cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phosphonium Bromide Salts as Potential Flame Retardants for Polymeric Materials

Abstract Highly halogenated compounds. particularly multiply brominated aromatics, continue to be effective and widely uKd flame retardants for a vOricty of applications Phosphorus compounds, although somewhat more expensive than the brominated aromatics are effective at lower levels and function in both the solid and gas phase. The combination ofboth halogen and phosphorus in the m e compound can lead to a synergy of action and superior performance w a flame retardant.[1] The preparation of flame retardant compounds containing both halogen and phosphorous requires. first, the synthcsk of a hdogrmtcd compound that would dlow for a rusonable mount of phosphine to be incorpomtcd into the compound and. second, a compound that would also contain a rusonable percentage of hrlogen after phosphrus incorporation The halogenated compound rlccIed was 1,3,5-tri(bromomethyl)benzene. 1,3,5-Tri(bromomethy)benzene is a crystalline, tri-functional compound that is emnomid to produce and has a relatively high percentage o...
Temperature and dissolved oxygen requirements for survival of yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, larvae

We determined the optimal water temperature and oxygen ranges for survival, development, and growth of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) eggs and yolk-sac and first-feeding larvae by conducting a series of experiments between 2004 and 2006 at the Achotines Laboratory on the Pacific coast of the Republic of Panama. Based on the results of our experiments, yolk sac and first-feeding yellowfin larvae exhibited lethal limits for their survival at temperatures less than 21 °C and greater than 33 °C. Embryos hatched alive at all temperatures tested except 36 °C; however, larvae were malformed after hatching at temperatures 27 °C. Within the temperature range for survival and normal development, mean specific growth rates in weight for larvae after 2 days of feeding maintained at mean temperatures of 21.3 °C, 26.6 °C, 27.5 °C, and 31.5 °C were 1.8%, 20.9%, 27.2%, and 45.0%, respectively. The optimal range of temperatures for rapid growth and moderate to high survival in first-feeding larvae was from about 26° to 31 °C. Lethal conditions (100% mortality) for larvae after hatching and shortly after the onset of first feeding occurred at dissolved oxygen concentrations of < 2.2 mg O2 L−1 (< 34% oxygen saturation) at temperatures between 26° and 29 °C. Significantly lower survival first occurred for first-feeding larvae when the larvae were exposed to dissolved oxygen concentrations of 2.65 mg O2 L−1 (40.4% oxygen saturation). Based on our experimental results, critical depths for survival of yolk-sac and first-feeding yellowfin larvae within the Panama Bight of the Pacific Ocean would occur at depths less than 30 m during the upwelling season and at depths less than 50 m during the reduced upwelling season, based on temperature alone. Limiting oxygen levels may occur at depths greater than 30 m during the upwelling season and greater than 50 m during the reduced upwelling season.
Religious Congregations and Social Justice Participation: A Multilevel Examination of Social Processes and Leadership

Religious congregations have potential to be mediating structures for social justice participation. However, research has yet to examine the specific social processes or leadership characteristics within congregations that may promote social justice participation. In this study, we use data from 176,901 participants nested within 1,938 congregations to test how social processes (i.e., religious attendance at worship services, extra-worship participation, bonding social capital, a congregational norm for justice) and leadership characteristics (i.e., leader modeling of justice, horizontal leadership style) predict personal social justice involvement through the congregation (i.e., participation in social justice activities sponsored by the congregation) as well as personal social justice involvement outside the congregation (i.e., participation in social justice activities not sponsored by the congregation). We use multilevel logistic regression to examine these social processes and leadership characteristics at both individual and congregational levels of analysis. Results showed distinct patterns of associations at individual and congregational levels of analysis and that different social processes and leadership characteristics predicted personal social justice participation through or outside the congregation. These findings reveal the importance of social processes and leadership characteristics in understanding how congregations may mediate social justice participation. Implications for community psychology research and practiced also are discussed.
Clinical Approach to Adverse Events and Interactions Related to Herbal and Dietary Supplements

As previously described in this symposium report, the use of herbal and dietary supplements (HDS) has grown dramatically in the United States; existing surveillance systems for monitoring adverse r...
Investigation of Interfacial Reactions in Bimetallic Thin-Film Couples of Al/Cu and Pb/Cu by Measurement of Contact Resistance

Interfacial reactions in bimetallic thin-film couples of Al/Cu and Pb/Cu are investigated by measurement of contact resistance as a function of time, temperature, film thickness, and grain size in order to determine kinetic behavior in systems wherein several intermetallic phases form (Al/Cu) and systems with negligible solid solubility (Pb/Cu), and to compare results with those obtained previously for systems with complete solid solubility (Ni/Cu). Results for the Al/Cu system indicate that interfacial reactions proceed in three separate stages associated with (1) grain boundary diffusion of aluminum in copper, (2) grain boundary diffusion of copper in aluminum, and (3) bulk interdiffusion (homogenization). In contrast, results for the Pb/Cu system indicate that no discernible degree of interfacial reactions occurs. Results of this investigation are in general agreement with previous results and confirm that measurement of contact resistance provides a sensitive indicator of the early stages of interdiffusion and the nature of concomitant interfacial reactions. Grenzflachenreaktionen in dunnen Bimetallschichtpaaren von Al/Cu und Pb/Cu werden durch Messungen des Kontaktwiderstands in Abhangigkeit von der Zeit, Temperatur, Schichtdicke und Korngrose untersucht, um das kinetische Verhalten in Systemen zu erforschen, in denen sich einige intermetallische Phasen bilden (Al/Cu) und Systeme mit vernachlassigbarer Loslichkeit (Pb/Cu), und um die Ergebnisse mit solchen zu vergleichen, die kurzlich fur Systeme mit vollstandiger Festkorperloslichkeit erhalten wurden (Ni/Cu). Die Ergebnisse fur das Al/Cu-System zeigen, das die Grenzflachenreaktionen in drei getrennten Stufen vor sich gehen und mit (1) Korngrenzendiffusion von Aluminium in Kupfer, (2) Korngrenzendiffusion von Kupfer in Aluminium und (3) Volumeninterdiffusion (Homogenisierung) verbunden sind. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigen die Ergebnisse fur das Pb/Cu-System, das keine erkennbare Grenzflachenreaktion auftritt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung befinden sich in allgemeiner Ubereinstimmung mit fruheren Ergebnissen und bestatigen, das Messungen des Kontaktwiderstands einen empfindlichen Indikator der Anfangsstadien der Interdiffusion und der Natur der begleitenden Grenzflachenreaktionen darstellen.
Variation of ion ratios with size among particles in tropical oceanic air

During the summer of 1966, size fractions of sea-salt particles were collected in the marine atmosphere using a six-stage cascade impactor mounted on a tower 14 meters above the windward shoreline near Hilo, Hawaii. The particle sizes collected varied from essentially all particles of unit density with radii greater than 10 microns on the first stage to all particles with radii of approximately 0.3 microns on the sixth stage. The use of the tower assured that no local surf spray would be collected by the impactor while sampling during onshore trade wind flow. Iodine, bromine, and chlorine analyses were performed on eight sets of samples by neutron activation. The I/Cl ratio showed a regular increase by a factor of 50 to 100 from the largest to the smallest particles. On the smallest particles this ratio was approximately a thousand times that in sea water. The Br/Cl ratio showed a minimum at intermediate particle sizes, with a majority of the values below the sea water ratio. Most of the iodine mass was found on particles with radii of approximately 0.6 microns, whereas the majority of the chlorine and bromine was on particles with radii between 1.25 and 2.5 microns. This information provides a possible method for tracing the role of sea-salt nuclei in precipitation processes, and may be used to gain new insight into the cycle of the halogens between the atmosphere and the sea. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1967.tb01492.x
THE EFFECTS OF PARTISANSHIP AND CANDIDATE EMOTIONALITY ON VOTER PREFERENCE

In an experiment, Republican and Democratic participants viewed a video clip of an ostensible congressional candidate labeled as Republican, Democratic, or not given a party label delivering the same speech in an emotionally expressive or unexpressive manner. When the candidate was labeled a Democrat, he was rated more positively by Democratic participants; when labeled a Republican, he was preferred by Republicans. When party label was not provided, the emotionally expressive candidate was preferred; however, when either party label was provided, the unemotional candidate was preferred. These findings underscore the importance of partisanship cues and suggest that in the absence of such influential cues as partisanship, less prominent factors such as emotional expressiveness carry greater influence.
Influence of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Infection on Intestinal Goblet Cells and Villous Morphology in Broiler Chicks

Abstract Live broiler chickens are important in the transmission of Salmonella to humans. Reducing Salmonella levels in the intestine of broiler chickens, in part, requires understanding of the interactions between Salmonella and the intestinal barriers that represent the first line of defense. Such barriers include the mucus layer (composed of mucins secreted by goblet cells) and the underlying epithelium. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of Salmonella Typhimurium infection on intestinal goblet cell dynamics (density and size) and villous morphology in broiler chicks. In Experiment 1, broiler chicks were either challenged with sterile media (control treatment) or orally given 7.4 × 107 colony-forming units (CFU) at 3 days of age (termed the CST treatment). Treatments were similar in Experiment 2, except that chicks in the CST treatment were challenged with 7.8 × 106 CFU at 4 days of age. Duration of each experiment was 14 days. At 7 days postchallenge (PC) in Experiment 1, jejunal ti...
Physical factors affecting the subcoating of compressed tablets II. Preliminary screening of some variables

A series of preliminary experiments was performed to screen several physical factors that might affect the subcoating process. On the basis of this preliminary screening, three variables were selected for further study: tablet density, pan speed, and pan load. The effect of each of these variables on the “roughness index” was studied. All three strongly influenced the roughness index value of the subcoated tablets. Two equations were developed—one showing the relationship between pan load and roughness index and the other showing the relationship between tablet density and roughness index.
Polymerization of para‐xylylene derivatives (parylene polymerization). IV. Effects of the sublimation rate of di‐p‐xylylene on the morphology and crystallinity of parylene N deposited at different temperatures

The effect of the sublimation rate of di-p-xylylene on the crystallinity and morphology of Parylene N deposited on stainless steel was studied as a function of substrate temperature. For a given rate of dimer sublimation, the deposition rate increases with decreasing substrate temperature. Increasing the sublimation rate of the dimer increases the deposition rate 10-fold, decreases the crystallinity, and shifts the appearance of the hexagonal β structure towards higher substrate temperature for samples synthesized from room temperature (RT) to −60°C. Solution annealing resulting from solvent extraction, and isothermal annealing, increase the crystallinity of the polymers and result in structures containing both α and β polymorphs. The surface topology, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), for polymers synthesized from RT to −40°C shows a globular structure, whereas low temperature samples exhibit a rod-type morphology. For higher sublimation rates of the dimer, SEM micrographs show that oligomeric species start appearing on the polymer films after a period of 4–5 days. Solvent extraction removes the oligomeric crystals, and GPC analysis of the resulting extract indicates that most of the oligomers range in molecular weight from 100 to 900. The cross-sectional morphology for fractured low temperature samples, however, reveals different morphologies as polymerization proceeds. It is postulated that in the temperature range −50 to −78°C, both surface condensation and surface adsorption of monomer occurs, leading to different morphologies and lower crystallinity. The polymer synthesized at liquid nitrogen temperature shows the presence of voids along with different morphologies. X-ray diffractograms of polymers synthesized at liquid nitrogen reveal a considerable amount of amorphous phase in the films. Hence, it is inferred that, although the liquid nitrogen polymerization is a solid state polymerization of the crystalline monomer, it does not lead to 100% crystalline material, and the reasons for this are discussed.
DIE ANPASSUNG DES DARLEHENSZINSES AN DIE INFLATION IN EINER WACHSENDEN WIRTSCHAFT

SUMMARY The paper analyzes the effect of inflation on interest rates in the context of economic growth. It is well known that in a stationary economy inflation will result in an upward adjustment in the nominal rate of interest on bonds, but by less than the rate of inflation. To the substitution effects operating under stationary conditions economic growth adds income effects. These will generally reduce the adjustment on interest rates and may, in exceptional cases, even produce a fall in the (nominal) bond rate. This is because inflation, by stimulating capital formation, may increase real income which, depending on the income elasticity of the demand for different assets, stimulates the demand for bonds. The exceptional case may materialize even under stable conditions. The analysis is based on a model of balanced growth with stock demand functions for capital goods, bonds and cash balances, while money is issued by the government in purchasing goods and services.
Democratic values in a globalizing world: A multilevel analysis of geographic contexts

Geographers contend that regional and national contexts are important mediating and controlling influences on globalization processes. However, to reach this conclusion, geographers have been forced to engage in rather convoluted statistical manipulations to try to isolate the so-called ‘geographic factor’. Recent developments in multilevel statistical modeling offer a more precise and suitable methodology for examination of contextual factors in political behavior if the data have been collected in a hierarchical manner with respondents grouped into lower-level and higher-level districts. The World Values Survey data (collected in three waves from 1980 to 1997) for 65 countries are ideally suited to examination of the hypothesis that democratic beliefs and practices are globalizing. Using three key predictors (trust in fellow citizens, political interest, and volunteerism) for the sample of 91,160 respondents, it is evident that regional (for the 550 regions) and country settings (between 55 and 65 countries) are important predictors of political behavior, on the order of about 10% and 20%, respectively. Respondent characteristics account for about 70% of the variance explained. Ideology is far more significant than many of the usual demographic characteristics in explaining political behavior cross-nationally. Dramatic differences between established and new democracies clarify the political globalization process and global regions (Latin America, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, etc) also emerge as significant factors. Multilevel modeling of survey data offers a compromise between the aggregate data analysis preferred by geographers and the emphasis on surveys in a non-geographic context preferred by political scientists.
Why are males injured more than females

Everybody who works in the field of injuries knows that after infancy, and before old age, males engage in more behavior that exposes them to the risk of injury, experience more injuries, and die more frequently from injuries. For example, in the US, among 15 to 19 year olds, males are 2.5 times as likely as females to die of any unintentional injury, and about five times as likely to die of homicide or suicide. The sex difference is most pronounced in drowning, where males are more that 10 times as likely to die as females of the same age. No category of injury, and hardly any risk behavior fails to show the higher male rate. The same is true for all countries that keep such statistics. Why is this so? (Bear with me. I'm sure you already know the answer.) The usual answer of both specialist and layman is that the socialization process leads males, from the time they are little boys, to engage in more risky behavior than females, and to be supervised less by someone who might protect them from risk. This explanation is the only one available under our present gender theory. Derived from the social sciences, prevailing gender theory attributes all sex differences in behavior to differential socialization and differential normative constraints. This theory provokes certain puzzling comparisons. Observations made on other primates, and even other mammals, show the same sex differences in injury and death-by-injury patterns. In fact primates show overall patterns of sex differences in behavior that are surprisingly parallel to those of humans. For example, juvenile rhesus monkeys show the same differences …
Reconstruction of the varus ankle from soft-tissue procedures with osteotomy through arthrodesis

Cavovarus foot and ankle reconstruction is done to preserve motion whenever possible, and to maintain or impart stability, realigning foot and ankle joints into as anatomic a position as possible to restore a more normal mechanical axis to the extremity, and redistribute joint pressure or load more evenly. In patients who have a flexible deformity based on the Coleman block test, this is accomplished through calcaneal and metatarsal osteotomies to preserve joint motion, even in the presence of osteoarthritis. In cases of rigid and nonreducible deformity, the rigid cavovarus foot and ankle are addressed using a modified triple arthrodesis, an ankle arthrodesis, a tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis, or pantalar arthrodesis. In most patients, bony procedures are combined with soft-tissue realignment procedures.
Odontoblasts in developing, mature and ageing rat teeth have multiple phenotypes that variably express all nine voltage-gated sodium channels

Abstract Objective Our goal was to evaluate the expression patterns for voltage gated sodium channels in odontoblasts of developing and mature rat teeth. Design We analysed immunoreactivity (IR) of the alpha subunit for all nine voltage gated sodium channels (Nav1.1–1.9) in teeth of immature (4 weeks), young adult (7 weeks), fully mature adult (3 months), and old rats (6–12 months). We were interested in developmental changes, crown/root differences, tetrodotoxin sensitivity or resistance, co-localization with nerve regions, occurrence in periodontium, and coincidence with other expression patterns by odontoblasts such as for transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1). Results We found that Nav1.1–1.9-IR each had unique odontoblast patterns in mature molars that all differed from developmental stages and from incisors. Nav1.4- and Nav1.7-IR were intense in immature odontoblasts, becoming limited to specific zones in adults. Crown odontoblasts lost Nav1.7-IR and gained Nav1.8-IR where dentine became innervated. Odontoblast staining for Nav1.1- and Nav1.5-IR increased in crown with age but decreased in roots. Nav1.9-IR was especially intense in regularly scattered odontoblasts. Two tetrodotoxin-resistant isoforms (Nav1.5, Nav1.8) had strong expression in odontoblasts near dentinal innervation zones. Nav1.6-IR was concentrated at intercusp and cervical odontoblasts in adults as was TRPA1-IR. Nav1.3-IR gradually became intense in all odontoblasts during development except where dentinal innervation was dense. Conclusions All nine voltage-gated sodium channels could be expressed by odontoblasts, depending on intradental location and tooth maturity. Our data reveal much greater complexity and niche-specific specialization for odontoblasts than previously demonstrated, with implications for tooth sensitivity.
Diversion and Kinship Care: A Collaborative Approach Between Child Welfare Services and NYS's Kinship Navigator

This article suggests that kin are engaged as a resource by local departments of social services and diverted into informal kinship care, outside of foster care, and that these families often are not connected to services. The authors offer a procedure for insuring that kin who are diverted are connected to kinship navigators and direct services.
On the impact of equicorrelated responses on multicollinearity

Given the Gauss-Markov rnodel unknown and ω having the intraclass correlation.structure, Ali and Ali (1992) study the impact of the structure of ω on the expected value of . The present paper examines the impact of the assumed equicorrelation structure of ω on the expected value of ,and generalizes some expected squared length values inequalities derived by Ali and Ali (1992).
Sunscreen use and availability among female collegiate athletes.

Background Each year more than 250,000 athletes participate on National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) teams. The majority of outdoor NCAA athletes, however, do not use sunscreen on a daily basis. Previous research notes that sunscreen availability represents the main barrier to use among collegiate athletes. Objective We sought to explore the effect of sunscreen availability on its application among outdoor collegiate athletes. Methods Participants (n = 83) on NCAA Division IA female golf teams were randomized to form treatment and control groups. Treatment group players placed study-supplemented sunscreen in their golf bags and locker rooms during the study period. Both groups completed self-administered surveys at the beginning and end of the 4-week investigation. Results The athletes for whom sunscreen was placed in the locker room and bags exhibited a statistically greater use of sunscreen at the end of the study compared with the control group ( P = .01). Provision of readily available sunscreen in the locker room resulted in an average of 1.13 more days per week of sunscreen use, after adjustment for baseline use ( P = .008). In addition, players with ready access to sunscreen during competitions increased their reapplication, although not significantly, by nearly 20% ( P = .10). Sunscreen reapplication during practice did not change for either group. Limitations Future investigations should target a larger population of both male and female outdoor collegiate athletes. Conclusions The application of sunscreen increased significantly when athletes had easy access to sunscreen during practice and competition. These findings highlight a major opportunity to improve sun-protective behaviors among this vulnerable population.
Sequence optimization for high speed robotic assembly using simulated annealing

Optimal task sequence planning using a simulated annealing technique is developed for a high throughput chip placement machine. To minimize tact time, chips are mounted by multiple robots on moving PC boards being transferred by a precision conveyer. To avoid both geometric and dynamic interferences among multiple robots, while minimizing the tact time, the sequence of operations as well as the allocation of the multiple robots are optimized by using simulated annealing. The optimization problem is a type of traveling salesman problem, but is highly complicated because the target destinations for placing individual chips keep moving together with the PC board. First, the configuration of the new chip placement system is described. The task sequence optimization problem is then formulated, followed by the application of simulated annealing to solving the problem. An efficient algorithm for perturbing a task sequence is developed and applied to practical chip placement tasks. >
New Genealogy: It's Not Just for Kinship Anymore

Genealogy has been a pillar of anthropological research since the earliest ethnographic fieldwork. A turn toward demographically and quantitatively oriented kinship studies in the 1960s highlighted the need for more systematic genealogical methods. New computer-assisted, iterative field methods were developed in response. These methods can dramatically improve data quality and quantity and are remarkably flexible. Here, the authors outline an iterative genealogical approach that has been used to study kinship, migration, education, alcoholism, food sharing, intragroup aggression, father absence, community fissioning, and land ownership. The authors demonstrate the reliability of these data and show how they can be analyzed. The unobtrusive genealogical methods outlined here could be used to study terminologies and cognitive models of kinship; however, the authors focus on applications to demography, epidemiology, and economics.
Tipping Points: Referral Homophily and Job Segregation

How does referral recruitment contribute to job segregation? Current theory emphasizes the segregated nature of job-seekers’ information and contact networks. The job-seeker perspective characterizing most research on network effects in the labor market leaves little role for organizational influence. But referrals are necessarily initiated within a firm by referrers. This paper focuses on the neglected half of the referring dyad and seeks to explain the segregating effects of referring from the referrer’s perspective. Our main finding is that if a firm can get its under-represented group to refer more, referral recruitment can be made neutral to job segregation, or even integrative. Our analysis reveals a tipping point in referring dynamics – precisely how much more the under-represented group needs to refer to neutralize the segregating effects of referring. We build upon previous research to generate a formal model of referring dynamics as a regular Markov population process. We use this model to build theory regarding the segregating effects of referring, and the role of organizations in this process. In so doing, we show the prevailing wisdom fails to explain how referring contributes to job segregation. We reveal the conditions necessary for referring to segregate and identify policy levers for firms to mitigate this effect.
“That's just a basic teen‐age rule”;: Girls’ linguistic strategies for managing the menstrual communication taboo

Abstract Powerful social taboos dictate that menstruation should not be discussed socially. Adolescent girls, however, frequently feel a need to talk about menstruation and to share information about it, but they are usually embarrassed to talk about menstruation. Their efforts to avoid and prevent this embarrassment while meeting their communication needs have led them to develop creative linguistic strategies such as slang terms, circumlocutions, pronouns, and euphemistic deixs. Based on extended interviews with adolescent girls (ages 12–16), this article discloses how these communication strategies allow girls to maintain norms of menstrual concealment as they simultaneously violate taboos against menstrual communication.
Chemical structure determines target organ carcinogenesis in rats

SAR models were developed for 12 rat tumour sites using data derived from the Carcinogenic Potency Database. Essentially, the models fall into two categories: Target Site Carcinogen–Non-Carcinogen (TSC-NC) and Target Site Carcinogen–Non-Target Site Carcinogen (TSC-NTSC). The TSC-NC models were composed of active chemicals that were carcinogenic to a specific target site and inactive ones that were whole animal non-carcinogens. On the other hand, the TSC-NTSC models used an inactive category also composed of carcinogens but to any/all other sites but the target site. Leave one out (LOO) validations produced an overall average concordance value for all 12 models of 0.77 for the TSC-NC models and 0.73 for the TSC-NTSC models. Overall, these findings suggest that while the TSC-NC models are able to distinguish between carcinogens and non-carcinogens, the TSC-NTSC models are identifying structural attributes that associate carcinogens to specific tumour sites. Since the TSC-NTSC models are composed of active a...
Ubiquity symposium: Computation and Computational Thinking

In this ninth piece to the Ubiquity symposium discussing What is computation? Alfred V. Aho shares his views about the importance of computational thinking in answering the question. --Editor
Lineal measures of clustering in overlapping particle systems

The lineal-path function {ital L}({ital z}) gives the probability of finding a line segment of length {ital z} entirely in one of the phases of a disordered multiphase medium. We develop an exact methodology to determine {ital L}({ital z}) for the particle phase of systems of overlapping particles, thus providing a measure of particle clustering in this prototypical model of continuum percolation. We describe this procedure for systems of overlapping disks and spheres with a polydispersivity of sizes and for randomly aligned equal-sized overlapping squares. We also study the effect of polydispersivity on the range of the lineal-path function. We note that the lineal-path function {ital L}({ital z}) is a rigorous lower bound on the two-point cluster function {ital C}{sub 2}({ital z}), which is not available analytically for overlapping particle models for spatial dimension {ital d}{ge}2. By evaluating the second derivative of {ital L}({ital z}), we then evaluate the chord-length distribution function for the particle phase. Computer simulations that we perform are in excellent agreement with our theoretical results. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
The gender division of labour: the case of Tuscan smallholders

What explains the gender division of labour in preindustrial economies? Although men and women frequently do different types of labour in any given society, men's and women's tasks vary considerably across different societies. In some societies, women engaged in trade and agriculture (in parts of Africa, for example); though these were men's duties in others (in parts of Europe, for example). At the same time, European historians discovered that women often engaged in tasks, such as agricultural labour and commerce, that were often assumed to be the domain of men, again suggesting a wide variation in the gender division of labour. Understanding the division of labour in preindustrial economies is important, because these historical cases often serve as implicit or explicit referents for understanding how much – or how little – has changed in contemporary societies.A number of excellent works, such as those by Barbara Hanawalt and Martha Howell, have explored women's roles in the economy. However, often missing from treatments that focus on women's history is an analysis of the gender division of labour, that is, an explicit comparison of men's and women's activities. Undoubtedly, such a comparison is hampered by the difficulties of finding documentary sources that provide the appropriate type of evidence.This article takes up this task in a particular way, by examining single-person households, composed of either males or females in fifteenth-century rural Tuscany. This empirical evidence is useful for several reasons. First, from an analytical perspective, it makes it possible to compare explicitly the activities of men and women who are in an identical position, that is, living alone. Second, as I discuss below, the documentary record from this period makes it possible to provide the evidence for this comparison. Third, this evidence provides historical information on a relatively under-researched group, rural widows and widowers. For example, there is generally more information available for Florentine women than for female rural inhabitants. Furthermore, little research explicitly compares men's and women's tasks to examine the gender division of labour. Although Piccinni and Mazzi and Raveggi provide much information about women's duties and activities in rural Tuscany, their work does not directly address the gender division of labour. While the archival evidence presented below cannot explain the division of labour at all points in individuals' life courses, it does provide explicitly comparative information about men and women.
Cardiac transplantation: The Stanford experience in the cyclosporine era

Abstract We analyzed our experience with 496 patients who underwent primary cardiac transplantation since the introduction of cyclosporine immunosuppression (Dec. 16, 1980, to Jan. 7, 1993). There were 388 male and 108 female patients. Mean recipient age was 40 ± 16 years (range 0.1 to 70 years, median 44 years). Recipient diagnoses included coronary disease in 188, idiopathic cardiomyopathy in 196, viral cardiomyopathy in 35, and congenital heart disease in 28 patients. Donor age was 25 ± 10 years (range 1 to 53 years, median 24 years). Graft ischemic time was 148 ± 57 minutes (range 38 to 495 minutes, median 149 minutes). Operative mortality (hospital death) rate was 7.9% ± 1.3% (70% confidence intervals). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that (higher) pulmonary vascular resistance and gender (female) were the only independent predictors of hospital death ( p p p
Tracembler--software for in-silico chromosome walking in unassembled genomes.

Background: Whole genome shotgun sequencing produces increasingly higher coverage of a genome with random sequence reads. Progressive whole genome assembly and eventual finishing sequencing is a process that typically takes several years for large eukaryotic genomes. In the interim, all sequence reads of public sequencing projects are made available in repositories such as the NCBI Trace Archive. For a particular locus, sequencing coverage may be high enough early on to produce a reliable local genome assembly. We have developed software, Tracembler, that facilitates in silico chromosome walking by recursively assembling reads of a selected species from the NCBI Trace Archive starting with reads that significantly match sequence seeds supplied by the user. Results: Tracembler takes one or multiple DNA or protein sequence(s) as input to the NCBI Trace Archive BLAST engine to identify matching sequence reads from a species of interest. The BLAST searches are carried out recursively such that BLAST matching sequences identified in previous rounds of searches are used as new queries in subsequent rounds of BLAST searches. The recursive BLAST search stops when either no more new matching sequences are found, a given maximal number of queries is exhausted, or a specified maximum number of rounds of recursion is reached. All the BLAST matching sequences are then assembled into contigs based on significant sequence overlaps using the CAP3 program. We demonstrate the validity of the concept and software implementation with an example of successfully recovering a full-length Chrm2 gene as well as its upstream and downstream genomic regions from Rattus norvegicus reads. In a second example, a query with two adjacent Medicago truncatula genes as seeds resulted in a contig that likely identifies the microsyntenic homologous soybean locus. Conclusion: Tracembler streamlines the process of recursive database searches, sequence assembly, and gene identification in resulting contigs in attempts to identify homologous loci of genes of interest in species with emerging whole genome shotgun reads. A web server hosting Tracembler is provided at http://www.plantgdb.org/tool/tracembler/, and the software is also freely available from the authors for local installations.
2016 Final Reports from the Los Alamos National Laboratory Computational Physics Student Summer Workshop

The two primary purposes of LANL’s Computational Physics Student Summer Workshop are (1) To educate graduate and exceptional undergraduate students in the challenges and applications of computational physics of interest to LANL, and (2) Entice their interest toward those challenges. Computational physics is emerging as a discipline in its own right, combining expertise in mathematics, physics, and computer science. The mathematical aspects focus on numerical methods for solving equations on the computer as well as developing test problems with analytical solutions. The physics aspects are very broad, ranging from low-temperature material modeling to extremely high temperature plasma physics, radiation transport and neutron transport. The computer science issues are concerned with matching numerical algorithms to emerging architectures and maintaining the quality of extremely large codes built to perform multi-physics calculations. Although graduate programs associated with computational physics are emerging, it is apparent that the pool of U.S. citizens in this multi-disciplinary field is relatively small and is typically not focused on the aspects that are of primary interest to LANL. Furthermore, more structured foundations for LANL interaction with universities in computational physics is needed; historically interactions rely heavily on individuals’ personalities and personal contacts. Thus a tertiary purpose of the Summermore » Workshop is to build an educational network of LANL researchers, university professors, and emerging students to advance the field and LANL’s involvement in it. This report includes both the background for the program and the reports from the students.« less
Undergraduate Views on Minimum Budget for Marriage

The results of this study seem to indicate a general similarity of standards of mate selection between American and Costa Rican college students. The closeness of this similarity may be indicated by an observation resulting from the several questions which are sufficiently similar to allow a comparison with the Baber study; namely, that sex appears to make for more marked differences than does nationality in answer to the attitude questions on economic rank, good looks, religious faith, and age. That is, Costa Rican and American boys appear to be in closer agreement than do American boys and American girls. Also, Costa Rican and American girls appear to be in closer agreement on these traits than do Costa Rican boys and girls. The significant exceptions to this observation are in the questions of morality and family status, considerably more important to the Costa Ricans than to the Americans, and of intelligence and education, much more important in a mate to the Costa Rican boys than to the American boys. An agreeable disposition and personality, "culture," education, acceptable moral standards, a "good" family background, faithfulness and good health seem to be the general requirements of Costa Rican university students in a mate, with boys also desiring their wives to be good homemakers and mothers and girls wishing for a husband with ability to eam enough to live well. The traditional roles of the sexes-the wife as a homemaker and mother, and the father as breadwinner-are reflected in the mate selection standards of this sample of 274 University of Costa Rica students.
Thalassaemia and the abnormal human haemoglobins.

THE preponderance of haemoglobin A over haemoglobin S in sickle-cell trait was observed in the course of our initial studies on the haemoglobin of sickling cells1. Later work carried out in collaboration with other laboratories showed that the ratio of these haemoglobins is inherited2 and that simultaneous presence of a gene for an abnormal haemoglobin and a gene for thalassaemia results in partial or complete suppression of synthesis3,4 of haemoglobin A. An exceptional case in which presence of a thalassaemia gene did not alter the proportion of haemoglobins A and C in haemoglobin C trait was observed elsewhere5. These findings formed the basic evidence on which we proposed the following concepts about the inheritance of haemoglobin: (1) alleles may be present that control the synthesis of haemoglobin A at different rates6; (2) there may exist more than one locus for thalassaemia7; (3) in some cases thalasssaemia and abnormal haemoglobins may be controlled at the same locus8; (4) a structurally abnormal but electrophoretically normal haemoglobin may be synthesized at sub-normal rate in thalassaemia8,9.
Propagation of equine abortion virus in the chick embryo.

SummaryThe adaptation of hamster modified equine abortion virus to the chick embryo is reported. Characteristic intranuclear inclusions were identified in the liver parenchymal cells of chick embryos and hamsters receiving serial passage chick embryo liver. Identification of the virus is substantiated by the use of the complement-fixation reaction.
Aziridine-Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Membranes on Polymeric Hollow Fibers: Synthesis and Single-Component CO2 and N2 Permeation Properties

The synthesis of aziridine-functionalized mesoporous silica membranes on polymeric hollow fibers is described, and their single-component CO2 and N2 permeation properties are investigated under both dry and humid conditions to elucidate the unusual permeation mechanisms observed in these membranes. Hollow fiber-supported mesoporous silica membranes are amine-functionalized with aziridine to yield hyperbranched aminopolymers within the membrane pores. The effects of the hyperbranched polymers in the mesopores on gas transport properties are investigated by single-component gas permeation measurements. The hyperbranched aminosilica membrane shows counterintuitive N2-selective (over CO2) permeation during operation under dry conditions. Further characterization of the permeation behavior reveals the effects of strong adsorption of CO2 under dry permeation conditions, leading to reduced CO2 diffusivity because of CO2-induced amine cross-linking in the mesopores. On the other hand, the hyperbranched aminosilic...
A Study on the Criminal Law Amendment (VIII) Concerning the Provisions of the Environmental Pollution Crime

The Criminal Law Amendment(Ⅷ)has made important amendments to the 338th Article of the Criminal Law,changing Crime of Severe Environmental Pollution Accidents to Crime of Environmental Pollution.This has greatly transformed the concepts of law enforcement in this respect.By revising the objective conditions of the crime,the amendment has lowered the criminalization threshold,expanded criminal responsibilities and facilitated the punishment of environmental pollution.However,it has also brought about the problems of the conviction of potential damage offence in environmental pollution and other related issues,which need to be further clarified.
Clinical and communication access through amplification for a medical student with severe hearing loss: case report.

This case report focuses on the communication difficulties of a 21-year-old medical student with severe-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss. The greatest difficulties reported by the patient were for stethoscope use and slide presentations in darkened rooms . Successful audiologic management was accomplished for this patient via use of a behind-the-ear (BTE) FM system for classroom use and a "homemade" amplified stethoscope that enabled him to hear diagnostic heart sounds for clinical use. The amplified stethoscope provided greater lowfrequency gain for this patient than was available through other commercial units.
Management Strategies for Barley Yellow Dwarf on Winter Wheat in Kansas

ABSTRACT Barley yellow dwarf (BYD) is one of the most important wheat diseases in the state of Kansas. Several methods of disease management have been recommended to mitigate losses from BYD includ...
How Macroeconomic Policy Can Support Economic Development in Sub-Saharan African Countries

Conventional wisdom has generally held that macroeconomic policy should create an enabling environment for industrial policy and should also maintain conditions which facilitate the structural transformations necessary for economic development. This includes a number of components: keeping exchange rates at levels that support, rather than undermine, industrial development; adopting monetary policies which maintain price and financial stability while insuring the availability of credit for productive investment; providing complementary public investments; and making sure that tax policies promote economic development. After macro policies set the scene, the interaction between macroeconomic and industrial strategies is fairly limited. Industrial policy manages the details of economic development within the environment and boundaries determined by macroeconomic management.
Lessons from Retinoblastoma: Implications for Cancer, Development, Evolution, and Regenerative Medicine

Retinoblastoma is a rare childhood cancer of the developing retina, and studies on this orphan disease have led to fundamental discoveries in cancer biology. Retinoblastoma has also emerged as a model for translational research for pediatric solid tumors, which is particularly important as personalized medicine expands in oncology. Research on retinoblastomas has been combined with the exploration of retinal development and retinal degeneration to advance a new model of cell type-specific disease susceptibility termed 'cellular pliancy'. The concept can even be extended to species-specific regeneration. This review discusses the remarkable path of retinoblastoma research and how it has shaped the most current efforts in basic, translational, and clinical research in oncology and beyond.
Information‐receiving and information‐giving during job transitions

Based on social exchange theory, this research develops a typology of six strategies for exchanging information. This study explored the information‐receiving and information‐giving of both newcomers and transferred employees involved in job transitions in one organization. Results suggest that unsolicited information‐receiving is positively related to job satisfaction and organizational knowledge, in addition to being negatively related to intention to quit, and that information‐giving through modeling is also negatively associated with intention to quit. Results also indicate that transferred employees are more knowledgeable of the organization and their roles, as well as, more likely to model consciously appropriate behaviors than newcomers. Conversely, newcomers are more likely to use observations to gain information than transferees.