cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous presence of different domestic GAAPs and investors' limited attention bias in U.S. equity markets: Implications for convergence

I examine how the presence of domestic accounting standards of various countries affects market reactions to firms’ earnings announcements on a given day and subsequent post-earnings announcement drifts (PEAD) in U.S capital markets. Drawing from the finance and accounting literatures on investors’ limited attention bias, I posit that the presence of fewer multiple domestic GAAPs reduces investors’ cognitive burdens to analyze earnings of firms from different countries and thus results in less distraction and stock mispricing when investors respond to firms’ earnings news. I use the number of domestic GAAPs at the firm level on a given earnings announcement day as the proxy for extent of simultaneous presence of domestic GAAPs and test the incremental effects of the number of domestic GAAPs on initial market reactions to earnings and on PEAD of U.S. and non-U.S. firms. I find that the presence of fewer different domestic GAAPs yields higher earnings response coefficients and trading volume reactions to firms’ earnings news and induces a smaller incremental effect on PEAD. A hedge portfolio based on PEAD on earnings announcement days with fewer domestic GAAPs is less profitable than one based on announcement days with more domestic GAAPs. The results indicate that the presence of fewer domestic GAAPs facilitates investment decision making and improves market efficiency by mitigating investors’ limited attention bias. The findings provide the important implication for the current movement of convergence of domestic accounting standards. This is also the first paper to empirically investigate the relation between different domestic GAAPs and investors’ limited attention bias.
Human immunodeficiency virus 1 reverse transcriptase. Template binding, processivity, strand displacement synthesis, and template switching.

Abstract We have analyzed the kinetics of DNA synthesis catalyzed by reverse transcriptase from human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1). Reverse transcriptase, overproduced in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity, has polymerase and RNase H activity. Reverse transcriptase forms a stable complex with poly(rA).oligo(dT) primer-templates in the absence of Mg2+ and dTTP with an equilibrium dissociation constant of 3 nM. Synthesis from these preformed complexes can be initiated, and restricted to a single processive cycle, by the simultaneous addition of Mg2+, dTTP, and excess competitor RNA. Preformed complexes decay with a maximal half-life of 2-3 min. Synthesis on poly(rA) templates is processive with an incorporation rate of 10-15 nucleotides/s at 37 degrees C. Processivity varies widely with the template used, increasing from a few to greater than 300 nucleotides in the order: poly(dA) less than double-stranded DNA less than single-stranded DNA less than single-stranded RNA less than poly(rA). On double-stranded DNA reverse transcriptase catalyzes limited strand-displacement synthesis of up to 50 nucleotides. On RNA-DNA hybrids significant DNA synthesis is observed only after degradation of the RNA strand by the RNase H activity of reverse transcriptase. Intermolecular strand switching occurs with poly(rA) templates. At low ionic strength reverse transcriptase can use multiple templates with a single primer, leading to products of greater than template length. Reverse transcriptase and primer do not have to dissociate during the exchange of template strands, thus allowing processive DNA synthesis across template borders.
Sources of iodine and iodine 129 in rivers

[1] A spatial survey of iodine and its long-lived isotope, 129I, in 40 rivers of the USA, Canada, and western Europe, reveals that the ratio of 129I/I is a sensitive indicator for the influence of nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities. Rivers with point sources for 129I in their watersheds are drastically affected, while all rivers sampled show evidence for atmospherically transported 129I from the world's major nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities. Varying mixtures of oceanic cyclic salt and soil-derived iodine account for the observed spatial variation in iodine concentrations. A comparison of 129I concentrations in river and rainwater reveals concentration effects due to evapotranspiration.
Total quality in the design process

The advantages to be gained from the use of technology in the quest for quality improvement are considered. The scope includes not only the traditional manufacturing and automation efforts, but also the large opportunity in the design functions. Considered gains in manufacturing have been achieved through the judicious use of automation, computer-integrated-manufacturing, and statistical process control. In the quest for continuous quality improvement, the next major step function improvement will come from changes in the design methodology. The ways in which artificial intelligence, design of experiments, and engineering workstations can be used to truly change design methodology, and not just automate the present methods, are studied. >
Students With Learning Disabilities in the Foreign Language Learning Environment and the Practice of Exemption

Thisexaminationoftheliteratureonforeign,orsecond,languagelearning by native English-speaking students with disabilities addresses the benefits of language learning, the practices and policies of language exemption, the perceptions of students and educators regarding those practices, and available resources for supporting students withspecialneeds.Itaimstoquestionthepolicyofgrantingforeignlanguageexemptions while additionally providing insights for educators into the development of inclusive foreign language learning environments.
A Neuronal Form of the Cell Adhesion Molecule L1 Contains a Tyrosine-Based Signal Required for Sorting to the Axonal Growth Cone

The neural cell adhesion molecule L1, which is present on axons and growth cones, plays a crucial role in the formation of major axonal tracts such as the corticospinal tract and corpus callosum. L1 is preferentially transported to axons and inserted in the growth cone membrane. However, how L1 is sorted to axons remains unclear. Tyr 1176 in the L1 cytoplasmic domain is adjacent to a neuron-specific alternatively spliced sequence, RSLE (Arg-Ser-Leu-Glu). The resulting sequence ofYRSLE conforms to a tyrosine-based consensus motif (YxxL) for sorting of integral membrane proteins into specific cellular compartments. To study a possible role of the YRSLE sequence in L1 sorting, chick DRG neurons were transfected with human L1 cDNA that codes for full-length L1 (L1 FL ), a non-neuronal form of L1 that lacks the RSLE sequence (L1 ΔRSLE ), mutant L1 with a Y1176A substitution (L1 Y1176A ), or L1 truncated immediately after the RSLE sequence (L1 ΔC77 ). L1 FL and L1 ΔC77 , both of which possess the YRSLE sequence, were expressed in the axonal growth cone and to a lesser degree in the cell body. In contrast, expression of both L1 ΔRSLE and L1 Y1176A was restricted to the cell body and proximal axonal shaft. We also found that L1 ΔRSLE and L1 Y1176A were integrated into the plasma membrane in the cell body after missorting. These data demonstrate that the neuronal form of L1 carries the tyrosine-based sorting signal YRSLE, which is critical for sorting L1 to the axonal growth cone.
ALPHA-GAMMA ANGULAR CORRELATIONS AND THE DISTORTED-WAVES THEORY

The angular correlation between the alpha particle inelastically- scattered from the 4.43-Mev level of C/sup 12/ and its de-excitation gamma ray was measured at various scattering angles to test theoretical predictions of the correlation parameters. Data are presented in graphical form. (L.N.N.)
'Atypical pneumonia'. Why this term may be better left unsaid.

I have attempted to mount an argument to rid the medical literature of the term "atypical pneumonia." It really adds nothing to diagnostic and therapeutic decisions in patients with respiratory infections caused by various organisms.
The Hairpin Ribozyme

Abstract The hairpin ribozyme is a catalytic RNA capable of specifically cleaving a variety of substrate RNA sequences in either a cis or a trans reaction. The trans reaction has favorable catalytic and physical properties that make this ribozyme a potentially powerful in vivo regulator of gene expression. The ribozyme itself can be engineered to specifically cleave long RNA substrates by recognizing and cleaving a 14- to 20-nt target sequence. For certain sequences the reaction is efficient under mild, near physiological, conditions; however, this efficiency varies with the substrate and must be determined for each particular target. Substrate is cleaved at the * in the N*GUC sequence. Substrates containing a SN*GUC sequence, where the S is G or C, are cleaved most efficiently. To cleave heterologous RNA the hairpin ribozyme is engineered to base pair to the sequences flanking the N*GUC. The 5′ flanking sequence is fixed in length to 4 bp and the 3′ flanking sequence is variable, but the best catalytic efficiency is normally obtained when it is between 6 and 10 nt long. The ribozyme efficiently cleaves this substrate to generate the corresponding 5′ cleavage fragment and 3′ cleavage fragment. The 5′ cleavage fragment has a 2′,3′-cyclic phosphate 3′ terminus at the site of cleavage, and the 3′ cleavage fragment has a 5′-OH at the site of cleavage. The hairpin ribozyme has been engineered and shown to cleave targets in vivo . It has successfully been used to specifically down-regulate gene expression in mammalian cells acting as a catalytic antisense moiety.
From class ideologue to state manager: TV programming and foreign imports in China, 1970–1990

Within the managerial perspective, the purpose of this paper is to determine the impact of China's changing socioeconomic structure on its foreign TV programming and to propose a new conceptual approach to explaining the form and content of the contemporary Chinese media system. The general thesis is that as a result of vertical and horizontal fragmentation of state authority since the economic reforms in the late 1970s, mass media in China have become less of a class ideologue and more of a state manager as far as their functional prerequisites are concerned. The 20‐year longitudinal analysis indicated that during the reforms, not only did the number of foreign TV programs flourish, the assortment of content variety also increased greatly, with capitalist countries becoming major suppliers.
Patient selection for skin-tightening procedures.

Summary Noninvasive skin-tightening devices have become increasingly popular over the last decade to improve skin laxity with minimal risk and recovery time. Proper patient selection improves patient outcomes and satisfaction. There are many devices available for tightening including monopolar radiofrequency, bipolar radiofrequency, fractional radiofrequency devices, infrared devices, combined light and bipolar radiofrequency devices, and intense focused ultrasound devices. There have been shortcomings with tightening devices including inconsistent clinical outcomes. The question arises, why are there inconsistent results and variability among patient outcomes? Variability could be related to different devices, treatment protocols, body area treated, and patient selection. Patient age, degree of laxity, history of smoking, ethnicity, body mass index, and individual patient pain threshold could all possibly contribute to patient response to tightening devices. The literature does not elucidate consistently, which variables are the most important in predicting best patient response. Included is a review of the literature discussing skin tightening and patient selection.
Distribution and derivation of cholinergic elements in the rat olfactory bulb.

Abstract Quantitative histochemical mapping procedures have been employed to study the distributions of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities in the olfactory bulb of the albino rat. Highest activities of both enzymes were found in and near the deeper portion of the glomerular layer and in the internal plexiform layer. Surgical lesions placed behind the bulb on the right side in four rats had effects on the enzyme distributions which varied from drastic to little at all, depending on the location of the lesion. Enzyme activities were also measured in olfactory cortical and related regions. From the results, several conclusions are suggested: (1) like the olfactory receptor cells, the mitral cells are not cholinergic: (2) all cholinergic elements in the olfactory bulb are derived from some location caudal to the bulb. The bulk of the centrifugal cholinergic fibers to the bulb travel, not with or near the lateral olfactory tract, but through regions considerably deeper than the tract; (3) in the glomerular layer, cholinergic elements are as plentiful within as outside the glomeruli; (4) moderate to high activities of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in olfactory cortical regions and high activities in the nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band are consistent with a derivation of cholinergic centrifugal fibers from one or more of these locations.
Right nephrectomy and left heminephrectomy in a child.

SUMMARY 1 A case of bilateral duplication of the renal tract in a child is described. 2 Three of the four nephro-ureteral segments were removed. 3 The remaining nephro-ureteral segment is free from infection and is an adequate excretory organ for the child.
Simultaneous vibrational relaxation and radiative decay of initial Boltzmann distributions

Abstract Exact solutions for the probabilities of occupation of the states of a harmonic oscillator undergoing simultaneous (vibrational) relaxation and (radiative) decay are obtained for initial Boltzmann distributions and it is shown that they maintain their Boltzmann form throughout the process.
Resonance self-shielding in neutron capture cross section measurements

Abstract The resonance self-protection correction for neutron capture is developed for a thin circular disc. Formulae suitable for calculation with an electronic computer or desk calculator are derived.
First principles prediction of alloy phase stability

The brief survey of our recent work is intended to demonstrate the validity and the predictive power of our newly developed methodology to performab initio calculations of alloy phase stability properties. The interplay between electronic properties, crystalline structure effects, and configurational order will be illustrated for various alloys, including Cu-Zn, Fe-Cr (or V and Ti), Ti-Cr (or V), and V-Cr. It will be shown that besides reasonable agreement between computed and experimental phase diagrams, new concepts and predictions, coupled with a fundamental understanding are starting to emerge to support the experimental effort in designing and processing new classes of advanced materials.
Did early Renaissance painters trace optical projections? Evidence pro and con

Recently it has been theorized that some European painters as early as 1420 used concave mirrors (and, later, converging lenses) to project real inverted images onto their supports which they then traced and painted over. We review the image analytic, historical and art historical evidence and counter-evidence for this bold claim, focusing on key paintings in the debate. While some of the evidence is consistent with the use of optical projections in the 15th century, all such evidence is also consistent with other explanations as well. More importantly, for those paintings highlighted as supporting the projection theory, there is much evidence that is in consistent with the use of optics or extremely difficult to explain as arising from the use of optics. Further, there is no historical documentary evidence from the 15th century suggesting anyone had even seen an image of an illuminated object projected onto a screen -- the first step in the proposed projection method. The projection method would have been the most sophisticated optical procedure of its day, which theory proponents speculate was discovered by artists, not the scientists who were actively exploring optical systems. Because the burden of proof lies foursquare upon the theory"s proponents -- the revisionists -- in the absence of compelling reasons to reject "traditional" (non-optical) explanations we must reject the projection theory. We conclude by rejecting the claims that the optical projection theory has been "proven."© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Analysis of the Lynch-Granger model for olfactory cortex

The behavior of the Lynch-Granger model for layer-II piriform cortex is reviewed, and a simple neural model with similar properties is introduced. This model allows us to understand the observed functionality of the Lynch-Granger model intuitively, and suggests which of the many biological facts introduced into the original model are relevant to this particular behavior.
Association of Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) With Insulin Resistance and Lipids in Junior High Children † 1688

Clinical studies in adults have shown an association between blood pressure, insulin resistance and lipids. The present study was conducted to determine whether similar associations are present in normal children prior to the onset of hypertension. Children were randomly selected from a cohort of 12,024 5th-8th grade Minneapolis public school students undergoing blood pressure screening in 1996. These data represent the first 128 participants(56 boys, 72 girls), age 13 ± 1 yrs. Blood pressure was measured with a Random Zero sphygmomanometer. Lipids were measured in fasting blood. Insulin resistance (M) was determined by the euglycemic insulin clamp method in which steady state insulin infusion (1mU/kg/min) is balanced by a variable infusion of 20% glucose to maintain blood sugar at 100 mg/dl for 3 hrs. All data are mean ± SE (see table). BMI was significantly correlated with blood pressure (p<0.01) and M (p<0.001) in both boys and girls, but blood pressure was significantly correlated with M only in boys(p<0.01). Blood pressure was not significantly correlated with any of the lipids but M was significantly correlated with Trig and HDL-C (p<0.01). These data show that insulin resistance is significantly associated with blood pressure in childhood and prior to the appearance of elevated blood pressure. The significant association between blood pressure and M only in males may represent early evidence of the increased adult risk noted in this sex as opposed to females. In addition, the significant association between insulin resistance and body size and lipids confirms the importance of these relations in childhood.
Relationships of maternal nesting to thermoregulatory nesting in house mice (Mus musculus) at warm and cold temperatures

Abstract Thermoregulatory and maternal nesting in Mus musculus (indexed as weight of cotton pulled into the cage) was measured at 5 C and 22 C on mice representing lines from a bidirectional selection experiment for nest size at room temperature. The effects of both selection and temperature were significant across the entire experiment. Nesting on the day of parturition correlated highly with thermoregulatory nesting, and with the number of offspring that survived to weaning, indicating a common genetic basis for maternal and thermoregulatory nesting and a direct correlation of these traits with Darwinian fitness. Amount of cotton used increased soon after mating and remained high with a large amount of variability until about 10 days after parturition, and then decreased sharply. The pattern of changes in nest size during pregnancy resembled changes in progesterone levels reported previously in the literature for mice, and contrasted with models of a smooth symmetric curve peaking at parturition.
Least-squares integration of one-dimensional codistributions with application to approximate feedback linearization

We study the problem of approximating one-dimensional nonintegrable codistributions by integrable ones and apply the resulting approximations to approximate feedback linearization of single-input systems. The approach derived in this paper allows a linearizable nonlinear system to be found that is close to the given system in a least-squares (L 2) sense. A linearly controllable single-input affine nonlinear system is feedback linearizable if and only if its characteristic distribution is involutive (hence integrable) or, equivalently, any characteristic one-form (a one-form that annihilates the characteristic distribution) is integrable. We study the problem of finding (least-squares approximate) integrating factors that make a fixed characteristic one-form close to being exact in anL 2 sense. A given one-form can be decomposed into exact and inexact parts using the Hodge decomposition. We derive an upper bound on the size of the inexact part of a scaled characteristic one-form and show that a least-squares integrating factor provides the minimum value for this upper bound. We also consider higher-order approximate integrating factors that scale a nonintegrable one-form in a way that the scaled form is closer to being integrable inL 2 together with some derivatives and derive similar bounds for the inexact part. This allows a linearizable nonlinear system that is close to the given system in a least-squares (L 2) sense together with some derivatives to be found. The Sobolev embedding techniques allow us to obtain an upper bound on the uniform (L ∞) distance between the nonlinear system and its linearizable approximation.
How Early do Children Understand Gesture- speech Combinations with Iconic Gestures?

Children understand gesture+speech combinations in which a deictic gesture adds new information to the accompanying speech by age 1;6 (Morford & Goldin-Meadow, 1992; ‘push’+point at ball). This study explores how early children understand gesture+speech combinations in which an iconic gesture conveys additional information not found in the accompanying speech (e.g., ‘read’+BOOK gesture). Our analysis of two- to four-year-old children's responses in a gesture+speech comprehension task showed that children grasp the meaning of iconic co-speech gestures by age three and continue to improve their understanding with age. Overall, our study highlights the important role gesture plays in language comprehension as children learn to unpack increasingly complex communications addressed to them at the early ages.
An exsolution silica-pump model for the origin of myrmekite

Myrmekite, as defined here, is the microscopic intergrowth between vermicular quartz and modestly anorthitic plagioclase (calcic albite-oligoclase), intimately associated with potassium feldspar in plutonic rocks of granitic composition. Hypotheses previously invoked in explanation of myrmekite include: (1) direct crystallization; (2) replacement; (3) exsolution. The occurrence of myrmekite in paragneisses and its absence in rocks devold of discrete grains of potassium feldspar challenge those hypotheses based on direct crystallization or replacement. However, several lines of evidence indicate that myrmekite may in fact originate in response to kinetic effects associated with the exsolution of calcic alkali feldspar into discrete potassium feldspar and plagioclase phases. Exsolution of potassium feldspar system projected from [AlSi2O8] involves the exchange CaAlK-1Si-1, in which the AlSi-1 tetrahedral couple is resistant to intracrystalline diffusion. By contrast, diffusion of octahedral K proceeds relatively easily where it remains uncoupled to the tetrahedral exchange. We suggest here that where the ternary feldspar system is open to excess silica, the exchange reaction that produces potassium feldspar in the ternary plane is aided by the net-transfer reaction K+Si=Orthoclase, leaving behind indigenous Si that reports as modal quartz in the evolving plagioclase as the CaAl component is concomitantly incorporated in this same phase. Thus silica is “pumped” into the reaction volume from a “silica reservoir”, a process that enhances redistribution of both Si and Al through the exsolving ternary feldspar.
Timing-based track-following servo for linear tape systems

Timing-Based Servo (TBS) is a unique servo technology developed specifically for linear tape drives. In TBS systems, recorded servo patterns consist of transitions with two different azimuthal slopes, and head position is derived from the relative timing of pulses generated by a narrow head reading the pattern. Position signals are nearly perfectly linear over multiple track widths, and highly immune to errors caused by head wear, head instability, debris, and media defects. Multitrack TBS servo patterns are written in a single pass using a novel multigap horizontal thin film servo writing head. The design of the pattern and its dimensions are optimized to provide sampling rate, noise level, and error rate suitable for the intended application. An all-digital TBS servo channel provides a speed-invariant position signal. Pattern recognition algorithms detect servo signal errors, providing a highly robust servo signal. Test results show approximately I pm linearity and 0.3 /spl mu/m noise level over a width of 400 /spl mu/m width with 18 kHz sampling rate. The TBS pattern allows flexibility for encoding additional information without affecting the position signal. By shifting transitions as little as 0.1 /spl mu/m from their nominal pattern positions, a low error rate serial bitstream can be encoded in the servo track. This technique allows tape longitudinal position to be encoded with a resolution of about 2 mm, allowing efficient and precise tape transport control based on the servo signal alone.
Health Fraud: A Hardy Perennial

Quackery forms a gaudy thread in the fabric of health care through the course of American history. In the colonial years, the American market for commercial self-dosage was dominated by “patent medicines”—some of them actually patented—shipped overseas from the mother country. Packed in containers of distinctive shape, sealed in wrappers printed with boastful therapeutic claims, advertised in the slender newborn press, these British nostrums far overshadowed occasional American imitators.
Fused s-triazino heterocycles. XIV 8H-1,3,7,8,9,10c-hexaazacyclopenta[a]phenalene, 1,3,7,8,10,11c-hexaazabenz[de]anthracene and 13H-4,6,8,13a, 13c-pentaazabenzo[de]naphthacene, three new ring systems

The synthesis of the title compounds 3,4 and 5 is described, using 7,9-dibromo-5-tribromomethyl-2-t-butyl-4-cyano-1,3,6,9b-tetraazaphenalene 2a as starting material. The key intermediates are 7,9-dibromo-2-t-butyl-4-cyano-5-hydrazino-1,3,6,9b-tetraazaphenalene 2b, 5-benzamidino-7,9-dibromo-2-t-butyl-4-cyano-1,3,6,9b-tetraazaphenalene 2c, and 7,9-dibromo-2-t-butyl-5-(2-carboxyanilino)-4-cyano-1,3,6,9b-tetraazaphenalene 2e.
Dispersion-strengthened zirconium alloys

Abstract Inert particle strengthening concepts were extended to zirconium-base alloys. By using powder metallurgy techniques inert particles of Y2O3 were mechanically dispersed in a Zircaloy-2 matrix. Hot-hardness, elevated-temperature tensile, 343°C creep, and 400°C steam corrosion data for the resulting materials were obtained and interpreted. The elevated temperature yield strength of Zircaloy-2 was increased. Much of the increase was related to oxygen contamination. However, significant strengthening, in excess of that caused by oxygen, was shown to have been caused by inert particle dispersion. The 343°C, steady-state creep rates of dispersion-strengthened Zircaloy-2 were markedly lower than those for wrought Zircaloy-2. Yttria dispersants were noted to have some adverse effect on corosion resistance in 400°C steam. Oxygen contamination is the major technological problem with regard to the development of dispersion-strengthened zirconium powder metallurgy materials. Alloy additions of Be are suggested as a means of minimizing both the corrosion and oxygen contamination problems.
Optimal single-stage restoration of subtractive noise

This paper analyzes restoration of subtractive noise on a binary image by a single morphological operation, dilation. Restoration by dilation alone is appropriate under particular explicitly defined random noise models, based respectively on erosion, independent pixel subtractive noise, and independent pixel subtractive noise followed by dilation. Since in general it is not possible to perfectly restore subtractive noise we use the Hausdorf metric to measure the residual error in restoration. This metric is the appropriate one because of its geometric interpretation in terms of set coverings. We describe a search procedure to find a structuring element for dilation that is optimal in the sense of minimizing the mean Hausdorf error. The search procedure's utility function is based on the calculation of certain probabilities related to the noise model, namely the probability of one set being the subset of another set and some related probabilities.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Understanding graphene production by ionic surfactant exfoliation: A molecular dynamics simulation study

We have simulated sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant/water + bilayer graphene mixture system to investigate two mechanisms of graphene exfoliation: changing the interlayer distance and sliding away the relative distance. By calculating the total energy as a function of the interlayer (sliding-away) distance at different surface-coverage concentrations of SDS surfactant (SDS concentrations), we obtain the separation energy barriers underlying the two mechanisms and their dependence on SDS concentration. Overall, in the first process, the energy barrier can only be reduced by the SDS slightly, which is too big to be viable. While in the second process, the energy barrier can be first decreased continuously with the increasing SDS concentration until it almost completely disappear in the optimal SDS concentration range (1.5–2.0/nm2) and then increase again with the further increase in SDS concentration. Therefore, the second sliding-away mechanism is a more viable separation process. The analysis of SDS anion density profile on the graphene surface indicates that the graphene-surfactant interaction plays an important role in the separation process by stabilizing the separated graphene sheet.
Treatment of the Myofascial Pain-Dysfunction Syndrome: Psychological Aspects

The ages of those who seek treatment vary from teenagers to adults older than 60 years; the average age is approximately 30.
Invited Review Article: Error and uncertainty in Raman thermal conductivity measurements

Error and uncertainty in Raman thermal conductivity measurements are investigated via finite element based numerical simulation of two geometries often employed—Joule-heating of a wire and laser-heating of a suspended wafer. Using this methodology, the accuracy and precision of the Raman-derived thermal conductivity are shown to depend on (1) assumptions within the analytical model used in the deduction of thermal conductivity, (2) uncertainty in the quantification of heat flux and temperature, and (3) the evolution of thermomechanical stress during testing. Apart from the influence of stress, errors of 5% coupled with uncertainties of ±15% are achievable for most materials under conditions typical of Raman thermometry experiments. Error can increase to >20%, however, for materials having highly temperature dependent thermal conductivities or, in some materials, when thermomechanical stress develops concurrent with the heating. A dimensionless parameter—termed the Raman stress factor—is derived to identify when stress effects will induce large levels of error. Taken together, the results compare the utility of Raman based conductivity measurements relative to more established techniques while at the same time identifying situations where its use is most efficacious.
HEAVY TRAFFIC APPROXIMATIONS FOR A SYSTEM OF INFINITE SERVERS WITH LOAD BALANCING

We consider an exponential queueing system with multiple stations, each of which has an infinite number of servers and a dedicated arrival stream of jobs. In addition, there is an arrival stream of jobs that choose a station based on the state of the system. In this paper we describe two heavy traffic approximations for the stationary joint probability mass function of the number of busy servers at each station. One of the approximations involves state-space collapse and is accurate for large traffic loads. The state-space in the second approximation does not collapse. It provides an accurate estimate of the stationary behavior of the system over a wide range of traffic loads.
Ecto-ADP-ribose Transferases: Cell-Surface Response to Local Tissue Injury

Ecto-ADP-ribose transferases (ecto-ARTs) catalyze the transfer of ADP-ribose from NAD+ to arginine residues in cell-surface proteins. Since the concentration of extracellular NAD+ is very low under...
The congenital hyperammonemic syndrome.

SUMMARY Clinical and laboratory findings are described in a patient with an apparent defect of the urea cycle in whom a favorable response to protein restriction has been observed. RESUME Le syndrome d'hyper-amoniemie congenitale Les auteurs decrivent les elements cliniques et de laboratoire d'un malade chez qui un defaut apparent du cycle de l'uree a ete note une reponse favorable a la restriction protidique a pu etre observee. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Das congenitale hyperammonaemische Syndrom Bei einem Patienten mit offensichtlichem Defekt im Harnstoffzyklus werden die klinischen und Laboratoriums-befunde beschrieben, bei dem durch Eiweisrestriktion ein gunstiger Effekt beobachtet wurde. RESUMEN El sindrome de la hiperamonicemia congenita Se describen los hallazgos clinicos y de laboratorio obtenidos en un paciente con un aparente defecto en el ciclo de la urea y en el que se observo una respuesta favorable a la restriccion de proteina.
Latinas|[sol]|os and US Prisons: Trends and Challenges

In the United States, the rate of incarceration increases on an annual basis. Communities of color – Latinas/os, African Americans and Native Americans, in particular – are the most affected by this alarming expansion of the US prison population. In recent years, Latinas/os have been identified as the fastest rate of imprisonment of all groups in the country. Like African Americans, Latinas/os emerge as trapped by the mass imprisonment phenomenon in the United States. This article examines the trends in incarceration for the US-Latina/o population, as distinguished from recent immigrants from Latin America, and it looks at some of the factors that contribute to the growth of the Latina/o population in state and federal prisons. The racialization of crime; the manner in which criminal justice policy is formulated and justified around the fear of crime; how the courts and the criminal justice system operate; and the role of the media in promoting negative images of Latinas/os are among the areas explored in discerning contributing factors. As with African Americans, common misconceptions linking Latinas/os with criminal behavior must be challenged. In contrast to African Americans, however, Latinas/os are subject to stereotypes that transcend racial myths, with one such stereotype being the false link between immigrants and crime. The fear of crime as a driving force in criminal justice policymaking and persistent negative media images of Latinas/os and immigrants that associate them with crime pose formidable obstacles to the implementation of long-overdue, meaningful, and sensible changes in the prison and criminal justice systems. Ultimately, comprehensive efforts to engage many sectors of society will be necessary to stem the trend toward increased Latina/o incarceration in the United States.
The Commission Plan of City Government.

To appreciate the real significance in municipal affairs of the lately inaugurated movement toward city government by commission some knowledge of the general trend of American municipal development is necessary; for it is as a phase of a general tendency and not as an isolated experiment that the movement is to be properly regarded. Like most of our institutions, our city government, both in form and substance, was transplanted from England to the colonies, where it underwent the usual differentiation under the influence of changed conditions. This differentiation, however, did not proceed to any marked degree during the colonial period, and at the beginning of the national era the general form of municipal government, with the exception of the New England town-meeting system, was that of the English borough. Then began a new period, during which the influence of the federal and state governments dominated the organic development of the municipalities. That the “federal analogy” should have thus become the controlling factor in this development was due partly to a widespread belief in the efficacy of the governmental principles which it involved, and partly to a misconception of the functions of the municipality. A cardinal feature of the federal plan was Montesquieu's principle of the separation of powers, having for its object to safeguard the interests of the people against the arbitrary and ill-advised acts of public officers.
Robert Zoellner's “talk‐write pedagogy”: Instrumental concept for composition today

(1992). Robert Zoellner's “talk‐write pedagogy”: Instrumental concept for composition today. Rhetoric Review: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 239-243.
Ethanol metabolism and uric acid.

Abstract Despite the relationship between gout and alcohol consumption, which has been propounded by the laity and physicians for over a century, the biochemical mechanisms for altered uric acid metabolism after ethanol ingestion have only recently been determined. The primary cause for the occurrence of hyperuricemia in this setting is an increased generation of NADH as a result of the oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde, which increases the conversion of pyruvate to lactate. The latter metabolite then can alter the transtubular transport of uric acid with the production of hyperuricemia and a concomitant decrease in urinary uric acid excretion. That an alteration in the NADH NAD ratio occurs with ethanol ingestion can be indirectly inferred by the changes in serotonin, galactose, and norepinephrine metabolism. Additional factors which may effect urate metabolism with chronic ethanol ingestion include the syndrome, alcoholic hyperlipemia, the fat-dependent ketogenic effect produced by alcohol, and possibly, a poor nutritional status associated with starvation and ketoacidosis. Ketoacids effect the tubular transport of uric acid in a manner similar to lactate. Both delirium tremens with its increased lactate production secondary to muscular hyperactivity and “withdrawal” seizures may result in hyperuricemia as well. The author would suggest that these alterations in the uric acid pool as a result of either acute or chronic alcohol intake could provide the pathophysiologic conditions to initiate acute gouty arthritis in the genetically prone individual.
ACP Journal Club. A 12-month, in-home exercise program delayed functional deterioration in Alzheimer disease

Source Citation Pitkala KH, Poysti MM, Laakkonen ML, et al. Effects of the Finnish Alzheimer Disease Exercise Trial (FINALEX): A randomized controlled trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2013:173:894-901. 23589097
Establishing Thromboelastography with Platelet-Function Analyzer Reference Ranges and Other Measures in Healthy Term Pregnant Women

Objective The diagnosis of coagulopathy cannot always be performed at point of care. Thromboelastography (TEG) and the platelet-function analyzer (PFA-100), have emerged as reliable means for coagulation analysis. However, their reliable utility in pregnancy remains to be determined. We sought to establish reference values with concomitant determination of other known coagulation measures in nonlaboring gravidae in an effort to report the mean and variance of multiple testing modalities. Study Design Fifty-nine term, nonlaboring, pregnant women without comorbidities were enrolled, either at presentation for scheduled delivery or at presentation to triage for a non–labor-related indication. TEG, PFA-100, and complete coagulation measures of the overall hemostatic function (including prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, protein C, protein S, von Willebrand factor antigen, ristocetin cofactor activity, and ADAMTS-13) were performed. Prior investigations of TEG and PFA-100 parameters in normal gravidae were reviewed, and pooled means and standard deviations (as a measure of variance) were calculated. Results TEG and PFA-100 parameters were significantly different among pregnant gravidae compared with nonpregnant reference ranges, and varied in association with other measures of the coagulation system. Our results and the pooled results reflect a hypercoagulable state. Conclusion Our data suggest that TEG values are significantly different in term, nonlaboring, healthy gravidae compared with nonpregnant reference values. Pooled means and standard deviations shown here may be considered for reference.
Efficient generation of human-like kinematics in the ballistic phase of point-to-point movement

Human movement is often considered to have two phases: a ballistic phase that brings the limb near the target, and a corrective phase that locates the limb on the target. This article proposes the use of a single non-dimensional curve that can be scaled to produce human-like ballistic movement across a wide range of reaching task configurations. Control of the scaled forcing function requires only that a look-up table of input levels be referenced in response to position measurements. Importantly, the proposed method accurately accounts for the significant kinematic variations evident between individual trials. In comparison, typical feedforward methods replicate the desired mean behavior, but fail to generate the requisite bell-shaped rise and fall in positional variance. Stochastic-optimal feedback control produces the appropriate velocity and variance curves, but carries with it a high computational burden.
Tariffs, price conjectures and welfare in an open spatial economy

This paper examines the implications of a tariff increase in a spatial model of an open economy with price conjectures between domestic and foreign producers of non-identical goods. Households are mobile and location and rent adjustments are influenced by pricing policies. It is shown that, although the equilibrium configuration of the economy is sensitive to the prevailing combination of conjectural variations, the effects of a tariff increase are qualitatively consistent across alternative, and perhaps asymmetric, price conjectures. The tariff reduces the endogenous mill price of the import, increases its post-tariff delivered price throughout the economy, and induces a decrease in both the mill and delivered price of the domestic good. Location and rent adjustments cause the common equilibrium level of household utility to decline with an increase in the tariff, regardless of the particular mix of conjectural variations. Domestic consumer utility can only be restored to its initial (world norm) level by out-migration.
Foreign Body Reaction to Exogenous Pulmonary Surfactant in an Infant with Hydrops and Cardiomyopathy

We present a hydropic infant who received exogenous surfactant and who had Noonan phenotype with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The infant had clinically diagnosed stridor for which bronchoscopy did not identify an origin. He died at 30 days of age. The bronchioles showed numerous eosinophilic plugs with a foreign body giant cell reaction. The plugs were positively immunostained with anti-aposurfactant protein B.
Nernst‐Planck Equations and the Electroneutrality and Donnan Equilibrium Assumptions

The Nernst‐Planck flux equations and Poisson's equation are used to describe the transport of ions across a membrane carrying a fixed charge. The resulting problem is studied using a perturbation theory in order to derive the so‐called “electroneutrality” condition as a certain limiting case. It is found that the electroneutrality condition is a consequence of Poisson's equation when a certain dimensionless parameter is small. It is also shown that a Donnan equilibrium at the membrane boundaries is a consequence of the Nernst‐Planck equations when this dimensionless parameter is small, and a separate assumption of such an equilibrium is redundant. The small parameter can be interpreted as the ratio of a Debye length and the membrane thickness.
The Strategic and Tactical Implications of Convenience in Consumer Product Marketing

Suggests that the construct of convenience has not been clearly defined and operationalized. Proposes a conceptual framework which can be used to examine the convenience of consumer products, involving five dimensions: time, place, acquisition, use and execution. Discusses the implications for managers and recommends that marketers gain an improved understanding of convenience given the predicted growth of the sector.
Unannounced Telephone-Based Pill Counts: A Valid and Feasible Method for Monitoring Adherence

Phone-based unannounced pill counts to measure medication adherence are much more practical and less expensive than home-based unannounced pill counts, but their validity has not been widely assessed. We examined the validity of phone versus home-based pill counts using a simplified protocol streamlined for studies embedded in clinical care settings. A total of 100 paired counts were used to compare concordance between unannounced phone and home-based pill counts using interclass correlations. Discrepancy analyses using χ2 tests compared demographic and clinical characteristics across patients who were concordant between phone and home-based pill counts and patients who were not concordant. Concordance was high for phone-based and home-based unannounced total pill counts, as well as individual medication counts and calculated adherence. This study demonstrates that a simplified phone-based pill count protocol can be implemented among patients from a routine clinical care setting and is a feasible means of monitoring medication adherence.
Optical Properties of a Magnetic Semiconductor: Chalcopyrite CuFeS. II. Calculated Electronic Structures of CuGaS 2 : Fe and CuFeS 2

In order to study the electronic structures of CuGaS 2 : Fe and CuFeS 2 , the problem is simulated by large clusters of these crystals. The system is treated as a “large molecule” and the energies and wavefunctions for the molecule are obtained using a semiempirical molecular orbital method. The unoccupied molecular orbitals originating from iron 3d orbitals in CuGaS 2 : Fe are well localized on the iron ion, while the corresponding orbitals in CuFeS 2 have a considerable admixture of sulfur 3p orbitals. The molecular orbitals corresponding to uppermost states of the valence band are composed of sulfur 3p and copper 3d orbitals. It is derived from the comparison between the observed and calculated absorption spectra that the A and B absorption bands in CuGaS 2 :Fe arise from the charge transfer transitions from the valence band to the unoccupied states originating from the iron 3d orbitals and the absorption band edge in CuFeS 2 arises from the corresponding transitions.