cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Distribution of an Introduced Mollusc and its Role in the Long-term Demise of a Native Confamilial Species

The estuarine mud snail, Batillaria attramentaria, was transported to the Pacific coast of North America with the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (C. gigas), imported from Japan in the early part of this century, and has proliferated in several bays where the oyster was introduced. Since the arrival of Batillaria there have been declines in populations of its native ecological equivalent, Cerithidea californica. This study documents the distribution of the exotic Batillaria throughout its entire introduced range, concentrating on the few bays in northern California where both snails exist sympatrically. Using dates of initial importation of C. gigas and dates of first documentation of Batillaria within a bay, I established the earliest possible date for the introduction of Batillaria in a particular area. In cases where Cerithidea also was, or had been, present within a bay, I calculated a range of time for either the continued coexistence of the two species or the time until local exclusion of the native. Density measurements of Cerithidea within these bays where the species co-occurred allowed comparison of present Cerithidea numbers to historical accounts. Results indicated that Batillaria is replacing Cerithidea in the northern marshes of California. This replacement of the northernmost Cerithidea populations is not only reducing Cerithidea's overall range, but also eliminating a race recently shown to be a genetically distinct from southern Cerithidea populations. Other studies that have demonstrated superior exploitative competitive ability by Batillaria provide a potential mechanism for this displacement pattern. Regardless, the results presented here indicate that the displacement process is slow, taking on average >50 years to complete. This study illustrates a gradual, but predictable process of exotic replacement of native species, and argues strongly against complacency toward invaders that may currently seem innocuous.
Drosophilia myogenesis in vitro: the genesis of "small" myocytes and myotubes.

Abstract Cell cultures were prepared from Drosophila melanogaster embryos 35 minutes after the initiation of gastrulation. Individual cells were observed at intervals by phase contrast microscopy, and a description of myogenesis was assembled. Typically, a mesenchyme-like myoblast divided in vitro about 5 hr after the initiation of gastrulation. The daughter cells (“small” myocytes) aggregated with each other and with neighboring myocytes during the next 7 hr, approximately, but did not divide again. At about 12 hr after the initiation of gastrulation, the myocytes began to elongate. During the next several hours they completed elongation, became bipolar and sometimes pulsatile. Aggregated myocytes aligned themselves in linear arrays, and some of them fused to form myotubes. The differentiation of “small” myocytes and myotubes derived from them was apparently autonomous, beginning with the myoblast stage immediately preceding division at about 5 hr, and it might be autonomous from even earlier stages of myogenesis.
Imaging systems and urine specimens

The application of standard cytologic examination of the urine specimen can now be augmented by using ThinPrep technology and other automatic screening devices. The technical and preparation adjustments required for these new technologies notwithstanding, the potential for shorter screening times and the possibility of greater diagnostic accuracy may provide great diagnostic promise for this very common specimen. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2013;121:407-9. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Short-Term Improvement on a Visual-Spatial Task After Music Listening in Alzheimer's Disease

Abstract A recent study (Johnson et al., 1998) reported an improvement on a visual-spatial task after listening to an excerpt of a Mozart sonata in one subject with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim of the present study was to replicate this finding in a larger group. Seventeen mildly demented subjects diagnosed with AD were asked to solve a visual-spatial task before and after a control (i.e., 10 minutes of silence) and experimental (i.e., 10 minutes of a Mozart piano sonata) condition on different days. When comparing the change in scores from baseline after each condition, subjects showed a significant improvement in scores on the visual-spatial task after the music listening (p = 0.02) but not the silence (p = 0.51) condition. This finding provides further support that a short-term improvement on a visual-spatial task can be observed in subjects with AD and may reflect underlying behavioral plasticity.
Alternative Bloat Control Methods

Bloat control is an important aspect of evolutionary computation methods, such as genetic programming, which must deal with genomes of arbitrary size. We introduce three new methods for bloat control: Biased Multi-Objective Parsimony Pressure (BMOPP), the Waiting Room, and Death by Size. These methods are unusual approaches to bloat control, and are not only useful in various circumstances, but two of them suggest novel approaches to attack the problem. BMOPP is a more traditional parsimony-pressure style bloat control method, while the other two methods do not consider parsimony as part of the selection process at all, but instead penalize for parsimony at other stages in the evolutionary process. We find parameter settings for BMOPP and the Waiting Room which are effective across all tested problem domains. Death by Size does not appear to have this consistency, but we find it a useful tool as it has particular applicability to steady-state evolution.
Black/white differences in prenatal care utilization: an assessment of predisposing and enabling factors.

Abstract OBJECTIVE. This article reports on analysis of the predisposing and enabling factors that affect black/white differences in utilization of prenatal care services. DATA SOURCES. We use a secondary data source from a survey conducted by the Michigan Department of Public Health. STUDY DESIGN. The study uses multivariate analysis methods to examine black/white differences in (1) total number of prenatal care visits, (2) timing of start of prenatal care, and (3) adequacy of care received. We use the model advanced by Aday, Andersen, and Fleming (1980) to examine the effect of enabling and predisposing factors on black/white differences in prenatal care utilization. DATA COLLECTION. A questionnaire was administered to all women who delivered in Michigan hospitals with an obstetrical unit. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS. Enabling factors fully accounted for black/white differences in timing of start of prenatal care; however, the model could not fully account for black/white differences in the total number or the adequacy of prenatal care received. CONCLUSION. Although there are no black/white differences in the initiation of prenatal care, black women are still less likely to receive adequate care as measured by the Kessner index, or to have as many total prenatal care contacts as white women. It is possible that barriers within the health care system that could not be assessed in this study may account for the differences we observed. Future research should consider the characteristics of the health care system that may account for the unwillingness or inability of black women to continue to receive care once they initiate prenatal care.
Carbohydrate status in dormant and afterripened excised wild oat embryos

Germination and carbohydrate concentrations were determined in excised dormant and afterripened wild oat (Avena fatua L. line M73) embryos cultured on N6 medium with and without 88 mM fructose (Fru). Without Fru dormant embryos began to germinate after approximately 2 weeks, and the germination rate was greater at 12 than 16°C. With addition of Fru 80% of dormant embryos germinated in 3 days. More than 80% of afterripened embryos germinated within 1 day on N6 with or without additional sugars. Therefore, relative to afterripened embryos, true embryo dormancy exists in line M73. Concentrations of starch and soluble sugars were initially similar in dormant and afterripened embryos. Culturing dormant and afterripened embryos on medium with Fru resulted in concentrations of glucose (Glu), sucrose (Sue), Fru and maltose (Mal) that were the same or higher than the initial levels. The concentration of starch in embryos initially increased slightly then remained constant or declined, except in dormant embryos on Fru-amended medium, where starch accumulated to 34 μg Glu equivalents (mg fresh weight)-1 at 52 h. Raffinose (Raf) and stachyose (Stach) concentrations declined over time in all embryos. Carbohydrate concentrations in afterripened embryos on medium without Fru decreased to nearly undetectable levels by 52 h. Soluble sugar concentrations in dormant embryos on medium without Fru also declined by 52 h, but changes were not as extensive as those in afterripened embryos without Fru. In 52 h Raf and Stach were nearly depleted in all afterripened embryos, and in dormant embryos cultured on Fru-containing medium but not in dormant embryos without Fru. The concentration of Stach in dormant embryos without Fru declined 60% at 12 to 18 days coinciding with the potential for germination. The results demonstrate that a decline in Stach concentration is associated with the potential for germination of dormant (D) excised embryos. The mechanism of dormancy-breaking associated with the Raf family oligosaccharides remains to be determined.
Thickness Dependence of Oxygen Reduction Reaction Kinetics on Strontium-Substituted Lanthanum Manganese Perovskite Thin-Film Microelectrodes

National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (MRSEC) Program, Award DMR-0819762)
Crossover from fractal capillary fingering to compact flow: The effect of stable viscosity ratios.

Using a standard pore-level model, which includes both viscous and capillary forces, we have studied the injection of a viscous, nonwetting fluid into a two-dimensional porous medium saturated with a less viscous, wetting fluid, i.e., drainage with favorable viscosity ratios, $M\ensuremath{\geqslant}1$. We have observed a crossover from fractal capillary fingering to standard compact flow at a characteristic time, which decreases with increased capillary number and/or viscosity ratio. We have tested an earlier prediction for the dependence of this crossover upon viscosity ratio and capillary number using our data for a wide-but-physical range of capillary numbers and viscosity ratios. We find good agreement between the predicted behavior and our results from pore-level modeling. Furthermore, we show that this agreement is not affected by changes in the random distribution of pore throat radii or by changes in the coordination number, suggesting that the prediction is universal, i.e., valid for any porous medium structure, as expected from the general nature of the derivation of the prediction. Furthermore, this agreement indicates that the prediction correctly accounts for dependence of the flow upon capillary number and viscosity ratios, thereby enabling predictions for interfacial advance and width as well as saturation and fractional flow profiles. Also this agreement supports the validity of the general theoretical development lending credence to the three-dimensional predictions.
Optimization of Cold Aisle Isolation Designs for a Data Center With Roofs and Doors Using Slits

Data centers are facilities that house large numbers of computer servers that typically dissipate high power. With the rapid increase in the heat flux of such systems, their thermal management represents an economic and environmental challenge that needs to be addressed [2]. Considering the trends of increasing heat loads and heat fluxes, the focus for users is in providing adequate airflow through the equipment at a temperature that meets the manufacturers’ requirements. Data centers house IT equipment in racks typically arranged in rows which face one another. Alternating cold and hot aisles are formed and this pattern is repeated across the data center. This approach helps to separate cold and hot air streams; but this does not always suffice in the separation of cold and hot air. The mixing of hot rack exhaust air with cold supply air, short-circuiting of cold air to the coolers and the recirculation of hot air to racks’ inlet are the common phenomena that lead to thermal inefficiencies in a typical data center. Typically in a raised floor data center, increase in rack inlet air temperature is seen because of the infiltration of hot air into the cold aisle from the top (ceiling of the cold aisle) and from edges or sides. Infiltration can be reduced to a certain extent if cold aisles are isolated from ceiling and hot aisles using partially or fully closed doors with slits to manage the airflow. The key is to redistribute the cold air entering the cold aisle along with any infiltration such that the overall average temperature at the rack inlets is below a predefined level. In this paper, different designs were generated with the criteria of achieving no hotspots, a relatively low pressure drop across the servers and low velocity of the air in the cold aisle based on an actual data center model. Several designs are proposed that meet all of the defined constraints.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Dynamical investigations of electron channelling processes in a stepped crystal surface in reflection electron microscopy

Abstract The dynamical theory for reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) has been applied to investigate the surface channelling processes of the incident electrons on a stepped GaAs (110) surface under surface resonance (SR) and surface non-resonance (SNR) conditions. The perturbation process of the surface resonance wave by an atom-high surface step has been described; the results show that the surface resonance wave will be scattered by the step edge and transmitted into the vacuum that consequently will join with the “old” reflection wave to form the resultant reflection wave. Two possible ways of creating multiple image constrast splitting of a surface step have been predicted and observed in the REM imaging experiments. One is the interference of the interrupted surface wave by a surface step with the surface reflection wave. The other is the double images as obtained from these two waves which are propagating in different directions. The predicted surface resonance wave has been directly observed in transmission RHEED pattern, i.e. THREED. The observed multiple line splitting of a surface step contrast has been related to the effect of electron dynamical channelling in the surface. It is shown that the surface resonance enhancement has to be utilized for investigating surfaces in the REM geometry.
Interventions to Assist Students with Disabilities Through School Transitions

School personnel are mandated to provide transition planning services to students with disabilities as they prepare for postsecondary activities. A variety of student skill and knowledge areas have been recommended as important during this process. Students with disabilities encounter a variety of additional transitions throughout their schooling, however, and school counselors can play integral roles in facilitating those transitions. Recommendations are presented for school counselor interventions to address the various transition needs of students with disabilities.
Multisegmented ionization chamber dosimetry system for light ion beams

Abstract A system for measuring doses delivered by light ions has been developed for use in the treatment of cancer patients at the Biomedical Facility at the Bevalac. Dose distributions for treatment areas as large as 30 cm by 30 cm with 2.5 cm by 2.5 cm spatial resolution can be measured in real-time for use with dynamic beam delivery systems where precision and fast response time are required. Ionization chambers with transverse spatial resolution of 2 mm have also been made for measurements requiring fine spatial resolution.
NMDA, AMPA, and benzodiazepine binding site changes in Alzheimer's disease visual cortex

Abstract Quantitative receptor autoradiography was used to measure the laminar distribution of [ 3 H]glycine and [ 3 H]glutamate binding to the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor complex, [ 3 H]D,L-a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) binding to the AMPA receptor, and [ 3 H]flunitrazepam binding to the benzodiazepine (BDZ) receptor in three areas of visual cortex in control and Alzheimer's disease (AD) postmortem human brains (primary or striate visual cortex, visual association cortex, and higher-order visual association cortex, corresponding to Brodmami Areas 17, 18, and 21, respectively). In Area 17, binding to the NMDA, AMPA, and BDZ receptors was not significantly altered in the AD brains (except in layer VI for [ 3 H]glycine and layer III for [ 3 H]AMPA, where binding was reduced in the AD brains). Ligand binding to the two EAA receptors in Area 18 was, however significantly reduced in the AD brains (layers I through III for [ 3 h]glycine and layers III through VI for [ 3 H]AMPA). In Area 21, binding to both the NMDA and BDZ receptors but not to the AMPA receptor, was significantly reduced in almost all laminae of the AD brains (layers I through VI for [ 3 H]glycine and layers I through V for [ 3 H]flunitrazepam). This hierarchical pattern of laminar binding loss with increasing complexity of association visual cortices is consistent with the increasing numbers of neurofibrillary tangles found in those areas, implicating NMDA and BDZ receptor bearing cells in AD neuropathology. AMPA receptor losses do not parallel the pathology, suggesting that AMPA receptors are not directly correlated with the pathology.
Picking the Good Apples Statistics Versus Good Judgment in Choosing Stent Operators for a Multicenter Clinical Trial

Background and Purpose—The Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy Versus Stenting Trial was completed with a low stroke and death rate. A lead-in series of patients receiving carotid artery stenting was used to select the physician-operators for the study, where performance was evaluated by complication rates and by peer review of cases. Herein, we assess the potential contribution of statistical evaluation of complication rates. Methods—The ability to discriminate between stent operators who can successfully meet the published guideline of <3% combined rate of stroke and death is calculated under the binomial distribution, based on a small consecutive case series (n=24 patients). Results—A criterion of ≤2 stroke or death events among the 24 patients (<8% event rate) was required of operators. Setting such a high criterion, however, ensures an inability to exclude operators who cannot meet the criteria. In fact, if a good operator is defined as having a 2% event rate and a poor operator as a 6% event ra...
Developing the Therapeutic Self: Supervising Therapists With Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Clients in the 21st Century

This article describes supervision for students working with lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender clients. The goal of supervision is to assist the student-therapist in developing and maintaining a therapeutic self. To establish a therapeutic self is to become a person who has access within himself or herself to a set of personal capacities that he or she uses, guided by knowledge and empathy, to work toward therapeutic change. Developing a therapeutic self is especially needed to train therapists working with lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender clients and also figures centrally in effective therapy for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex, queer, and questioning people in regard to (a) coming out; (b) homophobia/heterocentrism and transphobia in the family, school, workplace, and community, and internalized homophobia/heterocentrism in the self; (c) role ambiguity in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals and relational ambiguity in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender...
High-Temperature-Short-Time Sterilized Evaporated Milk. IV. The Retardation of Gelation with Condensed Phosphates, Manganous Ions, Polyhydric Compounds, and Phosphatides

Summmary Polyphosphates, manganous salts, polyhydric compounds, and phosphatides are important additives for prolonging the storage life of high-temperature-short-time sterilized milk concentrates. A sixfold and threefold increase in the storage life of 3 to 1 and 2 to 1 concentrates was, respectively, obtained by adding per 100g milk 0.05g sodium polyphosphate containing an average of 4.8 P atoms per chain; and a similar increase was obtained by adding approximately the same quantity of MnSO 4 . In concentrations greater than about 1g per 100g milk solids, the polyphosphate conduced to age-thickening. The polyphosphates function also as stabilizers against heat coagulation during sterilization. The antigelation activity of the polyphosphates increased with increasing concentration and chain length. The cyclic tetrametaphosphate and adenosine triphosphate were more effective than the corresponding linear polymer and sodium tripolyphosphate, respectively. Added orthophosphates were found to conduce to gelation. Nearly a twofold increase in storage life was brought by the incorporation in 2 to 1 concentrates of 9.6g per 100g product of either lactose, sucrose, dextrose, or sorbitol. At higher concentration levels specific effects were met which limited the activity of the sugars, but not that of sorbitol. In stabilizing the lipid phase, added phosphatides stabilize HTST sterilized milk concentrates both against heat coagulation during sterilization and gelation during storage. Theoretical considerations postulating the existence of two kinds of micellar structures, one active in gelation phenomena, the other in heat coagulation, served as a guide in the selection of the additives used in the present study.
Polypeptide composition of rat high density lipoprotein: characterization by SDS-gel electrophoresis.

Summary Electrophoresis on sodium dodecylsulfate-containing polyacrylamide gels of high density lipoprotein obtained from plasma of sucrose-fed rats reveals a complex pattern of three major bands and several minor, low molecular weight bands. The component present in the greatest amount is a 27,000 molecular weight protein which has aspartic acid or asparagine as N-terminus and alanine as C-terminus, and which is considered comparable to the A-I protein of human high density lipoprotein. The other major rat polypeptides have molecular weights of 46,000 (A-IV) and 35,000 (“arginine-rich”). The “arginine-rich” protein may be identical to a major polypeptide component of rat very low density lipoprotein.
Cold-induced necrosis in toes of chicks receiving daily dosages of adrenocorticotropin.

Abstract Treatment of ACTH elicits a localized delayed necrosis in the digits of young chickens subjected to low temperatures and fed diets low in calcium. The susceptibility to this conditions is genetically influenced.
Why is la Belle Dame sans Merci? Evolutionary Psychology and the Troubadours

The findings of recent research into the psychology of sexuality, including those of evolutionary psychology, can shed light on many of the paradoxes of troubadour poetry. A central feature of human sexuality is a fundamental asymmetry of sexual desire, the fact that men want sex more than women. Men and women also have different criteria for mate selection: men prefer women whose youth and beauty signal health and fertility, whereas women prefer men who possess resources and a willingness to devote those resources to the rearing of offspring. The troubadour love song is based on a clash of volitions opposing the amorous desires of the lover and the resistance of his lady, mirroring the asymmetry of desire observed in real men and women. Women’s power to determine whether sexual relations will take place is expressed figuratively in terms of medieval social hierarchy, resulting in the “feudal metaphor.” The lady’s resistance is reinforced through external obstacles to the relationship, notably same-sex competition in the form of jealous husband and rivals. The love song represents a fictional act of courtship that seeks to overcome that resistance, appealing to an essential criterion for women’s mate selection by stressing the sincerity of the lover’s commitment to the relationship.
Inflammation and dyslipidemia in nephropathy: an epidemiologic perspective.

The association of dyslipidermia and inflammatory markers with decreased renal function has been reported in several large epidemiologic studies. In this issue, Lin et al examine these associations among middle-aged and older type 2 diabics, a population at high risk for chronic kidney disease. Their findings support a role for these factors in the pathogenesis of progressive renal disease.
Alpha-1-antitrypsin: New perspectives and clinical applications

Abstract AAT is a 394-residue single chain glycoprotein and functions as the major protease inhibitor of the human body. In this capacity, it prevents neutrophil elastase and other proteolytic enzymes released during inflammatory reactions and during phagocyte death from destroying normal tissues of the body. An inherited, autosomal recessive disorder of AAT is an important cause of emphysema and childhood cirrhosis in individuals of northern European descent. These disorders have been discovered to result from mutations in the AAT gene, located at q31–32.3 on chromosome 14. More than 75 AAT alleles have been identified, some of which are associated with reduced or absent antiprotease activity. Recently, ATT has served as a model for the treatment of human autosomal recessive disorders. This is presently done through the infusion of purified plasma or recombinant AAT. However, in the near future normal human cells may be genetically engineered to produce and secrete the missing molecule.
Proteomics‐inferred genome typing (PIGT) demonstrates inter‐population recombination as a strategy for environmental adaptation

Analyses of ecological and evolutionary processes that shape microbial consortia are facilitated by comprehensive studies of ecosystems with low species richness. In the current study we evaluated the role of recombination in altering the fitness of chemoautotrophic bacteria in their natural environment. Proteomics-inferred genome typing (PIGT) was used to determine the genomic make-up of Leptospirillum group II populations in 27 biofilms sampled from six locations in the Richmond Mine acid mine drainage system (Iron Mountain, CA) over a four-year period. We observed six distinct genotypes that are recombinants comprised of segments from two parental genotypes. Community genomic analyses revealed additional low abundance recombinant variants. The dominance of some genotypes despite a larger available genome pool, and patterns of spatiotemporal distribution within the ecosystem, indicate selection for distinct recombinants. Genes involved in motility, signal transduction and transport were overrepresented in the tens to hundreds of kilobase recombinant blocks, whereas core metabolic functions were significantly underrepresented. Our findings demonstrate the power of PIGT and reveal that recombination is a mechanism for fine-scale adaptation in this system.
Seed Reduction in Prairie Cordgrass, Spartina pectinata Link., by the Floret-Feeding Caterpillar Aethes spartinana (Barnes and McDunnough)

Insect damage to prairie cordgrass, Spartina pectinata Link., is conspicuously high in Illinois, where attempts to collect native seed show the majority of spikelets damaged with small holes. Dissection of spikes during summer reveals minute caterpillars boring though glumes and feeding on florets inside. In 2009–2010, panicles of prairie cordgrass from across its native range were used to estimate the percentage of insect-related damage and losses to seed production. Collections of caterpillars from panicles and stems were used to identify one floret-feeding species, estimate its distribution in the central USA, and assess its feeding patterns within spikes. Insect feeding damaged 38% of spikelets across eight states, though injury differed significantly between states. Regression of developed prairie cordgrass seeds onto insect damage suggests a 1:1 loss ratio (i.e., 50% damaged spikelets reduces seed production by 50%). Collections of caterpillars from six midwestern states suggest that larvae of a tortricid moth, Aethes spartinana (Barnes and McDunnough), are responsible for most insect damage to cordgrass spikelets. Larvae of A. spartinana generally feed on a series of consecutive spikelets, with high infestations (>50% insect damage) showing damage concentrated in the middle of spikes. Because larvae are concealed by moving into adjacent spikelets and later tunneling into cordgrass stems, they may be difficult to control using insecticides. While direct effects of the caterpillar on biomass yields for prairie cordgrass are not known, for states like Illinois (where damage to spikelets often exceeds 70%), breeding and seed production efforts may be severely limited without efforts to manage A. spartinana.
The Bristol Bridge Riot and Its Antecedents: Eighteenth-Century Perception of the Crowd

The Bristol Bridge Riot of 1793 was one of the most serious riots, in terms of killed and injured, to occur in Britain during the last half of the eighteenth century. George Rude lists it as second in violence only to the Gordon Riots of 1780. Yet, because it defies classification, it is rarely listed in the categories of riots so meticulously set out by Rude and others. It was neither a turnpike riot transferred to an urban setting, nor was it the expression of long-held social grievances. It was a demonstration of dissatisfaction with official incompetence and deception. In many respects it was a riot caused by officials whose perception of the crowd led them to overreaction and violence.The tendency by recent writers has been to see riotous activity in the eighteenth century as a sort of class warfare between the “people” and the “establishment,” represented by land owners, entrepreneurs, or parliament. This class warfare is presented as taking various forms under the categories of food riot, urban riot, country riot, and the like. While classification of riots may serve useful purposes and there may sometimes be more than a grain of truth in the class-war interpretation, it must be acknowledged that the resulting impression of uniformity in eighteenth-century riots is misleading. In the case of Bristol riots, in particular, it is the differences rather than the similarities that are of significance in understanding the changed perception of the crowd that caused the tragedy of 1793.
Selection in dioecious populations.

Weak selection at a single mutiallelic locus in a dioecious population is analysed under the assumptions of panmixia and discrete non-overlapping generations. The results hold for both autosomal and X-linked loci after several generations have elapsed. With an error of the order of s (i.e. O(s)), where s is the selection intensity, the population evolves as if it were monoecious. The equivalent monoecious fitnesses must be calculated by weighting each sex by the number of genes carried by an individual at the locus under consideration. Provided the explicit time dependence (if any) of the genotypic fitnesses in each sex is O(s2), the rate of change of the male--female allelic frequency differences is O(s2). If the change per generation of the genotypic fitnesses is smaller than second order in s (i.e. o(s2)), then to O(s2) the rate of change of the unweighted average of the male and female mean fitnesses is equal to the genic variance. Hence, as long as there is significant gene frequency change, this measure of the mean fitness of the population will increase.
The influence of coadsorbed iodine on the surface chelation of 2,5-dihydroxythiophenol at indium electrodes

Abstract The influence of coadsorbed iodine on the surface chelation and reversible redox activity of 2,5-dihydroxythiophenol (DHT) has been studied at a smooth polycrystalline indium electrode as a model system to examine how the structure, bonding and electrochemical reactivity of chemisorbed redox-active intermediates are influenced by strongly surface-active electrolytes. When DHT is chemisorbed at full coverages on a clean Ir surface, it is bound (chelated) through both the sulfur and diphenol moieties and no reversible quinone/diphenol redox activity is exhibited. If DHT is adsorbed onto an iodine-pretreated surface, partial displacement of iodine occurs and a mixed I/DHT coadsorbed layer is formed; however, about 40% of the total DHT in this mixed layer remains chelated. No changes were noted when an Ir electrode coated with surface-chelated DHT at full coverage was exposed to aqueous iodide. The present results are different from those observed previously on Pt and Au; for example, coadsorbed iodine completely prevents the diphenolic ring in DHT from interacting directly with the Pt surface. These findings indicate that: (i) the interaction between Ir and the diphenol ring in DHT is stronger than that between Ir and iodine; and (ii) the surface binding strength of the aromatic group in DHT depends upon the electrode material and decreases in the order Ir > Pt > Au.
Assessment of Performance Improvement in Content-based Medical Image Retrieval Schemes Using Fractal Dimension

Rationale and Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate whether using a fractal dimension as an objective index (quantitative measure) to assess and control the "visual" or "texture" similarity of reference-image regions selected by a content-based image retrieval (CBIR) scheme would (or would not) affect the performance of the scheme in classification between image regions depicting suspicious breast masses. Materials and Methods An image data set depicting 1500 verified mass regions and 1500 false-positive mass regions was used. Fourteen morphologic and intensity distribution features and a fractal dimension were computed. A CBIR scheme using a k -nearest neighbor classifier was applied, and two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, the CBIR scheme was evaluated using all 15 features. In the second experiment, the fractal dimension was used as a prescreening feature to guide the CBIR scheme to search for the most similar reference images that had similar measures in the fractal dimension. Results The CBIR scheme achieved classification performance with areas under the receiver-operating characteristic curve of 0.857 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.844–0.870) using 14 features and 0.866 (95% CI, 0.853–0.879) after adding the fractal dimension ( P = .005 for both results). After using the fractal dimension as a prescreening feature, the CBIR scheme achieved an area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve of 0.851 (95% CI, 0.837–0.864), without a significant difference from the previous result using the original 14 features ( P = .120). The difference of fractal dimension values between the selected similar reference images was reduced by 56.7%, indicating improvement in image texture similarity. In addition, more than half of references were discarded early, without similarity comparisons, indicating improvement in searching efficiency. Conclusions This study demonstrated the feasibility of applying a fractal dimension as an objective (quantitative) and efficient search index to assess and maintain the texture similarity of reference mass regions selected by a CBIR scheme without reducing the scheme's performance in classifying suspicious breast masses.
Hormonal Regulation of Cytosolic Free Calcium and Its Functional Consequences: The GH-Cell Model

Use of clonal strains of prolactin (PRL)- and growth hormone-producing rat pituitary cells has proven informative in elucidating a number of the early biochemical, ionic, and secretory events regulated by the hypothalamic tripeptide, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH causes biphasic changes in the concentration of cytosolic free calcium [( Ca2+]i) in GH4C1 cells and biphasic changes in hormone secretion. Early changes occur on a msecond to second scale and late changes, on a time scale of minutes. Although increases in [Ca2+]i are essential for enhanced secretion, at least in the case of the rapid initial phase, the TRH-induced increase in [Ca2+]i is necessary, but not sufficient to enhance secretion. A co-mediator with calcium appears to be diacylglycerol. The majority of the calcium involved in the early phase of rise in [Ca2+]i induced by TRH is derived from intracellular sources, while essentially all of the calcium rise observed in the late phase is derived from extracellular calcium entering the cell through both voltage-dependent and voltage-independent conductances. Because TRH causes an elevation of inositol(1,4,5) trisphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P3] within seconds, but not mseconds, further studies are required before it can be concluded unequivocally that Ins(1,4,5)P3 is the sole mediator of the rapid phase of rise in [Ca2+]i induced by TRH in GH-cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Analytical characterization of SnO2 thin films

Abstract Thin (400 A) films of SnO2 prepared by r.f. sputtering were studied by Auger elemental specroscopy and transmision microscopy. Room temperature resistivity measurements were also carried out on all films. The results show that the films were continuous but contained a large number of defects. Variations in grain size were also observed. The lowest resistivity was obtained for the films sputtered in pure oxygen. Auger studies of the films showed a uniform composition in the material extending from the surface to the bulk. The results should be of importance in the study of SnO2/semiconductor heterojunctions for solar cells.
"The chronic patient": in search of a title.

In 1976 I wrote the first edition of Deinstitutionalization: An Analytical Revie-wandSociologicalPerspective(1), a monograph that sought to sort out and conceptualize the many issues related to implementing a new philosophy of patient care. Since then, deinstitutionalization in its various manifestations, including its relationship to homelessness among mentally ill persons, has remained my major academic focus. The problems I discussed in 1976 have not been fully resolved, and serious new issues have arisen (2). The fact that substantial benefits have also accrued to many patients does not diminish those problems. As deinstitutionalization has evolved, new concepts and practices associated with service delivery have emerged, and a growing literature continues to catalog and assess their impact. It might be said that the major purpose of this column, The Chronic Patient, is to provide a means for documenting and disseminating new patient care strategies and the concepts underlying them. Change has also affected the language associated with deinstitutionalization. Words like “outreach,”
Opportunistic hiring and employee fit

Most research on selection processes and organizational fit deals with existing, unfilled positions where expectations and tasks are known and measurable. This article instead evaluates the reasons, processes, and implications of opportunistic hiring—hiring employees before their jobs exist. Examples from an exploratory study show how “fit” factors into selection decisions. A typology is offered along the dimensions of whether opportunistic hiring is used to meet immediate or anticipated needs and the extent to which these needs are articulated prior to selection. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The role of CBF transcriptional activators in two Citrus species (Poncirus and Citrus) with contrasting levels of freezing tolerance

Citrus species are considered cold sensitive, yet Poncirus trifoliata, an interfertile Citrus relative, is extremely cold tolerant and can survive freezes at -20°C when fully cold acclimated. To better understand the molecular basis of this difference in freezing tolerance, C-repeat-binding factors (CBFs) from P. trifoliata and Citrus paradisi (grapefruit) were isolated and characterized. Based on our results, P. trifoliata and C. paradisi do contain a CBFpathway for cold-regulated gene expression, and similar to other species, they both appear to contain small CBF families. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of PtCBFI and CpCBF1 are highly homologous. However, differences in cold-induced expression were observed. PtCBFI accumulates both earlier and to higher levels than CpCBF1. Furthermore, CORc 115, a cold-induced group II LEA gene, also accumulates earlier and to higher levels in P. trifoliata in response to cold temperatures. The regulatory region of CORc 115 contains a putative C-repeat/dehydration-responsive element that is specifically recognized and bound by PtCBF, indicating that CORd 15 is a target of PtCBFI. This study provides the first evidence of a correlation between CBF expression (timing and quantity) and the degree of cold tolerance in two closely related species with wide differences in cold tolerance. The importance of using Poncirus and Citrus, two non-model organisms, to address new questions about the CBF pathway is illustrated, as these results provide novel evidence that the CBF expression pattern may play an important role in the notable difference in cold tolerance between these two related species.
Hypertriglyceridemia in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

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Production, partial purification and characterization of human and murine interferons--type II.

Abstract Human and murine type II interferons were produced from mitogen stimulated lymphocyte suspensions. Priming of human lymphocytes with type I human interferon prior to induction slightly increased type II interferon production, but priming of mouse spleen lymphocytes with type I mouse interferon had no apparent effect on type II interferon production. Incorporation of β-mercaptoethanol into culture medium enhanced production of mouse type II interferon but had no effect on human type II interferon yields. Both human and murine type II interferons could be purified from crude culture medium by chromatography on polyribouridylic acid (poly U)-agarose by a method identical to that used for purification of type I interferons, to specific activities of about 104.5 U/mg protein. Both interferons could also be purified from culture medium by chromatography on controlled-pore glass by modifications of methods used for purification of type I interferons, giving specific activities of about 104.0 U/mg protein. When type II interferons were purified by sequential chromatography on controlled-pore glass followed by poly U-agarose, specific activities of approximately 106 units of type II interferon/mg protein were obtained. These partially purified type II human and murine interferons were compared to type I human and murine interferons purified by similar methods to similar specific activities, and each could be distinguished by their antigenicities, acid labilities and host cell specificities.
Biology and management of rose leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) on apple in West Virginia

Rose leafhopper, Edwardsiana rosae (L.), has 3 generations per year in eastern West Virginia. It overwinters and completes the 1st generation on rosaceous species such as multiflora rose. Adults of this generation migrate to apple where a 2nd and 3rd generation are produced. Seasonal monitoring at 2 locations for 2 yr revealed that adult populations peaked in mid-June (migration from other Rosaceae), early August, and early October. Nymphal populations peaked in early July and late August. Populations were lower at both locations in 1993 than in 1992. Esfenvalerate, endosulfan, and formetanate hydrochloride provided the most effective control through 2 wk after treatment, resulting in the lowest accumulation of leafhopper days. Of the botanical insecticides evaluated, ryania was significantly more effective than sabadilla and pyrellin, and provided control comparable with the best synthetic insecticides.
The anisotropy of local turbulence in the Earth’s core

The anisotropy of local turbulence in the Earth’s core is examined. It is recognized that small-scale motions in the core are strongly influenced by the Earth’s rotation and its magnetic field. A small region of the core is simulated (the computational box), across which the prevailing large-scale (toroidal) magnetic field is supposed to be uniform and in which the temperature or compositional gradient providing the buoyancy that powers the turbulence is parallel to the (uniform) gravitational field. The simulations are used to estimate the turbulent fluxes of mean fields and their dependence on the latitude at which the computational box is situated. It is found that the effect of local turbulence on the diffusion of large-scale fields is significant, and that turbulent transport is anisotropic. It is believed that the results of the present study will prove useful in determining geophysically realistic diffusivities for use in future global geodynamo simulations.
Measured and Simulated Motion of a Hopping Rotochute

A new hybrid micro vehicle called the hopping rotochute has been developed to robustly explore rough and complex terrain. Unlike other jumping robots, the vehicle traverses an area by intermittently powering a small coaxial rotor system that allows the device to hop over obstacles of various shapes and sizes. A movable internal mass controls the vehicle's direction of travel, and the exterior shape and low mass center allow the vehicle to passively reorient itself to an upright attitude when in contact with the ground. This paper presents a dynamic model of the hopping rotochute used to assess the basic flight performance of the vehicle. The experimental methods used to estimate model parameters are described and comparisons between measured and simulated motion are presented. Basic flight performance predicted by dynamic simulation is reported, including maneuverability, jumping performance, and total range. The simulated results indicate that the hopping rotochute is capable of surmounting larger obstacles than current hoppers while being able to navigate with the use of a movable internal mass.