cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Osmiophilic Reagents in Electronmicroscopic Histocytochemistry

Direct histocytochemical staining methods on undisrupted tissues, stabilized by chemical fixation, potentially offer perhaps the most reliable approach to the study of the enzymes of the cell with relation to its ultrastructure. The atoms which, for the most part, comprise the biomacromolecules and enzymes of cells and tissues contribute little to their inherent electron opacity or ability to scatter electrons differentially. The latter property of a substance is responsible for its observation with the electron microscope. Since the introduction of osmiophilic reagents into cytochemistry (HANKER et al. 1964), the selective deposition of relatively large amounts of polymeric osmium black reaction products at the subcellular sites of insoluble or immobilized enzymes or biomacromolecules has facilitated their demonstration with the light and electron microscopes. Perhaps the most widely employed osmiophilic reagent in histocytochemistry has been DAB which was introduced by GRAHAM and KARNOVSKY (1966a, b). Although it receives its widest use for demonstrating the sites to which the exogenous ultrastructural tracer horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is transported in vertebrate tissues, it is also widely employed for the demonstration of catalase in peroxisomes with the media of FAHIMI (1969) or of NOVIKOFF and GOLDFISCHER (1969), and for the demonstration of cytochrome oxidase with the medium of SELIGMAN et al. (1968a). The importance of this reagent lies in its ability to undergo oxidative polymerization forming an insoluble osmiophilic melanin-like product (HANKER et al. 1972a) which comforms well to ultrastructure, at the sites of enzymic or nonenzyme proteins which catalyze its oxidation. In the past few years, studies in our laboratory have shown that a rational approach to the histocytochemical demonstration of enzymes could be devised. It is based on the selective deposition of transition metal compounds at the sites of enzymes that resemble hemoproteins in their ability to catalyze the oxidative polymerization of DAB. The most useful of these compounds, cupric ferrocyanide (Hatchett's brown) was also introduced into cytochemistry by Karnovsky's laboratory (KARNOVSKY 1964; KARNOVSKY and ROOTS 1974). By the use of natural substrates, when available, or synthetic substrates which liberate or form a reducing agent at the sites of the enzymatic activity, many diverse types of enzymes have been demonstrated by methods depending on this principle known as catalytic osmiophilic polymer generation. DAB has probably been the most useful histocytochemical reagent of the past decade. Yet its borderline carcinogenicity and the frequent interruption of a supply of good quality DAB have encouraged research into a substitute reagent. A new substitute for DAB has resulted from the study of artificial melanins in our laboratory for several years. It consists of a mixture of p-phenylenediamine and pyrocatechol and is much better than DAB for the demonstration of HRP used as a cytochemical tracer...
Computer-aided long-term anticoagulation therapy.

Abstract A computer program is described which calculates a suggested daily anticoagulant dose schedule for a patient. The program requires previous prothrombin times and drug dosages as well as physician determined therapeutic goals and limits. A simple compartmental response model is used to predict prothrombin time responses from previous drug doses. Suitable future dose suggestions are calculated from these prothrombin time predictions. A retrospective study provided a test of the program's performance relative to that of resident physicians and three staff cardiologists at a large teaching hospital. The doses computed by the program were found to compare favorably with those of the pilot sample of physicians.
Heat transfer in polymer reaction molding

Abstract A theoretical model is proposed for curing in polymer reaction molding operations like casting, thermoset molding or reaction injection molding (RIM), with mold temperature controlled by fluid circulation over the mold wall. Convection and mass diffusion are neglected. A modified separation-of-variables technique for the heat conduction problem with time-dependent boundary conditions is used to determine an analytical expression for the unsteady mold wall temperature profile. The result is then combined with the non-linear differential equations of heat and mass balance for curing polymers and solved numerically. Quasi-static mold wall temperature is also considered. This greatly simplifies the boundary conditions. The quasi-static assumption is tested for several cases and found applicable to polymer reaction molding. Biot number for heat transfer can be used as a convenient parameter to describe the polymer surface boundary condition. The model was tested with a fast polymerizing RIM polyurethane in a slab mold instrumented with thermocouples. Various mold wall materials were used. Measurements of temperature profiles in the polymer slab and mold wall compare well to model predictions.
Sevoflurane mask anesthesia for urgent tracheostomy in an uncooperative trauma patient with a difficult airway.

Purpose: Proper care of the trauma patient often includes tracheal intubation to insure adequate ventilation and oxygenation, protect the airway from aspiration, and facilitate surgery. Airway management can be particularly complex when there are facial bone fractures, head injury and cervical spine instability. Clinical Features: A 29-yr-old intoxicated woman suffered a motor vehicle accident. Injuries consisted of multiple abraisons to her head, forehead, and face, right temporal lobe hemorrhage, and complex mandibular fractures with displacement. Mouth opening was<10 mm. Blood pressure was 106/71 mmHg, pulse 109, respirations 18, temperature 37.3°C, SpO2 100%. Chest and pelvic radiographs were normal and the there was increased anterior angulation of C4–C5 on the cervical spine film. Drug screen was positive for cocaine and alcohol. The initial plan was to perform awake tracheostomy with local anesthesia. However, the patient was uncooperative despite sedation and infiltration of local anesthesia. Sevoflurane, 1%, inspired in oxygen 100%, was administered via face mask. The concentration of sevoflurane was gradually increased to 4%, and loss of consciousness occurred within one minute. The patient breathed spontaneously and required gentle chin lift and jaw thrust. A cuffed tracheostomy tube was surgically inserted without complication. Blood gas showed pH 7.40, PCO2 35 mmHg, PO2 396 mmHg, hematocrit 33.6%. Diagnostic peritoneal lavage was negative. Pulmonary aspiration did not occur. Oxygenation and ventilation were maintained throughout the procedure. Conclusion: Continuous mask ventilation with sevoflurane is an appropriate technique when confronted with an uncooperative trauma patient with a difficult airway.
Heat shock factor 1-mediated thermotolerance prevents cell death and results in G2/M cell cycle arrest

Mammalian cells respond to environmental stress by activating heat shock transcription factors (eg, Hsf1) that regulate increased synthesis of heat shock proteins (Hsps). Hsps prevent the disruption of normal cellular mitosis, meiosis, or differentiation by environmental stressors. To further characterize this stress response, transformed wild-type Hsf1+/+ and mutant Hsf1-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were exposed to (1) lethal heat (45 degrees C, 60 minutes), (2) conditioning heat (43 degrees C, 30 minutes), or (3) conditioning followed by lethal heat. Western blot analysis demonstrated that only Hsf1+/+ MEFs expressed inducible Hsp70s and Hsp25 following conditioning or conditioning and lethal heat. Exposure of either Hsf1+/+ or Hsf1-/- MEFs to lethal heat resulted in cell death. However, if conditioning heat was applied 6 hours before lethal heat, more than 85% of Hsf1+/+ MEFs survived, and cells in G2/M transiently increased 3-fold. In contrast, conditioned Hsf1-/- MEFs neither survived lethal heat nor exhibited this G2/M accumulation. Coinfection with adenoviral Hsp70 and Hsp25 constructs did not fully recreate thermotolerance in either Hsf1+/+ or Hsf1-/- MEFs, indicating other Hsf1-mediated gene expression is required for complete thermotolerance. These results demonstrate the necessity of Hsf1-mediated gene expression for thermotolerance and the involvement of cell cycle regulation, particularly the G2/M transition, in this thermotolerant response.
Studies on the suppression of the immune response to a defined protein epitope by anti-idiotypic antibodies.

We have previously reported that C3H.SW (CSW) and A/J mice immunized with the tobacco mosaic virus protein (TMVP) produce antibodies to a decapeptide epitope corresponding to amino acid residues 103-112 of the protein. In the C3H.SW (CSW) strain, the antibodies to the decapeptide contain major crossreactive idiotope, C10-IdX, which is found on a CSW-derived monoclonal antidecapeptide antibody, designated as C10. The in vivo administration of anti-C10 antibodies suppresses the response to the decapeptide epitope in CSW mice. The present communication describes experiments designed to elucidate several parameters responsible for the suppression produced by the in vivo administration of anti-C10. It was found that 50 micrograms of anti-C10 was required to suppress the response to the decapeptide in CSW mice when 2 weeks elapsed between administration of the anti-C10 and immunization with TMVP; however, only 10 ng was required when one injection of antigen instead of two was administered and when the interval between treatment with anti-C10 and immunization was extended to 6 weeks. This suggests that the anti-C10 induces alterations in the idiotypic network which are not yet fully developed after 2 weeks. Furthermore, experiments presented herein demonstrate that decapeptide-binding antibodies from A/J mice, which lack the C10-IdX, were also suppressed by pretreatment with anti-C10. Interestingly, unlike the case with the CSW strain, the titer to TMVP was decreased by the administration of anti-C10 to A/J mice which were subsequently immunized with TMVP. These findings suggest that the polyclonal anti-C10 contains antibodies to an idiotype which is a major component of the overall anti-TMVP response of A/J mice and may be important in the overall regulation of the anti-TMVP response.
Gene-Specific Repair of γ-Ray-Induced DNA Strand Breaks in Colon Cancer Cells: No Coupling to Transcription and No Removal from the Mitochondrial Genome

Abstract We have measured gene-specific DNA damage and repair of alkaline-sensitive sites and DNA strand breaks after γ-irradiation. Although fairly high doses are used in order to introduce sufficient DNA damage, we find that there is efficient and almost complete repair within 2 h. Human colon cancer cells were exposed to γ-irradiation, and the repair was measured in various nuclear regions and in the mitochondrial genome. In the essential housekeeping gene, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), there was about 80% repair of the strand breaks after 2 h. There was no difference in the repair activities between the two individual DNA strands of the DHFR gene, and thus no evidence of strand bias, or transcription coupling of the repair process. There was no preferential repair of the DHFR gene compared to repair in an inactive, X-linked, noncoding gene. We can thus not detect any nuclear heterogeneity of the formation and repair of these lesions. In contrast, the formation and processing of γ-irradiation introduced lesions differ in the mitochondrial DNA. Here, we detect about twofold more alkaline-sensitive sites and strand breaks after γ-irradiation than observed in the DHFR gene. The repair of these lesions is deficient in the mitochondria, where only about 25% are removed within 2 h.
The Dimensions of Sustainability for Business

There has been a paradigm shift in business’ approach with respect to environmental responsibility. This change has resulted in a realization that profitability, consumer acceptance, and competitiveness can be advanced by pursuing sustainable initiatives in business practice. Sustainable business operations require effective leadership throughout the organization and cross‐functional business processes.
Mathematical models of nutrient recycling and toxin production in a gradostat

We discuss several gradostat models in which a microbial population excretes a dissolved toxin, which in some cases can get recycled back into the system as a nutrient source. Each mathematical model consists of six ordinary differential equations and represents the dynamics of harmful algal blooms in a two compartment gradostat, for example representing lakes with fringing coves. We examine three different modes of toxin production, related to the algal growth rate, mortality rate, and nutrient limitation, respectively. Local and global stability analysis of the equilibria predict that algal abundance and toxin concentration can be both washed out or both persist under different environmental conditions. All theoretical results are supported by a set of numerical simulations.
Megafauna community composition associated with Lophelia pertusa colonies in the Gulf of Mexico

The deep-water coral Lophelia pertusa provides habitat for diverse communities in the Gulf of Mexico. Photomosaics and analyses within a Geographic Information System (GIS) were used as non-destructive sampling tools to examine megafauna community composition associated with L. pertusa colonies on authigenic carbonate outcrops in two regions of the Gulf of Mexico. Megafauna communities associated with L. pertusa were more similar within a region than between regions. Within regions, the amount of dead coral, number of abiotic and biotic substrata, and percentage of live L. pertusa influenced the diversity, composition, and structure of the coral-associated communities. Elevated diversity levels in the communities associated with L. pertusa structure indicate that L. pertusa provides a distinct, localized habitat source. Outcrops with high proportions of dead L. pertusa harbored more higher order consumers than outcrops with primarily live coral framework.
Femoral Mechanical Response in Golfers with Total Hip or Hip Resurfacing Implants

Abstract This work investigates the stress response in the femur bone which has been modified to accommodate either a total hip replacement or hip resurfacing implant when the hips are subjected to peak loads during a golf swing. The objective is to provide a quantitative comparison of the stress shielding effects of both systems in order to support orthopedic recommendations regarding hip replacement or resurfacing for golfers. The peak loads of a golf swing are determined by applying kinematic relationships and Euler's equations to the lead leg using lead knee and ground reaction force data taken from existing literature. These loads are then applied to 3D Finite Element (FE) static models for the unmodified femur, the femur with a total hip implant, and the femur with a hip resurfacing implant. The FE models predict that both implants will result in significant Von Mises stress reductions along closed paths on proximal and distal femoral transverse planes, compared to normal bone. The Von Mises stress response of the implant systems do not differ by more than 7% for peak or mean stress magnitudes and gradients. FE predictions therefore indicate that, along closed contours, the stress shielding effects from each system may not differ significantly.
Taking Heart — Cardiac Transplantation Past, Present, and Future

Heart transplantation hit the international news with a splash in December 1967. Initial enthusiasm was quickly curbed, however, when it became evident that survival rates were usually measured in days or weeks. Dr. Sharon Hunt describes the advances that have produced an annual cohort of approximately 2000 new transplant recipients in the United States.
Reversibility of hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism associated with genetic haemochromatosis.

Summary OBJECTIVE Recent reports have suggested that hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism in men with genetic haemochromatosis can be reversed by aggressive venesection therapy. We have studied prospectively men with this complication of haemochromatosis in order to document the frequency and completeness of recovery from hypogonadism. PATIENTS AND DESIGN Six men with symptomatic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and genetic haemochromatosis were studied before beginning venesection therapy and again after depletion of body iron stores. MEASUREMENT Symptoms of hypogonadism, serum gonadotrophins and serum total and free testosterone concentrations. RESULTS Five men aged 47–66 showed no symptomatic improvement and no change in serum gonadotrophin or testosterone concentrations. The symptoms of one man, aged 33, resolved completely after venesection and this was accompanied by increases in serum LH and FSH. Serum total and free testosterone concentrations increased fourfold, but remained subnormal. CONCLUSION Only one partial recovery from hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism was seen and this was in the youngest subject. In reviewing the other documented cases of reversal it would appear that the age at diagnosis is critical and there are no proven cases of reversal of hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism in men over the age of 40 at the start of venesection therapy.
Management of Recurrent Rectal Prolapse: Surgical Approach Influences Outcome

Recurrent rectal prolapse is an unresolved problem and the optimal treatment is debated. This study was designed to review patterns of care and outcomes in a large cohort of patients after surgery for recurrent prolapse. From 685 patients who underwent operative repair for full-thickness external rectal prolapse, we identified 78 patients (70 females; mean age, 66.9 years) who underwent surgery for recurrence. We reviewed the subsequent management and outcomes for these 78 patients. Mean interval to their first recurrence was 33 (range, 1–168) months. There were significantly more re-recurrences after reoperation using a perineal procedure (19/51) compared with an abdominal procedure (4/27) for their recurrent rectal prolapse (P = 0.03) at a mean follow-up of nine (range, 1–82) months. Patients undergoing abdominal repair of recurrence were significantly younger than those who underwent perineal repair (mean age, 58.5 vs. 71.5 years; P < 0.01); however, there was nosignificant difference between the two groups with regard to the American Society of Anesthesiologists classification (P = 0.89). Eighteen patients had surgery for a second recurrence, with perineal repairs associated with higher failure rates (50 vs. 8 percent; P = 0.07). Finally, when combining all repairs, the abdominal approach continued to have significantly lower recurrence rates (39 vs. 13 percent; P < 0.01). The re-recurrence rate after surgery for recurrent rectal prolapse is high, even at a relatively short follow-up interval. Our data suggest that abdominal repair of recurrent rectal prolapse should be undertaken if the patient's risk profile permits this approach.
Atmospheric Bromine and Ozone Perturbations in the Lower Stratosphere

The role of bromine compounds in the photochemistry of the natural and perturbed stratosphere has been reexamined using an expanded reaction scheme and the results of recent laboratory studies of several key reactions. The most important finding is that through the reaction BrO + CIO → Br + Cl + O2, there is a synergistic effect between bromine and chlorine which results in an efficient catalytic destruction of ozone in the lower stratosphere. One-dimensional photochemical model results indicate that BrO is the major bromine species throughout the stratosphere, followed by BrONO2, HBr, HOBr and Br. We show from the foregoing that bromine is more efficient than chlorine as a catalyst for destroying ozone, and discuss the implications for stratospheric ozone of possible future growth in the industrial and agricultural use of bromine. Bromine concentrations of 20 pptv (2 × 10^−11), as suggested by recent observations, can decrease the present-day integrated ozone column density by 2.4%, and can enhance ozone depletion from steady-state chlorofluoromethane release at 1973 rates by a factor of 1.1–1.2.
Maximum snowfall at long-term stations in the U.S./Canadian Great Lakes

Heavy snowfalls can pose natural hazards in the North American Great Lakes region. Maximum annual snowfalls are presented from an extensive data base at 82 long-period-of-record stations. In the absence of site-specific information, these data should be useful to designers, planners, and resource managers in the region. A relationship exists between maximum snowfalls and latitude because the northern Great Lakes climate is cooler and drier than the climate of the southern Great Lakes. A relationship between longitude and maximum snowfalls appears to be based on the longitudinal variation of precipitable water vapor aloft. No apparent relationship exists between maximum snowfall and elevation when station data are analyzed without regard to data from lake-effect zones. However, when one lake-effect region was analyzed in detail, an orographic effect was clearly evident in both maximum and average annual snowfalls.
Effect of Error Correction Strategy on Speech Dictation Throughput

The eight participants in this experiment used two different commercially available speech recognition dictation systems to complete a variety of reading transcription tasks. Participants enrolled fully in both systems. They received training in two correction strategies for both systems: multimodal correction (voice plus mouse plus keyboard) and hands-free correction (voice-only), and used both strategies during the experiment. The key findings were:•Both dictation systems were equally accurate.•Throughput (corrected words per minute) was significantly (63%) faster using multimodal correction.•Speaking rates were the same for both systems and correction strategies, averaging around 105-110 utterances (words and commands) per minute.•Correction speeds for the multimodal correction strategy (13.2 seconds per correction) were significantly faster than (a little more than twice as fast as) those for hands-free correction (29.1 seconds per correction).•At the end of the experiment, participants indicated they...
The extreme capsule in humans and rethinking of the language circuitry

Experimental and imaging studies in monkeys have outlined various long association fiber pathways within the fronto-temporo-parietal region. In the present study, the trajectory of the extreme capsule (EmC) fibers has been delineated in five human subjects using DT-MRI tractography. The EmC seems to be a long association fiber pathway, which courses between the inferior frontal region and the superior temporal gyrus extending into the inferior parietal lobule. Comparison of EmC fibers with the adjacent association fiber pathway, the middle longitudinal fascicle (MdLF), in the same subjects reveals that EmC is located in a medial and rostral position relative to MdLF flanking in part the medial wall of the insula. The EmC can also be differentiated from other neighboring fiber pathways such as the external capsule, uncinate fascicle, arcuate fascicle, superior longitudinal fascicles II and III, and the inferior longitudinal fascicle. Given the location of EmC within the language zone, specifically Broca’s area in the frontal lobe, and Wernicke’s area in the temporal lobe and inferior parietal lobule, it is suggested that the extreme capsule could have a role in language function.
Role of Collagen Content and Cross-Linking in Large Pulmonary Arterial Stiffening During Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension

Chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) is associated with large, conduit pulmonary arterial (PA) remodeling, which is characterized by morphological changes such as accumulation of collagen and elastin and wall thickening1–4. It is estimated that large PA stiffening accounts for over a third of the right ventricular workload increase in pulmonary arterial hypertension5. In this disease state, conduit PA stiffness is a strong predictor of mortality6, 7.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Star Formation in Taurus-Auriga: The High-Mass Stars

The question of whether the star formation in the Tau-Aur clouds produces low-mass stars exclusively is considered. The paper identifies 29 B stars as possible kinematic members of the T association, and it is argued that the data are consistent with the existence of a single initial mass function (IMF) generating the low and high-mass stars. It is concluded that the Tau-Aur T association is related to the Cas-Tau OB association, and there is no evidence that the association IMF differs from the field star IMF.
Fertilizability and subsequent developmental ability of bovine oocytes matured in medium containing epidermal growth factor (EGF).

We have previously shown that epidermal growth factor (EGF) is capable of promoting maturation of bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes in chemically defined serum-free medium. In this study, fertilizability and subsequent developmental capacity of bovine oocytes matured in EGF-containing medium were evaluated. Fetal bovine serum (FBS, 10%) and EGF at 10 ng/ml in Dulbecco's modified Eagles medium with Ham's nutrient mixture F-12 (DMEF12) significantly increased the rate of formation of two pronuclei compared with the rate obtained from DME-F12 alone (P<0.05). Early embryonic development was assessed during 48 h in culture. Data were evaluated in terms of cleavage and four- to eight-cell formation. Oocytes matured in 10 ng/ml EGF showed significantly higher rates of cleavage (P<0.01) and four- to eight-cell formation than did oocytes matured in control medium (P<0.05). Bovine oocytes matured in the presence of EGF can be normally fertilized and can cleave and develop in vitro up to the eight-cell stage.
Economic antecedents of temporal variation in the incidence of ocular trauma.

PURPOSE To test the reciprocal risk hypothesis that the monthly number of unemployed persons in Alabama predicts: 1) the odds that a worker will suffer an ocular injury; and 2) the incidence of ocular injuries at home. METHODS Data from the United States Eye Injury Registry and from the Bureau of Labor Statistics are analyzed with time series methods to test the hypotheses. RESULTS As implied by the reciprocal risk hypothesis, the monthly odds of a worker reporting a job-related ocular injury decrease as the number of unemployed persons increases. The incidence of ocular injuries in the home, however, increases when the number of unemployed persons increases. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with theory and earlier research, the incidence of ocular injuries appears related to the performance of the economy. Unlike earlier research, however, we find a reciprocal risk between injuries at work and home. The findings suggest that public health efforts to prevent injuries could be made more effective by strategically sh...
The enigma of LIM domains

LIM domains are two-zinc-finger structures found in proteins that have diverse functions. They are proposed to be protein dimerization motifs that assemble protein complexes necessary for growth, development and adaptive responses.
THE FATE OF ANTIGEN (PROTEIN) IN AN ANIMAL IMMUNIZED AGAINST IT

When proteins such as horse serum or crystalline egg albumin which have been selected because they produce the phenomena of immunity are introduced into a normal animal they diffuse widely in the tissue, enter the blood stream, and are disseminated throughout the body. The same substances introduced into an immune animal are fixed at the site of entry and are not found in the blood. When protein is injected into the skin of an immune animal acute inflammation (Arthus phenomenon) occurs at the site of injection and brings about destruction of the foreign substance.
Enzymatic and immunohistochemical evaluation of tyrosine phosphorylation in breast cancer specimens.

Using a synthetic peptide substrate, tyrosine protein kinase (TPK) activity was measured in 21 tumors from patients with histologically confirmed breast cancer and in five normal breast tissues from patients undergoing reduction mammoplasty. In 20 of 21 cancer specimens, tumor was available to assess phosphotyrosine (PT) immunohistochemically. Breast cancer specimens possessed significantly more TPK activity than normal breast tissues (Cancer = 43.9 ± 3.1 pm/mg protein/min, [Mean ± S.E.M.]; Normal = 3.4 ± 0.9, p < 0.001). TPK activity was higher in the clinically more aggressive infiltrating ductal cancers compared to the less aggressive intraductal cancers (Infiltrating = 55.9 ± 5.8; Intraductal = 17.2 ± 3.4, p < 0.01). TPK activity in tumors with both infiltrating and intraductal histology was intermediate (34.0 ± 7.2). Significant correlation existed between membrane TPK enzymatic activity and PT expression by immunohistochemistry. There was no relationship between estrogen or progesterone receptor status and TPK activity or PT; however, TPK activity from node negative breast cancer tissue was significantly less than from node positive specimens (p < 0.01). We conclude that breast cancer specimens possess elevated amounts of TPK which correlate with PT expression, and that increased tyrosine phosphorylation appears to correlate with the biologic aggressiveness of the malignant tumor.
Extrapolating the mean-values of multiplicative functions

It is shown that certain commonly occurring conditions may be factored out of sums of multiplicative arithmetic functions. A function is arithmetic if it is defined on the positive integers. Those complex-valued arithmetic functions g which satisfy the relation g(ab) = g(a)g(b) for all coprime pairs of positive integers a, b are here called multiplicative. In this paper g will be a multiplicative function which satisfies |g(n)| ≤ 1 for all positive integers n.
Clay-Mineral Facies in Upper Jurassic Rocks in Northeastern Texas and Adjacent Parts of Louisiana and Arkansas: ABSTRACT

X-ray analyses of rotary-drill cuttings and cores of Upper Jurassic rocks show a distinct relation between clay-mineral suites and environments of deposition. Offshore marine shale and lagoonal-mudflat evaporitic mudstone contain chlorite and illite in a ratio of about 1:7. The chlorite is predominantly a high-iron variety in the marine shale and a low-iron variety in the lagoonal evaporitic mudstone. In most nonmarine mudstone there is no chlorite, but the rock contains kaolinite and illite in a ratio of about 1:7. Nearshore marine and transitional nonmarine shale and mudstone contain chlorite, kaolinite, and illite in ratios of 1:1:12. The degree of crystallinity of illite in the lagoonal-mudflat evaporitic mudstone is greater than in any of the shale or other mudstone. End_Page 524------------------------------ Although differentiation of clay suites of sandstone according to environment is not so pronounced, the pattern generally conforms with that found in shale and mudstone. However, significant differences exist in the relative amounts and in the degree of crystallinity of the minerals. The chlorite:kaolinite:illite ratio is about 2:1:3 for nonmarine sandstone and 1:1:4 for nearshore marine sandstone. All species of clay minerals in the sandstone are more crystalline than are those in the shale and mudstone. Chlorite probably enters the depositional basin in a cation-depleted condition and accepts Mg++ in the oxidizing environment of evaporitic mudflats and lagoons and Fe++ in the reducing environment that occurs after burial in the normal marine environment. The absence of chlorite in the nonmarine shale and of kaolinite in the offshore marine environment is the likely result of differential flocculation during sedimentation. The greater degree of crystallinity of the illite from mudstone in evaporitic rocks probably results from the increase in the availability of cations, particularly K+, in the evaporite brine. The complete lack of expandable-lattice clays may result from deep burial and accompanying incipient metamorphism. All processes, except differ ntial flocculation, probably did not occur until temperature and pressure rose to a significant level in response to increased depth of burial. End_of_Article - Last_Page 525------------
Cognitive impairment and preferences for current health

We assessed preferences for current health using the visual analogue scale (VAS), standard gamble (SG), time trade-off (TTO), and willingness to pay (WTP) in patients with cerebral aneurysms, a population vulnerable to cognitive deficits related to aneurysm bleeding or treatment. We measured VAS, SG, TTO, and WTP values for current health in 165 outpatients with cerebral aneurysms. We assessed cognitive impairment with the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE; scores < 24 = cognitive impairment). We examined the distributions of preference responses stratified by cognitive status, and the relationship between preferences and cognitive impairment, patient characteristics, and aneurysm history. Eleven patients (7%) had MMSE scores < 24. The distribution of preferences responses from patients with cognitive impairment had greater variance (SG, 0.39 vs. 0.21, P = 0.001; TTO, 0.36 vs. 0.24, P = 0.017) and altered morphology (VAS, P = 0.012; SG, P = 0.023) compared to the responses of unimpaired patients. There was good correlation between most preference measures for unimpaired patients (VAS:TTO, rho = 0.19, P = 0.018; SG:TTO, rho = 0.36, P < 0.001; SG:WTP, rho = -0.33, P < 0.001) and a trend towards significance with another pairing (VAS:WTP, rho = 0.16, P = 0.054). In subjects with cognitive impairment, there was a significant correlation only between VAS and TTO scores (rho = 0.76, P = 0.023). Separate regression models showed that cognitive impairment was associated with lower preferences on the VAS (β = -0.12, P = 0.048), SG (β = -0.23, P = 0.002), and TTO (β = -0.17, P = 0.035). Cognitive impairment is associated with lower preferences for current health in patients with cerebral aneurysms. Cognitively impaired patients have poor inter-preference test correlations and different response distributions compared to unimpaired patients.
An interactive multimedia framework for digital heritage narratives

The cultural heritage of a region is conveyed by both tangible physical artifacts and intangible aspects in the form of stories, dance styles, rituals, etc. Hitherto, the task of creating digital representations for each of these aspects has been addressed in isolation, i.e. using specific media most suited to the artifact such as video, audio, three-dimensional (3D) models, scanning, etc. The challenge of bringing together these separate elements to create a coherent story, however, has remained unaddressed until recently. In this paper we present a unified digital framework that enables the integration of disparate representations of heritage elements into a holistic entity. Our approach results in a compelling and engaging narration that affords a unified user experience. Our solution supports both active (user-controlled explorations) and passive (watching pre-orchestrated narrations) user interactions. We demonstrate the capabilities of our framework through a qualitative user study based on two rich interactive narratives built using our framework: (1) history and folklore surrounding a temple in South India, and (2) a historical account of an educational institution also in South India.
COMPARISON OF CONVENTIONAL PLATING AND SIMPLATE METHODS FOR ENUMERATION OF AEROBIC MICROORGANISMS, COLIFORM AND ESCHERICHIA COLI IN FARM ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES

The objective of this study was to compare conventional plating to SimPlate methods for enumeration of aerobic microorganisms, coliforms and Escherichia coli in samples from farm animals and their environment. Samples evaluated included rectal swabs, fecal material, bedding, litter and feed and soil from beef and dairy cattle, swine and poultry farms. Standard method agar pour plating and conventional violet red bile agar with 4-methylumbelliferyl b-D-glucuronide were compared to the SimPlate total plate count-color indicator method for aerobic counts and the SimPlate coliform and E. coli color indicator method for total coliforms and E. coli counts, respectively. Overall, the SimPlate methods produced counts that were not significantly different (P 0.05) from those of the conventional methods. Population counts from the SimPlate methods were highly correlated with colony-forming unit counts from the conventional methods with r = 0.90, 0.94 and 0.94 for aerobic counts, total coliforms and E. coli, respectively. Thus, the data from this study indicate that SimPlate methods are comparable and reliable for enumeration of aerobic microorganisms, coliforms and E. coli in environmental farm samples.
Design of synthetic yeast promoters via tuning of nucleosome architecture

Model-based design of biological parts is a critical goal of synthetic biology, especially for eukaryotes. Here we demonstrate that nucleosome architecture can have a role in defining yeast promoter activity and utilize a computationally-guided approach that can enable both the redesign of endogenous promoter sequences and the de novo design of synthetic promoters. Initially, we use our approach to reprogram native promoters for increased expression and evaluate their performance in various genetic contexts. Increases in expression ranging from 1.5- to nearly 6-fold in a plasmid-based system and up to 16-fold in a genomic context were obtained. Next, we demonstrate that, in a single design cycle, it is possible to create functional, purely synthetic yeast promoters that achieve substantial expression levels (within the top sixth percentile among native yeast promoters). In doing so, this work establishes a unique DNA-level specification of promoter activity and demonstrates predictive design of synthetic parts.
Parent Involvement and Science Achievement: A Cross-Classified Multilevel Latent Growth Curve Analysis

ABSTRACTThe authors examined science achievement growth at Grades 3, 5, and 8 and parent school involvement at the same time points using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Kindergarten Class of 1998–1999. Data were analyzed using cross-classified multilevel latent growth curve modeling with time invariant and varying covariates. School-based involvement did not predict students’ initial science achievement status or their growth trajectory. Gender, race/ethnicity, parent's socioeconomic status, and school's percentage of free lunch eligible students were better predictors of intercept or slope. Findings indicated that students with lower initial science achievement scores had a faster rate of growth across time. Therefore, the science achievement gap narrows over time.
Practice-Based Research Networks, Part II: A Descriptive Analysis of the Athletic Training Practice-Based Research Network in the Secondary School Setting

Context: Analysis of health care service models requires the collection and evaluation of basic practice characterization data. Practice-based research networks (PBRNs) provide a framework for gat...
The effect of rain on ASCAT observations of the sea surface radar cross section using simultaneous 3-d NEXRAD rain measurements

The ADVANCED Wind Scatterometer (ASCAT) instrument is now the principal resource for oceanographers and meteorologists needing timely observations of ocean vector winds across the globe, using an active microwave sensor. This is one of the instruments operated by the European Space Agency (ESA)/European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), on the METOP-A satellite. This is a six-antenna beam radar which operates with vertical polarization at 5.3 Ghz. The retrieval of wind speed and direction for each surface cell area requires the accurate estimation of the radar cross section (RCS) from three antenna beams. The processed returned signals result in an operational product with 50 km resolution on a 25 km grid. When a rain event is being observed by ASCAT, these 50 km cells will contain a wide range of spatial variability of the precipitation. This circumstance creates a challenge for a quantitative assessment of the effect of the rain on the measured radar cross section as a function of surface wind speed, and for then utilizing this knowledge for more accurate wind speed and direction estimation.
Dopamine agonists disrupt visual latent inhibition in normal males using a within-subject paradigm.

Latent inhibition (LI) is the delayed learning of an association when the conditioned stimulus has previously been experienced out of the context of that association. LI can be measured across species and has been used to understand the neurobiology of schizophrenia, since some reports suggest that schizophrenia patients exhibit LI deficits. One challenge of LI studies in humans has resulted from the fact that LI paradigms have almost uniformly involved between-subject comparisons. We now report a new within-subject paradigm that detected LI in normal adult male subjects after ingestion of a placebo. After amphetamine (20 mg p.o.) or bromocriptine (1.25 mg p.o.), LI was not evident, suggesting that the LI detected by this paradigm is sensitive to disruption by dopamine agonists. The apparent advantages and limitations of this paradigm are discussed with regard to its future use in understanding the neural basis of reported LI deficits in schizophrenia.
Fractional Sturm-Liouville eigen-problems

We first consider a regular fractional Sturm-Liouville problem of two kinds RFSLP-I and RFSLP-II of order ? ? ( 0 , 2 ) . The corresponding fractional differential operators in these problems are both of Riemann-Liouville and Caputo type, of the same fractional order µ = ? / 2 ? ( 0 , 1 ) . We obtain the analytical eigensolutions to RFSLP-I & -II as non-polynomial functions, which we define as Jacobi poly-fractonomials. These eigenfunctions are orthogonal with respect to the weight function associated with RFSLP-I & -II. Subsequently, we extend the fractional operators to a new family of singular fractional Sturm-Liouville problems of two kinds, SFSLP-I and SFSLP-II. We show that the primary regular boundary-value problems RFSLP-I & -II are indeed asymptotic cases for the singular counterparts SFSLP-I & -II. Furthermore, we prove that the eigenvalues of the singular problems are real-valued and the corresponding eigenfunctions are orthogonal. In addition, we obtain the eigen-solutions to SFSLP-I & -II analytically, also as non-polynomial functions, hence completing the whole family of the Jacobi poly-fractonomials. In numerical examples, we employ the new poly-fractonomial bases to demonstrate the exponential convergence of the approximation in agreement with the theoretical results.
Developmental expression and localization of petunia glycine-rich protein 1.

An anti-petunia glycine-rich protein 1 (ptGRP1) antibody was used for biotin-streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase localization of this protein. In petunia stem and leaves grown under different light conditions, these studies revealed a complex pattern of cell localization for this protein. Levels of ptGRP1 were shown to decrease with developmental age of the tissue, appearing to correlate directly with expansive growth and inversely with lignification. Significantly, plants grown under low light (approximately 32 mumol m-2 sec-1 at noon) showed at least an eightfold increased level of ptGRP1 protein throughout ptGRP19s expression period when compared to plants grown under higher light (approximately 80 mumol m-2 sec-1 at noon). Evidence also indicated that for one cell type in which ptGRP1 is localized, this protein is imported rather than synthesized. In addition, confocal microscopy studies suggested that ptGRP1 is deposited at the cell wall/membrane interface rather than within the cell wall.
Auctions with untrustworthy bidders

The paper analyzes auctions which are not completely enforceable. In such auctions, the winning bidders may fail to carry out their obligations, and parties involved cannot rely on external enforcement or control mechanisms for backing up a transaction. We propose two mechanisms that make bidders directly or indirectly reveal their trustworthiness. The first mechanism is based on discriminating bidding rules that separate trustworthy from untrustworthy bidders. That is, the auctioneer offers two types of auction rules which are designed so that all trustworthy bidders choose one bidding rule, while untrustworthy bidders choose another. This allows the auctioneer to discover trustworthy bidders and to transact with them. The second mechanism is a generalization of the Vickrey auction to the case of untrustworthy bidders. We prove that, if the winner is considered to have the trustworthiness of the second-highest bidder, truthfully declaring one's trustworthiness becomes a dominant strategy. We expect the proposed mechanisms to reduce the cost of trust management and to help agent designers avoid many market failures caused by lack of trust.
Modelling Microstructiure in Materials that Contain Anisotropic Particles

Abstract : The spontaneous alignment of molecules in liquid crystalline solutions is characteristic of other materials that contain rodlike particles. We are developing a model to predict the evolution of microstructure in these systems. Its starting point is Flory's thermodynamic analysis of liquid crystalline phase separation. Our preferred method dispenses with the traditional lattice model in favor of a Monte Carlo simulation to calculate entropy. Some advantages and consequences of our approach are explored in this paper.
Estimation of Spectral Moments for Weather Echoes

Estimators of echo signal power, mean Doppler velocity, and spectrum width are investigated. Maximum likelihood (ML) solutions can improve the estimate variances by an order of magnitude over those by the autocovariance or the Fourier method. However, the required computations are excessive for routine implementations on weather radars. Spectrum power estimation together with two conventional methods of mean Doppler and width estimation are reviewed. Several results previously not available are presented.
For a successful ASD installation . . .look beyond the electronics

The planning of power plant fan installations is described, focusing on a consideration that is presently lacking in the technical literature, i.e. that electrical and mechanical design of drive components must suit wiring practices based on recognized industry standards. Safety grounding, medium-voltage cable termination, cable training, and electrical clearances are involved. The design shortcomings found during installation of several large 4 kV drives are explained, and the corrective actions taken (including the revision of specifications for later drive projects) are described. >
Who cares about relative status? A quantile approach to consumption of relative house size

ABSTRACTI estimate the willingness to pay (WTP) to live in a house near neighbours with relatively smaller (or larger) houses using housing transaction data. I find that consumers in the 50th and 75th percentile are willing to pay the most for an increase in relative housing consumption while consumers in the lower percentiles and the highest percentile yield a smaller, and statistically insignificant, WTP. This gives evidence to popular media reports that the middle class values relative status the most.