cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of digestate microbial community structure following thermophilic anaerobic digestion with varying levels of green and food wastes.

The properties of digestates generated through anaerobic digestion are influenced by interactions between the digester microbial communities, feedstock properties and digester operating conditions. This study investigated the effect of varying initial feedstock carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratios on digestate microbiota and predicted abundance of genes encoding lignocellulolytic activity. The C/N ratio had a significant impact on the digestate microbiome. Feedstocks with intermediate C/N ratio (20–27) (where higher biomethane potential was observed) showed higher relative abundance of archaea compared to feedstocks with C/N ratios at 17 and 34. Within microbial networks, four microbial clusters and eight connector microorganisms changed significantly with the C/N ratio (P < 0.05). Feedstocks with C/N < 23 were richer in organisms from the family Thermotogaceae and genus Caldicoprobacter and enhanced potential for degradation of maltose, galactomannans, melobiose and lactose. This study provides new insights into how anaerobic digestion conditions relate to the structure and functional potential of digester microbial communities, which may be relevant to both digester performance and subsequent utilization of digestates for composting or amending soil.
Role of strain and composition on the piezoelectric and dielectric response of AlxGa1−xN: Implications for power electronics device reliability

Gallium nitride (GaN) and AlxGa1−xN, its solid solution with Al, play a vital role in a variety of high-power applications owing to their high breakdown voltage, drift velocity, and sheet charge density. Their piezoelectric nature is critical for both the operation and reliability of GaN-based devices, and this is compounded by the lack of lattice-matched substrates and the lattice mismatch between GaN and AlxGa1−xN, which invariably results in strained films. Thus, accurate models of performance and reliability require knowledge of how strain affects dielectric and piezoelectric response. We used density functional theory to calculate the piezoelectric and dielectric constants for different compositions of AlxGa1−xN as a function of biaxial strain and use Gaussian process regression to develop models, including uncertainties, from the ab initio results. We find that the dielectric constants decrease with compressive biaxial strain and increasing Al content due to an increase in phonon frequencies. Meanwhile, the piezoelectric constants increase with compressive biaxial strain and with Al doping. Our results show that the presence of strain can explain discrepancies in experimental measurements of dielectric constants but not piezoelectric ones. Interestingly, the piezoelectric constants e33 and e31 (which control the elastic energy induced by the application of gate voltage in GaN high electron mobility transistors, which have been related to their degradation) vary by almost 100% within a biaxial strain range of ∼3%. These results indicate that incorporating strain-dependent and composition-dependent piezoelectric response into current degradation models based on inverse piezoelectricity is crucial for accurate reliability predictions in GaN-based transistors.
‘He never hit me #WhyIStayed’: countering the U.S. domestic violence master narrative

In September 2014, TMZ leaked a video of NFL Baltimore Ravens running back, Ray Rice, assaulting his fiance, Janay Palmer. By the time the video was released, Janay had married Rice, drawing heavy ...
Preservice Teacher Perspectives on Learning with Technology: Modeling Vulnerability and Embracing Innovation

This mixed methods study examined preservice teacher perspectives on the impact of using untethered lecture capture (ULC) as an instructional technology in a teacher preparation course, both on learning experiences as students and confidence using technology as teachers. Results found statistically significant (p < .05) increases in confidence using technology as a teaching tool. Additionally, Darling-Hammond et al.'s (2018) Teacher Preparation for Deeper Learning framework was utilized to analyze qualitative data to explore the impact of ULC on preservice teacher learning. Challenges and recommendations for effective implementation of ULC, based on participant feedback, are provided. This study contributes to research on using technology in teacher preparation programs to enhance the teaching and learning process for preservice educators and is grounded in the TPACK model (Mistra & Koehler, 2009).
Mental Health, Men's

Very little research examines men's mental health specifically, though there is extensive research on gender differences in mental health. Most studies find that men and women have similar rates of disorder but experience different types of mental illnesses. Women have higher rates of internalizing disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety) while men typically display externalizing symptoms (e.g., violence, substance abuse). It is unclear whether these trends reflect true gender differences or measurement bias instead, because scholars have less adequately tapped men's experiences. In this entry we review literature that helps explain men's mental health, including research on gender roles, help-seeking, coping, and social support. We then outline literature assessing the potential role of measurement bias. Future research should move beyond gender comparisons and focus specifically on men's lived experiences (including heterogeneity among men), in addition to testing the possibility that men's depression and anxiety may be masked by substance abuse and violence. Keywords: gender; masculinities; mental health
Note on the froissart bound

The bound on the scattering amplitude, |M|=O [(energy)2. ·log2 (energy)2] derived by Froissart for spinless particles is extended to include particles with spin. The result rests on the assumption of the analytic properties of amplitudes for particles with spin. Helicity amplitudes are used in order that the result be valid if zero-mass particles are involved.
Systemic administration of recombinant interleukin 2 stimulates in vivo lymphoid cell proliferation in tissues.

Recent work in our laboratory has demonstrated that the repeated injections of high doses of recombinant interleukin 2 (IL 2) can dramatically reduce the number of established pulmonary and hepatic metastases and the growth of intradermal tumors in a variety of murine tumor models. We have thus undertaken studies to define the mechanisms underlying these in vivo effects of IL 2. Using an in vivo DNA-labeling technique in which we employed 5-[125I]iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (125IUdR), we examined the in vivo cell proliferation in the tissues of mice treated with IL 2. A proliferation index (PI) was calculated by dividing the raw counts per minute (cpm) of tissues in IL 2-treated mice by the cpm in corresponding tissues of control animals. At an IL 2 dose of 6000 U given i.p. three times a day, the highest 125IUdR incorporation was seen in the lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, and mesenteric lymph nodes (PI = 6.9, 6.9, 5.1, 7.1, 24.6, respectively, at 5 days). The amount of lymphoid proliferation in these organs was a direct function of the dose of IL 2 administered. Other tissues including thymus, intestines, skin, and hind limb showed no significant increase in 125IUdR uptake even after host treatment with the highest doses of IL 2. Blood and brain demonstrated intermediate incorporation of the radiolabel. Preirradiation of the host largely eliminated the proliferative response to IL 2. Histologic studies of normal and irradiated mice receiving IL 2 corroborated the result of the 125IUdR findings. In normal IL 2-treated mice, large collections of activated lymphoid cells were seen, most prominently in the lungs, liver, and kidneys, whereas markedly decreased lymphoid proliferation was evident histologically in preirradiated mice. A fluorescein-labeled monoclonal antibody directed against the Thy-1.2 surface determinant was used to identify these dividing cells in frozen tissue sections as T lymphoid cells. Activated lymphocytes isolated from the lungs, liver, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes of IL 2-treated mice demonstrated significant lysis of a fresh murine sarcoma target in short-term 51Cr-release assays. These studies demonstrate that the systemic administration of recombinant IL 2 causes in vivo activation and proliferation of host lymphoid cells and has important implications for the adoptive immunotherapy of tumors.
Evaluation of Knowledge Development in a Healthcare Setting

Healthcare organizations worldwide have recently increased efforts to improve performance, quality, and knowledge transfer using information and communication technologies. Evaluation of the effectiveness and quality of such efforts is challenging. A macro and micro-level system evaluation conducted with a 14000 member US hospital administrative services organization examined the appropriateness of a blended face-to-face and technology-enabled performance improvement and knowledge development system. Furthermore, a successful team or microsystem in a high performing hospital was studied in-depth. Several types of data methods including interview, observation, and questionnaire were used to address evaluation questions within a knowledge development framework created for the study. Results of this preliminary study focus on how this organization attempted to organize clinical improvement efforts around quality and performance improvement processes supported by networked technologies.
Experiences as complex events

It is argued that experiences are complex events that befall their subjects. Each experience has a single subject and depends on the state or the event that it is of. The constituents of an experience are (or underlie) its subject, its grounding event or state, and everything that the subject is aware of during that time that's relevant to the telling of the story of how it was to participate in that event or be put in that state. The experience occurs where the person having the experience is. An experience of an event or state occurs when that event or state makes a difference to its possessor's conscious life, where this difference is either a matter of really knowing what's happening or merely a matter of being affected.
Identification of B6SJL mSOD1G93A mouse subgroups with different disease progression rates

Disease progression rates among patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) vary greatly. Although the majority of affected individuals survive 3–5 years following diagnosis, some subgroups experience a more rapidly progressing form, surviving less than 1 year, and other subgroups experience slowly progressing forms, surviving nearly 50 years. Genetic heterogeneity and environmental factors pose significant barriers in investigating patient progression rates. Similar to the case for humans, variation in survival within the mSOD1 mouse has been well documented, but different progression rates have not been investigated. The present study identifies two subgroups of B6SJL mSOD1G93A mice with different disease progression rates, a fast progression group (FPG) and slow progression group, as evidenced by differences in the rate of motor function decline. In addition, increased disease-associated gene expression within the FPG facial motor nucleus confirmed the presence of a more severe phenotype. We hypothesize that a more severe disease phenotype could be the result of 1) an earlier onset of axonal disconnection with a consistent degeneration rate or 2) a more severe or accelerated degenerative process. We performed a facial nerve transection axotomy in both mSOD1 subgroups prior to disease onset as a method to standardize the axonal disconnection. Instead of leading to comparable gene expression in both subgroups, this standardization did not eliminate the severe phenotype in the FPG facial nucleus, suggesting that the FPG phenotype is the result of a more severe or accelerated degenerative process. We theorize that these mSOD1 subgroups are representative of the rapid and slow disease phenotypes often experienced in ALS. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:2752–2768, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Elie Bertrand (1713-1797) Sees God's Order in Nature's Record: The 1766 Recueil De Divers Traites Sur L'Historie Naturelle

Elie Bertrand (1713-1797) was a Swiss pastor/naturalist whose geological writings are illustrative of the growth of eighteenth-century natural history. Describing, cataloguing, and classifying formed the core of his work, but he also proposed theoretical analyses based on observations in the field. Bertrand's intellectual roots included Cartesian rationalism, British natural theology, and the Linnacan system of classification. Trained as a theologian. Bertrand viewed the physical world as a proving ground for showing God's Wise Design in nature. He was also committed to empiricism, and repeatedly called for expanding the base of geological knowledge.Several of the published products of Bertrand's attempts to understand the natural world were brought together in the 1766 Recueil de divers traites sur l'histoire naturelle. By briefly considering each of the incorporated papers, it is possible to recognize the topics which interested eighteenth-century naturalists and to develop insight into the methodologie...
Current Status and Future Needs in Turbulence Modeling: An Aeronautical Perspective

An overview of current issues in turbulence modeling is presented along with a brief description of the current and future needs of NASA, especially from the point of advancing the state-of-the-art in aircraft design and air transportation.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
In vivo and in vitro dermal penetration of lipophilic and hydrophilic pesticides in mice.

Dermal absorption is a major portal of entry for a wide variety of potentially toxic substances. In vivo and in vitro investigations assessing penetration of topically applied xenobiotics using both human and other animals have been conducted. Current ethical considerations have drastically curtailed the testing of xenobiotics in human volunteers; consequently, dermal penetration in humans is usually estimated from in vivo tests in animals and in vitro tests using either human or animal skin. In order for in vitro penetration results to be meaningful, there needs to be close relationship with in vivo data. The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between in vivo and in vitro penetration of both hydrophilic and lipophilic /sup 14/C-labelled compounds in mice.
The fib theory and its influence on astronomical observation methods

During the past fifty years some phenomena: cosmic radiation, redshift, radio-galaxies, CPT-invariance were discovered, for which a fully satisfactory explanation is still lacking. The fib theory is an attempt of their quantitative interpretation. The first part of this paper briefly describes the fib theory; the second part discusses its consequences upon astronomical observations made with photographic plates or photocells (photomultipliers, image intensifiers etc.).
The effect of implantation on scaffoldless three-dimensional engineered bone constructs.

Our laboratory has previously developed scaffoldless engineered bone constructs (EBC). Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) were harvested from rat femur and cultured in medium that induced osteogenic differentiation. After reaching confluence, the monolayer of cells contracted around two constraint points forming a cylinder. EBCs were placed in small diameter (0.5905 × 0.0625 in.) or large diameter (0.5905 × 0.125 in.) silicone tubing and implanted intramuscularly in the hind limb of a rat. Bone mineral content (BMC) of the EBC was analyzed before implantation and at 1 and 2 mo following implantation and compared to that of native femur bone at different stages of development. Negligible BMC was observed in E-20 femur or EBCs prior to implantation. One-month implantation in both small and large tubing increased BMC in the EBC. BMC of EBC from large tubing was greater than in 14 d rat neonatal femurs, but was 2% and 3% of BMC content in adult bone after 1 and 2 mo of implantation, respectively. Alizarine Red and osteopontin staining of the EBCs before and after implantation confirmed increased bone mineralization in the implanted EBCs. Implanted EBCs also had extensive vascularization. Our data suggest that BMSC can be successfully used for the generation of scaffoldless EBC, and this model can be potentially used for the generation of autologous bone transplants in humans.
The process of spoken word recognition in the face of signal degradation.

Though much is known about how words are recognized, little research has focused on how a degraded signal affects the fine-grained temporal aspects of real-time word recognition. The perception of degraded speech was examined in two populations with the goal of describing the time course of word recognition and lexical competition. Thirty-three postlingually-deafened cochlear implant (CI) users and 57 normal hearing (NH) adults (16 in a CI-simulation condition) participated in a visual world paradigm eye-tracking task in which their fixations to a set of phonologically related items were monitored as they heard one item being named. Each degraded-speech group was compared to a set of age-matched NH participants listening to unfiltered speech. CI users and the simulation group showed a delay in activation relative to the NH listeners, and there is weak evidence that the CI users showed differences in the degree of peak and late competitor activation. In general, though, the degraded-speech groups behaved statistically similarly with respect to activation levels.
Modification of Active Sites on YSZ(111) by Yttria Segregation

The surface properties of YSZ (111) have been investigated by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), temperature programmed desorption (TPD) of adsorbed formate, and computational studies using the ReaxFF reactive force field approach. XPS and computer simulations showed enrichment of the surface with yttria. STM studies indicated that a high density of step edges are readily formed with ∼35% of the surface sites located at steps. Step edges are identified as the primary adsorption sites for formate. The formate oxidizes in a dehydration reaction producing carbon monoxide and water at ∼600 K. This is contrasted to the reaction of formate on pure zirconia where formate reacts by both dehydration and dehydrogenation reactions. This shift in the selectivity between pure zirconia and yttria-doped zirconia is attributed to the modification of the active step edge sites by yttria segregation. Therefore, the modification of active sites by minority species in a mixed oxide c...
Application of SKIPSM to binary morphology

This paper describes the application of SKIPSM (Separated-Kernel Image Processing using Finite State Machines) to binary morphology. In comparison with conventional hardware-based and software-based approaches, SKIPSM allow implementation at higher speeds and/or lower hardware cost. The key theoretical developments upon which this improved performance is based are the separation of 2D binary morphological image processing operations into a row operation followed by a column operation, the formulation of these row and column operations in a form compatible with pipelined operation, the implementation of the resulting operations as simple finite-state machine, and the automated generation of the finite-state machine configuration data. Some features of SKIPSM, as applied to binary morphology, are as follows: (1) The structuring elements (SEs) can be large (25 X 25 and larger) and arbitrary (with 'holes' and nonconvex shapes). (2) All types of morphology operations can be performed. (3) Multiple related or unrelated SEs can be applied simultaneously in a single pipeline pass. (4) Speed increases and/or neighborhood size increases by factors of 100 or more can be achieved. (5) Corresponding 'speedups' can be achieved in software-based implementations. (6) Inexpensive off-the-shelf 'chips' can be configured to carry out the same operations as expensive conventional hardware. (7) The user specifies the Se or set of simultaneous SEs. All other steps are automated. This paper includes some simple examples of the results and give implementation guidelines based on Se size and shape.
A graph-based approach to API usage adaptation

Reusing existing library components is essential for reducing the cost of software development and maintenance. When library components evolve to accommodate new feature requests, to fix bugs, or to meet new standards, the clients of software libraries often need to make corresponding changes to correctly use the updated libraries. Existing API usage adaptation techniques support simple adaptation such as replacing the target of calls to a deprecated API, however, cannot handle complex adaptations such as creating a new object to be passed to a different API method, or adding an exception handling logic that surrounds the updated API method calls.This paper presents LIBSYNC that guides developers in adapting API usage code by learning complex API usage adaptation patterns from other clients that already migrated to a new library version (and also from the API usages within the library's test code). LIBSYNC uses several graph-based techniques (1) to identify changes to API declarations by comparing two library versions, (2) to extract associated API usage skeletons before and after library migration, and (3) to compare the extracted API usage skeletons to recover API usage adaptation patterns. Using the learned adaptation patterns, LIBSYNC recommends the locations and edit operations for adapting API usages. The evaluation of LIBSYNC on real-world software systems shows that it is highly correct and useful with a precision of 100% and a recall of 91%.
Expression of BDNF and trkB as a function of age and cognitive performance.

The expression of the neurotrophic factor BDNF increases during learning-related events and is decreased in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's Disease patients, suggesting that it plays a role in learning, memory, and/or age-related memory deficits. We examined the expression of BDNF and its high affinity receptor, trkB, in young and aged Sprague-Dawley rats. BDNF and trkB mRNA were measured by semi-quantitative in situ hybridization and BDNF protein was measured by ELISA. Significant decreases with age were detected for BDNF mRNA in the pons, BDNF protein in the midbrain, and trkB mRNA in many areas of the brain. Rats were evaluated on the Morris water maze before sacrifice so that BDNF and trkB levels could be related to cognitive status. Regression analyses revealed that decreased trkB mRNA in the pons significantly predicted impaired memory performance in aged rats. These results suggest that decreases in trkB mRNA with age are more widespread than decreases in BDNF, and that BDNF decreases are restricted to more caudal brain regions.
The brain basis of a "consciousness monitor": scientific and medical significance.

Abstract Surgical patients under anesthesia can wake up unpredictably and be exposed to intense, traumatic pain. Current medical techniques cannot maintain depth of anesthesia at a perfectly stable and safe level; the depth of unconsciousness may change from moment to moment. Without an effective consciousness monitor anesthesiologists may not be able to adjust dosages in time to protect patients from pain. An estimated 40,000 to 200,000 midoperative awakenings may occur in the United States annually. E. R. John and coauthors present the scientific basis of a practical “consciousness monitor” in two articles. One article is empirical and shows widespread and consistent electrical field changes across subjects and anesthetic agents as soon as consciousness is lost; these changes reverse when consciousness is regained afterward. These findings form the basis of a surgical consciousness monitor that recently received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. This may be the first practical application of research on the brain basis of consciousness. The other John article suggests theoretical explanations at three levels, a neurophysiological account of anesthesia, a neural dynamic account of conscious and unconscious states, and an integrative field theory. Of these, the neurophysiology is the best understood. Neural dynamics is evolving rapidly, with several alternative points of view. The field theory sketched here is the most novel and controversial.
Remodelling without a power stroke.

Although chromatin remodellers are thought to exert power strokes to move nucleosomes along DNA, two studies in this issue show that a power stroke is not required for efficient remodelling, indicating that the DNA binding domain primarily tethers remodellers to nucleosomes.
Adaptive decentralized control of DC-DC converter systems

In this paper, we develop a robust controller for parallel DC-DC converter system by combining the adaptive backstepping technique and decentralized control. The voltages and currents of all converters are coupled with each other. The parallel DC-DC converter system is modeled as a large scaled state-space system with interconnection between subsystems. Each local controller, designed simply based on the local model of each subsystem by using adaptive backstepping technique, only employs local information to generate control signals. Each of them is robust against the interactions, such that each local controller does not need full knowledge of the overall network and operates as a single power converter providing power to the load. The robustness of decentralized adaptive controllers is established. It is shown that the designed decentralized adaptive backstepping controllers can globally stabilize the overall interconnected system asymptotically, such as to drive the system to a reference point and eliminate the disturbance. The load is properly shared between the power converters. The L 2 norm of the system outputs is also established as functions of design parameters. This implies that the transient system performance can be adjusted by choosing suitable design parameters.
CONTROLLING INTERACTION WITH META-ACTS

User models that are adequate for conversational interaction between human and machine must include meta-knowledge about the state of conversational control. This paper discusses the representation and use of such meta-knowledge, proposes a conversational model based on meta-locutionary acts, and presents a conversational simulation based on the model.
Temporal trends of selected agricultural chemicals in Iowa's groundwater, 1982-1995: Are things getting better?

Since 1982, the Iowa Groundwater Monitoring (IGWM) Program has been used to sample untreated groundwater from Iowa municipal wells for selected agricultural chemicals. This long-term database was used to determine if concentrations of select agricultural chemicals in groundwater have changed with time. Nitrate, alachlor [2-chloro-2'-6'-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)-acetanilide], atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine), cyanazine {2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2-methylpropionitrile)}, and metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl) acetamide] were selected for this temporal analysis of the data. Conclusive temporal changes in frequency of detection and median chemical concentrations were found only for atrazine (decrease) and metolachlor (increase). The greatest temporal chemical changes occurred in the shallowest wells and in alluvial aquifers-both relating to groups of wells generally having the youngest groundwater age. The temporal patterns found for atrazine and metolachlor are consistent with their patterns of chemical use and/or application rates and are suggestive of a causal relation. Only continued data collection, however, will indicate if the trends in chemical concentrations described here represent long-term temporal patterns or only short-term changes in groundwater. No definitive answers could be made in regards to the question of overall improvements in groundwater quality with respect to agricultural chemical contamination and time, due to the inherent problems with the simplistic measurement of overall severity (summation of alachlor + atrazine + cyanazine + metolachlor concentrations) examined for this study. To adequately determine if there is an actual decreasing trend in the overall severity of contamination (improving groundwater quality), the collection of additional water-chemistry data and the investigation of other measures of severity are needed.
Pathological alterations in the amygdala in Alzheimer's disease.

The amygdala is severely and consistently affected by pathology in Alzheimer's disease. The distribution of Thioflavin S-stained neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques was examined in the various nuclei that form the amygdala in 20 cases of clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease and five non-demented control cases. Large numbers of neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques were observed in the accessory basal and cortical nuclei and the cortical transition area, while there was lesser involvement of the mediobasal nucleus. The medial, lateral, laterobasal and central nuclei were relatively spared. The distribution of neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques was compared with neuroanatomic connections known from non-human primate experimental studies. This comparison suggests that (1) nuclei receiving and giving rise to hippocampal projections are consistently affected by neuropathological alterations in Alzheimer's disease; (2) the nuclei which receive strong cholinergic projections from the nucleus basalis of Meynert (e.g. laterobasal nucleus) have, in general, relatively few neuritic plaques; and (3) nuclei which receive olfactory projections are not uniformly affected, the cortical nucleus being heavily affected but the medial nucleus consistently spared.
Hiding trajectory on the fly

The rapid development in micro-computing has allowed implementations of complex mobile Wireless Sensor Networks (mWSNs). Privacy invasion is becoming an indispensable issue along with the increasing range of applications of mWSNs. Private trajectory information not only indicates the movements of mobile sensors, but also reveals personal preferences and habits of users. In this paper, we propose the distributed Basic Trajectory Privacy (BTPriv) and Secondary Trajectory Privacy (STPriv) preservation algorithms to hide trajectory of data source nodes online. We set up various simulation environments for different applications. The effectiveness of our proposed algorithms is evaluated by the software implementation in simulation experiments.
Alternative methods for using organic materials composting vs. adding directly to soil

Abstract Composting organic wastes before applying them to the soil helps to produce a relatively homogeneous, odor‐free, easy‐to‐handle material. Also, it may destroy or deactivate weed seeds and many plant and animal pathogens. Decomposition of residues before they are added to the soil will presumably have different effects than allowing them to decompose in the soil, but effects on soil fertility and microbiology have been little studied. This paper describes research on the influence of composting on soil nitrogen availability, cation exchange capacity, organic matter content, and structure. Sewage sludge was added to the soil either directly, or first mixed with sawdust, or first composted with sawdust, in each case at rates equivalent to 150, 300, and 900 ppm N. The amended soils and a no treatment check soil were placed in pots that were either planted to ryegrass or allowed to incubate. Ryegrass yields were greatest for the direct application of sludge, while either composting or mixing with sawd...
Intrathymic changes in murine CD3, CD5 and CD8 expression after in vivo administration of anti-CD4.

Abstract Intrathymic development of murine cortical and medullary thymocyte subpopulations was examined after in vivo administration of anti-CD4 mAb. Four days after mice received 1 mg anti-CD4, expression of CD4 was reduced to about 25 % the level of controls. On cortical CD8 + /PNA high thymocytes, CD5 and CD8 expression both decreased, but not in parallel, whereas CD3 expression increased almost 2-fold. Partial shifts in CD3 expression were seen 3 and 6 h after injection, but modulation of CD4 preceded the increase in CD3 expression. On medullary CD8 - /PNA low thymocytes, both CD3 and CD5 were down regulated. On nontargeted CD8 - /PNA low medullary thymocytes, expression of these molecules was decreased less than 20 %, but the decrease in CD8 expression was primarily due to the appearance of a CD8 - /PNA low subpopulation. The results indicate that anti-CD4 mAb differentially affects the intrathymic development of T cell populations.
The Quest for Evolutionary Socialism: Eduard Bernstein and Social Democracy

Acknowledgments Abbreviations Introduction: the nature of Bernstein's quest Part I. Preparation: 1. The making of a social democrat 2. Persecution and exile 3. The 'Revisionist Controversy' Part II. Vision: 4. The meaning of socialism 5. Evolutionary socialism as 'organized liberalism': rethinking economics, state and democracy Part III. Disappointment: 6. Facing the critics 7. The revisionist debate extended 8. The dawn of a new era 9. Bernstein's final battle: confronting socialist instrumentalism Epilogue: evolutionary socialism at the 'end of socialism' Bibliography Index.
Incidence of small bowel cancer in the United States and worldwide: geographic, temporal, and racial differences.

Objective To examine the demographic and geographic patterns of small bowel cancer incidence in the United States and worldwide.
Corruption in dictatorships

In this paper, we consider a simple model capable of explaining why some dictatorships choose to extract rents via seemingly inefficient institutions. In particular, this paper focuses on institutions associated with high levels of corruption and examines the conditions under which such institutions could serve the interests of a dictatorship. Developing such a model requires that we pose alternative institutions that dictators can choose to extract rents. Using this framework, this paper builds a model providing a theoretical basis for some stylized facts about the observed crosscountry variation in corruption levels. Specifically, the model motivates a rationale for the finding that higher levels of corruption are observed in countries characterized as having more heterogeneous populations, longer expected dictator tenure, and more severe punishment norms. The model is then estimated using international country level data.
Ensemble Monte Carlo calculation of electron impact ionization coefficients in bulk Ga0.5In0.5P using a k-dependent transition rate formulation

Abstract We present calculations of the electron impact ionization rate in bulk Ga 0.5 In 0.5 P based on an ensemble Monte Carlo simulation which includes a k -dependent formulation of the impact ionization transition rate. The new model employed contains no adjustable parameters. The ionization transition rate is calculated directly from the numerical evaluation of the matrix element including the full details of the band structure through a 15-band k · p calculation and is incorporated into an ensemble Monte Carlo simulation. The Monte Carlo calculation also includes the full details of the first two conduction bands and all of the relevant phonon scattering mechanisms. The k -dependent ionization rate results are compared to another calculation based on the Keldysh formula. It is found that the k -dependent ionization rate is consistent with that calculated with the Keldysh formula assuming a threshold of 2.0 eV and a P factor of 0.5.
Chromosome preparations from rabbit preovulatory oocytes.

Previous studies in this laboratory have addressed the question of whether the mammalian dictyate oocyte is susceptible to mutagenic insult by chemical clastogens and whether these chemicals induce structural chromosome damage in oocytes which can be transmitted to conceptuses. Cytogenetic evaluations in 6-day blastocysts recovered from female rabbits exposed prior to mating to the chemical clastogen, streptonigrin, have shown that upwards of 5% of these preimplantation embryos have inherited chromosome lesions that resulted from chemically induced damage in the dictyate oocyte (DuFrain et al., 1981). Obviously, inherited chromosome abnormalities recovered in the preimplantation conceptus represent only that portion of the induced cytogenetic damage in the oocyte that segregates at meiosis and does not drastically impede ovulation, fertilization, syngamy, cleavage or blastocyst formation. A more direct approach to estimating the extent of chemically induced damage in the rabbit oocyte proper would be to assess induced cytogenetic lesions in meiotic metaphase I (M-I) or II (M-2) as has previously been accomplished in several studies in the laboratory mouse (Jagiello, 1968; Brewen et al., 1976; Brewen and Payne, 1976; Caine and Lyon, 1977; Rohrborn et al., 1977). To further develop the rabbit as an animal model for assessing the risk of induction by chemicals of cytogenetic
Lessons from evidence-based operating room management in balancing the needs for efficient, effective and ethical healthcare.

Foglia et al. (in press) describe tension in two veteran's hospitals among managers, clinicians, and patients over allocating appropriate resources to support care and inefficiencies in care delivery. Ultimately ethical healthcare in a system which is committed to caring for an entire population of patients must use its limited resources effectively while not compromising patient safety. This discussion gives examples from operating room management in which systematic analyses of existing data can guide more efficient care delivery. The VA Healthcare system is committed to serving an entire population of patients. This mission leads to ethical dilemmas around using limited funds to ensure that each patient who needs care receives it in a safe and timely manner. Focus groups conducted on managers, clinicians, ethics committee chairs, and patients/veterans in two VA medical centers revealed discrepancies in the ethical challenges they faced (Foglia et al, in press). Three of the groups described tension over allocating appropriate resources to support care. Managers felt resource allocation was often arbitrary and they were compelled to follow political pressures rather than clinical service needs. Clinicians felt tension between rendering high quality services in an institution with limited resources and where patients sometimes pressured them to render unnecessary care. Patients felt disrespect from clinicians because they endured long waits for care and sometimes came for appointments that were delayed to the point of cancellation. Ultimately ethical healthcare in a system which is committed to caring for an entire population of patients must use its resources effectively while not compromising patient safety. Asking stakeholders to take action to improve efficiency in care from a hospital perspective demands an evaluation of whether these actions actually move toward the intended system goals. Incorporating principles of evidence-based management enables a pragmatic approach to effective resource allocation and provides this evaluative process.
Development of estradiol‐induced progestin receptor immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus of female guinea pigs

The inability of young female guinea pigs to display progesterone-facilitated lordosis has been attributed, in part, to a deficiency in the concentration of hypothalamic estradiol-induced progestin receptors, as measured by in vitro binding assays. An immunocytochemical technique was used to ascertain where, within the mediobasal hypothalamus, estradiol-induced progestin receptor levels are lower in immature than in adult females. Adult (greater than 7 weeks) and juvenile (3 weeks) ovariectomized females received 10 micrograms estradiol benzoate, a dose that primes adult, but not immature females to respond behaviorally to progesterone. Progestin receptor-immunoreactive (PR-IR) cells were counted in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and ventrolateral hypothalamus (VLH), the two regions containing the densest populations of estradiol-induced progestin receptors in the mediobasal hypothalamus. There was no age difference in the number of PR-IR cells in the rostral or caudal VLH, but immunostaining was darker in the rostral VLH of juveniles as compared to adults. We found similar numbers of PR-IR cells in the rostral and mid-ARC, but 35% fewer immunostained cells in the caudal ARC of immature, as compared to adult females. Furthermore, staining intensity was weaker in the mid- and caudal ARC of the juvenile females. These data suggest that the ARC, not the VLH, is a site of fewer estradiol-induced progestin receptors in immature females.
Clusters of galaxies compared withN-body simulations: Masses and mass segregation

With three virially stableN-body simulations of Wielen, we show that use of the expression for the total mass derived from averaged quantities (velocity dispersion and mean harmonic radius) yields an overestimate of the mass by as much as a factor of 2–3, and use of the heaviest mass sample gives an underestimate by a factor of 2–3. The estimate of the mass using mass weighted quantities (i.e., derived from the customary definition of kinetic and potential energies) yields a better value irrespective of mass sample as applied to late time intervals of the models (≥three two-body relaxation times). The uncertainty is at most ∼50%. This suggests that it is better to employ the mass weighted expression for the mass when determining cluster masses. The virial ratio, which is a ratio of the mass weighted/averaged expression for the potential energy, is found to vary between 1 and 2. We conclude that ratios for observed clusters ∼4–10 cannot be explained even by the imprecision of the expression for the mass using averaged quantities, and certainly implies the presence of unseen matter. Total masses via customary application of the virial theorem are calculated for 39 clusters, and total masses for 12 clusters are calculated by a variant of the usual application. The distribution of cluster masses is also presented and briefly discussed. Mass segregation in Wielen's models is studied in terms of the binding energy per unit mass of the ‘heavy’ sample compared with the ‘light’ sample. The general absence of mass segregation in relaxed clusters and the large virial discrepancies are attributed to a population of many low-mass objects that may constitute the bulk mass of clusters of galaxies.
Time-temperature properties of polymer concrete using recycled PET

Abstract Recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic waste can be chemically modified to produce unsaturated polyester. If properly formulated, the unsaturated polyester can be mixed with gravel, sand and fly ash to produce good quality polymer concrete (PC). The use of recycled PET can help reduce the cost of PC products, save energy, and allow the long term disposal of PET waste. The time and temperature dependent properties of PC using an unsaturated polyester resin based on recycled PET have been evaluated in this paper. Properties investigated include the effect of age on strength, the effect of temperature on strength and modulus, shrinkage and exotherm, thermal expansion and creep. These properties should provide useful information on the potential use of the PC in precast applications.
Growth dynamics of chemical vapor deposition.

The morphological growth dynamics of chemical vapor deposition are studied with a model that takes account of both diffusive transport in the bulk and the kinetics of surface reactions. For the case of a fixed flux of reactant species far from the surface, we study numerically the crossover from diffusion-limited growth to surface kinetic-limited growth. In the latter case, one can qualitatively account for the morphology at early and intermediate times by use of a nonlinear growth model which takes explicit account of the destabilizing influence of the bulk phase diffusion field.
Photon energy tunability of the advanced photon source undulators

At a fixed storage ring energy, the energy of the harmonics of an undulator can be shifted or “tuned” by changing the magnet gap of the device. The possible photon energy interval spanned in this way depends on the undulator period, minimum closed gap, minimum acceptable photon intensity and storage ring energy. The minimum magnet gap depends directly on the stay-clear particle beam aperture required for storage ring operation. The tunability of undulators planned for the Advanced Photon Source with first harmonic photon energies in the range of 5–20 keV is discussed. The results of an analysis used to optimize the APS ring energy is presented and tunability contours and K-values are given for two typical classes of devices.
Monitoring and Mitigation of Movements Affecting Foundations on Expansive Soils in Colorado

AbstractFoundation movements attributable to expansive clays and claystones continue to challenge the geotechnical and structural-engineering communities. This study summarizes information and data, collected over the past 25 years, associated with the investigation, monitoring, and repair of numerous structures affected by expansive soil movements in Colorado. The paper provides a brief history and description of the various foundation systems that have been used in Colorado in an effort to prevent or accommodate soil heave. From the sites included in the study, real data on the rates of movement versus time and the time to stabilization are presented. Also provided is a summary of various remedial approaches used to address foundation movements. Lastly, the subsequent performance of foundations that have stabilized without underpinning as well as those that have been proactively stabilized are described and discussed.
Computed tomography of the temporomandibular joint meniscus

Fifteen patients with temporomandibular joint dysfunction were examined by computed tomography using standard CT techniques. The data obtained were evaluated and correlated with arthrographic findings or surgical observations. CT scans may become a valid alternative to the often painful procedure of arthrography for assessment of temporomandibular joint pathology if the potential pitfalls are avoided.
An axiomatic approach to intergenerational equity

We present a set of axioms in order to capture the concept of equity among an infinite number of generations. There are two ethical considerations: one is to treat every generation equally and the other is to respect distributive fairness among generations. We find two opposite results. In Theorem 1, we show that there exists a preference ordering satisfying anonymity, strong distributive fairness semiconvexity, and strong monotonicity. However, in Theorem 2, we show that there exists no binary relation satisfying anonymity, distributive fairness semiconvexity, and sup norm continuity. We also clarify logical relations between these axioms and non-dictatorship axioms.