cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plane strain pulse propagation in a semi-infinite viscoelastic maxwell solid

Stress pulse propagation in a semi-infinite viscoelastic solid of the Maxwell type is analyzed. The results show that a square stress pulse loaded at the surface develops into two wave fronts. The first wave front propagates with the dilatational wave velocity, while the propagation velocity of the second wave front depends on the relaxation time and Poisson's ratio. When the relaxation time decreases, the relative amplitude of the first wave front decreases. The first wave front disappears when the relaxation time is zero, and the second wave front propagates with the pressure wave velocity. When the relaxation time approaches infinity, only the first wave front exists, its shape approaching that of an elastic solid.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs affect normal sleep patterns in humans

Previous studies have demonstrated that some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), specifically aspirin and indomethacin, have acute negative effects on sleep in humans and animals. Whether this finding can be replicated and extended to other NSAIDs, particularly the widely used over-the-counter drugs ibuprofen and acetaminophen, was the focus of the present investigation. Thirty-seven male and female subjects slept in the sleep laboratory on 2 consecutive nights; sleep was polygraphically recorded on the second night. Three doses of a prostaglandin-inhibiting drug (i.e., aspirin, acetaminophen, or ibuprofen) or placebo were administered, one each at 2300 h on the day prior to sleep recording, and at 0815 h and 2300 h on the day sleep was recorded. Subjects slept from 2400-0800 h both nights. Aspirin and ibuprofen disrupted sleep in comparison to placebo by increasing the number of awakenings and percentage of time spent in stage wake, and by decreasing sleep efficiency. Ibuprofen also delayed the onset of the deeper stages of sleep. Acetaminophen did not differ significantly from placebo on any measure of polygraphically recorded sleep. However, every index of objective sleep reflected slight, albeit nonsignificant, sleep disruption for each drug group relative to placebo. The mechanisms of sleep disruption after NSAID administration may relate to direct and indirect consequences of inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis, including decreases in prostaglandin D2, suppression of nighttime melatonin levels, and changes in body temperature.
SIZE OF IGG-OPSONIZED PARTICLES DETERMINES MACROPHAGE RESPONSE DURING INTERNALIZATION

Abstract It is generally assumed that particles >1 μm elicit a phagocytic response. To determine whether this is the case, we examined the uptake and transport of IgG-opsonized polystyrene beads of defined size, ranging from 0.2 to 3 μm, by mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages. The kinetics of opsonized bead internalization were comparable for each of the different beads examined. We used rhodamine phalloidin to examine particle-induced assembly of F-actin phagocytic cups by fluorescence microscopy. Phagocytic cup formation was size dependent in a nonlinear fashion. Less than 30% of 0.2- to 0.75-μm particles and greater than 80% of 2- and 3-μm particles were associated with F-actin. Cells treated with 0.25 μm cytochalasin D showed decreased phagocytic cup formation and a linear decrease in bead uptake as a function of particle surface area. In contrast, potassium depletion, which preferentially inhibits clathrin-mediated endocytosis, was more effective at inhibiting the uptake of smaller beads. Thus, with increasing particle size, IgG-opsonized particle uptake became less clathrin dependent and more actin dependent. The kinetics of ligand delivery to lysosomes was measured using an immunoprecipitation assay based on the intermixing of internalized anti-dinitrophenol (DNP) IgG with DNP-derivitized β-glucuronidase (DNP–β-glu) incorporated into lysosomes. Soluble mannosylated anti-DNP IgG was delivered to lysosomes after an 8-min lag period. The kinetics of anti-DNP IgG-opsonized beads showed a size-dependent response, where beads sized 0.2, 0.5, and 0.75 μm showed a lag period prior to delivery to lysosomes. In contrast, beads 1.0 μm or larger showed no lag in delivery to lysosomes. Since beads that had no lag in delivery to lysosomes also showed high levels of phagocytic cup formation, this suggests that phagocytic cups may be important in the rapid delivery of internalized particles to lysosomes.
Nanomanipulation modeling and simulation

A novel approach to better model nanomanipulation of a nanosphere laying on a stage via a pushing scheme is presented. Besides its amenability to nonlinear analysis and simulation, the proposed model is also effective in reproducing experimental behaviors commonly observed during AFM-type nanomanipulation. The proposed nanomanipulation model consists of integrated subsystems that are identified in a modular fashion. The subsystems consistently define the dynamics of the nanomanipulator tip and nanosphere, interaction forces between the tip and the nanosphere, friction between the nanosphere and the stage, and the contact deformation between the nanomanipulator tip and the nanosphere. The main feature of the proposed nanomanipulation model is the Lund-Grenoble (LuGre) dynamic friction model that reliably represents the stick-slip behavior of atomic friction experienced by the nanosphere. The LuGre friction model introduces a new friction state and has desirable mathematical properties making it a well-posed dynamical model that characterizes friction with fidelity. The proposed nanomanipulation model facilitates further improvement and extension of each subsystem to accommodate other physical phenomena that characterize the physics and mechanics of nanomanipulation. Finally, the versatility and effectiveness of the proposed model is simulated and compared to existing models in the literature.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Rapid and efficient reduction of aliphatic nitro compounds to amines

Abstract The combination of NaBH4 with catalytic quantities of NiCl2 smoothly reduces aliphatic nitro compounds to amines in methanol; Ni2B formed in situ is the active catalyst.
Effects of Alpha Thalassemia on Mouse Development

Matings were made between (1) normal mice, (2) heterozygous alpha thalassemic females and normal males, and (3) heterozygous alpha thalassemic mice to produce litters of (1) normal mice, (2) normal and heterozygous alpha thalassemic mice, and (3) normal, heterozygous, and homozygous alpha thalassemic mice, respectively, in order to determine what effects the heterozygous and homozygous forms of alpha thalassemia might have on mouse development. Genetic tests showed that the viable alpha thalassemic progeny of matings between heterozygous alpha thalassemic mice were heterozygotes which suggests that the homozygotes die. Examination of preimplantation embryos from the uterus of normal and heterozygous alpha thalassemic females at 86 h after mating with normal males showed that these embryos had reached the blastocyst stage of development. When heterozygous alpha thalassemic females were mated with heterozygous alpha thalassemic males, however, only three-fourths of the embryos had reached the early blastocyst stage of development at 86 h, while one-fourth of them (presumed homozygous alpha thalassemic embryos) were still at the morula stage of development. At 11.5 though 15.5 days of gestation, about one-fourth of the implantation sites did not contain live fetuses, which suggests that death had occurred earlier. Histologic examination of embryos at 5.5 though 8.5 days of gestation showed that the homozygous alpha thalassemic embryos implanted and developed to the late blastocyst stage, at which time they became necrotic. Microscopic examination of blood films from fetuses at 11.5 through 15.5 days of development showed that the yolk sac-derived erythrocytes of alpha thalassemic heterozygotes were morphologically normal, but the fetal liver-derived erythrocytes contained eosinophilic inclusions. Electrophoresis of blood from the fetuses showed that alpha thalassemic heterozygotes contained a unique embryonic hemoglobin (y4), which is homologous to Bart's γ4 in humans.
Swift fox reintroductions on the Blackfeet Indian Reservation, Montana, USA

Abstract Swift foxes ( Vulpes velox ) were once common prairie inhabitants throughout western North America and were integral components within ecosystems and some Native American tribal cultures. In response to extirpation from tribal lands, the Blackfeet Tribe and Defenders of Wildlife reintroduced 123 captive-raised swift foxes from 1998 to 2002 to the Blackfeet Indian Reservation, Montana, USA. We used two success criteria, a population growth rate ⩾1.0 and an index count ⩾100 foxes, to determine if the reintroduction was a short-term success. We radiocollared and monitored swift foxes from 2003 to 2005 to estimate survival and fecundity. The swift fox population grew at a rate of 16% during 2003/2004 and 14% in 2004/2005. In addition, field crews observed 93 foxes in the summer of 2005. The swift fox population reached one, and very nearly both, of our short-term success criteria. In light of swift fox sign in areas where we were unable to observe foxes despite being aware of their presence, we believe there were ⩾100 foxes present in 2005. Based on our success criteria and the discovery of swift foxes 110 km from the release site, we consider this reintroduction a short-term success with promise for long-term success. The Blackfeet Tribe and Defenders of Wildlife have attained their goal of restoring a culturally important species to Tribal lands and have initiated a comeback of swift foxes beyond the Reservation border to the Rocky Mountain Front in Montana. Collaborative projects between tribes and non-governmental groups can play a vital role in our effort to conserve biologically and culturally significant species.
Realization of a Planar Stiffness With a Simple Symmetric Parallel Mechanism

This paper presents a new method for the realization of a planar compliant behavior with an elastic mechanism. The mechanisms considered are parallel mechanisms with symmetric geometry. We show that any planar stiffness matrix can be realized using a parallel mechanism with four line springs connected symmetrically. Among the four springs, two are identical parallel springs equidistant from the stiffness center, and the other two identical springs intersect at the stiffness center. A synthesis procedure is presented.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Allocation of Responsibility for Injuries from a “Hidden” Hazard

Safety researchers have investigated how people assign blame for injuries sustained during the use of or exposure to consumer products. In this study, we examine attributions made by people given product-use scenarios that describe a girl whose age is manipulated to be from 18 months to 16 years and who suffers serious brain damage after choking on marshmallows made available to her by her mother. Supplementary information intended to be either positive or detrimental to the manufacturer and its safety practices was either present or absent from the scenario. Approximately half of the participants in the positive frame condition also received sample product warnings purportedly developed and used by the manufacturer. In general, participants allocated more responsibility to the girl's parents than to the manufacturer. As predicted, allocation of blame to the girl varied directly with her age. The greater the age of the child, the greater the blame she received. Supplementary information that casts the man...
The Dentatus screw: comparative stress analysis with other endodontic dowel designs

Summary Using photoelastic stress analysis, this study shows that the tapered, self-threading, Dentatus endodontic screw causes severe wedging forces on installation. These stresses are magnified by increases in dowel diameter and the application of occlusal loads. The Dentatus screw produces more severe stress concentrations than the Unitek, Whaledent, Radix, and Kurer dowel designs; this is true both during installation and under load.
The Importance of Setting the Stage: Maximizing the benefits of peer review of teaching

The motivation for engaging in peer review of teaching vacillates between providing opportunities to improve teaching and evaluating teaching performance. We strive to find ways to maximize the benefits of peer review of teaching because this activity provides a valuable opportunity for peer collaboration and curricular coordination within a program. This article discusses a range of strategies that we have used to engage online instructors in thinking critically about the quality of their online instruction; we show how these strategies help "set the stage" for maximizing the benefits that a well structured peer review of online teaching can provide.
Evaluating sustainable retrofits in existing buildings under uncertainty

Abstract This paper presents a quantitative approach to determining the value of the investment in sustainable retrofits for existing buildings by taking into account different uncertainties associated with the life cycle costs and perceived benefits of the investment. To achieve this objective, principles from modern option pricing theory in finance are used to augment the traditional net present value method. In particular, an analogy between investment in sustainable building retrofits and American option is established and used to develop a framework for single or multi-phase investment evaluation. The parameters of the proposed framework are determined using the capital asset pricing model. The case study example illustrates that the proposed methodology provides the decision maker with managerial flexibility to determine, prioritize and evaluate the required retrofits over time. Retrofit measures that can be implemented without delay are distinguished from those that can be delayed because more information can be obtained in the future, or their implementation is contingent on successfully implementing other retrofit measures first.
No association of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin with in-bed 60-Hz magnetic field exposure or illumination level among older adults.

Abstract We examined the association of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) excretion with in-bed 60-Hz magnetic field (MF) exposure and other potential regulators. Adults aged 50–81 years (n=242 years, mean 67.6±5.7 years) were monitored for 1 week in their home environments. Mean and maximum MF exposure were assessed with EMDEX Lite instruments. Illumination mesor, amplitude, and acrophase (peak time) were determined from 24-h Actillume wrist monitors. Other regulators of aMT6s assessed were age, usage of melatonin-altering medications, and day length. During two 24-h intervals, all urine voidings were collected. The mesor, amplitude, and acrophase of aMT6s excretion were determined. Multiple regression analyses revealed no association between MF and aMT6s. Medication usage was associated with significantly lower aMT6s mesor and amplitude. Illumination acrophase and amplitude were significantly associated with aMT6s acrophase. These data suggest no influence of nocturnal environmental MF exposure on aMT6s excretion in older adults.
Geochemistry of molybdenum in some stream sediments and waters

Elevated concentrations of Mo are present in both the waters and sediments of Tenmile Creek, downstream from the large Mo deposit at Climax. Colorado. Concentrations of Mo reach a maximum of 10mg/1 in the water and 384μ/g in the (−) 80 mesh fraction of the sediment. The Mo anomaly extends for more than 80 km downstream from Climax, and results from the mining and milling at Climax. Background Mo concentrations in the nearby mountainous area are < 10μg/l (water) and < 5μg/g (sediment). Immediately below three small unmined Mo-rich orebodies elsewhere in Colorado < 3μg/l Mo are present in the waters and 20–30μg/g Mo in the fine fraction of the sediments. The Mo in the sediment of Tenmile Creek is chiefly adsorbed on coatings of amorphous Fe oxyhydroxide. and is similar to its form below two small, unmined Mo deposits. Mining has not changed the character of the chemical processes responsible for Mo dispersion from the Climax site. A modified version of the WATEQF computer program (Plummeret al., 1976) predicts that Tenmile Creek is undersaturated with respect to ferrimolybdite. molybdenite, powellite, and ilsemannite. The Mo in the stream water occurs as the molybdate ion which can be adsorbed on amorphous Fe oxyhydroxides. These predictions are supported by the absence of Mo minerals in the sediment of Tenmile Creek.
The research enterprise

Purpose – This column seeks to examine the relationship between the modern digital library and academic research entities; and to explore briefly the services that can be provided by information professionals on behalf of investigative teams.Design/methodology/approach: – A literature review was conducted in order to find out what the recent views were relating to this subject. The remainder of the content is based upon the author's experience.Findings – This is an exploratory column proposing that modern academic libraries need to have embedded services that are a part of the research workflow of the university. This column focuses on the digital aspects of research, what the apparent needs are in that context, and suggests the central role that libraries can play in that context.Originality/value – As the field of information science evolves and libraries recast their vision so that they can support the core mission of modern universities, research support services are central to that effort. The column...
Building organizations that learn: the MIT Center for Organizational Learning

Describes the work of the Center for Organizational Learning and observes the centre′s underlying premiss that individuals and organizations must alter both thinking and management practices in order to thrive in an increasing dynamic and interdependent world. Outlines the structure of the centre and discusses the centre′s current research agenda. Explains how organizations participating in the centre enrich the research process by focusing on critical management issues, providing field research sites, bringing practical know‐how of leading organizations.
What Explains Private Saving in Mexico

This paper examines the factors influencing Mexico's private saving rate. Cross-country analysis finds that Mexico's private saving is somewhat higher than could be explained by its fundamentals, but lower than in the average country in the sample. This analysis suggests that Mexico's greater reliance on external saving, its relatively high population dependency ratio, and its less developed financial system have been the main factors holding back private saving. Time-series analysis finds that movements in private saving have not been associated with similar shifts in investment, as changes in public saving and external saving have tended to offset movements in private saving. This is consistent with the direction of causality being from investment to saving and suggests that policy measures should focus on creating conditions favorable to increased investment.
Stress-enhanced translation of γ-globin mRNA.

In this issue of Blood , Hahn and Lowrey demonstrate enhanced translation of γ-globin messenger RNA (mRNA) upon activation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2αP (eIF2αP) stress signaling. This finding underscores translational control as a novel mechanism in regulating fetal hemoglobin production (
Fabrication of high-density SRAM chips using mix-and-match x-ray lithography

As part of the Defense Advanced Lithography Program (DALP), IBM has fabricated 0.35 micrometers high-density static random access memory (SRAM) chips with all critical levels being exposed using synchrotron X-ray lithography. X-ray exposures for the four critical levels (isolation, gate, contact holes, and metal 1) were performed at the Advanced Lithography Facility (ALF) at the IBM East Fishkill, New York site. Nonlithographic processing and noncritical level optical exposures were performed in the Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) pilot line at the IBM Manassas, Virginia site. Extensive alignment and process latitude studies were conducted to determine the best operating points in preparation for the full product SRAM runs. Overlay error, dose and gap latitude, etch bias control, and electrical test results will be presented and compared to results obtained with optical lithography.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Note on ‘Design of double- and triple-sampling X-bar control charts using genetic algorithms’

He et al. formulated the designs of double-sampling (DS) X-bar control charts as optimization problems and solved these problems with a genetic algorithm. Based on the results in solving the DS chart design problems, triple-sampling (TS) X-bar control charts were developed. The efficiency of the TS charts was compared with that of the DS charts. They concluded that the TS charts are more efficient in terms of minimizing the average sample size. We explain that, since they only considered the average sample size when the process is in control, their conclusion is questionable. In fact, the question of which control chart (i.e. the standard Shewart X-bar control chart, DS chart or TS chart) is more efficient depends on both the probability of the process shifting from an in-control to an out-of-control state and the time the control chart will need to detect such a shift.
GABAergic mechanisms in the electrophysiological actions of ethanol on cerebellar neurons.

We have found that the partial inverse benzodiazepine agonists Ro 15-4513 and FG 7142 antagonize the depressant electrophysiologial effects of locally applied ethanol in the cerebellum. Although absolute tissue concentrations are not known, dose-response curves constructed using pressure-ejection doses as previously described (31, 25) we found that FG 7142 was more efficacious, but less potent than Ro 15-4513. Our observation that ethanol and inverse benzodiazepine agonists have interactions which are not competitive might suggest that these two drugs act through separate, but interactive mechanisms in order to produce the observed ethanol antagonism. If such independent interactions were mediated at different sites on a given macromolecular complex, such as the GABAa/Cl− channel, then one might expect to find allosteric interactions between those sites as well as with the functional response of the complex to GABA activation. Indeed, this hypothesis is consistent with the recent finding of Harris and collaborators that ethanol potentiates the inverse agonist actions of Ro 15-4513 and FG 7142. On the other hand, we were unable to find large ethanol-induced potentiations of GABA effects on all neurons which showed depressant responses to ethanol administration in rat cerebellum. However we did find that the GABAa antagonist, bicuculline, blocks the depressant effects of ethanol on the same neurons. We conclude that the interaction between ethanol and GABA probably does not occur directly at the GABAa receptor site, but that the GABAa mechanism does play a permissive role in the ethanol-induced depressions of cerebellar Purkinje neurons. Thus, although a postsynaptic GABAa mechanism may not be the primary locus of action at which ethanol causes depressant electrophysiological responses of neurons, activation of the GABAa receptor may be required to make cerebellar Purkinje neurons responsive to the depressant actions of ethanol. Further investigations will be required to determine the pre vs postsynaptic nature of this interaction of ethanol with the GABA mechanism of action.
A chemical hypothesis for arsenic methylation in mammals

The toxicology of arsenic is complicated by its ability to convert between oxidation states and organometalloidal forms. These processes cause differences in the relative tissue-binding affinities of the various arsenic species, and they determine both the intoxication and the detoxification mechanisms. In this review, a chemical hypothesis of arsenic biomethylation is developed from an examination of data and observations presented by researchers who conducted numerous in vivo and in vitro experiments. It is likely that a combination of pathways is actually used during methylation of arsenic in vivo, and that the principal mechanism depends on various factors affecting the cellular environment. Despite these uncertainties, several observations can be made: (i) glutathione (GSH) is required for reduction of arsenic(V) to arsenic(III) species in preparation for enzyme-catalyzed oxidative methylation; (ii) GSH is not involved in monomethylation once arsenite is formed, but GSH is involved in dimethylation by reducing methylarsonic acid [MMA(V)] to methylarsonous acid [MMA(III)]; (iii) GSH is also required in the methylation of arsenic by stabilizing the reductive nature of the cell; (iv) a different methyltransferase is used in each methylation step; (v) dithiols (either a cofactor or the methyltransferases) are required for both mono- and dimethylation and (vi) where dithiols are involved, oxidative methylation reduces the stability of the arsenic-sulfur complex and permits dissociation of the arsenic species. This lower affinity of the pentavalent organoarsenic species for dithiols is part of the reason why methylation of arsenic can be a detoxification mechanism when the As(III) intermediates are not permitted to accumulate.
The unique sensitivity of the rabbit eye to x-ray-induced ocular inflammation.

The effects of X-irradiation of the eye on ocular parameters known to be altered during the inflammatory process were studied on albino and pigmented rabbits, guinea pigs, owl monkeys, cats, ducks and pigeons. Within 1·5–3·0 hr after exposure to 10 Gy (1000 rads), all irradiated eyes of either albino or pigmented rabbits showed a significant increase in intraocular pressure, iridial hyperemia, and development of flare and presence of cells in the anterior chamber. Four hours after exposure, the concentration of soluble proteins in the aqueous humor was increased, while that of ascorbic acid was decreased. In contrast, eyes of owl monkeys, cats, guinea pigs, ducks and pigeons, exposed to the same or, in some cases, up to eight times higher doses of X-rays, showed no hypertension or development of other parameters of intraocular inflammation. These and previous findings suggest that rabbits, or possibly Lagomorphs in general, are unique among vertebrates in their sensitivity to the early intraocular inflammatory effects of X-rays. In addition, these results seriously question the use of this species as the primary, and frequently sole model for the study of ocular inflammation, its mediation and therapeutics.
Adenovirus capsid-based anti-cocaine vaccine prevents cocaine from binding to the nonhuman primate CNS dopamine transporter.

Cocaine addiction is a major problem for which there is no approved pharmacotherapy. We have developed a vaccine to cocaine (dAd5GNE), based on the cocaine analog GNE linked to the capsid proteins of a serotype 5 adenovirus, designed to evoke anti-cocaine antibodies that sequester cocaine in the blood, preventing access to the CNS. To assess the efficacy of dAd5GNE in a large animal model, positron emission tomography (PET) and the radiotracer [11C]PE2I were used to measure cocaine occupancy of the dopamine transporter (DAT) in nonhuman primates. Repeat administration of dAd5GNE induced high anti-cocaine titers. Before vaccination, cocaine displaced PE2I from DAT in the caudate and putamen, resulting in 62±4% cocaine occupancy. In contrast, dAd5GNE-vaccinated animals showed reduced cocaine occupancy such that when anti-cocaine titers were >4 × 105, the cocaine occupancy was reduced to levels of <20%, significantly below the 47% threshold required to evoke the subjective ‘high’ reported in humans.
Visual detection of spatial contrast patterns: Evaluation of five simple models.

The ModelFest Phase One dataset is a collection of luminance contrast thresholds for 43 two-dimensional monochromatic spatial patterns confined to an area of approximately two by two degrees. These data were collected by a collaboration among twelve laboratories, and were designed to provide a common database for calibration and testing of spatial vision models. Here I report fits of the ModelFest data with five models: Peak Contrast, Contrast Energy, Generalized Energy, a Gabor Channels model, and a Discrete Cosine Transform model. The Gabor Channels model provides the best fit, though the other, simpler models, with the exception of Peak Contrast, provide remarkably good fits as well. Though there are clear individual differences, regularities in the data suggest the possibility of constructing a standard observer for spatial vision.
Biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk in women

Cardiovascular disease (CVD), including coronary heart disease and stroke, is the leading cause of death among U.S. women and men. Established cardiovascular risk factors such as smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and elevated total cholesterol, and risk prediction models based on such factors, perform well but do not perfectly predict future risk of CVD. Thus, there has been much recent interest among cardiovascular researchers in identifying novel biomarkers to aid in risk prediction. Such markers include alternative lipids, B-type natriuretic peptides, high-sensitivity troponin, coronary artery calcium, and genetic markers. This article reviews the role of traditional cardiovascular risk factors, risk prediction tools, and selected novel biomarkers and other exposures in predicting risk of developing CVD in women. The predictive role of novel cardiovascular biomarkers for women in primary prevention settings requires additional study, as does the diagnostic and prognostic utility of cardiac troponins for acute coronary syndromes in clinical settings. Sex differences in the clinical expression and physiology of metabolic syndrome may have implications for cardiovascular outcomes. Consideration of exposures that are unique to, or more prevalent in, women may also help to refine cardiovascular risk estimates in this group.
Integration of Cognitive-Behavioral and Interpersonal Therapies in Treating Depression With Concurrent Relational Distress and Chronic Pain

This is a single-case study of a middle-aged man presenting with relationship distress and simultaneous major depressive disorder with chronic back pain and a physical tic. Treatment was informed b...
The integrity of a cubic graph

Integrity, a measure of network reliability, is defined as I(G) = minS ⊂ E {|S| + m(G - S)}, where G is a graph with vertex set V and m(G-S) denotes the order of the largest component of G - S. We prove an upper bound of the following form on the integrity of any cubic graph with n vertices: I(G) βn for some constant β. We provide a value for β, but it is likely not best possible. To prove the upper bound we first solve the following extremal problem. What is the least number of vertices in a cubic graph whose removal results in an acyclic graph? The solution (with a few minor exceptions) is that n/3 vertices suffice and this is best possible.
Thickness and thermal history of continental crust and root zones

Abstract The survival to the present of the Archean nuclei of Precambrian shields requires special explanation if, as seems likely, the rate of heat flow out of the earth was two or three times greater in the late Archean (2.5 b.y. ago) than at present, since such a high heat flux would have melted the base of the Archean crust. It is proposed that there must have existed beneath stable continental crust a root zone (or lithosphere, or tectosphere) at least 200 km thick which has acted as a thermal buffer between the crust and the convecting mantle; this is virtually the same model as has been proposed to explain the present distribution of heat flow between continents and oceans. The strong temperature dependence of silicate rheology insures that the mantle temperature at the base of the root zone was no more than about 150°C higher in the late Archean than at present; the greater Archean heat flux would have been removed mainly through faster sea-floor spreading. To have survived, the root zone must be mechanically and chemically distinct from the rest of the mantle, and its formation was probably intimately related to the differentiation and stabilization of the continental crust.
Erosional origin of the Blake Escarpment: An alternative hypothesis

Seaward of the base of the Blake Escarpment, a buried bench forms the top of a seismically incoherent zone. We believe that this bench was formed by erosion of the escarpment during formation of the Au deep-sea unconformity when about 2,000 km3 of material was removed from the face of the escarpment, causing it to retreat as much as 15 km. Undercutting during subsequent events progressively increased the steepness of the escarpment. Thus, we suggest that the Blake Escarpment is not structurally controlled, as has been suggested, but is an erosional feature.
Quadratically convergent calculation of localized molecular orbitals

Two iterative procedures for the transformation of canonical self-consistent field molecular orbitals to intrinsic localized molecular orbitals are proposed. A first-order method based on a series of (n × n) unitary transformations may be applied to orbitals which are far from convergence. The second method, based on Newton's method, yields quadratic convergence. Numerical results based on Boys' criterion are presented for water, carbon monoxide, boron fluoride, nitric oxide, and methylacetylene. A composite method may be used to obtain rapid convergence for large molecules for which it is not practical to calculate the entire hessian matrix. The performance of the composite method is demonstrated by application to the dinitrogen tetroxide molecule. Highly converged localized molecular orbitals may be obtained for most molecules with five to eight first-order iterations followed by three or four iterations based on either the second-order or composite method.
PW01-139 - The impact of language and culture on the delivery of standardized rater training for the PANSS across seven countries

Objectives There is a considerable body of literature suggesting that standardized rater training is a critical element to achieving inter-rater reliability. With the advance of clinical and research trials to worldwide locations there have been challenges in tailoring instruments not only in terms of language but also culture. In this study we compare different cohorts of raters receiving training from seven different countries. We asked if there was any consistent by-country impact on certain items, factors, or subscales on the instrument. Methods The data set comes from rater training events held in Russia, India, Singapore, Austria and the United States including participants from seven different countries. Raters (n=221) scored videotaped interviews of schizophrenic patients using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Results were compared across countries and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) compared by total score, subscale score and by item. Results There were no significant differences between rater cohorts in terms of PANSS total score. Differences emerged in terms of the assessment of negative symptoms in general and the assessment of unusual thought content in particular. Conclusion The lack of differences in rater performance across countries indicates that standardized rater training is broadly effective in cohorts selected to participate in clinical trials. By item analysis indicated that there are some important differences in the way that different groups conceptualize items. This suggests a need to tailor training to those items that are less reliable in certain groups to ensure reliability and validity in the use of this instrument.
Elevated glucose utilization in the subfornical organ during dehydration

We review results from several rat models of dehydration in which increases in the rate of glucose utilization were found in the subfornical organ and in other cerebral structures participating in the regulation of thirst and fluid balance. During chronic saline ingestion, the simplest model of dehydration involving only plasma hypertonicity, glucose utilization in the subfornical organ was normal. In water-sated homozygous Brattleboro rats, in which plasma osmolality and levels of angiotensin II are increased, glucose metabolism in the subfornical organ was 44% higher than in water-sated Long-Evans rats. In a complex model of dehydration, chronic water deprivation which is associated with high levels of plasma osmolality, angiotensin II, and baroreceptor disinhibition, there was a 72% increase in subfornical organ glucose utilization. The results suggest that angiotensin II is an important stimulant of metabolism in the subfornical organ, and that converging stimuli have a synergistic effect on metabolic activity in this structure.
Interspecies Correlation of the Pharmacokinetics of Erythromycin, Oleandomycin, and Tylosin

Knowledge of the disposition of macrolides in a single animal species has been insufficient for the prediction of the pharmacokinetics of macrolides in humans. To better understand the species differences in the pharmacokinetics of macrolide antibiotics, the disposition of erythromycin, oleandomycin, and tylosin in several mammalian species was examined. Generally, the serum concentration versus time profiles of these drugs after intravenous administration were described by two-compartment kinetic models and were similar within each species. These drugs were rapidly cleared, resulting in terminal half-lives of less than 2 h. Comparison of their pharmacokinetics showed greater variation in antibiotic disposition among animal species than noted for the differences within a species. When the pharmacokinetic data was fitted to an allometric model, the logarithms of volume of distribution, clearance, and half-life were linearly related to the logarithms of body weight. From these relationships, the human pharmacokinetics of erythromycin and oleandomycin were extrapolated and found to approximate observed human pharmacokinetics.
On the improvement from scheduling a two-station queueing network in heavy traffic

For a two-station multiclass queueing network in heavy traffic, we assess the improvement from scheduling (job release and priority sequencing) that can occur relative to Poisson input and first-come first-served (FCFS) sequencing. In particular, simple upper bounds are derived on the optimal objective function value (found in Wein [7]) of a Brownian control problem that approximates (via Harrison's [2] model) a two-station queueing network scheduling problem in heavy traffic. When the system is perfectly balanced, the Brownian analysis predicts that optimal scheduling will reduce the long run expected average number of customers in the network by at least a factor of four relative to the Poisson input, FCFS sequencing policy that achieves the same throughput rate. When the system is not perfectly balanced, the corresponding factor is slightly smaller than two.
Adult and two children with fetal methotrexate syndrome

The folic acid antagonists, methotrexate and aminopterin, are known to be teratogenic in humans. The critical period for their teratogenecity is suspected to be between 6 to 8 weeks post-conception. Fetal exposure from 10 to 32 weeks weeks post-conception to methotrexate alone or in combination with other anti-cancer drugs has not resulted in obvious teratogenic effects. Methotrexate is often used to treat cancers but is occasionally used as an abortifacient. The long-term outcome of the fetal aminopterin syndrome has been published in only four adults. We report on a 28-year-old man with fetal methotrexate syndrome and two children with mild manifestations of the syndrome. One child was inadvertently exposed to methotrexate from 7 1/2 through 30 weeks post-conception because his mother was receiving it for treatment of breast cancer. The other was exposed from 11 weeks and 5 days through 25 weeks in an attempt to induce abortion. The 28-year-old man has craniofacial and digital anomalies, growth retardation but normal intelligence as noted in the previously reported cases. These cases remind us of the teratogenicity of methotrexate and should serve as a warning that if methotrexate is used as an abortifaciant and an abortion does not ensue, there is a teratogenic risk.
Quantitative assessment of prolonged metabolic abnormalities in reperfused canine myocardium.

BACKGROUND Prolonged metabolic abnormalities have been demonstrated previously in postischemic myocardium, including relative increases in glucose uptake and abnormal fatty acid kinetics. However, quantitative metabolic information is limited, and the time course of changes in MVO2 in postischemic myocardium is unknown. To address these issues, chronically instrumented dogs were studied serially over 1 month after transient left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) occlusion, using positron emission tomography. METHODS AND RESULTS Dynamic imaging protocols were used in conjunction with tracer kinetic models to quantify blood flow and metabolic rates. Myocardial sectors were defined as normal, predominantly reversibly injured, and infarct-containing, based on occlusion blood flow images and postmortem histochemistry. Myocardial blood flow and metabolism were homogeneous at baseline. During LAD occlusion for 3 hours, myocardial blood flow in reversibly injured and infarct-containing sectors (determined with 13NH3) was decreased to 46% and 23%, respectively, of blood flow in normal tissue. MVO2, determined with [1-11C]acetate, was decreased less than myocardial blood flow, consistent with increased oxygen extraction in the ischemic tissue. After reperfusion, blood flow normalized rapidly in reversibly injured tissue but remained depressed in infarct-containing sectors. Regional myocardial function, assessed by two-dimensional echocardiography, was severely depressed during occlusion and did not improve significantly until 1 week after reperfusion. MVO2 remained depressed after reperfusion in both reversibly injured and infarct-containing sectors, did not improve from occlusion levels until 1 week after reperfusion, and remained significantly depressed 1 month after reperfusion even in reversibly injured sectors; [1-11C]palmitate kinetics were also abnormal in postischemic tissue. As reported previously, glucose metabolic rates were increased relative to baseline in normal but not in postischemic tissue 3 hours after reperfusion. Subsequently, glucose metabolism tended to be higher in postischemic relative to normal myocardium. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate decreased oxidative metabolism in postischemic tissue, with concomitant abnormalities in palmitate kinetics and glucose metabolism. Oxidative metabolism and regional function demonstrated a parallel recovery with time.
Preliminary safety and efficacy of L-carnitine infusion for the treatment of vasopressor-dependent septic shock: a randomized control trial.

Background: Sepsis is characterized by metabolic disturbances, and previous data suggest a relative carnitine deficiency may contribute to metabolic dysfunction. Studies regarding safety and patient-centered efficacy of carnitine during septic shock are lacking. Methods: This was a double-blind randomized control trial of levocarnitine (L-carnitine) infusion vs normal saline for the treatment of vasopressor-dependent septic shock. Patients meeting consensus definition for septic shock with a cumulative vasopressor index ≥3 and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score ≥5 enrolled within 16 hours of the recognition of septic shock were eligible. The primary safety outcome was difference in serious adverse events (SAEs) per patient between groups. Efficacy outcomes included proportion of patients demonstrating a decrease in SOFA score of 2 or more points at 24 hours and short- and long-term survival. Results: Of the 31 patients enrolled, 16 were in the L-carnitine and 15 were in the placebo arm. Ther...
A note on Noether lattices in which each element is primary

For terminology used in the remainder of this paper which is not defined here, the reader is directed to the reterences. Most of the basic concepts can be found in [1]. Let A be an arbitrary element of a Noether lattice L. Rad (A) is defined to be the join of all elements X of L for which there exists a natural number n such that X " ~ A. Clearly A ~ Rad (A), and since L satisfies the ascending chain condition, for each element A of L there exists a natural number m such that (Rad (A))~<=A. By a maximal element of L we shall mean a maximal element different from the unit element of L. The rank of a prime element P of a Noether lattice L is defined to be the supremum of all integers n for which there exists a prime chain Po<P1 < P~ < . . . < Pn = P in L. The altitude of L is defined to be the supremum of the ranks of the prime elements of L. We will make use of the following result in the sequel.
A study of cumulative fatigue damage in titanium 6Al-4V alloy

Experimental data were obtained using titanium 6Al-4V alloy under stress ratios of -1, 0, and negative infinity. A study of cumulative fatigue damage using Miner's (1945) and Kramer's (1974) equations for stress ratios of -1 and 0 for low-high, low-high mixed, high-low, and high-low mixed stress sequences has revealed close agreement between the theoretical and experimental values of fatigue damage and fatigue life. Kramer's equation predicts less conservative and more realistic cumulative fatigue damage than does the popularly used Miner's rule.
Ramsey transfer to semi-retractions

Abstract We generalize the Unstable Formula Theorem characterization of stable theories from Shelah (1978) [11] , that a theory T is stable just in case any infinite indiscernible sequence in a model of T is an indiscernible set. We use a generalized form of indiscernibles from [11] , in our notation, a sequence of parameters from an L -structure M , ( b i : i ∈ I ) , indexed by an L ′ -structure I is L ′ -generalized indiscernible in M if qftp L ′ ( i ¯ ; I ) = qftp L ′ ( j ¯ ; I ) implies tp L ( b ¯ i ¯ ; M ) = tp L ( b ¯ j ¯ ; M ) for all same-length, finite i ¯ , j ¯ from I . Let T g be the theory of linearly ordered graphs (symmetric, with no loops) in the language with signature L g = { , R } . Let K g be the class of all finite models of T g . We show that a theory T has NIP if and only if any L g -generalized indiscernible in a model of T indexed by an L g -structure with age equal to K g is an indiscernible sequence.
Are implicitly activated associates selectively activated

What constitutes a word’s associative past? Words differ in how many associates they activate in memory and, following a brief encounter, those with fewer associates are more likely to be recalled in the presence of related cues. The issue addressed in the present article is whether associative set size effects are produced through the selective activation of strong associates or through the activation of both strong and weak associates. The set size of the strongest associates was varied factorially with the set size of the associates of these associates. We assume that associate set size indexes a word’s weaker associates. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that recall varied inversely with both target and associate set sizes. Such results held over variations in study time and participant age. Experiment 3 showed that weak associates of the target had a greater effect on recall when there were more connections among the strongest associates in the set. The findings suggest that activation is not strength selective but includes both weak and strong associates.
Effectiveness of Technology in Precollege Mathematics and Science Teaching.

The first major applications of scientific technology to education were made by psychologist B. F. Skinner three decades ago. In the years since, the emphasis in instructional technology has shifte...
The future of relationship marketing

The purpose of this paper is to discover factors that led to the rise of relationship marketing in practice and academics, and what factors are likely to reshape the future direction of relationship marketing.