cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential Transcription Directed by Discrete Gamma Interferon Promoter Elements in Naive and Memory (Effector) CD4 T Cells and CD8 T Cells

Acquisition of the ability to produce gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) is a fundamental property of memory T cells and enables one subset (T helper 1 [TH1]) to deliver its effector functions. To examine regulation of IFN-gamma gene expression in a model system which recapitulates TH1 differentiation, we prepared reporter transgenic mice which express the luciferase gene under the control of proximal and distal regulatory elements (prox.IFN gamma and dist.IFN gamma) from the IFN-gamma promoter. Memory T cells, but not naive T cells, secreted IFN-gamma and expressed both prox.IFN gamma and dist.IFN gamma transcriptional activities. Naive T cells required priming to become producers of IFN-gamma and to direct transcription by these elements. While both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells produced IFN-gamma, only CD4+ T cells expressed prox.IFN gamma transcriptional activity. Induction of transcriptional activity was inhibited by known antagonists of effector T-cell populations. Cyclosporin A inhibited transcriptional activity directed by both elements in effector T cells. Elevated cyclic AMP inhibited transcriptional activity directed by prox.IFN gamma in primed CD4+ T cells but enhanced transcriptional activity directed by dist.IFN gamma in primed CD8+ T cells. Taken together, these data show that prox.IFN gamma and dist.IFN gamma transcriptional activities mirror IFN-gamma gene expression in naive and memory CD4+ T cells but suggest that differences exist in regulation of IFN-gamma gene expression in CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets.
Pharmacological Therapy: Novel Approaches

COPD is a preventable and treatable disease Goal for novel treatments will include: Primary prevention Symptom management Disease modification Restoration of function Management and control of comorbidities Modalities being explored include: Improved pharmacology and formulations of bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids Anti-inflammatory agents Cough and muco-active drugs Stimulators of lung repair
Bonding Energetics of Organometallic Compounds

This contribution gives an overview of solution calorimetric studies carried out on organometallic complexes in the last decade. A special focus has been put on a close investigation of metal–ligand exchange reactions involving different ligand and metal systems. Ligand substitution reactions are at the heart of many catalytic transformations, since creation of vacant coordination sites often require liberation of one or more ligands from the coordination sphere of the metal. Detailed analyses of phosphine-, phosphite-, and NHC- (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene) ruthenium, rhodium, and platinum systems show that enthalpies of ligand substitution reactions are associated to electronic and/or steric variation of the ligands. They can be explained in terms of different amounts of these two contributions to the overall enthalpy. Extensive calorimetric studies on ligand substitutions showed that cis disposition of the ligands leads to an overwhelmingly steric contribution to the enthalpy of ligand substitution, whereas trans disposition of the ligands gives enthalpy values that are highly dependent on the electronic nature of the ligand systems studied. Thermodynamic studies of addition reactions of organic molecules to metal fragments are equally crucial in catalysis and gave valuable thermodynamic data for CO, H2, aldehyde, acyl chloride addition reactions to catalytically relevant rhodium systems. Thermodynamic data for different reductive cleavage reactions of organic fragments involving molybdenum systems are also presented. Keywords: adiabatic; ancillary ligands; bond dissociation enthalpy; bond energy; bond strength; cone angle; electronic factors; N-heterocyclic carbenes; ligand substitution; olefin metathesis; steric factors; tertiary phosphines; addition reactions
Cancer Biomarker Validation: Standards and Process

Abstract Rigorous validation of biomarkers for early detection of cancer differs at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) from similar processes common among research laboratories. As a newly discovered biomarker assay makes the transition from a research setting to the clinical diagnostic laboratory, it should progress through defined stages of assay confirmation. The first task of a validation laboratory is evaluation of research assay technology, performance, and specifications (analytical validation). However, the ultimate goal is initial validation of the test to identify early stage cancer (clinical validation). Upon technical and clinical confirmation, assays are moved systematically toward a standardized, reproducible, high-throughput format for clinical diagnostic implementation. With laboratory performance rigorously established, the clinical variables can subsequently be analyzed to define limitations, applications, and clinical utility. The role of NIST in technology evaluation for early cancer testing is described in the context of similar programs and prior experience at NIST. Here we conceptualize the validation steps of cancer test development and examine how NIST activities impact health care through institutional focus on measurement, technology, and standards development programs.
Abnormal Septal Q Waves in Sickle Cell Disease* Prevalence and Causative Factors

Electrocardiograms and M-mode echocardiograms were obtained prospectively from 72 patients with hemoglobin SS (n = 55) or SC (n = 17) disease to assess the prevalence of abnormal Q waves in sickle cell disease and to determine if such Q waves could be explained by, or related to, echocardiographically determined anatomic or functional abnormalities. The mean age (± SD) of the population under study was 28 ± 9 years, and the mean hematocrit reading was 28 ± 5 percent; 43 male and 29 female patients were evaluated. No patient had a history of systemic arterial hypertension, valvular heart disease, or congestive heart failure. Abnormal septal Q waves (amplitude ≥0.30 mV; duration ≤29 msec) were noted in leads V 4 , V 5 , or V 6 in 15 of 72 patients, and 50 percent (36) of the population under study demonstrated electrocardiographic voltage changes consistent with left ventricular hypertrophy. M-mode echocardiography showed that 29 of 72 patients had a thickened interventricular septum (≥1.2 cm), 16 of 72 had an abnormally thickened left ventricular posterior wall (>1.2 cm), and 31 of 72 had increased left ventricular mass (>215 g). The prevalence of electrocardiographic and echocardiographic abnormalities was not significantly different between patients with hemoglobin SS and SC disease. Septal excursion was decreased in 11 of the patients, and global left ventricular function (percent fractional shortening) was slightly decreased in three patients. Regional wall motion was normal in all 72 patients. Six percent (four) of the patients met echocardiographic criteria for asymmetric septal hypertrophy. Linear regression analysis yielded significant positive correlations between septal dimension (r = 0.38; p
In search of the Holy Grail for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders: has a simple cation been overlooked?

In recent years, there has been considerable excitement about the possibility that the “molecular medicine revolution” would lead to identification of numerous putative targets designed to slow the atrophic/degenerative process in various neuropsychiatric disorders. Indeed, tremendous progress was made in the identification of cellular processes and pathways involved in numerous degenerative diseases; however, to date, proliferation of candidate drugs has not resulted in viable novel clinical treatments for these devastating disorders (Heemskerk et al., 2002). Ironically, the paper by Bearden and associates in this issue of the journal suggests that an old medication present in our therapeutic armamentarium for half a century, exerts neurotrophic effects not only in animal models, but also in humans. Bearden et al. used high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging and cortical pattern matching methods to map gray matter differences in 28 bipolar patients; 20 lithium-treated, and 28 healthy controls. Their results showed gray matter density was significantly greater in bipolar patients, compared with healthy subjects, in diffuse cortical regions, notably bilateral cingulated and paralimbic cortices, areas utilized in attention, motivation and emotion. Additionally, their data revealed greater gray matter density in the right anterior cingulate in lithium-treated patients relative to the bipolar subjects not taking lithium. Their lithium-treated sample included subjects who were on lithium for varying time durations, at different individual doses. The lack of difference in gray mater density between the untreated patients and healthy controls, as well as growing evidence that lithium exerts major effects on a number of cellular proteins and pathways (vide infra) known to regulate cell atrophy/death lends support to the view that gray matter enlargement is mediated through the trophic actions of lithium in the brain.
Mammalian autophagy: core molecular machinery and signaling regulation

Autophagy, a cellular catabolic pathway, is evolutionarily conserved from yeast to mammals. Central to this process is the formation of autophagosomes, double-membrane vesicles responsible for delivering long-lived proteins and excess or damaged organelle into the lysosome for degradation and reuse of the resulting macromolecules. In addition to the hallmark discovery of core molecular machinery components involved in autophagosome formation, complex signaling cascades controlling autophagy have also begun to emerge, with mTOR as a central but far from exclusive player. Malfunction of autophagy has been linked to a wide range of human pathologies, including cancer, neurodegeneration, and pathogen infection. Here we highlight the recent advances in identifying and understanding the core molecular machinery and signaling pathways that are involved in mammalian autophagy.
Els and leed study of CO adsorption on Pd(001) and Pd(001) 6° [110]

Abstract LEED studies indicate that both CO and carbon adsorb differently on Pd(001) surfaces with and without steps. However, electron energy loss spectra for Pd(001) samples with and without ordered steps show no detectible surface structural sensitivity to CO adsorption. For both samples an additional loss feature at 13.5 eV appears upon CO adsorption. This feature is identified as a (1π−5σ) to 2π ★ type intramolecular electronic excitation, and it appears to be a universal feature of molecular CO adsorption on metals. A second loss expected in the 6–7 eV range associated with a d to 2π ★ type charge-transfer excitation was not detected. Either the transition probability is low for this excitation or hybridization with surface plasmons may obscure its identification.
Fractal signatures for multiscale processing of hyperspectral image data

Abstract A multiscale approach to hyperspectral image data analysis using fractal signatures was proposed and implemented in the Interactive Data Language (IDL). For 2-D hyperspectral curves, fractal signature measures the changes in curve length with changing scale. Using NASA’s Earth Observing-1 (EO-1) Hyperion image from a study area near Denton, Texas, USA, the capabilities of fractal signatures in discriminating different land cover types were presented in three different ways: (1) fractal signature curves, (2) distances between fractal signatures, and (3) fractal signature images. The asymmetry in length measurement was found to be effective in handling hyperspectral curves obtained from Hyperion radiance data. The contribution of fractal signature images was shown through comparison of image classification results. The results from the Hyperion radiance data suggest that fractal signatures at certain scales can reveal important differences in land cover types.
Industrial applications of surface analysis to microelectronic materials/processing/devices

Abstract Microelectronic devices have always been sensitive to the conditions of surfaces (and the interfaces they become as another layer is added in construction). Thus, surface analysis and characterization has been an important part in process/product development and manufacture. Examples will be given covering a wide range of problems that can be addressed by surface analysis techniques applied in a complementary manner, and solved by materials science and engineering in conjunction with the process/product engineer who “owns” the problem and has “skin” in its solution.
Use of Piecewise Nonlinear Models to Estimate Variable Size-Related Mortality Rates

Abstract I present a method and examples of a piecewise function in nonlinear regression to estimate size-related differential mortality using age- and length-based models for data collected from a Tennessee River (Alabama) population of blue catfish Ictalurus furcatus. The model is similar to catch curve regression but computes two slope coefficients that can be used to estimate mortality; these slopes meet at a joint (or knot) that estimates the age or length at which differences in mortality occur. The model is described as loge(Ni) = b0 − (b1 + b2)ti, where Ni is the number of fish collected for the ith age or length interval; ti is the age or relative age of the ith age or length interval; b0 is the intercept coefficient; b1 is the slope coefficient and is equal to b*1 when ti is less than or equal to the knot and 0 otherwise; b2 is a second slope coefficient and is equal to b*1 − b*2 when ti is greater than the knot and 0 otherwise; and b*1 and b*2 are estimated by the model. For these data, fish ra...
Theory of the small-signal photovoltage at semiconductor surfaces

Abstract An explicit expression is derived for the surface photovoltage under small-signal conditions, when the quasi-equilibrium approximation will be valid in the space-charge layer. The theory reduces to that of Garrett and Brattain in the absence of surface states, but differs in the presence of such states through the use of more accurate trapping statistics. Computed results give a qualitative explanation of some recent data, and also predict several possibly observable new effects.
Heuristic Algorithms for Multistage Flowshop Scheduling Problem

Abstract This paper describes three heuristic algorithms for seeking a quick and near optimal solution to the n-job M-machine flowshop scheduling problem where jobs are processed on all machines in the same order, and the objective is to minimize either the mean flowtime or the maximum flowtime (make-span). The proposed heuristic algorithms are extensions of the heuristic rules of the author and are comparatively more effective in finding the optimal or near optimal solution to the problem. Computational experience pertaining to the effectiveness of proposed heuristic algorithms is discussed, indicating that the solutions obtained by proposed heuristic algorithms are compared to the Campbell-Dudek-Smith algorithm.
Some Chemical Studies of the Female Reproductive Tract and Seminal Plasma of the Male Turkey and Their Relationship to Fertility

Abstract INTRODUCTION ARTIFICIAL insemination in the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) has in recent years become almost universal. However, the successful development of a suitable medium for preservation of spermatozoa in vitro for long term storage has not been reported. An approach to preservation in vitro may evolve around the hypothesis that fertility may be related to seminal chemistry, or more important, to the chemistry of the female reproductive tract. It is well established that spermatozoa, once inseminated, live in the female tract for several days prior to fertilization. Little information has been reported on seminal chemistry of the turkey. Brown (1959) reported a seminal plasma concentration of 338 mg. (147 mEq./1.) and 113 mg. (29 mEq./1.) per 100 ml. for sodium and potassium, respectively. Considerable work has been conducted and reported on some of the chemical constituents of fowl seminal plasma. An excellent review has been reported by Lake (1966) which in…
Interfacial stability and deformation of two stratified power law fluids in plane poiseuille flow Part I. Stability analysis

Abstract The interface stability of two stratified power law fluids in plane Poiseuille flow is considered. Stability diagrams are given in terms of viscosity and depth ratios as a function of power law indices. The work of previous investigators for two Newtonian and second-order fluids has been generalized and presented in a similar fashion. It is found that dependence of viscosity on shear rate has a pronounced effect on the interfacial stability regime in a more drastic manner than of an effective viscosity change. Furthermore, it is found that for power law fluids the effect of shear thinning viscosity in the less viscous fluid mainly affects the stability region for viscosity ratios less than unity, while for viscosity ratios greater than unity shear thinning in both layers affects the stability regime, particularly at small depth ratios.
A Note on the Value of Colonial Exports of Shipping

Aside from their studies of the iron industry, historians have given relatively little attention to the non-household manufacturing industries of colonial America—perhaps, many would say, for the very good reason that there was not much activity along these lines before the conjuncture of the American and the Industrial Revolutions. Yet there were manufactures that reached significant volumes for those times. One of these was the colonial shipbuilding industry which not only provided most of the vessels that carried North American commerce with the West Indies and the Old World but also provided the capital starved colonies with a significant export. In spite of its importance this trade has not received much attention from modern economic historians, including those who deal with the balance of payments. One reason is, perhaps, that the British government in the eighteenth century did not consider colonial built ships as foreign in any sense and did not regard their transfer to metropolitan ownership as “imports.” Thus the values of such transfers were not included in the Inspector-General's accounts of imports from the colonies nor were any other records kept of them, except for the ship-by-ship entries in the Registries of Shipping (which for the most part have not survived).
Calcium spikes of nerve cell membrane: role of calcium in the production of action potentials.

THIS communication reports the observation that the membrane of bullfrog sympathetic ganglion cells is capable of producing action potentials (calcium spikes) in an isotonic solution of calcium chloride in response to cathodal currents which are applied through an intracellular recording microelectrode1.
Health-related Support Groups on the Internet: Linking Empirical Findings to Social Support and Computer-mediated Communication Theory:

This literature review of research on health-related computer-mediated support groups links features of these groups to existing theory from the areas of social support and computer-mediated communication research. The article exams computer-mediated support groups as weak tie networks, focuses on how these support groups facilitate participant similarity and empathic support and identifies changes in supportive communication due to characteristics of the medium.
Repression of TGF- β signaling by the oncogenic protein SKI in human melanomas: consequences for proliferation, survival, and metastasis

Repression of TGF- β signaling by the oncogenic protein SKI in human melanomas: consequences for proliferation, survival, and metastasis
On the performance of Bluetooth and IEEE 802.15.4 radios in a body area network

The last few years have seen the emergence of many applications such as wellness, chronic disease management and assisted living that require pervasive sensing of people and the environment. Many of these applications require on-body sensing of various parameters including heart-rate, caloric burn, activity, temperature, etc. Low power wireless technologies are a key enabler for these applications, as it allows distributed sensing and aggregation without the cost of wiring the individual. Bluetooth is a well established low power wireless technology and has the advantage of being integrated into many handheld devices today whereas IEEE 802.15.4 has gained momentum in wireless sensor networks over the last few years due to its low power and cost. The performance of these radios in the context of WSN applications has been explored and published in numerous papers. However there hasn't been a lot of work exploring the effect of the human body on the performance of these radios. We have designed and conducted experiments on multiple people to measure the effect of the human body on the performance of Bluetooth and IEEE 802.15.4. We have explored different activities (sitting, standing and walking) as well as many sensor locations (ear, chest, waist, knee and ankle). Finally we explored the co-existence of both of these radios. In this paper, we present the results of these experiments and provide a detailed analysis of the suitability of these radios for body area networks.
The utility of serial complete blood count monitoring in patients receiving radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer.

Abstract Purpose: It is standard practice in our department to monitor weekly complete blood counts (CBCs) in patients receiving definitive radiation therapy for prostate cancer. The clinical utility and cost effectiveness of this practice has not been analyzed. Methods and Materials: The charts of all prostate cancer patients treated with radiation therapy between January 1994 and July 1996 at the Veterans Administration Hospital, Philadelphia, PA were reviewed. CBC values were available for 89 patients. Patients received a median dose of 68 Gy using a four-field box technique and megavoltage photons. Whole-pelvic radiotherapy followed by a conedown to the prostate was administered to 29 patients. Fifty-nine patients received radiation to the prostate alone or prostate and seminal vesicles. Fifty-seven patients received concurrent hormonal therapy which included luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist, antiandrogens, or both. Results: No patient experienced a drop in their hemoglobin, white blood cells (WBCs), or platelets below critical nadirs (defined as WBC 3 , hemoglobin 3 ) at any point during treatment. Thirty-one percent, 25%, and 47% of patients experienced declines of > 50 in platelets, > 2 in WBCs, and > 1 in hemoglobin, respectively. Eight clinical, treatment-related, and pathologic parameters were examined as prognostic factors for a drop of > 2 in hemoglobin, > 2 in WBCs, and > 50 in platelets. Only stage (T3 and above) was significantly associated with a > 2 hemoglobin decline. The use of hormonal therapy was associated with a platelet drop of > 50. None of the 8 prognostic factors were associated with decline of > 2 in WBCs. In the urban area surrounding the Philadelphia Veterans Administration Medical Center, the cost of obtaining a CBC is approximately $30. However, if staff time is considered, the cost of obtaining a weekly CBC during prostate cancer radiotherapy approached $400 per patient. Conclusion: These results suggest that weekly monitoring of CBCs in prostate cancer patients undergoing definitive radiotherapy may not be necessary. We recommend a baseline CBC be performed, and if normal, no other monitoring unless clinically indicated. This strategy would result in a cost savings approaching $30,000 per 100 treated patients. Further research on the cost effectiveness and utility of serial blood tests in patients receiving partial body radiation therapy is needed.
Solution Electron Affinity Perturbation Due to the Deuteration of [16]Annulene

X-Band (9.8 GHz) EPR measurements show that the free energy change controlling the electron transfer from the anion radical of perdeuterated [16]annulene to neutral [16]annulene (C16D16•- + C16H16 ⇋ C16H16•- + C16D16) is ΔG° = −0.65 kcal/mol. When supplied with vibrational frequencies from B3LYP/6-31+G* calculations, the QUIVER program determines a ΔG° value of −0.142 kcal/mol. Thus, the experimental and theoretical values are in qualitative agreement. This result is the opposite of that obtained for the [8]annulene system, where the solution electron affinity of C8D8 proved to be slightly greater that that for C8H8. 1H NMR (400 MHz) experiments reveal that the barrier to ring flattening is greater in the C16D16 system than in the C16H16 system. Coupled with the DFT prediction that the C16D16•- is nearly planar, this accounts for the equilibrium isotope effect observed in the electron transfer. The W-Band (94 GHz) EPR spectra, showing that the isotropic g-factor of the [16]annulene anion radical is not al...
LINEAR MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING OF CHOICE1

A multidimensional scaling analysis is presented for replicated layouts of pairwise choice responses. In most applications the replicates will represent individuals who respond to all pairs in some set of objects. The replicates and the objects are scaled in a joint space by means of a linear model which assigns weights to each of the dimensions of the space. Least squares estimates of the replicates' and objects' coordinates, and of unscalability parameters, are obtained through a manipulation of the error sum of squares for fitting the linear model. The solution involves the reduction of a three-way least squares problem to two subproblems, one trivial and the other solvable by classical least squares matrix factorization. The analytic technique is illustrated with political preference data and is contrasted with multidimensional unfolding in the domain of preferential choice.
Does mantle convection currently exist on Mercury

Abstract The full equations of convective motion over the age of the solar system can be solved in a few hours (2D) to several weeks (3D) with numerical simulations in Cartesian or spherical geometry. Using the 2D, Cartesian geometry code, ConMan, we model the thermal evolution of Mercury. Our preferred calculation has an initial Rayleigh number of 8 × 10 4 , no mantle internal heating, and a constant core heat flux of 9.75 mW/m 2 in a non-Newtonian rheology. These values all fall within the range of previously estimated parameters from 1D calculations, and allow for weak mantle convection to persist until present, supporting the outer core dynamo explanation of Mercury's intrinsic magnetic field. Further, the peak dynamic topography and geoid anomalies from our model are about 179 m and 37 m, respectively—values that are not unrealistic and should be well within the range of observation by the MESSENGER spacecraft. Future spacecraft observations, yielding new and more accurate data, will help us better understand the thermal evolution of Mercury and the origin of its magnetic field.
Finite element modeling of an optical fiber photoacoustic generator performance

A 2D-axisymmetric finite element analysis (FEA) model was built to simulate an optical fiber-based photoacoustic generator. A layer of absorbing film deposited on the tip of an optical fiber converts the pulsed-laser energy into vibrations, which excite broadband ultrasound waves in the adjacent fluid. Instead of 1D or simplified 2D theoretical solution, this multi-physics FEA model successfully calculates the ultrasound generated by film vibration and fluid heating. Another advantage of this numerical calculation is that the dimensions of fiber and film can be optimized to achieve high photoacoustic conversion efficiency. Two major conclusions were obtained from the simulation: 1) Thicker absorbing film has higher photoacoustic conversion efficiency than thinner film; 2) Shorter laser pulse leads to higher conversion efficiency and higher ultrasound central-frequency. The FEA results provide a practical support to the design of this type of optical fiber photoacoustic generator, and make it possible to have a miniaturized non-destructive testing transducer in the intravascular and intraluminal applications.
Synthesis of Bicyclic Cyclopropylamines by Intramolecular Cyclopropanation of N-Allylamino Acid Dimethylamides.

Cyclopropylamines and substituted cyclopropylamines are important building blocks or substituents in a variety of biologically active compounds. Here, we report the facile syntheses of cyclopropylamines by Ti(II)-mediated intramolecular coupling of a terminal olefinic moiety and the N,N-dimethylcarboxamide moiety of amino acid derivatives. The products have novel and strained bicyclic structures. The yields were good (78−83%) for all three substrates with diastereomeric ratios of about 3:1.
Civilian gunshot wounds to the brachial plexus

Many gunshot wounds (GSW's) to the brachial plexus do not improve spontaneously with time and are therefore candidates for surgery. Over an 18-year period, 141 patients with GSW's were evaluated, 90 of whom were operated on; 75 of the surgical cases were followed for 2 years or more. Thirty operative patients had initial vascular repair, while eight required thoracotomies. Total plexus palsy was present in 19 of those selected for operation. The average interval between injury and operation was 17 weeks. Six patients required early operation for an expanding aneurysm with progressive neural loss. Persistent complete loss of function in the distribution of one or more elements and/or noncausalgic pain not managed by medications provided the major operative indications. Four patients required sympathectomies for causalgia. Of 166 lesions in continuity believed to be complete, based on clinical examination and electromyography, 48 with preserved intraoperative nerve action potentials (NAP's) were spared resection or were treated with a split repair with excellent eventual results on a weighted grading system. By comparison, only seven of 55 elements believed to have incomplete loss or to be recovering did not have NAP's and required repair. Fifty-three of 98 lesions repaired by grafts and 18 of 26 wounds with suture repair recovered to a Grade 3 level or better. Most elements were in continuity but 14 were found "blown apart" and required repair, usually by grafting. The best outcome was achieved with upper trunk and lateral and posterior cord lesions, but recovery occurred with some C-7 to middle trunk and medial cord to median repairs. Results with lower trunk and most medial cord lesions were poor unless early regeneration was proved by operative NAP's, in which case either neurolysis or split repair could be performed. Surgery is warranted for selected GSW's to the plexus.
Flow cytometric DNA analysis of human solid tumors: a review of the interpretation of DNA histograms.

Abstract A survey of over 225 recent studies examining the relationship between the flow cytometric DNA analysis of solid tumors and clinical prognosis indicates that criteria used to classify DNA histograms are variable and often inconsistent with the recommendations proposed by the Convention on Nomenclature for DNA Cytometry. Numerous reports not only lack unambiguous descriptions of the histogram features used to differentiate diploid from aneuploid DNA distributions, but also inadequately describe the technical aspects of data acquisition, standardization, and inclusion or exclusion of subpopulations by gating. In many cases, the coefficient of variation of the diploid and aneuploid G01 peaks, which would allow an assessment of histogram quality, is not reported. Because of the differences in DNA histogram interpretation, extrapolation of the results among laboratories may be difficult and is probably not reliable. This review summarizes the criteria that have been used to classify the DNA histograms and illustrates the effects of these different classifiers on DNA ploidy analysis and clinical conclusions.
High-spectral-resolution imagery of Saturn

High-spectral-resolution images of Saturn over the wavelengths of the 6196.8-A feature of CH4 were obtained and used to extract line profiles for the observed feature over the disk of Saturn and to determine the spatial variation of the equivalent width at the time of the observations. The result of the observations is consistent only with a single class of models for the vertical structure of the atmosphere of Saturn, namely, the homogeneous scattering models. Reflecting-layer or two-layer models are at a striking variance with the observations. With these data, the requirements for new observations to determine the finer details of the vertical structure of Saturn's atmosphere can be specified.
New Women versus Old Mores: A Study of Women Characters in Ba Jin's Torrents Trilogy

The 1930s, in the history of modern Chinese literature, are what the late eighteenth century is to German literature, a time of great intellectual turmoil and creative vitality. During the so-called Sturm und Drang, or Storm and Stress period in German literature, literary giants like Goethe, Schiller, Lenz, and others rebelled against conventional artistic and moral standards. During the Chinese version of Storm and Stress in the 1930s, literary greats like Lu Xun, Lao She, Ba Jin, Cao Yu, Mao Dun, and legions of others rebelled against the old language and the old ethics, conventions, superstitions, and beliefs. Previously, in 1919, Chen Duxiu declared in the New Youth: "Because we esteem Mr. Democracy, we are against Confucianism, chastity, old ethics, and old politics; because we esteem Mr. Science, we are against old literature and old national culture."
Double-barreled electrode for simultaneous iontophoresis and single unit recording during movement in awake monkeys

Abstract A double-barreled electrode for simultaneous glutamate iontophoresis and chronic single unit recording from cortical neurons in awake monkeys during voluntary movement is described. Electrode assembly consists of pulling a heated, partitioned capillary tube over a sharpened tungsten rod. Glutamate iontophoresis increased the firing rates of wrist movement related cells an average of 34 Hz during the agonist phase of movement and 27 Hz during the antagonist phase of movement. However, in no case did glutamate iontophoresis alter the detailed structure of the cell's response pattern during wrist movement. This electrode is well suited to chronic recording applications that involve methods such as cross-correlation requiring overlapping activity of neurons and/or muscles. Other applications might involve activation of totally ‘silent’ neurons to avoid possible sampling bias or to detect effects in post-stimulus time histograms that would otherwise be subliminal.
Kaposi's Sarcoma of the Tracheobronchial Tree: Clinical, Bronchoscopic, and Pathologic Features

Two homosexual men with disseminated Kaposi's sarcoma presented with paroxysms of a nonproductive cough probably related to the presence of tumor in the airways. At bronchoscopy, multiple, flat, brightly red to violaceous lesions were seen throughout the tracheobronchial tree. In both patients the bronchial biopsies were nondiagnostic, and one patient had excessive bleeding after the procedure. Autopsies confirmed the presence of Kaposi's sarcoma in the trachea and bronchi. The bronchoscopic appearance of Kaposi's sarcoma of the tracheobronchial tree is characteristic, and bronchial biopsy is probably unnecessary when the diagnosis of Kaposi's sarcoma has already been made by biopsy of more accessible lesions. Furthermore, bronchial biopsy may be hazardous because of excessive bleeding.
Pneumoamnion and pregnancy loss after second-trimester laparoscopic surgery.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Midtrimester laparoscopic surgery is considered safe; however, both maternal and fetal complications can occur. We report a case of midtrimester pregnancy loss with pneumoamnion after laparoscopic appendectomy. CASE: A young woman presented at 21 weeks’ gestation with a 3-day history of nausea and severe abdominal pain. Diagnostic laparoscopy was performed with normal appendix and pelvic anatomy noted. Worsening pain prompted a repeat laparoscopic evaluation. A small defect in the uterine serosa was noted, which presumably resulted from inadvertent Veress needle injury. Abdominal computerized tomography was performed, which demonstrated a pneumoamnion. Spontaneous rupture of membranes and labor ensued, resulting in the delivery of a stillborn fetus. CONCLUSION: Inadvertent introduction of the Veress needle into the gravid uterus with subsequent pneumoamnion represents a catastrophic complication of midtrimester laparoscopic surgery.
Seasonal Change of Antarctic Sea Ice Cover

The winter expansion of the sea ice surrounding Antarctica and the subsequent retreat of the ice in summer may be linked with the wind stress acting on the Southern Ocean in conjunction with the heat exchange in open water regions within the ice fields.
Rhetoric and the AIDS virus hunt

By comparing the papers produced by the laboratory teams of Robert Gallo and Jean Luc Montagnier during the AIDS virus hunt, we have an opportunity to discern the fine line between a bold, explicit rhetoric that may convince as well as offend and a bald, reserved rhetoric that may actually conceal important implications. Going too far in either direction may create misunderstandings and ethical dilemmas as will be demonstrated in a textual analysis deepened by an exploration of historical context and interviews with key participants. Since a public health crisis calls upon communication that thwarts misunderstandings, scientists should understand the nuances of particular contexts and the blessings and banes of specific rhetorics employed in those contexts.
Determining remission from depression on two self-report symptom scales: a comparison of the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology and the Clinically Useful Depression Outcome Scale

To answer fundamental questions regarding the effectiveness of treatments for depression in real-world clinical practice, it is necessary to incorporate the measurement of outcome. Self-report questionnaires are a cost-effective option to systematically, reliably, and validly evaluate clinical status because they are inexpensive in terms of professional time needed for administration, and do not require special training for administration. While there are many self-administered depression scales, only a limited number cover all of the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD) and have had cutoff scores derived corresponding to the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) definition of remission. In the present study from the Rhode Island Methods to Improve Diagnostic Assessment and Services project, we compared 2 scales in their respective ability to identify remission as defined by the HAM-D. We administered the 17-item HAM-D to 274 depressed outpatients in ongoing treatment. The patients completed the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS) and the Clinically Useful Depression Outcome Scale (CUDOS). Based on the cutoffs recommended by the developers of the scales to identify remission, the 2 scales performed similarly overall though the sensitivity was higher for the QIDS than the CUDOS (95.5% vs. 78.7%), whereas specificity was higher for the CUDOS than the QIDS (73.0% vs. 50.0%). On the CUDOS, the cutoff that maximized the sum of sensitivity and specificity was similar to cutoff initially derived for this purpose; however, for the QIDS, the optimal cutoff was higher than the cutoff originally derived for this purpose. In conclusion, the CUDOS and the QIDS were equally highly related to the HAM-D definition of remission. The CUDOS takes less time to complete than the QIDS and, therefore, may be preferable to use in routine clinical practice.
A web interface to databases associated with a plant growth simulator

A web interface was developed for scientists, teachers and students to access plant, weather and soil databases used for plant growth simulation studies. The interface is coded as a Java applet with a graphical user interface (GUI) whereas the databases are managed by Microsoft Access. The Java applet obtains input data from the databases, and then directly runs a plant growth simulator programmed in Java. With a Java (JDK1.1)-embedded web browser running under Windows 95/98/NT, UNIX, or other operating system, users can link to the run-time Java applet from our website. For plant growth simulation studies, users can choose a target plant species and different weather and soil conditions from menu choices built into the GUI, and then input agronomic data such as planting date, row spacing, etc. into the relevant text fields. The output is displayed in both graphical and text forms by clicking appropriately marked buttons for such state variables as phenological events, leaf area index (LAI), plant height, biomass, shoot/root ratio, photosynthesis, evapotranspiration, etc.
Motion Popout in Selective Visual Orienting at 4.5 But Not at 2 Months in Human Infants

The effect of element density on selective orienting was examined in 2 experiments with 2- and 4.5-month-old infants. Selective visual orienting to a singleton oscillating target that appeared with other static bars was used to study the effects of element density. Increasing the set size and density of the static bars decreased selective orienting to the moving target in the 2-month-old infants, but it increased selective orienting in the 4.5-month-olds despite the fact that the overall levels of correct orienting to the target were titrated to be the same at the 2 ages. Thus, density affected the selectivity of visual orienting to movement at these 2 ages differently with popout being evident at the older age. In the 2nd experiment, motion popout for the 4.5-month-old infants was replicated using oscillating targets that had the same peak and mean speeds but different temporal frequencies and amplitudes of oscillation. Increases in the efficiency of perceptual grouping of similar elements between 2 and 4.5 months of age could overcome the lateral masking effects of increasing element density seen at the lower end of this age range.
The Geochronograph Method for Representing Nonstationary Electrograms, Such as Heartbeat and Respiration

(1961). The Geochronograph Method for Representing Nonstationary Electrograms, Such as Heartbeat and Respiration. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 149-155.
pH-dependent Stability and Folding Kinetics of a Protein with an Unusual α–β Topology: The C-terminal Domain of the Ribosomal Protein L9

The folding kinetics and thermodynamics of the isolated C-terminal domain of the ribosomal protein L9 (CTL9) have been studied as a function of pH. CTL9 is an alpha-beta protein that contains a single beta-sheet with an unusual mixed parallel, anti-parallel topology. The folding is fully reversible and two-state over the entire pH range. Stopped-flow fluorescence and CD experiments yield the same folding rate, and the chevron plots have the characteristic V-shape expected for two-state folding. The values of DeltaG*(H2O) and the m value calculated from the kinetic experiments are in excellent agreement with the equilibrium measurements. The extrapolated initial amplitudes of both the stopped-flow fluorescence and CD measurements show that there is no detectable burst phase intermediate. The domain contains three histidine residues, two of which are largely buried in the native state. They do not participate in salt-bridges or take part in a hydrogen bonded network. NMR measurements reveal that the buried histidine residues have significantly perturbed pK(a) values in the native state. The equilibrium stability and the folding rate are found to be strongly dependent upon their ionization state. There is a linear relationship between the log of the folding rate and DeltaG* (H2O) . The protein is much more stable and folds noticeably faster at pH values above the native state pK(a) values. DeltaG*(H2O) of unfolding increases from 2.90 kcal mol(-1) at pH 5.0 to 6.40 kcal mol(-1) at pH 8.0 while the folding rate increases from 0.60 to 18.7 s(-1). Tanford linkage analysis revealed that the interactions involving the two histidine residues are largely developed in the transition state. The results are compared to other studies of the pH-dependence of folding.
Biology and genetics of atopic disease

Abstract Several immunological disorders including allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, food allergies, urticaria, nonhereditary angioedema, systemic anaphylaxis, and allergic conjunctivitis are associated with a positive family history, and share a positive response in the Prausnitz-Kuster (wheal and flare) reaction. Studies have shown that 20–30% of the population has a strong genetic predisposition for this condition, termed atopy, whose hallmark is a greatly elevated serum IgE concentration. A great deal is known about the cellular interactions that mediate the sensitization, immediate and late-phase reactions that follow encounters with allergen, as well as about the cell surface and signaling events that result in mediator release from inflammatory cells. Less is known of the genes that confer genetic predisposition for atopy; however, a worldwide effort to identify atopy genes is making significant progress.
A persistent chat space for work groups: the design, evaluation and deployment of loops

Loops is a text-based computer mediated communication system aimed at small- to medium-sized corporate work groups. We begin by discussing the goals of the system and the rationale behind its design, particularly its treatment of non-conversational text. Next we describe its realization in an implemented system, and discuss how an early working version of the system was'group tested,' and the changes that lead to. We then discuss its deployment within our organization, and provide examples of how it's used. We conclude with reflections on the usage patterns of Loops and their implications for the design of similar systems.
The assessment of severe language disabilities: Communicative and cognitive considerations

Abstract The use of applied behavioral analysis techniques has resulted in impressive gains in speech and language instruction. Nevertheless, questions remain with regard to the real life validity of teaching gains, as generalization tends to be limited. So far, the role of assessment has been minimal with a rather exclusive focus on speech and language as isolated phenomena. This paper argues that current teaching techniques may be upgraded through assessment practices that incorporate non-verbal as well as verbal communicative behavior, and cognitive development in relation to speech and language skills. Questions to be addressed and strategies to be used to obtain the relevant information are discussed. In addition, it is pointed out that the approach taken may serve to classify students on the basis of assessment profiles that provide starting points for intervention, rather than on the basis of global diagnostic labels.
A ROENTGEN SIGN OF PULMONARY INFARCTION.

Summary Dilatation of a descending pulmonary artery occurred in all of 23 consecutive instances of pulmonary infarction. In the right pulmonary infarcts, abnormal measurements of the right descending pulmonary artery, ranging from 17 mm. to 22 mm. were noted (normal upper limits for inspiratory measurement is 16 mm. for adult males and 15 mm. for adult females). A dilated left desending pulmonary artery, ranging from 17 mm. to 26 mm., is seen with left pulmonary infarction. This is a reliable and early roentgen sign. Measurement of the descending pulmonary artery on chest roentgenogram is most important in the diagnosis of the pulmonary infarction. This roentgen sign usually appears within 24 hours of the onset of chest pain and maximum dilatation of the descending pulmonary artery occurs in two to three days. In doubtful early cases, serial films taken at daily intervals for three days are helpful in making a differential and final diagnosis. In pneumonitis, and even with massive lobar pneumonia, this roentgen sign is absent. If available, comparison with previous chest roentgenograms is valuable since, if previous pulmonary hypertension was not present, a finding of increased descending pulmonary artery width is almost diagnostic of infarction when symptoms are present. This should re-emphasize the need for routine chest rotentgenograms on all hospitalized patients.