cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct mercury analysis in environmental solids by ICP-MS with on-line sample ashing and mercury pre-concentration using a direct mercury analyzer

A commercially available direct mercury analyzer (DMA) based on sample combustion, pre-concentration by amalgamation with gold, and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) was coupled to a sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). The combined system (DMA-ICP-MS) was optimized and evaluated for the determination of mercury in environmental samples using both external calibration and isotope dilution for quantitation. The method was validated using certified reference materials, including sediment, leaves, and fish-muscle tissue. The limit of detection was ∼0.37 pg, about two orders of magnitude lower than the DMA system alone. Precision was generally <7% relative standard deviation, and total analysis time per sample was <8 min. The DMA-ICP-MS system has several advantages over both the DMA alone and conventional cold-vapor AAS for the determination of mercury, including increased sensitivity, lower detection limits, decreased potential for sample contamination, and applicability to Hg stable isotope tracer studies.
Erratic absorption of intramuscular antimicrobial delivery in infants and children

In the absence of intravenous or enteral access, an intramuscular (IM) injection of medications is a viable alternative. Vaccines, antibiotics and analgesics are commonly administered by this route in pediatric medicine to enhance adherence to regimens. Although it is expected that the entire dose be administered by the IM route, the absorption (rate and extent) of the medication from the muscle tissue into systemic circulation can be erratic and depends on the drug's physicochemical factors and patient-specific factors. Despite the variability in absorption, administration of medications by the IM route may be considered when medications do not need to attain maximal concentrations rapidly. IM injections are generally well-tolerated, but potential injury to the injected muscle and the proximal nerves should be recognized.
The De genecia Attributed to Constantine the African

In the 1536 edition of the Opera omnia of Constantine the African (d. ca. 1087), the editor, Henricus Petrus, published an opuscule entitled De mulierum morbis liber (hereafter referred to by its incipit, De passionibus mulierum). 1 Apparently he thought that this brief tractate corresponded to the De genecia, a title included by Peter the Deacon (d. after 1154, possibly after 1159) in his list of Constantine's translations from the Arabic.2 Petrus said nothing about his manuscript sources, nor did he explain what had led him to believe that the De passionibus mulierum was a product of Constantine's hand.3 Petrus's silence on these questions is unfortunate, since the De passionibus mulierum had by the late sixteenth century been associated in manuscript and in print with the names of no fewer than five other authors.4 These multiple accretions of spurious attribution do not eliminate the possibility that the work should be attributed to Constantine. Nevertheless, they plant a seed of doubt. Is Henricus Petrus's equation of the De passionibus mulierum with the De
Active control of streamwise vortices and streaks in boundary layers

Coherent structures play an important role in the dynamics of turbulent shear flows. The ability to control coherent structures could have significant technological benefits with respect to flow phenomena such as skin friction drag, transition, mixing, and separation. This paper describes the development of an actuator concept that could be used in large arrays for actively controlling transitional and turbulent boundary layers. The actuator consists of a piezoelectrically driven cantilever mounted flush with the flow wall. When driven, the resulting flow disturbance over the actuator is a quasi-steady pair of counter-rotating streamwise vortices with common-flow away from the wall. The vortices decay rapidly downstream of the actuator; however, they produce a set of high- and low-speed streaks that persist far downstream (well over 40 displacement thicknesses). The amplitude of the actuator drive signal controls the strength of the generated vortices. The actuator is fast, compact, and generates a substantial disturbance in the flow. Its performance has been demonstrated using a small array of sensors and actuators in low-speed water laminar boundary layers with imposed steady and unsteady disturbances. Experiments are reported in which transition from a large disturbance was delayed by 40 displacement thicknesses, and in which the mean and spanwise variation of wall shear under an array of high- and low-speed streaks was substantially reduced downstream of a single transverse array of actuators.
Cost allocation, demand revelation, and core implementation

This paper proposes an efficient mechanism for setting access charges to public facilities and publicly regulated monopolies. Traditional approaches to the cost allocation or regulated pricing problem generally require full information about demands that in practice may not be known to the regulator. We propose a simple demand revelation mechanism in which potential customers bid to be served and the regulator accepts a set of bids that maximizes revenues net of costs. In a strong Nash equilibrium, the mechanism reveals the efficient set of customers to serve and covers the costs of serving them, possibly with a surplus for the producer. Surplus is distributed among consumers so that no subgroup subsidizes another, and there exists no other subsidy-free distribution that is Pareto superior for the consumers. The set of all such distributions constitutes a new solution concept for cooperative games, called the extended core that is nonempty and contains the core. When the game is monotone increasing and convex, the extended core is the same as the core, and the mechanism implements precisely the core allocations.
“DEEPLY INDEBTED TO THE TEA-PLANT”: REPRESENTATIONS OF ENGLISH NATIONAL IDENTITY IN VICTORIAN HISTORIES OF TEA

These words were penned by a professor of the Royal Medico-Botanical Society in the late 1830s to commemorate the “recent discovery in British India of the Tea Plant” (vii). Yet although written near the beginning of the Victorian era, their sentiment – that tea was both an element of national self-definition and a stimulator of the individual prosperity and wellbeing on which that polity was based – nonetheless epitomizes the broader sweep of the nineteenth century's engagement with that article of consumption. How tea came to occupy this role, and why, is the subject of this essay, which focuses on the book-length tea history – a slightly peculiar genre that blurs the boundaries between fiction and non-fiction, advertisement and travelogue, personal account and scientific treatise. These histories appeared throughout the nineteenth century and often were explicitly funded by various segments of the tea industry (thus resembling the nineteenth-century equivalent of an infomercial). Because of their direct relationship to commercial and trading concerns, their role in recording and shaping the taste for the beverage, and their dissemination across a fairly broad public, tea histories offer an important, intertextual index of the Victorians' relationship to the beverage, as well as the way in which the relationship between home and Empire was constituted and changed over the course of the century.
Television and Minor League Baseball: Changing Patterns of Leisure in Postwar America

Minor league baseball flourished in the aftermath of World War II. However, a new technology, television, threatened to broadcast major league games across America. The minor leagues contracted by ...
A heavy work investment typology: a biopsychosocial framework

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to apply a biopsychosocial model to develop an integrated typology of heavy work investment (HWI) behaviors. Design/methodology/approach – The paper follows an inductive approach to theory building in which we review relevant constructs, categorize those constructs, and outline the relationships among them. Findings – The paper provides a theoretically grounded typology of HWI that distinguishes three general types of HWI (workaholic HWI, situational HWI, and pseudo HWI) and nine corresponding HWI manifestations. It is suggested that various forms of HWI differ in nature according to the joint interplay of varying strengths of biological, psychological, and social influences. The paper also demonstrates how the typology can be applied to predict unique individual and organizational outcomes associated with each HWI sub-type. Research limitations/implications – The paper offers a unified strong foundation for developing HWI measures. It offers a direction for future r...
Coherent propagation of PeV neutrinos and the dip in the neutrino spectrum at IceCube

The energy spectrum of high-energy neutrinos reported by the IceCube Collaboration shows a dip between 400 TeV and 1 PeV. One intriguing explanation is that high-energy neutrinos scatter with the cosmic neutrino background through an $\ensuremath{\sim}\mathrm{MeV}$ mediator. Taking the density matrix approach, we develop a formalism to study the propagation of PeV neutrinos in the presence of the new neutrino interaction. If the interaction is flavored such as the gauged ${L}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}\ensuremath{-}{L}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ model we consider, the resonant collision may not suppress the PeV neutrino flux completely. The new force mediator may also contribute to the number of effectively massless degrees of freedom in the early Universe and change the diffusion time of neutrinos from the supernova core. Astrophysical observations such as big bang nucleosynthesis and supernova cooling provide an interesting test for the explanation.
Patterns and Processes of Microbial Community Assembly

SUMMARY Recent research has expanded our understanding of microbial community assembly. However, the field of community ecology is inaccessible to many microbial ecologists because of inconsistent and oftenconfusingterminologyaswellasunnecessarilypolarizingdebates. Thus,wereviewrecentliteratureonmicrobialcommunityassembly, using the framework of Vellend (Q. Rev. Biol. 85:183‐206, 2010) in an effort to synthesize and unify these contributions. We begin by discussingpatternsinmicrobialbiogeographyandthendescribefour basic processes (diversification, dispersal, selection, and drift) that contributetocommunityassembly.Wealsodiscussdifferentcombinations of these processes and where and when they may be most important for shaping microbial communities. The spatial and temporal scales of microbial community assembly are also discussed in relation to assembly processes. Throughout this review paper, we highlight differences between microbes and macroorganisms and generatehypothesesdescribinghowthesedifferencesmaybeimportantforcommunityassembly.Weendbydiscussingtheimplications ofmicrobialassemblyprocessesforecosystemfunctionandbiodiversity.
Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Mediates RSV Infection in Vitro and in Vivo

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is an important human pathogen associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. The present study tested the hypothesis that RSV infection would increase matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 expression, and that MMP-9 inhibition would decrease RSV replication both in vitro and in vivo. RSV A2 infection of human bronchial epithelial cells increased MMP-9 mRNA and protein release. Cells transfected with siRNA against MMP-9 following RSV infection had lower viral titers. In RSV infected wild-type (WT) mice, MMP-9, airway resistance and viral load peaked at day 2 post infection, and remained elevated on days 4 and 7. RSV infected MMP-9 knockout (KO) mice had decreased lung inflammation. On days 2 and 4 post inoculation, the RSV burden was lower in the MMP-9 KO mice compared to WT controls. In conclusion, our studies demonstrate that RSV infection is a potent stimulus of MMP-9 expression both in vitro and in vivo. Reduction of MMP-9 (via siRNA knockdown, and in MMP-9 KO mice) resulted in decreased viral replication. Our findings suggest MMP-9 is a potential therapeutic target for RSV disease.
A new enhanced Howland voltage controlled current source circuit for EIT applications

A current source is one of the most important circuits in Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) hardware systems for measuring conductive multiphase flows. One of its important and challenging features is to deliver a relatively large and constant current for a wide range of resistive loads, high signal to noise ratio, and a large bandwidth. This paper presents a new voltage controlled current source for EIT applications. It is based on Howland circuit and uses two similar current sources circuits operating in parallel. Furthermore, the paper suggests a General Inverter Circuit (GIC) to remove the effect of eventual stray capacitances which usually appear across the load. Experimental results using Multisim software indicates that the new suggested circuit presents a more stable impedance output over a range of 100 to 3000 Ω. Furthermore, it was found that the current remains stable for range of 100 to 6000 Ω.
Development of Embrittlement Prediction Models for U.S. Power Reactors and The Impact of The Heat-Affected Zone to Thermal Annealing

The NRC Regulatory Guide 1.99 Revision 2 was based on 177 surveillance data points and the EPRI data base, where 76% of 177 data points and 60% of EPRI data base were from Westinghouse`s data. Therefore, other vendors` radiation environment may not be properly characterized by R.G. 1.99`s prediction. To minimize scatter from the influences of the irradiation temperature, neutron energy spectrum, displacement rate, and plant operation procedures on embrittlement models, improved embrittlement models based on group data that have similar radiation environments and reactor design and operation criteria are examined. A total of 653 shift data points from the current FR-EDB, including 397 Westinghouse data, 93 B and W data, 37 CE data, and 106 GE data, are used. A nonlinear least squares fitting FORTRAN program, incorporating a Monte Carlo procedure with 35% and 10% uncertainty assigned to the fluence and shift data, respectively, was written for this study. In order to have the same adjusted fluence value for the weld and plate material in the same capsule, the Monte Carlo least squares fitting procedure has the ability to adjust the fluence values while running the weld and plate formula simultaneously. Six chemical components, namely, copper, nickel, phosphorus, sulfur, manganese, and molybdenum, were considered in the development of the new embrittlement models. The overall percentage of reduction of the 2-sigma margins per delta RTNDT predicted by the new embrittlement models, compared to that of R.G. 1.99, for weld and base materials are 42% and 36%, respectively. Currently, the need for thermal annealing is seriously being considered for several A302B type RPVs. From the macroscopic view point, even if base and weld materials were verified from mechanical tests to be fully recovered, the linking heat affected zone (HAZ) material has not been properly characterized. Thus the final overall recovery will still be unknown. The great data scatter of the HAZ metals may be the result of the metallurgical heterogeneity that exists in the HAZ. The proposed data fitting procedure for the HAZ material is presented in the paper.
GRIP-group requirement identification process: the integration of GDSS technology into the systems development life cycle

The authors have incorporated group decision support systems (GDSS) technology under a marketing product development model to develop a process for the difficult problem of determining information system requirements. They describe the process called GRIP, for group requirement identification process. Application of the procedure is illustrated with work performed for the State of Minnesota Department of Human Services. >
Cost-effectiveness analysis of collaborative care management of major depression among low-income, predominantly Hispanics with diabetes.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a socioculturally adapted collaborative depression care program among low-income Hispanics with diabetes. Research design and methods A randomized controlled trial of 387 patients with diabetes (96.5% Hispanic) with clinically significant depression followed over 18 months evaluated the cost-effectiveness of the Multifaceted Diabetes and Depression Program aimed at increasing patient exposure to evidence-based depression psychotherapy and/or pharmacotherapy in two public safety net clinics. Patient medical care costs and utilization were captured from Los Angeles County Department of Health Services claims records. Patient-reported outcomes included Short-Form Health Survey-12 and Patient Health Questionnaire-9-calculated depression-free days. Results Intervention patients had significantly greater Short-Form Health Survey-12 utility improvement from baseline compared with controls over the 18-month evaluation period (4.8%; P P Conclusions Socioculturally adapted collaborative depression care improved utility and quality of life in predominantly low-income Hispanic patients with diabetes and was highly cost-effective.
The Contributing Factors of Change in a Therapeutic Process.

The clients’ and therapists’ perceptions about the degree to which each of four common factors in therapy—extra-therapeutic factors; model/techniques; therapeutic alliance; and hope/expectancy—contribute to change in the therapeutic process were investigated in this study. In addition, the perceptions about the percentage of change attributed to clients and therapists were also explored. Results revealed that the therapists and clients have different perceptions on what factors contribute the most to change and that clients and therapists believe that the client contributes the most to change in a therapeutic process.
High temperature potentiometric carbon dioxide sensor with minimal interference to humidity

Abstract We report on the development of a potentiometric sensor with Li 3 PO 4 electrolyte and BaCO 3 -coated Li 2 CO 3 sensing electrode for measuring CO 2 over a wide range of concentrations (500 ppm to 20%) at 500 °C with minimal interference to humidity. The active element in the sensing electrode for CO 2 detection is Li 2 CO 3 . However, sensors with just Li 2 CO 3 electrodes showed interference from humidity, which was eliminated by use of the BaCO 3 layer. Infrared spectroscopy as well as electrode preparations involving heating above the eutectic temperature of BaCO 3 –Li 2 CO 3 suggests that the BaCO 3 layer wets the Li 2 CO 3 electrode surface, making it more hydrophobic and thereby reducing the interference from humidity.
Impact of DC electric fields on HPM induced surface flashover

The introduction of a high voltage DC electrode into an experimental setup used for observing high power microwave surface flashover has shown to significantly vary the total delay time for this type of breakdown. The experiment utilizes an S-band magnetron operating at 2.85 GHz to produce a 4 MW, 3µs pulse. A plasma switch mounted in a WR-284 waveguide reduces the 10–90% rise time of the pulse to ∼50 ns, and it reflects the pulse towards a dielectric window to induce surface flashover. A wire electrode charged to ±20 kV is inserted into the center of the dielectric window and oriented perpendicularly to the major electric field component of the TE10 microwave mode. The DC field from the electrode influences charge carriers in the flashover region, forcing potential breakdown initiating charged particles away from or towards the surface, dependent on polarity and particle charge sign. Initial tests were conducted in pure N 2 at a pressure of 125 torr. The low probability of negative ions (stable negative N 2 ions do not exist) appearing in the volume simplifies the interpretation of the experimental results by allowing for the existence of primarily electrons and positively charged ions. A significant increase (∼50%) in the average total delay time for the case of a positively charged electrode has been observed. An increase in the average statistical delay was also observed as well as a decrease in the presumed formative delay for both voltage polarities. The apparent electron production rate in N 2 was estimated to be 2 e/µs and 8 e/µs under HPM pulse application in the case of positive and negative DC voltages, respectively. Results of further tests conducted in Argon and Krypton-85 in Argon balance are presented along with a statistical analysis of measured delay times.
Physiological Responses to Passive Exercise in Adults Receiving Mechanical Ventilation

Background Critical illness may weaken muscles, with long-term consequences. Objective To assess physiological responses to an early standardized passive exercise protocol to prevent muscle weakness in adults receiving mechanical ventilation. Methods A quasi-experimental within-subjects repeated-measures design was used. Within 72 hours of intubation, 30 patients had 20 minutes of bilateral passive leg movement delivered by continuous-passive-motion machines at a standardized rate and flexion-extension. Heart rate, mean blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and cytokine levels were measured before, during, and after the intervention. The Behavioral Pain Scale was used to measure patients' comfort. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to analyze the effect of the exercise on independent variables. Results Patients were mostly white men with a mean age of 56.5 years (SD, 16.9) with moderate mortality risk and illness severity. Heart rate, mean blood pressure, and oxygen saturation did not differ from baseline at any time measured. Pain scores were significantly reduced (F(2.43,70.42) = 4.08; P = .02) 5 and 10 minutes after exercise started and remained reduced at the end of exercise and 1 hour later. Interleukin 6 levels were significantly reduced (F(1.60,43.1) = 4.35; P = .03) at the end of exercise but not after the final rest period. Interleukin 10 levels did not differ significantly. Ratios of interleukin 6 to interleukin 10 decreased significantly (F(1.61,43.38) = 3.42; P = .05) at the end of exercise and again after 60 minutes' rest. Conclusion The exercise was well tolerated, and comfort improved during and after the intervention. Cytokine levels provided physiological rationale for benefits of early exercise.
Modal Analysis for Impact of Layered Plates

An analysis is presented of the plane strain response of an arbitrarily layered elastic plate to surface impact loads of specified distribution over the plate surface and in time. Each layer has specified orthotropic material properties, with coincident material and plate axes. The method is based on the extended Ritz technique and employs a normal mode procedure to accurately predict the motion through the plate thickness of stress waves generated by the impact load. The case of impact on an isotropic plate is studied in detail, both with the present method and other methods based on the exact elasticity theory to indicate the accuracy and convergence properties of this method. The procedure is applied to the case of a two-layer plate, where each layer is assigned orthotropic elastic properties typical of a unidirectional boron-epoxy composite. The stress waves generated by a normal surface impact are presented to indicate both the quality and quantity of information that can be generated by the analysis. A tension wave that trails the initial compression wave is shown to exist.
A Controlled Indexing Vocabulary for Apanteles Species Literature

The family Braconidae has a worldwide distribution and contains over 1000 genera. The exact number of species in the family is not known, but there are currently over 1150 recognized species in the genus Apanteles alone (Shenefelt 1972). The braconids are parasites of other insects, and many are of known or potential value in natural control of pest insect populations. Much of the recorded knowledge of these insects, unfortunately, is time consuming and difficult to obtain from the literature (Shervis and Shenefelt 1973a).
Alcohol Expectancies, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Alcohol Use in College Students With a History of Childhood Trauma.

abstractObjective: Prior research has emphasized that the key mediator in the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom–alcohol use relationship is the expectancy of alcohol's tension-reducing properties. This study extends the literature by examining various alcohol outcome expectancies. Methods: Cross-sectional data were obtained from 198 college students who reported experiencing at least one traumatic event in childhood. Participants answered surveys measuring PTSD symptoms, alcohol outcome expectancies, and three measures of alcohol consumption and related problems. Results: Participants included 131 males (mean age = 19.65 years, SD = 1.06, range = 18 to 24) and 67 females (mean age = 19.43 years, SD = 0.82, range = 18 to 23), who were predominantly European-American (82%). For males and females, results of the multivariate analyses suggested that self-perception expectancies mediated the effects of PTSD symptoms on alcohol use severity, whereas sociability expectancies mediated the effects of PT...
246 IMPROVED GROWTH AND DECREASED MORBIDITY IN EXTREMELY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS WITH EARLY CONTINUOUS POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE AND AGGRESSIVE NUTRITION.

Purpose To investigate the clinical impact of three benchmark clinical changes in our neonatal intensive care unit introduced in the fall of 2003. Clinical changes included (1) continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) after a dose of surfactant at delivery, (2) lower targeted oxygen saturations, and (3) early total parenteral nutrition. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of all premature infants with birth weight less than 1,000 g, appropriate for gestational age, without congenital anomalies, and born in the specified time period. Group I, n = 87, between January 1, 2001, and June 30, 2002, and between July 1, 2004, and December 31, 2005, group II, n = 78. Results Infants in group II averaged 17 fewer days on mechanical ventilation, 15% decrease in BPD, 70% decrease in severe BPD, 70% decrease in home oxygen, 50% decrease in pressor use in the first 24 hours of life, 67% decrease in steroid use, 15 fewer central line days, increased rate of weight gain, 10 day decrease in length of stay, and 47% decrease in inguinal hernia repairs. No changes were seen in the incidences of intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, pulmonary hemorrhage, pneumothorax, spontaneous intestinal perforations, or necrotizing enterocolitis, although this study was not adequately powered to test these morbidities. Combining cohorts, of all infants who developed BPD, 74% were exposed to mechanical ventilation in their first 48 hours of life. Conclusions Physiologically appropriate changes in the nutritional and respiratory management of the extremely low birth weight neonate are associated with improvement in multiple morbidity and growth outcomes. Decreased exposure to barotrauma, decreased oxygen toxicity, and more aggressive parenteral nutrition are associated with a reduction in morbidities associated with poor neurodevelopmental outcomes for high-risk neonates. In addition, successful management on CPAP for the first 48 hours after dosing with surfactant of life appears to be protective against the development of BPD.
Abstract A89: Estimating potential years of life lost and productivity lost due to avoidable premature colorectal cancer deaths in U.S. counties with lower educational attainment

Background: Measures of socioeconomic status (SES) are inversely associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality. This study aims to estimate potential years of life lost and productivity lost due to premature cancer deaths among United States residents of lower SES areas, as measured by percentage of high school graduates. Methods: 2008-2012 mortality and population data were used to estimate the number of expected CRC deaths between the ages of 50-74 years by applying the mortality rate from higher SES areas (≥85% high school graduation) to lower SES areas, by race/ethnicity, age, and gender. Excess deaths (observed minus expected deaths) were used to estimate the years of potential life lost (YPLL) and the human capital method was used to estimate productivity lost due to YPLL. Results: Risk of CRC deaths was inversely associated with SES among non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics. Of the 85,484 CRC deaths during 2008-2012 in lower SES groups, 16.8% (n=14,398) were potentially preventable if the CRC mortality rates in all areas were the same as higher SES areas. Eliminating avoidable CRC deaths would result in $4.2 billion in productivity gains in men and $2.2 billion in women based on a 3% discount rate. Conclusion: A substantial number of CRC deaths are potentially preventable through routine colorectal screening. SES disparities represent a large number of these deaths and result in a large economic burden in lower SES areas. Eliminating educational disparities could help decrease CRC cancer deaths and associated productivity lost in the US. These estimates do not include the costs to diagnose, treat and care for CRC patients. Citation Format: Hannah K. Weir, Chunyu Li, Jane Henley, Djenaba Joseph. Estimating potential years of life lost and productivity lost due to avoidable premature colorectal cancer deaths in U.S. counties with lower educational attainment. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eighth AACR Conference on The Science of Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; Nov 13-16, 2015; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016;25(3 Suppl):Abstract nr A89.
Predicting Medical Subject Headings Based on Abstract Similarity and Citations to MEDLINE Records

We describe a classifier-enhanced nearest neighbor approach to assigning Medical Subject Headings (MeSH®) to unlabeled documents using a combination of abstract similarities and direct citations to labeled MEDLINE records. The approach frames the classification problem by decomposing it into sets of siblings in the MeSH hierarchy (e.g., training a classifier for predicting “Heterocyclic Compounds, 2-Ring” vs. other “Heterocyclic Compounds”). Preliminary experiments using a small but diverse set of MeSH terms shows the highest performance when using both abstracts and citations compared to each alone, and coupled with a non-naive classifier: 90+% precision and recall with 10fold cross-validation. NLM's Medical Text Indexer (MTI) tool achieves similar overall performance but varies more across the terms tested. For example, MTI performs better on “Heterocyclic Compounds, 2-Ring”, while our approach performs better on Alzheimer Disease and Neuroimaging. Our approach can be applied broadly to documents with abstracts that are similar to (or cite) MEDLINE abstracts, which would help linking and searching across bibliographic databases beyond MEDLINE.
Continental Flood Basalts and MORB: A Brief Discussion of Similarities and Differences in their Petrogenesis

Basaltic rocks almost certainly constitute the most common surface material among the terrestrial planets. On the earth, basalts erupt in a variety of tectonic settings; this book deals with one of the more important occurrences, the continental flood basalts (CFB). Volumetrically, the tholeiitic lavas of the sea floor (mid-ocean ridge basalts or MORB) are even more extensive. There are many similarities among the rocks from these two contrasting settings, and also some differences. The origin of these similarities and differences has been a matter of considerable debate. In the current perspective, this debate can be framed fairly simply in terms of the degree of involvement of the continental crust and lithosphere in the generation of continental flood basalts as compared to mid-ocean ridge basalts, for which it is assumed that the only important source is the convecting upper mantle. A further significant question is the role, if any, which hotspots or plumes play in the generation of CFB.
An equivalent stress parameter for multi-axial fatigue evaluation of welded components including non-proportional loading effects

Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into non-proportional multi-axial fatigue of welded components by introducing an equivalent structural stress parameter that takes into account of load-path non-proportionality in addition to plate thickness and stress state effects. This is accomplished by formulating a “moment of load path” or “MLP” based fatigue damage parameter that provides a consistent treatment of load-path non-proportionality under arbitrary multi-axial loading conditions for which cycle counting can be consistently performed by means of a previously developed path-dependent maximum range (PDMR) cycle counting procedure. To examine its broad applicability and effectiveness, non-proportional multi-axial test data obtained using different components, joint types, and loading conditions from various sources are analyzed using the newly developed equivalent stress parameter. The results show that the new equivalent stress parameter enables not only an effective consolidation of all multi-axial test data (up to about 300 tests) analyzed in this paper into a narrow band, but also the demonstrated transferability between the master S-N curve (dominated by test data under uniaxial cyclic loading conditions) adopted by the 2007 ASME Div 2 and API 579 RP/ASME FFS-1 Codes and the consolidated S-N curve dominated by severe non-proportional multi-axial cyclic loading conditions. As a result of the present development, a unified fatigue evaluation procedure based on the newly proposed effective stress parameter and a single master S-N curve can be implemented for arbitrary cyclic loading conditions regardless of stress multi-axiality or load path proportionality.
Enhanced MMW and SMMW/THz imaging system performance prediction and analysis tool for concealed weapon detection and pilotage obstacle avoidance.

The U.S. Army Research Laboratory has continued to develop and enhance a millimeter-wave (MMW) and submillimeter-wave (SMMW)/terahertz (THz)-band imaging system performance prediction and analysis tool for both the detection and identification of concealed weaponry and for pilotage obstacle avoidance. The details of the MATLAB-based model that accounts for the effects of all critical sensor and display components, for the effects of atmospheric attenuation, concealment material attenuation, active illumination, target and background orientation, target and background thermal emission, and various imaging system architectures have been reported on in 2005, 2007, and 2011. This paper provides a comprehensive review of a newly enhanced MMW and SMMW/THz imaging system analysis and design tool that now includes an improved noise submodel for more accurate and reliable performance predictions, the capability to account for postcapture image contrast enhancement, and the capability to account for concealment material backscatter with active-illumination-based systems. Present plans for additional expansion of the model’s predictive capabilities are also outlined.
Robust capture and deorbit of rocket body debris using controllable dry adhesion

Removing large orbital debris in a safe, robust, and cost-effective manner is a long-standing challenge, having serious implications for LEO satellite safety and access to space. Many studies have focused on the deorbit of spent rocket bodies (R/Bs) as an achievable and high-priority first step. However, major difficulties arise from the R/Bs' residual tumble and lack of traditional docking/grasping fixtures. Previously investigated docking strategies often require complex and risky approach maneuvers or have a high chance of producing additional debris. To address this challenge, this paper investigates the use of controllable dry adhesives (cDAs), also known as gecko-inspired adhesives, as an alternative approach to R/B docking and deor-biting. CDAs are gathering interest for in-space grasping and manipulation due to their ability to controllably attach to and detach from any smooth, clean surface, including flat and curved surfaces. Such capability significantly expands the number and types of potential docking locations on a target. CDAs are also inexpensive, are space-qualified (performing well in a vacuum, in extreme temperatures, and under radiation), and can attach and detach while applying minimal force to a target surface, all important considerations for space deployment. In this paper, we investigate a notional strategy for initial capture and stabilization of a R/B having multi-axis tumble, exploiting the unique properties of CDA grippers to reduce maneuver complexity, and we propose alternatives for rigidly attaching deorbiting kits to a R/B. Simulations based on experimentally verified models of CDA grippers show that these approaches show promise as robust alternatives to previously explored methods.
Deep learning for radar

Motivated by the recent advances in deep learning, we lay out a vision of how deep learning techniques can be used in radar. Specifically, our discussion focuses on the use of deep learning to advance the state-of-the-art in radar imaging. While deep learning can be directly applied to automatic target recognition (ATR), the relevance of these techniques in other radar problems is not obvious. We argue that deep learning can play a central role in advancing the state-of-the-art in a wide range of radar imaging problems, discuss the challenges associated with applying these methods, and the potential advancements that are expected. We lay out an approach to design a network architecture based on the specific structure of the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging problem that augments learning with traditional SAR modelling. This framework allows for capture of the non-linearity of the SAR forward model. Furthermore, we demonstrate how this process can be used to learn and compensate for trajectory based phase error for the autofocus problem.
Gli3 is a negative regulator of Tas1r3-expressing taste cells.

Mouse taste receptor cells survive from 3–24 days, necessitating their regeneration throughout adulthood. In anterior tongue, sonic hedgehog (SHH), released by a subpopulation of basal taste cells, regulates transcription factors Gli2 and Gli3 in stem cells to control taste cell regeneration. Using single-cell RNA-Seq we found that Gli3 is highly expressed in Tas1r3-expressing taste receptor cells and Lgr5+ taste stem cells in posterior tongue. By PCR and immunohistochemistry we found that Gli3 was expressed in taste buds in all taste fields. Conditional knockout mice lacking Gli3 in the posterior tongue (Gli3CKO) had larger taste buds containing more taste cells than did control wild-type (Gli3WT) mice. In comparison to wild-type mice, Gli3CKO mice had more Lgr5+ and Tas1r3+ cells, but fewer type III cells. Similar changes were observed ex vivo in Gli3CKO taste organoids cultured from Lgr5+ taste stem cells. Further, the expression of several taste marker and Gli3 target genes was altered in Gli3CKO mice and/or organoids. Mirroring these changes, Gli3CKO mice had increased lick responses to sweet and umami stimuli, decreased lick responses to bitter and sour taste stimuli, and increased glossopharyngeal taste nerve responses to sweet and bitter compounds. Our results indicate that Gli3 is a suppressor of stem cell proliferation that affects the number and function of mature taste cells, especially Tas1r3+ cells, in adult posterior tongue. Our findings shed light on the role of the Shh pathway in adult taste cell regeneration and may help devise strategies for treating taste distortions from chemotherapy and aging.
How Policy Fields Are Born: The Rise of Democratic Security in Argentina

This essay maps the transformation of security from a symbol of authoritarian government under the Cold War paradigm of National Security into a public good and a policy field acknowledged as legitimate and democratic by politicians and policy experts. Using present-day Argentina as an example, we show how security ideas gain dominance across the political spectrum, displacing and subordinating democratic politics conceived in terms of rights. As institutions increasingly accept security measures and pre-emptive risk management, a securitising discourse – despite its claims to advocate for the ‘citizen’ – trumps governance and the rule of law. Appealing to citizens’ concerns and rights, the new forms of securitisation may yet undermine democratic life.
Quantifying the Contribution of Individual Display Features on Fixation Duration to Support Human-System Interface Design in Nuclear Power Plants

The integration of new digital instrumentation and control (I&C) technologies like advanced human-system interfaces in U.S. nuclear power plant main control rooms is important for addressing long-term aging and obsolescence of existing I&C. Nonetheless, attention should be made to ensure these technologies reflect state-of-the-art human factors engineering (HFE) principles. Often, there is conflicting guidance from one guideline to another, requiring the analyst to make a judgment call on addressing these ‘tradeoffs.’ The objective of this research was to inform the analyst of these tradeoffs through an empirical investigation of how certain display features that characterize common HFE guidelines concerning visual clutter and saliency influence information processing in a naturalistic context. By understanding the unique contribution of each display feature using a multilevel model, the HFE analyst should have an understanding of the interrelations of each feature with its impact on cognitive processes. Results and implications are discussed in this paper.
The Story of Clark v. Arizona: The Incredible Shrinking Insanity Defense

This chapter of Criminal Law Stories (Weisberg & Coker, eds. 2010) tells the story of Clark v. Arizona, the case of a schizophrenic teenager convicted of murdering a police officer under the belief that the officer was a hostile space alien. This chapter discusses the significance of the Clark case within the historical context of the insanity defense, especially in light of the reforms that occurred across the country after John Hinckley, Jr.’s acquittal in 1982. It also examines the interplay between insanity and other legal doctrines of criminal responsibility that were implicated at Eric Clark’s trial, including mens rea, diminished responsibility, and the guilty-but-mentally-ill verdict.
A versatile and user-oriented versioning file system

File versioning is a useful technique for recording a history of changes. Applications of versioning include backups and disaster recovery, as well as monitoring intruders' activities. Alas, modern systems do not include an automatic and easy-to-use file versioning system. Existing backup solutions are slow and inflexible for users. Even worse, they often lack backups for the most recent day's activities. Online disk snapshotting systems offer more fine-grained versioning, but still do not record the most recent changes to files. Moreover, existing systems also do not give individual users the flexibility to control versioning policies. We designed a lightweight user-oriented versioning file system called Versionfs. Versionfs works with any file system and provides a host of user-configurable policies: versioning by users, groups, processes, or file names and extensions; version retention policies and version storage policies. Versionfs creates file versions automatically, transparently, and in a file-system portable manner--while maintaining Unix semantics. A set of user-level utilities allow administrators to configure and enforce default policies: users can set policies within configured boundaries, as well as view, control, and recover files and their versions. We have implemented the system on Linux. Our performance evaluation demonstrates overheads that are not noticeable by users under normal workloads.
Determination of the probability of bubble-particle adhesion using induction time measurements

ABSTRACT An expression for the probability of adhesion (Pa) has been derived from a hydrodynamic analysis of bubble-particle interactions using a procedure originally suggested by Sutherland (1948). It is assumed that attachment occurs when the particle residence time on the bubble surface is longer than the induction time. The resultant expression allows Pa to be determined as a function of particle size, bubble size and induction time. In the present work, Pa values have been calculated from experimentally measured values of induction time for a fine particle flotation system. The Pa values determined from the theoretical adhesion model have been found to be in close agreement with actual measurements of floatability.
Expanding minds: Growth mindsets of self-regulation and the influences on effort and perseverance

Abstract Given that countless studies have documented the wide-ranging benefits of self-regulation, determining if and how self-regulation can be improved is an important scientific and societal priority. Existing theories suggest that the deterioration of self-regulation is partially shaped by perceptions of effort. Therefore, one promising way to sustain self-regulation may be to cultivate a growth mindset, which has been shown to affect behavior in part by altering effort attributions. Although growth mindsets—the belief that a given trait can be improved through practice—have been studied extensively, particularly in the domain of intelligence, little research has examined the effects of promoting a growth mindset specifically about self-regulation. Here five studies test how promoting a growth mindset of self-regulation impacts actual self-regulation in daily life and the laboratory. In Study 1, relative to an active control that received relationship training, an intensive self-regulation training program emphasizing a growth mindset led participants to persevere longer on impossible anagrams, which was partially mediated by altering attributions of mental fatigue. Relatively, the self-regulation training also led participants to notice more opportunities for self-control in daily life and more successfully resist everyday temptations. The subsequent four studies isolated and abbreviated the growth mindset manipulation, demonstrated improved persistence and decreased effort avoidance, and attempted to further examine the critical mediators. Collectively, results indicate that a growth mindset of self-regulation can change attributions and allocation of effort in meaningful ways that may affect the willingness to attempt challenging tasks and the perseverance required to complete them.