cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calculations for Asymmetrical Fault Synthesis for Evaluating Ride-Through of Grid Connected Solar Inverters

Evaluating the efficacy of grid-tied solar inverters requires specific tests to be conducted. With the ability to provide a simulated grid environment, various voltage and frequency conditions can be applied to a device under test (DUT) to assess its performance. A characteristic such as ride-through capability requires the device to be exposed to specified voltage events to validate its conformity to industry standards. However, interconnections between the grid simulator environment, inverters, and grid-tie transformers provide challenges in determining the voltages to output in the grid simulator that are seen by the inverter. This paper details the voltage sag analysis used to obtain grid-side voltage references based on different transformer connections and type of sag condition. Formulas are presented based on the specific type of connection and voltage sag event. Simulation and experimental data are provided to confirm the calculations based on the equations given.
Evaluation of Oximetry Measurement Accuracy of Multispectral Photoacoustic Imaging Systems Using a Dynamically Tunable Blood Flow Phantom

A blood flow phantom with tunable oxygen saturation (SO2) was developed as an oximetry performance test method for rapidly emerging photoacoustic imaging systems. Results highlight the importance of fluence corrections in improving SO2 measurement accuracy.
Incremental value of Technetium-99m-labeled red blood cell planar scintigraphy(Tc-99m RBC) versus Hybrid SPECT/CT in the outcomes of acute gastrointestinal bleeding(GIB).

1671 Objectives To evaluate the individual confidence score of Tc-99m RBC scintigraphy versus Hybrid SPECT/CT in localization and prediction of extravasation in subsequent catheter directed mesenteric angiogram/endoscopy among patients with acute GIB. Methods Between July 2001 and October 2014, 49 Tc-99m RBC scintigraphy, with Hybrid SPECT/CT performed on 48 patients suspected of acute non-variceal GIB were retrospectively analyzed. If the planar scintigraphy finding was equivocal or probably in identifying and localizing the bleed, then the Hybrid SPECT/CT was performed, which was at the discretion of the interpreting physician. Based on the results, the definite plan of management was decided, which could be mesenteric angiography, endoscopy, surgery or conservative management. Results On the planar scintigraphy, 20 out of 49 were read as equivocal or probably. 13 out of 20 were read as definitely absent on the SPECT/CT thereby increasing the confidence of interpretation. 6 out of 49, had the initial localization on the planar scintigraphy changed based on the SPECT/CT. Out of 49, 28 SPECT/CT were read as positive. 22 of these had angiogram with only 3 positive studies, 6 had endo/colonoscopy with 3 had confirmed bleeding, remaining 21 were managed conservatively. The sensitivity is 100%, specificity of SPECT/CT 48.8%, negative predictive value 100%, and the positive predictive value is 21.4%. Conclusions The negative predictive value of the SPECT/CT compared to planar scintigraphy is 100%. However, when it comes to the outcomes of the GI bleed the positive predictive value is only 21.4%%, likely due to very slow nature of the bleed that is not sensitive to angiogram. Though the incremental value of the SPECT/CT over planar scintigraphy is higher, it raises the question of real value in the outcomes of the acute GI bleeding.
Automated assays for von Willebrand factor activity.

von Willebrand factor (VWF) ristocetin cofactor activity (VWF:RCo) by platelet aggregometry has been considered the gold standard for evaluating the ability of VWF to bind platelets for over 40 years. Many automated systems no longer require platelets and rather rely on agglutination of latex particles. Automated methods of measuring VWF activity have improved performance characteristics and are performed on the same coagulation instruments used for routine testing via immunoturbidimetric methodology. Alternatively, a newer chemiluminescence assay system for measuring VWF activity demonstrates excellent performance characteristics. As these methods are becoming widely used, it is important to assess their performance in diagnosing and monitoring different types of von Willebrand disease. We review the automated methodologies and the published performance of these VWF assays. Advantages and limitations of these automated methods are discussed.
Editorial Commentary: Mild Limb Asymmetry and Pediatric Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction-A Classic "Chicken and Egg" Scenario?

Abstract Growth disturbance from a physeal injury is considered by many surgeons to be the most feared iatrogenic surgical complication after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in skeletally immature patients, typically resulting in valgus, recurvatum, and/or a short limb. These deformities also predispose children to an ACL injury in the first instance, and therefore, a firm understanding of the contributions of both preoperative deformity and iatrogenic injury to postoperative limb asymmetry is critical. Preoperative and postoperative imaging (until 2 years postoperatively or skeletal maturity) should include standing hip-to-ankle alignment radiographs when the patient is able to straighten the knee and fully bear weight, as well as a lateral projection of the knee to quantify tibial slope. This should be the standard of care for children with open physes undergoing ACL reconstruction.
Estimating the State of Charge of Plug-In Electric Vehicle Fleet Applying Monte Carlo Markov Chain

Modeling the drivers’ behavior, concerning their reaction with respect to charging management programs, is a key factor for the power system operators and plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) aggregators. In this regard, the state of charge (SOC) of PEV fleet is one of the important parameters that can affect the drivers’ behavior modeling and consequently the simulation results of planning and operation problems. In this chapter, Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) is applied to estimate the hourly SOC of PEV fleet in the day. MCMC, as the specific type of stochastic process, is a powerful method to analyze the scientific dataset and determine the probability distribution function of model parameters, by repeatedly applying the dataset. The dataset used in this study includes the real longitude and latitude of driving routes of PEVs in San Francisco, recorded in every 4-minute interval of the day. The position dataset is converted to the distances travelled by the PEVs, and then the hourly SOC of PEV fleet is determined applying the technical specifications of PEVs that include the initial SOC of PEV fleet, the energy consumption index of PEVs, and the capacity of PEVs’ batteries. After estimating the best-fit line of SOC of PEV fleet and the related confidence bands, the effects of problem parameters on the MCMC simulation results are studied.
An exploratory study of 89Zr-DFO-Atezolizumab ImmunoPET/CT in patients with locally advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

TPS759Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have changed the treatment landscape for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Despite this, responses to single-agent anti-PD-1 occur in only 25% of pat...
Intact Periorbita Can Prevent Post-Traumatic Enophthalmos Following a Large Orbital Blow-Out Fracture:

Treatment of orbital floor fractures is predicated on the restoration of orbital volume to prevent enophthalmos or hypoglobus. Globe position is the result of a complex interplay between the bony o...
What is being revealed in 2020

The Covid-19 pandemic is exposing how humans have long related to nature, and revealing aspects of classism and racism that have long been ignored. Drawing on spiritual resources, such as Luther, might the polarizing, self versus other tendencies be overcome and the long pandemic rooted in economic class and racism more effectively addressed today? Can this result in a “new normal”?.
Vis Tellurique of Alexandre-Émile Béguyer de Chancourtois

The vis tellurique, the arrangement of elements and radicals that the French geologist Alexandre-Emile Beguyer de Chancourtois presented in 1862, is described. Reactions to the arrangement by contemporaries, by later chemists of the nineteenth century, and by selected historians are examined. It is argued that Beguyer de Chancourtois discovered the law of chemical periodicity, albeit in a form too flawed and indefinite to appeal to contemporary chemists.
Treatment of atrial fibrillation: a weighty problem.

The incidence and prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) are increasing globally, and the arrhythmia has profound impact on patient outcomes [(1)][1]. The precise reasons for the rising AF epidemic are unclear, and proposed causes include the aging population and increased incidence of risk factors
The effects of methotrexate on normal and osteoarthritic lapine articular cartilage

OBJECTIVE The effects of methotrexate (MTX) on articular cartilage and its influence on the development of osteoarthritis (OA) lesions were tested in a lapine partial medial meniscectomy model. METHOD Animals were divided into groups consisting of unoperated and operated rabbits that either received or did not receive MTX treatment. After 8 weeks knee articular condylar cartilage was examined for gross and histologic anatomy, active and total neutral metalloproteinases, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP), DNA, uronic acid and hydroxyproline content. RESULTS Carbon black retention and histologic scores revealed moderately severe changes in the OA animals with a tendency to less severe changes in OA animals receiving MTX. Unoperated animals receiving MTX had abnormal cartilage that displayed pitting and elevations in histologic score. Active and total neutral metalloproteinase and TIMP were elevated in both untreated and treated OA animals when compared to either unoperated or unoperated and treated animals. CONCLUSION Articular cartilage with lesser amounts of neutral metalloproteinase and high amounts of TIMP levels often seen with other therapeutic modalities for OA, were not observed with MTX therapy. Our data suggest that MTX may have limited value in the treatment of OA.
Peter Drucker's leap to faith: Examining the origin of his purpose‐driven life and its impact on his views of management

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify and interpret the spiritual foundation that permeates all Drucker's contributions, and to show that his convictions served as his internal compass, thus helping him to develop and articulate a coherent and unequivocally ecological view of the nature of management.Design/methodology/approach – The paper makes use of primary data by focusing on Drucker's published works, as well as private correspondence found at the online Drucker Archives of the Drucker Institute in Claremont Graduate University. It also makes use of materials written about Drucker and his views by former students and colleagues.Findings – The paper presents Drucker as a lifelong learner, as the excellent student who used his personal lens to observe, synthesize, and purposefully distil his experiences into what would become the practice of management. The paper examines his contributions to the field of management from a personal perspective by presenting Drucker as the spiritual philoso...
The Light and Shadow of Feminist Research Mentorship: A Collaborative Autoethnography of Faculty-Student Research

“Research assistant” is a term used to describe student researchers across a variety of contexts and encompasses a wide array of duties, rewards, and costs. As critical/qualitative scholars situated in a discipline that rarely offers funded research assistantships to graduate students, we explore how we have engaged in faculty-student research in one particularly understudied context: the independent study. Using narrative writing and reflection within a framework of collaborative autoethnography, the first three authors reflect as three “generations” of proteges who were each mentored through independent studies during their MA programs by the fourth author. We explore the environmental context, mentor facets, and protege facets that highlight the light and shadow, or successes and struggles, of our mentoring relationships. Reflecting on our own experiences of collaborative research through independent studies, we suggest a model of feminist research mentorship that may be enacted across disciplines.
The Lyapunov spectrum of families of time-varying matrices

For L??-families of time varying matrices centered at an unperturbed matrix, the Lyapunov spectrum contains the Floquet spectrum obtained by considering periodically varying piecewise constant matrices. On the other hand, it is contained in the Morse spectrum of an associated flow on a vector bundle. A closer analysis of the Floquet spectrum based on geometric control theory in projective space and, in particular, on control sets, is performed. Introducing a real parameter p > 0, which indicates the size of the LI-perturbation, we study when the Floquet spectrum, the Morse spectrum, and hence the Lyapunov spectrum all coincide. This holds, if an inner pair condition is satisfied, for all up to at most countably many p-values.
Photonic State Tomography

Quantum state tomography is the process by which an identical ensemble of unknown quantum states is completely characterized. A sequence of identical measurements within a series of different bases allow the reconstruction of a complete quantum wavefunction. This article reviews state representation and notation, lays out the theory of ideal tomography, and details the full experimental realization (measurement, electronics, error correction, numerical analysis, measurement choice, and estimation of uncertainties) of a tomographic system applied to polarized photonic qubits.
The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly of Perspective Taking in Groups

Group members often reason egocentrically, both when allocating responsibility for collective endeavors and when assessing the fairness of group outcomes. These self-centered judgments are reduced when participants consider their other group members individually or actively adopt their perspectives. However, reducing an egocentric focus through perspective taking may also invoke cynical theories about how others will behave, particularly in competitive contexts. Expecting more selfish behavior from other group members may result in more self-interested behavior from the perspective takers themselves. This suggests that one common approach to conflict resolution between and within groups can have unfortunate consequences on actual behavior.
Abstract 16311: Survival of Fontan Patients After Heart Transplant; Has Survival Improved in the Current Era?

Heart transplant (HT) after the Fontan procedure has been associated with increased mortality compared to other pediatric heart diseases. Recent data from the Pediatric Heart Transplant Study demonstrated improved survival after HT over time in children with congenital heart disease (CHD). We hypothesized that this trend extends to Fontan patients undergoing HT in the current era. Between 1993 to December 2012, 680 pediatric patients who were ≥ 2 years old at listing with CHD underwent HT, of which 254 had a prior Fontan Procedure. Era 1 (1993-2006: 175 Fontan, 376 non-Fontan CHD (NF-CHD)) was compared to Era 2 (2007-2012: 197 Fontan, 221 NF-CHD) for listed patients ≥ 2 years old. An analysis of survival and risk factors by multivariable analysis examined our study hypothesis. Similar to other groups, Fontan patients in the late era were more likely to be listed as status 1 (69 vs. 90%, p<0.0001), require inotropic support (55 vs. 69%, p=0.0218), have failure to thrive (20 vs. 36%, p=0.0038) and were youn...
Highly Purified Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reveals a Virtual Absence of Vif in Virions

The vif gene of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is essential for the productive infection of primary blood-derived lymphocytes, macrophages, and certain human T-cell lines. It has been shown that Vif is associated with HIV-1 virions purified by sucrose density-equilibrium gradient analysis. However, the specificity of Vif incorporation into virions has not been determined. Moreover, recent studies have demonstrated that standard HIV-1 particle preparations created with sucrose density-equilibrium gradients are contaminated with cell-derived microvesicles. Here we demonstrate, as previously reported, that Vif cosediments with HIV-1 particles in sucrose density-equilibrium gradient analysis. However, we also found that, when Vif was expressed in the absence of all other HIV-1-encoded gene products and then isolated by sucrose density-equilibrium gradient centrifugation from extracellular supernatants, its sedimentation pattern was largely unaltered, suggesting that Vif can be secreted from cells. Using a newly developed OptiPrep velocity gradient method, we were able to physically separate most of the extracellular Vif from the HIV-1 virions without disrupting the infectivity of the virus. By titrating serial dilutions of purified Vif and Gag against the viral peak fraction in the OptiPrep gradient, we demonstrate that <1.0 Vif molecule per virion was present. This study shows that Vif is not significantly present in HIV-1 virions, a finding which is consistent with the idea that Vif functions predominantly in the virus-producing cells during virus assembly. The OptiPrep velocity gradient technique described here could be an easy and rapid way to purify HIV and other enveloped viruses from microvesicles and/or cell debris.
Transient Tire Properties

This paper identifies and analyzes steady-state and transient tire properties affecting vehicle directional response characteristics. The study is limited to the relationship between lateral force and slip angle. It shows fundamental differences between steady-state and transient properties. An interrelationship between cornering stiffness and dynamic lateral force offset resulting from the time lag between lateral force and slip angle is shown. Rapm steer techniques for measuring transient tire properties on a road trailer and on an external drum machine are described. A need for transient tire data for computer simulations of vehicle transient steer maneuvers is shown. Subjective evaluations of a vehicle equipped with different tires are described and compared with results of evaluations of 21 foreign and domestic vehicles. The significance to vehicle handling of tires having different characteristics, as determined by subjective evaluations in a lane change maneuver, is shown.
Neuromuscular fatigue and tibiofemoral joint biomechanics when transitioning from non-weight bearing to weight bearing.

Context: Fatigue is suggested to be a risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament injury. Fatiguing exercise can affect neuromuscular control and laxity of the knee joint, which may render the knee ...
Understanding the effects of team cognition associated with complex engineering tasks: Dynamics of shared mental models, Task‐SMM, and Team‐SMM

This study investigates how shared mental models (SMMs) change over time in teams of students in a manufacturing engineering course. A complex ill-structured project was given to each team. The objective of the team project was to analyze, test, and propose ways to improve their given manufactured product. Shared mental models were measured in terms of Team-SMM and Task-SMM. Specifically, each Team-SMM and Task-SMM was measured in Team-SMM Structure, Team-SMM Degree, Task-SMM Structure, and Task-SMM Degree. The research question was answered by using one-way repeated measures ANOVA. Results supported that shared mental models (Team-SMM and Task-SMM) changed over time. The changes also varied differently depending on measuring the structure and degree of SMMs.
Nicotine discrimination in male and female smokers

Discriminative stimulus effects of nicotine were evaluated in humans using formal behavioral drug discrimination procedures. Male and female smokers (n = 9 each) were trained on day 1 to reliably discriminate 0 versus 12 micrograms/kg nicotine administered by measured-dose nasal spray. All subjects were able to reach criterion performance (at least 80% correct). Generalization of responding across nicotine doses of 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12 micrograms/kg (approximately 0-0.8 mg for typical subject) was then examined on day 2. Nicotine-appropriate responding was linearly related to dose, and subjects were able to distinguish the smallest dose (2 micrograms/kg) from placebo. Although there were no differences between males and females in behavioral discrimination, subjective effects were correlated with nicotine discrimination in females but not in males. These findings indicate that humans are able to discriminate among low doses of nicotine per se, that males and females may differ in the stimuli used to discriminate nicotine, and that drug discrimination procedures may be more sensitive than traditional subjective effects measures in distinguishing among low doses of nicotine.
Syndecan 4 heparan sulfate proteoglycan is a selectively enriched and widespread focal adhesion component.

Abstract Focal adhesion formation in fibroblasts results from complex transmembrane signaling processes initiated by extracellular matrix molecules. Although a role for integrins with attendant tyrosine kinases has been established, there is evidence that cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are also involved with an associated role of protein kinase C. The identity of the proteoglycan has remained elusive, but we now report that syndecan 4 (ryudocan/amphiglycan) is present in focal adhesions of a number of cell types. Affinity-purified antibodies raised against a unique portion of the cytoplasmic domain of syndecan 4 core protein recognized an HSPG of similar characteristics to those of syndecan 4. These antibodies stained focal adhesions only after cell permeabilization and recognized differing mammalian species. Syndecan 4 was associated with focal adhesions that contained either beta 1 or beta 3 integrin subunits and those that formed on substrates of fibronectin, laminin, vitronectin, or type I collagen. No focal adhesions were found that were vinculin-containing but lacked syndecan 4. In contrast, syndecan 2, whose cytoplasmic domain is closely homologous to syndecan 4, does not appear to be a focal adhesion component. Thus, syndecan 4 represents a new transmembrane focal adhesion component, probably involved in their assembly.
The Role of Medium of Exchange in Acquisitions

This paper investigates the role of method of payment in explaining the differences in returns to a bidding firm during the announcement period. The results indicate that the bidding firms’ returns are negative for equity payment bids and positive and significantly larger for cash bids. This is consistent with the view that cash‐offer announcements constitute a revelation by management of favorable new information about a firm’s future cash flows and vice versa for equity offerings. The results from this study provide an explanation of why business executives have been reluctant to issue equity even when they are raising the money to finance profitable projects like acquisitions. Executives relied on internal funds that allowed them to avoid the flotation costs of issuing new shares and the scrutiny by the financial market while limiting growth to that sustainable with internally generated funds.
Bush, Kerry, and foreign policy

Voters have a real–some would say stark–choice to make between the candidates when it comes to foreign policy.
A Name, a Number, and a Picture: The Cinematic Memorialization of Jackie Robinson

The author discusses nine films that use Jackie Robinson's name, number, glove, picture, and picture card to invoke his mana as a mythical presence and sociocultural icon. The films incorporate Robinson's cinematic mystique by using iconographic and symbolic aspects of his career as a superb athlete and racial pioneer to address the problems of anti-Semitism, child abuse, and racism.
Performance of “maze-bright” and “maze-dull” rats on an automated visual discrimination task

Twenty-five descendants of the Berkeley S1 and S3 strains of animals were tested in an automated discrimination apparatus with shock as reinforcement. On the four successive light-correct and dark-correct problems presented, the S3 (”maze-dull”) animals were superior. Some tentative interpretations of the results are presented. It is suggested that the labels “maze-bright” and “maze-dull”are inexplicit and inappropriate for use with these strains.
MOSFET performance scaling: Limitations and future options

Prospects of velocity enhancement as the main driver of performance scaling in future CMOS are examined. Limits of velocity enhancement in uniaxially strained Si are first presented and then outlooks of novel channel materials such as Ge and III-V semiconductors are discussed. Finally, characteristics of performance scaling under power dissipation constraints are studied.
Prevalence of Adverse Events to Radiopharmaceuticals from 2007 to 2011

We studied the changing patterns of radiopharmaceutical use and the incidence of adverse events (AEs) to PET radiopharmaceuticals, non-PET radiopharmaceuticals, and adjunctive nonradioactive pharmaceuticals in nuclear medicine from 2007 to 2011. Methods: Fifteen academic institutions submitted quarterly reports of radiopharmaceutical use and AEs covering 2007–2011. Results: 1,024,177 radiopharmaceutical administrations were monitored: 207,281 diagnostic PET, 803,696 diagnostic non-PET, and 13,200 therapeutic. In addition, 112,830 adjunctive nonradioactive pharmaceutical administrations were monitored. The annual use of bone scintigraphy and radiotracer therapies was unchanged. PET radiopharmaceutical use increased from 17% to 26% of diagnostic procedures (P
Gas-phase activation of silane, disilane and germane by actinide ions; and collision induced dissociation of metal oxide ions in TOF-MS

Abstract Gas-phase reactions of selected actinide metal ions, An+, with silane, disilane and germane under minimally hyperthermal conditions were studied using a reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer (RTOF-MS). Both U+ and Np+ reacted with silane while Pu+ was comparatively inert. The primary reactions with silane yielded the silylenes, AnSiH2+; secondary reactions gave AnSi2H4+ and AnSi2H2+ (An=U, Np). With disilane, single- and double-dehydrogenation by An+ produced AnSi2H4+ and AnSi2H2+ for An=U and Np, while Pu+ and Am+ were inert. Oxo-ligation rendered plutonium reactive towards silane: UO+, NpO+ and PuO+ each dehydrogenated disilane to give AnOSi2H4+. With germane, selected lanthanide ions, M+Ln+, were studied along with M+An+. Germylenes, MGeH2+, were formed for M=Th, U, Np, Pu, Ce and Tb, while Am+ and Tm+ were inert. Secondary products were MGe2+ (M=Th, U, Np, Ce and Tb), ThGe3+ and ThGe4+. The results are assessed in the context of the electronic structures and energetics of the actinide (and lanthanide) ions. For comparison and to confirm consistency with previous studies, a few reactions of CH4 and C2H6 with actinide ions were examined. The nature of anomalous peaks at ion flight times corresponding to “tetrahydride” ions, “AnH4,” upon introduction of both reactive and inert gases into the reaction region was examined in detail. It was concluded that these aberrant peaks were due to high-energy collision induced dissociation of actinide oxide ions, AnO+, in the first field-free region of the RTOF-MS. The identification of this dissociation phenomenon nullifies a previous report of actinide hydride ions produced by reactions of An+ with ethylene oxide.
Increased moth herbivory associated with environmental stress of pinyon pine at local and regional levels.

Using 6 years of observational and experimental data, we examined the hypothesis that water and nutrient stress increase the susceptibility of pinyon pine (Pinus edulis) to the stem- and cone-boring moth (Dioryctria albovittella). At two geographic levels, a local scale of 550 km2 and a regional scale of 10,000 km2, moth herbivory was strongly correlated with an edaphic stress gradient. At a local scale, from the cinder soils of Sunset Crater to nearby sandy-loam soils, nine of ten soil macro- and micronutrients, and soil water content were lowest in cinder-dominated soils. Herbivore damage was six times greater on trees growing in the most water and nutrient deficient site at Sunset Crater compared to sites with well-developed soils. Percentage silt-clay content of soil, which was highly positively correlated with soil nutrient and soil moisture at a local scale, accounted for 56% of the variation in herbivory at a regional scale among 22 sites. Within and across sites, increased stem resin flow was positively associated with reduced moth attack. On the basis of moth distribution across a stress gradient, we predicted that pinyons growing in highly stressful environments would show increased resistance to herbivores if supplemented with water and/or nutrients. We conducted a 6-year experiment at a high-stress site where individual trees received water only, fertilizer only, and water + fertilizer. Relative to control trees, stem growth and resin flow increased in all three treatments, but only significantly in the water + fertilizer treatment. Although there was no significant difference in herbivore damage among these three treatments, there was an overall reduction in herbivore damage on all treatment trees combined, compared to control trees. This experiment suggests that release from stress leads to increased resistance to insect attack and is consistent with our observational data. While other studies have predicted that short-term stress will result in herbivore outbreaks, our studies extend this prediction to chronically stressed host populations. Finally, while flush-feeders are not predicted to respond positively to stressed host plants, we found a positive association between herbivore attack and stressed pinyon populations.
On the uniqueness of weights in single-layer perceptrons

In this paper the geometric formulation of the single layer perceptron weight optimization problem previously described by Coetzee et al. (1993, 1996) is combined with results from other researchers on nonconvex set projections to describe sufficient conditions for uniqueness of weight solutions. It is shown that the perceptron data surface is pseudoconvex and has infinite folding, allowing for the specification of a region of desired vectors having unique projections purely in terms of the local curvature of the data surface. No information is therefore required regarding the global curvature or size of the data surface. These results in principle allow for a posteriori evaluation of whether a weight solution is unique or globally optimal, and for a priori scaling of desired vector values to ensure uniqueness, through analysis of the input data. The practical applicability of these results from a numerical perspective is evaluated on some carefully chosen examples.
Nearly uniform MgO-supported pentaosmium cluster catalysts.

[Os5C(CO)14]2- was synthesized on the surface of MgO by reductive carbonylation of adsorbed Os3(CO)12 at 548 K and 1 bar. The supported species were characterized by infrared (IR), 13C NMR, and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopies. The IR and EXAFS data are consistent with the presence of [Os5C(CO)14]2-, formed in a yield of about 65%, along with smaller osmium carbonyl clusters. As the supported clusters were decarbonylated in flowing He or H2, they were characterized by IR and EXAFS spectroscopies, which indicate that the decarbonylation was complete after each treatment at 573 K. The EXAFS data characterizing the sample treated in He determine an Os−Os first-shell coordination number of 3.4, matching that of [Os5C(CO)14]2- and indicating that the Os5C frame was retained after decarbonylation in He. Treatment of MgO-supported [Os5C(CO)14]2- in H2 at 573 K resulted in the formation of aggregated osmium clusters larger than Os5C. The catalytic activity of Os5C for toluene hydrog...
The Performativity of Urban Citizenship

In this analysis I examine how Dominican grocery-store owners (bodegueros) in Philadelphia gain the ability to operate corner stores in predominantly African American and Puerto Rican neighborhoods where they are often considered to be outsiders. A central element of the survival strategy of the grocers is to bend over backwards in order to serve their clients and ‘perform’ to the expectations of community residents. These actions disrupt discrete notions of community ‘outsider’ and ‘insider’ and suggest that urban citizenship is not a static positionality based solely on contestations with the state but, rather, an identity created by the interactions between the heterogenous elements of the modern city. I use the experience of the grocers to argue that our understanding of insurgent forms of citizenship must be attuned to this fluid definition of citizenship—one in which the relationships between different members of the polity is crucial.
The measurement of cross-relaxation effects in the proton NMR spin-lattice relaxation of water in biological systems: Hydrated collagen and muscle☆

Abstract A general procedure for investigating cross relaxation is presented. Experimental evidence derived from proton NMR studies of collagen and muscle clearly shows that cross relaxation between the bulk of the water protons and the bulk of macromolecular protons significantly perturbs water spin-lattice relaxation. These findings have serious implications for interpretations of the molecular dynamics of water molecules in hydrated biological systems. The presence of cross relaxation is direct proof that a fraction of the water protons exchange at a rate slow compared with the Larmor frequency.
Wafer-Level Heterogeneous Integration of GaN HEMTs and Si (100) MOSFETs

This letter demonstrates a new technology for the heterogeneous integration of GaN and Si devices, which is scalable at least up to 4-in wafers and compatible with conventional Si fabrication. The key step in the proposed technology is the fabrication of a Si (100)-GaN-Si hybrid wafer by bonding a silicon (100) on insulator (SOI) wafer to the nitride surface of an AlGaN/GaN on Si (111) wafer. A thin layer of silicon oxide is used to enhance the bonding between the SOI and the AlGaN/GaN wafers. Using this technology, Si pMOSFETs and GaN high-electron-mobility transistors have been fabricated on a 4-in hybrid wafer. Due to the high-temperature stability of GaN as well as the high-quality semiconductor material resulting from the transfer method, these devices exhibit excellent performance. A hybrid power amplifier has been fabricated as a circuit demonstrator, which shows the potential to integrate GaN and Si devices on the same chip to enable new performance in high-efficiency power amplifiers, mixed signal circuits, and digital electronics.
The performance of frequent acquirers: Evidence from emerging markets

Abstract This study examines the returns to 2340 merger deals conducted by 1122 frequent acquirers in 17 emerging markets, during the period 1985 to June 2008. Our primary findings are as follows. Serial acquirers in emerging countries on average experience a declining pattern in returns with subsequent deals, but the pattern is not strong. However, conditional on successful initial deals, the declining pattern is strong for the majority of countries, is large in terms of the magnitude, and is significant in the multivariate regression analysis. We interpret the results as somewhat supportive of the hubris behavior as a factor in serial acquisitions (Roll, J Business 59, 1986). We also find a stronger declining pattern for more developed markets but no substantial difference between civil and common-law countries; the former might be explained by generally greater and increasing competition for control in more developed markets.
Materials science: relaxors go critical.

Relaxor ferroelectrics are fascinating and useful materials, but they seem to be heterogeneous, hopeless messes. Observing what they do under electric fields reveals critical behaviour that helps to make sense of them.
Heterogeneity of severe asthma in childhood: confirmation by cluster analysis of children in the National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Severe Asthma Research Program.

Background Asthma in children is a heterogeneous disorder with many phenotypes. Although unsupervised cluster analysis is a useful tool for identifying phenotypes, it has not been applied to school-age children with persistent asthma across a wide range of severities. Objectives This study determined how children with severe asthma are distributed across a cluster analysis and how well these clusters conform to current definitions of asthma severity. Methods Cluster analysis was applied to 12 continuous and composite variables from 161 children at 5 centers enrolled in the Severe Asthma Research Program. Results Four clusters of asthma were identified. Children in cluster 1 (n = 48) had relatively normal lung function and less atopy. Children in cluster 2 (n = 52) had slightly lower lung function, more atopy, and increased symptoms and medication use. Cluster 3 (n = 32) had greater comorbidity, increased bronchial responsiveness, and lower lung function. Cluster 4 (n = 29) had the lowest lung function and the greatest symptoms and medication use. Predictors of cluster assignment were asthma duration, the number of asthma controller medications, and baseline lung function. Children with severe asthma were present in all clusters, and no cluster corresponded to definitions of asthma severity provided in asthma treatment guidelines. Conclusion Severe asthma in children is highly heterogeneous. Unique phenotypic clusters previously identified in adults can also be identified in children, but with important differences. Larger validation and longitudinal studies are needed to determine the baseline and predictive validity of these phenotypic clusters in the larger clinical setting.
Inserting membrane proteins: The YidC/Oxa1/Alb3 machinery in bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts

The evolutionarily conserved YidC/Oxa1p/Alb3 family of proteins plays important roles in the membrane biogenesis in bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. The members in this family function as novel membrane protein insertases, chaperones, and assembly factors for transmembrane proteins, including energy transduction complexes localized in the bacterial and mitochondrial inner membrane, and in the chloroplast thylakoid membrane. In this review, we will present recent progress with this class of proteins in membrane protein biogenesis and discuss the structure/function relationships. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Protein translocation across or insertion into membranes.
Experimental Charge Density and Neutron Structural Study of cis-HMn(CO)4PPh3: Comprehensive Analysis of Chemical Bonding and Evidence for a C−H···H−Mn Hydrogen Bond

The structure and bonding in cis-HMn(CO)4PPh3 have been studied by low-temperature neutron and high-resolution X-ray diffraction, the latter study using a charge-coupled device (CCD) area detector. A charge density analysis, including the deformation density, a full topological analysis of ρ, and selected topological analysis of −∇2ρ, has been conducted. cis-HMn(CO)4PPh3 adopts an approximately octahedral geometry, the largest deviation being the C(1)−Mn−C(3) angle of 160.0(1)°. The hydride ligand (Mn−H(1), 1.573(2) A) is nucleophilic in nature (i.e., hydridic, with an effective atomic charge of −0.4e) and makes a short contact (2.101(3) A) with an electrophilic (+0.3e) ortho phenyl hydrogen. The electrostatic component of the Hδ+···Hδ- interaction energy is calculated to be 5.7 kcal/mol from the experimental data. This electrostatic evidence coupled with the geometry (C−H···H 129.0(2)° and H···H−Mn 126.5(1)°) and the identification of an H···H bond path in the charge density distribution strongly support...
Stress-induced channel waveguides in BaTiO3 epitaxial films

We report stress-induced channel waveguides formed in epitaxial BaTiO 3 films. BaTiO 3 epitaxial films (doped with and without erbium) were grown on MgO (001) single- crystal substrates using rf magnetron sputtering. In the channel waveguides developed, the lateral confinement of light is achieved via the photoelastic effect in BaTiO 3 induced by thin-film stress. As a stress-inducing film, a 0.5- micrometer-thick SiO 2 film was sputter-deposited on top of a 3.0-micrometer-thick BaTiO 3 film with a 7 to 10- micrometer-wide window opening. The fabricated structures were characterized in terms of their guided mode profiles at 1.3 and 1.55 micrometer wavelength. The measurement result clearly shows both the lateral and vertical confinement of light in the channel region. The stress distribution in the channel structure was calculated by solving the coupled equations that describe the elastomechanical and piezoelectric effects in the ferroelectric material. The refractive index changes were than calculated taking into account both the photoelastic and electro-optic effects of BaTiO 3 . The simulation results show a good agreement with the measurement results. The waveguide structure developed in this work does not require etching of BaTiO 3 , and is expected to be useful as a simple and economical method for forming channel waveguides with other ferroelectric films as well.
Optimization of battery charging and purchasing at electric vehicle battery swap stations

A promising model for providing charging services to owners of electric vehicles is a network of battery swap stations. A swap station operator will need to decide how many batteries to purchase initially, and when, based on dynamic electricity rates, to charge the batteries. We propose a dynamic programming model to assist in making optimal charging decisions, and a master problem embedding the dynamic program for making the purchasing decision.
The cupola sign of pneumoperitoneum in the supine patient

Free air within the peritoneal cavity can be recognized on supine abdominal films by identification of the median subphrenic space. We have termed this the “cupola sign.” In a review of 100 patients with pneumoperitoneum, this sign was seen in 6 patients. In 3 instances it was the only manifestation of a pneumoperitoneum and in 3 instances it was seen in association with air below the right and left diaphragmatic leaves.
Non proliferative diabetic retinopathy and macular edema

Abstract As previously noted, although visual loss usually does not fall below 20 200 in the presence of ME, it may nevertheless be a significant disability. Additional interventions may include referral to low vision clinics, home health agencies, visual loss support groups, and local or regional blindness agencies to aid the patient's occupational rehabilitation, coping mechanism, and adaptation responses in the presence of this potentially debilitating process. Control of blood sugar, blood pressure, and the intervention of focal/grid laser treatments to seal leaks and prevent further edema provide the best chance of maintaining useful vision throughout life. Patient education is paramount to improve comprehension of the condition, recommended treatment modalities, and compliance with prescribed regimens. Assessments and interventions related to knowledge and sensory deficits, anxiety, discomfort, ineffective coping mechanisms, and health maintenance behaviors add a quality link in the multidisciplinary approach surrounding the delivery of care to patients with NPDR and clinically significant ME.
Inconsistencies in the presence of age-associated altered aldolase in the livers of mice

Four experiments employing the same biochemical techniques were carried out on C57BL/6 female mice obtained from two sources. In every experiment there was a statistically significant (P <.001) age associated decrease in the specific activity of aldolase in the cytosols. This decrement was the result of a decrease in the enzymatic activity rather than an increase in the protein content of the cytosols of livers of old animals. However, only in one experiment was there also a decrease in the specific activity of the purified preparations. In this experiment the decrease in the specific activity of aldolase in the cytosol was approximately 40% whereas in the other experiments it was approximately 20%. Examinations of the liver and body weights or the protein content of the cytosols indicate no age changes which may account for the age decrement in the specific activities of aldolase of the purified preparations.
Promotion of endogeneous remyelination in Multiple Sclerosis

Studies in both human and experimental models demonstrate that myelin repair occurs in the central nervous system and is a normal physiologic response to myelin injury. However, remyelination in MS is often incomplete and limited. The outcome of an actively demyelinating lesion depends on the balance between factors promoting myelin destruction and myelin repair. Experimental models of CNS demyelination provide an opportunity to investigate the morphologic, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in remyelination. This review focuses on experiments using the Theiler's virus model of demylination which indicate that manipulation of the immune response has the potential to promote endogenous CNS remyelination and functional recovery in MS.
Differential microRNA response to a high-cholesterol, high-fat diet in livers of low and high LDL-C baboons

Dysregulation of microRNA (miRNA) expression has been implicated in molecular genetic events leading to the progression and development of atherosclerosis. We hypothesized that miRNA expression profiles differ between baboons with low and high serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations in response to diet, and that a subset of these miRNAs regulate genes relevant to dyslipidemia and risk of atherosclerosis. Using Next Generation Illumina sequencing methods, we sequenced hepatic small RNA libraries from baboons differing in their LDL-C response to a high-cholesterol, high-fat (HCHF) challenge diet (low LDL-C, n = 3; high LDL-C, n = 3), resulting in 517 baboon miRNAs: 490 were identical to human miRNAs and 27 were novel. We compared miRNA expression profiles from liver biopsies collected before and after the challenge diet and observed that HCHF diet elicited expression of more miRNAs compared to baseline (chow) diet for both low and high LDL-C baboons. Eighteen miRNAs exhibited differential expression in response to HCHF diet in high LDL-C baboons compared to 10 miRNAs in low LDL-C baboons. We used TargetScan/Base tools to predict putative miRNA targets; miRNAs expressed in high LDL-C baboons had significantly more gene targets than miRNAs expressed in low LDL-C responders. Further, we identified miRNA isomers and other non-coding RNAs that were differentially expressed in response to the challenge diet in both high LDL-C and low LDL-C baboons. We sequenced and annotated baboon liver miRNAs from low LDL-C and high LDL-C responders using high coverage Next Gen sequencing methods, determined expression changes in response to a HCHF diet challenge, and predicted target genes regulated by the differentially expressed miRNAs. The identified miRNAs will enrich the database for non-coding small RNAs including the extent of variation in these sequences. Further, we identified other small non-coding RNAs differentially expressed in response to diet. Our discovery of differentially expressed baboon miRNAs in response to a HCHF diet challenge that differ by LDL-C phenotype is a fundamental step in understating the role of non-coding RNAs in dyslipidemia.