cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hemicrania and Ipsilateral Trunk and Limb Symptoms

SYNOPSIS One hundred and eleven cases of migraine seen over 412 years were studied. A useful diagnostic feature was motor or sensory symptoms ipsilateral to hemicrania. It is suggested that this lateralization is inherent in the response of the sympathetic nervous system to a generalized body reaction, but the response is predominantly peripheral and confined to adrenoceptive components unilaterally. This hypothesis should be tested by assessing the frequency of ipsilateral symptoms in common and classic migraine, and by neuropharmacologic tests.
Centrin, centrosomes, and mitotic spindle poles.

Abstract Centrin is a ubiquitous protein component of centrosomes and mitotic spindle poles. cDNA clones encoding centrin have been identified from vertebrate sources, and their sequences demonstrate that centrin is a highly conserved member of the EF-hand superfamily of calcium-binding proteins. Analysis of yeast and Chlamydomonas centrin mutants and experimentalstudies suggest that centrin has an essential role in the duplication of the centrosomes during the cell cycle, and in microtubule severing.
Fine root productivity varies along nitrogen and phosphorus gradients in high-rainfall mangrove forests of Micronesia

Belowground biomass is thought to account for much of the total biomass in mangrove forests and may be related to soil fertility. The Yela River and the Sapwalap River, Federated States of Micronesia, contain a natural soil resource gradient defined by total phosphorus (P) density ranging from 0.05 to 0.42 mg cm−3 in different hydrogeomorphic settings. We used this fertility gradient to test the hypothesis that edaphic conditions constrain mangrove productivity through differential allocation of biomass to belowground roots. We removed sequential cores and implanted root ingrowth bags to measure in situ biomass and productivity, respectively. Belowground root biomass values ranged among sites from 0.448 ± 0.096 to 2.641 ± 0.534 kg m−2. Root productivity (roots ≤20 mm) did not vary significantly along the gradient (P = 0.3355) or with P fertilization after 6 months (P = 0.2968). Fine root productivity (roots ≤2 mm), however, did vary significantly among sites (P = 0.0363) and ranged from 45.88 ± 21.37 to 118.66 ± 38.05 g m−2 year−1. The distribution of total standing root biomass and fine root productivity followed patterns of N:P ratios as hypothesized, with larger root mass generally associated with lower relative P concentrations. Many of the processes of nutrient acquisition reported from nutrient-limited mangrove forests may also occur in forests of greater biomass and productivity when growing along soil nutrient gradients.
Enhanced Relativistic Electron-Beam Deposition

A two-dimensional electron transport model is used to study relativistic electron-beam (REB) deposition in thin metal anodes in the presence of strong, macroscopic electric and magnetic fields. Enhancement in power per mass deposited is calculated under certain conditions for high-current beams, which has important implications for REB fusion. Requirements for enhanced deposition are discussed, and a possible diode design is given.
Kinetics and thermodynamics of the aluminum hydride polymorphs

Abstract Polymorphs of AlH3 were prepared by organometallic synthesis. We demonstrate that freshly synthesized, nonsolvated AlH3 releases approximately 10 wt% H2 at desorption temperatures less than 100 °C. The decomposition kinetics, measured by isothermal hydrogen desorption between 30 and 140 °C, suggest that the rate of H2 evolution is limited by nucleation and growth of the aluminum phase. The H2 evolution rates for small crystallites of α and γ-AlH3 (undoped) meet the DOE full flow target for a 50 kW fuel cell (1 gH2/s) above 114 °C (based on 100 kg AlH3). The decomposition thermodynamics were measured using differential scanning calorimetry and ex situ X-ray diffraction. The decomposition of the less stable polymorph, γ-AlH3, occurs by an exothermic transformation to the α phase (∼100 °C) followed by the decomposition of α-AlH3. A formation enthalpy of approximately −10 kJ/mol AlH3 was measured for α-AlH3, which is in good agreement with previous experimental and calculated results.
Forskolin promotes the development of ethanol tolerance in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated mice

Abstract Partial depletion of brain norepinephrine by 6-hydroxydopamine prevents the development of functional tolerance to ethanol in mice. This blockade of tolerance development was overcome by daily intracerebroventricular injections of forskolin. These results suggest that interaction of noripinephrine with post-synaptic β-adrenergic receptors, and activation of adenylate cyclase, is important for the development of ethanol tolerance. Interaction of norepinephrine with α 1 -adrenergic receptors may be less crucial, since treatment with a phorbol ester activator of protein kinase C did not restore the development of tolerance in mice treated with 6-hydroxydopamine. The importance of the β-adrenergic receptor-coupled adenylate cyclase system for development of ethanol tolerance, in addition to its previously-reported role in long-term potentiation, suggests that this system may influence neuroadaptive processes in general.
Construction of a neovagina for patients with a flat perineum

Vaginal dilatation affords an acceptable functional success rate for women with vaginal agenesis, provided there is an introitus with a pouch or dimple. In contrast, women with a flat perineum who lack labia majora, labia minora, and vaginal introitus have no alternative to development of a vagina-like orifice other than surgical vaginoplasty. This study addresses the anatomic and functional success rate of these women after undergoing modified Mclndoe technique. Thirty-four patients with microphallus were assigned the female gender as the sex of rearing at the Johns Hopkins Hospital between 1951 and 1987. A majority of patients underwent surgical revision of the external genitalia and gonadectomy before 2 years of age. Family counseling was begun at birth. Of these patients, 15 (17 to 25 years old) who requested the ability to have sexual relations underwent modified Mclndoe vaginoplasty. All 15 of these women have experienced satisfactory coitus. All but one patient have an adequate size vagina. Results of this group indicate that patients with ambiguous genitalia as a result of male hermaphroditism or microphallus can achieve functional success after vaginal creation with a modified McIndoe technique despite the presence of a flat perineum.
Managerial Decisions in Service Industry: Case of Information Technology

The service sector has become increasingly important for economic growth and wealth in the United States. It is the fastest growing sector among the three traditional sectors: goods, manufacturing and services. This paper investigates differences in the patterns of decision-making processes between private organizations in the service sector. It specifically looks at IT-purchasing decisions of three private corporations. The paper is based on a literature review that provides a theoretical basis for the analysis, expert interviews and a set of (informal) questionnaires that were sent out to mid and high-level decision makers of the three organizations.
Treatment counselor's attitudes about lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered clients: urban vs. rural settings.

Treatment counselors’ attitudes about lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered (LGBT) clients can have important effects on these client's recovery. There is a common, but unexamined, perception t...
Aversive imagery in panic disorder: Agoraphobia severity, comorbidity and defensive physiology

Background Panic is characterized as a disorder of interoceptive physiologic hyperarousal, secondary to persistent anticipation of panic attacks. The novel aim of this research was to investigate whether severity of agoraphobia within panic disorder covaries with the intensity of physiological reactions to imagery of panic attacks and other aversive scenarios. Methods A community sample of principal panic disorder ( n = 112; 41 without agoraphobia, 71 with agoraphobia) and control ( n = 76) participants imagined threatening and neutral events while acoustic startle probes were presented and the eye-blink response (orbicularis oculi) recorded. Changes in heart rate, skin conductance level, and facial expressivity were also measured. Results Overall, panic disorder patients exceeded control participants in startle reflex and heart rate during imagery of standard panic attack scenarios, concordant with more extreme ratings of aversion and emotional arousal. Accounting for the presence of agoraphobia revealed that both panic disorder with and without situational apprehension showed the pronounced heart rate increases during standard panic attack imagery observed for the sample as a whole. In contrast, startle potentiation to aversive imagery was more robust in those without versus with agoraphobia. Reflex diminution was most dramatic in those with the most pervasive agoraphobia, coincident with the most extreme levels of comorbid broad negative affectivity, disorder chronicity, and functional impairment. Conclusions Principal panic disorder may represent initial, heightened interoceptive fearfulness and concomitant defensive hyperactivity, which through progressive generalization of anticipatory anxiety ultimately transitions to a disorder of pervasive agoraphobic apprehension and avoidance, broad dysphoria, and compromised mobilization for defensive action.
Stanford WebBase components and applications

We describe the design and performance of WebBase, a tool for Web research. The system includes a highly customizable crawler, a repository for collected Web pages, an indexer for both text and link-related page features, and a high-speed content distribution facility. The distribution module enables researchers world-wide to retrieve pages from WebBase, and stream them across the Internet at high speed. The advantage for the researchers is that they need not all crawl the Web before beginning their research. WebBase has been used by scores of research and teaching organizations world-wide, mostly for investigations into Web topology and linguistic content analysis. After describing the system's architecture, we explain our engineering decisions for each of the WebBase components, and present respective performance measurements.
The protein kinase TOUSLED is required for maintenance of transcriptional gene silencing in Arabidopsis

TOUSLED-like kinases (TLKs) are highly conserved in plants and animals, but direct evidence linking TLKs and transcriptional gene silencing is lacking. We isolated two new alleles of TOUSLED (TSL). Mutations of TSL in ros1 reactivate the transcriptionally silent 35S-NPTII transgene and the transcriptionally silent endogenous loci TSI (TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING INFORMATION). Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis shows that histone H3Lys9 dimethylation is decreased in the reactivated transgene and endogenous TSI loci in the tsl ros1 mutant. However, there is no change in DNA methylation in the affected loci. Western blot and ChIP assay suggest that TSL might not be responsible for histone H3Ser10 phosphorylation. The tsl seedlings were more sensitive to DNA damage reagent methyl methanesulphonate and UV-B light. Our results provide direct evidence for a crucial role of the TOUSLED protein kinase in the maintenance of transcriptional gene silencing in some genomic regions in a DNA-methylation-independent manner in Arabidopsis.
Alternative Viewpoint on National Institutes of Health Clinical Guidelines

Abstract The use of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Guidelines to guide assessment and treatment of overweight and obese patients is the source of considerable debate. The guidelines rely, in part, on research with methodological problems. The standard treatments for obesity outlined in the Guidelines have not proven to be successful long term. Evidence suggests obesity may be a result of biochemical defects, not eating and exercise patterns. Dieting, one of the recommended treatments, is a known risk factor for development of an eating disorder. Further, there is no conclusive evidence that weight loss improves health outcomes. Nutrition education professionals need to develop approaches that improve health independently of weight loss for Americans seeking to lose weight.
Synovial permeability in rheumatoid arthritis

In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, as well as in persons with other kinds of synovitis, proteins enter the knee joint more rapidly than in normal individuals (P less than 0.001). The rheumatoid synovium, however, is less permeable to small molecules (tritiated water, P less than 0.02; urate, P less than 0.05; and glucose, P less than 0.002) than is the normal joint lining. This difference is explained if rheumatoid microvascular changes enhance synovial permeability to proteins while coexisting interstitial changes diminish synovial permeability to smaller molecules.
Probabilistic finite elements for fracture mechanics

The probabilistic finite element method (PFEM) is developed for probabilistic fracture mechanics (PFM). A finite element which has the near crack-tip singular strain embedded in the element is used. Probabilistic distributions, such as expectation, covariance and correlation stress intensity factors, are calculated for random load, random material and random crack length. The method is computationally quite efficient and can be expected to determine the probability of fracture or reliability.
Civil society organizations and deliberative policy making: interpreting environmental controversies in the deliberative system

This paper argues that while research on deliberative democracy is burgeoning, there is relatively little attention paid to the contributions of civil society. Based on an interpretive conceptualization of deliberative democracy, this paper draws attention to the ways in which civil society organizations employ “storylines” about environmental issues and deliberative processes to shape deliberative policy making. It asks, how do civil society organizations promote storylines in the deliberative system to change policy? How do storylines constitute policy and policy-making processes in the deliberative system? I answer these questions through an empirical analysis of two environmental controversies in the USA: environmental justice in New Mexico and coalbed methane development in Wyoming. Findings indicate that civil society organizations used storylines in both cases to shift the dynamics of the deliberative system and to advance their own interpretations of environmental problems and policy-making processes. Specifically, they used storylines (1) to set the agenda on environmental hazards, (2) to construct the form of public deliberation, changing the rules of the game, (3) to construct the content of public deliberation, shaping meanings related to environmental policy, and (4) to couple/align forums, arenas and courts across the system. These findings suggest that promoting storylines through accommodation and selection processes can be an important mechanism for shaping policy meanings and for improving deliberative quality, although these effects are tempered by discursive and material forms of power, and the competition among alternative storylines.
The reaction of H2S with surface oxygen on Ni(110)

Abstract The reactions of H 2 S with predosed surface oxygen on Ni(110) surfaces were studied for a variety of coverage conditions. The primary reaction product is H 2 O, but the details of the water formation and desorption depends on the coverage of both O and H 2 S. For high coverages of oxygen (p(2 × 1)− O ; 0.5 ML), the reaction to form water is quantitative. The loss of oxygen from the surface (as measured by AES) is equal to the increase in sulfur coverage. XPS and HREELS measurements indicate the presence of chemisorbed H 2 O immediately following large exposures of H 2 S on the oxygen predosed surface at 110 K. Deuterium incorporation results suggest that the primary mechanism for these coverage conditions involves direct transfer of hydrogen from SH or H 2 S moieties to the oxygen. A second mechanism involving reaction of surface hydroxyl groups with surface hydrogen was also identified. This mechanism is particularly important for high coverages of oxygen (0.5 ML) and low coverages of H 2 S (0.15 ML), where water desorption was observed at 235 K, but was not observed spectroscopically at 110 K. The sequential addition of two surface hydrogen atoms to surface oxygen is not an important mechanism in this system. These reactions were modeled using a bond-order conservation method, and the model successfully reproduced the important mechanistic conclusions.
Fuzzy goal programming based genetic algorithm approach to nutrient management for rice crop planning

Abstract The main purpose of this paper is to present a tolerance based fuzzy goal programming (FGP) and a FGP based genetic algorithm (GA) model for nutrient management decision-making for rice crop planning in India. In the proposed model, we have included fuzzy goals such as fertilizer cost and rice yield in the decision-making process. Fuzzy goals are converted to goal constraints using their corresponding membership function values and the deterministic equivalent of the fuzzy model is obtained using tolerance based FGP approach. This deterministic nutrient management model is also solved using a proposed real coded GA and the optimal combination of fertilizer is obtained to maximize the yield of rice within the available budget. A case example is solved under various scenarios to demonstrate the proposed approach.
It did happen here: fear and loathing on the vaccine trail.

Adverse publicity that placed undue emphasis on a possible connection between autism and the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine and vaccines containing thimerosal made parents in the United Kingdo...
Hypersonic Laminar Viscous Flow Past Spinning Cones at Angle of Attack

Computational results are presented for hypersonic viscous flow past spinning sharp and blunt cones of angle of attack, obtained with a parabolic Navier-Stokes marching code. The code takes into account the asymmetries in the flowfield resulting from spinning motion and computes the asymmetric shock shape, cross-flow and streamwise shear, heat transfer, cross-flow separation, and vortex structure. The Magnus force and moments are also computed. Comparisons are made with other theoretical analyses based on boundary-layer and boundary-region equations, and an anomaly is discovered in the displacement thickness contribution to the Magnus force when compared with boundary-layer results.
Point: Diabetic Patients and Coronary Calcium: Risk stratification, compliance, and plaque progression

The use of electron beam tomography (EBT) is becoming increasingly accepted for risk stratification in the asymptomatic patient (1). Coronary artery calcium (CAC), as measured by EBT, has been shown to be a marker of increased risk in every prognostic study published to date, in both symptomatic and asymptomatic cohorts (2). The relationship of CAC to angiographic disease holds the same tight correlation in persons with diabetes as in nondiabetic patients (3), suggesting that the risk stratification with EBT will be as robust in individuals with diabetes as in others. The only prognostic study of EBT and diabetes published to date demonstrates that diabetic subjects with CAC were four times more likely to suffer a cardiac event than nondiabetic subjects with low calcium scores ( P < 0.001) (4). The new National Cholesterol Education Panel (NCEP) guidelines (5) support the conclusions of the Prevention Conference V and the American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) report that high coronary calcium scores signify and confirm increased risk for future cardiac events. “Therefore, measurement of coronary calcium is an option for advanced risk assessment in appropriately selected persons. In persons with multiple risk factors, high …
Nα-Imidazolylalkyl and Pyridylalkyl Derivatives of Histaprodifen: Synthesis and in Vitro Evaluation of Highly Potent Histamine H1-Receptor Agonists

A novel series of Nα-imidazolylalkyl and pyridylalkyl derivatives of histaprodifen (6, 2-[2-(3,3-diphenylpropyl)imidazol-4-yl]ethanamine) was synthesized and evaluated as histamine H1-receptor agonists. The title compounds displayed partial agonism at contractile H1-receptors of guinea pig ileum and were at least equipotent with histamine. Agonist effects of the new derivatives were susceptible to blockade by the H1-receptor antagonist mepyramine (2−100 nM). In the imidazole series, suprahistaprodifen (51, [2-[2-(3,3-diphenylpropyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]ethyl]-[2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethyl]amine, Nα-2-[(1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethyl]histaprodifen) showed the highest H1-receptor agonist potency ever reported in the literature (pEC50 8.26, efficacy Emax 96%). Elongation of the alkyl spacer from ethyl to butyl decreased activity from 3630% (ethyl, 51) to 163% (butyl, 53) of histamine potency. The exchange of the terminal imidazole nucleus for a pyridine ring resulted in compounds with comparably high potency. A decrease i...
Doppler geolocation with drifting carrier

This paper describes a particle filter approach to improve passive Doppler geolocation of non-cooperative radio frequency (RF) emitters from measurements collected on-board a single moving sensor. Existing Doppler-based geolocation techniques assume that the emitter's carrier frequency is unknown but stable over the course of the triangulation. However, this assumption is often violated by today's commercial devices that have manufacturing tolerances that allow significant carrier drift, and the application of static optimization procedures to this non-stationary state description often leads to nonsensical answers. This paper proposes a recursive approach based on particle filters that tracks the non-stationary carrier drift while discretely representing the emitter's multi-modal state space through time to ultimately converge to the true emitter location. The new approach is compared to Newton optimization and extended Kalman filter (EKF) based solutions.
Factors affecting the increased energy expenditure during passive cycling

Short-duration passive cycling, during which a motor drives the pedals, elevates metabolic energy expenditure. Our purpose was to investigate the feasibility of passive cycling as a physical inactivity countermeasure by quantifying how the number of legs involved, cycling cadence, and habituation influence energy expenditure. Eleven non-cyclists participated. We compared one- and two-leg passive cycling at cadences of 60 and 90 RPM. To investigate if there are habituation effects, we conducted multiple 5-min trials and a prolonged 30-min passive cycling trial. The increase in energy expenditure above rest during passive cycling was significantly greater for two legs compared to one leg (39 vs. 16% at 60 RPM and 96 vs. 45% at 90 RPM). The increase in energy expenditure above rest was greater for 90 versus 60 RPM two-leg passive cycling (96 vs. 39%; p < 0.001). Repeated trials showed no evidence of habituation and the increase in energy expenditure was maintained for the duration of the 30-min trial. In conclusion, energy expenditure during passive cycling is directly related to the number of legs involved and cycling cadence. Two-leg passive cycling at 90 RPM resulted in energy expenditures similar to the walking workstation, suggesting its potential as a physical inactivity countermeasure.
Left Atrial Volume in Children Without Heart Disease and in Those With Ventricular Septal Defect or Patent Ductus Arteriosus or Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

In adults, the left atrial (LA) volume has been shown to reflect diastolic function and is a powerful predictor of cardiac morbidity and mortality. Normative LA volume values in children and the effect of loading conditions on the LA volume in those with congenital heart disease are lacking. The purposes of the present study were to (1) establish normal LA volume values for children, (2) assess the effect of left ventricular volume loading conditions on LA volume, and (3) describe the effect of abnormal myocardial relaxation on the LA volume. We retrospectively reviewed the echocardiograms from 3 pediatric cohorts: group N (n = 522), children with normal echocardiographic findings; group VSD/PDA (n = 71), children with ventricular septal defect (VSD; n = 50) or patent ductus arteriosus (PDA; n = 21); and group HC (n = 63), children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC). In group N, we identified the LA volume indexed to the body surface area (LA volume index) as a consistent measure of the LA volume in children 3 to 23 months old (mean 16 ± 3 ml/m(2)) and 2 to 17 years old (mean 22 ± 4 ml/m(2)). LA dilation was more common in group VSD/PDA than in group N (27% vs 2%, p <0.0001) and in children with moderate or large shunts than in those with smaller shunts (61% vs 5%, p <0.0001). In group HC, the LA volume index correlated with the mitral valve E/e' ratio (p <0.0001). In conclusion, this is the first study to establish normal pediatric LA volume values. The LA volume index is a reproducible measure of LA size in children ≥ 3 months old. The LA volume index reflects a chronically increased left ventricular volume load in children with VSD or PDA and chronically elevated left ventricular filling pressures in children with HC.
Cellular immunohistochemical localization of the matricellular protein myocilin in the intervertebral disc.

Myocilin is a 55-57-kDa protein that is a member of the olfactomedin protein family. It is expressed in the cornea, sclera and trabecular network of the eye, myelinated peripheral nerves, heart, skeletal muscle, trachea and other tissues. Myocilin binds to a domain of fibronectin, type IV collagen and laminen in the trabecular meshwork of the eye, and its expression is influenced by transforming growth factor beta. Because these extracellular matrix components also are common in the intervertebral disc, the objective of our study was to determine whether the matricellular protein myocilin could be detected in the human or sand rat intervertebral disc using immunohistochemistry and to assess its localization. We investigated 16 specimens of human disc tissue and discs from six sand rats. Three human disc cell cultures grown in three-dimensional culture also were evaluated. Immunocytochemical annulus analysis showed the presence of myocilin within the disc cell cytoplasm in some, but not all, cells. Extrace...
Quantum Monte Carlo calculations of light nuclei

Abstract Quantum Monte Carlo methods provide an essentially exact way to calculate various properties of nuclear bound, and low energy continuum states, from realistic models of nuclear interactions and currents. After a brief description of the methods and modern models of nuclear forces, we review the results obtained for all the bound, and some continuum states of up to eight nucleons. Various other applications of the methods are reviewed along with future prospects.
Amyloid β Protein Precursor Is Phosphorylated by JNK-1 Independent of, yet Facilitated by, JNK-Interacting Protein (JIP)-1

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is genetically linked to the processing of amyloid β protein precursor (AβPP). Aside from being the precursor of the amyloid β (Aβ) found in plaques in the brains of patients with AD, little is known regarding the functional role of AβPP. We have recently reported biochemical evidence linking AβPP to the JNK signaling cascade by finding that JNK-interacting protein-1 (JIP-1) binds AβPP. In order to study the functional implications of this interaction we assayed the carboxyl-terminal of AβPP for phosphorylation. We found that the threonine 668 within the AβPP intracellular domain (AID or elsewhere AICD) is indeed phosphorylated by JNK1. We surprisingly found that although JIP-1 can facilitate this phosphorylation, it is not required for this process. We also found that JIP-1 only facilitated phosphorylation of AβPP but not of the two other family members APLP1 (amyloid precursor-like protein 1) and APLP2. Understanding the connection between AβPP phosphorylation and the JNK signaling pathway, which mediates cell response to stress may have important implications in understanding the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
Gasoline Prices and Traffic Crashes in Alabama, 1999–2009

Objective: The price of gasoline has been found to be negatively associated with traffic crashes in a limited number of studies. However, most of the studies have focused either on fatal crashes only or on all crashes but measured over a very short time period. In this study, we examine gasoline price effects on all traffic crashes by demographic groups in the state of Alabama from 1999 to 2009. Methods: Using negative binomial regression techniques to examine monthly data from 1999 to 2009 in the state of Alabama, we estimate the effects of changes in gasoline price on changes in automobile crashes. We also examine how these effects differ by age group (16–20, 21–25, 26–30, 31–64, and 65+), gender (male and female), and race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Hispanic). Results: The results show that gasoline prices have both short-term and long-term effects on reducing total traffic crashes and crashes of each age, gender, and race/ethnicity group (except Hispanic due to data limitat...
The Art of Rubrics: Painting by Numbers?

ABSTRACT A teaching artist and painting professor moves from skepticism to the artful application of rubrics as tools for teaching and learning. While both authors participated in the development of this article, Mary Connelly wrote the article in the first person to capture the personal nature of her teaching story.
Parasitism of Acyrthosiphon pisum by Allothrombium pulvinum (Acariformes: Trombidiidae): Host attachment site, host size selection, superparasitism and effect on host

Several aspects of parasitism of the pea aphid,Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), by the mite parasiteAllothrombium pulvinum Ewing, were examined in the laboratory. Larvae ofA. pulvinum were fastmoving mites that find their host by contact of their foretarsi with the host. They can attach to all parts of the host body, but insert their chelicerae only into weakly sclerotized parts such as intersegmental membranes. Of the attached larval mites, most (63.5–74.1%) were on the thorax of their hosts, regardless of host size. In hosts of small and medium size, the ventral side receives most parasitism, whereas in large hosts the lateral sites are most often attacked. Larval mites prefer large hosts when allowed to select between pairs of large and small hosts, but show no significant preference when allowed to choose between pairs of large and medium hosts or pairs of medium and small hosts. In two-choice tests, larval mites prefer previously parasitized hosts to umparasitized hosts, which results in superparasitism of the hosts. When the mite load is fiveA. pulvinum kills all small hosts within three days, and all medium hosts and 50% of large hosts within four days, the reproduction of surviving adult aphids were significantly reduced. Host-finding behavior, attachment site preference, host size selection, superparasitism, and effect on hosts are briefly reviewed for larval parasites of Trombidiidae. The potential role of larvalAllothrombium in integrated and biological aphid control is also discussed.
Bayesian estimation of the proportion of treatment effect captured by a surrogate marker

Surrogate endpoints in clinical trials are biological markers or events observable earlier than the clinical endpoints (such as death) that are actually of primary interest. The ‘proportion of treatment effect captured’ by a surrogate endpoint (PTE) is a frequentist measure intended to address the question of whether trials based on a surrogate endpoint reach the same conclusions as would have been reached using the true endpoint. The question of inferential interest is whether PTE for a given marker exceeds some threshold value, say 0.5. Calculating PTE requires fitting two different models to the same data. We develop a Markov chain Monte Carlo based method for estimating the Bayesian posterior distribution of PTE. The new method conditions on the truth of a single model. Obtaining the full posterior distribution enables direct statements such as ‘the posterior probability that PTE>0.5 is 0.085’. Furthermore, credible sets do not depend on asymptotic approximations and can be computed using data sets for which the frequentist methods may be inaccurate or even impossible to apply. We illustrate with Bayesian proportional hazards models for clinical trial data. As a by-product of developing the Bayesian method, we show that the frequentist estimate of PTE also may be computed from quantities in a single model and calculate frequentist confidence intervals for PTE that tend to be narrower than those produced by standard methods but that provide equally good coverage. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Azimuth & elevation estimation using acoustic array

Tracking of helicopters or any airborne targets requires estimation of both azimuth and elevation angles of the target. In this paper, an algorithm for estimation of azimuth and elevation using acoustic array (array of microphones) will be presented. There are several super resolution algorithms for estimation of direction of arrival (DoA) angles, such as minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR), multiple signal classification (MUSIC), ESPRIT, etc. While these algorithms are able to provide fairly good estimation of azimuth, they are unable to estimate the elevation angles with reasonable accuracy. In this paper, a new par-digm is developed to estimate the pointing vector (azimuth & elevation) to the target using the angle of arrivals (AoA) of a target's signal at each pair of microphones in the array. Mathematical formulation of the problem is presented. The algorithm for estimation of azimuth and elevation is used on actual helicopter data, and the results are presented.
Simulation of Derivative Characteristics of Broadband Quantum Dot Lasers

We present the development of theoretical model based on multi-population rate equation to assess the derivative optical gain and chirp characteristics from the multiple states broadband InGaAs/GaAs quantum-dots laser. Our results show that the linewidth enhancement factor from the ground state is slightly larger but in the same order of magnitude as the values obtained in conventional quantum-dot lasers. This study is important in proving the competency of this novel device for diverse applications.
THE POTENTIAL FOR CRIME OVERREPORTING IN CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION SURVEYS

A critique is offered of’ the methodology of the criminal victimization survey and several sources of error that may result in artificially inflated crime rates based on such data are identified. It is argued that much information about crimes given by respondents may be incorrect due to misunderstandings about what transpired, ignorance about legal definitions, memory failures about when crimes occurred, and outright prefabrication. Organizational imperatives that may cause interviewers and coders to skew the data toward a showing of greater criminality are analyzed. Some ideas for measuring response error more precisely are presented.
A critique of desire: Distaste and dislike in consumer behavior

This paper argues that what we do not want to consume is often as personally and socially important as what we desire. Are desire and distaste really two separate bodies of knowledge; do we keep separate mental lists of good and bad, of things to be sought out and things to be avoided? Or are the positive and negative aspects of goods always intimately related to each other, so that we learn a series of relationships between desire and disgust, or desired and detested objects? This inquiry was prompted by a long term study of consumption in the Central American country of Belize. Survey data show that distastes, aversions, and dislikes are much more socially diagnostic than positive desires. I argue that dislikes and distastes are not the mirror images of tastes and desire, but instead provide very different ways for people to express identity and difference, to create senses of self, space, and personal and social time.
Temporal reasoning in natural language understanding: the temporal structure of the narrative

This paper proposes a new framework for discourse analysis, in the spirit of Grosz and Sidner (1986), Webber (1987a,b) but differentiated with respect to the type or genre of discourse. It is argued that different genres call for different representations and processing strategies; particularly important is the distinction between subjective, performative discourse and objective discourse, of which narrative is a primary example. This paper concentrates on narratives and introduces the notions of temporal focus (proposed also in Webber (1987b)) and narrative move. The processing tasks involved in reconstructing the temporal structure of a narrative (Webber's e/s structure) are formulated in terms of these two notions. The remainder of the paper analyzes the durational and aspectual knowledge needed for those tasks. Distinctions are established between grammatical aspect, aspectual class and the aspectual perspective of a sentence in discourse; it is shown that in English, grammatical aspect under-determines the aspectual perspective.
Limits to reproductive success of Sarracenia purpurea (Sarraceniaceae).

Plant biologists have an enduring interest in assessing components of plant fitness and determining limits to seed set. Consequently, the relative contributions of resource and pollinator availability have been documented for a large number of plant species. We experimentally examined the roles of resource and pollen availability on seed set by the northern pitcher plant Sarracenia purpurea. We were able to distinguish the relative contributions of carbon (photosynthate) and mineral nutrients (nitrogen) to reproductive success. We also determined potential pollinators of this species. The bees Bombus affinis and Augochlorella aurata and the fly Fletcherimyia fletcheri were the only floral visitors to S. purpurea that collected pollen. Supplemental pollination increased seed set by ,10%, a much lower percentage than would be expected, given data from noncarnivorous, animal-pollinated taxa. Seed set was reduced by 14% in plants that could not capture prey and by another 23% in plants whose pitcher-shaped leaves were also prevented from photosynthesizing. We conclude that resources are more important than pollen availability in determining seed set by this pitcher plant and that reproductive output may be another ‘‘cost’’ of the carnivorous habit.
Reflection: Linking Service and Learning—Linking Students and Communities

While research on service–learning has been mixed, there is evidence to suggest that service–learning programs which thoroughly integrate service and academic learning through continuous reflection promote development of the knowledge, skills, and cognitive capacities necessary for students to deal effectively with the complex social issues that challenge citizens. While there is not much research in the service–learning literature that specifically addresses techniques of reflection, evidence from studies of problem–based learning, situated cognition, and cognitive development suggests approaches to reflection that will enhance the power of service–learning in attaining these important goals which facilitate full community participation. This review presents concrete suggestions about this type of program.
BOUNDARY CONCEPTS IN THE SETTING OF PLACE AND TIME1

(1959). BOUNDARY CONCEPTS IN THE SETTING OF PLACE AND TIME. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 49, No. 3, pp. 241-255.
The influence of intraguild predation on prey suppression and prey release: a meta-analysis

Intraguild predation (IGP) occurs when one predator species consumes another predator species with whom it also competes for shared prey. One question of interest to ecologists is whether multiple predator species suppress prey populations more than a single predator species, and whether this result varies with the presence of IGP. We conducted a meta-analysis to examine this question, and others, regarding the effects of IGP on prey suppression. When predators can potentially consume one another (mutual IGP), prey suppression is greater in the presence of one predator species than in the presence of multiple predator species; however, this result was not found for assemblages with unidirectional or no IGP. With unidirectional IGP, intermediate predators were generally more effective than the top predator at suppressing the shared prey, in agreement with IGP theory. Adding a top predator to an assemblage generally caused prey to be released from predation, while adding an intermediate predator caused prey populations to be suppressed. However, the effects of adding a top or intermediate predator depended on the effectiveness of these predators when they were alone. Effects of IGP varied across different ecosystems (e.g., lentic, lotic, marine, terrestrial invertebrate, and terrestrial vertebrate), with the strongest patterns being driven by terrestrial invertebrates. Finally, although IGP theory is based on equilibrium conditions, data from short-term experiments can inform us about systems that are dominated by transient dynamics. Moreover, short-term experiments may be connected in some way to equilibrium models if the predator and prey densities used in experiments approximate the equilibrium densities in nature.
School Nurse Knowledge and Perceptions of Recurrent Abdominal Pain: Opportunity for Therapeutic Alliance?

Recurrent abdominal pain of childhood affects up to 15% of school-age children, who face significant psychosocial consequences, including school absence. Because assessment of recurrent abdominal pain is frequently made at the school nurse level, a questionnaire was sent to 425 school nurses to evaluate perceptions about recurrent abdominal pain. Among the responses, 47.1% believed children were faking or seeking attention; 3.6% considered it a serious disease, 77.9% stated that affected children should see a physician, 51.5% believed they should relax, and 25.0% believed they needed medicine. Results indicated that school nurses were unclear on epidemiologic and etiologic features of recurrent abdominal pain and had negative views that may inadvertently contribute to the anxiety felt by affected children. Education of school nurses and communication from physicians may advance strategies designed to reduce the fiscal and social costs associated with this common childhood condition.
Finite-dimensional approximation and error bounds for spectral systems with partially known eigenstructure

An approach is presented for directly computing bounds on the frequency-response error between finite-dimensional modal models and the full infinite-dimensional models of systems described by certain classes of linear hyperbolic and parabolic partial differential equations (PDE's). The models and bounding techniques are developed specifically to be computable when applied to hyperbolic and parabolic systems with spatially variant parameters, complicated boundary shapes, and other cases where the eigenstructure is not available in closed form and must be computed numerically. A controller design example is presented to illustrate the utility of this approach. >
The vortex formation time to diastolic function relation: assessment of pseudonormalized versus normal filling

In early diastole, the suction pump feature of the left ventricle opens the mitral valve and aspirates atrial blood. The ventricle fills via a blunt profiled cylindrical jet of blood that forms an asymmetric toroidal vortex ring inside the ventricle whose growth has been quantified by the standard (dimensionless) expression for vortex formation time, VFTstandard = {transmitral velocity time integral}/{mitral orifice diameter}. It can differentiate between hearts having distinguishable early transmitral (Doppler E-wave) filling patterns. An alternative validated expression, VFTkinematic reexpresses VFTstandard by incorporating left heart, near “constant-volume pump” physiology thereby revealing VFTkinematic's explicit dependence on maximum rate of longitudinal chamber expansion (E′). In this work, we show that VFTkinematic can differentiate between hearts having indistinguishable E-wave patterns, such as pseudonormal (PN; 0.75 8) versus normal. Thirteen age-matched normal and 12 PN data sets (738 total cardiac cycles), all having normal LVEF, were selected from our Cardiovascular Biophysics Laboratory database. Doppler E-, lateral annular E′-waves, and M-mode data (mitral leaflet separation, chamber dimension) was used to compute VFTstandard and VFTkinematic. VFTstandard did not differentiate between groups (normal [3.58 ± 1.06] vs. PN [4.18 ± 0.79], P = 0.13). In comparison, VFTkinematic for normal (3.15 ± 1.28) versus PN (4.75 ± 1.35) yielded P = 0.006. Hence, the applicability of VFTkinematic for diastolic function quantitation has been broadened to include analysis of PN filling patterns in age-matched groups.
Superposition coding in the downlink of CDMA cellular systems

Superposition coding techniques can be used to improve communications efficiency in a variety of scenarios. These techniques are particularly appropriate for applications in which there are spatial or temporal disparities in received signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). In this paper, we consider the application of superposition coding to improve the throughput of the forward link in a CDMA cellular system using orthogonal spreading sequences. By taking advantage of power disparities that are created by power control on the forward link, the system can transmit to a larger number of users by transmitting to multiple users on a single spreading sequence and using superposition coding. We use an abstraction of a cellular communication system in which Shannon capacity or the optimal capacity equations for broadcasting on an additive white Gaussian noise channel are used to determine the required transmit power to a user or users. We evaluate the user capacity achieved with the proposed superposition coding technique under both average-and fixed-power constraints. We compare the performance of the proposed technique to that of a system that employs generalized Welch bound equality (GWBE) sequences. The results indicate that superposition coding can significantly increase the user capacity of a cellular system and that broadcasting is much more effective than using GWBE sequences
Extrahepatic tissue concentrations of vitamin K are lower in rats fed a high vitamin E diet

Background An adverse hematological interaction between vitamins E and K has been reported, primarily in patients on anticoagulants. However, little is known regarding circulating levels or tissue concentrations of vitamin K in response to vitamin E supplementation. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of different levels of dietary α-tocopherol on phylloquinone and menaquinone-4 concentrations, while maintaining a constant intake of phylloquinone, in rat tissues.
Contamination of raw poultry with pathogens

The incidence and numbers of numerous pathogenic organisms on raw processed poultry have been well documented in the scientific literature. This paper is an attempt to summarize the data in a logic...