cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of water-column anoxia on the elemental fractionation of carbon and phosphorus during sediment diagenesis

Abstract Organic carbon oxidation and benthic total phosphorus flux measurements from sites covering a range of bottom-water oxygen concentrations have been compiled. The data show that P regeneration relative to carbon oxidation is much more extensive in sediments overlain by oxygen-depleted waters. These results are consistent with studies showing that low oxygen bottom-water concentrations correlate with reduced total phosphorus burial efficiencies and enhanced organic carbon burial efficiencies. Based on these observations a positive feedback is proposed between water-column anoxia, enhanced benthic phosphorus regeneration, and marine productivity. This feedback may help explain the widespread accumulation of organic-rich marine sediments from anoxic waters observed in the geologic record.
Feedforward, feedback and inhibitory connections in primate visual cortex

Visual cortical circuits are organized at multiple levels of complexity including cortical areas, layers and columns, and specific cell types within these modules. Making sense of the functions of these circuits from anatomical observations requires linking these circuits to function at each of these levels of complexity. Observations of these relationships have become increasingly sophisticated over the last several decades, beginning with correlations between the connectivities and functions of various visual cortical areas and progressing toward cell type-specificity. These studies have informed current views about the functional interactions between cortical areas and modules and the mechanisms by which fine scale microcircuits influence interactions at more coarse levels of organization.
Impact of Episodic Warming Events

Lakes in the Taylor Valley, Antarctica were investigated to determine the impact of a significant air temperature warming event that occurred during the austral summer of 2001–2002. The warming in the valleys caused an increase in glacial run-off, record stream discharge, an increase in lake levels, and thinning of the permanent ice covers. These changes in the physical environment drove subsequent changes in the biogeochemistry of the lakes. Primary production in West Lake Bonney during the flood was reduced 23% as a consequence of stream induced water column turbidity. Increased nutrient levels within the lakes occurred in the year following the temperature induced high flow year. For example, soluble reactive phosphorus loading to Lake Fryxell was four-fold greater than the long-term average loading rates. These high nutrient levels corresponded to an increase in primary production in the upper water columns of Lakes Bonney and Fryxell. Depth integrated chlorophyll-a values increased 149% in East Lake Bonney, 48% in West Lake Bonney, and showed little change in Lake Fryxell; chlorophyll-a in Lake Hoare decreased 18% compared to long-term averages recorded as part of our ten year monitoring program, presumably from a reduction in under-ice PAR caused by increased sediment loads on the ice cover. Overall the warming event served to “recharge” the ecosystem with liquid water and associated nutrients. Such “floods” may play an important role in the long-term maintenance of liquid water in these dry valley lakes.
Performance changes in human conditioning as a function of shifts in the magnitude of attitudinal reinforcement

Ss (N = 40) performed an instrumental response and were given either a large magnitude of reinforcement (agreement on high-interest items) or a small magnitude of reinforcement (agreement on low-interest items). Preshift response speeds indicated that agreement on high-interest items led to significantly faster responding (p <.05). Half of the Ss in each group were shifted to the opposite reward magnitude. Ss switched to the opposite reward magnitude showed the appropriate increase (p <.025) and decrease in response speeds (p <.01). The results were interpreted as additional support for the reinforcement theory of attraction.
Mixed Picture of Readiness for Adoption of Evidence-Based Prevention Programs in Communities: Exploratory Surveys of State Program Delivery Systems

An emerging literature highlights the potential for broader dissemination of evidence-based prevention programs in communities through existing state systems, such as the land grant university Extension outreach system and departments of public education and health (DOE–DPH). This exploratory study entailed surveying representatives of the national Extension system and DOE–DPH, to evaluate dissemination readiness factors, as part of a larger project on an evidence-based program delivery model called PROSPER. In addition to assessing systems’ readiness factors, differences among US regions and comparative levels of readiness between state systems were evaluated. The Extension web-based survey sample N was 958 and the DOE–DPH telephone survey N was 338, with response rates of 23 and 79 %, respectively. Extension survey results suggested only a moderate level of overall readiness nationally, with relatively higher perceived need for collaborative efforts and relatively lower perceived resource availability. There were significant regional differences on all factors, generally favoring the Northeast. Results from DOE–DPH surveys showed significantly higher levels for all readiness factors, compared with Extension systems. Overall, the findings present a mixed picture. Although there were clear challenges related to measuring readiness in complex systems, addressing currently limited dissemination resources, and devising strategies for optimizing readiness, all systems showed some readiness-related strengths.
Increasing temperature forcing reduces the Greenland Ice Sheet’s response time scale

Damages from sea level rise, as well as strategies to manage the associated risk, hinge critically on the time scale and eventual magnitude of sea level rise. Satellite observations and paleo-data suggest that the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) loses mass in response to increased temperatures, and may thus contribute substantially to sea level rise as anthropogenic climate change progresses. The time scale of GIS mass loss and sea level rise are deeply uncertain, and are often assumed to be constant. However, previous ice sheet modeling studies have shown that the time scale of GIS response likely decreases strongly with increasing temperature anomaly. Here, we map the relationship between temperature anomaly and the time scale of GIS response, by perturbing a calibrated, three-dimensional model of GIS behavior. Additional simulations with a profile, higher-order, ice sheet model yield time scales that are broadly consistent with those obtained using the three-dimensional model, and shed light on the feedbacks in the ice sheet system that cause the time scale shortening. Semi-empirical modeling studies that assume a constant time scale of sea level adjustment, and are calibrated to small preanthropogenic temperature and sea level changes, may underestimate future sea level rise. Our analysis suggests that the benefits of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, in terms of avoided sea level rise from the GIS, may be greatest if emissions reductions begin before large temperature increases have been realized. Reducing anthropogenic climate change may also allow more time for design and deployment of risk management strategies by slowing sea level contributions from the GIS.
Rice to shrimp: Land use/land cover changes and soil degradation in Southwestern Bangladesh

Abstract This paper examines the impact of shrimp farming on rice ecosystem in a village in Southwestern Bangladesh. The village Damarpota has experienced transformation of 274 ha (79%) of its prime quality rice fields into shrimp farms during the period between 1985 and 2003. Prolonged shrimp farming for 5-, 10-, and 15-year period has increased soil salinity, acidity, and depleted soil Ca, K, Mg, and organic C content of all three types of soils in the villages to a variable degree and caused soil degradation that significantly affected the rice yield. Declined yield and acreage of rice jointly reduced the total production of rice and animal fodder. Soil degradation and loss of acreage under rice have threatened the sustainability of the village rice ecosystem.
Anticonvulsant teratogenesis 5: Observer bias in a cohort study

BACKGROUND The most common physical effects of prenatal exposure to the anticonvulsant drugs phenytoin and phenobarbital are midface and digit hypoplasia. These features are subjective in nature, which makes their detection vulnerable to any bias the examiner has, such as an increased expectation that the infant being examined has been exposed prenatally to an anticonvulsant drug. The purpose of this analysis was to determine whether or not there was evidence of observer bias in the detection of presumed anticonvulsant drug-related physical features. METHODS The presence or absence of three groups of features were compared: 1) midface hypoplasia, such as anteverted nostrils; 2) digit hypoplasia, e.g., tapered fingers, and 3) other features, e.g., prominent occiput, not known to be affected by exposure to anticonvulsants. These infants were examined by one masked physician examiner, using a study protocol, in three time periods: in two similar time periods, the masked examiner knew that one in four (25%) of the infants to be examined had been exposed to an anticonvulsant drugs; in the third time period, the chance was 50%. RESULTS The frequencies of the subjective features of midface (odds ratio [OR] = 2.6) and digit hypoplasia (OR = 3.9), but not the other features, were significantly more common in the time periods when the masked examiner knew that there was a 50% chance of exposure to anticonvulsant drugs, compared to the time periods when there was a 25% chance. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest the effect of observer bias. In addition, there was evidence of context bias, meaning that a study that focuses on determining the presence of specific features will identify them more often. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 67:452–456, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fatigue and Static Testing of Concrete Slabs

Fully supported concrete slabs (FSS) were constructed and tested under static and cyclic loading in the laboratory. Deflection, strain, and load data were acquired for each slab test. The results of the FSS fatigue tests were plotted as the stress ratio (bending stress in the slab divided by the concrete modulus of rupture) versus the number of cycles to failure. FSS had a resistance to fatigue 30 percent higher than simply supported beams (SSB). For the same number of cycles to failure, concrete slabs could sustain a stress level 30 percent higher relative to beams. The concrete modulus of rupture from an SSB was found not representative of the true strength of an FSS. FSS tests under static load had a flexural strength 30 percent higher than the concrete modulus of rupture from a SSB test configuration. When the actual slab strength under static loading was accounted for in the stress ratio, the fatigue curves for concrete beams and slabs were essentially identical. Strain gauges indicated that plastic ...
Structure and Synthesis of Milk Fat. IV. Role of the Mammary Gland with Special Reference to the Cholesterol Esters

Summary The extent to which milk lipids are synthesized within the mammary gland is not known. The objective of the research was to provide a better definition of what the gland accomplishes, as distinguished from what may be contributed by lipid metabolism in the rest of the body. Using intramammary infusion of both labeled and unlabeled fatty acids, it was demonstrated that cholesterol esters, glycerides, and phospholipids of milk are all made from fatty acids within the gland. Diverse evidence from this and other studies suggests that most, if not all, of the ester lipids of milk are synthesized from a common pool of fatty acids within the mammary gland. A remarkably active metabolic role is indicated for the cholesterol esters of milk. In the case of both labeled (palmitate-1-C 14 ) and unlabeled (linoleate) infusates, uptake by the cholesterol ester fraction was more intense and, by tracer, more rapid than for the glycerides or phospholipids. Some compositional data on cholesterol esters of milk are also presented.
Characterization of a high-molecular-weight form of epidermal growth factor in an extract of human urine.

Abstract We purified from a side fraction of the commercial preparation of urokinase from large volumes of human urine a high-molecular-weight (HMW) form of human epidermal growth factor (hEGF). Sequence analysis of the amino terminus of the intact molecule and of two tryptic fragments and carboxypeptidase Y analysis revealed the molecule to correspond to residues 828–1023 of the hEGF precursor predicted by the nucleotide sequence of human renal hEGF mRNA, with hEGF forming its carboxyl terminus. HMW hEGF bound poorly to concanavalin A-agarose, quite avidly to wheat germ lectinagarose, and completely to phenyl boronate-agarose, suggesting that it was O-glyco-sylated. Sephacryl S-200 chromatography of freshly-voided urine revealed mostly hEGF, with smaller amounts of a much higher molecular weight hEGF, but little material that was the size of the HMW hEGF we characterized. The large fragment we characterized presumably is cleaved from the larger form by enzyme(s) present in urine during the collection, storage, and processing of urine. We have confirmed that hEGF is synthesized as a large precursor molecule, as predicted by the nucleotide sequence of hEGF mRNA.
Urinary tract obstruction: ureteral stents--weighing up the risks and benefits.

The use of ureteral stents is an integral part of the surgical management of upper tract urinary lithiasis. Recent evidence suggests that stenting after “uncomplicated” ureteroscopic lithotripsy could be unnecessary, but what constitutes an “uncomplicated” case, and is this evidence convincing enough to change current practice?
Problems in financial engineering: optimal active management fees

We consider the problem of a mutual fund manager that maximizes the present value of expected fees and has to decide the level of fee to impose on the fund. The fee will be paid by a risk averse investor that maximizes expected utility over final wealth. This investor can invest either in an indexed fund or in a managed fund. The manager has superior ability and, as a result of it, the fund offers a higher expected return. However, the investor has incomplete information about the ability of the fund manager. The investor has priors about this ability that are upgraded according to the performance of the fund. At some optimal level, the investor decides to switch from the market portfolio to the mutual fund. Our problem does not have a closed form solution, but we can compute optimal fees, using simulation.
The Intellectual Foundation of Information Organization

Instant electronic access to digital information is the single most distinguishing attribute of the information age. The elaborate retrieval mechanisms that support such access are a product of technology. But technology is not enough. The effectiveness of a system for accessing information is a direct function of the intelligence put into organizing it. Just as the practical field of engineering has theoretical physics as its underlying base, the design of systems for organizing information rests on an intellectual foundation. The subject of this book is the systematized body of knowledge that constitutes this foundation.Integrating the disparate disciplines of descriptive cataloging, subject cataloging, indexing, and classification, the book adopts a conceptual framework that views the process of organizing information as the use of a special language of description called a bibliographic language. The book is divided into two parts. The first part is an analytic discussion of the intellectual foundation of information organization. The second part moves from generalities to particulars, presenting an overview of three bibliographic languages: work languages, document languages, and subject languages. It looks at these languages in terms of their vocabulary, semantics, and syntax. The book is written in an exceptionally clear style, at a level that makes it understandable to those outside the discipline of library and information science.Digital Libraries and Electronic Publishing series
Lateral phase separations in binary mixtures of phospholipids having different charges and different crystalline structures

Abstract Synthetic dipalmitoyl phosphatidylserine exhibits a sharp chain-melting transition temperature at 51° C as judged by partitioning of the spin label 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl. Phase diagrams representing lateral phase separations in binary mixtures of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylserine with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine as well as with dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine are derived from paramagnetic resonance determinations of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine-1-oxyl partitioning, freeze-fracture electron microscopic studies and theoretical arguments that limit the general form of acceptable phase diagrams. The reported phase diagrams are the first to describe binary mixtures in which one lipid is charged and the second lipid uncharged. These phase diagrams also are the first to include the problem of solid phases with different crystalline conformations as it relates to the occurrence of a pretransition in phosphatidylcholines and its absence in phosphatidylserines. In addition to the phase diagrams reported here for these two binary mixtures, a brief theoretical discussion is given of other possible phase diagrams that may be appropriate to other lipid mixtures with particular consideration given to the problem of crystalline phases of different structures and the possible occurrence of second-order phase transitions in these mixtures.
Highly Conductive SrVO3 as a Bottom Electrode for Functional Perovskite Oxides

Stoichiometric SrVO3 thin films grown by hybrid molecular beam epitaxy are demonstrated, meeting the stringent requirements of an ideal bottom electrode material. They display an order of magnitude lower room temperature resistivity and superior chemical stability, compared to the commonly employed SrRuO3 , as well as atomically smooth surfaces. Excellent structural compatibility with perovskite and related structures renders SrVO3 a high performance electrode material with the potential to promote the creation of new functional oxide electronic devices.
Introducing Theranostics Journal - From the Editor-in-Chief

Theranostics is a multidisciplinary journal that publishes innovative and original research papers reflecting the field of molecular imaging, molecular therapeutics, multifunctional nanoparticle platforms, image-guided therapy, and translational nanomedicine. A broad spectrum of biomedical research that can be applied to future theranostic applications is encouraged.
Education for Specific Needs Company-Sponsored Courses

An electric public utility, facing a necessary change in organization structure and a continuing problem of managerial replacements, discovered a dearth of managers immediately capable of assuming larger responsibilities. A full-scale inventory of managerial resources was undertaken, and a four-pronged appraisal tool was used to produce composite individual appraisals. A comparison of appraisals with position specifications revealed numerous instances of potential ability and aptitude, but inadequate present knowledge of the concepts and skills of business management, as well as frequent cases of unfamiliarity with the complex factors involved in applying economic analysis to engineering decisions. Exploration of personal histories revealed that, in such instances, neither undergraduate education nor postbaccalaureate experience had been sufficient to insure competence in the managerial and economic areas. Establishment of a 4-week school dealing with management concepts; evening seminars dealing with the skills of leadership, communications, decision making, and delegation; and a 30-hour course in engineering economics were among the internal developmental activities undertaken by the company to provide an effective solution to some of its most pressing problems of employee education and development.
Statistical modeling of seedling mortality

Seedling mortality in tree populations limits population growth rates and controls the diversity of forests. To learn about seedling mortality, ecologists use repeated censuses of forest quadrats to determine the number of tree seedlings that have survived from the previous census and to find new ones. Typically, newly found seedlings are marked with flags. But flagging is labor intensive and limits the spatial and temporal coverage of such studies. The alternative of not flagging has the advantage of ease but suffers from two main disadvantages. It complicates the analysis and loses information. The contributions of this article are (i) to introduce a method for using unflagged census data to learn about seedling mortality and (ii) to quantify the information loss so ecologists can make informed decisions about whether to flag. Based on presented results, we believe that not flagging is often the preferred alternative. The labor saved by not flagging can be used to better advantage in extending the coverage of the study.
Shift from pStat6 to pStat3 predominance is associated with inflammatory bowel disease-associated dysplasia.

Background: Activated Stat3 is an important mediator of oncogenesis in the colon. To test the hypothesis that select Stat activation and/or the pattern of Stat activation serves as a marker for early neoplastic transformation, we examined the distribution of activated Stat1(pStat1), Stat6(pStat6), and Stat3(pStat3) in colitis along the continuum of inactive disease to colitis-associated cancer. Methods: Tissue microarrays were constructed using colonoscopy biopsy and surgical specimens from 67 patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn's colitis and 11 controls. In all, 111 sets of samples were analyzed representing normal tissue, active disease, low-grade dysplasia, high-grade dysplasia, and colitis-associated cancer. Immunohistochemistry to detect pStat1, pStat6, and pStat3 in colonic epithelial and mucosal immune cells was then correlated with clinical and pathological data (tumor location, histologic type, grade, and lymph node involvement). Results: In 50% of colitis-associated cancer samples, pStat3 was detected prominently in epithelial cells, where it was routinely associated with intense pStat3 staining in surrounding immune cells. Stat3 activation was greater in low-grade tumors than in high-grade ones (P < 0.05). pStat6 expression was more common in normal tissues than in colitis-associated cancer (P < 0.05). pStat1 was detected in a small subset of immune cells in patients with chronic inactive and active colitis, low- and high-grade dysplasia, but not in colitis-associated cancer. Conclusions: pStat3 may be a marker for neoplastic transformation in patients with colitis. A shift from predominant immune cell Stat6 activation to Stat3 activation accompanies the onset of dysplasia with concomitant increased epithelial cell Stat3 activation in a subset of patients. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011;)
Electron Microscope Visualization of Multiphase Fluids Contained in Closed Carbon Nanotubes

Aqueous multiphase fluids trapped in closed multiwall carbon nanotubes are visualized with high resolution using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The hydrothermally synthesized nanotubes have inner diameter of 70 nm and wall thickness 20 nm, on average. The nanotubes are hydrophilic due to oxygen groups attached on their wall surfaces. Segregated liquid inclusions contained in the nanotubes under high pressure can be mobilized by heating. A resistive heating stage is utilized to heat a thin membrane inside a nanotube, causing the membrane to evaporate slowly and eventually pinch off. Focused electron beam heating is employed as a second means of thermal stimulation, which results in localized heating. With the latter method, gas/liquid interface motion is observed inside the thin channel of a carbon nanotube. Experiments like the ones presented herein may help understand the dynamics of fluids contained in nanoscale channels.
Lovastatin therapy in familial dysbetalipoproteinemia: Effects on kinetics of apolipoprotein B

Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia is characterized by hyperlipidemia, increases in beta-migrating, very low density lipoproteins (beta-VLDL), and homozygosity for apolipoprotein E2 (apo E2). In this study, 3 patients with familial dysbetalipoproteinemia were treated with lovastatin, and kinetics for apolipoprotein B (apo B) were determined in control and drug treatment periods. Multicompartmental analyses of apo B kinetics in VLDL and in low density lipoproteins (LDL) were carried out. Lovastatin therapy generally lowered plasma concentrations of apo B and cholesterol in VLDL and LDL. The reductions in concentrations were due mainly to a decrease in transport (production) rates for these fractions. Indeed, the fractional clearance rate (FCR) for LDL-apo B was reduced during lovastatin therapy. The decreased transport rate for VLDL-apo B and LDL-apo B could have been due to an inhibition of the synthesis of lipoproteins containing apo B. An alternate explanation is that lovastatin promoted direct removal of a rapidly-catabolized fraction of VLDL-apo B that is a precursor for longer-lived lipoproteins in the circulation; this mechanism could decrease input rates of identifiable lipoprotein species and retard their clearance because of "saturation" of LDL receptors by more rapidly removed lipoproteins. Finally, both mechanisms, i.e., decreased production and increased clearance of lipoproteins, may have contributed to the fall in VLDL-apo B and LDL-apo B concentrations during lovastatin therapy.
EFFECT OF THYROXIN ON THE INSULIN CONTENT OF THE RATS PANCREAS1

WITHIN RECENT YEARS various hormones have been found to affect the insulin content of the rat's pancreas. Marks, Young and coworkers, as well as Soong, have clearly demonstrated that pituitary extracts may increase pan-creatic insulin (1, 2). It has since been shown that this property is due to the lact-genie hormone,2 while the growth hormone shows the opposite action of decreasing pancreatic insulin (3). The English workers have further demonstrated that estrogens increase the insulin content of rat pancreas (5, 6), an effect which has since been interpreted as mediated by the pituitary (7). Concerning an interrelationship between the thyroid and the pancreas, various claims have been made (8, 9). It was therefore decided to study the effect of thyroxin on pancreatic insulin content. The thyroid hormone is known to show variable effects dependent upon the dose administered. Thus at low doses it synergiz,es with growth hormone while at high doses it causes loss of weight
Orbital precession in Hercules X-1

It is noted that the 35-day X-ray high-low cycle of Her X-1 could be explained in terms of periodic obscuration of the source by a tilted and precessing 'slaved' accretion disk, which would require precession of the mass-shedding star and, consequently, a precessing binary orbit. Four months of Uhuru data obtained in 1972 are analyzed to determine whether the orbital precession can be detected as a Doppler modulation in the arrival times of the 1.24-sec X-ray pulsations. The precession geometry is examined, the test for precession is outlined, and a marginally significant indication of orbital precession in the Hz Her/Her X-1 system is obtained. Possible biases in the analysis are evaluated, and the spin-axis misalignment of HZ Her is estimated from the measured tilt of the orbit.
161: Pathomechanisms of anemia in chronic renal failure (CRF)

Erythrocyte life-span (ELS) was determined in 16 children with CRF on conservative treatment (CT) and 6 children on regular haemodialysis (HD). Intestinal blood loss was measured during 5-6 days in 4 CT and 6 HD children. Blood loss in the HD equipment (parallel flow dialyzer Gambro) was determined in 6 children at the end of 3 consecutive HD sessions (each 8-10 hrs.) after reperfusion with air and 0.9% NaCl. For all measurements labeling of red blood cells with acetylacetonate mediated 111Indium was used, the advantage of this isotope being a high counting yield and a physical half-life of only 2.8 days. On CT, ELS (M±SD) was significantly lower in the group with BUN > 60 mg% (61 ± 18%) vs. the group with BUN < 60 mg% (76+12 %)vs. adult controls (100%). On HD ELS was 74±17 %. No correlations were found between ELS and serum creatinine or bicarbonate. Intestinal blood loss amounted to 6.7±2.5 on CT and 11.1±1.2 ml/day on HD. Blood loss in tne equipment used for HD was 9.2±5.1 ml per dialysis (25 % in dialyser, 51% in connecting tubing system, 24 % in swabs by cannulation). In conclusion, besides bone marrow dysfunction, haemolysis and blood loss by intestine and by trapping in equipment used for HD contribute essentially to the anemia observed in CRF.
A comparative cost function approach to edge detection

Edge detection is cast as a problem in cost minimization. The concept of an edge that is based on criteria such as accurate localization, thinness, continuity, and length is described. On the basis of this description, a comparative cost function that mathematically captures the intuitive idea of an edge is formulated. The function uses information from both image data and local edge structure in evaluating the relative quality of pairs of edge configurations. The function is a linear combination of weighted cost factors. Computation of the function is performed efficiently by organizing information in the form of a decision tree. Edges are detected using a heuristic iterative search algorithm based on the comparative cost function. The detection process can be implemented largely in parallel. The usefulness of this approach to edge detection is demonstrated by showing experimental results of detected edges for both real and synthetic images. >
Study of the Effects of Ticarcillin on Blood Coagulation and Platelet Function

Ticarcillin is a new semisynthetic penicillin similar to carbenicillin. Since carbenicillin has been shown to inhibit platelet function to such an extent that bleeding may accompany its use, an investigation of the effects of ticarcillin on hemostasis was made. The drug was administered to 17 human volunteers for periods of 3 to 10 days in intravenous doses of 100, 200, or 300 mg/kg per day (7 to 21 g/day). Serial studies of blood coagulation and platelet function indicated that coagulation was unaffected by ticarcillin but that platelet function became defective in all subjects. Abnormal platelet function was evidenced by lengthening of bleeding time (17 of 17 volunteers), depressed adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation (17 of 17), defective collagen-induced aggregation (15 of 17), and abnormal epinephrine-induced aggregation (10 of 17). Prothrombin consumption, due to reduced platelet procoagulant activity, was significantly decreased with a dose of 300 mg/kg per day. Comparison of results from this study with those from an earlier carbenicillin study revealed that ticarcillin at 300 mg/kg per day produces the same defects in hemostasis as does carbenicillin at 300 mg/kg per day, but that lower doses (100 or 200 mg/kg per day) of ticarcillin result in only a mild defect in platelet function. If the effective dose of ticarcillin is proven to be lower than the doses of carbenicillin currently employed for treatment of certain gram-negative infections, bleeding should not be a frequent complication of ticarcillin administration, when the drug is given to patients with normal renal function.
5-100GHz free-space microwave characterization setup

We have set up a state of the art free space measurement system for characterizing the electromagnetic reflection and transmission properties of planar samples in the 5-100 GHz frequency range for both normal and oblique incidence. The key components of the measurement system consists of two spot-focusing antennas mounted on circular tracks on a horizontal table, mode transitions, coaxial cables and a HP851OB network analyzer. The system is fully automated and has been calibrated to yield reliable and accurate values of free space S-parameters of planar samples. The complex electromagnetic properties (e. g., complex permittivity, complex permeability, etc.) of the sample can be measured as a function of frequency. The experimental results for teflon, a microwave ceramic material and silicon rubber-carbonyl iron composites are presented. Measurements can be done in a non-destructive and non-contact mode, that also permits material characterization under high temperature conditions.
L Amino acids and D-glucose bind stereospecifically to a colloidal clay

L-Leucine, L-aspartate, and D-glucose bind in a stereospecific manner to a colloidal clay, bentonite. This binding has high-affinity, saturable characteristics. The biologically uncommon enantiomers, D-leucine, D-asparatate, and L-glucose, do not exhibit any selective absorption on bentonite. It is suggested that this difference between stereoisomers could account for the evolution of life forms possessing a great preponderance of L amino acids and D-glucose.
Zinc nutrition in Crohn's disease

A prospective evaluation of zinc status was made in 63 randomly selected patients with Crohn's disease. In the patients, mean serum and 24-hr urinary zinc values--105 microgram/dl and 383 microgram/day, respectively--were not different from controls. However, 46% of these patients had less than normal serum zinc and 36% had low urinary zinc excretions. Simultaneous reductions in both serum and urinary zinc were detected in 19% of patients. A direct correlation (P = 0.01) was found between serum levels of zinc and the concentration of albumin, the major zinc-binding protein, in outpatients but not in hospitalized patients or patients with Crohn's disease as a whole. Intake of zinc was surprisingly good--a mean intake of 13.4 +/- 1.4 mg/day. A significant (P = 0.006) association was found between urinary zinc and the Crohn's disease activity index but not between serum zinc concentration and this index. No association was found between zinc measurements and the presence or absence of fistulas, use of prednisone or sulfasalazine (Azulfidine), large bowel resections, and length of small bowel resected.
A Mathematical Model of Pattern Formation by Swimming Microorganisms

SYNOPSIS Bioconvection in suspensions of Tetrahymena pyriformis and Crypthecodinium cohnii is described and 2 new patterns, the toroid and the cat's-eye, which appear in shallow suspensions of C. cohnii, are reported. Except in very dense cultures, bioconvection does not arise unless the depth of the suspensions or the mean concentration exceed certain critical values, other things being equal. A mathematical model describing the hydrodynamics of suspension of negatively geotactic microorganisms is described which predicts the existence of critical depths and concentrations. The equations presented admit solutions describing the “polka-dot” patterns seen at low organism concentration in suspensions slightly deeper than the critical value. The discussion here is limited to the case of fairly dilute suspensions, but the basic approach can be applied also to richer cultures.
Linking a Learning Progression for Natural Selection to Teachers' Enactment of Formative Assessment.

Learning progressions, or representations of how student ideas develop in a domain, hold promise as tools to support teachers' formative assessment practices. The ideas represented in a learning progression might help teachers to identify and make inferences about evidence collected of student thinking, necessary precursors to modifying instruction to help students advance in their learning. The study reported in this article took the novel approach of using a learning progression for natural selection to support teachers' enactment of formative assessment. Sources of data include interviews and videotapes of six high school biology teachers leading assessment conversations around the same formative assessment questions. Results indicate that while teachers picked out and made inferences about student ideas related to the learning progression during assessment conversations, they did not use all parts of the learning progression in the same way. Furthermore, several of the teachers seemed to use the learning progressions simply as catalogs of misconceptions to be “squashed” rather than drawing upon the developmental affordances offered by a learning progression. Results are framed in terms of the utility of learning progressions as supports for classroom practice. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 49: 1181–1210, 2012
Devaluing Place: ‘People Prosperity versus Place Prosperity’ and Regional Planning

A distinction between people prosperity and place prosperity is common in the regional economics and urban policy literatures. In this paper, I criticize the distinction on the grounds that a radic...
Hypoxia-induced hyperexcitability in vivo and in vitro in the immature hippocampus

Hypoxia is the most common cause of neonatal seizures and encephalopathy. We have previously developed an in vivo experimental model of perinatal hypoxia which exhibits age-dependent acute and chronic epileptogenic effects. Between postnatal day (P) 10-12, the rat exhibits acute seizure activity during global hypoxia, while no seizures are induced at earlier (P5) or older (P60) ages. Rats exposed to hypoxia between P10-12 have reduced seizure thresholds to chemical convulsants in adulthood. The nonNMDA antagonists NBQX appears to suppress both the acute and long term epileptogenic effects of hypoxia. The age-dependency of the hyperexcitable response to hypoxia in vivo can be reproduced in vitro using hippocampal slices. In Mg(2+)-free media, hypoxia induced ictal discharges within 60 s of onset in 79% of slices from normal P10 rat pups compared to 11% of adult slices (p < 0.001). Model systems such as that described here allow for correlation of in vitro and in vivo electrophysiology and should provide data regarding the pharmacological and physiological characteristics of hypoxia-induced seizure activity in the immature brain which could ultimately be applied to therapeutic strategies.
Nuclear Spin Bath Effects in Molecular Nanomagnets: Direct Quantum Mechanical Simulations

We investigate the influence of nuclear spins on the electronic spin tunneling in magnetic molecules such as ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{8}$, focusing on the role of the spin diffusion in the nuclear spin bath. We simulate the quantum spin dynamics by numerically solving the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation for the compound system (the electronic spin plus the bath spins). Our results demonstrate that the effect of the spin bath cannot always be modeled as a randomly varying magnetic field acting on the electronic spin. We consider two dynamical regimes: the spin relaxation in a constant magnetic field, and the spin tunneling in the linearly varying magnetic field passing the avoided level crossing, so-called Landau-Zener-St\"uckelberg (LZS) transition. For the first regime, we confirmed that the hole in the magnetization distribution has the width of the hyperfine fields distribution. For the second regime, we found that the transition probability for moderately slow sweeps deviates from the standard LZS prediction, while for the fast sweeps the deviation is negligible.
Small B-cell lymphomas of the spleen: how to tell them apart

Various subtypes of small B-cell lymphoma can involve the spleen, and their classification in splenectomy specimens may be challenging. Accurate diagnosis of these entities may be critical to ensuring appropriate treatment and prognostication. We describe the types of small B-cell lymphoma that may involve the spleen and their differential diagnosis, using splenic compartment of involvement (white pulp vs. red pulp) as a diagnostic framework. Published literature on various lymphomas of the spleen, with an emphasis on recently recognized entities and emerging molecular genetic data, is reviewed. A multifaceted approach to diagnosis, using clinical and laboratory data, morphology, immunophenotype, and molecular genetic testing, is discussed. Although relatively few small B-cell lymphoma entities involve the spleen primarily, many systemic lymphomas may involve the spleen secondarily, and some recently described entities are encountered with relative infrequency. Fortunately, an understanding of the unique anatomy of the spleen as reflected by its unusual diversity of functions, in concert with a multiparameter approach to diagnosis, can help in narrowing this broad differential diagnosis considerably, in order to reach a specific diagnosis with certainty.
Reactions to incongruous negative life events

We hypothesized that incongruous misfortunes generate stronger affective reactions and perceptions of injustice than do equally severe and equally probable congruous misfortunes. Incongruous misfortunes are defined as ones that bring to mind thoughts or images of the misfortune either happening to a different person or happening to the same person by a different means. In a series of studies, victims of incongruous negative life events (e.g., wartime casualties of “friendly” five) were expected to experience stronger reactions of regret, shock, outrage, and perceived injustice than victims of more congruous versions of the same events. Differences between reactions to incongruous misfortunes and subjectively improbable misfortunes are explored.
Meiotic recombination in yeast

Over the past several years, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has proven to be an extremely useful model system for understanding how cells acquire high recombinational ability during meiosis. Due to recent advances in the physical monitoring of DNA intermediates during meiosis, new cytological methods for visualization of chromosomes during pairing and exchange, and progress in the identification and analysis or recombination-defective mutants, a general picture of the order and dependencies of specific recombination events is now emerging.
El conocimiento metacomprensivo en escolares chilenos de Educación Básica

El aspecto de la metacognicion que Flavell y sus colaboradores denominaron "conocimiento metacognitivo" es el objeto del presente trabajo. En el nos hemos centrado en el conocimiento referido a la comprension de textos escritos, es decir, a la metacomprension. Nuestro objetivo fue medir el efecto que una diferencia de dos anos, asociados a los niveles de escolaridad correspondientes, tiene sobre el conocimiento de estrategias y sobre el conocimiento acerca de la tarea y del texto, considerados como pre-requisitos del conocimiento estrategico condicional. Las estrategias cuyo conocimiento pesquisamos, fueron clasificadas en estrategias de comprension de textos escritos, estrategias de planificacion, de evaluacion y remediales, asociadas estas ultimas a la regulacion de la lectura. Para obtener los datos cuantitativos construimos un cuestionario de seleccion multiple de 49 preguntas con seis alternativas cada una, graduadas segun su acercamiento a un conocimiento experto. Este instrumento de autoadministracion fue aplicado a 1.194 sujetos, de 6 y 8 anos de educacion basica de 9 establecimientos educacionales, diferenciados segun dependencia administrativa (municipalizados, particulares subvencionados y particulares pagados) como indicador del estrato sociocultural de las familias. El alfa de Cronbach arrojo resultados aceptables en cuanto a la confiabilidad del instrumento considerado como un todo. Un analisis de varianza mostro diferencias significativas en las variables curso, sexo y dependencia tomadas en forma separada. El analisis de los resultados abre interesantes interrogantes que exigen nuevas aproximaciones, algunas de las cuales ya estamos iniciando.
The Effect of Including Molybdate in the Eluting Buffer Used for Deae-Cellulose Chromatography on the Quantitation of Glucocorticoid Receptor Transformation

This study analyzes the effect of including molybdate in the elution buffers used in DEAE cellulose chromatography on the fraction of glucocorticoid receptor which elutes as the transformed species. Inclusion of molybdate leads to a significant decrease in the fraction of receptor eluting as transformed; samples which appear to be nearly 50% transformed if eluted in the absence of molybdate were found to be less than 10% transformed when analyzed using a buffer which contained 5 mM molybdate. This decrease was not caused by loss of receptor or a reversion of transformation. DEAE cellulose accelerates receptor transformation. It is concluded that DEAE cellulose should not be used to quantitate transformation unless molybdate is included in all buffers.
Early manifestations of vitamin D effects in rat osteogenic sarcoma cells

We have recently demonstrated that 48 hour exposure of ROS 17/2 cells to low concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3) (1.0 pg/ml) stimulated the cellular accumulation of45Ca, and exposure to high concentrations (160 pg/ml) inhibited such accumulation. In the present study, short-term (15 min) effects of the sterol on45Ca accumulation in ROS 17/2 cells were compared with the long-term (48 hours) effects in order to clarify mechanisms responsible for 1,25(OH)2D3 control of calcium metabolisms in ROS 17/2 cells. ROS 17/2 cells were grown for 48 hours in the presence and absence of 1,25(OH)2D3 and then incubated for an additional 15 min in the presence and absence of 1,25(OH)2D3 immediately before measuring45Ca accumulation. Cellular45Ca was measured after incubating the cells in the medium containing 0.5 μCi/ml of45CaCl2 for 4 min at 25°C. The effect of actinomycin D was determined by preincubating the cells in 0.1 μg/ml of actinomycin D for 45 min at 25°C. Exposure to low concentrations (1.0 pg/ml) of 1,25(OH)2D3 for either 48 hours or 15 min increased45Ca in the cells by 10–20%. An additional 15 min exposure following 48 hour exposure yielded an increase in the cellular45Ca similar to that after 48 hours or 15 min exposure. Exposure to high concentrations (160 pg/ml) for either 48 hour or 15 min decreased cell45Ca by approximately 20%.An additional 15 min exposure to the high concentrations did not change the 48 hour effect. Actinomycin D reversed early inhibitory effects of high concentrations, but had no effect on the early stimulatory effects of low concentrations. These results suggest that the mechanisms underlying the 15 min and 48 hour effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 are the same. Moreover, the mechanism responsible for the inhibitory effect of high concentrations is dependent onde novo protein synthesis whereas that for the stimulatory effects of low concentrations is not.
Metal clusters in catalysis VIII Reduction of triple bonds

Reduction of triple bonds in simple molecules remains a relatively difficult, yet very important, type of transformation. The scientific challenge is a catalytic demonstration of this reaction paradigm with molecules like N2, CO, RCN, RNC, RN2+, and RCCR. Presented in a structural and electronic rationale is a potential solution to the challenge with metal cluster catalysts. Relationships of the rationale to metal surface and metalloenzyme reactions are discussed. Basic structural forms considered in the context of bond order reduction and resultant ease of reduction (hydrogenation) are: .
Inhibition of the formation of EETs and 20-HETE with 1-aminobenzotriazole attenuates pressure natriuresis

This study examined the effects of chronic blockade of the renal formation of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid with 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT; 50 mg·kg−1· day−1 ip for ...