cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploiting Partial Annotations with EM Training

For many NLP tasks, EM-trained HMMs are the common models. However, in order to escape local maxima and find the best model, we need to start with a good initial model. Researchers suggested repeated random restarts or constraints that guide the model evolution. Neither approach is ideal. Restarts are time-intensive, and most constraint-based approaches require serious re-engineering or external solvers. In this paper we measure the effectiveness of very limited initial constraints: specifically, annotations of a small number of words in the training data. We vary the amount and distribution of initial partial annotations, and compare the results to unsupervised and supervised approaches. We find that partial annotations improve accuracy and can reduce the need for random restarts, which speeds up training time considerably.
Messenger RNA Degradation in Bacteria

Decay of messenger RNA (mRNA) is an essential function in bacteria, allowing rapid adjustments in gene expression and replenishing of the ribonucleotide pool. Efficient turnover of intermediates in the mRNA decay process is necessary to avoid nonproductive translation. Certain structural features of an mRNA make it resistant to attack: nucleoside-5′-triphosphate at the 5′ end, transcription terminator structure at the 3′ end, and ribosome flow down the body of the message. In Escherichia coli , decay proceeds by a combination of endonuclease cleavage and degradation by 3′ exonucleases. In Bacillus subtilis , an alternative mechanism occurs, in which decay proceeds from the native 5′ end of a message. Endoribonucleases that are involved in initiation of mRNA decay are subject to regulation of gene expression and activity.
Photoconduction in Homogeneous Photoplastic Recording Film

Bulk photoconductive properties of a photoplastic recording film composed of tetracyanoethylene and pyrene dissolved in polystyrene were investigated. Current-voltage dependence was consistent with Schottky emission from the electrode into the dielectric. Steady state photocurrent was directly proportional to illumination with a gain of 10-5 electron/photon. From the optical absorption spectra, the presence of charge-transfer complexes of tetracyanoethylene with pyrene and polystyrene was established. The photoconduction action spectrum and the concentration dependence of photoconductivity pointed to the tetracyanoethylene-pyrene complex as the source of photogenerated carriers. Complexed polystyrene appeared to act as a semiconducting matrix with an apparent activation energy of 0.6–0.8 eV.
Numerical Analysis of Low-Fill Box Culvert under Rigid Pavement Subjected to Static Traffic Loading

AbstractThis paper presents a numerical study on culverts under rigid pavements subjected to static traffic loading. The numerical study was based on the results of a comprehensive field study of a single-cell low-fill box culvert under three roadway sections (concrete pavement, concrete shoulder, and unsurfaced fill). The culvert in the field test was instrumented with displacement transducers and pressure cells to capture the deformations and pressures resulting from different combinations of wheel loads from a test truck pulling a low-boy trailer loaded with a backhoe. Deflections under the culvert roof and pressures on the culvert were measured during loading. Properties of soil and pavement layers were determined in the laboratory. A three-dimensional (3D) numerical model of the culvert was developed using a finite-difference program. The numerical model with material properties was verified with the field test results. A parametric study was conducted to investigate the influence of cement concrete ...
Rootstock Effects on Almond Leaf Scorch Disease Incidence and Severity

A 5-year field study was conducted to evaluate effects of duration and exclusion of Xylella fastidiosa infections on young almond tree performance and their links to tree vigor. 'Nemaguard,' 'Okinawa,' 'Nonpareil,' and Y119 were used as rootstocks for almond scion 'Sonora.' Among X. fastidiosa-infected trees, there was significant etiological heterogeneity with i) absence of leaf scorching symptoms in the presence of reduced growth, ii) presence of leaf scorching symptoms in the absence of reduced growth, and iii) severe leaf scorching and reduced growth. Trunk cross sectional areas of X. fastidiosa-infected trees grafted on 'Nemaguard' and 'Nonpareil' rootstocks were significantly smaller than noninfected trees, whereas trunk size of trees grafted on 'Okinawa' and Y119 was not affected by infection status. Severity of leaf scorching symptoms was highest on trees grafted on 'Nonpareil' rootstock, intermediate on 'Okinawa' and Y119, and lowest on 'Nemaguard.' X. fastidiosa infections and seasonal leaf scorching symptoms persisted on most inoculated trees throughout the study, except on trees grafted on 'Nemaguard' that manifested complete leaf scorching symptom remission and apparent elimination of the pathogen after the second year. Results indicate that depending on rootstock type X. fastidiosa can affect trunk size in a relatively short period and/or persist for years as trees grow.
Thermodynamics of Crystallization in High Polymers: Gutta Percha1,2

Abstract The melting temperatures of two of the crystalline modifications of gutta-percha and their mixtures with either methyl oleate or tetradecane as diluent were determined by x-ray diffraction and dilatometric methods. It was found that the melting temperatures of the two forms in the pure polymer were 64 and 74°, respectively. From these studies the heat of fusion per repeating unit of the high melting form was deduced to be 3070 ± 250 cal./mole, while the heat of fusion for the low melting modification was found to be about one-half to three-fourths this value. An analysis indicates the low melting form is a metastable one. The heats and entropies of fusion of each of the forms of gutta-percha are appreciably greater than those of the monomorphic as-hydro-carbon, natural rubber. The difference in the entropies of fusion of the two polymers persists even when allowance is made for the significant contribution of the volume change accompanying fusion.
Regional Metamorphism of the Waits River Formation, Eastern Vermont: Delineation of a New Type of Giant Metamorphic Hydrothermal System

Metamorphic isograds and time-integrated fluid fluxes were mapped over the ~ 1500 km2 exposure of the Waits River Formation, eastern Vermont, south of latitude 44°30'N. Isograds based on the appearance of oligoclase, biotite, and amphibole in metacarbonate rocks define elongated metamorphic highs centered on the axes of two large antiforms. The highest-grade isograd based on the appearance of diopside is closely associated spatially with synmetamorphic granitic plutons. Pressure, calculated from mineral equilibria, was fairly uniform in the area, 7± 1-5 kb; calculated temperature increases from ~480°C at the lowest grades in the area to ~575°C in the diopside zone. Calculated XCC)2 of equilibrium metamorphic fluid increases from <0O3 at the lowest grades to ~0-2 in the amphibole zone and decreases to ~ 0-07 in the diopside zone. Time-integrated fluid fluxes increase with increasing metamorphic grade, with the following mean values for each metamorphic zone (in cm3/cm2): ankerite-oligoclase zone, 1 x 104; biotite zone, 7 x 10*; amphibole zone, 2 x 105; diopside zone, 7 x 10'. The mapped pattern of time-integrated fluxes delineates two large deep-seated (~25-km depth) regional metamorphic hydrothermal systems, each centered on one of the major antiforms. Fluid flowed subhorizontally perpendicular to the axis of the antiforms from their low-temperature flanks to their hot axial regions and drove prograde decarbonation reactions as they went. Along the axes of the antiforms fluid flow was further focused around synmetamorphic granitic intrusions. In the hot axial region fluid changed direction and flowed subvertically out of the metamorphic terrane, precipitating quartz veins. Estimates of the total recharge, based on progress of prograde decarbonation reactions, nearly match estimates of the total discharge, based on measured quartz vein abundance, (2-10) x 1012 cm3 fluid per cm system measured parallel to the axes of the antiforms. Within the axial regions fluids had lower XCOl and rocks record greater time-integrated fluxes close to the intrusions than at positions more than ~ 5 km from them. The differences in both fluid composition and time-integrated flux can be explained by mixing close to the intrusions of regional metamorphic fluids of XQQ^O-I with fluids from another source with XCOl~0 in the approximate volume ratio of 1:2.
Criminogenic factors, psychotic symptoms, and incident arrests among people with serious mental illnesses under intensive outpatient treatment

Although research robustly indicates that general or "criminogenic" factors predict various measures of recidivism, there is controversy about the extent to which these factors, versus untreated symptoms, lead to justice involvement for people with mental illnesses. Based on a sample of 183 people in intensive outpatient treatment followed for an average period of 34.5 months, the present study tested whether criminogenic factors (i.e., factor-analytically derived proxies of some of the "Central Eight"; Andrews & Bonta, 2010) and psychotic symptoms were independently associated with arrest. The study also compared the predictive utility of these domains. In the fully adjusted model, the antisocial subscale and male sex were associated with increased arrest rates, whereas psychosis and age were associated with decreased arrest rates. Criminogenic factors and psychotic symptoms had comparable predictive utility. We conclude that criminogenic factors-chiefly arrest history-and psychotic symptoms predict arrest rates. Both sets of variables appear useful for assessing risk of arrest among people with mental illnesses who are not under current correctional supervision.
The Interaction of an Atom with a Surface: A Model Based on Effective Medium Theory

The interaction potential between an atom and a surface is constructed using the “effective medium theory” (EMT) for the repulsive part of the interaction, and the damped dipole-dipole and dipole-quadrupole Van der Waals terms for the attractive part. This model is then applied to the following systems: He/MgO, LiF, NaCl, Ag and Cu.
M13 virus-directed synthesis of nanostructured metal oxides for lithium-oxygen batteries.

Transition metal oxides are promising electrocatalysts for both water oxidations and metal–air batteries. Here, we report the virus-mediated synthesis of cobalt manganese oxide nanowires (NWs) to fabricate high capacity Li–O2 battery electrodes. Furthermore, we hybridized Ni nanoparticles (NPs) on bio Co3O4 NWs to improve the round trip efficiency as well as the cycle life of Li–O2 batteries. This biomolecular directed synthesis method is expected to provide a selection platform for future energy storage electrocatalysts.
Utilizing Additional Measures of High School Academic Preparation to Support Students in their Math Self-Assessment

ABSTRACTThis study describes student behavior through the actual assessment and placement (A&P) process. It then uses an alternative A&P policy that utilizes an additional measure that assesses prior math preparedness alongside subtest choice. Utilizing data from a community college that allows its' students to choose the assessment subtest used to place them, we find a misalignment between students’ subtest choice and the highest math course they passed. After correcting for this misalignment through our alternative A&P criteria, we found that students experience increased access to higher levels of math while exhibiting similar success rates in their placed courses.
Educating a New Elite

The belief among Bolsheviks that managerial hierarchies were essential for factory operations and industrial growth long predated reconstruction. The more contentious issue, as we know, was whether workers or technical specialists were better suited to serve in these hierarchies. Stalin weighed in on this debate when he informed economic officials in 1931 that he wanted the “new leaders” of Soviet industry recruited from both “those who have had higher education” and “practical workers in our factories.”1 This pronouncement ended a period of specialist-baiting and required authorities to accept technical specialists as an essential component of a factory’s command structure. Stalin’s speech touched off a sweeping revision of Soviet higher education in which planners and educators added new admission, training, and graduation standards to the system’s two largely parallel tracks: the old university network and the rapidly expanding assemblage of professional and semiprofessional technical schools. The revised system of the middle Stalin years offered a new, regularized track into the technical intelligentsia, a track that authorities struggled to preserve and expand in the later Stalin years. Because the postwar technical intelligentsia became increasingly filled with the products of Stalin’s higher schools, we should examine the development of Stalinist higher education and look at the training given to Stalin’s technical specialists.
Performance Measures for Linear Oscillator Networks Over Arbitrary Graphs

This paper defines and characterizes two measures of synchronization performance for networks of coupled linear oscillators. The first is the aggregate steady state variance of the system due to a disturbance at a single node. The second is the steady state variance of the phase difference between a given pair of nodes due to distributed disturbances. Both metrics are quantified in terms of the $\mathcal{H}_2$ -norm of an appropriately defined linear system. We also present a systematic framework that allows computation of these metrics for networks over graphs with arbitrary structure. The framework is used to derive relationships between both measures of synchronization performance and the effective resistance between particular nodes in the graphs underlying the oscillator networks. We then discuss interpretations of the second performance metric as both a local and global measure of network performance. Finally, we apply the theory to two applications; the evaluation of transient real power losses in power grids and the characterization of coherence for a certain class of vehicle platoons with relative and absolute velocity feedback.
Design of an extensible interpreter using information hiding

Information hiding is applied to the to the design of an extensible interpreter, i.e., one which enables new grammar rules to be added at any time, even while program constructs are being interpreted. Each construct of the language is represented by one or more grammar rules; each grammar rule is implemented by a single class which contains all the information necessary for scanning, parsing, and interpreting the corresponding construct.
Abstract P016: GYY4137, a Hydrogen Sulfide Donor, Mitigates Ang II-induced Extracellular Matrix Remodeling in Glomerular Endothelial and Mesangial Cells

Hypertensive nephropathy is associated with progressive alteration of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Both mesangial and glomerular endothelial cells have the ability to synthesize and degrade ECM proteins such as collagens by changes in the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Endo180 is an extracellular fibronectin type II domain involved in lysosomal degradation of collagen which has been shown to mitigate renal fibrosis. More recently, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has also been shown to mitigate hypertensive renal remodeling, however, its mechanism remains unclear. In this study, our aim was to investigate whether Angiotensin-II (Ang II) treatment alters the expression of Endo180, MMPs and TIMPs leading to dysregulation of collagen metabolism and whether GYY4137 (H2S donor) restores their levels to achieve homeostasis. Mesangial and mouse glomerular endothelial cells (MCs and MGECs respectively) were treated without or with Ang II (200 nM) and GYY4137 (250 μM) for 48hrs. Cell lysates were analyzed for MMP-13, -14, TIMP-1, Endo180, and collagen IV by Western blot, RT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry. In MGECs, Ang II treatment compared to its control decreased MMP-13/TIMP-1 ratio (0.75±0.44 vs. 2.48 ±0.73), and upregulated MMP-14/TIMP-1 ratio (0.64±2.10 vs. 0.96±1.47), and collagen IV (0.77±0.07 vs. 0.58±0.06). GYY4137 treatment mitigated these changes. In contrast, Ang II treatment in MCs decreased Endo180 compared to control (0.72±0.04 vs. 1.07±0.23), but did not alter the expression of MMP-13/TIMP-1, MMP-14/TIMP-1 ratios, and collagen IV level compared to control or MGECs. Similarly, immunostaining showed downregulation of MMP-13 and Endo180 in Ang II treated MGECs which was normalized following GYY4137 treatment. Endo180 was also normalized in MCs following GYY4137 treatment however, there was no change in MMP-14/TIMP-1 ratio or collagen IV level. We conclude that Ang II treatment causes adverse ECM remodeling in MGECs via downregulation of Endo180 and MMP-13 and upregulation of MMP-14 and TIMP-1 and in MCs by decreasing Endo180, and GYY4137 mitigates these changes in part, by modulating Endo180/MMP/TIMP pathway.
Nuclear Structure of Zr 90

Beta- and gamma-ray spectroscopy, utilizing both single and coincident NaI(Tl) crystals and a magnetic spectrometer, has been used to study the radiations from Nb/sup 90/. The positron spectrum was resolved into components of 1.505 and 0.655 Mevs the internal-conversion electron spectrum was obtained, from which gamma-ray transitions of 0.132, 0.141, 0.372, 1.13, and 2.34 Mev were determined. The internal-conversion electron spectrum characteristic of the 1.76- Mev monopole transition en Zr/sup 90/ was also seen. The scintillation gamma-ray spectrum was resolved into components of level scheme for Zr/sup 90/ was formulated with excited states at 1.76(0+), 2.19(2+), 2.32(5--), 3.08(4+), 3.45(6+), tatively understood in terms of an independent-particle model. (auth)
Effects of monocortical and bicortical mini-implant anchorage on bone-borne palatal expansion using finite element analysis.

Introduction Bone-borne palatal expansion relies on mini-implant stability for successful orthopedic expansion. The large magnitude of applied force experienced by mini-implants during bone-borne expansion may lead to high failure rates. Use of bicortical mini-implant anchorage rather than monocortical anchorage may improve mini-implant stability. The aims of this study were to analyze and compare the effects of bicortical and monocortical anchorages on stress distribution and displacement during bone-borne palatal expansion using finite element analysis. Methods Two skull models were constructed to represent expansion before and after midpalatal suture opening. Three clinical situations with varying mini-implant insertion depths were studied in each skull model: monocortical, 1-mm bicortical, and 2.5-mm bicortical. Finite element analysis simulations were performed for each clinical situation in both skull models. Von Mises stress distribution and transverse displacement were evaluated for all models. Results Peri-implant stress was greater in the monocortical anchorage model compared with both bicortical anchorage models. In addition, transverse displacement was greater and more parallel in the coronal plane for both bicortical models compared with the monocortical model. Minimal differences were observed between the 1-mm and the 2.5-mm bicortical models for both peri-implant stress and transverse displacement. Conclusions Bicortical mini-implant anchorage results in improved mini-implant stability, decreased mini-implant deformation and fracture, more parallel expansion in the coronal plane, and increased expansion during bone-borne palatal expansion. However, the depth of bicortical mini-implant anchorage was not significant.
Abstract 047: Genetics and Environmental Influences on Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Rats Compared With Circadian Blood Pressure Variability in Human

Genetic susceptibility is an important factor in raising blood pressure (BP). Daily (circadian) rhythm characteristics are considered essential parameters for recognizing and treating increased ris...
Pharmacogenomics in Pain Management

There is interpatient variability to analgesic administration. Much can be traced to pharmacogenomics variations between individuals. Certain ethnicities are more prone to reduced function of CYP2D6. Weak opioids are subject to interpatient variation based on their CYP2D6 type. Strong opioids have variations based on their transport and individual metabolism. Several cytochrome enzymes have been found to be involved with ketamine but there is no strong evidence of individual polymorphisms manifesting in clinical outcomes. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have adverse outcomes that certain CYP variants are more prone toward. There are now recommendations for dosing based on specific genomic makeup.
Additive manufacturing of multifunctional reactive materials

Abstract This paper demonstrates the ability to 3D print a fluoropolymer based energetic material which could be used as part of a multifunctional reactive structure. The work presented lays the technical foundation for the 3D printing of reactive materials using fusion based material extrusion. A reactive filament comprising of a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder with 20% mass loading of aluminum (Al) was prepared using a commercial filament extruder and printed using a Makerbot Replicator 2X. Printing performance of the energetic samples was compared with standard 3D printing materials, with metrics including the bead-to-bead adhesion and surface quality of the printed samples. The reactivity and burning rates of the filaments and the printed samples were comparable. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermal gravimetric analysis showed that the onset temperature for the reactions was above 350 °C, which is well above the operation temperature of both the filament extruder and the fused deposition printer.
AUDIT-C and ICD codes as phenotypes for harmful alcohol use: association with ADH1B polymorphisms in two US populations

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Longitudinal electronic health record (EHR) data offer a large-scale, untapped source of phenotypical information on harmful alcohol use. Using established, alcohol-associated variants in the gene that encodes the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B) as criterion standards, we compared the individual and combined validity of three longitudinal EHR-based phenotypes of harmful alcohol use: Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C) trajectories; mean age-adjusted AUDIT-C; and diagnoses of alcohol use disorder (AUD). DESIGN With longitudinal EHR data from the Million Veteran Program (MVP) linked to genetic data, we used two population-specific polymorphisms in ADH1B that are associated strongly with AUD in African Americans (AAs) and European Americans (EAs): rs2066702 (Arg369Cys, AAs) and rs1229984 (Arg48His, EAs) as criterion measures. SETTING United States Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System. PARTICIPANTS A total of 167 721 veterans (57 677 AAs and 110 044 EAs; 92% male, mean age = 63 years) took part in this study. Data were collected from 1 October 2007 to 1 May 2017. MEASUREMENTS Using all AUDIT-C scores and AUD diagnostic codes recorded in the EHR, we calculated age-adjusted mean AUDIT-C values, longitudinal statistical trajectories of AUDIT-C scores and ICD-9/10 diagnostic groupings for AUD. FINDINGS A total of 19 793 AAs (34.3%) had one or two minor alleles at rs2066702 [minor allele frequency (MAF) = 0.190] and 6933 EAs (6.3%) had one or two minor alleles at rs1229984 (MAF = 0.032). In both populations, trajectories and age-adjusted mean AUDIT-C were correlated (r = 0.90) but, when considered separately, highest score (8+ versus 0) of age-adjusted mean AUDIT-C demonstrated a stronger association with the ADH1B variants [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.54 in AAs and 0.37 in AAs] than did the highest trajectory (aOR 0.71 in AAs and 0.53 in EAs); combining AUDIT-C metrics did not improve discrimination. When age-adjusted mean AUDIT-C score and AUD diagnoses were considered together, age-adjusted mean AUDIT-C (8+ versus 0) was associated with lower odds of having the ADH1B minor allele than were AUD diagnostic codes: aOR = 0.59 versus 0.86 in AAs and 0.48 versus 0.68 in EAs. These independent associations combine to yield an even lower aOR of 0.51 for AAs and 0.33 for EAs. CONCLUSIONS The age-adjusted mean AUDIT-C score is associated more strongly with genetic polymorphisms of known risk for alcohol use disorder than are longitudinal trajectories of AUDIT-C or AUD diagnostic codes. AUD diagnostic codes modestly enhance this association.
An Introduction to Vibrations of Lumped-Parameters Systems

This chapter provides a brief overview of vibrations of lumped-parameter systems, also referred to as discrete systems. A generalized treatment of these systems using modal matrix representation is presented first, followed by decoupling strategies for the governing equations of motion. Although brief, the outcomes of this chapter are used in the subsequent chapters when the equations of motion governing the vibrations of continuous systems or vibration-control systems reduce to their respective discrete representations. We leave the more detailed discussions and treatment of these systems to standard vibration books cited in this chapter (Tse et al. 1978; Thomson and Dahleh 1998; Rao 1995; Inman 2007; Meirovitch 1986; Balachandran and Magrab 2009).
An Attachment Perspective on the First Interview (Accelerated Experiential Dynamic Psychotherapy)

Publisher Summary Unlike traditional first interviews, the therapist in Accelerated Experiential Dynamic Psychotherapy (AEDP) does not take a formal history and instead intervenes to activate the patient's wired-in desires to attach and to heal. Recognizing that the patient is warding off difficult feelings until it is safe, the AEDP therapist explicitly expresses affirmation and empathy, while tracking for signs of emerging affect. Even in the first session, the AEDP therapist helps the patient connect viscerally with his deeper feelings (e.g., grief, sadness, anger). Once completed and “meta-processed” with the therapist, this “core affective experience” invariably leads to a felt sense of relief, mastery, and calm, and through a budding attachment to the therapist, an undoing of aloneness.
High-Latitude Ionosphere-Atmosphere Interactions

A review of high-latitude ionosphere-atmosphere interactions was presented. Recent experimental data relating to ionospheric-plasma convection were discussed in relation to the formation of the ionospheric F-layer trough and the higher altitude plasma-pause. With regard to thermospheric dynamics, the effects of ion drag and Joule and particle heating were considered. Some emphasis was given to recent measurements which provide evidence for a horseshoe distribution of particle and Joule heating with strongest energy input lying in the region of the polar cusp. Finally, mention was made of the role of E-region winds in creating a high-latitude dynamo capable of influencing ionospheric plasma convection.
Manometrische Untersuchungen zur Frage des Pylorussphinkters

1973 haben Fisher und Cohen [1] die physiologischen Charakteristika des menschlichen Pylorussphinkters in einer manometrischen Studie dargelegt. Die von ihnen ermittelte hormonelle und phamakologische Beeinflusbarkeit der Pylorusmuskulatur beim Gesunden und beim Ulkuskranken [2] konnte von anderen Autoren nicht reproduziert werden [3]. Auch uns war es nicht moglich, mit dem Waldeck’schen Durchzugsverfahren noch unter endoskopischer Sicht mit einem Mikrosensor-Katheter eine Hochdruckzone nachzuweisen. Aus diesem Grunde versuchten wir, durch ein stufenweises Zuruckziehen einer konstant perfundierten Sonde eine Sphinkterregion nachzuweisen, wie dies von Fisher und Cohen angegeben worden war.
Fishman, Joshua A. (b. 1926)

Joshua Fishman is a pioneering figure in the field of socio-linguistics and the study of language shift and language loss. Himself a native Yiddish speaker in the United States, he has spoken out for bilingual and heritage language education programs to be implemented in order to preserve linguistic diversity. Fishman has studied minority language groups around the world, examining questions of language loyalty and language policy.
Reflection and Refraction of Parametrically Generated Sound at a Water-Sediment Interface

The results of an experimental study of the penetration of highly directional acoustic beams into bottom sediments were recently reported by Muir, Horton, and Thompson [J. Sound Vib. 64, 539–551 (1979)]. Of special interest was the behavior of a narrow beam generated by a parametric source. We have considered this problem theoretically. Simplified equations for the reflected and refracted beams at the water-sediment interface are derived and solved analytically subject to the nondissipative boundary conditions. The range of validity is discussed. Results are presented that seem to explain the experimental observations.
Micropuncture of Bowman's Space in Mice Facilitated by 2 Photon Microscopy

Renal micropuncture and renal 2-photon imaging are seminal techniques in renal physiology. However, micropuncture is limited by dependence on conventional microscopy to surface nephron features, and 2-photon studies are limited in that interventions can only be assessed at the organ, rather than the nephron level. In particular, micropuncture studies of the glomeruli of mice have been challenged by the paucity of surface glomeruli in mice. To address this limitation in order to pursue studies of aspirate from Bowman's space in mouse physiologic models, we developed 2-photon glomerular micropuncture. We present a novel surgical preparation that allows lateral access to the kidney while preserving the required vertical imaging column for 2-photon microscopy. Administration of high molecular weight fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran is used to render the renal vasculature and therefore glomeruli visible for 2-photon imaging. A quantum dot-coated pipette is then introduced under stereotactic guidance to a glomerulus selected from the several to many which may be visualized within the imaging window. In this protocol, we provide details of the preparation, materials, and methods necessary to carry out the procedure. This technique facilitates previously-impossible physiologic study of the kidney, including recovery of filtrate from Bowman's space and all segments of the nephron within the imaging depth limit, about 100 µm below the renal capsule. Pressure, charge and flow may all be measured using the introduced pipette. Here, we provide representative data from liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry performed on aspirate from Bowman's space. We expect this technique to have wide applicability in renal physiologic investigation.
Acute Awareness of the Self and Interaction: Responsive Embodiment among Dancers and Sociologists

My experience and observation of the physical manifestations of insecurities as a dancer and sociologist led me to develop questions surrounding kinesthetic intelligence, critical cerebral processing, the concept of a “self,” and feelings of embodiment. I became interested in how these reconcile under structures that promote external validation, alienation, and logical thought. This article describes a research-creation project that I began by choreographing a dance with six conservatory students researching themes of alienation, socialization, and scripted behavior. These dancers were individually interviewed about the creation process as well as their experience of dancing. I also conducted a contact improvisation event and group interview with the six dancers and three sociology students. An analysis of the results revealed that they felt a pervasive sense of monotony and disenchantment occurring with routine behavior and interaction in everyday life. They were able to disrupt this disenchantment by working to generate a sense of their own embodiment. Specifically, this entailed attending to concrete details, personal responsiveness, and acknowledging their own impulses toward and away from others. This allowed them to connect to a “self” and to others. In addition, novel physical interactions helped facilitate an understanding of where attention lies, amplified social connection, and combated alienation and disenchantment.
New Names and Combinations in Neotropical Samydaceae

Nomenclatural changes are presented here to bring generic circumscriptions in line with recent advances in the understanding of phylogenetic relationships within Samydaceae and with the conservation of the name Casearia Jacq. over Samyda Jacq. and Laetia Loefl. ex L. Names of species formerly recognized in Hecatostemon S. F. Blake, Laetia sect. Laetia, Laetia sect. Casinga (Griseb.) Warburg, Samyda, and Zuelania A. Rich. are provided combinations or new names in Casearia, and the appropriate names for species of Casearia sect. Piparea (Aubl.) Benth., when recognized as the separate genus Piparea Aubl., are clarified. One new combination is also provided for Piparea.
The Limits of Community: Deconstructing the White Framing of Racist Speech in Universities

This article identifies the dominant frame through which university administrators in the United States respond to racist incidents and analyzes that from using the lens of critical race theory (CR...
Aquifer characterization based on geoelectric survey data in Issele Uku, Delta State, Nigeria

Twelve vertical electric soundings (VES) were carried out using the Schlumberger configuration with a maximum current electrode separation of 350 m using Abem Terrameter SAS 1000 AB in Issele Uku, Delta State, Nigeria, to determine the aquifer characterization of the area. The field data were analyzed by curve matching and computer iteration, and hydraulic characteristics of the aquifer were determined using the Dar Zarrouk parameters. The transmissivity of the aquifer varied from Trmax = 208.32 m2/day to Trmin = 109.2 m2/day. The knowledge of aquifer transmissivity made it possible to demarcate the area with good groundwater potential for setting-up boreholes in Issele Ukwu. The results show that the aquifer was not protected because of poor longitudinal conductivity due to the absence of clay. The results of water analyses reveal that water obtained from the various locations was safe for drinking, and other domestic and industrial purposes compared with the World Health Organization Standard.
Supraclavicular Right/Left First Rib Resection

This chapter describes the surgical procedure for supraclavicular right/left first rib resection. The text includes an introduction that outlines the indications, risks, alternatives, essential steps, and variations in technique for the procedure in question. This is followed by a template operative dictation, that provides the reader with an operative report, such as is found in a patient chart or electronic medical record. A description is provided of the following critical concepts for this procedure: resection of the anterior scalene and middle scalene muscles, division of fibrous constrictions in the operative field, removal of a cervical rib, removal of the first rib.
PACEMAKER INDUCED DYSSYNCHRONY AS A CAUSE OF IATROGENIC HEART FAILURE

Desynchronization of left ventricular contraction with right ventricular apical pacing is a known etiology of cardiomyopathy post pacemaker placement. An 82-year-old male with recent pacemaker for suspected sick sinus syndrome, has multiple recent admissions for dyspnea and fatigue. Clinical
Microbial and metabolic impacts of trehalose and trehalose analogues

Trehalose is a disaccharide and fasting-mimetic that has been both canonized and vilified for its putative cardiometabolic and microbial effects. Trehalose analogues are currently under development to extend the key metabolic therapeutic actions of trehalose without adversely affecting host microbial communities. In the current study, we contrast the extent to which trehalose and its degradation-resistant analogue, lactotrehalose (LT), modulate microbial communities and host transcriptomic profiles. We demonstrate that trehalose and LT each exert adaptive metabolic and microbial effects that both overlap and diverge. We postulate that these effects depend both upon compound stability and bioavailability, and on stereospecific signal transduction. In context, the data suggest that trehalose is unlikely to be harmful, and yet it harbors unique effects that are not yet fully replicated by its analogues. These compounds are thus valuable probes to better define trehalose structure-function, and to offer as therapeutic metabolic agents.
O-012 Anti-thrombogenic coating for flow diverters: using high-frequency optical coherence tomography to image acute thrombus burden

Introduction The use of stents in the treatment of wide neck aneurysms, and more recently the adoption of flow diverters, are important tools for the treatment of aneurysms.1 One major complication of such implants is thromboembolism, requiring the use of dual anti-platelet therapy (DAPT). However, due to variable response and inherent risks of DAPT, new stents are being developed with anti-thrombogenic coatings with the goal to reduce or eliminate the need for DAPT. Methods A novel hydrophilic polymer coating (HPC) applied to a nitinol substrate has been shown to resist platelet aggregation in vitro.2 We sought to demonstrate preliminary evidence to confirm this observation in vivo. Three pigs were used with different regimens: no antiplatelet medication (NAPT), 81 mg aspirin (SAPT), and 81 mg aspirin with 75 mg Clopidogrel (DAPT). Two control and two coated devices were implanted in each animal. High Frequency Optical Coherence Tomography (HF-OCT), with a spatial resolution approaching 10 microns, was used to study acute thrombus formation along the surface of the device. HF-OCT acquisitions were acquired 20 minutes following device implant. Specifically, the total clot volume on each side branch opening (SBO) was segmented with manual input by a blinded user. Statistical analyses were performed to determine the relative benefit of the HPC coating and the antiplatelet regiment for prevention of platelet aggregation, a linear model was constructed to interrogate the relative importance. Results The figure 1 shows one section from each device type. It was found that device type and aspirin where significantly correlated with thrombus volume over SBOs. Mean thrombus volume per mm2 of SBO for coated versus control devices was 0.00033 mm versus 0.087 mm, respectively (p = 0.005). Mean clot per SBO was 0.004 mm versus 0.15 mm in animals receiving aspirin versus NAPT (p Conclusions This preliminary evidence shows the dramatic effect that the coating can have on the acute thrombus formation. Further, this novel HF-OCT technology allows for quantitative measurements of the amount of thrombus formed on the surface of a flow diverter, not just the presence. Finally, this study shows the possibility that the combined effect of aspirin and this new coating may be sufficient antiplatelet therapy. References Neurosurgery 2017;80:40–48. CardioVasc Intervent Radiol 2018;41:1779–1785. Disclosures R. King: None. E. Langan: None. M. Marosfoi: None. G. Ughi: 4; C; Gentuity LLC. 5; C; Gentuity LLC. C. Raskett: None. M. Gounis: 2; C; Phenox
Sensor technology for nursing research.

Abstract Background Electronic sensors measuring biological and behavioral aspects of health and the environment are becoming ubiquitous and, with advances in data science and ehealth technology, provide opportunities for new inquiry and innovative approaches to nursing research. Purpose To conceptualize the use of sensor technology from the perspective of nursing science. Methods This review reports the keynote presentation from the Expanding Science of Sensor Technology in Nursing Research Conference presented by the Council for Advancement of Nursing Science in 2019 Findings Electronic sensors enable collection, recording, and transmission of data in real time in real life settings, remote monitoring, self-monitoring, and communication between health care professionals and patients. A deliberative approach to selecting and applying electronic sensors and analyzing and interpreting the data is needed for successful research. Discussion Electronic sensors have high potential to advance nursing science.
Scaffold-scaffold interactions regulate cell polarity in a bacterium

Abstract The localization of two biochemically distinct signaling hubs at opposite cell poles provides the foundation for asymmetric cell division in Caulobacter crescentus. Here we identify an interaction between the scaffolds PodJ and PopZ that regulates the assembly of the new cell pole signaling complex. Time-course imaging of a mCherry-sfGFP-PopZ fluorescent timer throughout the cell cycle revealed that existing PopZ resides at the old cell pole while newly translated PopZ accumulates at the new cell pole. Our studies suggest that interactions between PodJ and PopZ promotes the sequestration of older PopZ and robust accumulation of newl PopZ at the new cell pole. Elimination of the PodJ-PopZ interaction impacts PopZ client proteins, leading to chromosome segregation defects in one-third of cells. Additionally, this PopZ-PodJ interaction is crucial for anchoring PodJ and preventing PodJ extracellular loss at the old cell pole through unknown mechanism. Therefore, segregation of PopZ protein at the old pole and recruitment of newly translated PopZ at the new pole via the PodJ scaffold ensures stringent inheritance and maintenance of the polarity axis within dividing C. crescentus cells.
Social Norms and Stigma: Implications for Measuring Childhood Food Security

Food insecurity and health disparities are disproportionate in Appalachia when compared to other areas of the United States. Policies and funding to address food insecurity are based results of the...
Exploring first responders' perceptions of medication for addiction treatment: Does stigma influence attitudes?

Abstract Researchers have suggested that provider-based stigma of persons who suffer from opioid use disorder (OUD) in the criminal justice system serves as a barrier to fully implementing harm reduction strategies, such as the use of naloxone and medication for addiction treatment (MAT). While scholars have begun to explore the relationships between stigma and first responders' attitudes toward naloxone, little work has been done to assess first responders' attitudes toward other forms of harm reduction, including MAT. The goal of the current exploratory study was to help fill this gap in the literature by assessing first responders' (N = 282) attitudes toward MAT, as well as the correlates of these attitudes. The study specifically focused on examining the relationship between provider-based stigma and attitudes toward MAT. Results show that, in the aggregate, first responders held slightly negative attitudes toward the use of MAT. Moreover, the study found that certain dimensions of stigma (i.e., dangerousness and fatalism) to exhibit a negative relationship with attitudes toward MAT, while support for the disease model of addiction was associated with positive perceptions. Policy implications based on these findings are discussed within.
Things Invisible to See: State Action and Private Property

This Article revisits the state action doctrine, a judicial invention that shields “private” or “non-governmental” discrimination from constitutional scrutiny. Traditionally, this doctrine has applied to discrimination even in places of public accommodation, like restaurants, hotels, and grocery stores. Born of overt racial discrimination, the doctrine has inflicted substantial injustice throughout its inglorious history, and courts have continuously struggled in vain to coherently apply the doctrine. Yet, the United States Supreme Court has not fully insulated “private” or “horizontal” relations among persons from constitutional scrutiny. The cases in which it has applied constitutional norms to non-governmental actors should be celebrated rather than shunned. This Article proposes reinterpreting the state action doctrine to mitigate its historical and contemporary harms. Ultimately, the Authors draw from property law theory to contend that the doctrine should be fundamentally reformed in favor of a more egalitarian conception of the state’s role in ensuring equal protection of law. The insights of property law theory lead the Authors to conclude that: (1) equal protection depends on law, not action; (2) common law is law and, whether it is coercive or permissive, it must comply with the Equal Protection Clause; and (3) common law that allows discriminatory exclusion from the marketplace violates the Equal Protection Clause. What matters, for the purposes of constitutional protection, is not “state action” but whether the law violates the norms of liberty, equality, and dignity recognized by free and democratic societies.
Nanocomposite organic coatings for corrosion protection of metals: A review of recent advances

Abstract Various methods have been employed to protect metals in assets from corrosion damage, among which is the use of very efficient and economical organic coatings. The performance of organic coatings is often influenced by their inherent porosity, which provides pathways for corrosive species or results in vulnerability to mechanical damage. Nanomaterials (NMs) have a wide range of shapes and sizes that have been employed to improve the engineering performance of coatings. They have been shown to increase corrosion resistance and other properties of coatings through various mechanisms, some of which are not well known. Following an overview of the different types of anticorrosion coatings and their protective mechanisms in this article, we summarized the effects of different NMs on the performance of polymer-based coatings. It was observed that bio- and carbon-based nanomaterials are the most promising nanofillers to improve the barrier performance of organic coatings. Smart nanocomposite organic coatings were then examined, as they could be regulated to release repairing or protective agents, mainly to corrosion defects or damaged areas of the coating once triggered by external stimuli. Then, high-performance nanocomposite organic coatings, which provide long-lasting and superior corrosion protection, were examined. Subsequently, advanced characterization methods for studying nanocomposite organic coatings were briefly discussed. We concluded with a summary of the key findings and the research needs.
Effects of a 12-Week Health and Fitness Program on the Health Status of University Police Officers

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine physiological and metabolic changes (e.g., blood pressure, lipid profile, aerobic capacity (VO2max), muscle strength and power, and body compositio...
Lateral Diffusion of Membrane Proteins

Lateral diffusion of membrane proteins has been determined for many proteins (for reviews see Edidin, 1974; Cherry, 1979; Edidin, 1981), both of the plasma membrane and of internal membranes. The initial demonstration of diffusion, by following intermixing of surface antigens in newly formed heterokaryons, was essentially qualitative (Frye and Edidin, 1970). Solution of the diffusion equation for interdiffusion of components on two hemispheres (Huang, 1973) allowed quantitative estimations on cultured fibroblasts (Edidin and Wei, 1977a) and on labeled proteins of erythrocytes (Fowler and Branton, 1977).