cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A two-component theory of aerosol deposition in lung airways

The deposition of aerosol particles in the human lung airways is due to two distinct mechanisms. One is by direct deposition resulting from diffusion, sedimentation and impaction as the aerosol moves in and out of the lung. The other is an indirect mechanism by which particles are transported mechanically from the tidal air to the residential air and eventually captured by the airways due to intrinsic particle motion. This last mechanism is not well understood at present. Using a trumpet airway model constructed from Weibel's data, a two-component theory is developed. In this theory, the particle concentrations in the airways and the alveoli at a given airway depth are considered to be quantitatively different. This difference in concentrations will cause a net mixing between the tidal and residential aerosol as the aerosol is breathed in and out. A distribution parameter is then introduced to account for the distribution of ventilation. The effect of intrinsic particle motion on the aerosol mixing is also included. From this theory, total and regional deposition in the lung at the steady mouth breathing without pause is calculated for several different respiratory cycles. The results agree reasonably well with the experimental data.
Interface structure between Bi and CdTe in molecular beam epitaxially grown Bi/CdTe and Bi/Bi 1−x Sb x superlattices

We report cross-sectional high resolution transmission electron microscopy studies of the interface structure in Bi/CdTe and Bi/Bi1−x Sbx superlattice films deposited on (111) CdTe by molecular beam epitaxy. Results show that the interface between Bi and CdTe is coherent. Two kinds of interfaces were observed. One is the so-called twin- or allo-interface, where the stacking sequence of Bi is different from or does not follow continuously that of CdTe. The lattice orientation across this kind of interface is similar to a (111) rotation twin as is commonly present in cubic semiconductors. The other is the so-called isointerface, where the stacking sequence of Bi follows the CdTe without any change. However, the presence of one kind of Bi twin boundary with translational characteristics indicates that it fits a model of random nucleation and two-dimensional growth.
An electron spectrograph with pre-acceleration. The low-energy conversion and Auger electron spectra of Pa233☆

Abstract A permanent magnet electron spectrograph has been constructed for the detection of low-energy conversion and Auger electrons. This instrument employs the technique of pre-acceleration and has been used to record electrons with energies of less than 1 keV.
National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program

The objective of the Graduate Research Fellowship Program (GRFP) of the National Science Foundation (NSF) is to support the vitality of the human resource base of science, mathematics, and engineering in the United States and to reinforce its diversity. Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) manages the GRFP application and review processes under contract to NSF.
Biochemotherapy of melanoma.

Malignant melanoma poses an increasingly important health problem. The incidence of this disease has increased 4% per year from 5.7 per 100,000 individuals per year in 1973 to 13.3 in 1995. It is estimated that by the end of 1999, the lifetime risk of developing melanoma in the United States will have reached one in 75 (1). Over 47,000 individuals are diagnosed with melanoma annually, and melanoma accounts for in excess of 7500 deaths each year (2). Melanoma ranks second only to testicular tumors in “years of life lost” when death occurs, because the majority of patients with advanced melanoma are young at the time of diagnosis. Stage IV melanoma is associated with a mortality rate of more than 95% within the first 5 yr of diagnosis. In several large series, survival has correlated inversely with the sites of tumor involvement, the number of involved organ sites, the absence or presence of visceral involvement, disease-free interval, performance status, and whether there was an elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level (3).
SIGART Member Dissertation Abstracts: Automatic Recognition of Machinable Features in Solid Models

Recognition of machining features such as holes, slots and pockets is essential for the fully automatic manufacture of mechanical parts. This thesis discusses an experimental feature recognizer that uses a blend of artificial intelligence (AI) and computational geometry techniques. The recognizer is implemented in a rapid prototyping test bed consisting of the Knowledge Craft (TM) AI environment tightly coupled with the PADL-2 solid modeler, running under Unix on a SUN 3/260 computer. It is capable of finding features with interacting volumes (e.g., two crossing slots), and takes into account nominal shape information, tolerancing and other available data.
A distributed algorithm for virus spread minimization

This paper proposes a discrete-time distributed algorithm based on a local replicator dynamics that allows a group of nodes to achieve virus mitigation over a connected graph when subject to limited resources. The algorithm is distributed in the sense that it can be implemented by the network nodes via local and anonymous interactions. By employing a discrete-time LaSalle invariance principle, we find a bound on the algorithm step size that guarantees asymptotic convergence for agents subject to time-varying interactions. Several simulations illustrate the algorithm performance.
Making progress in treating multiple myeloma with total therapies : issue of complete remission and more

Making progress in treating multiple myeloma with total therapies: issue of complete remission and more
Sea change: Santa Barbara and the eruption of corporate social responsibility

Abstract Corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs have proliferated among the world's largest corporations. While the lion's share of scholarly attention has been devoted to the competitive advantage of CSR as a branding strategy, very little notice has been taken of CSR's history, particularly the emergence of CSR programs during the politically turbulent l960s and l970s. The paucity of historical attention has led to several distortions, including the failure to recognize CSR's origins as a survivalist reaction to crisis, and the resulting overemphasis of CSR as an unambiguously ethical model of managerial proactive effectiveness. Based on an examination of newspaper records of a politically crystallizing oil spill in the waters off the coast of Santa Barbara, California, and an analysis of CSR's market penetration and rhetoric, this paper offers an alternative framework for reexamining corporate social responsibility.
A simple and sensitive colorimetric method for the determination of long-chain free fatty acids in subcellular organelles

Abstract A colorimetric assay for the determination of long-chain free fatty acids (FFA) is described. The FFA were extracted from subcellular organelles with chloroform:heptane:methanol. The copper soaps of FFA were determined colorimetrically with diphenylcarbazide. There are three advantages to employing the present modified procedure. (a) The sensitivity has been increased approximately twofold over that of the previous procedure of K. Falholt, B. Lund, and W. Falholt (1973, Clin. Chim. Acta 46 , 105–111); (b) it takes less time to complete the assay compared to the tedious procedures currently available; and (c) the presence of bovine serum albumin, a known FAA-binding protein, does not interfere with the assay procedure. The assay shows a linear response over the range of 10 to 130 nmol of FFA. The recovery of free fatty acids from mitochondria is 99%.
Detection of contamination on selected apple cultivars using reflectance hyperspectral and multispectral analysis

Contamination of apples is a food safety concern touching the general public and strongly affecting this commodity market. Accumulations of human pathogens are usually observed on surface lesions of commodities. Detection of lesions and pathogens is essential for assuring the quality and safety of commodities. We are presenting the application of hyperspectral image analysis towards the development of multispectral techniques for the detection of defects on three apple cultivars, Golden Delicious, Red Delicious, and Gala. Separate apple cultivars possess different spectral characteristics leading to different approaches for analysis. General preprocessing analysis with morphological treatments is followed by different image treatments and condition analysis for highlighting lesions and contaminations. Good isolation of scabs, fungal and soil contaminations, and bruises is observed with hyperspectral imaging processing either using principal component analysis or utilizing the chlorophyll absorption peak. Applications of hyperspectral results to a multispectral detection are limited by the spectral capabilities of our RGB camera using either specific band pass filters. Good separation of defects is obtained for Gala (95%) and Golden Delicious (85%) apples. However, separations are limited for Red Delicious (76%). Having an extra near infrared channel will increase the detection level utilizing the chlorophyll absorption band for detection as demonstrated by the present hyperspectral imaging analysis.
The Deoxycytidine Pathway for Thymidylate Synthesis in Escherichia coli

When thymidylate production is diminished by a mutation affecting dCTP deaminase, Escherichia coli is known to use an alternate pathway involving deoxycytidine as an intermediate. The pathway requires the gene for any of three nucleoside diphosphate kinases (ndk, pykA, or pykF) and the gene for a 5'-nucleotidase (yfbR).
OBTAINING POINT ESTIMATORS OF PARAMETERS FROM CONFIDENCE INTERVALS OR JOINT CONFIDENCE REGIONS

There are several different ways to obtain point estimators for the parameters of a population distribution. The maximum likelihood estimation and moment estimation are the most commonly used ones. Using point estimators only to estimate unknown parameters is somewhat risky because the probability that the estimation is wrong is almost 100%. Interval estimation, on the other hand, can reduce this risk considerably. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new method for obtaining point estimation of parameters. The point estimators discussed here are obtained by squeezing a confidence interval or joint confidence region of the parameters. The proposed method is easy to use in some cases. The estimators obtained by using this method possess some unbiasedness property. It is also shown that the point estimator obtained by this method is more reasonable than the maximum likelihood estimator when the population distribution is skewed.
Immune response to enzyme replacement therapy: Clinical signs of hypersensitivity reactions and altered enzyme distribution in a high titre rat model

Abstract Immune responses to enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) have been reported and can result in a hypersensitivity/anaphylactic reaction during or immediately after enzyme infusion. We have investigated the infusion of the lysosomal enzyme N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulphatase (4-sulphatase) into immunized, high titre rats as a model of immune response to ERT. To simulate ERT, high and low titre rats were infused with different doses of radiolabelled recombinant human 4-sulphatase (3H-rh4S). There was evidence of altered targeting, inactivation and degradation of 4-sulphatase in high titre (titre 1 024 000) compared to low titre (titre 64) rats. There was more 4-sulphatase enzyme activity detected in 5 mg/kg high titre rats when compared to 1 mg/kg high titre rats, suggesting that the antibodies could be saturable in vivo. However, the rats treated with 5 mg/kg 3H-rh4S all had clinical signs of hypersensitivity reactions to 4-sulphatase infusion. There were no apparent signs of adverse reactions in either the high titre 1 mg/kg rats or the low titre rats (1, 5 mg/kg). The high titre 5 mg/kg rats also had changes in 3H-rh4S distribution, with lower levels delivered to the liver and a marked increase in the level remaining in plasma, when compared to either 1 mg/kg high titre rats or low titre rats (1, 5 mg/kg).
Whose Funeral Is It Anyway

At his funeral, we laughed that Jim would kill us if he knew we closed the office for a day. Did we bury more than a doctor that day? Was the funeral for a whole way of doing things?
Specification of a tour-based neighborhood shopping model

This paper presents a state-of-the practice neighborhood shopping travel demand model. The model structure is designed to incorporate decisions across five dimensions of shopping travel, including decisions of: (1) household tour frequency; (2) participating party; (3) shopping tour type; (4) mode, and (5) destination choices using a tour-based nested-logit model. As a neighborhood model, we have also captured the interrelated effects of three main factors associated with shopping travel decisions both within and outside of the neighborhood, including the residential location within the neighborhood, the neighborhood regional setting and the household structure. The model was validated using the travel data collected in three neighborhoods located in the Puget Sound region, WA. Results show that household socio-demographics have significant effects on the decisions for household tour frequency, mode and destination choices, while the characteristics of the traveling party have considerable impacts on the decisions for tour type. The level of service and the zone attractions influence decisions about mode and destination choices. The day of week variable (weekday versus weekend) is statistically significant in all models, indicating that weekday shopping travel decisions differ from weekend, across all five dimensions of interest. The paper concludes with a discussion about how the model can be used to examine policy-related neighborhood issues (e.g. accessibility).
A cryptic protease couples deubiquitination and degradation by the proteasome

The 26S proteasome is responsible for most intracellular proteolysis in eukaryotes. Efficient substrate recognition relies on conjugation of substrates with multiple ubiquitin molecules and recognition of the polyubiquitin moiety by the 19S regulatory complex--a multisubunit assembly that is bound to either end of the cylindrical 20S proteasome core. Only unfolded proteins can pass through narrow axial channels into the central proteolytic chamber of the 20S core, so the attached polyubiquitin chain must be released to allow full translocation of the substrate polypeptide. Whereas unfolding is rate-limiting for the degradation of some substrates and appears to involve chaperone-like activities associated with the proteasome, the importance and mechanism of degradation-associated deubiquitination has remained unclear. Here we report that the POH1 (also known as Rpn11 in yeast) subunit of the 19S complex is responsible for substrate deubiquitination during proteasomal degradation. The inability to remove ubiquitin can be rate-limiting for degradation in vitro and is lethal to yeast. Unlike all other known deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) that are cysteine proteases, POH1 appears to be a Zn(2+)-dependent protease.
Very high modulation efficiency of ultralow threshold current single quantum well InGaAs lasers

A record high current modulation efficiency of 5 GHz/[sqrt](mA) has been demonstrated in an ultralow threshold strained layer single quantum well InGaAs laser.
Group size, infant development and social networks in free-ranging rhesus monkeys

Abstract The hypothesis that demographic processes are important in determining social structure among non-human primates through their effects on the development of individual social relationships was tested. Changes in maternal behaviour, infants’ social milieux and infants’ social networks were examined as a function of changes in group size and composition among free-ranging rhesus monkeys, Macaca mulatta on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. Data were analysed for 10 group-years collected between 1974 and 1990 representing a single social group during periods of rapid expansion and fissioning, two daughter groups following fissioning and an unrelated group that did not undergo fissioning. As group size expanded, infants found themselves near (
Wear of TiB2 coatings

Abstract The wear properties of elctrodeposited coatings of TiB 2 in low speed (5 cm s −1 ) and high speed (30 m s −1 ) sliding applications in contact with hardened steel are reported. An improved method for the preparation of these coatings is described. The effects of sliding speed, lubrication and substrate material of the coating were investigated. The microhardness of some of the coatings was measured. The results indicate that the TiB 2 coating compares favorably with single-crystal Al 2 O 3 in unlubricated high speed applications.
Extension of the Zorn lemma to general nontransitive binary relations

Let ≻ be an irreflexive (strict) binary relation on a nonempty setX. Denote the completion of ≻ by ≧, i.e.,y≧x ifx≻y does not hold. An elementx * ∈X is said to be a maximal element of ≻ onX ifx * ≧x, ∀x∈X. In this paper, an extension of the Zorn lemma to general nontrasitive binary relations (may lack antisymmetry) is established and is applied to prove existence of maximal elements for general nontrasitive (reflexive or irreflexive) binary relations on nonempty sets without assuming any topological conditions or linear structures. A necessary and sufficient condition has been also established to completely characterize the existence of maximal elements for general irreflexive nontrasitive binary relations. This is the first such result available in the literature to the best of our knowledge. Many recent known existence sults in the literature for vector optimization are shown to be special cases of our result.
Lack of vertical transmission in Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) nuclear polyhedrosis virus, a pathogen not indigenous to Louisiana

Baseline data were collected on the natural occurrence of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hubner) in Louisiana and Texas in preparation for future attempts at introduction and establishment of the virus. The virus was not detected in A. gemmatalis larvae collected from 12 sites in Louisiana or 2 sites in Texas (total n = 3,391) on numerous sampling dates in 1989 and 1990. The only exception was a possible, light infection in one insect collected at a site that had been sprayed with A. gemmatalis nuclear polyhedrosis virus during 1979–1981. The virus was not detected in any of 24 soil samples collected from two sites in Louisiana in spite of detection of as few as 15.9 polyhedral inclusion bodies per g of soil in positive controls. Attempts were made in the laboratory to determine whether the viral infections could persist in adults and be transmitted to the progeny. The A. gemmatalis nuclear polyhedrosis virus was not so transmitted, even though Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) adults, the positive control, transmitted their homologous nuclear polyhedrosis virus to 14.3% of their progeny. It is hypothesized that a lack of vertical transmission is the reason that the A. gemmatalis nuclear polyhedrosis virus apparently is not indigenous to the United States.
Incorporating digital scans of diagnostic casts into computed tomography for virtual implant treatment planning

The success of implant treatment depends on the accuracy of the diagnosis and planning. Accurate diagnosis can be achieved with clinician experience and proper diagnostic methods. Cone beam computerized tomography (CBCT) helps to develop and implement a comprehensive treatment plan for the surgeon, restorative team, and patient in order to minimize complications. Radiographic stents are used during CBCT scans; however, they are not problem-free. This article describes a technique for incorporating digital scans of diagnostic casts into CBCT scans for virtual treatment planning.
Molecular basis for nonadditive mutational effects in Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase

Recently, two sets of single, double, and quadruple residue changes within the hydrophobic substrate binding pocket of Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase (5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.5.1.3) were shown to exhibit nonadditive mutational effects [Huang, Z., Wagner, C. R., & Benkovic, S. J. (1994) Biochemistry 33, 11576--11585]. In particular, the analysis of data for the L28Y, L54F, and L28Y-L54F mutations revealed nonadditive changes in the free energy associated with the substrate and cofactor binding, hydride transfer, and product release steps. Construction of a related set of mutant proteins including L28F and L28F-L54F permits a comparison of similar energy changes and provides a means for assessing differences in the interactions of Phe28 and Tyr28 with both the ligands and the side chains at residue 54. We find a single functional group change, from Phe C4-H to Tyr C4-OH, can influence the additivity of mutational effects and serve as a probe to monitor the appearance of differing enzyme conformations along the reaction pathway through changes in the interaction energy (delta GI). The comparison of additivity/nonadditivity in free energy changes for three interrelated double mutational cycles (WT --> L28F-L54F, WT --> L28Y-L54F, and L28F --> l28Y-L54F) demonstrates that the side chains of positions 28 and 54 interact cooperatively to facilitate hydride transfer by preferentially influencing the enzyme--substrate ground-state complexes. The delta GI data for individual steps also provide evidence for multiple conformations of the enzyme operating during the catalytic cycle. The fact that there are no published examples of the synergistic enhancement of favorable mutational effects is consistent with the expectation that the binding/active site surface of wild-type dihydrofolate reductase has been optimized.
Ambient dependence of the interactions in Pt/Ni/Cu and Au/Ni/Cu structures

The interactions of the Pt/Ni/Cu and Au/Ni/Cu structures and their ambient dependence are studied. Comparison of the Pt–Cu interdiffusion with that of Au–Cu across the Ni layer shows an interesting relation between the interactions and their ambient dependence. According to the surface potential model, which has been shown to correlate the ambient effects for many systems, diffusion of both Pt and Au into the Cu layer via the Ni layer should be enhanced by oxygen. This is observed for Au but not for Pt. On the other hand, the anticipated oxygen-enhanced diffusion of Cu into Pt and Au layers via the Ni layer is observed in both structures. The difference between the Pt and Au diffusion via Ni is attributed to the presence of competing interdiffusion between Pt and Ni in the Pt/Ni/Cu structure, which is reduced by oxygen, whereas little diffusion of Ni into the Au layer is observed for the Au/Ni/Cu structure. The ambient effects on the trilayer structures are compared with those on the binary Au/Ni, Au/Cu, Ni/Cu, Pt/Ni, and Pt/Cu structures. The diffusion mechanisms are discussed, and relations among various systems are suggested.
Focal cooling suppresses spontaneous epileptiform activity without changing the cortical motor threshold

Summary: Purpose: Focal cerebral cooling has been shown to reduce epileptiform activity in animals. There are, however, few reports of this phenomenon in humans. Methods: Electrocorticography was performed before resection of a right frontal tumor in a patient with partial seizures. Cold saline was applied to the interictal spike focus, and its effect on the epileptiform discharges was observed. Results: Application of cold saline to the spike focus resulted in a transient, complete cessation of spiking. This effect was reproduced with a second application of cold saline. The motor threshold for electrical stimulation remained unchanged during the application of saline. Conclusions: In this patient with tumor-related epilepsy, focal cooling of the cortex reproducibly abolished interictal epileptiform discharges without changing the motor threshold to electrical stimulation.
An integrated high-performance beam optics-nuclear processes framework with hybrid transfer map-Monte Carlo particle transport and optimization

An integrated beam optics-nuclear processes framework is essential for accurate simulation of fragment separator beam dynamics. The code COSY INFINITY provides powerful differential algebraic methods for modeling and beam dynamics simulations in absence of beam-material interactions. However, these interactions are key for accurately simulating the dynamics of heavy ion fragmentation and fission. We have developed an extended version of the code that includes these interactions, and a set of new tools that allow efficient and accurate particle transport: by transfer map in vacuum and by Monte Carlo methods in materials. The new framework is presented, along with several examples from a preliminary layout of a fragment separator for a facility for rare isotope beams.
The development of maternal and infant behavior in the rhesus monkey.

This study traced the development of maternal behavior in a group of four adult rhesus female monkeys, and compared the development of the behavior of their infants with the development of the behavior of infant monkeys raised on cloth surrogate mothers. The two groups of subjects were housed, and their behaviors observed, in separate playpen situations. Social interactions in pairs and subsequently in groups of four infants were observed for the first 15 months of the infant's development. The recorded data placed a primary emphasis on social behaviors and their development, although additional aspects of infantile behaviors were measured. Two stages in the expression of maternal behavior were demarcated: a stage of maternal attachment and protection which was characterized by intensive infant-mother contact and maternal care-giving behaviors; and a transitional stage characterized by the fact that the care-giving behaviors decreased and negative responsiveness gradually increased. Comparisons of the mother-raised and surrogate-raised infants premitted an assessment of the influence of maternal responsiveness on infant behaviors. Maternal behaviors played an important role in influencing infantile behaviors early in life by orienting the infant toward and maintaining the infant in contact with the mother's ventral surface. Also, with the development of the transitional stage, the real mothers played a noteworthy part in the emancipation of their infants severing the intense early physical manifestations of the infant-mother tie. As the strength of the mother-infant and infant-mother affectional systems diminished, manifestations of the infant-infant affectional system appeared and developed, and infant-infant interactions within groups were observed. These data generally indicated a greater degree of social sophistication on the part of the real mother-raised infants. The surrogate-raised infants were less socially oriented or socially aware of other infants, and exhibited a greater degree of social ineptitude as well as a lack of social organization in their early interactions. Most of the between-group differences were restricted to the first half of the 15 month period of development covered by this study and these differences tended to disappear as a function of time. This was attributed to the compensatory capabilities of intensive infant-infant interaction to override and cancel out the inept social responding imparted by inadequate "mothers".
Observation of a first-order structural phase transition in a monolayer of Pd on Nb(110) and its relationship to electronic structure

It is shown that a commensurate 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 monolayer of Pd on a Nb(110) surface undergoes a first-order structural phase transition to an incommensurate monolayer Pd(111) structure when \ensuremath{\approx} 18% more Pd atoms are added to the surface. We find, however, that this phase transition has no substantial effect on the surface electronic structure. A steady shift toward the Fermi level of the local density of states at the surface is found as the Pd coverage is increased beyond about one monolayer. This shift correlates quite well with a previously observed increase in the hydrogen uptake rate.
Preparation of precipitating antigens by coupling oligosaccharides to polylysine.

Abstract Oligosaccharides isolated from human milk when coupled to polylysine by a mixed anhydride procedure are effective precipitating antigens. The lacto-N-fucopentaose II conjugate specifically precipitates antibody directed against the human Lea blood group antigen while the lacto-N-difucohexaose I conjugate specifically precipitates antibody directed against the human Leb blood group antigen. The derivatives were used to define the specificity of a human anti-I cold agglutinin.
Creativity, Curiosity, Exploded Chickens.

The Gary Larsen cartoon on page 4 is a favorite of mine; I have had it on my office door for years. It says, "God as a kid tries to make a chicken in his room." It blows up, of course; feathers fill the air, and God's face is smudged with smoke and embarrassment. Creativity always ex acts a price?so does writing about it. The word creativity itself seems cap able of revenge; use it, and you will probably be licking feathers. Merely mention the word at a committee meet ing and watch muscle spasms ripple across the shoulders of the assembled. Time-honored tradition says that those who create do not use the word, and those who use the word cannot create.
An outbreak of Serratia marcescens bacteremia after general anesthesia.

Objective:To investigate an outbreak of Serratia marcescens bacteremia among patients after general anesthesia.Design:A case-control study.Setting:A 304-bed, pediatric teaching hospital.Patients:Twenty-three pediatric patients who developed S. marcescens bacteremia within 2 weeks after general anesthesia between June 15 and September 22, 1999, were compared with 46 age-matched control-patients who had undergone procedures on the same clinical services of the hospital during the same period.Results:Cases were distributed over a wide range of surgical services and were not correlated with exposure to any of the surgical, anesthesia, or nursing staff. Case-patients were significantly more likely than control-patients to have received cefazolin (odds ratio [OR], 11.1; 90% confidence interval [CI90], 1.9 to 24.3) or to have had perioperative placement of a central vascular catheter (OR, 4.2; CI90, 1.2 to 18.8). The timing of the procedures of patients who subsequently developed S. marcescens bacteremia was significantly associated with the shifts of one or more of five operating room technicians (OR, 2.9 to 6.8) who were responsible for preparing intravenous fluids used both to reconstitute perioperatively administered antibiotics and to prime central vascular catheter assemblies.Conclusions:Our findings are consistent with a pattern of intermittent contamination due to periodic breaches in sterile technique, rather than a point-source of contamination. The unique challenges that such a procedural breakdown presents to an epidemiologic investigation are discussed. This outbreak stresses the importance of providing comprehensive training in antisepsis when multifunctional personnel are incorporated into an operating room work environment.
The Effects of Male Attractiveness and Sexual Attitudes on Women’s Risk Perception

This study examined the effects of male attractiveness, sexual attitudes, and victimization history on women’s ratings of sexual risk. Women with more liberal sexual attitudes rated vignettes as less sexually risky than women with more conservative sexual attitudes. There was an interaction between situational risk and attractiveness, suggesting the relationship between attractiveness and sexual risk ratings varies across high and low situational risk. Findings emphasize the importance of using high and low risk situations to evaluate sexual risk perception and of investigating variables that may moderate women’s risk perception.
Situated Coworker Familiarity: How Site Visits Transform Relationships Among Distributed Workers

Previous research describes significant benefits from coworker familiarity but has largely assumed proximity and that familiarity accrues simply with the passage of time. Based on a qualitative study of 164 workers on globally distributed teams, we propose that relationships transform as a result of situated coworker familiarity established when people are collocated in a shared space for an extended period of time. Site visits play a pivotal role in enabling coworkers to become more familiar with one another’s communication and work styles, capabilities and interests, personalities, work and social roles, and the cultural context in which they are embedded, thus transforming their relationships. After returning home, situated familiarity fosters behaviors reflecting closer ties, which then reinforce those bonds, suggesting that the situated nature of site visits transforms work relationships between distant coworkers in enduring ways. We contribute grounded theory about how situated coworker familiarity ...
Formation of the receptive fields of leech mechanosensory neurons during embryonic development

We have charted the embryonic development of the epidermal receptive fields of the PV and PD mechanosensory neurons present in each segmental ganglion of the ventral nerve cord of the glossiphoniid leech Haementeria ghilianii. The receptive field of either of these neurons is established by several peripheral axons, each of which grows into its own skin territory, so that the receptive field is subdivided into a quiltwork of contiguous, mutually exclusive subfields of various sizes. The largest subfield develops first from the primary peripheral axon of the PD or PV neuron. The PD and PV primary axons grow directly to their respective territories and begin to innervate them at approximately the same time (see also Kuwada, J.Y., and A.P. Kramer (1983) J. Neurosci. 3: 2098–2111). The smaller secondary and minor subfields develop later from the secondary and intersegmental peripheral axons, respectively. These axons, too, grow directly to their appropriate skin territories. The arborizations of the peripheral axons expand until the adult receptive field pattern is established late in embryogenesis; they do not appear to initially overgrow and later trim down to the normal boundaries of the adult receptive field. The receptive field of the PV neuron develops from a stereotyped skeletal branching pattern of the peripheral axons that is elaborated in a regular way to form a grid-like pattern that matches the arrangement of muscle fibers in the body wall. Thus, this branching pattern may be the result of axon growth along prespecified pathways, perhaps delineated by the muscles. Throughout embryonic development, as in the adult leech, axon branches of neighboring homologous P neurons overlap considerably, but separate axon branches of the same neuron are virtually non-overlapping. These observations suggest that developing branches of a neuron are excluded from territory occupied by other branches of the same cell, in contrast to branches belonging to different neurons which can occupy the same territory.
Assessing the performance of real estate auctions

This article investigates the performance of real estate auctions relative to negotiated sales. It uses a repeat-sales methodology to control for unobserved differences in the quality of auction properties. Properties auctioned in Los Angeles during the 1980s boom sold at an estimated discount of 0%–9%, while sales in Dallas following the oil bust obtained discounts of 9%–21%. This evidence is consistent with the theoretical prediction that the auction discount increases in downturns when a seller trades-off a longer expected selling time in a search market against an immediate auction sale. The study finds no evidence of the declining price anomaly.
A two moment RC delay metric for performance optimization

An efficient method for optimizing RC circuit design to reduce delay. The method comprises: calculating a first moment and a second moment of impulse response for an RC circuit; (2) computing a delay value for each node of the RC circuit utilizing the first and second moments by multiplying the natural logarithm of 2 with a division of the squared power of the first impulse moment by the square root of the second impulse moment; and (3) analyzing each node to determine if the delay at that node is at a desired optimization condition for optimizing the circuit response.
Microtubule Transport from the Cell Body into the Axons of Growing Neurons

The present studies test the hypothesis that microtubules (MTs) are transported from the cell body into the axons of growing neurons. Dissociated sympathetic neurons were cultured using conditions that allow us to control the initiation of axon outgrowth. Neurons were injected with biotin-labeled tubulin (Bt-tub) and then stimulated to extend axons. The newly formed axons were then examined using immunofluorescence procedures for MTs with or without Bt-tub. Because the Bt-tub is fully assembly competent, all MTs that assemble after injection will contain Bt-tub. However, MTs that exist in the neuron at the time of injection and persist during the subsequent incubation will not contain Bt-tub. Because the neurons were injected before extending axons, MTs without Bt-tub are initially localized to the cell body. We specifically determined whether these MTs appeared in the newly formed axon. Such a result can only be explained by the transport of these MTs from their initial location in the cell body into the axon. The newly formed axons of many neurons contained MTs both with and without Bt-tub. MTs without Bt-tub were detected all along the axon and in some neurons represented a substantial portion of the total polymer in the proximal and middle regions of the axon. These results show that MTs are transported from the cell body into growing axons and that this transport is robust, delivering MTs to all regions of the newly formed axon.
Altered fractal dynamics of gait: reduced stride-interval correlations with aging and Huntington’s disease

Fluctuations in the duration of the gait cycle (the stride interval) display fractal dynamics and long-range correlations in healthy young adults. We hypothesized that these stride-interval correlations would be altered by changes in neurological function associated with aging and certain disease states. To test this hypothesis, we compared the stride-interval time series of 1) healthy elderly subjects and young controls and of 2) subjects with Huntington's disease and healthy controls. Using detrended fluctuation analysis we computed alpha, a measure of the degree to which one stride interval is correlated with previous and subsequent intervals over different time scales. The scaling exponent alpha was significantly lower in elderly subjects compared with young subjects (elderly: 0.68 +/- 0.14; young: 0.87 +/- 0.15; P < 0.003). The scaling exponent alpha was also smaller in the subjects with Huntington's disease compared with disease-free controls (Huntington's disease: 0.60 +/- 0.24; controls: 0.88 +/-0.17; P < 0.005). Moreover, alpha was linearly related to degree of functional impairment in subjects with Huntington's disease (r = 0.78, P < 0.0005). These findings demonstrate that strike-interval fluctuations are more random (i.e., less correlated) in elderly subjects and in subjects with Huntington's disease. Abnormal alterations in the fractal properties of gait dynamics are apparently associated with changes in central nervous system control.
Murder in the East: German-Jewish Liberal Reactions to Anti-Jewish Violence in Poland and Other East European Lands, 1918–1920

World War I intensified antisemitism everywhere in Central and Eastern Europe, both at the level of public opinion, among right-leaning political parties and, often, in government circles. The war elevated the significance of the Jewish question in other ways as well, and not only because the Balfour Declaration of 1917 conjured up a Zionist triumph. The prospect of a German victory over Russia promised a reordering under German hegemony of the civil condition and citizenly status of the east European Jews, such as the Central Powers' creation in November 1916 of the Kingdom of Poland in the heartland of Russia's former Polish lands had already begun to bring about. Later, in the shadow of the German defeat, there arose the quite different question of the Jews' integration into the newly founded, nationally legitimized, nationalistically agitated successor states to the now vanished multiethnic monarchies.
Multi-Assignment Interacting Multiple Model for Tracking Microbubbles

A novel multi-target tracking (MTT) method is developed in this paper, which is specifically designed to track microbubbles in vitro. The microbubbles, which frequently overlap and move erratically, are accurately tracked by a tailored multi-assignment (MA) algorithm combined with the interacting multiple model (IMM) estimator. The superiority of the proposed modified multi-assignment interacting multiple model (MA-IMM) tracking algorithm is demonstrated by way of a comparison to three other approaches
Timing metrics for physical design of deep submicron technologies

Performance-driven physical design is becoming more important as advances in IC technologies enable gigahertz operating frequencies. These same IC technologies, however, exhibit dominant interconnect resistance, non-negligible coupling capacitance, and even the potential for inductance effects, which makes the performance modeling and prediction more difficult. In this tutorial paper we will overview some of the existing timing metrics that are suitable for use during physical design, and introduce new metrics and directions for future work.
Concurrent validity of Templer and Templer/Mc Mordie Death Anxiety Scales.

Two death-anxiety measures were differentially sensitive to the scenarios for 24 male and 38 female undergraduates. The original Templer scale may be as satisfactory as the Templer/McMordie scale.
Development and Applications of an Outcomes Assessment Framework for Care Management Programs in Learning Health Systems

Purpose: To develop and apply an outcomes assessment framework (OAF) for care management programs in health care delivery settings. Background: Care management (CM) refers to a regimen of organized activities that are designed to promote health in a population with particular chronic conditions or risk profiles, with focus on the triple aim for populations: improving the quality of care, advancing health outcomes, and lowering health care costs. CM has become an integral part of a care continuum for population-based health care management. To sustain a CM program, it is essential to assure and improve CM effectiveness through rigorous outcomes assessment. To this end, we constructed the OAF as the foundation of a systematic approach to CM outcomes assessment. Innovations: To construct the OAF, we first systematically analyzed the operation process of a CM program; then, based on the operation analysis, we identified causal relationships between interventions and outcomes at various implementation stages of the program. This set of causal relationships established a roadmap for the rest of the outcomes assessment. Built upon knowledge from multiple disciplines, we (1) formalized a systematic approach to CM outcomes assessment, and (2) integrated proven analytics methodologies and industrial best practices into operation-oriented CM outcomes assessment. Conclusion: This systematic approach to OAF for assessing the outcomes of CM programs offers an opportunity to advance evidence-based care management. In addition, formalized CM outcomes assessment methodologies will enable us to compare CM effectiveness across health delivery settings.
Career and Technical Education Secondary Female Teachers: Leadership Attributes

The literature on leadership in education indicates that multiple leaders are involved in the leadership of the school, some with and without a formal leadership position (Fullan, 1996; Spillane, 2005). These positions include principals, assistant principals, and teachers. The concept of distributed leadership advocates decentralization of the school leader. This type of leadership suggests that every person in any position can demonstrate leadership in some way (Coleman, 2005). While this view of leadership does not mean that everyone is a leader, it presents the possibility for more fluid and emergent leadership by people at all levels rather than by fixed leadership of the people at the top (Gronn, 2000;Leithwood, Mascall, Strauss, Sacks, Memon, & Yashkina, 2007).
Policy Tailors and the Patent Office

Commentators have long lamented the lack of policy tailoring in the patent system. But unlike other administrative agencies, who regularly tailor regulatory policies to the needs of specific industries, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”) has been widely believed to lack the authority and institutional competence for such policymaking. The Agency has also been presumed to be overly susceptible to agency capture. This Article analyzes these objections to USPTO policymaking and concludes they are no longer persuasive in light of recent reforms to the patent system. I argue the courts should give the USPTO broad flexibility to use its statutory authority, and the Agency can and should use this flexibility to tailor patent policy to the needs of different types of inventors and industries.
The in vitro effect of steroids on polymorphonuclear leukocyte metabolism.

SummarySteroids added in vitro to human neutrophils have numerous effects on cellular metabolism, including inhibition of hexose monophosphate shunt activity, particle uptake, and iodination of zymosan particles. The magnitude of these effects varies considerably with the steroid employed.The authors thank Mrs. Sue Cousart and Miss Hazel Hooper for their excellent technical assistance.
Local and propagated dendritic action potentials evoked by glutamate iontophoresis on rat neocortical pyramidal neurons.

Schwindt, Peter C. and Wayne E. Crill. Local and propagated dendritic action potentials evoked by glutamate iontophoresis on rat neocortical pyramidal neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 2466–2483, 1997....
Theoretical Study of Photoinduced Electron-Transfer Processes in the Dye−Semiconductor System Alizarin−TiO2

Photoinduced electron-transfer processes in the dye−semiconductor system alizarin−TiO2 are studied. The study is based on a recently developed method, which uses first-principles electronic structure calculations to characterize the system and to parametrize a model Hamiltonian including electronic−vibrational coupling. On the basis of this modeling procedure, accurate quantum dynamical simulations are performed, employing the multilayer multiconfigurational time-dependent Hartree method. The results of the simulations show that the electron injection process in this system takes place on an ultrafast femtosecond time scale and is accompanied by significant electronic coherence effects. A detailed analysis reveals that the electron-transfer process proceeds via a two-step mechanism involving an intermediate state localized at the dye−substrate interface.