cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The blood-brain barrier in diabetes mellitus.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the function whereby the cerebral microvas-culature selectively shields the brain from the rapidly changing milieu of the systemic circulation. Its strict anatomical counterpart is the tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells, but if the concept of barrier is broadened to mean not only partition and exclusion, but also exchanges and transport, then its morphologic counterpart becomes the whole endothelial cells, with its carrier molecules, membrane receptors, and biosynthetic repertory.
Integrating dynamic deformations into interactive volume visualization

Non-linear geometric deformation (or warping) is a useful tool for working with volumes. Unfortunately, the computational expense of performing the resampling needed to implement volume deformation has precluded its use in interactive applications. In this paper, we show how non-linear deformations can be integrated into interactive volume visualization allowing for dynamic deformations to be used along with interactive viewing, exploration, and manipulation tools. We describe how hardware assisted volume rendering can be adapted to resample volume deformations, leveraging programmable shaders to compute deformations and the local coordinate transformations required for shading effects. We describe how volume interaction techniques, such as ray picking and plane slicing, can be used in concert with our deformation methods. Our methods extend to simultaneous display of multiple volumes enabling comparisons. We demonstrate dynamic volume deformation at interactive rates on commodity hardware for interactive deformation control, animated deformations, and volume widgets.
Characterization of Human Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells and Their Pluripotential Capability

Abstract Over the past decade, there has been ever‐increasing emphasis placed on stem cells and their potential role in regenerative medicine for reconstruction of bio‐artificial tissues and organs. Scientists have looked at various sources for pluripotential cells ranging from embryonic stem cells to adult stem cells. Amniocentesis is a well‐established technique for the collection of cells derived from the human embryo. In this chapter, we are going to describe how to isolate, maintain in culture, and characterize the pluripotential capabilities of stem cells derived from amniocentesis in an in vitro and in vivo system. Cell samples are obtained from human pregnancies, and the progenitor cells are isolated from male fetuses with a normal karyotype in order to confirm the absence of maternal admixed cells. Progenitor cells express embryonic‐specific cell markers, they show a high self‐renewal capacity with 350 population doublings, and normal ploidy is confirmed by cell‐cycle analyses. They maintain their undifferentiated state, pluripotential ability, clonogenicity, and telomere length over the population doublings. The progenitor cells are inducible to different cell lineages (osteogenic, adipogenic, skeletal muscle, endothelial, neuronal, and hepatic cells) under specific growth conditions. The ability to induce cell‐type‐specific differentiation is confirmed by phenotypic changes, immunocytochemistry, gene expression, and functional analyses. In addition, we will describe an application of these cells in an ex vivo and in vivo system for potential in organ (renal) regeneration. The progenitor cells described in this chapter have a high potential for expansion, and may be a good source for research and therapeutic applications where large numbers of cells are needed. Progenitor cells isolated during gestation may be beneficial for fetuses diagnosed with malformations and could be cryopreserved for future self‐use.
3D scene modeling for activity detection

Current computer vision algorithms can process video sequences and perform key low-level functions, such as motion detection, motion tracking, and object classification. This motivates activity detection (e.g. recognizing people's behavior and intent), which is becoming increasingly important. However, they all have severe performance limitations when used over an extended range of applications. They suffer from high false detection rates and missing detection rates, or loss of track due to partial occlusions, etc. Also, activity detection is limited to 2D image domain and is confined to qualitative activities (such as a car entering a region of interest). Adding 3D information will increase the performance of all computer vision algorithms and the activity detection system. In this paper, we propose a unique approach which creates a 3D site model via sensor fusion of laser range finder and a single camera, which then can convert the symbolic features (pixel based) of each object to physical features (e.g. feet or yards). We present experimental results to demonstrate our 3D site model.
Translanguaging: Language, Bilingualism, and Education

Ofelia Garcia’s and Li Wei’s comprehensive, yet succinct, book, Translanguaging: Language, Bilingualism, and Education, could not have arrived at a better time for scholars and practitioners with a...
Deferred Gratification and Social Class

Summary The hypothesis of this study is that choice of immediate reward may be explained by variables other than impulse control. Ss were boys, 13 to 16 years old, stratified by social class and racial category. Questionnaire measures were taken of generalized attitudes on subjective power, optimism, delay, and risk-taking. After experimental manipulation of task comprehension, boys made choices between specific prizes under different conditions of delay and/or task performance. Boys trained on task principles chose the larger reward significantly more often than those not trained. Middle-class boys reported more favorable attitudes toward risk-taking and were more likely than lower-class boys to choose the immediate reward. Blacks reported less favorable attitudes toward risk-taking and were more likely to attribute control to external sources than were whites. High scores on optimism and risk-taking were associated with choice of larger reward. It was concluded that differences in preference for immedia...
NEUROTICISM PREDICTS NORMAL VARIABILITY IN THE NUMBER OF CIRCULATING LEUCOCYTES

Abstract Exposure to Stressors and states of high negative affect have been associated with a variety of deviations in immune function, including a higher white blood cell (leucocyte) count in the peripheral circulation. Such a higher leucocyte count may be a consequence of increased sympathetic nervous system activity, since catecholamines have been shown to increase the leucocyte count. The present study explored this hypothesis by examining the relationship between neuroticism, an aspect of personality associated with sympathetic reactivity, and the number of circulating leucocytes in a sample of healthy volunteers. Neuroticism was found to be positively correlated with leucocyte count after controlling for the effect of gender, history of allergy, current use of medicines, alcohol consumption, and lifetime use of illicit drugs. Further analyses indicated that specific facets of neuroticism (e.g. irritability, anxiety, depression) appeared to be differentially related to counts of the various cell types that make up the leucocyte population. These findings are briefly discussed with respect to possible significance for immune response dynamics and health maintenance.
Neutron transport and diffusion in inhomogeneous media. II

An asymptotic solution of the neutron transport equation is constructed in a large heterogeneous medium using a multiscale method. The solution is asymptotic with respect to a small dimensionless parameter, epsilon, which is defined as the ratio of a mean-free-path to the diameter of the medium. The leading term of the solution is the product of two functions, one determined by a cell calculation and the other as the solution of a diffusion equation. The coefficients in the diffusion equation contain functions that are determined by cell calculations and are then averaged over the cell. The asymptotic diffusion coefficients are compared to other homogenized diffusion coefficients that have been proposed in the literature. A substantial numerical disagreement exists for a large class of problems. A physical interpretation is given to the asymptotic solution and to the numerical results concerning the asymptotic diffusion coefficients.
The effects of electric shock isolation in serial learning

Mild electric shock was used to isolate the seventh sylla­ ble in a 12-item serial list of nonsense syllables. The shock isolation produced the usual von Restorf{ effect. In addition, the isolation produced a spread of effect to adjacent items and facilitated the learning of the entire l.ist. The results were interpreted in terms of enhanced orienting reflexes pro­ due ed by the shoe k. In a recent review of the von Restoreff phenomenon, Wallace (1965) concluded that isolating one item in a serial list facilitates the learning of that item, but such facilitation occurs at the expense of the other items in the list. The findings with respect to the spread of effect to adjacent items in the list have been inconsistent. Some studies (Jones & Jones, 1942; Smith, 1948; Smith & stearns, 1949; McLaughlin, 1966) have shown varying amounts of facilitation of learning either or both of the adjacent items, whereas other studies have either failed to find such effects (Jensen, 1962; Roberts, 1962; Smith, 1949) or have found decreased learning of an adjacent item (Jenkins & Postman, 1948). Of the numerous studies, only two (McLaughlin, 1966; Smith & stearns, 1949) have given any indication that isolation re­ sults in more rapid learning of the entire list. All of the previous studies have produced isolation by innocuous procedures such as printing an item in a different color or inserting a different type of item within an otherwise homogeneous list. The pre­ sent experiment was deSigned to determine if isola­ tion by a more Significant stimulus such as mild shock would produce a spread of the isolation effect to other items in the list and facilitate overall learn­ ing. Method Forty-five volunteers from introductory psychology served as SSe They learned a 12-item serial list of nonsense syllables by the antiCipation method, pro­ nouncing each syllable before it appeared. The list was composed of evc trigrams of 42% association value from the Krueger (1934) norms, and it was presented at a 2-sec rate on an MT A Scholar teach­ ing machine. The 6-sec intertrial interval (ITI) con­ sisted of two 2-sec blanks followed by a 2-sec pre­ sentation of asterisks. The Shock Isolation Group (81) received a brief electric shock which coincided with the appearance of the seventh item on each trial. In order to control for any general effects produced by electric shock, the Control Shock Group (CS) received a shock on
Some Approximate Simultaneous Prediction Intervals for Reliability Analysis

This article presents an inequality which is useful in constructing conservative simultaneous prediction intervals for functions of k future samples using the results of a previous sample. Some specific examples are discussed which involve several different, rmderlying distributions.
The multiple techniques approach to behavioural psychotherapy: A retrospective evaluation of effectiveness and an examination of prognostic indicators

A retrospective evaluation of the multiple techniques approach to behaviour therapy is described. The effectiveness of the approach seems to compare favourably with a single-technique approach as far as can be ascertained. The observed improvement can be attributed to some aspect of the treatment package and not to ‘spontaneous remission’ factors. A prospective trial would now seem valuable, providing the problems of replication can be solved. An examination of prognostic indicators reveals a range of variables associated with outcome. Amongst the diagnostic groups, the ‘social phobics’ and ‘anxiety states’ did poorly. A number of general adjustment variables also seemed important, particularly marriage, and social and vocational adjustment. The implications of these findings for the nature and deployment of services are briefly discussed.
Long‐term dimensional stability of three current elastomers

The long-term dimensional stability of three non-aqueous elastomeric impression materials, a silicone, a polyether and a polysiloxane, were investigated. The testing apparatus was an A.D.A. specification No. 19 test block and mould. The impressions were measured by the use of a travelling stage reflecting microscope and a Quantimet 720 Image Analyzing computer at time zero and again at 4, 24 and 48 h, and at 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks. Impressions poured immediately had the greatest accuracy for all the materials. The polysiloxane (0.025 mm) and polyether (0.033 mm) showed very little change in dimension after 4 weeks when compared to the test block. However, the silicone showed significant change at 4 h (0.14 mm) and 0.2 mm after 4 weeks. After 4 weeks the polysiloxane maintained the best surface detail, the polyether was adequate but the silicone lost much of its detail in as little as 24 h. The reasons for these findings are discussed.
Factors affecting production of contrasensitizing antisera in mice.

Abstract Using four different protein antigens, two different strains of mice, and various immunization protocols, we have studied production in mice of immunological enhancement antibodies that specifically suppress induction of delayed hypersensitivity. Primary assay of these antibodies was in vivo , because no in vitro test used detected them dependably. Any antigen priming that favored initiation of humoral antibody responses prepared mice to make these contrasensitizing antibodies vigorously following appropriate boosting. The method of boosting usually was more important than that of priming, high titers regularly developing only when primed mice were boosted with much antigen in a short time and were bled a few days later. The presence or absence of delayed hypersensitivity was immaterial. CAF 1 mice made these antibodies better than CF-1 mice, and antigen effectiveness correlated with propensity to induce humoral antibody formation in mice, decreasing from ovalbumin through human serum albumin and bovine serum albumin to methylated human serum albumin. In certain antigenmouse combinations (e.g., ovalbumin in CAF 1 mice) immunosuppressive antibody production was vigorous and prolonged; in others (e.g., bovine serum albumin in CF-1 mice) it was moderate and brief. From our results one can predict what conditions should induce formation of strongly enhancing/contrasensitizing antisera, and speculate that these conditions also should elicit strong, active immunologic tolerance for averting induction of delayed hypersensitivity.
Augmented cocaine conditioned place preference in rats pretreated with systemic ghrelin

The physiological mechanism through which food restriction (FR) enhances the biobehavioral actions of psychostimulants is unknown but may involve the gut peptide ghrelin. Plasma levels of ghrelin are increased by FR and reduced by eating. Moreover, systemically administered ghrelin crosses into the brain and is known to augment the locomotor-stimulating effects of cocaine [COC: Wellman et al., 2005]. This study sought to determine whether pretreatment with ghrelin (5 nmol) would enhance the rewarding properties of COC (0.0, 0.312, 0.625, or 1.25 mg/kg i.p.) as measured by conditioned place preference (CPP). Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were given free access to both sides of a CPP chamber to determine initial side preference. The rats were then confined for 30 min to either their preferred side or non-preferred side on 8 consecutive days. When rats were confined to the least preferred side, each was injected with 0.5 ml (i.p.) of either ghrelin (5 nmol) or saline 1 h before the conditioning trial and then injected (i.p.) with one of the COC doses immediately prior to the conditioning trial. On alternate days, rats were injected with vehicle one hour before and again immediately before the conditioning trial. Place preference scores were computed as the differences in time (min) spent on the least preferred side of the chamber for the pre-test and the postconditioning test, covaried by the initial degree of preference (% time spent on the black side during the pre-test). These analyses indicated a significant interaction between ghrelin pretreatment and COC dose on changes in preference scores. Significantly higher place preference scores were noted for rats treated with either 0.312 or 0.625 mg/kg COC doses, but only when these COC doses were preceded by administration of 5 nmol ghrelin. In contrast, saline pretreated rats exhibited significant CPP at the 1.25 mg/kg COC dose, but the ghrelin pretreated group did not. These results provide partial support for the contention that ghrelin pretreatment can augment the rewarding effects of sub-threshold doses of COC in a CPP procedure. Moreover, these findings are consistent with the view that ghrelin may play a role in the capacity of FR to augment psychostimulant action.
Comparative Study of Fluoroethylene Carbonate and Vinylene Carbonate for Silicon Anodes in Lithium Ion Batteries

The cycling performance and SEI composition of Si nano-particle anodes in electrolytes containing 5–25 wt% fluoroethyelene carbonate (FEC) and 3–6 wt% vinylene carbonate (VC) has been investigated by a combination of by electrochemical cycling, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, IR-ATR and XPS. The incorporation of FEC or VC changes the cycling performance, impedance, electrode morphology, and SEI structure of Si nano-particle electrodes. Cells cycled with standard carbonate electrolytes have poor capacity retention and the anode surface is primarily covered by lithium alkyl carbonates and lithium carbonate. The electrodes cycled in electrolyte containing 10–15 wt% FEC have the smallest impedance and best capacity retention. The reduction of electrolyte containing FEC forms a stable SEI consisting of poly(FEC), LiF, lithium carbonate and lithium alkyl carbonates. Reduction of electrolytes containing VC results in higher impedance and the generation of lithium carbonate, poly(VC) and traces of LiF, and lithium alkyl carbonates.
Efficacy of Intravenous Immunoglobulin Monotherapy in Patients with Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus: Results of Proof-of-Concept Study.

Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune skin disease. Evidence-based therapy for CLE is lacking in the most part. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is being increasingly utilized as off-label therapy for a variety of autoimmune and inflammatory conditions, especially in dermatology. The usefulness of IVIg in CLE is not well established. The goal of the present study was to obtain the proof-of-concept evidence that IVIg can control acute CLE and thus replace current systemic immunosuppressive therapy that causes severe side effects and adverse reactions. Sixteen patients who tried and failed various systemic treatments for CLE were screened and consented to use IVIg as a monotherapy. The IVIg was administered at 500 mg/kg/day on 4 consecutive days up to a total of 2 g/kg/month for 3 months, and the subjects were monitored for additional 6 months off any drug for a possible relapse. The cumulative results revealed an overall improvement, as evinced by a decrease of both objective and subjective measures of disease activity. The most sensitive and specific objective and subjective instruments for assessment of the therapeutic effect of IVIg were CLASI-A (Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity Index) measuring disease activity and Skindex-29 scores, respectively. The CLASI-A score dropped down from the initial value taken as 100%, and remained in the range of approximately 70% until the last visit. Three patients (18.8%) had a temporary flare of CLE symptoms but recovered within a month from the relapse. No serious side effects and adverse reactions occurred. Thus, IVIg monotherapy in CLE allowed to achieve: i) rapid and persistent decreased in disease activity; ii) steady improvement of patients’ quality of life assessed by Skindex-29; iii) low relapse rate; and iv) mild nature and short duration of relapses. Since healing was maintained for months after IVIg treatment, it is possible that the IVIgtriggered molecular events mediating the therapeutic action of IVIg that continued to unfold after the end of therapy.
Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of the integrin collagen receptor locus ITGA1-PELO-ITGA2.

Abstract The integrin collagen receptor locus on human chromosome 5q11.2 includes the integrin genes ITGA1 and ITGA2, and the cell cycle regulation gene PELO, embedded within ITGA1 intron 1. ITGA1 contains a CArG box that is bound by serum response factor (SRF), while PELO contains two Sp1 binding elements. A comparison of mRNA levels in megakaryocytic (MK) and non-megakaryocytic (non-MK) cell lines and an analysis of the transcriptional activity of promoter-LUC reporter gene constructs in transfected cells revealed that ITGA1 is selectively suppressed in the MK lineage. Sodium bisulfite genomic sequencing established that a CpG-rich ITGA1 promoter region (− 209/+ 115) is fully methylated at 19 CpG sites in MK cells that do not express α1β1, but completely demethylated in expressing cells. In vitro methylation of ITGA1 suppresses transcription, while treatment of megakaryocytic cells with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, but not Trichostatin A, resulted in de novo expression of ITGA1. During thrombopoietin-induced in vitro differentiation of primary human cord blood mononuclear cells into megakaryocytes, we observed rapid, progressive CpG methylation of ITGA1, but not PELO or ITGA2. Thus, selective CpG methylation of the ITGA1 promoter is a specific feature of α1β1 regulation that coincides with the initiation of megakaryocyte differentiation.
Dissimilar sensitivity to antigen of segments from the isolated intestinal strip.

Abstract 1.1. In guinea pigs passively sensitized to egg white, it has been found that the resulting sensitivity of the isolated intestinal strip to the antigen varied from segment to segment. 2.2. Since the muscle becomes desensitized on contact with the antigen, and therefore the same segment cannot be used to test the response to antigen with and without prior drug treatment, it appears unsatisfactory to use the isolated intestinal strip for the determination of drug activity against the effects of the antigen-antibody reaction.
Linac-based stereotactic body radiation therapy for treatment of glomus jugulare tumors.

Abstract Background: Glomus jugulare tumors are rare, typically benign, tumors that arise from the neural crest cells that are associated with the autonomic ganglia in and around the jugular bulb. Treatment options for glomus jugulare tumors include embolization followed by resection, fractionated external beam radiation therapy (EBRT), stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), and/or stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). Materials and methods: 18 patients were treated with linear-accelerator based stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) between May 2002 and November 2008. Fifteen patients (83%) had single glomus jugulare tumors and 3 patients had bilateral glomus jugulare tumors (although each of these patients had a single tumor targeted). The median tumor volume was 5.83cm 3 (range, 0.32–35.47cm 3 ). Ten tumors (56%) were previously untreated, and 8 (44%) tumors were persistent after previous surgical resection. One patient had undergone previous EBRT and 2 patients were previously treated with Gamma Knife radiosurgery to the intracranial portion of their tumor, with planned SBRT to the extracranial portion 2–4months later at our institution. The median prescribed dose was 20Gy in 3 fractions (range: 16–25Gy in 1–5 fx) to the 80% isodose line. The median prescription coverage of the tumor was 93.6% (range: 83–98.72%). Results: Median follow-up for the entire cohort was 22months. All the patients were alive at the time of the last follow-up with imaging available for review. The tumor was stable in 17 patients and decreased in size in one patient – yielding a local control rate of 100%. No patients experienced any new or worsening treatment-related neurologic deficits. Conclusions: SBRT is a safe and efficacious treatment modality for glomus jugulare tumors.
S15-01 Cilia and Hedgehog signaling in the mouse embryo

The specification of cell types in the ventral half of the mouse neural tube depends on graded activity of the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway. Our genetic studies on neural patterning led to the surprising discovery that primary cilia are required for mammalian cells to transmit signals from the membrane protein Smoothened (Smo) to the Gli transcription factors. To understand why the primary cilium is an appropriate venue for Shh signal transduction, we are investigating the relationships among cilia genes and between cilia genes and the components of the Shh pathway that act between Smo and Gli proteins. Protein kinase A (PKA) is a conserved negative regulator that acts at that step of the pathway. We find that embryos that lack all PKA catalytic activity show a very strong activation of the pathway, and our data indicate that PKA activity depends on the presence of cilia. Costal2 is a negative regulator of the Shh pathway, and we find that the mouse homologue of Costal2, Kif7, has complex roles as both a negative and positive regulator of Shh signaling. Kif7 activity also depends on cilia, and the Kif7 protein appears to act as a motor within cilia. Finally, certain combinations of mutations in proteins that affect transport within the cilium partially restore normal Hedgehog signaling, suggesting that the balance of anterograde and retrograde trafficking within the cilium can control the level of signal output.
Trophic relations of Crangon franciscorum Stimpson and Palaemon macrodactylus Rathbum: predation on the opossum shrimp, Neomysis mercedis Holmes

Crangon franciscorum and Palaemon macrodactylus are carnivorous shrimp in the Sacromento-San Joaquin River Delta. These shrimp prey primarily on the opossum shrimp, Neomysis mercedis. Behavioral and morphological differences result in P. macrodactylus stomachs containing a greater number of prey, on the average, than C. franciscorum. Dietary overlap and similarity were high (>80%) throughout the study. C. franciscorum is generally larger than P. macrodactylus and is able to ingest larger prey. This results in some size-related resource partitioning.
Atmospheric monitoring of Mars by the Mars Orbiter Camera on Mars global surveyor

Abstract MOC wide-angle cameras routinely produce daily global maps of Mars in two colors at ∼7.5 km/pixel resolution. These images have been used to study several seasonal phenomena linked to atmospheric processes and condensate cycles: dust storms, clouds, and polar recessions. Preliminary results of observations of polar caps and dust storms are presented here.
Differential Geometry, Lie Groups, and Symmetric Spaces

Elementary differential geometry Lie groups and Lie algebras Structure of semisimple Lie algebras Symmetric spaces Decomposition of symmetric spaces Symmetric spaces of the noncompact type Symmetric spaces of the compact type Hermitian symmetric spaces Structure of semisimple Lie groups The classification of simple Lie algebras and of symmetric spaces Solutions to exercises Some details Bibliography List of notational conventions Symbols frequently used Index Reviews for the first edition.
Saxagliptin improves glucose tolerance but not survival in a murine model of dilated cardiomyopathy

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonists improve myocardial function and insulin sensitivity in the setting of chronic heart failure. Endogenously produced GLP-1 peptide (7-36) is rapidly cleaved by dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) to the 9-36 peptide, which lacks anti-hyperglycemic activity. To elucidate the effect of increased endogenous GLP-1 during heart failure progression, the DPP4 inhibitor saxagliptin or vehicle was administered by daily oral gavage to female TG9 mice, a transgenic model of dilated cardiomyopathy, starting at day of life 42, just prior to the development of detectable contractile dysfunction. Saxagliptin treatment inhibited DPP4 activity >90% and increased GLP-1 levels 4-fold following a 2 gm/kg glucose load but did not affect fasting GLP-1 levels. There was no difference in food intake or body weight between groups. At 56 days of age, oral glucose tolerance was improved in saxagliptin-versus vehicle-treated animals (AUC0-120 1340 ± 46 and 1501 ± 43 min·mmol/L, respectively, p<0.015). In contrast to the effect of a GLP-1 agonist in TG9 mice, saxagliptin had no effect on survival (80.7 ± 4.3 days) compared to vehicle-treated mice (79.6 ± 3.6 days, p = 0.46). Taken together, these data indicate that improvement in glucose tolerance is not sufficient to improve survival. Future efforts to confirm these findings in additional models of heart failure are warranted.
The Moderating Effects of Risk, Protection and Desistance on Violence in Female Adolescents

The major focus of this study was to test the theory driven conceptual model derived from the literature regarding risk, protective and desistance factors in relation to violent behavior of female adolescents. This study utilized The National Longitudinal Adolescent Health Study (Add Health) dataset and included 2,031 female participants. The conceptual model developed was based on life course perspective as it relates to violent behavior in adolescents. The tested SEM model suggested: (1) that each of the latent variables of risk (β = .06, t = .02, p .05), was not significantly directly associated with violent behavior, (3) there were mediating effects between risk factors, protective factors and violent behavior (β = −.12, t = .04, p .05).
Machine Scheduling with An Availability Constraint

Most literature in scheduling assumes that machines are available simultaneously at all times. However, this availability may not be true in real industry settings. In this paper, we assume that the machine may not always be available. This happens often in the industry due to a machine breakdown (stochastic) or preventive maintenance (deterministic) during the scheduling period. We study the scheduling problem under this general situation and for the deterministic case.
Photoinitiated grafting of maleic anhydride onto polypropylene

The photoinitiated grafting of maleic anhydride (MAH) onto polypropylene with the use of benzophenone (BP) as the initiator has been investigated. In comparison with the process of thermally initiated grafting with peroxide as the initiator, photoinitiated grafting affords a higher grafting efficiency. The efficient photografting sensitized by BP can be explained by two possible mechanistic processes: the sensitization of the formation of the excited triplet state of MAH by BP and electron transfer followed by proton transfer between MAH and the benzopinacol radical, which may operate together. In the former case, the generated MAH excited triplet state abstracts a hydrogen from the polymer substrate to initiate grafting. A rate constant of 3.6 × 109 M −1 s −1 has been determined by laser flash photolysis for the process of quenching the excited triplet state of BP with ground-state MAH. In comparison, the rate constant for the quenching of the excited triplet state of BP by hydrogen abstraction has been determined to be 4.1 × 105 M −1 s −1. In a study of photografting using a model compound, 2,4-dimethylpentane, as a small-molecule analogue of polypropylene, the loss of BP was significantly reduced upon the addition of MAH, and this is consistent with the proposed mechanistic processes. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 1953–1962, 2004
Marriage Customs in Lar: The Role of Women's Networks in Tradition and Change

One reason many traditional Lari customs celebrating life cycle events, such as births, marriages, and pilgrimages were preserved well into the 1970s is that women, particularly the older women, have been the keepers of this knowledge. They maintained the practice of these customs and passed on the knowledge to their daughters and younger members of their social networks. This paper examines Lari marriage practices in the 1970s and contrasts them with earlier customs as reported by older women. It discusses also the role of social networks in maintaining, changing, and passing on marriage customs.
Apparent inequivalence between the in- and outcoupling angles of prism coupled IO waveguides

Abstract The incoupling and outcoupling angles of a thin film waveguide were determined using the conventional prism coupling configuration. The consistent intermodal spacing observed between incoupling and outcoupling angles indicated that these angles contained equivalent information on the waveguide structure. However, a geometry mismatch between the rotation goniometer and the triangular coupling prisms produced a systematic error in the determination of the outcoupling angles that increased with decreasing mode number.
The Methodological Value of Coincidences: Further Remarks on Dark Matter and the Astrophysical Warrant for General Relativity

Four techniques for measuring the masses of galaxies and larger astrophysical systems from their dynamics are discussed. Their apparent agreement is sometimes invoked as warrant for postulating huge quantities of ‘dark matter’ as the best solution to “the dynamical discrepancy,” the disparity between the amount of mass visible in large scale astrophysical systems and the amount calculated from dynamics. This paper argues that the agreement, though suggestive, is not definitive. The coincident measurements remain the best reason for preferring dark matter over revisions to General Relativity for solving the dynamical discrepancy, but the preference is only weakly warranted.
The action of amytal on frog gastric mucosa.

Abstract The frog gastric mucosa has been shown to be sensitive to amytal. At 2 mM acid secretion was completely inhibited with a rise of resistance, fall in short-circuit current and no significant change in potential difference. Simultaneously there was 75% inhibition of O 2 consumption and 50% depression of ATP levels. Dual-beam spectrophotometric studies of intact mucosa with amytal showed a crossover point between NAD + and FAD. The microsomal NADH oxidase ferricyanide reductase has also been shown to be amytal sensitive. Cl − transport was relatively insensitive to amytal, suggesting a qualitative distinction between the mechanisms underlying the transport of H + and Cl − in the mucosa. This was further brought out by the effects of anoxia in which H + transport was inhibited at 5 min but Cl − transport at minimally 20 min following the onset of anoxia.
LINGERING NUANCES: GENDERED CAREER MOTIVATIONS AND ASPIRATIONS OF FIRST-YEAR LAW STUDENTS

This study examined students' career motivations and aspirations at the beginning of their legal education and after one semester in law school. Interviews with 29 law students within the first few weeks of their first semester revealed interesting differences in women's and men's long-term, but not short-term, career ambitions: notably women had lower expectations for their career trajectories than did men. Work and family concerns also played a role in women's perception of possible career paths and were defined by both women and men as potential barriers to their careers. Follow-up interviews with the same students after their first semester in law school also exposed the different experiences of the law students based mostly on their gender and grades. After one semester of law school and after first-year grades were received, the gendered reactions to their grades provided insight into women's and men's perceptions of viable career options.
Theory‐based evaluation of AIDS‐related knowledge, attitudes, and behavior changes

Three theoretical approaches to disease prevention and health promotion are discussed and an example of an AIDS prevention curriculum that used theories to formulate the intervention and to guide the evaluation research is presented.
Analyzing CRA Lending During the Tsunami in Subprime Lending and Foreclosure in the Philadelphia MSA

Until the onset of the financial meltdown, independent mortgage companies (IMCs) had begun to originate an increasing share of subprime loans, a high proportion of which went into foreclosure. In this study, we compare and contrast the characteristics of neighborhoods that have high proportions of loans made by Community Reinvestment Act (CRA)-regulated institutions with those that have high proportions made by IMCs. We find that IMC-dominated neighborhoods are characterized by high proportions of Blacks/African-Americans, low average family incomes and low nominal average family income increases, an old housing stock with inexpensive homes, a low homeownership rate, high vacancy rates, and a high proportion of high-cost loans. Based on t-tests and regression analyses, we find that areas dominated by IMCs are different from neighborhoods dominated by CRA Lenders and that the proportion of people of color helps explain foreclosure rates.
Stimulation of the efflux of L-glutamate from renal brush-border membrane vesicles by extravesicular potassium.

The rate of efflux of L-glutamate from renal brushborder membrane vesicles was enhanced by Na + and by extravesicular L-glutamate, but not by D-glutamate nor analogs of L-glutamate that do not share the Na+-L glutamate co-transport system. These results suggest that efflux was mediated by the Na+-L-glutamate carrier. The efflux of L-glutamate was increased by extravesicular K + or Rb + but not by Li +, choline + , or Tris +. These findings, together with previous results showing that intravesicular K + or Rb + increased L-glutamate uptake and that a K + gradient energized the concentrative uptake of the acidic amino acid in the absence of other gradients, provide evidence consistent with the hypothesis that the co-transport of Na+-L-glutamate is coupled to the transmembrane flux of K +.
Inherently safer technology implementation— risk reduction and risk shifting

On March 25, 2008, the State of New Jersey adopted rules requiring facilities regulated under the Toxic Catastrophe Prevention Act (TCPA) Program to perform Inherently Safer Technology (IST) reviews. From August 2008 through January 2010, 85 active facilities performed IST reviews and submitted their findings to the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. (The IST review reports are on file in the Department's Bureau of Release Prevention and are available for review by the public, except for those that are confidential). This article will analyze the risk reduction measures that resulted from the IST reviews including an evaluation of the risk reduction to the surrounding community to determine whether facilities derived any positive benefit and whether there was the potential for shifting the risks to another location. This analysis was conducted by tabulating the IST measures listed by facilities as implemented or scheduled by type of IST. Also, the IST review reports were studied to determine if any risk shifting occurred. This analysis showed that, although the rules did not require implementation of any IST measures, 45 facilities chose to implement some IST measures. A total of 205 IST measures were implemented. Two facilities eliminated the use of the hazardous substance that subjected them to the TCPA program without shifting the risk. This analysis demonstrates that facilities can make decisions to implement IST risk reduction measures in a regulatory system in which implementation is not required and that IST review is a valuable risk management tool that can positively affect facilities and the surrounding communities. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 32: 12–16, 2013
Look-ahead dispatch with forecast uncertainty and infeasibility management

We propose a framework of look-ahead dispatch which considers forecast uncertainty and infeasibility management. Two major advantages of the framework are demonstrated: 1) economic performance improvement under the presence of forecast uncertainty; and, 2)feasibility enhancement of the dispatch problem. In the look-ahead dispatch framework, a weighted predictive scheduling (WPS) technique is proposed to relieve the negative impacts on dispatch due to wind forecast uncertainty in future steps. Look-ahead security management (LSM) is introduced, which is a technique to identify and quantify potential infeasibility of the dispatch in advance. The LSM technique is shown to be capable of working out an optimal recovery plan for future violation of system security. Finally, the proposed techniques are illustrated in a modified 24 Bus Reliability Test System.
Spontaneous bilateral adrenal hemorrhage

A 46 year old male with medical history of hypertension, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) presented to emergency room with abdominal pain for over a month. He described his abdominal pain as crampy in nature and was mostly located in left flank. Upon further questioning he attested to a history of nausea with occasional vomiting, dizziness upon standing, and weight loss of about over 10 lbs in past 1 month. He also mentioned visiting his primary care doctor and emergency room for the abdominal pain in last month. He was told it is related to GERD or possibly a kidney stone and was discharged home. His physical examination at presentation revealed tachycardia, minimal left flank tenderness and was otherwise normal. Initial laboratory data revealed evidence of hyponatremia, acute kidney injury, and a lactate of 3.7 mmol/l. Few hours later, a CT of abdomen without contrast was performed which showed diffuse enlargement of bilateral adrenal glands with adjacent inflammatory changes and was reported not to have the appearance of adrenal hemorrhage (Fig. 1). A random cortisol level was obtained and revealed a level 0.6 mcg/dl suggesting severe adrenal insufficiency. Soon after, patient was commenced on stress dose hydrocortisone. The first dose of hydrocortisone was given almost 10 h later to the presentation to the hospital. Within an hour of administration of steroids patient went into a cardiac arrest and was coded almost for 30 min before return of spontaneous circulation. An exhaustive infectious workup including multiple blood cultures, CT chest for identifying possible underlying infection precipitating adrenal crisis was negative. Workup for adrenomegaly leading to adrenal crisis included tuberculin test, adrenal cortex antibody, HIV, RPR, ANA, anticardiolipin antibody, anti-phosphatidylserine antibody, histoplasma antibody and was unrevealing. Patient remained on ventilatory and vasopressor support for next 3 days. In view of poor neurological recovery and per family wishes, care was withdrawn. An autopsy exam was obtained and revealed bilateral adrenal hemorrhage as the cause of adrenomegaly.
Reciprocal inhibitory effects of intravenous d-methamphetamine self-administration and wheel activity in rats

Abstract Background Some epidemiological and cessation studies suggest physical exercise attenuates or prevents recreational drug use in humans. Preclinical studies indicate that wheel activity reduces cocaine self-administration in rats; this may, however, require the establishment of compulsive wheel activity. Methods Effects of concurrent wheel activity on intravenous d -methamphetamine (METH) self-administration were examined in male Wistar and Sprague Dawley rats with negligible prior wheel experience. Wistar rats self-administered METH (0.05 mg/kg/inf) under a fixed-ratio 1 (FR1) schedule with concurrent access to an activity wheel during sessions 1–14, 8–21 or 15–21. Control rats which did not self-administer METH had access to an activity wheel during sessions 1–14, 8–21 or 15–28. Sprague Dawley rats self-administered METH (0.1 mg/kg/inf) under FR1 for 14 sessions with either concurrent access to a locked or an unlocked activity wheel. Results METH self-administration was lower when the wheel was available concurrently from the start of self-administration training in both strains, even though Sprague Dawley rats self-administered twice as many METH infusions and ran one-sixth as much on the wheel compared to Wistar rats. Wheel access initiated after 7 or 14 days had no effect on METH self-administration in Wistar rats. Wheel activity was significantly reduced in these groups compared with the group with concurrent wheel and METH access for the first 14 sessions. Conclusions These data show that METH self-administration is reduced by exercise if initiated from the start of self-administration and that prior METH self-administration experience interferes with the value of exercise as a reinforcer.
Azimuthal orientational correlations due to excluded volume epitaxy in growing anisotropic grains

The microstructure of anisotropically shaped grains can strongly influence a range of material properties, including transport, mechanical and electro-optical. A grain-structure-related phenomenon, known as excluded volume epitaxy (EVE), is reported in this study. EVE is a local, inter-grain orientational correlations effect, which results from a combination of continuous nucleation of anisotropic grains and impingement of growing grains. Due to EVE, anisotropically shaped grains have a tendency to be similarly aligned in a local neighbourhood, despite the absence of any forced global orientation in the sample. The effect has been repeatedly observed by the authors in block copolymers, as illustrated by a representative TEM image. Optical microscopy of anisotropically shaped non-polymeric crystals revealed the generality of this effect. The simulation study revealed a tendency for azimuthal, inter-grain orientational correlation and re-confirmed the experimental observation of EVE.
Search for quantitative trait loci of atopy-associated immune responses using allergen-specific IgG1 as an "endophenotype".

Summary Inherited atopic diseases of humans arise from adverse adaptive humoral responses to noninfectious environmental allergens. We previously reported that allergen-specific IgG1 provides more reliable heritability estimates for responses to allergens than total IgE. Genome scans were done for 91 Caucasian nuclear families with history of atopy for total IgE and IgG1 produced against a common major allergen from house dust mite, Der p 1. Suggestive associations for Der p 1-IgG1 production were found at 7 quantitative trait loci (QTL) (logarithm of the odds, LOD ≥ 1.23; p ≤ 0.009) with QTL-specific heritabilities of 73%–80%. Scans using total IgE found suggestive associations for 12 QTLs (LOD ≥ 1.44; p ≤ 0.004), but QTL-specific heritabilities only in the range of 30%–35%. Allergen-specific IgG1 is a suitable “endophenotype” to be used in searches for genes associated with atopy-associated humoral immune responses to common aeroallergens.
The Impact of Multiple Marginality on Gang Membership and Delinquent Behavior for Hispanic, African American, and White Male Adolescents:

Using data from the Rochester Youth Development Study (RYDS), this article compares Hispanic, African American, and White male adolescents to determine if the reasons for joining a gang and participating in delinquent behavior differ among these youths. Vigil's multiple marginality perspective informed the selection of variables. The age at which the primary caregiver had her first child, parental expectations for educational achievement, and coming from a Spanish-speaking home predict ever being in a gang and are indirectly related to general delinquency, serious delinquency, and drug sales. These findings are interpreted as reflecting the social structural disadvantages that Hispanic families face and the difficulties that arise as the younger generation becomes less tied to the traditional culture.