cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hopefulness among non-U.S.-born latino youth and young adults

PROBLEM: U.S. Latino youths experience disproportionately high rates of health and social problems. There is a need to identify protective factors for reducing risky behaviors. Little is known about the protective nature of hope among immigrant Latino adolescents. METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional study examined hope and expectations for the future in non-U.S.-born Latino adolescents and young adults (n= 98) in urban and rural areas in the midwestern United States. FINDINGS: Participants reported feeling hopeful about their future; however, differences were detected among subgroups. CONCLUSION: Findings affirm the potential of hope as a protective factor for immigrant Latino adolescents and young adults. Nurses should be aware of hopefulness when implementing mental health preventive interventions. Research is needed to identify effective mechanisms for promoting and sustaining hope. Language: en
High stakes: U.S. nonprofit organizations and the U.S. standing abroad

This research sought to explain the agency of U.S.-based nonprofit nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in the U.S. standing abroad, and explore the NGO role in the U.S. public diplomacy. A multiple-case study method was used to look at five 501(c)(3) organizations that receive predominantly private funding and operate globally. The data gathered from in-person interviews and corporate documentation were compared between cases, and synthesized across cases using the theory-building technique. While U.S. standing affects American NGOs’ practices and discourses, American NGOs’ behavior might have a bearing on the attitudes, perceptions, and opinions of international publics about the United States. Both the NGO-owned state identities and American NGOs’ reputation for autonomy and freedom of expression enhance the U.S. public diplomacy efforts.
A proposed function for Hippocampal theta rhythm: separate phases of encoding and retrieval enhance reversal of prior learning

The theta rhythm appears in the rat hippocampal electroencephalogram during exploration and shows phase locking to stimulus acquisition. Lesions that block theta rhythm impair performance in tasks requiring reversal of prior learning, including reversal in a T-maze, where associations between one arm location and food reward need to be extinguished in favor of associations between the opposite arm location and food reward. Here, a hippocampal model shows how theta rhythm could be important for reversal in this task by providing separate functional phases during each 100-300 msec cycle, consistent with physiological data. In the model, effective encoding of new associations occurs in the phase when synaptic input from entorhinal cortex is strong and long-term potentiation (LTP) of excitatory connections arising from hippocampal region CA3 is strong, but synaptic currents arising from region CA3 input are weak (to prevent interference from prior learned associations). Retrieval of old associations occurs in the phase when entorhinal input is weak and synaptic input from region CA3 is strong, but when depotentiation occurs at synapses from CA3 (to allow extinction of prior learned associations that do not match current input). These phasic changes require that LTP at synapses arising from region CA3 should be strongest at the phase when synaptic transmission at these synapses is weakest. Consistent with these requirements, our recent data show that synaptic transmission in stratum radiatum is weakest at the positive peak of local theta, which is when previous data show that induction of LTP is strongest in this layer.
Symptomatic Relapse of Group A β-Hemolytic Streptococcal Tonsillopharyngitis in Children

The frequency of symptomatic relapses following various antibiotic treatments for group A β-hemolytic streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis was evaluated in 1080 pediatric patients. Within 5 days of completing therapy, the rank-order frequency of treatment failures was (1) penicillin, (2) amoxicillin, (3) first-generation cephalosporins, (4) β-lactamase stable cephalosporins and amoxicillin-clavulanate ( P = .005). Retreatment of symptomatic failures resulted in another symptomatic relapse more often with penicillin than with cephalosporins (P = .02). Clinicians should be aware that the rate of symptomatic failures after antibiotic therapy for group A β-hemolytic streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis differs by drug and is not an uncommon event.
Biocompatible Near‐Infrared Quantum Dots as Ultrasensitive Probes for Long‐Term in vivo Imaging Applications

A facile synthesis method to produce monodisperse, biocompatible, lysine crosslinked mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) CdSe(0.25)Te(0.75)/CdS near-infrared (NIR) quantum dots and use them as probes to study their long term in vivo distribution, clearance, and toxicity is presented. Large signal enhancements are demonstrated by these quantum dots, which enables their use as efficient and sensitive probes for live-animal imaging. An important finding is that mice intravenously injected with approximately 10.5 mg kg(-1) of NIR QDs survive for more than three months without any apparent adverse effect to their health. Furthermore, it is determined that there is a significant reduction in the number of the QDs in the liver and spleen three months post injection. In addition, histological analysis of heart, kidney, liver, spleen, and lung tissue indicates that there are no acute toxic effects from these lysine cross-linked MUA NIR QDs. This study suggests that these NIR QDs can be potentially used for long-term targeted imaging and therapy studies in vivo.
Iterative Polar Quantization-Based Modulation to Achieve Channel Capacity in Ultrahigh-Speed Optical Communication Systems

In this paper, we propose a nonuniform coded-modulation format based on iterative polar quantization (IPQ) as a scheme to enable achieving channel capacity in ultrahigh-speed optical communication systems. The proposed modulation format is coded with structured low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes optimized for Gaussian channels and, in combination with polarization-multiplexing, can achieve 800 Gb/s per wavelength aggregate rate and beyond utilizing the currently available components operating at 50 GS/s. Using coded IPQ, we show that we can achieve capacity for signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of up to 25 dB and increase the total propagation distance over optical transmission systems by 275 km over coded star-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).
Decision Structuring in Important Real-Life Choices:

Results from five studies of real-life decision making are compared. In these studies, participants consistently constrained the amount of information they considered to relatively few options and to a somewhat larger set of criteria. Over time, the number of options considered shrank, but the number of criteria used did not. People's intuitive “calibration” with the predictions of normative linear models is surprisingly good. Although there are effects of education and ability on the amount of information considered, different decision-making styles correlate mostly with affective reactions to, and subjective descriptions of, the approach to a specific decision. Implications for theoretical models of decision making are discussed.
Data-driven Decisions: The Importance of Clinical Trials in Arrhythmia Management

As a result of clinical trials, the management of arrhythmias has evolved over the past three decades. In the late 1960s, customary teaching was that ventricular premature depolarizations were dangerous and antiarrhythmic therapy, in hopes of reducing fatal consequences, became common place; however, following clinical trials such as CAST, IMPACT, and SWORD, we learned that, at least in postinfarct patients, arrhythmia suppression may lead to increased rather than reduced mortality. Such trials have led to a marked reduction in therapy of indiscriminate ventricular ectopy and have led to ongoing testing of specific subgroups identified as having par ticularly high adverse prognostic risk. With the advent of cardiac monitoring and the confirma tion that ventricular tachyarrhythmias are the most common cause for sudden death, their therapy, too, has evolved and matured, again aided by clinical trials. The ESVEM study prospec tively examined the role of monitor-guided versus electrophysiologically guided dru...
REDUCTION OF STRONTIUM-90 BONE CANCER BY ZIRCONIUM CITRATE.

SummaryGroups of 500 mice were injected intraperitoneally with either a high, intermediate, or low cancerogenic dose of 90Sr (0·44, 0·34 and 0·20 µc/g respectively) in order to establish norms of malignant bone-tumour production with each dose-level. Other similar groups were given the same doses of 90Sr, but were treated with zirconium citrate or zirconium citrate and Diamox, a diuretic. Periodic sacrifice of each group was carried out at 6, 8, 10, 12 and 16 months after injection of 90Sr. Gross or radiographic evidence of bone tumour was confirmed by histological examination.The beneficial effect of zirconium citrate was manifested by a reduction of 45 per cent (minimum) to 72 per cent (maximum) in the frequency of tumour-bearing animals, and by lower tumour-rates in all groups treated with zirconium citrate. The effect of zirconium citrate on bone-tumour production and on the body burden of 90Sr was independent of the dose of 90Sr. No additional benefit was derived from Diamox treatment.
Comprehensive evaluation of AmpliSeq transcriptome, a novel targeted whole transcriptome RNA sequencing methodology for global gene expression analysis

Whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) represents a powerful approach for whole transcriptome gene expression analysis. However, RNA-seq carries a few limitations, e.g., the requirement of a significant amount of input RNA and complications led by non-specific mapping of short reads. The Ion AmpliSeq™ Transcriptome Human Gene Expression Kit (AmpliSeq) was recently introduced by Life Technologies as a whole-transcriptome, targeted gene quantification kit to overcome these limitations of RNA-seq. To assess the performance of this new methodology, we performed a comprehensive comparison of AmpliSeq with RNA-seq using two well-established next-generation sequencing platforms (Illumina HiSeq and Ion Torrent Proton). We analyzed standard reference RNA samples and RNA samples obtained from human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs). Using published data from two standard RNA reference samples, we observed a strong concordance of log2 fold change for all genes when comparing AmpliSeq to Illumina HiSeq (Pearson’s r = 0.92) and Ion Torrent Proton (Pearson’s r = 0.92). We used ROC, Matthew’s correlation coefficient and RMSD to determine the overall performance characteristics. All three statistical methods demonstrate AmpliSeq as a highly accurate method for differential gene expression analysis. Additionally, for genes with high abundance, AmpliSeq outperforms the two RNA-seq methods. When analyzing four closely related hiPSC-CM lines, we show that both AmpliSeq and RNA-seq capture similar global gene expression patterns consistent with known sources of variations. Our study indicates that AmpliSeq excels in the limiting areas of RNA-seq for gene expression quantification analysis. Thus, AmpliSeq stands as a very sensitive and cost-effective approach for very large scale gene expression analysis and mRNA marker screening with high accuracy.
Toward understanding the evolution of plaque rupture: correlating vascular pathology with clinical outcomes.

Acute coronary syndromes are initiated by plaque rupture (i.e., by the interaction between flowing blood and the intimal surface). This interface is in continual flux over a period of months. The blood vessel surface, very poorly assessed by angiography [(1,2)][1], is best visualized by angioscopy,
Noninvasive Hemoglobin Monitoring: A Rapid, Reliable, and Cost-Effective Method Following Total Joint Replacement.

Background: Noninvasive hemoglobin (nHgb) monitoring was initially introduced in the intensive care setting as a means of rapidly assessing Hgb values without performing a blood draw. We conducted a prospective analysis to compare reliability, cost, and patient preference between nHgb monitoring and invasive Hgb (iHgb) monitoring performed via a traditional blood draw. Methods: We enrolled 100 consecutive patients undergoing primary or revision total hip or total knee arthroplasty. On postoperative day 1, nHgb and iHgb values were obtained within thirty minutes of one another. iHgb and nHgb values, cost, patient satisfaction, and the duration of time required to obtain each reading were recorded. The concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) was utilized to evaluate the agreement of the two Hgb measurement methods. Paired t tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were utilized to compare mean Hgb values, time, and pain for all readings. Results: The mean Hgb values did not differ significantly between the two measurement methods: the mean iHgb value (and standard deviation) was 11.3 ± 1.4 g/dL (range, 8.2 to 14.3 g/dL), and the mean nHgb value was 11.5 ±1.8 g/dL (range, 7.0 to 16.0 g/dL) (p = 0.11). The CCC between the two Hgb methods was 0.69. One hundred percent of the patients with an nHgb value of ≥10.5 g/dL had an iHgb value of >8.0 g/dL. The mean time to obtain an Hgb value was 0.9 minute for the nHgb method and 51.1 minutes for the iHgb method (p < 0.001). At our institution, the cost of iHgb monitoring is approximately $28 per blood draw compared with $2 for each nHgb measurement, resulting in a savings of $26 per Hgb assessment when the noninvasive method is used. Conclusions: Noninvasive Hgb monitoring was found to be more efficient, less expensive, and preferred by patients compared with iHgb monitoring. Providers could consider screening total joint arthroplasty patients with nHgb monitoring and only order iHgb measurement if the nHgb value is <10.5 g/dL. If this protocol had been applied to the first blood draw in our 100 patients, approximately $2000 would have been saved. Extrapolated to the U.S. total joint arthroplasty practice, approximately $20 million could be saved annually. Level of Evidence: Diagnostic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Detection of cytomegalovirus in urine by nonisotopic DNA hybridization.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an opportunistic pathogen that is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in newborns and immunocompromised patients. Approximately l^o of all newborns in the United States are congenitally infected, and identification of these infants would define a population at risk for developmental and hearing abnormalities [1]. Hepatitis, pneumonitis, and chorioretinitis due to CMV are also devastating illnesses in recipients of bone marrow, renal, and cardiac transplants and in patients with AIDS [2-5]. A rapid, inexpensive test for active CMV infection would identify patients in need of prompt therapeutic intervention. The reference procedure for identification of CMV is tissue culture. Because of its expense, however, tissue culture is not a practical method for routine screening of newborns. Also, because up to six weeks may be necessary to identify CMV in tissue culture, it may not be rapid enough to allow prompt therapeutic intervention in the immunocompromised patient. Isotopic DNA hybridization assays for rapid detection of CMV in urine and buffy coat specimens have adequate sensitivity and specificity to identify infected newborns and immunocompromised patients [6, 7]. The use of radioisotopes, however, has several disadvantages, such as the need to use the short-lived radioisotope 32P and the time and expense required for autoradiography. These disadvantages have made clinical application impractical for the majority of laboratories. Biotin-labeled DNA probes, linked through avidin to an enzyme such as horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase, can be used to detect DNA bound to nitrocellulose. Biotin-labeled DNA and RNA probes have the advantage of a long shelf life and are reusable in hybridization assays. We have developed a nonisotopic DNA hybridization assay capable of detecting as little as 10 pg of isolated CMV DNA. This report shows an application of this assay for the rapid detection of CMV in clinical urine spec
Accurate design and analysis of spherical beam volume holograms for sensing applications

We present an accurate model for design and analysis of volume holograms recorded by spherical reference beams. We explain how it can be used for analysis of incoherent Raman signals in bio and environmental sensing. For such applications, conventional models based on paraxial approximations must be replaced by accurate model.
Beneficial effect of feeding a ketogenic diet to mothers on brain development in their progeny with a murine model of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency.

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) deficiency is a major inborn error of oxidative metabolism of pyruvate in the mitochondria causing congenital lactic acidosis and primarily structural and functional abnormalities of the central nervous system. To provide an alternate source of acetyl-CoA derived from ketone bodies to the developing brain, a formula high in fat content is widely employed as a treatment. In the present study we investigated efficacy of a high-fat diet given to mothers during pregnancy and lactation on lessening of the impact of PDC deficiency on brain development in PDC-deficient female progeny.
Characteristics and controlling factors of volcanic reservoir spaces in Xingshan-Yingshan area of Songliao basin

Volcanic gas reservoirs have been discovered successively in Xingshan-Yingshan area thus making deep vol-canics become a new play of hydrocarbon exploration in Songliao Basin. Testing methods, such as thin section, casted thin section, scanning electron microscope and mercury injection, are used to study the types and characteristics of volcanic reservoir spaces, and to analyze controlling factors. It is thought that, within this study area, reservoir spaces consist of macro fissure-cave system and block pore-fissure system. The controlling factors mainly involve volcanic eruption , tectonic movement, and diagenesis and hypergenesis. This has very important significance for oil and gas exploration in deep Songliao Basin.
Application of Access Software to Establish the Database for the Biologlcal Products Management of Expanded Program Immunization

Objective To manage biological products with database.Method Access software was used to program the database for the biological products management of expanded program immunzation.Result The application of the database has greatly improved the working effciency and quality.All kind of reports will appear immediately as soon as data input correctly,which offers perfect speediness,conveniences,and standardization.Conclusion Access software is easy to learn and it enjoys great efficiency in program.In addition,the software has a very steady performance.It is worth recommending and applying.
Breeding of Late Indica Rice “Ganwanxian 37” with Good Quality and High Yield

"Ganwanxian 37",which is a good quality and high-yielding variety,was bred from the natural hybrid progenies of good quality variety "923" by pedigree method.It passed the examination by Jiangxi Crops Variety Identification Committee in 2005."Ganwanxian 37" not only keeps the appearance and good tasty of "923",but also has higher yield than "923",it also possesses big panicle and seed,high plant height and wide adaptability.It reaches the 3rd grade of national quality standard,its development duration is identical with that of "Shanyou 63".Therefore,it can be popularized as good quality variety in south of China.In addition,some main cultural techniques of "Ganwanxian 37" were introduced in this paper.
T Cell Dynamic Activation and Functional Analysis in Nanoliter Droplet Microarray.

Objective: Characterization of the heterogeneity in immune reactions requires assessing dynamic single cell responses as well as interactions between the various immune cell subsets. Maturation and activation of effector cells is regulated by cell contact-dependent and soluble factor-mediated paracrine signalling. Currently there are few methods available that allow dynamic investigation of both processes simultaneously without physically constraining non-adherent cells and eliminating crosstalk from neighboring cell pairs. We describe here a microfluidic droplet microarray platform that permits rapid functional analysis of single cell responses and co-encapsulation of heterotypic cell pairs, thereby allowing us to evaluate the dynamic activation state of primary T cells. Methods: The microfluidic droplet platform enables generation and docking of monodisperse nanoliter volume (0.523 nL) droplets, with the capacity of monitoring a thousand droplets per experiment. Single human T cells were encapsulated in droplets and stimulated on-chip with the calcium ionophore ionomycin. T cells were also coencapsulated with dendritic cells activated by ovalbumin peptide, followed by dynamic calcium signal monitoring. Results: Ionomycin-stimulated cells depicted fluctuation in calcium signalling compared to control. Both cell populations demonstrated marked heterogeneity in responses. Calcium signalling was observed in T cells immediately following contact with DCs, suggesting an early activation signal. T cells further showed non-contact mediated increase in calcium level, although this response was delayed compared to contact-mediated signals. Conclusions: Our results suggest that this nanoliter droplet array-based microfluidic platform is a promising technique for assessment of heterogeneity in various types of cellular responses, detection of early/delayed signalling events and live cell phenotyping of immune cells
Quantitative testicular biopsy in congenital and acquired genital obstruction.

AbstractTo determine if congenital obstruction of the genital tract is associated with significant testicular histopathological conditions compared to acquired forms of obstruction we performed testicular biopsy in 8 vasectomized men and 5 men with vasal agenesis. Quantitative analysis of the seminiferous tubular and epithelial parameters demonstrated a statistically significant increase in tubular wall thickness in the vasectomized group. There was no significant difference among the groups with reference to the mean number of late spermatids per seminiferous tubules, mean number of Sertoli cells per seminiferous tubules, mean number of seminiferous tubules per field (100 times) or mean seminiferous tubular diameter. We conclude that despite a lifelong duration of obstruction, men with vasal agenesis demonstrate a more favorable testicular histological status compared to men after vasectomy. This finding may have therapeutic implications when considering assisted pregnancy techniques as a method of treat...
Colon and Ovarian Translocations

Two of the first types of cancer genomes analysed, ovarian and colorectal, show substantial differences in many key aspects (e.g. copy number profiles and number of point mutant driving lesions) but both now have evidence for structural variants that drive these tumours. About ten papers have published one or more recurrent drivers in these tumour types with a few important findings. First, there is a wide range in the number of structural rearrangements from just a few to hundreds per cancer genome. Second, most common rearrangements mirror the patterns seen in other tumour types where the exact gene pair is less important than the types of genes that are being rearranged. Finally, these tumour types emphasize the complexity of the problem from technical as well as epidemiological perspectives – the validation of rearrangements as being recurrent (and thus as likely drivers) remains a major challenge.
Accurate wind turbine annual energy computation by advanced modeling

Renewable energy is the ultimate goal to mitigate global greenhouse gas emissions, and to have energy independence. Renewable energy computation is best accomplished by taking into account the annualized statistical wind power availability. In this paper, the annual energy has been accurately computed for a wind turbine (WT) by an advanced modeling, taking into account the characteristics of the WT and the environment. Accounting for the parameters affecting the output energy, is implemented in order to correctly model the system. This helps in monitoring the power generation, and sizing of the wind farm. Mainly, two scenarios are discussed. First, accuracy of WT modeling when the wind speed only affects the output power. Second, accuracy of air density modeling when many parameters affect the WT output power which include wind speed, power coefficient, elevation above sea level, temperature, pressure and humidity. It is shown that accurate modeling has a considerable impact on the computed annual energy extracted from a single WT and thus the whole wind farm. This will have a major impact on the sizing of the wind farm, and hence affects the net present cost of the entire system.
Camber and aerodynamic performance of compliant membrane wings

Abstract We present a self-consistent theory to predict the behavior of compliant membrane wings subject to aerodynamic loads. The theory incorporates the Young–Laplace equation to treat nonlinear deformation of the membrane at low angles of attack and uses a potential flow model to estimate the aerodynamic load associated with the thin wing. The model is able to account for finite span wings as well as to predict the occurrence of lift hysteresis, in which a lightly pretensioned membrane adopts camber at zero angle of attack. The theory is compared with results from numerical simulations that couple the structural deformation of the membrane with the fluid flow and also with experimental measurements of free tip and supported tip membrane wings tested over a range of aeroelastic conditions. Predictions of camber, lift and vibrational frequency are in good general agreement with both numerical and experimental observations.
Distal Radius Fractures: AAOS Appropriate Use Criteria Versus Actual Management at a Level I Trauma Center.

Background: The aim of this study is to determine whether the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons’ (AAOS) Appropriate Use Criteria (AUC) for distal radius fractures correlates with actual trea...
Innovative Clout: Resolving the Creative Success Paradox

This paper introduces the construct of "innovative clout" and provides a theoretical model for understanding the factors that determine a firm’s ability to sustain innovative capability. This paper...
First-principles equation-of-state table of beryllium based on density-functional theory calculations.

Beryllium has been considered a superior ablator material for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) target designs. An accurate equation-of-state (EOS) of beryllium under extreme conditions is essential for reliable ICF designs. Based on density-functional theory (DFT) calculations, we have established a wide-range beryllium EOS table of density ρ = 0.001 to 500 g/cm3 and temperature T = 2000 to 108 K. Our first-principle equation-of-state (FPEOS) table is in better agreement with the widely used SESAME EOS table (SESAME 2023) than the average-atom INFERNO and Purgatorio models. For the principal Hugoniot, our FPEOS prediction shows ∼10% stiffer than the last two models in the maximum compression. Although the existing experimental data (only up to 17 Mbar) cannot distinguish these EOS models, we anticipate that high-pressure experiments at the maximum compression region should differentiate our FPEOS from INFERNO and Purgatorio models. Comparisons between FPEOS and SESAME EOS for off-Hugoniot conditions show...
2D Stokesian Approach to Modeling Flow Induced Deformation of Particle Laden Interfaces

A Stokesian dynamics simulation of the effect of surface Couette flow on the microstructure of particles irreversibly adsorbed to an interface is presented. Rather than modeling both bulk phases, the interface, and particles in a full 3D simulation, known interfacial interactions between adsorbed particles are used to create a 2D model from a top down perspective. This novel methodology is easy to implement and computationally inexpensive, which makes it favorable to simulate behavior of particles under applied flow at fluid–fluid interfaces. The methodology is used to examine microstructure deformation of monodisperse, rigid spherical colloids with repulsive interactions when a surface Couette flow is imposed. Simulation results compare favorably to experimental results taken from literature, showing that interparticle forces must be 1 order of magnitude greater than viscous drag for microstructure to transition from aligned particle strings to rotation of local hexagonal domains. Additionally, it is dem...
Who Pays the Price of Civilization

Current events appear to challenge preconceptions of civilization. On opposite sides of the ocean, heads of state are associated with “alternative facts,” alleged fratricide, or death squads.[1] Central to the received notions shaken by these developments would be the rule of law. Can rational legality survive apparently aberrant administrations? To address this question, this Article introduces the evolutionary context from which the rule of law arose. To balance inaccuracies of generalization, this Article proceeds with case studies from both America and overseas. As a particular field of compliance (or noncompliance) with the rule of law, the Article focuses on tax law. As U.S. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. opined in a landmark trans-Pacific case, “Taxes are what we pay for civilized society.”[2] The reasons why people do or don’t comply with taxation may offer insight into legal compliance generally. Thus, a case study of tax may have implications for popular adherence to the rule of law.
Changes in Spousal Relationships over the Marital Life Course

This chapter uses six waves of data from the Marital Instability Over the Life Course study to examine long-term trends in three aspects of spousal relationships: marital happiness, shared activities, and discord (n = 1617). Across the full sample, happiness declined gradually during the first 20 years of marriage and then stabilized. Participation in shared activities declined during the first 20 years of marriage and then increased, whereas discord declined continuously. These trends depended, however, on whether marriages ended in divorce. Overall, and contrary to some prior studies, our results suggest that marriages that remain together show little evidence of deterioration in relationship quality over the marital life course. Nevertheless, period effects were apparent, with marital relationships (irrespective of duration) becoming more troubled during the 1980s and 1990s but rebounding in 2000.
Influencers and preference predictors of HPV vaccine uptake among US male and female young adult college students.

Abstract Objective The purpose of the study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of male and female college students in Kentucky about HPV associated diseases and vaccines, and to determine which parameters predicted self-reported uptake of HPV vaccination. Materials and methods A self-selected cross-sectional sample of college students completed an evidence-based online survey. Results Of approximately 1200 potential respondents, 585 completed the survey. The average age was 20.6 (SD 3.15) and 78% were female; 84% of the population had had one or more sexual partners. Concern for HPV vaccine safety and potential need for boosters did not significantly deter vaccine uptake. Likewise, knowledge about HPV associated cancers was not predictive of vaccine uptake. On the other hand, parental influence for vaccination was a strong predictor for vaccine uptake (aOR = 5.32, 2.71–13.03), and free vaccine nearly doubled the likelihood of being vaccinated (aOR 1.90, 1.05–3.41). In addition, the strong preference for the respondent's partner to be HPV vaccinated predicted vaccine uptake (aOR = 4.04, 95% CI: 2.31–7.05), but the lack of preference for partner vaccination predicted an unvaccinated self (aOR = 0.50, 0.27–0.93). Conclusions HPV vaccination has been successful in young adult college students in Kentucky. Young adults prefer their partners to be HPV vaccinated regardless of whether they themselves are vaccinated. Parental influence and free vaccine were positive predictors for vaccine uptake in this population.
Descent and Galois Cohomology

Central to the proof of the Mordell theorem is the idea of descent which was present in the criterion for a group to be finitely generated, see 6(1.4). This criterion was based on the existence of a norm which came out of the theory of heights and the finiteness of the index (E(Q) :2E(Q)), or more generally (E(k) : nE(k)). In this chapter we will study the finiteness of these indices from the point of view of Galois cohomology with the hope of obtaining a better hold on the rank of E(Q), see 6(3.3). These indices are orders of the cokernel of multiplication by n and along the same line we consider the cokernel of the isogeny \( E[a,b]\xrightarrow{\varphi }E[ - 2a,\;{a^2} - 4b]\).
Nanocarbons in Energy Conversion

Synthesis and properties of core/shell nanocarbon ensembles are explored in light of contributions they may make to the creation of materials with performance characteristics required for substantially increased energy conversion efficiency. The role entropy plays in determining thermoelectric conversion efficiency is discussed. Procedures are detailed for the enhancement of carrier entropic flows composed of entropy transfer and entropy transport. Model systems based on the synthesis of diamond/graphene and silicon carbide/graphene nanoensembles are described. These were chosen based on criteria for optimizing carrier entropic flow processes in the interfacial regions of their core/shell structures.
Russell on Pragmatism

A certain view of contemporary philosophical thought, prominent only during the last decade or so, turns everything around, as it were, and saves pragmatism while savaging Russell. The renewed interest in anything even vaguely "pragmatic" seems to require that Russellian attempts at providing foundations be scoffed at, since presumably Russell was one of the chief targets of the original group under citation. Rorty has been one of the leading exponents of this view, and he notes that "As long as we see James or Dewey as having 'theories of truth' ... [w]e shall not see how radical their thought was-how deep was their criticism of the attempt, comm:on to Kant, Husserl, Russell ... " to create foundations;1 he also notes, in a similar vein, that "Neither William nor Henry James would have had anything to say in a world without Russells .... "2 Although I enjoy the notion that Henry James would have had little to say in a world without Russells, the creation of Russell as chief stalking horse of the new, more relativistic movements strikes me as not without its defects. The chief defect, of course, is that the ease with which we can ridicule failed projects such as logical atomism prevents us from seeing what their virtues were in the nrst place. One is inclined to think that the swing of the pendulum has gone too far here, and that Russell deserves some small measure of redemption. In this regard I plan to argue here that a great deal of what Russell says about the pragmatic program, as he saw it in "Pragmatism", was quite correctly motivated, is worth preserving, and should not be the object
Outcomes of orbital implants after evisceration and enucleation in patients with endophthalmitis.

Purpose of reviewThis manuscript reviews enucleation and evisceration and primary versus secondary orbital implant placement in patients with endophthalmitis. A brief discussion of sympathetic ophthalmia is included as well.Recent findingsOpinions remain variable when considering enucleation versus
Planets, Pulsars, And Poetry

For many of us in the United States, the majority of our students are in descriptive astronomy classes. And since these classes typically satisfy general education or core curriculum requirements that must be completed by all students, the students can range from those genuinely interested in astronomy to those who are taking the class because “it sounded less boring” than other options available. Whichever end of that spectrum the students occupy, many of them approach astronomy with quite a bit of anxiety because it is a science class. In student lore, a science class is a class that is by definition more difficult — perhaps verging on the impossible — than other classes, one that discusses totally foreign things in an arcane language and, above all, is a class that has no connection with anything else in the curriculum, except maybe another science class.
The Emergency Department Diagnosis and Management of Urinary Tract Infection

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common infection seen in the emergency department. The spectrum of UTI includes simple versus complicated infection and lower versus upper UTI. No one history or examination finding is definitive for diagnosis. Testing often includes urinalysis and/or urine dipstick, and several pitfalls may occur in interpretation. Urine cultures should be obtained in complicated or upper UTIs but not simple and lower tract UTIs, unless a patient is pregnant. Imaging often is not required. Most patients with simple cystitis and pyelonephritis are treated as outpatients. A variety of potentially dangerous conditions may mimic UTI and pyelonephritis.
Novel glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor based prodrug copolymer micelles for delivery of anticancer agents.

Abstract In order to improve the efficacy of chemotherapy for cancers, we have developed a novel prodrug micellar formulation to co-deliver ceramide-generating anticancer agents and ceramide degradation inhibitor (PPMP). The prodrug nanocarrier is based on a well-defined POEG-b-PPPMP diblock copolymer. The hydrophilic block of POEG-b-PPPMP is POEG, and the hydrophobic block is composed of a number of PPMP units, which could work synergistically with loaded anticancer drugs. POEG-b-PPPMP was readily synthesized via a one-step reversible addition-fragment transfer (RAFT) polymerization from a PPMP monomer. The newly synthesized polymers were self-assembled into micelles and served as a carrier for several hydrophobic anticancer drugs including DOX, PTX and C6-ceramide. POEG-b-PPPMP prodrug polymer exhibited intrinsic antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo. In addition, POEG-b-PPPMP prodrug polymer was comparable to free PPMP in selectively enhancing the production of pro-apoptotic ceramide species as well as down-regulating the mRNA expression of GCS. DOX-loaded POEG-b-PPPMP micelles exhibited an excellent stability of 42 days at 4 °C. Moreover, DOX loaded in POEG-b-PPPMP micelles showed higher levels of cytotoxicity than DOX loaded in a pharmacologically inert polymer (POEG-b-POM) and Doxil formulation in several tumor cell lines. Consistently, in a 4T1.2 murine breast cancer model, the tumor inhibition followed the order of DOX/POEG-b-PPPMP > DOX/POEG-b-POM ≥ Doxil > POEG-b-PPPMP > POEG-b-POM. Our data suggest that POEG-b-PPPMP micelles are a promising dual-functional carrier that warrants more studies in the future.
Abstract WP333: Intracerebral Hemorrhage Volume and Location in Two Population-Based Studies: 1988 and 2008-2012

Objective: To compare two population-based studies of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), collected 20 to 24 years apart, with regard to hemorrhage volumes, location, and stroke risk factors. Methods: ...
Opioid Prescribing Patterns of Orthopedic Surgery Residents After Open Reduction Internal Fixation of Distal Radius Fractures.

Purpose In many academic medical centers, resident physicians typically write initial opioid prescriptions, but little is known about their prescribing practices. We hypothesized that lower resident postgraduate year, residency-training program, and noncompletion of an opioid prescribing training would be factors associated with increased opioid prescribing by orthopedic residents after open reduction and internal fixation of distal radius fractures. Methods A survey was administered to all 135 residents from 4 orthopedic residency programs in a state located in the northeastern United States between August 2017 and November 2017. Respondents were asked to indicate the initial analgesia (quantity and duration) they would prescribe for a younger and older, otherwise healthy, opiate-naive female patient after open reduction and internal fixation of a distal radius fracture. We analyzed the quantity of initial opioids prescribed in morphine milligram equivalents (MME) and number of days supplied. Three different measures of overprescribing were assessed: prescribing over 150 MME, 225 MME, or 7 days of opioids. Results The response rate was 63% (85 of 135 residents). Of all respondents, 36.5% of residents reported completion of an opioid training in the past. In terms of overprescribing by duration, 19% of residents prescribed more than 7 days of opioids. For overprescribing by quantity, 36% to 59% (depending on patient age) of residents prescribed more than 20 tablets of 5 mg oxycodone (150 MME) and 16% to 25% (depending on patient age) prescribed more than 30 tablets of 5 mg oxycodone (225 MME). In comparison with junior residents, senior residents were more likely to prescribe over 225 MME. Conclusions After open reduction and internal fixation of distal radius fractures, 19% of orthopedic surgery residents would prescribe more than 7 days of prescription opioids, which is beyond the state law maximum. In addition, we found that less than half of residents had participated in an opioid training program. Our results highlight the need for continued resident guidance when prescribing. Enrollment in opioid prescribing training programs that have been shown to decrease prescribed opioid quantities while still effectively managing patient pain is probably important. Clinical relevance This study describes the opioid prescribing practices and prior training of orthopedic residents. It highlights an opportunity for increased involvement in educational programs on opioid prescribing that better align with published recommendations/guidelines.
Should all diabetic patients take statin therapy regardless of serum cholesterol level

Not all diabetic patients should be routinely started on statin therapy regardless of serum cholesterol level. Current American College of Cardiology (ACC), American Heart Association (AHA) and Ame...
Effects of NMDA antagonist dizocilpine (MK-801) are modulated by the number of distractor stimuli in the rodent odor span task of working memory

Abstract The rodent odor span task (OST) uses an incrementing non-matching to sample procedure in which a series of odors is presented and selection of the session-novel odor is reinforced. An OST is frequently used to test the effects of neurobiological variables on memory capacity as the number of odors to remember increases during the course of the session. In this regard, one important finding has been that NMDA receptor antagonists selectively impair OST performance at doses that spare accuracy on control tasks. However, in many versions of the odor span task the number of stimuli to remember is confounded with the number of distractor odors presented to the rat on each trial. The present study compared the effects of the NMDA antagonist dizocilpine when the number of choices was held constant at two (one novel odor—S+ and one previously presented distractor odor—S−) and when the number of choice stimuli was permitted to increase up to 10 (one S+ and 9 S−). Dizocilpine impaired OST accuracy at doses that had no effect on a reference memory control task in both 2-choice and 10-choice conditions; however, the dose-response function was shifted to the left in the 10-choice tests. The impairments produced by dizocilpine were exacerbated as the memory load increased in both 2- and 10-choice conditions. These findings support the hypothesis that NMDA antagonism reduces the number of stimuli that rats can remember accurately, but the interaction between the effective DZP dose and the number of distractors shows that drug effects on OST performances may involve attentional factors in addition to memory capacity. The findings also demonstrate that variations in number of OST distractors can be used to alter sensitivity of the task.
Arteriovenous Malformations: Surgical Indications and Technique

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are characterized by direct arterial-to-venous shunting, usually through a tangle of vessels called a nidus, without the normal intervening capillary beds, and are thus considered to be high-pressure, high-flow malformations. Clinical sequelae include headaches, seizures, and progressive neurological deficits from vascular steal and rupture. Treatment options include observant with medical management of symptoms, radiosurgery, endovascular embolization, and surgical resection. Often a multimodal treatment is employed. In this chapter we focus on the indications and techniques for surgical resection of AVMs.
Expanded HIV Clinic–Based Mental Health Care Services: Association With Viral Suppression

Background An academic Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program clinic increased co-located mental health care (MH) services in 2013. The study objectives were to characterize the changing demographics of the people living with HIV (PLWH) who initiated MH and to determine MH initiation's association with HIV outcomes. Methods The cohort included PLWH who received clinic-based MH services from 2012 to 2014. Cohorts A and B initiated MH before or during 2012 and during 2013-2014, respectively. Demographics were compared for the 2 cohorts, and for Cohort B, pre/post-MH initiation clinical outcomes were compared. Results Compared with Cohort A (n = 130), Cohort B (n = 181) had 3 times the participants with CD4 counts <200 (P = .02). One-third of Cohort B had detectable viral loads compared with <20% of Cohort A (P = .01). Cohort B received more substance use diagnoses (P = .005). Pre/post-MH initiation, engagement in care did not change. For Cohort B, MH initiation was associated with increased rates of viral suppression. For those who were prescribed antiretroviral therapy more than 1 year before MH initiation, participants who were older and nonblack were more likely to achieve viral suppression. Conclusions PLWH who gained access to MH in 2013-2014 were more likely to have lower CD4 counts and detectable viral loads. Engagement in care did not increase with initiation of MH, but initiation of MH was associated with higher rates of viral suppression. Younger and minority patients may not have benefited as much from increased access to co-located MH and substance use services.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines: Are We Making Progress?

Over the past decade, there have been significant advances in our knowledge of RSV molecular and structural biology and in the understanding of the human immune response to RSV. Despite the barriers, there are several opportunities for RSV vaccine development to protect the most vulnerable populations. The increasing interest of academic, industry and international bodies, such as the World Health Organization or Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, is helping to move the field forward, promoting the implementation of surveillance platforms and standardization of clinical definitions, assays and surrogate markers of protection.
Microdeformational Wound Therapy

Complex wounds, a growing burden to healthcare from increasing rates of comorbid conditions, are a challenge to treat. Treatments including sharp debridement, optimizing medical conditions, and employing a wide variety of new wound care products including microdeformational wound therapy (also referred to as negative-pressure wound therapy) are strategies to enhance healing and functional recovery. This chapter discusses the scientific principles of the revolutionary and widely adapted microdeformational wound therapy and its clinical application to healing complex wounds and its future impact on healthcare.