cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective labeling of κ2 opioid receptors in rat brain by [125I]IOXY: Interaction of opioid peptides and other drugs with multiple κ2a binding sites

Recent studies from our laboratory resolved two subtypes of the kappa 2 binding site, termed kappa 2a and kappa 2b, using guinea pig, rat, and human brain membranes depleted of mu and delta receptors by pretreatment with the site-directed acylating agents BIT (mu-selective) and FIT (delta-selective). 6 beta-Iodo-3,14-dihydroxy-17-cyclopropylmethyl-4,5 alpha-epoxymorphinan (IOXY), an opioid antagonist that has high affinity for kappa 2 sites, was radioiodinated to maximum specific activity (2200 Ci/mmol) and purified by high pressure liquid chromatography and used to characterize multiple kappa 2 binding sites. The results indicated that [125I]IOXY, like [3H]bremazocine, selectively labels kappa 2 binding sites in rat brain membranes pretreated with BIT and FIT. Using 100 nM [D-Ala2-MePhe4,Gly-ol5]enkephalin to block [125I]IOXY binding to the kappa 2b site, two subtypes of the kappa 2a binding site were resolved, both in the absence and presence of 50 microM 5'-guanylyimidodiphosphate. Viewed collectively, these results provide further evidence for heterogeneity of the kappa opioid receptor, which may provide new targets for drug design, synthesis, and therapeutics.
Recovery guarantees for restoration and separation of approximately sparse signals

In this paper, we present performance guarantees for the recovery and separation of signals that are approximately sparse in some general (i.e., basis, frame, over-complete, or incomplete) dictionary but corrupted by a combination of measurement noise and interference that is sparse in a second general dictionary. Applications covered by this framework include the restoration of signals impaired by impulse noise, narrowband interference, or saturation, as well as image in-painting, super-resolution, and signal separation. We develop computationally efficient algorithms for signal restoration and signal separation and present deterministic conditions that guarantee their stability. A simple in-painting example demonstrates the efficacy of our approach.
THE GUEST FROM ENGLAND: EXPLORING ISSUES OF POSITIONALITY IN A FOREIGN AND YET FAMILIAR SETTING

ABSTRACT By adopting a reflective–reflexive approach, the paper explores aspects of positionality in relation to gender and culture and examines in what way they affect the generation of status and power within the relationships and social interactions of the research participants. By drawing on my personal experience as a female researcher operating in a male-dominated, foreign and yet familiar setting, I will analyse the mechanisms involved in the negotiation of the positions occupied by the various players and how this determined my status in terms of insider/outsidership. Particular attention will be paid to the facilitation of access to the field and the construction of knowledge. The data informing this paper were collected as part of a study of school-based models of initial teacher training in Germany, including contributions from the directors, tutors and mentors of three teacher training Seminars as well as my own observations. The relatively small sample of respondents and the researcher's subj...
The Transition from Infancy to Language: Acquiring the Power of Expression

In this important volume, Lois Bloom brings together the theoretical and empirical work she has carried out on early lexical development. Its focus is on the expressive power children acquire as they begin to talk and, in particular, on contributions from cognitive development, affect expression, and the social context for making the transition from prelinguistic expression to the expression of contents of mind. The first half of the book reviews the developments in infancy that enable the emergence of language and presents the theoretical perspective required for an understanding of the longitudinal study described in the second half. The book's main thesis is that language is acquired for expressing contents of mind and that its usefulness as a 'tool' is of only secondary importance. The Transition from Infancy to Language makes a major contribution to our knowledge of early lexical development, providing a persuasive theoretical model for researchers and students.
Improving robustness of key extraction from wireless channels with differential techniques

Secure wireless communications typically rely on secret keys, which are difficult to establish in an ad hoc network without a key management infrastructure. Theoretically, the channel reciprocity and spatial decorrelation properties can be used to extract secret key, especially in a Rayleigh fading channel. However, as shown in some prior work by inserting or removing intermediate objects between the communication nodes, the strength of the secret key generated through such methods is low. Furthermore, the impact of small fluctuations also reduces the bit matching rate of such key agreement methods. In this paper, we propose a differential approach which uses the relative difference between two RSS values to determine the value of a secret bit. Additionally, the moving average method can be more easier and properly adapted to the differential approach which reduces the impact of small fluctuations. Experiment results and numerical evaluation show the proposed method has higher security strength, speed and matching rate comparing to a baseline from prior research work.
Long-Term Effects of Cathodic Protection on Prestressed Concrete Structures: Hydrogen Embrittlement of Prestressing Steel

Abstract The issue of safe cathodic protection (CP) limits for prestressing steel in concrete was addressed in regard to concerns over hydrogen embrittlement (HE). The local environment at the stee...
Retinal Detachments in Patients With Cytomegalovirus Retinitis

• Retinal detachments are a recognized complication of cytomegalovirus retinitis. In a series of 145 patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis, 38 (26%) developed retinal detachments. The cumulative probability of a retinal detachment 1 year after the diagnosis of cytomegalovirus retinitis was 50%. Detachments were associated with increased size of the cytomegalovirus lesion and with lesions extending anteriorly up to the ora serrata. Treatment with an anticytomegalovirus drug appeared to delay the time to detachment. Median survival time after the diagnosis of retinal detachment was 9 months. In our study, vitrectomy with silicone oil as the initial surgical procedure was the most effective approach. Successful anatomic reattachment of the retina was achieved in 70% of patients undergoing this procedure. Despite the success of surgery, the visual outcome was disappointing, with only 20% of eyes achieving a final visual acuity of 5/200 or better.
FeMo cofactor of nitrogenase: energetics and local interactions in the protein environment

A combined broken-symmetry density functional and continuum electrostatics approach has been applied to the iron-molybdenum center (FeMoco) of nitrogenase to evaluate the energetic effects of the local amino acid environment for several spin alignments of FeMoco. The protein environment preferentially stabilizes certain spin coupling patterns. The lowest energy spin alignment pattern in the protein displays calculated properties that match the experimental data better than any of the alternative possibilities. The total interaction energy of the protein with FeMoco has been evaluated and the contribution of each amino acid residue has been broken down into sidechain and backbone components. Arginine, lysine, aspartate and glutamate sidechains exert the largest electrostatic influence on FeMoco; specific residues are highlighted and their interaction with FeMoco discussed in the context of the available X-ray data from Azotobactervinelandii (Av). Observed data for the MN(resting state)→MOX(one-electron oxidized state) and MN→MR(one-electron reduced state) or MI(alternative one-electron reduced state) redox couples are compared with those calculated for Av. The calculated redox potentials are fairly insensitive to the spin state of the oxidized or reduced states and the predicted qualitative trend of a more negative redox potential for the more reduced MN→MR or MI couple is in accord with the available redox data. These calculations represent a first step towards the development of a microscopic model of electron and proton transfer events at the nitrogenase active site.
Pocahontas and Captain John Smith: Examining a historical myth

(1992). Pocahontas and Captain John Smith: Examining a historical myth. History and Anthropology: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 365-402.
A question answering system developed as a project in a natural language processing course

This paper describes the Question Answering System constructed during a one semester graduate-level course on Natural Language Processing (NLP). We hypothesized that by using a combination of syntactic and semantic features and machine learning techniques, we could improve the accuracy of question answering on the test set of the Remedia corpus over the reported levels. The approach, although novel, was not entirely successful in the time frame of the course.
Chemical Constituents from Marine Streptomycete sp. S11

Six compounds were obtained from fermentation broth extract of the marine Streptomycete sp.S11.Their structures were identified to be indole-3-carboxylic acid(1),Ethanone(2),Indole-3-lactic acid(3), p-hydroxybenzonic acid(4),anthranilic acid(5) and Arbutin(6) by spectral methods. The brine shrimp bioassay showed the mortality rates of Arbutin to brine shrimp are 75.8% at a concentration of 10μg/mL, indicating Arbutin possessed significant toxicity on brine shrimp．
Additional studies of histoplasmin formation.

Culture filtrates of 20 strains ofHistoplasma capsulatum were studied to determine the effect of certain growth conditions on histoplasmin formation. The presence of histoplasmin was denoted by an antigenic titer of 1:4 or higher with the complement fixation test.
The lifecycle impact of diabetes on retirement

Empirical research has established that diabetes lowers the age of retirement. This study decomposes the effect of diabetes on retirement into a direct effect of poor health at retirement age and an indirect lifecycle effect of reduced asset accumulation over working years. We use retrospective data drawn from the Health and Retirement Study in log-linear regressions of asset levels and probit analyses of retirement to estimate these effects. Our results indicate that diabetes reduces asset accumulation. In turn, we find that lower asset levels significantly reduce the probability of retirement. In contrast, poor health increases the probability of retirement. After controlling for health status and assets, we find no further impact of diabetes on retirement behaviour, suggesting that our assets and health variables adequately capture the effects of diabetes. While poor health is associated with an increase in the probability of retirement, most diabetic workers do not report their health to be poor. For these workers, diabetes leads to the accumulation of fewer assets and later retirement, an effect that needs to be considered by researchers and policy-makers discussing the many critical issues surrounding diabetes.
A Schur method for balanced-truncation model reduction

It is shown that a not-necessarily-balanced state-space realization of the Moore reduced model can be computed directly without balancing via projections defined in terms of arbitrary bases for the left and right eigenspaces associated with the large eigenvalues of the product PQ of the reachability and controllability Grammians. Two specific methods for computing these bases are proposed, one based on the ordered Schur decomposition of PQ and the other based on the Cholesky factors of P and Q. The algorithms perform reliably even for nonminimal models. >
High performance anisotropic conductive adhesives for lead‐free interconnects

Purpose – To study the interface properties of anisotropic conductive adhesives (ACAs) and improve the electrical properties of ACA joints as a replacement for Sn/Pb solder in the electronics industry.Design/methodology/approach – In this study, different types of self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) compounds were introduced into the interface between the metal filler and the substrate bond pad. The formation of these SAMs on gold and silver surface and their thermal stability were investigated by measuring the contact angles with water of these SAM coated surfaces. The SAM compounds used had either hydrophilic or hydrophobic tail groups, and included octadecanethiol (ODT), mercpatoacetic acid (MAA), 1,4‐benzenedithiol (dithiol) and malonic acid (acid M). Epoxy resins with two different curing temperatures were used as polymer matrices for the ACA formulations. The electrical properties of ACA joints containing these SAMs were studied by measuring their current‐voltage relationship.Findings – The results show ...
Morphological and biochemical differentiation of the human medulloblastoma cell line TE671.

Abstract Cells of the human medulloblastoma clonal line TE671 exhibit polymorphism when grown in vitro in serum-supplemented medium. Under these conditions, cell numbers double every 18 h during log phase growth. These tumorigenic precursors of cerebellar interneurons are not contact-inhibited and approach densities of one million cells per cm 2 . TE671 cells in proliferative growth express a class of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that are fully sensitive to functional blockade by the neurotoxin α-bungarotoxin (Bgt). TE671 cells grown in medium containing dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (dbcAMP) rapidly undergo a distinctive morphological transformation characterized by neurite extension and formation of cell—cell contacts. The rate of cell division and cell saturation densities are diminished coordinately with these treatments. Sodium fluoride and forskolin induce similar changes in cell division and morphology as does dbcAMP, and these effects are potentiated by aluminum and the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, respectively. The high-affinity binding of Bgt to TE671 cells also is reduced on exposure to dbcAMP in a time and dose-dependent manner. The results suggest that activation of adenylate cyclase and the concomitant elevation of intracellular cAMP levels may be involved in the morphological transformation of TE671 cells to a mature, neuronal phenotype and in changes in the level of expression of a subtype of human neuronal nicotinic receptors. These studies establish a unique, neural tube-derived model system for investigation of the mechanisms involved in these processes.
Experimental investigation of tribological performance of laser textured stainless steel rings

Abstract A series of experiments is conducted to examine the frictional characteristics of laser surface-textured, heat-treated 17-4 PH stainless steel specimens. Two dimple shapes are tested: circular and elliptical. The circular dimples are designed with different sizes, dimple densities and dimple depth-to-diameter ratios. It is found that the cavitation pressure (Pcav) in a circular dimple is strongly affected by the operational speed. The surface textured specimens provide low coefficient of friction compared with plain (dimple-free) surfaces. However, for the material used in the current experiments, the surface texture decreases the surface's resistance to wear.
Alzheimer's disease symptom severity in blacks and whites.

OBJECTIVE: In order to determine whether there are racial differences in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) symptom severity and vascular comorbidities, we compared African-American (black) and Caucasian (white) patients with AD from similar socioeconomic backgrounds at the time the disease was first recognized. DESIGN: Cross-sectional observational study from a population-based dementia registry. PARTICIPANTS: Patients were enrolled from an HMO base population of 23,000 persons more than age 60 in Seattle, Washington. This study examines 453 subjects with probable AD (38 blacks (mean age 76.5, SD 6.4), and 415 whites (mean age 79.7, SD 6.7)). MEASUREMENTS: Measured were patient demographics, age at onset of AD, AD symptom duration, Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) score, Blessed Dementia Rating Scale, presence of psychiatric symptoms, and vascular comorbidities. RESULTS: Blacks had significantly lower mean cognitive scores (MMSE = 17.2, SD 5.6) compared with whites (MMSE = 20.2, SD 5.2, unpaired t test P <. 01). The significant racial difference in MMSE scores persisted after controlling for education, duration of AD symptoms, age, and ADL impairment. Blacks and whites did not differ significantly regarding gender distribution, education level, income, or percent with early age of onset of AD. No statistically significant race-related differences were found in impairments in activities of daily living or symptoms of paranoia, hallucinations, or agitation. Blacks had significantly higher rates of hypertension (56%) compared with whites (34%) (Fisher's exact test, P =. 013), but the rates of stroke and ischemic heart disease were similar. CONCLUSIONS: Despite uniform detection methods and controlling for reported duration of dementia symptoms, measured cognitive impairment is significantly more severe when AD is recognized in blacks compared with whites. The significantly higher prevalence of hypertension among black AD cases was not associated with excess cerebrovascular disease comorbidity. This study highlights a need for normative measurements of cognitive function in minority AD groups in order to distinguish differential cognitive symptom severity from possible measurement bias.
An electron-stimulated desorption study of the interaction of hydrogen, deuterium and oxygen with GaAs(100)

Abstract Auger electron spectroscopy and electron-stimulated desorption (ESD) were used to study the interaction between hydrogen and both a clean GaAs(100) surface and an oxidized GaAs(100) surface. Cleaning the surface by ion bombardment and annealing does not completely remove hydrogen from a GaAs(100) surface so dosing was performed using deuterium. It was verified that molecular deuterium does not adsorb at significant rates at room temperature on the clean or oxidized surface, but it does adsorb on both surfaces when the sample is subjected to radiant heating in the range 200–400°C with a tungsten filament. ESD gives a semi- quantitative relative measure of the amount of adsorbed deuterium, and kinetic energy analysis of the desorbing ions is useful in distinguishing between different adsorbed states of hydrogen. Heating the sample to 500°C causes desorption of H 2 , HD and D 2 from the clean and oxidized surfaces, but no oxygen or oxygen- containing species desorb from the oxidized surface either thermally or by ESD.
Betrayal and Revictimization: Preliminary Findings

The link between childhood sexual abuse and subsequent sexual, emotional, and physical revictimization has been widely reported. The literature is limited, however, in its exploration of the extent to which the level of betrayal inherent in a given childhood traumatic experience affects the likelihood of experiencing similar revictimization in adolescence and adulthood. This study assessed revictimization within a betrayal trauma framework among a sample of 271 college students. As predicted, individuals who reported experiencing high-betrayal trauma at any time point (childhood, adolescence, or adulthood) were more likely to report experiences of trauma high in betrayal during adolescence and adulthood. Relative risk ratios suggest that those who experience childhood trauma high in betrayal are 4.31 times more likely to be victimized in adolescence and 5.44 times more likely to be victimized in adulthood. Logistic regression analyses identified rate of childhood high-betrayal traumas and high levels of traumatic symptoms as significant predictors of high-betrayal trauma victimization in adolescence. Finally, participants’ responses to an exploratory self-report measure examining the relationship among revictimization, awareness for interpersonal betrayals, and response to betrayals in interpersonal contexts were analyzed. Preliminary findings indicate that revictimization risk may be linked to inaccurate identification of specific intimate partner betrayals and the inability to engage in proper self-protection. Suggestions for future research and clinical implications are discussed.
A model for hierarchical memory

In this paper we introduce the Hierarchical Memory Model (HMM) of computation. It is intended to model computers with multiple levels in the memory hierarchy. Access to memory location x is assumed to take time ⌈ log x ⌉. Tight lower and upper bounds are given in this model for the time complexity of searching, sorting, matrix multiplication and FFT. Efficient algorithms in this model utilize locality of reference by bringing data into fast memory and using them several times before returning them to slower memory. It is shown that the circuit simulation problem has inherently poor locality of reference. The results are extended to HMM's where memory access time is given by an arbitrary (nondecreasing) function. Tight upper and lower bounds are obtained for HMM's with polynomial memory access time; the algorithms for searching, FFT and matrix multiplication are shown to be optimal for arbitrary memory access time. On-line memory management algorithms for the HMM model are also considered. An algorithm that uses LRU policy at the successive “levels” of the memory hierarchy is shown to be optimal.
Clinical trials in diet and cancer

Clinical trials in diet and cancer have special problems. We distinguish between a nutritional supplementation and a dietary intervention trial. Since the latter involves a lifestyle modification the intervention requires more careful planning. To illustrate, the method used to reduce the fat intake of subjects in the Women's Health Trial is described. Any clinical trial should satisfy three basic criteria before initiation: plausibility of hypothesis, feasibility, and justifiable cost. In diet and cancer the plausibility of a hypothesis is often controversial. Our conventional reliance on evidence from case-control and cohort studies for judging the plausibility of dietary hypotheses may be misplaced. Errors in the assessment of individuals' diets and the difficulties of separating the effects of highly correlated dietary variables impose severe limitations on the ability of these studies to elucidate the possible effects of diet on cancer incidence. It is therefore unlikely that a consistent pattern of results will be found. Randomized intervention trials, although expensive, have several advantages over analytic epidemiological studies. For example, whereas dietary assessments are required in epidemiological studies to establish a relationship, in intervention trials they are needed only to explain the relationship. We conclude that there is a serious need for reconsidering the relative importance of evidence from various kinds of epidemiological studies relating to diet and cancer.
Conformally convariant equations on differential forms

Let M be a pseudo-Riemannian manifold o f dimension n≧3. A second-order linear differential operator , which is the sum of a variant of the Laplace-Beltrami operator on k-forms (obtained by weighting the d∗d and dd∗ terms differently) and a zeroth order operator depending on t he Ricci tensor of M, has remarkable conformal quasi-invariance properties. Specifically, intertwines two mu1tip1ier representations o f the conformal group of M. The ] are natura1 generalizations of the quasi -invariant shift of the Laplace-Beltrami operator on functions by a multiple of the scalar curvature of M, and the Maxwell operator on “vector potentials “ -forms).. The conformal quasi-invariance of the operator on functions was treated by Orsted in [9]-[11], and in-directly by differential geometers studying the “Yamabe problem” of prescribing the scalar curvature on a compact manifold (see [7] for a bibliography) . It also seems to be known to physicists.
Optics professional development in North Carolina

Using the Photonics Leaders (PL2) program model of recruitment and retention, photonics content, parental engagement, internship, and a hybrid virtual format, the session's goal is to inform outreach coordinators and scientists of strategies used to develop teachers' awareness and skills in teaching Optics to ethnically diverse students who lack traditional experiences in the discipline. The National Science Foundation (NSF) Innovative Technology Experiences for Students and Teachers (ITEST) funded program highlights initial findings of a pilot study with middle and high school teachers from The Science House at North Carolina State University sharing lessons learned and future scale-up plans.© (2010) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Thermodynamics of the solution of hydrogen in LaNi5 at small hydrogen contents

Abstract Partial thermodynamic parameters for the solution of hydrogen in LaNi 5 have been determined by p-c-T methods on unactivated bulk samples of LaNi 5 . The relative partial molar enthalpy of solution of hydrogen, at infinite dilution of hydrogen, is −33,9 kJ (g atom H) −1 (~425 K). This is more exothermic than the heat of absorption corresponding to the formation of the hydride phase from the hydrogen-saturated intermetallic compound. The partial molar enthalpy of solution becomes more endothermic with hydrogen content in the region of solubility in the pure intermetallic compound. The partial thermodynamic quantities at infinite dilution have been found to vary with the stoichiometry of the LaNi 5+ x where x varies from −0.2 to + 0.5. The partial molar enthalpy of absorption is most exothermic for the stoichiometric compound.
Treatments for cigarette smoking: an evaluation of the contributions of aversion and counseling procedures

Abstract The role of aversive conditioning in rapid smoking was examined by randomly assigning smokers to one of three aversive treatments designed to induce three distinct levels of central malaise. These treatments, full-scale rapid smoking (FS; n = 22), truncated rapid smoking (TC: n = 20) and rapid puffing (RP; n = 20) were combined with a full-scale counseling package. A fourth treatment, full-scale rapid smoking with reduced counseling (RC; n = 20), was included to evaluate the contribution of coping response training to rapid-smoking efficacy. Among post-treatment measures of aversion, only heart rate (HR) response to cigarettes discriminated groups, with FS Ss exhibiting an apparent conditioned cardiac acceleration to cigarettes. Six-month follow-up data revealed that both the type of counseling and level of aversion had an impact on cigarette abstinence. At 6-months post-treatment, the FS group produced the best outcome, while the TC group and the RC group had the worst outcomes. The RP group was intermediate to these groups. Regression analysis showed that across all groups, confidence ratings of remaining abstinent were most predictive of outcome whereas within the two full-scale rapid-smoking treatments, post-treatment HR response to cigarettes was most predictive of latency to relapse. The results were discussed with respect to the contributions of aversion conditioning and full counseling to the success of aversive treatment packages for smoking cessation.
Histological changes in experimental periodontal disease in rats mono-infected with a gram-negative organism

Abstract Gnotobiotic rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain were mono-infected at weaning with a Gram-negative, anaerobic rod isolated from a case of human periodontosis. Marked periodontal disease was evident by 42 days in the area between the first and second maxillary molars, with migration of the epithelial attachment, destruction of the alveolar bone and great impaction of debris. No plaque was formed. The bone was removed by osteoclasts. By 84 days, the periodontium was virtually all destroyed. These findings contrast with those previously reported of periodontal disease caused by Gram-positive organisms, when bone destruction was accompanied by few or no osteoclasts.
Age Dependence of Thyroxine Stimulation of Riboflavin Incorporation into Flavin Coenzymes in Liver and Brain

The incorporation of radioactive riboflavin ([14C]riboflavin) into flavin mononucleotide ([14C] FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide ([14C]FAD) was determined in livers of thyroxine-treated, control and hypothyroid rats 1 h after an sc injection. In normal animals the incorporation of radioactive riboflavin into hepatic FMN and FAD was relatively low at birth, increased from birth to 16 days, and remained relatively stable for up to 7 months. Daily thyroxine treatment (300 μg/100 g BW) of adult rats for 7 days increased incorporation into [14C]FMN and [14C]FAD by 50–80%, whereas radiothyroidectomy diminished incorporation into both coenzymes by 20%. In newborn rats, daily thyroxine (10 μg/animal) increased incorporation into [14C]FMN and [14C]FAD by 25–40% at 8 days of age; radiothyroidectomy of newborn rats reduced incorporation into [14C]FAD by 30% at 15 days of age. The incorporation of [14C]riboflavin into [14C]FAD in cerebrum and cerebellum was also age-dependent, being lowest at birth and greater fr...
Lead-free solders and processing issues in microelectronics

Recent legislation in the European Union (EU) is expected to result in a full transition to lead-free soldering technology in the near future. Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) and Restriction of the use of certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment (RoHS) directives became European law on February 13, 2003, and the member states now have 18 months from this date to implement them. The WEEE directive seeks to increase recycling and recovery of waste equipment, while RoHS bans lead, mercury, cadmium, chromium (VI), polybrominated biphenyls, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers by January 7, 2006. Although there are a few exemptions, the bulk of electronic products are affected by the lead ban in RoHS. Accordingly, R&D activities will have to be intensifi ed to meet the deadline set by the EU directives and the pressure from environmentally conscious consumers. To address questions on lead-free solders and soldering technologies, TMS has been active over the last several years in organizing a series of symposia on lead-free and lead-bearing solders at its annual and fall meetings and publishing their results. At the 2003 TMS Annual Meeting in San Diego, California, a technical symposium on “Pb-Free Solders and Processing Issues Relevant to Microelectronic Packaging” (organized by J. Lucas, S. Chada, S. Kang, C. Kao, K. Lin, J. Ready, and J. Yu), sponsored by the Electronic Packaging and Interconnection Materials Committee of EMPMD, was another successful forum for presenting and discussing recent fi ndLead-Free Solders and Processing Issues in Microelectronics
Chemical aspects of tool wear in single point diamond turning

Abstract A hypothesis is proposed that ascribes chemical wear of diamond tools to the presence of unpaired d electrons in the sample being machined. This hypothesis is used to explain a range of results for metals, alloys, and other materials including “electroless” nickel. The hypothesis is further tested by experiments presented here on the machining of a range of high purity elements. The implications for diamond turnability of other materials are discussed.
Health Literacy and Sources of Health Information for Caregivers of Urban Children With Asthma

Little is known about the resources used by urban caregivers of children with asthma to obtain health information. The authors analyzed data for 304 families of children with persistent asthma to describe (1) sources of health information, (2) access and use of Internet resources, and (3) the association between the caregiver's health literacy (HL) and use of health information sources. Overall, 37% of caregivers had limited HL. Most families received health information from a health care professional (94%), written sources (51%), family/friends (42%), non-print media (34%), and the Internet (30%). Less than half of caregivers had access to the Internet at home, but 73% reported Internet use in the past year. Caregivers with adequate HL were more likely to obtain information from multiple sources and to use and have access to the Internet. The results suggest that HL is associated with where caregivers obtain health information from for their children and their use of the Internet.
Planktonic growth and grazing in the Columbia River plume region: a biophysical model study

[1] A four-box model of planktonic nutrient cycling was coupled to a high-resolution hindcast circulation model of the Oregon-Washington coast to assess the role of the Columbia River plume in shaping regional-scale patterns of phytoplankton biomass and productivity. The ecosystem model tracks nitrogen in four phases: dissolved nutrients, phytoplankton biomass, zooplankton biomass, and detritus. Model parameters were chosen using biological observations and shipboard process studies from two cruises in 2004 and 2005 conducted as part of the River Influences on Shelf Ecosystems program. In particular, community growth and grazing rates from 26 microzooplankton dilution experiments were used, in conjunction with analytical equilibrium solutions to the model equations, to diagnose key model rate parameters. The result is a simple model that reproduces both stocks (of nutrients, phytoplankton, and zooplankton) and rates (of phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing) simultaneously. Transient plume circulation processes are found to modulate the Washington-Oregon upwelling ecosystem in two ways. First, the presence of the plume shifts primary production to deeper water: under weak or variable upwelling winds, 20% less primary production is seen on the inner shelf, and 10–20% more is seen past the 100 m isobath. River effects are smaller when upwelling is strong and sustained. Second, increased retention in the along-coast direction (i.e., episodic interruption of equatorward transport) causes a net shift toward older communities and increased micrograzer impact on both the Oregon and Washington shelves from the midshelf seaward.
QUIETEST: a methodology for selecting I DDQ test vectors

Even high stuck-at fault coverage manufacturing test programs cannot assure high quality for CMOS VLSI circuits. Measurement of quiescent power supply current Iddq) is a means of improving quality and reliability by detecting many defects that do not have appropriate representation in the stuck-at fault model. Since each Iddq measurement takes significant time, a hierarchical fault analysis methodology is proposed for selecting a small subset of production test vectors for I DDQ measurements. A software system QUIETEST has been developed on the basis of this methodology. For two VLSI circuits QUIETEST selected less than 1% of production test vectors for covering all modeled faults that would have been covered by I DDQ measurement for ail of the vectors. The fault models include leakage faults and weak faults for representing defects such as gate oxide shorts and certain opens.
Protein-specific Effects of Binding to Silica Nanoparticles

In the past decades, promising new applications of nanoscience in the biomedical field have emerged, including drug delivery, imaging and biosensing. Since a wide variety of materials have been considered for such applications, a basic understanding of their interactions with biomolecules is imperative. The interaction of proteins with hydrophobic or hydrophilic surfaces has been studied extensively in the past and giving evidence of the complexity of the phenomena involved.
Emergency Thoracotomy: A Four-Year Review

Abstract The case records of 200 patients who had emergency thoracotomy for penetrating trauma were reviewed. The mortality was 47% (93/200) for the entire series, 27% (21/79) for stab wounds and 60% (72/121) for gunshot wounds. Of 55 patients who underwent thoracotomy in the emergency department, 8 (15%) survived. Twelve patients "dead" at the scene could not be resuscitated. Nineteen patients sustained cardiac arrest in the ambulance, 3 (16%) of whom survived. Of 19 who had cardiac arrest in the emergency department, 5 (26%) survived. Of 38 patients who had cardiac arrest in the ambulance or emergency department, 14 with stab wounds had a 43% survival and 24 with gunshot wounds had a survival of only 8%. Patients who underwent thoracotomy in the operating room (OR) had a higher survival, 68% (99/145). For those with thoracic, extremity, or neck injuries, survival was 81% (93/115). For those who had an OR thoracotomy for aortic cross-clamping because of abdominal injuries, survival was only 17% (5/30). Early thoracotomy has a place in the management of patients who have cardiac arrest in the ambulance or emergency department because of penetrating chest, neck, or extremity injuries, especially if caused by stab wounds. Cross-clamping of the thoracic aorta for massive abdominal bleeding should be applied selectively.
An application of Pólya’s enumeration theorem to partitions of subsets of positive integers

Let S be a non-empty subset of positive integers. A partition of a positive integer n into S is a finite nondecreasing sequence of positive integers a 1, a 2,...,a r in S with repetitions allowed such that $$\sum\limits_{i = 1}^r {a_i = n}$$ . Here we apply Polya's enumeration theorem to find the number P(n; S) of partitions of n into S, and the number DP(n; S) of distinct partitions of n into S. We also present recursive formulas for computing P(n; S) and DP(n; S).
Gay Rights with a Side of Apartheid

(2012). Gay Rights with a Side of Apartheid. Settler Colonial Studies: Vol. 2, Karangatia: Calling Out Gender and Sexuality in Settler Societies, pp. 49-68.
Retinal input to the sleep-active ventrolateral preoptic nucleus in the rat.

Light-dark periodicity and luminance play important roles in regulating sleep-wake cycles. We recently identified a discrete cluster of sleep-active cells in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus that we hypothesize plays a central role in sleep regulation. These ventrolateral preoptic nucleus neurons are GABAergic and galaninergic and innervate the monoaminergic cell groups that contribute to the ascending arousal system. To determine whether there are retinal inputs to sleep-active ventrolateral preoptic nucleus neurons, we injected 5 microl of 1% cholera toxin B subunit into one eye in a series of rats. We found anterogradely labeled axons in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus bilaterally, with a contralateral predominance. Using Fos to identify sleep-active neurons, we found that the cholera toxin B subunit-labeled retinal fibers gave rise to terminals that were distributed among the Fos-positive, sleep-active ventrolateral preoptic nucleus neurons. Combining cholera toxin B subunit staining with galanin immunoreactivity, we found that the retinal terminals formed appositions with the cell bodies and proximal dendrites of galaninergic ventrolateral preoptic nucleus neurons. Following Fluorogold injection into the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus region, we found retrogradely labeled neurons in the superior part of the peripheral retina contralateral to the injection site and in the superior temporal quadrant of the peripheral retina ipsilateral to the injection site. The size of labeled retinal ganglion cells suggested that they belonged to the type III or W type, which provide luminance input, e.g., to the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The retinal projection to the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus may provide an anatomical substrate by which luminance levels may directly influence sleep.
Manganous ion and activation of prothrombokinase.

SummaryManganous ion, 0.0001 M, hastened activation of crude prothrombokinase in a 3-stage analysis of blood coagulation. It did not prevent the subsequent steep decline of thrombokinase activity. Rapid quenching of thrombokinase activity might help in the physiologic control of blood clotting.
Phenomenological Lagrangian approach to two kaon photoproduction and pentaquark searches

We examine cross sections for the processes $\ensuremath{\gamma}N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}NK\overline{K}$ in the framework of a phenomenological Lagrangian. We include contributions from $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ and $\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ resonances up to spin $3∕2$, as well as those from an exotic ${\ensuremath{\Theta}}^{+}$. We allow the ${\ensuremath{\Theta}}^{+}$ to have spin $1∕2$ or $3∕2$, with either positive or negative parity in each case. We also allow the state to be either isovector or isoscalar. We find that the scenario that most closely matches observations at Jefferson Laboratory requires a moderately large coupling of the ${\ensuremath{\Theta}}^{+}$ to $N{K}^{*}$.
Associated Use Attainment Response between Multiple Aquatic Assemblage Indicators for Evaluating Catchment, Habitat, Water Quality, and Contaminants

Use attainability analysis (UAA) at a watershed scale typically relies on the assumption that indicator organisms are responding similarly to the same environmental stressor. Factors explaining variance in fish, crayfish, and macroinvertebrate assemblage structure and function were investigated with emphasis on catchment and reach scale land use, habitat, contaminants, and water quality variables. Habitat quality scores ranged from 25 to 85 (average ). The substrate score, instream cover, riffle-run score, and channel score were primary factors contributing to declining habitat quality. Factor analysis found that four factors explained 69% of the contributed variance in fish assemblage, two factors accounted for 56% of variance in macroinvertebrate assemblages, and two factors explained 49% of the variance in crayfish assemblages. Overall drivers of assemblage structure were associated with broad scale issues of wastewater treatment, groundwater, and land use. Our results show that fish, macroinvertebrate, and crayfish assemblages respond to similar broad scale stimulus; however, the specific constituents responsible for the stress may vary with the magnitude of the cumulative stress, which may be expressed by each organismal group differently. Our data suggest that varying organismal groups can respond independently and stress reflected in one assemblage may not necessarily be observed in another since each organismal group is measuring different aspects of the environment.
Effective body water and body mass changes during summer ultra-endurance road cycling

AbstractBecause body mass change (ΔMb) does not represent all water losses and gains, the present field investigation determined if (a) ΔMb equalled the net effective body water change during ultra-endurance exercise and (b) ground speed and exercise duration influenced these variables. Thirty-two male cyclists (age range, 35–52 years) completed a 164-km event in a hot environment, were retrospectively triplet matched and placed into one of three groups based on exercise duration (4.8, 6.3, 9.6 h). Net effective body water loss was computed from measurements (body mass, total fluid intake and urine excreted) and calculations (water evolved and mass loss due to substrate oxidation, solid food mass and sweat loss), including (ΔEBWgly) and excluding (ΔEBW) water bound to glycogen. With all cyclists combined, the mean ΔMb (i.e. loss) was greater than that of ΔEBWgly by 1200 ± 200 g (P = 1.4 × 10–18), was similar to ΔEBW (difference, 0 ± 200 g; P = .21) and was strongly correlated with both (R2 = .98). Analysi...
Perceived Realism Dimensions and Roles in Narrative Persuasion

Perceived realism may be a crucial message characteristic facilitating narrative-based persuasion. This study examined dimensions of perceived realism and their roles in narrative persuasion. Data based on responses to messages on three topics showed that perceived realism was multidimensional. Its dimensions included plausibility, typicality, factuality, narrative consistency, and perceptual quality. Plausibility predicted emotional involvement, but not identification. Typicality predicted identification, but not emotional involvement. Narrative consistency and perceptual quality predicted message evaluation. Emotional involvement, identification, and message evaluation, in turn, predicted attitudes. Implications for theory, research, and message design pertinent to narrative persuasion are discussed.
Innominate artery and tracheal compression due to aberrant position of the thymus

A 3-month-old infant with failure to thrive was found on bronchoscopy to have tracheal obstruction thought to be secondary to innominate artery compression. Subsequent diagnostic evaluation with magnetic resonance imaging revealed superior and posterior extension of the thymus with resultant compression of the innominate artery and trachea within the narrow confines of the thoracic inlet. Resection of the aberrantly positioned and enlarged thymus and aortopexy resulted in relief of tracheal compression.
Epidemiology of chronic lung disease in a cotton mill community.

We recorded respiratory symptoms and maximum expiratory flow-volume curves in 645 white male and female cotton textile workers, aged 45 years and older, with an average of 35 years employment in carding, spinning, yarn preparing, weaving and other jobs in cotton textile mills. We included retired as well as active workers, to avoid the biases inherent in studies of active workers only. We compared the data on the textile workers with those of 662 female and 498 male white residents of three communities without cotton textile mills (controls), considering sex, age and smoking habits. Textile workers of both sexes, irrespective of age, had significant excesses of chronic cough, wheezing, dyspnea and other symptoms, in comparison with the controls. Work in textile mills was the prime variable affecting symptom prevalence, with smoking as an additional significant variable for all symptoms except dyspnea. The lungfunction data confirmed that textile workers were at much greater risk of chronic lung disease, with loss of function, than the controls, in all smoking categories. There was evidence that chronic lung disease often led to premature retirement among the male textile workers. The excess risk of lung-function loss occurred among workers in yarn preparing and weaving, as well as in carding and spinning, but not among workers employed in clothrooms and in other dust-free jobs. At least 35,000 men and women in the U.S. may suffer from disabling lung-function loss, owing to chronic lung disease, as a result of their work in cotton textile mills. Adequate programs of prevention and control of chronic lung disease, a late stage of byssinosis, as well as of the earlier acute manifestations of byssinosis, are urgently needed.
Growth of zinc single-crystal foils from the melt

A device for making thin single-crystal foils of zinc, 60-400 μm thick, suitable for processing into specimens for transmission electron microscopy is described. Because of the relatively large surface area, several specimens can be obtained from one single crystal.