cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impacts of low-pressure (LP) compressors' fouling of a turbofan upon operational-effectiveness of a military aircraft

Abstract Some in-service deterioration in any mechanical device, such as an aircraft’s gas-turbine engine, is inevitable. However, its extent and rate depend upon the qualities of design and manufacture, as well as on the maintenance/repair practices followed by the users. As a result of experiencing deterioration (of the engine as a whole or any of its components individually), an engine will seek a different steady operating point relative to that for an engine with no deterioration. This results in changes in the available thrust from the engine(s) at the same TETs and/or rotational-speeds. Any reduction in the available thrust at specified engine settings, especially maximum available thrust from the engines, will have a significant adverse effect upon the aircraft’s operational-performance. These adverse effects can be reduced by having a better knowledge of the effects of each such deterioration on the aircraft’s operational-performance. Subsequently improvements can be made in the design and manufacture of adversely-affected components as well as in maintenance and repair practices. For a military aircraft’s mission-profile (consisting of several flight-segments), using a bespoke computer simulation, the consequences of low-pressure compressors’ fouling of a turbofan upon the aircraft’s mission operational-effectiveness have been predicted. This will help in making wiser management decisions, such as whether to remove the aero-engines from the aircraft for maintenance or to continue using them with some changes in the aircraft’s mission-profile, or planning different take-off times and/or carrying different fuel/weapon loads for aircraft with the various extents of low-pressure compressors’ fouling. Hence improved engine utilization and the optimal mission operational-effectiveness for a squadron of aircraft can be achieved.
Wood-Plastic Materials and Their Current Commercial Applications

Abstract Wood and man have coexisted on this planet from the beginning, and wood, as a renewable resource, has provided man with tools, weapons, and shelter. During the millennium of man's development, he learned how to make it harder and stronger. This modification was accomplished by drying and heat tempering his wooden tools and weapons. As man increased his knowledge of the world he lived in, he attempted other modifications of the basic resource to better fit his increased requirements. Over the years, tars, pitches, creosote, resins, and salts have been used to coat wood or fill its porous structure.
Energy-independent hyperon-nucleon effective interactions☆

Abstract Energy-independent hyperon-nucleon (YN) effective interactions are derived from the Julich JA and JB meson-exchange potentials. A folded-diagram method is employed, where the effective interaction Veff is given as a Q - box folded-diagram series. A model space consisted of nucleons in the 0p1s0d shells and hyperons in the 0s0p shells is employed. We first derive the YN G-matrix corresponding to this model space, with an accurate treatment of the Pauli exclusion operator for the G-matrix. Then the Q - box is evaluated including diagrams first- and second-order in G. A non-degenerate Lee-Suzuki iteration method is employed to sum up the folded-diagram series. We have applied our derived Veff to Λ18O, and have found that the effects of core polarization and folded diagrams are both important for the YN Veff.
Spectrophotometric determination of the acid dissociation constants of 3-hydroxypyridine

Abstract The graphic method of Alberty and Massey was adapted to the determination of the acid dissociation constants of dibasic acids. When the absorbancy at a particular wavelength is plotted as a function of pH, a symmetrical bell-shaped curve may be observed. The pH values at the half-absorbancy points and at the maximum of the curve provide sufficient information to calculate the p K values. The procedure was applied to the determination of the ionization constants of 3-hydroxypyridine.
In vivo and in vitro rearing of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae).

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) have a mutualistic partnership with Gram-negative Gamma-Proteobacteria in the family Enterobacteriaceae. Xenorhabdus bacteria are associated with steinernematids nematodes while Photorhabdus are symbionts of heterorhabditids. Together nematodes and bacteria form a potent insecticidal complex that kills a wide range of insect species in an intimate and specific partnership. Herein, we demonstrate in vivo and in vitro techniques commonly used in the rearing of these nematodes under laboratory conditions. Furthermore, these techniques represent key steps for the successful establishment of EPN cultures and also form the basis for other bioassays that utilize these organisms for research. The production of aposymbiotic (symbiont–free) nematodes is often critical for an in-depth and multifaceted approach to the study of symbiosis. This protocol does not require the addition of antibiotics and can be accomplished in a short amount of time with standard laboratory equipment. Nematodes produced in this manner are relatively robust, although their survivorship in storage may vary depending on the species used. The techniques detailed in this presentation correspond to those described by various authors and refined by P. Stock’s Laboratory, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ, USA). These techniques are distinct from the body of techniques that are used in the mass production of these organisms for pest management purposes.
Scope and Timing of Deployment: Moderators of Organizational Adoption of the Linux Server Platform

Here we present a qualitative study of how organizations do (or do not) adopt a new computer server platform standard; namely, Linux using PC-compatible hardware. While discussions of Linux typically focus on its open source origins, our respondents were interested primarily in low price. Despite this relative advantage in price, incumbent standards enjoyed other advantages identified by prior theory; namely, network effects and switching costs. We show when, how, and why such incumbent advantages are overcome by a new standard. We find that Linux adoption within organizations began for uses with a comparatively limited scope of deployment, thus minimizing network effect and switching costs disadvantages. We identify four attributes of information systems that potentially limit the scope of deployment: few links of the system to organizational processes, special-purpose computer systems, new uses, and replacement of obsolete systems. We also identify an organizational level variableâ€”internal standardizationâ€”which increases scope of deployment and, thus, the attractiveness of the incumbent standard.
Clostridium difficile: a survey of fecal carriage in cats in a veterinary medical teaching hospital

Fecal samples collected from 245 cats over a 6-month period were analyzed for the presence of Clostridium difficile. After culture on selective media, isolates were identified by a latex agglutination test, and the presence of toxin A and toxin B gene sequences was determined by polymerase chain reaction. Clostridium difficile was isolated from 23 (9.4%) of the cats, and 34.8% of that group were colonized with toxigenic strains. All of the cats colonized with toxigenic C. difficile had > or = 1 of the risk factors (antibiotic use, antineoplastic therapy, immunosuppressive virus infection) associated with C. difficile infection in humans. Clostridium difficile was not found in any of the cats from a clinically healthy outpatient group of cats examined from the same hospital nor in cats from a specific-pathogen-free research colony on the same campus tested during the same time period. The data obtained in this study confirm the presence of C. difficile in cats at a veterinary teaching hospital. DNA fingerprinting analysis of these isolates allowed separation of the strains into 5 groups. Type 4 strain found in 7 cats was also recovered from the floor drain in the same hospital, suggesting a possible source of infection. Whether the organism is of clinical significance in diarrheal diseases of cats remains to be determined.
Plasma cortisol responses after intramuscular corticotropin 1-24 in healthy men

Intravenous infusion of corticotropin 1-24 (ACTH 1-24) followed by a plasma cortisol measurement after 60 minutes of less than 20 microg/dL indicates clinically important glucocorticoid deficiency. In this study, we evaluated the morning plasma cortisol response to an intramuscular (IM) injection of ACTH 1-24 (250 microg) in 64 healthy men. Plasma cortisol increased significantly 30 and 60 minutes after IM ACTH 1-24 (P < .0001). In most subjects, a maximal response was obtained at 60 minutes. The cortisol response correlated positively with the morning basal cortisol concentration. The lowest cortisol peak and the lowest increment observed after IM ACTH 1-24 were, respectively, 12.6 and 3.5 microg/dL after 30 minutes and 16.3 and 5.3 microg/dL after 60 minutes. We conclude that a plasma cortisol level less than 16.0 microg/dL 60 minutes after IM ACTH 1-24 can be used as an index of glucocorticoid deficiency.
Tracheal Wire Stent Complications in Malacia: Implications of Position and Design

Abstract Background . Although expandable endoluminal wire stents that can be incorporated into body tissues are very attractive for use in the airway, disease-related factors that can lead to stent failure have received little attention in the literature. Methods . The cases of all 4 patients who underwent insertion of one or more Gianturco stents into the trachea, main bronchi, or both for tracheobronchial malacia in our institution were reviewed. Results . All three tracheal stents required removal for stent-related complications within the first 6 months. Complications included metallic strut fracture and unraveling or breakage of the encircling nylon suture leading to progressively bizarre and widening radiographic configurations suggesting imminent airway perforation. One of the six bronchial stents disrupted 10 months after insertion. Conclusions . Our findings suggest relatively less dynamic, repetitive bending wire stress in the bronchus (and likewise strictured trachea) compared with the malacic trachea. Although Gianturco stents are easily placed and give excellent functional results, we recommend against their use in the trachea for tracheal malacia. The bronchial position may be reasonably safe. (Ann Thorac Surg 1997;63:209–13)
INSITE: a software toolkit for studying chaos

The author presents INSITE, a user-friendly, graphically oriented collection of interactive programs for the simulation of nonlinear dynamics, with an emphasis on chaotic systems. INSITE comprises programs that calculate trajectories, periodic solutions, bifurcation diagrams, Lyapunov exponents, correlation dimension, complete phase portraits of two-dimensional autonomous systems, and one-dimensional invariant manifolds of a map. INSITE runs under both the Unix and DOS operating systems. >
Management and outcome of infrapopliteal arterial graft infections with distal graft involvement

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the outcome of patients with infrapopliteal artery graft infections (InfraPopGIs) who presented with graft infection distal to the popliteal artery. Patients and methods: Between July 1, 1979 and June 30, 1994, 27 patients presented with infrapopliteal artery graft infections (18 polytetrafluoroethylene [PTFE], 9 autologous vein). The infection involved the anastomosis in 22 cases (8 anterior tibial, 8 posterior tibial, 4 peroneal, 2 dorsalis pedis arteries) and was localized to the body of the graft in 5 cases (4 calf, 1 ankle). All bypasses were originally performed for limb salvage. Twelve patients with patent grafts and intact anastomoses were managed by complete graft preservation. Fifteen patients presented with occluded grafts (10), anastomotic hemorrhage (4), or systemic sepsis (1) and were treated by total or subtotal graft excision. Results The hospital mortality rate was 19% (5 of 27) and the amputation rate in survivors was 27% (6 of 22). These results were compared with a mortality rate of 13% (15 of 114; MacIntyre P >0.05) and a limb loss rate of 10% (10 of 99)(P=0.05) in 114 patients during this period who presented with infection proximal to the tibial arteries. Of 6 survivors with graft infections who required amputations, 5 lacked a suitable outflow artery for a secondary bypass and 1 developed progressive gangrene despite a patent secondary bypass. Among the other 16 survivors, 7 (44%) limbs remained viable without requiring a secondary bypass, 6 (37%) limbs were salvaged with successful preservation of patent grafts, and 3 (19%) required secondary bypasses to prevent limb loss. Conclusions Patients presenting with infrapopliteal artery graft infections have higher amputation rates than patients with more proximal infected peripheral grafts. Selective graft preservation and selective revascularization when out-flow arteries are available are essential adjuncts to minimize high rates of limb loss associated in patients with graft infections.
Prevention and treatment of cytomegalovirus disease in heart transplant patients.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) remains the most important infection affecting heart-transplant recipients. Treatment of clinical disease is with a two to three-week course of intravenous ganciclovir, which is effective in more than 90% of individuals. However, relapsing disease, particularly in those with primary infection, is an increasing problem, occasionally with the development of ganciclovir-resistant infection. In those instances, foscarnet is needed, despite its nephro- and neurotoxicities. Increasingly, in order to prevent relapse, more prolonged oral courses of anti-viral therapy are being added to the standard two to three-week course of intravenous treatment. In the prevention of CMV disease, those at risk of primary disease (donor seropositive, recipient seronegative) should receive prophylaxis; for seropositive transplant patients, preemptive strategies linked to immunosuppression or viremia monitoring are becoming increasingly prevalent. In the future, as new drugs become available, the essential question will be whether chronic allograft injury (i.e., accelerated coronary artery atherosclerosis) can be prevented with an anti-viral strategy.
Accurate Iterative Analysis of the K-V Equations

Those working with alternating-gradient (A-G) systems look for simple, accurate ways to analyze A-G performance for matched beams. The useful K-V equations [1] are easily solved in the smooth approximation [2], [3], [4]. This approximate solution becomes quite inaccurate for applications with large focusing fields and phase advances. Results of efforts to improve the accuracy [5], [6] have tended to be indirect or complex. Our generalizations presented previously [7] gave better accuracy in a simple explicit format. However, the method used to derive our results (expansion in powers of a small parameter) was complex and hard to follow; also, reference [7] only gave low-order correction formulas.
The Effects of Exercise on Decreasing Pain and Increasing Function in Patients With Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: A Systematic Review

Context: Exercise or rest is commonly prescribed as treatment for patellofemoral pain syndrome.Study Selection: This study is based on Level I or II research studies examining the effects of exercise and rest on decreasing pain (visual analog scale) and increasing function (Kujala Scoring Questionnaire) using human participants. Articles were limited to those printed in English from PubMed (1966–September 2010), CINAHL (1982–September 2010), and SPORTDiscus (1972–September 2010).Data Extraction: Weighted aggregate effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals were calculated from means and standard deviations extracted from 10 studies, resulting in an analysis of 433 patients.Results: A very large effect for exercise was found for patient-reported functional outcomes (d = 2.19) and perceived pain (d = −1.24) in treated patients, which were larger than functional outcomes (d = 0.77) and pain (d = −0.14) in controls. Short-term follow-up of 191 patients from 4 data sets in 2 studies revealed a large effect for ...
1 The Physical Origin of Covalent Bonding

Up to about the seventeenth century atomists believed that there were mechanical hookups between atoms. Toward the end of that century Isaac Newton surmised that, analogous to the gravitational forces between masses, there are additional forces between atoms that are attractive at large distances and repulsive at short distances. Around 1810 Berzelius, involved in the development of electrolysis using Volta’s recently discovered direct current, conjectured bonding to be due to electrostatic forces by virtue of the same permanent positive or negative charge being distributed on each atom of an element (e.g., H+, O−). However, in 1811 Avogadro proposed molecules like H2 and O2 to account for volume relationships in gas reactions, a hypothesis that implied the existence of other kinds of bonding forces between atoms. His view was confirmed by the mid-nineteenth century through the development of organic chemistry, which established what is now called covalent bonding [1]. In 1881 Helmholtz raised the question of how longrange electrostatic interactions could give rise to short-range bonding forces [2]. After Thomson’s discovery of the electron in 1897, it was widely assumed that electrons were involved in bonding. On the basis of chemical evidence, Abegg [3] identified in 1904 what are now called positive and negative oxidation states and deduced that their maximal positive and negative values add up to 8 for each element in the second and third row of the periodic table. He inferred essentially that a special stability must be associated with an electron octet around an atom. Presuming this stability to be a driving force, in 1916 Kossel [4] rationalized ionic bonding by electron transfer whereas, also in 1916, Lewis [5] posited that covalent bonds are achieved by electron sharing.
Estimation of Defects Based on Defect Decay Model: ED^{3}M

An accurate prediction of the number of defects in a software product during system testing contributes not only to the management of the system testing process but also to the estimation of the product's required maintenance. Here, a new approach called ED3M is presented that computes an estimate of the total number of defects in an ongoing testing process. ED3M is based on estimation theory. Unlike many existing approaches the technique presented here does not depend on historical data from previous projects or any assumptions about the requirements and/or testers' productivity. It is a completely automated approach that relies only on the data collected during an ongoing testing process. This is a key advantage of the ED3M approach, as it makes it widely applicable in different testing environments. Here, the ED3M approach has been evaluated using five data sets from large industrial projects and two data sets from the literature. In addition, a performance analysis has been conducted using simulated data sets to explore its behavior using different models for the input data. The results are very promising; they indicate the ED3M approach provides accurate estimates with as fast or better convergence time in comparison to well-known alternative techniques, while only using defect data as the input.
Membrane tension maintains cell polarity by confining signals to the leading edge during neutrophil migration

SUMMARY Little is known about how neutrophils and other cells establish a single zone of actin assembly during migration. A widespread assumption is that the leading edge prevents formation of additional fronts by generating long-range diffusible inhibitors or by sequestering essential polarity components. We use morphological perturbations, cell-severing experiments, and computational simulations to show that diffusion-based mechanisms are not sufficient for long-range inhibition by the pseudopod. Instead, plasma membrane tension could serve as a longrange inhibitor inneutrophils. Wefind that membrane tension doubles during leading-edge protrusion, and increasing tension is sufficient for long-range inhibition of actin assembly and Rac activation. Furthermore, reducing membrane tension causes uniform actin assembly. We suggest that tension, rather than diffusible molecules generated or sequestered at the leading edge, is the dominant source of long-range inhibition that constrains the spread of the existing front and prevents the formation of secondary fronts.
Ion channels involved in stroke.

Ion channels are membrane proteins that flicker open and shut to regulate the flow of ions down their electrochemical gradient across the membrane and consequently regulate cellular excitability. Every living cell expresses ion channels, as they are critical life-sustaining proteins. Ion channels are generally either activated by voltage or by ligand interaction. For each group of ion channels the channels’ molecular biology and biophysics will be introduced and the pharmacology of that group of channels will be reviewed. The in vitro and in vivo literature will be reviewed and, for ion channel groups in which clinical trials have been conducted, the efficacy and therapeutic potential of the neuroprotective compounds will be reviewed. A large part of this article will deal with glutamate receptors, focusing specifically on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Although the outcome of clinical trials for NMDA receptor antagonists as therapeutics for acute stroke is disappointing, the culmination of these ...
Gompertz kinetics model of fast chemical neurotransmission currents.

At a chemical synapse, transmitter molecules ejected from presynaptic terminal(s) bind reversibly with postsynaptic receptors and trigger an increase in channel conductance to specific ions. This paper describes a simple but accurate predictive model for the time course of the synaptic conductance transient, based on Gompertz kinetics. In the model, two simple exponential decay terms set the rates of development and decline of transmitter action. The first, r, triggering conductance activation, is surrogate for the decelerated rate of growth of conductance, G. The second, r′, responsible for Y, deactivation of the conductance, is surrogate for the decelerated rate of decline of transmitter action. Therefore, the differential equation for the net conductance change, g, triggered by the transmitter is dg/dt = g(r−r′). The solution of that equation yields the product of G(t), representing activation, and Y(t), which defines the proportional decline (deactivation) of the current. The model fits, over their full-time course, published records of macroscopic ionic current associated with fast chemical transmission. The Gompertz model is a convenient and accurate method for routine analysis and comparison of records of synaptic current and putative transmitter time course. A Gompertz fit requiring only three independent rate constants plus initial current appears indistinguishable from a Markov fit using seven rate constants. Synapse 58:53–61, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Characteristic Spatial and Temporal Scales for SLP, SST, and Air Temperature in the Southern Hemisphere

Abstract This study summarizes results of an analysis of the TOGA drifting buoy observations in the Southern Hemisphere. The data were first quality controlled for gross errors and then screened against climatology and products from national weather centers. The characteristic space scales of the SLP, SST, and air temperature fields for the summer months of December, January, and February, and the winter months of June, July, and August were determined next. Typical decorrelation distances for all fields were between 1200–2800 km with the correlations being generally isotropic. This information suggests that roughly 30–40 fully functional buoys evenly distributed over the southern oceans from 15° to 60°S should be able to resolve the major scales of Southern Hemisphere climate change.
1-D transient numerical model of a regenerator in a novel sub Kelvin Active Magnetic Regenerative Refrigerator

Abstract A sub Kelvin Active Magnetic Regenerative Refrigerator (AMRR) is being developed at the University of Wisconsin – Madison. This AMRR consists of two circulators, two regenerators, one superleak, one cold heat exchanger, and two warm heat exchangers. The circulators are novel non-moving part pumps that reciprocate a superfluid mixture of 4 He– 3 He in the system. Heat from the mixture is removed within the two regenerators of this tandem system. An accurate model of the regenerators in this AMRR is necessary in order to predict the performance of these components, which in turn helps predicting the overall performance of the AMRR system. This work presents modeling methodology along with results from a 1-D transient numerical model of the regenerators of an AMRR capable of removing 2.5 mW at 850 mK at cyclic steady state.
The biophysical properties of 3.9-GeV nitrogen ions. II. Microdosimetry.

The distributions in lineal energy of the events produced by 3.9-GeV nitrogen ions incident on a phantom have been measured at several depths with both walled and wall-less proportional counters. Upstream from the Bragg peak, the distributions are narrow, reflecting the almost monoenergetic character of the radiation, while beyond the peak the distributions are broad. The dose mean lineal energy increases from about 20 keV / μm on entrance to almost 200 keV / μm at the peak, with most of the increase occurring in the last few millimeters before the peak. The distributions in LET calculated from the data are compared to corresponding distributions for 14.6-MeV neutrons and 90-MeV π- mesons and show that at the Bragg peak a much higher proportion of the nitrogen ion dose is delivered at LET values above 100 keV / μm than by either of the other radiations. The wall effect is found to increase the measured dose mean lineal energy by about 25% in the upstream region but it drops to about 10% at 3 mm from the B...
The Central United States Seismic Observatory: Site Characterization, Instrumentation, and Recordings

ABSTRACT The Central United States Seismic Observatory is a vertical seismic array located in southwestern Kentucky within the New Madrid seismic zone. It is intended to describe the effects of local geology, including thick sediment overburden, on seismic‐wave propagation, particularly strong motion. The three‐borehole array is composed of seismic sensors placed on the surface, in the bedrock, and at various depths within the 585‐m‐thick sediment overburden. The array’s deep borehole also provided a unique opportunity in the northern Mississippi embayment for the direct geologic description and geophysical measurement of the complete Late Cretaceous–Quaternary sediment column. A seven‐layer intrasediment velocity model is interpreted from the complex, inhomogeneous stratigraphy. The S ‐ and P ‐wave sediment velocities range between 160 and 875 m/s and between 1000 and 2300 m/s, respectively, and their bedrock velocities range between 1452 and 3775 m/s, respectively. Seismometers and accelerometers operate both at the surface and 2 m into bedrock, with strong‐motion accelerometers at depths of 30, 259, and 526 m. The array operation has been frequently interrupted by the large hydrostatic pressures on the deeper instrumentation; however, the full array has recorded weak‐motion response from 95 earthquakes at local, regional, and teleseismic distances. Initial observations reveal a complex spectral mix of amplification and de‐amplification across the array, indicating the site effect in this deep‐sediment setting is not simply generated by the shallowest layers. Preliminary horizontal‐to‐vertical spectral ratio (H/V) experiments show the bedrock vertical and horizontal amplitudes are not equal, a required assumption for site characterization. Further, there are marked differences between spectral ratios from the directly measured transfer function (H/H) and H/V for particular earthquakes. On average, however, the H/H and H/V methods are coincident within a narrow band of frequencies ranging between 0.35 and 1.1 Hz.
Numerical simulation of hypersonic MHD applications

The possibility of controlling the flow field structure at hypersonic regime by application of an external magnetic field is investigated in this paper. Two-dimensional, compressible, unsteady magnetohydrodynamic flows of ideal plasma are considered. The numerical method used is a modified four-stage Runge-Kutta scheme, augmented by a total variation diminishing model in a post-process stage at each iteration level. A series of numerical experiments for the forebody 1 propulsion system of a hypersonic aircraft have been conducted by varying the intensity of the magnetic field, the Mach number, and the free stream conditions. In addition, the effect of chemistry has been studied in the case of blunt body flows.
Lockouts and Player Productivity: Evidence From the National Hockey League

We implement a propensity score matching technique to present the first evidence on the impact of professional sports lockouts on player productivity. In particular, we utilize a unique natural exp...
Clomiphene citrate with intrauterine insemination: is it effective therapy in women above the age of 35 years? *

Objectives To evaluate the influence of female age on clomiphene citrate (CC) with IUI therapy and to compare the efficacy of this therapy between patients with ovulatory and anovulatory infertility. Setting A university fertility clinic. Subjects Six hundred sixty-four CC with IUI cycles from 290 women aged 22 to 48 years. Main Outcome Measures Cumulative and clinical pregnancy rates (PRs). Results Both cumulative and clinical PRs declined substantially in women > 35 years when compared with those ≤35 years. In addition, no difference in these parameters was noted between patients with ovulatory and anovulatory infertility diagnoses. The vast majority of pregnancies occurred within the first four treatment cycles, irrespective of age or ovulatory versus anovulatory infertility diagnoses. Conclusions The age-related decline in clinical PR is most rapid beginning at the age of 35 years. For any given age group, CC with IUI therapy has similar cumulative and clinical PRs for both ovulatory and anovulatory infertility diagnoses. This therapy usually should not extend beyond four cycles. Couples should be counseled about the dramatic fall in PRs occurring beyond the age of 35 years.
Bilateral Vein of Trolard Thrombosis

Isolated cortical vein thrombosis without dural sinus involvement is not common. The vein of Trolard is an important cortical vein as it drains eloquent cortex. We report 2 cases of bilateral vein of Trolard thrombosis; one with and the other without dural sinus involvement. To our knowledge, there have been no cases of bilateral vein of Trolard thrombosis reported in literature. The clinical presentation of cerebral venous thrombosis is variable; patients can present with isolated intracranial hypertension, focal neurological abnormalities, seizures, or encephalopathy.
The Confusion Range, west-central Utah: Fold-thrust deformation and a western Utah thrust belt in the Sevier hinterland

The Confusion Range in west-central Utah has been considered a broad structural trough or synclinorium with little overall shortening. However, new structural studies indicate that the Confusion Range is more accurately characterized as an east-vergent, fold-thrust system with ∼10 km of horizontal shortening during Late Jurassic to Eocene Cordilleran contractional deformation. For this study, four balanced and retrodeformable cross sections across the Confusion Range and adjacent Tule Valley were constructed using existing mapping and new field data, and these were tied with a fifth strike-parallel section. Ramp anticlines and anticlinal duplexes characteristic of strong Lower Paleozoic carbonate units are balanced by faulted and rotated detachment folds in more ductile Upper Paleozoic strata. The apparently synclinal aspect results from two different sets of thrust structures that uplift and expose Lower Paleozoic rocks on the flanks of the range. Fold-thrust structures are continuous southward for more than 130 km, forming a thrust belt of regional extent herein named the western Utah thrust belt. This thrust belt is comparable in length and magnitude of shortening to the central Nevada thrust belt, and both merge southward with the Sevier frontal thrust belt. Together, these and related fold-thrust zones in eastern Nevada indicate significant, broadly distributed Mesozoic shortening in the Sevier hinterland. The Cordilleran thrust belt in eastern Nevada and western Utah thus consists of a frontal zone—the Sevier frontal thrust belt—where major thrust faults with 50–100 km of displacement breach the surface, and a hinterland zone, characterized by a number of distributed fold-thrust belts, each accommodating on the order of 10 km of shortening.
Simulation: In Anesthesia for Liver Transplantation

Anesthesia management of liver transplantation patients presents unique challenges because of the complexity of the surgery and the pathophysiology of end-stage liver disease. Experience obtained in this simulation course provides learner with the ability to strengthen their medical knowledge, improve both clinical skills and confidence while reducing anxiety. It promotes both critical thinking and problem solving helping a learner to evolve from resident to consultant level.
The Role of Technologies in Undermining the Perennial Philosophy

This chapter is concerned with the impact technological innovation has on key concepts employed in developing an adequate epistemology. In particular, I look at the impact of three technologies of the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries, the theory and techniques of perspective the telescope, and the microscope, on our concept of observation. It is argued that the concept of a scientific observation is fundamental to a robust empiricist/pragmatist epistemology. A scientific observation differs from ordinary seeing by employing technologies that may or may not have a role in the ordinary world of common sense. It is further argued that these refinements take place over an extended period of time and thus require a bigger timeframe than is usually meant when people talk about technological and scientific change taking place in context. The notion of context is hopelessly confused and in its place I propose the concept of a problematic. A problematic is an historical phenomenon that covers the period of time it takes for new technologies to become embedded in social practices. The importance of seeing how technological innovations become standardized and accepted and produce new ways of developing knowledge undergirds the final idea introduced here: philosophical concepts and questions change over time; there are no perennial questions and answers, only constant change.
Complexity reduction techniques in music-based EEG source localization

Two techniques are proposed to alleviate the computational burden of MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm applied to Electroencephalogram (EEG) source localization. A significant reduction was achieved by parsing the cortex surface into smaller regions and nominating only a few regions for the exhaustive search inherent in the MUSIC algorithm. The nomination procedure involves a dictionary learning phase in which each region is assigned an atom matrix. Moreover, a dimensionality reduction step provided by excluding some of the electrodes is designed such that the Cramer-Rao bound of localization is maintained. It is shown by simulation that computational complexity of the MUSIC-based localization can be reduced up to 80%.
Reduced African Easterly Wave Activity with Quadrupled CO2 in the Superparameterized CESM

AbstractAfrican easterly wave (AEW) activity is examined in quadrupled CO2 experiments with the superparameterized CESM (SP-CESM). The variance of 2–10-day filtered precipitation increases with warming over the West African monsoon region, suggesting increased AEW activity. The perturbation enstrophy budget is used to investigate the dynamic signature of AEW activity. The northern wave track becomes more active associated with enhanced baroclinicity, consistent with previous studies. The southern track exhibits a surprising reduction of wave activity associated with less frequent occurrence of weak waves and a slight increase in the occurrence of strong waves. These changes are connected to changes in the profile of vortex stretching and tilting that can be understood as interconnected consequences of increased static stability from the lapse rate response, weak temperature gradient balance, and the fixed anvil temperature hypothesis.
Abstract 516: Electromagnetic Properties of Blood-flow for Screening of Peripheral Artery Disease

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a slowly progressive vascular disease characterized by abnormal narrowing of peripheral arteries through atherosclerosis. PAD often goes unnoticed and is heavily ...
Análise de colaborações entre governo e ONGs e da densidade de ONGs no Brasil

This research analyzes the effects of nonprofit density and government-nonprofit collaboration on human development and income inequality in Brazil. Governance studies assume that government-nonprofit collaboration leads to improved societal outcomes. This research tests this hypothesis in 5,562 Brazilian municipalities using ordinary least squares regressions and spatial models. Spatial analysis enables the identification of specific effects occurring across different regions. The rate of contracts between the federal government and nonprofits in each Brazilian municipality is associated with the decrease of income inequality, but it is also significantly associated with a lower level of human development. The density of nonprofits from different fields of activity presents diverse relations with human development and inequality. These results enable a more realistic analysis of governance arrangements, considering their impact over communities and the local realities.
Systematic Elucidation of Factors That Influence the Strength of Tetrel Bonds.

Quantum calculations are used to examine the properties of heterodimers formed by a series of tetrel-containing molecules with NH3 as universal Lewis base. TH4 was taken as a starting point, with T = C, Si, Ge, and Sn. The H atoms were replaced by various numbers of F atoms—TH3F, TF3H, and TF4—so as to monitor the effects of adding electron-withdrawing substituents. Unsubstituted TH4 molecules form the weakest tetrel bonds, only up to about 2 kcal/mol. The bond is strengthened when the H opposite NH3 is replaced by F, rising up to the 6–9 kcal/mol range. Another means of strengthening arises when the three peripheral H atoms of TH4 are replaced by F. The effect of the latter is heavily dependent on the nature of the T atom and is particularly noticeable for larger tetrels. The two sorts of fluorination patterns are cooperative, in that their combination in TF4 yields by far the most powerful tetrel bonding agent. The tetrel bond is strengthened as the T atom moves further down the periodic table column. T...
Development of a tele-nursing mobile manipulator for remote care-giving in quarantine areas

During outbreaks of contagious diseases, healthcare workers are at high risk for infection due to routine interaction with patients, handling of contaminated materials, and challenges associated with safely removing protective gear. This poses an opportunity for the use of remote-controlled robots that could perform common nursing duties inside hazardous clinical areas, thereby minimizing the exposure of healthcare workers to contagions and other biohazards. This paper describes the development of the prototype system Tele-Robotic Intelligent Nursing Assistant (TRINA), which consists of a mobile manipulator robot, a human operator's console, and operator assistance algorithms which automate or partially-automate tedious and error-prone tasks. Using off-the-shelf robotic and sensing components, total hardware costs are kept under $75,000. The system's capabilities for performing standard nursing tasks are evaluated in the simulation laboratory of a nursing school.
Nutritional Needs of the Older Adult

Older adults are particularly vulnerable to compromised nutritional status. With advancing age, the consumption of a high-quality, nutritionally dense diet is increasingly essential to optimize health and well-being. Proportionally, macronutrient needs for older adults are similar to younger adults, however overall calorie requirements tend to decline with age. Unique factors influencing food intake should be considered and individualized guidance should be designed to help overcome medical, physical, and social barriers to a healthy diet. The goal for nutrition intervention should ultimately be to promote health and quality of life across the continuum of the aging process.
Myasthenia gravis: the role of complement at the neuromuscular junction

Generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG) is a rare autoimmune disorder characterized by skeletal muscle weakness caused by disrupted neurotransmission at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Approximately 74-88% of patients with gMG have acetylcholine receptor (AChR) autoantibodies. Complement plays an important role in innate and antibody-mediated immunity, and activation and amplification of complement results in the formation of membrane attack complexes (MACs), lipophilic proteins that damage cell membranes. The role of complement in gMG has been demonstrated in animal models and patients. Studies in animals lacking specific complement proteins have confirmed that MAC formation is required to induce experimental autoimmune MG (EAMG) and NMJ damage. Complement inhibition in EAMG models can prevent disease induction and reverse its progression. Patients with anti-AChR+ MG have autoantibodies and MACs present at NMJs. Damaged NMJs are associated with more severe disease, fewer AChRs, and MACs in synaptic debris. Current MG therapies do not target complement directly. Eculizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that inhibits cleavage of complement protein C5, preventing MAC formation. Eculizumab treatment improved symptoms compared with placebo in a phase II study in patients with refractory gMG. Direct complement inhibition could preserve NMJ physiology and muscle function in patients with anti-AChR+ gMG.
Genetics and the Problem of Causality in Abnormal Psychology

Despite its traditional preoccupation with the question of heredity versus environment, one of the most important contributions genetics can make to abnormal psychology may lie along different lines: to provide power to differentiate between causal models.
The Macro-dynamics of Partisan Advantage:

How do party reputations change over time? We construct a measure of the common movement in the parties’ perceived policy handling abilities for the period 1980 to 2016 and investigate its relation...
Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics for elucidation of drug pathways.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Understanding pathways and mechanisms of drug binding to receptors is important for rational drug design. Remarkable advances in supercomputing and methodological developments...
Using early intervention to increase female interest in computing sciences

Females are underrepresented in STEM fields - especially in the computing sciences. Bias, stereotypes, and negative experiences, which can be realized early in a girl's life, can have negative impacts on a girl's perception of the field. Research suggests that early intervention is necessary to encourage female participation in the computing sciences as a possible educational and career choice. This research is focused on creating a positive atmosphere where Pre-K girls are exposed to computing concepts at a basic level in an exploratory environment to increase interest in the computing fields.
Neonatal bloodspot DNA methylation patterns are associated with childhood weight status in the Healthy Families Project.

BACKGROUND This study measured longitudinal DNA methylation dynamics at growth-related genes during childhood, and then tested whether DNA methylation at various stages of childhood was associated with obesity status. METHODS Using neonatal bloodspot (n = 132) and matched childhood blood samples (n = 65), DNA methylation was quantified at a repetitive element (long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE-1)), two imprinted genes (IGF2, H19), and four non-imprinted genes (LEP, PPARA, ESR1, SREBF1) related to growth and adiposity. Logistic regression was used to test whether neonatal bloodspot DNA methylation at target genes was associated with log odds of obesity (Y/N) in children recruited from three age groups-12-24 months old (n = 40), 3-5 years of age (n = 40), and 10-12 years of age (n = 52). RESULTS In 3-5 year olds, neonatal bloodspot LINE-1 methylation was negatively associated with obesity (log odds = -0.40, p = 0.04). Across childhood age group in matched blood samples, DNA methylation levels in blood decreased (p < 0.05) at LINE-1, PPARA, ESR1, SREBF1, IGF2, and H19, and increased (p < 0.05) at LEP. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that age-related epigenetic changes occur at growth-related genes in the first decade of life, and that gene-specific neonatal bloodspot DNA methylation may be a useful biomarker of obesity likelihood during childhood.
The efficacy of smoking cessation interventions in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis

AIMS To summarize evidence for the efficacy of smoking cessation interventions in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. SETTING LMICs as defined by the World Bank. PARTICIPANTS Adult current cigarette smokers residing in LMICs. INTERVENTIONS Behavioral and/or pharmacotherapy smoking cessation interventions. MEASUREMENTS PubMed MEDLINE, EMBASE (embase.com), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Wiley), PsycINFO (Ebsco), SciELO, WHO Global Index Medicus and Scopus were searched from inception to 4 April 2018. Only studies with at least 6 months of follow-up were included. We used the most rigorous assessment of abstinence reported by each study. Effect sizes were computed from abstracted data. Where possible, a meta-analysis was performed using Mantel-Haenzel random-effect models reporting odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). FINDINGS Twenty-four randomized controlled trials were included. Six investigated the efficacy of pharmacological agents. Four trials that compared nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) to placebo found NRT improved cessation rates (n : NRT 546, control 684, OR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.30-2.77, P < 0.001, I2 = 13%). Eight trials found that behavioral counseling was more effective than minimal interventions (e.g. brief advice); n : Counseling 2941, control 2794, OR = 6.87, 95% CI = 4.18-11.29, P < 0.001, I2 = 67%). There was also evidence of the benefit of brief advice over usual care (n : Brief advice 373, control 355, OR = 2.46, 95% CI = 1.56-3.88, P < 0.001, I2 = 0%). CONCLUSION Nicotine replacement therapy, behavioral counseling and brief advice appear to be effective in aiding smoking cessation in low- and middle-income countries. There is limited rigorous research on other smoking cessation interventions in these regions.
Human Herpesvirus-6 Meningitis in a Premature Infant with Fevers: A Case and Literature Review:

Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) is a common virus that can cause nearly universal infection in infancy and early childhood. It typically manifests as an acute febrile illness. We describe a case of a premature infant with congenital hydrocephalus secondary to aqueductal stenosis with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt in place who developed intermittent fevers while she was admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. She was ultimately diagnosed with acute HHV-6 meningitis. In addition to this report, we present a literature review regarding this virus's potential modes of transmission and forms of clinical presentation in the neonatal period.