cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Circumscribing laser cuts attenuate seizure propagation in a mouse model of focal epilepsy

In partial onset epilepsy, seizures arise focally in the brain and often propagate, causing acute behavior changes, chronic cognitive decline, and increased mortality. Patients frequently become refractory to medical management, leaving neurosurgical resection of the seizure focus as a primary treatment, which can cause neurologic deficits. In the cortex, focal seizures are thought to spread through horizontal connections in layers II/III, suggesting that selectively severing these connections could block seizure propagation while preserving normal columnar circuitry and function. We induced focal neocortical epilepsy in mice and used tightly-focused femtosecond-duration laser pulses to create a sub-surface, open-cylinder cut surrounding the seizure focus and severing cortical layers II-IV. We monitored seizure propagation using electrophysiological recordings at the seizure focus and at distant electrodes for 3-8 months. With laser cuts, only 5% of seizures propagated to the distant electrodes, compared to 85% in control animals. Laser cuts also decreased the number of seizures that were initiated, so that the average number of propagated seizures per day decreased from 42 in control mice to 1.5 with laser cuts. Physiologically, these cuts produced a modest decrease in cortical blood flow that recovered within days and, at one month, left a ~20-μm wide scar with increased gliosis and localized inflammatory cell infiltration but minimal collateral damage. When placed over motor cortex, cuts did not cause notable deficits in a skilled reaching task. Femtosecond laser produced sub-surface cuts hold promise as a novel neurosurgical approach for intractable focal cortical epilepsy, as might develop following traumatic brain injury.
Globalizing racial triangulation: including the people and nations of color on which White supremacy depends

Racial triangulation theory brilliantly conjoins, at once, two different types of racialized hierarchies, thereby allowing more than the metrics of standard anti-African American racism (“the color...
Religion as Finding Man’s Place: Gods and the Fourfold

Having brought truth and meaning down to earth such that it takes place and comes-to-pass in conjunction with a situated thinking — whereupon that thinking is granted ever-emerging possibilities to be thought — we can now more easily pursue the make-up of a “religious” world and a “religious” thinking. Specifically, we now turn our attention to one of the more controversial and misunderstood aspects of a most controversial and misunderstood thinking, a matter that gives even devotees of Heidegger’s thinking some discomfort: Heidegger’s speaking of the gods, and of the holy. Such talk is easily confusing. First of all, Heidegger’s talk is not at all “uniform” with regard to this matter, insofar as he talks of gods, divinities, angels, the god, aether, and the holy. In addition, since such talk arises first of all in the context of his elucidations of Holderlin’s poetry, it might be considered unimportant, a bit of poetic license with no bearing on “theology” and “religion”.
Understanding the Mechanisms Driving Ectopic Bone Formation in a Zebrafish FOP Model

Introduction: The zebrafish Type I TGFβ family member receptor, Alk8, modulates BMP/TGFβ signaling to promote cartilage and bone formation. Activating mutations in the human ortholog of Alk8, ACVR1...
Flexible-Link Manipulator Force Control

The force control problem for flexible link manipulators is addressed. The controller design is based on the inner/outer loop strategy proposed by Anderson and Spong [1]. The inner loop controller linearizes the underlying rigid arm dynamics and produces a vibration free output. The rigid arm dynamics are recovered through application of the singular perturbation method and a nonlinear feedback linearization scheme based on the inverse dynamics approach is employed. Subsequently a fast control based on the input shaping scheme is designed to stabilize the flexible dynamics subsystem. The resulting controller corresponds to a feedforward term that convolves in real-time the desired reference input with a sequence of impulses and produces a near vibration free output. The outer loop is a control law responsible for achieving other goals such as robustness, disturbance rejection, etc. The controller structure depends on the characteristics of the environment modeled as a combination of mass, damping and stiffness matrices. The outer loop additionally colors the input so that no energy is injected around the flexible modes. Additional robustness is achieved through an adaptive frequency filter which identifies the modal frequencies of the system and subsequently adjusts the nulls of the notch filter and the spacing between the impulses within the input shaping algorithm. Application of the aforementioned scheme on a one and two flexible link manipulator is presented to demonstrate its effectiveness.
Contravariant methods in Java and C

The impact of contravariant methods (and/or binary methods) on the relationship between object subtyping and inheritance has been extensively studied, in theory, in the research of object-oriented programming (OOP). It has been found that subtyping induced by inheritance is not sound when contravariant methods (andor binary methods) are present in objects. Unfortunately, in the practice of OOP, it seems that this important discovery in OOP theory has not been taken into account to improve the programming activities. As a result, strange and ad hoc computations can occur when contravariant methods are involved in programming. In this short paper, we first describe the contravariant methods problem using ζ-calculus. Then, we show how this problem is handled in practice by presenting the corresponding Java code and C++ code of the problem. Finally, through a comparison between the theory and practice of OOP, we would like to point out that fundamental bugs exist in the way in which inheritance, subtyping, and dynamic binding are dealt with in Java and C++; that more theoretical work needs to be done to precisely describe the relationship between inheritance and subtyping; and that corrections and improvements in OOP practice, under the guidance of OOP theory, need to be implemented properly.
Raising data for improved support in rule mining: How to raise and how far to raise

This paper describes the use of a concept hierarchy for improving the results of association rule mining. Given a large set of tuples with demographic information and personal interest information, association rules can be derived, that associate ages and gender with interests. However, it is a problem to come up with rules with high support whenever the mined data set is sparse. On the other hand, if rules with high support can be generated, they tend to involve interests that are too abstract to be of practical use. To overcome the first problem, we have developed a method of raising data instances to higher levels in the ontology. In this paper we give a formal definition of the raising operation. We also show that in some cases data mining with raised data leads to rules that better represent the reality. In order to avoid the second problem, namely rules that are too abstract, we formulate a notion of an optimal target level for the raising operation. We then derive two estimates for this optimal raising level. Knowing to which level to raise reduces the computational effort of raising to several levels and reduces the user effort of selecting those mined rules that best fit her/his needs from a large candidate set.
Preserving an integrated view of informatics.

Biomedical informatics (BMI) covers a broad spectrum of subfields that range in scope from molecules to populations and range in application from research to operations. Subfields include translational bioinformatics (TBI), clinical research informatics (CRI), public health informatics, and others. Recognizing the diversity of BMI, AMIA developed focused meetings for selected subfields including the TBI and CRI ‘Joint Summits,’ in which presentations that address common topics are featured in one overlapping day. The original intent was to complement the general AMIA Annual Symposium and to allow subfields to develop as specializations of BMI. Recently, however, there has been some concern that some subfields may be becoming isolated from the larger medical informatics community to the detriment of the field as a whole. These specialized annual conferences, with their concentration of domain-specific content, together with finite time and travel budgets, may cause a decrease in the content of subfields at the Annual Symposium, further decreasing its relevance and appeal to specialized communities. As specialized subfields mature to the point that they have critical mass to hold their own respective events, there is an increased risk that cross-fertilization and collaboration will be lost. A key question in biomedicine in general and BMI in particular is how best to balance the domain-specific needs of subfields while preserving an integrated approach to the broader discipline. The issue for AMIA in particular is how to create forums for the specialized subfields of informatics in a way that does not balkanize the …
TFPlan: software for restricted randomization in field plot design.

Strict computer randomizations of entry/treatment numbers in field plot designs may result in the placement of entries on one side of the field or back-to-back. Both situations present a problem if the blocks have not been properly assigned, or errors occur in planting, maintaining, or harvesting the plots. A software program (TFPlan) was developed to avoid the randomizations that resulted in these two types of problems. TFPlan was initially designed for cultivar performance trials in North Carolina and may be useful to breeders, cultivar testing programs, and researchers who have large entryltreatment numbers. It has the capability of adding tests, changing plots, inserting border and irrigation rows, marking fill-in plots, adding miscellaneous footnotes as well as labeling the tests. TFPlan will make 500 or more attempts to find a randomization that does not have entries occurring only on one side of the field or back-to-back.
7 – Hypothesis Testing

A hypothesis test is a proof by statistical contradiction. If the data are improbably far from what would be expected if the null hypothesis were true, we reject the null hypothesis. The t statistic t=X¯−μS/n is used to test a null hypothesis about the population mean. The P value is the probability that the test statistic will be so far from the null hypothesis. Fisher endorsed a five rule, but it is more flexible to report the P value and let readers decide whether the results are statistically persuasive. A null hypothesis can also be tested by seeing whether a confidence interval includes the null hypothesis. Practical importance is not the same as statistical significance. Matched-pair data are a powerful way of comparing two populations; for example, immigrant mothers and their daughters. Hypothesis tests can be misleading because of selective reporting, data grubbing, and making up theories to fit data (instead of specifying a theory before looking at the data).
On a weighted bootstrap approximation of the Lp norms of kernel density estimators

Abstract A weighted bootstrap method is considered to approximate the distribution of the L p norms of kernel density estimates. Here p is any number in [ 1 , ∞ ) . Using a Komlos–Major–Tusnady type approximation (Komlos et al., 1975) for weighted bootstrap processes, due to Horvath et al. (2000), we establish unconditional bootstrap central limit theorems for these L p statistics.
Nutrient Loading of Southern Lake Michigan by Dry Deposition of Atmospheric Aerosol

Aerosol samples and micrometeorological data were collected at 87°00’W 42°00’N in the mid southern Lake Michigan basin from May through September, 1977, to determine total phosphorus and nitrate-nitrite nitrogen particulate (TP + N) loadings. Hi-volume samplers with cellulose fiber filters and a meterological data collection system were operated on board the USEPA's R/V Roger R. Simons. A diabatic drag coefficient method was used to estimate aerosol deposition velocity (Vd), which had a mean value of 0.65 cm/s. TP + N concentration and Vd were determined for 42 distinct sampling periods of at least three to four hours each. A climatological data base was used to compute weighted average loading rates for TP + N. Dry deposition loading for the southern basin was found to be 0.15 to 0.18 × 106 kg/year for P; N loading was 3.5 to 5.1 × 106 kg/year. TP + N inputs via dry deposition account for 15% or more of all atmospheric nutrient inputs, and are significant nutrient sources to midlake waters.
NO• chemistry: a diversity of targets in the cell

AbstractNO• alone is a poorly reactive species; however, it is able to undergo secondary reactions to form highly oxidizing and nitrating species, NO2•, N2O3, and ONOO−. These secondary reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are capable of modifying a diversity of biomolecular structures in the cell. The chemical properties of individual RNS will be discussed, along with their ability to react with amino acids, metal cofactors, lipids, cholesterol, and DNA bases and sugars. Many of the identified RNS-induced modifications have been observed both in vitro and in vivo. Several of these chemical modifications have been attributed with a functional role in the cell, such as the modulation of enzyme activity. Other areas in the field will be discussed, including the ability of RNS to react with metabolites, RNA, and substrates in the mitochondrion, and the cellular removal/repair of RNS-modified structures.
An O(2 0.304n ) Algorithm for Solving Maximum Independent Set Problem

A faster algorithm for finding a maximum independent set in a graph is presented. The algorithm is an improved version of the one by Tarjan and Trojanowski [7]. A technique to further accelerate this algorithm is also described.
Effect of afferent visual impulses on morphological and biochemical indices of the development of neurons of the optical, motor, and parietal cortex of the brain

We have demonstrated cytochemically that absence of visual impulsation from the time of birth causes two types of reconstruction in the cerebral structures. The first type is associated with reactions of a biochemical deficiency (in the optic and parietal cortex), the second with reactions of biochemical activation (in the motor cortex). We established that the changed organization of the metabolic processes is reversible provided that specific impulsation is resumed. This reconstruction is most complex for compensatorily activated neurons, and less complex for neurons showing signs of biochemical deficiency.
Measurements of radial profiles of He2+ transport coefficients on the TFTR tokamak.

Measurements of the spatial structure of the transport coefficients of He²+ on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor is reported. He²+ profiles were measured using charge-exchange spectroscopy after a helium puff into corotating L-mode plasmas. Modeling shows that the He²+ diffusivity is about 10 m²/s near the plasma edge and drops to below 1 m²/s inside of the q =1 surface. The convective velocity ranges from 1–3 m/s near q =1 to 20–40 m/s near the edge. The helium diffusivity is on the order of the ion momentum and thermal diffusivity and is greater than the electron thermal diffusivity.
Treatment of spider veins of the leg using a long-pulsed Nd:YAG laser (Versapulse™) at 532 nm

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Prior studies have shown improvement in leg telangiectasias using a long pulse, frequency-doubled nd:YAG laser at 532 nm. The following study, with longer follow-up, was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of this laser and incidence of side-effects from a single treatment for lower extremity telangiectasia of less than 1 mm in diameter. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten patients of skin types I-III received a single treatment on each of 18 treatment sites. One to three passes were used on each vessel with a repetition rate of 2 Hz. Two energy fluences of 12 J/cm 2 and 16 J/cm 2 were compared. Patients were followed for 1 year with follow-up photographs taken, from which the percentage of vessel clearance and side-effects were rated. RESULTS: Overall, 44% of patients had a greater than 50% clearance from a single treatment using the frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser at 532 nm. The higher fluence of 16 J/cm 2 showed a better response than the lower fluence of 12 J/cm 2 . Side-effects ...
Inadequate intake by growing rats of essential nutrients from liquid diets used for chronic alcohol consumption

Abstract In most studies on the biological effects of chronic alcohol ingestion, young rats were fed liquid diets containing 36% calories as ethanol. These diets were considered nutritionally adequate. However, the daily weight gain of alcohol-fed rats is small (2–4 g) as compared to that in rats maintained on an AIN-76 or NIH-07 diet (7 g). Alcohol-fed rats consume not only less calories but also less calcium, copper, iron, manganese, phosphorus and vitamin B 6 than those required for normal growth. A possible deficiency in the intake of other essential nutrients may also exist during chronic alcohol consumption.
Does having two earners in the household matter for understanding how well employer-based health insurance works?

Using the 1996 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, the authors investigate differences between households with two earners and those with a single earner in households’ access to employer-based health insurance and the generosity of insurance options. They examine whether a household has an offer of coverage, whether a household holds coverage, and whether all household members are covered. They also explore whether two-earner households have more generous options as measured by the number and types of plans available, as well as contribution requirements. The authors find that having a second earner in the household dramatically improves both access to employer health insurance and the generosity of health plan choices, particularly for workers generally acknowledged to have little access, such as part-time workers and workers in small establishments.
A COMPUTER SIMULATION OF DILUTE PNEUMATIC CONVEYING OF GRANULAR MATERIALS IN PIPE BRANCHES

Controlling the transport of particulate material in pipe networks requires knowledge of the mass flow rate distribution at pipe bifurcations. A computational study is made to simulate a turbulent flow of dilute pneumatic transport of solid particles in a single bifurcation. The KIVA-3 code developed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory is used for this simulation. The size of the particles and the cross-sectional ratio of the pipe branches at the bifurcation are varied. It is found that the ratio of the mass flow rate of the particulate material is not proportional to the area ratio of the pipe branches. The difference between the mass flow rate ratio and the area ratio increases as the particle size decreases.
Density of electronic states in liquid alkali metals

Abstract Only for Li and Cs among the liquid alkali metals do the density of states and its energy derivatives show significant departures from the free electron model. In addition, the density of states of liquid Hg numerically calculated has a depression near the Fermi energy. The effect of the electronic density of states on the electronic mean free path has been investigated by introducing Mott's density of states ratio g.
Sports-related ocular trauma.

Abstract A prospective evaluation of all patients presenting with a sportsrelated ocular injury during a 1-year (4-season) period was conducted. Of the 202 patients evaluated, 28 (13.8%) required hospitalization and 11 (5.6%) required intraocular surgery. Twenty-six patients (12.8%) sustained permanent ocular sequelae including seven (3.5%) who suffered visual loss. Basketball accounted for 28.7%, baseball/softball 19.8%, and racquetball 11.4% of all injuries. At the time of injury, 5.1% of patients had worn protective eye wear, whereas on follow-up only 31% had used eye protection. These results indicate that sports trauma remains a significant cause of ocular morbidity.
Physical-Chemical Properties and Engineering Performance of Clays

Fabric (texture and structure) and minpralogic composition determine the response of clays and shales to events occurrins during construction and operation of engineering works. A new system of classification of the fabric of earth materials is proposed. Characteristic minpralogic composition of clays and shales, especially in the western United States, is described. Fabric and composition are correlated with soil mechanics properties and engineering performance. Needed research on clays and shales as a basis for design, construction, and maintenance of engineering structures is emphasized.
Etch simulations for lithography engineers

We introduce the concept of etch simulations for lithography engineers. Traditional lithographic simulations begin with a design layout and model the optical and chemical processes involved in reproducing the design as a 3-dimensional photoresist pattern. What we are really after, however, is information about the pattern, as it would appear in silicon. To achieve this goal, we devise an etch algorithm whose inputs include a full lithography simulation and minimal information about an intended etch process. Namely, we take as inputs the horizontal and vertical etch rates for each material in the film stack, the angular distribution of the incoming ion flux, and possibly a fitting coefficient for physical sputtering processes. We then produce a set of output metrics -- before and after etch -- including the CD, sidewall angle, resist loss, etch depth, etc. This gives us the opportunity to look at after etch metrology as a function of traditional lithographic input variables such as focus, exposure dose, etc., and to understand the impact of lithographic changes on after etch CDs and process windows, but without being bogged down with the physical details of the etch process. This simplified approach to etch simulation yields several useful results. In this paper we present a study of the influence of the resist profile on after etch CDs; we look at process window determinations made before and after etch; and we consider OPC variations and their effects on pattern fidelity in post-etch silicon. In addition, we consider the etch module as an extension of the lithography simulator, allowing for modeling of a bilayer resist.
Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy in warfarinized patients.

Purpose: To report the results of endoscopic dacryocystorhinotomy (EDCR) in anticoagulated patients who did not interrupt their anticoagulant regimen for the procedure. Materials and methods: A case note review was made of all 9 patients taking warfarin who had EDCR at Ipswich Hospital from May 1998 to October 2003. Age, gender, indications for surgery, complications, and outcome were analyzed, and the results were compared to EDCRs in nonwarfarinized patients. Results: Of the 9 patients, 7 had complete relief of epiphora. Two patients had a persistent watering eye. One of them had blockage of upper, lower, and common canaliculi, and the other was found to have adhesions between the lateral nasal wall and middle turbinate. A total of 6 patients had no postoperative complications; 2 had minor periorbital bruising that did not delay discharge, and only 1 patient had ooze through a Kaltostat nasal pack and was kept in the hospital for 2 days. None required readmission. Conclusions: EDCR is a safe and efficacious treatment in patients with distal nasolacrimal obstruction in anticoagulated patients and does not require stopping the warfarin perioperatively.
A van der waals theory with quartic density gradients

Abstract Functional methods show that biphasic mixtures of rods and solvent have interfacial free energies quartic in the density gradient in contrast to the quadratic van der Waals theory. The result is novel because there is more than one order parameter and because the coupling is via the distribution functions.
Surgical management of reflux-induced oesophageal stenoses: Results in 101 patients

One hundred and one patients with benign, reflux-induced oesophageal stenosis were surgically treated at the Mayo Clinic during a recent 6 year period by the author. In 71 patients, the stenosis was readily dilated and treated by a variety of antireflux procedures, depending on presence or absence of oesophageal peristalsis or acquired shortening of the oesophagus. Thirteen additional patients were managed by gastric secretion suppression with duodenal diversion using the Roux-Y principle. Seventeen patients with undilatable stenoses were managed by resection and a variety of reconstructions. The modified Ivor–-Lewis procedure with or without thoracotomy was the procedure employed in 12 of the 17 with the remainder managed with either substernal colon or upper digestive secretion suppression-diversion. These 101 operations were accomplished without mortality and all but one patient have resumed an oral diet and returned to their usual occupation. While 91 per cent of the 101 patients are free of reflux symptoms or demonstrable stenosis and are considered improved, only 83 per cent of all patients have “excellent” to “good” late results in terms of both oesophageal and gastrointestinal symptoms.
Ultracold ground-state molecule production in sodium

We have observed the formation of ground-state Na{sub 2} molecules via the spontaneous decay of excited molecules created by the photoassociation of ultracold atoms. We measure the binding energies of molecules created in three hyperfine components of the lowest singlet and triplet potentials of Na{sub 2} by two different methods. Two of the features are purely triplet a {sup 3}{sigma}{sub u}{sup +} (v=15) (quasibound) states that have not been previously observed, while the third is a mixed X {sup 1}{sigma}{sub g}{sup +}-a {sup 3}{sigma}{sub u}{sup +} state. The molecules are detected with high-resolution cw laser ionization techniques and binding energies are measured to within 10 MHz.
Increased conversion of uridine-5′-phosphate and uridine-5′-triphosphate to cytosine nucleotides by a liver fraction from colchicine-treated rats☆

Seventeen hours after the injection of eolchicine into rats (1.1 mg/kg body weight) the centrifugal high-speed supernatant fraction of the liver had approximately twice the normal capacity for converting uridine-5′-phosphate and uridine-5′-triphosphate to cytosine nucleotides. These results are consistent with those of earlier experiments in which the specific activity of the liver RNA cytosine was approximately twice the control value after orotic acid-14C and uridine-14C were injected into the colchicinetreated rat. The greater conversion of UMP to cytosine nucleotides could not be explained by a lessened degradation of UMP to uridine and uracil or by a lessened degradation of cytosine nucleotides to cytidine in the preparation from the drug-treated animal. Dialysis experiments ruled out the acquisition by the liver of a freely diffusible activator as a result of injecting colchicine. The greater conversion of UTP could not be explained by a greater stability of this substrate in the preparation from the drug-treated animal. Similarly, greater stability of adenosine-5′-triphosphate, needed for the conversions, was not the basis for the increased activity. These observations lead to the suggestion that in the liver of the colchicine-treated rat there is an increased concentration of the aminating enzyme which transforms a uracil ribonucleotide to a cytosine ribonucleotide.
Fetal weight/placental weight ratio and perinatal outcome

The relationship of placental size to perinatal outcome was investigated in a population of low-risk infants. A trimmed and drained placenta was weighed for each of 417 low-risk infants, and for 108 infants whose intrapartum course was complicated only by compression of the umbilical cord. Tracings from intrapartum electronic fetal heart rate monitoring were analyzed by an investigator who was unaware of the fetal weight/placental weight ratio. The incidence of perinatal problems was increased in those infants whose fetal weight/placental weight ratio was greater than 11: intrapartum fetal distress, 20% (p = 0.0046); meconium-stained amniotic fluid, 28.9% (p = 0.0017); Apgar score less than 7, 11.1% (p = 0.04); and hyperbilirubinemia, 24.4% (p = 0.0008). On the basis of these data, the conclusion drawn was that there is a population of presumably low-risk infants who are at increased risk because they have outgrown their placentas.
180° Domain-Wall Energies in BaTi O 3

Calculations of the energies and thicknesses of four possible 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} domain walls in BaTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ are reported, two perpendicular to $〈100〉$ and two perpendicular to $〈110〉$, based on a microscopic model which accounts for the internal fields in the wall region in a self-consistent fashion. The Ti shifts are determined by an energy-minimization procedure, and the nonlinearity of the oxygen polarizability is included in the treatment. All four walls are found to have essentially zero thickness, and wall energies of 1.52, 10.3, 45.3, and 47.9 erg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ for the (100), (220), (110), and (200) domain walls, respectively. An exact solution of the Miller-Weinreich nucleation model of 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} domain-wall motions admits a (220) wall energy no larger than 1.22 erg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, although this model is shown to predict that the (100) wall energy is less than the (220) wall energy, contrary to Miller and Weinreich's original analysis. The calculated wall-energy anisotropy is in quantitative agreement with estimates derived from experimental studies of the equilibrium domain structure of BaTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ at room temperature.
Parallelization of IBD computation for determining genetic disease maps

A number of software packages are available for the construction of comprehensive human genetic maps. In this paper we parallelize the widely used package Genehunter. We restrict our attention to only one function of the package, namely the computations of Identity By Descent (IBD) genes of a family. We use a master–slave model with the Message Passing Interface parallel environment. Our tests are done on two different architectures: a network of workstations and a shared memory multiprocessor. A new and efficient strategy to classify the parallelization of genetic linkage analysis programs results from our experiments. The classification is based on values of parameters which affect the complexity of the computation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The spectral properties of the b cytochromes in intact mitochondria.

The mitochondrial respiratory chain of pigeon heart has been shown to contain two spectrally and functionally different b cytochromes. One of these b cytochromes (bK) at room temperature has a single symmetrical α band at 561 nm; at liquid nitrogen temperature it has a single symmetrical α band at 558 nm, a β band at 529 nm a Soret band at 428 nm. This cytochrome is readily reduced by succinate in both coupled and uncoupled mitochondria. The second cytochrome (bT) at room temperature has a double α band at 565 nm and 558 nm; at liquid nitrogen temperature it has a double α band at 562.5 nm and 555 nm, a β band at 535 nm and 528 nm, and a Soret band at 430 nm. This cytochrome b is readily reduced by succinate in mitochondria in the presence of ATP but not in uncoupled mitochondria. Potentiometric titration identifies cytochrome bK as the higher potential b cytochrome of D. F. Wilson and P. L. Dutton (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 39 (1970)59), and the latter as the lower potential b cytochrome. The spectrum of reduced cytochrome bK shifted slightly to longer wavelength when antimycin A is added, but antimycin has no measurable effect on the spectrum of reduced cytochrome bT.
Cyclic AMP-binding proteins in human blood platelets detected by photoaffinity labelling.

Abstract Cyclic AMP inhibits platelet aggregation induced by physiological agents. 8 Azido [ 32 P]cyclic AMP (N 3 cyclic AMP) has been utilized as a photoaffinity probe to define the cyclic AMP-binding proteins present in unperturbed human platelets and their subcellular fractions. Specificity of cyclic AMP binding was determined by contrasting binding in the presence and absence of excess unlabelled cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP and 5′-AMP. Binding was unaffected by 5′-AMP and obliterated by cyclic AMP. Four major species of binding proteins, 49 000, 42 000, 39 000, 37 000, were obtained in all platelet fractions (crude homeogenate, cytosol, membranes and granules). Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of platelet cytosol resolved the major molecular weight species into 15 specific cyclic AMP binding proteins of four molecular weight classes differing by charge density. These studies suggest that platelets contain an array of specific cyclic AMP-binding proteins which may function in hemostatic regulation.
N-Hydroxyphthalimides and Metal Cocatalysts for the Autoxidation of p-Xylene to Terephthalic Acid

N-Hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) and its derivatives, such as 3-F-NHPI, 4-Me-NHPI, N-acetoxyphthalimide, and N,N-dihydroxypyromelitimide, were used as promoters with Co(OAc)2 catalyst for the autoxidation of p-xylene (pX) and other methyl arenes. All the promoters gave acceptable rates and yields of terephthalic acid. The initial reaction rates, measured by the rate of oxygen uptake, were analyzed by a rate equation in terms of [pX], [Co(II)], and [NHPI]. The metal cocatalysts Mn(II) and Ce(III) accelerated the reaction significantly at millimolar concentrations. The reaction occurs by a chain mechanism that involves formation of the phthalimide N-oxyl radical, PINO• (that is, R2NO•), which abstracts a hydrogen atom from the methyl group of p-xylene to form the carbon-centered radical ArCH2•. In a stepwise fashion, the sequence progresses through alcohol, aldehyde, and carboxylic acid; at each stage, C−H abstraction by PINO• is involved. A significant kinetic isotope effect on the overall oxidation of p-xylene...
Successful Implantation of Bioengineered, Intrinsically Innervated, Human Internal Anal Sphincter

BACKGROUND & AIMS: To restore fecal continence, the weakened pressure of the internal anal sphincter (IAS) must be increased. We bioengineered intrinsically innervated human IAS to emulate sphincteric physiology in vitro. METHODS: We cocultured human IAS circular smooth muscle with immortomouse fetal enteric neurons. We investigated the ability of bioengineered innervated human IAS, implanted in RAG1 / mice, to undergo neovascularization and preserve the physiology of the constituent myogenic and neuronal components. RESULTS: The implanted IAS was neovascularized in vivo; numerous blood vessels were observed with no signs of inflammation or infection. Real-time force acquisition from implanted and preimplant IAS showed distinct characteristics of IAS physiology. Features included the development of spontaneous myogenic basal tone; relaxation of 100% of basal tone in response to inhibitory neurotransmitter vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and direct electrical field stimulation of the intrinsic innervation; inhibition of nitrergic and VIPergic electrical fieldinduced relaxation (by antagonizing nitric oxide synthesis or receptor interaction); contraction in response to cholinergic stimulation with acetylcholine; and intact electromechanical coupling (evidenced by direct response to potassium chloride). Implanted, intrinsically innervated bioengineered human IAS tissue preserved the integrity and physiology of myogenic and neuronal components. CONCLUSIONS: Intrinsically innervated human IAS bioengineered tissue can be successfully implanted in mice. This approach might be used to treat patients with fecal incontinence.
The rich club: networks and the importance of connections.

rabilities in the ation in neural ich club region ncy of network dtodiseasesof renia may truly The balance between nature and nurture has been wi be important in brain function and cognition. Th organization of the cells that compose the brain are ered to be predetermined by a given being’s genom out the complete genome of the roundworm, Caenor and the connections of each of its 302 neurons. How information allow us to understand the mind of the resounding no indicates that there is still a lot that rently understand regarding the connection and net tions within the nervous system. Seung’s book Con quently states that “you are more than your genes connectome.” The emerging synergy from the c mathematic graph theory and neuroscience has cr insight into the role of the connectome and neural fu by the more recent publication of two books on this s study by van den Heuvel and Sporns (3) may incre standing of human cognition, and further work u resonance imaging (MRI) may be instrumental in o ing better the function of the human brain. By considering the brain to be a network, high-re sion tensor imaging (DTI)MRI is beginning to allow connections between the hundreds of brain regions sands of white matter axonal connections (3). Stud probabilities that a specific brain location (node) ma clearly indicate that numerous, highly connected regi “hubs,” exist. The notion of a “rich club” in terms o tems describes the situation where network hubs ar connected than nodes of a lesser degree. The origin term “rich club” relates to social situations where hi individuals form a club with other similarly highly c viduals. The possible presence of a rich club organiza human brain could have hierarchical ordering and ramifications. The study by van den Heuvel and Sporns (3) specifi 21 healthy participants. High-resolution DTI and a ence three-dimensional T1-weighted MRI were per Postprocessing of theDTI data setswith deterministi techniques yielded fiber tract “scaffolds” of the interc ral networks. The reference three-dimensional MRI mented into 82 distinct named regions and merged network fiber data. Connections were assembled in co
Ephemeral Association Between Gene CG5762 and Hybrid Male Sterility in Drosophila Sibling Species

Interspecies divergence in regulatory pathways may result in hybrid male sterility (HMS) when dominance and epistatic interactions between alleles that are functional within one genome are disrupted in hybrid genomes. The identification of genes contributing to HMS and other hybrid dysfunctions is essential for understanding the origin of new species (speciation). Previously, we identified a panel of male-specific loci misexpressed in sterile male hybrids of Drosophila simulans and D. mauritiana relative to parental species. In the current work, we attempt to dissect the genetic associations between HMS and one of the genes, CG5762, a Drosophila-unique locus characterized by rapid sequence divergence within the genus, presumably driven by positive natural selection. CG5762 is underexpressed in sterile backcross males compared with their fertile brothers. In CG5762 heterozygotes, the D. mauritiana allele is consistently overexpressed on both the D. simulans and D. mauritiana backcross genomic background, suggesting a cis-acting regulation factor. There is a significant association between heterozygosity and HMS in hybrid males from early but not later backcross generations. Microsatellite markers spanning CG5762 fail to associate with HMS. These observations lead to a conclusion that CG5762 is not a causative factor of HMS. Although genetic linkage between CG5762 and a neighboring causative introgression cannot be ruled out, it seems that the pattern is most consistent with CG5762 participating in epistatic interactions that are disrupted in flies with HMS.
Editorial: Dimensions of Experimental Philosophy

Psychologists have been borrowing ideas from philosophers for centuries. In a more contemporary development, philosophers have begun to use the methods of experimental psychology and other social sciences to help address philosophical questions. The resulting, cross-disciplinary interchange has been fueled by a new field known as “experimental philosophy.” In the first issue of The Review of Philosophy and Psychology dedicated to psychology and experimental philosophy (Machery et al. 2010), we showcased work from philosophers and other cognitive scientists working at the intersection of philosophy and psychology. In this second issue, we bring together another exciting sample of cutting-edge papers that illustrate the breadth, depth, and promise of this interdisciplinary approach. David Faraci and David Shoemaker take up the question of how people ordinarily make judgments of moral responsibility. They begin by turning to a famous example, widely discussed in the philosophical literature, in which a child is brought up by a heartless dictator and never taught that it is wrong to harm other people. The traditional assumption about this case had been that people would think the child could not properly be held morally responsible for his subsequent actions. Faraci and Shoemaker show that this assumption is mistaken; people are, in fact, quite willing to hold the dictator’s son responsible. A systematic experimental study then reveals the surprising ways in which people’s judgments in these cases appear to be unaffected by factors that might initially have seemed highly relevant. Rev.Phil.Psych. (2010) 1:315–318 DOI 10.1007/s13164-010-0037-9
Case report: 16-Year-old male with autistic disorder with preoccupation with female feet.

This paper highlights clinical challenges faced when diagnosing and then treating an individual presenting to a child and adolescent psychiatry clinic because of unwelcome comments he made to female peers about their feet. Novel use of exposure therapy helped him effectively decrease his comments from 1 to 2 times per month to once every 6 months. Conceptualizing this case as the individual’s failed attempts toward relationships with females instead of sexual harassment led to diminution of problematic behavior. Implications for diagnosis and treatment of individuals with Autistic Disorder displaying problematic behaviors are presented.
A postmodern caring: Feminist standpoint theories, revisioned caring, and communication ethics

Many communication ethicists have made the postmodern turn toward recognizing and incorporating diversity and difference in morals and reasoning. Although the core theoretical tenets of postmodern theory offer communication ethicists exciting ground, adopting any postmodern theory, whether extreme or moderate, ultimately challenges core prerequisites of communication ethics: The assumptions that there is some common ground from which diverse subjects can draw upon when communicating and reasoning with one another, and the view that subjects have agency and, as a consequence, accountability. In this essay, I suggest that a fully elaborated view of feminist standpoint theories provides a basis for a feminist ethics that both respects diversity and values care, such that a “revisioned” ethic of care is possible—a postmodern caring—that offers some possibility for diverse people, who have interpretive capabilities and intentionality, to deliberate together across their differences, make choices, and be held a...
Note on the iterative calculation of relaxation spectra

The use of exact numerical methods for calculating spectra from dynamic moduli is shown to lead to acceptable results when a modified numerical method is employed. The modification avoids the wild oscillations encountered with existing methods when difficult experimental data containing sudden spectral cutoffs must be analyzed.
Effect of microwave phonons on superconductive tunneling

Abstract We have calculated the effect of externally applied longitudinal microwave phonons on the complex energy gap of superconductors. The resulting change in the tunneling current of superconducting junctions accounts for some discrepancies between experiment and previous theory.
Test results of a prototype dielectric microcalorimeter

The initial development work on a dielectric microcalorimeter is presented. It focuses on the dielectric properties of the ferroelectric material KTa(1-x)Nb(x)O3 (KTN). Measurements of the temperature dependent dielectric constant are given together with the first alpha particle detection results from a prototype composite microcalorimeter operating at 1.3 K. A nonthermal mechanism for detecting 6 MeV alpha particles in a monolithic KTN sample is also reported.
Microbial degradation of thidiazuron and its photoproduct

Degradation of the cotton defoliant thidiazuron and its photoproduct photothidiazuron by soil and thirteen species of microorganisms was examined.Aspergillus versicolor, Torula rosea, andFlavobacter sp. were most active in degrading thidiazuron. Unknown water-soluble metabolites and phenylurea were the major products.A. versicolor andPenicillium cyclopium were most active in degrading photothidiazuron. 4-Hydroxyphenylphotothidiazuron was the major organosoluble product formed byA. versicolor; phenylurea and an unidentified metabolite constituted the major organo-soluble products fromP. cyclopium. Both microbes also formed appreciable water-soluble metabolites. Radioactive carbon dioxide was formed from thidiazuron-aniline-14C byOscillatoria sp. but not byChlorella sp., suggesting that the former algal species utilized the defoliant as an energy source.
The influence of decidual tissue upon pseudopregnancy.

THERE seems to be a difference of opinion regarding the influence of decidual tissue upon the duration of pseudopregnancy in rats and mice. Ershoff and Deuel (1943) and Peckham and Greene (1948) found that deciduomata extended the period of pseudopregnancy in the rat which is at variance with the results obtained earlier by Astwood and Greep (1938) and also with the observations by Kamell and Atkinson (1948) on mice. It seems now that this lack of agreement probably was due to differences in size of deciduomata as Olsen et al. (1951) have found that pseudopregnancy in rats is prolonged beyond its normal duration in proportion to the amount of decidual tissue present. The present paper includes an extension of these observations on the quantitative relationship between the amount of decidual tissue and the length of pseudopregnancy as well well as information contributing to an explanation of the reaction.
Characterization of subunit structural changes accompanying assembly of the bacteriophage P22 procapsid.

P22 serves as a model for the assembly and maturation of icosahedral double-stranded DNA viruses. The viral capsid precursor, or procapsid, is assembled from 420 copies of a 47 kDa coat protein subunit (gp5) that is rich in β-strand secondary structure. Maturation to the capsid, which occurs in vivo upon DNA packaging, is accompanied by shell expansion and a large increase in the level of protection against deuterium exchange of amide NH groups. Accordingly, shell maturation resembles the final step in protein folding, wherein domain packing and an exchange-protected core become more fully developed [Tuma, R., Prevelige, P. E., Jr., and Thomas, G. J., Jr. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 9885−9890]. Here, we exploit recent advances in Raman spectroscopy to investigate the P22 coat protein subunit under conditions which stabilize the monomeric state, viz., in solution at very low concentrations. Under these conditions, the monomer exhibits an elongated shape, as demonstrated by small-angle X-ray sc...
Itinerant electrons and magnetism in the Co-C chain compound YCoC

Density-functional studies of the electronic structure of the Co\char21{}C linear-chain compound, YCoC are reported. The band structure near the Fermi energy shows a mixture of rather heavy Co-$d$-derived bands, and near-one-dimensional dispersive bands associated with the bonding of the Co\char21{}C chains. The resulting density of states is high, yielding an extremely weak ferromagnetic instability via the Stoner mechanism. However, the Fermi surfaces are strongly nested, suggesting competing antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations. An interesting possibility is that in clean samples a renormalized paramagnetic ground state may emerge, due to the combination of the weak competing ground states, the near one dimensionality of the bands, and quantum fluctuations.