cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An assessment of patient and pharmacist knowledge of and attitudes toward reporting adverse drug events due to formulation switching in patients with epilepsy

A survey was developed to gather information from both patients with epilepsy and community pharmacists on the issue of antiepileptic drug (AED) formulation switching, which includes brand to generic, generic to brand, and generic to generic. Data were obtained from 82 patients (or parents of patients) with epilepsy and 112 community pharmacists. More than 92% of patients and 85% of pharmacists agreed that switching between forms of the same AEDs may cause an increase in seizures or adverse effects. More than two-thirds of our patient sample reported having problems with formulation switching; many also reported knowing other patients with problems. Just more than half (51%) of the pharmacists knew of patients who have described problems when they have changed AED formulations. Less than 50% of both populations knew that problems resulting from formulation switching should be reported as adverse drug events to the FDA. Not many pharmacists and far fewer patients use MedWatch to report these problems. We conclude that both patients with epilepsy and pharmacists are underinformed and underinvolved with reporting adverse drug events.
Lymphedema: Knowledge, Treatment, and Impact Among Breast Cancer Survivors.

Abstract: Lymphedema is an understudied consequence of surgery for breast cancer. It is estimated that as many as 60% of breast cancer survivors report symptoms of lymphedema. Few studies have examined the impact of lymphedema on the lives of women with breast cancer. The goal of this pilot study was to identify knowledge about, treatment received for, and the effect of lymphedema among a group of breast cancer survivors and physicians. Forty women with lymphedema and 10 physicians who treat breast cancer patients participated. Overall, women knew little to nothing about lymphedema before they developed it. After diagnosis, the primary source of information about lymphedema was a doctor or physical therapist. The majority of women received compressive garment therapy (75%), 46.9% received mechanical compressive therapy, 26% received bandaging, and 22% received physical therapy. More than half (55%) reported that clothing and appearance were affected by their condition and 48% reported that routine daily activities were impaired. Hot weather (58%) and regular arm use (40%) were reported to exacerbate the swelling. Most physicians reported that they did not routinely counsel women or provide written information on lymphedema prevention to their patients, and the extent to which women's daily living was affected by the condition was not always recognized. These findings have implications for interventions aimed at educating women and providers about lymphedema.
2001 needs for multi-level interconnect technology

Looks at the materials and thermal alternatives for scaled, next-century VLSI/ULSI interconnects. It is shown that ad hoc executions of programs to calculate interconnect parameters for VLSI/ULSI design and analysis are too time-consuming to be practical. The tool used in this study to model a hypothetical interconnect system was Hewlett Packard's HTVE (HP Interconnect Value Extractor). >
THE GENUS XANTHILITES BELL, 1858 AND A NEW XANTHOID FAMILY (CRUSTACEA: DECAPODA: BRACHYURA: XANTHOIDEA): NEW HYPOTHESES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE XANTHOIDEA MACLEAY, 1838

The xanthoid genus Xanthilites Bell, 1858 is herein restricted to contain only the type species X. bowerbanki and possibly a second species. Xanthilites sensu stricto, Pulalius, Tumidocarcinus, Paratumidocarcinus, and Baricarcinus are placed within the Tumidocarcinidae new family within the Xanthoidea. It is hypothesized that the Carpiliidae, Platyxanthidae, Tumidocarcinidae new family, Zanthopsidae, and at least some subfamilies of the Eriphiidae form a natural group and may belong to a discrete superfamily, based upon paleontological and neontological evidence. The earliest documented occurrence in the fossil record for the xanthoid Platyxanthidae is in Eocene rocks, with the referral herein of a fossil species to the family. The two related families, Eriphiidae and Platyxanthidae, are difficult to distinguish from one another in fossil specimens; diagnoses which take into account preservable characters are provided. Moreover, based upon morphological features the Eriphiidae as currently defined may comprise at least two families. Revision of Xanthilites has resulted in two new genera, Jakobsenius and Rocacarcinus, erected for Xanthilites? cretacea and X. gerthi respectively, both placed within the extinct Palaeoxanthopsidae. The common ancestor of at least some families currently referred to the Xanthoidea may lie within the Palaeoxanthopsidae, which may have embraced ''pre-adapted survivor'' taxa, surviving the end- Cretaceous extinction event. Goniocypoda tessieri is confirmed as a member of the Hexapodidae, extending the range of that family into the Cretaceous; however, the family is not a likely candidate for embracing the ancestral xanthoids. The illustrated specimen of Menippe frescoensis retains a barnacle epibiont, very rare in the fossil record of decapods.
Calculation of the Hyperfine Structure and g J Values of the 3d 9 4s4p Configuration of Copper

Wave functions that take into account departures from LS coupling and configuration interaction are obtained for the 3d94s4p configuration of copper by treating the radial integrals as parameters and adjusting them to fit the experimental energy levels. The relativistic dipole and quadrupole hfs matrix elements between all levels of the same J within the 3d94s4p configuration are derived. The hfs and gJ values of most states of the 3d94s4p configuration are then obtained by evaluating these matrix elements with the derived wave functions. Good agreement between calculated and most experimental hfs and gJ measurements is obtained. The quadrupole moment of 63Cu obtained from the d hole is −0.267b and from the p electron is −0.184b. Sternheimer corrections are not included.
Illuminating next-generation brain therapies.

A clinical trial inspired and guided by optogenetics experiments in rodents reports the outcome of targeted transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients suffering from cocaine addiction.
The Global Imperative: “World Wellness”

Public health refers to all organized measures to prevent disease, promote health, and prolong life. Wellness is an active process of becoming aware of and making choices toward a healthy and fulfilling life. Public health capacity to manage health problems and promote wellness relies on cumulative resources and relationships. There is a growing need for accurate global, regional, and country statistics on population and health. Public health capacity is also very dependent on investment. Each country either ignores or establishes a mission to manage the health and safety of its people. Changing the paradigm needs to involve non-governmental organizations ( NGO s).
Alpha 2-macroglobulin-kallikrein complexes detect contact system activation in hereditary angioedema and human sepsis.

Activation of the contact system has been documented in severe sepsis and hereditary angioedema, but a sensitive, specific, and quantitative assay for assessing the degree of involvement of this proteolytic enzyme cascade is not yet available. We have developed a quantitative sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the alpha 2- macroglobulin-kallikrein (alpha 2M-Kal) complex using an F(ab')2 derivative of a monospecific polyclonal antibody against alpha 2 M as the capture antibody and a unique murine monoclonal antibody, 13G11, against the heavy chain of kallikrein as the detector antibody. The assay does not detect complexes in normal plasma but reacts with complexes generated by activating normal plasma with dextran sulfate at 4 degrees C in a range of 5 to 375 nmol/L. A close correlation of the ELISA with an amidolytic assay for alpha 2M-Kal was documented. Patients with sepsis syndrome but negative bacterial blood cultures did not show elevated plasma complexes, whereas a majority of those with positive blood cultures did show modest elevation and a single patient with septic shock showed a very high level of alpha 2M-Kal complex. Similarly, a patient with classic hereditary angioedema (HAE) showed increased concentration of complexes on three separate occasions during attacks but normal levels between attacks. Two other HAE patients did not show elevated levels at quiescent periods. The ELISA for alpha 2M- Kal appears to be sensitive, specific, and quantitative, and it can be used to reflect the degree of contact system activation in human sepsis and in HAE attacks.
Limited Pliocene Glacier Extent and Surface Uplift in Middle Taylor Valley, Antarctica

ABSTRACTLimited surface uplift, glacial extent, and climatic change since mid-Pliocene time are inferred from surficial deposits in middle Taylor Valley, Antarctica (77°30'-77°50'S., 160°0'-163°40'...
Telangiectasia and pulmonary arterial hypertension following treatment with trastuzumab emtansine: A case report

Trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) is a Food and Drug Administration-approved novel agent for the treatment of HER-2 positive advanced breast cancer. We report a case of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) that we attribute to the use of T-DM1. A 43-year-old woman with stage IV breast cancer presented with dyspnea on exertion. After excluding other secondary causes of pulmonary hypertension, a diagnosis of moderately severe PAH was made based on right heart catheterization. History revealed that the patient had been on T-DM1 before presentation. During T-DM1 treatment, the patient experienced hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia-like symptoms consisting of spider angiomata-skin lesions, epistaxis, and hematochezia, which resolved with discontinuation of T-DM1. Temporal associations of T-DM1 use with the development of PAH in the patient, and the reported association between hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and PAH via genetic linkage, led us to suspect T-DM1 as the cause of PAH.
Irrationalities in Welfarist Organizational Pathways

Nonhuman Animals are beaten, raped, torn from their homes, separated from their families, enslaved, subjected to medical experimentation, killed, and even consumed by other members of society. For the most part, this is taken for granted as normal, acceptable, and even natural. This happens day in and day out in every human society to trillions of nonhuman persons. Nonhumans receive limited legal protection that tends only to respect the property rights of their “owners” (Francione, 1995, p.44). Without a doubt, Nonhuman Animals comprise the largest oppressed group in human society. They suffer the greatest number of injustices and receive the most limited attention and assistance. Because they, like human animals, are sentient and experience this inequality as a result of socially created hierarchies of power, they should not be excluded from moral concern and social responsibility.
Iron( III )-catalysed carbonyl–olefin metathesis

The olefin metathesis reaction of two unsaturated substrates is one of the most powerful carbon-carbon-bond-forming reactions in organic chemistry. Specifically, the catalytic olefin metathesis reaction has led to profound developments in the synthesis of molecules relevant to the petroleum, materials, agricultural and pharmaceutical industries. These reactions are characterized by their use of discrete metal alkylidene catalysts that operate via a well-established mechanism. While the corresponding carbonyl-olefin metathesis reaction can also be used to construct carbon-carbon bonds, currently available methods are scarce and severely hampered by either harsh reaction conditions or the required use of stoichiometric transition metals as reagents. To date, no general protocol for catalytic carbonyl-olefin metathesis has been reported. Here we demonstrate a catalytic carbonyl-olefin ring-closing metathesis reaction that uses iron, an Earth-abundant and environmentally benign transition metal, as a catalyst. This transformation accommodates a variety of substrates and is distinguished by its operational simplicity, mild reaction conditions, high functional-group tolerance, and amenability to gram-scale synthesis. We anticipate that these characteristics, coupled with the efficiency of this reaction, will allow for further advances in areas that have historically been enhanced by olefin metathesis.
Effect of influenza A(H1N1) vaccine against influenza outbreak

[Objective]To understand the effect of influenza A(H1N1) vaccine against influenza A outbreak.[Methods]An outbreak of influenza A occurred in a school from April to March 2011 was studied by the epidemiological descriptive analysis,and the effect of influenza A(H1N1) vaccine on this outbreak was analyzed by the retrospective cohort study.[Results]Among 542 students and teachers in this school,there were 191 patients with the attack rate of 35.24%.Most of cases occurred from 19 to 25 April,and patients were mainly pupils in grades 1-6(χ2=9.972,P0.01).The attack rate of resident students was higher than that of non-resident students.The incidence rate of 112 students and teachers who had received influenza A vaccine was 16.96%,which was lower than that of students and teachers who had not received vaccine(40%),and the difference was significant(χ2=20.661,P0.05;OR=0.306,95% CI was 0.180~0.521).[Conclusion]The influenza A vaccine can effectively prevent influenza A(H1N1),and reduce the incidence of outbreak.
Life table analysis of intrauterine insemination pregnancy rates for couples with cervical factor, male factor, and idiopathic infertility

A retrospective analysis of 231 couples undergoing 762 IUI cycles revealed that 63 of 64 pregnancies occurred within four IUI cycles. It is recommended that couples undergoing IUI treatment who fail to conceive within four cycles consider a modification of treatment strategy.
Acceleration of Enantioselective Cycloadditions Catalyzed by Second-Generation Chiral Oxazaborolidinium Triflimidates by Biscoordinating Lewis Acids

The activation of second-generation fluorinated oxazaborolidines by the strong acid triflimide (Tf2NH) in CH2Cl2 solution leads to highly active chiral Lewis acids that are very effective catalysts for (4 + 2) cycloaddition. We report herein that this catalytic activity can be further enhanced by the use of Tf2NH in combination with the biscoordinating Lewis acid TiCl4 or SnCl4 as a coactivator. The effective increase in acidity of an exceedingly strong protic acid is greater for biscoordinating TiCl4 and SnCl4 than for monocoordinating salts, even the strong Lewis acids AlBr3 and BBr3 in CH2Cl2 or CH2Cl2/toluene. The increase in the effective acidity of Tf2NH can be understood in terms of a stabilized cyclic anionic complex of Tf2N– and TiCl4, which implies a broader utility than that described here. The utility of Tf2NH–TiCl4 activation of fluorinated oxazaborolidines is documented by examples including the first enantioselective (4 + 2) cycloaddition to α,β-unsaturated acid chlorides.
Case Study #4: Star Trek by Gene Roddenberry

Star Trek began as a 1960s television series led by a swashbuckling starship Captain, an intellectual off-world first officer, and a multicultural, heart-of-gold crew. In the third of a century since its appearance on our home screens, the series Gene Roddenberry created has become a world-wide phenomenon. Star Trek is also a rich treasure trove of administrative literature: The setting — usually a starship, sometimes a planetary government organization. The characters are clearly delineated, colorful, share common goals, distinguish between their personal and professional roles and concerns, and serve well as archetypes for distinct organizational personalities. And the missions are clear, benevolent, in the public interest, and frequently controversial. As you watch an episode of one of the four Star Trek series, how many of these facets can you observe? That’s public administration, all right, but in a very different wrapper
Analyzing Variation in Prior Record Penalties Across Conviction Offenses

The focal concerns perspective suggests that criminal history and the nature of the offense interact to influence judicial assessments of community threat, yet this question has not been subject to...
Pericardial incidentaloma: benign pericardial cyst

A 73-year-old woman with hypertension and atrial fibrillation presented with head and neck injury after mechanical fall. During workup, chest X-ray anteroposterior view (figure 1) revealed a rounded opacity silhouetting the left heart border and hilum. Subsequent contrast-enhanced CT of the chest showed single, 6.4 cm, rounded, well-defined, thin-walled, non-enhanced, low attenuated (−20 and 20 Hounsfield Unit) and homogenous cyst-like structure at the left mediastinum connected to pericardial recesses and not attached to adjacent structures (figure 2A–C). Transthoracic echocardiogram ruled out left ventricular aneurysm, aortic aneurysm, solid tumour and outflow tracts obstruction. Although bronchogenic cyst, oesophageal duplication …
Fully contactless system for crayfish heartbeat monitoring: Undisturbed crayfish as bio-indicator

Abstract The crayfish is widely accepted as very sensitive and fast bio-indicator of changes in water quality. Studies based on heart beat analysis demonstrated the potential of using crayfish as a detector of pollutants consequently several computer-aided systems were developed to use this mechanism. The main complication with applying such a system is the necessity of using metal wires or optical fibres to transmit the signal from sensor which is placed on back of the crayfish to the processing hardware; these attachments restrict system design to one crayfish in one aquarium. We introduced an original system for crayfish heart beat monitoring based on completely non-invasive/contactless hardware. The system can determine crayfish heart beat frequency using only the combination of near infra-red (NIR) illuminator and sensitive camera. The heart rate is the only parameter needed in most of the studies using crayfish as a bio-indicator. We developed the system which needs no attachment, so more crayfish in one aquarium can be monitored simultaneously and it provides accurate information on heart rate and crayfish need no adaptation to the system. It can be used as equivalent to existing systems to simplify the crayfish studies.
Role of Calprotectin in Withholding Zinc and Copper from Candida albicans

The opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans acquires essential metals from the host, yet the host can sequester these micronutrients through a process known as nutritional immunity. How the host withholds metals from C. albicans has been poorly understood; here we examine the role of calprotectin (CP), a transition metal binding protein. When CP depletes bioavailable Zn from the extracellular environment, C. albicans strongly upregulates ZRT1 and PRA1 for Zn import and maintains constant intracellular Zn through numerous cell divisions. We show for the first time that CP can also sequester Cu by binding Cu(II) with subpicomolar affinity. CP blocks fungal acquisition of Cu from serum and induces a Cu starvation stress response involving SOD1 and SOD3 superoxide dismutases. These transcriptional changes are mirrored when C. albicans invades kidneys in a mouse model of disseminated candidiasis, although the responses to Cu and Zn limitations are temporally distinct. The Cu response progresses throughout 72 h, while the Zn response is short-lived. Notably, these stress responses were attenuated in CP null mice, but only at initial stages of infection. Thus, Zn and Cu pools are dynamic at the host-pathogen interface and CP acts early in infection to restrict metal nutrients from C. albicans.
The subarray division for the phase array radar

As the dramatic development in the array signal processing, the phase array radar is widely used. The phase array radar is more flexible in beamforming since we just need to adapt the phase shift to change the direction of beamforming. However, it is always a huge cost of hardware resources since each antenna antenna element needs its own receiving path. Therefore, the phase array radar should be divided into subarrays and each subarray has one receive path. It is very difficult to maintain good performance of the phase array radar after the subarray division. In this paper, we propose a novel subarray division method which is based on the genetic algorithm. The proposed method helps to divide the subarrays and maintain good mainlobe for the expected signal and low sidelobe for the interference suppression. In addition, the simulation results are given to show our proposed method has good performance in the antenna pattern and reduce the hardware cost dramatically.
Fifth International Congress of the International Association of Physical Education and Sports for Girls and Women

(1965). Fifth International Congress of the International Association of Physical Education and Sports for Girls and Women. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 36, No. 9, pp. 24-72.
Tooth Retention and Tooth Loss in the Permanent Dentition of Adults: United States, 1988–1991

While the overall prevalence of tooth loss and edentulism has been declining in the United States over the past several decades, important variations remain among subgroups of the population. Data from Phase 1 of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) provide the most current estimates of the prevalence and distribution of tooth retention and tooth loss in the United States. Weighted analyses were conducted for all adults 18+ years of age (n=8,366) and for selected age, gender, and race-ethnicity groups. In 1988-91, 89.5% of the population was dentate, and 30.5% had retained all 28 teeth. The mean number of teeth retained was 21.1 for all adults and 23.5 for dentate persons. The most commonly retained teeth in the mouth were the six anterior teeth in the lower arch. Conversely, 10.5% of the population was edentulous. Partial edentulism was much more common in the upper arch than in the lower arch. The most commonly missing teeth were the first and second molars. Age was strongly related to every measure of tooth retention and tooth loss. Gender was not related to any of these measures, after adjustment for age. Race-ethnicity was consistently related to these measures, after adjustment for age and gender. In general, Mexican-Americans had the lowest and black non-Hispanics the highest rates of tooth loss. Future research needs to examine a wide range of potential correlates of tooth retention and tooth loss before we can understand the complex interplay among the personal, dental, and environmental factors influencing tooth retention and tooth loss in the United States.
Fluid–Structure Interaction (FSI) Modeling in the Cardiovascular System

The cardiovascular system experiences strong fluid–structure interaction (FSI). This chapter presents the theoretical formulations for two powerful FSI techniques: the arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) and the immersed boundary (IB) methods. Examples of FSI applications to aortic cross-clamping used during surgical treatment of heart failure and valveless pumping are also presented.
Who Gets Served in Gifted Education? Demographic Representation and a Call for Action.

The disproportional representation of students from various demographic subgroups within identified gifted and talented populations has long frustrated policy makers, education advocates, researche...
Technological Advancements in Magnetic Resonance Neurography

Magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) is being increasingly used as a problem-solving tool for diagnosis and management of peripheral neuropathies. This review is aimed at summarizing important technological advances, including MR pulse sequence and surface coil developments, which have facilitated MRN’s use in clinical practice. The most recent research in MRN focuses on its clinical applications, with concomitant development of three-dimensional, parallel imaging and vascular suppression techniques that facilitate higher spatial resolution and depiction of small nerve branches arising from the brachial and lumbosacral plexi as well as fascicular abnormalities of more distal extremity nerves. Quantitative diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has been studied as a tool to detect microstructural abnormalities of peripheral nerves and more precisely define grades of nerve injury but will require additional investigation to determine its role in daily clinical practice. MRN continues to evolve due to technological improvements and awareness by the medical community of its capabilities. Additional technological developments related to surface coil designs and vascular suppression techniques will be needed to move the field forward.
Validity of the HELS Method

The validity challenges came at the joint meetings of the 136th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America (ASA), the 2nd Convention of the European Acoustics Association (EAA), and the 25th German Annual Conference on Acoustics (DAGA) held in Berlin, Germany, 1999 [58]. The major questions were as follows: “How can the acoustic field on the surface of any non-spherical structure be described by the spherical wave functions?” “Is this a Rayleigh hypothesis in NAH that pushes a solution formulation beyond its region of validity?”
Performance Analysis of the Transverse-Flux Machine with High number of Poles for Large Wind, Hydro, and Electric Ship Propulsion Systems

radial transverse-flux machine is presented in the paper and analyzed in generator and motor regimes. The 3D FEM model of the machine is co-simulated in ANSYS software with the balanced 3-phase resistive load. As a result, such electromechanical characteristics of the machine as electromagnetic torque, phase currents, and back EMF are calculated in the generator regime. Based on the equivalent circuit, phasor diagram, and analytical equations describing the operation of the synchronous machine, the Simulink dynamic model of the radial transverse-flux motor is designed to investigate various output characteristics of the machine in motor regime. Electromagnetic power, voltage, torque, and speed are first calculated at at no load, and after the speed of the motor reaches steady state, the mechanical load is suddenly applied. Based on the results, the power factor of the machine is determined by measuring the phase shift between the current and phase voltage waveforms. In addition, the characteristics of the electromagnetic power vs power angle of the machine are investigated using an analytical approach. Based on the results, several conclusions are made on the progress of the presented transverse-flux machine, and the future scope of study necessary to improve the machine further.
Latency Prediction for Delay-sensitive V2X Applications in Mobile Cloud/Edge Computing Systems

Mobile edge computing (MEC) is a key enabler of delay-sensitive vehicle-to-everything (V2X) applications. Determining where to execute a task necessitates accurate estimation of the offloading latency. In this paper, we propose a latency prediction framework that integrates machine learning and statistical approaches. Aided by extensive latency measurements collected during driving, we first preprocess the data and divide it into two components: one that follows a trackable trend over time and the other that behaves like random noise. We then develop a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network to predict the first component. This LSTM network captures the trend in latency over time. We further enhance the prediction accuracy of this technique by employing a k-medoids classification method. For the second component, we propose a statistical approach using a combination of Epanechnikov Kernel and moving average functions. Experimental results show that the proposed prediction approach reduces the prediction error to half of a standard deviation (STD) of the raw data.
Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Exogenous Isobutane Gas in the Mammary Gland of Cows

Infusion of chemicals or gases into the mammary glands of dairy cattle has been used to alter the appearance of udders in cattle used in exhibitions. People who fit dairy cattle to enhance the gross appearance of the udder by making it appear larger and fuller have used these agents. The ethical issues surrounding this practice are controversial and the purebred dairy cattle show industry is considering methods to detect these practices. In the past, studies using thermography and ultrasonography were inconclusive in determining if agents placed in the udder could be detected.1,2 The purposes of this study were to determine the ultrasonographic appearance of exogenous isobutane gas infused into the udder. And to determine the effects of volume and pressure used to infuse exogenous isobutane gas and exogenous isobutane gas on duration of ultrasonographic appearance in the udder.
AIDS cholangiopathy

AIDS is an advanced disease with systemic and infectious complications that can be fatal. When a patient with AIDS presents with right upper quadrant or midepigastric pain, cholestasis, and symptoms of cholangitis, AIDS cholangiopathy should be suspected and appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic interventions should be initiated. Opportunistic infections such as Cryptosporidium and cytomegalovirus are the most common cause of AIDS cholangiopathy. Four distinct cholangiographic abnormalities have been demonstrated by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, the most common being papillary stenosis with sclerosing cholangitis. Antimicrobial therapy is often ineffective. Highly active antiretroviral therapy may enhance immune function and offers the best medical therapy to clear the opportunistic infections. Ursodeoxycholic acid has a limited benefit in patients with sclerosing cholangitis and cholestasis. Endoscopic sphincterotomy has been shown to relieve pain and biliary obstruction in patients with papillary stenosis. Balloon dilation of strictures and stent placement decompress the biliary system and may be helpful. Cholecystectomy is recommended to treat acalculous cholecystitis, and celiac plexus block may be offered to patients with terminal disease and intractable abdominal pain.
SVR Angiosarcomas can be Rejected by CD4 Costimulation Dependent and CD8 Costimulation Independent Pathways

PURPOSE: We wished to determine whether virally- induced endothelial tumors are rejected by CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes, and whether there are differences in requirements for costimulation in the rejection of these tumors by lymphocyte subsets. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We have developed a model of endothelial tumorigenesis through the sequential introduction of SV40 large T antigen and oncogenic H-ras into endothelial cells. These cells (SVR cells) form highly aggressive angiosarcomas in immunocompromised mice, but do not grow in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice. Using both acute blockade with systemic administration of antibodies and mice genetically deficient in the costimulatory molecules CD28, CD40, and CD40L, we have delineated the requirements of costimulation required to reject this virally-induced endothelial tumor. RESULTS: Control of SVR angiosarcoma is mediated through T lymphocytes, and both CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes are capable of controlling SVR angiosarcoma growth in vivo. Mice genetically deficient in CD28, CD40, and CD40L were able to reject SVR tumors, but depletion of these mice of CD8, but not CD4 cells led to rapid tumor growth. This data suggests that CD4 mediated rejection has a greater dependence of costimulation than CD8 mediated rejection. Surprisingly, acute depletion of costimulatory molecules in immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice led to rapid tumor growth. CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences exist in the immune status of mice acutely depleted of costimulatory molecules versus genetically deficient mice. Our results suggest that acute depletion is more immunosuppressive than genetic depletion. Humans who undergo costimulatory blockade may require periodic surveillance for virally-induced tumors.
Pathologic role and temporal appearance of newly emerging autoepitopes in relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

Relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (R-EAE) is a CD4+ T cell-mediated demyelinating disease model for multiple sclerosis. Myelin destruction during the initial relapsing phase of R-EAE in SJL mice initiated by immunization with the proteolipid protein (PLP) epitope PLP139-151 is associated with activation of T cells specific for the endogenous, non-cross-reactive PLP178-191 epitope (intramolecular epitope spreading), while relapses in R-EAE induced with the myelin basic protein (MBP) epitope MBP84-104 are associated with PLP139-151-specific responses (intermolecular epitope spreading). Here, we demonstrate that T cells specific for endogenous myelin epitopes play the major pathologic role in mediating clinical relapses. T cells specific for relapse-associated epitopes can serially transfer disease to naive recipients and are demonstrable in the CNS of mice with chronic R-EAE. More importantly, induction of myelin-specific tolerance to relapse-associated epitopes, by i.v. injection of ethylene carbodiimide-fixed peptide-pulsed APCs, either before disease initiation or during remission from acute disease effectively blocks the expression of the initial disease relapse. Further, blockade of B7-1-mediated costimulation with anti-B7-1 F(ab) during disease remission from acute PLP139-151-induced disease prevents clinical relapses by inhibiting activation of PLP178-191-specific T cells. The protective effects of anti-B7-1 F(ab) treatment are long-lasting and highly effective even when administered following the initial relapsing episode wherein spreading to a MBP epitope (MBP84-104) is inhibited. Collectively, these data indicate that epitope spreading is B7-1 dependent, plays a major pathologic role in disease progression, and follows a hierarchical order associated with the relative encephalitogenic dominance of the myelin epitopes (PLP139-151 > PLP178-191 > MBP84-104).
Chemical weathering on the North Island of New Zealand: CO2 consumption and fluxes of Sr and Os

[1] We present Os and Sr isotope ratios and Os, Sr and major/trace element concentrations for river waters, spring waters and rains on the North Island of New Zealand. The Os and Sr data are used to examine whether the NINZ is a significant contributor of unradiogenic Os and Sr to the oceans. Major element chemistry is used to quantify weathering and CO2 consumption rates on the island to investigate relationships between these processes and Os and Sr behavior. Chemical erosion rates and CO2 consumption rates across the island range from 44 to 555 km−2 yr−1 and 95 to 1900 × 103 mol CO2 km−2 yr−1, respectively. Strontium flux for the island range from 177 to 16,100 mol km−2 yr−1 and the rivers have an average flux normalized 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.7075. In agreement with the previous studies these findings provide further evidence that weathering of arc terrains contributes a disproportionally large amount of Sr to the oceans and consumes very large amounts of CO2 annually compared to their areal extent. However, the 87Sr/86Sr from the NINZ is not particularly unradiogenic and it is likely not contributing significant amounts of unradiogenic Sr to the oceans. Repeated Os analyses and bottle leaching experiments revealed extensive and variable sample contamination by Os leaching from rigorously precleaned LDPE bottles. An upper bound on the flux of Os from NINZ can nevertheless be assessed and indicates that island arcs cannot provide significant amounts of unradiogenic Os to the oceans.
The Chromosomes of an Orthezia Species (Coccoidea-Homoptera)

A member of the Orthezia praelonga species group has 16 chromosomes in the germ line of both the male and female, and shows no apparent differential behavior between the two haploid complements in the male. In not showing a chromosomal difference between the sexes, it is unlike any other bisexual species of coccid yet studied cytologically. In most respects, spermatogenesis appears to conform to the primitive coccid pattern. Various possible modes of sex determination, derivable from the basic coccid XO system, are considered in the discussion.
Anselm, Dialogue, and the Rise of Scholastic Disputation

The Italian-born Lanfranc of Pavia (c. 1005–89) and his more illustrious pupil and compatriot Anselm of Bec (c. 1033–1109) have long been considered pivotal figures in the theological and especially philosophical developments of the late eleventh century. Long ago dubbed the “father of Scholasticism” on account of his attempts to harmonize reason and faith, Anselm has occasioned increasing scrutiny in recent years as scholars have begun to target the cultural and pedagogical (as opposed to strictly philosophical) role of Anselm and his milieu in the early stages of the twelfth-century renaissance. In a particularly stimulating interdisciplinary exploration of the cognitive relation between builders and their craft and masters and theirs, Charles M. Radding and William W. Clark have advanced an intriguing model suggesting that theologians and Romanesque builders of the eleventh and twelfth centuries were part of a larger transformative development in which thinkers and artisans developed new methods for so...
A Golgi study of rat neostriatal neurons: Light microscopic analysis

At least two types of large neurons (somatic cross-sectional areas, SA greater than 300 microns2) and five-types of medium neurons (SA between 100 and 300 microns2) were distinguished in Golgi preparations of the adult rat neostriatum. Type I large cells had aspinous somata with long, radiating, sparsely spined dendrites which were sometimes varicose distally, whereas type II large cells had spines on both somatic and dendritic surfaces. Type I medium cells had aspinous somata and proximal dendrites, but their distal dendrites were densely covered with spines. Type II medium cells had somatic spines, and their radiating dendrites were sparsely spined. Other medium cells had no somatic spines: Type III cells had poorly branched and sparsely spined dendrites. Type IV cells had profusely branched, sparsely spined dendrites. Type V cells had radiating and varicose dendrites which could also be sparsely spined. Several small neurons (SA mostly less than 100 microns2) were also found in the rat neostriatum: Some had aspinous soma with sparsely spined dendrites; others had somatic spines. Except for the type II large cells, intrinsic axon collaterals were observed for every type of neuron, indicating that they all had local integrating functions.
First endomyarian sea anemone (Cnidaria, Actiniaria) putatively from chemosynthetic environments: a new deep-sea genus and species from the North Pacific

Abstract A new genus and species of deep-sea sea anemone is described and illustrated from the vicinity of a cold seep in the North Pacific Ocean. Henactis seepala gen. nov. et sp. nov. is characterized by an endodermal marginal sphincter, smooth column with 24 marginal projections of two kinds alternately arranged, equal numbers of mesenteries proximally and distally, five cycles of mesenteries regularly arranged with only the first cycle perfect, diffuse retractor musculature and well-developed basilar muscles. Henactis seepala gen. et sp. nov. is the first sea anemone of the group Endomyaria putatively reported from chemosynthetic environments. The discovery of H. seepala gen. et sp. nov. is the first evidence that sea anemones from chemosynthetic environments are the product of at least two radiations.
Heats of combustion of fatty esters and triglycerides

Gross heats of combustion (HG) have been measured for three classes of fatty esters and two classes of triglycerides (TGs). The esters included saturated methyl esters, Me 6:0–22:0; saturated ethyl esters, Et 8:0–22:0; and unsaturated methyl esters, Me 12:1–22:1, Me 18:2 and Me 18:3. The TGs included the saturated TGs, C 8:0–22:0, and unsaturated TGs, C 11:1, C 16:1, C 18:1, C 18:2, C 18:3, C 20:1 and C 22:1. HG were measured in a Parr adiabatic calorimeter according to a modification of ASTM D240 and D2015. Linear regression analysis (LINREG) yielded equations that related HG to carbon number (CN) or chain length, electron number (EN) or number of valence electrons and molecular weight (MW). Calculated HG values from CN, EN, or MW were nearly identical. Thus, any one of these three variables can be used to predict HG satisfactorily. R squared values for all equations were 0.99. Equations for correlating HG of saturated or unsaturated TGs with molecular characteristics of these molecules have not been reported. With LINREG, we developed equations that permitted predictions of HG from structures of the saturated and unsaturated TGs. Equations for predicting HG of methyl and ethyl esters were compared to those in the literature and were found to be more accurate and precise.
Renal Artery Stent Infection and Pseudoaneurysm Management

Background Infection of a renal artery stent and pseudoaneurysm is extremely uncommon, with four reports in the literature. We present a fifth case and the complex management resulting in kidney salvage. Methods and Results A 56-year-old female underwent right renal artery stenting for hypertension. Postoperatively, she developed methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus infection, treated with antibiotics. Eight-month follow-up duplex ultrasound revealed a right renal artery pseudoaneurysm just distal to the stent. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) showed 2.8 cm proximal and 4.2 cm distal mycotic aneurysms. Antibiotics and planning angiogram were prescribed. A Chevron incision and duodenal kocherization were employed. The aorta below the superior mesenteric artery and below the renal vein was mobilized, as were the right renal artery and vein, hepatic artery, and saphenous vein. Following heparinization, the aorta was cross-clamped, as was the right renal artery at the hilum. The kidney was infused with cold saline. The renal artery stent was explanted, and aneurysmectomy was performed. The renal artery ostium was oversewn. A renal artery to hepatic artery saphenous vein bypass was fashioned, and patency was confirmed with intraoperative duplex ultrasound. Postoperatively, creatinine was normal, renal scan showed the right kidney to be functional, and duplex ultrasound showed a patent bypass graft. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 11 on long-term antibiotics. Eight-month follow-up duplex and CTA showed a patent bypass and durable repair. Conclusion Renal artery stent infection with pseudoaneurysm is rare and can be diagnosed with duplex ultrasound. Renal salvage can be obtained but requires stent removal and autologous bypass grafting.
Sessile drops on nonhorizontal solid substrates

Abstract Experimental values of the maximum drop volume that can be sustained on an inclined solid surface are compared to the theoretical predictions by E. B. Dussan V. (J. Fluid Mech. 151, 1 (1985) ). The agreement for both water and glycerol on Teflon substrates is within the measurement error. Thus, critical drop volumes can be predicted upon knowledge of the advancing and receding contact angles, the density and surface tension of the liquid, the gravitational acceleration, and the angle of inclination of the solid—all of which are system material properties or experimental conditions. Although the surface tension of glycerol is far less than that of water, it is held more firmly on the Teflon surface, showing that contact angle hysteresis has a key impact on when a drop will slide on the solid. The validity of the theoretical prediction can be exploited to accurately determine contact angle hysteresis for systems where the difference between the advancing and receding contact angles is small.
Support systems: An aspect of social aging for the homosexual male

In the United States, homosexual men in mid and late life have been viewed as isolates and without support systems. The capacity for these men to develop present and have access to future living patterns, based on support systems, has been found to have greater meaning than the labeling of their overall life style has suggested. Research data suggestive of this proposition is discussed.
Viscosity correlations for minor constituent fluids in natural gas: n-octane, n-nonane and n-decane

Natural gas, although predominantly comprised of methane, often contains small amounts of heavier hydrocarbons that contribute to its thermodynamic and transport properties. In this manuscript, we review the current literature and present new correlations for the viscosity of the pure fluids n-octane, n-nonane, and n-decane that are valid over a wide range of fluid states, from the dilute gas to the dense liquid. The new correlations represent the viscosity to within the uncertainty of the best experimental data and will be useful for engineers working on viscosity models for natural gas and other hydrocarbon mixtures.
A constant-time parallel sorting algorithm and its optical implementation

High-speed electronic sorting networks are difficult to implement with VLSI technology because of the dense and global connectivity required. Optics eliminates this bottleneck by offering global interconnections, massive parallelism, and noninterfering communications. We present a parallel sorting algorithm and its efficient optical implementation using currently available optical hardware. The algorithm sorts n data elements in a few steps, independent of the number of elements to be sorted. Thus, it is a constant-time sorting algorithm, that is, O(1) time. >
Circadian rhythm of objectively recorded hot flashes in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors.

OBJECTIVE: Similar to the circadian rhythm of core body temperature, hot flashes have been found to exhibit a circadian rhythm in healthy, naturally postmenopausal women, with a peak in frequency at 18:25 h. However, to date, no studies have evaluated whether this same pattern is found among breast cancer survivors reporting hot flashes. DESIGN: Daily hot flash frequencies were measured among 21 postmenopausal breast cancer survivors using validated 24-h sternal skin conductance monitoring. RESULTS: Hot flashes were noted in all women, ranging in frequency from 1 to 30 per 24-h period. A majority of the sample (86%) experienced > or = 1 nighttime hot flash, with 48% exhibiting > or = 3 but < or = 7 nighttime hot flashes. For the total sample, a modest circadian rhythm was noted with a peak in hot flash frequency occurring at 16:10 h. However, significant variability was observed across individual women, and, as a whole, breast cancer survivors demonstrated distorted to obliterated rhythms. CONCLUSIONS: Data suggest that hot flashes in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors do not follow the same circadian pattern as previously seen in healthy, naturally postmenopausal women. Findings have implications for (1) understanding the potential for sleep disturbances and fatigue in breast cancer survivors experiencing hot flashes, and (2) future research examining circadian rhythms of core body temperature and hot flashes in breast cancer survivors.
Scenario Analyses of Finger Injuries in Industrial Accidents

Injuries to fingers accounted for the highest proportion of injuries (17%) during a five year period in a large petro-chemical manufacturing complex. The injuries occurred most frequently for those jobs that involve manipulating tools, machinery, and materials. Scenario analyses carried out on the 1223 finger injuries indicated that the most common prior activities were assembling or disassembling equipment (32%) and materials handling (28%), accident events were impact with an object (40%) or a tool that slipped or missed the workpiece (27%), and injury events were being caught between objects (25%), being hit by moving objects (19%), or being cut by objects (13%). Some suggestions for interventions follow from these patterns.