cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preventing Firearm Injuries: A Review of Epidemiologic Research

Firearms are second only to motor vehicles as a cause of fatal injury in the United States. Approximately 59% of suicides and 61% of homicides involve firearms. Handguns comprise less than one third of all firearms in private hands in the United States, but they kill more Americans each year than all types of shotguns and rifles combined. Several analyses strongly suggest a link between readily available firearms and rates of violent death; two case-control studies strongly suggest that keeping a gun in the home is associated with an increased risk of suicide. Potential strategies to prevent firearm injuries include banning or restricting the supply of particularly dangerous firearms, educating the public about the risks of keeping a gun in the home, modifying existing firearm designs to make them more resistant to unauthorized use of unintentional discharge, altering weapons or ammunition to limit wound severity, and using bulletproof barriers more widely. Given adequate knowledge and the will to act, many firearm-related deaths and injuries can be prevented.
Well‐Being and Posttraumatic Growth Among Syrian Refugees in Jordan

The Syrian War has created a mass exodus of Syrian citizens to neighboring countries and exposed them to many atrocities. We explored factors affecting well-being and posttraumatic growth (PTG) of refugees residing in Jordan. Participants (N = 250) were surveyed via nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Outcome criteria included a global well-being rating and the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Trauma exposure assessment included The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) and The War Events Questionnaire. Ordinary least squares regression examined associations between potential contributors to refugee well-being and PTG, including work, age, sex, income, education, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) severity, physical pain, health, NGO assistance, psychotic/affective mental disorder, and length of residence in Jordan. Mean participant score on the PTSD-HTQ scale was 2.37 (SD = 0.63; range: 1 [no symptoms] to 3.88 [extremely severe symptoms]). Additionally, 74.6% of participants received NGO assistance and 92.7% experienced war events. Univariate and multivariate results indicated enhancement of well-being was associated with income, r = .34, β = .26, p < .001; health, r = .35, β = .26, p = .001; and absence of affective disorder, r = -.31, β = -.18, p = .012; and that PTG increased in association with income, r = .28, β = .20, p = .007; NGO assistance, r = .07, β = .14, p = .045; and absence of psychosis, r = -.12, β = -.17, p = .013, and affective disorder, r = -.26; β = -.16, p = .033. Findings suggest sufficient income and humanitarian assistance can contribute to Syrian refugees' mental health.
A Survey of Current Consumer Technology Use for Apparel Shopping

Over the last decade, as e-commerce has grown, researchers have found different shopper motivations for online clothing purchases. Watchravesringkan and Shim (2003) found that shoppers who intended to search the Internet for product information were also more likely to make an online purchase. Goldsmith and Flynn (2004) identified the level of a consumer’s Internet innovativeness as a key motivator of online purchasing, followed by a consumer’s experience with catalogue shopping. However, Kwon & Noh (2010) found that Internet experience was not a strong influence on online apparel purchase intent for mature consumers, but rather their perceived benefits from products and prices available online.
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide-based Fluids Used as a Recovery Tool for Low-k Materials

Conventional ash strippers can easily damage most porous low-k materials, causing increased dielectric constants and decreased film thicknesses. This effect is more prominent in carbon containing porous low-k materials such as methylsilsesquioxane (MSQ). Ashed MSQ films exhibit increased water adsorption and dielectric constants due to the removal of methyl groups and structural damage caused by interaction with plasma species. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2), has attracted considerable attention due its low cost, low critical point temperatures and pressures, and environmentally benign nature. This work describes the effects of SC-CO2 in combination with silylating agents on O2 ash-damaged MSQ films. FTIR, sessiledrop goniometric contact angle measurements, and SEM were used to monitor changes in the films' chemical bonding, composition, and microstructure.
Hybrid tracking and mosaicking for information augmentation in retinal surgery

Current technical limitations in retinal surgery hinder the ability of surgeons to identify and localize surgical targets, increasing operating times and risks of surgical error. In this paper we present a hybrid tracking and mosaicking method for augmented reality in retinal surgery. The system is a combination of direct and feature-based tracking methods. A novel extension for direct visual tracking using a robust image similarity measure in color images is also proposed. Several experiments conducted on phantom, in vivo rabbit and human images attest the ability of the method to cope with the challenging retinal surgery scenario. Applications of the proposed method for tele-mentoring and intra-operative guidance are demonstrated.
Reconstruction of Boiler Smoke Duct Based on CFD Simulation Technology

In the process of gentrification in a power plant, the direction of cold air duct is needed to change for space reasons. To control modified duct resistance value, to ensure the air duct field stability and the high temperature air preheated thermal transfer capability, CFD model which can describe its complex flow was constructed by using the Euler-Euler Double Fluid Model. Denitration reform design is completed and put into operation according to the calculation results, and then the optimal layout of the diversion plate is determined. The actual resistance value and flow field distribution and the simulation results are in good agreement after denitration reconstruction putting into operation.
Solid-state laser cooling of optically levitated particles

Ultra-high sensitivity sensors can be achieved with optically levitated particles in ultra-high vacuum (UHV). Trapped particles act as high-Q harmonic oscillators, whose amplitude, position, and frequency can be monitored to provide high sensitivity measurements of the particle’s acceleration. Larger particles (10-30 microns in diameter) provide higher sensitivity, but they are difficult to trap in UHV without particle loss. To overcome the radiometric forces that lead to particle loss, rare earth (RE) ion dopants can be incorporated into the particles to enable solid-state laser cooling of the particle’s internal temperature. The laser used for optical trapping can be tuned to a wavelength on the lower energy side of the ion absorption band, and thus also serve as the pump laser for solid-state laser cooling. Internal cooling occurs when the average energy of the photons emitted is larger than the average energy of the photons absorbed. Ions will rapidly thermalize while in the ground and the excited states to create the energy difference. Solid-state laser cooling has been realized in bulk host materials and is well understood. This technique of internal cooling for reducing loss pressure is currently being tested.
Methods for Determining Medication Adherence

The methods available for measuring adherence can be broken down into indirect and direct methods of measurement. Each method has associated advantages and disadvantages, and no method is currently considered to be the gold standard [102, 103].
Strength of belief: Religious commitment, knowledge, and HPV vaccination adherence.

Objective Human papillomavirus (HPV) infects millions of men and women annually and is a substantial contributing factor in many cancers including oral, penile, anal, and cervical. Vaccination can reduce risk but adherence nationwide and, particularly in highly religious states, is suboptimal. Religious principles of abstinence before marriage and total fidelity following marriage may create a belief of protection through adherence to religious guidelines. However, while one partner may remain monogamous, one cannot be assured of their partner's behavior both before and after marriage. These misconceptions may create a barrier to religious youth's adherence to vaccine recommendations. Methods We sampled single young adults, age 18 to 25 years, from a Christian university classified as highly religious and a university not categorized as highly religious. Results Highly religious young adults demonstrated low knowledge of HPV and HPV vaccination. High religious beliefs were associated with lower HPV vaccination adherence. Conclusions Understanding the role religious beliefs have on vaccine adherence can help in the creation of campaigns that specifically address these issues. Campaigns to increase vaccination should address misconceptions of religious youth's feelings of imperviousness to sexually transmitted diseases.
Synthesis of diterpenoid acids—VIII

Abstract Anhydrotetrahydromarrubiin (2b) has been reconverted into tetrahydromarrubiin (1b). Ozonolysis of 2b to the trimethyl keto lactone (5b) does not involve change of the C8 configuration. Reduction of 5b with borohydride gave the trimethylhydroxy lactones 7a and 7b; the epimeric keto lactone 5c was reduced to 8a. Studies of NMR spectra show that the C8 Me in 1a is α and also that ring B is a twist boat in some derivatives of marrubiin though not in the parent compound itself.
Heterodimerization of Olefins. 1. Hydrovinylation Reactions of Olefins That Are Amenable to Asymmetric Catalysis

Through a systematic examination of ligand and counterion effects, new protocols for a nearly quantitative and highly selective codimerization of ethylene and various functionalized vinylarenes have been discovered. In a typical reaction, 4-bromostyrene and ethylene undergo codimerization in the presence of 0.0035 equiv each of [(allyl)NiBr]2, triphenylphosphine, and AgOTf in CH2Cl2 at -56 degrees C to give 3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-butene in >98% yield and selectivity. Corresponding reactions with [(allyl)PdX]2 are much less efficient and less selective and may require further optimization before a viable system can be identified. Another useful protocol that gives comparable yield and selectivity involves the use of a single-component catalyst prepared from allyl 2-diphenylphosphinobenzoate, Ni(COD)2, and (C6F5)3B. Recognition of a synergistic relationship between a chiral hemilabile ligand (for example, (R)-2-methoxy-2'-diphenylphosphino-1,1'-binaphthyl, MOP) and a highly dissociated counteranion (BARF or SbF6) in an enantioselective version of the Ni-catalyzed reaction raises the prospects of developing a practical route for the synthesis of 3-arylbutenes. Several pharmaceutically relevant compounds, including widely used 2-arylpropionic acids, can be synthesized from these key intermediates. This reaction appears to be quite general. Synthesis of several new 2-diphenylphosphino-1,1-binaphthyl derivatives, prepared to probe the effect of hemilabile coordination on the efficiency and selectivity of the reaction, are also described.
Use of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Among Black and White Patients With End‐Stage Renal Disease in the United States

Background Racial disparities in invasive cardiac procedures such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the general population are well documented; however, national‐level data on such dis...
But Can They Write? Television News Industry Assessment of the Skills of Broadcast Journalism Students and Recent Graduates:

Broadcast journalism writing and reporting classes are designed to help students develop writing skills for multiple platforms, but many television news professionals think student writing and othe...
Natural history of Ollier disease and Maffucci syndrome: Patient survey and review of clinical literature

Ollier disease (OD) and Maffucci syndrome (MS) are characterized by multiple enchondromas. Patients with MS also have benign vascular overgrowths that become malignant in 8.5% of cases. OD is characterized by multiple enchondromas, typically unilateral in distribution with a predilection for the appendicular skeleton. MS is characterized by multiple enchondromas bilaterally distributed in most of the cases. Both disorders feature multiple swellings on the extremity, deformity around the joints, limitations in joint mobility, scoliosis, bone shortening, leg-length discrepancy, gait disturbances, pain, loss of function, and pathological fractures. About 50% of patients with OD or MS develop a malignancy, such as chondrosarcoma, glioma, and ovarian juvenile granulosa cell tumor. To better understand the natural history of OD and MS, we reviewed 287 papers describing patients with OD and MS. We also created a survey that was distributed directly to 162 patients through Facebook. Here, we compare the review of the cases described in the literature to the survey's responses. The review of the literature showed that: the patients with OD are diagnosed at a younger age; the prevalence of chondrosarcomas among patients with OD or MS was ~30%; in four patients, vascular anomalies were identified in internal organs only; and, the prevalence of cancer among patients with OD or MS was ~50%. With these data, health care providers will better understand the natural history, severity, and prognosis of these diseases and the prevalence of malignancies in these patients. Here, we recommend new guidelines for the care of patients with OD and MS.
Wellness Coaching: An Intervention to Increase Healthy Behavior in Breast Cancer Survivors

Background Regular physical activity after breast cancer diagnosis improves survival rates and quality of life (QOL). However, breast cancer survivors rarely meet guidelines for recommended levels of physical activity. Wellness coaching interventions (WCIs) have improved exercise and health behaviors in other patient populations. Objectives This study assessed the feasibility and effectiveness of WCIs for increasing physical activity in breast cancer survivors; secondary measures included changes in dietary habits, weight, and QOL. Methods 20 obese or overweight breast cancer survivors who recently completed active breast cancer treatment were recruited into a single-arm, 12-week WCI pilot feasibility study. The intervention was comprised of one in-person wellness coaching visit followed by four telephone calls over 12 weeks and 12 weekly emails containing wellness recommendations. Findings Significant improvements from pre- to postintervention were seen in physical activity level, dietary habits, and in some aspects of QOL. Forty percent of participants achieved the 3% postintervention weight-loss goal, but this was not sustained at 30 weeks.
Perceptions of Immigrant Threat, American Identity, and Vote Choice in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election

Among the central tenets of social identity theory are the arguments that individuals’ attitudes and behavior are shaped by (1) perceptions of threat by out-groups toward individuals’ in-group(s) and (2) the strength of individuals’ identification with the in-group perceived to be under threat. In this paper we explore how American identity and Americans’ perceptions of immigrant threat work together to shape their vote choices in the 2016 presidential election. With the presidential campaign of Donald Trump characterized by strong rhetoric that emphasized immigrant threat and American identity themes, we suggest that the effects of immigrant threat perceptions are amplified by individuals’ American identity, with those who have a strong American identity more likely to translate immigrant threat perceptions into support for Trump than those with weaker levels of American identity. Moreover, we consider whether the effects of American identity on vote choice are activated and moderated by individuals’ perceptions of immigrant threat. Using data from the 2016 American National Election Study, we find that the effects of immigrant threat perceptions and American identity on vote choice are magnified by each other: the effects of immigrant threat perceptions are enhanced among individuals with a strong American identity, and the effects of American identity are activated and magnified by perceptions of immigrant threat.
Sanjiv “Sam” Gambhir, MD, PhD: In Memoriam (1962–2020)

![][1] Photo courtesy of Sandip Biswal, MD. The oncology community lost a champion on July 18, 2020, when Sanjiv “Sam” Gambhir lost his personal battle with cancer. Dr. Gambhir was the Virginia and D.K. Ludwig Professor for Clinical Investigation in Cancer Research and Chair of
Feasibility and initial efficacy of a high-intensity interval training program using adaptive equipment in persons with multiple sclerosis who have walking disability: study protocol for a single-group, feasibility trial.

There is considerable evidence for the efficacy of moderate-intensity continuous exercise benefitting clinically relevant outcomes in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, persons with MS who have walking disability (pwMS-wd) are severely deconditioned and may achieve superior benefits by engaging in high-intensity interval training (HIIT), especially while utilizing adaptive equipment, such as recumbent arm/leg stepping (RSTEP). The proposed study will assess the feasibility of a 12-week, RSTEP HIIT program in pwMS-wd. The secondary aim will examine changes in aerobic fitness, physical activity, ambulation, upper arm function, cognition, fatigue, and depression as clinically relevant efficacy outcomes following the 12-week, RSTEP HIIT intervention. The study will recruit 15 pwMS-wd. Feasibility will be measured via process, resource, management, and scientific outcomes throughout the entirety of the research study. The secondary, clinically relevant outcomes will consist of a neurological exam, aerobic capacity, physical activity, ambulation, cognition, upper arm function, fatigue, and depression. Outcomes will be assessed at baseline (T1), midpoint (T2, following 6 weeks), and post-intervention (T3, following 12 weeks). The intervention will involve 12 weeks of supervised, individualized HIIT sessions two to three times per week. The individual HIIT sessions will each involve 10 cycles of 60-s intervals at the wattage associated with 90% VO2peak followed by 60 s of active recovery intervals at 15 W, totaling 20 min in length plus 5-min warm-up and cool-down periods. The feasibility design of the proposed study will provide experience and preliminary data for advancing towards a proof-of-concept study comparing HIIT to moderate-intensity continuous RSTEP for improving clinically relevant outcomes in a randomized control trial design. The results will be disseminated via manuscripts for publication and a report for distribution among the National Multiple Sclerosis Society. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04416243 . Retrospectively registered on June 4, 2020
A screening model for predicting injection well pressure buildup and plume extent in CO2 geologic storage projects

Abstract We present a new screening model for predicting injection well pressure buildup and CO2 plume migration for CO2 geologic sequestration projects. The model requires only limited information and is quite accurate when compared to detailed simulation results. Such models can assist project developers during the early days of project planning (e.g., for 45Q related projects), and also help regulators perform simple checks against detailed numerical models. The screening model consists of two correlations: one for injectivity index in terms of the slope of the CO2 fractional flow curve, and the second for total storage efficiency within the footprint of plume as a function of gravity number and slope of the CO2 fractional flow curve. Using these two correlations, as well as a knowledge of some basic reservoir characteristics and estimates of fluid properties from standard correlations, the injection-well pressure buildup and CO2 plume extent in the formation can be readily estimated. The new correlations show a good match with the results of the underlying simulations, and also provide good agreement with independent calculations for two example problems.
Race/ethnicity and Stigma in Relation to Unmet Mental Health Needs among Student-athletes

College student-athletes are at-risk for mental health issues, as well as for not accessing mental health services. Stigma about needing/receiving mental health services is often presumed to be a b...
COVID-19 Cardiac Injury: An Important Cause of COVID-19 Related Morbidityand Mortality

Objective Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) typically presents as a respiratory illness, co-existent cardiovascular symptomatology associated with an elevated serum troponin level has been identified as a risk factor for adverse outcomes. Our study addressed the need to correlate serum cardiovascular biomarkers with tissue pathology based on autopsy. Materials and methods In 13 patients, we reviewed the clinical history and measurements of serum troponin and other biomarkers and correlated them with autopsy findings. Results At autopsy, the 13 COVID-19 patients exhibited evidence of diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) and cardiomegaly (heart weights ranged from 380 to 1170 grams). Of the 13 patients, three had elevated troponin I and evidence of severe coronary artery disease (CAD) (cases 4, 5, and 11), while six had elevated troponin I without evidence of severe CAD (cases 1, 3, 6, 7, 8, and 9), and four had no clinical or pathological evidence of CAD. Of note, cases 7 and 9 had significantly elevated troponin I levels (8.84 ng/mL and 4.94 ng/mL, respectively). Several cases showed focal degenerative change or damage of cardiomyocytes. However, none of the cases had evidence of lymphocytic myocarditis. Conclusion Although we observed elevated biomarkers of heart failure in some cases, it was not a consistent finding and did not correlate with evidence of myocarditis. The elevated biomarkers may reflect non-ischemic heart damage as a consequence of COVID-19 infection.
Dynamic plant-soil microbe interactions: the neglected effect of soil conditioning time.

Plant-soil feedback (PSF) may change in strength over the life of plant individuals as plants continue to modify the soil microbial community. However, the temporal variation in PSF is rarely quantified and its impacts on plant communities remain unknown. Using a chronosequence reconstructed from annual aerial photographs of a coastal dune ecosystem, we characterized > 20-yr changes in soil microbial communities associated with individuals of the four dominant perennial species, one legume and three nonlegume. We also quantified the effects of soil biota on conspecific and heterospecific seedling performance in a glasshouse experiment that preserved soil properties of these individual plants. Additionally, we used a general individual-based model to explore the potential consequences of temporally varying PSF on plant community assembly. In all plant species, microbial communities changed with plant age. However, responses of plants to the turnover in microbial composition depended on the identity of the seedling species: only the soil biota effect experienced by the nonlegume species became increasingly negative with longer soil conditioning. Model simulation suggested that temporal changes in PSF could affect the transient dynamics of plant community assembly. These results suggest that temporal variation in PSF over the life of individual plants should be considered to understand how PSF structures plant communities.
Shortened Perimetry for Glaucoma With Top 10 Locations Derived by Feature Selection With Machine Learning Classifiers

Purpose: We propose to simplify and shorten automated perimetry for glaucoma by using the best 10 out of 52 visual field locations of 24-2 standard automated perimetry (SAP). Methods: Feature selection by forward selection and backward elimination with Gaussian kernel Support Vector Machine (SVM) derived the rank of the visual field locations from 3 permutations of the development data (189 normals and 156 glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON) based on masked photographic assessment). SVM was trained to separate standard fullthreshold normal fields from glaucoma fields for the 3 derived sets of the top 10 locations and for all 52 locations + age. Trained classifiers were tested on an independent data set (158 normals and 161 GON) and compared with each other and to PSD and GHT by ROC area and by sensitivity and specificity in the new data set for threshold values at specificity=0.95 in the original developmental data set. Results: The top 10 locations had similar sensitivities, specificities, and ROC areas compared to standard 24-2 perimetry (Table). Classification with the 3 sets of the 10 best perimetry locations did not significantly alter correct performance compared to SVM, PSD, and GHT applied to all 52 locations + age. Top 10 feature derivations varied and still performed equally well. Conclusions: Shortened automated perimetry can simplify the test and reduce time without loss of diagnostic accuracy for a single field test. Comparison best 10 locations (backward selection) v all field locations, PSD, GHT SVM sensitivity SVM specificity SVM ROC area PSD sensitivity PSD specificity GHT sensitivity GHT specificity All locations 0.47 0.94 0.798 0.40 0.97 0.43 0.99 Top 10 permutation1 0.44 0.94 0.786 Top 10 permutation2 0.43 0.94 0.778 Top 10 permutation3 0.45 0.95 0.785
Developmental Sociolinguistics: Child Language in a Social Setting

The appearance of the relatively new interdisciplinary field of developmental sociolinguistics is described in this article as emerging from the development of the areas of psycholinguistics and sociolinguistics. With an emphasis on child-language acquisition, coupled with a growing awareness of the interaction between society and language, researchers are now asking questions about how children learn to use language in socially appropriate ways. Developmental parameters are beginning to be delineated in various studies, showing some of the constraints on the social language-systems which various children in the United States develop. Primary-language socialization and cultural variation are briefly discussed, as well as the development of sociolinguistic awareness.Another significant aspect of developmental sociolinguistics is also described: that of the acquisition of a repertoire of registers by children. Preschool children's register-acquisitions seem most constrained by their home and peer domains, w...
Almost a Girl

appointed to ask haphazard questions, rolling down the curb like stray oranges, a delay in the relentless march to fuU capacity. Applause. This was once what sleeping would have been, but I'm afraid I am no longer able to bring you into the cypress grove this year, or any year to come. These ice cubes, small and transient, are all that's left of the enormous citadel they told you of in grade school, gazing up at the map of Pangaia, your Uttle hand outstretched for the bathroom pass. It is stubbornness and graceful death we have to choose between: no one said so, not in those words, and so it must be true, although its truth wiU melt away as the famous princess did, slowly dissolving into her beautiful river. Already, in another part of town, someone's connecting a hose to the fountain, against which someone else's bicycle leans.
Mood swing and mood stabilizer: how specific are these terms?

Safer DJ. Mood swing and mood stabilizer: how specific are these terms? Bipolar Disord 2010: 12: 685–690. © 2010 The Author. Journal compilation © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Background: In the DSM-IIIR in 1987, the category title for depressive and bipolar disorders was changed from affective disorders to mood disorders. Within a short period of time thereafter, mood swing and mood stabilizer became very commonly used terms in psychiatry with bipolar implications. Methods: Terms and definitions in recent texts, articles, and dictionaries pertaining to mood fluctuations have been reviewed. Results: The term mood was seldom part of psychiatric terminology until the late 1970s. Mood swing and mood stabilizer as used in the psychiatric literature are primarily nonspecific and often misleading concepts—particularly as a basis for treatment decisions. Affective fluctuations and shifts to irritability and/or anger in persons with personality and depressive disorders are being viewed by many in the mental health field as cyclically biphasic—between depressed to elated—which is clearly at variance with research findings. Conclusions: More data-based research on mood variations is needed to authoritatively remedy this situation.
Emotional and Behavioral Responses to Workplace Incivility and the Impact of Hierarchical Status

Using appraisal theory, this research examined targets’ emotional responses to workplace incivility, and how these responses impact targets’ behavioral responses. Targets who reported greater incivility reported greater anger, fear, and sadness. Targets’ anger was associated with more direct aggression against the instigators; targets’ fear was associated with indirect aggression against instigators, absenteeism, and exit; and targets’ sadness was associated with absenteeism. Status moderated the effects of fear and sadness. Our results underscore the need for organizations to manage civility so that they and their employees can avoid substantial direct and indirect costs associated with workplace incivility. At a broader level, our results suggest the importance of developing greater awareness about the harmful effects of fear and sadness in the workplace.
The Longitudinal Discharge Planning and Treatment Model (LDPTM). Part 2

Abstract A longitudinally based discharge planning and treatment model that integrates essential components of other successful approaches (PACT, PACED, and Bridge to Discharge) is described. The development of linkages between the inpatient and community mental health providers during the early stages of hospitalization could improve the continuity of care and establish an aftercare plan rooted in existing community resources. Placing the client's need first will ensure a smoother transition from the structure of the inpatient ward to the community while maintaining continuity of care and reducing potential re-admissions to the hospital. Potential barriers that may prevent the adoption and implementation of such a system are discussed. Belcher and DeForge (2005) in Part 1 provided a review of case management and discharge planning, as well as a critique of case management models. In Part 2, DeForge and Belcher (2005) present and describe the components of the longitudinally based discharge planning and t...
Prevention of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by ganglioside GM4: A follow-up study

The myelin-specific ganglioside GM4, when incubated with myelin basic protein prior to inoculation, prevents experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the guinea pig. The monosialoganglioside GM1, the predominant ganglioside of mammalian myelin, also prevents experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, whereas a mixture of neural gangliosides rich in polysialogangliosides causes enhanced disease. Guinea pigs inoculated with both myelin basic protein and GM4 develop serum IgG antibodies against basic protein, but not against GM4.
Three-dimensional parallel finite-difference bidomain modelling of cardiac tissue

Three-dimensional finite-difference bidomain models of cardiac tissues can lead to a large number of equations for which an effective solution with the computational power of conventional computers may be difficult. Here, the authors describe the application of a massively parallel computer to provide the memory and reduction in solution time for solving large finite-difference bidomain problems. The finite-difference grid can be mapped effectively to the processors of the parallel computer, simply by mapping one node to one processor. The parallel finite-difference algorithm for a general three-dimensional bidomain model is presented together with test results. >
Evolution and sexology

This entry describes the intersection of evolutionary theory and sexology. The birth of evolutionary theory preceded the scientific study of human sexuality by decades. Darwinian evolutionary theory became the authoritative version in the 1930s when combined with modern genetics. Sociobiology and evolutionary psychology (EP) created much controversy by employing Darwinian theory to explain human social and sexual behavior, but made unique discoveries about mate preferences and mating strategies. Critics have challenged the assumptions and methodologies of evolutionary psychologists, although EP has remained a robust field. However, most sexual scientists study proximate social aspects of human sexuality and ignore evolutionary theory. Keywords: evolution; evolutionary psychology; sex research
Women in Athletics

(1951). Women in Athletics. Journal of the American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation: Vol. 22, No. 9, pp. 57-58.
A simple formulation method for reduced number of circuit equations in MNA

A description is given of a simple but effective modification to a well-known circuit formulation method, modified nodal analysis (MNA), to reduce the number of equations while formulating the circuit equations. For this purpose, a set of simple rules are presented. This new method is compared with the original MNA for simplicity and memory space. The new method is found to be superior to MNA in memory requirement and run time. The complete method of implementing the rules with examples of its use is presented. >
Adrenocorticotropin-induced generation of 5′-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate and its relation to nucleotide synthesis in the adrenal cortex

Abstract Corticotropin added at a level of 1−0.01 nM to a high-speed supernatant fraction prepared from a homogenate of adrenal cortex stimulated the synthesis of uridine 5′-phosphate. Stimulus occurred in the presence of glucose 6-phosphate and NADP+. Corticotropin was thought to activate adrenal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) and thus the pentose phosphate pathway with an increase in 5′-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate. In the presence of [carboxy-14C]orotate, added or generated 5′-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate formed [carboxy-14C]orotidine 5′-phosphate. The subsequent decarboxylation of this latter compound gave rise to 14Co2 which was used as a measure of pyrimidine synthesis. Corticotropin also stimulated the rate of decarboxylation of [1-14C]glucose 6-phosphate added to the supernatant fraction.
Recurrent depression in adolescents: a follow-up study.

ABSTRACT Twenty adolescent psychiatric inpatients, whose index hospitalization was at a mean age of 14, were followed up approximately 8 years after discharge. Seven of the 11 individuals diagnosed as having an affective disorder at the index admission experienced at least one episode of Major Depressive Disorder during the follow-up period, and four of these depressed patients reported recurrent episodes of Major Depressive Disorder. In contrast, only one of the nine nondepressed psychiatric control subjects reported having experienced an episode of Major Depression during the follow-up period. There were no significant differences between the groups concerning current levels of depression. The depressed group reported significantly greater adjustment problems with respect to specific areas of functioning, although they did not differ significantly from control subjects concerning overall adjustment. All patients in both groups had at least one first degree relative with some form of a psychiatric disorder, but significantly more of the depressed patients had a relative with an affective illness.
Mechanisms of fructose diphosphate activation of a mutant pyruvate kinase from human red cells

Abstract 1. 1. Normal human erythrocyte pyruvate kinase (ATP:pyruvate phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.40) and mutant pyruvate kinase from a propositus with congenital, nonspherocytic, hemolytic anemia were isolated by DEAE-cellulose extraction and (NH4)2SO4 precipitation. 2. 2. Fru -1,6-P 2 lowered the apparent Michaelis constant for phosphoenolpyruvate of the normal enzyme but did not substantially change the maximal velocity. This activator greatly elevated both the apparent Michaelis constant for phosphoenolpyruvate and the maximalvelocity of the mutant enzyme. 3. 3. Fru -1,6-P 2 did not affect the Michaelis constant for ADP or the optimal Mg2+ concentration in either the normal or the mutant enzyme. 4. 4. Fru -1,6-P 2 altered the extremely sensitive interaction of the binding sites for the two substrates on the mutant enzyme. 5. 5. The sensitivity of the normal enzyme to Fru -1,6-P 2 could be increased by either dilution or heating. With heating, dilute solutions of both normal and mutant enzymes decayed in two steps, indicating the presence of multiple conformations in both enzymes. 6. 6. A molecular model is proposed for Fru -1,6-P 2 activation; Fru -1,6-P 2 acts directly on the phosphoenolpyruvate binding site; interaction of the two substrate sites then alters the conformation of the binding site for ADP.
Digital culture creative classrooms (DC3): teaching 21st century proficiencies in high schools by engaging students in creative digital projects

Children and young adults are immersed in digital culture, but most are not familiar with the computational thinking behind the latest tools and technologies. There are few opportunities in secondary school curricula for students to learn such practices, but we believe that skills such as computational thinking, creative coding, collaboration, innovation, and information literacy can be taught in a highly effective manner by using aesthetic challenges as a motivation. In other words, by engaging students in creative digital arts projects they are naturally driven to acquire the many new skills to effectively use and understand the computational tools and techniques involved in creating digital and interactive projects. In this paper, we outline a project-based digital arts curriculum through which novice middle/high school students are intrinsically motivated to learn and apply science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) skills and computational thinking.
Family Cash‐Flow Budgeting

A budget process variable is developed to address three research questions con cerning family cash-flow management: (1) how frequently is the formalized cash- flow budget used, (2) what are the characteristics of those families who tend to use it, and (3) what are the potential benefits associated with the use of a formal budget. The distribution for a formalized budget variable is reported for a repre sentative sample of Iowa families. The distribution is skewed with a dispropor tional large group of households reporting little, if any, formalized planning. Compared to informal planners, formal budget planners are more likely to have the following characteristics: younger, more years of education, two-spouse households, and high circumstantial demands. Preliminary evidence suggests that benefits like increased wealth accumulation over the long run may be more important than immediate benefits like current satisfactions. A question is raised about the conventional assumption that families typically use a formalized or “normative” budget process.
The measurement of the galvanic corrosion of soldered copper using the scanning vibrating electrode technique

Abstract The corrosion behavior of antimony-tin and lead-tin solders have been compared after soldering to copper under similar conditions. The measurements were made in an air-exposed dilute solution containing chloride and sulfate at room temperature. The vibrating probe was used to determine the current densities above the sample under freely corroding conditions and with external applied polarizing currents. The tests showed that the antimony-solder was susceptible to localized corrosion whereas the lead-solder was passive. Polarization resistance measurements were derived from convertional polarization measurement and from the polarization of the anodic and cathodic areas.
The Role of Vagal Afferent Nerves in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Circumstantial evidence supports the hypothesis that the vagal nervous system is dysregulated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This dysregulation can lead to an increased sensitivity of the cough reflex such that the coughing becomes, at times, “nonproductive” or inappropriate. Vagal dysregulation can also lead to an increase in the activity of the parasympathetic reflex control of the airways, which contributes to greater mucus secretion and bronchial smooth muscle contraction. Indirect evidence indicates that lung disease is accompanied by substantive changes to the entire reflex pathways, including enhanced activity of the primary afferent nerves, increases in synaptic efficacy at secondary nerves in the central nervous system, and changes in the autonomic nerve pathways. Drugs aimed at normalizing neuronal activity may, therefore, be beneficial in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Modeling Phonological Core Deficits Within a Working Memory Architecture in Children and Adults With Developmental Dyslexia.

Recent theoretical advances in working memory guided analyses of cognitive measures in 122 children with dyslexia and their 200 affected biological parents in families with a multigenerational history of dyslexia. Both children and adults were most severely impaired, on average, in three working memory components— phonological word-form storage, time-sensitive phonological loop, and executive functions involving phonology. Structural equation modeling showed that, for children, first-order factors from the phonological, orthographic, and/or morphological word forms uniquely predicted 11 reading and writing outcomes but, for adults, a second-order factor (reflecting interrelationships among the three first-order word-form factors) was more likely to be significant in predicting the same reading and writing outcomes. Structural equation modeling of the three working memory component factors showed that the most consistent predictor of text-level reading and writing for both children and adults was the secon...
Carotid artery sacrifice for unclippable and uncoilable aneurysms: endovascular occlusion vs common carotid artery ligation.

Background Optimal treatment of intracranial aneurysms involves complete occlusion of the aneurysm with preservation of the parent artery and all of its branches. Attempts to occlude the aneurysm and preserve the parent artery may be associated with a higher level of risk than parent vessel occlusion or trapping. Objective To evaluate our series of patients with large and giant aneurysms who underwent treatment via endovascular coiling with parent artery sacrifice or surgical ligation of the common carotid artery (CCA) and gain insight into the advantages and risks of each of these alternatives. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all patients with aneurysms who underwent carotid sacrifice via endovascular occlusion or surgical CCA ligation during an 8-year period at our institution. Results Twenty-seven patients with large and giant aneurysms of the internal carotid artery underwent carotid artery sacrifice via endovascular occlusion (n = 15) or CCA ligation (n = 12). Of the patients who underwent endovascular occlusion, 3 developed groin complications, 1 developed a new sixth nerve palsy, 1 died from vasospasm related to subarachnoid hemorrhage, and 1 died secondary to rupture of an associated 3-mm anterior communicating artery aneurysm 5 days postoperatively. Of the patients undergoing CCA ligation, 1 patient developed a partial hypoglossal palsy. Clinical improvement of presenting symptoms was observed in all surviving patients regardless of the method of treatment. Complete aneurysm obliteration was documented in all patients during the initial hospital stay. The mean radiographic long-term follow-up was 14.2 months, which was available in 20 of the 25 surviving patients (80%). Complete obliteration was confirmed at follow-up in all but 2 patients with large cavernous aneurysms; 1 was initially treated with endovascular occlusion and the other with carotid ligation. Conclusion Parent artery sacrifice is still a viable treatment for some complex aneurysms of the internal carotid artery. CCA ligation is a reasonable alternative to endovascular arterial sacrifice.
Stochasticity in Sexual Selection Enables Divergence: Implications for Moth Pheromone Evolution

Sexual selection has long been hypothesized to lead to allopatric speciation, and one possible mechanism for this is that its interaction with stochasticity, which perturbs the trait and preference equilibria, can result in different traits being preferred in different populations. Here we specifically examine the role that stochastic changes in sexual selection strength plays in the shift of predominance between pairs of preferences and traits within a single population. We first create a single-locus null model of stochasticity during frequency dependent selection and then compare it to a two-locus population genetic model with stochastic strengths of female preferences for male traits. We find some interesting differences between the two models, primarily that in the two-locus sexual selection model shifts between preference and trait regimes occur more often with both weak and strong preferences, compared to intermediate preference strengths. We discuss the implications of our results for the evolution of pheromone blends and male responses during speciation in moths, a case that seems to match the assumptions of our model.
Transition-metal-promoted reactions of boron hydrides. 17. Titanium-catalyzed decaborane-olefin hydroborations.

The titanium-catalyzed hydroboration reactions of decaborane with a variety of terminal olefins have been found to result in the exclusive, high-yield formation of monosubstituted decaborane 6-R-B10H13 products, arising from anti-Markovnikov addition of the cage B6−H to the olefin. The titanium-catalyzed reactions are slow, often less than one turnover per hour; however, their high selectivities and yields coupled with the fact that they are simple, one-pot reactions give them significant advantages over the previously reported routes to 6-R-B10H13 compounds. The catalyst also has extended activity with reactions carried out for as long as 13 days, showing little decrease in reactivity, thereby allowing for the production of large amounts of 6-R-B10H13. The titanium-catalyzed reactions of decaborane with the nonconjugated diolefins, 1,5-hexadiene and diallylsilane, were found to give, depending upon reaction conditions and stoichiometries, high yields of either alkenyl-substituted 6-(CH2CH(CH2)4)-B10H13 (...
A Seasonal Heat Budget across the Extent of the California Current

Abstract A seasonal heat budget is based on observations that span the broad California Current (CC) region. Budget terms are estimated from satellite data (oceanic heat advection), repeat ship transects (heat storage rate), and the Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) (surface heat flux). The balance between terms differs with distance from shore. Offshore, a local balance between the heat storage rate and net heat flux (Q0) holds; the latter is dominated by its shortwave component QSW. Shoreward of ∼500 km, oceanic heat advection shifts the phase of the heat storage rate to earlier in the year and partially offsets an increase in Q0 due to cloud clearing. During the summer maximum of Q0, the ∼500-km-wide CC region loses heat to alongshore geostrophic transport, offshore Ekman transport, and, to a lesser degree, cross-shore geostrophic transport and eddy transport. The advective heat loss is neither uniform in space nor temporal phase; instead, the region of geostrophic and eddy heat loss expa...