cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards actionable risk stratification

Display Omitted Bilinear risk prediction model for EHR data.Low-dimensional embedding of patients in a learned risk space.Identification of meaningful clinical contexts.Significant improvement in accuracy over existing risk prediction model. Risk stratification is instrumental to modern clinical decision support systems. Comprehensive risk stratification should be able to provide the clinicians with not only the accurate assessment of a patient's risk but also the clinical context to be acted upon. However, existing risk stratification techniques mainly focus on predicting the risk score for individual patients; at the cohort level, they offer little insight beyond a flat score-based segmentation. This essentially reduces a patient to a score and thus removes him/her from his/her clinical context. To address this limitation, in this paper we propose a bilinear model for risk stratification that simultaneously captures the three key aspects of risk stratification: (1) it predicts the risk of each individual patient; (2) it stratifies the patient cohort based on not only the risk score but also the clinical characteristics; and (3) it embeds all patients into clinical contexts with clear interpretation. We apply our model to a cohort of 4977 patients, 1127 among which were diagnosed with Congestive Heart Failure (CHF). We demonstrate that our model cannot only accurately predict the onset risk of CHF but also provide rich and actionable clinical insights into the patient cohort.
Relationship of sleep parameters, child psychological functioning, and parenting stress to obesity status among preadolescent children.

ABSTRACT:Objective:Insufficient sleep may be a significant contributing factor to the increase in pediatric obesity and thus may also contribute to adult obesity and chronic illness. Previous research has been based on large survey studies with consideration of demographics and lifestyle factors (e.
Behavioral adaptations for raiding in the slave-making ant, Polyergus breviceps

We studied recruitment behavior of the slavemaking ant Polyergus breviceps,which typically raids colonies of Formica gnava.The first test series demonstrated the importance of social context, by showing that recruitment was high during raiding, but virtually absent during preraid circling and during the return trip after a slave raid. The second test series showed that Formicapupae (alone or together with adults) must be present for workers of Polyegrusto recruit nestmates. The third test series demonstrated that panic alarm by raided Formicais caused by a pheromone, and we suggest that adults of Formicamay be the source of this secretion. Finally, the fourth test series showed that formic acid is lethal to adults of Formicabut has almost no adverse effect on Polyergus.This relative immunity by Polyergusmay enable them to remain organized while entering nests of Formicaduring slave raids.
Utilization of Serum a1-Globulin and Glycoprotein by Diplococcus pneumoniae

SummaryWhen serum samples were incubated with a rapidly growing strain of Diplococcus pneumoniae, striking decreases of serum glycoprotein and consistent decreases of protein resulted. Paper electro-phoretic studies indicated that these changes were largely restricted to the a1-globulin fraction. It would appear that this strain of Diplococcus pneumoniae preferentially uses glycoproteins found in the a1-globulin fraction of mammalian serum.
Ancient plate margins: Some observations

Abstract At present a conflict of opinion exists between those geologists and palaeomagneticians who believe that plate tectonics can account for the origin of now ensialic Precambrian orogenic belts and those who believe that such orogenic belts evolved on a preexisting continental basement with only minor relative displacements of their forelands. Much geological and palaeomagnetic work remains to be done before a definitive resolution of this conflict can be reached. In the writer's view, ad hoc non-plate-tectonic orogenic mechanisms such as loading and self-melting fail to account for the exceedingly complex time-space templates that characterize the evolution of all orogenic belts. It is shown that the evolution of a single plate boundary may produce geologic events of enormous complexities of kinds that are seen in orogenic belts but from which detailed platetectonic histories are difficult, if not impossible, to reconstruct.
Competition of Spin Fluctuations and Phonons in Superconductivity of ZrZn 2

It has long been suspected that spin fluctuations in ${\mathrm{ZrZn}}_{2}$ may lead to a triplet superconductivity. We point out another possibility, an inhomogeneous singlet (Fulde-Ferrell) state. We calculated the electronic structure, as well as the zone center phonons and their coupling with electrons. We find that the exchange splitting is nonuniform and the Fermi surface exhibits substantial nesting. Both factors favor a Fulde-Ferrell state at parts of the Fermi surface. We find a substantial coupling of Zr rattling modes with electrons, which can provide the necessary pairing in the $s$-channel.
Bloat in cattle. 13. Efficacy of molasses-salt blocks containing poloxalene in control of alfalfa bloat.

Abstract Five experiments were conducted to determine whether molasses-salt blocks containing the bloat preventive agent, poloxalene, might be used successfully to prevent alfalfa bloat in cattle. Rumen-fistulated identical twin Holstein cows, Angus×Holstein steers and heifers, Brown Swiss heifers, and lactating Brown Swiss cows were used. The molasses-salt blocks contained 66g poloxalene per kg block. The blocks were offered to cattle grazing alfalfa or fed freshly cut alfalfa. Block intakes varied from 0.23 to 0.44kg per animal per day in the five experiments. Intake was not related to body weight and seemed to be affected by weather and managerial factors. While intake fluctuated from day to day, minimum daily intakes were large enough to protect from severe alfalfa bloat when it occurred. Poloxalene block consumption lowered surface tension from 12 to 16 dynes per cm below that of control animals. Surface tension may serve as a simple method to estimate poloxalene intake.
A note on Lamport's mutual exclusion algorithm

The Lamport's mutual exclusion exclusion algorithm, also known as the bakery algorithm, is very simple and easy to implement. However, the ticket numbers assigned to the processes wishing to enter the critical section can become indeterminately large. This paper resolves this problem by allowing the ticket numbers to move around a ring of length 2N, where N is the number of processes. The comparison of two ticket numbers is based the distance between them and their magnitudes.
Allergen immunotherapy in children

Specific allergen immunotherapy is the only potentially curative allergy treatment currently available. it is used in europe and North America in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, venom allergy and asthma in children. However, following a series of deaths in the 1980s, the use of immunotherapy in the uK is limited to a small number of specialist allergy clinics. This article reviews the route of administration, safety, efficacy and indications for specific allergen immunotherapy in children. New developments in immunotherapy are discussed.
Environmental practices and assessment: a process perspective

This paper discusses some exploratory evidence from operations management literature and several analytic models currently evaluated in environmentally conscious business practices. We propose that the process of environmentally conscious business practice should be studied as a multi‐dimensional issue, recognizing an analytical dimension of strategy and decision procedure, but also a behavioral dimension addressing corporate culture, perceptions and motivation, and an organizational dimension concerned with regulatory environment and supply chain management. The focus of attention in dynamic view of assessment of environmentally conscious business practices moves from structures to processes. These exploratory discussions suggested a number of areas for further investigation, linked by a focus on the process of environmentally conscious business practices and its use of management, rather than on purely technical issues of management and data analysis.
Polycrystalline silicon micromachining: A new technology for integrated sensors

Polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) micromechanical structures can be made by selectively etching an underlying sacrificial oxide layer. Advantages of this micromachining technique are its simplicity and compatibility with conventional integrated-circuit processing. Compressive internal stress in poly-Si films constrains the dimensions of microstructures; fortunately, it can be reduced through annealing. Fabrication of an integrated vapor sensor incorporating a resonant poly-Si microbridge and on-chip NMOS circuitry is described. Frequency response measurements imply that poly-Si films have a Young's modulus of 4×1010Nm−2, substantially lower than crystalline silicon. A potential application of poly-Si micromachining is fabrication of an integrated pressure transducer; evaluation of this device identifies areas for further research.
The Energetics of Asexual Reproduction and Colony Formation in Benthic Marine Invertebrates

There are several formsof individual and colon) organization available to benthic marine invertebrates with indeterminate growth In particular anthozoan coelenterates exhibit three such forms of organization 1 solitary individuals without asexual reproduction 2 colonies or clonal groups with determinate polyp size and indeterminate colony size and 3 colonies or clonal groups with both indeterminate polyp size and indeterminatecolony or clone size The last group includes species where asexual reproduction is continuous and those where it is limited to a single season of the year A model is presented which defines three optimal sizes for indeterminately growing organisms 1 optimal size for a solitary individual 2 optimal size of a polyp within a colony and 3 optimal size at asexual division The optima are derived by maximizing the difference between energy intake and energetic cost Simulations allow prey size and habitat quality to vary and derive predictions of optimal size and organization for each case Individual and clonal growth rates are modelled for the case where asexual reproduction is limited to a single season and poly p sizes within clones are compared The model predicts that the three torms of organization among anthozoan polyps are related primarily to the size distribution of prey
Assessment of renal function in newborn infants.

Proper interpretation of renal function tests in newborn infants requires knowledge of conceptual age. A plasma creatinine concentration of 1.2 mg/dL, serum bicarbonate concentration of 16 mEq/L, and a fractional excretion of sodium of 5% is normal in a 2-week-old infant born at 28 weeks9s gestational age but markedly abnormal in a 2-week-old baby born at term. Newborn infants with urinary tract infections need radiologic evaluation for vesicoureteral reflux and urinary tract obstruction using voiding cystourethrogram and renal sonography or radionuclide scanning. Intravenous pyebography is not the test of choice for this evaluation. If severe hypertension develops in a 1-week-old infant, seriously ill with respiratory distress syndrome, evaluation should include determination of the use of umbilical artery catheters and investigation for renal artery thrombosis with sonography and radionuclide scanning because renovascular disease is the major cause of hypertension in newborn infants.
Assessment of the Directional Elastic Moduli of Ewe Vertebral Cancellous Bone by Vibrational Testing

The ovariectomized ewe is being used as an animal model for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Data on the mechanical properties of ewe vertebral cancellous bone is needed to assess its effectiveness as a model for vertebral osteoporosis. This study utilized traditional compression testing and a novel nondestructive vibrational testing method to assess the directional mechanical properties of ewe vertebral cancellous bone. Composition and density properties were also assessed. It was hypothesized that vibrational testing would have utility in that it would allow for the anisotropic stiffness of cancellous bone to be assessed nondestructively. The present study has found that ewe vertebral cancellous bone has similar physical and mechanical properties to humans. The vibrational testing method described was able to nondestructively provide a valid measure of stiffness that was correlated with stiffness estimates from traditional compression testing. Furthermore, the stiffness measure from the vibration test was found to be sensitive to the architecture of cancellous bone. These results suggest the promise of this testing method for the nondestructive mechanical assessment of skeletal tissue. © 1999 Biomedical Engineering Society.
Sensitivity Determination of Electroexplosive Devices for Reliable Circuit Designs

The response of electroexplosive devices to electric stimuli must be thoroughly understood to design reliable firing circuits. Techniques available for defining the sensitivity of electroexplosives which offer a ``variable measure'' are to be preferred over ``go'' and ``no-go'' tests at a specification limit. Studies are underway squib parameters, and tests are suggested which will give sensitivity data useful in the design of firing systems and the assessment of reliability.
The importance of matrix quality in fragmented landscapes: Understanding ecosystem collapse through a combination of deterministic and stochastic forces

Increasing fragmentation of natural landscapes due to anthropogenic forces are changing the ecological structure of many systems. The corpus of literature has addressed the fact that there are many complex mechanisms that may lead to population and ecosystem collapse. Here, we propose an additional mechanism that combines the deterministic framework of complex oscillatory phenomena with the stochastic framework based on the spatial phenomena of island biogeography and metapopulation theory. Combining these two frameworks, which we believe exist in disturbed natural systems, we construct a situation in which collections of competitors are controlled by specialist natural enemies. Species are isolated in fragmented habitats separated by a matrix of decreasing ecological quality, which will determine immigration potential. In this system, species are exposed to stochastic extinction of spatial immigration potential and deterministic extinction of standard oscillatory frameworks. Through the combination of these extinction events, we see that many natural systems may become increasingly unstable and subject to unexpected consequences with changes to the matrix environment. The combined effect of these two extinctions pathways highlights the need to maintain high immigration rates in order to offset possible ecosystem collapse in fragmented systems. The results highlight the importance of landscape conservation efforts, especially towards maintaining matrix environments with greater ecological integrity.
Geodetic Latitude and Altitude from Geocentric Coordinates

This paper contains simplified formulas for the geodetic latitude and for the height of a body whose position is given in terms of geocentric equatorial coordinates. The results are applicable to the problem of finding the sub-vehicle point and height of a spaceship or missile.
Effect of diffusive transport limitations on UO2 dissolution.

The effects of diffusive transport limitations on the dissolution of UO2 were investigated using an artificial groundwater prepared to simulate the conditions at the Old Rifle aquifer site in Colorado, USA. Controlled batch, continuously-stirred tank (CSTR), and plug flow reactors were used to study UO2 dissolution in the absence and presence of diffusive limitations exerted by permeable sample cells. The net rate of uranium release following oxidative UO2 dissolution obtained from diffusion-limited batch experiments was ten times lower than that obtained for UO2 dissolution with no permeable sample cells. The release rate of uranium to bulk solution from UO2 contained in permeable sample cells under advective flow conditions was more than 100 times lower than that obtained from CSTR experiments without diffusive limitations. A 1-dimensional transport model was developed that could successfully simulate diffusion-limited release of U following oxidative UO2 dissolution with the dominant rate-limiting process being the transport of U(VI) out of the cells. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) characterization of the UO2 solids recovered from batch experiments suggest that oxidative dissolution was more evident in the absence of diffusive limitations. Ca-EXAFS spectra indicate the presence of Ca in the reacted UO2 solids with a coordination environment similar to that of a CaeOeSi mineral. The findings from this study advance our overall understanding of the coupling of geochemical and transport processes that can lead to differences in dissolution rates measured in the field and in laboratory experiments.
Screening for and heritability of flood-tolerance in the Florida (CP) sugarcane breeding population

An experiment screening for flood-tolerance and estimating the heritability of flood-tolerance was conducted on 160 sugarcane clones in the Canal Point, Florida, USA sugarcane breeding population. Clones were grown in two environments, a drained control and a continuous, five-month flood. The test ran for two crop years, plant-cane and first ratoon. A wide range of production was observed, with some clones dying out after the first year. Several clones had two-year mean cane production in flood that was ≥70% of their production in control. Heritabilities calculated by parent-offspring regression ranged from 0.29 to 0.51.
Scalable n-body event prediction

The general simulation of n-body systems often requires the simulation of pairwise interaction events between the objects. The naive method of simulating these events is an algorithm that polls each pair of objects for an interaction every time step. This algorithm has O(n2)operations per time step in the number of objects. However, this method scales very well to multiple cores. In this paper, we propose a novel method of pairwise simulation that saves a significant amount of computation time by predicting possible future outcomes rather than reacting to them. We demonstrate the implementation of this method, as well as demonstrate that it has amortized O(n) complexity per time step. We also demonstrate an implementation to allow this algorithm to scale comparably well to multiple cores of a shared memory machine.
Seagrass-sediment dynamics of a flood-tidal delta in Rhode Island (U.S.A.)

Abstract Interactions between seagrasses and sediment dynamics were examined on a flood-tidal delta of a coastal lagoon in southern Rhode Island from 1978 to 1980. Serial aerial photographs combined with site visits showed that Zostera marina L. appeared on a stable portion of the delta in the springs of 1978 through 1980 and also on a new, incipient lobe during 1980. The population of an annual form of Z. marina increased rapidly from June (100 plants m−2) to late July and early August (1000 plants m−2), after which it rapidly decreased. In vegetated plots in both areas current measurements fell to zero near the substrate, while in experimentally denuded plots (64 m2) they simultaneously reached 8 cm s−1 in the stable and 14 cm s−1 in the unstable portion of the tidal delta. At the margin of the lobe in August 1980 the sediment accreted 2.5 cm in vegetated plots and eroded 1.5 cm in denuded plots. On the stable site short frames (0.25 m2) protruding 5 cm from the sediment surface prevented sediment removal and prolonged plant life, but these frames set at the margin of a lobe either made no difference or increased the rate of plant burial and subsequent plant loss. Rooted plants trapped dense red algal mats. Where Z. marina had been removed in the stable area, Ruppia maritima L. appeared. Benthic diatoms quickly covered all denuded areas. This work shows that, even as an ephemeral, Z. marina can encourage sediment accumulation by slowing water current on a moderate-energy tidal delta; but the degree to which this factor becomes important depends upon the density of the plant bed.
Phage therapy for Clostridium difficile infection: An alternative to antibiotics?

Abstract As a consequence of their widespread use, a critical limitation in current antibiotic therapy is bacterial resistance. In the case of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), current antibiotic regimens may not necessarily suffer due to drug resistance, though they have become increasingly ineffective due to the dysbiosis they induce, resulting in notoriously high recurrence rates. As a result, interest in alternative treatment modalities has recently surfaced. Amongst these emerging treatments, newer investigations are being invested in the older concept of bacteriophage therapy. This approach, first identified in the early 19th century, offers a more microbe-specific treatment option that can, theoretically, pointedly target C. difficile while sparing the other bacterial organisms of the human gut. The aim of this article is to explain the intellection behind bacteriophage therapy for the treatment of bacterial infections in humans, to review the historical research on bacteriophage therapy, and to introduce the reader to recent investigations into bacteriophage therapy for the treatment of CDI.
A repository management system for TEI documents

Digital Humanities (DH) and Digital Library (DL) projects are complex systems that require specialized programming skills. Many encoders cannot take their work to the next level by transforming their collections of structured XML texts into a web searchable and browsable database. Often teams of text encoders are able to encode their texts with a high degree of sophistication, but unless they have funds to hire a programmer, their collections far too often remain on local disk storage away from public access. aims to relieve some of this burden by providing the tools to manage an extensible, modular and configurable XML-based repository which will house, search, browse, and display documents encoded in TEI-Lite on the world wide web. provides an administrative interface that allows DL and DH administrators to upload and delete documents from a web accessible repository; analyze XML documents to determine elements for searching and browsing; refine ontology development; select inter and intra document links; partition the repository into collections; create backups; generate search, browse, and display pages; customize the interface; and associate XSL transformation scripts and CSS stylesheets to obtain different target outputs (HTML, PDF, etc.).
Silicon Detector Measurements of Energy Deposition in Aluminum by Monoenergetic Electrons

The energy depos ited at various depths in aluminum by incident monoenergetic electrons has been measured with a silicon-semiconductor, transmission detector. Beams of monoenergetic electrons with incident energies of 0.50, 0.75, and 1.0 MeV were directed normally on a semi-infinite slab of aluminum in which a 0.196-mm silicon detector was positioned at various depths. The pulse-height distributions recorded with the detector were converted to absorbed-energy distributions from which the probability of energy absorption per incident electron in the specific layer, as well as the absorbed energy as a function of depth in the material, could be determined. The curves of absorbed energy as a function of depth obtained for aluminum at each energy were compared to those calculated by Berger and Seltzer, employing a Monte Carlo method. Good agreement is shown between calculations and measurements.
Structural group analysis for soot reduction tendency of oxygenated fuels

Oxygenated additives are known to reduce soot formation in diesel engines. Numerous studies, both experimental and numerical, have reported that the reduction of particulate emissions depends on the molecular structure of the additives. In this paper, a structural group contribution approach is proposed to interpret experimental observations on the effect of oxygenated additives on the sooting propensities of hydrocarbon fuels. The statistically based method makes it possible to distinguish between chemical effects caused by the presence of oxygenated groups in the fuel mixture and mere dilution of the original fuel by the additive. The analysis was carried out on several experimental databases encompassing both premixed and nonpremixed configurations that include a new extensive set of smoke point measurements for mixtures of a given fuel with several oxygenated molecules. The current approach unifies the conclusions on the relative efficiency of the various oxygenated functionalities such as alcohols, esters, ethers, and carbonyl groups and provides a potential explanation for the seemingly contradictory trends exhibited by some raw experimental data.
Intracluster Correlation Coefficient and Multicenter Childhood Injury Research

Purpose Design of a clustered childhood trauma study requires having an estimate of the variability in the outcome of interest between and within the clusters. “Intracluster correlation coefficient (ICC)” is a standard measure that captures these variabilities. Ignoring the ICC in the sample size calculation might result in a severely underpowered study. Unfortunately, in spite of the importance of the subject, ICC has not been reported for any childhood-related trauma outcome. Methods We used the data from 246 level I and II trauma centers contributed data to the United States, National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) to calculate the ICC for three of the most commonly used outcomes of interest in childhood trauma research (age≤15 years). The evaluated outcomes were: a) emergency department (ED) shock rate; b) early trauma death (i.e. death during the first 24 hours after admission); and c) in-hospital trauma death. Results From 2000 to 2004, 13% of the 952,242 patients in NTDB were ≤ 15 years old. Approximately 17,000 of these children suffered severe injuries, of them 84% were hospitalized at a level I or II trauma center. In general, the ICC for ED shock rate (0.005, 95% CI: 0.000–0.010) was significantly less than the ICC for in-hospital trauma fatality rate (0.023, 95% CI: 0.013–0.033). A similar pattern was observed when we compared the ICC of ED shock rate with the ICC of in-hospital trauma fatality rate for different genders or types of injury. Furthermore, for all three outcomes of interest, the ICC was larger for adults, in comparison to children, reflecting more variability in adult's care. However, the observed differences in the ICCs between children and adults were not statistically significant. Conclusion The estimated ICCs should be incorporated in sample size calculation for any multicenter trauma study that uses exclusively exposed or unexposed clusters of patients. Although the lack of difference between children and adults could be attributed to the similarity of heterogeneity in hospital and pre-hospital care between these two groups, the wide confidence intervals for the point estimates should not be overlooked.
Disease Progression of Phytophthora ramorum and Botryosphaeria dothidea on Pacific Madrone

Infection by Phytophthora ramorum was associated with stem and leaf lesions of Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii) seedlings and saplings. In addition, a common and native pathogen, Botryosphaeria dothidea, caused similar leaf and stem lesions. When exposed to natural levels of inoculum in forests infested with P. ramorum, 50 to 66% of madrone saplings used as bait died. Recovery of P. ramorum from colonized plant tissue on culture media was generally low. From initial infection, P. ramorum was not culturable from leaf tissue after a mean of 3.5 weeks or from stem tissue after a mean of 8 weeks. Generally, B. dothidea was recovered more frequently from necrotic stems and leaves than was P. ramorum. Experimental inoculations of madrone seedlings showed that leaf and stem lesion lengths were, on average, greater on tree seedlings inoculated with P. ramorum than on those inoculated with B. dothidea. P. ramorum and B. dothidea appear to coexist in stem and leaf tissue, forming a novel pathogen complex, affecting growth and reproduction of Pacific madrone.
Dynamics of classical spins on a lattice: Spin diffusion.

The transport of magnetization and of spin-spin energy are calculated numerically for classical gyromagnets, coupled by truncated dipole-dipole and nearest-neighbor exchange interactions, on sc, bcc, and fcc cubic lattices. For the exchange case the results agree with previous theory, and also agree with experiments on $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ for diffusion of magnetization (but not of spin-spin energy). For the case of dipole-dipole coupling, the results are in satisfactory agreement with previous theory for the angular average of the Zeeman diffusion, but disagree with experiment. Calculations are also presented for a lattice containing alternating moments of two different species: These show how the attenuation of diffusion by foreign spins (``diffusion barrier'') depends independently on the moment and gyromagnetic ratio of the foreign species.
Collapse of a two-state sticky hard sphere chain.

The collapse of a homopolymer Gaussian chain into a globule is represented as a transition between two states, viz., extended and collapsed. Appropriately, this model has been labeled as the all-or-none view of chain collapse. In the collapsed state, the single polymer partition function is expressed by a single Mayer diagram with the maximum number of f-bonds arising from nonbonded square well interactions. Our target is the dependence of the transition temperature on chain length and the interaction range of the square well, as indicated through the behavior of the radius of gyration and the constant volume heat capacity. Properties of the collapse transition are calculated exactly for chains with three to six backbone atoms and heuristically for long chains using arguments derived from the small chains and from conditions of integrability. Comparison with simulation studies is made.
The Athlete in the Making: The Scientific Study of American Athletic Performance, 1920–1932

Several factors contributed to the growth of interest in studying athletic performance through a scientific lens in the 1920s and 1930s in the United States. First, there was a rapid proliferation of international as well as national athletic competitions following the First World War. Second, there was the growth of the various research and clinical specializations that make up modern biological science. However, there has been little historical research on how American coaches and athletes made use of the information the scientists and physicians found in the laboratory setting in these decades. This article explores this process.
Large-scale parallel simulations of turbulent combustion using combined dimension reduction and tabulation of chemistry

Abstract Simulations of turbulent reacting flows with chemistry represented using detailed kinetic model involving a large number of species and reactions are computationally expensive. Here we present a combined dimension reduction and tabulation strategy for implementing chemistry in large scale parallel Large-Eddy Simulation (LES)/ Probability Density Function (PDF) computations of turbulent reacting flows. In this approach, the dimension reduction is performed using the Rate Controlled Constrained-Equilibrium (RCCE) method, and tabulation of the reduced space is performed using the In Situ Adaptive Tabulation (ISAT) algorithm. In addition, we use x2f _ mpi — a Fortran library for parallel vector-valued function evaluation (used with ISAT in this context) — to efficiently redistribute the chemistry workload among the participating cores in parallel LES/PDF computations to reduce the overall wall clock time of the simulation. We test three parallel strategies for redistributing the chemistry workload, namely (a) PLP, purely local processing; (b) URAN, the uniform random distribution of chemistry computations among all cores following an early stage of PLP; and (c) P-URAN, a Partitioned URAN strategy that redistributes the workload within partitions or subsets of the cores. To demonstrate the efficiency of this combined approach, we perform parallel LES/PDF computations (on 1024 cores) of the Sandia Flame D with chemistry represented using a 38-species C 1 – C 4 skeletal mechanism. We show that relative to using ISAT alone with the 38-species full representation, the combined ISAT/RCCE approach with 10 represented species (i) predicts time-averaged mean and standard deviation statistics with a normalized root-mean-square difference of less than 3% (30 K) in temperature, less than 2% (0.02 kg/m 3 ) in density, less than 2.5% in mass fraction of major species, and less than 8% in mass fraction of minor species of interest; and (ii) reduces the simulation wall clock time by over 40% with the P-URAN strategy.
Evidence for a Role of the Lumenal M3-M4 Loop in Skeletal Muscle Ca2+ Release Channel (Ryanodine Receptor) Activity and Conductance

We tested the hypothesis that part of the lumenal amino acid segment between the two most C-terminal membrane segments of the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor (RyR1) is important for channel activity and conductance. Eleven mutants were generated and expressed in HEK293 cells focusing on amino acid residue I4897 homologous to the selectivity filter of K(+) channels and six other residues in the M3-M4 lumenal loop. Mutations of amino acids not absolutely conserved in RyRs and IP(3)Rs (D4903A and D4907A) showed cellular Ca(2+) release in response to caffeine, Ca(2+)-dependent [(3)H]ryanodine binding, and single-channel K(+) and Ca(2+) conductances not significantly different from wild-type RyR1. Mutants with an I4897 to A, L, or V or D4917 to A substitution showed a decreased single-channel conductance, loss of high-affinity [(3)H]ryanodine binding and regulation by Ca(2+), and an altered caffeine-induced Ca(2+) release in intact cells. Mutant channels with amino acid residue substitutions that are identical in the RyR and IP(3)R families (D4899A, D4899R, and R4913E) exhibited a decreased K(+) conductance and showed a loss of high-affinity [(3)H]ryanodine binding and loss of single-channel pharmacology but maintained their response to caffeine in a cellular assay. Two mutations (G4894A and D4899N) were able to maintain pharmacological regulation both in intact cells and in vitro but had lower single-channel K(+) and Ca(2+) conductances than the wild-type channel. The results support the hypothesis that amino acid residues in the lumenal loop region between the two most C-terminal membrane segments constitute a part of the ion-conducting pore of RyR1.
Flame propagation of mixtures of air with high molecular weight neat hydrocarbons and practical jet and diesel fuels

Abstract Laminar flame speeds of mixtures of air with n -C 14 H 30 , n -C 16 H 34 , a petroleum-derived JP-5 jet fuel, a camelina-derived hydrotreated renewable JP-5 jet fuel, a petroleum-derived F-76 diesel fuel, and an algae-derived hydrotreated renewable F-76 diesel fuel, were measured in the counterflow configuration at atmospheric pressure and elevated unburned mixture temperatures. Digital particle image velocimetry was used to measure the axial flow velocities along the stagnation streamline. The experiments for n -C 14 H 30 /air and n -C 16 H 34 /air mixtures were modeled using recently developed kinetic models, and the experimental data were predicted satisfactorily. Both experiments and simulations revealed that the laminar flame speeds of n -C 14 H 30 /air and n -C 16 H 34 /air mixtures are very close to each other, as expected. On the other hand, the laminar flame speeds for the four practical fuels were found to be lower than n -C 14 H 30 and n -C 16 H 34 , due to the presence of aromatics and branched hydrocarbons. Similarly, the laminar flame speeds for the alternative fuels were found to be higher than the petroleum-derived ones, again due to the presence of aromatic compounds in the latter. Further insight into the effects of kinetics and molecular transport was obtained through sensitivity analysis.
Spin-Peierls transitions in magnetic donor-acceptor compounds of tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) with bisdithiolene metal complexes

The spin-Peierls transition is considered as a progressive spin-lattice dimerization occurring below a transition temperature in a system of one-dimensional antiferromagnetic Heisenberg chains. In the simplest theories, the transition is second order and the ground state is a singlet with a magnetic gap. The historical origins and theoretical development of the concept are examined. Magnetic susceptibility and EPR measurements on the $\ensuremath{\pi}$-donor-acceptor compounds TTF\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}$M{S}_{4}{C}_{4}{(\mathrm{C}{F}_{3})}_{4}$ ($M=\mathrm{Cu}, \mathrm{Au}$; TTF is tetrathiafulvalene) are reported. These compounds exhibit clearly the characteristics of the spin-Peierls transition in reasonably good agreement with a mean-field theory. The susceptibility of each compound has a broad maximum near 50 K, while the transitions occur at 12 and 2.1 K for $M=\mathrm{Cu} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{Au}$, respectively. EPR linewidth observations over a broad temperature range are examined. Areas for further experimental and theoretical work are indicated, and a critical comparison is made of related observations on other materials.
Fabrication Of The High-Resolution Mirror Assembly For The HEAO-2 X-Ray Telescope

The X-Ray Telescope High Resolution Mirror Assembly (HRMA) designed by American Science and Engineering (AS&E) and Smithsonian Institution Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) was developed, manufactured, assembled, and tested by Perkin-Elmer under contract to AS&E. This paper describes each phase of its fabrication and testing except for the surface roughness measurement and the optical coating which are discussed in separate papers. Particular emphasis is placed on the achievement of the circumferential variation in slope, A (A R), and its measurement during the loose-abrasive grinding operations. Also discussed, at length, are the optical figuring, surface smoothing via submerged polishing, and figure measurement using a semi-automated fringe scanner and modular interferogram analysis computer programs. The optical testing used during the assembly operation is reviewed and the test equipment and test methods are described. The pertinent specifications of the High Resolution Mirror Assembly and achievements of the program are summarized.
Crime and Criminal Justice in South Korea: Editor’s Introduction

As compared to the well-known success stories of South Korea in the areas of economic development, technology, education, and culture, topics in crime and criminal justice in South Korea are still relatively unknown to the world community. This might be the result of two major factors: the relative paucity of peer-reviewed journal articles and other publications published in English on crime and criminal justice in South Korea and the scarcity of large and systematic data sources available for empirical research. Considering the fact that the majority of previous studies in criminology and criminal justice were based on Western or American samples, it is not certain if the empirical findings from Western societies can be directly applied to non-Western Asian countries, which have different values, cultures, and social structures. Therefore, this special issue expands the scope of the Western-driven previous literature by introducing six cross-cultural empirical studies regarding some of the major crime and criminal justice issues in South Korea using empirical data collected there. This introduction to this special issue provides a preliminary overview of the six articles, two of which focus on police stressors, job satisfaction, and police officers’ turnover intention. The other articles look at police officer’s attitudes toward the use of force, household crime victimization, dynamics of the victim-perpetrator relationship in child sexual abuse, and the correlates of recidivism among juvenile offenders.
Organic neurotoxins in seafoods

Toxins formed by organic micro-organisms may accumulate within certain tissues of predacious sea animals, which may serve as a source of seafood poisoning for the higher food chain. Such toxins are distinct from inorganic chemicals or infectious agents which may have contaminated the seafoods. Distinct clinical syndromes have emerged, and the individual toxins have been identified. Clinical manifestations of each begin with a gastrointestinal prodrome and headache, followed by sensorimotor deficits. Bulbar and cognitive changes are associated with the more lethal tetrodotoxin, saxitoxin, and domoic acid toxin. Tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin block sodium channels, while ciguatoxin opens them. Domoic acid stimulates excitatory amino acids at the NMDA receptors.
Studies on the embryogenesis of the tapeworm Cittotaenia variabilis (Stiles, 1895) using transmission and scanning electron microscopy.

The embryogenesis of the tapewormCittotaenia variabilis from the oocyte to the oncosphere is followed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in conjunction with ethanol cryofracture. Transmission electron micrographs and histochemistry are used to corroborate the inferences drawn from the SEM studies. Evidence is given for oocyte granules, the uterine epithelium, and the outer envelope as sources of components for the outer capsule. The contributions and senescence of the inner envelope and its relationship to the embryophore are given.
Clenbuterol administration does not attenuate the exercise-induced pulmonary arterial, capillary or venous hypertension in strenuously exercising Thoroughbred horses.

The present study was carried out to ascertain whether beta2-adrenergic receptor stimulation with clenbuterol would attenuate the pulmonary arterial, capillary and venous hypertension in horses performing high-intensity exercise and, in turn, modify the occurrence of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH). Experiments were carried out on 6 healthy, sound, exercise-trained Thoroughbred horses. All horses were studied in the control (no medications) and the clenbuterol (0.8 pg/kg bwt, i.v.) treatments. The sequence of these treatments was randomised for every horse, and 7 days were allowed between them. Using catheter-tip-transducers whose in-vivo signals were referenced at the point of the left shoulder, right heart/pulmonary vascular pressures were determined at rest, sub-maximal exercise and during galloping at 14.2 m/s on a 3.5% uphill grade--a workload that elicited maximal heart rate and induced EIPH in all horses. In the control experiments, incremental exercise resulted in progressive significant increments in right atrial as well as pulmonary arterial, capillary and venous (wedge) pressures and all horses experienced EIPH. Clenbuterol administration to standing horses caused tachycardia, but significant changes in mean right atrial or pulmonary vascular pressures were not observed. During exercise performed after clenbuterol administration, heart rate as well as right atrial and pulmonary arterial, capillary and wedge pressures also increased progressively with increasing work intensity. However, these values were not found to be statistically significantly different from corresponding data in the control study and the incidence of EIPH remained unaffected. Since clenbuterol administration also does not affect the transpulmonary pressure during exercise, it is unlikely that the transmural force exerted onto the blood-gas barrier of exercising horses is altered following i.v. clenbuterol administration at the recommended dosage.
Polymerase Chain Reaction: Basic Protocol Plus Troubleshooting and Optimization Strategies

In the biological sciences there have been technological advances that catapult the discipline into golden ages of discovery. For example, the field of microbiology was transformed with the advent of Anton van Leeuwenhoek's microscope, which allowed scientists to visualize prokaryotes for the first time. The development of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is one of those innovations that changed the course of molecular science with its impact spanning countless subdisciplines in biology. The theoretical process was outlined by Keppe and coworkers in 1971; however, it was another 14 years until the complete PCR procedure was described and experimentally applied by Kary Mullis while at Cetus Corporation in 1985. Automation and refinement of this technique progressed with the introduction of a thermal stable DNA polymerase from the bacterium Thermus aquaticus, consequently the name Taq DNA polymerase. PCR is a powerful amplification technique that can generate an ample supply of a specific segment of DNA (i.e., an amplicon) from only a small amount of starting material (i.e., DNA template or target sequence). While straightforward and generally trouble-free, there are pitfalls that complicate the reaction producing spurious results. When PCR fails it can lead to many non-specific DNA products of varying sizes that appear as a ladder or smear of bands on agarose gels. Sometimes no products form at all. Another potential problem occurs when mutations are unintentionally introduced in the amplicons, resulting in a heterogeneous population of PCR products. PCR failures can become frustrating unless patience and careful troubleshooting are employed to sort out and solve the problem(s). This protocol outlines the basic principles of PCR, provides a methodology that will result in amplification of most target sequences, and presents strategies for optimizing a reaction. By following this PCR guide, students should be able to: ● Set up reactions and thermal cycling conditions for a conventional PCR experiment ● Understand the function of various reaction components and their overall effect on a PCR experiment ● Design and optimize a PCR experiment for any DNA template ● Troubleshoot failed PCR experiments
Guide for Religious Professionals Addressing Immigrant Culture Conflict Adjustment Situations

With international immigration on the rise, the United States is becoming increasingly diverse as it admits more immigrants every year. However, in contrast to past inflows of immigrants to the U.S...
Steric control of the Hi-CO MoFe nitrogenase complex revealed by stopped-flow infrared spectroscopy.

Here, we report the impact of substitution for the α-70Val residue of Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase molybdenum-iron (MoFe) protein on the so-called “hi-CO” CO bound complex as monitored in real-time by stopped-flow infra-red (SF-IR) spectroscopy. Nitrogenase is a bacterial metalloenzyme system whose physiological function is to catalyze the reduction of dinitrogen to ammonia [1, 2] with a concomitant reduction of 2H+ to H2 and hydrolysis of MgATP. X-ray crystallography on MoFe nitrogenase reveals the active-site FeMo-cofactor to be an unprecedented [Fe7S9MoX:homocitrate] cluster [3, 4], figure 1. However, simple inspection of this structure does not provide an obvious location for substrate binding or any indication of the subsequent mechanism for substrate reduction. Mechanisms focused on substrate binding to either Mo and Fe sites have been proposed as have combination approaches that involve migration of substrate-derived moieties between metal atoms during reduction [5–8].