cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New measurement of the CP violation parameter eta +- gamma.

We have measured the {ital CP} violation parameter {eta}{sub +{minus}{gamma}} in a neutral kaon experiment, E773, at Fermilab. This parameter characterizes {ital CP} violation in the decay {ital K}{sub {ital L}}{r_arrow}{pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup {minus}}{gamma}. Kaon decays into {pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup {minus}} collected simultaneously were used for normalization. Our result is {vert_bar}{eta}{sub +{minus}{gamma}}{vert_bar}=[2.359 {plus_minus} 0.062(stat) {plus_minus} 0.040(syst)] {times} 10{sup {minus}3} with a phase {phi}{sub +{minus}{gamma}} = [43.8 {plus_minus} 3.5(stat) {times} 1.9(syst){degree}]. The prediction that {eta}{sub +{minus}{gamma}} should be very close to {eta}{sub +{minus}} is supported by our result.
SHEDDING PATTERN OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS FROM BOVINE INTRAMAMMARY INFECTIONS

Twenty-one quarters of seven cows were experimentally infected with Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29740) to study the shedding pattern in quarter milk samples. Of 991 consecutive quarter milk samples collected from infected quarters during the trial, 745 were positive for S. aureus by bacteriological culture. The sensitivity of a single quarter milk sample to determine infection status of a quarter was 74.5% based on the mean of each gland's recovery pattern. Sensitivity of bacterial culture increased to 94% and 98% by including a second and a third consecutive sample. Because S. aureus is shed in a cyclical manner from mammary glands, consecutive samples would be advisable for accurate diagnosis of infected quarters.
Attributions and Race Are Critical: Perceived Criticism in a Sample of African American and White Community Participants

The current investigation had two principal goals: (a) to examine whether attributions regarding the intentions underlying criticism from one's relative predict perceived criticism from that relative and (b) to explore differences between African Americans and Whites in attributions and perceived criticism. A new measure, the Attributions of Criticism Scale, was employed in the present study to assess attributions of perceived criticism. Results showed that the attributions scale demonstrated good psychometric properties in a sample of African American (n=78) and White (n=165) community participants. As hypothesized, attributions were correlated with perceptions of criticism. When racial differences in attributions and perceived criticism were explored, results showed that African Americans made more positive attributions but also perceived more destructive criticism than Whites. No racial differences were observed on overall and constructive criticism, but there was some evidence to suggest that African Americans made more negative attributions than Whites. However, these results were inconsistent across recruitment method. Taken together, these findings suggest that positive and negative attributions are important factors in the perception of criticism and that mean levels of attributions and perceived criticism may differ by race. Possible explanations for effects as well as clinical implications and directions for future research are considered.
The page fault frequency replacement algorithm

Dynamic memory management is an important advance in memory allocation especially in virtual memory and multiprogramming systems. In this paper we consider the case of paged memory systems: that is, the physical and logical address space of these systems is partitioned into equal size blocks of contiguous addresses. The paged memory system has been used by many computer systems. However, the basic memory management problem of deciding which pages should be kept in the main memory to allow efficient operation without wasting space is still not sufficiently understood and has been of considerable interest. Obviously, pages should only be removed from the main memory if there is a very low probability that they will be used in the near future. The difficulty lies in trying to determine which pages to remove, without incurring difficult implementation problems at the same time.
Specific Residues of the GDP/GTP Exchange Factor Bud5p Are Involved in Establishment of the Cell Type-specific Budding Pattern in Yeast

Abstract Cells of the budding yeast undergo oriented cell division by choosing a specific site for growth depending on their cell type. Haploid a and α cells bud in an axial pattern whereas diploid a/α cells bud in a bipolar pattern. The Ras-like GTPase Rsr1p/Bud1p, its GDP-GTP exchange factor Bud5p, and its GTPase-activating protein Bud2p are essential for selecting the proper site for polarized growth in all cell types. Here we showed that specific residues at the N terminus and the C terminus of Bud5p were important for bipolar budding, while some residues were involved in both axial and bipolar budding. These bipolar-specific mutations of BUD5 disrupted proper localization of Bud5p in diploid a/α cells without affecting Bud5p localization in haploid α cells. In contrast, Bud5p expressed in the bud5 mutants defective in both budding patterns failed to localize in all cell types. Thus, these results identify specific residues of Bud5p that are likely to be involved in direct interaction with spatial landmarks, which recruit Bud5p to the proper bud site. Finally, we found a new start codon of BUD5, which extends the open reading frame to 210 bp upstream of the previously estimated start site, thus encoding a polypeptide of 608 amino acid residues. Bud5p with these additional N-terminal residues interacted with Bud8p, a potential bipolar landmark, suggesting that the N-terminal region is necessary for recognition of the spatial cues.
Equilibration of Tyrosyl Radicals (Y356•, Y731•, Y730•) in the Radical Propagation Pathway of the Escherichia coli Class Ia Ribonucleotide Reductase

Escherichia coli ribonucleotide reductase is an α2β2 complex that catalyzes the conversion of nucleotides to deoxynucleotides using a diferric tyrosyl radical (Y122•) cofactor in β2 to initiate catalysis in α2. Each turnover requires reversible long-range proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) over 35 A between the two subunits by a specific pathway (Y122• ⇆ [W48?] ⇆ Y356 within β to Y731 ⇆ Y730 ⇆ C439 within α). Previously, we reported that a β2 mutant with 3-nitrotyrosyl radical (NO2Y•; 1.2 radicals/β2) in place of Y122• in the presence of α2, CDP, and ATP catalyzes formation of 0.6 equiv of dCDP and accumulates 0.6 equiv of a new Y• proposed to be located on Y356 in β2. We now report three independent methods that establish that Y356 is the predominant location (85–90%) of the radical, with the remaining 10–15% delocalized onto Y731 and Y730 in α2. Pulsed electron–electron double-resonance spectroscopy on samples prepared by rapid freeze quench (RFQ) methods identified three distances: 30 ± 0.4 A (88%...
Combined charged residue-field emission model of macromolecular electrospray ionization.

The mechanism of the multiple charging of macromolecules in electrospray ionization (ESI) continues to inspire debate and controversy. Recently, we proposed that the number of charges on a macromolecule is determined by the emission of small charge carriers from macromolecule-containing nanodroplets and that, after solvent evaporation, the remaining charge is transferred to the macromolecule. In this study, we tested the applicability of this new theory for macromolecular, positive-ion ESI mass spectrometry by measuring the mean charge states and charge distributions of globular proteins under non-denaturing and denaturing conditions. Predictions of protein mean charge states for native state proteins are in excellent agreement with mass spectrometric measurements, giving strong credence to the proposed theory. Theoretical predictions are also in good agreement with mean charge states measured for proteins in basic solutions (pH = 11.5). For some proteins in acidic solutions (pH = 2.1), the measured mean charge states are anomalously higher than the Rayleigh limit of a water droplet with a volume equivalent to that of the protein. We propose that some macromolecules that are highly charged in solution may desorb from charged droplets of the same polarity in a similar manner to that whereby charge carriers emit from nanodroplets, leading to “supercharged” macromolecular ions. Examination of rate expressions for solvent evaporation and charge-carrier emission demonstrates that the newly proposed model for ESI is consistent with previously reported ion-emission kinetics. Overall, we obtained additional experimental evidence for the charge carrier emission model for macromolecular charging, suggesting opportunities for understanding and applying ESI-MS.
Mediating a Movement, Authorizing Discourse: Kate Millett, Sexual Politics, and Feminism's Second Wave

Mass media's relationship with feminism has long been of interest to feminist rhetorical scholars. In this essay, I examine the media's relationship with the second wave of feminism in terms of the outing of Kate Millett and the popular reception of her book, Sexual Politics. Rather than separating the movement's reception of Millett and the popular media reception, I explore how both intersected and culminated in disciplinary processes of authority and authorization.
Wheat Germ Poly(A) Binding Protein Enhances the Binding Affinity of Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4F and (iso)4F for Cap Analogues

Most eukaryotic mRNAs contain a 5‘ cap (m7GpppX) and a 3‘ poly(A) tail to increase synergistically the translational efficiency. Recently, the poly(A) binding protein (PABP) and cap-binding protein...
Death as a question of living

IN THE first part of this counterthesis article the question of death and its survival is examined as an intellectual question. The query is: "What does the question mean cognitively?" That is, "What is its bearing on the objective world which, by using meanings, we propose for ourselves?" In the second and third parts of the article the question of death and its survival is considered, not as an intellectual and objective question, but as a personal and subjective question: "How can a person live when he finds his very existence held in question by death?" The conclusion of the article is that, although the terms of the survival question are meaningless in the objective world of meanings, the question is nevertheless meaningful as a subjective question.
Isolationism and the Assault on the Possibility of Shared Truths

Sociologists began defining the term culture long ago in order to serve the specific research interests of practicing scientists. The definitions served scientists’ purpose well. The term culture became popular beyond even the discipline of sociology. For example, there is a normative sense of the term that serves practical pedagogical purposes in robust fashion. The normative sense of the term insinuates that culture is as Milgram (2009) would say a “hard fact” and not some mere historical happenstance in a messy world full of happenstance. By hard fact Milgram means examples of what is to be included under the indexical, culture, can be deduced from the definition and similarly, non-relevancies can be excluded. The specific normative concept of culture used here is the sense in which individuals and groups may be designated as cultured. To be cultured is to be alert to all the world has to offer and to be appreciative of achievements that draw on the excellence of the human spirit. For example, the Olympics are neither a Western or Eastern event, a third world or first world event. The Olympics are a worldwide event depicting one aspect of human excellence. In the classroom, the normative idea of culture represents a goal. In the act of becoming cultured, students contemplate the very idea of human excellence. When this contemplation is shared in a democratic and non-elitist way students, by becoming cultured, enter into the Great Conversation of Humankind. This entry into The Conversation is the very heart of educational aim across both the globe and historical epoch. Obviously, education here is to be distinguished from mere schooling or enculturation. Policy theorists whose prescriptions draw students away from the Great Conversation and the shared quest for truth are herein described as isolationists and represent a threat to achieving success in pursuit of educational aims.
Education, the Welfare State, and Reaganomics The Limits of Conservative Reform

It is argued that social conservatism (the New Right) and corporations' concerns both limit and change social and educational policy and fiscal support.
Altered central nervous system processing of baroreceptor input following hindlimb unloading in rats

The effect of cardiovascular deconditioning on central nervous system processing of baroreceptor afferent activity was evaluated following 14 days of hindlimb unloading (HU). Inactin-anesthetized rats were instrumented with catheters, renal sympathetic nerve electrodes, and aortic depressor nerve electrodes for measurement of mean arterial pressure, heart rate, renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), and aortic depressor nerve activity (ADNA). Baroreceptor and baroreflex functions were assessed during infusion of phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside. Central processing of baroreceptor afferent input was evaluated by linear regression relating RSNA to ADNA. The maximum baroreflex-elicited increase in RSNA was significantly reduced in HU rats (122 +/- 3.8 vs. 144 +/- 4.9% of baseline RSNA), whereas ADNA was not altered. The slope (-0.18 +/- 0.04 vs. -0.40 +/- 0.04) and y-intercept (121 +/- 3.2 vs. 146 +/- 4.3) of the linear regression relating increases in efferent RSNA to decreases in afferent ADNA during hypotension were significantly reduced in HU rats. There were no differences during increases in arterial pressure. Results demonstrate that the attenuation in baroreflex-mediated increases in RSNA following HU is due to changes in central processing of baroreceptor afferent information rather than aortic baroreceptor function.
Who is gazing at whom? A look at how sex is used in magazine advertisements

The portrayal of male and female advertising characters was examined to determine whether or not sex was used to sell a product. We defined sex as having at least one of three qualities. Two hundred and eighty-seven advertisements were content analyzed into four categories (gender of the actor, product type, whether or not sex was used to sell the product, and what kind of sexuality, if used, was shown). Most of the advertisements did not use sex to sell the product; however, if sex was used, it was more likely to appear in an advertisement aimed at a male audience. Objectified advertising characters were likely to be females alone or paired with males. Support was found for Mulvey's theory of the male gaze.
USABILITY EVALUATION OF A CORPORATE MEMORY SYSTEM

Improving and supporting the process of design knowledge reuse in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry can lead to corporate competi tive advantage. Whereas internal knowledge reuse from one’s personal experiences is very effective, external knowledge reuse from an external digital or paper archive often fails. Based on a formalization of the internal reuse process from ethnographic s tudies, a prototype system, CoMem (Corporate Memory) is presented, which supports the reuse process, i.e., finding and understanding. This paper presents a usability testing framework and methodology and a usability evaluation of CoMem using formal user t esting. The key dimensions for the usability testing are the size of the repository and the type of finding task: exploration versus retrieval. The usability evaluation results are presented and discussed.
Prolonged photoresponses in transgenic mouse rods lacking arrestin

Arrestins are soluble cytoplasmic proteins that bind to G-protein-coupled receptors, thus switching off activation of the G protein and terminating the signalling pathway that triggers the cellular response. Although visual arrestin has been shown to quench the catalytic activity of photoexcited, phosphorylated rhodopsin in a reconstituted system, its role in the intact rod cell remains unclear because phosphorylation alone reduces the catalytic activity of rhodopsin. Here we have recorded photocurrents of rods from transgenic mice in which one or both copies of the arrestin gene were disrupted. Photoresponses were unaffected when arrestin expression was halved, indicating that arrestin binding is not rate limiting for recovery of the rod photoresponse, as it is in Drosophila . With arrestin absent, the flash response displayed a rapid partial recovery followed by a prolonged final phase. This behaviour indicates that an arrestin-independent mechanism initiates the quench of rhodopsin's catalytic activity and that arrestin completes the quench. The intensity dependence of the photoresponse in rods lacking arrestin further suggests that, although arrestin is required for normal signal termination, it does not participate directly in light adaptation.
Modeling Techniques for Formal Verification of BIST Controllers and Their Integration into SOC Designs

This paper describes the methods and challenges for modeling BIST logic in complex SoCs to enable their verification using formal techniques. The main contributions of this paper are: (a) application of symbolic model checking to BIST logic verification, (b) abstraction and modeling of sequential blocks such as memories, data-loggers, scan chains and LFSRs to enable property based formal verification, (c) automated generation of re-usable hookup logic properties, and (d) experimental results to highlight the benefits of the proposed techniques
Trapping across PCFs: A numerical study

We numerically examine the trapping efficiency of an optical beam transmitted transversely through a hollow-core, water filled photonic crystal fiber. The trapping beam retains its structure and trapping efficiency despite the fiber microstructure.
Ensemble Synoptic Analysis

Synoptic and mesoscale meteorology underwent a revolution in the 1940s and 1950s with the widespread deployment of novel weather observations, such as the radiosonde network and the advent of weather radar. These observations provoked a rapid increase in our understanding of the structure and dynamics of the atmosphere by pioneering analysts such as Fred Sanders. The authors argue that we may be approaching an analogous revolution in our ability to study the structure and dynamics of atmospheric phenomena with the advent of probabilistic objective analyses. These probabilistic analyses provide not only best estimates of the state of the atmosphere (e.g., the expected value) and the uncertainty about this state (e.g., the variance), but also the relationships between all locations and all variables at that instant in time. Up until now, these relationships have been determined by sampling in time by, for example, case studies, composites, and time-series analysis. Here the authors propose a new approach, ensemble synoptic analysis, which exploits the information contained in probabilistic samples of analyses at one or more instants in time.
Diminished Expectations: Urban Poverty and Nonmarital Childbirth

For many Americans, having a child while young, poor, and single is unimaginable. Yet, nonmarital childbirth is on the rise and, according to Kathryn Edin and Maria Kefalas, "is three times as common for the poor as for the affluent" (p. 2). In Promises I Can Keep: Why Poor Women Put Motherhood Before Marriage, Edin and Kefalas undertake an ambitious ethnographic study of eight low-income neighborhoods located in Philadelphia and conduct in-depth interviews with 162 black, white, and PuertoRican single mothers. They explore the reasons why these poor single mothers, in the context of their own struggle for survival, have children they cannot afford. It turns out that in many cases they cannot afford not to. The authors' findings reveal that disadvantaged, poor, single women do not view children as a liability with respect to their prospects for economic mobility or for future romantic relationships-which often include an expectation of marriage. Although poor, single women acknowledge real economic and financial hardships associated with nonmarital childbirth, the reality is that these women are all too familiar with these obstacles; for them, a newborn does not markedly increase disadvantage.
The Citizen-Soldier Tradition and Gender Integration of the U.S. Military:

Building on James Burk's contention that militaries must not only protect society from external enemies but also help sustain democratic values, this article reframes debates about women in the mil...
Efficient O(N) computation of the operational space inertia matrix

The development of a recursive algorithm for the operational space inertia matrix, the inertia propagation method, which reduces the computational complexity to O(N) for any manipulator is presented. The algorithm is based on a single recursion which begins at the base of the manipulator and progresses out to the last link. Spatial articulated transformations are utilized in the recursion procedure. The algorithm is the most efficient method known for N>or=6. The numerical accuracy of the algorithm is tested for a PUMA 560 robot with a fixed base. The results demonstrate the accuracy of the inertia propagation method for such a configuration. >
Effects of Corrective Feedback Delivered via Wireless Technology on Preservice Teacher Performance and Student Behavior

In teacher preparation most supervisory feedback is deferred, allowing learners to perform skills incorrectly and delivery of on-site immediate feedback may interrupt instructional flow. This study used a multiple baseline design to examine effects of immediate, corrective feedback delivered via wireless technology on completion of three-term contingency trials. Participants were five preservice special education teachers working on academic skills with students with special needs in elementary and middle school classrooms. Corrective, immediate feedback was shown to be an effective way to increase completion of three-term contingency trials by teachers. During baseline, percentage of completion ranged from 30-92. With corrective, immediate feedback, all five teachers reached criterion level of 90% completion. Overall, mean percentage of correct student responses increased 3 to 17 percentage points over baseline results for four of the five teachers. All teachers rated the method as beneficial. Implicatio...
Statistical modeling of ecosystem respiration using eddy covariance data: Maximum likelihood parameter estimation, and Monte Carlo simulation of model and parameter uncertainty, applied to three simple models

Abstract Whether the goal is to fill gaps in the flux record, or to extract physiological parameters from eddy covariance data, researchers are frequently interested in fitting simple models of ecosystem physiology to measured data. Presently, there is no consensus on the best models to use, or the ideal optimization criteria. We demonstrate that, given our estimates of the distribution of the stochastic uncertainty in nighttime flux measurements at the Howland (Maine, USA) AmeriFlux site, it is incorrect to fit ecosystem respiration models using ordinary least squares (OLS) optimization. Results indicate that the flux uncertainty follows a double-exponential (Laplace) distribution, and the standard deviation of the uncertainty (σ(δ)) follows a strong seasonal pattern, increasing as an exponential function of temperature. These characteristics both violate OLS assumptions. We propose that to obtain maximum likelihood estimates of model parameters, fitting should be based on minimizing the weighted sum of the absolute deviations: ∑ | measured − modeled | / σ ( δ ) . We examine in detail the effects of this fitting paradigm on the parameter estimates and model predictions for three simple but commonly used models of ecosystem respiration. The exponential Lloyd & Taylor model consistently provides the best fit to the measured data. Using the absolute deviation criterion reduces the estimated annual sum of respiration by about 10% (70–145 g C m−2 y−1) compared to OLS; this is comparable in magnitude but opposite in sign to the effect of filtering nighttime data using a range of plausible u* thresholds. The weighting scheme also influences the annual sum of respiration: specifying σ(δ) as a function of air temperature consistently results in the smallest totals. However, annual sums are, in most cases, comparable (within uncertainty estimates) regardless of the model used. Monte Carlo simulations indicate that a 95% confidence interval for the annual sum of respiration is about ±20–40 g C m−2 y−1, but varies somewhat depending on model, optimization criterion, and, most importantly, weighting scheme.
Function of Candida albicans Adhesin Hwp1 in Biofilm Formation

Hwp1 is a well-characterized Candida albicans cell surface protein, expressed only on hyphae, that mediates tight binding to oral epithelial cells. Prior studies indicate that HWP1 expression is dependent upon Bcr1, a key regulator of biofilm formation. Here we test the hypothesis that Hwp1 is required for biofilm formation. In an in vitro model, the hwp1/hwp1 mutant produces a thin biofilm that lacks much of the hyphal mass found in the hwp1/HWP1 reconstituted strain. In a biofilm cell retention assay, we find that the hwp1/hwp1 mutant is defective in retention of nonadherent bcr1/bcr1 mutant cells. In an in vivo rat venous catheter model, the hwp1/hwp1 mutant has a severe biofilm defect, yielding only yeast microcolonies in the catheter lumen. These properties of the hwp1/hwp1 mutant are consistent with its role as a hypha-specific adhesin and indicate that it is required for normal biofilm formation. Overexpression of HWP1 in a bcr1/bcr1 mutant background improves adherence in the in vivo catheter model. This finding provides additional support for the model that Hwp1 is critical for biofilm adhesion. Hwp1 is the first cell surface protein known to be required for C. albicans biofilm formation in vivo and is thus an excellent therapeutic target.
Statistical Analysis of Wind Turbine Inflow and Structural Response Data from the LIST Program

The Long-Term Inflow and Structural Test (LIST) program is gathering inflow and structural response data on a modified version of the Micon 65/13 wind turbine at a test site near Bushland, Texas. Data from 491 ten-minute time data records are analyzed here to determine the dependency of fatigue and extreme loads on inflow parameters. Flap and edge bending moment ranges at a blade root are chosen as the structural response variable, z. Various parameters related to the inflow (including, for example, primary parameters such as the mean and standard deviation of the hub-height horizontal wind speed, and secondary parameters such as Reynolds stresses, vertical shear exponent, etc.) are each considered in an inflow parameter vector, x. Time series for the structural response, z, are processed in order to obtain a structural response parameter, y, where in separate statistical studies, y is taken to be either an equivalent fatigue load or an extreme load. This study describes a procedure by which the important dependencies of y on the various variables contained in the inflow parameter vector, x, may be determined considering all the available data. These dependencies of y on x are then recomputed using only the data with above-rated mean wind speeds (taken to be approximately 13 m/s). The procedure employed is similar to other studies, but we do not bin the data sets by wind speed since dependencies in one wind speed bin may be different from those in other bins. Also, our procedure, in sharp contrast to previous studies, examines each inflow parameter in the vector, x, in a sequential analysis, rather than by using multivariate regression. Results from the present study suggest that the primary inflow parameters have a small amount of predictive power in establishing fatigue and extreme loads. In addition, large correlations that exist between several of the secondary parameters individually and each of the primary parameters make it difficult for the secondary parameters to provide any additional explanation of turbine response once the primary parameters have been accounted for.
Update on Myelodysplastic Syndromes Classification and Prognosis.

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a collection of cytogenetically heterogeneous clonal bone marrow (BM) failure disorders derived from aberrant hematopoietic stem cells in the setting of an aberrant hematopoietic stem cell niche. Patients suffer from variably progressive and symptomatic bone marrow failure with a risk of leukemic transformation. Diagnosis of MDS has long been based on morphologic assessment and blast percentage as in the original French-American-British classification. The recently developed Revised International Prognostic Scoring System provides improved prognostication using more refined cytogenetic, marrow blast, and cytopenia parameters. With the advent of deep sequencing technologies, dozens of molecular abnormalities have been identified in MDS.
Visualizing Respect: Visual Media Literacy and Students' Understanding of Globalization and Technology Issues

AbstractThis article explores the process and outcome of engaging university students in a popular culture analysis course in visual analysis activities to reveal their assumptions about globalization as created or reinforced by visual representations in the media. Although Tomlinson (1999) urges us to understand globalization as “complex connectivity ” (p. I), visual media portrayals reinforce the culture of capitalism, myths of technology, and simplistic views of globalization. Through visually analyzing a 30-second TV spot called “The Procession,” students surfaced their pre-existing understanding of the term globalization and the role of visual media representations in creating it. Students became more aware of what Kellner (2002) calls the “contradictions and ambiguities” (p. 285) of globalization as they shifted their perspective in this ad from an unquestioning, comfortable Western one to one that prohlematized this visual media portrayal of globalization, technology, and “others.”.
Step-by-Step Hybrid Design

As discussed in Chap. 1, many institutions are moving towards offering hybrid classes as part of their curriculum. This transition may be a slow, thoughtful rollout, or may be made quickly without much preparation. In either case, some instructors may feel they do not have the tools to make the change. In this section, we will offer step-by-step review of how to organize a hybrid course, from the very first day you learn you are teaching online to the day the class goes live. These steps are gleaned from relevant research literature and our experiences. Here we examine questions related to the peculiarities of hybrid classes that you should keep in mind as you plan.
Effects of Common ISS Volatile Organic Compounds on Growth of Radish

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a salad type crop that is being evaluated for possible use on the International Space Station (ISS). The study will determine the growth and development of radish in the microgravity environment. A series of experiments were initiated to determine whether volatile organic compounds (VOC) that are commonly accumulated in closed systems of spacecraft atmosphere are biologically active. A survey of existing atmospheric samples from the space shuttle and ISS revealed over 260 compounds with potential biogenic activity of which a subset of 14 compounds have been selected for detailed evaluation. Initial screening is achieved by exposing radishes to VOC concentrations corresponding to 0.1 and 1.0 the Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentration (SMAC) of the contaminants. Biogenic effects of ethanol at 0.1 of the SMAC resulted in lower chlorophyll content, reduced growth rate, and lower yields. Chronic exposure to ethanol concentrations at 0.5 SMAC were lethal to radish. Radishes exposed to acetone did not show phytotoxic responses at concentrations up to the SMAC.
The bacterial microbiome of Dermacentor andersoni ticks influences pathogen susceptibility.

Ticks are of medical importance owing to their ability to transmit pathogens to humans and animals. The Rocky Mountain wood tick, Dermacentor andersoni, is a vector of a number of pathogens, including Anaplasma marginale, which is the most widespread tick-borne pathogen of livestock. Although ticks host pathogenic bacteria, they also harbor bacterial endosymbionts that have a role in tick physiology, survival, as well as pathogen acquisition and transmission. The goal of this study was to characterize the bacterial microbiome and examine the impact of microbiome disruption on pathogen susceptibility. The bacterial microbiome of two populations of D. andersoni with historically different susceptibilities to A. marginale was characterized. In this study, the microbiome was disrupted and then ticks were exposed to A. marginale or Francisella novicida to determine whether the microbiome correlated with pathogen susceptibility. Our study showed that an increase in proportion and quantity of Rickettsia bellii in the microbiome was negatively correlated to A. marginale levels in ticks. Furthermore, a decrease in Francisella endosymbionts was associated with lower F. novicida infection levels, demonstrating a positive pathogen–endosymbiont relationship. We demonstrate that endosymbionts and pathogens have varying interactions, and suggest that microbiome manipulation may provide a possible method for biocontrol by decreasing pathogen susceptibility of ticks.
Adolescents' Access to Firearms: Epidemiology and Prevention

Abstract Homicide is the second leading cause of death for youths between the ages of 15 and 24, and has been the leading cause of death for African Americans in this age group for over a decade. The vast majority of homicides among youths between the ages of 15 and 19 results from firearms. Across various studies, 10 to 50% of young study participants report having been threatened with a firearm or having a firearm pulled on them. Over one-third of urban high school students and 70% of juvenile offenders report having easy access to firearms. Obtaining firearms from peers, relatives, or on the street are the most frequently cited sources of firearms for youth. Close to 10% of high school students in a national study report carrying firearms and of that 10%, more boys than girls report carrying a firearm. The majority of juvenile offenders report carrying a firearm all or most of the time. This article describes these statistics in more detail as well as the impact that increasing use of firearms by youth...
Consequences of brain-derived neurotrophic factor withdrawal in CNS neurons and implications in disease

Growth factor withdrawal has been studied across different species and has been shown to have dramatic consequences on cell survival. In the nervous system, withdrawal of nerve growth factor (NGF) from sympathetic and sensory neurons results in substantial neuronal cell death, signifying a requirement for NGF for the survival of neurons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). In contrast to the PNS, withdrawal of central nervous system (CNS) enriched brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has little effect on cell survival but is indispensible for synaptic plasticity. Given that most early events in neuropsychiatric disorders are marked by a loss of synapses, lack of BDNF may thus be an important part of a cascade of events that leads to neuronal degeneration. Here we review reports on the effects of BDNF withdrawal on CNS neurons and discuss the relevance of the loss in disease.
Resist Free Patterning of Nonpreferential Buffer Layers for Block Copolymer Lithography

We report the design of a direct electron beam patternable buffer layer to spatially control the orientation of the microdomains in an overlaying polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) block copolymer (BCP) film. The buffer layer consists of a surface anchored low molecular weight PS-b-PMMA, with the PMMA segment anchored to the surface and a short PS block at the buffer layer/BCP interface. The block architecture of the buffer layer combines the essential features of "bottom up" and "top down" approaches as it functions as a nonpreferential layer to dictate perpendicular orientation of BCP domains from the substrate interface and as an e-beam resist to allow top-down lithographic process to spatially define the buffer layer on the substrate. The composition of the buffer layer can be tuned by changing the relative block lengths to create a nonpreferential surface which effectively induces perpendicular orientation of domains in an overlying BCP film. The grafted block copolymer can be locally shaved by e-beam lithography resulting in spatial control of domain orientation in the BCP film. The direct patterning approach reduces the number of steps involved in forming chemical patterns by conventional lithography.
Norman Ernest Borlaug. 25 March 1914 — 12 September 2009

Norman Ernest Borlaug has commonly been called the father of the ‘Green Revolution’ because of his tireless efforts, beginning in the early 1940s, to make Mexico self-sufficient in wheat production, and his subsequent saving of millions of people in India, Pakistan and elsewhere from starvation through high-yielding wheat varieties. By 1963, Mexico was an exporter of wheat, and wheat yields in Pakistan and India nearly doubled between 1965 and 1970. Similarly, ‘miracle rices’ developed at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) by Hank Beachell and colleagues significantly raised the yields of rice and benefited poor people across Asia.
Getting Out: Political asylum, sexual minorities, and privileged visibility

As part of an emerging field of films documenting the obstacles faced by sexual minorities fleeing persecution and seeking political asylum, the film Getting Out documents both the persecution of sexual minorities in Uganda and the obstacles individuals face in their attempts to get political asylum in South Africa. Using the film as a springboard, we assess the larger issues of recognition, visibility, hypervisibility, and performativity in encounters between sexual minorities, their advocates, and political asylum officials. The rhetorical power of Getting Out lies in its performative staging of LGBTQI asylum seekers’ navigation of often competing cultural and legal logics on sexuality. The film calls attention to profound contradictions in the political asylum system for sexual minorities and for any others who challenge the normativity of a social group.
Response Alternation: An afterthought

Recently, I reviewed work on response alternation in animals (3). The most common situation for examining response alternation is to give an animal one trial in a T-maze with a forced turn in the stem. Dingle, using boxelder bugs and meal worms (I), has found that increasing the distance between the start of the maze and the forced turn increases the amount of response alternation. This effect is not predictable from the nvo major explanations of response alternation (reactive inhibition and centrifugal swing plus thigmotaxis) . One explanation that was advanced many years ago for response alternation in this situation was in terms of a forward-going tendency (FGT) of animals (4). The start to the forced-turn section of the runway sets up an FGT which is resumed at the subsequent choice point, leading to apparent response alternation. This explanation was omitted from my review because I though it trivial. Subsequently, it occurred to me that the FGT coulcl explain the effect of start to forced-turn distance on response alternation. The longer the distance the more likely (or the more strongly) an FGT will be aroused and so the more likely that apparent response alternation will occur. There are, of course, dangers in crossing species boundaries. Rats have not demonstrated response alternation unequivocally (3) and the FGT may not exist in bugs. However, if we assume that response alternation could be shown in rats in a T-maze with a forced turn in the stem and that star; to forced-turn distance did affect the amount of response alternation, then an experiment can be suggested that moves toward a specification of how the FGT operates. By analogy with Douglas's work on spontaneous alternation in rats (2), it may be that rats with middle-ear disease would not show an effect from start to forced-turn distance whereas rats without the disease would show an effect.
Global Expansion of Renewable Energy Generation: An Analysis of Policy Instruments

This study analyzes the degree to which renewable energy policies, in particular feed-in tariffs and renewable portfolio standards, facilitate renewable energy generation growth across a wide range of countries using an original cross-national dataset of 164 countries between 1990 and 2010. Results provide evidence that both policies are important predictors of renewable energy market growth. The dependent variable is operationalized first as the percentage of total electricity from renewable energy and second as the annual increase in total renewable energy generation in a country. Results are robust to several alternative model specifications including those that exclude hydroelectric generation in the construct of renewable energy. The degree to which feed-in tariffs are endogenous, however, is not conclusive. Besides the prominent role of these policies, results reveal that factors related to annual increases in renewable energy differ from those related to an overall transition toward greater reliance on renewable energy. This suggests that simply increasing renewable generation does not necessarily decrease reliance on fossil fuels or help countries make the shift to a clean energy economy.
The West Indian family: treatment challenges.

The authors discuss the culture-specific problems faced by West Indian immigrants who received treatment at the East Brooklyn Prevention Program. The characteristics, patterns, and functioning of t...
Assessment of sub-milli-sievert abdominal computed tomography with iterative reconstruction techniques of different vendors.

Assessment of sub-milli-sievert abdominal computed tomography with iterative reconstruction techniques of different vendors
Study Design and Analysis in Clinical Research

This chapter serves an introduction to study design and data analysis for surgeons undertaking observational research. It is not intended to provide an in depth review of all possible biostatistical methods. Rather, it is designed to assist surgeons in critically reviewing the literature and becoming informed users of biostatistics. The chapter will cover both study design and analysis, as the final product in any study is critically dependent on both factors. If a study is poorly designed, no amount of statistical analysis will compensate. Likewise, a well-designed study can produce irrelevant results if it is not properly analyzed. We encourage surgeons to consult with a statistician throughout the course of their study, from design to publication, in order to prevent critical errors in study design and data analysis. We also recommend formal training in basic biostatistics for surgeon-scientists. This allows you to do your own basic data analysis and enables use of your clinical knowledge to guide the statistician in designing your study and interpreting your data to get clinically meaningful results.
Other journeys of creation: non-representational theory, co-creation, failure, and the soul

As Pine and Gilmore (1999) have noted, tourism is an integral part of the ‘experience economy’, where destinations and tour agencies sell experiences as their main product. As such, scholars have s...
Nonlinear liminality: Human-animal relations on preserving the world’s most famous tigress

Abstract This paper explores the Rajasthan Forest Department’s feeding of an elderly tigress named Machli, and her consequent liminal status between a wild life and a captive life. Machli is regarded as the world’s most famous tiger as a result of her decade-long starring role in multiple documentaries broadcast to international audiences. Many people display a relational empathy towards Machli. This has resulted in a powerful ethic of care, materialized in the Forest Department’s realignment of resources to care for her in old age; specifically to keep her from an unbefitting end of starvation. Machli’s relationship to humans and other tigers contribute to scholarship that interrogates notions of “wildness,” “pristine nature,” and the social construction of the nature-society divide through the case of an individual animal’s celebrity and consequential human-animal relations. Most scholarship centers on species or a population in theorizing human-animal conservation relationships and within the distinct spaces of in or ex situ conservation sites. I argue that greater attention needs to be paid to the complex scalar entanglements of individual animals and how this impacts perceptions about conservation practices and wild nonhuman life more generally. This is particularly true as individual animal celebrity grows across a broad spectrum of wild, captive, and domestic spaces and projected or rejected domesticity. Machli’s case highlights and allows for theoretical intervention into changing normative human-wild animal relations across scales and species.
Relationship between the Presence of a Cilioretinal Artery and Subretinal Fluid in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Purpose To evaluate the relationship between presence of a cilioretinal artery (CRA) and the extent of subretinal fluid (SRF) in eyes with treatment-naive neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). Eyes with nAMD have varying amounts of SRF, and factors affecting exudation volume are not well established. We hypothesize that presence of CRA may affect the extent of SRF by affecting the hemodynamics of blood flow supplying the choroidal neovascular membrane. Design Retrospective case-control study. Participants Two hundred twelve patients with treatment-naive nAMD in at least 1 eye from anonymized datasets available at the Doheny Image Reading Center. Methods Color fundus photographs and fluorescein angiograms of the study eyes were reviewed to identify those with a CRA (cases) and those without (controls). Spectral-domain OCT data were evaluated by 2 masked graders to identify presence and volume of SRF. We identified subtypes of CNV and evaluated other OCT features that could affect SRF, such as presence of subretinal hyperreflective material (SHRM), cystoid macular edema (CME), and pigment epithelial detachment (PED). Nonparametric Mann–Whitney U test and univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify significant differences between cases and controls and to evaluate the relationship between these factors and SRF volume. Main Outcome Measures Presence and volume of SRF, presence of CME, PED types, and CNV types. Results We identified 44 cases and 168 controls. Mean SRF volume was significantly lower in cases than controls (0.72±0.9 mm3 vs. 1.60±2.36 mm3; P = 0.03). Univariate regression analysis showed a weakly significant correlation between presence of CRA and SRF volume (r = −0.15; P = 0.03) and OCT parameters, including SHRM (r = 0.16; P = 0.023), CME (r = −0.20; P = 0.004), and type 2 CNV (r = 0.16; P = 0.02). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the presence of a CRA (r = −0.17; P = 0.02) was correlated independently with the presence of SRF. Conclusions Presence of a CRA was correlated negatively with the volume of SRF in eyes with nAMD. These findings may draw insights into the potential hemodynamic effect of the CRA, which warrants further investigation.