cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Processes operative during delay of gratification

Sixty-four middle-class preschool children chose between waiting for a preferred item and receiving a less desired item immediately. The items were of different classes, i.e., one food and one toy, and subjects waited with one, both, or neither of the rewards available for viewing. The likelihood that a subject would continue waiting for the delayed reward was found to increase as a function of previous waiting time rather than decrease or remain constant as required by two current theories of delay of gratification processes, an aversive affect model implied by Mischel and Ebbesen (1970) and Atkinson and Birch's (1970) “dynamics of action.” Although display of rewards impaired successful delay, replicating previous results, dynamics of action predictions of differential effects for display of immediately available and delayed outcomes of different classes were not confirmed. Systematic observation of spontaneous subject activities during the delay period offered additional support for the notion that distraction facilitates successful waiting behavior. A decision-attention model is proposed to account for the present results as well as those of previous studies of delay of gratification.
Contrast Agents for Ultrasonic Diagnosis: A New Arena for Pharmacy

The use of contrast agents for ultrasonic diagnosis has been an elusive goal since the first experimental report of the successful use of gas bubbles in echocardiology in 1968. Included here is background information about the place of ultrasound in medical diagnosis, physical principles of ultrasound contrast, and examples of substances that have been used in an effort to achieve this goal. Reflection of ultrasound waves occurs to some extent in all tissues. Production of usefut reflected pulses most often results when structures with different acoustic impedances are separated by a discrete interface. One way in which contrast agents can facilitate production of such an interface is when they are taken up in higher concentrations in one tissue or organ than in an adjacent one. The principal acoustic parameters of tissue which may be influenced by the introduction of contrast agents are backscatter, attenuation, and speed of sound. The most important effect of contrast agents in imaging at present is the...
Total NIH Support to US Dental Schools, 2005-2009

This study compared total NIH research funding across US dental institutions from 2005 to 2009. Utilizing the online NIH RePORT, we obtained comprehensive award data for US dental schools by funding NIH Institutes/Centers (ICs). Fifty dental schools were awarded a total of $974.393 million, 69.3% from NIDCR and 30.7% from 21 other ICs. These provided the majority of support to 12 schools. Greater than 50% of non-NIDCR support came from 4 ICs. The median dental school NIH portfolio was $14.572 million, with a minimum of $0.241 million and a maximum of $88.609 million. Forty-six schools received $544.899 million for R01 awards. Thirty-five schools were awarded $100 million in research training and career development grants. Several dramatic differences are found for dental schools' rankings based on total NIH dollars compared with NIDCR-only support. Dollars from ICs other than NIDCR increased 34.6% between 2005 and 2009. Grants to US dental institutions comprised 50% or less of total NIDCR awards globally from 2005 through 2009. Funds received from all NIH ICs are an objective metric for evaluation of the research performance of dental schools. NIDCR has played a diminishing role in funding research at US dental schools between 2005 and 2009.
Mutagenicity and alkylating activity of the aqueous chlorination products of humic acid and their molecular weight fractions.

Fluka humic acid used as a model substrate in these studies was analysed for elemental and the oxygen-containing functional groups. It was chlorinated at C:Cl molar ratios of 1:1 and 1:0.3 and subsequently separated into molecular weight fractions by ultrafiltration. The freeze-dried, chlorinated humic acid and the respective molecular weight fractions were analyzed for TOC, TOX, alkylating activity using 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)pyridine and mutagenicity by the Ames/Salmonella/ microsome assay with strains TA-98 and TA-100. Results indicated that predominantly non-volatile, direct-acting mutagenic and/or alkylating agents were formed during humic acid chlorination and that these agents were unevenly distributed among the various molecular weight fractions. Formation of mutagenic and akylating agents were highly dependent upon level of chlorination and total organic carbon. Higher levels of mutagenic and alkylating activities were produced with increasing concentration of chlorine in the range of 0.4–1.2 chlorine equivalents per mole of carbon. However, both these activities in the freeze-dried, chlorinated humic acid solutions containing the non-volatiles or the fresh solutions decreased gradually with increasing pH and storage time, apparently due to degradation and hydrolysis of some of the components.
The New Jewish Publication Society Translation of the Torah

HE British Revised Version (RV) of 1885 and its too little known cisatlantic counterpart, the American Standard Version (ASV) of 1901, did not break with the Tudor grammar and vocabulary of the Authorized Version; nor did they, in the Old Testament, either break with the Hebraisms (though the ASV made a tiny beginning) or make very extensive use of non-Masoretic readings. They did, however, often render the original more accurately than the AV. The 1917 translation of the Jewish Publication Society (JPS) is but a slight modification of the RV. Other twentieth-century translations have of course gone further. They have aimed at both more modern and more idiomatic English, and some of them have also sought, in particularly troublesome passages, more intelligible readings than the Masoretic ones. The three best known are A New Translation of the Bible by James Moffatt (first edition of the OT, 1924; final edition of the whole, 1935; hereafter, M); The Complete Bible: An American Translation (also known as the Goodspeed Bible or the Chicago Bible, 1927; revised 1935; hereafter AT); and the Revised Standard Version, 1952 (hereafter RSV). Alike in modernity and idiom on the one hand, and in extent of textual criticism on the other, these translations represent, somewhat paradoxically, a descending scale. The RSV, last in the series, is as its name indicates, "not a new translation in the language of today .... It is a revision which seeks to preserve all that is best in the English Bible as it has been known and used through the years. It is intended for use in public and private worship, not merely for reading and instruction. We have.., .sought to put the message of the Bible in simple, enduring words that are worthy to stand in the great Tyndale-King James tradition."'
Myths and facts of cone beam computed tomography in orthodontics

Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a revolutionary imaging modality. It has changed numerous aspects of dentistry and has added great value to its diagnostic phase as well as that of orthodontics. Three-dimensional imaging CBCT has the potential to improve the diagnosis and treatment planning of cases. However, there has been some confusion about CBCT and its implementation in orthodontics. This could be due to overmarketing or limited understanding of the imaging technique itself. The purpose of this article is to present 10 myths about CBCT in orthodontics and replace them with facts about this imaging technique.
Effects of structural parameters in metallic nano slit arrays

Nano slit arrays perforated on thin metallic film are the basic structure of metallic nano-optic lenses, which resemble the shape of the conventional glass lens, and can be applied to beam manipulation, such as beam reflecting/deflecting or focusing. It has been proven that optical transmission is feasible through metallic nano slit arrays, making new nano technology applications possible. In conventional dielectric lenses, the edge effect-the very strong diffraction of the transmitted beam that take place at the lens edges restricts the possibility of sizing down the conventional optics components to a sub-wavelength range. This is due to the fact that the size of the lens is an important determinant of focusing beam to the nano scale. In this paper we present the metallic nano lenses and study their optical transmission properties. These lenses do not suffer from the edge effect mentioned above. The phase of each nanoslit element can be managed by changing the material of the metal film and/or the structural parameters of the lens. In our simulation work, we examine the transmission performance of metallic nano slit arrays by the method of finite-difference time-domain (FDTD). We use various metals such as copper, silver, aluminum and titanium as the material of the thin films. We also investigate various structural parameters such as slit number, width and thickness, to show their influence on the optical transmission performance. By adjusting the material and/or structural parameters of the Nano slit arrays, the desired transmission performance can be realized.
Optical techniques to feed and control GaAs MMIC modules for phased array antenna applications

A complex signal distribution system is required to feed and control GaAs monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs) for phased array antenna applications above 20 GHz. Each MMIC module will require one or more RF lines, one or more bias voltage lines, and digital lines to provide a minimum of 10 bits of combined phase and gain control information. In a closely spaced array, the routing of these multiple lines presents difficult topology problems as well as a high probability of signal interference. To overcome GaAs MMIC phased array signal distribution problems optical fibers interconnected to monolithically integrated optical components with GaAs MMIC array elements are proposed as a solution. System architecture considerations using optical fibers are described. The analog and digital optical links to respectively feed and control MMIC elements are analyzed. It is concluded that a fiber optic network will reduce weight and complexity, and increase reliability and performance, but higher power will be required.
Fractal Interpolation Surfaces and a Related 2-D Multiresolution Analysis

Abstract We consider the theory of fractal interpolation surfaces. Algorithms are given allowing the construction of these surfaces over polygonal regions with arbitrary interpolation points. A class of invariant measures supported on these surfaces is introduced and discussed as is the fractal dimension of some simple surfaces. Using these surfaces we construct a sequence of nested subspaces forming a generalized multiresolution analysis.
Differential regulation of cadherins by dexamethasone in human osteoblastic cells

Human osteoblasts express a repertoire of cadherins, including N-cadherin (N-cad), cadherin-11 (C11), and cadherin-4 (C4). We have previously shown that direct cell-cell adhesion via cadherins is critical for BMP-2-induced osteoblast differentiation. In this study, we have analyzed the regulation of cadherin expression in normal human trabecular bone osteoblasts (HOB), and osteoprogenitor marrow stromal cells (BMC), during exposure to dexamethasone, another inducer of human bone cell differentiation. Dexamethasone inhibited the expression of both C11 and N-cad mRNA in both BMC and HOB, although the effect was much more pronounced on N-cad than on C11. This action of the steroid was dose dependent, was maximal at 10−7 M concentration, and occurred as early as after 1 day of incubation. By contrast, expression of C4 mRNA and protein was strongly induced by dexamethasone in BMC and was stimulated in HOB. This stimulatory effect lasted for at least 2 weeks of incubation. A cadherin inhibitor, HAV-containing decapeptide only partially (∼50%) prevented dexamethasone-induced stimulation of alkaline phosphatase activity by BMC, which instead was not altered by incubation with a neutralizing antibody against C4. Therefore, the pattern of cadherin regulation by dexamethasone radically differs form that observed with BMP-2. Dexamethasone effects on certain osteoblast differentiated features, such as induction of alkaline phosphatase activity are not strictly dependent on cadherin function. J. Cell. Biochem.77:499–506, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Genetic characterization of Hawaiian isolates of Plasmodium relictum reveals mixed-genotype infections.

Background The relatively recent introduction of a highly efficient mosquito vector and an avian pathogen (Plasmodium relictum) to an isolated island ecosystem with naive, highly susceptible avian hosts provides a unique opportunity to investigate evolution of virulence in a natural system. Mixed infections can significantly contribute to the uncertainty in host-pathogen dynamics with direct impacts on virulence. Toward further understanding of how host-parasite and parasite-parasite relationships may impact virulence, this study characterizes within-host diversity of malaria parasite populations based on genetic analysis of the trap (thrombospondin-related anonymous protein) gene in isolates originating from Hawaii, Maui and Kauai Islands.
Mechanisms and kinetics of MgB2 synthesis from boron fibers

Abstract Superconducting MgB 2 fibers were synthesized through the reaction of liquid magnesium with 140 μm diameter boron fibers. Fiber reaction occurs by two concurrent mechanisms. First, concentric MgB 2 , MgB 4 and MgB 7 shells grow radially into the B fibers. Diffusion modeling provides rate constants and effective diffusion coefficients for the borides and their activation energies. Second, radial cracks form in the MgB 4 or MgB 7 shells, allowing for Mg ingress into the fibers and diffusional growth of MgB 2 wedges in the radial and circumferential directions. Combining both shell and wedge MgB 2 growth mechanisms into a single model provides predictions of overall MgB 2 reaction kinetics as a function of time and temperature, which are in good agreement with in situ X-ray diffraction measurements performed at 885–1025 °C.
Do Workers Profit from the Nonprofit Tax Exemption? The Impact of State Tax Exemption on the Nonprofit Wage Differential of Hospital Workers

Previous studies on the impact of nonprofit status on employee compensation view nonprofit status as yielding a fixed benefit attributable to the legal prohibition against distributing profits. However, nonprofit status also exempts firms from many federal, state, and local taxes resulting in the size of economic rents varying by the jurisdiction. This study examines how differences in the implied subsidy of state and local tax exemption impact the nonprofit wage differential in the hospital industry. The study also takes advantage of the fact that a significant proportion of nonprofit hospitals are religiously affiliated to control for worker self-selection into the nonprofit sector. Results indicate that nonprofit hospital workers receive a wage premium; however, the wage premium decreases as state tax burden increases. This finding suggests that the nonprofit wage differential is not accentuated by a hospital’s tax-exempt status but is instead a byproduct of the nondistribution constraint.
Understanding the Impact of 2D and 3D Fibroblast Cultures on In Vitro Breast Cancer Models

The utilization of 3D, physiologically relevant in vitro cancer models to investigate complex interactions between tumor and stroma has been increasing. Prior work has generally focused on the cancer cells and, the role of fibroblast culture conditions on tumor-stromal cell interactions is still largely unknown. Here, we focus on the stroma by comparing functional behaviors of human mammary fibroblasts (HMFs) cultured in 2D and 3D and their effects on the invasive progression of breast cancer cells (MCF10DCIS.com). We identified increased levels of several paracrine factors from HMFs cultured in 3D conditions that drive the invasive transition. Using a microscale co-culture model with improved compartmentalization and sensitivity, we demonstrated that HMFs cultured in 3D intensify the promotion of the invasive progression through the HGF/c-Met interaction. This study highlights the importance of the 3D stromal microenvironment in the development of multiple cell type in vitro cancer models.
Multi-shuttle automated storage/retrieval systems

Multi-shuttle automated storage/retrieval systems have been developed for use in factories and distribution centers because they are more efficient than single-shuttle systems (owing to less empty travel). This improved efficiency results in more agile support (flexible response, less waiting time, etc.) for the production system the storage/retrieval system serves. In this paper we develop analytical models to estimate the throughput in multi-shuttle systems. Throughput improvements greater than 100% are illustrated when triple-shuttle systems are compared with single-shuttle systems.
Changes in age identity: Self perceptions in middle and late life

Abstract Sixty-seven women and 34 men, aged 41 to 96, ranging from blue collar workers to professionals, were interviewed about changes that led to their feeling older, and to note special events or birthdays that held particular significance. Four themes were used in the analysis to describe the ways respondents perceived their own aging: the comparative self, reflected self, retrospective self, and mature self. The resulting framework, relying heavily on symbolic interactionist theory, was useful for the entire age range of six decades, despite the fact that age identity is usually studied over attenuated age ranges.
Prolegomena to a Primitive Theory of Human Communication in Human Organizations.

Although human organizations make use of human communication they do not make use of human communication theory. This essay calls for a reordering of values in the study of human communication in human organizations and offers a preliminary discourse on a primitive theory of human communication appropriate to the called‐for reordering.
The demographic transition in the Middle East and North Africa.

Recent data from the Middle East and North Africa suggest that Dudley Kirks generalization about an accelerated demographic transition may apply to the Middle East and North Africa as well as to those regions where more information was available when he wrote his article. While fertility rates for the region remain generally very high there have been important declines in Egypt Turkey Tunisia and Lebanon. Differential fertility patterns based generally on urbanization occupation social class income and levels of education have developed in Algeria Morocco Jordan and Iran. These patterns may be forerunners of fertility declines as has been the case in other regions of the world. On the other hand there are some indications that fertility is increasing in some countries possibly in Saudi Arabia and the lower Gulf States. This paper provides an analysis of recent fluctuations in fertility throughout the Middle East and North Africa including a discussion of the kinds of data needed for future analysis of the factors associated with fertility changes and the conditions which will favor or hinder an acceleration of the demographic transition in the region. (excerpt)
Distribution and regulation of stochasticity and plasticity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Stochasticity is an inherent feature of complex systems with nanoscale structure. In such systems information is represented by small collections of elements (e.g., a few electrons on a quantum dot), and small variations in the populations of these elements may lead to big uncertainties in the information. Unfortunately, little is known about how to work within this inherently noisy environment to design robust functionality into complex nanoscale systems. Here, we look to the biological cell as an intriguing model system where evolution has mediated the trade-offs between fluctuations and function, and in particular we look at the relationships and trade-offs between stochastic and deterministic responses in the gene expression of budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). We find gene regulatory arrangements that control the stochastic and deterministic components of expression, and show that genes that have evolved to respond to stimuli (stress) in the most strongly deterministic way exhibit the most noise in the absence of the stimuli. We show that this relationship is consistent with a bursty two-state model of gene expression, and demonstrate that this regulatory motif generates the most uncertainty in gene expression when there is the greatest uncertainty in the optimal level of gene expression.
Determination of planetary photometric functions

The determination and removal of the photometric properties of the atmosphere and surfaces of pale planetary objects are of signal importance in the production of planetary mosaics and are themselves important scientific endeavors. The work done at the JPL Image Processing Laboratory in this area in support of the Voyager project is reviewed. Topics discussed include data-base generation, parameter determination, and photometric function removal. The importance of determining the photometric function for a planet in mosaicking together sets of images is stressed. It is noted that techniques have been developed and software has been written to allow scientists to easily determine the parameters to several photometric functions.
Study of haemopoietic microenvironment in vitro.

THE concept of the haemopoietic inductive microenvironment as first proposed by Curry and Trentin1 has been amply confirmed by experiment. One salient feature of this concept relates to the role of the mouse spleen in promoting erythropoiesis rather than granulopoiesis. For example, in the clonal growth of transplanted bone marrow cells, the spleens of the irradiated host mice have erythroid and granuloid colonies in a ratio of 3, whereas the ratio is 0.5 in the bone marrow of the same hosts2,3. Other data show that there is a positive effect of splenic tissue, rather than a negative effect of bone marrow, on erythroid colony growth3. We have tested this concept using cocultures of mouse spleen and bone marrow cells and have found that phenomena related to the haemopoietic inductive micro-environment can be studied in vitro.
Fat-suppression failure artifacts simulating pathology on frequency-selective fat-suppression MR images of the head and neck.

PURPOSE To describe fat-suppression failure artifacts and to caution against their misinterpretation. METHOD Magnetic-susceptibility artifacts were studied in a phantom model and the results were compared to MR images obtained in clinical cases. FINDINGS Artifacts manifested themselves as regions of focal fat-suppression failure and appeared as bright signals without geometric distortions at magnetic-susceptibility interfaces along the static field (z) direction. The location and extent of these artifacts were independent of either frequency or phase-encoding direction and are different from those observed in gradient-echo images. CONCLUSIONS In representative clinical MR exams, these artifacts were identified in the high nasopharynx and low orbit and should not be misinterpreted as pathology.
Online inference-rule learning from natural-language extractions

In this paper, we consider the problem of learning commonsense knowledge in the form of first-order rules from incomplete and noisy natural-language extractions produced by an off-the-shelf information extraction (IE) system. Much of the information conveyed in text must be inferred from what is explicitly stated since easily inferable facts are rarely mentioned. The proposed rule learner accounts for this phenomenon by learning rules in which the body of the rule contains relations that are usually explicitly stated, while the head employs a less-frequently mentioned relation that is easily inferred. The rule learner processes training examples in an online manner to allow it to scale to large text corpora. Furthermore, we propose a novel approach to weighting rules using a curated lexical ontology like WordNet. The learned rules along with their parameters are then used to infer implicit information using a Bayesian Logic Program. Experimental evaluation on a machine reading testbed demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed methods.
A fuzzy logic rule-based system for chromosome recognition

One of the longest standing problems in medical image analysis is that of the automated recognition of chromosomes from images of a metaphase spread of a cell. This process of visualizing and categorizing the chromosomes within a cell, called karyotyping, is a key factor in many medical procedures. It is a labor intensive activity, and hence, is a great candidate for automation. However, there are many sources of uncertainty in this problem domain, making complete karyotyping a difficult problem. We describe how fuzzy logic is being inserted into a complete karyotyping system to deal with uncertainty in similar chromosome classes. >
Volunteering to Give up Privilege? How Affluent Youth Volunteers Respond to Class Privilege

Although affluent youth can meet people from different social classes and learn about poverty while volunteering, some youth leave volunteer experiences without challenging their class privilege. Using in-depth interviews with forty affluent youth volunteers, the author identifies four ways that youth exercised agency in response to class privilege: evading class, employing equalizing discourses, blaming cultural capital, and challenging class privilege. Because these four strategies both resemble and diverge from strategies used to respond to white privilege, the author argues that discursive responses to privilege are not universal and vary according to the type of privilege being consolidated or challenged. Although positive cross-class interactions were necessary, they were not sufficient to spur youth to challenge class privilege. Youth were more likely to challenge class privilege when they volunteered for long periods of time and completed trainings that identified structural causes of poverty.
Molecular mechanisms of retroviral integration site selection

Retroviral replication proceeds through an obligate integrated DNA provirus, making retroviral vectors attractive vehicles for human gene-therapy. Though most of the host cell genome is available for integration, the process of integration site selection is not random. Retroviruses differ in their choice of chromatin-associated features and also prefer particular nucleotide sequences at the point of insertion. Lentiviruses including HIV-1 preferentially integrate within the bodies of active genes, whereas the prototypical gammaretrovirus Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV) favors strong enhancers and active gene promoter regions. Integration is catalyzed by the viral integrase protein, and recent research has demonstrated that HIV-1 and MoMLV targeting preferences are in large part guided by integrase-interacting host factors (LEDGF/p75 for HIV-1 and BET proteins for MoMLV) that tether viral intasomes to chromatin. In each case, the selectivity of epigenetic marks on histones recognized by the protein tether helps to determine the integration distribution. In contrast, nucleotide preferences at integration sites seem to be governed by the ability for the integrase protein to locally bend the DNA duplex for pairwise insertion of the viral DNA ends. We discuss approaches to alter integration site selection that could potentially improve the safety of retroviral vectors in the clinic.
Solitary Beta-Blocker Therapy for Idiopathic Life-Threatening Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias

To determine the clinical characteristics of patients with life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias with no identifiable heart disease, we analyzed six patients who presented with either cardiac arrest or syncope associated with documented ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. Electrocardiographic and echocardiographic examination and cardiac catheterization results were normal in all patients. Electrocardiographic monitoring revealed ventricular tachycardia in all patients. Exercise testing did not provoke sustained ventricular tachycardia in any patient. Programmed extrastimulation did not induce ventricular tachycardia in any patient. Isoproterenol infusion facilitated provocation of sustained ventricular tachycardia in only one patient. All six patients were treated with solitary beta-blocker therapy. Following treatment, there was a significant reduction in the incidence of ventricular tachycardia, couplets and total ventricular ectopic beats. During a follow-up period ranging from 16 to 36 (mean 22) months, all patients remain alive without clinically significant recurrence. Therefore, patients with life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias without identifiable heart disease may respond to solitary beta-blocker therapy.
Phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) in EMR-linked pediatric cohorts, genetically links PLCL1 to speech language development and IL5-IL13 to Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Objective: We report the first pediatric specific Phenome-Wide Association Study (PheWAS) using electronic medical records (EMRs). Given the early success of PheWAS in adult populations, we investigated the feasibility of this approach in pediatric cohorts. Method: Data on 5049 samples of European ancestry were obtained from the Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) of two large academic centers in five different genotyped cohorts. After standard quality controls, removing missing data and outliers based on principal components (PC) analyses, 4268 samples were used for the PheWAS study. We scanned for associations between 2476 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) with available genotyping data from previously published GWAS studies and 539 EMR-derived phenotypes. The false discovery rate was calculated and, for any new PheWAS findings, a permutation approach was implemented. Results: This PheWAS replicated a variety of common variants (MAF>10%) with prior GWAS associations in our pediatric cohorts including Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JIA), Asthma, Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) and Type 1 Diabetes with a false discovery rate < 0.05 and power of study above 80%. In addition, several new PheWAS findings included a cluster of association near the NDFIP1 gene for mental retardation (best SNP rs10057309, p=4.33x10-7, OR=1.70, 95%CI=1.38-2.09), association at vicinity of (PLCL1, PRIP-1) gene for developmental delays and speech disorder (best SNP rs1595825, p=1.13x10-8, OR=0.65(0.57-0.76)), a cluster of SNP associations in the IL5-IL13 region, previously implicated in Asthma, Allergy, and Eosinophilia, with Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EE) (best SNP rs12653750, p=3.03x10-9, OR=1.73 95%CI=(1.44-2.07)) and association of variants in GCKR and JAZF1, responsible for metabolic disease and diabetes in adults with allergic rhinitis in our pediatric cohorts (best SNP rs780093, p=2.18x10-5, OR=1.39, 95%CI=(1.19-1.61)). Conclusion: By using the PheWAS approach and
Airline Negotiations and the New Concessionary Bargaining

I ask whether the highly confrontational collective bargaining in the airlines is unique to that industry or a sign of a deepening crisis in union–management relations nationally. First, airline labor relations are reviewed in the context of extremely contentious negotiations, intense industry competition, complex and fragmented bargaining structures, frequent bankruptcies, and unpredictable external shocks. Next, concessionary bargaining in the airlines is discussed, and a new and extreme form of concessionary bargaining is identified. The emergence of the new concessionary bargaining in the airlines and its spread to the automobile sector is then interpreted as the early signs of a fundamental transformation of collective bargaining. The implications of the new concessionary bargaining are then described at the workplace, company, union, and societal levels.
Dielectric properties of barium titanate supramolecular nanocomposites

Nanostructured dielectric composites can be obtained by dispersing high permittivity fillers, barium titanate (BTO) nanocubes, within a supramolecular framework. Thin films of BTO supramolecular nanocomposites exhibit a dielectric permittivity (er) as high as 15 and a relatively low dielectric loss of ∼0.1 at 1 kHz. These results demonstrate a new route to control the dispersion of high permittivity fillers toward high permittivity dielectric nanocomposites with low loss. Furthermore, the present study shows that the size distribution of nanofillers plays a key role in their spatial distribution and local ordering and alignment within supramolecular nanostructures.
Identification of nonparametric dynamic power system equivalents with artificial neural networks

The paper proposes an artificial neural network (ANN)-based strategy for identification of reduced-order dynamic equivalents of power systems. This large-signal model is formulated in continuous-time and is therefore compatible with standard models of power system components. In a departure from previous works on the subject, we do not postulate a particular model structure for the equivalent, hence the label nonparametric. The approach uses only measurements at points where internal (retained) and external (reduced) systems are interfaced, and requires no knowledge of parameters and topology of the external subsystem. The procedure consists of two conceptual steps: (1) the first ("bottleneck") ANN is used to extract "states" of the reduced-order equivalent; and (2) the second (recurrent) ANN is embedded in an ordinary differential equations (ODEs) solver, and trained to approximate the "right-hand side," using the states extracted at the first step. We also describe an extension in which a third ANN is used to synthesize missing interface measurements from a historical database of system responses to various disturbances. We illustrate the capabilities of the approach on a multimachine benchmark example derived from the WSCC system.
Natural incubation patterns and the effects of exposing eggs to light at various times during incubation on post-hatch fear and stress responses in broiler (meat) chickens

Abstract Although environmental conditions during incubation can affect poultry welfare, one factor often overlooked in the commercial incubation of eggs is light. Light stimulation during embryonic development is now known to affect the physiology and behavior of broiler (meat) chickens post-hatch, but little is known about the pattern of exposure needed to produce these effects. We determined how often naturally incubated eggs were exposed to light by giving 10 broody Junglefowl × New Hampshire Red hens a nestbox containing five fertile eggs and a light sensitive data logger which recorded nest attendance by determining whether light was reaching the eggs. On average hens stayed on the nest without leaving for 14.3 of the days of the 21-day incubation cycle, although they did leave periodically, particularly during the last week. Utilizing this information, we then investigated how the timing of light exposure during incubation affected fear and stress responsiveness post-hatch in broiler chickens. Eggs were either not exposed to light (0DL), or exposed to light throughout incubation (21DL) or during only either the last 2 weeks (14DL) or the last week (7DL) of incubation. Lighting pattern had a significant effect on all parameters measured, with the most consistent differences found between 0DL and 21DL. For the fear measures, the 0DL birds had a longer latency to emerge during an emergence test (62.7 versus 37.2 s), a longer latency to right during a tonic immobility test (223.8 versus 107.2 s), wing-flapped more intensely during an inversion test (7.03 versus 6.4 flaps/s), and vocalized more during an isolation test (172.7 versus 127.1/3 min) than the 21DL. For the stress measures, 0DL had a lower IgG titer (52,683 versus 97,375 units) and greater corticosterone response (1.18 versus 0.55 ng/mL) to the crating stressor than 21DL, and showed more composite asymmetry (1.96 versus 1.49 mm). The 14DL and 7DL groups were generally intermediate. Unlike dark-incubated chicks, all light-stimulated groups showed lateralization of escape direction during the emergence test, suggesting that light-induced cerebral laterality could play a role in the observed effects. However, the direction of lateralization differed depending upon timing of exposure. These results confirm the importance of light stimulation during incubation on the later behavior and physiology of broiler chickens, but also indicate that providing light only during the last week of incubation, which would coincide with the maximum light stimulation provided by hens’ excursions from the nest, is insufficient to produce these effects.
MICROSTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF BATIO3 HETEROEPITAXIAL THIN FILMS BY HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS

The hydrothermal growth of epitaxial BaTiO3 thin films on single-crystal SrTiO3 substrates occurs by the island growth mode. The aqueous solution chemistry is found to control interfacial characteristics and plays an important role in controlling film formation and faceting. Island faceting can be changed by the introduction of additional cations during synthesis. Electrophoretic data, confirmed by adsorption measurements, show that barium is a potential determining counterion and adsorbs on SrTiO3 surfaces. Initial electrical measurements show that the BaTiO3 films have a dielectric constant of 141 with a loss tangent of 0.9 that decreases with heat treatment.
A Complex Kalman Filter for a Class of Real Discrete-Time Systems

A simple method is outlined to develop an equivalent complex state-space representation of a real discrete-time system. The order N of the complex representation is one-half of that of the original real system with distinct complex poles. A complex Kalman filtering algorithm is then derived to estimate the N complex state-variables from which it is possible to estimate the 2N real state variables of the original real system.
Process Oriented Supplier Development: Building the Capability for Change

IN BRIEF Many companies have achieved impressive improvements in quality, delivery, and costs using results-oriented supplier development. With this approach, a team led by purchasing professionals makes technical changes such as simplifying work flows, standardizing work processes, and reducing set-up times in a supplier's operations. However, after such supplier development efforts, suppliers often return to “business as usual,” failing to make further improvements on their own. This article first describes the benefits and shortcomings of results-oriented supplier development. Next, building upon successful cases of supplier development and research in change management, this article describes process-oriented supplier development practices which are more effective in building a supplier's capability for improvement. Finally, this article discusses the commitment of resources necessary for this approach to supplier development.
Automatic network measurements in the time domain

The time-domain automatic network analyser (TDANA) is described. It utilizes time-domain measurements and the fast Fourier transform to obtain frequency-domain scattering parameters. A TDANA consists of a pulse generator, sampling oscilloscope, and a minicomputer. The present state of the art for TDANA's includes frequency coverage from dc to 18 GHz in a single instrument and complex scattering parameter measurement uncertainties of the order of 1 percent.
Gametogenesis in the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii minus mating type is controlled by two genes, MID and MTD1.

In the unicellular algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the plus and minus mating types are controlled by a complex locus, MT, where the dominant MID gene in the MT− locus has been shown to be necessary for expression of minus-specific gamete-specific genes in response to nitrogen depletion. We report studies on MID expression patterns during gametogenesis and on a second gene unique to the MT− locus, MTD1. Vegetative cells express basal levels of MID. An early activation of MID transcription after nitrogen removal, and its sequence similarity to plant RWP-RK proteins involved in nitrogen-responsive processes, suggest that Mid conformation/activity may be nitrogen sensitive. A second stage of MID upregulation correlates with the acquisition of mating ability in minus gametes. Knockdown of MTD1 by RNAi in minus strains results in a failure to differentiate into gametes of either mating type after nitrogen deprivation. We propose that intermediate Mid levels are sufficient to activate MTD1 transcription and to repress plus gamete-specific genes and that MTD1 expression in turn allows the threshold-level MID expression needed to turn on minus gamete-specific genes. We further propose that an MTD1-equivalent system, utilizing at least one gene product encoded in the MT+ locus, is operant during plus gametogenesis.
What is the Relationship of Atrial Flutter and Fibrillation

Animal models and human studies of atrial activation mapping and entrainment have considerably enhanced our understanding of the anatomical substrate for atrial flutter and created the basis for a definite cure with radiofrequency catheter ablation. As atrial flutter has now become a curable arrhythmia, emphasis is shifting to understand the most common arrhythmia: atrial fibrillation. Furthermore, from clinical observation, it is apparent that there is a relationship between atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter in patients with atrial arrhythmias. Techniques that have informed our understanding of the anatomical basis of atrial flutter may also be useful in understanding the relationship between atrial fibrillation and flutter, including animal models, clinical endocardial mapping, and intracardiac anatomical imaging. Thus, atrial anatomy and its relationship to electrophysiological findings, and the role of partial or complete conduction barriers around which reentry can and cannot occur, may be of importance for atrial fibrillation as well. Ultimately, the relationship between atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter may inform our understanding of the mechanisms of atrial fibrillation itself, and help to develop new approaches to device, catheter-based, and pharmacological therapy for atrial fibrillation.
Changes in Distribution of Mean Scores on Locus of Control by Staff Level in Public Accounting Firms

One would anticipate that the distribution of scores on the locus of control test would remain relatively constant across staff level in public accounting unless factors within the work environment differentially affect those with one type of locus of control. This research indicated that on the mean locus of control score becomes more internal as staff level increases. There was a dramatic reduction in the frequency of the most external scores in the locus of control profiles across higher staff level.
Performance evaluation of the disk drive industry's second-generation partial response maximum likelihood data channel

The latest generation of partial-response maximum-likelihood data channel, recently made available in the IBM 0664 2 Gbyte 3.5 inch disk drive, are examined, and how well it performs its base operation of extracting data from the disk as well as how well it has begun to put other potential sampling detection advantages into practice is reported. Beyond the data rate improvements over the predecessor channel, this latest offering, referred to as the PRDF channel for its expanded digital filter complexity allows a disk drive to perform self-test and self-diagnostics. The use of self-test capability is described as a tool for obtaining precise equalization over all data areas of the 0664 disk drive. The self-diagnostic aids are discussed as a method of reducing the probability of data loss in a disk drive. >
PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH STATUS OF HISPANIC ADOLESCENT GIRLS: A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE

Based on the Commonwealth Fund Survey of the Health of Adolescent Girls this study compares the physical and mental health status of Hispanic adolescent girls to mature Hispanic women and to Black and White adolescent girls and Hispanic boys. To characterize the mental health status self-esteem depression stress and suicidal ideation were measured. Among the indicators of physical well-being exposure to physical and sexual abuse experiences with violence and perceived safety were examined. Overall findings revealed that family structure emerges as an important protective factor for adolescent girls. Both Black and Hispanic girls who reside either with a single parent or with no parent are especially vulnerable to poor mental health abuse and violence. Furthermore the study also showed that there is limited evidence that Hispanic girls are more likely than White teens to engage in behaviors that compromise their health status. With regard to the analysis of access to health care it is shown that there exist some differences among Hispanic White and Black teens of comparable social class and family structure. It is noted that Hispanic teens have a lower health insurance rate relative to their Black and White peers. These findings reinforce the conclusion about the need for policy alternatives to protect girls reared in parent-absent homes particularly among those whose parents are both absent.
Target tracking in infrared imagery using weighted composite reference function-based decision fusion

In this paper, we propose a novel decision fusion algorithm for target tracking in forward-looking infrared image sequences recorded from an airborne platform. An important part of this study is identifying the failure modes in this type of imagery. Our strategy is to prevent these failure modes from developing into tracking failures. The results furnished by competing ego-motion compensation and tracking algorithms are evaluated based on their similarity to a target model constructed using the weighted composite reference function.
ALD Precursors and Reaction Mechanisms

Successful use of ALD requires chemical precursors with sufficient volatility, thermal stability, and self-limited reactivity with surfaces. Effective ALD precursors are now known for most non-radioactive elements and many of them are commercially available. This review describes their chemical types, typical properties, and reactivity. Suitable pairs of precursors can deposit some pure elements, oxides of most elements, nitrides of many elements, sulfides, selenides and tellurides of some elements, and phosphides, arsenides, carbides, and fluorides of few elements. The mechanisms of ALD reactions involve the transfer of atoms between precursor vapors and surfaces. The transferred atoms are either hydrogen, oxygen, fluorine, or chlorine.