cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
2,3,5,6‐Tetraaminopyridine Tetracarbamate from Dinicotinic Acid

Abstract The tetraethylcarbamate of 2,3,5,6‐tetraaminopyridine was synthesized using dinicotinic acid as starting material in 10 steps with 23% overall yield.
Effects of sodium fluoride and other metabolic inhibitors on basal and TSH-stimulated cyclic AMP and thyroid metabolism.

Abstract Incubation of pig thyroid slices with NaF (50 m M ), dicumarol (0.3 m M ), iodoacetate (0.5 m M ), and dinitrophenol (1 m M ) significantly decreased ATP concentrations but did not diminish the basal levels of cyclic AMP, indicating that ATP concentrations may not be crucial in maintaining cyclic AMP. In pig and dog thyroid slices, NaF (50 m M ) actually increased cyclic AMP concentrations. The increase was much less than that induced by 10 mU/ml TSH and was not observed in slices of beef or human thyroid tissue. Despite this increase in cyclic AMP concentrations, NaF (50 m M ) did not augment glucose oxidation or 32 P incorporation into phospholipids in pig thyroid slices. These results indicate that the stimulatory actions of NaF on the thyroid are probably not mediated by cyclic AMP. NaF, dicumarol, iodoacetate, and dinitrophenol all inhibited the increased cyclic AMP induced by TSH, indicating that ATP concentrations may be important for the effects of TSH. The metabolic inhibitors also inhibited the stimulation of glucose oxidation and 32 P incorporation into phospholipids induced by TSH. Such inhibition parallels their effect on TSH stimulation of cyclic AMP but could also reflect the dependence of stimulation of these metabolic parameters on ATP concentrations.
Automating the acquisition of 3D near-surface seismic reflection data

Summary This paper describes new instrumentation to acq uire threedimensional (3D) shallow seismic reflection (SSR) data in a more cost-effective manner. The “3D Autojuggie”, in its current configuration, is capable of simultaneously planting 220 geophones in less than one minute. All 220 geophones can be picked up in the same amount of time so that the entire spread can be moved and redeployed. This paper presents a field test comparison between conventional hand-planted and hydraulically planted geophones using the 3D Autojuggie during a walk-away test. Data acquired are directly comparable and nearly indistinguishable. The 3D Autojuggie deploys geophones in a regular grid and allows them to remain connected to the cables and seismographs during re-positioning and acquisition, reducing significantly the time necessary to roll geophones and cables and the number of crew members required for 3D seismic surveying. Initial results of a 3D ultra-shallow seismic reflection survey show that data acquisition using the 3D Autojuggie is more efficient than conventional methods, including an increase of ~18% in the area covered per hour, ~65% reduction in labor, and a 500% increase in
Toward a mathematical description of dose-effect functions for self-administered drugs in laboratory animal models.

Rationale: The interpretation of dose-effect functions for self-administered drugs remains elusive. Since, for self-administered drugs, the amount of drug in an animal depends on its behavior, a mathematical theory of drug self-administration must include terms relevant to receptor theory, as well as a description of how an organism's behavior affects the amount of drug in the animal over time. Objective: A theory was constructed in which the ability of a dose to maintain responding was described in terms of receptor theory and the function relating rate of responding to amount of drug self-administered. The main predictions of the theory were that: 1) there should be no ascending limb for drugs self-administered under ratio schedules, 2) running rate of response should not change as a function of dose and, 3) pause duration should be an exponential function of dose. Results: Low doses of cocaine were either self-administered at high rates, or not at all. Run rates, though somewhat variable, did not change as an orderly function of dose. Pause duration could be well described by an exponential function. Conclusions: The theory provides an acceptable, though no doubt preliminary, description of drug self-administration.
Progressive dialysis encephalopathy (“dialysis dementia”)

Sixty cases of distinctive progressive and fatal encephalopathy have been reported in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis. An analysis of their records reveals that mean duration of hemodialysis prior to onset is 2.5 years, while mean duration of clinical course until death is 6.3 months. The most frequent clinical manifestations include disturbances in communication (87%), cognition (66%) and movement (93%). Nonspecific electroencephalographic abnormalities are present in all cases. The condition is possibly related to some yet unidentified metabolic disorder. There is no effective therapy.
Remembrances of Bob Paige

I first met Bob in 1969. He had just come to New York to join the systems staff at the Courant Institute. We had a CDC6600 back then, but our computing services were in the dark ages. Bob was hired to debug a homegrown time-sharing system that didn’t work. He turned out to be a perfect hire; Bob thoughtfully discarded the code and built the system afresh. Our acquaintance was casual for years. I was just aware that he was an outstanding systems implementor who was knowledgeable about music and film. His name also appeared at the top of the Institute chess ladder. That was no mean feat; the Institute had a number of Russian students back then, and most were strong players. Time passed, and our relationship grew. But we really got to know each other after we both became faculty members at NYU. Somehow, we started having discussions of all sorts: computer science, math, advising students, programming languages, research, chess, parenthood, children and family, growing up, music, film, restaurants, life, and doing the right thing. Whatever the topic, Bob always had something insightful to say. I have to confess that Bob was a hard study. His interests were broad, and he often used the power of metaphor and literary allusion to make a point. I recall several discussions where I struggled to keep up with what he was saying. As I came to understand over time, Bob had extremely high standards, and it is fair to suggest that there were times when he himself did not meet them. This was never a reason for him to give up, but rather to work harder. For example, Bob had felt that his mathematics background was inadequate, so he took some math classes. I never completely understood just why he thought that mathematics was so important to his research, but it is fair to say that mathematical ideas and paradigms influenced his work. Bob was especially proud of his programming version of finite differencing, which he invented to maintain program invariants and to generate efficient code. Very few systems researchers have as mathematical and high a level perspective about programming languages as Bob had. His was visionary. His research pursued very long term problems that almost no one thought could be solved. He started as an army of one, and built a system that semiautomatically transforms programs with great power and efficiency. This work covered many areas of expertise, and no matter what was needed, Bob stood ready to accept the challenges. It is no accident that a number of basic algorithms and algorithmic ideas came out of his research. And Bob carried this intensity and passion into his teaching and advisement. I think it fair to say that Bob caringly enriched his students with his uniquely big-picture approach to language research. You can tell a great deal about Bob from his students. I do not think anyone in our department ever managed to attract a brighter group than Bob’s. Jeff Ullman once commented that although he (Jeff) had had a very large number of students, there were very few for whom he can claim to have made a major impact. Jeff was actually commenting about how
Novel pharmacologic therapies in the treatment of experimental traumatic brain injury: a review.

ABSTRACT Delayed or secondary neuronal damage following traumatic injury to the central nervous system (CNS) may result from pathologic changes in the brain's endogenous neurochemical systems. Although the precise mechanisms mediating secondary damage are poorly understood, posttraumatic neurochemical changes may include overactivation of neurotransmitter release or re-uptake, changes in presynaptic or postsynaptic receptor binding, or the pathologic release or synthesis of endogenous "autodestructive" factors. The identification and characterization of these factors and the timing of the neurochemical cascade after CNS injury provides a window of opportunity for treatment with pharmacologic agents that modify synthesis, release, receptor binding, or physiologic activity with subsequent attenuation of neuronal damage and improvement in outcome. Over the past decade, a number of studies have suggested that modification of postinjury events through pharmacologic intervention can promote functional recovery ...
Chromosome abnormalities from cyclophosphamide therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma).

In patients with rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma, the frequency of major chromosome abnormalities was appreciably increased by prolonged therapy with cyclophosphamide. Metaphases from 8 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, receiving this cytotoxic drug (0.5–2.0 mg/kg/day), showed a significantly greater frequency in hypodiploidy and chromosome type breaks than a comparable control series. In addition, 5 patients with scleroderma were studied before and after the administration of cyclophosphamide and a significant increase in the number of cytogenetic aberrations was observed during therapy.
Chemical Vapor Generation: Atomic Absorption by Ag, Au, Cu, and Zn Following Reduction of Aquo Ions with Sodium Tetrahydroborate(III)

Volatile species of Ag, Au, Cu, Zn, Cd, and As were generated at room temperature by the addition of sodium tetrahydroborate(III) to an acidified solution of the analytes. The vapor-phase species were rapidly transported to a heated quartz tube atomizer (QTA) for detection by atomic absorption spectrometry. A univariate approach was used to achieve optimized conditions and derive analytical figures of merit. The analytes are released from solution as molecular species (likely as metal hydrides) and are (partially) atomized in the QTA under nonoptimized conditions. Detection limits range from 1.8 (Zn) to 420 ng (Au). The efficiency of the generation process is estimated to be 92 ± 4% for Au. Loss of analyte during transport to the QTA was minimized through use of the minimum length of narrow-bore Teflon transfer line possible.
Comparisons of SAR estimated wave spectra with WAM model estimates during the SRL Southern Ocean experiment

The Space Radar Laboratory (SRL) flown aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavor during two ten-day periods in April and October of 1994 provided a set of approximately 100000 SAR-measured directional ocean wave spectral estimates over the Southern Ocean that was dense along the shuttle's groundtrack. Concurrent with these periods, directional wave spectral data sets calculated by the "third generation" ocean wave model WAM that is operational at the US Navy's Fleet Numerical Oceanographic and Meteorological Center. Comparisons between model-calculated spectra and SAR-estimated spectra are discussed for a subset of SAR passes that imaged an Indian Ocean storm system that exceeded 12 m significant wave height.
Parametric estimation of change-points for actual event data in recurrent events models

Time to event data have long been important in many applied fields. Many models and analysis methods have been developed for this type of data in which each sample unit experiences at most a single end-of-life event. In contrast, many applications involve repeated events, where a subject or sampling unit experiences more than one event. There is growing interest in the analysis of recurrent events data, also called repeated events and recurrence data. This type of data arises in many fields. For example, the repair history of manufactured items can be modeled as recurrent events. In medical studies, the times of recurrent disease episodes in patients can also be modeled as recurrent events. In this paper we focus on medical applications (e.g. seizures, heart attacks, cancerous tumors, etc.). However, our proposed methodologies can be applied to other areas as well. For analyzing recurrence data, the first and perhaps most important step is to model the expected number of events, and sometimes this can be facilitated by modeling the cumulative intensity function or its derivative, the intensity rate function. One particular recurrent events scenario involves patients experiencing events according to a common intensity rate, and then a treatment may be applied. Assuming the treatment to be effective, the patients would be expected to follow a different intensity rate after receiving the treatment. Further, the treatment might be effective for a limited amount of time, so that a third rate would govern arrivals of the recurrent events after the effects of the treatment wore out. In this paper we model the intensity rate for such scenarios. In particular we allow models for the intensity rate, post-treatment, to be piecewise constant. Two estimators of the location of this change are proposed. Properties of the estimators are discussed. An example is studied for illustrative purposes.
Mobile element scheduling for efficient data collection in wireless sensor networks with dynamic deadlines

Wireless networks have historically considered support for mobile elements as an extra overhead. However, recent research has provided means by which network can take advantage of mobile elements. Particularly, in the case of wireless sensor networks, mobile elements are deliberately built into the system to improve the lifetime of the network, and act as mechanical carriers of data. The mobile element, which is controlled, visits the nodes to collect their data before their buffers are full. It may happen that the sensor nodes are sampling at different rates, in which case some nodes need to be visited more frequently than others. We present this problem of scheduling the mobile element in the network, so that there is no data loss due to buffer overflow. We prove that the problem is NP-complete and give an ILP formulation. We give some practical algorithms, and compare their performances.
A kinetic oxymoron: Concentration-dependent first-order rate constants for hydrolysis of ceftazidime

The influence of pH, temperature, and buffers on the hydrolysis of 10(-4) M ceftazidime was previously reported. The pH-rate profiles showed that maximum stability occurred in the pH-independent region from 4.5 to 6.5. In the present study, hydrolysis rates of 0.031, 0.14, 0.25, and 0.35 M ceftazidime were measured at 30 and 65 degrees C, pH 5.5-6.2. The data were consistent with beta-lactam hydrolysis and the rapid release of pyridine. The sum of the time-dependent concentrations of ceftazidime and pyridine provided mass balance. Simultaneous nonlinear regression for ceftazidime loss and pyridine formation provided similar rate constants (k) to those determined from first-order plots of ceftazidime loss. Although the loss of ceftazidime was first-order for each initial concentration, the k values increased as the initial concentrations increased. Plots of k versus initial concentration were linear with intercepts similar to the k values for 10(-4) M solutions, thus implying that ceftazidime catalyzed its own degradation. At the pH of these studies ceftazidime exists as a base. The ceftazidime catalytic constant, calculated from the slope of the plot, was similar to that found for the general-base catalyst, HPO4(2-). Therefore, it is feasible that ceftazidime also behaved as a intermolecular general-base catalyst. However, first-order plots exhibited excellent linearity even though the catalyst (ceftazidime) was consumed. This would require that the catalytic moieties on ceftazidime remained relatively constant throughout its hydrolysis. This hypothesis was shown to be consistent with literature reports which indicate that the general-base catalytic groups can remain relatively constant during cephalosporin hydrolysis.
Vapor-liquid equilibria in the binary system dimethyl ether + n-butane from 282.9 to 414.5 k at pressures to 4.82 MPa

Abstract Vapor-liquid equilibrium measurements (p-T-x-y) have been performed on mixtures of dimethyl ether + n-butane (DME/n-C4) at eleven temperatures, from 282.96 to 414.50 K (9.81 to 141.35°C), at pressures to 4.85 MPa. This region of vapor-liquid coexistence has been explored for the first time. Three isotherms were measured above the critical temperature of dimethyl ether up to the critical locus of the mixture, and the critical line was defined. The data have been obtained with a vapor recirculating apparatus working at isothermal conditions. Barker's method of data reduction based on the maximum likelihood method has been used to test the consistency of the data, and selected Isotherms were correlated using the Soave-Redlich-Kwong and Peng-Robinson equations of state.
Identification and Characterization of Glycosylation-Dependent Cell Adhesion Molecule 1-Like Protein Expression in the Ovine Uterus

Glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule 1 (GlyCAM-1) is an endothelial glycoprotein secreted in lymph nodes that serves as a ligand for leukocyte cell surface selectin and mediates lymphocyte extravasation. In the present studies, rabbit anti-rat GlyCAM-1 IgG was used in immunochemical analyses of GlyCAM-1-like protein in the ovine uterus. In cyclic ewes, GlyCAM-1 expression increased in the endometrial luminal epithelium (LE) and shallow glandular epithelium (cGE) between Days 1 and 5 and then decreased between Days 11 and 15. In pregnant ewes, GlyCAM-1 in the LE and cGE was low on Days 11 and 13, increased on Day 15, and was abundant on Days 17 and 19. Immunoreactive GlyCAM-1 was also detected in the conceptus trophectoderm on Days 13-19. Staining for GlyCAM-1 in the smooth muscle of the vasculature and myometrium was constitutive, and no staining was detected in the stroma. An immunoreactive protein of approximately 45 kDa was identified in endometrial extracts and uterine flushings from cyclic and pregnant ewes. In pregnant ewes, the relative amount of immunoreactive GlyCAM-1 in uterine flushings was low on Days 11 and 13 but high on Days 15 and 17. Results suggest that a GlyCAM-1-like protein may be a secretory product of the endometrial epithelium and/or conceptus trophectoderm. Patterns of distribution observed for immunoreactive GlyCAM-1-like protein in the endometrial epithelium, combined with proposed functions for lymphoid GlyCAM-1, suggest that this mucin glycoprotein may be involved in conceptus-maternal interactions during the periimplantation period of pregnancy in sheep.
Correlates of alcohol use among anxious and depressed primary care patients.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study is to determine the patterns of alcohol use for primary care patients with anxiety disorders and/or major depression in three urban university-affiliated outpatient clinics. Method A waiting room sample of adults was screened for anxiety disorders and major depression. Six hundred fourteen screened patients were assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview [World Health Organization. Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) 2.1. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1997] and frequency–quantity alcohol use questions. Adjusted for age and gender, logistic regression analyses were used to determine associations between panic disorder, social phobia, PTSD, major depression and typical heavy (three drinks/two or more times a week) and frequent (four or more times a week) alcohol use. Results Of the patients, 6.19% (38/614) reported typical heavy drinking and 8.31% (51/614) reported frequent drinking in the preceding 3 months. PTSD was associated with heavy drinking (adjusted OR=3.1; 95% CI, 1.3–7.3). Panic disorder was associated with frequent alcohol use (adjusted OR=2.2; 95% CI, 1.2–4.2) but reduced heavy drinking (adjusted OR=0.4; 95% CI, 0.2–0.9). There was no significant relationship between alcohol use and the co-occurrence of two or more anxiety and/or mood disorders. Conclusion In an examination of primary care patients diagnosed, the majority of whom were with at least one anxiety disorder and/or major depression; current heavy and frequent alcohol use was associated with specific individual anxiety disorders and/or major depression.
Intracellular transport and tyrosine sulfation of procollagens V.

Several tyrosine residues of the extracellular p-collagens V and collagens V are sulfated [Fessler, L. I., Brosh, S., Chapin, S. and Fessler, J. H. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 5034–5040]. Here, the sulfation of their intracellular precursors, the procollagens V, was studied. A Golgi-enriched subcellular fraction of chick embryo tendon catalyzed the sulfation of tyrosine residues in both endogenous and added, unsulfated procollagens V with the sulfate donor 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-[35S]phosphosulfate. Intracellular tyrosine sulfation of procollagen V occurred at a point distal to the cis Golgi compartment as judged by change of the N-linked carbohydrate of procollagen V from being endoglycosidase-H-sensitive to being resistant. The time course of the intracellular modifications of procollagen V was determined by incubating tendons with 3H-labeled amino acids and with [35S]sulfate. The proα(V) chains were synthesised in about 10 min and then assembled into unsulfated procollagen V molecules. Tyrosine sulfation occurred 50 min after completion of polypeptide synthesis and the molecules were successively sulfated in the order in which they had been synthesized. The antimicrotubular drug Nocodazole, which disrupts the spatial organization of the Golgi, decreased the time interval between synthesis of procollagens V and sulfation. The sulfated procollagens V were soon secreted and cut to sulfated p-collagens V. Sulfated proα1(V) chains were cleaved faster than sulfated proα1′(V) chains. The relationship of sequential protein modification to spatial cellular organization is discussed.
BiToS: Enhancing BitTorrent for Supporting Streaming Applications

BitTorrent (BT) in the last years has been one of the most effective mechanisms for P2P content distribution. Although BT was created for distribution of time insensitive content, in this work we try to identify what are the minimal changes needed in the BT's mechanisms in order to support streaming. The importance of this capability is that the peer will now have the ability to start enjoying the video before the complete download of the video file. This ability is particularly important in highly polluted environments, since the peer can evaluate the quality of the video content early and thus preserve its valuable resources. In a nutshell, our approach gives higher download priority to pieces that are close to be reproduced by the player. This comes in contrast to the original BT protocol, where pieces are downloaded in an out-of-order manner based solely on their rareness. In particular, our approach tries to strike the balance between downloading pieces in: (a) playing order, enabling smooth playback, and (b) the rarest first order, enabling the use of parallel downloading of pieces. In this work, we introduce three different Piece Selection mechanisms and we evaluate them through simulations based on how well they deliver streaming services to the peers.
Tailoring Global Data to Guide Corporate Investments in Biodiversity, Environmental Assessments and Sustainability

Companies make significant investments in environmental impacts assessments, biodiversity action plans, life-cycle assessments, and environmental management systems, but guidance on where and when these tools can be best used, and how they may scale-up to inform corporation-wide planning, is sorely lacking. A major barrier to informed environmental decision-making within companies, especially in data poor regions of the world, is the difficulty accessing, analyzing, and interpreting biodiversity information. To address this shortcoming, we analyzed nine publicly available environmental datasets, and created five globally-relevant metrics associated with biodiversity: habitat intactness, habitat protection, species richness (globally and biome normalized), and threatened species. We demonstrate how packaging these metrics within an open-source, web-based mapping tool can facilitate corporations in biodiversity prioritization of their sites (or their supply chains), ultimately guiding potential investments in the environment.
Treating Resistant Hypertension With a Neglected Old Drug

“Be Not Too Fast to Cast the Old Aside”* Hypertensive patients are said to be resistant to therapy when their pressures exceed goal despite treatment with 3 antihypertensive drugs. The tendency of most clinicians is to treat resistant patients with stronger and stronger agents in higher and higher doses. By contrast, a few reports in the literature suggest surprising usefulness of spironolactone, a relatively weak diuretic, in resistant hypertension.1–6 In this issue of Hypertension , Chapman et al7 describe the largest reported cohort of resistant hypertensive subjects who responded to spironolactone. The average fall in blood pressure was ≈22/10 mm Hg on 25 mg per day, quite a noteworthy effect for a low dose of a reputedly feeble old agent, especially when added to 3 newer drugs with better reputations! What’s more, the resistant patients who responded to spironolactone included older subjects with predominantly systolic hypertension, many of whom were diabetic, a notoriously recalcitrant group. Spironolactone antagonizes aldosterone and other salt-retaining steroids by competing for the mineralocorticoid receptor. This action is the simplest but not the only plausible explanation for the efficacy of spironolactone, and it implies that aldosterone plays an unusually prominent role in supporting the pressure of resistant patients. If aldosterone caused resistance, one might assume that those patients were producing a lot of it, but it is unlikely that a dose of 25 mg of spironolactone could have had dramatic effects as an aldosterone antagonist if the endogenous steroid levels were very high. Clinical experiments teach that it requires as much as a 1000-fold excess of spironolactone to antagonize a …
Combined Inverter Design and Motor Selection to Meet 42V Automotive System Targets

This paper presents an integrated approach to drive loads for emerging 42 V automotive systems. The emphasis is on small motors for ancillary loads. The final result effectively presents a simple and low cost solution with high efficiency, power density and reliability but with reduced maintenance needs. The paper approaches the design from a perspective that combines the motor and inverter designs. For discussion purposes, the design is addressed in several steps: integration of the induction motor into the 42 V environment, selection of the inverter modulation scheme, definition of the control strategy, and overall integration. The conclusions are discussed based on theory and simulation analysis, and are supported by experimental results
Sensitivity of ultrasound for the diagnosis of tubo-ovarian abscess: a case report and literature review.

Abstract Background: Tubo-ovarian abscess is a serious complication of pelvic inflammatory disease, with a high associated morbidity. Although tubo-ovarian abscess is not a rare entity, its diagnosis presents multiple challenges. Prior literature has suggested that pelvic ultrasound is now the “gold standard” in the diagnosis of tubo-ovarian abscess. Objective: Given the increasing use of ultrasound in the emergency department, it is important to understand the diagnostic value of transvaginal ultrasound in ruling in and ruling out important gynecologic emergencies. Our objective is to review the literature to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound in the diagnosis of tubo-ovarian abscess. Case Report: We review a case of a 31-year-old woman with frank peritonitis caused by a tubo-ovarian abscess diagnosed by contrast-enhanced computed tomography after an initial negative transvaginal ultrasound. Conclusion: We found evidence for lower sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound for the diagnosis of tubo-ovarian abscess than generally reported in the emergency medicine literature.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the prototypic autoimmune ­disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies to components of the cell nucleus in association with diverse clinical manifestations encompassing almost all organ systems. SLE is a complex disease with variable presentations, course, and prognosis characterized by remissions and flares. The extreme heterogeneity of the disease has led some investigators to propose that SLE represents a syndrome rather than a single disease. Here we present two cases describing the complexity and heterogeneity of the disease.
Determinants and Consequences of Herding in P2P Lending Markets

In this paper, we are interested in the factors that influence herding behavior in P2P lending marketplaces. We are using data from Prosper.com to examine whether internal market specific factors and external economic factors influence the amount of herding exhibited in the market. We also investigate what consequences herding has and how marketplace participants can benefit or suffer from herding behavior in the marketplace. Based on previous models of herding in P2P lending, we calculate a herding measure over time. This herding measure is the basis for our analyses. Our preliminary analyses show support that internal factors measuring uncertainty, lenders experience, and search costs in the market influence herding. We receive inconclusive results for external factors measuring uncertainty, volatility, and bullishness in the marketplace’s economic environment. Herding has several implications for borrowers and lenders including potentially lower interest rates for borrowers but fewer completed listings.
Red October: its Origins, Consequences, and the Need to Revive the National Market System

This article discusses the problem of the lack of liquidity as an aspect of the 1987 stock market crash and the reforms adopted in the wake of the crash to address the problem. The author advocates a comprehensive revision of the securities market through the National Market System to effect consolidation of the equity markets. Consolidation, he argues, would dramatically increase market liquidity and minimize the possibility of a second crash. Consolidation, however, requires radical restructuring of the markets' regulation to end the fragmentation that now exists. This can only be accomplished by motivating the SEC to embrace the National Market System, centralizing market regulation in the SEC, and ending self-regulation.
Teaching Software Engineering Skills in CS1.5: Incorporating Real-world Practices and Tools (Abstract Only)

Students learn best in environments where they can meaningfully engage with materials that emulate real-world scenarios. Incorporating software engineering best practices and supporting tools in introductory courses provides students the opportunity to engage in course materials as a novice member of the profession. We support student engagement with industry tools to support software engineering best practices for tutorials, in-class labs, and programming projects. The goal of the research is to improve student learning, engagement in the course and profession, and retention through the use of software engineering practices and tools that introduce students to the software engineering profession. A prior study on the incorporation of in-class laboratories, supported with software engineering best practices, on linear data structures showed an increase in engagement, but did not show a difference on student learning when compared with active learning lectures. We are currently expanding the study by incorporating in-class laboratories across a full semester of a CS1.5 class at NC State University. The poster presents the preliminary results from Fall 2015.
ANAGRAM SOLUTIONS OF FIELD-INDEPENDENT AND FIELD-DEPENDENT PERSONS

During the past few years research on field independence-dependence has increased markedly and a variety of tasks have been used to demonstrate differences in performance between the two groups. The direction of findings consistently has favored fieldindependent persons, suggesting that a response deficit may be indigenous to field dependence. Niney-two undergraduate males were administered a short version of the Embedded Figures Test (EFT), in which they were shown a series of simple geometric figures together with complex designs and asked to locate the simple figure in the complex design. They were also presented two sets of anagrams, each containing 15 scrambled words. Every anagram had 5 letters and formed only one correct English word. No proper names, trick words, and foreign language words were included. If difficulty arose in unscrambling any of them, S was encouraged to proceed with another word. There was a 5-min. time limit per list. Two scores were derived from the anagram task: the total number of correct solutions and the total number of incorrect solutions due to such factors as arranging letters in the wrong sequence, adding an extra letter, or not using all the letters contained in the anagram. Omissions were not scored. The Spearman rank-order correlation between EFT time and correct words was -.I4 (p > .05), while a rho of .28 (p < .01) was obtained between EFT scores and incorrect words.
Ideological Structure and Consistency in the Age of Polarization

Decades of research establish that political elites hold more ideologically consistent and structured policy preferences than ordinary citizens. Since the late 1970s, American politics, at the elite level, has become increasingly polarized and changes in the news media have made it easier for citizens to find news catering to their ideological tastes. We capitalize on these developments to examine whether ideologically engaged citizens–those who hold strong ideological identities, who are politically informed, and who participate actively in public affairs–match elites in ideological consistency and structure during the age of polarization. We test this hypothesis by applying correlation and measurement modeling techniques to data from multiple National Election Study and Convention Delegate Study surveys. We find that (a) ideologically engaged masses hold more tightly organized opinions than the less engaged every year, but lagged elites by a wide margin in 1980; (b) convention delegates manifest impress...
Youth Are Less Likely to be Food Insecure than Adults in the Same Household

National statistics indicate that children and youth are less likely to be food insecure than adults in the same household. However, these statistics are based on adult proxy reports of children's food security, and the accuracy of those reports has not been verified. This study compares self-reported personal food insecurity of youth (ages 12–17) and adults in the same or similar households using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. Youth are found to be considerably less likely to be food insecure than adults in the same household, and the youth–adult difference is greater when food insecurity is assessed at a severe level. The findings are consistent with qualitative research findings that parents in food insecure households attempt to shield their children and youth from the effects of the household's food insecurity.
Interstitial lung disease in children:a report of two cases and review of literature

Objective To explore the importance of lung biopsy in diagnosis of interstitial lung disease.Methods Two cases of interstitial lung disease in children,diagnosed by pathological examination,were reviewed and analyzed retrospectively.Their clinical features,chest radiology and pathology were studied.The final diagnosis was made based on the principle of clinico-radiologic-pathologic diagnosis(C-R-P).Results Two patients presented with cough and shortness of breath,no clubbing of fingers and toes observed.Ground-glass opacities and vesicles shadow were presented under high resolution CT.Neither the evidence of microbial infection nor connective tissue disease was found.In this case,lung biopsies were needed to identify the causes of the infection.The final diagnoses were made after lung biopsy that one child was lipid pneumonia and another one was desquamative interstitial pneumonia.Conclusions The respiratory symptoms of interstitial lung disease in children include cough,wheezing and shortness of breath.For those children who do not show obvious effect after conventional treatment physician should consider the possibility of interstitial lung disease.
Adolescents With Sickle Cell Disease in a Rural Community: Are They Ready to Transition to Adulthood?

OBJECTIVES Most patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) survive to adulthood; however, young adults with SCD have high rates of morbidity and mortality and may struggle in the transition to a healthy adulthood. The purpose of this study was to determine the readiness of a rural SCD population for the transition to adulthood and adult medical care. METHODS Adolescents and young adults who were current/former patients of a rural pediatric practice were surveyed. Assessments included difficulty dealing with daily care issues and perceived/encountered barriers to transition. Adolescents were asked if a doctor had discussed transition to adult care. Young adults also were asked about satisfaction with their transition experience and about the utility and composition of a transition program. RESULTS Surveys were completed by 13 adolescents and 5 young adults. Adolescents reported difficulty leaving their pediatrician (62%) and knowing how SCD differs from other types of anemia (54%). They had concerns about finding an adult doctor (54%), arranging transportation (54%), preparing to use an adult hospital (46%), and handling financial issues (46%). Two-thirds had not discussed or did not know whether their doctor had discussed transitions. Young adults described difficulty leaving their pediatrician (100%), finding an adult doctor (80%), keeping a job (60%), knowing what to expect (40%), and knowing how to pay for medical care (40%). Two-thirds were not satisfied with their transition and all believed a transition program would be helpful. Services suggested for a transition program to provide included information about adult providers/adult healthcare services, ways to take control of one's own care, and helping adult providers understand more about SCD. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents with SCD in a rural community identify potential barriers in the transition to adult health care. Several barriers mirror what young adults report encountering. A rural SCD transition clinic can provide individualized preparation to promote a successful transition to adulthood.
Spinal Anesthesia in a Patient With a History of Systemic Capillary Leak Syndrome (Clarkson Disease)

Objective The aim of this study was to review the relative risks, benefits, and anesthetic considerations of neuraxial, regional, and general anesthesia in a patient with known systemic capillary leak syndrome (SCLS) who presents for elective total knee replacement. Case Report Systemic capillary leak syndrome (or Clarkson disease) is a rare disorder involving endothelial dysfunction of uncertain pathogenesis characterized by the development of hypotension, hemoconcentration, and hypoalbuminemia in the absence of secondary causes of shock. Literature regarding the anesthetic management of such patients is extremely sparse. To date, all published cases involved those who experienced exacerbations preoperatively, intraoperatively, or postoperatively. There are no reports pertaining to the anesthetic management of patients with a history of the disease who are under remission. We present a case report of a patient with a history of SCLS who underwent elective unilateral total knee arthroplasty under spinal anesthesia. The patient tolerated the procedure well without any evidence of perioperative capillary leak exacerbation. Conclusions Spinal anesthesia constitutes a viable option for a patient with a history of SCLS in sustained remission. It remains unclear whether general or neuraxial anesthesia confers the best risk-to-benefit ratio for such patients.
Mechanisms of exercise effects on bone quantity and quality

Abstract Exercise plays a critical role in treating and preventing osteoporosis. Mechanical signals, a principal component of exercise, can simultaneously promote bone and muscle formation while inhibiting fat formation. This seemingly inverse behavior towards mechanical signals indicates that cells within the bone and marrow may respond to their mechanical environment differently. Thus, the design of an “optimal exercise” regimen to simultaneously promote bone formation, inhibit bone loss, and delay the onset of obesity requires a deeper understanding of how the cells within the bone and the marrow interact with each other and respond to their mechanical environment. This chapter first defines the functional loading environment of the bone to demonstrate that the ability of mechanical signals to influence bone morphology strongly depends on the signal characteristics and then it delves into various cellular and molecular events that play a role in transducing the mechanical signals into biochemical cues to regulate overall bone health.
The Defacement of the Parthenon Metopes

Modern attempts to explain the defacement by invoking sectarian motives are demonstrably uncogent, and the damage may instead have been due to local and temporary contingencies.
The Oncology Specialist’s Role in POLST Form Completion

Introduction:Patients with cancer and oncology professional societies believe that advance care planning is important, but we know little of who actually has this conversation. Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST) forms can help to document these important conversations to ensure patients receive the level of treatment they want. We therefore sought to determine the specialty of those signing POLST forms for patients who died of cancer to better understand who is having this discussion with patients.Methods:Retrospective cohort study including all deaths due to cancer in Oregon between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2011. Death certificates were matched to POLST forms in the Oregon POLST Registry, and the signing physician’s specialty was determined using the Oregon Medical Board’s database.Results:A total of 14 979 people died of cancer in Oregon in 2010 to 2011. Of which, 6145 (41.0%) had at least 1 POLST form in the Registry. Oncology specialists signed 14.9% of POLST forms, compar...
Fungi associated with mesophotic macroalgae from the ‘Au‘au Channel, west Maui are differentiated by host and overlap terrestrial communities

Mesophotic coral ecosystems are an almost entirely unexplored and undocumented environment that likely contains vast reservoirs of undescribed biodiversity. Twenty-four macroalgae samples, representing four genera, were collected from a Hawaiian mesophotic reef at water depths between 65 and 86 m in the 'Au'au Channel, Maui, Hawai'i. Algal tissues were surveyed for the presence and diversity of fungi by sequencing the ITS1 gene using Illumina technology. Fungi from these algae were then compared to previous fungal surveys conducted in Hawaiian terrestrial ecosystems. Twenty-seven percent of the OTUs present on the mesophotic coral ecosystem samples were shared between the marine and terrestrial environment. Subsequent analyses indicated that host species of algae significantly differentiate fungal community composition. This work demonstrates yet another understudied habitat with a moderate diversity of fungi that should be considered when estimating global fungal diversity.
SYSTEM RESOLUTION ANALYSIS OF THE SCANNING TOMOGRAPHIC ACOUSTIC MICROSCOPE

The scanning tomographic acoustic microscope (STAM) is an imaging device capable of producing tomograms of the acoustic properties of the internal structures of thick, optically opaque materials. Its usefulness extends to many different areas, such as in the study of biological specimens where the determination of acoustic velocity and attenuation indicate the health of tissues, and in nondestructive evaluation of electronic components and composite materials where voids and other flaws are easily visualized using acoustic energy.1,2
Crisis in U.S. Health Care: Corporate Power Still Blocks Reform:

The corporate, largely privatized market-based U.S. health care system is deteriorating in terms of increasing costs, decreasing access, unacceptable quality of care, inequities, and disparities. Reform efforts to establish universal insurance coverage have failed on six occasions over the last century, largely through opposition of corporate stakeholders in the medical-industrial complex. This article provides historical perspective to previous reform attempts, updates the current battle between Republicans and Democrats over repeal of the 2010 Affordable Care Act (ACA), and compares three financing alternatives-continuation of the ACA; its replacement by a Republican plan (the House's American Health Care Act or its Senate counterpart, the Better Care Reconciliation Act); and single-payer national health insurance (NHI or Medicare for All). Markers are described that reveal the extent of the current crisis in U.S. health care. Evidence is presented that the private insurance industry, increasingly dependent on bailout by the government, is in a "death spiral." NHI is gaining increasing public support as the only financing alternative to provide universal coverage. Nine lessons that are still unlearned in the United States concerning health care are discussed, together with future prospects to establish universal coverage in this embattled and changing political environment.
Effects of cognitive abilities on child and youth academic achievement: Evidence from the WISC-V and WIAT-III

Abstract The relations between children and adolescents' cognitive abilities and their reading, writing, and math achievement were examined using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fifth Edition and Wechsler Individual Achievement Test, Third Edition co-norming sample. We tested and compared models that included effects from the Cattell-Horn-Carroll broad cognitive abilities and models that focused on the effects of g only. Developmental differences in the patterns of cognitive-achievement effects were tested for statistical significance using interaction terms. Comprehension-knowledge exerted direct effects on all reading and most writing skills, fluid reasoning exerted direct effects on essay writing and math skills, and processing speed exerted direct effects on reading fluency, math fluency, and math calculation skills. Working memory significantly influenced most of the achievement skills and was particularly important for younger children. The effect of g on all achievement skills was strong, but indirect through the broad abilities and often overlapped with the effect of fluid reasoning. Results from this study suggest that children and adolescent's reading, math, and writing are differentially influenced by their cognitive abilities, and some of these effects vary by age.
Advanced driver assistance systems for teen drivers: Teen and parent impressions, perceived need, and intervention preferences.

Objective: From the advent of airbags to electronic stability control, technological advances introduced into automobile design have significantly reduced injury and death from motor vehicle crashe...