cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economics, ethics, and climate policy: framing the debate

Abstract This paper examines the economic and ethical dimensions of climate policy in light of existing knowledge of the impacts of global warming and the costs of greenhouse gas emissions abatement. We find that the criterion of economic efficiency, operationalized through cost-benefit analysis, is ill-equipped to cope with the pervasive uncertainties and issues of intergenerational fairness that characterize climate change. In contrast, the concept of sustainable development—that today's policies should ensure that future generations enjoy life opportunities undiminished relative to the present—is a normative criterion that explicitly addresses the uncertainties and distributional aspects of global environmental change. If one interprets the sustainability criterion to imply that it is morally wrong to impose catastrophic risks on unborn generations when reducing those risks would not noticeably diminish the quality of life of existing persons, a case can be made for significant steps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Equilibrium bipolar charge distribution of aerosols

Abstract The equilibrium bipolar charge distribution of aerosols has been measured using monodisperse DOP (di-octyl phthalate) particles of 0.53, 0.55, and 1.17 μm diameter. The measured charge distributions are in good agreement with the Gaussian distributions predicted by Boltzmann's law. Additionally, the ratio of charged and uncharged particles was measured using monodisperse NaCl and methylene blue particles between 0.02 and 0.2 μm diameter. The result was compared with the theories of Bricard, Fuchs, and Natanson as well as with continuum and free molecular theories and values predicted by Boltzmann's law. Best agreement is again obtained for Boltzmann's law. The results indicate that the existing combination rate expressions for ions and particle are not sufficiently exact to account for the experimental results obtained here.
Steady-state flux of positrons and the age of the galactic halo

Electron and positron flux steady state in interstellar space relationship to differential energy spectrum exponent in cosmic rays, discussing galactic halo and age
Dissociation and posttraumatic stress 1 year after the World Trade Center disaster: follow-up of a longitudinal survey

BACKGROUND: We conducted a 1-year follow-up of an original mail survey of early reactions to the World Trade Center disaster. METHOD: Of the 75 subjects originally surveyed, 58 (77%) responded. The survey included measures of dissociation (Dissociative Experiences Scale, Cambridge Depersonalization Scale, Clinician-Administered Dissociative States Scale), post-traumatic stress (Impact of Event Scale-Revised), social support (Interpersonal Support Evaluation List-short form), and a life quality measure (Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire-short form). We hypothesized that dissociative versus posttraumatic symptoms at follow-up could be dissected on the basis of early reactions. RESULTS: Responders and nonresponders did not differ in baseline characteristics. Exposure was not associated with dissociation or posttraumatic stress at follow-up. Of distress, dissociation, and posttraumatic stress at baseline, baseline dissociation was the strongest predictor of outcome dissociation while baseline posttraumatic stress was the strongest predictor of outcome posttraumatic stress. Of 4 peritraumatic distress factors generated in the original survey, "loss of control" and "guilt/shame" were significantly related to dissociation and posttraumatic stress at outcome, while "helplessness/anger" was only associated with posttraumatic stress at outcome. Lesser improvement in posttraumatic stress over the first year was significantly related to less social support and greater comorbid dissociation. Interim social support was associated with better life quality and fewer symptoms at outcome. CONCLUSION: There was evidence for partly independent pathways toward dissociation versus posttraumatic stress 1 year after the disaster. Feelings of guilt and shame, and persistent dissociation, were poor prognostic factors, while social support had a powerful ameliorating influence. Language: en
Wound complications in patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy after mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction for breast cancer

A retrospective study was done to evaluate the frequency and severity of wound complications in 112 patients with breast cancer who received adjuvant chemotherapy following mastectomy with immediate breast reconstruction. Data on wound complications were available for 120 mastectomies. The rate of complications in 36 mastectomies treated with chemotherapy after mastectomy and immediate reconstruction was compared to that in 84 mastectomies not receiving adjuvant therapy. There were 25 wound complications (20.8%) in the entire group. The rate of wound complications was 27.8% (10 of 36 mastectomies) in the group treated with adjuvant chemotherapy and 17.9% (15 of 84 mastectomies) in the group that did not receive adjuvant therapy (P = 0.13). No patient had a delay in the initiation of adjuvant therapy because of wound complications secondary to immediate reconstruction. Logistic regression analysis found no correlation between age, type of operation, tumor pathology, stage, number of lymph nodes harvested, type of prosthesis or chemotherapy, and wound complications in patients undergoing immediate breast reconstruction after mastectomy. The frequency of wound complications was not increased in patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy after mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction. The administration of adjuvant chemotherapy does not need to be delayed in patients who have had immediate breast reconstruction following mastectomy for breast cancer. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Oxygen Isotopes in the Early Solar System — A Historical Perspective

The first suggestion for the use of oxygen isotopes in cosmochemistry was that of H. C. Urey and colleagues in 1934, but appropriate instrumentation had not yet been developed. The modern era of oxygen isotope cosmochemistry began with the study of Apollo lunar samples in 1969 and of Allende refractory inclusions in 1973. The large (>5%) variations in 17O/16O and 18O/16O ratios, and small variations in 17O/18O were first interpreted as nucleosynthetic effects, but are now recognized to be the result of chemical processes early in Solar System history. Thus oxygen isotopes provide natural tracers for processes of formation of solid bodies in the inner Solar System. In particular, oxygen isotopes are very useful in recognizing genetic associations among meteorite groups. They also have been valuable in the study of parent body processes, such as metamorphism and aqueous alteration. There is conjecture that the ultimate cause of the oxygen isotope effects may be isotope-selective photodissociation of CO, which will be tested by isotopic measurement of solar oxygen and nitrogen collected in the NASA Genesis mission.
Prostate Cancer after Exogenous Testosterone Treatment for Impotence

Exogenous testosterone for treatment of men with hypogonadism is receiving increased attention. We report on a man treated with exogenous testosterone for impotence who subsequently was diagnosed with prostate cancer. CASE REPORT A 58-year-old man with decreased potency was diagnosed with hypogonadism with a follicle-stimulating hormone level of 38 mu./ml. (normal 0.9 to 15.01, luteinizing hormone 45 mu./ml. (normal 2.4 to 5.9) and testosterone 400 pg./ml. (normal 2,700 to 10,700). Prostate specific antigen (PSA) was 3.5 ng./ml. He was started elsewhere on 180 mg. testosterone intramuscularly every 2 weeks. Potency improved and in 6 months PSA increased to 4.4 ng.lml. and was 5.1 ng./ml. 2 months later. Transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy revealed Gleason score 5/10 adenocarcinoma in 2 of 6 prostatic cores. Metastatic evaluation was negative and unilateral nerve sparing radical prostatectomy was performed. Final pathological analysis revealed Gleason 6/10 stage T2c (organ confined) prostate cancer. DISCUSSION Many physicians remain unaware of the potential risks of exogenous androgens in the treatment of impotence in men with hypogonadism.’ Others have advocated the use of oral or transdermal testosterone to treat hypogonadal impotence.*-4 However, none of these 3 reports mentioned the need for a baseline rectal examination or PSA level before initiating therapy. Articles in the media glamorize the use of testosterone to treat male menopause with only fleeting mention of the possibility that exogenous testosterone may initiate benign and malignant prostate gr~wth.~ Jackson et a1 reported on 2 men who had prostate cancer after testosterone replacement therapy.6 To our knowledge
Optical Rotatory Power of Turbid Solutions in an Electric Field

IN a previous note in this journal1, A. McLean and I published the results of some experiments on the rotation of the plane of polarization of organic compounds dissolved in various solvents under the action of an electric field. These measurements were continued, and the results published in the Philosophical Magazine2 by J. Kunz and P. H. Babcock.
Establishment of a Human Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma in C.B-17 SCID Mice

Investigation into the immunobiology of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL) would be facilitated by the development of a suitable experimental system. The recent use of mice with severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) as a vehicle to study the human immune system prompted us to try to establish CTCL in SCID mice. We found that a CD4+ lymphocytic infiltrate characteristic of CTCL was maintained within patient skin grafts in place on natural killer cell depleted SCID mice for the month of observation. CTCL cells were not found outside the human skin graft. This chimeric model using SCID mice and patient lesional skin should provide a useful tool to characterize CTCL/skin microenvironmental interactions and to test new therapeutic approaches.
The law of large numbers in locally convex spaces

The law of large numbers is extended to random elements taking values in locally convex spaces. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the law are given in a large class of locally convex spaces, vix. ℱ normed spaces. This class includes, among others, the test function spaces and the distribution spaces.
10 uses of texting to improve health

Most people use text messaging to stay in touch with friends. But the options for texting go beyond individual communication. In this paper we present 10 ways for texting to improve health behavior. Our hope is that health professionals can see new ways that texting can help achieve their health care goals.
Empirical Bayes estimation in factor analysis for aerosol mass apportionment

Abstract In virtually all applications of factor models to aerosol mass apportionment, two important implicit assumptions are made: (a) that the source composition profile matrices remain constant over samples, and (b) that the (diagonal) error covariance matrices are the same from sample to sample. As observed by Gleser [Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst., 10 (1991) 45] and Currie [Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst., 10 (1991)], neither of these assumptions is generally true. In this paper, a factor analysis model is presented that accounts for variation over samples of both the source composition profiles and the error covariance matrices. Based on this model, point estimators and confidence set estimators are obtained for the vectors of source contributions using an empirical Bayes approach.
Die Jodzahl des Rückenspeckes im Verhältnis zu der Qualität des Futterfettes, dem Alter der Schweine und dem Fettungsgrad bei Schweinen Dänischer Landrasse

Zusammenfassung Es ist versucht worden, das Zusammenspiel zwischen den Konsistenzeigensdiaften des Futterfettes und des Ruckenspeckes durch das Verhaltnis zwischen dem taglichen Jodzahlproduktgehalt (JZP) im Futter und der Jodzahl des Ruckenspeckes zu beleuchten. Die Jodzahl des Ruckenspeckes ist jedoch nicht direkt proportional mit der taglichen Beigabe an ungesattigten Fettsauren, da das Speicherungsvermogen der Fettgewebe gegenuber den einzelnen Sauren verschieden ist. Auserdem ist die Konsistenz des Ruckenspeckes abhangig von dem Alter und besonders dem Fettungsgrad des Tieres, da die Jodzahl des Ruckenspeckes sich um etwa 0,1 bis 0,5 Einheiten erhoht fur jede funf Tage, welche das Tier beim Schlachten alter ist. Umgekehrt fallt die Jodzahl um etwa 0,1 Einheit, wenn das Seitenspeckmas um 1 mm hoher wird. Auf Grundlage von einer Reihe von Versuchen, welche am Landwirtschaftlichen Versuchslaboratorium an der Abteilung fur Versuche mit Schweinen mit gesteigerten Maismengen als Ersatz fur Gerste in der Getreidemischung - kombiniert mit qualitativ verschiedenen Proteinbeigaben - ausgefuhrt wurden, wurde folgender geradliniger Zusammenhang zwischen der Jodzahl des Ruckenspeckes (Y) und der durchschnittlichen taglichen Beigabe an JZP-Einheiten (X) gefunden: Y = 0,29X + 46,66.
Effect of cold on cortical potentials in the cat

Abstract The spontaneous cortical activity and various evoked cortical potentials were recorded in thirty-five adult cats anesthetized with intraperitoneal pentobarbital, and surface cooled until these electrical potentials disappeared. The various types of electrical potentials were affected “differentially” as the brain temperature decreased. The barbiturate burst-activity was the most susceptible to cold, and disappeared in the brain temperature range of 32.5 to 25 C. The brain became isoelectric at 23 to 19 C. In these studies, the cortical somesthetic potential evoked by sciatic or median nerve stimulation was most resistant to cold, and disappeared in the brain temperature range of 17 to 15 C. No convulsive activity was noted in the recorded spontaneous electrical cortical activity as the animal was cooled under pentobarbital anesthesia; the importance of direct brain temperature recordings was emphasized.
A Primary User authentication system for mobile cognitive radio networks

Cognitive radio networks (CRNs) exploit the idle portion of the licensed spectrum to establish network communications. Essential to the co-existence of this technology with legacy systems, is the reliable sensing of spectrum opportunities. However, existing spectrum sensing techniques are vulnerable to adversaries that mimic the characteristics of Primary User (PU) transmissions in order to reduce the bandwidth availability for the CRN. In this paper, we address the problem of authenticating the PU signal in order to mitigate PU emulation attacks. We propose a PU authentication system based on the deployment of “helper” nodes, fixed within the geographical area of the CRN. Our system relies on a combination of physical-layer signatures (link signatures) and cryptographic mechanisms to reliably sense PU activity and relay information to the CRN. Compared to prior work, our system can accommodate mobile secondary users and can be implemented with relatively low-power helpers.
Pathological Evaluation of Paratuberculosis in Naturally Infected Cattle

Thirty-two of 51 cattle infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis had chronic enteritis, chronic lymphangitis or mesenteric lymphadenopathy, or all three, at slaughter. Granulomatous inflammatory lesions were mild to advanced and predominantly involved the distal small intestine. Rectal involvement was seen only in five cattle. Fourteen had microgranulomas in the liver. There were three cytological forms of macrophages: histiocytic, polygonal and epithelioid. The latter two types had engulfed moderate numbers of acid-fast bacilli. The histiocytic macrophages usually were packed with acid-fast bacilli. Except in the liver and occasionally its nodes, remote lesions of paratuberculosis were not found in other organs. One animal had endocardial and aortic calcifications. Most cattle with signs of diarrhea had globule leukocytes in or around myenteric ganglion cells. The thymus of 3- to 8-year-old cattle with clinical signs frequently had mild to advanced involution. The thymus of similarly aged infected animals without clinical signs, and of paratuberculosis-negative animals, had not involuted.
Positive and Negative Point-to-Plane Corona in Air

The present work has involved a careful comparison of positive and negative corona and observations at reduced pressures in the range 756- to 210-mm Hg. Oscillographic observation of corona pulses with a time resolution of the order of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ second, visual and photographic observation of the corona, and current-voltage measurements have thrown new light on fundamental corona processes. Some of the significant results obtained were as follows: For a polished platinum point of 0.38-mm diameter of curvature, the duration of positive pre-onset streamers and negative Trichel pulses near onset was about 0.4 microsecond; for positive breakdown streamers, 0.8 microsecond. A comparison of positive and negative current-voltage characteristics showed that the intermittent onsets were approximately equal but showed a small pressure-dependent difference. Both curves showed linear Ohm's law regions, and the negative current was always the larger; these effects are due to space charge. The negative corona revealed the fluctuations and dependence on surface conditions noted by previous workers.
Structural and Chemical Aspects of Resistance to the Antibiotic Fosfomycin Conferred by FosB from Bacillus cereus

The fosfomycin resistance enzymes, FosB, from Gram-positive organisms, are M2+-dependent thiol tranferases that catalyze nucleophilic addition of either l-cysteine (l-Cys) or bacillithiol (BSH) to the antibiotic, resulting in a modified compound with no bacteriacidal properties. Here we report the structural and functional characterization of FosB from Bacillus cereus (FosBBc). The overall structure of FosBBc, at 1.27 A resolution, reveals that the enzyme belongs to the vicinal oxygen chelate (VOC) superfamily. Crystal structures of FosBBc cocrystallized with fosfomycin and a variety of divalent metals, including Ni2+, Mn2+, Co2+, and Zn2+, indicate that the antibiotic coordinates to the active site metal center in an orientation similar to that found in the structurally homologous manganese-dependent fosfomycin resistance enzyme, FosA. Surface analysis of the FosBBc structures show a well-defined binding pocket and an access channel to C1 of fosfomycin, the carbon to which nucleophilic addition of the th...
Gross, microscopic and ultrastructural lesions of protoporphyria in Limousin calves.

Summary The gross, microscopic and ultrastructural lesions associated with the genetic disease, protoporphyria, in Limousin cattle were studied in detail. The clinical signs and lesions were most severe in young animals. In the liver, the lesions consisted of portal fibroplasia, bile ductule hyperplasia, parenchymal cell swelling, and pigment accumulation. Maltese cross-like crystals were evident under polarized light. Ultrastructurally, there were large secondary lysosomes comprised of electron-dense granules associated with lipid droplets in hepatocytes. Phagocytic cells in the dermis also contained large heterogeneous secondary lysosomes.
Clinical Experience with the Sarns Centrifugal Pump

: Since October 1986, we have had experience with 96 Sarns centrifugal pumps in 72 patients (pts). Heparinless left atrial to femoral artery or aorta bypass was used in 14 pts undergoing surgery on the thoracic aorta with 13 survivors (93%). No paraplegia or device-related complications were observed. In 57 patients, the Sarns centrifugal pump was used as a univentricular (27 pts) or biventricular (30 pts) cardiac assist device for postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock. In these patients, cardiac assist duration ranged from 2 to 434 h with a hospital survival rate of 29% in those requiring left ventricular assist and 13% in those requiring biventricular assist. Although complications were ubiquitous in this mortally ill patient population, in 5,235 pump-hours, no pump thrombosis was observed. Hospital survivors followed for 4 months to 6 years have enjoyed an improved functional class. We conclude that the Sarns centrifugal pump is an effective cardiac assist device when used to salvage patients otherwise unweanable from cardiopulmonary bypass. Partial left ventricular bypass using a centrifugal pump has become our procedure of choice for unloading the left ventricle and for maintenance of distal aortic perfusion pressure when performing surgery on the thoracic aorta. This clinical experience with the Sarns centrifugal pump appears to be similar to that reported with other centrifugal assist devices.
A study of hypertension in twins

Abstract A study of the blood pressure of 86 pairs of like-sexed twins over age 40 selected at random was performed. Twelve per cent were found to have a diastolic blood pressure in excess of 94 mm. Hg. In 4 out of 5 identical twin sets both members were found to have hypertension of about equal magnitude. In the fifth set, the predetermined definition of diastolic hypertension was not met in one member of the pair, although the systolic blood pressure was clearly elevated. In two identical twin sets, where information concerning previous blood pressure could be obtained, the age of onset of the hypertension differed. Among the 49 dizygetic twin sets, diastolic hypertension was found in 15 per cent of the individuals. In 3 of 12 of these pairs, it was present in both members. Since the prevalence of hypertension after age 40 in the identical twin sample resembles that in the population at large, it is concluded that the ultimate development of this condition is heavily dependent on genetic influences.
Polythiophene containing thermally removable solubilizing groups enhances the interface and the performance of polymer-titania hybrid solar cells.

A polythiophene derivative containing thermally removable branched ester solubilizing groups has been prepared and tested as a processable organic semiconductor polymer with tunable electronic and chemical properties for hybrid polymer−inorganic solar cells. Thermal removal of the protecting group enhances the interface between the organic and inorganic components while also contributing to better light absorption, energy transfer, and overall cell performance.
An economic model of artistic behavior

What we have accomplished is to provide a framework in which artists are seen as economic individuals who base decisions on the same set of factors as nonartists. We are uncomfortable with the notion that artists are a “special breed” who are not responsive to economic incentives. We are also uncomfortable with the notion that “nonartists” could never be artists. However, the model as presented does allow for the possibility that an artist will incorrectly estimate the worth of his or her works, and continue to pursue an artistic career. It also allows for the possibility that some nonartists may also make the wrong choice and pursue a nonartistic career instead of an artistic one.
Understanding Pedagogical Design Capacity through Teachers' Narratives.

Abstract Teachers need to develop the ability to adapt curriculum materials. Two elementary teachers, Maggie and Catie, were asked to write narratives about their use of and changes to particular reform-oriented science lesson plans. Maggie drew on her knowledge of and experiences with students, as well as other knowledge, experiences, and resources, to make productive changes to account for her students’ prior knowledge and abilities. Catie based her curricular adaptations on her learning goals—but these were not aligned with the learning goals of the curriculum materials. The paper discusses implications for teacher education, professional development, and educative curriculum materials.
A history of the Irish short story

Heather Ingman, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2009, 344pp., £50.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-521-86724-5 Quickly: name the first few Irish writers to come to mind. Joyce. Yeats. Beckett (leav...
Megapolitan America: A New Vision for Understanding America's Metropolitan Geography by Arthur C. Nelson and Robert E. Lang

Arthur C. Nelson and Robert E. Lang, Megapolitan America: A New Vision for Understanding America’s Metropolitan Geography (Chicago and Washington, DC: American Planning Association, Planners Press,...
Cholinergic signaling inhibits oxalate transport by human intestinal T84 cells

Urolithiasis remains a very common disease in Western countries. Seventy to eighty percent of kidney stones are composed of calcium oxalate, and minor changes in urinary oxalate affect stone risk. Intestinal oxalate secretion mediated by anion exchanger SLC26A6 plays a major constitutive role in limiting net absorption of ingested oxalate, thereby preventing hyperoxaluria and calcium oxalate urolithiasis. Using the relatively selective PKC-δ inhibitor rottlerin, we had previously found that PKC-δ activation inhibits Slc26a6 activity in mouse duodenal tissue. To identify a model system to study physiologic agonists upstream of PKC-δ, we characterized the human intestinal cell line T84. Knockdown studies demonstrated that endogenous SLC26A6 mediates most of the oxalate transport by T84 cells. Cholinergic stimulation with carbachol modulates intestinal ion transport through signaling pathways including PKC activation. We therefore examined whether carbachol affects oxalate transport in T84 cells. We found that carbachol significantly inhibited oxalate transport by T84 cells, an effect blocked by rottlerin. Carbachol also led to significant translocation of PKC-δ from the cytosol to the membrane of T84 cells. Using pharmacological inhibitors, we observed that carbachol inhibits oxalate transport through the M3 muscarinic receptor and phospholipase C. Utilizing the Src inhibitor PP2 and phosphorylation studies, we found that the observed regulation downstream of PKC-δ is partially mediated by c-Src. Biotinylation studies revealed that carbachol inhibits oxalate transport by reducing SLC26A6 surface expression. We conclude that carbachol negatively regulates oxalate transport by reducing SLC26A6 surface expression in T84 cells through signaling pathways including the M3 muscarinic receptor, phospholipase C, PKC-δ, and c-Src.
Platinum silicide fusion bonding

Silicide direct bonding has been accomplished between silicon PtSi coated wafers and both PtSi coated and uncoated silicon wafers. Successful bonding occurred when the PtSi surface was rendered hydrophilic by a hot aqua regia selective etching and cleaning process. The PtSi provides bondable, relatively low resistance paths which provide electrical interconnections between circuit elements on the bonded pair of wafers.
Evaporation Correction Methods for Microwave Retrievals of Surface Precipitation Rate

Active and passive microwave remote sensing estimates of surface precipitation based on signals from hydrometeors aloft require correction for evaporated precipitation that would otherwise reach the ground. This paper develops and compares two near-surface evaporation correction methods using two years of data from 509 globally distributed rain gauges and three passive millimeter-wave Advanced Microwave Sounding Units (AMSUs) aboard National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellites (NOAA-15, NOAA-16, and NOAA-18). The first type of correction is a scale factor that minimizes the bias between the means of annual AMSU and rain gauge precipitation accumulations (in millimeters per year) for each of 12 infrared-based surface classifications. The scale factor for the second correction method is computed using a neural network trained using both surface classification and annual average relative humidity pro files. AMSU surface precipitation retrievals using both methods were compared to the annual accumulations for 509 rain gauges uncorrected for wind effects, where different data were used for training and accuracy evaluation. The rms annual accumulation retrieval errors for AMSU using surface classification and relative humidity corrections were 236 and 222 mm/y, respectively, compared to 190 mm/y for corresponding Global Precipitation Climatology Project data, which utilizes more satellite sensors and over 6500 rain gauges.
The roles of prefrontal brain regions in components of working memory: Effects of memory load and individual differences

Using an event-related functional MRI design, we explored the relative roles of dorsal and ventral prefrontal cortex (PFC) regions during specific components (Encoding, Delay, Response) of a working memory task under different memory-load conditions. In a group analysis, effects of increased memory load were observed only in dorsal PFC in the encoding period. Activity was lateralized to the right hemisphere in the high but not the low memory-load condition. Individual analyses revealed variability in activation patterns across subjects. Regression analyses indicated that one source of variability was subjects’ memory retrieval rate. It was observed that dorsal PFC plays a differentially greater role in information retrieval for slower subjects, possibly because of inefficient retrieval processes or a reduced quality of mnemonic representations. This study supports the idea that dorsal and ventral PFC play different roles in component processes of working memory.
Interactions and Diffusion of Methane and Hydrogen in Microporous Structures: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Studies

Measurements of nuclear spin relaxation times over a wide temperature range have been used to determine the interaction energies and molecular dynamics of light molecular gases trapped in the cages of microporous structures. The experiments are designed so that, in the cases explored, the local excitations and the corresponding heat capacities determine the observed nuclear spin-lattice relaxation times. The results indicate well-defined excitation energies for low densities of methane and hydrogen deuteride in zeolite structures. The values obtained for methane are consistent with Monte Carlo calculations of A.V. Kumar et al. The results also confirm the high mobility and diffusivity of hydrogen deuteride in zeolite structures at low temperatures as observed by neutron scattering.
Transformation and Teacher Empowerment

This article examines the relationship between educational reform in public schools and the classroom teacher. No one view can address the complex nature of school success or failure. Previous reform attempts have been conducted on curriculum, pre-service teaching, and various teaching strategies. In contrast, this construct advocates the empowerment of teachers because transformation will only take place when teachers are empowered to authentically create, monitor, and assess needed change in their individual school site and classrooms.
Side-Payments and the Costs of Conflict

Conflict and competition often impose costs on both winners and losers, and conflicting parties may prefer to resolve the dispute before it occurs. The equilibrium of a conflict game with side-payments predicts that with binding offers, proposers make and responders accept side-payments, generating settlements that strongly favor proposers. When side-payments are non-binding, proposers offer nothing and conflicts always arise. Laboratory experiments confirm that binding side-payments reduce conflicts. However, 30% of responders reject binding offers, and offers are more egalitarian than predicted. Surprisingly, non-binding side-payments also improve efficiency, although less than binding. With binding side-payments, 87% of efficiency gains come from avoided conflicts. However, with non-binding side-payments, only 39% of gains come from avoided conflicts and 61% from reduced conflict expenditures.
βENaC is a molecular component of a VSMC mechanotransducer that contributes to renal blood flow regulation, protection from renal injury, and hypertension

Pressure-induced constriction (also known as the “myogenic response”) is an important mechano-dependent response in certain blood vessels. The response is mediated by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and characterized by a pressure-induced vasoconstriction in small arteries and arterioles in the cerebral, mesenteric, cardiac, and renal beds. The myogenic response has two important roles; it is a mechanism of blood flow autoregulation and provides protection against systemic blood pressure-induced damage to delicate microvessels. However, the molecular mechanism(s) underlying initiation of myogenic response is unclear. Degenerin proteins have a strong evolutionary link to mechanotransduction in the nematode. Our laboratory has addressed the hypothesis that these proteins may also act as mechanosensors in certain mammalian tissues such as VSMCs and arterial baroreceptor neurons. This article discusses the importance of a specific degenerin protein, β Epithelial Na+ Channel (βENaC) in pressure-induced vasoconstriction in renal vessels and arterial baroreflex function as determined in a mouse model of reduced βENaC (βENaC m/m). We propose that loss of baroreflex sensitivity (due to loss of baroreceptor βENaC) increases blood pressure variability, increasing the likelihood and magnitude of upward swings in systemic pressure. Furthermore, loss of the myogenic constrictor response (due to loss of VSMC βENaC) will permit those pressure swings to be transmitted to the microvasculature in βENaC m/m mice, thus increasing the susceptibility to renal injury and hypertension.
Modal properties of depressed cladding semiconductor waveguides and lasers

The TE modal properties of three symmetric core (uniform, parabolic, and linear) depressed cladding slab waveguide structures are investigated for situations appropriate for use as lasers and routing waveguides. The results show that if the confinement factor, or mode size, is the criterion for comparison, there is little difference between the standard and depressed cladding cases for guides which are near the cutoff of the higher order modes. The primary difference is in the fraction of the mode which overlaps the cladding regions, which is always smaller for the depressed cladding cases. We show that there are numerous combinations of conditions leading to spot sizes comparable to the vacuum wavelength of light. Experimental data are presented for three parabolic core depressed cladding Al/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As heterostructures doped to form lasers. In particular, the measured Gaussian equivalent spot size deduced from far-field measurements agree well with model situations for the largest core sizes. The largest Gaussian equivalent near-field spot size was /spl sim/1.2 /spl mu/m, and resulted in a divergence angle of /spl sim/30/spl deg/ (full width half power) and a threshold current density only 50% larger than a standard small optical cavity laser structure optimized for maximum confinement factor. The scaling laws of amplifiers and lasers with confinement factor are discussed. Experimental routing tests were performed using rib delineated raised cosine S bends. The symmetric depressed cladding laser structure was found to have a much lower bend loss than the standard structure, leading to tighter routing geometries with an etch depth which did not penetrate the quantum well. >
Domain Switching as a Toughening Mechanism in Tetragonal Zirconia

Evidence for a toughening contribution from domain switching, a deformation mode akin to twinning, has been sought in uniaxial tension and compression, biaxial compression, and on the fracture surfaces of several tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (TZP) ceramics. Only in biaxial compression was domain switching found. In other cases, textures of both the tetragonal and monoclinic phases were due to stress coupling with transformation shear strain. The lower bound of the critical stress for domain switching is placed at the bend strength of TZP, which can exceed 1000 MPa. Although thermal activation may lower the critical stress sharply, at lower temperatures, domain switching is not likely to be an important toughening mechanism. MECHANICALLY induced transfor
Modeling, Coffee Drinking, and Smoking:

The relative effects of coffee and modeling on cigarette smoking were examined for 30 undergraduate smokers. Smoking rate was not significantly influenced by either coffee or modeling. These results are discussed in relation to previous research which has demonstrated effects for both variables.
Active integrated fault localization in communication networks

Fault localization is a core element in fault management. Many fault reasoning techniques use deterministic or probabilistic symptom-fault causality model for fault diagnoses and localization. Symptom-fault map is commonly used to describe symptom-fault causality in fault reasoning. However, due to lost and spurious symptoms in fault reasoning systems that passively collect symptoms, the performance and accuracy of the fault localization can be significantly degraded. In this paper, we propose an extended symptom-fault-action model to incorporate actions into fault reasoning process to tackle the above problem. This technique is called active integrated fault reasoning (AIR), which contains three modules: fault reasoning, fidelity evaluation and action selection. Corresponding fault reasoning and action selection algorithms are elaborated. Simulation study shows both performance and accuracy of fault reasoning can be greatly improved by taking actions, especially when the rate of spurious and lost symptoms is high.
Feminism, Psychoanalysis, and (Male) Hysteria over John Bobbitt's Missing Manhood

This article draws on feminist theory and psychoanalysis to analyze the media discourse surrounding the 1993 incident in which Lorena Bobbitt severed her husband's penis after he allegedly raped her. Touted as the ultimate example of "male bashing," Lorena's literal emasculation of John was described in the media as a specific instance of feminism's more general emasculation of men. This framing, like castration anxietyitself, reveals the intimate connection of heterosexual masculine identity with the phallusas the privileged signifier of sexual difference and naturalized male power. Male hysteria over the Bobbitt case also illustrates a tired double standard in which isolated cases of female aggression are read as evidence of the routine victimization of White men rather than as evidence of men's power to voice their complaints in the media (while silencing women's) or as evidence of White men's privileged entitlement to sexual invulnerability.
Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Background This is a retrospective review from March 1994 through October 1996 of 78 patients who underwent laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the postoperative results and complications. Methods The patient profile included 38 men and 40 women with a mean age of 46 years (range 11 to 81). The main preoperative symptoms included heartburn (92%), respiratory problems (42%), and dysphagia (32%). Preoperative assessment included esophagogastroduodenoscopy, upper gastrointestinal series, esophageal manometry, and 24-hour pH monitoring. Essential indications for surgery included esophagitis (83%), Barrett's esophagus without dysplasia (22%), and esophageal stricture (23%). All patients underwent a 360-degree wrap with a Maloney dilator and division of the short gastric vessels. Results The mean operative time was 206 minutes (range 90 to 455). The average time for patients to tolerate a full liquid diet was 1.2 days, and the mean hospital stay was 2.4 days. Current follow-up, from 3 to 36 months, showed complete resolution of heartburn without medications in 67 patients (86%), occasional heartburn in 8 patients (10%), and slight improvement of heartburn in 3 patients (4%). Five patients with preoperative Barrett's metaplasia showed no evidence of it postoperatively (n = 2) or marked regression (n = 3). Conclusion Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication is the procedure of choice for patients with complicated GERD.
Inhibition of cellular transfer of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis by Rapamycin

The crucial role of CD4+ T cells in mediating uveitis is well recognized. One treatment strategy of non-infectious uveitis therefore seeks to inhibit T cell function. For that purpose the authors have evaluated the efficacy of Rapamycin (RAPA), an inhibitor of lymphocyte response to growth factors. To reproduce as best as possible the immune system condition during active disease, the adoptive transfer of activated T cells was used to induce experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU). Treatment with RAPA was delivered by continuous intravenous infusion. The results showed a complete inhibition of EAU transfer at the RAPA dose of 0.1 mg/kg/day. They indicate that RAPA could be a useful immunosuppressant for uveitis therapy.
Imperfect Diagnostic Automation: An Experimental Examination of Priorities and Threshold Setting

Diagnostic automation, such as alarms, alerts, or automatic target recognition systems can vary in their reliability and threshold setting, the latter influencing the balance between misses and false alarms. This experiment examined the implications of both of these, when the system detected military targets in parallel with the human operator in an unmanned air vehicle simulator. Unlike previous investigations of this paradigm in a dual task setting, the automation diagnosis task was very difficult, and priority between this task and a concurrent task was explicitly varied, along with the threshold setting. The results revealed that: (a) reliability as low as 0.6 aided human performance. (b) the effects of the automation threshold shift could be partially modeled in terms of the classic reliance-compliance dimensions of automation dependence, at both task priority settings. (c) The priority effects were more pronounced with miss-prone automation. (d) directing attention to false-alarm prone automation actually degrades human-system performance.
The normal conditioned on t-distribution when the correlation is one

The conditional probability that Y ≥ L, given that (Y−μ)/sy ≥ −k, is evaluated where Y is N(μ, σ 2), L is a given constant (a specification limit), and is the usual unbiased estimator of σ2 based on a preliminary sample of size n. Tables of k are given for use in raising the proportion of Y’s above L from γ (before screening) to δ (after screening) for δ = 0.90, 0.95, 0.99, and 0.999. These tables correspond to the limiting case as the correlation approaches one for the screening procedure given by Owen and Su (1977). Tables for the case where the correlation is less than one were given by Owen and Haas (1977).
Physical Therapy Management of Athletic Injuries of the Hip

Growth in the overall number of individuals participating in organized sports has contributed to an increase in the prevalence of hip-related injuries. Rehabilitation goals established for an athlete require the inclusion of knowledge associated with both the physical and psychological demands of one’s sport and expectation. Developing an intervention that meets the needs of an athlete must include consideration of the most efficient method of returning one to athletic activity with minimal risk of compromising the healing process. While the majority of the athletic injuries to the hip involve damage to soft tissue components in the form of muscle strains, contusions, and capsuloligamentous insult, the nature of some weight-bearing and contact activities lend themselves to more traumatic injuries, such as fractures to the femur and pelvis. Likewise, similar stress-related fractures may be found as the result of repetitive stress to a weaker aspect of an osseous structure. The key to successful treatment intervention begins with understanding the process of formulating appropriate measurements and assessment tools to create a differential diagnosis of the injury to the hip. In some cases, formal rehabilitation, conservative or aggressive, may successfully manage the injury at hand; while, in others, a failed rehabilitative approach will require surgical intervention followed by additional therapy. Externally applied wraps and pads can be used as part of the treatment intervention of hip injuries for added protection when appropriate. Overall, an accurate assessment of a hip injury combined with an evidence-based approach can lead to successful rehabilitative outcomes.
Substrate bias and temperature dependence of anomalous subthreshold slopes in fully-depleted submicron SOI MOSFETs

Summary form only given. Anomalously sharp subthreshold slopes in fully depleted ultrathin SOI MOSFETs are discussed. The effect can be eliminated by control of the lower SOI interface charge condition. The temperature dependence of this effect is also discussed. >
Derivation of Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells for Prosthetic Vascular Graft Seeding

This report summarizes our techniques and experiences deriving microvascular endothelial cells from fat for vascular graft seeding in 17 patients. Microvascular endothelial cells were derived from abdominal wall fat by collagenase incubation. The mean number of cells obtained using the described procedure was 6.83 x 10(5) cells/gram of fat processed. Histologic evaluation of the harvested cells revealed significant numbers of contaminating cell types in addition to Factor VIII-positive microvascular endothelial cells. These cells were seeded onto 6 mm ID PTFE vascular grafts in patients undergoing peripheral vascular arterial revascularization. The mean number of seeded cells was 8.04 x 10(6) cells/graft. Approximately 90 minutes were required to harvest and isolate the microvascular cells from the fat samples. We feel there are significant technical advantages to deriving endothelial cells from microvessels of human fat for vascular graft seeding.
Efficacy of laser Doppler flowmetry in determining pulp vitality of human teeth

The aim of this study was to examine if laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) could aid in distinguishing teeth with necrotic pulps from vital teeth and if so, which configuration of 5 experimental probes would give the best results. Each probe had 3 fibers arranged in a triangle. One fiber carried the laser light to the pulp tissue and 2 fibers carried the back-scattered light to the detector giving the output signal. The distance between the 3 fibers in the triangular arrangement in each probe was 250, 500, 800, 1000, and 1500 microns. A special rubber-base splint was used to hold the probe in place on the buccal surface of the tested teeth. Eleven anterior teeth with clinically diagnosed necrotic pulp were measured with the LDF method and the results compared to contralateral teeth with vital pulp. For the sake of comparison, 10 pairs of anterior teeth with vital pulps in 10 patients were tested as well. The LDF signals were fed into an analog printer and a lap-top computer where all calculations were done. With the LDF method, the output signals from the teeth with necrotic pulps were significantly lower with all 5 probes than the output signals from the contralateral vital teeth. On average, the signal was 42.7% lower from the teeth with necrotic pulps than from the vital teeth. Four of 11 teeth with necrotic pulp gave a positive response to an electrical pulp tester (EPT). The results suggested that the probe with the smallest separation of fibers was the most sensitive in distinguishing necrotic pulps from vital ones.