cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selection Classification for Interaction with Immersive Volumetric Visualizations

Visualization enables scientists to transform data in its raw form to a visual form that will facilitate discoveries and insights. Although there are advantages for displaying inherently 3-dimensional (3D) data in immersive environments, those advantages are hampered by the challenges involved in selecting volumes of that data for exploration or analysis. Selection involves the user identifying a set of points for a specific task. This paper preliminary data collection on natural user actions for volume selection. This paper also presents a research agenda outlining an extension for volume selection classification, as well as challenges, for designing components for a direct selection of volumes of data points.
On the relation of constraint answer set programming languages and algorithms

Recently a logic programming language AC was proposed by Mellarkod et al. (2008) to integrate answer set programming (ASP) and constraint logic programming. Similarly, Gebser et al. (2009) proposed a CLINGCON language integrating ASP and finite domain constraints. These languages allow new efficient inference algorithms that combine traditional ASP procedures and other methods in constraint programming. Inthis paper we show that a transition system introduced by Nieuwenhuis et al. (2006) to model SAT solvers can be extended to model the "hybrid" ACSOLVER algorithm by Mellarkod et al. developed for simple AC programs and the CLINGCON algorithm by Gebser et al. for clingcon programs. We define weakly-simple programs and show how the introduced transition systems generalize the ACSOLVER and CLINGCON algorithms to such programs. Finally, we state the precise relation between AC and CLINGCON languages and the ACSOLVER and CLINGCON algorithms.
Ray-Tracing Approach to Computer-Generated Holography for Precision 3D Beam Patterns

Computer-generated holography [1, 2, 3] is a well known way to produce holograms. It is widely used in integrated optics [4], for holographic components [5, 6], in medical detection [7], for image-enhancement in electronic microscopes [8], and for three-dimensional displays [9, 10]. Most of the computer-generated holograms (CGHs) described in existing papers are Fourier holograms which are generated using the FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) [11, 12]. In this paper, a method which is based on ray tracing is described and demonstrated. This method can encode and reconstruct not only two-dimensional but also three-dimensional objects.
A Quantitative Allele-Specific PCR Test for the BRAF V600E Mutation Using a Single Heterozygous Control Plasmid for Quantitation: A Model for qPCR Testing without Standard Curves

We describe a novel method for mutant allele quantitation using allele-specific PCR. The method uses a heterozygous plasmid containing one wild-type and one mutant sequence as a calibrator that is run at a single concentration, with each quantitative allele-specific PCR run. PCR data from both calibrator alleles, together with predetermined PCR efficiencies, are used to quantitate the mutant allele burden in unknown specimens. We demonstrate the utility of this method by using it to calculate BRAF V600E allele frequencies in cases of hairy-cell leukemia and show that it generates data that are comparable to those obtained via allele quantitation using conventional standard curves over a wide range of allelic ratios. This method is not subject to errors that may be introduced in traditional standard curves as the result of variations in pippetting or errors in the calculation of the absolute copy numbers of standards. Furthermore, it simplifies the workflow in the clinical laboratory and would provide significant advantages for efforts to standardize clinical quantitative PCR testing.
Unimicellar hyperstars as multi-antigen cancer nanovaccines displaying clustered epitopes of immunostimulating peptides

Unimicellar hyperstar macromolecular chimeras displaying multiple melanoma peptide antigens were prepared primarily via a combination of click chemistry and esterification reactions starting from a biodegradable hyperbranched polymer template. Solubilization of the hyperstars in aqueous solution afforded a multi-antigen unimicellar cancer nanovaccine of about 20 nm. The nanovaccine showed good biocompatibility and uptake by dendritic cells in vitro. An in vivo evaluation of the nanovaccine therapeutic efficacy against melanoma in mice implanted with B16OVA tumors revealed significantly greater T-cell recruitment and improved survival rates for mice treated with nanovaccine and adjuvant compared to non-treated mice.
Physical Layer Framework for the Multi-Gigabit Copper-Fiber Access Networks

In future, Internet access speeds beyond 1 Gbit/s will be required, which is mainly provided by fiber connections in the fixed access network. A high-performance copper-based transmission technolog...
The New York Times Versus Amazon: Is Jeff Bezos’ head still in the clouds?

This description-based case used secondary data to provide students with the controversy centered around Amazon’s highly criticized culture. An article published by the New York Times illuminates current and former employees’ disapproving perceptions of the culture Amazon has adopted which has ironically contributed to its overwhelming success. Although some have touted their allegiance to such cultural pragmatism, others, who define the culture as “modern-day Darwinism”, have experienced consternation as cultural practices have created unpleasant work conditions thus causing dissatisfaction that lead to voluntary or involuntary exiting. In light of Amazon’s purchase of Whole Foods, questions have resonated regarding the dichotomous collision of cultural disparities that could have either fortuitous or catastrophic implications. Founder and CEO, Jeff Bezos, has adamantly defended Amazon amidst such allegations of mistreatment of employees and refutes claims of rejecting underperforming employees and granting reprieves for those only conforming to its cultural model. Bezos strongly maintains that the company’s cultures embodies the industry’s standards and defines its hypercompetitive and aggressive nature as distinctive and incomparable to other companies.
Law in American History (Chapter 7)

This is Chapter Seven of Law in American History: Volume One, From the Colonial Years Through the Civil War.The book’s purpose is to explore the relationship of law to some central themes of American history from the initial colonial settlements through the conclusion of the Civil War. The themes singled out in the book include the displacement of Amerindian tribes from land they occupied on the North American continent; the emergence of agricultural householding as the principal form of family life in colonial British America; the detachment of the American colonies from the British Empire and the theories of sovereignty and grievance that accompanied that development; the evolution of American forms of government from the Articles of Confederation to the Constitution; the emergence of the Supreme Court of the United States as a major institution of American grievance; the westward movement of enterprise and population in the decades between the 1830’s and the 1850’s; the central role of slavery and westward expansion and the gradual dissolution of the Union during these decades; and the role of the Civil War as a culmination of the central themes of early American history and as a force in transforming the subsequent course of that history.
Inflammatory joint diseases and atherosclerosis: time to look beyond the 'lipid paradox'.

Purpose of review Uncertainty persists about the contribution of lipids to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory joint disease (IJD) patients. In reviewing recent research, we consider potential insights gained by quantifying lipoprotein particles directly, rather than by their lipid content. Recent findings Although inflammation often decreases LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), and anti-inflammatory medications often increase LDL-C, both inflammation and anti-inflammatory medications can increase atherogenic Apolipoprotein B (ApoB)-containing lipoprotein particles, attenuated by statins. CVD risk factors, that is, smoking, obesity, ApoB, may increase years prior to IJD diagnosis. Increased risks of nonatherosclerotic myocardial and pulmonary disease, heart failure and mortality may be directly related to disease activity, inflammation, and possibly to HDL particles and function. Summary For IJD patients, higher cumulative lifetime exposure to CVD risk factors accelerates atherosclerosis and subsequent CVD risk that is underestimated by current risk factor levels. CVD risk reduction in IJD requires aggressive and earlier reduction in CVD risk factors (ApoB lipoproteins, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, lack of physical activity), in addition to control of disease activity and inflammation. Lipid-lowering medications can attenuate anti-inflammatory medication-induced increases in ApoB and LDL-C, but can also reduce CVD risk due to cumulative lifetime exposure.
Neural responses to natural and model-matched stimuli reveal distinct computations in primary and non-primary auditory cortex

Abstract A central goal of sensory neuroscience is to construct models that can explain neural responses to complex, natural stimuli. As a consequence, sensory models are often tested by comparing neural responses to natural stimuli with model responses to those stimuli. One challenge is that distinct model features are often correlated across natural stimuli, and thus model features can predict neural responses even if they do not in fact drive them. Here we propose a simple alternative for testing a sensory model: we synthesize stimuli that yield the same model response as a natural stimulus, and test whether the natural and “model-matched” stimulus elicit the same neural response. We used this approach to test whether a common model of auditory cortex – in which spectrogram-like peripheral input is processed by linear spectrotemporal filters – can explain fMRI responses in humans to natural sounds. Prior studies have that shown that this model has good predictive power throughout auditory cortex, but this finding could reflect stimulus-driven correlations. We observed that fMRI voxel responses to natural and model-matched stimuli were nearly equivalent in primary auditory cortex, but that non-primary regions showed highly divergent responses to the two sound sets, suggesting that neurons in non-primary regions extract higher-order properties not made explicit by traditional models. This dissociation between primary and non-primary regions was not clear from model predictions due to the influence of stimulus-driven response correlations. Our methodology enables stronger tests of sensory models and could be broadly applied in other domains. Author Summary Modeling neural responses to natural stimuli is a core goal of sensory neuroscience. Here we propose a new approach for testing sensory models: we synthesize a “model-matched” stimulus that yields the same model response as a natural stimulus, and test whether it produces the same neural response. We used model-matching to test whether a standard model of auditory cortex can explain human cortical responses measured with fMRI. Model-matched stimuli produced nearly equivalent voxel responses in primary auditory cortex, but highly divergent responses in non-primary regions. This dissociation was not evident using more standard approaches for model testing, and suggests that non-primary regions compute higher-order stimulus properties not captured by traditional models. The methodology could be broadly applied in other domains.
Mitochondrial biology in airway pathogenesis and the role of NRF2

A constant improvement in understanding of mitochondrial biology has provided new insights into mitochondrial dysfunction in human disease pathogenesis. Impaired mitochondrial dynamics caused by various stressors are characterized by structural abnormalities and leakage, compromised turnover, and reactive oxygen species overproduction in mitochondria as well as increased mitochondrial DNA mutation frequency, which leads to modified energy production and mitochondria-derived cell signaling. The mitochondrial dysfunction in airway epithelial, smooth muscle, and endothelial cells has been implicated in diseases including chronic obstructive lung diseases and acute lung injury. Increasing evidence indicates that the NRF2-antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway not only enhances redox defense but also facilitates mitochondrial homeostasis and bioenergetics. Identification of functional or potential AREs further supports the role for Nrf2 in mitochondrial dysfunction-associated airway disorders. While clinical reports indicate mixed efficacy, NRF2 agonists acting on respiratory mitochondrial dynamics are potentially beneficial. In lung cancer, growth advantage provided by sustained NRF2 activation is suggested to be through increased cellular antioxidant defense as well as mitochondria reinforcement and metabolic reprogramming to the preferred pathways to meet the increased energy demands of uncontrolled cell proliferation. Further studies are warranted to better understand NRF2 regulation of mitochondrial functions as therapeutic targets in airway disorders.
The impact of delayed time to first CT head in traumatic brain injury.

Trauma team activation (TTA) criteria trigger early mobilization of resources for the sickest trauma patients. Patients with moderately depressed GCS who do not trigger the highest level activation are at risk for adverse outcomes, potentially from delayed time to intervention. The study objective was to define the impact of time to first CT Head (CTH) on outcomes among blunt trauma patients with moderately depressed GCS. Patients from the Trauma Quality Improvement Program (TQIP) databank (2013–2016) with first ED GCS 9–12 were included. Transfers, penetrating mechanisms, death 65 (OR 2.813, p < 0.001), SBP < 90 mmHg (OR 2.934, p < 0.001), ED intubation (OR 1.486, p = 0.001), and Head AIS scores of 4 (OR 1.884, p < 0.001) and 5 (OR 6.729, p < 0.001) were independently associated with death. Immediate CTH for blunt trauma patients with moderately depressed GCS decreases time to intervention and reduces ED time. A protocol to shorten time to CTH may be beneficial for both patients and hospitals.
The Effects of Political Versus Actuarial Uncertainty on Insurance Market Stability

Market stabilization is a critical regulatory challenge for the private insurance component of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Initially ACA market instability was due largely to the actuarial uncertainty associated with new market conditions for which good actuarial data were lacking. Then, in 2017, just as actuarial uncertainty was abating, political uncertainty came into play, reactivating and compounding actuarial uncertainty. Agreement is widespread that some stabilization measures are needed to improve the functioning of the ACA’s market reforms. Based on documentary research at a national level and in-depth case studies in ten states, this study examines the role actuarial and political uncertainty have played in creating unstable market conditions and explores what measures state and federal lawmakers could take to improve market conditions.
The Potential of “Watchful” Care: Preventing Suicide with Aloha in Hawaii

As a therapeutic practice of care, "watchfulness" (Garcia 2010) implies a vigilant responsibility and constant mindfulness of others; in Hawaii, this is captured in the concept of aloha. This article explains how watchful care with aloha is discussed and mobilized in community suicide prevention in Hawaii. Rates of suicidality and suicide attempts in the state are high, among young people in particular. My ethnographic research follows a network of workers and volunteers as they incorporate local understandings of aloha into suicide prevention outreach. Following a history of aloha's meanings and (mis)uses in and beyond Hawaii, I draw on ethnographic examples to reveal how care with aloha prioritizes personal connection and individuality, rather than being rhetorically detached or "anonymous" (Stevenson 2014). But as my central vignettes reveal, there are difficulties in the implementation of this kind of watchful care, which ultimately question its utility in suicide prevention.
Changes in criteria air pollution levels in the US before, during, and after Covid-19 stay-at-home orders: evidence from regulatory monitors

Abstract The widespread and rapid social and economic changes from Covid-19 response might be expected to dramatically improve air quality. However, national monitoring data from the US Environmental Protection Agency for criteria pollutants (PM2.5, ozone, NO2, CO, PM10) provide inconsistent support for that expectation. Specifically, during stay-at-home orders, average PM2.5 levels were slightly higher (~10% of its multi-year interquartile range [IQR]) than expected; average ozone, NO2, CO, and PM10 levels were slightly lower (~30%, ~20%, ~27%, and ~1% of their IQR, respectively) than expected. The timing of peak anomaly, relative to the stay-at-home orders, varied by pollutant (ozone: 2 weeks before; NO2, CO: 3 weeks after; PM10: 2 weeks after); but, by 5–6 weeks after stay-at-home orders, the concentration anomalies appear to have ended. For PM2.5, ozone, CO, and PM10, no US state had lower-than-expected pollution levels for all weeks during stay-at-home-orders; for NO2, only Arizona had lower-than-expected levels for all weeks during stay-at-home orders. Our findings show that the enormous changes from the Covid-19 response have not lowered PM2.5 levels across the US beyond their normal range of variability; for ozone, NO2, CO, and PM10 concentrations were lowered but the reduction was modest and transient.
Progression of cannabis withdrawal symptoms in people using medical cannabis for chronic pain

Background and aims Research from cohorts of individuals with recreational cannabis use indicates that cannabis withdrawal symptoms are reported by more than 40% of those using regularly. Withdrawal symptoms are not well understood in those who use cannabis for medical purposes. Therefore, we prospectively examined the stability of withdrawal symptoms in individuals using cannabis to manage chronic pain. Design, setting, participants Using latent class analysis (LCA) we examined baseline cannabis withdrawal to derive symptom profiles. Then, using latent transition analysis (LTA) we examined the longitudinal course of withdrawal symptoms across the time points. Exploratory analyses examined demographic and clinical characteristics predictive of withdrawal class and transitioning to more or fewer withdrawal symptoms over time. A cohort of 527 adults with chronic pain seeking medical cannabis certification or re-certification was recruited between February 2014 and June 2015. Participants were recruited from medical cannabis clinic waiting rooms in Michigan, USA. Participants were predominantly white (82%) and 49% identified as male, with an average age of 45.6 years (standard deviation = 12.8). Measurements Baseline, 12-month and 24-month assessments of withdrawal symptoms using the Marijuana Withdrawal Checklist-revised. Findings A three-class LCA model including a mild (41%), moderate (34%) and severe (25%) symptom class parsimoniously represented withdrawal symptoms experienced by people using medical cannabis. Stability of withdrawal symptoms using a three-class LTA at 12 and 24 months ranged from 0.58 to 0.87, with the most stability in the mild withdrawal class. Younger age predicted greater severity and worsening of withdrawal over time. Conclusions Adults with chronic pain seeking medical cannabis certification or re-certification appear to experience mild to severe withdrawal symptoms. Withdrawal symptoms tend to be stable over a 2-year period, but younger age is predictive of worse symptoms and of an escalating withdrawal trajectory.
Extended Applications of Subgrid Representation in the 2D/1D Method

Recent efforts in MPACT have focused on improving the performance of the 2D/1D subplane implementation to help target computational performance goals. This paper builds on previous efforts that tar...
Non-toxic layered double hydroxide nanoplatelet dispersions for gas barrier coatings on flexible packaging

High gas barrier, transparent and non-toxic coatings are in increasing demand due to the need to develop easier recyclable food packaging technologies. Herein, we report a green synthesis of layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoplatelets via a reconstruction process in concentrated amino acid solution. The effect of both the amino acid (nonpolar and polar) and the original LDH morphology (rosette and large platelet) on the formation of uniform dispersed LDH nanoplatelets was systematically studied. LDH nanosheet dispersions in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were coated on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates. The oxygen barrier performance and optical properties of the LDH nanosheet coated PET films were evaluated. We found that the PET coated films retained excellent optical responses and exhibited a high oxygen barrier, with an oxygen transmission rate down to 0.35 cc m−2 day−1. This represents an oxygen barrier improvement factor (BIF) between the coated and uncoated PET films of 175.
Overview of accelerators with potential use in homeland security

Quite a broad range of accelerators have been applied to solving many of the challenging problems related to homeland security and defense. These accelerator systems range from relatively small, simple, and compact, to large and complex, based on the specific application requirements. They have been used or proposed as sources of primary and secondary probe beams for applications such as radiography and to induce specific reactions that are key signatures for detecting conventional explosives or fissile material. A brief overview and description of these accelerator systems, their specifications, and application will be presented. Some recent technology trends will also be discussed.
Analysis of ignitron switching characteristics for burst mode operation of dual and off resonance high frequency power supplies

Analytical and experimental studies of a unique application of an ignitron are presented. The ignitron was controlled using an RC network which slowed the transient turn-on time from a fast sub-microsecond to a slower microsecond voltage fall-time. The ignitron was in series with a primary circuit of 8 nF (charged to several kilovolts) and 500 mu H of the transformer primary. In an effort to block the power supply frequencies (tens to hundreds of kilohertz), a 2 MHz high-pass filter was used to pass only the corona signature. Results showed that the original 20 V of noise for fast fall times was successfully reduced by 40 dB using a 1 mu s fall-time. This 40 dB is sufficient reduction for protecting small signal preamplifiers, so that after not more than two to five cycles, corona signal can be seen at 2 to 5 mV. >
Capacity Limits in Diagrammatic Reasoning

This paper examines capacity limits in mental animation of static diagrams of mechanical systems and interprets these limits within current theories of working memory. I review empirical studies of mental animation that examined (1) the relation of spatial ability to mental animation (2) the effects of working memory loads on mental animation, (3) use of external memory in mental animation and (4) strategies for task decomposition that enable complex mental animation problems to be accomplished within the limited capacity of working memory. The effects of capacity limits on mental animation are explored by implementing a simple production system model of mental animation in the 3CAPS production system architecture, limiting the working memory resources available to the model, and implementing strategies for managing scarce working memory resources. It is proposed that mental animation involves the visual-spatial and executive components of working memory and that individual differences in mental animation reflect the operation of these working memory components.
Evidence-based interventions to promote physical activity: what contributes to dissemination by state health departments.

Background Evidence-based guidelines for promoting physical activity have been produced, yet sparse information exists on the dissemination of effective interventions. The purpose of this study was to better understand the dissemination of physical activity interventions across the United States, focusing particularly on evidence-based guidelines. Design A cross-sectional study was conducted in the U.S. that was organized around a modified version of the diffusion of innovations theory. Setting/Participants Respondents ( n =49) were the physical activity contact person (e.g., program administrator, health educator) in each state or territorial health department. Main Outcome Measures Seven specific programs and policies relating to physical activity intervention were examined as dependent variables. Five additional domains—organizational climate, awareness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance—framed a set of independent variables. Results The most important factor related to decision making was the availability of adequate resources. Most respondents (89.8%) were aware of evidence-based guidelines to promote physical activity. However, less than half of the respondents (41%) had the authority to implement evidence-based programs and policies. A minority of respondents reported having support from their state governor (35.4%) or from most of their state legislators (21.3%). Several key factors were associated with the adoption of evidence-based interventions, including the presence of state funding for physical activity, whether the respondent participated in moderate physical activity, presence of adequate staffing, and presence of a supportive state legislature. Conclusions Awareness of the importance of promoting physical activity is relatively high in state and territorial health departments; however, the levels of internal support within the health department appear to outweigh any outside support from elected officials.
The US and Other Optically Selected Bright QSO Samples

The US Bright Quasar Sample (UBQS) is a color-selected sample of quasars with B < 17 that has been constructed with an eye towards completeness within well-defined selection limits. The redshift distribution of the UBQS shows an interesting spike at z ~ 0.55. The significance of this enhancement increases when the UBQS is combined with other bright quasar samples which also show evidence of high levels of completeness. Reconstitution of this combined bright quasar sample after removal of the emission-line flux from the B magnitudes indicates that the z ~ 0.55 spike is not caused by an emission-line selection bias. Rather, the largest effect of these sample corrections would be to depress the high end of the optical luminosity function that is derivable from this combined sample.
Effects of neonatal polycythemia and partial exchange transfusion on cardiac function: an echocardiographic study.

Although infants with neonatal polycythemia and hyperviscosity often present with cardiorespiratory distress, little information is available regarding the cardiac function of such babies before or after partial exchange transfusion. To assess cardiac function, we performed M-mode echocardiograms in 19 asymptomatic newborn infants (4 to 12 hours of age) who had venous hematocrits greater than 65%. The echocardiograms were performed immediately prior to and following partial exchange transfusion and were repeated at 48 hours of age. Eighteen matched newborn controls also underwent echocardiography within the first 12 hours of life and again at 48 hours. Polycythemic newborns had elevated right ventricular preejection period to right ventricular ejection time ratios compared with controls (0.46 ± 0.11 v 0.37 ± 0.04, P = .002), suggestive of increased pulmonary vascular resistance. These indexes normalized following partial exchange transfusion. In addition, the polycythemic newborns were relatively bradycardic prior to exchange (116 ± 13 beats per minute v 125 ± 16 beats per minute, P
Chemical and biological activities of a 64-kilodalton outer sheath protein from Treponema denticola strains.

Abstract This study examined the distribution of the major outer sheath proteins (MOSP) in several Treponema denticola strains and reports the isolation of a 64-kDa protein from the outer sheath of human clinical isolate T. denticola GM-1. The outer sheath was isolated by freeze-thaw procedures, and the distribution of outer sheath proteins was examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). T. denticola GM-1, MS25, SR-5, and three low-passage clinical isolates possessed an MOSP with a relative molecular mass of 60 to 64 kDa. This MOSP was absent in T. denticola ATCC 35404 (TD-4) and clinical isolate SR-4. The latter possessed an MOSP of 58 kDa. 125I labeling revealed both MOSP to be dissociated forms of higher-molecular-mass oligomeric units between 116 and 162 kDa. Two-dimensional SDS-PAGE confirmed the modifiability of these MOSP. Isoelectric focusing of the 64-kDa MOSP indicated a pI of 6.7. Immunoblots with antiserum to GM-1 whole cells revealed the 64-kDa protein to be immunogenic and not cross-reactive with the MOSP of TD-4 or SR-4, and monospecific antibody to the 64-kDa protein recognized common epitopes on the high-molecular-weight oligomeric protein. These antibodies did not react with any component of TD-4 whole cells in immunoblots or in immunogold electron microscopy. Fab fragments inhibited the adherence of T. denticola GM-1 to human gingival fibroblasts by 78% (1:1,600; 0.72 micrograms of protein per ml), while TD-4 adherence was not inhibited. Amino acid analysis revealed a slightly acidic protein, devoid of cysteine, with 36% hydrophobic residues. Cyanogen bromide fragmentation of the 64-kDa protein revealed that a 42-kDa fragment contained a T-L-D-L-A-L-D segment which was 100% homologous with an integrin alpha subunit of a human leukocyte adhesion glycoprotein p 150,95.
Warning Signal Efficacy: Assessing the Effects of Color, Iridescence, and Time of Day in the Field

Warning coloration deters predators from attacking distasteful or toxic prey. Signal features that influence warning color effectiveness are not well understood, and in particular, we know very little about how effective short-wavelength and iridescent colors are as warning color elements in nature and how warning signal effectiveness changes throughout the day. We tested the effect of these factors on predation risk in nature using specimens of the distasteful pipevine swallowtail butterfly, Battus philenor. B. philenor adults display both iridescent blue and diffusely reflecting orange components in their warning signal. We painted B. philenor wings to create five different model types: all-black, only-iridescent-blue, only-orange, iridescent-blue-and-orange (intact signal), and matte-blue-and-orange. We placed 25 models in each of 14 replicate field sites for 72 h and checked for attacks three times each day. Model type affected the likelihood of attack; only-orange models were, the only model attacked significantly less than the all-black model. Iridescence did not enhance or decrease warning signal effectiveness in our experiment because matte-blue-and-orange models were attacked at the same rate as iridescent-blue-and-orange models. Time of day did not differentially affect model type. Video recordings of attacks revealed that insectivorous birds were responsible. The results of this experiment, when taken with previous work, indicate that the response to blue warning coloration is likely dependent on predator experience and context, but that iridescence per se does not affect warning signals in a natural context.
Art of Island Southeast Asia: The Fred and Rita Richman Collection in the Metropolitan Museum of Art./Island Ancestors: Oceanic Art from the Masco Collection

Art of Island Southeast Asia: The Fred and Rita Richman Collection in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Florina H. Capistrano-Baker, with an introduction by Paul Michael Tayler. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1994. 156 pp. 261 illus., with 16 in color, map, checklist of the collection, glossary, references. $39.95 (cloth); $29.95 (paper). Island Ancestors: Oceanic Art from the Masco Collection, Allen Wardwell. Seattle: University Washington Press, in association with The Detroit Institute of Arts, 1994. xiii. 282 pp. 153 illus., with 149 in color, maps, bibliography, index. $60.00 (cloth).
Note on an indirect measurement of object temperatures in electron microscopy

High object temperatures in electron microscopy are easily demonstrated but few experimental quantita t ive estimates exist (1). Although evaporation of crystals, especially alkali halides, under the electron beam has often been observed (2, 3) sublimation temperatures for the samples in vacuo have not been determined and therefore the temperature increase remains uncertain. Temperature increases calculated from the relation of v. Borries and Glaser (4) are tenta t ive due to lack of knowledge of appropriate parameters in particular instances (5). For these reasons, a direct Correlation between the sublimation
Undergraduate Students' Book Selection: A Study of Factors in the Decision-Making Process

Little research has focused on what factors undergraduate students consider when selecting books at academic libraries. In order to better understand student book choices at Niagara University Library, we chose 11 sets of two books with the same LC subject headings but with other differences and asked students to select one book over another. Twenty potential factors in their decision making were investigated in particular. The data and observations indicated that navigation factors were most important to the students in selecting the books presented to them.
The Alveolar Epithelial Cell Chemokine Response to Pneumocystis Requires Adaptor Molecule MyD88 and Interleukin-1 Receptor but Not Toll-Like Receptor 2 or 4

Pneumocystis is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes pneumonia in a variety of clinical settings. An early step in Pneumocystis infection involves the attachment of organisms to alveolar epithelial cells (AECs). AECs produce chemokines in response to Pneumocystis stimulation, but the upstream host-pathogen interactions that activate AEC signaling cascades are not well-defined. MyD88 is an adaptor molecule required for activation of proinflammatory signaling cascades following Toll-like receptor (TLR)-dependent recognition of conserved molecular patterns on pathogens. To determine whether the TLR/MyD88 pathway is required for the AEC chemokine response to Pneumocystis, wild-type (WT) and MyD88-deficient AECs were incubated with Pneumocystis. As expected, WT AECs produced CCL2 and CXCL2 following Pneumocystis stimulation. In contrast, MyD88-deficient AECs were severely impaired in their ability to respond to Pneumocystis. MyD88-deficient AECs did not display Pneumocystis-induced Jun N-terminal protein kinase activation and produced much less chemokine than Pneumocystis-stimulated WT AECs. Using a panel of TLR agonists, primary murine AECs were found to respond vigorously to TLR2 and TLR4 agonists. However, the AEC chemokine response to Pneumocystis did not require TLR2 or TLR4. Surprisingly, the interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) was required for an AEC chemokine response to Pneumocystis. The role of MyD88 in early responses during Pneumocystis infection was supported by in vivo studies demonstrating that MyD88-deficient mice showed impaired Pneumocystis-stimulated chemokine production and impaired inflammatory cell recruitment. These data indicate an important role for MyD88 in the AEC inflammatory response to Pneumocystis.
NOAA's Second-Generation Global Medium-Range Ensemble Reforecast Dataset

A multidecadal ensemble reforecast database is now available that is approximately consistent with the operational 0000 UTC cycle of the 2012 NOAA Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS). The reforecast dataset consists of an 11-member ensemble run once each day from 0000 UTC initial conditions. Reforecasts are run to +16 days. As with the operational 2012 GEFS, the reforecast is run at T254L42 resolution (approximately 1/2° grid spacing, 42 levels) for week +1 forecasts and T190L42 (approximately 3/4° grid spacing) for the week +2 forecasts. Reforecasts were initialized with Climate Forecast System Reanalysis initial conditions, and perturbations were generated using the ensemble transform with rescaling technique. Reforecast data are available from 1985 to present. Reforecast datasets were previously demonstrated to be very valuable for detecting and correcting systematic errors in forecasts, especially forecasts of relatively rare events and longer-lead forecasts. What is novel about this reforecast dat...
Representing extended entity-relationship structures in relational databases: a modular approach

A common approach to database design is to describe the structures and constraints of the database application in terms of a semantic data model, and then represent the resulting schema using the data model of a commercial database management system. Often, in practice, Extended Entity-Relationship (EER) schemas are translated into equivalent relational schemas. This translation involves different aspects: representing the EER schema using relational constructs, assigning names to relational attributes, normalization, and merging relations. Considering these aspects together, as is usually done in the design methodologies proposed in the literature, is confusing and leads to inaccurate results. We propose to treat separately these aspects and split the translation into four stages (modules) corresponding to the four aspects mentioned above. We define criteria for both evaluating the correctness of and characterizing the relationship between alternative relational representations of EER schemas.
Personality Characteristics of Martial Artists

This study used the MMPI-2 to explore the personalities of yellow-belt and black-belt martial artists. A total of 40 participants completed the MMPI-2 and a demographic questionnaire. Black-belt females tended to be less defensive than were other martial artists, but also displayed more paranoia and more anger than average. Females of both ranks reported a higher degree of anxiety and health concerns than did males in the study, and black-belt females also reported more family problems than did other groups. Finally, black belts in general reported more health concerns than did yellow belts.
Pediatric urinary tract infectionSignificance of vaginal bacteria

Abstract Vaginal and introital flora in children with recurrent urinary tract infections werestudied in 135 children. When the urine culture was positive, the same organism was cultured in the vagina in a majority of cases. When the urine culture was negative, a urinary pathogen was cultured in more than half of the vaginas. In these patients 50 per cent had a recurrence of urinary tract infection with the same organism previously cultured from the vagina. Therefore, knowledge of introital and vaginal flora is important in recurrent infections in the pediatric age group.
Electron transfer. 121. Oxidations by Rhodium‐Bound Superoxide

The violet superoxo complex, [(H2O)4(OH)RhIII(O2)RhIII(OH)(H2O)4]3+, formed by treatment of (RhII)24+ with O2 in HClO4, is converted to a le− reduction product, the corresponding μ-peroxo complex, by the reductants I−, IrCl63−, and the trinuclear aquamolybdenum(III) cation, (MoIII)3. Each reaction is first-order in both redox partners, and the le− reduction by IrCl63− is followed by a much slower conversion to a peroxide-free complex. Among the rapid reductions of the superoxo derivative examined here and in a previous study, only that by IrCl63− is accelerated by increases in acidity; the rate law for this reaction features both an acid-independent and a [H+]-proportional component, the latter stemming from partial conversion of the oxidant to its conjugate acid (pKA < −1.0). Rate laws for reductions by other metal-center reagents generally exhibit inverse-[H+] terms, reflecting deprotonation of the reductant. All reductions thus far observed involving this superoxo species appear to be outer-sphere. Treatment of acid-independent rate constants within the framework of the Marcus model, allows estimates of the self-exchange rate, k11, for the (RhIII)2-bound superoxo-peroxo couple. Because values of k11 calculated from the several reductions span a range of 104.5, reductions of the superoxo complex cannot be taken to conform satisfactorily to the Marcus treatment, being in this respect comparable to the systems VO(OH)+/2+, Mn2+/3+, Eu2+/3+, and Ti(OH)2+/3+, each of which exhibits similar divergences. The wide range of calculated self-exchange rates appears to invalidate an earlier suggestion that reduction of the superoxo complex by Fe2+ proceeds primarily through a bridged path. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
MODIFIED BOVINE SURFACTANT PREPARATIONS IN THE RAT LUNG LAVAGE MODEL 1507

Background: In order to improve biological activity of natural bovine surfactant, we supplemented a commercially available preparation (SF-RII, Alveofact®) with different lipids resp. proteins .Materials and methods: SF-RII was supplemented with 11% phosphatidylglycerol (prep.1), 13% sphingomyelin (prep.2), 7.5% phosphatidylethanolamin-plasmalogen (prep.3), 7% phosphoethanolamin (prep.4) and 2% SP-B (prep.5). These surfactants were tested in the rat lung lavage model: animals were tracheotomized and mechanically ventilated (Babylog 1. Dragerwerk AG. FRG) at a rate of 36/minute, 26/6 cm H2O pressure, FiO2 1.0; surfactant depletion was induced by saline lung lavage until paO2 was < 100 mmHg. SF-RII 100 mg/kg b.w. was given intratracheally and compared with identical doses of the modified surfactant preparations(identical volumes) in 6 animals each with respect to oxygenation .Results: The table gives an overview:
CHANGES IN SERUM IgE AND IgM LEVELS IN HETEROPHIL-ANTIBODY POSITIVE INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS (MA+IM)

141 serial blood samples were obtained from 19 patients (14-40 yr) with HA+IM including 9 from whom pre-illness samples were available. All specimens were simultaneously studied immunologically, and most were studied hematologically and serologically. IgE was determined by a paper disc solid phase radioimmunoassay, and IgM by single radial immunodiffusion.
Maximum lifetime strategy for target monitoring in a mobile sensor network with obstacles

In this paper, an energy efficient technique is proposed for target monitoring in a mobile sensor network in the presence of obstacles. The main sources of energy consumption in a mobile sensor are sensing, communicating and movement. The objective is to maximize the lifetime of the network while monitoring the target. To this end, a graph is constructed and its edges are weighted according to the remaining energy of each sensor. The lifetime maximization problem is subsequently transformed into a shortest-path problem. The proposed technique provides an efficient relocation strategy for the sensors and an energy-efficient route to transfer information from the target to the destination in the presence of obstacles. It is shown that under certain conditions, the lifetime of the network under the proposed strategy is close to the maximum achievable time. Simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique.
Citizenship and Counterproductive Work Behavior: A Moral Licensing View

Despite the generally negative relationship between organizational citizenship behaviors and counterproductive work behaviors, employees often engage in both. Psychologists have found that when people engage in morally praiseworthy behaviors, they often grant themselves a moral license to behave immorally. In this article we draw on moral licensing theory and research on identity orientations to explain why and when citizenship behavior may lead to subsequent counterproductive behavior. We also explain how the harm done to the personal reputation of employees who engage in counterproductive work behaviors will be lessened by the degree to which they have a moral license to engage in such behaviors.
False-positive amphetamine toxicology screen results in three pregnant women using labetalol.

BACKGROUND:Labetalol is commonly used for control of hypertension in pregnancy. A component of the workup for new-onset hypertension in pregnancy often includes a urine drug screen. A labetalol metabolite is structurally similar to amphetamine and methamphetamine, thus causing potential cross-reacti
An analysis of laminar fluid flow in porous tube and shell systems

Abstract The finite element method was used to study steady, incompressible, laminar flow in porous tube systems. The Navier-Stokes equations were used to describe the flow phenomena in the tube and shell space while the continuum theory of Brinkman was used to describe flow in the porous tube wall. The solution method, based on the Galerkin finite element and Newton iteration techniques, provided velocities and pressures for a wide range of Reynolds numbers and operational modes. the Darcy permeability was the only adjustable parameter used in the model and it was calculated a priori . The approach was justified by a comparison to previous experimental results for flow in a porous ceramic tube and shell system. The model was then used to investigate the effect of shell diameter and tube length on the flow field for closed shell, closed end, and cross flow operation.
Courage in the Classroom

The achievement of educational goals through classroom instruction often requires the teacher of psychology to display a special kind of courage. This courage demands a quality of mind and action that not only enables the teacher to meet problems and issues with firmness, conviction, and persistence, but also to initiate them despite student resistance. Challenges to such courage abound. They are involved in lecturing, questioning, discussion; in treating controversial and socially sensitive issues; in bringing a historical perspective to the students' understanding of psychology; and in working with the attitudes students and teachers bring to the classroom. The courage to meet these challenges must go beyond a theoretical, abstract conviction of its necessity. Such courage requires direct action.
The econometric approach to business-cycle analysis reconsidered

Abstract The research performed and reported in this article represents an econometric analysis of the model generated by John Blatt (1978) . A major point made by Blatt was that the standard statistical procedures used by economists would have led to egregious errors in inference; namely, estimating a stable linear relationship in a world generated by an unstable nonlinear model. The main point of this paper is that the use of specification error tests pioneered by one of the authors leads to immediate and overwhelming rejection of the incorrect model. That empirical economists must learn to test their models before attempting to make inferences is the major policy conclusion.