cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High contrast and metal-less alignment process for all-polymer optical interconnect devices

ABSTRACT A polymer-based flat, flexible and paralle l optical interconnect has become an a ttractive approach for short-range data transfer. For such a device, a low cost fabr ication technique is required for light couplers to redirect light from source to waveguides. Recently, we demonstrated a mask-less gray scale lithography process, which used a CMOS compatible polymer for a 45-degree mirror coupler. Polymer materials such as epoclad and AP2210B can be used to fabricate flexible substrates and waveguides, respectively. We propose an all-photopolymer lithography process to fabricate the flexible and parallel optical interconnect in conjunction with the mirror couplers. In the process, a buried polymer structure is used to precisely align the mirror coupler to waveguides, which make it possible to avoid an additional metallization process. However, the contrast of such buried fiducial mark is low since such the structure is a phase structure. As a result, it is not feasible to use the buried polymer structure as an alignment mark with conventional amplitude based imaging modalities. To increase the contrast of these buried alignment marks, we propose a feature specific alignment system for which the shape and depth of the buried alignmen t marks are optimized for phase-based imaging such as phase contrast and Schlieren imaging. Our results show that an optimized alignment mark provides a significant contrast enhancement while using a phase contrast imaging system compared to that of a conventional imaging system. In addition, we have fabricated an optimized alignment mark specifically for use with a Schlieren imaging system. Keywords: optical interconnect, 45-degree mirror coupler, lithography, phase-based alignment marks, phase contrast imaging, Schlieren imaging
Single Crystal Phase Transition in the Photoconductor p-Diiodobenzene

Abstract We have firmly established the presence of a single crystal to single crystal phase transition in p-diiodobenzene (C6H4I2) using optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction methods. This transition usually occurs at 51 ± 1 °C. The presence of a phase transition in this substance had been suggested by other workers to account for a precipitous drop in the charge carrier mobility in this general temperature vicinity. Our work suggests that this dramatic change in electrical behavior is produced by a rather small molecular reorientation.
Digital commemoration: surveying the social media revival of historical crises

Social media has facilitated coordination efforts to help save lives, but are people using social media after the emergency phase? To answer this question, the author conducted a study surveying the social media revival of 111 crisis events that occurred over the past 50 years to examine if social media is being used to commemorate historical crises. Quantitative and qualitative social media metrics on each event were collected to determine their social media presence. The findings show that people are using social media to sustain the living record of past crises as an attempt to prevent disasters and strengthen resilience to future crises. Technological and social hazards that occurred before the social media age tended to exhibit a higher social media presence than natural hazards. Also, the revival of past crises typically occurred when they were linked to recent crises that exhibited similar causes, effects, and vulnerabilities. Issues in the construction and implementation of the survey inform the development of sociotechnical systems designed to collect, manage, and analyze historical events through the cyberinfrastructure.
Pi2 pulsations in the magnetosphere

Several substorms were observed at Explorer 45 in November and December 1971, and January and February 1972, while the satellite was in the evening quadrant near L = 5. These same substorms were identified in ground level magnetograms from auroral zone and low latitude stations. The satellite vector magnetic field records and rapid run ground magnetograms were examined for evidence of simultaneous occurrence of Pi2 magnetic pulsations. Pulsations which began abruptly were observed at the satellite during 7 of the 13 substorms studied and the pulsations occurred near the estimated time of substorm onset. These 7 pulsation events were also observed on the ground and 6 were identified in station comments as Pi2. All of the events observed were principally compressional waves, that is, pulsations in field magnitude. There were also transverse components elliptically polarized counter-clockwise looking along the field line. Periods observed ranged from 40 to 200 sec with 80 sec often the dominant period.
Design of Rapid-Transition Multiproduct Processes

In continuous processes where products are changed frequently, the time required to transition from one product to the next can significantly impact the overall operating cost by changing the cycle time and inventory profiles. The design of the plant influences the dynamics of this transition and consequently the overall cost. In this paper we present a methodology to incorporate the effect of transition time into the design of a continuous multiproduct process. The design of an exothermic continuous stirred tank reactor is used to demonstrate this algorithm. The resulting design is not necessarily the steady-state economic choice nor the design that makes the transition the fastest but rather an economic compromise of the two objectives.
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis suppresses expression of IL-12p40 and iNOS genes induced by signalling through CD40 in bovine monocyte-derived macrophages.

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is a facultative intracellular organism that resides in host macrophages. MAP causes a fatal wasting syndrome in ruminants, typified by granulomatous enteritis in the small intestine. MAP has also been suspected as a causative or exacerbating factor in some cases of human Crohn’s disease. In MAP infections, a cytotoxic and proinflammatory Th1-like response is essential to control disease. While such a response may initially develop, this typically gives way to a Th2-like response later in infection. Interaction between CD40 receptors on macrophages and CD154 (CD40L) on activated T cells is crucial for maintaining a Th1 response and activation of macrophages. In this report, we investigated the hypothesis that CD40 signalling is impaired in MAP-infected macrophages. Uninfected bovine monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) responded to CD40L by up-regulating expression of genes encoding IL-6, TNFα, IL-8, iNOS, IL-10, and IL-12p40. In contrast, MDM cells infected with MAP failed to up-regulate expression of iNOS and IL-12p40 genes in response to CD40L. CD40L stimulation caused a transient activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family member extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2, stress-activated protein kinase/Jun N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK) and p38 in MDM cells. In uninfected cells, inhibition of MAPK revealed that CD40L-mediated increase in IL-6 gene expression was dependent on activation of ERK1/2, while increases in IL-12p40, iNOS, and IL-10 gene expression were dependent on activation of p38. Because early activation of p38 was unimpaired in MAP-infected macrophages, we propose that MAP interferes with gene expression of iNOS and IL-12p40 genes downstream of p38.
AIDS education for three high-risk populations

Abstract The U.S. General Accounting Office recently published a seven-step model for preventive AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) education targeted to three high-risk populations: intravenous drug users, racial/ethnic minorities, and adolescents. The model was drawn from prior research on the social psychology of health practices and the effectiveness of campaigns to prevent drug abuse, smoking, and other public-health problems. The seven steps in the model are: identify the target group as precisely as possible, identify the attitudes or behaviors placing that group at risk, select the media most likely to reach the group, provide appropriate factual information, provide skills for reducing AIDS risk, provide motivators for reducing AIDS risk, and identify cognitive and behavioral outcomes appropriate for the group.
An acetohydroxy acid synthetase from Neurospora crassa.

Abstract An acetohydroxy acid synthetase which synthesizes α-acetolactate from pyruvate has been isolated from the insoluble fraction of Neurospora crassa homogenates. A purification of about 200-fold was achieved by ammonium sulfate fractionation and the use of Sephadex and Sephadex-DEAE columns. It was shown that the purified enzyme is most active in the presence of Mn 2+ , and requires thiamine pyrophosphate for activity. About 10 −1 m pyruvate is necessary to give half maximal velocity. It has a pH optimum of about 6.1. It is not inhibited by valine, isoleucine, leucine, or pantothenate either singly or in concert. The enzyme also synthesizes acetoin in the presence of pyruvate plus acetaldehyde. In addition it synthesizes α-aceto-α-hydroxybutyrate in the presence of α-ketobutyrate plus pyruvate. The α-ketobutyrate is, however, inhibitory to the enzyme in increasing concentrations.
New bounds on nearly perfect matchings in hypergraphs: higher codegrees do help

Let H be a (k+1)-uniform, D-regular hypergraph on n vertices and let (H) be the minimum number of vertices left uncovered by a matching in H. Cj(H), the j-codegree of H, is the maximum number of edges sharing a set of j vertices in common. We prove a general upper bound on (H), based on the codegree sequence C2 (H), C3 (H),…. Our bound improves and generalizes many results on the topic, including those of Grable, Alon, Kim, and Spencer, and Kostochka and Rodl. It also leads to a substantial improvement in several applications. The key ingredient of the proof is the so-called polynomial technique, which is a new and useful tool to prove concentration results for functions with large Lipschitz coefficient. This technique is of independent interest. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 17: 29–63, 2000
The glucose-galactose paradox in neonatal murine hepatic glycogen synthesis

In adults glucose incorporation to glycogen is indirect after recycling from lactate. In neonates galactose entry to glycogen exceeds that for glucose, but the pathway is unknown. The pathway of hexose incorporation to glycogen was studied in 5-7-day-old rats and 6-h-old rats injected intraperitoneally (IP) with either double-labeled [6-3H]glucose (nonrecycling), [U-14C]glucose (recycling), or [6-3H]glucose and [U-14C]galactose in saline. In another group of pups, 1 g/kg of glucose or galactose was administered in addition to tracers to determine glycemia and net glycogen synthesis between 15 and 180 min after injection. Blood glucose increased from 3.4 +/- 0.4 to 8.5 +/- 1.5 mM in 5-7-day-old pups in response to IP glucose; there was no glycemic response to galactose, although galactose levels increased from 0.5 to 6.3 mM at 15 min. Hepatic glycogen increased after IP glucose from 14 +/- 2 at 15 min to 30 +/- 3 at 120 min (P less than 0.01), whereas after IP galactose glycogen was 44 +/- 6 mumol/g at 120 min (P less than 0.05). After IP glucose, 3H and 14C disintegration per minute in glycogen increased slowly with 14C exceeding 3H at 120 and 180 min. In contrast IP [14C]galactose resulted in a much greater peak of 14C incorporation into glycogen. The ratio of 3H to 14C in glycogen relative to the injectate after IP glucose decreased from 0.69 +/- 0.12 to 0.36 +/- 0.03 (P less than 0.01) between 15 to 180 min, whereas the ratio after galactose was 0.20 +/- 0.007 to 0.15 +/- 0.02 at these times. The 6-h-old pups also demonstrated augmented incorporation of [14C]galactose in glycogen relative to [3H-14C]glucose. In contrast to 5-7-day-old pups there was no evidence of glucose recycling in 6-h-old pups. In conclusion galactose entry into glycogen exceeds that for glucose and is not dependent on recycling. Direct incorporation of galactose exceeds that for direct incorporation from [3H]glucose, suggesting a preferential utilization of galactose for neonatal glycogen synthesis.
Matrix metalloproteinases and tumor metastasis

Functions of individual matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) differentially expressed by tumor cells and stromal cells, are finely regulated by their spatial as well as temporal interactions with distinct cellular and extracellular components of the tumor microenvironment and also distant pre-metastatic sites. Certain aspects of MMP involvement in tumor metastasis such as tumor-induced angiogenesis, tumor invasion, and establishment of metastatic foci at the secondary site, have received extensive attention that resulted in an overwhelming amount of experimental and observational data in favor of critical roles of MMPs in these processes. In particular, dependency of tumor angiogenesis on the activity of MMPs, especially that of MMP-9, renders this step possibly the most effective target of synthetic MMP inhibitors. MMP functioning in other stages of metastasis, including the escape of individual tumor cells from the primary tumor, their intravasation, survival in circulation, and extravasation at the secondary site, have not yet received enough consideration, resulting in insufficient or controversial data. The major pieces of evidence that are most compelling and clearly determine the role and involvement of MMPs in the metastatic cascade are provided by molecular genetic studies employing knock-out or transgenic animals and tumor cell lines, modified to overexpress or downregulate a specific MMP. Findings from all of these studies implicate different functional mechanisms for both tumor and stromal MMPs during distinct steps of the metastatic cascade and indicate that MMPs can exhibit pro-metastatic as well as anti-metastatic roles depending on their nature and the experimental setting. This dual function of individual MMPs in metastasis has become a major focus of this review.
OBSERVATIONS ON ORGANIC VOLATILES FROM GERMINATING SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS

Germinating seeds of several plant species evolved oxidizable volatile compounds, including aliphatic aldehydes. Formaldehyde comprised only a small percentage of the total aldehydes detected. Most seeds evolved these compounds only during the first three or four days after imbibition, with peak production occurring during the second day. In general, larger seeds evolved greater quantities than smaller seeds, but, on a unit weight basis, smaller seeds evolved more. Dry, non-germinating, or killed seeds evolved little or no volatiles, indicating that active seed metabolism was required for the production of volatiles. The light-dark regime appeared to have little effect on volatile evolution. THERE ARE NUMEROUS natural sources of both volatile and soluble organic compounds in soil
Computer simulation of scattered ion and sputtered species effects in ion beam sputter-deposition of high temperature superconducting thin films

Ion beam sputter-deposition is a technique currently used by many groups to produce single and multicomponent thin films. This technique provides several advantages over other deposition methods, which include the capability for yielding higher film density, accurate stoichiometry control, and smooth surfaces. However, the relatively high kinetic energies associated with ion beam sputtering also lead to difficulties if the process is not properly controlled. Computer simulations have been performed to determine net deposition rates, as well as the secondary erosion, lattice damage, and gas implantation in the films, associated with primary ions scattered from elemental Y, Ba and Cu targets used to produce high temperature superconducting Y-Ba-Cu-O films. The simulations were performed using the TRIM code for different ion masses and kinetic energies, and different deposition geometries. Results are presented for primary beams of Ar{sup +}, Kr{sup +} and Xe{sup +} incident on Ba and Cu targets at 0{degrees} and 45{degrees} with respect to the surface normal, with the substrate positioned at 0{degrees} and 45{degrees}. The calculations indicate that the target composition, mass and kinetic energy of the primary beam, angle of incidence on the target, and position and orientation of the substrate affect the film damage and trapped primarymore » beam gas by up to 5 orders of magnitude.« less
Assessment of Social Skills

Deficiencies in social skills, important in the functional adjustment and rehabilitation of persons with schizophrenia, derive from inadequate learning experiences, disuse, anxiety, cognitive disturbances, and amotivational states. Social skills training programs should be specifically organized to compensate for these varied sources of deficiency in interpersonal competence. Assessment of social skills deficits can proceed along topographical, functional, and information-processing lines. Assessment technology is in its early stages of development and will require attention to the psychometric properties and multidimensional focus of evaluative instruments.
An improved whole-seed assay for screening wheat germplasm for polyphenol oxidase activity

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) causes darkening and discoloration of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) foods such as noodles. Consequently, a simple, nondestructive, quantitative assay for determining PPO on one to a few wheat seeds could identify superior germplasm and eliminate inferior breeding lines, thus greatly assisting the development of wheat cultivars with superior noodle color. We sought to (i) examine current PPO whole-seed assays and develop an improved assay that would facilitate rapid, efficient evaluation of wheat breeding lines and cultivars, be amenable to single seeds, and not adversely affect seed viability; (ii) use the assay to evaluate a large collection of wheat germplasm with the aim of identifying lines with very low PPO levels for crossing; and (iii) gain additional information on the location of PPO gene(s). Phenol, L-tyrosine, catechol, methyl catechol, 3,4 dihydroxyphenyalanine (L-DOPA), and caffeic add were evaluated as potential substrates. Kinetic studies indicated that L-DOPA and catechol at pH 6.5 produced the greatest enzyme activity. L-DOPA did not reduce seed viability, whereas catechol is reportedly toxic to seeds. A standard assay [1.5 mL of 10 mM L-DOPA in 50 mM 3-(N-morpholino) propane sulfonic acid (MOPS) buffer, pH 6.5, with 3 to 5 seeds constantly rotated in a 2-mL microcentrifuge tube for 0.5 or 1 h at room temperature] was used to screen 1953 germplasm accessions grown in a common environment. Lines with low levels of PPO (i.e., 10% of the population) were identified; 24 of 66 lines displayed low PPO when evaluated under a second environment. Lastly, chromosome 2D was identified as a location of PPO gene(s) based on Langdon' durum/Chinese Spring' D-genome substitution lines, and homoeologous group 2 nullisomic/tetrasomic stocks of Chinese Spring. The L-DOPA standard assay described here provides a robust and efficient method of evaluating germplasm and cultivars for PPO.
Gentamicin-resistant pseudomonal infection. Rationale for a redefinition of ophthalmic antimicrobial sensitivities.

Abstract Eight pseudomonal species were involved in 106 invasive infections of the eye; all were community acquired. Eighteen percent of the total and 9% of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were gentamicin resistant, as defined using conventional criteria. All 10 cases of "resistant" pseudomonal (nine P. aeruginosa) keratitis responded satisfactorily to treatment with gentamicin. The resistance breakpoint (defined by safe serum levels in parenteral therapy) for most P. aeruginosa is much lower than ocular gentamicin levels achievable by optimal local application. We argue for a specific ophthalmologic definition of antibiotic resistance in infections of the cornea and external eye. MIC quantitative determinations of ocular isolates would provide more useful information to ophthalmologists than conventional qualitative disc sensitivity testing.
Comparison of CIS- and EOM-CCSD-calculated adiabatic excited-state structures. Changes in charge density on going to adiabatic excited states.

The CIS and EOM-CCSD adiabatic geometries for the first excited states of a set of small molecules (C2H4, C2H2, H2CO, H2CS, CS2, CO2, SO2, NO2) have been calculated using the 6-311++G** basis set to see if the former geometries can be good starting points for optimizations at the latter theoretical level. With most of the molecules, there is fairly good agreement between the results from the two methods, and EOM-CCSD gives good agreement with the available experimental data. A detailed discussion of the lowest-lying singlet excited states in CO2 and CS2 is presented, highlighting the pronounced differences in electronic character and equilibrium structure displayed by these isovalent species. The origins of the structural distortions that are frequently found for the adiabatic excited states are examined with the aid of deformation density plots and the electron localization function (ELF).
'Valencia' sweet orange tree flowering evaluation under field conditions

Since citrus flowering is a key process in citriculture and its evaluation is often difficult due to the canopy structure and field sampling, the aim of this research was to give some directions regarding the evaluation of flowering in field-grown sweet orange plants. This study was conducted in a citrus orchard of sweet orange plants cv. 'Valencia' [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] grafted on 'Cleopatra' mandarin (Citrus reshni hort. ex Tanaka) or 'Rangpur' lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) rootstocks, with North-South orientation. Generative structures [buds, flowers and fruitlets (diameter < 3 cm)] were quantified weekly between August and November 2005, by using a 1 m² frame positioned at the middle third of plant canopy, sampling a volume of about 1 m³. Frames were divided in two parts so that two people could take measurements, and were positioned at Southeast, Southwest, Northeast and Northwest orientations, using seven plants. The following flowering parameters were: (i) number of plants necessary for a representative evaluation of flowering; (ii) plant canopy position to be sampled, and (iii) volume to be evaluated. When considering practical aspects of crop production, a rapid, simple and representative method for flowering evaluation is necessary, especially for growers that frequently have to make strategic decisions about the management of citrus groves. The flowering of field-grown 'Valencia' sweet orange plants can be rapidly assessed by considering at least five plants and sampling canopy volumes of 0.5 m³ in at least one canopy position on each side of the plant row.
Controversy: Clipping of Asymptomatic Intracranial Aneurysm That is <7 mm No

Management of unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) has been controversial, and over recent decades, practice of neurologists and neurosurgeons has been governed more by bias than by scientific evidence. Given the high morbidity and mortality of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), there is a consensus that prevention of hemorrhage is a desirable strategy,1 but it remains unproven and highly unlikely that a policy of treating all unruptured aneurysms will be effective in reducing overall morbidity and mortality in the affected population. The dilemma is well-summarized in a statement of prestigious aneurysm surgeon, Dr Bryce Weir: “It is essential that we preemptively treat patients deemed to be at high risk for aneurysm rupture to avoid both the horrendous risks of morbidity and mortality associated with SAH but also to prevent the delivery of an iatrogenic insult to patients destined to coexist peacefully with their unruptured aneurysms before dying of some other cause.”2 The International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms (ISUIA) has clearly demonstrated that risk of rupture is related to aneurysm size and also location of the aneurysm in the posterior circulation or at the internal carotid/posterior communicating artery sites (ICA/P-Com).3 A recent meta-analysis by Wermer et al4 also has substantiated risk factors of larger aneurysm size and location, as well as female sex and Japanese or Finnish descent. Symptomatic aneurysms also are likely …
Crystal-liquid crystal transition in single crystals of poly-hydroxybenzoic acid

Abstract Electron diffraction patterns have been obtained from as-polymerized single crystals of phase II of poly-hydroxybenzoic acid as a function of temperature into the liquid-crystalline (lc) state above 350°C. The patterns in the lc state consist of two near hexagonal patterns rotated by 16°, with streaks connecting the high and low (orthorhombic) patterns over a transition temperature range of ca. 50°. Single crystal patterns have also been obtained from a number of other polymorphs at room temperature before and after heating to 400°C.
Dissecting the architecture of a quantitative trait locus in yeast

Most phenotypic diversity in natural populations is characterized by differences in degree rather than in kind. Identification of the actual genes underlying these quantitative traits has proved difficult1,2,3,4,5. As a result, little is known about their genetic architecture. The failures are thought to be due to the different contributions of many underlying genes to the phenotype and the ability of different combinations of genes and environmental factors to produce similar phenotypes6,7. This study combined genome-wide mapping and a new genetic technique named reciprocal-hemizygosity analysis to achieve the complete dissection of a quantitative trait locus (QTL) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A QTL architecture was uncovered that was more complex than expected. Functional linkages both in cis and in trans were found between three tightly linked quantitative trait genes that are neither necessary nor sufficient in isolation. This arrangement of alleles explains heterosis (hybrid vigour), the increased fitness of the heterozygote compared with homozygotes. It also demonstrates a deficiency in current approaches to QTL dissection with implications extending to traits in other organisms, including human genetic diseases.
A quantitative genetics and ecological model system: understanding the aliphatic glucosinolate biosynthetic network via QTLs

Plants’ sessile nature has led them to develop chemical defenses, secondary metabolites, to directly cope with environmental changes rather than escape to more favorable sites. The diversity and fluctuation in biological stresses faced by a plant have generated extraordinary genetic diversity controlling the synthesis and regulation of secondary metabolites that is only now being explored. The glucosinolate secondary metabolites, amino acid derived thioglucosides specific to the order Capparales, is a model system for understanding the molecular basis of complex quantitative traits and their potential ecological role. This review focuses on the extensive progress being made towards understanding the complete molecular basis underlying the glucosinolate genetic diversity at both biosynthetic and regulatory loci. This has identified a highly interactive genetic network whereby biosynthetic loci have additional functions as regulatory loci and laid the foundation for glucosinolates to be a model system for understanding quantitative traits in a broader context.
THE CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF IRON METEORITES. I. A STUDY OF IRON METEORITES WITH LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF GALLIUM AND GERMANIUM.

Abstract The concentrations of Ga and Ge have been determined in 34 iron meteorites. The meteorites were chosen either because they were found to have Ga or Ge concentrations below the detection limits of previous investigators, or because they were similar in structure and Ni content to meteorites of the former sort. All but 3 of the meteorites belong to one of the following two classes: ataxites with greater than 13% Ni, or fine octahedrites with less than 9·5% Ni. On the basis of the new results it is possible to resolve Ga Ge group IV of Lovering et al. (1957) into two distinct groups, designated Ga Ge groups IVa and IVb, and having 12 and 6 members respectively. Three meteorites have Ga and Ge concentrations similar to meteorites in Group III, whereas the remaining 13 meteorites cannot be assigned to any of the known Ga Ge groups. Certain regularities are to be seen in plots of Ge vs. Ga concentration and Ge vs. Ni concentration. These are discussed in terms of the multiple parent-body hypothesis and also in terms of planetary fractionation processes. Evidence is discussed which indicates that Ga Ge groups I, IVa and possibly IVb represent fully resolved groups, whereas the remaining groups are complex. An attempt at resolving the latter groups on the basis of detailed chemical studies is proposed.
USING QUALITATIVE DATA TO INFORM PUBLIC POLICY: Evaluating “Choose to De‐Fuse”

There are many preventive programs and interventions designed to address the complex problems of youth violence. However, research that examines the effectiveness of such programs is scarce. This article describes the evaluation of a media communications strategy, Choose to De-Fuse, developed for at-risk inner-city youth, and provides a case study of how qualitative data can be used to inform public policy.
Measurements of the Proton Strength Function

The thick-target yield of gamma rays from the ($p, {p}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\gamma}$) reaction has been used to calculate values of the strength function $\frac{{〈{\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{2}〉}_{\mathrm{Av}}}{\overline{D}}$, of states in the compound nucleus for the channel of $s$-wave inelastic protons. Measurements of inelastic scattering to the 2+ first excited states of nine even-even nuclides, ranging from ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{44}$ to ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{64}$, indicate a constant value for $\frac{{〈{\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{2}〉}_{\mathrm{Av}}}{\overline{D}}$ of 2.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}$ cm, within experimental error. This may be compared with the resonance in neutron strength function near atomic weight 55 as found in neutron elastic scattering.
Langerhans cells: daughters of monocytes.

Precursors of specialized skin dendritic cells called Langerhans cells are derived from specific bone marrow–derived monocyte precursors that migrate to the skin and differentiate into these important immune surveillance cells.
In Vivo Platelet Thrombus Formation in Microvessels of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Sustained high blood pressure causes functional changes in both vascular endothelial cells and platelets. Therefore, we hypothesized that in vivo platelet thrombus formation would be increased in the cremaster muscle microvessels of rats during genetic hypertension. Experiments were carried out on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) at 12 weeks of age. Fluorescein isothiocyanate tagged to bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) was injected intraarterially and 450 to 490 nm light was used to activate the FITC-BSA and induce a thrombus within the vasculature. In vivo television microscopy was used to quantitate thrombus formation and microvascular diameter changes. The time of platelet thrombus initiation and subsequent time of thrombus growth were studied at wall shear rates of approximately 2000 sec(-1) and 270 sec(-1) in third-order arterioles and venules, respectively. In SHR, times for platelet thrombus initiation and vessel occlusion were significantly less in both arterioles and venules, whereas time for platelet thrombus growth following initiation was significantly prolonged. Greater shear rates in arterioles compared to venules decreased platelet adhesion and subsequently decreased the rate of thrombus formation in both WKY and SHR groups. However, the ratio of WKY to SHR platelet thrombus growth (platelet aggregation) time remained similar (0.83 +/- 0.06 in arterioles and 0.79 +/- 0.06 in venules). These results indicate that there is increased thrombus formation during hypertension and that the platelet adhesion processes may be of greater importance than platelet aggregation in producing this increase.
Environmental Risk Score as a New Tool to Examine Multi-Pollutants in Epidemiologic Research: An Example from the NHANES Study Using Serum Lipid Levels

Objective A growing body of evidence suggests that environmental pollutants, such as heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants and plasticizers play an important role in the development of chronic diseases. Most epidemiologic studies have examined environmental pollutants individually, but in real life, we are exposed to multi-pollutants and pollution mixtures, not single pollutants. Although multi-pollutant approaches have been recognized recently, challenges exist such as how to estimate the risk of adverse health responses from multi-pollutants. We propose an “Environmental Risk Score (ERS)” as a new simple tool to examine the risk of exposure to multi-pollutants in epidemiologic research.
JOB SATISFACTION, ABSENTEEISM, AND WORKERS' CHOICE IN THE TURKISH INDUSTRIAL SECTOR

Summary This study investigated the relation of absenteeism to job satisfaction and fulfillment of Maslow's hierarchy of needs in Turkey. Responses of 154 white collar and 110 blue collar Turkish industrial workers to the Job Descriptive Index Questionnaire indicate that inadequate or unsatisfactory promotion opportunities and insecurity are attributes of high absenteeism among white collar workers and that low pay, inefficient supervision, and selfishness among coworkers are attributes of high absenteeism among blue collar workers. The findings were interpreted in terms of unfulfilled upper-level needs (motivational factors) among white collar Turkish workers and unfulfilled lower-level needs (hygiene factors) among blue collar Turkish workers.
Optical Properties of Select Particulates After High-Temperature Exposure

One increasingly viable option for high temperature concentrator solar power (CSP) is a central receiver system with a particle heating receiver (PHR). A PHR system uses suitable particulates to capture and store energy. It is expected that the particles will be sustained at high temperatures (in the range of 300°C or 400°C to 700°C or 800°C or even 1000°C) on most typical days of plant operation, so there is interest in how the particle optical properties might change after prolonged high-temperature exposure.This paper presents the results from experiments conducted over a 5-month period in which samples of various types of particulates including silica sands and alumina proppants were exposed to high temperatures for extended periods of time. The reflectance of a bed of particles was measured at room temperature in 8 wavelength bands using the 410-Solar reflectometer device developed by Surface Optics Corporation. The infrared emittance was determined using the ETS-100 emissometer instrument, also developed by Surface Optics Corporation [1,2].Particles were heated to 950°C and 350°C, and measurements were recorded at intervals during the exposure so that trends in the optical properties over time could be observed. From the measured data, the total solar absorptance and total hemispherical emittance at high temperature were computed; these results are also presented.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Monitoring email to indicate project team performance and mutual attraction

Many managers and mentors for project teams desire more efficient and more effective ways of monitoring and predicting the quality of social relationships and the performance of teams under their purview. A previous study found that one form of linguistic mimicry, linguistic style matching, and some lexical features indicated team performance and mutual attraction in short-term, laboratory tasks. In this paper, we evaluate whether these measures also work as indicators for performance, shared understanding, and team trust in longer-duration project teams, using only limited, unobtrusively obtained communication traces. In our four-month evaluation using student project team emails, we found no support for LSM or most of the previously identified measures as practical indicators in our field setting. We did find some support for using future-oriented words to indicate team performance over time.
Total Body Bone Mineral Content and Tibial Cortical Bone Measures in Preschool Children

This study was undertaken to identify factors that influence total body bone area (TBBA), total body bone mineral content (TBBMC), and tibial cortical bone measures in 239 children aged 3‐5 years. We obtained information on demographic and anthropometric characteristics and measurements of diet, physical activity, and strength. In multiple regression analysis, TBBA correlated with height (p < 0.001), weight (p < 0.001), percent body fat (p < 0.001), and calcium intake (p 5 0.02). TBBMC correlated with TBBA (p < 0.001), age (p 5 0.001), and weight (p 5 0.02) and inversely correlated with height (p < 0.001) and percent body fat (p < 0.001). Children born preterm had lower TBBMC compared with children born at term (p 5 0.02). Both periosteal and endosteal circumferences were correlated with weight (both, p < 0.001) and inversely correlated with age (p 5 0.006 and p 5 0.003, respectively) and percent body fat (p 5 0.002 and p 5 0.005 respectively). Endosteal circumference was greater and cortical bone area was lower in children born preterm compared with those born at term (both, p 5 0.04). Findings of higher TBBA and lower TBBMC in children with high percent body fat indicate undermineralization of bone and suggest that obesity in preschool children may have detrimental effects on total body bone mass accretion. A smaller tibial periosteal circumference and thus cross-sectional area in children with the same weight but higher percent body fat also would lead to a biomechanical disadvantage in these children. Findings of low TBBMC and cortical bone area among children born preterm need to be confirmed in other populations. We speculate that differences in these measurements between children born preterm and at term may be caused by differences in activity. (J Bone Miner Res 2001; 16:2298 ‐2305)
Electron-phonon interactions in Al x Ga 1-x As: nonmonotonic dependence on the alloy composition

The electron-LO phonon interaction in AlxGa1-xAs has been studied, for the alloy composition ranging from 0.1 to 0.4, by picosecond Raman spectroscopy. We have found that the relative strength of the Frohlich interaction of the two LO phonon modes is a nonlinear function, and increases non- monotonically with the Al composition. The possible origins of these novel results are discussed in term of nonlinear dielectric theory and ordering in the alloy.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An Iron Oxide Mask Blank For Photofabrication Of High Density Low Defect Integrated Circuits

The use of hard surface film masks in integrated circuit photo-fabrication has increased dramatically in the past few years. The proven manufacturing economies and inherent resolution capability of hard surface masks are the major forces behind this increase.© (1974) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
THE FINE STRUCTURE OF THE LIPID DROPLETS IN THE MEIBOMIAN GLAND OF THE MOUSE.

The meibomian gland of the mouse was studied in the electron microscope. The lipid droplets in the differentiating and mature sebaceous cells exhibited a multilayered lamellar structure. The lamellae consist of 40–50 A thick alternating dense and light layers resembling those of liquid crystals.
Fast track article: Self-configurable border landmark selection in wireless networks: Algorithms and applications

The nodes at the border of the self-configurable wireless network are commonly employed as landmarks for many applications, including infrastructureless localization, border detection, and routing. However, how to identify the best set of nodes as such landmarks is still an open problem. In this paper, we propose three algorithms for border landmark selection, namely: the Convex Hull-Based (CHB) algorithm, the Center Node Elimination (CNE) algorithm, and the Hierarchy-Structured (HS) algorithm. CHB works perfectly in theory and provides a deep insight into the landmark selection problem. At the same time, it is noticed that CHB is centralized and sensitive to errors in distance estimation. The CNE algorithm is a distributed approach, devised to gradually exclude the nodes in the ''center'' of the network until the desired number of nodes are left, which are employed as landmarks. While CNE works effectively in a small network, its high order computation complexity and communication overhead may eventually lead to scalability problem when it is applied in very large networks. To address this problem, we propose the HS algorithm for striking the balance between accuracy and complexity/overhead. In HS, we establish a hierarchical structure with multiple layers, and apply the CNE algorithm in an appropriate layer to identify an initial set of candidate nodes. The outcomes are then rectified through a recursive process, yielding the final landmarks. Three applications, including coordinates establishment, border detection, and landmark-based routing in general networks without location information, are introduced based on the selected landmarks. We carry out extensive simulations to compare the performance of our landmark selection algorithms and demonstrate their effectiveness in all of the applications.
The Jilted Friend: Omniscient Narration in Lafayette’s La Princesse de Clèves and L’Histoire d’Henriette d’Angleterre

This article offers a new reading of La Princesse de Cleves by refracting it through Lafayette’s earlier Histoire d’Henriette d’Angleterre and that work’s subtext of jilted friendship and offset social perspective. Lafayette’s experience of having a prestigious younger friend, Princess Henriette, commission a memoir of her life, only to drop the project partway through, pushed Lafayette to recognize how much she had already discerned about the princess even without the latter’s insider information. Drawing on trenchant observations culled from the sidelines of the court, Lafayette developed narrative techniques that valorized what she had observed from afar and from below. Importantly, Lafayette expanded these techniques in La Princesse de Cleves, creating a memorialist narrator and perspicacious characters whose powers of observation and whose ideas about manners resemble her own in the memoir. Though the novel’s narrator has often been described as omniscient, the earlier memoir reveals that Lafayette u...
Moms with Guns: Women's Political Agency in Anti-Apartheid Visual Culture

68 africanarts summer 2009 The cover image from Sechaba, an anti-apartheid magazine published by the African National Congress (ANC) in 1968 (Fig. 1), features a com mon subject embraced by artists and familiar to art historians across historical eras and geo graphical locations: motherhood.1 Like other mother and child images appearing in a wide range of visual media, the woman here conveys qualities that are typically asso ciated with "good" motherhood: maternal devotion, a desire to protect ones child, and a willingness to self-sacrifice for a greater good. This South African image, however, presents the "good mother" in an unconventional?if not uncomfortable?role: that of soldier.
Response to Letter to the Editor Re: Leveling the Playing Field

Ms. Meghani raises concerns regarding a commentary that appeared in a special issue of Pain Medicine because it failed to include the results of several contradictory studies. Our commentary was not a comprehensive review of the results of all studies in this area. The piece was intended to introduce the general research areas presented in the journal and concluded by saying that further research was needed. The studies cited were exemplary of areas where some investigations have shown disparities in pain management delivery. The reader was directed to at least five recent comprehensive reviews of the topic where more detailed analyses of multiple studies have been presented [1–5]. There is no evidence in the literature to support the suggestion that reporting of pain due to long-bone …
Bayesian Semiparametric Structural Equation Models with Latent Variables

Structural equation models (SEMs) with latent variables are widely useful for sparse covariance structure modeling and for inferring relationships among latent variables. Bayesian SEMs are appealing in allowing for the incorporation of prior information and in providing exact posterior distributions of unknowns, including the latent variables. In this article, we propose a broad class of semiparametric Bayesian SEMs, which allow mixed categorical and continuous manifest variables while also allowing the latent variables to have unknown distributions. In order to include typical identifiability restrictions on the latent variable distributions, we rely on centered Dirichlet process (CDP) and CDP mixture (CDPM) models. The CDP will induce a latent class model with an unknown number of classes, while the CDPM will induce a latent trait model with unknown densities for the latent traits. A simple and efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm is developed for posterior computation, and the methods are illustrated using simulated examples, and several applications.
Flow velocity quantitation using inversion tagging.

A method for quantitating flow velocities is presented. The technique tags multiple boli of magnetization in transit across a thick selection slab using of inversion pulses. Results in phantoms and in vivo demonstrate that the method is robust and can provide velocity determinations in tortuous vessels. © 1990 Academic Press, Inc.
Positive fluorine ― reality or misconception?

Abstract Polar covalence theory arguments are presented against the existence of a permanent positive polarization of fluorine in heteronuclear X-F molecules and against the existence of X groups having a higher electronegativity than fluorine itself. The heterolytic fission of fluorine and the possibility of inducing a positive fluorine dipole in X-F molecules with highly electro- negative X groups are briefly discussed.
Compositional abruptness at the InAs-on-GaSb interface: optimizing growth by using the Sb desorption signature

We use the technique of in situ desorption mass spectrometry (DMS) to probe the surface chemistry, and directly observe two phenomena that are responsible for anion intermixing at the InAs-on-GaSb interface: (1) the presence of excess but stable Sb on the GaSb surface that partially incorporates into the InAs layer, and (2) the removal of Sb from within the GaSb layer when the surface is over-exposed to an incident As-flux. We propose and demonstrate that anion intermixing in InAs/GaSb superlattices is minimized when the As-soak time is precisely adjusted to remove the excess surface Sb population while leaving the underlying GaSb layer intact.
Expression of β7 Integrins and Other Cell Adhesion Molecules on Mouse Lymphocytes and Their Modulation by a New Cytokine, IL-2 Receptor-Inducing Factor

We explored the role of a new cytokine, IL-2 receptor-inducing factor (IL-2RIF), in intestinal mucosal immunity and in the regulation of integrin beta 7 receptors on intestinal lymphocytes. Most SIEL (small intestine intraepithelial lymphocytes) were M290 (alpha M290 beta 7) positive, while only 10 to 15% of SIEL were R1-2 (alpha 4) positive. The expression of alpha 4 (R1-2) and beta 7 (M293) but not alpha M290 beta 7 integrin on SIEL was up-regulated by IL-2RIF. Incubating SIEL with IL-2RIF resulted in the up-regulation of CD45RB and down-regulation of CD44. About 50% of LPL (lamina propria lymphocytes) were alpha M290 beta 7 positive, while only 20% of LPL were alpha 4 positive. The expression of alpha M290 beta 7 integrin on LPL was down-regulated and alpha 4 and beta 7 integrin was up-regulated by IL-2RIF. Incubating LPL with IL-2RIF resulted in the up-regulation of CD44 and no significant change of CD11a, CD45, CD45RB, and ICAM-1. These results suggested that SIEL and LPL may play a different role in intestinal mucosal immunity and that IL-2RIF may play an important role in regulating the functions of integrins beta 7 on IEL and LPL.