cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Changeable Relations of Land and Water

The changeable relations of land and water not a new discovery—Views of the ancients upon the subject—The researches of Mr. Charles Darwin and Prof. James D. Dana in the Pacific ocean—A Continent here of great extent submerged 6000 ft—The West and East India Islands rising—The upheaving and subsiding processes of New Jersey—The submerged old river bed of the Hudson—Coast of Maine evidently rising—Rising of land in Newfoundland—Causes of supposed local subsidence in Maine—How they may be accounted for.
Research in Mobile Computing: Problems and Opportunities

The mobile phone has emerged as the most significant addition to IT infrastructure since the birth of the internet. It has also spawned a prodigious amount of research. However, in the IS field there is a paucity of technical research in mobile computing. The authors justify this position via a survey of the literature as well as a survey of leading conferences in IS. Predictably, the IS field is focused on impact and usage studies rather than design so this is a tremendous opportunity for the field. According to the authors' survey of IS conferences that includes over 8,500 articles, the number of publications dealing with technical research is only 0.53%. This is clearly cause for concern. The authors' position is that the IS field could have a major role in the design and development of the device and that the design science methodology with its focus on artifacts is an appropriate methodology for this exciting field.
Themed flagship brand stores in the new millennium: theory, practice, prospects

Abstract The flagship brand store is an increasingly popular venue used by marketers to build relationships with consumers. As we move further into an experience economy in the new millennium, retailers are refining the flagship brand store into new forms such as the themed retail brand store. This new form not only promotes a more engaging experience of the brand’s essence but also satisfies consumers looking for entertainment alongside their shopping. In this article, we conceptualize and explore themed flagship brand stores in terms of the mythological appeal of the narratives conveyed by their physical and symbolic structure. We utilize a field study of ESPN Zone Chicago to examine these features in a sports-themed retail brand store. Finally, we offer some projections, based on our research, of the possible transformations of the flagship brand store as the new century unfolds. We conclude that mindscape-related themes, which combine entertainment, therapeutics, and spiritual growth, are at the frontier of retail theming.
Identification of a gene in Arabidopsis thaliana that controls resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris

Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris caused black rot disease when inoculated via the hydathodes and caused a spreading chlorosis when infiltrated into the leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana race PrO. In contrast, leaves of Arabidopsis race Columbia were resistant to X. c. campestris and were slightly chlorotic or symptomless when inoculated by either method of inoculation. By genetic analysis, we found that resistance to X. c. campestris was determined by a dominant allele of a single, nuclear gene.
Temperature-sensitive mutations in the gene encoding the small subunit of the vaccinia virus early transcription factor impair promoter binding, transcription activation, and packaging of multiple virion components.

Abstract The vaccinia virus D6R open reading frame encodes the small subunit of the heterodimeric vaccinia virus early transcription factor (VETF) that activates transcription of early genes in vitro. VETF binds early gene promoters and has a DNA-dependent ATPase activity that is essential for activation of transcription. To examine the relationship between the structure and function of VETF, we have localized the mutations in two temperature-sensitive viruses whose lesions previously were mapped to the D6R gene. For both mutants, a single G-to-A nucleotide change that would alter protein coding potential was identified. In mutant E93, the codon for alanine 25 was changed to that of threonine, and in mutant S4 the codon for valine 278 was replaced with that for methionine. The molecular phenotype of each mutant was assessed by expressing mutant transcription factors in HeLa cells by using a vaccinia virus-T7 system and characterizing the proteins' activities in vitro. The A25T mutant activated transcription to a lesser extent than wild-type VETF, and the V278M mutant had no demonstrable transcription factor activity. Both mutant proteins were shown to be defective for promoter binding, accounting for their impairment in transcription activation. The functional defects for both mutants were observed at permissive as well as nonpermissive temperatures. The mutant proteins retained ATPase activity but required higher DNA concentrations to activate the ATPase. These results indicate that the small subunit of VETF is essential for its promoter binding activity and likely contacts the promoter DNA. Immunoblotting experiments showed that the virion particles from the two mutant viruses contained about half the VETF of wild-type virus, suggesting that promoter binding may contribute to packaging of VETF into the virion particle. RNA polymerase, mRNA capping enzyme, and nucleoside triphosphate phosphohydrolase I were found at similarly reduced levels in the virion, indicating that packaging of some virion core enzymes may be interdependent.
Considerations for Consistently Applying Flow‐Through Chloramine‐T Treatments to Hatchery Raceways

AbstractChloramine-T (CLT) was recently approved for use in the United States by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to control mortality in selected freshwater-reared finfishes diagnosed with bacterial gill disease or external columnaris disease. In support of this approval, we conducted a study to determine if a target dose of 12 mg/L CLT could be delivered for 60 min via a “charged,” flow-through treatment protocol. The study was conducted in two production-size, linear-design, plug flow raceways devoid of fish. Each raceway was dosed twice, resulting in four replicate trials (N = 4). During each trial, CLT was added under static conditions to establish a target concentration of 12 mg/L. Inflow water was then resumed, and additional CLT stock solution was metered into the raceway for the 60-min treatment period. Water samples were collected from a matrix of 27 sampling locations (3 positions along raceway length × 3 positions across raceway width × 3 depths) for colorimetric determination of CL...
Autocuration Cyberinfrastructure for Scientific Discovery and Preservation

DIBBs Brown Dog is a recent cyberinfrastructure effort which aims to create two new services to aid users in the searching, accessing, and usage of digital data and provide these services in a manner that is as broadly and easily accessible as possible. At its lowest level, the Data Access Proxy (DAP) providing file format conversion capabilities and the Data Tilling Service (DTS) providing content based extractions, will be accessible via a deliberately compact REST interface. On top of this a number of client libraries and applications can and are being constructed to even further reduce the overhead of accessing the provided functionality (e.g. libraries in Javascript, Python, R, Matlab and interfaces such as bookmarklets, browser extensions, and other standalone applications). At the heart of the two services, however, is their extensibility, allowing one to potentially incorporate any library or tool as a conversion or extraction component within the services towards both the leveraging of the functionality they provide as well as the preservation of the tools themselves.
Evidence for order-disorder in PuC0.80 at low temperatures through specific-heat measurements

Extreme dips, which are seldom reproducible, occur in specific heat versus temperature curves of PuC/sub 0.80/. Heat evolution, which appears to be the source of the dips, occurs in several strongly pronounced stages. This can be interpreted as evidence for both an antiphase-ordered structure and a martensite-like behavior. Attention is called to microscopy results for another nonstoichiometric NaCl-type carbide, having essentially the same metal atom/ carbon atom ratio, where a faulted structure, crystallographic shear, and interstitial ordering of carbon voids are shown to exist. It is suggested that there is a preference for an ordered accommodation of excess vacancies (carbon voids) in PuC/sub 0.80/ into a long period superlattice as has been shown to occur with V$sub 6$C$sub 5$(VC/sub 0.83/). It is also speculated that this form of structural accommodation, which is similar to ''crystallographic shear'', is the source of a specific-heat behavior, which is equivalent to that of a quenched martensite. (NL)
Developing and communicating responsible data management policies to trainees and colleagues.

The basic components of data management including data ownership, collection, selection, recording, analysis, storage, retention, destruction, and sharing. A number of important principles underlie best practices for each of these components; these include recording details such that another can repeat the experiment, keeping the data safe, managing storage in such a way as to facilitate easy retrieval for the period of time required by regulatory agencies and establishing data sharing principles with colleagues before collaborations begin. Experience as practicing scientists and teachers has aided in developing helpful strategies and approaches for communicating these principles, policies and practices to trainees and colleagues. We recommend didactic instruction focused by discipline, combined with the use of “teachable moments” in a student’s career, as well as teaching principles versus rules, because changing methods of data collection and storage have implications for data management practices.
Nested association between genetic variation in tryptophan hydroxylase II, bipolar affective disorder, and suicide attempts.

Background Bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) is a common mental illness that is strongly associated with suicide. Suicidal behavior is thought to result from an interaction of genetic, neurobiological, and psychosocial factors and tends to cluster in families, suggesting specific familial factors distinct from those that underlie BPAD itself. Serotonin signaling has long been implicated in both BPAD and suicide, and the gene encoding the brain-expressed isoform of tryptophan hydroxlyase (TPH2) has been described. Markers in TPH2 have been implicated in suicide and major depressive disorder, but the results across studies are inconsistent. No studies have examined TPH2 in large samples of subjects with BPAD and suicide attempts (SA). We tested for a relationship between genetic variation in TPH2 and risk for BPAD and SA in a large family sample. Methods The sample consisted of 2018 members of 670 families, ascertained through a sibling pair affected with bipolar I, bipolar II, or schizoaffective-bipolar disorder and diagnosed under DSM-III/IV criteria. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms representing the common haplotypes spanning TPH2 were analyzed. Results Single-marker analysis failed to detect significant genetic association with BPAD or SA, but the number of informative families was small. Haplotype analysis showed significant association with both BPAD and SA, and the same haplotype was significantly associated with both BPAD and SA in a replication sample. Case-only analysis, stratified by SA, suggested that TPH2 was not an independent genetic risk factor for SA in this sample. Conclusions The TPH2 might contribute to the risk of both BPAD and SA in families with BPAD. Further studies are needed to uncover the functional genetic variation that accounts for the observed associations.
Diagnostic significance of cell kinetic parameters in World Health Organization type A and B3 thymomas and thymic carcinomas

The prognostic importance of histologic classifications of thymic epithelial neoplasms is controversial. Evidence suggests that difficulties in reproducibility affect prognostic studies. Two thoracic pathologists independently classified 80 cases of type A or B3 thymoma and thymic carcinoma according to World Health Organization (WHO) classification. Ki-67 labeling index (LI) was used to identify cutoff points between WHO types. Recursive partitioning (Rpart) and ad hoc methods separated the data points. The pathologists agreed on type A (n = 31), type B3 (n = 21), and thymic carcinoma (n = 14). Ki-67 LI differed between types A and B3 (P < .001) and between thymic carcinoma and type A (P < .001) or type B3 (P = .001). Mitotic activity differed between thymic carcinoma and type A (P < .001) or type B3 (P < .001). Rpart revealed Ki-67 LI greater than 14.0% only in thymic carcinoma; cases with Ki-67 LI less than 5.1% did not represent thymic carcinoma. Ad hoc analysis showed Ki-67 LI greater than or equal to 13.5% represents thymic carcinoma; only type A had Ki-67 LI less than 2%. The pathologists disagreed on histologic type in 14 cases. In 11 of 14 cases with available Ki-67, the Rpart method predicted the WHO type; in 7 of 14 cases, the ad hoc method predicted the WHO type. In conclusion, Ki-67 LI is helpful in differentiating thymic epithelial neoplasms, with Ki-67 LI less than 2% and greater than or equal to 13.5% distinguishing type A thymoma and thymic carcinoma, respectively.
On the physical interpretation of the cosmic-ray transport equations

It is pointed out that an earlier paper (Jokipii and Parker, 1967) had discussed in detail the question of the interpretation of the energy-change terms in the general equation for cosmic-ray transport in the solar wind, so that no need exists to reassess the physical interpretation, as urged by Gleeson and Webb (1974). The question concerns the expression for the adiabatic deceleration, which is 'replaced' by an expression for the mean rate of change of momentum of fast particles. It is pointed out that these two expressions represent two essentially different quantities. The adiabatic deceleration refers to the mean rate loss of kinetic energy of an individual particle as a result of the expansion of the gas and magnetic field of the wind. This parameter can in no way depend on the gradient of the fast particle density, as does the mean rate of change of momentum of the fast particles.
Remifentanil versus alfentanil as analgesic adjuncts during placement of ophthalmologic nerve blocks.

Background and Objectives. Short-acting opioids are often used prior to the placement of ophthalmologic nerve blocks. This study examines whether remifentanil would provide superior analgesia compared with alfentanil, without oversedation or prolonged recovery when given either as a single dose over 30 seconds or as a single dose followed by a continuous infusion, in a dose ratio of 1:7 (remifentanil:alfentanil). Methods. Seventy-nine ASA I-III patients scheduled for elective ophthalmologic surgery participated in this multicenter, double-blind study. Patients were randomized into three groups: remifentanil (remifentanil 1 μg/kg and placebo infusion); remifentanil infusion (remifentanil 1 μg/kg and infusion of 0.2 μg/kg/min); and alfentanil (alfentanil 7 μg/kg and placebo infusion). Supplemental doses of the respective opioid were given as needed. Results. Seventy-seven percent of patients in the remifentanil group were pain-free at the time of the block placement compared with 44% in the alfentanil group (P Conclusions. Remifentanil 1 μg/kg results in superior analgesia compared with alfentanil 7 μg/kg when used during the placement of ophthalmologic nerve blocks. The combination of a single dose of remifentanil followed by a continuous infusion was equally effective but resulted in a higher incidence of respiratory depression.
Shifts and loopless generation of k -ary trees

A new shift operation on nodes of k-ary trees which preserves preorder node numbers is introduced. The shift graph SGn, k has as vertices all n-node k-ary trees and edges corresponding to one shift. The graph is proven to have a Hamiltonian path and an algorithm is presented which generates all n-node k-ary trees successively with constant time between them.
The folk on knowing how

It has been claimed that the attempt to analyze know-how in terms of propositional knowledge over-intellectualizes the mind. Exploiting the methods of so-called “experimental philosophy”, we show that the charge of over-intellectualization is baseless. Contra neo-Ryleans, who analyze know-how in terms of ability, the concrete-case judgments of ordinary folk are most consistent with the view that there exists a set of correct necessary and sufficient conditions for know-how that does not invoke ability, but rather a certain sort of propositional knowledge. To the extent that one’s considered judgments agree with those of the folk (or to the extent that one is unwilling to contravene widespread judgments), this constitutes a strong prima facie case against neo-Ryleanism.
Carbohydrate Typing of Mycobacteria.

Summary1. A massive inoculum non-growth carbohydrate testing procedure provides results not obtained previously with slow-growing mycobacteria. 2. The results obtained indicate usefulness of carbohydrate typing for aiding differentiation of species and strains of acid-fast organisms. 3. The trehalose and xylose reactions may correlate with pathogenicity for certain types of mycobacteria.
Hologram interferometry from silver halide to silicon and--beyond

Since its invention 30 years ago, hologram interferometry has grown from laboratory discoveries to full-fledged methodologies. It has not only influenced developments of this period, but has responded to them as well. From its start as a methodology based on silver halide recording materials, it has evolved through thermoplastic, photoresist, crystal, and other recording materials to fully take advantage of the computer revolution of the 1980's which, coupled with the development of solid-state video cameras, led the way to practical holography based on the silicon chip as the recording medium. Now, as new procedures for automated data acquisition and quantitative interpretation of fringe patterns are being developed, it becomes easier and easier to use the state-of-the-art interferometric techniques in nondestructive testing, metrology, and in a variety of other applications. In this paper, some of the developments in the field of hologram interferometry are reviewed as seen from the author's perspective and involvement since late 1960's, with particular emphasis on quantitative interpretation of interferograms and the evolution of hybrid, experimental- computational, solution methodologies. This review is illustrated with representative applications from the studies of macro and micro-scale structures. As we celebrate the first 30 years of the activity in the field of hologram interferometry, I would like to dedicate this paper to all the known and unknown inventors, coinventors, scientists, researchers, workers, students, enthusiasts, and others who have contributed to its development. Also, I would like to take this opportunity to congratulate SPIE on its 40th Birthday and wish many long lasting... 'holographic'... achievements in the years to come, as we approach the year 2000 and beyond.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Alcohol-assisted alkaline flooding for enhanced oil recovery

Abstract Alcohol additives were found to improve alkaline flood performance under certain conditions. Only crude oils that emulsified during alkaline flooding were more efficiently recovered with alcohol. Improved recovery with alcohol was attributed to modification of emulsion characteristics. Alcohol additives reduced emulsion viscosities and accelerated emulsion coalescence rates, which improved oil bank stability and promoted oil recovery. Oil recovery efficiency was affected by the chemical structure of the alcohol. Oil recovery generally improved with increasing molecular weight from methanol to butanol and then decreased for the less water soluble pentanol isomers. Alcohol additives were found to affect the interfacial shear viscosities (IFSV) and interfacial tensions (IFT) of crude oil/alkaline water systems. Improvements in recovery efficiency was found to correspond directly to reduced IFSV. Poor recovery was also related to elevated interfacial tensions.
The Florida manatee and eco-tourism: toward a safe minimum standard

Abstract Development of a safe minimum standard (SMS) is proposed for the Florida manatee. Analysis was conducted to determine if preservation benefits of its recovery exceeded forgone development benefits. The manatee is a long-term endangered marine mammal that has brought millions of dollars to many coastal Florida communities. Its population has increased significantly in recent years. However, in part due to frequent motorboat collisions related injuries and deaths, the mammal continues to need protection and its long-term prospects are highly uncertain. Measurable protection benefits include local tourism revenues, as coastal Florida experiences significant manatee-related tourism, and ecological services performed by manatees through consumption of hydra in waterways, which otherwise have to be dredged. To account for the more difficult to measure preservation benefits, a contingent valuation method (CVM) survey was sent to a random sample of Citrus County, Florida residents. This county contains important winter habitat and receives significant manatee-related tourism. The CVM survey described a hypothetical market to measure household willingness to pay to protect manatees. Statistical analysis was performed on the determinants of the value of manatee preservation. Forgone net development benefits were proxied only on the cost of law enforcement of boating speed limits. The study found that the benefits of manatee protection in Citrus County greatly exceeded the development benefits foregone by approximately $8.2–$9 million, primarily related to eco-tourism. These results support an SMS policy at current population levels or higher.
Time-resolved particle velocity measurements at impact velocities of 10 km/s

Abstract Hypervelocity launch capabilities (9 – 16 km/s) with macroscopic plates have become available in recent years. It is now feasible to conduct instrumented plane-wave tests using this capability. Successfully conducting such tests requires a planar launch and impact at hypervelocities, appropriate triggering for recording systems, and time-resolved measurements of motion or stress at a particular point or set of points within the target or projectile during impact. We have conducted the first time-resolved wave-profile experiments using velocity interferometric techniques at impact velocities of 10 km/s. These measurements show that aluminum continues to exhibit normal release behavior to 161 GPa shock pressure, with complete loss of strength of the shocked state. These experiments have allowed a determination of shock-wave window transparency in conditions produced by a hypervelocity impact. In particular, lithium fluoride appears to lose transparency at a shock stress of 200 GPa; this appears to be the upper limit for conventional wave profile measurements using velocity interferometric techniques.
Endoxifen’s Molecular Mechanisms of Action Are Concentration Dependent and Different than That of Other Anti-Estrogens

Endoxifen, a cytochrome P450 mediated tamoxifen metabolite, is being developed as a drug for the treatment of estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer. Endoxifen is known to be a potent anti-estrogen and its mechanisms of action are still being elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that endoxifen-mediated recruitment of ERα to known target genes differs from that of 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen (4HT) and ICI-182,780 (ICI). Global gene expression profiling of MCF7 cells revealed substantial differences in the transcriptome following treatment with 4HT, endoxifen and ICI, both in the presence and absence of estrogen. Alterations in endoxifen concentrations also dramatically altered the gene expression profiles of MCF7 cells, even in the presence of clinically relevant concentrations of tamoxifen and its metabolites, 4HT and N-desmethyl-tamoxifen (NDT). Pathway analysis of differentially regulated genes revealed substantial differences related to endoxifen concentrations including significant induction of cell cycle arrest and markers of apoptosis following treatment with high, but not low, concentrations of endoxifen. Taken together, these data demonstrate that endoxifen’s mechanism of action is different from that of 4HT and ICI and provide mechanistic insight into the potential importance of endoxifen in the suppression of breast cancer growth and progression.
Characterization of an endogenous Lyt 2+ T-suppressor-cell population regulating autoreactive T cells in vitro and in vivo☆

Abstract Autoreactive T cells have been defined by their capacity to respond to self-Ia antigens expressed on non-T cells. Several recent studies have suggested that these cells may play important immunoregulatory functions. However, it is not clear what regulates the responsiveness of autoreactive T cells and why such cells are not demonstrably stimulated in vivo , where they are in the constant presence of self-Ia antigens. In the present study we examined the role of T suppressor (Ts) cells in regulating autoreactive T cells. We observed that enhanced autoreactivity occurred in vitro when Lyt 2 + T cells were depleted from the responding and/or stimulating spleen cells in a syngeneic mixed-lymphocyte reaction. Similarly, addition of irradiated Lyt 2 2+ T cells but not L3T4 + T cells inhibited the response of L3T4 + T cells to self-Ia antigens. The activity of the suppressor cells was specific to the autoreactive T cells since antigen-specific and alloreactive T-cell proliferation were not inhibited. Furthermore, depletion of Lyt 2 + T cells by in vivo treatment of mice with anti-Lyt 2 monoclonal antibodies caused enhanced endogenous proliferation of lymph node and splenic T cells and increased the T-cell response to self-Ia antigens in vitro . These studies, therefore, suggest that T-cell tolerance to self-Ia antigens in vivo may be maintained by naturally occurring Lyt 2 + Ts. Mice having enhanced autoreactivity may provide a useful tool to address the role of autoreactive T cells in the immune response to foreign antigens and in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis

There is no pathognomonic symptom, sign, or paraclinical result that provides an unfailingly accurate diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS), and hence, MS remains largely a clinical diagnosis. However, being a clinical diagnosis does not mean that the diagnosis of MS is one of exclusion. Increasingly sophisticated guidelines and objective paraclinical findings are generally sufficient to allow the clinician to confirm or rule out the diagnosis with confidence. This article presents the most recent guidelines for using clinical, radiological, and other paraclinical information and the red flags that should alert the clinician to investigate other diagnostic possibilities.
Vitamin D as a potential modifier of diabetes risk.

Identification of easily modifiable risk factors is urgently required for primary prevention of diabetes mellitus. Optimal vitamin D homeostasis seems important for a number of non-skeletal outcomes, including insulin secretion and action. As a consequence, vitamin D insufficiency has emerged as a potential factor in diabetes risk.
Concentration and Isotopic Composition of Carbon and Sulfur in Apollo 11 Lunar Samples

The concentration of carbon and sulfur in six samples ranged between 20 to 200 and 650 to 2300 parts per million, respectively. Carbon was present in gaseous, volatilizable, and nonvolatile forms, and terrestrial contaminants were recognized. Sulfur appeared to exist only as acid-volatile sulfide. The bulk fines contain a high concentration of carbon and a low concentration of sulfur. They are always enriched in the heavier isotope carbon-13 or sulfur-34. The fine-grained basaltic rocks show the reverse relation; lowest carbon, highest sulfide concentrations, and no apparent enrichment in heavy isotopes. The breccias are of intermediate composition.
Lysophosphatidic acid suppresses endothelial cell CD36 expression and promotes angiogenesis via a PKD-1–dependent signaling pathway

In pathologic settings including retinal ischemia and malignant tumors, robust angiogenesis occurs despite the presence in the microenvironment of antiangiogenic proteins containing thrombospondin structural homology (TSR) domains. We hypothesized that antiangiogenesis mediated by TSR-containing proteins could be blunted by localized down-regulation of their cognate receptor on microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs), CD36. Through screening a panel of endothelial cell agonists, we found that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) dramatically down-regulated CD36 surface expression on primary MVECs. LPA is a lipid-signaling mediator known to have proangiogenic activity, but the mechanisms are largely unknown. We observed that LPA caused CD36 down-regulation in a dose- and time-dependent manner and was long lasting. Down-regulation occurred at the transcriptional level via a signaling pathway involving specific LPA receptors and protein kinase D. LPA-induced MVEC CD36 repression significantly attenuated in vitro antiangiogenic responses to thrombospondin-1, including blockade of migration, tube formation, and VEGFR-2 signaling in response to fibroblast growth factor-2. In vivo relevance was demonstrated by showing that LPA abrogated thrombospondin-1–mediated inhibition of neovascularization of Matrigel plugs implanted in mice. Our data thus indicate that the proangiogenic mechanism of LPA may in part be via switching off the antiangiogenic switch mediated by TSR proteins and CD36.
Inter-hospital transportation of patients with severe acute respiratory failure on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation--national and international experience.

Objective: To evaluate the experiences and results from inter-hospital transportation of patients with acute respiratory failure on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Design: Observational, descriptive study. Setting: Tertiary referral center in a University Hospital. Subjects and methods: When standard ECMO criteria were fulfilled and the patient considered too unstable for a conventional transport, the mobile ECMO team cannulated the patient for ECMO at the referring hospital. The patients were then transported to our ECMO center by ground ambulance, helicopter or fixed-wing vehicle. Patients were also transported on ECMO from our ECMO center to other centers due to shortage of available ECMO beds. Results: 29 patients (15 neonates, seven pediatric, and seven adult patients) with acute respiratory failure were transported on ECMO on a total of 30 occasions. Median time from arrival of the ECMO team at the referring hospital until the patient was on ECMO (28 patients) was 2.2 h (range 1.25–4.25 h). The median time that the transport team was out was 10 h (range 5.5–36.5 h) and the median time with the patient was 6 h (range 3–30.5 h). The distance of transport ranged from 4–1,500 km. Six transports were international. No patient complications occurred during the transports. Two technical complications related to the transport vehicle were encountered. One ambulance compressor malfunctioned. During one helicopter transport, one out of two electric supply circuits malfunctioned. The patients were not affected. Twenty-one of the 29 patients survived to discharge (72%). None of the deaths was transport related. Conclusions: Tertiary intensive care units and ECMO centers require a dedicated transport team. ECMO transports can be performed safely for all age groups for long distances, probably throughout most of Europe.
Outcome of sporadic adenomas and adenoma-like dysplasia in patients with ulcerative colitis undergoing polypectomy.

Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) patients are at increased risk of colorectal dysplasia and cancer. Few studies have examined the clinical outcomes of dysplastic polyps resembling sporadic adenomas that are removed with endoscopic polypectomy. Methods: A centralized diagnostic index identified patients evaluated between 1994 and 2004 with UC and polypoid dysplasia who were followed from the time of polypectomy until the most recent colonoscopy. They were stratified into two groups by polyp occurrence, either within (adenoma-like dysplasia) or outside (sporadic adenoma) the most proximal endoscopic or histologic extent of colitis. The endpoints of interest were the development of subsequent colorectal neoplasia, flat dysplasia, or cancer. The cumulative probabilities of these endpoints were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method, and the association with clinical factors assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression. Results: Ninety-five patients were found to have polypoid dysplasia; of these, 77 underwent polypectomy. The cumulative probability of subsequent colorectal neoplasia in polypectomy patients was 18% at 1 year and 69% at 5 years. After polypectomy, cumulative incidence of cancer or flat dysplasia was 2% at 1 year and 13% at 5 years. The proportional hazards models indicated that these outcomes were not significantly associated with polyp type, primary sclerosing cholangitis, family history of colorectal cancer, 5-aminosalicylate use, extent of colitis, or duration of disease. Conclusions: While polypectomy may be safe for the management of adenomas occurring in most UC patients, the 5-year cumulative incidence of a combined endpoint (cancer or flat dysplasia) was 13%. Such patients should be followed closely. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011;)
Anomalous Behavior of Peak Resistance Temperature for low x in As-Deposited La 1-x Ca x MnO 3 Films on NdGao 3 and SrTiO 3 Substrates

We have grown thin films of La1-xCaxMnO3 using off-axis cosputtering for x ≤ 1/3 onto (001) NdGaO3 and (100) SrTiO3 substrates from individual targets of LaMnO3 and La2/3Ca1/3MnO3. As-deposited films of La2/3Ca1/3MnO3 on NdGaO3 have a peak resistance temperature of ≈ 260 K. We see a difference in the peak temperature between the two types of substrates of ≈ 15 K, with samples on NdGaO3 having higher peak temperatures. As the value of x is reduced from 1/3, the peak resistance temperature decreases until x ≈ 0.15, when the peak temperature has an upturn. Even down to x=0 we still observe a metal-insulator transition (at 185 K) for films on NdGaO3, while samples on SrTiO3 show only activated behavior. We also find a scaling relationship between the peak temperature and the resistivity activation energy of the films.
Exterior complex scaling and the AC-Stark effect in a Coulomb field

By means of the exterior complex scaling of B. Simon an existence proof of resonances is given for the time-dependent Schrodinger equation $$i\frac{{\partial \psi }}{{\partial t}} = - \left( { - \Delta + V + \mu x_1 \cos \omega t} \right)\psi ,$$ whereV belongs to a class of potentials which includes the Coulomb one. The resonance width is given by the Fermi Golden Rule to second order perturbation theory and is nonzero for μ small and almost every e.
Cross delay line sensor characterization

There exists a wealth of information in the scientific literature on the physical properties and device characterization procedures for complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS), charge coupled device (CCD) and avalanche photodiode (APD) format detectors. Numerous papers and books have also treated photocathode operation in the context of photomultiplier tube (PMT) operation for either non imaging applications or limited night vision capability. However, much less information has been reported in the literature about the characterization procedures and properties of photocathode detectors with novel cross delay line (XDL) anode structures. These allow one to detect single photons and create images by recording space and time coordinate (X, Y & T) information. In this paper, we report on the physical characteristics and performance of a cross delay line anode sensor with an enhanced near infrared wavelength response photocathode and high dynamic range micro channel plate (MCP) gain (> 10 6 ) multiplier stage. Measurement procedures and results including the device dark event rate (DER), pulse height distribution, quantum and electronic device efficiency (QE & DQE) and spatial resolution per effective pixel region in a 25 mm sensor array are presented. The overall knowledge and information obtained from XDL sensor characterization allow us to optimize device performance and assess capability. These device performance properties and capabilities make XDL detectors ideal for remote sensing field applications that require single photon detection, imaging, sub nano-second timing response, high spatial resolution (10's of microns) and large effective image format.y
A study of the X 2Σ+ and A 2Π states of MgAr+ and MgKr+

Abstract The ground 2 Σ + and lowest excited 2 Π states of MgAr + and MgKr + are studied using the singles and doubles configuration-interaction (SDCI) approach, in conjuction with large basis sets. The effect of Mg core correlation and core polarization are accounted of using the core-polarization potential (CPP) approach. Franc-Condon factors, oscillator strengths, radiative lifetimes, dissociation energies, bond lenghts, and excitation energies are reported. The computed results are in good agreement with the available experimental data.
Furans in synthesis 4. Silyl furans as butenolide equivalents

Abstract The preparation and utilization of butenolide anion equivalents 5 and 6 in alkylation sequences is described. Treatment with CH 3 CO 3 H unmasks a latent butenolide moiety providing a general route to 3- and 4-alkyl 2(5H)-furanones.
Microstructural Refinement and Mechanical Property Improvements of Ti-5Al-1Sn-1V-1Zr-0.76Mo Alloy by Equal Channel Angular Extrusion Processing

Severe plastic deformation (SPD) by equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) was investigated as a way to produce ultra fine grain (UFG) microstructure in Ti-5Al-1Sn-1V-1Zr-0.76Mo. DEFORM 3D Finite Element Model (FEM) was used to predict loads and strain distribution associated with ECAE which were validated experimentally The effects of resulting ultra fine grain microstructure on room temperature mechanical properties and high temperature super plasticity were investigated. ECAE processing: resulted in the conversion of coarse Widmanstatten structure to fine equiaxed microstructure with an average grain size of 4 μm. The alloy with fine grained equiaxed microstructure has 20- 25% higher yield strength, 15% higher ultimate tensile strength, and 50-100% higher % elongation to fracture and % reduction in area compared to the as received alloy containing coarse Widmanstatten microstructure. The ECAE processed alloy exhibits attractive superplastic formability charactersistics at 900-950oC with m value >0.4, flow stresses 200%
Adolescent patellar osteochondral fracture following patellar dislocation.

Patellar dislocations in adolescents may cause osteochondral fractures of the patella. The aim of this study was to review the outcomes of adolescent patients who underwent surgical intervention for patellar osteochondral fracture following patellar dislocation. Nine patients who underwent surgery for osteochondral fracture of the patella following dislocation were identified retrospectively. Following arthroscopic examination, if the fragment was large enough to support fixation, headless screws or bioabsorbable pins were used. Otherwise, the loose body was excised, and the donor site was managed with a microfracture. Postoperatively, patients were assessed using the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) and Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) outcome measures. The average age of the patients was 14.6 with average follow-up 30.2 months. Four of the nine patients underwent fixation, while five patients underwent removal of loose body with microfracture. The average defect size in the nonfixation group was 1.2 cm2 compared with 3.2 cm2 in the fixation group. The IKDC scores for fixation and nonfixation groups were 63.9 (SD = 18) and 76.1 (SD = 11.7), respectively. The KOOS subscale scores for symptoms, function in sports and recreation, and knee-related quality of life were higher for the nonfixation group when compared to the fixation group. This is the first known series examining surgical outcomes of osteochondral fractures of the patella following patellar dislocations in the adolescent population. While patients without fixation were less symptomatic in this series, this may be attributable to more severe injuries in patients undergoing fracture fixation. Retrospective case series, Level IV.
Atomistic simulations of the yielding of gold nanowires

Abstract We performed atomistic simulations to study the effect of free surfaces on the yielding of gold nanowires. Tensile surface stresses on the surfaces of the nanowires cause them to contract along the length with respect to the bulk face-centered cubic lattice and induce compressive stress in the interior. When the cross-sectional area of a 〈1 0 0〉 nanowire is less than 2.45 nm × 2.45 nm, the wire yields under its surface stresses. Under external forces and surface stresses, nanowires yield via the nucleation and propagation of the {1 1 1}〈1 1 2〉 partial dislocations. The magnitudes of the tensile and compressive yield stress of 〈1 0 0〉 nanowires increase and decrease, respectively, with a decrease of the wire width. The magnitude of the tensile yield stress is much larger than that of the compressive yield stress for small 〈1 0 0〉 nanowires, while for small 〈1 1 1〉 nanowires, tensile and compressive yield stresses have similar magnitudes. The critical resolved shear stress (RSS) by external forces depends on wire width, orientation and loading condition (tension vs. compression). However, the critical RSS in the interior of the nanowires, which is exerted by both the external force and the surface-stress-induced compressive stress, does not change significantly with wire width for same orientation and same loading condition, and can thus serve as a “local” criterion. This local criterion is invoked to explain the observed size dependence of yield behavior and tensile/compressive yield stress asymmetry, considering surface stress effects and different slip systems active in tensile and compressive yielding.
A Layered Solution Crystal Growth Technique and the Crystal Structure of (C6H5C2H4NH3)2PbCl4

Abstract Single crystals of the organic–inorganic perovskite (C6H5C2H4NH3)2PbCl4 have been grown at room temperature using a layered solution approach. The bottom solution layer, contained within a long straight tube, consists of PbCl2 dissolved in concentrated aqueous HCl. A less dense layer of methanol is carefully placed on top of the HCl/PbCl2 solution using a syringe. Finally, a stoichiometric quantity of C6H5C2H4NH2 (relative to the PbCl2) is added to the top of the column. As the layers slowly diffuse together, well-formed crystals of (C6H5C2H4NH3)2PbCl4 appear near the interface between the HCl/PbCl2 and C6H5C2H4NH2 solutions. The thick, plate-like crystals are well suited for X-ray crystallography studies. Room temperature intensity data were refined using a triclinic (P 1 ) cell (a=11.1463(3) A, b=11.2181(3) A, c=17.6966(5) A, α= 99.173(1)°, β=104.634(1)°, γ=89.999(1)°, V=2111.8(1) A3, Z=4, Rf/Rw=0.031/0.044). The organic–inorganic layered perovskite structure features well-ordered sheets of corner-sharing distorted PbCl6 octahedra separated by bilayers of phenethylammonium cations. Tilting and rotation of the PbCl6 octahedra within the perovskite sheets, coupled with organic cation ordering, leads to the unusual in-sheet 2ap×2ap superstructure, where ap is the lattice constant for the ideal cubic perovskite.
Observation of Longitudinal Acoustic Mode in Poly(β-hydroxybutyrate)

A Raman active longitudinal acoustic mode (LAM) in the 15 cm-1 region has been observed in a biodegradable thermoplastic, poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB). The inverse relationship between the long period measured by small-angle X-ray scattering and the band frequency was observed. In addition, the intensity of this vibration was found to be extremely intense as is characteristic of longitudinal acoustic modes. This observation is especially intriguing since the chemical structure of PHB is significantly different from those of all known polymers exhibiting LAM bands.
A New Method for Characterizing Fiber Formation in Meat Analogs during High-moisture Extrusion

ABSTRACT: A noninvasive method based on fluorescence polarization spectroscopy was developed to measure the fiber formation of extruded meat analogs. Soy protein, wheat gluten, and unmodified wheat starch were mixed and extruded at high moisture conditions to form meat analogs with 60% to 72% moisture (w.b.). This newly developed method and a texture analyzer were used to analyze the fiber formation of extruded products as well as samples collected from different zones in the extruder and cooling die upon a dead-stop operation. The results indicated that the texture profile analysis could not adequately describe the fiber formation while the new method showed good agreements with results obtained from visual inspection and digital imaging of the dissected samples.
Hairy black holes in string theory.

Solutions of bosonic string theory are constructed which correspond to four-dimensional black holes with axionic quantum hair. The basic building blocks are the renormalization group flows of the ${\mathrm{CP}}^{1}$ model with a \ensuremath{\theta} term and the SU(1,1)/U(1) WZW coset conformal field theory. However the solutions are also found to have negative energy excitations, and are accordingly expected to decay to the vacuum.
Phase control and measurement of ultrashort optical pulses

We have used the Direct Optical Spectral Phase Measurement (DOSPM) technique to characterize the cubic phase tuning ability of our pulse stretcher. We have compared the measured phase to the phase determined from cross-correlation measurements.
Phase transfer catalyzed reductions of metal carbonyls

Abstract Reductions of metal carbonyl halides and some metal carbonyls by quaternary ammonium borohydrides in phase transfer catalyzed reactions are described. The method provides an efficient synthetic route to metal carbonyl anions from BrMn(CO) 5 , C 5 H 5 Mo(CO) 3 Cl, Fe 3 (CO) 12 and Co 2 (CO) 8 and yields the corresponding hydrides from BrMn(CO) 4 Ph 3 and C 5 H 5 Ru(CO) 2 Br.