cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic Events and Signaling Mechanisms Underlying Schwann Cell Fate in Development and Cancer

In this review, we describe Schwann cell development from embryonic neural crest cells to terminally differentiated myelinated and nonmyelinated mature Schwann cells. We focus on the genetic drivers and signaling mechanisms mediating decisions to proliferate versus differentiate during Schwann cell development, highlighting pathways that overlap with Schwann cell development and are dysregulated in tumorigenesis. We conclude by considering how our knowledge of the events underlying Schwann cell development and mouse models of schwannoma, neurofibroma, and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor can inform novel therapeutic strategies for patients with cancers derived from Schwann cell lineages.
Another Look at the Self-Control vs. Psychopathy Debate: a Study Assessing Sexual Aggression, Aggression, and Substance Abuse

Self-control and psychopathy are general theories of antisociality that have considerable empirical support, are conceptually similar, and have occasionally been studied together. A recent head-to-head test of the theories and found that self-control generally outperformed psychopathy among assorted criminal outcomes among institutionalized delinquents. Using data from university students (N = 1611) and different measures of self-control (Grasmick et al. scale) and psychopathy (Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale), the current study revisited this work and found that self-control had robust associations with sexual aggression, general aggression, and substance abuse problems, and extreme scores on these outcomes variables. However, the effects of self-control were negated once psychopathy was specified, suggesting that psychopathy is more important for understanding assorted forms of deviance than self-control in the undergraduate population. Given the empirical heft of both theories, we encourage further study to determine which has greater predictive validity for understanding various forms of crime among different populations spanning student, community, forensic, and correctional samples. We also encourage the specification of both self-control and psychopathy as standard control variables.
COVID-19: Using Social Media to Promote Mental Health in Medical School During the Pandemic

The Asian Pacific American Medical Student Association (APAMSA) is a national student organization that advocates for the health of the Asian American Pacific Islanders. In May 2020, our APAMSA chapter at Oakland University William Beaumont (OUWB) School of Medicine located in Michigan, USA hosted a virtual mental health campaign titled, “Socially Distant but Emotionally Connected: 6ft Closer During Quarantine.” We reached out to medical students and faculty within the OUWB community to share their experiences during the initial phases of quarantine. Our goal was to create a space for everyone at OUWB to engage in meaningful conversations about mental health and support each other during the pandemic. The responses we received varied across numerous topics, including xenophobia, loneliness, and lack of motivation. Participants also followed up with words of encouragement for their peers and guidance on how to cope with social isolation. Our virtual campaign was very feasible and successful under the constraints of social distancing, and we urge other medical schools to implement their own mental health awareness initiatives to destigmatize the topic in their communities. General steps on how to start your own campaign include: collaborating with interest groups, deciding on social media platforms, and sharing with your community.
An Iterative Parametric Bootstrap Approach to Evaluating Rater Fit

When analysts evaluate performance assessments, they often use modern measurement theory models to identify raters who frequently give ratings that are different from what would be expected, given ...
Erdős-Hajnal for cap-free graphs

Abstract A “cap” in a graph G is an induced subgraph of G that consists of a cycle of length at least four, together with one further vertex that has exactly two neighbours in the cycle, adjacent to each other, and the “house” is the smallest, on five vertices. It is not known whether there exists e > 0 such that every graph G containing no house has a clique or stable set of cardinality at least | G | e ; this is the smallest open case of the Erdős-Hajnal conjecture and has been the subject of much study. We prove that there exists e > 0 such that every graph G with no cap has a clique or stable set of cardinality at least | G | e .
Internet Law Outline (Fall 2021)

This is an Internet Law outline created by Jess Miers based on the Internet law course taught by Prof. Eric Goldman at Santa Clara Law. It was last updated November 2021. You can find Prof. Goldman’s course materials on his blog [https://www.ericgoldman.org/cyberlaw.html]. If you have any questions (or corrections), please reach out to Jess directly at miersjessica@gmail.com
On the /spl lscr//sub 2/-induced control for eventually periodic systems

This paper is focused on the /spl lscr//sub 2/-induced control of eventually periodic linear discrete-time systems. We prove for such systems that a synthesis exists if and only if an eventually periodic synthesis exists. We also consider specific cases, where we show that the synthesis if existent can always be chosen to be of the same eventually periodic class as the plant. All the conditions derived are provided in terms of semidefinite programming problems. The motivation for this work is controlling nonlinear systems along prespecified trajectories, notably those that eventually settle down into periodic orbits and those with uncertain initial states.
A Little Bit of Laches Goes a Long Way: Notes on Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc.

This essay considers two questions about how laches fits into contemporary American law. One is whether it applies to all claims or only to claims for equitable remedies. The other is how it is affected by a federal statute of limitations. Is laches displaced, on the theory that Congress has spoken by enacting the statute of limitations, so that it would violate separation of powers for a court to substitute its own equitable doctrines? Or does laches remain and coexist with the statute of limitations, on the theory that Congress legislates against the background of traditional equitable principles? These questions are squarely raised by Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc., a pending case in the U.S. Supreme Court.After examining the doctrine, history, and theory of laches, this essay reaches two conclusions. First, laches is and should remain an equitable defense. Second, laches is available unless Congress makes a clear statement abrogating it, and the mere enactment of a statute of limitations is not a clear statement of abrogation. Given these conclusions, the Court should take a middle course in Petrella: Retain the defense of laches, but apply it only to claims for equitable remedies.
Perceptions of Upper-Level Trainees in an Interdisciplinary Geriatrics Practicum

Abstract Twenty-nine graduate and upper level trainees from multiple health professions functioned as temporary members on an established Geriatrics Team for a minimum of 10 hours per week during a semester. Each student completed a modified version of the Interprofessional Perception Scale pre— and post-training. Analysis showed changes in perceptions toward physicians but not physical therapists and no changes in how they thought those disciplines perceived themselves. A nursing/social work subgroup of students demonstrated positive changes toward physicians in the areas of status, trust, and ethics. However, nurses had a negative change in how they viewed physicians' competence. Understanding the development of interprofessional perceptions can help in establishing curriculum for both graduate and continuing health professional education.
Novel bis-acac-O,O-Ir(III) catalyst for anti-Markovnikov, hydroarylation of olefins operates by arene CH activation.

A novel, thermally stable, homogeneous Ir catalyst for the anti-Markovnikov, hydroarylation of olefins is shown to operate by arene CH activation via the formation of a bis-acac-O,O phenyl–Ir(III) species.
Independent Parental Administration of Prednisone in Acute Asthma: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study

Objective. To determine the effectiveness of a single dose of prednisone administered by a parent to a child early in an asthma attack. Design. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study with children enrolled for 12 months (6 months prednisone, 6 months placebo). Setting. A primary-care clinic and emergency department of an inner-city teaching hospital from March 1992 through May 1993. Children. Children 2 to 14 years of age enrolled in this clinic who had made two or more outpatient (emergency department or primary-care clinic) visits for acute asthma in the preceding year. Selection. There were 204 eligible children, of whom 86 were contacted and enrolled ; of these, 78 (91%) completed the study. Intervention. Capsules containing prednisone (2 mg/kg up to 60 mg) or placebo. Parents were instructed to give their child one capsule for an asthma attack that had not improved after a dose of the child's regular acute asthma medicine. Measurements. Parents were interviewed every 3 months. Computerized patient records and chart reviews were used to verify parent reports. Outcome measures were the numbers of outpatient visits and hospitalizations for treatment of acute asthma. Results. Neither the total number of attacks nor the number for which medicine was used differed significantly by arm of study. There was a larger number of attacks resulting in outpatient visits when children were in the group that received prednisone (1.1 ± 0.59 versus 0.59 ± 0.86). This trend was less pronounced but persisted when limited to attacks for which the medicine was given (0.58 ± 0.99 versus 0.35 ± 0.55). Neither the number of attacks resulting in admission nor the number of hospital days differed significantly by arm of study. Conclusions. A single dose of prednisone available for use at home early in an asthma attack was associated with an increase in outpatient visits made for acute asthma. When prednisone was given for an attack, there was no reduction in outpatient visits. This intervention can not be recommended for children with asthma. These results should be confirmed in other pediatric populations. Pediatrics 1995 ;96 :224-229 ; asthma, status asthmaticus, prednisone, child.
Quadratic-Based Computation of Four-Impulse Optimal Rendezvous near Circular Orbit

Thewell-knownproblemofminimizingthetotalcharacteristicvelocityofaspacecraftinanimpulsiverendezvous with a satellite in circular orbit is considered by using the Clohessy ‐Wiltshire equations. It is well known that, for boundary conditions in the plane of the orbit, four impulses at most are required. The mathematical framework is presented for four-impulse optimal rendezvous near a circular orbit resulting in relatively simple formulas that determine if four impulses are required and, if so, how the four optimal velocity increments can be calculated.
Black Megachurches: Social Gospel Usage and Community Empowerment

Social Gospel advocates suggest that Christianity should foster social reform, political activism, and collective empowerment. Black megachurches do not generally have a reputation for espousing such tenets. But, have they been inaccurately depicted? This analysis focuses on whether and how a Social Gospel message influences the purposes and programs for a group of Black megachurches. The study relies on ethnographic research and content analysis of 16 Black megachurches. Findings show that most sample clergy espouse a Social Gospel message that reflects social justice, servanthood, and self-help themes. Community empowerment programs are also influenced by factors such as pastor's vocation as well as church location and have a decidedly economic rather than political dimension. The implications of what constitutes Social Gospel in the twenty-first century are discussed.
Anionic block polymerization. II. Preparation and properties of block copolymers

Block copolymers were prepared by anionic polymerization and their dynamic mechanical properties and thermal stability were compared with those of random copolymers and mechanical blends of similar composition. The block copolymers were prepared by means of Na-naphthalene as the initiator, under conditions leading in most cases to almost complete absence of contaminating homopolymers. The composition, structure, and molecular weight of the block copolymers were determined by (a) molecular weight determinations of the polymers before and after addition of the second monomer to the preformed polymeric anions, and (b) by fractionation and chemical analysis of the resulting fractions. The block copolymers prepared were of the type: poly(α-methyl styrene) - polystyrene - poly(α-methylstyrene), polystyrene - poly(α-methylstyrene)-polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate)-polystyrene-poly(α-methyl methacrylate), and poly(ethylene oxide)-polystyrene-poly(ethylene oxide). The various block copolymer systems showed considerable differences in dynamic mechanical properties among themselves; they also had properties differing from those of copolymers and blends.
Optical Storage: Future Educational Impact

Optical storage is a recent development that involves the reproduction of text, audio, and video data onto an optical disk storage medium. The advancements made in mass storage because of the development of Optical Storage technology, and their impact on educational and industrial computer environments, is the focus of this article. The three types of optical storage are Compact Disk-Read Only Memory (CD-ROM), Write-Once, Read Many (WORM), and Erasable Optical. Some of the advantages of optical storage over magnetic tape and disk include large storage capacity, removability, and low cost per MegaByte of storage. Conversely, the current shortcoming of both disk sizes is they are read only, although this is changing as reusable optical disks become widely available. Both the educational and industrial sectors have taken advantage of these developments to generate applications that are tailored to their specific needs. These products' capabilities have yet to be fully realized; but it appears that in the fut...
Impact of external fixation on adolescents: an integrative research review.

PURPOSE: To define the state of nursing knowledge about the psychological impact of treating adolescents with external fixation devices (EFDs). METHOD: An integrated research review was conducted on literature available from CINAHL, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO. Keywords used were external fixation, fracture fixation, orthopaedic or orthopaedic, limb lengthening, Ilizarov, halo traction, Orthofix, EBI fixator, pelvic fixator, ring fixator, body image, self-concept, self-esteem, self-perception, adaptation, emotional, behavior, and outcome. Inclusion criteria for studies were (a) publication from 1990 to 2003, (b) focus on psychosocial and functional outcomes of treating adolescents with EFDs, and (c) publication in English. Studies were categorized by author, year, discipline(s), design, focus, sample, measurement, findings, and research recommendations. Findings and recommendations were compared across publications. RESULTS: All studies reported psychological and behavioral changes after EFD treatment. Pain and pin-site infections were the most problematic physical findings. Depression was universally evident to varying degrees, with some suicidal ideation and self-destructive behaviors, although mostly reported as transient. This predominantly retrospective cohort of studies reported social isolation as well as eating and sleep disturbances. Family and nursing support, a multiple disciplinary approach, and better preoperative preparation were crucial to adolescents psychological health after EFD treatment. CONCLUSION: Adolescents treated with EFDs require significant psychosocial support. The findings reveal major gaps in the knowledge on adolescents treated with external fixation for traumatic injury and none focused on EFD treatment in the acute period. Language: en
A sixteen-user time-slotted SPECTS O-CDMA network testbed

We present a time-slotted SPECTS O-CDMA network testbed supporting up to 16 users at 10 Gb/s/user. Error-free performance is achieved using a NOLM time gate and a nonlinear thresholder and without FEC.
Mode Coupling from Linear and Nonlinear Kinetic Equations

The calculation of mode coupling contributions to equilibrium time correlation functions from the nonlinear Boltzmann equation is reconsidered. It is suggested that the use of a nonlinear kinetic equation is not appropriate in this context, but instead such calculations should be reinterpreted in terms of the Klimontovich equation for the microscopic phase space density. For hard spheres the Klimontovich equation is formally similar to the nonlinear Boltzmann equation, and this similarity is exploited to explain the successful calculation of mode coupling effects from the latter. The relationship of the Klimontovich formulation to the linear ring approximation is also established.
New insight into the mechanism of action of and resistance to isoniazid: interaction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis enoyl-ACP reductase with INH-NADP.

The Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhA-encoded enoyl-ACP reductase is inhibited by isonicotinoylated-NADP (INH-NADP) with a Ki of 130 nM. The crystal structure of the InhA:INH-NADP complex was solved. The structure revealed that it is the acyclic 4S isomer of INH-NADP that binds to the enzyme in a conformation similar to the InhA:INH-NAD complex solved previously. The in vivo implications of the mechanism of action of and resistance to isoniazid resulting from the dual ability of InhA to bind to INH-NAD and INH-NADP with high affinity are discussed.
Minority carrier lifetime in silicon after Ar+ and Si+ implantation

Minority carrier lifetime changes in MOS diodes implanted with 200 keV Ar+ or 80 keV Si+ in the dose range 1011 to 1016 ions/cm2 are investigated and related to the implanted ions and the damage in the substrate. Lifetime degradation observed after Ar+ implantation varies with the dose. A factor of 105 is achieved by implanting a dose of 1015 Ar+/cm−2. Contrarily Si+ implantation does not affect the lifetime up to 1014 Si+/cm2. For a higher Si+ dose the lifetime is reduced by four orders of magnitude. Transmission electron microscopy studies reveal no defects for implants up to 1012 Ar+/cm2 and 1014 Si+/cm2. At higher argon dose bubble like defects are identified. For Ar+ and Si+ ion doses close to the amorphization dose stacking faults and dislocation loops are observed additionally.
Wikis: A Knowledge Platform for Collaborative Learning in ESL Reading

Wikis provide an effective technological tool to meet the pedagogical goals outlined in the new TESOL Technology Standards (Healey et al., 2009). A wiki, a cross between a website and a word document, is an interactive webpage that allows students to read, generate, and publish content online in an environment of collaboration. The flexibility and simplicity of wikis thus provides an open, user-friendly, and efficient interface for student interaction and collaboration, particularly through virtual English as a second language (ESL) reading groups. This article presents the pedagogical rationale for wikis as a technological tool to foster second language (L2) reading proficiency through communities of practice in virtual ESL reading groups. It includes suggested activities and a consideration of challenges associated with wikis as a pedagogical tool.
On complementary models and fixed-interval smoothing

A new algorithm is derived for the standard fixed-interval linear smoothing problem in which the signal is generated by a state model. The structure of this new algorithm allows the smoothed estimate to be easily updated in response to a change in the initial state covariance matrix \Pi_{0} , since, unlike in existing algorifiuns, the relevant Riccati equation is entirely independent of \Pi_{0} . The derivation of the algorithm is based on properties of complementary models.
Serotonin-mediated excitation of recurrent laryngeal and phrenic motoneurons evoked by stimulation of the raphe obscurus

Short-latency averaged responses in the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and C5 phrenic nerve to electrical stimulation (2.5-80 microA; 2.5-160 Hz; 150 microseconds pulse duration) of the medullary nucleus raphe obscurus (RO) were investigated in anesthetized, paralyzed and artificially ventilated cats. The response evoked in RLN by stimulation within RO was excitatory and consisted of a single peak. Characteristics of this response in RLN were compared with those of the delayed excitatory response in C5 phrenic nerve, which we previously showed to be elicited by stimulation within RO. Mean latency to onset for the excitatory response in RLN was 5.7 +/- 0.3 ms, while the delayed excitatory response in C5 phrenic nerve occurred at 7.0 +/- 0.3 ms. The excitatory response in both nerves could be evoked when stimulation was applied during inspiration as well as during expiration. The stimulus threshold varied between 2.5 and 5 microA for evoking the inspiratory-phase response in each nerve. The magnitude of this response in RLN and in C5 phrenic nerve was directly related to current intensity and was dependent upon stimulus frequency. Intravenous administration of the serotonin receptor antagonist, methysergide (0.1-2.4 mg/kg) caused significant dose-related reductions in the response in each nerve. In summary, characteristics of the evoked response in RLN and phrenic nerve are similar in several ways. Both responses are: (1) excitatory in nature, (2) elicited at small stimulus currents, (3) affected similarly by increasing stimulus current and frequency, (4) elicited by stimulation during inspiration and expiration, and (5) mediated at least in part by activation of pathways using serotonin as a neurotransmitter.
Quantitative analysis of 1,3-butadiene-induced DNA adducts in vivo and in vitro using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.

1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a high volume industrial chemical which is known as a multi-site rodent carcinogen and is classified as a probable human carcinogen. Covalent interactions of the reactive epoxy metabolites of BD with DNA lead to the formation of DNA adducts which may cause mutations and tumor formation. In the present work, liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) was employed for analyses of BD-induced DNA adducts in vitro and in vivo. Selected reaction monitoring (SRM) using the fragmentation of the [M + H] + ions of the adducts to the corresponding protonated nucleobases under collision-induced dissociation was performed Quantitation was based on isotope dilution with 13 C- and 15 N-labeled internal standards The methods were applied in vitro [calf thymus DNA and TK6 cell cultures treated with epoxy metabolites of BD, 3,4-epoxy-1-butene (EB) and diepoxybutane (DEB)] and in vivo [DNA isolated from tissues of BD-exposed laboratory animals]. Two regioisomers of N-7-EB-guanine adducts, N-7-(2-hydroxy-3-buten-1-yl)guanine (N-7-EB-Gua I) and N-7-(1-hydroxy-3-buten-2-yl)guanine (N-7-EB-Gus II) and two N-3-EB-adenine isomers, N-3-(2-hydroxy-3-buten-1-yl)adenine and N-3-(1-hydroxy-3-buten-2-yl)adenine (N-3-EB-Ade I and II), were found in EB-exposed samples N-7-(2',3',4'-trihydroxybut-1'-yl)guanine (N-7-THB-Gua), N 6 -(2',3',4'-trihydroxybut-1'-yl)adenine (N 6 -THB-Ade), and N-3-(2',3',4'-tribydroxybut-1'-yl)adenine (N-3-THB-Ade) were detected in DEB-treated DNA. DNA isolated from liver and lung of rats and mice exposed to 1250 ppm BD for 2 weeks contained both regioisomers of N-7-EB-Gua and N-3-EB-Ade, as well as N-7-THB-Gua and N 6 -THB-Ade. The methods developed in this work provide the means to study accumulation, repair and dose-response relationships of BD-DNA adducts in vivo. Although less sensitive than gas chromatography/electron capture negative ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC/ECNI-HRMS), LC/ESI + -MS/MS in the SRM mode is extremely useful for analysis of BD-DNA adducts, which are not amenable to GC and derivatization owing to the presence of several adjacent polar functional groups Using LC/ESI-MS/MS and isotope dilution, multiple structurally diverse BD-DNA adducts can be analyzed simultaneously in the same sample with minimal sample preparation.
Getting rid of patients: contradictions in the socialisation of internists to the doctor-patient relationship

This article examines the impact of the professional socialisation of internists on the doctor-patient relationship. Utilising observation and interviews, the study found that the world of house staff (interns and residents) was defined by a paradoxical perspective on patients--characterised as a "Get Rid of patients' (GROP) orientation. This perspective was shaped by the poor conditions of public institutions, administrative mandates, demographic and disease factors, a narrow definition of professional practice and normative standards of professional conduct. There was active support and reinforcement from colleagues for GROP behaviour; peers, rather than attending faculty became the most important socialisers. To implement the GROP perspective, coping strategies emerged within the house-staff culture. These included the utilisation of the hierarchy and techniques such as negotiation, objectification, intimidation, omission and avoidance. No time in their training was identified as the right time to acquire humanistic doctor-patient relationship skills. Contrarily, the structure of the socialising institution was organised into a hierarchy in which the most obvious criterion and consequence of status was autonomy over or removal from the establishment of meaningful doctor-patient relationships.
Methylation of canine cardiac myosin in culture.

Nɛ, Nɛ, Nɛ, trimethyllysine and an unidentified methylated amino acid which co-electrophoresed and cochromatographed with the hydrolysis product of S-adenosyl-L-methionine, occur in fetal canine cardiac myosin and are isotopically labeled in vitro with S-adenosyl-L-(methyl3H) methionine between the 10th and the 12th day of culture.
Evaluating the impact of low discrepancy sequences on the probabilistic evaluation of composite power system reliability

Evaluating the reliability of composite power systems using probabilistic means can quickly become a computationally intensive task as the size of the system grows. Different efforts like state space decomposition and population based intelligent search have focused on reducing computational cost by improving the way in which the state space is sampled. This work investigates the use of low discrepancy sequences (LDS) in order to improve the sampling process used when applying Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) to this problem. Low discrepancy (or quasi-random) sequences are deterministic, dependent sequences that are used for sampling a state space in a uniform fashion. Three examples of these sequences that are examined in this study include the Halton, Hammersley, and Faure sequences. Each of these sequences may be used in place of the typical random sampling when applying MCS to such a problem. This study examines conceptual and empirical differences between these LDS techniques and MCS, and discussions are made in terms of the convergence characteristics of the methods. Results demonstrate that the while LDS methods do perform well, their overall performance is comparable to MCS when fully converged results are needed.
Role of transforming growth factor β1 in microvascular endothelial cell apoptosis associated with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic-uremic syndrome

Primary human microvascular endothelial cells (MVEC) of restricted lineage undergo apoptosis when exposed to plasma from patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and sporadic hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). This reflects the pathology and tissue distribution of lesions in vivo. As extracellular matrix (ECM) is critical to MVEC survival, and cytokines which regulate ECM, such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, have been reported anecdotally to be altered in TTP/HUS, we examined the role of TGF-beta1 and two ECM proteins, fibronectin and thrombospondin (TSP), in these disorders. Levels of active TGF-beta1 were elevated in acute but not convalescent phases of TTP/sporadic HUS, as well as TTP associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection and use of the anti-platelet drug ticlopidine. MVEC from tissues susceptible to TTP-mediated apoptosis showed little active TGF-beta1 production when exposed to TTP plasmas. In contrast, pulmonary MVEC and large-vessel EC, which are resistant to TTP-linked pathology, showed marked induction of TGF-beta1 following TTP plasma exposure. Exogenous TGF-beta1 suppressed TTP plasma-mediated apoptosis in susceptible MVEC in association with blockade of cell entry into S phase. Soluble TSP, devoid of detectable bound TGF-beta1, had a similar effect, which paralleled its ability to induce TGF-beta1 production in MVEC. In vivo, TSP deposition was diminished markedly in involved tissues of TTP patients. These data highlight the role of TGF-beta1 and ECM in TTP and suggest that differential production of TGF-beta1 by MVEC may play a role in their sensitivity or resistance to TTP/sporadic HUS-mediated apoptosis in vitro and in vivo.
Gas permeability of carbon aerogels

Carbon aerogels are synthesized via the aqueous polycondensation of resorcinol with formaldehyde, followed by supercritical drying and subsequent pyrolysis at 1050 [degree]C. As a result of their interconnected porosity, ultrafine cell/pore size, and high surface area, carbon aerogels have many potential applications such as supercapacitors, battery electrodes, catalyst supports, and gas filters. The performance of carbon aerogels in the latter two applications depends on the permeability or gas flow conductance in these materials. By measuring the pressure differential across a thin specimen and the nitrogen gas flow rate in the viscous regime, the permeability of carbon aerogels was calculated from equations based upon Darcy's law. Our measurements show that carbon aerogels have permeabilities on the order of 10[sup [minus]12] to 10[sup [minus]10] cm[sup 2] over the density range from 0.05--0.44 g/cm[sup 3]. Like many other aerogel properties, the permeability of carbon aerogels follows a power law relationship with density, reflecting differences in the average mesopore size. Comparing the results from this study with the permeability of silica aerogels reported by other workers, we found that the permeability of aerogels is governed by a simple universal flow equation. This paper discusses the relationship between permeability, pore size, and density in carbonmore » aerogels.« less
Citizens All? Citizens Some! The Making of the Citizen

Inequality is a fundamental reality of the modern world-system as it has been of every known historical system. What is different, what is particular to historical capitalism, is that equality has been proclaimed as its objective, and indeed as its achievement—equality in the marketplace, equality before the law, the fundamental social equality of all individuals endowed with equal rights. The great political question of the modern world, the great cultural question, has been how to reconcile the theoretical embrace of equality with the continuing and increasingly acute polarization of real-life opportunities and satisfactions that has been its outcome.
CHANGES IN GROWTH AND FUNCTION OF THE THYROID AFTER THYROTROPIC STIMULATION

THE EXPERIMENTAL use of colchicine makes it possible to separate changes offunction from changes of growth in thyroid glands stimulated by thyrotropic extracts. Thyroid function is ordinarily estimated by metabolic, and to some extent histological, changes, while growth is determined by the incidence of mitosis. The latter may be made evident by colchicine, which arrests cell division in the metaphase, thus allowing all mitosesto be counted for a considerable period. This paper reports the use of these methods in a study of the correlation of function and growth of the thyroid at various times after the induction of experimental hyperthyroidism. Female, virgin guinea pigs, weighing about 250 gm. each, were injected daily for periods up to 4 weeks, with from 10 to 25 mg. of a flavianate (1) extract of beef anteriorpituitary glands. Simultaneously, with the final injection of this extract, colchicine (or the colchicine derivatives colchicein or oxycolchicine), 0.1 mg., was given in solutionsubcutaneously.
Optimization of release from magnetically controlled polymeric drug release devices.

Abstract Release rates from drug:polymer matrices embedded with small magnets increase in the presence of oscillating magnetic fields. Previous studies of these systems have defined those parameters that determine the extent of the increase in release, and implied that not only was the force generated within the matrix an important determinant of the extent of modulation but also that the greater the amount of matrix actually displaced, the greater the observed modulation. We investigated this possibility in the magnetic system and developed a model taking into account the intersection of the volume of a cylindrical polymer-drug magnet embedded matrix with an imaginary sphere representing the upper limit of matrix deformation by the magnet. The intersection correlated in a linear fashion with the increase in release (slope = 1.16 ± 0.26, R = 0.864, P = 0.003 s . e . e . = 1.38). Magnet orientation alone was insufficient to explain the data. It appears that a modulated system is optimized when the modulating force overlaps precisely with the maximum amount of matrix drug that can be released. If the size of the matrix, position of the magnet, force generated on the matrix by the magnet, viscoelastic properties of the matrix, etc. are not matched then modulation is inefficient. These results should provide further insight into and a means of optimization for externally regulated controlled release systems.
Prescribed scalar curvature on the n -sphere

This paper considers the prescribed scalar curvature problem onS n forn>-3. We consider the limits of solutions of the regularization obtained by decreasing the critical exponent. We characterize those subcritical solutions which blow up at the least possible energy level, determining the points at which they can concentrate, and their Morse indices. We then show that forn=3 this is the only blow up which can occur for solutions. We use this in combination with the Morse inequalities for the subcritical problem to obtain a general existence theorem for the prescribed scalar curvature problem onS 3.
Why India Lags Behind China and How It Can Bridge the Gap

Though India has been growing at six per cent annually since the late 1980s, it trails behind China, which has been growing at ten per cent per annum since 1981. The single most important factor explaining this difference is the relatively poor performance of Indian industry. Whereas the share of industry in China's GDP rose from 42 per cent in 1991 to 51 per cent in 2001, it remained virtually stagnant in India. By contrast, services grew rapidly in India, expanding from 42 per cent in 1991 to 48 per cent in 2001. With the information technology sector less than two per cent of the GDP, services growth was largely in the informal sector. Approximately 77 per cent of India's workers live in rural areas. To bring a large chunk of this workforce into the modern sector, India must achieve a much higher growth in the traditional, unskilled-labour-intensive industry. Growth in the information technology sector gives India an extra lever but cannot be the main engine of transformation. Therefore, the right approach is to walk on two legs: traditional labour-intensive industry and the modern IT industry. Both legs need strengthening through further reforms. The paper suggests four specific reforms, three for industry and one for IT, necessary to achieve the transformation to a modern economy.
Localization of Na/K-ATPase sites in the secretory and reabsorptive epithelia of perfused eccrine sweat glands: a question to the role of the enzyme in secretion.

Na/K-ATPase sites in both the secretory and reabsorptive epithelia of isolated and microperfused human eccrine sweat glands are localized cytologically. Localization was accomplished through autoradiography of bound3H-ouabain, a specific inhibitor of the enzyme. Ouabain binding characteristics were determined to ensure maximum specific binding. Enzyme sites are localized only on the basolateral surface of both epithelia in spite of the fact that sodium transport is reversed, i.e., secretory: blood to lumen and reabsorptive: lumen to blood. In view of these findings and in comparison with other recent observations, the role of Na/K-ATPase in secretory electrolyte transport is questioned.
General estimators for the reliability of qualitative data

We study a proportional reduction in loss (PRL) measure for the reliability of categorical data and consider the general case in which each ofN judges assigns a subject to one ofK categories. This measure has been shown to be equivalent to a measure proposed by Perreault and Leigh for a special case when there are two equally competent judges, and the correct category has a uniform prior distribution. We consider a general framework where the correct category is assumed to have an arbitrary prior distribution, and where classification probabilities vary by correct category, judge, and category of classification. In this setting, we consider PRL reliability measures based on two estimators of the correct category—the empirical Bayes estimator and an estimator based on the judges' consensus choice. We also discuss four important special cases of the general model and study several types of lower bounds for PRL reliability.
Large proportional multiwire chambers for transition radiation detection with unambiguous position readout

Abstract Large xenon gas proportional multiwire chambers of up to 120 cm length have been developed and are currently in use as transition radiation detectors at CERN ISR to discriminate between electrons and hadrons. The particle position is measured in two dimensions, the position along wires being determined by a newly developed scheme of charge division with a precision σ = 0.4% or better of the wire length.
Field screening maize germplasm for resistance and tolerance to western corn rootworms (Col.: Chrysomelidae)

In the hopes of lessening the current reliance on soil insecticides, developing a viable alternative for transgenic maize hybrids, and providing sustainable options for Europe, researchers recently have been developing novel maize lines that exhibit resistance and/or tolerance to corn rootworm larvae. Here we report the results of a 2-year field experiment in a northern growing region assessing the resistance and tolerance of 10 experimental synthetic maize populations selected for varying levels of damage from western corn rootworm larvae, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Col.: Chrysomelidae) and four maize hybrids. Maize non-preference, antibiosis and tolerance to rootworms was evaluated using previously established methods, including: the Iowa 1-6 root damage rating scale, root fresh weight, compensatory root growth ratings and adult rootworm emergence. Among the experimental synthetic maize populations, BS29-11-01 was the most susceptible, and had a mean root damage rating that was greater than the highly susceptible maize hybrid B37 · H84. This line also had the lowest mean root fresh weight and one of the lowest mean compensatory root growth ratings. In contrast, CRW8-3 appeared to be tolerant to western corn rootworms, and had the lowest mean root damage rating, which was comparable with that of the non-transgenic hybrid DeKalb � 46-26.
Toward deep learning for adult students in online courses

Abstract Adult students have become the new majority in online distance education. Research in online distance education, however, is still predominantly based on the historical perspective of the traditional student profile. This study examines adult students' learning engagement in online courses and explores the impact of online course design models and the type of online discussion on adult students' self-perceived and observable learning performance. The study findings inform that age itself does not predict adult students' learning satisfaction and performance. Instead, an integrated course model promotes learning satisfaction, while a Content + Support course model reinforces knowledge–constructive online interactions. The study findings also indicate disadvantages of close-ended discussion tasks in supporting students' online learning success.
UW-Madison student leadership project

The University of Wisconsin - Madison Division of Information Technology (DoIT) Help Desk and Campus Computer Labs offers an opportunity for student employees to become involved in leadership roles by participating in the Student Leadership Project (SLP). This project provides student employees with real world experience in the management and delivery of information technology services. By gaining experience in conjunction with their academic career, students will be better prepared to enter the workforce by bringing with them a wealth of IT and business knowledge. The DoIT Help Desk and Campus Computer Labs employ approximately 125 staff with a mixture of fulltime personnel and part time student staff. The SLP students work in the Help Desk's call center, advanced support group and computer labs. They are full participants in managing and facilitating day-to-day operations (e.g., hiring, training, coach, schedule, etc.) and in maintaining the usability of all the computers in the production environment. This summer, we will be entering the fourth year of the Student Leadership Project. There are 10 leadership positions available for students with both a management and technical track. This presentation will provide an overview of the program with perspectives from the student leaders.
10.1.3 Evaluating Product Development Task Interactions Using Network Analysis

This paper proposes the integration of two useful systems engineering analysis tools, the Design Structure Matrix (DSM) and Network Analysis (NA) to study task interactions in a Product Development Process (PDP) using a small engineering company as a case study. The DSM is a matrix-based systems engineering tool that enables streamlining of the PDP through task sequencing and simulation of project execution. NA techniques such as key players, centrality, influence, and brokerage provide methods to identify critical product development tasks and interactions to focus PDP improvement. Collecting interactions between product development tasks in matrix form provides opportunities to use DSM and NA techniques to identify highly central tasks and identify patterns of cross-coupling between tasks and the groups performing those tasks. One benefit is the ability to describe feedback characteristics of critical PDP tasks. This is valuable when evaluating the impact of omitting, combining, or re-sequencing task execution based on program-specific constraints.
News Coverage of Intimate Partner Violence: Impact on Prosocial Responses

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a pervasive and widespread problem in the United States, yet the issue is not well understood among the general public. Media portrayals of IPV have a significant influence on public perceptions, including public support for IPV victims and willingness to engage in helping behaviors. In the current study, we tested a path model examining the influence of contextual information about the victim and perpetrator described in a news article on feelings of sympathy for the victim of the described IPV incident, affective perspective taking, and prosocial responses that include: (a) support for public health initiatives to help victims of IPV, (b) preferences for prosocial information seeking, and (c) behavioral intentions toward engaging in protective actions to help victims of IPV. The model demonstrated acceptable fit and provided support for all 6 hypotheses. Results showed that sympathy does not have a direct impact on individuals' prosocial responses to help victims of IP...
Microstructure and In Situ Observations of Undercooling for Nucleation of β-Sn Relevant to Lead-Free Solder Alloys

Difficult nucleation of β-Sn during solidification of tin and tin-based lead-free solder alloys can result in high degrees of undercooling of the liquid prior to solidification. The undercooling can produce solder joints with large grains, anisotropic behavior, and undesirable mechanical properties. This paper describes our examination of the amount of undercooling of tin on both graphite (non-wetting) and copper (wetting) surfaces using in situ x-ray diffraction. The microstructure was further characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electron backscattering diffraction imaging microscopy. Undercoolings as high as 61°C were observed for Sn solidified on graphite, while lower undercoolings, up to 30°C, were observed for Sn solidified on copper. The microstructure of the high purity Sn sample solidified on graphite showed very few grains in the cross-section, while the commercially pure Sn sample solidified with only one grain and was twinned. Tin solidified on copper contained significant amounts of copper in the tin, intermetallic phase formation at the interface, and a eutectic microstructure.
A Fuzzy Hopfield-Tank Traveling Salesman Problem Model

This article describes a Hopfield-Tank model of the Euclidean traveling salesman problem (using Aiyers subspace approach) that incorporates a fuzzy interpretation of the rows of the activation array. This fuzzy approach is used to explain the networks behavior. The fuzzy interpretation consists of computing the center of mass of the positive activations in each row. This produces real numbers along the time line, one for each city, and defines a tour in a natural way (referred to as a fuzzy tour). A fuzzy tour is computed at each iteration, and examination of such tours exposes fine features of the network dynamics. For example, these tours demonstrate that the network goes through (at least) three phases: centroid, monotonic, and nearest-city The centroid (initial) phase of the network produces an approximation to the centroid tour (i.e., the tour that orders the cities by central angle with respect to the centroid of the cities). The second phase produces an approximation to the monotonic tour (i.e., the tour that orders the cities by their projection onto the principal axis of the cities). The third phase produces an approximation to a nearest-city tour, that is, a tour whose length is between the tour lengths of the nearest-city-best (best starting city) and nearest-city-worst (worst starting city). Simulations are presented for up to 125 uniformly randomly generated cities.
Role of Nitrogen in the Pitting Resistance of Cast Duplex CF-Type Stainless Steels

Abstract In this investigation, critical manipulation, observation, and analysis of polarization curves as a function of nitrogen content in cast duplex CF-type stainless steels (SSs) has been performed. These, in conjunction with microstructural observations and atomic absorption spectroscopic analyses of polarization cell solutions, have led to the discovery of nitrogen's major role in the corrosion resistance of SSs. Nitrogen has been found to encourage the retention of chromium in the passive film and near surface layers during corrosion, which improves pitting resistance.