cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Better Addressing Word Deletion for Statistical Machine Translation

Word deletion (WD) problems have a critical impact on the adequacy of translation and can lead to poor comprehension of lexical meaning in the translation result. This paper studies how the word deletion problem can be handled in statistical machine translation (SMT) in detail. We classify this problem into desired and undesired word deletion based on spurious and meaningful words. Consequently, we propose four effective models to handle undesired word deletion. To evaluate word deletion problems, we develop an automatic evaluation metric that highly correlates with human judgement. Translation systems are simultaneously tuned for the proposed evaluation metric and BLEU using minimum error rate training (MERT). The experimental results demonstrate that our methods achieve significant improvements in word deletion problems on Chinese-to-English translation tasks.
α-Helix Mimetics as Modulators of Aβ Self-Assembly

A key molecular species in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the Aβ42 alloform of Aβ peptide, which is dominant in the amyloid plaques deposited in the brains of AD patients. Recent studies have decisively demonstrated that the prefibrillar soluble oligomers are the neurotoxic culprits and are associated with the pathology of AD. Nascent Aβ42 is predominantly disordered but samples α-helical conformations covering residues 15–24 and 29–35 in the presence of micelles and structure-inducing solvents. In this report, a focused library of oligopyridylamide based α-helical mimetics was designed to target the central α-helix subdomain of Aβ (Aβ13–26). A tripyridylamide, ADH-41, was identified as one of the most potent antagonists of Aβ fibrillation. Amyloid-assembly kinetics, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) show that ADH-41 wholly suppresses the aggregation of Aβ at a substoichiometric dose. Dot blot and ELISA assays demonstrate the inhibition of the putative neurotoxic Aβ ol...
On-chip unstable resonator cavity 2-μm quantum well lasers

Focused ion beam milling was used to fabricate on-chip unstable resonator cavity quantum well laser devices. A cylindrical mirror was formed at the back facet of the broad area device emitting near 2 μm. Compared to the Fabry-Perot cavity device, the unstable resonator cavity device exhibits a 2x diffraction limited beam. The preliminary results demonstrate that a much higher brightness can be reached in this class of broad area devices.
Review of the impacts of leaking CO2 gas and brine on groundwater quality

This paper provides an overview of the existing data and knowledge presented in recent literature about the potential leaking of CO2 from the deep subsurface storage reservoirs and the effects on groundwater quality. The objectives are to: 1) present data and discuss potential risks associated with the groundwater quality degradation due to CO2 gas and brine exposure; 2) identify the set of geochemical data required to develop models to assess and predict aquifer responses to CO2 and brine leakage; and 3) present a summary of the findings and reveal future trends in this important and expanding research area. The discussion is focused around aquifer responses to CO2 gas and brine exposure and the degree of impact; major hydrogeological and geochemical processes and site-specific properties known to control aquifer quality under CO2 exposure conditions; contributions from the deep reservoirs (plume characteristics and composition); and the possibility of establishment of a new network of reactions and processes affecting or controlling the overall mobility of major, minor, and trace elements and the fate of the elements released from sediments or transported with brine. This paper also includes a discussion on the development of conceptual and reduced order models (ROMs) to describe and predict aquifer responses and whether or not the release of metals following exposure to CO2 is harmful, which are an essential tool for CO2 sequestration related risk assessment. Future research needs in this area are also included at the end of the paper.
Mechanics of Three-Dimensional Textile Structural Composites: Performance Modeling

This paper presents a model for the prediction of anisotropic elastic stiffness of 3-D textile structural composites based on the preform architecture and the preforming process parameters. The methodology employed in this paper uses preform modeling to represent the fiber microstructure and uses micro-mechanical analysis to determine the macroscopic anisotropic stiffness. Representative volume elements (macro-cells) are identified for three-dimensionally woven preforms and geometric descriptions of the path and interactions between the tows within the cells are generated. This geometric modeling enables the estimation of the fiber volume fraction and the directional distribution of the fiber in the composite. The macro-cell is further decomposed into simpler elements whose stiffness is determined from tow geometry and the stiffness of the fiber/matrix constituents. The macroscopic stiffness of the textile composite is obtained from the macro-cell definition using an Effective Response Comparison (ERC) technique. Numerical results are compared with data from experimental characterization of several woven composites.
Flow-Based Simulation Methodology

This paper presents flow-based simulation, a new methodology for evaluating novel and intricate computer system designs. The main idea of flow-based simulation is to keep the history of every simulated memory element, instead of its latest value, to make it time bonded so that sliding the time forward and backward changes the state of the system accordingly. Having this opportunity, new architectural designs can be evaluated in terms of timing and energy by implementing only a functional simulation. Due to serial execution, the process of the design in a flow-based simulation is traceable and easy to understand. As a result, comparing with cycle-driven and event-driven techniques, complicated algorithms can be evaluated much easier. Flow-based simulation simplifies the burden of the timing simulation, and consequently leads to faster development and simulation time.
Incorporating qualitative information into quantitative estimation via Sequentially Constrained Hamiltonian Monte Carlo sampling

In human-robot collaborative tasks, incorporating qualitative information provided by humans can greatly enhance the robustness and efficacy of robot state estimation. We introduce an algorithmic framework to model qualitative information as quantitative constraints on and between states. Our approach, named Sequentially Constrained Hamiltonian Monte Carlo, integrates Hamiltonian dynamics into Sequentially Constrained Monte Carlo sampling. We are able to generate samples that satisfy arbitrarily complex, non-smooth and discontinuous constraints, which in turn allows us to support a wide range of qualitative information. We evaluate our approach for constrained sampling qualitatively and quantitatively with several classes of constraints. SCHMC significantly outperforms the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm (a standard Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method) and the Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) method, in terms of both the accuracy of the sampling (for satisfying constraints) and the quality of approximation. Compared to Sequentially Constrained Monte Carlo (SCMC), which supports similar kinds of constraints, our SCHMC approach has faster convergence rates and lower parameter sensitivity.
Improved Deep Neural Network Object Tracking System for Applications in Home Robotics

Robotic navigation in GPS-denied environments requires case specific approaches for controlling a mobile robot to any desired destinations. In general, a nominal path is created in an environment described by a set of distinct objects, in other words such obstacles and landmarks. Intelligent voice assistants or digital assistance devices are increasing their importance in today’s smart home. Especially, by the help of fast-growing Internet of Things (IoT) applications. These devices are amassing an ever-growing list of features such as controlling states of connected smart devices, recording tasks, and responding to queries. Assistive robots are the perfect complement to smart voice assistants for providing physical manipulation. A request made by a person can be assigned to the assistive robot by the voice assistant. In this chapter, a new approach for autonomous navigation is presented using pattern recognition and machine learning techniques such as Convolutional Neural Networks to identify markers or objects from images and videos. Computational intelligence techniques are implemented along with Robot Operating System and object positioning to navigate towards these objects and markers by using RGB-depth camera. Multiple potential matching objects detected by the robot with deep neural network object detectors will be displayed on a screen installed on the assistive robot to improve and evaluate Human-Robot Interaction (HRI).
I can do better: How entrepreneurial hubris affects acquisition exit and/or new venture growth

Although hubris has long been recognized in the entrepreneurship literature, most studies focus on entries and relatively few examine the context of exits. To help fill in the gap, we ask: How does entrepreneurial hubris affect exit by acquisition and/or new venture growth? Using a sample of new ventures and acquisitions in the U.S. computer industry, we explore whether venture CEOs with greater hubris are less apt to choose acquisition exits. We also examine contextual factors that may strengthen or weaken the effect. Specifically, the impact of entrepreneurial hubris is expected to be stronger in older and larger ventures. Moreover, the effect of entrepreneurial hubris may be intensified in ventures that are backed by prominent venture capitalists and those that ally with established firms. Finally, for ventures that did not accept acquisition offers, we investigate whether entrepreneurial hubris affects their subsequent growth.
The Program OSMOSIS: A Rigorous Numerical Implementation of Augmented Drift-Diffusion Equation for the Simulation of Velocity Overshoot

Device simulation using the drift-diffusion (DD) model has many advantages over other more complex and time-consuming methods. However, in submi-cron devices, nonstationary effects such as velocity overshoot must be included to predict device behavior accurately. We have successfully used an augmented current equation[I] to analyze submicron device characteristics. Comparisons with the Monte-Carlo (MC) method and the Hydrodynamic (HD) model are briefly examined on a test structure. Also, a hierarchical, easy-to-update DD device simulator OSMOSIS (Over-Shoot Modeling Of Semiconductor Structures) is developed not only for the augmented current equation, but also for more general use in the future.
A Child With an Unusual Retained Oral Foreign Body.

Abstract Background Pediatric foreign-body ingestions are common. Oral foreign bodies are rare but can be life-threatening. Management of their extraction requires knowledge and careful consideration of removal techniques, pharmacology, and potential complications. Case Report A 5-year-old boy presented to the emergency department with a wooden block retained in his mouth after a fall. The block was lodged behind the patient's primary central incisors without causing apparent oral or dental trauma. Initial manipulation was unsuccessful given patient apprehension and muscle spasm. The patient was given i.v. diazepam for anxiolysis and muscle relaxation, and a tenaculum was used to extract the object. He was observed for a period of time and had no complications. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Retained oral foreign bodies in children require a careful approach and understanding of pharmacologic anxiolysis, as patients may not be candidates for moderate sedation. Emergency physicians must be aware of potential complications of oral foreign bodies, including palatal injury, temporomandibular joint dislocation, epiglottitis, and retained foreign bodies.
Advanced Architectures for QAM Modulators

Deviations to the input parameters of QAM can cause errors in the output, causing the output to deviate from its ideal position on the constellation diagram. This paper suggests adding feedback to the modulator branches to reduce the error in the output signal.
Examining clinical meaningfulness in randomized controlled trials: revisiting the Well Elderly II

OBJECTIVE. Randomized controlled trial (RCT) interventions often rely on p values, where statistical significance is assumed to provide evidence of an intervention effect. This study provides a secondary data analysis of the Well Elderly II RCT using multiple approaches that examine clinical meaningfulness. METHOD. We reanalyzed the Well Elderly II RCT using effect size, standard deviation, standard error of measurement, minimal difference, a fragility index, an assessment of poor scores at baseline, and an analysis with a small subgroup of participants removed. RESULTS. Although some participants improved on several scales, most stayed the same, and a small subset declined. Omitting a small subgroup of participants led to nonsignificant p values. CONCLUSION. There is evidence that disparities in baseline scores and regression to the mean may have created the appearance of an intervention effect. Our methods of considering clinical meaningfulness suggest improved approaches to analyzing RCT data.
Acroparesthesia may be of Mitochondrial Origin (P1.312)

Objective: N/A Background: We present four males with severe paroxysmal leg pain. Design/Methods: N/A Results: Case 1: A male presented at age 3 with excruciating leg pains that he referred to as “big stretchies.” He has priapism during his severe attacks, and also has periodic fevers and stomatitis. He has a mutation MT c. 3242G>A in the mitochondrial leucine transfer RNA gene sometimes associated with MELAS syndrome. This patient has no symptoms suggestive of MELAS. Pain is improved on gabapentin. Case 2: A male presented at age 2 with paroxysmal leg pain and gait disturbance. He also has gastroparesis and mild speech delay. He is heterozygous for a possibly pathologic variant in the COQ2 gene (c. 658delG) resulting in a frame shift mutation. His asymptomatic father is also heterozygous. After starting CoQ10, the patient has been free of leg pain for 7 months. Case 3: A male presented at age 10 with paroxysmal leg pain and a red papular rash on his shins. Alpha-galactosidase activity in the blood is 0. He has a c. 1077delT mutation in alpha-galactosidase gene confirming Fabry disease type I. Case 4: A male was admitted at age 6 weeks with severe gastroesophageal reflux, at age 2 with failure-to-thrive needing gastrostomy and, after age 10, gastrojejunal tube feeding. Intermittent right hip pain began at age 10. He has a possibly pathogenic mutation in the mitochondrial ND 6 gene (MT-ND6 m. 14453G>A) a subunit of complex 1 in the electron transport system. Conclusions: Severe paroxysmal leg pain, known as acroparesthesia, is classically associated with Fabry disease. These cases highlight that paroxysmal leg pain similar to acroparesthesia may suggest mitochondrial disease. Genetic analysis is helpful, but not always diagnostic. Disclosure: Dr. Zuzuarregui has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hutchison has nothing to disclose.
Identifying Predictors of Prolonged Levothyroxine Dose Adjustment After Thyroidectomy.

Abstract Background Levothyroxine (LT4) is one of the most prescribed drugs in the United States; however, many patients started on LT4 after thyroidectomy suffer from symptoms of hyper- or hypo-thyroidism before achieving euthyroidism. This study aims to describe the time required for dose adjustment before achieving euthyroidism and identify predictors of prolonged dose adjustment (PDA+) after thyroidectomy. Methods This is a single institution retrospective cohort study of patients who achieved euthyroidism with LT4 therapy between 2008 and 2017 after total or completion thyroidectomy for benign disease. Patients who needed at least three dose adjustments (top quartile) were considered PDA+. Binomial logistic regression was used to identify predictors of PDA+. Results The 605 patients in this study achieved euthyroidism in a median of 116 d (standard deviation 124.9) and one dose adjustment (standard deviation 1.3). The 508 PDA− patients achieved euthyroidism in a median of 101 d and one dose adjustment. The 97 PDA+ patients achieved euthyroidism in a median of 271 d and three dose adjustments. Iron supplementation (odds ratio = 4.4, 95% confidence interval = 1.4-13.5, P = 0.010) and multivitamin with mineral supplementation (odds ratio = 2.4, 95% confidence interval = 1.3-4.3, P = 0.004) were independently associated with PDA+. Age, gender, preoperative thyroid disease, and comorbidities did not independently predict PDA+. Conclusions After thyroidectomy, achieving euthyroidism can take nearly 4 mo. Iron and mineral supplementation are associated with PDA+. This information can inform the preoperative counseling of patients and suggests that this may expedite achieving euthyroidism.
Simulations of radiative turbulent mixing layers

Radiative turbulent mixing layers should be ubiquitous in multi-phase gas with shear flow. They are a potentially attractive explanation for the high ions such as O VI seen in high-velocity clouds and the circumgalactic medium (CGM) of galaxies. We perform 3D magnetohydrohynamics (MHD) simulations with non-equilibrium (NEI) and photoionization modelling, with an eye towards testing simple analytic models. Even purely hydrodynamic collisional ionization equilibrium (CIE) calculations have column densities much lower than observations. Characteristic inflow and turbulent velocities are much less than the shear velocity, and the layer width h∝t^(1/2)_(cool) rather than h ∝ t_(coo)l. Column densities are not independent of density or metallicity as analytic scalings predict, and show surprisingly weak dependence on shear velocity and density contrast. Radiative cooling, rather than Kelvin–Helmholtz instability, appears paramount in determining the saturated state. Low pressure due to fast cooling both seeds turbulence and sets the entrainment rate of hot gas, whose enthalpy flux, along with turbulent dissipation, energizes the layer. Regardless of initial geometry, magnetic fields are amplified and stabilize the mixing layer via magnetic tension, producing almost laminar flow and depressing column densities. NEI effects can boost column densities by factors of a few. Suppression of cooling by NEI or photoionization can, in principle, also increase O VI column densities, but, in practice, is unimportant for CGM conditions. To explain observations, sightlines must pierce hundreds or thousands of mixing layers, which may be plausible if the CGM exists as a ‘fog’ of tiny cloudlets.
The molecular principles governing the activity and functional diversity of AAA+ proteins

ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities (AAA+ proteins) are macromolecular machines that convert the chemical energy contained in ATP molecules into powerful mechanical forces to remodel a vast array of cellular substrates, including protein aggregates, macromolecular complexes and polymers. AAA+ proteins have key functionalities encompassing unfolding and disassembly of such substrates in different subcellular localizations and, hence, power a plethora of fundamental cellular processes, including protein quality control, cytoskeleton remodelling and membrane dynamics. Over the past 35 years, many of the key elements required for AAA+ activity have been identified through genetic, biochemical and structural analyses. However, how ATP powers substrate remodelling and whether a shared mechanism underlies the functional diversity of the AAA+ superfamily were uncertain. Advances in cryo-electron microscopy have enabled high-resolution structure determination of AAA+ proteins trapped in the act of processing substrates, revealing a conserved core mechanism of action. It has also become apparent that this common mechanistic principle is structurally adjusted to carry out a diverse array of biological functions. Here, we review how substrate-bound structures of AAA+ proteins have expanded our understanding of ATP-driven protein remodelling.
Understanding antibiotic prophylaxis prescribing in pediatric surgical specialties

Background Overuse of antibiotics has caused secondary poor outcomes and has led to a current rate of antibiotic resistant infections that constitutes a public health crisis. In pediatric surgical specialties, children continue to receive unnecessary antibiotics. Objective To understand the factors that contribute to pediatric surgeons' decisions regarding the use of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis. Methods Focus groups included pediatric proceduralists/surgeons from the following specialties: interventional cardiology, otolaryngology, orthopedic surgery, cardiothoracic surgery, and general surgery. Results A total of 23 surgeons with a median of 9 years of experience (range, 0.5-29 years) participated in the focus groups that lasted 30-90 minutes each. Five themes emerged influencing beliefs about antibiotic prescribing practices: (1) reliance on previous experience and early education, (2) balancing antibiotic use with risk of infection, (3) uncertainty about the state of the scientific evidence, (4) understanding importance of communication and team collaboration, and (5) a prevalence of hospital-level concerns. Conclusions Surgeons describe a complex set of factors that impact their antibiotic prescribing in pediatric surgical cases. They reported initial, but not ongoing, training and a use of individual weight of risk and benefit as a major dictator of prescribing practices. Antimicrobial stewardship programs should work with surgeons to develop acceptable implementation strategies to optimize antibiotic prescribing.
Magnetic Bead-Immobilized Mammalian Cells Are Effective Targets to Enrich Ligand-Displaying Yeast

Yeast surface display empowers selection of protein binding ligands, typically using recombinant soluble antigens. However, ectodomain fragments of transmembrane targets may fail to recapitulate th...
Factors Associated With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Veterans of Recent Wars Receiving Veterans Affairs Chiropractic Care.

Abstract Objectives Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is thought to complicate pain management outcomes, which is consistent with the impact of other psychosocial factors in the biopsychosocial model of pain. This study aimed to identify patient sociodemographic and clinical characteristics associated with PTSD prevalence among veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom/Iraqi Freedom/New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND) who received Veterans Affairs (VA) chiropractic care. Methods A cross-sectional analysis of electronic health record data from a national cohort study of OEF/OIF/OND veterans with at least 1 visit to a VA chiropractic clinic from 2001 to 2014 was performed. The primary outcome measure was a prior PTSD diagnosis. Variables including sex, race, age, body mass index, pain intensity, alcohol and substance use disorders, and smoking status were examined in association with PTSD diagnosis using logistic regression. Results We identified 14,025 OEF/OIF/OND veterans with at least 1 VA chiropractic visit, with a mean age of 38 years and 54.2% having a diagnosis of PTSD. Male sex (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.11-1.37), younger age (OR = 0.99, CI = 0.98-0.99), moderate-to-severe pain intensity (numerical rating scale ≥ 4) (OR = 1.72, CI = 1.59-1.87), body mass index ≥ 30 (OR = 1.34, CI = 1.24-1.45), current smoking (OR = 1.32, CI = 1.20-1.44), and having an alcohol or substance use disorder (OR = 4.51, CI = 4.01-5.08) were significantly associated with a higher likelihood of PTSD diagnosis. Conclusion Post-traumatic stress disorder is a common comorbidity among OEF/OIF/OND veterans receiving VA chiropractic care and is significantly associated with several patient characteristics. Recognition of these factors is important for the appropriate diagnosis and management of veterans with PTSD seeking chiropractic treatment for pain conditions.
A Standardized Warm Ischemia Time for the Induction of Injury in Murine Kidney Transplants.

Abstract One of the cornerstone research models used in our laboratories is the induction of ischemic injury through cold ischemia followed by warm ischemia to donor kidneys to mimic the clinical realities of transplantation. The experimental design of the present study included bilateral nephrectomies on the day of syngeneic kidney transplant, with serum creatinine measured 24 hours postoperatively to measure acute function. Cold ischemia time in these experiments was always 30 minutes, and warm ischemia time was not standardized but always recorded. It became apparent that some transplanted kidneys that should have displayed injury were producing close to normal serum creatinine levels on postoperative day 1. In reviewing our data, we found a potential correlation between warm ischemia time and serum creatinine, in particular a significant proportion of low serum creatinine results (0.48 ± 0.26 mg/dL vs 1.99 ± 1.11 mg/dL; P
Firearm-Related Injuries: A Single Center Experience.

Abstract Introduction Firearm-related injuries (FRI) are an important public health crisis in the US. There is relatively less city level data examining the injury-related trends in Tucson, Arizona. Our study aims to examine FRI, in Southern Arizona's only Level I trauma center. Methods We conducted a (2014-2019) review of our Level-I trauma center registry. We selected all patients who were evaluated for a FRI. We collected patient and center related variables. Our outcomes were the trends of FRI, injury-related characteristics, and mortality. Cochran–Armitage trend analysis was performed. Results A total of 1012 FRI patients were identified. The majority of patients were teenagers (32%) and young adults (30%), and 88% were male. Greater than 80% of patients belonged to the low/low-middle socioeconomic class, and 18.5% completed college. The most common firearm utilized was the handgun (45%). The prevalence of FRI increased significantly (2014:15%; 2019:21%; P Conclusions The prevalence of FRI at our center has been rising over the past decade with a shift towards more severe injuries and higher mortality rates. Addressing these alarming changes requires targeted interventions on multiple frontiers.
Large eddy simulation of compressible turbulent pipe flow with heat transfer

A compressible finite volume formulation for large eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent channel flows was extended to solve the turbulent flows in pipes and annular passages. A general finite volume scheme was developed based on conservation equations in Cartesian coordinates with non-Cartesian control volumes. A dual-time stepping approach with time derivative preconditioning was employed and time marching was done with an implicit lowerupper-symmetric-Gauss-Seidel (LU-SGS) scheme. The small scale motions were modeled by a dynamic subgrid-scale (SGS) model. The code was developed in a multiblock framework and parallelized using the message passing interface (MPI). The finite volume LES formulation was validated by simulating the isothermal fully devel­ oped turbulent pipe and annular flows. The results were compared to experimental data and direct numerical simulation (DNS) results. The LES formulation was further validated by the simulation of turbulent pipe flows with low heat transfer and comparisons with passive scalar DNS results. Finally, buoyancy forces were added into the LES formulation to simulate mixed convection in a vertical pipe with constant high wall heat fluxes leading to significant property variations. Step-periodic boundary conditions were studied and implemented. The results were validated by comparing with experimental results. Heating effects and flow laminarization were studied. Excellent agreement with DNS and experimental results were obtained for isothermal tur­ bulent pipe and annular flows. The mean temperature profile for the turbulent pipe flow with low heat transfer matched very well with the DNS passive scalar results. Good matches to constant property correlations were also achieved for friction coefficients and Nusselt numbers. For the mixed convection in a vertical pipe, good agreement with the experimental mean
Antimicrobial Properties of Graphene Oxide Nanosheets: Why Size Matters.

Graphene oxide (GO) is a promising material for the development of antimicrobial surfaces due to its contact-based antimicrobial activity. However, the relationship between GO physicochemical properties and its antimicrobial activity has yet to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the size-dependency of GO antimicrobial activity using the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli. GO suspensions of average sheet area ranging from 0.01 to 0.65 μm2 were produced and their antimicrobial activity evaluated in cell suspensions or as a model GO surface coating. The antimicrobial activity of GO surface coatings increased 4-fold when GO sheet area decreased from 0.65 to 0.01 μm2. The higher antimicrobial effect of smaller GO sheets is attributed to oxidative mechanisms associated with the higher defect density of smaller sheets. In contrast, in suspension assays, GO interacted with bacteria in a cell entrapment mechanism; in this case, the antimicrobial effect of GO increased with increasing sheet area, wi...
Bacteriology of dehydrated space foods.

The initial bacteriological requirement established in 1964 for space foods by the U.S. Army Natick Laboratories are: a total aerobic plate count (≤ 10,000 per g), a total coliform count (≤ 10 per g), fecal coliforms (negative per gram), fecal streptococci (≤ 20 per g), coagulase-positive staphylococci (negative in 5 g) and salmonellae (negative in 10 g). Of the space foods and prototypes tested during 1968 and 1969, 93% complied with the total aerobic plate count, 98% had less than 1 coliform per g, and 99% were negative for fecal coliforms; 88% complied with the streptococci requirement; 100 and 98% were negative for staphylococci and salmonellae, respectively. Nineteen food samples which did not comply (as indicated parenthetically by actual counts per gram) with the requirements were (i) total aerobic plate count: beef soup and gravy base (18,000), chicken soup and gravy base (57,000), spaghetti with meat sauce (12,100 and 14,000), sugared coffee (> 300,000), chocolate ice cream cubes (20,000), and each of four samples of chocolate candy (12,000 to 61,000); (ii) coliforms: two out of three vanilla milk drinks (16 and 127) and one beef hash bar (14); (iii) fecal coliforms: one sample of chicken soup and gravy base positive; (iv) fecal streptococci: two samples of peanut cubes (40 and 108), coconut cubes (75), chicken soup and gravy base (2,650), beef soup and gravy base (33), and five out of six flavored milk drinks (23 to 300); (v) salmonellae: one each of chicken and beef soup and gravy base were positive. Images
Word Learning and Attention Allocation Based on Word Class and Category Knowledge

Attention allocation in word learning may vary developmentally based on the novelty of the object. It has been suggested that children differentially learn verbs based on the novelty of the agent, but adults do not because they automatically infer the object's category and thus treat it like a familiar object. The current research examined whether adults and children differentially learn words or attend to objects without access to category knowledge in a relatively difficult (Experiment 1, adult n = 54, child n = 66) and a relatively easy task (Experiment 2, adult n = 88, child n = 62). Results show that category knowledge affects noun and verb extension for children but not adults and that adults similarly attended to objects when learning a verb regardless of category knowledge. These findings highlight the importance of investigating how word class, attention allocation, and categorical inference interact across development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of cDNA clones encoding a novel calcium-activated neutral proteinase from Schistosoma mansoni

To identify and characterize Schistosoma mansoni proteins that are recognized by infected hosts, we have used a pool of sera from infected humans to screen cDNA libraries constructed from poly(A)+ mRNA of adult S. mansoni. The deduced amino acid sequences of the three isolated clones showed a high degree of similarity to the large subunit of calcium-activated neutral proteinase (CANP) from humans and chicken. These overlapping clones, which include a nearly full-length clone with an open reading frame of 758 amino acid residues, together encode the entire large subunit of CANP. The deduced sequence of this S. mansoni protein can be divided into four domains (I-IV) that include the two domains characteristic of other large subunits of CANP: a thiol-protease domain (II) and a calcium-binding domain (IV) containing EF hand motifs. However, the schistosome protein is unique in having only three EF hand motifs in the calcium-binding domain and in having an additional EF hand motif that is shared between domains II and III. We have shown that these EF hand motifs are capable of binding 45Ca2+. Furthermore, the large subunit is S. mansoni contains an NH2-terminal sequence of 28 residues that is absent from the mammalian CANPs and has a high degree of similarity to the presumed receptor binding sequence of colicin Ia and Ib.
On the Consequences of Non-Linearity in a Unified Theory of Fundamental Interactions

The coupling strength between the field and particle is found to be described by \( \frac{{Q_n^2 }} {{\hbar c}}( = \frac{{e^2 }} {{\hbar c}} + \frac{{g_n^2 }} {{\hbar c}}) \), n=0,1,2,..., where the partial magnetic charges gn generate short range fields only and where gn generate short range fields only and where gn → 0 for n → ∞ or r → \( \frac{\hbar}{{Mc}} \). The sign of the total magnetic charge go (\( \sum\limits_{n=0}^\infty{{g_n}}={(-1)^s}{g_o} \)) correlates with the spin direction, no where s=0 and s=1 correspond to spin up and spin down states, respectively. At short distances a strongly interacting particle-antiparticle system with antiparallel spins becomes, via single spin flip, a weakly interacting system in which the spins are parallel. The infinite spectrum of “bare fundamental lengths” ron = \( \frac{{\sqrt{(2G)}}}{{_c2}}\sqrt{({e^2}+g_n^2)}\sim({10^{-33}}cm) \) measure the deviation of the theory from general relativity plus classical electrodynamics and induce a structure of stratified layers of magnetic charges, gn, of alternating signs, within a particle. The solutions of the field equations, as a result of the non-linearity and general covariance, produce an indeterminacy in the localizability of the neutral surfaces (and therefore in the gn) separating magnetic charge densities of opposite signs in the stratified layers. The size of the magnetic structure is of the order of \( \frac{\hbar}{{Mc}} \). For e = 0 the corresponding solutions break the symmetries of charge conjugation and parity and lead to the prediction of two massive neutrinos with different masses. The equations of motion are derived and the results lead to mass relations for the four massive fundamental particles p, e, v e, v μ and their anti-particles as half the difference of the “bare gravitational mass” m[\( m\left[ \sim \right.\surd (\frac{{\hbar c}} {{2G}}) \)] and their finite self-energies. Based on the extremum value properties of the vacuum magnetic field (generated by go) it is conjectured that the p-e and v μ-v e mass ratios are equal. All elementary particles can be constructed as sub-nuclear bound or resonance states of the fundamental particles p, e, v e, v μ and \( {\bar p} \), e+, \( \overline{{V_e}} \), \( \bar v_\mu \). It is further shown that the mass and charge appearing in the Nordstrom solution of general relativity correspond, for an elementary particle, to the bare gravitational mass and the observed electric charge and therefore they do not refer to either the bare or observed particles.
Free Indirect Discourse and 'De Re' Pronouns

In English, John said that I feel sick today cannot mean that John uttered "I feel sick today." Recently, it has been observed (see Anand and Nevins 2004 and references cited there) that in some languages the corresponding sentence can mean precisely that. This suggests that at least in those languages attitude verbs such as say may quantify over contexts (and their embedded clause may be interpreted relative to a context, or contexts, different from the one relative to which the matrix clause is interpreted), in violation of Kaplan' s ( 1 979) famous prohibition. Schlenker ( 1999, 2003) has argued that attitude verbs in all languages quantify over contexts , but the lexical properties of I and today, in languages such as English, prevent them from "shifting" their reference (this is why I and today in the above example refer to the speaker and the day surrounding the utterance time respectively). I argue that the notion 'context' , as usually used in the relevant literature, is not fine-grained enough to capture subtle contrasts between Standard Indirect Discourse (embedding of a clause under an attitude verb; henceforth, SID) and Free Indirect Discourse (henceforth, FID). FID involves quantification over contexts, where 'context' should be understood in its "broad" sense, namely, as including a variable assignment. FID is a literary style that narrators use to convey the point of view of a character in a story (usually, but not always, a written story) . ( 1 ) illustrates this .
Characterization and comparison of mycobacterial antigens by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis.

Abstract Two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis (2D-IEP), in which a complex of antigens is subjected to electrophoresis first through an agarose matrix in one direction and secondly through an antiserum-agarose matrix at right angles to the first direction, was evaluated as a tool for analysis of mycobacterial antigens. Cell extracts from four species of mycobacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (four strains), M. bovis strain BCG, M. scrofulaceum, and M. phlei, were assayed by 2D-IEP with four anti-mycobacterial antisera. Besides displaying the precipitin curves in a more easily interpreted format than did conventional immunoelectrophoresis (IEP), 2D-IEP offered greater sensitivity in terms of numbers of precipitin curves when like reactions were compared with IEP patterns. As many as 60 immunoprecipitates were observed on 2D-IEP slides compared to 18 on comparable IEP plates. Technical reproducibility of patterns from run to run was excellent. Other parameters, such as the influence of using different batches of antigen on the pattern, are discussed. Each of the cell extract antigens gave a unique pattern of precipitin peaks which could be easily differentiated from the patterns given by the other mycobacterial cell extracts when reacted with any of the antisera in 2D-IEP. Since both the species and strains of mycobacteria could be easily and reproducibly differentiated solely on the basis of two-dimensional immunoelectrophoretic patterns obtained with any of the antisera employed in this study, it may be possible, by using IEP, to differentiate and identify all species and strains of mycobacteria with one standard, highly sensitive antiserum, rather than a battery of antisera.
KOHLRABI-BASED AMPEROMETRIC BIOSENSOR FOR HYDROGEN PEROXIDE MEASUREMENT

Abstract Hydrogen peroxide was determined amperometrically in a steady-state arrangement by utilizing a kohlrabi - ferrocene based carbon paste electrode. A very short response time (2.6 seconds) and a relatively large usable pH range (5.0–7.4) were obtained. Several important hydrogen donors were studied as possible interferences.
A Sea-Ice Lead Detection Algorithm for Use With High-Resolution Airborne Visible Imagery

The detection of leads, or cracks, in sea ice is critical for the derivation of sea-ice freeboard from altimetric measurements of sea-ice elevation. We present an approach for lead detection in sea ice using high-resolution visible imagery from airborne platforms. We develop a new algorithm, i.e., the sea-ice lead detection algorithm using minimal signal (SILDAMS), that detects clouds, extracts leads, and classifies ice types within leads from airborne visible imagery. Cloud detection is based on an assessment of local variances of pixel brightness across image scenes and where available coincident altimetric measurements are used to confirm suspected cloudy scenes. The lead extraction step computes affine time-frequency distributions (minimal signal) for the Red, Green, and Blue channels of each image. The transformed outputs are combined to take advantage of three channels simultaneously. Finally, lead pixel geolocations are extracted using a set of uniform thresholds for ice typing (including open water, thin ice, and gray ice) within leads along each flight line. SILDAMS was tested using data from the Digital Mapping System (DMS). DMS digital photographs represent the highest resolution ( ≈10 cm) visible imagery available over sea ice and were collected during NASA Operation IceBridge sea-ice flights in the Antarctic and the Arctic in 2009 and 2010, respectively. We demonstrate that SILDAMS has a high lead detection capability of 99%.
Instruction in crisis situations: Targeting learning preferences and self-efficacy

This study employs instructional communication and crisis communication theoretical frameworks to experimentally examine messages tailored to learning style preferences to determine their effect on receivers’ perceived efficacy to take self-protective measures during a crisis event. In the first phase of the study, participants (N=254) viewed manipulated instructional media messages in the form of simulated news reports that reflected one of four learning styles. Results revealed no significant differences in perceived self-efficacy based on receiver learning style preference or message manipulation tailored to specific learning styles, but there was an interaction effect. In the second phase, participants (N=123) completed pre-test and post-test measures of self-efficacy and watched a message that either matched or mismatched their learning style preference. Overall, participant self-efficacy significantly increased at post-test. However, none of the tailored messages significantly increased post-test self-efficacy over the others. The results extend both instructional communication and crisis management research, and provide avenues for future research utilizing instructional theories and frameworks and message tailoring to influence crisis management, instructional message design and self-protection efficacy.
Passive and active sol-gel integrated optics for heterogeneous integration

The advantage of hybrid organic-inorganic sol-gel as a simple, low-cost method for the fabrication of optoelectronic integration is described. High performance integrated optics using mulit-layer photo-patternable hybrid sol-gel on high-index InP compound semiconductor is achieved. An MMI based 1x12 beam splitter with low polarization sensitivity and high uniformity is demonstrated. The development of EO and NLO active sol-gels are described and the fabrication of active waveguides are presented. The chromophore doped active sol-gels demonstrate high stability which makes them attractive material for integrated optoelectronics. The results show the great potential of the hybrid sol-gel for heterogeneous integration with semiconductor lasers and optoelectronic components.
Flexor bias of joint position in humans during spaceflight

The ability to estimate ankle and elbow joint position was tested before, during, and after a 17-day spaceflight. Subjects estimated targeted joint angles during isovelocity (IsoV) joint movements with agonist muscle groups either active or relaxed. These movements included elbow extension (EE) and elbow flexion (EF), and plantarflexion (PF) and dorsiflexion (DF) of the ankle. Subjects also estimated these joint positions while moving the dynamometer at their chosen (variable) velocity (VarV) during EE and PF. For IsoV tests, no differences were observed between active and passive movements for either the ankle or elbow. Compared with those of pre-flight test days, estimates of targeted elbow joint angles were approximately 5 degrees to 15 degrees more flexed in-flight, and returned toward the pre-flight values during recovery. The spaceflight effects for the ankle were inconsistent and less prevalent than those for the elbow. The VarV PF test condition for the 120 degrees target angle at the ankle exhibited approximately 5 degrees to 7 degrees more DF target angle estimates in-flight compared with those pre- or post-flight. In contrast, during IsoV PF there was a tendency for ankle estimates to be approximately 2 degrees to 3 degrees more PF after 2-3 days exposure to spaceflight. These data indicate that during spaceflight the perception of elbow extension is greater than actuality, and are consistent with the interpretation that microgravity induced a flexor bias in the estimation of the actual elbow joint position. Moreover, these effects in joint proprioception during spaceflight were observed in individual isolated single-joint movements during tasks in which vestibular function in maintaining posture were minimal.
Impact of standards adoption on healthcare transaction performance: The case of HIPAA

Abstract The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) is a standard for the healthcare industry mandating, in part, use of the EDI X12 protocol set for data exchanges among industry members. The motivation underlying this change was the view that lack of a standard format for healthcare data created significant inefficiencies, resulting in increased costs within the industry. With regulators’ supposition that the standard would improve data exchange performance, we set out to determine the actual performance implications of HIPAA. Using data on transactions occurring over 106 months from 1998 to 2004, we study the impact of the HIPAA standardization requirement on transaction performance in the form of transaction delivery time and transaction quality measured as percentage errors. Performance is expected to deteriorate immediately following HIPAA compliance, due to system disruption, before a longer-term trend toward improved performance. Transaction performance immediately following HIPAA compliance shows deterioration in transaction delivery time, as expected, but a surprising improvement in transaction quality. The longer-term trends associated with HIPAA compliance for both transaction quality and transaction delivery time show that both are trending toward improvement. However, when we compare performance three, six, and 12 months before and after HIPAA compliance, we find that neither delivery time nor quality has improved. The implications for practice and theory are discussed.
Swelling of Penicillium digitatum conidia by a Fusarium acuminatum NRRL 6227 metabolite.

Fusarium acuminatum NRRL 6227 produces an antifungal metabolite that causes incubating conidia of several Penicillium species to swell 5–10 diameters while inhibiting germination. The swollen conidia are spherical, translucent, nonviable and easily shattered with a slight physical pressure; however, they remain resistant to osmotic shock. This antibiotic has been identified as a cyclic peptide composed of alanine, glutamic acid, leucine, threonine and tyrosine.