cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulatory requirements and tools for environmental assessment of hazardous wastes: understanding tribal and stakeholder concerns using Department of Energy sites.

Many US governmental and Tribal Nation agencies, as well as state and local entities, deal with hazardous wastes within regulatory frameworks that require specific environmental assessments. In this paper we use Department of Energy (DOE) sites as examples to examine the relationship between regulatory requirements and environmental assessments for hazardous waste sites and give special attention to how assessment tools differ. We consider federal laws associated with environmental protection include the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA), as well as regulations promulgated by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Tribal Nations and state agencies. These regulatory regimes require different types of environmental assessments and remedial investigations, dose assessments and contaminant pathways. The DOE case studies illustrate the following points: 1) there is often understandable confusion about what regulatory requirements apply to the site resources, and what environmental assessments are required by each, 2) the messages sent on site safety issued by different regulatory agencies are sometimes contradictory or confusing (e.g. Oak Ridge Reservation), 3) the regulatory frameworks being used to examine the same question can be different, leading to different conclusions (e.g. Brookhaven National Laboratory), 4) computer models used in support of groundwater models or risk assessments are not necessarily successful in convincing Native Americans and others that there is no possibility of risk from contaminants (e.g. Amchitka Island), 5) when given the opportunity to choose between relying on a screening risk assessments or waiting for a full site-specific analysis of contaminants in biota, the screening risk assessment option is rarely selected (e.g. Amchitka, Hanford Site), and finally, 6) there needs to be agreement on whether there has been adequate characterization to support the risk assessment (e.g. Hanford). The assessments need to be transparent and to accommodate different opinions about the relationship between characterizations and risk assessments. This paper illustrates how many of the problems at DOE sites, and potentially at other sites in the U.S. and elsewhere, derive from a lack of either understanding of, or consensus about, the regulatory process, including the timing and types of required characterizations and data in support of site characterizations and risk assessments.
Fate of a coalescing aid after latex paint application

Water-based coatings require coalescing aids to achieve properties equivalent to solvent-borne paints. A common coalescing aid in latex paints is 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate (TMPD-MIB). The relatively large quantity of TMPD-MIB used in latex paints has raised concerns regarding its emissions to both indoor and outdoor atmospheres. In this study, a one-dimensional dual (paint and material) layer diffusion model was developed to estimate emissions of TMPD-MIB from two latex paints applied to gypsum board. The paints contained different pigment volume concentrations (PVC) and different amounts of TMPD-MIB. Different modeling approaches were used depending on the PVC of the paint. The proposed model for paint drying and TMPD-MIB emissions was tested with data from previous chamber experiments. Experimental data were first used for purposes of parameter estimation, and the model was then compared against an independent experimental dataset. The diffusion coefficient of the paint layer was adjusted as a function of the water content remaining in the wet paint film. The effective diffusion coefficient of TMPD-MIB in the paint layer was found to be dependent on the PVC and water content of the paint.
Cultural Practices Contributing to the Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Africa

Differences between the epidemiology of AIDS cases in Africa and that in Western societies have prompted speculation regarding risk factors that may be unique to Africa. Because of the age and sex distribution of AIDS cases in Africa, emphasis has been placed on sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Factors thought to influence this sexual transmission include (1) promiscuity, with a high prevalence of sexually transmitted disease; (2) sexual practices that have been associated with increased risk of transmission of AIDS virus (homosexuality and anal intercourse); and (3) cultural practices that are possibly connected with increased virus transmission (female "circumcision" and infibulation). Other nonsexual cultural practices that do not fit the age distribution pattern of AIDS but may expose individuals to HIV include (1) practices resulting in exposure to blood (medicinal bloodletting, rituals establishing "blood brotherhood," and possibly ritual and medicinal enemas); (2) practices involving the use of shared instruments (injection of medicines, ritual scarification, group circumcision, genital tatooing, and shaving of body hair); and (3) contact with nonhuman primates. At the current time promiscuity seems to be the most important cultural factor contributing to the transmission of HIV in Africa.
Ewald summation techniques in perspective: a survey

Abstract The simulation of large macromolecular systems has been and remains a challenging problem. There is a general presumption that simulations carried in periodic boundary conditions (PBC) are often the most appropriate to suppress boundary effects. To this end, Ewald summation has been employed to handle long ranged interactions in PBC. There has been a great deal of research targeted at improving the efficiency of Ewald summation, an O (N2) algorithm in its traditional formulation, where N is the number of particles in the system. This paper reviews Ewald summation techniques by surveying conventional as well as state of the art efficient methods. Conventional methods, such as tabulation and approximation, are first re-examined along with an O (N 3 2 ) method. Fourier-based approaches which have reduced the complexity to O (N log(N)) are presented. Multipole expansion techniques, suggested as an alternative to Ewald sums, are reviewed and compared to Fourier methods. The computational efficiency of these new methods facilitates longer, larger and more realistic simulations.
Conditions Determining Effects of Far-Red and Red Irradiations on Flowering Response of Pharbitis nil

The major absorption change attributed to the photooxidation of cytochrome, a negative peak at 420 mp, was the predominant change in Porphyridium. A smaller positive peak at 450 m,u, associated with cytochrome, was also observed. A positive change at 395 m,, attributed to cytochrome, decayed with a significantly shorter half-life than that at 420 m,u. A tentative explanation was advanced. Several lines of evidence were presented for the similarity of the 520 m,u absorption change observed in Porphyridium to the 515 m,u change in Chlorella.
A New Dual-Channel Frequency-Domain Fluorometer for the Determination of Picosecond Rotational Correlation Times

A new dual-channel multifrequency fluorometer is described which employs a mode-locked argon-ion laser as a polarized excitation source. The laser produces high-frequency sinusoidal intensity modulations in the MHz to GHz regime which are used to simultaneously probe the fluorescent molecules. The resulting orthogonally polarized components of the emission are collected by two opposite matched detection channels. Because both the parallel [I∥(ω)] and perpendicular [I⊥(ω)] components of the emission are collected simultaneously and at all modulation frequencies, information about the molecules' rotational rate can be rapidly deduced. With the new instrument, rotational correlation times as short as 15 ps can be routinely determined with data-acquisition times as short as 10 ms. Commonly, however, we employ collection times of several seconds to permit the averaging of between 100 and 500 scans. Examples which demonstrate the utility of the new instrument include the determination of the rotational correlation times for rhodamine 6G, fluorescein, and rubrene as a function of solvent viscosity. In addition, results are presented for the resolution of rhodamine 6G associated with beta-cyclodextrin. In the beta-cyclodextrin studies, little spectral (excitation/emission) or temporal (fluorescence lifetime) change was noted upon association. However, a significant difference exists between rotational correlation times of the free fluorophore and the fluorophore included by beta-cyclodextrin. This difference enables the formation constant for the association to be determined, a measurement which would be impossible with conventional techniques.
L-dopa-induced dopamine synthesis and oxidative stress in serotonergic cells

L-dopa is a precursor for dopamine synthesis and a mainstay treatment for Parkinson's disease. However, l-dopa therapy is not without side effects that may be attributed to non-dopaminergic mechanisms. Synthesized dopamine can be neurotoxic through its enzymatic degradation by monoamine oxidase (MAO) to form the reactive byproduct, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals or through auto-oxidation to form highly reactive quinones that can bind proteins and render them non-functional. Since l-dopa could be decarboxylated by aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) present within both dopamine and serotonin neurons, it was hypothesized that serotonin neurons convert l-dopa into dopamine to generate excessive reactive oxygen species and quinoproteins that ultimately lead to serotonin neuron death. To examine the effects of l-dopa on serotonin neurons, the RN46A-B14 cell line was used. These immortalized serotonergic cell cultures were terminally differentiated and then incubated with varying concentrations of l-dopa. Results show that RN46A-B14 cells contain AADC and can synthesize dopamine after incubation with l-dopa. Furthermore, l-dopa dose-dependently increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death. Dopamine, ROS production and cell death were attenuated by co-incubation with the AADC inhibitor, NSD-1015. The MAO inhibitor, pargyline, also attenuated cell death and ROS after l-dopa treatment. Lastly, quinoprotein formation was enhanced significantly by incubation with l-dopa. Taken together, these data illustrate that serotonergic cells can produce dopamine and that the accumulation of dopamine after l-dopa and its subsequent degradation can lead to ROS production and death of RN46A-B14 serotonergic cells.
Trends in Reporting of Abuse and Neglect to Long Term Care Ombudsmen: Data from the National Ombudsman Reporting System from 2006 to 2013

We utilized the National Ombudsman Reporting System (NORS) to describe national trends in reporting of abuse and neglect in nursing facilities to long term care ombudsmen (LTCO) from 2006 to 2013. We investigated complaints made against facility staff or residents with the following codes: physical abuse, verbal/mental abuse, sexual abuse, financial exploitation, gross neglect, and resident to resident physical or sexual abuse. Nationally, LTCO received an annual average of 11,749 abuse and neglect-related complaints in nursing homes from 2006 to 2013. These complaints trended down significantly, from 7.5 to 5.6 reports per 1000 beds (P < 0.0001). Physical abuse by a non-resident was the most frequently reported, representing an average of 28% of total abuse/neglect complaints. Improved understanding of the reasons for declines in reporting, increased training on other types of abuse and neglect, and expansion of the NORS database to allow for more comprehensive analysis are needed.
A sensitifve bacterial luminescence probe for O2 in biochemical systems.

Abstract 1. 1. An oxygen assay method applicable at very low oxygen concentrations has been developed using bioluminescence as an oxygen indicator. The method can be applied with accuracy to the oxygen concentration range between 10 −6 and 10 −8 M. 2. 2. The reliability of the method was verified by determining the oxygenation state of horse heart myoglobin as a function of oxygen concentration, and comparing this curve with that obtained polarographically. The luminescence method gave a half-oxygenation concentration of 2.2·10 −6 M (1.1 mm Hg) with a Hill constant n = 1.0, while the polarographic method gave 2·3·10 −6 M (1.2 mm Hg) O 2 with n = 1.0. With a series of heme-substituted myoglobins with half-oxygenation concentrations ranging from 2.2·10 −6 (1.1 mm Hg) to 4·10 −7 M (0.2 mm Hg) O 2 , the luminescence method yielded curves with n = 1.0 in all cases. 3. 3. The oxygenation state of both yeast hemoglobin and Ascaris perienteric fluid hemoglobin were continuously measured as a function of oxygen concentration from the fully oxygenated to the fully deoxygenated states. Both hemoglobins showed a half-oxygenation value of (0.01 mm Hg) 2 · 10 −8 M which is the lowest ever to have been measured. 4. 4. The method was applied to the measurement of the redox change in mitochondrial cytochrome c . The half-reduction of cytochrome c was observed at an oxygen concentration of 7·10 −8 M. 5. 5. The oxygenation state of yeast hemoglobin was compared with the redox state of cytochrome oxidase in yeast cells as a function of oxygen concentration. Half-oxygenation of hemoglobin in yeast cells is observed at an oxygen concentration of 2·10 −8 M, which is identical to that observed in purified yeast hemoglobin and is lower than the oxygen concentration producing a 50% reduction of cytochrome a 3 (3·10 −8 M) and cytochrome a (2·10 −7 M) in yeast cells.
Universality and language specificity in object naming

Abstract Rather than having universal linguistic categories for sets of common objects, languages develop their own, idiosyncratic naming patterns for them. Accounting for these patterns requires reference not only to the understanding of stimulus properties by individual speakers of a language, but also to the linguistic and cultural histories of the language they speak. To better understand how these two sources of influence work together to produce linguistic categories, we examined the relations among linguistic categories for 60 common containers for speakers of English, Spanish, and Chinese. We discriminated among several possibilities that imply different relative contributions of the two sources of influence. No single type of relation dominated; the contributions of the two influences varied across different parts of the container domain. We suggest that perception of stimulus properties by individuals interacts with linguistic and cultural histories, but their interaction is constrained by structure in the stimulus space.
Biosynthesis of the piperidine nucleus metabolism of dl-ϵ-N-METHYL-3H-lysine-2-14c by Sedum acre

Abstract dl -ϵ- N -Methyl- 3 H-lysine-2- 14 C was prepared and administered to excised shoots of Sedum acre from which dl -sedamine was isolated. The ϵ- N -methyllysine was not incorporated without degradation and, therefore, it is probably not a direct precursor of the piperidine ring of sedamine.
What motivates STEM teachers to attend professional development? A case study in Chilian high schools

Science, technology and engineering are constantly changing in profound ways, so STEM teachers have to keep up with providing not only the textbook basics, but also updated examples from current technologies, while using novel teaching techniques based on scientific inquiry. Professional development activities are powerful tools to increase teacher learning, and indirectly drive improved classroom practices and student learning. The literature regarding teacher professional development has reached considerable consensus regarding the features of the PD activities that lead to successful programs. However, the literature shows an insufficient analysis of the teacher motivation to attend professional development activities. In order to attract teachers and maintain their sustained involvement in professional activities, these activities need to be designed keeping in mind the teachers' background and motivation. This paper examines the factors that contribute to the science and technology high school teachers in Chile participating in professional development activities. These findings will fill in a gap in the literature and could inform the design of professional development programs in Chile and abroad.
Algorithms for the identifiable parameter combinations and parameter bounds of unidentifiable catenary compartmental models

Abstract The parameters of catanary compartmental models are not identifiable except in special cases, e.g., where subsets of the rate constants have known values. However, an intrinsic set of parameter combinations is always identifiable, and finite ranges for all parameters can be found from these combinations. An explicit algorithm for computing the uniquely identifiable sums and products of unidentifiable parameters for this class of models is developed for the practical experimental conditions: input into and output from the first pool in the catenary chain. Upper and lower bounds on all parameters also are established algorithmically, in terms of the identifiable parameter combinations, thus permitting comprehensive analysis of any catenary model, identifiable or not, with first-pool input and output.
Social media adoption and resulting tactics in the U.S. federal government

Abstract In 2009, the departments in the executive branch of the U.S. federal government received the presidential marching order to “harness new technologies” in order to become more transparent, collaborative and participatory. Given this mandate, this article sets out to provide insights from qualitative interviews with social media directors to understand the factors that influence internal adoption decisions to use social media applications, such as Facebook, Twitter, or blogs. Three distinct factors influence the adoption decisions of social media directors: information about best practices in their informal network of peers, passive observations of perceived best practices in the public and private sector, and “market-driven” citizen behavior. The resulting adoption tactics include: (1) representation, (2) engagement, and (3) networking. The findings point to the need for higher degrees of formalized knowledge sharing when it comes to disruptive technology innovations such as social media use in highly bureaucratic communication environments. Recommendations based on the lessons learned are provided for practitioners and social media researchers to develop social media tactics for different organizational purposes in government.
Boundary stabilization of structural acoustic interactions with interface on a Reissner–Mindlin plate

Abstract Boundary stabilization of a structural acoustic model comprised of a wave and a Reissner–Mindlin plate is addressed. Both the components of the dynamics are subject to localized nonlinear boundary damping: the acoustic dissipative feedback is restricted to the flexible boundary and only a portion of the rigid wall; the plate is damped only on a segment of its edge. Derivation of stabilization/observability inequalities for a coupled system requires weighted energy multipliers dependent on the geometry of the domain, and special microlocal trace estimates for the Reissner–Mindlin plate. The behavior of the energy at infinity can be quantified by a solution to an explicitly constructed nonlinear ODE. The nonlinearities in the feedbacks may include sub- and superlinear growth at infinity, in which case the decay scheme presents a trade-off between the regularity of trajectories and attainable uniform dissipation rates of the finite energy.
MONTE CARLO BASELINES FOR INTERRATER RELIABILITY CORRELATIONS USING THE POSITION ANALYSIS QUESTIONNAIRE

The Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ; McCormick, Jeanneret, & Mecham, 1972) has usually demonstrated acceptable reliability: When measured as the average interrater correlation, reliabilities of .80 and above are common. In contrast, recent attempts to reduce the cost and intrusiveness of PAQ job analysis by providing raters with minimal job descriptive information have reported reliabilities under .50. Because many PAQ items are clearly irrelevant for any given job–even with only minimal job information–the fact that raters agree that these items receive a “Does Not Apply” (DNA) rating may mask disagreement on the remaining items and overestimate interrater reliability, making it difficult to interpret these reliabilities. To facilitate the interpretation of PAQ interrater reliabilities, we performed a Monte Carlo study that varied the number of raters as well as the number of DNA agreements. To estimate the worst possible reliability that could be expected for a given DNA agreement level, the remaining non-DNA ratings were random numbers. Our results showed that reliabilities in the 50 range (such as were reported in recent nontraditional PAQ studies) can be obtained when raters rule out only 15–20% of the items as DNA and respond randomly to the remainder. Implications of these results for future job analysis research and practice are discussed.
X-Ray Determination of Cerium in Nodular Iron

The production of nodular cast iron normally requires the addition of small quantities of inoculants to the iron melt in order to induce nodularization of the graphite. Inoculants commonly used are magnesium, and combinations of magnesium and rare earths. A common form of rare-earth additive is commercial Misch-metal alloy which contains primarily cerium with lesser amounts of lanthanum, dysprosium, and samarium. The cerium, in particular, is thought to have a profound effect on nodule formation. These inoculants are usually added in sufficient quantity to result in a retained concentration of cerium in the range of 0.01% to 0.1% of the melt. The melter's objective is to use the minimum amount of relatively expensive inoculant required to obtain the optimum metallurgical structure. Therefore, an accurate control of the final cerium content is essential.
The role of altered vascular permeability in recurrent uveitis.

Increasing ocular vascular permeability by topical application of prostaglandin E2 was found not to be a sufficient stimulus to induce inflammation in either spontaneous immune disease in NZB or induced immune complex disease in rabbits.
Emotional and physiological responses of fluent listeners while watching the speech of adults who stutter

Background: People who stutter produce speech that is characterized by intermittent, involuntary part‐word repetitions and prolongations. In addition to these signature acoustic manifestations, tho...
The effect of short term normothermic global ischemia and acidosis on cardiac myofibrillar Ca2+-Mg2+ ATPase activity.

There is now good evidence to indicate the onset of myocardial ischemia is accompanied by a decline in intracellular pH which parallels the decrease in tension development [2, 7, 16]. The component of the excitation-contraction coupling system which is responsible for the loss in tension development has not been determined although the contractile proteins are a likely candidate since the calcium sensitivity of tension development [3] and of myofibrillar ATPase [1, 10] are both inhibited by a decrease in pH. However, these studies [1, 3, 9] have utilized normal tissues and the effects of pH compounded with ischemia have not been determined. It is plausible to suggest that there may occur ischemic damage to the excitation-contraction coupling system which would depress function in a manner distinct from that incurred by acidosis. Toya-Oka and Ross [17] have demonstrated a loss in regulatory proteins during regional ischemia, suggesting an effect of ischemia independent of pH. We recently demonstrated, in sarcoplasmic reticulum isolated from ischemic myocardium, a defect in function which could not be accounted for solely on the decrease in pH [12]. It was, therefore, the purpose of this study to determine the effects of decreasing pH on cardiac myofibrillar ATPase activity isolated from hearts which had been subjected to short-term, global normothermic ischemia. This design permits us to answer the following questions: (1) Is there a decrease in myofibrillar ATPase activity in the canine heart following 30 min of normothermic global ischemia?; (2) Does acidosis play a contributory role in any observed depression of myofibrillar ATPase activity during ischemia? and (3) Does the ischemic process, independent of acidosis, produce a further depression of myofibrillar ATPase activity?
Time-resolved Infrared Studies Of Coordinatively Unsaturated Metal Carbonyl Species

Fast laser based time-resolved infrared absorption spectroscopy has been applied to the study of the ultraviolet photolysis of the pseudo-nickel carbonyl, tricarbonylnitrosocobalt. The kinetics of the disappearance of the starting molecule and the formation of a coordinatively unsaturated cobalt species, tentatively assigned as Co(C0)2, have been observed. Rate constants for the secondary reaction of this species with the parent compound, and with CO, have been determined. A reaction mechanism is proposed.
Paleomagnetism of Late Cretaceous Poços de Caldas alkaline complex, Southern Brazil

Abstract The paleomagnetism of the Late Cretaceous Pocos de Caldas alkaline complex (46.6°W, 21.9°S) was investigated through 42 oriented cores from seven sites. Six sites, reversed relative to the present magnetic field of the Earth, yield a pole at 127°W, 82°S ( dp = 8°,dm = 13° ). This pole is located close to other Late Cretaceous poles for South America obtained by Creer [1] from untreated paleomagnetic samples. The results are significantly different from those for the nearby Early Cretaceous Serra Geral basalt but close to the Triassic pole for South America. The polar wandering path for South America for the Mesozoic seems to be more complicated than anticipated. The available paleomagnetic information may not yet be precise enough to determine the time of opening of the Atlantic.
Can mutagenesis reveal major genes affecting senescence

The Drosophila melanogaster genome was screened for sex-linked recessive and autosomal dominant mutations affecting the senescent decline in motor abilities. No persistent identifiable genes delaying the onset of senescence were recovered among 18,089 F1 male offspring of males exposed to radiation or the chemical mutagen, EMS.
A Discussion on Uncertainty Representation and Interpretation in Model-Based Prognostics Algorithms based on Kalman Filter Estimation Applied to Prognostics of Electronics Components

This article discusses several aspects of uncertainty representation and management for model-based prognostics methodologies based on our experience with Kalman Filters when applied to prognostics for electronics components. In particular, it explores the implications of modeling remaining useful life prediction as a stochastic process and how it relates to uncertainty representation, management, and the role of prognostics in decision-making. A distinction between the interpretations of estimated remaining useful life probability density function and the true remaining useful life probability density function is explained and a cautionary argument is provided against mixing interpretations for the two while considering prognostics in making critical decisions.
Translational Regulation of Hepatic HMG-CoA Reductase by Dietary Cholesterol

The question of whether dietary cholesterol exerts feedback regulation on hepatic HMG-CoA reductase at the level of translation was examined by performing polysome profile analysis. Liver polysomes from rats fed 2% cholesterol in their diets for 3 days were compared with those isolated from rats fed a normal chow diet. Northern blotting analysis of the individual fractions revealed that cholesterol feeding reduced the portion of HMG-CoA reductase mRNA associated with translationally active polysomes by over 50% and progressively increased the percentage of reductase mRNA present in the monosomal fractions. In the lightest monosomal fraction over 10 times as much reductase mRNA was present in samples from cholesterol animals as compared to controls. These findings indicate that dietary cholesterol exerts significant feedback regulation on hepatic HMG-CoA reductase at the translational level.
The Co‐ordinate Numbers and Classification of the Quartz Mountain and Quinn Canyon, Nevada, Siderites

The coordinate numbers and classification of the Quartz Mountain and Quinn Canyon, Nye County, Nevada, siderites are given. Quartz Mountain, which closely resembles a typical Canyon Diablo, Arizona, iron, is apparently a very old fall, while Quinn Canyon is doubtless a much later arrival on the planet.
COMPOSITION OF THE INTESTINAL FLUID AND THE FUNCTIONAL JEJUNOILEAL JUNCTION IN SECRETORY DIARRHEA OF CHOLERA IN CHILDREN

The study critically evaluates the changes in the chemical composition of the luminal fluid along the whole length of the small intestine in four children with acute cholera and in one with acute noncholeraic diarrhea. In the children with cholera the total CO2 content rose abruptly from a mean of 7.1 mEq/l to 19.6 mEq/l at about two thirds the tube distance from the ligament of Trietz to the end of the ileum and increased further distally. At around the same point the pH also rose and the chloride fell. It is proposed that this level of the small intestine where a sharp transition in total CO2 content occurs be regarded as the functional jejunoileal junction. Sodium and potassium levels were similar in the jejunum and the ileum and the measured osmolality could be accounted for by them. The child with noncholera diarrhea had a very different small intestinal composition i.e. the total CO2 and pH as well as the sodium level remained low while the measured osmolality was high, indicating a high osmotic gap. The presence of a large amount of organic acid anions of bacterial origin and carbohydrate breakdown products may fully explain the findings in this child. More studies, however, are needed on children with noncholera diarrhea to confirm these findings.
HETEROBIMETALLIC COMPLEXES DERIVED FROM CYCLOPENTADIENYLCYANO (ηl-BIS(DIPHENYLPHOSPHINO)METHANE)NICKEL. THE CRYSTAL AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF CYCLOPENTADIENYLNICKEL (μ-BIS(DIPHENYLPHOSPHINO) METHANE) CYANO(TRIPHENYLPHOSPHINE) PLATINUM

Abstract The synthesis of CpNi(μ-DPPM)Pt(CN)(PPh3) (1) (DPPM = bis(diphenylphosphino)methane) and the structures of 1 and of CpNi(p.-CN)(μ-DPPM)Mo(CO)4 2 are reported. There is a Pt - Ni bond (Pt - Ni = 2.5356(9) A) in 1 and the presence of a bridging cyano ligand is confirmed in 2. 1: Monoclone; P21/n; a = 14.182(1), b = 21.662(2), c = 15.125(1) A, P = 105.29°; Z = 4; R = 0.034. Rw = 0.047 for 6230 reflections (I) 3[sgrave](I)). 2: Orthorhombic; Pbca; a = 19.762(3). b = 21.263(4). c = 15.422(3) A; Z = 8; R = 0.054, Rw = 0.050 for 1901 reflections (I)  2[sgrave](I)).
Effectiveness of Teaching Cardiac Auscultation to Residents During an Elective Pediatric Cardiology Rotation

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of randomized tracks of prerecorded cardiac sounds as a teaching tool for cardiac auscultation. The study focused on recognizing murmurs when present, distinguishing functional from organic murmurs, and detecting heart disease by auscultation. At both pre- and posttesting, 26 residents listened to 15 randomized tracks of live-recorded cardiac sounds and identified key features. The results indicate that the residents improved at detecting any murmur (66% vs 76%, p = 0.007) and functional murmur (37% vs 54%, p = 0.048), and marginally improved at detecting organic murmur (75% vs 84%, p = 0.129). Detection of absence of murmur declined slightly (69% vs 62%, p = 0.723). The posttest difference in identifying organic versus functional murmurs was striking (84% vs 54%, p < 0.001). Detection of heart disease (sensitivity) improved significantly (76% to 86%, p = 0.016), but there was scant improvement in detecting no disease (specificity) (55% vs 59%, p = 0.601). The residents increased in their ability to detect heart disease when present. However, the false-positive rate for a diagnosis of heart disease remained quite high. To ensure that appropriate referrals will be made, teaching should specifically target the confident recognition of functional murmurs.
"Wild Indians," "Mexican Gentlemen," and the Lessons Learned in the Casa del Estudiante Indigena, 1926-1932

In their zeal to transform rural society during the 1920s, Mexican educators undertook a number of projects that in retrospect seem unusual. Fancying themselves as the intellectual heirs of the earliest Catholic friars, they sent “missionaries” into the countryside to preach the gospel of progress, developed rigid definitions of the appropriate forms of rural living, and even taught school children in Mexico City to paint according to pre-Colombian styles in order to build a harmonious nation. These were indeed creative ideas, but none was more imaginative than the decision to establish a Rural Normal School in the midst of the largest urban center in the country. Established in the Anahuac neighborhood of Mexico City in 1926, the Casa del Estudiante Indigena was hailed as the centerpiece of the government's commitment to Indian education. Inside the Casa a culturally diverse student population, speaking mutually unintelligible languages, would be transformed into models of the national culture. They would adopt modern dress and practices, learn perfect Spanish, and in turn bring the benefits of modernity to their home communities.
Role of copper transporters in copper homeostasis

Copper is a redox active metal that is essential for biological function. Copper is potentially toxic; thus, its homeostasis is carefully regulated through a system of protein transporters. Copper is taken up across the lumen surface of the small intestinal microvilli as cuprous ion by Ctr1. Cupric ion may also be taken up, but those processes are less well understood. Within the cell, intestinal as well as others, copper is escorted to specific compartments by metallo-chaperones. One, CCS, donates copper to superoxide dismutase. Another, COX17, delivers copper to additional chaperones within the mitochondria for synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase. A third chaperone, Atox1, delivers copper to the secretory pathway by docking with 2 P-type ATPases. One, ATP7A, is the protein nonfunctional in Menkes disease. This protein is required for cuproenzyme biosynthesis, and in the enterocyte it is required for copper efflux to portal blood. The second, ATP7B, predominantly expressed in liver, is required for copper metallation of ceruloplasmin and biliary copper excretion. Mutations in ATP7B lead to Wilson disease. Additional intracellular hepatic copper-binding proteins COMMD1 (copper metabolism MURR1 domain) and XIAP (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein) may also be required for excretion. Other proteins involved in copper homeostasis may include metallothionein and amyloid precursor protein. Plasma protein transport of copper from the intestine to liver and in systemic circulation probably includes both albumin and α2-macroglobulin. Changes in the expression of copper “transporters” may be useful to monitor copper status of humans, provided a suitable cell type can be sampled.
A State Transformed by Information: Texas Regional Economy in the 1990s

Tu W. and Sui D. Z. A state transformed by information: Texas regional economy in the 1990s, Regional Studies. The structural change of the Texas regional economy in the 1990s is analysed using input–output and shift–share analyses. As the fastest growing economic sectors in all thirteen Texas regions, the information segment is also found to be more important as an input factor in the production processes. The ‘informatization’ of the Texas economy is found to be accompanied by a widening development gap between the core and the periphery region in the state. A better understanding of the dynamics of growth processes and spatial patterns of the information economy is essential to prepare for future regional development plans. Tu W. et Sui D. Z. Un etat transforme par l'information: l'economie regionale de Texas dans les annees 1990, Regional Studies. On analyse la transformation structurelle de l'economie regionale de Texas dans les annees 1990 a partir des tableaux des echanges interindustriels et d'une...
Surface ferromagnetism of Cr(001)

Results of self-consistent all-electron local- (spin-) density-functional studies of the electronic and magnetic properties of a seven-layer Cr(001) film are reported using our full-potential linearized augmented-plane-wave method. In agreement with earlier theoretical studies and recent photoemission experiments, a ferromagnetic Cr(001) surface is confirmed but with an associated surface magnetic moment of 2.49${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$. The origin of the surface ferromagnetism is related to the sharp surface density-of-states peak near the Fermi level for the paramagnetic state. The calculated work function for the ferromagnetic state is found to be 4.05 eV---some 0.4 eV lower than that for the paramagnetic state; the difference indicates the importance of the magnetic order on this electrostatic quantity. In agreement with photoemission experiments, we find a prominent majority-spin surface state with a binding energy of 1 eV at the \ensuremath{\Gamma}\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} point. Layer-by-layer contact hyperfine fields are evaluated: The core contributions are proportional to the magnetic moment of the corresponding atom, and the conduction-electron contribution shows a Friedel oscillation near the center layer. The contact hyperfine field for the surface atoms is also enhanced in magnitude, and a value of -73 kG is predicted.
Discordance for ulcerative colitis in identical twins concordant for cholestatic liver disease. Report of 2 cases.

Monozygotic twins were found concordant for gout and liver disease. Chronic ulcerative colitis was present in 1 twin but had not developed in his sibling during the 6-year period he was under observation. These findings suggest that the potential to develop liver disease and ulcerative colitis may be inherited separately and need not be related to the presence of disease within the bowel.
An Optical Phase Reconstructor Based On Using A Multiplier-Accumulator Approach

Phase sensors that are most commonly used in the adaptive-optics area typically measure the gradient of the phase. A phase reconstructor is necessary to obtain the phase at the actuator positions of the deformable mirror. In the past reconstructors to obtain the optical phase from gradient measurements have been built using resistive nets. These nets simulate a least-squares reconstruction algorithm. There are other algorithms which can be used to mate wavefront sensors and deformable mirrors with different geometries or which can improve the noise performance by using the spatial correlation of the phase. These types of algorithms are difficult to implement and change using analog techniques. In addition, since the movement of an actuator can influence the position of adjacent actuators it is desirable to include this effect in the reconstructor. One may also want to remove the piston and the tip and tilt from the signal applied to the deformable mirror, and determine the values of the focus and tip and tilt terms in order to provide signals to auxiliary mirrors. A digital reconstructor can provide this capability. An approach to a digital reconstructor which can calculate an optical phase which is any linear function of the gradient measurements is described. This reconstructor is based on using a multiplier-accumulator circuit in each channel. A single phase value is calculated in each channel by summing the result of multiplying each gradient measurement by a stored matrix coefficient. Several sets of matrix coefficients are stored in memory to allow one to change the reconstruction algorithm quickly. The circuitry used and the time taken to perform the reconstruction will be described.
Discrete chirp-Fourier transform

In this paper, we study discrete chirp-Fourier transform (DCFT), which is analogous to the Discrete Fourier transform (DFT). Besides the multiple frequency matching similar to the DFT, the DCFT can be used to match the multiple chirp rates in a chirp-type signal with multiple chirp components. We show that the magnitudes of all the sidelobes of the DCFT of a quadratic chirp signal are 1 while the magnitude of the mainlobe of the DCFT is yieldsN, where N is a prime and is the length of the signal. With this result, an upper bound for the number of the detectable chirp components using the DCFT is provided in terms of signal length, signal and noise powers. We also show that the N-point DCFT performance optimally when N is a prime.
Strong consistency of least squares estimates in multiple regression

The strong consistency of least squares estimates in multiple regression models with independent errors is obtained under minimal assumptions on the design and weak moment conditions on the errors.
A New Technique to Increase Coronary Flow Preliminary Report

This study was planned to investigate whether part of the energy produced by cardiac contraction to propel blood toward the systemic circulation can be used to increase the coronary flow in systole. Ten devices (I-X) designed to divert laterally part of a flow column (without substantially increasing resistance to flow) were tested in a mock circulation and in nine anesthetized dogs. An increase of 11.69 +/- 1.97% (mean +/- SEM, P less than 0.005) in "coronary flow" and of 8.98 +/- 0.56% (mean +/- SEM, P less than 0.001) in coronary sinus flow were obtained with device I mounted on a stylet and placed above the "aortic valve" in the mock circulation and the dogs, respectively, without increasing the flow resistance. The results in;dicate the possibility of diverting part of the aortic flow toward the coronary arteries without increasing mean aortic pressure.
Synthesis, structural characterization and luminescence studies of a novel europium(III) complex [Eu(DBM)3(TPTZ)] (DBM: dibenzoylmethanate; TPTZ: 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine)

A novel Eu(III) complex featuring three dibenzoylmethanate (DBM) ligands and a Lewis base ligand 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPTZ) was synthesized. This novel complex was characterized by 1 H NMR, FAB-MS, and elemental analyses. The structure of the complex was established by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The nonacoordinate europium ion features six oxygen atoms of the three DBM ligands and three nitrogen atoms from the TPTZ ligand, forming a distorted monocapped square antiprism. Spectroscopic studies revealed that the electronic absorption of the complex is essentially ligand-based, while the emission is characteristic of a Eu(III) ion. It is concluded that the metal-centered red emission is promoted by the ligand-assisted energy transfer, namely the antenna effects.
Microscopic relativistic description of p-208Pb elastic scattering

Abstract Relativistic optical potentials are calculated for p-208Pb elastic scattering at 200 and 400 MeV by folding a model for the NN t matrix with Hartree densities. Use of pseudovector π-N coupling in t (at 200 MeV) and including Pauli blocking corrections gives good agreement with TRIUMF data. The role of medium corrections in relativistic versus nonrelativistic approaches is discussed.
The Governance of Education in Australia: Centralization and Politics

The centralization of power in the state and federal legislatures and in their associated professional bureaucracies is a notable feature of both educational and general political decision making in Australia. In this paper “governance” refers to the process of exercising authoritative control, “politics” to public policy making and its resolution. Formal public participation in Australian educational decision making is shown to be minimal, being limited to representation by elected members in the state and federal legislatures. There is no local governmental structure or tax for education. The existing structures and their origins are explained. Two hypotheses derived from the work of Iannaccone are tested. The first states that the longer educational issues remain unsolved in the extra‐legal social networks and lower level legal areas the more likely it is that decisions on these questions will be made by central government departments and agencies. The second states that the more that questions of educational policy are resolved by central departments and agencies the more likely it is that educational policies will become undifferentiated from other kinds of politics or from politics as relating to other policy areas of government. An examination of political developments in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries supports both hypotheses.
High purity GaAs and AlGaAs grown using tertiarybutylarsine, trimethylaluminum, and trimethylgallium

Abstract We have grown high purity AlGaAs by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition using tertiarybutylarsine (TBA), trimethylgallium, and trimethylaluminum. We have achieved p-type carrier concentrations less than 4 × 10 14 cm −3 and a mobility of 1015 cm 2 /V · s at 77 K. Photoluminescence measurements at 4 K yielded bound exciton linewidths as narrow as 4.3 meV, the narrowest reported linewidths for AlGaAs grown using TBA. Secondary ion mass spectrometry measurements found C, O, Si, and S concentrations below the instrument detection limits. A two level factorial design was used to investigate the effects of temperature, V III ratio, and group III partial pressure on the mobility, carrier concentration, and growth rate. High V III ratios at temperatures between 640–700°C gave the highest quality material. Increasing the V III ratio caused a decrease in the growth rates of both GaAs and AlGaAs using either arsine or TBA. This dependence can be explained by a competitive adsorption model where excess group V species complete with group III atoms for group III surface sites.
Sheet flow in a salt-marsh basin, North Inlet, South Carolina

The magnitude of sheet flow in a small South Carolina salt marsh was evaluated by comparing the storage curve for the basin based on topographic data with that based on current measurements in the main channel. The results indicate that on spring tides more than 50% of the volume of water that enters the basin enters as sheet flow over the grassy flats of the marsh. The current data also suggest that the actual storage curve may be a hysteresis loop with separate flood and ebb segments.