cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of a Low-Cost Infrared Sensor Array Through Thermal System Modeling

The responsivity, sensitivity (signal-to-noise ratio), and cross talk of pyroelectric infrared sensor arrays are directly related to the thermal performance of the interconnect between sensor elements and readout electronics. Conventional low-cost designs, employing a film of sensor material like polyvinylidenefluoride (PDVF) layered on top of a silicon substrate, function by reading the electronic signal generated in the sensor when infrared radiation causes the sensor to heat up proportional to the radiation intensity. However, the change in temperature of the sensor material, and therefore signal generated, is highly dependent on the thermal properties of the interconnect material between the sensor and silicon substrate. A numerical framework for evaluating the effect of thermal conductivity and specific heat on sensor responsivity, sensitivity, and cross talk is developed. This allows us to analyze the relationships between feature size, thermal properties, and system performance. Using this model, a selection of materials from epoxies and other conventional solutions to emerging material systems such as nanoporous silica (aerogel) can be analyzed. Aerogel is most interesting since its thermal properties are 1–3 orders-of-magnitude better than conventional interconnect materials. Recent developments have also shown its compatibility with low-cost microelectronics fabrication and packaging techniques. The numerical model illustrates the potential of highly miniaturized pyroelectric infrared sensor arrays that have comparable performance at dramatically lower fabrication cost compared to conventional infrared sensor array technology.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Transforming Earthquake Detection

Earthquakes are a collective experience. Citizens have long participated in earthquake science through the reporting, collection, and analysis of individual experiences. The value of citizen-generated status reports was clear after the 1995 Kobe, Japan, earthquake ( 1 ). Today's communications infrastructure has taken citizen engagement to a new level: Earthquake-related Twitter messages can outrun the shaking ( 2 ), Internet traffic detects earthquakes ( 3 – 7 ) and maps the distribution of shaking in minutes ( 8 – 10 ), and accelerometers in consumer electronic devices record seismic waveforms ( 11 – 16 ). What are we learning from this flood of data, and what are the limitations? How do we harness these new capabilities for scientific discovery, and what is the role of education?
Positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia and the Dexamethasone Suppression Test.

Although the Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST) was originally proposed as a specific marker for major depressive disorder (Carroll et al. 1981), several recent studies have reported high rates of DST nonsuppression in schizophrenic patients, ranging from 22% to 73%. DST nonsuppression in schizophrenia has been attributed to depressive symptomatology (Munro et al. 1983), negative symptomatology (Coppen et al. 1983; Shima et al. 1986), subtype differences (Banki et al. 1984), episodic course, and good prognosis (Targum 1983). Investigations have so far yielded discrepant findings, prompting at least one author (Myers 1984) to suggest
Shock Pulse Effects on Wheat Growth

Wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum cv. Pacific Blue Stem) grown under continuous low-level illumination were used to study the effects of pressure variation and its duration. Growth was determined by dry weights, leaf length, and types of secondary roots produced. Two sublethal shock pulses (1.41 and 2.82 kg cm −2) and three pressure duration intervals (0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 seconds) were studied. The results indicated a general overall reduction in growth associated with the shock pulse and that the pressure duration interval influenced the shock- growth response. The long pressure duration interval was found to be the most influential on shock pulse response. Present knowledge indicates that a pulse rise-time of 1 ms and a pressure duration interval of at least 1.0 second affect plant growth at sublethal shock pulses, such that the growth response is linear or bi-directional, depending on the magnitude of the shock pulses, and either linear or complex with respect to pressure duration interval for any shock pulse level.
Dispersion control in magnetostatic wave delay lines

A major impediment to the realization of practical magnetostatic wave (MSW) devices is the inherent non-linear delay versus frequency characteristics of MSW delay lines. Most device applications require either nondispersive (delay vs. frequency slope=0) or linearly dispersive (delay vs. frequency slope = constant) characteristics. There are four basic approaches to the elimination and/or linearization of MSW dispersion: (1) modification of the magnetic film properties as a function of film thickness, (2) modification of the ground plane geometry, (3) modification of the bias field uniformity, and (4) perturbation of the propagation path surface with metal electrode reflective arrays. In principle all four approaches can yield either linearly dispersive or nondispersive characteristics with a suitable choice of bias field orientation and critical design parameters. These dispersion control techniques are reviewed, and data from recent experiments demonstrating the strengths and weaknesses of the various approaches are discussed. To date the most extensive experimental work has been done with the multiple layer (magnetic properties varied as a function of film thickness) and ground-plane spacing techniques. At present the ground-plane spacing technique produces results acceptable for some systems applications, while the multiple-layer approach is still under development.
Blackberry cult ivation in the world

Blackberries have now become a common fruit in marketing outlets, particularly in North America and the European Union. Blackberries have enjoyed expansion due to a combination of factors including improved cultivars, expanded marketing efforts and fruit availability, and an overall increase in berry consumption, especially as fresh fruit, in many areas of the world. It is estimated that cultivated blackberries are grown in excess of 25,000 ha worldwide. World production, and cultivation are commented.The rapid expansion of the blackberry industry has been remarkable. New, higher quality, cultivars, modified production practices and new production regions have all combined to make this crop one that consumers expect to be available fresh year-round in their grocery stores. As new cultivars are developed that combine the industry's need for high quality arrivals with increased flavors and expanded dates of harvest, the blackberry industry should expand further.
Cyclic AMP-induced release of [14C]taurine from pinealocytes.

Abstract Pinealocytes were prelabelled with [ 14 C]taurine. Twenty-four hours later they were treated with derivatives of cyclic AMP. It was found that dibutyryl cyclic AMP and ϱ-chloro-phenyl-thio cyclic AMP treatment caused a large increase in the release of [ 14 C]taurine. The effect of dibutryl cyclic AMP on [ 14 C]taurine release was near maximal fifteen minutes after treatment started. In view of the known stimulatory effects of norepinephrine on pineal cyclic AMP and the recent discovery that norepinephrine causes the release of taurine from pinealocytes, one can conclude that norepinephrine stimulates [ 14 C]taurine release from pinealocytes by acting through a cyclic AMP mechanism.
Agenda Control, Committee Capture, and the Dynamics of Institutional Politics

Most models of agenda control examine dyadic relations—for example, those between a committee and the floor of a legislature. Such relations, however, are always embedded in a larger context, namely, a political environment composed of voters and interest groups. In this paper we model agenda setters (a legislative committee) as decision makers with limited cognitive abilities who adjust over time to their larger political environment. The legislators' policy positions are endogenous, reflecting the relative strengths of voters wielding the district-specific resource of votes and of interest groups wielding the transferable resource of money. The resulting outcomes indicate that neoclassical models of voting and pluralist models of group influence have each told part of the story. When only votes matter, our boundedly rational agents grope toward equilibria close to those of neoclassical models; however, when mobile resources matter as well, the outcomes depart systematically from those of previous models. In particular, interest groups can make themselves worse off by capturing the committee. The results suggest that agenda control is less powerful than conventionally believed and point toward conditions shaping its effectiveness—conditions highlighting the distinctive contributions of pluralist and neoclassical thinking to a broader theory of political institutions.
The Structure of Allophanate Hydrolase from Granulibacter bethesdensis Provides Insights into Substrate Specificity in the Amidase Signature Family

Allophanate hydrolase (AH) catalyzes the hydrolysis of allophanate, an intermediate in atrazine degradation and urea catabolism pathways, to NH3 and CO2. AH belongs to the amidase signature family, which is characterized by a conserved block of 130 amino acids rich in Gly and Ser and a Ser-cis-Ser-Lys catalytic triad. In this study, the first structures of AH from Granulibacter bethesdensis were determined, with and without the substrate analogue malonate, to 2.2 and 2.8 A, respectively. The structures confirm the identity of the catalytic triad residues and reveal an altered dimerization interface that is not conserved in the amidase signature family. The structures also provide insights into previously unrecognized substrate specificity determinants in AH. Two residues, Tyr299 and Arg307, are within hydrogen bonding distance of a carboxylate moiety of malonate. Both Tyr299 and Arg307 were mutated, and the resulting modified enzymes revealed >3 order of magnitude reductions in both catalytic efficiency a...
Characteristics associated with racial disparities in illness beliefs of patients with heart failure.

African Americans have greater misperceptions about heart failure (HF) than Caucasians. We examined socioeconomic and medical history factors to determine if they explain differences in accuracy of HF illness beliefs by race. 519 patients completed an illness beliefs and socioeconomic status survey. After establishing univariate associations by race, linear regression with backward selection was used to identify factors associated with HF illness beliefs accuracy. HF illness beliefs were less accurate among African Americans (p < .01). In multivariate models, race remained a predictor of HF illness beliefs accuracy, as did education level and living status (all ps ≤ .01). Illness beliefs of African Americans were inaccurate and independently associated with social support and education level. Health care providers must consider patient education processes as a possible cause of differences and focus on what and how they teach, literacy level, materials used, and family engagement and education.
Voltammetric Detection of Metal Nanoparticles Separated by Liquid Chromatography

Fast-scan cyclic voltammetric (FSCV) detection of the separation of small (< 2-nm core diameter) organothiolate monolayer-protected gold clusters (MPCs) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is demonstrated in this paper. Cyclic voltammograms taken at 1-s intervals (scan rate 150 V/s) display distinctive current-potential patterns for different MPCs, aiding in their identification. Previous amperometric detection of MPC separations required multiple HPLC runs at different electrode potentials to construct hydrodynamic current-potential voltammograms. Theory for ratiometric response of photodiode array absorbance and constant potential amperometry detectors was further tested on the fast-scan voltammetric detector and gave reasonable relative core size results for a mixture of Au140 and Au38 MPCs. In the first analysis of mixed MPC monolayer composition that is not simply an overall average result, preliminary HPLC experiments on MPCs with mixed hexanethiolate and ferrocenyl-octanethiolate monolayers resolved peaks that are shown to correspond to different average numbers of ferrocene-labeled ligands per MPC.
Radiological detection of colonic dysplasia (precarcinoma) in chronic ulcerative colitis

Epithelial dysplasia occurring in long-standing ulcerative colitis is a precancerous lesion. Macroscopically it has a nodular or villous appearance or may be indistinguishable from the surrounding mucosa. An investigation into the radiological diagnosis of dysplasia, using in vivo and in vitro doublecontrast examinations with magnification radiographic studies, correlated with the histological analysis, has been made in four patients. Characteristic radiological abnormalities have been identified in the areas of the mucosa associated with histologically proven dysplasia. These appearances include nodularity and irregular areas with sharply angulated edges which may represent enlarged areae colonicae. The demonstration of these changes is an indication for endoscopie examination and biopsy of the suspicious area.
Routine Activity Theory and Sexual Deviance Among Male College Students

Much research on sexual deviance on university and college campuses is limited by its narrow focus on group affiliation. In this study, it is argued that prior deviance and opportunity serve as more robust predictor variables of sexual deviance. Using a sample of 304 male college students from four universities within the Ohio Valley Conference, this paper utilizes Analytic moment structures (AMOS) analyses to examine the relationship between prior deviance and sexual deviance. Results support the assumption that sexual aggression is significantly (β=.17) mediated or accounted for by opportunity. Overall, the relationships among variables lend support to the argument that alternative explanations of sexual deviance may provide a better understanding of such a complex societal problem.
Quantifier float and information processing: a case study from Japanese

Abstract Previously proposed syntactic and semantic analyses of quantifier float (Q-Float) in Japanese have failed to explain why there is a mismatch in the syntactic range of Q-Float between speakers’ judgment (nominative and accusative arguments) and discourse (absolutive arguments). This paper describes quantifier float in Japanese in terms of a mechanism of cognitive attention and claims that two conditions hold: (i) a host noun to be matched with the floated quantifier must be activated in attention, and (ii) the host should require a greater activation cost than the other potential quantifier host in order to achieve optimal processing. The former sets up a preliminary condition which predicts an acceptable range in the speaker's judgment, and the latter limits Q-Float to the range in which the processing of the sentence is optimized. The second condition above predicts not only the ergative distribution of Q-Float in discourse but also the long-observed subject-object asymmetry in sentences with scrambled Q-Float.
Inhibition of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase of the rat uterus and liver by clorgyline, pargyline and harmine

Abstract The inhibition of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in rat uterus and liver by clorgyline, harmine and pargyline is reported. MAO activity is shown to be present in mitochondria of the rat uterus by rate-zonal centrifugation on a sucrose gradient. Each inhibitor was tested for its ability to inhibit the oxidation of tyramine (TYN). 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) and β-phenylethylamine (PEA). TYN deamination by uterine organelles was inhibited in two distinct steps by clorgyline and harmine, whereas in liver mitochondria only clorgyline manifested the two-step inhibition pattern. Elimination of TYN oxidation by pargyline occurred as a single sigmoid curve. Single sigmoid inhibition curves with all three inhibitors were also observed for 5HT and PEA in both tissues. For uterine and liver mitochondria the relative effectiveness of each inhibitor toward the oxidation of the three substrates was as follows: (a) clorgyline and harmine. 5HT > TYN > PEA; (b) pargyline. PEA > TYN > 5HT. It was concluded that, as has been previously demonstrated in liver, two forms of MAO exist in mitochondria isolated from the rat uterus. This conclusion is based upon (1) the biphasic inhibition of TYN deamination by clorgyline and harmine and (2) the reversal of the relative inhibitory effectiveness of the two classes of MAO inhibitors, (a) clorgyline and harmine and (b) pargyline, toward the three substrates. Semicarbazide did not inhibit the oxidation of any of the substrates. This indicates that the mitochondrial enzyme activity from the uterus, as in the liver, is a true monoamine oxidase.
Iodine spectroscopy and absolute frequency stabilization with the second harmonic of the 1319-nm Nd:YAG laser.

We have frequency doubled a 1319-nm Nd:YAG laser in a quasi-phase-matched LiNbO3 waveguide and used the ≈1-mW second-harmonic output to investigate the 127I2 transitions near 660 nm. We reached submegahertz laser-frequency stability at a (vacuum) wavelength of 1319.098 nm by locking the second harmonic to the center of the P(48)6–6 transition.
Model-based construction and verification of critical systems using composition and partial refinement

This article introduces a new model-based method for incrementally constructing critical systems and illustrates its application to the development of fault-tolerant systems. The method relies on a special form of composition to combine software components and a set of proof rules to obtain high confidence of the correctness of the composed system. As in conventional component-based software development, two (or more) components are combined, but in contrast to many component-based approaches used in practice, which combine components consisting of code, our method combines components represented as state machine models. In the first phase of the method, a model is developed of the normal system behavior, and system properties are shown to hold in the model. In the second phase, a model of the required fault-handling behavior is developed and "or-composed" with the original system model to create a fault-tolerant extension which is, by construction, "fully faithful" (every execution possible in the normal system is possible in the fault-tolerant system). To model the fault-handling behavior, the set of states of the normal system model is extended through new state variables and new ranges for some existing state variables, and new fault-handling transitions are defined. Once constructed, the fault-tolerant extension is shown, using a set of property inheritance and compositional proof rules, to satisfy both the overall system properties, typically weakened, and selected fault-tolerance properties. These rules can often be used to verify the properties automatically. To provide a formal foundation for the method, formal notions of or-composition, partial refinement, fault-tolerant extension, and full faithfulness are introduced. To demonstrate and validate the method, we describe its application to a real-world, fault-tolerant avionics system.
Effect of ground variability on clutter and false alarm in landmine detection

Experimental measurements have shown that the use of a multi-layered elastic media is necessary for transfer function numerical modeling. The present work deals with the effect of variability of ground properties (compression and shear wave speeds, density, attenuation and thickness of the layers) on the acoustic-seismic transfer function (admittance) and on clutter in landmine detection. Analysis is performed on the planes of parameters of the ground in a wide frequency range for all angles of incidence. Matrix approach is used to increase the accuracy of computations. It is revealed that the acoustic-seismic transfer function is sensitive to ground properties and that small variations in the shear speed may cause strong variation in the acoustic-seismic transfer function. Results of outdoor measurements of the acoustic-seismic transfer function are presented and a correlation between high magnitudes of the acoustic-seismic transfer function in certain frequency ranges (false alarms) and moisture content on the surface is revealed. A simple model explaining the correlation between moisture content in the upper layer, acoustic-seismic transfer function and ground properties is suggested.
RT-34USE OF HELICAL TOMOTHERAPY FOR HYPOFRACTIONATED TREATMENT OF LIMITED BRAIN METASTASES IN THE INITIAL AND RECURRENT SETTING: A SINGLE INSTITUTION EXPERIENCE

BACKGROUND: Whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT), stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), or both are commonly employed in the treatment of limited brain metastases in the initial or recurrent setting. Hypofractionated partial volume irradiation is also employed, however published experience using helical TomoTherapy for this purposes is limited. We reviewed our institutional experience to assess patient selection factors, fractionation scheme, and outcomes associated with this technique. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed to evaluate patients treated with partial volume hypofractionated helical TomoTherapy-based IMRT for brain metastases at our institution. RESULTS: Thirteen patients (7M/6F, median age 62, median KPS 90) with a limited (1-9) number of brain metastases in the primary or recurrent setting were identified. Primary malignancies included colorectal (3), NSCLC (5), RCC (1), breast (1), melanoma (1), uterine (1) and ovarian (1). The median time from initial diagnosis to identification of brain metastases was 21 months (range 0-61.3 months). Treatment was delivered to intact metastases in 6 patients, to a single resection cavity in 6 patients, and to both in one patient. The median number of intact metastases treated was 2 (range 1-9). The most common fractionation schemes were 25 Gy in 5 fractions and 27.5 Gy in 5 fractions to each lesion. Previous treatments included WBRT (5), WBRT + SRS (3), SRS alone (1), and none (4). At a median of 6 months follow up (range 1.26-20.13 months) after TomoTherapy, 10 patients were deceased, 2 were alive, and one was lost to follow up. Systemic progression occurred in 7 patients and intracranial progression occurred in 5. The median intracranial progression free survival and overall survival after TomoTherapy was 6.3 months. CONCLUSIONS: TomoTherapy-based hypofractionated radiotherapy to a limited number of metastatic lesions is associated with favorable intracranial disease control and survival outcomes in the primary and recurrent setting for select patients.
Dimension of strange attractors in four-dimensional maps

Abstract The method of Tsang for calculating the Hausdorff dimension of a strange attractor in two-dimensional maps is generalized to a four-dimensional map for the double rotor system. The computed dimension compares well with previous work, and is much faster computationally.
Thiolated Carboxymethyl-Hyaluronic-Acid-Based Biomaterials Enhance Wound Healing in Rats, Dogs, and Horses

The progression of wound healing is a complicated but well-known process involving many factors, yet there are few products on the market that enhance and accelerate wound healing. This is particularly problematic in veterinary medicine where multiple species must be treated and large animals heal slower, oftentimes with complicating factors such as the development of exuberant granulation tissue. In this study a crosslinked-hyaluronic-acid (HA-) based biomaterial was used to treat wounds on multiple species: rats, dogs, and horses. The base molecule, thiolated carboxymethyl HA, was first found to increase keratinocyte proliferation in vitro. Crosslinked gels and films were then both found to enhance the rate of wound healing in rats and resulted in thicker epidermis than untreated controls. Crosslinked films were used to treat wounds on forelimbs of dogs and horses. Although wounds healed slower compared to rats, the films again enhanced wound healing compared to untreated controls, both in terms of wound closure and quality of tissue. This study indicates that these crosslinked HA-based biomaterials enhance wound healing across multiple species and therefore may prove particularly useful in veterinary medicine. Reduced wound closure times and better quality of healed tissue would decrease risk of infection and pain associated with open wounds.
GRASP multi-sensor search tactics against evading targets

GRASP (Genetic Range-dependent Algorithm for Search Planning) was developed to nearly optimize sonar search patterns in complicated environments. The standard scenario is to maximize cumulative detection probability (CDP) for several ASW searchers against a randomly patrolling threat. An improvement to the algorithms allows the target to counter-detect an active sonar pulse and to maneuver away from the searcher. In general, the CDP is reduced dramatically by evasive maneuvers, since the counter-detection range is usually greater than the detection range. The analysis covers several combinations of platforms and sensors in artificial environments. The GRASP solutions show significant benefit, especially against an evading target. GRASP joint tactics exploit target evasive maneuvers to significantly increase detection performance relative to non-joint tactics. A somewhat surprising result is that as the target evasion range increases (better intercept receiver), the multi-sensor CDP increases in an explainable way. The advantages of multi-platform and multisensor ASW search plans are described in terms of improved performance and reduced search time.
Hypercholesterolemia and myocardial function evaluated via tissue doppler imaging.

Objective: To establish a link between hypercholesterolemia and myocardial dysfunction. Background: Heart failure is a complex disease involving changes in systolic and diastolic function. Newer echocardiographic imaging modalities may be able to detect discreet changes in myocardial function associated with hypercholesterolemia. Therefore we sought to establish a link between hypercholesterolemia and myocardial dysfunction with tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). Methods: Twenty-seven rabbits were studied: 7 were fed normal chow (group 1) and 20 a high cholesterol diet (10 with ezetimibe, 1 mg/kg/day; group 2 and 10 without, group 3). Echocardiographic images were obtained under general anesthesia. Serum cholesterol levels were obtained at baseline, 3 and 6 months and myocardial cholesterol levels measured following euthanasia. Results: Doppler measurements, including E/A, E'/A' and S' were significantly lower in group 3 compared to both groups 1 and 2 but no significant differences were noted in chamber sizes or ejection fraction among the groups. Average serum cholesterol was higher in group 3 compared to groups 1 and 2 respectively (495 ± 305 mg/dl vs. 114 ± 95 mg/dl and 87 ± 37 mg/dl; p < 0.01). Myocardial cholesterol content was also higher in group 3 compared to group 2 (0.10 ± 0.04 vs. 0.06 mg/dl ± 0.02; p = 0.05). There was significant correlation between S', E'/A', E/E' and serum cholesterol (r2 = 0.17 p = 0.04, r2 = 0.37 p = 0.001 and r2 = 0.24 p = 0.01). Conclusion: Cholesterol load in the serum and myocardium was significantly associated with decreased systolic and diastolic function by TDI. Moreover, lipid lowering was protective.
Management of seasonal allergic rhinitis: comparative efficacy of the newer-generation prescription antihistamines.

Purpose To discuss the efficacy and safety of second-generation prescription antihistamines, cetirizine, desloratadine, and fexofenadine, and to inform nurse practitioners (NP) who are in a position to optimally manage patients presenting with seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR). Data sources Selected published clinical trials. Conclusions NP, who are ideally placed to successfully manage the majority of patients with SAR, should be fully aware of the treatment options available. Although first-generation over-the-counter antihistamines are convenient to use and are readily accessible, patients run the risk of experiencing adverse effects, such as sedation. For this reason, second-generation antihistamines should be considered a better alternative; however, they need to be evaluated individually on the basis of their proven efficacy and safety. Both cetirizine and fexofenadine are equally effective at relieving the symptoms of SAR; however, cetirizine has been shown to be more likely to cause sedation and impairment. Implications for practice If left untreated, SAR can have a substantial effect on patients’ quality of life, resulting in fatigue, irritability, sleep disorders, and cognitive impairment.
Ultra-short channel field effect transistors based on Ge/Si core/shell nanowires

In recent years, transistor technology has scaled down to sub-20 nm channel length with many performance-boosting techniques at the material and device levels in order to meet the increasing demand for higher performance electronics. The nanowire (NW) device architecture has proven itself as a viable candidate for the sub-20 nm generation transistors. Compared to Si NWs, the Ge/Si core/shell NW alternative can supply larger on-current due to the increased confined hole mobility and ohmic behavior at the Ni-alloyed drain/source contacts. It is thus important to understand transport mechanisms in this core/shell structure, and develop pathway to realize ultra-short channel core/shell NW field effect transistors (FETs). In this paper, we report the growth of Ge/Si concentric NWs with precise control of Si shell thickness. Performance of FETs fabricated from core/shell NWs exhibited a clear dependence on NWs’ diameters, with steeper sub-threshold slopes for smaller NWs. An 18 nm diameter Ge/Si heterostructure FET exhibited sub-threshold swing of 102 mV/decade, with a maximum transconductance of 3.4 μS at VDS =-100 mV. Finally, transmission electron microscopy was utilized to monitor and control the solid state reaction between Ni contacts and Ge/Si NWs, resulting in ultrascaled channel lengths, as short as 5 nm.
Reciprocity and scattering by certain rough surfaces

Reciprocity theorems are developed for the average field specularly reflected, and the average power randomly scattered, to a point by a statistically described array of objects. A reciprocal quasivariational expression for the average power is developed for use when the self-consistent method applies to calculating currents in the individual objects. This formula is applied to calculate differential scattering cross sections for two idealized arrays bounded by plane "rough surfaces." General conclusions, relating to reciprocity, power conservation, grazing behavior, etc., for rough surface scattering, are made and applied heuristically to show that grazing reflection and backscatter from the rough ocean should be independent of polarization.
Management of pregnancy in a patient with severe haemophilia A

Haemophilia A is a bleeding disorder that has a spectrum of manifestations ranging from persistent bleeding after minor trauma to spontaneous haemorrhage. As an X-linked disease, it has a rare occurrence in females. We report a case of a pregnant patient with severe haemophilia A, who received epidural analgesia during labour. The prepartum, intrapartum and postpartum care of a patient with such a bleeding diathesis is discussed.
Seismic anisotropy indicates ridge-parallel asthenospheric flow beneath the Eastern Lau Spreading Center

Seismic anisotropy beneath the Eastern Lau Spreading Center (ELSC) is investigated using both Rayleigh waves and shear waves, using data from the 2009–2010 ELSC ocean bottom seismograph experiment. Phase velocities of Rayleigh waves determined by ambient noise cross correlation are inverted for azimuthally anisotropic phase velocity maps. Splitting of S waves from five intermediate and deep focus earthquakes was determined by waveform analysis. Taken together, Rayleigh wave and S wave data indicate that significant (~2%) anisotropy extends to at least 300 km depth. Both data sets indicate a fast direction aligned within a few degrees of the N10°E striking ELSC and somewhat oblique to the N25°E strike of the neighboring volcanic arc. We therefore describe the fast direction as spreading perpendicular, not convergence perpendicular and interpret it as due to ridge-parallel flow of the asthenosphere. However, the region arcward (east) of the ELSC has the stronger anisotropy, suggesting that the strongest flow gradients may occur in the region between the spreading center and the arc, in contrast to being centered beneath the ELSC. Fluids released from the underlying plate may produce anisotropic hydrous materials, but more importantly lower the viscosity, thus enhancing along-strike flow. Both could contribute to an along-strike fast direction signature. Seafloor spreading diminishes south of the seismic array, ceasing altogether south of latitude 25°S (500 km south of the array center), a region dominated by much slower tectonic extension, suggesting that asthenosphere is inflowing from the north to accommodate the increase in asthenospheric volume associated with the seafloor spreading.
Role of cAMP and K+ channel-dependent mechanisms in piglet hypoxic/ischemic impaired nociceptin/orphanin FQ-induced cerebrovasodilation

This study was designed to determine the role of altered cAMP and K(+) channel-dependent mechanisms in impaired pial artery dilation to the newly described opioid, nociceptin/orphanin FQ (NOC/oFQ) following hypoxia/ischemia in newborn pigs equipped with a closed cranial window. Recent studies have observed that NOC/oFQ elicits pial dilation via release of cAMP, which, in turn, activates the calcium sensitive (K(ca)) and the ATP-dependent K(+) (K(ATP)) channel. Global cerebral ischemia (20 min) was induced via elevation of intracranial pressure, while hypoxia (10 min) decreased pO(2) to 35+/-3 mm Hg with unchanged pCO(2). Topical NOC/oFQ (10(-8), 10(-6) M) induced vasodilation was attenuated by ischemia/reperfusion (I+R) and reversed to vasoconstriction by hypoxia/ischemia/reperfusion (H+I+R) at 1 h of reperfusion (control, 9+/-1 and 16+/-1%; I+R, 3+/-1 and 6+/-1%; H+I+R, -7+/-1 and -12+/-1%). Such altered dilation returned to control values within 4 h in I+R animals and within 12 h in H+I+R animals. NOC/oFQ dilation was associated with elevated CSF cAMP in control animals but such biochemical changes were attenuated in I+R animals and reversed to decreases in cAMP concentration in H+I+R animals (control, 1037+/-58 and 1919+/-209 fmol/ml; I+R, 1068+/-33 and 1289+/-30 fmol/ml; H+I+R, 976+/-36 and 772+/-27 fmol/ml for absence and presence of NOC/oFQ 10(-6) M, respectively). Topical 8-Bromo cAMP (10(-8), 10(-6) M) pial dilation was unchanged by I+R but blunted by H+I+R (control, 10+/-1 and 20+/-1%; I+R, 11+/-1 and 20+/-2%; H+I+R, 0+/-1 and 0+/-2%). Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide and cromakalim, adenylate cyclase and K(ATP) channel activators, respectively, elicited dilation that was blunted by both I+R and H+I+R while NS1619, a K(ca) channel activator, elicited dilation that was unchanged by I+R but blunted by H+I+R. These data indicate that impaired NOC/oFQ dilation following I+R results form altered adenylate cyclase and K(ATP) channel-dependent mechanisms. These data further indicate that impaired NOC/oFQ dilation following H+I+R results not only from altered adenylate cyclase and K(ATP) channel but also from altered cAMP and K(ca) channel-dependent mechanisms.
Gender, Technology, and Environmental Policy

This article is tied to the main objective of my research, which is to determine how environmental concepts about an urban industrial community were communicated to working-class immigrant and migrant children and their responses to these efforts. I would like this research to contribute to the understanding of why these groups have traditionally been subjected to a disproportionate amount of toxic and hazardous waste in their communities. As a result of this phenomena, the health of children and nonworking women in these communities was severely impacted because of the amount of time they spent in the community. This article is a reflection of the history of the working class in Chicago and will attempt to elucidate the role of women in shaping the community’s concepts of their new environment as well as their concepts of health. The article will examine the educational efforts of public and nonprofit institutions, which focused on environmental and health issues for Eastern European immigrant and minori...
Using Linguistic Principles to Recover Empty Categories

This paper describes an algorithm for detecting empty nodes in the Penn Treebank (Marcus et al., 1993), finding their antecedents, and assigning them function tags, without access to lexical information such as valency. Unlike previous approaches to this task, the current method is not corpus-based, but rather makes use of the principles of early Government-Binding theory (Chomsky, 1981), the syntactic theory that underlies the annotation. Using the evaluation metric proposed by Johnson (2002), this approach outperforms previously published approaches on both detection of empty categories and antecedent identification, given either annotated input stripped of empty categories or the output of a parser. Some problems with this evaluation metric are noted and an alternative is proposed along with the results. The paper considers the reasons a principle-based approach to this problem should outperform corpus-based approaches, and speculates on the possibility of a hybrid approach.
Management of Revenue Streams of Intellectual Properties in Sequential Markets

We study life cycle revenues of a particular category of intellectual property (IP), motion pictures, which sell in different formats in two sequential markets: the theatrical market and the home video market. We combine data collected from numerous public and proprietary sources and form a final sample of 654 motion pictures. Then we perform ordinary least square (OLS) analysis on the relationship between measures of the upstream market performance and downstream revenues. We document the positive impact of financial and nonfinancial measures of performance in the upstream theatrical market on subsequent revenues in the downstream home video market. We next examine the relevance of the nonfinancial measures in the managerial decisions regarding the product life in the upstream market. We find that the same set of performance measures influence the managerial decision regarding the motion picture’s theatrical life span. Finally, we study the relationship between the quality of managerial decisions and return on investment. We find that the quality of this decision is positively associated with total returns on investment in production and advertising of the motion picture. This study suggests that a set of financial and nonfinancial measures of performance in one market of IP can predict future performance in subsequent markets of the IP. These measures are also relevant in managerial decisions. This study differs from prior research in that it focuses on product level rather than firm level analysis.
Theoretical study of interfacial transport in gas‐liquid flows

Mass transfer in sheared, concurrent gas-liquid flows is investigated theoretically using solutions to the unaveraged advection-diffusion equation. For sufficiently thick films, the resistance to mass transfer is shown to be confined completely within a thin region in the liquid near the interface and mass transfer coefficients are accurately predicted by an improved numerical technique that uses a velocity field derived from an Orr-Sommerfeld equation with the time-varying velocity computed directly from measurements of interfacial waves. The mass transfer coefficients are shown to depend on the magnitude and frequency content of the velocity fluctuations normal to the interface. As the film thickness decreases, transfer resistance extends throughout the film and turbulent mixing in the middle of the film controls the transfer rates. For this region, limiting values of transfer coefficients are predicted well by analytical solutions to the advection-diffusion equation, which assume a laminar flow.
The Purge of an Agitator

I. Becker, G. S., The Economics of Discrimination (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957). 2. Blalock, H. M., "Economic Discrimination and Negro Increase," American Sociological Review, 21 (October, 1956), 584588. 3. , "Per Cent Non-White and Discrimination in the South," American Sociological Review, 22 (December, 1957), 677-682. 4. Davis, A. W., "Caste, Economy, and Violence," American Journal of Sociology, 51 (July, 1945), 7-15. 5. Odum, H. W., Southern Regions (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1936). 6. Turner, R. H., "The Relative Position of the Negro Male in the Labor Force of Large American Cities," American Sociological Review, 16 (August, 1951), 524-529.
On the Diagnosis of Learning Disabilities in Gifted Students: Reply to Assouline et al. (2010)

Gifted students often fail to achieve at a superior level in one or more academic areas. In this reply to an article by Assouline, Nicpon, and Whiteman, the author reviews various explanations for this phenomenon, including motivation/interest, learning opportunities, and error in measuring students' ability--achievement discrepancies. The author also describes different methodologies for investigating whether learning disabilities are overidentified among gifted students and, more broadly, considers the appropriateness of a learning disability diagnosis in students with average achievement. The author concludes with thoughts on the proper interpretation of Assouline et al.'s results.
A sero-survey of toxoplasmosis in farm and non-farm children from Wisconsin, United States, 1997-1999

Background Toxoplasmosis is among the most widespread and prevalent zoonosis in the world. People can become infected through ingestion of oocysts shed by felids or of tissue cysts contained in meat from infected animals. Acute infection can result in a wide spectrum of consequences, including flu-like illness and retinitis, as well as congenital infection in pregnant women. Severe disease can occur, especially if people are immunocompromised. Frequency of human infection varies substantially by region due to ecological, social, and cultural factors. The most recent nationwide prevalence estimates in children from United States were 3.6% in 6–11 year olds and 5.8% in 12–19 year olds. Because of the limited knowledge of the occurrence of common zoonotic pathogens in children in the United States, the objective of this study was to estimate the sero-prevalence of T. gondii-specific antibodies in children from the Marshfield area in Wisconsin and to examine the association between sero-positivity and farm living.
Approximate dynamic programming with correlated Bayesian beliefs

In approximate dynamic programming, we can represent our uncertainty about the value function using a Bayesian model with correlated beliefs. Thus, a decision made at a single state can provide us with information about many states, making each individual observation much more powerful. We propose a new exploration strategy based on the knowledge gradient concept from the optimal learning literature, which is currently the only method capable of handling correlated belief structures. The proposed method outperforms several other heuristics in numerical experiments conducted on two broad problem classes.
Increased Incidence of Lymphoma in C3H/HeJ Adult Mice Injected with Gross Virus and Antithymocytic Serum

An increased incidence of lymphoma in adult C3H/HeJ mice injected with antithymocytic serum as compared with normal rabbit serum during a course of one to four weekly intraperitoneal injections of cell-free filtrates of Gross virus-induced lymphomas was noted. The latent period of lymphoma ranged from 119 to 298 days after initiation of treatment. The incidence tended to increase as the number of injections of cell-free filtrate was increased, with a maximum incidence reached at three injections.
Coupling Statistical Segmentation and PCA Shape Modeling

This paper presents a novel segmentation approach featuring shape constraints of multiple structures. A framework is developed combining statistical shape modeling with a maximum a posteriori segmentation problem. The shape is characterized by signed distance maps and its modes of variations are generated through principle component analysis. To solve the maximum a posteriori segmentation problem a robust Expectation Maximization implementation is used. The Expectation Maximization segmenter generates a label map, calculates image intensity inhomogeneities, and considers shape constraints for each structure of interest. Our approach enables high quality segmentations of structures with weak image boundaries which is demonstrated by automatically segmenting 32 brain MRIs into right and left thalami.
Performance degradation of OFDM systems due to Doppler spreading

The focus of this paper is on the performance of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals in mobile radio applications, such as 802.11a and digital video broadcasting (DVB) systems, e.g., DVB-CS2. The paper considers the evaluation of the error probability of an OFDM system transmitting over channels characterized by frequency selectivity and Rayleigh fading. The time variations of the channel during one OFDM symbol interval destroy the orthogonality of the different subcarriers and generate power leakage among the subcarriers, known as inter-carrier interference (ICI). For conventional modulation methods such as phase-shift keying (PSK) and quadrature-amplitude modulation (QAM), the bivariate probability density function (pdf) of the ICI is shown to be a weighted Gaussian mixture. The large computational complexity involved in using the weighted Gaussian mixture pdf to evaluate the error probability serves as the motivation for developing a two-dimensional Gram-Charlier representation for the bivariate pdf of the ICI. It is demonstrated that its truncated version of order 4 or 6 provides a very good approximation in the evaluation of the error probability for PSK and QAM in the presence of ICI. Based on Jakes' model for the Doppler effects, and an exponential multipath intensity profile, numerical results for the error probability are illustrated for several mobile speeds
Flexor carpi ulnaris transplant and its use in cerebral palsy.

In our experience, transplantation of the flexor carpi ulnaris is the single best procedure to improve function of the wrist and hand in cerebral palsy. It aids dorsiflexion and supination and, at the same time, preserves active motion of the wrist. This is highly desirable since finger control may be seriously impaired in cerebral palsy and the additional motion provided at the wrist may be most helpful. In fact, since using this procedure we have found that fusion of the wrist is rarely indicated. A good result from a flexor carpi ulnaris transplant depends first upon the careful choice of the patient for the procedure.Requirements for the best function from the transplant include reasonable finger control preoperatively with passive flexibility of the hand, wrist, and forearm; stereognosis of the involved hand; reasonable intelligence; high motivation of the patient and family; and a thorough postoperative regimen.The difference between a good result and a poor result was often the thoroughness of the postoperative care. The value of both exercise and support for the part cannot be overemphasized nor can one underestimate the importance of the interest and ambitions of the patient and his family. The procedure should be postponed until the age when the individual may be expected to cooperate in the training of the transplant.