cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microsurgical Techniques—The Keyhole Approach

Abstract The surgical treatment of arachnoid cysts varies widely, and ranges from open craniotomy to shunting. In addition, there is much controversy around which modality is the best in treating these cysts. The keyhole craniotomy has been used to successfully access and treat multiple types of intracranial pathologies in different areas of the brain. The main goal of this approach is to minimize the opening to reduce morbidity and complications. Here we present our keyhole approach to treating arachnoid cysts located in the middle fossa, cerebellopontine angle, and posterior cerebellar area. The technical aspects and nuances are described in detail. We then discuss this approach in contrast to other popular surgical approaches that are used in treating arachnoid cysts. We conclude that our approach is safe and effective in treating arachnoid cysts.
“From the cradle to the grave”: Jim Williams, black manhood, and militia activism in Reconstruction South Carolina

The life of Jim Williams, an African American militia captain hanged by the Ku Klux Klan in South Carolina in 1871, illuminates the history of martial black manhood during Reconstruction. Service i...
Reduced Thermal Transport in the Graphene/MoS2/Graphene Heterostructure: A Comparison with Freestanding Monolayers.

The thermal conductivity of the graphene-encapsulated MoS2 (graphene/MoS2/graphene) van der Waals heterostructure is determined along the armchair and zigzag directions with different twist angles between the layers using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The differences in the predictions relative to those of the monolayers are analyzed using the phonon power spectrum and phonon lifetimes obtained by spectral energy density analysis. The thermal conductivity of the heterostructure is predominantly isotropic. The out-of-plane phonons of graphene are suppressed because of the interaction between the adjacent layers that results in the reduced phonon lifetime and thermal conductivity relative to monolayer graphene. The occurrence of an additional nonzero phonon branch at the Γ point in the phonon dispersion curves of the heterostructure corresponds to the breathing modes resulting from stacking of the layers in the heterostructure. The thermal sheet conductance of the heterostructure being an order of ma...
Pregnancy Outcomes after Endometrial Ablation in a Multi-institutional Cohort.

Objective The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of morbidly adherent placenta in pregnancies after endometrial ablation. Study Design We performed a retrospective cohort analysis using a large, multiinstitutional deidentified clinical database, IBM EPM: Explore (IBM Corporation, Somers, NY). We identified women who underwent endometrial ablation and had a subsequent delivery between 1999 and 2016. Patients with a delivery and no prior ablation were used as controls. The association between morbidly adherent placenta, ablation, and other known risk factors for morbidly adherent placenta was analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. Results Of 162,100 reproductive-aged women who underwent endometrial ablation, 2,770 women (1.71%) subsequently had a delivery. The rate of morbidly adherent placenta was 1 in 13.9 pregnancies after ablation compared with 1 in 838.7 pregnancies in the control group (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 20.22, p Conclusion Pregnancies that occurred after endometrial ablation were associated with increased rates of morbidly adherent placenta.
The Trisection of an Arbitrary Angle

This paper presents an elegant classical geometric solution to the ancient Greek's problem of angle trisection. Its primary objective is to provide a provable construction for resolving the trisection of an arbitrary angle, based on the restrictions governing the problem. The angle trisection problem is believed to be unsolvable for compass-straightedge construction. As stated by Pierre Laurent Wantzel (1837), the solution of the angle trisection problem corresponds to an implicit solution of the cubic equation x cubed minus 3x minus 1 equals 0, which is algebraically irreducible, and so is the geometric solution of the angle trisection problem. The goal of the presented solution is to show the possibility to solve the trisection of an arbitrary angle using the traditional Greek's tools of geometry (a classical compass and straightedge) by changing the problem from the algebraic impossibility classification to a solvable plane geometrical problem. Fundamentally, this novel work is based on the fact that algebraic irrationality is not a geometrical impossibility. The exposed methods of proof have been reduced to the Euclidean postulates of classical geometry.
Site of magnesium and other macromineral absorption in steers fed high levels of potassium.

Six Angus x Simmental steers, surgically equipped with abomasal and ileal cannulae, were used during three metabolism trials. Steers were blocked according to weight ad were allotted to three dietary K levels (.6, 2.4 and 4.8% dry basis) for each trial with the restriction that no animal would receive the same level during two successive trials. Each trial consisted of a 5-d transition, a 10-d preliminary period, a 7-d collection of feed, feces and urine and a 6-d sampling of feed, feces and abomasal and ileal fluid. Chromic oxide (.5%) was used as an indicator to measure flow through the digestive tract. Magnesium absorption decreased linearly (P less than .05) with increasing level of dietary K. The primary site of Mg absorption was the preintestinal region followed by a net secretion into the small intestine. Preintestinal Mg absorption was decreased 39% when 4.8% K was fed. Serum Mg was lower at high levels of dietary K. Potassium absorption increased linearly when expressed as g/d and curvilinearly when expressed as percentage of intake, with increasing levels of dietary K. When .6% K was fed, the primary site of K absorption was the small intestine, but with the high levels of K, the preintestinal region was also an important site of absorption. The effect of high K level on Mg absorption in steers was similar to that observed previously in sheep.
Risk-Averse Designs: From Exponential Cost to Stochastic Games

We discuss the relationship between risk-averse designs based on exponential cost functions and a class of stochastic games, which yields a robustness interpretation for risk-averse decision rules through a stochastic dissipation inequality. In particular, we prove the equivalence between risk-averse linear filter designs and saddle-point solutions of a particular stochastic differential game with asymmetric information for the players. A byproduct of this study is that risk-averse filters for linear signal-measurement models are robust (through a stochastic dissipation inequality) to unmodeled perturbations in both the signal and the measurement processes.
Analytic Hierarchy Process to Weigh Groundwater Management Criteria in Coastal Regions

Abstract Utilizing freshwater resources in coastal regions to meet current societal demands without endangering the needs of future generations typically requires a reliance on management actions that are based on carefully chosen criteria. However, when it comes to managing coastal groundwater resources, it is not clear whether there is consensus among water professionals about (a) which criteria are the most important and, (b) how the degree of importance varies among criteria. In this study, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to quantify the degree of importance of various groundwater management criteria by ascribing weights to the criteria. The criteria that are considered in this study are hydrogeologic and aquifer characteristics, socio-economic demands and needs of the study area, population dependent on groundwater resources, available groundwater supply, availability of alternate water sources, financial capability to develop alternate water resources, and political motivation and support to develop alternate water resources. A Likert-type survey was administered to 136 water professionals in various work sectors and locations across the United States to determine important criteria for managing groundwater. Results from the AHP reveal that water professionals perceived hydrogeologic and aquifer characteristics as the most important criterion for groundwater management, with a weight of 28%, followed by the availability of groundwater sources with a weight of 19%. Socio-economic demands and needs of the study area, population dependent on groundwater resources, available groundwater supply, and availability of alternate water sources were of intermediate importance, with weights ranging from 11% to 16%. Financial capability to develop alternate water resources with a weight of 8% and political will with a weight of 5% were perceived to be the least important criteria. The results also reveal that there were no differences in perceptions of professionals from different work sectors or geographic locations. This study illustrates the usefulness of the AHP in managing groundwater resources in coastal regions.
Characteristics and outcomes of therapy-related myeloid neoplasms after treatment for multiple myeloma.

Outcomes and life expectancy for patients with multiple myeloma (MM) have improved substantially over the last two decades with advancements in therapy, including autologous stem cell transplantati...
Love as Commitment

This chapter discusses the feeling of commitment—in short terms as well as in long terms. In many cultures, it is considered as a key experience of love. The chapter also discusses pros and cons of the beliefs and practice of exclusivity in love. The norms of exclusivity depend on cultural parameters, such as gender equality and others. The chapter also describes the values and experience of long-term commitment in American, Chinese, Japanese, and Indians cultures.
A cost-effectiveness analysis of pretreatment DPYD and UGT1A1 screening in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) treated with FOLFIRI+bevacizumab (FOLFIRI+Bev).

168Background: Variants in DPYD and UGT1A1 impact toxicities experienced by patients being treated with FOLFIRI+bev. Testing allows providers to preemptively adjust dosing, reducing the toxicity th...
Integrating Climate Adaptation, Poverty Reduction, and Environmental Conservation in Kwale County, Kenya

Shoreline erosion, flood surges, river sediments, and water pollution are only a few of the common threats to many coastal areas, with extreme climate-related events exacerbating the intensity and urgency of the resulting negative impacts. In addition, some coastal areas are excessively mined for sand, protective mangroves are destroyed, and coastal waters are overfished, affecting the well-being, safety, and livelihoods of local communities. These threats disproportionally affect the poorest and most marginalized groups, including women and children, leading to their increased vulnerability to climate change and adoption of negative coping mechanisms.
Exploratory analysis of barriers to effective post-disaster recovery

Abstract Destructive natural disasters, affect countries around the world. To recover from a disaster, the managers need to make various decisions; however, what makes the post-disaster decision making unique is lack of time to make the optimum decision. A comprehensive understanding of barriers to recovery can lead to development of policies that help prevent delays in recovery process and consequently results in resiliency. Although several studies have been performed to identify the recovery barriers, they did not provide a comprehensive review of barriers and their classification. This paper aimed to identify and categorize barriers to effective post-disaster recovery with a focus on hurricanes. An exhaustive review of 1535 publications from existing literature was performed, and after a thorough search and exclusion process, 452 publications, focusing on hurricane-related issues and authored by scientists, practitioners, etc., were collected and sorted by source of literature, disaster type, year of publication, continent of origin, and data collection method. Sixty-three (63) barriers to effective post-disaster recovery were identified and sorted into five categories: financial and economic, social, infrastructure and housing reconstruction, environment, and coordination and resources. The barriers in each category were ranked, based on how frequently they were referred in the studied literature. The results demonstrated that infrastructure and housing reconstruction category includes highest number of recovery barriers. The top two most-cited barriers in the literature were low rate of employment and low number of active small businesses. The results of this study assist decision-makers identify obstacles to effective recovery, and adopt efficient recovery strategies.
Kurt Schütte’s Way

This is the text of an oral contribution to the Schutte Kolloquium held at the Mathematical Institute, Munich, Nov. 14, 1999.
Results from single-shock Marble experiments studying thermonuclear burn in the presence of heterogeneous mix on the National Ignition Facility

Abstract The Marble campaign on the National Ignition Facility investigates the effect of heterogeneous mix on thermonuclear burn for comparison to a probability distribution function (PDF) burn model. Marble utilizes plastic capsules filled with deuterated plastic foam and a fill gas containing tritium. As the capsules implode, the deuterium in the foam mixes with the tritium gas, and DT neutrons are produced as the shocks compress and heat the mixture. The yield of DT neutrons is dependent on the uniformity of the mix, with more heterogeneous mix producing fewer neutrons. In Marble, the heterogeneity of the mix is controlled by varying the diameter of voids introduced into the foam. The first NIF Marble campaign has been executed in which the Marble capsules were indirectly driven with a single strong shock using NIF hohlraums. The experiments produce a low-convergence, high-ion-temperature implosion. The ratio of DT to DD neutron yield is largely consistent with uniform atomic mix for fine-pore foam, and increases slightly with void diameter, contrary to 1D simulations using the PDF burn model. Recent 3D high-resolution simulations of similar experiments performed on the Omega Laser Facility suggest an explanation.
11509 Data visualization of scholarly productivity data to evaluate the KL2 training programs

ABSTRACT IMPACT: This work will help assess the effectiveness of the mentored career development programs. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: There is increased attention on assessing the impact of the CTSA in building a research workforce through mentored career development programs. We propose using data visualization to assess and communicate the impact of the programs on the scholars career development. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Evaluators from two CTSAs collaborated to visualize the KL2 data such as demographics, scholarly productivity (publications, grants, intellectual property), and time to promotion that is already tracked through REDCap at their institutions. Excel, Tableau, and Microsoft PowerBi were then used to generate trends in scholarly productivity over time. The goal was to compare how different tools can be used to visualize bibliometric data, based on what is available at the respective institutions. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Longitudinal visual summary reports were produced for the entire program as well individual scholar progress. These reports can be used to identify trends such as how long after program completion do participants achieve their next milestone, what type of milestones are achieved, when in their career is their scholarly productivity the highest, etc. Answers to these questions could tell a story of the effectiveness of a mentored development program in the participants’ career. It can also highlight gaps and areas of opportunities that the program must address, either by adapting their curriculum or clarifying their intended outcomes. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Data visualization provides better understanding of the impact of the training programs on the scholars career development. Such insights are otherwise missing when evaluations are only focused on the percentage of scholars who were still engaged in research after completion of the program.
Low complexity domains, condensates, and stem cell pluripotency

Biological reactions require self-assembly of factors in the complex cellular milieu. Recent evidence indicates that intrinsically disordered, low-complexity sequence domains (LCDs) found in regulatory factors mediate diverse cellular processes from gene expression to DNA repair to signal transduction, by enriching specific biomolecules in membraneless compartments or hubs that may undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). In this review, we discuss how embryonic stem cells take advantage of LCD-driven interactions to promote cell-specific transcription, DNA damage response, and DNA repair. We propose that LCD-mediated interactions play key roles in stem cell maintenance and safeguarding genome integrity.
Sacrificial causalities of nuclear weapons: Takashi Nagai and Albert Wohlstetter:

After the U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan in 1945, both nations experienced a profound need for a new and encompassing story of what it meant to be Japanese, and to be ...
Stability Robustness Analysis Maneuverability, and Sensitivity in the Large

The primary objective of this chapter is to advance the correlation between the theory of stability and that of sensitivity. Undoubtedly system stability is of paramount concern in design and operation of any dynamical control system. Stability is a gross necessity for any proper functioning of system, while sensitivity more specifically indicates the ability of system to retain required performance characteristics despite changes in operating conditions. Thus the main thrust of following analyses is to describe various issues regarding to the construction of a robustly stable dynamical system subject to multiple-parameter variations, because such a construction is the prerequisite to design of any robust, multiple-objective, control system.
Low temperature fracture behavior of a Ti-6Al-4V alloy and its electron beam welds

The effects of electron beam welding on the fracture behavior of a recrystallization annealed, extra-low-interstitial Ti-6Al-4V alloy have been investigated at temperatures in the ambient-to-cryogenic range. Plane strain fracture toughness (K I c ) and subcritical crack growth parameters were measured using compact specimens 10 to 25.4 mm thick. These parameters can be used to predict the safe operating lifetimes of cryogenic pressure vessels and other welded Ti-6Al-4V structures. At intermediate stress intensity factors and within the data scatter for replicate tests, the growth rates of fatigue cracks sited in the fusion and heat-affected zones of electron beam weldments were temperature insensitive and nearly equivalent to rates for the base metal. However, electron beam welding introduced a zone of low fracture toughness at the heat-affected-zone/fusion-zone boundary. The K I c value for this boundary zone at liquid nitrogen temperature (76 K) was 51 MPa/m 1 / 2 , 16 percent lower than the base metal. The base metal fracture toughness increases between 4 and 295 K, with an abrupt transition to higher K I c values occurring at temperatures between 76 and 125 K. Static load cracking, temperature effects, and specimen orientation effects on the fracture behavior of this titanium alloy are central topics of discussion.
Transverse momentum broadening due to the multiple scattering

Using the Drell-Yan process in hadron-nucleus collisions and deeply inelastic lepton-nucleus scattering (DIS) as examples, I show that the transverse momentum broadening can be expressed in terms of four-parton correlation functions. I argue that jet broadening in DIS provide an excellent measurement of the four-parton correlation functions and a test of QCD treatment of the multiple scattering.
Decline in bone marrow proliferative capacity as a function of age.

Bone marrow from old (greater than 2 yr of age) and young (8-10 wk of age) male C3H/HeJ mice was grown in long-term bone marrow cultures and assayed for weekly hematopoietic stem cell (CFUs) production and interval self-renewal capacity (R5). Greater numbers of CFUs were noted in old marrow as compared to young marrow cultures over the first 4 wk duration, but subsequently, greater numbers of CFUs were seen weekly in the young marrow cultures. Over 1 3 wk in culture, the total CFUs determination was greater in young marrow cultures. Similarly. self-renewal capacity (R1) was greater in old as compared to young marrow-adherent CFUs over the first 4-5 wk. but subsequently, young marrow CFUs had a greater self-renewal. In an attempt to separately study stroma from hematopoietic cells. old and young hematoN ORMAL MAMMALIAN diploid cells appear to have limited proliferative capacity in vitro. Hayflick and Moorehead, in studies with human embryonic lung fibroblasts, found that only a limited number of population doublings were obtained before the culture failed. This limitation appears to be related to the in vivo age of the fibroblasts; the older the donor fibroblast, the fewer subcultivations obtained.”2 In vivo there are data suggesting that the proliferative capacity of the hematopoietic stem cell is limited.35 Marrow appears capableof undergoing only a limited number of serial transfers regardless of the number of cells initially transferred or the amount of time between transfers. Increasing the time between transfers allows recovery of the hematopoietic system initially, but after 4-5 transfers, donor marrow cannot be found in the recipient, and survival of irradiated recipients is due to surviving recipient cells rather than to trans
Reconfigurable UWB bandpass filter with flexible notch characteristics

The paper reports a novel compact tunable ultra-wideband (UWB) notch filter using hybrid microstrip and coplanar waveguide (CPW) structure. The tunable notch is implemented to filter out the wireless local area network (WLAN) channels from 5 GHz to 6 GHz. The proposed structure utilizes the resonance of open ended stubs to achieve transmission zeroes in the filter passband. Varactors and by-pass capacitors are then introduced for dynamic tunability of notch. Further, the electromagnetic decoupling of the two resonators leads to tunable bandwidth of notch. DC bias circuitry is implemented to control the varactor capacitances. Rejection levels up to 25 dB are attained using this technique while maintaining insertion loss levels below 2.5 dB in the passband. The reconfigurability of bandwidth is shown by maintaining a constant bandwidth of 150 MHz across the WLAN band for the notch. The filter attains excellent wide bandwidth (from 2.5 GHz to 8.5 GHz) using multimode-resonator (MMR) based topology which makes the filter one wavelength long at the central frequency.
Tort Law and Social Morality

Part I. Other-Regarding Behavior: 1. Law as a social institution 2. Social cohesion and social values: the reasonable person Part II. The Normative Justification: 3. An integrated normative analysis 4. Kantian duty 5. Rawlsian consequentialism: Rawls and social cohesion Part III. The Theory Applied: 6. Social cohesion and autonomy: the justificational boundary of duty 7. Social cohesion and moral agency: the justification for proximate cause 8. Social cohesion and strict liability 9. Using another's property 10. Product liability: social cohesion and agency relationships 11. Customer-centered enterprise liability 12. Social cohesion and knowledge: the intentional torts Part IV. Lessons and Extrapolations: 13. The whole in one.
Bringing Human Rights Home: The DC Right to Housing Campaign

The United Nations Centre for Human Settlements estimates that globally over one billion people live in inadequate housing, with an excess of 100 million people living in conditions classified as homelessness. Here in the District of Columbia, a city with the widest income gap between rich and poor of any city in the country, we do not need to look further than our backyard to bear witness to the truth of these statistics.2
Quantifying Network Denial of Service: A Location Service Case Study

Network Denial of Service (DoS) attacks are increasing in frequency, severity and sophistication, making it desirable to measure the resilience of systems to DoS attacks. In this paper, we propose a simulation-based methodology and apply it to attacks on object location services such as DNS. Our results allow us to contrast the DoS resilience of three distinct architectures for object location.
Calcium-independent phospholipase A2: structure and function

The classical Ca(2+)-independent phospholipase A(2) enzyme, now known as Group VIA PLA(2), was initially purified and characterized from the P388D(1) macrophage-like cell line. The corresponding cDNA was subsequently cloned from a variety of sources, and it is now known that multiple splice variants of the enzyme are expressed, some of which may act as negative regulators of the active enzyme. Group VIA PLA(2) has a consensus lipase motif (GTSTG) containing the catalytic serine, is 85-88 kDa, and exists in an aggregated form. The enzyme contains multiple ankyrin repeats, which may play a role in oligomerization. The Group VIA enzyme exhibits lysophospholipase activity as well as phospholipase A(2) activity, and it is capable of hydrolyzing a wide variety of phospholipid substrates. A major function of Group VIA PLA(2) is to mediate phospholipid remodeling, but the enzyme may play other roles as well. Other Ca(2+)-independent PLA(2) enzymes have more recently been identified, and it may be possible to discriminate between the various Ca(2+)-independent PLA(2) enzymes based on sequence or inhibitor-sensitivity. However, the physiological functions of the newly identified enzymes have yet to be elucidated.
Acts of Vision : The Practice of Licensing

SUMMARY This chapter provides an overview of licensing practices in the realm of electronic information. The role of licensing in current library organizational structures is described. The resources and tools that license practitioners use to perform effectively are reviewed. In addition, licensing issues and challenges are discussed, and attention is drawn to the ways in which the practice of licensing shapes the library and information science (LIS) profession.
A Pharmacokinetic Study to Determine the Drug Interaction between Valproate and Propranolol

A 40-year-old female receiving divalproex sodium (VPA) monotherapy for epilepsy developed a tremor secondary to the drug. Propranolol treatment was initiated. While receiving propranolol 40 mg, VPA clearance was reduced from 1.66 L/hr to 1.19 L/hr and dropped to 1.08 L/hr on propranolol 80 mg. The mechanism of this interaction is unknown. To evaluate the potential for a drug interaction between these two agents, 12 patients on VPA monotherapy, ages 19-55, were studied. The subjects were maintained on a constant dose of VPA. Each was then randomly assigned to receive placebo, or long-acting propranolol 60 mg/day or 120 mg/day. Mean VPA serum concentrations did not change among the three groups. Plasma half-life of VPA ranged from 7.3-18 hours and did not change with coadministration of propranolol. We concluded that VFA metabolism is not affected by coadministration of propranolol in this group of patients.
The Story of NLRB v. Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co.: The High Cost of Solidarity

In 1938, in NLRB v. Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co., the Supreme Court offered one of its earliest interpretations of the National Labor Relations Act. Although the Court's holding provided that employers may not discriminate against employees for their union activity when the strike is over and workers are reinstated, dicta in the opinion also provided that under the NLRA employers enjoy an unrestricted right to replace strikers. In the 70 years since the Court's announcement, scholars remain baffled by the contradictions presented by the "Mackay doctrine" - a rule that forbids employers from discharging legally protected strikers while, at the same time, allows those employers to hire other workers to replace strikers. Such a rule seemingly upsets the neutrality toward the parties the NLRA was intended to embody. But as irreconcilable as these principles seem, the Mackay doctrine failed to attract sustained criticism until the 1960s. To account for this latter day criticism, the authors examine the history of the case, but more significantly, the developments in labor law and industrial relations in the years since Mackay was decided. Their analysis reveals some of the basic problems, tensions, and social understandings that underlie the NLRA. Ultimately, they conclude, Mackay reiterates the abiding need for worker solidarity in collective bargaining. The willingness of individuals to make cause with others, and make personal sacrifices for the common good, not only inform labor relations, but are central to the survival of any democracy.
Progress in molecular scale devices and circuits

Presents a review of the basic concepts of self-assembled molecular-scale electronic devices, their conduction mechanisms, and recent experimental progress. New fabrication techniques to study the transport mechanism of organic molecular wires are employed to provide metallic contacts to the self-assembled monolayer of a small number of conjugated molecular wires. A clear and outstanding challenge is the synthesis and measurement of 3-terminal structures, and the determination of gain mechanisms in such structures. Initial results on candidates are reported.
Application of power sensors in the control and monitoring of a residential microgrid

Advancements in sensor and metering technologies enable us to affordably collect more data than ever before and this data can be used to revolutionize the power industry. The ability to sense and monitor power characteristics in near real time and feed this information to control systems operating to optimize the grid enables better operation of both large and small scale power systems. Real-time power sensors working with a near real-time control system is necessary for a microgrid which has intermittent renewable generation and time varying loads. Knowing how much energy is flowing through the system is crucial for stable operation while islanded and is important to maintain economic feasibility. The application of advancements in cloud communications and embedded sensors can be used to augment the control of a residential microgrid through the real time data collection and control of both loads and generation resources. Using an advanced sub-metering system to monitor the flow of energy through the microgrid, a connection to the ISO's energy market, and local environmental data provides efficient operation and insight into the near real-time operation of the system. The data can also be logged for future analysis external to the system to allow for better future development of control strategies and can be used to make better predictions of energy needs and costs. These predictions can be used to ensure the renewable energy is used in the most economic manner ensuring the best possible equivalent price of energy. Such an integrated and predictive system can also store thermal energy inaugurating a paradigm shift from a “demand response market” to one that becomes an “availability responsive market”.
INCORPORATION OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID IN THE BACILLUS SUBTILIS TRANSFORMATION SYSTEM

Young, F. E. (Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio) and John Spizizen. Incorporation of deoxyribonucleic acid in the Bacillus subtilis transformation system. J. Bacteriol. 86:392–400. 1963.—The optimal conditions for the incorporation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) were studied. In competent cells, the irreversible binding of DNA was influenced by temperature, hydrogen ion concentration, and aeration. Divalent cations, such as barium, strontium, calcium, or magnesium, were required. Under suboptimal environmental conditions and with metabolic inhibitors, the process of transformation was decreased to a greater extent than was incorporation of DNA. Under conditions of phosphate depletion, the incorporation of P32 increased. However, the frequency of transformation decreased. This inducible process was not related to competence.
Diesel Aerospace Support Equipment

Diesel engine powered electric sets are prominent in the Aerospace support picture because they combine experience and new ideas into a practical, economical package. This paper is a study of the present status and future potential of diesel electric equipment and a discussion of how this power source reached its present importance.
Using the GA and TAO toolkits for solving large-scale optimization problems on parallel computers

Challenges in the scalable solution of large-scale optimization problems include the development of innovative algorithms and efficient tools for parallel data manipulation. This article discusses two complementary toolkits from the collection of Advanced CompuTational Software (ACTS), namely, Global Arrays (GA) for parallel data management and the Toolkit for Advanced Optimization (TAO), which have been integrated to support large-scale scientific applications of unconstrained and bound constrained minimization problems. Most likely to benefit are minimization problems arising in classical molecular dynamics, free energy simulations, and other applications where the coupling among variables requires dense data structures. TAO uses abstractions for vectors and matrices so that its optimization algorithms can easily interface to distributed data management and linear algebra capabilities implemented in the GA library. The GA/TAO interfaces are available both in the traditional library mode and as components compliant with the Common Component Architecture (CCA). We highlight the design of each toolkit, describe the interfaces between them, and demonstrate their use.
Virtual Behavior Settings: An Application of Behavior Setting Theories to Virtual Communities

Virtual communities are a new social phenomenon in computer-mediated communication (CMC). Within these communities, a sense of place is emerging that may provide a key to understanding them. This paper proposes that virtual communities can be better understood as operating within an emerging environmental form: virtual behavior settings, a concept informed by Barker's (1968, 1978a) and Wicker's (1987, 1992) theories of (face-to-face) behavior settings, altered by considerations of the distinctive qualities of time, place, and objects in CMC. Virtual behavior settings are examined in terms of the emergence and maintenance of setting programs, their participants, and their operation within physical behavior settings.
A Fluorescent Probe Study of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 EVIDENCE FOR REACTIVE CENTER LOOP INSERTION AND ITS ROLE IN THE INHIBITORY MECHANISM

A mutant recombinant plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) was created (Ser-338 → Cys) in which cysteine was placed at the P9 position of the reactive center loop. Labeling this mutant with N,N′-dimethyl-N(acetyl)-N′-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) ethylene diamine (NBD) provided a molecule with a fluorescent probe at that position. The NBD-labeled mutant was almost as reactive as wild type but was considerably more stable. Complex formation with tissue or urokinase type plasminogen activator (tPA or uPA), and cleavage between P3 and P4 with a catalytic concentration of elastase, all resulted in identical 13-nm blue shifts of the peak fluorescence emission wavelength and 6.2-fold fluorescence enhancements. Formation of latent PAI showed the same 13-nm spectral shift with a 6.7-fold fluorescence emission increase, indicating that the NBD probe is in a slightly more hydophobic milieu. These changes can be attributed to insertion of the reactive center loop into the β sheet A of the inhibitor in a manner that exposes the NBD probe to a more hydrophobic milieu. The rate of loop insertion due to tPA complexation was followed using stopped flow fluorimetry. This rate showed a hyperbolic dependence on tPA concentration, with a half-saturation concentration of 0.96 μM and a maximum rate constant of 3.4 s−1. These results demonstrate experimentally that complexation with proteases is presumably associated with loop insertion. The identical fluorescence changes obtained with tPA•PAI-1 and uPA•PAI-1 complexes and elastase-cleaved PAI-1 strongly suggest that in the stable protease-PAI-1 complex the reactive center loop is cleaved and inserted into β sheet A and that this process is central to the inhibition mechanism.
BindN: a web-based tool for efficient prediction of DNA and RNA binding sites in amino acid sequences.

BindN (http://bioinformatics.ksu.edu/bindn/) takes an amino acid sequence as input and predicts potential DNA or RNA-binding residues with support vector machines (SVMs). Protein datasets with known DNA or RNA-binding residues were selected from the Protein Data Bank (PDB), and SVM models were constructed using data instances encoded with three sequence features, including the side chain pKa value, hydrophobicity index and molecular mass of an amino acid. The results suggest that DNA-binding residues can be predicted at 69.40% sensitivity and 70.47% specificity, while prediction of RNA-binding residues achieves 66.28% sensitivity and 69.84% specificity. When compared with previous studies, the SVM models appear to be more accurate and more efficient for online predictions. BindN provides a useful tool for understanding the function of DNA and RNA-binding proteins based on primary sequence data.
Introducing Real-Time AVHRR-APT Satellite Imagery in the Classroom Environment

A low-cost (US$350) satellite receiving station was assembled and operated within a classroom environment in Gainesville (Florida) on October 2001 for acquiring satellite data directly from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellites. The simplicity of the satellite signal makes this source of real-time satellite data readily accessible to the K-16 educational community. The educational strategy of this program sought to achieve pedagogical effectiveness within the sciences, mathematics, and technology through the cultivation of applied, critical, and analytical skills. The applied hands-on laboratory and lecture experiences aimed at enabling students to visualize and integrate the various concepts presented in the classroom. The characteristics of the satellite data provide students and educators with “live” visible and infrared images that allow for the visualization and exploration of dynamic scientific concepts, making the AHVRR-APT system a suitable educational tool for complementing the K-16 curricula. This educational experience relied on inexpensive radio equipment for accessing satellite data through the exploration of modern space technology. When compared to Internet-based sources of AVHRR data, the virtual nature of Internet portals cannot provide students with a “live” satellite data acquisition experience, such as that available through a classroom-based AVHRR-APT satellite receiving station.
Crack size effects on the chemical driving force for aqueous corrosion fatigue

Small crack size accelerates corrosion fatigue propagation through high strength 4130 steel in aqueous 3 pct NaCl. The size effect is attributed to crack geometry dependent mass transport and electrochemical reaction processes which govern embrittlement. For vacuum or moist air, growth rates are defined by stress intensity range independent of crack size (0.1 to 40 mm) and applied maximum stress (0.10 to 0.95 Φys). In contrast small (0.1 to 2 mm) surface elliptical and edge cracks in saltwater grow up to 500 times faster than long (15 to 40 mm) cracks at constant δK. Small cracks grow along prior austenite grain boundaries, while long cracks propagate by a brittle transgranular mode associated with tempered martensite. The small crack acceleration is maximum at low δK levels and decreases with increasing crack length at constant stress, or with increasing stress at constant small crack size. Reductions in corrosion fatigue growth rate correlate with increased brittle transgranular cracking. Crack mouth opening, proportional to the crack solution volume to surface area ratio, determines the environmental enhancement of growth rate and the proportions of inter- and transgranular cracking. Small cracks grow at rapid rates because of enhanced hydrogen production, traceable to increased hydrolytic acidification and reduced oxygen inhibition within the occluded cell.
National Mesothelioma Virtual Bank: A Platform for Collaborative Research and Mesothelioma Biobanking Resource to Support Translational Research

The National Mesothelioma Virtual Bank (NMVB), developed six years ago, gathers clinically annotated human mesothelioma specimens for basic and clinical science research. During this period, this resource has greatly increased its collection of specimens by expanding the number of contributing academic health centers including New York University, University of Pennsylvania, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, and Mount Sinai School of Medicine. Marketing efforts at both national and international annual conferences increase awareness and availability of the mesothelioma specimens at no cost to approved investigators, who query the web-based NMVB database for cumulative and appropriate patient clinicopathological information on the specimens. The data disclosure and specimen distribution protocols are tightly regulated to maintain compliance with participating institutions' IRB and regulatory committee reviews. The NMVB currently has over 1120 annotated cases available for researchers, including paraffin embedded tissues, fresh frozen tissue, tissue microarrays (TMA), blood samples, and genomic DNA. In addition, the resource offers expertise and assistance for collaborative research. Furthermore, in the last six years, the resource has provided hundreds of specimens to the research community. The investigators can request specimens and/or data by submitting a Letter of Intent (LOI) that is evaluated by NMVB research evaluation panel (REP).
Calderón’s method on an elliptical domain

One possible application for electrical impedance tomography is in medical imaging where lung and heart function may be monitored. One drawback of current algorithms is that they are implemented for use in a circular domain, but a human thorax is more elliptical than circular. In this paper, a reconstruction algorithm based on the work of Calderon (1980 Seminar on Numerical Analysis and its Applications to Continuum Physics (Rio de Janeiro) pp 65–75) on the inverse conductivity problem is derived for an elliptical domain. It is explained how this reconstruction algorithm uses a transformed Dirichlet-to-Neumann map. Experimental results from an elliptical tank are given to show how correct domain modelling reduces the artefacts produced by this version of Calderon’s reconstruction algorithm.
II in the sky? Microwave anisotropies and theories of cosmic structure formation

One of the most exciting prospects in cosmology over the next few years will be mapping the cosmic microwave background anisotropy. I discuss what we have and have not learned from COBE, and how degree scale mapping will tell us much more. It is only on these smaller scales that the specific signatures of topological defects become apparent. I review some recent work on using polarisation of the microwave sky as an additional probe of the physics of structure formation.
Some quantifiers require two-predicate scopes

Abstract Predicate calculus has long served as the basis of mathematical logic and has more recently achieved widespread use in artificial intelligence. This system of logic expresses propositions in terms of quantifications, restricting itself to the universal and existential quantifiers “all” and “some,” which appear to be adequate for formalizing mathematics. Systems that aspire to deal with natural language or everyday reasoning, however, must attempt to deal with the full range of quantifiers that occur in such language and reasoning, including, in particular, plurality quantifiers, such as “most,” “many,” and “few.” The logic of such quantifiers forces an extension of the predicate-calculus framework to a system of representation that involves more than one predicate in each quantification. In this paper, we prove this result for the specific case of “most.” Unlike some other arguments that attempt to establish the inadequacy of standard predicate calculus on the basis of intuitive plausibility judgements as to the likely character of human reasoning [11, 19], our result is a theorem of logic itself.
Attractor Spaces as Modules: A Semi-Eliminative Reduction of Symbolic AI to Dynamic Systems Theory

I propose a semi-eliminative reduction of Fodor's concept of module to the concept of attractor basin which is used in Cognitive Dynamic Systems Theory (DST). I show how attractor basins perform the same explanatory function as modules in several DST based research program. Attractor basins in some organic dynamic systems have even been able to perform cognitive functions which are equivalent to the If/Then/Else loop in the computer language LISP. I suggest directions for future research programs which could find similar equivalencies between organic dynamic systems and other cognitive functions. This type of research could help us discover how (and/or if) it is possible to use Dynamic Systems Theory to more accurately model the cognitive functions that are now being modeled by subroutines in Symbolic AI computer models. If such a reduction of subroutines to basins of attraction is possible, it could free AI from the limitations that prompted Fodor to say that it was impossible to model certain higher level cognitive functions.
The Integrated Spectrum of M67 and the Spectroscopic Age of M32

We construct an integrated spectrum of the intermediate-age, solar-metallicity Galactic cluster M67, from individual spectroscopic observations of bona fide cluster members. The spectrum so obtained is used as a template to test our stellar population synthesis models, in an age and metallicity regime where such models remain largely untested. As a result, we demonstrate that our models predict a spectroscopic age of 3.5 ± 0.5 Gyr for M67, which is the same age we obtain from fitting isochrones to the color-magnitude diagram of the cluster. Full consistency is reached when using either Hβ, Hγ, or Hδ as the age indicator. We also check if the models, when applied to the cluster integrated spectrum, predict elemental abundances in agreement with the known detailed abundance pattern of the cluster. The models also pass the latter test, by predicting the abundances of iron, magnesium, carbon, and nitrogen in agreement with detailed abundance analyses of cluster stars to within 0.1 dex. Encouraged by the high degree of consistency of our models, we apply them to the study of the integrated spectrum of the central 3'' of the compact elliptical galaxy M32. The resulting luminosity-weighted age of the galaxy ranges between 2 and 3.5 Gyr, depending on the age indicator adopted. According to our models, the center of M32 seems to have a supersolar iron abundance, ranging between [Fe/H] ~ +0.1 and +0.3, depending on the spectral index adopted. The light element magnesium seems to be underabundant in the center of M32 relative to iron by about ~0.1–0.2 dex, whereas the data are consistent with nearly solar carbon and nitrogen abundances relative to iron. We find that single-age, single-metallicity stellar population models with solar-scaled abundance patterns cannot fit all the Balmer and metal lines in the integrated spectrum of M32. In particular, there is a systematic trend in the sense that bluer absorption lines indicate a younger age and a higher metallicity. This slight inconsistency can be due either to (unaccounted for) abundance ratio effects on blue iron and Balmer line indices or to a spread of the ages of the stellar populations in M32. Current stellar population models cannot break this degeneracy at the level of accuracy required to address this problem.