cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Odorant receptor-based discovery of natural repellents of human lice

The body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus, is an obligate blood-feeding ectoparasite and an important insect vector that mediates the transmission of diseases to humans. The analysis of the body louse genome revealed a drastic reduction of the chemosensory gene repertoires when compared to other insects, suggesting specific olfactory adaptations to host specialization and permanent parasitic lifestyle. Here, we present for the first time functional evidence for the role of odorant receptors (ORs) in this insect, with the objective to gain insight into the chemical ecology of this vector. We identified seven putative full-length ORs, in addition to the odorant receptor co-receptor (Orco), and expressed four of them in the Xenopus laevis oocytes system. When screened with a panel of ecologically-relevant odorants, PhumOR2 responded to a narrow set of compounds. At the behavior level, both head and body lice were repelled by the physiologically-active chemicals. This study presents the first evidence of the OR pathway being functional in lice and identifies PhumOR2 as a sensitive receptor of natural repellents that could be used to develop novel efficient molecules to control these insects.
Comparison between theory and simulation for the two-level decoupled Hamming associative memory

This paper presents simulations of the capacity and error correction capability of the two-level decoupled Hamming network. The simulation results presented here are compared to the theoretically predicted results derived in the authors' previous paper (Ikeda et al. (1998)). In this analysis, we study capacity as a function of system dimension, window size, and noise. It is demonstrated that the two-level memory has a large capacity in the case of uniform random fundamental patterns, and that there is close agreement between the theoretical and empirical results.
Observation of wavelength tuning curves during pump-depleted second harmonic generation

We present measurement of SHG tuning curves with strong pump depletion. Quasi-CW pulses were frequency doubled in an annealed and reverse proton exchanged waveguide in PPLN, where the predicted Jacobi elliptic functions were observed.
In-situ, rapid response measurement of H2SO4/(NH4)2SO4 aerosols in urban Houston: A comparison with rural Virginia

Abstract We report measurements taken in Houston, Texas of the chemical composition and degree of hydration of haze particles and compare these results with previously reported measurements taken in rural Virginia. Our in-situ, real time measurements are based on detecting changes in particle light scattering extinction with changes in relative humidity and air temperature. With these methods we can determine fine particle mass and sulfate mass concentrations, and sulfate to ammonium ion molar ratio. In Houston, fine particle sulfate averaged 42 % of fine particle mass and the composition in terms of ammonium to sulfate molar ratio ranged from 0.5 to 2 with strong diurnal variation. The particles were most acid during the period 1500 to 2000 and neutral during 0200 to 0900. About 1 3 of the time the particles were droplets supersaturated in terms of salt content. In Virginia, the particles were on average more acidic and contained more water than those in Houston, but the particles were never observed to be supersaturated solution droplets. The difference in the hygroscopic behavior of the particles at the two sites is consistent with differences in both particle chemistry and ambient relative humidity.
The Ethics of the Teaching Profession

(1925). The Ethics of the Teaching Profession. The Journal of Educational Research: Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 262-274.
The Complex Experience of Learning to Do Research

This article examines how student learning is a product of the experiential interaction between person and environment. We draw from the theoretical perspective of complexity to shed light on the e...
Synthesis and 13C CPMAS NMR Characterization of Novel Thiophene-Based Nematogens

The synthesis and characterization of novel thermotropic liquid crystals based on thiophene are reported. In these molecules, a thiophene ring, 1−4 disubstituted phenyl rings, and ester and azomethine linking units form the core fragment, and an alkoxy unit serves as the terminal group. All compounds exhibited an enantiotropic nematic phase, as confirmed by hot-stage polarizing microscope analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Isotropic 13C chemical shift values measured from CPMAS experiments on crystalline solid and nematic phases were compared to the values obtained from the static nematic phase. These experiments demonstrate the alignment of molecules in the magnetic field. Lower melting and clearing values are observed when two phenyl rings are part of the mesogen, while the addition of a third phenyl ring increases these values.
Development of a self-report inventory for assessing individual differences in learning processes

Five studies are presented—all related to the de velopment and application of a self-report inventory for measuring individual differences in learning processes. Factor analysis of items derived by trans lating laboratory learning processes into the context of academic study yielded four scales: Synthesis- Analysis, Study Methods, Fact Retention, and Elab orative Processing. There were no sex differences, and the scales demonstrated acceptable reliabilities. The Synthesis-Analysis and Elaborative Processing scales both assess aspects of information processing (including depth of processing), but Synthesis- Analysis assesses organizational processes, while Elaborative Processing deals with active, elaborative approaches to encoding. These two scales were positively related to performance under incidental learning instructions in both a lecture-learning and traditional verbal-learning study. Study Methods assessed adherence to systematic, traditional study techniques. This scale was positively related to pe...
A 'priming' effect in a choice reaction time task.

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of a prior stimulus (prime) on reaction time to a target stimulus. The target was a red or green color patch to which subjects responded by pressing a red or green key. The prime was a red, green, or white color patch for one group and the word Red, Green, or White for another group. The prime/target relationship was either congruent (same color), incongruent (alternate color), or neutral (white prime) and varied from trial to trial so the prime provided no information regarding the identity of the subsequent target. The interval between onset of the prime and onset of the target was 2.5 s. On one block of trials, subjects pressed the key that corresponded to the target color; on another block they pressed the noncorresponding key. In experiment 1, where the task did not require subjects to identify the prime, there was no effect of prime/target congruence. However, in experiment 2, where a secondary task required identification of the prime, reactions were faster when prime and target were congruent than when they were incongruent. This congruence effect was significant for both color and word prime groups performing under corresponding and noncorresponding mapping instructions. Results suggested that the congruence effect: (1) required processing the prime beyond the level of stimulus detection; (2) did not require a prime/target identity match; and (3) involved the stimulus encoding stage rather than the response selection stage. Findings also suggested a close interrelation between the cognitive representations of colors and color words.
Dispersal of Alate Biotype C Greenbugs in Kansas

Alate greenbugs were trapped at Hays, Kans., from 1974 to 1979, inclusive. There were two distinct flight periods each year. The first flight peaked during the first week of June, and the second during the last week of July (1974 to 1977) or the third week of August (1978 and 1979). Flight patterns indicated that early planting of both wheat and sorghum should be avoided. More greenbugs were trapped from SE than NW during the spring but not during the summer. More greenbugs were collected from heights of 3 to 6 m than from 1.5 m, but that might be attributed to type of ground cover. As the green vegetation increased, the numbers of greenbugs collected decreased; however, strips of green wheat did not provide practical protection to adjacent bordering areas.
Association of mononuclear and dinuclear platinum tetraamine cations with nucleotides studied by 15N NMR relaxation

Abstract By incorporation of labelled 15 NH 3 into the complex, the utility of 15 N relaxation rates ( T 1 ) in examining the association of mononuclear [Pt(NH 3 ) 4 ] 2+ and dinuclear [{Pt(NH 3 ) 3 } 2 NH 2 (CH 2 ) n NH 2 ] 4+ platinum-tetraamine cations with the mononucleotide 5′-GMP (guanosine-5′-monophosphate) is demonstrated. No major differences between the mononuclear and dinuclear complexes are seen.
Effect of chronic treatment with clorgyline on the relative concentration of specific proteins in the hippocampus and parietal cortex of the rat

Abstract The effect of the chronic administration of clorgyline, a type A inhibitor of monoamine oxidase, on the relative concentration of proteins from the brain of the rat was examined by analysis of two-dimensional electrophoretic gels. The results from this study showed that the administration of clorgyline for 3 weeks produced a significant elevation in the relative concentration of two proteins in the parietal cortex (mol. wt 23,000 and 30,000) and one protein in the hippocampus (mol. wt 25,000). In contrast, the relative concentration of three proteins (mol. wt 31,000 42,000 and 45,000) was significantly reduced in the parietal cortex by chronic treatment with clorgyline. No protein in the hippocampus was found to be significantly reduced by treatment with clorgyline. Since a previous study has indicated that the relative concentration of three different proteins were significantly altered by the repeated administration of desipramine, the results from the present experiment indicate that different changes in proteins are produced by repeated treatment with the type A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, clorgyline, as compared to those produced by the tricyclie antidepressant, desipramine. These results support previous suggestions that different classes of antidepressant compounds may exert their effects through different mechanisms of action.
Random walk analysis of the effects of the presence of abnormalities in a turbid medium on expressions for the time-of-flight

Time-gated transillumination techniques for detecting and resolving regions of abnormal absorption and/or scattering in a slab geometry are based on the ability to detect transmitted photons that are nearly ballistic, i.e., that arrive at relatively short times after initial injection at a detector. However, at short gating times, the detectable intensity quickly falls below a practical detection threshold with increasing slab thickness. A quantitative theory of this effect is easily developed within the framework of random walk theory. Such a theoretical development has been shown to yield quite good approximations for properties of photon transport in a homogeneous multiply-scattering medium. Mathematical solutions of the random walk model are used to suggest experimentally measurable parameters with potential applicability tot he detection of abnormalities when their optical coefficients differ form those of the background.
Thiazolidinediones, peripheral edema, and type 2 diabetes: incidence, pathophysiology, and clinical implications

ABSTRACT Objective: To present an objective, evidence-based review of edema associated with thiazolidinedione use in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: We review the incidence, pathophysiology, and clinical significance of edema associated with the use of thiazolidinediones, with specific emphasis on the two currently available thiazolidinediones, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone. Results: Both pioglitazone and rosiglitazone have been associated with increased development of edema in clinical trials. The incidence of edema in these trials varies from about 3.0 to 7.5% with the thiazolidinediones compared with 1.0 to 2.5% with placebo or other oral antidiabetic therapy. The highest incidence of edema has been reported when thiazolidinediones are used in combination with insulin. In clinical studies, these patients have an incidence of edema of 15.3% when treated with insulin plus pioglitazone and 14.7% when treated with insulin plus rosiglitazone (compared with 7.0% and 5.4% in the insulin-only groups, respectively). In addition to peripheral edema, reports have described pulmonary edema associated with thiazolidinedione therapy. In all such reports, patients failed to respond to diuretics during use of thiazolidinediones. Clinical improvement ensued only after discontinuation of thiazolidinedione therapy. Therefore, thiazolidinediones either may have some effect on the delivery of diuretics to the lumen of the nephron or may induce tubular alterations that impair the ability of the nephrons to respond to diuretics. Several potential causes have been postulated to precipitate edema in patients with diabetes who are treated with these agents: increased plasma volume, increased renal sodium reabsorption, reflex sympathetic activation, alteration of intestinal ion transport, and increased production of vascular endothelial growth factor. Conclusion: Available evidence suggests that edema is a class effect of the thiazolidinediones and is multifactorial in origin. Thiazolidinedione-associated edema seems to be dose related and occurs most frequently when thiazolidinediones are used in combination with insulin. Hence, therapy with these agents should be initiated at low doses, and patients should undergo assessment for edema and congestive heart failure during the first few weeks of treatment. Caution should be exercised when thiazolidine- diones are used in those at risk for or with a history of heart failure. Options for management thiazolidinedione- associated edema include dose reduction, drug discontinuation, and symptomatic therapy with diuretics. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the cause of edema in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with thiazolidinediones and to determine whether certain factors might predict susceptibility to development of edema and congestive heart failure. (Endocr Pract. 2003;9:406-416)
174 Systemic Vs. Topical Transplantation of Endothelial Progenitor Cells for Wound Healing

Previous wound healing studies have attempted to improve angiogenesis (new blood vessel ingrowth). Recent studies suggest, however, that revascularization of wounds may also be accomplished by vasculogenesis: endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) from the bone marrow and blood that home to sites of tissue damage and form new blood vessels. The goal of this study was to evaluate the use of systemic and topical transplantation of EPCs for wound healing in an in vivo rabbit model. It was hypothesized that applying cells topically through an EPC-seeded albumin scaffold may promote revascularization from inside the wound versus only from the periphery. Further, it was hypothesized that combining topical and systemic transplantation of EPCs may increase vessel formation from both directions. Full thickness wounds were created on the dorsum of New Zealand White rabbits. Wounds were treated with either an EPC-seeded scaffold, nonseeded scaffold, or no treatment (control). Additionally, half of the animals were given systemic injections of EPCs. Digital pictures were taken weekly until sacrifice to determine healing rates. Laser Doppler Perfusion Imaging scans were used to measure changes in blood perfusion during healing. Animals were sacrificed at 2 or 4 weeks; wounds were excised and prepared for histological examination. Histomorphometry was used to calculate epithelialization and contraction rates, as well as the volume fraction of cell nuclei and blood vessels. Preliminary results suggest that animals that received systemic transplantations of EPCs had higher overall healing rates than those with no injection. Systemic transplantation alone improved healing over the control by the end of 2 weeks. When combined with a topical scaffold (both EPC-seeded and nonseeded), systemically injected cells showed improved healing by the end of the first week. Acknowledgments: This project was supported by CDC through NCIPC and an NSF Graduate Research Fellowship.
All-Silicon Technology for High- $Q$ Evanescent Mode Cavity Tunable Resonators and Filters

This paper presents a new fabrication technology and the associated design parameters for realizing compact and widely-tunable cavity filters with a high unloaded quality factor $(Q_{u})$ maintained throughout the analog tuning range. This all-silicon technology has been successfully employed to demonstrate tunable resonators in mobile form factors in the C, X, Ku, and K bands with simultaneous high unloaded quality factors $({\geq}{500})$ and tuning ratios $({\geq}{1}{:}2)$ . It is shown that by employing high-precision micro-fabrication techniques and careful modeling, the measured RF and tuning performance of the fabricated device closely match the simulated results. The capability of monolithic (system-on-chip) integration, low-cost batch processing, and compatibility with CMOS processing is some of the key advantages of this 3-D tunable filter fabrication technology over conventional approaches. This technology also has the potential to be extended to produce tunable resonators and filters in the millimeter wave region. $\hfill{[2013\hbox{-}0123]}$
Capacity and Opportunity: Predicting Engagement for Middle School Students with Behavioral Disorders.

This study examined the capacity and opportunity scores of 36 middle school students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) on the student version of the American Institutes for Research (AI...
The size of the myofibers in mature grafts of the mouse extensor digitorum longus muscle

The histochemical profile of stabilized orthotopically grafted mouse extensor digitorum longus muscles (EDL) and fiber type diameter distribution in the graft was compared with control muscles. Histochemical fiber typing, based on myofibrillar ATPase reactions, indicated that type 1 fiber accounted for less than 1%, type 2a fibers for 30%, and type 2b fibers for 69% of the total fiber population of the graft. In control muscles of 56-day-old and 156-day-old mice, type 1 fibers accounted for less than 1%, type 2a fibers for 36%, and type 2b fibers for 63% of the total fiber population of normal muscles. The regenerating myofibers in stabilized grafts failed to achieve the normal fiber diameter. The type 2b fibers exhibited greater growth inhibition than did type 2a fibers.
Pittcon provides a platform for interesting, important and novel work

Abstract The Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, better known as Pittcon, was held this year in New Orleans, LA, USA, 2–7 March. The technical program was broad and impressive, with the world’s experts from industry, government and academia describing their recent work. Our report is not intended to be comprehensive. It is based on what struck us as being interesting, important and novel.
Videomicroscopic comparison of bull sperm and leukocyte chromosome areas as related to gender.

Abstract Chromosomal areas from metaphase spreads of male bovine leukocytes were digitized and sex chromosomes identified using videomicroscopy. Autosomal areas were ranked in descending order within a cell and assigned to two categories based on alternating rank. X and Y chromosome areas were assigned to respective categories. Areas were divided by 4 to make their sum equivalent to sperm DNA content. Data were analyzed before and after inclusion of sex chromosomal areas. Before X and Y inclusion, rank contributed to difference in chromosomal areas. Rank by category interaction and category effects did not contribute to area variation. After X and Y inclusion, area variation was due to rank by category interaction, rank, and category. Differences between sums of chromosomal areas across categories was 3.57%. Head areas of morphologically normal sperm with intact acrosomes were digitized using the same optics as chromosomal areas. Sum of corrected chromosomal areas per category was used in discriminant analysis to assign sperm head areas to two categories with .5 prior probabilities. Assignment resulted in 1037 sperm in one category and 1177 in the other. Difference between largest sperm head area classes across categories was 3.2%. Discriminatian of sperm head areas, based on sum of chromosomal area and measured with computerized videomicroscopy, may be used to evaluate sex of bovine spermatozoa.
The effectiveness of spontaneous attention to form

Abstract This descriptive study explores episodes of classroom interaction in which there is unplanned attention to form. Data consist of periodic recordings of learners in intensive English classes over a period of 8 weeks, as well as periodic testing of forms that emerged as a focus of attention during these episodes. Analysis of the data points to a strong connection between attention to form and subsequent use of those forms and indicates that this connection is affected by proficiency level. The study also addresses the relationship between roles of the participants in the episodes and the subsequent retention and use of the forms in focus, specifically: 1. initiator of episode: self vs. other learner vs. teacher 2. provider of new input generated during the episode: self vs. other learner vs. teacher Results suggest that the participants in episodes that focus on form all have an important role to play in promoting the establishment of form-meaning connections.
A single nucleotide insertion in the canine interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain results in X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency disease.

Abstract The immunologic and genetic analysis of a 14-week-old male cardigan Welsh corgi puppy that presented with failure to thrive, diarrhea, and intermittent vomiting are described. The lack of palpable lymph nodes, the premature death of a male sibling, and similar clinical signs in a male cousin suggested that a primary immunodeficiency disease might be responsible for his poor clinical condition. Quantitation of serum immunoglobulins revealed low concentrations of IgG and undetectable IgA, yet normal concentrations of IgM. A complete blood cell count showed a slight anemia and lymphopenia. Although the peripheral blood contained a normal percentage of T cells, with an increased CD4:CD8 ratio, they were unable to proliferate in response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and/or interleukin 2 (IL-2). Furthermore, following PHA activation, the peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) demonstrated a nearly complete lack of IL-2 binding. All of these laboratory findings were identical with our previous findings from dogs with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID) that is due to a mutation in their IL-2 receptor gamma (IL-2Rγ) chain. Examination of the corgi's IL-2Rγ cDNA revealed an insertion of a cytosine following nucleotide 582, resulting in a premature stop codon prior to the transmembrane domain. The insertion also created an Eco O109 restriction enzyme site that enabled us to detect the mutation in the patient's genomic DNA. This new mutation in the IL-2Rγ chain discovered in a cardigan Welsh corgi puppy results in XSCID with similar immunologic abnormalities as observed in dogs with the same disease resulting from a different IL-2Rγ chain mutation.
Vasopressin response to osmotic and hemodynamic stress: neurotransmitter involvement.

Osmotic and hemodynamic stress are the two primary regulators of vasopressin (VP) release from the posterior pituitary. The pathways providing information about plasma osmolality and blood pressure or blood volume are distinct and utilize different chemical neurotransmitters. Osmotic regulation of VP release is dependent upon afferents from the lamina terminalis region. Glutamate is an important transmitter in this system and angiotensinergic afferents from this region to the VP neurons modulate responses to osmotic challenges. Hemodynamic information is transmitted to the VP neurons via multisynaptic pathways from the brainstem with the A1 catecholamine neurons of the ventrolateral medulla providing the final link for information about decreases in blood pressure and volume. Several neurotransmitters and neuropeptides are expressed in the A1 neurons including norepinephrine (NE), ATP, neuropeptide Y, and substance P. The impact of co-release of these agents on VP release is reviewed and the potential phy...
FETAL BLADDER SAGITTAL LENGTH: A SIMPLE MONITOR TO ASSESS NORMAL AND ENLARGED FETAL BLADDER SIZE, AND FORECAST CLINICAL OUTCOME

Purpose: We examined if the parameter of fetal bladder sagittal length (FBSL) could serve as a monitor of normative and enlarged fetal bladder size. Materials and Methods: There were 76 consecutive cases examined between 1984 and 2000 that included measurement of fetal bladder size as FBSL and postnatal urological followup. Fetal images used to assess normal bladder size were derived from cases in which the bladder was normal on prenatal imaging and postnatal testing. An enlarged bladder was categorized as being greater than the 95% CI for a given gestational age (GA). The presence and extent of renal pelvic dilatation were also noted and correlated with FBSL. Results: Measuring normal FBSL in 39 fetuses showed an exponential growth pattern (r 0.76), which could be represented by the approximate linear formula FBSL GA in weeks 5( 95% upper/lower CI 7). An enlarged bladder was diagnosed in 37 fetuses. A dilated bladder in 9 fetuses, defined as FBSL greater than the 95% upper CI of normal (ie between GA 2 and GA 12), showed outcomes of posterior urethral valves, vesicoureteral reflux or a normal outcome. Megacystis in 28 fetuses, defined as FBSL greater than 10 mm larger than that of a dilated bladder (ie greater than GA 12), showed additional outcomes of megacystis megaureter/vesicoureteral reflux or prune-belly syndrome. A normal outcome was significantly more likely in fetuses with a dilated bladder than in those with megacystis (p 0.05). The incidence of azotemia in those with a dilated bladder or megacystis and pyelectasis was significantly lower than that in those with megacystis with hydronephrosis (p 0.03). Conclusions: Postnatal diagnosis of fetuses that show an enlarged bladder is predicted based on whether the bladder isenlarged asa dilated bladder or megacys tisand if the renal pelvisis enlarged as pyelectasis or hydronephrosis.
Solar and stellar flares

Short-lived increases in the brightness of many red dwarfs have been observed for the last 30 yr, and a variety of more or less exotic models have been proposed to account for such flares. Information about flares in the Sun has progressed greatly in recent years as a result of spacecraft experiments, and properties of coronal flare plasma are becoming increasingly better known. In this paper, after briefly reviewing optical, radio and X-ray observations of stellar flares, we show how a simplified model which describes conductive plus radiative cooling of the coronal flare plasma in solar flares has been modified to apply to optical and X-ray stellar flare phenomena. This model reproduces many characteristic features of stellar flares, including the mean UBV colors of flare light, the direction of flare decay in the two-color diagram, precursors, Stillstands, secondary maxima, lack of sensitivity of flare color to flare amplitude, low flux of flare X-rays, distinction between so-called spike flares and slow flares, Balmer jumps of as much as 6–8, and emission line redshifts up to 3000 km s−1. In all probability, therefore, stellar flares involve physical processes which are no more exotic (and no less!) than those in solar flares. Advantages of observing stellar flares include the possibilities of (i) applying optical diagnostics to coronal flare plasma, whereas this is almost impossible in the Sun, and (ii) testing solar flare models in environments which are not generally accessible in the solar atmosphere.
Accidental Rupture of the Esophagus by Compressed Air

Abstract Accidental perforation of the esophagus by compressed gases is an unusual problem. The mortality and morbidity rates are high unless the injury is promptly recognized and treated. Our patient survived after immediate thoracotomy and closure of the perforation.
The assumed light direction for perceiving shape from shading

Recovering 3D shape from shading is an ill-posed problem that the visual system can solve only by making use of additional information such as the position of the light source. Previous research has shown that people tend to assume light is above and slightly to the left of the object [Sun and Perona 1998]. We present a study to investigate whether the visual system also assumes the angle between the light direction and the viewing direction. We conducted a shape perception experiment in which subjects estimated surface orientation on smooth, virtual 3D shapes displayed monocularly using local Lambertian shading without cast shadows. We varied the angle between the viewing direction and the light direction within a range +/- 66 deg (above/below), and subjects indicated local surface orientation by rotating a gauge figure to appear normal to the surface [Koenderink et al. 1992]. Observer settings were more accurate and precise when the light was positioned above rather than below the viewpoint. Additionally, errors were minimized when the angle between the light direction and the viewing direction was 20--30 deg. Measurements of surface slant and tilt error support this result. These findings confirm the light-from-above prior and provide evidence that the angle between the viewing direction and the light direction is assumed to be 20--30 deg above the viewpoint.
Attention to inpatients' religious and spiritual concerns: predictors and association with patient satisfaction.

Background Little is known about how often patients desire and experience discussions with hospital personnel regarding R/S (religion and spirituality) or what effects such discussions have on patient satisfaction.
Buoyancy-Forced Downwelling in Boundary Currents

Abstract The issue of downwelling resulting from surface buoyancy loss in boundary currents is addressed using a high-resolution, nonhydrostatic numerical model. It is shown that the net downwelling is determined by the change in the mixed layer density along the boundary. For configurations in which the density on the boundary increases in the direction of Kelvin wave propagation, there is a net downwelling within the domain. For cases in which the density decreases in the direction of Kelvin wave propagation, cooling results in a net upwelling within the domain. Symmetric instability within the mixed layer drives an overturning cell in the interior, but it does not contribute to the net vertical motion. The net downwelling is determined by the geostrophic flow toward the boundary and is carried downward in a very narrow boundary layer of width E1/3, where E is the Ekman number. For the calculations here, this boundary layer is O(100 m) wide. A simple model of the mixed layer temperature that balances ho...
Fast time‐domain characterization of finite size microstrip structures

A new fast integral-equation-based scheme for analysing electromagnetic transients on finite size microstrip structures is described. The scheme permits the analysis of structures comprised of perfect electrically conducting surfaces and wires along with lossless but potentially inhomogeneous dielectric regions. For typical microstrip structures, the computational complexity of the proposed analysis tool grows as O(NtNsv log2Nsv), where Nt denotes the number of time steps in the analysis, Nsv = Ns + Nv, and Ns and Nv represent the number of spatial unknowns that model currents on conducting surfaces/wires/junctions and in penetrable volumes, respectively. This complexity estimate is in stark contrast with that for classical marching-on-in-time solvers, which require O(NtNsv2) CPU resources. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generation Effects and the Lack Thereof: The Role of Transfer-appropriate Processing

We report two experiments designed to test a multifactor transfer-appropriate processing explanation of generation effects, and the lack thereof, in free recall and cued recall. The basic argument is that the act of generating a target enhances the processing of one or more possible types of information (e.g. target-specific information, cue-target relationships, or target-target relationships) and that subsequent retention tests will reveal an advantage (or disadvantage) of such generation (compared to a “read”; control) to the degree that a test is sensitive to the information on which processing was focused during study. Across the two experiments, manipulations of identical stimulus materials forced subjects to process different types of information in order to generate targets, producing a striking reversal in the relative levels of free recall and cued recall for targets that had been generated vs. read, and lending strong support to the transfer-appropriate processing aspect of the proposed framewo...
Associations of health risk behaviors with school absenteeism. Does having permission for the absence make a difference

Background Nearly 10% of students enrolled in US public schools are absent daily. Although previous research has shown associations of school absenteeism with participation in risk behaviors, it is unclear if these associations vary by whether the absence was excused. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations of health risk behaviors with being absent from school with and without permission among high school students. Methods During spring 2004, questionnaires similar to the Youth Risk Behavior Survey questionnaire were completed by 4517 ninth- and eleventh-grade students. Responses to items assessing frequency of school absences during the past 30 days for any reason and without permission were combined to create a variable coded as absent on: 0 days; > or =1 day, all with permission (WP); and > or =1 day, at least 1 day without permission (WOP). Logistic regression analyses controlling for gender, grade, and race/ethnicity examined the association of risk behaviors with absenteeism. Results Controlling for demographic variables, compared to students who were absent 0 days, students who were absent WP had significantly higher odds of engaging in 25 of 55 risk behaviors examined and students who were absent WOP had significantly higher odds of engaging in 43 of the 55 behaviors. Students who were absent WOP also had approximately twice the odds of engaging in risk behaviors compared to students who were absent WP. Conclusions School absenteeism, with and without permission, is associated with risk behaviors. Schools should recognize absenteeism for any reason as a warning sign for a variety of risk behaviors.
Magic-angle spinning 31P NMR spectroscopy of condensed phosphates in parasitic protozoa: visualizing the invisible

We report the results of a solid-state 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic investigation of the acidocalcisome organelles from Trypanosoma brucei (bloodstream form), Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania major (insect forms). The spectra are characterized by a broad envelope of spinning sidebands having isotropic chemical shifts at ∼0, −7 and −21 ppm. These resonances are assigned to orthophosphate, terminal (α) phosphates of polyphosphates and bridging (β) phosphates of polyphosphates, respectively. The average polyphosphate chain length is ∼3.3 phosphates. Similar results were obtained with whole L. major promastigotes. 31P NMR spectra of living L. major promastigotes recorded under conventional solution NMR conditions had spectral intensities reduced with respect to solution-state NMR spectra of acid extracts, consistent with the invisibility of the solid-state phosphates. These results show that all three parasites contain large stores of condensed phosphates which can be visualized by using magic-angle spinning NMR techniques.
Tritium plasma experiment: parameters and potentials for fusion plasma-wall interaction studies.

The tritium plasma experiment (TPE) is a unique facility devoted to experiments on the behavior of deuterium/tritium in toxic (e.g., beryllium) and radioactive materials for fusion plasma-wall interaction studies. A Langmuir probe was added to the system to characterize the plasma conditions in TPE. With this new diagnostic, we found the achievable electron temperature ranged from 5.0 to 10.0 eV, the electron density varied from 5.0 × 1016 to 2.5 × 1018 m−3, and the ion flux density varied between 5.0 × 1020 to 2.5 × 1022 m−2 s−1 along the centerline of the plasma. A comparison of these plasma parameters with the conditions expected for the plasma facing components (PFCs) in ITER shows that TPE is capable of achieving most (∼800 m2 of 850 m2 total PFCs area) of the expected ion flux density and electron density conditions.
Computation of van der Waals interactions in aqueous systems using reflectivity data.

Abstract Recent advances in the theory of electrodynamic interactions have made it possible to compute van der Waals forces between macroscopic bodies from spectroscopic data. Accurate data for water are available from reflection spectra in the infrared region. We show how the data can be efficiently used, as illustrated by the interaction of water across a hydrocarbon film. Hamaker coefficients are found to be in the range 3.4 to 6.8 × 10−14 erg which includes the experimental value. The theory requires evaluation of dielectric susceptibilities at imaginary frequencies. The reflection data for water give absorption frequencies, oscillator strengths, and absorption bandwidths (not available for most substances) for real (sinusoidal) frequencies. We show that the required dielectric functions and consequent computed energies are particularly insensitive to absorption bandwidths; at least in those cases where bandwidths are known, so they may be ignored in the computation of intermolecular forces. Laborious curve-fitting of dielectric susceptibilities for real frequencies so far appears unnecessary for obtaining energy estimates.
Variation in the Visual Habitat May Mediate the Maintenance of Color Polymorphism in a Poeciliid Fish

The conspicuousness of animal signals is influenced by their contrast against the background. As such, signal conspicuousness will tend to vary in nature because habitats are composed of a mosaic of backgrounds. Variation in attractiveness could result in variation in conspecific mate choice and risk of predation, which, in turn, may create opportunities for balancing selection to maintain distinct polymorphisms. We quantified male coloration, the absorbance spectrum of visual pigments and the photic environment of Poecilia parae, a fish species with five distinct male color morphs: a drab (i.e., grey), a striped, and three colorful (i.e., blue, red and yellow) morphs. Then, using physiological models, we assessed how male color patterns can be perceived in their natural visual habitats by conspecific females and a common cichlid predator, Aequidens tetramerus. Our estimates of chromatic and luminance contrasts suggest that the three most colorful morphs were consistently the most conspicuous across all habitats. However, variation in the visual background resulted in variation in which morph was the most conspicuous to females at each locality. Likewise, the most colorful morphs were the most conspicuous morphs to cichlid predators. If females are able to discriminate between conspicuous prospective mates and those preferred males are also more vulnerable to predation, variable visual habitats could influence the direction and strength of natural and sexual selection, thereby allowing for the persistence of color polymorphisms in natural environments.
G-protein-activated phospholipase C-beta, new partners for cell polarity proteins Par3 and Par6.

G-protein-activated phospholipase C- β , new partners for cell polarity proteins Par3 and Par6
Close calls with club drugs.

Dr. Cynthia McGinn describes a night when the EMTs were bringing in two “drunk” college students. En route to the hospital, the students' level of consciousness decreased alarmingly. By the time th...
Soil Surfactant Products for Improving Hydrologic Function in Post-Fire Water-Repellent Soil

Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 77:1825–1830 doi:10.2136/sssaj2012.0305 The USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Mention of a proprietary product does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by the USDA or the authors and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of the other products that also may be suitable. Received 17 Sept. 2012. *Corresponding author (matthew.madsen@oregonstate.edu). © Soil Science Society of America, 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison WI 53711 USA All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher. Soil Surfactant Products for Improving Hydrologic Function in Post-Fire Water-Repellent Soil Forest, Range & Wildland Soils
The Root of the Problem: On the Relationship between Wool Processing and Lanolin Production

Reconstructions of ancient wool-processing techniques have generally been based on the assumption that lanolin was a by-product of the woolen textile industry. However, both ancient and modern sources point to significant procedural differences between the extraction and recovery of lanolin and the preparation of wool for spinning and weaving. The different conditions necessary to produce spinning wool or to recover lanolin are, in fact, contradictory rather than complementary, and wool working and lanolin production must therefore have been separate, albeit related industries. Recognizing lanolin as produced by boiling wool offers an explanation for a number of difficult-to-understand Linear B references and supports the interpretation of sign *145 (wool/LANA) in perfumed unguent ingredient lists as ‘wool for its lanolin’. It further enables archaeological reconstructions of these technologies and of cross-craft interactions in the Bronze and Iron Ages.
Autonomic nervous control of heart rate orienting and alpha responses in dog.

The object of this experiment is to study the autonomic nervous control of alpha responses elicited in classical conditioning. Twenty-two mongrel dogs were trained in classical discriminative conditioning. Typical two-phase tachycardic responses were observed in positive (CS+) trials while only the earliest, phase 1, response was observed in negative (CS-) trials. The phase 1 response, which was identical in CS+ and CS-trials, was compared in dogs before and after selective SA-nodal parasympathectomy (N=7) and beta-adrenergic blockade (N=11). The phase 1 tachycardic response was eliminated by selective SA-nodal parasympathectomy but not by beta-adrenergic blockade. We conclude that the phase 1 response observed in both CS+ and CS-trials with similar time sequence and magnitude is an alpha response. The heart rate orienting response results from a withdrawal of parasympathetic activity with little or no change in sympathetic tone.
Finding Happiness for Ourselves and Our Clients

D. G. Myers (2000) examined the contributing factors of happiness: money, relationships, and religion. The implications of these factors for counseling are discussed with specific recommendations made for counselors regarding their own self-care and their work with their clients.
Chimeric RNA–DNA molecular beacon assay for ribonuclease H activity

Current methods to detect and assay ribonuclease H (RNase H) activity are indirect and time-consuming. Here we introduce a direct and sensitive method, based on the fluorescence quenching mechanism of molecular beacons, to assay RNA cleavage in RNA:DNA hybrids. An RNA-DNA chimeric beacon assay for RNase H enzymatic activity was developed. The substrate is a single-stranded RNA-DNA chimeric oligonucleotide labeled with a 5'-fluorescein and a 3'-DABCYL. The fluorophore (fluorescein) of the probe is held in close proximity to the quencher (DABCYL) by the RNA:DNA stem-loop structure. When the RNA sequence of the RNA:DNA hybrid stem is cleaved, the fluorophore is separated from the quencher and fluorescence can be detected as a function of time. Chimeric beacons with different stem lengths and sequences have been surveyed for this assay with E. coli RNase H. We found that the beacon kinetic parameters are in qualitative agreement with previously reported values using more cumbersome assays. This method permits real-time detection of RNase H activity and a convenient approach to RNase H kinetic and mechanistic study.
Explanation and uncertainty in the medical world of Ghaambo.

L'efficacite de la medecine traditionnelle d'un village de Tanzanie est decrite a partir de points de vue d'un guerisseur et de patients
Behavioral and modeling studies of sound localization in cats: effects of stimulus level and duration

Sound localization accuracy in elevation can be affected by sound spectrum alteration. Correspondingly, any stimulus manipulation that causes a change in the peripheral representation of the spectrum may degrade localization ability in elevation. The present study examined the influence of sound duration and level on localization performance in cats with the head unrestrained. Two cats were trained using operant conditioning to indicate the apparent location of a sound via gaze shift, which was measured with a search-coil technique. Overall, neither sound level nor duration had a notable effect on localization accuracy in azimuth, except at near-threshold levels. In contrast, localization accuracy in elevation improved as sound duration increased, and sound level also had a large effect on localization in elevation. For short-duration noise, the performance peaked at intermediate levels and deteriorated at low and high levels; for long-duration noise, this “negative level effect” at high levels was not observed. Simulations based on an auditory nerve model were used to explain the above observations and to test several hypotheses. Our results indicated that neither the flatness of sound spectrum (before the sound reaches the inner ear) nor the peripheral adaptation influences spectral coding at the periphery for localization in elevation, whereas neural computation that relies on “multiple looks” of the spectral analysis is critical in explaining the effect of sound duration, but not level. The release of negative level effect observed for long-duration sound could not be explained at the periphery and, therefore, is likely a result of processing at higher centers.