cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of Bleeding and Approach to Patients With Axial-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Devices

During the past several decades, left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) have become a valuable therapeutic option in the management of advanced systolic heart failure. Durable LVADs are being used to provide long-term mechanical circulatory support to a growing population of patients with end-stage systolic heart failure refractory to medical and electric therapies. This advanced stage of heart failure is associated with unacceptably high mortality when treated with medical therapy alone, and these patients are traditionally referred for cardiac transplantation.1,2 Unfortunately, the number of heart transplantations performed in the United States is limited by the availability of donor organs to ≈2200 per year, a small fraction of the total patients requiring advanced heart failure care.3 Moreover, 75% of patients with end-stage heart failure are >65 years and have severe comorbid conditions, making them ineligible for transplantation at many centers.4 As a result of innovative trials, LVADs have become a therapeutic option in patients with end-stage heart failure as bridge-to-transplantation or destination therapy in patients deemed ineligible for cardiac transplantation.5,6 Contemporary LVADs are continuous-flow pumps that allow for smaller pump size and improved mechanical reliability and durability.7 In a landmark study8 comparing the HeartMate XVE, an older first-generation pulsatile pump (Thoratec Corp; Pleasanton, CA), with the newer HeartMate II LVAD (Thoratec Corp), the continuous-flow pump outperformed the pulsatile device in overall survival, pump failure events, and infectious complications. Device technology continues to improve, and third-generation continuous-flow LVADs under development use magnetic or hydrodynamic bearings for frictionless rotation of the rotor that may further enhance durability.9 One potential limitation of continuous-flow pump technology is the relatively high nonphysiological shear stress imparted on blood components as they move through the device. This stress, coupled with the reduced pulse pressure associated with axial-flow LVADs, …
Conditional expectation values in quantum mechanics

The general question of defining the expectation value of an operator for a fixed value of another noncommuting observable is considered and explicit expressions are derived. Due to the noncommutivity of operators a unique definition is not possible, and we consider different possible expressions. Special cases which have previously been considered in the literature are shown to be derivable from the methods presented.
Phase modulation depth for a real-time kinoform using a liquid crystal television

Interest in the liquid crystal television (LCTV) kinoform has been reported recently by several investigators. The technique requires a modulation depth of about 2π, which most of the commercially available LCTVs cannot attain. We discuss an experimental study of generating an LCTV kinoform in which the the modulation depth is limited by π. The major drawbacks of the ir phase variation are that, compared with 2π variation, it reduces the diffraction efficiency as well as the space bandwidth product to a degree of about one-fourth. Verification of these findings is reported.
Direct comparison between satellite electric field measurements and the visual aurora

Electric field data from two passes of the Injun 5 satellite, one corresponding to magnetically quiet conditions and one corresponding to substorm conditions, are compared with simultaneous all-sky camera data from College, Alaska. In each case, a significant deviation of the electric field from the expected V x B field (where V is the satellite velocity) was evident, and a distinct electric field reversal could be identified. In the region of substantial electric field equatorward of the electric field reversal, a diffuse auroral arc was observed during the magnetically quiet pass, and auroral patches were observed during the substorm pass. In the substorm case, the electric field reversal occurred very near a discrete auroral arc at the poleward side of the diffuse arcs and patches. Comparison of the quiet time and substorm cases suggests that the convection electric field penetrates deeper into the magnetosphere during a substorm.
The effect of mercuric chloride on renal brush border membrane

Abstract Alterations in the activities of five brush border enzymes were determined in the kidneys of rats with reversible HgCl2 acute renal failure. Alanine aminopeptidase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, and alkaline phosphatase levels fell to 50% or less of control and remained depressed despite restoration of glomerular filtration. Maltase activity initially increased then gradually declined to control values by Day 3 after HgCl2. ATPase activity showed a progressive rise to levels 3.1 times normal by Day 10 after HgCl2. Electrophoresis of SDS solubilized brush border membranes revealed distinct differences in protein distribution of normal vs HgCl2 treated rats. The results indicate that recovery of renal function precedes normalization of brush border enzyme activity and demonstrate considerable variation in the composition of the brush border during the course of HgCl2 acute renal failure.
A reexamination of the conformational transitions of T4 thioredoxin

The unfolding and refolding of T4 thioredoxin was observed by equilibrium and kinetic size exclusion chromatographic measurements in guanidine hydrochloride at 4°C and pH 7.0. All the observed chromatographic profiles can be simulated by a cubic mechanism using a consistent set of equilibrium and kinetic parameters describing each of the coupled transitions. The four components in the folded protein and in the unfolded protein are interrelated by configurational transitions having parameters characteristic for proline peptide isomerizations. Only two of the four folded conformations are significantly populated at equilibrium. Each of the four unfolded components can refold by a unique Conformational transition. No transiently populated folding intermediates are detected having hydrodynamic volumes intermediate between those characteristic for the folded and unfolded protein. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Some effects of an electric field on the plastic deformation of metals and ceramics

The external parameters generally considered in the plastic deformation of metals and ceramics are the temperature, pressure or stress and time. Usually neglected are the effects of electric and magnetic fields. However, such fields can often have a significant influence, especially when applied concurrently with the more common parameters. Some examples of the effects of an electric field on the plastic deformation of metals and ceramics found by the author and his coworkers are presented. Included are the following: (a) the influence of electropulsing on the flow stress of metals at 78–300 K, (b) the effect of an external electric field (surface charge) on the superplastic deformation of the 74754 Al alloy, (c) the influence of an electric field on the flow stress and ductility of polycrystalline NaCl at 0.28–0.75 TM and (d) the effect of an electric field on the superplastic deformation of 3Y-TZP. Mechanisms responsible for the observed effects are considered.
Long-Term Outcomes of Lung Transplantation (LT) in Hepatitis C Positive (HCV+) Patients

Purpose Long term outcomes of LT in HCV + recipients is not known. We report our findings in this unique cohort of patients. Methods and Materials Retrospective chart review of all LT recipients from 1990 to 2011 was performed to identify HCV + prior to LT. Demographic data, HCV RNA load pre & post LT, liver biopsy, and hepatic malignancy, antimetabolite use, BOS and survival was collected. Results 11 patients were identified as having HCV + status out of 1165 patients. 8/11 (4 male) had a positive HCV qualitative RNA PCR, [Mean age±SD] 49.25±9.22; 2/8 patients received antiviral therapy pre LT. HCV Genotype was identified in 5/8 patients, HCV genotype 1 [n=3] & HCV genotype 2 [n=2]. CT scan of abdomen in all patients showed cirrhosis but no portal hypertension. All patients underwent a liver biopsy prior to LT. [Minimal periportal fibrosis – 7, no cirrhosis – 8, granulomatous hepatitis - 1]. The median duration from HCV diagnosis to transplantation was 4.25 years [range 0.6 – 12]. The pre LT median quantitative HCV RNA level was 50,000 IU/ml. Post LT median quantitative HCV RNA levels increased [34,950 to 2,755,000 IU/ml] without an associated increase in the liver function tests. The post LT immunosuppression included calcineurin inhibitor + prednisone but only 3 patients were on an antimetabolite. Median survival for this group was 4.5 years post LT with the longest survival 10 years post transplant. Causes of death included BOS, lung cancer, and sepsis but no patient died of progressive liver disease. The average survival at 1, 3, & 5 years post LT was 75%, 62.5%, and 50%. Conclusions HCV + patients can successfully undergo LT and achieve comparable survival to non HCV + status. Viral loads after transplant will increase but is not associated with worsening liver function or outcomes. BOS still remains the leading cause of death in this population long term.
Analysis of CYS3 regulator function in Neurospora crassa by modification of leucine zipper dimerization specificity

The CYS3 positive regulator is a basic region-leucine zipper (bZIP) DNA-binding protein that is essential for the expression of sulfur-controlled structural genes in Neurospora crassa. An approach of modifying the dimerization specificity of the CYS3 leucine zipper was used to determine whether the in vivo regulatory function of CYS3 requires the formation of homodimeric or heterodimeric complexes. Two altered versions of CYS3 with coiled coil elecrostatic interactions favorable to heterodimerization showed restoration of wild-type CYS3 function only when simultaneously expressed in a delta cys-3 strain. In addition, constructs having the CYS3 leucine zipper swapped for that of the oncoprotein Jun or the CYS3 leucine zipper extended by a heptad repeat showed wild-type CYS3 function when transformed into a delta cys-3 strain. Gel mobility shift and immunoprecipitation assays were used to confirm the modified CYS3 proteins dimerization and DNA binding properties. The studies, which precluded wild-type CYS3 dimerization, indicate that in vivo CYS3 is fully functional as a homodimer since no interaction was required with other leucine zipper proteins to activate sulfur regulatory and structural gene expression. The results demonstrate the utility of leucine zipper modification to study the in vivo function of bZIP proteins.
CONDITIONING OF THE HUMAN VESTIBULAR SWAY RESPONSE.

57 human Ss participated in a demonstration of conditioning of the postural sway response elicited by low current sinusoidal electrical stimulation of the vestibular apparatus. In addition to a conditioning group which received paired presentations of a tone CS and vestibular stimulation, there were three control groups: a group which received the CS alone, another which received the UCS alone, and a third which received random unpaired presentations of the CS and UCS. Comparison of vestibular sway within and between these groups indicated that conditioning did occur.
Sodium–Proton (Na+/H+) Exchange Inhibition Increases Blood Pressure in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat

The current study was designed to determine the role of sodium–proton (Na+/H+) exchange in blood pressure regulation in sodium chloride (NaCl)-sensitive and NaCl-resistant spontaneously hypertensive rats and control Wistar-Kyoto rats (WEY) using 5–(N,N-hexa-methylene)amiloride (HMA), a potent and selective inhibitor of Na+/H+ exchange. The response of mean arterial pressure to intravenous infusion of HMA was examined in conscious, unrestrained male rats maintained on normal (1%) or high (8%) NaCl diets for 3 weeks beginning at age 7 weeks. The HMA significantly increased mean arterial pressure in NaCl-sensitive spontaneously hypertensive rats and NaCl-resistant spontaneously hypertensive rats that were fed 1% NaCl, but not in WKY rats that were fed 1% NaCl; the 8% NaCl diet enhanced this pressor response in all 3 strains. The pressor response was accompanied by significant increases in plasma norepinephrine levels in NaCl-sensitive spontaneously hypertensive rats on both diets, but not in NaCl-resistant spontaneously hypertensive rats or WKY rats on either diet. There were no differences in steady-state levels (30–60 nM) of plasma HMA between diet groups in any strain. Therefore, administration of HMA in a dose at which it is highly selective for the Na+/H+ exchanger (Ki = 160 nM) caused a systemic pressor response in spontaneously hypertensive rats that was enhanced by dietary NaCl supplementation. With these data, it is suggested that inhibition of Na+/H+ exchange in vivo has a pressor effect greater in spontaneously hypertensive rats than in WKY rats and is further enhanced by NaCl supplementation.
The migration stage of Dictyostelium: Behavior without muscles or nerves

The migrating slug of the cellular slime mould, Dictyostelium discoideum is capable of directed movement. A rather large literature on how this simple group of amoebae move and orient is briefly summarized. All the amoebae in the slug move, and their internal direction is controlled by chemotaxis, by relay waves of cAMP that start at the anterior tip. This moving mass of amoebae can be oriented by directional light, as well as heat and chemical gradients. Such external factors could orient by shifting the position of the cAMP pulse pacemaker in the tip, or by making the cells move faster or slower on one side of the anterior portion of the slug, or a combination of the two.
Metamaterials: a new frontier of science and technology

Metamaterials, artificial composite structures with exotic material properties, have emerged as a new frontier of science involving physics, material science, engineering and chemistry. This critical review focuses on the fundamentals, recent progresses and future directions in the research of electromagnetic metamaterials. An introduction to metamaterials followed by a detailed elaboration on how to design unprecedented electromagnetic properties of metamaterials is presented. A number of intriguing phenomena and applications associated with metamaterials are discussed, including negative refraction, sub-diffraction-limited imaging, strong optical activities in chiral metamaterials, interaction of meta-atoms and transformation optics. Finally, we offer an outlook on future directions of metamaterials research including but not limited to three-dimensional optical metamaterials, nonlinear metamaterials and “quantum” perspectives of metamaterials (142 references).
Simplification of Global‐Illumination Meshes

We present a method for simplifying the meshes produced as solutions to global illumination problems, reducing geometric complexity while retaining the perceived image fidelity. The method has been applied to produce meshes of linearly, quadratically and cubically colour-interpolated triangles. The goal of our work is to permit interactive rendering of more complex global illumination solutions through the application of simplification algorithms as well as the use of more powerful rendering primitives.
Re-evaluation of the Relationship between Pfiesteria and Estuarine Fish Kills

In recent years, fish kills along the mid-Atlantic US coast have become an increasing problem, with important economic, environmental, and public health implications (Glasgow and others 1995; Burkholder 1998; Grattan and others 1998; Haselow and others 2001; Shoemaker and Hudnell 2001). Research into the causes of these fish kills is ongoing, and monitoring and surveillance programs have been instituted to investigate (among other factors) the role of actively toxic forms of two known species within the dinoflagellate genus Pfiesteria (Burkholder and others 1995, 2001a; Steidinger and others 1996; Burkholder and Glasgow 1997; Glasgow and others 2001b). In their recent analyses of the relationship between Pfiesteria and fish kills, Burkholder and others (1999) and Stow (1999) stated, as others have noted previously (Meyer and Barclay 1990), that it is difficult to establish the causes of estuarine fish kills at the ecosystem level. The evaluation of Burkholder and others (1999) was based on the biology and toxic behavior of Pfiesteria, as well as empirical sampling of field fish kill events then in progress, as supported by laboratory analyses of samples collected from each fish kill. In contrast, Stow (1999) conducted theoretical probability calculations and argued that information demonstrating the presence of toxic Pfiesteria during fish kills was insufficient to prove that there was a cause-and-effect
The Frequency of Pap Smear Screening in the United States

BACKGROUND: U.S. professional medical societies and the national health systems of all other industrialized nations recommend that most women need not undergo Papanicolaou (Pap) smear screening annually. There are no data, however, regarding the frequency at which women actually undergo screening.
Imaging lung inflammation in a murine model of Pseudomonas infection: a positron emission tomography study.

We tested the hypothesis that the uptake of [ 18 F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), as measured by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, would correlate with inflammation caused by increasing doses of instilled Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) into the lungs of mice. PA -laden agarose beads were instilled via the trachea into 1 lung of each mouse (dose range 0.5-15×10 4 CFU) and imaging was performed 3 days later (at the peak of the inflammatory response). Lung uptake of [ 18 F]FDG correlated significantly with the dose of bacteria instilled in mice infected with the M57-15 strain of PA (n=18) (r 2 =.62), but not in mice infected with the PA01 strain (n=20). The overall lung uptake of [ 18 F]FDG was higher in mice infected with the M57-15 strain than in those infected with the PA01 strain (P <.05). Total white blood cell concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage were also higher in the M57-15-infected mice. We conclude that PET imaging can detect and quantify differences in host inflammatory response to 2 differ...
Interaction of Manduca sexta resistance in tomato with insect predators of Helicoverpa zea

Resistance in accession PI 134417 of Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum to Manduca sexta L. results from the presence of the methyl ketones 2-tridecanone and 2-undecanone in the type VI trichome glands on foliage of these plants. Short (24 h) and long term (neonate to adult) laboratory experiments using M. sexta-resistant and susceptible foliage and methyl ketone treated filter paper disks were conducted to evaluate the direct (plant-mediated) and indirect (prey-mediated) effects of this resistance on two predators of Helicoverpa zea eggs, Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer) and Geocoris punctipes (Say). Direct effects of resistance were manifest as reduced egg consumption and increased mortality for both predators. Indirect effects were manifest as reduced egg consumption by G. punctipes, but were not observed for C. maculata. Results of experiments using methyl ketone-treated filter paper disks instead of foliage were similar.
Table for the Asymptotic Distribution of Univariate Mode Estimators

Previous theoretical studies have connected the asymptotic distribution of various univariate mode estimators to the distribution of the location of the minimum/maximum of the two—sided Wiener—Levy process with square drift. In this paper, an empirical distribution for the latter is obtained through simulation. The tabulated probabilities of this distribution are useful in making inferences about the mode. Illustrative examples of confidence intervals for the mode are provided using real data
Do we need to treat otitis media

Otitis media is a common pediatric problem. It is well established that over half of infants and children with acute otitis media may have spontaneous recovery. Since it is difficult to predict the course (self-limited versus serious disease) all the children with acute suppurative otitis media need to be treated with antibiotics. Amoxicillin is still the initial antibiotic of choice. There are several alternate antibiotics available with activity against beta-lactamase positive bacteria. These agents have no advantage over amoxicillin in infections due to penicillin resistant pneumococci. Recent use of beta-lactam antibiotics and/or attendance in a day care where there is frequent use of antibiotics are predisposing factors for penicillin resistant pneumococcal infection. In such cases after tympanocentesis, higher dose of amoxicillin, clindamycin or intramuscular ceftriaxone should be considered. Secretory otitis media does not need to be treated with antibiotics unless the patient is in high risk group. Prophylactic use of antibiotics should be actively discouraged. Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination (2 years or older) should be encouraged in children with recurrent episodes of acute otitis media. Breast feeding should be encouraged.
Dual-micro-ESI source for precise mass determination on a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer for genomic and proteomic applications

A universal dual-electrospray (ESI) source is demonstrated on a quadrupole orthogonal-accelerated time-of-flight mass spectrometer (Q-ToF-MS) for both genomic and proteomic applications. This facile source modification enables internal calibration for consistent mass measurements by a mainstream MS platform and requires no mixing of analyte and calibrant prior to ion formation. In this report, the dual-sprayer is demonstrated in the negative-ion mode for internal calibration of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplicons generated from synthetic and genomic templates as well as a proteolytic digest of a naturally phosphorylated protein. For all PCR amplicons, experimentally determined average mass measurements are well within the instrument specifications of better than 0.01%. For the proteolytic fragments of the phosphoprotein, average mass errors of the isotopically resolved peptides are better than 10 ppm.
Spectral library generation for hyperspectral archaeological validation

Fractional abundance maps have been produced from Hyperion hyperspectral data over Oaxaca, Mexico, by applying a new spatially adaptive spectral unmixing algorithm. The goal of this research is to produce land-use maps for aiding archaeologists studying the Zapotec civilization. However, to correlate the fractional abundance maps generated from the HSI image processing, a relationship between the known materials located in Oaxaca, Mexico, and the spectral profiles of these materials must be established. A field campaign during December 2011, (the dry season in Oaxaca) took place for the explicit task of obtaining spectral profiles of the most common materials found in the region. Ground-truth information was collected for three Oaxaca valleys (Tlacolula, Yanhuitlan, and Ycuitla). Common materials and associated regions were recorded and material samples were collected at many of these locations. Laboratory reflectance spectral profiles of the collected material samples are measured after the field campaign using a FieldSpec Pro. Wavelength ranges of the FieldSpec Pro spanned 350-2500nm matching that of the hyperspectral imagery collected from the Hyperion sensor on board the EO-1 satellite. GIS maps of the three valleys in Oaxaca, Mexico, are used to identify where these samples were collected and correspond to the laboratory measured material samples. The spectral library entries obtained correspond to bare soils, senescent agricultural vegetation, senescent natural vegetation, and terra cotta tile. © (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Some newly observed correlations between structure and photochemical activity in chlorophyllin a and several derivatives

Abstract The abilities of chlorophyllin a and four related pigments to mediate light-driven electron transfer from two different electron donors to three electron acceptors were compared. Sulfhydryl reagents are poor electron donors with all of the pigments, although the reaction rate can be increased dramatically by adding p-benzoquinone or p-hydroquinone as an intermediate electron carrier. Replacement of the central magnesium atom of chlorophyllin a with an atom of zinc gives a higher rate of NADP photoreduction via the enzyme ferredoxin-NADP reductase, but results in lower rates of methyl viologen and methyl red photoreduction. Bacteriochlorophyllin is active in methyl viologen and methyl red photoreduction, but not in NADP photoreduction. Additional structure-activity correlations were observed and are described.
Stochastic Programming and Decision Analysis: An Apparent Dilemma

An example is given which demonstrates that using a decision theory analysis for the basic chance-constrained model of stochastic linear programming may lead to an apparent dilemma, namely, 0 > EVSI > EVPI. The problem is discussed and a resolution suggested.
Regional brain levels of monoamines in alcohol-preferring and -nonpreferring lines of rats

Regional brain levels of serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) were determined in alcohol-naive rats from lines selectively bred for alcohol preference (P) and alcohol aversion (nonpreference, NP). Based on comparison by a standard t-test, the P rats had 12% lower NE in the pons-medulla, 20% higher NE and 16% lower DA content in the cerebral cortex (CX) than did the NP rats. However, the predominant finding was that the levels of 5-HT and 5-HIAA were 12-26% lower for the P than for the NP rats in the CX, hippocampus (HIP), corpus striatum (STR), thalamus (TH) and hypothalamus (HY). Regional CNS monoamines from a group of independently bred, stock Wistar rats were also compared with the NP and P groups to determine if the selectively bred rats differed widely from an unselected population. In most instances, the NP and P rats fell within the range of the stock group. When the stock group was included in an analysis of variance of the data, post-hoc differences between the NP and P groups that remained significant were the lower levels of 5-HT (and in some cases 5-HIAA) in the CX, HIP, STR, TH and HY of the P group. In the HY and HIP, the 5-HT levels of the P and NP animals diverged significantly in opposite directions from those of the stock group, possibly suggesting an involvement of these regional serotonergic systems in alcohol preference.
Integrating Particulate Representations into AP Chemistry and Introductory Chemistry Courses

The College Board’s recently revised curriculum for advanced placement (AP) chemistry places a strong emphasis on conceptual understanding, including representations of particle phenomena. This change in emphasis is informed by years of research showing that students could perform algorithmic calculations but not explain those calculations using particulate representations. This article provides a discussion of particulate representations in chemistry and specific examples of ways to introduce particulate representations to students and to integrate them throughout the AP chemistry or any introductory chemistry course. This contribution is part of a special issue on teaching introductory chemistry in the context of the advanced placement chemistry course redesign.
Cellular manganese content is developmentally regulated in human dopaminergic neurons

Manganese (Mn) is both an essential biological cofactor and neurotoxicant. Disruption of Mn biology in the basal ganglia has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, such as parkinsonism and Huntington's disease. Handling of other essential metals (e.g. iron and zinc) occurs via complex intracellular signaling networks that link metal detection and transport systems. However, beyond several non-selective transporters, little is known about the intracellular processes regulating neuronal Mn homeostasis. We hypothesized that small molecules that modulate intracellular Mn could provide insight into cell-level Mn regulatory mechanisms. We performed a high throughput screen of 40,167 small molecules for modifiers of cellular Mn content in a mouse striatal neuron cell line. Following stringent validation assays and chemical informatics, we obtained a chemical ‘toolbox' of 41 small molecules with diverse structure-activity relationships that can alter intracellular Mn levels under biologically relevant Mn exposures. We utilized this toolbox to test for differential regulation of Mn handling in human floor-plate lineage dopaminergic neurons, a lineage especially vulnerable to environmental Mn exposure. We report differential Mn accumulation between developmental stages and stage-specific differences in the Mn-altering activity of individual small molecules. This work demonstrates cell-level regulation of Mn content across neuronal differentiation.
Evaluation of hematologic abnormalities in the nonbleeding postoperative patient

With a seriously ill postoperative patient, selecting the best course of action may be difficult when laboratory data suggest hematologic abnormalities. If an Afro-American is to undergo major surgery, simple postoperative screening procedures are available for certain hereditary erythrocyte abnormalities. Acute hemolysis, from any cause, may mimic advanced liver disease. Bleeding into closed body spaces, with erythrocyte destruction secondarily, may mimic generalized hemolysis. One basic premise is always to review the medications being administered; many drugs may induce granulocytopenia or anemia. Because there is a compensatory increase in erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate content that increases oxygen release to the tissues in the normovolemic anemic patient, less frequent use of blood transfusion is possible in these patients. Healing will continue even when the packed red cell volume is 25 per cent.
An empirical comparison of repetitive undersampling techniques

A common problem for data mining and machine learning practitioners is class imbalance. When examples of one class greatly outnumber examples of the other class(es), traditional machine learning algorithms can perform poorly. Random undersampling is a technique that has shown great potential for alleviating the problem of class imbalance. However, undersampling leads to information loss which can hinder classification performance in some cases. To overcome this problem, repetitive undersampling techniques have been proposed. These techniques generate an ensemble of models, each trained on a different, undersampled subset of the training data. In doing so, less information is lost and classification performance is improved. In this study, we evaluate the performance of several repetitive undersampling techniques. To our knowledge, no study has so thoroughly compared repetitive undersampling techniques.
Multigrasp myoelectric control for a transradial prosthesis

This paper presents the design and preliminary experimental verification of a multigrasp myoelectric controller. The controller enables the direct and proportional control of a multigrasp transradial prosthesis through a set of nine postures using two surface EMG electrodes. Five healthy subjects utilized the multigrasp controller to manipulate a virtual prosthesis to experimentally quantify the performance of the controller in terms of real time performance metrics. For comparison, the performance of the native hand was also characterized using a dataglove. The average overall transition times for the multigrasp myoelectric controller and the native hand with the dataglove were found to be 1.49 and 0.81 seconds, respectively. The transition rates for both were found to be the same (99.2%).
Dimethyl Sulfoxide Modulation of Diabetes Onset in NOD Mice

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a hydroxyl radical scavenger, is known as an immunosuppressive agent and can reduce autoantibody levels in experimental autoimmune diseases. Because classic diabetogens damage the DNA and membrane of the β-cell by the generation of free radicals, the purpose of these investigations was to determine whether the intake of DMSO or its derivatives methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) and dimethylsulfide (DMS) could prevent the expression of autoimmune diabetes in the spontaneously diabetic NOD mouse. DMSO (2.5%), MSM (2.5%), and DMS (0.25%) were added to the drinking water of female NOD mice immediately after weaning. Control animals were maintained on regular drinking water. The presence of overt diabetes was monitored from the age of 2 mo by weekly urinary glucose testing until the animals either became overtly glucosuric or were >240 days of age. In contrast to what we expected, DMSO (2.5%) markedly increased the rate at which the animals expressed overt diabetes ( P
Adaptive tracking control of on-line path planners: velocity fields and navigation functions

Traditionally, robot control research has focused on the position tracking problem where the objective is to force the robot's end-effector to follow an a priori known desired time dependent trajectory. Motivated by task objectives that are more effectively described by on-line, state-dependent trajectories, two adaptive tracking controllers are developed in this paper that accommodate on-line path planning objectives. An example adaptive controller is first modified to achieve velocity field tracking in the presence of parametric uncertainty in the robot dynamics. An adaptive navigation function based controller is then designed that targets the trajectory planning problem where the task objective can be described as the desire to move from an initial condition to a goal configuration while avoiding known obstacles.
The effect of adenosine analogues on the in vitro growth of Trypanosoma cruzi

Trypanosoma cruzi (Brazil strain) was maintained in liver infusion tryptose and medium supplemented with 5 or 10% foetal calf serum at 27 degrees C on a rotating shaker platform. 85 to 95% of the organisms under these conditions are epimastigotes and the medium supported logarithmic growth for up to 24 hours. The effect of S-isobutyl adenosine and Sinefungin against cultured T. cruzi epimastigotes was studied: growth rate was slowed by both in a dose-dependent fashion; 500 micrometer Sinefungin caused complete inhibition which was irreversible after 24-hour exposure but the effect of S-isobutyl adenosine (100 micrometer) was reversible. Motility and morphology appeared to be unaffected.
Human factors operability timeline analysis to improve the processing flow of the Orion spacecraft

The Constellation Program (CxP) Orion vehicle goes through several areas and stages of processing before its launched at the Kennedy Space Center.1 2 In order to have efficient and effective processing, all of the activities need to be analyzed. This was accomplished by first developing a timeline of events that included each activity, and then each activity was analyzed by operability experts and human factors experts with spacecraft processing experience. This papers focus is to explain the results and the process for developing this human factors operability timeline analysis to improve the processing flow of Orion.
Operant control of neural events in humans

Human subjects were trained by traditional methods of instrumental conditioning to change the amplitude of a late component of the auditory evoked potential with and without oscilloscopic feedback of their performance.
On the Computational Basis of Synchronized Codes

For scene analysis, it is important to ask the question of how synchronized population codes – the basic representation employed in the target article – are generated. Recent computational advances have resolved the critical challenges of rapid synchronization with local coupling and rapid desynchronization. The synchronized codes make real contributions to tackling the problem of scene analysis.
Adaptive graph-based algorithms for conditional anomaly detection and semi-supervised learning

We develop graph-based methods for semi-supervised learning based on label propagation on a data similarity graph. When data is abundant or arrive in a stream, the problems of computation and data storage arise for any graph-based method. We propose a fast approximate online algorithm that solves for the harmonic solution on an approximate graph. We show, both empirically and theoretically, that good behavior can be achieved by collapsing nearby points into a set of local representative points that minimize distortion. Moreover, we regularize the harmonic solution to achieve better stability properties. We also present graph-based methods for detecting conditional anomalies and apply them to the identification of unusual clinical actions in hospitals. Our hypothesis is that patient-management actions that are unusual with respect to the past patients may be due to errors and that it is worthwhile to raise an alert if such a condition is encountered. Conditional anomaly detection extends standard unconditional anomaly framework but also faces new problems known as fringe and isolated points. We devise novel nonparametric graph-based methods to tackle these problems. Our methods rely on graph connectivity analysis and soft harmonic solution. Finally, we conduct an extensive human evaluation study of our conditional anomaly methods by 15 experts in critical care.
Therapeutic Effect of Interferon-γ Gene Transfer in Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis

Interferon (IFN)-g, in both natural endogenous form and administered as exogenous protein, induces control over visceral Leishmania donovani in experimentally infected BALB/c mice. To further characterize the therapeutic role of IFN-g in host defense against intracellular L. donovani, the efficacy of IFN-g delivered by gene transfer was tested. One week after infection, normal and IFN-g gene ‐ disrupted (GKO) BALB/c mice were injected with an IFN-g gene ‐ bearing mammalian expression plasmid (pIFN). Plasmid-specific IFN-g transcripts were detected in liver and spleen. Whereas liver parasite burdens more than doubled in untreated and mock-treated normal and GKO mice during the subsequent 2 weeks, animals injected with pIFN had controlled visceral infection and reduced parasite burdens. These results indicate that, in infected tissues, IFN-g delivered by gene transfer enhances control over disseminated intracellular infection.
Reconfigurable Nanophotonic Systems By Tunable Alignment Between Nanomagnet Arrays

We demonstrate self-alignment and tunable displacements of released nanopatterned membranes by use of arrays of nanomagnets. The nanomagnet arrays attract and align when brought into close proximity resulting in sub-200nm accurate self-alignment between membrane segments of >50mum lateral size. The alignment is made reconfigurable by patterning the nanomagnets so that there are multiple stable alignment states. An external field is used to transfer between alignment states by applying a magnetic torque on the arrays and by shifting the nanomagnet polarity. Realignment via folding and unfolding of membranes was demonstrated using 75nm thick cobalt nanomagnets patterned on lum thick silicon nitride membranes. Accurately aligned reconfigurable 2D or 3D nanophotonic systems, such as active photonic crystals and sheared photonic crystal waveguides, may be fabricated with this method.
Uniqueness of the operating point in MITE circuits

Multiple-input translinear element (MITE) networks can be used for linear/nonlinear analog signal processing where the low power consumption of these circuits outweighs the advantages of digital processing. The ideal MITE expression is valid only in the subthreshold saturation region. These networks typically have multiple feedback loops and hence, if not synthesized properly, will have multiple operating points not predicted by the ideal relationship. We present conditions on the topology of a general MITE network that ensure that the operating point, if it exists, is unique. Hence, we know that the operating point predicted by the ideal MITE expression is the only one in this case.
Reducing the Risk of Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Vector Mobilization with AAV Type 5 Vectors

Current adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene therapy vectors package a transgene flanked by the terminal repeats (TRs) of AAV type 2 (AAV2). Although these vectors are replication deficient, wild-type (wt) AAV2 prevalent in the human population could lead to replication and packaging of a type 2 TR (TR2)-flanked transgene in trans during superinfection by a helper virus, leading to “mobilization” of the vector genome from treated cells. More importantly, it appears likely that the majority of currently characterized AAV serotypes as well as the majority of new novel isolates are capable of rescuing and replicating AAV2 vector templates. To investigate this possibility, we flanked a green fluorescent protein transgene with type 2 and, the most divergent AAV serotype, type 5 TRs (TR2 or TR5). Consistent with AAV clades, AAV5 specifically replicated TR5 vectors, while AAV2 and AAV6 replicated TR2-flanked vectors. To exploit this specificity, we created a TR5 vector production system for Cap1 to Cap5. Next, we showed that persisting recombinant AAV genomes flanked by TR2s or TR5s were mobilized in vitro after addition of the cognate AAV Rep (as well as Rep6 for TR2) and adenoviral helper. Finally, we showed that a cell line containing a stably integrated wt AAV2 genome resulted in mobilization of a TR2-flanked vector but not a TR5-flanked vector upon adenoviral superinfection. Based on these data and the relative prevalence of wt AAV serotypes in the population, we propose that TR5 vectors have a significantly lower risk of mobilization and should be considered for clinical use.
LDPC coding schemes for error control in a multicast network

This paper investigates error control at the physical layer of a multicast network using low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. Packets for transmission are encoded into LDPC codewords. A joint iterative message-passing scheme for decoding LDPC codewords at a receive node in the network is proposed to improve error performance. Also proposed is a split-codeword transmission to provide equal error protection for all transmitted packets. Density evolution analysis and some simulation results are also presented.
Ebstein's anomaly with left ventricular noncompaction and bicuspid aortic valve.

![Figure][1] [![Graphic][3] ][3] Apical 4-chamber view of the transthoracic echocardiogram demonstrating the apically displaced tricuspid valve leaflet. [![Graphic][4] ][4] Apical 4-chamber view of the transthoracic echocardiogram demonstrating the intertrabecular recesses of
Insurance for Druggists

Leading forms of insurance as a necessity to place the individual and his business on a sound basis—life insurance, property insurance indemnity insurance. The uses of life insurance as a means of capitalizing the earning capacity of life, as a means of borrowing, as a power for encouraging thrift and conserving earnings. Features designed to protect the druggist's vocation in property and indemnity insurance.
Home Health Care Nurses' Perceptions of Physician-Nurse Relationships

This work is a sociological analysis of the physician-nurse relationship in home health care. Data include observation, interview, and survey sources. Results confirm that, largely because of the physician's distance both physically and symbolically, home care nurses take on a more primary care role with patients than do nurses in hospitals. There are fewer instances of conflict between physician and nurse in this setting, as doctors yield more responsibility to nurses than they may in hospitals. In the end, though nurses claim higher levels of autonomy, patients appear to be the true beneficiaries of the in situ shift in nursing responsibility.
Covert and Overt Hepatic Encephalopathy: Diagnosis and Management

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is part of a spectrum of neurocognitive changes in cirrhosis. HE is divided into 2 broad categories based on severity: covert hepatic encephalopathy (CHE) and overt hepatic encephalopathy (OHE). CHE has a significant impact on a patient's quality of life, driving performance, and recently has been associated with increased hospitalizations and death. Likewise, OHE is associated with increased rates of hospitalizations and mortality, and poor quality of life. Given its significant burden on patients, care takers, and the health care system, early diagnosis and management are imperative. In addition, focus also should be directed on patient and family member education on the disease progression and adherence to medications. Treatment strategies include the use of nonabsorbable disaccharides, antibiotics (ie, rifaximin), and, potentially, probiotics. Other therapies currently under further investigation include L-ornithine-L-aspartate, ornithine phenylacetate, glycerol phenylbutyrate, molecular adsorbent recirculating system, and albumin infusion.
Determining the Nitrogen Budget and Total Ammoniacal Nitrogen Emissions from Commercial Broilers Grown in Environmental Chambers

SUMMARY One of the undesirable by-products of raising commercial broilers in confinement is the production and release of NH3 into the environment. Ammonia negatively affects flock performance, reduces air quality, increases N deposition into neighboring ecosystems, and reduces plant-available litter N. Animal agriculture is currently under pressure to reduce NH3 emissions. Understanding the fate of N inputs and outputs from commercial broiler operations is important for increasing flock N efficiency and reducing gaseous N emissions. A total directmeasurement N balance trial was conducted on broilers from 0 to 42 d of age with all N inputs and outputs measured. The N inputs included feed and chick N, whereas outputs included broiler N retention, total ammoniacal N (TAN) emissions, mortality N, and litter N accumulation. The major N input was feed N, accounting for 99% of total inputs. After 42 d, the percentage of N input recovered was as follows: 67 ± 2% in live broilers, 26 ± 2% accumulated in the litter, and 13 ± 0.4% in TAN emissions. The average difference between the measured N inputs and outputs was 5 ± 3%, indicating a good N balance. The period from 0 to 21 d of age accounted for 23% of the flock total TAN emissions. The remaining 77% of TAN loss occurred from 22 to 42 d of age, most likely due to greater N excretions in the feces and a rise in litter pH and moisture resulting in greater NH3 production. Daily TAN emissions ranged from 0.13 to 0.78 g of TAN per bird, with a 0 to 42 d mean of 0.37 g of TAN per bird. Total TAN emissions over 42 d averaged 15.3 ± 0.5 g of TAN per bird, which is consistent with other literature values and the high N recovery in the broilers. The TAN emission from a complete broiler cycle, including the emissions for a week interval between flocks, was 17.5 ± 0.5 g of TAN per bird. These results support the view that management practices leading to high broiler N recovery are consistent with lower TAN emissions.