cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Safe Farm: The Impact of an Iowa Public Information Campaign

The 1992 public information campaign, Safe Farm, made farm safety messages available to a diverse and independent target audience of 104,000 full-time and parttime Iowa farm operators and their families. The print portion of the campaign reached 5.03 million Iowa newspaper subscribers. A series of public service announcements received at least 180 h of air time on more than 100 Iowa radio stations and nearly 80,000 farm safety publications were distributed by Iowa State University (ISU) Extension during the campaign. The impact of this public information campaign was measured by a baseline and follow-up telephone survey of 460 Iowa farm operators. The baseline survey showed that farm operators relied heavily on local media for farm safety information, as well as the cooperative extension service.When asked where they obtained safety information, 95% of the respondents said newspapers and magazines, 82% radio, 77% television, 59% relied on publications from ISU Extension, and 33% relied on ISU Extension staff. The follow-up survey measured significant improvements in Iowa farm operators? awareness, concern, and behavior based on three indices composed of scales common to both surveys. A multiple regression analysis was conducted based on a causal model. The multivariate test indicated that these changes could not be statistically attributed to the Safe Farm campaign.
Green Expectations The Story of a Customizable Lighting Control Panel Designed to Reduce Energy Use

Environmental control and sustainability have become increasingly important in the design of workspaces. Lighting systems in particular have undergone many changes through the incorporation of comp...
Extension of an interface flaw under the influence of transient waves

Abstract This paper is concerned with the initiation of debonding at an interface of two elastic solids of different elastic constants and mass densities. The debonding is caused by stress concentrations that are generated when a system of transient horizontally polarized shear waves strikes the tip of an interface flaw. It is assumed that rupture of the adhesive bond is preceded by yielding of the adhesive. It is shown that for a system of step-stress waves the zone of interface yielding initially extends linearly with time. For various values of the parameters defining the materials and the system of waves the speed of the leading edge of the zone of interface yielding is computed. Analytic expressions are presented for the time of rupture and for the interface stress ahead of the yield zone.
On uniform approximation by splines

for 0 ≤ r ≤ k − 1. In particular, dist (f, S π) = O(|π| ) for f ∈ C(I), or, more generally, for f ∈ C(I), such, that f (k−1) satisfies a Lipschitz condition, a result proved earlier by different means [2]. These results are shown to be true even if I is permitted to become infinite and some of the knots are permitted to coalesce. The argument is based on a “local” interpolation scheme Pπ by splines, which is, in a way, a generalization of interpolation by broken lines, and which achieves the convergence rate (1.1). The linear projector (i.e., linear idempotent map) Pπ can be shown to be bounded independently of π. Hence, the argument supplies the fact that any sequence S πn with lim |πn| = 0 admits a corresponding uniformly bounded sequence Pπn of linear projectors on C(I) with S k πn the range of Pπn , which converges strongly to the identity. Such sequences are important for the application of Galerkin’s method and its generalizations to the approximate solution of functional equations (cf., e.g., [1]). The following standard notation will be adhered to throughout. For T some set, m(T ) denotes the Banach space of all bounded real–valued functions on T , with norm
The Rheological Properties of Cement Slurries: Effects of Vibration, Hydration Conditions, and Additives

Etude en laboratoire de l'influence des contraintes de cisaillement, des frequences de vibration, des conditions d'hydratation, de la teneur en eau, de la temperature et des additifs sur la prise du ciment et sa structure
Subunit interface residues of glutathione S-transferase A1-1 that are important in the monomer-dimer equilibrium.

Alpha class glutathione S-transferase, isozyme A1-1, is a dimer (51 kDa) of identical subunits. Using the crystal structure, two main areas of subunit interaction were chosen for study: (1) the hydrophobic ball and socket comprised of Phe52 from one subunit fitting into a socket formed on the other subunit by Met94, Phe136, and Val139 and (2) the Arg/Glu region consisting of Arg69 and Glu97 from both subunits. We introduced substitutions of these residues, by site-directed mutagenesis, to evaluate the importance of each at the subunit interface and to determine if monomeric enzymes could be generated using single mutations. Mutating each residue of the socket region to alanine results in little change in the kinetic parameters, and all are dimeric enzymes. In contrast, when Phe52, the ball residue, is replaced with alanine, the enzyme has very low activity and a weight average molecular mass of 31.9 kDa, as determined by sedimentation equilibrium experiments. Substitutions for Glu97 which eliminate the c...
Thermohydrogen processing of titanium alloys

Abstract Use of hydrogen as a temporary alloying element in titanium alloys is an attractive approach for enhancing processability including working, machining, sintering, compaction, etc., and also for controlling the microstructure and thereby improving final mechanical properties. In this article, the status of the methods and applications of thermohydrogen processing (THP) to titanium alloys is reviewed. Effects of hydrogen alloying on the phases present, their composition, and the kinetics of phase reactions are considered. The effect of hydrogen on the hot workability, composite- and powder-metallurgy-product processing, and microstructure modification of wrought and cast conventional alloys and intermetallics, including production of nanocrystalline structures is discussed. Two recently discovered effects, i.e. hydrogen-induced softening of α titanium and hydrogen-induced hardening of β titanium are also discussed. Thermohydrogen processing has clear advantages in the development of improved microstructures and mechanical properties. In the case of near net shapes it is the only method for significant microstructural modification. It allows energy savings in processing to final products by improving the workability. © 1999 International Association for Hydrogen Energy.
Psychiatric diagnosis and chronic pain: DSM-III-R and beyond

Abstract An overview of the psychiatric disorders that seem to be of most importance in evaluating and treating chronic pain patients is presented. Data are reviewed on the prevalence of DSM-III psychiatric diagnoses in patients with chronic pain. Special attention is paid to psychiatric disorders and clinical issues that have been relatively neglected in discussions of chronic pain, and unresolved questions that could be addressed in future research are identified.
A SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY STUDY OF EFFECTS OF PROCESSING ON CRUSTACEAN MUSCLE

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to evaluate structural damage to blue crab (Callinectes saupidus) muscle resulting from thermal processing combined with freezing preservation in the course of developing the methodology for applying SEM to the study of processinglpreservation effects on muscle tissue. Specimens dissected from thermally processed, fast and slow frozen, conventionally frozen stored crabmeat were glutaraldehyde-fixed, solvent exchanged, freeze fractured, critical point dried, gold coated and examined and photographed with an Etec “Autoscan” microscope. Gross structural damage to the thermally processed tissue due to ice crystal formation and growth was clearly observable in low magnification (ca. 150×) micrographs of freeze-fractured transverse surfaces. Ice crystal formation and growth followed the well documented patterns associated with fast and slow frozen native (i.e., raw) muscle tissue studied in thin section by means of transmission microscopic techniques following conventional freezer storage. It was determined that the low magnification images best depicted gross structural damage to intact fibers or fiber bundles while high magnifications (ca. ≥1000×) depicted ultrastructural organization and damage quite satisfactorily. An accelerating voltage of 10 Kev was adequate for the former whereas 20 Kev proved superior in the latter case, although the risk of‘charging’ was increased at the higher voltage. An osmium post-fix was found to be unnecessary, gluteraldehyde being adequate. Freeze fracturing was essential for revealing‘intracellular’ damage especially, and critical point drying appeared to be superior to freeze drying prior to gold coating. Crustacean muscle is especially well suited to SEM study.
Note on the A1 ande q-decays☆

Abstract The distribution of events on the Dalitz plot for the decay of boson resonances into three pseudo-scalar mesons has been described by both partial-wave analysis and the use of phenomenological tensor couplings. It is shown that the relation between these approaches is not as simple as had been previously assumed [1]. A technique for relating the two approaches is demonstrated and the results are given for 1 + and 2 − decays.
Copper (II) alkoxides and alkoxide-halides

Abstract Copper (II) methoxide, chloride methoxide, chloride ethoxide and what is probably the impure ethoxide have been prepared and magnetic moments, visible and infrared spectra and some solubilities have been studied. Evidence suggests the materials are highly polymeric and that copper atoms are in tetragonal environments.
Vehicle Component Benchmarking Using a Chassis Dynamometer

The benchmarking study described in this paper uses data from chassis dynamometer testing to determine the efficiency and operation of vehicle driveline components. A robust test procedure was created that can be followed with no a priori knowledge of component performance, nor additional instrumentation installed in the vehicle. To develop the procedure, a 2013 Chevrolet Malibu was tested on a chassis dynamometer. Dynamometer data, emissions data, and data from the vehicle controller area network (CAN) bus were used to construct efficiency maps for the engine and transmission. These maps were compared to maps of the same components produced from standalone component benchmarking, resulting in a good match between results from in-vehicle and standalone testing. The benchmarking methodology was extended to a 2013 Mercedes E350 diesel vehicle. Dynamometer, emissions, and CAN data were used to construct efficiency maps and operation strategies for the engine and transmission. These maps were used in EP A's Advanced Light-duty Powertrain and Hybrid Analysis Tool (ALPHA) vehicle model, which showed a good agreement between the modeled fuel economy and dynamometer test results.
Comparing the Application of Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) in Magazine Ads Across Product Type and Time

We investigated the incidence and nature of integrated marketing communications (IMC) evident in the advertising of products over time and across product classifications for services versus physical goods. Our goal was to shed light on the use of IMC in practice vis-a-vis its theoretical relevance in the advertising and business literature. Using a framework by Nowak and Phelps (1994), we examined IMC utilization by service organizations and physical goods manufacturers at the tactical (advertisement) level over five time periods spanning 20 years. Results indicate that IMC is a reality among both services ads and physical goods ads, yet its incidence has not increased significantly over this time frame. Differences exist when product types are compared, although there appears to be much room for further and more enlightened adoption of IMC principles within advertising vehicles.
Is there a difference in vascular reactivity of the arms and legs

The arterial vessels within the arms and legs are exposed to different hydrostatic pressures and blood-flow demands during the course of daily life. There is compelling indirect evidence that arterial reactivity differs in the arms and legs of humans; greater blood-flow responses to physiological vasodilator stimuli are generally reported in the arms of healthy younger subjects, whereas greater sympathetically mediated vasoconstrictor responsiveness is generally observed in the legs. Limb blood-flow responses to local arterial infusions of vasoactive agents reveal a similar pattern of heterogeneity in human arms versus legs. The advantages and assumptions of these pharmacological approaches for evaluating limb arterial reactivity are discussed, and methodological issues pertaining to the normalization and interpretation of vascular responses in the human arm and leg are critically examined. The article concludes with recent data from our laboratory indicating that limb-specific variation in arterial function may be age-, sex-, and physical activity dependent.
An Engineered Knottin Peptide Labeled with 18F for PET Imaging of Integrin Expression

Knottins are small constrained polypeptides that share a common disulfide-bonded framework and a triple-stranded β-sheet fold. Previously, directed evolution of the Ecballium elaterium trypsin inhibitor (EETI-II) knottin led to the identification of a mutant that bound to tumor-specific αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrin receptors with low nanomolar affinity. The objective of this study was to prepare and evaluate a radiofluorinated version of this knottin (termed 2.5D) for microPET imaging of integrin positive tumors in living subjects. Knottin peptide 2.5D was prepared by solid-phase synthesis and folded in vitro, and its free N-terminal amine was reacted with N-succinimidyl-4-18/19F-fluorobenzoate (18/19F-SFB) to produce the fluorinated peptide 18/19F-FB-2.5D. The binding affinities of unlabeled knottin peptide 2.5D and 19F-FB-2.5D to U87MG glioblastoma cells were measured by competition binding assay using 125I-labeled echistatin. It was found that unlabeled 2.5D and 19F-FB-2.5D competed with 125I-echistatin for ...
The effect of copper on the binding of prostaglandin E1 to NMU-induced rat mammary carcinoma membranes

Abstract Mammary carcinomata were induced by administration of nitrosomethyl urea to female Buffalo rats. Specific binding of PGE1 to the 15,000xg membranes obtained from these tumors was maximal after ∼ 60 minutes of i cubation at 15°C. An excess of unlabeled PGE1 dissociated 50% of the [3H]PGE1 from the membrane within 15 minutes. The binding of [3H]PGE1 was inhibited by various prostaglandins in a concentration-dependent manner, the order of potency being PGE1>PGE2>PGA2>PGF2α>PGB2. High affinity receptor sites were not definable by Scatchard analysis until 5mM CuCl2 was added. This resulted in the detection of both high and low affinity receptors (Kd= 1.01 nM and 21 μM) having binding capacities of 29 and 357 fmole/mg protein, respectively. Addition of CaCl2 or MgCl2 did not result in a significant increase in the specific binding of PGE1 to the receptors. These studies provide a means by which high affinity prostaglandin E1 receptors can be detected in neoplastic tissue and suggest a mechanism by which copper ions can increase the effect of PGE1 in tissues.
Caring for Kith and Kin: Gender, Employment, and the Privatization of Care

This paper argues for a structural perspective on gender differences in caregiving. Using a broad definition of caregiving (to relatives, friends, as well as volunteer groups), we find that while wives give more than husbands, this can be explained, in part, by employment. Although employed wives give far more care than employed husbands, employed wives provide fewer hours of care to kin than do homemakers. Compared to wives employed in jobs unlike men's, wives employed in jobs like those of men give care in ways similar to men. This research provides evidence for theories that root women's caregiving in social structures confronted in adult life rather than personality formed in early life. While our findings suggest wives' employment may produce a certain weakening of extended families, employment may also produce a wider social integration, emphasizing voluntary rather than prescribed ties.
Neuroleptic drug interactions with norepinephrine alpha receptor binding sites in rat brain.

Abstract Alpha adrenergic receptor sites in mammalian brain tissue can be labeled by the binding of [3H]WB-4101 (2-([2′,6′-dimethoxy] phenoxyethylamino) methyl benzodioxan), a potent α-adrenergic antagonist. Numerous neuroleptic drugs of phenothiazine, butyrophenone and thioxanthene classes are potent in competing for [3H]WB-4101 binding, with affinities resembling those of classic α-antagonists such as phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine. The potencies of neuroleptics in competing for WB-4101 binding sites correlate closely with their potencies in antagonizing norepinephrine and epinephrine induced lethality in rats, confirming that affinity for WB-4101 binding sites predicts α-receptor antagonism in vivo. The relative affinities of neuroleptics for WB-4101 binding sites and for dopamine receptors as labeled by [3H]haloperidol provides an index of the relative propensities of these drugs for eliciting autonomic side effects such as orthostatic hypotension and sedation.
Comparison study of nipple-areolar sensation after reduction mammaplasty.

Background: Although many techniques of reduction mammaplasty are currently in use, a prospective study quantitating the sensation of the nipple-areolar complex (NAC) after the performance of specific techniques has not been performed. Objective: The purpose of this study was to quantitate the postoperative sensation of the NAC after reduction mammaplasty and to compare the results on the basis of the orientation of the vascularized pedicle. Methods: We tested 42 patients divided into 4 groups: medial pedicle (9 patients), inferior pedicle (8 patients), free nipple transfer (8 patients), and a control group (17 patients). The specific mammaplasty technique chosen was based on the preoperative assessment and the estimated volume of resection. A Wise pattern approach was used in all cases. NAC sensation was quantified with the use of the Pressure Specified Sensory Device (Sensory Management Services LLC, Baltimore, MD). Results: We detected no significant difference in the volume of reduction between the free nipple group and the medial pedicle group (P =.14). NAC sensation in the free nipple transfer group was significantly lower than either of the pedicle techniques and control group in all areas of testing (P < 0.001), whereas the medial and inferior pedicle groups had no significant sensory differences in NAC sensation (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The medial pedicle technique is safe and reliable and can be used for large-volume reduction mammaplasty to optimize sensation of the NAC.
A comparison of community-dwelling older schizophrenia patients by residential status.

Objective: Differences in residential status may contribute to the diversity of findings observed in community-based samples of patients with schizophrenia. We compared older out-patients living independently with those in assisted-care facilities. Method: Two hundred and fifty-one out-patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, aged 40–97 years, who had been referred to our Intervention Research Center were examined. Results: Assisted living status was associated with an earlier age at onset of illness, longer illness duration, lower probability of having ever been married, more severe negative symptoms, worse cognitive impairment, and a poorer health-related quality of wellbeing. Independent living and assisted-care patients had similar levels of positive and depressive symptoms, and were on comparable doses of neuroleptic medication. Significant ‘predictors’ of residential status were marital status, cognitive impairment and quality of wellbeing. Conclusion: Among schizophrenia out-patients, one needs to consider residential status in evaluating heterogeneity in cognitive performance or quality of wellbeing.
Using electronic storyboards to support interdisciplinary design of pervasive computing systems

In an interdisciplinary setting, the rapid creation and evaluation of prototypes is critical to achieve a favorable design outcome. For pervasive computing systems, this means creating many interactive prototypes, often when non-computing team members are unfamiliar with programming, networking, or sensing. To overcome this difficulty we propose the use of electronic storyboards as a tool to define pervasive computing systems. Our research will show how storyboards can be used to capture behavioral elements such as action, context, and time. From the storyboard we will create formal models about the behavior of the prototype that can be synthesized or simulated.
Scale construction—A correlation program

coding of information. It does this by reading the data directly into core (in forced column binary) without going through the Hollerith interpreter. This means that 12 bits of a computer word instead of 6 are needed to store one column's worth of information. For the CDC6600, five columns of information can be stored in one 60-bit word. Once the information is stored in the computer, the program shifts the 12 bits of information (representing the column of interest) to the low-order 12 positions of the computer word. The 48 high-order bits are masked out and each of the low-order 12 bits can then be interrogated separately. If a bit is found to be on, control is transferred to a table look-up routine. A table (supplied by the user) tells the program what to
CD44 variant isoforms in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma progression.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The CD44 family of receptors includes multiple variant isoforms, several of which have been linked to malignant properties including migration, invasion, and metastasis. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of the CD44 v3, v6, and v10 variant isoforms in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) tumor progression behaviors. STUDY DESIGN: Laboratory study involving cell cultures and clinical tissue specimens. METHODS: Analysis of the expression of standard CD44s and the CD44 variant isoforms v3, v6, and v10 was carried out in the HNSCC cell line, HSC-3. The role of CD44 isoforms in migration, proliferation, and cisplatin resistance was determined. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on clinical tissue specimens obtained from a series of 82 HNSCC patients. The expression of standard CD44s and the CD44 v3, v6, and v10 variants in primary tumor specimens (n = 82) and metastatic cervical lymph nodes (n = 24) were analyzed with respect to various clinicopathologic variables. RESULTS: HSC-3 cells express at least four CD44 isoforms, and these CD44 isoforms mediate migration, proliferation, and cisplatin sensitivity. Compared with primary tumors, a greater proportion of metastatic lymph nodes demonstrated strong expression of CD44 v3 (lymph node 14/24 vs. primary tumor 38/82), CD44 v6 (lymph node 18/24 vs. primary tumor 26/82), and CD44 v10 (lymph node 14/24 vs. primary tumor 16/82), while expression of standard CD44 was not significantly different in metastatic lymph nodes and primary tumors (lymph node 10/24 vs. primary tumor 60/82). Expression of CD44 variant isoforms were associated with advanced T stage (v3 and v6), regional (v3) and distant (v10) metastasis, perineural invasion (v6), and radiation failure (v10). CD44 v6 and CD44 v10 were also significantly associated with shorter disease-free survival. CONCLUSIONS: CD44 isoforms mediate migration, proliferation, and cisplatin sensitivity in HNSCC. Furthermore, expression of certain CD44 variants may be important molecular markers for HNSCC progression and should be investigated as potential therapeutic targets for therapy.
A Data Reduction and Failure Correction System (COFEC)

The COFEC system (Cause of Failure, Effect, and Corrective Action) provides an efficient means for reliability data reduction and presentation in a manner suitable for executive action. An appropriate information storage and retrieval system accepts a large quantity of data and provides periodic reports which delineate those areas most worthy of attention in efforts toward the improvement of future system reliability. Sample forms indicate the nature of the periodic readout. In addition, relevant data may be made available on short notice, as specific points of interest develop. This reliability data system has already demonstrated its value to weapon systems management.
TU-F-BRE-04: Development of a High-Resolution EPID Based Dosimetry Strategy for Radiosurgery QA

Purpose: To systematically investigate a high spatial-resolution (0.2mm) electronic portal imaging device (EPID) for CyberKnife (CK) based radiosurgery system quality assurance (QA). Methods: An EPID-based dosimetric measurement technique is applied to CK output measurement and field size verification. A Monte Carlo (MC) simulated pixel-to-pixel EPID response specific to CK is used to convert a raw EPID-measured image of a radiosurgery field into water-based dose distribution. The output factors are measured using EPID for radiosurgery fields formed by fixed and variable aperture (Iris) cones. Circular fields of 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 30 and 60mm diameters are measured and compared with diode measurements. The equivalent diameters are determined by analyzing the area received dose greater than half maximum. Results: For both fixed and Iris cones, the EPID measured output factors of circular fields of 5mm to 60mm diameters are in good agreement with the radiosurgery diode measurements. The mean output differences are 1.0% and 1.5% for fixed and Iris cone respectively. The max differences are 2.2% for the 15mm fixed cone, and 1.8% for the 10mm Iris field. The equivalent diameters derived from the EPID measurements are in good agreement comparing to the water scan result with mean differences of 0.21±0.09mm and 0.02±0.22mm for fixed and Iris cone, respectively. The high detector density EPID is able to measure the whole radiation field and identify the field edge and center. Therefore, there is no need to align the detector center perfectly at field center and the setup time is greatly reduced for QA. Conclusion: The high spatial-resolution EPID is proved to be an accurate and efficient dosimetric tool for radiosurgery QA and especially useful in Cyberknife QA for variable aperture collimators.
A generalized nonparametric test for lattice-ordered means.

Summary. Treatment means in factorial experiments are lattice ordered when there is an increase in mean response as the level of any factor is increased while holding the other factors fixed. Such means occur naturally in many experiments. A nonparametric test for lattice-ordered means involving a Kendall-type statistic will be summarized for k-factor factorial experiments. Specifically, the form of the test statistic and variance under the null hypothesis will be presented. In addition, a normalized version of the test statistic will be discussed and applied to relevant data.
The ALMA software system

The ALMA Radio Telescope has a large, integrated, software system to handle all aspects of telescope operation. This software has been developed by a large international consortium of collaborating institutions. This paper briefly describes the scope of the software effort, the technical approach which has been implemented, and the management approach which has been used to oversee its development.
Extreme response style in cross‐cultural research

The study investigates extreme response style (ERS) in cross‐cultural research. Through a four‐country application of the Greenleaf ERS measure, finds that ERS varies between cultures and across response formats. Evidence is also found that the acquiescence response style (ARS) varies between cultures and response formats. Through a series of ANOVAs, it is shown how a post hoc response style adjustment can be used to minimize between‐group differences for ERS and ARS. Finally, this study illustrates how cross‐cultural market researchers, using a marketing‐oriented survey instrument like the CETSCALE, could reach erroneous conclusions by failing to adjust for between‐group difference in ERS. Implications for cross‐cultural marketing research are discussed.
The X-ray photoelectron spectrum of a mixed valence compound of copper

Abstract The mixed valence compound of copper, Cu2SO3·CuSO3·2H2O, Chevreul's salt, has been synthesized by the reduction of an aqueous solution of copper (II), or a mixture of the ammine complexes of copper (II), with sulfur dioxide. The X-ray photoelectron spectrum of Chevreul's salt shows the presence of the two oxidation states of copper. The combined relative areas of the primary and satellite peaks for copper (II) have been shown to be equal to the relative area that would have been obtained for the primary peak in the absence of the satellite peaks. The experimental evidence indicates that the reduction of an aqueous solution of copper (II) with sulfur dioxide gives copper (I) as well as copper metal.
Undergraduate Students' Source Selection Criteria: A Qualitative Study.

A qualitative study of a group of traditionally aged undergraduate students showed their reliance on content relevance and familiarity when making source selection decisions. Credibility, convenience, and format/type were also frequently mentioned criteria. Students' year in school influenced their selection criteria and format preference.
A possible link between the rotation of Saturn and its ring structure

Evidence is presented that two previously unidentified, yet conspicuous gaps in Saturn's rings lie at distances corresponding to 2/3 and 4/3 of the planet's rotation period. Gaps such as these can be produced in a ring of large bodies or small uncharged particles by a nonaxisymmetric gravitational field (both of the above can be associated with the l = m = 3 harmonic), a fact that is relevant to models of planetary interiors.
Effect of Feeding Duration of Sodium Chloride-Containing Diets on Growth Performance and Some Osmoregulatory Parameters of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, After Transfer to Water of Different Salinities

ABSTRACT Two feeding experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding duration of dietary salt (NaCl or S) on hematocrit, blood glucose, serum osmolality, and cortisol of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, acclimated for various time periods to salt water (SW) of different salinities (three-factor experiment). Quadruplicate groups of fish averaging 5.52 ±0.13 g (Experiment I) and 10.04 ±0.19 g (Experiment II) were fed to apparent satiation twice daily with the following four feeding regimens: feeding the control diet (C) for 6 weeks (6-wk C); feeding the 6% NaCl (S) diet for 6 weeks (6-wk S); feeding the C diet for 2 weeks; and the S diet for 4 weeks (2-wk C +4-wk S); and feeding the C diet for 4 weeks and S diet for 2 weeks (4-wk C +2-wk S). At the end of week 6, fish in each aquarium were weighed for growth measurement. Fish from each replicate aquarium in Experiment I were transferred to SW at 0, 15 and 30 ppt whereas those from Experiment II were transferred to SW at 0, 10, and 20 ppt. H...
Low Referral Rate for Prophylactic Implantation of Cardioverter-Defibrillators in a Tertiary Care Medical Center

Background: Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) for primary prevention became standard of care after the publication of the second Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial (MADIT-II) and Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial (SCD-HeFT). Objective: To determine the percentage of patients in a Veterans Affairs medical center appropriately referred for primary prophylaxis ICD and to further categorize the reasons patients are not being referred. Methods: Echocardiograms obtained since the release of MADIT-II in 2002 were searched for a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤ 35% and ≤30%. We randomly selected 120 patients per year from 2002 to 2006, for a total of 600 patients in each group. Data were reviewed to determine the number of ICD recipients and the reasons patients were not referred. Results: In the LVEF ≤ 35% group an ICD was implanted in 28% of 392 eligible patients. Nonreferral (58%) was the most common reason that eligible patients did not receive an ICD. Patients were not referred for ICD because of appropriate contraindications in 26% of cases. Overall mortality was 29% (15% with and 31% without ICD). In the LVEF ≤30% group an ICD was implanted in 33% of 388 eligible patients. Nonreferral (51%) was the most common reason that eligible patients did not receive an ICD. Patients were not referred for ICD because of appropriate contraindications in 24% of cases. Overall mortality was 28% (18% with and 32% without ICD). Conclusions: After the publication of MADIT-II and SCD-HeFT, only 42% of eligible patients with LVEF ≤ 35% and 49% of patients with LVEF ≤30% were offered a potentially life-saving ICD between 2002 and 2006 in our medical center, sometimes with considerable delay.
POSTPARABIOTIC TISSUE REACTIONS OF RABBITS TO MUSCULOFASCIAL CROSS-TRANSPLANTS

Twenty-five pairs of male rabbits of the same variety and strain were joined together in aural parabiosis for 13 to 15 days and then separated from one another. Thirteen pairs of the separated parabiotic twins were surgically united for a second period of parabiosis, less successful than the first due to deficient healing and spontaneous separation of tissue in 5 to 15 days at the site of anastomosis. Within 6 to 90 days after spontaneous or surgical separation of all parabionts, the postparabiotic twins which had been united to one another were cross-grafted with musculofascial transplants. 2 weeks later, the animals were sacrificed and microscopic studies made of the organs and sites of transplantation. These studies disclosed that either one or two periods of parabiosis resulted in the same persistent modification of classical host-homograft interactions. This modification was characterized by the replacement of the customary basic or sensitized homologous incompatibility reactions by a reaction more easily interpreted as one of host-graft tolerance or indifference. The intense inflammatory aspects of the usual host-homograft interactions were absent. Penetration of the musculofascial graft by vascularized mesenchyme derived from the host was retarded. When it occurred, the vascularizing reaction was abnormal and unaccompanied by the customary proliferative, resorptive, and repairative activities of admixed cells of the host and the graft. These observations provide another means which may be useful in seeking conditions for increasing the probability of successful homografting between members of a genetically impure species.
Extension of atmospheric dispersion models to incorporate fast reversible reactions

Abstract Atmospheric dispersion with simultaneous chemical reaction is important with many air pollutants. A method is presented for separating the chemical reaction calculations from the atmospheric dispersion calculations in a model where the chemistry can be represented by one or a series of stoichiometric reactions. It is shown that when the chemical reactions are fast and reversible, the concentration of all chemical species can be calculated from a system of algebraic equations along with dispersion calculations for an inert species, rather than by the integration of differential equations. The conditions under which this separation is valid are discussed. Practical applications of this method include modeling the conversion of emitted NO to NO 2 by reaction with ambient ozone, and modeling the reaction of emitted sulfuric acid with ambient ammonia.
Antisense Knock Out of the Inositol 1,3,4,5-Tetrakisphosphate Receptor GAP1IP4BP in the Human Erythroleukemia Cell Line Leads to the Appearance of Intermediate Conductance K(Ca) Channels that Hyperpolarize the Membrane and Enhance Calcium Influx

To study the role of the inositol 1,3,4,5-trisphosphate-binding protein GAP1(IP4BP) in store-operated Ca2+ entry, we established a human erythroleukemia (HEL) cell line in which the expression of GAP1(IP4BP) was substantially reduced by transfection with a vector containing antisense DNA under control of a Rous Sarcoma virus promoter and the Escherichia coli LacI repressor (AS-HEL cells). Control cells were transfected with vector lacking antisense DNA (V-HEL cells). GAP1(IP4BP) protein, which is a member of the GTPase-activating protein (GAP1) family, was reduced by 85% in AS-HEL cells and was further reduced by 96% by treatment with isopropylthio-beta-D- galactoside to relieve LacI repression. The loss of GAP1(IP4BP) was associated with both a membrane hyperpolarization and a substantially increased Ca2+ entry induced by thrombin or thapsigargin. The activation of intermediate conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels in AS-HEL cells (not seen in V-HEL cells) was responsible for the membrane hyperpolarization and the enhanced Ca2+ entry, and both were blocked by charybdotoxin. Stimulated V-HEL cells did not hyperpolarize and basal Ca2+ influx was unaffected by charybdotoxin. In V-HEL cells hyperpolarized by removal of extracellular K+, the thapsigargin-stimulated Ca2+ influx was increased. Expression of mRNA for the human Ca2+-activated intermediate conductance channel KCa4 was equivalent in both AS-HEL and V-HEL cells, suggesting that the specific appearance of calcium-activated potassium current (IK(Ca)) in AS-HEL cells was possibly due to modulation of preexisting channels. Our results demonstrate that GAP1(IP4BP), likely working through a signaling pathway dependent on a small GTP-binding protein, can regulate the function of K(Ca) channels that produce a hyperpolarizing current that substantially enhances the magnitude and time course of Ca2+ entry subsequent to the release of internal Ca2+ stores.
Firm Size, Occupational Segregation, and the Effects of Family Status on Women's Wages

Explanations of the effect of family status on women's work outcomes have focused primarily on individualistic factors, that is, married women's family responsibilities are assumed to interfere with their work performance. Few studies have considered a structural explanation-employers may prefer single and childless women as employees, perhaps because they are assumed to have lower turnover rates than married women with children. This paper tests the structural explanation, using hypotheses derived from labor market segmentation theory. The analysis, based on data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Mature Women, indicates that the wage advantage of single and childless women is stronger in large firms, where employers are more able to offer promotions and wage increases, and in male-dominated occupations, where employers are more likely to value stable uorkers who will remain with the firm.
Heterogenetic antigens of gram-positive bacteria.

Abstract Chorpenning, Frank W. (The Ohio State University, Columbus), and Matthew C. Dodd. Heterogenetic antigens of gram-positive bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 91:1440–1445. 1966.—Soluble antigens obtained by various methods from gram-positive bacteria were used to modify erythrocytes whose hemagglutinating reactions with immune rabbit sera and normal human sera were then studied. Antigens from all gram-positive organisms studied except corynbacteria altered red cells, causing them to react with specific bacterial antisera and with normal human sera; however, cross-absorption and inhibition tests indicated that at least three different specificites were involved. One of these antigens seemed to be similar to Rantz's streptococcal NSS, which is shared with Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus spp., and is therefore heterogenetic. Another was found in streptococci but was apparently not present in S. aureus and Bacillus spp. A third antigen, also heterogenetic, appeared to be shared by several species of Bacillus and by S. aureus, but not by streptococci or any gram-negative bacteria. The third antigen was heat-stable at pH 8.0, and appeared to be essentially polysaccharide in nature. Normal human sera varied in their content of antibodies which reacted with erythrocytes modified by extracts from gram-positive bacteria. Whereas some sera reacted very broadly with red cells modified by extracts of practically any gram-positive organism, other sera agglutinated only cells which had been modified by streptococcal antigen.
Techniques for integrating sensors into the enterprise network

Cheap programmable sensor devices are becoming commercially available. They offer the possibility of transforming existing enterprise applications and enabling entirely new ones. The merging of sensor networks into the enterprise network poses some distinct problems. In particular, information from theses devices must be obtained in a way which minimizes their energy use and must be aggregated and filtered before being sent to the application server to prevent it from being overwhelmed. We describe a range of complementary techniques for integrating sensors into an enterprise network. These comprise new architectural entities within the enterprise network — edge server — new means of sharing information within the enterprise network — messaging binning — and new protocols for extracting information from the sensor network — Messo.
Fiscal policy and political limitations in the European Union

In the Euro zone unlike monetary policy, fiscal policy has to be coordinated with the limitations imposed by the Stability and Growth pact. Continuous violations of the Stability and Growth Pact by the powerful members of the European Union such as Germany and France have stymied the progress that has been made in the formation of a single currency. This article examines the delicate nature of this pact and the policies needed to maintain its success. Flexibility of policies in the intermediate may be needed so that members can maintain their positions without paying huge financial penalties.
Retinal pigment epithelial dysfunction in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis

Abstract Objective Prior clinical observations led the authors to examine electrophysiologic measures of retinal (electroretinogram [ERG]) and retinal pigment epithelial (electro-oculogram [EOG]) function in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who either had or did not have cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in order to determine if the ERG or EOG measures were differentially affected in CMV retinitis. Design Cross-sectional study. Participants Forty-one HIV-infected patients (20 with and 21 without CMV retinopathy) were evaluated. Intervention ERGs and EOGs were recorded. Patients' fundi were evaluated by indirect ophthalmoscopy or fundus photography. Main outcome measures The ERG a- and b-wave amplitudes and EOG light/dark amplitude ratio (L/D ratio) from the eyes of all patients were compared with values 2 standard deviations from the mean of a normal sample. The area of the retinal lesions was estimated from fundus photographs or from careful drawings made during indirect ophthalmoscopy. Results The majority of the eyes (64.5%) of the patients with CMV retinitis had subnormal L/D ratios, and most eyes (95%) of patients without CMV retinitis had normal L/D ratios. Only six eyes (four with and two without CMV retinopathy) had subnormal a-wave amplitudes, and there was no significant correlation between a-wave amplitude and the L/D ratio for patients with CMV retinitis. Most eyes (80.6%) of the patients with CMV retinitis had subnormal b-wave amplitudes, but there was no significant correlation between b-wave amplitude and L/D ratio in the patients with CMV retinitis. In three patients with CMV retinitis selected to exemplify the range of effects on the ERG and EOG, the b-wave amplitude loss was roughly proportional to the area of retina visibly affected in indirect ophthalmoscopy. One patient had a nonrhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Conclusions Middle retinal function, as reflected in the b-wave amplitude, and retinal pigment epithelial function, as reflected in the L/D ratio, were both compromised in CMV retinitis, but the effect on function in the two layers of the retina appeared independent because there was no significant correlation between the L/D ratio and b-wave amplitude. The decrease in L/D ratio was not secondary to loss of photoreceptor function and probably represents a dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium because there was no significant correlation between a-wave amplitude, which was normal in most cases, and L/D ratio. The inner retinal pathology of CMV retinitis is visible clinically and was associated with decreases in b-wave amplitude in this and previous studies. The significant independent retinal pigment epithelial dysfunction demonstrated in this study may be an important predisposing factor to retinal detachment in CMV retinitis.
Sex Differences in Progesterone Receptor Expression: A Potential Mechanism for Estradiol-Mediated Sexual Differentiation

The differential exposure of males and females to testosterone (T) and its metabolite estradiol (E) contributes to the development of sex differences in the brain. However, the mechanisms by which T and E permanently alter neural development remain virtually unknown. Two regions of the rat preoptic area, the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPv) and the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN), are sexually dimorphic and serve as models for studying the hormonal mechanisms of sexual differentiation. Around birth, these regions express dramatically higher levels of progesterone receptor immunoreactivity (PRir) in males than they do in females. The present study examined the possibility that sexually dimorphic induction of PR expression in these two regions constitutes a potential mechanism of E-mediated sexual differentiation. Prenatal exposure to either T propionate or the synthetic estrogen, diethylstilbestrol, but not dihydrotestosterone propionate, significantly increased PRir levels in the MPN and AVPv of fetal females compared with controls. Prenatal exposure to the aromatase inhibitor, 1,4,6-androstatriene-3,17-dione, significantly reduced PRir in the MPN and AVPv of fetal males, whereas the androgen receptor antagonist flutamide had no effect. This suggests that aromatization of T into E is crucial for the sex difference in PR expression in the MPN and AVPv during development.
A metric for distributions with applications to image databases

We introduce a new distance between two distributions that we call the Earth Mover's Distance (EMD), which reflects the minimal amount of work that must be performed to transform one distribution into the other by moving "distribution mass" around. This is a special case of the transportation problem from linear optimization, for which efficient algorithms are available. The EMD also allows for partial matching. When used to compare distributions that have the same overall mass, the EMD is a true metric, and has easy-to-compute lower bounds. In this paper we focus on applications to image databases, especially color and texture. We use the EMD to exhibit the structure of color-distribution and texture spaces by means of Multi-Dimensional Scaling displays. We also propose a novel approach to the problem of navigating through a collection of color images, which leads to a new paradigm for image database search.