cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multi-city sustainable regional urban growth simulation—MSRUGS: a case study along the mid-section of Silk Road of China

Urban growth along the middle section of the ancient silk-road of China (so called West Yellow River Corridor—He-Xi Corridor) has taken a unique path deviating from what is commonly seen in the coastal China. Urban growth here has been driven by historical heritage, transportation connection between East and West China, and mineral exploitation. However, it has been constrained by water shortage and harsh natural environment because this region is located in arid and semi-arid climate zones. This paper attempts to construct a multi-city agent-based model to explore possible trajectories of regional urban growth along the entire He-Xi Corridor under a severe environment risk, over urban growth under an extreme threat of water shortage. In contrast with current ABM approaches, our model will simulate urban growth in a large administrative region consisting of a system of cities. It simultaneously considers the spatial variations of these cities in terms of population size, development history, water resource endowment and sustainable development potential. It also explores potential impacts of exogenous inter-city interactions on future urban growth on the basis of urban gravity model. The algorithmic foundations of three types of agents, developers, conservationists and regional-planners, are discussed. Simulations with regard to three different development scenarios are presented and analyzed.
Antral motility in patients with gastric ulcer

Quantitative analysis of antral motility in patients with gastric ulcer revealed a significant decrease in rhythmic propulsive Type II contractions. After healing of the ulcer, the motility patterns returned to normal. When the antrum was distended, the motor response in ulcer patients was similar to that of healthy volunteers.
PRENYLAMINE‐INDUCED CONTRACTURE OF FROG SKELETAL MUSCLE

1. Experiments were performed to determine the influence of prenylamine on excitation-contraction coupling in frog sartorius muscle. 2. Prenylamine (0.2-1.0 mM) produced a biphasic contracture in skeletal muscle characterized by an initial phasic and subsequent tonic contracture. 3. Neither dantrolene nor procaine blocked the prenylamine-induced contracture. Pretreatment with 100 mM K+ blocked the phasic but not the tonic component of the prenylamine contracture. 4. Prenylamine produced a sustained increase in 45Ca efflux at all concentrations that produce contracture. These concentrations of prenylamine also depressed the action potential, muscle twitch and resting potential. 5. Low concentrations of prenylamine (0.05 mM) which produced neither contracture, 45Ca efflux nor 45Ca influx, depressed the action potential, muscle twitch and K+ contracture. 6. The results suggest that prenylamine not only alters calcium mobility but also membrane permeability to other ions.
Ex vivo purging of stem cell autografts using cytotoxic cells.

Autologous stem cell transplantation (SCT) is the treatment alternative offered to patients that cannot benefit from allogeneic transplantation due to lack of suitable donor or age limitations. However, the outcome of autologous SCT is largely hindered by the high relapse rate. Two major factors can account for relapse after autologous SCT: the persistence of residual malignant cells resistant to chemo/radiotherapy left either in the body or in the autograft. Therefore, the rationale for purging autografts of residual malignant cells comes from the limitations of conventional high-dose chemo/radiotherapy in achieving a complete eradication of residual tumor cells in the marrow. To date, different purging modalities have been exploited. Immunological methods of purging present the advantage of being non-cross-reactive with conventional chemotherapy. These immunologic methods include depletion using antibody targeting of the malignant cells, ex vivo activation/generation of the autologous cytotoxic cells, i...
Storage density expansion by off-track recording

We have delivered an idea, based on multiple level coding, to read and write with the multiple level tracking system. By utilizing off-track recording and multi-level coding, we may increase the track density to expand the optical disc density. Off-track recording is a design using LC diffractive optical element (LCDOE) to control the recording beam in desired angle. Another beam is for reading and tracking.
Social security and elderly homeownership

Abstract Over the last twenty-five years, the homeownership rate of households 65 years and older has risen steadily, while the homeownership rate for 35–64 year old households has remained relatively unchanged. At the same time, the real value of Social Security benefits has risen substantially. Using data from the March 1978 to 2001 Current Population Surveys, this paper documents the evolution and assesses the causal role of the Social Security program in increasing elderly homeownership. To isolate the causal effect, the analysis develops an instrumental-variable approach that relies on the large variation in benefits for birth cohorts from 1900 to 1930 due to double indexation of the system and the so-called Social Security “notch.” For all elderly, the estimated elasticity of homeownership to Social Security benefits ranges from 0.26 to 0.49. Across marital groups, the widowed have the greatest responsiveness to benefits. Increases in benefits also increase household formation among the elderly. Overall, the estimates indicate that between half and as much as all of the time-series rise in elderly homeownership over the last twenty-five years can be attributable to the rise in Social Security benefits and suggest that reductions in benefits would alter homeownership among the elderly significantly.
Optimal control of hybrid switched systems: A brief survey

This paper surveys recent results in the field of optimal control of hybrid and switched systems. We first summarize results that use different problem formulations and then explore the underlying relations among them. Specifically, based on the type of switching, we focus on two important classes of problems: internally forced switching (IFS) problems and externally forced switching (EFS) problems. For IFS problems, we focus on optimal control techniques for piecewise affine systems. For EFS problems, methodologies of two-stage optimization, embedding transformation and switching LQR design are investigated. Detailed optimization methods found in the literature are discussed.
Integrin Mac-1 and β-amyloid in microglial release of nitric oxide

The beta-amyloid protein associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been well characterized biochemically; however, its primary biological function and mode of action in AD has not been determined. We have shown previously that beta-amyloid (beta25-35), in combination with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), can induce nitric oxide release from cultured hippocampal microglial cells. In the present study, binding of beta-amyloid with the leukocyte integrin Mac-1, a cell surface receptor on microglia, was studied by observing (1) inhibition of beta-amyloid (beta25-35)-mediated release of nitric oxide from cultured microglial cells following exposure to monoclonal antibodies against Mac-1 (anti-CD18 and anti-CD11b) and (2) competitive binding of fluorochrome-labeled beta25-35 with anti-CD18 or anti-CD11b using fluorescent flow cytometry. Wt.3 (anti-CD18 antibody) and OX42 (anti-CD11b antibody) were as effective as opsonized zymosan at inducing the release of nitric oxide from microglia. Furthermore, Wt.3 and OX42 acted synergistically to induce maximum nitric oxide release. An interaction between beta-amyloid and CD18 of Mac-1 was evidenced by the suppressive action of beta25-35 on Wt.3-mediated release of nitric oxide and the synergistic action between OX42 and beta25-35 in inducing nitric oxide release from microglia. The tissue culture study was supported by competitive binding assays of fluorochrome-labeled beta25-35 and Mac-1 antibodies (Wt.3 or OX42). The majority of microglial cells (71%) did bind biotinylated beta-amyloid in the presence of cytochalasin B, suggesting that beta-amyloid binding to microglia is a receptor-mediated event. Furthermore, pre-exposure to Wt.3, but not OX42, significantly decreased binding of biotinylated beta25-35 to microglia. These findings suggest that CD18 of Mac-1 may play a role in beta-amyloid-mediated release of nitric oxide.
A Method for Determining Change in Precipitation Data

Abstract A method is proposed for determining the occurrence of climatic change with respect to precipitation. The method is an analysis of variance procedure with a Markov chain model used to estimate the within-group variance. An illustration using data from Medford, Oregon, for the fall seasons from 1948 to 1976 is provided.
Bayesian sparse covariance decomposition with a graphical structure

We consider the problem of estimating covariance matrices of a particular structure that is a summation of a low-rank component and a sparse component. This is a general covariance structure encountered in multiple statistical models including factor analysis and random effects models, where the low-rank component relates to the correlations among variables coming from the latent factors or random effects and the sparse component displays the correlations of the remaining residuals. We propose a Bayesian method for estimating the covariance matrices of such structures by representing the covariance model in the form of a factor model with an unknown number of latent factors. We introduce binary indicators for factor selection and rank estimation for the low-rank component, combined with a Bayesian lasso method for the estimation of the sparse component. Simulation studies show that our method can recover the rank as well as the sparsity of the two respective components. We further extend our method to a latent-factor Markov graphical model, with a focus on the sparse conditional graphical model of the residuals as well as selecting the number of factors. We show through simulations that our Bayesian model can successfully recover both the number of latent factors and the Markov graphical model of the residuals.
Potential of MODIS EVI and surface temperature for directly estimating per‐pixel ecosystem C fluxes

[1] We tested the potential of estimating per-pixel gross primary production (GPP) directly from the MODIS enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and respiration directly from MODIS surface temperature (MOD11). Carbon flux data were obtained from 10 eddy covariance tower sites representing a wide range of North American vegetations. The correlation between across-site tower GPP and EVI was comparable (r = 0.77) to that between tower GPP and MOD17-GPP (r = 0.73), suggesting that EVI could be used to provide reasonably accurate direct estimates of GPP on a truly per-pixel basis. There was also a strong relationship (r2 = 0.67) between respiration and surface temperature of dense vegetation, suggesting that estimation of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) may be possible with relatively simple pixel based models, at least for some vegetation types.
Delayed cardioprotection by inhaled anesthetics.

SCHEMIC PRECONDITIONING (IPC) is a process by which a brief ischemic insult confers protection against a subsequent ischemic episode of similar or greater magnitude. Murry et al 1 first described IPC in the canine myocardium. The investigators showed that 4 transient (5 minutes) periods of coronary artery occlusion interspersed with 5 minutes of reperfusion did not enlarge as anticipated but rather paradoxically reduced the size of a myocardial infarction resulting from a subsequent more prolonged (40 minutes) episode of ischemia and reperfusion. This seminal article showed, for the first time, that the heart was capable of recognizing and rapidly adapting to stress, thereby becoming more resistant to subsequent injury. 1 Bolli et al 2-4 described this IPC phenomenon as a form of “vaccination” that stimulated the “innate plasticity” of myocardium by altering its phenotype and promoting its “self-preservation” as a primary defense mechanism. In the 25 years since IPC was first described, basic science and clinical research examining the mechanisms, limitations, and potential applicability of this process have expanded exponentially. Indeed, a recent PubMed search of the key words “myocardial ischemic preconditioning” indicated that more than 900 articles addressing this subject were published in the peer-reviewed literature in 2009 alone. 5 A large portion of this extraordinary body of work showed that a remarkable plethora of other stimuli, including a diverse variety of drugs, nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), endotoxins, inflammatory cytokines, heat stress, rapid pacing, and strenuous exercise, are capable of inducing this prosurvival phenotype, thereby protecting against irreversible ischemic injury independent of an antecedent period of brief myocardial ischemia. 6 Of most immediate relevance to this review, modern volatile anesthetics and the anesthetic noble gas xenon are among the drugs that have been shown to mimic IPC through nearly identical intracellular mechanisms. 7,8
Elite Editorial Favorability and American Public Opinion: A Case Study of the Arab-Israeli Conflict

The correspondence between trends in the mass media and trends in public opinion has important practical, theoretical, and methodological implications—even if we cannot untangle the causal relationships involved. The present study attempts to clarify empirically the aggregate-level mass media—public opinion connection for one major political issue, the Arab-Israeli conflict. Mass media data came from a content analysis of 867 elite newspaper editorials on the dispute (1972–1982); public opinion data came from the frequently asked Middle East “sympathy” question. Favorability measures for editorials, mass public opinion, and college-educated public opinion were highly intercorrelated, in part as a result of a common time trend. When this time trend was partialled out, significant relationships remained between editorial opinion and public opinion. In addition, events heavily covered in mass media tended to crystallize opinion among the college educated but not among the mass public.
Understanding Local and Macroscopic Electron Mobilities in the Fullerene Network of Conjugated Polymer‐based Solar Cells: Time‐Resolved Microwave Conductivity and Theory

The efficiency of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic photovoltaics is sensitive to the morphology of the fullerene network that transports electrons through the device. This sensitivity makes it difficult to distinguish the contrasting roles of local electron mobility (how easily electrons can transfer between neighboring fullerene molecules) and macroscopic electron mobility (how well-connected is the fullerene network on device length scales) in solar cell performance. In this work, a combination of density functional theory (DFT) calculations, flash-photolysis time-resolved microwave conductivity (TRMC) experiments, and space-charge-limit current (SCLC) mobility estimates are used to examine the roles of local and macroscopic electron mobility in conjugated polymer/fullerene BHJ photovoltaics. The local mobility of different pentaaryl fullerene derivatives (so-called 'shuttlecock' molecules) is similar, so that differences in solar cell efficiency and SCLC mobilities result directly from the different propensities of these molecules to self-assemble on macroscopic length scales. These experiments and calculations also demonstrate that the local mobility of phenyl-C60 butyl methyl ester (PCBM) is an order of magnitude higher than that of other fullerene derivatives, explaining why PCBM has been the acceptor of choice for conjugated polymer BHJ devices even though it does not form an optimal macroscopic network. The DFT calculations indicate that PCBM's superior local mobility comes from the near-spherical nature of its molecular orbitals, which allow strong electronic coupling between adjacent molecules. In combination, DFT and TRMC techniques provide a tool for screening new fullerene derivatives for good local mobility when designing new molecules that can improve on the macroscopic electron mobility offered by PCBM. The roles of local and macroscopic electron mobility in conjugated polymer/fullerene BHJ photovoltaics are examined via a combination of density functional theory, flash-photolysis time-resolved microwave conductivity, and space-charge-limit current (SCLC) mobility estimates. The local mobility of different fullerene derivatives ('shuttlecock' molecules) is similar, so differences in solar cell efficiency and SCLC mobilities result directly from the different propensities of these molecules to self-assemble on macroscopic length scales. © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Impact of pre-Columbian agriculture, climate change, and tectonic activity inferred from a 5,700-year paleolimnological record from Lake Nicaragua

Lake Nicaragua, the largest lake in Central America, is a promising site for paleolimnological study of past climate change, tectonic and volcanic activity, and pre-Columbian agriculture in the region. It is near the northern limit of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), which brings the rainy season to the tropics, so effects of decreasing precipitation due to southern migration of the ITCZ through the Holocene should be observable. Because fault zones and an active volcano lie within the lake, the long-term impact of tectonic and volcanic activity can also be examined. Finally, the fertile volcanic soils near the lake may have encouraged early agriculture. We analyzed diatoms, biogenic silica (BSi), total organic carbon (TOC), water content, volcanic glass, and magnetic susceptibility in a sediment core from Lake Nicaragua with eleven accelerator mass spectroscopy radiocarbon dates, spanning ~5,700 years. Sediment accumulation rates decreased from the bottom to the top of the core, indicating a general drying trend through the Holocene. An increase in eutrophic diatom abundance suggests that pre-Columbian agriculture impacted the lake as early as ~5,400 cal yr BP. Above a horizon of coarser grains deposited sometime between ~5,200 and 1,600 cal yr BP, planktonic diatoms increased and remained dominant to the top of the core, indicating that water depth permanently increased. Although magnetic susceptibility peaked and water content dipped at the coarse horizon, volcanic glass fragments did not increase, suggesting that the coarse horizon and subsequent increase in water depth were caused by tectonic rather than by volcanic activity. Decreased accumulation rates of BSi and TOC indicate that water became clearer when depth increased.
Thermodynamic and NMR Studies of Solvent Effect on Enantiomeric Recognition for a Chiral Organiz Ammonium Cation by Chiral Diketopyridino-18- Crown-6 Type Ligands at 25.0 deg C.

Abstract Three chiral diketopyridino-18-crown-6 type macrocycles have been shown to exhibit a high degree of enantiomeric recognition toward α-(1-naphthyl)ethylammonium perchlorate (NapEt) in various ratios of chloroform/methanol (CDCl3/CD3OD) and 1,2-dichloroethane/methanol (C2H4Cl2/CH3OH) solvent mixtures (from 100% to 10% methanol component). In most cases, differences in log K values (Δlog K) for (R)− and (S)-NapEt complexation with the chiral macrocycles are larger than 0.5. The degree of the enantiomeric recognition indicated by the Δlog K value changes noticeably with the binary solvent components. The recognition is better in the solvents having a moderate methanol component than in the binary solvents having either a high or a low methanol component. The highest degree of recognition is observed in 6/4 (v/v) CDCl3/CD3OD and C2H4Cl2/CH3OH solvent mixtures and in a 7/3 (v/v) C2H4Cl2/CH3OH mixture for chiral (S,S)-1 macrocycle. Thermodynamic parameters determined in solvent mixtures of C2H4Cl2/CH3OH...
Subtyping of Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens

Phenotype-based and DNA-based subtyping methods allow for differentiation of bacterial isolates beyond the species and subspecies level. Bacterial subtyping methods not only have improved our ability to detect and track foodborne disease outbreaks, but also represent tools to track sources of bacterial contamination throughout the food system. The use of subtyping methods furthermore provides an opportunity to better understand the population genetics, epidemiology, and ecology of different foodborne pathogens. The last 5 years have seen tremendous advancement in the development of sensitive, rapid, automated, and increasingly easy-to-use molecular subtyping methods for a variety of different bacterial foodborne pathogens. This review will highlight key aspects of different subtyping methods for bacterial foodborne pathogens and provide examples of their applications in public health, food safety, epidemiology, and population genetics. Molecular subtyping and characterization methods may also facilitate the development of a novel framework for tracking, preventing, and regulating foodborne bacterial diseases, which is based on evolutionary relationships and genetic characteristics rather than traditional species definitions.
Educational Aspirations in an Urban Community College: Differences Between Immigrant and Native Student Groups

This study explored the educational aspirations of immigrant and native students in an urban community college. Using Burton Clark’s cooling-out theory as a framework, the study looked at choices students make when applying to college and the extent to which students later change their aspirations. Immigrant students who were educated in United States high schools were more likely than other student groups to aspire to a 4-year degree and seek admission to a senior college rather than a community college. Logistic regression analysis revealed that most students did not change their majors over six semesters, although among those who did, students were more likely to be cooled out (i.e., they lowered their aspirations as indicated by a change from a transfer to a terminal program) than to shift from a terminal program to a transfer program.
Intelligent motor control, a definition and value add to process control

As technology continues to drive innovations, heavy industrial enterprises must continue to keep pace to remain competitive in and ever changing marketplace. The trend of technology is to replace systems of yesterday with higher performance, low-cost, option rich devices that shorten the return on investment and offer more flexibility. As control system technology continues to evolve, we see this same migration in the way many functions are being increasingly distributed to smarter, more granular, control system components capable of performing localized operations that were once the responsibility of a central or master controller. The integration of intelligent devices, device level networks, and interrogation software into medium voltage (MV) and low voltage (LV) motor control centers is a good example of how technology can deliver improved diagnostics, early warnings for increased system reliability, design flexibility, simplified wiring and provide another level of personnel safety for process industries. This paper focuses on technology integration, intelligent devices and device level information collection to provide convergence of control and information for plant wide optimization.
Quasi-regression with shrinkage

Quasi-regression is a method of Monte Carlo approximation useful for global sensitivity analysis. This paper presents a new version, incorporating shrinkage parameters of the type used in wavelet approximation. As an example application, a black box function from machine learning is analyzed. That function is nearly a sum of functions of one and two variables and the first variable acting alone accounts for more than half of the variance.
Imaging Molecular Signatures for Detection of Osteoarthritis by Combining Spectral and Spatial a-Priori Information

The multi-wavelength spectroscopy of the joints using X-ray-guided spatial constraints provides 3-D images of oxygen saturation and water content with high resolution and improved quantitative capability.
Intramedullary sodium cyanide injection on respiratory and vasomotor responses in cats

Abstract To examine the effect of hypoxia confined to the ventrolateral medulla we microinjected NaCN into the cat medulla (1.0 mm below the ventral surface) unilaterally and investigated cardio-respiratory changes. We studied anesthetized artificially ventilated animals and measured the electrical activity of phrenic and cervical sympathetic nerves and blood pressure. Histotoxic hypoxia depressed phrenic amplitude and elevated sympathetic tone and blood pressure. These responses were obtained predominantly from the region 5.0–8.0 mm caudal to the foramen caecum and 3.0–5.0 mm lateral to the midline (intermediate area). A study with 14 C-cyanide showed that total and covalently bound cyanide was confined within a 1 mm diffusion sphere following microinjection. Isolated areas in both rostral and caudal medulla responded to cyanide with elevated sympathetic tone in the absence of phrenic nerve depression, suggesting dissociation of respiratory and vasomotor responses to hypoxia. Thus, the respiratory depression and vasomotor excitation produced by central hypoxia can be reproduced by hypoxia limited to discrete regions of the ventrolateral medulla.
Effects of Emotional Discrimination Tasks on Cerebral Blood Flow: Regional Activation and Its Relation to Performance

Facial discrimination tasks were applied as activation probes during physiologic neuroimaging ("neurobehavioral probes"). The stimuli pictured professional actors and actresses, posing degrees of happy and sad emotion. Cortical cerebral blood flow (CBF) was determined using the 133Xenon inhalation method during resting baseline, two emotional (happy from neutral and sad from neutral faces) and one nonemotional discrimination task (age). The three tasks produced CBF increase over baseline, which was greater in the right hemisphere (Task × Hemisphere interaction, p = .0001). There were regionally specific effects (Task × Region × Hemisphere interaction, p = .022). Relative to the age discrimination task, both emotion discrimination tasks were associated with greater right parietal activation. In addition, the happy discrimination task induced greater left frontal activation relative to the sad discrimination task. While overall magnitude of CBF increase did not show regionally specific correlations with performance, laterality did show such specificity. Sad discrimination performance correlated with greater right parietal activation, while performance on the happy discrimination task correlated with left frontal activation. Age discrimination performance correlated with higher activated right temporal CBF. These results support the hypothesis of right hemispheric involvement in facial processing and further suggest regionally specific hemispheric participation in happy and sad emotional discrimination. The study underscores the utility of performance measures for understanding the behavioral significance of activation effects in physiologic neuroimaging studies.
Effect of small radiation divergence on the measurement of source size

Third-generation storage rings have small particle beam emittances. The size of the particle beam can be determined from the measured image size of the focused radiation source. Undulators are preferred as radiation sources at third-generation storage rings, the radiation emitted by an undulator has both small size and divergence. The effect of the small beam divergence on determination of the source size is discussed here. The analysis is performed in an approximation of a Gaussian distribution of the radiation intensity. The paraxial approximation and matrix methods were also used for this derivation. It was fond that the effect of the small beam divergence depends on the ratio of the angular acceptance of the source to the divergence of the emitted radiation.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Spray-Interactive Flamelet Model for Direct Injection Engine Combustion

Toward higher efficiency and lower emissions, modern direct injection (DI) engines employ various injection strategies. This leads to more complex in-cylinder spray evaporation and combustion proce...
Hollow cathodes in high pressure arc discharges

An orified hallow cathode was tested at high pressure to improve lifetime and efficiency in arcjet thrusters. It is indicated that the arc would not operate with emission from the insert above 200 torr in nitrogen regardless of insert material, orifice diameter, or gas flow direction. Emission occurred from the insert in argon and xenon although it could not be ascertained whether diffuse or spot emission existed within the cathode. Over the extended range of configurations and operating parameters explored the desired diffuse emission mode could not be obtained at high enough pressures for orified hollow cathodes to operate in the range which is considered for arcjet applications.
Tritium in the thermal neutron fission of uranium—235

Abstract The existence of tritium as a product of fission, first reported by Albenesius , (1) has been verified. A ratio of 1·25 ± 0·15 × 104 fissions per atom of tritium was found for the thermal neutron-induced fission of 235U. Tritium was converted to water in a closed system and its activity measured by liquid scintillation techniques. The number of fissions was determined by assay of the 0·537 MeV γ-ray of 140Ba.
Nitrogen-15 and oxygen-18 characteristics of nitrous oxide: A global perspective

The global budget of N(2)O shows a significant imbalance between the known rate of destruction in the stratosphere and the estimated rates of natural and anthropogenic production in soils and the ocean. Measurements of the (15)N/(14)N and (18)O/(16)O ratios in two major tropospheric sources of N(2)O, tropical rain forest soils and fertilized soils, show that soil N(2)O from a tropical rain forest in Costa Rica and from sugar-cane fields in Maui is strongly depleted in both (15)N and (18)O relative to mean tropospheric N(2)O. A major source of heavy N(2)O, enriched in both (15)N and (18)O, must therefore be present to balance the light N(2)O from soils. One such source is the back-mixing flux of N(2)O from the stratosphere, which is enriched in (15)N and (18)O by photolysis and chemistry. However these return fluxes of (15)N and (18)O are so great that a large oceanic flux of N(2)O is required to balance the heavy isotope-enriched stratospheric flux. All these effects will be reflected in climatically related isotopic variations in trapped N(2)O in polar ice cores.
Efficient demand-driven evaluation. Part 1

We describe a program transformation technique for programs in a general stream language L whereby a data-driven evaluation of the transformed program performs exactly the same computation as a demand-driven evaluation of the original program. The transformational technique suggests a simple denotational characterization of demand-driven evaluation.
Internet‐Based Interactive Support for Cancer Patients: Are Integrated Systems Better?

To compare the benefits of the Internet generally versus a focused system of services, 257 breast cancer patients were randomly assigned to a control group, access to the Internet with links to high-quality breast cancer sites, or access to an eHealth system (Comprehensive Health Enhancement Support System, CHESS) that integrated information, support, and decision and analysis tools. The intervention lasted 5 months, and self-report data on quality of life, health-care competence, and social support were collected at pretest and at 2-, 4-, and 9-month posttests. CHESS subjects logged on more overall than Internet subjects and accessed more health resources, but the latter used non health-related sites more. Subjects with access to the Internet alone experienced no better outcomes than controls at any of the 3 time points, compared to pretest levels. Subjects with CHESS experienced greater social support during the intervention period and had higher scores on all 3 outcomes at 9 months, 4 months after the intervention ended. CHESS subjects also scored higher than those with Internet access during the intervention period but not significantly after the intervention ended. Thus, CHESS (with one simple interface and integrated information, communication, and skills services) helped newly diagnosed breast cancer patients even after computers were removed. In contrast, patients received little benefit from Internet access, despite having links to a variety of high-quality sites.
Comparison of Swimming Kinematics between Terrestrial and Semiaquatic Opossums

The kinematics of surface swimming of the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiunu) and water opossum (Chironectes minimus) were studied to determine locomotor changes associated with the evolutionary transition from terrestrial to semiaquatic existence. Films of individual animals swimming across an aquarium were made and analyzed. Didelphis swam with a modified quadrupedal gait similar to a diagonal sequence run. Besides providing propulsive forces, this gait generated an upward force allowing the nasal apertures to remain above the water for breathing. In contrast, Chironectes paddled exclusively with the hind limbs in a manner similar to other semiaquatic mammals. The non-wettable fur of Chironectes seemed to provide sufficient buoyancy so that no additional forces were required to maintain the nares above the water surface. Transition to exclusive hind limb paddling in semiaquatic mammals appears to be associated with development of non-wettable fur for increased buoyancy and with increased swimming effectiveness resulting from lack of interference between forelimbs and hind limbs during the stroke cycle. Eliminating use of the forelimbs in paddling also permitted unrestricted movement of the hind limbs.
Eating disturbance, body image dissatisfaction, and reasons for exercising: Gender differences and correlational findings

Samples of physically active males (n = 700) and females (n = 91) were assessed for eating disturbance, body dissatisfaction, self-esteem, and reasons for engaging in exercise. The results indicated that women's motivation for exercise was more often related to weight and tone reasons than men. In addition, for both genders, exercising for weight, tone, and attractiveness reasons was highly correlated with other measures of disturbance. However, exercising because of health was positively associated with self-esteem for both sexes. For men only, exercising for fitness was related to lower levels of eating disturbance and higher self-esteem. Overall activity level was related to greater eating disturbance for women, but less body dissatisfaction for men. The findings are discussed with regard to the importance of assessing gender differences in reasons for exercise activity and the detection of at-risk motivations for athleticism that may be used to identify individuals who might develop eating disorders and/or body image disturbance.
Liking Is for Doing: The Effects of Goal Pursuit on Automatic Evaluation.

Findings from 3 experiments suggest that participants who were actively engaged in goal pursuit, compared with those who were not pursuing the goal, automatically evaluated goal-relevant objects as relatively more positive than goal-irrelevant objects. In Experiment 3, participants' automatic evaluations also predicted their behavioral intentions toward goal-relevant objects. These results suggest the functional nature of automatic evaluation and are in harmony with the classic conceptualization of thinking and feeling as being in the service of "doing" (e.g., S. T. Fiske, 1992; W. James, 1890; K. Lewin, 1926) as well as with more recent work on the cognitive mechanics of goal pursuit (e.g., G. B. Moskowitz, 2002; J. Y. Shah & A.W. Kruglanski, 2002).
A Comparison and Evaluation of Real-Time Software Systems Modeling Languages

A model-driven approach to real-time software systems development enables the conceptualization of software, fostering a more thorough understanding of its often complex architecture and behavior while promoting the documentation and analysis of concerns common to real-time embedded systems such as scheduling, resource allocation, and performance. Several modeling languages have been developed to assist in the model-driven software engineering effort for real-time systems, and these languages are beginning to gain traction with practitioners throughout the aerospace industry. This paper presents a survey of several real-time software system modeling languages, namely the Architectural Analysis and Design Language (AADL), the Unified Modeling Language (UML), Systems Modeling Language (SysML), the Modeling and Analysis of Real-Time Embedded Systems (MARTE) UML profile, and the AADL for UML profile. Each language has its advantages and disadvantages, and in order to adequately describe a real-time software system's architecture, a complementary use of multiple languages is almost certainly necessary. This paper aims to explore these languages in the context of understanding the value each brings to the model-driven software engineering effort and to determine if it is feasible and practical to combine aspects of the various modeling languages to achieve more complete coverage in architectural descriptions. To this end, each language is evaluated with respect to a set of criteria such as scope, formalisms, and architectural coverage. An example is used to help illustrate the capabilities of the various languages.
Multilingual Retrieval of Radiology Images

The multilingual search engine ARRS GoldMiner Global was created to facilitate broad international access to a richly indexed collection of more than 200,000 radiologic images. Images are indexed according to key-words and medical concepts that appear in the unstructured text of their English-language image captions. GoldMiner Global exploits the Unicode standard, which allows the accurate representation of characters and ideographs from virtually any language and which supports both left-to-right and right-to-left text directions. The user interface supports queries in Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Russian, or Spanish. GoldMiner Global incorporates an interface to the United States National Library of Medicine that translates queries into English-language Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms. The translated MeSH terms are then used to search the image index and retrieve relevant images. Explanatory text, pull-down menu choices, and navigational guides are displayed in the selected language; search results are displayed in English. GoldMiner Global is freely available on the World Wide Web.
Expression of the transcription factor cKrox in peripheral CD8 T cells reveals substantial postthymic plasticity in CD4-CD8 lineage differentiation

Most T cells belong to either of two lineages defined by the mutually exclusive expression of CD4 and CD8 coreceptors: CD4 T cells are major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II restricted and have helper function, whereas CD8 T cells are MHC I restricted and have cytotoxic function. The divergence between these two lineages occurs during intrathymic selection and is thought to be irreversible in mature T cells. It is, however, unclear whether the CD4-CD8 differentiation of postthymic T cells retains some level of plasticity or is stably maintained by mechanisms distinct from those that set lineage choice in the thymus. To address this issue, we examined if coreceptor or effector gene expression in mature CD8 T cells remains sensitive to the zinc finger transcription factor cKrox, which promotes CD4 and inhibits CD8 differentiation when expressed in thymocytes. We show that cKrox transduction into CD8 T cells inhibits their expression of CD8 and cytotoxic effector genes and impairs their cytotoxic activity, and that it promotes expression of helper-specific genes, although not of CD4 itself. These observations reveal a persistent degree of plasticity in CD4-CD8 differentiation in mature T cells.
Backwaters in the Upper Reaches of Reservoirs Produce High Densities of Age-0 Crappies

Abstract Reservoir backwaters are aquatic habitats in floodplains of reservoir tributaries that are permanently or periodically flooded by the reservoir. Like many reservoir arms, backwaters are commonly shallow, littoral habitats, but they differ from arms in various respects, including their support of primarily wetland plant assemblages that are tolerant to flooding. Elsewhere, the reservoir floods mainly upland plants that are less tolerant to flooding, producing a band of barren shoreline along the fluctuation zone. We investigated differences in relative abundance of age-0 crappies Pomoxis spp. in backwaters and arms of widely fluctuating flood control reservoirs, examined the effect of water level, and estimated the likelihood and timing with which these habitats are flooded annually. Higher catch rates of age-0 crappies were obtained in backwater habitats than in arm habitats. When inundated during the crappie spawning season, backwaters provided vegetated habitat at lower water levels than arms. ...
Moderating effects of self‐efficacy for the relationship between training method and anxiety and stress reactions of newcomers

The purpose of this study was to examine the moderating effect of self-efficacy for the relationship between training method and newcomers' anxiety and stress reactions. The two methods of training examined were formal orientation and training and tutorial training. A sample of 198 newly-hired entry-level accountants completed a questionnaire following their first few weeks of entry. The results indicated that self-efficacy was negatively related to anxiety but not stress. However, a positive relationship between anxiety and stress suggested that self-efficacy was indirectly related to stress through its relationship with anxiety. Further, self-efficacy was found to moderate the relationship between training method and anxiety. Formal orientation and training was related to lower anxiety for newcomers with low technical self-efficacy. The opposite result was found for tutorial training. Tutorial training was related to higher anxiety for newcomers with low academic self-efficacy. The relationship between training and anxiety did not vary by training method for newcomers with high self-efficacy. The research and practical implications of a self-efficacy theory framework are discussed for the training, socialization, and adjustment of newcomers.
Understanding and eliminating iron interference in colorimetric nitrate and nitrite analysis.

Across many environments, nitrate (NO − ) is an important form of N available for microorganisms and photosynthetic organisms. Accurate NO − measurements are important for examining N cycling and retention in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, but a common method of NO − analysis can underestimate NO − concentra- tions when soluble iron is present (iron > 10 mg L −1 ). The basic method is robust, using copper- ized cadmium to reduce NO − and then diazotizing the resulting NO − in a two-step process to form an easily measured colored product. We show that iron interference is unique to using an NH4Cl and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) buffer. We hypothesize that interference is through iron-catalyzed reduction of the intermediate color product, a diazonium ion. We examine three historical buffers as alternatives to NH4Cl/EDTA and recommend replacement of EDTA with di- ethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, which chelates metals much like EDTA, but unlike EDTA, it does not cause interference in the presence of iron.
Cell elongation is regulated through a central circuit of interacting transcription factors in the Arabidopsis hypocotyl

As the major mechanism of plant growth and morphogenesis, cell elongation is controlled by many hormonal and environmental signals. How these signals are coordinated at the molecular level to ensure coherent cellular responses remains unclear. In this study, we illustrate a molecular circuit that integrates all major growth-regulating signals, including auxin, brassinosteroid, gibberellin, light, and temperature. Analyses of genome-wide targets, genetic and biochemical interactions demonstrate that the auxin-response factor ARF6, the light/temperature-regulated transcription factor PIF4, and the brassinosteroid-signaling transcription factor BZR1, interact with each other and cooperatively regulate large numbers of common target genes, but their DNA-binding activities are blocked by the gibberellin-inactivated repressor RGA. In addition, a tripartite HLH/bHLH module feedback regulates PIFs and additional bHLH factors that interact with ARF6, and thereby modulates auxin sensitivity according to developmental and environmental cues. Our results demonstrate a central growth-regulation circuit that integrates hormonal, environmental, and developmental controls of cell elongation in Arabidopsis hypocotyl.
Aortic Valve Replacement for Severe Aortic Valve Stenosis in the Nonagenarian Patient

Background Outcome data are limited on aortic valve replacement (AVR) in nonagenarian patients. This study reports our experience in the treatment of this elderly population. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of 59 patients 90 years of age or greater with severe aortic valve stenosis operated on with isolated AVR from January 1993 through August 2013. Valve replacement was surgical in 33 patients (55.9%) and transcatheter in 26 (44.1%). Results Median age of the patients was 91 years (range, 90 to 97 years), sex was female in 38 (64.4%), and The Society of Thoracic Surgeons predicted risk of mortality was 10.1% (range, 4.7% to 27.9%). Operative complications occurred in 22 patients (37.3%) and included acute renal failure in 7 patients (11.9%) and stroke in 1 patient (1.7%). Vascular injury occurred only in patients treated with transfemoral SAPIEN transcatheter heart valve transcatheter AVR and included 6 patients (42.9%). Discharge to home occurred in 17 patients (34.7%), with no difference between the valve replacement groups ( p = 0.072). Operative mortality occurred in 2 patients (6.1%) in the surgical AVR group and 1 (3.9%) in the transcatheter AVR group ( p = 1.000). Kaplan-Meier survival estimate at 1 year was 81.3% ± 5.4% with no difference between the valve replacement groups ( p = 0.636) and age- and sex-matched control patients ( p = 0.415). Conclusions Aortic valve replacement for severe aortic valve stenosis can be done with less than predicted operative risk in nonagenarian patients. However, transfemoral SAPIEN transcatheter heart valve transcatheter AVR should be undertaken with caution because of increased risk of vascular injury. Aortic valve replacement should not be denied in select patients.
Toward a stratification of Helmholtz stereopsis

Helmholtz stereopsis has been previously introduced as a surface reconstruction technique that does not assume a model of surface reflectance. This technique relies on the use of multiple cameras and light sources, and it has been shown to be effective when the camera and source positions are known. Here, we take a stratified look at uncalibrated Helmholtz stereopsis. We derive a photometric matching constraint that can be used to establish correspondence without any knowledge of the cameras and sources (except that they are co-located), and we determine conditions under which we can obtain affine and metric reconstructions. An implementation and experimental results are presented.
The bragg side-band BioCD

We present the interferometric detection of antibody binding using high-speed spinning-disk interferometry in the Bragg sideband of a dielectric disc in a BioCD format, enabling 4-channel detection through independent in-line, phase-contrast, light-scattering and fluorescence channels.