cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The international and domestic politics of type 2 diabetes policy reform in Brazil

Introduction Understanding the international and domestic political factors influencing the evolution of type 2 diabetes policies and primary care institutions is a new area of scholarly research. This article contributes to this area of inquiry by illustrating how a government’s shifting foreign policy aspirations, that is, to establish the government’s reputation as an internationally recognised leader in type 2 diabetes policy, and presidential electoral incentives provide alternative insights into the evolution of type 2 diabetes treatment policies and primary care institutional reforms. Methods I conduct a single-case study analysis with the usage of qualitative data; quantitative statistical data on epidemiological trends and government policy spending is also provided as supportive evidence. Results The case of Brazil illustrates how a reduction in foreign policy commitment to international reputation building in health as well as presidential electoral incentives to use diabetes policy as an electoral strategy account for a decline in sustaining policy and primary care institutional innovations in response to type 2 diabetes. Conclusion Future scholars interested in understanding the lack of sustainability and effectiveness in type 2 diabetes programmes should consider investigating the complex international and domestic political factors influencing political interests, incentives and commitment to reform.
Liquefied Strength and Its Relationship to Effective Stress

AbstractThe residual strength of liquefied soil (su,r) is a large-strain strength variable often used for forecasting the seismic stability of dams, embankments, and mine tailings. This variable is...
Exploiting Computation Reuse for Stencil Accelerators

Stencil kernel is an important type of kernel used extensively in many application domains. Over the years, researchers have been studying the optimizations on parallelization, communication reuse, and computation reuse for various target platforms. However, challenges still exist, especially on the computation reuse problem for accelerators, due to the lack of complete design-space exploration and effective design-space pruning. In this paper, we present solutions to the above challenges for a wide range of stencil kernels (i.e., stencil with reduction operations), where the computation reuse patterns are extremely flexible due to the commutative and associative properties. We formally define the complete design space, based on which we present a provably optimal dynamic programming algorithm and a heuristic beam search algorithm that provides near-optimal solutions under an architecture-aware model. Experimental results show that for synthesizing stencil kernels to FPGAs, compared with state-of-the-art stencil compiler without computation reuse capability, our proposed algorithm can reduce the look-up table (LUT) and digital signal processor (DSP) usage by 58.1% and 54.6% on average respectively, which leads to an average speedup of 2.3× for compute-intensive kernels, outperforming the latest CPU/GPU results.
Bromoacetylcholine as an affinity label of the acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californica

Abstract Bromoacetyl[methyl-3H]choline is a highly specific label for the reduced acetylcholine binding site on the acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californica . Only one of two binding sites per receptor monomer is susceptible to labeling. The labeled site is on the α chain of the receptor.
Effects of warm-up on the heart rate during exercise.

Abstract Eight track athletes were studied to determine the effects of a warm-up and a lack of a warm-up on the heart rate during specified exercise routines. The variables of anticipatory increase in heart rate, maximum heart rate, and recovery decrease in heart rate were studied. The difference between these variables was not significant at the .05 level of confidence. The same variables were correlated with the Harvard step test scores for the subjects. High correlations were found between the variables of maximum heart rate and recovery decrease in heart rate, and the step test scores.
Studies on cytochrome b562 of Escherichia coli. II. Reconstitution of cytochrome b562 from apoprotein and hemin.

Abstract Apocytochrome b562 reacts with hemin to form holocytochrome b562. The kinetics of holocytochrome formation show that three separate first order reactions can be recognized in the over-all reconstitution reaction. On this basis, it is postulated that the formation of holocytochrome involves a minimum of four reaction steps which can be formulated as follows: [see PDF for equation] The initial reaction represents the formation of the apocytochrome-hemin complex (X1). This initial reaction, which would be second order, is apparently too rapid to be observed in the stop-flow apparatus (l5 msec) and may be diffusion-controlled. The subsequent first order reactions give rise to intermediate complexes (X2 and X3) and finally to holocytochrome b562. The first order rate constants, k1, k2, and k3 for these reactions at pH 7, are 20.9, 2.64, and 0.098 sec-1, respectively. The rate constant (k3) for the rate-limiting step increases at alkaline pH values and decreases under acidic conditions. The rate constants k1 and k2 show opposite behavior. Both k1 and k2 increase under acidic conditions and decrease at alkaline pH values. The energy of activation of the over-all reconstitution reaction is 18.1 kcal per mole. Diazotization and acetylation of apocytochrome b562 produces in each case a modified apoprotein which retains the ability to combine with hemin. The spectrum of the diazotized cytochrome b562-hemin complex, in the oxidized state, is quite different from that of the native holocytochrome; however, the spectra of the two forms in the reduced state are quite similar. Acetylated apocytochrome b562 and hemin form a complex which exhibits two broad absorption bands centering at 390 and 345 mµ. Reduction of the acetylated apocytochrome-hemin complex yields a complex which has an absorption spectrum identical with that of the reduced form of the native cytochrome. Treatment of apocytochrome b562 with monoiodoacetic acid prior to complex formation with hemin has no effect on the reconstitution reaction. Treatment of apocytochrome b562 with iodine prevents the reconstitution reaction.
Applying machining vision to surface texture analysis

In the current method, a beam of light from a low power (1 mW) He-Ne laser is reflected from the machined surface. This results in a reflection pattern that is projected on a screen. It is assumed that the pattern is highly dependent upon the surface roughness and its orientations. Therefore, the pattern can be analyzed and characterized using a low cost machine vision system, and hence correlated to the surface roughness and other characteristics. >
Dam Removal as River Restoration

A dam may be removed because of economic, safety, security, legal and financial liability, ecosystem restoration, fish passage improvement, site restoration, and recreation considerations. Sediments are trapped in reservoirs, and a detailed sediment management plan must be developed before a dam's removal. Dam removal can be an engineering method for river restoration. Because of the dynamic nature of river adjustments, compressive studies of possible responses of a river must be carried out before a dam's removal. The relationship between dam removal and sediment management alternatives should be analyzed to determine the optimum plan of action. A comprehensive monitoring program should be carried out during and after a dam's removal to determine impacts on the river system. Computer models in public domain are available to assist engineers in the determination of erosion, sediment transport, and deposition processes during and after a dam's removal. Keywords: dam removal; dynamic adjustment; computer model; erosion; river restoration; sedimentation
Computationally equivalent elimination of conditions

An automatic and easy to implement transformation of conditional term rewrite systems into computationally equivalent unconditional term rewrite systems is presented. No special support is needed from the underlying unconditional rewrite engine. Since unconditional rewriting is more amenable to parallelization, our transformation is expected to lead to efficient concurrent implementations of rewriting.
Structure of the Cell Wall of Pythium debaryanum

Abstract The structure of hyphal walls of Pythium debaryanum was investigated by electron microscopy of shadowed replicas and thin sections, before and after digestion by snail gut enzymes or by 1 n HCl at 100 C for 1 hr, and by X-ray diffraction. We found that the wall had two phases, one composed of microfibrils of unknown composition and a second consisting of an amorphous matrix, part of which stained like protein with potassium permanganate and part of which was removed by snail-gut enzymes. In the microfibrillar phase, there were two layers; an outer, thicker layer of randomly disposed microfibrils and an inner, thin layer of microfibrils oriented parallel to the hyphal axis. As in Neurospora crassa, the amorphous phase included a branching system of pores, 40–80 A in diameter. Unlike N. crassa, the cytoplasm of Pythium showed Golgi bodies frequently, and many lomasomes were observed between the cytoplasmic membrane and the wall. The relations between these organelles and the mechanism of wall formation in Pythium are not understood.
Revascularization and pediatric aneurysm surgery

Object Aneurysms are relatively rare in the pediatric population and tend to include a greater proportion of large and giant lesions. A subset of these large and giant aneurysms are not amenable to direct surgical clipping and require complex treatment strategies and revascularization techniques. There are limited data available on the management of these lesions in the pediatric population. This study was undertaken to evaluate the outcome of treatment of large and giant aneurysms that required microsurgical revascularization and vessel sacrifice in this population. Methods The authors retrospectively identified all cases in which pediatric patients (age < 18 years) with aneurysms were treated using cerebral revascularization in combination with other treatment modalities at their institution between 1989 and 2013. Results The authors identified 27 consecutive patients (19 male and 8 female) with 29 aneurysms. The mean age of the patients at the time of treatment was 11.5 years (median 13 years, range 1–...
Thirteen Ways of Looking at Buck v. Bell

This article is a review essay of Paul Lombardo's THREE GENERATIONS, NO IMBECILES: EUGENICS, THE SUPREME COURT AND BUCK V. BELL [Johns Hopkins Press, 2008]. Using Lombardo's rich and fascinating history of eugenics in the U.S. as a foundation, I propose and then explore a series of implications that stem from Buck v. Bell and are related to eugenic practices in the U.S. in the 1920s and 30s. The themes upon which Lombardo touches may be grouped into three general categories: the state role in regulating fertility; gender, race, and class issues in fertility regulation; and contemporary reproduction-related politics as they pertain to human attributes. The article is written with an eye to a semester-long study of the governmental regulation of reproduction, past, present and future. Among the themes that fall within the first of these three broad categories are issues of fiduciary duty, which grow out of Lombardo's examination of the roles of doctors and lawyers in the Buck case. I also consider the government's role in regulating population more generally, examining the eugenic implications of contemporary immigration and population policies. The themes relating to gender, race and class include the consideration of maternal-doctor-fetal conflicts, as well as historical and contemporary efforts to link fertility control to criminal punishment. Finally, the third set of themes includes a discussion of the eugenic implications of contemporary issues in reproductive technology. Lombardo's book is well researched and fascinating. It deserves a broad readership, and this review provides a mechanism for bringing this rich history to life in the classroom and beyond.
An adaptive circuits concept to address mismatch in analog circuits

The adaptive circuits concept (ACC) presented in this paper is an alternative to reliance on specialized process technologies for achieving tight matching requirements by embedding small, quiet, adaptive signal blocks within analog chips. Such adaptive digital blocks are envisioned as highly reusable, adaptive, standard components part of a design library. These adaptive standard components target to adjust/compensate/adapt the analog RF circuits affected by typical analog problems such as mismatch. This ability to adapt circuits, after they are packaged, enables design tradeoffs between performances, area and cost.
Laser Frequency Measurements: A Review, Limitations, Extension to 197 THz (1.5μm)

The CO2 and He-Ne lasers stabilized respectively with CO2 and CH4 are now accepthd as frequency and wavelength standards at 9 to 12, and 3.39 μm. This is due to their excellent frequency stability and accuracy, and the direct measurement of their frequencies. The measurement of both the frequency and wavelength of the CH4 device yielded a hundred fold increase in the accuracy of the speed of light. This paper reports the extension of direct frequency measurements to the 197 THz (1.5 μm) cw line of a He-Ne laser, and reviews the current status of laser stabilization and speed of light measurements.
Cross-Industry Momentum

This paper documents a strong cross-momentum effect among industries that are related to each other along the supply chain. Specifically, trading strategies that buy and sell industries based on respectively high and low past returns in related upstream or downstream industries yield significant profits. Cross-industry momentum is distinct from previously documented stock- and industry-level momentum, and other known return factors.
Multi-scale electrophysiology modeling: from atom to organ.

In excitable cells, the molecular motions of ion channels are linked to the whole cell physiology via the transmembrane potential (Vm). To examine such events at the cellular level, we recently proposed a model that links the molecular dynamics (MD) and electrostatics of the slow delayed rectifier K
The Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory For Desert Adaptation

The Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory for Desert Adaptation (PGEL) is one of five Centers of Technical Excellence established as a part of the state of New Mexico's Rio Grande Research Corridor (RGRC). The scientific mission of PGEL is to bring innovative advances in plant biotechnology to bear on agricultural productivity in arid and semi-arid regions. Research activities focus on molecular and cellular genetics technology development in model systems, but also include stress physiology investigations and development of desert plant resources. PGEL interacts with the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), a national laboratory participating in the RGRC. PGEL also has an economic development mission, which is being pursued through technology transfer activities to private companies and public agencies.
Inhibition of isocitrate lyase from Pseudomonas indigofera by itaconate.

Abstract The effect of the inhibitor itaconate on the activity of purified isocitrate lyase from Pseudomonas indigofera was examined for the reaction in both directions. Itaconate was found to equilibrate very slowly with its enzyme-bound form, so that a rapid change in itaconate concentration produced a gradual change in reaction velocity which eventually reached a new steady state. Kinetic studies of this relaxation phenomenon indicated that itaconate inhibited by binding the enzyme only after prior binding of glyoxylate, thus mimicking the kinetic behavior of succinate. On the basis of these studies, the dissociation constants for itaconate and glyoxylate from their respective enzyme-bound forms were calculated. More than half of the isocitrate lyase was complexed by glyoxylate during cleavage of saturating isocitrate. The rate constant for release of itaconate from the enzyme was calculated to be about 0.2 min −1 . Direct binding of [ 14 C]itaconate and [ 14 C]succinate to isocitrate lyase at pH 6.8 was measured. Some binding of both ligands was found in the absence of glyoxylate, which was stimulated by the presence of 1 m m glyoxylate. These results suggest that there are up to three or more binding sites per active subunit, but that only one of these is catalytic.
Evolution of Mechanical Response of Sodium Montmorillonite Interlayer with Increasing Hydration by Molecular Dynamics

The mechanical response of the interlayer of hydrated montmorillonite was evaluated using steered molecular dynamics. An atomic model of the sodium montmorillonite was previously constructed. In the current study, the interlayer of the model was hydrated with multiple layers of water. Using steered molecular dynamics, external forces were applied to individual atoms of the clay surface, and the response of the model was studied. The displacement versus applied stress and stress versus strain relationships of various parts of the interlayer were studied. The paper describes the construction of the model, the simulation procedure, and results of the simulations. Some results of the previous work are further interpreted in the light of the current research. The simulations provide quantitative stress deformation relationships as well as an insight into the molecular interactions taking place between the clay surface and interlayer water and cations.
The ontogeny of social relationships with group companions among free-ranging infant rhesus monkeys I. Social networks and differentiation

Abstract Social networks of infant rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta ) in a free-ranging, lineage-based group on Cayo Santiago are described by assessing the extent to which four measures of positive interaction between infants and finely-divided categories of companions are associated with (1) degree of relatedness through maternal lines; (2) sex of the companion; (3) age of the companion; and (4) dominance rank of the infant's lineage. The results suggest that the infant's social network mirrors that of its mother both in the first weeks of life and as late as 30 weeks of age. Infants have more positive social interaction with close kin than with distant kin or with unrelated individuals, and thus function as members of their lineage from the beginning. They associate more with female companions than with male companions, and more with younger immatures than with older immatures. Finally, infants in the top-ranking lineage spend more time with their own relatives than do infants in other lineages. The fact that these patterns change little as the infant gains independence from the mother supports suggestions that early maternal influence serves to pass on aspects of the mother's social network. It is suggested that the ontogeny of early social relationships resembles a process of differentiation.
Effects of Cyclic Compressive Loading on Chondrogenesis of Rabbit Bone-Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of cyclic compressive loading on chondrogenic differentiation of rabbit bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) in agarose cultures. Rabbit BM-MSCs were obtained from the tibias and femurs of New Zealand white rabbits. After the chondrogenic potential of BM-MSCs was verified by pellet cultures, cell-agarose constructs were made by suspending BM-MSCs in 2% agarose (10(7) cells/ml) for a cyclic, unconfined compression test performed in a custom-made bioreactor. Specimens were divided into four groups: control; transforming growth factor (TGF-beta) (with TGF-beta1 treatment); loading (with stimulation of cyclic, unconfined compressive loading); and TGF-beta loading (with TGF-beta1 treatment and loading stimulation) groups. In the loading experiment, specimens were subjected to sinusoidal loading with a 10% strain magnitude at a frequency of 1 Hz for 4 hours a day. Experiments were conducted for 3, 7, and 14 consecutive days. While the experimental groups (TGF-beta, loading, and TGF-beta loading) exhibited significantly higher levels of expressions of chondrogenic markers (collagen II and aggrecan) at three time periods, there were no differences among the experimental groups after an extra 5-day culture. This suggests that compressive loading alone induces chondrogenic differentiation of rabbit BM-MSCs as effectively as TGF-beta or TGF-beta plus loading treatment. Moreover, both the compressive loading and the TGF-beta1 treatment were found to promote the TGF-beta1 gene expression of rabbit BM-MSCs. These findings suggest that cyclic compressive loading can promote the chondrogenesis of rabbit BM-MSCs by inducing the synthesis of TGF-beta1, which can stimulate the BM-MSCs to differentiate into chondrocytes.
Liver-spleen visualization by renal imaging agent glucoheptonate

A case is presented illustrating one or more vicarious routes of excretion in other abdominal organs after injection of 99mtechnetium-labeled glucoheptonate for renal imaging. The patient had chronic renal disease, but mechanism of the vicarious excretion is obscure.
An overview of pulmonary host defense

Summary In response to a constant barrage of inhaled and aspirated material, the lung has evolved a sophisticated multi-tiered system of defense. Components of this system include mechanical and biochemical barriers, phagocytic scavengers, and specific cellular and humoral immune responses. A breakdown of individual components of this system is frequently associated with the inability to maintain a sterile milieu and the consequent development of respiratory tract infection.
Mass spectrometric studies of the thermochemistry of gaseous TiO and TiO2

Abstract Several gaseous reaction equilibria involving TiO and TiO 2 were studied by mass spectrometry and the results were used to derive the dissociation energies of the two titanium oxides. Isomolecular exchange reactions of TiO with AIO and BaO gave highly concordant results leading to D O O (TiO) = 662.7 ± 6.3 kJ/mol (6.87 ± 0.07 eV), which combines with other recent work to establish firmly D O O (TiO). For TiO 2 , the heat of atomization, D O O (TiO 2 ), was derived as 1271.9 ± 11.7 kJ/mol (13.18 ± 0.12 eV). From electron impact threshold measurements, the ionization potentials of TiO and TiO 2 were found to be 6.70 and 9.54 eV, respectively, both ± 0.10 eV. The thermochemical data for TiO and TiO + are in accord with the relatively small cross section observed for the process Ti + O → TiO + + e at thermal energies.
Forms of atypical depression and their response to antidepressant drugs

Abstract Three definitions of atypical depression are evaluated with respect to the effects of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and tricylic antidepressants (TCAs) on the basis of pooled data from several double-blind studies. Those three definitions of atypical depression are (1) depression with associated panic, (2) depression secondary to a diagnosis of anxiety, and (3) depression with reversed vegetative change. In none of these forms was a drug difference observed. However, when gender was taken into account, MAOIs were superior to TCAs in depressed women with panic attacks, whereas TCAs were superior to MAOIs in depressed men with panic attacks.
A contribution of cognitive decision models to clinical assessment: Decomposing performance on the Bechara gambling task.

The Bechara simulated gambling task is a popular method of examining decision-making deficits exhibited by people with brain damage, psychopathology, antisocial personality, or drug abuse problems. However, performance on this task is confounded by complex interdependencies between cognitive, motivational, and response processes, making it difficult to sort out and identify the specific processes responsible for the observed behavioral deficits. The authors compare 3 competing cognitive decision models of the Bechara task in terms of their ability to explain the performance deficits observed in Huntington's disease patients as compared with healthy populations and people with Parkinson's disease. The parameters of the best fitting model are used to decompose the observed performance deficit of the Huntington patients into cognitive, motivational, and response sources.
Formation of diborane by the interaction of disilane with boron trichloride

Abstract Although BCl 3 does not react with SiH 4 , it does react with Si 2 H 6 at 0° to give quantitative yields of B 2 H 6 and polychlorodisilanes. No reaction occurs between SiH 3 Cl and BCl 3 , or between BF 3 and Si 2 H 6 . A possible reaction mechanism is proposed.
Unipedal stance testing as an indicator of fall risk among older outpatients

Abstract Hurvitz EA, Richardson JK, Werner RA, Ruhl AM, Dixon MR. Unipedal stance testing as an indicator of fall risk among older outpatients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000;81:587-91. Objective: To test the hypothesis that a decreased unipedal stance time (UST) is associated with a history of falling among older persons. Design: Fifty-three subjects underwent a standardized history and physical examination and three trials of timed unipedal stance. Setting: The electroneuromyography laboratories of tertiary care Veterans Administration and university hospitals. Subjects: Ambulatory outpatients 50 years and older referred for electrodiagnostic studies. Outcome Measures: UST and fall histories during the previous year. Results: Twenty subjects (38%) reported falling. Compared with the subjects who had not fallen, those who fell had a significantly shorter UST (9.6 [SD 11.6] vs 31.3 [SD 16.3] seconds, using the longest of the three trials, p 100; p Conclusions: UST of © 2000 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Classical Conditioning of the Nictitating Membrane Response in Aged Rabbits

There was no difference between old and young animals in acquisition of the conditioned response in the delay conditioning paradigm, nor were there any age-related differences in generalization to the tone CS or in sensitivity to the tone CS or eye shock UCS. In the trace conditioning paradigm, however, old animals acquired the conditioned response significantly slower than young animals. Because the same stimulus parameters and the same responses were used in both paradigms, it is unlikely that the age-related differences in trace conditioning were due to differences in stimulus sensitivity, motor deficits, motivation, or fatigue. Rather, the differences appear due to associative factors. The increased demands of the trace paradigm, which includes a within trial memory component, may be a critical factor in the age related disruption. Moreover, recent data suggest that trace and delay conditioning may involve different neuronal systems (e.g., hippocampus appears necessary for trace but not delay conditioning) and these systems may be differentially effected by the aging process.
Long-term Survival Following Surgical Treatment of Solitary Brain Metastasis in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Dissemination of lung cancer beyond the intrathoracic lymph nodes (stage IV disease) implies surgical unresectability. However, solitary brain metastases (SBMs) from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have often been treated by combined resection of the primary tumor and its metastasis. Such an aggressive approach appears to substantively improve patient outcome and provide better quality of life in selected cases. A search of the literature reveals extended survival (10 years or longer) in 16 patients following combined surgical excision. We report three patients with NSCLC and isolated central nervous system involvement who achieved exceptionally long survival. The existing literature on SBMs from NSCLC is reviewed.
Sonographic evaluation of renal masses: Correlations with angiography

The value of sonography in the diagnosis of renal masses in a series of 119 consecutive histologically confirmed cases is presented. Sonography correctly identified 92% of the cystic and 90% of the solid renal masses. Causes of incorrect diagnoses included lesions smaller than 2 cm, masses in the left upper pole, diffusely infiltrating urothelial tumors, echogenic fatty lesions (early in our experience), and acute abscesses and hematomas. Angiography in the same series of cases correctly diagnosed 80% of the cystic and 88% of the solid renal masses. Avascular lesions were the main cause for equivocal or incorrect angiographic diagnoses. We conclude that sonography is more definitive than angiography in the diagnosis of avascular masses, while angiography excels when the lesion is vascular or small. Combining the sonographic and angiographic findings allowed accurate diagnosis in over 99% of the cases.
In-Hospital Initiation of Lipid-Lowering Therapy for Patients With Coronary Heart Disease: The Time Is Now

In the last 2 decades, in-hospital mortality for acute coronary syndromes and percutaneous and surgical revascularization has decreased markedly. To continue to make progress and to meet the goal set by the American Heart Association (AHA) of reducing coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke by 25% by 2010,1 the focus of treatment in patients hospitalized with CHD must evolve from treating symptoms of the disease to treating the underlying disease process of atherothrombosis. Although dietary therapy is recommended for all patients with CHD, the recommendations for when to initiate lipid-lowering drug therapy have not been as clear, partly because of a lack of data on the benefits, risks, and costs of immediate initiation of therapy versus delayed initiation after a trial of diet and lifestyle modification. Numerous studies have shown that the conventional practice of delaying lipid-lowering medications simply does not work as well as algorithm-guided in-hospital initiation of treatment in regard to patients’ being started on therapy, remaining on therapy for the long-term, and achieving target low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. Is there now enough evidence to adopt in-hospital initiation of lipid-lowering therapy in CHD patients as the standard of care? Despite clinical trials demonstrating that lipid-lowering medications reduce mortality in patients with established CHD2 and national guidelines calling for their use, study after study has demonstrated that these therapies continue to be underused. Studies of treatment rates for patients discharged after cardiac hospitalization show a large number of high-risk patients are not receiving lipid-lowering treatment. An analysis of 138 001 patients from 1470 US hospitals in the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction 3 revealed that only 31.7% of patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction (MI) were discharged on lipid-lowering medication.3 Similarly, among the 8515 patients hospitalized with an acute coronary syndrome and enrolled in the …
The kinetics of calcite dissolution in acetic acid solutions

The kinetics of calcite dissolution in acetic acid solutions was investigated over a wide range of pH using a rotating disk apparatus. The results show that the dissolution is influenced by the rate of transport of reactants to the surface, the kinetics of the reversible surface reaction, and the rate of transport of products away from the surface. Below about pH 2.9, the dissolution is influenced by the transport of both reactants and products, while above about pH 3.7, the dissolution is influenced predominantly by the kinetics of the surface reaction. A general model was developed to account for the combined effects of transport and reaction on the rate of dissolution. The effect of acetate ions on the rate of dissolution was investigated in alkaline solutions (pH 8.2 to 14) to eliminate the effects of hydrogen ion attack. The presence of acetate ions was found to have no significant affect on the rate of dissolution when compared to results in potassium chloride and sodium chloride solutions. The rate of dissolution was observed to decrease over this pH range and could not be described by previous reaction mechanisms. Therefore, a surface dissociation mechanism involving water was introduced and was shown to describe the rate of dissolution over the pH range of 8 to 14.
Extensions, Elaborations, and Construct Validation of the Theory of Work Adjustment

Abstract In this comment I react to four investigations of the Theory of Work Adjustment (TWA), focusing on issues requiring debate and points requiring elaboration. I call for an increased recognition in the theory of the role of cognitive processes, affect, and human volition as influencers of vocational behavior and for consideration of the effects of enabling factors in investigations of the TWA model. Potentially fruitful avenues of investigation are identified involving the relations among the TWA personality and adjustment style dimensions and the personality factors and facets measured by the NEO PI-R. I conclude with more integrative comments and a challenge for vocational psychologists.
Development of an Improved Probability of Collapse Expression for Bridge Piers Subject to Barge Impact

Structural design for waterway vessel collision is required for bridges crossing navigable waterways. When collision events occur, vessel impact forces can be sufficient to cause collapse of the pier or roadway in the vicinity of the impact location. Impact-induced collapse events generally result in numerous fatalities, traffic rerouting, and substantial bridge repair costs. The research presented here focuses on the means by which a probability of collapse expression can be developed for bridge piers in the event of barge-bridge collisions. The expression development is facilitated by employing probabilistic descriptions for a multitude of random variables related to barge and bridge structures. Through joint use of statistical simulation (e.g., Monte Carlo methods) and vessel collision analysis techniques, the probability of collapse—and furthermore, the proximity to applicable limit states— can be quantified for a wide array of bridge types. The structural reliability parameters can then, in turn, be used to form a revised probability of collapse expression for bridges subject to barge collision.
Stimulation of Steroid Synthesis by Normal Rat Adrenocortical Cells in Response to Antimicrotubular Agents

The role of cytoplasmic microtubules in the process of steroidogenesis was examined in enzymedispersed and mechanically dispersed adrenocortical cells obtained from adult male rats. These cells were maintained in culture for periods of 2 h to 2 days and tested with various antimicrotubular drugs as well as ACTH and N(i,O2-dibutyryl adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphoric acid [(Bu)2cAMP]. The drugs tested, viz. colchicine, vinblastine, and nocodazole, were found to stimulate steroid synthesis in a dose-dependent fashion; the maximal degree of stimulation was found to be the same as that obtained with either ACTH or (Bu)2cAMP. When a maximal concentration of an antimicrotubular drug was mixed with a maximal concentration of either (Bu)2cAMP or ACTH, no additive effect on steroidogenesis was observed. The mixture of maximal concentrations of two antimicrotubular drugs produced a steroidogenic response that was less than when either drug was used alone. However, when submaximal concentrations of two antimicrotubular ...
In vitro demonstration of delayed hypersensitivity to gastric antigens in pernicious anemia.

Migration inhibition of peripheral leukocytes in the presence of various human gastric antigens was looked for in 12 patients with pernicious anemia and 8 healthy controls as an indication of the presence of abnormal delayed hypersensitivity in this disease. Gastric juice antigens caused migration inhibition in 9 of 12 patients with pernicious anemia and in 1 healthy relative of a patient with pernicious anemia at doses which did not cause migration inhibition in control subjects. Fractionation of the gastric juice showed that the antigens causing migration inhibition were in both the vitamin B12 binding and the nonvitamin B12 binding fractions. Where the vitamin B12 binding fraction had been saturated with vitamin B12, migration inhibition was still seen. There was no relation between the presence of parietal cell or intrinsic factor antibodies and migration inhibition in response to gastric juice antigens. This work confirms that abnormal delayed hypersensitivity occurs in pernicious anemia and, in addition, suggests that several antigens may be involved in these reactions.
The early days of industrial hygiene — their contribution to current problems

This Herbert E. Stokinger Lecture, directed to the post-1970 industrial hygienists, describes the concepts and contributions of the early industrial hygienists in 1) the determination of standards - TLVs; and 2) the methods of obtaining better working conditions in industry. The scientists who developed the data and proposed the TLVs clearly understood their limitations and the many variable factors in applying these in industry, hence TLVs were suggested only as guides which allowed initiative, experimentation and value judgment by industrial hygienists. Industrial hygiene administration in the 1930's and ‘40’s was the responsibility of state and local health departments (except in two states). In contrast to OSHA's penalty system, the philosophy was to educate and assist industry to understand their health problems and to advise them how to develop safe and healthy working conditions. Special emphasis was placed on small plants. These programs were very successful in most states. Because of OSHA's inabi...
I will risk a stranger’s money, but not my own or my friend’s money: Effect of proximity of the money source to the self on financial risk-taking

This research examines the effect of perceived closeness to a source of money on people’s likelihood to take financial risks. Across two experiments using gambling decision scenarios, we find that people make riskier choices when the monetary cost of the decision is high (vs. low) and when they perceive the source of the money as distant from (vs. close to) the self. Study 1 demonstrates that people make riskier decisions when someone else is paying than when they are paying, but only when the monetary cost of the gamble is relatively high (vs. low). Study 2 demonstrates that people make riskier decisions with a distant (vs. close) other’s money, presumably because they perceive a close (distant) other’s resources as similar to (different from) their own resources. The findings support the notion that the source of money affects how people mentally account for it, with proximity to the self as a determining factor.
Two-channel reactions in relativistic dispersion theory

Im Rahmen der relativistischen Dispersionstheorie werden Reaktionen mit zwei gekoppelten Zwei-Teilchen-Kanalen betrachtet. Es wird gezeigt, das die entsprechenden Partialwellen-Amplituden durch die physikalischen Verzweigungsschnitte hindurch auf eine Riemannsche Flache mit vier Blattern analytisch fortgesetzt werden konnen. Die dynamischen Singularitaten werden in Betracht gezogen, und es wird der Zusammenhang zwischen den Polen in sekundaren Blattern und moglichen Resonanzen der physikalischen Amplituden diskutiert. Als Modell werden die Reaktionen π+Y→π+Y,π+Y→¯K+N und ¯K + N→¯K+N benutzt, jedoch werden Komplikationen, die mit Spin und Isotopenspin zusammenhangen, weggelassen.
Overshadowing of the less salient of two novel fluids in a taste-aversion paradigm*

Rats were made ill by injection of apomorphine following consumption of two novel-tasting fluids (saccharin and vanilla), presented serially in counterbalanced order. On a subsequent preference test between saccharin and a familiar orange fluid, the animals showed a conditioned aversion to the saccharin. However, when vanilla was paired with orange, the animals behaved similarly to the unpoisoned controls. Evidently, the presence of the more salient saccharin during conditioning interfered with the ability of the vanilla to acquire aversive properties.
Perforator and Secondary Branch Origin in Relation to the Neck of Saccular, Cerebral Bifurcation Aneurysms

Objective Perforator and secondary branch origin in relation to the neck of cerebral, saccular bifurcation aneurysms were analyzed. These two features were considered important for treatment. Methods From a series of microsurgically clipped saccular cerebral aneurysms, 142 bifurcation aneurysms had detailed imaging studies and operative records that could be analyzed. Results The incidence of perforator origin from the aneurysm neck was as follows: basilar, 1/15 (7%); internal carotid artery bifurcation, 4/23 (17%); main stem of the middle cerebral artery/secondary branch of the middle cerebral artery, 6/52 (12%); anterior communicating artery region, 5/46 (11%); and distal bifurcation vessels, 0/6 (0%). Aneurysms arising from the anterior communicating artery between the anterior cerebral arteries had a high incidence of perforator origin from the aneurysm neck. The location of secondary branch origin from the aneurysm neck varied depending on the aneurysm group. Conclusion Perforator origin from the aneurysm neck was infrequent. A subgroup of anterior communicating artery region aneurysms had a high incidence of perforator origin from the aneurysm neck. Although protection of these neck perforators will be difficult, their identification may be even more challenging. Secondary branch origin from the aneurysm neck varied depending on the aneurysm group. Advanced endovascular techniques are needed to obliterate aneurysms in which the secondary branch(es) arise from the aneurysm neck. If this is not possible, craniotomy and clip ligation will be required if complete aneurysm obliteration is the goal.
A sequence variant in human KALRN impairs protein function and coincides with reduced cortical thickness

Dendritic spine pathology is a key feature of several neuropsychiatric disorders. The Rac1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor kalirin-7 is critical for spine morphogenesis on cortical pyramidal neurons. Here we identify a rare coding variant in the KALRN gene region that encodes the catalytic domain, in a schizophrenia patient and his sibling with major depressive disorder. The D1338N substitution significantly diminished the protein's ability to catalyse the activation of Rac1. Contrary to wild-type kalirin-7, kalirin-7-D1338N failed to increase spine size and density. Both subjects carrying the polymorphism displayed reduced cortical volume in the superior temporal sulcus (STS), a region implicated in schizophrenia. Consistent with this, mice with reduced kalirin expression showed reduced neuropil volume in the rodent homologue of the STS. These data suggest that single amino acid changes in proteins involved in dendritic spine function can have significant effects on the structure and function of the cerebral cortex.
A nonequilibrium theory of surface deposition from particle-laden, dilute condensible vapor-containing laminar boundary layers

Abstract The deposition rate of a condensible substance from, say, flowing combustion products to “cold” solid surfaces can be strongly influenced by the simultaneous presence of a particulate aerosol since the particles can: (a) “scavenge” vapor, thereby influencing the vapor deposition rate; and (b) thermophoretically drift to the cold surface, carrying their inventory of scavenged condensate. A rational, yet quite tractable thermophysical model of these nonequilibrium processes is developed here for high Reynolds number laminar stagnation region boundary layer flow, and implemented to the point of calculating and displaying the effects of mainstream particle loading, vapor loading and particle size on the deposition rate of condensible material at surface temperatures well below the vapor dew point. Despite the complexity of this multiphase flow situation, our theoretical model is quite general and is cast in terms of dimensionless parameters which dictate the importance of vapor-phase scavenging and particle thermophoresis, as well as the Kelvin (surface tension) effect in modifying the submicron particle (free-molecule) growth law. Illustrative numerical results are displayed for the deposition of alkali sulfate-like vapor from the combustion products of hydrocarbon fuel (or coal) with air, including the interesting “structurerd of such nonequilibrium multiphase boundary layers. As a useful by-product, our results reveal which combinations of particle-phase parameters cause (a) previous “uncoupled” vapor/particle deposition rates to be approximately valid as well as (b) recent local vapor/condensate equilibrium limit results to be sufficiently accurate. We conclude with an outline of straightforward extensions of the present theory to include such factors as: (i) a nonuniform (polydispersed) particle size mainstream aerosol; and (ii) size-dependent particle thermophoretic diffusivity; which are likely to be important in current or future engineering applications.
Strengthening the Norms of Global Responsibility: Structural Violence in Relation to Internal Displacement and Statelessness

Norms of global responsibility have changed significantly since the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), and today’s international community critically considers responsibilities within and beyond state borders, as evidenced by the adoption of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine. From this starting point, protection must be extended to large populations susceptible to structural violence - social harms resulting from the pervasive and persistent impact of economic, political and cultural violence in societies. In order to show the potential of expanded conceptions of global responsibility, this article proceeds as follows: First, a discussion of the evolving concepts of responsibility outlines a shift in thinking about sovereignty that creates a multilayered system of responsibility. This section defines key concepts and highlights an ‘unbundled R2P’ framework for approaching structural violence. Second, an overview of two vulnerable populations - internally displaced persons (IDPs) and the stateless - illustrates that large-scale cases of state abuse and neglect are not limited to acts of physical violence, and that pervasive structural violence requires further attention from the international community. Lastly, recommendations are provided for expanding the scope of global responsibility in order to assist the internally displaced and the stateless. These recommendations address who is responsible, when global responsibility is warranted, and how such responsibility should be implemented.