cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wrinkled, rippled and crumpled graphene: an overview of formation mechanism, electronic properties, and applications

Distinctive from their 1D and 0D counterparts, 2D nanomaterials (2DNs) exhibit surface corrugations (wrinkles and ripples) and crumples. Thermal vibrations, edge instabilities, thermodynamically unstable (interatomic) interactions, strain in 2D crystals, thermal contraction, dislocations, solvent trapping, pre-strained substrate-relaxation, surface anchorage and high solvent surface tension during transfer cause wrinkles or ripples to form on graphene. These corrugations on graphene can modify its electronic structure, create polarized carrier puddles, induce pseudomagnetic field in bilayers and alter surface properties. This review outlines the different mechanisms of wrinkle, ripple and crumple formation, and the interplay between wrinkles’ and ripples’ attributes (wavelength/width, amplitude/height, length/size, and bending radius) and graphene's electronic properties and other mechanical, optical, surface, and chemical properties. Also included are brief discussions on corrugation-induced reversible wettability and transmittance in graphene, modulation of its chemical potential, enhanced energy storage and strain sensing via relaxation of corrugations. Finally, the review summarizes the future areas of research for 2D corrugations and crumples.
Multivalent IDP assemblies: Unique properties of LC8‐associated, IDP duplex scaffolds

Abstract A wide variety of subcellular complexes are composed of one or more intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) that are multivalent, flexible, and characterized by dynamic binding of diverse partner proteins. These multivalent IDP assemblies, of broad functional diversity, are classified here into five categories distinguished by the number of IDP chains and the arrangement of partner proteins in the functional complex. Examples of each category are summarized in the context of the exceptional molecular and biological properties of IDPs. One type – IDP duplex scaffolds – is considered in detail. Its unique features include parallel alignment of two IDP chains, formation of new self-associated domains, enhanced affinity for additional bivalent ligands, and ubiquitous binding of the hub protein LC8. For two IDP duplex scaffolds, dynein intermediate chain IC and nucleoporin Nup159, these duplex features, together with the inherent flexibility of IDPs, are central to their assembly and function. A new type of IDP–LC8 interaction, distributed binding of LC8 among multiple IDP recognition sites, is described for Nup159 assembly.
The Anxiety Sensitivity Index–3: Analyses of Dimensions, Reliability Estimates, and Correlates in Nonclinical Samples

We investigated the factor structure, reliability estimates, and correlates of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (ASI-3; Taylor et al., 2007) in 2 studies. We established a bifactor model in Study 1 as an alternative representation of the structure of the ASI-3. Analyses of gender differences on the total ASI-3 and subscale scores were not statistically significant (Study 1, N = 462). In Study 2 (N = 293), results of a series of confirmatory factor analyses provided stronger support for the fit of the bifactor model compared with 2 alternative models. Estimates of scale reliability were adequate (all rho values > or = .80) and not "p" (as in italic p for significance). in the 2 studies. In addition, using simultaneous regression analyses, we found anxiety-specific correlates for the total ASI-3 and subscale scores to include responses on self-report measures of interpersonal sensitivity, obsessive-compulsive anxiety, paranoid ideation, and phobic anxiety.
Thalamocortical rhythm generation in vitro : extra- and intracellular recordings in mouse thalamocortical slices perfused with low Mg2+ medium

Abstract Mouse thalamocortical slices maintain synaptic connections between thalamus and cortex. When perfused with low Mg 2+ medium, thalamocortical slices exhibited spontaneous thalamocortical 2–6 s long bursts of rhythmic activity every 15–30 s, which was potentiated by pentylenetetrazol and abolished by severing thalamocortical connections. These oscillations were similar in frequency and duration to normal and pathological thalamocortical rhythms in vivo. In vitro studies of these thalamocortical rhythms may prove valuable in understanding cellular factors important in rhythm generation.
Carbon dioxide/epoxide coupling reactions utilizing Lewis base adducts of zinc halides as catalysts. Cyclic carbonate versus polycarbonate production

The reactions of zinc halides with 2,6-di-methoxypyridine or 3-trifluoromethylpyridine in dichloromethane have led to the formation of quite different complexes. Specifically, reactions involving pyridine containing electron donating methoxy substitutents have provided salts of the type [Zn(2,6-dimethoxypyridine)4][Zn2X6], as revealed by elemental analysis and X-ray crystallography. On the other hand, simple bis-pyridine adducts of zinc halides were isolated from the reactions involving the pyridine ligand with electron withdrawing substituents and characterized by X-ray crystallography, for example, Zn(3-trifluoromethylpyridine)2Br2. These zinc complexes were shown to be catalytically active for the coupling of carbon dioxide and epoxides to provide high molecular weight polycarbonates and cyclic carbonates, with the order of reactivity being Cl > or = Br > I, and 2,6-di-methoxypyridine > 3-trifluoromethylpyridine. Polycarbonate production from carbon dioxide and cyclohexene oxide was shown to be first-order in both metal precursor complex and cyclohexene oxide, as monitored by in situ infrared spectroscopy at 80 degrees C and 55 bar pressure. For reactions carried out in CO2 swollen epoxide solutions in the absence of added quantities of pyridine, the copolymer produced contained significant polyether linkages. Alternatively, reactions performed in the presence of excess pyridine or in hydrocarbon solvent, although slower in rate, afforded completely alternating copolymers. For comparative purposes, zinc chloride was a very effective homopolymerization catalyst for polyethers. Additionally, zinc chloride afforded copolymers with 60% carbonate linkages in the presence of high carbon dioxide pressures. In the case of cyclohexene oxide, the copolymer back-biting reaction led exclusively to the production of the trans cyclic carbonate as shown by infrared spectroscopy in v(C=O) region and X-ray crystallography. The unique feature of these catalyst systems is their simplicity.
Linear variable filter optimization for emergency response chemical detection and discrimination

Linear variable filter design and fabrication for LWIR is now commercially available for use in the development of remote sensing systems. The linear variable filter is attached directly to the cold shield of the focal plane array. The resulting compact spectrometer assemblies are completely contained in the Dewar system. This approach eliminates many of the wavelength calibration problems associated with current prism and grating systems and also facilitates the cost effective design and fabrication of aerial sensing systems for specific applications. This paper describes a study that was conducted with the following three objectives: 1) Determine if a multi-channel linear-variable-filter-based line scanner system can be used to discriminate a set of chemical vapors that represent a high probability of occurrence during a typical emergency response chemical incident; 2) Determine which multi-channel linear variable filter design is optimal; and 3) Determine the acceptable instrument noise equivalent spectral radiance for this application. A companion paper describes a separate study that was conducted to determine the concentration levels at which detection and discrimination can be achieved for the various chemicals based on the optimal filter design under various degrees of imperfect atmospheric correction.
Wave optical theory of in-focus Lorentz microscopy

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the significance of Foucault-type electron micrographs of thin ferromagnetic films, taking wave optical effects into account. The film is considered as a pure phase object and the diffraction pattern is determined exactly for an extremely collimated incident beam. The illumination on the photographic plate is then evaluated when the diffraction pattern is cut by a knife edge, as a function of the position of the knife edge. Interference effects are present but, taking into account a finite spread of the source, we realize that they are averaged so that the illumination coincides with classical results, and the micrographs give a map of the component of the magnetization parallel to the knife edge directly.
Control of Wood Dust from Rotational Hand-Held Sanders

Abstract An association between nasal cancer and other health effects and occupations involving exposure to wood dust has been clearly established in the literature. Therefore, it was deemed necessary to conduct research to develop new improved methods to control this dust. This article reports on the research that has been conducted by investigations at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) on rotational hand-held Sanders. A new control system was developed to be used in conjunction with existing controls that are used on these sanders, which consist of an aspirator and a perforated sanding disc pad. The new control system includes additional suction applied to the sander body and a specially designed, slotted sanding disc pad to relieve the increased pressing of the sander to the sanded surface imposed by the increased vacuum. The newly designed sanding disc pad also captures wood dust from the sanded surface directly at the pad periphery. In the laboratory, the new control s...
GENE THERAPY IN THE ORNITHINE TRANSCARBAMYLASE DEFICIENT MOUSE PREVENTS CLINICAL SEQUELAE OF NITROGEN CHALLENGE. ▴ 886

GENE THERAPY IN THE ORNITHINE TRANSCARBAMYLASE DEFICIENT MOUSE PREVENTS CLINICAL SEQUELAE OF NITROGEN CHALLENGE. ▴ 886
Rebound Phenomena in Tourette's Syndrome After Abrupt Withdrawal of Clonidine: Behavioral, Cardiovascular, and Neurochemical Effects

• Following an open trial of clonidine hydrochloride (3 to 8 μg/kg/day for 12 weeks), we studied the behavioral, cardiovascular, and neurochemical effects of abrupt clonidine withdrawal in seven patients with Tourette's syndrome aged 9 to 13 years. Five patients showed marked worsening of tics. After reinitiation of clonidine therapy, the time required for patients to return to prewithdrawal levels of tic symptoms ranged from two weeks to four months. Increases in motor restlessness, blood pressure, and pulse rate were also observed over the 72-hour period following abrupt withdrawal of clonidine. Plasma levels of free 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol, homovanillic acid, and urinary excretion of norepinephrine and epinephrine increased during the withdrawal period. Clonidine's effectiveness in Tourette's syndrome may be dependent on changes in dopaminergic as well as adrenergic mechanisms.
Improving Students' Understanding of Molecular Structure through Broad-Based Use of Computer Models in the Undergraduate Organic Chemistry Lecture

Several articles suggest how to incorporate computer models into the organic chemistry laboratory, but relatively few papers discuss how to incorporate these models broadly into the organic chemistry lecture. Previous research has suggested that manipulating physical or computer models enhances student understanding; this study demonstrates that by simply viewing the appropriate manipulations performed by an educator on a computer model during a recitation period, students in both semesters of introductory organic chemistry performed significantly better on a post-test measuring understanding of molecular structure than those who did not view the computer models (OCHEM 1, p = 0.005, d = 0.98; OCHEM 2, p = 0.035, d = 0.75). The post-test results were also analyzed by topic: the topics that displayed the most significant differences in student scores were bond angle (OCHEM 1, p = 0.0003, d = 1.28; OCHEM 2, p = 0.03, d = 0.77) and 3-D properties (OCHEM 1, p = 0.06, d = 0.64; OCHEM 2, p = 0.04, d = 0.72), suc...
The effect of lead on cholinergic contractile function in the rat forestomach

Previous studies have demonstrated that subchronic exposure to lead in rats slows gastric emptying. Therefore, the isometric contractile response of the forestomach from lead-treated rats was examined in vitro. Male Wistar rats were fed 4% lead acetate in their diet (NIH-07); controls were pair-fed. After 7 weeks, blood lead levels reached 180-389 micrograms/dl. The forestomach was dissected and suspended in buffer which for lead-treated rats contained 1.2 X 10(-5) M lead acetate. Subchronic lead exposure had no effect on the maximum tonic contraction induced by KCl, methacholine or serotonin. However, lead-treated tissue showed enhanced sensitivity to methacholine with a reduction in EC50 to 59.7% of control. This effect was not observed in control tissue exposed to lead (1.2 X 10(-5) M) only in vitro. Higher in vitro concentrations of lead (16 X 10(-5) M) produced an increase in methacholine EC50. Physostigmine-induced increase in tension was also significantly greater in tissue from lead-treated rats. Electric field stimulation, which produced a contraction attributable to postganglionic acetylcholine release, was unaltered in lead-treated tissue. These results indicate that lead intoxication did not impair the contractile apparatus of the forestomach smooth muscle. The lack of net effect on activation of intramural cholinergic neurons, despite the enhanced sensitivity to a cholinergic agonist, may indicate reduction in acetylcholine release in lead-treated tissue.
The impact of mode of operation on sales performance in international services

Purpose – To investigate the impact of current mode of operation on service firms’ sales performance in international markets, and to examine the role of managerial control as a mediator of the mode of operation‐sales performance relationship.Design/methodology/approach – A conceptual framework and a set of hypotheses were developed to posit that managerial control on marketing activities act as a process variable between the level of vertical integration of the mode of operation and firm success in international markets. The proposed hypotheses were tested using regression analysis with data from a sample of tour operators from Turkey.Findings – The choice of mode of operation is a critical decision that impacts the performance of service firms in international markets, such that firms which use more vertically integrated modes of operation obtain higher sales performance as a result of their high levels of control on marketing activities.Research limitations/implications – Although the present findings ...
Evaluation and Management of Cardiac Arrhythmias in the Elderly

Cardiac arrhythmias are a major problem in elderly persons. Not only are arrhythmias common in the elderly, but also because of the high prevalence of underlying heart disease and hypertension, arrhythmias are associated with significant morbidity and mortality in this age group. This article reviews the epidemiology and prognostic significance of arrhythmias and conduction disorders in the elderly. Management of these disorders is discussed with emphasis on the difference in clinical presentation and therapy between elderly and younger patients.
Carbonates in Martian meteorite ALH84001: A planetary perspective on formation temperature

We have re-examined the formation temperature of carbonates in ALH84001, accounting for the prior evolution of the stable isotopes used in the analysis. Oxygen and carbon in the atmosphere likely have become isotopically fractionated due to various nonthermal loss mechanisms operating throughout geologic time. Taking this previous evolution into account, we derive a formation temperature from oxygen isotope thermometry of 40–250 °C. This range of temperatures represents a lower limit; an increase in groundwater salinity could further raise the δ18O of the groundwater, as seen in terrestrial hydrothermal systems, allowing for an even higher temperature of formation derived from the isotopic data.
Nucleotide sequence of the petE gene encoding plastocyanin from the photosynthetic prokaryote, Prochlorothrix hollandica.

Abstract We have determined the nucleotide sequence of the petE gene encoding plastocyanin from the chlorophyll a b - containing photosynthetic prokaryote, Prochlorothrix hollandica . Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence encoded by the gene with the N-terminal sequence of the purified protein revealed that plastocyanin is synthesized as a precursor bearing an N-terminal domain of 34 amino acids having some structural similarity to thylakoid lumenal transit peptides identified in other organisms. The mature protein has an apparent isoelectric point of 8.37 and a molecular mass of 10236 Da.
Maximum sequence test pattern generators with irreducible characteristic polynomials

Abstract Mechanisms that can generate maximum-length sequences (M-sequences) are of particular interest in pseudoexhaustive or pseudorandom built-in Test Pattern Generation (TPG). The characteristic polynomial of these mechanisms is restricted to be chosen among primitive polynomials only, since the latter require only one initialization state (seed). Recently, it was shown that any non-primitive irreducible polynomial can be used as characteristic polynomial to generate an M-sequence in the minimum number of cycles and with hardware overhead bounded by a low constant irrespectively of the number of seeds. In this paper, we describe and analyze the hardware overhead of two alternative schemes for the same purpose. These schemes offer even lower hardware overhead than the original one for a large majority of non-primitive irreducible polynomials of each degree. We also catalog each non-primitive irreducible polynomial of degree 12–22 according to the least costly of these schemes that can be used with it to generate an M-sequence.
Four-dimensional docking: a fast and accurate account of discrete receptor flexibility in ligand docking.

Many available methods aimed at incorporating the receptor flexibility in ligand docking are computationally expensive, require a high level of user intervention, and were tested only on benchmarks of limited size and diversity. Here we describe the Four-dimensional (4D) docking approach that allows seamless incorporation of receptor conformational ensembles in a single docking simulation and reduces the sampling time while preserving the accuracy of traditional ensemble docking. The approach was tested on a benchmark of 99 therapeutically relevant proteins and 300 diverse ligands (half of them experimental or marketed drugs). The conformational variability of the binding pockets was represented by the available crystallographic data, with the total of 1113 receptor structures. The 4D docking method reproduced the correct ligand binding geometry in 77.3% of the benchmark cases, matching the success rate of the traditional approach, but employed on average only one fourth of the time during the ligand sampling phase.
Use of Traditional and Nontraditional Food Venues Among Female Participants in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)

We examined food venues used, food shopping frequency, types of foods purchased, and associations with body mass index (BMI) among 207 female Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participants in eastern North Carolina. The majority reported using supermarkets (96%) and supercenters (86%) and reported using these venues most often. Drug stores (13%), convenience stores (30%), the homeless shelter (17%), gardens (30%), and farmers' markets (27%) were used by fewer participants. Women purchased healthier food at supermarkets and supercenters and less healthy food at drug stores and convenience stores. Future work should examine the association between venue type and specific food items purchased.
Experimental phase relations of hydrous peridotites modelled in the system H 2 O-CaO-MgO-Al 2 O 3 ,-SiO 2

The hydration of peridotites modelled by the system H2O-CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 has been treated theoretically after the method of Schreinemakers, and has been investigated experimentally in the temperature range 700°–900° C and in the pressure range of 8–14 kbar. In the presence of excess forsterite and water, the garnet- to spinel-peridotite transition boundary intersects the chlorite dehydration boundary at an invariant point situated at 865±5° C and 15.2±0.3 kbar. At lower pressures, a model spinel lherzolite hydrates to both chlorite- and amphibole-bearing assemblages at an invariant point located at 825±10° C and 9.3±0.5 kbar. At even lower pressures the spinel-to plagioclase-peridotite transition boundary intersects the dehydration curve for amphibole+forsterite at an invariant point estimated to lie at 855±10° C and 6.5±0.5 kbar. Both chlorite and amphibole were characterized along their respective dehydration curves. Chlorite was found to shift continuously from clinochlore, with increasing temperature, to more aluminous compositions. Amphibole was found to be tremolitic with a maximmum of 6 wt.% Al2O3. The experimentally determined curves in this study were combined with the determined or estimated stability curves for hydrous melting, plagioclase, talc, anthophyllite, and antigorite to obtain a petrogenetic grid applicable to peridotites, modelled by the system H2O-CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2, that covers a wide range of geological conditions. Direct applications of this grid, although quite limited, can be made for ultramafic assemblages that have been extensively re-equilibrated at greenschist to amphibolite facies metamorphism and for some highgrade ultramafic assemblages that display clear signs of retrogressive metamorphism.
Political Culture and Regime Type: Evidence from Nicaragua and Costa Rica

Political science has long attempted to link the development of a civic culture to the emergence and stability of democratic political systems. This paper uses recent survey data from Nicaragua and Costa Rica to examine this linkage by testing the thesis that Costa Rica, Latin America's oldest democracy, should exhibit higher levels of support for democratic norms than would Nicaragua, a country that up through the date of the survey (1989) had not experienced full formal democratic governance. The findings refute this thesis and suggest, instead, that democratic values are far more utilitarian than have been previously suggested.
Nondegenerate four-wave mixing in gold nanocomposites formed by ion implantation

Nondegenerate four-wave mixing technique has been used to investigate the third-order nonlinear susceptibility for nanocomposite material with Au nanocrystals formed inside a SiO{sub 2} glass matrix. High concentrations of encapsulated Au nanocrystals are formed by implantation of Au ions into fused silica glass substrates and thermal annealing. The size distribution and the depth profiles of the Au nanoparticles can be controlled by the implantation dose, energy and annealing temperatures. The high value of the third-order susceptibility - (0.26--1.3)x10{sup -7} esu was found in the range of the frequency detunings near the surface plasmon resonance. Two characteristic relaxation times, 0.66 ps and 5.3 ps, have been extracted from the detuning curve of the third-order susceptibility as the probe-beam frequency changes and the pump-beam frequency fixed at the plasmon resonance. The first relaxation time was attributed to electron-phonon relaxation, and the second to thermal diffusion to the host medium. The efficient nondegenerate conversion is attractive for optical processing.
Cultures of Control in Contemporary Societies

Expectations are high when the author of Punishment and Welfare (Garland 1985) and Punishment and Modem Society (Garland 1990) appears back on stage with a new volume. They are heightened when prominent scholars, on the book's flap, promise the reader a "brilliant" (Richard Sennett) or "marvelous" (Bruce Western) book, "a remarkable and visionary exegesis" (Mitchell Duneier), "essential reading" (Loic Wacquant), and "the most important book on the sociology of punishment and social control since Foucault's Discipline and Punish" (Jonathan Simon). And indeed, in The Culture of Control, David Garland, seeking to understand Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society, offers an analysis of amazingly broad scope. The author summarizes the totality of dramatic changes in response to crime during the last 30 years. And he attempts to explain these changes through (1) a set of basic social and cultural transformations, distinctive rifts in the social organization of late modernity, yielding a sense of profound ontological uncertainty for all, on the one hand, and (2) the free market and socially conservative politics that accompanied these transformations, on the other. Historic depth reaches from the Hobbesian through a Marxian to a late modem problem of order, while focusing on the latter. The substantive
An in situ study of rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris) physiology : effect of season and mercury contamination

Selected physiological and biochemical variables were examined in rock bass, Ambloplites rupestris, which were collected on five different sampling dates from an area of chronic mercury contamination and a reference site on the South River, Virginia.
Association between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in ERCC4 and Risk of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck

Background Excision repair cross-complementation group 4 gene (ERCC4/XPF) plays an important role in nucleotide excision repair and participates in removal of DNA interstrand cross-links and DNA double-strand breaks. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ERCC4 may impact repair capacity and affect cancer susceptibility.
Solution of plate bending problems in fracture mechanics using a specialized finite element technique

Abstract This paper deals with the development and application of a special crack-tip finite element to obtain the bending and shear intensity factors for thin elastic plates containing cracks. The bending and shear intensity factors are then used to compute the Strain Energy Density Factor and the direction of crack initiation. The solution procedure is illustrated through several numerical examples. The problem of an axial flow compressor blade containing a crack is solved using a combination of special crack tip plate bending and plane stress elements.
Pancreatic endosonography after Billroth II gastrectomy.

Background and study aims Prior Billroth II gastrectomy is considered a relative contraindication to endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) of the pancreatic head. This study reviews experience with pancreatic EUS in such patients. Patients and methods Eleven patients were identified who had previous Billroth II gastrectomy and underwent attempted pancreatic EUS. Results Examination of the pancreatic head was technically feasible in 10 of the patients. The inferior pancreatic head, ampulla, and periampullary ducts were seen in all; the superior pancreatic head and porta hepatis were visualized in 50 % of cases with radial echo endoscopes and 100 % with a linear-array echo endoscope. The pancreatic neck was fully imaged in 25 % of cases with radial echo endoscopes and in 60 % with a linear-array echo endoscope. One known pancreatic neck mass was not visualized. Conclusions Pancreatic EUS is technically feasible in most patients with a prior Billroth II gastrectomy. Linear-array echo endoscopes provide a more complete examination than radial echo endoscopes. The pancreatic neck may be difficult to visualize.
Pulmonary hyalinizing granuloma and retroperitoneal fibrosis in an adolescent

We describe a 15-year-old boy who developed pulmonary hyalinizing granuloma (PHG) and retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF). His PHG and RPF were not associated with histoplasmosis or tuberculosis and appeared to represent idiopathic autoimmune phenomena. This is the first reported case of PHG in a pediatric patient and the fourth reported co-occurrence of PHG and RPF. The use of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the diagnostic and follow-up evaluation of PHG is reported.
Optimal intra-cell cooperation with precoding in wireless heterogeneous networks

Wireless heterogeneous networks have emerged as a new paradigm to meet the fast increasing wireless capacity and coverage demands. Coordinated Multipoint Processing (CoMP) and Precoding are two promising techniques to further improve the network capacity and spectral efficiency. This paper presents an optimal intra-cell CoMP resource allocation scheme in a wireless heterogeneous network and explores the Tomlinson-Harashima Precoding (THP) in the physical layer to reduce the inter-user interference. The objective is to maximize the aggregate proportional rates in the system. We derive an asymptotically optimal solution for resource allocation by using a gradient descent based scheduling and KKT conditions for optimality. Simulation results demonstrate the system proportional fairness capacity gain of proposed resource allocation scheme and this resource management framework provides a guideline for future radio resource management in wireless heterogeneous networks.
An alternative perspective: The acculturation of American Jews

The prevailing position among social scientists that American Jewry is rapidly assimilating is questioned. While acknowledging that American Jews are fully integrated into American society, the position taken here is that, rather than assimilating, they are acculturating. Data from the 1990 National Jewish Population Survey and a recent study of Alaskan Jews are offered in support of the latter position.
Braid groups and the co-Hopfian property

Abstract Let B n be the braid group on n ⩾ 4 strands. We prove that B n modulo its center is co-Hopfian. We then show that any injective endomorphism of B n is geometric in the sense that it is induced by a homeomorphism of a punctured disk. We further prove that any injection from B n to B n + 1 is geometric for n ⩾ 7 . Additionally, we obtain analogous results for mapping class groups of punctured spheres. The methods use Thurston's theory of surface homeomorphisms and build upon work of Ivanov–McCarthy.
Role of Mammalian Vacuolar Protein-sorting Proteins in Endocytic Trafficking of a Non-ubiquitinated G Protein-coupled Receptor to Lysosomes

Many signaling receptors require covalent modification by ubiquitin for agonist-induced down-regulation via endocytic trafficking to lysosomes, a process that is mediated by a conserved set of endosome-associating proteins also required for vacuolar protein-sorting (VPS) in yeast. The delta opioid receptor (DOR) is a G protein-coupled receptor that can undergo agonist-induced proteolysis via endocytic trafficking to lysosomes but does not require covalent modification by ubiquitin to do so. This raises the question of whether lysosomal down-regulation of this "ubiquitination-independent" GPCR is mediated by a completely distinct biochemical mechanism or if similar VPS machinery is involved. Agonist-induced proteolysis of DOR was significantly inhibited by dominant negative mutant versions of Vps4/Skd1, an AAA-family ATPase required for a late step in lysosomal sorting of ubiquitinated membrane cargo. Furthermore, overexpression and interfering RNA-mediated knockdown indicated that lysosomal trafficking of opioid receptors is also dependent on Hrs, a VPS protein that mediates an early step in lysosomal sorting of ubiquitinated cargo. However, interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of Tsg101, a VPS protein that is essential for an intermediate step of the conserved lysosomal sorting mechanism, did not detectably affect agonist-induced proteolysis of DOR in the same cells in which (ubiquitination-dependent) lysosomal trafficking of epidermal growth factor receptors was clearly inhibited. These results indicate that opioid receptors, despite their ability to undergo efficient agonist-induced trafficking to lysosomes in the absence of covalent modification by ubiquitin, utilize some (Vps4 and Hrs) but perhaps not all (Tsg101) of the VPS machinery required for lysosomal sorting of ubiquitinated membrane cargo.
Phosphate absorption by air-stressed root systems.

Root systems from plants grown in nutrient solution were exposed to air and either transferred to fresh nutrient solution containing 32P-labeled phosphate or placed in a psychrometer to determine their water potential. The amount of 32P absorbed by maize and soybean roots in the hour following their exposure to air was proportional to their water potential at the time they were transferred. Some cells, probably located in the stele, were more resistant to moisture stress than others. Absorption of 32P by all cells was severely inhibited by water potentials below-12 to-15 bars. Nearly normal amounts of the radioisotope and total phosphate were absorbed within 72 hr following root exposure of 4 of 5 species of detopped plants; some phosphorus was lost to the nutrient solution. Uptake of 32P by passive processes was increased slightly by exposure of roots of intact maize plants to air, but the increase did not compensate for the substantial reduction in actively-absorbed 32P.
A review of interoperability and possibilities for data analysis from virtual world environments

Massively multi-user online virtual environments are gaining widespread attention and use. There are both proprietary and open-source implementations of these environments and they also use different communication protocols and data formats. After studying some of those protocols and formats, this paper provides a review of the current state of the art in the interoperability of these systems and elaborates on the possibilities of data analysis provided by them. A set of features regarding interoperability and data analysis is proposed, including the use of open communication protocols and content formats, then some of the most popular virtual world platforms (Second Life, OpenSim, Taiga, Active Worlds, Open Wonderland, Croquet Project, Tundra and Sirikata) are compared in terms of those features.
Nested arrays as an extension for APL

This workshop will be held to inform interested members of the APL community about current research on adding nested arrays to APL. The Chairman will present a brief summary of current research in the area, indicating the issues that are yet unresolved, and presenting a set of criteria for deciding them. Each panel member will speak briefly to the issues and then an open discussion will follow.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 148

Nuclear structure information available to December 1976 has been reviewed. The level properties obtained from various reaction and decay experiments are shown in the drawings. Experimental details, references, and comments are given in the text. Level bands are indicated and referenced to systematics.
Treatment of Tics and Tourette Syndrome

Tics come in a variety of types and frequencies; have a waxing and waning course; are exacerbated by stress, anxiety, and fatigue; and often resolve or improve in the teenage or early adult years. Tourette syndrome requires the presence of chronic, fluctuating motor and phonic tics. In addition to tics, individuals with Tourette syndrome often have a variety of comorbid conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression and anxiety, episodic outbursts, and academic difficulties. These conditions often are a greater source of difficulty than the tics themselves. All patients with tics should be evaluated to assure proper diagnosis and to identify any associated psychopathology or academic difficulty. The treatment of tics begins with education of the patient and family, including discussions about the fundamentals of tics: their characteristics, etiology, outcomes, and available treatments. Therapy should be individualized based on the extent of impairment, available support, ability to cope, and the presence of other problems. Indications for the treatment of tics include psychosocial problems (loss of self-esteem, comments from peers, excessive worries about tics, diminished participation in activities), functional difficulties, classroom disruption, and physical discomfort. A variety of behavioral approaches can be used. Recent studies have emphasized the value of comprehensive behavioral intervention for tics (CBIT). Because habit reversal is the major component of CBIT, a cooperative patient, the presence of a premonitory urge, and a committed family are essential ingredients for success. If tic-suppressing medication is required, a two-tier approach and monotherapy are recommended. First-tier medications, notably the α-adrenergic agonists, are recommended for individuals with milder tics, especially persons with both tics and ADHD. Second-tier medications include various typical and atypical neuroleptics. Their sequence of prescription is often based on physician experience; I favor pimozide and fluphenazine. Atypical antipsychotics, such as risperidone and aripiprazole, have some advantages based on their side-effect profile and are particularly beneficial in individuals with significant co-existing behavioral issues. As will become readily apparent, however, few medications have been adequately assessed. Deep brain stimulation is an emerging therapy, but further data are required to optimize the location of electrode placement and stimulation and to determine precise indications for its implementation. Stimulant medication is effective in treating ADHD in children with tics; studies reducing concerns about its use are discussed.
Crown Ether Functionalized Lipid Membranes: Lead Ion Recognition and Molecular Reorganization

A fluorescent lipid bilayer, functionalized with 18-crown-6, was developed to examine the mechanism of chemical recognition-induced molecular reorganization events in a membrane system. The synthet...
Towards a Second Stage of Indeterminism in Science

AbstractAn invited address in 1964 constitutes the pre-history of fractals, and a justification is given here why its publication is now of interest because of its interdisciplinary nature. Fractal geometry has been successful as mathematics and has – through computer graphics – pioneered a new art. But until 1975, the author's work was generally considered as premature. In the original address of 1964, which here follows the historical introduction, the author states the mathematical basis for his philosophy of the Second Stage of Indeterminism in Science. The term fractals was not coined until 11 years after the original address of 1964.
Further studies of Ni (001)c(2 x 2)CO: Evidence for back donation in the chemisorption bond

We report new results for the chemisorption system Ni $(001)c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)\mathrm{CO}$ using angle-resolved polarization-dependent photoemission with synchrotron radiation ($10\ensuremath{\le}h\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\le}40$ eV). Adsorbate-induced structure with $\ensuremath{\pi}$- like symmetry is observed in normal emission at ${E}_{i}\ensuremath{\simeq}\ensuremath{-}2.2$ eV, and in the (100) mirror plane off normal at ${E}_{i}\ensuremath{\simeq}\ensuremath{-}1.3$ eV. Using the back-bonding scheme of Blyholder, an interpretation is given in terms of the mixing of metal $d\ensuremath{\pi}$ orbitals with the empty $2\ensuremath{\pi}$ orbital of molecular CO.
Phase partitioning modeling of ethanol, isopropanol, and methanol with BTEX compounds in water

This study investigates the equilibrium phase partitioning behavior of ethanol, isopropanol, and methanol in a two-phase liquid-liquid system consisting of water and an individual BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylenes) compound. A previously developed computer program is enhanced to generate ternary phase diagrams for analysis of each three-component cosolvent-nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL)-water mixture combination. The required activity coefficients are estimated using the UNIFAC (Universal Quasichemical Functional group Activity Coefficient) model. The UNIFAC-derived ternary phase diagrams generally show good agreement against published experimental data, and similar phase partitioning behavior is observed for every BTEX compound in the presence of the same cosolvent. Furthermore, a set of laboratory experiments is conducted to determine the maximum single-phase water content for every mixture combination considered in this study where the volume composition of the cosolvent and the NAPL components is a blend of 85% alcohol and 15% BTEX compound. Comparison of experimentally-derived maximum single-phase water contents against UNIFAC-derived results shows good agreement for mixtures containing ethanol and methanol, but relatively poor agreement for mixtures containing isopropanol.
Use of the wavelet transform for signal detection

In this paper, the wavelet transform is used for the purpose of noise reduction and signal enhancement in order to aid in the detection of randomly occurring short duration signals in noisy environments with signal to noise ratios of about -30 dB. The noise is characterized as being additive and consists of correlated interference as well as Gaussian noise. Such problems are encountered in many applications, such as health diagnostics (e.g. electrocardiograms, echo-cardiograms and electroencephalograms), underwater acoustics and geophysical applications where a signature signal passes through multiple media. The wavelet transform, with its basis functions localized both in time and frequency, provides the user with a signal representation suitable for detection purposes. Following the introduction, a brief description of the problem with the characteristics of the signal to be detected and the noise that is present in the environment is given. Then, background information on the wavelet transform is presented. Finally, our results obtained by applying the wavelet transform to signal detection are shown.
Complex formation equilibria between fumaric acid and lanthanides

Abstract Complexation in the lanthanidefumaric acid (H 2 L) system has been studied by potentiometric titration over the pH fange of 3–4. The measurements were performed in 0.10 M NaClO 4 at 25 °C. The data indicate the formation of the species LnL + and LnHL 2+ but not of Ln 2 L. The results are compared to comparable data for complexing by various carboxylic and dicarboxylic acids.
Alternative Feeding Strategies to Maximize Fish Oil and Fish Meal Sparing in Largemouth Bass Culture while Maintaining Production Performance and Product Value

Abstract Feeding trials were conducted to determine (1) the optimal inclusion of poultry byproduct meal (PBM) and poultry fat (PF) as alternatives to fish meal (FM) and fish oil (FO) in diets for Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides and (2) whether the poultry-based formulations could be used in conjunction with FO-based finishing feeds in a strategy to minimize the use of marine-derived ingredients while maintaining performance and fillet composition. In trial 1, fish (mean ± SE = 16.0 ± 0.5 g) were reared for 9 weeks on diets (∼40% protein, ∼10% lipid) containing graded levels of FM (0, 7.5, or 15%) and FO (0, 3, or 6%), with PBM and PF replacing FM and FO, respectively. The results indicated that complete replacement of marine feedstuffs with PBM and PF had no significant effects on production performance; all diets yielded equivalent weight gain (mean ± SE = 277 ± 45%), feed conversion ratio (FCR; 1.4 ± 0.4), and feed consumption (39 ± 6 g/fish), although fillet fatty acid profile reflected the diet....
Applicability of Time-Temperature Indicators as Shelf Life Monitors of Food Products

A systematic approach that allows the correlation of the response of a Time-Temperature Indicator (TTI) to the consumed and remaining shelf life of a food product exposed to the same variable temperature conditions was developed. The approach was based on kinetic principles and is applicable to a TTI-food system without necessitating side by side testing. The applicability of three major TTI types to the developed scheme was studied. Experiments under several isothermal conditions were conducted and kinetic parameters for the three TTI were determined. All TTI showed an Arrhenius temperature dependence and their calculated activation energies ranged from 10 to 40 kcal/mol.
Parental response to children's pain: The moderating impact of children's emotional distress on symptoms and disability

Parental responses play a central role in the development and maintenance of children's pain behavior. Previous studies examining the impact of parental responses on children's pain have focused mainly on protective or solicitous responses. This study examined the impact of parental responses, including protectiveness, minimization of pain, and encouraging and monitoring responses, on children's functional disability and somatic symptoms. Participants included 327 patients with chronic pain, ages 8-17, who completed measures of pain, disability, somatic symptoms, depression, and anxiety. Patients' parents completed a measure assessing parental responses to their children's pain. Results show that for children with higher levels of emotional distress, maladaptive parental responses to pain (e.g., criticism, discounting of pain, increased attention to pain, and granting of special privileges) were associated with increased disability and somatic symptoms. Results of this study demonstrate the important ways in which parents can influence how their children cope with and manage chronic pain. Children whose parents are overly protective or critical of their pain may experience more impairment or somatic symptoms, particularly those children who are already at risk for difficulties due to higher levels of emotional distress.
Resource-assessment perspectives for unconventional gas systems

Concepts are described for assessing those unconventional gas sys tems that can also be defined as continuous accumulations. Contin uous gas accumulations exist more or less independently of the wa ter column and do not owe their existence directly to the buoyancy of gas in water. They cannot be represented in terms of individual, countable fields or pools delineated by downdip water contacts. For these reasons, traditional resource-assessment methods based on es timating the sizes and numbers of undiscovered discrete fields can not be applied to continuous accumulations. Specialized assessment methods are required. Unconventional gas systems that are also continuous accumu lations include coalbed methane, basin-centered gas, so-called tight gas, fractured shale (and chalk) gas, and gas hydrates. Deep-basin and bacterial gas systems may or may not be continuous accumu lations, depending on their geologic setting. Two basic resource-assessment approaches have been em ployed for continuous accumulations. The first approach is based on estimates of gas in place. A volumetric estimate of total gas in place is commonly coupled with an overall recovery factor to nar row the assessment scope from a treatment of gas volumes residing in sedimentary strata to a prediction of potential additions to re serves. The second approach is based on the production perfor mance of continuous gas reservoirs, as shown empirically by wells and reservoir-simulation models. In these methods, production characteristics (as opposed to gas in place) are the foundation for forecasts of potential additions to reserves.