose: Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a challenging area of Medical Physics. Concepts presented in didactic lectures can be reinforced if hands‐on laboratory procedures can be simultaneously performed by students. This can be accomplished on a clinical scanner if access is unlimited. However, the constraints of scanner availability usually preclude students from experimenting with different procedures. Further, it is not feasible to allow students to experiment extensively with clinical systems since scanner performance cannot be compromised. Methods: To address the need for hands‐on training as well as the limited availability of MRscanners, we have integrated a desktop Earth's field MRI system to reinforce concepts in NMR and MRI and a video presentation of a comprehensive MR Quality Control procedure performed by a MR physicist. The desktop Earth's Field MRI system (TerraNova) allows students to learn NMR and MRI fundamentals. The video records a MR QC procedure and takes students through the different steps to perform the comprehensive QC exam for ABR. In addition, the video highlights procedural errors and simulates conditions that result in commonly encountered artifacts. The video and MRimages are provided to students so that they can independently analyze the images. The sequence of presentation was as follows: didactic lecture (prior semester), desktop experiments, video of MRQC culminating with the actual clinical rotation. Results: A one hour lecture and 4 hour lab was developed with the desktop model and students successfully completed the lab in groups of two. Video and image analysis were completed individually by each student prior to the clinical lab rotation. Surveys conducted at each step confirmed the additional learning value of the desktop model and the video. Conclusions: In addition to enhancing the learning of MRI, the novel approach also resulted in an improved efficiency of the MR clinical rotation. Funding Support: P1 16V090024, Department of Education, FIPSE.
Orientation and Motion of Water Molecules in Cordierite:A Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study

Conventional and solid state proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques have been used to examine water molecules in the channels of a single crystal of cordierite, (Mg, Fe)_2Al_4Si_5O_(18), as a function of temperature, magnetic field, and orientation. Only one type of water was found rather than water in two distinct rigid orientations which were indicated by earlier infrared spectral studies. However, the measured dipolar splittings indicate that this water is in rapid motion. Shifts in the dipolar doublet due to Fe^(2+) impurities indicate that the water molecules are not moving among adjacent channel sites along a channel cavity. A two-site hopping model is proposed involving the major residence time spent with the hydrogen-hydrogen vector parallel to the channels, a minor residence time spent with the hydrogen-hydrogen vector perpendicular to the channels, and a short time (<1 μs) in transit. This model fits both the present NMR data and previously reported infrared absorption data and is compared to previously reported neutron diffraction data.
Inhibition of bioluminescence in a recombinant Escherichia coli

Six toxicants were evaluated for their ability to inhibit bioluminescence in a recombinant Escherichia coli harboring pJE202 that contained the lux (light-producing) genes. With the recombinant E coli. the rank order for toxicity was Zn2+ > ethidium bromide > sodium pentachlorophenate > Cu2+ > 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The light-producing recombinant E. coli was insensitive to sodium dodecyl sulfate, and was much less sensitive than the Microtox test with the six toxicants. These results do not preclude the use of recombinant bacteria in toxicity testing.
Data management for land disposal of liquid sludge

Abstract Metrogro is a program for augmenting the soil on privately-owned farms by application of liquid digested sludge. The system has been operated since 1979. In 1982, more than 60 farmers had approx. 2900 acres of crop land treated. The success of the program has been due to the active marketing and service program as well as to financial savings to farmers who may save more than $60 per acre in fertilizer costs. A comprehensive program to monitor the soil, crop, sludge, and groundwater provides large amounts of information. The data base now includes data on the physical and chemical properties of the sludge, soil chemistry, amounts of sludge hauled and applied, and information on more than three hundred wells in the region. These data are organized into seven computer files which can be queried and manipulated using a data management program.
Freeness of Hopf algebras over semisimple grouplike subalgebras

It is well known that certain Hopf algebras are free over any group algebra of grouplikes. In fact, pointed Hopf algebras are free modules over any Hopf subalgebras [4]. Furthermore, for a commutative Hopf algebra all objects in the category ~HLJY of left (H, kL)-Hopf ‘modules are free k-L-modules where L is any group of grouplikes of H [S]. In [S] D. E. Radford has developed criteria when Hopf algebras are free over grouplike subalgebras. Using his results we prove that any finite dimensional Hopf algebra H is free over any of its semisimple grouplike subalgebra ,kL-actually all objects in the category &./fl are free kLmodules. This result supports Kaplansky’s conjecture that the size of the matrices occurring in any full matrix constituent of a finite dimensional Hopf algebra defined over an algebraically closed field k will divide the dimension of H [2]. Our notation and terminology are essentially that of [6]. We assume some familiarity with coalgebras, bialgebras, and Hopf algebras, but include most of the definitions and facts relevant to this paper. I take this opportunity to thank Professor Warren D. Nichols for his kind encouragement and many helpful conversations.
Alkali and halogen chemistry in volcanic gases on Io

Abstract We use chemical equilibrium calculations to model the speciation of alkalis and halogens in volcanic gases emitted on Io. The calculations cover wide temperature (500–2000 K) and pressure (10−6 to 10+1 bars) ranges, which overlap the nominal conditions at Pele ( T = 1760 K , P = 0.01 bars ). About 230 compounds of 11 elements (O, S, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, F, Cl, Br, I) are considered. The elemental abundances for O, S, Na, K, and Cl are based upon observations. CI chondritic elemental abundances relative to sulfur are used for the other alkalis and halogens (as yet unobserved on Io). We predict the major alkali species in Pele-like volcanic gases and the percentage distribution of each alkali are LiCl (73%), LiF (27%); NaCl (81%), Na (16%), NaF (3%); KCl (91%), K (5%), KF (4%); RbCl (93%), Rb (4%), RbF (3%); CsCl (92%), CsF (6%), Cs (2%). Likewise the major halogen species and the percentage distribution of each halogen are NaF (88%), KF (10%), LiF (2%); NaCl (89%), KCl (11%); NaBr (89%), KBr (10%), Br (1%); NaI (61%), I (30%), KI (9%). We predict the major halogen condensates and their condensation temperatures at P = 0.01 bar are NaF (1115 K), LiF (970 K); NaCl (1050 K), KCl (950 K); KBr (750 K), RbBr (730 K), CsBr (645 K); and solid I2 (200 K). We also model disequilibrium chemistry of the alkalis and halogens in the volcanic plume. Based on this work and our prior modeling for Na, K, and Cl in a volcanic plume, we predict the major loss processes for the alkali halide gases are photolysis and/or condensation onto grains. Their estimated photochemical lifetimes range from a few minutes for alkali iodides to a few hours for alkali fluorides. Condensation is apparently the only loss process for elemental iodine. On the basis of elemental abundances and photochemical lifetimes, we recommend searching for gaseous KCl, NaF, LiF, LiCl, RbF, RbCl, CsF, and CsCl around volcanic vents during eruptions. Based on abundance considerations and observations of brown dwarfs we also recommend a search of Io's extended atmosphere and the Io plasma torus for neutral and ionized Li, Cs, Rb, and F.
Comparison of the Ames Salmonella Assay and Mutatox Genotoxicity Assay for Assessing the Mutagenicity of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in Porewater from Athabasca Oil Sands Mature Fine Tailings

The oil sands in the Athabasca region of northeastern Alberta, Canada, represent a significant hydrocarbon resource that is currently exploited by mining, followed by separation of bitumen from sand using hot water flotation. This process generates large quantities of bitumen-contaminated tailings. Current research involves an assessment of whether the tailings ponds can ultimately be converted to biologically productive lakes, with one unresolved issue being the toxicity of the polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) that might be released from the tailings. In this paper, we have identified several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the porewater from oil sands mature fine tailings and have compared the responses of 17 PACs in the Ames and Mutatox genotoxicity assays. The Mutatox assay was unsuitable as a surrogate for the Ames test in this application; poor (50%) concordance between the two assays occurred because the mechanism of light emission in the Mutatox assay is uncertain, leading to positive resp...
Lanthanide inhibition of 5′-nucleotidase in the phosphodiesterase assay of calmodulin

Abstract Previous studies from this group reported the ability of some lanthanide-calmodulin complexes to activate the enzyme 3′,5′-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. The same studies, however, also showed inhibition at higher lanthanide concentrations. This study shows that part of the apparent inhibition is due to lanthanide inhibition of 5′-nucleotidase, one of the enzymes used in the assay. The other enzyme used, 3′,5′-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, does not appear to be inhibited by the lanthanides, nor do the other experimental techniques used in the assay. The results of this study are important because this assay is widely used to evaluate the ability of various metals to replace calcium in calmodulin.
Ultrahigh-Speed Calculation of Isotope Distributions

This paper introduces an ultrahigh-speed algorithm for calculating isotope distributions from molecular formulas, elemental isotopic masses, and elemental isotopic abundances. For a given set of input data (molecular formula, elemental isotopic masses, and elemental isotopic abundances), and assuming round-off error to be negilgible, the new algorithm rigorously produces isotope distributions whose mean and standard deviation are “correct” in the sense that an error-free algorithm would produce a distribution having the same mean and standard deviation. The peak heights are also “correct” in the sense that the height of each nominal isotope peak from the ultrahigh-speed calculation equals the integrated peak area of the corresponding nominal isotope peak from an exact calculation. As a consequence of these properties, the algorithm generally places isotope peaks within millidaltons of their true centroids. The method uses Fourier transform methods and relates closely to two other recently introduced algor...
The Non-Photosynthetic Algae Helicosporidium spp.: Emergence of a Novel Group of Insect Pathogens

Since the original description of Helicosporidium parasiticum in 1921, members of the genus Helicosporidium have been reported to infect a wide variety of invertebrates, but their characterization has remained dependent on occasional reports of infection. Recently, several new Helicosporidium isolates have been successfully maintained in axenic cultures. The ability to produce large quantity of biological material has led to very significant advances in the understanding of Helicosporidium biology and its interactions with insect hosts. In particular, the unique infectious process has been well documented; the highly characteristic cyst and its included filamentous cell have been shown to play a central role during host infection and have been the focus of detailed morphological and developmental studies. In addition, phylogenetic analyses inferred from a multitude of molecular sequences have demonstrated that Helicosporidium are highly specialized non-photosynthetic algae (Chlorophyta: Trebouxiophyceae), and represent the first described entomopathogenic algae. This review provides an overview of (i) the morphology of Helicosporidium cell types, (ii) the Helicosporidium life cycle, including the entire infectious sequence and its impact on insect hosts, (iii) the phylogenetic analyses that have prompted the taxonomic classification of Helicosporidium as green algae, and (iv) the documented host range for this novel group of entomopathogens.
Open arch reconstruction in the endovascular era: Analysis of 721 patients over 17 years

Objective Recent advancements in thoracic endovascular aortic repair, such as branched endografts or hybrid debranching/thoracic endovascular aortic repair, have extended the option of endoluminal therapy into the realm of the aortic arch. A contemporary assessment of open arch repair to provide long-term data for comparative analysis for these newer therapies is timely, warranted, and presented in this article. Methods Since the inception of our thoracic endovascular aortic repair program in 1993, 721 patients (mean age of 59.3 years, 68.9% were male) have undergone median sternotomy and open arch reconstruction with hypothermic circulatory arrest. Extended arch repair was performed in 42.7% with construction of bypasses to the innominate (296 patients), left carotid (216 patients), and subclavian (75 patients) arteries or elephant trunk procedures (42 patients). Concomitant aortic valve or aortic root replacement was required in 403 patients, and root reconstruction was required in 222 patients. Retrograde (641 patients) or antegrade (400 patients) cerebral perfusion was used for neuroprotection during hypothermic circulatory arrest. The operative procedure was urgent or emergency in 316 patients (43.8%) and included repair of type A dissection in 284 patients (39.3%). A total of 111 patients (15.4%) had undergone prior cardiac surgery. Primary outcomes in this study were early and late mortality. Follow-up was 100% complete (mean, 52.6 months). Results Thirty-day morbidity included death (36 patients [5%]), stroke (34 patients [4.7%]), and permanent dialysis (14 patients [1.9%]). Independent predictors of early mortality included advancing age, prolonged bypass times, and impaired ejection fraction (all P Conclusions Open aortic arch repair can be accomplished with excellent early and late results. These outcomes provide objective data for comparison and suggest that newer endovascular therapies should be evaluated first in high-risk groups, such as those with advanced age or impaired renal function before broader application in all patients.
Lateral Cane Lengths Affect Yield Components in ‘Triple Crown’ Blackberry on Rotating Cross-Arm Trellis and Cane Training System

Primocanes of mature ‘Triple Crown’ blackberry plants were trained on the rotating cross-arm (RCA) trellis. By the end of the summer, as many as 30 lateral branch canes with lengths >3.5 m had developed on three primocanes that had been bent at a 0.50-m height and allowed to extend ˜1.5 m in a horizontal orientation. In winter, the lateral branch canes were shortened to a length of 1.5 m or left unpruned. Data on lateral branch cane length, percent bud break, cluster (e.g., inflorescence) numbers, fruit per cluster, fruit weight, and yield were collected in 2012 and 2013. Pruning reduced lateral branch cane length and axillary bud number but yield components (% bud break, numbers of clusters, and development of inflorescences with more flowers) increased.
Noradrenergic antidepressant responses to desipramine in vivo are reciprocally regulated by arrestin3 and spinophilin.

Many antidepressant drugs, including the tricyclic antidepressant desipramine (DMI), are broadly understood to function by modulating central noradrenergic neurotransmission. α2 adrenergic receptors (α2ARs) are key regulators of the noradrenergic system, and previous work has implicated α2ARs in mediating the antidepressant activity of DMI in the rodent forced swim test (FST). However, little is known about intracellular regulators of antidepressant drug action. α2AR function is tightly regulated by its intracellular interacting partners arrestin and the dendritic protein spinophilin. We have previously established the competitive and reciprocal nature of these interacting proteins at the α2AR in the context of classic agonist effects, and have shown DMI to be a direct arrestin-biased ligand at the receptor. In the present study, we report that mice deficient in the α2AAR subtype lack DMI-induced antidepressant behavioral effects in the FST. As well, mice deficient in arrestin3 lack antidepressant response to DMI, while spinophilin-null mice have enhanced antidepressant response to DMI compared with wild-type controls, indicating that this α2AAR-mediated response is reciprocally regulated by arrestin and spinophilin. The characteristic of α2AAR-dependence and arrestin3 involvement was shared by the antidepressant effect of the classic α2AR agonist clonidine but not the non-tricyclic norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor reboxetine, supporting a model whereby DMI exerts its antidepressant effect through direct engagement of the α2AAR and arrestin3. Our results implicate arrestin- and spinophilin-mediated regulation of the α2AAR in the pharmacology of the noradrenergic antidepressant DMI, and suggest that manipulation of this mode of receptor regulation may represent a novel and viable therapeutic strategy.
Cytology of Bilaterally Derived Tetraploid Red Clover

An interest in increasing heterozygosity in tetraploid (2n=4x=28) red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) has led to the use of 2x-2x (bilateral) crosses for tetraploid production. This study cytologically examined F 2 bilaterally derived tetraploid red clover plants (Bi4x) for aneuploid frequency and meiotic chromosome pairing
Monetary Policy Rules and Macroeconomic Stability: Some New Evidence

In a seminal paper, Richard Clarida, Jordi Gall, and Mark Gertler (2000) studied the implica tions of monetary policy for macroeconomic fluctuations using a prototypical forward-looking sticky price model of the monetary transmission mechanism. They proposed simple forward looking equations for the reaction function of monetary policy to deviations of inflation and output from their implicit targets. They estimated these equations over sample periods before and after Paul Volcker became chairman of the Fed. They found that the policy rate did not react sufficiently strongly to expected deviations of inflation from target prior to Volcker, thus violat ing the Taylor principle and opening up the possibility of sunspot fluctuations induced by self fulfilling expectations. In contrast, policy over the Volcker-Greenspan era was found to satisfy the Taylor principle, and this was seen as an important factor contributing to the conquest of US inflation.1
Displacement fields (U, W) obtained simultaneously by moiré interferometry.

A high-frequency phase grating on a specimen surface is illuminated symmetrically by two oblique beams. The diffracted beams emerge with wave front warpages that define both the in-plane U and out-of-plane W displacement fields. Contour maps of these wave fronts, with added carrier fringes, are obtained as a single photographic record. They are manipulated by moire and optical filtering steps to yield whole-field fringe patterns of U and W. Sensitivities of 0.833 microm/fringe (32.8 microin./fringe) for in-plane displacements and 0.132 microm/fringe (5.2 microin./fringe) for out-of-plane displacements were demonstrated. Since data acquisition is experimentally simple, dynamic as well as static analyses are applicable.
Non-steroid ovarian hormones: observations on the mechanism of the acquisition of relaxin resistance in guinea pigs.

A study was made of the mechanism by which guinea pigs used for repeated relaxin assays develop resistance to its action. The decline in relaxin sensitivity is not due to prolonged estrogen treatment, nor to aging of the animals, since it was observed in those receiving both estrogen and relaxin, but not in those receiving estrogen alone for a like period of time. The responses of guinea pigs to relaxin from pregnant rabbit serum and to relaxin from sows'ovaries were compared before and after repeated injections of the latter. It was found that a marked (15–20 fold) diminution in sensitivity to sow ovary relaxin i s accompanied by a much smaller (2–4 fold) decrease in responsiveness to relaxin from pregnant rabbit serum. It is postulated that the development of the refractory state is due to the formation of an antihormone of limited species specificity.
Shell composition has no net impact on large-scale evolutionary patterns in mollusks

A major suspected bias in the fossil record of skeletonized groups is variation in preservability owing to differences in shell composition. However, despite extensive changes in shell composition over the 500-million-year history of marine bivalves, genus duration and shell composition show few significant relationships, and of those, virtually all are contrary to bias from preferential loss of highly reactive shell types. Distortion of large-scale temporal patterns in marine bivalves owing to preservability is thus apparently weak or randomly distributed, which increases the likelihood that observed patterns in this and other shelled groups carry a strong biological signal.
Implicit learning of artificial grammars

Two experiments were carried out to investigate the process by which Ss respond to the statistical nature of the stimulus array, a process defined as “implicit learning”. An artificial grammar was used to generate the stimuli. Experiment I showed that Ss learned to become increasingly sensitive to the grammatical structure of the stimuli, but little was revealed about the nature of such learning. Experiment II showed that information gathered about the grammar in a memorization task could be extended to a recognition task with new stimuli. Various analyses of the data strongly implied that Ss were learning to respond to the general grammatical nature of the stimuli, rather than learning to respond according to specific coding systems imposed upon the stimuli. It was argued that this “implicit” learning is similar in nature to the “differentiation” process of perceptual learning espoused by Gibson and Gibson (1955) .
Diaphragmatic hernia with extrathoracic heart

We report the cross sectional ultrasonic diagnosis of a rare form of central diaphragmatic hernia. The inferior portion of the parietal pericardium was also absent, with herniation of the heart through the defect. Surgical repair was successfully undertaken based on the ultrasonic findings.
Comprehensive Kinetic Model for the Degradation of Methyl tert-Butyl Ether by an Ozone/UV Process

The paper presents a comprehensive kinetic model that describes the degradation of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in an ozone/UV process. First, the degradation pathways for MTBE were proposed on the basis of major reaction intermediates identified during the oxidation of MTBE. The yield for each major reaction intermediate was determined by fitting experimental data to the model prediction. Accordingly, 43, 20, 15, 11, and 6% of MTBE oxidized resulted in the generation of TBF, MMP, TBA, acetone, and methyl acetate, respectively. TBF oxidation resulted in the generation of HiBA, acetone, and TBA as primary intermediates at 47, 24, and 20%, respectively. During the oxidation of TBA, 66% resulted in the generation of HiBA and 34% in acetone. The kinetic model was verified using different sets of experimental data by varying the initial concentration of MTBE, influent ozone gas concentration, and incident UV light intensity. The model predicted well the degradation of MTBE by an ozone/UV process. In addition...
Perceptual Grouping Effects on Cursor Movement Expectations

Objective:Two studies were conducted to develop an understanding of factors that drive user expectations when navigating between discrete elements on a display via a limited degree-of-freedom curso...
Large‐scale snow studies

A workshop on Large-Scale Snow Studies, sponsored by the IAHS International Committee on Snow and Ice (ICSI) was held in Hamburg on August 26, 1983 to discuss a 1981 ICSI working group report on the subject, present several invited review papers, and obtain recommendations that would be considered for submission to ICSI. Albert Rango, U.S. correspondent for ICSI, was the workshop convenor. The consensus of opinion at the workshop was that continued research in remote sensing of snowpack properties should be supported; microwave research should point toward definition of the optimum set of sensors for spaceborne studies; and a comparison of the mapping of large-scale snow extent with operational NOAA visible products and spaceborne microwave radiometers should be conducted.
Shifts of interactive intentions and information-seeking strategies in interactive information retrieval

Research has demonstrated that people engage in multiple types of information-seeking strategies when using information retrieval (IR) systems; unfortunately, current IR systems are designed to support only one type of information-seeking strategy: specifying queries. The limitation of the existing IR systems calls for the need to investigate how to support users as they shift from one information-seeking strategy to another in their attempts to achieve their information-seeking goals. The focus of this study is on the in-depth investigation of shifts in the micro-level of user goals—“interactive intention” and information-seeking strategies that users engage in within an information-seeking episode. Forty cases of library uses were selected from four different types of libraries for this study. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of the data identifies four types of shifts of interactive intentions and three types of information-seeking strategies. The results of the study are discussed to understand the nature of the interactive IR process, and to further suggest their implications for the design of adaptive IR systems.
Zero Sound, Spin Fluctuations, and Effective Mass in Liquid 3 He

The coupling of density and spin-density fluctuations to the single-particle excitations in $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ at zero temperature is studied. The present results exhibit a sharply peaked effective mass close to the Fermi surface, caused by the attractive quasiparticle interaction in the spin-1 particle-hole channel. The coupling to the zero-sound mode causes a secondary maximum around $2{k}_{\mathrm{F}}$. This mechanism can reconcile the rapid variation of the specific heat with a well-defined zero-sound mode at large momenta.
Beta-(2-furyl)-acryloyl phosphate hydrolase activity in insect cell surface membranes.

Abstract Cell surface membranes isolated from embryo cells (cell line MRRL-CH) of Manduca sexta grown in continuous culture hydrolyzed Beta-(2-furyl)-acryloyl phosphate (FAP) with a Km ⋍ 0.11 mM. The effect of Mg2+, Na+, K+, and the insect steroid 20-hydroxyecdysone on FAP hydrolysis were briefly examined. Complete inhibition of the K+-stimulated hydrolase activity by Ouabain (0.1 mM) indicated that the reaction under investigation was a partial reaction of the (Na+,K+) ATPase.
Genetic susceptibility to chronic wasting disease in free-ranging white-tailed deer: Complement component C1q and Prnp polymorphisms §

The genetic basis of susceptibility to chronic wasting disease (CWD) in free-ranging cervids is of great interest. Association studies of disease susceptibility in free-ranging populations, however, face considerable challenges including: the need for large sample sizes when disease is rare, animals of unknown pedigree create a risk of spurious results due to population admixture, and the inability to control disease exposure or dose. We used an innovative matched case–control design and conditional logistic regression to evaluate associations between polymorphisms of complement C1q and prion protein (Prnp) genes and CWD infection in white-tailed deer from the CWD endemic area in southcentral Wisconsin. To reduce problems due to admixture or disease-risk confounding, we used neutral genetic (microsatellite) data to identify closely related CWD-positive (n = 68) and CWD-negative (n = 91) female deer to serve as matched cases and controls. Cases and controls were also matched on factors (sex, location, age) previously demonstrated to affect CWD infection risk. For Prnp, deer with at least one Serine (S) at amino acid 96 were significantly less likely to be CWD-positive relative to deer homozygous for Glycine (G). This is the first characterization of genes associated with the complement system in white-tailed deer. No tests for association between any C1q polymorphism and CWD infection were significant at p < 0.05. After controlling for Prnp, we found weak support for an elevated risk of CWD infection in deer with at least one Glycine (G) at amino acid 56 of the C1qC gene. While we documented numerous amino acid polymorphisms in C1q genes none appear to be strongly associated with CWD susceptibility.
Chemical and Physical Factors Affecting the Excystation of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts

Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were examined to ascertain excystation requirements and the effects of gamma irradiation. Oocysts and excysted sporozoites were examined for dye permeability and infectivity. Maximum excystation occurred when oocysts were pretreated with acid and incubated with bile salts, and potassium or sodium bicarbonate. Pretreatment with Hanks' balanced salt solution or NaCl lowered excystation; however, this effect was overcome with acid. Sodium ions were replaceable with potassium ions, and sodium bicarbonate was replaceable with sodium phosphate. Oocysts that received 200 krad irradiation excysted at the same rates as nonirradiated oocysts (95%), the excystation rates were lowered (50%) by 2,000 krad, and no excystation was observed by 5,000 krad. No differences were observed between the propidium iodide (PI) permeability of untreated oocysts and oocysts treated with 200 krad, while 92% of oocysts were PI positive after 2,000 krad. Most of the sporozoites exposed to 2,000 krad were not viable as indicated by the dye permeability assay. The oocysts irradiated with 200 and 2,000 krad infected cells, but no replication was observed. The results suggest that gamma-irradiated oocysts may still be capable of excystation and apparent infection; however, because the sporozoites could not reproduce they must not have been viable. The identification of the mechanisms that trigger and carry out the process of excystation is critical for understanding how sporozoites are freed from oocysts prior to initiating the pene- tration of the hosts' intestinal cells. In vitro excystation is a parameter that has been used to measure the viability of spo- rozoites within oocysts (Campbell et al., 1992; Jenkins et al., 1997). Jenkins et al. (1997) reported that the in vitro excystation assay for potential infectivity of oocysts correlated with the in vivo mouse infectivity test and the in vitro dye permeability assay. Several studies have examined the requirements for Crypto- sporidium parvum oocyst excystation (Fayer and Leek, 1984;
An Exploratory Study of Women Arrested for Intimate Partner Violence Violent Women or Violent Resistance

With the advent of mandatory and pro-arrest laws for incidents of intimate partner violence, there has been an increase in the number of women arrested for domestic violence. Several explanations are posed in the literature that attempt to explain such a rise, including the hypothesis that women are being arrested not for offensive violence but rather for defensive violence. Few studies, however, have used empirical data to support such arguments. This exploratory study examines the characteristics of women arrested for intimate personal violence. Particular attention is paid to women arrested with their partner (i.e., dual arrestees) and the contextual characteristics of dual arrestee incidents. Important differences are uncovered in the context and consequences of arrest for dual arrestees (n = 21) compared to women arrested alone as the offender (n = 49). Implications of these findings and further research directions are discussed.
Tumours arising in the setting of paediatric chronic epilepsy

Background: Along with malformations of cortical development or cortical dysplasia, hippocampal sclerosis, and remote ischaemic damage, tumours are among the more commonly identifiable causes of medically intractable seizures in paediatric age patients. This study reviews one institution's 20 year experience with tumours arising in this clinical setting.Methods: Retrospective review of 129 paediatric patients [less than 19 years of age, 65 females (50.4%)] with tumours and medically intractable seizures encountered during a 20 year period of time (1989–2009). Using the most recent World Health Organization (WHO) classification of brain tumours, tumour type and grade were assessed.Results: The most common sites of origin included temporal lobe (n = 77, 59.7%), parietal lobe (n = 20, 15.5%), and frontal lobe (n = 15, 11.6%). WHO grade included 73 (56.6%) grade I tumours, 32 (24.8%) grade II tumours, and 18 (14%) grade I/II tumours. In six cases (4.7%), a WHO grade was not associated with mass. Tumour types ...
Iterative data detection and decoding using list channel estimation and Markov Chain Monte Carlo

In this paper, we study joint iterative data detection and channel decoding under imperfect channel state information (CSI). We apply the Markov Chain Monte Carlo technique to generate a list of channel estimates (LCE) that maximizes the a posteriori probabilities of the transmitted data, given the received signal and the soft feedback from the channel decoder. The LCE is refined over each iteration of data detection and decoding to facilitate improved channel estimation and thus yields superior detection performance. It is shown that, even with a small list size, the proposed MCMC-LCE detector outperforms the coherent detector in which data detection is performed based on a single channel estimate (SCE). As opposed to the noncoherent detectors which impose stringent constraints on the fading distribution, the MCMC-LCE detector is applicable to general fading distributions. It also offers a low complexity that is linear in the coherent length of the channel and the list size.
New techniques for the study of stochastic equilibrium processes

This paper develops the notion of transition correspondences; the set-valued analog of transition probabilities. A generalization of the Feller property for transition probabilities is shown to imply the existence of a selection from the transition correspondence having a stationary equilibrium. These techniques are applied to the existence problem for Markov temporary equilibrium processes in place of assumptions about the existence of continuous selections from the equilibrium price correspondence. In this paper I propose a method of constructing Markov processes of temporary equilibrium states that provides a useful alternative to the usual approach [Grandmont and Hildenbrand (1974) and Blume (1977)]. In this new method I construct transition correspondences, the set-valued analog of transition probabilities. Properties such as the existence of stationary equilibria are studied by using the hemi-continuity properties of the transition correspondence rather than continuity or stability properties of some pre-chosen selection from the equilibrium correspondence. It will be seen that the required upper hemi-continuity of the transition correspondence is often more easily established than the existence of a selection from the equilibrium correspondence having the desired properties. The usual approach to this question involves constructing a correspondence defining equilibrium states. A selection is chosen from this correspondence and used to construct a transition probability. Desirable properties for the transition probability such as the Feller property can be inferred from properties of the selection, and these properties in turn imply the existence of an invariant probability measure for the transition probability. The technique proposed in this paper avoids all difficulties concerning the existence of well-behaved selections by working directly with the equilibrium correspondence. Theorems 2.1, 3.1 and 3.2 taken together in *The author is grateful for comments received from the referee, and especially grateful to Jim Jordan for finding an error in an earlier version of this paper.
Molecular systematics of bonneted bats (Molossidae: Eumops) based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences

Previous understanding of the relationships among the species of bats in the genus Eumops has been primarily based on phenetic and cladistic analyses of morphological genetic similarity data. The objective of this study was to construct a phylogeny using DNA sequence data from 2 mitochondrial loci (cytochrome-b [Cytb] and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 1 [ND1]) and 1 nuclear locus (b-fibrinogen intron 7 [bFib]) for members of Eumops and outgroups from the family Molossidae. Data for each locus were analyzed separately using maximum-likelihood and Bayesian methods and combined for complete data analyses using Bayesian inference and Bayesian concordance analysis on a total of 2,715 base pairs. The monophyly of Eumops was significantly supported in all analyses and molecular dating estimated a most recent common ancestor of the genus at approximately 15.7 million years ago. Placement of E. hansae was problematic, with ND1 analyses supporting a sister relationship with E. patagonicus and E. nanus, whereas Cytb and bFib analyses placed this species as a basal lineage in the genus. Analysis of all genes recovered E. hansae as a poorly supported basal lineage with E. patagonicus and E. nanus as sister to the remaining species. These 3 major lineages of Eumops diverged during the mid-Miocene.