cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Training and operation of an integrated neuromorphic network based on metal-oxide memristors

Despite much progress in semiconductor integrated circuit technology, the extreme complexity of the human cerebral cortex, with its approximately 10(14) synapses, makes the hardware implementation of neuromorphic networks with a comparable number of devices exceptionally challenging. To provide comparable complexity while operating much faster and with manageable power dissipation, networks based on circuits combining complementary metal-oxide-semiconductors (CMOSs) and adjustable two-terminal resistive devices (memristors) have been developed. In such circuits, the usual CMOS stack is augmented with one or several crossbar layers, with memristors at each crosspoint. There have recently been notable improvements in the fabrication of such memristive crossbars and their integration with CMOS circuits, including first demonstrations of their vertical integration. Separately, discrete memristors have been used as artificial synapses in neuromorphic networks. Very recently, such experiments have been extended to crossbar arrays of phase-change memristive devices. The adjustment of such devices, however, requires an additional transistor at each crosspoint, and hence these devices are much harder to scale than metal-oxide memristors, whose nonlinear current-voltage curves enable transistor-free operation. Here we report the experimental implementation of transistor-free metal-oxide memristor crossbars, with device variability sufficiently low to allow operation of integrated neural networks, in a simple network: a single-layer perceptron (an algorithm for linear classification). The network can be taught in situ using a coarse-grain variety of the delta rule algorithm to perform the perfect classification of 3 × 3-pixel black/white images into three classes (representing letters). This demonstration is an important step towards much larger and more complex memristive neuromorphic networks.
Seawater isotope constraints on tropical hydrology during the Holocene

[1] Paleoceanographic data from the low latitude Pacific Ocean provides evidence of changes in the freshwater budget and redistribution of freshwater within the basin during the Holocene. Reconstructed Holocene seawater δ18O changes compare favorably to differences predicted between climate simulations for the middle Holocene (MH) and for the pre-Industrial late Holocene (LH). The model simulations demonstrate that changes in the tropical hydrologic cycle affect the relationship between δ18Osw and surface salinity, and allow, for the first time, quantitative estimates of western Pacific salinity change during the Holocene. The simulations suggest that during the MH, the mean salinity of the Pacific was higher because less water vapor was transported from the Atlantic Ocean and more was transported to the Indian Ocean. The salinity of the western Pacific was enhanced further due both to the greater advection of salt to the region by ocean currents and to an increase in continental precipitation at the expense of maritime precipitation, the latter a consequence of the stronger Asian summer monsoon.
Digital Signatures and Electronic Signatures

To be legally binding, print documents must be signed. The absence of electronic signature laws has made the legality of electronic documents uncertain in the past. New laws are making various forms of electronic signatures valid, including simple typed signatures, scanned written signatures, clicking on “I agree” buttons, and more advanced forms of electronic signatures, including digital signatures and message authentication codes. All forms of electronic signatures make documents legally valid. However, many electronic signature methods can be counterfeited so easily that they may be useless for enforcement in court. We focus especially on digital signatures, which are forms of electronic signatures that are difficult to counterfeit when used with digital certificates. In addition, digital signatures, when used with digital certificates, provide nonrepudiation, which means that the sender cannot plausibly deny that he or she sent the message. Keywords: digital certificates; E-sign; hashing; identification; message authentication codes; nonrepudiation; validity; verification
DYNAMIC TESTS AND SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION OF BRIDGES

A five-span, four-hundred-foot long, reinforced concrete box girder birdge supported on single column piers that are pile-founded was subjected to extensive dynamic tests. The pullback and quick-release method of excitation was used. Two D-8 crawler tractors were used to apply total release loads that had a magnitude of about one-quarter of the earthquke design loads. The transverse mode shapes and natural frequencies obtained from these tests were used in conjunction with the system identification procedure outlined herein. By using these techniques, it is possible to identify the in situ dynamic stiffnesses of the pier foundations as well as the abutment structures. In addition, the dynamic bending and shear stiffness factors for the superstructure deck were also obtained. Thus, carefully conducted dynamic tests of full-scale highway bridges provide detailed information about the structure. At the same time, they shed much experimental light on the soil-structure interaction aspects of the problem, which in many cases greatly affects the distribution of seismic loads in bridges.
The homeotic gene Sex combs reduced of Drosophila melanogaster is differentially regulated in the embryonic and imaginal stages of development

The Sex combs reduced (Scr) locus is unique among the genes contained within the Antennapedia complex (ANT-C) of Drosophila melanogaster in that it directs functions that are required for both cephalic and thoracic development in the embryo and the adult. Antibodies raised against protein encoded by Scr were used to follow the distribution of this gene product in embryos and imaginal discs of third instar larvae. Analysis of Scr protein accumulation in embryos hemizygous for breakpoint lesions mapping throughout the locus has allowed us to determine that sequences required for establishment of the Scr embryonic pattern are contained within a region of DNA that overlaps with the identified upstream regulatory region of the segmentation gene fushi tarazu (ftz). Gain-of-function mutations in Scr result in the presence of ectopic sex comb teeth on the first tarsal segment of mesothoracic and metathoracic legs of adult males. Heterozygous combinations of gain-of-function alleles with a wild-type Scr gene exhibit no evidence of ectopic protein localization in the second and third thoracic segments of embryos. However, mesothoracic and metathoracic leg imaginal discs can be shown to accumulate ectopically expressed Scr protein, implying a differential regulation of the Scr gene during these two periods of development. Additionally, we have found that the spatial pattern of Scr gene expression in imaginal tissues involved in the development of the adult thorax is governed in part by synapsis of homologous chromosomes in this region of the ANT-C. However, those imaginal discs that arise anteriorly to the prothorax do not appear to be sensitive to this form of gene regulation. Finally, we have demonstrated that the extent of Scr expression is influenced by mutations at the Polycomb (Pc) locus but not by mutant alleles of the zeste (z) gene. Taken together, our data suggests that Scr gene expression is differentially regulated both temporally and spatially in a manner that is sensitive to the structure of the locus.
Distributed relaxation methods for linear network flow problems

We consider distributed solution of the classical linear minimum cost network flow problem. We formulate a dual problem which is unconstrained, piecewise linear, and involves a dual variable for each node. We propose a dual algorithm that resembles a Gauss-Seidel relaxation method. At each iteration the dual variable of a single node is changed based on local information from adjacent nodes. In a distributed setting each node can change its variable independently of the variable changes of other nodes. The algorithm is efficient for some classes of problems, notably for the max-flow problem for which it resembles a recent algorithm by Goldberg [11].
Effect of Carbon Monoxide Exposure on Intermittent Claudication

The effect of breathing 50 ppm of carbon monoxide for two hours versus compressed, purified air for two hours on intermittent claudication was evaluated in ten men in a double-blind study. The mean venous carboxyhemoglobin level insignificantly decreased from 1.12% to 0.90% after breathing compressed, purified air but significantly increased from 1.08% to 2.77% after breathing carbon monoxide (P < 0.001). The mean exercise time until the onset of intermittent claudication insignificantly increased from 169 sec to 173 sec after breathing compressed, purified air but significantly decreased from 174 sec to 144 sec after breathing carbon monoxide (P < 0.001). Breathing 50 ppm of carbon monoxide for 2 hr significantly aggravated intermittent claudication of the calf or thigh due to angiographically documented occlusive arterial disease.
Brief intervention on maternal smoking: a randomized controlled trial

Objectives To determine if mothers receiving a smoking cessation intervention emphasizing health risks of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) for their children have a higher quit rate than mothers who received routine smoking cessation advice, which focused on their own health, or a control group of mothers. Setting Tertiary referral centre. Methods Randomized control trial. A total of 363 mothers were randomly assigned to a smoking cessation intervention either aimed at their children's health (n = 111) or their own health (n = 131), or to a control group receiving no smoking cessation advice (n = 121). Results Provision to mothers of both groups of health risks of tobacco smoke resulted in significantly higher rate of cessation of smoking and smoking location change than those of the control group, with child intervention group having significantly higher rate of cessation of smoking and smoking location change than those of the maternal intervention group (P < 0.05). Post-intervention knowledge scores differed significantly for all groups; however, child intervention group was the only significantly better group than the others (P < 0.05). According to the multivariate analysis results, intervention grouping and presence of smoking friends were independent factors determining smoking cessation (P < 0.05). Intervention grouping, post-intervention knowledge, presence of other household members who smoked and family income were independent factors determining smoking location change (P < 0.05). Family income, intervention grouping and presence of smoking friends were significant independent factors influencing post-intervention knowledge (P < 0.05). Conclusion Discussion during short paediatric visits on effects of smoking on child's or maternal health may result in a significant smoking cessation, smoking location change rate or knowledge change. Those who cannot give up smoking usually change their location of smoking. Provision of information on effects of smoking on child's health, rather than maternal, may result in more significant changes in behaviour or knowledge. Maternal education on smoking should include information on effects of smoking on both child's and maternal health, but should be especially focused on child's health.
Nuclear magnetic resonance of 31P in InP

Abstract The 31 P line width in an InP powder is found to be appreciably narrower than the theoretical dipolar width. It is proposed that the effect arises from the nuclear pseudo-dipolar interaction.
Calibration of the McPherson ESCA-36 Photoelectron Spectrometer

The relationship for the conservation of energy in the photoelectron process is given by Eq. (1): hv = Φsp + Eb + Ek (1) where hv is the proton energy, Φsp the spectrometer work function, and Eb and Ek represent the binding energy and kinetic energy of the ejected electron. To measure accurately the binding energy, Eb, of an electron, it is necessary to know the instrumental work function, the energy of the exciting source, and the kinetic energy of the ejected electron. In most cases hv and Φsp are accurately known. Ek is determined with an electron energy analyzer. The analyzers in common use today determine Ek by electrostatic or magnetic dispersion. The McPherson ESCA-36 uses a spherical section, nonretarding potential electrostatic analyzer for which the following relation holds when relativistic effects are neglected: Ek = KeV (2) where K = 2r/d In the above equation V is the potential difference between the spheres, K is instrument constant, r the mean radius of the spheres, e the electron charge, and d the sphere separation.
CLINIC EXPERIENCE OF PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF CYSTIC FIBROSIS BY USE OF LINKED DNA PROBES

Abstract 96 families at risk of having a child with cystic fibrosis have been counselled about prenatal diagnosis by the use of linked DNA probes. Of the first 30 pregnancies 9 children have been born and confirmed to be free from CF, as predicted; 8 pregnancies were terminated (1 of these was found to be miscarrying at time of termination); 12 pregnancies, in which the fetuses are predicted to be unaffected, are in progress, and 1 has miscarried. No couple with a prenatal prediction of CF decided to continue with the pregnancy. 1 pregnancy was terminated because of a 50:50 chance of an affected fetus. In 1 twin pregnancy the affected fetus was selectively aborted, and the other baby was confirmed after birth to be unaffected, as predicted. In the other twin pregnancy the two chorionic plates could not be sampled separately; the pregnancy was continued on the basis of normal findings for the lower plate, and both twins have turned out to be normal. Many couples at risk see early prenatal diagnosis as a way to help them have an unaffected child.
The coordination of the isomerization of a conserved non-prolyl cis peptide bond with the rate-limiting steps in the folding of dihydrofolate reductase.

Abstract The propensity for peptide bonds to adopt the trans configuration in native and unfolded proteins, and the relatively slow rates of cis – trans isomerization reactions, imply that the formation of cis peptide bonds in native conformations are likely to limit folding reactions. The role of the conserved cis Gly95–Gly96 peptide bond in dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) from Escherichia coli was examined by replacing Gly95 with alanine. The introduction of a beta carbon at position 95 is expected to increase the propensity for the trans isomer and perturb the isomerization reaction required to reach the native conformation. Although G95A DHFR is 1.30 kcal mol −1 less stable than the wild-type protein, it adopts a well-folded structure that can be chemically denatured in a cooperative fashion. The mutant protein also retains the complex refolding kinetic pattern attributed to a parallel-channel mechanism in wild-type DHFR. The spectroscopic response upon refolding monitored by Trp fluorescence and the absence of a Trp/Trp exciton coupling apparent in the far-UV CD spectrum of the wild-type protein, however, indicated that the tertiary structure of the folded state for G95A DHFR is altered. The addition of methotrexate (MTX), a tight-binding inhibitor, to folded G95A DHFR restored the exciton coupling and the fluorescence properties through five slow kinetic events whose relaxation times are independent of the ligand and the denaturant concentrations. The results were interpreted to mean that MTX-binding drives the formation of the cis isomer of the peptide bond between Ala95 and Gly96 in five compact and stable but not wild-type-like conformations that contain the trans isomer. Folding studies in the presence of MTX for both wild-type and G95A DHFR support the notion that the cis peptide bond between Gly95 and Gly96 in the wild-type protein forms during four parallel rate-limiting steps, which are primarily controlled by folding reactions, and lead directly to a set of native, or native-like, conformers. The isomerization of the cis peptide bond is not a source of the parallel channels that characterize the complex folding mechanism for DHFR.
The Regional Subsystem: A Conceptual Explication and a Propositional Inventory

Michael Banks (1969: 351-352) has delineated five themes in the application of the various systems perspectives to regional studies: (1) the macro approach to the identification of regions using aggregate data; (2) the neofunctional approach; (3) the social communication approach; (4) the comparison of existing integration theories witlh other tlheories of international processes; and (5) the application of broad categories of systems theory to regional studies. While Banks briefly discussed the final theme, hereafter labeled the regional subsystem approach, very little of his review explicitly touched upon the problems encountered by this particular analytical mode.' This research note will selectively discuss some of these problems. The specific and modest objectives are twofold: (a) The definitions of the basic analytical unit, offered by 22 published (1958-1971) analysts, will be compared and "dissected." A
Nonparoxysmal bidirectional rhythm.

A bidirectional slow ventricular rhythm was observed in a 61-year-old man with acute myocardial infarction. The ventricular origin of this arrhythmia was suggested by the presence of fusion beats. Moreover, it was different from other types of bidirectional tachycardias in that the rate was below 100/min and because digitalis could not be incriminated as a causal factor. It was possible that this bidirectional tachycardia could have been due to the presence of two ventricular foci—one in the superior and the other in the inferior divisions of the left branch respectively.
Measurement of TMAE and TEA vapor pressures

Abstract A new measurement of the vapor pressure of the photosensitive gas TMAE, a compilation of earlier measurements, and a measurement of the vapor pressure of TEA are presented.
Trends of System Management Software Development in the Context of Data Center Management Automation

In the past, data centers were designed as independent hardware system and management software. With the shift from cloud-computing architecture to integrated system management and with continuing requests for lower costs, data centers are developing in the direction of automated management, which has made data center system management software increasingly important. System management software mainly provides functions like environmental monitoring, automatic control, energy monitoring, which can help data centers with integrated management and maintenance conveniently.
GPSCP: a general-purpose support-circuit preconditioning approach to large-scale SPICE-accurate nonlinear circuit simulations

To improve the efficiency of direct solution methods in SPICE-accurate nonlinear circuit simulations, preconditioned iterative solution techniques have been widely studied in the past decades. However, it still has been an extremely challenging task to develop general-purpose preconditioning methods that can deal with various large-scale nonlinear circuit simulations. In this work, a novel circuit-oriented, general-purpose support-circuit preconditioning technique (GPSCP) is proposed to significantly improve the matrix solving time and reduce the memory consumption during large-scale non-linear circuit simulations. We show that by decomposing the system Jacobian matrix at a given solution point into a graph Laplacian matrix as well as a matrix including all voltage and controlled sources, and subsequently sparsifying the graph Laplacian matrix based on support graph theory, the general-purpose support-circuit preconditioning matrix can be efficiently obtained, thereby serving as a very effective and efficient preconditioner in solving the original Jacobian matrix through Krylov-subspace iterations. Additionally, a novel critical node selection method and an energy-based spanning-graph scaling method have been proposed to further improve the quality of ultra-sparsifier support graph. To gain higher computational efficiency during transient circuit analysis, a dynamic support-circuit preconditioner updating approach has also been investigated. Our experimental results for a variety of large-scale nonlinear circuit designs show that the proposed technique can achieve up to 14.0X runtime speedups and 6.7X memory reduction in DC and transient simulations.
In defense of malpractice charges: A survey of the legal process

Abstract Surgeons need to be more informed and cognizant of the ramifications of the legal process to participate properly in their defense or to serve as expert witnesses. The education, training, experience, and psychology of surgeons provide a different background from that needed in a legal contest. As the saying goes, "The battle begins when the suit is served." Attention to detail and defensive, conservative, and humble attitudes should begin then. Although cases are not won in the early stages or during the discovery process, they may well be lost there. The surgeon's improper attitude and lack of preparation may be responsible for many of these losses. The process is expensive and time-consuming, but attempts to avoid this time commitment during the pretrial stages are ill advised. With understanding, close cooperation with counsel, and proper preparation, the surgeon will be a potent force in his or her own defense.
Variability and reliability of diastolic blood pressure during adolescence: the Philadelphia Blood Pressure Project.

This paper reports results of diastolic blood pressure studies done as part of the Philadelphia Blood Pressure Project (PBPP), a 3-year longitudinal study of black adolescents, initially ages 11–15, who were enrolled originally in the Philadelphia Collaborative Perinatal Project (CPP). Three samples were studied by the PBPP: a representative sample of over 500 black adolescents stratified by age and sex, a smaller sample of adolescents who had blood pressures elevated beyond one standard deviation of the CPP population mean at age 7, and a sample of adolescents born of toxemic pregnancies. We found, for the representative sample, consistent differences in the means of diastolic blood pressure phases IV and V and between diastolic blood pressures taken in supine and seated positions. Supine diastolic blood pressures were more variable at every age and were lower than the comparable seated diastolic blood pressures. In addition, we estimated on a random subsample from all three samples diastolic blood pressure reliability for supine readings taken sequentially by the same (N = 96) and different (N = 55) examiners. We also estimated measurement reliability simultaneously (N = 91 supine, N = 96 seated) using a double-listening stethoscope. We found that although diastolic phase IV blood pressure was more reproducible or less variable over short periods of time (5–15 min) when reliability measures were taken sequentially, two examiners simultaneously could not measure phase IV with significantly greater accuracy than phase V. We concluded that the fourth and fifth Korotkoff sounds should not be used interchangeably during adolescence and that postural position is an important contributor to diastolic blood pressure variance during adolescence. Also, since it has not yet been established which is more statistically predictive of adult blood pressure levels, whenever possible, both phase IV and V should be recorded for adolescents.
A contribution to the genetic fine structure of the region adjacent to white in Drosophila melanogaster.

A recombinational and cytogenetical analysis is reported of a new locus,sparse arista (sa), located immediately to the left ofwhite in salivary gland chromosome band 3Cl. The general problem of the cytogenetic localization of genes to giant chromosome bands is discussed. A bristle effect previously attributed to gene(s) located in band 3Cl is discussed in the light of the findings reported here.
Flaw Evaluations Using Master Curve Methodology

The Master Curve (MC) reference temperature, T0 , characterizes the fracture performance of pressure vessel steels in the ductile-brittle transition region. An MC-based flaw-evaluation analysis procedure that accounts for the variations of stress intensity factor, temperature, constraint, and material conditions is presented. The analysis procedure is applied to an example problem of pressure-temperature curve construction for a Section XI, Appendix G, internal, axial, semi-elliptical surface flaw subjected to a simple cool-down transient. The results show that the enhancement in the fracture toughness due to constraint loss in the ductile-brittle transition region as seen in data from test specimen geometries does not always translate to similar benefits in structural applications. Analyses such as those carried out in this work are necessary to quantify the potential benefit for each application.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Association between serum and urine biomarkers and lumbar spine individual radiographic features: The Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project

Summary Objective (1) To determine associations between radiographic features of lumbosacral (LS) spine disc space narrowing (DSN) and osteophytes (OST) and joint metabolism biomarkers (serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), hyaluronic acid (HA), collagen neoepitope (C2C), C-propeptide of type II procollagen (CP-II), urine C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide (CTX-II) and N-terminal telopeptide (NTX-I)). (2) To explore interactions with race, gender and low back symptoms. Design Cross-sectional analysis of 547 participants enrolled in the Johnston County (JoCo) Osteoarthritis Project from 2003 to 2004. Mean biomarker levels were estimated with linear regression. Proportional and partial-proportional odds models were used to estimate associations. Interactions were tested with likelihood ratio tests at a P -value Results Significant differences in mean biomarker levels were found across severity of DSN for lnHA and lnC2C and lnCTX-II across severity of both DSN and OST. Moderate-to-strong associations were found between biomarkers of type II collagen and DSN, whereas associations with OST were weak. An association between lnHA and DSN was seen in women (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.34 (95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.08, 1.65)) but no association among men (aOR = 0.90 (95% CI 0.63, 1.26)). In Caucasians there was a decreased association with NTX-I and OST (aOR = 0.67 (95% CI 0.49, 0.91)) and no association in African Americans (AAs) (aOR = 1.06 (95% CI 0.76, 1.47)). There was a positive association of lnCOMP with DSN among those with low back symptoms (aOR = 1.82 (95% CI 1.02, 3.27)), but no association in those without low back symptoms (aOR = 0.65 (95% CI 0.35, 1.20)). Conclusion Joint metabolism biomarkers suggest biological differences in the pathologic process involved in DSN and OST that may be gender (HA) and ethnicity (NTX-I) specific.
Intraabdominal panniculitis: clinical, radiographic, and CT features

Intraabdominal panniculitis, also known as lipodystrophy, is an inflammatory condition of adipose tissue that may result in development of large masses containing necrotic fat (nodular intraabdominal panniculitis). Symptoms are secondary to inflammation or mass effect on adjacent organs. Barium studies may show nonspecific inflammatory changes and displacement of bowel loops. Computed tomography (CT) demonstrates inhomogeneous masses containing fat and soft tissue density. The diagnosis of intraabdominal panniculitis has seldom been made prospectively. However, the CT findings are characteristic and can aid in the evaluation and management of patients with this disease.
Endocardial fibroelastosis: Myocardial and vascular alterations associated with viral-like nuclear particles

Abstract Although clinical, immunologic, and experimental evidence exists implicating in utero viral infection of the myocardium in the development of primary endocardial fibroelastosis, the infectious etiology of this condition remains somewhat controversial. To date, specific features of viral myocarditis and morphological demonstration of viral particles have not been described in EFE. The present case is the first in which extensive light microscopic and ultrastructural analysis of the myocardium revealed abnormalities consistent with a primary viral myocarditis associated with typical EFE. These alterations consisted of chronic myocardial inflammation, extensive interstitial fibrosis, severe degenerative changes in myocardial cells, and a marked proliferation of endothelial cells in large and small intramyocardial vessels leading to vascular occlusions. In support of the infectious etiology of this disease, similar features were noted in skeletal muscle. Most interestingly, viral-like particles were observed in many myocardial and endothelial nuclei. Although we are not absolutely certain of the viral nature of these particles, their appearance suggests viral associated material. We propose that the presence of these particles in this case in association with the other morphological alterations is support for the viral etiology of EFE. The prominent vascular occlusion observed in the myocardium may be an important clue to the pathogenesis of fibroelastosis as either a primary or secondary disease.
Neuronal Thread Protein Gene Modulation With Cerebral Infarction

Neuronal thread proteins (NTP) are a family of phosphoproteins expressed during neuritic sprouting. The 15 to 18 kD NTP cluster is associated with development and neuronal differentiation, whereas the 21 kD and 39 to 42 kD species are overexpressed in Alzheimer's disease, correlating with neurodegenerative sprouting and synaptic disconnection. Empirical observations suggested that NTP might also be modulated with central nervous system injury and stroke. In this study of both human and experimental (rat) focal cerebral infarcts, in situ hybridization and immunocytochemical staining revealed NTP gene expression up-regulated in perifocal neurons. These findings were confirmed by quantitative Northern and Western blot analyses. Moreover, Western blot analysis demonstrated selectively increased expression of the 15 to 18 kD NTP species during the acute, subacute, and healing phases of cerebral infarction in both humans and experimental animals, corresponding with the expected period of neuronal repair. These results suggest an additional role for the 15 to 18 kD NTP species in neuritic sprouting required for neuronal regeneration after injury in the mature central nervous system.
On acoustical resonance in tube arrays part II: Damping criteria

Several damping criteria are recommended in the literature to predict whether acoustical resonances in tube arrays will or will not materialize. This paper evaluates the ability of these criteria to differentiate between the resonant and the non-resonant cases which are reported upon in Part I and in the literature. Thereafter, alternative criteria for staggered and in-line arrays are developed and tested against experimental data. A brief description of the design procedure is also given.
Multiple Partner Maternity Versus Multiple Partner Paternity: What Matters for Family Trajectories

In this analysis the ramifications of parents' multiple partner fertility for the trajectories of both married and unmarried stepfamilies are examined. Using a nationally representative sample of births to parents living in large cities, it was found that mother's children by prior partners are unrelated to subsequent relationship transitions within 5 years of a shared birth. However, men's other children are associated with an increase in the odds of dissolution among all couples and decrease the odds of marriage among the unmarried.
Eleven-Year Field Study of Pu Migration from Pu III, IV, and VI Sources

Understanding the processes controlling Pu mobility in the subsurface environment is important for estimating the amount of Pu waste that can be safely disposed in vadose zone burial sites. To study long-term Pu mobility, four 52-L lysimeters filled with sediment collected from the Savannah River Site near Aiken, South Carolina were amended with well-characterized solid Pu sources (PuIIICl3, PuIV(NO3)4, PuIV(C2O4)2, and PuVIO2(NO3)2) and left exposed to natural precipitation for 2-11 years. Pu oxidation state distribution in the Pu(III) and Pu(IV) lysimeters sediments (a red clayey sediment, pH = 6.3) were similar, consisting of 0% Pu(III), >92% Pu(IV), 1% Pu(V), 1% Pu(VI), and the remainder was a Pu polymer. These three lysimeters also had near identical sediment Pu concentration profiles, where >95% of the Pu remained within 1.25 cm of the source after 11 years; the other 5% of Pu moved at an overall rate of 0.9 cm yr(-1). As expected, Pu moved more rapidly through the Pu(VI) lysimeter, at an overall rate of 12.5 cm yr(-1). Solute transport modeling of the sediment Pu concentration profile data in the Pu(VI) lysimeter indicated that some transformation of Pu into a much less mobile form, presumably Pu(IV), had occurred during the course of the two-year study. This modeling also supported previous laboratory measurements showing that Pu(V) or Pu(VI) reduction was 5 orders of magnitude faster than corresponding Pu(III) or Pu(IV) oxidation. The slow oxidation rate (1 x 10(-8) hr(-1); t1/2 = 8000 yr) was not discernible from the Pu(VI) lysimeter data that reflected only two years of transport butwas readily discernible from the Pu(III) and Pu(IV) lysimeter data that reflected 11 years of transport.
Justifying medication decisions in mental health care: Psychiatrists' accounts for treatment recommendations

Psychiatric practitioners are currently encouraged to adopt a patient centered approach that emphasizes the sharing of decisions with their clients, yet recent research suggests that fully collaborative decision making is rarely actualized in practice. This paper uses the methodology of Conversation Analysis to examine how psychiatrists justify their psychiatric treatment recommendations to clients. The analysis is based on audio-recordings of interactions between clients with severe mental illnesses (such as, schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, etc.) in a long-term, outpatient intensive community treatment program and their psychiatrist. Our focus is on how practitioners design their accounts (or rationales) for recommending for or against changes in medication type and dosage and the interactional deployment of these accounts. We find that psychiatrists use two different types of accounts: they tailor their recommendations to the clients' concerns and needs (client-attentive accounts) and ground their recommendations in their professional expertise (authority-based accounts). Even though psychiatrists have the institutional mandate to prescribe medications, we show how the use of accounts displays psychiatrists' orientation to building consensus with clients in achieving medical decisions by balancing medical authority with the sensitivity to the treatment relationship.
John von Neumann and Klaus Fuchs: an Unlikely Collaboration

I discuss the origin of the idea of making a fusion (hydrogen) bomb and the physics involved in it, and then turn to the design proposed for one by the unlikely collaborators John von Neumann and Klaus Fuchs in a patent application they filed at Los Alamos in May 1946, which Fuchs passed on to the Russians in March 1948, and which with substantial modifications was tested on the island of Eberiru on the Eniwetok atoll in the South Pacific on May 8, 1951. This test showed that the fusion of deuterium and tritium nuclei could be ignited, but that the ignition would not propagate because the heat produced was rapidly radiated away. Meanwhile, Stanislaw Ulam and C.J. Everett had shown that Edward Teller’s Classical Super could not work, and at the end of December 1950, Ulam had conceived the idea of super compression, using the energy of a fission bomb to compress the fusion fuel to such a high density that it would be opaque to the radiation produced. Once Teller understood this, he invented a greatly improved, new method of compression using radiation, which then became the heart of the Ulam–Teller bomb design, which was tested, also in the South Pacific, on November 1, 1952. The Russians have freely acknowledged that Fuchs gave them the fission bomb, but they have insisted that no one gave them the fusion bomb, which grew out of design involving a fission bomb surrounded by alternating layers of fusion and fission fuels, and which they tested on November 22, 1955. Part of the irony of this story is that neither the American nor the Russian hydrogen-bomb programs made any use of the brilliant design that von Neumann and Fuchs had conceived as early as 1946, which could have changed the entire course of development of both programs.
Luxuriant life on the Galápagos seafloor

Marine life found unexpectedly in 1977 in the vicinity of hydrothermal vents along the Galapagos Rift has proven to be of considerable interest because of newly discovered growth mechanisms. Among the life forms observed were giant tube worms, clams, mussels, and plantlike animals. If the sizes alone were beyond belief, the hostility of the living environment—noxious, hydrogen sulfide-rich warm pockets—appeared bizarre. Even though life at depths of 2.5 km on the seafloor is known normally to be sparse in comparison with shallow-water biological systems, the heated water pockets seem to account for the localized contradictions. What was difficult to explain was the toxic environment and the apparent lack of nutrients. Furthermore, the tube worms had no mouths, not even digestive systems. Recent reports in Science (November 20, 1981), and by the Smithsonian Institution (Research Reports), describe findings on bivalves studied at the hydrothermal vents and tube worms returned to the laboratory by the U.S. Navy research submersible Alvin. The growth rates are among the highest known for deep-sea life. The way the deep seafloor marine life are understood to ‘eat’ (absorb nutrients would be a better description) involves mechanisms never observed before that breakdown hydrogen sulfide with bacteria.
Catalysis of Silicon Alkoxide Transesterification by Early Transition Metal Complexes

The transition metal alkoxides Ti(OPri)4 and OV(OPri)3 are shown to catalyze the transesterification of tetramethyl- and tetraethyl orthosilicates: Si(OR)4 + R‘OH ↔ Si(OR)3(OR‘) + ROH. A detailed study of metal-catalyzed transesterification reactions and the factors that affect their efficiency and selectivity are presented. 29Si NMR techniques were used to quantify the extent of transesterification of the two different silicon alkoxides under a variety of conditions while mechanistic aspects of the reaction were probed using 51V NMR. It was found that tetramethyl and tetraethyl orthosilicates, when reacted with smaller, less sterically demanding alcohols, are substituted to a similar extent by both metals. However, transesterification of bulkier alcohols (2-propanol) revealed dramatic differences in their reactivity, with titanium being significantly more efficient than vanadium. The catalytic process and the differences in reactivity between the two metals are explained in terms of a mechanism involvin...
CITIZEN GROUPS AND ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO REGULATORY REFORM

Berry examines alternative regulatory reform proposals which could lead to greater citizens group control over regulatory policy making. Citizens groups have been handicapped by problems of maintaining large-scale lobbying efforts, seeing little in the way of long-term rewards for accomplishing deregulation, being unwilling to play the Congressional logrolling game, and simultaneously favoring regulation in one area and deregulation in another. The costs and benefits to citizen group organizations are emphasized in considering the alternatives they advocate. Citizen participation programs are seen as the most likely to expand in the future.
Some recent measurements of H2S oxidation rates and their implications to atmospheric chemistry

The general belief that significant fractions of atmospheric sulfur are donated naturally from the earth's surface in the form of hydrogen sulfide and/or its organic homologs implies that atmospheric breakdown of these materials must be a rather fast process. It has been expected that oxidation of these materials by atmospheric ozone should contribute significantly in accomplishing this breakdown; and experimental measurements have been published which do, indeed, indicate rapid ozone oxidation rates, corresponding to lifetimes of the order of hours under typical tropospheric conditions. This paper discusses some later experimental measurements on H 2 S ozone reaction rates which disagree with former determinations, predicting typical H 2 S lifetimes of the order of months—much too long for this reaction to be a significant mechanism of atmospheric removal. The results also indicate the H 2 S ozone reaction should be expected to proceed homogeneously in the atmosphere, with catalytic effects being of little or no importance. The reaction proceeds thermally; light in the visible region does not affect its rate appreciably. These measurements indicate that some mechanism(s) other than ozonation must be responsible for atmospheric breakdown of reduced sulfur compounds. Final portions of the paper examine some possibilities for these mechanisms. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1974.tb01978.x
Countryside Access and Environmental Protection: An American View of Britain's Right to Roam

The right to roam adopted in the UK as part of the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 increased the public's ability to use private lands, some of which include sensitive natural resources. Thi...
Does Unit Analysis Help Students Construct Equations

Previous research has shown that students construct equations for word problems in which many of the terms have no referents. Experiment 1 attempted to eliminate some of these errors by providing instruction on canceling units. The failure of this method was attributed to the cognitive overload (Sweller, 2003) imposed by adding units to the equations and to the mechanical nature of the intervention (P. W. Thompson, 1994). Experiment 2 used contrasting pairs instruction (D. L. Schwartz & Bransford, 1998) that required students to determine which of 2 mathematical expressions referred to a real-world quantity. This brief practice at the beginning of the session significantly increased the number of correct equations relative to a control group that practiced constructing equations. The contrasting cases instruction can help prepare students for additional instruction, such as the iconic manipulations used in the Animation Tutor™ (Reed & Hoffman, 2006; see also Reed, 2005) modules.
Endovascular vein harvest: systemic carbon dioxide absorption.

Objective: Endovascular vein harvest (EDVH) requires CO 2 insufflation to expand the subcutaneous space, allowing visualization and dissection of the saphenous vein. The purpose of this study was to assess the extent of CO 2 absorption during EDVH. Design: Prospective observational study. Setting: Single tertiary care hospital Patients: Sixty patients (30 EDVH and 30 open-vein harvest) undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Methods: Hemodynamic, procedural, and laboratory data were collected prior to (baseline), during, and at it the conclusion (final) of vein harvesting. Data were also collected during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Data were compared by using t tests, analysis of variance, and correlation statistics when needed. Results: There were significant increases in arterial CO 2 (PaCO 2 , 35%) and decreases in pH (1.35%) during EDVH. These were associated with increases in heart rate, mean blood pressure, and cardiac output. Within the EDVH group, greater elevations (>10 mmHg) in PaCO2 were more likely during difficult harvest procedures, and these patients exhibited greater increase in heart rate. Elevated CO 2 persisted during CPB, requiring higher systemic gas flows and greater use of phenylephrine to maintain desired hemodynamics. Conclusion: EDVH was associated with systemic absorption of CO 2 . Greater absorption was more likely in difficult procedures and was associated with greater hemodynamic changes requiring medical therapy.
Threat of market entry and low cost carrier competition

Abstract The paper analyzes how US legacy carriers and Southwest Airlines respond to the threat of entry by AirTran Airways. It is found that that legacy carriers' ex post equilibrium prices are on average lower, whereas those of Southwest are on average higher in response to AirTran's threat of entry. Once AirTran actually flies the route, while the prices of legacy carriers fall further, those of Southwest don't change significantly. Hence, estimation results suggest that the pricing behavior of a low-cost incumbent is quite different from incumbent legacy carriers in response to not only actual but also potential competition by a low-cost carrier entrant.
Daily variations in plasma concentration of tyrosine in thyrotoxicosis and myxedema

Abstract The plasma concentration of tyrosine has been measured at intervals during two successive 24-hr periods in eight hyperthyroid, six hypothyroid and eight normal individuals hospitalized on a metabolic ward. The time of food intake and the concentration of protein in the diet have been controlled in each subject. The fasting level of tyrosine in hyperthyroid subjects, as previously reported, was elevated above normal. Hyperthyroid subjects did not differ from normal individuals in the mean increment between fasting and peak levels of tyrosine in plasma, the time at which peak levels occurred, or in the difference between values obtained during successive days. In hypothyroidism, by contrast, the mean increment between fasting and peak levels of tyrosine was reduced below normal. The time at which peak levels occurred was delayed and the differences between values obtained during two successive cycles were reduced. These data suggest that thyroid hormone deficiency tends to diminish the daily variations of tyrosine levels in plasma, but that in excessive amounts thyroid hormone does not significantly modify these variations.
Hydrogen release studies of alkali metal amidoboranes.

A series of metal amidoboranes LiNH2BH3 (LAB), NaNH2BH3 (SAB), LiNH(Me)BH3 (LMAB), NaNH(Me)BH3 (SMAB), KNH(Me)BH3 (PMAB), and KNH(tBu)BH3 (PBAB) were synthesized by solution phase methods, and the thermal release of H2 in the solid state was studied. The mechanism of hydrogen release from metal amidoboranes, a metal ion assisted hydride transfer, is very different than the mechanism of hydrogen release from the parent compound ammonia borane (AB). On the basis of the observed trends in reaction rates of H > Me > tBu, K > Na > Li, and the kinetic isotope effect, the mechanism of hydrogen release from MAB compounds was found to proceed through a bimolecular mechanism involving the intermediacy of a MH (M = Li, Na, or K). The non-volatile products formed from MABs are significantly different than the products formed after hydrogen release from AB. The boron containing products resulting from the release of 1 equiv of hydrogen from the metal amidoboranes were characterized by MAS 11B NMR spectroscopy and foun...