cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Many corals host thermally resistant symbionts in high-temperature habitat

Physiologically distinct lines of dinoflagellate symbionts, Symbiodinium spp., may confer distinct thermal tolerance thresholds on their host corals. Therefore, if a coral can alternately host distinct symbionts, changes in their Symbiodinium communities might allow corals to better tolerate increasing environmental temperatures. However, researchers are currently debating how commonly coral species can host different symbiont types. We sequenced chloroplast 23 s rDNA from the Symbiodinium communities of nine reef-building coral species across two thermally distinct lagoon pools separated by ~500 m. The hotter of these pools reaches 35°C in the summer months, while the other pool’s maximum temperature is 1.5°C cooler. Across 217 samples from nine species, we found a single haplotype in both Symbiodinium clades A and D, but four haplotypes in Symbiodinium clade C. Eight of nine species hosted a putatively thermally resistant member of clade D Symbiodinium at least once, one of which hosted this clade D symbiont exclusively. Of the remaining seven that hosted multiple Symbiodinium types, six species showed higher proportions of the clade D symbiont in the hotter pool. Average percentage rise in the frequency of the clade D symbiont from the hotter to cooler pool was 52% across these six species. Even though corals hosted members of both the genetically divergent clades D and C Symbiodinium, some showed patterns of host–symbiont specificity within clade C. Both Acropora species that hosted clade C exclusively hosted a member of sub-clade C2, while all three Pocillopora species hosted a member of sub-clade C1 (sensu van Oppen et al. 2001). Our results suggest that coral–algal symbioses often conform to particular temperature environments through changes in the identity of the algal symbiont.
Assessment of Body Image in Younger and Older Women

Body image was compared in younger versus older women using questionnaires and women's responses to fatter and thinner images of their own bodies versus responses to line drawings of bodies in the Figure Ratings Scale. We found that younger and older women have similar body dissatisfaction but that younger women have a higher drive for thinness and experience more societal influence on their body image. Using images of one's own body versus line drawings did not result in different body dissatisfaction in younger versus older women. These data suggest that age affects some facets of body image but not others and that ratings of body image do not differ in normal, healthy younger and older women when personalized measures are used.
Changes over time in the knowledge base of practicing internists.

Objective. —To determine factors affecting the knowledge base of practicing internists. Design. —An 82-item multiple-choice examination with questions from the 1988 American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) certifying examination was used to assess the knowledge base of 289 internists. Setting and Participants. —Participants were selected from among practicing internists in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania who had received ABIM certification 5 to 15 years previously. Results. —A significant inverse correlation ( r = -.30) was found between examination scores and the number of years elapsed since certification. Knowledge declined sharply within 15 years of certification. In addition, procedure-oriented subspecialists (cardiologists and gastroenterologists) had lower scores than other internists in this examination of general medical knowledge. Multivariate analyses showed that independent variables that predicted test performance were initial ABIM certifying examination score, time elapsed since certification, subspecialty classification, medical school type, and residency type. Conclusions. —These results support the recent decision for time-limited certification of internists and raise questions related to content and standard setting for recertification examinations. ( JAMA . 1991;266:1103-1107)
Long time stability of four methods for splitting the evolutionary Stokes-Darcy problem into Stokes and Darcy subproblems

This report analyzes the long time stability of four methods for non-iterative, sub-physics, uncoupling for the evolutionary Stokes-Darcy problem. The four methods uncouple each timestep into separate Stokes and Darcy solves using ideas from splitting methods. Three methods uncouple sequentially while one is a parallel uncoupling method. We prove long time stability of four splitting based partitioned methods under timestep restrictions depending on the problem parameters. The methods include those that are stable uniformly in S"0, the storativity coefficient, for moderate k"m"i"n, the minimum hydraulic conductivity, uniformly in k"m"i"n for moderate S"0 and with no coupling between the timestep and the spacial meshwidth.
Suppression of periodic interference from images via transform domain processing

The removal of periodic interference in computer images is a relatively well-understood problem. Assuming no a priori knowledge of the periodic signal, one may apply a 2D-DFT to an image to yield the spectral composition. When the periodic signal contains sufficient magnitude, spectral peaks can be identified in the spectral domain and may be removed by replacing the spectral peaks with an average or median value of the surrounding components. Application of a 2D-IDFT will result in a restored image. The process described is adequate for periodic signals that introduce an integer number of cycles throughout the image, however, when a non-integer number of cycles exists, the technique fails to remove a sufficient amount of corrupting signal energy. A robust algorithm has been developed to eliminate the manual process of identifying and removing the periodic interference. The Enhanced Median Adjusted Detection (EMAD) algorithm examines the values surrounding a spectral component and adaptively determines if the spectral component is a spectral peak. Once identified as a peak, application of a median filter suppresses the peak.
Nucleophosmin is selectively deposited on mRNA during polyadenylation.

Nucleophosmin (NPM), an abundant, predominantly nucleolar protein that influences numerous cellular processes, was shown to specifically associate with the bodies of messenger RNAs as a result of the process of 3′-end formation. NPM deposition requires polyadenylation but not the 3′ cleavage event to occur on the transcript. Furthermore, the protein does not associate with RNAs bearing a preformed poly(A) tail or with mRNAs that have undergone cleavage but not polyadenylation. A region within 10 bases upstream of the AAUAAA element is required for NPM association, but deposition of the protein seems to be sequence independent. NPM association with poly(A)+ mRNAs was also demonstrated in vivo. NPM, therefore, represents a mark left on transcripts as a result of 3′-end processing and may have a role in one or more of a variety of post-transcriptional processes influenced by the polyadenylation event.
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION AND THE REALKALINIZATION OF INTRACELLULAR PH DURING RECOVERY FROM ANOXIA IN ARTEMIA FRANCISCANA EMBRYOS

The contribution of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to the realkalinization of intracellular pH (pHi) and resynthesis of purine nucleotides during recovery from anoxia was investigated in embryos of Artemia franciscana by assessing the sensitivity of mitochondrial respiration to pH, calculating proton consumption by oxidative phosphorylation, and measuring changes in pHi using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance. Following short-term anoxia, pHi increased from 6.7 to 7.7 during 20 min of aerobic recovery and was temporally correlated with a large increase in ATP. State 3 respiration rates of isolated mitochondria were not substantially compromised at the acidic pH corresponding to the pHi during anoxia (pH 6.3–6.8) compared to values obtained at pH 7.7. Both state 3 respiration rates and respiratory control ratios exhibited broad, substrate-specific pH optima, whereas state 4 respiration rates increased gradually with increasing pH. P:O flux ratios were near their mechanistic limits and did not vary appreciably with pH below 7.5. Estimates of intracellular buffering capacity indicate that between 18 and 37 mmol H+ (1 cytosol)−1 must be consumed to elevate pHi from 6.7 to 7.7. Phosphorylation of mono- and diphosphate purine-nucleotides during the first 20 min of recovery may account for the consumption of up to 4.79 mmol H+ (1 cytosol)−1. An additional 4.77 to 8.18 mmol H+ (1 cytosol)−1 may be consumed through the oxidation of mono- or dicarboxylic acids, respectively, in the Krebs cycle. Taken together, these data are consistent with a role for oxidative phosphorylation in the realkalinization of pHi and resynthesis of purine nucleotides in A. franciscana embryos during recovery from anoxia.
Feasibility of Laser Surface Texturing for Friction Reduction in Surgical Blades

Trauma resulting from surgical blade friction can cause several complications and delay the recovery time of a patient. In order to attain optimal tribological properties, an 8 ps pulsed 532 nm Nd:YVO4 laser was used to ablate the cutting edge surface of surgical blades to create micro dimples of ∼110 μm in diameter and ∼30 μm in depth. Additionally, certain arrays of dimples endured an extra laser ablation operation to add a fillet to the dimple rims with the hope of reducing stress concentrations during tissue cutting and reducing friction even further. These surface textures were experimentally investigated through cutting experiments on phantom tissue material. Ultimately, the blades with the cutting surface texture that employed blended dimple rims showed a substantial reduction in friction forces when cutting phantom tissue samples.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Integrated RF Passive Filtering Circuits in Organic Package Substrate

Integration of RF passive components like filter, diplexer and matching network on organic substrate are discussed in this paper. These passives are composed of a few lumped elements, mainly inductors and capacitors, which are realized using wind traces or parallel plate with high-k dielectric material sandwiched between them. A few test samples have been fabricated on a multi-layer organic substrate. Measurement results based on two-port VNA have been compared with HFSS simulation results. Good agreement has been observed except that measurement shows more loss in the pass band than the simulation prediction.
Oak establishment and canopy accession strategies in five old-growth stands in the central hardwood forest region

Using a radial growth averaging technique, decadal-scale changes in growth rates of overstory oaks were used to identify canopy accession events at five old-growth sites. A review of tree-ring chronologies yielded three growth strategies: (1) one-half of the oaks originated in a large opening and achieved overstory status before canopy closure; (2) 38% originated in a smaller opening and required a second gap event to attain overstory status; and (3) 13% achieved overstory status after an extended period of very low growth in understory shade and one or two subsequent gap releases. For trees that required a major canopy release, understory residence times averaged 89, 54, 50 and 38 years for white oak, northern red oak, black oak, and chestnut oak, respectively. Average diameters (inside bark) at canopy accession were 13.3, 11.7, 10.0, and 6.2 cm for the four oak species, respectively. Although there is some historical precedence for these values, few contemporary second-growth forests contain understory oaks of this age, particularly red oak. These long understory residence times suggest that the level of understory shade, and by inference, the abundance of shade tolerant understory species, was considerably less before 1900.
Spinal Muscular Atrophy and a Model for Survival of Motor Neuron Protein Function in Axonal Ribonucleoprotein Complexes

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative disease that results from loss of function of the SMN1 gene, encoding the ubiquitously expressed survival of motor neuron (SMN) protein, a protein best known for its housekeeping role in the SMN–Gemin multiprotein complex involved in spliceosomal small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) assembly. However, numerous studies reveal that SMN has many interaction partners, including mRNA binding proteins and actin regulators, suggesting its diverse role as a molecular chaperone involved in mRNA metabolism. This review focuses on studies suggesting an important role of SMN in regulating the assembly, localization, or stability of axonal messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) complexes. Various animal models for SMA are discussed, and phenotypes described that indicate a predominant function for SMN in neuronal development and synapse formation. These models have begun to be used to test different therapeutic strategies that have the potential to restore SMN function. Further work to elucidate SMN mechanisms within motor neurons and other cell types involved in neuromuscular circuitry hold promise for the potential treatment of SMA.
Effects of added dietary lard on body weight and serum glucose and low density lipoprotein cholesterol in randombred broiler chickens.

Abstract The effects of dietary lard on serum glucose (GLU) and lipids were determined in Athens-Canadian randombred broiler chickens. Birds were provided either 0, 3, or 7% added lard in nonisocaloric starter diets through 10 d of age (S1), followed by either 3 or 7% added dietary lard through 21 d of age (S2). A common grower diet was fed to all birds after 21 d. Body and organ weights, feed conversion, and concentrations of various blood constituents, including serum GLU and lipids, were determined weekly from 14 to 42 d of age. Constant levels of added fat in both S1 and S2 diets generally led to higher BW in males at 42 d. Relative testes weight at 14 d was higher in males fed 3% than in those fed 7% S2 diets, whereas 7% added lard in S2 diets preceded by no added fat in S1 diets resulted in higher relative spleen weights in males at 42 d. Serum GLU concentrations were highest in males that received 3% lard rather than no added lard in the S1 diet. Serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) concentrations at 14 d were highest in females fed constant levels of lard at either 3 or 7% in both starter periods. It was concluded that added lard fed to randombred chickens at various times and levels in starter diets elicited responses in organ weight and serum LDLC and GLU concentrations that varied with the sex and age of the bird and were not consistently related to BW.
Tracing transformation Chronic migraine classification, progression, and epidemiology

Migraine attacks sometimes increase in frequency over time. Headache experts conceptualize this process with a model that envisions transition into and out of four distinct states: no migraine, low-frequency episodic migraine ( or=15 headaches per month). Transitions may be in the direction of increasing or decreasing headache frequency and are influenced by specific risk factors. Overall, population studies estimate that patients who have low-frequency episodic migraine or high-frequency episodic migraine will transition to CM at the rate of about 2.5% per year. Two longitudinal population studies, the Frequent Headache Epidemiology study and the ongoing American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention (AMPP) study provide longitudinal population data that has defined the rates of and risk factors for transition. Launched in 2004, the AMPP study has followed a sample of >10,000 migraine sufferers annually for 4 years. Cross-sectional data from the Frequent Headache Epidemiology study and the AMPP study show that patients with chronic daily headaches have lower levels of education and household income. In addition, epidemiologic profiles show that CM sufferers tend to be older and have higher body mass indexes. These studies have also assessed a number of potential risk factors associated with the transition to CM. These include baseline high attack frequency, obesity, stressful life events, snoring, and overuse of certain classes of medication. In particular, opiate and barbiturate combination products contribute to migraine progression, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents are protective in patients with <10 headache days per month. The influence of medication is modified by both headache attack frequency and frequency of medication use. Although depression and anxiety are associated with an increased risk of new-onset CM, the influence of depression is accounted for by migraine disability assessment scale score, whereas the effect of anxiety may be independent of migraine disability assessment scale score. Emerging data on the longitudinal risk of CM suggest that, in a population at risk, CM may be a preventable disorder.
Nueva Especie De Calceolaria (calceolariaceae) Del Centro Del Perú

A new species of Calceolaria L. (Calceo- lariaceae) from central Peru is described, illustrated, and compared with its closest relatives: Calceolaria oxapampensis Puppo of section Lehmannina Pennell. The new species occurs in primary forest between 2400 and 2800 m in Pasco department.
Electrical degradation of fiberglass distribution line poles

This work presents experimental results obtained from the electrical degradation of fiberglass distribution line poles. Four types of accelerated aging tests, including single-stress and multistress aging tests, were conducted for various fiberglass samples. Clean fog, salt fog, and 25 kV AC voltage were the aging stresses in these tests. Samples with different surface conditions were also tested in each type of accelerated aging test in order to evaluate the effect of surface conditions on the electrical degradation of fiberglass distribution line poles. The electrical degradation of fiberglass samples is discussed and analyzed through experimental results obtained from the electrical evaluation tests before and after the accelerated aging tests.
The Mo−OH proton of the low-pH form of sulfite oxidase: Comparison of the hyperfine interactions obtained from pulsed ENDOR, CW-EPR and ESEEM measurements

Pulsed electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectra have been obtained for the exchangeable Mo-OH proton of the low-pH form of native chicken liver sulfite oxidase (SO) and recombinant human SO for the first time. The spectra of the two enzymes are very similar, indicating a similar binding geometry of the hydroxyl ligand to the Mo center. The isotropic hyperfine interaction (hfi) constant for the proton of the OH ligand in both enzymes is about 26 MHz. The anisotropic components of the hfi obtained from the pulsed ENDOR spectra are about 1.6–1.8 times larger than those obtained by continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance and electron spin echo envelope modulation. These hfi differences are explained by a rotational disorder of the Mo-OH group. A similar rotational disorder of the coordinated exchangeable ligand has been found previously for the high-pH and phosphate-inhibited forms of SO.
Isolation of kanamycin and paromamine inactivated by E. coli carrying R factor.

Kanamycin and paromamine were inactivated in the presence of ATP and Mg++ by an enzyme solution obtained from E. coli carrying R factor. The inactivated kanamycin was isolated and it was found that the hydroxyl group on C-3 of 6-amino-6-deoxy-D-glucose moiety was phosphorylated. In the inactivated paromamine, the hydroxyl group on C-3 of D-glucosamine moiety was phosphorylated. Besides the inactivated kanamycin above described, another inactivated kanamycin containing phosphate was isolated, though it is not certain that this is the product of enzymatic inactivation.
Renewal in the United Faculty of Florida: Class War in Paradise?

This paper reviews faculty unionization and labor relations in Florida public higher education during 2000-2004. This tumultuous period includes abolition of a statewide Board of Regents, with devolution of university governance to university-level Boards of Trustees stacked with wealthy political donors. The Jeb Bush Administration used devolution as a pretext to eliminate statewide bargaining for thousands of faculty at 11 state universities. The statewide faculty union local, the United Faculty of Florida, with support from affiliates, undertook a massive re-organizing effort to protect bargaining rights. More than a thousand new members were added, and signed authorization cards were collected from over 65% of faculty at each of 11 campuses. Although most schools granted voluntary recognition, two insisted on representation elections. The union won both elections resoundingly with over 90% of the vote. Contract negotiations have been completed at two schools, but are still underway at others. Union representation is still unresolved at one school. This paper will emphasize the perspective of key constituents from Florida State University using a case study format from a participant-observer perspective. FSU is one of the largest schools in the State University System, in several ways “on the frontline” of the battle between politicians’ efforts to de-unionize the system and faculty efforts to retain bargaining rights.
Rosa woodsii subsp. puberulenta and variety ertterae (Rosaceae), new in western North America.

An additional subspecies and two new varieties of Rosa woodsii Lindl. (Rosaceae) are recognized in western North America. Rosa woodsii subsp. puberulenta (Rydb.) W. H. Lewis & Ertter, characterized by an open habit and moderately curved prickles, is the predominant bottomland subspecies occurring in the Colorado Plateau of Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, and Wyoming. Atypical unarmed populations of R. woodsii subsp. arizonica (Rydb.) W. H. Lewis & Ertter endemic to Oak Creek Canyon in the Mogollon Rim region of Coconino County, Arizona, are described as R. woodsii var. ertterae W. H. Lewis. The new combination R. woodsii var. arizonica (Rydb.) W. H. Lewis is provided for the remainder of R. woodsii subsp. arizonica. A key to the six subspecies of R. woodsii is provided.
Performance Analysis of an Optoelectronic Localization System for Monitoring Brain Lesioning with Proton Beams

Monitoring of the target position relative to the beam delivery system is a crucial requirement for creating small functional lesions in the brain with any radiosurgery modality. We have studied the performance of an optoelectronic localization system for monitoring brain lesioning with narrow proton beams. The system consists of three high-resolution cameras and dedicated software to locate a marker set in space. We tested the accuracy of the system by performing marker distance measurements and monitoring prescribed marker shifts with two different camera configurations and four different calibration techniques. Our results show that the camera-based alignment system appears adequate for the proposed task.
GATA-6 Is Expressed in the Human Adrenal and Regulates Transcription of Genes Required for Adrenal Androgen Biosynthesis

GATA-6 and GATA-4 are members of a family of transcription factors (GATA 1–6) that share conserved zinc-finger DNA binding domains. Using semiquantitative RT-PCR, we found that the human adrenal expresses mRNA for GATA-6 but not GATA-4. A recent study showed GATA-6 expression in the adrenal reticularis, the source of adrenal androgens. To investigate the role of GATA-6 in regulation of adrenal cell steroidogenesis, luciferase reporter constructs containing the 5′-flanking DNA from steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, cholesterol side-chain cleavage (CYP11A), 17α-hydroxylase (CYP17), and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfotransferase (SULT2A1) were cotransfected with an expression vector containing GATA-6 into adrenal NCI-H295R cells and nonsteroidogenic HEK293 cells. All promoter/reporter constructs were increased by GATA-6 in the adrenal model. However, in the HEK293 cells only SULT2A1 reporter activity was increased by GATA-6. One key difference between H295R and HEK293 cell lines is the differential expres...
The Impact of Correctional Officer Perceptions of Inmates on Job Stress

Research suggests that job-related stress affects correctional officers’ attitudes toward their work environment, coworkers, and supervisors, as well as their physical and mental health; however, very few studies have examined the relationship between stress and attitudes toward inmates. This study examined the relationship between correctional officers’ levels of stress and their perceptions of inmates by surveying a sample of 501 correctional officers employed by a Southern prison system. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used to test the principal hypothesis of this study—that more negative perceptions of inmates would result in higher levels of stress for correctional officers. Independent variables were grouped into four groups (demographic variables, supervisory support, job characteristics, and attitudes toward inmates) and were entered into the model in blocks. Lower supervisory support and perceptions of the job being dangerous were associated with higher levels of job stress. More im...
PERCUTANEOUS RADIO FREQUENCY ABLATION OF SMALL RENAL TUMORS: INITIAL RESULTS

Purpose: Thermal tissue ablation with radio frequency energy is an experimental treatment of renal tumor. We report early results of an ongoing trial of percutaneous radio frequency ablation for small renal tumors.Materials and Methods: Patients with percutaneously accessible renal tumors were evaluated for radio frequency ablation. Tumors were solid on computerized tomography (CT), 3 cm. or less in diameter and enlarging during at least 1 year. Ablation was performed at the Interventional Radiology suite under ultrasound and/or CT guidance. A 50 W., 460 kHz. electrosurgical generator delivered radio frequency energy via a percutaneously placed 15 gauge coaxial probe. At least 2, 10 to 12-minute ablation cycles were applied to each lesion. Patients were observed overnight before discharge from hospital and reevaluated 2 months later.Results: A total of 24 ablations were performed in 21 patients with renal tumor, including solid von Hippel-Lindau clear cell tumor in 19 and hereditary papillary renal cancer...
Screening digital rectal examination and prostate cancer mortality: a case-control study

Background Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of death from cancer in men in the United States. Digital rectal examination is the oldest and most commonly used screening test for prostate cancer, but as yet there are no studies which demonstrate its effectiveness.Methods A case-control study was conducted among members of a large health maintenance organisation to estimate the effect of screening digital rectal examination on mortality from prostate cancer. 150 men, aged 40–84 when cancer was diagnosed, who developed fatal prostate cancer, and 299 male controls matched for age who did not die from prostate cancer were studied. A history of screening digital rectal examination during the 10 years before the date on which cancer was diagnosed was determined from medical records.Results A similar proportion of men who died from prostate cancer and controls had undergone at least one screening digital rectal examination during the 10 year interval (odds ratio = 0.84, 95% confidence interval 0.48 ...
Modeling and performance evaluation of ferrocene-based polymer clad tapered optical fiber gas sensors

The possibility of utilizing certain polymers, known as variable-index materials, as cladding in tapered optical fibers for gas sensing is explored. We have shown that any small variation in the refractive index of the cladding of a tapered single-mode fiber has a direct influence on the transmission characteristic of the tapered region. A 4% deviation in the refractive index of a certain polymer is obtained upon the exposure of the polymer to ammonia. Sensitivity, repeatability, and selectivity of several fabricated sensors are also illustrated.
AlGaN/GaN HFET amplifier performance and limitations

Wide bandgap semiconductor field-effect transistors based upon the AlGaN/GaN heterostructure often demonstrate premature saturation and degradation of the RF output power, power-added efficiency, and gain as the device is driven into saturation. The effect is generally accompanied by 'current slump', where the dc current decreases with increasing RF drive. It is demonstrated that charge non-confinement in the 2DEG under large-signal conditions can produce source resistance modulation that degrades RF performance consistent with experimental data.
Fast List-Mode Reconstruction for Time-of-Flight PET Using Graphics Hardware

Positron emission tomography (PET) measurements with time-of-flight (TOF) information are often very sparse. As a result, direct reconstruction from raw list-mode data is an attractive strategy for dealing with the large dimension spanned by the measurements. However, even though sparse datasets are more efficiently processed in list mode than as sinograms, list-mode reconstruction remains computationally demanding and computer clusters are typically required for reconstructing clinical PET scans with TOF information. In this work, we demonstrate that off-the-shelf graphics processing units can be used as an alternative approach to accelerate line projections with TOF kernels.
Popular Constitutionalism after Kelo

In Kelo v. City of New London, the Supreme Court offered its interpretation of the Takings Clause. We the People disagreed. In an unprecedented legal backlash, Americans from across the political spectrum united to oppose what they overwhelmingly viewed as a grievous constitutional error. But this reaction wasn’t merely political. Through the auspices of popular constitutionalism, the American people worked to abrogate the Supreme Court's understanding of the Takings Clause and replace it with their own. This symposium essay, written in honor of Ilya Somin’s “The Grasping Hand,” explores how popular constitutionalism emerged after Kelo. Part I offers a brief sketch of the Supreme Court’s decision in Kelo and how it weakened the constitutional protection of property rights. Part II charts how voters and legislators in forty-five states enacted reform legislation to curb eminent domain abuse, and claw back Kelo. The intensity and fervor with which the states tackled this issue — in particular those enacted through popular referenda rather than the legislature — is a testament to the populace’s rejection of the Supreme Court’s constitutional interpretation. Kelo offers an exemplar of how the people, and not the Supreme Court, remain the final arbiters of the meaning of our Constitution. Part III highlights how popular constitutionalism also impacts state court judges interpreting state constitutions. In one of the more curious developments following Kelo, state courts consistently disregarded Kelo as a guide for interpreting their state constitutions — a departure from how these same courts had followed the federal Supreme Court’s lead on the Takings Clause for decades. Many of these judges, acting as conduits of the people, expressly rejected Kelo.Through both legislative and judicial channels, Americans manifested a wide-ranging constitutional repudiation of the Supreme Court’s decision. On Kelo’s inglorious decennial, thanks to popular constitutionalism, eminent domain ain’t what it used to be.
Major Differences: Variations in Undergraduate and Graduate Student Mental Health and Treatment Utilization Across Academic Disciplines

This article explores variations in mental health and service utilization across academic disciplines using a random sample of undergraduate and graduate students (N = 64,519) at 81 colleges and un...
SOCIABILITY AND THE CONDITIONING OF PRONOUNS "I" AND "WE"'

To test the hypothesis that sociability affects conditioning of the pronouns I and we. 40 Ss were selected according to their scores on the sociability scale of the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey, 20 with high scores and 20 with low scores. Ten Ss from each of these groups were conditioned to I and 10 Ss were conditioned to we by means of the generalized conditioned reinforcers “good” and “mmm-hmm.” The results significantly supported the hypothesis.
Halogen bonding motifs in polyhedral phenylsilsesquioxanes: Effects of systematic variations in geometry or substitution

Herein we describe the halogen bonding coordination found in the crystal structures of two homologous series of hybrid silsesquioxane (Polyhedral Oligomeric SilsesquioxaneS, or POSS) molecules, wit...
Normalization of carbohydrate-induced thermogenesis by fructose in insulin-resistant states

To examine whether defects in carbohydrate oxidation and thermogenesis in aging, obesity, and diabetes are secondary to impaired insulin action or to a primary defect in intracellular metabolism, we compared substrate oxidation and energy expenditure in 9 younger, 9 older, 9 obese, and 10 non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects after the ingestion of 75 g of glucose or fructose (a monosaccharide whose transport into the cell and subsequent metabolism are independent of insulin). In young control subjects fructose produced a significantly greater increase in carbohydrate oxidation and energy expenditure than glucose despite significantly lower plasma glucose and insulin levels. In aged, obese, and diabetic individuals the increments in carbohydrate oxidation and energy expenditure after glucose ingestion were significantly imparied versus the younger controls. After fructose ingestion the increase in carbohydrate oxidation in the three insulin-resistant groups remained below that observed in the younger volunteers, whereas carbohydrate-induced thermogenesis was enhanced to levels that were comparable with those seen in the younger group. These data suggest that 1) the stimulation of thermogenesis after fructose ingestion is related to an augmentation of intracellular metabolism rather than an increase in the plasma insulin concentration per se, 2) the insulin resistance of aging, obesity, and diabetes is associated with a defect in intracellular carbohydrate oxidation, and 3) the cellular mechanisms involved in carbohydrate-induced thermogenesis are not primarily impaired in insulin-resistant states.
Research on problem of mineral resource based on finance

The value of mineral resources decides on countersign and measurement of assets of mineral resources,and connects macro management with micro management.Value is the core of Finance.Mineral resources is the exhausted resources,and has the special habit.Therefore,it will be bring to special financial issues.The paper analyses the current situation,and designs the Finance of mineral resources
The Society Lecture. European Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Meeting, Montpellier, France, September 1992. The birth of open-heart surgery: then the golden years

The development of open-heart surgery has been reviewed beginning with general body hypothermia and inflow stasis, then continuing with extracorporeal circulation by controlled cross-circulation. The successes with the latter technique stimulated rapid development of the simple disposable highly effective bubble oxygenator for extracorporeal circulation to permit correction of virtually all forms of congenital and acquired heart disease. For the few conditions not amenable to corrective procedures, heart replacement became a practical reality. The creation of chronic heart block in the early operations had a very deleterious effect upon survival until highly effective electrical pacing was developed.
Verification of the theory of genetic algorithm continuation

This paper makes a first attempt to study and verify empirically the theory of continuation through systematic formulation of experiments. Both the basic, and in a sense bounding, cases of building block salience, as encountered in difficult problems, are dealt with individually. Experimental results closely match theory and assure us of the usefulness of an apt blend of continuation operators with epoch-wise runs.
Effects of Price, Advertising Sponsorship, and Fear Content on Consumer Attitudes About Gasoline Conservation

Attitudes of individuals related to gasoline conservation were compared after several types of advertising messages were aired. Subjects in the study (n = 254) were college students sampled randomly at a northwestern Pennsylvania state college. A 2 (message content) x 3 (message source) x 2 (gasoline price) multivariate analysis of variance yielded significant differences on gasoline conservation attitudes for message content (fear appeals were most effective in generating conservation – supportive attitudes) and price. Analysis of the interaction effects of the variables revealed that message source modified the main effects of message content and the price of gasoline on individuals’ attitudes. While several highly significant relationships involving the use of fear appeals were observed, the explained variance in the various hypothesis tests was relatively low. Implications of the research results concerning governmental use of gasoline conservation advertising are discussed, and suggestions concerning longitudinal corroboration of the results are made.
Shrub Communities, Spatial Patterns, and Shrub-Mediated Tree Mortality following Reintroduced Fire in Yosemite National Park, California, USA

Shrubs contribute to the forest fuel load; their distribution is important to tree mortality and regeneration, and vertebrate occupancy. We used a method new to fire ecology—extensive continuous mapping of trees and shrub patches within a single large (25.6 ha) study site—to identify changes in shrub area, biomass, and spatial pattern due to fire reintroduction by a backfire following a century of fire exclusion in lower montane forests of the Sierra Nevada, California, USA. We examined whether trees in close proximity to shrubs prior to fire experienced higher mortality rates than trees in areas without shrubs. We calculated shrub biomass using demography subplots and existing allometric equations, and we developed new equations for beaked hazel (Corylus cornuta ssp. californica [A. de Candolle] E. Murray) from full dissection of 50 stems. Fire decreased shrub patch area from 15.1 % to 0.9 %, reduced live shrub biomass from 3.49 Mg ha−1 to 0.27 Mg ha−1, and consumed 4.41 Mg ha−1 of living and dead shrubs. Distinct (non-overlapping) shrub patches decreased from 47 ha−1 to 6 ha−1. The mean distance between shrub patches increased 135 %. Distances between montane chaparral patches increased 285 %, compared to a 54 % increase in distances between riparian shrub patches and an increase of 267 % between generalist shrub patches. Fire-related tree mortality within shrub patches was marginally lower (67.6 % versus 71.8 %), showing a contrasting effect of shrubs on tree mortality between this forest ecosystem and chaparral-dominated ecosystems in which most trees are killed by fire.
MobiT: A Distributed and Congestion-Resilient Trajectory Based Routing Algorithm for Vehicular Delay Tolerant Networks

Packet routing is important for Vehicular Delay Tolerant Networks (VDTNs). Opportunistic routing algorithms based on historical records are insufficiently accurate in forwarder selection due to movement randomness of vehicles. Trajectory-based routing algorithms tackle vehicle movement randomness but cannot be directly used in VDTNs due to the dependence on APs. In this paper, we develop a distributed trajectory-based routing algorithm (called MobiT) for VDTNs. This non-trivial task faces three challenges. First, vehicle trajectories must be sufficiently collected. Second, the trajectories cannot be updated frequently due to limited resources of the repository nodes. Third, achieving high routing performance even with partially collected trajectories. Our real trace study lays the foundation of the design of MobiT. Taking advantage of different roles of vehicles, MobiT uses service vehicles that move in wide areas to collect vehicle trajectories, and rely on the service vehicles and roadside units (called schedulers) for routing scheduling. By using regular temporal congestion state of road segments, MobiT schedules the packet to arrive at a roadside unit prior to the destination vehicle to improve routing performance. Further, MobiT leverages vehicles' long-term mobility patterns to assist routing. Extensive trace-driven and real experiments show the effectiveness and efficiency of MobiT.
Anesthesia in a Patient with a Large Mediastinal Mass.

Anesthesia in a Patient with a Mediastinal Mass Video recording of the bronchoscopic evaluation of the central airway during staged anesthetic induction in a man with a large mediastinal mass provi...
Gender- and region-specific changes in estrogen signaling in aging rat brain mitochondria

Recently epidemiological studies suggest females lose neuroprotection from neurodegenerative diseases as they go through menopause. It has been hypothesized that this neuroprotection is hormone-dependent. The current study characterized cell signaling molecules downstream of estrogen receptor beta that are known to play a role in memory, PKC, ERK, and connexin-43, in regions of the brain associated with memory decline in an attempt to elucidate significant changes that occur post-estrus. Total whole cell lysates were compared to isolated mitochondrial protein because mitochondrial function is known to be altered during aging. As hypothesized, protein concentrations differed depending on age, gender, and brain region. Additionally, many of these changes occurred within mitochondria but not within whole cell lysates indicating that these are epigenetic alterations. These findings accentuate the complexity of aging and provide insight into the gender-specific cellular processes that occur throughout this process.
Jealousy and Envy

Human emotions are socially constructed (Berger and Luckmann 1966). Emotions are shaped by social processes and social forces. Emotions are social as well as psychological phenomena, responses to social situations that are shaped by social learning. However useful it may be to consider emotions as physiological or as psychological events, the sociological study of emotions draws attention to often-overlooked social aspects of emotions, including the situations that provoke them, the social learning by which they are shaped, their historical and cross-cultural variability, their social usefulness, their contribution to social conflict, and the social arrangements that humans set up to manage them. To paraphrase Mills (1959), the private emotions of individuals are shaped by public issues of social structure.
Exact Largest Eigenvalue Distribution for Doubly Singular Beta Ensemble

In \cite{Diaz} beta type I and II doubly singular distributions were introduced and their densities and the joint densities of nonzero eigenvalues were derived. In such matrix variate distributions $p$, the dimension of two singular Wishart distributions defining beta distribution is larger than $m$ and $q$, degrees of freedom of Wishart matrices. We found simple formula to compute exact largest eigenvalue distribution for doubly singular beta ensemble in case of identity scale matrix, $\Sigma=I$. Distribution is presented in terms of existing expression for CDF of Roy's statistic: $\lambda_{max} \sim max \ eig\left\{ W_q(m, I)W_q(p-m+q, I)^{-1}\right\}$, where $W_k(n, I)$ is Wishart distribution with $k$ dimensions, $n$ degrees of freedom and identity scale matrix.
An analysis of competitive bidding by providers for indigent medical care contracts.

Abstract This article develops a model of behavior in bidding for indigent medical care contracts in which bidders set bid prices to maximize their expected utility, conditional on estimates of variables which affect the payoff associated with winning or losing a contract. The hypotheses generated by this model are tested empirically using data from the first round of bidding in the Arizona indigent health care experiment. The behavior of bidding organizations in Arizona is found to be consistent in most respects with the predictions of the model. Bid prices appear to have been influenced by estimated costs and by expectations concerning the potential loss from not securing a contract, the initial wealth of the bidding organization, and the expected number of competitors in the bidding process.
The MultiOmics Explainer: explaining omics results in the context of a pathway/genome database.

High-throughput experiments can bring to light associations between genes, proteins and/or metabolites, many of which will be explainable by existing knowledge. Our aim is to speed elucidation of such explanations and, in some cases, find explanations that scientists might otherwise overlook. We describe the MultiOmics Explainer, a new tool within the Pathway Tools software suite that leverages what is known about an organism’s metabolic and regulatory network to suggest explanations for the results of omics experiments. Querying a database such as EcoCyc, the MultiOmics Explainer searches the organism’s network of metabolic reactions, transporters, cofactors, enzyme substrate-level activation and inhibition relationships, and transcriptional and translational regulation relationships to identify paths of influence among input genes, proteins and metabolites. Results are presented in a combined metabolic and regulatory diagram. We present several examples of explanations generated for associations found in the Escherichia coli literature. The MultiOmics Explainer is a valuable tool that helps researchers understand and interpret the results of their omics experiments in the context of what is known about an organism’s metabolic and regulatory network. It showcases the rich set of computational inferences that can be drawn from a database such as EcoCyc that encodes a diverse range of biological interactions.
An evaluation of monovalent, divalent, and trivalent cations as aggregating agents for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) analysis of synthetic cannabinoids

In this study monovalent, divalent, and trivalent chloride, sulfate and nitrate salts were examined to determine the critical coagulation concentration (CCC) for each salt and its corresponding effect on detection limits for SERS analysis of cannabinoid extracts. The CCC of each salt was determined using UV-vis, particle size and zeta potential measurements. The results demonstrated that the divalent and trivalent cations produce a lower CCC when compared to monovalent cations. The data indicate the effect that cation valence has on nanoparticle destabilization. This information is essential because it permits the user to develop optimal conditions for aggregation of salts used in SERS. Tests were then performed to determine the best conditions for SERS detection of a small set of cannabinoids with naphthyl indole moieties. The results demonstrate the importance of salt concentration for colloid aggregation and illustrate the effect of aggregation on sensitivity for the SERS experiment.