cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF CEREBRAL EMBOLISM AND HAEMORRHAGIC INFARCTION WITH SEQUENTIAL COMPUTERIZED CRANIAL TOMOGRAPHY

Haemorrhagic infarction is typically not present immediately after cerebral embolism. Spontaneous haemorrhagic transformation evolves over several days. As a consequence, delayed CT scans are essential to exclude haemorrhagic infarction before initiating anticoagulant therapy. Sequential CT scanning can also help in the diagnosis of cerebral embolism in patients with stroke of unknown cause. In such cases the detection of haemorrhagic infarction on a delayed scan suggests an embolic mechanism. The evolution of haemorrhagic infarction on sequential CT scans graphically demonstrates the dynamic nature of this lesion and thereby indicates why serious brain haemorrhage may result from anticoagulation immediately after cerebral embolism.
Discrete Macrocycles to Infinite Polymeric Frames: Crystal Engineering Studies of Ag(I):Pyrimidine Complexes

Abstract Crystal structures of seven complexes with varying Ag(I):pyrimidine ratios reveal novel 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D networks: [Ag(pyrimidine)][NO 3 ] ( 1 ), [Ag(pyrimidine)][ReO 4 ] ( 2 ), [Ag(pyrimidine)][BF 4 ]·H 2 O ( 3 ), [Ag 2.5 (pyrimidine) 3 ][ClO 4 ] 2.5 ( 4 ), [Ag(pyrimidine) 1.5 ][BF 4 ] ( 5 ), [Ag(pyrimidine) 2 ][BF 4 ] ( 6 ), and [Ag(pyrimidine) 2 ][PF 6 ]·0.5H 2 O ( 7 ). The 1:1 Ag:pyrimidine tetracationic squares observed in complexes 1 and 2 suggest a simple one-step route to the synthesis of discrete macrocycles. Further, the open channel architecture of the macrocycles in these complexes facilitates ion exchange. Complex 3 (also 1:1) is solvated with water molecules and has a corrugated molecular brick wall architecture with Ag(I) adopting a “T-shaped” geometry. The unusual metal-to-ligand ratio in 4 (2.5:3) leads to the formation of a 1D staircase polymer comprised of molecular squares linked by dipyrimidine units. Complex 5 (1:1.5) has a 9.5 A-thick 2D layer structure formed by tetracationic macrocycles that are linked at the corners by pyrimidine units. The 1:2 complexes, 6 and 7 , form two different 3D polymers based on conformational isomerism of Ag(I):pyrimidine tetrahedra. The structural features of complexes 1–7 suggest that angular ligands are far more likely to exhibit supramolecular isomers than linear bifunctional ligands and that rational design of coordination polymers with multiple metal coordination geometries would result in novel infinite polymeric frameworks.
Orbital Express mission operations planning and resource management using ASPEN

As satellite equipment and mission operations become more costly, the drive to keep working equipment running with less man-power rises.Demonstrating the feasibility of autonomous satellite servicing was the main goal behind the Orbital Express (OE) mission. Planning the satellite mission operations for OE required the ability to create a plan which could be executed autonomously over variable conditions. The Automated-Scheduling and Planning Environment (ASPEN)tool, developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, was used to create the schedule of events in each daily plan for the two satellites of the OE mission. This paper presents an introduction to the ASPEN tool, the constraints of the OE domain, the variable conditions that were presented within the mission, and the solution to operations that ASPEN provided. ASPEN has been used in several other domains, including research rovers, Deep Space Network scheduling research, and in flight operations for the ASE project's EO1 satellite. Related work is discussed, as are the future of ASPEN and the future of autonomous satellite servicing.
Smart card fault attacks on elliptic curve cryptography

Blommer, Otto, and Seifert presented a fault attack on elliptic curve scalar multiplication called the Sign Change Attack, which causes a fault that changes the sign of the accumulation point. As the use of a sign bit for an extended integer is highly unlikely, this appears to be a highly selective manipulation of the key stream. Here we describe two plausible fault attacks on a smart card implementation of elliptic curve cryptography.
CLINICIANS' ASSESSMENTS OF FAMILIES WITH A CHRONICALLY ILL CHILD

To examine how often specialists caring for chronically ill children detect serious psychosocial problems in the family, parents of 23 children (ages 5-11 yrs.) with diabetes mellitus who regularly attended the diabetes clinic were interviewed at home by psychological researchers previously unknown to the family. Questions were designed to detect serious marital problems (e.g., considering divorce) and serious problems in the parent-child relationship (PCR) (e.g., excessive underinvolvement by a parent). Problems were rated as: definite, possible, or absent. Parental responses were compared with the clinic staff's (physician, nurse practitioner, and social worker) knowledge of marital and PCR problems. Knowledge was assessed by an interviewer unaware of the parental responses. Clinicians and researchers agreed in 61% of the assessments of the marriages; clinicians noted that 9% of families had a definite marital problem vs. 26% reported to the researchers. Of the 6 families reporting a definite problem, 2 were also noted by the clinicians. Agreement in the assessments of the PCR occurred in only 30% of cases. A definite problem was noted in 9% of families by clinicians and 17% by researchers. Clinicians appear to underestimate the extent of psychosocial problems in these families. This may be due to the family's need to present itself as normal in the medical setting, as well as the clinician's style of offering services.
Birth of an Abstraction: A Dynamical Systems Account of the Discovery of an Elsewhere Principle in a Category Learning Task

Human participants and recurrent ("connectionist") neural networks were both trained on a categorization system abstractly similar to natural language systems involving irregular ("strong") classes and a default class. Both the humans and the networks exhibited staged learning and a generalization pattern reminiscent of the Elsewhere Condition (Kiparsky, 1973). Previous connectionist accounts of related phenomena have often been vague about the nature of the networks' encoding systems. We analyzed our network using dynamical systems theory, revealing topological and geometric properties that can be directly compared with the mechanisms of non-connectionist, rule-based accounts. The results reveal that the networks "contain" structures related to mechanisms posited by rule-based models, partly vindicating the insights of these models. On the other hand, they support the one mechanism (OM), as opposed to the more than one mechanism (MOM), view of symbolic abstraction by showing how the appearance of MOM behavior can arise emergently from one underlying set of principles. The key new contribution of this study is to show that dynamical systems theory can allow us to explicitly characterize the relationship between the two perspectives in implemented models.
Early experience of a pilot intervention for patients with depression and chronic medical illness in an urban ACO

Abstract Objective The objective was to describe the design, implementation and preliminary results of a collaborative care pilot program using hybrid colocation and centralized care management for patients with depression and chronic medical illness in an urban accountable care organization. Methods Patients with chronic illness (diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease and/or congestive heart failure) and comorbid depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ]9 score ≥10) were enrolled. The interventions included collaborative care for depression and chronic conditions; behavioral support, including short-term psychotherapy by licensed clinical social worker on-site or telephonically; off-site nurse care management and psychiatrist consultation through an electronic medical record. Results Forty-four percent of patients ( n =61) achieved a depression response. In a diabetes subgroup with depression and glycosylated hemoglobin level HbA1c >8 ( n =21), 33% had a depression response with a minimum 0.5% HbA1c reduction. Among a subgroup ( n =25) with Framingham risk score >15% and depression, mean PHQ9 depression scores and mean Framingham scores were reduced by 35% and 34%, respectively. Conclusions Early experience of the pilot for multiple chronic illnesses and depression appears feasible and shows initial promise.
Upper eocene gilled mushroom from the dominican republic.

Coprinites dominicana gen.nov., spec.nov. (Coprinaceae) found in amber from the Dominican Republic is the earliest known gilled mushroom, the first fossil fleshy agaric determinable, and the only kiiown fossil "mushroom" (Agaricales) from the tropics. This find is of significance with respect to the evolutionary development of the Basidiomycetes. Because the appearance of this fossil is quite modern, it suggests that mushrooms as a group probably arose much earlier than the early to mid-Tertiary.
Enhanced reachability analysis via automated dynamic netlist-based hint generation

While SAT-based algorithms have largely displaced BDD-based verification techniques due to their typically higher scalability, there are classes of problems for which BDD-based reachability analysis is the only existing method for an automated solution. Nonetheless, reachability engines require a high degree of tuning to perform well on challenging benchmarks. In addition to clever partitioning and scheduling techniques, the use of hints has been proposed to decompose an otherwise breadth-first fixedpoint computation into a series of underapproximate computations, requiring a larger number of (pre-) image iterations though often significantly reducing peak BDD size and thus resource requirements. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach to boost the scalability of reachability computation: automated netlist-based hint generation. Experiments confirm that this approach can yield significant resource reductions; often over an order of magnitude on complex problems compared to reachability analysis without hints, and even compared to SAT-based proof techniques.
The effect of multiple exposure to high pressure oxygen on the accumulation of (3H) lysine into spinal cord grey matter, retina and various types of neurons.

Abstract Male Wistar strain rats were subjected to repeated exposures to oxygen at high pressure (OHP) at 3 atm absolute for 1 hr each day for 10 days. They were then injected with [3H] dl -lysine while in the awakened state through indwelling intravenous cannulas and compared with appropriate controls in relation to [3H]lysine accumulation in plasma, retina, spinal cord grey matter, Purkinje cells, ventral horn motor neurons and in dorsal root ganglia and supraoptic neurons. Accumulation of lysine into blocks of tissue was depressed in retina, whole dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord grey matter, but not in Purkinje cells or ventral horn motor neurons. Accumulation was depressed in cells of the dorsal root ganglia, but elevated in the cells of the supraoptic nucleus. These variations would seem to represent regional differences in response to OHP.
Memory and Social Imagination: Latin American Reflections

The imagination opens onto a reconciliation of the past with the future, especially when it is activated as a retrieval of the memories of collective suffering. This is especially the case with the Latin American experience, with its history of military governments and their ‘dirty wars’ against their civilians. Using Ricoeur's notion of the metaphorical imagination, and drawing on Dussel's work on ethical hermeneutics, this paper argues that, in the act of remembering, other social imaginaries can be created as possibilities that go beyond the concrete present, and which occur from the vantage points of oppressed others.
The early months of stuttering: A developmental study

Objective data on the development of stuttering during its first several months are sparse. Such a deficit is due to parents’ tendency to postpone professional consultation regarding early stutteri...
More on the measurement of spontaneous alternation

Still and MacMillan (1977) suggested the negative of the Phi coefficient (− &#x1d6d7;) as a measure of free-trial spontaneous alternation. This new index is compared with the Adjusted Alternation Ratio (AAR), previously developed by Manning (1973b). It is concluded that there are many situations in which the AAR is a more useful measure. Other issues in assessing spontaneous alternation noted by Still and MacMillan are discussed.
Fine structural changes in liver cells of Rana catesbeiana during natural metamorphosis.

Abstract During natural metamorphosis of Rana catesbeiana there are significant cytological alterations in the liver cells. These changes provide cytological criteria for differentiation of parenchymal cells during metamorphosis. The nuclei of the parenchymal cells are euchromatic in early metamorphic stages and become heterochromatic about the time of forelimb development and remain so. They become more irregular in shape, and the number of nucleoli increases. The mitochondria increase in size, and their cristae change from a broad lamellar to a smaller, more tubular appearance during the period from hindlimb development through metamorphic climax. The rough endoplasmic reticulum proliferates through the cytoplasm and the cisternae become dilated during this period. The Golgi complex is associated with dense granules during early stages of metamorphosis, appears less active during metamorphic climax, and returns to a more active appearance in froglet and adult animals. These changes are interpreted in relation to the biochemical alterations that occur during metamorphosis.
Stability of polydisperse brownian suspensions

Abstract In this paper, an investigation is presented on the coagulation of polydisperse suspensions. The effect of polydispersity is studied theoretically by using results from the collisional theory of gases. In order to assess the polydispersity dependence of colloid stability experimentally, the coagulation of an acoustically created polydisperse emulsion was studied. The stability ratio which is calculated from the theory depends on the electrolyte concentration in the same way as the experimentally determined stability ratio. In estimating a stability ratio using theory, it was assumed that only two types of interaction energy exist, viz. electrostatic and van der Waals. Furthermore, a constant surface potential of 12 mV and a Hamaker constant of 1.2 × 10 −13 erg were used in all calculations. Such necessary assumptions, together with the uncertainties involved in obtaining data from a Coulter Counter, lead to significant discrepancy between theory and experiment. However, the predictions based on the theory presented here agree with experimental data better than previous theories. From this study, it is also concluded that the size distribution of a dispersion affects reasonably the extent of colloid stability or coagulation.
On the origin of pseudosymmetry

Abstract It is suggested that the growth of a low energy atomic configuration is an alternative to statistical faulting for the origin of pseudosymmetry, and that structures observed to have a single five-fold pseudosymmetric axis may have resulted from the continued growth of a low energy pentagonal dipyramid nucleus.
Processes controlling precipitation of carbonate cement and dissolution of silica in reef and near-reef settings

Carbonate cementation in the surface layer of reefs and beachrock eliminates porosity and partially replaces detrital quartz grains. The uptake and release of CO2 by photosynthesis and respiration in reef communities cause a shift in the carbonate buffer system of seawater. Field studies and experimentation simulating the natural settings show minimum values of CO2 (1.9 mmoles 1−1) and HCO3− (2.4 meq 1−1) in association with maximum values of pH (9.8) and O2 (> 100% oxygen saturation) in waters covering corals and algae prior to sunset. The converse is true for these variables prior to sunrise, when minimum values of pH (7.6) and O2 (<66% oxygen saturation) occur with maximum values of CO2 (2.7 mmoles 1−1) and HCO3− (2.7 meq 1−1). Experimental tanks containing plain seawater showed almost no diurnal variability in pH (a constant 7.5–7.6) or O2 (80–90% oxygen saturation) measurements. Seawater adjacent to reef biomass, with elevated pH and supersaturated with calcium carbonate, is periodically pumped into the underlying reef and beach sediments due to pressure-buildups between the reef framework or algal zones and open waters. Carbonate precipitation and quartz dissolution follow. As the system equilibrates, pH values progressively decrease.
Oil red O and hematoxylin: A rapid histologic technic

Abstract A rapid staining technique is described which considerably reduces the delay, relative to usual staining procedures, in the assessment of damage subsequent to brain lesions. Oil Red O and Harris' hematoxylin are used in the 15 min procedure. Coloration is excellent and distortion minimal.
A symmetric variation of a distribution of Kreweras and Poupard

Abstract The distribution of Kreweras and Poupard refines the Narayana number by counting three different cases of lattice bridges, or Catalan sequences, with respect to four parameters. Here, a cycle lemma is established to derive a symmetric distribution that counts one variant of these cases. Variants of the other cases are then counted bijectively. Two bijections between a set of pairs of non-intersecting lattice paths are considered and related to the distribution.
EGF receptor-ligand interaction generates extracellular hydrogen peroxide that inhibits EGFR-associated protein tyrosine phosphatases.

Abstract Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) has been shown to be an important modulator of intracellular phosphatase activity involved in cell signaling pathways, including signaling by members of the receptor tyrosine kinase family of receptors such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Intracellular H 2 O 2 can be generated by mitochondria-dependent pathways, whereas we recently showed that H 2 O 2 could be generated extracellularly by receptor–ligand interaction. Here, we show that H 2 O 2 produced by EGF–EGFR interaction can modulate the activity of intracellular protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Using purified proteins, we found that EGFR–ligand interaction generates H 2 O 2 that is capable of inhibiting the activity of PTP1B in vitro. Furthermore, the addition of catalase rescued phosphatase inhibition consequent to EGF–EGFR interaction. Using cells that overexpress EGFR, we found that the addition of extracellular catalase prevented EGF-induced inhibition of EGFR-associated phosphatase activity. Our findings suggest that extracellular H 2 O 2 generated by EGFR–ligand interaction permeates the plasma membrane and inhibits EGFR-associated tyrosine phosphatase activity, thereby modulating downstream signal transduction pathways.
Continuous Requirement for the Clr4 Complex But Not RNAi for Centromeric Heterochromatin Assembly in Fission Yeast Harboring a Disrupted RITS Complex

Formation of centromeric heterochromatin in fission yeast requires the combined action of chromatin modifying enzymes and small RNAs derived from centromeric transcripts. Positive feedback mechanisms that link the RNAi pathway and the Clr4/Suv39h1 histone H3K9 methyltransferase complex (Clr-C) result in requirements for H3K9 methylation for full siRNA production and for siRNA production to achieve full histone methylation. Nonetheless, it has been proposed that the Argonaute protein, Ago1, is the key initial trigger for heterochromatin assembly via its association with Dicer-independent “priRNAs.” The RITS complex physically links Ago1 and the H3-K9me binding protein Chp1. Here we exploit an assay for heterochromatin assembly in which loss of silencing by deletion of RNAi or Clr-C components can be reversed by re-introduction of the deleted gene. We showed previously that a mutant version of the RITS complex (Tas3WG) that biochemically separates Ago1 from Chp1 and Tas3 proteins permits maintenance of heterochromatin, but prevents its formation when Clr4 is removed and re-introduced. Here we show that the block occurs with mutants in Clr-C, but not mutants in the RNAi pathway. Thus, Clr-C components, but not RNAi factors, play a more critical role in assembly when the integrity of RITS is disrupted. Consistent with previous reports, cells lacking Clr-C components completely lack H3K9me2 on centromeric DNA repeats, whereas RNAi pathway mutants accumulate low levels of H3K9me2. Further supporting the existence of RNAi–independent mechanisms for establishment of centromeric heterochromatin, overexpression of clr4+ in clr4Δago1Δ cells results in some de novo H3K9me2 accumulation at centromeres. These findings and our observation that ago1Δ and dcr1Δ mutants display indistinguishable low levels of H3K9me2 (in contrast to a previous report) challenge the model that priRNAs trigger heterochromatin formation. Instead, our results indicate that RNAi cooperates with RNAi–independent factors in the assembly of heterochromatin.
Lyapunov exponent of chaos generated by acousto-optic modulators with feedback

Generation of chaos from acousto-optic modulators with an electronic feedback has been studied for several years. Such chaotic signals have an important application in providing secure encryption in free-space optical communication systems. Lyapunov exponent is an important parameter for analysis of chaos generated by a nonlinear system. The Lyapunov exponent of an acousto-optic system is determined and calculated in this paper to understand the dependence of the chaotic response on the system parameters such as bias, feedback gain, input intensity and initial condition exciting the cell. Analysis of chaos using Lyapunov exponent is consistent with bifurcation analysis and is useful in encrypting data signals.
Programmed Generalization of Dress Efficiency across Settings for a Severely Disturbed, Autistic Child:

A seriously disturbed, autistic child residing in a community-based group home was studied. The primary objectives were to (1) bring deficient behavior under control in the group home setting, (2) train for generalization of acquired control to the natural home setting, and (3) shape the treatment program to fit the response expectations of the parents in the natural home. Efficiency in dressing was the targeted behavior, determined as the percentage of clothing the child had put on within a specified time limit. Effectiveness of the strategies were evaluated by using an ABAB withdrawal design to assure control and subsequent experimental conditions to program sequentially for generalization of the treatment effect to other staff and parents in the natural home setting. The primary teaching parent established clear control over dress efficiency by utilizing token reinforcers. This control was transferred effectively to other staff and parents in both group home and natural home setting. A negative reinfor...
How does verb aspect constrain event representations

We investigated the relative contribution of perfective and imperfective aspectual cues on situation models. In Experiment 1, participants were more likely to choose pictures showing completed events than pictures showing ongoing events when they had read perfective sentences, but chose either picture after reading imperfective sentences. In Experiment 2, only one picture was presented and participants were faster to respond to completed pictures than to ongoing pictures when they had read perfective sentences, but showed no latency differences after reading the imperfective sentences. In Experiment 3, participants were faster to read perfective sentences after having seen completed pictures rather than intermediate pictures, but there was no difference for imperfective sentences. The consistent pattern of results demonstrates that readers construct mental representations of completed events when the perfective aspect is used to describe an event. The lack of effect on imperfective sentences and pictures suggests that each reader represents an in-progress event at varying stages of completion.
RAD51D protects against MLH1-dependent cytotoxic responses to O6-methylguanine

Abstract SN1-type methylating agents generate O6-methyl guanine (O6-meG), which is a potently mutagenic, toxic, and recombinogenic DNA adduct. Recognition of O6-meG:T mismatches by mismatch repair (MMR) causes sister chromatid exchanges, which are representative of homologous recombination (HR) events. Although the MMR-dependent mutagenicity and toxicity caused by O6-meG has been studied, the mechanisms of recombination induced by O6-meG are poorly understood. To explore the HR and MMR genetic interactions in mammals, we used the Rad51d and Mlh1 mouse models. Ablation of Mlh1 did not appreciably influence the developmental phenotypes conferred by the absence of Rad51d. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) deficient in Rad51d can only proliferate in p53-deficient background. Therefore, Rad51d−/−Mlh1−/− Trp53−/− MEFs with a combined deficiency of HR and MMR were generated and comparisons between MLH1 and RAD51D status were made. To our knowledge, these MEFs are the first mammalian model system for combined HR and MMR defects. Rad51d-deficient MEFs were 5.3-fold sensitive to N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) compared to the Rad51d-proficient MEFs. A pronounced G2/M arrest in Rad51d-deficient cells was accompanied by an accumulation of γ-H2AX and apoptosis. Mlh1-deficient MEFs were resistant to MNNG and showed no G2/M arrest or apoptosis at the doses used. Importantly, loss of Mlh1 alleviated sensitivity of Rad51d-deficient cells to MNNG, in addition to reducing γ-H2AX, G2/M arrest and apoptosis. Collectively, the data support the hypothesis that MMR-dependent sensitization of HR-deficient cells is specific for O6-meG and suggest that HR resolves DNA intermediates created by MMR recognition of O6-meG:T. This study provides insight into recombinogenic mechanisms of carcinogenesis and chemotherapy resulting from O6-meG adducts.
The psychological sense of school membership among adolescents: scale development and educational correlates.

Este articulo analiza el desarrollo y la validacion de una medida de la pertenencia percibida o la pertenencia psicologica de los estudiantes adolescentes al entorno escolar.
The problem of too much power in detecting biases for a real chemical process

Abstract Statistical hypothesis testing in a strategic fashion is often used to locate biased process variables and nodes (interconnecting points) with material leaks. Power, which increases with the number of measurements used in a hypothesis test, represents the ability of the test to correctly conclude the existence of bias or a leak. As computer technology continues to improve, so does the ability to store large quantities of data. Measurement bias occurs from miscalibrated instruments and equipment failures. To some degree, most instruments will have some amount of bias at any given time. Thus, with huge data sets, statistical hypothesis testing strategies will flag nearly all instruments as being biased, which is not a practical result when one is only interested in a bias above a certain threshold (i.e., control of power). This work demonstrates the dilemma of too much power and stresses the control of power by using power functions and a controlled number of measurements. This study was conducted using real plant data provided by the Shell Development Company.
Empirically-Based Principles for Culturally Competent Practice with Latinos

This article presents the results of a qualitative study of 15 Latino clinicians' work with Latino clients. Four core categories-re- lationship, individuality, reality, and flexibility-emerge. These clini- cians' practice is relational, takes into account the individuality and specific reality of the client before them, and is flexible in adapting to these parameters. Modifications made in technique, such as greater ac- tivity and directiveness, are mediated by clients' cultural values and ex- pectations, rendering the work culturally sensitive. These practice principles are similar to findings from the few available empirical stud- ies regarding culturally competent practice. Some guidelines for cultur- ally competent practice are offered. (Article copies available for a fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service: 1-800-HAWORTH. E-mail address: Website: © 2004 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.)
Seasonality of the copepods Acartia hudsonica and Acartia tonsa in Narragansett Bay, RI, USA during a period of climate change

Abstract Seasonality of species living at the boundaries of biogeographic zones may be more sensitive to climate change than in other regions. This is apparently the case for the ctenophore, Mnemiopsis leidyi , in Narragansett Bay, RI, which is the historical northern boundary of its distribution in the Northwest Atlantic. Seasonal advancement of population pulses of this ctenophore correlates with an increase in average annual temperatures of 1.2 °C over the last ∼50 years. Do other zooplankton in Narragansett Bay show evidence of altered phenologies? Here we examine patterns of seasonal succession of the copepod congeners, Acartia tonsa and Acartia hudsonica , for evidence of alteration over the period 1950–2004. A warming trend might be expected to limit springtime abundance of A. hudsonica , a temperate–boreal species that produces resting eggs in response to warm weather. Conversely, increasing temperatures could favor the summer dominant, A. tonsa , over its congener, allowing a shift to earlier appearance in spring, thus preserving the predator-free window that has previously allowed it a period of high production prior to ctenophore population pulses in late summer. Contrary to these predictions we found that A. hudsonica has become the dominant copepod of the congener pair. There has been no seasonal advancement of populations of A. tonsa , whose numbers have plummeted due to intensification of the predator–prey interaction with M. leidyi . In contrast, advancement of seasonal appearance of A. hudsonica is evident in sustained population increases earlier in spring (March rather than in May), although, as predicted, there is curtailment of its distribution in late spring. This latter shift is likely exacerbated by ctenophore predation. This study demonstrates the complexity of predicting individual species responses to climatic warming, even for species with well-known patterns of seasonal and geographic distribution.
Picogram measurement of volatile n-alkanes (n-hexane through n-dodecane) in blood using solid-phase microextraction to assess nonoccupational petroleum-based fuel exposure.

We describe here a new method for the analysis of alkanes (n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, n-nonane, n-decane, n-undecane, and n-dodecane) in blood using headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. This method is used to measure picogram per milliliter levels of n-alkanes in blood that may result from nonoccupational exposure to alkanes and other volatile nonpolar compounds from common sources such as petroleum-based fuel. This alkane signature is useful in distinguishing typical fuel biomarkers (e.g., benzene and toluene) from other confounding exposure sources such as cigarette smoke. Development of this method required special attention to sample handling as alkanes are not highly soluble in aqueous matrixes and exist as ubiquitous compounds found in many laboratory materials and the environment. In particular, significant n-hexane contamination (∼0.4 ng/mL) occurred from collecting blood samples in vacutainers. This residue was removed by boiling the vacutainer stoppers ...
Variability in triactinomyxon production from Tubifex tubifex populations from the same mitochondrial DNA lineage infected with Myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of whirling disease in salmonids

Myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of whirling disease, infects both salmonid fish and an aquatic oligochaete, Tubifex tubifex. Although M. cerebralis has been detected in river drainages throughout the United States, disease severity among wild fish populations has been highly variable. Tubifex tubifex populations have been genetically characterized using sequences from the 16S mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gene, the 18S ribosomal RNA gene, the internal transcribed spacer region 1 (ITS1), and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Our earlier work indicated that large differences in compatibility between the parasite and populations of T. tubifex may play a substantial role in the distribution of whirling disease and resulting mortality in different watersheds. In the present study, we examined 4 laboratory populations of T. tubifex belonging to 16S mtDNA lineage III and 1 population belonging to 16S mtDNA lineage I for triactinomyxon (TAM) production after infection with M. cerebralis myxospores....
Lossless compression of computer generated animation frames

This article presents a new lossless compression algorithm for computer animation image sequences. The algorithm uses transformation information available in the animation script and floating point depth and object number information at each pixel to perform highly accurate motion prediction with vary low computation. The geometric data (i.e., the depth and object number) can either be computed during the original rendering process and stored with the image or computed on the fly during compression and decompression. In the former case the stored geometric data are very efficientlycomporessed using motion prediction and a new technique called direction coding, typically to 1 to 2 bits per pixel. The geometric data are also useful in z-buffer image compsiting and this new compression algorthm offers a very low storage overhead method for saving the information needed for this comoositing. The overall compression ratio of the new algorithm, including the geometic data overhead, in compared to conventional spatial linear prediction compression and block-matching motion. The algorithm improves on a previous motion prediction algorithm by incorporating block predictor switching and color ratio predition. The combination of thes techniques gives compression ratios 30% better than those reported previously.
Deamidation in Human γS-Crystallin from Cataractous Lenses Is Influenced by Surface Exposure†

A major component of human nuclear cataracts is water-insoluble, high molecular weight protein. A significant component of this protein is disulfide bonded γS-crystallin that can be reduced to monomers by dithiothreitol. Analysis of this reduced γS-crystallin showed that deamidation of glutamine and asparagine residues is a principal modification. Deamidation is one of the modifications of lens crystallins associated with aging and cataractogenesis. One proposed hypothesis of cataractogenesis is that it develops in response to altered surface charges that cause conformational changes, which, in turn, permit formation of disulfide bonds and crystallin insolubility. This report, showing deamidation among the disulfide bonded γS-crystallins from cataractous lenses, supports this hypothesis.
Beyond Absolutism: Guiding Principles Needed for Humanitarian Medicine: Letter to the Editor

To the Editor: In their article in the March issue of this journal, Welling et al. [1] performed an admirable job highlighting many of the common pitfalls of humanitarian biomedical interventions and developed a series of prescriptive warnings of specific faults that should be avoided. The accompanying commentary [2] further commends the authors for their unique perspective as both physicians and members of the United States military. In their effort to caution how humanitarian medicine can cause more harm than good, however, the authors may have overstated their argument. An important unmentioned premise of humanitarian interventions is that these ventures are rarely wholly good or bad. These projects typically fall into legal and ethical gray areas that deserve qualification rather than absolute judgments of right or wrong. Welling et al. [1] frame their argument by comparing common humanitarian mistakes to the medieval concept of cardinal sins. By definition, cardinal sins were errors in action or thought that were never justifiable. This concept of moral absolutism seems an inappropriate metaphorical device for the complex relativism inherent to most humanitarian work. The disordered chaos that characterizes most humanitarian crises invites moral ambiguity, and ethical commandments that attempt to dismiss this intrinsic complexity grossly oversimplify the reality of work on the ground. For example, the authors note that politics and medical training often distract from the real ‘‘service’’ component of humanitarian biomedical interventions. To attempt to separate these various elements seems unrealistic and efforts to decouple indirect benefits of humanitarian work from direct service provision may distract from the greater purpose of undertaking such projects in the first place. Given that most humanitarian work requires institutional support (e.g., military, university, faith-based organizations), there will always be special interests beyond direct service that must be evaluated and managed appropriately. But trying to eradicate these secondary objectives is very likely impossible and could very well alienate many of the organizations that currently support such service efforts. Planning and implementing effective and appropriate biomedical humanitarian interventions is fraught with obstacles. Rather than crafting a series of ‘‘thou shalt nots’’ for medical humanitarians, what the greater community needs is a consensus-driven framework for humanitarian intervention. Lists of common mistakes are helpful, but guiding principles that encompass the clinical, educational, logistical, and ethical-legal issues surrounding medical humanitarianism are dearly needed. Such guidelines would recognize the inherent problems of these interventions and provide realistic guidance to managing the complexity and moral ambiguity of such work.
Diffusion tensor imaging of the pediatric optic nerve: Intrinsic and extrinsic pathology compared to normal controls

Purpose: To establish normative magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (MRDTI) data in the pediatric optic nerve and compare to pathologic conditions both intrinsic and extrinsic to the anterior optic nerve pathway. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of MRDTI at 3.0T in children ages 0–18 with both normal imaging studies and with pathologic conditions either arising from the optic nerves or exerting mass effect on the anterior optic pathways was performed. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were obtained within the posterior part of the intraorbital optic nerves. Statistical analysis compared normal controls to optic pathway lesions. Results: Lesions intrinsic to the optic nerve including septo-optic dysplasia and optic nerve glioma demonstrated statistically significant reductions in FA and increases in ADC values. There was no statistically significant difference in FA or mean diffusivity between the normal controls and patients with lesions extrinsic to the optic nerve but exerting mass effect on the visual pathway. Conclusion: MRDTI is a feasible technique for evaluating the optic nerves in pediatric patients. It may play a role in presurgical planning by demonstrating integrity of the visual pathway in patients with resectable lesions, allowing for minimization of morbidity associated with vision loss. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;32:76–81. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The relative importance of rapid evolution for plant-microbe interactions depends on ecological context

Evolution can occur on ecological time-scales, affecting community and ecosystem processes. However, the importance of evolutionary change relative to ecological processes remains largely unknown. Here, we analyse data from a long-term experiment in which we allowed plant populations to evolve for three generations in dry or wet soils and used a reciprocal transplant to compare the ecological effect of drought and the effect of plant evolutionary responses to drought on soil microbial communities and nutrient availability. Plants that evolved under drought tended to support higher bacterial and fungal richness, and increased fungal : bacterial ratios in the soil. Overall, the magnitudes of ecological and evolutionary effects on microbial communities were similar; however, the strength and direction of these effects depended on the context in which they were measured. For example, plants that evolved in dry environments increased bacterial abundance in dry contemporary environments, but decreased bacterial abundance in wet contemporary environments. Our results suggest that interactions between recent evolutionary history and ecological context affect both the direction and magnitude of plant effects on soil microbes. Consequently, an eco-evolutionary perspective is required to fully understand plant–microbe interactions.
Near-Fault Peak Ground Velocity from Earthquake and Laboratory Data

We test the hypothesis that peak ground velocity (pgv) has an upper bound independent of earthquake magnitude and that this bound is controlled primarily by the strength of the seismogenic crust. The highest pgvs, ranging up to several meters per second, have been measured at sites within a few kilometers of the causative faults. Because the database for near-fault pgv is small, we use earthquake slip models, laboratory experiments, and evidence from a mining-induced earthquake to investigate the factors influencing near-fault pgv and the nature of its scaling. For each earthquake slip model we have calculated the peak slip rates for all subfaults and then chosen the maximum of these rates as an estimate of twice the largest near-fault pgv. Nine slip models for eight earthquakes, with magnitudes ranging from 6.5 to 7.6, yielded maximum peak slip rates ranging from 2.3 to 12 m/ sec with a median of 5.9 m/sec. By making several adjustments, pgvs for small earthquakes can be simulated from peak slip rates measured during laboratory stick- slip experiments. First, we adjust the pgv for differences in the state of stress (i.e., the difference between the laboratory loading stresses and those appropriate for faults at seismogenic depths). To do this, we multiply both the slip and the peak slip rate by the ratio of the effective normal stresses acting on fault planes measured at 6.8 km depth at the KTB site, Germany (deepest available in situ stress measurements), to those acting on the laboratory faults. We also adjust the seismic moment by replacing the laboratory fault with a buried circular shear crack whose radius is chosen to match the experimental unloading stiffness. An additional, less important adjustment is needed for experiments run in triaxial loading conditions. With these adjustments, peak slip rates for 10 stick-slip events, with scaled moment magnitudes from −2.9 to 1.0, range from 3.3 to 10.3 m/sec, with a median of 5.4 m/sec. Both the earthquake and laboratory results are consistent with typical maximum peak slip rates averaging between 5 and 6 m/sec or corresponding maximum near-fault pgvs between 2.5 and 3 m/sec at seismogenic depths, independent of magnitude. Our ability to replicate maximum slip rates in the fault zones of earthquakes by adjusting the corresponding laboratory rates using the ratio of effective normal stresses acting on the fault planes suggests that the strength of the seismogenic crust is the important factor limiting the near-fault pgv.
Women making contraceptive choices in 20th-century America.

Christopher Tietze proposed that any contraceptive approach succeeds only if it is “use-effective” – one which individual women and women find appropriate for use within their own lives. This idea has very different connotations; in developed countries they are marketed products and in the developing world they are tactics in government population control programs. This article examines a few historical instances from the United States in the mid-20th century that explore the way women responded to using contraceptives. Many women’s responses to contraception – particularly oral contraceptives intrauterine devices (IUDs) and Norplant – are complex and constantly evolving. They are interwoven with feminism concerns about pharmaceutical marketing and the rising consciousness of women about their own health. Looking back to the 1950s when Tietze’s began his research it is important to understand that where women have options women will make choices. This is where family planning policy must start.
DELAYED FLUORESCENCE FROM CHLORELLA: II. EFFECTS OF ELECTRON TRANSPORT INHIBITORS DCMU AND NH2OH

. –Steady state and transient effects of two electron transport inhibitors (NH2OH˙HCl and DCMU) and one uncoupler (FCCP) upon the emission of delayed fluorescence have been studied in whole cells of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Observations were made on changes in the delayed fluorescence emitted 0.5 ms after a brief flash and 60 ms after the extinction of steady illumination and on changes in the induction effects caused by preillumination. Patterns in the time course of events after inhibitor addition occur which have different characteristics for each of the additives. The observations are consistent with a model of delayed fluorescence production based on the recombination of charges.
Geometric optimization of controlled collapse interconnections

This paper deals with the mechanical reliability of controlled collapse joints in modules subjected to the thermal fatigue conditions of machine usage. Particular emphasis is placed on design variability and how the shape and dimensions of the joint and chip affect reliability. A systematic technique is presented to optimize pad dimensions. A new experimental method to characterize chip-to-substrate interconnections-the torque test-is described and analyzed. Its applicability to design evaluation is discussed and representative data are analyzed. The relationship between torque test measurements and fatigue is discussed.
Molecular Properties of Voltage-Sensitive Sodium Channels

Voltage sensitive calcium channels participate in action potential generation in electrically excitable cells and constitute an essential link between transient changes in membrane potential and a variety of cellular responses including secretion of neurotransmitters and hormones, initiation of contraction in cardiac and smooth muscle, and activation of second messenger responses in many cell types. Electrophysiological measurements have established the existence of multiple classes of calcium channels.1–4 Although work on many cell systems has contributed to current understanding of calcium channel function, the molecular properties of the channel have been investigated most thoroughly in skeletal muscle which has a particularly high density of calcium channels. This chapter will therefore focus primarily on skeletal muscle calcium channels.
Particle Filter Based Mosaicking For Tracking Forest Fires

re to re ghters. It provides a means of presenting size, shape, and geolocation information simultaneously. We describe a novel technique to account for noise in pose estimation of the camera by converting it to the image domain. We also introduce a new concept, a Georeferenced Uncertainty Mosaic (GUM), in which we utilize a Sequential Monte Carlo method (a particle lter) to resolve the noise in the image domain and construct a georeferenced mosaic that simultaneously shows size, shape, geolocation, and uncertainty information about the re.