cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical coherence elastography of the cornea: progress in clinical translation

Corneal biomechanical properties are of great importance in the structural homeostasis of the cornea, the principle focusing element of the eye. Because of the exquisite relationship between corneal geometry and optical performance, alterations in these properties have direct consequences for human visual function. The precision and safety of corneal refractive surgery procedures are highly influenced by inter-individual differences in these properties, and focal corneal weakness is a key feature of corneal ectatic diseases such as keratoconus. This presentation will highlight clinical applications of corneal elasticity imaging and advances in the implementation of an applanation-based approach to optical coherence elastography.
Perspectives of opioid use disorder treatment providers during COVID-19: Adapting to flexibilities and sustaining reforms.

Abstract Objective The COVID-19 pandemic led to unprecedented temporary federal and state regulatory flexibilities that rapidly transformed medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) treatment delivery. This study aimed to understand changes in treatment providers' care during COVID-19, provider experiences with the adaptations, and perceptions of which changes should be sustained long-term. Methods We conducted in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 20 New Jersey MOUD providers, purposively sampled to reflect diversity in provider setting, specialty, and other characteristics. Using a rapid analysis approach, we summarized content within interview domains and analyzed domains across participants for recurring concepts and themes. Results MOUD treatment practice changes taking place during the COVID-19 pandemic included a rapid shift from in-person care to telehealth, reduction in frequency of toxicology testing and psychosocial/counseling services, and modifications to prescription durations and take-home methadone supplies. Modifications to practice were positively received and reinforced a sense of autonomy for providers as well as enhancing the ability to provide patient-centered care. All respondents expressed support for making temporary regulatory flexibilities permanent, but differed in their implementation of the flexibilities and the extent to which they planned to modify their own practices long-term. Conclusion Findings support sustaining temporary regulatory and payment changes to MOUD practice, which may have improved treatment access and allowed for more flexible, individually tailored patient care. Few negative, unintended consequences were reported by providers, but more research is needed to evaluate the patient experience with changes to practice during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Juvenile granulosa cell tumor diagnosed in 6-month-old infant with precocious puberty.

Abstract Juvenile granulosa cell tumor is a rare tumor diagnosed in children, which can present with precocious puberty. We have reported a case of a 6-month-old female patient who presented with precocious puberty. Abdominopelvic imaging revealed a large mixed cystic and solid mass, with internal solid enhancement, and restricted diffusion. At surgery, mass was confirmed to arise from the left ovary, and histopathology confirmed juvenile granulosa cell tumor. We provide a literature review of juvenile granulosa cell tumor and discuss imaging characteristics of this diagnosis.
Association between Credit Rating Changes and High-Tech M&A in Taiwan

The primary purpose of this study is to examine the impact of high-tech and non-high-tech mergers and acquisitions (M&A) on the credit rating changes in Taiwan. We utilized the ordered probit model with random effect for the empirical works. A variety of econometric tests were conducted using pooled data of 101 firms in Taiwan over the period Sep. 1996 to Dec. 2001. This paper tries to examine whether the financial and strategy factors affect the credit risks. Our results indicate that Insider Ownership and Leverage Ratio are negatively related to credit rating changes, while Return on Equity and High-tech Firm are positively related to credit rating changes for both pre- and post-M&A activities. Although higher Institutional Ownership increases in credit rating changes for pre-M&A, it decreases credit rating changes for post-M&A.
Understanding sensory mechanisms to develop effective conservation and management tools

Applying mechanistic insights from animal behavior to wildlife management and conservation biology problems has had documented successes as well as much promise. For wildlife managers seeking to control problem animals, or conservation biologists seeking to increase the number of threatened or endangered species, a fundamental understanding of sensory mechanisms provides the levers that can modify behavior and influence higher-level population processes. We review recent insights and describe future challenges in using and evaluating sensory mechanisms within a conservation behavior framework.
Chapter 3 Lipid-protein interactions and lipoprotein reassembly

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on lipid–protein interactions and lipoprotein reassembly. The apolipoproteins (Apo) contain functional determinants that regulate several processes involved in lipid metabolism. ApoC-II is required for activation of lipoprotein lipase, the enzyme that clears the triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), and chylomicrons from circulation. Lipoprotein reassembly provides the biochemist with a powerful tool for testing current and new hypotheses. The major advantage that reassembled lipoproteins hold over their native counterparts is that they can be designed to contain a defined number of components so that a given physiological function can be assigned to one protein or even a protein fragment. One of the most important aspects of lipoprotein reassembly is to demonstrate that the overall physicochemical properties of the reassembled lipoproteins do not differ from those of native lipoproteins in any important way. The three methods that dominate the methodology of lipoprotein reassembly include (1) sonication of mixtures of lipids and proteins, (2) simple mixture of the components that depends upon spontaneous association, and (3) detergent removal methods.
Sequence and characterization of two auxin-regulated genes from soybean.

The auxin-regulated expression of two poly(A)+ mRNAs in soybean hypocotyl was demonstrated by cloning of the cDNAs and Northern blot hybridization analyses (Walker, J.C., and Key, J.L. (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79, 7185-7189). The corresponding genes, designated Aux28 and Aux22, have been isolated, and the cDNAs and genes have been sequenced. The Aux28 and Aux22 genes are present at one to two copies per haploid genome, contain four and two introns, and encode hydrophilic proteins of 26.8 and 21.5 kDa, respectively. Although the cDNAs were isolated independently and do not cross-hybridize under stringent hybridization conditions, the protein coding sequences of the two cDNAs have several colinear regions of high homology at the nucleic acid (77-80%) and the amino acid (80-100%) levels; together these regions constitute approximately a third of the protein coding sequences of the cDNAs. These data, together with genomic Southern blot hybridization analysis and hybrid-select translations of mRNAs homologous to the cDNAs, show that these genes belong to two related multigene families. We have identified two sequences, TGATAAAAG and GGCAGCATGCA, that occur at similar distances upstream of the transcription start site in each gene, and the spacing between these two elements is essentially identical in the two genes. The possible significance of these sequences is under evaluation.
The treatment of vulvar condyloma acuminata by cryosurgery. A preliminary report.

Summary Seventeen patients with vulvar condyloma acuminata have been treated cryosurgically. The individual lesions healed predictably when the entire lesion and 1 to 2 mm of surrounding normal skin were encompassed by the cryocauterization process. Cryocautery seems to have a place in the treatment of vulvar condyloma acuminata.
iMAC: improved Medium Access Control for multi‐channel multi‐hop wireless networks

Trends in wireless networks are increasingly pointing towards a future with multi-hop networks deployed in multi-channel environments. In this paper, we present the design for iMAC—a protocol targeted at Medium Access Control in such environments. iMAC uses control packets on a common control channel to facilitate a three-way handshake between the sender and the receiver for every packet transmission. This handshake enables the sender and the receiver to come to a consensus on a channel to use for data transmission and also signals to neighboring nodes about the contention on that channel. iMAC then uses a mechanism similar to 802.11 for data communication. Our evaluation of iMAC shows that it provides significant gains in throughput in comparison with uninformed channel selection, especially when contention for channel bandwidth is neither too low nor too high; intelligent selection of channels by iMAC is necessary to harness available bandwidth resources in the presence of medium levels of contention. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fractionation of the β-Linked Glucans of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Their Response to Osmotic Potential

Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 110 synthesized both extracellular and periplasmic polysaccharides when grown on mannitol minimal medium. The extracellular polysaccharides were separated into a high-molecular-weight acidic capsular extracellular polysaccharide fraction (90% of total hexose) and three lower-molecular-weight glucan fractions by liquid chromatography. Periplasmic glucans, extracted from washed cells with 1% trichloroacetic acid, gave a similar pattern on liquid chromatography. Linkage analysis of the major periplasmic glucan fractions demonstrated mainly 6-linked glucose (63 to 68%), along with some 3,6- (8 to 18%), 3- (9 to 11%), and terminal (7 to 8%) linkages. The glucose residues were β-linked as shown by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Glucan synthesis by B. japonicum cells grown on mannitol medium with 0 to 350 mM fructose as osmolyte was measured. Fructose at 150 mM or higher inhibited synthesis of periplasmic and extracellular 3- and 6-linked glucans but had no effect on the synthesis of capsular acidic extracellular polysaccharides.
The Relationship between Work Setting and Employee Behaviour

It is argued that the behaviour of organizational members is influenced to a large extent by characteristics of their work settings. Furthermore, since individuals must change their behaviour in order for organizational improvement to occur, planned organizational change can be viewed as an attempt to change organizational work setting characteristics such that individuals will adopt new, desirable behaviours. Based on these premisses, explores the relationship between organizational work settings and behaviour. In particular, three work setting features that are often the target of intervention activity – goals, managerial behaviour, and job designs – are examined regarding their relationships with a set of employee behaviours relevant to planned organizational change and, potentially, organizational performance. Only goals demonstrate a significant relationship with the frequency of these behaviours. Furthermore, the three work setting variables do not appear to have an interactive effect on behaviour. ...
Observation and interpretation of Zeta Aurigae stars.

The ultraviolet observations of four Zeta Aurigae stars are reviewed. A, probably oversimplified, interpretation of the observations points to a straight forward connection between the spectral type of the B star and the amount of high temperature plasma in the systems.
Fractional kernels and intermediate zones in electromagnetism: planar geometries

We have been interested in exploring the possibility of using fractional derivatives, fractional integrals, and/or generally some other fractionalized operators in treating certain problems in electromagnetics involving intermediate zones. For instance, it is well known that if we are given certain charge and/or current distributions in a finite-size volume (static or dynamic case), the electric potential and field quantities resulting from such a source can be expressed in terms of integrals involving the Green functions and the given source. We present the mathematical techniques for fractionalizing the general kernels for the planar geometries and discuss the physical significance of such fractional kernels in developing tools for analyzing the fields and potentials in intermediate zones.
Issues in fertility control for mentally retarded female adolescents: I. Sexual activity sexual abuse and contraception.

Little information is available about sexual activity, sexual assault, and contraceptive use among mentally retarded adolescents. The experience in these areas among 87 mentally retarded females is reviewed. (A companion paper focuses on these patients' parental attitudes toward sterilization.) All subjects attended a multiservice adolescent clinic with a large developmentally disabled patient group. Charts were reviewed and 69 parents were interviewed. The patients had an age range from 11 to 23 years (mean 16.7). Forty-one subjects were mildly retarded (IQ 55 to 69), 23 were moderately retarded (IQ 41 to 54), and 23 were severely retarded (IQ less than 41). Half of the mildly retarded had had sexual intercourse, a proportion comparable to the general adolescent population. Thirty-two percent of the moderately retarded and nine percent of the severely retarded adolescents had had intercourse. One third of the mildly retarded and one fourth of the moderately retarded adolescents had been victims of rape or incest. Continued sexual activity correlated with sexual abuse, but the majority of victims had no prior or subsequent evidence of intercourse. Forty-two subjects (48%) had used contraception at some time; intrauterine devices and injectable medroxyprogesterone acetate were preferred to oral contraceptives. Six of the 14 patients (43%) who continued sexual activity became pregnant, suggesting that currently available contraception is not providing sufficient protection.
Relationship of product claims between private label and national brands

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to compare the use of front of package (FOP) claims within product categories by private label (PL) products and national brands (NB). This research adapts an existing conceptual model exploring the marketing strategies of PL products and NBs. Design/methodology/approach – Information for this study came from Mintel’s Global (2009/2011). There were 10,791 products launched in 2011 in the US database, 8,120 NB and 2,671 PL food and drink products. For 2009: 5,838 NB and 2,118 PL that gives 7,956 food and beverages products launched in USA. Findings – PL and NB companies increased the usage of FOP claims, and also often moved in the same direction for some product categories. The greatest number of increases across product categories for PL and NB between 2009 and 2011 were Ethical-Enviromentally Friendly Packaging; Allergen; Fiber; Weight Control; Gluten Free; Kosher and No Additives claims. There were much less FOP that were decreased in usage. The claims that most f...
Electron beam induced growth of tin whiskers

We have investigated the influence of electron irradiation on tin whisker growth. Sputtered tin samples exposed to electron beam of 6 MeV energy exhibited fast whisker growth, while control samples did not grow any whiskers. The statistics of e-beam induced whiskers was found to follow the log-normal distribution. The observed accelerated whisker growth is attributed to electrostatic effects due to charges trapped in an insulating substrate. These results offer promise for establishing whisker-related accelerated life testing protocols.
Judicial Intervention into Prisons: Comparing Private and Public Prisons from 1990 to 2005

ABSTRACTA mid-twentieth century prisoners’ rights revolution gave American prisoners unprecedented access to courts for exercising newly elaborated constitutional rights. The result was a tide of litigation brought by inmates and subsequent remedial court orders requiring corrections officials to improve conditions of confinement. It was in this context of aggressive judicial intervention into prison operations that the private prison industry emerged. Some early proponents of prison privatization claimed that the private sector could provide superior prison conditions and thereby reduce judicial intervention. This article assesses this claim empirically. It uses data on state and federal adult correctional facilities from the Bureau of Justice Statistics to compare the prevalence of reported court orders among public and private correctional facilities in the United States from 1990 through 2005. Results from a series of logistic regression analyses reveal that privatization has had little effect on the ...
Charging dynamics of InAs self-assembled quantum dots

We present results on the dynamics of the charging of arrays of InAs self-assembled quantum dots (SAQD's). An equivalent circuit used for metal-insulator-semiconductor--field-effect transistor structures is applied and successfully predicts the observed behavior of the capacitance and conductance dependence on the excitation frequency. The Coulomb blockade effect also plays a role in the frequency-dependent spectra. A Coulomb blockade in this system was observed in arrays of over ${10}^{7}$ SAQD's, demonstrating the good size uniformity of such a system.
Labyrinth Seal Flow Measurement by Tracer Gas Injection

A practical system for flow measurement in rotating seals using the injection and sampling of a tracer gas is presented. Carbon dioxide or helium is injected as a tracer into a labyrinth seal at a controlled rate and gas samples are extracted downstream for concentration measurement. Test results from a rotating labyrinth seal rig were obtained over a range of seal pressure ratios and rotor speeds in order to determine the conditions which assure optimum tracer gas mixing. Seal leakage rates calculated by tracer gas concentration are compared to venturi flow measurements.Copyright © 1987 by ASME
Effects of Amphotericin B and Its Methyl Ester on the Antiviral Activity of Polyinosinic:Polycytidylic Acid

Since the macrolide polyene antibiotics, amphotericin B (AmB) and its methyl ester (AmBME), augment interferon production by polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid [poly(I):poly(C)] in vitro, experiments were undertaken to determine how AmB and AmBME affect the antiviral activity of poly(I):poly(C) and interferon. AmBME increased the direct antiviral activity of poly(I):poly(C) 10(2)-to 10(4)-fold in L929, Flow 6000, and T98G cells. Viral replication, measured by either direct plaque formation or virus yield, was markedly reduced. Serum interferon levels in mice induced by poly(I):poly(C) were enhanced by concomitant treatment with AmB. However, the therapeutic effects of poly(I):poly(C) in encephalomyocarditis and Semliki Forest virus infections were not augmented by combined treatment with poly(I):poly(C) and AmB. In vitro, the antiviral effects of exogenous interferon were markedly inhibited by AmB and AmBME. This inhibition may have contributed to the adverse effects of the macrolide polyenes in encephalomyocarditis and Semliki Forest virus infections in vivo. These findings further substantiate the effectiveness of macrolide polyenes in augmenting cellular penetration of macromolecules. However, therapeutic application may be limited by the complex interactions which occur between compounds administered in vivo.
Efficacy of an over-the-counter intervention follow-up program in community pharmacies

Objective To evaluate whether patient adherence to appropriate self-care advice from a pharmacist or professional year 4 (PY4) advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) student provides satisfactory symptom relief. Setting Two community pharmacies in the same chain in Massachusetts from mid-December 2009 to June 2010. Practice description Pharmacists and PY4 APPE students offered a follow-up phone call to patients who were seeking or had accepted the offer for self-care advice for themselves or others for whom they are primary caregivers. Practice innovation Patients were provided detailed counseling documented on an over-the-counter (OTC) intervention document, administered a point-of-care survey, offered a follow-up phone call(s), and then administered a follow-up survey. Main outcome measures Patient demographics, point-of-care survey assessing current use and perceived benefit from a pharmacist's consultation, intervention document assessing potential medication-related problems, and follow-up telephone survey assessing patient adherence to advice, symptom relief, and satisfaction with the service. Results Of the 207 patients offered a follow-up phone call, 83 accepted. Of these, 54 completed one call and 9 completed two calls. Of those who completed one phone call and claimed complete adherence to advice provided, 38 (82.6%) experienced great symptom relief. Three patients followed advice only partially and experienced the same level of improvement. More than 75% of patients classified the follow-up as "very helpful," felt that it led to greater symptom improvement, and would like to see this service offered all of the time. Conclusion Pharmacist intervention in OTC therapy is widely accepted and can lead to improved patient outcomes.
A commentary on the Zinkernagel-Hengartner 'Credo 2004'.

In ‘Credo 2004’, Zinkernagel and Hengartner give us a food-for-thought analysis of immune responsiveness based on a ‘pragmatic and empiric point of view.’ The Credo 2004 postulates derived by inductive extrapolation from observation to generalization do not satisfactorily account for immune behaviour because they lack a conceptualization as illustrated here. Nevertheless, Credo 2004 is certainly valuable in a limited framework because it is based on the most likely of assumptions namely that the immune system was evolutionarily selected to protect against infectious agents, and therefore the study of pathogens will most accurately reveal how the immune system responds normally to protect. After reformulating them, the postulates of Credo 2004 are analysed with respect to their generality.
Solute Transport Model for Pollutant Flux in Vicinity of a Landfill, Dayton, Ohio: ABSTRACT

Toxic waste disposal and ground-water contamination is a problem which the entire nation faces. The Dayton area in Ohio is presently facing the threat of having its underground water supply contaminated by toxic wastes disposed of in various sites. It is now realized that these toxic substances are leaching out from both existing and abandoned dumpsites and posing a serious problem for an already endangered resource. The study area is located in Moraine, Ohio, which lies south of Dayton. The goal of this thesis was to develop a two-dimensional model showing the transport and dispersion of solutes through the Dayton aquifer, using the USGS program for a computer model of two-dimensional solute transport and dispersion in ground water. The model will show the results for va ying water-table conditions, concentration of solutes relative to some distance from landfill, plume direction, time of plume migration, and potential hazards. This model shows results for a two-dimensional, vertical and horizontal model. End_of_Article - Last_Page 624------------
Performance of communication systems between manned spacecraft on interplanetary voyages.

Future space exploration missions may be undertaken by flights of two or more large, manned vehicles launched in timed sequences along nearly common trajectories. Primary communications modes in such missions are those between the spacecraft and between any one spacecraft and an Earth station. In either mode, a duplex, real-time, video channel is an assumed mission requirement. Performance comparisons are presented for laser communication links and 5 band microwave links in the light of this mission requirement. Because of the difference in severity of the acquisition and tracking constraints in the two communication modes, system requirements and performance results are different. The wideband, duplex TV requirement can be provided for the interspacecraft link with ranges of about 10 miles between spacecraft by the use of lasers. For transmission to Earth, from ranges of about 10 miles, neither lasers nor microwaves will satisfy the TV requirement, but the relative performance of the two types of systems clearly favors microwave when judged on the bases of total ava lable bandwidth and available bandwidth per unit payload weight.
Development and application of a comprehensive simulation model to evaluate impacts of watershed structures and irrigation water use on streamflow and groundwater: the case of Wet Walnut Creek Watershed, Kansas, USA

Abstract This paper presents the results of a comprehensive modeling study of surface and groundwater systems, including stream–aquifer interactions, for the Wet Walnut Creek Watershed in west-central Kansas. The main objective of this study was to assess the impacts of watershed structures and irrigation water use on streamflow and groundwater levels, which in turn affect availability of water for the Cheyenne Bottoms Wildlife Refuge Management area. The surface-water flow model, POTYLDR, and the groundwater flow model, MODFLOW, were combined into an integrated, watershed-scale, continuous simulation model. Major revisions and enhancements were made to the POTYLDR and MODFLOW models for simulating the detailed hydrologic budget for the Wet Walnut Creek Watershed. The computer simulation model was calibrated and verified using historical streamflow records (at Albert and Nekoma gaging stations), reported irrigation water use, observed water-level elevations in watershed structure pools, and groundwater levels in the alluvial aquifer system. To assess the impact of watershed structures and irrigation water use on streamflow and groundwater levels, a number of hypothetical management scenarios were simulated under various operational criteria for watershed structures and different annual limits on water use for irrigation. A standard “base case” was defined to allow comparative analysis of the results of different scenarios. The simulated streamflows showed that watershed structures decrease both streamflows and groundwater levels in the watershed. The amount of water used for irrigation has a substantial effect on the total simulated streamflow and groundwater levels, indicating that irrigation is a major budget item for managing water resources in the watershed.
Population biology of the parasitic phase of Ostertagia circumcincta

Four current models for the parasitic phase of the Ostertagia circumcincta life-cycle were evaluated with respect to their ability to represent the outcome of experimental infection studies and the population biology of the parasite in the field. Neither of the two discrete-time models was able to mimic the rise and fall in parasite numbers that characterize trickle infection experiments. When the infection rate is constant, both models predict that parasite numbers will eventually reach an asymptotic equilibrium value. This happens because both models are formulated such that parasite mortality is constant when the infection rate is constant. The two continuous-time models are able to mimic trickle infection experiments because both of them represent parasite mortality as an increasing function of the infection rate and the duration of infection. However, the continuous-time models do not adequately represent the demography of the parasitic phase in the field because neither of them takes any account of the effect of variations in infection rate from host to host on the overall mean parasite death rate.
George Washington Didn't Sleep Here, But You Can; A Guide to Alternative Accommodations Guidebooks

Those of us in our mid‐thirties can just barely remember the tourist homes, guesthouses, small hotels, and “mom and pop” tourist cabins which once dotted the two‐lane highways of this country, roads like Route 66 which spanned the country east to west and U.S. I which ran from Maine to Florida. However, aided by the developing interstate highway system, Holiday Inn, Best Western, and several other major chains spread themselves all over the landscape in the 1960s and 1970s and won a large part of the growing leisure and business travel dollar. Indeed, Holiday Inn's ubiquitous qualities were so thoroughly standardized that the company adopted the slogan, “The best surprise is no surprise.” The trouble is some people like to be surprised, especially if the surprise is a pleasant one. Until a few years ago, the traveler looking for a more interesting or cheaper accommodation than a typical chain motel had few guidebooks to choose from. Country Inns and Back Roads and Farm, Ranch and Country Vacations were about all that were available. Since the late 1970s, however, a steady stream of alternative accommodation books has appeared, and now any library faced with choosing guidebooks for the reference collection finds a bewildering number of them. In this review I will examine and evaluate what is available to guide the traveler to alternative accommodations in the United States and Canada. I'll look at bed and breakfast guides, guides to country inns, farm vacations, and college campus accommodations, but not camping guides.
Studies in Batch and Continuous Solvent Sublation. I. A Complete Model and Mechanisms of Sublation of Neutral and Ionic Species from Aqueous Solution

Abstract A complete model incorporating all known transport mechanisms for solutes between aqueous and organic solvent phases in solvent sublation is proposed. The predictions from the model with respect to the different transport mechanisms were substantiated with experiments on the solvent sublation of neutral pentachloro-phenol (PCP) molecules (pH = 3.0) and ionic PCP molecules as PCP + hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide complex (pH = 8.9) into different solvents—mineral oil (a nonionic solvent) and decyl alcohol (a partly ionic solvent). Effects of inorganic salts on the sublation of both types of PCP molecules were investigated.
Artificial neural network processing of stripping analysis responses for identifying and quantifying heavy metals in the presence of intermetallic compound formation.

Feed-forward neural networks have been trained to identify and quantify heavy metals in mixtures under conditions where there were significant complications due to intermetallic compound formation....
Effect of prior tillage and soil fertility amendments on dispersal of Phytophthora capsici and infection of pepper

Organic soil amendments including composted cotton gin trash, composted poultry manure, an incorporated rye-vetch green manure, or synthetic fertilizer were applied to subplots, and main plots were either tilled frequently or surface-mulched in experimental field plots between 1997 and 2004. Soil from each replication of the tillage and fertility treatments was sampled in August of 2001, 2002, and 2003, brought to the greenhouse, and infested with Phytophthora capsici to study the effect of previous soil treatments on disease incidence and dispersal of the pathogen. Both the previous tillage and fertility amendments affected the incidence of disease and dispersal of the pathogen. Final disease incidence, AUDPC and the distance of pathogen spread were significantly greater in soils with previous surface mulch applications than in frequently tilled soils. Final disease incidence, AUDPC and the distance of pathogen spread were also significantly higher in soils amended with cotton gin trash, than rye-vetch green manure, poultry manure, or synthetic fertilizer. Soils amended with cotton gin trash had higher soil water content, lower bulk density, higher humic matter content, higher porosity and higher levels of mineralizable N, than soils with other fertility amendments. Soil water content, soil porosity, humic matter content, and net mineralizable levels nitrogen were positively correlated and bulk density was negatively correlated with final incidence of disease.
Reinforcing Cultural Identity by Appealing to Local Cultural Cues: National Identity Formation and Consumption in High-Context Cultures

Traditionally, U.S. firms have successfully used American appeal (hard-sell approach) as a unique selling proposition in Europe, Japan and in the developing world. However, the anti-American sentiments around the world due to the Iraqi and Afghan wars and recent upheavals in the Middle East and North Africa have negatively influenced consumer judgments about American-labeled global brands in international markets during the last decade. Such consumer perceptions may lead to a favorable environment for new competitors to emerge in specific markets, and these products may take significant market share away from global U.S. brands.
Mismatch Corrections for Electro-Optic Sampling Systems

We develop and apply frequency-domain mismatch corrections to a temporal electro-optic sampling system. We use these corrections to characterize the magnitude and phase of electrical sources that are physically far removed from the point at which the electro-optic sampling system measures voltage waveforms. We demonstrate the technique by determining the power spectrum of a photoreceiver?s optical impulse response.
Regulation of self-renewal divisions of primitive human hematopoietic progenitor cells

Abstract Whether self-renewal divisions of primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells is subject to extrinsic control mechanisms remains unclear. Using single cell assays, we examined whether the proliferative potential and self-renewal divisions of daughter cells of individual long-term culture-initiating cells (LTC-IC) can be modulated by exogenous cytokine stimulation. Single G0CD34+CD38−/lo cells were deposited in individual wells of microtiter plates containing complete medium and the three cytokine combination SCF, Flt-3 ligand and MGDF (SFM). All wells were observed daily and after the first division of every primary cell (when two cells were evident in the well between days 1 and 7), one of the two daughter cells was transferred to a new plate prepared with a cytokine combination containing SFM plus IL3, IL6, GM-CSF and erythropoietin (SFM36GE). The destination of each daughter cell was recorded so that clonal pairs could be tracked. If cell growth in one well of a pair was not detected, the pair was discarded. Cells of each clone were harvested on day 7 and examined individually for their HPC content in a 6 week LTC-IC assay. Both daughter cells of 1259 clones split at the 2-cell stage supported continued cell proliferation. However, only 9% of clones in SFM contained ≥ 8 cells on day 7 compared to 45% of their counterparts maintained with SFM36GE. Furthermore, while only 4.5% of clones remaining in SFM were scored at LTC-IC, 19.2% of the SFM36GE clones were determined to be LTC-IC, suggesting that this 7 cytokine combination recruited dormant LTC-IC into cell cycle. Approximately 1/3 of SFM LTC-IC clones were also scored as LTC-IC in SFM36GE suggesting that one of every three divisions of primitive HPC is a self-renewal division. However, of these pairs only 24% divided up to three times by day 7 in SFM compared to 65% in SFM36GE indicating that proliferation of progeny cells following self-renewal divisions may be extrinsically modulated. These results suggest that since the percentage of daughter cell-derived clones scored as LTC-IC and the proliferative potential of every LTC-IC were different under different cytokine conditions, cell cycle activation and fate may be extrinsically controlled.
Designing within: Dr Bela H. Banathy's contributions to the self‐organization of public discourse

The currently institutionalized forms of public discourse are based on assumptions and concepts that are becoming obsolete. Moreover, many theorists, such as Bela H. Banathy, assert that these aging societal structures are now being strained to breaking point by contemporary human civilization, which has become vastly more technologically, politically, and socially complex than these institutions can accommodate. If these assertions are taken as correct, a radical new form of public discourse is required that can transform the existing institutional structure. To that end, Banathy's work on evolutionary inquiry and the New Agoras for the twenty-first century offers an essential foundation for a new means of organizing public discourse. This article explores how his achievements can contribute to a sweeping reformation of dialogue in the public sphere. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hormone Ontogeny in the Ovine Fetus. I. Circulating Growth Hormone in Mid and Late Gestation

Ovine GH (oGH) was determined by homologous RIA on 118 samples from 45 chronically catheterized ovine fetuses from 66 days of gestation to term (147 days). A triphasic pattern of oGH concentration was demonstrated with high circulating GH concentrations (148.0 ± 9.6 ng/ml) at 60–70 days gestation, falling by 100–110 days (49.0 ± 7.3 ng/ml), increasing again to peak at 130-140 days (150.4 ± 10.5 ng/ml), and again decreasing to lower concentrations characteristic of the neonate before delivery. In samples obtained during fetal surgery (n = 63), a similar pattern was observed, but after 120 days of gestation, 15 of 36 plasma oGH values were above the upper limit of the normal range calculated from the chronic group. Similar findings were observed in 42 samples from fetuses that had developed hypoxia or acidosis, suggesting that stress-related GH release develops in late gestation. Maternal GH concentrations did not correlate with gestational age and were low throughout pregnancy (4.4 ± 0.7 ng/ml). The patter...
Modeling cataloging expertise: a feasibility study

Abstract The development of expert systems for cataloging has had limited success to date. Although there has been some promise in the area of advisory or training systems, no system has been able to achieve satisfactory performance in practice. Much of the blame has been placed on two issues: the ambiguity and lack of compatible computerized structure of Anglo-American Cataloging Rules and the lack of understanding of expertise possessed by experienced catalogers. A project attempting to address the latter issue was planned in cooperation with National Agricultural Library. This paper describes the findings from the feasibility study. The project concentrates on the nature of cataloging expertise by attempting to answer the following research questions: (a) what tasks of cataloging involve expertise? (b) what are the components of cataloging expertise? and (c) what distinguishes the work performed by beginning catalogers from that performed by expert catalogers? The results of the study suggest that tasks involving cataloging expertise can be found in the following groups: (a) searching bibliographic databases, (b) determining access points, (c) interpreting bibliographic data and rules, (d) identifying and prioritizing problems and special cases, and (e) administering performance. The following facets of skill are further identified: (a) technology, such as online retrieval and knowledge about online catalogs; (b) professional tools, such as cataloging codes and related reference tools; (c) communication, such as knowledge about vendors and about operations in other departments; and (d) subject specialty and languages. A model is suggested, using task categories and skill facets as two dimensions, for representing the components of cataloging expertise. The plan of conduct for the cataloging expertise project is also described.
Social Information-Processing Bases of Aggressive Behavior in Children:

The ways that basic theories and findings in cognitive and social psychology (including attribution, decision-making, and information-processing theories) have been applied to the study of aggressive behavior problems in children are described. Following an overview of each of these theories, a social information-processing model of children's aggressive behavior is outlined. According to this model, a child's behavioral response to a problematic social stimulus is a function of five: steps of processing: encoding of social cues, interpretation of social cues, response search, response evaluation, and enactment. Skillful processing at each step is hypothesized to lead to competent performance within a situation, whereas biased or deficient processing is hypothesized to lead to deviant social behavior Empirical studies are described in which children's patterns of processing have been found to predict individual differences in their aggressive behavior The implications of this body of work for empirically ...
Measuring archaeological diversity by comparison with simulated assemblages

A method for measuring diversity is proposed that uses an archaeologically derived underlying frequency distribution of classes of artifacts to generate theoretical expectations for the number of different classes of items that should be found in a collection of a given total size. Because sample size is controlled for, collections of different sizes can be directly compared in a simple graphical display. Because of its rigor and simplicity, this method serves to focus interpretive attention on issues of anthropological (rather than methodological) importance. Examples from the archaeological literature are used to illustrate the operation and potential applicability of this method to a wide range of archaeological problems.
Periadolescent ethanol exposure reduces adult forebrain ChAT+IR neurons: correlation with behavioral pathology

Substance abuse typically begins in adolescence; therefore, the impact of alcohol during this critical time in brain development is of particular importance. Epidemiological data indicate that excessive alcohol consumption is prevalent among adolescents and may have lasting neurobehavioral consequences. Loss of cholinergic input to the forebrain has been demonstrated following fetal alcohol exposure and in adults with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. In the present study, immunohistochemistry for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) was determined to assess forebrain cholinergic neurons (Ch1–4), and behavioral changes following periadolescent alcohol exposure. Wistar rats were exposed to intermittent ethanol vapor (14 hrs on/10 hrs off/day) for 35 days from PD 22-PD 57 (average blood alcohol concentration (BAC): 163 mg%). Rats were withdrawn from vapor and assessed for locomotor activity, startle response, conflict behavior in the open field, and immobility in the forced swim test, as adults. Rats were then sacrificed at day 71/72 and perfused for histochemical analyses. Ethanol vapor exposed rats displayed: increased locomotor activity 8 hrs after the termination of vapor delivery for that 24 hr period at day 10 and day 20 of alcohol vapor exposure, significant reductions in the amplitude of their responses to prepulse stimuli during the startle paradigm at 24 hrs withdrawal, and at two weeks following withdrawal, less anxiety-like and/or more “disinhibitory” behavior in the open field conflict, and more immobility in the forced swim test. Quantitative analyses of ChAT immunoreactivity revealed a significant reduction in cell counts in the Ch1–2 and Ch3–4 regions of the basal forebrain in ethanol vapor exposed rats. This reduction in cell counts was significantly correlated with less anxiety-like and/or more “disinhibitory” behavior in the open field conflict test. These studies demonstrate that behavioral measures of arousal, affective state, disinhibitory behavior and ChAT+IR, are all significantly impacted by periadolescent ethanol exposure and withdrawal in Wistar rats.
Some properties of a fractal-time continuous-time random walk in the presence of traps

The CTRW has often been applied to problems related to transport in a statistically homogeneous disordered medium, which means that there are no traps or reflecting boundaries to be found in the medium. Two physical applications, one to the migration of photons in a turbid medium and the second to the theory of diffusion-controlled reactions in a random medium, suggest that it might be useful to study properties of the CTRW, particularly as they refer to survival probability in the presence of a trap or a trapping surface. We calculate a number of these properties when the pausing-time density is asymptotically proportional to a stable law, i.e.,ψ(t)∼T α+1 as (t/T)→∞, where 0<α<1. A forthcoming paper will establish the correspondence between properties of the CTRW and proprties of random walkers on a fractal with trapping boundaries.
Equivalent Average Trajectory Dynamics Using the Reduced Low-Thrust Coefficients

Calculation of low-thrust control laws with equivalent average trajectory dynamics but dierent thrust proles is studied using an averaged method based on Fourier series representation of the thrust control. Fourier coecients of order 2 and higher are used to transform variable-magnitude controls into controls with constant thrust arcs, which can be implemented more easily by low-thrust propulsion systems. Fuel cost reduction through selection of higher-order Fourier coecients is also discussed.
Appraisal of Surgical Atrial Septectomy for Transposition of the Great Arteries

The results of surgical atrial septectomy alone, septectomy with pulmonary artery banding, and septectomy with shunting procedures in 105 patients are reported. There were 82 survivors with eight deaths directly related to surgery, seven related to specific preoperative complications, and eight resulting from associated cardiac malformations. Excellent improvement in arterial oxygen saturation was achieved and maintained over an extended period of time in the majority of survivors. Although balloon septostomy has proved to be a helpful palliative maneuver in patients with TGA, 34 children who had this procedure later required surgical septectomy. A late fall in arterial oxygen saturation was often indicative of diminishing pulmonary blood flow on the basis of increasing pulmonary stenosis or pulmonary vascular obstructive disease.
The “Second Wave” and the Second Generation: Characteristics of New Leaders in Family Therapy

A citation analysis method was used to determine family therapists who have become influential since the pioneering era of the 1950s and 1960s. Demographic information reveals a wide variety of education and experience, with clinical psychologists more prevalent than in the past.