cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response to recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in children and adolescents with chronic renal failure.

Abstract Background: Diminished antibody responses to the dosage of hepatitis B (HB) vaccine indicated for healthy adults has led to a greater dosage recommendation (40μg of HB surface antigen [HBsAg]) for adults with chronic renal failure (CRF), but an appropriate dosage for children with CRF has not been established. Methods: Seventy-eight children and adolescents with CRF (22 patients, predialysis; 42 patients, chronic dialysis therapy; 14 renal transplant recipients) aged 1 to 19 years (mean, 10.1 years) were enrolled onto a study to test a three 20-μg dose course of the HB vaccine Recombivax HB (Merck & Co, Inc, West Point, PA). Results: The vaccine was well tolerated; no patient had a serious adverse event attributable to vaccine, and no patient withdrew from the study because of an adverse event. Overall, 91% of 66 patients administered three doses had a protective titer of 10 mIU/mL or greater for antibody against HBsAg (anti-HBs) and a geometric mean titer (GMT) of 733 mIU/mL, with seroprotection rates and GMTs among predialysis, dialysis, and renal transplant patients of 100% (4,140 mIU/mL), 94% (419 mIU/mL), and 64% (152 mIU/mL), respectively. All (100%) predialysis patients had a 10-mIU/mL or greater anti-HBs titer after only two doses of vaccine compared with 64% of dialysis patients and 50% of transplant recipients. Eighty-eight percent of 57 fully vaccinated patients tested 12 months after the first dose retained a 10-mIU/mL or greater anti-HBs titer. Conclusion: A regimen of three 20-μg doses of Recombivax HB is suitably immunogenic for children with CRF not administered immunosuppressive medication. When possible, at least two, and preferably all three, doses of vaccine should be administered before progression to end-stage renal disease. © 2002 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc.
Organizational Leaders' and Staff Members' Appraisals of Their Work Environment Within a Children's Social Service System.

Several studies have demonstrated the effect of an organization’s culture and climate on the delivery of services to clients and the success of clinical outcomes. Workers’ perceptions are integral components of organizational social context, and in order to create a positive organizational culture and climate, managers and frontline staff need to have a shared understanding of the social context. The existing literature does not adequately address how discrepancies in perceptions of culture and climate between frontline staff and managers affect the implementation of policies and services. The purpose of this study is to compare the workgroup-level culture and climate of a single, large, child and family social services organization, based on the reported experiences of frontline workers and senior managers. The results show that, as a group, senior managers rate the organization as having a culture that is much more proficient and much less rigid and a climate that is more engaged and more functional tha...
A Comparison of Desoxyribonucleic Acid Content in Certain Nuclei of Normal Liver and Liver Tumors

SummaryThe amount of desoxyribonucleic acid in single spherical nuclei of normal rat liver was compared with that of similar nuclei in tumor tissue by microphotometric determination of the intensity of the Feulgen reaction. It was found that the amount of desoxyribonucleic acid contained in nuclei of similar size is the same in hepatoma and cholangioma as in the normal liver.
Low‐frequency thermomechanical spectrometry of polymeric materials: Tactic poly(methyl methacrylates)

Abstract : A computerized and automated torsional pendulum has been used to characterize amorphous polymethylmethacrylates at about 1 Hz in the temperature sequence 473 to 93 to 473 K. The effects of thermal prehistory, temperature cycling, water content and tacticity are demonstrated. In particular, a comparison of the out-of-phase shear modulus (G') versus temperature for 'syndiotactic,' 'atactic' and 'isotactic' polymer specimens shows that the intensity of the glassy-state beta loss peak decreases with increasing isotactic content while the temperature of its location remains the same. Extrapolation suggests that completely isotactic polymer would not display a beta loss peak. The shape and location of the G' data at low temperatures indicate that the basic mechanism of the beta process is the same for the three polymer samples and support the validity of the extrapolation. The effect of tacticity is reflected also in the glass transition region; the isotactic sample has its Tg about 65 C lower with greater intensity than the syndiotactic polymer. (Author)
Contractile reserve and contrast uptake pattern by magnetic resonance imaging and functional recovery after reperfused myocardial infarction.

Abstract OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that contrast-enhanced and dobutamine tagged magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could investigate microvascular integrity and contractile reserve of reperfused myocardial infarction (MI) in one examination. BACKGROUND In reperfused MI, microvascular integrity and contractile reserve are important determinants of functional recovery. METHODS Twenty-three patients with a reperfused first MI were studied. On day 3 ± 1 after MI, patients underwent tagged MRI at baseline and during infusion of 5 and 10 μg/kg/min of dobutamine followed by contrast-enhanced MRI (first pass and delayed imaging) after a bolus infusion of gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid. Tagged MRI was performed 9 ± 1 weeks later (follow-up). Eighty-four transmural regions with hyperenhancement on delayed contrast-enhanced images were defined as COMB (first pass hypoenhancement) or HYPER (normal first pass signal enhancement). Percent circumferential segment shortening was measured within the subendocardium and subepicardum of each region of HYPER or COMB at baseline, peak dobutamine and follow-up. RESULTS Shortening improved in COMB regions from 4 ± 1% at baseline to 10 ± 1% at peak dobutamine and 10 ± 1% at follow-up, respectively (p CONCLUSIONS Dobutamine magnetic resonance tagging and contrast enhanced MRI are complementary in assessing functional recovery after reperfused MI. Regions of delayed contrast hyperenhancement demonstrate both contractile reserve and late functional recovery. However, if these regions demonstrate first pass contrast hypoenhancement, they are associated with greater myocardial damage.
Synthesis and characterization of poly(benzobisthiazole) with tetramethylbiphenyl moiety in the main chain

Poly(benzobisthiazole)s containing an ortho-tetramethyl substituted biphenyl moiety were synthesized via the polycondensation of 2,5-diamino-1,4-benzenedithiol dihydrochloride with 2,2′,6,6′-tetramethylbiphenyl-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid in poly(phosphoric acid) (PPA). The intrinsic viscosities of the tetramethylbiphenyl poly-(benzobisthiazole)s in chlorosulfonic acid at 30°C were in the range of 6.9–13.4 dL/g. Copolycondensation of 2,5-diamino-1,4-benzenedithiol dihydrochloride with terephthalic acid and 2,2′,6,6′-tetramethylbiphenyl-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid was carried out as well by varying the ratio of the two dicarboxylic acid monomers in the reactant mixture. The homopolymers and copolymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Thermal stability of the polymers was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermogravimetric mass spectrum analysis (TG-MS). The tetramethylbiphenyl poly(benzobisthiazole)s were found to be more stable at elevated temperatures than the parent poly(p-phenylene benzobisthiazole) (PBZT). © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1407–1416, 1998
Regulation of the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway in a pyrD knockout mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

In research to date, regulation of the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway at the level of gene expression has not been shown for wild type Pseudomonas aeruginosa. No repression was observed when uracil was added to the growth medium nor was any derepression seen when Pyr(-) auxotrophs were limited for pyrimidines. Here we show that the addition of uracil to Pseudomonas minimal medium influenced the synthesis of pyrimidine enzymes, while starvation of a pyrimidine knockout mutant (pyrD) elicited derepression of the pyrimidine enzymes. Moreover, the inclusion of orotate in the growth medium induced the synthesis of dihydroorotase in both wild type and mutant. These results suggest that the pyrimidine pathway in P. aeruginosa is regulated at the level of enzyme synthesis in a manner similar to a number of other Pseudomonas species.
Conformational Studies of cis-Cyclodecene and cis-Cyclodecene Oxide by Dynamic NMR Spectroscopy and Computational Methods

Each of the five 13C signals of cis-cyclodecene (1) splits into two peaks of equal intensity at lower temperatures, with a free-energy barrier of 6.64 kcal/mol for the process at −139.7 °C. The 1H ...
Regulated Expression of CCL21 in the Prostate Tumor Microenvironment Inhibits Tumor Growth and Metastasis in an Orthotopic Model of Prostate Cancer

Currently there are no curative therapies available for patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Thus, novel therapies are needed to treat this patient population. Immunotherapy represents one promising approach for the elimination of occult metastatic tumors. However, the prostate tumor microenvironment (TME) represents a hostile environment capable of suppressing anti-tumor immunity and effector cell function. In view of this immunosuppressive activity, we engineered murine prostate cancer cells with regulated expression (tet-on) of CCL21. Prostate tumor cells implanted orthotopically produced primary prostate tumors with predictable metastatic disease in draining lymph nodes and distant organs. Expression of CCL21 in the prostate TME enhanced survival, inhibited tumor growth and decreased the frequency of local (draining lymph node) and distant metastasis. Therefore, these studies provide a strong rationale for further evaluation of CCL21 in tumor immunity and its use in cancer immunotherapy.
Bequest of Gabriel Wells

Gabriel Wells was the Honorary President of the Associated Friends of the Library of Rutgers University since its formation in 1937.Â In addition to a number of gifts which he sent to the Library from time to time, he bequeathed to Rutgers booksÂ and manuscripts valued at ten thousand dollars Â .
A tale of three sites: The monumentalization of Celtic oppida and the politics of collective memory and identity

Abstract Three fortified hilltop settlements (oppida) of the ‘Celtic’ Iron Age have been resurrected in recent history as symbolic focal points in the highly politicized construction of collective memory and identity in modern France. This paper presents a brief comparative consideration of the processes of commemoration by which these three sites were ritually transformed into monuments that have served both to root constructed traditions of national collective imagination in place and to provide a sense of authenticity and continuity for them. In other words, it explores the ways in which attempts have been made to imbue certain places in the landscape with special symbolic value and turn them into historical ‘memory factories’ for the nation. It also examines the role of archaeology in this process of cultural production.
Building capacity across the spectrum of research translation: centers of excellence within the Rochester Clinical and Translational Science Institute.

The recognition that basic discoveries are frequently not translated to human applications (1) and that the process is unnecessarily slow (2) provides the rationale underpinning the current emphasis on translational research. It is apparent that an enormously broad scope of research is required for such translation. At the University of Rochester Medical Center, all externally-sponsored research projects are identified in a biennial Research Resource Inventory and the principal investigators are asked to classify the project as basic science (pre-clinical) or clinical. Investigators also classify the clinical research studies as T1 translation: “Applying basic science results to develop new diagnostic or therapeutic procedures in patients with specific health concerns;” T2 translation: “Testing the safety and efficacy of drugs and devices in specific patient groups;” or T3 translation “Testing drugs, devices, or other interventions in community settings to establish effectiveness and efficiency.” In 2009, investigators classified 1243 sponsored research projects as 41% basic and 59% clinical. Of the clinical research projects, 39% were classified as T1, 30% as T2, and 19% as T3, highlighting a broad scope of research requiring support by the University of Rochester Clinical and Translational Science Institute (UR-CTSI).
Enzymes of glycogen metabolism and related metabolites in preimplantation mouse embryos.

Abstract Preimplantation mouse embryos were individually analyzed for glycogen phosphorylase, P-glucomutase, UDPG, UTP, ATP, and the sum of other nucleotide triphosphates (i.e., GTP + CTP). UDPG changes during starvation and refeeding were also determined. Phosphorylase activity was exceedingly low at the two-cell stage and rose eightfold by the morula stage. P-glucomutase was 2000 times more active than phosphorylase in two-cell embryos and fell progressively to about half the initial level by the eight-cell stage. UDPG was highest in one-cell embryos, fell to less then 20% by the two-cell stage, then recovered to about a 35% level at later stages. The ATP to UTP ratio varied from about 5:1 at the earliest stages to about 3:1 in eight-cell and older embryos. GTP plus CTP was 50% higher than UTP at the one-cell stage but was equal to UTP or lower thereafter. The results combined with earlier data from several laboratories indicate that (1) up to the morula stage the embryo can make glycogen but has difficulty using it because of insufficient glycogen phosphorylase and (2) UDPG and glucose-6-P levels are poorly coordinated, probably due to difficulty (or control) at the UDPG pyrophosphorylase step.
Song sharing with neighbours and relatives in a cooperatively breeding songbird

Kin recognition is important in allowing cooperative breeders to invest preferentially in helping kin, especially when helping is not restricted to the natal territory. Where spatial cues are not reliable indicators of kinship, animals can use family signatures, which may be learned or genetic. Alternatively, they can use unique signatures that are learned via prior experience in a context that identifies specific individuals as kin. Here we investigate sharing of song types between related and unrelated male western bluebirds, Sialia mexicana, a cooperatively breeding songbird that lives in neighbourhoods composed of a mix of kin and nonkin. Helpers only assist in raising close kin, including parents as well as brothers and grandfathers living on non-natal territories. In a previous study, we demonstrated that western bluebird males are able to recognize related males through their songs. Here we ask whether this kin recognition is based on song sharing within a family or whether western bluebird song sharing is primarily with neighbouring birds regardless of relatedness. The results indicate that western bluebirds often share with related and unrelated neighbours alike, and they rarely share any notes with non-neighbouring birds, whether they are related or unrelated. Although we cannot rule out the possibility of kin signatures that were not measurable using tools currently available for detecting vocal similarity, our findings suggest that kin recognition through song does not rely on note sharing with relatives and that western bluebirds use a more broadly applicable mechanism of vocal kin recognition compared to other cooperative breeders.
Real time load frequency control for an isolated microgrid system

The objective of this paper is to design a Load Frequency Control (LFC) mechanism using a Battery Storage System (BSS) and Diesel Generation (DG) units for an isolated microgrid system. The microgrid system under consideration is comprised from two DG units, a BSS unit, and two solar panels. They were tested under different scenarios; random load variations, and loss of one of the DG units. Results show that the proposed control systems were robust and successful to regulate the system's frequency under all conditions. The microgrid model as well as the proposed control strategy is developed within the Simulink and SimPowerSystems environments.
Fabrication Of Neutron Polarizing Fe-Si Multilayers By Sputtering

Thin-film multilayer reflectors for polarizing neutrons have been fabricated by sputtering bilayers of ferromagnetic iron (Fe) and non-magnetic silicon (Si) onto flat glass substrates. The multilayers were deposited according to the independent variation of one of four parameters: number of bilayers; bilayer thickness (D-spacing); argon sputtering gas pressure; and target power. The relationship between the measured neutron reflectivities of these multilayers and the expected theoretical values is discussed with respect to the deposition parameters.
Extensive and divergent effects of sleep and wakefulness on brain gene expression

Sleep is present in all species where it has been studied, but its functions remain unknown. To investigate what benefits sleep may bring at the cellular level, we profiled gene expression in awake and sleeping rats by using high-density microarrays. We find that ∼10% of the transcripts in the cerebral cortex change their expression between day and night and demonstrate that half of them are modulated by sleep and wakefulness independent of time of day. We also show that molecular correlates of sleep are found in the cerebellum, a structure not known for generating sleep rhythms. Finally, we show that different functional categories of genes are selectively associated with sleep and wakefulness. The ∼100 known genes whose expression increases during sleep provide molecular support for the proposed involvement of sleep in protein synthesis and neural plasticity and point to a novel role for sleep in membrane trafficking and maintenance.
Visual motion, binocular correspondence and binocular rivalry

Human observers dichoptically viewed displays consisting of isotropic random dots, with the dots in each eye's view all moving in a given direction or appearing stationary. When the interocular difference in direction of motion was less than 30 deg, a stable, fused percept resulted. Once this interocular difference was exceeded, binocular rivalry ensued. Rivalry was also obtained when dots seen by the two eyes moved in identical directions but at different velocities. Under this condition, the proportion of time that rivalry was experienced increased with the interocular difference in velocity. Moving dots predominated over stationary ones, and when both sets of dots moved there was no clear advantage of one speed of motion over the other. Contrary to some earlier reports, these results show that motion is not immune to binocular rivalry. Evidently the process responsible for establishing binocular correspondence between images received by the two eyes is sensitive to disparities in direction and velocity of motion.
Impact of encrusting carbonates on manganese, zinc and copper concentrations of two vascular hydrophytes from Texas

In alkaline calcareous waters, hydrophytes become encrusted with carbonate precipitates of a complex nature which alter bulk chemical analyses of the plants. The manganese, zinc and copper concentrations, and the ash content of two aquatic plants, Egeria densa and Potamogeton nodusus, differed considerably depending on the cleaning procedure used and, therefore, the amount of marl encrustation included in the analyses. Tapwater washed plants, retaining the marl, consistently had ash contents two to three times higher than acid-cleaned plants and exhibited higher trace metal concentrations, especially manganese.
Localized intermittent short-wavelength bursts in the high-radius ratio limit of the Taylor-Couette system

We have explored flow states of the Taylor-Couette system in the high radius ratio limit (0.99) with only the inner cylinder rotating. The usual Taylor vortices and wavy vortices were found, but the transition to higher states is interrupted by the emergence of intermittent short-wavelength bursts. This flow state is distinct from previously observed bursting phenomena found at lower radius ratios, while it is similar in appearance to states found in inclined layer convection.
VIPR and the Visual Programming Challenge

Abstract The Visual Programming Challenge (VPC) provides a framework for exploring visual programming language issues in a quasi-real-time environment and for comparing competing languages. VIPR is an attempt to bring the traditional strengths of textual imperative languages to a visual programming language. It leverages these strengths to make use of well-understood design and abstraction methodologies while providing additional visual features, such as explicit representations, contextual information, and execution animation. VIPR uses these strengths and features to address the quasi-real-time problem posed by the VPC, whose requirements include interaction with the low-level vehicle manipulation code, map exploration and display, as well as additional requirements such as flexibility of solution and performance demands. Our solution does not directly address pedagogical issues or the value of VIPR's simple graphical semantics. It did point out weaknesses with VIPR's approach to solving the scalability problem in visual programming languages.
Feathered footsteps: mythologizing and ritualizing Black Indian processions in New Orleans

This essay explores intersections between the ritual veneration of stereotypified Native American spirit figures by American Spiritualists and the performative traditions of ‘Masking Indian’ practised by urban African Americans in New Orleans' Mardi Gras processions. The author examines the ways in which communities in New Orleans, of both sacred and secular identity, employ images of Native Americans as icons of spiritual power and presence. This essay suggests some ways in which this process constitutes an instance of co-narration, in which clergy and congregants of Spiritualist/Spiritual churches – whose narratives of the Indian spirits find expression through interlacing oral and ritual performances – have helped to establish a sacred dimension for Indian processions in New Orleans, adding an overtly spiritual note to otherwise secular ‘rites of territory repossessed’. Through an examination of the community response to the death of Big Chief Allison ‘Tootie’ Montana, and the first post-Katrina Mardi ...
A combined polynomial regression and nonderivative search technique for EPR spectrum analysis

Abstract The problem most encountered in the analysis of broad EPR spectra is the determination of the number of underlying resonances, their position, and their shape. Methods typically used to solve this task rely on guessing the number of resonances, their position, and a fixed functional description. The technique presented in this paper methodically derives the number of resonances with their initial position and shape from the absorption function. The final parameter values are determined by a nonderivative search for the minimum in an objective function. In addition to solving the problem, there are two more advantages gained from the use of this technique: (1) Spectrometer noise is suppressed, and (2) noisy digital differentiation is not required by the search algorithm.
Personal characteristics important in mate preference among college students

This study seems to suggest that, over the last ten years at least, several important changes have taken place. Students in this sample appear to be less concerned with the home and children aspects of family life and more concerned with the social aspects. They want more intelligent and better educated mates. Men are much more interested in a woman's looks than in knowing if she is a good cook and housekeeper. Chastity does not seem to be of great concern to either sex and in this sense it does appear that these students have departed from traditional values. The differences emerging in important characteristics in mate selection reflect changes in sex roles, influence by the mass media, increased idealization of romantic love, and current social and economic conditions.
Surface profile measurement and angular deflection monitoring using a scanning laser beam: a noncontact method

A noncontact method for measuring the surface profile of a reflecting surface is presented. The scheme is based on the measurement of the phase difference between a surface reflected laser beam and a reference beam. Both beams are scanned past a photodetector by means of a rotating beam splitter. The slope of the surface at various points is electronically obtained, and then the surface profile in a plane is determined by direct integration. The accuracy of the method falls between the more elaborate interferometric techniques and mechanical contact schemes. A complete theoretical analysis of the method is presented as well as the results of various experimental tests.
Transillumination Photography of the Eye

The essentials of this system consist of a bifurcated fiber optic bundle, a fiber optic light source, and an adapted Kowa RC-2 f undus camera with high-powered power unit (Figs, land 2) . One end of the fiber optic bundle is at­ tached to the light box and the other end is attached to the Kowa camera through a hole drilled into the Kowa flash tube housing. The joined end of the bifurcated bundle is then held by the examiner or photographer. By applying the joined bundle directly to the eye, transillumination can be obtained. In these cases, the bundle is used without modi­ fication (Fig. 3). However, with a lens sys­ tem attached, the bundle can be used as a fo­ cal illuminator with a slit beam through which a photographic flash can also be trans­ mitted. When the fiber optic bundle is to be ap­ plied directly to the globe, as in transillumi­ nation, the patient first receives a topical an­ esthetic. Then, in a darkened room, the pho­ tographer applies the joined end of the fiber optic bundle to the eye. By using the light from the light box which exits through half of the joined bundle, the precise view to be
Prognostic value of histopathologic parameters in squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx

Seventy-seven patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx were treated by preoperative radiation therapy (4000–5000 rad) followed by surgical resection. The original biopsy specimens were evaluated for degree of keratinization, nuclear pleomorphism, frequency of mitoses, inflammatory response, vascular invasion, and pattern of invasion. Multivariant analysis (Cox regression model) and life table survival function were used to determine the relative contributions of the clinical and histologic parameters to patient outcome. The results were as follows: (1) large tumor size, nodal metastases, and male sex were found to be predictive of a poorer survival (P = 0.004, 0.004, 0.0167, and 0.0237, respectively); and (2) an analysis of a combination of clinical and histologic parameters demonstrated that the pattern of invasion was the only histologic factor that was predictive of survival (P = 0.0436). Neoplasms invading as large cohesive aggregates indicated a better prognosis than neoplasms invading as thin, irregular cords or individual cells. Restricting the statistical evaluation to only histologic factors (excluding clinical factors) demonstrated that increased frequency of mitoses also correlated with poor survival (P = 0.0218). Further restriction of the analysis to T2 and T3 neoplasms that have similar survival times indicated that both frequency of mitoses and pattern of invasion were of prognostic value in predicting survival (P = 0.0127 and 0.0168, respectively).
Effect of mic gene structure on repressor activity in the OmpA system

Resume Il a deja ete etabli que le micRNA (RNA complementaire intervenant dans le mRNA) complementaire d'un mRNA specifique reprime l'expression du mRNA cible. Nous avons construit plusieurs plasmides qui produisent des micRNA complementaires de differentes regions de l'ompA mRNA. L'activite de represseur de ces differents micRNA a ete comparee afin de determiner le role de gene de structure mic dans la fonction affective du micRNA. Les resultats indiquent que les micRNA complementaires des regions de ompA susceptible de rencontrer des ribosomes possedent l'activite de represseur la plus elevee. Nous avons egalement observe un effet net du dosage des genes mic. Ceci fut demontre en utilisant des genes mic(ompA) identiques et differents.
Mechanism of the modulation of murine peritoneal cell function and mast cell degranulation by low doses of malathion.

Malathion is a widely used organophosphate pesticide that modulates immune function at noncholinergic doses. Previous studies showed that this alteration in immune function was the result of enhanced macrophage function. In the present study, the effects of low doses of purified malathion (as low as 0.25 mg/kg malathion) administered orally to mice enhanced the respiratory burst of peritoneal cells. Microscopic examination of the peritoneal cells showed that mast cells were degranulated within 4 hr after malathion administration. The amount of β-hexosaminidase, an enzyme released upon immunologic degranulation of mast cells, in the peritoneal lavage fluid of malathion-treated mice was also significantly elevated with 4 hours after malathion administration. Treatment of RBL-1, a rat basophilic cell line, cells with malation, parathion or paroxonin vitro also led to the release of β-hexosaminidase with paraoxon being the most potent. Further examination of the peritoneal cells of malathion-treated mice showed that the percentage of phagocytic peritoneal cells ingesting mast cell granules and the number of granules ingested per cell were elevated. These data suggest that malathion may enhance the respiratory burst of peritoneal cells through degranualtion of peritoneal mast cells and the subsequent exposure to peritoneal cells to mast cell mediators.
Oxidation of cysteine, cysteinesulfinic acid and cysteic acid on a polycrystalline gold electrode

Abstract The mechanism electro-oxidation of cysteine, cysteinesulfinic acid and cysteic acid in perchloric acid solutions has been studied using cyclic voltammetry. All the compounds investigated have been found to be chemisorbed on a polycrystalline gold electrode, and oxidized with four, two or one electron respectively. The water molecule coadsorbed with cysteine participates in the cysteine one-electron oxidation with a lower energy requirement, whereas bulk water is involved in multiple electron transfer reactions at the completely covered electrode surface. A strong inhibiting effect of chloride anions on the cysteine oxidation has been observed at the partially covered electrode surface. The effect of the adsorbate surface coverage on the reaction mechanism in anodically catalysed reactions involving oxygen transfer is discussed.
Osmotic properties of human red cells

The hematocrit method as a technique for determining red cell volume under anisotonic conditions has been reexamined and has been shown, with appropriate corrections for trapped plasma, to provide a true measure of cell volume. Cell volume changes in response to equilibration in anisotonic media were found to be much less than those predicted for an ideal osmometer; this anomalous behavior cannot be explained by solute leakage or by the changing osmotic coefficient of hemoglobin, but is quantitatively accounted for by the hypothesis that 20 per cent of intracellular water is bound to hemoglobin and is unavailable for participation in osmotic shifts.
Really Simple Syndication (RSS): An Educational Approach

Today's post-secondary students are technologically savvy and they expect faculty to use myriad web technologies for course delivery. This includes taking advantage of email, course web sites, and online learning communities. However, expectations now also include RSS, blogs, web- and pod-casting, extending the classroom experience to provide active learning materials anytime, anywhere, and in multiple modalities. This contribution outlines the novel use of RSS technology for a course announcement system at Purdue University. It begins by describing RSS technology and discussing the different possibilities for RSS within classroom. It also describes the specific RSS application for real-time course announcements, detailing its creation and implementation. Initial student feedback is also presented. Editors: Patrick McAndrew (Open University, UK). Reviewers: Tony Hirst (Open University, UK) and S. Jeff Cold (Utah Valley University, USA).
High-resolution spectroscopy of whispering gallery modes in large dielectric spheres

The mode spectrum of a 3.8-cm-diameter fused-silica sphere has been studied in the vicinity of 1.06 μm. A single-frequency Nd:YAG laser was used to excite whispering gallery modes by means of evanescent wave coupling. The spectrum is in excellent agreement with predictions from Mie theory.
Rationality and Power: Democracy in Practice

Rationality and Power: Democracy in Practice. Bent Flyvbjerg. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 1998. 290 pp.
Live three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiographic assessment of coronary arteries.

In the present study, we are illustrating some of the adult patients in whom live three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography was found useful in assessing proximal and mid-coronary arteries. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 20, November 2003)
The Mapping of Applications to Multiple Bus and Banyan Interconnected Multiprocessor Systems: A Case Study

We study the mapping of a robot elbow manipulator application, to two different classes of multiprocessor systems the multiple bus and Banyan interconnected systems. A comparative performance analysis of the two systems is performed. The application is partitioned into communicating computational modules and three different partitions of it are approximated. Fast heuristic algorithms are used to produce assignments of modules to processors. A number of performance measures are also employed to evaluate the matching of application/architecture pairs.
Setting a Trap for Aging-Related Genes in Drosophila

In the October 2002 issue of Aging Cell, Seroude et al. used an enhancer trap technique to identify Drosophila genes whose expression changes with age. In this Perspective, the author discusses the implications of these results, including the possibility of using the enhancer trap lines to identify biomarkers of aging.
Mind Shadows A Suicide in the Family

Research on youth suicide is reviewed along with a brief recounting of family systems theory and the concepts underlying life study research. Together, these three orientations serve as a foundation for an account of a suicide of a teenage girl. The story of the young woman reveals the role of narrative thought in autoethnography as well as the nature of story-telling and the witnessing of personal accounts by the researcher. The actual account describes the life of a young woman growing up in a volatile home where there is constant fighting and tension. Her reaction to the anger surrounding her and the disapproval she feels culminates in an act of self-destruction. The account concludes with a discussion of the role of family systems, shame, and destructive relationships in the development of the self.
Organoboranes for synthesis. 9. Rapid reaction of organoboranes with iodine under the influence of base. a convenient procedure for the conversion of alkenes into iodides via hydroboration

Abstract The reaction of organoborane with iodine is strongly accelerated by sodium hydroxide. Organoboranes derived from terminal alkenes react with the utilization of approximately two of the three alkyl groups attached to boron, providing a maximum of 67% yield of alkyl iodide. Thus, hydroboration-iodination of 1-decene gives a 60% yield of n -decyl iodide. Secondary alkyl groups, derived from internal alkenes, react more sluggishly and only one of the three alkyl groups attached to boron is converted to the iodide. Thus, the procedure applied to 2-butene provides a 30% yield of 2-butyl iodide. The use of disiamylborane bis -(3-methyl-2-butylborane, Sia 2 BH) as hydroborating agent increases the yield of iodides from terminal alkenes since the primary alkyl groups react in preference to the secondary siamyl groups. Consequently, hydroboration of 1-decene with Sia 2 BH, followed by iodination gives a 95% yield of n -decyl iodide. The use of methanolic sodium methoxide in place of sodium hydroxide provides alkyl iodides in considerably higher yields. The combination of hydroboration with iodination in the presence of a base provides a convenient method for the anti -Markovnikov hydroiodination of alkenes. The base-induced iodination of organoboranes proceeds with the inversion of configuration at the reaction center, as shown by the formation of endo -2iodonorbomane from tri- exo -norbomylborane.
The r ole(s) of arginine-specific mono( ADP- ribosyl)transferase in skeletal muscle cells

In previous studies, we have shown that a specific inhibitor of cellular arginine-specific mono(ADP-ribosyl)transferase, metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG), reversibly inhibited both proliferation and differentiation of cultured embryonic chick primary muscle myoblasts. In addition, we observed that arginine-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase activity increased with muscle cell differentiation in cultures. This
Radiographic evaluation of the normal distal tibiofibular syndesmosis.

Background: Diagnosis of syndesmotic injuries is primarily based upon the assessment of ankle radiographs. The purpose of our study was to redefine the radiographic relationships of the ankle synde...
Mechanical properties of self-assembled nanoparticle membranes: stretching and bending

Monolayers composed of colloidal nanoparticles, with a thickness of less than ten nanometers, have remarkable mechanical strength and can suspend over micron-sized holes to form free-standing membranes. We discuss experiments probing the tensile strength and bending stiffness of these self-assembled nanoparticle sheets. The fracture behavior of monolayers and multilayers is investigated by attaching them to elastomer substrates which are then stretched. For different applied strain, the fracture patterns are imaged down to the scale of single particles. The resulting detailed information about the crack width distribution allows us to relate the measured overall tensile strength to the distribution of local bond strengths within a layer. We then introduce two methods by which freestanding nanoparticle monolayers can be rolled up into hollow, tubular “nano-scrolls”, either by electron beam irradiation during imaging with a scanning electron microscope or by spontaneous self-rolling. Indentation measurements on the nano-scrolls yield values for the bending stiffness that are significantly larger than expected from the response to stretching. The ability to stretch, bend, and roll up nanoparticle sheets offers new possibilities for a variety of applications, including sensors and mechanical transducers.
ADVANCES IN CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY: Understanding Causal Mechanisms and the Evidence for Implementing Interventions

In a worldwide population of 6 billion, in the year 2000, approximately 10 million cancers were diagnosed, and there were an estimated 6.2 million cancer deaths. Whereas the universality of cancer incidence and mortality is established, the burden of cancer by type or organ site is distributed unequally between developing and industrialized nations. Populations in developing countries are disproportionately affected by cancers in which infectious agents are causal. Our review of advances in cancer epidemiology underscores the complexity of pathogenic mechanisms mediated by chronic inflammation, obesity, and gene-environment interactions as in tobacco and alcohol carcinogenesis. Ultimately, the implementation of effective cancer control interventions that will serve to alleviate the cancer burden must integrate basic and applied research in the behavioral, social, biomedical, and population sciences.
Complex Systems in Crisis: Anticipation and Resilience in Dynamic Environments

Confronted with increasing risk and uncertainty from disruptive change, public managers seek methods to strengthen the capacity of their interdependent organizations to anticipate risk and demonstrate resilience in response to threat. The problem intensifies for public organizations that interact with private and nonprofit organizations to protect a community at risk from natural or technological disasters. It reflects the constraints placed upon human decision processes in complex environments by limited cognitive capacity, and illustrates the persistent difficulty in achieving coordination among multiple organizations with different responsibilities in different locations in serving the public interest. This article summarizes current research on the design and development of an interactive, intelligent, spatial information system (IISIS) for decision support in the mitigation of, and response to, risk from hazardous materials for a university community. Appropriate uses of the IISIS prototype are expected to increase both the technical and organizational capacity to manage timely, accurate information exchange within and among organizations, thus increasing coordination in action.
Cerebellar Signatures of Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex Motor Learning

The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) comprises an outstanding system to perform studies that probe possible cerebellar roles in motor learning. Novel VOR gains can be induced (learned) by the wearing of minifying or magnifying lenses, and learning requires the presence of the cerebellum. Previously, it was shown that Purkinje cells change their head velocity sensitivities with learning and that this change was thought to be inappropriate to be causal for the changed behavior. We now demonstrate that Purkinje cells also change their eye position, eye velocity, and head velocity sensitivities after learning. These combined changes at the Purkinje cell level contribute to a net modulation that is appropriate to support the new VOR gains. Importantly, the changes in the eye position parameter, reported for the first time, suggest the involvement of the neuronal integrator pathways in VOR learning. We provide evidence that all of these changes are necessary for VOR behavior and can explain learning deficits after cerebellar removal.
Salivary and plasma cortisol response to adrenocorticotropin administration in pigs

Two experiments were conducted to determine the responsiveness of salivary and plasma cortisol to acute (i.v.), depot (i.m.) and chronic (repeated i.m.) adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) administration in swine. In Experiment 1, barrows (castrated pigs) were assigned to one of three injection treatments: (1) saline i.m. (SHAM1 n = 2); (2) 0.75 IU/kg BW ACTH in saline i.v. (ACUTE, n = 2); (3) 2.25 IU/kg BW ACTH in gel i.m. (DEPOT, n = 3). Total cortisol concentrations were determined for concurrent saliva and blood samples. Correlations between salivary and plasma cortisol within treatments were: SHAM1, r = 0.60; ACUTE, r = 0.58; DEPOT, r = 0.79. In Experiment 2, barrows were assigned to one of two injection treatments: (1) gel i.m. (SHAM2, n = 3); (2) 2.25 IU/kg BW ACTH in gel i.m. (CHRONIC, n = 4). The injections occurred every 6 h for a total of eight injections. Concurrent saliva and blood samples were obtained every 3 h for 72 h followed by an increasing sampling interval until day 6. Overall correlations be...
Prostatic hypertrophy in greater Boston.

Abstract Risk of surgery for bladder neck obstruction from benign hypertrophy of the prostate was related to several demographic characteristics, smoking history, coffee consumption, and use of medications. Risk ratios were estimated by comparison of 219 patients surgically treated for benign prostatic hypertrophy in 24 hospitals in greater Boston in 1972 with 4669 men admitted to the same hospitals for other reasons. Risk ratio estimates were 1.2 (0.7–2.2, 95% confidence interval) for ever-married relative to single men, 1.6 (0.7–3.8) for blacks relative to whites and 2.4 (1.7–3.6) for Jewish men compared to those of other religious backgrounds. Relative to nonsmokers, the risk ratio for current cigarette smokers was estimated as 0.5 (0.3–0.7), for ex-smokers, 0.7 (0.5–1.0), and for smokers of other than cigarettes, 1.0 (0.6–1.6). For current cigarette smokers, there appeared to be little variation in risk with amount smoked. The risk ratio associated with drinking coffee was 1.3 (0.9–1.9). Compared to nonusers of antihypertensive medication, the risk ratio associated with rauwolfia use was 2.2 (1.0–4.8); that associated with use of other antihypertensive medication was 1.2 (0.8–1.9).
La dualidad y la agregación de categorías sociales

Duality" is a conception of micro-macro linkage that implies that elements at each of two different levels of structure (such as persons and groups, or—as in the data we analyze—identities and practices) co-constitute one another. We present an algorithm for the aggregation of social categories that are "dual" to each other. Our algorithm is applicable to the study of data in contingency tables. We apply our algorithm in a study of the joint construction of social identities (including racial and ethnic labels) and educational practices in a university context.
Climate Clubs: Overcoming Free-riding in International Climate Policy †

Notwithstanding great progress in scientific and economic under standing of climate change, it has proven difficult to forge inter national agreements because of free-riding, as seen in the defunct Kyoto Protocol. This study examines the club as a model for international climate policy. Based on economic theory and empirical modeling, it finds that without sanctions against non-participants there are no stable coalitions other than those with minimal abatement. By contrast, a regime with small trade penalties on non-participants, a Climate Club, can induce a large stable coalition with high levels of abatement. (JEL Q54, Q58, K32, K33)
Progesterone reduces depression-like behavior in a murine model of Alzheimer’s Disease

Although anxiety and depression are not the core symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), there are changes observed in mood in those with AD, as well as in the aging population. Anxiety and depression may be influenced by progesterone P4 and/or its neuroactive metabolites, dihydroprogesterone (DHP) and 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (3α,5α-THP). To begin to investigate progestogens’ role in AD, a double transgenic mouse model of early-onset familial AD that co-overexpresses mutant forms of amyloid precursor protein (APPswe) and presenilin 1 Δ exon 9 mutation was utilized. As such, the effects of long-term (from 6 to 12 months of age) administration of P4 to ovariectomized (ovx) wildtype and APPswe+PSEN1Δe9 mice for changes in affective behavior was investigated. APPswe+PSEN1Δ9 mutant mice had increased anxiety-like (i.e., increased emergence latencies, decreased time spent on the open quadrants of the elevated zero maze) and increased depressive-like behavior (i.e., increased time spent immobile) than did wildtype mice. Compared to vehicle-administration, P4 administration (which produced physiological circulating P4, DHP, and 3α,5α-THP levels, particularly in the wildtype mice) decreased depressant-like behavior in the forced swim test. These effects occurred independent of changes in general motor behavior/coordination, pain threshold, and plasma corticosterone levels. Thus, the APPswe+PSEN1Δ9 mutation alters affective behavior, and P4 treatment reversed depressive-like behavior.