cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A cut-flow procedure for transportation network optimization

Many transportation network optimization problems use conservation of flow equations as constraints when a network must accommodate set flows between nodes. A different set of equations, called cut-flow constraints, is developed to replace the conservation of flow equations. These constraints require that the flow over every separating cut be at least equal to total traffic requirements between nodes separated by the cut. In many network problems the cut-flow constraints may prove more efficient than existing multicommodity formulations. The cut-flow constraints are applied to the optimization problem of minimizing the sum of fixed and variable costs in a network.
AN ALTERNATE EXPLANTION FOR SUPERIOR AXIS IN OSTIUM PRIMUM ASD OTHER THAN LEFT ANTERIOR HEMIBLOCK

Although a superior frontal plane ORS axis SA is considered pathognomonic of a left anterior hemiblock (LAH), the latter has not been proven to be the basis for the SA in ostium primum defects(OP). To elucidate the mechanism of SA in OP, the influence of abnormal hemodynamics(AH), ventricular hypertrophy (VH) and right bundle branch block (RBBB) on the SA was studied pre and postoperatively in 29 patients with OP. A mean SA of -75 was found with right ventricular pressure ≥40mmHg or left to right shunts > 3:1 and -50 with lower values. Preoperatively mean SA was -70 in presence of VH and -30 in its absence. Postoperative resolution of VH resulted in a shift of mean SA from -70 to -30 with 3 returning to normal. With persistence of VH there was no change in the SA. Surgically induced RBBB shifted the SA more superiorly and rightward. The dependence of SA on AH, VH and RBBB suggest that LAH is not the basis for SA. In OP early activation of the posterobasal region of the left ventricle through an abnormal posterior fascicle results in minimal SA and is then exaggerated with AH, VH and RBBB. Thus SA in OP with RBBB does not represent a true bifascicular block and has a different natural, history and clinical significance.
Hyperpolarization moves S4 sensors inward to open MVP, a methanococcal voltage-gated potassium channel

MVP, a Methanococcus jannaschii voltage-gated potassium channel, was cloned and shown to operate in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Like pacemaker channels, MVP opens on hyperpolarization using S4 voltage sensors like those in classical channels activated by depolarization. The MVP S4 span resembles classical sensors in sequence, charge, topology and movement, traveling inward on hyperpolarization and outward on depolarization (via canaliculi in the protein that bring the extracellular and internal solutions into proximity across a short barrier). Thus, MVP opens with sensors inward indicating a reversal of S4 position and pore state compared to classical channels. Homologous channels in mammals and plants are expected to function similarly.
“I Hear You”: Using Focus Groups to Give Voice to Adolescent Girls' Experiences with Violence

Focus groups are used in social science to understand social problems. This article presents focus groups for adolescent girls in a school setting, by two social work researchers, on the subjects of girl fighting and dating violence. The article discusses planning (agency collaboration and decisions about the structure of the group and recruitment of participants), using group work skills to create a safe environment that encourages discussion of diverse opinions, and disseminating relevant findings to school personnel that will prevent or intervene in the problem.
Note on the inequalities of J. Kazdan

In this note, we prove the Kazdan's inequalities without using what is called the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Instead we prove it using Garofalo-Lin inequality among other things.
Analysis of the fundamental mode of photonic crystal fiber by imaginary-distance beam propagation method

The imaginary-distance beam propagation method is successfully employed to investigate the effective index of the fundamental mode in the air-filled silica index-guiding photonic crystal fibers (PCFs). A PCF characterized by a hexagonal distribution of air holes with a central defect is taken as example. The convergence behaviro of the modal index versus the air hole radius is investigated. It is demonstrated that the converging speed is proportional to the air hole radius. The modal birefringence in the HE state is numerically investigated and demonstrated to strongly depend on the precision of the numerical mesh.
Role of dopamine and vasoactive intestinal peptide in the control of pulsatile prolactin secretion.

The present studies were designed to obtain a detailed characterization of pulsatile PRL secretory patterns under basal conditions and to explore the role of dopamine (DA) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the genesis of PRL pulses. Adult intact male rats received chronic indwelling jugular canula and were bled at 3-min intervals for periods ranging from 90-150 min. Pulse analysis was performed using the algorithm Detect. Blockade of DA receptors with domperidone, pimozide, or haloperidol resulted in a 2-fold increase in PRL pulse frequency, with no change in pulse duration. All quantitative parameters, i.e. peak and trough values, pulse amplitude, and area under the pulse, were significantly increased after dopaminergic blockade. Blockade of endogenous VIP activity was achieved by passive immunization with a potent VIP antiserum. This treatment, by itself, did not modify basal PRL levels or PRL pulsatility parameters. However, when VIP antiserum was administered in combination with domperidone, a reduction in all quantitative pulse parameters was observed. Heterogeneity of PRL pulses was evaluated by frequency distribution analysis, using the area under the pulse divided by basal secretion, to evaluate the mass of hormone secreted per pulse normalized to the basal rate of secretion. Untreated animals presented pulses within a range of different masses. Dopaminergic blockade resulted in a great reduction in big mass pulses, and the distribution of pulses was restricted primarily to small mass pulses. The increased pulse frequency after dopaminergic blockade, therefore, results mainly from an increase in the appearance of small mass pulses. These results indicate that DA exerts a tonic inhibitory action on the frequency as well as the qualitative parameters of PRL pulses. They also suggest that big mass PRL pulses are dopaminergic in origin, i.e. they may result from temporary interruptions in DA activity. Small mass PRL pulses appear to result from other neural stimulatory inputs. Endogenous VIP enhances quantitative PRL pulse parameters, but this activity is only apparent after removal of DA inhibition.
A description and computational assessment of the SIGMET LNG vapor dispersion model

Abstract The SIGMET vapor dispersion model which has been used to predict dispersion of vapor clouds from catastrophic LNG spills on water is described. A summary of SIGMET predictions of LNG vapor dispersion from instantaneous spills of 10 m 3 to 25,000 m 3 LNG with different wind and atmospheric stability conditions is presented. SIGMET predictions made to test the sensitivity of the model to uncertainty in specification of turbulent dispersion coefficients and cloud-to-water energy and momentum transfer are shown. Comparisons are made between the SIGMET predictions for dispersion of neutrally buoyant and denser-than-air gases. Predictions of the model which differ significantly from those of classical air pollutant dispersion models and other currently used dense gas models are presented and discussed.
The future of general systems research: Obstacles, potentials, case studies†

This paper attempts to provide an evaluative and prescriptive overview of the young field of systems science as exemplified by one of its ‘specialties’ general systems theory (GST). Subjective observation and some data on seven vital signs are presented to measure the progress of the field over the last two decades. Thirty-three specific obstacles inhibiting current research in systems science are presented. Suggestions for overcoming these obstacles are cited as a prescription for improved progress in the field. A sampling of some of the potential near-term developments that may be expected in the three rather distinct areas of research on systems isomorphies, improvement of systems methodologies, and the utility of systems applications are illustrated with mini-case studies. Throughout, there is an attempt to identify ‘key’ questions and practical mechanisms that might serve as a stimulus for research. Finally, a set of criteria defining a general theory of systems is suggested and illustrated with a case study. The paper concludes with a projection of the long-term contributions that systems science may make toward a resolution of the growing chasm between high-tech solutions and high-value needs in human systems.
Prolonged rewarming time during allograft implantation predisposes to recurrent hepatitis C infection after liver transplantation.

The majority of patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) have end-stage liver disease secondary to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Although OLT does not cure the disease and recurrent virus is present in all patients, relatively few patients with recurrent viremia develop clinical disease. When the disease recurs, however, the results can be devastating. Factors associated with increased risk for recurrent HCV disease remain controversial. We hypothesized that preservation injury may predispose to the severity of HCV disease after OLT. We reviewed our series of OLTs performed for HCV cirrhosis between January 1994 and December 1998 (n = 56; 62 transplants). Patients were grouped according to the severity of recurrent hepatitis C. Group 1 had no or mild HCV disease (n = 36), and group 2 had moderate to severe HCV disease (n = 20). The duration of ischemic rewarming during graft implantation was significantly associated with the severity of recurrent hepatitis C (P < .04). The estimated chances of severe disease within the first year post-OLT after 30, 60, or 90 minutes of ischemic rewarming time were 19%, 40%, and 65%, respectively. Cold ischemia time, transaminase levels, and prothrombin time did not correlate with the severity of hepatitis C. In conclusion, our data suggest that the duration of ischemic rewarming predisposes to severe recurrent hepatitis C. This finding warrants the investigation of the pathogenesis of recurrent HCV disease after ischemic injury. Reduction of rewarming time should be stressed in OLT, particularly in patients with HCV cirrhosis. (Liver Transpl 2000;6:407-412.)
Influence of vitamin A supplementation in milk on growth, health, concentrations of vitamins in plasma, and immune parameters of calves.

Seventy-seven Holstein calves were used to determine effects of vitamin A supplementation (0, 15,000, or 30,000 IU/d) of milk fed to calves through 6 wk of age. Effects of gender of calves and parity of dams also were considered. Supplementation with vitamin A did not affect retinol concentrations in plasma; however, calves fed milk containing supplemental vitamin A had decreased α-tocopherol concentrations in plasma at 6 wk compared with the concentrations in plasma of calves that were fed milk without supplemental vitamin A. Growth, serum protein, serum immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG, leukocyte proportions, and weekly fecal scores were not affected by vitamin A supplementation. Calves that scoured were fed milk supplemented with an additional 0 or 30,000 IU/d of vitamin A. Supplementation with an additional 30,000 IU/d when calves were scouring increased treatment days. Female calves had lower body measurements (weight, length, and height) at birth and greater fecal scores for wk 2 and 3 than did male calves. Gender did not affect serum protein, IgM, or IgG; however, female calves had higher percentages of monocytes and lower percentages of T cells than did male calves. At 6 wk, female calves also had higher percentages of B cells than did male calves. These data indicate that ratios of vitamins A and E should be considered in dietary formulations for calves. Also, additional vitamin A provided by some scour treatments could be detrimental to calves that are already receive vitamin A supplementation.
The Effect of Glucagon on Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate (Cyclic AMP), Glucose, Insulin and Growth Hormone in the Full Term Newborn and Children

ABSTRACT The glycemic response to glucagon is activated via hepatic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP), and the subsequent urinary cyclic AMP response to glucagon has previously been found to be of hepatic origin. The effect of glucagon on cyclic AMP excretion and carbohydrate metabolism was studied in 2 groups of 6 full term newborns 2–4 days of age given 30 μg/kg and 300 μg/kg subcutaneously (sc) compared to a group of children 7 – 12 yr of age given 30 μg/kg SC. Base line cyclic AMP excretion (nmoles/mg creatinine mean ± sem) appeared less in children than infants (4.5 ± 0.4 vs 6.2 ± 0.6). The Δ urinary 2-hr response was comparable at 30 μg/kg for children us infants but higher at 300 μg/kg in the infants with levels of 24.1 ± 5.2, 35.2 ± 5.0 and 45 ± 6.0, respectively. The peak glucose responses were comparable for the 3 groups of 30 μg/kg and 300 μg/kg in infants and 30 μg/kg in 7 – 12 yr (153 ± 14.9, 144 ± 7.9, 136 ± 8 mg/100 ml mean ± SEM). The newborn infants released 50% less insulin with...
The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State

Francis G. Castles, Stephan Leibfried, Jane Lewis, Herbert Obinger, and Christopher Pierson (eds) Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010, 876 pp Comprising forty-eight chapters and clocking in at ne...
Elevation of the medical plateau of the tibia in the treatment of Blount disease.

Seven children, between ten and thirteen years old, had elevation of the medial plateau of the tibia for correction of severe varus deformity secondary to Blount disease. The deformity was severe (grade V or VI according to the system of Langenskiold and Riska) in all patients; the average preoperative varus deformity, determined by the angle formed by the femoral shaft and the tibial shaft, was 25 degrees. The goal of the operation was restoration of a more normal configuration of the articular surface of the proximal end of the tibia. This was accomplished by direct elevation of the depressed medial tibial plateau. All patients had an osteotomy to correct the alignment of the tibia. The osteotomy was performed concomitant with the elevation of the plateau in three patients, before the elevation in three, and after the elevation in one patient. Four patients had a concomitant osteotomy of the femur to align the knee joint parallel to the floor. The results were good in five patients and fair in two.
Some nutritional aspects of the Philippine Tasaday diet

Discrepancies have often been observed in the estimated nutritional requirements of groups of primitive peoples and the availability of nutrients as estimated or measured from dietary data. Although the scientific evidence to support the assumptions regarding the diet of prehistoric man is quite scanty, opportunities still exist to gain an insight into the diet of early man. Fernandez and Lynch have estimated that the Tasaday adult spends some three hours per day on subsistence activities, and the indications are that a significant part of the diet is consumed away from the caves. The Tasaday material culture seems to indicate a lack of provision for the carrying of large quantities of food, especially from distant forays, and this would account for the apparent insignificant role of food storage in the diet. Judgments on the adequacy of diets invariably depend on comparisons with estimates of requirements.
Nutritional Value of Diets Containing Distiller's Dried Grain with Solubles for Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Abstract A feeding trial using corn distiller's dried grain with solubles (DDGS) was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of DDGS and effects of lysine and methionine supplementation in DDGS-based diets on the performance of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. The DDGS-based diets were made such that DDGS was used at 7.5% (diet 2), 15% (diet 3), and 22.5% (diet 4) inclusion levels without supplementing crystalline L-lysine-HCl and DL-methionine, and was used at 7.5% (diet 5), 15% (diet 6), and 22.5% (diet 7) with lysine and methionine supplementation in a 2 × 3 factorial design. A fish meal-based diet (diet 1) was used as a control. The control and lysine and methionine supplemented diets contained 2.2% lysine and 1.1% methionine. A total of 630 fish (initial body weight 49.8 g) were randomly stocked into twenty-one, 150-L tanks with 30 fish/tank and 3 tanks/diet. Fish were fed to apparent satiation 3 times/day and 6 days/week. After a 6-week growth period, weight gain (WG) offish fed diets 1 to 7 ...
The relationship of solvent use to other substance use.

One hundred thirty solvent abusers were retrospectively identified from a family study containing 286 alcoholics, 157 felons, 60 control subjects, and 1,640 of their relatives. Comprehensive data regarding psychiatric diagnosis and drug use were gathered using the Home Environment Lifetime Psychiatric Record. Solvent abuse was very strongly associated with having a diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder and was consistently associated with polysubstance abuse. Solvent abusers were more likely to be male, of lower socioeconomic status, and younger than those without a reported history of solvent abuse. Contrary to current understanding, solvent use did not clearly precede other substance use; rather, alcohol and cannabis use tended to occur first, followed by use of solvents. Solvent users were 5 to 10 times more likely than nonusers to report abuse of opioids, stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogens.
Spectral asymptotics of some functionals arising in statistical inference for SPDEs

A parameter estimation problem is considered for a stochastic evolution equation on a compact smooth manifold. Specifically, we concentrate on asymptotic properties of spectral estimates, i.e. estimates based on finite number of spatial Fourier coefficients of the solution. Under certain non-degeneracy assumptions the estimate is proved to be consistent, asymptotically normal and asymptotically efficient as the dimension of the projections increases. Unlike previous works on the subject, no commutativity is assumed between the operators in the equation.
Substance Use Diagnoses in Smokers With Lung Disease

Will medically ill smokers meet criteria for nicotine dependence using current diagnostic criteria (especially concerning tolerance and withdrawal)? The authors interviewed smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to determine the following: 1) Will they meet DSM-III-R criteria? 2) Will requiring withdrawal or tolerance change prevalence? 3) Will denial of health consequences due to smoking change prevalence? and 4) How prevalent are comorbid substance use disorders? In 50 COPD smokers, 94% met nicotine dependence criteria. Because all had tolerance or withdrawal, prevalence was unaffected by these symptoms. Denial reduced prevalence by 8%. Lifetime alcohol dependence was 52%; other substance use disorders were uncommon.
Evaluation of CAL in higher education Geography

In recent years the promotion and incorporation of computer-assisted learning courseware has been a feature of many Geography departments in higher education in the UK. There is little disagreement that this development needs to be thoroughly evaluated to ensure quality and effectiveness. However there has been a lack of rigorous evaluation in practice. A detailed illuminative evaluation of 120 Geography students using focus group interviews and an attitude survey reveals that CAL packages remain unpopular with most learners. This can be attributed to the content and presentation of packages but it is also suggested that contexts of use and perhaps staff disinterest are explanatory factors. Some gender-based and age-based attitude differences are noted. This type of evaluation is of greater use to curriculum developers than objective-led approaches.
Coincidence Anticipation Performance of Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy and Nonhandicapped Children

Coincidence anticipation (CA), defined as the abiliity to time a movement coincident with an external event, was examined under six conditions of a computer game. Subjects included 20 children with spastic-type cerebral palsy (SCP), age 7 to 12, and 20 nonhandicapped children matched for age and sex. As hypothesized, children with SCP were significantly less accurate than nonhandicapped children, and increases in task difficulty exaggerated differences between the two groups. Analysis of cognitive strategies provided support that poor cognitive strategies may contribute to difficulty in a perceptual-motor timing task.
Solutions of the Helmholtz equation with boundary conditions for force-free magnetic fields

It is shown that the solution, with one ignorable coordinate, for the Taylor minimum energy state (resulting in a force‐free magnetic field) in either a straight cylindrical or a toroidal geometry with arbitrary cross section can be reduced to the solution of either an inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation or a Grad–Shafranov equation with simple boundary conditions. Standard Green’s function theory is, therefore, applicable. Detailed solutions are presented for the Taylor state in toroidal and cylindrical domains having a rectangular cross section. The focus is on solutions corresponding to the continuous eigenvalue spectra. Singular behavior at 90 ° corners is explored in detail.
Military Coups, Regime Change, and Interstate Conificts in West Africa:

This article examines regime types and the impact of military coups and regime change on conflicts among West African states. The main hypothesis tested is that radical regimes threaten the relatively stable but soft states; counterthreat measures result in conflict situations. Analysis is made of threat perception, the interrelatedness of coups d'etat, regime change, and conflicts against the backdrop of the theories of linkage politics and political development. Indications are that interstate conflicts occur and are exacerbated with the emergence of radical-type military regimes, when conformist-type regimes are alarmed about the contagiousness of domestic turbulence. The linkage between domestic change and external conflict behavior is exemplified by the study; however, the subject deserves further exploration.
New advances in MR-compatible bioartificial liver

MR-compatible bioartificial liver (BAL) studies have been performed for 30 years and are reviewed. There are two types of study: (i) metabolism and drug studies using multinuclear MRS; primarily short-term (< 8 h) studies; (ii) the use of multinuclear MRS and MRI to noninvasively define the features and functions of BAL systems for long-term liver tissue engineering. In the latter, these systems often undergo not only modification of the perfusion system, but also the construction of MR radiofrequency probes around the bioreactor. We present novel MR-compatible BALs and the use of multinuclear MRS ((13)C, (19)F, (31)P) for the noninvasive monitoring of their growth, metabolism and viability, as well as (1)H MRI methods for the determination of flow profiles, diffusion, cell distribution, quality assurance and bioreactor integrity. Finally, a simple flexible coil design and circuit, and life support system, are described that can make almost any BAL MR-compatible.
Some Tests for Variance Components Using Generalized p Values

The concept of a generalized p value, introduced by Tsui and Weerahandi, is applied for testing hypotheses in two situations, testing the significance of a variance component in a general balanced mixed model when an exact F test does not exist and comparing randomeffects variance components in two independent balanced mixed models. Extensions to the unbalanced cases are also indicated. The proposed test is compared with the test based on the Satterthwaite approximation through their simulated Type I error probabilities. The simulations indicate that the test based on the generalized p value hasType I error probabilities less than the chosen significance level most of the time, whereas the Type I error probabilities of the Satterthwaite approximate test can be much larger than the significance level. The results are illustrated using two examples.
An anomalous correlation between gate leakage current and threshold voltage fluctuation in advanced MOSFETs

An anomalous correlation of gate leakage current and threshold voltage fluctuation in aggressively scaled MOSFETs is revealed and analyzed by statistical technique and a corresponding physical model is proposed. For a range of threshold voltage (V t ) design, gate leakage at fixed gate and drain bias increases with V t before it decreases at higher V t . The behavior can be accurately explained by a trade-off between two mechanisms (“two reversed functions”): V t roll-off effect and gate leakage current density dependence on surface potential.
Dyadic HIV status and psychological distress among women on methadone.

Purpose Studies examining the association between psychological distress and HIV status among women belonging to populations at elevated risk for HIV have found mixed results. The goal of this study is to shed greater insight into possible explanations for the mixed findings of the earlier studies. Specifically, we examine psychological distress as a function of dyadic HIV status—that is, the combination of a participant and her partner’s HIV statuses—among women attending methadone maintenance treatment programs (MMTPs). Methods A random sample of 349 female MMTP patients involved in intimate relationships provided self-reported data via structured, face-to-face interviews. Hypothesis testing involved multiple linear regression with 3 orthogonal contrast codes constructed from dyadic HIV status. Results Levels of psychological distress did not differ significantly between HIV-negative and HIV-positive women. HIV-negative women with HIV-positive partners reported significantly greater global levels, number of symptoms, and symptom severity of psychological distress compared to those with HIV-negative partners. HIV-positive participants with HIV-positive partners reported significantly lower global levels and symptom severity of psychological distress compared to those with HIV-negative partners. Conclusion Findings support that psychological distress appears to differ as a function of the combination of a woman and her partner’s HIV status rather than the woman’s HIV status alone. Thus, dyadic HIV status represents an important factor with respect to the mental health needs of women in drug treatment.
A coprocessor architecture for fast protein structure prediction

Predicting protein structure from amino acid sequence is computationally very intensive. In order to speed up protein sequence matching and processing, it is necessary to develop special purpose VLSI architectures that exploit the underlying computational structures. In this paper, we present a coprocessor architecture for fast protein structure prediction based on the PSIPRED algorithm. The architecture consists of systolic arrays to speed up the data intensive sequence alignment and structure prediction steps, and finite state machines for the control dominated steps. The architecture has been synthesized using synopsis DC compiler using 0.18/spl mu/m CMOS technology. The synthesized architecture requires 783,228 units of gate area and 226KB of memory, and can be clocked at 100 MHz. The architecture processes amino acid sequences extremely fast; for a database of 135,000,000 amino acids, the secondary structure of a query sequence of length -150 amino acids can be predicted in -11 seconds.
Politics at War Military Operations and Electoral Politics in Iraq and Afghanistan

In 2004 the insurgency in Iraq continued to gain steam. Fighters in Mosul and Fallujah had all but pushed out U.S. and Coalition forces from the cities and had gained control of the streets, mosques, and population. The U.S. had attempted to displace Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) insurgents from their stronghold in Fallujah in April, but despite the initial clearing effort, they had not been able to maintain control and both cities were now hotbeds and fortresses for insurgent activity. It was common knowledge amongst the military that in order to gain any traction in Anbar and Ninewa these cities must be retaken – the only question was when and with how many forces (Ricks 2006, 345).
Black Adolescent Females: An Examination of the Impact of Violence on Their Lives and Perceptions of Environmental Supports

Violence remains a major health problem in the U. S. While teen males are often studied as the victims and perpetrators of violence, there is significant evidence that adolescent females are perpetrators as well as victims of violence; and that both groups are affected by the broader institutional sources of violence. Adolescent girls growing up in inner city neighborhoods are often victimized by exposure to violence, as well as their perceptions of a lack of sustained support from institutions regarded as protective, and nurturing. Survey data and information from focus groups provide insight into their exposure to violence, their fear of violence and coping strategies in neighborhoods and schools they perceive as unsafe.
Possessed by the devil? A very public dispute in Utrecht.

^N O PHENOMENON REVEALS THE OTHERNESS, the alien quality of early modern culture as dramatically as reputed cases of demonic possession. Previously a rare and rather marginal phenomenon, demonic possession became a new plague in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Physically the affliction manifested itself in recurrent fits, convulsions, foaming at the mouth, difficulty eating and drinking, bug-eyes, and extreme contortions of the body. Verbally demoniacs sometimes ranted incoherently; other times, their words were offensively clear to those around them. Speaking with the supposed voice of the devil, demoniacs uttered blasphemies and obscenities, denied fundamental Christian dogmas, and mocked figures of authority. Defying all norms and conventions social, cultural, even physical demoniacs were disturbing figures in their own age and to this day exercise a certain fascination by virtue of their strangeness. Explaining the behavior of reputed demoniacs has always posed a challenge. Modern historians offer a variety of explanations, ranging from the psychohistorical approach of John Demos, who argues that demoniacs were mentally ill, to the purely cultural analysis of Carol Karlsen, who, inspired by anthropology, sees demonic possession as a "status reversal ritual."1 Even in the early modern period itself, reputed demoniacs could be ambiguous figures to their contemporaries, who had at their disposal a range of possible interpretations for the behavior of the afflicted, with genuine possession being only one. Of the other possibilities recognized by contemporaries, illness was perhaps the most common: some apparent demoniacs were diagnosed as melancholic, epileptic, or hysterical while others were thought to be mad and were locked up in a madhouse or consigned to family care.
Removal of Foreign Bodies from the Ear and Nose

This video depicts the clinical presentation of patients with a foreign body in the external auditory canal or the nasal passage and describes the most effective techniques for smooth and safe retrieval.
Creating Highly Reliable Health Care

Hospitals are increasingly looking to new work practices and processes to reduce the epidemic of medical errors. The authors examine one such innovative approach emulating high-reliability organizations (e.g., nuclear power plants) that use a combination of specific work practices and behavioral processes to detect and adapt to unexpected events to operate in a nearly error-free manner. They explore whether and how reliability-enhancing work practices (REWPs) help enable such processes and improve performance (i.e., reduce errors). Using survey and archival data from 1,685 registered nurses and 95 nurse managers in 95 hospital nursing units, the authors examine how REWPs affect a set of attitudinal (affective commitment and organizational citizenship behavior) and discursive (respectful interaction and mindful organizing) processes and, in turn, patient safety. They find the greater use of REWPs are directly and indirectly (through respectful interaction and mindful organizing) associated with fewer medic...
Prestaining oxidation by acidified H 2 O 2 for revealing Schiff-positive sites in Epon-embedded sections.

Reliable production and identification of Schiff-positive sites on glutaraldehyde-osmium fixed 0.5–1 μsm Epon sections is accomplished by preoxidation of sections with 10% H2O2 acidified with H2SO4 (HPSA) to pH 3.2 (Pool, C. R., Stain Techn., 44: 75–9, 1969). Light green as a counterstain is used. Steps in the procedure are: HPSA, 1–2 min at 25–30 C; washing; 1% light green 3–5 min; brief rinse; Schiff reagent 1–3 min; washing; drying; clearing in xylene and mounting in resin. The use of acidified H2O2 prevents the common occurrence of Schiff background staining in glutaraldehyde-fixed tissues and permits optimum penetration of staining solutions. Sections were attached to glass slides without adhesive and were processed in Coplin jars. Prior to drying, excess solutions should be drained and wiped away with lens tissue to prevent formation of precipitate on the sections.
Education-Based Gaps in eHealth: A Weighted Logistic Regression Approach

Background: Persons with a college degree are more likely to engage in eHealth behaviors than persons without a college degree, compounding the health disadvantages of undereducated groups in the United States. However, the extent to which quality of recent eHealth experience reduces the education-based eHealth gap is unexplored. Objective: The goal of this study was to examine how eHealth information search experience moderates the relationship between college education and eHealth behaviors. Methods: Based on a nationally representative sample of adults who reported using the Internet to conduct the most recent health information search (n=1458), I evaluated eHealth search experience in relation to the likelihood of engaging in different eHealth behaviors. I examined whether Internet health information search experience reduces the eHealth behavior gaps among college-educated and noncollege-educated adults. Weighted logistic regression models were used to estimate the probability of different eHealth behaviors. Results: College education was significantly positively related to the likelihood of 4 eHealth behaviors. In general, eHealth search experience was negatively associated with health care behaviors, health information-seeking behaviors, and user-generated or content sharing behaviors after accounting for other covariates. Whereas Internet health information search experience has narrowed the education gap in terms of likelihood of using email or Internet to communicate with a doctor or health care provider and likelihood of using a website to manage diet, weight, or health, it has widened the education gap in the instances of searching for health information for oneself, searching for health information for someone else, and downloading health information on a mobile device. Conclusion: The relationship between college education and eHealth behaviors is moderated by Internet health information search experience in different ways depending on the type of eHealth behavior. After controlling for college education, it was found that persons who experienced more fruitful Internet health information searches are generally less likely to engage in eHealth behaviors. [J Med Internet Res 2016;18(10):e267]
A Crack in the Form of a Three-Link Broken Line Under The Action of Longitudinal Shear Waves

We solve the problem of determination of the dynamic stress intensity factors for a crack in the form of a three-link broken line. The crack is located in an infinite elastic medium with propagating harmonic longitudinal shear waves. The initial problem is reduced to a system of three singular integrodifferential equations with fixed singularities. A numerical method is proposed for the solution of this system with regard for the true asymptotics of the unknown functions.
Patienten mit aktiven medizinischen Implantaten – elektromagnetische Felder am Arbeitsplatz.

Zusammenfassung. Aktive medizinische Implantate werden immer weniger storanfallig gegenuber elektromagnetischen Feldern in der ublichen Lebensumwelt. In der Arbeitswelt gibt es jedoch kritische Bereiche. Es besteht die Gefahr, dass betreuende Kardiologen und Grundversorger aufgrund der konservativen Warnhinweise der Hersteller Implantatetragern von einer Erwerbstatigkeit abraten, die bei genauer individueller Prufung durchaus kompatibel ware. Dieser Beitrag versucht einfache Hinweise zu geben, damit Trager von Implantaten bei Unsicherheiten bei diesem durchaus komplexen Sachverhalt einer korrekten Abklarung zugefuhrt werden konnen. Arbeitnehmer, Arbeitgeber und versorgende Medizinalpersonen konnen mehr Sicherheit gewinnen.
Towards a More Reliable and Available Docker-based Container Cloud.

Operating System-level virtualization technology, or containers as they are commonly known, represents the next generation of light-weight virtualization, and is primarily represented by Docker. However, Docker's current design does not complement the SLAs from Docker-based container cloud offerings promising both reliability and high availability. The tight coupling between the containers and the Docker daemon proves fatal for the containers' uptime during daemon's unavailability due to either failure or upgrade. We present the design and implementation of HYDRA, which fundamentally isolates the containers from the running daemon. Our evaluation shows that HYDRA imposes only moderate overheads even under load, while achieving much higher container availability.
The Making of a President: How Presidential Candidates Become Who They Are in Biographical Campaign Materials

ABSTRACTThis article examines how presidential campaigns claim that candidates became who they are by looking at biographical campaign materials through the lens of biographical reasoning. Biographical reasoning is the process of connecting the experiences in someone’s life to his or her identity, often by treating those experiences as either a cause or an illustration of characteristics. An analysis of biographical reasoning in presidential campaign materials from 1952 to 2016 reveals three key themes in how campaigns portray candidates’ development: (a) Early in life, candidates mostly acquire, rather than illustrate, positive characteristics; (b) candidates mostly improve as people without major characterological setbacks, going from good to better; and (c) candidates benefit very little from economic advantages. The consistency of these themes suggests that the conventions of biographical campaign materials include specific assumptions about how presidents should become who they are, some of which hel...
Dormancy-associated gene expression in pea axillary buds. Cloning and expression of PsDRM1 and PsDRM2

Pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Alaska) axillary buds can be stimulated to cycle between dormant and growing states. Dormant buds synthesize unique proteins and are as metabolically active as growing buds. Two cDNAs, PsDRM1 and PsDRM2, were isolated from a dormant bud library. The deduced amino acid sequence of PsDRM1 (111 residues) is 75% identical to that of an auxin-repressed strawberry clone. PsDRM2 encodes a putative protein containing 129 residues, which includes 11 repeats of the sequence [G]-GGGY[H][N] (the bracketed residues may be absent). PsDRM2 is related to cold- and ABA-stimulated clones from alfalfa. Decapitating the terminal bud rapidly stimulates dormant axillary buds to begin growing. The abundance of PsDRM1 mRNA in axillary buds declines 20-fold within 6 h of decapitation; it quickly reaccumulates when buds become dormant again. The level of PsDRM2 mRNA is about three fold lower in growing buds than in dormant buds. Expression of PsDRM1 is enhanced in other non-growing organs (roots >> root apices; fully-elongated stems > elongating stems), and thus is an excellent "dormancy" marker. In contrast, PsDRM2 expression is not dormancy-associated in other organs.
Oral Microbiome Studies: Potential Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications.

Understanding the microbiology of dental caries is not a mere academic exercise; it provides the basis for preventive, diagnostic, and treatment strategies and gives the dentist a theoretical framework to become a better professional. The last years have seen the development of new research methodologies, ranging from high-throughput sequencing or “omics” techniques to new fluorescence microscopy applications and microfluidics, which have allowed the study of the oral microbiome to an unprecedented level of detail. Those studies have provided new insights about oral biofilm formation, biomarkers of caries risk, microbial etiology, appropriate sampling, identification of health-associated bacteria, and new anticaries strategies, among others. Several pitfalls are associated with the new technologies, including a small number of samples per study group, elevated cost, and genus- or species-based analyses that do not take into consideration intraspecies variability. However, the new data strongly suggest tha...
South Africa’s civil war, 1985–1995

The end of apartheid in South Africa is typically characterised as ‘peaceful’. However, between 1985 and 1995, South Africa experienced a civil war in which more than 20,000 people died. In this wa...
Abstract 021: Greater Calcium Density of Coronary Artery Plaque is Protective for Cardiovascular Events. The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Background— Coronary artery calcium (CAC) measured by computed tomography (CT) has strong predictive value for incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. The standard CAC score is the Agatston, ...
Giving Up on a Course: An Analysis of Course Dropping Behaviors Among Community College Students

Excessive course dropping is costly to students and institutions. Using longitudinal transcript data, this study investigated course withdrawal patterns among 5900 students at a large, racially/ethnically diverse community college district in Texas. Two-thirds of the students dropped at least one course, and 13.5% of the total course enrollments resulted in withdrawal. Course withdrawal rates were significantly higher among students who were: male, African American, age 20–24, GED holders, academically underprepared, enrolled part-time, and had a cumulative college GPA of less than 2.0. Science, mathematics, and writing courses had high drop rates, as did Second Start and fully online courses. Dropping 20% or more of attempted courses was associated with 44% lower odds of a successful enrollment outcome. We hypothesize that community college students are rational, act in their own self-interest, and perform a cost–benefit analysis with the knowledge they possess when deciding whether to drop a particular course. However, students often overuse or misuse the course withdrawal function. Despite acting in self-interest at the moment, the decision to drop a course is often not in students’ long-term best interest, and excessive course dropping can resemble a ‘cooling out’ mechanism by which students’ reduce their aspirations toward degree completion. Recognizing community college structures and rules (e.g., withdrawal procedures, tuition refund policy) influence course dropping decisions, we describe academic policies and classroom practices that can help reduce course withdrawals. We believe that reducing course attrition is a foundational, yet often overlooked, mechanism for reducing community college attrition.
Minority Resident Physicians’ Views on the Role of Race/Ethnicity in Their Training Experiences in the Workplace

Importance Black, Hispanic, and Native American physicians remain underrepresented in medicine despite national efforts to increase diversity in the health care workforce. Understanding the unique workplace experiences of minority physicians is essential to inform strategies to create a diverse and inclusive workforce. While prior research has explored the influence of race/ethnicity on the experiences of minority faculty and medical students, there is a paucity of literature investigating how race/ethnicity affects the training experiences of resident physicians in graduate medical education. Objective To characterize how black, Hispanic, and Native American resident physicians experience race/ethnicity in the workplace. Design, Setting, and Participants Semistructured, in-depth qualitative interviews of black, Hispanic, and Native American residents were performed in this qualitative study. Interviews took place at the 2017 Annual Medical Education Conference (April 12-17, 2017, in Atlanta, Georgia), sponsored by the Student National Medical Association. Interviews were conducted with 27 residents from 21 residency programs representing a diverse range of medical specialties and geographic locations. Main Outcomes and Measures The workplace experiences of black, Hispanic, and Native American resident physicians in graduate medical education. Results Among 27 participants, races/ethnicities were 19 (70%) black, 3 (11%) Hispanic, 1 (4%) Native American, and 4 (15%) mixed race/ethnicity; 15 (56%) were female. Participants described the following 3 major themes in their training experiences in the workplace: a daily barrage of microaggressions and bias, minority residents tasked as race/ethnicity ambassadors, and challenges negotiating professional and personal identity while seen as “other.” Conclusions and Relevance Graduate medical education is an emotionally and physically demanding period for all physicians. Black, Hispanic, and Native American residents experience additional burdens secondary to race/ethnicity. Addressing these unique challenges related to race/ethnicity is crucial to creating a diverse and inclusive work environment.
Biomaterial surfaces self-defensive against bacteria by contact transfer of antimicrobials

Despite extensive engineering of tissue-contacting biomedical devices to control healing, these devices remain susceptible to bacterial colonization, biofilm formation, and chronic infection. The threat of selecting for resistance genes largely precludes sustained antimicrobial elution as a wide-spread clinical solution. In response, self-defensive surfaces have been developed where antimicrobial is released only when and where there is a bacterial challenge. We explore a new self-defensive approach using anionic microgels into which small-molecule cationic antimicrobials are loaded by complexation. We identify conditions where antimicrobial remains sequestered within the microgels for periods as long as weeks. However, bacterial contact triggers release and leads to local bacterial killing. We speculate that the close proximity of bacteria alters the local thermodynamic environment and interferes with the microgel-antimicrobial complexation. The contact-transfer approach does not require bacterial metabolism but instead appears to be driven by differences between the microgels and the bacterial cell envelope where there is a high concentration of negative charge and hydrophobicity. Contact with metabolizing macrophages or osteoblasts is, however, insufficient to trigger antimicrobial release, indicating that contact transfer can be specific to bacteria and suggesting an avenue to biomedical device surfaces that can simultaneously promote healing and resist infection.
The Relativistic Nuclear Response and Vacuum Polarization

The response of nuclear matter to electromagnetic probes is calculated in a relativists random phase approximation both with and without vacuum polarization. Magnetic moments, the stability of uniform nuclear matter against density actuations, elastic magnetic electron scattering from 15N and 209Bi and quasielastic electron scattering from 40Ca are all considered. Vacuum polarization substantially changes results even at modest momentum transfers.