cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three generations of selective breeding improved rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) disease resistance against natural challenge with Flavobacterium psychrophilum during early life-stage rearing

Abstract Bacterial cold water disease (BCWD) is a frequent cause of mortality in freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the implementation of a family-based genetic selection program to improve disease resistance has been previously described. To quantify and understand the consequences of selection, three lines of outbred rainbow trout were created by divergent selection: ARS-Fp-R (resistant), ARS-Fp-C (control) and ARS-Fp-S (susceptible). Herein, results from both field and laboratory studies are described comparing survival of third-generation ARS-Fp-R line eggs/fish stocked at equal proportions to control and susceptible lines and reared together in a common environment. The survival of the pooled-line cohort was compared to the survival of an age-matched hatchery line, Fish Lake-DeSmet (FLDS) during early life-stage rearing. A typical BCWD outbreak occurred in the FLDS line while a more limited mortality event occurred in tanks containing the pooled lines. Mortalities from days 42–70 of the trial were saved for pedigree assignment and pathogen load measurement. After accounting for differences in early post-hatch survival, ARS-Fp-R line fish demonstrated two-fold lower BCWD-related mortality while ARS-Fp-S line fish demonstrated two-fold higher mortality; however, there was not a survival advantage of the ARS-Fp-R line fish over ARS-Fp-C line fish. At the end of the trial period, F. psychrophilum was not detected in spleen tissue of live-sampled ARS-Fp-R line fish while 10.3% of the ARS-Fp-C line and 36.4% of the ARS-Fp-S line fish exhibited detectable loads. Experimental challenge of the genetic lines with two different F. psychrophilum strains confirmed significantly higher survival of the ARS-Fp-R line fish as compared to either the ARS-Fp-S or FLDS genetic lines, albeit the susceptibility of the FLDS line was confounded by slower growth rate. These data demonstrate that three generations of artificial selection translated into improved survival following either natural or experimental exposure to F. psychrophilum. These data also suggest that hatchery lines, such as Fish Lake-DeSmet, may have higher relative susceptibility to BCWD thereby contributing to location outbreak severity.
Comparative Study of TDDB Models on BEOL Interconnects for Sub-20 nm Spacings

Time Dependent Dielectric Breakdown (TDDB) data on Back-End of Line (BEOL) inter-metal dielectric comb-serpentine structures having a 17 -nm measured minimum spacing in fields varied from 1.3 MV/cm to 5.3 MV/cm and as a function of temperature (50°C to 125°C) were analyzed. The temperature study suggests a decreasing apparent activation energy with increasing field. In addition, several TDDB failure models were compared, with the lucky electron, the power law & the $\sqrt{\text{E}}$ model showing good fit.
Measurement and calculation of absolute cross sections for excitation of the3s23pP1∕2o2−3s23pP3∕2o2fine-structure transition inFe13+

Experimental cross sections are reported for the ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{13+}$ coronal green line transition $3{s}^{2}3p\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}^{2}P_{1∕2}^{o}\ensuremath{-}3{s}^{2}3p\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}^{2}P_{3∕2}^{o}$ at $\ensuremath{\lambda}5303\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\AA{}}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}(2.338\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV})$. The center-of-mass interaction energies are in the range $1.7\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ (below threshold) through threshold, to $6.6\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ ($2.9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$threshold). Data are compared with results of a 135-level Breit-Pauli $R$-matrix theory. Present experiment detects a strong maximum in the excitation cross section of magnitude $15\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at $2.6\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$. Smaller structures are observed between $3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ and $6.6\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$, with a maximum cross section never exceeding about $1.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. All features are due to enhancement of the direct excitation via a multitude of narrow, closely-spaced resonances calculated by the theory, the effects of which are convoluted by the $125\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{meV}$ energy resolution of the present experiment. Iron is present in practically every astrophysical object, as well as being an impurity in fusion plasmas. Present results are the highest charge state in any ion for which an absolute excitation cross section has been measured.
Level density rotational enhancement factor

Bethe wrote a pivotal paper providing the formalism for the theory of nuclear level densities. At that time, there were no known deformed nuclei, so Bethe made the assumption that all nuclei are spherical. After deformed nuclei were discovered, theorists predicted that the level density for such nuclei should be substantially enhanced over the level density for neighboring spherical nuclei. Despite these results, two comprehensive level density compilations based on neutron resonances counting at low neutron energy failed to find significant enhancement in level density for deformed nuclei. A recent paper has concluded that the Bethe spin distribution for nuclear levels is not appropriate for deformed nuclei. When a more accurate spin distribution is used in resonance analysis, it is found that an enhancement of approximately the predicted magnitude is observed.
Clinical Trial in a Dish: Personalized Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocyte Assay Compared With Clinical Trial Results for Two QT-Prolonging Drugs.

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have shown promise in investigating donor-specific phenotypes and pathologies. The iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) could potentially be utilized in personalized cardiotoxicity studies, assessing individual proarrhythmic risk. However, it is unclear how closely iPSC-CMs derived from healthy subjects can recapitulate a range of responses to drugs. It is well known that QT-prolonging drugs induce subject-specific clinical response and that all healthy subjects do not necessarily develop arrhythmias or exhibit similar amounts of QT prolongation. We previously reported this variability in a study of four human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) potassium channel-blocking drugs in which each subject underwent intensive pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic sampling such that subjects had 15 time-matched plasma drug concentration and electrocardiogram measurements throughout 24 hours after dosing in a phase I clinical research unit. In this study, iPSC-CMs were generated from those subjects. Their drug-concentration-dependent QT prolongation response from the clinic was compared with in vitro drug-concentration-dependent action potential duration (APD) prolongation response to the same two hERG-blocking drugs, dofetilide and moxifloxacin. Comparative results showed no significant correlation between the subject-specific APD response slopes and clinical QT response slopes to either moxifloxacin (P = 0.75) or dofetilide (P = 0.69). Similarly, no significant correlation was found between baseline QT and baseline APD measurements (P = 0.93). This result advances our current understanding of subject-specific iPSC-CMs and facilitates discussion into factors obscuring correlation and considerations for future studies of subject-specific phenotypes in iPSC-CMs.
Plaintiff's Status as a Consideration in Misrepresentation and Promissory Estoppel Cases Against the Media

False statements or unfulfilled promises made to news sources can be a source of legal liability for news organizations for fraudulent misrepresentation and promissory estoppel. Both torts require the plaintiff to have reasonably relied upon statements made by the defendant, among other elements. Unlike libel and privacy torts, however, there is no formal inquiry as to the status of the plaintiff. This article examines the effect of imposing an inquiry as to the status of the plaintiff in relation to the defendant or the circumstances in newsgathering cases. The article argues that such an inquiry should be required and finds that it could significantly change the jurisprudence concerning false statements made by journalists.
Effects of Onset Latency and Robot Speed Delays on Mimicry-Control Teleoperation

In this paper, we study the effects of delays in a mimicry-control robot teleoperation interface which involves a user moving their arms to directly show the robot how to move and the robot follows in real time. Unlike prior work considering delays in other teleoperation systems, we consider delays due to robot slowness in addition to latency in the onset of movement commands. We present a human-subjects study that shows how different amounts and types of delays have different effects on task performance. We compare the movements under different delays to reveal the strategies that operators use to adapt to delay conditions and to explain performance differences. Our results show that users can quickly develop strategies to adapt to slowness delays but not onset latency delays. We discuss the implications of our results for the future development of methods designed to mitigate the effects of delays. CCS CONCEPTS •Human-centered computing → Interaction paradigms; • Computer systems organization → Robotics. Acm Reference Format: Acm Reference Format: Daniel Rakita, Bilge Mutlu, Michael Gleicher. 2020. Effects of Onset Latency and Robot Speed Delays on Mimicry-Control Teleoperation. In Proceedings of the 2020 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI’20), March 23–26, 2020, Cambridge, United Kingdom. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 9 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3319502.3374838
A dislocation-based model for deformation and size effect in multi-phase steels

Abstract In this work, we investigate the mechanical behavior of multi-phase steels using a continuum dislocation dynamic model (CDD) coupled with a viscoplastic self-consistent (VPSC) model that accounts for both the effect of dislocations evolution inside the grain as well as grain–grain interactions. Because the conventional viscoplasticity theory does not capture the grain size effect, we introduce an intrinsic length scale within the concepts of geometrically necessary dislocations (GND) by means of the Nye's dislocation tensor. The effect of the GND density is implemented into the model for the mean free path of dislocations and is shown to contribute to strain hardening. As a validation of this multiscale model, we investigate the mechanical behavior of various dual phase steels. The stress-strain response obtained from this approach is compared to experimental data found in the literature and reveal good agreement between experimental results and predictions. The model also predicts the evolution of dislocation densities in each phase and suggests the connection between underlying deformation mechanisms and macroscopic material hardening. The relation between flow stress and grain size is also investigated. The model predictions follow the Hall–Petch relation of strength versus grain size for grains larger than one micron meter but deviates from this relation for grains in the order of tens of nanometers.
90 – Mitochondrial intermediate peptidase

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the structural chemistry and the preparation of mitochondrial intermediate peptidase (MIP). MIP denotes cleavage of intermediate-sized mitochondrial proteins to the mature form. MIP activity can be measured by incubation of in vitro translated octapeptide-containing precursors with isolated mitochondria. Under such conditions, the cleavage catalyzed by MIP is at the end of a mitochondrial protein import reaction which also involves outer membrane receptors, outer and inner membrane translocation complexes, molecular chaperones and MPP. If the precursor is incubated directly with mitochondrial matrix or purified enzyme, initial cleavage by MPP is required to observe processing of the intermediate by MIP. This requirement is circumvented when MIP activity is determined using an intermediate protein as the substrate. Intermediates that are translated in vitro from a methionine artificially placed at the octapeptide N-terminus can be processed to the mature form by MIP independent of the presence of MPP. Native RMIP has been purified 2250-fold from rat liver mitochondrial matrix with a final yield of about 2%. Expression of recombinant enzyme has been achieved in S. cerevisiae.
X-ray and UV observations of the dwarf nova VW Hyi in quiescence

We present an analysis of X-ray and ultra-violet data of the dwarf nova VW Hyi that were obtained with XMM-Newton during the quiescent state. The X-ray spectrum indicates the presence of an optically thin plasma in the boundary layer that cools as it settles onto the white dwarf. The plasma has a continuous temperature distribution that is well described by a power-law or a cooling flow model with a maximum temperature of 6-8 keV. We estimate from the X-ray spectrum a boundary layer luminosity of 8*10^30 erg/s, which is only 20 per cent of the disk luminosity. The rate of accretion onto the white dwarf is 5*10^-12 solar masses per year, about half of the rate in the disk. From the high-resolution X-ray spectra, we estimate that the X-ray emitting part of the boundary layer is rotating with a velocity of 540 km/s, which is close the rotation velocity of the white dwarf but significantly smaller than the Keplerian velocity. We detect a 60-s quasi-periodic oscillation of the X-ray flux that is likely due to the rotation of the boundary layer. The X-ray and the ultra-violet flux show strong variability on a time scale of ~1500 s. We find that the variability in the two bands is correlated and that the X-ray fluctuations are delayed by ~100 s. The correlation indicates that the variable ultra-violet flux is emitted near the transition region between the disk and the boundary layer and that accretion rate fluctuations in this region are propagated to the X-ray emitting part of the boundary layer within ~100 s. An orbital modulation of the X-ray flux suggests that the inner accretion disk is tilted with respect to the orbital plane. The elemental abundances in the boundary layer are close to their solar values.
Functional maps of the primate cortex revealed by through-skull wide-field optical imaging

The primate cerebral cortex is organized into specialized areas representing different functional modalities (e.g., vision, audition, touch) and their associations along a continuous surface. The functional maps of these areas, however, are often investigated in a single modality at a time. Here, we developed and applied to awake primates a polarization-enhanced wide-field optical imaging method for measuring cortical hemodynamics through the intact skull. Adjacent somatosensory, auditory, and visual cortices were noninvasively localized and rapidly parcellated in awake marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), a primate model featuring a smooth cortex. Detailed somatotopy, tonotopy, and retinotopy were also mapped out on an individual-subject basis, with a new pure-tone-responsive tonotopic gradient discovered outside the auditory core. Moreover, the motion-sensitive extent surrounding the primate-specific MT/V5 and the location of a face-sensitive patch were both revealed with respect to retinotopy. This approach provides a powerful tool for mapping the functional landscape across modalities in a single non-human primate subject, and thus opens new opportunities for probing how primate cortical system is organized to enable real-world behaviors.
First complete genome sequence of carnation latent virus, the type member of the genus Carlavirus

The genus Carlavirus (family Betaflexiviridae, order Tymovirales) currently includes 53 species recognized by the ICTV. The NCBI GenBank database has 43 full-length carlavirus genome sequences (7,890 to 9,073 nt). Surprisingly, the type species Carnation latent virus is not associated with a complete genome sequence of a carnation latent virus (CLV) isolate; GenBank only has accessions with 1313 or fewer nucleotides. The goal of this study was to determine the full-length genome sequence of CLV. Naturally infected greenhouse-grown 'Kiwi Lace' carnation plants that tested positive for CLV by ELISA and RT-PCR were used as source plants for high-throughput sequencing, completed by 5' and 3' RACE and validated by Sanger sequencing of CLV-specific RT-PCR-generated amplicons. The complete CLV-KL sequence (MN450069) was determined to be 8,513 nt in length. In pairwise analysis, the genome shares 40-46% identity with recognized carlaviruses and the six in silico-translated proteins have 15-62% amino acid sequence identity to their respective carlavirus orthologs. The CLV-KL coat protein shares 98.4% identity with the NCBI reference sequence CLV-UK. In phylogenetic analysis, CLV clusters with butterbur mosaic virus, coleus vein necrosis virus, and garlic common latent virus. This is the first report of the full genome sequence of an isolate of carnation latent virus, the type member of the genus Carlavirus.
Computerized Adaptive Skill Assessment in a Statewide Testing Program

AbstractThe purpose of this article was to provide a pilot study of computerized adaptive testing (CAT) in the Michigan Educational Assessment Program’s 10th-grade mathematics problem-solving and applications subtests. More than five hundred volunteers in Grades 9-12 were used to calibrate 97 unique items in the test bank. A separate sample of 122 student volunteers was tested on the operational version of the CAT. Results indicated that the item bank spanned a wide ability range and performed well. Students answered an average of 19 items in approximately 16 min. The results produced a reduction of about 25% compared to its paper-and-pencil counterpart. Although the average ability estimate was high, about 20% of the sample scored below the 10th-grade (targeted) level. It is speculated that these students were better assessed with the CAT version because it contained 4th- and 7th-grade items in the item bank. Students responded well to the examination experience but had procedural suggestions to improve ...
Cosmic rays above the ankle from Z-bursts

Neutrinos from far away sources annihilating at the Z resonance on relic neutrinos may give origin to the ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays. Here we present predictions of this mechanism with relic neutrinos lighter than 1 eV, which do not gravitationally cluster. We show that not only the super GZK events, but the “ankle” and all events above it can be accounted for. Most primaries above the ankle are predicted to be nucleons up to 10 20.0 eV and photons at higher energies. We also find an accumulation at the GZK cutoff energy, a hint of which can be seen in the data.
Dextran therapy for pregnancy-associated deep thrombophlebitis

Abstract Over a 2 year interval, 22 consecutive patients with pregnancy-associated thrombophlebitis were treated with intravenous dextran-70. Rapid amelioration of symptoms and complete remission of signs and symptoms within one week were found in 20 cases. Two patients had suspected, but unconfirmed, pulmonary embolism and were treated with heparin. No complications of dextran therapy were found in mothers or children. Dextran-70 therapy merits further study as an alternative to anticoagulation therapy for thrombophlebitis in pregnancy.
Evidence of a first-order phase transition to metallic hydrogen

The insulator-metal transition in hydrogen is one of the most outstanding problems in condensed-matter physics. The high-pressure metallic phase is now predicted to be liquid atomic from the low-temperature limit with the system in the ground state to very high temperatures. We have conducted measurements of optical properties of hot dense hydrogen in the region of 1.1\char21{}1.7 Mbars and up to 2200 K. We present evidence supportive of a first-order phase transition accompanied by changes in transmittance and reflectance, characteristic of a metal. The phase line of this transition has a negative slope in agreement with theories of the so-called plasma phase transition.
Generation and initial characterization of a novel polyclonal antibody directed against homocysteine thiolactone-modified low density lipoprotein

Elevated plasma homocysteine (homocysteinemia) are presumed to be responsible for the development of coronary artery disease, however, the precise etiology is unclear. We examined the possibility that the adduct formed from the reaction between homocysteine thiolactone, a metabolic product of homocysteine, and apolipoprotein B-100 lysyl residues of low density lipoprotein (LDL) was immunogenic. New Zealand White rabbits were immunized with this adduct at 6-week intervals. Antisera collected following the 3rd immunization was assayed for antibody titers using solid phase ELISA techniques. Titers (defined as the inverse of the greatest serum dilution in which there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between the percentage antibody bound from the antiserum and the pre-immune serum) were approximately 10(5). In competition-based ELISAs, homocysteine thiolactone-treated LDL competed for binding with the antiserum, as the 50% inhibitory concentration was approximately 10 microg/ml. Neither homocysteine, homocystine (homocysteine disulfide), nor Cu2-oxidized LDL competed for binding. LDL in which lysyl residues were derivatized by acetylation or methylation were not recognized by the antiserum. Homocysteine thiolactone-treated plasma competed for binding to the antiserum, whereas native plasma did not. All lipoprotein fractions from the homocysteine thiolactone-treated plasma competed for binding to the antiserum. We conclude that homocysteine thiolactone-modified LDL is highly immunogenic and specific for homocysteine thiolactone-modified lysines. The potential for using this antibody as a diagnostic tool for measuring plasma homocysteine concentrations and the implications for understanding diseases induced by homocysteinemia are discussed.
The effect of intravitreal vascular endothelial growth factor on inner retinal oxygen delivery and metabolism in rats

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is stimulated by hypoxia and plays an important role in pathologic vascular leakage and neovascularization. Increased VEGF may affect inner retinal oxygen delivery (DO2) and oxygen metabolism (MO2), however, quantitative information is lacking. We tested the hypotheses that VEGF increases DO2, but does not alter MO2. In 10 rats, VEGF was injected intravitreally into one eye, whereas balanced salt solution (BSS) was injected into the fellow eye, 24 h prior to imaging. Vessel diameters and blood velocities were determined by red-free and fluorescent microsphere imaging, respectively. Vascular PO2 values were derived by phosphorescence lifetime imaging of an intravascular oxyphor. Retinal blood flow, vascular oxygen content, DO2 and MO2 were calculated. Retinal arterial and venous diameters were larger in VEGF-injected eyes compared to control eyes (P 0.11), while the arteriovenous oxygen content difference was marginally lower in VEGF-injected eyes (P = 0.05). DO2 was 950 ± 340 and 1380 ± 650 nL O2/min in control and VEGF-injected eyes, respectively (P = 0.005). MO2 was 440 ± 150 and 490 ± 190 nL O2/min in control and VEGF-injected eyes, respectively (P = 0.31). Intravitreally administered VEGF did not alter MO2 but increased DO2, suggesting VEGF may play an offsetting role in conditions characterized by retinal hypoxia.
Activation of a Caspase-9-mediated Apoptotic Pathway by Subcellular Redistribution of the Novel Caspase Recruitment Domain Protein TMS1

Genetic and epigenetic alterations affecting proteins involved in apoptosis can contribute to the establishment and progression of cancer. Recently, our laboratory has isolated a novel gene, TMS1 , that is aberrantly methylated and silenced in a significant proportion of human breast cancers. TMS1 contains a caspase recruitment domain (CARD), suggesting a role in caspase-mediated cell death. In the present study, we characterize the participation of TMS1 in apoptosis and examine the subcellular localization of the protein. Inducible expression of TMS1 inhibited cellular proliferation and induced DNA fragmentation in a time-dependent manner. These apoptotic events were blocked by the general caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD-fmk. The ability of TMS1 to trigger apoptosis was also suppressed by a dominant negative form of caspase-9 but not by a dominant negative form of caspase-8, indicating that TMS1 functions through activation of caspase-9. Unlike a number of other CARD-containing proteins, TMS1 did not activate nuclear factor κB-dependent transcription, consistent with a proapoptotic role for TMS1 in death signaling pathways. Timed localization studies revealed that TMS1-induced apoptosis was accompanied by the redistribution of TMS1 from the cytoplasm to perinuclear spherical structures. Whereas the apoptotic activity of TMS1 was blocked by caspase inhibition, the formation of TMS1-containing subcellular structures was not, suggesting that the redistribution of TMS1 precedes caspase activation. Both the proapoptotic activity of TMS1 and aggregate formation were dependent on the CARD. In summary, the data indicate that TMS1-induced apoptosis proceeds through a CARD-dependent aggregation step followed by activation of a caspase-9-mediated pathway.
Predictive Validity of the Cattell-Horn Gf-Gc Constructs to Achievement

The predictive validity of cognitive constructs taken from Cattell-Horn's Gf-Gc Model was examined. Gf-Gc cognitive constructs were measured using the Woodcock-Johnson-Revised Tests of Cognitive Ability; they include processing speed, fluid reasoning, acculturation-knowledge, short-term memory, long-term retrieval, auditory processing, and visual processing. Scores from the Comprehensive Test of Basic Skills were used as the criterion measures for 104 elementary, middle, and high school students. Using multiple regression equations, various combinations of the Comprehension-Knowledge, Fluid Reasoning, and Processing Speed variables were consistently found to be the best predictors of achievement. Multiple Rs ranged from the .60s to .70s. Results provide evidence for the importance of cognitive constructs for predicting achievement and are potentially useful for understanding program planning and Aptitude x Treatment Interaction research.
Ideological Factors in Specie Resumption and Treasury Policy

The general sentiment of Congress toward resumption of specie payments had become more and more desultory, not to say negative, during the early part of the 1870's. Nevertheless, the Resumption Act was passed in 1875, and resumption of specie payments at the pre-Civil War parity occurred on schedule in 1879. Observers have slighted this incongruity. Passage of the Resumption Act has come to be regarded as a true reflection of Victorian sentiment; ultimate resumption in 1879 was the proof of the pudding.2 What seems to have been lost in this rationalization of cause and effect is the generally unfavorable light in which resumption was being viewed in the middle 1870's, the alternatives that were available in lieu of resumption, and some of the forces of “immorality” that made these alternatives attractive.
Three-dimensional printing of tungsten carbide-10 wt% cobalt using a cobalt oxide precursor

Abstract Tungsten carbide–10 wt% cobalt parts were formed by slurry-based three-dimensional printing (3DP™). The slurry contained either water or isopropyl alcohol as the liquid, a mixture of tungsten carbide and cobalt oxide powders, as well as dispersing and redispersing agents. The cobalt oxide is fully reduced to cobalt metal during the early stages of the sintering process. A new binder system, polyethylenimine, is described for use with powders with acidic surfaces, such as WC. Sintered densities approach the theoretical values for WC–10 wt%Co, and the microstructures produced are similar to those of conventionally processed (press and sinter) materials. Up to four parts were produced in a single print run using a layer thickness of 25 μm, with consistent dimensional features, and within the range of target dimensions after sintering.
Texas refinery air pollution emissions are being severely underestimated

The Houston-Galveston-Brazoria region of southeastern Texas is home to heavy industrial investment in oil refining and petrochemical production. Pollutants emanating from the factories and refineries have repeatedly caused the region to fail national and state-level tests for air quality and ground-level ozone.
Identification of Ly 5 on the surface of ‘natural killer’ cells in normal and athymic inbred mouse strains

This report that (1) cells mediating NK activity in different inbred mouse strains selectively express one of two allelic products specified by theLy-5 locus (or a locus tightly linked to it) and (2) this surface structure may directly contribute to NK-mediated cytolysis, since Ly 5 antiserum specifically inhibits NK activity in vitro in the absence of complement.
Narrative and Frame Alignment in Social Movements: Labor Problem Novels and the 1929 Gastonia Strike

Research on social movements and frame alignment has shed light on how activists draw new participants to social movements through meaning making. However, the ‘framing perspective’ has failed to interrogate how the form or genre in which frames are deployed affects the communication of meaning. The burgeoning literature on social movements and narrative would seem to point to one discursive form of importance to meaning making in social movements, but scholars have failed to connect their insights with the literature on framing. In this article, I analyze five novels published in response to a 1929 communist-led strike in Gastonia, North Carolina. I argue that labor movement activists deployed these long-form narratives for the purposes of ‘frame alignment,’ specifically ‘frame amplification’ and ‘frame transformation,’ and I show how these narratives conveyed frames in ways that other discursive forms could not. The study raises new questions about the selection and reception of discursive forms in soci...
Alumina support and Pdn cluster size effects on activity of Pdn for catalytic oxidation of CO

A series of model catalysts were prepared by depositing different size Pdn clusters on alumina films grown to variable thickness on a Ta(110) support. Samples were characterized by a combination of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, low energy He+ scattering, and temperature-programmed reaction and desorption (TPR/TPD). For the activity studies, the samples were first exposed to 18O2 at Tox, and then to 13CO at 180 K, where CO sticks to Pd, but not to the alumina support. CO oxidation activity increased with increasing thickness of the alumina support up to ∼4.5 nm, but was constant for greater thicknesses. Activity increased, with Tox up to 400 K, but then declined for Tox = 500 K. Activity was also found to be non-monotonically dependent on deposited cluster size, with Pdn (n ≤ 6) being generally more reactive than the larger clusters studied. Activity was only weakly correlated with exposed Pd binding sites, which decreased with increasing cluster size, however, there does appear to be a correlation between activity and electronic structure, as probed via the Pd 3d binding energy. Unlike previous systems we have studied, the activity of small Pdn on these alumina films was quite stable, with essentially no changes observed in up to eight successive TPR experiments.
Association with Cdc2 and inhibition of Cdc2/Cyclin B1 kinase activity by the p53-regulated protein Gadd45.

Recently Gadd45, a p53-regulated stress protein, has been implicated in the activation of a G2/M checkpoint after damage by UV radiation and alkylating agents. While inhibitory phosphorylation of Cdc2 and suppression of cyclin B1 levels are known to be involved in G2 delays after genotoxic stress, Gadd45 has now been found to directly inhibit the activity of Cdc2/Cyclin B1 complex, while it had no appreciable effect on Cdk2/Cyclin E activity even at very high levels of Gadd45. In contrast, p21Cip1/Waf1 is an universal cdk/cyclin inhibitor and inhibited both of the cyclin complexes tested here. Gadd45 was also able to physically interact with Cdc2, but not Cyclin B1. Addition of Gadd45 to immunoprecipitated Cdc2/Cyclin B1 in vitro led to a dissociation of this complex, and thus may represent a new checkpoint mechanism whereby Cdc2/Cyclin B1 can be inhibited. With the use of an antisense approach, reduced Gadd45 expression attenuated the suppression of Cdc2/Cyclin B1 activity in UV-irradiated human cells. Taken together, these results implicate Gadd45 in the control of G2/M cell cycle progression after certain stresses.
Use of orally administered carfentanil prior to isoflurane-induced anesthesia in a Kodiak brown bear.

A captive 590-kg (1,298-lb) 22-year-old castrated male Kodiak brown bear was evaluated because of a soft tissue mass in the right carpal and antebrachial regions. General anesthesia was deemed necessary on 3 occasions for various procedures including radiographic evaluation and biopsy, excision, and radiation treatment. The bear was given carfentanil orally to induce sedation, followed by i.m. administration of tiletamine-zolazepam (on 1 occasion) and atropine. Anesthesia was maintained by administration of isoflurane in oxygen. After each procedure, effects of carfentanil were reversed by administration of naltrexone. Although there was some variability, blood pressure, nasal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, PO2, and PCO2 remained within a clinically acceptable ranges.
Stress relaxation of thin film due to coupled surface and grain boundary diffusion

Abstract A numerical scheme, based on an energy statement, is developed to simulate thin film morphology evolution and stress relaxation due to concurrent surface diffusion and grain boundary diffusion. Different from previously published works, this paper also explores the effects of mobility ratio of the two processes and the dihedral angle at the surface–grain boundary triple junction. The range of mobility ratio, in which the stress relaxation process is limited by either surface diffusion or grain boundary diffusion, is determined. It is found that, when the stress relaxation is limited by the rate of surface diffusion, the dihedral angle at the surface–grain boundary junction plays a significant role. A scheme of using both experimental and numerical results to determine grain boundary diffusivity is also presented. As an example, we obtain the activation energy and diffusivity for grain boundary diffusion in Cu thin film.
Optimum utilization of nuclear fuel with gas and vapor core reactors

Abstract Gas and Vapor Core Reactors (G/VCR) are externally reflected and moderated nuclear energy systems fueled by stable uranium compound in gaseous or vapor phase. In G/VCR systems the functions of fuel and coolant are combined and the reactor outlet temperature is not constrained by solid fuel-cladding temperature limitations. G/VCRs can potentially provide the highest reactor and cycle temperature among all existing or proposed fission reactor designs. Furthermore, G/VCR systems feature a low inventory and fully integrated fuel cycle with exceptional sustainability and safety characteristics. With respect to fuel utilization, there is practically no fuel burn-up limit for gas core reactors due to continuous recycling of the fuel. Owing to flexibility in nuclear design characteristics of cavity reactors, a wide range of conversion ratio from almost solely a burner to a breeder is achievable. The continuous recycling of fuel in G/VCR systems allows for continuous burning and transmutation of actinides without removing and reprocessing of the fuel. The only waste product at the backend of the gas core reactors' fuel cycle is fission fragments that are continuously separated from the fuel. As a result the G/VCR systems do not require spent fuel storage or reprocessing. G/VCR systems also feature outstanding proliferation resistance characteristics and minimum vulnerability to external threats. Even for comparable spectral characteristic, gas core reactors produce fissile plutonium two orders of magnitude less than Light Water Reactors (LWRs). In addition, the continuous transmutation and burning of actinides further reduces the quality of the fissile plutonium inventory. The low fuel inventory (about two orders of magnitude lower than LWRs for the same power generation level) combined with continuous burning of actinides, significantly reduces the need for emergency planning and the vulnerability to external threats. Low fuel inventory, low fuel heat content, and online separation of fission fragments are among the key constituent safety features of G/VCR systems.
The roles of expectancy and aftereffects in alternation

Abstract In each of three experiments rats were pretreated in straight alleys to discriminate the brightness of an alley as signal for the magnitude of reward. Then the rats were tested in E-shaped mazes in which reward varied across trials and in which the brightness of the stem signaled the magnitude of reward. In all three experiments the rats alternated more on trials following a small reward on the previous trial, and in the third experiment the rats alternated more on those trials where a small reward was signaled. Rats choice responses on Trial n were also affected by the stimulus/reward and choice on Trial n − 2 and by the relationship between stimuli/rewards on Trials n − 2 and n . These results were interpreted as a tendency by the rat to change a less satisfactory situation by varying its response, and to retain a more satisfactory situation by perseverating in its choice response.
terms of endearment: Karo Batak lovers as siblings

Through the metaphoric use of kin terms, Karo Batak lovers cast each other as siblings. The metaphoric usage calls attention to the kind of “love” that both lovers and siblings share, although actual brothers and sisters must virtually avoid each other. Cross-cousins, too, are likened to siblings; despite a high value placed on cross-cousin marriage, cross-cousins are neither the objects of sexual attraction nor of courtship. Arranged marriages between cross-cousins are the antithesis of romances, some of which culminate in theatrical elopements. Lovers' terms of address make sense against a background of conceptual oppositions between siblings and cross-cousins, arranged marriages and elopements, incest and exogamy. The anomalous lover relationship and its conventions of address mediate the contradiction that cross-cousins, who are like siblings, may become spouses.
Homogeneity and the inertial range in driven two-dimensional turbulence

To be compared with current theory, turbulent velocity fluctuations should be homogeneous throughout the measurement volume as well as have a significant inertial range. For two-dimensional (2D) systems, these requirements are difficult to achieve. The difficulty with homogeneity stems from the fact that the outer scale, rout, grows with increasing Reynolds number or with decreasing external friction. If the outer scale begins to exceed the system size, rsys, homogeneity is sacrificed throughout the system. Current 2D systems have rsys about a decade removed from the injection scale, rinj. Thus to maintain homogeneity, rout must be kept small. A consequence of small rout is that there is little to no inertial range in such systems. This is because the inertial range extends between rinj and the integral scale rint∝(rinjrout)1/2, which is smaller than rout. To have a significant inertial range as well as maintain homogeneity throughout that range, 2D systems must be made larger in size than current systems...
Toward a Smarter Web

Since its creation in the early 1990s, the World Wide Web has evolved from its initial, static Web sites to the dynamic, interactive Web sites of today. But whereas existing Web sites merely respond directly to user input, there is growing interest in making them adaptive through the use of computational intelligence. A promising approach for this involves a family of optimization techniques called evolutionary algorithms.
Uranyl adsorption and surface speciation at the imogolite–water interface: Self-consistent spectroscopic and surface complexation models

Abstract Macro- and molecular-scale knowledge of uranyl (U(VI)) partitioning reactions with soil/sediment mineral components is important in predicting U(VI) transport processes in the vadose zone and aquifers. In this study, U(VI) reactivity and surface speciation on a poorly crystalline aluminosilicate mineral, synthetic imogolite, were investigated using batch adsorption experiments, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and surface complexation modeling. U(VI) uptake on imogolite surfaces was greatest at pH ∼7–8 (I = 0.1 M NaNO3 solution, suspension density = 0.4 g/L [U(VI)]i = 0.01–30 μM, equilibration with air). Uranyl uptake decreased with increasing sodium nitrate concentration in the range from 0.02 to 0.5 M. XAS analyses show that two U(VI) inner-sphere (bidentate mononuclear coordination on outer-wall aluminol groups) and one outer-sphere surface species are present on the imogolite surface, and the distribution of the surface species is pH dependent. At pH 8.8, bis-carbonato inner-sphere and tris-carbonato outer-sphere surface species are present. At pH 7, bis- and non-carbonato inner-sphere surface species co-exist, and the fraction of bis-carbonato species increases slightly with increasing I (0.1–0.5 M). At pH 5.3, U(VI) non-carbonato bidentate mononuclear surface species predominate (69%). A triple layer surface complexation model was developed with surface species that are consistent with the XAS analyses and macroscopic adsorption data. The proton stoichiometry of surface reactions was determined from both the pH dependence of U(VI) adsorption data in pH regions of surface species predominance and from bond-valence calculations. The bis-carbonato species required a distribution of surface charge between the surface and β charge planes in order to be consistent with both the spectroscopic and macroscopic adsorption data. This research indicates that U(VI)-carbonato ternary species on poorly crystalline aluminosilicate mineral surfaces may be important in controlling U(VI) mobility in low-temperature geochemical environments over a wide pH range (∼5–9), even at the partial pressure of carbon dioxide of ambient air (pCO2 = 10−3.45 atm).
Ethical considerations for peer review in forensic neuropsychology.

The role of an expert is to assist the trier of fact in weighing evidence and reaching conclusions. Critical evaluation of opposing experts is an integral part of this process. In more recent times...
Process monitoring using advanced inspection methodologies - a study with CVD

Defect free film deposition is one of the most challenging steps in CMOS manufacturing for 28nm process node and beyond. For precise control over surface, excellent uniformity and accurate material characteristics are required. IC manufacturers find it critical to monitor the film deposition process in terms of layer uniformity and other signatures/defects induced on the surface during the deposition process. In this work, an oxide layer deposited using flowable chemical vapor deposition (FCVD) process on a 300mm bare silicon wafer has been studied. Different process conditions with varying amount of precursor and reactant gases have been employed for the deposition of the oxide. The so called “haze” signatures and statistics found during inspection on the post-deposition surfaces are used to measure variation in surface quality, serving as a means to qualify the FCVD process. For this study, an FCVD tool fitted with two chambers with two sides each has been employed for the deposition of oxide. The integrated SURFmonitor feature of KLA-Tencor's SP3 - a blanket wafer defect inspection tool set - was successfully utilized to highlight the variation of the CVD tool's performance. Firstly, the overall study clearly demonstrates the capability of SURFmonitor to differentiate the process conditions between Process - 1 and Process -2. Also, for a given process, it showcases the capability of differentiating between different deposition chambers. In addition, for a given process and specific chamber, grid analysis feature of SURFmonitor has been applied to highlight the within-spec and the out-of-spec areas for each of the wafers. The methodology described in this paper has already proven to be quite effective in monitoring the CVD process.
The harp that plays by itself.

(1991). The harp that plays by itself. Medical Anthropology: Vol. 13, Recent Trends in Ethnomedicine, pp. 99-119.
An enrichment technique for isolation of marine chemotactic bacteria.

Chemotaxis is the movement of an organism toward or away from a chemical source [1, 2, 5, 8]. Bacteria are attracted to many kinds of chemicals, some of which can serve as nutrients. However, there is no correlation between the metabolism of a substance, energy production from it and its ability to attract bacteria [3]. Mesibov and Adler [7] found that extensive metabolism of amino acids is neither required nor sufficient for attraction. We have developed an enrichment technique for isolating active motile bacteria from aquatic habitats, which are able to degrade and metabolize the specific substance to which they are attracted.
Maximal lymph flow in the ovine fetus.

Objective: This study was designed to determine the maximal left thoracic duct lymph flow rate in late-gestation ovine fetuses. Study Design: Chronically catheterized sheep fetuses ( n = 8) with indwelling left thoracic lymph duct and vascular catheters were studied ≥5 days after surgery at 136 ± 1 (SE) days' gestation. To increase lymph flow rate, 4 L of warm lactated Ringer's solution were infused intravenously into the fetus over 4 hours, because this causes mild edema as determined ultrasonographically. Results: During a 1-hour preinfusion period lymph flow rate was 0.53 ± 0.06 ml/min. During the infusion increases occurred in fetal arterial (7.6 ± 1.0 mm Hg) and venous (2.4 ± 0.3 mm Hg) pressures ( p p Conclusions: (1) Fetal left thoracic duct lymph flow rate can increase significantly above basal values and therefore is an important safety factor against fetal edema formation. (2) The maximal lymph flow rate appears to be 3.4 times normal when venous pressure is elevated and two times normal when venous pressure is normal.
Using docking and alchemical free energy approach to determine the binding mechanism of eEF2K inhibitors and prioritizing the compound synthesis.

A-484954 is a known eEF2K inhibitor with submicromolar IC50 potency. However, the binding mechanism and the crystal structure of the kinase remains unknown. Here, we employ a homology eEF2K model, docking and alchemical free energy simulations to probe the binding mechanism of eEF2K, and in turn, guide the optimization of potential lead compounds. The inhibitor was docked into the ATP-binding site of a homology model first. Three different binding poses, hypothesis 1, 2 and 3, were obtained and subsequently applied to molecular dynamics (MD) based alchemical free energy simulations. The calculated relative binding free energy of the analogs of A-484954 using the binding pose of hypothesis 1 show a good correlation with the experimental IC50 values, yielding an r2 coefficient of 0.96 after removing an outlier (compound 5). Calculations using another two poses show little correlation with experimental data, (r2 of less than 0.5 with or without removing any outliers). Based on hypothesis 1, the calculated relative free energy suggests that bigger cyclic groups, at R1 e.g. cyclobutyl and cyclopentyl promote more favorable binding than smaller groups, such as cyclopropyl and hydrogen. Moreover, this study also demonstrates the ability of the alchemical free energy approach in combination with docking and homology modeling to prioritize compound synthesis. This can be an effective means of facilitating structure-based drug design when crystal structures are not available.