cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Outcomes of exomphalos: an institutional experience

Objective Abdominal wall defects, particularly exomphalos, in newborn infants are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The objective of the present study was to review the outcomes of neonates with exomphalos in our neonatal intensive care unit during the last 12 years. Study design In this retrospective study 52 neonates with exomphalos were identified from 1996 to 2007. Exomphalos were stratified by the type of defect [exomphalos minor versus major (major defined as defect size more than 5 cm and/or liver in the sac)] [1]. Clinical data, demographic data, and outcome measures of mortality, length of stay (LOS), duration of mechanical ventilation and age at full enteral feeds were studied. Associated anomalies were compared between the two groups. Results Of the 52 neonates, 1 was transferred back to referring hospital after surgical repair of the defect and was not analyzed. Exomphalos minor accounted for 24 cases and exomphalos major in 27 cases. Mortality was higher in infants with exomphalos major (n = 9, 33%) compared to infants with exomphalos minor (n = 2, 8%). The median LOS (10 vs. 47 days, P = 0.023), median age at full enteral feeds (5 vs. 23 days, P = 0.004) and median duration of mechanical ventilation (7 vs. 23 days, P = 0.001) were shorter for exomphalos minor compared to exomphalos major. Bacteremia was present in 4 (15%) of neonates with exomphalos major. Syndromic associations were present in 8 neonates (33%) with exomphalos minor compared to 2 neonates (7%) with exomphalos major. Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome was most frequently noted in neonates with syndromic exomphalos minor. Trisomy 13 was the only chromosomal abnormality in the entire cohort (1/ 51 = 2%) and was seen in a single neonate (1/27 = 3.7%) with exomphalos major. Non-syndromic anomalies were seen in 12 (50%) and 14 neonates (52%) with the minor and major defects, respectively. Only four neonates with exomphalos minor (16%) and ten neonates with exomphalos major (37%) had no associated anomalies. Pulmonary hypoplasia and pulmonary hypertension were identified on either lung biopsy or autopsy (n = 5) as causes of mortality. Conclusion Neonates with exomphalos minor have better survival, decreased LOS, time to full enteral feeds and shorter duration of mechanical ventilation. Syndromic associations were more common in exomphalos minor. Respiratory failure was the major cause of mortality in infants with exomphalos major.
Looking for María Pérez

This essay sets in coincidence two historical junctures – medieval and contemporary. The medieval moment occurs in the thirteenth-century reign of Alfonso X of Castile-Leon, while the contemporary moment is set in Spain during the recent war in Iraq; both are suffused with colonial/neo-colonial violence and tension. The two are brought together by a historian's search for Maria Perez, a figure who appears as a courtesan in the satirical lyrics of the cantigas d'escarnho e mal dizer [songs of mockery and slander]. The conjuncture of these moments is framed within a brief, half-hour train journey from Alcala de Henares to Atocha, the southern train terminus in Madrid: the same route chosen by the terrorists responsible for the 2004 commuter rail bombings.
On the nature and development of conditional reasoning in early adolescence

Two studies investigated the conditional reasoning capabilities of eighth grade learners. In Study 1, we analysed conditional reasoning performances for differences in learners' abilities to solve problems correctly and propensities to be tricked into responding to problems in a biconditional manner. There seemed to be a developmental progression in conditional reasoning ability. Most young adolescents reason using memory of domain-specific memories. However, pragmatic inferential rules may serve as an intermediate level of abstration in reasoners as they progress from the ability to reason using only domain-specific experience to the ability to use content-free syntactic rules. In addition, correlation between scores on the Test of Logical Thinking and conditional reasoning performances suggested that ability to reason deductively using inferential rules at progressively higher levels of abstraction is related to cognitive development. In Study 2, we assessed the effectiveness of an instructional application of pragmatic inferential rule theory for development of conditional reasoning abilities. Pragmatic reasoning skill was developed throug engagement in Prolog programming activities involving hierarchical knowledge domains. Language: en
Data analysis with the Chandra data model library

The Chandra Data Model (CDM) library was developed to support data analysis for the Chandra X-ray Observatory, one of NASA's orbiting Great Observatories. The library and its associated tools are designed to be multi-mission and can be used to manipulate a wide variety of astronomical data. Much of the library's power comes from its use of virtual files, which provide a flexible command-line user interface.
Capacity building of a district education system: insights from Kenya

Both (a) in-school factors such as over-focus on academic performance, absence of uniform, and corporal punishment, and (b) out-of school factors such as caring for ailing parents, child labour, etc., hinder participation of orphan and vulnerable children (OVC) in Free Primary Education (FPE) system in Nyanza Province, Kenya. In this context Concern Worldwide Kenya undertook an appreciative capacity building approach and appropriately positioned District Education Office (DEO) of the Ministry of Education and local civil society organisations (CSOs) to address in-school and out-of-school factors, respectively, to ensure quality education for OVC. The outcome of the programme is promising and has demonstrated the need for greater cooperation between CSOs and the government to develop creative strategies in overcoming the causes of marginalisation within the contexts of the growing AIDS pandemic and poverty in Kenya.
Testosterone prevents the heat shock-induced overactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β but not of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and concomitantly abolishes hyperphosphorylation of τ: Implications for Alzheimer's disease

We have shown previously that glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3 beta), cyclin-dependent kinase 5, and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase become overactivated and hyperphosphorylate tau in heat-shocked female rats. This hyperphosphorylation of tau is estrogen-independent, prevented by androgens, and similar to Alzheimer's disease. In this study, ovariectomized (OVX) Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 75) received daily injections of 10 microg of 17 beta-estradiol benzoate (EB), or 250 microg of testosterone propionate (TP), or both EB and TP, or sesame oil (SO) vehicle for 4-6 weeks. In kinase assays of forebrain homogenates, overactivation of GSK-3 beta at 0-6 h after heat shock toward human recombinant tau, bovine tau, and phosphoglycogen synthase peptide 2 was prevented in OVX + TP and OVX + (EB + TP) but not in sham-OVX + SO, OVX + SO, and OVX + EB. Abs against inactive (pSer(9)) and activity-enhanced (pTyr(216)) GSK-3 beta showed marked increase of pSer(9)- and decrease of pTyr(216)-GSK-3 beta in both OVX + TP and OVX + (EB + TP) but not in sham-OVX + SO, OVX + SO, and OVX + EB. EB enhanced the overactivation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5. The activity of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase was gonadal hormone-independent. The serum concentrations of testosterone and 17 beta-estradiol were 2.53 ng/ml and 201 pg/ml in OVX + TP and OVX + EB, respectively. These findings demonstrate that testosterone prevents the hyperphosphorylation of tau by inhibiting the heat shock-induced overactivation of GSK-3 beta and suggest that androgens given to aging men or, in combination with estrogens, to postmenopausal women could prevent or delay Alzheimer's disease.
Thin Metallic Films from Solvated Metal Atoms.

Metals were evaporated under vacuum and the metal atoms solvated by excess organic solvents at low temperature. Upon warming stable colloidal metal particles were formed by controlled metal atom clustering. The particles were stabilized toward flocculation by solvation and electrostatic effects. Upon solvent removal the colloidal particles grew to form thin films that were metallic in appearance, but showed higher resistivities than pure metallic films. Gold, palladium, platinium, and especially indium are discussed.
Maternal and neonatal outcomes after gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist trigger for final oocyte maturation in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization.

Objective To compare the rate of congenital anomalies, obstetrical complications, and neonatal complications in antagonist cycles where either GnRH agonist (GnRHa) or hCG was used for final oocyte maturation. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting University-based tertiary fertility center. Patient(s) Three hundred ninety-two women under 40 years of age who underwent controlled ovarian stimulation using a GnRH antagonist protocol and who had final oocyte maturation triggered with either a GnRHa or hCG that resulted in pregnancy and delivery after 16 weeks' gestation. Intervention(s) GnRHa versus hCG trigger of final oocyte maturation. Main Outcome Measure(s) Congenital anomaly rates, obstetrical complications, and neonatal complications. Result(s) There were no significant differences in the rate of congenital anomalies between GnRHa and hCG trigger (6.6 vs. 9.2%). There were also no differences in the maternal complications (27.6 vs. 20.8%) or neonatal complications (19.7 vs. 20.0%) between the GnRHa trigger and hCG trigger groups. Conclusion(s) GnRHa trigger does not affect the rate of congenital anomalies or obstetrical or neonatal complications and remains a viable option in the prevention of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.
Silicon transistor performance in a chopper application

THE AVAILABILITY of silicon transistors with low saturation voltages has made possible the development of low-level transistor choppers that are capable of operating over the temperature range of ?50 to 150 C (degrees centigrade) with little change in over-all performance. To understand adequately the behavior of silicon transistors in a chopper type of application it is necessary to review the large-signal behavior of junction transistors.
The carbohydrates in frog retinal rod outer segments

Frog retinal rod outer segments appear to contain uncharacterized chemical components whose mass is roughly equivalent to 12--51% of the rhodopsin mass. Available data suggest that such components include soluble proteins and complex polysaccharides, and that hyaluronic acid accounts for a substantial fraction of this mass. Electron microscopic histochemical staining studies suggest that these polysaccharide components are located within the ROS disks. The oligosaccharide moieties of rhodopsin also appear localized within the disks. The interdisk cytoplasm may contain carbohydrates, but their quantity and identity are uncertain. Rhodopsin oligosaccharides as well as some fraction of the intradisk polysaccharide appear to have extended saccharide chains preferentially oriented perpendicular to the surface of the disk membrane. Possible roles for these polysaccharides in disk development and photoexcitation are discussed. The immediate need for complete rod outer segment chemical composition data is emphasized.
Power and Sample Size Calculations for Case-Control Studies of Gene-Environment Interactions with a Polytomous Exposure Variable

Genetic polymorphisms may appear to the epidemiologist most commonly as different levels of susceptibility to exposure. Epidemiologic studies of heterogeneity in exposure susceptibility aim at estimating the parameter quantifying the gene-environment interaction. In this paper, the authors use a general approach to power and sample size calculations for case-control studies, which is applicable to settings where the exposure variable is polytomous and where the assumption of independence between the distribution of the genotype and the environmental factor may not be met. It was found through exploration of different scenarios that in the cases explored, power calculations were relatively insensitive to assumptions about the odds ratio for the exposure in the referent genotype category and to assumptions about the odds ratio for the genetic factor in the lowest exposure category, yet they were relatively sensitive to assumptions about gene frequency, particularly when gene frequency was low. In general, to detect a small to moderate gene-environment interaction effect, large sample sizes are needed. Because the examples studied represent only a small subset of possible scenarios that could occur in practice, the authors encourage the use of their user-friendly Fortran program for calculating power and sample size for gene-environment interactions with exposures grouped by quantiles that are explicitly tailored to the study at hand.
Considerations regarding biosocial foundations of personality and aggression

I have suggested that research into biosocial processes has been impeded because of two mistaken opinions. The first pertains to a belief that biological processes are determinative. I have tried to show that they are potentiating. The second pertains to a belief that if biology contributes to aggression, biological interventions are necessary. I have demonstrated that social processes can alter biological conditions. I have also suggested that biosocial research can make important contributions through animal models and longitudinal studies. Language: en
When it Pays to be Dissatisfied: Modeling Employees’ Motives to Game Engagement Surveys

In this paper we integrate disparate literatures and theoretical traditions to examine various motives employees may have to intentionally distort their responses on organizational engagement surve...
Identification and characterization of tumor initiating cells in human primary cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma

Primary human squamous cell carcinomas (SCCas) are heterogeneous invasive tumors with proliferating outer layers and inner differentiating cell masses. To determine if tumor-initiating cells (TICs) are present in SCCas, we utilized newly developed reliable in vitro and in vivo xenograft assays that propagate human SCCas, and demonstrated that a small subset of SCCa cells (~1%) expressing Prominin-1 (CD133) in the outer layers of SCCas were highly enriched for TICs (~1/400) compared with unsorted SCCa cells (TICs ~1/106). Xenografts of CD133+ SCCas recreated the original SCCa tumor histology and organizational hierarchy, whereas CD133− cells did not, and only CD133+ cells demonstrated the capacity for self-renewal in serial transplantation studies. We present a model of human SCCas in which tumor projections expand with outer leading edges that contain CD133+ TICs. Successful cancer treatment will likely require that the TICs identified in cancers be targeted therapeutically. The demonstration that TICs are present in SCCas and are enriched in a CD133− expressing subpopulation has not been, to our knowledge, previously reported.
Diffusion tensor MRI: preliminary anisotropy measures and mapping of breast tumors.

Purpose: To investigate whether diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures of anisotropy in breast tumors are different from normal breast tissue and can improve the discrimination between benign and malignant lesions. Materials and Methods: The study included 81 women with 105 breast lesions (76 malignant, 29 benign). DTI was performed during breast MRI examinations, and fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were measured for breast lesions and normal tissue in each subject. FA and ADC were compared between cancers, benign lesions, and normal tissue by univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: The FA of carcinomas (mean ± SD: 0.24 ± 0.07) was significantly lower than normal breast tissue in the same subjects (0.29 ± 0.07; P < 0.0001). Multiple logistic regression showed that FA and ADC were each independent discriminators of malignancy (P < 0.0001), and that FA improved discrimination between cancer and normal tissue over ADC alone. However, there was no difference in FA between malignant and benign lesions (P = 0.98). Conclusion: Diffusion anisotropy is significantly lower in breast cancers than normal tissue, which may reflect alterations in tissue organization. Our preliminary results suggest that FA adds incremental value over ADC alone for discriminating malignant from normal tissue but does not help with distinguishing benign from malignant lesions. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010; 31: 339–347. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Reduction of charge-center scattering rate in Hg 1-x Fe x Se

The electrical resistivity, electron concentration, and mobility of ${\mathrm{Hg}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Fe}}_{\mathrm{x}}$Se are reported for 4.2lTl300 K and for 0.0001lxl0.12. The data are interpreted within an electronic band-structure model that assumes the existence of resonant donors (due to the presence of Fe ions) whose ground-state energy coincides with the conduction-band continuum. The electron-concentration data enable determination of the donor energy as a function of the temperature and crystal composition. Unexpectedly high values of the low-temperature electron mobility for \ensuremath{\sim}0.0003\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.01 indicate a reduction of the charged-impurity scattering rate at these temperatures. This effect is interpreted in terms of a spatial ordering of charges within the Fe-related impurity system.
Cold pressor thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphy in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease

Thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphy was performed during cold pressor stimulation in 36 patients aged 36 to 69 years. Thirty-one patients had coronary artery disease and 5 patients did not, as confirmed by coronary cineangiography. Thallium-201 (1.5 to 2 mCi) was injected at 30 seconds of the cold pressor stimulation. The product of systolic pressure X heart rate increased from a baseline of 77.4 +/- 16 (standard deviation [SD]) to 103.6 +/- 17 at 30 seconds of the cold pressor test (p less than 0.0005). Transient perfusion deficits developed in 24 of 31 patients with coronary artery disease (sensitivity 77%), and all 5 patients without coronary artery disease had normal scintigrams. The sensitivity in detecting coronary artery disease was 40% in patients with 1 vessel disease, 91% in patients with 2 vessel disease, and 100% in patients with 3 vessel disease. Exercise electrocardiograms (available in 29 of 36 patients) were positive for ischemia in 18 of 24 patients with coronary artery disease and in 1 of 5 patients without coronary artery disease (sensitivity 75% and specificity less than 80%). Exercise thallium-201 scintigrams, obtained in 16 patients, were positive in 11 patients with coronary artery disease and positive cold pressor thallium-201 scintigrams. Five patients without coronary artery disease and with normal cold pressor thallium-201 scintigrams had normal exercise thallium-201 scintigrams. Coronary cineangiography performed during cold pressor stimulation in 6 patients who had positive cold pressor and exercise thallium-201 scintigrams did not show coronary spasm. Our data indicate that cold pressor thallium-201 scintigraphy offers promise as a noninvasive test in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease and may be used in patients in whom exercise testing is not feasible.
Properties of Tests for Spatial Dependence in Linear Regression Models

Based on a large number of Monte Carlo simulation experiments on a regular lattice, we compare the properties of Moran's I and Lagrange multiplier tests for spatial dependence, that is, for both spatial error autocorrelation and for a spatially lagged dependent variable. We consider both bias and power of the tests for six sample sizes, ranging from twenty-five to 225 observations, for different structures of the spatial weights matrix, for several underlying error distributions, for misspecified weights matrices, and for the situation where boundary effects are present. The results provide an indication of the sample sizes for which the asymptotic properties of the tests can be considered to hold. They also illustrate the power of the Lagrange multiplier tests to distinguish between substantive spatial dependence (spatial lag) and spatial dependence as a nuisance (error autocorrelation).
The mTORC1 signaling repressors REDD1/2 are rapidly induced and activation of p70S6K1 by leucine is defective in skeletal muscle of an immobilized rat hindlimb.

Limb immobilization, limb suspension, and bed rest cause substantial loss of skeletal muscle mass, a phenomenon termed disuse atrophy. To acquire new knowledge that will assist in the development of therapeutic strategies for minimizing disuse atrophy, the present study was undertaken with the aim of identifying molecular mechanisms that mediate control of protein synthesis and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to unilateral hindlimb immobilization for 1, 2, 3, or 7 days or served as nonimmobilized controls. Following an overnight fast, rats received either saline or l-leucine by oral gavage as a nutrient stimulus. Hindlimb skeletal muscles were extracted 30 min postgavage and analyzed for the rate of protein synthesis, mRNA expression, phosphorylation state of key proteins in the mTORC1 signaling pathway, and mTORC1 signaling repressors. In the basal state, mTORC1 signaling and protein synthesis were repressed within 24 h in the soleus of an immobilized compared with a nonimmobilized hindlimb. These responses were accompanied by a concomitant induction in expression of the mTORC1 repressors regulated in development and DNA damage responses (REDD) 1/2. The nutrient stimulus produced an elevation of similar magnitude in mTORC1 signaling in both the immobilized and nonimmobilized muscle. In contrast, phosphorylation of 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (p70S6K1) on Thr229 and Thr389 in response to the nutrient stimulus was severely blunted. Phosphorylation of Thr229 by PDK1 is a prerequisite for phosphorylation of Thr389 by mTORC1, suggesting that signaling through PDK1 is impaired in response to immobilization. In conclusion, the results show an immobilization-induced attenuation of mTORC1 signaling mediated by induction of REDD1/2 and defective p70S6K1 phosphorylation.
Recent progress in the measurement of temperature and salinity by optical scattering

Recent progress is described in the use of Brillouin and Raman scattering for the measurement of temperature and salinity in the ocean. The use of Brillouin scattering is described for the measurement of the sound velocity, and the use of Raman scattering is described for the independent measurement of the temperature and salinity. Coupling these techniques permits the assessment of both temperature and salinity. The experimental techniques are described together with the results of recent experiments and an assessment of the errors to be expected.
Prevention of Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and 2 Disease in Mice Immunized with a gD-Expressing Dominant-Negative Recombinant HSV-1

CJ9-gD is a novel herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 recombinant virus that is completely replication-defective, expresses high-levels of HSV-1 major antigen glycoprotein D (gD), and can function in trans to inhibit replication of wild-type HSV-1 and HSV-2 in co-infected cells. Here, we show that immunization with CJ9-gD elicits strong and long-lasting humoral and Th1-like cellular immune responses against both HSV-1 and HSV-2. Mice immunized with CJ9-gD exhibited significant reductions in the extent and duration of intravaginal replication of challenge HSV-1 and HSV-2 compared with mock-immunized controls, and were completely protected from local or systemic herpetic disease after intravaginal challenge with wild-type HSV-1 or HSV-2.
Evaluation of smooth and notched specimen fatigue behavior of Al-2.6Li-0.09Zr

Abstract Smooth and notched specimen fatigue tests were conducted on an experimental, ternary aluminum-lithium-zirconium alloy, to evaluate the influence of aging time, extrusion geometry, specimen orientation, and extrusion temperature on fatigue behavior. Round-rod material was extruded at 500°F (260°C) and 800°F (427°C), whereas a flat-bar product was extruded at 800°F (427°C). Completely reversed strain-controlled tests were conducted at a constant strain rate for round axial specimens and flat axial specimens. Cyclic data were recorded in logarithmic increments of the specimen life, and corresponding stress-strain hysteresis loops were generated. Smooth and notched cylindrical specimens machined from the material extruded at 800°F (427°C) were tested under stress control.
Refractory periodontitis or recurrence of disease

Refractory periodontal disease is characterized by low plaque scores and low responsiveness to periodontal therapy. The patients often have a history of antibiotic therapy and therefore have a high incidence of resistance in the subgingival microflora. The above features are in contrast to adult chronic periodontal disease and recurrence of disease. The subgingival microflora of refractory disease may be either predominantly gram-positive with elevated levels of Streptococcus intermedius or may be gram negative and contain elevated levels of the classical periodontal pathogens. In some cases serum IgG antibodies against Porphyromonas gingivalis are elevated and seem to decrease after therapy. Smoking may be an important factor in refractory periodontal disease. Treatment with directed antibiotic therapy as an adjunct to scaling and root planing retards the progression of disease for a limited time. Many questions are still not answered and suggestions are made for future directions in research.
A proposed graduate course in automatic software generation

The backlog of demand for applications software is exceeding the productivity of programmers using conventional procedural languages. One approach to solving this problem is increasing programmer productivity through the use of automatic software generation systems. This paper presents the background of the software crunch, the reasons conventional programming languages are not expected to meet it, and the possibility of the state of the art being adequate to support a graduate course in automatic software generation.
Time-Varying Stochastic Assessment of Conservation Voltage Reduction Based on Load Modeling

This paper presents a time-varying stochastic technique to assess conservation voltage reduction (CVR) effects based on load modeling. A time-varying exponential load model is developed to represent voltage dependences of loads. The recursive least square (RLS) method is applied to identify model parameters in a recursive way. CVR factors can be calculated using the identified model parameters. The time-varying stochastic model for CVR effects can then be constructed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test. The proposed CVR assessment method is applied to one-year measurement data from a utility company. The calculated CVR factors are verified by a Euclidian distance-based comparison method. Stochastic models of CVR effects in each time window are constructed. Compared with previous efforts on assessing CVR effects, the proposed method does not require control groups or assumptions of linear relationships between the load and its impact factors. The probabilistic nature of CVR effects is also fully considered.
Robust recommender systems

This tutorial will discuss vulnerabilities of collaborative recommendation algorithms: attacks that can be mounted against them and possible defenses that can be used. The tutorial will be of interest to researchers and practitioners in the area of collaborative recommendation.
Pathologies of power: rethinking health and human rights.

The field of health and human rights has grown quickly, but its boundaries have yet to be traced. Fifty-one years after the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, consensus regarding the most promising directions for the future is lacking; however, outcome-oriented assessments lead us to question approaches that rely solely on recourse to formal legal and civil rights. Similarly unpromising are approaches that rely overmuch on appeals to governments: careful study reveals that state power has been responsible for most human rights violations and that most violations are embedded in "structural violence"--social and economic inequities that determine who will be at risk for assaults and who will be shielded. This article advances an agenda for research and action grounded in the struggle for social and economic rights, an agenda suited to public health and medicine, whose central contributions to future progress in human rights will be linked to the equitable distribution of the fruits of scientific advanc...
Nonpolar compositional analysis of vacuum gas oil distillation fractions by electron ionization fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

We analyzed three vacuum gas oil distillation fractions, 295−319 °C, 319−456 °C, and 456−543 °C, with a home-built external electron ionization (EI) 7 T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer. EI at 10 eV allows soft ionization of aromatic compounds in the vacuum gas oil range. Unambiguous elemental composition assignment provides insight into compositional variations at the molecular level; for example, ultrahigh resolving power (m/Δm50% ≈ 300 000 at m/z 300) and mass accuracy (<0.4 ppm) readily resolve C3/SH4 doublets (3.4 mDa mass difference) across the full m/z range of interest. To our knowledge, this is the first time that hydrocarbons and sulfur-containing hydrocarbons have been completely mass-resolved across the full VGO range. Aromatic hydrocarbons are the major detected components in all three samples. In addition, many sulfur-, nitrogen-, and oxygen-containing compounds were directly observed. The concentrations of the heteroatomic species increase with boiling po...
Cross-linguistic semantics

Rooth & Partee (1982) and Rooth (1985) have shown that the English-specific rule-by-rule system of PTQ can be factores out into function application plus two transformations for resolving type mismatch (type lifting and variable binding). Building on these insights, this article proposes a universal system for type-driven translation, by adding two more innovations: local type determination for gaps (generalizing Montague 1973) and a set of semantic filters (extending Cooper 1983). This system, dubbed Cross-Linguistic Semantics (XLS), is shown to account for various phenomena — including scope relations in English and Greenlandic Eskimo, internally headed relative clauses in Lakhota, serial verbs in Yoruba and VP ellipsis in English.
Fundamental mechanisms and doping effects in silicon infrared absorption for temperature measurement by infrared transmission

Infrared absorption in silicon has been investigated at elevated temperatures. The fundamental absorption process in lightly to moderately doped silicon at 1. 3 and 1. 55 zm have been identified as band-to-band and free carrier mechanisms respectively. The effects of heavy substrate doping on absorption at elevated temperature have also been studied. Significant deviations (10) from transmission vs. temperature as used to measure ternperature in a Rapid Thermal Processing system begin to occur with substrate doping levels of cm3.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of induction of T-cell-dependent antibody with sheep red blood cells on P-450-dependent and -independent xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes

Abstract The effect of an antigenic challenge with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) on the activities of cytochrome P-450-dependent and -independent xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and on lipid peroxidation in the liver was investigated. The studies were carried out using three mouse strains of C57B1/10 and three strains of C3H backgrounds which are cogenic, differing genetically at the H-2 complex. The basal levels of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase (7-Ec) were different among congenic strains. The activity of 7-Ec was lower in C3H background mice than in B10 background mice. Similarly, the difference due to the strain and the H-2 locus was detected in the activities of P-450-independent enzymes such as malathion and diethyl succinate carboxylesterases, glutathione S-transferase, and epoxide hydrolases in microsomal and cytosolic fractions. The degree of immune responsiveness in these mice was determined by a plaque forming cell assay. Within the same background, the H-2b mouse strain was a high responder and the H-2k a low responder to SRBC. However, treatment with SRBC had no significant depressive effect on P-450-dependent enzyme activities except in C3H/He. Activity of AHH was suppressed in C3H/He mice. Treatment with SRBC had no effect on P-450-independent enzyme activities except for malathion carboxylesterase: the activity was increased in C3H/He and C3H.JK, whereas it was decreased in B10. The basal level of lipid peroxidation was lower in C3H/He and C3H.JK. The treatment produced a significant enhancement in lipid peroxidation in C3H/He, B10 and B10.BR (P
Serum prolactin and growth hormone in Holstein bulls.

Abstract Repeatabilities among three estimates of serum prolactin and growth hormone collected in 71 Holstein bulls within 10 days were .13 and .30. However, heritabilities of the serum hormone concentrations were not different from 0. In another experiment of 86 Holstein bulls, serum collected in July contained more than twice as much prolactin as serum collected in January whereas growth hormone was unaffected by months. Prolactin was unchanged whereas growth hormone decreased with age. However, logarithm base 10 of serum concentration of prolactin increased as age advanced. Neither hormone was significantly related to predicted difference. We conclude that simply measuring basal serum prolactin and growth hormone has little usefulness for estimating breeding values of cattle.
Biological destruction of CCl4: I. Experimental design and data

A denitrifying consortium capable of transforming carbon tetrachloride (CCl[sub 4]) was cultured from aquifer sediment from the US Department of Energy's Hanford Site in southeastern Washington State. To understand the kinetics of the biological destruction of CCl[sub 4] by these microbes, a set of experiments, the conditions of which were chosen according to a fractional factorial experimental design, were completed. This article reports on the experimental design along with the results for CCl[sub 4], biomass, acetate, nitrate, and nitrite concentrations. These data indicate that growth is inhibited by high nitrite concentrations, whereas CCl[sub 4] degradation is slowed by the presence of nitrate and/or nitrite.
Visual discomfort with stereo 3D displays when the head is not upright

Properly constructed stereoscopic images are aligned vertically on the display screen, so on-screen binocular disparities are strictly horizontal. If the viewer's inter-ocular axis is also horizontal, he/she makes horizontal vergence eye movements to fuse the stereoscopic image. However, if the viewer's head is rolled to the side, the onscreen disparities now have horizontal and vertical components at the eyes. Thus, the viewer must make horizontal and vertical vergence movements to binocularly fuse the two images. Vertical vergence movements occur naturally, but they are usually quite small. Much larger movements are required when viewing stereoscopic images with the head rotated to the side. We asked whether the vertical vergence eye movements required to fuse stereoscopic images when the head is rolled cause visual discomfort. We also asked whether the ability to see stereoscopic depth is compromised with head roll. To answer these questions, we conducted behavioral experiments in which we simulated head roll by rotating the stereo display clockwise or counter-clockwise while the viewer's head remained upright relative to gravity. While viewing the stimulus, subjects performed a psychophysical task. Visual discomfort increased significantly with the amount of stimulus roll and with the magnitude of on-screen horizontal disparity. The ability to perceive stereoscopic depth also declined with increasing roll and on-screen disparity. The magnitude of both effects was proportional to the magnitude of the induced vertical disparity. We conclude that head roll is a significant cause of viewer discomfort and that it also adversely affects the perception of depth from stereoscopic displays.
On attention and memory in reaction time experiments

Abstract Donders' subtraction method is first discussed in relation with the sequential phenomena generally found in serial choice RT experiments. The general idea is that after some sequences of stimuli, the organization of a response requires more stages than after other sequences. It is concluded that a new instance of Donders' method would be available, provided that the trial by trial variations of the stages would be captured by an appropriate stochastic model. Such a model, based on the psychological notion of attention, short term memory and long term memory, is outlined. A first attempt to apply the model is finally described.
How well are we serving the adolescent mother: a look at public social services

The delivery of public social services to adolescent mothers (18 and younger) is examined on the basis of data from a nationwide survey. The findings suggest that few adolescent mothers (including the high risk adolescent mother) are being provided services that are adequate to meet current and future parenting needs. The implications of these service deficiencies are discussed.
At the Speed of Sound: Gene Discovery in the Auditory System

As auditory genes and deafness-associated mutations are discovered at a rapid rate, exciting opportunities have arisen to uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying hearing and hearing impairment. Single genes have been identified to be pathogenic for dominant or recessive forms of nonsyndromic hearing loss, syndromic hearing loss, and, in some cases, even multiple forms of hearing loss. Modifier loci and genes have been found, and investigations into their role in the hearing process will yield valuable insight into the fundamental processes of the auditory system.
Noradrenergic role in the self-administration of morphine or amphetamine.

Abstract The role of brain noradrenergic neurons in mediating the reinforcing properties of small intravenous doses of morphine and d-amphetamine was investigated by pretreatment of rats with the norepinephrine-depleting agents diethyldithiocarbamate and U-14,624, inhibitors of dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH). Such treatment prevented the reacquisition of a self-administration response (bar-press) for morphine (32 μg/kg/injection) or d-amphetamine (15 μg/kg/injection) made available on a CRF schedule. Pretreatment with a DBH inhibitor also prevented the development of a secondary (conditioned) reinforcer based on primary reinforcement associated with either drug. Observations indicating that the orienting reflex was intact are taken as evidence that depressant effects of the DBH inhibitors were not severe enough to disrupt the associative process. Therefore, any effect on learning does not seem sufficient to explain the present results. Thus, it is inferred that the mechanisms mediating reinforcement for both morphine and amphetamine were disrupted by the inhibition of central noradrenergic functions.
Additive enhancement of neutrophil collagenase activity by HOCl and cathepsin G.

Abstract Using preparations of latent collagenase derived from neutrophil specific granule extracts, the relative effects of cathepsin G and HOCl on activation of neutrophil collagenase were determined using a quantitative collagenase assay. Enhancement of collagenase activity by cathepsin G and physiologically relevant concentrations of HOCl were comparable, but HOCl mediated collagenase activation was reversible in the presence of HOCl scavenger. Collagenase activity in preparations treated with cathepsin G and HOCl simultaneously or sequentially was significantly greater than activity in preparations treated with HOCl or cathepsin G alone. The results indicated additive, yet independant enhancing effects of HOCl and cathepsin G on activity of neutrophil collagenase.
Analysis of chlorothalonil and three degradates in sediment and soil.

A method has been developed for the simultaneous extraction of chlorothalonil and three of its degradates (4-hydroxy-2,5,6-trichloroisophthalonitrile, 1-carbamoyl-3-cyano-4-hydroxy-2,5,6-trichlorobenzene, and 1,3-dicarbamoyl-2,4,5,6-tetrachlorobenzene) from soils and sediments; the compounds were extracted using sonication with acetone and isolation of the parent compound and matrix interferences from the degradates by solid phase extraction (SPE). The chlorothalonil fraction underwent further coextracted matrix interference removal with Florisil. The degradates were derivatized with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) and chlorotrimethylsilane (TMCS). All compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Recoveries on a spiked (20 and 200 µg kg−1) sediment ranged from 80% to 91% with calculated limits of detection of 1−5 µg kg−1 dry weight sediment. An additional 20 sediment samples were collected in watersheds from the Southeastern United States where chlorothalonil...
phyllopod functions in the fate determination of a subset of photoreceptors in drosophila

phyllopod (phyl) encodes a novel protein required for fate determination of photoreceptors R1, R6, and R7, the last three photoreceptors to be recruited into the ommatidia of the developing Drosophila eye. Genetic data suggests that phyl acts downstream of Ras1, raf, and yan to promote neuronal differentiation in this subset of photoreceptors. Ectopic expression of phyl in the cone cell precursors mimics the effect of ectopic activation of Ras1, suggesting that phyl expression is regulated by Ras1. phyl is also required for embryonic nervous system and sensory bristle development.
Duelling and the abolition of war

Political scientists have long compared war to duelling in the hope that war could be abolished like duelling, that is, at the hands of a normative campaign. However, there has been limited investigation of duelling's past. What can the history of duelling teach us about the future of war? This paper advances two arguments. First, by refining the conventional wisdom, it argues that duelling's demise was caused less by normative campaigning than by the timing of industrialization. Second, it argues that although duelling is not an analogous institution to modern war, its ancestor, feuding, is. Writings on feuds contribute a complementary literature to the limited data on war, which is helpful for thought experiments and hypothesis testing. Further, feuding's fall was caused more by the growth of state capacity than by normative campaigning. In sum, neither the history of duelling nor that of feuding confirms the view that ideational factors played the principal role in suppressing these practices; therefor...
Interactive classification using data envelopment analysis

In this paper, we illustrate how data envelopment analysis (DEA) can be used to aid interactive classification. We assume that the scoring function for the classification problem is known. We use DEA to identify difficult to classify cases from a database and present them to the decision-maker one at a time. The decision-maker assigns a class to the presented case and based on the decision-maker class assignment, a tradeoff cutting plane is drawn using the scoring function and decision-maker’s input. The procedure continues for finite number of iterations and terminates with the final discriminant function. We also show how a hybrid DEA and mathematical programming approach can be used when user interaction is not desired. For non-interactive case, we compare a hybrid DEA and mathematical programming based approach with several statistical and machine learning approaches, and show that the hybrid approach provides competitive performance when compared to the other machine learning approaches.
The Serrodyne Frequency Translator

A serrodyne frequency translator will translate, or shift, the frequency of a signal in a nearly ideal manner. Linear sawtooth modulation of a transit-time device, such as a traveling-wave tube or klystron, is employed to effect the translation. The power output at the translated frequency is practically equal to the capability of the same device operating as an ordinary amplifier. Furthermore, very little power is produced in undesired intermodulation frequency components. Frequency translations of a microwave signal ranging from subaudio frequencies to 57 megacycles have been accomplished. The translation loss for a translation of about 30 megacycles was less than 1 decibel; moreover, each undesired frequency component was suppressed at least 20 decibels. The serrodyne method can be used at nonmicrowave frequencies and with larger fractional frequency shifts, provided modulable transit-time devices having certain properties can be devised. An analysis is given of serrodyne performance as limited by a number of important practical factors. A general spectrum analysis is included which is in a convenient form for a variety of problems in combined AM and PPM (or combined AM and PM) when arbitrary modulating waveforms are used.
P3.031 Condom Use as a Function of New Young Adult Relationship Duration

Objective To find out how condom use in new relationships changes as a function of time, gender, as well as sexual and relationship satisfaction. Method Participants in a larger study who reported at least one new partner during the 12-week study interval (N = 115; 18–29 yrs; 48% women; 75% African American) completed weekly STI testing and 3x/day electronic diary collection assessing individual and partner-specific affect, daily activities, sexual behaviour and condom use. We analysed event-level condom use percentage and subject-level behaviour response effects. Generalized Additive Mixed Models (GAMMs) were used to estimate condom use probability accounting for within-subject and within-nested-partners correlations via random effects. Results The average initial condom use in the new relationships was 62% for men and 46% for women. The plotted smooth shapes of the estimated condom use probabilities fitted using GAMMs were qualitatively similar for both sexes throughout the study period. The initial high condom use percentage was followed by a sharp decline during the first 1.5 weeks to 19% for men and 14% for women. The condom use rates stabilised at around 6% after 4 weeks in a new relationship. Women who reported high levels of relationship satisfaction exhibited marginally significant negative association with condom use probability (p-value = 0.055). Sex satisfaction was not significantly associated with condom use when both the time trends and gender were taken into account. Conclusion Condom use declines sharply for both males and females during the early stages of new relationships. Men use condoms more frequently than women in the early and middle stages of relationships. Relationship characteristics may also influence lower levels of condom use, especially among women.
Studies in lignicolous Ascomycetes: Xylopezia and Mycowinteria.

A number of ascomycetes formerly named inOdontotrema (Ostropales) and the illegitimateWinteria (Rehm) Sacc. are redisposed inXylopezia andMycowinteria (a new name forWinteria). New combinations are introduced forMycowinteria anodonta (=Winteria lichenoides),Xylopezia hemisphaerica (=Odontotrema hemisphaericum),Xylopezia excellens (=Winteria excellens), andXylopezia inclusa (=Odontotrema subintegrum).Xylopezia biseptata is described as new.Xylopezia andMycowinteria are each isolated taxonomically and their affinities at the family level are obscure.