cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Knowledge in Pieces

Knowledge in Pieces (KiP) is a distinctive epistemological perspective on conceptual change, employing a “modeling” approach. Its theory consists mainly of several detailed and empirically consequential models of different kinds of knowledge, including both intuitive “preconceptions” and normative knowledge. This chapter offers a brief introduction to KiP centering on two core models, illustrating how they enfold multiple time-scales-from details of real-time learning to multi-year accomplishments-and how they accommodate empirically salient diversity in the way different students learn.
Kinetic Patterns of Condensation of Alkyl- and Cycloalkylcyclopentanones with Dihydric Alcohols in the Presence of Polyoxomolybdate Modified with Oxides of Rare-Earth Elements

The results of condensation of C5–C7 alkyl- and cycloalkyl-substituted cyclopentanones with diatomic vicinal alcohols in the presence of polyoxomolybdate modified with gadolinium oxide are considered. Kinetic patterns are investigated and a kinetic model of the process is proposed. It was established that alkyl- and cycloalkyl derivatives of dioxaspironone are formed directly by two parallel-consecutive routes and through the stages of the preparation of the corresponding hemiacetal. The ratio of the rate constants of these routes depends on the composition and structure of the starting ketones and diols.
The Text, Context, and Message of the Bhagavad Gītā

The Bhagavad Gītā contains timeless management lessons for contemporary organizations. It is a non-sectarian spiritual text with a universal message. It teaches truth regarding our essential nature which can be verified by everyone right here and now, in this very lifetime. Presenting its setting and the occasion, this introductory chapter explores the meaning and the key message of the Gītā to facilitate proper understanding of the text and its application. After recounting the universality of its message and its perennial appeal, it suggests primary application of some key concepts of the Gītā to management and leadership domain. It also explores the key themes and the essence of the Gītā’s eighteen chapters.
Adolescent suicide attempts and ideation are linked to brain function during peer interactions.

Abstract Understanding the neural correlates of social interaction among depressed adolescents with suicidal tendencies might help personalize treatment. We tested whether brain function during social interaction is disrupted for depressed adolescents with (1) high suicide ideation and (2) recent attempts. Depressed adolescents with high suicide ideation, including attempters (n = 45;HS) or low suicide ideation (n = 42;LS), and healthy adolescents (n = 39;HC), completed a version of the Cyberball peer interaction task during an fMRI scan. Groups were compared on brain activity during peer exclusion and inclusion versus a non-social condition. During peer exclusion and inclusion, HS youth showed significantly lower activity in precentral and postcentral gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, medial frontal gyrus, insula, and putamen compared to LS youth; and significantly reduced activity in caudate and anterior cingulate cortex compared to HC youth. In a second analysis, suicide attempters (n = 26;SA) were compared to other groups. SA adolescents showed significantly higher activity in ACC and superior and middle frontal gyrus than all other groups. Brain activity was significantly correlated with negative emotionality, social functioning, and cognitive control. Conclusions: Adolescent suicide ideation and attempts were linked to altered neural function during positive and negative peer interactions. We discuss the implications of these findings for suicide prevention efforts.
Robotic-Assisted Total Laparoscopic Supralevator Pelvic Exenteration: Steps in Excising the Pelvic Viscera

ABSTRACT Study Objective To illustrate the key steps involved in performing a supralevator pelvic exenteration robotically. Design Presentation of the steps involved in excising the pelvic viscera during robotic-assisted supralevator pelvic exenteration. Setting Tertiary care academic center. Patients A patient undergoing pelvic exenteration for uterine leiomyosarcoma. Interventions Robotic total supralevator pelvic exenteration. Measurements and Main Results In this woman undergoing pelvic exenteration for uterine leiomyosarcoma, the paravesical and pararectal spaces are shown, along with important pelvic landmarks, such as the major vessels and the ureters. Once the pararectal and paravesical spaces are identified, the parametrium in between is resected. The posterior dissection is then performed along the filmy presacral space to the level of the coccyx and levator muscles. Anteriorly, the bladder is dissected along the space of Retzius, and the urethra is transected. Once the pelvic organs are separated, the specimen is removed, and reconstruction of the pelvic floor is performed. The ileal conduit is created from a segment of small bowel approximately 20 cm from the terminal ileum measuring 15 cm long. The 2 ureters are spatulated and attached to the ileal conduit, and a stoma is created. The descending segment of colon is brought up through a separate stoma site on the other side of the abdomen to create the colostomy. The total operating time, including reconstruction with the ileal conduit, was 480 minutes, and the estimated blood loss was 250 mL. Conclusion Total pelvic exenteration can be safely performed robotically with appropriate understanding of the key steps and anatomic landmarks.
The Prevalence and Types of Complementary and Integrative Health Therapies Used by Caregivers of Patients With Cancer

ABSTRACT Objective To assess rationale for usage and types of complementary and integrative health therapies used as self-care by unpaid cancer caregivers. Data Sources CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, and Alt HealthWatch. Conclusion Six articles provide updated information on caregiver preferences and desires relative to use of complementary and integrative health therapies. Findings largely focused on patients; whereas perceptions of caregivers were secondary. Implications for Nursing Practice Given shifts in cancer care from clinics to home, clinicians can increase their effectiveness through a better understanding of the caregiving experience, allowing for delivery of supportive, personalized interventions. Such support may include evidence-based complementary and integrative health therapies for caregivers.
Chromatin organization in the female mouse brain fluctuates across the oestrous cycle

Male and female brains differ significantly in both health and disease, and yet the female brain has been understudied. Sex-hormone fluctuations make the female brain particularly dynamic and are likely to confer female-specific risks for neuropsychiatric disorders. The molecular mechanisms underlying the dynamic nature of the female brain structure and function are unknown. Here we show that neuronal chromatin organization in the female ventral hippocampus of mouse fluctuates with the oestrous cycle. We find chromatin organizational changes associated with the transcriptional activity of genes important for neuronal function and behaviour. We link these chromatin dynamics to variation in anxiety-related behaviour and brain structure. Our findings implicate an immediate-early gene product, Egr1, as part of the mechanism mediating oestrous cycle-dependent chromatin and transcriptional changes. This study reveals extreme, sex-specific dynamism of the neuronal epigenome, and establishes a foundation for the development of sex-specific treatments for disorders such as anxiety and depression.
Timescale functions for parallel memory allocation

Memory allocation is increasingly important to parallel performance, yet it is challenging because a program has data of many sizes, and the demand differs from thread to thread. Modern allocators use highly tuned heuristics but do not provide uniformly good performance when the level of concurrency increases from a few threads to hundreds of threads. This paper presents a new timescale theory to model the memory demand in real time. Using the new theory, an allocator can adjust its synchronization frequency using a single parameter called allocations per fetch (apf ). The paper presents the timescale theory, the design and implementation of APF tuning in an existing allocator, and evaluation of the effect on program speed and memory efficiency. APF tuning improves the throughput of MongoDB by 55%, reduces the tail latency of a Web server by over 60%, and increases the speed of a selection of synthetic benchmarks by up to 24× while using the same amount of memory.
Sublime Sanctity: Schiller’s New Tragic Joan

This chapter explores the process by which Schiller created his Joan of Arc play, examining dramatic works that led up to it, such as Don Carlos and Maria Stuart, as well as the philosophical works, such as Naive and Sentimental Poetry, On the Sublime, and On the Aesthetic Education of Man, all of which contributed to his notion of “sublime sanctity.” Along with these ideas, Pendergast demonstrates that Schiller incorporates Ancient Greek dramatic principles in creating his characters, such as the eidolon represented by the Black Knight, and the notion of the “sympathetic villain” represented by Talbot. Inspired by Euripides, Schiller introduces romance, paternal betrayal, and a rescue almost worthy of a deus ex machina. In Schiller’s alternate version, the enemy soldier who captured her in history becomes the object of her captivated gaze, and instead of being burned as a witch, she dies on the battlefield in sublime sanctity.
China’s New Mania for Live Streaming: Gender Differences in Motives and Uses of Social Live Streaming Services

This study examined gender differences in social live streaming service (SLSS) use by focusing on audience needs for Real-life Communication, Escape, Fun Seeking, Partnership Seeking, and Social In...
O19 Incorporating Behavioral Economic Strategies into Children's Restaurant Menus to Improve Healthfulness: Parent Perceptions

Background Children's restaurant meals are nutritionally deficient; use of behavioral economic strategies may improve healthfulness. Parents play a role in children's restaurant meal selection, thus understanding parent preferences and potential behavioral economic strategies for healthful children menu options is warranted. Objective To examine parent preferences for 5 children's menu attributes featuring behavioral economic strategies. Study Design, Setting, Participants A descriptive, cross-sectional survey integrating a conjoint design was developed along with 8 children's menus. Menus were manipulated by varying levels of attributes [meal price, healthful side dishes, number of side dish items, healthful entrees, and cost for sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB)]. Parents with children 4–10 years old were recruited via Amazon's Mechanical Turk and asked to rate menus using an 11-point Likert scale (0 = Not at all appealing, 10 = Very appealing). Analysis A conjoint (regression) analysis was conducted to discern parent preference for each attribute and an overall menu preference. Descriptive statistics (means) were used to describe overall parent menu preferences and ratings. Results Ratings were generally high for the menus (µ = 6.7, SD = 2.4). Parents (n = 463) had the strongest preference for choice on side dishes (β = 0.73) and low-priced menus (β = 0.51). Parents reported the weakest preference for inclusion of healthful entrees (β = 0.04) and SSB (β = 0.18). The most preferred menu selected (60.7%, n = 281) included a low price, no bundled side (choice of side dish from multiple options), choice of 2 sides, healthful entree present, and an additional $1 for SSB. Conclusion A discrepancy between derived menu preference and a stated menu preference exists. Parents selected a socially desirable menu with healthful options and cost for SSB, contrary to the conjoint derived menu preferences. This discrepancy, along with derived preferences for multiple side dish options, could have implications for which behavioral economic strategies may be effective to improve quality of children's meals in restaurants, as parents’ true interest in healthful entrees is undetermined. Funding USDA Colorado State University, Departments of Marketing and Food Science and Human Nutrition.
Regional Anesthesia as a Safe Alternative to General Anesthesia in the Multiple-trauma Patient

The safety and effectiveness of selected nerve blocks to provide protracted anesthesia was demonstrated in a multiple-trauma patient requiring complex surgical repair.
Simultaneous treatment of common carotid lesions increases the risk of stroke and death after carotid artery stenting.

Abstract Background Tandem carotid artery lesions that involve simultaneous internal carotid artery (ICA) and common carotid artery (CCA) stenoses present a complex clinical problem. Some studies have shown that the addition of a retrograde proximal intervention to treat a CCA lesion during a carotid endarterectomy (CEA) increases the risk of stroke and death. However, the stroke and death risks associated with a totally endovascular approach to tandem lesions is unknown and is the subject of this study. Methods Vascular Study Group of New England data for the years 2005 to 2020 were queried for carotid artery stenting (CAS) procedures. Emergent and bilateral procedures, procedures for indications other than atherosclerosis, patients with prior ipsilateral CAS, ICA lesions with stenosis of less than 50%, and transcarotid procedures were excluded. The cohort was divided into tandem and isolated lesion groups. The primary outcome was the composite of stroke and death. Predictors of stroke or death were determined with multivariable logistic regression. Results There were 2016 carotid arteries stented in 1950 patients—1881 (96%) with isolated lesions and 135 (4%) with tandem lesions. The mean patient age was 69.6 ± 9.0 years. Tandem lesions were more likely to be present in women (50.4% vs 33.0%; P Conclusions The addition of endovascular treatment of tandem CCA lesions with CAS is associated with a three-fold increase in perioperative stroke and death and should be avoided if possible.
Preliminary study on discrimination of transgenic cotton seeds using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy

Presence of genetically modified (GM) organisms is considered to be controversial by legislation and public. It is very important to develop detection methods for early discriminations. Conventional gene detection methods, including protein detection (PCR, ELISA, and so on) and DNA detection (Southern blot, GC/MS, and so on), have the disadvantages of high costs, time-consuming, complex operations, and destructive of the samples. Terahertz spectroscopy (THz) is a brand-new radiation with many unique advantages. Most biological macromolecules have fingerprint characteristics in THz band from the current recognition. In this study, feasibility of identifying the transgenic cotton seeds from nontransgenic counterparts using THz spectroscopy method was investigated. The transgenic cotton seeds-Lumianyan No.28 and nontransgenic cotton seeds-Xinluzao No.51 were selected and the sample-making methods were studied; then the refractive and absorption curves of samples were got and given a detailed discussion; finally, absorption index of transgenic and nontransgenic DNA was observed and discussed. The results showed there were small fluctuations in THz band, and refractive index of transgenic seeds was lower than nontransgenic ones and had obvious turning point at 1.4-2.0 THz region. There were significant peaks in 1.0-1.2 and 1.3-1.5 THz regions for the transgenic cotton seeds. Transgenic DNA had higher absorption index than nontransgenic DNA, and there were 3-4 peaks corresponding to the cotton seed samples in 1.0-1.6 THz region. These results showed cotton seeds samples can provide important bio-information in THz band, and this study provided a basis for developing potential THz-based gene detection technologies.
The Psychiatric Genetic Data of Children in Proceedings to Terminate Parental Rights.

The introduction of psychiatric genetic evidence in court proceedings to terminate parental rights raises concerns that such information will result in misconceived assumptions about the child’s mental health trajectory and unjust rulings on termination of parental rights. We conducted an online vignette-based survey with a nationally representative sample of adults from the general public (n = 300 respondents) to assess their views on how evidence about a child’s psychiatric genetic makeup may affect key decisions in termination proceedings. Our findings indicate that genetic evidence increased the child’s labeling as having a psychiatric disorder, regardless of the presence of symptoms, treatment recommendations, evaluation of prescription medication, and beliefs in treatment efficacy. Genetic evidence alone did not affect whether participants would terminate parental rights, but participants who thought that the child did not have a psychiatric disorder were more likely to terminate in the presence of genetic test results. We conclude that psychiatric genetic evidence in termination proceedings may have unintended consequences, and that measures should be taken to ensure that it does not unfairly affect outcomes.
Great Toe Metatarsophalangeal Joint Arthroscopy: Simple Technique for Painful Nonunion

Great toe metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) arthroscopy was first described as a viable technique for a multitude of first MTPJ pathologies in the early 1970s; however, with improving arthroscopic technique and technology, these indications will continue to expand. Arthroscopy of the first MTPJ has increasingly become a new pursuit for foot and ankle specialists. Therefore, we have proposed a simple technique and illustration from our operating room setup to traction and to our procedural technique to make great toe arthroscopy simple and reproducible for arthroscopic foot and ankle surgeons.
EdgeSharing: Edge Assisted Real-time Localization and Object Sharing in Urban Streets

Collaborative object localization and sharing at smart intersections promises to improve situational awareness of traffic participants in key areas where hazards exist due to visual obstructions. By sharing a moving object’s location between different camera-equipped devices, it effectively extends the vision of traffic participants beyond their field of view. However, accurately sharing objects between moving clients is extremely challenging due to the high accuracy requirements for localizing both the client position and positions of its detected objects. Therefore, we introduce EdgeSharing, a localization and object sharing system leveraging the resources of edge cloud platforms. EdgeSharing holds a real-time 3D feature map of its coverage region to provide accurate localization and object sharing service to the client devices passing through this region. We further propose several optimization techniques to increase the localization accuracy, reduce the bandwidth consumption and decrease the offloading latency of the system. The result shows that the system is able to achieve a mean vehicle localization error of 0.28-1.27 meters, an object sharing accuracy of 82.3%-91.4%, and a 54.7% object awareness increment in urban streets and intersections. In addition, the proposed optimization techniques reduce bandwidth consumption by 70.12% and end-to-end latency by 40.09%.
The Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Patients with Central Retinal Artery Occlusion - A Retrospective Study, Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is a vision-threatening condition with a potentially poor visual prognosis. Many different treatment modalities are suggested but controversy remains regarding effectiveness of these treatments. The purpose of this study is to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis in addition to analyzing retrospective data at our own tertiary care center regarding effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) in treatment of CRAO. Methods The PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane library are searched from the date of database inception to September 2021 to conduct a review based on the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA), evaluating the role of HBOT in visual recovery of CRAO patients. In addition, a retrospective chart review of patients clinically diagnosed with CRAO at our university-based hospital from year 2011 to 2021 was conducted. Results After review of 376 articles, three articles met the inclusion criteria for meta-analysis, where a total of 207 patients received HBOT versus 89 patients that did not receive any form of oxygen therapy. Analysis of these results demonstrate that HBOT in CRAO patients does not enhance the final visual outcome (p=0.83). Similar conclusion was also drawn from retrospective analysis of 48 patients (15 HBOT versus 33 controls) at our tertiary care center, where no visual benefit was observed in the HBOT group. Conclusions HBOT does not appear to improve final visual outcome and concerns remain regarding adverse reactions such as barotrauma and generalized seizures. Large randomized studies are required for further understanding of the role of HBOT in treatment of CRAO.
Improved Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Using a Longitudinal Alpha-Fetoprotein Screening Algorithm

Background & Aims Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has limited treatment options when diagnosed at advanced stages; therefore, early detection is critical to reduce mortality. There is disagreement about the value of α-fetoprotein (AFP) in HCC surveillance. We aim to improve the sensitivity of AFP in HCC surveillance by using an algorithm that incorporates screening history to define patient-specific thresholds for positive a screen. Methods De-identified data from the Hepatitis C Antiviral Long-term Treatment against Cirrhosis (HALT-C) trial, which enrolled 1050 patients with hepatitis C and advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis who were prospectively followed every 3–6 months, were analyzed. AFP was assayed at each visit, and ultrasonography was performed every 6–12 months. A panel adjudicated the diagnosis of HCC. A parametric empirical Bayes (PEB) screening algorithm, which incorporates screening history, was compared with a single threshold approach for interpreting AFP results. Results During a median follow-up of 80 months, 88 patients (48 of 427 with cirrhosis and 40 of 621 with advanced fibrosis) were diagnosed with HCC. PEB improved the sensitivity of AFP for detecting all HCC from 60.4% to 77.1% ( P P = .0015) in patients with advanced fibrosis, when the false-positive rate among all screenings was set at 10%. PEB algorithm detected HCC 1.7–1.9 years earlier in the cirrhosis group and 1.4–1.7 years earlier in the advanced fibrosis group, compared with single threshold approach. Conclusions PEB increases the sensitivity of AFP testing and detects HCC earlier among hepatitis C patients with advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis. These data should prompt a reevaluation of how AFP is used in combination with ultrasound in HCC surveillance.
Risk Factors for Reoperation in Patients Treated Surgically for Intervertebral Disc Herniation: A Subanalysis of Eight-Year SPORT Data.

Background: Lumbar discectomy and laminectomy in patients with intervertebral disc herniation (IDH) is common, with variable reported reoperation rates. Our study examined which baseline characteristics might be risk factors for reoperation and compared outcomes between patients who underwent reoperation and those who did not. Methods: We performed a retrospective subgroup analysis of patients from the IDH arm of the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT) randomized and observational cohorts. We analyzed baseline characteristics and outcomes of patients who underwent reoperation and those who did not with use of data collected from enrollment through eight-years of follow-up after surgery. Follow-up times were measured from the time of surgery, and baseline covariates were updated to the follow-up immediately preceding the time of surgery for outcomes analyses. Results: At eight years, the reoperation rate was 15% (691 no reoperation; 119 reoperation). Sixty-two percent of these patients underwent reoperation because of a recurrent disc herniation; 25%, because of a complication or other factor; and 11%, because of a new condition. The proportion of reoperations that were performed for a recurrent disc herniation ranged from 58% to 62% in the individual years. Older patients were less likely to have reoperation (p = 0.015), as were patients presenting with asymmetric motor weakness at baseline (p = 0.0003). Smoking, diabetes, obesity, Workers’ Compensation, and clinical depression were not associated with a greater risk of reoperation. Scores on the Short Form (SF)-36 for bodily pain and physical functioning, the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and the Sciatica Bothersomeness Index as well as satisfaction with symptoms had improved less at the time of follow-up in the reoperation group (p < 0.001). Conclusions: In patients who underwent surgery for IDH, the overall reoperation rate was 15% at the eight-year follow-up. Patients of older age and patients presenting with asymmetric motor weakness were less likely to undergo a reoperation. Less improvement in patient-reported outcomes was noted in the reoperation group. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The Promise and Limits of Private Power: The Rise of Private Voluntary Regulation in a Global Economy

Introduction When an electronics worker in Suzhou, China, sought compensation for the chemical poisoning he suffered at work, he appealed neither to his employer nor to the government agencies responsible for supervising local workplace standards. Instead, he addressed the global brand that purchased the product he was working on: “We hope Apple will heed to its corporate social responsibility.” This incident reflects a broader trend in global supply chains. Throughout the world and in many industries, global buyers have acknowledged a degree of responsibility for workplace conditions in supplier factories. They have pledged efforts to ensure that the goods they eventually market are not made under abusive, dangerous, environmentally degrading, or otherwise unethical production conditions. They have committed, in short, to using private, voluntary regulation to address labor issues traditionally regulated by government or labor organizations. For the most part, they have acted on these commitments. But how effective are these private initiatives at improving labor standards? In this book, I explore both the promise and the limits of private voluntary regulation in today’s global economy. Through a detailed examination of initiatives undertaken by several global brands (e.g., Nike, Hewlett-Packard) – either alone or in collaboration with other firms, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and even international organizations such as the International Labor Organization (ILO) – this book sheds light on the conditions under which private, voluntary programs can successfully promote labor standards among their globally dispersed suppliers.
Adaptive Control of Systems with Nonlinearities

This chapter presents a general adaptive inverse approach for control of plants with uncertain nonsmooth actuator nonlinearities such as dead-zone, backlash, hysteresis, and other piecewise-linear characteristics which are common in control systems and often limit system performance. This chapter gives an overview of various state feedback and output feedback control designs for linear, nonlinear, single-input and single-output, and multi-input and multi-output plants as well as open problems in this area of major theoretical and practical relevance. A key problem is to develop linearly parametrized error models suitable for developing adaptive laws to update the inverse and feedback controller parameters, which is solved for various considered cases. The chapter shows that control systems with commonly used linear or nonlinear feedback controllers such as a model reference, PID, pole placement, feedback linearization, or backstepping can be combined with an adaptive inverse to handle actuator nonlinearities.
Rapid Identification of Protein Kinase Phosphorylation Site Motifs Using Combinatorial Peptide Libraries

Eukaryotic protein kinases phosphorylate substrates at serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues that fall within the context of short sequence motifs. Knowing the phosphorylation site motif for a protein kinase facilitates designing substrates for kinase assays and mapping phosphorylation sites in protein substrates. Here, we describe an arrayed peptide library protocol for rapidly determining kinase phosphorylation consensus sequences. This method uses a set of peptide mixtures in which each of the 20 amino acid residues is systematically substituted at nine positions surrounding a central site of phosphorylation. Peptide mixtures are arrayed in multiwell plates and analyzed by radiolabel assay with the kinase of interest. The preferred sequence is determined from the relative rate of phosphorylation of each peptide in the array. Consensus peptides based on these sequences typically serve as efficient and specific kinase substrates for high-throughput screening or incorporation into biosensors.
The Palatal Dentition in Squamate Reptiles: Morphology, Development, Attachment, and Replacement

Abstract The palatal dentition in squamate reptiles is poorly known compared to the marginal dentition. We surveyed species representing all squamate families for the occurrence of palatal teeth. For those exhibiting palatal teeth, we investigated palatal tooth arrangement, morphology, development, attachment, and replacement patterns using SEM, high-resolution X-ray computed tomography imaging, and histology. We found substantial variability in the presence of palatal teeth and in the arrangement and number of palatal tooth rows at familial, generic, and specific levels among nonophidian lizards. However, snakes exhibit much more uniformity in both these respects. These patterns of variability have implications for trade-offs between phylogenetic, functional, and developmental constraints. When numerous, palatal teeth in most nonophidian lizards are either arranged in fields or loosely organized rows near the back of the oral cavity. In contrast, palatal teeth in snakes and in the “lizards” Shinisaurus a...
Design considerations for a multisite POTS-based telemammography system

As the number of mammographic examinations increases, it becomes clear that in many underserved locations, there is a lack of expertise that is required for consistent, highly accurate, and timely diagnosis. Hence, mammograms are frequently sent to other medical facilities, and a significant fraction of women (typically 3 - 10%) are recalled for additional examinations. It is the purpose of this project to develop, test, and clinically evaluate a telemammography system that will operate between several remote locations and a large breast cancer center. In this manuscript we describe the design considerations, implementation, and initial testing that were undertaken, to date. The system digitizes a mammogram at 50 micrometers pixel size, compresses the resulting image file (approximately 75:1), and transmits it over a telephone line to the central site where the data received are decompressed and displayed on a high-resolution workstation in approximately 4 minutes per image. Initial testing of the system indicates that a relatively inexpensive system for 'almost real-time' telemammography can be employed in any geographic area that possesses standard telephone lines, and this approach to enhance communication may make it possible to offer better mammographic services at remote locations.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cingulate lesions and behavioral adaptation to amino acid imbalanced diets

The effect of anterior cingulate cortex lesions on dietary intake and adaptation of disproportionate amounts of amino acids was examined. Rats with bilateral electrolytic lesions in the anterior cingulate cortex and sham-operated rats were fed, in turn, amino acid basal, imbalanced or devoid diets involving threonine and isoleucine as the growth limiting amino acids, and then a low protein (6% casein) followed by a high protein (75% casein) diet. Lesions of the anterior cingulate cortex did not prevent the initial depression in food intake of the amino acid imbalanced diets, but shortened the duration of anorexia associated with dietary amino acid imbalances. Cingulate lesions did not influence the food intake of rats fed amino acid devoid diets. When switched from a low protein to a high protein diet, animals bearing lesions and sham-operated controls reduced markedly their initial food intake and adapted to the high protein diet in similar manner. It was concluded that the initial food intake depression associated with a dietary amino acid imbalance is a direct response to postingestive cues which influence food intake. Moreover, that the difference in adaptive intakes of the cingulate cortex lesioned animals who ingested a diet of imbalanced amino acids or of high protein, indicates that separate mechanisms act to control food intake of animals fed diets containing imbalanced amino acid mixtures or diets with excessive amounts of protein.
Domain-specific and strategic knowledge: Effects of training on students of differing ages or competence levels

Abstract In this article, the authors describe the results of three experiments designed to examine the effect training has on students' domain-specific and strategic knowledge. Three groups of sixth graders participated in Experiment I. Subjects were low in competence in either human biological knowledge, or analogical reasoning, or both. In Experiment II, high schoolers of varied levels of competence in human biology/human immunology were studied. Subjects in Experiment III were college undergraduates, and the knowledge domain of interest was human immunology. As in Experiment I, the strategy trained in Experiments II and III was analogical reasoning. Science instruction in human biology or human immunology was given to certain groups, while strategy instruction in analogical reasoning was offered to other groups. Training was delivered via a direct instruction model. Certain treatment subjects in all experiments received both science and analogy instruction. Results indicate that, although both domain and strategy knowledge can be effectively trained at certain ages or with students of differing competence levels, domain-specific knowledge appears easier to transmit than general strategy knowledge. Further, gender seems to play an important role in the acquisition or utilization of such knowledge.
Sea Surface Salinity and Wind Retrieval Using Combined Passive and Active L-Band Microwave Observations

This paper describes an algorithm to simultaneously retrieve ocean surface salinity and wind from combined passive/active L-band microwave observations of sea surfaces. The algorithm takes advantage of the differing response of brightness temperatures and radar backscatter to salinity, wind speed, and direction. The algorithm minimizes the least square error (LSE) measure, signifying the difference between measurements and model functions of brightness temperatures and radar backscatter. Three LSE measures with different measurement combinations are tested. One of the LSE measures uses passive microwave data only with retrieval errors reaching 2 psu for salinity and 2 m/s for wind speed. The second LSE measure uses both passive and active microwave data for vertical and horizontal polarizations. The addition of active microwave data significantly improves the retrieval accuracy by about a factor of five. To mitigate the impact of Faraday rotation on satellite observations, we propose the third LSE measure using measurement combinations invariant under the Faraday rotation. For Aquarius, the expected root-mean-square SSS error will be less than 0.2 psu for low winds and increases to 0.3 psu at 25-m/s wind speed for warm waters, and the accuracy of retrieved wind speed will be high (about 1-2 m/s or lower). Our results suggest that combining passive and active microwave observations will allow retrieval of sea surface salinity along with the wind speed and direction. In particular, the LSE measure invariant under the Faraday rotation will be directly applicable to spaceborne missions, such as the NASA Aquarius and Soil Moisture Active Passive missions.
Human Resource Accounting: A Measurement Perspective

Human resource accounting is evaluated as a potential organizational measurement tool. Specifically, asset and cost models are examined in terms of reliability, validity, and usefulness. Beyond this evaluative perspective, examples are presented of a costing approach which may circumvent some of the identified measurement problems.
Structure of amorphous GeSe thin films

Abstract Amorphous films of GeSe0.7 and GeSe2.4 have been examined by energy-filtered scanning electron diffraction and by electron microscopy. Radial distribution analysis of the GeSe0.7 intensity curves indicates that the local atomic order of these films differs considerably from the distorted rocksalt structure of bulk crystalline GeSe. Radial distribution studies also indicate a change in the structure of GeSe0.7 and GeSe2.4 films supported on copper mesh as they are heated with an electron beam. Gross structural features are not observable in the electron micrographs of the amorphous films. This does not eliminate, however, the possibility of the presence of glassy phase separation on a fine scale in the heat-treated films.
Project financing an energy revolution in the USA

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has warned that there is significant concern that increasing manmade greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are leading to climate change and global warming. Climate models indicate that to minimize the damage caused by global warming, governments need to limit the global temperature increase to 2°C. This requires stabilizing the concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere to 450 parts per million in carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e) by 2050. Many countries concur that the level of emissions per citizen for every country should converge by then. This will require the emissions of developed countries to decline by 50–90% by 2050. This paper examines the building and utilities sectors that account for 68% of total US GHG emissions and proposes a potential solution of adopting a carbon tax (revenues) with reinvestment (power plant construction) that reduces US emissions by 48% and building/utility emissions by 67% within 20 years. This paper then examines two potential optio...
Coccinellids in diverse communities: which niche fits?

Abstract Predaceous lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) are a well-studied group of consumers that can yield insight into relationships among interspecific niche differences, species richness, and prey consumption. In various studies, sympatric lady beetles differ in habitat-use at the scales of landscapes, single agricultural fields, and single plants. Species also differ in their seasonal and diel activity-patterns. These spatiotemporal differences in habitat-use should lead to complementary impacts on prey, by encouraging different predator species to attack different subsets of the prey population. This in turn should lead to stronger biological control at higher predator diversity levels. Indeed, experimental manipulations of predator species richness in communities that include coccinellids have generally revealed stronger prey suppression with greater predator biodiversity. In these experimental studies, lady beetles sometimes filled unique niches as particularly voracious predators, and often also complemented or facilitated prey capture by other species. Intraguild predation was rarely found to be a strongly disruptive force, perhaps because spatiotemporal niche differences reduced encounters among species. In summary, coccinellid species both respond to and affect their communities in unique ways, generally to the benefit of herbivore suppression. Thus, the best niche fit for coccinellids may be that of a complement to other species, contributing to improved biological control with greater predator biodiversity.
Relative substituent position on the strength of π–π stacking interactions

Abstract It was observed that the relative position of the arene substituents has a profound influence on the strength of π–π stacking in the 9-benzyl-substituted triptycene system. A new series of model compounds (3a–i) capable of revealing quantitatively π–π stacking interactions was studied. This series of compounds (3a–i) has an ortho-substituted methyl group in one of the two interacting arenes and the syn/anti ratios were determined and compared to a series previously studied compounds (4a–i) that have a para methyl group on the corresponding arene. A greater than 50% increase in the strength of π–π stacking interactions was observed with the methyl group in the ortho position comparing to that in the para position. No difference in π–π stacking interactions was observed when the other aromatic ring was a pentafluorobenzoate group.
A comparison of dogfish and bovine chymotrypsins

Abstract Bovine and dogfish chymotrypsins were compared to determine if chymotrypsin from a poikilothermic organism (spiny dogfish ( Squalus acanthias )) adapted to low temperatures possessed catalytic properties different from those of the same enzyme from a warm-blooded animal. An improved procedure was developed for isolating dogfish pancreatic chymotrypsin. The least hydrophobic and smallest substrate used, p -nitrophenyl acetate, had similar enthalpies of association ( ΔH a ) with both enzymes, whereas larger, more hydrophobic substrates had ΔH a values that were of opposite sign for the two enzymes. As the temperature increased, the association constants ( 1K s ) for p -nitrophenyl valerate and p -nitrophenyltrimethyl acetate increased for dogfish chymotrypsin and decreased for bovine chymotrypsin, while the free energies of association ( ΔG a ) remained relatively constant. Acylation of chymotrypsin was 1.5–2.5 times slower in the dogfish enzyme than in the bovine enzyme except below 15 °C with p -nitrophenyltrimethyl acetate. ΔH‡ for acylation by p -nitrophenyltrimethyl acetate were 2.0 kcal/ mol for the dogfish enzyme and 10.2 kcal/mol for the bovine, whereas ΔH‡ values were only slightly lower in the dogfish enzyme for the other two substrates. For all substrates, the deacylation rate constant ( k cat ) was greater with dogfish chymotrypsin than bovine. However, the free energies of activation ( ΔG‡ ) for deacylation were nearly equal between the two enzymes for each of the substrates.
Some Mössbauer effect considerations in gamma-ray laser development

Abstract The development of gamma-ray lasers (grasers) will, in all probability, depend on the use of recoillessly emitted gamma rays from nuclear transitions, i.e., the Mossbauer Effect (ME). Past research in Mossbauer spectroscopy which relates to grasers is briefly reviewed. The nuclear lifetimes, required for practical considerations, may have to be on the order of seconds, if storage and transfer processes prove infeasible. It is not clear that the ME has been observed in such long-lived states. Even if such long-lived states are not needed directly for grasers, successful observation of the ME in such a system will answer important questions of line broadening due to field inhomogeneities in single crystals. We propose some novel experimental schemes to observe the ME in 109Ag whose relevant lifetime is about 40 sec. The techniques proposed are: coincidence Mossbauer spectroscopy, conversion-electron Mossbauer spectroscopy, gravitational line sweeping, and gamma-ray self-absorption. Preliminary results using the later technique are presented. Possible future, relevant ME research is discussed.
Mg 2+ Fe 2+ order-disorder in orthopyroxene and the Mg 2+ Fe 2+ distribution between coexisting minerals

Mg/2+/-Fe/2+/ order-disorder in orthopyroxene and Mg/2+/-Fe/2+/ distribution between coexisting minerals
Preparation and Properties of a 3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic Acid Chromophore Variant of the Photoactive Yellow Protein

Native photoactive yellow protein (PYP) is reversibly bleached by laser excitation at the 446-nm wavelength maximum, during which the trans-4-hydroxycinnamic acid chromophore (covalently bound via a thioester to Cys 69) is isomerized, causing the protein to undergo a conformational change. We have reconstituted the holoprotein from recombinant apoprotein plus thiophenol thioester-activated chromophore and have also successfully attached a synthetic 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid chromophore and purified the resultant variant. The reconstituted recombinant protein has the same spectral and photochemical properties as the native protein. However, the absorption maximum of the protein with the dihydroxy chromophore variant is red-shifted to 458 nm, with an additional shoulder at about 342 nm. Following a laser flash, the rate constants for the first phase of bleaching in both the native and the variant proteins are too large to measure with the present apparatus. The second bleaching phase is only marginally accessible in the variant and has a rate constant (k approximately 2.3 x 10(4) s-1) at least an order of magnitude larger than that of the native PYP. In contrast, the rate constant for recovery of absorbance in the variant (k approximately 0.15 s-1) is about 40-fold smaller than for native PYP and is insensitive to pH (the native protein has a biphasic 16-fold variation in rate constant with pH). We previously observed similar changes in kinetic rate constants for protein denatured by urea or alcohols, which suggests that the dihydroxy protein is less stable than the native PYP. This was confirmed by measurement of protein unfolding in guanidine hydrochloride. We conclude from these results that the binding site is too small to accommodate the dihydroxybenzene ring of the variant chromophore without introducing strain into the protein, which is then reflected in the kinetic properties of the photocycle.
Investigating stereotypes of social anxiety

Background and Objectives: This paper consists of two studies that test for the presence and content of stereotypes of highly socially anxious individuals. Design: The current studies examined traits that comprise social anxiety stereotypes, and then tested whether undergraduate students held part of this stereotype via an implicit-association test (IAT). Methods: In Study 1, a sample of undergraduate students (n = 635) was asked to generate descriptors of people who are highly socially anxious. These descriptors were utilized to create the Social Anxiety Stereotype Measure (SASM) and the underlying factor structure of the SASM was analyzed. In Study 2, a different sample of undergraduate students (n = 87) was given an IAT to further test for the presence of one of the factors obtained in Study 1. Results: Factor analyses indicated the presence of two social anxiety stereotypes: social inhibition and oddity (comparative fit index = .97, Tucker-Lewis Index = .95, root mean square error of approximation = ....