cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pioneer-Venus solar flux radiometer

The paper presents the design and performance characteristics of the Solar Flux Radiometer flown on the Large Probe of the Pioneer-Venus Multiprobe spacecraft. Radiance measurements of the Venusian atmosphere in spectral channels between 400 and 1800 nm as a function of altitude were made, along with elevation and azimuthal measurements of the radiation field performed with five optical channels. Filtered Si and Ge photovoltaic detector output currents were processed with logarithmic transimpedance converters prior to being multiplexed and digitized. Atmospheric sampling in elevation and azimuth was done according to a Gaussian integration scheme; the received data were used to determine the deposition of solar energy in the Venus atmosphere along with upward and downward fluxes and radiances with an altitude resolution of several hundred meters between 67 km and the surface.
K‐Sample Test and Sample Size Calculation for Comparing Slopes in Data with Repeated Measurements

Sample size calculations based on two-sample comparisons of slopes in repeated measurements have been reported by many investigators. In contrast, the literature has paid relatively little attention to the design and analysis of K-sample trials in repeated measurements studies where K is 3 or greater. Jung and Ahn (2003) derived a closed sample size formula for two-sample comparisons of slopes by taking into account the impact of missing data. We extend their method to compare K-sample slopes in repeated measurement studies using the generalized estimating equation (GEE) approach based on independent working correlation structure. We investigate the performance of the sample size formula since the sample size formula is based on asymptotic theory. The proposed sample size formula is illustrated using a clinical trial example. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Health plan quality-of-care information is undermined by voluntary reporting.

Abstract Background Most health services in the United States are delivered by managed care organizations (MCOs). Publicly available, plan-specific performance information is required to adequately assess healthcare quality provided. Using women's health indicators, we compared performance results for MCOs and evaluated whether those MCOs that publicly report quality-of-care (QOC) results demonstrate better QOC than those plans that restrict public access to data. Methods Data from the Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set (HEDIS) for commercial MCOs in 1998 were analyzed for women's QOC indicators. Plan-specific, regional, and national performances were analyzed and results compared to established benchmarks. Public-reporting plans were compared to plans that restrict access to QOC information. Linear regression was used to identify determinants of health plan performance including public release of information. Results Commercial MCOs had wide variations in QOC indicators and, on average, failed to attain national health goals for most women's health indicators analyzed. Plans that restricted public access to QOC information had poorer performance than those that did not ( p Conclusions The voluntary aspect of reporting and the ability of health plans to restrict public access is allowing poorer performing health plans to escape public scrutiny. Variations in QOC have clinical significance and, if publicly available, would enable individuals to select high-quality healthcare products. The ability of health plans to restrict public information is not consistent with the 1973 Health Maintenance Organization Act requiring public information on health plan quality. A national strategy to ensure that QOC information is available on all healthcare systems is past due.
Synthesis and characterization of TiC and TiCN coatings

Thin film coatings of titanium carbide (TiC) and titanium- carbo-nitride (TiCN) were deposited on Si(100) substrates using the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method. The PLD method is a unique process for depositing high-quality thin films with novel microstructure and properties. Mechanical properties of TiCN are found to be dependent on the nitrogen ambient during deposition. For nitrogen ambient pressure of 20 mTorr the TiCN has hardness values close to TiN hardness values, whereas for nitrogen ambient pressure of 5 mTorr the hardness values of the TiCN films are comparable to the hardness values of the TiC films.
Time-resolved two-photon-excited fluorescence detection of atomic hydrogen in flames

We describe time-resolved fluorescence decay measurements of atomic hydrogen in 20-Torr flames using two-photon, 205-nm excitation with 50-psec laser pulses. These studies provide measurements of the variations in collisional quenching rates of hydrogen atoms measured directly in combustion environments.
Phosphorylation of elongation factor 1 (EF-1) by protein kinase C stimulates GDP/GTP-exchange activity.

Phosphorylation of the alpha, beta and delta subunits of elongation factor (EF) 1 by protein kinase C results in stimulation of elongation activity up to threefold both in vivo and in vitro [Venema, R. C., Peters, H. I. & Traugh, J. A. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 11,993-11,998, Venema, R. C., Peters, H. I. & Traugh, J. A. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 12,574-12,580]. The alpha subunit catalyzes the GTP-dependent binding of amino-acyl-tRNA to the ribosome, while the beta gamma and delta subunits of EF-1 catalyze exchange of the residual GDP on EF-1 alpha for GTP. To determine whether the change in elongation rate following phosphorylation by protein kinase C is due to stimulation of GDP/GTP exchange activity, EF-1 and EF-1.valyl-tRNA-synthetase have been purified from rabbit reticulocytes, phosphorylated in vitro by protein kinase C and the effect of phosphorylation on nucleotide-exchange activity analyzed. The alpha, beta and delta subunits are phosphorylated only on serine, and phosphopeptide maps show distinct phosphopeptides for each subunit. Following quantitative phosphorylation of EF-1 by protein kinase C on the alpha, beta, and delta subunits, a twofold enhancement of the rate of nucleotide exchange over the non-phosphorylated controls is observed with EF-1 and EF-1.valyl-tRNA synthetase. Stimulation of nucleotide exchange results in a two-fold increase in the formation of EF-1 alpha.GTP.Phe-tRNA, leading to an increased rate of binding of Phe-tRNA to ribosomes. The magnitude of stimulation of the exchange rate is similar to that reported previously for the rate of elongation following phosphorylation of EF-1 by protein kinase C. Thus, the enhancement of EF-1 activity in response to 4 beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate appears to be due to stimulation of the rate of GDP/GTP exchange following phosphorylation of EF-1 by protein kinase C.
Design, synthesis and activity against human cytomegalovirus of non-phosphorylatable analogs of toyocamycin, sangivamycin and thiosangivamycin

Abstract A number of 7-alkyl 4-aminopyrrolo[2,3- d pyrimidine derivatives related to toyocamycin, sangivamycin and thiosangivamycin have been prepared and tested for their activity against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Only the thioamide substituted derivatives demonstrated biological activity.
Multi-Layer Thermionic-Tunneling Structures for Power Generation

A new method for power generation based on nano-engineered interface design with partially filled gap is proposed. The device combines electron thermionic emission and tunneling to enhance electron transport. Thermal radiation and tunneling contribute to heat transfer in the device, which can be minimized using selected materials. The largely reduced heat transfer coupled with use of multi-layer structures enable a substantial temperature difference between heat source and heat sink or two electrodes, thereby maximizing heat source utilization. Detailed analyses are provided for the solid device operating either as a power generator or as a cooler.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Biomarcadores en monitoreo de exposición a metales pesados en metalurgia

La salud del trabajador es el hecho mas importante en la vigilancia por exposicion a toxicos industriales. En metalurgia extractiva, existe exposicion a muchos elementos y compuestos quimicos. El avance tecnologico actual permite realizar mediciones muy precisas en medios biologicos. Monitoreo biologico es medir la concentracion del agente toxico en los medios biologicos del trabajador, para establecer niveles de exposicion y medidas de control en el ambiente laboral. Un indicador biologico de exposicion valora la cantidad absorbida de un quimico o de los subproductos de su biotransformacion en medios biologicos, lo que permite cuantificar al agente en el organismo. En la exposicion industrial para valorar dano renal, usamos funcion renal, citotoxicidad especifica, proteinas de peso molecular bajo o enzimas excretadas. Para el sistema nervioso, se desarrolla indicadores ‘substitutos’ y, en genotoxicidad, aductos del ADN. El presente trabajo revisa indicadores de exposicion para metales en metalurgia extractiva.
Contraceptive update Y2K: Need for Contraceptive and new contraceptive options

Despite the major strides made in birth control, which have produced a decline in unintended pregnancies over the past decade and the lowest rates of teen pregnancies seen since 1974 (1,2), significant problems still remain. Almost half (48%) of US pregnancies in 1995 were unintended (1) and many more that were "intended" were not planned or prepared for (3). To optimize maternal and fetal outcomes, it is incumbent that physicians both emphasize the need for women to be physically, emotionally, and socially prepared for pregnancy before they conceive as well as ensure the availability of effective methods to allow them to do so. Today, contraceptives are available that permit couples to choose if and when to have children. Although only 5% of women who are sexually active and say they do not want to become pregnant are using no method of birth control (4), that group accounts for nearly 40% of the unintended pregnancies. More than half of all unintended pregnancies occur in women who had used a method in the month of conception (1). The strategy with these women should be to find ways to make the method they select work better for them or to switch them to more effective methods. Unfortunately, the most effective reversible methods are among the least utilized--in part because they have the highest initial costs. Some states, such as California and Maryland, have passed Contraceptive Equity Acts, which require insurance companies that provide any prescriptive drug coverage to cover all forms of prescription contraception. Many other states, as well as the federal government, are now considering similar legislation. It is important, therefore, both from the perspective of quality patient care and also from a fiscal standpoint, that all who care for reproductive-aged women become familiar with the full array of contraceptive options. This article will review the methods of reversible birth control now available in the United States, including the most recent efficacy rates and new practical tips to achieve better utilization, as well as summarize the features of some of the new options that may be nearing introduction.
Probability distributions with given margins: Note on a paper by Finch and Groblicki

Recently, P. D. Finch and R. Groblicki determined all bivariate probability densities with specified margins. We point out that their result follows immediately from the complete solution to the problem of determining all n-dimensional cumulative probability distribution functions with specified one-dimensional margins, which was solved by one of us in 1959.
Exogenous interleukin-2 does not reverse the immunoinhibitory effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on human peripheral blood lymphocyte immunoglobulin production.

Abstract 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (1,25-D 3 ) is known to have potent inhibitory effects on human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) functions. Previous experiments suggest that addition of interleukin-2 (IL-2) to cell cultures can reverse the antiproliferative action of 1,25-D 3 . Previous studies have also shown that the CD4 + T-cell subset is more sensitive to the antiproliferative actions of 1,25-D 3 than are the CD8 + T-cells. The objective of this study was to determine whether exogenous IL-2 could reverse the antiproliferative and immunoinhibitory action (inhibition of Ig production) in mitogen-activated PBMC cultures and in fluorescein-activated cell sorting (FACS) experiments where CD8 + T-cells were removed from PBMCs before mitogen stimulation with/without exogenous IL-2 added. In these studies, addition of IL-2 to mitogen-activated, 1,25-D 3 -treated PBMCs allowed the cells to overcome the 1,25-D 3 suppressive effect on cell proliferation. However, exogenous IL-2 did not overcome the 1,25-D 3 -mediated inhibitory effect on PBMC Ig production. Using FACS lymphocyte populations (CD4 + , CD8 + and B-cells), we showed that CD4 + T-cell-directed Ig synthesis in co-culture with autologous B-cells was inhibitable by incubation of cells with 1,25-D 3 , but Ig synthesis was restored to near-normal levels by addition of exogenous IL-2. This clearly contrasts with the inability of IL-2 to reverse the 1,25-D 3 inhibitory effect on Ig synthesis in PBMCs. In other experiments, when CD8 + cells were removed from mitogen-stimulated, 1,25-D 3 -treated PBMCs, addition of exogenous IL-2 resulted in a full reversal of the 1,25-D 3 -mediated Ig inhibition. These data suggest that the inability of IL-2 to reverse the inhibitory effects of 1,25-D 3 on PBMC Ig production is probably a result of a lack of sensitivity of CD8 + T-cells to the antiproliferative and immunoregulatory actions of 1,25-D 3 . This is possibly because of a differential expression of 1,25-D 3 receptors on CD 4+ and CD8 + T-cells.
Characterizing potential water quality impacts from soils treated with dust suppressants.

Two separate laboratory experiment series, surface runoff and steady-state seepage, were performed to determine if dust suppressant products can be applied to soils with an expected minimal to no negative impact on water quality. The experiments were designed to mimic arid field conditions and used two soils (clayey and sandy) and six different dust suppressants. The two experiments consisted of: (i) simulated rainfall (intensities of 18, 33, or 61 mm h -1 ) and associated runoff from soil trays at a surface slope of 33%; and (ii) steady-state, constant head seepage through soil columns. Both experiment series involved two product application scenarios and three application ages (i.e., to account for degradation effects) for a total of 126 surface runoff and 80 column experiments. One composite effluent sample was collected from each experiment and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, total organic carbon, nitrate, nitrite, and phosphate. Paired t tests at 1 and 5% levels of significance and project specific data quality objectives are used to compare water quality parameters from treated and untreated soils. Overall, the results from this laboratory scale study suggest that the studied dust suppressants have minimal potential for adverse impacts to selected water quality parameters. The primary impacts were increased TSS for two synthetic products from the surface runoff experiments on both soils. The increase in TSS was not expected based on previous studies and may be attributed to this study's focus on simulating real-world soil agitation/movement at an active construction site subjected to rough grading.
Acetylcholinesterases and non-specific esterases in developing avian tissues: distribution and molecular weights of esterases in normal and dystrophic embryos and chicks.

The acetylcholinesterases and non-specific esterases of embryo and chick muscle, brain, heart and other tissues were investigated using acrylamide disc gel electrophoresis and spectrophotometric enzyme assays. Migration of the proteins as a function of acrylamide gel concentration was used to determine their molecular weights and relative charges. Acetylcholinesterase isozymes in embryonic skeletal muscle and brain differed in size but not appreciably in charge. Their molecular weights were approximately 420,000, 300,000 and 220,000. The non-specific esterases of all the tissues studied differed only by charge from each other; their molecular weight averaged 160,000. Previous experiments indicated that white-fibered muscles from birds selected for muscular dystrophy exhibited acetylcholinesterase isozymes similar to those in embryonic muscle while normal muscles did not. The studies reported here show that the acetylcholinesterases of normal embryo muscle and dystrophic chick muscle migrated similarly on acrylamide gels and responded similarly to anticholinesterase agents. The acetylcholinesterase activity of muscles from chicks of normal females X dystrophic males resembled that of normal chicks. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that white-fibered muscles of birds inbred for muscular dystrophy are unable to repress the synthesis of isozymes of acetylcholinesterase characteristic of normal embryo skeletal muscle.
Magnetic resonance imaging facilitates breast conservation for occult breast cancer.

Introduction: Occult primary breast cancer, i.e., isolated axillary adenocarcinoma without detectable tumor in the breast by either physical exam or mammography, represents up to 1% of operable breast cancer. Modified radical mastectomy (MRM) is generally the accepted treatment for this condition although tumor is identified in only two-thirds of mastectomy specimens. Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can identify occult breast carcinoma and may direct therapy. This study examined the ability of breast MRI to detect occult breast cancer and to facilitate breast conservation therapy.
Accuracy of Milk Check for Obtaining Milk Weights and Samples in Dairy Herd Improvement Association Testing

Abstract The Milk Check is a small portable plastic and stainless steel device which works on a proportionate-sampling principle for obtaining milk weights and samples for milk fat test from dairy cows milked on pipeline milking systems. Eight of these devices were tested for accuracy in two herds (different milking systems) with a minimum of 84 and a maximum of 138 individual milking samples taken on each device. The devices were evaluated for aceptability according to the standards adopted by the DHIA Coordinating Committee in March, 1967. The over-all mean error in milk weight was +7.4%. The mean errors in the two herds were −4.4 and +19.1%, indicating that the herd or milking system had a drastic effect on the results. All devices were acceptable in the amount of bias found in repeated milkings of the same cow. However, none of the devices performed within the established limits in the amount of random error in deviations from true milk weights. Statistical tests for skewness and kurtosis indicated that the weighing errors deviated significantly from the normal distribution in both these respects. Only 73.5% of the Milk Check milk fat tests were within the required ±0.2% of the true test. In addition the distribution of deviations from true test differed significantly from random according to Chisquare, due to a surplus of positive deviations. These results indicated that neither the milk weights nor milk fat per cents obtained from the Milk Check were sufficiently accurate for use in testing when evaluated according to Dairy Herd Improvement Association rules.
Instance cases at admiralty in 1657: A court ‘packed up with sutors‘

(1986). Instance cases at admiralty in 1657: A court ‘packed up with sutors‘. The Journal of Legal History: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 68-83.
The DEMO Quasisymmetric Stellarator

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: garabedian@cims.nyu.edu;Tel.: +01-212-254-3046.Received: 12 January 2010 / Accepted: 1 February 2010 / Published: 26 February 2010Abstract: The NSTAB nonlinear stability code solves differential equations in conservationform, and the TRAN Monte Carlo test particle code tracks guiding center orbits in a ﬁxedbackground, to provide simulations of equilibrium, stability, and transport in tokamaks andstellarators. These codes are well correlated with experimental observations and have beenvalidated by convergence studies. Bifurcated 3D solutions of the 2D tokamak problem havebeen calculated that model persistent disruptions, neoclassical tearing modes (NTMs) andedge localized modes (ELMs) occurring in the International Thermonuclear ExperimentalReactor (ITER), which does not pass the NSTAB simulation test for nonlinear stability.So we have designed a quasiaxially symmetric (QAS) stellarator with similar proportionsas a candidate for the demonstration (DEMO) fusion reactor that does pass the test [1].The conﬁguration has two ﬁeld periods and an exceptionally accurate 2D symmetry thatfurnishes excellent thermal conﬁnement and good control of the prompt loss of alphaparticles. Robust coils are found from a ﬁltered form of the Biot-Savart law based on adistribution of current over a control surface for the coils and the current in the plasmadeﬁned by the equilibrium calculation. Computational science has addressed the issues ofequilibrium, stability, and transport, so it remains to develop an effective plan to constructthe coils and build a diverter.Keywords: computational science; magnetic fusion; plasma physics
Total synthesis of venustatriol

Abstract Venustatriol ( 1 ) has been synthesized by an enantioselective and convergent route via key intermediates 9 and 15 .
Wave power extraction by arbitrary arrays of non-diffracting oscillating water columns

Abstract A model to predict wave power conversion from arbitrary arrays of oscillating water columns is presented. Based on linear potential theory and idealized non-diffracting machines, it relies on a published analytical solution for the flow field generated by a single oscillating pressure patch on the ocean surface. Estimates of wave power conversion are obtained for several array configurations and well-defined wave resources at two sites in Hawaii, using a single-processor computer. Such results illustrate the versatility and computational efficiency of the model. The proposed approach allows a relatively easy evaluation of interferences among individual machines. This would be useful in optimizing the spatial arrangement of oscillating water columns in large wave farms.
Paradoxes in Double Extension Set Theories

Three systems of “double extension set theory” have been proposed by Andrzej Kisielewicz in two papers. In this paper, it is shown that the two stronger systems are inconsistent, and that the third, weakest system does not admit extensionality for general sets or the use of general sets as parameters in its comprehension scheme. The parameter-free version of the comprehension principle of double extension set theory is also shown to be inconsistent with extensionality. The definitions of the systems and a self-contained exposition of their properties is given, sufficient to develop the inconsistency proofs.
Parametric study of wind generated super-μm particle effects in large fires

Abstract A numerical study is presented of the effects of super-μm particles mechanically generated by large fires on coagulation loss of sub-μm aerosols in the smoke plumes. This study shows that inclusion of the source generation of large particles in the model can reduce the contribution to the optical depth of sub-μm particles by a factor of two at visible wavelengths. This assumes a combination of high turbulence and high super-μm concentrations. Since no measurements of super-μm concentrations in large firestorms have been made, a concentration corresponding to values found in medium sized dust devils was assumed. This study also shows that the early-time optical effect of the super-μm particles can be considerable in both visible and infrared wavelengths.
Cellular distribution of immunoreactive somatostatin in the basal forebrain of horses and ponies

Summary In other experimental models, somatostatin (SRIF) helps coordinate central nervous system (CNS) activity associated with the response to stress. It also plays an important role in the effects of exercise, stress and bacterial infections on growth hormone (GH) release and it may interact with specific SRIF receptors found on lymphocytes. Pituitary GH is a potent immunomodulatory hor- mone which is important to normal function of the thymus and a wide range of immune defense mechanisms. This experiment mapped the distribution of immunoreactive (ir) SRIF in the basal forebrain of horses and ponies. Results are compared to those for other species in order to determine if the anatomical substrate for stress-dependant SRIF effects may be similar to that described for other animal models. Immersion fixed brain tissues were obtained from animals submitted for euthanasia and/or necropsy. Alternate sections were stained for ir-SRIF using characterized polyclonal SRIF antibody and the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase technique, as previously described. Distribution of SRIF cells and fibers was mapped on projection drawings following light microscopic examination. Tissues in this analysis included cell groups at the border between the telencephalon and the rostral diencephalon, the hypothalamus, caudate nucleus (n) subthalamus and thalamus. At rostral levels, ir-SRIF was widely dispersed throughout medial tissues. Caudally, pronounced immunoreactivity was found in ventromedial tissues. Reactive perikarya were localized in the caudate n, olfactory tuberculum, n of the lamina terminalis, rostral preoptic n, suprachiasmatic n, periventricular n, supraoptic n, paraventricular n, arcuate n and ventromedial n. Numerous SRIF fibers extended into the lateral septum, all preoptic n, paraventricular n, rostral hypothalamic n, dorsomedial n, ventromedial n and mammillary n. Reactive fibers were also found in midline thalamic n, perifomical areas, the zona incerta and the habenular n. This distribution is similar to that described in most vertebrates. It reflects the role of SRIF in multiple neurocrine interactions as well as its neuroendocrine activity. Results from this experiment suggest that equine SRIF is likely to participate in neural and endocrine pathways similar to that for other mammalian species. Similar localization patterns also suggest that the coordination of SRIF cell functions within the equine CNS may be comparable to that in other species. This suggests that studies in other species are likely to facilitate the characterization of control mechanisms for SRIF secretion in the equine species.
Two newly identified exons in human GRM1 express a novel splice variant of metabotropic glutamate 1 receptor

To date, five human metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) 1 receptor splice variants (1a, 1b, 1d, 1f, and 1g) have been described, all of which involve alternative C-terminal splicing. mGlu1a receptor contains a long C-terminal domain (341 amino acids), which has been shown to scaffold with several proteins and contribute to the structure of the post-synaptic density. However, several shorter mGlu1 receptor splice variants lack the sequence required for these interactions, and no major functional differences between these short splice variants have been described. By using RT-PCR we have shown that two human melanoma cell lines express both mGlu1a and mGlu1b receptors. In addition, using 3'RACE, we identified three previously unknown mGlu1 receptor mRNAs. Two differ in the length of their 3' untranslated region (UTR), and encode the same predicted protein as mGlu1g receptor-the shortest of all mGlu1 receptor splice variants. The third mRNA, named mGlu1h, encodes a predicted C-terminal splice variant of 10 additional amino acids. mGlu1h mRNA was observed in two different melanoma cell lines and is overexpressed, compared with melanoma precursor cells, melanocytes. Most importantly, this new splice variant, mGlu1h receptor, is encoded by two previously unidentified exons located within the human GRM1 gene. Additionally, these new exons are found exclusively within the GRM1 genes of higher primates and are highly conserved. Therefore, we hypothesize that mGlu1h receptors play a distinct role in primate glutamatergic signaling.
Structure activity studies of the substrate binding site in monoamine oxidase B

Abstract The influence of para and meta substitution of benzylamine analogues on their interaction with bovine liver monoamine oxidase B has been investigated to provide insights into the nature of the substrate binding site. Binding data with para-substituted benzylamine analogues show the are of the binding site about the para position to be hydrophobic and exhibiting some steric constraints. Alkylation of the benzylamine nitrogen with methyl groups results in a dominance of steric constraints about the para-position as an influence on binding. meta-Substitution of the benzylamine ring results in a decreased binding affinity which exhibits a dependence on the van der Waals volume of the substituent indicating steric constraints also occur about this area of the bound substrate. The independence of the rate of enzyme reduction with the nature of the meta-substituent suggests these benzylamine analogues are bound in the substrate site in a manner which optimizes overlap of the pro-R benzyl CH bond with the lone pair orbital on the nitrogen. In contrast, the observed rates of enzyme reduction by para-substituted benzylamine analogues exhibit a dominant steric dependence which suggests the mode of binding of this class of analogues does not provide this optimal overlap for efficient CH bond cleavage. Support for this conclusion also comes from the observation that para-substituted N,N-dimethylbenzylamine analogues are competitive inhibitors and not substrates for monoamine oxidase B while the meta-substituted analogues are substrates. albeit poor ones. The demonstration of a tunneling contribution to the CH bond cleavage step demonstrates the absence of any motion or changes in solvation coupled with that catalytic event and the close proximity of the enzyme group accepting the H to the pro-R position of the bound substrate. Little or no influence of meta or para benzylamine substituent on the rate of O2 reaction with the reduced flavin-protonated imine complex is observed which suggests alterations in the configuration of the bound substrate do not influence the reactivity of the reduced flavin.
Synthesis of a series of potent and orally bioavailable thrombin inhibitors that utilize 3,3-disubstituted propionic acid derivatives in the P3 position.

As part of an effort to prepare efficacious and orally bioavailable analogs of the previously reported thrombin inhibitors 1a,b, we have synthesized a series of compounds that utilize 3,3-disubstituted propionic acid derivatives as P 3 ligands. By removing the N-terminal amino group, the general oral bioavailability of this class of compounds was enhanced without excessively increasing the lipophilicity of the compounds. The overall properties of the molecules could be drastically altered depending on the nature of the groups substituted onto the 3-position of the P 3 propionic acid moiety. A number of the compounds exhibited good oral bioavailability in rats and dogs, and numerous compounds were efficacious in a rat FeCl 3 -induced model of arterial thrombosis. Compound 7, the 3,3-diphenylpropionic acid derivative, showed the best overall profile of in vivo and in vitro activity. Molecular modeling studies suggest that these compounds bind in the thrombin active site in a manner essentially identical to that previously reported for compound 1a.
Influence of Fe and mn ions on the incorporation of radioactive 35SO2 by sulfate aerosols

Abstract The rate of incorporation of radiolabeled sulfur dioxide has been determined in submicron sized ammonium sulfate droplet aerosols with and without catalytic metal ions (Fe 3+ , Mn 2+ ). The sulfate droplets were generated by nebulizing solutions with a multiple jet Collison nebulizer and aged up to 30 min in a 10 m 3 plug-flow reaction duct. Radiolabeled 35 SO 2 was metered into purified air to provide a concentration of 5 ppm. Three different atmospheres were studied: SO 2 in purified air, SO 2 in the presence of ammonium sulfate aerosol (1 mg m −3 , 1 μm MMAD), and SO 2 in the presence of ammonium sulfate aerosol containing Fe 3+ and Mn 2+ ions. No measurable SO 2 conversion was detected in samples from atmospheres without the catalytic metal ions. A net SO 2 conversion rate equivalent to 0.02 % h −1 was observed in the presence of Fe 3+ and Mn 2+ ions.
Neurological Sequelae of Boxing

Blunt trauma to the head results in acceleration of the brain within the skull. This takes 2 forms: linear or translational acceleration which produces focal lesions, and rotational acceleration which results in ‘sheering stresses’ with stretching of nerves and bridging veins. Deceleration of the brain within the skull occurs when the head strikes a stationary object (e.g. floor, ring post).
Vertical tubular photobioreactor for semicontinuous culture of Cyanobium sp.

We evaluated the kinetic culture characteristics of the microalgae Cyanobium sp. grown in vertical tubular photobioreactor in semicontinuous mode. Cultivation was carried out in vertical tubular photobioreactor for 2 L, in 57 d, at 30 C, 3200 Lux, and 12 h light/dark photoperiod. The maximum specific growth rate was found as 0.127 d 1 , when the culture had blend concentration of 1.0 g L 1 , renewal rate of 50%, and sodium bicarbonate concentration of 1.0 g L 1 . The maximum values of productivity (0.071 g L 1 d 1 ) and number of cycles (10) were observed in blend concentration of 1.0 g L 1 , renewal rate of 30%, and bicarbonate concentration of 1.0 g L 1 . The results showed the potential of semicontinuous cultivation of Cyanobium sp. in closed tubular bioreactor, combining factors such as blend concentration, renewal rate, and sodium bicarbonate concentration. 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Analogs of (±)-Epinephrine

Abstract The interaction of (±)-epinephrine with hydrogen chloride and with hydrogen bromide in the presenceof alcohols, and the treatment of (±)-epinephrine with thionyl chloride and then with alcohols havebeen studied. A cyclohexyl and a 3-cyclohexenyl analog of (±)-epinephrine were synthesized.
Statistical design for optimization of extraction of polyphenols from an inert matrix using carbon dioxide-based fluids

Abstract A systematic study concerning the extract ability of eight polyphenolic compounds found in grapes has been performed. The compounds were extracted from spiked sand. An experimental design allowed us to determine the effects of 11 extraction and trap variables on recovery. The relationships between all variables were examined. By applying graphical analysis, the best extraction conditions via supercritical (or near critical) fluid carbon dioxide within the range of the parameters that were studied were obtained. The average recovery of the eight phenols was 88%. After modification of these “best” conditions via a change in modifier content and restrictor/trap temperature, recoveries for all eight studied compounds ranged between 92% and 100%. Polyphenols can, therefore, be quantitatively extracted with a carbon dioxide-based fluid under mild conditions in approximately 30 min from an inert matrix.
Relationship of dysphoric premenstrual changes to depressive disorders

An association between premenstrual dysphoric changes and depressive disorders is demonstrated in 170 women. Each woman underwent an evaluation for current and life-time diagnosis using the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC). Premenstrual dysphoric changes were evaluated with the Premenstrual Assessment Form (PAF). Criteria for PAF Full Depressive Syndrome were met by 57% of women with a life-time diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder. Only 14% of the Never Mentally Ill women met these PAF criteria. Eighty-four percent of those who had PAF Full Depressive Syndrome also had RDC Major Depressive Disorder while only 9% were Never Mentally Ill.
Hydrodeoxygenation of the Angelica Lactone Dimer, a Cellulose‐Based Feedstock: Simple, High‐Yield Synthesis of Branched C7–C10 Gasoline‐like Hydrocarbons

Dehydration of biomass-derived levulinic acid under solid acid catalysis and treatment of the resulting angelica lactone with catalytic K2CO3 produces the angelica lactone dimer in excellent yield. This dimer serves as a novel feedstock for hydrodeoxygenation, which proceeds under relatively mild conditions with a combination of oxophilic metal and noble metal catalysts to yield branched C7–C10 hydrocarbons in the gasoline volatility range. Considering that levulinic acid is available in >80 % conversion from raw biomass, a field-to-tank yield of drop-in, cellulosic gasoline of >60 % is possible.
Pathways to Tax Reform Revisited

There is widespread agreement in Washington that the income tax needs to be reformed, although little agreement about how to do it. A common thread in most reform proposals is that they would slash most so-called tax expenditures—spending programs run through the tax system. This follows a long tradition. Stanley Surrey viewed cuts in tax expenditures as the “pathway to tax reform,” and in 1973 made the case in a book of that title. This article revisits Surrey’s pathway, examining various proposals to eliminate, reduce, or reformulate tax expenditures as part of tax reform, including overall limitations on tax expenditures, converting most tax expenditures to credits, and more radical reforms that would vastly reduce the number of people who would file tax returns. The efficacy of introducing a new tax such as a value-added tax or carbon tax to supplement to the income tax is also examined.
Large cardinals and large dilators

Applying Woodin's non-stationary tower notion of forcing, I prove that the existence of a supercompact cardinal κ in V and a Ramsey dilator in some small forcing extension V [ G ] implies the existence in V of a measurable dilator of size κ , measurable by κ -complete measures.
Species‑specific bioluminescence facilitates speciation in the deep sea

The vast darkness of the deep sea is an envi- ronment with few obvious genetic isolating barriers, and little is known regarding the macroevolutionary processes that have shaped present-day biodiversity in this habitat. Bioluminescence, the production and emission of light from a living organism through a chemical reaction, is thought to occur in approximately 80 % of the eukary- otic life that inhabits the deep sea (water depth greater than 200 m). In this study, we show, for the first time, that deep-sea fishes that possess species-specific biolumi- nescent structures (e.g., lanternfishes, dragonfishes) are diversifying into new species at a more rapid rate than deep-sea fishes that utilize bioluminescence in ways that would not promote isolation of populations (e.g., cam- ouflage, predation). This work adds to our understand- ing of how life thrives and evolution shaped present-day biodiversity in the deep sea, the largest and arguably least explored habitat on earth.
On the mechanism of the oxidation of human and rat hemoglobin by propylene glycol dinitrate

Abstract The kinetics and stoichiometry of the oxidation of human and rat oxy-hemoglobin (O 2 Hb) by propylene glycol dinitrate (PGDN) have been investigated in vitro in both hemolysate and in intact red blood cell preparations. In hemolysate fractions from both these species, the rate constant for oxidation is nearly constant between pH 7.0 and 9.0, but it increases dramatically at lower pH values. The reaction is molecular and approximately first-order in both [PGDN] and in [O 2 Hb]. The rate of oxidation is related complexly to the O 2 concentration. No oxidation occurs at zero O 2 concentration or at very high O 2 concentrations. Maximal rates are observed at O 2 concentrations where the hemoglobin is only partially saturated with O 2 . The stoichiometry appears to be 1.5 hemes oxidized per ester bond broken. In whole cells, the reaction is still molecular, is approximately first-order in both reactants, and has a stoichiometry of 1.9 to 2.3 moles heme oxidized per mole of reacted ester.
Corruption in India: Control measures and consequences

Much has been written on corruption in the Third World. Studying the phenomenon of transactional corruption, however, is fraught with many shortcomings. The insidious corruption of subverting the regimes or abusing the constitution for political or partisan gain is paid little attention. This article analyses corruption in India within its social, cultural, and political contexts. The workings of the various anti‐corruption measures are also examined. The concept of regime corruption is studied. The article concludes that curbing corruption largely depends upon the social attitudes. In particular, the political parties should not only take the blame for the current situation, they should also play an active role in correcting the pernicious practice of corruption.
Expression of neuronal acetylcholine receptor genes in vertebrate skeletal muscle during development

Of the 15 nicotinic ACh receptor genes identified in vertebrates, only four (alpha 1, beta 1, gamma, and delta) have been shown to be expressed in embryonic skeletal muscle at early times. In mammalian muscle a fifth gene (epsilon) replaces the gamma gene in expression at later times. The remaining 10 nicotinic receptor genes identified to date (alpha 2-alpha 8, beta 2-beta 4) are expressed in the nervous system and are considered neuronal genes. Using RNase protection assays, we show here that four of the neuronal-type genes (alpha 4, alpha 5, alpha 7, and beta 4) are expressed in developing chick skeletal muscle. Two of them (alpha 4 and alpha 7) decline substantially in transcript abundance between embryonic days 11 and 17, as does alpha 1, while the other two (alpha 5 and beta 4) show only moderate decreases over the same time period. At embryonic day 8, alpha 7 transcripts are nearly 20% as abundant as alpha 1 transcripts. In situ hybridizations confirm the presence of alpha 7 transcripts in muscle cells both in cell culture and in embryonic tissue. No evidence was found for expression of the alpha 2, alpha 3, alpha 8, or beta 3 genes in muscle. Immunoprecipitations and immunoblot analysis using subunit-specific monoclonal antibodies reveal alpha 7 protein in muscle, and the amount of protein rises and declines with the amount of alpha 7 mRNA during development. Sucrose gradient analysis demonstrates that the alpha 7 protein is present in muscle as a species of 10S, the size expected for a nicotinic receptor. The alpha 7 species in muscle binds alpha-bungarotoxin but does not contain alpha 1 subunits, indicating that the two kinds of alpha-type gene products segregate during assembly. The results suggest that neuronal AChRs may play a role in early muscle development.
Investigating the structure of the eating inventory (three-factor eating questionnaire): a confirmatory approach.

Objective To investigate the internal structure of the Eating Inventory using confirmatory factor analytic (CFA) methods. Method Female participants in a population-based twin study (N = 1,510) completed a reduced version of the Eating Inventory as part of a larger study of eating behaviors. Two CFA estimation methods were implemented using LISREL and Mplus to evaluate three different factor structures reported in the literature. Results Overall results for Stunkard and Messick's (1985) three-factor model indicated a poor fit to these data. The structure reported by Ganley resulted in an improper solution with factor correlations over 1 and several loadings estimated near 0 or with negative signs. The model proposed by Hyland et al. also fit poorly for all three models, the pattern of loadings on the Restraint factor proved most difficult to interpret. Discussion This study represents the first application of these confirmatory methods to the three subscales of the Eating Inventory. The instrument, as administered in this study, did not conform well to the structures proposed in previous studies. Because the Eating Inventory is recommended as a treatment planning tool, poor replication of the constructs purported to be assessed by this instrument underscores the importance of further internal validation research. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 255–264, 2003.
Evaluation of Variables Affecting Sustainable Highway Design With BE2ST-in-Highways System

The Building Environmentally and Economically Sustainable Transportation-Infrastructure-Highways (BE2ST-in-Highways) sustainability rating system was developed to provide a quantitative methodology for rating the benefits of sustainable highway construction. The methodology is grounded in quantitative metrics so that a transparent linkage exists between the project rating and the sustainable practices employed in design and construction. This rating system can be employed by the highway construction industry and agencies to evaluate sustainable practices quantitatively and to incorporate sustainable elements into projects. To illustrate how BE2ST-in-Highways is employed, 10 alternative designs were evaluated and compared with two reference pavement designs for a pilot project (Baraboo Bypass, Wisconsin). The results of this pilot project evaluation indicate that the use of recycled materials instead of conventional materials in highway construction can improve sustainability considerably: about 27% reduct...
The on-chip integration of magnetooptic waveguide isolators

The miniaturization of optical isolators and their on-chip integration with various optoelectronic devices has been pursued for a number of years. However, reducing the standard paradigmatic construction used in commercial isolators to waveguide form requires stringent fabrication tolerances and special materials that tend to render the process difficult and costly. Thus, novel approaches in device design and materials technology are called for and are being pursued. This paper discusses the application of the Faraday and nonreciprocal phase shift effects in waveguide isolator operation, the complications that arise in the miniaturization of these devices, and the novel solutions being pursued.
A Comparison of Photographic and Transparency-based Methods for Measuring Wound Surface Area

Background and Purpose. The purposes of this study were to compare test-retest reliability of measurements obtained by the use of a photographic method and those obtained by the use of a transparency method and to compare wound surface area (WSA) measurements obtained by these two methods. Subjects. Twenty inpatients (18 male, 2 female), aged 31±16 years (X±SD), participated in the study. Methods. Tracings of ulcer borders generated by the photographic and transparency methods were digitized to obtain WSA measurements. To assess intrarater reliability for each method, 5 ulcers were measured on two occasions. The magnitude of WSA measurements obtained by the photographic and transparency methods was compared in 22 ulcers measured on one occasion and in 16 ulcers measured at 5-day intervals for 20 days. Results. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were high (ICC=.99) for each method, indicating reliability of measurements. The WSA measurements did not differ between photographic and transparency methods, either at one occasion or over a 20-day period. Conclusion and Discussion. We concluded that the photographic and transparency methods, as applied in this study of ulcers, provided equivalently reliable measurements and that WSA measurements obtained by the two methods were equivalent. The transparency method was more economical than the photographic method in terms of time and equipment requirements.