cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Informatics training for clinicians is more important than hardware and software.

Objective The importance of training physicians and nurses in the art, skill and science of clinical informatics has never been greater. What level of training is necessary and sufficient to equip the 21st century healthcare workforce for the transformative opportunity enabled by widespread deployment of EHRs? Methods Building on the success of its 10x10 program, AMIA with support from the Robert Wood Johnson foundation took its next step to create the necessary documents to have clinical informatics recognized as a sub-specialty by the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS). ResultsWe defined the core content that had to be mastered and describing how physicians interested in the sub-specialty clinical informatics would be trained. The results of this work have been approved by the board of AMIA and have been published in its journal JAMIA. Conclusion The health challenges of the 21 century require that we rapidly train the clinical workforce in clinical informatics. In addition to buying hardware and software, our health systems need to sponsor this training. Two percent of every Health IT budget should be targeted for clinician education.
Democracy or Diversity: The Effect of the Personal Vote on the Representation of Women

Many scholars have discussed the consequences of the personal vote on the behavior of legislators, yet little scholarship has been devoted to the effect of the personal vote on the success of women candidates. My paper engages this important issue, employing a comparative lens to examine how voters respond to women candidates in electoral systems with and without a personal vote. Contrary to the assumptions of the existing literature, I find that the effect of the personal vote is conditional, dependent upon the level of bias against women leaders.
Can Financial Engineering Cure Cancer?: A New Approach to Funding Large-Scale Biomedical Innovation

For investment projects with low probabilities of success, long time horizons, and large capital requirements, traditional financing sources such as private and public equity may not be ideal. Nevertheless, such projects may yield attractive risk-adjusted returns when combined into a single portfolio if they are not too highly correlated. The scale of such "megafund" portfolios may be too large to finance through private or public equity alone, but with sufficient diversification and risk analytics, debt financing via securitization may also be feasible. Additional credit enhancements through derivatives markets and government policy can also increase both the size and attractiveness of megafunds. We provide an analytical framework and an empirical example involving cancer drug-development programs to illustrate the mechanics of megafund financing.
Equivalent System Mass Analysis for Space Suit Thermal Control

Several candidate technologies for extravehicular activity (EVA) suit cooling are analyzed using the Equivalent System Mass (ESM) metric. This approach allows for a quantitative comparison of diverse technologies within a given system by converting factors such as volume, power consumption, and crew time into units of mass representing a means of comparing relative launch costs between the different solutions. This ESM methodology is explained and applied to the legacy sublimator, Spacesuit Water Membrane Evaporator (SWME), integrated electrochromic radiator concepts, Sub-Cooled Phase Change Material (SPCM), and an evaporator/absorber/radiator concept with infrastructure costs (conversion factors) based on lunar surface missions. Each candidate technology is sized for an 8-hour EVA with a nominal heat load. Results indicate that all of the non-venting technologies reach a break-even point with the water-venting technologies within 12 or fewer EVAs, with the electrochromic and absorber concepts reaching the break-even point after a single EVA. However, since this ESM analysis depends on low TRL data for many of the technologies still being developed, as well as NASA-supplied infrastructure costs that are periodically revised as baseline mission architectures change with vehicle capabilities and programmatic goals, these results are meant to serve as a precursor, not a substitute, for a comprehensive trade study that should consider technology maturity, reliability, development costs, specific mission requirements, and other factors.
A Chytrid Inhabiting Xylem in the Moline Elm

Species of such chytrid genera as Olpidium, Physoderma, Plasmodiophora, Synchytriuin, and Urophlyctis have long been recognized as parasitic inhabitants of superficial non-ligneous tissues in short-lived, herbaceous plants. Up to the present, however, only two chytrids have been recognized as inhabitants of deep, ligneous or vascular tissues. These two, both associated with diseases of sugar cane, are Ligniera vascularuml (Matz) Cook and a recently described but unnamed chytrid to which we shall refer as Carpenter's organism. It is our purpose to report the occurrence of a chytrid in the xylem tissues of a Moline elm,2 which in many respects resembles Carpenter's organism. In May, 1932, we received from E. L. Chambers, State Entomologist for Wisconsin, material from a diseased Moline elm. The tree was about 6 years old, had been grown by a Wisconsin plant nursery, and was one of a number set out 4 years previous as a boulevard planting in the city of Madison. The stock of the tree, American elm, presumably grown from seed by the nursery, had been budded with original Illinois Moline elm. Moline elms grown by the nursery in question had, except for this instance, shown no disease. This tree, however, had given evidence of disease or injury in its terminal shoot in 1931 and, in spite of pruning,
Image Segmentation Based on Particle Swarm Optimization

The image segmentation is one of the important problem of image processing.Introduces the particle swarm optimization to optimize the threshold segmentation,in order to find the best threshold quickly and exactly.Advances the maximum entropy method based on particle swarm optimization,the maximum between class variance method based on particle swarm optimization,and the little error based on particle swarm optimization,and we will see the three methods can find the best threshold quickly to segmentalizing by analyzing and researching.
Scattering of SH-waves by multiple semi-cylindrical hills with hole above subsurface multiple cavities

The authors studied the interaction between local terrain and subsurface structures during earthquakes.The idea of subarea,functions of complex variables and mobile coordinate method are used in the article.A model of the scattering of SH-waves by multiple semi-cylindrical hills with hole above subsurface multiple cavity is founded.Surface remove of semi-cylindrical hill-like protruding with a cavity is presented by examples.The influences of the distance of the two semi-cylindrical hills and the two subsurface circular cavities and the deepness of subsurface cavities on the surface remove are discussed.
Tables for Testing Hypotheses on the Autoregressive Structure of the Errors in a GLM

These tables are meant to facilitate the test of hypotheses regarding the autoregressive properties of the error term in a general linear model containing a constant term no lagged dependent variables. The order of the autoregression can be at most four
How important is preventing platelet activation in the setting of percutaneous coronary intervention

The benefit of antithrombotic therapies is exerted primarily through inhibition of platelet activation and not solely through platelet aggregation. Inhibition of platelet activation can influence localized inflammatory processes as well as long-term clinical outcome. The combination of aspirin, adequate platelet inhibition with P2Y12-receptor inhibitors and thrombin inhibition can synergistically inhibit platelet activation, and the use of this combination may have important clinical implications for treatment of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.
Mass spectrometry instrumentation and techniques

Publisher Summary This chapter provides a general overview of mass spectrometry instrumentation and techniques. One of the techniques is electron impact (EI) ionization, which is suitable for the analysis of the compounds in the molecular mass range of 1–800 Da. Another is chemical ionization (CI), which is a gas-phase ion–molecule reaction in which the analyte (molecule) is ionized via a proton transfer process. The formation of the reactive ions in this ion–molecule reaction process is triggered by EI ionization of a reagent gas that is, most commonly, methane, isobutene, or ammonia. The atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) technique involves the ionization of analyte molecules by ion–molecule reactions that take place at atmospheric pressure. In the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) process, singly charged ions are formed, although these ions can be accompanied by some doubly and, occasionally, triply charged ions. In addition, noncovalent adducts, such as dimers and trimers of proteins, and/or matrix adducts of certain analytes can also be observed. Tandem mass spectrometry is an invaluable analytical technique to obtain structural information on originally stable, nonfragmenting ions. Tandem MS/MS experiments can be performed either in space or consecutively in time in trapping analyzers.
4 Uniqueness of combinations

4.1 Structure data and amalgamating data. 4.2 Combinatorial equivalence of sphere and annulus maps 4.3 Statement of Uniqueness of Combinations Theorem 4.4 Proof of Uniqueness of Combinations Theorem 4.4.1 Missing disk maps irrelevant 4.4.2 Reduction to fixed boundary values 4.4.3 Reduction to simple form 4.4.4 Conclusion of proof of Uniqueness Theorem
Structure of Agricultural Input and Output Industries

Our efforts in this chapter will be directed toward determining the position on the spectrum of competition, ranging from pure competition to monopoly, which is occupied by representatives of the industries providing inputs to agriculture and those buying the output from agriculture. The purpose will be to assess the range of economic opportunities afforded them as a result of their position on the spectrum. The ultimate objective, of course, is to be able to say something regarding strategies relating to price and output which are open to the economic actors with which we are concerned. Hopefully, this will provide bases for policy and program implications and possible prescriptive measures that will be in the public interest. The structural format set forth in the preceding chapter will be used in this effort, especially the range of competition scale as shown in Chapter 1 (p. 13) and the structure, conduct, and performance model of industrial organization at the end of the same chapter.
Effects of inoculation method on efficacy of wettable powder and oil dispersion formulations of Beauveria bassiana against Colorado potato beetle larvae under low-humidity conditions

ABSTRACTThe effects of inoculation method on efficacy of two formulations of Beauveria bassiana strain GHA against Colorado potato beetle larvae were investigated. Under dry greenhouse conditions, ca. 58% mortality was observed among second-instar larvae exposed directly to sprays of B. bassiana conidia, whereas mortality among larvae exposed to similarly treated foliage (either leaf dorsal or ventral surfaces) was <10%. Mortality was ca. 64% among larvae exposed to both direct sprays and foliar spray deposits. Equivalent rates of mortality were observed among larvae treated with a clay-based wettable powder versus an emulsifiable oil-based formulation of B. bassiana conidia; however, this was observed despite application of an approximately 40% greater dose of WP-formulated conidia, indicating greater efficacy of the emulsifiable oil formulation. These results suggest that, under dry conditions, potato beetle larvae do not readily acquire an effective dose of conidia from treated foliage and that develop...
Bleeding after tonsillectomy

Oropharyngeal hemorrhage after tonsillectomy is one of the most common postprocedural ENT emergencies that require immediate attention. Management choices depend on the severity of bleeding, underlying platelet or coagulation disorders, and the patient’s maturity and age. Treatment range from simple observation to an emergent need to both secure the airway and stop the hemorrhage. The workup of the hemorrhagic patient will be discussed from the preoperative to postoperative time period. Surgical techniques in response to various acuity will be discussed to fully elucidate options to control the hemorrhage.
Total volume of physical activity: TAC, TLAC or TAC(λ).

We thank Wolff-Hughes and colleagues for their thoughtful response (Wolff-Hughes et al., 2017) to our recently published findings (Varma et al., 2017). Wolff-Hughes et al. correctly indicate that our findings, which model physical activity (PA) over the lifespan using total log-transformed activity counts (TLAC) as a proxy measure for total volume of PA, are inconsistent with their findings (Wolff-Hughes et al., 2014; Wolff-Hughes et al., 2015) that use total (non-transformed) activity counts (TAC). The main issue is whether TLAC or TAC is the most appropriate measure of total volume of PA. We argue that 1) TAC most closely reflects moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) while TLAC most closely reflects light-intensity PA (LiPA); and propose 2) TAC(λ) as a unifying measure to appropriately capture total volume of PA.
Green extraction methods of food polyphenols from vegetable materials

Green extraction methods are being developed using modern technology where less or no organic solvents are used to minimize environmental and health impacts and to maximize the yield of desired polyphenols by selective extraction. Advanced methods such as microwave assisted, ultrasound assisted, pulsed electric field assisted and enzyme assisted extractions, as well as pressurized liquid and supercritical fluid extractions are given more emphasis. The theory behind some advanced extractions methods is described. A brief review of applications of extractions from various parts of plants such as roots, fruits, seeds, leaves, vegetables, barks, etc. are provided.
Development and Evaluation of a Student-Initiated Test Preparation Program for the USMLE Step 1 Examination

Problem: Studies have documented performance on the United States Medical Licensing Examination® (USMLE) Step 1 exam as an important factor that residency program directors consider when deciding w...
DSGRN: Examining the dynamics of families of logical models

We present a computational tool DSGRN for exploring the dynamics of a network by computing summaries of the dynamics of switching models compatible with the network across all parameters. The network can arise directly from a biological problem, or indirectly as the interaction graph of a Boolean model. This tool computes a finite decomposition of parameter space such that for each region, the state transition graph that describes the coarse dynamical behavior of a network is the same. Each of these parameter regions corresponds to a different logical description of the network dynamics. The comparison of dynamics across parameters with experimental data allows the rejection of parameter regimes or entire networks as viable models for representing the underlying regulatory mechanisms. This in turn allows a search through the space of perturbations of a given network for networks that robustly fit the data. These are the first steps toward discovering a network that optimally matches the observed dynamics by searching through the space of networks.
An alternating-constraints optimization method for volume-preserving non-rigid registration of MR breast images

We propose in this work a novel optimization strategy for intensity-based non-rigid image registration of contrast-enhanced images with a volume-preservation constraint. The optimization method alternates between under-constrained registration (allowing the elimination of motion artifacts in the subtraction images) and over-constrained registration (enforcing volume preservation of contrast-enhanced structures). We apply our method to pre- and post-contrast MR breast images from 17 patients and demonstrate its capability to simultaneously achieve volume preservation and artifact reduction.
Free oscillations with damping proportional to the square of the velocity

Free oscillations of a system with a linear restoring force and with dissipative damping proportional to the square of the velocity are considered. Experimental observations of such oscillations give rise to measurements of amplitude decay. By expanding the argument of a transcentental function as a series in ascending powers of amplitude, a solution to the equation of motion is found which permits quantitative evaluation of the damping coefficient from the amplitude measurements.
Demographic, clinical, and geographical factors associated with lack of receipt of physician recommended chemotherapy in women with breast cancer in Texas

Identifying demographic, clinical, and geographical factors that contribute to disparities in the receipt of physician recommended chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. The Texas Cancer Registry was used to identify women aged ≥ 18 years with invasive breast cancer diagnosed from 2007 to 2011 who received a recommendation for chemotherapy. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine associations between demographic and clinical factors and the receipt of chemotherapy. Cox proportional regression was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) for overall survival. Spatial analysis was conducted using Poisson models for breast cancer mortality and receipt of chemotherapy. Age ≥ 65 years, residence in areas with > 20% poverty index, and early disease stage were associated with lack of receipt of chemotherapy (all p < 0.001). Lack of receipt of chemotherapy was associated with decreased overall survival (HR 1.33, 95% CI 1.12–1.59, p = 0.001). A 38-county cluster in West Texas had lower receipt of chemotherapy (relative risk 0.88, p = 0.02) and increased breast cancer mortality (p = 0.03) compared to the rest of Texas. Older age, increased poverty and rural geographical location are barriers to the receipt of chemotherapy. Interventions that target these barriers may reduce health disparities and improve breast cancer survival.
Insights from High-Performing Heart Transplant Centers across the Recipient Risk-Spectrum

Purpose Heart transplant (HT) centers with superior short-term (90 day) survival of recipients maintain performance advantage over other centers for long-term survival. However, signature characteristics of high-performing centers have not been adequately analyzed. We stratified US centers by 90-day performance and compared them for mortality across recipient risk-spectrum, ability to rescue from early renal failure and cause-specific mortality during the first 90 post-HT days. Methods We analyzed 25467 HT recipients >18 yrs. old at 96 US centers during 2000-2014 (UNOS data). We developed and validated a risk-model for 90-day mortality using baseline characteristics of all recipients and yr. of HT. We used the model to estimate the risk of 90-day mortality for each recipient, expected 90-day mortality for each center and 90-day standardized mortality ratio (SMR, observed divided by expected mortality, lower SMR in high-performing centers) for each center, stratifying centers into SMR quintiles. Results SMR was 0.23 to 0.69, 0.70 to 0.91, 0.92 to 1.13, 1.14 to 1.42 and 1.43 to 2.66, respectively among SMR 1-5 centers. The difference between observed vs. expected mortality at low vs. high SMR centers increased progressively in higher risk recipients (Figure). Post-HT dialysis was required in 7.8, 8.1, 8.3, 9.0 and 13.4 % recipients, respectively among SMR 1-5 centers (P for trend Conclusion High performing HT centers have superior outcomes in higher risk recipients, lower incidence of early post-HT renal failure, higher renal rescue rate and lower cause-specific mortality from all causes. These findings suggest superior systems of care and/or expertise in managing higher risk recipients at such centers
Positive Psychotherapy as an Existentialism

The growing inequality coupled with the increased economic globalization of the early twenty-first century is presenting mounting challenges to people around the planet. This chapter discusses the issues of culture and acculturation in light of Positive Psychotherapy (PPT) and existential philosophy. PPT and existentialism share a set of principles including the focus on self-awareness and meaning. PPT’s balance model of four domains of life – body, achievements, contacts, and fantasy – is correlated with Binswanger’s “being-in-the-world” model of physical (Umwelt), personal (Eigenwelt), social (Mitwelt), and spiritual (Uberwelt). The two basic capacities of PPT – to love and to know – are also coupled with two existential capacities, to introspect and for courage. These parallels underscore a reading of Positive Psychotherapy as an existentialism.
As ideias e os ideais que definem uma vida: Simone de Beauvoir e Carmen da Silva

Resumo Uma relacao teorica entre os principios existencialistas em O Segundo Sexo , escrito em 1949 por Simone de Beauvoir, e a experiencia politica de Carmen da Silva. Duas vivencias de constituicao feminista em cenarios etico-politicos bastante distintos entre si.
Winter foraging ecology of Greater Sage-Grouse in a post-fire landscape

Abstract In the Great Basin, changes in climate and associated fire regimes may alter the density and distribution of shrubs, changing the structure and diet quality of plants in burned areas. We evaluated how the structural and phytochemical characteristics of three-tip sagebrush (Artemisia tripartita) relative to Wyoming big sagebrush (A. tridentata wyomingensis) influence the winter foraging ecology of Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) at a site with a known history of fire in south-central Idaho. Three-tip sagebrush had lower protein content and lower chemical defenses compared to Wyoming big sagebrush. We found that time since last fire over a 30-year history was more strongly correlated with changes in phytochemicals in three-tip sagebrush compared to Wyoming big sagebrush. Despite phytochemical differences, both Wyoming big sagebrush and three-tip sagebrush were browsed relative to their availability. However, within a species, smaller plant height and lower concentrations of phytochemicals, specifically two individual monoterpenes, explained diet selection by sage-grouse. Our results indicate that dietary quality of three-tip sagebrush may provide acceptable forage for sage-grouse in post-fire landscapes where other species of sagebrush have not yet recovered. However, relying on re-establishment of one species of sagebrush without consideration of structural and dietary quality may compromise successful conservation efforts.
Letter: Causality Violating Geodesics in Bonnor's Rotating Dust Metric

We exhibit timelike geodesic paths for a metric, introduced by Bonnor [11] and considered also by Steadman [13], and show that coordinate time runs backward along a portion of these geodesics.
Submassive Pulmonary Embolism in Mild COVID-19 Without Lung Infiltrates

A 66-year-old man who had been diagnosed with mild coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) infection nine days prior presented to the emergency room with acute-onset chest pain and shortness of breath Chest CT angiogram (CTA) revealed pulmonary emboli (PE) in the right and left pulmonary arteries with right heart strain;lung parenchyma showed no infiltrates Although severe COVID-19 infection is associated with thrombotic complications, data regarding the occurrence of PE in mild cases of COVID-19 is scarce However, even mild cases of COVID-19 are reported to have revealed lung infiltrates, particularly ground-glass opacities, on imaging The possibility of the lungs being the primary source of COVID-19-associated coagulopathy has been raised We report an uncommon case of submassive PE occurring in mild COVID-19, without any associated lung infiltrates This case indicates that mild COVID-19, without significant lung parenchymal involvement, can also cause a hypercoagulable state, resulting in venous thromboembolism (VTE)
Agent-Based Model of Hosting Communities’ Perceptions of Water and Wastewater Infrastructure during the German Refugee Crisis

AbstractIn 2016, Germany received approximately 50% of the 1.2 million asylum applications in the European Union. The applicants represented a population influx of displaced people that were accomm...
Interpersonal violence and painful bladder symptoms in community-dwelling midlife to older women

Background Women are more likely to present with genitourinary complaints immediately after exposure to interpersonal violence, but little is known about the long-term effects of violence on women’s urologic health, including their susceptibility to bladder pain and infections. Objective To determine whether lifetime interpersonal violence exposure and current posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are associated with the prevalence or severity of painful bladder symptoms and a greater lifetime history of antibiotic-treated urinary tract infections in community-dwelling midlife and older women. Study Design We examined the cross-sectional data from a multiethnic cohort of community-dwelling women aged 40 to 80 years enrolled in a northern California integrated healthcare system. Women completed structured self-report questionnaires about their past exposure to physical and verbal/emotional intimate partner violence and sexual assault. The symptoms of PTSD were assessed using the PTSD checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition, Civilian version. Additional structured self-report measures assessed the current bladder pain, other lower urinary tract symptoms, and the history of antibiotic-treated urinary tract infections. Multivariable logistic regression models examined self-reported interpersonal violence exposure history and current PTSD symptoms in relation to current bladder pain and antibiotic-treated urinary tract infection history. Results Among 1974 women (39% non-Latina White, 21% Black, 20% Latina, and 19% Asian), 22% reported lifetime interpersonal violence exposure, 22% reported bladder pain, and 60% reported a history of ever having an antibiotic-treated urinary tract infection. Lifetime experiences of sexual assault (odds ratio, 1.39; [95% confidence interval, 1.02–1.88]) and current PTSD symptoms (odds ratio, 1.96; [95% confidence interval, 1.45–2.65]) were associated with current bladder pain. A lifetime experience of physical intimate partner violence was associated with having a urinary tract infection at any time in life previously (odds ratio, 1.38; [95% confidence interval, 1.00–1.86]), as was emotional intimate partner violence (odds ratio, 1.88; [95% confidence interval, 1.43–2.48]), sexual assault (odds ratio, 1.44; [95% confidence interval, 1.09–1.91]), and current PTSD symptoms (odds ratio, 1.54; [95% confidence interval, 1.16–2.03]). Conclusion In this ethnically diverse, community-based cohort, lifetime interpersonal violence exposures and current PTSD symptoms were independently associated with current bladder pain and the lifetime history of antibiotic-treated urinary tract infections in midlife to older women. The findings suggest that interpersonal violence and PTSD symptoms may be underrecognized markers of risk for urologic pain and infections in women, highlighting a need for trauma-informed care of these issues.
Pasture Enhancement of Warm-season Grass Pastures Using a Complex Mixture of Legumes

Introduction The main goal of pasture management is to balance forage supply with livestock requirements. By establishing warm-season grasses in conjunction with cool-season pastures, the overall efficiency of forage growth is improved for livestock production. Legume establishment in these pastures can enhance the overall efficiency of the pastures because the addition of legumes to the warm-season grass mixtures can help to improve forage quality and reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer that is needed.
The Continuing Saga of Globalism: Comparing Ethiopia’s Developmental State Strategies to those of Malaysia

Using the conceptual framework of a developmental state, forwarded by the Economic Commission for Africa, it was found that Ethiopia’s democratic developmental state is unique and operates differently from the Malaysian developmental state model. Economically, Ethiopia has recorded staggering economic growth since it adopted the developmental state. The Malaysian developmental state was developed to be market-oriented and as a result Malaysia’s GDP grew at 5.23 percent from 2005-2011. Malaysia’s incidence of poverty declined from 49% in 1970 to less than 5% in 2000. Ethiopia has focused on a planned developmental state, without speeding the direction of industrialization, and has achieved an average 9.9 percent growth rate in GDP from 2005-2011. With economic growth, the poverty reduction measured by poverty head count in Ethiopia has declined from 41.9 in 2005 to 29.6 percent in 2011. Although Ethiopia’s Human Development Index (HDI) has increased by 16% from 2005 to 2011, its HDI score is about 22% less than the average score of sub-Saharan countries. The poverty ratio of people living on less than $1.25 a day in Ethiopia is very close to about 30 percent. It means that those with low incomes have not benefitted from the staggering economic growth that much of the country has achieved in the last seven years. The theory of a developmental state model proposes that professional bureaucratic elites design, manage, and run autonomously the short and long range plans of a country. In the Ethiopian “Democratic Developmental State” the short and long term plans are controlled by the ruling party, EPRD. The public and private sectors are minimally involved in the planning process. The economic growth rate which Ethiopia achieved from 2005 to 2011 doesn’t operate in a fully market-friendly environment. Far from operating in a developmental state, Ethiopia operates under a centralized system. Also, in an era of economic globalism, the Malaysian type of developmental state model is outdated and is no longer relevant for Ethiopia. Therefore, to achieve optimal sustainable development, and thereby feed its people, Ethiopia must focus on an integrated, environmentally sensitive, and cooperative agriculturally-based type of development model.
Subdural Hemorrhage, a Retrospective Review with Emphasis on a Cohort of Alcoholics

Subdural hemorrhage (SDH) is a common cause of death. As external evidence of injury may be absent, an autopsy is frequently needed to detect it. We conducted a 3-year review of SDH from the New York City Office of Chief Medical Examiner, with emphasis on a cohort of alcoholics. Our study population of 1942 included 1588 alcoholics. Of the alcoholics, c. 8% had SDH (26% of the total number of SDH). Of the alcoholics with SDH, 57% had associated brain injuries. As alcohol intoxication is frequently associated with aggressive and violent behavior, we are concerned that 6% of alcoholics in our review had no autopsy or imaging studies. It is possible that a portion of these may have had a SDH due to an unrecognized inflicted injury. We recommend that autopsies be performed on all alcoholics without a clear cause or mechanism of death.
Performance of propensity score methods when comparison groups originate from different data sources.

Purpose To examine the performance of propensity score-based methods for estimating relative risks when exposed and comparison subjects are selected from different data sources. Methods We conducted Monte Carlo simulations to assess the performance of propensity score methods under various scenarios in which exposed and comparison subjects were selected from different data sources for a comparative effectiveness study of a medical device. Results The use of propensity score methods in our simulated data scenarios often yielded estimates of relative risk that were close to the true effect, unless the comparison group differed from the exposed group systematically on a factor associated with the outcome. This situation caused severe bias regardless of which method was used but could be overcome if the exposed group could be restricted similarly to the comparison group. Mean square error of relative risk estimates was lowest for similarly restricted study groups and when the comparison group could be considered a random sample of the source population that generated the exposed group. Conclusions When exposed and comparison groups originated from different data sources, all propensity score methods yielded relatively unbiased and consistent estimates of relative risk in most situations reflected in our simulation study. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. key words—comparative effectiveness research; databases, factual; propensity score Received 29 August 2011; Revised 31 January 2012; Accepted 08 February 2012
The Stars of Ballymenone

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Henry Glassie Year: 2006 Pages: 480 Publisher: Indiana University Press ISBN: 0-253-34717-3 (hard cover). Prices: $35.00 USD(hard cover).
Certain rank conditions on groups

En This paper represents an expanded version of the content of three talks given by the author at the conference Advances in Group Theory and Applications, 2007 in Otranto, Italy.
Gastric bypass alters both glucose-dependent and glucose-independent regulation of islet hormone secretion.

Objective Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (GB) is characterized by accentuated but short-lived postprandial elevations of blood glucose and insulin. This profile has been attributed to effects of relative hyperglycemia to directly stimulate β-cells and an augmented incretin effect. An additional glucose-independent stimulation of insulin secretion in GB subjects was hypothesized. Methods Fifteen subjects with prior GB, six matched obese non surgical controls, and seven lean individuals were recruited. Islet hormones were measured before and after meal ingestion during hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemic clamps to minimize the direct effects of glycemia and glucose-dependent gastrointestinal hormones on insulin secretion. Results The GB subjects had less suppression of fasting β-cell secretion during the insulin clamp compared to controls. In addition, meal-induced insulin secretion increased in the GB subjects but not controls during fixed sub-basal glycemia. In contrast, the glucagon responses to hypoglycemia and meal ingestion were lower in the GB subjects than controls. Conclusions Among subjects with GB, the response of insulin and glucagon secretion to decreasing blood glucose is blunted, but meal-induced insulin secretion is stimulated even at fixed systemic sub-basal glycemia. These findings indicate that, following GB, islet hormone secretion is altered as a result of factors beyond circulatory glucose levels.
Multivariate discrimination for phenylketonuria (PKU) and non-PKU hyperphenylalaninemia after analysis of newborns’ dried blood-spot specimens for six amino acids by ion-exchange chromatography

Ion-exchange HPLC was developed for testing dried blood-spot specimens from newborns. The method is suitable for quantitative confirmatory testing of abnormal specimens detected in the New York State Newborn Screening Program. Positive specimens were initially identified among all New York State newborns with semiquantitative bacterial inhibition assays (BIA) for aminoacidopathies, including phenylketonuria (PKU) and non-PKU hyperphenylalaninemia (HP), maple syrup urine disease, and homocystinuria. A selection of 1346 specimens from routine BIA screening, including 131 newborns with PKU or persistent HP, were tested by HPLC. Of 179 BIA results that were falsely positive, 98 (55%) were also falsely positive by HPLC in which the Phe/Tyr ratio was the discriminator and the threshold was set to attain 100% sensitivity. Investigation of three multivariate discriminatory methods revealed that linear discriminant analysis excluded all but 35 (20%) of the BIA false-positives.
Neuroprotective Core Measure 4: Safeguarding Sleep — Its Value in Neuroprotection of the Newborn

Abstract Sleep is critical to brain health at any age, but especially for the high-risk newborn. Protecting it is a challenge in the NICU for many reasons — babies are almost always asleep, it is difficult to tell what stage of sleep they are in, and many sources of sleep disruption in the NICU are not entirely preventable. Sleep usually occurs as part of a circadian rhythm at other ages, but high-risk newborns do not exhibit circadian rhythmicity and the NICU environment is not conducive to developing one. Both structural and operational strategies to protect sleep and its beneficial effects on the brain are outlined. Increased parental interaction with the baby may be the best way to reduce noxious stimuli and provide nurturing stimuli while supporting sleep.
The Myth of Resistance: Rethinking the “Informal” Economy in a Mediterranean Border Enclave

AbstractAgainst claims that, with globalization, state borders are becoming increasingly obsolete, a growing number of scholars have called for a return to the consideration of borders as the symbols of the power of the state, and of the state, in turn, as the principal agent in the configuration of territorial boundaries. The study of border regions, in this view, should be conceived as an investigation into the ways in which state power is enforced, resisted, contested or negotiated. With this question in view, cross-border smuggling and other “informal” economic activities typical of border areas are construed as movements of resistance and subversion. This essay examines the “informal” economy that exists across the Spanish-Moroccan border of Melilla and argues that the state/resistance approach precludes a nuanced understanding of the complex dynamics at play across borders, and prevents us from asking questions about the meaning of cross-border exchanges, connections and transactions.
The division of narrow seas

Abstract Delimitation of maritime boundaries is especially difficult in narrow seas, especially if one party or another insists on using the median line as a boundary. This problem is illustrated by the delimitations made or pending in the Persian Gulf, the North Sea, the Timor Sea and the Torres Strait. In the Persian Gulf median lines were used almost exclusively, but there have been difficulties caused by islands off the southern shore and Iraq has been left with a very small maritime zone. These problems have been partially resolved by establishing neutral zones in which resource rights are shared. Median lines also had to be adjusted in the Timor Sea, now shared by Western Australia, the Australian federal government and Indonesia. Similarly, in the North Sea, following a landmark World Court decision, median lines were adjusted to give West Germany a larger maritime zone at the expense of The Netherlands and Denmark. Special attention is given to the Torres Strait boundary between Australia and Papua New Guinea. Here, special provisions were made to protect the traditional rights of the Torres Strait Islanders, a distinct group of people living very close to Papua New Guinea but having Australian citizenship. These provisions could provide models for boundary delimitations in other narrow seas.
Towards a Cross-Disciplinary Pedagogy for Big Data

Many disciplines are confronting the challenge of "big data," i.e., databases or data streams that are so massive or deliver data at such high velocity that a single commodity machine is unable to store or process the data. Mining and analyzing big data requires specialized algorithms and methodologies due to the fundamentally distributed and parallel natures of the workloads. To our knowledge, existing pedagogies in most disciplines do not prepare students to work with big data. We aim to develop a cross-disciplinary pedagogy that prepares all students to tackle data mining and analysis challenges of the future.
Relationship Appraisal: A route to improved reseller channel performance

Abstract This study reports on research conducted within the computer hardware market into the development of a manufacturer/distributor relationship appraisal process. Criteria for the appraisal are identified from both parties, along with their views on such a process being introduced. Conclusions are drawn that provide valuable guidelines for organizations considering following this particular route with their distributors. A brief overview of the relevant literature related to manufacturer/distributor relationships is also provided for contextual rigor.
Experimental investigation of the influence of oxygen fugacity on the source depths for high titanium lunar ultramafic magmas

Abstract High pressure and high temperature experiments were carried out on two pristine ultramafic high titanium glass compositions from the Moon. The investigated compositions are the Apollo 15 red glass (13.8 wt% TiO2) and Apollo 17 orange glass (9.1 wt% TiO2). Temperatures spanned the range of 1320–1570 °C, and pressures 0.8–3.3 GPa. Graphite and iron metal capsules were used to control f O 2 at iron–wustite (ΔIW) + 1.3 log units to ΔIW−2.1, respectively. Multiple saturation with olivine and orthopyroxene on the liquidus occurs at 1.2 GPa and 1350 °C for the red glass, and 2.5 GPa and 1530 °C for the orange glass in graphite capsules. In Fe capsules the multiple saturation points (MSP) shift to higher pressure, and are 2.2 GPa and 1450 °C for the red glass, and 3.1 GPa and 1560 °C for the orange glass. The magnitude of the shift in MSP increases with increasing TiO2 content. The changes in MSP are caused by f O 2 and correspond to a ∼200 km shift in the estimated minimum depth of origin for the red glass, and up to a 300 km range in depth between the red and orange glass depth of origin. Using independent estimates of f O 2 for the orange glass source region of ΔIW−0.6 ( Sato, 1979 ; Nicholis and Rutherford, 2009 ), interpolation of our phase stability data yields a pressure of multiple saturation of 2.8 GPa. Our results confirm that the red and orange glasses are buoyant with respect to model lunar interior assemblages at their multiple saturation pressures. The difference in the pressure of liquidus multi-phase saturation is possibly due to a shift in the Ti–Fe coordination in high-Ti melts. Evidence for this coordination change comes from systematic changes in olivine–melt Fe–Mg KD’s with f O 2 , pressure, temperature, and TiO2 content.
Reconsidering the Effects of Fiscal Policy On Private Sector Behavior: a Unifying View of Neutrality:

A careful analysis of the effects of fiscal policy must not only consider both sides of the fiscal policy equation—taxes and the resulting government spending—but must also specify the extent to which taxpayers use this equation in making decisions. This research develops a unifying framework for both static and intertemporal settings with which to clarify and critique a wide range of theoretical models offiscal policy. For instance, the neutrality results obtained in the literatures on voluntary contributions and Ricardian equivalence are shown to derive from the same implicit and perhaps questionable assumption: that the private sector knows that taxes paid will be returned in a form valued equally with the foregone income. And, if that assumption is correct, even more remarkable neutrality results can be established. More generally, what results from this examination is a much broader view of fiscal policy, a better understanding of when and why such policy will be neutral, and suggestions for ways to ...
`Race', Racism, and Sexuality in the Life Narratives of Immigrant Women

Life narratives were collected from immigrant women through five individual interviews and three focus groups as part of an on-going study of sexuality and gender-related issues among immigrant/refugee women in North America. The research explores how questions of national identity and sexual identity are determined and negotiated for immigrant and refugee women and the role of `geography' and language in understanding women's boundary and border crossings. Four life stories are discussed in detail, as illustrative of disparate adaptations to migration, and suggestions are made for the future development of research in this area.
The innervation of the pyloric region of the crab, Cancer borealis: Homologous muscles in decapod species are differently innervated

The muscles of the pyloric region of the stomach of the crab,Cancer borealis, are innervated by motorneurons found in the stomatogastric ganglion (STG). Electrophysiological recording and stimulating techniques were used to study the detailed pattern of innervation of the pyloric region muscles. Although there are two Pyloric Dilator (PD) motorneurons in lobsters, previous work reported four PD motorneurons in the crab STG (Dando et al. 1974; Hermann 1979a, b). We now find that only two of the crab PD neurons innervate muscles homologous to those innervated by the PD neurons in the lobster,Panulirus interrruptus. The remaining two PD neurons innervate muscles that are innervated by pyloric (PY) neurons inP. interruptus. The innervation patterns of the Lateral Pyloric (LP), Ventricular Dilator (VD), Inferior Cardiac (IC), and PY neurons were also determined and compared with those previously reported in lobsters. Responses of the muscles of the pyloric region to the neurotransmitters, acetylcholine (ACh) and glutamate, were determined by application of exogenous cholinergic agonists and glutamate. The effect of the cholinergic antagonist, curare, on the amplitude of the excitatory junctional potentials (EJPs) evoked by stimulation of the pyloric motor nerves was measured. These experiments suggest that the differences in innervation pattern of the pyloric muscles seen in crab and lobsters are also associated with a change in the neurotransmitter active on these muscles. Possible implications of these findings for phylogenetic relations of decapod crustaceans and for the evolution of neural circuits are discussed.
Design and Control Techniques for Extending High Frequency Operation of a CSI Induction Motor Drive

An investigation of the maximum speed capability of a current source inverter (CSI) drive in both a three-and a six-phase connection is presented. It is shown that a six-phase configuration has distinct advantages over a three-phase connection in high speed capability for the same peak motor spike voltages. In addition, with proper control of the firing pulses fed to the inverters supplying the six-phase machine, the speed range can be substantially extended beyond the maximum limit predicted using conventional control. Predicted analytical results are correlated with results obtained by a detailed hybrid computer simulation.
Nonlinear Optical Stokes Ellipsometry. 2. Experimental Demonstration

Second harmonic generation (SHG) has developed into a powerful tool for characterizing oriented thin films, surfaces, and interfaces. Furthermore, the nonlinear optical nature of wave-mixing processes typically results in the generation of a coherent signal beam with a well-defined polarization state. This coherence offers unique opportunities for the extraction of detailed molecular and surface properties from polarization analysis. In previous studies, nonlinear optical ellipsometry (NOE) has been developed as a means to retain sign and phase information between the different nonzero χ(2) tensor elements present in a given sample. However, those previous methods and related approaches for polarization analysis have all relied on the physical movement of optical elements to perform the analysis. The time required to physically move the appropriate optical elements ultimately dictates the fastest analysis time possible in a given technique. Such long acquisition times have limited NOE analyses to systems ...