cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneous silicon photonics sensing for autonomous cars.

Heterogeneous silicon photonics is uniquely positioned to address the photonic sensing needs of upcoming autonomous cars and provide the necessary cost reduction for widespread deployment. This is because it allows for wafer-scale active/passive integration, including optical sources. We present our recent research and the development of interferometric optical gyroscopes and LiDAR sensors. More specifically, we show a fully integrated gyroscope front-end occupying an area of only 4.5 mm2. We also show the first dense pitch optical phased array using heterogeneous phase shifters. The 4 µm pitch heterogeneous phase shifters provide very low V2π of only 0.35-1.4 V across 200 nm, low residual amplitude modulation of only 0.1-0.15 dB for 2π phase shift, extremely low static power consumption ( 1 GHz). All of these factors make them ideal for next-generation LiDAR systems that employ optical phased arrays.
Toward a National Agenda for Broadening Participation of African Americans in Engineering & Computer Science: A Methodological Overview of Phase II

This “work in progress” showcases the methodological processes underway in Phase II of a three-part study. In its entirety, the study aims to (1) critically assess and evaluate the current research-to-practice cycle as it relates to participation and success of African Americans in engineering and computer science, and (2) set a national agenda for broadening the participation of African Americans in these two fields. Phase II of this study consists of semi-structured interviews with approximately 60 subject-matter experts from the fields of K-12 education, undergraduate education, graduate education, and the engineering and computing workforce. This paper discusses the following processes: a) participant recruitment, screening, and selection, as well as, b) protocol development and piloting. Insights about our methodological approaches might be useful to others developing research designs intended to capture the perspectives of various stakeholders associated with similarly complex and multifaceted issues.
Examining daily physical activity in community-dwelling adults with stroke using social cognitive theory: an exploratory, qualitative study.

Purpose: A better understanding of psychosocial factors underlying daily physical activity (i.e. physical activity performed throughout the day) in stroke survivors could be used to develop interve...
Preview of predictive monitoring for signal temporal logic with probabilistic guarantees

Monitoring is an effective approach for identifying safety violations for complex cyber-physical systems. In this paper, we consider safety specifications expressed in Signal Temporal Logic (STL). STL is a logic for specifying timed properties of real-valued signals, and there has been significant work on offline and online monitoring of STL formulas on signals. Boolean monitoring techniques solve the problem of determining if a given STL formula is satisfied by a signal, while robust monitoring techniques seek to compute a quantitative degree of satisfaction of the formula. Online techniques can compute satisfaction or violation of the formula when the entire signal is not available, but existing online techniques can only provide worst-case estimates of satisfaction (or violation). In this paper, we propose algorithms to predict the satisfaction or violation of an STL formula when only partial information of a trace (i.e. its prefix) is available. The output of our algorithm is a predicted interval for the robust satisfaction value, along with a probabilistic guarantee on the correctness of the prediction. We demonstrate the utility of our approach on monitoring a safety-critical signal in the context of an unmanned aerial vehicle.
Photonuclear production, chemistry, and in vitro evaluation of the theranostic radionuclide 47 Sc

In molecular imaging and nuclear medicine, theranostic agents that integrate radionuclide pairs are successfully being used for individualized care, which has led to rapidly growing interest in their continued development. These compounds, which are radiolabeled with one radionuclide for imaging and a chemically identical or similar radionuclide for therapy, may improve patient-specific treatment and outcomes by matching the properties of different radionuclides with a targeting vector for a particular tumor type. One proposed theranostic radionuclide is scandium-47 (47Sc, T1/2 = 3.35 days), which can be used for targeted radiotherapy and may be paired with the positron emitting radionuclides, 43Sc (T1/2 = 3.89 h) and 44Sc (T1/2 = 3.97 h) for imaging. The aim of this study was to investigate the photonuclear production of 47Sc via the 48Ti(γ,p)47Sc reaction using an electron linear accelerator (eLINAC), separation and purification of 47Sc, the radiolabeling of somatostatin receptor-targeting peptide DOTATOC with 47Sc, and in vitro receptor-mediated binding of [47Sc]Sc-DOTATOC in AR42J somatostatin receptor subtype two (SSTR2) expressing rat pancreatic tumor cells. The rate of 47Sc production in a stack of natural titanium foils (n = 39) was 8 × 107 Bq/mA·h (n = 3). Irradiated target foils were dissolved in 2.0 M H2SO4 under reflux. After dissolution, trivalent 47Sc ions were separated from natural Ti using AG MP-50 cation exchange resin. The recovered 47Sc was then purified using CHELEX 100 ion exchange resin. The average decay-corrected two-step 47Sc recovery (n = 9) was (77 ± 7)%. A radiolabeling yield of > 99.9% of [47Sc]Sc-DOTATOC (0.384 mg in 0.3 mL) was achieved using 1.7 MBq of 47Sc. Blocking studies using Octreotide illustrated receptor-mediated uptake of [47Sc]Sc-DOTATOC in AR42J cells. 47Sc can be produced via the 48Ti(γ,p)47Sc reaction and separated from natural Ti targets with a yield and radiochemical purity suitable for radiolabeling of peptides for in vitro studies. The data in this work supports the potential use of eLINACs for studies of photonuclear production of medical radionuclides and the future development of high-intensity eLINAC facilities capable of producing relevant quantities of carrier-free radionuclides currently inaccessible via routine production pathways or limited due to costly enriched targets.
Utilization of the Suzuki Coupling to Enhance the Antituberculosis Activity of Aryloxazoles.

A three-step process enables access to aryl oxazoles via formation of β-hydroxy amides (III), cyclization to oxazolines (IV), and dehydration to provide oxazoles (V).
First Clinical Application of Low-Cost OCT.

Purpose We present the design of a new low-cost optical coherence tomography (OCT) system and compare its retinal imaging capabilities to a standard commercial system through a clinical study. Methods A spectral-domain OCT system was designed using various cost-reduction techniques to be low-cost, highly portable, and completely stand-alone. Clinical imaging was performed on 120 eyes of 60 patients (60 eyes of normal volunteers and 60 eyes with retinal disease) using both the low-cost OCT and a Heidelberg Engineering Spectralis OCT. Contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) was measured from resulting images to determine system performance. Results The low-cost OCT system was successfully applied to clinical imaging of the retina. The system offers an axial resolution of 8.0 μm, a lateral resolution of 19.6 μm, and an imaging depth of 2.7 mm for a 6.6-mm field of view in the X and Y directions. Total cost is $5037, a significant size reduction compared to current commercial higher performance systems. Mean CNR value of low-cost OCT images is only 5.6% lower compared to the Heidelberg Spectralis. Conclusions The images captured with the low-cost OCT were of adequate resolution and allowed for clinical diagnostics. It offers comparable performance as a retinal screening tool at a fraction of the cost of current commercial systems. Translational relevance Low-cost OCT has the potential to increase access to retinal imaging.
Expanding perceptions of the circular economy through design: Eight capitals as innovation lenses

Abstract We widely recognize that systems approaches are necessary to tackle the complex and urgent challenges of the unsustainability of human actions on the planet. However, how we perceive systems is largely framed by who is in included in the discussion and the experiences and interests that they bring to bear. Efforts to create the circular economy aim at closing material loops, but these efforts are limited because they only consider the flows of a few types of capital - natural, manufactured and financial, and are based on specific interests of a few actors. Other types of capital - human, social, political, cultural and digital - are often ignored, and as such the full scope of dynamics in a system is missed. Even though there will always be a discrepancy between what is perceived, and the actual system in operation, there are greater opportunities to expand such perception by drawing more deeply on systems thinking and the concept of capitals. This involves expanding not only the notion of the system itself, but also acknowledging different actors and their interests, types of capital in the system, and interactions between the actors and capital stocks and flows. We develop a systems thinking framework using eight capitals, and apply it in multi-level contexts in the Chicago region to demonstrate how they provide new insights and critical pathways for the transition to the circular economy.
Asymmetric Effects of Policy Uncertainty on Domestic Investment in G7 Countries

Few studies in the literature have argued or empirically shown that the link between domestic investment and an uncertainty measure is nonlinear, or that the response of investment to uncertainty is asymmetric. None have used asymmetric error-correction modeling and asymmetric cointegration to address the issue. In this paper, we fill this gap by first applying the symmetric and linear ARDL approach of Pesaran et al. (2001) and then applying the asymmetric and nonlinear ARDL approach of Shin et al. (2014) to show that the link between the aforementioned variables is indeed nonlinear in all G7 countries, and that the effects of policy uncertainty on domestic investment is asymmetric in the short run and in the long run, again, in all G7 countries.
A digital room of their own: Chilean students struggling against patriarchy in digital sites

This paper analyzes the convergence between the Chilean feminist and student movements through the use of public, feminist Facebook websites administrated by Chilean high school students. The artic...
Strain-Dependent Kinetic Properties of KIF3A and KIF3C Tune the Mechanochemistry of the KIF3AC Heterodimer

Abstract KIF3AC is a mammalian neuron-specific kinesin-2 implicated in intracellular cargo transport. It is a heterodimer of KIF3A and KIF3C motor polypeptides which have distinct biochemical and motile properties as engineered homodimers. Single-molecule motility assays show that KIF3AC moves processively along microtubules at a rate faster than expected given the motility rates of the KIF3AA and much slower KIF3CC homodimers. To resolve the stepping kinetics of KIF3A and KIF3C motors in homo-and heterodimeric constructs, and to determine their transport potential under mechanical load, we assayed motor activity using interferometric scattering (iSCAT) microscopy and optical trapping. The distribution of stepping durations of KIF3AC molecules is described by a rate (k1 = 11 s−1) without apparent kinetic asymmetry in stepping. Asymmetry was also not apparent under hindering or assisting mechanical loads of 1 pN in the optical trap. KIF3AC shows increased force sensitivity relative to KIF3AA, yet is more capable of stepping against mechanical load than KIF3CC. Microtubule gliding assays containing 1:1 mixtures of KIF3AA and KIF3CC result in speeds similar to KIF3AC, indicating the homodimers mechanically impact each other’s motility to reproduce the behavior of the heterodimer. We conclude that the stepping of KIF3C can be activated by KIF3A in a strain-dependent manner which is similar to application of an assisting load, and the behavior of KIF3C mirrors prior studies of kinesins with increased interhead compliance. These results suggest that KIF3AC-based cargo transport likely requires multiple motors, and its mechanochemical properties arise due to the strain-dependences of KIF3A and KIF3C. Significance Statement Kinesins are important long-range intracellular transporters in neurons required by the extended length of the axon and dendrites and selective cargo transport to each. The mammalian kinesin-2, KIF3AC, is a neuronal heterodimer of fast and slow motor polypeptides. Our results show that KIF3AC has a single observed stepping rate in the presence and absence of load and detaches from the microtubule rapidly under load. Interestingly, both KIF3A and assisting loads accelerate the kinetics of KIF3C. These results suggest that KIF3AC is an unconventional cargo transporter and its motile properties do not represent a combination of alternating fast and slow step kinetics. We demonstrate that the motile properties of KIF3AC represent a mechanochemistry that is specific to KIF3AC and may provide functional advantages in neurons.
Nuances of the Female Nurse-Physician Relationship: An Evolution Across Time

Gender bias in academic medicine is increasingly recognized as a widespread phenomenon and has generated substantial research and discussion in recent years. Gender bias goes beyond leadership positions and financial compensation and extends to interprofessional relationships, including relationships with allied staff. Few studies have examined the female nurse-physician relationship, and the goal of this review is to consolidate the existing evidence and gaps in the literature with regard to this dyad. A literature search was conducted through MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PubMed, and Google Scholar, and 13 pertinent articles were identified for inclusion in this review. Earlier studies found that female physicians and nurses generally reported improved communication and increased satisfaction when both parties were female. Over the years, several studies have emerged suggesting that the female nurse-physician relationship in fact presents with some challenges. Recent studies have found that female physicians often feel they do not receive the same level of assistance or respect from female nurses and have more difficulty communicating with them compared with male physicians. These results were reproduced in several quantitative and qualitative studies across multiple countries. The reported female nurse perspective of this relationship has been overall more positive, but recent studies have had a stronger focus on the physician perspective. Several hypotheses are discussed as to why such an evolution has occurred in the female nurse-physician relationship. There continue to be important gaps in the literature, including more in-depth evaluations of the female nurse perspective and investigation of the male perspective of the nurse-physician relationship.
Surgical Treatment of a Chronic Morel-Lavallée Lesion: A Case Report.

Introduction Morel-Lavallee lesions (MLLs) are a post-traumatic degloving injury which the superficial fascia and skin are separated from the deep fascia through shearing forces. This process leads to the development of a potential space in which blood products and necrotic material can collect, potentially resulting in abscesses, cellulitis, or osteomyelitis. Most of these cases occur at the greater trochanter, gluteal musculature, proximal femur, and around the knee. However, there have been few reports of MLLs occurring in the lumbar region. In this report, we seek to present our experience with a case of a lumbar MLL and outline the diagnostic and operative management utilized. Case report A 48-year-old female presented to our clinic with complaints of persistent low back and swelling 1 month after sustaining a fall from stand resulting in an L5 transverse process fracture. The patient was treated non-operatively but continued to have swelling noted to the lower back. A computed tomography scan demonstrated a large subcutaneous fluid collection measuring 15 cm×16 cm×7 cm centralized over the lower lumbar region. We elected to proceed with operative evacuation of the fluid collection. A 2 cm midline incision over the proximal aspect of the fluid collection was made and approximately 900 ml of serosanguinous fluid was evacuated. The cavity was then irrigated with a normal saline 0.9%/betadine solution and a wound vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) sponge was placed. The post-operative course was unremarkable and the wound VAC was discontinued at the first post-operative visit. The surgical incision went on to heal uneventfully with no signs of infection or fluid reaccumulation. Conclusion Although MLLs are rare, clinicians should maintain a high clinical suspicion in patients presenting after blunt trauma injuries with persistent pain, and fluid collections noted on advanced imaging. Conservative management can be initiated if discovered acutely, but if left untreated may require surgical intervention and evacuation of fluid as described in this case.
Pancreas vs. Islet Transplantation: the False Dilemma

Pancreas and islet cell transplantation are the only treatment modalities that can restore euglycemia and allow freedom from hypoglycemic events. Transplantation for diabetes has decreased in the USA over the last 6 years due to several factors. Reasons for this and possible future paths will be explored. Clinical application of islet transplantation is mostly limited by regulatory hurdles in the USA. The limitations of pancreas transplantation are multifactorial and more nuanced. Both types of transplants are limited by the number of suitable organ donors; however, pancreas and islet transplantation do not compete for the same organs. Only 10.7% of available pancreata are currently being utilized for clinical application. Current technology if utilized more efficiently could significantly increase the available donor pancreata for both whole organ and islets. Considering that severely diseased pancreata are routinely processed for islets and subsequent transplanted in chronic pancreatitis patients, and have significant metabolic impact in these patients, there is an opportunity to widen the organ use beyond what is currently done. Optimizing access to β-cell replacement therapy has significant potential to improve outcomes for carefully selected patients.
Patterns of Specialty Palliative Care Utilization Among Patients Receiving Palliative Radiation Therapy.

Abstract Context Palliative radiation therapy (RT) is frequently used to ameliorate cancer-associated symptoms and improve quality of life. Objectives To examine how palliative care (PC) as a specialty is integrated at the time of RT consultation for patients with advanced cancer. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 162 patients with metastatic cancer who received palliative RT at our institution (7/2017–2/2018). Fisher's exact test identified differences in incidence of receiving any specialty PC. Logistic regression analyses determined predictors of receiving PC. Results Of the 74 patients (46%) who received any specialty PC, 24 (32%) initiated PC within four weeks of RT consultation. The most common reasons for specialty PC initiation were pain (64%) and goals of care/end-of-life care management (23%). Referrals to specialty PC were made by inpatient care teams (48.6%), medical oncologists (48.6%), radiation oncologists (1.4%), and self-referring patients (1.4%). Patients with pain at RT consultation had a higher incidence of receiving specialty PC (58.7% vs. 37.4%, P = 0.0097). There was a trend toward decreased PC among patients presenting with neurological symptoms (34.8% vs. 50%, P = 0.084). On multivariable analysis, receiving specialty PC significantly differed by race (non-white vs. white, odds ratio [OR] = 6.295 [95% CI 1.951–20.313], P = 0.002), cancer type (lung vs. other histology, OR = 0.174 [95% CI 0.071–0.426], P = 0.0006), and RT consultation setting (inpatient vs. outpatient, OR = 3.453 [95% CI 1.427–8.361], P = 0.006). Conclusion Fewer than half of patients receiving palliative RT utilized specialty PC. Initiatives are needed to increase PC, especially for patients with lung cancer and neurological symptoms, and to empower radiation oncologists to refer patients to specialty PC.
Future wireless networks and R/spl and/D agendas

Summary form only given. This talk provides a vision of future public wireless networking that integrates a number of wireless access systems (cellular mobile, wireless LAN, wireless MAN) to provide a rich set of access opportunities. It meets a variety of personal and business needs, support a range of operator business models, and be more resilient to damage through redundancy in facilities and services. This fourth (or is it fifth?) generation unified architecture, heavily Internet-oriented, exploit advances in multiple-air-interface devices; security, payment, and service integration systems; efficient space-time-frequency utilization; energy storage and conservation; low-power processing; and Internet and air interface QoS (quality of service) mechanisms; and display technologies. The road to this unified wireless environment is built upon RD cross-air-interface mobility; power-conserving circuit and processing design; software and hardware technologies for multiple air interface devices and access points; facilities and services overlay architectures for resilience; networks services composition; AAA (authentication, authorization, accounting) systems effective with nonsecure access points; and public policy (government actions) that best stimulates the development of the wireless industry and communications infrastructure. The bright young people (and perhaps some of us older people) attending this conference continue to make rapid progress in addressing these and other topics.
Prospectives in Bioengineering Research For Civil Engineers

The essential objective of civil engineering to provide a physical environment for man requires the creation of increasingly effective tools for modifying the natural environment and improving the man-made environment in our houses, vehicles, and schools. It also requires a knowledge of man and what is desirable for him, not only in social terms, but also in terms of his physiological capabilities and limitations. On either account, an engineering oriented view of biological processes - a view described by the term bioengineering - holds a pivotal role. This paper describes the opportunity that civil engineers can contribute, through the development of bioengineering techniques, to almost every aspect of medical practice and research.
Fast Pragmatic Safety Decisions: Analysis of an Event Review Team of the Aviation Safety Action Partnership (ASAP)

Commercial aviation has become safe as a result of procedures and technologies that control well known hazards. Further safety improvements will require the identification of subtle and changing hazards in the combined realm of airspace, technology, commerce, and human behavior. The preconditions for a disaster may arise from the combined effects of a particular airport approach, air traffic control policies, and aircraft crew training. The potential may be revealed just once, in a near miss that a highly skilled pilot is able to avert. Yet, because such discoveries are often related to human error, personnel are reluctant to come forward for fear of blame and punishment. With the Aviation Safety Action Programs (ASAP), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is developing a nonpunitive collaborative approach that supplements traditional regulatory actions. An ASAP team is a triad composed of air carrier (corporate), pilot association (union), and FAA (regulatory) personnel who meet to review, discuss, and analyze event reports submitted voluntarily by flight personnel. The team is required to reach unanimous consensus on the event report and the corrective actions to be taken. Our analysis suggests they do so through a hierarchy of shared values, a working buffer to exclude distractions, and sideband communications that build trust. ASAP appears to be a highly effective cultural mechanism for identifying novel and subtle hazards,and designing rapid, mutually acceptable corrective actions.
Voices from the Trenches: Faculty Perspectives on Support for Sustaining Service-Learning

Using data collected from three colleges, the authors examine how faculty members view the level of support for service-learning at their respective institutionere is variation among the institutions in perceived instructor and administrator support for service-learning, availability of support services, and attitudes regarding consideration of service-learning in personnel review processes authors also explored the degree to which individual instructors have been able to create and sustain service-learning opportunities for their students and found important differences among the colleges. The findings have implications efforts to sustain service-learning at both faculty and institutional levels.
Optimal control of a manufacturing process that involves trial runs

We study a manufacturing process that is quite common in semiconductor wafer fabrication. In generic terms, the job to be processed consists of J units. To process the job, a "setup" is required, followed by routine processing and testing. In principle, the entirety of the job can be set up and processed in a single batch. However, the setup is prone to failure, leading to loss of units. Hence, in practice trial runs are often conducted, with each trial involving a small batch of units. Here we identify an optimal control of such processes. The policy prescribes a maximum of k* â¤J single-unit trial runs. To establish optimality, we use the recently developed notion of stochastic convexity/concavity and related machinery.
Blosnich et al. Respond

We are encouraged by Lutwak and Dill's letter, and we agree that health care competency, accessibility, and equity are among the key goals that should drive service to our veterans. Because a burgeoning research base documents health issues among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (i.e., sexual and gender minority) veterans, we are likely to see disparities similar to those currently identified in nonveteran sexual and gender minority populations (e.g., smoking, suicide risk, victimization). However, there also may be unique issues among sexual and gender minority veterans yet to be uncovered (e.g., trauma from childhood adversity interacting with military trauma). Surveillance of disparities is crucial, and there are critical needs for intervention and implementation science to address disparities. Here we take the opportunity to comment on the latter to briefly highlight that action is indeed taking place both within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) and within health care practice and research in general. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print June 14, 2012: e1-e2. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300815). Language: en
Update on the evidence for adjacent segment degeneration and disease.

Abstract Background context The evidence surrounding the topic of adjacent segment degeneration and disease has increased dramatically with an abundant amount of literature discussing the incidence of and techniques to avoid it. However, this evidence is often confusing to discern because of various definitions of both adjacent segment degeneration and disease. Purpose To organize and review the recent evidence for adjacent segment degeneration and disease. Results Although multifactorial, three distinct causes of adjacent segment disease in both the lumbar and cervical spine have been discussed: the natural history of the adjacent disc; biomechanical stress on the adjacent level caused by the fusion; and disruption of the anatomy at the adjacent level with the initial surgery. The incidence of adjacent segment degeneration in the lumbar spine has been widely reported in the literature from 0% to 100%; conversely, the reported incidence in the cervical spine is less variable. Similarly, strategies at avoiding adjacent segment disease in the lumbar spine include arthroplasty, dynamic fixation, and percutaneous fixation, whereas in the cervical spine the focus has remained on arthroplasty. Conclusions Adjacent segment disease and degeneration remain a multifactorial problem with several techniques being developed recently to minimize them. In the future, it is likely that the popularity of these techniques will be dependent on the long-term results, which are currently unavailable.
Longitudinal anthropometric changes in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected men.

Background: Although morphologic abnormalities are common among HIV-infected persons receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), longitudinal comparative body shape changes among HAART-treated HIV-infected men versus HIV-seronegative men of similar age remain unclear. Methods: Since September 1999, men enrolled in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study underwent body mass index (BMI) and circumference measurements of the waist, hip, thigh, and arm at each semiannual visit. Changes in these measurements that occurred between 1999 and 2003 among HIV-infected men were compared with measurements of HIV-seronegative men using linear mixed effects regression models. The HIV-infected men were further stratified by treatment group (no antiretroviral therapy [ART], monotherapy or combination [mono/combo] ART, or HAART). Analyses were adjusted for age, nadir CD4 cell count, and BMI (for circumference measurements). Results: Over the 4-year observation period, mean BMI increased significantly among the 392 HIV-seronegative men (0.12 kg/m 2 /y; P < 0.001) but did not change in the 3 HIV-infected groups (combined n = 661). Mean waist and hip circumferences increased significantly in all groups. Hip circumferences increased more slowly in the HIV-positive HAART-treated group (n = 488) than in the HIV-seronegative group (0.18 vs. 0.49 cm/y; P < 0.001), however, yielding a more rapid increase in the waist/hip ratio in the HIV-positive, HAART-treated group over time (0.005 per year; P < 0.001). Conclusions: The increased rate of change in waist/hip ratio in HIV-infected men receiving HAART compared with HIV-seronegative men is attributable to slower increases in hip circumference rather than an increased rate of change in waist circumference. These findings underscore the importance of body fat composition changes in the peripheral compartment relative to the central compartment among HIV-infected men receiving HAART.
Determination of the Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance of Acacia Using Various Surfactants

The hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) of acacia has been determined in the presence of various ethylene oxide derivatives of sorbitan fatty acid esters. It was also found that different lots of acacia produced the same HLB values. A revised HLB value of 11.87 for acacia has been proposed.
Equalization Schemes in German Unemployment Compensation

Relevance of the German experience, 482. — I. Cooperation for the relief of the unemployed, 1918–1927: early demobilization measures, 483; unemployment relief measures, 484; nation-wide equalization, 486. — II. The national unemployment insurance act of 1927: federal and state contributions, 488; effects of the depression, 490. — III. Extent of financial equalization, 1924–1936: national and state contributions to the cost of unemployment relief, 490; equalization within the Federal Institute, 493. — IV. Conclusions, 496.
Giant Ovarian Cyst Presenting With Colon Cancer

Giant ovarian cysts have become rare, likely due to improved and more frequent imaging techniques, especially in the United States. We present the case of a 71-year-old female that presented with one of the largest documented post-menopausal ovarian cysts in the United States, measuring 26 cm and weighing 9.2 kg (20.28l bs), with a concomitant colon adenocarcinoma. A total abdominal hysterectomy, right salpingo-oophorectomy, and right hemicolectomy were performed. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4021/jcs196w
Direct observation of the rat's activity during food deprivation

Abstract The significance of changes in general activity under deprivation has been obscured by the fact that different recording devices yield discrepant results. By adopting a time-sampling procedure, it was feasible to make direct visual observation of 24 male white rats (ages 46–54 or 128–138 days) over several days. During ad libitum ingestion the animals were most frequently classified as “resting”—80% of the time in the light and 40% in relative dark (far-red illumination). During continuous food deprivation resting was much less frequently noted, and there was a marked increase in head movement and locomotion about the cage. These trends were slightly the more distinct in the younger group. The results appear to be consonant with an arousal conception of drive.
Ethnic-sectoral cleavages and economic development: reflections on the second Kenya debate

The second Kenya debate has prompted a close examination of the role of an ethnic business community – Indians/Asians – in the country's industrial development. While this community does own up to three-quarters of the country's medium and large-scale manufacturing firms, a narrow focus on manufacturing understates the contribution which Africans have made to the economy. A progressive rural business class is more likely to re-invest in profitable farming activities and to branch out into agro-processing, transport and trading than to undertake risky investments in urban manufacturing. As a result, historical ethnic-sectoral cleavages will tend to be reinforced. The article provides new calculations on the extent of African involvement in manufacturing, and reviews an ancillary literature which uses institutional and socio-economic analysis to understand differences in Kenya's business communities.
The Optimization of Thickness Model Adaption in Hot Strip Mill

Thickness model adaption plays a important role in obtaining strip with high thickness precision. In order to improve the thickness precision, a complete thickness model adaption system has been designed for every specific model used in the setup system including gap position model, temperature model, rolling force model. Snapshot data and stretch equation are used to adapt gap position. Forced convection coefficient is selected as adaption parameter. A deformation resistance-based fitting quadratic curve is proposed in rolling force adaption, it can be inherited to any other thick range class and a quick thickness adaption method is introduced. Application results show that this adaptive system is with high accuracy, quick adaption and high stability.
Child support and parental conflict in low-income families

Abstract Child support collection policies have become more stringent over time, but the effects of child support payment on parental relationships are poorly understood. This study, utilizing State of Wisconsin administrative and survey data, examines the role of child support in father contact and parental conflict. Findings indicate that child support is associated with a greater likelihood of contact between biological parents. Child support receipt, however, is also associated with higher likelihoods of parental conflict in some cases.
The Documentation Dilemma: Access and Accommodations for Postsecondary Students with Learning Disabilities

Seventy-three disability service providers representing colleges and universities across the United States completed an informal, online survey focusing on institutional guidelines for documentation of learning disabilities. Most institutions reported having documentation guidelines that were adapted from those published by the Association on Higher Education and Disability (AHEAD). However, respondents indicated that documentation is most often rejected because it is not current and does not meet other institutional guidelines. When making accommodation decisions, respondents reported using a combination of sources including recommendations in the documentation, professional judgment, and discussion with students. Such information should help secondary school personnel, disability service providers, and consumers understand the critical role that documentation plays in the process used by colleges and universities to make eligibility and accommodation decisions.
SOIL-PILE-SUPERSTRUCTURE INTERACTION IN LIQUEFIABLE SAND

Soil-pile-superstructure interaction in liquefiable sand is evaluated using dynamic centrifuge model tests and pseudostatic p-y analyses. Select recordings from a recent centrifuge test are presented to illustrate typical behavior with and without liquefaction in an upper sand layer. Pseudostatic p-y analyses of single-pile systems in two recent centrifuge model tests show that the apparent reduction in p-y resistance due to liquefaction was strongly affected by changes in the relative density of the sand and drainage conditions.
The ontogeny of career identities in adolescence

Exploration and identity formation are primary developmental tasks during adolescence and the transition to adulthood. Yet little is known about occupational identity formation and growth during this period of life. In this chapter, the authors describe their ongoing research on this topic. First, they present their findings on the ontogeny of the complexity of career identities. Then they discuss their findings regarding the relationship between early career identity formation and psychological well-being at ages nineteen and twenty-one.
Inlet sequence: a vertical succession of sedimentary structures and textures created by the lateral migration of tidal inlets

Tidal inlets, narrow, comparatively deep gaps between barrier islands, are channels through which tidal currents flow vigorously as the water enters and leaves the backbarrier lagoons, bays, and intertidal flats and marshes. Many geologists have compared tidal inlets to river channels and have speculated that if an inlet shifts laterally, it should deposit a distinctive sequence of sediments, analogous to the point-bar sequence left by a meandering stream channel. Fire Island Inlet, located 56 km east of New York City, has migrated WSW at a mean rate of 64 m/year during the period 1825–1940. Waves approaching the coast, predominantly from the southeast, have shifted sediment along the shore toward the WSW. Deposition of sediment on the east side of the inlet has forced the tidal currents to erode the west side of the inlet, thus causing lateral migration. Because hydraulic conditions vary from the channel floor to the subaerial part of the spit which is present on the ENE side of the channel, sedimentary structures and textures vary systematically with depth. We have determined the various sedimentary environments associated with the modern Fire Island Inlet, sampled and described the sediments from these environments, and have collected samples from corings made on that part of Fire Island through which the inlet has migrated. On the basis of our studies, we propose an inlet sequence which is formed by the lateral migration of a tidal inlet. The sequence includes five major units, as follows on p. 492. The sediments belonging to various units in this sequence have been identified in four borings made on those parts of Fire Island through which the Fire Island Inlet has migrated since 1825. This sequence should be applicable to other inlets also. We think that the boundary between deep channel and shallow channel units remains relatively fixed at −4.5 m, whereas the thickness of the deep channel unit is determined by the depth range between −4.5 m and the total depth of the inlet. Hence, the main source of variation in the inlet sequence will be the thickness of the deep-channel unit. Most of the sediments of the inlet sequence are incised below mean low water; hence they will almost certainly be preserved in the geologic record, even if all other associated sediments from barrier environments located above mean low water are not preserved. Because of the great variability possible in rates of lateral migration of inlets along the shore compared with the rates of barrier displacement perpendicular to the shore, inlet sediments may be preserved as elongate lenses, or as widespread blankets. The shape of inlet deposits reveals much about the behaviour of barriers during a submergence. Hence, inlet sediments should shed new light on sediments of the continental shelves and on basal transgressive sands in the geologic record.
Multiscale modeling of swelling clays: A computational and experimental approach

Expansive clays such as montmorillonite cause severe distress to infrastructure due to swelling. The swelling of montmorillonite clay is also the basis for its use in many commercial applications such as drilling muds in petroleum engineering, as landfill liners in environmental engineering and in making polymer clay nanocomposites. The focus of this work is to carry out a systematic experimental and numerical study to understand and model behavior of Na-montmorillonite at molecular and particulate level to find mechanism of swelling in the Na-montmorillonite interlayer. Experimental results show breakdown of particles with an increase in swelling of the clay. This phenomenon was numerically studied by developing a modified Discrete Element Method (DEM) model that incorporates the latest developments in both clay and computer science, and can simulate particle subdivision. DEM results show the role of particle subdivision on swelling and swelling pressure. In understanding the true mechanism of swelling, it is essential to incorporate the interactions between clay molecular structure and the interlayer water molecules. For bridging the length scales, we have also evaluated the stress deformation response of the clay molecular structure using Molecular Dynamic (MD) simulations. Simulation results show that the deformation in the clay molecular structure due to external stress is mostly due to deformation of the water molecules in the clay interlayer. A new experimental technique which enables us to capture the molecular changes in the clay molecular structure upon hydration is also developed. This work provides a foundation for multiscale modeling of swelling clays.
Comparing figures by regression

A procedure is described to obtain an empirical transformation regressing an independent plane configuration against a similar dependent configuration. As implemented the procedure constructs the mapping by estimating two bivariate tables, with arguments on a square lattice interpolated from the irregularly arranged original observations. The tables are constructed so that the transformation has smooth derivatives and so as to agree, as nearly as possible, with the empirical data. The curvilinear regression coefficients are represented a spatially varying, but coordinate invariant, second order tensor field. Bidimensional regression can automatically be illustrated by a warped coordinate grid, by comparison of the original configuration and the regression estimate, by a field of displacement vectors, by a diagram of the principal strains, and by a contour map. Intermediate configurations and extrapolations are also available.
Updating a 3-D vertebral body finite element model using 2-D images

In osteoporotic patients, vertebral strength is often evaluated in the clinical setting using bone densitometry methods, such as dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Finite element models based on computed tomography (CT) have been shown to outperform such methods in predicting fracture strength, but repetitive use of CT scans may be impractical due to cost, availability, and radiation exposure. We propose a method of generating a vertebral model at an initial time point which can subsequently be updated using several digital radiographs by using an algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) to find the three-dimensional density distribution. The effectiveness of the algorithm was measured by comparison of the error of the reconstructed model to the error incurred by using the outdated model. Application of the ART was able to reduce density errors from 30% to under 7% and to reduce errors in calculated vertebral stiffness from 125% to under 10%. This preliminary study demonstrates that the method is valid and could potentially improve fracture risk diagnostics drastically.
A clinical perspective on inner-city youths' exposure to homicide: Community and policy implications

This article explores the impact of exposure to extreme violence on inner-city young-people. The clinical findings are based on a 21/2-year murder project that the author conducted, in conjunction with a grassroots anti-crime organization in Kansas City, Missouri. The implications of the project and its clinical findings for community action and social policy are discussed.
gsk disruption leads to guanosine accumulation in Escherichia coli.

We tried some improvement of inosine production using an inosine-producing mutant of Escherichia coli which is deficient in purF (phosphoribosyl-pyrophosphate (PRPP) amidotransferase gene), purA (succinyl-adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) syn-thetase gene), deoD (purine nucleoside phosphorylase gene), purR (purine repressor gene) and add (adenosine deaminase gene), and harboring the desensitized PRPP amidotransferase gene as a plasmid. The guaB (inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) dehydrogenase gene) disruption brought about a slightly positive effect on the inosine productivity. Alternatively, the gsk (guanosine-inosine kinase gene) disruption caused a considerable amount of guanosine accumulation together with a slight increase in the inosine productivity. The further addition of guaC (guanosine 5'-monophosphate (GMP) reductase gene) disruption did not lead to an increased guanosine accumulation, but brought about the decrease of inosine accumulation.
LIGHT REQUIREMENTS FOR MONOSPORE GERMINATION IN BANGIA ATROPURPUREA (RHODOPHYTA)1

Monospore germination, in Bangia atropurpurea (Roth) C. Ag. [= B. fuscopurpurea (Dillw.) Lyngb.] is light-dependent. In white light, the percent germination increases with increasing photon fluence rate until the response is saturated at 35 μmol · m−2· s−1. At a saturating photon fluence rate in an 18:6 h L:D cycle, 9 days are required for maximum germination. Green light is the most effective spectral region for monospore germination, although the process can occur in red and blue light if sufficiently high photon fluence rates are provided. Monospore germination and photosynthetic oxygen evolution are completely inhibited by DCMU at a concentration of 1 × 10−6 M. Germination is reduced in a low CO2 atmosphere and does not occur in the dark when glucose, maltose or inositol are supplied. It is concluded that photosynthesis is required for monospore germination.
The sepsis model: an emerging hypothesis for the lethality of inhalation anthrax.

Inhalation anthrax is often described as a toxin-mediated disease. However, the toxaemia model does not account for the high mortality of inhalation anthrax relative to other forms of the disease or for the pathology present in inhalation anthrax. Patients with inhalation anthrax consistently show extreme bacteraemia and, in contrast to animals challenged with toxin, signs of sepsis. Rather than toxaemia, we propose that death in inhalation anthrax results from an overwhelming bacteraemia that leads to severe sepsis. According to our model, the central role of anthrax toxin is to permit the vegetative bacteria to escape immune detection. Other forms of B. anthracis infection have lower mortality because their overt symptoms early in the course of disease cause patients to seek medical care at a time when the infection and its sequelae can still be reversed by antibiotics. Thus, the sepsis model explains key features of inhalation anthrax and may offer a more complete understanding of disease pathology for researchers as well as those involved in the care of patients.