cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fabrication and properties of dense thin films containing functionalized carbon nanofibers

Abstract In this study, dense thin films containing carboxylic acid-functionalized carbon nanofibers (O-CNFs) are fabricated by a two-step approach involving solution filtering and mechanical compression through a rolling process. Optical images reveal a notable change from porous to dense in the surface morphology of the rolled O-CNF thin film. Moreover, test results show that the tensile strength and electrical conductivity of the rolled thin film are improved by approximately 400% in comparison to the non-rolled thin film. Upon fracture, electron microscope image shows significant pull-out and alignment of O-CNFs parallel to the direction of the applied load due to interlocking mechanism within the highly entangled O-CNF network.
Size and secondary structure of avian myeloblastosis virus associated ribosomal RNA: Comparison with cellular and precursor ribosomal RNA

Ribosomal RNA isolated from ribosomes present inside avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) was characterized by electron microscopy using the formamide-urea spreading technique. The molecular weight and the secondary structures were compared with those of r-RNA and precursor r-RNA isolated from host cells, the leukemic myeloblasts. The molecular weight of viral r-RNA (1.62±0.18×106 and 0.69±0.10×106) and the molecular weight of cellular r-RNA (1.63±0.18×106 and 0.67±0.09×106), the latter obtained from avian myeloblasts, were found to be identical and comparable with the molecular weight of chicken liver r-RNA. Likewise, the secondary structures of viral r-RNA were identical to those of cellular r-RNA. The postulated possible precursor character of viral r-RNA was excluded, since the molecules of viral r-RNA do not show any similarity to those of precursor r-RNA. Previously observed differences in behavior of viral and cellular (myeloblastic) r-RNA in sedimentation and electrophoretic mobility are discussed.
A Positive Theory of Economic Growth and the Distrbution of Income

This paper builds on our earlier work, Meltzer and Richard (1981), on the size of government. How does the distribution of income changes as an economy grows? To answer this question we build a model of a labor economy in which consumers have diverse productivity. The government imposes a linear income tax which funds equal per capita redistribution. The tax rate is set in a single issue election in which the median productivity individual is decisive. Economic growth is the result of using a learning by doing technology, so higher taxes discourage labor causing the growth rate of the economy to fall. We consider two economic scenarios. First, in a developing economy the median voter chooses increasing taxes and increasing redistribution which causes the growth rate of the economy to recede from a high level as the economy matures. The increasing tax rate discourages labor and growth causing the distribution of pre-tax income to widen. Second, in a mature economy, the distribution of productivity can widen due to increased technological specialization. This causes voters to raise the equilibrium tax rate and reduce growth. The distribution of pre-tax income widens. We estimate the model using U.S. data from 1967 - 2011 with excellent results.
Pediatric neurology in the era of genomics.

“Our knowledge of the pathological substratum of the various forms of mental derangement is still very imperfect. In the majority of cases, there may be no marked changes in the structure of the brain; or, if there be any changes at all, they are entirely beyond our ken, and cannot be made out by our present methods of investigation.” Bernard Sachs started his paper with these words in 1887, describing a disease that was later named Tay-Sachs disease. This quote by Sachsmay apply to the term “idiopathic,” with regard to the etiology of neurologic diseases. For a long time, many childhood developmental and neurologic diseases were characterized as “idiopathic,” but now it is used less often thanks to rapidly increasing genetic discoveries. Since the introduction of cytogenetics in the middle of the twentieth century, the evolution of genetic technologies, from positional cloning to the next-generation sequencing, has allowed us to discover the causes of hundreds of pediatric neurologic diseases. The recognition of genetic and phenotypic variability constantly redefines nomenclature and disease classification. However, a better understanding of molecular mechanism of diseases has beenmade possible by genetically engineered cell cultures and animals as disease models. This, in turn, provided platforms for screening therapeutic molecules. The rapidly evolving research has led to development of rational therapies for many diseases that were thought to be incurable in the past. In this special issue of Pediatric Clinics of North America, it is our pleasure to provide updates on various common childhood developmental and neurologic conditions that have directly or indirectly benefited from genome research. For many of these, therapeutic interventions are available or being considered. There is no doubt that our efforts in supportive treatments have improved the quality of life and extended the life expectancy of children suffering from neurologic diseases. Our renewed hope is that new therapies, based on molecular mechanisms, will significantly improve the outcome.
Modelling oscillatory behavior in batch fermentations

A batch fermentation is modelled with constant and variable yeild terms. It is shown that the model cannot exhibit oscillations if a constant yield term is used. Oscillations in the cell concentration, but not in the limiting substrate concentration, can be simulated if a variable yield function of the limiting substrate is used. Conditions, for which the variable yield needs to satisfy in order to generate oscillations in the cell concentration, are discussed. The primary condition is that the yield must become zero at the same time that the specific growth rate does. Experimental results exhibiting oscillatory behavior are presented and compared with the proposed model.
Spatio-temporal dynamics in fMRI recordings revealed with complex independent component analysis

Independent component analysis (ICA) of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data is commonly carried out under the assumption that each source may be represented as a spatially fixed pattern of activation, which leads to the instantaneous mixing model. To allow modeling patterns of spatio-temporal dynamics, in particular, the flow of oxygenated blood, we have developed a convolutive ICA approach: spatial complex ICA applied to frequency-domain fMRI data. In several frequency-bands, we identify components pertaining to activity in primary visual cortex (V1) and blood supply vessels. One such component, obtained in the 0.10Hz band, is analyzed in detail and found to likely reflect flow of oxygenated blood in V1.
THE EFFECT OF MODERATE SALT STRESS ON LEAF ANATOMY IN HIBISCUS CANNABINUS (KENAF) AND ITS RELATION TO LEAF AREA

Kenaf responded to salt stress in a manner that was typical of moderately salt tolerant nonhalophytes. Increase in leaf area was more sensitive to salinity than either leaf emergence rate or dry matter accumulation. Dry weight was reduced only above a threshold of approximately 37 mM NaCl while leaf area was already significantly reduced at this salt concentration. Measurement of epidermal cell cross sectional area and epidermal cell numbers showed that the salt induced reduction in leaf area was due primarily to smaller epidermal cell size. Epidermal cell numbers were also significantly reduced by salinity. Stomatal density increased with increasing salt stress and there was no effect on leaf thickiiess. ONE OF THE MOST ENVIRONMENTALLY sensitive
Localization of lipid microdomains and thermal phenomena in murine stratum corneum and isolated membrane complexes: An electron spin resonance study

Abstract The intercellular region of the stratum corneum can be isolated in the form of membrane complexes (intercellular lipids and adjacent cornified envelopes) which are devoid of the cytoplasmic components. In this study the temperature induced phase transitions and corresponding lipid domain reorganization in isolated stratum corneum (SC) sheets and SC membrane complexes (SCM) were determined using the electron spin resonance (ESR) spin probe technique. The spin probe perdeuterated di-tert-butyl nitroxide (pdDTBN) in SC and SCM revealed less well-defined physiologic phase transitions in the SCM and a more polar lipid domain in SC. However, the ESR results show the coexistence of highly ordered domains (immobilized spin probe) and less viscous domains in intact SC, which persist in SCM. Above ≈ 20°C the spin probe is dissolved in a highly disordered (isotropic) lipid domain in both SC and SCM. In both solvent extracted SC and SCM, the spin probe is dissolved in a highly ordered lipophilic domain associated with the lipids complexed to the corneocyte envelope and exhibiting no thermal transitions between —23° to 60°C. Further, the amount of mobile spin probe is related to the amount of residual lipid. An unexpected finding was the apparent reduction of the spin probe in solvent extracted SCM, suggesting the presence of a previously unrecognized free radical reducing mechanism in these sites. The mobilities of the spin probe when dissolved in model lipids, non-hydroxy, and hydroxy containing ceramides and cholesteryl oleate, differed significantly from those observed in SC or SCM. These studies demonstrate the usefulness of ESR for the localization and characterization of lipid microenvironments in the stratum corneum.
Inhibition of programmed cell death by catalase and phenylalanine methyl ester

Abstract 1. 1. Programmed cell death proceeds by an unknown mechanism which results in characteristic morphological changes known as apoptosis. 2. 2. We have proposed that, in hormone-induced apoptosis, cell death may be the result of an attack of cells destined to die by cytotoxic macrophages. 3. 3. We have investigated the effects of Superoxide dismutase, catalase and the macrophage toxin, phenylalanine methyl ester, on the regression of tadpole tail slices in culture. 4. 4. Our findings, that regression of bullfrog tadpole tails is blocked by catalase and phenylalanine methyl ester, support the working hypothesis.
Force coordination in static manipulation: discerning the contribution of muscle synergies and cutaneous afferents.

Abstract Both an elaborate coordination of the hand grip force ( G ; normal component of force acting at the digits–object contact area) and load force ( L ; tangential component), and the role of cutaneous afferents in G – L coordination have been well documented in a variety of manipulation tasks. However, our recent studies revealed that G – L coordination deteriorates when L consecutively changes direction (bidirectional tasks; e.g., when vigorously shaking objects or using tools). The aim of the study was to distinguish between the possible role of the synergy of hand grip and arm muscles (exerting G and L , respectively) and the role of cutaneous afferent input in the observed phenomenon. Subjects ( N = 14) exerted sinusoidal L pattern in vertical direction against an externally fixed device in trials that gradually changed from uni- to fully bidirectional. In addition, a manipulation of an external arm support decoupled L measured by the device (and, therefore, recorded by the cutaneous receptors) from the action of arm muscles exerting L . The results revealed that switching from uni- to bidirectional tasks, no matter how low and brief L exertion was in the opposite direction, was associated with an abrupt decrease in G – L coordination. This coordination remained unaffected by the manipulation of external support. The first result corroborates our previous conclusion that the force coordination in uni- and bidirectional manipulation tasks could be based on partly different neural control mechanisms. However, the second finding suggests that the studied control mechanisms could depend more on the cutaneous afferent input, rather than on the synergy of the muscles exerting G and L .
Cytogenetic guidelines for fragile X studies tested in routine practice

Several organizations have proposed guidelines for fra(X) studies on peripheral blood lymphocytes. To evaluate these guidelines, we reviewed 1,033 consecutive specimens referred for fra(X) analysis. Each specimen was cultured with medium 199 and RPMI 1640 with 5-fluorodeoxyuridine or excess thymidine. The karyotype and expression of fra(X) were established from 20 GTL- or QFQ-banded cells and by screening of up to 130 more banded cells. We found anomalies other than fra(X) in 37 (3.6%) of the patients. We found 4% or more fra(X) cells in 38 (3.7%) cases from 36 unrelated families, including 33 (3.9%) of 850 males and 5 (2.7%) of 183 females. Another 4 females had 1 to 3% fra(X) cells. Six specimens were fra(X)-positive in only one stress system, and 32 were positive in 2 systems. To find the first 2 fra(X) cells in males, we needed to study up to 36 cells in 31 cases, 50 in one case, and 57 in another. To find the first 2 fra(X) cells in females, we needed to study up to 17 cells in 4 cases and 57 in another. A strong family history of fra(X) occurred in 5 patients, and each one was fra(X)-positive. Some manifestations of the fragile X syndrome occurred in 507 cases, 17 (3%) of which were fra(X)-positive. Abnormalities considered unlikely to be the fragile X syndrome occurred in 103 cases, 3 (3%) of which were fra(X)-positive. Use of chromosome breakage and fra(3)(p14) as quality control indicators of the fra(X) stress systems was found to be unreliable. Our findings support most of the proposed guidelines for fra(X) studies but indicate a need for modifications of others. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Trace metal retention in the incorporation zone of land-applied sludge

Recycling nutrients in wastewater sludge (biosolids) via land application is a desirable goal. However, potential movement of sludge-applied trace metals is of concern and an area of ongoing research. In this paper, the authors examine the first-order model used by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) for predicting losses from the zone of incorporation as part of the risk assessment that undergirded the development of Part 503 regulations. The authors found that when empirical adsorption partition coefficients from the site are used as model inputs, the US EPA model for the incorporation zone is similar to that derived from preferential flow theory and simulates well the loss of metal from the surface soil layer at an orchard site where sludge was applied 15 years earlier.
CORRELATION BETWEEN PERFORMANCE ON FINAL EXAMINATION AND DEBILITATING ANXIETY AMONG PROFESSIONAL EDUCATORS

For decades psychologists have studied the relationship between achievement anxiety and academic performance. While it is typically concluded that a moderate degree of anxiety about the classroom is desirable (Ebel, 1972), others have distinguished between anxiety which facilitates test performance and anxiety which is debilitating. Alpert and Haber (1960) developed the Achievement Anxiety Test, which measures both types of anxiety. As Sarason, Mandler, and Craighill (1952) suggested, some individuals may tend to respond to certain stimuli with arousal of anxiety about achievement, while the same stimuli may arouse the general drive level for achievement and quality of performance in other individuals. Generalizations about the effects of anxiety appear to apply to students across several grade levels. And, it is not unreasonable to hypothesize that among older graduate-level professionals engaged in coursework at the Master's level, there will be a similar relationship between debilitating anxiety and performance on examinations. But this relationship is not well defined. Sixty-eight teachers enrolled in courses on resting in the College of Education volunteered to respond to the Alpert-Haber Debilitating Anxiety Scale. At the end of the term final examination scores were obtained. The average age of the sample was about 29 yr. For the sample of 68 srudents, a Pearson product-moment correlation of -.23 (p < .02) was obtained. This significant correlation supports the notion that debilitating anxiety as measured also operates among professional educators attending graduate school. But the COefficient of determination indicates that only 5% of the variance of the final examination scores can be accounted for. Predictions of such performance should clearly depend on factors other than debilitating anxiety.
1029 PLACENTAL CELLS OF FETAL ORIGIN SYNTHESIZE GAMMA INTERFERON

The placenta is a rich source of immunocompetent mononuclear cells (MNCs) that have microbicidal, cytotoxic and lymphokine-producing capabilities (interleukin-2 (IL-2)). We have identified several immunologic properties of placental cells that differentiate them from the corresponding neonatal cord blood cells. Previous studies have established that cord blood MNCs have deficient natural killer1 (NK) activity and gamma interferon (IFN-o ) production. The placental MNCs (prepared by collagenase and DNAase digestion followed by Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient separation) are of fetal origin, as shown by chromosome analyses of cells from 4 placentas from male infants, all of which were XY. Cell sorting indicates a significantly higher proportion of NK Leu 11 cells in placenta compared to the corresponding cord blood (24 ± 4% vs 15 + 4%). All supernatants from placental MNC samples incubated with PHA for 48 hours produced significant (>10 IU/ml) amounts of o -IFN, (mean 27 ± 5 SEM) as assayed by a new radio-immunoassay (Centocor). This assay correlates well with the standard bioassay. Most (19/21) PHA-stimulated cord blood MNCs showed deficient production (<4 IU/ml) of o-IFN. This could be partly corrected by incubation with IL-2 or IL-2 + PHA in 6/11 cord bloods. 22 adult PHA-stimulated MNC produced large amounts of o-IFN (51±17 IU/ml). These properties of placental immune cells suggest a separate and unique intrauterine immune system that preceeds the dormant fetal immune system. The latter may be activated by the use of interleukin 2.
Hydrogen-vacancy trapping and detrapping kinetics

Description d'une methode simple caracterisant la cinetique de piegeage de l'hydrogene dans des pieges saturables. Application au piegeage de lacunes d'hydrogene dans Al, Cu, Ni, Fe, Pd
Mary Parker Follett's Constructive Conflict: A “Psychological Foundation of Business Administration” for Innovative Global Enterprises

Abstract Mary Parker Follett (1868–1933) was best known for her in-depth analysis of conflict situations in public and business organizations. According to her, “constructive conflict,” based on her idea of inventive integration, is one of the key principles at “the heart of personnel relations in industry.” In the present study, Follett's contributions related to constructive conflict are reassessed in the context of their relevance and utility for innovative growth of global enterprises competing in highly dynamic economies today. This article describes her conceptual development of the different elements of constructive conflict based on an inventive integration of differences between diverse individualities. Also discussed is how Follett's constructive conflict is related with her other psychological foundations of business administration. These foundations include 1. experiential tacit knowledge, 2. face-to-face communication and participation, 3. empowerment and control, 4. organizational dynamics, ...
Intra-mammary lymph node metastases in an early stage ovarian cancer of low malignant potential.

Ž . Low malignant potential LMP tumors of the ovary are usually associated with an excellent prognosis, due, in part, to their early stage at diagnosis. Approximately 50% of LMP tumors are stage I at presentation compared to only 10% of frankly malignant ovarian epithelial cancers. Both LMP and frankly malignant ovarian cancer rarely present with disease outside of the abdominal cavity. We have reported a case of an apparent stage I ovarian LMP tumor with early intramammary lymph node metastases. A 30-year-old female was found to have bilateral adnexal masses upon physical examination during the work-up of her primary infertility. There was no significant family history, but her CA 125 was elevated at 200 IUrml. She underwent an exploratory laparotomy in December 1998, which disclosed bilateral ovarian masses. A frozen-section diagnosis was consistent with a mucinous tumor of low malignant poten-
Integral Ecology: Uniting Multiple Perspectives on the Natural World, Sean Esbjörn-Hargens & Michael Zimmerman

Integral Ecology: Uniting Multiple Perspectives on the Natural World Sean Esbjorn-Hargens & Michael Zimmerman Boston, Integral Books, 2009, xxxvi + 796 pp., cloth, $45.00 The science of ecology, wi...
Subtyping Male Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence

Domestic violence is a serious problem with far-reaching consequences. This study applies a new methodology to derive subtypes of male perpetrators of intimate partner violence. As part of a larger National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)-funded study, a national sample of randomly selected psychologists and psychiatrists describe 188 adult male patients (59 with a history of partner violence, 97 with a history of arrests but not partner violence, and 57 with neither partner violence nor arrests), using the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure-II (SWAP-II), a Q-sort procedure for assessing personality pathology. Using Q-factor analysis, the authors identify three personality constellations among the partner-violent men, two of which strongly resembled subtypes identified using different methods in prior research: psychopathic, hostile/controlling, and borderline/dependent. The authors compare these subtypes with each other and with nonarrested/ nonviolent men and men with arrests but no partner violence on Axis I and II diagnoses, adaptive functioning, etiological variables, and response to treatment, providing initial validity data.
Primary-structure requirements for inhibition by the heat-stable inhibitor of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase.

Abstract The amino acid sequence of the heat-stable inhibitor of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKI) was determined recently [Scott, J. D., Fischer, E. H., Takio, K., Demaille, J. G. & Krebs, E. G. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 5732-5736]. An earlier report [Scott, J. D., Fischer, E.H., Demaille, J. G. & Krebs, E. G. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 4379-4383] showed that at least part of the inhibitory domain of PKI is located in a 20-residue segment extending from residue 11 to residue 30: Ile-Ala-Ser-Gly-Arg-Thr-Gly-Arg-Arg-Asn-Ala-Ile-His-Asp-Ile-Leu-Val-Ser- Ser-Ala . In the present study, we further mapped the inhibitory region of PKI by addition or deletion of residues at both ends of this peptide and by substitutions for specific amino acids. The results show that (i) deletion of residues 25-30 did not change inhibitory activity but addition of residues toward the amino terminus increased the inhibitory potency up to 150-fold (Ki 4.8 nM), to a level approaching that of PKI; (ii) replacement of alanine-21 by serine converted the inhibitor into a substrate having a relatively low affinity (Km 280 microM) for the enzyme; (iii) replacement of alanine-21 by phosphoserine or alpha-aminobutyric acid decreased inhibitory activity by a factor of 120 and 20, respectively; (iv) replacement of serine-13 had essentially no effect, whereas substitution of threonine-16 decreased inhibitory activity. The greatest decreases of inhibitory potency occurred with replacements of the arginines in positions 18 and 19.
In vivo occupancy of female rat brain estrogen receptors by 17β-estradiol and tamoxifen

Estrogens or antiestrogens are currently used by millions of women, but the interaction of these hormonal agents with brain estrogen receptors (ER) in vivo has not been characterized to date. Our goal was to assess, in vivo, the extent and regional distribution of brain ER occupancy in rats chronically exposed to 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) or tamoxifen (TAM). For that purpose, female ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with subcutaneous pellets containing either placebo (OVX), E(2), or TAM for 3 weeks. ER occupancy in grossly dissected regions was quantified with 16alpha-[(18)F]fluoroestradiol ([(18)F]FES). Both E(2) and TAM produced significant decreases in radioligand uptake in the brain although the effect of E(2) was larger and more widespread than the effect of TAM. Detailed regional analysis of the interaction was then undertaken using a radioiodinated ligand, 11beta-methoxy-16alpha-[(125)I]iodo-estradiol ([(125)I]MIE(2)), and quantitative ex vivo autoradiography. E(2) treatment resulted in near-complete (86.6 +/- 17.5%) inhibition of radioligand accumulation throughout the brain, while ER occupancy in the TAM group showed a marked regional distribution such that percentage inhibition ranged from 40.5 +/- 15.6 in the ventrolateral part of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus to 84.6 +/- 4.5 in the cortical amygdala. These results show that exposure to pharmacologically relevant levels of TAM produces a variable, region-specific pattern of brain ER occupancy, which may be influenced by the regional proportion of ER receptor subtypes. These findings may partially explain the highly variable and region-specific effects observed in neurochemical, metabolic, and functional studies of the effects of TAM in the brain of experimental animals as well as human subjects.
Generalizing Clatworthy Group Divisible Designs

Abstract In this paper a neat construction is provided for three new families of group divisible designs that generalize some designs from Clatworthy's table of the only 11 designs with two associate classes that have block size four, three groups, and replication numbers at most 10. In each case (namely, λ 1 = 4 and λ 2 = 5 , λ 1 = 4 and λ 2 = 2 , and λ 1 = 8 and λ 2 = 4 ), we have proved that the necessary conditions found are also sufficient for the existence of such GDD's with block size four and three groups, with one possible exception.
Analysis of the temperature dependence of the racemization of Eu(III) complexes through measurement of steady-state circularly polarized luminescence

Abstract The temperature dependence of the steady-state luminescence dissymmetry ratio, g lum , has been measured for racemic Eu(III) complexes containing the terdentate ligands dipicolinate and phenylethynyl-dipicolinate. As the temperature is increased, the magnitude of the dissymmetry ratio for these species decreases due to racemization occurring during the excited state lifetime. The temperature dependence of g lum is analyzed by a non-linear curve-fitting technique to determine the activation energies for the interconversion of the enantiomers. Comparison is made with previous measurements involving time-resolved circularly polarized luminescence.
Submerged growth of tubercle bacilli from pathologic material in Dubos' medium.

ConclusionsThe new synthetic media recently described by Dubos for the rapid cultivation of Mycobacteria can be successfully employed to isolate tubercle bacilli from various pathologic material. A combination of rapid culture with guinea pig confirmation where indicated should result in a marked reduction of the time required for the laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis.
On reseating data to fit the model and concluding that the model fits: A note on monotone transformation

Carterette and Anderson (1979) advocate a procedure for monotone transformation of data obtained with factorial experiments to determine whether deviations from theoretical predictions can be removed by weak monotonic transformation of the data. To minimize theory-data discrepancies, their procedure employs a separate transformation for each replicate. They propose to perform ANOVAs on the transformed scores as though no parameters were estimated in the transformation procedure, and to draw inferences concerning the psychological process from the value of the calculated F for interactions. This note. questions their approach and discusses alternative procedures for transformation and for testing theories on the basis of ordinal data. It argues that error theory and statistical theory are separate issues, and should be treated as such.
Bis(trifluoromethyl)carbinol polynorbornene as a pseudo-polyelectrolyte in multilayered films

Abstract Using weak, opposed to strong polyelectrolytes in multilayer polymer systems provides a convenient means of altering some of the physico-chemical properties of these thin films. Recently, we pushed the limits of the weak polyacids by the introduction of an additional class of polyelectrolytes, the pseudo-polyelectrolytes (pPE). This paper focuses on another pPE, poly[5-(2-trifluoromethyl-1,1,1-trifluoro-2-hydroxypropyl)-2-norbornene] (PNBHFA). As, with poly(4-vinylphenol), multilayer assembly with both a weak and a strong polycation was accomplished from aqueous media. However, this was achieved only at a high pH value of 12.0. The films that were produced were exceptionally thick, > 1.25 μm after only 30 total layers for the poly(allylamine hydrochloride)/PNBHFA system. The films were very hydrophobic with the contact angle of water increasing with the layer number; reaching a maximum of ~ 123° after 50 total layers of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)/PNBHFA.
Cross-cultural measurement and new conceptions of culture: Measuring cultural capacities in Japanese and American preschools

Abstract Recent theoretical advances in the sociology of culture have reconceptualized the relationship between culture and behavior. While earlier models focused on the provision of values or end goals, newer models have shifted attention toward conceptions of culture as affecting behavior by providing repertoires of practices, skills, and capacities. Given these new theoretical models, traditional methods of measuring culture's effects by surveying values are inadequate. This essay suggests an alternative method for studying culture's effects on behavior. The proposed model involves four steps. Step One is the videotaping of a social interaction or event. Step Two is the solicitation of cultural ‘insider’ explanations of the taped event. Step Three involves gathering cross-cultural ‘outsider’ reactions to both the original event and to insiders' explanations. Step Four completes the process of cross-cultural illumination by returning to the original audience of insiders for reactions to the outsiders' commentary. The method is illustrated using Tobin, Wu, and Davidson's (1989) videotapes of preschools in the U.S. and Japan. The essay concludes with suggestions for this method's applicability to other types of cultural research.
Strategies of influence: the psychiatrist-executive as political being.

Political skills enhance the effectiveness of the mental health clinician heading a public program for the management of mental illness.
Chronic Neglect and Services Without Borders: A Guiding Model for Social Service Enhancement to Address the Needs of Parents With Intellectual Disabilities

Child neglect has negative effects throughout the life span. Although an argument for a link between intellectual disabilities and neglectful parenting can be made, this article argues for a more fine-grained view of the cognitive problems that underlie child neglect perpetration and provides evidence for a social information processing model of it's etiology. Based on this model and what is known about the efficacy of behaviorally based interventions, implications for enhancements to the social service system to adapt to the needs of parents with intellectual disabilities are presented. The areas covered include improvements to screening and assessment of parents, provision of adapted services, and changes in selection processes and training of staff. Future directions for integrating social information processing elements into interventions are discussed with examples from empirically supported treatment and prevention programs.
The Effect of Reduced Eyedrop Size and Eyelid Closure on the Therapeutic Index of Phenylephrine

In this study we examined the relative effects of reducing eyedrop size (from 30 μl to 10 μl) and eyelid closure on the ocular efficacy and systemic absorption of 10% phenylephrine. Thirteen subjects participated in a quadruple crossover study that involved dilation with a 10-μl and a 30-μl drop of phenylephrine with and without eyelid closure. The 10-μl drop was just as effective for pupillary dilation as the 30-μl drop. Eyelid closure improved dilation for both drop sizes. Both eyelid closure and reducing the drug volume decreased systemic absorption of phenylephrine as measured by plasma concentration. When used together, eyelid closure and the smaller drop size reduced plasma concentration by 45%. The therapeutic index for 10% phenylephrine appears to be improved by using a 10-μl drop followed by eyelid closure.
Effects of Programmatic Selectivity on the Academic Achievement, Academic Self-Concepts, and Aspirations of Gifted College Students:

The purpose of this study is to examine the academic achievement, academic self-concepts, and aspirations of gifted college students who are enrolled in an honors program and of gifted college stud...
Mechanism and control of tooth eruption: overview and clinical implications.

Structured Abstract Authors – Proffit WR, Frazier-Bowers SA Objectives – To review pre- and post-emergent eruption, with particular emphasis on distinguishing isolated molar ankylosis from primary failure of eruption (PFE) and genetic considerations in eruption problems. Material and Methods – Radiographic review of eruption failure patients; animal and human experiments; high precision observations of movements of erupting teeth. Results – In pre-emergent tooth eruption, the controlling element is the rate of resorption of overlying structures. A path is cleared, and then the erupting tooth moves along it. This has clinical importance in recognizing the cause of eruption problems, particularly PFE, in which all teeth distal to the most mesial involved tooth do not erupt or respond to orthodontics. In our study of by far the largest sample of PFE cases yet reported, familial cases of PFE accounted for approximately ¼ of all cases examined. Candidate genes now are being evaluated. In post-emergent eruption, control seems to be light forces of long duration that oppose eruption, rather than heavy forces of short duration such as those during mastication. Studies of human premolars in their passage from gingival emergence to the occlusal plane show that in this phase eruption occurs only during a few hours in the early evening. The critical hours for eruption parallel the time that growth hormone levels are highest in a growing child. In this stage intermittent force does not affect the rate of eruption, but changes in periodontal blood flow do affect it.
The first liberty : religion and the American republic

In Northern Virginia, south of Alexandria, at a point equidistant from George Washington's home, Mount Vernon, and George Mason's home, Gunston Hall, stands the beautiful red brick Pohick Episcopal Church. From the founding period to the present it has remained an active church, keeping alive by oral tradition and church record the worship habits of two famous neighbors, the Washingtons and the Masons. It identifies Washington, the founder of the Republic, and Mason, the father of the Virginia Declaration of Rights, as members of an Anglican vestry responsible for oversight of church properties and the physical care of needy communicants. Pohick Church was built as a result of Washington and Mason's joint collaboration, combining Washington's surveying skills to select the site convenient to both families with the work of Mason's British architect. According to the oral tradition that has preserved the memory of Washington's religious practices, the first President attended church faithfully when he was at home, giving attendance at worship precedence over his domestic duty of offering hospitality to visiting dignitaries. Washington and Mason were sometime political allies, as when Washington carried the Fairfax Resolves, authored by Mason, to Williamsburg in 1774. Yet they profoundly disagreed on the propriety of state ratification of the federal Constitution absent a Bill of Rights. But Pohick Church is still a reminder that these two political stalwarts shared religious duties and exercised their religion together, reflecting what it meant to be orthodox Anglican churchmen in the colonies in the mid-eighteenth century, but being neither enlightenment deists nor evangelical enthusiasts. Perceptions of the religious character of historical figures are often preserved by the memory of the community of which a person was a member, rather than in written records or other materials that historians typically consult. Washington is an important example of
Metabolites of thyrotropin releasing hormone inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme invitro

Abstract Pyroglutamylhistidylproline and histidylproline, reported metabolites of thyrotropin releasing hormone, were found to competitively inhibit purified rabbit lung angiotensin converting enzyme with K I values of 0.76 μM and 1.7 mM, respectively. Native thyrotropin releasing hormone and histidylprolinediketopiperazine at concentrations of 10 mM and 5 mM, respectively, had no effect on angiotensin converting enzyme activity. Neither the native hormone nor its deamidated derivative served as substrate for angiotensin converting enzyme.
Local human impacts decouple natural biophysical relationships on Pacific coral reefs

Human impacts can homogenize and simplify ecosystems, favoring communities that are no longer naturally coupled with (or reflective of) the background environmental regimes in which they are found. Such a process of biophysical decoupling has been explored little in the marine environment due to a lack of replication across the intact-to-degraded ecosystem spectrum. Coral reefs lacking local human impacts provide critical baseline scenarios in which to explore natural biophysical relationships, and provide a template against which to test for their human-induced decoupling. Using 39 Pacific islands, 24 unpopulated (relatively free from local human impacts) and 15 populated (with local human impacts present), spanning 45Â° of latitude and 65Â° of longitude, we ask, what are â��naturalâ�� biophysical relationships on coral reefs and do we see evidence for their human-induced decoupling? Estimates of the percent cover of benthic groups were related to multiple physical environmental drivers (sea surface temperature, irradiance, chlorophyll-a, and wave energy) using mixed-effects models and island mean condition as the unit of replication. Models across unpopulated islands had high explanatory power, identifying key physical environmental drivers of variations in benthic cover in the absence of local human impacts. These same models performed poorly and lost explanatory power when fitted anew to populated (human impacted) islands; biophysical decoupling was clearly evident. Furthermore, key biophysical relationships at populated islands (i.e. those relationships driving benthic variation across space in conjunction with chronic human impact) bore little resemblance to the baseline scenarios identified from unpopulated islands. Our results highlight the ability of local human impacts to decouple biophysical relationships in the marine environment and fundamentally restructure the natural rules of nature.
Pooled Cross-Sectional and Time Series Data: A Survey of Current Statistical Methodology

Abstract A data base that provides a multivariate statistical history for each of a number of individual entities is called a pooled cross-sectional and time series data base in the econometrics literature. In marketing and survey literature the terms panel data or longitudinal data are often used. In management science a convenient term might be management data base. Such a data base provides a particularly rich environment for statistical analysis. This article reviews methods for estimating multivariate relationships particular to each individual entity and for summarizing these relationships for a number of individuals. Inference to a larger population when the data base is viewed as a sample is also considered.
The changed and changing ADI/ASIS/ASIS&T after 75 years

Editor's Summary A review of the history and growth of ASIS&T since its origin as the American Documentation Institute (ADI) reflects the development of the concept of information science. Spearheaded by Watson Davis in 1937, the ADI focused on micro-photographic techniques and bibliography and on documentation principles and practices. Despite a shaky start and meager funding, the ADI adapted to new technologies, terminology and subject analysis methods, and started the journal American Documentation in 1950. Growth in science research in the '50s and '60s sparked an explosion of technical reports, prompting coordination with the Special Libraries Association and other groups and leading to a demand for more specialized professional skills, which was met in the '60s and '70s by expansion and focus on education in information science. The membership shifted to a majority in academia and shrinking minority in industry, and debate continued over the geographic scope and name of the organization, which added “and Technology” to its name in 2000. American Documentation transitioned in stages into the Journal of the American Society for Information and Technology, while the Bulletin and Annual Review were added, and annual conferences provided another educational resource. The publications became the basis of an arrangement with the publisher Wiley that would stabilize finances. Over 75 years, from ADI to ASIS to ASIS&T, the organization has met the evolving needs of the information science and technology community.
Severe liver injury due to phenelzine with unique hepatic deposition of extracellular material

Severe acute and chronic hepatic damage occurred in a white man who had taken phenelzine sulfate (Nardil) 45 mg daily for 70 days. Liver biopsy showed a mixed hepatitic and cholestatic pattern with extracellular deposition of a unique homogeneous collagenous substance. Portal cirrhosis developed and has persisted. The patient was found to have a "rapid acetylator phenotype" and high rate of metabolism of antipyrine. These innate factors may have predisposed to hepatic injury due to phenelzine.
Robust design for disturbance rejection in time delay systems

Abstract A frequency domain methodology for the design of practical, low order controllers for processes involving relatively large dead time is presented. The methodology consists of determining the optimum structure and parameters of the controller so that the closed loop disturbance response matches the response of a pre-specified reference model. This approach allows the designer to directly incorporate acceptable disturbance rejection characteristics for the closed loop system in the early stages of design. The most important task in the methodology is the selection of an appropriate reference model. It is shown that the reference model must meet certain mathematical conditions to guarantee physical realizability of the controller and the internal stability of the system. A reference specification procedure is developed to provide a large margin of robustness for the design while assuring a fast decay of the disturbance response. The power of the methodology is demonstrated by several non-trivial design examples pertaining to stable, unstable and non-minimum-phase process models with significant dead time. The tradeoff between robustness and response speed is discussed and illustrated.
New Compounds: Synthesis of D-Arabinofuranosylurea Derivatives

Procedures are described for the preparation of a series of D-arabinofuranosylurea derivatives.
Estrus phase differences in female rats in morphine antinociception elicited from the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray.

Male rodents display greater systemic morphine antinociception than females which show their most marked effects during late diestrus or proestrus. Morphine (1–2.5 μg) antinociception on the tail-f...
Interventions to Promote Physical Activity by Older Adults

Physical inactivity has been established to be an independent risk factor for a range of chronic diseases and conditions that threaten the health of the nation. However, only a minority of the population is currently meeting the recommended levels of regular physical activity, which have been linked with important health and quality-of-life benefits. Older adults are at particular risk for leading sedentary lifestyles. This article provides an overview of factors associated with physical activity for older adults and also describes potentially promising interventions for promoting regular physical activity in this growing population segment. Examples of interventions undertaken at personal and interpersonal as well as broader levels of analysis (e.g., environmental) are provided. Major issues currently facing the field are discussed, including the ongoing challenge of developing assessment tools that are sensitive to the more moderate-intensity physical activities favored by older adults and the formidable task of combining clinical approaches with environmental and policy strategies aimed at combating this public health problem.
Diencephalic Storms From Leptomeningeal Metastases and Leukoencephalopathy A Rare and Clinically Important Complication

Diencephalic storms or paroxysmal sympathetic storms are characterized by episodic hyperhidrosis, hypertension, tachypnea, tachycardia, and abnormal posturing. These have been reported to occur in patients with hydrocephalus, intracranial tumors, and hypoxic, ischemic, or traumatic brain injury. They can be easily misdiagnosed as seizures, uncontrolled pheochromocytoma, drug withdrawal, thyroid storm, hypertensive crises, and sepsis or anxiety attacks. The most effective treatment to control these symptoms is yet to be identified. We present 2 individuals exhibiting these sympathetic surges; one whose symptoms were controlled with phenobarbital and the other with clonidine and oxycodone. Palliative medicine physicians should be made aware of this unusual complication.
Estimating Willingness to Pay for River Amenities and Safety Measures Associated with Shale Gas Extraction

This paper utilizes a Contingent Valuation Method survey of a random sample of residents to estimate that households are willing to pay an average of US$12.00 per month for public projects designed to improve river access and US$10.46 per month for additional safety measures that would eliminate risks to local watersheds from drilling for natural gas from underground shale formations. These estimates can be compared with the costs of providing each of these two amenities to help foster the formation of efficient policy decisions.
Interaction of Domain Walls and Magnetic Nanoparticles in Giant Magnetoresistive Nanostrips for Biological Applications

Head-to-head domain walls (DW) are formed and detected in U-shaped spin valve nanostrips by a Bitter Method on scanning electron microscope. We find that optimization of the washing technique is critical to proper deposition of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). The DW position is monitored electrically with giant magnetoresistance (GMR) similar to a potentiometer. DWs are repeatedly pinned and depinned from a site near the device center using a stage with two axis field. We first confirm the distribution of depinning events from a random sample of devices and obtain a standard deviation of 2.2 Oe. We then obtain an experimental signal of 8 Oe shift in depinning field from just 7 MNPs of 35 nm diameter.