cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Current Understanding and Treatment of Primary Hyperparathyroidism

There have been four major events over the last century that have contributed to the better understanding and treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism: the routine measurement of serum calcium with recognition of hypercalcemia, the secured diagnosis with measurement of elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, the preoperative localization of hypersecreting parathyroid gland(s), and the use of intraoperative measurement of PTH dynamics. Targeted parathyroidectomy guided by intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring (IPM) through a small cervical incision has replaced traditional bilateral neck exploration (BNE) as the initial approach in the surgical treatment of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism at many medical centers worldwide. Preoperative Tc-99m-sestamibi localization scans and/or ultrasound serve as an important prerequisite for successful targeted parathyroidectomy. Operative success rates are further improved by IPM before and after removal of all abnormal parathyroid glands. When intraoperative PTH levels are reduced by more than 50% from the highest pre-incision or pre-excision PTH level after resection of an abnormal gland, successful operative resection is assured with a predictive cure rate of > 95%. The advantages of targeted parathyroidectomy in the ambulatory setting include improved cosmetic results, decreased postoperative pain, shorter operative time, decreased hospitalization and rapid postoperative recovery with a success rate comparable to BNE. This article reviews the current understanding and treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
On solving first-kind integral equations using wavelets on a bounded interval

The conventional method of moments (MoM), when applied directly to integral equations, leads to a dense matrix which often becomes computationally intractable. To overcome the difficulties, wavelet-bases have been used previously which lead to a sparse matrix. The authors refer to "MoM with wavelet bases" as "wavelet MoM". There have been three different ways of applying the wavelet techniques to boundary integral equations: 1) wavelets on the entire real line which requires the boundary conditions to be enforced explicitly, 2) wavelet bases for the bounded interval obtained by periodizing the wavelets on the real line, and 3) "wavelet-like" basis functions. Furthermore, only orthonormal (ON) bases have been considered. The present authors propose the use of compactly supported semi-orthogonal (SO) spline wavelets specially constructed for the bounded interval in solving first-kind integral equations. They apply this technique to analyze a problem involving 2D EM scattering from metallic cylinders. It is shown that the number of unknowns in the case of wavelet MoM increases by m-1 as compared to conventional MoM, where m is the order of the spline function. Results for linear (m=2) and cubic (m=4) splines are presented along with their comparisons to conventional MoM results. It is observed that the use of cubic spline wavelets almost "diagonalizes" the matrix while maintaining less than 1.5% of relative normed error. The authors also present the explicit closed-form polynomial representation of the scaling functions and wavelets. >
PET-CT confirms the diagnosis of pyogenic spondylodiscitis complicated by psoas abscess

The authors report a case of a 64-year-old woman with a history of diabetes mellitus (DM) and haemodialysis dependent end-stage renal disease admitted to the intensive care unit for hypoglycaemia, hyperkalaemia, elevated white blood cell count and elevated inflammatory markers. During the course of her hospitalisation, she complained of persistent low back pain. Although gadolinium contrast agents are generally contraindicated in these patients due to significant risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, lumbar spine MRI with gadopentetate dimeglumine contrast was felt to be absolutely necessary, given the need to confirm spondylodiscitis in order to guide treatment. We adhered to strict departmental protocol with written consent and haemodialysis within hours after the examination. Results showed enhancement of the right L5 pedicle and moderate degenerative …
Activity of chlorantraniliprole and thiamethoxam seed treatments on life stages of the rice water weevil as affected by the distribution of insecticides in rice plants

BACKGROUND The systemic insecticides chlorantraniliprole (CAP) and thiamethoxam (TMX), applied to rice as seed treatments, may affect multiple life stages of the rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus. Effects of CAP and TMX on adult survival, egg-laying and first- and late-instar survivals were determined by infesting plants treated as seeds with different rates of insecticides. The biological activity was related to insecticidal concentrations in leaves, shoots and roots. RESULTS CAP did not affect adult survival but decreased egg numbers and reduced the survival of the first and late instars. The greatest reduction in weevil population occurred in late instars feeding on roots. In contrast, TMX reduced adult survival and egg and larval numbers. The high biological activity of CAP on root-feeding stages was consistent with the accumulation of CAP in roots, whereas in TMX-treated plants the high activity on adults correlated with high concentrations of TMX in leaves and stems. CONCLUSIONS The differential activity of insecticides on adults suggests poor inherent potency of CAP as an adulticide and/or its limited systemicity in foliage. The distribution of insecticide in specific plant parts can be attributed to the different physicochemical properties of CAP and TMX. The field implications of this research on management of L. oryzophilus are discussed. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Estimating the probability of de novo HD cases from transmissions of expanded penetrant CAG alleles in the Huntington disease gene from male carriers of high normal alleles (27–35 CAG)†

Huntington disease (HD) is a dominantly transmitted neurodegenerative disorder that arises from expansion of a CAG trinucleotide repeat on chromosome 4p16.3. CAG repeat allele lengths are defined as fully penetrant at ≥40, reduced penetrance at 36–39, high normal at 27–35, and normal at ≤26. Fathers, but not mothers, with high normal alleles are at risk of transmitting potentially penetrant HD alleles (≥36) to offspring. We estimated the conditional probability of an offspring inheriting an expanded penetrant allele given a father with a high normal allele by applying probability definitions and rules to estimates of HD incidence, paternal birth rate, frequency of de novo HD, and frequency of high normal alleles in the general population. The estimated probability that a male high normal allele carrier will have an offspring with an expanded penetrant allele ranges from 1/6,241 to 1/951. These estimates may be useful in genetic counseling for male high normal allele carriers. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Perioperative factors and outcome associated with massive blood loss during major liver resections.

Background Mortality and morbidity rates from major liver resections have decreased sharply over the past 25 years. This improvement is due to a better understanding of liver anatomy and the introduction of new operative techniques, but also to improved anesthetic perioperative support. Certain cases are still associated with voluminous blood loss. These patients may be at higher risk for postoperative problems and increased length of stay (LOS) in hospital. Methods We have retrospectively reviewed 115 patients undergoing major hepatic resections (three or more anatomic segments) with respect to operative blood loss (EBL). Those with an EBL ≥ 5000 ml (group 1; n = 39) were compared to those with an EBL ≤ 2000 ml (group 2; n = 42). Type of resection, age (≥70 years), tumor size, mortality, morbidity, and hospital LOS were examined. Operative reports were examined for any explanation for excessive blood loss. Anesthetic support often entailed the use of a rapid infusion system. Results The EBL was 7692 ± 3848 ml for group 1 and 1359 ± 514 ml for group 2. Primary liver tumors were resected in 20 patients in group 1 and in 18 patients in group 2. The remaining resections were for metastatic tumors, primarily colorectal in origin. In group 1, 13/39 patients had a left hepatectomy compared to 10/42 patients in group 2 ( p = 0.34). The overall mortality was 5/115. Four deaths occurred in group 1 and one in group 2 ( p = 0.16). Two deaths in group 1 were intra‐operative (hemorrhage, air embolism). There was no difference in the number of patients with complications, 12/39 in group 1 and 8/42 in group 2 ( p = 0.22). Two patients in group 1 required re‐operation for bleeding; there were none in group 2. Largest tumor size did not differ between the two groups ( p = 0.08), nor did the proportion of patients aged 70 years or older ( p = 0.06). There was no difference in hospital LOS (10.54 ± 6.1 vs 8.90 ± 4.7 days, p = 0.21). Review of operative notes in group 1 indicated no unusual problems in 13/39, large tumors or proximity to the inferior vena cava in 10/39, and bleeding from the middle hepatic vein in 7/39. Three patients in group 1 required total vascular exclusion for tumor removal; there were none in group 2.
The Relation of Abstraction

Perception, knowledge, and abstraction have the general structure of relations. Such abstract nouns as ‘perception’ have the ambiguity that they can name both the relation and relata , as in ‘perception is the perception of something perceptible’. Two paronymous relata can be derived from the abstract paronym : ‘perceiving as a state of movement of soul ’ and ‘what is being perceived’ from ‘perception’. When given in the same mode, like first actuality , these relata are simultaneous , although one may have causal priority over the other. There is a single relational complex, which can be described from the standpoint of either relata . These points hold for abstraction too.
A “Brutology” of Bozal: Tracing a Discourse Genealogy from Nineteenth-Century Blackface Theater to Twenty-First-Century Spirit Possession in Cuba

In tracing a discourse history for the emergence and enregisterment of Bozal, a Cuban speech style that robustly indexes the historical persona of the African slave, this paper proposes that such discourse “genealogies” are more accurately reconstructed not through a linear, teleological metaphor of “speech chains” but through a more reticulated, multiply stranded web of interdiscursive connections. Bozal, in contemporary Cuba, characterizes the voices of African deities and spirits of the dead who possess their devotees to speak during folk religious ceremonies. I consider a deeper history of theatrical “blackface” influences on religious performances of spirit possession, a discourse history that destabilizes facile notions of “authentic, African” cultural sources in Cuba. I argue that rather than reflecting direct memories of actual speech by African-born slaves, once upon a time, Bozal's enregisterment began with, and always involved, double-voiced representations of imagined social types—what recent scholarship has described as “mock” forms disparaging the speech of racialized Others. The “Bozal slave” was a figure caricatured for comedic effect, proliferating into a whole set of stock theatrical characters, some of which became focal points for building nationalist sentiment in mid-nineteenth-century Cuba. The lesson for understanding the role of Bozal or any “Africanizing” voice in performance today is clear: we must always consider the mediating effects of metacultural practices in shaping our understanding of the social meaning of speech styles.
Problems of Rehabilitation Afer Hip Arthroplasty Using Bipolar Endoprosthesis Combined with Acetabuloplasty

We performed hip arthroplasty using bipolar endoprosthesis combimed with bone grafting acetabuloplasty on 77 cases in our department from 1982 to 1990. We examined two problems of rehabilitation in these cases. The most important problem was the degree of body weight bearing on the hip joint and the length of time after the operation. Another problem was the circumstances of the patients' daily-life at their houses, such as stairs, Japanese style toilet and bath.
Single Versus Duplicate Prothrombin Time Assays

Six thousand six hundred seventy duplicate pairs of prothrombin time results were collected and analyzed to determine if replicate testing is necessary. The mean, mean difference between duplicates, and mean percentage differences were calculated, as well as the percentage of duplicate values that did not match. The mean percentage difference and the percentage of duplicates that did not match remained relatively constant throughout both the normal and the therapeutic range. Performance of the prothrombin time by single determination results in substantial cost reduction with a minimal increase in erroneous results.
Handedness in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder.

The left hemisphere is usually predominant in manual skills and language, suggesting a link between hand dominance and language. Studies of autism spectrum disorder show atypical handedness; however, few have examined language-handedness associations. Handedness, assessed by task performance, and standardized receptive and expressive language tests were completed in 110 autism spectrum disorder children (96 boys; M age = 8.3 years, SD = 3.8) and 45 typically developing children (37 boys; M age = 8.6 years, SD = 4.3), 3 to 17 years of age. The autism spectrum disorder group had a lower handedness score (was less strongly lateralized) than the control group. In the autism spectrum disorder group, there was a small effect of handedness on language; right-handers had better language than non-right-handers. Results suggest poorer language prognosis may be associated with left- or mixed-handedness in autism spectrum disorder.
Thyroid Hyperplasia Produced in Chickens by Ultraviolet Light Deficiency.

A group of 4-week old Barred Rock chickens was divided into two lots. Both lots of chickens received the same diet with the addition of cod liver oil from time to time. Both lots were raised indoors. The first lot of chickens which was used as a control received light through ordinary window glass supplemented by ultraviolet radiation twice a week by means of a mercury vapor lamp. The second lot of chickens was raised under No. 48 Pittsburgh amber glass which has been shown to exclude effectively the ultraviolet rays.About 70 chickens of which half were controls have been used in this experiment. The chickens in both groups were vigorous, well-nourished, and well-developed. There was no essential difference in plumage. There was little or no evidence of parathyroid enlargement. The chief finding in the chickens raised under amber glass was an enlargement of the thyroid glands. This is well shown by Table I which gives the results on the latest group of 31 birds.In addition to the increase in size of the t...
From grassroots to digital ties: A case study of a political consumerism movement:

New grassroots organizations that target ethical consumer choices and behavior represent a departure from traditional social movement organizations. In this article, we study the activists of one o...
Ozone Resistance of Neoprene Vulcanizates. Effect of Compounding Ingredients

Abstract The resistance of Neoprene vulcanizates to attack by ozone as measured by accelerated tests has been studied. The known superiority of Neoprene in this property was found to be affected more by compounding ingredients than previously recognized. It was found that neither the presence of accelerators nor their influence on the modulus of fully cured Neoprene vulcanizates affected ozone resistance. The addition of fillers impaired ozone resistance in proportion to the amount used. The coarse particle size fillers were particularly harmful. Petroleum base plasticizers had a negligible adverse effect, but certain of the ester and similar types were significantly deleterious. Unsaturated vegetable oils and their derivatives, as well as wood resin, are beneficial to ozone resistance. Certain softeners and extenders frequently used to promote ozone resistance so function only by virtue of the stress relaxation they induce in vulcanizates. A number of antioxidants, especially those which reduce flex crac...
Emergence and Utility of Nonspherical Particles in Biomedicine

The importance of the size of targeted, spherical drug carriers has been previously explored and reviewed. Particle shape has emerged as an equally important parameter in determining the in vivo journey and efficiency of drug carrier systems. Researchers have invented techniques to better control the geometry of particles of many different materials, which have allowed for exploration of the role of particle geometry in the phases of drug delivery. The important biological processes include clearance by the immune system, trafficking to the target tissue, margination to the endothelial surface, interaction with the target cell, and controlled release of a payload. The review of current literature herein supports that particle shape can be altered to improve a system’s targeting efficiency. Nonspherical particles can harness the potential of targeted drug carriers by enhancing targeted site accumulation while simultaneously decreasing side effects and mitigating some limitations faced by spherical carriers.
The Value of Four Characters Used in Culling Ready-to-Lay Pullets

Abstract CULLING and segregation of ready-to-lay pullets according to sexual maturity, production type and vigor have been practiced by poultrymen for many years. The obviously diseased birds have been sacrificed, the slow maturing pullets have been housed separately from the early maturing ones and those individuals which were extremely slow maturing have been marketed. There are little data on the efficiency of the different measures which have been used in culling ready-to-lay pullets when the main consideration was the reduction of laying house mortality. When Buster (1924) classified 4½- to 6-months-old Leghorn pullets into three groups according to degree of sexual maturity, he found that the earliest maturing females experienced the lowest mortality during the following ten month period. The percent mortality for the early, moderate and late maturing pullets was 3.6, 5.3 and 9.0, respectively. Taylor and Lerner (1938) report 40.3, 48.5 and 77.4 percent “pathology” in a flock of . . .
A NOT SO INNOCENT VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT IN AN ADULT PATIENT

A double-chamber right ventricle (DCRV) is a rare congenital cardiac defect in which the right ventricle (RV) is divided into a proximal high and a distal low pressure chamber. This disorder typically presents in childhood and is often accompanied by a ventricular septal defect (VSD). Rare cases
Ultrafiltration Therapy for Heart Failure: Balancing Likely Benefits against Possible Risks

Heart failure remains a major public health concern because of its high prevalence, morbidity, mortality, and financial burden. The poor clinical outcomes associated with acute decompensated heart failure, suboptimal efficacy and safety profile of conventional treatment regimens, and unsatisfactory experiences with the newer classes of pharmacologic therapy underlie the interest in the use of extracorporeal isolated ultrafiltration in this setting. In this article, selected mechanistic aspects of ultrafiltration therapy are briefly reviewed followed by a critical overview of the largest trials in this field. I will discuss the clinical relevance of renal dysfunction and decongestion as two commonly used end points of safety and efficacy in the ultrafiltration trials, with emphasis on the emerging pertinent notions that could challenge our conventional thinking. Finally, a number of practical recommendations (e.g., customization of ultrafiltration rates) are provided for ultrafiltration therapy in the setting of acute decompensated heart failure. Because of a paucity of evidence, universally accepted consensus guidelines cannot yet be generated. As such, when considering ultrafiltration therapy for acute decompensated heart failure, the likely benefits should be carefully balanced against the potential risks for an individual patient. A conceivable implication of the ultrafiltration trials is that collaborative heart failure programs benefiting from nephrology expertise and resources could improve the outcomes and reduce the cost.
Two-Phase Flow Pressure Drop Measurement in PEM Fuel Cell Flow Channels

Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells produce power with water and heat as inevitable byproducts. Accumulated liquid water within gas channel blocks the reactant flow and cause pressure drop along the gas channel. It is of extreme importance to accurately predict the liquid and gas two-phase flow pressure drop in PEM fuel cell flow channels. This pressure drop can be considered as an in-situ diagnostic tool that reveals information about the amount of liquid water accumulated within the flow channels. In this paper, the two-phase flow pressure drops are measured in ex-situ PEM fuel cell parallel flow channels. The pressure drops were measured for air mass fluxes of 2.4–6.3kg/m2s and water mass fluxes of 0.0071–1.28kg/m2s. These mass fluxes correspond to 2–5.33m/s and 7.14 × 10−6 – 0.0012m/s air and water superficial velocities, respectively. The measured two-phase flow pressure drops are then compared with different two-phase flow pressure drop models. Qualitative and quantitative comparison between the experimental results and existing models is provided in this work.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Score Tests in Generalized Linear Measurement Error Models

SUMMARY Hypothesis tests in generalized linear models are studied under the condition that a surrogate w is observed in place of the true predictor x. The efficient score test for the hypothesis of no association depends on the conditional expectation E(xI w) which is generally unknown. The usual test substitutes w for E(xI w) and is asymptotically valid but not efficient. We investigate two new test statistics appropriate when w = x + z where z is an independent measurement error. The first is a Wald test based on estimators corrected for measurement error. Despite the correction for attenuation in the estimator, this test has the same local power as the usual test. The second test employs an estimator of E(x I w) and is both asymptotically efficient for normal errors and approximately efficient when the measurement error variance is small.
Application of Open Model Interface in Hydrological Analogue System

The development of hydrological analogue(HA) technology and multi-programming languages bring on the great flourish of HA System Software.Open model interface(OpenMI) emerges at the right moment so as to conveniently and effectively integrate existing applications and sub-software systems.HA system design based on OpenMI is carried.It inherits module-oriented design,request/feedback mechanism and hierarchy OpenMI framework design.It obtains nice effects via reconstructing database interface,Xin'anjiang model,Unit hydrograph model,and Muskingum model,etc.to reform OpenMI.This design makes a beneficial attempt for high efficient integration of HA system.
Urine lead level of 116 cases exposed to lead determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

Objective To determine urine lead exposed to lead and evaluate the practicability and reliability of occupational disease diagnosis.Methods urine samples were acidified by nitric acid,palladium chloride was used as a matrix modifier,graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry was applied for determination of lead content and statistical analysis.Results In 116 urine samples,14 samples exceeded national standards,occupying 12.1%, males more than females,but the difference was not significant(χ2=0.216,P 0.05);unqualified rates of different length of service and different types of workers were statistically significant(χ2=9.81,χ2=9.37,P0.05).Conclusion Urine lead in workers exposed to lead is at a high level.Workers' occupational health monitoring should be strengthened,workshop environment should be enhance,and workers' self-protection awareness should be enhanced to promote health.
Relationship between Size of Root Knot and Quantity of Different Instars of Meloidogyne incognita in Cucumber

Taking cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.)'Qianqiu No.1'as material and by room experimental method,according the size of root knots caused by root knot nematode(Meloidogyne incognita),this study caculated the stage and nematode numbers,and found out the relationship between them.The results showed that in solar greenhouse,there were 2-3 adults within the root knots of 2-3 mm diameter size in cucumber root system and almost each knot in this size had one egg mass.Within each larger size(over 4 mm in diameter)root knot,there were 1-5 2nd instar individuals and 2-8 egg masses.Within the knots of 16-20 mm long diameter size,42 individuals knot of adults on average could be found.After the 2nd instar root knot nematodes were inoculated into'Qianqiu No.1'cucumber for 45 days(inoculation rate:120 per plant),there were larger size eggs(over 5 mm in diameter),which could averagely hatch 807 individuals of 2nd instar.Larger amount individuals appeared on the 3rd and 7th hatching days.In cucumber growing fields,the quantity and occurring period of root-knot nematode can be predicted according to diameter sizes and stages,and the root knot nematode controlling time should be no later than the root knot in 5 mm diameter.In laboratories,the higher amount of the 2nd instar nematode could be obtained on the 3rd and 7th hatching days 45 days after inoculation in cucumber growing soil.
Trends of generic substitution in community pharmacies.

The purpose of this study is to measure the rate of generic drug substitution by pharmacists, and factors influencing generic substitution, such as the extent of drugs listed on the formulary as well as physicians' and patients' acceptance rate of generic substitutes. A total of 9,328 prescription orders were retrospectively reviewed from 94 pharmacies which were selected at random. The substitution rate by pharmacists, which is the rate using the number of prescriptions eligible for substitution as the denominator, has risen from 47% in 1979 to 96% in 1997; double the rate over the past 20 years. The net substitution rate, which uses all prescriptions as the denominator, was 30% in 1997; over 4 times greater than the rate in 1979. Physicians wrote most prescriptions (86%) using the brand name of the drug, which has been the trend for the past 20 years. Of the prescriptions ordered by brand name, 47% were substitutable according to the New Jersey formulary. Of these prescriptions, prescribers allowed generic substitution 77% of the time. Out of these prescriptions, 97% of patients agreed to use a generic substitute if the physician approved of substitution. Generic substitution rates have increased, probably due to greater acceptance of generics by physicians and pharmacists as well as encouragement from external sources such as third party payers. Health care professionals, third parties, and patients all have an important role to play in order to increase the use of generics, and therefore reduce drug expenditures.
Debugging Remote Customer Sites

Debugging a problem that occurs on your own computer is easy—you know the exact configuration, you can look at the code in a debugger, and you can gather as much information as you need. But sooner or later, you have to release your software to customers. No matter how thoroughly you tested your program, your customers will find bugs you didn’t know about. Sometimes you’ll get lucky and be able to reproduce those problems. When that happens, great! You can debug those problems just as if they were discovered in normal development. But sometimes, you won’t be able to reproduce the customer’s bug on your computer. Debugging that problem at a remote customer site is a much tougher nut to crack.
Not all non-drinkers with HIV are equal: demographic and clinical comparisons among current non-drinkers with and without a history of prior alcohol use disorders*

Studies of persons living with HIV (PLWH) have compared current non-drinkers to at-risk drinkers without differentiating whether current non-drinkers had a prior alcohol use disorder (AUD). The purpose of this study was to compare current non-drinkers with and without a prior AUD on demographic and clinical characteristics to understand the impact of combining them. We included data from six sites across the US from 1/2013 to 3/2015. Patients completed tablet-based clinical assessments at routine clinic appointments using the most recent assessment. Current non-drinkers were identified by AUDIT-C scores of 0. We identified a prior probable AUD by a prior AUD diagnosis in the electronic medical record (EMR) or a report of attendance at alcohol treatment in the clinical assessment. We used multivariate logistic regression to examine factors associated with prior AUD. Among 2235 PLWH who were current non-drinkers, 36% had a prior AUD with more patients with an AUD identified by the clinical assessment than the EMR. Higher proportions with a prior AUD were male, depressed, and reported current drug use compared to non-drinkers without a prior AUD. Former cocaine/crack (70% vs. 25%), methamphetamine/crystal (49% vs. 16%), and opioid/heroin use (35% vs. 7%) were more commonly reported by those with a prior AUD. In adjusted analyses, male sex, past methamphetamine/crystal use, past marijuana use, past opioid/heroin use, past and current cocaine/crack use, and cigarette use were associated with a prior AUD. In conclusion, this study found that among non-drinking PLWH in routine clinical care, 36% had a prior AUD. We found key differences between those with and without prior AUD in demographic and clinical characteristics, including drug use and depression. These results suggest that non-drinkers are heterogeneous and need further differentiation in studies and that prior alcohol misuse (including alcohol treatment) should be included in behavioural health assessments as part of clinical care.
The Size Distribution of Earnings

The purpose of this paper is to develop a theory of the size distribution of earnings or income from work, as distinguished from property income. The theory that is to be sketched is abstract and limited in reference to positions of long-run equilibrium; i.e. it purports to show how earnings would be distributed as various assumptions are made about long-run forces. By long-run forces, we mean those forces that determine relative factor rewards in a neo-classical stationary state or on a balanced growth path.
The Disappearing Dutch and Russia’s Modernization

Historians agree that backward Muscovy, a country with a virtually natural economy where most people eked out an existence at subsistence level and with an utterly fragile military defense (as had been proven by the Polish occupation of Moscow from 1610 to 1612), became Russia, an expansionist European power and colonial empire (even if the standard of living remained low), under the rule of the first three generations of Romanov tsars (1613–1725). This resulted from a strenuous effort on the part of the Russian government during this (and subsequent) period(s). Russia’s rise is often contrasted to the the fate of Poland-Lithuania, which fell into a rapid decline by 1700 and had disappeared from the map of Europe a century later. Whether the goal of the Russian state’s prospering justified the means used to reach it remains an open question; in becoming a Great Power, the exploitation of the tsars’ subjects was extreme.
The Constitutional Origins of the American Revolution: Empire reconsidered, 1767–1773

A New Challenge from Parliament If the Stamp Act crisis “first led the colonists into [systematic] Enquiries concerning the nature of their political situation,” its resolution in early 1766 by no means put an end to those inquiries. Indeed, Parliament’s renewed efforts early in 1767 to tax the colonies through the Townshend Acts quickly reopened the question. For the next six years, people on both sides of the Atlantic further explored the difficult problem, in the words of Jonathan Shipley, Bishop of St. Asaph in 1773, of “by what bond of union shall be hold together members of this great empire, dispersed and scattered as they lie over the face of the earth?” Agreement was widespread that this question was “as arduous and important … as ever the English government was engaged in.” But as they dug ever deeper into the subordinate questions of how far the authority of Parliament extended over the colonies and “how far, if at all,” the colonies were “subject to the controul of the parent state,” people of all persuasions revealed a fundamental ambivalence about the implications of their findings. On the one hand, they desperately hoped that, once it was “better understood,” the “political relation between the colonists and the mother country” would be settled to the mutual satisfaction of all parties. On the other, they were deeply afraid that the continued exploration of that relationship would produce results that would be detrimental to the very “continuance of the structure of the empire.” During the crisis over the Townshend Acts, these fears helped to account for a considerable amount of pragmatic flexibility that was manifested, on both sides, by a pronounced concern to contain the dispute within a narrow compass. At the same time, however, the length and intensity of the dispute pushed some analysts on the colonial side to think through the nature of the connection between Britain and the colonies more thoroughly than anyone had ever done before. Although these thinkers regarded their conclusions as no more than an articulation of long-standing practice, they represented a radical challenge to the metropolitan belief in Parliament’s supremacy over the entire empire, a belief that, for most members of the metropolitan political nation, continued to be nonnegotiable.
Parainfluenza Virus Infections In Children with Cancer

Abstract Abstract 3909 Background: Parainfluenza virus (PIV) infections are relatively common and cause significant mortality in adults undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Children are more prone than adults to develop PIV infections. However, data regarding the epidemiology of PIV infections in children with cancer is limited. This study sought to determine the epidemiology of PIV infections in children with leukemia/lymphoma (LL) and those undergoing HSCT, risk factors for progression to lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) and impact of PIV infections on mortality after HSCT. Methods: A total of 1381 children with LL diagnosed between 2000–2009 and 1349 children who underwent HSCT between 1995–2009 were studied. Medical record review included patient demographics, disease characteristics, results of virologic analysis, characterization of the infection as nosocomial or acquired and with upper or lower respiratory tract involvement, duration of symptoms and viral shedding, presence of co-pathogens, absolute neutrophil count (ANC) and absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) at the time of infection, use of corticosteroids prior to infection, antiviral therapy and mortality. Statistical analysis was performed using Fischer's exact and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: PIV infections occurred in 83 (6%) of patients with LL and in 46 (3.4%) HSCT patients. For patients with LL there were more infections in 2005–2009 compared to 2000–2004 (p Conclusions: An increasing incidence of PIV infections was observed in patients with leukemia and lymphoma at our institution. These infections were predominantly community-acquired. LRTI was associated with younger age, severe neutropenia and lymphopenia. HSCT patients had increased LRTI and mortality following PIV infection. LRTI was associated with nosocomial acquisition, infection before day + 100, use of steroids, severe neutropenia and lymphopenia. Mortality in the HSCT population was associated with African-American race, LRTI, use of steroids, mechanical ventilation and severe lymphopenia. Currently available therapy appears to be inadequate in reducing mortality from PIV pneumonia. This represents the largest cohort of children with cancer evaluated retrospectively to study the epidemiology of PIV infections. In comparison with studies on the adult population, the association of younger age, race, nosocomial infection and severe neutropenia with LRTI and mortality are novel observations. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Use of molecular beams for kinetic measurements of chemical reactions on solid surfaces

Abstract In this review we survey the contributions that molecular beam experiments have provided to our understanding of the dynamics and kinetics of chemical interactions of gas molecules with solid surfaces. First, we describe the experimental details of the different instrumental setups and approaches available for the study of these systems under the ultrahigh vacuum conditions and with the model planar surfaces often used in modern surface-science experiments. Next, a discussion is provided of the most important fundamental aspects of the dynamics of chemical adsorption that have been elucidated with the help of molecular beam experiments, which include the development of potential energy surfaces, the determination of the different channels for energy exchange between the incoming molecules and the surface, the identification of adsorption precursor states, the understanding of dissociative chemisorption, the determination of the contributions of corrugation, steps, and other structural details of the surface to the adsorption process, the effect to molecular steering, the identification of avenues for assisting adsorption, and the molecular details associated with the kinetics of the uptake of adsorbates as a function of coverage. We follow with a summary of the work directed at the determination of kinetic parameters and mechanistic details of surface reactions associated with catalysis, mostly those promoted by late transition metals. This discussion we initiate with an overview of what has been learned about simple bimolecular reactions such as the oxidation of CO and H2 with O2 and the reaction of CO with NO, and continue with the review of the studies of more complex systems such as the oxidation of alcohols, the conversion of organic acids, the hydrogenation and isomerization of olefins, and the oxidative activation of alkanes under conditions of short contact times. 6 Reactions on supported nanoparticles: Materials gap , 7 Low-probability reactions: Pressure gap of this review deal with the advances made in the use of molecular beams with more realistic models for catalysis, using surfaces comprised of metal nanoparticles dispersed on the oxide surfaces used as catalyst support and high-flux beams to approach the pressures used in catalysis. The next section deals with the study of systems associated with fields other than catalysis, mainly with the etching and oxidation of semiconductor surfaces and with the chemistry used to grow thin solid films by chemical means (chemical vapor deposition, CVD, or atomic layer deposition, ALD). We end with a personal assessment of the past accomplishments, present state, and future promise of the use of molecular beams for the study of the kinetics of surface reactions relevant to practical applications.
Reconstruction of the congenitally deficient thumb.

SUMMARY Hand function in patients with congenitally deficient thumbs can usually be improved by operative procedures. The specific operation depends on the type of hypoplasia present. It is important for the surgeon to determine whether the thumb can be retained and made more functional by various reconstructive procedures, or whether it should be ablated in favor of a single-stage index finger pollicization. This decision is particularly difficult in patients with type III hypoplastic thumbs, in whom both the osseous and musculotendinous structures may be significantly affected. It is nearly impossible to perform pollicization as a salvage procedure after attempts to reconstruct a retained thumb have failed. The principles presented may assist the surgeon in this decision-making process. Pollicization itself is an exacting procedure requiring attention to numerous details. The surgeon and parents must realize that additional operative procedures may be required to enhance the function of the pollicized digit.
Ways Women Lead

While Mary Hartman helped us see the importance of continually rethinking our response to the issues that women face, Judy Rosener frames the problems and opportunities that women encounter in organizations in a very specific way. Her response is one that emphasizes the unique contributions that women leaders make within organizations. In her now classic article on women leaders we find a demonstration that a transformative collaborative model of leading is both more typical of women leaders and actually very effective, particularly in large organizations. As the book progresses, we shall see that the strategy of emphasizing women leaders’ “unique” leadership style also has its dangers, as it tends to strengthen gender stereotypes. We however include this perspective here because we want to trace the various possible responses to the changing situation of women within organizations, and consider its costs and benefits before offering new perspectives. Rosener’s article does offer us some crucial insights into alternative leadership models that may be more appropriate responses to contemporary organizational dynamics. Although Rosener barely touches on it, a transformational leader is more comfortable in a complex environment of a large multinational corporation, and that style of leadership, in turn, is more conducive to leadership success in global companies.
A simulation framework for uneconomic virtual bidding in day-ahead electricity markets

Virtual bids were introduced in U.S. wholesale electricity markets to exploit arbitrage opportunities arising from expected price differences between day-ahead and real-time energy markets. These financial instruments have interactions with other elements of the electricity market design. For instance, virtual bids may be intended to move day-ahead electricity prices in a direction that enhances the value of Financial Transmission Rights (FTRs) settling at those energy prices. We consider a model of the day-ahead electricity market at one node in the network, under the assumption that virtual bidding does not affect the real-time dispatch of generators. Theoretical results on interior Nash equilibria are presented, assuming virtual bidders can perfectly predict real-time prices and hold no FTRs. We then adopt a kind of hypergame framework to model the day-ahead market, assuming imperfect prediction of real-time prices by different virtual bidders, and present simulation results with and without FTRs. Finally, we discuss two detection mechanisms that may be used by regulators to distinguish between competitive and manipulative market outcomes, as well as trade-offs between specificity and sensitivity.
Tree genetics defines fungal partner communities that may confer drought tolerance

Plant genetic variation and soil microorganisms are individually known to influence plant responses to climate change, but the interactive effects of these two factors are largely unknown. Using long-term observational studies in the field and common garden and greenhouse experiments of a foundation tree species (Pinus edulis) and its mutualistic ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) associates, we show that EMF community composition is under strong plant genetic control. Seedlings acquire the EMF community of their seed source trees (drought tolerant vs. drought intolerant), even when exposed to inoculum from the alternate tree type. Drought-tolerant trees had 25% higher growth and a third the mortality of drought-intolerant trees over the course of 10 y of drought in the wild, traits that were also observed in their seedlings in a common garden. Inoculation experiments show that EMF communities are critical to drought tolerance. Drought-tolerant and drought-intolerant seedlings grew similarly when provided sterile EMF inoculum, but drought-tolerant seedlings grew 25% larger than drought-intolerant seedlings under dry conditions when each seedling type developed its distinct EMF community. This demonstration that particular combinations of plant genotype and mutualistic EMF communities improve the survival and growth of trees with drought is especially important, given the vulnerability of forests around the world to the warming and drying conditions predicted for the future.
The occurrence of intersex fishes in Boulder Creek, Colorado, is a recent phenomenon.

Abstract Gonads were examined visually and histologically from white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) isolated from museum specimens collected from Boulder Creek, Colorado. These fishes were collected between 42 and 102 years ago before addition of large quantities of estrogenic chemicals via wastewater effluent was reported to disrupt reproductive structures and functions in white suckers living in Boulder Creek downstream of the wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) and in test exposures of fathead minnows to wastewater effluent at the WWTF. No evidence of abnormal external gonad appearance or histology (e.g., testicular oocytes, mixed gonadal tissue) were observed in male or female museum specimens of either species supporting the conclusion that observations of reproductive abnormalities, feminization, demasculinization, and altered sex ratios are recent phenomena.
Whose Job Is It, Anyway? The Place of Public Engagement in The Liberal Arts College.

The calls for academics to engage the public have grown, motivated by concerns for civic health and for maintaining public and political support for higher education and academic research. Whatever its value to the public sphere, there is still considerable uncertainty about whether and how public engagement counts–is it valued by colleagues and institutions in promotion and tenure decisions? We sought to provide evidence to assess the value of public engagement with experimental and observational methods set in a survey of faculty from seven liberal arts colleges. We find that public engagement is valued and engaged by these faculty, with variation observed by institution, mode of public engagement, and college division (arts faculty the most supportive and science faculty the least). We recommend institutions communicate clearly how they value public engagement; until that point, academics should tread carefully as they seek public audiences and partnerships.
Can Multielectron Intercalation Reactions Be the Basis of Next Generation Batteries

ConspectusIntercalation compounds form the basis of essentially all lithium rechargeable batteries. They exhibit a wide range of electronic and crystallographic structures. The former varies from metallic conductors to excellent insulators. The latter often have layer structures or have open tunnel structures that can act as the hosts for the intercalation of a wide range of metal cation and other guest species. They are fascinating materials with almost infinitely variable properties, with the crystal structure controlling the identity and the amount of the guest species that may be intercalated and subsequently removed. The electronic structure controls not only the degree of electron transfer to the host, but also defines the degree of the electrostatic interactions a mobile ion experiences; thus, a metallic host will provide a minimizing of those interactions, whereas in an ionic lattice the interactions will be much greater and the mobile ion will experience a much higher activation energy for motion...