cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
College Students’ Sense Of Cycling Capability Deters Helmet Use: Implications For Safety Helmet Ordinances

Proponents frequently cite increased injury protection as a reason for supporting bicycle helmet ordinances; yet, many cyclists oppose such policies. In this study, six focus groups of college students discussed cycling behaviors and attitudes toward using bicycle safety helmets, and perceptions of the local helmet ordinance. The usual concerns were voiced such as “ inconvenien ce” and “helmet hair”. Participants reported very high confidence in their cycling ability and their ability to avoid a crash which might require a helmet. They failed to take into account external factors or the actions of others which may increase risk for injury. They also did not understand how health insurance spreads the financial risk for traumatic events. These findings have implications for designing education campaigns to promote college student health, as well as initiatives for helmet ordinance advocacy.
Constructing Courts in Polarized Times

This review of current research on the consequences of polarization for judicial selection seeks to direct it and our attention to a critical normative task: insuring that the selection process enables politically-responsible officials to construct representative courts. Two questions organize this analysis. The first addresses whether, despite polarization, courts can serve as a source of bipartisanship and moderation in the United States, as scholars like Rosen and Perry and Powe contend. The second question conditions the answer to the first and asks whether courts can be effectively directed in a politically polarized environment. Many recent assessments say "No," alleging that the current selection process is broken, characterized by bitter confirmation battles and appointments gridlock. However, these claims are frequently a historical and prone to hyperbole. Partisan polarization has not created a host of new problems for judicial selection. It has instead augmented and intensified pre-existing pressures on the judicial selection process, making perhaps too heavy a load the democratic task of constructing representative courts. We must be especially concerned with the potential for executive over-reaching, permitting presidents to appoint judges whose extreme views lack strong electoral support. Nonetheless, confirmation delay and the judicial filibuster are, in my view, signs of resilience in the judicial selection process; they represent logical and positive adaptations to pathological developments in our elective institutions like polarization.
What's Remorse Got to Do, Got to Do with it? Bar Admission for Those with Youthful Offenses

This article questions whether the use of remorse in the bar admission process for those with what might be called "youthful offenses," such as DUI and minor drug use, furthers the goals of the character and fitness process. Using literature from the fields of social and legal philosophy and ethics on the nature of apology and remorse, this article argues that inquiry into a bar applicant’s remorse in cases of youthful offenses fails to serve significantly the underlying purpose of the process. It is also likely to encourage deceit by applicants and produce ethical dilemmas for lawyers and law professors. Use of this factor muddies this already complex task and adds little, if anything, to the Committee’s ability to access the applicant’s candor during the process. Improving analytical precision in the character and fitness process is critical to worthy individuals who, based on their past conduct and the difficulty in getting a reliable opinion on their admissibility, might be dissuaded from applying to law school or pursing bar admission. Thus, this article addresses an important and relevant area of concern.
Between the Extreme and the Everyday: Ruth Klüger's Traumatic Realism

(1999). Between the Extreme and the Everyday: Ruth Kluger's Traumatic Realism. a/b: Auto/Biography Studies: Vol. 14, EXTREMITIES: MEMOIRS AT THE FIN DE SIECLE, pp. 93-107.
“Tarikh'Umara Bauchi” and its Contribution to Pre—Colonial Ningi Resistance to Sokoto Caliphate: Exegesis and Methodology in African Oral History, Ca. 1846–1902

For the past generation or so, a number of studies on important aspects of African history have been brought to the attention of the English speaking world. In my doctoral dissertation, I had occasion to use several texts which give interesting information about Ningi history [1]. One of the most important among these sources is the “TARIKH'UMARA BAUCHI” (The History of the Bauchi Emirate). The purpose of this study is to present this text with an English translation and my brief introductory note in the hope that it will be of help to English speaking scholars and students.
The transitions of international nursing students

Abstract The number of international students in the United States' higher education health professions' classroom grows with each year. These students have diverse needs compared to U.S. students. This qualitative study describes the lived experiences of 10 international nursing students representing 8 countries of origin and prelicensure programs in 5 states. Findings illustrate the need for prelicensure faculty to develop a curriculum structure specific to academic, language, pedagogical, clinical, social, and cultural needs of these students.
STUDY ON THE GENERATOR EXCITATION CONTROLLER BASED ON FUZZY NEURAL NETWORK

Based on the analysis of generator excitation control system and combining the fuzzy control theory with neural network technology, an intelligent excitation control strategy based on fuzzy neural network (FNN) is proposed, and an excitation controller with a structure of double FNN models is built. In this FNN excitation control system not only the functions of fuzzy control are retained, but also the ability to incarnate the non-linear feature of excitation control is provided, the dynamic changing process of the excitation system can be reflected more precisely, therefore, the proposed system possesses better robustness and adaptability.
Research of schistosomiasis surveillance methods and warning points in the Yangtze river estuary along South Jiangsu section

Objective To investigate schistosomiasis surveillance methods and warning points in the Yangtze river estuary along south Jiangsu section.Methods We set up warning points of key data and then formulate the surveillance methods according the oncomelania ecology and spreading regular pattern.Results We get three surveillance methods,which were oncomelania surveillance,patient surveillance and hydrology surveillance.And We get five warn ing points.The first was flow velocity which in the Jiangyin city goose NIB shape section was less than 1.9 m/s.The second point was low tide which reacheo the top of white beach.The third was difference of tide which was less than 0.5 m.The fourth was floater on which,we found oncomelania in the Yangtze estuary section.And the last was on comelania which were found in the Yangtze estuary section.Conclusion In the Yangtze river estuary along south Jiangsu section,the key point of schistosomiasis surveillance is hydrological surveillance.
Investigation on Indoor Air Quality after Decoration in Jingmen City

[Objective]To understand the indoor air pollution after decoration in Jingmen City[Methods]Totally 70 houses which were decorated within 12 months during 2006—2008 were selected, the formaldehyde and ammonia concentration of indoor air were detected.[Results]Ammonia were not detected in all air samples, the over standard rate of formaldehyde was 72.56%. The over standard rate of formaldehyde in bedroom, study room and living room was 85.91%, 80.00%, 48.57%, respectively, proved by χ2 test, the differences were significant between them(P0.01).We also collected air samples within 3 months after decoration,89.01% of them exceed the recommended concentration of formaldehyde.And samples from 3 months to 6 months and from 6 months to 12 months,66.67% and 49.12% of them exceeded the recommended concentration respectively,the differences were significant between them(P0.05).[Conclusion]House decoration causes indoor air pollution, especially for formaldehyde. The difference of formaldehyde over standard rate between different rooms was significant in terms of room function; and the formaldehyde concentration decreased with time lapse.
Mandates to Coordinate: The Case of the Southern Nevada Public Lands Management Act

ABSTRACTPolicymakers are increasingly mandating intergovernmental coordination. As a result, new questions have arisen about how bureaucrats interpret and respond to these directives. Drawing on the perspectives of top-down implementation and institutional theory, this article suggests that mandates to coordinate will result in structural efforts such as hierarchy, centralization, and formalization to signal coordination and demonstrate compliance with the mandate. However, such efforts can be ineffective for achieving coordination. These claims are explored through a case study of the implementation of the Southern Nevada Public Lands Management Act of 1998, which called on federal land management agencies to coordinate with units of local government in southern Nevada to develop a regional system of parks, trails, and natural areas. The discussion draws on interviews with 14 participants to provide context and explanation for the actions of the implementing agents, including how the mandate affected the...
Functional balance between neuraminidase and haemagglutinin in influenza viruses

Seasonal influenza A and B viruses are important human pathogens responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. In addition, influenza A zoonotic viruses are a constant pandemic threat. These viruses present two major surface glycoproteins: the haemagglutinin (HA) and the neuraminidase (NA). These two glycoproteins both recognize the sialic acid and have complementary activities, the HA binds the sialic acid through its receptor-binding site, the NA is a receptor-destroying enzyme that cleaves α2-3 and α2-6-linked sialic acids. Therefore, the functional HA/NA balance is a critical factor for a good viral fitness and plays a major role in overcoming the host barrier and the efficiency of sustained human-to-human transmission. Although the two glycoproteins are in constant evolution, the HA/NA balance seems to remain stable in human viruses because an optimal balance is required to maintain good viral fitness. Understanding the evolution of influenza viruses requires an in-depth exploration of the HA/NA balance.
The Heart and the Growth Hormone Deficiency Syndrome

In addition to promoting linear growth in children, growth hormone (GH) has a multitude of effects on numerous organ systems in children and adults. Over the past 20 years it has become apparent that GH is an important hormone for GH deficient (GHD) adults. The growth hormone deficiency syndrome includes abnormalities in body muscle, body water and adipose tissue, bone density, serum lipids, muscle strength, exercise tolerance and standardized measures of quality of life. Growth hormone replacement has beneficial effects on body composition, bone density, muscle strength, exercise endurance, serum lipids and quality of life measures. Specific consequences of GH deficiency on cardiac structure and function are an important aspect of GHD and are discussed below.
Mapping the MMPI–2–RF Substantive Scales Onto Internalizing, Externalizing, and Thought Dysfunction Dimensions in a Forensic Inpatient Setting

ABSTRACTContemporary models of psychopathology—encompassing internalizing, externalizing, and thought dysfunction factors—have gained significant support. Although research indicates the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 Restructured Form (MMPI–2–RF; Ben-Porath & Tellegen, 2008/2011) measures these domains of psychopathology, this study addresses extant limitations in MMPI–2–RF diagnostic validity research by examining associations between all MMPI–2–RF substantive scales and broad dichotomous indicators of internalizing, externalizing, and thought dysfunction diagnoses in a sample of 1,110 forensic inpatients. Comparing those with and without internalizing diagnoses, notable effects were observed for Negative Emotionality/Neuroticism–Revised (NEGE-r), Emotional/Internalizing Dysfunction (EID), Dysfunctional Negative Emotions (RC7), Demoralization (RCd), and several other internalizing and somatic/cognitive scales. Comparing those with and without thought dysfunction diagnoses, the largest hyp...
Posterior Compartment Prolapse: A Urogynecology Perspective

Posterior compartment prolapse is often caused by a defect in the rectovaginal septum, also known as Denonvillier's fascia. Patients with symptomatic posterior compartment prolapse can present with bulge symptoms as well as defecatory dysfunction, including constipation, tenesmus, splinting, and fecal incontinence. The diagnosis can successfully be made on clinical examination. Treatment of posterior prolapse includes pessaries and surgery. Both traditional colporrhaphy and site-specific defect repair have excellent success rates. Complications from surgery can include sexual dysfunction, de novo dyspareunia, and defecatory dysfunction. Compared with native tissue repair, biological and synthetic grafting has not improved overall anatomic and subjective outcomes.
Scheduling Matters: Area-Oriented Heuristic for Resource Management

Parallel and distributed systems that provide compute resources on demand are convenient, cost-effective, and becoming increasingly common. Boosting workload performance in such environments through scheduling has been of great interest, as users and providers aim to increase parallelism and reduce execution times. For modern data centers, leaving a smaller carbon footprint while maintaining high performance and low cost is becoming the next big challenge. With this in mind, we analyze the relative impacts on resource utilization of three well-motivated platform-oblivious scheduling heuristics. We simulate over 50,000 DAG workflow executions and measure performance, cost, and resource utilization under the three scheduling heuristics. Our results provide insights to better enable high-performance execution of workflows and advanced capacity planning while increasing resource utilization and reducing costs.
Multiple-Drug Resistance in Burn Patients: A Retrospective Study on the Impact of Antibiotic Resistance on Survival and Length of Stay.

Despite improvements in early treatment, survival following burn injury remains challenged by sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Additionally, susceptibility to infections and growing antibiotic resistance places burn patients at increased risk for infections with multiple-drug resistant organisms (MDROs). We therefore aimed to evaluate the impact of MDRO infections on survival and hospital length of stay, as well as examine the role of these organisms in the development of complications, such as acute kidney injury, sepsis, and MODS. To study this, we included all burn patients with infections, admitted between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2013. Patients were divided into two groups: patients with infections caused by MDROs and patients with infections caused by susceptible organisms. Data were collected on all available cultures, as well as demographic, injury, and treatment-related variables from the medical record. The number of operative procedures (median: 2 vs 1, P 20% TBSA (odds ratio [OR] = 4.30, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.14-16.29, P = .03), acute kidney injury (OR = 10.93, 95% CI: 2.74-43.57, P = .001), sepsis (OR = 19.20, 95% CI: 3.79-97.27, P < .001), and MODS (OR = 85.49, 95% CI: 12.97-563.28, P < .0001) significantly increased the odds of patient mortality. These findings suggest that infections with MDROs are associated with a greater number of surgical procedures, longer duration of mechanical ventilation, more antibiotic days, and longer hospitalization.
Repetitive Closed-Head Impact Model of Engineered Rotational Acceleration Induces Long-Term Cognitive Impairments with Persistent Astrogliosis and Microgliosis in Mice.

Abstract Repeated mild traumatic brain injury (rmTBI) has been identified by epidemiology as a high-risk factor for dementia at a later stage in life. Animal models to replicate complex features of human rmTBI and/or to evaluate long-term effects on brain function have not been established. In this study, we used a novel closed-head impact model of engineered rotational acceleration (CHIMERA) to investigate the long-term neuropathological and cognitive functional consequences of rmTBI. Adult C57BL/6 male mice were subjected to CHIMERA for 3 consecutive days 24 h apart. Functional outcomes were assessed by the beam walk and Morris water maze tests. Neuropathology was evaluated by immunostaining of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), amyloid precursor protein (APP), and ionizing calcium-binding adaptor molecule-1 (Iba-1), and by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) or Western blotting of GFAP, Iba-1, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Repeated CHIMERA (rCHIMERA) resulte...
Closing the gap, opening the process: why study social contributors to preterm delivery among black women.

In the United States, the excess rates of infant mortality, VLBW, and preterm delivery among African American families relative to white families are known as “the gap.” A group of researchers in the Division of Reproductive Health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention proposed that the study of causes of the gap in preterm delivery and the potential interventions to eliminate this disparity required a multidisciplinary approach to elucidate the biologic pathways, stressors, and social environment associated with preterm birth. They encouraged studies that examined the social and political impact of being an African American woman in the United States, racism, and the combined effects of gender, racism, and relative social position, as potential unmeasured etiologic factors that contribute to the gap. The studies conducted represent the expertise of anthropologists, sociologists, medical researchers, and epidemiologists who study both individual and social causes and then also provide a theoretical interpretation by those who lived the experience, (e.g., the study participants) rather than just the researchers' interpretation of the causes of and prevention strategies for the gap.
SOVEREIGN WEALTH FUNDS IN A GLOBALIZED WORLD

Government-owned investment funds are rapidly growing in numbers in every region of the world. With about $4 trillion in assets, these sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) represent an important source of capital. These funds originate in countries rich with natural resources or with favorable international balance of trade in non-commodity goods and services. SWFs are increasingly turning away from passive, foreign investments in government bonds; rather they are now active investors in riskier equity markets. This paper addresses some of the major issues posed by SWFs as they carry-out their cross-border investments. Specifically, how these funds can be managed and regulated in order to preserve open markets and avoid protectionist measures on the part of recipients of this inward foreign direct investment (FDI). This shift in financial power from private to public actors, many from emerging economies, raises several issues addressed in this paper about the conduct of international business.
Reinforcing Mathematical Concepts and Developing Mathematical Practices Through Combinatorial Activity

As a branch of discrete mathematics, combinatorics is an area of mathematics that offers students chances to engage with accessible yet complex mathematical ideas and to develop important mathematical practices. In this chapter, we focus on a combinatorial task involving counting passwords, and we provide examples of affordances that undergraduate students gained by engaging with the task. We highlight two kinds of affordances—those that strengthened understanding about fundamental combinatorial ideas, and those that fostered meaningful mathematical practices. We hope that these examples of rich and sophisticated student work will contribute to an overall goal of elevating the status of combinatorics specifically, and discrete mathematics more broadly, in the K–16 curriculum. We conclude with a handful of pedagogical implications.
Echolocation of Extended Surfaces

Relatively large surfaces return echo complexes not only to flying bats but to birds that emit flight calls. The spreading loss during the return of a ground echo to a flying bird is only 6 dB, because the total path length has doubled. Over the range from 1 – 6 kHz the ground reflection loss (GRL), or ratio of echo intensity from an actual surface below that to be expected from a perfect reflector, varies even for relatively smooth ground with grass and low vegetation from less than 5 to more than 30 dB, tending to increase with frequency. Due to complicated interference patterns between reflected sound waves from different parts of a large and usually irregular surface, GRL may differ by 10–20 dB from the average value. By utilizing only the peaks, a flying animal could hear components of ground echoes at much greater altitudes than would be predicted from average values. Since these interference patterns are frequency dependent, broad-band signals such as frequency sweeps should be audible to higher altitudes than constant frequencies, as well as containing potentially useful information about the ground or water surface.
In-situ ellipsometry: applications to thin film research, development, and production

Many industries including the optics industry, semiconductor industry, and magnetic storage industry are deeply rooted in the science and technology of thin film materials and thin film based devices. Research in novel thin film systems and the engineering of artificial structures increasingly requires a control on the atomic scale in both thickness and lateral order. Development of the deposition and fabrication processes for these thin film structures requires technical sophistication and efficiency combined with an understanding of the multi-faceted process interactions. The production of these materials necessitates a remarkable degree of control to minimize scrap and assure good performance. Furthermore, in today’s industry these operations must occur at an ever accelerating pace. In this article, we will review one technique which can make these challenges more tractable - insitu ellipsometry. This is a very powerful tool which is capable of characterizing thin film processes in real-time. We review the art and illustrate with novel applications to metal thin film growth. In addition, we will illustrate how information obtained with insitu ellipsometry can predict the end use thin film properties such as the transport properties. In conclusion, further advances in insitu ellipsometry and its applications will be discussed in terms of needs and trends as a tool for thin film research, development and production.
A Method for Investigating Change Blindness in Pigeons (Columba Livia)

Change blindness is a phenomenon of visual attention, whereby changes to a visual display go unnoticed under certain specific circumstances. While many laboratory procedures have been developed that produce change blindness in humans, the flicker paradigm has emerged as a particularly effective method. In the flicker paradigm, two visual displays are presented in alternation with one another. If successive displays are separated by a short inter-stimulus interval (ISI), change detection is impaired. The simplicity of the procedure and the clear, performance-based operational definition of change blindness make the flicker paradigm well-suited to comparative research using nonhuman animals. Indeed, a variant has been developed that can be implemented in operant chambers to study change blindness in pigeons. Results indicate that pigeons, like humans, are worse at detecting the location of a change if two consecutive displays are separated in time by a blank ISI. Furthermore, pigeons' change detection is consistent with an active, location-by-location search process that requires selective attention. The flicker task thus has the potential to contribute to investigations of the dynamics of pigeons' selective spatial attention in comparison to humans. It also illustrates that the phenomenon of change blindness is not exclusive to humans' visual perception, but may instead be a general consequence of selective attention. Finally, while the useful aspects of attention are widely appreciated and understood, it is also important to acknowledge that they may be accompanied by specific imperfections such as change blindness, and that these imperfections have consequences across a wide range of contexts.
The Evaluation of Sexually Violent Predator Evaluations

A key issue in forensic assessment and public policy is the validity and reliability of sexually violent predator (SVP) evaluations. Currently, approximately 20 states have enacted SVP legislation including a legal mechanism for the federal government to implement a civil commitment initiative for federal sex offenders through the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act of 2006 (Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers [ATSA], 2010). Most SVP laws require that offenders demonstrate (a) some form of mental abnormality, (b) increased risk of committing future sex offenses, and (c) volitional impairment (Witt and Conroy, Evaluation of sexually violent predators. Oxford University Press, New York, 2009). Despite extant SVP legislative initiatives, there is considerable variation in how and whether sex offenders are subject to civil commitment proceedings. There are further concerns regarding the conceptual definitions of each criterion, as legal constructs do not directly correspond to mental health constructs. A final concern is the lack of empirically-supported standardized SVP evaluation protocols that can reduce clinical error and increase the predictive validity of SVP assessments. In this chapter, we propose a protocol for the assessment of the quality of SVP evaluations. This protocol has the potential to increase the sensitivity and specificity of SVP evaluations and provide a metric for preparing SVP reports.
Perceptions of Cultural Competence among Students, Staff, and Faculty in a School of Journalism and Mass Communications.

This study reports the results of a cultural competence self-assessment completed by students, faculty, and staff (N = 299) at a Journalism and Mass Communications School at a predominantly White p...
Development of a weighting strategy for a manufacturability assessment

Abstract A manufacturability assessment of any product strives to provide a platform by which to evaluate designs of products on the basis of aspects of design and manufacturing. To accurately reflect the importance of aspects of manufacturing and design in the final decision-making process, scores assigned to each aspect must be weighted according to their relative impact. In this paper multiple scoring and weighting methods are discussed and compared, including subject matter expert weighting and weighting based on frequency of concern and red score occurrence. It was determined that while using the identified Aspects of Design reflected producibility issues on the component level, a weighted score using the Aspects of Manufacturing highlighted issues within the process and may be better suited for overall or roll-up scoring. This paper outlines two weighting and roll-up methods to determine the manufacturability score of each product and two case-study results, along with conclusions pertaining to a preferred method.
Students at the Center: Insights and Implications of Authentic, 5E Instruction in High School English Language Arts

This paper explores the 5E model of lesson design (engage, explore, explain, extend, evaluate) in English Language Arts (ELA) classrooms in consideration of an authentic teaching and learning framework. This quasi-experimental pre and post intervention study centers on student motivation and academic emotions regarding direct instruction in comparison to an authentic, 5E lesson. When comparing pre and post conditions across two types of instructional methods (direct instruction and authentic, 5E lessons), findings suggest students are less interested and more bored when participating in direct instruction experiences. Moreover, academic pressure increased in the authentic group while classroom mastery decreased.
The End of Balanced Budgets

The government grew in size, scope, and responsibility during the Great Depression. By the end of World War II, the dominate position of public policy was that the government had a formal role in promoting economic outcomes. As the government grew to take on new roles, a reorganization became necessary. The new budgeting institutions, in particular the Bureau of the Budget, took on additional responsibilities. Congress and the White House also formerly engaged in a comprehensive policy to replace tariffs with taxes to finance federal spending but also to manage individual behavior. At the same time, the government came to be seen as having an active role in the economy. This was exemplified by the New Deal programs and the Employment Act of 1946.
Impact of tracheostomy on language and cognitive development in infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

The impact of tracheostomy on language and cognitive development in infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is not known. We hypothesize that tracheostomy has an independent negative impact on language and cognitive development in infants with severe BPD. This is a retrospective cohort study of de-identified data of infants with severe BPD who received tracheostomy at <2 years of age, compared with infants with severe BPD without tracheostomy. The primary outcomes measured were total language and cognitive scores at 2–3 years of age as determined by Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd Edition. A total of 26 patients with tracheostomies and 28 patients without tracheostomies were analyzed. There was no significant difference in total language development or cognitive development between patients with tracheostomies and those without. Insurance status had an effect on language and cognition while controlling for trach status. Tracheostomy does not independently impact the language and cognitive development of infants with severe BPD.
The Challenges to Legal Education in 1973 and 2012: An Introduction to the Anniversary Issue of the Hofstra Law Review

Almost forty years after its publication, the first issue of the Hofstra Law Review remains memorable because of its impressive list of authors, challenging content, and innovative structure. Astoundingly, it is relevant even today. It exemplifies the best a law review should and can be, and continues to reflect the ambition and vision of Hofstra Law and its founding dean, Malachy Mahon. Hofstra Law School was born at a time of major changes in society, higher education, and law. Today, we find ourselves again at a similar crossroads, as this Introduction will demonstrate. The inaugural issue of the Law Review reflects, at least implicitly, multiple challenges the Law School faced at its inception, including curriculum planning and the integration of practical training in law schools. It also serves as a powerful reminder of the slowness with which change proceeds in the legal profession and the academy, as many of the currently hotly debated issues in both the profession and the academy have their origin in the past but have remained unaddressed or unresolved to this day. Globalization, technological changes, and resulting market pressures on the profession now mandate a new approach to both the practice of law and its teaching. It continues to amaze me how Hofstra Law’s innovative beginning responded to those demands. The Law Review was born out of a desire to celebrate (practical) scholarship, create a reputation for the Law School, and establish a leadership role in scholarly endeavors. The inaugural issue accomplished these lofty goals.
Situated Learning Through Situating Learners as Designers

This chapter describes the redesign process conducted on a 10-week hybrid multimedia development course for students in a teacher preparation program. Though the existing course was created to develop teacher skill in curricular design using various digital tools, our redevelopment emphasized the process of design and how to create designs for learning in which the tools will be put in the hands of learners. The design case described is part of a longer design-based research project focused on the development of courses grounded in the principles of constructionist learning and the design thinking process. This case represents a unique design for learning that is grounded in a theoretical framework which aims to situate learners as designers by connecting constructionist principles, designerly ways of knowing, situated learning, and identity exploration.
How Family Physicians Practice the Principle of Remission Along the Glycemic Continuum.

IntroductionRecent evidence reveals that diabetes and prediabetes (preDM) can be reversed to normal glucose regulation (NGR) through significant weight loss, but how physicians clinically identify ...
Optimization of Lung Explant Sampling to Achieve Accurate Diagnosis

Purpose Explanted lungs are histopathologically reviewed to confirm or establish the diagnosis of the underlying lung disease and to identify other potentially important findings such as acute lung injury or malignancy. Currently there are no guidelines to direct explant sampling. We aimed to identify optimal lung explant specimen sampling and to better understand how additional pathologic findings may impact outcome of patients. Methods All explants (1/2009-1/2019) were initially sampled (“routine sampling”) aiming for in general one section per lobe taken at the interface between fibrosis and preserved lung parenchyma in fibrosing ILD and any abnormal areas. Four additional sections per lobe were obtained based on a “standardized protocol”. All cases were reviewed by a thoracic pathologist. Results One hundred sets of explanted lungs (retrospective [N=93], prospective [N=7]) were sampled including 51 with fibrotic and 49 with non-fibrotic lung disease (table 1). To date we have reviewed 46 of these cases and identified additional pathologic findings in 12 (26.1%) (table 1). In 3 (6.5%) cases additional pathologic features were identified to better classify cases as possible chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (N=2) or pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis. In 36 (78%) reviewed cases these additional findings were identified when 3 sections per lobe were examined. Conclusion Our preliminary results suggest that additional sampling from each lobe of lung explants may help to better define the main pathologic process and capture additional findings in a subset of cases. Additional cases will be reviewed and correlation of morphologic findings with post-transplantation outcome of patients will be performed.
Flexible copper-biopolymer nanocomposite sensors for trace level lead detection in water

Abstract In this work, a novel copper-chitosan (Cu-chitosan) nanocomposite-based flexible electrochemical sensor with an integrated Ag/AgCl reference electrode is fabricated. The electrochemical sensor is fabricated using low-cost screen-printing technology on a flexible substrate, followed by the electrochlorination of silver to form an integrated Ag/AgCl reference electrode and electrochemical deposition of a Cu-chitosan nanocomposite film to produce a working electrode. The surface chemical analysis of the working and reference electrodes using XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) shows the formation of functional layers. The fabricated Cu-chitosan nanocomposite-based sensors are used to determine the trace level lead (Pb2+) ions in real-world water samples (i.e., tap water, mining wastewater, and soil leachate) using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWSAV). A noticeable peak for lead ions is observed at ∼0.46 V vs. integrated Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The limit of detection (LOD) of the developed flexible electrochemical sensor in tap water is 0.72 ppb with the relative standard deviations (n = 10) of 0.65 %. The fabricated electrochemical sensor exhibits a higher response to lead ions (Pb2+) than the previously reported copper-based electrochemical sensor. These results show that chitosan's presence on the composite material enhances the sensitivity and mechanical flexibility.
Differential effects of policy-based management on obligate and facultative grassland birds

Abstract Policy-driven conservation on private lands, such as the U.S. Farm Bill’s Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), provides crucial habitat for consistently declining populations of grassland birds. In 2004, new CRP enrollments were required to be managed to floristically diversify old grass-dominated fields and provide early-successional habitat. Obligate and facultative grassland birds of varying conservation importance, along with the entire avian community, has received limited research attention within this applied management context. Moreover, multiple parameters (e.g. nest survival and adult density) – opposed to single parameter studies – need to be investigated simultaneously to better understand drivers of avian population dynamics associated with management. Using a combination of graphical and model selection approaches we addressed these gaps focusing on four main questions: 1) How does abundance and richness of various grassland bird community designations respond to broad (e.g. grass type) and specific (control, disking, herbicidal spray, and spray/interseeding) management treatments?; 2) How do grassland birds of conservation concern and economic importance collectively respond to management?; 3) Are various response parameters, including nesting parameters, consistent or decoupled across facultative and obligate species?; and 4) Is there a best management treatment to recommend? Overall, compared to non-native grass (smooth brome [Bromus inermis]) dominated fields, native fields had a greater number of avian species and number of individuals with higher and lower cumulative management, respectively. Facultative grassland species were mostly driving this trend and likely utilizing native fields that tended to have more vertical vegetation structure and forb diversity compared to brome fields. Grassland obligates with higher Conservation Values, such as bobolinks (Dolichonyx oryzivorus), however, were most abundant and species-rich on unmanaged brome fields compared to native fields. Response parameter decoupling was not readily apparent from our comprehensive modeling analysis of both adult survey and nesting data; however, nest survival was generally higher on native fields for eastern meadowlarks (Sturnella magna), an obligate, yet adult densities for meadowlarks were greater on unmanaged brome fields. Overall, pinpointing a specific mid-contract management practice for CRP that has benefits for all grassland birds remains challenging due to species-specific habitat requirements. However, it appeared the moderate effects of light strip-disking on vegetation may present a good management option for landowners because this treatment may be beneficial across multiple species of grassland birds and would also limit the impact of management to obligates utilizing unmanaged brome fields while also improving the avian Conservation Value of native fields.
Clinical Validation of Deep Learning Algorithms for Lung Cancer Radiotherapy Targeting.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Automated target segmentation for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients has the potential to support radiation treatment planning. Artificial intelligence (AI) has demonstrated great promise in medical image segmentation tasks. However, most studies have been confined to in silico validation in small internal cohorts, lacking data on real-world clinical utility. In this study, we developed primary tumor and involved lymph node segmentation algorithms in computed tomography (CT) images. Validation is performed in multiple large multi-institutional cohorts to assess model generalizability. MATERIALS/METHODS Simulation CTs and ground truth annotations were collected from multiple public and private sources (total n = 2584). We employed the following benchmarks: Inter-observer (6 radiation oncologists, n = 20, median volumetric dice 0.83, 95% CI 0.82-0.84) and intra-observer (1 radiation oncologist, 3 reads, n = 21, median volumetric dice 0.88, 95% CI 0.84-0.9). We developed two segmentation algorithms: seed-point assisted and fully automated. Model training data (n = 787) comprised NSCLC-Radiomics (stages I-IIIB, n = 422) and LungRT-1 (stages IA-IV, n = 365). Validation was first performed in an internal dataset annotated by a single thoracic radiation oncologist (LungRT-1, n = 136). Additional validation included: (1) an internal dataset annotated by other radiation oncologists, including generalists, in our center (LungRT-2, n = 1075), (2) an external clinical trial dataset from 185 different institutions (RTOG-0617, n = 403), and (3) a dataset of early-stage surgical patients annotated for diagnostic purposes by radiologists (NSCLC-Radiogenomics, n = 142). Volumetric dice, using expert manual segmentations as ground truth, was used as an evaluation metric. RESULTS The model performance is comparable to the benchmarks when validated on internal data, with degrading performance in cohorts annotated by other radiation oncologists. CONCLUSION The results highlight the importance of assessing segmentation style among annotators and understanding model generalizability in external cohorts, all while cautioning against degrading performance in increasingly external data. Differences between radiologists and radiation oncologists performing the same segmentation task underscore the importance of clinical context in AI model deployment. Further validation includes studying the dosimetric impact of AI-generated segmentations, and conducting human subject experiments to assess AI output acceptance and time savings.
MATHEMATICA im Selbststudium

Wir verwenden im allgemeinen nur einen kleinen Teil der in Mathematica eingebauten Funktionen, da wir haufig immer wieder die gleichen Operationen in verschiedenen Zusammenhangen ausfuhren. Die Ubungen in diesem Anhang fuhren die meisten grundlegenden Funktionen ein und zeigen auserdem einige Tricks, die bei der Benutzung des Buches hilfreich sein konnten. Dieser Anhang ist zum gemachlichen Uben und Nachschlagen gedacht und verlangt nicht mehr von Ihnen, als die Beispiele einzugeben und sich die Ergebnisse anzuschauen. Fuhlen Sie sich ermutigt, eigenstandig herumzuexperimentieren. Springen Sie ruhig hin und her; wenn Sie jedoch noch keine Erfahrung mit Mathematica haben, sollten Sie vielleicht zuerst die beiden vorangehenden Anhange und dann Ubg. C.1.1–C.1.9 durcharbeiten.
The Spirit of Greece

About 2500 years ago, a Greek named Pythagoras walked by Homer’s fabled wine-dark sea, until he came to know what would inform his whole life. Arithmetic, with grand contempt for the slippery pebbles’ uncertain support, boldly vaulted from the earth—and geometry was drawn out of the stars. Mathematics sprang from this marriage.
Simulation and Modeling of Homogeneous Compressible Turbulence Under Isotropic Mean Compression

Compressible homogeneous turbulence subjected to isotropic mean compression is simulated numerically for high and low turbulent Mach numbers, at various compression rates. We find that at low Mach numbers, the effects of viscosity variations on the development of the turbulent kinetic energy can be significant. A model consistent with the invariance of the Navier-Stokes equations to spherical compression, that takes into account variable viscosity effects is proposed. At high Mach numbers, the distribution of energy between the acoustic and solenoidal fields is found to depend upon initial conditions. The simulation results are also used to evaluate one-point compressible turbulence models.
Immunological Treatments for Autism.

Several investigators, including ourselves, have reported significant changes in various immune responses in children with autism. These changes demonstrate dysregulation of the immune system (deficiency in some components of the immune system and excesses in others). In addition, certain genes in the major histocompatibility complex (that regulates immune responses) appear to be involved in autism. Based upon immunological abnormalities, various treatment modalities have been applied to children with autism. In this brief review, these immunological changes and various biological therapies are analyzed and summarized.
Resumption of ovulation post partum.

Abstract Ninety-two endometrial biopsies were obtained from nonlactating women 33 to 93 days post partum. Secretory endometrium considered presumptive evidence for ovulation was found in 16 of these women, the earliest at day 33. Twelve of these women had such histologic findings before the forty-third postpartum day. Based on these data, contraceptive counseling should probably be given between the third and fourth weeks post partum.
Pollen studies: A contrast color method of examining unstained pollen grains

Abstract 1.1. This paper presents a microscopic method of examining pollen grains in their natural, unexpanded state. 2.2. Detail through color is secured by the use of color contrast filters without staining agents of any kind. 3.3. A magnification of 750 diameters was obtained by the use of a 5-inch extension tube, a 10× ocular piece, a 5× ocular piece, and a low-power objective in the same microscope system.
Structural and functional studies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase produced in Escherichia coli. Evidence for an acyl-enzyme intermediate

Saccharomyces cerevisiae myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase has been efficiently expressed in Escherichia coli and subsequently purified to homogeneity using phosphocellulose chromatography. The interactions between apoenzyme and its acyl-CoA and peptide ligands were examined by an isoelectric focusing gel shift assay, circular dichroism, and fluorescence spectroscopy, and a continuous assay of enzyme activity which measures the release of CoA from acyl-CoA using the thiol-specific reagent 5-5'-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoate. Addition of myristoyl-CoA (without a substrate peptide) results in the formation of a high affinity reaction intermediate which can be operationally defined by the appearance of a more acidic enzyme isoform and by quenching of the tryptophan emission with a maximal difference at 340 nm. Circular dichroism spectroscopy indicates that these changes are accompanied by minimal changes in the enzyme's secondary structure. Incubation of purified NMT with [1-14C] myristoyl-CoA, followed by chymotryptic digestion, denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and treatment with hydroxylamine yielded results that are highly suggestive of a covalent ester-linked acyl-enzyme complex. Edman degradation of chymotryptic peptides has narrowed the site of interaction to a domain spanning Arg42 to Thr220 of the 455 amino acid acyltransferase. An octapeptide containing Gly but not Ala at position 1 is able to reverse the change in pI and reduce the quenching almost entirely. These data suggest a preferred order or ping-pong reaction mechanism with the acyl-CoA substrate binding event occurring first. They also indicate that Gly1 is absolutely necessary for the reaction to proceed forward from the acyl-enzyme reaction intermediate.