cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plasma Endothelin-1 Level at the Onset of Ischemic Ventricular Fibrillation Predicts Resuscitation Outcome

Summary Background Endogenous vasopressors, including endothelin-1 (ET-1), have been shown to be elevated in patients following resuscitation from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and are likely a physiologic response to global ischaemia. The importance of ET-1 in the setting of arrest and resuscitation has not been established. Prior work has demonstrated that ET-1 increases significantly after coronary occlusion. The purpose of this study was to assess changes in ET-1 following induction of ischaemia and VF. Methods VF was induced in 30 anesthetized and instrumented swine by balloon occlusion of the LAD. Blood was collected from the right atrium at baseline and at 5 min intervals following LAD occlusion until VF occurred. After 7 min of VF, resuscitation was attempted in accordance with guidelines. ET-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), a measure of infarct size, were measured using ELISA. Results ET-1 and MMP-9 levels increased significantly from baseline within 20 min of occlusion of the LAD. Animals that could not be resuscitated had a higher ET-1 ( p = 0.031) at VF onset but similar ischaemia time (time to VF) and MMP-9, reflecting infarct size. An ET-1 level >4 pg/ml had a likelihood ratio of 4 for predicting resuscitation failure. Conclusions Elevated levels of ET-1 during acute ischaemia predict resuscitation failure independent of the time to VF. This finding may be due to the known effect of ET-1 on coronary vascular resistance or ventricular compliance, resulting in early ischemic contracture.
Teacher and Student Role Expectations: Cross‐Cultural Differences and Implications

lationships between second language learning or acquisition and various classes of learner variables: affective, cognitive, personality, and socio-cultural.' However, only a few studies (2; 7; 14; 38; 45; 48; 49; 61) have assessed the role expectations of teachers or students from various countries. As a result of teaching English as a second language (ESL) and training teachers overseas and in the USA, I suspected that role expectations varied across cultures and were related to second-language learning. To address these issues, I conducted a twophase study at a large post-secondary intensive ESL program.2 I chose this site because intensive ESL students have little experience with the host culture and are pressured to begin degree programs. Both factors can shift differences in role expectations to the foreground and heighten their importance. This first phase examined the role expectations held by ESL students from seven countries and ESL teachers from the USA. Its
SOLAR-WIND PROPERTIES AT THE EARTH AS PREDICTED BY THE TWO-FLUID MODEL

The two-fluid equations for the solar wind are written down in a simplified form, similar to that suggested by Roberts (1971) for the one-fluid model. The equations are shown to depend only on one parameter, $$K = GM\kappa _e m_p (\varepsilon _\infty T_0 )^{{3 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {3 2}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 2}} /4k^2 Fe,$$ , where G is the gravitational constant, M the mass of the star, κe the thermal electron conductivity, mp the proton mass, k the Boltzman constant, kɛ∞T0 the residual energy per particle at infinity and Fe the electron-particle flux. For a variety of values of the density and temperature at the base of the corona we compute the solutions of the two-fluid solar wind model and compare the predicted and observed solar wind parameters at the Earth.
Signals from switched ferroelectric memory capacitors

CONSIDERABLE information has been published on the properties of ferroelectric materials1?4 and their use in digital memory devices has been described.5,6 It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the output signals from switched and unswitched ferroelectric storage capacitors, to treat the storage capacitor as a circuit element by the introduction of an equivalent circuit, and to present methods and several circuits by which the inherent signal-to-noise ratio can be improved.
Influences of School Environment on the Academic Achievement Scores of Adopted and Nonadopted Children.

Associations between academic achievement and characteristics of the school environment can result from direct environmental influences of the school, or from placement of children into particular school environments based on prior ability. To disentangle these potential influences underlying school effects on children, we analyzed data from parents and first-grade adopted and nonadopted children in the Colorado Adoption Project. Measures analyzed included attending a private versus a public school, a variable aggregated at the school level, and several variables aggregated at the classroom level. If such aggregated measures are associated with many intercorrelated individual aspects of school environment, each having a small effect on achievement, the process of aggregation may offer additional power to detect these small individual environment effects. Several of these aggregate variables, in addition to measures of children's attitudes about school, showed direct environmental associations with reading and math achievement independent of effects of parental IQ.
Consumer Responses to Rumors: Good News, Bad News

Three studies—a field survey and two experiments—examine social and situational factors influencing the evaluation and communication of information labeled as rumor. The survey focused on rumor transmission and beliefs about marketplace rumors held by the public. Consumers reported that they were exposed to and spread more negative than positive rumors. Additionally, rumor, when identified as such, was evaluated less favorably than other word-of-mouth communications. These findings were then examined in greater depth in two experiments that compared the interpersonal consequences of transmission of negative and positive rumors. The first experimental study revealed that labeling information as a rumor decreased its credibility and transmission to others and that positively valenced rumors were more likely to be transmitted and generated greater liking for the transmitter. Study 3 revealed that the personal relevance of the information interacted with valence to influence rumor transmission, affective reactions, and interpersonal attraction. There was a greater propensity to spread positive rumors that reflected well on oneself compared to negative rumors that reflected badly. In contrast, negative rumor about one's rival was more likely to be transmitted than positively valenced rumor. Rumor valence did not influence transmission when the information concerned a remote other.
Measuring physico-chemical interaction in mastics using glass transition

The current design standard for asphalt mixtures provides guidance on selection of aggregates, asphalt binder and includes requirements for the amount of mineral filler to be included. The amount of filler that can be included is limited to a ratio in the range of 0.6–1.2 by mass of the binder. However, this range is based on experience rather than on scientific evaluation of the interaction between filler and binder. Although many researchers acknowledge the physico-chemical interaction between asphalt binder and the mineral filler, currently a procedure to quantify this interaction, and consider it in selecting favorable filler to binder ratio, is not available. In this paper, the effect of fillers on the glass transition temperature (T g) of the base binder was used to evaluate the physico-chemical interaction in mastics. The total reinforcement of the filler, which is measured in terms of relative viscosity of the filled binder to the unfilled binder, consists of two parts: mechanical and physico-chem...
Evoked potentials in subjects at risk for Alzheimer's Disease

Evoked potential (EP) changes accompanying dementing processes have been documented in a number of studies. However, EPs have not been studied in subjects who are at heightened risk for the development of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Nineteen volunteers with no immediate family members with a history of AD and 33 healthy subjects with at least one first-degree relative with AD were studied. Of the 33 subjects with a positive family history of AD, the illness of the sick relative was classified as possible AD in 10 subjects, probable AD in 17 subjects, and definite (autopsy-proven) AD in 6 subjects. Mid-latency evoked potentials (P50, N100, and P200) and P300 event-related potentials were recorded in an oddball paradigm. The amplitudes of the P50 responses to the frequent stimuli and of the P300 responses were significantly higher in the subjects whose relatives had definite AD as compared with the other three groups. The amplitude of the N100 component was also larger in the same group, but the difference was only statistically significant from the group of healthy volunteers without a family history of AD. A process of increased sensitivity to incoming stimuli may be reflected in the increased P50, N100, and P300 amplitudes in the subjects at increased risk for developing AD.
Vergence nystagmus induced by motion in the ground plane: normal response characteristics

We displayed backward/forward motion on a computer monitor in the ground plane. Subjects looked at the center of a moving pattern and eye movements of both eyes were recorded with a search coil system. Involuntary nystagmus including vertical version (VV) and horizontal vergence (HV) was recorded. Dynamics of the nystagmus showed that the slow and quick phase of VV and HV were always associated with each other while the monocular horizontal eye movements composed of HV were either symmetrical or asymmetrical. Peak velocity, amplitudes and frequency of the VV and HV responses were quantified. The results suggest that involuntary HV nystagmus can be induced by simple motion from simulated optic flow in the ground plane and the HV nystagmus helps moving subjects to stabilize their gazes on the object of interest.
Behavioral and cognitive data: A note on the multiplexity of network subgroups

This paper is concerned with the social network utility of cognitive data obtained by having people judge the similarity of other people without investigator-specified criteria. Substantively, we focus on networks of Alaskan salmon fishermen as derived from two sets of behavioral data (one pertaining to patterns of co-residence, another revealing patterns of economic exchange), and one set of cognitive data. These data are analyzed for multiplexity in network subgroupings. Findings show that, in this instance, a cognitive measure of similarity splits the difference between two categories of behavioral data. Implications of this for social network research are discussed.
Liquid crystal beam shaping devices employing patterned photoalignment layers for high-peak-power laser applications

Optical elements with spatially varying transmission are required for laser engineering and imaging systems. Although refractive systems can transform the Gaussian energy distribution of a laser beam into a "top-hat" distribution, they lack the versatility to produce the more-complex and precise intensity distributions required for high-peak-power laser systems such as the OMEGA and OMEGA EP Laser Systems at the University of Rochester's Laboratory for Laser Energetics and the National Ignition Facility at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Previously, distributions of opaque metal pixels on a transparent glass substrate have been used for such beam-shaping efforts, but laser-damage thresholds of the order of 200-700 mJ/cm 2 in the nanosecond regime limit their applicability. By applying photolithographic patterning of coumarin-based photoalignment layers using polarized UV light to generate spatially varying molecular orientation in a nematic liquid crystal (LC) device, we have developed and demonstrated highresolution beam-shaper devices for such high-peak-power laser applications in the near-IR region. Operating at 1054 nm, these devices demonstrated a contrast ratio ranging from 280:1 to 540:1, a pixel size of 10 m with an interpixel resolution of 1.7 μm, and laser-damage resistance ranging from 20 to 40 J/cm 2 at 1054 nm (1-ns pulse width) using a 10-μm layer of commercially available nematic LC materials. Coupled with the ability to generate an almost infinite variety of binary and gray-scale apodization and beam-shaping profiles by the photoalignment process, the high laser-damage threshold of these devices makes them attractive and useful tools for a multitude of laser applications.
Facial Analytics: From Big Data to Law Enforcement

Facial analytics is an emerging soft-biometric technology that examiners can use to contextualize images of people without encroaching on their privacy.
A Brief Survey of Beliefs about the Effects of Tobacco Smoke Pollution on Intellectual Performance in College Classrooms

Summary.-A subset of four questions was selected from a longer questionnaire to survey beliefs about the effects of tobacco smoke pollution on intellectual performance in college classrooms. Sizable majorities of both the 246 nonsmokers and 61 smokers believed that nonsmoking students with smoke-aversive handicaps suffer discriminatory treatment because of smoke pollution. The need for additional survey and experimental studies is presented. Only a few and mosdy tangential studies are available on the question of whether or not tobacco smoke pollution may cause the sensitive nonsmoker to suffer significant decrements in the kinds of sustained, high level intellectual performances involved in college studies. Most of the few studies available have dealt with the adverse effects of carbon monoxide on the perceptual, psychomotor, and cognitive functions related to safe performance while driving an automobile or piloting an aircraft (Lewis, Baddeley, Bonham, & Lovett, 1970; National Clearinghouse for Smoking and Health, 1976; Robinson & Wolfe, 1976; Stewart, 1976; Weir, et al., 1973). However, carbon monoxide is only one of numerous and interacting chemical constituents of tobacco smoke. Kidd (1973) found that both smokers and nonsmokers received higher examination grades when tested in separate rooms than when tested in shared rooms. Small bur significant impairments in intellectual performance of children aged 7 and 11 have been tentatively attributed to the effects of smoke pollution in their homes (Butler & Goldstein, 1972; Harhp & Davies, 1974a, 1974b).
Forest soil carbon inventories and dynamics along an elevation gradient in the southern Appalachian Mountains

Soil organic carbon (SOC) was partitioned between unprotected and protected pools in six forests along an elevation gradient in the southern Appalachian Mountains using two physical methods: flotation in aqueous CaCl2 (1.4 g/mL) and wet sieving through a 0.053 mm sieve. Both methods produced results that were qualitatively and quantitatively similar. Along the elevation gradient, 28 to 53% of the SOC was associated with an unprotected pool that included forest floor O-layers and other labile soil organic matter (SOM) in various stages of decomposition. Most (71 to 83%) of the C in the mineral soil at the six forest sites was identified as protected because of its association with a heavy soil fraction (> 1.4 g/mL) or a silt-clay soil fraction. Total inventories of SOC in the forests (to a depth of 30 cm) ranged from 384 to 1244 mg C/cm2.The turnover time of the unprotected SOC was negatively correlated (r = –0.95, p < 0.05) with mean annual air temperature (MAT) across the elevation gradient. Measured SOC inventories, annual C returns to the forest floor, and estimates of C turnover associated with the protected soil pool were used to parameterize a simple model of SOC dynamics. Steady-state predictions with the model indicated that, with no change in C inputs, the low- (235–335 m), mid- (940–1000 m), and high- (1650–1670 m) elevation forests under study might surrender ≈ 40 to 45% of their current SOC inventory following a 4°C increase in MAT. Substantial losses of unprotected SOM as a result of a warmer climate could have long-term impacts on hydrology, soil quality, and plant nutrition in forest ecosystems throughout the southern Appalachian Mountains.
Analysis of voiding disorders in patientswith cerebrovascular accidents

Abstarct Urodynamic evaluation was undertaken in 33 patients (15 males and 18 females, age range 48–90 years) with voiding problems following cerebrovascular accidents. In the majority of these patients (26) cystometry revealed involuntary contractions of the bladder. The critical volume for involuntary bladder contractions was approximately 200 mL. The majority of patients with cerebral cortex and/or internal capsule lesions had uninhibited relaxation of the sphincter during involuntary bladder contractions, while all of the patients with lesions only in the basal ganglia or thalamus had normal sphincter function. The remaining 7 patients had poor bladder contractions. Correlation of bladder dysfunction with the area of brain injury was not conclusive, but was suggestive of directions to be taken in future research.
Organizing Education for Minorities: Enhancing Minority Access and Use of the New Information Technologies in Higher Education

Abstract Many minority students in the United States are entering higher education with less expertise and experience in using the new academic tools than majority culture students. The lack of computer competence can become an additional barrier, (in addition to the fiscal, cultural and educational barriers) to their successful pursuit and completion of an academic degree program. This paper discusses: the rapid changes which are taking place in the use of computers and related technologies in higher education institutions; the potential impact of present inequities in pre-college access and use of computers experienced by minority students, particularly Black, Hispanic and American Indian students; and strategies and recommendations to enhance the computer competence of minority students in institutions of higher education and public schools.
Preparation and evaluation of sustained release AZT-loaded microspheres: optimization of the release characteristics using response surface methodology.

The purpose of the study was to prepare and optimize a sustained release formulation of zidovudine (AZT). Ethylcellulose mi-crospheres containing AZT were prepared using an emulsification/solvent evaporation technique. The critical formulation variables were emulsifier concentration, drug to polymer ratio, and ethyl acetate concentration in the internal phase of the emulsion. The time to release 85% of the contents of the microspheres (t85) was used as a measure for the release time. A second-order polynomial equation was fitted to the release data to systemically investigate the effect of the formulation variables on the release rate. This equation was then used to predict t85 in the optimum region. The t85 was found to be dependent on the three formulation variables, with strong interactions observed between these variables. The microspheres were characterized in terms of their particle size and surface morphology. The study indicated no overall correlation between the mean diameter of the microspheres and the t85.
The Role of Mentors in the Struggle against Poverty: Critical Social Navigation as a Tool for Postsecondary Preparation

Families disadvantaged by poverty face higher risk factors for poor health, incarceration, and abuse of all kinds. Their children are the most likely to perform poorly in formal school settings and to leave the system early. In the United States, poverty is most frequently found at the intersections of race, class, and gender. Thus, poverty is both a source of great inequality and deeply embedded in our social structure. How then, do we interrupt this cycle of oppression? One answer to this complex question has been higher education. Yet, successfully attaining a college degree is both an immense challenge and, on its own, insufficient for youth disadvantaged by poverty. In order to break the cycle of poverty, these youth need to first understand, and secondly work around or resist, the inequitable circumstances that inevitably shape their lives. Only then will benchmarks like employment or college enrollment become meaningful tools to youth disadvantaged by poverty. As applied anthropologists, we can hel...
Physical removal of metallic carbon nanotubes from nanotube network devices using a thermal and fluidic process

Electronic and optoelectronic devices based on thin films of carbon nanotubes are currently limited by the presence of metallic nanotubes. Here we present a novel approach based on nanotube alkyl functionalization to physically remove the metallic nanotubes from such network devices. The process relies on preferential thermal desorption of the alkyls from the semiconducting nanotubes and the subsequent dissolution and selective removal of the metallic nanotubes in chloroform. The approach is versatile and is applied to devices post-fabrication.
The public relations contribution to IMC: Deriving opportunities from threats and solidifying public relations’ future

Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) has been regarded primarily as a marketing concept. However, as an ever more dominant context for communication management, IMC presents opportunities for public relations scholarship's contributions to the discipline, in spite of IMC's recognized threats. This article, which outlines the state of the fields of IMC and public relations literature, proposes the way public relations roles in relationship cultivation and organizational behavior uniquely contribute to IMC, and, at the same time, establish management roles for public relations. This article also addresses three challenges facing public relations research in integration by providing a better definition of IMC, establishing relationship cultivation as a critical point in the theoretical convergence of public relations and IMC, and providing a framework through which to conceptualize communication structures.
Response Dynamics in the Continuum Limit of the Lattice Dynamical Theory of Viscoelasticity (Fractional Calculus Approach)

A fractional diffusion-wave equation is derived in the continuum limit of the lattice dynamical equations of motion of a chain of coupled fractional oscillators obtained from the integral equations of motion of a linear chain of simple harmonic oscillators by generalization of the ordinary integrals into ones involving fractional integrals. The set of integral equations of motion pertaining to the chain of coupled fractional oscillators in the continuum limit is solved by using Laplace transforms. The response of the system to impulse and sinusoidal forcing is studied. Numerical applications are discussed with particular reference to energy flow and dissipation.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The effect of radiation trapping on a high field spin exchange optically pumped target

Abstract The effect of radiation trapping on an optically pumped spin exchange polarized atomic hydrogen or deuterium target operated in a high magnetic field is analyzed. It is shown that, if possible, it is desirable even in a high magnetic field to use an alkali density low enough that significant radiation trapping does not occur since fewer photons are needed on the average to polarize an atom. This permits one to obtain the maximum number of polarized hydrogen atoms per photon. Operation at a low alkali density requires both a high atomic hydrogen density and a low hydrogen polarization loss rate. It is also suggested that in a high nagnetic field there may be advantages in using linearly polarized light for the optical pumping.
Don't Ever Forget Now, You're a Black Man in America : Intersections of Race, Class and Gender In Encounters with the Police

Middle-aged black and white graduates of a Midwestern US high school responded to interview questions about race and racial identity. Their answers included descriptions of police harassment and crime, and focused on those considered to be criminal actors: most often apparently poor, black men. Qualitative analysis of 38 interviews showed that questions about racial identity tapped into a discourse that constructs and stereotypes criminals as occupying social positions defined by race, class and gender, particularly for African Americans. The concept of intersectionality illuminates the cultural construction of police encounters with citizens in terms of poor black men, and the specific nature of the stories of racial identity told—and not told—by respondents with different race, class and gender identities.
The Single Testis: Paternity After Presentation as Unilateral Cryptorchidism

ABSTRACTPurpose: We determine if paternity is reduced among men with monorchidism (absent or removed testis) compared to men with unilateral cryptorchidism corrected during childhood by orchiopexy and controls. The group of men with an absent testis was determined among males presenting during childhood with only 1 descended testis.Materials and Methods: Data were obtained by medical record review and a detailed questionnaire. Only men who had been successful at or attempted paternity for whom we had complete data were included in the study from the entire cohort of 584 men with former cryptorchidism, 23 with absent testis, 26 treated with orchiectomy and 706 controls.Results: Percentages of men reporting success after attempting paternity did not differ among men with an absent testis (15 of 15, 100%), treated with orchiectomy (17 of 20, 85.0%), with corrected unilateral cryptorchidism (313 of 349, 89.7%) and controls (412 of 442, 93.2%). There was no difference for a subgroup of men with cryptorchidism ...
Obesity and airway responsiveness: Role of TNFR2

Obese mice exhibit innate airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), a feature of asthma. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is implicated in the disease progression and chronic inflammatory status of both obesity and asthma. TNF acts via two TNF receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2. To examine the role of TNFR2 in the AHR observed in obese mice, we generated obese Cpefat mice that were either sufficient or deficient in TNFR2 (Cpefat and Cpefat/TNFR2−/− mice, respectively) and compared them with their lean controls (WT and TNFR2−/− mice). Compared to WT mice, Cpefat mice exhibited AHR to aerosolized methacholine (measured using the forced oscillation technique) which was ablated in Cpefat/TNFR2−/− mice. Bioplex or ELISA assay indicated significant increases in serum leptin, G-CSF, IL-7, IL-17A, TNFα, and KC in obese versus lean mice, as well as significant obesity-related increases in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) G-CSF and IP-10, regardless of TNFR2 status. Importantly, BALF IL-17A was significantly increased over lean controls in Cpefat but not Cpefat/TNFR2−/− mice. Functional annotation clustering of significantly affected genes identified from microarray analysis comparing gene expression in lungs of Cpefat and WT mice, identified blood vessel morphogenesis as the gene ontology category most affected by obesity. This category included several genes associated with AHR, including endothelin and trkB. Obesity increased pulmonary mRNA expression of endothelin and trkB in TNFR2 sufficient but not deficient mice. Our results indicate that TNFR2 signaling is required for the innate AHR that develops in obese mice, and suggest that TNFR2 may act by promoting IL-17A, endothelin, and/or trkB expression.
Designing efficient hybrid electric vehicles

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are increasingly gaining popularity due to their lower fuel consumption. Current hybrid vehicles mostly use their battery or the energy storage system (ESS) as a secondary source of power. If the ESS were to be used as a primary source of power, then the ESS size would be one of the important features in the design of an HEV. In addition, HEVs have to employ an intelligent energy management strategy to provide the best fuel economy in all driving situations. This article presents an investigation on the effect of the variation of the ESS size on the fuel economy of an HEV and the important design criteria involved in the design of the ESS. Simulations carried out using advanced vehicle simulator (ADVISOR) software show that fuel economy is not linearly related to ESS size and therefore the ESS needs to be designed based on the average daily driving distance and the driver behavior.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a clinical disorder caused by compression of the median nerve at the wrist. The diagnosis can be made with confidence in patients with the typical clinical and electrodiagnostic features. It is the most common entrapment neuropathy with a cumulative lifetime incidence of approximately 8%. As a common cause of pain and functional impairment of the hand, it represents a significant cause of morbidity in the general population.
Cooperative Spectrum Leasing in Cognitive Radio Networks

In this paper, the spectrum leasing in Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN) based on property-right model is addressed when a single Primary User (PU) coexists with multiple Secondary Users (SU). In this model, the PU as the spectrum owner allows the SU to use a portion of the spectrum band in exchange for providing cooperative relaying service. We propose a novel game theoretic model, where the PU is able to monitor the behavior of the SUs in terms of cooperation. Using the proposed credit-based mechanism, the PU will be notified about any dishonest action of the SUs after they utilized the spectrum access, therefore the PU may decide not to select the fraudulent SUs in the next time slots. The proposed accumulative cooperative credit keeps the record of the portion of power is used by each SU to perform the relaying service. In each round, the PU observes the SUs' credit and selects a reliable one with a relatively good channel condition.
Categonzation and regionalization of emergency departments caring for children

Abstract Population demographics do not allow every area of the county equal access to all health care resources. Services for critically ill and injured children are no exception. Categorization and regionalization of specialized health care services have been shown to improve outcome and reduce the cost of health care for a variety of circumstances. A systems approach to caring for pediatric emergencies that assures access to stabilizing care and timely transfer to definitive care resources can save lives and improve morbidity rates. This approach can be accomplished through a process o1 assuring that every hospital with an emergency department has met minimum standards for the care of children in crisis that includes, when necessary, timely transfer to definitive care. Hospitals should be categorized according to their resources to manage pediatric emergencies and, through a process of regional cooperation, facilities should be linked to assure timely access to definitive care for children who are critically ill or injured.
More research is needed to choose service delivery models for elementary-aged children with speech-language impairments

This review provides a summary and appraisal commentary on the treatment review by Cirrin, F. M., Schooling, T. L., Nelson, N. W., Diehl, S. F., Flynn, P. F., Staskowski, M., … Adamczyk, D. F. (2010). Evidence-based systematic review: Effects of different service delivery models on communication outcomes for elementary school-age children. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 41, 233–264.Source of funding and disclosure of interest: The original study was supported by the American Speech-Language Hearing Association and the National Center for Evidence-Based Practice in Communication Disorders. No conflicts of interest were reported by the original authors of this research report.
Quenching diameters of some fast flames at low pressures

Abstract Quenching diameters as a function of pressure have been presented for some fast stoichiometric hydrocarbonoxygen and hydrogenoxygen flames. The order of increasing ease of quenching is acetylene, ethylene, hydrogen, propane. The overall reaction orders for all flames have been found to be very close to two.
Identification of the Nuclear Localization Signal of Rat Liver CTP:Phosphocholine Cytidylyltransferase

CTP phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CT) is a major regulatory enzyme in phosphatidylcholine synthesis in mammalian cells. CT is found in both soluble and particulate forms, both of which are nuclear. We report here the identification of a 21-residue sequence at the amino terminus of CT, 8KVNSRKRRKEVPGPNGATEED28, which was sufficient to direct β-galactosidase into the cell nucleus. Further deletions from either end of this sequence greatly reduced the nuclear localization of β-galactosidase. Deletions of amino acids within the nuclear localization signal or of the entire signal disrupted CT nuclear localization, but CT was not completely excluded from the nucleus. Clones of stable transfectants of the nuclear localization signal-deficient CT expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) 58 cells, which is temperature-sensitive for growth and CT activity, were isolated and characterized. The deletion mutants were active under the same conditions as the wild-type enzyme. Despite the difference in subcellular location from wild-type CT, the nuclear localization mutants were fully able to complement the CT-deficient cell line CHO 58 for both growth and choline incorporation into phosphatidylcholine at the nonpermissive temperature. The mobility of the mutant enzymes on SDS gels was altered relative to the mobility of wild-type CT; however, the extent of phosphorylation of the mutant enzymes was decreased only slightly. Thus, the distribution of CT in both cytoplasm and nucleus, rather than exclusively nucleus, has little effect on the ability of CT to function in growing CHO cells.
APOA5 polymorphisms influence plasma triglycerides in young, healthy African Americans and whites of the CARDIA Study.

Genetic variation in the apolipoprotein A-V gene (APOA5) has been associated with variation in plasma triglyceride (TG) levels in African American and white females and males older than 40 years and/or at increased risk of coronary artery disease. We have examined whether plasma TG levels are associated with 16 APOA5 polymorphisms in young (18–30 years) African American (1,075 females and 783 males) and white (1,041 females and 932 males) individuals of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study selected without regard to health. Plasma TG was significantly (P The results of our study suggest a small but replicable context-dependent influence of the APOA5 gene region on plasma TG levels in young, healthy individuals.
Boiling Temperature and Reversed Deliquescence Relative Humidity Measurements for Mineral Assemblages in the NaCl + NaNO3 + KNO3 + Ca(NO3)2 + H2O System

Boiling temperature measurements have been made at ambient pressure for saturated ternary solutions of NaCl + KNO3 + H2O, NaNO3 + KNO3 + H2O, and NaCl + Ca(NO3)2 + H2O over the full composition range, along with those of the single salt systems. Boiling temperatures were also measured for the four component NaCl + NaNO3 + KNO3 + H2O and five component NaCl + NaNO3 + KNO3 + Ca(NO3)2 + H2O mixtures, where the solute mole fraction of Ca(NO3)2, x{Ca(NO3)2}, was varied between 0 and 0.25. The maximum boiling temperature found for the NaCl + KNO3 + H2O system is ≈134.9 ∘C; for the NaNO3 + KNO3 + H2O system is ≈165.1 ∘C at x(NaNO3) ≈ 0.46 and x(KNO3) ≈ 0.54; and for the NaCl + Ca(NO3)2 + H2O system is 164.7 ± 0.6 ∘C at x{NaCl} ≈ 0.25 and x{Ca(NO3)2} ≈ 0.75. The NaCl + NaNO3 + KNO3 + Ca(NO3)2 + H2O system forms molten salts below their maximum boiling temperatures and the temperatures corresponding to the cessation of boiling (dry-out temperatures) of these liquid mixtures were determined. These dry-out temperatures range from ≈300 ∘C when x{Ca(NO3)2} = 0 to ≥ 400 ∘C when x{Ca(NO3)2} = 0.20 and 0.25. Mutual deliquescence/efflorescence relative humidity (MDRH/MERH) measurements were also made for the NaNO3 + KNO3 and NaCl + NaNO3 + KNO3 salt mixture from 120 to 180 ∘C at ambient pressure. The NaNO3 + KNO3 salt mixture has a MDRH of 26.4% at 120 ∘C and 20.0% at 150 ∘C. This salt mixture also absorbs water at 180 ∘C, which is higher than expected from the boiling temperature experiments. The NaCl + NaNO3 + KNO3 salt mixture was found to have a MDRH of 25.9% at 120 ∘C and 10.5% at 180 ∘C. The investigated mixture compositions correspond to some of the major mineral assemblages that are predicted to control brine composition due to the deliquescence of salts formed in dust deposited on waste canisters in the proposed nuclear repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada.
Free‐running rhythms and patterns of circadian entrainment in three species of diurnal rodents

Abstract Activity rhythms of 3 species of day‐active sciurid rodents under various constant lighting conditions and in L/D schedules were studied. The animals included 8 white‐tailed antelope squirrel Ammospermophilus leucurus, 5 black‐tailed antelope squirrel A. harrisi, and 5 eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus. All species showed free‐running rhythms in constant conditions, with the period decreasing at higher intensities. The 3 species synchronized readily to a variety of light schedules, with the exact response dependent upon the phase relationship of activity to the new light schedule.
Prolactin (PRL) is a zinc-binding protein. I. Zinc interactions with monomeric PRL and divalent cation protection of intragranular PRL cysteine thiols.

PRL in secretory granules is osmotically inert. Previous studies by us and others have suggested that this is due in part to hormone oligomerization. Data suggest intermolecular disulfide bridges and/or intermolecular ionic interactions, as thiols, urea, and chelators increase monomerization of the majority of granule PRL. Because of the inhibitory effect of zinc on PRL release from isolated granules and the effects of zinc on the specific packing of PRL within granules, we examined the possibility that zinc contributed to the stability and/or oligomerization of intragranular PRL. To do this, we first analyzed zinc binding to purified monomeric rat PRL in solution. Zinc binding was demonstrated using the chromogenic chelator 5,5'-nitrilodibarbituric acid (murexide) and was confirmed by matrix-assisted, time of flight mass analysis. Because these spectrophotometric methods were not applicable for intragranular PRL studies, we tested the influence of zinc on granule PRL indirectly. As hormone free thiols we...
Self-assembly of Nafion®/poly(vinyl alcohol) at pH = 1.2 and Nafion®/poly(allyl amine) at pH = 11

Nano thin films of Nafion® and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) were successfully assembled into layer-by-layer (LBL) films at 1.2 ≤ pH ≤ 1.3. Sequential self-assembly of PVA/Nafion® was monitored using FTIR, AFM, and Ellipsometry where the average bilayer thickness for a 20 bilayer film measured 315 A, surface roughness of 550 A, a contact angle of 112°, and resisted degradation up to pH = 10. In the mechanism of self assembly we considered segmental hydrophobic interactions (SHI) and fluorinated hydrogen bonding (FHB) of the type (C–F: → H–N) and (C–F: → H–O) as potential interactions between Nafion® segments and either poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) at pH = 1.2 or poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) at pH ≥ 11. Our experiments on self-assembly monitored the ionization of polyelectrolytes (PE) couples using colorimetric analysis, ATR-FTIR, zeta potential and changes in FTIR peak shifts imposed on the O–H and N–H str, N–H asym str, and the CF2band. PE couples of PAH/Nafion®, PAH/poly(styrene sulfonic acid) PSS, and PVA/PSS were used as cross references to justify FHB versus SHI in the self-assembly of PVA/Nafion®(pH = 1.2) and PAH/Nafion®(pH ≥ 11). The ultra thin acidic PVA/Nafion® LBL film (0.05 to 0.1 μm) is a competitive alternative to the thick PVA/Nafion® blend membranes (50 to 500 μm) and would have potential application in the design of advanced fuel cell, battery, and detection systems.
Impulsively loaded strain hardened rate-sensitive rings and tubes

Abstract The response of rate-sensitive perfectly plastic and linear strain hardened rings and tubes are calculated over a wide range of parameters. Very accurate numerical solutions are obtained and these compare very favorably with approximate solutions based on constant initial strain rate properties. The results provide conclusive support for the approximate techniques. In addition, the response curves are presented in a form convenient for direct engineering use.
Thirty-month outcome after fractional flow reserve-guided versus conventional multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention.

We investigated the value of fractional flow reserve (FFR)–guided percutaneous coronary intervention (FFR-PCI) versus conventional PCI in patients with multivessel disease (MVD). Conventional PCI is performed by visual estimation of the stenosis. Deferral of PCI because of a FFR ≥0.75 is associated with low event rates. However, the value of FFR-PCI in patients with MVD is unknown. We prospectively enrolled 137 patients (312 vessels) with MVD to compare FFR-PCI and conventional PCI. In the FFR-PCI group, FFR of all vessels was performed, and PCI of stenoses with a FFR
Procedure for isolation of gangliosides in high yield and purity: simultaneous isolation of neutral glycosphingolipids.

While several methods for ganglioside extraction and isolation have been described, relatively little attention has been given to the effectiveness of separation from peptides, phospholipids, and various low-molecular-weight contaminants. A procedure is described for isolation of gangliosides in high purity and good yield from 1- to 400-mg samples (wet wt). A key step was mild acidification following homogenization, designed to dissociate gangliosides from lipophilic peptides which coextracted into organic solvents. This has proved particularly helpful for myelin and myelin-containing tissues (e.g., white matter, nerve) whose proteins have presented special problems in ganglioside isolation. In this study isolation was effected by consecutive chromatographies on Sephadex LH-20, DEAE-Sephadex, and silica gel following the initial acidification. The method applied to bovine white matter gave tissue concentrations (calculated from yields and radiolabeled tracer recoveries) that were similar to those obtained with three previously described procedures; however, peptide contaminants were an order of magnitude lower. Removal of low-molecular-weight contaminants, including nucleotide sugars, was virtually complete. In addition to ganglioside isolation the method can be used to obtain neutral glycosphingolipids as well. It is believed to have broad applicability to a diversity of tissues.
Airborne infrared low level wind shear predictor

The operating principles and test performance of an airborne IR (13-16 micron) temperature-sensing detection and warning system for low-level wind shear (LLWS) are presented. The physics of LLWS phenomena and of the IR radiometer are introduced. The cold density-current outflow or gust front related to LLWS is observed in the IR spectrum of CO2 by a radiometer with + or - 0.5-C accuracy at 0.5-Hz sampling rate; LLWS alerts are given on the basis of specific criteria. Test results from the JAWS experiments conducted at Denver in July 1982, are presented graphically and discussed. The feasibility of the passive IR system is demonstrated, with an average warning time of 51 sec, corresponding to a distance from touchdown of about 2 miles.
Adjustment for Missingness Using Auxiliary Information in Semiparametric Regression

In this article, we study the estimation of mean response and regression coefficient in semiparametric regression problems when response variable is subject to nonrandom missingness. When the missingness is independent of the response conditional on high-dimensional auxiliary information, the parametric approach may misspecify the relationship between covariates and response while the nonparametric approach is infeasible because of the curse of dimensionality. To overcome this, we study a model-based approach to condense the auxiliary information and estimate the parameters of interest nonparametrically on the condensed covariate space. Our estimators possess the double robustness property, i.e., they are consistent whenever the model for the response given auxiliary covariates or the model for the missingness given auxiliary covariate is correct. We conduct a number of simulations to compare the numerical performance between our estimators and other existing estimators in the current missing data literature, including the propensity score approach and the inverse probability weighted estimating equation. A set of real data is used to illustrate our approach.
Molecular Genetics of Bacteria and Phages, 2001

The Molecular Genetics of Bacteria and Phages annual meeting was held at the University of Wisconsin—Madison (31 July to 5 August). For more than 50 years this meeting has covered a broad spectrum of topics pertaining to genetics, physiology, cell biology, and development of bacteria and bacteriophages. In the early years of this meeting, from the 1950s through the early 1970s, participants described and debated many of the seminal discoveries that led to the basic principles of molecular genetics. The meeting, with its well-deserved reputation for informality, engagement, and rigor, features short research talks by graduate students, postdocs, and faculty, often serving as the forum for the national debut of many of today's established investigators in the molecular biology of prokaryotes.
Modeling Sediment Suspensions in an Idealized Tidal Embayment: Importance of Tidal Asymmetry and Settling Lag

Suspended sediment transport processes in a short tidal embayment with a simple geometry are investigated using analytic and numerical models. On the basis of numerical results, the horizontal gradient of depth-averaged suspended sediment concentration can be parameterized with a combination of the first harmonic and mean. Using the parameterization, the solution of the analytic model is obtained. Evaluation of the major terms from the solution of the analytic model shows that a quarter-diurnal frequency is significant near the mouth while a semidiurnal component dominates the interior area. The settling lag consists of local and nonlocal components. The local phase lag is a function of the ratio between tidal period and settling time. The nonlocal phase lag is determined by the phase difference between tidal velocity and the horizontal gradient of sediment concentration and by the strength of erosion and horizontal advection.
Dependence of potentiometric oxygen sensing characteristics on the nature of electrodes

A comparative study of gas sensing response and electrical properties of three electrodes for a potentiometric YSZ-based oxygen sensor is presented. Platinum (Pt), lanthanum strontium iron cobalt oxide (La 0.6Sr0.4Fe0.8Co0.2O3: LSFCO) and chromium oxide (Cr2O3) were used as the sensing electrodes. The microstructural features, electrochemical impedance for the charge transfer processes and oxygen sensing characteristics were studied at different temperatures and correlated. Impedance measurements indicate that the LSFCO electrode exhibits lower resistance and higher capacitance by almost two to three orders of magnitude for the chemical exchange and ion transfer processes compared to the other two electrodes. The relaxation time constants of all three electrodes are comparable to each other and found to be in the range of fraction of a second. But, the measured response times for oxygen sensors using these electrodes showed values of the order of minutes at temperatures of 500 ◦ C and below. So, the controlling factor for oxygen response at temperatures below 500 ◦ C seems to be adsorption and/or surface diffusion of oxygen rather than the charge transfer process for a given morphology of the electrode.