cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design Criteria For A Magnetic Switch When Used To Discharge A Pulse Forming Line

Much has been written concerning the design of magnetic switches in Melville line pulse compression networks. In these networks, magnetic switches are used to discharge one capacitor into another. Pulse compression is achieved by discharging each capacitor at a faster rate than it was charged. The relationship between the circuit parameters of the Melville line and the individual magnetic switches is fairly well understood. However, magnetic switches are sometimes cast in roles which depart from their traditional use in a Melville line network. One such application is that of a magnetic switch being used to discharge a pulse forming line (PFL) into a load. In this paper, the requirements of such an application are discussed. Relationships between the PFL discharge parameters (i.e., pulse energy, risetime, and pulsewidth) and the magnetic switch parameters are derived. A design example of a magnetic switch for use in a PFL discharge application is presented and the design trade-offs are also discussed.
Fault tolerant analysis of associative memories

The performance of fault tolerant associative memories is investigated. Instead of presenting the results by simulation, the authors mathematically show that the one-step retrieval probability in most cases decreases with the increase in error ratio, number of error bits, and number of stored patterns. For the case of faulty resistance, however, the performance will surpass the nonerror situation under the positive weight change. This is not only true in the Hopfield interconnection topology but is also true in the exponential correlation case. >
Author Age Prediction from Text using Linear Regression

While the study of the connection between discourse patterns and personal identification is decades old, the study of these patterns using language technologies is relatively recent. In that more recent tradition we frame author age prediction from text as a regression problem. We explore the same task using three very different genres of data simultaneously: blogs, telephone conversations, and online forum posts. We employ a technique from domain adaptation that allows us to train a joint model involving all three corpora together as well as separately and analyze differences in predictive features across joint and corpus-specific aspects of the model. Effective features include both stylistic ones (such as POS patterns) as well as content oriented ones. Using a linear regression model based on shallow text features, we obtain correlations up to 0.74 and mean absolute errors between 4.1 and 6.8 years.
THE HISTORY AND PHYSICAL ASSESSMENTS OF THE FEBRILE INFANT

Fever is a common problem in pediatrics. The evaluation of the febrile child is multifaceted and includes a thorough gathering of information by history and physical examination. This information is instrumental in augmenting an accurate prediction of infectious outcome and determining management decisions. There have been many studies published that correlate the clinical characteristics and infectious outcomes of febrile infants. This article reviews these studies and characterizes aspects of this medical problem. Most issues are specified separately according to ages younger and older than 8 weeks.
Viral potentiation of chemical toxins in the experimental syndrome of hypoglycemia, encephalopathy, and visceral fatty degeneration.

This study has explored the hypothesis that viral infection conjoined with chemical toxins may potentiate the development of encephalopathy and visceral fatty degeneration (EVFAD). Of the chemical agents employed in the study, 4-pentenoic acid when associated with mengo virus infection produced the most consistent and significant hepatic steatosis. Medullary vacuolization was common. Livers demonstrated fine vacuolization and glycogen depletion. Hypoglycemia was observed frequently, especially in animals exposed to prolonged pentenoic acid dosage schedules. Electron microscopy revealed fat droplets, cytoplasmic vacuoles, loss of glycogen, swollen mitochondria, and intramitochondrial electron-dense granules. These inclusions measured from 0.1 to 1 μm and on high magnification showed a finely fibrillar structure. The large granules were irregular in shape and probably resulted from the coalescence of smaller units. Their origin remains obscure, but they were found only in animals exposed to pentenoic acid and the virus. The viral-infection-accentuated hepatic steatosis in these animals provides support for the hypothesis that EVFAD may be the result of a hepatic mitochondrial toxin potentiated by viral infection. The observed electron-dense intramitochondrial granules further support altered mitochondrial function.
Transplantation of fetal hematopoietic stem cells in utero: the creation of hematopoietic chimeras

Transplantation of normal, immature, fetal hematopoietic cells into a preimmune fetal recipient with a congenital hemoglobinopathy may allow partial reconstitution of normal hemoglobin production without the complications associated with postnatal bone marrow transplantation (immunosuppression and the occurrence of graft versus host disease). In order to test this hypothesis the naturally occurring polymorphism at the beta-hemoglobin locus of the sheep was used as a marker for engraftment and hematopoietic chimerism. Intraperitoneal injection of allogeneic fetal stem cells into normal fetal lambs resulted in hematopoietic chimerism in three of four surviving recipients. This chimerism has been sustained for 6 months after birth and 9 months after engraftment, without evidence of graft versus host disease, and without the use of immunosuppressive therapy.
Transformations of one-dimensional cellular automation rules by translation-invariant local surjective mappings

Abstract If M is a noninvertible translation-invariant local surjective mapping, it is shown that some local one-dimensional deterministic cellular automaton rules F have a transform Φ by M defined by Φ ∘ M = M ∘ F . When it exists Φ is local and its Wolfram's class is the same as F . The evolution of a cellular automaton according to rule Φ is simply related to the evolution according to rule F . In the case of class-3 rules, the evolution to the attractor may often be viewed as particle-like structures evolving in a regular background. If the structure of these particles and their interactions for a rule F are known, then the structure and interactions of the transformed particles for rule Φ are also known. If M is a nontrivial invertible translation-invariant local surjective mapping, Φ always exists, but it is, in general, site- and time-dependent.
Effects of phenol on predation of juvenile rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri

Abstract We determined the relative vulnerability of fingerling rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, to predation by adult trout following exposure to phenol at 0·5 to 18·0 mg litre−1 for 96 h. At concentrations above 7·0 mg litre−1, exposed prey were consumed at a significantly greater rate than controls. Exposure to more than 10·0 mg litre−1 phenol resulted in acute mortality. The range of exposure eliciting these sublethal effects was, therefore, narrow, i.e. between 7·0 and 10·0 mg litre−1. Under study conditions, predator-prey interactions did not constitute a sensitive sublethal indicator of stress.
Lessons from nature: unraveling biological CH bond activation.

The cleavage of unactivated C H bonds is one of the most challenging reactions in chemical biology. Metalloenzymes have evolved that efficiently perform these transformations with exquisite control of selectivity; however, a proposed requirement is the generation of highly reactive intermediates that could be lethal. A thermodynamic argument involving the putative reactive species is outlined, whereby the interplay between two tunable parameters, redox potential and pKa, may be the key to sustainable function. In addition, factors that control these parameters are also described, including hydrogen-bonding networks found within protein active sites. Synthetic examples are used to corroborate these ideas.
The organization of pudendal motoneurons and primary afferent projections in the spinal cord of the rhesus monkey revealed by horseradish peroxidase

The horseradish peroxidase tracing technique was utilized to study the distribution of motoneurons and primary afferent neurons contributing fibers to the pudendal nerve in the monkey. Application of horseradish peroxidase to the central cut end of the pudendal nerve labeled motoneurons in the ipsilateral spinal cord primarily in the S1 and L7 segments. In transverse sections these neurons were distributed within an oval area (Onuf's nucleus) with an average dimension of 360 × 290 μm, located at the base of the ventral horn, medial to the lateral motor nuclei. An average of 418 (range: 170–577) medium-sized (44 × 26 μm) neurons were labeled per animal. In longitudinal sections the nucleus appeared as a beaded column of cells extending 9.3 mm rostrocaudally with a prominent network of longitudinal dendrites. In the transverse plane, other groups of dendrites were observed: one group extended dorsomedially toward the central canal, while a second group extended dorsolaterally to the intermediolateral gray, with some of the latter dendritic processes following the lateral border of the ventral horn. An average of 9,200 afferent neurons were labeled in the dorsal root ganglia of each animal. Approximately 85% of these cells were located in a single dorsal root ganglion (S1 or S2). This ganglion was always located one spinal segment caudal to the segment containing the majority of cells in Onuf's nucleus. In the spinal cord, afferent labeling in the dorsal columns and Lissauer's tract extended from S3 to at least L1. The density of afferent labeling in the spinal cord paralleled the number of labeled dorsal root ganglion cells in the corresponding segments. From Lissauer's tract and the dorsal columns a prominent collateral fiber bundle passed medially over the apex of the dorsal horn to the dorsal commissure and to medial laminae I–IV of the dorsal horn. A much less prominent pathway passed ventrally along the lateral edge of the dorsal horn to lamina V, where a few collaterals continued medially to the dorsal commissure. The majority of labeled lateral afferent axons ended slightly dorsal to the sacral parasympathetic nucleus. A comparison of the present findings with previous descriptions of the sacral visceral pathways shows a considerable overlap in certain areas of the spinal cord of pudendal and pelvic nerve afferent and efferent systems. This close anatomic relationship is consistent with the physiological observation that somatovisceral integration in the lumbosacral spinal cord is essential for the normal regulation of micturition, defecation, and sexual function.
Engaging faculty through collection development utilizing online survey tools

– The purpose of this paper is to describe how online survey tools can be utilized to gather input and feedback from faculty related to monographic collection decisions to evaluate current and guide future decision making., – The use of an online survey tool for a particular collection development project is described and results of the survey are analyzed., – It is found that online survey tools are an easy and valuable tool for gathering direct feedback from faculty and provide opportunities to engage faculty in conversations about a wide range of scholarly communications issues., – Online survey tools provide one means of evaluating collection development decisions that should be utilized in conjunction with other methodologies, e.g. circulation studies. Online survey tools can be utilized to allow faculty to recommend items for immediate purchase but could also be used to study faculty reactions to purchases that have already been made., – The process and procedure outlined could be used by collection development librarians to evaluate current and historic collection development decisions.
Axisymmetric deformation of poroelastic shells of revolution

Abstract A linear theory is developed for axisymmetric deformation of thin poroelastic shells of revolution. With fluid solid coupling included through Biot's consolidation theory, results are presented for cylindrical shells with an oscillating internal pressure and various surface boundary conditions on the fluid. First, the effects of fluid flow and shell inertia on the stretching behavior are studied through a separation of variables solution. Then, the bending behavior near a clamped edge is examined through an asymptotic solution of a matrix form of the governing equations. The results show that the asymptotic solution is accurate in the low frequency range, when the loading time is large compared to the consolidation time. In addition, for the examples studied, the fluid flow influences the membrane more than the bending behavior, but damping due to flow resistance is limited near resonance.
Two-dimensional MoS 2 nanomechanical resonators freelysuspended on microtrenches on flexible substrate

This digest paper reports on the first high-frequency nanomechanical resonators based on molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) crystalline flakes freely-suspended on microtrenches (∼13µm wide and 14µm deep) fabricated on flexible substrate, with bendability and stretchability. Through investigations of the device resonances via optical excitation and detection by ultrasensitive laser interferometry, we first observe multimode resonances up to ∼50MHz with the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate under different bending and stretching conditions. The device resonance frequencies (f res ) first increase and then stabilize while quality (Q) factors are enhanced with PDMS trench widening of up to 161% in the region away from the MoS 2 flake and 61% at the MoS 2 flake edge, without breaking the device. This platform could facilitate investigations of the strain limits in devices, strain-induced bandgap tuning in two-dimensional (2D) crystals, and strain-engineered performance enhancement (e.g., f res , Q, and mobility) in 2D resonators. Furthermore, it is well suited for exploring new 2D flexible and wearable electronic components such as strain gauges and resonant transducers.
Physiology of the normal and dopamine‐depleted basal ganglia: Insights into levodopa pharmacotherapy

Dopamine (DA) neurons exist in two activity states; either spontaneously firing or quiescent and nonfiring. When faced with a behavioral demand, the quiescent DA neurons can be activated to facilitate normal motor output. Levodopa appears to increase DA output by activating these nonfiring neurons; as a consequence, DA release is increased, but behavioral demand can now overwhelm the system, potentially leading to the inactivation and on/off phenomena. Levodopa administered in a pulsatile manner may also lead to the induction of synaptic plasticity within the DA systems. In the ventral mesolimbic system, this could lead to the loss of behavioral flexibility, impulsive behavior, and cognitive impairment, whereas in the dorsal nigrostriatal system, this may underlie Levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Continuous administration of Levodopa may circumvent this sensitization process, enabling a therapeutic response without limbic and motor side effects.
Production of monodisperse 5- to 40-μm polystyrene spheres

Technique utilisant un generateur d'aerosol pour produire des spheres de polystyrene par sechage pulverisation de solutions de polystyrene. Influence de la concentration et de la masse du polystyrene, du type de solvant et de la temperature
When the world is not your oyster.

The decline of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica in Chesapeake Bay from overfishing, disease, and habitat degradation is well documented ([1][1]–[3][2]). Oysters provided important ecological and economic benefits to the Chesapeake Bay states of Maryland and Virginia, which have poured
Burrow sharing and nest transfer in the digger wasp Philanthus gibbosus (Fabricius)

Abstract Philanthus gibbosus is a solitary, ground-nesting wasp in which several individuals have been observed to occupy a single burrow. Evidence is presented which indicates that several emerging males and females often occupy the parental nest for several days, the males sometimes for life. The females, however, soon disperse to found new nests, although one may continue to occupy and expand the parental nest. It appears that the larger female often maintains possession of the nest, although the interactions have not been observed. On rare occasions two females may provision a single nest for a brief period. P. gibbosus may represent a unique stage in presociality in which temporary communal nesting occurs at certain phases of the nesting cycle.
Temperature and time dependence of orthopositronium formation in polystyrene

Abstract Three measurement protocols were performed to investigate the temperature dependence of positron lifetime spectra for polystyrene over the temperature range −70 to 180°C. The polystyrene samples were first subjected to a heating schedule in sequential 10°C increments. This was followed by a cooling schedule, again in 10°C increments. The third schedule involved rejuvenation of the specimen above T g between each measurement. The measured lifetime spectra were resolved into three components. We observed a minimum in the temperature dependence of the o-Ps intensity I 3 at ∼20°C for polystyrene specimens subjected to the heating and cooling schedules, but not for the rejuvenated samples. The influence of the duration of e + -irradiation on the lifetime and intensity of o-Ps annihilation was investigated under isothermal conditions. A decrease in o-Ps intensity I 3 with duration of exposure to e + -irradiation was found whose rate was maximal at 23°C. The results suggest that the time dependence of the o-Ps intensity in the glass can be interpreted within the framework of the spur-model. Specifically, the variation of I 3 is ascribed to the formation at low temperature of free radicals with small electron affinities. After correcting for the e + -irradiation effect, no significant aging effect in the glassy state was detected in the o-Ps intensity and lifetime.
Melanoma mouse model implicates metabotropic glutamate signaling in melanocytic neoplasia

To gain insight into melanoma pathogenesis, we characterized an insertional mouse mutant, TG3, that is predisposed to develop multiple melanomas. Physical mapping identified multiple tandem insertions of the transgene into intron 3 of Grm1 (encoding metabotropic glutamate receptor 1) with concomitant deletion of 70 kb of intronic sequence. To assess whether this insertional mutagenesis event results in alteration of transcriptional regulation, we analyzed Grm1 and two flanking genes for aberrant expression in melanomas from TG3 mice. We observed aberrant expression of only Grm1. Although we did not detect its expression in normal mouse melanocytes, Grm1 was ectopically expressed in the melanomas from TG3 mice. To confirm the involvement of Grm1 in melanocytic neoplasia, we created an additional transgenic line with Grm1 expression driven by the dopachrome tautomerase promoter. Similar to the original TG3, the Tg(Grm1)EPv line was susceptible to melanoma. In contrast to human melanoma, these transgenic mice had a generalized hyperproliferation of melanocytes with limited transformation to fully malignant metastasis. We detected expression of GRM1 in a number of human melanoma biopsies and cell lines but not in benign nevi and melanocytes. This study provides compelling evidence for the importance of metabotropic glutamate signaling in melanocytic neoplasia.
Safety and efficacy of exercise training after coronary stenting in patients with stable coronary artery disease.

Background: Exercise training (ET) after coronary stenting is considered to have a risk of stent thrombosis (ST). The present study investigated whether ET increases the incidence of ST in patients undergoing coronary stenting. Methods and Results: The current study was a prospective observational study. We enrolled 3,672 patients who underwent successful coronary stenting. Patients decided whether to participate in exercise and were divided into an ET group (n=1,592) and a control group (n=2,080). The primary endpoint was the incidence of ST. Secondary endpoints were major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE: death, myocardial infarction, and stroke) and unscheduled hospital visits for angina. The incidence of ST and MACE were similar in both groups (1.8% vs. 2.0%, P=0.73, 14.9% vs. 15.0%, P=0.97, respectively). Unscheduled hospital visits were significantly lower in the ET group (20.2% vs. 27.2%, P<0.0001). After adjusting for baselines, the ET group had no significant increase in ST (hazard ratio (HR) 0.86, adjusted P=0.56) and MACE (HR 0.98, adjusted P=0.83). The ET was effective to prevent an unscheduled hospital visits for worsening angina (HR 0.67, adjusted P<0.0001). Conclusions: Moderate ET after successful coronary stenting does not increase the incidence of ST and MACE, and was effective in reducing unscheduled hospital visits for angina. (Circ J 2011; 75: 2379-2386)
Fate and Distribution of 3H-Labeled T-2 Mycotoxin in Guinea Pigs

Abstract T-2 toxin is a potent cytotoxic metabolite produced by the Fusarium species. The fate and distribution of 3H-labeled T-2 toxin were examined in male guinea pigs. Radioactivity was detected in all body tissues within 30 min after an im injection of an LD50 dose (1.04 mg/kg) of T-2 toxin. The plasma concentration of trichothecene molar equivalents versus time was multiphasic, with an initial absorption half-life equal to or less than 30 min. Bile contained a large amount of radioacivity which was identified as HT-2, 4-deacetylneosolaniol, 3′-hydroxy HT-2, 3′-hydroxy T-2 triol, and several more-polar unknowns. These T-2 metabolites are excreted from liver via bile into the intestine. Within 5 days, 75% of the total radioactivity was excreted in urine and feces at a ratio of 4 to 1. The appearance of radioactivity in the excreta was biphasic. Metabolic derivatives of T-2 excreted in urine were T-2 tetraol, 4-deacetylneosolaniol, 3′-hydroxy HT-2, and several unknowns. These studies showed a rapid appearance in and subsequent loss of radioactivity from tissues and body fluids. Only 0.01% of the total administered radioactivity was still detectable in tissues at 28 days. The distribution patterns and excretion rates suggest that liver and kidney are the principal organs of detoxication and excretion of T-2 toxin and its metabolites.
On Quantum Fluctuations and Symmetry Breaking

We study the quantum fluctuations in O(n) symmetric theory and show that when n=2 the fluctuation of the field makes the problem in principle nonperturbative. The analysis based on loop expansions is not applicable in this case.
Effects of pesticides on pure and mixed species cultures of salt marsh pool algae.

A number of studies on the effects of pesticides and other toxicants in single species algal cultures have demonstrated that while some species show inhibition of growth and/or photosynthesis when exposed to levels as low as a few ppb (WURSTER 1968), other species are resistant to levels of several ppm or higher (UKELES 1962, MENZEL et al. 1970, DERBY & RUBER 1970). Because of differential algal sensitivity one might predict that toxicants would have no long-term inhibitory effect on biomass and production in mixed-species cultures of algae. Instead, a shift in community composition, with the more resistant species replacing the sensitive ones might be expected. There have been few studies using several species communities comprised only of algae. MOSSER et al. (1972) found that addition of DDT or PCB reversed the outcome of competition between two species and also that neither final biomass nor productivity were affected by the toxicants. In this study we report on the general sensitivity of five species of salt marsh pool algae to five pesticides and then proceed to examine more closely the effects of carbaryl on single species and on communities made up of three and five species in order to determine the effects on community sensitivity of varying the composition and numbers of species.
“Mocking my own ripeness”;: Authenticity, heritage, and self‐erasure in the poetry of Marilyn Chin

(2001). “Mocking my own ripeness”;: Authenticity, heritage, and self‐erasure in the poetry of Marilyn Chin. Lit: Literature Interpretation Theory: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 25-45.
Distribution and reactivity of inhaled 14C-labeled toluene diisocyanate (TDI) in rats

Inhalation exposure to toluene diisocyanate (TDI) can result in a variety of airway diseases. Concern has been expressed that a putative carcinogenic potential of TDI exists as a result of the formation of toluenediamine (TDA) by hydrolysis of the isocyanate in the body. Results from long-term bioassays (TDI inhalation versus gavage in rats and mice) are contradictory and discrepancies do exist concerning the interpretation of adverse effects. This study was performed to analyze the distribution and reactivity of radioactively-labeled TDI using vapor exposure in a rat model system. Rats were exposed to 14C-TDI vapors at concentrations ranging from 0.026 to 0.821 ppm for 4 h. All tissues examined showed detectable quantities of radioactivity, with the airways, gastrointestinal system and blood having the highest levels which increased with exposure concentration. The concentration of radioactivity in the bloodstream after exposure was linear with respect to dose. The majority (74-87%) of the label associated with the blood was recovered in the plasma, and of this, 97-100% of the 14C existed in the form of biomolecular conjugates. Analysis of stomach contents shows that the majority of the label is also associated with high (> 10 kDa) molecular weight species. While a larger percentage (28%) of the label is found in the low molecular weight fraction relative to blood, this low molecular weight labeled material represents at least eight different components. Thus, over the vapor exposure concentrations and time tested, it appears that conjugation is the predominant reaction and that free TDA is not a primary in vivo reaction product under the conditions tested.
Advanced interactive planning techniques for conformal therapy: High level beam descriptions and volumetric mapping techniques

Purpose : To aid in design of conformal radiation therapy treatment plans involving many conformally shaped fields, this work investigates the use of two methodologies to enhance the ease of interactive treatment planning : high-level beam constructs and beam's-eye view volumetric mapping. Methods and Materials : High-performance computer graphics running on various workstations using a graphical visualization system (AVS) have been used in this work. Software specific to this application has been written in standard FORTRAN and C languages. A new methodology is introduced by defining radiation therapy fields to be composed of multiple beam segments. Fields can then be defined as higher-level entities such as arcs, cones, and other shapes. A segmental cone field, for example, is defined by a symmetry axis and a cone angle, and can be used to rapidly place a series of beam segments that converge at the target volume, while reducing the degree of overlap elsewhere. A new beam's-eye view (BEV) volumetric mapping technique is presented to aid in selecting the placement of conformal radiation fields. With this technique, the relative average dose within an organ of interest is calculated for a sampling of isocentric, conformally shaped beams and displayed either as a globe, which can be combined with the display of anatomical surfaces, or as a two-dimensionally mapped projection. The dose maps from multiple organs can be generated, stacked, or composited with relative weightings to aid in the placement of fields that minimize overlap with critical structures. Results : The use of these new methodologies is demonstrated for prostate and lung treatment sites and compared to conventional planning techniques. Discussion : The use of many beams for conformal treatment delivery is difficult with current interactive planning. The use of high-level beam constructs provides a means to quickly specify, place, and configure multiple beam arrangements. The BEV volumetrics aids in the placing of fields, which minimize involvement with critical normal tissues. Conclusions : Early experience with the new methodologies suggest that the new methods help to enhance (or at least speed up) the ability of a treatment planner to create optimal radiation treatment field arrangements.
Transient thermodynamic modelling and experimental validation of an antagonistic SMA actuator

Modern developments in Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) has positioned the material as an attractive alternative actuation for high yield, low cost industries which stand to benefit from the materials simple form, light weight, and high energy densities. However, the speed and predictability still remain as a barrier to its acceptance and usage. The robotics community has shown promising results with antagonistic actuation architectures to increase the cyclic speed and produce controlled motions; however, such control-based approaches generally require sensing and feedback implementations and tuning that are undesirable for high production products. This paper presents a simple but effective physically-based thermodynamic model for generic antagonistic actuation architecture. The model is derived from three sets of equations: differential equations describing the thermomechanical phase transformation behavior of the material, compatibility equations specific to the antagonistic configuration relating stresses and strains in the two wires to each other, and heat transfer equations involving the thermal properties of both the environment and the wire material. This model takes into consideration several key-aspects of real devices such as the wires becoming slack or localalized boiling conditions. This model was experimentally validated and studied under a range of conditions including variations in driving frequency (0.3–10 Hz), duty cycle (10%–45%), amplitude (50%–100% transformation), and wire diameter (8–20 mil). The correlation over these widely varying conditions indicates the model’s accuracy and potential for use in the design process of future antagonistic actuators and their controllers for industrial applications.© 2008 ASME
Cuticular hydrocarbons correlate with fertility, not dominance, in a paper wasp, Polistes dominulus

Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) are information-rich signals in social insects that coordinate behaviors within nests. However, in some taxa, the precise information conveyed by CHCs is poorly understood. In particular, there is a debate over whether CHCs convey information about their bearer's dominance or fertility. Distinguishing between dominance and fertility signaling is difficult because fertility and rank are frequently correlated within social insect colonies. This study disentangles those relationships by examining CHCs of Polistes dominulus paper wasps during the early nest-founding stage before dominance and fertility become correlated. First, we confirm that dominance and fertility are not associated in early spring foundresses. Then we show that CHCs are more strongly associated with fertility than dominance. There was no relationship between cuticular hydrocarbon profiles and a wasp’s ability to dominate rivals through aggression, suggesting that CHCs are unlikely to provide information about dominance. However, there was a significant correlation between ovarian development and the CHC profile, suggesting that CHCs could convey valuable information about their bearer's fertility. Furthermore, our data provide a potential mechanism for chemical signaling of fecundity, as there is a relationship between endogenous juvenile hormone titer (a gonadotropin), degree of ovarian development, and the CHC profile. Hormonal regulation of CHC profile expression offers a physiological mechanism to coordinate behavior, physical state, and signal expression.
The origins of the First World War

The origins of the First World War, by William Mulligan, Cambridge and New York, Cambridge University Press, 2010, viii + 256 pp. + maps, illustrations, US$70.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-521-88633-8;...
Hydrogen-bonding of the ester carbonyls in phosphatidylcholine bilayers

From the behavior of the 13C nmr resonances of the carbonyl carbons of phosphatidylcholine vesicles upon the addition of Yb3+, Ho3+, or Gd3+ lanthanide ions it is concluded that of the two peaks the larger downfield one should be assigned to the outside and the smaller upfield one to the inside of the vesicles. The downfield chemical shifts of the α and β carbonyl carbon peaks in vesicles as compared to CCl4 suggest that the carbonyl oxygens are hydrogen bonded to water in the vesicles. The β-carbonyl oxygen appears more exposed to water in vesicles. Addition of cholesterol to the vesicles produces little chemical shift change suggesting substitution of cholesterol for water in hydrogen bonding to a carbonyl oxygen; the α-carbonyl oxygen is suggested as the more likely acceptor.
Utilizing cause-of-death information to estimate conditional probabilities of disease and death

Conditional probabilities that do not require the assumption of independence among competing risks for identifiability are proposed for the analysis of carcinogenesis bioassay data as a reasonable adjustment for deaths or other removals due to competing risks. These conditional probabilities permit consideration of one type of tumor at a time, but in such a way that inferences are relevant to actual experimental conditions under which other diseases and causes of death are present and operating. The importance of assigning cause of death in bioassays is demonstrated by the fact that it allows the definition and identification of functions useful in the interpretation of carcinogenesis data, without requiring that a disease of interest be independent from competing risks. However, one proposed conditional probability does require sacrifice data for its identifiability.
Ultrastructure of benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors.

The ultrastructure of the neurilemmoma has been compared with that of the neurofibroma. Large aggregates of extremely thin cytoplasmic processes characterize Antoni type A neurilemmoma tissue. In Antoni type B tissue, the tumor cells present as globular structures containing many organelles and osmophilic material. The neurofibroma consists of widely scattered cells which closely resemble non-neoplastic Schwann cells. Although the patterns of the 2 tumors are widely different, morphological evidence is presented which supports the concept that both of the lesions arise from Schwann cells. Some features of a human traumatic neuroma are presented.
Fluidic Flexible Matrix Composites for Volume Management in Prosthetic Sockets

Persons with transfemoral and transtibial protheses experience changes in the volume of their residual limb during the course of the day. These changes in volume unavoidably lead to changes in quality of fit of the prosthesis, skin irritations, and soft tissue injuries. The associated pain and discomfort can become debilitating by reducing one’s ability to perform daily activities. While significant advancements have been made in prostheses, the undesirable pain and discomfort that occurs due to the volume change is still a major challenge that needs to be solved. The goal of this program is to develop smart prosthetic sockets that can accommodate for volume fluctuations in the residual limb. In this research, fluidic flexible matrix composite wafers (f2mc) are integrated into the prosthetic socket for volume regulation. The f2mc’s are flexible tubular elements embedded in a flexible matrix. These tubular elements are connected to a reservoir, and contain an internal fluid such as air or water. Fluid flow between the tubes and reservoir is controlled by valves. The f2mc’s can achieve more than 300% increase in volume and potentially several orders of magnitude of change in stiffness. Experimental results for a prosthetic socket demonstrate that the flexible matrix composite wafers can achieve changes in volume when pressurized.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
ECG in Sickle Cell Trait at Rest and During Exercise and Hypoxia

The electrocardiograms of 28 volunteers with sickle cell trait were compared to those of 28 control subjects. Tracings were recorded at rest, at peak exercise, at simulated sea level, and at a simulated altitude of 4,000 m. No differences between the subjects with sickle cell trait and control subjects were observed for the majority of electrocardiographic measurements. Several measurements had statistically significant differences that persisted after correcting for body surface area and physical fitness. The magnitude of the differences does not appear to have physiologic or clinical significance. The observation that the differences were greatest for resting and sea level recordings indicates that sickling is probably not responsible. Further investigation will be needed to substantiate these differences and determine whether these electrical observations have any physiologic implication.
Physician referral patterns to a breast cancer support program.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the differences between physicians who did and did not refer their patients with breast cancer to the American Cancer Society's Reach to Recovery program, as well as to determine the factors associated with these physician referral patterns. Description of study: This descriptive cross-sectional study included 54 physicians who had and 23 physicians who had not referred their patients with breast cancer to the Mile High Unit Reach to Recovery program in 1999. Participating physicians completed a questionnaire about their knowledge, behaviors, and beliefs regarding Reach to Recovery, the characteristics of the patients they referred, and their own demographic and practice characteristics. Results: General surgeons were more likely than all other specialties to refer patients to the Reach to Recovery program. The program is a part of the American Cancer Society. Feedback from patients about their experiences with Reach to Recovery and the proportion of patient time spent caring for patients with breast cancer were all positively associated with referral. Clinical implications: These findings show that those providing support programs, such as Reach to Recovery, need to use targeted strategies to ensure that physicians are aware of the services they provide and that patients relay their experiences back to their referring physician. Because the value of social support programs for women with breast cancer has been established, physicians can become valuable partners in helping more women gain access to these programs.
Bonding in the Si2H2 isomers: A topographical study

Chemical bonding in the isomers of the formally triply bonded Si2H2 system are studied from the point of view of electron localization function (ELF) bond basin populations and atoms-inmolecules (AIM) delocalization indices. Calculation carried out at the B3LYP/6-31 + G(d,p) and MP2 (FC)/6-31 + G(d,p) level leads to ELF topographies and basin populations that are in good agreement with our intuitive chemical pictures of bonding in these molecules. One single, two double, and one triple siliconsilicon bonds are found in the four isomers. It is shown that, with one AIM exception, ratios of basin populations and delocalization indices are consistent and useful in characterizing the nature of the chemical bonding involved. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:53–62, 2002; DOI 10.1002/hc.1106
Reversible suppression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) expression in vivo by inducible RNA interference.

Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), also known as cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), plays a critical role in many normal physiological functions and modulates a variety of pathological conditions. The ability to turn endogenous COX-2 on and off in a reversible fashion, at specific times and in specific cell types, would be a powerful tool in determining its role in many contexts. To achieve this goal, we took advantage of a recently developed RNA interference system in mice. An shRNA targeting the Cox2 mRNA 3′untranslated region was inserted into a microRNA expression cassette, under the control of a tetracycline response element (TRE) promoter. Transgenic mice containing the COX-2-shRNA were crossed with mice encoding a CAG promoter-driven reverse tetracycline transactivator, which activates the TRE promoter in the presence of tetracycline/doxycycline. To facilitate testing the system, we generated a knockin reporter mouse in which the firefly luciferase gene replaces the Cox2 coding region. Cox2 promoter activation in cultured cells from triple transgenic mice containing the luciferase allele, the shRNA and the transactivator transgene resulted in robust luciferase and COX-2 expression that was reversibly down-regulated by doxycycline administration. In vivo, using a skin inflammation-model, both luciferase and COX-2 expression were inhibited over 80% in mice that received doxycycline in their diet, leading to a significant reduction of infiltrating leukocytes. In summary, using inducible RNA interference to target COX-2 expression, we demonstrate potent, reversible Cox2 gene silencing in vivo. This system should provide a valuable tool to analyze cell type-specific roles for COX-2.
IMPACT OF RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS BRONCHIOLITIS (RSV) IN EUROPE AND THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN PROPHYLAXIS 20

A recent poll of 88 university hospitals in Europe showed that approximately 8000 children are admitted yearly in their pediatric infectious disease units because of RSV bronchiolitis Epidemiological study in the Netherlands shows that 40% of bronchiolitis cases admitted to tertiary care facilities belong to one of the recognised high-risk groups (BPD, congenital heart disease and prematurity), 40% are eventually admitted to intensive care units, and 25% are artificially ventilated. Although RSV-related mortality is a rare event, morbidity is considerable especially in high-risk populations. Thusfar no effective treatment or vaccine is available. Prophylactic administration of high-titer RSV-specific immunoglobulin to high-risk patients reduces the risk for severe RSV disease. However, because of the necessity for multiple intravenous immunoglobulin infusions administered to a large group of patients over a relatively short time-span during the RSV season, it is not clear if the therapy is cost-effective in health care facilities different from the ones in which the product was tested, especially those of European countries with health insurance systems based on multilateral negotiated fixed annual budgets. The potential role of immunoglobulin prophylaxis for RSV bronchiolitis in Europe will depend on the decisions individual national healthcare authorities reach in this matter, awaiting more effective medical therapeutic modalities, an effective vaccine or more easily administered monoclonal antibody preparations.
Applications Considerations in the System Design of Highly Concurrent Multiprocessors

A five-year series of studies, which ended in 1982 and which was supported in part by NASA and in part by Burroughs Corporation, led to the system design of a very large, very high-speed multiprocessor. This system was intended to solve large scientific problems, especially modeling problems such as those in computational aerodynamics. The performance objective was to sustain execution rates up to one billion floating-point operations per second with problems requiring 40 million words of main memory. The viability of this design depended on an in-depth understanding of the projected applications of the system. An overview of the project objectives and the resulting 128 processor design will be presented showing the local private memories available to each processor, the 64 million word shared memory, the dual-omega interconnection network, and the important programming concepts. During the design of the system, studies were conducted which determined the number of processors (a tradeoff with individual processor speed), the memory organization (program and data, private and shared), and the structure of the networks used to interconnect the processor and memory resources. These studies and the important application-related considerations are presented. Although this system was never constructed and tested, it was extensively simulated and the design was completed to sufficient detail to develop a reasonably accurate parts list and implementation plan.
SOME FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF BULBAR RESPIRATORY UNITS.

Abstract Respiratory neurons in the environs of nucleus ambiguus exhibit functional properties which fit them for roles as elements of the bulbar respiratory center. Some inspiratory neurons begin to fire about 100–200 msec before the start of inspiration and as inspiration proceeds other inspiratory units come into play. These later units constitute a reserve pool which is called upon under conditions requiring deeper inspiration. Their discharge trains are lengthened and their frequency markedly increased in hypercapnic or hypoxic states. The early units show increased firing rates under the same conditions, but it is doubtful that any new early units are recruited into activity. The expiratory population is similarly constituted of units some of which start to discharge just before onset of expiration proceeds. The activity of the expiratory unit is also increased during hypercapnia and hypoxia and a few expiratory units are recruited from the pool of late units. The phasic respiratory units are more easily influenced by alterations of the gaseous content of the inspired air than are tonic, or other, neurons of the medial bulbar reticular formation. Furthermore, the phasic respiratory neurons give an immediate response to pulmonary stretch, whereas tonically discharging neurons in the medial reticular formation show no such response. Although respiratory neurons are located in and close by nucleus ambiguus, their functional properties and the conditions under which they are active are properly suited as general regulators of the whole of respiratory movements.
Algorithm and data structure for triangulating multiply connected polygonal domains

Abstract A fast algorithm for triangulating multiply connected polygonal domains is presented. The algorithm is an application of the ideas presented in [25], to arbitrary domains. The main contributions are the extension of range searching to handle arbitrary domains and constraint edges, and the generation of the output on the fly without storing triangles that lie outside the valid region.