cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seismic structure of the upper mantle beneath the western Philippine Sea

Abstract We investigate the seismic structure of the western Philippine Sea using two sets of seismological observations: ScS reverberations, which provide the layering framework for a regional upper mantle model, and observations of frequency-dependent phase delays for direct S waves, surface-reflected phases (sS, SS, sSS), and surface waves (R1, G1), which constrain the velocity and anisotropy structure within the layers. The combined data set, comprising 17 discontinuity amplitudes and layer travel times from the ScS-reverberation stack and more than 1000 frequency-dependent phase delays, was inverted for a path-averaged, radially anisotropic model. Mineralogical estimates of the bulk sound velocity and density are incorporated as complementary constraints. The final model, PHB3, is characterized by a 11.5-km thick crust, an anisotropic lid bounded by a sharp negative G discontinuity at 89 km, an anisotropic low-velocity layer extending to 166 km, a subjacent high-gradient region, and transition-zone discontinuities at depths of 408 km, 520 km and 664 km. The lid is slower than in a comparable model for the Tonga–Hawaii corridor (PA5), but also significantly thicker, requiring a compositional variation between the two regions. We explore the hypothesis that the thickness of the oceanic lid is controlled by the melting depth at the spreading centers during crust formation, and that the thicker crust and lid in the Philippine Sea results from deeper melting owing to a higher potential temperature and perhaps a higher water content in the upper mantle.
Sirolimus and tacrolimus without methotrexate as graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis after matched related donor peripheral blood stem cell transplantation.

Abstract Methotrexate in combination with a calcineurin inhibitor is a standard graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylactic regimen in allogeneic stem cell transplantation. However, methotrexate is associated with delayed engraftment, mucositis, idiopathic pneumonia syndrome, and other transplant-related complications. Sirolimus, a novel immunosuppressant without methotrexate's toxicities, has been used successfully in solid organ transplantation. We hypothesized that replacing methotrexate with sirolimus would preserve effective prophylaxis of GVHD while minimizing transplant-related toxicity after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. We enrolled 30 patients in a phase II study to test the efficacy of tacrolimus in combination with sirolimus in lieu of methotrexate in preventing GVHD after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation from HLA-matched related donors. Grade II GVHD occurred in 3 patients (10%), and no patient developed grade III or IV GVHD. Neutrophil and platelet engraftment were prompt, occurring on days 14 and 13, respectively. All patients survived to hospital discharge (median, 18 days), and peritransplantation toxicity was mild. Four patients developed thrombotic microangiopathy, and 3 patients developed hepatic veno-occlusive disease. Chronic GVHD occurred in 11 patients. Relapse-free and overall survival at 100 days were 93% and 97%, respectively, and were 71% and 67% at 1 year. Causes of death included relapse (n = 6), veno-occlusive disease (n = 1), and late pulmonary toxicity (n = 1). Sirolimus in combination with tacrolimus is a promising alternative to methotrexate-based regimens for GVHD prophylaxis after matched related donor peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Mucositis was modest, engraftment was prompt, and transplant-related toxicity was modest. Methotrexate-free, sirolimus-based GVHD prophylactic regimens should be tested in randomized trials against the current standard of care.
Immunological identification and localization of yeast aspartic protease 3-like prohormone-processing enzymes in mammalian brain and pituitary.

The novel aspartic proteases, yeast aspartic protease 3 and the mammalian POMC-converting enzyme (PCE), can process prohormones at specific basic residue cleavage sites. We show that an antibody against yeast aspartic protease 3 (YAP3p) cross-reacted with purified bovine PCE on Western blot, indicating structural homology between these two enzymes, but not with other aspartic proteases, such as renin or cathepsin D. A PCE-sized anti-YAP3p-immunoreactive band was detected on Western blots of bovine intermediate lobe where PCE activity has been found. YAP3p antiserum also cross-reacted with a protein of approximately 90 kDa from mouse hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, and bovine anterior pituitary secretory granules. Distribution studies showed the presence of anti-YAP3p-immunopositive cells in bovine pituitary and peptide-rich brain regions, including the mouse arcuate nucleus and hippocampus and the rat supraoptic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, cortex, striatum, and reticular nucleus. In the bovine ...
High-Frequency Cyclotron Autoresonance Maser Amplifier Experiments At MIT

A high power, 140 GHz, cyclotron autoresonance maser (or CARM) amplifier is under development at M.I.T. Theory, simulations, and the experimental design are discussed. The experiment will employ a high voltage (450 - 700 kV) Pierce-type beam and a helical wiggler to produce the required elec-tron beam. The initial experiment will be carried out using a 450 kV electron gun; the second phase of the experimental program will employ a 700 kV electron gun. The sensitivity of the CARM to velocity spread is discussed. The stability of the CARM amplifier to absolute instabilities has also been investigated, and the criteria for stable CARM amplifier operation are presented.
Acid mist and ozone effects on the leaf chemistry of two western conifer species

Seedlings of Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi) and giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron gigantea) were more susceptible to leaf chemical changes following exposure to acid mist (pH 3.4-2.0) or acid mist/ozone combinations, than to ozone alone (0.1-0.2 microl/litre), when plants were exposed to alternating doses of these pollutants for 6-9 weeks. Under acid mist treatment, leaves exhibited higher levels of nitrogen and sulfur, two elements applied in acid mist. In addition, levels of foliar sodium, and, in the case of giant sequia, potassium, as well, increased under acid mist treatment. Iron and manganese were also mobilized, resulting in significant increases in these elements in pine, and decreases in manganese in giant sequoia foliage. The acid treatment also reduced chlorophyll b concentrations in pine, and, to a less significant extent, in giant sequoia. Calcium, magnesium, barium and strontium were differentially accumulated in giant sequoia compared to Jeffrey pine. Under acid mist treatment, all of these elements (except strontium) declined in concentration in giant sequoia, with calcium showing the most significant trend. The more extensive changes in leaf chemistry induced by acid mist are consistent with earlier observations of significant changes in spectral reflectance of these seedlings after 3 weeks of fumigation. Limited foliage samples collected from these two species in 1985 and 1986 in Sequoia/Kings Canyon National Parks in the southern Sierra Nevada do not in themselves indicate any clearcut or severe effects of ozone alone on leaf chemistry of these species, but a mild influence of nitrate-laden acid deposition, possibly in combination with ozone, is consistent with the rise in nitrogen and lignin levels in Jeffrey pine on sites observed to have moderate visible injury symptoms. No firm conclusions about effects of pollutants on leaf chemistry in these field sites is possible without further study.
Persistence and Profiles of Tetracycline Resistance Genes in Swine Farms and Impact of Operational Practices on Their Occurrence in Farms’ Vicinities

Animal farms are recognized as a major contributor to environmental pollution with antibiotic resistance genes, the persistence at the source and the discharge routes to the environment of which need better understanding. The presence of 16 tetracycline resistance genes (TRG) was assessed in feed, feces, manure lagoons, and the vicinities of three Georgia swine farms varied on antibiotic usage and other operational characteristics. In these farms, TRG profiles of feces and lagoons were composed of the same "persistent" and "transient" genes, with the former consistently observed in farms' proximities and the latter quickly attenuated in the lagoons. Fourteen TRG incidents, 13 of which occurred in gullies, ponds, and creeks, were detected around farms. Their frequency correlated to the cumulative antibiotic usage (R 2 =0.99), number of lagoons (R 2 = 0.73), and precipitation (R 2 =0.83), but not to the size of herd or the amount of manure used for fertilization. Gene-specific amplicons of TRG from the farms' proximities were similar to those of "persistent" TRG from corresponding farms. Our data suggested the independency of TRG profiles of antibiotic usage, variability in TRG persistence in manure lagoons, correlations between operational practices and TRG incidence in farms' vicinities, and spills and seepage from lagoons as TRG environmental routes.
Skin Lipids: Their Biochemical Uniqueness

Two key words characterize the uniqueness of skin lipids: complexity and perversity. Each suggests a function. Complexity manifests itself in the large number and variety of both saturated and unsaturated fatty chains synthesized by human skin. Functionally, this allows each individual to have a distinct odor or chemical fingerprint. Perversity manifests itself when one compares the lipids synthesized by skin with those synthesized by internal tissues. For example, skin makes odd instead of only even chains, branched instead of only straight chains, free instead of only esterified acids, places double bonds in unusual positions in the fatty chains, extends chains to extreme lengths, and accumulates intermediates in the synthesis of a biologically valuable compound such as cholesterol. Functionally, these products may pose metabolic problems to potential pathogens and thus contribute to the survival of only compatible microorganisms.
A note on the iterative decomposition of finite automata

This paper presents an application of the theory of automaton automorphisms to the decomposition theory of finite automata. In particular, it is shown how the automorphism group of an automaton can be used to construct decompositions which are iterative (i.e., all of the component automatons are isomorphic) and uniformly connected (i.e., the connection graph of the decomposition is a group graph).
LQG control approach for Gaussian MAC with feedback

The communication problem over the N-sender additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) multiple access channel (MAC) with feedback is considered. It is shown that Kramer's code, which is known to be sum rate optimal in the class of generalized linear feedback codes, can be obtained by solving a linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) control problem. This generalizes the previous result of Elia, which recovers Ozarow's code (a special case of Kramer's code for N = 2) using different approach based on Youla parametrization. Our construction is based on a general correspondence between AWGN-MAC and a linear time invariant (LTI) system controlled over a point-to-point AWGN channel which could be useful in other contexts.
On Kähler surfaces of constant positive scalar curvature

LetM be a compact complex 2-manifold that admits a Kahler metric for which the integral of the scalar curvature is positive. Suppose, moreover, that b1 (M) > 2. Then, ifM is blown up at sufficiently many points, the resulting complex manifold ~M admits Kahler metrics of constant positive scalar curvature.
Semantic Judgment Ability in Adult Aphasia

Recent psycholinguistic literature suggests that language usage often involves the ability to make judgments or appraisals about various aspects of language. It was therefore the purpose of the present study to examine the semantic judgment or evaluation abilities of thirty persons with aphasia in comparison to these same behaviors in a group of thirty normal individuals. That is, this study examined subject ability to use knowledge to make comparisons or judgments in reference to specific criteria. Results support the existence of a judgment capacity and indicate that persons with aphasia are impaired in their ability to evaluate semantic material. Therefore, speech pathologists may wish to include semantic judgment tasks in their evaluation procedures and plan therapy directed toward the retrieval of judgment responses.
Passive-optical-network- (PON-) based converged access network [Invited]

This paper describes an evolution of passive optical network (PON) technology deployment, which has primarily focused on residential markets, with triple play services consisting of voice, data and video, towards the support of a high value Ethernet and optical business services, with a vision of having a converged PON-based access network for all residential and business services. Business services, including wireless backhaul, are key components of a service provider portfolio, and use of the PON centric access network allows for more optimized deployment of these services. The paper also presents architectural approaches for supporting various types of business services over a PON-based fiber-to-the-premises network.
Depth, size and distance in stereoscopic vision

Evidence is presented to show that in stereoscopic vision a constant ratio of perceived size to perceived distance corresponds to a constant visual angle (the size-distance invariance hypothesis). The functions relating the size/ distance ratio to visual angle and the depth/distance ratio to disparity are determined for three as using the methods of magnitude estimation and magnitude production. The results for each a may be represented by power functions, the depth/ distance function having the higher exponent. These scales are used to predict the outcome of an experiment in which depth is matched to size. The agreement of predictions with results is good for the combined data of the group, but significant deviations occur from curves predicted for individual as. An experiment in which an oblique line is matched to a frontal extent yields data consistent with Luneburg’s hypothesis that the intrinsic geometry of visual space is non-Euclidean. The indicated curvature is negative for two as and varying from positive to negative for the third.
Modeling the effect of skewness and kurtosis on the static friction coefficient of rough surfaces

Abstract Engineering surfaces possess roughnesses that exhibit asymmetrical height distributions. However, the Gaussian distribution is most often used to characterize the topography of surfaces, and is also used in models to predict contact and friction parameters. In this paper, the effects of kurtosis and skewness on different levels of surface roughness are investigated independently. This is accomplished by adopting the Pearson system of frequency curves and used in conjunction with a static friction model for rough surfaces to calculate the friction force and friction coefficient. This study is the first attempt to independently model the effect of kurtosis and skewness on the static friction and friction coefficient. It is predicted that surfaces with high kurtosis and positive skewness exhibit lower static friction coefficient compared to the Gaussian case. More importantly, it is predicted that, for high kurtosis values, the static friction coefficient decreases with decreasing external force rather than increasing as seen with increasing skewness. This is a very promising result for applications involving smooth lightly loaded contacts such as magnetic storage devices and microelectromechanical systems. The practical significance of the present model is specifically demonstrated on static friction predictions in magnetic storage head–disk interfaces. Such predictions can be used to determine the optimal characteristics of such devices prior to fabrication to achieve lower friction in terms of surface roughness, mechanical properties, apparent contact area, and operational environment.
Encoding of a spectrally-complex communication sound in the bullfrog's auditory nerve.

1. A population study of eighth nerve responses in the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, was undertaken to analyze how the eighth nerve codes the complex spectral and temporal structure of the species-specific advertisement call over a biologically-realistic range of intensities. Synthetic advertisement calls were generated by Fourier synthesis and presented to individual eighth nerve fibers of anesthetized bullfrogs. Fiber responses were analyzed by calculating rate responses based on post-stimulustime (PST) histograms and temporal responses based on Fourier transforms of period histograms. 2. At stimulus intensities of 70 and 80 dB SPL, normalized rate responses provide a fairly good representation of the complex spectral structure of the stimulus, particularly in the low- and mid-frequency range. At higher intensities, rate responses saturate, and very little of the spectral structure of the complex stimulus can be seen in the profile of rate responses of the population. 3. Both AP and BP fibers phase-lock strongly to the fundamental (100 Hz) of the complex stimulus. These effects are relatively resistant to changes in stimulus intensity. Only a small number of fibers synchronize to the low-frequency spectral energy in the stimulus. The underlying spectral complexity of the stimulus is not accurately reflected in the timing of fiber firing, presumably because firing is ‘captured’ by the fundamental frequency. 4. Plots of average localized synchronized rate (ALSR), which combine both spectral and temporal information, show a similar, low-pass shape at all stimulus intensities. ALSR plots do not generally provide an accurate representation of the structure of the advertisement call. 5. The data suggest that anuran peripheral auditory fibers may be particularly sensitive to the amplitude envelope of sounds.
Evolution of quantum detectors from VLWIR to FIR

Evolution of devices for detecting smaller and smaller energy photons starting from the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum is described. A brief description of the extrinsic detector development for LWIR to FIR wavelengths is presented. Several other types of IR detectors including the cutoff wavelength extension into the FIR range for quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) are presented. Efforts in developing p-GaAs Homojunction Interfacial Workfunction Internal Photoemission (HIWIP) far-infrared detectors and the most recent development in GaAs/AlGaAs HEterojunction interfacial workfunction internal photoemission (HEIWIP) far-infrared detectors are also presented.
Influence of Potassium Sorbate and Reduced pH on the Growth of Vegetative Cells of Four Strains of Type A and B Clostridium botulinum

Growth of vegetative cells of four strains of Clostridium botulinum was measured as the average A630nm of five replicate peptone-yeast extract broth cultures at 37°C. Media pH values ranged from 7.1 to 5.5 and potassium sorbate concentrations of 0 or 0.26%. Growth ratios (GR = treatment/control) based on the time to reach an A = 0.35 were calculated. Predicted GR's from the linear regression of log (GR) vs log (undissociated sorbic acid concentration) were used to compare strains. Reduced pH (>5.5) had minimal effects on GR. Sorbate inhibited the growth of all strains at 250 mg/L undissociated sorbic acid. This was indicated by predicted GR's of 2.3-3.4. Responses of cells derived from different spore suspensions of the same strain were similar.
Approaches to winner determination in combinatorial auctions

Abstract Combinatorial auctions, i.e., auctions where bidders can bid on combinations of items, tend to lead to more efficient allocations than traditional auctions in multi-item auctions where the agents' valuations of the items are not additive. However, determining the winners so as to maximize revenue is NP -complete. First, existing approaches for tackling this problem are reviewed: exhaustive enumeration, dynamic programming, approximation algorithms, and restricting the allowable combinations. Then, we overview our new search algorithm for optimal anytime winner determination. By capitalizing on the fact that the space of bids is necessarily sparsely populated in practice, it enlarges the envelope of input sizes for which combinatorial auctions are computationally feasible. Finally, we discuss eMediator, our electronic commerce server that implements several techniques for automatically facilitating commerce, including an auction house with generalized combinatorial auctions. To our knowledge, our implementation is the first Internet auction to support combinatorial auctions, bidding via graphically drawn price–quantity graphs, and by mobile agents.
The (CGG)n repeat element within the 5′ untranslated region of the FMR1 message provides both positive and negative cis effects on in vivo translation of a downstream reporter

The human fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene contains a polymorphic (CGG) trinucleotide repeat element in its 5' untranslated region. Expansion of the (CGG) n element beyond 200 repeats (full mutation range) generally leads to transcriptional silencing; consequent loss of the FMR1 protein (FMRP) results in fragile X syndrome, the most frequent form of inherited mental impairment. For carriers of smaller expansions (55 ≤ n ≤ 200; premutation range), FMRP levels are gradually reduced with increasing repeat number, despite elevated FMR1 mRNA levels, suggesting that translation is impeded within the premutation range. To examine in more detail the influence of the CGG repeat on translation, CMV immediate-early promoter constructs, containing the FMR1 5'-UTR with various (CGG) n repeat lengths (0≤n≤99) and a downstream (luciferase) reporter, were transfected into two human cell lines, a neural cell-derived line (SK) and a fetal kidney cell-derived line (293). For both cell types, the CGG element exerts distinct effects on reporter expression, depending on the length of the repeat. For n ≥ 30, luciferase expression decreases with increasing repeat length, consistent with earlier observations of decreased FMRP expression in peripheral blood leucocytes over the same repeat range, despite a slight increase in mRNA level for the larger repeats. Surprisingly, for smaller alleles (0 ≤ n ≤ 30), reporter expression actually increases by nearly two-fold with increasing repeat length in the absence of any change in mRNA level. These results suggest that the CGG repeat element can exert both positive (n 30) effects on translation. Interestingly, optimal translation appears to occur near the modal repeat number within the general human population.
Phorbol ester inhibition of rat gonadotropin-releasing hormone promoter activity: role of Fos and Jun in the repression of transcription.

Treatment of GT1-7 neuronal cells with the phorbol ester, 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA), inhibits GnRH gene transcription. The present studies investigated the role of AP-1 (Fos and Jun) in this repression. Treatment of cells with TPA increased c-fos mRNA 20-fold with only a 2-fold increase in c-jun mRNA levels. In transient transfection studies, a luciferase expression vector containing fragments of the 5'-flanking DNA of the rat GnRH (rGnRH) promoter was cotransfected with Fos and Jun expression vectors to mimic the effects of TPA. A dose-dependent decrease in reporter activity was noted with increasing amounts of Fos but not with Jun overexpression. Deletion analysis mapped the region that mediates repression by AP-1 to the area between -126 and -73 base pairs (bp) of the rGnRH 5'-flanking region: the same area that mediates TPA-induced repression and contains an imperfect TPA response element sequence at -99. Gel retardation assays, however, showed that a DNA fragment from -111 to -73 of...
Model discrimination through adaptive experimentation.

An ideal experiment is one in which data collection is efficient and the results are maximally informative. This standard can be difficult to achieve because of uncertainties about the consequences of design decisions. We demonstrate the success of a Bayesian adaptive method (adaptive design optimization, ADO) in optimizing design decisions when comparing models of the time course of forgetting. Across a series of testing stages, ADO intelligently adapts the retention interval in order to maximally discriminate power and exponential models. Compared with two different control (non-adaptive) methods, ADO distinguishes the models decisively, with the results unambiguously favoring the power model. Analyses suggest that ADO’s success is due in part to its flexibility in adjusting to individual differences. This implementation of ADO serves as an important first step in assessing its applicability and usefulness to psychology.
Experimental Analysis of a Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting System for Harmonic, Random, and Sine on Random Vibration

Harvesting power with a piezoelectric vibration powered generator using a full-wave rectifier conditioning circuit is experimentally compared for varying sinusoidal, random, and sine on random (SOR) input vibration scenarios; the implications of source vibration characteristics on harvester design are discussed. The rise in popularity of harvesting energy from ambient vibrations has made compact, energy dense piezoelectric generators commercially available. Much of the available literature focuses on maximizing harvested power through nonlinear processing circuits that require accurate knowledge of generator internal mechanical and electrical characteristics and idealization of the input vibration source, which cannot be assumed in general application. Variations in source vibration and load resistance are explored for a commercially available piezoelectric generator. The results agree with numerical and theoretical predictions in the previous literature for optimal power harvesting in sinusoidal and flat broadband vibration scenarios. Going beyond idealized steady-state sinusoidal and flat random vibration input, experimental SOR testing allows for more accurate representation of real world ambient vibration. It is shown that characteristic interactions from more complex vibration sources significantly alter power generation and processing requirements by varying harvested power, shifting optimal conditioning impedance, inducing voltage fluctuations, and ultimately rendering idealized sinusoidal and random analyses incorrect.
Building the Reservoir to Nowhere: The Role of Agencies in Advocacy Coalitions

The purpose of the advocacy coalition framework is to explain policy change over time through an examination of the stability of advocacy coalitions within policy subsystems. Recently, scholars have confirmed that advocacy coalitions are held together by shared belief systems, specifically in distributive policy arenas. We contend that federal agencies, in distributive policy arenas, provide both the anchors and support systems for the development and maintenance of belief systems. This anchoring helps provide adequate resources, access to political institutions, ability to control administrative process, and/or the capacity to deliver public goods and services. We conducted an analysis of the policy changes that occurred during the implementation of the National Environmental Policy Act for the construction of the Bureau of Reclamation’s Animas-La Plata project. This is an example where administrators, through the management of information, were able to control the policy process. The analysis provides a needed replication of previous findings regarding policy change and offers new insights into how institutions are critical to subsystem stability over time.
Evolution of the Vacuolar H + -ATPase: Implications for the Origin of Eukaryotes

Abstract Active transport across the vacuolar components of the eukaryotic endomembrane system is energized by a specific vacuolar H+-ATPase. The amino acid sequences of the 70- and 60-kDa subunits of the vacuolar H+-ATPase are approximately equal to 25% identical to the beta and alpha subunits, respectively, of the eubacterial-type F0F1-ATPases. We now report that the same vacuolar H+-ATPase subunits are approximately equal to 50% identical to the alpha and beta subunits, respectively, of the sulfur-metabolizing Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, an archaebacterium (Archaeobacterium). Moreover, the homologue of an 88-amino acid stretch near the amino-terminal end of the 70-kDa subunit is absent from the F0F1-ATPase beta subunit but is present in the alpha subunit of Sulfolobus. Since the two types of subunits (alpha and beta subunits; 60- and 70-kDa subunits) are homologous to each other, they must have arisen by a gene duplication that occurred prior to the last common ancestor of the eubacteria, eukaryotes, and Sulfolobus. Thus, the phylogenetic tree of the subunits can be rooted at the site where the gene duplication occurred. The inferred evolutionary tree contains two main branches: a eubacterial branch and an eocyte branch that gave rise to Sulfolobus and the eukaryotic host cell. The implication is that the vacuolar H+-ATPase of eukaryotes arose by the internalization of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase of an archaebacterial-like ancestral cell.
Site-specific, real-time forecasting system

The RadarLink project proposes to develop an optimal system architecture, which will implement and demonstrate an information service tailored to meet the needs of Canada's Earth observation community. RadarLink will use the resulting real time stream of data to promote the development of three marine surveillance and monitoring applications which have identified commercial and social benefit. CORETEC Incorporated has been selected to participate in this project and will use RADARSAT data to augment existing methods of ice reconnaissance and weather observation. CORETEC's RadarLink application will operate as a comprehensive marine ice management system providing detailed site-specific nowcast and forecast information about ice and iceberg movements. This system requires site specific, real time information detailing ice and environmental conditions. Once this information is received it can be incorporated into the ice management system where sophisticated algorithms provide prediction and forecasting information concerning ice edge, individual icebergs, and iceberg ensemble drift. The developed system will be used in a pilot project to be carried out in connection with the towing operations of the Hibernia platform. This paper describes the system development including a functional requirement specification, a detailed system specification, and system implementation.
Symbolic Politics and Institutional Boundaries in Curriculum Reform: The Case of National Sectarian University

Employing a neo-institutional analytic framework, this paper considers one case of generaleducation reform, focusing on proposed changes to curricular structure, cultural diversity requirements, and curriculum oversight. The study explores how institutionalized organizational factors may influence the development of reform proposals, as well as how the reform process can yield useful symbolic outcomes that are distinct from technical change.
Allelic Complementation in the First Gene for Histidine Biosynthesis in SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. I. Characteristics of Mutants and Genetic Mapping of Alleles

A number of his1 mutants were tested for suppressibility, for reversion by EMS, ICR-170, and nitrous acid, for their allelic complementation response, and for their temperature sensitivity and osmotic remediability. None of 52 mutants tested was suppressible by a known ochre suppressor. This is a very surprising result compared with other studies of suppressibility in yeast and suggests that another function essential to the cell is associated with the his1 gene product, the polarity effect of a nonsense mutation destroying the activity of the his1 enzyme and this second function. Sixty-four his1 alleles were ordered by allelic mapping methods utilizing gamma rays, X-rays, and MMS. The three maps agree well in placement of alleles and have been oriented on chromosome V of yeast with respect to the centromere. The 18 noncomplementing alleles are localized in the distal half of the gene, whereas the complementing alleles are distributed more or less evenly. Mutations which revert to feedback resistance map in the proximal end. Also at this end are mutations having a very high X-ray or MMS induced homoallelic reversion rate. This suggests that a number of missense mutations can occur in this region which result in innocuous amino acid substitutions in the enzyme. One X-ray map unit is estimated to correspond to about 131 base pairs or 43 amino acids, in agreement with results for the cytochrome-c protein obtained by Parker and Sherman (1969).
Wideband conformal metamaterial apertures

This paper introduces a concept of concatenating miniaturized antenna elements to realize wideband arrays. When such arrays are placed conformally, the resulting equivalent circuit (corresponding to each antenna element) is identical to that employed in modeling left-handed transmission lines. Overall, the array emulates propagation within anisotropic media. Such anisotropy introduces added degrees of freedom employed herewith to cancel the reactive loading associated with the ground plane, necessary to achieve wideband performance with a 2∶1 VSWR greater than 10∶1. A key aspect of the design is the introduction of reactive element along coupled lines forming the antenna element. This presentation will introduce the concept of wideband conformal apertures, their equivalent circuits and specific design demonstrations.
A New Fungus Disease of Trout

Abstract A new species of fungus, for which time name Saprolegnia invaderis is proposed, was found in fingerling trout at the Leetown (West Virginia) hatchery. Infection occurs through the alimentary tract from which the fungus grows out through the body cavity and the abdominal wall to the exterior, where zoospores and chlamydospores are formed. Growth of the hyphae through the abdominal wall occurs only after the death of the host. A short technical description of the parasite is included.
Phylogenetic placement of an unusual coral mushroom challenges the classic hypothesis of strict coevolution in the apterostigma pilosum group ant-fungus mutualism.

The ∼50 million-year-old fungus-farming ant mutualism is a classic example of coevolution, involving ants that subsist on asexual, fungal biomass, in turn propagating the fungus clonally through nest-to-nest transmission. Most mutualistic ants cultivate two closely related groups of gilled mushrooms, whereas one small group of ants in the genus Apterostigma cultivates a distantly related lineage comprised of the G2 and G4 groups. The G2 and G4 fungi were previously shown to form a monophyletic group sister to the thread-like coral mushroom family Pterulaceae. Here, we identify an enigmatic coral mushroom that produces both fertile and sterile fruiting structures as the closest free-living relative of the G4 fungi, challenging the monophyly of the Apterostigma-cultivated fungi for the first time. Both nonparametric bootstrap and Bayesian posterior probability support the node leading to the G4 cultivars and a free-living Pterula mushroom. These data suggest three scenarios that contradict the hypothesis of strict coevolution: (1) multiple domestications, (2) escape from domestication, (3) selection of single cultivar lineages from an ancestral mixed-fungus garden. These results illustrate how incomplete phylogenies for coevolved symbionts impede our understanding of the patterns and processes of coevolution.
A Description of Territorial Behavior and a Quantitative Study of its Function in Males of Hetaerina americana (Fabricius) (Odonata: Agriidae)

The present work was predominantly stimulated by Moore (1953, 1957) in his studies on the functions of dragonfly territoriality. The objective of this study has been to describe the territorial behavior of Hetaerina americana males and to obtain quantitative information on its function by the capture mark recapture method. Population analyses by marking and recapturing have made possible the calculation of many factors of ecological importance. Flying insects have received especial attention from Dowdeswell, Fisher, and Ford (1940) and Fisher and Ford (1947) for the Lepidoptera and from Jackson (1948) for the tsetse-fly. Borror (1934) was among the first to utilize marking methods for studies on the Odonata. Several investigators have since used such methods for these insects. Corbet (1952) has shown the Odonata to be quite suitable for quantitative study by these methods. Observations on territoriality were made from March to August, 1960, on the San Marcos River, San Marcos, Texas, the San Marcos River, Palmetto State Park, Texas, the San Gabriel River, Georgetown, Texas, and on the Colorado River, 15 miles west of Austin, Texas. The population study was also carried on at the latter habitat in the summer of 1960 from July 4 to August 2 in which 340 individuals were marked and a total of 396 recaptures were recovered.
Oral contraceptives, exercise, and acute mountain sickness in women.

Previous research has found that exercise exacerbated acute mountain sickness (AMS) in men. The current study tested this relationship in women taking oral contraceptives. The authors studied seven women at 428 mmHg for 10 hours; once while at rest (R) and once while performing intermittent exercise (EX). AMS scores had a slight increase at 9 versus 0 hours at altitude in both trials (p 0.05). While fluid intake did not change urine output increased during the 0-3 hours period regardless of trial and returned to baseline values by the 6-9 hours period (218 +or- 37 vs. 121 +or- 22 ml hours raise to the power of -1; p < 0.05). During exercise SPO2 significantly dropped compared with similar time points in R (73.1 +or- 1.1 vs. 85.7 +or- 1.8%; p < 0.05). Despite exercise-induced desaturation the AMS scores were not significantly different between R and EX. These results suggest that oral contraceptives may cause a compensation for the physiological responses to exercise critical for the development of AMS. (authors)
Timing and route of migration of mature female blue crabs in a tidal estuary.

Information on migration patterns is critical to using no-take migratory corridors and marine reserves to protect the spawning stock of commercially exploited species. Both active and passive acoustic tracking methods quantified movement of commercially and ecologically important blue crabs in the White Oak River estuary, NC, USA. We targeted post-mating female crabs migrating down-estuary to oceanic spawning grounds. Crabs travelled approximately 14.1 km mainly in deeper channels and over 12–26 days from mating areas to spawning grounds. No crabs were detected migrating down-estuary in the autumn and only 30% were detected migrating down-estuary in spring. None of the crabs detected near spawning grounds were detected or recaptured back up-estuary, suggesting that they either (i) do not return to the estuary after a one to two week period in the spawning area or (ii) were captured by fishermen. The results from this study demonstrate that (1) acoustic transmitters coupled with passive acoustic receivers provided reliable and valuable data on migration patterns of mature female blue crabs and (2) mature female blue crabs are capable of migrating primarily within deep channels to spawning grounds shortly after insemination.
Interlibrary Loan Options With Digital Equipment

Technology has changed over time for interlibrary loan; digital equipment now gives opportunities to deliver requests without damaging rare or fragile materials. Examples of the equipment are cameras, flat bed scanners, form feed scanners, iPhones, iPads, handheld scanning wands, microreel scanners, and microfiche scanners. In this article, we will take a look at uses for copying rare books and uses of digital equipment to fill interlibrary loan requests.
Synthesis, Characterization, Photoluminescence, and Simulations of a CCC-NHC-Supported Pt2Ag2 Mixed-Metal Cluster Containing a PtAg2 Metallacyclopropane

The pincer CCC-bis(NHC)-supported Pt(II) complex 2, (1,3-bis(N-((trimethylsilyl)methyl)imidazol-2-ylidene)-2-phenylene)chloroplatinum(II), was prepared and was reacted with excess or stoichiometric silver(I) trifluoroacetate. The reaction with excess yielded the Pt2Ag2 cluster 3, which to our knowledge contains the first unsymmetrically substituted example of a PtAg2 metallacyclopropane, as revealed by X-ray crystallography. A distorted-octahedral configuration was also found in the coordination sphere of one of the silver atoms. Multiple weak hydrogen bonds (WHB) including C–H···O, C–H···F, and C–F···π interactions were identified in the lattice of cluster 3. The unique structure of cluster 3 was simulated using density functional theory (DFT), which revealed that it was thermodynamically favored over the more expected configurations. The stoichiometric reaction with Ag(OCCF3) afforded the simple ligand exchange product (1,3-bis(N-((trimethylsilyl)methyl)imidazol-2-ylidene)-2-phenylene)(trifluoroacetato)...
SOME FUNGI IMPERFECTI OF THE PUNJAB AND KASHMIR

The Fungi Imperfecti obtained from the phanerogamic collections of several collectors, from Kashmir and the Punjab, which are deposited in the Herbarium of the University of Michigan, are described...
Phospholipid composition of mitochondria and microsomes of liver and kidney in adrenalectomized, hypophysectomized, and diabetic rats.

SummaryThe individual phospholipid concentration of mitochondria and microsomes of liver and kidney in adrenalectomized, hypophysectomized, and diabetic rats was studied. Adrenalectomy and hypophysectomy resulted in a decreased concentration of total phospholipid of mitochondria and microsomes of liver and kidney. A decreased concentration of total phospholipids occurred in the microsomes of liver and kidney of the diabetic rats. This decrease of liver and kidney mitochondria and microsomes is apparently uniformly distributed in all of the phospholipid fractions except phosphatidylinositol. A decreased concentration of phosphatidyl-inositol of liver mitochondria occurred in the hypophysectomized rats.
Characterizing I/O Performance Using the TAU Performance System.

TAU is an integrated toolkit for performance instrumentation, measurement, and analysis. It provides a flexible, portable, and scalable set of technologies for performance evaluation on extreme-scale HPC systems. This paper describes alternatives for I/O instrumentation provided by TAU and the design and implementation of a new tool, tau_gen_wrapper, to wrap external libraries. It describes three instrumentation techniques preprocessor based substitution, linker based instrumentation, and library preloading based replacement of routines. It demonstrates this wrapping technology in the context of intercepting the POSIX I/O library and its application to profiling I/O calls for the Global Cloud Resolution Model (GCRM) application on the Cray XE6 system. This scheme allows TAU to track I/O using linker level instrumentation for statically linked executables and attribute the I/O to specific code regions. It also addresses issues encountered in collecting the performance data from large core counts and representing this data to correctly identify sources of poor I/O
Through a Glass Darkly: Mortality and the Outer Mystery in Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead

Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, spear carriers from the wings of Shakespeare’s imagination, are summoned to centre stage by Tom Stoppard. With three acts before them and no acts to perform, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern spin coins, devise word games, parry questions and answers, delve and glean, draw Hamlet on to pleasures, play at playing, take a stab at killing (though the intended victim never gets the point), and, finally, wind up on the receiving end of the point themselves. And yet the whole point of Stoppard’s play, in so far as it has one, is — surely — that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern never get the point. Although the courtiers come to see that their quietus will be made for them, the rest is silence. Stoppard’s two courtiers remain — and the word gathers weight throughout the playwright’s career — mystified. The bafflement of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern has tempted some observers to conclude with Tzara in Travesties that ‘everything is Chance, including design’.1 Stoppard’s play more nearly forces us to see that even chance appearances mask a reality of design. If Stoppard’s courtiers sense the mystery in the clockwork of Hamlet, they always do so with the sense that what evades their grasp is unknown to them but not unknowable. That which Rosencrantz and Guildenstern do not comprehend is not necessarily incomprehensible. Offering a helpful analogy between Stoppard’s play and T.S. Eliot’s poem ‘Marina’, Tim Brassell suggests that ‘Stoppard, like Eliot, calls attention to what is present but cannot be perceived’.2 But if Stoppard’s play conjures up an image of man surrounded by an uncomprehended but comprehensible outer mystery, such resonances were not perceived by the author himself while he was writing the play.
Eggs and Egg Products

To a great extent eggs and egg products used in the food industry are bought in either the frozen or dried state. The objective of either drying or freezing is to retain the native characteristics of the raw egg to the greatest possible extent. Egg yolks and whole eggs are spray-dried commercially, while egg whites may be either spray-dried (powder) or pandried (flaked).
Providing Network Security with Optical Signal Processing

We propose and demonstrate the enhancement of data networks security using optical signal processing. Optical steganography that based on spread spectrum is used to inhibit the observation and analysis of data traffic. With the use of optical CDMA, service interruption is prevented in the presence of infrastructure attacks. Unlike conventional wavelength and time multiplexing approaches, the soft blocking capability provides protection paths without the need of permanently reserving the bandwidth. Optical CDMA also provides a large code set and the large cardinality reduces the probability of interception of the secure signal by an eavesdropper. To prevent side-channel attacks, all-optical encryption is demonstrated that provides real-time encryption.
Local calibration of the fatigue cracking models in the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide for Tennessee

This study summarises the local calibration of AASHTO Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) for flexible pavements in Tennessee. Data retrieved from the Highway Pavement Management Application of Tennessee were utilised. The alligator cracking, wheel-path longitudinal cracking, and roughness transfer functions were calibrated. The curve fitting procedure in MATLAB was used to determine the coefficients for those transfer functions. The Jackknife method was used to validate the calibrated models. Generally, MEPDG underestimated the alligator cracking for Tennessee, but overestimated the longitudinal cracking. After the calibration, both the bias and the standard error of estimate were reduced, and the predictability of those models increased appreciably. With all distress models like alligator cracking, longitudinal cracking, and rutting models being calibrated, the accuracy of the prediction from the international roughness index model increased noticeably. Jackknife is not only an unbiased ...
Is Observation-Based Ecology Scientific?

Questions and criticisms that arise around observational approaches boil down to one fundamental question: “Is this really science?” This question could be asked of any kind of research, but because observational approaches have been out of the scientific mainstream for a long time, and because they invite so many nonscientists as well as investigators from the so-called soft sciences to be part of the life sciences, it is frequently directed at observational studies. So now that these kinds of studies are being integrated into science, the natural follow-up to the fundamental question becomes “Are observational approaches scientific?”