cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ulysses solar wind plasma observations at high latitudes

Abstract Ulysses reached its peak northerly heliolatitude of 80.2°N on July 31st, 1995, and is now moving towards aphelion at 5.41 AU which it will reach in May, 1998. We summarize measurements from the solar wind plasma experiment, SWOOPS, emphasizing northern hemispheric observations but also providing southern and equatorial results for comparison. The solar wind momentum flux during Ulysses' fast pole-to-pole transit at solar minimum was significantly higher over the poles than at near-equatorial latitudes, suggesting a non-circular cross section for the heliosphere. Furthermore, modest asymmetries in wind speed, density, and mass flux were observed between the two hemispheres during the fast latitude scan. The solar wind was faster and less dense in the north than in the south. These asymmetries persist in the most recent high- and mid-latitude data but are less pronounced. As of July, 1996 the northern fast solar wind has lacked any strong stream interactions or shocks and, although a comprehensive search has not yet been made, no CMEs have yet been identified during this interval. On the other hand, Alfvenic, compressional, and pressure-balanced features are abundant at high latitudes. The most recent data, at 4 AU and 32°N, has begun to show the effects of solar rotation modulated features in the form of recurrent compressed regions.
A Decade of Predatory Control of Zooplankton Species Composition of Lake Michigan

Abstract From 1983 to 1992, 71 species representing 38 genera from the Calanoida, Cladocera, Cyclopoida, Mysidacea, Rotifera, Mollusca and Harpacticoida comprised the offshore zooplankton community of Lake Michigan. Our data demonstrate that the composition and abundance of the calanoid community after 1983 is not unlike that of 1960s and that species diversity of the calanoid community is more diverse than the cladoceran community in the 1990s as compared to the early 1980s. Even though the relative biomass of the cladocerans has remained similar over the 1983–1993 period, the species diversity and evenness of the Cladocera community in the early 1990s is unlike anything that has been previously reported for Lake Michigan. Cladocera dominance is centered in one species, Daphnia galeata mendotae, and only three species of Cladocera were observed in the pelagic region of the lake in 1991 and 1992. Nutrient levels, phytoplankton biomass, and the abundance of planktivorous alewife and bloater chub and Bythotrephes are examined as possible causes of these changes in zooplankton species composition. The increase in Rotifera biomass, but not Crustacea, was correlated with an increase in relative biomass of unicelluar algae. Food web models suggest Bythotrephes will cause Lake Michigan's plankton to return to a community similar to that of the 1970s; that is Diaptomus dominated. Such a change has occurred. However, correlational analysis suggest that alewife and bloater chubs (especially juveniles) are affecting size and biomass of larger species of zooplankton as well as Bythotrephes .
Approach to the treatment-naïve patient with HCV genotype 1 infection.

In May 2011, the protease inhibitors boceprevir and telaprevir were approved in combination with peginterferon-α and ribavirin for the treatment of genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C virus infection in the United States. These regimens brought substantial improvements in sustained virologic response rates, especially for treatment-naive patients. This article reviews the approach to therapy with these genotype 1 treatment-naive patients.
Quality metrics for geologic grid structures

The convergence and the accuracy of numerical solutions to partial differential equations strongly depend on the quality of the grids on which these solutions are computed. First and second order quality metrics for hexahedral grids cells are formulated and applied to evaluate the quality of three-dimensional geologic grid structures. Examples measuring the Jacobian and the orthogonality of geologic grids are given.
Folksonomy-based ad hoc community detection in online social networks

Advances in Web 2.0 technologies have led to unstructured information overload in the complex and multidimensional datasets that originate in social networks. This overload can diminish the quality of web-related services such as recommender systems in the social web and can overwhelm users with irrelevant information. Such overload indicates the need to design and develop efficient and accurate information management and retrieval systems in social networks and anticipate recommendations in the semantic context of user interest. Community detection in social networks can help identify higher-order structures that unveil insight into networks and their functional organization and reduce irrelevant information received by the user. In this study, the application of community detection in online social networks is investigated within the framework of topic discovery-based user link identification and is consequently used to uncover implicit user communities (ad hoc communities). In the proposed approach, we use a graph-based information extraction technique that provides for a personalized information retrieval (recommender) system. We hypothesize that the ad hoc communities of users sharing similar interests embedded in a folksonomy-based social network can be identified by overlapping tag clusters in the tag concept hierarchy. Our methodology incorporates the novel information extraction techniques of topic modeling for topic extraction (feature extraction), user profile modeling for user profile extraction, and community extraction from the social graph, modeled in a framework to derive relevant ad hoc user communities of social interest from folksonomy data. Our experimental results demonstrate an accuracy of 70–98 % in community detection using data obtained from CiteULike®.
Optical fiber evanescent wave absorption spectrometry of nanocrystalline tin oxide thin films for selective hydrogen sensing in high temperature gas samples

SnO(2) nanocrystalline material was prepared with a sol-gel process and thin films of the nanocrystalline SnO(2) were coated on the surface of bent optical fiber cores for gas sensing. The UV/vis absorption spectrometry of the porous SnO(2) coating on the surface of the bent optical fiber core exposed to reducing gases was investigated with a fiber optical spectrometric method. The SnO(2) film causes optical absorption signal in UV region with peak absorption wavelength at around 320 nm when contacting H(2)-N(2) samples at high temperatures. This SnO(2) thin film does not respond to other reducing gases, such as CO, CH(4) and other hydrocarbons, at high temperatures within the tested temperature range from 300 degrees C to 800 degrees C. The response of the sensing probe is fast (within seconds). Replenishing of the oxygen in tin oxide was demonstrated by switching the gas flow from H(2)-N(2) mixture to pure nitrogen and compressed air. It takes about 20 min for the absorption signal to decrease to the baseline after the gas sample was switched to pure nitrogen, while the absorption signal decreased quickly (in 5 min) to the baseline after switching to compressed air. The adhesion of tin oxide thin films is found to be improved by pre-coating a thin layer of silica gel on the optical fiber. Adhesion increases due to increase interaction of optical fiber surface and the coated silica gel and tin oxide film. Optical absorption spectra of SnO(2) coating doped with 5 wt% MoO(3) were observed to change and red-shifted from 320 nm to 600 nm. SnO(2) thin film promoted with 1 wt% Pt was found to be sensitive to CH(4) containing gas.
Culture-negative peritoneal dialysis peritonitis associated with pancreaticoduodenocystotomy leak of a pancreas transplant

Abstract Background: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) peritonitis is usually caused by infection and less commonly by a sterile inflammatory reaction. Methods: The authors report the case of a kidney-pancreas transplant recipient who was receiving PD after kidney transplant rejection 5 years after transplantation. The patient had a viable pancreas transplant. He had abdominal pain associated with cloudy PD effluent. The PD leukocyte count was elevated with a predominance of monocytic leukocytes. Results: Blood, urine, and PD effluent cultures were negative. An ultrasound scan of the transplanted kidney and a computerized tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen and pelvis did not identify the cause of the peritonitis. Foley catheter decompression of the bladder resulted in improvement of the abdominal pain and PD effluent leukocytosis. Twenty-five days later, the patient again experienced abdominal pain and cloudy PD effluent. Cultures of blood and PD effluent were again negative. CT scanning and cystoscopy of the transplanted pancreas identified a leak at the pancreaticoduodenocystotomy anastamosis. Urinary bladder decompression was followed by surgical exploration that identified an erosion of the distal transplanted duodenum, necessitating enteric diversion of the transplanted pancreas's exocrine secretions. The patient underwent conversion to hemodialysis, and the pancreas transplant continued to function well. He has subsequently received a living related kidney transplant. Conclusion: This is the first reported case of noninfectious PD peritonitis caused by pancreaticoduodenocystotomy leak in a patient with a functional pancreas transplant.
Web services for controlled vocabularies

Les AA. presentent une approche permettant d'utiliser les services Web pour interagir avec les vocabulaires controles. L'implementation des services se fait dans le cadre d'une architecture orientee service (AOS). L'AOS est une approche d'informatique repartie dans laquelle les services sont associes de facon lâche et reperables sur le reseau. Un ensemble de services experimentaux pour vocabulaires controles est fourni via la fenetre de tâche de recherche de Microsoft Office.
Cross-lagged relations between mentoring received from supervisors and employee OCBs: Disentangling causal direction and identifying boundary conditions.

[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 100(4) of Journal of Applied Psychology (see record 2015-29666-002). The correct citation for Singh, Ragins, and Tharenou (2009) should have been: Singh, R., Ragins, B. R., & Tharenou, P. (2009). Who gets a mentor? A longitudinal assessment of the rising star hypothesis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74, 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j .jvb.2008.09.009 All versions of this article have been corrected.] Although mentoring has documented relationships with employee attitudes and outcomes of interest to organizations, neither the causal direction nor boundary conditions of the relationship between mentoring and organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) has been fully explored. On the basis of Social Learning Theory (SLT; Bandura, 1977, 1986), we predicted that mentoring received by supervisors would causally precede OCBs, rather than employee OCBs resulting in the receipt of more mentoring from supervisors. Results from cross-lagged data collected at 2 points in time from 190 intact supervisor–employee dyads supported our predictions; however, only for OCBs directed at individuals (OCB-Is) and not for OCBs directed at the organization (OCB-Os). Further supporting our theoretical rationale for expecting mentoring to precede OCBs, we found that coworker support operates as a substitute for mentoring in predicting OCB-Is. By contrast, no moderating effects were found for perceived organizational support. The results are discussed in terms of theoretical implications for mentoring and OCB research, as well as practical suggestions for enhancing employee citizenship behaviors.
Retrieving similar discussion forum threads: a structure based approach

Online forums are becoming a popular way of finding useful information on the web. Search over forums for existing discussion threads so far is limited to keyword-based search due to the minimal effort required on part of the users. However, it is often not possible to capture all the relevant context in a complex query using a small number of keywords. Example-based search that retrieves similar discussion threads given one exemplary thread is an alternate approach that can help the user provide richer context and vastly improve forum search results. In this paper, we address the problem of finding similar threads to a given thread. Towards this, we propose a novel methodology to estimate similarity between discussion threads. Our method exploits the thread structure to decompose threads in to set of weighted overlapping components. It then estimates pairwise thread similarities by quantifying how well the information in the threads are mutually contained within each other using lexical similarities between their underlying components. We compare our proposed methods on real datasets against state-of-the-art thread retrieval mechanisms wherein we illustrate that our techniques outperform others by large margins on popular retrieval evaluation measures such as NDCG, MAP, Precision@k and MRR. In particular, consistent improvements of up to 10% are observed on all evaluation measures.
In situ/invasive cervical cancer ratios: impact of cancer education and screening

A study of cancer incidence rates in Newark, NJ showed an increase in invasive cervical cancer among black women between 1970 and 1976. The incidence was substantially higher than that found in the Third National Cancer Survey and the Surveillance Epidemiology End Results Program. The ratio of in situ/invasive cervical cancer incidence among black women was 1:1, far below the national ratio of about 3:1. It seemed that the high-risk population in Newark might not be having regular Papanicolaou smears. From 1976 through 1981, intensive educational and cervical cancer screening programs were carried out in the city of Newark. A review was made of cervical cancer cases (1976-1981) reported to the tumor registries or recorded on discharge diagnoses in hospitals where Newark residents are known to have sought care. The findings showed that the ratio of in situ to invasive cervical cancer had increased dramatically: the overwhelming majority of cancers were found to be in situ carcinomas. The improvement was far more impressive among black women than among white women. Since the intervention campaign had been directed primarily toward the black female population, a group at extremely high risk, this suggested that efficacy of the intervention program.
The Immorality of Having Children

This paper defends the Famine Relief Argument against Having Children, which goes as follows: conceiving and raising a child costs hundreds of thousands of dollars; that money would be far better spent on famine relief; therefore, conceiving and raising children is immoral. It is named after Peter Singer’s Famine Relief Argument because it might be a special case of Singer’s argument and because it exposes the main practical implication of Singer’s argument—namely, that we should not become parents. I answer five objections: that disaster would ensue if nobody had children; that having children cannot be wrong because it is so natural for human beings; that the argument demands too much of us; that my child might be a great benefactor to the world; and that we should raise our children frugally and give them the right values rather than not have them. Previous arguments against procreation have appealed either to a pessimism about human life, or to the environmental impact of overpopulation, or to the fact that we cannot obtain the consent of the non-existent. The argument proposed here appeals to the severe opportunity costs of parenting.
Direction of Preoperative Ventricular Shunting Affects Ventricular Mechanics After Tetralogy of Fallot Repair

Background— Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) typically results in clinical cyanosis or volume overload of the left ventricle (LV), depending on the direction and magnitude of shunting across the ventricular septal defect (VSD). The present study examines the effects of surgical TOF repair on LV mechanics and compares these changes between patients with VSD shunts that are predominantly right-to-left (R-L; “blue TOF”) and those with VSD shunts that are predominantly left-to-right (L-R; “pink TOF”). Methods and Results— Eleven patients (6 R-L and 5 L-R) 4.3 to 18.4 months old (median 7.1 months old) were studied. LV end-diastolic area (EDA) was calculated from transesophageal echocardiograms obtained during initiation and weaning of cardiopulmonary bypass. LV end-diastolic pressure was measured by micromanometer. Compliance was assessed by end-diastolic pressure-area curves. Contractility was assessed from preload recruitable stroke work by the stroke work–versus–LV EDA relation. VSD shunt direction was determined...
One-lung ventilation when intubation is difficult--presentation of a new endobronchial blocker.

Background: One-lung ventilation utilizing a double-lumen endotracheal tube may be technically difficult or inappropriate in morbidly obese or critically ill patients. In patients requiring awake fiberoptic intubation, double-lumen tube placement may be impossible. Wire-guided endobronchial blockade through a conventional endotracheal tube is a new alternative for these patients. Methods: A 44-year-old, 133 kg female patient was scheduled to undergo a thoracotomy for transthoracic fundoplication. A wire-guided endobronchial blocker (WEB) was placed following rapid-sequence induction and intubation with an 8.0 OD single-lumen endotracheal tube with the aid of a pediatric bronchoscope. Results: The WEB, using a guiding loop, was placed with ease and allowed effective one-lung ventilation. Conclusion: The WEB system allows one-lung ventilation to be achieved with a conventional endotracheal tube. The need for reintubation at the end of surgery is eliminated and endotracheal tube cross-sectional area is conserved.
Cosuppression, Flower Color Patterns, and Metastable Gene Expression States

In plants, transgenes often induce rapid turnover of homologous endogenous transcripts. This "cosuppression" of homologous genes is an extremely nonlinear response to small increases in gene expression or dosage, inversely amplifying them into dramatic phenotypic alterations. Pigment transgenes elicit metastable cosuppression patterns organized by flower morphology. Pattern organization and metastability reflect regulatory states (probably transgene transcription states) that respond to morphological features and are labile to physiology and development. Shifts between regulatory states can be highly ordered; for example, a shift may be imposed on a population of cells defining a meristem, which then stably maintains and transmits the new state throughout growth.
Biochemical investigation of two responses involved in the feeding behaviour of Acanthaster planci (L.). II. Isolation and characterization of chemical stimuli

Abstract Feeding behaviour is induced in the crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster planet (L.), by two kinds of chemical stimulus originating in coral. One is macromolecular, and the other of low molecular weight, largely accounted for by small peptides and amino acids. It is found that, under experimental conditions, starfish rapidly habituate to a chemical stimulus which at first strongly induces feeding behaviour. The pronounced withdrawal response which occurs when a crude extract of coral is applied to the starfish (a response apparently identical with that evoked by contact with live coral) is caused by a component which corresponds closely in chromatographie behaviour with proline. Proline itself produces the response, but is present at too low a concentration in coral to account for the observed activity.
SCHOLARLY PAPER: Cochrane nursing care field nursing care clinical trial database node

Hopp L. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2010; 16: 647–648 Cochrane nursing care field nursing care clinical trial database node
Addressing prehospital patient safety using the science of injury prevention and control.

There is inadequate information about the scope andcharacter of adverse events in prehospital care. However, there is ample evidence to suggest that prehospital patient safety hazards are often unique andunderrecognized. We first summarize what is currently understood about prehospital patient safety andidentify the specific aspects of emergency medical services (EMS) care that may make conventional approaches to the evaluation andimprovement of patient safety more difficult. Next we introduce the concept of using injury prevention andcontrol science to analyze prehospital adverse events andto help develop EMS patient safety solutions. Injury prevention andcontrol is a proven public health approach for the study andreduction of both intentional andunintentional injuries. It includes the use of a Haddon phase–factor matrix to identify possible interventions, especially environmental modifications that provide automatic protection. We demonstrate how this method can be used as a complementary approach in ef...
Thermal conductivity in perovskites

A three-phonon interaction mechanism is proposed to account for thermal-conductivity data in SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and KTa${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. The model qualitatively explains the observed strong resonant scattering, its temperature and electric field dependence, and the differences between the two materials.
The consequences of unrealized occupational goals in the transition to adulthood

Do unmet occupational goals have negative consequences for well-being? Several social-psychological theories posit that aspirations become standards against which individuals judge themselves, thereby decreasing well-being when unmet. Yet other evidence points to young adults' goal flexibility and resilience, suggesting unmet aspirations may not affect well-being. This paper tests these alternatives using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 (N = 9016) and the National Educational Longitudinal Study of 1988 (N = 10,547) to examine whether the degree of match between adolescent occupational aspirations (NLSY) and expectations (NELS) and later attainment affect job satisfaction and depression. This paper also examines gender differences in the cost to unmet goals. Findings reveal a cost to falling short of one's occupational goals, manifested in more depressive symptoms for men in the older cohort, and lower job satisfaction for both men and women across two cohorts born approximately 14 years apart.
The decay of forest woody debris : numerical modeling and implications based on some 300 data cases from North America

The decay rate of forest woody debris (WD) is a key missing link for a quantitative understanding of forest carbon dynamics and the global carbon budget. This paper reports an attempt to synthesize the available information into a unifying and testable numerical model pertinent to the analysis and projection of WD decay in field conditions. The model is rooted in an integrative theory that depicts decay as a process of substrate quality degradation along with feedback responses of microbial activity. It is parameterized through regression analysis against 112 data cases of stem and branch WD decay in North America, and then is evaluated against 132 additional data cases for stem and branch WD, and 75 data cases for root WD decay. The root mean square errors of both the fitted and the projected WD decay rates are about 14% of the means of respective data sets. Aided by peripheral algorithms, the model solves WD decay with data requirements limited to (1) tree species, and (2) air temperature and precipitation in January and July for forested sites, plus (3) latitude and elevation for deforested sites. The mathematical and physical implications of the model by its component functions and as a whole are generally supported by independent evidence from the literature where available. Those implications include: (1) the observed decay rate is lower when defined by density loss than by mass loss, when inferred from chronosequence survey than from population monitoring, or when estimated with specimens with end-coating than without coating; (2) the initial quality of WD differs between Abies/Picea and other species among conifers, or along the gradients of shade tolerance and normal stem slenderness among the deciduous trees; (3) the basic microbial growth rate (the rate at a WD quality of unity) increases with ambient temperature but decreases along the gradients of July precipitation-to-potential evapotranspiration ratio and January precipitation under forested conditions; and (4) WD decay may be accelerated or hampered after canopy removal, depending on local air humidity. The model further suggests that the lower of substrate quality and the basic microbial growth rate exerts a proportionally greater constraint on the decay rate, so the difference in WD decay by substrate and site narrows as the substrate quality degrades over time. Thus, a 2°C warming in air temperature would accelerate stem WD decay by 9-55% across the data sites for the 1st year, but only 1-14% by year 100.
Evaluation of equations based on animal factors to predict intake of lactating Holstein cows.

The accuracy of seven DMI prediction equations based only on animal factors was evaluated with 11 independent data files. Mean square prediction error was used to compare equation accuracy, which was considered to be unsatisfactory when the square root of the mean square prediction error was greater than ±20% of the observed mean DMI. Robust intake equations that have a tolerable level of prediction errors for most data files would be less risky for practical use than models that are highly accurate for some data files but highly inaccurate for others. The number of independent data files for which equation accuracy was unsatisfactory was used to measure lack of robustness. No equation evaluated was able to predict individual cow DMI with a prediction error that was consistently lower than ±20% of the observed mean intake. The most robust equation in this study predicted intake unsatisfactorily for 3 of the 11 evaluation data files. Unsatisfactory accuracy for this equation was mainly due to mean bias.
The direct support workforce in community supports to individuals with developmental disabilities: Issues, implications, and promising pactices

Difficulties in finding, keeping, and ensuring the competence of the direct support workforce in community developmental disability services has long been a challenge for individuals, families, providers, and policy makers. Direct support staff recruitment, retention, and competence are widely reported as one of the most significant barriers to the sustainability, growth, and quality of community services for people with developmental disabilities (ANCOR [2001] State of the states report. Alexandria, VA: ANCOR; Colorado Department of Human Services, [2000] Response to Footnote 106 of the FY 2001 appropriations long bill: Capacity of the community services systems for persons with developmental disabilities in Colorado; Hewitt [2000] Dynamics of the workforce crisis. Presentation at the NASDDDS Fall meeting. Alexandria, VA). While long in existence, these challenges are ones of growing concern because the number of people demanding community services is increasing and the population of people from which to recruit workers is declining (Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation [2006] The supply of direct support professionals serving individuals with intellectual disabilities and other developmental disabilities: Report to Congress. Washington, DC: Office of Disability, Aging and Long-Term Care Policy, ASPE, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). As the service system moves towards consumer direction, managed care, and more noncategorical service delivery systems, the difficulties of providing for an adequate and well-prepared workforce to support people with developmental disabilities becomes more complex and multifaceted. The solutions to those challenges are also more complex. This article reviews the literature regarding the complexity of the direct support workforce crisis, the effects of this crisis on various stakeholder groups, promising practices designed to address the challenges, and the related practice and policy implications.
A phase I trial of prolonged oral etoposide and liposomal doxorubicin in ovarian, peritoneal, and tubal carcinoma: a gynecologic oncology group study.

Abstract Objectives. In an effort to explore second-line therapy in ovarian, peritoneal, and tubal carcinoma, a phase I trial combining prolonged oral etoposide and liposomal doxorubicin was conducted by the Gynecologic Oncology Group. Methods. Liposomal doxorubicin (20 mg/m 2 ) was administered intravenously over 1 h followed by oral etoposide at 50 mg/m 2 /day beginning on day 2. In the first phase of accrual, the number of days of oral etoposide was increased until its maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was determined based on hematologic toxicity. In the second phase, etoposide was given at the MTD while the dose of liposomal doxorubicin was escalated until its maximum tolerated dose was reached based on hematologic or nonhematologic toxicity. Cycles were repeated every 28 days for a maximum of 12 courses. Dose-limiting toxicity was defined as neutropenic sepsis, grade 4 thrombocytopenia, absolute neutrophil count Results. Fifteen patients were accrued to the study's first phase, and 3 were accrued to the second phase. Dose-limiting hematologic toxicity occurred with 14 days of oral etoposide in combination with liposomal doxorubicin at 20 mg/m 2 . Efforts to escalate the dose of liposomal doxorubicin to 30 mg/m 2 in combination with 12 days of oral etoposide at 50 mg/m 2 resulted in dose-limiting hematologic toxicity. Five of 17 (29%; 95% CI: 13–53%) evaluable patients experienced a response. Conclusion. The regimen of oral etoposide at 50 mg/m 2 /day for 12 days in combination with liposomal doxorubicin at a dose of 20 mg/m 2 is tolerable without supportive therapy. While this dose of oral etoposide has demonstrated activity as a single agent in ovarian cancer, liposomal doxorubicin has only been effective in ovarian cancer at higher doses. There are no immediate plans to study this combination further.
Role of carbonaceous nanomaterials in stimulating osteogenesis in mammalian bone cells.

In this work, we demonstrate that graphitic nanomaterials—carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and carboxylated graphenes (Gn)—have the ability to stimulate the process of osteogenesis in mammalian bone cells and significantly increase the level of bone mineralization. Exposure of MC3T3-E1 bone cells to carboxylated MWCNTs—nano-sized (nano-Gn) and micro-sized (micro-Gn) in concentrations of 1–10 μg ml−1—resulted in the enhancement of mineralization in a time-dependent manner for the cells exposed to the nanomaterials, as compared to unexposed cells. However, the graphitic nanomaterials did not show significant toxicity in the concentration levels that were studied. Gene expression analysis revealed that the MWCNTs activated expression of the mid-stage osteogenic marker, Col I, on the 12th day of cell incubation. The gene expression of the earliest osteogenic marker, Cbfa-1, and the downstream effector of BMP signaling, SMAD1, were significantly increased in bone cells exposed to both materials (MWCNTs and nano-Gn) as compared to unexposed control cells. Our data clearly demonstrate the ability of graphitic nano-materials to penetrate bone cells and regulate deposition of minerals in an in vitro model system. Our findings highlight the potential use of such materials in regenerative nanomedicine.
Young Children's Perceptions of Scientists: A Preliminary Study.

Background Since the 1950s, there has been a growing body of research dealing with perceptions children have of scientists. Typically, research studies in this area have utilized children's drawings in an effort to discern what those perceptions are. Studies assessing perceptions children have of scientists have shown that children have stereotypical images of scientists. Although there is no direct evidence to demonstrate the link between children's images of science and scientists with their career choice, several researchers (including this researcher) have assumed that children's attitudes towards science are greatly influenced by their perceptions of science and scientists. Purpose This study aimed to find out if there was a difference in the way 5- to 8-year-old children drew scientists, taking account of age, gender and socio-economic status. Sample For this study a convenience sample of 30 young children was used. Participants included young children between the ages of 5 and 8 years from a public...
Nociceptin/orphanin FQ blocks the antinociception induced by mu, kappa and delta opioid agonists on the cold water tail-flick test

Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ), a 17-amino-acid peptide, is an endogenous agonist whose receptor is similar in sequence to mu, delta and kappa opioid receptors. It has been reported that N/OFQ can block antinociceptive effects induced by opioid receptor agonists in the radiant heat tail-flick test and warm water tail-withdrawal test. The present study was designed to see the effect of N/OFQ on antinociception induced by opioid receptor agonists in the cold water tail-flick (CWT) test, which measures a different type of pain. In adult male Sprague-Dawley (S-D) rats given subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of saline or morphine (8 mg/kg), intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of N/OFQ (18 microg) 15 min later produced a significant reversal of morphine antinociception (P 0.01), compared to the corresponding saline control group. When the kappa opioid receptor agonist spiradoline (80 mg/kg, s.c.) was used instead of morphine, similar results were observed. In another series of experiments, it was found that i.c.v. injection of N/OFQ (18 microg) reversed the antinociception induced by i.c.v. injection of the selective mu opioid agonist PL017 (2 microg), delta opioid agonist DPDPE (50 ng) and kappa opioid agonist dynorphin (21.5 microg), respectively. These results indicate that N/OFQ may be an endogenous anti-opioid peptide in the brain of rats in the CWT test.
Determinants of donations in private nonprofit markets

Abstract We estimate the responsiveness of donations to a number of economic variables, including price, advertising, and the availability of revenue from such other sources as government grants and program service sales. Utilizing a set of IRS data on individual nonprofit organizations in each of seven industries — including hospitals and higher education — for the years 1982–1994, we find distinct overall patterns as well as notable variation across industries. A nonprofit organization’s fundraising expenditures are estimated to exert two countervailing effects on donations — the direct, advertising and information, effect augments donations, while the indirect effect, on the ‘price’ of donating, has a negative effect. We do not find evidence that fundraising is carried to the profit-maximizing levels. In some industries fundraising is substantially short of that level, while in other industries it is excessive, implying that the marginal return to fundraising is exceeded by the cost. Focusing on whether revenue from other sources affects donations to a nonprofit organization, we find evidence that revenue from either government grants or from the organization’s own program sales activity generally does not crowd-out private donations. To the contrary, in most industries there are significant positive effects.
Changes in secreted salivary sodium are sufficient to alter salt taste sensitivity : Use of signal detection measures with continuous monitoring of the oral environment

A signal detection measure of NaCl taste sensitivity was developed with continuous monitoring of the Na+ concentration of the oral environment. Taste sensitivity was reduced when saliva was stimulated by chewing to secrete with elevated Na+ levels. Monitoring of the oral environment for Na+ allowed a computation of physical signal strengths for NaCl and water stimuli; changes in these strengths, brought about by variations in secreted salivary sodium, furnish an explanation for alterations in NaCl taste sensitivity.
Magnetization oscillation in the B phase of superfluid 3He

The ringing phenomena in magnetization in the B phase (assumed to be the Balian-Werthamer state) after a sudden application of magnetic fields are analyzed theoretically. Particular attention is paid to the wall-fixed geometry, where the oscillation is intrinsically nonlinear. The ringing frequency is determined as a function of both the external field and the change in the magnetic field.
Honest symmetries and complex structures of the three-generation superstring model

Abstract A systematic analysis of honest symmetries and complex structures of the Tian-Yau manifold with three generations is offered. Also, the uniqueness of the freely acting dividing Z3 symmetry is demonstrated.
Fructans in crested wheatgrass leaves.

Summary Crested wheatgrass is an important cool-season grass that has become naturalized in many semiarid regions of the western U.S. It provides ground cover and reduces soil erosion caused by water and wind. Additionally, crested wheatgrass produces important forage for livestock and wildlife on 6 to 8 million hectars of western rangeland. It is well adapted to semiarid cold desert regions because of its cool temperature growth and drought tolerance. Understanding the biosynthesis of fructans in crested wheatgrass is important because of their likely role in both cool temperature growth and drought tolerance. Recent research described a major gene (6-SFT) in crested wheatgrass that is involved in fructan biosynthesis. 1-kestotriose, the major DP 3 fructan in crested wheatgrass, serves as the substrate for the two major DP 4 fructans, 1&6-kestotetraose and 1,1-kestotetraose. The three major DP 5 fructans are 1&6,1-kestopentaose, 1,1&6-kestopentaose and 1,1,1-kestopentaose. The major DP 6 fructan is 1&6;1&6-kestohexaose. We postulate that 1&6;1&6-kestohexaose is synthesized from the addition of a fructose to 1&6,1-kestopentaose. This paper provides structures of the various DP 3, 4, 5 and 6 fructan types produced by crested wheatgrass and provides suggested biosynthetic pathways for all major fructan linkage types present.
Rapid lysis of vaccinia virus on neutral sucrose gradients with release of intact DNA.

Abstract A new and improved procedure has been developed for the isolation of intact DNA genomes from purified vaccinia virions. Purified virions are layered on a neutral sucrose gradient containing sodium dodecyl sulfate, 2-mercaptoethanol and sodium chloride at neutral pH. Intact viral DNA free from protein and fully sensitive to DNase I is rapidly released from the virions.
Controlling soluble iron and manganese in a water-supply reservoir using hypolimnetic oxygenation.

Soluble metals such as iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) often reach problematic levels in water-supply reservoirs during summer stratification following the onset of hypolimnetic hypoxia. The behavior of soluble and particulate Fe and Mn was studied following the installation of a hypolimnetic oxygenation system in Carvins Cove Reservoir, a water-supply impoundment managed by the Western Virginia Water Authority. During oxygenation, manganese concentrations were very low in the bulk hypolimnion ( 2.0 mg l−1) were still observed in the benthic region close to the sediment, despite near-sediment dissolved oxygen concentrations in excess of 5.0 mg l−1. Oxygenation appears to affect the location of the oxic/anoxic boundary sufficiently to restrict substantial transport of soluble Mn to the bulk water of the hypolimnion. However, the position of the oxic/anoxic boundary was not uniformly affected along the reservoir bottom, allowing horizontal transport of soluble Mn from higher elevations in contact with hypoxic sediments. During one summer, when the oxygen system was turned off for a month, the soluble Mn in the bulk hypolimnion increased substantially. Oxygen concentrations were quickly restored after the system was turned back on, but elevated levels of soluble Mn persisted until the sedimentation rate of detritus through the hypolimnion increased. When operated without interruption, the oxygenation system was able to reduce the bulk average hypolimnion soluble Mn concentration by up to 97%, indicating that source water control of soluble Mn and Fe can be accomplished with hypolimnetic oxygenation in water-supply reservoirs.
31P MR spectroscopic imaging detects regenerative changes in human liver stimulated by portal vein embolization

Liver resection is the only curative therapy for hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer (CRC), and improved surgical techniques have permitted larger resections with acceptable morbidity and mortality (1). The major obstacle in performing large resections in patients with multiple metastases and/or bilobar lesions is insufficient functional remnant liver. In addition, in the past decade, the use of adjuvant systemic chemotherapy agents such as oxaliplatin and irinotecan has become the standard-of-care in CRC patients considered at high risk for metastatic spread. These agents can cause changes to the liver parenchyma which could negatively affect the process of liver regeneration (2,3). In patients with higher risk of liver failure after hepatic resection, portal vein embolization (PVE) has become an accepted technique for increasing the volume of the future remnant liver (4,5). This technique involves embolization of the portal vein supplying the liver lobe which will eventually be resected, resulting in hypertrophy of the contralateral lobe. While liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy (PH) has been extensively studied in animal models, fewer studies have been performed to investigate the mechanism of liver hypertrophy due to embolization of the contralateral portal vein (6–8). Given the fact that the embolized lobe is still present after PVE and there are differences in the distribution of arterial blood flow after PVE and PH, it has been postulated that the mechanisms of liver regeneration after liver resection and portal vein embolization are different (9,10). The goal of the present study was to determine if proton-decoupled 31P MRSI could detect cellular changes in the regenerating lobe after PVE in human subjects. Furthermore, we assessed the difference between hepatic regeneration stimulated by PVE and by PH using post-surgical data from a prior study. These analyses illustrate the potential of 31P MRSI as a non-invasive probe of liver regeneration.
Convergence rates for partially splined models

Abstract A partial spline model is a semi-parametric regression model. In this paper we analyze the convergence rates of estimates of the parametric and nonparametric components of the model under a particular assumption on the design. We show that the estimate of the parametric component of the model is generally biased and that this bias can be larger than the standard error. To force the bias to be neglible with respect to the standard error, it is necessary to undersmooth the nonparametric component.
Integrating Theory: A Process of Construction, Deconstruction, and Reconstruction

This article describes the process of how theory is constructed in the classroom, deconstructed in the workplace, and then reconstructed to meet the unique needs of individual counselors. Marital and family counselor educators and students can both benefit from knowledge about this process. Educators can more adequately prepare students for the rigors of the workplace, and students can learn to reflect on their experiences and use their successes and failures to enhance their development as marital and family counselors.
The Importance of Myocardial Protection in Combined Aortic Valve Replacement and Myocardial Revascularization

Abstract To determine the importance of different methods of myocardial protection for combined aortic valve replacement and coronary revascularization, we analyzed the records of 82 consecutive patients who underwent the combined procedure between 1973 and 1978. Sixty-three (77%) had angina and 63 (77%) were in New York Heart Association Functional Class III or IV. Moderate to severe left ventricular impairment was present in 59%, and the mean number of diseased vessels was 1.9 per patient. Group I consisted of 18 patients with intermittent ischemia, almost all of whom had operation between 1973 and 1976. Group IIa consisted of 24 patients operated on between 1973 and December, 1976, with coronary perfusion, and Group IIb had 18 patients in whom a similar technique was used in 1977 and 1978. Group III consisted of 22 patients operated on in 1977 and 1978 in whom cold chemical cardioplegia was used. The early mortality ( p If other manifestations of myocardial injury, such as perioperative infarction and cardiogenic shock requiring intraaortic balloon counterpulsation or inotropic support, are taken into consideration, cold chemical cardioplegia appears to provide better myocardial protection than coronary perfusion of the fibrillating heart.
Electronic structure calculations of substitutional and interstitial hydrogen in Nb

Abstract We report the results of a theoretical study on the effects of substitutional and interstitial hydrogen atoms in niobium. We confirm that any contaminated hydrogen will occupy the interstitial site over the substitutional site in niobium. For interstitial hydrogens, the lattice deformation increases with the percentage content of hydrogen, though it is negligible at low concentrations. Substitutional hydrogens are found to prefer off-center sites in the host lattice.
Symmetry of Magnetic Structures: Magnetic Structure of Chalcopyrite

The transformation properties of magnetic moments under symmetry and antisymmetry operations lead to 1421 possible space groups for ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic crystal structures. A systematic procedure for magnetic structure determination is proposed, which takes into account the restrictions imposed on spin directions by space groups. This method is applied to chalcopyrite, CuFe${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$, which is found to be antiferromagnetic at room temperature: the chemical structure is that proposed by Pauling and Brockway, the space group $I\overline{4}2d$ holds for the magnetic structure, in which the two iron (and possibly also the two copper) atoms tetrahedrally bonded to a common sulfur atom have antiparallel spins directed along the $c$ axis. A value of 3.85 \ensuremath{\mu}B is found for the iron moment (0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.20 \ensuremath{\mu}B for copper). The possible existence of a second chalcopyrite modification in nature, suggested by conflicting results on material of Japanese origin, is ruled out, as specimens from both Ugo, Japan and Joplin, Missouri are found to have the same structure.
The Role of Relational Information Processes and Technology Use in Customer Relationship Management

Abstract Drawing on the relationship marketing and market information processing literature streams, the authors conceptualize and measure relational information processes, or organizational routines that are critical for customer relationship management (CRM). The authors examine the key drivers and outcome of relational information processes and the role of technology in implementing CRM using data collected from a diverse sample of firms. The results show that relational information processes play a vital role in enhancing an organization's customer relationship performance. By moderating the influence of relational information processes on customer relationship performance, technology used for CRM performs an important and supportive role. The study provides insights into why the use of CRM technology might not always deliver the expected customer relationship performance outcome.