cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why employer discretion may lead to more effective affirmative action policies

A serious problem with existing affirmative action policies, and the emphasis here, is the difficulty of signaling workers of their relative standing within the organization. Not only does this adversely affect worker incentives, but it fosters discord in the workplace as unsuccessful nonminority candidates are allowed to believe, frequently in error, that in the absence of affirmative action they would have advanced. We contend that the long-run effectiveness of affirmative action policies can be enhanced by allowing employers to choose between minority promotion and minority "education." By granting employers greater discretion, promotion decisions will now reveal information that credibly informs workers about their relative qualifications for advancement. A truly outstanding nonminority candidate will advance regardless of the affirmative action constraint, whereas a mediocre or inferior nonminority will probably not. In this manner, successful minority candidates can infer with some probability that they were no less qualified than the unsuccessful, nonminority candidates. Symmetrically, a unsuccessful nonminority candidate can infer with some probability that they would not have advanced even in the absence of the affirmative action constaint. The net effect is less discord and higher productivity in the workplace coincident with what workers will perceive as a "reward-for-performance" criterion for advancement.
Selective Retrograde Coronary Venous Perfusion

The theoretical concept of delivering oxygenated blood to an ischemic myocardium by way of the coronary venous system antedated by many decades the present widespread utilization of coronary artery bypass grafting. Diffuse arterial atherosclerosis has limited the effectiveness of coronary artery bypass grafting in about 15% of patients seen with significant angina pectoris. Consequently, there has been renewed interest in selectively reversing the flow in certain coronary veins through coronary venous bypass grafts. This collective review details the physiology and anatomy of the coronary venous system. It then discusses the early attempts to globally retroperfuse the entire coronary venous system through the coronary sinus. Finally, the current experimental and clinical attempts to selectively retroperfuse just one region of the coronary venous system are presented and reviewed.
Properties of action potentials in Drosera tentacles.

Action potentials of Drosera tentacles resemble those of vertebrate peripheral nerves in that they appear to be comprised of relatively uniform spikes, variable shoulders or negative after-potentials, and variable positive after-potentials. The peaking of the spike corresponds to a period of great refractoriness, while action potentials of low amplitude may be fired readily during the negative after-potential. The action potentials fired during the negative after-potential appear to be unlike those of peripheral nerves in that they are of abnormally brief duration. Also apparently different from the case in peripheral nerves is the dependence of the duration of an action potential on the interval separating it from the preceding action potential. Action potentials propagate from the neck of the stalk to its base at about 5 mm s-1 at room temperature. Propagation may be reversed artificially, consistent with the possibility that the neuroid cells are electrically coupled.
Mediums: visual integrity preserving framework

The UI redressing attack and its variations have spread across several platforms, from web browsers to mobile systems. We study the fundamental problem underneath such attacks, and formulate a generic model called the container threat model. We believe that the attacks are caused by the system's failure to preserve visual integrity. From this angle, we study the existing countermeasures and propose a generic approach, Mediums framework, to develop a Trusted Display Base (TDB) to address this type of problems. We use the side channel to convey the lost visual information to users. From the access control perspective, we use the dynamic binding policy model to allow the server to enforce different restrictions based on different client-side scenarios.
Sampling studies with Aedes vexans and some other Wisconsin Aedes (Diptera: Culcidae).

At Madison, Wis., Aedes vexans (Meigen) fed far more actively in prairie and meadow than in a forest, but the reverse was true of A. trivittatus (Coquillett) and some species of the A. stimulans group. Attack rates of A. vexans rose abruptly to a peak at 30–40 min after sunset, then declined gradually. Of 94 collections from man, made by hand in 5–10 minutes at dusk on 94 days, nearly 20% contained more than 100 vexans females (maximum 482), but almost half had less than 30. Sampling of the vexans population by light traps at dusk was not found feasible, because of the high level of feeding activity at that time. In light traps operated from dusk to dawn on 7 consecutive nights, almost 93% of the female vexans taken, and nearly 89% of the males, were captured after 10 PM.
Geographic Variation in Cancer-Related Imaging: Veterans Affairs Health Care System Versus Medicare

Geographic variations in the use of medical care have led policymakers to question whether care in high-volume areas can be reduced without lowering quality. The authors compared average use and ge...
Evaluation of AIM overlay mark for thin film head application

Overlay control becomes more crucial for wafer processing in thin film head (TFH) industry with continuous shrinkage in Critical Dimension (CD) in order to achieve higher data storage capacity. High topographic feature and thick transparent oxide between two overlay layers are unique challenges for TFH overlay measurement. It is important to know if overlay target represents the true overlay and its effect on overlay control. In this work, three overlay marks, Box-in-Box (BiB), Frame-in-Frame (FiF) and KLA-Tencor Advanced Imaging Metrology (AIM), were evaluated under different process conditions. The performance study of the overlay marks included following tests: overlay precision, Tool Induced Shift (TIS) variability and Total Measurement Uncertainty (TMU); effect of photo resist thickness and transparent oxide spacing between two overlay layers; overlay mark fidelity (OMF) from array test; analysis of stepper correctable terms residuals. It was found that AIM marks provided better metrology tool performance than BiB and FiF in terms of precision, TIS variability and TMU. It was also found that precision and TIS variability were sensitive to photo resist thickness and oxide thickness. Smaller overlay residual error was achieved using AIM target and OMF could be improved too.
Effects of metal-ion binding on rhodanese activity☆

Abstract The stability constants for the calcium and magnesium complexes of rhodanese are >10 5 m −1 at both high and low substrate concentrations. The stoichiometry of alkaline earth metal ion binding totals close to 1 per 18,500 molecular weight. The usual assay reagents contain sufficient amounts of these metal ions to maintain added enzyme in its metal-complexed form. When reaction mixtures are treated with oxalate to remove calcium ions, inhibition of rhodanese activity is virtually complete under circumstances such that the contribution of magnesium ion is low. Zinc and a number of transition metal ions are inhibitors of rhodanese activity. Studies of the concentration dependence of these effects with zinc, copper, and nickel showed that: 1) Some cyanide complexes of these metals are competitive with the donor substrate, thiosulfate ion. The binding of the copper and zinc complexes is mutually competitive. 2) Another cyanide species of copper appears to combine with the free enzyme to form a functionally active complex. 3) The zinc cyanide species with a net positive charge is an inhibitor competitive with the acceptor substrate, cyanide ion. All of these observations are consistent with a model in which metal ions serve as the electrophilic site of rhodanese.
Anomalous transport and the coupling of plasma diffusion and heat flow

Anomalous transport has been observed in heat-pulse tokamak experiments in the form of faster thermal diffusion than expected from thermal conductivity alone. The anomaly is resolved by correct treatment of time-dependent transport, coupling heat flow and plasma diffusion. The diffusion rates are exhibited as invariant eigenvalues appearing in the transport model. We show how these eigenvalues couple the basic transport processes. The thermal diffusion rate is not determined by thermal conductivity, since it is not an eigenvalue with temperature as eigenmode.
Superiority of the Combination of Blood and Agitated Saline for Routine Contrast Enhancement

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the modification of the saline echo contrast method by mixing blood with agitated saline before intravenous injection. In 20 patients, contrast echocardiography was performed with a conventional technique from the apical 4-chamber view. We used 2 techniques: (1) the combination of blood (1 mL) withdrawn from the patients and air-agitated saline agitated, (2) air-agitated. In all patients, the blood combination technique was judged to make a greater contrast, with the agreement of all 3 reviewers. Peak echo intensity of the right ventricular cavity by the blood combination technique was significantly higher than that by agitated saline alone. In conclusion, the use of the combination of blood and agitated saline is superior to agitated saline alone for the opacification of the right atrium and ventricle in routine echocardiography.
Comparison of central axis and jet ring coolant supply for turbine disk cooling on a SSME-HPOTP model

The test facility, test methods and results are presented for an experimental study modeling the cooling of turbine disks in the blade attachment regions with multiple impinging jets, in a configuration simulating the disk cooling method employed on the Space Shuttle Main Engine oxygen turbopump. The study's objective was to provide a comparison of detailed local convection heat transfer rates obtained for a single center-supply of disk coolant with those obtained with the present flight configuration where disk coolant is supplied through an array of 19 jets located near the disk outer radius. Specially constructed disk models were used in a program designed to evaluate possible benefits and identify any possible detrimental effects involved in employing an alternate disk cooling scheme. The study involved the design, construction and testing of two full scale rotating model disks, one plane and smooth for baseline testing and the second contoured to the present flight configuration, together with the corresponding plane and contoured stator disks. Local heat transfer rates are determined from the color display of encapsulated liquid crystals coated on the disk in conjunction with use of a computer vision system. The test program was composed of a wide variety of disk speeds, flowrates, and geometrical configurations, including testing for the effects of disk boltheads and gas ingestion from the gas path region radially outboard of the disk-cavity.
Nonmonotonic inheritance systems

The use of frames and other hierarchical representational schemes has become fairly pervasive in intelligent systems. Central to these representations is the inheritance of properties from one object to another by way of is-a-kind and is-an-element-of links. Complexities and difficulties arise when the values inherited are typical (defeasible) and are transmitted through multiple links; in such cases, many of the issues inherent in nonmonotonic logics arise. Some procedures for making inferences in inheritance network that have both default (defeasible) and absolute knowledge (nondefeasible) are suggested. The basis for these suggestions is the use of possibility qualification for representing typical or default values. >
On Tourism and the Constructions of ‘Paradise Islands’ in Central America and the Caribbean

A comparative perspective of the tourism industry in the islands of Col ´ on, Panama and Carriacou, Grenada is presented in this article. The islands have long histories of association with colonial powers, coupled with more recent histories of ‘discovery’ as tourist destinations. The historical constructions of ‘paradise islands’ and the appropriation of tourism for nation-building purposes in these territories are analysed. The discussion assesses the underlying reasons for the differing responses by African Caribbean populations toward tourism development, in spite of similar colonial and postcolonial histories.
Effects of Lipid Chain Lengths in α-Galactosylceramides on Cytokine Release by Natural Killer T Cells

Glycolipid presentation by CD1 proteins has emerged as an important aspect of antigen recognition, and presentation of alpha-glycosylceramides by CD1d to natural killer T cells has become a central focus in understanding how glycolipid presentation can influence immune responses. An alpha-galactosylceramide containing relatively long lipid chains has been the subject of intense study because, when presented by CD1d to natural killer T cells, it stimulates the release of both proinflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokines. Using an efficient synthesis of alpha-galactosylceramides, we have prepared a series of glycolipids in which the lipid chain lengths have been incrementally varied. The responses of natural killer T cells to these glycolipids have been determined, and we have found that truncation of the phytosphingosine lipid chain increases the relative amounts of immunomodulatory cytokines released. In similar fashion, the length of the acyl chain in alpha-galactosylceramides influences cytokine release profiles.
Inhibition of goby posterior intestinal NaCl absorption by natriuretic peptides and by cardiac extracts.

Natriuretic peptides abolish active Na+ and Cl- absorption aross the posterior intestine of the euryhaline gobyGillichthys mirabilis. Inhibition by eel and human natriuretic peptides is dose-dependent with the following sequence of potencies based on experimentally determined ID50 values for inhibition of short-circuit current: eel ventricular natriuretic peptide (78 nmol · l-1), eel atrial natriuretic peptide (156 nmol · l-1), human brain natriuretic peptide (326 nmol · l-1), human α atrial natriuretic peptide (1.05 μmol · l-1), and eel C-type natriuretic peptide (75 μmol · l-1). Natriuretic peptides also significantly increase transcellular conductance. The observed sequence of natriuretic peptide potencies is suggestive of cellular mediation by GC-A-type NP-R1 receptors in this tissue; as expected for guanylyl-cyclase-coupled NP-R1 receptors, cyclic GMP mimics the action of natriuretic peptides on the goby intestine. Crude aqueous extracts of goby atrium and ventricle inhibited short circuit current and increased tissue conductance in a dose-dependent manner. Ventricular extract was more potent than atrial extract on both a per organ and per milligram basis.
The Groups of Microorganisms Composing the “Total”-Count Population in Frozen Vegetables

SUMMARY The types of microorganisms contaminating frozen peas, snap beans, and corn were studied quantitatively. An average of 40-75% of the isolates were species of Leuconostoc and Strep. tococcus. The incidence of some of the less numerous groups is also given. The data suggested that a characteristic microflora, dependent upon vegetable product, developed on the surfaces of processing equipment. Thus, similar distributions of microorganisms were found on vegetables processed at different factories, as well as on vegetables in different stages of processing. The characteristic microbial distributions were observed, however, only in samples collected after the processing seasons had been in effect for a number of days.
Herpes simplex virus ocular infections.

Herpes simplex ocular infection is the leading cause of infectious corneal blindness in the United States and presents a frequent challenge to ophthalmologists. The epithelial infections are usually readily controlled with trifluridine or vidarabine, but clinical resistance may be emerging, and host toxicity remains a problem in chronic cases. Acyclovir offers an alternative, and the oral form appears to be an effective antiviral prophylaxis in stromal keratitis and post-penetrating keratoplasty, as well as a treatment for epithelial infections in patients where administration of topical therapy is difficult. Valacyclovir and perhaps famciclovir may provide similar efficacy as acyclovir at reduced doses. In addition, better control of inflammation with potent steroids used at the appropriate phases of HSV infection can minimize scarring and vascularization. Newer agents attempt to provide more specific therapy for both the infectious and inflammatory components of HSV ocular infections.
Live Performance and Carcass Yield of Broiler Strain Crosses Provided Either Sixteen or Twenty-Three Hours of Light per Day

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to compare a restricted (R) lighting program [16 h light (L):8 h dark (D)] with a standard extended (E) lighting schedule (23L:1D) for broilers. Experiment 1 was carried out during March and April (mean temperature of 23.3 C). Light treatments were 1) E; 2) R; 3) 16L:8D Days 1 to 21 and 23L:1D thereafter to 49 days (R3E); and 4) 16L:8D Days 1 to 14 and 23L:1D thereafter to 49 days (R2E). Treatments were factorially arranged with two strain crosses [Indian River × Arbor Acres (IA) and Peterson × Arbor Acres (PA)]. Experiment 2 was carried out during the summer (mean temperature of 27.0 C). Light Treatments E and R were factorially arranged with two strain crosses [Cobb × Arbor Acres (CA) and PA]. In Experiment 1, BW of Cross PA was greater than BW of Cross IA at 1, 14, 35, and 49 days of age. The percentage of birds with breast blisters was greater in Cross PA than IA. The incidence of broken clavicles was lower in Treatments R and R3E than in Treatments E or R2E. In Experiment 2, Treatment E had greater BW than R from 7 to 42 days of age, and BW of Cross CA was greater than that of PA from 1 to 48 days. Yield (percentage of lean carcass weight) of breast meat at 49 days of age was higher for Treatment E than R, and the percentage of birds with breast blisters was greater in Treatment R than E. In both experiments, Cross PA had lower breast meat yield (percentage of lean carcass weight) than the other strain crosses.
Dielectric behavior of colloidal dispersions

Abstract During the past few years, considerable effort has been devoted to understanding the character of the particle-solution interface using electrokinetic methods. Recent experimental work has uncovered striking discrepancies between experiment and the classical theory. Ion migration behind the shear surface is one mechanism postulated to explain matters. Accordingly, the theory was extended to include this mechanism and a numerical methodology was developed to solve the equations for particles in an oscillatory electric field. The results show considerable promise. Comparisons between theory and experiment indicate that allowing for surface transport can reconcile measurements of the mobility of individual particles with measurements of the dielectric behavior of a dilute suspension.
Machine analysis of pion scattering by the maximum likelihood method

We report here the method used to carry out a phase shift analysis of the pion-proton scattering events found in photographic emulsions and in the hydrogen diffusion cloud chamber. The method uses an electronic computer to find the best set of phase shifts for a set of scattering events having a given energy, according to a maximum likelihood criterium. This problem was coded for the electronic computer, Avidac, of the Argonne National Laboratory, and used to analyze the events found by various groups of experimenters. Most of the results have already been reported. The analyses were carried out for positive pions scattered by protons and could included-waves as well ass- andp-waves, together with the effect of the Coulomb interaction.
Control of the Balb/c-3T3 cell cycle by nutrients and serum factors: analysis using platelet-derived growth factor and platelet-poor plasma.

Much controversy regarding the relationship between nutrients and serum in regulation of cell growth can be reconciled by recognizing that serum contains multiple factors which regulate different events in the cell cycle. Serum was fractioned into a platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), which induces cells to become competent to synthesize DNA, and plasma which allows competent cells to traverse G0/G1 and enter the S phase. Nutrients are not required for the cellular response to PDGF; however amino acids are required for plasma to promote the entry of PDGF-treated, competent cells into S phase. The nutrient independent, PDGF-modulated, growth regulatory event (competence) is located 12 hours prior to the G1/S phase boundary in quiescent, density-arrested Balb/c-3T3 cells. The nutrient dependent, plasma-modulated event is located six hours prior to the G1/S phase boundary and corresponds in time to a plasma dependent growth arrest point. Moreover, plasma controls the concentration of amino acids required for DNA synthesis. Infection of density-arrested Balb/c-3T3 cells with SV40 overrides both the nutrient independent and the nutrient dependent growth regulatory events.
More countably recognizable classes of groups

Abstract It is proved that certain classes of groups that are either (locally soluble)-by-finite rank or finite rank-by-(locally soluble) are countably recognizable.
Raman observations on individual interplanetary dust particles

A Raman study of 20 representative interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) belonging to different infrared spectral classes is discussed. Six different groups of Raman spectra were discerned among the IDPs studied. Groups 1-5 exhibit the Raman signature of poorly crystallized carbonaceous material, with the degree of disorder of this material increasing from group 1 (most ordered) to group 5 (least ordered). Group 1 contains IDPs that have infrared spectra characteristic of olivines, and are deuterium depleted, while those in groups 2, 3, and 4 contain less ordered carbonaceous material and are deuterium enriched, suggesting different carbonaceous carrier phases for deuterium depletions and enrichments. Groups 5 and 6 contain little or no carbonaceous material, with an abundance of deuterium. No obvious relationship was found between Raman groups and infrared classes based on the 10 micron absorption band due to silicates. Because silicates are known to be present, but are not seen, it is presumed that silicate grains are coated with and/or imbedded in carbonaceous material. Several IDPs show broad visible laser-induced photoluminescence, probably produced by a carbonaceous component.
Marfella CG, Ohkawa Y, Coles AH, Garlick DS, Jones SN, Imbalzano AN. 2006. Mutation of the SNF2 family member Chd2 affects mouse development and survival. J Cell Physiol 209:162–171.

The original article to which this erratum refers was published in J Cell Physiol 2006; 209:162–171.
Multidisciplinary preoperative approach to the management of epidermoid carcinoma of the anus and anorectum

Administration of mitomycin C, 5-fluorouracil, and radiotherapy greatly reduced gross tumor sizes preoperatively in nine of ten patients who had epidermoid carcinoma of the anus and anorectum. In four of the cases there was no microscopic evidence of residual cancer in the resected specimens following this management and five specimens showed only histologic evidence of tumor. Because of these findings, we are encouraged to do more local excisions for cure whenever feasible, rather than doing abdominoperineal resection for this disease. Ultimately only accumulated time and continued experience will determine the efficacy of approach, in which preoperative multidisciplinary treatment is followed by more conservative surgical treatment of epidermoid carcinoma of the anus and anorectum.
Generating good design from bad design: dynamical network approach

This paper discusses a dynamical network for mapping of interciass members without performing a learning process. This allows a member of class A to be mapped to a member of class B. Given sample members of each class a backpropagation network is trained to form the corresponding class boundaries. Upon completion of the training process the weights obtained are used in a recurrent network which performs the interclass member mapping without any further training. This mapping is achieved as the recurrent network evolves In time. The Initial state of the network is mapped to its equilibrium state. The interclass member mapping network (IMMN) has many applications in selfcorrecting systems. In this paper the IMMN is developed to represent two classes namely class B (for instance a class for representing members with desirable and correct features) and class A (members with incorrect features). An example is given in which two categories are used namely poorly and well-designed manufacturing parts. Given a poorly-designed part the network wifi suggest corrections resulting in a well-designed part. This example has nonlinear decision regions and shows the generalization capability of the network.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Shape and Dynamics of Tip-Growing Cells

Walled cells have the ability to remodel their shape while sustaining an internal turgor pressure that can reach values up to 10 atmospheres [1-7]. Although it is undisputed that this requires a tight and simultaneous regulation of cell wall assembly and mechanics, previous theoretical studies on tip growth focused either on the mechanical behavior of the cell wall or on its assembly [8-14]. To study the interplay between growth and mechanics in shaping a walled cell, we examine the particularly simple geometry of tip-growing cells [1, 3, 15, 16], which elongate via the assembly and expansion of cell wall in the apical region of the cell. We describe the observed irreversible expansion of the cell wall during growth as the extension of an inhomogeneous viscous fluid shell under the action of turgor pressure, fed by a material source in the neighborhood of the growing tip. This allows us to determine theoretically the radius of the cell and its growth velocity in terms of the turgor pressure and the secretion rate and rheology of the cell wall material. We derive simple scaling laws for the geometry of the cell and find that a single dimensionless parameter, which characterizes the relative roles of cell wall assembly and expansion, is sufficient to explain the observed variability in shapes of tip-growing cells. More generally, our description provides a framework to understand cell growth and remodeling in plants (pollen tubes [17], root hairs, etc. [18]), fungi (hyphal growth [19, 20] and fission and budding yeast [3]), and some bacteria [21], in the context of both tip growth and diffuse growth.
Hypervigilance in patients with obsessive‐compulsive disorder

The hypothesis that patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) suffer from hypervigilant attention was investigated via explicit memory (incidental recall and recognition) and priming (reading speed) measures. OCD patients did not differ from normal controls on explicit measures of memory; specifically, recognition of unusual words (experiment 1) and recall and recognition of words and feature-specific information (experiment 2). Although both normal controls and OCD patients showed priming, the pattern of priming differed for the two groups (experiment 2). Specifically, patients with OCD failed to show feature-specific priming, suggesting they may have attended more focally on the priming task than did normal controls. These findings support previous reports of normal performance in OCD on explicit memory tasks, but suggest more sensitive measures may reflect differences in processing information.
Evaluative Ratings of Mineral Taste in Water

NaHCO3, CaSO4, Na2SO4, MgSO4, NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2, and Na2CO3 were used separately to prepare sample solutions of mineralized water. Five studies were performed in which Ss rated these solutions using specially constructed taste rating scales. Initial ratings in a series tended to be more favorable than final ratings. Solutions of 2,000 ppm were rated less favorably than corresponding 1,000 ppm solutions. Mean ratings for solutions differed significantly. The rank order of mean ratings, from most favorable to least favorable, was approximately the same as the order in which solutes are listed above. Results were discussed in terms of taste-scale methodology and in relation to two hypotheses central to research on mineral taste in water.
DOT1L Inhibition Sensitizes MLL-Rearranged AML to Chemotherapy

DOT1L, the only known histone H3-lysine 79 (H3K79) methyltransferase, has been shown to be essential for the survival and proliferation of mixed-linkage leukemia (MLL) gene rearranged leukemia cells, which are often resistant to conventional chemotherapeutic agents. To study the functions of DOT1L in MLL-rearranged leukemia, SYC-522, a potent inhibitor of DOT1L developed in our laboratory, was used to treat MLL-rearranged leukemia cell lines and patient samples. SYC-522 significantly inhibited methylation at H3K79, but not H3K4 or H3K27, and decreased the expression of two important leukemia-relevant genes, HOXA9 and MEIS1, by more than 50%. It also significantly reduced the expression of CCND1 and BCL2L1, which are important regulators of cell cycle and anti-apoptotic signaling pathways. Exposure of MLL-rearranged leukemia cells to this compound caused cell cycle arrest and promoted differentiation of those cells, both morphologically and by increased CD14 expression. SYC-522 did not induce apoptosis, even at 10 µM for as long as 6 days. However, treatment with this DOT1L inhibitor decreased the colony formation ability of primary MLL-rearranged AML cells by up to 50%, and promoted monocytic differentiation. Notably, SYC-522 treatment significantly increased the sensitivity of MLL-rearranged leukemia cells to chemotherapeutics, such as mitoxantrone, etoposide and cytarabine. A similar sensitization was seen with primary MLL-rearranged AML cells. SYC-522 did not affect chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in leukemia cells without MLL-rearrangement. Suppression of DOT1L activity inhibited the mitoxantrone-induced increase in the DNA damage response marker, γH2AX, and increased the level of cPARP, an intracellular marker of apoptosis. These results demonstrated that SYC-522 selectively inhibited DOT1L, and thereby altered gene expression, promoted differentiation, and increased chemosensitivity by preventing DNA damage response. Therefore, inhibition of DOT1L, in combination with DNA damaging chemotherapy, represents a promising approach to improving outcomes for MLL-rearranged leukemia.
Molecular assessment of mating strategies in a population of Atlantic spotted dolphins.

Similar to other small cetacean species, Atlantic spotted dolphins (Stenella frontalis) have been the object of concentrated behavioral study. Although mating and courtship behaviors occur often and the social structure of the population is well-studied, the genetic mating system of the species is unknown. To assess the genetic mating system, we genotyped females and their progeny at ten microsatellite loci. Genotype analysis provided estimates of the minimum number of male sires necessary to account for the allelic diversity observed among the progeny. Using the estimates of male sires, we determined whether females mated with the same or different males during independent estrus events. Using Gerud2.0, a minimum of two males was necessary to account for the genetic variation seen among progeny arrays of all tested females. ML-Relate assigned the most likely relationship between offspring pairs; half or full sibling. Relationship analysis supported the conservative male estimates of Gerud2.0 but in some cases, half or full sibling relationships between offspring could not be fully resolved. Integrating the results from Gerud2.0, ML-Relate with previous observational and paternity data, we constructed two-, three-, and four-male pedigree models for each genotyped female. Because increased genetic diversity of offspring may explain multi-male mating, we assessed the internal genetic relatedness of each offspring’s genotype to determine whether parent pairs of offspring were closely related. We found varying levels of internal relatedness ranging from unrelated to closely related (range -0.136–0.321). Because there are several hypothesized explanations for multi-male mating, we assessed our data to determine the most plausible explanation for multi-male mating in our study system. Our study indicated females may benefit from mating with multiple males by passing genes for long-term viability to their young.
Expansion of multivariate weakly stationary stochastic processes

Two distinct series representations are derived for the class of second order, mean-square continuous, weakly stationary multivariate stochastic processes. The representations, converging in the stochastic mean, have orthogonal coefficients and are valid over the entire real line. A constructive procedure for obtaining explicit representation for any given spectral density matrix is presented.
Locating refered pulpal pains

Abstract The total effects of pain are dependent upon the intimate interrelationship between perception and reaction to pain, and both facets must be taken into account when the problem is evaluated clinically. Pain can initiate or perpetuate a biologically destructive vicious cycle. It should be combated without undue delay, since continued pain has an injurious effect upon the nervous activity or function of the affected area. Diseases of the teeth usually produce pain locally until the pulp is affected; then referred pain becomes prominent. Referred pain can be a confusing symptom and may be misinterpreted unless properly understood; if evaluated intelligently, it can be of great diagnostic value. Injection analgesia can be effectly employed to distinguish referred pain from pain at the site of a causative lesion, since referred pain is always relieved by interruption of the pain pathway. A series of drawings have been presented in an effort to simplify diagnosis of referred pulpal and associated head pains. Figs. 5 through 13 are based upon statisties gathered by Head 6 and closely corroborated in clinical experience. Figs. 14 through 18 are based upon more than 143 personal clinical observations.
Thymopoietin-induced acquisition of responsiveness to T cell mitogens.

Abstract A population of murine spleen cells, enriched by flotation in discontinuous bovine serum albumin gradients, was induced to differentiate in vitro by incubation with the purified thymic polypeptide hormone thymopoietin. These cells, normally unresponsive to both T and B cell mitogens, acquired the capacity to respond to the T cell mitogens concanavalin A (Con A) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) but remained unresponsive to the B cell mitogen lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli . The acquisition of responsiveness to mitogens was not impaired by treatment with anti-Thy-1 serum + complement before induction but was prevented by this treatment after induction; thus the cells acquiring the functional capacity to respond to T cell mitogens had also been induced to express the T cell alloantigen Thy-1. Like the expression of T cell alloantigens, the capacity to respond to Con A developed rapidly and reached its maximum within 6 hr. Responses to Con A always greatly exceeded those to PHA. Our data suggest that committed precursor cells, which we believe to be prothymocytes, are induced by thymopoietin to differentiate to cells with an antigenic phenotype and mitogen responsiveness similar to cortical thymocytes.
Relation between maximum time-varying elastance pressure-volume areas and myocardial oxygen consumption in dogs.

To establish whether pressure-volume areas (PVAs) calculated using the maximum time-varying elastance (Emax) have a relation with myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) that improves on other indexes of myocardial oxygen demand, we studied nine dogs of either sex weighing 19-39 kg, which were instrumented with a micromanometer left ventricular (LV) catheter and a Wilton-Webster coronary sinus flow catheter and had red blood cells tagged with technetium-99m for radionuclide angiography. Hemodynamics, coronary sinus flow determinations, and radionuclide angiograms were obtained under control conditions and during three to five steady-state loading conditions (mean +/- SD, 5.6 +/- 0.7). Isochronal pressure-volume data points from each pressure-volume loop were subjected to linear regression analysis to calculate Emax. The Emax relations, diastolic curves, and systolic portions of each pressure-volume loop were used to obtain calibrated PVAs. The Emax PVA (mm Hg.ml.beat-1.100 g-1) and MVO2 (ml O2.beat-1.100 g-1) values correlated in each animal (r = 0.77 to 0.99). Their slopes averaged (3.48 +/- 1.68) x 10(-5) ml O2.mm Hg-1.ml-1, and their y-axis intercepts averaged 0.07 +/- 0.04 ml O2.beat-1.100 g-1. When the MVO2 relations were compared with Emax PVA, LV systolic pressure-rate product, LV stroke work, and a modification of the LV pressure-work index, the Emax PVA, LV systolic pressure-rate product, and LV pressure-work index had similar relations with MVO2, whereas LV stroke work was a weaker index of MVO2 (p less than 0.05 versus Emax PVA). This occurred because the Emax PVA:MVO2 slopes and y-axis intercepts differed in each dog, which was due to differences in basal LV contractility. The Emax PVA:MVO2 slopes correlated with Emax (r = 0.73, p less than 0.05), and the y-axis intercepts were also weakly related to Emax (r = 0.48, p = 0.19). We conclude that the Emax PVAs calculated using data acquisition techniques that are clinically applicable have relations with MVO2 that in general do not improve on other indexes of myocardial oxygen demand in this animal preparation.
Indistinguishable elements and mathematical structuralism

According to mathematical structuralism, mathematical objects are defined by their positions in mathematical structures. Structures are under stood in the standard sense, as domains over which certain privileged relations are explicitly defined and that may contain identified constant elements and functions. In talking about structures we use a language (for the purposes of this article, and for model theory in general, a first-order language) whose signature contains symbols for the relevant relations, constant elements, and functions. The theory of a structure is the set of sentences true in that structure. To take a familiar example, we specify the structure X = (N, x, +, s, <, 0) in a way that makes clear its signature and hence the language 3?x that we use to talk about it. The theory of this structure, Th (X) = [cp I cp is a sentence of 2?$ and X \= (p\, is complete arithmetic. One objection to mathematical structuralism is that there seem to be facts about the domain of a structure that cannot be 'stated' in terms of the relations, elements, and functions available within the structure. That is, there are facts about elements of the domain that do not seem to be reducible to facts about positions in the domain. Thus John Burgess, commenting on the complex field C = (C, x, +, 0,1) in relation to the ver sion of structuralism proposed in Shapiro (1997): We have two roots to the equation z2 + 1 = 0, which are additive inverses of each other, so that if we call them / and / we have / = ?i and / = -/. But the two are not distinguished from each other by any algebraic properties, since there is a symmetry or automorphism of the field of complex numbers, which is to say an isomorphism with itself, which switches / and /'. On Shapiro's view the two are distinct, although there seems to be nothing to distinguish them. (Burgess 1999: 288)
An endomorphism whose square is Bernoulli

One of the corollaries of Ornstein's isomorphism theorem is that if $(Y,S,\nu)$ is an invertible measure-preserving transformation and $(Y,S^2,\nu)$ is isomorphic to a Bernoulli shift, then $(Y,S,\nu)$ is isomorphic to a Bernoulli shift. In this paper we show that non-invertible transformations do not share this property. We do this by exhibiting a uniformly two-to-one endomorphism $(X,\sigma,\mu)$ which is not isomorphic to the one-sided Bernoulli two shift. However, $(X,T^2,\mu)$ is isomorphic to the one-sided Bernoulli four shift.
An empirical study of gene synonym query expansion in biomedical information retrieval

Due to the heavy use of gene synonyms in biomedical text, people have tried many query expansion techniques using synonyms in order to improve performance in biomedical information retrieval. However, mixed results have been reported. The main challenge is that it is not trivial to assign appropriate weights to the added gene synonyms in the expanded query; under-weighting of synonyms would not bring much benefit, while overweighting some unreliable synonyms can hurt performance significantly. So far, there has been no systematic evaluation of various synonym query expansion strategies for biomedical text. In this work, we propose two different strategies to extend a standard language modeling approach for gene synonym query expansion and conduct a systematic evaluation of these methods on all the available TREC biomedical text collections for ad hoc document retrieval. Our experiment results show that synonym expansion can significantly improve the retrieval accuracy. However, different query types require different synonym expansion methods, and appropriate weighting of gene names and synonym terms is critical for improving performance.
Short complete nested sequences in βN⧹N and small maximal almost-disjoint families

A family of infinite subsets of ω is called almost disjoint if for every distinct F , G ϵ the set F ∩ G is finite, and a family of such infinite subsets is called a tower if δ T γ ⧹ T δ is finite but T δ ⧹ T γ is infinite. A tower is called complete if there exists no infinite set U ⊆ω such that for every T ϵ the set U ⧹ T is finite. In this paper we prove that each of the following statements is consistent with the axioms of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory including the Axiom of Choice and the negation of the Continuum Hypothesis: (1). Every maximal almost-disjoint family and every complete tower has cardinality 2 ℵ ο. (2). For every cardinal λ such that ℵ o ℵ ο there exists a maximal almost-disjoint family of cardinality λ, and for every ordinal α such that ω ℵ ο there exists a complete tower . These results are then applied to β N ⧹ N using the well known correspondence between subsets of ω module finite subsets and clopen subsets of β N ⧹ N . Thus almost-disjoint families correspond to disjoint clopen families, and towers to nested clopen families.
Dipolar cycloaddition reaction of diazoalkanes with trimethylsilyl substituted alkynes. Steric control of regiochemistry by the trimethylsilyl group

Abstract A study of the cycloaddition behavior of several trimethylsilyl substituted alkynes with 2-diazopropane and diazomethane has been carried out. Aryl or alkyl ethynyl sulfones react to give 5-sulfonyl substituted 3H-pyrazoles which extrude nitrogen on photolysis to produce cyclopropenes in high yield. The regiochemical results are compatible with FMO considerations in that the favored adduct is the result of the union of the larger diazoalkane HO coefficient with that of the larger dipolarophile LU coefficient. Dipolar cycloaddition of several 2-(trimethylsilyl) substituted alkynes led to the unexpected regioisomer. Regiochemical control can be attributed to steric rather than to stereoelectronic factors when a bulky trimethylsilyl group is attached to the dipolarophile. In certain cases some of the cycloadducts undergo rearrangement to pyrazoles when subjected to Lewis acid catalysis.
Managing Transmission of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Healthcare Settings: A View From the Trenches

In 2011, the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center experienced a cluster of infection and colonization caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae among profoundly immunocompromised inpatients. This manuscript describes the approach and interventions that were implemented in an attempt to curtail the cluster. Interventions employed included engagement of all stakeholders involved in care of at-risk patients; detailed and frequent communication with hospital staff about issues relating to the outbreak; aggressive microbial surveillance; use of techniques that facilitate rapid identification of resistant organisms; rapid characterization of resistance mechanisms; whole-genome sequencing of outbreak isolates to characterize the spread and to investigate mechanisms of healthcare-associated spread; implementation of enhanced contact precautions for all infected or colonized patients; geographic and personnel cohorting; daily chlorhexidine gluconate baths; dedicating equipment to be used solely for cohorted patients and aggressive decontamination of equipment that had to be reused on uncohorted patients; monitoring adherence to infection control precautions, including unwavering attention to adherence to appropriate hand hygiene procedures; and attention to the details of environmental decontamination. In addition, the manuscript discusses some of the challenges associated with managing such an event, as well as a few of the unanticipated consequences associated with the aftermath of the case cluster.
A 915MHz, 6Mb/s, 80pJ/b BFSK receiver with −76dBm sensitivity for high data rate wireless sensor networks

A mixer-less low energy BFSK receiver for wireless sensor networks is presented. Q-enhanced frequency-to-amplitude conversion and linear amplification at RF frequencies provide a large conversion gain and high data rates, leading to improved sensitivity and energy efficiency. Fabricated in a 0.13 μm CMOS process, the 915 MHz receiver, with integrated digital calibration, demonstrates a sensitivity of -90 dBm at 500 kb/s and an energy efficiency of 80 pJ/b at 6 Mb/s.
Expressive Analytical Model for Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Many routing protocols exist for mobile ad hoc networks. To select the most appropriate protocol, evaluation of candidate protocols must be performed with respect to a specific operating environment, which is not an easy task. However, selecting the best protocol can be a key factor in system behavior, determining whether the system successfully satisfies application requirements. Most of the relevant research in this area relies on simulation studies or empirical analysis to select a routing protocol, requiring an infeasible amount of time and resources for the approaches to be used in real-time decision making. In this paper we describe work toward analytically expressing protocol performance metrics in terms of environment-, protocol- , and application-dependent parameters. This work provides a foundation for adaptive protocol suites that will eventually enable an integrated context-aware communication paradigm.
Buffon, German Biology, and the Historical Interpretation of Biological Species

The entry of time and history into biological systems of classification is perhaps the single most significant development in the history of biological systematics in the modern era. Darwin's claiming that descent is ‘… the hidden bond of connexion which naturalists have been seeking under the term of the natural system’, rather than seeing the answer in the multitude of previous attempts to resolve the problem in terms of morphological affinities, analogies, and complex relations of resemblance, marked the turning point in a long search into the meaning of biological taxonomy, and allowed the development of Darwin's insights by Haeckel, Plate and others into modern phylogenetic systematics.