cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dietary patterns and risk of incident chronic kidney disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study.

BACKGROUND Adherence to healthy dietary patterns, measured by the Healthy Eating Index (HEI), Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI), and alternate Mediterranean diet (aMed) scores, is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. The association between these scores and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is undetermined. OBJECTIVE We aimed to estimate the association between the HEI, AHEI, and aMed scores and risk of incident CKD. METHODS We conducted a prospective analysis in 12,155 participants aged 45-64 y from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. We calculated HEI-2015, AHEI-2010, and aMed scores for each participant and categorized them into quintiles of each dietary score. Incident CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 accompanied by ≥25% decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate, a kidney disease-related hospitalization or death, or end-stage renal disease. We used cause-specific hazard models to estimate risk of CKD from the quintile of the dietary score through to 31 December 2017. RESULTS There were 3980 cases of incident CKD over a median follow-up of 24 y. Participants who had higher adherence to the HEI-2015, AHEI-2010, and aMed scores were more likely to be female, have higher educational attainment, higher income level, be nonsmokers, more physically active, and diabetic compared with participants who scored lower. All 3 dietary scores were associated with lower CKD risk (P-trend < 0.001). Participants who were in the highest quintile of HEI-2015 score had a 17% lower risk of CKD (HR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.74, 0.92) compared with participants in the lowest quintile. Those in quintile 5 of AHEI-2010 and aMed scores, respectively, had a 20% and 13% lower risk of CKD compared with those in quintile 1. CONCLUSION Higher adherence to healthy dietary patterns during middle age was associated with lower risk of CKD.
North American Uncanny: Shelley Niro’s Activist Photography

In this chapter, I investigate the shape of a North American uncanny through the photography of Shelley Niro, an artist who is an enrolled member of the Mohawk (Turtle Clan), Six Nations. In interpreting Niro’s oeuvre, I draw from her work in still photography noting that her films and photographs together express Niro’s vision of the cheapness of the culture created by capitalist colonization, the damaged and damaging force it still yields. The photographic image distills the nonmaterial space between act and impact, event and narrative. Niro’s work invokes the largely disavowed trauma at the heart of America’s double-tongued history of attempting to destroy Indigenous American culture and peoples while covering up that violence in discursive modes—religious, filmic, verbal, and pictorial—that claim European settlers’ right to the North American continent. My notion of a North American Uncanny differs from previous ideas of an Indigenous Uncanny as I trace ways that North America as it has been impacted by colonization becomes an uncanny space for Indigenous North Americans. I do not posit Indigenous peoples as uncanny. On the contrary, I emphasize how Shelley Niro sees the world around her as uncanny, a reversal of perspective.
Fluorescent compounds retained by ultrafiltration membranes for water reuse

Abstract Ultrafiltration (UF) membranes are increasingly being applied in water treatment and reuse processes because they provide effective removal of microorganisms, suspended solids, and high molecular weight compounds. However, membrane fouling necessitates backwashing and periodic chemical cleaning and, as a result, causes an increase in the amount of energy and overall cost for operation. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) has been identified as one of the major causes of biofilm formation and fouling during membrane ultrafiltration. Yet there is still much to be understood regarding how DOM interacts with biofilms, with some studies suggesting that labile DOM fractions may be preferentially removed by biogeochemical interactions with the biofilm. In this study, we evaluated the effects of biofilm formation on the retention of different organic compounds by measuring dissolved organic carbon, total dissolved nitrogen, DOM fluorescence peak intensities, and also performed parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) modeling of fluorescent components to characterize the feed, permeate, and backwash during UF membrane fouling. We used a pilot scale, inside-out flow, UF membrane with a 0.03 μm pore size and different synthetic wastewater solutions as feed water. To evaluate the role of biofilms in preferential removal of DOM, unsterilized and sterilized synthetic wastewater solutions were run for several cycles. Results indicate that ultrafiltration for both solutions preferentially removed the biologically labile tryptophan-like components compared to the humic-like components. The similar percentage of removal of tryptophan-like components in both experiments suggest that the membrane biofilm on polyethersulfone membranes has little influence on the removal of biodegradable organic constituents. These findings also demonstrate that fluorescence spectroscopy can be a valuable tool to discriminate between different DOM fractions retained and passing through UF membrane filters.
Genomic Binding Patterns of Forkhead Box Protein O1 Reveal its Unique Role in Cardiac Hypertrophy

Background: Cardiac hypertrophic growth is mediated by robust changes in gene expression and changes that underlie the increase in cardiomyocyte size. The former is regulated by RNA polymerase II (...
Museum program design supports parent-child engineering talk during tinkering and reminiscing.

Abstract This study focused on tinkering, a playful form of open-ended problem solving that is being widely adopted in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education as a way of encouraging children’s engagement in disciplinary practices of engineering. Nevertheless, the design of exhibits and programs and the nature of children’s interactions with adults can determine whether and to what extent tinkering engenders participation in engineering practices such as testing and redesign. Researchers and museum practitioners worked together using design-based research methods to develop and test tinkering programs that could best support engineering learning. Two of the programs specified what families’ engineering projects should do and provided exhibit spaces for testing and iterating the design (i.e., function-focused programs), and two programs did not. A total of 61 families with 6- to 8-year-old children (Mage = 7.07 years; 25 female) were observed during one of the programs and when reminiscing immediately after tinkering. Parent–child interaction patterns associated with understanding and remembering events—parent–child joint hands-on engagement and joint talk—and engineering design process talk were measured. All four programs were similar in terms of parent–child joint engagement. Compared with families who did not participate in function-focused programs, families who did talked more about the engineering design process during tinkering and when reminiscing. Parent–child engineering talk during tinkering mediated the association between the program design and engineering talk when reminiscing. Implications for research on children’s learning and museum practice are discussed.
Uveal melanoma cells use ameboid and mesenchymal mechanisms of cell motility crossing the endothelium

Uveal melanoma is highly metastatic and only disseminates hematogenously, so that transendothelial migration is vital to metastasis. Uveal melanoma cells switch from amoeboid to mesenchymal motilit...
Alimentos Ciencia e Ingeniería 19-1

En la investigacion es necesario tener presente las premisas fundamentales de la concepcion cientifica de la realidad, pues ello nos direcciona en la seleccion y aplicacion de distintas metodologias. Todos los fenomenos de la realidad social se encuentran en relacion y dependencia mutua. La realidad se encuentra en continuo movimiento, cambio y transformacion. Los cambios, las transformaciones que aparecen en la realidad son cambios objetivos cuya fuente es la contradiccion interna que se presenta en los procesos. En esta dinamica social, la investigacion es una oportunidad para que el dicente con la tutoria adecuada, desarrolle sus capacidades de evaluacion con criticidad, todos los contenidos curriculares que diariamente la academia universitaria los desarrolla, mismos que deben guardar una directa relacion con el futuro ejercicio profesional en las especialidades de Ingenieria en Alimentos e Ingenieria Bioquimica y colaborara en la imperiosa necesidad de comprender que realidad social y la ciencia no constituyen tratamientos diferenciados. Con objetividad y razonamiento el investigador tiene que buscar soluciones, con intimo respeto a la evidencia como futura validacion con predisposicion mientras este en proceso la busqueda de la verdad. Con esta edicion de la Revista Alimentos Ciencia e Ingenieria, Volumen 19, el serio interes institucional es brindar la oportunidad a nuevos talentos en el campo de la investigacion, impulsar y profundizar el quehacer cientifico de la Facultad y principalmente avanzar con pasos firmes en el noble proposito de seguir sistematizando la formacion cientifica de docentes y estudiantes de la institucion.
Sling Training with Positive Reinforcement to Facilitate Porcine Wound Studies

Domestic swine have become important large animal models for dermatologic and wound studies owing to the similarity of their skin architecture to that of human skin. To improve on current porcine wound protocols and accomplish postoperational daily wound care or treatment in a welfare-centered, low-stress setting, we developed a unique sling-training program using a commercially available Panepinto-like sling in combination with positive reinforcement of desired behaviors. Training using these methods is initiated during the acclimation period of 7–10 days before the initial surgical manipulation and continued throughout project-specific treatments for the duration of the study. Using this protocol, daily treatments can be administered without additional anesthesia while the animals rest in the sling with the administration of simultaneous nutritional enrichment. This low-stress handling program successfully facilitates the postoperational treatments and wound care without the use of potentially confounding anesthesia or sedation. It has a wide range of potential applications in translational medicine and in data acquisition from a resting state where baseline readouts of unstressed animals can be achieved.
Management and the Gospel: Luke’s Radical Message for the First and Twenty-First Centuries

PART I: INTRODUCTION Overview of this Book A Short Introduction to the Gospel of Luke Managers, Goods & Service Producing Organizations, and First-century Palestine PART II: PROBLEM RECOGNITION: HOW INTERPRETING LUKE VIA A FIRST-CENTURY MANAGEMENT LENS CHALLENGES THE CONVENTIONAL INTERPRETATIONS OF TWO KEY PARABLES A Three-dimensional First-century Lens for Understanding of Management Interpreting Luke's 'Parable of the Shrewd Manager' via a First Century Lens Interpreting Luke's 'Parable of the Ten Pounds' via a First Century Lens PART III: ACTION RESPONSE: PERFORMING A COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION OF PASSAGES IN LUKE RELATED TO EACH OF THE THREE-DIMENSIONS OF THE FIRST-CENTURY MANAGEMENT LENS Passages about Managing Relationships within Organizations Passages about Managing Money Passages about Managing Relationship between Organizations PART IV: NEW WAY OF SEEING: MANAGEMENT, THE KINGDOM OF GOD, SALVATION, AND THE HOLY SPIRIT The Kingdom of God is Enacted and Manifest in Organizational Settings Salvation is Facilitated when Organizations Save People from Oppression and Save People for Working in Liberating Structures and Systems Holy Spirit is Key to Salvific Kingdom of God Management PART V: INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE: A FOUR-PHASE 'HOW TO' PROCESS MODEL FOR PUTTING INTO PRACTICE MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES FOUND IN THE GOSPEL OF LUKE A Four-phase Process Model Embedded in Luke's Journey Narrative Luke's Three 'Forward' Cycles through the Four-phase Process Model Luke's Three 'Reverse' Cycles through the Four-phase Process Model PART VI: IMPLICATIONS FOR 21ST CENTURY MANAGEMENT THEORY AND PRACTICE Managing Relationships within Organizations: Organization Structure, Motivation and Leadership Managing Money: Economics, Finance and Accounting Managing Relationships between Organizations: Strategy Concluding Thoughts References Appendix A: Background Regarding the Chiasm in Luke's Journey Narrative Appendix B: Usage of kurios [Lord] in Luke to describe God and Jesus
Building Construction Games - General Description

This paper proposes the use of computerized heuristic games portraying social, economic, and technological decisions for the education of engineers and planners who are engaged in works directly or indirectly related to the construction industry. It analyzes the validity of such games by examining the characteristics of the construction industry which can suitably be used as the environment for gaming. Included is an explanation of the selection of building construction planning and management as game models. The basic features in both construction planning games and construction management games are described.
Introduction to Negotiating State and Non-State Law: The Challenge of Global and Local Legal Pluralism

Trends in legal philosophy, international law, transnational law, law and religion, and political science all point toward the increasing role played by non-state law in both public and private ordering. Numerous organizations, institutions, associations, and groups have emerged alongside the nation-state, each purporting to provide their members with rules and norms to govern their conduct and organize their affairs. The nation-state increasingly finds itself sandwiched, so to speak, between two broad and contrasting categories of non-state law. The first category – law above the state – captures a wide range of legal systems that function across the territorial borders of nation-states. The second category – law below the state – includes various forms of local customary, religious, and indigenous law. Indeed, as these forms of non-state law persist and proliferate alongside the nation-state, the relationship between state and non-state law becomes more complex, multifaceted, and tense. This volume addresses this relationship between the nation-state and these various forms of non-state law, considering whether and to what extent state and non-state law can coexist and how each form of law seeks to influence, as well as transform, the other.
WE-B-207-01: CT Lung Cancer Screening and the Medical Physicist: Background, Findings and Participant Dosimetry Summary of the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST)

The US National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) was a multi-center randomized, controlled trial comparing a low-dose CT (LDCT) to posterior-anterior (PA) chest x-ray (CXR) in screening older, current and former heavy smokers for early detection of lung cancer. Recruitment was launched in September 2002 and ended in April 2004 when 53,454 participants had been randomized at 33 screening sites in equal proportions. Funded by the National Cancer Institute this trial demonstrated that LDCT screening reduced lung cancer mortality. The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) cited NLST findings and conclusions in its deliberations and analysis of lung cancer screening. Under the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the USPSTF favorable recommendation regarding lung cancer CT screening assisted in obtaining third-party payers coverage for screening. The objective of this session is to provide an introduction to the NLST and the trial findings, in addition to a comprehensive review of the dosimetry investigations and assessments completed using individual NLST participant CT and CXR examinations. Session presentations will review and discuss the findings of two independent assessments, a CXR assessment and the findings of a CT investigation calculating individual organ dosimetry values. The CXR assessment reviewed a total of 73,733 chest x-ray exams that were performed on 92 chest imaging systems of which 66,157 participant examinations were used. The CT organ dosimetry investigation collected scan parameters from 23,773 CT examinations; a subset of the 75,133 CT examinations performed using 97 multi-detector CT scanners. Organ dose conversion coefficients were calculated using a Monte Carlo code. An experimentally-validated CT scanner simulation was coupled with 193 adult hybrid computational phantoms representing the height and weight of the current U.S. population. The dose to selected organs was calculated using the organ dose library and the abstracted scan parameters. This session will review the results and summarize the individualized doses to major organs and the mean effective dose and CTDIvol estimate for 66,157 PA chest and 23,773 CT examinations respectively, using size-dependent computational phantoms coupled with Monte Carlo calculations. Learning Objectives: 1.Review and summarize relevant NLST findings and conclusions. 2.Understand the scope and scale of the NLST specific to participant dosimetry. 3.Provide a comprehensive review of NLST participant dosimetry assessments. 4.Summarize the results of an investigation providing individualized organ dose estimates for NLST participant cohorts.
Coalition Decisions and Simple Majority Rule

We study simple majority rule from a perspective of coalitional decision makings. Four attrative properties each linking decisions by a group to decisions by its various coalitions are introduced, and are used for characterizing simple majority rule. Our characterization result provides an alternative to that of May (1952).
Adoptive protection of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected lung: Dissociation between cells that passively transfer protective immunity and those that transfer delayed-type hypersensitivity to tuberculin

Adoptive transfer of protective immunity to an aerogenic infection with the facultative intracellular bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis was mediated by a population of T cells acquired in the spleen of donor mice at the height of the primary cell-mediated immune response to an immunizing infection with M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin. Successful adoptive immunotherapy was ablated by prior exposure of immune donor cells to ionizing radiation or by treatment of these cells with antibody raised against the Ly-2 marker. In contrast, however, the capacity of immune donor cells to passively transfer delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to tuberculin was unaffected by prior treatment with antibody to Ly-2, but was completely ablated by treatment by antibody to Ly-1. These results indicate, that DTH and protective anti-tuberculous immunity are dissociable phenomena, mediated by separate populations of T lymphocytes.
Group Processes: A Developmental Perspective

Introduction. 1. Are Groups Real? 2. Models of Group Development. 3. Elements of Group Culture and Structure. 4. Stage One: Dependency and Inclusion. 5. Stage Two: Counterdependency and Fight. 6. Stage Three: Trust and Structure. 7. Stage Four and Five: Work and Termination. 8. The Individual and the Group. 9. Groups, Organizations, and Society. 10. Studying Groups: Who, What, Where? 11. Studying Groups: How? 12. Therapy, Counseling, and Personal Growth Groups. 13. Skills Training Groups. 14. Work Groups. A Final Thought.
Receiver function study of the Cascadia megathrust: Evidence for localized serpentinization

[1] We characterize the crustal and upper mantle structure of the Cascadian fore arc using receiver function analysis of data from long-running observatories located along the North American margin in Oregon and Washington. We identify coherent SV-polarized phases consistent with P-S conversion from the top of the subducting Juan de Fuca plate throughout the area west of the volcanic arc. In many instances we also find evidence for deeper features, likely associated with the subducted oceanic crust. At many locations SH-polarized energy in receiver functions is associated with the surface of the subducting plate. These SH-polarized phases display significant directional variation and show clear polarity reversals, consistent with the presence of seismic anisotropy. Previously, a layer of serpentinized material within the megathrust has been proposed to explain an anisotropic, low-velocity, high Poisson's ratio layer identified by receiver function analysis at Corvallis, Oregon (Global Seismic Network station COR). Our new results suggest that this feature is widespread in Cascadia, but the specific receiver function signature varies. This anisotropic supraslab layer is supported by receiver function estimates beneath seismic stations which, similar to COR, are ∼100 km from the coast and ∼40 km above the slab surface. However, the orientation of rock fabric implied by the anisotropy varies greatly from station to station. Modeling with synthetic seismograms supports the existence of serpentinite beneath station GNW (Green Mountain, Washington). Closer to the coast, where the slab is shallower, an anisotropic layer is likely beneath some stations, but the evidence is less conclusive. We propose that the anisotropic signature beneath the inland stations is related to serpentinization of the mantle wedge at greater depths, best explained by the presence of the polymorph antigorite. Hypothetically suctioned upward by slab rollback, a deformed sliver of serpentinite-rich rock above the slab interface would likely display the observed large spatial variation in anisotropic symmetry axis within the layer, consistent with our observations.
Tribological Study of Ti3SiC2 and Its Derivatives

In this paper, we report on the tribological and wear properties of Ti3 SiC2 and its derivatives. Coarse-grained Ti3 SiC2 was not wear resistant at room temperature. Preoxidation of the material at 700 °C for 5 h also failed to ameliorate the situation at room temperature. Addition of 20 vol.% Cu in the matrix improved the wear rate for up to 1500 m; beyond that distance the friction and wear increased. Ti3 SiC2 tested at 500 °C showed improved wear resistance most probably due to the formation of oxide tribofilms. More work is being done to understand the basic mechanism behind this behavior.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Recent changes and future trends in general purpose processor architectures to support image and video applications

Image and video applications have been driving general- purpose processors (GPPs) and systems for more than a decade and will continue influencing the design of next generation architectures. In this paper we will first summarize the main characteristics of image and video applications compared to other workloads running on GPPs. Then we will give an overview of the recent changes and future trends in general purpose processor architectures to better handle image and video applications. First we will show that new SlMD (single instruction multiple data) features allow better exploitation of data-level parallelism and that media instructions have been added for some very specific algorithms. Another important aspect for image and video applications running on GPPs is the increasing memory latency compared to the processing time. In this context, the hardware prefetcher is slowly replacing software-prefetching instructions. In addition we will describe how additional support for multithreading like the newly introduced Intel Hyperthreading Technology or future multicore processors can benefit image and video applications. Finally we will explain how recently introduced frequency voltage scaling features can help to reduce power consumption for media applications due to their regular execution and fixed dead-line characteristics.
Two new techniques for identifying opens on printed circuit boards: analog junction test, and radio frequency induction test

The author describes the principles, implementation, strengths, weaknesses and applications of two vectorless test techniques developed by Teradyne. Examples drawn from users' experience demonstrate how unpowered testing can dramatically reduce test cost and cycle time while maintaining or improving fault coverage. Analog junction test (AJT) and RF induction test (RFIT) form part of Teradyne's vectorless test toolset. AJT uses simple analog characterization of pin pairs on the device, relying on the protection or parasitic diode in most devices to produce the signal that indicates correct board assembly. RFIT uses RF induction into the device-under-test from an overhead inducer. Detection of the induced AC signal on the device pins via the standard bed-of-nails fixture indicates good board assembly. Both AJT and RFIT offer entirely new capability to the test engineer in that they can detect resistive cold solder joints. These faults would otherwise pass a traditional vector test or even a functional test, while risking field failures.
High dynamic range proteome imaging with the structured illumination gel imager

A current challenge for proteomics is detecting proteins over the large concentration ranges found in complex biological samples such as whole-cell extracts. Currently, no unbiased, whole-proteome analysis scheme is capable of detecting the full range of cellular proteins. This is due in part to the limited dynamic range of the detectors used to sense proteins or peptides. We present a new technology, structured illumination (SI) gel imager, which detects fluorescently labeled proteins in electrophoretic gels over a 1 000 000-fold concentration range. SI uses computer-generated masks to attenuate the illumination of highly abundant proteins, allowing for long exposures of low-abundance proteins, thus avoiding detector saturation. A series of progressively masked gel images are assembled into a single, very high dynamic range image. We demonstrate that the SI imager can detect proteins over a concentration range of approximately 1 000 000-fold, making it a useful tool for comprehensive, unbiased proteome-wide surveys.
Alternative initiation and splicing in dicer gene expression in human breast cells

Dicer is a ribonuclease that mediates RNA interference both at the transcriptional and the post-transcriptional levels. Human dicer gene expression is regulated in different tissues. Dicer is responsible for the synthesis of microRNAs and short temporal (st)RNAs that regulate the expression of many genes. Thus, understanding the control of the expression of the dicer gene is essential for the appreciation of double-stranded (ds)RNA-mediated pathways of gene expression. Human dicer mRNA has many upstream open reading frames (uORFs) at the 5'-leader sequences (the nucleotide sequence between the 5'-end and the start codon of the major ORF), and we studied whether these elements at the 5'-leader sequences regulate the expression of the dicer gene. We determined the 5'-leader sequences of the dicer mRNAs in human breast cells by 5'-RACE and S1-nuclease protection analysis. We have analyzed the functions of the 5'-leader variants by reporter gene expression in vitro and in vivo. We found that the dicer transcripts in human breast cells vary in the sequence of their 5'-leader sequences, and that alternative promoter selection along with alternative splicing of the 5'-terminal exons apparently generate these variations. The breast cell has at least two predominant forms of dicer mRNAs, one of which has an additional 110 nucleotides at the 5'-end. Sequence comparison revealed that the first 80 nucleotides of these mRNA isoforms are encoded by a new exon located approximately 16 kb upstream of the reported start site. There are 30 extra nucleotides added to the previously reported exon 1. The human breast cells studied predominantly express two 5'-leader variants of dicer mRNAs, one with the exons 2 and 3 (long form) and the other without them (short form). By reporter gene expression analysis we found that the exon 2 and 3 sequences at the 5'-leader sequences are greatly inhibitory for the translation of the mRNA into protein. Dicer gene expression in human breast cells is regulated by alternative promoter selection to alter the length and composition of the 5'-leader sequence of its mRNA. Furthermore, alternative splicing of its exon 2 and 3 sequences of their pre-mRNA creates a more translationally competent mRNA in these cells.
Urologists' personal feelings on PSA screening and prostate cancer treatment.

Rationale, aims and objective This study aimed to determine if urologists' feelings on prostate cancer screening with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and treatment on themselves are consistent with what they recommend to patients. Methods A survey regarding prostate cancer screening and treatment was assembled using the SurveyMonkey web site. The link to the survey was then emailed to urologists. Participation was voluntary. Results The survey was sent to 2672 American urologists and completed by 215 urologists; response rate was 8%. One hundred ninety-eight (92%) were male. Most (56%) urologists recommend PSA screening beginning at age 50 for patients, and this corresponded with the age at which survey responders began their PSA screening. Two urologists did not recommend screening, and 10% were ‘not sure’ if screening saves lives. Of those that had not had their PSA checked, 34% plan to begin screening at 40–44 with 11% stating they ‘never’ plan to be screened. One hundred thirty-eight (70%) men completing the survey had their PSA checked. The majority (86%) had it drawn for screening. Nineteen respondents had an elevated PSA with nine men diagnosed with prostate cancer. Eight of these had radical prostatectomy. When faced with the hypothetical diagnosis of an elevated PSA and low-grade prostate cancer, respondents favoured repeat PSA (94%) and surveillance (48%), respectively, than any other option. Conclusion Despite recommendations from the American Urologic Association to screen men for prostate cancer, a significant percentage of urologists do not wish to be screened with PSA. Almost all, however, continue to recommend prostate cancer screening for their patients. Treatment recommendations also varied among the respondents.
EXAMINING CHILDHOOD DIETS AT KAMINALJUYU, GUATEMALA, THROUGH STABLE ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS OF SEQUENTIAL ENAMEL MICROSAMPLES*

Stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of tooth enamel provide a means to examine nutritional changes during childhood. To date, such studies have used large enamel samples, often spanning the developmental period of the tooth. This paper reports the results of small samples drilled from first molars and premolars of human teeth from Kaminaljuyu, a Classic period city in highland Guatemala. Carbon isotopes show considerable increase between cuspal and cervical enamel for both teeth, indicating an increase in maize consumption during childhood. Oxygen isotope trends are more variable, and suggest some seasonal fluctuation. While the oxygen isotope data confirm the identification of foreign skeletons among the samples, they illustrate a need for caution when sampling teeth due to variable δ18O composition of enamel within a tooth.
Looking back: On relevance, probabilistic indexing and information retrieval

Forty-eight years ago Maron and Kuhns published their paper, ''On Relevance, Probabilistic Indexing and Information Retrieval'' (1960). This was the first paper to present a probabilistic approach to information retrieval, and perhaps the first paper on ranked retrieval. Although it is one of the most widely cited papers in the field of information retrieval, many researchers today may not be familiar with its influence. This paper describes the Maron and Kuhns article and the influence that it has had on the field of information retrieval.
Nonlinear PDE's for stochastic optimal control with switchings and impulses

We show existence, uniqueness, andW 2,∞ -regularity of the system of nonlinear partial differential equations, associated with stochastic optimal control problems involving costly switchings and impulses. The impulse obstacle is approximated by a sequence of switching obstacles in the proof of regularity. The semiconcavity of the impulse obstacle is exploited.
Contemporary human genetic strategies in aging research.

Human aging is a complex, multifactorial process influenced by a number of genetic and non-genetic factors. This article first reviews genetic strategies for human aging research and considers the advantages and disadvantages of each. We then discuss the issue of phenotypic definition for genetic studies of aging, including longevity/life span, as well as disease-free survival and other endophenotypes. Finally, we argue that extensions of this area of research, including incorporation of gene × environment interactions, multivariate phenotypes, integration of functional genomic annotations, and exploitation of orthology – many of which are already initiated and ongoing – are critical to advancing this field.
Identification and characterization of uptake systems for cystine and cysteine in cultured astrocytes and neurons: Evidence for methylmercury-targeted disruption of astrocyte transport

Maintenance of appropriate intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels is crucial for cellular defense against oxidative damage. A suggested mechanism of methylmercury (MeHg) neurotoxicity implicates the involvement of oxygen radical formation and a decrease in cellular levels of GSH. Astrocytes play an important role in providing GSH precursors to neurons, and as will be discussed in this review, altered GSH homeostasis likely leads to impairment of astrocytic handling of glutamate, and neuronal energy metabolism. The review summarizes recent observations on transport systems for cysteine and cystine, precursors of GSH, in primary cultures of astrocytes and neurons, and their sensitivity to MeHg treatment.
The effects of the physiognomic stimuli taketa and maluma on the meanings of neutral stimuli

In physiognomy, sensory, perceptual, and affective connotations are suggested by an object. For example, a mountain, in addition to being literally big, may also seem “quiet, looming, and threatening.” The capacity of physiognomically endowed but meaningless stimuli (like taketa and maluma) to transfer these meanings to similarly unfamiliar but neutral stimuli was examined on 15 perceptual, affective, and sensory rating scales (N = 118). The meanings of the two neutral stimuli were influenced in 26 instances (vs. 8 cases in which the neutral stimuli followed one other); most changes were affective and sensory rather than perceptual; and the shifts in meanings were noncongruent—taketa’s “aggressiveness,” for example, led to a “peaceful” rating of the two neutral shapes. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Phosphorylation of Ser307 in Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 Blocks Interactions with the Insulin Receptor and Inhibits Insulin Action

Serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) inhibits insulin signal transduction in a variety of cell backgrounds, which might contribute to peripheral insulin resistance. However, because of the large number of potential phosphorylation sites, the mechanism of inhibition has been difficult to determine. One serine residue located near the phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain in IRS-1 (Ser(307) in rat IRS-1 or Ser(312) in human IRS-1) is phosphorylated via several mechanisms, including insulin-stimulated kinases or stress-activated kinases like JNK1. During a yeast tri-hybrid assay, phosphorylation of Ser(307) by JNK1 disrupted the interaction between the catalytic domain of the insulin receptor and the PTB domain of IRS-1. In 32D myeloid progenitor cells, phosphorylation of Ser(307) inhibited insulin stimulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and MAPK cascades. These results suggest that inhibition of PTB domain function in IRS-1 by phosphorylation of Ser(307) (Ser(312) in human IRS-1) might be a general mechanism to regulate insulin signaling.
Effect of tumor necrosis factor α and vascular permeability growth factor on albuminuria in rats

The purposes of this study were to measure the serum levels of vascular permeability growth factor (VPGF) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) in minimal lesion nephrotic syndrome (MLNS) patients and to assess their effect on albuminuria in rats. Serum for VPGF and TNFα was obtained during relapse and remission from 18 MLNS patients. Tumor necrosis factor α was infused at the rate of 10 and 20 ng/h and VPGF at the rate of 20 and 40 ng/h for 5 days into the left renal artery of rats. Urinary albumin (24-h collection) was measured prior to infusion and on days 2, 4 and 5. Rats infused with 1% bovine serum albumin served as controls. Serum VPGF and TNFα levels in MLNS patients in relapse were not different from those seen during remission. A significant increase in albuminuria was observed on day 4 and 5 only when rats were infused with TNFα at the rate of 20 ng/h as compared to the excretion seen in same animals prior to the infusion of cytokine and on days 4 and 5 of normal controls. Neither VPGF nor TNFα seems to be the circulating pathogenic cytokine for proteinuria in MLNS. However, TNFα may contribute to the increased albuminuria via a paracrine effect at the glomerulus.
Detection of peroxidase/H2O2-mediated oxidation with enhanced yellow fluorescent protein.

The ability to sense oxidative stress in live cells and organisms would have far-reaching implications for biotechnology, drug discovery, and potentially medical imaging. We hypothesized that tyrosine-containing fluorescent proteins could be used as switches for sensing oxidative stress, based on their sensitivity to environmental and structural variations. We therefore tested purified EGFP, EYFP, ECFP, and DsRed proteins against the heme−peroxidase/H2O2 reaction. We found that peroxidase-mediated oxidation resulted in up to 99.5% quenching of EYFP fluorescence (but not that of other fluorescent proteins) in a dose-dependent manner. Western blotting revealed inter- and intramolecular cross-linking. The observed detection limit for hydrogen peroxide was ∼100 nM, well below the extracellular levels previously reported to occur in mammalian tissue during signaling. Combined expression of EYFP (quenchable) and ECFP or EGFP (nonquenchable) is expected to allow sensitive monitoring of oxidative stress.
Brownian motion in a flowing fluid

A phenomenological theory is developed for Brownian motion in a flowing incompressible fluid. The Brownian particles are regarded as an ideal gas subject to a position‐ and time‐dependent force field that represents interactions with the host fluid. Ths approach immediately leads to deterministic partial differential equations of motion for the Brownian particles. These equations are then examined in the limit of large friction, in which they imply an expression for the diffusional mass flux of Brownian particles. This expression is a sum of terms representing concentration, forced, thermal, and pressure diffusion. Comparisons are made with earlier work, and with the corresponding expression for the molecular diffusion flux of one component in a binary ideal‐gas mixture. The Brownian and molecular diffusion fluxes are found to be identical in form, with the Brownian‐particle volume fraction corresponding to the molecular mole fraction.
Mandibular osseous metastasis from esophageal carcinoma: a case report and review of the literature

Summary A case of mandibular osseous metastasis from a primary esophageal adenocarcinoma is reported. Review of the literature shows this to be the third reported case of metastatic involvement of the jaws by esophageal carcinoma, and the second to involve the mandible.
Reinforced cast metals: Part II Evolution of the interface

Interface evolution in metal-matrix composites is a thermodynamic necessity and interface design a kinetics challenge. The synergistic interaction between processing science and surface engineering has led to considerable progress in understanding, modelling and tailoring the fibre–matrix interface at the microstructural, crystallographic and atomic levels. The chemical, morphological, crystallographic and thermoelastic compatibilities between the fibre and the matrix influence the interfacial adhesion strength. This article examines the role of material properties and fabrication conditions in chemical interactions between the fibre and the matrix in metal-matrix composites synthesized using the solidification and casting techniques. © 1998 Chapman & Hall
Slab-derived fluids and partial melting in subduction zones: insights from two contrasting Mexican volcanoes (Colima and Ceboruco)

Colima and Ceboruco are the only two historically active volcanoes in the western portion of the Mexican Volcanic Belt. Contrasts in eruptive style and mineralogy indicate that magmas from Colima are significantly more hydrous. Eruptions at Colima are commonly explosive, and the volcano is blanketed by a thick sequence of pyroclastic deposits. In contrast, only one major pyroclastic eruption is known for Ceboruco. Hornblende is a common mineral at Colima, but is extremely rare at Ceboruco. These volcanoes also display strong contrasts in whole-rock, mineral, and groundmass compositions. This study compares pre-eruptive temperatures, oxygen fugacities, and water contents calculated for andesites-dacites from Colima and Ceboruco, along with published whole-rock chemical compositions. Temperatures were estimated from pyroxene thermometry, oxygen fugacities were inferred from whole-rock Fe2O3/FeO values, and water contents were calculated from plagioclase-groundmass compositional relationships. At a given whole-rock SiO2 content, magmas from Ceboruco have significantly higher pre-eruptive temperatures and significantly lower water contents. The Ceboruco magmas are also less oxidized, with calculated oxygen fugacities about 1 log unit ƒO2 below those for Colima. At a given SiO2 content, whole-rock samples from Ceboruco are strongly enriched in Ti, K, P, Rb, Zr, Ba, La, Yb, Hf, Th. U. and other incompatible trace elements compared to samples from Colima, but the latter have higher values of many ratios that are diagnostic of subduction-zone magmas: Ba/La, Sr/La, K/La, Rb/La, K/Th, and K/Ti. Thus, water does not behave as an incompatible “element” in these systems. The source regions for magmas from both Colima and Ceboruco are presumed to lie in the mantle wedge above the subducting slab. The differences between these two volcanoes indicate that the mantle wedge beneath Colima is more strongly affected by fluids rising from the slab; perhaps because Colima lies closer to the trench than any other Mexican volcano. The mantle wedge beneath Colima is apparently strongly “polluted” by K, Ba, Sr, and Rb relative to other elements, and strongly hydrated, which leads to higher percentages of partial melting compared to the Ceboruco source. Consequently, the parental melts to the Colima suite have relatively lower absolute abundances of incompatible elements, but higher ratios of K, Ba, Sr, and Rb to La, Th, Ti and other elements. The higher melt fractions in the Colima source region are also evident in the considerably higher magmatic eruption rate compared to Ceboruco, and the hydrous nature of the Colima magmas is manifested in the abundance of hornblende and frequency of explosive eruptions. The higher temperatures of Ceboruco magmas probably reflect relatively greater depths to the slab and the overlying mantle source region.
Prognostic value of positron emission tomography myocardial perfusion imaging beyond traditional cardiovascular risk factors: Systematic review and meta-analysis

article i nfo Background: Despite substantive growth in utilization of positron emission tomography (PET) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI), evidence on its prognostic value is limited. We aimed to comprehensively evaluate the prognostic literature of PET perfusion measures according to the most recent American Heart Association recommendations for assessment of novel cardiovascular biomarkers. Methods: We searched the literature for studies reporting associations of PET MPI measures and outcomes in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. We documented hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of association effects and quantitatively synthesized them with random-effects meta- analyses. Discrimination, calibration and risk reclassification after addition of PET MPI measures to standard prognostic models were documented. Results:Weidentified20eligiblestudieswithmedian n= 551patients.Inmeta-analyses,theextents of ischemic and scarred myocardium were significantly associated with cardiac death. Meta-analyses of multivariate estimates for abnormal summed stress score ≥4 and myocardial perfusion reserve b 2r evealed significant associations with major adverse cardiovascular events (HR (95% CI) 2.30 (1.53-3.44) and 2.11 (1.33-3.36), respectively). Changes in model discrimination, calibration or risk reclassification were reported in 5 studies (8 prognostic evaluations). There were marginal improvements in discrimination based on C index and no improvements in model calibration. Net reclassification index ranged from 9.8% to 14.2% and risk classification was significantly improved in 4/5 prognostic evaluations. Conclusions: PET MPI measures were strongly associated with adverse patient outcomes. Risk classification was more consistently improved than discrimination and calibration after addition of PET MPI measures, but reporting of such metrics was overall limited. ©2015TheAuthors.PublishedbyElsevierIrelandLtd.ThisisanopenaccessarticleundertheCCBY-NC-NDlicense
An empirical examination of sex differences in scoring preschool children's aggression

Sex differences in adults’ observations and ratings of children’s aggression was studied in a sample of preschool children (N = 89, mean age = 44.00 months, SD = 8.48). When examining the direct observations made by trained observers, male observers, relative to female observers, more frequently recorded aggressive bouts, especially of boys. On rating scales assessing aggression, trained male raters also gave higher aggressive ratings than female raters. Lastly, we compared the ratings of trained female raters and female teachers on the same scale and found no differences. Results are discussed in terms male raters’ and observers’ prior experiences in activating their experiential schemata where males’ greater experience in aggression, relative to that of females, leads them to perceive greater levels of aggression.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE PRODUCTION OF GOITER IN RATS WITH PROPYLTHIOURACIL ANDON GOITER PREVENTION1

Rats fed propylthiouracil and injected with sodium-l-thyroxine (1.0 to 2.5 µg. per rat per day) developed goiter in the presence of normal concentrations of plasma protein-bound iodine. At all dose levels of thyroxine, rats fed low residue diets had greater serum bound iodine concentrations than animals fed commercial laboratory chow. Since goiter was found in presence of normal or high bound iodine concentrations, this may mean (a) goiter can develop despitelow plasma levels of thyrotropin under these conditions or (b) plasmaproteinbound iodine may have an abnormal composition or influence in these types of experiments. A method is presented for determination of plasma protein-bound iodine by isotope dilution.