cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coping Skills Training

Cognitive-behavioral therapy is among the most influential theories in psychology today. The foundation of this theory is the idea that the person plays a key role in controlling his or her own emotional well-being and health. According to cognitive behavioral theory, adaptational outcomes are in part a function of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that ameliorate or exacerbate psychological distress. To the extent that maladaptive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are learned, they can also be unlearned or replaced. Keywords: stress; coping; coping skills; coping assessment; problem solving
Performance modeling: understanding the past and predicting the future

We present an overview of current research in performance modeling, focusing on efforts underway in the Performance Evaluation Research Center (PERC). Using some new techniques, we are able to construct performance models that can be used to project the sustained performance of large-scale scientific programs on different systems, over a range of job and system sizes. Such models can be used by vendors in system designs, by computing centers in system acquisitions, and by application scientists to improve the performance of their codes.
PCPs and the hardness of generating private synthetic data

Assuming the existence of one-way functions, we show that there is no polynomial-time, differentially private algorithm A that takes a database D ∈ ({0, 1}d)n and outputs a "synthetic database" D all of whose two-way marginals are approximately equal to those of D. (A two-way marginal is the fraction of database rows x ∈ {0, 1}d with a given pair of values in a given pair of columns). This answers a question of Barak et al. (PODS '07), who gave an algorithm running in time poly(n, 2d). Our proof combines a construction of hard-to-sanitize databases based on digital signatures (by Dwork et al., STOC '09) with encodings based on probabilistically checkable proofs. We also present both negative and positive results for generating "relaxed" synthetic data, where the fraction of rows in D satisfying a predicate c are estimated by applying c to each row of D and aggregating the results in some way.
LDL-receptor-related proteins in Wnt signal transduction

The Wnt family of secreted signalling molecules are essential in embryo development and tumour formation. The Frizzled (Fz) family of serpentine receptors function as Wnt receptors, but how Fz proteins transduce signalling is not understood. In Drosophila, arrow phenocopies the wingless (DWnt-1) phenotype, and encodes a transmembrane protein that is homologous to two members of the mammalian low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)-related protein (LRP) family, LRP5 and LRP6 (refs 12-15). Here we report that LRP6 functions as a co-receptor for Wnt signal transduction. In Xenopus embryos, LRP6 activated Wnt-Fz signalling, and induced Wnt responsive genes, dorsal axis duplication and neural crest formation. An LRP6 mutant lacking the carboxyl intracellular domain blocked signalling by Wnt or Wnt-Fz, but not by Dishevelled or beta-catenin, and inhibited neural crest development. The extracellular domain of LRP6 bound Wnt-1 and associated with Fz in a Wnt-dependent manner. Our results indicate that LRP6 may be a component of the Wnt receptor complex.
Robust framework for 6LoWPAN-based body sensor network interfacing with smartphone

This paper presents the design of a robust framework for body sensor network. In this framework, sensor nodes communicate using 6LoWPAN, running on the Contiki operating system, which is designed for energy efficiency and configuration flexibility. Furthermore, an embedded router is implemented using a Raspberry Pi to bridge the information to a Bluetooth capable smartphone. Consequently, the smartphone can process, analyze, compress and send the data to the cloud using its data connection. One of the major application of this framework is home patient monitoring, with 24/7 data collection capability. The collected data can be sent to a doctor at any time, or only when an anomaly is detected.
Formal Verification of Differential Privacy for Interactive Systems (Extended Abstract)

Differential privacy is a promising approach to privacy preserving data analysis with a well-developed theory for functions. Despite recent work on implementing systems that aim to provide differential privacy, the problem of formally verifying that these systems have differential privacy has not been adequately addressed. We develop a formal probabilistic automaton model of differential privacy for systems by adapting prior work on differential privacy for functions. We present the first sound verification technique for proving differential privacy of interactive systems. The technique is based on a form of probabilistic bisimulation relation. The novelty lies in the way we track quantitative privacy leakage bounds using a relation family instead of a single relation. We illustrate the proof technique on a representative automaton motivated by PINQ, an implemented system that is intended to provide differential privacy. Surprisingly, our analysis yields a privacy leakage bound of ([email protected][email protected]) rather than ([email protected][email protected]) when @e-differentially private functions are called t times. The extra leakage arises from accounting for bounded memory constraints of real computers.
Our Fat Future: Translating Adipose Stem Cell Therapy

UNLABELLED Human adipose stem cells (hASCs) have the potential to treat patients with a variety of clinical conditions. Recent advancements in translational research, regulatory policy, and industry have positioned hASCs on the threshold of clinical translation. We discuss the progress and challenges of bringing adipose stem cell therapy into mainstream clinical use. SIGNIFICANCE This article details the advances made in recent years that have helped move human adipose stem cell therapy toward mainstream clinical use from a translational research, regulatory policy, and industrial standpoint. Four recurrent themes in translational technology as they pertain to human adipose stem cells are discussed: automated closed-system operations, biosensors and real-time monitoring, biomimetics, and rapid manufacturing. In light of recent FDA guidance documents, regulatory concerns about adipose stem cell therapy are discussed. Finally, an update is provided on the current state of clinical trials and the emerging industry that uses human adipose stem cells. This article is expected to stimulate future studies in translational adipose stem cell research.
Whole-exome analysis reveals novel somatic genomic alterations associated with outcome in immunochemotherapy-treated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Lack of remission or early relapse remains a major clinical issue in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), with 30% of patients failing standard of care. Although clinical factors and molecular signatures can partially predict DLBCL outcome, additional information is needed to identify high-risk patients, particularly biologic factors that might ultimately be amenable to intervention. Using whole-exome sequencing data from 51 newly diagnosed and immunochemotherapy-treated DLBCL patients, we evaluated the association of somatic genomic alterations with patient outcome, defined as failure to achieve event-free survival at 24 months after diagnosis (EFS24). We identified 16 genes with mutations, 374 with copy number gains and 151 with copy number losses that were associated with failure to achieve EFS24 (P<0.05). Except for FOXO1 and CIITA, known driver mutations did not correlate with EFS24. Gene losses were localized to 6q21-6q24.2, and gains to 3q13.12-3q29, 11q23.1-11q23.3 and 19q13.12-19q13.43. Globally, the number of gains was highly associated with poor outcome (P=7.4 × 10−12) and when combined with FOXO1 mutations identified 77% of cases that failed to achieve EFS24. One gene (SLC22A16) at 6q21, a doxorubicin transporter, was lost in 54% of EFS24 failures and our findings suggest it functions as a doxorubicin transporter in DLBCL cells.
Public good theories of the non-profit sector: Weisbrod revisited

Burton Weisbrod's 1975 article, Toward a theory of the voluntary non-profit sector in a three-sector economy, models non-profit organisations as suppliers of public goods which are undersupplied by government to heterogeneous populations. This article examines the implications, extensions and empirical tests of the Weisbrod theory. It also examines the theories of pure and impure altruism, the heterogeneity hypothesis, and the various ‘publicness’ indexes of non-profit output. The commonalities between the public good model and the trustworthiness model of non-profit organisations are also explored.
The Role of Learning Styles and Technology

Learning style research has informed effective classroom teaching strategies for decades. Technology has allowed faculty and students to move the learning environment from the four-walled classroom to a fluid global virtual space. Knowledge gained through the application of learning style research to online instruction has enhanced practice; however, research demonstrating the alignment of learning styles with current technological resources has been limited. Learning styles and their interrelationship with technology and adult learners is as important today as initial learning style research was in the six decades after its beginnings in the 1940s. Education today must meet the needs of students who are more comfortable in electronic environments, as well as those who need the four-walled classroom. The ability to use learning style research to accomplish both will lead to enhanced student learning and a more productive experience.
Tumor gene expression profiling in women with breast cancer. Test category: prognostic.

Differences in the expression of specific genes within breast tumors have been associated with risk of recurrence after treatment. Most women with Stage I or II node-negative breast cancer (especially when estrogen-receptor positive and treated with tamoxifen) remain disease-free at 10 years. Information on risk of recurrence could help identify women most likely to benefit from chemotherapy. Several clinically available gene expression profiles (GEP) providerecurrence risk scoresthat are intended to supplement information used by clinicians and patients in treatment decision-making. Abstract Differences in the expression of specific genes within breast tumors have been associated with risk of recurrence after treatment. Most women with Stage I or II node-negative breast cancer (especially when estrogen-receptor positive and treated with tamoxifen) remain disease-free at 10 years. Information on risk of recurrence could help identify women most likely to benefit from chemotherapy. Several clinically available gene expression profiles (GEP) providerecurrence risk scoresthat are intended to supplement information used by clinicians and patients in treatment decision-making. Abstract Differences in the expression of specific genes within breast tumors have been associated with risk of recurrence after treatment. Most women with Stage I or II node-negative breast cancer (especially when estrogen-receptor positive and treated with tamoxifen) remain disease-free at 10 years. Information on risk of recurrence could help identify women most likely to benefit from chemotherapy. Several clinically available gene expression profiles (GEP) providerecurrence risk scoresthat are intended to supplement information used by clinicians and patients in treatment decision-making.
Psychophysiological discriminants of reactive depression.

Physiological measures of skin resistance response, heart rate, respiration rate, and electroencephalogram (EEG) were used in a multiple discriminant analysis to differentiate a group of 10 questionnaire-abnormal Ss from a group of 30 normal Ss. The questionnaire-abnormal Ss were operationally defined as reactively depressed from specified Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profiles of the 2–4, 2–4–7 code types. The control group was operationally defined by a clinically normal MMPI profile. The method of period analysis was used to electronically transcribe the analog physiological data to digital data for computer manipulation. The depressed group was differentiated from the control group by decreased skin resistance responses, a rapid heart rate, increased respiration rate, and greater activation-complexity of EEG.
Neutron spectra at 0° from 83.7‐MeV deuterons and 100.2‐MeV protons on beryllium

Neutron energy spectra were measured at 0° from 83.7‐MeV deuteron bombardment of a 2.0‐cm‐thick beryllium target and 100.2‐MeV proton bombardment of a 60‐MeV‐thick beryllium target backed with aluminum.
Time-dependent Density Functional Theory Calculations of Large Compact Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Implications for the Diffuse Interstellar Bands

We investigate the electronic absorption spectra of several maximally pericondensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon radical cations with time-dependent density functional theory calculations. We find interesting trends in the vertical excitation energies and oscillator strengths for this series containing pyrene through circumcircumcoronene, the largest species containing close to 100 carbon atoms. We discuss the implications of these new results for the size and structure distribution of the diffuse interstellar band carriers.
Dorsal cheilectomy of the first metatarsophalangeal joint in the treatment of hallux rigidus

Abstract Hallux rigidus is a spectrum of osteoarthritis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Clinical assessment of the extent of joint involvement and the radiographic findings will lead the surgeon to the appropriate surgical procedure. An isolated dorsal cheilectomy does appear to give good functional results and pain relief in a selected patient population at the early stage of the disease process. Additional studies are necessary to evaluate the longer term outcomes of the cheilectomy procedure, as well as combined procedures such as the cheilectomy and Moberg osteotomy.
Enhancing the relaxivity of paramagnetic coordination complexes through the optimization of the molecular electrostatic potential

The low relaxivity of paramagnetic coordination complexes limits their use as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). To address this problem, we study the relationship between the molecular structure of these complexes and their relaxivity. While others have investigated the vibrational modes as molecular determinants of the electronic spin relaxation time, we focus on the analysis of the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) of the paramagnetic coordination complex. Electrostatic forces dominate the interaction between the coordination complex and water. Hence, in addition to steric forces, the molecular electrostatic potential should be a determinant of the lifetime of the water-metal link (tm), the internuclear distance between the water hydrogens and the metal (R), and the number of water molecules attached to the metal in the inner and outer spheres of coordination. We compute the molecular electrostatic potential for a series of model metalloporphyrins because their physical and biologic properties are well known, and they are putative magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents with affinity to neoplastic tissue. Replacing the sulfonato groups in MnTPPS4 with carboxylate groups in the ortho position of the phenyl rings attached to the meso carbons results in an electrostatic focusing field that should reduce R and increase tm. Similar substitutions involving polar groups, including one modeled after a well-known picket-fence porphyrin, are not strong enough to generate a focusing field. Instead, these polar groups should modulate the water-metal interactions through steric interactions. Molecular dynamic simulations show a large outer sphere of coordination around the paramagnet that extends almost three times the distance of the inner sphere of coordination.
Dentin tubule numerical density variations below the CEJ

Abstract Aim To evaluate dentin tubule numerical density variations below the CEJ. Methodology Three human non-carious permanent canines were sectioned parallel to the CEJ to obtain dentin disks 1 mm thick whose surfaces were 1 mm and 2 mm below the CEJ. Each disk was sectioned into quarters resulting in four segment locations: facial, lingual, mesial, and distal. The outer (PDL side) and inner (pulp side) surfaces of the specimens were shaped to expose dentin with SiC papers and polished. Numerical tubule density was determined from SEM images. All data were statistically analyzed using a three-way ANOVA. Results The dentin tubule density (number/mm 2 ) ranged from 13,700 to 32,300. Dentin tubule density was relatively uniform at 1 mm and 2 mm below the CEJ and increased by a factor of about two from the outer to the inner surface, which was significantly different ( P Conclusions The tubule density variations at the cervical root did not present marked.
Identification of New Alternative Weed Hosts for Iris yellow spot virus in the Pacific Northwest.

Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV; family Bunyaviridae, genus Tospovirus) is an economically important viral pathogen of onion bulb and seed crops in several parts of the United States and the world (1). IYSV is primarily transmitted by onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) and there is no evidence of seed transmission (1). However, susceptible cultivated and weed species could serve as reservoirs of inoculum from which thrips could acquire the virus to introduce and spread it in onion fields. Samples from asymptomatic and symptomatic volunteer onion plants in some of the commonly cultivated crops in the region (corn, wheat, grapes, mint, carrot, alfalfa, and sugar beets) and several common weeds in and around onion bulb and seed fields with a history of IYSV in Idaho and Washington were collected during the months of July, August, September and October of 2006. More than 175 samples from 35 plant species were analyzed for IYSV by a commercially available ELISA kit (Agdia Inc., Elkhart, IN). With the exception of a few...
Zeolite-like Metal−Organic Frameworks as Platforms for Applications: On Metalloporphyrin-Based Catalysts

The extra-large cavities of zeolite-like metal−organic frameworks (ZMOFs) offer great potential for their exploration in applications pertinent to larger molecules, like porphyrins. The anionic nature of the framework allowed for facile in situ encapsulation of a cationic free-base porphyrin, and the α-cage of our (In-imidazoledicarboxylate)-based rho-ZMOF is ideally suited to the isolation of one porphyrin molecule per cage, which prevents the oxidative self-degradation associated with self-dimerization common in homogeneous catalysis and upon aggregation in solid supports like mesoporous silicates or polymers. The encapsulation of a free-base porphyrin [5,10,15,20-tetrakis(1-methyl-4- pyridinio)porphyrin] and the stability of the rho-ZMOF to metalation conditions, allows for the preparation of a variety of metalloporphyrins (i.e., Mn, Cu, Co, Zn ions) with the ZMOF serving as a platform. The Mn-metallated porphyrin encapsulated in rho-ZMOF shows catalytic activity toward the oxidation of cyclohexane, wi...
NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE PERIOPERATIVE PHYSICIAN

Integrating, adapting, acquiring, and managing current and future technology is an ever-changing and encompassing requirement of the critical care practitioner. The thrust for technology improvement is generated both by physicians and manufacturers for the betterment of patient care. Realistically, if technology is too expensive and not reaching appropriate numbers of patients, its use would not be promoted. "Is a given technologic application cost-beneficial, clinically justified, and profitable?" are all vital questions that must be addressed by physicians and industry. At times, it is difficult to discern who developed and applied the devices or injected the pharmaceuticals—industry or clinicians. In addition, the continuing protagonist becomes more murky. In addition to the aforementioned questions, this article addresses others: Is new technology evaluated critically? Does it benefit patient care? Technologies that are discussed are interventional catheter techniques for acute coronary artery syndromes, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in the critically ill patient, inhaled nitric oxide, and, finally, partial liquid ventilation.
Organodiborate Ring Transformations Promoted by Zirconocene and Hafnocene Dichlorides. Preparation and Structure of (eta(5)-C(5)H(5))(2)ZrCl{(m-H)(2)BC(4)H(8)}

Efforts to synthesize [H{sub 2}B{sub 2}({mu}-H){sub 2}({mu}-C{sub 4}H{sub 8}){sub 2}]{sup {minus}} ligated zirconium and hafnium complexes resulted in an unexpected ring transformation. Reaction of this anion with zircocene dichloride and hafnocene dichloride result in the products ({eta}{sup 5}-C{sub 5}H{sub 5}){sub 2}ZrCl(({mu}-H){sub 2}BC{sub 4}H{sub 8}) (1) and ({eta}{sup 5}-C{sub 5}H{sub 5}){sub 2}HfCl(({mu}-H){sub 2}BC{sub 4}H{sub 8}), (2). Crystal structures were obtained by X-ray diffraction. In these compounds, the organodiborate ion has disproportionated to form a 5-membered borocyclopentane ring.
Capillary gas chromatography micro-assay for pyroglutamic, glutamic and aspartic acids, and glutamine and asparagine

Glutamine (GLN) and asparagine (ASN) are acid labile and thus are degraded by acid-catalysed procedures for preparing volatile derivatives for analysis by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). Evidence is presented that GLN and ASN form chromatographically stable N(O)-dimethyl-tert.-butylsilyl derivatives, without cyclisation or conversion to the corresponding acids via loss of the amide moiety, on reacting with N-methyl-N-(tert.-butyldimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide in pyridine at 75°C for 30 min. The structures of the derivatives have been confirmed by chemical isonisation mass spectrometry. Pyroglutamic (pGLU), glutamic (GLU) and aspartic (ASP) acids react similarly and, on a 15 m × 0.25 mm I.D. SPB-1 fused-silica capillary column, all five derivatives are resolved from each other and from the derivatives of the other proteic amino acids. The above reaction constitutes the basis for a direct GLC assay for pGLU, GLU, ASP, GLN and ASN.
Theoretical analysis of optical spectra of uranyl in complexes

Abstract A theoretical model is developed for simulating optical spectra of uranyl in complexes. The spectral profiles of electronic and vibronic transitions of UO 2 2 + bonded to equatorial ligands are evaluated based on the Huang–Rhys theory of vibronic coupling in solids. This model assumes that only the symmetric O U O stretching mode exhibits multi-phonon progression, whereas all other local modes are not Franck–Condon allowed and treated as false origins of the progressing mode. A simulation of vibronic transitions in the UO 2 (NO 3 ) 2 (TBP) 2 complex is compared with absorption spectrum to determine the excited state energy levels, frequencies of local vibration modes and vibronic coupling strength.
Activation of a Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase (ERK2) by the 5-Hydroxytryptamine1A Receptor Is Sensitive Not Only to Inhibitors of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase, but to an Inhibitor of Phosphatidylcholine Hydrolysis

A variety of receptors coupled to GTP-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins) initiate signals that culminate in activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK1 and ERK2. We demonstrate here that the human 5-HT1A receptor expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells similarly promotes activation of ERK1 and ERK2, but that the pathway used does not conform entirely to those proposed previously for G protein-coupled receptors. Activation of ERK2 by the 5-HT1A receptor-selective agonist 8-hydroxy-N,N-dipropyl-2-aminotetralin hydrobromide (8-OH-DPAT) was inhibited completely by pertussis toxin and substantially by prolonged treatment of cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. The implied requirement for protein kinase C, however, was negated in studies with bisindolylmaleimide and Ro-31-8220, which, although completely inhibiting activation of ERK2 by phorbol ester, had no impact on activation by 8-OH-DPAT. The anticipated inhibition by the tyrosine kinase inhibitors genistein and herbimycin A, moreover, was marginal at best. As expected for a Gi-coupled receptor, the inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase wortmannin and LY294002 inhibited activation of ERK2, albeit only partly (70%). Of significance, an inhibitor of a phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C, tricyclodecan-9-yl-xanthogenate (D609), caused a similar degree of inhibition. When the two types of inhibitors were combined, an almost complete inhibition was achieved. Our data suggest that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C represent components of different, but partly overlapping pathways that can account almost entirely for the activation of ERK2 by the 5-HT1A receptor.
The Challenge of Adolescent Crowd Research: Defining the Crowd

As research on adolescent crowds has increased over the past several decades, researchers appear to be confident in their claims of the consequences of crowd membership, even suggesting targeted interventions. This review of the various methods used to identify adolescents’ crowd membership suggests that this confidence may be misplaced. There are diverse methodologies used in this research area that examine different samples of adolescents belonging to each crowd. Social-type rating methods, self-identification methods, grouping by adolescent behaviors or characteristics, and ethnographic or other qualitative methods should be accompanied by greater specificity in terminology to alert researchers to the various phenomena being studied (i.e., “reputational crowd,” “interactional crowd,” “behavioral crowd,” “affiliation crowd”). Additionally, studies comparing the various self-identification approaches and peer ratings are needed, along with reliability studies of peer ratings. More attention to specific methodology to determine crowd membership and its stability will aid the design of theoretical models of adolescent crowds and contribute to developmental outcome research.
Effect of electropolishing variables on the current density-voltage relationship

Abstract The effect of electropolishing variables of time, bath temperature, and composition of electrolyte on the corresponding current density-voltage potentiometric curve were studied on 1 Cr, 1 2 Mo, T11 steel. Electrolytes of various percent perchloric acid solutions and a chromic-acetic acid solution were investigated due to their wide use in electropolishing. It was found that time had a minimal effect on the quality of electropolishing below 20-s durations for the perchloric acid solution and 90-s durations for the chromic-acetic acid solution when electropolishing at 25°C. Changing the temperature of the bath caused the characteristic horizontal polishing plateau at 2°C to become sloped at higher temperatures. However, there were still three distinct regions of the current density-voltage curve and correspondingly good electropolished surfaces were obtained at these higher temperatures. With an increase in the percent of perchloric acid in the electrolyte came a corresponding increase in the current density at constant voltage. The three characteristic regions were still observed, and electropolishing occurred in the middle region.
The Spectrum of Coronary Artery Spasm: The Variable Variant

Angina from coronary artery spasm is not rare. Because new and effective medical therapy is now available, it is imperative that the physician recognize this syndrome when it occurs. Coronary artery spasm can present clinically as unstable rest angina with reversible ST-segment elevation and bradyarrhythmias and tachyarrhythmias. In this setting, Prinzmetal's variant angina is generally promptly recognized and appropriately treated. The diagnosis of variant angina, however, often is not so obvious. Chest pain may be exertional or seem noncardiac in origin. The chest pain syndrome may be chronic and stable as well as unstable. The ECG may show ST-segment depression, rather than elevation. Five cases of coronary artery spasm that emphasize the variable features of variant angina and offer aid for the prompt diagnosis and treatment of the syndrome are presented here. (JAMA1981;246:354-359)
Radial structuring in the Hausa lexicon: A prototype analysis of Hausa ‘eat’ and ‘drink’

The verbs ci ‘eat’ and shaa ‘drink’ in Hausa appear in dozens of idiomatic expressions, the meanings of which are not immediately recognizable as being related to each other. It is argued here that it is impossible to provide a unitary set of semantic features which will define the meanings of ci and shaa in their basic forms and in the numerous collocations in which they occur. It is proposed that these two verbs are best viewed as complex lexical categories which are radially structured. Their meaning derives from a central prototypical meaning linked to extensions of this prototypical meaning through metaphorical, image schematic, and other semantic projections.
Neck and Back Pain in the Elderly.

Surgical intervention for neck and back pain in elderly patients without significant comorbidities can significantly improve a patient’s symptoms and quality of life when more conservative therapies fail. Current spine literature strongly supports the paradigm of treating elderly patients with stable, chronic neck or back pain with conservative therapies first in order to optimize the risks and benefits of all available treatment options. If less-invasive methods fail to achieve satisfactory outcomes, more aggressive surgical options can, at that time, typically be implemented with excellent results in elderly patients without significant comorbidities. Clinical scenarios threatening to result in spine instability or nerve root or spinal cord compression require immediate intervention, especially in elderly patients, who, in general, have a higher risk of developing such conditions either through falls or trauma or acquired degenerative disease processes or malignancies. When an elderly patient enters a physician’s office and asks ‘doctor, I’ve had pain for years, but it’s getting worse. At my age, is it really worth having surgery?’ The answer is a qualified ‘yes,’ if conservative treatments have failed and if the patient is otherwise in reasonably good health. Because the vast majority of these patients first interact with the medical system through their primary care doctors and neurologists, early recognition of situations requiring immediate attention, and those requiring referrals to spine specialists, can greatly expedite the appropriate use of scarce healthcare resources. Furthermore, knowledge of the various treatment options available to elderly patients complaining of the very common symptoms of neck or back pain can significantly improve patient care, especially in this new century when older patients will increasingly become a larger and more active force in all aspects of our society.
Mesh deformation using the biharmonic operator

The use of the biharmonic operator for deforming a mesh in an arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian simulation is investigated. The biharmonic operator has the advantage that two conditions can be specified on each boundary of the mesh. This allows both the position and the normal mesh spacing along a boundary to be controlled, which is important for two-fluid interfaces and periodic boundaries. At these boundaries, we can simultaneously fix the position of the boundary and ensure that the normal mesh spacing is continuous across the boundary. In addition, results for deforming surfaces show that greater surface deformation can be tolerated when using biharmonic equations compared to approaches using second-order partial differential equations. A final advantage is that with the biharmonic operator, the integrity of a grid in a moving boundary layer can be preserved as the boundary moves. The main disadvantage of the approach is its increased computational expense.
Understanding historical climate

Climate Since AD 1500. Edited by Raymond S. Bradley and Philip D. Jones. Routledge: 1992. Pp. 679. £85.
Understanding Financial Conflicts of Interest

The problem of conflicts of interest began to receive serious attention in the medical literature in the 1980s1,2. Studies have described a wide range of conflicts involving physicians, medical researchers, and medical institutions (the most comprehensive is by Rodwin3). Among the areas of concern are self-referral by physicians,4–6 physicians' risk sharing in health maintenance organizations (HMOs) and hospitals,7 gifts from drug companies to physicians,8,9 hospital purchasing and bonding practices,3 industry-sponsored research,10,11 and research on patients12. Yet the concept of conflict of interest itself has been inadequately analyzed, and consequently its elements, the purposes . . .
Preliminary results for neuroevolutionary optimization phase order generation for static compilation

There is a complex web of interactions between optimization phases in static program compilation. Because there are many different types of optimizations, and each changes the form of the program and can impact the result of subsequent optimizations, the selection of optimizations to apply is challenging and is known as the "optimization phase ordering problem." There is a need to effectively optimize the order of the optimizations and specific optimizations used based on the statistics and other features of the program to gain the most benefit. In this work we propose the use of evolved neural networks to intelligently choose which optimizations are applied and in what order, to a method or a program as a whole, based on its features. In this paper we study the use of the memetic algorithm-based neuroevolutionary system called DXNN, and a genetic algorithm based neuroevolutionary system called NEAT, to evolve such neural networks.
An iterative algorithm for interactive multiobjective programming

Abstract A new iterative algorithm for interactive multiobjective programming is proposed. The algorithm is based on the Lagrange multiplier technique of generating noninferior solutions, and it is shown to converge under certain conditions. It reduces a complex multiobjective problem into a sequence of two-objective problems which the decision maker can handle more easily. The number of two-objective problems with which the decision maker is confronted, as well as the total number of noninferior solutions that must be generated, increase more or less linearly with the number of objectives. Computational efficiency is further enhanced by avoiding the need for regression. The decision maker interacts with the model directly in the functional space, and he is not required to translate his judgment of relative worth into numbers. Due to the iterative nature of the algorithm, the decision maker can articulate his preferences in a progressive manner. Furthermore, he may modify his attitude at any stage of the computation, based on partial results, without adversely affecting the quality of the solution. An example problem previously solved by other methods, including the surrogate worth trade-off approach, is used to illustrate the new algorithm.
Isolation of neuronal progenitor cells from the adult human neocortex.

Background. The reliability of harvesting neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs) from the adult human neocortex has not been established, with respect to preparing autologous cell cultures for transplantation in stroke and traumatic brain injured patients.
Silver Nanodisks: Synthesis, Characterization, and Self-Assembly

A new form of silver nanostructured materials, silver nanodisks, are generated by a solution-phase approach. In this method, truncated triangular silver nanoplates are at first fabricated through s...
Giant tunable self-defocusing nonlinearity and dark soliton attraction observed in m-cresol/nylon thermal solutions

We report a new type of thermal nonlinear media (m-cresol/nylon solutions) that exhibits a giant tunable self-defocusing nonlinearity. The measured Kerr coefficient in such thermal nonlinear solutions is orders of magnitude higher than that of most previously known thermal materials. In addition, we demonstrate the generation of dark spatial solitons in these isotropic nonlocal nonlinear media, and observe to our knowledge the strongest effect of dark-soliton attraction ever reported in thermal defocusing media.
An application of the theory of sediment transport by turbidity currents to the dredging of navigable channels

ABSTRACT By inducing artificial turbidity currents to transport the sediments of obstructing bars into deeper water, the natural phenomenon of sediment transport by turbidity currents may be applied to the dredging of navigable channels. The method may be used provided that sufficient slope is present to allow removal of the sediment by currents, that the sediments are of a type which can form turbidity flows, and that equipment is available for mixing the sediment and water. No accurate cost analysis is presently available.
Methanol and Formate Kinetics in Late Diagnosed Methanol Intoxication

In a 21-year-old subject, methanol intoxication was undiagnosed for 12 hours after admission. Only bicarbonate treatment was given during this period, although treatment later included ethanol and haemodialysis. The maximal blood methanol and formate levels were 143 (44.7) and 54.3 mg/dl (11.8 mmol/L), respectively. The delayed diagnosis uniquely allowed for an estimate of methanol elimination kinetics. Before specific treatment, methanol elimination was of zero-order, with a rate of 8.5 mg/dl/h. After admission, the formate levels remained relatively constant until blood pH was normalised by bicarbonate treatment. From this point the formate levels declined, despite an unchanged methanol elimination, indicating that the formate was eliminated faster than it was formed from methanol. Thus, formate elimination may be pH-dependent and aggressive treatment of the acidosis may increase this elimination.
Quantitative imaging of temperature fields in air using planar laser-induced fluorescence of O(2).

Planar laser-induced fluorescence of O2 has been used to acquire quantitative, instantaneous two-dimensional images of temperature in heated air flows. O2 is excited by using a broadband ArF excimer laser at 193 nm, and the resultant fluorescence signal is converted to temperature by using a theoretical calculation of the dependence of the fluorescence on temperature. This calculation has been confirmed experimentally, and validating data are presented.
Alliances and Geopolitics

Abstract Following the admonition of Most and Starr (1984) that international relations scholars ‘need to reconceptualize exactly what it is that we want to study, and why’ the authors attempt to understand alliances through the broader context of geopolitics and geopolitical perspectives on international relations. Using the ecological triad framework of the Sprouts, and Starr's ‘opportunity and willingness’ framework, alliances are viewed as part of the geopolitical constraints on available possibilities in the system, as part of the set of incentive structures that affect foreign policy decision-making, and as a central mechanism that permits decision-makers to overcome the geopolitical constraints of the system. Drawing on analogies with technology and borders, alliances can be viewed as important tools for overcoming the constraints of geopolitics, and for changing the meaning of the supposedly ‘permanent’ nature of international geography.
Primary and lateral root elongation of sunflower seedlings

Abstract Roots play a major role in maintaining a water supply in plants. Differences in root density and rooting deoth exist in many crops. Sunflower is a drought-tolerant crop with limited information about early root growth. The wild progenitors of the crop species are potential sources for enhancing the rooting system of sunflower. Primary and lateral root growth of 10-day old seedlings of eight genetically diverse sunflower ( Helianthus spp.) genotypes was evaluated to determine the early chronological root growth. Seeds were germinated and seedlings grown in polyethylene pouches at 25°C in the dark for 10 days. Primary root length, lateral root length and number of lateral roots were determined beginning at 2 days after planting (DAP) for 6 consecutive days, and at 10 days for early primary root growth. An analysis of variance indicated that genotypes differed significantly in primary and lateral root lengths, total root length, number of lateral roots and mean lateral root length, but not branching density. At 10 DAP, genotype PET had the longest primary roots (9.0 cm), and genotype 471D had the longest lateral roots (20.5 cm). Genotype PET had the greatest number of lateral roots with 14.3 root seedling −1 . The greatest increases in primary and lateral root lengths occurred during the fourth-sixth DAP. A high positive correlation was observed between primary and lateral root lengths, number of lateral roots, with the lowest correlation between primary root length and branching density. There appears to be adequate variability for selection to genetically alter root growth patterns in sunflower using wild species, but further studies are needed to correlate laboratory observations with rooting responses under field conditions.
A common pattern in long-term metals production

Abstract A common pattern equation for the production of metals over their entire life is proposed. The equation is tested for five metals namely: copper, aluminum, lead, molybdenum and tungsten which have distinctly different historical spans. Various stages of early and take-off growth are identified and labeled stages I–IV. The very early stage of growth leading to a diminishing in activity appears to be decoupled from the later high growth stages. An approximately 12 year perturbation life cycle is noted in stage III for most metals. Copper and aluminum are not yet in stage IV, nor show any signs of entering this stage in the next 50 years. The pattern equation appears to have generality. A strict interpretation of the various parameters in the pattern equation is not attempted in this article.
The value of the option to ‘wait and see’

Abstract This note shows a very simple way to incorporate the effects of uncertainty about the accuracy of present value estimates into the firm's option to delay irreversible investment. It is shown that, if the firm's priors about the distribution of present value are sufficiently diffuse, a reduction in the accuracy of present value estimates will increase the value of delay; while learning will reduce its value.
Conservation integrals in couple stress elasticity

Abstract Noether’s theorem on invariant variational principles is applied in the case of infinitesimal couple stress elasticity, thereby extending the analysis of Knowles and Sternberg (1972. On a class of conservation laws in linearized and finite elastostatics. Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal. 44, 187–211) beyond the range of classical elasticity. Two conserved integral quantities are deduced which generalize the J -integral and L -integral in the notation of Budiansky and Rice (1973: Budiansky, B. and Rice, J. R. (1973) Conservation laws and energy-release rates. J. Appl. Mech. 40, 201–203 ). An expression for an M -integral is also obtained, but it is demonstrated that there is no corresponding conservation law for this integral. Relationships of the derived path integrals to other similar quantities for couple stress elasticity which have appeared in the literature are discussed.
Unusual chromatic properties observed from polymerized dipeptide diacetylenes

The chromatic properties of a few dipeptide polydiacetylenes were found to change dramatically with very slight structural variations of dipeptides, leading to the proposal of a non-coplanar packing model to explain the chromatic behavior of polydiacetylenes.
An infinite element for analysis of transient fluid—structure interactions

An infinite element based on the doubly asymptotic approximation (DAA) for use in finite element analysis of fluid—structure interactions is presented. Fluid finite elements model the region near the solid. Infinite elements account for the effects of the outer fluid on the inner region. The DAA‐based infinite elements involve an approximate calculation of the added mass using static mapped infinite elements, plus a consistent damping term. Simple test analyses for a range of fluid properties demonstrate the performance of the solution technique. The analyses of a Helmholtz resonator (open pipe) and a circular plate in water indicate the practical use of the solution approach.
Ecteinascidia turbinata Extract Activates Components of Inflammatory Responses Throughout the Phylogenetic Spectrum

The tunicate Ecteinascidia turbinata contains a substance or substances capable of exerting a number of biological effects. Extracts of tunicate tissues have been shown to kill tumor cells in vitro and arrest tumor growth in vivo . The extracts also suppress allograft rejection, graft- US .-host reactions and lymphocyte proliferative responses as well as humoral responses to immunization. By modifying the conditions, the extracts could potentiate antibody responses. In addition, they augment functions of monocyte-macrophages as evidenced by in vitro phagocytosis, in vivo clearance, and cytotoxic activity against target cells. After studies in mice, we were able to demonstrate that the extracts could activate the phagocytic systems of shrimp, blue crab, and fish (the American eel). In fish, the intraperitoneal route was superior to the intravenous route for promotion of phagocytosis, increase in percent presentation of granulocytes and for enhancement of resistance to bacterial infection. Intrarriuscular and intraperitoneal injection led to local inflammation with accumulation of granulocytes and macrophages.
Aortic Balloon Valvuloplasty Prior to Orthotopic Liver Transplantation: A Novel Approach to Aortic Stenosis and End-Stage Liver Disease

The combination of severe aortic stenosis and end-stage liver disease increases the morbidity and mortality of surgical aortic valve replacement or orthotopic liver transplantation resulting in a prohibitive operative risk. We propose a staged approach of balloon aortic valvuloplasty prior to orthotopic liver transplantation as a bridge to definitive aortic valve replacement. Between 2010 and 2012, four patients with severe aortic stenosis and end-stage liver disease underwent staged balloon aortic valvuloplasty followed by orthotopic liver transplantation. All patients had been deemed to be inappropriate candidates for liver transplantation or aortic valve surgery due to their comorbidity. One patient died of complications from a perivalvular abscess. Three patients went on to successful graft implantation and function and surgical recovery. Two of the three patients proceeded to definitive surgical aortic valve replacement with the remainder currently undergoing evaluation. In this case series, we present a novel approach of balloon aortic valvuloplasty prior to liver transplantation as a potential bridge to definitive treatment of severe aortic stenosis in the end-stage liver patient.
Anaesthesia for thyroplasty

The purpose of this report is to describe the anaesthetic considerations for layngoplastic procedures. Thyroplasty is a procedure which restores the voice in unilateral vocal cord paralysis. The procedure employs an external approach via a window cut at the appropriate level in the thyroid ala. A wedge of silastic is inserted against the inner perichondrium, thereby displacing the vocal cord medially and permitting voice production. Correct placement of the implant is assessed by asking the patient to phonate; patient cooperation is therefore necessary at certain times during the procedure. We describe our management of a patient undergoing thyroplasty. The use of a benzodiazepine agonist-antagonist combination provided both optimal operating conditions and patient comfort.