cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing the three-dimensional structures of Dicistroviridae IGR IRES RNAs with other viral RNA structures

The intergenic region (IGR) internal ribosome entry site (IRES) RNAs do not require any of the canonical translation initiation factors to recruit the ribosome to the viral RNA, they eliminate the need for initiator tRNA, and they begin translation from the A-site. The function of these IRESs depends on a specific three-dimensional folded RNA structure. Thus, a complete understanding of the mechanisms of action of these IRESs requires that we understand their structure in detail. Recently, the structures of both domains of the IGR IRES RNAs were solved by X-ray crystallography, providing the first glimpse into an entire IRES RNA structure. Here, I present an analysis of these structures, emphasizing how the structures explain many aspects of IGR IRES function, discussing how these structures have similarities to motifs found in other viral RNAs, and illustrating how these structures give rise to new mechanistic hypotheses.
Polymorphism Induced Sensitivity to Warfarin: A Review of the Literature

Warfarin is a widely prescribed anticoagulant used for prophylaxis and treatment of venous and arterial thrombosis. Although warfarin is considered very efficacious, it has substantial risks associated with its use, specifically the risk of hemorrhage. Genetic variants associated with the metabolism of (S)-warfarin by cytochrome P450 2C9 may have specific implications on untoward effects. Twelve CYP2C9 allelic variants have been identified, of which CYP2C9*3 and CYP2C9*2 are the most clinically important. Studies have demonstrated that initial dosing of warfarin with CYP2C9*3 with a five-milligram dose caused an increase in the international normalized ratio and significant risk of bleeding. Studies conducted with CYP2C9*2, on the other hand are conflicting. Some data suggest that the CYP2C9*2 variant is associated with an increased propensity for bleeding whereas other studies do not demonstrate a substantial risk of adverse events. Researchers suggest that detection of genetic variants in susceptible individuals will not only decrease the risks associated with warfarin therapy but also decrease costs of adverse events.
Inhibition of Proteolytic Enzymes by Decarboxylated Amino-Acid Derivatives. Effect of Toluenesulphonyl(Tosyl)agmatine (4-Toluenesulphonamidobutylguanidine) on Thrombin and Trypsin

PROTEOLYTIC enzymes are known to catalyse the hydrolysis of specific amino-acid esters and amides1. Specificity is usually determined by the side-chain of the amino-acid contributing the carbonyl function to the bond being split, and, for several reasons, it may be inferred that this ester or amide bond lends very little to the initial binding of the substrate to the enzyme. Thus we suggest that derivatives of specific decarboxylated amino-acids would act as good competitive inhibitors of these enzymes. Since these derivatives would not be subjected to simultaneous hydrolysis, the effect would be longer lasting than that obtained with competing substrates.
Hepatitis B Viral Nucleotide Sequences in Non-A, Non-B or Hepatitis B Virus-Related Chronic Liver Disease

The presence of serological markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and of hepatocellular HBV DNA were investigated in 19 HBsAg-negative patients with clinically and histologically significant chronic liver disease. Four cases negative for antibodies to HBsAg (anti-HBs), to the core antigen (anti-HBc), and to the e antigen (anti-HBe) were classified as non-A, non-B hepatitis. The remainder, positive for one or more of the three antibodies, were classified as hepatitis B. Histologic diagnosis was chronic active hepatitis in five, chronic persistent hepatitis in 11, micron-odular cirrhosis in two, and fatty liver in one patient. The DNA extracted from limited amounts of liver biopsies, without cleavage by restriction endonucleases, was analyzed by the Southern blot technique for the presence of episomal HBV DNA. Autoradiographs showed a single band of less than 4.0 kilobase (kb) corresponding to the monomeric form of HBV DNA in five patients, several bands of larger forms (4.0 to 18.0 kb) in three patients, both the monomeric and the larger forms in eight patients, and no HBV DNA in three patients. While HBV DNA was detected in the hepatocellular DNA of six patients who underwent splenectomy, hybridization was negative with the DNA extracted from their spleens. The episomal viral DNA larger than 4.0 kb may represent concatemeric forms or free oligomers which could not be distinguished from rearranged and/or integrated viral DNA in the limited analyses of the hepatocellular DNA hydrolyzed with HindIII or EcoRI. Our observations suggest the presence of HBV-like agents in the liver of serologically HBsAg-negative patients with chronic liver disease.
Regional perspectives on Early Mesolithic land use in southwestern Germany

Abstract Long-term, regional surface survey in southwestern Germany has generated a large body of data on the Early Mesolithic (ca. 10,300–7800 BP). Problems in using such surface data are discussed and excavated Early Mesolithic assemblages are used to suggest methods of mitigating some of these problems. To investigate patterns of land use, a site typology is developed based on assemblage size, and patterned differences in site location, assemblage contents, and raw material use are explored.
Diagnosing papillorenal syndrome: see the optic papilla.

Sirs, In their article “A clinico-genetic study of renal coloboma syndrome in children”, Cheong and colleagues accurately point out that a variety of PAX2 mutations, one of which they had discovered, can cause the described phenotype of associated ocular, renal and urinary tract anomalies seen in this autosomal dominant condition [1]. However, it should also be noted that many patients with the “renal coloboma” disorder do not have any identifiable mutations in the PAX2 gene [2, 3]. The syndrome is not defined by PAX2 genetic analysis, but by clinical findings. Cheong and co-workers employed the syndrome’s older “renal-coloboma” nomenclature [1] as opposed to the subsequent “papillorenal” designation. Precise language is important in this case, since confusion created by the term “coloboma” has led many investigators to consider incomplete closure of the embryonic optic fissure to be the cause of an optic nerve anomaly in cases where there is no supportive evidence for such an etiology [2]. Accordingly, the preferred OMIM appellation now is “papillorenal syndrome” [4] (OMIM #120330). It should be noted that the prefix “papillo” indicates the optic papilla as the site of the ocular abnormality and not that of the renal papillae. While the term “papillorenal” is also not fully descriptive of all the possible associated ocular or urinary tract anomalies (such as vesicoureteral reflux), it avoids the misnomer of “coloboma” and implications, thereof, of an unrelated pathophysiologic pathway. Cheong et al. correctly emphasize that there is considerable variability of ocular and urinary tract findings [1]. Among that variability, however, one constant feature exists and is clearly visible in the ocular fundus photographs they published: the lack of central retinal blood supply. Instead of central vessels within the optic papilla, the disc is variably excavated centrally; the cilioretinal vessels originate outside and at the periphery of the optic nerve supplying the retina (“vacant discs”). These disc vessels circumferentially make hairpin turns over the neuroretinal rim toward the retina. Though often asymptomatic, the absence of central retinal vasculature can be associated with retinal hypoplasia, causing visual field defects. In some instances, this can lead to secondary serous retinal detachments [5] which, if occurring early in development, can lead to relative microphthalmia. This bilaterally visible vascular anomaly of the optic papilla testifies to a systemically deficient process of angiogenesis (as opposed to vasculogenesis) [6]. Angiogenesis is most critical to the development of both eye and kidney, the most perfused tissues per gram weight of the human body. Angiogenic factors are involved in the budding of vascular endothelial cells from pre-existing vessels laid down by vasculogenesis [6]. These same factors also affect the budding of other tubular structures Pediatr Nephrol (2008) 23:1893–1894 DOI 10.1007/s00467-008-0870-6
Identification of inflamed gingival surfaces

Abstract. The present study was undertaken to clarify whether visual inflammation or gingival bleeding on probing is the earlier indicator of gingivitis. A dental prophylaxis was given to 90 male students and 1 month later the gingiva adjacent to the mesio-buccal, mid-buccal and mid-lingual surfaces of all teeth was evaluated. Two subsequent examinations were done at 1-month intervals. Each gingival margin was examined visually and classified as either non-inflamed or inflamed and these same surfaces were then probed for bleeding. The number of gingival surfaces at each examination was 6990 and, at the first examination, 16798 of these combined absence of visual inflammation and bleeding (healthy). One month later only 766 of these surfaces were still healthy. Inspection of the data from the surfaces which had changed since the first examination showed that there were a significantly greater number of surfaces which bled after probing compared to either a color change only or combined both a color change plus bleeding. The same trend was seen between the second and third examinations. It was concluded that substantial changes in healthy gingival surfaces occur in as brief a period as 1 month. When healthy gingival surfaces (no visual inflammation and no bleeding) developed clinically detectable signs under investigation, a significantly greater number manifested bleeding alone compared to either visual inflammation alone or a combination of visual inflammation plus bleeding. These findings support an emphasis on gingival bleeding indices for detection of early deviations from health.
Breeding Systems of Several Vicia Species

Information on the breeding system of plants is crucial for maintenance of accessions in germplasm banks. Controlled pollination experiments were conducted in the field to determine the breeding systems of several Vicia species. Vicia articulata Hornem., V. benghalensis L., V. ervilia (L.) Willd., V. lutea L., and V. sativa L. were automatic self-fertilizing species. Vicia pannonica Crantz was nonautomatic self-fertilizing. Vicia villosa Roth ssp. villosa and V. villosa Roth ssp. varia (Host) Corbiere were cross-fertilizing. Therefore, regeneration of the accessions of the latter two species requires the use of procedures that provide isolation from foreign pollen.
Organization of the Motorola 88110 superscalar RISC microprocessor

Motorola's second-generation RISC microprocessor, which uses advanced techniques for exploiting instruction-level parallelism, including superscalar instruction issue, our-of-order instruction completion, speculative execution, dynamic instruction rescheduling, and two parallel, high-bandwidth, on-chip caches, is discussed. The microprocessor was designed to serve as the central processor in low-cost personal computers and workstations, and support demanding graphics and digital signal processing applications. The 88110's instruction set architecture, instruction sequencer, register files, execution units, address translation facilities, caches, and external bus interface are described. >
Extensions of Tutte's wheels-and-whirls theorem

Abstract Tutte's wheels-and-whirls theorem states that if M is a 3-connected matroid and, for every element e , both the deletion and the contraction of e destroy 3-connectivity, then M is a wheel or a whirl. We prove some extensions of this theorem, one of which states that if M is 3-connected and has both a wheel and a whirl minor, then either M has only seven elements or there is some element the deletion or contraction of which maintains 3-connectivity and leaves a matroid with both a wheel and a whirl minor.
Effectiveness of Summer Bridge Programs in Enhancing College Readiness.

An alarmingly high percentage of recent high school graduates are not prepared to succeed in college-level courses, and the impact of this educational shortcoming is substantial. Underprepared college students incur a monetary cost of enrolling in remedial courses, and states and taxpayers subsidize much of the overall cost of developmental education. In addition, underprepared students are less likely to graduate from college, thus impacting their earning potential and the nation's economic need for a more highly educated workforce. One approach to reducing the need for developmental education is high school bridge programs. These programs, which usually take place on a college campus, provide interventions that help targeted students aspire to, prepare for, and achieve college enrollment. This article reports on the effectiveness of bridge programs at Texas colleges in the summer of 2007; it covers two community college programs that demonstrated the highest pre- to postprogram student achievement gains...
Somatic Correction of Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa by a Highly Recombinogenic AAV Variant

Definitive correction of disease causing mutations in somatic cells by homologous recombination (HR) is an attractive therapeutic approach for the treatment of genetic diseases. However, HR-based somatic gene therapy is limited by the low efficiency of gene targeting in mammalian cells and replicative senescence of primary cells ex vivo, forcing investigators to explore alternative strategies such as retro- and lentiviral gene transfer, or genome editing in induced pluripotent stem cells. Here, we report correction of mutations at the LAMA3 locus in primary keratinocytes derived from a patient affected by recessive inherited Herlitz junctional epidermolysis bullosa (H-JEB) disorder using recombinant adenoassociated virus (rAAV)-mediated HR. We identified a highly recombinogenic AAV serotype, AAV-DJ, that mediates efficient gene targeting in keratinocytes at clinically relevant frequencies with a low rate of random integration. Targeted H-JEB patient cells were selected based on restoration of adhesion phenotype, which eliminated the need for foreign sequences in repaired cells, enhancing the clinical use and safety profile of our approach. Corrected pools of primary cells assembled functional laminin-332 heterotrimer and fully reversed the blistering phenotype both in vitro and in skin grafts. The efficient targeting of the LAMA3 locus by AAV-DJ using phenotypic selection, together with the observed low frequency of off-target events, makes AAV-DJ based somatic cell targeting a promising strategy for ex vivo therapy for this severe and often lethal epithelial disorder.
Tacrolimus (FK 506)—A New Therapeutic Agent for Severe Recalcitrant Psoriasis

• Background.— Psoriasis, a disease of unknown etiology, is in some patients severe, extremely debilitating, and unresponsive to conventional therapies, including UV-B, oral psoralen with long-wave UV radiation in the A range (PUVA), oral retinoids, and methotrexate. We report the results from our study of seven patients with refractory psoriasis who were treated with the new immunosuppressive drug, tacrolimus (FK 506). Observations.— All seven patients showed a dramatic resolution of psoriasis that remained in remission as long as they received full-dose therapy. Serial skin biopsy specimens demonstrated a rapid disappearance of the inflammatory infiltrate and a slower resolution of the epidermal changes. Tacrolimus was well tolerated during the 5.5 to 14 months of observation. Side effects, including nephrotoxicity and hypertension, were controlled by appropriate modification of drug dosage. Conclusions.— Tacrolimus, a new immunosuppressive agent, is effective in treating patients with severe recalcitrant psoriasis. The mechanism of its action in psoriasis is unknown, but it may be related to its ability to modulate immune function. Further studies will establish criteria for patient selection and drug dosage, to maximize efficacy of this agent in psoriasis, while minimizing its toxicity. (Arch Dermatol.1992;128:781-785)
IP-10 induces dissociation of newly formed blood vessels

The signals that prune the exuberant vascular growth of tissue repair are still ill defined. We demonstrate that activation of CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) mediates the regression of newly formed blood vessels. We present evidence that CXCR3 is expressed on newly formed vessels in vivo and in vitro. CXCR3 is expressed on vessels at days 7-21 post-wounding, and is undetectable in unwounded or healed skin. Treatment of endothelial cords with CXCL10 (IP-10), a CXCR3 ligand present during the resolving phase of wounds, either in vitro or in vivo caused dissociation even in the presence of angiogenic factors. Consistent with this, mice lacking CXCR3 express a greater number of vessels in wound tissue compared to wild-type mice. We then hypothesized that signaling from CXCR3 not only limits angiogenesis, but also compromises vessel integrity to induce regression. We found that activation of CXCR3 triggers μ-calpain activity, causing cleavage of the cytoplasmic tail of β3 integrins at the calpain cleavage sites c'754 and c'747. IP-10 stimulation also activated caspase 3, blockage of which prevented cell death but not cord dissociation. This is the first direct evidence for an extracellular signaling mechanism through CXCR3 that causes the dissociation of newly formed blood vessels followed by cell death.
Temperature and adsorbate dependence of the image-potential states on Cu(100).

We report a systematic study of the dependence of image-potential states on surface temperature and oxygen adsorption on Cu(100) using two-photon photoemission spectroscopy. The binding energy of the n=1 image-potential state is found to be insensitive to temperature, in agreement with inverse- photoemission measurements. In the temperature range 300-963 K, the image-peak amplitude is found to have a weak temperature dependence. The exposure of Cu(100) to oxygen (1.5 ×10 -6 Torr s) reduces the intensity of the image-potential peak
Systems-based approaches to cardiovascular disease

Common cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and congestive heart failure, are exceptionally complex, involving a multitude of environmental and genetic factors that often show nonlinear interactions as well as being highly dependent on sex, age, and even the maternal environment. Although focused, reductionistic approaches have led to progress in elucidating the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases, such approaches are poorly powered to address complex interactions. Over the past decade, technological advances have made it possible to interrogate biological systems on a global level, raising hopes that, in combination with computational approaches, it may be possible to more fully address the complexities of cardiovascular diseases. In this Review, we provide an overview of such systems-based approaches to cardiovascular disease and discuss their translational implications.
Mesh erosion in abdominal sacral colpopexy with and without concomitant hysterectomy.

Objective The purpose of this study was to examine risk factors for mesh erosion, including concomitant hysterectomy, in abdominal sacral colpopexies. Study design We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 313 women who underwent an abdominal sacral colpopexy. Data regarding patient demographics, operative techniques, length of follow-up, postoperative complications, and mesh erosion were collected. Results Of 313 subjects, 101 (32.3%) had concomitant hysterectomies and 212 (67.7%) had had previous hysterectomies. The overall rate of mesh erosion was 5.4%. In bivariate analysis, concomitant hysterectomy was not associated with erosion (6.9% vs 4.7% previous hysterectomy, P = .42); however, estrogen therapy was an effect modifier. In women on estrogen, hysterectomy (OR 4.9, CI 1.2-19.7) and anterior imbrication (OR 5.6, CI 1.1-28.6) were associated with mesh erosion. No risk factors were identified in women not on estrogen. Conclusion In women on estrogen therapy, hysterectomy was associated with mesh erosion in abdominal sacral colpopexy.
Assessing impacts of bioenergy crops and climate change on hydrometeorology in the Yazoo River Basin, Mississippi

The objective of this study was to assess the impacts of bioenergy crop production, such as switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus), and climate change on hydrometeorology. The soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model was used to simulate hydrometeorological consequences and crop yields in the Yazoo River Basin (YRB) in northwestern Mississippi. Modeling results of streamflow and soybean and corn yields during the calibration and validation periods were consistent with the observed data. The yields of bioenergy crops were predicted using the calibrated SWAT model. In order to generate future climate change data, the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Lab (GFDL) CM2.1 global coupled climate model was selected as a general circulation model (GCM). The output of the GFDL CM2.1 with the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B emission was downscaled by LARS-WG stochastic weather generator. Eight scenarios including bioenergy crop production and climate change were evaluated using the SWAT model. The results of this study indicate that the bioenergy crops will increase annual evapotranspiration and decrease annual surface water, water yield and streamflow. Furthermore, the future climate change scenarios showed that the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations will decrease annual evapotranspiration, which eventually will lead to an increase in annual surface runoff, water yield, and streamflow. However, decreased precipitation in the future periods will be the dominant cause of a decrease in annual evapotranspiration, surface runoff, water yield, and streamflow. Comparison of all scenarios showed that climate change is likely to affect hydrometeorology more significantly than bioenergy crop production, and the scenarios of the conversion of soybean and corn to miscanthus are more significant than the switchgrass scenarios. This study will help to develop future watershed management programs related to bioenergy crop production and climate change conditions within the Yazoo River Basin, which may also be applied in other geographic areas in the country and abroad.
Maternal autoantibodies are associated with abnormal brain enlargement in a subgroup of children with autism spectrum disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is very heterogeneous and multiple subtypes and etiologies likely exist. The maternal immune system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of some forms of ASD. Previous studies have identified the presence of specific maternal IgG autoantibodies with reactivity to fetal brain proteins at 37 and 73kDa in up to 12% of mothers of children with ASD. The current study evaluates the presence of these autoantibodies in an independent cohort of mothers of 181 preschool-aged male children (131 ASD, 50 typically developing (TD) controls). We also investigated whether ASD children born to mothers with these autism-specific maternal IgG autoantibodies exhibit a distinct neural phenotype by evaluating total brain volume using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Of the 131 ASD children, 10 (7.6%) were born to mothers with the 37/73kDa IgG autoantibodies (ASD-IgG). The mothers of the remaining ASD children and all TD controls were negative for these paired autoantibodies. While both ASD groups exhibited abnormal brain enlargement that is commonly observed in this age range, the ASD-IgG group exhibited a more extreme 12.1% abnormal brain enlargement relative to the TD controls. In contrast, the remaining ASD children exhibited a smaller 4.4% abnormal brain enlargement relative to TD controls. Lobar and tissue type analyses revealed that the frontal lobe is selectively enlarged in the ASD-IgG group and that both gray and white matter are similarly affected. These results suggest that maternal autoantibodies associated with autism spectrum disorder may impact brain development leading to abnormal enlargement.
Latency Insertion Method (LIM) for Electro-Thermal Analysis of 3-D Integrated Systems at Pre-Layout Design Stages

In this paper, a fast circuit simulation technique based on the latency insertion method (LIM) is proposed for the electro-thermal analysis of circuits and high-performance systems. Application of the method to the problems specific to the early pre-layout design stages is considered. This method can be particularly useful for the early tradeoff and feasibility studies of on-chip and off-chip interconnect systems as well as of entire chip and package structures. The proposed method is shown to be suitable for modeling of both electrical and thermal phenomena occurring in high-speed high-performance very large scale integration circuits at the pre-layout design stages. Capability of the LIM to perform steady state and transient thermal analysis of a 3-D integrated circuit model is demonstrated with an example derived from an actual industry design. The experiments carried out in this paper demonstrate that the proposed methodology significantly outperforms conventional computer-aided design tools.
Explanations of Police Behavior: A Critical Review and Analysis

(1971). Explanations of Police Behavior: A Critical Review and Analysis. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 308-318.
The orientation of the magnetic axes of membrane-bound iron-sulfur clusters and a cytochrome b-559 in the green halophilic alga Dunaliella parva

Abstract Photosynthetic membrane fragments separated from whole cells of the green alga Dunaliella parva , were oriented by incorporation into multilayers on thin Mylar films. These partially dehydrated films were then examined by EPR spectroscopy for evidence of orientation of paramagnetic components. Five previously identified paramagnetic components, the reduced states of iron-sulfur clusters A and B, the intermediate acceptor X − , the reduced Rieske iron-sulfur cluster, and oxidized cytochrome b -559, displayed EPR signals showing orientation. In addition, several previously unknown paramagnetic components were also observed to be oriented. Four components, previously characterized in spinach chloroplast preparations, the iron-sulfur clusters A and B, the intermediate acceptor X − , and cytochrome b -559, were shown to be similar in the green alga, D. parva . The orientations of iron-sulfur clusters A and B, however, were determined unambiguously in this preparation; this was not possible in previous work with spinach. The heme plane orientation of cytochrome b -559 was found to be perpendicular to the membrane plane in agreement with the results in spinach preparations. A new photoinduced EPR signal with g values of 1.88, 1.97 and 2.12 was seen only in the oriented preparations and was indicative of a reduced iron-sulfur cluster with an orientation different from that of iron-sulfur cluster A or B. This suggests the existence of a previously unidentified acceptor in Photosystem I of green plants. These studies clearly show that the orientation of these components in bioenergetic membranes are conserved over a large span of evolutionary development and are, therefore, an important aspect of the mechanism of electron transfer.
Immunohistological investigations of N-Acetylserotonin in the rat cerebellum after parachlorophenylalanine treatment

The amount of N-acetylserotonin (NAS) in the granule layer of the rat cerebellum was investigated using immunohistologic double antibody technique. After 5 days of treatment with parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) an increase of NAS was observed. The possibility of a differential effect of PCPA on serotonin synthesis in the neurons and the nerve terminals is discussed.
Coding strategy of the S genome segment of Hantaan virus.

Abstract Hantaan virus is the type species of the recently recognized Hantavirus genus of Bunyaviridae. The small (S) RNA segment of the negative-sense, tripartite genome was molecularly cloned and the nucleotide sequence was determined. The RNA sequence derived from the cDNA copy was found to contain 1696 nucleotides. A single open reading frame of sufficient size to encode the virus nucleocapsid protein was detected in the cDNA corresponding to viral complementary-sense RNA. RNA transcripts of the cDNA were synthesized with SP6 polymerase and were used to program cell-free reticulocyte lysate translation systems. Viral complementary-sense transcripts served as efficient messages in translation systems and generated Hantaan nucleocapsid protein. No translation products were detected when lysates were programmed with viral-sense transcripts. This coding assignment of the nucleocapsid protein to the viral complementary-sense RNA of the S genome segment is consistent with those of other members of this family. Unlike other Bunyaviridae, which encode both a nucleocapsid protein and a nonstructural (NS S ) protein of similar sizes, a NS S protein has not been identified for Hantaan virus. Furthermore, other than the nucleocapsid protein gene sequence, the only potential open reading frame in Hantaan S RNA encoded a short, 48-amino acid polypeptide which initiated two codons beyond the termination of the nucleocapsid protein in the same reading frame. These data demonstrate that the coding strategy of the Hantaan virus S RNA is different than those reported for other viruses in this family.
Rectangular Heat Source on a Semi-infinite Solid—An Analysis for a Thin Film Heat Flux Gage Calibration

For a thin film heat flux gage designed to provide both rapid response and long use time, initial calibrations using standard techniques indicated differences between the literature and the estimated properties. In order to estimate thermophysical properties and subsequently the gage sensitivity, an analytical model of the response to a step change in heating current was developed. Starting from a Green's function description, the model is reduced to three algebraic expressions, which correspond to the early, middle, and late time regimes. These expressions provide a framework for least-square estimates of gage parameters. This provides an in situ, nondestructive measurement of the thermal impedance of the substrate. There is very good agreement between the model and the experimental data. The estimated parameter values demonstrated good to excellent repeatability and good agreement with both new literature data and results from destructive property measurements.
Matrilocality, corporate strategy, and the organization of production in the Chacoan world

Kinship is central to an understanding of sociopolitical organization and the organization of production in Chaco Canyon. Between A.D. 700 and 900, lifeways in the Chacoan wor7ld underwent a transformation that reflects the evolution of matrilocal residence. Matrilocal groups became the foundation of a polity based on a corporate political strategy. Matrilocality provided the peoples of the Chaco region a social structure in which women were able to form stable agricultural communities while men were freed to take part in long-distance resource procurement and trade. Leaders mobilized goods from across the polity for corporate-affir-ming activities, such as construction of great houses. This corporate strategy is evident in an examination of turquoise production. The production of turquoise ornaments was diffuse and uncontrolled, but the consumption of turquoise, at least in Chaco Canyon, was highly centralized. This is what we would expect to see in a polity operating within a corporate strategy.
Minimizing regrets in college athletes: An intervention approach

The purpose of the study was to identify if current athletes experienced regret during a season and if they could minimize future regrets through vicarious experiences. The study employed an experimental design. The final sample consisted of 28 athletes (M age = 19.90, SD = 0.94) who responded to online surveys. Results revealed a significant difference between the numbers of regrets expressed by the experimental group compared to the control group. Discussions are provided concerning regrets and behavioral change. Additionally, suggestions are offered for minimizing regret feelings in athletes.
Madness and colonization: psychiatry in the British and French Empires, 1800-1962.

Cultural, social, and intellectual historians have begun to examine the intersecting histories of European colonialism and psychiatry. At their best, these studies engage with at least four distinct historiographies. First, they revise the history of European medicine by illustrating the importance of the colonies to metropolitan scientific developments. Second, they explore the relationship between knowledge and power in the colonial context that the pre-occupied scholars since the publication of Edward Said's Orientalism in 1978. Third, they explicitly address the psychology of colonialism, a phenomenon at the heart of many intriguing yet speculative works in postcolonial studies. Finally, they open a new methodological window into the history of race by exploring institutional psychiatry's contributions to definitions of race and citizenship under colonialism. This essay reveals the potential implications of such research by highlighting recent studies of British and French colonial psychiatry in Africa and Asia, while also addressing possible future directions for the study of colonial psychiatry.
Blending of ocean colour algorithms applied to the Southern Ocean

A method of blending of a specific satellite ocean colour algorithm in the Southern Ocean (SO) with a generic algorithm elsewhere is proposed. The SO is known to have bio-optical properties that require a different bio-optical algorithm for retrieving chlorophyll-a concentration. Merging data retrieved with a specific algorithm in one area with data retrieved with another algorithm elsewhere has remained a problem. We use a blending scheme that uses both bio-optical properties and the location of the pixel relative to the mean position of the Subtropical Front to create a smooth transition from one algorithm to another. The method can be applied to other regions or variables after modification.
Single-column amino acid analysis with o-phthalaldehyde: an evaluation of two commercial buffer systems.

Abstract This paper evaluates the effects of two premixed commercial buffer systems on baseline changes, artifacts, and contaiminants in amino acid analysis using o -phthalaldehyde detection. The effects of additional components such as isopropanol are discussed. An alternative combination of premixed commercial buffers that minimizes artifacts and contaminants is proposed.
On the groove configuration of mandibular molars: The unreliability of the “dryopithecus pattern” and a new method for classifying mandibular molars

The long-used qualitative nomenclature for the cusp-groove pattern of lower molars, and the definition applying to it, was investigated and found to be unsatisfactory for the repetitive classification of lower molars. Moreover, developmental grooves per se were found to represent the results of highly variable environmental phenomena and therefore their use cannot be justified as an evolutionary determinant. A simple, but effective classification for lower molars, based on cusp size, cusp number, distal fovea, and distal marginal ridge was presented.
Inhibitors, enzymes and growth factors from shark cartilage

Abstract 1. 1. Shark cartilages were extracted with different dissociating agents such as guanidine. 2. 2. The cartilage matrix of sharks is more tightly bound than that of calves and more resistant to guanidine dissolution. 3. 3. Extracts of shark cartilage contain lysozyme, inhibitors of trypsin, chymotrypsin, plasmin, and collagenase and a stimulator of cell proliferation. 4. 4. The collagenase inhibitor and cell growth factor had activity maxima at 35,000 and between 5000 and 25,000 molecular weight respectively. 5. 5. The large size of sharks and, in particular, the fact that the entire endoskelton of sharks is composed of cartilage suggests that sharks may be an excellent source of such bioactive agents.
Analysis of cellodextrin transporters from Neurospora crassa in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for cellobiose fermentation

Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be engineered to ferment cellodextrins produced by cellulases as a product of cellulose hydrolysis. Direct fermentation of cellodextrins instead of glucose is advantageous because glucose inhibits cellulase activity and represses the fermentation of non-glucose sugars present in cellulosic hydrolyzates. To facilitate cellodextrin utilization by S. cerevisiae, a fungal cellodextrin-utilizing pathway from Neurospora crassa consisting of a cellodextrin transporter and a cellodextrin hydrolase has been introduced into S. cerevisiae. Two cellodextrin transporters (CDT-1 and CDT-2) were previously identified in N. crassa, but their kinetic properties and efficiency for cellobiose fermentation have not been studied in detail. In this study, CDT-1 and CDT-2, which are hypothesized to transport cellodextrin with distinct mechanisms, were introduced into S. cerevisiae along with an intracellular β-glucosidase (GH1-1). Cellobiose transport assays with the resulting strains indicated that CDT-1 is a proton symporter while CDT-2 is a simple facilitator. A strain expressing CDT-1 and GH1-1 (DCDT-1G) showed faster cellobiose fermentation than the strain expressing CDT-2 and GH1-1 (DCDT-2G) under various culture conditions with different medium compositions and aeration levels. While CDT-2 is expected to have energetic benefits, the expression levels and kinetic properties of CDT-1 in S. cerevisiae appears to be optimum for cellobiose fermentation. These results suggest CDT-1 is a more effective cellobiose transporter than CDT-2 for engineering S. cerevisiae to ferment cellobiose.
Forms of informality: Identifying informal governance in the European Union

Abstract Informal governance has become a major form of public sector intervention into society and economy, but rather than being a single instrument, informal governance actually contains a number of different instruments and forms of intervention. This paper discusses the role of informal governance in the European Union and differentiates among the various forms of informal governance used. The variety of these instruments illustrates the importance of understanding the consequences of each and the existence even of contradictions among the forms. It further develops criteria for assessing those forms of intervention and focuses on questions of efficiency and accountability of informal governance.
Tyrosine phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and of the thromboxane A2 (TXA2) receptor by the TXA2 mimetic I-BOP in A7r5 cells.

Abstract Thromboxane A 2 (TXA 2 ) interacts with its G-protein coupled receptor, the TP receptor, to produce contraction and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. We have shown previously that proliferation of primary cultures of vascular smooth muscle cells initiated by [1S-(1α, 2β(5 Z ), 3α(1E, 3R), 4α]-7-[3-(3- hydroxy -4-(4 t - iodophenoxy )-1- butenyl )-7- oxabicyclo -[2.2.1] heptan -2 yl ]-5′- heptenoic acid (I-BOP), a stable TXA 2 mimetic, is mediated by activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. In the present study, we examined further the intracellular mediators involved in TXA 2 activation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Transient transfection of the cDNA for the TP receptor into A7r5 vascular smooth muscle cells resulted in expression of TP receptors with a receptor density, B max , of 0.7 ± 0.2 pmol/mg protein and a receptor affinity, K d , of 0.6 ± 0.1 nM (N = 7). Mock transfected cells lacked significant receptor expression. In TP receptor transfected cells, I-BOP increased the activation of MAP kinase 2-fold, stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins of relative molecular mass ( M r ) of 140, 85, 60, 56, and 45 kDa, and increased the message for c- jun , a nuclear transcription factor involved in mitogenesis, 2.6-fold. Immunoblot analysis indicated that the 85-kDa protein represented phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K), while the 60 kDa protein was the TP receptor. The activity of PI3-K was increased 3.5-fold by the addition of I-BOP (0.1 μM). In summary, the present study demonstrated that stimulation of the TP receptor results in tyrosine phosphorylation of the receptor and of PI3-K.
Test responses as predictors of free-speech characteristics in aphasia patients.

Fifty aphasic speakers were classified into six groups, defined by differences in characteristics of their spontaneous speech. A multiple discriminant analysis was performed upon scores on the Lang...
Collaboration and nested environmental governance: Scale dependency, scale framing, and cross-scale interactions in collaborative conservation.

The problem of fit between social institutions and ecological systems is an enduring challenge in natural resource management and conservation. Developments in the science of conservation biology encourage the management of landscapes at increasingly larger scales. In contrast, sociological approaches to conservation emphasize the importance of ownership, collaboration and stewardship at scales relevant to the individual or local community. Despite the proliferation of initiatives seeking to work with local communities to undertake conservation across large landscapes, there is an inherent tension between these scales of operation. Consequently, questions about the changing nature of effective conservation across scales abound. Through an analysis of three nested cases working in a semiautonomous fashion in the Northern Rocky Mountains in North America, this paper makes an empirical contribution to the literature on nested governance, collaboration and communication across scales. Despite different scales of operation, constituencies and scale frames, we demonstrate a surprising similarity in organizational structure and an implicit dependency between these initiatives. This paper examines the different capacities and capabilities of collaborative conservation from the local to regional to supra regional. We draw on the underexplored concept of ‘scale-dependent comparative advantage’ (Cash and Moser, 2000), to gain insight into what activities take place at which scale and what those activities contribute to nested governance and collaborative conservation. The comparison of these semiautonomous cases provides fruitful territory to draw lessons for understanding the roles and relationships of organizations operating at different scales in more connected networks of nested governance.
Portfolio decisions as games

Efficient decisions in portfolio models are modelled here as two-person games, which may be both zero-sum and non-zero-sum. In the zero-sum case, mixed strategy solutions are characterized in different ways in both static and dynamic games and it is shown that the traditional solutions of mean variance portfolio theory can be generalized considerably.
An Improved Technique for Theoretically Determining the Lift Distribution on an Automobile

A technique for determining aerodynamic lift characteristics and surface lift distributions of automobiles is derived. Calculations using both this technique, which includes certain second-order effects, and an earlier technique which omits these effects, are compared with actual pressure measurements taken from actual vehicles. The significant improvements possible near certain regions of the vehicle surface are illustrated, and the improved method’s ability to more accurately predict lift and aerodynamic behavior is shown.
Alkali metal anions and trapped electrons formed by evaporating metal—ammonia solutions which contain cryptands

Abstract Optical transmission spectra of thin solvent-free films formed by evaporating ammonia from alkali metal-cryptand solutions in liquid ammonia showed absorption bands assigned to alkali metal anions and trapped electrons. Some “electride” films may be metallic since they have plasma absorptions nearly identical to those of concentrated metal—ammonia solutions.
Ontogeny of olfaction: Development of the rats' sensitivity to urine and amyl acetate

Abstract Rat pups, 1 to 17 days of age, were tested for sensitivity to two olfactants, amyl acetate and adult rat urine. Biological and non-biological olfactory stimuli were generated by sparging and delivered to subjects via a dilution olfactometer. Unconditioned respiratory responses, odor-induced polypnea and sniffing, were used to measure detection of an odorant injected into a background stream of filtered air. Amyl acetate was presented in an ascending series of concentrations. Pups of all ages detected amyl acetate; chemosensitivity increased with age to all 3 concentrations of this nonbiological stimulus. Two concentrations of adult rat urine odor were equated to the strength of amyl acetate for 9-day-olds. Each normalized urine stimulus was then tested across the full range of age groups. Again, there was a dramatic age-related increase in chemosensitivity. Moreover, there was no indication of differential sensitivity to these biological and non-biological olfactants. These data were discussed within methodological and conceptual frameworks related to analyses of early olfactory and behavioral ontogenesis.
Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity in leukaemic patients to autologous blast cells.

Summary. Thirty-four patients with acute mycloblastic and lymphoblastic leukaemia have been skin tested in relapse (30 patients) and remission (13 patients) with autologous irradiated leukaemic blast cells and standard skin test antigens. The timing, clinical appearance and histology of the positive skin tests were typical of classical delayed hypersensitivity. Thirteen of 29 paticnts in relapse and six of of 13 patients in remission showed delayed hypersensitivity responsiveness to autologous irradiated blast cells, indicating that skin test positivity did not correlate with the clinical status of the patient tested. Although tendency to a favourable clinical course was seen in patients with positive delayed hypersensitivity to standard skin test antigens, no such correlation was seen in those patients positive to skin tests with autologous blast cells. Membrane extracts of autologous blast cells failed to elicit skin test responsiveness in all but two of 19 patients tested.
Creep induced contact and stress evolution in thin-walled pipe liners

Finite element simulations of the contact conditions and stresses which evolve as a thin walled polymeric pipe liner deforms under uniform pressure are presented. The support received by a liner from its host pipe is seen to be a function of the thickness of the liner, with thinner liners receiving more support. The nature of this support is described in terms of contact forces and areas. The stress evolution is quantified by decomposing the stress at the critical point into flexural and compressive components. Ratios of flexural stress to compressive stress greater than two indicate the dominance of flexural stresses and suggest that flexural properties may be most appropriate when designing liners to resist buckling. Likewise, stress ratios less than two suggest that compressive properties may be most appropriate. Flexural to compressive stress ratios are seen to increase with increasing host pipe ovality, gap between the liner and host pipe, longitudinal imperfections, and applied pressure.