cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Further data on the relationship of task success to liking and satisfaction.

Six previous studies ( 1 , 2 ) yielded positive, linear relationships between number of successes on a task and ratings of task liking and satisfaction. A recent study ( 3 ) showed a similar relationship between task success and ratings of personal satisfaction. The present study examined the relationship of success to both task liking and personal satisfaction in order to compare the strength of the relationships. Ss were 22 male and 23 female paid scudent volunteers from the Universiry of Maryland. Each S worked on 3 0 scrambled words, one at a time for 1 min. each; 1 5 Ss had all 4-letter words; 15 Ss had all 7-letter words, and 1 5 Ss had all 10-letter words. At the end of the experiment each S rated his personal satisfaction on a bipolar, graphic scale anchored by the statements, "a great deal of dissatisfaction" and "a grear deal of satisfaction." Each S also filled out two graphic scales to indicate liking for the task (anchors were "like(d) it very much" and "dislike(d) it very much"). The first ("before" scale) was filled out after S worked on 8 practice words of varying lengths but before the experimental words; the second ("after" scale) was given at the end of the experiment.
A Generalization of the Integral of the Circular Coverage Function

where V is the volume within S2. We seek the probability that the sphere S1 will contain X' and will show that it is expressible in terms of integrals of the noncentral chi-square distribution. The result lends itself to several interpretations. First, summarizing the previous paragraph, it may be regarded as the probability that a sphere S1 of radius R, whose center has an n-dimensional standard normal distribution, will contain a point which is distributed uniformly inside of or on a sphere S2 of radius D centered at the origin. Secondly, it is the probability that a sphere Si of radius R contains a randomly selected point in a sphere S2 of radius D after Si reaches its destination if the center of Si is thrown at the center of S2 and the point at which the center of Si comes to rest is spherically normally distributed. Finally, it may be interpreted as the expected fraction of a sphere S2 of radius D lying within a sphere SI of radius R when Si reaches its destination if the center of Si is thrown at the center of S2 and the point at which the center of SI comes to rest is spherically normally distributed.
Control of myocardial performance early after open-heart operations by vasodilator treatment.

The hemodynamic effects of vasodilator treatment (afterload reduction) with nitroprusside at a constant heart rate were studied in 24 patients early after aorta-coronary bypass grafting. In 12 patients, dose-response relationships were determined. Graded incremental infusions of nitroprusside produced progressive decreases in mean arterial pressure (MAP), right and left atrial pressures, and stroke work index. Stroke volume index and cardiac index rose significantly until MAP was reduced below the range of 80 to 90 mm. Hg, and then they fell to base-line levels owing to insufficient preload. In an additional 12 patients, MAP was reduced with nitroprusside to the range of 80 to 90 mm. Hg, and left atrial pressure was then restored to base-line levels during continued vasodilator administration. This sequence resulted in further augmentation of stroke volume index to a level higher than that produced by nitroprusside alone. We conclude from this investigation that nitroprusside is a clinically useful agent for primary or adjunctive therapy of mild-to-moderate low cardiac output states immediate postoperatively and that simultaneous regulation of left ventricular preload and afterload during its administration is necessary in order to achieve maximal hemodynamic benefit.
Life-Cycle Assessment of a Distributed-Scale Thermochemical Bioenergy Conversion System

Abstract Expanding bioenergy production from woody biomass has the potential to reduce net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and improve nation’s energy security. Science-based and internationally accepted life cycle assessment (LCA) is a tool essential for policy makers to decide on expanding renewable energy production from newly developed technologies. A distributed-scale high-temperature thermochemical conversion system, referred to as the Tucker renewable natural gas (RNG) unit was evaluated on producing medium-energy synthesis gas (syngas) and biochar along with its waste from harvested woody biomass. Mass and energy balances, cumulative energy demand (CED), and life cycle inventory (LCI) flows were found based on operational data from a 1-hr continuous run. Emission data summarized from the cradle-to-gate LCI showed biomass and fossil CO 2 emissions of 159 g and 534 g, respectively, for each oven-dry kg of wood chips pyrolyzed. LCA, applied in accordance with ISO 14040:2006, was used to determine the potential environmental impacts. Total GHG is 0.595 kg CO2 eq/ OD kg of wood chips processed. Contributions to the total GHG contribution were 20.7% from upstream forest resource extraction and chip processing at sawmill and 77.6% from thermochemical conversion process with propane combustion. The remaining1.62% was from parasitic electricity operating the Tucker RNG unit. Quantifying Global Warming Potential (GWP) showed the carbon benefits (eg low GHG emissions) along with the carbon “hotspots” from burning propane to maintain the endothermic reaction in the Tucker RNG unit. Using low-energy syngas generated from what was originally a waste in the pyrolysis reaction to augment propane combustion would reduce GHG emissions (ie fossil CO 2 ) by about 30.4%.
Glomerular responses to platelet-activating factor in the rat: role of thromboxane A2.

In view of its role as a pro-inflammatory mediator in glomerular injury, we investigated the renal cortical microcirculatory responses to the intrarenal arterial administration of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in the anesthetized euvolemic Munich-Wistar rat. Close arterial administration of PAF led to dose-dependent reductions in renal plasma flow rate (RPF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and filtration fraction (FF), in the absence of hypotension or hemoconcentration. Single-nephron (SN) plasma flow rate (QA), SNGFR and SNFF also fell [126 +/- 7 to 101 +/- 6 nl/min (P less than 0.005), 40.6 +/- 2.1 to 21.5 +/- 2.5 nl/min (P less than 0.005), and 0.33 +/- 0.03 to 0.21 +/- 0.03 (P less than 0.025)]. PAF increased pre- and postglomerular arteriolar resistances [2.32 +/- 0.14 to 2.73 +/- 0.19 (P less than 0.005) and 1.32 +/- 0.13 to 1.45 +/- 0.10(10)dyn.s.cm-5 (P less than 0.05)]. PAF infusion also led to a dramatic reduction in the mean value for the glomerular capillary ultrafiltration coefficient, Kf [0.058 +/- 0.012 to 0.020 +/- 0.003 nl.s-1.mmHg (P less than 0.025)]. PAF-induced changes in renal hemodynamics were abolished in the presence of the cyclooxygenase inhibitors, indomethacin and ibuprofen. When administered concomitantly with a thromboxane A2 (TxA2) receptor antagonist, PAF led to significant increases in RPF and GFR. In isolated glomeruli, PAF stimulated the biosynthesis of TxB2 in a dose-dependent manner. Thus PAF depresses rat glomerular function by inducing contraction of arteriolar and mesangial smooth muscle. These effects are likely mediated via the secondary release of TxA2.
Financial implications of malnutrition.

Cost has become a major consideration in health care today, and providing nutritional support can be very costly. On the other hand, neglect of malnutrition through oversight or prioritizing care can be even more costly because of a higher prevalence of complications (e.g., infections, poor wound healing) that may accompany required medical procedures and patient management. Screening patients for malnutrition on admission to the hospital can be a cost-effective step toward shortening the length of stay.
Role of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase signaling in vesicular trafficking

Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are regulatory enzymes involved in the generation of lipid species that modulate cellular signaling pathways through downstream effectors to influence a variety of cellular functions. Years of intensive study of PI3Ks have produced a significant body of literature in many areas, including that PI3K can mediate intracellular vesicular trafficking and through these actions contribute to a number of important physiological functions. This review focuses on the crucial roles that PI3K and AKT, a major downstream partner of PI3K, play in the regulation of vesicle trafficking during various forms of vesicular endocytosis and exocytosis.
Adverse Childhood Circumstances and Functional Status Throughout Adult Life.

Objective:We studied the association of childhood adversity with adult functional status. Method: With data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the 2014 Childhood Retrospective Circumstance...
Principles of Riemannian Geometry in Neural Networks

This study deals with neural networks in the sense of geometric transformations acting on the coordinate representation of the underlying data manifold which the data is sampled from. It forms part of an attempt to construct a formalized general theory of neural networks in the setting of Riemannian geometry. From this perspective, the following theoretical results are developed and proven for feedforward networks. First it is shown that residual neural networks are finite difference approximations to dynamical systems of first order differential equations, as opposed to ordinary networks that are static. This implies that the network is learning systems of differential equations governing the coordinate transformations that represent the data. Second it is shown that a closed form solution of the metric tensor on the underlying data manifold can be found by backpropagating the coordinate representations learned by the neural network itself. This is formulated in a formal abstract sense as a sequence of Lie group actions on the metric fibre space in the principal and associated bundles on the data manifold. Toy experiments were run to confirm parts of the proposed theory, as well as to provide intuitions as to how neural networks operate on data.
Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership: an opportunity or a threat to the EU textile and apparel industry?

AbstractThis study quantitatively evaluated how tariff elimination and reduction of non-tariff barriers under the Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (T-TIP) could affect the textile and apparel (T&A) industry in the European Union (EU). Based on the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model, the study finds that: first, T-TIP’s trade creation effect will expand the EU-U.S. intra-industry trade for textiles. Meanwhile, T-TIP will significantly expand EU’s apparel exports to the United States. Second, trade T-TIP’s trade diversion effect will affect T&A exports from non-member suppliers to the T-TIP region negatively, including Asia’s T&A exports to the U.S. and EU and Turkey’s T&A exports to the EU. Third, T-TIP will affect the intra-region T&A trade in the EU region negatively but in a limited way. Findings of this study augment our understanding of the T&A-specific sectoral impact of T-TIP and provide valuable inputs supporting the T-TIP negotiation.
Predigested formula for infants with cystic fibrosis.

The object of this study was to assess the growth rates of patients with cystic fibrosis fed various diets and test the hypothesis that the weight of infants could be normalized by 1 year of age if they were placed on predigested formula before age 6 months. A group of 19 newly diagnosed patients placed on Pregestimil were compared with a group who were fed standard formula. At 1 year of age, the Pregestimil group showed significantly greater length and weight and a twofold higher average weight percentile. Growth velocity determined for the period between diagnosis and 12 months of age was better (p less than .001) for babies raised on Pregestimil (556 compared with 423 gm/month). Using weight percentile as the major growth index and values less than the fifth percentile as abnormal at age 12 months, we found that all 19 babies were normal in the group fed Pregestimil, whereas nine were below the fifth percentile in the group fed regular formula (p = .0006).
Dopamine-Regulated Protein Phosphorylation in the Basal Ganglia

Dopamine (DA) is one of many neurotransmitter agents that utilize cyclic AMP as a second messenger (for reviews see Kebabian and Calne, 1979; Stoof and Kebabian, 1984; Hemmings et al., 1987). Dopamine, acting via the D1 dopamine receptor, initiates the biochemical sequence of adenylate cyclase activation, increased formation of cyclic AMP, activation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, and phosphorylation of specific substrate proteins. There are two major categories of substrate proteins for this DA-sensitive adenylate cyclase/cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase pathway. One category contains broadly distributed substrate proteins that appear to regulate physiological processes common to all neurons. An example of a phosphoprotein in this category is synapsin I which is regulated by the nerve impulse itself (Nestler and Greengard, 1980) as well as by multiple first messengers. In the basal ganglia and substantia nigra, dopamine is one of the first messengers that regulate synapsin I phosphorylation (Walaas and Greengard, unpublished observations). Synapsin I is associated with small (50 nm) synaptic vesicles (DeCamilli et al., 1983a), is present in all nerve terminals (DeCamilli et al., 1983ab), and appears to play a role in regulating neurotransmitter release (Llinas et al., 1985). Thus, synapsin I appears to be involved in a physiological process common to all neurons, is broadly distributed in all axon terminals, and is regulated by dopamine in those nerve terminals containing D1 dopamine receptors.
A Pediatric Emergency Department Intervention to Increase Contraception Initiation Among Adolescents.

BACKGROUND The pediatric emergency department (PED) provides care for adolescents at high risk of unintended pregnancy, but little is known regarding the efficacy of PED-based pregnancy prevention interventions. The objectives of this PED-based pilot intervention study were to 1) assess the rate of contraception initiation after contraceptive counseling and appointment facilitation in the PED during the study period, 2) identify barriers to successful contraception initiation, and 3) determine adolescent acceptability of the intervention. METHODS This pilot intervention study included females 14 to 19 years of age at risk for unintended pregnancy. Participants received standardized contraceptive counseling and were offered an appointment with gynecology. Participants were followed via electronic medical record and phone to assess contraception initiation and barriers. Chi-square tests were used to examine the association between contraception initiation and participant characteristics. RESULTS A total of 144 patients were eligible, and 100 were enrolled. In the PED, 68% (68/100) expressed interest in initiating hormonal contraception, with 70% (48/68) of interested participants indicating that long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) was their preferred method. Twenty-five percent (25/100) of participants initiated contraception during the study period, with 19 participants starting LARC. Thirty-nine percent (22/57) of participants who accepted a gynecology appointment attended that appointment. Barriers to follow-up include transportation and inconvenient follow-up times. Participants were accepting of the intervention with 93% agreeing that the PED is an appropriate place for contraceptive counseling. CONCLUSIONS PED contraceptive counseling is acceptable among adolescents and led to successful contraception initiation in 25% of participants. The main barrier to contraception initiation was participant follow-up with the gynecology appointment.
Social Fabric and Neighborhood Change

Chapter 6 showed that there is a direct relationship between the social fabric of the neighborhood and the feelings that people have about where they live. Although there are differences in the ways in which various elements of social fabric relate to respondents’ neighborhood feelings of attachment and satisfaction or to their feelings toward life in general, a number of the social fabric variables were shown to relate positively to these feelings.
Metaperception of personality in schizophrenia

Individuals with schizophrenia (SCZ) form less accurate mental representations of the self and others, which contributes to social dysfunction. It remains unclear, however, whether such deficits ex...
What should global mental health do about violent extremism

To prevent radicalization to violence and to rehabilitate returned foreign terrorist fighters, new programs which go by the name of 'preventing and countering violent extremism' are being implemented globally, including in low- and middle-income countries. In some of these countries, global mental health strategies are also being implemented so as to deliver mental health care or psychosocial support to individuals and populations in need. This commentary addresses what global mental health should considering doing about violent extremism. Global mental health should be open to addressing the challenges of violent extremism but should do so based upon existing mental health and public health values, practices, and evidence. Global mental health could help by critically appraising preventing and countering violent extremism practices and by working with multidisciplinary stakeholders to develop new evidence-based and best practice models that are rooted in civil society ownership, community collaboration, broader prevention programing, and non-securitized approaches.
A Simple Cardiac Comorbidity Count Predicts 30-Day Cardiovascular Readmissions Following Heart Failure Hospitalization

Introduction About half of HF hospitalizations result from a cardiovascular cause. Identifying patients who are more likely to experience a cardiovascular (CV) readmission (and those who are more likely to experience a non-cardiovascular readmission) could have important implications on developing effective strategies to reduce 30-day readmission. We sought to determine if a simple count of cardiac conditions could predict CV-specific 30-day readmission. Methods Using the Nationwide Readmissions Database, we examined all discharges in January-November 2014 following a hospitalization with a principal diagnosis of HF. We created a count based on the presence of three common and easily identifiable cardiac conditions (coronary artery disease [CAD], atrial arrhythmia, and ventricular arrhythmia) using ICD-9-CM codes. We used multinomial logistic regression to determine if a count of cardiac conditions was independently associated with CV readmission or non-CV readmission (relative to no readmission), adjusting for age, sex, payer status, annual income, comorbidity burden (Elixhauser index), and hospital bed size and urban vs. rural location. Results Among 380,075 patients, 51% had CAD, 43% had an atrial arrhythmia, and 5% had a ventricular arrhythmia. The 30-day all-cause readmission rate was 20%; 55% were from CV causes. CAD, atrial arrhythmia, and ventricular arrhythmia were each associated with increased risk for 30-day CV readmission. About 28% had 0 cardiac comorbidities, 47% had 1, 23% had 2, and 2% had 3. When adjusting for potential patient- and hospital-level confounders, cardiac comorbidity count was independently associated with CV readmission, and was not associated with non-CV readmission (Table). The association between cardiac comorbidity count and CV-readmission were largely similar across age strata and tertiles of comorbidity burden (Table). Conclusion A simple cardiac comorbidity count (comprised of CAD, atrial arrhythmia, and ventricular arrhythmia) was significantly associated with 30-day CV readmissions. This count can be calculated at the patient's bedside and may provide a simple strategy to identify HF patients who would benefit from strategies targeted specifically to reduce CV-readmissions.
Microtubule-Based Mechanisms of Pronuclear Positioning

The zygote is defined as a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes. Union of haploid male and female pronuclei in many animals occurs through rearrangements of the microtubule cytoskeleton into a radial array of microtubules known as the sperm aster. The sperm aster nucleates from paternally-derived centrioles attached to the male pronucleus after fertilization. Nematode, echinoderm, and amphibian eggs have proven as invaluable models to investigate the biophysical principles for how the sperm aster unites male and female pronuclei with precise spatial and temporal regulation. In this review, we compare these model organisms, discussing the dynamics of sperm aster formation and the different force generating mechanism for sperm aster and pronuclear migration. Finally, we provide new mechanistic insights for how sperm aster growth may influence sperm aster positioning.
Chapter 2 – CPUs

This chapter looks at processors. It considers several different styles of processors that are used in embedded systems. It covers techniques for tuning the performance of a processor, such as voltage scaling. It considers the role of the processor memory hierarchy in embedded CPUs. It looks at techniques used to optimize embedded CPUs, such as code compression and bus encoding. Finally, it reviews techniques for simulating processors.
Evaluation of the occurrence and management of PARP inhibitor toxicities.

e18073Background: Poly-adenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) have become a major cornerstone of therapy in the management of patients with ovarian cancer and other cancer types...
Tobacco Product Promotions Remain Ubiquitous and Are Associated with Use and Susceptibility to Use Among Adolescents

INTRODUCTION The decline in tobacco smoking among US adolescents has been exceeded by the exponential rise in nicotine vaping with an overall net gain in youth tobacco product use. While cigarette companies are restricted from advertising on television/radio, vaping promotions have been largely unrestricted. This study examined exposure to tobacco product promotions in a US sample of 1003 adolescents and its associations with product use and susceptibility to use. AIMS AND METHODS Adolescents (13-17) were recruited online and anonymously surveyed in 2019 about their ever and current (past 30 days) tobacco smoking (cigarette and cigar) and nicotine vaping behaviors, and among never-users, susceptibility to vaping. Multivariate models tested associations with past-month exposure to tobacco product promotions controlling for demographic features, harm perceptions, and family and peer influences. RESULTS Tobacco product use was 34% ever-use and 20% current-use. Most had seen cigarette (91%) and nicotine vaping (80%) product promotions in the past 30 days. A majority reported exposure at point-of-sale and on major (television and cinema) and social media. In adjusted multivariate models, greater exposure to tobacco product promotions was significantly associated with ever and current smoking and vaping; and among never-users, susceptibility to vaping (all p < .01, effect sizes 1.03-1.05). Family/peer use and attitudes also were significant correlates. CONCLUSIONS Tobacco product promotions remain ubiquitous and are significantly associated with adolescents' tobacco product use and susceptibility to vape. Peers and family are important social influences and may reflect indirect channels of tobacco marketing. Stricter regulatory restrictions on tobacco marketing to young people are warranted. IMPLICATIONS This study adds to mounting evidence showing that tobacco marketing remains pervasive and is associated with tobacco use and susceptibility to use. Most youth report seeing cigarette and nicotine vaping product promotions, with notable differences by channel: traditional media predominate for cigarettes and social media/email for e-cigarettes. Greater exposure to tobacco promotions is significantly associated with ever and current smoking and vaping, and among never-users, susceptibility to vaping. The accumulating findings support stricter regulatory restrictions on marketing of tobacco products in media channels accessed by youth.
Not yet at the table: The absence of food culture and tradition in agroecology literature

This review of agroecology’s current work on culture and food traditions—a principle of the field and one of the FAO’s 10 Elements of Agroecology—reveals two things. First, although culture and tradition are frequently mentioned in passing, there is little published literature detailing how they intersect with agroecology. Second, mentions of tradition and culture in this corpus reveal scholarly assumptions that practicing agroecology or food sovereignty will naturally result in unspecified healthy, diversified, community-driven food choices. But consumption practices shape production practices at least as much as the reverse. Food cultures are complex, shifting, and geographically and historically informed, and must be considered within their rich contexts. Agroecology needs to critically engage with the kitchen and the table in order to achieve the holistic and multi-faceted agricultural transformations imagined by the FAO and others.
Examining the Role of General Cognitive Skills in Language Processing: A Window Into Complex Cognition:

When we use language, we combine sounds, signs, and letters into words that then form sentences, which together tell a story. Both language production and language comprehension rely on representat...
Association Between the ACA Medicaid Expansions and Changes in Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Low-Income Individuals.

Evidence is limited as to whether the introduction of the Affordable Care Act (ACA)’s Medicaid expansions was associated with improvements in cardiovascular risk factors at the population level. To examine the association between the ACA Medicaid expansions and changes in cardiovascular risk factors among low-income individuals during the first 3 years of the implementation of the ACA Medicaid expansions at the national level. A quasi-experimental difference-in-differences (DID) analysis to compare outcomes before (2005–2012) and after (2015–2016) the implementation of the ACA Medicaid expansions between individuals in states that expanded Medicaid and individuals in non-expansion states. A nationally representative sample of individuals aged 19–64 years with family incomes below 138% of the federal poverty level from the 2005–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). ACA Medicaid expansions. Cardiovascular risk factors included (1) systolic and diastolic blood pressure, (2) hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level, and (3) cholesterol levels (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol). A total of 9177 low-income individuals were included in our analysis. We found that the ACA Medicaid expansions were associated with a lower systolic blood pressure (DID estimate, − 3.03 mmHg; 95% CI, − 5.33 mmHg to − 0.73 mmHg; P = 0.01; P = 0.03 after adjustment for multiple comparisons) and lower HbA1c level (DID estimate, − 0.14 percentage points [pp]; 95% CI, − 0.24 pp to − 0.03 pp; P = 0.01; P = 0.03 after adjustment for multiple comparisons). We found no evidence that diastolic blood pressure and cholesterol levels changed following the ACA Medicaid expansions. Using the nationally representative data of individuals who were affected by the ACA, we found that the ACA Medicaid expansions were associated with a modest improvement in cardiovascular risk factors related to hypertension and diabetes during the first 3 years of implementation.
Principles and Best Practices of Designing Digital Game-Based Learning Environments

Playing games holds an important role in learning and development. While designing and using digital game-based learning (DGML) environments becomes more appealing to educators, there is a disconnect between the goals that educators try to achieve and the design strategies they utilize to achieve their goals. The inclusion of game elements alone is insufficient to improve students’ learning, and it does not solve educational problems that DGBL environments are aimed to solve. The current state of research on the design of DGBL environments calls for an updated review of the best practices in recent years for developing DGBL environments, which prompted this literature review. It draws from successful examples of educators implementing learning games in classes, and it highlights five key principles that facilitate the effectiveness of DGBL: (1) interactivity, (2) immersiveness, (3) adaptive problem solving, (4) feedback, and (5) freedom of exploration. Practical examples are used to illustrate the effective implementation of these principles in DGBL environments and to underscore the significance of each component.
Impact of Radiography on Antibiotic Prescribing Practices in Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure

Chest radiography findings can be similar in acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) and pneumonia. Prescriber discretion is needed to avoid unnecessary antibiotics and subsequent fluid administration. This study was conducted at a tertiary, community, teaching hospital in the USA. This retrospective cohort study included adults admitted with ADHF without overt signs of infection or comorbidities that mimic pneumonia (e.g., chronic lung disease). Patients were placed into two cohorts based on radiology interpretation: a control cohort with radiograph report without mention of infection or a positive cohort with infection considered in the differential. The primary outcome was percentage of patients prescribed antibiotics. Secondary outcomes included total antibiotic days, length of stay, and volume of fluid administered from antibiotics. There were 127 patients included, 39 in the positive cohort and 88 in the control. Baseline characteristics were similar. Incidence of antibiotic use was 30.8% in the positive cohort compared to 10.2% in the control cohort (p = 0.008). Antibiotic days were significantly higher in the positive cohort compared to the control (44.4% vs. 9.4%, respectively, p < 0.001). Median length of stay was similar between groups. Patients prescribed antibiotics during ADHF received an average of 633 mL of extra intravenous fluid over the course of their admission. Clinical discretion is critical when interpreting chest radiograph reports in ADHF. Antibiotic overprescribing in this population presents a significant opportunity for antibiotic stewardship and improvement to ADHF care.
Euglobulin clot lysis time reveals a high frequency of fibrinolytic activation in trauma.

Activation of the fibrinolytic system plays a central role in the host response to trauma. There is significant heterogeneity in the degree of fibrinolysis activation at baseline that is usually assessed by whole blood thromboelastography (TEG). Few studies have focused on plasma markers of fibrinolysis that could add novel insights into the frequency and mechanisms of fibrinolytic activation in trauma. Global fibrinolysis in plasma was assessed using a modified euglobulin clot lysis time (ECLT) assay in 171 major trauma patients and compared to commonly assessed analytes of fibrinolysis. The median ECLT in trauma patients was significantly shorter at 8.5 h (IQR, 1.3-19.5) compared to 19.9 h (9.8-22.6) in healthy controls (p < 0.0001). ECLT values ≤2.5th percentile of the reference range were present in 83 (48.5%) of trauma patients, suggesting increased fibrinolytic activation. Shortened ECLT values were associated with elevated plasmin-antiplasmin (PAP) complexes and free tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) levels in plasma. Sixteen (9.2%) individuals met the primary outcome for massive transfusion, here defined as the critical administration threshold (CAT) of 3 units of packed red cells in any 60-minute period within the first 24 h. In a univariate screen, plasma biomarkers associated with CAT included D-dimer (p < 0.001), PAP (p < 0.05), free tPA (p < 0.05) and ECLT (p < 0.05). We conclude that fibrinolytic activation, measured by ECLT, is present in a high proportion of trauma patients at presentation. The shortened ECLT is partially driven by high tPA levels and is associated with high levels of circulating PAP complexes. Further studies are needed to determine whether ECLT is an independent predictor of trauma outcomes.
Predicting incident atrial fibrillation in sinus rhythm: more than just trusting the 'black box'.

With an ageing population, the growing prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) is becoming a public health crisis. In the USA alone, the prevalence of AF is expected to more than double over the next 50 years.1 This undoubtedly has important clinical implications given the morbidity, mortality and tremendous healthcare cost burden associated with AF.2 3 In addition to the increasing numbers of known AF cases, another issue looms: a subset of individuals with silent and subclinical AF coexists in whom capturing the arrhythmia on single standard 12-lead ECG or even extended non-invasive ambulatory ECG monitoring remains a challenge. In fact, the first clinical presentation of those with asymptomatic AF may be an acute ischaemic stroke or decompensated heart failure.4 Therefore, the ability to identify individuals at increased risk of AF can aid in screening, surveillance, management and prevention strategies. The current study by Sanz-Garcia and colleagues,5 represents an innovative approach to doing just that. Until recently, AF prediction has been based on clinical variables integrated into scoring systems such as CHARGE-AF (Cohorts for Aging and Research in Genomic Epidemiology–AF) score, which is the best studied and most well-established clinical AF scoring tool.6 Others include the FHS (Framingham Heart Study), ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) and CHA2DS2-VASc risk scores.6 7 These approaches, however, require time-intensive data abstraction of multiple variables—some …
Targeted inhibition of fascin function blocks tumour invasion and metastatic colonization

As metastasis requires cellular machinery of migration and invasion, interfering with these functions is a promising anticancer strategy. Here the authors show that a structurally novel fascin inhibitor blocks filopodia formation, migration and invasion, and effectively inhibits metastasis in mice.
Practically Unreasonable - A Critique of Practical Reason: A Review of the Problems of Jurisprudence by Richard A. Posner

Jurisprudence is confronting a familiar crisis: the political authenticity of judges dispensing decisions. Much of jurisprudence in the past half century is a series of projects designed to confer legitimacy on judicial decisionmaking. The legitimacy projects exhibit a defensive reductionism: moving from structural justifications for the political system to systemic justifications of decisionmaking, and now to methodological justifications on the decisional level. In the 1980s, the critical legal studies (CLS) movement attacked the joined notions that any principles were neutral and that legitimacy could be achieved by a majoritarian consensus. If accepted, the CLS challenge meant that the rule of law was in serious doubt: law could not rule, let alone rule fairly, because laws were ultimately manipulable. The CLS challenge went to the heart of the rule of law, and has evoked a strong response from legitimacy theorists who want to make judicial decisionmaking politically authentic. It is this project which drives the practical reason movement. While the current wave of practical reason has various incarnations, the parent concept is Aristotle's idea of phronesis or practical wisdom. For Aristotle, the exercise of good judgment comprised qualities of character and methods of deliberation. Thus, Aristotle's answer to the problem of judicial legitimacy was to select judges who possessed a constellation of appropriate character traits. With the judicial selection process remaining relatively unalterable, however, practical reason theorists have turned their attention to justifying methods of judicial decisionmaking. The practical reason school has a powerful spokesperson in Judge Richard Posner. In The Problems of Jurisprudence, Posner proclaims: Jurisprudence needs to become more pragmatic. As the title of the final chapter - A Pragmatist Manifesto - implies, Posner's project is to help jurisprudence get there. This review of The Problems of Jurisprudence focuses on the scientific unreasonableness of Posner's version of practical reason. It suggests that while Posner verbally champions inquiry and critical thinking, his methods move in the opposite direction. Posner's version of practical reason relies on untutored and nonreflective techniques of reasoning, a visceral appeal to common sense as good judgment, and the unjustified supposition that values are shared by the judiciary and the populace. This review summarizes Posner's book and delineates his version of practical reason. It then takes a position against common sense - as a method of thinking, and particularly as the bedrock for a theory of judging. I submit that the adoption of intuitive and common sense ways of thinking as a judging philosophy will lead to a lack of openness and testability of juristic methods, reductionist instead of systematic thinking about legal issues, and a diminished impetus for both self-reflective and externally exploratory behavior on the part of judges.
Corporate Law and the Accumulation of Organizational Assets: Lessons from the 19th Century

This essay argues that the popularity of corporate status as a way to organize production grew out of the unique ability of this legal form in the 19th century to promote and protect the interests not only of shareholders and other investors, but of a wide range of enterprise participants who made specialized investments in reliance on the continued existence and financial viability of the corporation. This ability grew out of the fact that a corporate charter created a separate legal entity, whose existence and governance were separate from any of its participants. Entity status and separate governance made it possible to do something more than engage in a series of business transactions, or relationships, or even projects. It made it possible to build lasting institutions. Investments could be made in long-lived and specialized physical assets, in information and control systems, in specialized knowledge and routines, and in reputation and relationships, all of which could be sustained even as individual participants in the enterprise came and went. And these business institutions, in turn, could accomplish more toward the improvement of the wealth and standard of living of their participants in the long run than the same individuals could by holding separate property claims on business assets and engaging in a series of separate contracts with each other.
Tritiated pump oil change cart

A device to facilitate the changing of oil in pumps used for tritium service has been constructed and utilized to service the TFTR project pumps. The utilization of tritium in TFTR has necessitated the requirement for new maintenance and service procedures for tritium equipment. Two oil change carts were constructed, one for hydrocarbon oil and a second for Krytox (Perfluoroalkyl Ether) oil. Both carts are essentially identical. The oil drain and fill operations do not require active pumping, but utilize a partially evacuated waste drain tank and a pressurized supply tank to transfer oil. The cart has pressure balance capabilities to prevent over or under pressurization of the device being serviced. The cart supply tank is pressurized with inert gas and the waste tank is evacuated with the tritium storage and delivery system vacuum pumps prior to using the cart for servicing equipment. All operations are performed in a completely closed configuration by utilizing the tritium vent system. A specific written procedure is required for the use of the oil change cart with each pump or blower to be serviced. Each procedure specifies the exact interconnection configuration and safe method to transfer the oil. When the waste tank is full, the contaminated oil is transferred to a disposable tank that can be solidified using a gelling agent.
Study of High Surface Area Alumina and Ga‐Alumina Materials for Denox Catalyst Applications

Various alumina and Ga-alumina samples were synthesized by sol-gel and mesoporous material synthesis techniques employing Lanric acid and Pluronic P123. The pore properties of the aluminas were thoroughly characterized using various analytical techniques including BET, XRD, SEM and TEM. The surface area of the materials varied between 117-460 m 2 /g, pore diameter between 2.1-18.2 nm and pore volume between 0.27-1.24 cm 3 /g. The Lean-NO x performance of the synthesized aluminas was evaluated on a powder test bench system using propene as a reductant. The materials' deNOx performance was sensitive to synthesis conditions and varied from 3-68% for NO conversion and 7-82% for NO 2 conversion.
Off-clamp versus complete hilar control laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: comparison by clinical stage

UNLABELLED Study Type--Therapy (case series). Level of Evidence 4. What's known on the subject? And what does the study add? Minimizing renal ischemia and reperfusion injury is an area of active investigation and is particularly significant in cases of laparoscopic renal surgery where the kidney experiences warm ischemia. Reports of partial clamping, early unclamping, and off-clamp laparoscopic partial nephrectomy have demonstrated potential technical modifications that can offer a protective role in preserving renal function. We investigated off-clamp laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for tumours with varying clinical stage to determine feasibility, perioperative outcomes, and renal functional changes when compared to a contemporary cohort of standard laparoscopic partial nephrectomy with complete hilar clamping performed by a single surgeon. OBJECTIVE • To compare the operative outcomes and oncological efficacy of off-clamp (OC) laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) vs complete hilar control (HC) LPN for stage T1a-T2 renal cell carcinoma. METHODS • Retrospective review of all LPNs between June 2006 and March 2010 was performed, stratifying 390 patients by clinical T stage (cT1a = 313, cT1b = 62, cT2 = 15). • Perioperative and postoperative parameters were analysed comparing patients who underwent OC LPN (n= 126) with those who had HC LPN (n= 264) collectively and within each clinical stage cohort. RESULTS • There was no significant difference in the proportion of OC LPN for cT1a tumours compared with cT1b and cT2, P= 0.21. • OC vs HC LPN patients had a greater estimated blood loss (EBL) but with no significant difference in perioperative blood transfusion rates. • When compared by clinical stage, EBL was greater only for clinical stage T1a disease (P= 0.02) but not cT1b (P= 0.91) or cT2 (P= 0.42) tumours. • There was no difference in the operative time or length of hospitalization between OC and HC LPN by stage: cT1a (P= 0.77 and P= 0.17), cT1b (P= 0.77 and P= 0.07) and cT2 (P= 0.42 and P= 0.66), respectively. • In our series, one case (0.3%) of HC LPN had a positive margin on final pathology, one case was converted to open partial nephrectomy (0.3%), and two cases of OC LPN (1.6%) were intraoperatively converted to HC LPN. CONCLUSIONS • OC LPN is a feasible surgical option for patients with cT1-T2 renal cell carcinoma that completely avoids renal ischaemic injury with the benefits of minimally invasive surgery. • LPN can be performed OC in patients with larger, more complex renal tumours without compromising the operative time, blood loss requiring transfusions, length of hospitalization, complication rates, or positive surgical margin rates compared with HC LPN.
Dissociation and somatization in adolescent inpatients with and without history of abuse.

33 adolescents were tested for signs of dissociation and somatization as these processes relate to histories of physical and sexual abuse, a characteristic of over half of patients admitted for acute psychiatric disorder. Analysis suggested that the 19 adolescents having histories of abuse were more likely to score higher on dissociation and somatization. Language: en
International Development Models for Educational Reform1

Over the last half century of educational development, six distinctive administrative models have emerged: (1) neo-colonial, (2) centralised, (3) decentralised-regionalisation, (4) decentralised-sectoral, (5) community-based, and (6) transformative models. The origins, strengths, and weaknesses of the respective models are reviewed and compared.
Calpain regulates sensitivity to trastuzumab and survival in HER2-positive breast cancer

Resistance to anti-HER2 (human epithelial growth factor receptor 2) trastuzumab therapy occurs commonly in HER2-positive breast cancer and involves overactivation of HER2 and/or AKT1. Using the model of trastuzumab-sensitive or trastuzumab-resistant HER2-positive cells with wild-type PTEN, negative regulator of AKT1, we explore the involvement of cysteine protease calpain in mechanisms of trastuzumab resistance. Overexpression of calpain1 or activation of endogenous calpain during adhesion or trastuzumab treatment of trastuzumab-sensitive cells induces cleavage of cytoplasmic domains of HER2/phospho-HER2; cleavage occurs in HER2-positive tumors. Expression of the catalytically inactive mutant of calpain1 reduces the cleavage to enhance the activity of HER2, inactivates PTEN to enhance the activation of AKT1, induces desensitization to trastuzumab and promotes survival of trastuzumab-sensitive cells. In the model of trastuzumab resistance, constitutive overactivation of HER2 and AKT1 correlates with reduced activation of calpain. Moreover, inhibitors of the catalytic site of calpain reduce the increase in constitutive activity of AKT1 and survival of trastuzumab-resistant cells selectively. Together, by regulating the activation of HER2 and PTEN/AKT1, calpain regulates trastuzumab sensitivity and survival, and the deregulation of the activation of calpain promotes trastuzumab resistance. Trastuzumab-resistant cells activate AKT1 in a mechanism dependent on the residual calpain activity, inhibition of which restores trastuzumab sensitivity and rescues resistance. These data identify calpain as a new therapeutic target in HER2-positive breast cancer.
Repeated, short-term ischemia augments bradykinin-mediated opening of the blood–tumor barrier in rats with RG2 glioma

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of repeated, short-term ischemia on bradykininmediated permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-tumor barrier (BTB). The mechanism by which bradykinin transiently opens the BTB, involves B2 receptors, Ca2+ flux, nitric oxide (NO) and cyclic GMP (cGMP). Since global and focal cerebral ischemia are known to increase levels of brain nitric oxide synthase (bNOS) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) we tested the hypothesis that bradykinin may increase the BTB permeability to a greater extent under ischemic rather than nonischemic conditions. The vertebral arteries in female Wistar rats were coagulated immediately after intracerebral implantation of RG2 glioma. Short-term ischemia was produced in some rats by a modification of the fourvessel occlusion procedure for incomplete forebrain ischemia, in which the common carotid arteries were clamped daily for 15 min on days 7, 8 and 9 after tumor implantation, after which...