cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bi-directional Joint Inference for Entity Resolution and Segmentation Using Imperatively-Defined Factor Graphs

There has been growing interest in using joint inference across multiple subtasks as a mechanism for avoiding the cascading accumulation of errors in traditional pipelines. Several recent papers demonstrate joint inference between the segmentation of entity mentions and their de-duplication, however, they have various weaknesses: inference information flows only in one direction, the number of uncertain hypotheses is severely limited, or the subtasks are only loosely coupled. This paper presents a highly-coupled, bi-directional approach to joint inference based on efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling in a relational conditional random field. The model is specified with our new probabilistic programming language that leverages imperative constructs to define factor graph structure and operation. Experimental results show that our approach provides a dramatic reduction in error while also running faster than the previous state-of-the-art system.
Exploding the Myth: The Literature Search Explained

Research methods were discussed with occupational therapy students, using handouts. Students learned to use indexing journals and abstracts to undertake a literature search. The results were collated and submitted for publication as a review article.
Dynamics of Progression in Mountain Bike Racing

A major tenet of the recreation specialization framework is that people progress to higher stages of involvement over time. Results from recent studies suggest that involvement may actually be marked by stability or decline. Little is known about the extent to which people progress in outdoor activities where objective standards of performance exist. The purpose of this study was to examine the antecedents of objective and subjective progression among competitive mountain bike racers. Specialization dimensions of behavior, skill, and commitment differentiated among three classes of participants: Category 1, 2, and 3 racers. Specialization dimensions were also used to predict participants’ subjective progression in participation over the past five years and next five years. Relationships between specialization dimensions and subjective measures of progression differed with endurance skill and personal commitment being most significant. This study provides insight into the dynamics of progression, particula...
Genomics, proteomics, and the new paradigm in biomedical research.

This article is based on the keynote address that introduced the third biennial Asan Medical Center-Harvard Medical International Symposium “Genetics and Proteomics: Impact on Medicine and Health” that took place in Seoul, Korea, July 3–4, 2001. In his address, the author summarized exciting achievements in the field of genomics and introduced the related and emerging field of proteomics. By using industrialized high-throughput approaches, genomics and proteomics are dramatically accelerating the pace of biological research. They have started a scientific revolution whose impact will range from elucidating the structure of our chromosomes to providing powerful new tools for the study of disease; and from understanding human evolutionary history to novel applications in the medicine of the future. The author's overview highlighted the recent history of the two fields and laid the foundation for the rest of the symposium presentations.
‘We can’t let them fail for one more day’: School reform urgency and the politics of reformer-community alliances

This article provides a critical examination of neoliberal urgency in education reform. While critics of neoliberal reform policies have argued that these reforms exclude low-income community participation almost entirely, I argue that in practice this exclusion is not as total or as overt as macro-analyses would suggest. These macro analyses do not explain the complicated alliances that reformers have with some community organizations, nor do they specifically and critically examine the role that urgency plays in determining the value of community voice in school reform decisions. On the ground, elite school reformers forge tenuous alliances with select low-income community groups, while disregarding and marginalizing others. In this article, I posit that ‘urgency,’ a cherished ideal and guiding principle of the neoliberal school reform movement, becomes the mechanism for elite school reformers to distinguish ‘good’ and valuable community allies from ‘backwards’ and ignorant community voices. A critical ...
Serum S100B protein levels are correlated with subclinical neurocognitive declines after carotid endarterectomy.

Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is an effective means to prevent stroke among patients at high risk. Although the risk of major stroke after CEA is relatively low, the incidence of subtle cognitive injuries, as revealed by neuropsychometric tests (NPMTs), is quite high (4, 6, 11). NPMTs are sensitive measures of subtle neurological dysfunctions that are not revealed in routine neurological examinations. We recently demonstrated that as many as 80% of patients exhibited declines in performance on at least one NPMT in the early postoperative period after CEA (11), and approximately 25% demonstrated significant declines, in comparison with a surgical control group (EJ Heyer, R Sharma, CJ Winfree, WJ Mack, RA Solomon, GJ Todd, PA McCormick, JG McMurtry, CJ Riedell, DO Quest, Y Stern, RM Lazar, EC Connolly, submitted for publication). A variety of biochemical markers of severe neurological injury have been described. Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) is a glycolytic enzyme found in neurons and neuroendocrine cells (19). The calcium-binding protein S100B is an important participant in neuronal and glial cell-cell communication and intracellular signal transduction and exhibits its highest levels of expression in the nervous system (33). These molecules have been demonstrated to be markers of cerebral injury in animal models of stroke (1, 9) and among human stroke patients (3, 5, 21, 23, 27). Among patients with cerebral infarctions, high S100B levels were correlated with mildly poorer performance on NPMTs, but these results did not reach significance (32). Another study demonstrated no correlation between increased NSE and S100B levels and a decline in performance on NPMTs after CEA (25). In that study, however, the authors pointed out that the results were based on only two patients who sustained declines in NPMT performance; therefore, the study might have been underpowered. We explored whether NSE and S100B levels were correlated with declines in NPMT performance in a larger population of patients who had sustained significant, although subtle, cognitive injuries after CEA.
Bingeing, self-restriction, and increased body weight in rats with limited access to a sweet-fat diet.

Objective: Prior research has shown that fasting alternated with a diet of standard rodent chow and a 10% sucrose solution produces bingeing on the sucrose, but animals remain at normal body weight. The present study investigated whether restricted access to a highly palatable combination of sugar and fat, without food deprivation, would instigate binge eating and also increase body weight. Methods and Procedures: Male rats were maintained for 25 days on one of four diets: (i) sweet-fat chow for 2 h/day followed by ad libitum standard chow, (ii) 2-h sweet-fat chow only 3 days/week and access to standard chow the rest of the time, (iii) ad libitum sweet-fat chow, or (iv) ad libitum standard chow. Results: Both groups with 2-h access to the sweet-fat chow exhibited bingeing behavior, as defined by excessively large meals. The body weight of these animals increased due to large meals and then decreased between binges as a result of self-restricted intake of standard chow following binges. However, despite these fluctuations in body weight, the group with 2-h access to sweet-fat chow every day gained significantly more weight than the control group with standard chow available ad libitum. Discussion: These findings may have implications for the body weight fluctuations associated with binge-eating disorder, as well as the relationship between binge eating and the obesity epidemic.
Treatment-related osteoporosis in men with prostate cancer

Osteoporosis is an important complication of androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer. ADT by either bilateral orchiectomies or treatment with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist decreases bone mineral density (BMD) and increases the risk of fracture. Prospective data about treatment or prevention of osteoporosis in men with prostate cancer are limited. Supplemental calcium and vitamin D are recommended. Additional therapy may be warranted for men with osteoporosis or fractures. Intravenous pamidronate prevents bone loss in the hip and spine during ADT. Intravenous zoledronic acid not only prevents bone loss but also increases BMD. Alendronate is approved to treatmen with osteoporosis although the efficacy of alendronate or other oral bisphosphonates has not been evaluated during ADT. Additional prospective studies are needed to evaluate the long-term effects of bisphosphonates and other the rapies on fracture risk and disease-related outcomes.
A vitamin D-related inhibition of growth of an epithelioid cell line derived from rat small intestine.

Abstract A recently established epithelioid cell line derived from rat small intestinal crypt cells was tested for the effects on growth of rat serum obtained from normal, vitamin D-deficient and 25-(OH)D 3 repleted animals as compared to the growth curves established with fetal calf serum. The results suggest that there is a heat-labile growth-inhibiting factor(s) present in normal and 25-(OH)D 3 repleted animals which is not present in vitamin D deficient animals.
Painting Culture: The Making of an Aboriginal High Art

Painting Culture: The Making of an Aboriginal High Art. Fred R. Myers. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002. 410 pp.
The Effect of High Electrostatic Fields upon the Vaporization and Resistance of Molybdenum Filaments

This paper endeavors to show that equations can be obtained to fit Estabrook's observed variation of vaporization rate with electric field strength at wire surface if we consider the vaporization decrease as due to the formation of an adsorbed gas layer on the filament. It is mentioned that electric field strengths of the magnitudes used can be shown to have no appreciable effect upon the motion of the gas particles or metallic atoms in the region between filament and cylinder, and that time lags of the size observed can be approximately accounted for by the times required for formation and removal of the gas layer when the field is applied or withdrawn. The following postulates are proposed: (1) the resistance changes were due to temperature changes resulting from small changes in emissivity; (2) resistance changes in different directions were due to spectral variation in the behavior of the emissivity of a filament when it is coated with gas; (3) Estabrook's vaporization rate was higher than that calculated from an equation given by Jones, Langmuir, and Mackay because the wires used by the latter were more coated with gas; and (4) Jones did not observe any effect of an electric field upon resistance or vaporization because his tube did not contain enough oxygen. These hypotheses remain of course to be proved or disproved by appropriate experiments.
The lateral approach to laparoscopic sigmoid colon resection.

Laparoscopic sigmoid colon resection has been tradi- tionally performed using an anterior approach with the patient placed in a modified lithotomy position. The dissection of the splenocolic ligament and transverse co- lon is often difficult, especially in the case of a high splenic flexure. From our experience using the lateral approach for laparoscopic nephrectomy and adrenalec- tomy, we have found that the lateral position provides excellent visualization of the splenic flexure, and the en- tire left colon can be mobilized easily without the need for excessive retraction. In this study, we report our ex- perience and describe our technique for laparoscopic sigmoid colon resection using a lateral approach. Technique The patient is placed in the right lateral decubitus posi- tion. The right leg is placed in a 30-degree flexed posi- tion and the left leg is kept extended. A pillow is placed between the legs. The left arm is secured to a Mayo stand. The table is flexed and the kidney rest is elevated to maximize the working space. The surgical area requir- ing exposure extends from the left nipple down to the pubic symphysis and from the umbilicus to the posterior axillary line. Easy access to the anus must be ensured to facilitate placement of the rigid sigmoidoscope and the circular stapler. Two video monitors are required. One is positioned at the head of the table to the left of the patient, and the other is placed at the foot of the table. A 10-mm trocar is inserted in the subcostal area at the level of the anterior axillary line, and another 10-mm trocar is inserted under the 11th rib at the level of the midaxillary line (Fig. 1). A 5-mm trocar is inserted at the level of the midclavicular line 2 to 3 cm above the level of the umbilicus. If a fourth trocar is needed for an extra instrument, it is placed in the suprapubic area. A 10- mm, 45-degree-angle laparoscope is used during the procedure. Mobilization of the colon and rectum is performed in two stages. The first stage includes mobilization of the left colon, identification of the left ureter, and dissection of the splenic flexure. It is best performed with the sur- geon standing on the right side of the table and facing the upper monitor. The patient is placed in a 30-degree
Understanding visual interfaces for the next generation of dance-based rhythm video games

We present an experimental study exploring how to best guide users when playing RealDance, a next generation dancing game prototype. It uses four Nintendo Wii remotes, attached to the wrists and ankles, to create a 3D spatial interface utilizing the entire body to more closely mimic real dancing. Since RealDance requires a player to use both arms and legs, the player needs to know which of their four limbs to use, where they are expected to move, and when they are expected to move in the dance sequence. To understand the best way to present this information, we implemented three visual interface methods: Timeline, Motion Lines, and Beat Circles, that are based on existing rhythm video games but extended to support RealDance's 3D interaction requirements.Our study explores each visual interface's effectiveness in conveying dance sequence information and assisting the player in providing a rewarding experience. Our evaluation is based on points scored in the game, and post-questionnaires used to solicit reactions about each visual interface including which was preferred and why. The results of the study show that players had significantly higher scores when using Motion Lines and Beat Circles than with the Timeline. The results also indicate that players found Motion Lines and Beat Circles significantly easier to follow than Timeline and icon position significantly less confusing than the Timeline interface. From these results, we believe that Motion Lines and Beat Circles are more appropriate visual interfaces than the traditional Timeline interface for full body, rhythm dance games.
Behavioral symptoms of eating disorders in Native Americans: Results from the add health survey wave III

Objective: To examine prevalence and correlates (gender, Body Mass Index) of disordered eating in American Indian/Native American (AI/NA) and white young adults. Method: We examined data from the 10,334 participants (mean age 21.93 years, SD = 1.8) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (ADD Health) Wave III for gender differences among AI/NA participants (236 women, 253 men) and ethnic group differences on measures of eating pathology. Results: Among AI/NA groups, women were significantly more likely than men to report loss of control and embarrassment due to overeating. In gender-stratified analyses, a significantly higher prevalence of AI/NA women reported disordered eating behaviors compared with white women; there were no between group differences in prevalence for breakfast skipping or having been diagnosed with an eating disorder. Among men, disordered eating behaviors were uncommon and no comparison was statistically significant. Discussion: Our study offers a first glimpse into the problem of eating pathology among AI/NA individuals. Gender differences among AI/NA participants are similar to results reported in white samples. That AI/NA women were as likely as white women to have been diagnosed with an eating disorder is striking in light of well documented under-utilization of mental health care among AI/NA individuals. © 2011 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2011)
α-Synuclein S129 Phosphorylation Mutants Do Not Alter Nigrostriatal Toxicity in a Rat Model of Parkinson Disease

Lewy bodies are found in Parkinson disease and related disorders and are extensively phosphorylated at Ser-129 (S129), but whether S129 phosphorylation mediates alpha-synuclein aggregation and neurotoxicity has been controversial. We used recombinant adeno-associated virus to overexpress alpha-synuclein in the rat nigrostriatal system. Rats were injected with recombinant adeno-associated virus 2/8 expressing either human wild-type (wt) or mutant alpha-synuclein with S129 replaced by alanine (S129A) or aspartate (S129D). Contralateral substantia nigra injections containing empty vector served as controls. Both wt and S129 mutants resulted in significant dopaminergic cell loss in the recipients by 6 weeks, but there were only small decreases in nigrostriatal terminal density and tyrosine hydroxylase expression. There were no significant differences in dopaminergic cell loss, nigrostriatal terminal density, or tyrosine hydroxylase expression among the wt and S129 mutants. Furthermore, we did not observe any differences in alpha-synuclein aggregate formation or distribution among wt and either S129 mutant. These findings contrast with those from previous studies and suggest that injections of both S129 phosphorylation mutants result in dopaminergic neurotoxicity similar to wt injections. Further study is needed to clarify the effects of these S129 mutants and alpha-synuclein phosphorylation in mammalian systems.
Mitochondrial Oscillations and Waves in Cardiac Myocytes: Insights from Computational Models

Periodic cellwide depolarizations of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΨM) which are triggered by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and propagated by ROS-induced ROS release (RIRR) have been postulated to contribute to cardiac arrhythmogenesis and injury during ischemia/reperfusion. Two different modes of RIRR have been described: ΨM oscillations involving ROS-sensitive mitochondrial inner membrane anion channels (IMAC), and slow depolarization waves related to mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening. In this study, we developed a computational model of mitochondria exhibiting both IMAC-mediated RIRR and MPTP-mediated RIRR, diffusively coupled in a spatially extended network, to study the spatiotemporal dynamics of RIRR on ΨM. Our major findings are: 1), as the rate of ROS production increases, mitochondria can exhibit either oscillatory dynamics facilitated by IMAC opening, or bistable dynamics facilitated by MPTP opening; 2), in a diffusively-coupled mitochondrial network, the oscillatory dynamics of IMAC-mediated RIRR results in rapidly propagating (∼25 μm/s) cellwide ΨM oscillations, whereas the bistable dynamics of MPTP-mediated RIRR results in slow (0.1–2 μm/s) ΨM depolarization waves; and 3), the slow velocity of the MPTP-mediated depolarization wave is related to competition between ROS scavenging systems and ROS diffusion. Our observations provide mechanistic insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics underlying RIRR-induced ΨM oscillations and waves observed experimentally in cardiac myocytes.
The use of foam as a postoperative compression dressing.

Appropriate wound management is an important component in determining the outcome of surgical procedures. Increased edema can complicate postoperative results by causing wound dehiscence and increasing inflammation, and, thereby, patient discomfort. In addition, inappropriate wound management can lead to hematoma formation that increases the risk of infection and patient discomfort. These issues are likely more pertinent in high-energy trauma; however, they are also relevant in elective surgery. Results are dependant on postoperative treatment (ie, rest, ice, elevation, antiinflammatories); however, the authors believe edema control can be further facilitated by the application of a foam compression dressing.
In Situ Respiration and Bioenergetic Status of Mitochondria in Primary Cerebellar Granule Neuronal Cultures Exposed Continuously to Glutamate

Mitochondria play a central role in neuronal death during pathological exposure to glutamate (excitotoxicity). To investigate the detailed bioenergetics of the in situ mitochondria, a method is described to monitor continuously the respiration of primary cerebellar granule neuron cultures while simultaneously imaging cytoplasmic Ca(2+) and mitochondrial membrane potential. Coverslip-attached cells were perfused in an imaging chamber with upstream and downstream flow-through oxygen electrodes. The bioenergetic consequences of chronic glutamate exposure were investigated, including ATP supply and demand, proton leak, and mitochondrial respiratory capacity during chronic glutamate exposure. In 25 mM K(+) medium supplemented with 10% dialyzed serum, cells utilized 54% of their respiratory capacity in the absence of receptor activation (37% for ATP generation, 12% to drive the mitochondrial proton leak, and the residual 5% was nonmitochondrial). glutamate initially increased mitochondrial respiration from 51 to 68% of capacity, followed by a slow decline. It was estimated that 85% of this increased respiration was because of increased ATP demand, whereas 15% was attributable to a transient mitochondrial proton leak. N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation was only responsible for 62% of the increased respiration. When adjusted for cell death over 3 h of glutamate exposure, respiration of the viable cells remained near basal and protonophore stimulated respiration to the same extent as control cells. Pyruvate-supplemented media protected cells from glutamate excitotoxicity, although this was associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. We conclude that excitotoxicity under these conditions is not because of an ATP deficit or uncoupling. Furthermore, mitochondria maintain the same respiratory capacity as in control cells.
Three consequences of believing that information lies in global arrays and that perceptual systems use this information

Stoffregen & Bardy provide grounds to suppose that specification requires global arrays and that this information is used by perceptual systems. Three conclusions follow from this supposition; (1) global specification will be taken seriously only if additional examples are discovered; (2) research into single-sense information must take global information into account, and (3) ecological psychologists must account for perceptions based upon non-specific information.
Contrasting managerial perspectives of American and Italian public administrators

Abstract A 45-item Q- sort first developed in a study of Italian public administrators was used to compare managerial attitudes of 110 American and 183 Italian male administrators. Items were evaluated both with regard to mean ratings and sequential ranking within samples. Twenty-five items differentiated significantly between the samples; the correlation (rho) between the two rankings was .60. American administrators placed relatively greater emphasis on interpersonal relationships and career opportunities, whereas Italians stressed security and structure. On six Italian typologies previously established, American scored slightly above average on Type II (the mediator-tolerant, modest in his demands, generous in his relationships), and slightly below average on Type III (the actionist-tough-minded, decisive, indifferent to the feelings of subordinates).
Strontium and oxygen isotopic variations in Mesozoic and Tertiary plutons of central Idaho

Regional variations in initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (r i) of Mesozoic plutons in central Idaho locate the edge of Precambrian continental crust at the boundary between the late Paleozoic-Mesozoic accreted terranes and Precambrian sialic crust in western Idaho. The r i values increase abruptly but continuously from less than 0.704 in the accreted terranes to greater than 0.708 across a narrow, 5 to 15 km zone, characterized by elongate, lens-shaped, highly deformed plutons and schistose metasedimentary and metavolcanic units. The chemical and petrologic character of the plutons changes concomitantly from ocean-arc-type, diorite-tonalite-trondhjemite units to a weakly peraluminous, calcic to calcalkalic tonalite-granodiorite-granite suite (the Idaho batholith). Plutons in both suites yield Late Cretaceous ages, but Permian through Early Cretaceous bodies are confined to the accreted terranes and early Tertiary intrusions are restricted to areas underlain by Precambrian crust. The two major terranes were juxtaposed between 75 and 130 m.y. ago, probably between 80 and 95 m.y. Oxygen and strontium isotopic ratios and Rb and Sr concentrations of the plutonic rocks document a significant upper-crustal contribution to the magmas that intrude Precambrian crust. Magmas intruding the arc terranes were derived from the upper mantle/subducted oceanic lithosphere and may have been modified by anatexis of earlier island-arc volcanic and sedimentary units. Plutons near the edge of Precambrian sialic crust represent simple mixtures of the Precambrian wall-rocks with melts derived from the upper mantle or subducted oceanic lithosphere with r i of 0.7035. Rb/Sr varies linearly with r i, producing “pseudoisochrons” with apparent “ages” close to the age of the wall rocks. Measured δ 18O values of the wall rocks are less than those required for the assimilated end-member by Sr-O covariation in the plutons, however, indicating that wall-rock δ 18O was reduced significantly by exchange with circulating fluids. Metasedimentary rocks of the Belt Supergroup are similarly affected near the batholith, documenting a systematic depletion in 18O as much as 50 km from the margin of the batholith. Plutons of the Bitterroot lobe of the Idaho batholith are remote from the accreted terranes and represent mixtures of Precambrian wall-rocks with melts dominated by continental lower crust (r i>0.708) rather than mantle. “Pseudoisochrons” resulting from these data are actually mixing lines that yield apparent “ages” less than the true age of the wall rocks and meaningless “ri”. Assimilation/ fractional-crystallization models permit only insignificant amounts of crystal fractionation during anatexis and mixing for the majority of plutons of the region.
Age-related reduction in sagittal plane center of mass motion during obstacle crossing.

Accidental falls are a leading cause of injury and death in the growing elderly population. Traumatic falls are frequent, costly, and debilitating. Control of balance during locomotion is critical for safe ambulation, but relatively little is known about the natural effect of aging on dynamic balance control. Samples of healthy young (n=13) and elderly (n=13) subjects were compared in the interactive measures of center of mass (COM) and center of pressure (COP) during level walking and obstacle crossing conditions. Obstacle heights were normalized to individual body height (2.5%, 5%, 10%, and 15%). Temporal-distance (T-D) variables of gait were also compared. Statistical analyses were conducted using a two-way ANOVA for subject group and obstacle height. T-D parameters were not significantly different between groups; nor were frontal plane COM and COP parameters. Significant age differences did exist for antero-posterior (A/P) motion of the COM (decreased motion in the elderly), and its relationship with the COP (reduced separation between the two variables in the elderly). Anterior COM velocities were also significantly lower in the elderly group. The results confirm the ability of healthy elderly adults to maintain dynamic balance control in the frontal plane during locomotion. Reduced A/P distances between the COM and COP indicate a conservative reduction of the mechanical load on joints of the supporting limb. This conservative strategy may be related to a reduction in muscle strength as it occurs in the natural aging process.
The Kinesin-1 Gating Mechanism Studied by Pre-Steady State Kinetics

Kinesin-1 transports cargo along a microtubule by the hand-over-hand motion of its two motor domains. The ATPase cycles of the two motor domains (also termed "heads") are thought to be coordinated by a tension-sensitive transition(s). The "front head gating model" proposes that ATP binding to the front head is inhibited until the rear head dissociates from the microtubule, while the "rear head gating model" proposes that ADP release from the rear head is inhibited until this head dissociates and is pulled forward by the front head. Here we have tested these models by engineering a kinesin heterodimer that mimics a two-head-bound intermediate in the stepping cycle. Stop flow kinetic measurements were performed with mant-dATP and a FRET-based assay was used to distinguish nucleotide binding between the front and rear motor heads. Unexpectedly, we found that the rates of nucleotide binding to the front and rear microtubule-bound heads were similar (and similar to a kinesin monomer), which suggests that "gating" does not occur at the step of nucleotide binding. Our preliminary results suggest that phosphate release kinetics, as measured by phosphate binding protein, in the front head are slower in this microtubule-bound kinesin dimer. This study provides new insights into the kinetics steps that are involved in kinesin gating.
Secure and Energy Aware Routing Against Wormholes and Sinkholes in Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensor networks are deployed in a variety of environments for unattended operation. In a hostile terrain, sensor nodes are vulnerable to node capture and cryptographic material compromise. Compromised nodes can be used to launch wormhole and sinkhole attacks in order to prevent sensitive data from reaching intended destinations. Our objective in this paper is to mitigate the impact of undetected compromised nodes on routing. To this end, we develop metrics to quantify risk of paths in a network. We then introduce a novel routing approach: secure-path routing (SPR) that uses expected path risk as a parameter in routing. Quantified path risk values are used in routing to reduce traffic flow over nodes that have high expected vulnerability. Selecting low risk routes may lead to the choice of energy-expensive routes. Thus, we develop algorithms for balancing risk with other path selection parameters, including energy consumption. We conduct simulation experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of our approach and study the tradeoff between security and energy. Simulation shows that SPR can be quite effective at increasing traffic flow over legitimate routes and that the impact of SPR on network lifetime is negligible.
Carrier Synchronization and Detection of Polyphase Signals

Digital communication networks used for the distribution of high-speed digital information are currently the subject of design studies for many civil and military applications. This paper presents results that are useful in such studies as well as in network planning. In particular, the paper is concerned with the problems of carrier synchronization and noisy reference detection of polyphase signals. Reconstruction of coherent references for the detection of polyphase [ N -ary phase-shift-keyed (PSK)] signals is considered and analyzed for three carrier reconstruction loops, namely, N th power (multiply-and-divide) loops, generalized Costas ( I-Q ) loops, and extensions of data-aided (modulation wipeoff) loops. General expressions for the error probability are developed when the reconstructed reference signals are noisy. These expressions are evaluated numerically for cases of practical interest and compared with differentially coherent reception.
Instrumentation for Automated Study of Human Pupil Responses

Instrumentation has been developed for studying the responses of the human pupil to different kinds of visual stimuli. This involves stimulating the eye visually, acquiring pupillary diameter data samples, analyzing them, and displaying and storing the results All of these functions are controlled by a minicomputer. The apparatus is a convenient research tool for studying the visual system of color-normals and color-defectives by observing pupillary behavior.
The effect of simple shear flow on the helix-coil transition of poly-L-lysine

Studies of the helix-to-coil transition in dilute solutions of poly-L-lysine, dissolved in mixtures of water and methanol (MeOH), have been carried under shear flow using flow birefringence and modulated polarimetry. The fraction of helical conformations in a given solution remains independent of shear rate for MeOH concentrations above and below the critical value for the helix-coil transition (i.e., 87.5% MeOH). For the 87.5% MeOH solutions, a shear-induced helix-to-“stretched” coil transition occurs above a critical shear rate. Induction times for the transition show a temperature and shear rate dependence that can be described in terms of an activated jump process. Measurements of circular birefringence on cessation of flow also show that the transition is reversible, with the stretched coil reverting to the helical state on a time scale of several seconds. The activation energy for the jump process is found to be 16.2 kJ/mole. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly 50: 589–594, 1999
Models for the dynamics of monodisperse polymer melts based on lateral chain motions

A recently developed model for the dynamics of monodisperse polymer melts of linear chains is briefly reviewed. Within the simplifications inherent in the model, it is found that the obstacles to the motion of a given chain, which are imposed by neighboring chains, do not suppress the lateral chain motion. The model associates a length scale with each obstacle, and compares it with the length scale for chain motion. If the obstacle length is greater than the length scale for chain motion, the obstacle is deemed impassable. The cooperative motion of the mutually impassable obstacles is considered, and this gives rise to predictions that are in excellent agreement with experimental observations. If the model were modified to include the additional complexities of real polymer systems, various features of the model might change. The implications of a number of possible modifications in the model are explored. Specifically, the impact of varying the behavior of the function which determines the fraction of obstacles that are impassable is examined in detail. In addition, in the original model it is assumed that chain memory is relaxed due to the slowing of lateral chain motion by the obstacles imposed by neighboring chains. The effect of the opposite assumption of essentially no memory relaxation is also studied. Finally, the influence of limiting the extent of the correlations between the motions of various chain segments because of finite chain length is also considered. It is found that these features have effects that can largely cancel each other. As a result, a range of lateral motion models, which are consistent with the known phenomenology of these systems, are possible.
MatchMaker: A friend recommendation system through TV character matching

MatchMaker is an automated collaborative filtering system that recommends friends to people on Facebook by analyzing and matching people's online profile with the profiles of TV characters. The goal of MatchMaker is to produce friend recommendations with rich contextual information through collaborative filtering in the existing social network. Using relationships in TV programs as a parallel comparison matrix, MatchMaker projects these relationships into reality to help people find friends whose personality and characteristics have been voted to suit them well by their social network. MatchMaker also encourages more TV content viewing by using the social network context and connections to provoke people's curiosity of TV characters whom they have been matched with in their social network.
Supersensitivity to the central stimulant actions of adrenergic drugs following discontinuation of a chronic diet of alpha-methyltyrosine.

Spontaneous and amphetamine-stimulated locomotor activity were determined before, during and after a two week period in which mice were fed a diet containing 0.3% dl-α-methyltyrosine. After one day of the α-methyltyrosine diet both spontaneous and amphetamine-stimulated activity were depressed but tolerance to the depression developed by the thirteenth day of the diet. Both measures of activity were significantly higher than control (pre-diet) values one day after the diet was discontinued. Ephedrine-stimulated motor activity was also blocked after one day of the α-methyltyrosine diet and enhanced one day after cessation of the diet whereas the stimulant effects of pipradrol and methylphenidate were not significantly altered at these times. The central stimulant actions of only those drugs which have been shown to release endogenous catecholamines (amphetamine and ephedrine) are blocked by α-methyltyrosine and enhanced after a chronic diet of this drug is discontinued. It is proposed that the central excitation that follows cessation of chronic α-methyltyrosine administration is the result of an increase in the sensitivity of central adrenergic receptors.
Mechanism of antigen absorption from the small intestine

Evidence exists that the intestine is permeable to antigenic macromolecules. The mechanism of absorption and factors affecting antigen uptake are largely unknown. Studies relating molecular size to the clearance of macromolecules from intestinal loops suggest a diffusion phenomenon. However, the uptake of horseradish peroxidase and fluorescent-labelled gamma globulin by epithelial cells is affected by metabolic inhibitors suggesting an energy-dependent process. To clarify mechanisms of antigen absorption the uptake of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (M.W. 40,000) and two C14-dextrans (M.W. 15,000 and 60,000) were studied in rat everted gut sac preparations. Electron micrographs showed that HRP progressed from membrane-bound structures within epithelial cells into the intercellular space and finally into the lamina propria. Absorption of HRP was five times greater in the jejunum than in the ileum and jejunal uptake was inhibited by S-13, an uncoupling agent. Large weight dextran was absorbed at three times the rate of small weight dextran at equivalent concentrations. Experiments performed at 0° or under nitrogen reduced the absorption of the large weight dextran to that seen with smaller weight dextrans. These studies suggest that the uptake of some antigens occurs by an energy-dependent pinocytotic mechanism. The uptake appears to be greater in the jejunum than the ileum and the jejunal absorption shows a more marked energy-dependency. The energy dependent uptake of the larger dextran suggests a mechanism for absorption of macromolecules other than diffusion. (Work supported by grants from The John A. Hartford Foundation, Inc.)
Integrated photonic/RF 40-Gb/s burst-mode optical clock recovery for asynchronous optical packet switching

An integrated 40-Gb/s burst-mode optical clock recovery circuit with nanosecond locking time is demonstrated. It has 643-fs RMS jitter. The integrated burst-mode optical clock recovery is also used to detect the envelope of 40-Gb/s RZ payloads with 3-ns rise time.
Multi-dimensional modeling of thin liquid films and spray-wall interactions resulting from impinging sprays

Abstract The focus of this work is to formulate and validate a multi-dimensional, fuel film model to help account for the fuel distribution during combustion in internal combustion engines. Spray-wall interaction and spray-film interaction are also incorporated into the model. The fuel film model simulates thin fuel film flow on solid surfaces of arbitrary configuration. This is achieved by solving the continuity, momentum, and energy equations for the two-dimensional film that flows over a three-dimensional surface. The major physical processes considered in the model include mass and momentum contributions to the film due to spray drop impingement, splashing effects, various shear forces, piston acceleration, dynamic pressure effects, gravity driven flow, conduction, and convective heat and mass transfer. In order to adequately represent the drop interaction process, impingement regimes and post-impingement behavior have been modeled using experimental data and mass, momentum and energy conservation constraints. The regimes modeled for spray-film interaction are stick, rebound, spread, and splash. In addition, modified wall functions for evaporating wavy films are provided and tested. The fuel film model is validated through a series of comparisons to experimental data for secondary droplet velocities, secondary droplet sizes, spray radius, spray height, film thickness, film spreading radius, and percentage of fuel adhered to the surface.
A diagnostic test for the distribution-free efficiency estimator: An example using U.S. commercial bank data

Abstract The distribution-free approach (DFA) to estimating X -efficiency assumes that individual firms exhibit constant inefficiency across time, and that inefficiency can be revealed by estimating a panel cost (or profit or production) function and averaging together the annual residuals for individual firms. However, the existing DFA literature may not pay enough attention to the consequences of including too many, or too few, time series observations in the data panel. This paper derives a test of whether additional annual data improves or worsens estimated X -efficiency, and demonstrates the test using a DFA cost efficiency model and U.S. commercial bank data from 1984 through 1994.
The incidence of recreational genitourinary and abdominal injuries in the Western New York pediatric population

ABSTRACTPurpose: We estimate the incidence of recreation related pediatric abdominal, testis and kidney injuries.Materials and Methods: Trauma registry data at the regional pediatric trauma center for 1993 to 2000 were analyzed for recreational injuries. The data were divided into the 3 age groups of 5 to 11, 12 to 14 and 15 to 18 years. The recreation, and site and severity of injury were cross referenced. Injury incidence was calculated using United States census data.Results: Of 4,921 children 34 boys and 2 girls (0.73%) had a genitourinary or abdominal injury due to recreation. Kidney injuries were the most common (44.4%), followed by spleen (36.1%) and liver (19.5%). No testicle injuries were reported. Skiing was the most common cause of injury (22.2%). Hockey, football, snowboarding, sledding and bicycling accounted for 83% of all injuries. There were no injuries related to basketball and soccer. The 12 to 14-year-old group had 50% of the injuries. Records were available for 15 kidney injuries, of w...
Some ethoxide compounds of neptunium

Abstract The preparation of Np(OCH3)4 and Np(OC2H5)4 by the reaction of NpCl4 and LiOR is reported. Attempts to oxidize Np(OC2H5)4 with bromine produced two ethoxide derivatives, NpBr(OC2H5)3 and NpBr2(OC2H5)2. Oxidation of Np(OC2H5)4 to NpBr(OC2H5)4 was successful in the presence of NaOC2H5, but attempts to produce Np(OC2H5)5 failed. These results are interpreted as indicating that the stability of Np(V) alkoxides is low and that Np(VI) alkoxides may not exist.
Survival of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) commingled with domestic sheep (Ovis aries) in the absence of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae.

To test the hypothesis that Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae is an important agent of the bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) pneumonia that has previously inevitably followed experimental commingling with domestic sheep (Ovis aries), we commingled M. ovipneumoniae–free domestic and bighorn sheep (n=4 each). One bighorn sheep died with acute pneumonia 90 days after commingling, but the other three remained healthy for >100 days. This unprecedented survival rate is significantly different (P=0.002) from that of previous bighorn-domestic sheep contact studies but similar to (P>0.05) bighorn sheep survival following commingling with other ungulates. The absence of epizootic respiratory disease in this experiment supports the hypothesized role of M. ovipneumoniae as a key pathogen of epizootic pneumonia in bighorn sheep commingled with domestic sheep.
The electrical fields at the surface of the head during sleep.

Abstract 1. (1) A method of charting the electrical fields at the surface of the head has been described which has proved useful in the localizing of EEG activity during sleep. 2. (2) A shift of focus of maximum activity from the parieto-occipital region when awake to the frontal lobes when asleep has been described. 3. (3) More than one focus, both of slow potentials and of spindles, have been demonstrated.
Progressive Transaction Recovery in Distributed DB/DC Systems

The demand for on-line transaction processing has grown rapidly in recent years. To meet the transaction demand, several DB (database management) and DC (data communication management) subsystems can be coupled together to form a distributed DB/DC system. A key problem is to provide these distributed systems with effective means to recover transactions upon failure while paying little performance penalty during normal processing. Also, there should be minimal interference of fault-free components, during the recovery of failed component. By decentralizing recovery management, and using transaction level structural information to eliminate costly lower level handshaking protocols, proposed progressive transaction recovery protocols seek to solve the problem. A queueing model for evaluating the transaction response time during normal processing for the progressive and pessimistic protocols is developed and solved, via simulation. The progressive recovery protocols are shown to reduce normal processing overhead and lead to performance improvement over the pessimistic protocol.
Fuel efficient strategies for reducing contrail formations in United States airspace

This paper describes a class of strategies for reducing persistent contrail formation in the United States airspace. The primary objective is to minimize potential contrail formation regions by altering the aircraft's cruising altitude in a fuel-efficient way. The results show that the contrail formations can be reduced significantly without extra fuel consumption and without adversely affecting congestion in the airspace. The contrail formations can be further reduced by using extra fuel. For the day tested, the maximal reduction strategy has a 53% contrail reduction rate. The most fuel-efficient strategy has an 8% reduction rate with 2.86% less fuel-burnt compared to the maximal reduction strategy. Using a cost function which penalizes extra fuel consumed while maximizing the amount of contrail reduction provides a flexible way to trade off between contrail reduction and fuel consumption. It can achieve a 35% contrail reduction rate with only 0.23% extra fuel consumption. The proposed fuel-efficient contrail reduction strategy provides a solution to reduce aviation-induced environmental impact on a daily basis.