cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Paper Spirits and Flower Sacrifices: Hmong Shamans in the 21st Century.

Introduction: Fresno, California, is home to more than 30,000 Hmong. The purpose of this research was to explore the utilization of Hmong shamans 40 years after the first Hmong immigrants arrived i...
Possible Viroid Origin

The coding regions of many eukaryotic genes are interrupted by apparently extraneous segments of DNA, termed introns. In order for the gene to be properly expressed, the introns must be removed from the RNA transcripts, and the residual exons ligated, in a reaction known as RNA splicing. Following excision, the intron may exist in a lariat structure (Grabowski et al., 1984; Ruskin et al., 1984; Domdey et al., 1984), as a linear molecule (Burke and RajBhandary, 1982; Garriga and Lambowitz, 1984), or it may cyclize (Halbreich et al., 1980; Grabowski et al., 1981).
Erythropoietin and the polycythemia of high-altitude dwellers.

High-altitude natives residing at similar altitudes exhibit varying degrees of erythrocytosis, depending in part upon their geographical location1 – 3. A recent report by Winslow et al3 suggests that hematocrit and hemoglobin levels correlate with circulating erythropoietin levels in such individuals. These authors contend that individuals with elevated erythropoietin levels may be functionally anemic even though the hematocrit and hemoglobin values are elevated.
Multimodal Sensing for Explicit and Implicit Interaction

We present four perceptual user interface systems that explore a continuum from explicit to implicit interaction. Explicit interactions include most of today’s mouse and keyboard-based interaction models, where the user initiates a discrete action and expects a timely discrete response. Implicit interactions may use passive monitoring of the user over longer periods of time, and result in changing some aspect of the rest of the interaction. For example, less urgent notifications may be withheld from the user if the system detects they are engaged in a meeting. The first system is FlowMouse, a program that tries to emulate the mouse but suggests more implicit kinds of interaction. Second, we describe GWindows, which focuses complementing the mouse in today’s GUI in a way that might support casual interactions. Then, ToughtLight eschews the traditional notion of an explicit discrete pointer altogether and in so doing presents a number of challenges in designing applications. And finally, S-SEER supports a purely implicit style of interaction driven by models of situational awareness. In presenting this series of projects in order from explicit to implicit modes, we hope to illustrate by way of example the various challenges and opportunities for perceptual user interfaces.
Cutting Edge: Quantitative Determination of CD40L Threshold for IL-12 and IL-23 Production from Dendritic Cells

Early secretion of IL-12 by mouse dendritic cells (DCs) instructs T cells to make IFN-γ. However, only activated, but not naive T cells are able to license DCs for IL-12 production. We hypothesized that it might be due to different levels of CD40L expression on the surface of these cells, as CD40 signals are required for IL-12 production. Using quantitative cell-free systems incorporating CD40L in lipid bilayers combined with total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry, we show that as low as ∼200 CD40L molecules/μm 2 in combination with IL-4 is sufficient to induce IL-12 production by DCs. Remarkably, CD40L alone is adequate to induce IL-23 secretion by DCs. Thus, although activated T cells have somewhat higher levels of CD40L, it is the combination of CD40L and the cytokines they secrete that licenses DCs and influences the effector class of the immune response.
Privacy Preserving Synthetic Data Release Using Deep Learning

For many critical applications ranging from health care to social sciences, releasing personal data while protecting individual privacy is paramount. Over the years, data anonymization and synthetic data generation techniques have been proposed to address this challenge. Unfortunately, data anonymization approaches do not provide rigorous privacy guarantees. Although, there are existing synthetic data generation techniques that use rigorous definitions of differential privacy, to our knowledge, these techniques have not been compared extensively using different utility metrics.
On the Analysis of Cyclic Drug Schedules for Cancer Treatment using Switched Dynamical Systems

Motivated by our prior work on a Triple Negative breast cancer cell line, the focus of this paper is controller synthesis for cancer treatment, through the use of drug scheduling and a switched dynamical system model. Here we study a cyclic schedule of $d$ drugs with maximal waiting times between drug inputs, where each drug is applied once per cycle in any order. We suppose that some of the $d$ drugs are highly toxic to normal cells and that these drugs can shrink the live cancer cell population. The remaining drugs are less toxic to normal cells and can only reduce the growth rate of the live cancer cell population. Also, we assume that waiting time bounds related to toxicity, or to the onset of resistance, are available for each drug. A cancer cell population is said to be stable if the number of live cells tends to zero, as time becomes sufficiently large. In the absence of modeling error, we derive conditions for exponential stability. In the presence of modeling error, we prove exponential stability and derive a settling time, under certain mathematical conditions on the error. We conclude the paper with a numerical example that uses models which were identified on Triple Negative breast cancer cell line data.
P180 Nutrition Education Needs Assessment of Farmers Market Participants in Lubbock, Texas

Background Fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption has been linked to positive health outcomes, but most Americans do not meet recommended intake levels. Nutrition education is an effective strategy to promote and increase FV consumption. Farmers markets offer a unique opportunity to provide nutrition education in an environment facilitative to increased FV access and intake. No nutrition education program currently exists among farmers markets in Lubbock, Texas. Objective To determine the nutrition education needs among farmers market participants in Lubbock. Study Design, Settings, Participants This was a cross-sectional study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from a convenience sample of 394 adults visiting two purposively selected farmers markets between May and October 2018. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics, version 25 for descriptive analyses (frequencies, means and standard deviations [SD]). Results The majority of participants were women (71.8%), aged 31.1 ± 27.3 years, that often (26.1%) or regularly (9.4%) visited the farmers market to buy fresh fruit (72.1%) and vegetables (78.4%). The primary reasons for shopping at the market included: quality (97.5%), variety (90.4%) and price (79.9%). Results indicated that 58.8% of participants were interested in nutrition education at the market to mainly learn about less sugar in the diet (47.5%), how to enjoy more fruits and vegetables (43.4%), weight management (40.6%), and meal planning (40.1%). The majority indicated that lessons should include tastings (54.3%) and cooking demonstrations (50.3%) and 37.8% preferred that lessons be offered in the morning. Conclusion A need for nutrition education with cooking demonstrations and food tastings exists among farmers market participants in Lubbock. Information collected will be used to develop and implement a nutrition education program tailored to the needs of farmers market participants in Lubbock and may be used by market organizers to better cater the market to participants’ needs. Funding None.
IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE AND TRYPTOPHAN HYDROXYLASE IN RELATION TO MICROTUBULES IN RAT BRAIN

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the immunocytochemical localization of tyrosine hydroxylase and tryptophan hydroxylase in relation to microtubules in rat brain. The enzymes that subserve the biosynthesis of the monoamine neurotransmitters are a family of cytoplasmic proteins of known function which are distributed among specific systems of neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems. By electron microscopy, TH and TrH could be visualized by the electron dense PAP complex in perikarya and processes of neurons in the locus coeruleus or raphe, respectively. The ultrastructural distribution of both enzymes was strikingly similar. At low magnification of sections of the locus or raphe, occasional stained neurons could be identified surrounded by numerous stained unmyelinated processes which could be clearly delineated from an unstained neuropil. In the cell soma, the peroxidase staining for TH in noradrenergic neurons and TrH in 5HT neurons was widely distributed throughout the cytoplasm. Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus were more intensely stained, whereas mitochondria, lysosomes, and the plasma membranes were relatively free of specific label. Within axons and dendrites, the enzymes appeared to be associated with specific organelles.
Manganese transporter Slc30a10 controls physiological manganese excretion and toxicity

Manganese (Mn), an essential metal and nutrient, is toxic in excess. Toxicity classically results from inhalational exposures in individuals who work in industrial settings. The first known disease of inherited Mn excess, identified in 2012, is caused by mutations in the metal exporter SLC30A10 and is characterized by Mn excess, dystonia, cirrhosis, and polycythemia. To investigate the role of SLC30A10 in Mn homeostasis, we first generated whole-body Slc30a10-deficient mice, which developed severe Mn excess and impaired systemic and biliary Mn excretion. Slc30a10 localized to canalicular membranes of hepatocytes, but mice with liver Slc30a10 deficiency developed minimal Mn excess despite impaired biliary Mn excretion. Slc30a10 also localized to the apical membrane of enterocytes, but mice with Slc30a10 deficiency in small intestines developed minimal Mn excess despite impaired Mn export into the lumen of the small intestines. Finally, mice with Slc30a10 deficiency in liver and small intestines developed Mn excess that was less severe than that observed in mice with whole-body Slc30a10 deficiency, suggesting that additional sites of Slc30a10 expression contribute to Mn homeostasis. Overall, these results indicated that Slc30a10 is essential for Mn excretion by hepatocytes and enterocytes and could be an effective target for pharmacological intervention to treat Mn toxicity.
Debate, Diversity, and Adult Learners: The Experiences of Foreign Nationals in the U.S. State Department

From 2004–2007, the State Department conducted a series of presentation skills seminars for its foreign employees (Foreign Service Nationals). These seminars utilized a debate focus for enhancing p...
Colonic Stenting for Nonmalignant Large Bowel Obstruction to Avoid Emergency Decompressive Surgery.

Self-expanding metallic stents (SEMSs) are frequently used to decompress malignant large bowel obstruction (LBO) and avoid emergent surgery with often permanent colostomy creation. However, limited...
Features of intracranial interictal epileptiform discharges associated with memory encoding.

Objective Interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) were shown to be associated with cognitive impairment in persons with epilepsy. Previous studies indicated that IED rate, location, timing, and spatial relation to the seizure onset zone could predict an IED's impact on memory encoding and retrieval if they occurred in lateral temporal, mesial temporal, or parietal regions. In this study, we explore the influence that other IED properties (e.g., amplitude, duration, white matter classification) have on memory performance. We were specifically interested in investigating the influence that lateral temporal IEDs have on memory encoding. Methods Two hundred sixty-one subjects with medication-refractory epilepsy undergoing intracranial electroencephalographic monitoring performed multiple sessions of a delayed free-recall task (n = 671). Generalized linear mixed models were utilized to examine the relationship between IED properties and memory performance. Results We found that increased IED rate, IEDs propagating in white matter, and IEDs localized to the left middle temporal region were associated with poorer memory performance. For lateral temporal IEDs, we observed a significant interaction between IED white matter categorization and amplitude, where IEDs with an increased amplitude and white matter propagation were associated with reduced memory performance. Additionally, changes in alpha power after an IED showed a significant positive correlation with memory performance. Significance Our results suggest that IED properties may be useful for predicting the impact an IED has on memory encoding. We provide an essential step toward understanding pathological versus potentially beneficial interictal epileptiform activity.
Sensing Local Field Potentials with a Directional and Scalable Depth Array: The DISC electrode

A variety of electrophysiology tools are available to the neurosurgeon for diagnosis, functional therapy, and neural prosthetics. However, no tool can currently address these three critical needs: (i) access to all cortical regions in a minimally invasive manner; (ii) recordings with microscale, mesoscale, and macroscale resolutions simultaneously; and (iii) access to spatially distant multiple brain regions that constitute distributed cognitive networks. We present a novel device for recording local field potentials (LFPs) with the form factor of a stereo-electroencephalograhic electrode but combined with radially positioned microelectrodes and using the lead body to shield LFP sources, enabling directional sensitivity and scalability, referred to as the DISC array. As predicted by our electro-quasistatic models, DISC demonstrated significantly improved signal-to-noise, directional sensitivity, and decoding accuracy from rat barrel cortex recordings during whisker stimulation. Critically, DISC demonstrated equivalent fidelity to conventional electrodes at the macroscale and uniquely, revealed stereoscopic information about current source density. Directional sensitivity of LFPs may significantly improve brain-computer interfaces and many diagnostic procedures, including epilepsy foci detection and deep brain targeting.
Printability of Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10.0Be22.5 metallic glass on steel by laser additive manufacturing: A single-track study

Abstract The amorphous structure of metallic glasses (MGs) endows them with extraordinary properties. Formation of MGs requires sufficiently high cooling rates to bypass crystallization, which results in their limited sizes by conventional processing routes such as casting. Laser additive manufacturing (LAM) technique is featured by high solidification rate that provides the potential for scalable fabrication of MGs. In this work, through high throughput laser single-track melting experiments, we studied the LAM processing window of a Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10.0Be22.5 (at.%) MG to achieve materials with near-full density and minimal crystallization. We observed different types of single-track features including cracking, lack-of-fusion, and partial crystallization under different combinations of laser processing parameters. To rationalize the processing-structure relationships during LAM of MGs, finite-element thermal modeling was performed to monitor the transient temperature evolution and site-specific cooling rate in the melt pool. Our work provides significant insight into the LAM protocol optimization towards fully amorphous, well-bonded, and dense MG coatings on dissimilar crystalline materials.
White Gloves and Cracked Vases: How Metaphors Help Group Workers Construct New Perspectives and Responses

ABSTRACT The metaphor is one of the most basic mechanisms for understanding our experiences. When we construct metaphors, we use both sides of the brain, the intuitive and rational, with the potential of generating new understanding, new realities, and new behaviors. This article promotes the creation of metaphors as a way for group workers to reflect on their practice. An image of a group offers different dimensions for consideration than verbal descriptions. Metaphor-making and elaboration can be used for learning in the classroom, supervision and practice.
Murphy, Henry Brian M

H. B. M. Murphy was one of the founders of transcultural psychiatry as a distinct and cumulative subdiscipline. He was born on September 17, 1915 in Edinburgh, Scotland and graduated from the University of Edinburgh Medical School with M.B. and Ch.B degrees in 1938. Service in the Royal Army Medical Corps soon followed, and after World War II Murphy went to work for United Nations agencies providing medical services for East European refugees stranded in displaced persons camps in Germany. He soon discovered that many of the medical problems presented by refugees had a psychological meaning and origin, which often differed across nationalities and cultures. This insight formed the basis of his first major transcultural publication, an edited volume on flight and resettlement. It focused on refugees’ problems of adaptation prior to and following resettlement and related them to culturally distinctive and often traumatic experiences in their countries of origin. Murphy pursued these interests while obtaining a diploma in public health at the London School of Public Health in 1952. Keywords: depression; psychopathology; schizophrenia
Blooms of surf-zone diatoms along the coast of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington: II. A diel periodicity in buoyancy shown by the surf-zone diatom species, Chaetoceros armatum T. West

Abstract Chaetoceros armatum has been observed to undergo a diel periodicity in buoyancy in the surf zone, becoming dispersed throughout the water column at night and rising to the surface again each morning. Since the cells can become buoyant well before sunrise, their buoyancy does not appear to be light induced. Buoyancy as a physiological adaptation to life in the surf zone subject to tidal variations is discussed.
Applications of concurrent neuromorphic algorithms for autonomous robots

This article provides an overview of studies at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) of neural networks running on parallel machines applied to the problems of autonomous robotics. The first section provides the motivation for our work in autonomous robotics and introduces the computational hardware in use. Section 2 presents two theorems concerning the storage capacity and stability of neural networks. Section 3 presents a novel load-balancing algorithm implemented with a neural network. Section 4 introduces the robotics test bed now in place. Section 5 concerns navigation issues in the test-bed system. Finally, Section 6 presents a frequency-coded network model and shows how Darwinian techniques are applied to issues of parameter optimization and on-line design.
Representation of the RCS Reference Model Architecture Using an Architectural Description Language

The Real-Time Control System (RCS) Reference Model Architecture provides a well-defined strategy for development of software components for applications in robotics, automated manufacturing, and autonomous vehicles. ADLs are formally defined languages for specification of software system’s designs. In this report, we describe the results of an investigation into the use of an ADL to specify RCS software systems, and assess the potential value of ADLs as specification and development tools for RCS domain experts. The report also discusses potential influence of ADLs for commercial software development tools and component-based development.
Utilizing Participatory Action Research to Foster Effective Family/School Collaboration at an Urban PreK-8 Catholic School

This paper describes a study focused on promoting culturally responsive collaboration practices at an urban preK-8 Catholic school. Using participatory action research (PAR) as its framework, a team of school stakeholders and university faculty and students from the psychology department partnered to create a participant-driven data collection and analysis procedure that culminated in the implementation of a new communication protocol judged by educators and parents to have led to significant improvements in family-school communications. Lessons learned from this experience, particularly as they relate to the use of PAR principles in an urban Catholic school, will be shared.
Probabilistic nonlinear finite element analysis of composite structures

A probabilistic finite element analysis procedure for laminated composite shells is developed. A total Lagrangian finite element formulation, employing a degenerated three-dimensional laminated composite shell element with the full Green-Lagrange strains and first-order shear deformable kinematics, is used. The first-order second-moment technique for probabilistic finite element analysis of random fields is employed, and results are presented in the form of mean and variance of the structural response. Reliability calculations are made by using the first-order reliability method combined with sensitivity derivatives from the finite element analysis. Both ply-level and micromechanics-level random variables are incorporated, the latter by means of the Aboudi micromechanics model. Two sample problems are solved to verify the accuracy of the procedures developed and to quantify the variability of certain material type/structure combinations. In general, the procedure is quite effective in determining the response statistics and reliability for linear and geometric nonlinear behavior of laminated composite shells.
Optical Activity of Saturated Ketones

Previous theoretical treatments of the octant and quadrant rules for predicting the sign of the rotational strength of the n → π* transition in optically active saturated ketones are re‐examined and combined to determine which of the two rules is better able to account for experimental results. The basis set which leads to the octant rule is found to reproduce the experimental rotational strengths fairly well. The anomalous effect of a fluorine atom is examined within the framework of a static, dissymmetric perturbation, and it is found that in this case, the method is inadequate to account for the experimental results.
Synthesis of (+/-)-3H-epivincamine via a Rh(II)-triggered cyclization/cycloaddition cascade.

A synthesis of (±)-3H-epivincamine is reported. Important steps include (1) a Rh(II)-catalyzed intramolecular [3+2]-cycloaddition of an α-diazo indolo amide, (2) a reductive ring opening of the cycloadduct, (3) a decarboethoxylation reaction, and (4) a base-induced keto-amide ring contraction.
Microphysical space of a liver sinusoid device enables simplified long-term maintenance of chimeric mouse-expanded human hepatocytes

While many advanced liver models support hepatic phenotypes necessary for drug and disease studies, these models are characterized by intricate features such as co-culture with one of more supporting cell types or advanced media perfusion systems. These systems have helped elucidate some of the critical biophysical features missing from standard well-plate based hepatocyte culture, but their advanced designs add to their complexity. Additionally, regardless of the culture system, primary hepatocyte culture systems suffer from reproducibility issues due to phenotypic variation and expensive, limited supplies of donor lots. Here we describe a microfluidic bilayer device that sustains primary human hepatocyte phenotypes, including albumin production, factor IX production, cytochrome P450 3A4 drug metabolism and bile canaliculi formation for at least 14 days in a simple monoculture format with static media. Using a variety of channel architectures, we describe how primary cell phenotype is promoted by spatial confinement within the microfluidic channel, without the need for perfusion or co-culture. By sourcing human hepatocytes expanded in the Fah, Rag2, and Il2rg-knockout (FRG™-KO) humanized mouse model, utilizing a few hundred hepatocytes within each channel, and maintaining hepatocyte function for weeks in vitro within a relatively simple model, we demonstrate a basic primary human hepatocyte culture system that addresses many of the major hurdles in human hepatocyte culture research.
Zapatismo and Urban Political Practice

On January 1, 1996, the Ejercito Zapatista de Liberaci6n Nacional called for the creation of the Frente Zapatista de Liberaci6n Nacional (FZLN), a national civil Zapatista organization that would build a new kind of political movement (EZLN, 1996). This new organization would be built from the ground up by citizens committed to carrying out Zapatista political principles such as mandar obedeciendo or "rule by obeying." As Neil Harvey (1999) points out, the organizing principle of the FZLN was not to win positions of political power but rather to organize so that the government would implement its collective decisions. Instead of being a vanguard that would represent the masses, the FZLN was to become, as the founding member Javier Elorriaga put it, the collector and organizer of the people's proposals (interview, Mexico City, January 13, 2000). The goal was to create a new kind of political consciousness that would act as a counterweight to the corruption and clientelism that have been the legacy not only of the Mexican one-party political system but also of unions, social movements, and the Mexican left (Camp, 1993). When the EZLN communiqu6 appeared calling for the creation of the FZLN, it was widely believed that peace was at hand. The San Andres Accords between the EZLN and the Mexican government were about to be signed, and the EZLN was planning to incorporate its forces into the FZLN as its demilitarized insurgents returned to civil political life. As the founding member Sergio Rodriguez remarked, the FZLN was supposed to be the airport where the airplane full of EZLN soldiers would land in civil society (interview, Mexico City, February 10, 2000). Soon after the accords were signed on February 16, 1996, however, it became clear that the Mexican government was not going to implement the accords on indigenous rights and culture any time soon (Hernandez Navarro, 1999a). Subsequently, the executive branch rewrote the law on indigenous autonomy, employing the discourse of Indian rights but omitting any meaningful content. Therefore, the members of the FZLN faced the problem of building an independent political organization, since the government's lack of compliance with the accords
Air-Side Heat Transfer and Friction Correlations for Flat-Tube Louver-Fin Heat Exchangers

The objective of this study is to develop an accurate, reliable, and updated predictive model for the air-side performance of flat-tube louver-fin heat exchangers. Using the most comprehensive experimental database to date-consisting of 1030 heat-transfer and 1270 pressure-drop measurements, from nine independent laboratories for 126 sample heat exchangers-j- and f-factor correlations are developed to predict the air-side performance of heat exchangers. The database is analyzed, the form of the curve fits is explored, and the predictive performance of the correlations is evaluated. The j- and f-factor correlations predict the experimental data with rms errors of 11.5% and 16.1%, respectively. Multiple regressions for a locally linearized data model were used to estimate the confidence intervals and covariances of the regression constants. A comparison to prior correlations shows the proposed correlations to provide more accurate predictions and to span a much broader parameter space than prior work. Practical utility in design and optimization, and unavoidable limitations in developing such correlations are discussed.
Turn-Taking as Rational Behavior☆

Abstract Research on the family focuses increasingly on private aspects of life. Still, the dominant model of intimate behavior is that of the rational individual. In this article, I suggest that such a model of behavior makes sense so long as we recognize the importance of temporal imagination. Married couples organize their lives with reference to a shared past, present, and imagined future. Couples take turns. The most important assets in marriages may be invisible to researchers who do not appreciate this. Intimate relationships are organized to protect and preserve affection and harmony. That organization involves complex assumptions about give-and-take and benefits and costs over an entire shared past and an imagined shared future. Marriages may exist in the present for researchers, but decisions in marriage are predicated on histories and futures.
An analytical representation of temperature distributions in gravitygradient rods.

Thermal balance analysis of temperature distributions in cylindrical tube considered to model gravity gradient attitude control rod isolated in space
Biochemical alterations in denervated skeletal muscle and transected sciatic nerve in the hibernating ground squirrel.

Abstract Biochemical intermediates associated with energy metabolism were measured in innervated and denervated anterior tibialis muscles of nonhibernating ground squirrels to gain insight into mechanisms associated with changes that occur during hibernation and subsequent to denervation. Steady-state concentrations of glucose, glucose 6-phosphate, and lactate in the innervated muscles were decreased 42, 75, and 78%, respectively, during hibernation. Upon awakening, the concentration of glucose was increased approximately two-fold and that of lactate was elevated about 10-fold and glucose-6-phosphate more than 15-fold. These findings were interpreted as indicating that glycolysis was reduced during hibernation and elevated suddenly and markedly immediately after hibernation. A similar effect was noted in denervated muscles of hibernating animals. The reduction in concentrations of glycolytic intermediates of innervated and denervated muscles during hibernation was accompanied by a decrease in the total reserves of high-energy phosphate; however, ATP : ADP ratios were not changed significantly. Denervation produced significant decreases in concentrations of glucose 6-phosphate and significant increases in glutamate in muscles of hibernating and nonhibernating animals. Decreases in glucose 6-phosphate were accompanied by significant decreases in fructose 1,6-diphosphate in denervated muscles of hibernating animals. Subsequent to denervation, phosphocreatine increased by 55% in muscles from hibernating animals but did not change in muscles from nonhibernating animals. The changes in phosphocreatine in denervated muscles from hibernating animals are accompanied by an increase in the total energy reserves of these muscles. Metabolic changes in muscles from hibernating animals appear to occur in the absence of any degeneration of transected sciatic nerves. High energy phosphate as well as choline acetylase and acetylcholinesterase are maintained at normal activities in nerves from hibernating squirrels for at least 3 weeks subsequent to separation of axons from nerve cell bodies.
Prognosis for breast cancer surgery and radiation therapy compared with mastectomy alone. A retrospective analysis of 759 patients with stage I/II breast cancer.

Seven hundred fifty-nine patients with Stage I/II breast cancer who were treated with mastectomy alone (558 patients) or breast-conserving surgery and tangential irradiation (201 patients) were evaluated. Median follow-up time was 34 months. Axillary node status showed differences between treatment groups. Seventy-two percent of patients undergoing lumpectomy and radiation therapy (Lx) versus 35% of patients in the mastectomy group were pathologically node-negative, 18% Lx versus 30% mastectomy alone had one to three nodes positive, and four or more positive axillary nodes were seen in 35% of mastectomy alone patients
Immunostimulatory sequence oligodeoxynucleotide: A novel mucosal adjuvant.

Abstract The majority of infectious agents enter the body via mucosal surfaces. Therefore, there is great interest in developing vaccination strategies that lead to mucosal immunity. However, to generate strong mucosal immune responses to nonreplicating immunogens, mucosal delivery with an adjuvant is required, and no safe and effective mucosal adjuvants are presently available for use in humans. Recently, immunostimulatory sequence oligodeoxynucleotide (ISS-ODN) has been shown to be a potent mucosal adjuvant. Intranasal (i.n.) delivery of antigen with ISS-ODN elicits a secretory IgA response both locally in respiratory secretions and distally in intestinal and vaginal secretions. In this regard, ISS-ODN has been shown to be as effective as cholera toxin (CT), but unlike CT, ISS-ODN has not been shown to have significant toxicity. Furthermore, i.n. antigen/ISS-ODN coimmunization induces a strong Th 1 -biased systemic immune response with cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity. These observations suggest that ISS-ODN would be an ideal mucosal adjuvant for development of vaccines against mucosal pathogens.
CD40 immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is a highly aggressive and lethal cancer which is poorly responsive to standard therapies. Although the PDA tumor microenvironment is considered especially immunosuppressive, recent data mostly from genetically engineered and other mouse models of the disease suggest that novel immunotherapeutic approaches hold promise. Here, we describe both laboratory and clinical efforts to target the CD40 pathway for immunotherapy in PDA. Findings suggest that CD40 agonists can mediate both T-cell-dependent and T-cell-independent immune mechanisms of tumor regression in mice and patients. T-cell-independent mechanisms are associated with macrophage activation and the destruction of PDA tumor stroma, supporting the concept that immune modulation of the tumor microenvironment represents a useful approach in cancer immunotherapy.
Factors influencing perceived angular velocity

Angular velocity perception is examined for rotations both in depth and in the image plane and the influence of several object properties on this motion parameter is explored. Two major object properties are considered, namely, texture density which determines the rate of edge transitions for rotations in depth, i.e., the number of texture elements that pass an object's boundary per unit of time, and object size which determines the tangential linear velocities and 2D image velocities of texture elements for a given angular velocity. Results of experiments show that edge-transition rate biased angular velocity estimates only when edges were highly salient. Element velocities had an impact on perceived angular velocity; this bias was associated with 2D image velocity rather than 3D tangential velocity. Despite these biases judgements were most strongly determined by the true angular velocity. Sensitivity to this higher order motion parameter appeared to be good for rotations both in depth (y-axis) and parallel to the line of sight (z-axis).
The use of fibreoptic bronchoscopy with sterile catheter in the diagnosis of pneumonia.

: The use of fibreoptic bronchoscopy with sterile catheter sampling of pulmonary secretions was evaluated in 70 patients with a provisional diagnosis of pneumonia. In 37 patients quantitative analysis of the sterile catheter isolates was performed (colony forming units (CFU) per ml). Potential bacterial pathogens were isolated in 37 patients and in the quantitative analysis, 14 of 22 isolates were grown in counts ≤ 103 CFU/ml. Sterile catheter increased the bacterial isolation rate as in only 19 patients blood (2) or sputum (18) cultures yielded the same organisms. Sputum cultures showed a 25% false-positive rate in patients with no growth from sterile catheter. Quantitative analysis did not yield any further information in patients receiving antibiotics. Atypical or fungal pneumonia was diagnosed in 22 patients, while ten patients had other pathology simulating pneumonia. Sterile catheter sampling of pulmonary secretions at fibreoptic bronchoscopy proved to be a valuable tool in the diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia. (Aust NZ J Med 1985; 15: 309–319.)
Multiuser CDMA Signal Extraction

We consider the problem of extraction on wireless direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems. We develop an iterative least-squares-type algorithm that extracts the information symbols of the multiple concurrent DS-CDMA users and assumes no knowledge of either the signature waveforms or the channel state. The proposed scheme utilizes a novel initialization step that is based on auxiliary-vector (AV) subspace decomposition. Simulation studies evaluate the performance of the proposed extraction procedure in realistic data limited environments and show that, for observation records of sufficient length, information data extraction can be achieved with probability of error rather close to what may be attained with known signatures and channel state. *Corresponding author.
Visualizing the Invisible College: Community Among Authors in Top Social Work Journals

A review of literature related to the existence of an invisible college community among coauthors of articles in top-rated social work journals indicated that an invisible college could promote quality scholarship but that coauthoring might be inadequately studied or valued in social work education. Social network analysis revealed a skeletal piece of the top-rated social work journal coauthor network, visualized it, documented its growth between the overlapping periods 2001-2005 and 2004-2008, and associated that growth with increasing citations of networked coauthors. Possible continued growth of the invisible college suggests the need to examine coauthoring, the means of evaluating coauthor contributions, and the content of social work scholarship.
Polyphenolic Compounds in Canned Cling Peaches

SUMMARY— Cling peaches (Prunus persica var. ‘Halford’) were canned with 36° Brix syrup in no. 2% cans as peeled halves. The polyphenolic compounds were extracted from the drained peaches with 95% ethanol containing 0.1% HCl. The extract was concentrated in a flash evaporator under vacuum to remove the ethanol, and with petroleum ether to remove carotenoids. The polyphenolic compounds were extracted from the concentrate with ethyl acetate and separated by two-dimensional paper chromatography, with n-butanol-acetic acid-water (4:1:5 v/v) and 2% acetic acid as solvents. Shown to be present in the extract were four chlorogenic acid isomers, five leucoanthocyanidin isomers, catechin, epicatechin, isoflavone, two p-coumarylquinic acids, and caffeic acid. Chlorogenic acids, leucoanthocyanidins, and catechin were present in larger amount than the others.
An apparatus for the titration of small samples

Abstract A titration apparatus has been developed for titrations on drop-size (50-μl) volumes. The system is used to measure the pH change during the course of a titration. The apparatus consists of a thermostated double-walled glass jacket which holds a revolving pedestal and a pH electrode. The sample is contained in the narrow region between the pedestal and the flat pH electrode. This configuration allows the insertion of syringe needles into the sample drop from the side in order to accommodate the injection of the titrants. The mode of operation described in this paper is a pH stat titration of deoxyhemoglobin with inositol hexaphosphate, back titrated to the original pH after each step with hydrochloric acid. The pH is recorded throughout the experiment and the rate of drift is less than 0.0002 pH units/min, with a noise level of ±0.0001 pH units.
Longitudinal associations between sleep duration and subsequent weight gain: A systematic review

Summary Objective To systematically examine the relationship between sleep duration and subsequent weight gain in observational longitudinal human studies. Methods Systematic review of twenty longitudinal studies published from 2004–October 31, 2010. Results While adult studies ( n = 13) reported inconsistent results on the relationship between sleep duration and subsequent weight gain, studies with children ( n = 7) more consistently reported a positive relationship between short sleep duration and weight gain. Conclusion While shorter sleep duration consistently predicts subsequent weight gain in children, the relationship is not clear in adults. We discuss possible limitations of the current studies: 1) the diminishing association between short sleep duration on weight gain over time after transition to short sleep, 2) lack of inclusion of appropriate confounding, mediating, and moderating variables (i.e., sleep complaints and sedentary behavior), and 3) measurement issues.
The Academy as Marketplace

Si les anthropologues sont plus a l'aise pour etudier les monnaies primitives que les regimes monetaires contemporains, toute analyse de l'enseignement universitaire et de la recherche qui ne prendrait pas en compte l'aspect economique et monetaire, donnerait une vision tronquee de la realite academique. L'A. considere les effets et consequences de l'introduction de la logique de marche dans les sciences sociales et humaines depuis les annees 1960 aux Etats-Unis : conditions de travail des enseignants, differenciation et inegalites economiques des statuts, logique de decision et hegemonie administratives, adaptation economique des comportements des etudiants, logiques corporatives, subordination des sciences humaines, et notamment de l'anthropologie, a des logiques non academiques, consequences pour la definition des programmes et les orientations de recherche.
Marcus–Talpaz simultaneous lower confidence bounds for contrasts between treatment and control means

Abstract We consider comparisons of several treatments with a common control when it is believed that the treatments are at least as effective as the control. In this setting, which is called the tree order, the classical work by Dunnett (1955) is well known. Dunnett proposed a multiple-comparison procedure for treatment means vs. the control mean, which could be inverted to obtain simultaneous lower confidence bounds (SLCBs). Under the same setting, Marcus and Talpaz (1992) proposed a test of homogeneity and SLCBs for contrasts of means. These SLCBs, however, assumed that the contrast coefficients were tree ordered but that the means were unordered. Using the Marcus–Talpaz test of homogeneity, we develop another set of SLCBs, which does utilize the fact that the means are tree ordered and has the desired coverage probability. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we compare Dunnett’s SLCBs and the newly developed SLCBs for equal sample sizes. We examine the two sets of SLCBs in terms of their abilities to detect true mean differences and their relative efficiencies. The results reveal that Dunnett’s SLCBs perform better in the interior of the tree-order cone. When the entire cone, including the boundary, is considered, the new SLCBs perform more favorably. A numerical example is given.
BARRIER ISLAND RESTORATION FOR STORM DAMAGE REDUCTION: WILLAPA BAY, WASHINGTON, USA

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District has completed a feasibility study and determined barrier island restoration to be the most appropriate long-term coastal flood and storm damage reduction measure for the Shoalwater Indian Reservation. Over the last century, Cape Shoalwater has receded more than 2.8 miles. By 1990, the Shoalwater Reservation’s only remaining protection from storm wave attack was a series of barrier islands fronting Tokeland Peninsula. Extreme water levels coincident with strong winter storms have historically inundated this low lying topography and are responsible for the erosion and overwash of the protective barrier island known as Graveyard Spit. Here a simple risk assessment tool is presented for identifying flood risk to the Shoalwater Reservation infrastructure. Statistical analysis of extreme water levels and numerical modeling is utilized to determine the extent of inundation. From the analysis it was determined 54% of the inventoried infrastructure is at risk during a storm event equivalent to the observed event on March 3, 1999. With the barrier island restoration it was found that this risk is reduced to 7%.
Compensation of Nonlinear Harmonic Coupling for Pulsed-Jet-Velocity Shaping

This paper describes an approach to periodic reference tracking in a pulsed-jet-injection experimental study. The objective was to match the jet’s temporal velocity profile to a periodic reference. The challenge lies in controlling the highly nonlinear and poorly understood dynamics associated with the jet velocity. Although the actuator maintains good authority over the jet velocity, the nonlinear jet dynamics creates a high degree of coupling among neighboring harmonics that depends on the forcing level and the desired waveform. The coupling is quantified by demodulating the jet-velocity measurement into baseband components centered at the harmonic frequencies represented in the desired waveform. An empirical input–output relationship is developed by perturbing the baseband components and measuring their effect on neighboring harmonics, and it is shown that this relationship can be modeled as a linear multi-input/multi-output system. This knowledge is exploited to create stabilizing feedback controls th...
Accuracy and response-time distributions for decision-making: linear perfect integrators versus nonlinear attractor-based neural circuits

Animals choose actions based on imperfect, ambiguous data. "Noise" inherent in neural processing adds further variability to this already-noisy input signal. Mathematical analysis has suggested that the optimal apparatus (in terms of the speed/accuracy trade-off) for reaching decisions about such noisy inputs is perfect accumulation of the inputs by a temporal integrator. Thus, most highly cited models of neural circuitry underlying decision-making have been instantiations of a perfect integrator. Here, in accordance with a growing mathematical and empirical literature, we describe circumstances in which perfect integration is rendered suboptimal. In particular we highlight the impact of three biological constraints: (1) significant noise arising within the decision-making circuitry itself; (2) bounding of integration by maximal neural firing rates; and (3) time limitations on making a decision. Under conditions (1) and (2), an attractor system with stable attractor states can easily best an integrator when accuracy is more important than speed. Moreover, under conditions in which such stable attractor networks do not best the perfect integrator, a system with unstable initial states can do so if readout of the system's final state is imperfect. Ubiquitously, an attractor system with a nonselective time-dependent input current is both more accurate and more robust to imprecise tuning of parameters than an integrator with such input. Given that neural responses that switch stochastically between discrete states can "masquerade" as integration in single-neuron and trial-averaged data, our results suggest that such networks should be considered as plausible alternatives to the integrator model.
Cranial base dynamics in craniofacial dysostosis.

Summary Cephalometric analyses of twenty-one patients with Crouzon's disease were undertaken to correlate the cranial base abnormalities to altered facial morphology. Angular deformities of the cranial base, i.e., the vertical sloping of the anterior cranial fossa and the angulation of the cranial base flexure were found to correlate well to observed exorbitism and midface retrusion, respectively. Normal craniofacial growth and clinical implications of these data are discussed.