cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Singlet oxygen quenching of tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum (Alq3) and N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-[1,1-biphenyl]-4,4-diamine (TPD)

Abstract Singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 , O 2 ( a 1 Δ g )) quenching by the organic light emitting device (OLED) electron transport material tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum (Alq 3 ) and hole transport material N , N′ -diphenyl- N , N′ -bis(3-methylphenyl)-[1,1-biphenyl]-4,4-diamine (TPD) in benzene has been investigated by measuring the 1270 nm phosphorescence of O 2 ( a 1 Δ g → X 3 ∑ g − ) following 532 nm irradiation of a C 60 benzene solution. A 1 O 2 quenching rate constant of 1.65±0.20×10 8 l mol −1 s −1 is obtained for Alq 3 with evidence of chemical quenching. The decrease in 1 O 2 phosphorescence upon TPD addition is primarily attributed to C 60 ∗ quenching by TPD. Direct TPD quenching of 1 O 2 is not observed in the present experiment, leading to an upper limit estimate of the 1 O 2 quenching rate constant of 10 6 l mol −1 s −1 .
IgE-mediated hypersensitivity in human heart !tissue: Histamine release and functional c,hanges

Abstract In experiments described herein, it was observed that IgE-mediated hypersensitivity can result in significant histamine and thromboxane release from human myocardium, suggesting that the human heart may participate as a target organ in allergic reactions. Muscle units (pectinate muscles) were isolated from human atrial appendages, removed routinely during corrective cardiac surgery, and were allowed to beat spontaneously in a tissue bath. Remnants of each atrial specimen were chopped and added to the tissue bath. Challenge of the atrial tissue with goat antiserum to human myeloma IgE caused histamine and thromboxane B, release and marked increases in contractility and spontaneous rate. In contrast, challenge with nonspecific goat antiserum or with antiserum from which anti-IgE antibodies had been removed caused neither mediator release nor changes in rate or contractility. The histamine H,-receptor antagonist cimetidine inhibited the inotropic and chronotropic changes but not the histamine release.
High-sensitivity thermospray ionization mass spectrometry of dyes

A series of dyes belonging to different chemical classes have been analyzed by thermospray (TSP) ionization mass spectrometry using a modified source containing a wire-repeller. Detection limits were determined and found to be in the range 0.05–20 ng, which are lower by a factor of 10–400 than previously published results. Positive-ion TSP mass spectra of some sulfonated dyes could be recorded for the first time owing to the increased sensitivity. Losses of SO3Na and 2SO3Na as well as losses of Na and 2Na were observed. The losses of each one of these groups involved replacement by a hydrogen atom.
The Mean Surface Water Balance over Africa and Its Interannual Variability

Abstract This article presents calculations of surface water balance for the African continent using a revised version of the Lettau climatonomy. Calculations are based on approximately 1400 rainfall stations, with records generally covering 60 yr or longer. Continental maps of evapotranspiration, runoff, and soil moisture are derived for January, July, and the annual mean. The model is also used to provide a gross estimate of the interannual variability of these parameters over most of the continent and local water balance calculations for a variety of locations in Africa. The results are compared with four other comprehensive global water balance studies. The results of this study are being used to produce a 1° × 1° gridded dataset for the continent, with potential applications for numerical modeling studies.
Extension of the Cordilleran Miogeosynclinal Belt to the San Andreas Fault, Southern California

Correlations of marine sedimentary rocks in the San Bernardino Mountains and western Mojave Desert area with known uppermost Precambrian and some Paleozoic rocks of the southern Great Basin suggest that a nearly complete succession of Cordilleran miogeosynclinal rocks extends into southern California. Pre-Mesozoic rocks in the San Bernardino Mountains consist of (1) gneiss and schist of Precambrian age (in part older than 1,750 m.y.); (2) the Saragossa Quartzite, here considered to be latest Precambrian and Early Cambrian in age; and (3) the Furnace Limestone, the upper part of which is locally dated by megafossils as Mississippian and possibly Pennsylvanian or Permian but considered here to contain strata ranging in age from Early Cambrian to Permian(?). The Saragossa Quartzite contains distinct units that can be lithologically correlated confidently with parts of the uppermost Precambrian and Lower Cambrian sequence containing the Johnnie, Stirling, Wood Canyon, and Zabriskie Formations of the eastern Mojave Desert and the southern Great Basin. Some rock units on Quartzite Mountain in the western Mojave Desert are lithologically correlated with the uppermost Precambrian and Cambrian Wood Canyon, Zabriskie, Carrara, and Bonanza King Formations of the eastern Mojave Desert and southern Great Basin. The Cordilleran miogeosynclinal belt is obliquely truncated by the San Andreas fault in southern California; a displaced segment may occur in the Salinian block 450 km to the northwest. Cordilleran miogeosynclinal rocks also occur in northwestern Mexico east of the San Andreas fault, indicating a major change in trend of the geosyncline between the Great Basin and Mexico.
Light scattering by nonspherical particles: remote sensing and climatic implications

Abstract Calculations of the scattering and adsorption properties of ice crystals and aerosols, which are usually nonspherical, require specific methodologies. There is no unique theoretical solution for the scattering by nonspherical particles. Practically, all the numerical solutions for the scattering of nonspherical particles, including the exact wave equation approach, integral equation method, and discrete-dipole approximation, are applicable only to size parameters less than about 20. Thus, these methods are useful for the study of radiation problems involving nonspherical aerosols and small ice crystals in the thermal infrared wavelengths. The geometric optics approximation has been used to evaluate the scattering, absorption and polarization properties of hexagonal ice crystals whose sizes are much larger than the incident wavelength. This approximation is generally valid for hexagonal ice crystals with size parameters larger than about 30. From existing laboratory data and theoretical results, we illustrate that nonspherical particles absorb less and have a smaller asymmetry factor than the equal-projected area/volume spherical counterparts. In particular, we show that hexagonal ice crystals exhibit numerous halo and arc features that cannot be obtained from spherical particles; and that ice crystals scatter more light in the 60° to 140° scattering angle regions than the spherical counterparts. Satellite remote sensing of the optical depth and height of cirrus clouds using visible and IR channels must use appropriate phase functions for ice crystals. Use of an equivalent sphere model would lead to a significant overestimation and underestimation of the cirrus optical depth and height, respectively. Interpretation of the measurements for polarization reflected from sunlight involving cirrus clouds cannot be made without an appropriate ice crystal model. Large deviations exist for the polarization patterns between spheres and hexagonal ice crystals. Interpretation of lidar backscattering and depolarization signals must also utilize the scattering characteristics of hexagonal ice crystals. Equivalent spherical models substantially underestimate the broadband solar albedos of ice crystal clouds because of stronger forward scattering and larger absorption by spherical particles than hexagonal ice crystals. We illustrate that the net cloud radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere involving most cirrus clouds is positive, implying that the IR greenhouse effect outweighs the solar albedo effect. If the radiative properties of equivalent spheres are used, a significant increase in cloud radiative forcing occurs. Using a one-dimensional cloud and climate model, we further demonstrate that there is sufficient model sensitivity, in terms of temperature increase, to the use of ice crystal models in radiation calculations.
Sediment flux modeling: Calibration and application for coastal systems

Abstract Benthic–pelagic coupling in shallow estuarine and coastal environments is an important mode of particle and solute exchange and can influence lag times in the recovery of eutrophic ecosystems. Links between the water column and sediments are mediated by particulate organic matter (POM) deposition to the sediment and its subsequent decomposition. Some fraction of the regenerated nutrients are returned to the water column. A critical component in modeling sediment fluxes is the organic matter flux to the sediment. A method is presented for estimating POM deposition, which is especially difficult to measure, by using a combination of long term time series of measured inorganic nutrient fluxes and a mechanistic sediment flux model (SFM). A Hooke–Jeeves pattern search algorithm is used to adjust organic matter deposition to fit ammonium ( NH 4 + ) flux at 12 stations in Chesapeake Bay for up to 17 years. POM deposition estimates matched reasonably well with sediment trap estimates on average (within 10%) and were strongly correlated with previously published estimates based upon sediment chlorophyll- a (chl- a ) distribution and degradation. Model versus field data comparisons of NH 4 + flux, sediment oxygen demand (SOD), sulfate ( SO 4 2 − ) reduction rate, porewater NH 4 + , and sedimentary labile carbon concentrations further validated model results and demonstrated that SFM is a powerful tool to analyze solute fluxes. Monthly model-field data comparisons clearly revealed that POM decomposition in the original SFM calibration was too rapid, which has implications for lagged ecosystem responses to nutrient management efforts. Finally, parameter adjustments have been made that significantly improve model-field data comparisons and underscore the importance of revisiting and recalibrating models as long time series (>5 years) become available.
Cloning, Expression, and Affinity Purification of RecombinantShigella flexneriInvasion Plasmid Antigens IpaB and IpaC

Abstract Shigella flexneri and related enteropathogenic bacteria are important agents of bacillary dysentery, a potentially life-threatening illness for children in underdeveloped regions of the world. Onset of shigellosis stems from S. flexneri invasion of colonic epithelial cells, leading to localized cell death and inflammation. Invasion plasmid antigens (Ipa) B, C, and D are three secreted proteins encoded by the large virulence plasmid of S. flexneri that have been implicated as essential effectors of this cell invasion process. These proteins are expressed as part of the ipa operon and are among the major targets of the host immune response to shigellosis. Biochemical characterization of the Ipa invasins has been complicated by the fact they have not been purified in the quantities needed for detailed in vitro analysis. Here we describe the first cloning, expression, and extensive purification of IpaB and IpaC fusion proteins from Escherichia coli for use in dissecting of the protein biochemistry of S. flexneri pathogenesis. A variety of approaches were used to prepare significant quantities of these proteins in their soluble forms, including the use of different host cell lines, modification of bacterial growth conditions, and the use of alternative plasmid expression vectors. Now that these Ipa proteins are available in a highly pure form, it will be possible to initiate studies on their important biological and immunological properties as well as their recruitment into high-molecular-weight protein complexes. Together with IpaD (purified as part of a previous study), these purified proteins will be useful for: (a) exploring properties of the host immune response to S. flexneri invasion, (b) elucidating the specific biochemical properties that lead to pathogen internalization, (c) analyzing the importance of specific Ipa protein complexes in host cell invasion, and (d) monitoring, or perhaps even augmenting, the efficacy of live oral vaccines in human trials.
Bone marrow–derived CD8α+TCR− cells that facilitate allogeneic bone marrow transplantation are a mixed population of lymphoid and myeloid progenitors

Objective We have characterized a hematopoietic cell population isolated from murine bone marrow that can facilitate purified hematopoietic stem cell engraftment across fully allogeneic major histocompatibility complex barriers. These facilitating cells (FCs) are classically identified as CD8α + TCR − by flow cytometry. Prior work has demonstrated that FCs are comprised of a heterogeneous cell population with both lymphoid and myeloid phenotypes. The present investigation was designed to more precisely characterize these subsets in terms of both phenotype and developmental potential. Methods Using fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis, freshly isolated FCs were characterized for phenotypic expression of various lymphocyte progenitor markers. The lymphopoietic potential of FCs was evaluated by culturing freshly isolated FCs on bone marrow stroma cells overexpressing notch ligand 1 (OP9-DL1). Transcripts specific to pTα and TCRα were quantitated by employing real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Maturation of the T-cell receptor (TCR) on FCs was biochemically analyzed by immunoprecipitation. Result Freshly isolated FCs had significant expression of CD44 + CD25 − and CD44 + CD25 + phenotypes. A discrete subset of CD8 + CD4 + cells are also identified in the FC population, similar to the double-positive phase of thymocyte development. Of particular interest, FCs express pre-TCRα (pTα) mRNA and protein as demonstrated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, intracellular staining and immunoprecipitation. FCs grown on OP9-DL1 with interleukin-7 and FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand can mature into CD44 − CD25 + , CD8 + CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. During this developmental process, expression of the 33-kDa pTα chain was replaced by a mature 40-kDa TCRα chain. Conclusion Taken together, these data demonstrate for the first time that the marrow-derived FC contains a T-cell progenitor population that closely resembles developing thymocytes.
Addressing the Challenges of Emerging Infectious Diseases

Through the recent examples of diphtheria in the former Soviet Union, plague in India, and trends in pneumonia mortality in the United States, the author, in this article, illustrates issues in emerging infectious diseases. The Centers for Disease Control’s plan, Addressing Emerging Infectious Disease Threats: A Prevention Strategy for the United States, is summarized. Initial efforts to implement this plan are described, with particular focus on the development of Emerging Infections Programs, which are conducting epidemiologic and laboratory projects on several infectious diseases, including invasive bacterial diseases, unexplained deaths, foodborne diseases, and ehrlichiosis in four population-based sites in the United States.
Increased spinal cord lead content in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis — Possibly a secondary phenomenon

In the interest of discovering primary toxicological effects or determining mechanisms of action, laboratory studies are often designed to examine the effects of individual pollutants or pathogens. Although the value of this approach cannot be doubted, it is nonetheless clear that the concurrent existence in an animal or man of several different pollutants, stresses or diseases may determine in large measure the kind and extent of damage to the organism.
Genetic alterations in the Catnb gene but not the H-ras gene in hepatocellular neoplasms and hepatoblastomas of B6C3F1 mice following exposure to diethanolamine for 2 years

The present study characterized the immunohistochemical localization of β-catenin protein in hepatocellular neoplasms and hepatoblastomas in B6C3F1 mice exposed to diethanolamine (DEA) for 2 years and evaluated genetic alterations in the Catnb and H-ras genes which are known to play important roles in the pathogenesis of liver malignancies. Genomic DNA was isolated from paraffin sections of each liver tumor. Catnb exon 2 (corresponds to exon 3 in human) genetic alterations were identified in 18/18 (100%) hepatoblastomas from DEA exposed mice. Deletion mutations (15/18, 83%) were identified more frequently than point mutations (6/18, 33%) in hepatoblastomas. Eleven of 34 (32%) hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas from DEA treated mice had mutations in exon 2 of the β-catenin gene, while only 1 of 10 spontaneous neoplasms had a deletion mutation of codon 5–6. Common to all liver neoplasms (hepatocellular adenomas, carcinomas and hepatoblastomas) was membrane staining for the β-catenin protein, while cytoplasmic and nuclear staining was observed only in hepatoblastomas. The lack of H-ras mutations in hepatocellular neoplasms and hepatoblastomas suggests that the ras signal transduction pathway is not involved in the development of liver tumors following DEA exposure which is different from that of spontaneous liver tumors that often contain H-ras mutations.
Teacher professionalism, educational aims and action research: the evolution of policy in the United Kingdom

Abstract The article explores the changing place of research in teachers' professional development. Starting with the rise of the action research movement in the late 1960s, it traces various versions of partnership in research up to the present time. It argues that current initiatives present more favourable opportunities for teachers' professional development through research than was previously the case. A stakeholder approach to research in which teachers act as partners with other users of education in determining, carrying out and evaluating a research agenda is advocated.
NIST-DARPA interagency agreement: spoken language program

1. To coordinate the design, development and distribution of speech and natural language corpora for the DARPA Spoken Language research community.
Prevalence and correlates of suicide ideation in patients with COPD: a mixed methods study

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation (SI) in patients with stable moderate to very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted an exploratory mixed methods analysis of data from participants in a longitudinal observational study of depression in COPD. We measured depression with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), which includes an item on SI. We compared participants with and without SI in relation to sociodemographics, symptoms, anxiety, and healthcare resource use with independent t-tests and chi-square tests. Content analysis was performed on qualitative data gathered during a structured SI safety assessment. RESULTS: Of 202 participants, 121 (60%) had depressive symptoms (PHQ ≥6); 51 (25%) had a PHQ-9 ≥10, indicating a high likelihood of current major depression; and 22 (11%) reported SI. Compared to the 99 depressed participants without SI, those with SI were more likely to be female (59% vs 27%, P=0.004); had worse dyspnea (P=0.009), depression (PCONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that current SI is common in COPD, may occur disproportionately in women, can persist despite mental health treatment, and has complex relationships with both health and life events. Adequate management of SI in COPD may therefore require tailored, comprehensive treatment approaches that integrate medical and mental health objectives. Language: en
Mercury Capture on Fly Ash and Sorbents: The Effects of Coal Properties and Combustion Conditions

The US fleet of coal-fired power plants, with generating capacity of just over 300 GW, is known to be a major source of domestic mercury (Hg) emissions. To address this, in March 2005, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) promulgated the Clean Air Mercury Rule (CAMR) to reduce emissions of mercury from these plants. It is generally believed that most of the initial (Phase I) mercury reductions will come as a co-benefit of existing controls used to remove particulate matter (PM), SO2, and NOX. Deeper reductions in emissions (as required in Phase II of CAMR) may require the installation of mercury-specific control technology. Duct injection of activated carbon sorbents is the mercury-specific control technology that has been most widely studied and has been demonstrated over a wide range of coal types and combustion conditions. The effectiveness of the mercury control options (both “co-benefit control” and “mercury-specific control”) is significantly impacted by site-specific characteristics such as the combustion conditions, the configuration of existing air pollution controls, and the type of coal burned. This paper identifies the role of coal properties and combustion conditions in the capture of mercury by fly ash and injected sorbents.
Sulindac kinetics and effects on renal function and prostaglandin excretion in renal insufficiency

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of sulindac, a purported “renal sparing” nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and its effects on renal function and prostaglandin excretion in patients with reduced glomerular filtration rate. Twelve female patients (glomerular filtration rate 37 ± 4 mL/min) were treated with sulindac 200 mg bid for 11 days. Urinary PGE2, 6-keto-PGF1α and serum thromboxane (TxB2) generation were measured by radioimmunoassay (BIA) following extraction on C-18 columns. Glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow were measured by 99TC-DPTA and 131I-para-aminohippuric acid clearance. In six patients serum and urine levels of sulindac and its metabolites were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPhC). Sulindac was rapidly absorbed and converted to sulindac sulfide with peak levels 2 hours after a single dose, but steady state levels were not reached prior to drug discontinuation. Sulindac sulfide AUC (0–5 hours μg min/mL) progressively increased from 382 to 3,030 on day 11. It did not appear in the urine. Baseline urinary PGE2 and 6-keto-PGF1α excretion were 23.8 ± 5.6 and 18.9 ± 2.7 ng/hr respectively and were reduced by 68% and 47% by day 4 of therapy. TxB2 generation fell by 34% after one dose and by 67% by day 11. There was a significant increase in serum creatinine from 1.88 ± 0.13 mg/dl before treatment to 2.16 ± 0.15 mg/dL (P <.05) after eleven days. There was a significant (P < .001) decrease in effective renal plasma flow, 184.9 ± 16.3 mh/min before therapy vs 164.1 ± 17.0 mh/min on day 11 of therapy. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was significantly reduced following 4 days of therapy (P < .05: day 1 vs day 4) but by day 11 had returned to baseline. We concluded that in this population the active sulindac sulfide metabolite accumulates systemically and can significantly inhibit renal prostaglandin metabolism as well as peripheral TxB2 generation and may effect renal function.
Characterization and partial purification of three glycosidases from castor bean endosperm

Abstract α-Mannosidase and β- N -acetylhexosaminidase, which could function in the cleavage of glycosidic linkages in the native Ricinus communis lectins, and β-galactosidase were purified some 100-fold from the endosperm tissue of castor bean seedlings. The procedure used ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by chromatography on CM-cellulose, hydroxyapatite and Sephacryl S-300 to separate the three activities. All three glycosidases were present, with the lectins, in the protein bodies of dry seed and increased in activity during the time that lectins are broken down in the vacuoles. The enzymes show optimal activity in the range pH 3–5.5. The α-mannosidase had a K m of 0.77 mM for p - nitrophenyl-α- D -mannopyranoside. The β-galactosidase showed a K m of 1.39 mM for p -nitrophenyl-β- D -galactopyranoside. The β- N -acetylhexasominidase had a K m of 0.47 mM for p -nitrophenyl- N -acetyl-β- N -glucosamide and a K m of 0.33 mM for p -nitrophenyl- N -acetyl-β- D -galactosamide. Effects of competitive inhibitors and cations were described.
Ganglion cell death during development of ipsilateral retino-collicular projection in golden hamster.

In rats and hamsters all parts of the superior colliculus (SC) receive a topographically organized projection from the retina of the contralateral eye, and the rostral part also has a direct input from the lower temporal crescent of the ipsilateral retina, which views the central, binocular portion of the visual field1–3. Initially the uncrossed projection covers the entire SC, but over the first 2 weeks of postnatal life it becomes progressively restricted to its adult distribution4. However, if the opposite eye is removed at birth there is a persistent widespread uncrossed projection to the SC5–8. We have used short- and long-term retrogradely transported neuronal markers to examine the distribution and fate of the ganglion cells of origin of the uncrossed retino-collicular projection throughout postnatal development. We conclude that the withdrawal of the early exuberant projection to the caudal SC is associated with death of ganglion cells and their virtual elimination outside the temporal crescent of the ipsilateral retina. Early enucleation of the other eye rescues many of these cells.
THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF AN IONIZED GAS

The interaction term in the Boltzmann equation for an ionized gas is expressed as the sum of two terms: a term of the usual form for close encounters and a diffusion term for distant encounters. Since distant encounters, producing small deflections, are more important than close encounters, consideration of only the diffusion term gives a reasonably good approximation in most cases and approaches exactness as the temperature increases or the density decreases. It is shown that in evaluating the coefficients in this diffusion term, the integral must be cut off at the Debye shielding distance, not at the mean interionic distance.The integro-differential equation obtained with the use of this diffusion term permits a more precise solution of the Boltzmann equation than is feasible with the Chapman-Cowling theory. While one pair of coefficients in this equation has been neglected, the remaining coefficients have all been evaluated, and the resultant equation solved numerically for the velocity distribution function in a gas of electrons and singly ionized atoms subject to a weak electrical field. Special techniques were required for this numerical integration, since solutions of the differential equation proved to be unstable in both directions. For high temperatures and low densities the computed electrical conductivity is about 60 percent of the value given by Cowling's second approximation.
Shades of Althusser: The logic of theoretical retreat in contemporary radical criticism

(1995). Shades of Althusser: The logic of theoretical retreat in contemporary radical criticism. Socialism and Democracy: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 25-43.
The lipid composition of axons from bovine brain.

— Bovine axons derived from myelinated CNS axons were found to have 13.5% lipid. This lipid was composed of 20.1% cholesterol, 20.1% galactolipid, 14.6% ethanolarhine phosphatides (56.4% in the plasmalogen form), 18.3% choline phosphatides (10.0% in the plasmalogen form), 9.3% sphingomyelin, 5.6% phosphatidyl serine and 3.4% phosphatidyl inositol. The bovine axons had 0.33 μg ganglioside NeuNAc/mg dry weight. The axon gangliosides were found to contain the four major types of bovine gangliosides, as well as gangliosides GM2 and GD3. The latter two amounted to 20.9 and 15.8 mole per cent respectively, of total gangliosides. On a molar basis, about one half of the gangliosides were monosialogangliosides, with a decreased contribution by gangliosides GT1 and GD1b relative to ganglioside distributions which have been reported for most other CNS components. The relationship of the bovine axonal lipid composition to bovine white matter and its constituents, as well as to other CNS and PNS axonal preparations is discussed.
Development of substance abuse problems among drug-involved offenders. Evidence for the telescoping effect.

Abstract Purpose: The present study was designed to evaluate gender differences in the development of substance abuse disorders among drug-involved offenders and to determine whether women in this population exhibit a telescoping effect (i.e., acceleration in the progression from substance use to substance abuse), which has been observed in other settings. Method: Participants consisted of 160 polysubstance-abusing individuals (118 men, 42 women) who were admitted to two Florida drug court programs. Data were obtained from the Addiction Severity Index, intake interviews, and archival court records. Results: Female and male offenders differed significantly in the developmental trajectory of their addiction. Women offenders initiated alcohol and marijuana use significantly later in life than their male cohorts but began using cocaine earlier in the course of their addiction. Women also reported more problems related to cocaine use and significantly more prior treatment episodes. Women were found to have a shorter latency from first use of cocaine to cocaine abuse. Findings are consistent with those of previous studies examining gender differences among individuals referred for substance abuse treatment. Future directions for research and implications for treatment planning are discussed.
C.M. Fisher--master clinician.

vice served him well: ‘Keep warm, don’t complain, and if you get a break, take it.’ In the 60-odd years since, his over 200 publications have certainly justified his being fished out of the South Atlantic [2] . During his long career, although most of his publications have shown the name as a simple C.M. Fisher, some Charles Miller Fisher, MD, died quietly on April 14, 2012, a few months shy of his 99th birthday. Many readers of Cerebrovascular Diseases may not have had the opportunity to know him in life as he seldom traveled, and when travelling returned as soon as the commitment/meeting ended. No tourist or bon vivant, C.M.F., as referred to by his admirers, lived for semiology, neurology/pathology, wife, family, patients, and a few trainees. Thanks to the willingness of the German raider crew in 1941 to take on survivors of a brief gunfire exchange with the Canadian H.M.S. Voltaire, C.M.F. passed the war in a prison camp near Hamburg. There, he endured repeated Allied bombings incidental to early ordnance release from planes under Luftwaffe attack. Finally repatriated with the wounded in late 1944 [1] , he had his postgraduate training at the Montreal Neurological Institute. Actively publishing on a variety of neuropathological subjects, he was awarded a neuropathology fellowship at the Boston City Hospital where he began his career-long association with R.D. Adams. Vexed on return to Canada by being advised to abandon his growing interest in the field of stroke in favor of another subject ‘where there was still some work to be done’, he accepted the invitation to return to Boston in 1954 and join Dr. Adams following the latter’s appointment as the new Neurology chief at the Massachusetts General Hospital. His ship captain’s adPublished online: June 14, 2012
Reynolds Number Dependence for Laminar Flow Loss Coefficients in Tee and Wye Junctions

In fluid flow piping systems, tee and wye junctions are commonly encountered and the study of flow through them has been well documented. Most of these studies have focused on flow characterized as turbulent for which there are nearly constant losses in pressure and kinetic energy in the junctions. Laminar flow has received much less attention since it is not frequently observed in macro scale piping systems where pipe diameters are measured in centimeters. The recent increase in use of micro scale flow devices calls for more research into laminar flow behavior that dictates the design and operation of these devices. This paper documents results from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of flow in planar tee and wye junctions. The junctions studied consisted of circular pipes with two outlets and one inlet. The angles between the tee and wye junctions were fixed to 180 and 60 degrees, respectively. The inlet pipe diameter was fixed at 50 microns and the outlet pipe diameters were chosen to satisfy the continuity equation constrained to have equal velocities in all pipes. The lengths of the inlet and outlet pipes were varied to achieve fully developed flow within the junction. Following a grid resolution study performed on a sample tee junction, a generalized algorithm was designed and implemented to create three-dimensional models of these junctions subject to the former conditions. In the CFD simulations, Reynolds number was varied in the laminar characterized region between 1 and 2000. The simulations calculated static pressure and velocity magnitude values for a number of planes intersecting the junctions along the inlet and outlet pipes. From these values, pressure and kinetic energy gradients were calculated to estimate the static pressure and kinetic energy at the inlet and outlet pipes of each junction. Finally, these inlet and outlet values were used to calculate the stagnation pressure loss coefficient, which reflects dimensionless losses of pressure and kinetic energy for the junction. These coefficients ranged from 1 to 300 for the tee junction and 1 to 400 for the wye junction over the specified range of Reynolds number. The values were inversely proportional to Reynolds number and curve fits were provided for valid ranges.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Single Row Routing on Multilayers

A common problem in VLSI is automating the routing of wires between pins in a circuit. Several specifications of the routing problem exist. One class of these problems, known as the single row routing problem, involves routing wires when the pins are laid out along a straight line. To prevent electrical interference, the wires are laid out in tracks parallel to the row of pins and distinct wires are prohibited from crossing. Formally, the single row routing problem, known to be NP-complete, involves determining the feasibility of any wiring in the minimum number of tracks. When wires may be routed on more than one layer the problem of determining the feasibility of a wiring in a minimum number of layers but with an arbitrary number of parallel tracks is NP-complete. A long-standing open problem has been the complexity of the single row routing problem on multilayers when the number of parallel tracks per layer is fixed. We show that this version of the problem is also NP-complete.
Abstract 2138: 6-Shogaol from dried ginger inhibits growth of prostate cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common non-cutaneous neoplasm and is the second leading cause of cancer death in American men. Approximately 1 in 6 men will be diagnosed with PCa during their lifetime and about 1 in 36 will die of PCa. It is estimated that approximately 238,590 new cases of PCa will be diagnosed and 29,720 PCa-related deaths will occur in the United States in 2013. 6-Shogaol (6-SHO), a potent bioactive compound in ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory and anticancer activity. In the present study, the effect of 6-SHO on the growth of PCa cell lines was investigated. 6-SHO effectively reduced survival and induced apoptosis of cultured human (LNCaP, DU145 and PC3) and mouse (HMVP2) PCa cell lines. Mechanistic studies revealed that 6-SHO reduced constitutive and IL-6 induced STAT3 activation and inhibited both constitutive and TNF-α induced NF-κB activity in these cell lines. In addition, 6-SHO decreased the level of several STAT3 and NF-κB regulated target genes at the protein level (including cyclin D1, survivin and cMyc) and modulated mRNA levels of chemokine, cytokine, cell cycle and apoptosis regulatory genes (IL-7, CCL5, BAX, BCL2, p21 and p27). 6-SHO was more effective than two other compounds found in ginger, 6-gingerol and 6-paradol, at reducing survival of PCa cell lines and reducing STAT3 and NF-κB signaling. 6-SHO also showed significant tumor growth inhibitory activity in an allograft model using HMVP2 cells. Overall, the current results lead us to suggest that 6-SHO may have potential as a chemopreventive and/or therapeutic agent for PCa and that further study of this compound is warranted Citation Format: Achinto Saha, Jorge Blando, Eric Silver, Linda Beltran, Jonathan Sessler, John DiGiovanni. 6-Shogaol from dried ginger inhibits growth of prostate cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2138. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2138
Development and Validation of Aggregated Models for Thermostatic Controlled Loads with Demand Response

One of the salient features of the smart grid is the wide spread use of distributed energy resources (DERs) like small wind turbines, photovoltaic (PV) panels, energy storage (batteries, flywheels, etc), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) and controllable end-use loads. The affect of these distributed resources on the distribution feeder and on transmission system operations needs to be understood. Due to the potentially large number of DERs that are expected to be deployed, it is impractical to use detailed models of these resources when integrated with the transmission system. This paper focuses on developing aggregated models for a population of Thermostatic Controlled Loads (TCLs) which are a class of controllable end-use loads. The developed reduced-order models are validated against simulations of thousands of detailed building models using an open source distribution simulation software (Grid LAB-D) under both steady state and dynamic conditions (thermostat setback program as a simple form of demand response).
Synthesis, structure, and mechanical properties of Ni-Al and Ni-Cr-Al superalloy foams

Reticulated nickel foams were alloyed with 8–9 wt% Al or 14–18 wt% Cr and 5–9 wt% Al in a three-step method consisting of (i) gas-phase deposition of Cr and/or Al onto the struts of a pure Ni foam by pack-cementation at 1000 � C; (ii) homogenization at 1200 � C to remove concentration gradients and to solutionize the alloyed struts; (iii) aging at 900 � C to form c 0 precipitates within the struts. The resulting alloyed foams retain the low relative densities (less than 3%) and open-cell structure with hollow struts of the original pure Ni foams, and they exhibit struts with the c=c 0 structure typical of nickel-base superalloys. The compressive behavior of the superalloy foams, measured at ambient temperature, is compared to model predictions. The creep behavior of the superalloy foams, measured between 680 and 825 � C in the stress range of 0.1–0.3 MPa, is discussed using two models assuming strut compression or strut bending as deformation modes. � 2003 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Are Novel Serum Biomarkers Informative

The global burden of coronary heart disease (CHD) is massive. Fortunately, multiple lifestyle and pharmacologic therapies are available to delay the onset or progression of atherosclerosis and reduce the risk of developing clinical CHD events. 1 Myocardial infarction and myocardial infarction-related death (CHD events) are acute, discrete events that often present dramatically. The underlying disease process, however, is usually coronary artery atherosclerosis, an insidious disease process that often begins in adolescence and young adulthood and progresses over decades in most individuals. 2 The high morbidity and mortality associated with CHD events, the ability to prevent or delay these events substantially, and the high population burden of CHD make it an exceptional target for population-wide screening and prevention efforts. For acute CHD events like myocardial infarction, clinicians and health policy makers have traditionally focused on screening for the risk for disease not for the presence of disease. Thus, by its nature, assessment of risk is a probabilistic, not deterministic, exercise. This is an essential distinction from screening programs designed to detect disease in early, preclinical stages (as in cancer, for example) in an effort to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with disease. During the past 20 years, considerable effort has been made to develop techniques for CHD risk estimation and risk stratification of asymptomatic individuals. One of the earliest techniques for risk stratification developed was the Framingham Risk Score (FRS), which predicts 10-year absolute risks for CHD events using multivariable equations containing covariates for each of the major traditional risk factors (age, gender, smoking, diabetes, total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C],
Do situational variables act as substantive causes of relationships between individual difference variables? Two large-scale tests of "common cause" models.

James, Demaree, Mulaik, and Ladd (1992) proposed that situational variables may act as substantive (“common”) causes of relationships between individual difference variables as well as statistical artifacts (i.e., measurement unreliability) associated with these variables, thus invalidating assumptions of current validity generalization/meta-analysis procedures. In this investigation, we report the results of two large-scale studies designed to test hypothesized relationships derived from two “common cause” models. Study 1 examines relationships between store-level organizational climate variables and employee satisfaction and performance variables for 33,097 sales personnel in 537 retail stores. Study 2 investigates relationships between store-level situational constraints and customer service perception and shopping variables for 31,611 customers from 564 retail stores. The results of these studies did not support the proposition that situational variables act as substantive causes of correlations among the respective employee and customer variables or the variances and reliabilities of these variables. The implications of these findings for meta-analyses in applied psychology as well as the generalizability of the findings are discussed.
Changes in the harmonic components of the flicker electroretinogram during light adaptation.

To evaluate the nature and extent of changes in the fundamental and harmonic components of the 31-Hz flicker electroretinogram (ERG) during light adaptation. Full-field ERGs were recorded from five visually normal subjects (ages 21–60 years). Following 30 min of dark adaptation, the subjects were exposed to a uniform adapting field of 50 cd/m2. The field, which was presented for approximately 15 min, was intermittently modulated sinusoidally at 31.25 Hz. The ERG was recorded during the sinusoidal modulation, and Fourier analysis was used to obtain the amplitude and phase of the fundamental (F), second (2F), and third (3F) harmonic response components. F amplitude increased by almost a factor of two over approximately 6 min (time constant, τ, of 3.0 min). The 2F amplitude increased by a smaller amount, a factor of 1.4, and the time-course was approximately eight times faster than that of F (τ = 0.4 min). The 3F amplitude increased by a factor of 4.6, an increase that was larger than F or 2F, with a time-course that was between that of F and 2F (τ = 1.4 min). F phase was unaffected by light adaptation, whereas the 2F and 3F phases both increased by approximately 45° over similar time-courses (τ = 2.0 min). Light adaptation had different effects on the fundamental, second, and third harmonic components of the 31-Hz flicker ERG, which resulted in a change in waveform shape during light adaptation. The previously reported flicker ERG amplitude growth is driven primarily, but not entirely, by changes in the fundamental.
INDUCED RECIPROCAL TRANSLOCATIONS INVOLVING HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES IN MAIZE

THIS PAPER concerns the occurrence and behavior of reciprocal translocations between opposite arms of homologous chromosomes in maize plants from irradiated, dormant kernels. This type of interchange is detected at diakinesis and metaphase of meiosis I by the presence of two separate, ring-like chromosomes, often differing in size and each smaller than a normal bivalent. Such chromosomes were observed in barley plants grown from X-rayed dormant seed by Caldecott and Smith (1952), who termed them "pseudo-isochromosomes." The authors did not make pachytene observations, but assumed that the breaks had occurred close to the centromeres, since in most cases the pseudo-isochromosomes showed no tendency to associate with each other or with other chromosomes. A pseudoisochromosome thus consists of a complete centromere and two arms which are identical except for a short interstitial segment. A true isochromosome on the other hand has two identical arms and a centromere which may vary in size depending on the mode of origin of the isochromosome (Darlington, 1939, 1940). The observations set forth in this paper were made during a study to determine the frequencies of interchanges induced by X rays and by thermal neutrons in a maize single-cross hybrid, L289 X 1205. The term "pseudo-isochromosome" will be used in the sense described by Caldecott and Smith, since pachytene observations in maize confirmed their assumption with regard to the origin of these configurations. OCCURRENCE OF INTERCHANGES BETWEEN HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES.-The frequency and distribution of interchanges between opposite arms of homologous chromosomes for various X-ray and thermal-neutron dosages are presented in table 1. Not more than one interchange of this type was observed in a given plant. The chromosome involved was positively identified in ten of the eighteen plants and tentatively identified in three other plants. The remaining five samples were too poor to make pachytene observations. In two instances the pseudo-isochromosomes were involved in a second aberration. In plant 101 pachytene configurations suggested that a pericentric inversion had occurred in one member of the chromosome 6 homologues prior to the interchange. This case
Compensatory deficits following rejection: the role of social anxiety in disrupting affiliative behavior.

Background: Managing perceived or actual social rejection is an important facet of meeting basic needs for affiliation. Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterized by significant distress and debilitation relating to affiliation and recent work suggests higher levels of social anxiety symptoms may adversely affect responses to social rejection. This study examined emotional and behavioral responding to a social rejection stressor to explore whether social anxiety moderates the effects of social rejection on prosocial compensatory behaviors. Methods: Individuals (N=37) evaluated on social anxiety symptoms were assigned to either a social rejection condition or control condition. Results: Consistent with expectation, rejection promoted renewed interest in connecting with sources of positive social interaction among participants low in social anxiety. Participants with higher levels of social anxiety, however, failed to react to rejection in a positive or prosocial manner and exhibited some evidence of negative social responses. Conclusions: Such differential compensatory responding could have important implications for the genesis, maintenance, and treatment of SAD. Depression and Anxiety, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.