cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nineteen novel microsatellite markers for the Olympia oyster, Ostrea conchaphila/lurida

Accurate evaluation of remnant Ostrea conchaphila/lurida population structure is critical for developing appropriate restoration efforts. Here we report 19 polymorphic microsatellites suitable for analyses of population differentiation, pedigree reconstruction and linkage map construction. We screened clones from four enriched genomic libraries, identified 73 microsatellite-containing sequences and designed polymerase chain reaction primers for 44 of these loci. We successfully optimized polymerase chain reaction conditions for 20 loci, including one monomorphic locus. In a Willapa Bay reference sample, mean observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.6729 and 0.8377. Nine loci deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. These markers have proven useful for genetic studies of the Olympia oyster.
Formation and destruction rates of interstellar H2

In the model of Hollenbach et al. (1971), hydrogen molecules are formed on grains. Molecular hydrogen is destroyed by absorption of radiation in the Lyman bands. A study has been conducted regarding the formation and destruction rates of molecular hydrogen. The ultraviolet radiation field has been calculated to determine the rate of molecular hydrogen destruction resulting from absorption in the Lyman bands. An estimate of an upper limit for the molecular hydrogen formation rate is obtained from observations involving stars in which very little molecular hydrogen is observed.
Bleeding diverticulosis of the colon: a review of 83 cases.

Eighty-three patients with bleeding colonic diverticulosis were treated between 1966 and 1972 in two Los Angeles hospitals. Of these, 86 per cent were more than 60 years old, and there was a high incidence of associated disease. The majority of patients (79 per cent) were treated medically, with a mean blood replacement of 3.4 units. There were no deaths in the patients treated conservatively; however, 25 per cent had recurrent bleeding episodes after discharge. The 18 patients who needed surgery had an average blood replacement of 8.0 units, and there were four deaths. Rebleeding in the postoperative period occurred in nine of 11 patients who did not have resection of all chronic diverticula. Three of the four deaths followed second procedures for continued bleeding.
Association of research self-efficacy with medical student career interests, specialization, and scholarship: a case study

This study used variables proposed in social cognitive career theory (SCCT) to focus the evaluation of a research curriculum at the Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University (CCLCM). Eight cohorts of CCLCM medical students completed a web-based version of the six-scale Clinical Research Appraisal Inventory-Short Form (CRAI-SF) items at matriculation (n = 128) or graduation (n = 111) during 2009-2013. Parametric statistics were used to compare CRAI-SF scales to domains proposed in SCCT: trainees' characteristics (gender, training level, advanced degree), career interests, career intentions (medical specialty), and performance (peer-reviewed publications and required thesis topic). A number of lessons emerged in using theory to frame the evaluation of a complex educational program. Graduates rated their research self-efficacy significantly higher on all six CRAI-SF scales with large effect sizes (>.90) on five scales (Conceptualizing a Study, Study Design and Analysis, Responsible Research Conduct, Collaborating with Others, and Reporting a Study). Women and men did not have significantly different scores on CRAI-SF scales (p > .05), suggesting that the research program provides adequate supports for women students. Most thesis projects addressed clinical (36.9 %, n = 41) or translational (34.2 %, n = 38) research topics. The CRAI-SF discriminated between medical school matriculates and graduates, suggesting that research self-efficacy increases with mastery experiences. No significant relationships occurred between CRAI-SF scores and graduates' thesis topics or chosen clinical specialty. Correlations demonstrated significant relationships between graduates' perceptions of research self-efficacy and their interest in clinical research careers.
Aluminum speciation and equilibria in aqueous solution: V. Gibbsite solubility at 50°C and pH 3–9 in 0.1 molal NaCl solutions (a general model for aluminum speciation; analytical methods)

This study reports 184 new measurements of the solubility of gibbsite at 50°C and 0.1 molal ionic strength in NaCl solutions of acetate, bistris, and tris buffers with hydrogen ion concentrations ranging from 10−3to 10−9molal. Samples collected at 35, 63, 66, 120 and 144 days show no detectable difference in the total aluminum at similar pH values. Correction of the measured solubilities for com- plexation reactions involving Al3+ with acetate and Al(OH)4− with bistris gives the solubility curve due to Al(OH)y3−y species alone, which is smooth and continuous, with a minimum near 10−8 molal (0.3 ppb) and pH 5.5. The corrected solubilities are shown to be in complete agreement with measurements of the same material in more strongly acidic (palmer and wesolowski, 1992) and basic solutions (wesolowski, 1992) and with the formation constant for Al(OH)2+determined potentiometrically by palmer and wesolowski (1993). An additional species, Al(OH)+2, was introduced in order to explain the solubility at pH values around 5.5, and the molal formation quotient for the reaction Al(OH)3,cr + H+ ⇆ Al(OH)2+ + H2O was determined to be 10−3.04 ± 0.05 at 50°C and 0.1 molal ionic strength. The results of this study were combined with our previous results and the new boehmite solubility data of castet et al. (1993) to provide a consistent model for the distribution of monomeric aluminum hydrolysis species and the solubility of gibbsite in 0–5 molal NaCl brines in the 0 to 100°C range. Salinity is shown to be a major factor controlling the solubility of aluminum minerals in solutions 1 to 2 units more acidic than the neutral pH at temperatures of 0 to 100°C. Acetate complexation is modeled from the results of this study and palmer and bell (1994), and is shown to enhance the solubility of gibbsite by more than an order of magnitude in mildly acidic brines containing a few thousand parts per million total acetate, in the absence of competition by other metal ions. A model is also presented for the aluminum hydrolysis constants at higher temperatures at infinite dilution which is quantitatively consistent with the low temperature data. Detailed aluminum analysis techniques employing ion chromatography are discussed in the Appendix.
Advanced sequencing technologies: methods and goals.

Nearly three decades have passed since the invention of electrophoretic methods for DNA sequencing. The exponential growth in the cost-effectiveness of sequencing has been driven by automation and by numerous creative refinements of Sanger sequencing, rather than through the invention of entirely new methods. Various novel sequencing technologies are being developed, each aspiring to reduce costs to the point at which the genomes of individual humans could be sequenced as part of routine health care. Here, we review these technologies, and discuss the potential impact of such a 'personal genome project' on both the research community and on society.
The effect of anion transport inhibitors and extracellular Cl- concentration on eosinophil respiratory burst activity.

Abstract Furosemide has been shown recently to protect asthmatic patients against certain bronchoconstrictor challenges. We investigated the effect of furosemide on eosinophil function. Since furosemide may be exerting its inhibitory effect on the eosinophil by inhibiting anion transport, we also assessed the effects of the anion transport inhibitors 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoic acid (NPPB) and 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS). Furosemide, NPPB and DIDS inhibited the eosinophil respiratory burst in response to leukotriene B 4 (LTB 4 ) and, to a smaller extent, inhibited the response to opsonized zymosan (OZ). To assess whether the anion transport inhibitors were achieving their inhibitory effect by inhibiting an influx of Cl − ions into the eosinophil, the effect of removing extracellular Cl − on eosinophil function was determined. OZ-induced H 2 O 2 production was inhibited by removing extracellular Cl − whereas the LTB 4 response was not affected by the concentration of extracellular Cl − .
On Estimating a Population Proportion via Ranked Set Sampling

This paper explores the use of the rank set sampling (RSS) protocol as it pertains to the estimation of a population proportion. The maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) and the sample proportion, both based on the RSS data, are discussed and their corresponding asymptotic distributions are derived. Based on these results the MLE is found to be uniformly more efficient than the sample proportion. Nevertheless, both estimators are more efficient than the simple random sample proportion. The greatest gains in efficiency are obtained at the center of the parameter space. Finally, these results remain valid in the presence of judgment error. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Real-time risk analysis of safety systems

Methods for plant-specific, real-time, risk assessment are presented using Bayesian analysis with copulas. These are used to develop: (i) a forecasting analyzer that predicts the frequencies of occurrence of abnormal events, (ii) a reliability analyzer that predicts the failure probabilities of safety systems involving equipment and human actions, and (iii) an accident closeness analyzer that predicts the fuzzy memberships to various critical zones, indicating the proximity of a current plant state to a failure or disaster, through the use of accident precursor data. These methods, which involve repetitive risk analysis after abnormal events occur, are especially beneficial for operations involving complex nonlinearities and multi-component interactions, helping to achieve inherently safer operations. Furthermore, these methods demonstrate the importance of using plant-specific estimates of failure probabilities rather than generic values in the risk assessment of chemical plants. In this analysis, the propagations of abnormal events through the safety systems are modeled in real-time using SIMULINK and ASPEN DYNAMICS. The analysis methods are illustrated for a continuous ethyl benzene process.
Global Ionospheric Radio Observatory (GIRO)

Digisonde ionospheric sounders installed at 80+ locations in the world have gradually evolved their generally independent existence into a Global Ionospheric Radio Observatory (GIRO) portal. Today GIRO provides public access to 30+ million records of ionospheric measurements collected at 64 locations, of which 42 provide realtime feeds, publishing their measurement data within several minutes from their completion. GIRO databases holding ionogram and Doppler skymap records of high-frequency ionospheric soundings have registered connections from 123 organizations in 33 countries. Easy access to the global state of the ionospheric plasma distribution given in accurate and fine detail by the ionosonde measurements has inspired a number of studies of the ionospheric response to space weather events. Availability of GIRO data with minimal latency allows for the assimilation of the ionogram-derived data in real-time models such as the real-time extension planned for the International Reference Ionosphere.
Phonon-mediated quantum spin simulator employing a planar ionic crystal in a Penning trap

We derive the normal modes for a rotating Coulomb ion crystal in a Penning trap, quantize the motional degrees of freedom, and illustrate how they can be driven by a spin-dependent optical dipole force to create a quantum spin simulator on a triangular lattice with hundreds of spins. The analysis for the axial modes (oscillations perpendicular to the two-dimensional crystal plane) follow a standard normal-mode analysis, while the remaining planar modes are more complicated to analyze because they have velocity-dependent forces in the rotating frame. After quantizing the normal modes into phonons, we illustrate some of the different spin-spin interactions that can be generated by entangling the motional degrees of freedom with the spin degrees of freedom via a spin-dependent optical dipole force. In addition to the well-known power-law dependence of the spin-spin interactions when driving the axial modes blue of the phonon band, we notice certain parameter regimes in which the level of frustration between the spins can be engineered by driving the axial or planar phonon modes at different frequencies. These systems may allow for the analog simulation of quantum spin glasses with large numbers of spins.
Novel characteristics of cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz, a reputed C3-C4 intermediate photosynthesis species

The cassava plant, Manihot esculenta, grows exceptionally well in low fertility and drought prone environments, but the mechanisms that allow this growth are unknown. Earlier, and sometimes contradictory, work speculated about the presence of a C4-type photosynthesis in cassava leaves. In the present work we found no evidence for a C4 metabolism in mature attached cassava leaves as indicated i) by the low, 2 to 8%, incorporation of 14CO2 into C4 organic acids in short time periods, 10 s, and the lack of 14C transfer from C4 acids to other compounds in 12CO2, ii) by the lack of C4 enzyme activity changes during leaf development and the inability to detect C4 acid decarboxylases, and iii) by leaf CO2 compensation values between 49 and 65 μl of CO2 1−1 and by other infrared gas exchange photosynthetic measurements. It is concluded that the leaf biochemistry of cassava follows the C3 pathway of photosynthesis with no indication of a C3-C4 mechanism.
Patch size and shape influence the accuracy of mapping small habitat patches with a global positioning system

Global positioning systems (GPS) are increasingly being used for habitat mapping because they provide spatially referenced data that can be used to characterize habitat structure across the landscape and document habitat change over time. We evaluated the accuracy of using a GPS for determining the size and location of habitat patches in a riverine environment. We simulated error attributable to a mapping-grade GPS receiver capable of achieving sub-meter accuracy onto discrete macrophyte bed and wood habitat patches (2 to 177 m(2)) that were digitized from an aerial photograph of the Laramie River, Wyoming, USA in a way that emulated field mapping. Patches with simulated error were compared to the original digitized patches. The accuracy in measuring habitat patches was affected most by patch size and less by patch shape and complexity. Perimeter length was consistently overestimated but was less biased for large, elongate patches with complex shapes. Patch area was slightly overestimated for small patches but was unbiased for large patches. Precision of area estimates was highest for large (>100 m(2)), elongate patches. Percent spatial overlap, a measure of the spatial accuracy of patch location, was low and variable for the smallest patches (2 to 5 m(2)). Mean percent spatial overlap was not related to patch shape but the precision of overlap was lower for small, elongate, and complex patches. Mapping habitat patches with a mapping-grade GPS can yield useful data, but research objectives will determine the acceptable amount of error and the smallest habitats that can be reliably measured.
Data and life on the street

What does the abundance of data and proliferation of data-making methods mean for the ordinary person, the person on the street? And, what could they come to mean? In this paper, we present an overview of a year-long project to examine just such questions and complicate, in some ways, what it is to ask them. The project is a collective exercise in which we – a mixture of social scientists, designers and makers – and those living and working on one street in Cambridge (UK), Tenison Road, are working to think through how data might be materialised and come to matter. The project aims to better understand the specificities and contingencies that arise when data is produced and used in place. Mid-way through the project, we use this commentary to give some background to the work and detail one or two of the troubles we have encountered in putting locally relevant data to work. We also touch on a methodological standpoint we are working our way into and through, one that we hope complicates the separations between subject and object in datamaking and opens up possibilities for a generative refiguring of the manifold relations.
Nuclear spin multiplets for the dodecahedral N20 cluster

Abstract Nuclear spin statistics and nuclear spin multiplets are obtained for the dodecahedral 14N20 cluster proposed recently by Schaefer and co-workers.
SAR target classification using sparse representations and spatial pyramids

We consider the problem of automatically classifying targets in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery using image partitioning and sparse representation based feature vector generation. Specifically, we extend the spatial pyramid approach, in which the image is partitioned into increasingly fine sub-regions, by using a sparse representation to describe the local features in each sub-region. These feature descriptors are generated by identifying those dictionary elements, created via k-means clustering, that best approximate the local features for each sub-region. By systematically combining the results at each pyramid level, classification ability is facilitated by approximate geometric matching. Results using a linear SVM for classification along with SIFT, FFT-magnitude and DCT-based local feature descriptors indicate that the use of a single element from the dictionary to describe the local features is sufficient for accurate target classification. Continuing work both in feature extraction and classification will be discussed, with emphasis placed on the need for classification amid heavy target occlusion.
An Approach in Security and Privacy for Service Governance Framework

Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a modern methodology for developing software. In a short period oftime, SOA is being adopted by many companies because of the extensive advantages it guarantees. Service governance plays a vital role in determining the success and failure of a SOA project. Service governance can be defined as the process which governs the mechanisms applied in SOA. It is a vast field that has various branches. This paper focuses on the current security and privacy issues which prevail in the governance of SOA projects. Security and privacy are critical aspects of SOA. SOA projects with good quality attributes but with weaknesses in these two areas still can make the project a failure. Thus security and privacy are vital factors that have to be considered while developing a SOA project. After identifying the security and privacy issues, we propose an approach to address these issues. This approach acts as a solution for security and privacy problems faced by SO A projects in the service governance context. The paper gives an approach for service governance framework that deals with the security an problems of SOA. Furthermore the derived approach is implemented in a healthcare website application for demonstrating how security issues are tacked.
Acquisition of Activation Receptor Ligand by Trogocytosis Renders NK Cells Hyporesponsive

Because NK cells secrete cytotoxic granules and cytokines that can destroy surrounding cells and help shape the subsequent immune response, they must be kept under tight control. Several mechanisms, at different levels, are in place to control NK cell function. In this study, we describe a novel mechanism regulating NK cell function in which NK cells acquire ligands for activating receptors from target cells by trogocytosis, rendering the NK cells hyporesponsive. In this model, murine NK cells acquire m157, the murine CMV-encoded ligand for the Ly49H-activating receptor, from target cells both in vitro and in vivo. Although acquisition of m157 requires cell-to-cell contact, it does not require the expression of the Ly49H receptor by the NK cell. Acquired m157 protein is expressed on the NK cell surface with a glycosylphosphatidylinisotol linkage and interacts with the Ly49H receptor expressed on the NK cell. This interaction results in blocking the Ly49H receptor that prevents the NK cells from recognizing m157-expressing targets and continuous engagement of the Ly49H-activating receptor, which results in the hyporesponsiveness of the Ly49H(+) NK cell to stimulation through other activating receptors. Thus, NK cell acquisition of a ligand for an activation receptor by trogocytosis renders them hyporesponsive. This mechanism, by which mature NK cell function can be altered, has important implications in regard to how NK cells respond to tumors in specific microenvironments as well as the use of expanded NK cells in treating various malignancies.
Drought-Induced Amplification of Saint Louis encephalitis virus, Florida

We used a dynamic hydrology model to simulate water table depth (WTD) and quantify the relationship between Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) transmission and hydrologic conditions in Indian River County, Florida, from 1986 through 1991, a period with an SLEV epidemic. Virus transmission followed periods of modeled drought (specifically low WTDs 12 to 17 weeks before virus transmission, followed by a rising of the water table 1 to 2 weeks before virus transmission). Further evidence from collections of Culex nigripalpus (the major mosquito vector of SLEV in Florida) suggests that during extended spring droughts vector mosquitoes and nestling, juvenile, and adult wild birds congregate in selected refuges, facilitating epizootic amplification of SLEV. When the drought ends and habitat availability increases, the SLEV-infected Cx. nigripalpus and wild birds disperse, initiating an SLEV transmission cycle. These findings demonstrate a mechanism by which drought facilitates the amplification of SLEV and its subsequent transmission to humans.
A simple approach to modeling cross-talk in integrated circuits

A simple engineering approach for rapid simulation of cross-talk in mixed-mode IC's using SPICE is presented. A side-by-side comparison of several cross-talk reduction schemes has shown that while an SOI-based process provides high isolation from cross-talk at low operating frequencies, its benefit is lost at high frequencies. Simple guard ring substrate contacts appear to be the technique best suited for preventing cross-talk at high operating frequencies. Lumped parameter equivalent circuits have also been developed to represent different isolation schemes in SPICE. The isolation characteristics of test structures employing the above techniques are computed using SPICE and the results compared with two-dimensional device simulation. The results are also compared with experimental measurements on actual silicon to validate the models. >
Replantation of an amputated upper lip

Soft tissue defects of the face are a difficult reconstructive problem. Replantation of large amputated segments of the face has been rarely successful and has lagged well behind extremity trauma due in part to the relative rarity of these defects. Presented is a case of successful microvascular replantation of half of the upper lip after a dog bite.
The ERK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway Contributes to Ebola Virus Glycoprotein-Induced Cytotoxicity

Ebola virus is a highly lethal pathogen that causes hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates. Among the seven known viral gene products, the envelope glycoprotein (GP) alone induces cell rounding and detachment that ultimately leads to cell death. Cellular cytoxicity is not seen with comparable levels of expression of a mutant form of GP lacking a mucin-like domain (GPDeltamuc). GP-induced cell death is nonapoptotic and is preceded by downmodulation of cell surface molecules involved in signaling pathways, including certain integrins and epidermal growth factor receptor. To investigate the mechanism of GP-induced cellular toxicity, we analyzed the activation of several signal transduction pathways involved in cell growth and survival. The active form of extracellular signal-regulated kinases types 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), phospho-ERK1/2, was reduced in cells expressing GP compared to those expressing GPDeltamuc as determined by flow cytometry, in contrast to the case for several other signaling proteins. Subsequent analysis of the activation states and kinase activities of related kinases revealed a more pronounced effect on the ERK2 kinase isoform. Disruption of ERK2 activity by a dominant negative ERK or by small interfering RNA-mediated ERK2 knockdown potentiated the decrease in alphaV integrin expression associated with toxicity. Conversely, activation of the pathway through the expression of a constitutively active form of ERK2 significantly protected against this effect. These results indicate that the ERK signaling cascade mediates GP-mediated cytotoxicity and plays a role in pathogenicity induced by this gene product.
Active labor market programs : policy issues for East Asia

The study debates on active labor market programs (ALMPs) as a valuable employment policy tool intended to increase the quality of labor supply, and demand, versus the disincentive, and dependent passive measures in combating unemployment. While ALMPs have been implemented to varying degrees in East Asia, they still cannot be considered an important policy instrument; yet, careful consideration by policymakers to such programs, could prove responsive to the economic crisis, and to the longer-term requirements of development. An overview of ALMPs is provided, with key issues reviewed for design consideration. The study discusses the techniques used to evaluate ALMPs, and summarizes the evidence on their impacts, identifying key variables associated with successful outcomes in the region. Recommendations suggest the following issues for the formulation of an active labor market policy: setting priorities, by initially developing strong employment services; identifying the roles of the public, and private sectors, which leads to more diverse, innovative, and cost-efficient services, closely oriented to labor demand, but focused on public priorities; promoting partnerships, and dialogue within coordinated policies, and strengthened administrative and operational capacities, provided a balanced public, and private financing is in place.
Localized intraorbital castleman's disease: A case report

A 69-year-old man was found to have a right orbital soft-tissue mass on imaging as an incidental finding. Excisional biopsy revealed a well-circumscribed mass encasing the infraorbital nerve, consistent with Castleman’s disease (CD) on histopathology. In the orbit, CD is extremely rare with few reported cases. We report this patient with localized intraorbital Castleman’s disease.
Convergence in the Methodologies of Index Providers

Widely utilized index providers use market capitalization as the basis for all benchmark construction, and as a result methodologies and indexes are now much more similar than different. Market capitalization brings a high degree of similarity in risk, style, country, sector, and so on. Therefore, the primary construction for investors comes down to brand preference, access, and costs.
Observations of Turbulence in a Partially Stratified Estuary

The authors present a field study of estuarine turbulence in which profiles of Reynolds stresses were directly measured using an ADCP throughout a 25-h tidal day. The dataset that is discussed quantifies turbulent mixing for a water column in northern San Francisco Bay that experiences a sequence of states that includes a weak ebb and flood that are stratified, followed by a strong, and eventually unstratified, ebb and flood. These measurements show that energetic turbulence is confined to a bottom mixed layer by the overlying stratification. Examination of individual Reynolds stress profiles along with profiles of Richardson number and turbulent Froude number shows that the water column can be divided into regions based on the relative importance of buoyancy effects. Using the measured turbulence production rate P, the dissipation rate e is estimated. The observed turbulence had values of e/nN 2 . 20 all of the time and e/nN 2 . 200 most of the time, suggesting that the observed motions were buoyancy affected turbulence rather than internal waves. However, at times, turbulent Froude numbers in much of the upper-water column were less than one, indicating important stratification effects. Taken as a whole, the data show that stratification affects the turbulent velocity variance q2 most severely; that is, observed reductions in u9w9 are largely associated with small values of q2 rather than with a dramatic reduction in the efficiency with which turbulent motions produce momentum fluxes. Finally, the dataset is compared to predictions made using the popular Mellor‐Yamada level 2.5 closure. These comparisons show that the model tends to underestimate the turbulent kinetic energy in regions of strong stratification where the turbulence is strongly inhomogeneous and to overestimate the turbulent kinetic energy in weakly stratified regions. The length scale does not appear to compensate for these errors, and, as a result, similar errors are seen in the eddy viscosity predictions. It is hypothesized that the underestimation of q2 is due to an inaccurate parameterization of turbulence self-transport from the near-bed region to the overlying stratification.
The Complete Quantum Hall Trio

When an electric current I flows through a slab of conductor placed in an external magnetic field H perpendicular to the flow direction, the magnetic field deflects the current-carrying charge particles toward the edge of the conductor and a transverse voltage V T develops across the sample. This effect, discovered by Edwin Hall in 1879 ( 1 ), is called the Hall effect. Because the transverse resistance (or Hall resistance) defined as V T/ I is proportional to H/n , where n is the sheet carrier density of the sample, the Hall effect has been widely used to quantify the carrier type (electron or hole), density, and mobilities of electronic materials. However, in the 1980s it was found that when the charge carriers are confined to a two-dimensional system (or sheet), the Hall resistance becomes exactly quantized at h /( νe 2), where h is the Planck constant, e is the electron charge, and ν is a positive integer, whenever H/n approaches specific values ( 2 ). This phenomenon, called the quantum Hall effect (QHE), always requires an external magnetic field. On page 167 this issue ( 3 ), Chang et al. have discovered that such exact quantization in the transverse resistance can occur even without an external magnetic field on a thin ferromagnetic topological insulator; the result confirms the long-awaited quantum anomalous Hall effect (QAHE), the final member of the quantum Hall trio (see the figure).
Adiponectin Levels Differentiate Metabolically Healthy vs Unhealthy Among Obese and Nonobese White Individuals

Context: Adiponectin levels (ADPN) are lower in individuals with central obesity and cardiometabolic diseases. Conversely, studies have shown paradoxical hyperadiponectinemia (HA) in metabolically healthy obese (MHO) individuals of non-European descent. Moreover, individuals with higher sc to visceral adipose tissue (ie, higher peripheral adiposity) distribution have higher ADPNs. However, it is not known whether metabolically healthy individuals have predominantly peripheral adiposity along with higher ADPNs. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the association of ADPN and adiposity distribution with metabolic health in white individuals. Design and Setting: This was a cross-sectional study of members of “Take Off Pounds Sensibly” weight loss club and their relatives. Participants: We recruited 2486 (72% women, 61% obese) individuals. They were defined as metabolically healthy by absence of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia; and they were further classified into metabolically healthy nonobese (...
Glycosphingolipid Composition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Particles Is a Crucial Determinant for Dendritic Cell-Mediated HIV-1 trans-Infection

Interactions of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) with dendritic cells (DCs) are multifactorial and presumably require nonredundant interactions between the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 and molecules expressed on the DC surface that define the cellular fate of the virus particle. Surprisingly, neutralization of HIV-1 gp120-dependent binding interactions with DCs was insufficient to prevent HIV-1 attachment. Besides gp120, HIV-1 particles also incorporate host cell-derived proteins and lipids in their particle membrane. In this study, we demonstrate a crucial role for host cell-derived glycosphingolipids (GSLs) for the initial interactions of HIV-1 particles with both immature and mature DCs. Production of HIV-1 particles from virus producer cells treated with ceramide synthase inhibitor fumonisin B1 or glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor 1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol (PDMP) resulted in the production of virus particles that, although capable of binding previously defined HIV-1 gp120-specific attachment factors CD4, DC-SIGN, and syndecans, were attenuated in their ability to be captured by both immature and mature DCs. Furthermore, GSL-deficient HIV-1 particles were inhibited in their ability to establish productive infections in DC-T-cell cocultures. These studies provide initial evidence for the role of HIV-1 particle membrane-associated GSLs in virus invasion of DCs and also provide additional novel cellular targets, GSL biosynthetic pathways and GSL-dependent HIV-1 interactions with DCs, for development of antiviral therapy.
Cultural translation, global television studies, and the circulation of telenovelas in the United States

‘Cultural translation’ is a metaphor whose currency is increasing in the broad field of cultural studies, but it has largely been neglected in narrower field of television studies. This article bri...
Parallel pathways at the auditory periphery

We should consider the possibility that Low- and High- spontaneous rate (SR) auditory nerve fibers (ANFs) [1] constitute two different parallel pathways at the auditory periphery. The present study used a computational model of the auditory periphery [2] to demonstrate that Low- and High- SR ANFs have contrasting response properties. Anatomical studies suggest that Low- and High- SR ANF types have separate innervation sites (Figure ​(Figure1A)1A) on the same inner hair cell; lower-SR fibers synapse on the modiolar side and high-SR fibers synapse on the pillar side [3]. My hypothesis, prior to modeling the tuning curves (Figure ​(Figure1B),1B), was that Low Spontaneous Rate (Low-SR) fibers have a higher threshold for simulation and thus will have demonstrably sharper frequency selectivity than High-SR fibers. The results of the simulation support this framework; Low-SR ANFs were shown to have sharper frequency tuning (Figure ​(Figure1B)1B) than High-SR ANFs throughout a range of characteristic frequencies (CFs). While Low-SR ANFs have sharper frequency selectivity (Figure ​(Figure1B),1B), High-SR ANFs have finer temporal resolution, as the rate of change of the mean firing rate in High-SR ANFs was well above that of Low-SR fibers in the simulation (Figure ​(Figure1C).1C). It would seem that Low-SR and Medium-SR fibers (i.e. Lower-SR fibers) are optimized for “place theory” frequency coding and High-SR fibers are optimized for “volley-theory” synchronous phase locking. Future modeling efforts might maintain the integrity of these two parallel pathways, optimized for fine spectral (Lower-SR) and fine temporal (High-SR) resolution, by separating rather than summing their respective outputs. Figure 1 Innervation sites (A), tuning curves (B) and temporal response properties for Low- and High- SR ANFs
Models of Urban Governance and Planning in Latin America and the United States: Associationism, Regime Theory, and Communicative Action

In many American and Latin American cities alike, urban governance and planning are either in urgent need of reform or are currently undergoing haphazard reform. In many cases, innovative attempts to implement reforms have failed because the inability of cities to develop their ‘civic capacity’—the capacity to build and maintain broad social and political multisectoral coalitions in pursuit of common goals. As the experiences of cultural and political dilemmas, traditions, and contests vary from place to place and from time to time, it is only logical that analysts of urban governance processes in Latin America and the United States have come up with different models that attempt to both interpret and provide normative guidance for such complex processes within their particular geopolitical and socio-cultural specificities. This article discusses two main urban governance models developed in Latin America and the United States—associationism and regime theory—and considers the implications of those models in planning theory. Rather than portraying a compilation of different ideas, the attempt is to highlight the notion that, despite the fact that these theoretical and analytical urban governance models from Latin America and the United States have been inspired on the empirical study of different urban, regional, and national contexts, it is possible to identify some equivalences between them. This article argues that these significant points of convergence are productive building blocks for the construction of more generalizable models of urban governance and planning in democratic cities in the Americas and beyond. It situates coalition and network politics at the center of urban planning and governance reform, suggesting that associationism and regime theory can be instrumental at analyzing the status of civic capacity of urban communities. Furthermore, the article claims that the points of convergence between these models of governance may achieve a more powerful synergy and productive status as tools for both analysis and action through their synthesis in, and reinforcement of, the notion of communicative action in urban planning theory and practice. Communicative action can be synergistically strengthened by the contributions of regime theory and associationism to further develop theories, tools, and processes to design, guide, and evaluate more democratic, equitable, and efficient urban governance and planning experiences.
Foraging the Transylvania Law Library: A Unique and Valuable Collection

A good library is the heartbeat of a law school’s operation. As Harvard Law School Dean C.C. Langdell once observed “[t]he law library has been the object of our greatest and most constant solicitude. We have…constantly inculcated the idea that the library is the proper workshop of professors and students alike; that it is to us all that the laboratories of the university are to the chemists and physicists, the museum of natural history to the zoologists, the botanical garden to the botanists.” The book collection itself necessarily reflects the mission and character of the school. Perhaps nowhere is this better demonstrated than by the unique collection that once comprised the law library of the Transylvania University Department of Law.Established in 1799, this frontier law school, through the tutelage of some notable faculty, trained many of our young nation’s finest lawyers, jurists, legislators and statesmen. For over fifty years the law department flourished. At its zenith, the law department’s course of study was more comprehensive than either Yale or Harvard and its law library was reputed to be among the best equipped in the nation. Through a tragic series of events, the law department subsequently began a spiraling decline that lasted more than half a century, terminating in the final locking of its doors in 1912. Amazingly, much of its law library collection has survived the abuses of heavy usage, packing, relocation, the better part of a century in unprotected storage, and exposure to insects and mildew. The Regent University Law Library was fortunate to purchase this unique and valuable collection in 1994. It comprises the major part of Regent Law Library’s Founders Collection.This article will examine the Transylvania Law Department’s contribution to American legal education in the nineteenth century, discuss the development of the school’s historic library collection, and provide an annotated bibliography of a selection of those rare and unique volumes of particular relevance for researchers that contributed most to the Common Law foundation of American law and history. Part II explores the history of the Law Department and briefly reveals what life and legal education were like at the first law school west of the Appalachians. Part III focuses on the development of the collection itself. The annotated bibliography in Part IV offers the reader a glimpse of this historic collection by describing in some detail those rare and unique volumes significant to our modern understanding of the Common Law foundation of American law.
Literature Survey Concerning the Feasibility of Remedial Leach for Select Phase I Caverns

Bryan Mound 5 ( BM5 ) and West Hackberry 9 ( WH9 ) have the potential to create a significant amount of new storage space should the caverns be deemed "leach - ready". This study discusses the original drilling history of the caverns, surrounding geology, current stability, and, based on this culmination of data, makes a preliminary assessment of the leach potential for the cavern. The risks associated with leaching BM5 present substantial problems for the SPR . The odd shape and large amount of insoluble material make it difficult to de termine whether a targeted leach would have the desired effect and create useable ullage or further distort the shape with preferential leaching . T he likelihood of salt falls and damaged or severed casing string is significant . In addition, a targeted le ach would require the relocation of approximately 27 MMB of oil . Due to the abundance of unknown factors associated with this cavern, a targeted leach of BM5 is not recommended. A targeted leaching of the neck of WH 9 could potentially eliminate or diminis h the mid - cavern ledge result ing in a more stable cavern with a more favorable shape. A bettermore » understanding of the composition of the surrounding salt and a less complicated leaching history yields more confidence in the ability to successfully leach this region. A targeted leach of WH9 can be recommended upon the completion of a full leach plan with consideration of the impacts upon nearby caverns .« less
Transforming activity of receptor tyrosine kinase tyro3 is mediated, at least in part, by the PI3 kinase-signaling pathway.

Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is an integral part of cytokine-induced proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells. The authors previously reported cloning and characterization of the receptor tyrosine kinase Tif, also termed Tyro3. Using the yeast 2-hybrid technology, they recently identified that the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3 kinase) interacted with the cytoplasmic domain of Tyro3. On treatment with epidermal growth factor (EGF), NIH3T3 cells expressed EGFR/Tyro3 (a fusion receptor with the extracellular domain from epidermal growth factor receptor and the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains from Tyro3), and EGFR/Tyro3 was rapidly phosphorylated on tyrosine residues. The interaction between Tyro3 and p85 was also confirmed by glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down experiments. Co-immunoprecipitation followed by Western blot analysis revealed that PI3 kinase was associated with and phosphorylated by the activated Tyro3. Tyro3-associated PI3 kinase exhibited an enhanced kinase activity. In addition, EGF treatment of EGFR/Tyro3-expressing cells led to enhanced phosphorylation of Akt, a downstream component of PI3 kinase. Treatment of NIH3T3 cells expressing a full length of rat Tyro-3, but not NIH3T3 cells, with protein S also resulted in phosphorylation of Akt. Soft agar colony assays showed that the addition of EGF to EGFR/Tyro3-transfected cells, but not to the parental NIH3T3 cells, resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in the formation of anchorage-independent colonies. Tyro3-mediated transformation of NIH3T3 cells was significantly blocked by wortmannin, a PI3 kinase-specific inhibitor. Results of these combined studies strongly suggested that the oncogenic transforming ability of Tyro3 was mediated at least in part by the PI3 kinase pathway.
An assessment of coupling algorithms for nuclear reactor core physics simulations

This paper evaluates the performance of multiphysics coupling algorithms applied to a light water nuclear reactor core simulation. The simulation couples the k-eigenvalue form of the neutron transport equation with heat conduction and subchannel flow equations. We compare Picard iteration (block Gauss-Seidel) to Anderson acceleration and multiple variants of preconditioned Jacobian-free Newton-Krylov (JFNK). The performance of the methods are evaluated over a range of energy group structures and core power levels. A novel physics-based approximation to a Jacobian-vector product has been developed to mitigate the impact of expensive on-line cross section processing steps. Numerical simulations demonstrating the efficiency of JFNK and Anderson acceleration relative to standard Picard iteration are performed on a 3D model of a nuclear fuel assembly. Both criticality (k-eigenvalue) and critical boron search problems are considered.
Dealing with the Unknown: Resilience to Prediction Errors

Accurate prediction of applications' performanceand functional behavior is a critical component for a widerange of tools, including anomaly detection, task scheduling and approximate computing. Statistical modeling is a very powerful approach for making such predictions and it uses observations of application behavior on a small number of training cases to predict how the application will behave in practice. However, the fact that applications' behavior often depends closely on their configuration parameters and properties of their inputs means that any suite of application training runs will cover only a small fraction of its overall behavior space. Since a model's accuracy often degrades as application configuration and inputs deviate further from its training set, this makes it difficult to act based on the model's predictions. This paper presents a systematic approach to quantify theprediction errors of the statistical models of the applicationbehavior, focusing on extrapolation, where the application configuration and input parameters differ significantly from the model's training set. Given any statistical model of application behavior and a data set of training application runs from which this model is built, our technique predicts the accuracy of the model for predicting application behavior on a new run on hitherto unseen inputs. We validate the utility of this method by evaluating it on the use case of anomaly detection for seven mainstream applications and benchmarks. The evaluation demonstrates that our technique can reduce false alarms while providing high detection accuracy compared to a statistical, input-unaware modeling technique.
Systematic Approach Janus MK 2

The supercalender is the reigning device to produce high quality paper with a long tradition. Development of softcalender around 1980 represented a step forward, however, the softcalender likewise failed to meet all quality demands. In this respect the supercalender remained unchanged. In only five or six years, the Janus concept has in fact brought about a quantum leap in calender technology. This implementation has definitely derived from the new cover and material technology. This article introduce the new development via the systematic approach and how did it make up for the long stagnation in supercalender.