cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accumulation of pisatin and three additional antifungal pterocarpans in Fusarium solani-infected tissues of Pisum sativum

Abstract Pisatin and three new pterocarpans accumulated in pea epicotyls and root crowns infected with Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi . Pisatin was first detected 2 days after inoculation and reached a maximum concentration of 78μg g −1 (fresh weight) of diseased tissues 15 days after inoculation. 4-Hydroxy-2,3,9-trimethoxypterocarpan, 3-hydroxy-2,9-dimethoxypterocarpan and 2,3,9-trimethoxypterocarpan first appeared 6 days after inoculation. Although concentrations of the latter two compounds remained low, the concentration of 4-hydroxy-2,3,9-trimethoxypterocarpan was greater than that of the other three antifungal pterocarpans combined by 21 days after inoculation. The three new pterocarpans were not detected in liquid cultures of F. solani f. sp. pisi or in pea tissues induced to produce pisatin by treatment with NaF or by irradiation with u.v. light. Antifungal activity of the new compounds was comparable to that of pisatin. F. solani f. sp. pisi did not interconvert the three new pterocarpans in vitro , but 3-hydroxy-2,9-dimethoxypterocarpan was rapidly degraded to the corresponding isoflavan, 4′,6-dimethoxyisoflavan-2′,7-diol.
Fabrication and characterization of two-color midwavelength/long wavelength HgCdTe infrared detectors

High-performance 20-µm unit-cell two-color detectors using an n-p+-n HgCdTe triple-layer heterojunction (TLHJ) device architecture grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on (211)-oriented CdZnTe substrates with midwavelength (MW) infrared and long wavelength (LW) infrared spectral bands have been demonstrated. Detectors with nominal MW and LW cut-off wavelengths of 5.5 µm and 10.5 µm, respectively, exhibit 78 K LW performance with >70 % quantum efficiency, reverse bias dark currents below 300 pA, and RA products (zero field of view, 150-mV bias) in excess of 1×103 Ωcm2. Temperature-dependent current-voltage (I–V) detector measurements show diffusion-limited LW dark current performance extending to temperatures below 70 K with good operating bias stability (150 mV ± 50 mV). These results reflect the successful implementation of MBE-grown TLHJ detector designs and the introduction of advanced photolithography techniques with inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching to achieve high aspect ratio mesa delineation of individual detector elements with benefits to detector performance. These detector improvements complement the development of high operability large format 640×480 and 1280×720 two-color HgCdTe infrared focal plane arrays (FPAs) to support third generation forward looking infrared (FLIR) systems.
Bringing Up Girls in Science (BUGS): The Effectiveness of an Afterschool Environmental Science Program for Increasing Female Students’ Interest in Science Careers

Bringing Up Girls in Science (BUGS) was an afterschool program for 4th and 5th grade girls that provided authentic learning experiences in environmental science as well as valuable female mentoring opportunities in an effort to increase participants’ academic achievement in science. BUGS participants demonstrated significantly greater amounts of gain in science knowledge as measured by the Iowa Test of Basic Skills in Science (ITBS-S). The original BUGS participants and contrasts have now completed high school and entered college, allowing researchers to assess the long-term impact of the BUGS program. Fourteen former BUGS participants completed two instruments to assess their perceptions of science and science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) careers. Their results were compared to four contrast groups composed entirely of females: 12 former BUGS contrasts, 10 college science majors, 10 non-science majors, and 9 current STEM professionals. Results indicate that BUGS participants have higher perceptions of science careers than BUGS contrasts. There were no significant differences between BUGS participants, Science Majors, and STEM professionals in their perceptions of science and STEM careers, whereas the BUGS contrast group was significantly lower than BUGS participants, Science Majors, and STEM Professionals. Additional results and implications are discussed within.
The Cardiac Troponin C Isoform and the Length Dependence of Ca2+Sensitivity of Tension in Myocardium

The Ca2+sensitivity of tension in cardiac muscle is length dependent, such that the sensitivity is diminished with decreasing sarcomere length below 2.4μm. This length dependence of Ca2+sensitivity of tension also forms the basis for the Frank–Starling mechanism in the heart. The fast-twitch skeletal muscle has a much lower length dependence of Ca2+sensitivity. In a recent study of skinned cardiotrabeculae, we indicated that the exchange of endogenous cardiac troponin C (TnC) for skeletal troponin C also resulted in a major reduction in the length dependence to the level of skeletal muscle. These findings suggested that cardiac troponin C has a key role in the length-sensing mechanism. The present investigation supports this conclusion and delineates the specific domain in cardiac TnC responsible for the length effect. Chimeras splicing either 41, 61, or 96 N-terminal cardiac amino acids with the remaining skeletal residues have indicated that while Ca2+binding in all three constructs is similar to that in wild type cardiac TnC, the functional responsiveness of the 96-cardiac residue construct is improved over the other two. This 96-cardiac residue construct yielded a tension response indistinguishable from that of wild-type cardiac TnC. A tryptophan variant of the chimera indicated fluorescence characteristics indistinguishable from cardiac troponin C. The findings provide further support for the idea that cardiac troponin Cin situis modified in response to sarcomere length change and thereby participates in the Frank–Starling mechanism. Moreover, the study indicates that the tropinin C length-sensing attribute originates within the N-terminal domain constituted by these 96 residues.
Can one see the number of colors

Abstract We formulate the standard model with an arbitrary number of colors N c . The cancellation of Witten's global SU (2) L anomaly requires N c to be odd, while the cancellation of triangle anomalies determines the consistent N c -dependent values of the quark charges. In this theory, the width of the decay π 0 → γγ is not proportional to N c 2 . In fact, in the case of a single generation and hence for two quark flavors ( N f =2), N c does not appear explicitly in the low-energy effective theory of the standard model. Hence, contrary to common lore, it is impossible to see the number of colors in low-energy experiments with just pions and photons. For N f ⩾3, on the other hand, N c explicitly enters the chiral Lagrangian as the quantized prefactor of the Wess–Zumino–Witten term, but the contribution of this term to photon–pion vertices is completely canceled by the N c -dependent part of a Goldstone–Wilczek term. However, the width of the decay η → π + π − γ survives the cancellation and is indeed proportional to N c 2 . By detecting the emerging photon, this process thus allows one to literally see N c for N f ⩾3.
Measuring bacterial production via rate of incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA

Abstract Thymidine (TdR) incorporation into DNA as a measure of bacterial production in environmental samples relies on assumptions about what organisms incorporate exogenous thymidine, extent of dilution of labelled thymidine by internal and external pools, and analytical methods for recovery and purification of bacterial DNA. We have examined these assumptions with regard to the feasibility of using [3H]TdR incorporation in the water column and sediments of a blackwater river. The extent of dilution of added [3H]TdR may be determined with isotope dilution plots (Moriarty and Pollard, 1981 and 1982) and these indicate a wide range of degree of participation of added [3H]TdR. Previously described methods for extracting DNA from sediment bacteria may lead to underestimates and we described a more efficient recovery scheme.
Comparison of CT-Based Methodologies for Detection of Growth of Solid Renal Masses on Active Surveillance

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study is to retrospectively compare 1D, 2D, and 3D measurements on CT for detection of growth of solid renal masses on active surveillance. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Forty solid renal masses measuring at least 1 cm in patients who underwent two CT studies at least 3 months apart were included. Two radiologists independently assessed the studies for interval growth using gestalt visual assessment and 1D, 2D, and 3D measurements. Prospective reports were also evaluated for indications of growth. The summation-of-areas technique was used to calculate volumes of lesions, which served as reference standard in determination of growth. Logistic regression analysis for correlated data was used to compare accuracy of methodologies for detection of lesion growth. Interreader agreement was assessed using kappa coefficients and intraclass correlation coefficients. RESULTS. The accuracy of gestalt visual, 1D, 2D, and 3D assessments for detection of interval growth was 72.5%, 70.0%, 82.5%, a...
Seed set, size, and development after 4x × 2x and 4x × 4x crosses in citrus

As triploids produce seedless fruits the best production is investigated. Comparative studies of embryogenesis, seed set, size, and germination were carried out following 4x×2x and 4x×4x crosses. On the average, both crosses yielded similar numbers and proportions of fully developed seeds per fruit. Seed development and germination took place precociously in 4x×2x seeds as compared to 4x×4x ones. The size of 4x×2x seeds was about 1/6 to 1/3 the size of 4x×4x seeds; thus, they were distinguishable from one another on the basis of size. Similarly, it was found that 3x and 4x seeds could be identified based on size following 4x×2x+4x crosses. It was concluded that 4x×2x crosses would be more successful than 2x×4x crosses for producing triploids.
Item response theory analyses of DSM-IV and DSM-5 stimulant use disorder criteria in an American Indian community sample.

Background Native Americans experience some of the highest rates of DSM-IV stimulant dependence (SD) of all U.S. ethnic groups. This report compares DSM-IV and DSM-5 stimulant use disorder (SUD) diagnostic criteria in an American Indian community sample.
Barbiturate-induced inhibition of a spinal nociceptive reflex: role of GABA mechanisms and descending modulation

Abstract The present study investigated the effect of systemically administered pentobarbital on the tail-flick (TF) reflex in rats, the neurochemical mechanism of action and the role of descending influences. Pentobarbital produced a clear inhibition of the TF response. Systemic administration of naloxone did not significantly alter this effect, thus it appears to be independent of endogenous opioid systems. Complete spinal transection resulted in a marked potentiation of pentobarbital-induced TF inhibition, demonstrating a spinal locus of action. Moreover, this observation suggests the existence of a tonic descending excitatory influence, opposing the pentobarbital-produced depression of nociceptive transmission in the intact animal. Intrathecal administration of pentobarbital caused a much more pronounced TF inhibition in transected than in intact animals, lending further support to this hypothesis. To identify the neurochemical mechanisms involved in pentobarbital-produced antinociception, the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonists bicuculline and picrotoxinin were administered intrathecally in spinalized animals. Both substances caused an attenuation of the pentobarbital effect, demonstrating the involvement of GABAergic transmission. The proposed descending excitatory system may act either presynaptically and cause a decreased release of GABA into the synapse or postsynaptically via endogenous GABA antagonistic neurotransmitters, which may change the conformation of the GABA-barbiturate receptor complex.
Maintenance of adrenalectomized dogs with 9 alpha halo adrenal and other steroids.

The 9 alpha halogenated adrenal steroids such as cortisone, hydrocortisone, corticosterone and certain derivatives of progesterone originally prepared by Fried et al. (1953, 1954, 1955a, 1955b), constitute a remarkable group of physiologically active compounds. They are unique in that some of them display potencies considerably in excess of the naturally occurring parent steroids both as to glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid activity. The surprising feature of these 9α-halo corticoids consists primarily of the fact that substitution of a halogen atom at the 9 alpha position should so greatly enhance their potency both as to liver glycogen deposition and sodium retention (Fried et al., 1953, 1954, 1955a, 1955b). Through the cortesty of Dr. J. Fried of the Squibb Institute for Medical Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey, the writers obtained sufficient of these modified steroids for testing their life-maintaining and mineralocorticoid activity in adrenalectomized dogs. Few investigations have appeared to ...
There is NO diagnosis of twins.

t a recent medical conference in Bogota, Columbia, 1 ofthe guest speakers via satellite was Kypros Nicolaides ofKing’s College. Professor Nicolaides was invited to provide anoverviewoftheprogressinfetaltherapyoverthelast3decades.He methodically traced the history of the treatment of dia-phragmherniafromopenfetalsurgerytofetoscopicplacementof a tracheal balloon. He covered other therapies that had beenless well-studied, such as shunt placement for bladder outletobstruction and pleural effusions. As his lecture seemed to bedrawing to close, he had not yet addressed what many caregiv-ers believe to be the latest breakthrough in fetal intervention:fetoscopic-guided laser therapy for the treatment of severetwin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). But then he pausedand made the following statements: “There is NO diagnosis oftwins. There are only monochorionic twins or dichorionictwins. This diagnosis should be written in capital red lettersacross the top of the patient’s chart.”What an insightful thought! It was not that many years agothat we were taught in residency that the diagnosis of twinscalled for an ultrasound to be performed every 4 weeks to lookfor fetal growth restriction. In fact, the current American Col-lege of Obstetricians and Gynecologists technical bulletin onmultiple gestation fails to address the signiﬁcance of establish-ing chorionicity or the frequency of ultrasound examinations.Once again, our European colleagues have led the way in thedeveloping ﬁeld of fetal medicine. In a prospective study bySueters et al,
The effect of fluorination on surfactant aggregation number and dye solubilization efficiency

Micellar aggregation numbers of 12,12,12-trifluorododecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TDTAB) and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) were measured in several sodium bromide solutions by light scattering. At all sodium bromide concentrations from 0.1 to 1.5 m, DTAB micelles were found to be the larger. DTAB micelles were also found to have about twice the solubilizing power for the dye orange-OT as TDTAB micelles. Mutual phobicity between terminal CF2 groups and hydrocarbon regions of surfactant ions and the dye provides a basis for understanding these observations.
Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with single-dose pantoprazole for laryngopharyngeal reflux.

Top of pageAbstract OBJECTIVES: Results of randomized treatment trials for laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) are mixed. The cause and effect between gastroesophageal reflux and laryngeal symptoms remain elusive. AIMS: To determine the efficacy of single-dose pantoprazole in newly diagnosed LPR and to correlate hypopharyngeal reflux with symptom improvement. METHODS: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed with a 2-wk run-in, 12-wk treatment period (pantoprazole 40 mg q.a.m. or placebo), and 4-wk follow-up. Study criteria were laryngeal complaints >3 days/wk and a positive triple-sensor pH test. Laryngeal exam was graded using a reflux finding score before and after treatment. Repeat pH test was performed on study drug at week 12. Weekly diaries were kept on symptom severity and global assessment. Total laryngeal symptom score was defined as the sum of six laryngeal symptoms. Mann-Whitney U, Wilcoxon, and Pearson tests were used. RESULTS: Thirty-nine subjects (13 M/26 F, median age 39 yr) were randomized; 35 completed the study. During the treatment period, total laryngeal symptom scores significantly improved compared with pretreatment scores in both study groups, but there were no significant differences between them. Forty percent of pantoprazole group reported adequate relief at week 12, compared with 42% of placebo group (p = 0.89). No significant improvement in hypopharyngeal reflux was found in either study group. There were no significant correlations between laryngeal reflux finding scores and hypopharyngeal reflux episodes with symptom improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Response was similar between single-dose pantoprazole and placebo in newly diagnosed LPR. Our results suggested that laryngeal exam was not useful in following treatment response. Hypopharyngeal reflux may represent acid reflux or artifacts, but is not likely the underlying cause.
Secondary-Electron Emission from Molybdenum Due to Positive and Negative Ions of Atmospheric Gases

Secondary-electron yields from a clean surface of Mo have been measured for ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{H}}_{3}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${\mathrm{N}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}^{+}$ in the kinetic energy range 40 eV to 2 keV. These measurements have been made under ultrahigh vacuum of order ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ Torr. The rate of variation of the electron yield $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ with kinetic energy of the incident ion decreases as the ion mass increases, consistently from ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ to ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{+}$. Evidence is presented to show that kinetic emission is much less affected by monolayer coverage of the surface than potential emissions is. For clean surfaces, the negative-ion yields represent most closely the kinetic-emission characteristics of the bombarding particles.
Characterization of two new variants of human catechol O-methyltransferase in vitro

Catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) plays an important role in the inactivation of biologically active and toxic catechols. It has been shown that human soluble COMT (S-COMT) is genetically polymorphic with a wild type and at least one variant in which a valine has been substituted with a methionine at codon 108. This polymorphism has been the subject of intense molecular epidemiological studies because of the important role of COMT in the metabolism of catecholamines and catechol estrogens. Several epidemiological studies have shown that women, homozygous with the Val108Met variant, have an increased risk of developing estrogen-associated cancers. However, some other studies have shown that this COMT polymorphism is not associated with increased risk of developing cancers. These conflicting data suggest that additional COMT genetic variants might contribute to the increased risk of developing cancers. Although two new single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) that cause amino acid substitutions Ala22Ser and Ala52Thr have been identified recently, they have not been fully characterized. In the present study, Ala22Ser and Ala52Thr variants of human S-COMT were produced using recombinant DNA techniques, and then COMT properties were measured including enzymatic activity, thermostability, and sensitivity to inhibition mediated by 4-hydroxyequilenin (4-OHEN). The Ala22Ser variant showed lower methylation capacity and higher thermolability. In addition, this variant is sensitive to 4-OHEN mediated irreversible inhibition. Our data indicate that the Ala22Ser polymorphism might also be of functional significance and might play a role in susceptibility to estrogen-associated cancers.
Calculus and stain removal from acrylic resin dentures.

Abstract Under the conditions of this study, the cleaning of dentures is related to the chemical activity of the solutions and has little relationship to vibratory activity of cleaning devices. The use of common household bleach followed by light brushing seemed to offer the most effective means of cleaning.
AIDS risk-behavior knowledge of recreation professionals attending a world congress.

(1993). AIDS Risk-Behavior Knowledge of Recreation Professionals Attending a World Congress. World Leisure & Recreation: Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 39-42.
A Landsat MSS time series model and its applications in geological mapping

Although temporal factors in remotely sensed data have long been recognized by remote sensing scientists, studies on the separation of temporal and stable factors have been very limited. Applications of the time-variant characteristics of the data are also limited in the environmental monitoring and change detection fields. The merits and applications of the stable factors in the time-variant historical image data or image time series have not been fully recognized. This paper presents a time-variant model for the historical multitemporal multispectral scanner (MSS) data and a technique for processing the image time series for geological mapping. This model has been successfully applied to the surface geological mapping of a region in central eastern Nevada, USA.
Size of reinforcement and operant responding in hippocampectomized rats.

The effects of variation of reward size on acquisition and performance on a continuous reinforcement (CRF) schedule were tested in rats with hippocampal lesions, neocortical lesions, and sham operations. Hippocampectomized animals acquired the lever press response at the same rate for both large and small rewards, while the control animals took significantly longer to acquire the response for the small reward. For half the animals, reward size was decreased on the CRF schedule; all groups increased response rates similarly. The remaining animals were tested on a gradually increased fixed ratio (FR) schedule. No significant differences between groups were found with respect to response rate or extinction as the FR was increased. These results suggest that the hippocampus has a reward size-dependent inhibitory effect during acquisition but does not mediate the inhibitory effects of work decrement.
Complete Mitochondrial DNA Sequence and Amino Acid Analysis of the Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit I ( COI ) from Aedes aegypti

The complete sequence of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene has been identified. The nucleotide sequence codes for a 512 amino acid peptide. The AeCOI sequence is A + T rich (68.6%) and the codon usage is highly biased toward a preference for A- or T-ending triplets. The A. aegypti COI peptide shows high homology, up to 93% identity, with several other insect sequences and a phylogenetic analysis indicates that the A. aegypti sequence is closely related to two other mosquito species, Anopheles gambiae and A. quadrimaculatus. Comparisons of the nucleotide sequence for four A. aegypti laboratory strains revealed single nucleotide polymorphisms, with 25 nucleotide sites showing SNPs between strains. All SNPs occurred as synonymous transitions such that the peptide sequence is conserved among A. aegypti strains. RT-PCR analysis showed that COI is expressed at similar levels in all developmental stages and tissues.
The Nematode Leucine-Rich Repeat-Containing, G Protein- Coupled Receptor (LGR) Protein Homologous to Vertebrate Gonadotropin and Thyrotropin Receptors is Constitutively Activated in Mammalian Cells

The receptors for LH, FSH, and TSH belong to the large G protein-coupled, seven-transmembrane (TM) protein family and are unique in having a large N-terminal extracellular (ecto-) domain containing leucine-rich repeats important for interactions with the large glycoprotein hormone ligands. Recent studies indicated the evolution of an expanding family of homologous leucine-rich repeat-containing, G protein-coupled receptors (LGRs), including the three known glycoprotein hormone receptors; mammalian LGR4 and LGR5; and LGRs in sea anemone, fly, and snail. We isolated nematode LGR cDNA and characterized its gene from the Caenorhabditis elegans genome. This receptor cDNA encodes 929 amino acids consisting of a signal peptide for membrane insertion, an ectodomain with nine leucine-rich repeats, a seven-TM region, and a long C-terminal tail. The nematode LGR has five potential N-linked glycosylation sites in its ectodomain and multiple consensus phosphorylation sites for protein kinase A and C in the cytoplasmic...
Identification of furanose and pyranose ring forms of carbohydrates by methylation, gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry

Abstract New data on the furanose and pyranose ring transformations of glucose, arabinose and galactose in dimethyl sulfoxide solvent have been obtained by the combined technique of methylation, gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The ratios of the furanose to pyranose ring forms in the monosaccharides were 1:1.7 for arabinose, 1:1.2 for galactose and 1:99 for glucose. The method has been used to detect furanose and pyranose ring forms in the reducing units of two disaccharides of galactose and arabinose. Thus, the furanose and pyranose ratios of the reducing units of α- and β- d -galactopyranosyl-(1,3)- d - or - l -arabinose are 2:1 for the α-linked and 1:4 for the β-linked disaccharide. The acyclic form of arabinose could also be detected by the analytical technique. The combined methylation, gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry procedure should be useful for determining the ring forms of the reducing units of other oligosaccharides and for identifying acyclic forms of reducing sugars.
On arithmetic weight for a general radix representation of integers (Corresp.)

In this correspondence we define a "nonadjacent form" for integers in an arbitrary radix r > 1 . This form is proved to be unique, and the arithmetic weight of an integer is shown to be equal to the number of nonzero terms in the form. Two algorithms are presented for the computation of this form. If r = 2 , our form coincides with the well-known modified binary nonadjacent form.
Stimulation of fibroblast collagen and total protein formation by an endothelial cell-derived factor

We investigated the effect of medium conditioned by bovine aortic endothelial cells on collagen accumulation and total protein formation by human embryonic fibroblasts or bovine smooth muscle cells in cultures. The conditioned medium at a 1:10 dilution induced a twofold increase in collagen and total protein accumulation in fibroblast cultures. At low concentration (1:50 dilution), the conditioned medium stimulated collagen accumulation preferentially; at high concentration (1:10 dilution), overall protein synthesis also was increased. The increase in type I collagen accumulation was associated with an increase in the steady-state level of alpha 1 (I) mRNA for collagen. The conditioned medium increased the production of types I and III collagen without affecting the proportion of collagen types in both fibroblast and smooth muscle cell cultures. Partial purification of the endothelial cell-derived factor disclosed it to be a heat-stable protein with an apparent molecular weight of 8-10 kDa. The stimulation of protein formation by this substance was not inhibited by antibodies against transforming growth factor-beta or the insulinlike growth factor I receptor. The partially purified factor stimulated protein production without affecting fibroblast proliferation. This endothelial cell-derived protein may play a role in the remodeling of vascular connective tissue by stimulating collagen synthesis.
Open source simulation tool for electrophoretic stacking, focusing, and separation

We present the development, formulation, and performance of a new simulation tool for electrophoretic preconcentration and separation processes such as capillary electrophoresis, isotachophoresis, and field amplified sample stacking. The code solves the one-dimensional transient advection-diffusion equations for multiple multivalent weak electrolytes (including ampholytes) and includes a model for pressure-driven flow and Taylor-Aris dispersion. The code uses a new approach for the discretization of the equations, consisting of a high resolution compact scheme which is combined with an adaptive grid algorithm. We show that this combination allows for accurate resolution of sharp concentration gradients at high electric fields, while at the same time significantly reducing the computational time. We demonstrate smooth, stable, and accurate solutions at current densities as high as 5000A/m(2) using only 300 grid points, and a 75-fold reduction in computational time compared with equivalent uniform grid techniques. The code is available as an open source for free at http://microfluidics.stanford.edu.
Height, skeletal maturation and adiposity in adolescents with high relative weight at one year of age

SummaryThe relationship between adolescent obesity and both stature and skeletal maturation was examined within a population of urban black adolescents for whom growth data in early childhood were available. From a larger population of approximately 4400 boys and girls, the 6–8% demonstrating the heaviest weight for observed length at 12 months of age were followed up between 9 and 15 years of age.The children were divided into obese and non-obese groups on the basis of triceps skinfold thickness at the time of follow-up. Their earlier growth measurements, together with adolescent heights and skeletal ages, were then compared. Only the younger sample of obese males were found to have been significantly taller than their non-obese peers at seven years of age and at the time of follow-up during adolescence. The obese females had not been significantly taller than their non-obese peers at any age.Keeping chronological age as a covariate, the contribution of one year length, adolescent skeletal age, and adole...
Passages through time: chronicling users' information interaction history by recording when and what they read

The Passages system enhances information management by maintaining a detailed chronicle of all the text the user ever reads or edits, and making this chronicle available for rich temporal queries about the user's information workspace. Passages enables queries like, "which papers and web pages did I read when writing the 'related work' section of this paper?", and, "which of the emails in this folder have I skimmed, but not yet read in detail?" As time and interaction history are important attributes in users' recall of their personal information, effectively supporting them creates useful possibilities for information retrieval. We present methods to collect and make sense of the large volume of text with which the user interacts. We show through user evaluation the accuracy of Passages in building interaction history, and illustrate its capacity to both improve existing retrieval systems and enable novel ways to characterize document activity across time.
Analytical Techniques and the Air Force Logistics Readiness Officer

Abstract : As the Air Force begins to implement the Expeditionary Combat Support System (ECSS), it is imperative that Air Force logisticians competently analyze logistics data. This exploratory study sought to determine which analytical skills are useful for Logistics Readiness Officers (LROs), as reported by active-duty LROs in grades O1-O5 and their supervisors. The research question was answered through a comprehensive literature review and the use of survey methodology. Over 500 LROs and supervisors provided inputs. Analysis of survey responses found that Forecasting, Graphical Statistics, and Descriptive Statistics are the analytical techniques valued most by both LROs and their supervisors. LROs and their supervisors valued the same techniques, though supervisors considered them to be more important. Company grade officers reported a higher degree of usefulness for each technique than field grade officers did. Responses were compared across groups of LROs and found to be consistently similar. This research noted the reported importance of Forecasting techniques among LROs and identified a potential gap between perceived usefulness and competence levels.
On the mechanism of the cold ethanol precipitation method of plasma protein fractionation

Given the negligible difference in the value of the dielectric constant of water at 20°C and that of ethanol solutions at low temperatures, the often advanced expanation for the precipitation of plasma proteins by the cold ethanol process, as being due to a reduction of the dielectric constant and the resulting increase in interprotein charge interactions, is not tenable. It is shown by a surface-thermodynamic approach that, upon dehydration by ethanol, isoelectric serum albumin molecules as well as isoelectric serum gamma globulin molecules will attract each other to a sufficient degree by van der Waals forces to become insoluble in the ethanol-water mixtures used.
Identification and Characterization of cis-Acting Elements Residing in the Walleye Dermal Sarcoma Virus Promoter

Walleye dermal sarcoma virus (WDSV) is a complex retrovirus found associated with tumors that appear and regress on a seasonal basis. There are quantitative and qualitative differences in the amount of virus expression between developing and regressing tumors. To understand the role of host cell factors in WDSV expression, DNase I footprint analysis, electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), and reporter gene assays were employed. DNase I footprint analysis of the U3 region of the WDSV long terminal repeat with nuclear extract prepared from a walleye cell line revealed protection of an Oct1, AP1, Whn, and two E4BP4 sites. Additionally, three regions that contained no putative transcription factor binding sites were protected. EMSA confirmed the specific binding of the protected sites and revealed three additional sites, NF1, AP3, and LVa, not protected in DNase I footprint analysis. Site-directed mutagenesis of the individual sites, in the context of a luciferase reporter plasmid, revealed that the NF1, Oct1, AP1, E4BP4#2, AP3, and LVa sites contributed to transcription activation driven by the WDSV U3 region. Mutation of Novel#2 resulted in an increase in luciferase activity, suggesting the Novel#2 site may function to bind a negative regulator of transcription. Anti-Jun and anti-Fos antiserum specifically inhibited protein-DNA complex formation, indicating the presence of c-Jun and c-Fos in the walleye cell nuclear extracts and their participation in binding to the AP1 site. Interestingly, degenerative 15-bp repeats found in the U3 region are differentially protected in DNase I footprint analysis by the walleye cell line nuclear extract and regressing-tumor nuclear extract. EMSA utilizing the 15-bp repeat probe revealed that there are similarities of binding with W12 cell and developing-tumor nuclear extracts and that the binding differs from that observed with regressing-tumor nuclear extract.
Immunization of broiler chicks by in ovo injection of Eimeria tenella sporozoites, sporocysts, or oocysts

Immunization of chickens by in ovo injection of Eimeria tenella parasite stages was investigated. Fertile Hubbard x Petersen broiler chicken eggs were injected through the air cell on d 18 of incubation with sporozoites, sporocysts, or oocysts of E. tenella. Injected doses were in the range of 1 x 10(2) to 1 x 10(6) sporozoites, 2 x 10(5) to 2 x 10(7) sporocysts, or 1 x 10(2) to 5 x 10(6) oocysts per egg. Hatch rates were generally unaffected. Hatched chicks shed oocysts, with oocysts per gram of feces reaching a maximum at 3 d posthatch for chicks injected with sporozoites and at 7 d posthatch for chicks receiving oocysts or sporocysts in ovo. After 2 wk in wire-floored cages or 3 wk on litter, birds were challenged with 2.5 x 10(4) sporulated oocysts of E. tenella. Chicks immunized by in ovo injection of parasite stages had significantly reduced lesion scores compared to their nonimmunized counterparts. The results demonstrate the feasibility of immunizing broiler chickens against E. tenella infection by in ovo injection of sporozoites, sporocysts, or oocysts.
Feminist Identity Development The Current State of Theory, Research, and Practice

A review of the three articles on feminist identity development in this issue indicates that (a) the Feminist Identity Development Scale (FIDS) and the Feminist Identity Composite (FIC) perform similarly and acceptably in psychometric analyses, (b) no research has properly tested whether there are true stages of feminist identity development, and (c) existing scales do not specify scoring that permits the classification of an individual into a stage. Caution is urged in using the Downing and Roush model in practice, pending the accumulation of longitudinal evidence that true stages exist.
Eschatological Verification Reconsidered

The world in which we find ourselves is religiously ambiguous. It is possible for different people (as also for the same person at different times) to experience it both religiously and non-religiously; and to hold beliefs which arise from and feed into each of these ways of experiencing. A religious person may report that in moments of prayer he or she is conscious of existing in the unseen presence of God, and is aware — sometimes at least — that his/her whole life and the entire history of the world is taking place within the ambience of the divine purpose. But on the other hand the majority of people in our modern world do not participate in that form of experience and are instead conscious of their own and others’ lives as purely natural phenomena, so that their own experience leads them at least implicitly to reject the idea of a transcendent divine presence and purpose. If they are philosophically minded, they may well think that the believer’s talk is the expression of what Richard Hare has called a blik, a way of feeling and thinking about the world which expresses itself in pseudo-assertions, pseudo because they are neither verifiable nor falsifiable and are therefore factually empty.’ The religious person speaks of God as a living reality in whose presence we are, and of a divine purpose which gives ultimate meaning to our lives.
ENERGY AND VISION

A method was devised for measuring the minimum visibile in different parts of the spectrum, as done by Langley in 1888. The results are generally in good agreement with those given by this author, although not as close on both sides of the wave length 0.55 micro; this may be due partly to the use of a rock salt prism, to the fact that the minimum was determined by looking at a beam of diffused transmitted, instead of diffused reflected light, and also to the fact that Langley experimented with the sun, through the earth's atmosphere, and had to take into account the thickness of the atmosphere interposed and the brightness of the sky. Although his experiments were made with great care, the differences from one day to another are important. However, when he expresses the energy in absolute units, he always refers to the same mean amount of energy radiated by the sun on 1 sq. cm. This amount is certainly not constant, if one judges from the differences observed in two measurements of sensitivity of the eye of the same individual at different dates. On the contrary, for a given wave length, our measurements always agreed closely, as our source of radiation was very nearly constant, owing to the absence of a varying amount of water vapor interposed. This may in some way account for the discrepancies observed.
CDD: a Conserved Domain Database for protein classification

The Conserved Domain Database (CDD) is the protein classification component of NCBI's Entrez query and retrieval system. CDD is linked to other Entrez databases such as Proteins, Taxonomy and PubMed, and can be accessed at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=cdd. CD-Search, which is available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/wrpsb.cgi, is a fast, interactive tool to identify conserved domains in new protein sequences. CD-Search results for protein sequences in Entrez are pre-computed to provide links between proteins and domain models, and computational annotation visible upon request. Protein-protein queries submitted to NCBI's BLAST search service at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST are scanned for the presence of conserved domains by default. While CDD started out as essentially a mirror of publicly available domain alignment collections, such as SMART, Pfam and COG, we have continued an effort to update, and in some cases replace these models with domain hierarchies curated at the NCBI. Here, we report on the progress of the curation effort and associated improvements in the functionality of the CDD information retrieval system.
Effects of Time of Supplementation on Beef Stocker Calves Grazing Ryegrass. I. Performance and Economic Analysis1

Abstract An opportunity for improving the profitability of beef production in the Southeast lies in stockering weaned calves on high-quality, cool-season annual or perennial pastures. The large supply of weaned calves available in this region offers the opportunity for businesses to concentrate on stockering systems and retained ownership. Optimized nutrient utilization for these forage-fed cattle can be through the timing of supplementing nutrients within a day. In each year of this consecutive 2-yr experiment, 72 crossbred steers (initial BW = 227.6 ± 0.6 kg) weaned in October were blocked by BW and biological type into 12 groups, which were later allotted to one of the following treatments (3 replicates): 1) control, nonsupplemented; 2) morning (0700 h) supplementation with 0.5% BW of corn gluten feed (CGF); 3) noon (1200 h) supplementation with 0.5% BW of CGF; or 4) afternoon (1600 h) supplementation with 0.5% BW of CGF. Steers were weighed at 14-d intervals and supplementation level was adjusted accordingly. Forage mass, height, and nutritive value were estimated every 14 d. Differences in ADG ( P P = 0.042) on kilograms produced per hectare when morning supplementation was compared with noon supplementation. Ruminal environment may have been affected since forage variables and ADG were not different across timing of supplementation. Under the conditions of this experiment, supplementation did not enhance animal performance, beef production per hectare, or profitability. However, noon supplementation may be detrimental to these aspects in a winter grazing enterprise.
Effects of an Academic Failure Experience on Subsequent Performance on Anagram and Paired-Associate Tasks: Differences Among Second-, Fifth-, and Eighth-Grade Children

Failure on an academic task was experimentally induced in second-, fifth, and eighth-grade school children. The failure experience significantly retarded subsequent performance on an anagram task and a paired-associates task by second graders but not by fifth and eighth graders. Among the eighth-grade boys, performance on the paired-associates task was actually facilitated by the failure experience. It is suggested that the older students' greater experience with negative feedback in school accounts for their resistance to its negative effects.
Experimental study of wide-area 10 Gbps IP transport technologies

A number of large-scale applications require 10 Gbps data transport rates between high-performance computing, storage and file systems, which are connected over wide-area networks. Achieving such capability requires end-to-end optimization of all required hardware and software components including: (i) long haul SONET or 10 GigE connections; (ii) transport protocols such as TCP and UDT, (iii) encryption devices deployed at connection end points, and (iv) host computing, storage and file systems. We present a systematic experimental study of these technologies over 10 Gbps wide-area connections. We first describe a national-scale network testbed with high-performance edge and host systems, which supports dynamic provisioning of 10 Gbps connections of varying lengths. We generate the performance profiles for TCP and UDP with and without encryption devices, and qualitatively describe the effects of latter on transport methods. For file transfers using TCP and UDT, the encryption devices have the equivalent effect of reduced latency and smoother dynamics, respectively, due to on-board buffers. Our experimental results show that these encryption devices lead to higher or smoother file transfer throughputs in spite of the added latency due to packet encryption and decryption.
Social Science as Reading and Performance A Cultural-Sociological Understanding of Epistemology

In the age of the ‘return to the empirical’ in which the theoretical disputes of an earlier era seem to have fallen silent, we seek to excavate the intellectual conditions for reviving theoretical debate, for it is upon this recovery that deeper understanding of the nature and purpose of empirical social science depends. We argue against the all too frequent turn to ontology, whereby critical realists have sought an epistemological guarantor of sociological validity. We seek, to the contrary, to crystallize a culturally-based, hermeneutic account of a rational social science. Derived from disputes within the sociology of culture, on the one hand, and the long-standing concerns of interpretive philosophy, on the other, we offer a cultural-sociological approach to epistemology. We view the production of truth in social science as a reading of a meaningful social world, and as a performance of truthclaims that is constrained by evidence, but whose success depends on other contextual factors. We conclude that the rationality of social science can be achieved only by forgoing ontology. Theories are abstractions of investigators’ meanings that allow the interpretation of social meanings in turn, whether those are actions, relations, or structures. Successful explanations are those that intertwine these meaning structures of investigators and actors in an effective way.
T cells from late tumor-bearing mice express normal levels of p56lck, p59fyn, ZAP-70, and CD3 zeta despite suppressed cytolytic activity.

Loss of T cell-associated signal transduction molecules has recently been implicated in immune suppression in tumor-bearing hosts. In the present study, we have examined this and related phenomenon extensively in a large number of tumor-bearing mice, analyzed individually. Splenic T cells from tumor-bearing mice were isolated and characterized with respect to the following: (a) levels of three tyrosine kinases, p56lck, p59fyn, and ZAP-70; (b) expression of CD3-zeta; (c) alloreactive responses; and (d) antigen-specific responses. Contrary to recent reports, T cells from tumor-bearing mice were observed to express normal levels of lck, fyn, ZAP-70, and CD3-zeta. Further, T cells showed healthy alloreactive and antigen-specific responses until approximately 3 wk after post tumor challenge, when the tumors constituted approximately 20% of the body weight. Alterations with respect to some parameters were observed only in mice that had been bearing larger tumors for a considerably longer period. As human tumors are unlikely to grow to such large sizes (e.g., > 20% of the total body weight), the significance of the alterations in T cell expression of lck, fyn, ZAP-70, or CD3-zeta in the immune status of cancer patients is unclear. Altogether, these results indicate that alterations in T cell signal transduction molecules do not account for the profound tumor-specific suppression observed during tumor growth.