cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expression analysis of mRNA in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival tissues by mRNA in situ hybridization

Gene expression in diseased tissues can indicate the contribution to a disease process and potentially guide therapeutic decision-making. Archival tissues with associated clinical outcome may be useful to discover or validate the role of a candidate gene in a disease process or the response to therapy. Such archival tissues are commonly formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded, restricting the methods available for gene expression analysis. Obviously, the detection of proteins in tissues requires adaptation for each protein and the detection of secreted proteins can prove difficult or of reduced value since the protein detected may not reflect the total amount produced. Thus, we describe here a reliable method for the detection of mRNA in archival tissues. The method for mRNA in situ hybridization (ISH) was adapted by us for >15 different genes and applied to several hundred tissue microarrays (TMAs) and full sections generating >10,000 expression data points. We also discuss the utility of TMAs to simultaneously analyze several hundred tissue samples on one slide to minimize variability and preserve valuable tissue samples. Experimental protocols are provided that can be implemented without major hurdles in a typical molecular pathology laboratory and we discuss quantitative analysis as well as advantages and limitations of ISH with a special focus on secreted proteins. We conclude that ISH is a reliable and cost effective approach to gene expression analysis in archival tissues that is amenable to screening of series of tissues or of genes of interest.
Revision of the New World genus Neorthopleura Barr (Coleoptera: Cleridae)

Summary. The checkered beetle genus Neorthopleura Barr is revised to include 27 species, of which 11 are described as new: N. patula n. sp. (Honduras), N. epitoma n. sp. (Mexico), N. abunca n. sp. (Mexico), N. ardia n. sp. (Virgin Islands), N. minas n. sp. (Mexico), N. galbina n. sp. (Panama), N. loba n. sp. (Brazil), N. guayasensis n. sp. (Ecuador), N. uncopanda n. sp. (Puerto Rico), N. baja n. sp. (Mexico), N. apletosa n. sp. (Panama) and N. sonora n. sp. (Mexico). A lectotype is designated for N. ichnoides (Chevrolat), and neotypes for N. quadraticollis (Spinola) and N. thoracica (Say). Neorthopleura duplicata Barr is considered a junior synonym of N. quadraticollis (Spinola), and Orthopleura pulchra Pic a junior synonym of N. velutina (Klug). Pelonium subfasciatum Chevrolat is removed from synonymy and is considered the senior synonym of Orthopleura guadeloupensis Wolcott and Neorthopleura nesiotes Barr. A key to the known species is provided. It is hypothesized that ancestral Neorthopleura diversifie...
Relationship between the structure and properties for an example of the thermal desorption of hydrogen from selected intermetallic hydrides based on zirconium and rare-earth metals

On the basis of the data of neutron diffraction analyses, it is shown that the temperature of hydrogen release in the process of thermal desorption from some interstices of the metal matrix depends not only on the type of their faceting but also on some other structural factors including, first of all, the sizes of interstices and the presence of short H – H distances.
The utilization of phosphorus by two potato varieties on Long Island

The effect of rate of phosphorus application on utilization of phosphorus by Irish Cobbler and Green Mountain varieties of potatoes was studied. The percentage of phosphorus in the plant derived from the fertilizer increased with higher rates of application of phosphorus.
Collaborative Teacher Education: The Elementary Education/Special Education Connection

Details the relationship between elementary and special education, with particular attention given to teacher training in light of that relationship
Yields of field-grown soybeans exposed to simulated acidic deposition.

Abstract Rainfall acidity response functions for crop yield and growth are necessary to predict the overall impacts on crop yields of ambient and/or anticipated levels of acidic rain. The experiment described herein was performed at Brookhaven National Laboratory during 1984 and 1985 to determine the effects of simulated rainfalls of pH 5·6, 4·4, 4·1 and 3·3 on seed yields of four cultivars of field-grown soybeans (Glycine max Merrill). Soybeans were chosen because previous results suggested that certain varieties of this crop are sensitive to rainfall acidity and because they are an economically important crop in the USA. Sixteen plots per treatment were used. Plants were grown using standard agronomic practices under automatically movable exclusion shelters which minimize changes in the plant's microclimate. Analysis of variance of seed yields of the four cultivars showed significant treatments for all four cultivars. For all cultivars, seed yields were lower when exposed to simulated rainfalls of pH 4·4, 4·1 and 3·3 compared with rainfalls of pH 5·6. Compared with pH 5·6 rainfall (controls), yields of Amsoy exposed to pH 4·4, 4·1 and 3·3 were lower by 13, 11 and 12%, respectively. The percentage yield reductions for Asgrow, Corsoy and Hobbit were not as great as those of Amsoy. Averaged over all cultivars tested, there was a 9% seed reduction for plants exposed to simulated rain at pH 4·1 (comparable to ambient) compared with pH 5·6.
The identification of chlorophenoxyphenols in soil and water samples by solvent extraction and field desorption mass spectrometry

Abstract The identification of microgram amounts of chlorophenoxyphenols is shown to be possible by solvent extraction and subsequent field desorption mass spectrometry (f.d.m.s.). Although the extraction step is performed under acidic conditions, the presence of humic and fulvic materials did not interfere in the interpretation of the f.d.m.s. spectra of soil and water samples contaminated with chlorophenoxyphenols. The pattern of oligomeric series and chlorine isotope clusters characteristic of the chlorophenoxyphenols as well as the soft-ionization properties (minimal fragmentation) of f.d.m.s. make this procedure well-suited for use in the rapid screening of liquid samples for the chlorophenoxyphenols.
Physiological change in nasal patency in response to changes in posture, temperature, and humidity measured by acoustic rhinometry.

Background Acoustic rhinometry has been used to assess nasal patency and to calculate nasal cavity volume. This study used acoustic rhinometry to assess changes in nasal patency after alterations in posture, unilateral mechanical obstruction, temperature, and humidity. Methods Eight healthy adult volunteer subjects underwent acoustic rhinometry during the following conditions: (1) sitting position (control), (2) supine position, (3) left lateral recumbent position, (4) nostril unilaterally mechanically blocked, (5) ice pack on neck, (6) drinking cold water, (7) drinking hot water, (8) nasal nebulizer, and (9) oxymetazoline decongestant. Results Two distinct patterns emerged based on the total nasal cavity volumes in response to the decongestant. Subjects with initial unilateral nasal cavity volumes near the mean had an expected increase in total volume after the topical decongestant administration. There were two subjects with initial volumes of 1 SD above the mean that had a paradoxical decrease in total volume in response to the decongestant. In all subjects, there was a significant decrease in the volume of each of the nasal cavities in response to ingestion of hot water at 1 minute. There was a significant decrease in the volume of the smaller of the two nasal cavities in response to nebulizer treatment and hot water ingestion at 5 minutes. Total nasal cavity volume changes were not significant for any of the variables. Conclusion Changes in nasal cavity volumes were detected by acoustic rhinometry after alterations in posture, unilateral mechanical obstruction, temperature, and humidity. Nebulizer treatment and hot water ingestion caused a significant decrease in nasal volume. The nose of a healthy patient was able to adapt to environmental and physiological changes to maintain a consistent total nasal volume within 15 minutes.
Harvey Cushing, M.D., in his world.

Harvey Cushing, M.D. (1869–1939), is the acknowledged father of the discipline of neurosurgery who inspired others to join him in this new field. He was a prolific researcher in the area of human growth disturbances. And he was among the most literary of doctors having won the Pulitzer Prize for his two-volume biography of his mentor and teacher William Osler, M.D. A driven man, he both inspired and intimidated others. This essay explores Cushing’s character and background along with his relationship to Osler. It seeks to understand why and how he may be considered a great figure in spite and because of his demanding and often problematic character. It further seeks to place Cushing in the context of the transition of American society and American medicine in the latter decades of the nineteenth and early decades of the twentieth century. Portions of this essay were originally delivered as part of a Grand Rounds presentation for the Department of Neurosurgery at the New York Presbyterian Hospital Weill Cornell Center.
Neuroepithelial bodies not connected to pulmonary slowly adapting stretch receptors.

Abstract Neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs) are believed to be connected with one of the known types of airway receptors. The present studies determined whether NEB afferents are pulmonary slowly adapting stretch receptors (SARs). NEBs are immunoreactive with antibodies against protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), whereas SARs are reactive with antibody to Na + /K + -ATPase. Using histochemical staining in combination with confocal microscopy, we compared the morphology of NEBs and SARs in the rat. Our results show that NEBs and SARs are different in location, size, and shape. Double staining of airway tissues for PGP (or CGRP) plus Na + /K + -ATPase shows that NEBs and SARs do not co-localize. In addition, we electrophysiologically recorded single-unit activity of SARs from the cervical vagus nerve, identified their receptive fields, dissected them into blocks, and then double-stained and examined the receptor structures. We found that the blocks contain the SAR, but not NEB structures. Thus, we conclude that NEBs are not connected to SARs.
The mechanism of histamine release from mast cells.

Abstract Mast cell secretion was studied in vitro using rat peritoneal cells stimulated by polymyxin B sulfate. The dose-response curve for histamine release was only slightly lowered when mast cells isolated by sedimentation through albumin solution (specific gravity, 1.100) were compared to cells not subjected to the isolation procedure. The release of N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, a readily soluble component of mast cell granules, closely paralleled the release of histamine. However, little release occurred of two insoluble granule components, mast cell chymase and heparin, and their release was not dose dependent. These results indicated that histamine release from mast cells can occur in the absence of extrusion of their granules. Quantitative studies of the uptake of ruthenium red and morphologic studies of the distribution of ruthenium red and ferritin demonstrated that the granules are effectively extruded into an extracellular space that is confined to the cellular domain by a labyrinth of cytoplasmic processes. The secretory process of mast cells then appears to be effected through a sequence of membrane fusions that produce deep channels of extracellular space penetrating through the cell and enveloping the granules rather than by the propulsion of the granules to the cell surface with extrusion at that site.
Localization and regulation of thyrotropin receptors within lipid rafts.

The TSH receptor (TSHR) is a prototypic G protein-coupled receptor with a large extracellular domain. We have previously demonstrated homophilic interactions of TSHRs and their existence as constitutive oligomers. However, we have also shown that TSH itself promotes the formation of receptor monomers. We hypothesized, therefore, that TSHR monomers induced by TSH ligand may move into lipid rafts before effective TSH-induced signaling by bringing the cognate signaling molecules resident in such rafts together with the TSHRs. Thus, we aimed to determine whether the TSHRs would partition into these lipid rafts. The B subunit of cholera toxin (CTxB) binds to lipid raft-enriched GM1 ganglioside and has been widely exploited to visualize lipid rafts. Using such a method, we demonstrated the presence of these GM1enriched lipid microdomains in Chinese hamster ovary cells by using CTxB labeled with a red dye (Alexa 594). To provide evidence for the presence of TSHRs in lipid rafts, we stained Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing TSHRGFP with labeled CTxB. Our results demonstrated that the TSHRGFP complexes localized to GM1-enriched lipid raft microdomains as evidenced by colocalization of the green fluorescent protein tag with the labeled CTxB. Hence, we concluded that a significant proportion of TSHRs were constitutively associated with lipid rafts. Furthermore, upon activation of these stained raftreceptor complexes with increasing concentrations of TSH, we observed that the raft-receptor complexes decreased significantly. The relevance of such receptor movement out of the rafts suggested that these may be the receptors critical in the initiation of signal transduction (Endocrinology 144: 4725– 4728, 2003)
Arthur C. Corcoran Memorial Lecture. Sympathetic activity, vascular capacitance, and long-term regulation of arterial pressure.

I am honored to have been chosen to present the 2008 Arthur C. Corcoran Memorial Lecture, because Dr Corcoran was both a brilliant scientist and one of the founding fathers in the field of hypertension research, but I am particularly gratified to join the list of superb scientists who have preceded me as Corcoran lecturers. When I began studying hypertension as a postdoctoral fellow, under the tutelage of Dr Michael Brody at the University of Iowa, I quickly acquired what turned out to be a lifelong interest in the integrative aspects of cardiovascular system regulation. Because of Dr Brody’s research interests, this naturally included a focus on the sympathetic nervous system. However, a major stimulus for my fascination with integrative physiology was the excitement at that time over the detailed and refined mathematical model of the circulation developed by Arthur Guyton, Thomas Coleman, and colleagues at the University of Mississippi.1 It is well known of course that the model highlights the importance of body fluid volume regulation as the key determinant of long-term arterial pressure regulation. The combined impact of these 2 influences—at a formative stage in my research career—led to my deep interest in the following question: “Can the sympathetic nervous system participate in long-term arterial pressure regulation within the framework of the Guyton-Coleman circulatory model?” Guyton and colleagues incorporated sympathetic regulation into their model. They emphasized the importance of nonrenal sympathetic activity in determining the hemodynamic pattern of many forms of hypertension and the potential for renal sympathetic nerve activity to affect the renal function curve (pressure-natriuresis relationship) and to thereby help establish the long-term value of arterial pressure. However, they also pointed out the tendency of reflex mechanisms regulating sympathetic activity to reset and, thus, maintain sympathetic activity at normal levels. This would minimize the influence …
Endoderm and Pancreatic Islet Lineage Differentiation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Human embryonic stem cells (HESCs) are a potential source of insulin-producing tissue for transplantation. Recent studies have begun to define factors that promote definitive endoderm formation from HESCs, but conditions permitting complete islet specification in vitro have not been described. Here, we study spontaneous differentiation of HESCs to definitive endoderm and pancreatic progenitor cells, and begin to determine which aspects of the protocol are required for this cell fate commitment. HESCs were differentiated in culture for up to 10 weeks, including an embryoid body (EB) formation step. Modifications to the protocol included elimination of the EB phase, varying initial cell cluster size when forming EBs, and addition of mesoderm-derived cells to EBs. Differentiated cells were analyzed by reverse transcription– polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. HESCs are capable of spontaneous differentiation to cells expressing the definitive endoderm and pancreatic progenitor markers...
A Multi-Arts Approach to Early Literacy and Learning

Abstract Based on teacher questionnaires and close ethnographic observation of 40 first-grade students, this article explores the learning possibilities the arts present for teaching young children and fostering developmentally appropriate practice. Its aim is to reinforce the value of the arts already being used in early childhood classrooms and to promote literacy development and learning through the arts in an integrated fashion, valuing multiple intelligences and learning styles. Teaching young children literacy through the arts sets a lifelong habit of critical consciousness. Collaboration between school arts specialists and classroom teachers is encouraged and specific suggestions are provided to help present students with learning opportunities that are meaningful, fun, and encompass a wide scope of opportunities, creating multiple sites for potential learning.
Applications of laser Doppler anemometry in understanding food processing operations

The measurement of local fluid velocities in food processing equipment is needed for the validation of mathematical models that are used to simulate transport phenomena, and for the estimation of process parameters such as local shear rates and residence time distributions. Laser Doppler anemometry (LDA), a non-invasive technique for measuring fluid velocities, can be used to measure two- or three-dimensional flow fields in food processing equipment. In this article, the application of LDA to facilitate the understanding of fluid flow in extruders, mixers, fermenters and jet impingement ovens with the view to improving equipment performance is described.
The Inverse-Cube Central Force Field in Quantum Mechanics

The problem of the motion of a particle in an inverse-cube central force field is fully treated by quantum mechanics and the results compared with the classical theory. Taking the effective radial potential energy as $\frac{S}{{r}^{2}}$, although the solutions for negative energy for $0\ensuremath{\geqq}S\ensuremath{\geqq}\frac{\ensuremath{-}{h}^{2}}{32{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}\ensuremath{\mu}}$ satisfy the usual boundary conditions, they can not be admitted because the Hamiltonian is not Hermitian in these solutions. This corresponds to taking ${(l+\frac{1}{2})}^{2}$ in place of $l(l+1)$ as the analogue of the square of the classical angular momentum. If we do this, we get a complete analogy between the classical and quantum mechanically allowed solutions, with no quantization. The solutions involve Bessel functions of both real and imaginary orders with both real and imaginary arguments.
OUTPATIENT COMMITMENT AS BOTH SOCIAL CONTROL AND LEAST RESTRICTIVE ALTERNATIVE

Outpatient commitment (OPC) permits compulsory outpatient treatment of the mentally ill. This study examines the wider institutional or normative purposes of OPC: greater social control of the mentally ill in the community and a less restrictive environment than inpatient commitment. OPC's ability to meet these contradictory institutional demands—social control and greater individual liberty—is explicated by the institutional theory of organizational activity and based on two data sources. First, case studies of four community mental health centers reveal the organizational beliefs that define OPC as social control and/or a least restrictive patient environment. Second, data collected in North Carolina from patients ordered to OPC and their primary therapists demonstrate that in practice OPC does provide both a least restrictive alternative as well as greater community social control.
Assessment of the sensitivity and specificity of tissue-specific-based and anatomical-based optical biomarkers for rapid detection of human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Summary Objectives We propose the use of morphological optical biomarkers for rapid detection of human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) by leveraging the underlying tissue characteristics in aerodigestive tracts. Materials and Methods Diffuse reflectance spectra were obtained from malignant and contra-lateral normal tissues of 57 patients undergoing panendoscopy and biopsy. Oxygen saturation, total hemoglobin concentration, and the reduced scattering coefficient were extracted. Differences in malignant and normal tissues were examined based on two different groupings: anatomical site and morphological tissue type. Results and Conclusions Measurements were acquired from 252 sites, of which 51 were pathologically classified as SCC. Optical biomarkers exhibited statistical differences between malignant and normal samples. Contrast was enhanced when parsing tissues by morphological classification rather than anatomical subtype for unpaired comparisons. Corresponding linear discriminant models using multiple optical biomarkers showed improved predictive ability when accounting for morphological classification, particularly in node-positive lesions. The false-positive rate was retrospectively found to decrease by 34.2% in morphologically- vs. anatomically-derived predictive models. In glottic tissue, the surgeon exhibited a false-positive rate of 45.7% while the device showed a lower false-positive rate of 12.4%. Additionally, comparisons of optical parameters were made to further understand the physiology of tumor staging and potential causes of high surgeon false-positive rates. Optical spectroscopy is a user-friendly, non-invasive tool capable of providing quantitative information to discriminate malignant from normal head and neck tissues. Predictive models demonstrated promising results for real-time diagnostics. Furthermore, the strategy described appears to be well suited to reduce the clinical false-positive rate.
Study on system operation voltage characteristics of UHV transmission lines with series capacitors

Adopting series capacitors (SC) on 1000kV UHV AC transmission line can further uprate its transmission capacity, and it can also make impact on operation voltage characteristics of UHV system. Especially for heavy-load mode, as the large voltage step-up caused by SC, the issues on system operation voltage control may be more prominent. The layout manner for SC on lines and the relative fixed position between high voltage shunt reactors (SR) and SC can make great difference. Based on the planned Huainan-Wannan-Zhebei-Huxi 1000kV UHV AC double circuits transmission project, this paper researched the steady-state voltage distribution characteristics of Huainan-Wannan lines which are fixed with 40% series capacitors. Two kinds of simulation tools such as PSD-BPA and EMTPE are adopted in this study. The suggestions on the layout manner for SC and the relative layout manner between SR and SC are put forward, which can supply technique basis for the project implementation.
The detection of differentially expressed microRNAs from the serum of ovarian cancer patients using a novel real-time PCR platform

Abstract Objective To determine the utility of serum miRNAs as biomarkers for epithelial ovarian cancer. Methods Twenty-eight patients with histologically confirmed epithelial ovarian cancer were identified from a tissue and serum bank. Serum was collected prior to definitive therapy. Fifteen unmatched, healthy controls were used for comparison. Serum was obtained from all patients. RNA was extracted using a derivation of the single step Trizol method. The RNA from 9 cancer specimens was compared to 4 normal specimens with real-time PCR using the TaqMan Array Human MicroRNA panel. Twenty-one miRNAs were differentially expressed between normal and patient serum. Real-time PCR for the 21 individual miRNAs was performed on the remaining 19 cancer specimens and 11 normal specimens. Results Eight miRNAs of the original twenty-one were identified that were significantly differentially expressed between cancer and normal specimens using the comparative C t method. MiRNAs-21, 92, 93, 126 and 29a were significantly over-expressed in the serum from cancer patients compared to controls ( p p Conclusion We demonstrate that the extraction of RNA and subsequent identification of miRNAs from the serum of individuals diagnosed with ovarian cancer is feasible. Real-time PCR-based microarray is a novel and practical means to performing high-throughput investigation of serum RNA samples. miRNAs-21, 92 and 93 are known oncogenes with therapeutic and biomarker potential.
Natural Convection From a Heat Source in a Top-Vented Enclosure

Natural convection from a heated disk situated at the bottom of a top-vented enclosure was studied experimentally. The experiments were performed in water (Pr {congruent} 5) for parametric variations of the vent opening size, inner enclosure height, and disk-to-enclosure-wall temperature difference (Rayleigh number). For comparison purposes, baseline data were obtained for an unvented enclosure and for the infinite case (no enclosure). The heat transfer data were supplemented by cross-vent temperature measurements and by flow visualization using the thymol-blue electrochemical technique. The experiments demonstrated that, for the range of parameters considered, the average Nusselt numbers could be correlate using a single correlation to within 8%. It was also found that the presence of the enclosure (vented or unvented) acted to reduce the Nusselt number, especially at the lower Rayleigh numbers. Flow visualization experiments revealed an unstable flow pattern in the vicinity of the vent that fluctuated in a nonperiodic manner between four basic modes. Temperature measurements revealed asymmetric mean cross-vent temperature profiles, with the mean temperature level increasing with decreasing vent size. The intensity of the temperature fluctuations in the vent opening also increased with decreasing vent size.
Analysis of the complete condensation in a vertical tube passive condenser

Abstract A theoretical analysis on complete condensation in a vertical tube passive condenser was performed. The modified Nusselt model with a correction factor and the Blangetti model for film heat transfer were compared with the experimental data. For the interfacial shear, the effect of mass transfer at the interface was considered. For small film Reynolds number and small interfacial shear conditions, the modified Nusselt model agrees well with the experimental data. The condensation rate increases and the condensation heat transfer coefficient decreases as the system pressure increases. The overall trends of the analysis results are consistent with the classical Nusselt analysis for the pure steam condensation.
Majority tournaments: sincere and sophisticated voting decisions under amendment procedure

Abstract In this work we give a careful mathematical treatment of two majority voting procedures in which a voting agenda is utilized: sincere voting and sophisticated voting. We elaborate and expand on work by Banks (1985), Miller (1977, 1980), Miller, Grofman and Feld (1986), and Shepsle and Weingast (1984). We discuss algorithms to obtain these two decisions under such procedures, the location of these two decisions in the underlying majority tournament, the relative locations of these two decisions in the voting agenda, and the possibility of an alternative which is both of these decisions.
Heterodisubstituted 1,10-dicarba-closo-decaboranes from substituted nido-carborane precursors

Abstract Mono- and heterodisubstituted 1,10-dicarba- closo -decaboranes 1 have been prepared from substituted nido -carboranes 3 and by carboxylation and arylation of 1-alkyl- p -carboranes. Thermal dehydrogenation followed by skeletal rearrangement of 3 furnished 1 in modest yields. Alkyl substituents tolerated the high temperature process whereas the 4-bromophenyl derivative 1d underwent partial disproportionation. The preparation of the nido -carboranes 3 was accomplished in three ways: by acetylene insertion to nonaborane 6 , modified Plesek oxidation of dicarbaundecaborate anions 4 with Fe(III), and a new homogenous oxidation of 4 using gaseous SO 2 . The newly developed homogenous deboronation with SO 2 appears to be more efficient than the classical Plesek oxidation especially for highly lypophilic carboranes. The overall yields for the preparation of substituted p -carboranes 1 using the three methods from 6 or 4 are about 8% and 14%, respectively.
Ghost Houses and Trojan Horses

Abstract The Ghost Houses project was not supposed to be possible—five units of housing and a studio in three structures on a one-quarter acre infill lot with an historic zoning overlay. Yet, by using the history of the site as a wedge, we were able to overcome ossified regulations to create a progressive project consistent with our interest in dense, walkable, mixed-use neighborhoods and architecture that is simultaneously responsive to both its locus and global environmental concerns. Through an improvised series of requests, meetings, and public hearings, the Ghost Houses became a project that explored the nature of zoning codes as a legal construct in which are embedded social, cultural, economical, and historical aspects of a community's self image. This process revealed the power of collective memory and positioned architecture as a critical practice that responds to, carefully evaluates, and ultimately helps to shape common values. By conceptually separating interior from exterior and esthetics fro...
Activated Akt and Erk expression and survival after surgery in pancreatic carcinoma.

Background Long-term survival of surgically resectable pancreatic cancer patients is uncommon. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the phosphoinositol-3-kinase pathways are often activated in pancreatic cancer, and an understanding of their role in resected cases may help refine adjuvant therapy.
Truth and Meaning: In Perspective

My topic is the attempt by Donald Davidson, and those inspired by him, to explain knowledge of meaning in terms of knowledge of truth conditions. For Davidsonians, these attempts take the form of rationales for treating theories of truth, constructed along Tarskian lines, as empirical theories of meaning. In earlier work, I argued that Davidson’s two main rationales—one presented in “Truth and Meaning” and “Radical Interpretation,” and the other in his “Reply to Foster”—were unsuccessful. Here, I extend my critique to cover an ingenious recent attempt by James Higginbotham to establish Davidson’s desired result. I will argue that it, too, fails, and that the trajectory of Davidsonian failures indicates that linguistic understanding, and knowledge of meaning, require more than knowledge of that which a Davidsonian truth theory provides. I begin with a look at the historical record.
Life in the Real-Time City: Mobile Telephones and Urban Metabolism

(2000). Life in the Real-Time City: Mobile Telephones and Urban Metabolism. Journal of Urban Technology: Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 85-104.
On security policy modeling

An important element in the development of a secure system at the B2 level of assurance or higher is the production of a formal security policy model. The authors provide some observations regarding an issue within the modeling process, particularly at the A1 level of assurance. The issue is that of ensuring an effective focus for the security policy modeling effort as that effort proceeds through the requirements and architectural design phases of a system development process. This is important because how a development approach addresses the modeling process will affect the understanding of the formal policy model as well as its relationship to the security design of the system. A modeling approach is outlined that directly supports each of the observations and validates them based on experience obtained via recent secure system development projects. >
FPGA-based measurement and evaluation of power analysis attack resistant asynchronous S-Box

This paper demonstrates a recently proposed low-power side channel attack (SCA) resistant asynchronous S-Box design for the AES crypto-systems. A specified side channel attack standard evaluation FPGA board (SASEBO-GII) is used to implement the design. This board includes two Xilinx FPGAs to perform the cryptographic function and the configuration function separately. This prevents the power trace of the configuration circuit from interfering with the power trace of the cryptographic circuit, so that the measurements of making/resisting power analysis attack can be done fairly. The proposed design is clock free and has flatter power peaks since it is based on a delay-insensitive logic paradigm referred to as null convention logic (NCL). Comparisons between the existing synchronous S-Box design and the proposed asynchronous design are performed in the various aspects; speed, area, total power consumption, and results of differential power analysis (DPA) attack, one of the most powerful cryptanalysis that could extract the secret keys of cryptographic devices. Experimental results shows that the proposed asynchronous S-Box is resistant to DPA attacks and has a lower power consumption than its synchronous counterpart.
Differences in sleep disturbance, fatigue and energy levels between women with and without breast pain prior to breast cancer surgery

The purpose of this study was to evaluate for differences in occurrence and severity ratings of sleep disturbance, fatigue, and decreased energy in women who reported breast pain prior to surgery for breast cancer. Of the 390 women who completed self-report measures for each symptom, 28.2% reported pain in their breast prior to surgery. A higher percentage of women in the pain group (i.e., 66.7% versus 53.5%) reported clinically meaningful levels of sleep disturbance. However, no between group differences were found in the severity of sleep disturbance, fatigue, or decreased energy. Findings from this study suggest that sleep disturbance, fatigue, and decreased levels of energy are significant problems for women prior to breast cancer surgery. Future studies need to evaluate for specific characteristics that place women at greater risk for these symptoms as well as the mechanisms that underlie these symptoms.
Photodynamic therapy plus low-dose cyclophosphamide generates antitumor immunity in a mouse model

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a modality for the treatment of cancer involving excitation of nontoxic photosensitizers with harmless visible light-producing cytotoxic reactive oxygen species. PDT causes apoptosis and necrosis of tumor cells, destruction of the tumor blood supply, and activation of the immune system. The objective of this study was to compare in an animal model of metastatic cancer PDT alone and PDT combined with low-dose cyclophosphamide (CY) a treatment that has been proposed to deplete regulatory T cells (T-regs) and increase the immune response to some tumors. We used J774 tumors (a highly metastatic reticulum cell sarcoma line) and PDT with benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A, verteporfin for injection (BPD; 1-mg/kg injected i.v. followed after 15 min by 150 J/cm2 of 690-nm light). CY (50 or 150 mg/kg i.p.) was injected 48 h before light delivery. PDT alone led to tumor regressions and a survival advantage but no permanent cures were obtained. BPD–PDT in combination with low-dose CY (but not high-dose CY) led to 70% permanent cures. Low-dose CY alone gave no permanent cures but did provide a survival advantage and was shown to reduce CD4+FoxP3+ T-regs in lymph nodes, whereas high-dose CY reduced other lymphocyte classes as well. Cured animals were rechallenged with J774 cells, and the tumors were rejected in 71% of mice. Cured mice had tumor-specific T cells in spleens as determined by a 51Cr release assay. We conclude that low-dose CY depletes T-regs and potentiates BPD–PDT, leading to tumor cures and memory immunity.
Educational Perspectives: Modeling Expertise in Medical Education

Technological breakthroughs are rarely matched by increased human competence. Expert Modeling aligns human innovation with technological innovation to enhance competence and productivity .— Martyn Carruthers Many possible paradigms can be used to demonstrate expert modeling. In this case, we use development of neonatal resuscitation skills as an example. For resuscitation efforts to affect patient outcomes effectively, educators must design curricula that improve clinicians’ performances. The quality of the resuscitation provided depends on the effectiveness of the resuscitation education. In neonatal resuscitation, clinicians are responsible for assisting critically ill neonates as they transition from fetal to neonatal life. The primary focus of the instructional methodology in neonatal resuscitation training should be on the learner and the transformation required in the evolution from novice to expert. However, because failures in neonatal transition are rare, neonatal responders cannot gain sufficient experience in the real domain. Therefore, it is vital to determine the best methods to shorten the timeline in trainees’ progression from novice to expert. Accordingly, we must understand what differentiates a novice from an expert. The dictionary definitions of an expert include: “those having, involving, or displaying special skill or knowledge derived from training or experience; someone widely recognized as a reliable source of technique or skill whose faculty for judging or deciding rightly, justly, or wisely is accorded authority and status by their peers or the public in a specific distinguished domain.” Systematic differences between experts and more novice individuals nearly always reflect attributes acquired by experts during deliberate practice and extensive experience. From this argument, it stands to reason that a neonatologist who has significant delivery room experience should possess expert technical skills, thought processes, and behaviors when resuscitating critically ill newborns. Contrast this with the skills of a new intern who has just completed an initial neonatal resuscitation program …
Suppressing coherent noise in radar applications with long dwell times

A method for suppressing internally produced coherent noise in radar applications is presented and experimentally demonstrated. The technique enhances conventional coherent averaging and involves interpulse phase modulation that is introduced digitally in the transmit waveform and removed digitally following digitization in the receiver. Experimental demonstration of this concept resulted in an additional noise floor reduction of 15 to 20 dB (compared to the conventional coherent averaging alone) when the number of coherent averages was between 1000 to 100 000, beyond which no significant suppression was observed.
Psychopathology in hospitalized developmentally disabled individuals.

Abstract Those with developmental disabilities who live in the community do seem to develop different kinds of serious psychopathology that requires hospitalization from those who are not so disabled. They seem to develop psychopathology at a younger age and this may occur more often in males as teenagers. Differences noted in race cannot be emphasized since it is known that blacks tend to score lower on IQ tests, and since the location of the study was in a black, urban district. When the age, sex, and race differences are controlled for, there do not seem to be differences in the frequency of manic depressive illness or schizophrenia. The differences largely lie in the greater frequency of acute psychotic disorders and somewhat lesser frequency of other depressions. This perhaps represents a different kind of responsiveness to stressful events with lesser inhibition occurring in the developmentally disabled than in the nondevelopmentally disabled.
Active radar — A cooperative approach using multicarrier communication

Vehicular safety systems for collisions or sensing rapid changes in traffic typically use two methods to communicate and disseminate traffic hazards. Many current systems use RADAR systems that transmit a radio wave and sense the reflective waves for angle-of-arrival or time-of-arrival information. Several proposed systems use vehicular networks to disseminate information about braking, emergencies or road conditions; when coupled with accelerometer or GPS information, these radio systems may also offer information on speed, traffic density or distance. In-vehicle RADAR systems are relatively expensive; vehicular radio based systems are less expensive. In this paper, we present a cooperative technology that combines these two techniques, seeking to adopt characteristics of both systems by employing a software defined radio for “cooperative RADAR” and vehicular networking. Our method uses multicarrier wireless communication to detect and disseminate. Using precise timing and synchronization, we can detect the distance of each of the vehicles, their current velocity and current acceleration or deceleration conditions. Using simultaneous, multi-party acknowledgments, we can rapidly disseminate or determine information about a number of vehicles in an efficient manner.
Learned modification of the nictitating membrane reflex by auditory stimuli in the barn owl

The barn owl, Tyto alba, extends its nictitating membrane (NM) in response to an air puff to the cornea or a mild para-orbital electrodermal shock. The NM extension habituated rapidly if the stimulus was repeated. Habituation was prevented by pairing the aversive stimulus with a sound. The sound stimulus did not, by itself, induce an NM extension. Repeated pairing of sound with the aversive stimulus caused the subjects to modify the duration of their NM extension, increasing the duration when exposed to longer aversive stimuli and decreasing in response to shorter stimuli. No transference of the response was seen from the aversive stimulus to the sound. The learned change in duration of the NM extension resisted extinction. This modification of the NM extension reflex resembles previous descriptions of primer-produced facilitation.
Smurf1 Facilitates Myogenic Differentiation and Antagonizes the Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2-induced Osteoblast Conversion by Targeting Smad5 for Degradation

Abstract Controlled proteolysis mediated by Smad ubiquitination regulatory factors (Smurfs) plays a crucial role in modulating cellular responses to signaling of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily. However, it is not clear what influences the selectivity of Smurfs in the individual signaling pathway, nor is it clear the biological function of Smurfs in vivo. Using a mouse C2C12 myoblast cell differentiation system, which is subject to control by both TGF-β and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), here we examine the role of Smurf1 in myogenic differentiation. We show that increased expression of Smurf1 promotes myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells and blocks the BMP-induced osteogenic conversion but has no effect on the TGF-β-induced differentiation arrest. Consistent with an inhibitory role in the BMP signaling pathway, the elevated Smurf1 markedly reduces the level of endogenous Smad5, whereas it leaves unaltered that of Smad2, Smad3, and Smad7, which are components of the TGF-β pathway. Adding back Smad5 from a different source to the Smurf1-overexpressing cells restores the BMP-mediated osteoblast conversion. Finally, by depletion of the endogenous Smurf1 through small interfering RNA-mediated RNA interference, we demonstrate that Smurf1 is required for the myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells and plays an important regulatory role in the BMP-2-mediated osteoblast conversion.
Interval constraint networks for tolerance analysis and synthesis

This paper proposes interval constraint networks and interval propagation techniques for automatic tolerance design. To develop an intelligent automatic tolerance design mechanism, the following interrelated problems are addressed: (1) representing the relationships between the tolerances of the entities, attributes, and the functional requirements of a design component by a constraint network, (2) developing tolerance propagation techniques in the network that will satisfy the constraints between the entities, attributes and functional requirement. For the purpose of tolerance design, we propose new definitions for consistency of constraints and consistency of a constraint network. New forward and backward propagation techniques achieve worst-case tolerance analysis and synthesis, respectively. A tank design problem illustrates the use of the procedures for tolerance analysis and synthesis. The discussion and examples compare the new constraint network and propagation techniques with previous works.
The Lifelong Mortality Risks of World War II Experiences

In this longitudinal study of American veterans, the authors investigated the mortality risks of five World War II military experiences (e.g., combat exposure) and their variation among veterans in the postwar years. The male subjects (n = 854) were members of the Stanford-Terman study, and 38% served in World War II. Cox models (proportional-hazards regressions) were used to compare the relative mortality risk associated with each military experience. Overseas duty, service in the Pacific theater, and exposure to combat significantly increased the mortality risks of veterans in the study. Individual differences in education, mental health in 1950, and age at entry into the military, as well as personality factors, made no difference in these results. In conclusion, a gradient was observed such that active duty on the home front, followed by overseas duty, service in the Pacific, and combat exposure, markedly increased the risk for relatively early mortality. Potential linking mechanisms include heavy dri...
Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)-induced interstitial fibrosis in the lungs of rats is associated with increased levels of PDGF mRNA and the formation of unique intercellular carbon structures that bridge alveolar macrophages in situ.

Background Nanotechnology is a rapidly advancing industry with many new products already available to the public. Therefore, it is essential to gain an understanding of the possible health risks associated with exposure to nanomaterials and to identify biomarkers of exposure. In this study, we investigated the fibrogenic potential of SWCNT synthesized by chemical vapor deposition using cobalt (Co) and molybdenum (Mo) as catalysts. Following a single oropharyngeal aspiration of SWCNT in rats, we evaluated lung histopathology, cell proliferation, and growth factor mRNAs at 1 and 21 days post-exposure. Comparisons were made to vehicle alone (saline containing a biocompatible nonionic surfactant), inert carbon black (CB) nanoparticles, or vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) as a known inducer of fibrosis.
Preventing format-string attacks via automatic and efficient dynamic checking

We propose preventing format-string attacks with a combination of static dataflow analysis and dynamic white-lists of safe address ranges. The dynamic nature of our white-lists provides the flexibility necessary to encode a very precise security policy---namely, that %n -specifiers in printf-style functions should modify a memory location x only if the programmer explicitly passes a pointer to x. Our static dataflow analysis and source transformations let us automatically maintain and check the white-list without any programmer effort---they merely need to change the Makefile. Our analysis also detects pointers passed to vprintf-style functions through (possibly multiple layers of) wrapper functions. Our results establish that our approach provides better protection than previous work and incurs little performance overhead.