cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measures used in specifying psoriasis lesion(s), global disease and quality of life: a systematic review.

Objective: To assess which measures are utilized to quantify lesions, disease severity, and quality of life in the current literature on psoriasis vulgaris. Methods: A MEDLINE search was performed with the keyword ‘psoriasis’ and the following limits ‘All Adult: 19+ years’, ‘published in the last 5 years’, ‘English’, ‘Randomized Controlled Trial’, and ‘Humans’. The ‘Methods’ section of the individual articles were reviewed for inclusion criteria that described the study participants' state of psoriasis or disease generalization at baseline, methods used to classify or measure psoriasis during the study, the primary and secondary endpoints, and the quality of life measures utilized in each study. Results: A search resulted in a total of 180 articles, out of which 134 were utilized for the review. The criteria most commonly utilized were ‘moderate to severe psoriasis’, ‘BSA ⩾10%’, ‘mild to moderate psoriasis’, and ‘severe psoriasis’. PASI was the most commonly used measure to describe the extent of psoriasi...
Metal–insulator–semiconductor optoelectronic fibres

The combination of conductors, semiconductors and insulators with well-defined geometries and at prescribed length scales, while forming intimate interfaces, is essential in most functional electronic and optoelectronic devices. These are typically produced using a variety of elaborate wafer-based processes, which allow for small features, but are restricted to planar geometries and limited coverage area1,2,3. In contrast, the technique of fibre drawing from a preformed reel or tube is simpler and yields extended lengths of highly uniform fibres with well-controlled geometries and good optical transport characteristics4. So far, this technique has been restricted to particular materials5,6,7 and larger features8,9,10,11,12. Here we report on the design, fabrication and characterization of fibres made of conducting, semiconducting and insulating materials in intimate contact and in a variety of geometries. We demonstrate that this approach can be used to construct a tunable fibre photodetector comprising an amorphous semiconductor core contacted by metallic microwires, and surrounded by a cylindrical-shell resonant optical cavity. Such a fibre is sensitive to illumination along its entire length (tens of meters), thus forming a photodetecting element of dimensionality one. We also construct a grid of such fibres that can identify the location of an illumination point. The advantage of this type of photodetector array is that it needs a number of elements of only order N, in contrast to the conventional order N2 for detector arrays made of photodetecting elements of dimensionality zero.
Magnetization Tagging Decay to Measure Long-Range 3He Diffusion in Healthy and Emphysematous Canine Lungs

Spatial modulation (tagging) of the longitudinal magnetization allows diffusive displacements to be measured over times approximately as long as T(1) and over correspondingly long distances. Magnetization tagging is used here with hyperpolarized (3)He gas in canine lungs with unilateral elastase-induced emphysema. A new scheme for analyzing images subsequent to tagging determines the spatially-resolved fractional modulation and its decay rate, using a sliding window. The diffusivity so determined over seconds and centimeter lengths, D(sec), is smaller in all cases than the diffusivity measured over milliseconds and hundreds of microns, D(msec) (in healthy lungs, this ratio is about 0.1). While D(msec) is sensitive to lung microstructure on the alveolar level, D(sec) reflects airway connectivity and provides new information on lung structure. The results show substantial increases in D(sec) in the lungs of four dogs with clear evidence of emphysema. For these dogs, the fractional increase in long-range diffusivity D(sec) in the emphysematous lungs was greater than that in short-range diffusivity D(msec).
Analyzing Cohort Mortality Data

Abstract Several methods for analyzing data from mortality studies of occupationally or environmentally exposed cohorts are shown to be special cases of a single procedure. The procedure assumes a proportional hazards model for exposure effects and represents the log-likelihood kernel for the data as that of N independent Poisson variates, where N is the total number of person-units of mortality observation time in the study. It formalizes and justifies the epidemiological techniques of classifying deaths and person-months of study time into categories defined by exposure and other covariates, and of computing standardized mortality ratios and indirectly standardized death rates. Parameters representing exposure effects can be estimated by using standard software packages. Special cases and applications are described in the context of lung cancer mortality among U.S. uranium miners.
Pradefovir: a prodrug that targets adefovir to the liver for the treatment of hepatitis B

Adefovir dipivoxil, a marketed drug for the treatment of hepatitis B, is dosed at submaximally efficacious doses because of renal toxicity. In an effort to improve the therapeutic index of adefovir, 1-aryl-1,3-propanyl prodrugs were synthesized with the rationale that this selectively liver-activated prodrug class would enhance liver levels of the active metabolite adefovir diphosphate (ADV-DP) and/or decrease kidney exposure. The lead prodrug (14, MB06866, pradefovir), identified from a variety of in vitro and in vivo assays, exhibited good oral bioavailability (F = 42%, mesylate salt, rat) and rate of prodrug conversion to ADV-DP. Tissue distribution studies in the rat using radiolabeled materials showed that cyclic 1-aryl-1,3-propanyl prodrugs enhance the delivery of adefovir and its metabolites to the liver, with pradefovir exhibiting a 12-fold improvement in the liver/kidney ratio over adefovir dipivoxil.
A neural network for crack sizing trained by finite element calculations

Abstract A neural network is combined with a self-compensating ultrasonic technique to size cracks emanating from rivet holes. The network is trained with a combination of experimental and synthetic data. A 2-D finite element (FE) method is used to generate synthetic data for scattering of ultrasound by cracks emanating from rivet holes in a thin aluminium sheet. Both the back and forward scattered fields are calculated at several positions parallel to the crack line. An experimental pulse from an ultrasonic transducer is applied as input excitation to the FE grid. The FE program generates a set of back- and forward-scattered signals for cracks of various lengths in the range; 0.25–3.00 mm with length increments of 0.25 mm. Data obtained in this way are used to train the neural network (NN) classifier that categorizes the data according to crack length. Once the network is trained, its performance is tested on self-compensated experimental data obtained by ultrasonic testing of specimens containing cracks of lengths in the range 0.50–3.00 mm with length increments of 0.50mm. The use of FE modelling to train the NN eliminates the need for a large number of experiments.
Stochastic dominance based comparison for system selection

Abstract We present two complementing selection procedures for comparing simulated systems based on the stochastic dominance relationship of a performance metric of interest. The decision maker specifies an output quantile set representing a section of the distribution of the metric, e.g., downside or upside risks or central tendencies, as the basis for comparison. The first procedure compares systems over the quantile set of interest by a first-order stochastic dominance criterion. The systems that are deemed nondominant in the first procedure could be compared by a weaker almost first-order stochastic dominance criterion in the second procedure. Numerical examples illustrate the capabilities of the proposed procedures.
Pressure broadening and lineshape considerations in double resonance modulated microwave spectroscopy

Abstract The theoretical behavior of the lineshape obtained in a microwave modulated double resonance spectrometer is considered. In particular the effects of pressure broadening on signal intensity have been investigated for both high and low J transitions. A comparison is made between double resonance and Stark modulated spectrometers. It is found that in general the Stark spectrometer is expected to be the more sensitive instrument although for many transitions, particularly at low pressures, the double resonance spectrometer can have comparable or better sensitivity.
Visually induced feelings of touch

Recent studies have reported that vision can enhance tactile perception, even in patients with somatosensory deficits. However, it is unclear in these previous studies whether visual input truly enhances detection of tactile stimuli or induces a higher propensity for reporting touch by changing response criteria. In this study, we demonstrate in neurologically normal subjects that in addition to small increases in tactile sensitivity when a non-informative, suprathreshold visual stimulus is presented, there are highly consistent changes in response criteria for reporting touch with vision, even when no tactile stimulus is delivered. These results suggest that some of the previously reported enhancements of touch from vision may rather be a consequence of strategic sensory encoding processes that rely upon the typical correlations between multisensory events.
New State Strategies To Meet Long-Term Care Needs

Consumer-directed long-term care service programs give participants the flexibility they want, while reducing unmet need for home and community-based services and supports. States' efforts to expand such programs under Medicaid, including those supported by federal Cash and Counseling demonstration and evaluation grants, are often hindered by challenges related to costs, staffing and organizational issues, new infrastructure requirements, and resistance from stakeholders. Yet states have developed a number of successful strategies for overcoming these challenges, even in financially trying times. Their experiences offer valuable insights, guidance, and encouragement to other states contemplating consumer-directed service expansions.
Role of statin therapy in the coronary bypass patient

Statins have been proven to prevent or delay ischemic events in patients at risk for atherosclerotic coronary disease. Increasing evidence suggests that statin therapy is also beneficial to patients undergoing coronary revascularization. In this review statin therapy will be shown to improve vein graft patency, minimize recurrent ischemic events, and decrease the need for repeat revascularization procedures in patients who have undergone coronary artery bypass grafting.
Minersville: A Study in Socioeconomic Stagnation

"Miniver Cheevy, born too late, Scratched his head and kept on thinking. Miniver coughed, and called it fate, And kept on drinking"
WAY‐131256 is an orally active, efficacious, and in vivo functionally selective M1 agonist

Computer modeling of carbachol docked in the human m 1 receptor binding pocket has been used to discover a series of carbamate and thiocarbamate chiral, conformationally restricted analogues of carbachol based on azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-3-ol. These molecules have been evaluated for affinity and efficacy at human muscarinic receptors (m 1 -ms) transfected into a CHO cell line. None of these compounds was selective in binding. Thiocarbamate analogues had greater affinity for the m 1 receptor subtype, but lower efficacy based on comparison of their ability to induce phosphoinositide (PI) turnover. Carbamate analogues had lower affinity for m 1 receptors than thiocarbamates and varied in efficacy from 10% to 100% of the carbachol response in phosphoinositide (PI) turnover. One of these analogues 3S,4R-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-3-methylcarbamate, WAY-131256, (VI) has been characterized as an m 1 /m 2 agonist in vitro. (Vl) was equi-efficacious to the standard m i agonist, xanomeline (Phase III) in vivo in a scopolamine-impaired radial arm maze paradigm (MED 1 mg/kg, 5.88 mmol/kg for VI and MED 1 mg/kg, 3.55 mmoles/kg for xanomeline) and was approximately equal to xanomeline in an AF64A-impaired radial arm maze paradigm. Despite its lack of m 1 selectivity in vitro, in vivo experiments on (VI) indicated no significant effect on blood pressure or heart rate at 10 mg/kg (58.78 mmol/kg) (i.p.), and no peripheral side effects attributed to stimulation of either the m 2 or m 3 receptors (salivation, lacrimation, and chromodacryorrhea) up to doses of 30 mg/kg, 1 76.2 mmol/kg. These results may be explained by different receptor densities in various brain regions not accounted for in a transfected cell line or by metabolism of (VI) to a m 1 selective agonist in vivo.
INHALED NITRIC OXIDE (INO) DECREASES THE NEED FOR EXTRACORPOREAL MEMBRANE OXYGENATION (ECMO) IN NEONATES WITH MECONIUM ASPIRATION SYNDROME (MAS).1926

OBJECTIVE: To compare the need for ECMO in neonates with persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPHN) associated with MAS before (Group-I) and after (Group-II) INO became available.
Tumorigenesis by a ferroactinolite mineral

Abstract In lifetime exposure of male Fischer-344 rats to ferroactinolite fibers ∗ and to UICC amosite asbestos fibers by means of intratracheal and intrapleural treatments, oncogenesis was greater in the lung for the ferroactinolite and in the pleura for the amosite. The lack of correlation between the effects of the two methods of exposure suggests that in this instance, intrapleural inoculation was not a good predictor of pulmonary response on the basis of mass dose. Another feature of the ferroactinolite was that pleural tumors resulted from intratracheal instillations. Conversely, lung tumors or tumorlike lesions were also induced by intrapleural inoculations of ferroactinolite. These facts suggest a greater in vivo transport for the ferroactinolite than for the amosite. Since there are far fewer mineral fibers per mass unit in the ferroactinolite the tumor yield per unit of mineral fibers was strikingly greater by both routes of administration for ferroactinolite than for amosite.
Determination of the 2p-1s transition energy and strong interaction shift in pionic hydrogen using crystal diffraction

The 2p-1s atomic transition in pionic hydrogen has been studied with the help of a point-focusing graphite diffraction spectrometer. The transition energy was measured to be E(2p-1s)=2433.5±1.7 eV. From this result a strong interaction shift of -3.9±1.7 eV was derived. The Kα x-ray yield in the 2.7 atm hydrogen target at 40 K was found to be 0.025±0.013 per stopped pion.
Approach to Melting in Ammonia as a Critical Transition

The molar volumes of ammonia solid I and solid II were measured from 0.5 to 14.0 kbar and 185 to 320 K. Over regions that extend 3 kbar and 20 K into the solid phases, variations in compressibility and thermal expansion can be described by power laws with exponents similar to those usually associated with critical transitions. It is suggested that breaking of hydrogen bonds may account for the extreme softening of solid ammonia.
HYDRODYNAMIC INTERACTIONS OF CNOIDAL WAVES WITH A VERTICAL CYLINDER

This paper describes a study of the diffraction of periodic nonlinear shallow water waves around a vertical cylinder. The generalized Boussinesq (GB) numerical model is used to effectively simulate the propagation of cnoidal waves and the associated three-dimensional nonlinear interactions. The numerical computation is based on an Euler predictor-corrector algorithm in a curvilinear coordinate system. An approximate second-order cnoidal wave solution for the GB equations is derived and used to provide the initial and incident wave conditions. The temporal and spatial evolution of an incident cnoidal wave after interacting with a cylinder is presented. The maximum force acting on the cylinder is also computed. The GB model simulation predicts strong nonlinear and three-dimensional effects on the forces which cannot be predicted by linear theories.
Inhibition and Acceleration of Aluminum Corrosion

Abstract The inhibition of the corrosion of aluminum alloy 2024-T3 in sodium chloride solution was investigated from the view of the chemical species (complexes, compounds) possibly formed with alu...
Using Single Propeller Performance Data to Predict the Performance of a Counterrotating Pair

The question of using off-the-shelf model boat propellers in a counterrotating-pair configuration was addressed. A number of candidate propellers were performance tested in a water tunnel. Both open-water single-propeller tests and counterrotating-pair tests were performed. A model based on momentum theory was devised to predict the performance of the counterrotating pair from the individual single-propeller performance curves. Unknown coefficients in the model were determined by minimizing the deviation of the model from the counterrotating performance data. Excellent agreement between the model and the data was found over the entire range of the counterrotating pairs tested. The model can now be used to predict the thrust, net torque and efficiency of two off-the-shelf model boat propellers operating as a counterrotating pair.
Trihalomethanes in chlorinated cooling waters of nuclear reactors.

The Savannah River Plant (SRP) near Aiken, SC has three operating nuclear reactors and used approximately 100-300 kg/day of chlorine to combat reactor heat exchanger biofouling. SRP cooling water is high in organic carbon and following chlorination, the water is occasionally heated to temperatures exceeding 70/sup 0/ C as it passes through the heat exchangers, forming conditions conducive to the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs), which are known human carcinogens. This study was conducted to examine the production and persistence of THMs resulting from the chlorination and heating of SRP reactor cooling waters. The concentration of total THM in all water samples collected in and around the SRP site were less than 59..mu..g/L, and there was no appreciable increase in the concentrations of THM in the Savannah River downstream of the SRP site. THM levels in all cases were below U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking water guidelines (100 ..mu..g/L), and it was concluded that THM levels resulting from the chlorination of reactor cooling water at the SRP were insignificant. (JMT)
Caregiver burden among adults caring for orphaned children in rural South Africa

The AIDS epidemic has created an unprecedented number of orphans. While largely absorbed by extended family, this additional responsibility can weigh heavily on their caregivers. The concept of caregiver burden captures multiple dimensions of well-being (e.g., physical, social and psychological). Measuring the extent and determinants of caregiving burden can inform the design of programmes to ease the negative consequences of caregiving. This study uses the baseline data from a study assessing interventions for orphans and vulnerable adolescents in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Orphan caregivers (n = 726) completed an adapted version of the 12-item Zarit Burden Interview. In addition to basic caregiver and household demographics, the survey also collected information on AIDS-related illness and recent deaths. Descriptive data are presented, followed by multivariate Poisson regression models to explore factors associated with caregiver burden. Approximately 40% of caregivers reported high levels of orphan caregiving burden. Feelings of stress and inadequacy concerning their care responsibilities as well as anger towards the child were common. Household food insecurity was the most important predictor of orphan caregiving burden (marginal effect = 7.82; p < 0.001 for those reporting severe hunger); income was also a significant determinant. When other AIDS impacts were added to the model, only the AIDS-related illness of the caregiver was significantly associated with burden (marginal effect = 3.77; p < 0.001). This study suggests that caregivers with economic vulnerability and those struggling with their own AIDS-related illness feel most overburdened. These findings are particularly relevant to service providers who must identify caregivers in need of immediate assistance and allocate limited resources effectively. To alleviate caregiver burden, programmes must foster greater economic security (e.g., by facilitating access to social grants or directly providing cash transfers) and coordinate services with home-based care programmes serving the chronically ill.
Evaluation of charging infrastructure requirements and operating costs for plug-in electric vehicles

Abstract Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), including plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs), have the potential to improve the energy and environmental landscape of personal transportation, but face a hurdle of access to charging infrastructure. Additionally, the types, locations, and quantities of electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) that will be required are not well established. This study investigates the charging infrastructure requirements from the perspective of PEV operating cost and BEV feasibility. California was selected as the research region and PEV parameters were selected based on the early deployed vehicles available in the emerging commercial market. To minimize operating cost, an optimal charging strategy based on 24 h travel patterns is proposed. Results indicate that charging time strategy is the most important factor in reducing PEV operating cost while greater numbers of charging locations provide diminishing benefits for PHEVs. Higher charging power capability, combined with an acceptable charging time strategy offer only slight benefits for PHEVs, but charging power is an important factor in increasing BEV functionality and decreasing public charging requirements. The approximation of the electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) needed at different types of locations (e.g., home, work place, shopping) is proposed based on an optimal charging strategy.
Child psychiatry branch of the National Institute of Mental Health longitudinal structural magnetic resonance imaging study of human brain development.

The advent of magnetic resonance imaging, which safely allows in vivo quantification of anatomical and physiological features of the brain, has revolutionized pediatric neuroscience. Longitudinal studies are useful for the characterization of developmental trajectories (ie, changes in imaging measures by age). Developmental trajectories (as opposed to static measures) have proven to have greater power in discriminating healthy from clinical groups and in predicting cognitive/behavioral measures, such as IQ. Here we summarize results from an ongoing longitudinal pediatric neuroimaging study that has been conducted at the Child Psychiatry Branch of the National Institute of Mental Health since 1989. Developmental trajectories of structural MRI brain measures from healthy youth are compared and contrasted with trajectories in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and childhood-onset schizophrenia. Across ages 5–25 years, in both healthy and clinical populations, white matter volumes increase and gray matter volumes follow an inverted U trajectory, with peak size occurring at different times in different regions. At a group level, differences related to psychopathology are seen for gray and white matter volumes, rates of change, and for interconnectedness among disparate brain regions.
The behavior of the gas film formed upon drop impact with a liquid surface

Abstract In nucleate boiling the sources of vapor nuclei are important. One source arises when a drop of liquid resulting from bursting vapor bubbles strikes the liquid surface and entrains bubbles. This is called secondary nucleation. This research studied differences in bubble entrainment, even for successive drops for water drops falling through air. Close-up photographs were taken soon after impact of the breakup of an air film trapped upon drop impact. They show two distinct patterns. In one pattern, an uniform distribution of small bubbles marks the interface. In the other pattern, bubbles penetrate both the drop and pool at one location on the interface. The interpretation from many photographs is that the first pattern results from a surface disturbance due to a Rayleigh-Taylor instability. The second pattern results from the air film being pinched to a point and then the confined air squirts into both the drop and pool.
Prenatal Health Investment Decisions: Does the Child's Sex Matter?

Individuals invest in their own health, but children rely on parents to act on their behalf, especially in the case of prenatal health. In this article, we ask, Do parents in the United States who choose to give birth allocate resources differently in the prenatal health of their sons and daughters when the sex of the child is known in advance? We pay special attention to prenatal health behaviors, which can be viewed as investment decisions, of first-generation immigrant parents from India and China, two countries with demonstrated son preference. Ultrasound receipt proxies for knowing fetal gender, enabling us to separate child sex-related biological differences from investment differences in sons’ and daughters’ health. There is evidence consistent with sex-selective abortions among Indian and Chinese populations, but among parents who choose to carry the pregnancy to term, our findings do not suggest that knowledge of child sex drives prenatal health investments in the United States, neither in the population as a whole nor among Indian and Chinese immigrants.
Relationship between abdominal visceral fat and metabolic risk factors in obese adolescents

The distribution of body fat may play an important role in determining the risk of obesity-related morbidity in obese adults. In view of the alarming increase in adolescent obesity, this article addresses whether defects in insulin action and secretion and increased intra-abdominal fat that typify central obesity in adults are expressed early in the course of developing obesity. The euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp technique with stable isotopes was used to determine insulin effects on glucose and glycerol turnover in obese and lean adolescents. The hyperglycemic clamp was used to quantitate insulin secretion, while magnetic resonance imaging was used to directly assess abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat. The results indicate that obese adolescent girls have the following characteristics: 1) insulin resistance with major defects in oxidative and nonoxidative glucose metabolism; 2) hyperinsulinemia in the fasting state and in response to intravenous glucose; and 3) impaired suppression of total body lipid oxidation and plasma FFA concentrations in response to insulin. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 11:259-266, 1999. Copyright 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Scanning holographic microscopy with spatially incoherent sources: reconciling the holographic advantage with the sectioning advantage

A new mode of operation of scanning holographic microscopy that combines the two seemingly incompatible holographic advantage and axial sectioning advantage is proposed and demonstrated. Temporally modulated Fabry-Perot fringes are scanned in a two-dimensional raster over the specimen. With a spatially coherent (point) source, the fringes are spatially nonlocalized and encode the entire three-dimensional volume of the specimen in the form of a single-sideband in-line Fresnel hologram. With an extended spatially incoherent source the fringes are axially localized and select the modulated information from a specific axial plane only. The holographic advantage and the sectioning advantage can thus be achieved with the same scanning holographic setup using different source sizes.
Spore germination and swarm cell morphogenesis in the acellular slime mold Fuligo septica

This report describes conditions under which spores of the acellular slime mold Fuligo septica underwent a very rapid, synchronous and complete (100%) germination followed by morphogenesis of motile, flagellated swarm cells from the released protoplasts. This developmental sequence was initiated immediately upon wetting the spores with a surfactant and was completed within 40–50 min in the absence of any exogenous nutrient other than sodium phosphate buffer. Oxygen was required for germination. The rate and percentage of germination diminished with increasing spore concentration suggesting the existence of an autoinhibitor. The morphological sequence of events in the differentiation process was examined by scanning electron microscopy.
Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) localises to the nucleus in glioblastoma multiforme cells

The breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), an ATP binding cassette (ABC) efflux transporter, plays a role in multiple drug resistance (MDR). Previous studies of the subcellular location of the ABC transporter P-glycoprotein indicated that this protein is expressed in nuclear membranes. This study examines the nuclear distribution of BCRP in seven human-derived glioblastoma (GBM) and astrocytoma cell lines. BCRP expression was observed in the nuclear extracts of 6/7 cell lines. Using the GBM LN229 cell line as a model, nuclear BCRP protein was detected by immunoblotting and confocal laser microscopy. Importantly, nuclear BCRP staining was found in a subpopulation of tumour cells in a human brain GBM biopsy. Mitoxantrone cytotoxicity in the LN229 cell line was determined with and without the BCRP inhibitor fumitremorgin C (FTC) and after downregulation of BCRP with small interfering RNA (siRNA). FTC inhibition of BCRP increased mitoxantrone cytotoxicity with a ~7-fold reduction in the IC₅₀ and this effect was further potentiated in the siRNA-treated cells. In conclusion, BCRP is expressed in the nuclear extracts of select GBM and astrocytoma cell lines and in a human GBM tumour biopsy. Its presence in the nucleus of cancer cells suggests new role for BCRP in MDR.
Technology cooperation between NOAA and NASA in the New Millennium Program

We at NOAA have conducted several, early requirements studies over the past two years to better define the next generation of environmental satellites at geostationary orbit -- the GOES program. While much work remains to be done, we believe that we must use current and future technology in smarter ways to lower future satellite costs. At the same time, such technology should let us increase measurement performance and add new, required products. NASA has a program called the New Millennium Program (NMP) whose goal is to lower spacecraft and mission costs by testing technology in space. NOAA is a strong believer in this program, and we have participated from the start in its development. This paper describes the types of technology that NOAA may use in future GOES programs and that have been discussed and shared with NASA's New Millennium Program. In addition to technology needs, we mentions several benefits from the New Millennium Program on how to improve space program development.
Frontal Sinus Fractures

1. Charles M. Ginsburg, MD* 1. 2. *Professor and Chairman of Pediatrics, The Marilyn R. Corrigan Distinguished Chair in Pediatric Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX. 1. Because of the forces required to fracture the bones of the frontal sinuses, these fractures rarely are isolated injuries; in 80% to 95% of cases, they are associated with other facial (80%) and skull fractures (55%). 2. The frontal sinuses are only potential spaces that are undetectable by either computed tomography or conventional radiography until 4 to 6 years of age; their complete pneumatization generally does not occur until mid to late adolescence. 3. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea is nearly twice as common in pediatric than adult patients who have sustained frontal sinus fractures. Although CSF rhinorrhea is rare in children, they are more likely than adults to have no abnormal physical findings. 4. Computed tomography is the preferred diagnostic modality for frontal sinus fractures. 5. The initial management of a child or adolescent who has a fracture of the frontal sinus is dictated by the extent and severity of other injuries to the face and head. A cervical spine injury should be excluded with the initial physical and radiologic evaluations. In more than 50% of patients, there will be an associated intracranial injury that requires initial management. Trauma is an occupational hazard of childhood. In most cases, the trauma sustained by children is relatively minor and does not require emergency or operative management. Although head and facial trauma to young children and adolescents is relatively common, rarely does it result in sinus fractures, particularly to the frontal sinuses. The incidence of frontal sinus fractures following trauma is related to the age of the child and the type and mechanism of injury. Diagnosis and management of the child who is suspected of having a frontal sinus fracture require an understanding of sinus development and anatomy. Trauma …
A von Hippel-Lindau disease-associated microcystic adenoma of the ethmoid sinus: case report.

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE We present a unique case of an anterior cranial base von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL)-associated microcystic neoplasm. To determine the lesion's relationship with VHL and its appropriate management, we discuss its salient clinical, pathological, and molecular features. CLINICAL PRESENTATION A 36-year-old woman with VHL presented with a 3-month history of phantosmia. Serial magnetic resonance imaging studies revealed a lesion within the ethmoid and frontal sinus region that was first evident 18 months before symptom development and demonstrated progressive growth over the interval period. The lesion was resected via a transbasal approach. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis revealed a microcystic lesion composed of bland clear cells and underlying endothelial cells consistent with a VHL-associated microcystic neoplasm that are not known to metastasize. Molecular testing demonstrated loss of heterozygosity of the VHL locus, verifying the tumor as a VHL-related neoplasm. CONCLUSION Because primary VHL-associated microcystic tumors in the anterior cranial base have not been described previously, the natural history of these tumors remains unclear. Based on the benign features of these lesions, they can be managed conservatively with close observation and surgical intervention reserved for those that produce symptoms.
Abstract 5450:CYP2A6andERCC1polymorphisms correlate with efficacy of S-1 plus cisplatin in metastatic gastric cancer patients

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Introduction: S-1 contains tegafur, which is converted to 5-fluorouracil by CYP2A6. We evaluated the association between polymorphisms of CYP2A6, ERCC1 and XRCC1 and treatment outcomes of metastatic gastric cancer (MGC) patients treated with S-1/cisplatin. Methods: Among chemonaive MGC patients (n=108) who received S-1 40 mg/m2 b.i.d. on days 1-14 and cisplatin 60 mg/m2 on day 1 of a 3-week cycle, we analyzed the wild-type allele \[W\] (CYP2A6*1), four CYP2A6 variants [V] that abolish (CYP2A6*4) or reduce (CYP2A6*7, *9, *10) enzyme activity, and the polymorphisms of ERCC1 [8525C>T (rs11615), 19442C>A (rs3212986)] and XRCC1 [1196G>A (rs25487)]. Results: Patients having fewer CYP2A6 variants had significantly better response rates (W/W vs W/V other than \*1/\*4 vs V/V or \*1/\*4 = 66.7% vs 58.3% vs 32.3%; P=0.008), time to progression (TTP) (median, 7.2 vs 6.1 vs 3.5 months, P=0.021), and overall survival (median, 23.2 vs 15.4 vs 12.0 months, P=0.004). ERCC1 19442C>A was also associated with response rate (C/C, 46.7% vs C/A, 55.3% vs A/A, 87.5%) (P=0.048) and TTP (median, 4.4 vs 7.6 vs 7.9 months) (P=0.012). When we classified patients according to the number of risk genotypes of CYP2A6 (V/V or 1/*4) and ERCC1 19442C>A (C/C), patients carrying two vs those carrying none showed an adjusted odds ratio of 0.113 (95% CI, 0.025-0.509) (P=0.004) for response and adjusted hazard ratios of 3.748 (95% CI, 1.900-7.393) (P=0.0001) for TTP and 2.961 (95% CI, 1.371-6.393) (P=0.006) for death.Conclusion: CYP2A6 and ERCC1 19442C>A polymorphisms are important predictors for the efficacy of S-1/cisplatin in MGC patients. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5450. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5450
Acquisition of direct-sequence transmitted reference ultra-wideband signals

In this paper, we investigate the timing acquisition problem for transmitted reference (TR) ultra-wideband systems employing direct-sequence (DS) spreading. We show that a two-level DS signaling helps in achieving good acquisition performance. We propose a two-stage acquisition scheme which exploits the TR signal structure to achieve a significant improvement in the mean detection time performance when compared with a conventional single-stage acquisition scheme.
Teacher Mobility and Financial Incentives A Descriptive Analysis of Denver’s ProComp

Extensive teacher mobility can undermine policy efforts to develop a high-quality workforce. In response, policymakers have increasingly championed financial incentives to retain teachers. In 2006,...
Appearance of absorbable gelatin compressed sponge on early post-thyroidectomy neck sonography: a mimic of locally recurrent or residual thyroid carcinoma.

Objective Absorbable gelatin compressed sponge (Gelfoam; Pfizer Inc, New York, NY), a biodegradable agent prepared from purified porcine skin gelatin, is frequently used for intraoperative hemostasis. Its appearance on sonography may mimic tumor or residual thyroid when placed in the resection bed after thyroidectomy. The purpose of this study was to describe the appearance of Gelfoam on early post-thyroidectomy sonography so that an erroneous diagnosis of locally recurrent or residual tumor can be avoided. Methods We reviewed the early postoperative sonographic examinations of 6 patients after thyroidectomy in which Gelfoam was used for hemostasis. Screening cervical sonography was performed to identify possible lateral compartment adenopathy before completion of thyroidectomy or ablation. Sonographic examinations were performed up to 50 days after resection. Surgical reports confirmed the use of Gelfoam in each patient. Results In all cases, uniform elongated echogenicity was shown within the lobectomy bed. In 1 patient, sonographically guided fine-needle aspiration of lobectomy bed echogenicity yielded scant red blood cells, multinucleated giant cells, and macrophages. Follow-up sonography performed in 1 patient 14 months after thyroidectomy confirmed complete Gelfoam absorption. Conclusions Gelfoam may mimic residual or recurrent thyroid carcinoma on early surveillance sonography performed after thyroidectomy. Recognition of its characteristic appearance should prompt a search for an appropriate surgical history and, when placed in the appropriate clinical context, should prevent an errant diagnosis of tumor.
Mifepristone and misoprostol sequential regimen side effects, complications and safety

Exhibiting a strong affinity to the progesterone and the glucocorticoid receptors, mifepristone exert competitive antagonism to these hormones both in in vitro and in animal experiments. Due to its antiprogesterone activity, it was proposed that mifepristone be used for the termination of early human pregnancy. Mifepristone, at a dose of 600 mg initially used alone, was then used with a subsequent low dose of prostaglandin that led to a success rate of 95% as a medical method for early termination of pregnancy (TOP), and the occurrence of continuing pregnancy was reduced to V1%. Its use was extended to other indications, such as cervical dilatation prior to surgical TOP in the first trimester, therapeutic TOP for medical reasons beyond the first trimester and for labor induction in case of fetal death in utero. The efficacy and safety of this treatment have been confirmed based on its use for over 15 years since its first approval in France and with close adherence to the approved recommendations. This article describes the toxicology studies conducted in animals as well as the safety followup and side effects reported with use of the compound when used with misoprostol in the main indication that is currently approved in 31 countries. Special emphasis is given to the rare but relevant safety issues, that is, heavy uterine bleeding, pelvic infections and continuing pregnancies. The rationale for warnings and contraindications for use of the product are also explained.
Perceived unmet need for mental health treatment and barriers to care among patients with panic disorder.

OBJECTIVE: This study estimated the extent of perceived unmet need for mental health treatment among individuals with panic disorder in primary care settings, investigated the determinants of unmet need, and assessed barriers to care. METHODS: Data were from baseline interviews in a clinical trial that investigated primary care treatment of panic disorder. Participants were asked whether there was any time in the past three months when they did not get as much care for emotional or personal problems as they needed or whether they had delays in getting care. Patients who endorsed unmet need were asked about specific perceived barriers. Logistic regression was used to investigate the determinants of unmet need. RESULTS: Of the 231 patients eligible for the study, 88 (38 percent) endorsed unmet need for emotional or mental health problems. Individuals with worse mental health, those who were more worried about panic, and those without sick pay were significantly more likely to report unmet need. Commonly rep...
LKE: A Self-Configuring Scheme for Location-Aware Key Establishment in Wireless Sensor Networks

Symmetric key agreement is significant to security provisioning in sensor networks with resource limitations. A number of pairwise key pre-distribution protocols have been proposed, but their scalability is often constrained by the conflict between the desired probability of sharing keys between neighboring nodes and the resilience against node capture attacks under a given budget for storing keying information within each sensor. In this paper, we propose LKE, a self-configuring in-situ key establishment scheme targeting large-scale sensor networks. LKE employs location information for a deterministic key space generation and keying information distribution. For uniformly distributed networks, LKE exhibits strong resilience against node capture attacks and achieves a high key-sharing probability (close to 1) at the expense of a small amount of memory overhead. An improvement over LKE, termed as iLKE, is also proposed. iLKE is topology-adaptive, and therefore works well for both uniform and non-uniform network models. We conduct both theoretic analysis and simulation study to evaluate the performances of LKE and iLKE.
Deep Structure and Smart Mechanisms: Designing Perspicacious Systems

A fundamental challenge in the design of any cognitive system is to support productive thinking and efficient control. Research shows that human problem solving can be greatly enhanced using representations that reflect the deep structure of problems. Further, research on human action shows that selectively constraining degrees of freedom can improve both speed and accuracy of performance. This talk will discuss how these two insights from the basic research literature can be incorporated into work analysis and interface design to enhance performance of cognitive systems. The goal is to design interfaces so that the deep structure of the problem is well mapped to the opportunities for action. A major challenge is to operationalize the basic constructs of deep structure and smart mechanism in terms of specific work domains. Examples from the medical and aviation domains will be used to illustrate how this challenge is being met.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Experimental Techniques for Measuring Parameters Describing Wetting and Wicking in Fabrics

Once capillary pressure and permeability are determined for saturations ranging from near zero to 100%, liquid transport related to both wicking and wetting behavior can be described by Darcy's equation. The purpose of the work reported here is to assess and develop experimental techniques that allow capillary pressure and per meability to be measured over a wide range of saturations. Cotton and polypropylene fabrics are the test materials. Capillary pressure head is measured as a function of saturation for cotton and polypropylene fabric samples using the column test, and permeability is measured as a function of saturation using the siphon test. The siphon test works for cotton but not for polypropylene. A new method using a transient measurement technique is developed to determine the permeability of both samples as a function of saturation; it works well for both samples.
Evaluation of Suture Abrasion Against Rotator Cuff Tendon and Proximal Humerus Bone

Purpose: This study evaluates the abrasion properties of different suture materials through the rotator cuff tendon and proximal humerus tuberosity bone. Methods: Three types of sutures were compared: monofilament polypropylene, braided polyester, and braided polyblend polyester with a polyethylene core. For soft-tissue testing, the suture was passed through the infraspinatus tendons of 11 cadaveric shoulders. The suture was cycled with a fixed load, and the migration of the suture as it cut through the tissue was measured at intervals of 5 cycles, for a total of 50 cycles. For tuberosity testing, the sutures were passed through a transosseous tunnel created in the lesser tuberosity, and the suture was cycled with a fixed load until suture failure occurred. Results: On soft-tissue testing, the monofilament suture showed the least amount of abrasion, followed by the braided polyblend and then the braided polyester suture (cutting rate of 0.06 ± 0.11 mm/cycle, 0.99 ± 0.44 mm/cycle, and 1.75 ± 0.91 mm/cycle, respectively; P P Conclusions: This study shows increased abrasion properties for braided sutures compared with monofilament sutures, as well as different abrasion properties among different types of braided sutures. Furthermore, the braided polyblend suture showed significantly increased cycles before suture failure through a transosseous tunnel. Clinical Relevance: Although development of new suture materials has increased their failure strength, further advancements in suture material design should focus on decreasing soft-tissue abrasion properties and increasing strength to suture failure when cycled through bone.
Characterizing Signatures of Evoked Brain Activity in Multiple Electrode Data from Different Brain Regions

This paper describes the application of ambiguity function analysis to human EEG records. The aim was to identify signatures of enhanced brain activity when a reversal of the bistable Neckar cube figure is perceived by the subject. The results have shown high activity patterns in both time and frequency domains, in the pre-frontal cortex region, approximately 200 - 600 ms prior to the appearance of the readiness potential in the central cortex. From a methods perspective, this paper illustrates the applicability of such bilinear, global analysis techniques, to the study of brain data particularly to characterize the time-frequency dynamics of brain electrical activity