cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic fMRI of a decision-making task

A novel fMRI technique has been developed to capture the dynamics of the evolution of brain activity during complex tasks such as those designed to evaluate the neural basis of decision-making under different situations. A task called the Iowa Gambling Task was used as an example. Six normal human volunteers were studied. The task was presented inside a 3T MRI and a dynamic fMRI study of the approximately 2s period between the beginning and end of the decision-making period was conducted by employing a series of reference functions, separated by 200 ms, designed to capture activation at different time-points within this period. As decision-making culminates with a button-press, the timing of the button press was chosen as the reference (t=0) and corresponding reference functions were shifted backward in steps of 200ms from this point up to the time when motor activity from the previous button press became predominant. SPM was used to realign, high-pass filter (cutoff 200s), normalize to the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) Template using a 12 parameter affine/non-linear transformation, 8mm Gaussian smoothing, and event-related General Linear Model analysis for each of the shifted reference functions. The t-score of each activated voxel was then examined to find its peaking time. A random effect analysis (p<0.05) showed prefrontal, parietal and bi-lateral hippocampal activation peaking at different times during the decision making period in the n=6 group study.
Architecture for Energy Efficient Sphere Decoding

Sphere decoding has become a popular implementation of MIMO detection due to its improved performance at lower hardware complexity. ASIC implementations have proven the feasibility of this method but fail to effectively address the issue of power efficiency. In this work, we propose an improved architecture that aims to exploit a combination of a deeper pipeline and the use of single-port read and write memories to increase the energy efficiency (bits/sec/mW) of the implementation. We see a 30% and 80% increase in memory and logic energy efficiencies when compared to an unpipelined version of the implementation in 0.18 mu technology.
A High Resolution IR Study of the van der Waals Complexes of HCCCN with CO2and N2

Abstract The high resolution IR spectra of HCCCN-CO 2 and HCCCN-N 2 have been studied using molecular beam optothermal spectroscopy. For both complexes, structural information has been obtained; HCCCN-CO 2 has been determined to be T-shaped with the CO 2 molecule at the N end of HCCCN, while N 2 -HCCCN was found to be hydrogen-bonded in a linear configuration. Accurate molecular constants have been obtained. From the rotational constants, the van der Waals bond lengths of the two dimers have been determined assuming that the structure of the monomer units does not change upon complexation. The results are compared with those for the corresponding complexes of HCN.
Quantitative computed tomography assessment of spinal trabecular bone. II. In osteoporotic women with and without vertebral fractures

Computed tomography was utilized to measure the bone mineral content of the spinal trabecular bone in 96 osteoporotic women. A significant overlapping was found between the values obtained for these patients and the age-matched normal values. Sixty-six percent had bone mineral content values below the fifth percentile for age-matched normals. Eighty-five percent of those with vertebral fractures had bone mineral content values below the fifth percentile for normal premenopausal women (fracture threshold). It is suggested that diagnosis of osteoporosis be made when the spinal bone mineral content value is below the fracture threshold.
Does olfactory function improve after endoscopic sinus surgery

Objective: To examine the impact of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) on olfactory impairment in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) over intermediate and long-term follow-up. We hypothesized that patients with mild olfactory dysfunction (hyposmia) would benefit from ESS, whereas patients with severe olfactory dysfunction (anosmia) would not.Study Design: Prospective, multi-institutional cohort study.Subjects and Methods: A total of 111 patients presenting for ESS for treatment of CRS were examined preoperatively, and at 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Demographic, comorbidity, and Smell Identification Test (SIT) data were collected at each time point. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.Results: The prevalence of gender-adjusted olfactory dysfunction prior to surgery was 67.5 percent. Surprisingly, hyposmic patients did not significantly improve after surgery. In contrast, patients with anosmia significantly improved after ESS (baseline, 6-month SIT scores: 9.7 ± 2.0, 21.3 ± 11.2; P ...
Development of sol-gel derived lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films with a nonporous Pt/Ti bottom electrode

Lead Zirconate Titanate Oxide (PbZr x Ti 1-x O 3 or PZT) thin films have been widely used in various microsensors and microactuators for their high bandwidth and sensitivity. A typical configuration is to use a Pt/Ti bi-layer as the bottom electrode. Before the PZT film is deposited, Pt/Ti bi-layer must be annealed at high temperature (e.g., 800°C) to obtain a condensed structure with a rough micro surface texture. A condensed Pt/Ti structure prevents delamination of the bottom electrode, while a rough micro surface texture ensures PZT thin films anchored firmly onto the bottom electrodes. Although the annealing process is necessary, its high temperature causes Pt/Ti bi-layer to become porous, thus degrading electrical and ferroelectric properties of the PZT thin films. In this paper, we present a non-porous Pt/Ti bottom electrode via a two-step deposition and annealing process. The first step is the traditional fabrication process that leads to a porous Pt/Ti electrode. A second round of deposition and annealing then seals the pores and strengthens the electrode. To evaluate the performance of the non-porous bottom electrode, PZT thin films with porous and non-porous bottom electrodes are fabricated simultaneously. Experimental measurements show that piezoelectric constant d 33 of the PZT film increases from 10 pC/N to 20 pC/N when the bottom electrode is changed from the porous to non-porous electrode.
Vibration of a simply supported L-shaped plate

Recently Solecki (1996) has shown that a differential equation for vibration of a rectangular plate with a cutout can be reduced to boundary integral equations. This was accomplished by filling the cutout with a patch made of the same material as the rest of the plate and separated from it by an infinitesimal gap. Thanks to this procedure it was possible to apply finite Fourier transformation of discontinuous functions in a rectangular domain. Subsequent application of the available boundary conditions led to a system of boundary integral equations. A plate simply supported along the perimeter, and fixed along the cutout (an L-shaped plate), was analyzed as an example. The general solution obtained by Solecki (1996) serves here to determine the frequencies of natural vibration of a L-shaped plate simply supported all around its perimeter. This problem is, however, more complicated than the previous example: to satisfy the boundary conditions an infinite series depending on discontinuous functions must be differentiated. The theoretical development is illustrated by numerical values of the frequencies of the natural vibrations of a square plate with a square cutout. The results are compared with the results obtained using finite elements method.
Self-reported vegetarianism may be a marker for college women at risk for disordered eating.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether differences exist in eating attitudes and behaviors of vegetarian and nonvegetarian college women. The Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) and a questionnaire were used to gather information on eating attitudes and behaviors of 143 female college students. Thirty participants were self-reported vegetarians, and 113 participants were nonvegetarians. There was no significant difference between the vegetarians and nonvegetarians in height, weight, age, or body mass index. The median EAT score of the vegetarians (16.5) was significantly higher (P
Genetic monitoring of malathion-exposed agricultural workers

The aerial application of malathion over large urban populations in Southern California during the early 1990s raised concerns about adverse health effects, including the potential to cause genetic damage. Workers in the Mediterranean fruit fly eradication program, which involved application of malathion as ground treatment, were studied to examine micronucleus formation and mutation frequencies assessed by the glycophorin A (GPA) assay. In the 1992 pilot project the mean micronuclei level appeared higher in lymphocytes of exposed workers (n = 13) compared to controls (n = 4) (20.1 ± 7.1 vs 14.3 ± 7.2 respectively, P = 0.09). During the 1993 season, neither of the cohorts examined showed a higher level of micronuclei in workers exposed to malathion compared to unexposed, nor did the pooled total (n = 53; means = 17.8 ± 7.2 vs 18.5 ± 6.3, respectively), even after adjustment by multiple regression. The GPA variant frequency was not associated with malathion exposure in any of the cohorts. These results suggest that any potential risk of genotoxic damage from exposure to malathion is relatively low, but other assays may be more sensitive, and the sample size was small. Am. J. Ind. Med. 33:164-174, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Field-induced stresses in field emitters

Abstract A numerical analysis is performed in order to determine the magnitude and disposition of field-induced stresses in an axisymmetric field emitter whose profile is taken as a calculated profile of a real tungsten emitter. The results are compared to previous analyses and new observations are made. Conclusions are drawn which reflect the effect of these stresses on crystalline defects in the emitter during the imaging process and during field evaporation.
Origin of Plasma Cells in Sites of Inflammation

THE origin of plasma cells in inflammatory reactions in non-lymphoid tissue is perplexing. They are found in the circulation only in unusual circumstances1 and are not a usual cellular component of normal connective tissue. A possible source of these cells in areas of injury is suggested from investigations of lymphocytic cells in the vascular spaces and alveolar walls of the lung following the intravenous injection of complete Freund's adjuvant. The changes in some of these lymphocytes are similar to those described for white cells of the peripheral blood grown in tissue culture in the presence of a variety of materials. When phytohaemagglutinin, tuberculin, tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid, smallpox vaccine, haemophilus pertussis antigen, staphylococcal antigen, leukocyte antiserum, pollen extract and various tissue antigens are added to cultures of white cells from the peripheral blood, the small and medium sized lymphocytes enlarge and mitotic division may occur2–13. Tanaka et al.14 have described a developing Golgi apparatus, increased ribosomes and a small amount of endoplasmic reticulum in cultures of lymphocytes from peripheral blood.
SU-E-T-724: Evaluate the Impact of Bowel Gas Movement in Pancreatic Proton Therapy

Purpose: Current pancreatic proton planning protocol overrides bowel gas' CT Hounsfield Unit (HU) to water, based on the assumption of random bowel gas movement during whole treatment course. However, no follow‐up dosimetric study has been done to investigate the impact of the gas movement of each patient in his/her treatment period. The goal of this study is to assess passive‐scattering proton therapy (PT) dose variation due to the gas movement during the patient's treatment course. Methods: Five pancreatic cancer patients who received passive‐scattering PT using double scattering and uniform scanning system were identified. All of the patients received two verification CTs during the whole treatment course to evaluate dose distribution change. Two to three beam arrangements based on individual cases were used (two‐beam: posterior, right posterior oblique; Three‐beam: posterior, right posterior oblique and left posterior oblique). The proton plans were calculated using the Eclipse Proton Convolution Superposition algorithm and delivered 50.4Gy to the initial volume. Theinitial treatment plans with all beam parameters calculated on the CT with bowel gas overridden to water (compensator, MLC, beam line settings, etc) were recalculated using the same beam parameters to the verification CTs. Results: This study shows that the bowel mean dose varies from −135cGy to +342cGy due to the bowel gas movement compared to the initial proton plan. A large kidney dose variations were also observed due to inter‐fraction organ motions. Bowel gas movement doesn't affect target coverage with posterior proton beams proton plan. All plan's PTV D95 and iCTV D95 varies within 1% throughout all verification CTs. Conclusion: This evaluation method using verification CT data sets during the treatment course should also be useful in assessing dose distribution in other anatomic sites. Our quantitative results will help evaluate the effects of transient bowel gas movement in pancreatic proton therapy treatment course.
Campoletis sonorensis virus: Expression in Heliothis virescens and identification of expressed sequences

Abstract Northern blot analysis of polyadenylated mRNA from Heliothis virescens larvae parasitized by Campoletis sonorensis wasps revealed at least 10 viral mRNAs that hybridized with 32P-labelled C. sonorensis virus DNA. Cloned C. sonorensis virus DNA fragments which contained expressed sequences were identified by screening virus genomic libraries with cDNAs synthesized from mRNAs isolated from parasitized larvae. Viral transcripts were mapped on several of the cloned cDNA positive C. sonorensis virus DNAs. Three additional, previously undescribed superhelical DNAs were detected in the virus genome.
Phosphorylation-dependent C-terminal binding of 14-3-3 proteins promotes cell surface expression of HIV co-receptor GPR15.

Membrane trafficking is dictated by dynamic molecular interactions involving discrete determinants in the cargo proteins and the intracellular transport machineries. We have previously reported that cell surface expression of GPR15, a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that serves as a co-receptor for HIV, is correlated with the mode III binding of 14-3-3 proteins to the receptor C terminus. Here we provide a mechanistic basis for the role of 14-3-3 in promoting the cell surface expression of GPR15. The Ala mutation of penultimate phospho-Ser (S359A) that abolishes 14-3-3 binding resulted in substantially reduced O-glycosylation and the cell surface expression of GPR15. The surface membrane protein CD8 fused with the C-terminal tail of GPR15S359A mutant was re-localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In the context of S359A mutation, the additional mutations in the upstream stretch of basic residues (RXR motif) restored O-glycosylation and the cell surface expression. The RXR motif was responsible for the interaction with coatomer protein I (COPI), which was inversely correlated with the 14-3-3 binding and cell surface expression. These results suggest that 14-3-3 binding promotes cell surface expression of GPR15 by releasing the receptor from ER retrieval/retention pathway that is mediated by the interaction of RXR motif and COPI. Moreover, 14-3-3 binding substantially increased the stability of GPR15 protein. Thus 14-3-3 proteins play multiple roles in biogenesis and trafficking of an HIV co-receptor GPR15 to control its cell surface density in response to the phosphorylation signal.
α-Actinin-2 Mediates Spine Morphology and Assembly of the Post-Synaptic Density in Hippocampal Neurons

Dendritic spines are micron-sized protrusions that constitute the primary post-synaptic sites of excitatory neurotransmission in the brain. Spines mature from a filopodia-like protrusion into a mushroom-shaped morphology with a post-synaptic density (PSD) at its tip. Modulation of the actin cytoskeleton drives these morphological changes as well as the spine dynamics that underlie learning and memory. Several PSD molecules respond to glutamate receptor activation and relay signals to the underlying actin cytoskeleton to regulate the structural changes in spine and PSD morphology. α-Actinin-2 is an actin filament cross-linker, which localizes to dendritic spines, enriched within the post-synaptic density, and implicated in actin organization. We show that loss of α-actinin-2 in rat hippocampal neurons creates an increased density of immature, filopodia-like protrusions that fail to mature into a mushroom-shaped spine during development. α-Actinin-2 knockdown also prevents the recruitment and stabilization of the PSD in the spine, resulting in failure of synapse formation, and an inability to structurally respond to chemical stimulation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptor. The Ca2+-insensitive EF-hand motif in α-actinin-2 is necessary for the molecule's function in regulating spine morphology and PSD assembly, since exchanging it for the similar but Ca2+-sensitive domain from α-actinin-4, another α-actinin isoform, inhibits its function. Furthermore, when the Ca2+-insensitive domain from α-actinin-2 is inserted into α-actinin-4 and expressed in neurons, it creates mature spines. These observations support a model whereby α-actinin-2, partially through its Ca2+-insensitive EF-hand motif, nucleates PSD formation via F-actin organization and modulates spine maturation to mediate synaptogenesis.
Development and Evolution of Self-Retaining Retractors in Surgery: The Example of the Bookwalter Retractor.

One of America’s prodigious inventors, scientists, and founding fathers, Benjamin Franklin, suggested that “without continual growth and progress, such words as improvement, achievement, and success have no meaning.” He believed that scientific contributions should be used to increase efficiency and improve the human condition, sentiments that continue to motivate innovators. By inventing a universally applicable, self-retaining, table-fixed retractor, John Bookwalter markedly advanced a field that had seen dozens of ephemeral designs during the preceding 70 years. He aspired to improve the safety and efficacy of abdominal and pelvic surgery and enhance the learning environment for students and trainees. Subsequent modifications to the post, rings, and ratchets made the device easier and more flexible to use, thereby broadening its acceptance. As it became the most common self-retaining retractor in the United States, the Bookwalter helped transform the practice of surgery. Its history is interwoven into that of the last two generations of surgeons and epitomizes innovation in response to need; its future, however, in a profession increasingly dominated by minimally invasive techniques, remains less certain.
Thymidine Phosphorylation in Arachis hypogaea by Combined Activities of Adenosine Triphosphate Phosphohydrolase and Nucleoside Phosphotransferase

Extracts from hypocotyls of germinating peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) stimulated the formation of thymidine monophosphate from thymidine and adenosine triphosphate in the presence of magnesium ions. Such extracts were incapable of incorporating isotopic phosphorus from gamma-labelled adenosine triphosphate into thymidine during the synthesis of thymidine monophosphate but were competent in transferring phosphorus from alpha-labelled adenosine triphosphate to thymidine. The apparent thymidine kinase activity thus appeared to result from the combined activities of an adenosine triphosphatase (adenosine triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase, E. C. 3.6.1.3) and a nucleoside phosphotransferase (E. C. 2.7.1.77). The latter two enzymes could be largely separated by using DEAE-Sephadex chromatography.
Comparison of water ingestion between black flies (Simuliidae) and a mosquito (Aedes aegypti; Culicidae) using radiolabelled glucose

Ingestion of water by larvae of the black flies Simulium verecundum, Prosimulium mixtum/fuscum and Cnephnia dacotensis and by larvae of the mosquito Aedes aegypti was studied with radiolabelled glucose as a tracer. Extremely low (≤ 200 dpm/3 h) radiolabel uptake occurred in the black flies species, while Aedes aegypti, a species that is known to drink, had high radiolabel counts (> 6000 dpm/3 h). Radiolabel uptake by S. verecundum did not change for larvae fed in absence of current or with plugged mouthparts versus normal larvae. Radiolabel uptake by Aedes aegypti larvae with plugged mouthparts was < 3% of radiolabel uptake in normal larvae. Aedes aegypti was able to ingest the soluble glucose. Simulium verecundum, Prosimulium mixtum/fuscum and Cnephia dacotensis were unable to ingest the soluble sugar. The rationale for this difference is in the different filter-feeding mechanism of Culicidae and Simuliidae.
Thermodynamic properties of solutions and the theory of fluctuations

Abstract The molecular theory of fluctuations in fluids leads to expressions for concentration derivatives of the usual thermodynamic properties of solutions. General procedures are described for their use in practical problems involving liquid reference states. Differences between this theory and standard techniques are examined. Illustration is made of the case for gases in liquids where a successful model has been developed for use in the formalism.
Changing perspectives in community dynamics: A theory of successional forces

The classical concepts of succession and climax were burdened with intractable assumptions and were difficult to apply to the field. Conceptual refinements and more realistic assumptions have been proposed to identify the useful essence of the original ideas. The contemporary theory of community dynamics emphasizes process rather than end point, accommodates the richness of causes of succession, and motivates diverse research approaches.
Estimating the Effects of Number of Shots And Propagator Apertures to Prestack Depth Migration Through the Mapping of Acquisition Dip-Response(ADR)

We use the acquisition dip-response to estimate the effects of number of shots and propagator apertures to prestack depth migration. As numerical examples, we calculate the acquisition dip-response maps for the SEG-EAGE 2D salt model with different numbers of shots and propagator apertures, as well as the prestack depth image results with different numbers of shots, and analyze the effects of number of shots and propagator apertures to prestack depth migration. It shows that the great potential of the application of acquisition dip-response to achievement the trade-off between efficiency and accuracy in prestack depth migration.
Atomic and Molecular Data for Interstellar Studies: A Status Report

Most interstellar species have a large fraction of their electronic transitions at far ultraviolet wavelengths. Observations at these wavelengths reveal spectra rich in absorption lines seen against the continuum of a background source, such as a hot star in our Galaxy, a supernova in a nearby galaxy, or even a bright nucleus in an active galaxy. Most of the observations continue to be made with space-borne instruments, but recent work includes measurements of extragalactic material at large redshifts obtained at high resolution with large ground-based telescopes (e.g., the Keck Telescope). The combination of precise experimental oscillator strengths, large-scale computations, and astronomical spectra with high signal-to-noise ratios are yielding a set of self-consistent-values that span a range in strength in excess of 100 for more and more species. The large range is important for studies involving the different environments probed by the various background sources. This review highlights recent work on the atomic species. Si II, S I, and Fe II, and on the molecules, CO and C2.
Sub-Scale Versus Full-Scale Testing of Jet Pump Vibration

Time-dependent fluid pressure forces on jet pump components have been observed to cause destructive mechanical vibrations at a number of BWR plants. A test has been proposed for the purpose of studying the fluid-structure interaction phenomena and to determine what design or operational modifications can be imposed to mitigate or remove the vibration problem. Due to multi-system interactions of this problem, a full-scale test of water flow through a jet pump at reactor conditions is recommended over a sub-scale test. Each system to be studied imposes additional constraints to the modeling laws. Acoustic effects, vortex shedding or shear layer instability, and the fundamental beam mode of the jet pump diffuser all have similar characteristics, or response times. The need to maintain the time scale ratios for all systems implies that a full size system at full size structural and fluid parameters is the most likely success path in obtaining accurate and relevant data.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
A Lithographically-Patterned, Elastic Multi-electrode Array for Surface Stimulation of the Spinal Cord

A new, scalable process for microfabrication of a silicone-based, elastic multi-electrode array (MEA) is presented. The device is constructed by spinning poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) silicone elastomer onto a glass slide, depositing and patterning gold to construct wires and electrodes, spinning on a second PDMS layer, and then micropatterning the second PDMS layer to expose electrode contacts. The micropatterning of PDMS involves a custom reactive ion etch (RIE) process that preserves the underlying gold thin film. Once completed, the device can be removed from the glass slide for conformal interfacing with neural tissue. Prototype MEAs feature electrodes smaller than those known to be reported on silicone substrate (60 μm diameter exposed electrode area) and were capable of selectively stimulating the surface of the in vitro isolated spinal cord of the juvenile rat. Stretchable serpentine traces were also incorporated into the functional PDMS-based MEA, and their implementation and testing is described.
Contemporary literature from the south pacific

(1978). Contemporary literature from the south pacific. World Literature Written in English: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 604-645.
`Remember Irena: flies are not freedom'

The first edition of Ralph Greenspan's fly-pusher's hand-book appeared in 1997 and was an immediate hit because it filled a gap. At that time the Drosophila field was booming as never before, and new people were taking up the way of the fly. There were of course existing books on Drosophila
Interaction between noise suppression and inhomogeneity correction in MRI.

While cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in most developed countries, SPAMM-MRI can reduce morbidity by facilitating patient diagnosis. An image analysis method with a high degree of automation is essential for clinical adoption of SPAMM-MRI. The degree of this automation is dependent on the amount of thermal noise and surface coil-induced intensity inhomogeneity that can be removed from the images. An ideal noise suppression algorithm removes thermal noise yet retains or enhances the strength of the edges of salient structures. In this paper, we quantitatively compare and rank several noise suppression algorithms in images from both normal and diseased subjects using measures of the residual noise and edge strength and the statistical significance levels and confidence intervals of these measures. We also investigate the interrelationship between inhomogeneity correction and noise suppression algorithms and compare the effect of the ordering of these algorithms. The variance of thermal noise does not tend to change with position, however, inhomogeneity correction increases noise variance in deep thoracic regions. We quantify the degree to which an inhomogeneity estimate can improve noise suppression and how well noise suppression can facilitate the identification of homogeneous tissue regions and thereby, assist in inhomogeneity correction.
S-tangential maps and imbeddings in the conditionally stable range

DESAPIO has shown in [4] that it is possible to get very nice imbedding theorems for r-rmanifolds. Here we reprove these results and get some substantial generalizations. The other main feature of this paper is that we attack the problem within a general framework which makes clearer the relationship between s-tangential maps and imbeddability. The inductive proofs of [4] seem somewhat mysterious.
LIGO laser intensity noise suppression

In order to meet the strain sensitivity requirements of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO), the laser amplitude noise must be reduced to a level of 1 × 10−8 δP/P, in the bandwidth between 40 and 100 Hz, before injection into the interferometer. This paper describes the control system implemented to meet this goal.
The Molecular Basis of Size Differences

Size differences account for a great deal of the diversity found in the animal kingdom, but we still have much to learn about how sizes are programmed. Generally, the cells of different animals are comparable in size, and all animals begin as a single cell. This leaves the number of cells accumulated as the main determinant of animal size. We can reasonably expect the genes controlling cell number to be conserved among animals. So it seems that size-determining genes must be deployed in the elephant in such a way that it amasses several hundred thousand times more cells than the mouse. Which are these genes and how do they control size? I asked this question in a more experimentally tractable context: How do body parts of a single animal become different sizes? Fingers, toes, and ribs are sets of structures whose members are similar in form but differ in size. Although we know that Hox transcription factors specify the identity of individual fingers, toes, and ribs, little is known about how their individual sizes are programmed.
Trends in Storage of Digital Data

Trends in the price and performance of several storage technologies are presented with emphasis on magnetic recording and semiconductor memories. Since these technologies present a moving target, new contenders cannot enter the marketplace unless they provide a significant advantage over the entrenched competition. It is concluded that in the next decade, optical storage of digital data can make an impact at the high capacity end-trillion bits and above-provided prices are at least an order of magnitude lower and access at least an order of magnitude faster than in present day systems.
Measuring the lexical semantics of picture description in aphasia

Background: Individuals with non‐fluent aphasia have difficulty producing syntactically laden words, such as function words, whereas individuals with fluent aphasia often have difficulty producing semantically specific words. It is hypothesised that such dissociations arise, at least in part, from a trade‐off between syntactic and semantic sources of input to lexical retrieval. Aims: The aims of this study were (a) to identify quantitative measures of the semantic content of narrative for people with aphasia that are reliable indicators of semantic competence, independent of overall aphasia severity; (b) to determine whether these measures distinguish between fluent and non‐fluent aphasia; and (c) to assess whether individuals with fluent and non‐fluent aphasia show a trade‐off between measures of syntactic and semantic production. Methods & Procedures: Connected speech samples were elicited from 16 participants with aphasia, 8 fluent and 8 non‐fluent. The semantic sufficiency of the samples was analysed ...
Search for shock waves in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions

Abstract An analysis of central collision by 1.9, 0.95, 0.50 GeV/nucl Fe and 1.9 GeV/nucl argon beams in nuclear emulsion is presented. Angular and rapidity distributions of the secondary particles do not support the presence of nuclear shock waves.
Reply to Parsons, Reply to Heller, and Reply to Rea

I think the topic of location is currently the most intriguing issue in metaphysics. And although I here tend to be more liberal about conceptual possibility and less liberal about metaphysical possibility than Parsons, I think he has done truly excellent and ground-breaking work in this area among the very best to date. But that's partly because I can understand him. As he admits, however, he can't fully understand me. But this is not my misfortune alone, for I believe an increasing number of those of us writing on the metaphysics of location have been speaking with the same accent (Balashov 2007, Gilmore 2007 and 2006, and McDaniel 2007). So let me try to say a few things in a gesture towards intelligibility. First some background to get you in the right mood. A subs tan tivalist who does not identify material objects with regions recognizes at least one relation between them apart from distinctness namely, occupation or location. Moreover, many substantivalists take location to be a fundamental relation. Facts about location form part of the fundamental supervenience base of the world. Imagine, if you will, four such substantivalists who are wondering what the location relation is like and who are debating the proper answers to these two questions:
Method for construction of nonclassical equations of state

Abstract A method of modifying empirical equations of state in order to improve their performance in the critical region is introduced. The implementation of this method involves the construction of a state function which measures the effective distance between the state in question and the critical state. A mathematical transformation, parameterized by this function, is then used to define a new equation of state which is designed to be identical in behavior to the original formulation outside the critical region, but to develop the nonclassical scaling behavior characteristic of real fluids near the critical point. Application of this method to an equation of state of van der Waals type is presented as an illustration.
Geostrophic Regimes, Intermediate Solitary Vortices and Jovian Eddies

Abstract We examine the relevance to Jupiter's atmosphere of the solitary vortices favored at scales intermediate to those of the quasi-geostrophic (QG) and planetary-geostrophic motions. Horizontal divergence plays a crucial role in the intermediate-geostrophic (IG) dynamics and leads to asymmetries in vortex behavior; in partcular, anticyclonic vortices are generally more stable than cyclonic vortices when the mean flow is weak or westerly. The IG vortices always propagate westward at close to the planetary long-wave speed, regardless of the mean zonal flow. Meridional shear influences only secondary aspects of vortex behavior. Although governed by a form of the Korteweg-deVries (KdV) equation, vortex encounters produce coalescence not soliton behavior. Jupiter's Great Red Spot and Large Ovals appear to be in, or close to, an IG balance while the Small Ovals lie in a QG balance. The stability of anticyclonic IG vortices may explain why most of Jupiter's super-eddies prefer anticyclonic spin. Solutions t...
Behavior of acyl carrier proteins on western blots

Abstract Acyl carrier proteins (ACPs) from Escherichia coli and Euglena were analyzed on Western blots using rabbit antibodies raised against E. coli ACP. Euglena ACP, unlike that from E. coli , behaves upon electrophoresis under denaturing conditions as its size would predict. Oligomeric forms of both ACPs were evident on Western blots, but the bacterial ACP had more tendency to aggregate. That the oligomeric forms were not due to impurities was shown by their regeneration from low- M r protein, reaction with antibodies isolated from Iow- M r protein, and by molecular weight determination of the ACP by low-angle laser light scattering.
Effects of gonadal steroid hormones on hibernation in the Turkish hamster ( Mesocricetus brandti )

The Turkish hamster (Mesocricetus brandti) is a photoperiodic species in which exposure to a short day photoperiod induces gonadal atrophy. When hibernating male Turkish hamsters were administered testosterone via subcutaneous silastic capsules hibernation was abruptly terminated. The threshold serum testosterone level required to prevent hibernation was intermediate between the levels observed in males with fully-regressed and fully-functional testes. Dihydrotestosterone was as effective as testosterone in blocking hibernation. Estradiol had a partial inhibitory effect. Progesterone and corticosterone implants had no effect on hibernation. Similar results were obtained in female hamsters. The total period of hibernation for untreated males under laboratory conditions was usually 5–6 months. In most animals testicular growth began to occur toward the end of that period. As gonadal growth continued bouts of torpor decreased in frequency and duration, and hibernation was terminated when the testes approached reproductive size. Castrated males continued to hibernate much longer than intact animals. These observations suggest that in nature decreasing day length in the fall initiates gonadal regression which is followed by cold-induced hibernation. In the spring spontaneous recrudescence of the testes may lead to termination of the dormancy period. This mechanism may enable the species to prepare for the reproductive season with maximum efficiency.
Vacuum ultraviolet absorption in a hydrogen arcjet

Atomic absorption spectroscopy was utilized to measure the ground state atomic hydrogen number density in the plasma produced in a low power hydrogen arcjet. A microwave driven hydrogen plasma was used as the source of radiation resonant with the vacuum ultraviolet Lyman alpha transition. The suitability of this radiation source is discussed. The optical depth of this transition prevented measurements at locations where the ground state atomic hydrogen number density was larger than 3 x 10 exp 19/cu m. These results indicate that other single-photon optical diagnostic techniques are equally ineffective in locations of higher hydrogen number density unless the spectral line shape of the atomic hydrogen absorbers is known.
Alterations in gene expression in rat skin exposed to 56Fe ions and dietary vitamin A acetate.

Abstract Zhang, R., Burns, F. J., Chen, H., Chen, S. and Wu, F. Alterations in Gene Expression in Rat Skin Exposed to 56Fe Ions and Dietary Vitamin A Acetate. Radiat. Res. 165, 570– 581 (2006). The purpose of the present work was to examine gene expression patterns in rat skin exposed to a beam of 56Fe ions, a surrogate for the high-energy, heavy-ion galactic radiation background, as a basis for obtaining a better understanding of the possible mechanism(s) behind the radioprotective activity of vitamin A. A 2 × 4-cm rectangle of dorsal rat skin was exposed to 1.01 GeV/nucleon 56Fe ions generated by the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Gene expression patterns were monitored in either the presence or absence of a 250-ppm dietary supplement of vitamin A acetate in powdered lab chow. Although vitamin A and other retinoids show anti-carcinogenic activity in several animal models, the underlying changes in gene expression have not been examined extensively. At either 1 or 7 d...
Preliminary experience with oral dexmedetomidine for procedural and anesthetic premedication

Background Oral premedication is often required in children to provide anxiolysis and lessen the psychological impact of hospitalization and/or procedures. We present our experience with dexmedetomidine as an oral premedicant prior to procedural sedation or anesthetic induction. Methods We undertook a retrospective review of the anesthesia or sedation service records of patients who received oral dexmedetomidine. Results The cohort for the study included 13 patients ranging in age from 4 to 14 years. Oral dexmedetomidine (mean dose: 2.6 +/- 0.83 microg.kg(-1); range 1.0-4.2 microg.kg(-1)) was used as premedication prior to anesthesia induction in four patients and prior to intravenous (IV) cannula placement for procedural sedation in nine patients with neurobehavioral problems. Effective sedation was achieved in 11 of 13 patients. The one patient in whom anxiolysis was not achieved received the lowest dose of dexmedetomidine (1 microg.kg(-1)) prior to anesthesia induction. In the other three patients, parental separation and acceptance of the mask was achieved at 20-30 min with a dose of 2.5 microg.kg(-1). When used for procedural sedation, placement of an IV cannula was accomplished without difficulty in seven of eight patients with neurobehavioral disorders and with only mild resistance in the other. No complications were noted and parental satisfaction with the sedation experience was high. Conclusions These preliminary data suggest that dexmedetomidine may be an effective oral premedicant prior to anesthesia induction or procedural sedation. We found that it was effective even in patients with neurobehavioral disorders in whom previous attempts at sedation had failed.
Asymptotic analysis of radiative transfer problems

The equations of radiative transfer are systematically analyzed by asymptotic methods. To lowest order, the classical equilibrium diffusion approximation is recovered. The next order analysis leads to the equilibrium diffusion differential equations and initial condition, but with a boundary condition containing a linear extrapolation distance α. This quantity is related tothe solution of a canonical halfspace problem and is computed by deriving an appropriate variational principle. For the case of no scattering, an exact Wiener-Hopf solution is available. The FN solution technique is also applied to the problem of obtaining α with good results. Higher order asymptotic radiative transfer descriptions are discussed and, while not immediately constituting practical calculational techniques, do have implications for computing the parameters in the multiband treatment of the frequency variable.
Heteronucleare Polyhydrido‐Komplexe mit Floßstruktur – ein Vergleich von Synthesen mit Kupfer‐ und Goldalkoxiden

Etude de la formation de [Re 2 CuH 7 (PMe 2 Ph) 4 ] 2 et de [Re 2 H 6 (AuPPh 3 ) 2 (PMe 2 Ph) 4 ]
User profiling in an ego network: co-profiling attributes and relationships

User attributes, such as occupation, education, and location, are important for many applications. In this paper, we study the problem of profiling user attributes in social network. To capture the correlation between attributes and social connections, we present a new insight that social connections are discriminatively correlated with attributes via a hidden factor -- relationship type. For example, a user's colleagues are more likely to share the same employer with him than other friends. Based on the insight, we propose to co-profile users' attributes and relationship types of their connections. To achieve co-profiling, we develop an efficient algorithm based on an optimization framework. Our algorithm captures our insight effectively. It iteratively profiles attributes by propagation via certain types of connections, and profiles types of connections based on attributes and the network structure. We conduct extensive experiments to evaluate our algorithm. The results show that our algorithm profiles various attributes accurately, which improves the state-of-the-art methods by 12%.
Cytoskeletal Requirements for Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) RNA Synthesis in the HCV Replicon Cell Culture System

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) induces microtubule aggregates in infected hepatocytes. To determine if cytoskeletal elements are important for HCV RNA synthesis, we examined the effect of cytoskeleton inhibitors on HCV replicon transcription in Huh7 cells. The data demonstrate that HCV replication complex-mediated RNA synthesis requires microtubule and actin polymerization.
Experimental reorganization of the cerebellar cortex. IV. Parallel fiber reorientation following regeneration of the external germinal layer

The heads of Long-Evans hooded rats were irradiated with a schedule of low-level x-ray which allowed regeneration of the external germinal layer. In the subsequently regenerated molecular layer, parallel fibers were often reoriented. In some cerebella this was restricted to a single lobule, frequently several lobules were affected, rarely almost the entire vermis. It was postulated that the reorientation of parallel fibers was determined by the invasion route of multiplying cells from spared foci of the external germinal layer. Where parallel fibers were rotated transversely, the axons of basket cells and the arborizing dendrites of Purkinje cells became oriented longitudinally. This, and other considerations indicated that parallel fibers exert a guiding influence on the pattern of growth of the spiny branchlets of Purkinje cells.
“I Understand the Struggle”: Leveraging the Lived Experiences of African American Teachers in TESOL

Although TESOL in-service teacher education committed to culturally sustaining pedagogy (Paris, 2012) has underscored the critical role of teachers' professional subjectivities for student achievement, relatively few studies have attempted to capture the perspectives of African American classroom teachers working with English language learners in U.S. contexts. The authors bring qualitative data from a participatory study to argue that the vivencias of Ellie Washington, an African American first-grade teacher born and raised in the segregated southern United States, was the lens through which she understood the TESOL in-service development in which she had participated 5 years earlier, her advocacy for Latino transnationals, and her hesitations about the exclusivity of ESL programming. Extending contemporary conversations about teacher quality in the “aftermath of scripted curriculum policies” (Maniates & Mahiri, 2011, p. 10), this article centers on how Washington's lived experiences shaped her interactions with Latino immigrant schoolchildren in rural North Carolina. The authors argue that, in spite of a needed emphasis on developing classroom teachers' sociocultural competencies for working with children of immigration, too often there is an erasure of the lived experiences of teachers of color and the funds of knowledge (Moll, 2014) those experiences potentially represent for highly qualified teaching.
Maintenance treatment study designs in bipolar disorder: do they demonstrate that atypical neuroleptics (antipsychotics) are mood stabilizers?.

In this conceptual review we argue that by certifying some of the atypical neuroleptics (or, if one prefers, antipsychotics) as indicated for the 'maintenance' treatment of bipolar disorder, the US FDA has created confusion in the field. These maintenance indications are based on studies using a 'relapse prevention' design, a design that does not address whether the agents tested can prevent new episodes of illness, i.e. recurrence prevention or true prophylaxis. We found that the relapse prevention design fails to prove that these agents are mood stabilizers because patients are pre-selected to respond to the study drug for an acute mood episode (mania) and when they relapse, they do so into an episode of the same polarity (i.e. mania). We believe that this represents withdrawal into the same mood episode that patients experienced before the maintenance study began, rather than prevention of a new mood episode, as research into the natural history of bipolar disorder indicates that such new episodes typically are of the opposite polarity. Thus, the inability of neuroleptics to prevent depression in such maintenance studies reflects the general inability to prevent any new mood episode recurrence (which we believe should be defined as 6 months or longer after the index episode). If one defines a mood stabilizer, as we do, as a drug that prevents new episodes of mania and depression in monotherapy, then these studies do not show that atypical neuroleptics are mood stabilizers. Future maintenance research studies in bipolar disorder should use the prophylaxis design (i.e. without pre-selection of drug responders), rather than the relapse prevention design.