cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of refractive-index and rare-earth-dopant distributions for large-mode-area fibers used in coiled high-power amplifiers.

We have numerically compared the performance of various designs for the core refractive-index (RI) and rare-earth-dopant distributions of large-mode-area fibers for use in bend-loss-filtered, high-power amplifiers. We first established quantitative targets for the key parameters that determine fiber-amplifier performance, including effective LP01 modal area (Aeff, both straight and coiled), bend sensitivity (for handling and packaging), high-order mode discrimination, mode-field displacement upon coiling, and index contrast (manufacturability). We compared design families based on various power-law and hybrid profiles for the RI and evaluated confined rare-earth doping for hybrid profiles. Step-index fibers with straight-fiber Aeff values > 1000 mm2 exhibit large decreases in Aeff and transverse mode-field displacements upon coiling, in agreement with recent calculations of Hadley et al. [Proc. of SPIE, Vol. 6102, 61021S (2006)] and Fini [Opt. Exp. 14, 69 (2006)]. Triangular-profile fibers substantially mitigate these effects, but suffer from excessive bend sensitivity at Aeff values of interest. Square-law (parabolic) profile fibers are free of modal distortion but are hampered by high bend sensitivity (although to a lesser degree than triangular profiles) and exhibit the largest mode displacements. We find that hybrid (combined power-law) profiles provide some decoupling of these tradeoffs and allow all design goals to be achieved simultaneously. We present optimized fiber designs based on this analysis.
The role of values in public beliefs and attitudes towards commercial wind energy

Mandates for renewable energy lead to siting disputes, because meeting the mandates requires the development of renewable energy production facilities. Proposals for one common form of renewable energy, commercial wind farms, are frequently met with forceful local opposition. Dissatisfied with simplistic explanations for this opposition (i.e., NIMBY), social scientists have urged a more nuanced understanding of public attitudes towards wind energy and other renewables. Based on a survey of residents of coastal Michigan, this article explores the role of general values and beliefs in shaping attitudes towards the potential development of commercial wind energy projects in or near respondents’ communities. Structural equation modeling reveals that support of commercial wind energy depends largely on a belief that wind farms will provide economic benefits to the community. Underlying values have substantial and important indirect effects on beliefs regarding the likely economic outcomes of wind farm development. Altruistic values buoy wind energy attitudes, while values of traditionalism diminish wind energy support. The pivotal role of values in attitudes towards renewables lends support for more participatory development processes.
Binge‐eating Disorder in Obese Adolescent Girls

Thirty percent of 51 obese adolescent girls seeking treatment for their obesity engaged in binge eating. Two psychometric measures, "disinhibition" and "happiness and satisfaction" predicted 63% of the variance in severity of binge eating. There was no difference in the history of dieting between obese subjects who binged and those who did not.
Anticipating Exit from North Carolina's Commercial Fisheries

If access to commercial licenses has been limited, then understanding the factors that contribute to movement out of these fisheries (fisheries exit) has value for managers. Studies on the causes of fisheries exit have focused on economic or social factors, but rarely both. I test the relative influence of 15 social and economic attributes from the fisheries exit and job satisfaction literature on fishermen's expectation of eventual exit from fisheries, with the hope that this will contribute to better predictions of fisheries participation and useful feedback for current management. I use available data from four comprehensive demographic and attitudinal surveys in North Carolina. Participation in the state's limited-access commercial fisheries has steadily declined since 2000, leading to concerns that the long-term infrastructure of the industry may be collapsing.
Tubularized incised plate hypospadias reoperation.

ABSTRACT Purpose: We report our updated experience with tubularized incised plate hypospadias reoperations in a series of patients of whom the majority had undergone prior urethral plate incision. Materials and Methods: Records of 31 consecutive patients undergoing tubularized incised plate reoperation were reviewed. The decision for this repair was based on a preserved urethral plate that appeared supple despite prior surgery. Results: Of the 31 patients the mean number of prior operations was 1.1, including 18 (58%) who had undergone primary repairs that involved midline plate incision. Overall, 28 (90%) patients had a successful outcome with a functional neourethra and vertical slit meatus. Complications occurred in 7 (23%) patients, consisting mostly of fistulas. Among 27 cases in which dartos was used as a barrier layer fistulas occurred in 1 (6%) of 18 when a ventral flap was placed over the neourethra versus 3 (33%) of 9 when adjacent tissues alongside the neourethra were approximated in the midline (p = 0.055). The rate of complications was not affected by history of urethral plate incision. In 3 patients partial or complete glans dehiscence or a large fistula occurred, and 2 subsequently required staged buccal graft urethroplasty. Conclusions: Tubularized incised plate reoperation results in a functional neourethra with a vertical slit meatus when the plate has been preserved and appears supple after prior surgery. Fistulas are less likely when a flap is interposed between the neourethra and skin. Complications are low despite previous urethral plate incision if there is no apparent scarring of the plate. An alternative technique for reoperative urethroplasty should be considered if the urethral plate has been excised or is grossly scarred.
‘Ought’: The correct intention account

“S ought (not) to see to it that p at t” is true iff an intention on the part of S to see to it that p at t is (in) correct. From this truth condition follows an understanding of the conceptual role of ought-claims in practical inference: ought-claims are interchangeable with intentions having the same content. From this conceptual role, it is quite clear why first-person, present-tense ought-judgments, and just those, motivate: failure to be motivated is a failure of rationality. The point and purpose of ‘ought’ is mainly to express the results of practical reasoning performed on premises held hypothetically, an exercise of which there are many varieties. Our capacity for normative thought and language is a consequence of, and intimately related to, our capacity for practical thought.
TRACKING ABILITY OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN

140 elementary-school-age children in Grades K to 6 practiced 20-sec. pursuit rotor trials at gradually increasing difficulty until they could not attain a criterion performance of 70% time on target. Analysis indicated significant effect for grades and sex.
The production of secondary metabolites by plant cell cultures

This review covers the progress that has been made in the production of some of the more important secondary products by plant cell cultures: alkaloids, steroids, and terpenoids
Pressure-Induced Isomerization of 2-(2‘-Hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole in Solid Media

2-(2‘-Hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole (HBO) has three isomers: a ketone (Kt), an enol (1) which is intramolecularly hydrogen bonded, and a second enol (2) which is not. Enol 1 does not emit but transforms in the excited state to the ketone Kt which can emit fluorescence or return by various paths to the ground state of enol 1. Enol 2 fluoresces but at atmospheric pressure is present, in general, in very low concentration except in hydrogen-bonding media. The fluorescence of HBO was measured as a function of pressure to 60 kbar in five media: poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA), poly(butyl methacrylate) (PBMA), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), (PHEMA), and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVCl). In all cases enol 2 is stabilized relative to enol 1 by pressure. With reasonable assumptions it was possible to extract ΔV, the difference in partial molar volume of enol 1 − enol 2, as a function of pressure. For the methacrylates ΔV decreases strongly with increasing pressure. The indications ...
Ultrafast X-ray and Electron Diffraction: Theoretical Considerations

Time-dependent ultrafast diffraction measurements can be directly inverted to obtain the dynamics of atomic motions, in contrast to ultrafast spectra which require detailed knowledge of the sample (e.g., potential energy surfaces) for their inversion. We consider here how to derive time-dependent diffraction (the X-ray and electron diffraction cases being very similar) from nuclear quantum dynamics and vice versa and how this may be used to directly observe the atomic motions in molecules, in particular how chemical reactions take place. Two simple examples of dissociative and bound quantum (vibrational and rotational) dynamics in a gas-phase sample of diatomic molecules, excited by an optical pump pulse and measured by an electron or X-ray probe pulse, are presented. The quantum mechanical basis of the breaking of symmetry due to the linearly polarized optical pump pulse and the superposition and interference between the ground and excited electronic states are discussed. We demonstrate how to isolate th...
Relationships among rump and rear leg type traits and reproductive performance in Holsteins

Abstract Relationships between rump angle; rump width; rear legs, side view; rear legs, position; rear legs, rear view; and foot angle with days open and services per conception were investigated in Holstein cows to develop indices to predict reproductive performance. Registered and grade cows (n=8155) were analyzed separately to determine whether differences in management style affected those relationships. Evaluator, parity, season, geographic location, and the interaction of evaluator and parity had significant effects on most of the type traits examined. Correlations between body characteristics and reproductive efficiency were very low to nonexistent. Milk yield had the highest correlation with both days open and times bred. Stepwise regression eliminated all body traits except rump width and foot angle. Only 5.3% of the variability in days open and 4.7% of the variability in times bred in registered cows were accounted for by the type traits, foot angle, and rump width when the effects of season calved, geographic locations, parity, and mature equivalent milk were included in the model. For the grade cows, only 3.5% of the variability in days open was accounted for by the type trait, foot angle, when the environmental effects were included in the model. There was no significant effect of any of the type traits on times bred in grade cows. Type traits, foot angle and rump width, had a minor but significant effect on reproductive performance.
Scientific creationism and rationality

Scientific creationism is a social movement of rationalists — amateur philosophers of science — whose claims upon science policy are nonetheless wholly unreasonable. This thesis may not endear the author either to rationalists or creationists, but it may illumine the movement's behaviour and the sources of its wider appeal.
Characterization of Bulk Metallic Glasses with the Atom Probe

An atom probe field ion microscopy survey of several bulk metallic glasses including the zirconium-based glasses Zr 55 Al 10 Ni 5 Cu 30, Zr 46,25 Ti 8,75 Cu 7,5 Ni 10 Be 27,5 Zr 41,2 Ti 13,8 Cu 12,5 Ni 10 Be 22,5 Zr 57 Nb 5 Al 10 Cu 15,4 Ni 12,6 and Zr 52,5 Ti 5 Al 10 Cu 17,9 Ni 14,6 together with two non-zirconium-based glasses Ti 34 Zr 11 Cu 25 Y 10 and Mg 65 Cu 25 Y 10 is presented. Non random distribution of solute was observed in all these glasses and crystalline regions were observed in the Ti 34 Zr 11 Cu 47 Ni 8 and Zr 55 Al 10 Ni 5 Cu 3o materials.
Adapting a drug screening platform to discover associations of molecular targeted radiosensitizers with genomic biomarkers.

Large collections of annotated cancer cell lines are powerful tools for precisely matching targeted drugs with genomic alterations that can be tested as biomarkers in the clinic. Whether these screening platforms, which utilize short-term cell survival to assess drug responses, can be applied to precision radiation medicine is not established. To this end, 32 cancer cell lines were screened using 18 targeted therapeutic agents with known or putative radiosensitizing properties (227 combinations). The cell number remaining after drug exposure with or without radiation was assessed by nonclonogenic assays. We derived short-term radiosensitization factors (SRF2Gy) and calculated clonogenic survival assay–based dose enhancement factors (DEFSF0.1). Radiosensitization was characterized by SRF2Gy values of mostly ∼1.05 to 1.2 and significantly correlated with drug-induced changes in apoptosis and senescence frequencies. SRF2Gy was significantly correlated with DEFSF0.1, with a respective sensitivity and specificity of 91.7% and 81.5% for a 3-day endpoint, and 82.8% and 84.2% for a robotic 5-day assay. KRAS mutations (codons 12/13) were found to be a biomarker of radiosensitization by midostaurin in lung cancer, which was pronounced under conditions that enriched for stem cell–like cells. In conclusion, although short-term proliferation/survival assays cannot replace the gold-standard clonogenic survival assay for measuring cellular radiosensitivity, they capture with high accuracy the relative change in radiosensitivity that is caused by a radiosensitzing targeted agent. Implications: This study supports a paradigm shift regarding the utility of short-term assays for precision radiation medicine, which should facilitate the identification of genomic biomarkers to guide the testing of novel drug/radiation combinations. Mol Cancer Res; 13(4); 713–20. ©2015 AACR.
Report of the Chromosome 5 Workshop of the Sixth World Congress on Psychiatric Genetics

The Chromosome 5 Workshop heard new data on a schizophrenia susceptibility locus in the 5q23.3-q31.1 region. Sixty-two pedigrees from Finland gave a lod score of 1.36 at the CSF1R locus approximately 14 cM distal to IL9/D5S393, where positive results from three pedigree collections converged at the 1997 workshop. Though positive at CSF1R, the new data were only weakly positive at the IL9 (lod 0.46) and D5S393 (lod 0.07) loci themselves. The workshop also reviewed new evidence in the 5p14.1-p13.1 region, where a large pedigree of schizophrenia of Puerto Rican extraction has suggested a susceptibility locus with a maximum lod score at D5S111. Twenty-one new pedigrees multiplex for schizophrenia in African Americans gave positive lod scores at D5S111 and flanking loci. In bipolar illness five genetically related pedigrees from the Saguenay-Lac-St. Jean region of Quebec identified a region of interest at 5q31.3-q35.1. This region overlaps with the D5S423 locus and includes the D5S812 locus and the 5q34 region, all of which are consistent with linkage in at least one other study.
Life out of balance: The sympathetic nervous system and cardiac arrhythmias

See article by Sosunov et al. [1] (pages 659–669) in this issue. That the sympathetic nervous system has profound and recurrent effects on cardiac electrical activity has been an article of faith (amply supported by fact) for decades. However, our understanding of the role of sympathetic activity in the development of cardiac arrhythmias remains fragmented. In this issue of the journal, Sosunov and co-workers contribute an important piece to this puzzle [1]. They present a conceptually straightforward and technically demanding series of experiments that asks the question ‘what are the electrophysiological consequences of right stellectomy in the dog?’. In the process of answering that question, they have uncovered several interesting consequences of this type of denervation. However, they have also, as one might hope with any worthwhile study, raised more questions than they have answered. One of the more intriguing unanswered questions relates to potential roles for the sympathetic nervous system in the development of ventricular arrhythmias in patients afflicted with the long QT syndrome (LQTS). In a recent editorial, Peter Schwartz revisited, with some circumspection, the now all but abandoned terrain of the ‘sympathetic imbalance’ hypothesis for that syndrome [2]. In his review of the theory, he …
Reading with the rod visual system

Using the scanned text technique developed by Legge and his colleagues, the present study demonstrates that visually normal subjects can read with the isolated rod visual system. The subjects were able to read text (albeit slowly) at luminances near their absolute thresholds. The peak reading rates increase with luminance at about 40 words per minute for every tenfold increase in luminance. The authors suggest that the study of scotopic reading performance in normal subjects might contribute to an understanding of reading problems in patients with bilateral central scotoma.
Electrostatics for Exploring the Nature of the Hydrogen Bonding in Polyethylene Oxide Hydration

Binding between water and models of poly(ethylene oxide), (CH2−CH2−O)n, n = 2−40, has been studied using the topographic features of the electrostatic potential, V(r), and standard density functional theory methods. It was found that, in general, the contour around the minima of the oxygen atoms overlap forming a negative-valued spiral coiled around a positive-valued helix. The positive zone defines a helical groove in the O−C−C−O units where minima lone pairs critical points are located. Topological analysis of the water molecule has also suggested that the attractive electrostatic effect between the positive water O−H zone and the negative PEO lone pairs plays an important role in the hydrogen bonding of the PEO−water system. Thus, the V(r) topology predicts a coil of water molecules around the PEO chain forming hydrogen bonding with two sites of ether oxygens. This coil is formed in such a way that more water molecules accumulate on the cavities surrounding the poly(ethylene oxide)'s oxygen atoms where...
An Evidence-Based and Practical Approach to Using Bydureon™ in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 agonists are one of the newer classes of medications for use in type 2 diabetes. There are currently three GLP-1 agonists on the market: exenatide twice daily, liraglutide, and exenatide extended release (ER). Exenatide ER is a new weekly formulation of exenatide. Exenatide ER reduces glycosylated hemoglobin by 1.6%, with fewer gastrointestinal side effects compared with twice-daily exenatide. Like other GLP-1 agonists, exenatide ER can be used in combination with metformin, sulfonylureas, or thiazolidinediones. Patients should be assessed for risk of pancreatitis and renal impairment. Education about proper administration technique is vital with the novel delivery system. Prescribers may also consider the use of exenatide ER to improve medication adherence in patients who have successfully tolerated exenatide twice daily or use in patients who have gastrointestinal side effects with exenatide twice daily. Exenatide is a reasonable option that can be added to the regimen of a patient with type 2 diabetes.
All It Takes Is One: Evidence for a Strategy for Seeding Large Scale Peer Learning Interactions

The results of a study of online peer learning suggests that it may be advantageous to automatically assign students to small peer learning groups based on how many students initially get answers to questions correct.
In terms of safety.

Have your say on a new international approach to classifying patient safety information. Better classification of health information is often seen as a long way removed from the real work of making patient care safer. This is a mistaken view. Global progress on patient safety requires clear agreement about key safety terms and concepts. To date, a truly international patient safety classification has been missing. Our ability to accurately compare safety-related information across reporting and data collection systems is almost non-existent. This is a significant barrier to progress because many of the risks to patient safety are common across countries. The vision of the World Alliance for Patient Safety is simple. Can we more systematically and quickly learn from the experiences of patient harm internationally to prevent future patients being harmed throughout the world …
“Self-similar” optical antenna arrays composed of multiple core-shell plasmonic nanoparticles

In this work, we have suggested an optical nanoantenna array design method using core-shell structured particles near their scattering resonance. The idea of designing a "self-similar" optical antenna was briefly discussed and a broadside system which provides similar radiation patterns at discrete wavelengths was analyzed. The radiation patterns for different wavelengths were simulated.
The Changing Nature of Adolescent Friendships Longitudinal Links With Early Adolescent Ego Development.

Although success in managing evolving peer relationships is linked to critical adolescent outcomes, little is known about the specific factors that lead to success or failure in peer relationship development across adolescence. This longitudinal study examines the role of adolescents’ level of ego development as a predictor of the future course of several facets of friendship development in early adolescence. Ego development was assessed in a community sample of adolescents at age 13. Several facets of adolescent friendship were also assessed at 13 and then reassessed 1 year later, including adolescent intimate behavior during a supportive interaction with their best friends, adolescent reports of psychological security in their friendships, and peer-rated popularity. As predicted, ego development not only explained concurrent levels of peer functioning but also predicted markers of change over time in each of the assessed domains of peer functioning. Implications for ego development in increasing our understanding of individual differences in adolescent friendship development are discussed.
The intimacy of state power: Marriage, liberation, and socialist subjects in southeastern China

Marriage is a powerful institution in which state regulation and sexual normalization converge to link personal desires with state goals. In socialist China, marital reforms have been part of the regime's efforts to cultivate liberated socialist subjects. I focus on a coastal region known for its distinctive marriage customs, arguing that the development of socialist state power there was premised on the forging of female subjects committed to new ideals of conjugal intimacy. Although these ideals were introduced in the high socialist Maoist era, they were only realized in the current post-Mao era, with its coupling of market reforms and societal openness with family planning policies. This outcome suggests that different configurations of state and economy have had different capacities to define subjectivities at once intimate and political. Even when state actors succeed in shaping their citizens' intimate desires and relationships, they do not necessarily produce political subjects committed to the state's original goals.
Navigating the Evidence-Based Practice Maze: Resources for Teachers of Secondary Students With Disabilities

Factors such as the standards-based education movement, mandated participation in statewide testing, and inclusion have forced an increased focus on improving outcomes for students with disabilities. There are many determinants of postschool success for students with disabilities; however, teachers primarily have control over only one, teaching practices and programs. As a result, it is important that teachers choose and implement practices that have proven successful for secondary students with disabilities. This article guides teachers through the process of navigating the evidence-based practice maze to identify evidence-based practices and programs for secondary students with disabilities. Particularly, it addresses the need to (a) follow a research-based framework (i.e., Kohler’s Taxonomy), (b) use practices with the best available research evidence to support effectiveness, and (c) use data-based decision making to guide use of evidence-based practices.
Energy balance for peak detection method in piezoelectric energy harvester

Numerous methodologies using switching circuits for harvesting vibrational energy via piezoelectric materials have been put forth. These methods generally require knowledge of the occurrence of peak deflections in the vibrations, so that the amount of harvested energy can be maximized. Below, a method of peak detection is outlined that satisfies the missing link between mechanical vibrations and systems that harvest energy from those vibrations. The system employs passive differentiation to initially identify peak positions in the time domain, followed by an active zero-crossing detector coupled with a latch circuit to record the peak detection. A microprocessor is used to check the state of the latch and begin harvesting when a peak is identified. The method requires low power for its operation and has wide bandwidth of operation.
Truncus arteriosus, tricuspid atresia and partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage: a unique form of univentricular heart

We present the first reported case of truncus arteriosus, tricuspid atresia and partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage into a retro-aortic innominate vein in a neonate in whom successful palliation was performed using a two-staged procedure. An early repair after presentation along with a re-routing of anomalous pulmonary venous drainage at the time of the second stage should be undertaken to optimize the patient's haemodynamic status prior to a Fontan completion.
Creativity and Occupational Accomplishments Among Intellectually Precocious Youths: An Age 13 to Age 33 Longitudinal Study.

This study tracks intellectually precocious youths (top 1%) over 20 years. Phase 1 (N 1,243 boys, 732 girls) examines the significance of age 13 ability differences within the top 1% for predicting doctorates, income, patents, and tenure at U.S. universities ranked within the top 50. Phase 2 (N 323 men, 188 women) evaluates the robustness of discriminant functions developed earlier, based on age-13 ability and preference assessments and calibrated with age-23 educational criteria but extended here to predict occupational group membership at age 33. Positive findings on above-level assessment with the Scholastic Aptitude Test and conventional preference inventories in educational settings generalize to occupational settings. Precocious manifestations of abilities foreshadow the emergence of exceptional achievement and creativity in the world of work; when paired with preferences, they also predict the qualitative nature of these accomplishments.
Crossing Borders: Globalization as Myth and Charter in American Transnational Consumer Marketing

In this article, I explore the strategic practices and cultural theories of marketing managers in three U.S.-based transnational corporations (TNCs) as seek to meaningfully direct their products across national borders. While cultural anthropologists have lately focused on local adaptation and appropriation of TNCs' products to local meanings, the reverse process by which TNCs co-opt local meanings to a universalizing evolutionary paradigm—in what they have come to regard as a consumption-led new global order—has not been examined. Globalization is explored as a key cultural concept driving marketing managers' practices—the myth and charter behind large TNC border crossings. [consumer marketing, globalization, transnational corporations, United States]
Redescription of Bovienia serialis (Bovien, 1926)(Gestoidea: Garyophyllidea) from the Catfish Clarias batrachus (L.) in India.

Recent collections of helminths from the clariid catfish, Clarias batrachus (L.) in India and Malaysia have included Bovienia serialis (Bovien), a species originally described by Bovien (1926) from a single whole specimen and fragments of others. The generic diagnosis formulated many years later by Yamaguti (1959) and based indirectly on one of these fragments has inevitably led to some confusion regarding the characters of the genus. With the collection of new material it is now possible to emend the generic diagnosis and redescribe the species.
Neural Control for Nonlinear Dynamic Systems

A neural network based approach is presented for controlling two distinct types of nonlinear systems. The first corresponds to nonlinear systems with parametric uncertainties where the parameters occur nonlinearly. The second corresponds to systems for which stabilizing control structures cannot be determined. The proposed neural controllers are shown to result in closed-loop system stability under certain conditions.
Oral lichen planus in a dermatomyositis patient that resolved after intravenous immunoglobulin therapy.

Dermatomyositis (DM) is an autoimmune muscle disorder characterized by proximal muscle weakness and skin lesions. The significance to oral health professionals includes oral manifestations and increased incidence of malignancy that might occur in the oral cavity. Reports of oral mucosal involvement in DM are scanty. When they are published, there is often a clinical description of “resembling lichen planus” or “leukoplakia-like” without histologic evaluation. This makes it difficult to establish the definitive diagnosis of these oral lesions and formulate treatment options. It is also difficult to assess the relationship between oral lesions and oral malignancy in this patient population. We report a DM patient who presented with clinical and histologic features of lichen planus of the buccal mucosa that resolved with intravenous immunoglobulin treatment for DM.
Prospect Theory as Efficient Perceptual Distortion

The paper proposes a theory of efficient perceptual distortions, in which the statistical relation between subjective perceptions and the objective state minimizes the error of the state estimate, subject to a constraint on information processing capacity. The theory is shown to account for observed limits to the accuracy of visual perception, and then postulated to apply to perception of options in economic choice situations as well. When applied to choice between lotteries, it implies reference-dependent valuations, and predicts both risk-aversion with respect to gains and risk-seeking with respect to losses, as in the prospect theory of Kahneman and Tversky (1979).
Autocracy and Redistribution: The Politics of Land Reform

1. Introduction 2. Actors, interests, and the origins of elite splits 3. A theory of land reform 4. Measuring land reform 5. A cross-national analysis of land reform in Latin America 6. Elite splits and land redistribution under autocracy: Peru's 'revolution from above' 7. Land reform transformed to redistribution: Venezuela's Punto Fijo democracy and Chavez's Bolivarian revolution 8. Latin America in comparative perspective 9. Conclusion.
Explaining Economics from an Energy Perspective

This book is written by an ecologist and an economist, and part of our objective is to assess where insights and principles from these two disciplines can be combined to understand economies better. Although the two disciplines may appear very different we believe instead that the phenomena they study are very similar in many ways. From a biophysical perspective the economies of cities, regions, and nations can be viewed as ecosystems, with their own structures and functions, their own flows of materials and of energy, with more or less diversity and stability and so on: in short with all the characteristics of natural systems, with, generally, much greater energy intensity and dominance by one species. From the perspective of individual organisms there are also important similarities between natural and economic systems.
The Aggregation of Incidence Data in Carcinogenesis Assays

There are two assumptions that lie behind almost all the discussions at this session. Before examining how to use the aggregate date derived from the “carcinogenesis assay,” it is important to examine those assumptions and consider the degree to which the data available to us support those assumptions.
Recent Antidumping Cases involving Companies in Russia and Ukraine

This paper begins with a discussion of antidumping laws in general and how they have been applied by U.S. domestic producers to target Russian and Ukrainian companies. The use and abuse of antidumping laws by the steel industry in the United States is then discussed, followed by discussions and analyses of selected antidumping cases involving Russian and Ukrainian companies and industries. The paper then applies ethical theory to antidumping and concludes that the only ethical solution is repeal rather than reform of the antidumping laws.
Treatment of hemorrhagic acute disseminated encephalomyelitis with cyclophosphamide.

Purpose Improvements in hemorrhagic and clinical symptoms in a patient with hemorrhagic acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) treated with i.v. cyclophosphamide are reported. Summary A 49-year-old woman was hospitalized with progressively worsening left-sided weakness, dysphagia, diplopia, and vertigo. Shortly before hospital admission, the patient had been treated at another facility with corticosteroids and plasma exchanges. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies conducted at the time of admission showed demyelinating lesions of the pons consistent with ADEM; rapid progression of the patient’s symptoms also suggested an autoimmune, demyelinating process, and viral studies ruled out an infectious etiology. Despite initial treatment with i.v. immune globulin and additional corticosteroid courses, the patient’s condition continued to deteriorate over the next few weeks, with development of respiratory distress requiring intubation. Repeat MRI revealed a new brain lesion in the splenial region of the corpus callosum, prompting the initiation of i.v. cyclophosphamide therapy (180 mg daily). Approximately 19 days after cyclophosphamide therapy was initiated, an MRI scan revealed substantial reduction of the pontine hemorrhage and a normal splenium appearance, with no new lesion development. The use of cyclophosphamide for hemorrhagic ADEM refractory to other treatments has been previously reported. Conclusion After approximately three weeks of daily i.v. cyclophosphamide therapy, a patient with hemorrhagic ADEM was noted to have stable to improved brain MRI findings along with limited improvement of mental status and movement symptoms.
Use of glasgow-blatchford bleeding score reduces hospital stay duration and costs for patients with low-risk upper GI bleeding.

Background and study aims: Upper gastrointestinal (UGI) bleeding is a frequent cause of hospitalization. Its severity may be assessed before endoscopy using the Glasgow-Blatchford Bleeding Score (GBS), a score validated to identify patients requiring clinical intervention. The aim of this study was to assess whether the GBS was effective for shortening hospital stay and reducing costs in patients with an UGI bleeding predicted at low risk of requiring clinical intervention. Patients and methods: Consecutive outpatients presenting with UGI bleeding at our hospital were prospectively included. In the observational study phase, UGI endoscopy was performed in all patients according to routine clinical practice. In the interventional study phase, patients with a GBS of 0 were discharged with an appointment for an outpatient UGI endoscopy. All patients had follow-up at 7 and 30 days. Need for clinical intervention was defined as performance of endoscopic hemostasis, blood transfusion or surgery. Results Two-hundred and eight patients were included, 104 in each study phase; complete follow-up was obtained in 201 patients. GBS varied from 0 to 18, with 15 (14 %) and 11 (11 %) patients having a GBS of 0 in the observational and interventional study phase, respectively. For patients with a GBS of 0, hospital stay was shorter (6 versus 19 h, P 0.01), and costs were lower (845 EUR versus 1272 EUR, P = 0.002) in the interventional versus the observational study phase. For patients with a GBS > 0, hospital stay duration did not significantly differ between study phases (189 versus 207 h, P = 0.726). No adverse event was observed in the patients sent home with a GBS of 0 during the interventional study phase. Conclusions Implementing the GBS as a tool for triage of hospital outpatients who present with UGI bleeding allowed us to identify those who could safely be discharged for ambulatory management. Implementing this change in the hospital strategy significantly shortened hospital stay and decreased management costs.
Deep Levels and Hydrogen Evolution in Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon

Two hydrogen-mediated models are applied to predicting the density of deep levels in hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) under variations in the material’s temperature and total hydrogen content. Both models depart from the assumption that hydrogen is bonded at two classes of sites, dangling bonds and weak bonds. The predictions of the two models for the temperature-dependence of the deep-level density are similar. The models differ in their treatment of the origins of the weak bonds; a model associating the weak bonds with the clustered phase of bonded hydrogen observed by nuclear magnetic resonance also appears to be in agreement with hydrogen evolution experiments.
ESTIMATING STREAM CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA FROM WETTED WIDTH AND THALWEG DEPTH

Cross-sectional areas calculated from stream width and thalweg depth by the formula for a triangle were compared to those determined from conventional survey measurements. Three hundred and thirty-four cross-sections were sampled on nine stream reaches in southeast Alaska and coastal Oregon. T-tests indicated no significant difference (α ≤ 0.05) in cross-sectional areas determined by the two methods. Regression analysis showed that most comparisons fell close to a one-to-one line of perfect agreement Cross-sectional areas determined by the triangle method are easy to obtain and appear generally to provide an accurate estimate of mean cross-sectional area for a wide range of channel conditions. [Key words: hydrology, fluvial geomorphology, stream channel, thalweg depth.]
Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation in Acute Leukemia with Edelfosine Purged Marrow

Despite better drugs and improved supportive care, death is still the most common outcome of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Strategies which have been directed toward resolving these problems have included new drug development, post-induction therapies including various dose intensification programs such as intensive consolidation, bone marrow transplantation and continued maintenance therapy. Other strategies have included immunotherapy, differentiating agents, and growth factors, both for supportive care and for cell kinetic manipulations.
The heroic age of neurophysiology.

Building on 19th- and early 20th-century conceptualizations—the synapse, the cellular nature of neuronal structure, the electrical basis of neural impulses—the heroic age, starting around World War I, set the stage for molecular definition of neuromuscular transmission. Without targeting specific diseases, the work took us to the verge of controlling some of humankind's cruelest dysfunctions.
Implicit belief-space pre-images for hierarchical planning and execution

We present a method for planning and execution in very high-dimensional mixed discrete and continuous spaces in the presence of uncertainty using an implicit, factored approximation representation of pre-images and extend it to planning in belief space. We demonstrate the approach in a mobile-manipulation domain combining pushing with pick-and-place manipulation with error in sensing and manipulation. We show empirically that execution monitoring using pre-images improves computational efficiency over continual replanning, and that the hierarchical planning method it enables provides further efficiency improvements.
Ethmoid Sinus Surgery

The complex, unique, and variable anatomy of the ethmoid sinuses makes ethmoidectomy a challenging surgery even for the well-experienced sinus surgeon. For this reason, developing a systematic approach to management of patients with ethmoid sinus disease is paramount. Surgeons should be aware of the complex, unique, and variable anatomy that may exist in this confined area. This surgery can be performed safely and effectively using the methods and precautions outlined in this chapter. In order to perform complete surgery and avoid complications, surgeons should develop a systematic way to review preoperative CT imaging to detect anatomic variations that may predispose the surgeon to surgical misadventures. The surgeon must proceed systematically from landmark to landmark intraoperatively and not proceed if anatomic uncertainty exists. This chapter will review the complex anatomy of the ethmoid sinuses, discuss clinical indications for ethmoid surgery, and describe a stepwise, systematic technique which allows the surgeon to perform a safe and successful surgical ethmoidectomy.
A probabilistic approach for estimating water permeability in pressure-driven membranes

A probabilistic approach is proposed to estimate water permeability in a cellulose triacetate (CTA) membrane. Water transport across the membrane is simulated in reverse osmosis mode by means of non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Different membrane configurations obtained by an annealing MD simulation are considered and simulation results are analyzed by using a hierarchical Bayesian model to obtain the permeability of the different membranes. The estimated membrane permeability is used to predict full-scale water flux by means of a process-level Monte Carlo simulation. Based on the results, the parameters of the model are observed to converge within 5-ns total simulation time. The results also indicate that the use of unique structural configurations in MD simulations is essential to capture realistic membrane properties at the molecular scale. Furthermore, the predicted full-scale water flux based on the estimated permeability is within the same order of magnitude of bench-scale experimental measurement of 1.72×10(-5) m/s.
Policy Legitimacy: A Model for Disability Policy Analysis and Change

In this paper we present and apply Legitimacy Policy, a framework for policy analysis that applies a legitimacy lens to the examination, understanding, and illumination of directions for purposive policy change. Interrogating historical and current disability policy: (a) reveals the context-based value-foundations and continued dominance of medical explanations of disability inherent in disability-specific policy and (b) maps a direction for policy change that can advance human rights for disabled citizens.
Applications of elliptic curve cryptography: a light introduction to elliptic curves and a survey of their applications

Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is a relatively newer form of public key cryptography that provides more security per bit than other forms of cryptography still being used today. We explore the mathematical structure and operations of elliptic curves and how those properties make curves suitable tools for cryptography. A brief historical context is given followed by the safety of usage in production, as not all curves are free from vulnerabilities. Next, we compare ECC with other popular forms of cryptography for both key exchange and digital signatures, in terms of security and speed. Traditional applications of ECC, both theoretical and in-practice, are presented, including key exchange for web browser usage and DNSSEC. We examine multiple uses of ECC in a mobile context, including cellular phones and the Internet of Things. Modern applications of curves are explored, such as iris recognition, RFID, smart grid, as well as an application for E-health. Finally, we discuss how ECC stacks up in a post-quantum cryptography world.
Rheticus as Editor of Sacrobosco

In his recent three-volume study of Copernicus’ disciple Rheticus, K. H. Burmeister1 discussed an edition of Johannes Sacrobosco2 which contained both his Sphere 3 and his Computus (Wittenberg: Klug, 1538). Referring to Rheticus’ professorship of astronomy at Wittenberg University, Burmeister continued:
Beyond Close Talk - Issues in Distant Speech Acquisition, Conditioning Classification, and Recognition

Properly designed reference data and performance metrics can offer crucial aid to developers of advanced statistical recognition technologies. We focus here on audio data acquisition from close-talk, nearfield, and farfield sensors, and upon its processing, and its metrology. Our intention is to support the research community as it develops state of the art data acquisition and multimodal processing algorithms by supplying standard reference data, metrics, and sharable infrastructure, rather than developing the algorithms themselves.
Abstract 3730: Early metabolic response to tumor-treating fields in patients with recurrent glioblastoma

PURPOSE. Tumor-Treating Fields (TTFields) is an FDA-approved treatment approach for patients with both newly-diagnosed and recurrent glioblastoma. The main purpose of the present study was to explore if amino acid positron emission tomography (PET) is able to detect an early, objective metabolic tumor response during the first months of TTFields therapy. METHODS. Patients with MRI signs of recurrent glioblastoma eligible for TTFields along with maintenance temozolomide were recruited for PET scanning with alpha[C-11]-methyl-L-tryptophan (AMT) at baseline (before start of TTFields application) and up to 3 months later. Serial MRIs were also performed in 1-2 months intervals. AMT accumulation in the MRI-detected tumor mass was measured by standardized uptake values (SUVs), and PET-based tumor volumes were also calculated. Interval changes of these PET variables were compared to changes in areas of MRI enhancement. RESULTS. Out of 7 recruited patients, 5 showed appropriate compliance (>75%) with the device and underwent follow-up PET. Four of the 5 patients showed a clear metabolic response during TTF treatment on PET imaging. Two patients, who received TTFields treatment only (in addition to maintenance temozolomide), showed 25% and 100% decrease of PET-based tumor volumes, respectively. MRI was stable (patient #1) or showed increasing contrast enhancement (#2) during the same period. In this latter patient, TTFields was continued with bevacizumab treatment, leading to decreased contrast enhancement and further decrease of AMT uptake on a second follow-up PET. In two other patients (#3 and #4), TTFields were combined with bevacizumab rescue treatment. Patient #3 showed a markedly decreased tumoral AMT uptake and metabolic volume along with stable MRI enhancement. Patient #4 showed interval decrease of tryptophan PET uptake 2 months after initiation of TTFields therapy. Finally, patient #5 showed an interval expansion of the PET-based tumor volume along with MRI progression during a 2-month follow-up despite TTFields combined with bevacizumab and carboplatin. CONCLUSIONS. This is the first study to demonstrate an objective metabolic response of recurrent glioblastoma within 1.5-3 months after initiation of TTFields. The data suggest that amino acid PET can identify early responders to TTFields therapy. Citation Format: Sandeep Mittal, Geoffrey R. Barger, Edit Bosnyak, Varun B. Shah, Csaba Juhasz. Early metabolic response to tumor-treating fields in patients with recurrent glioblastoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3730. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-3730