cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CAULOXYLON AMBIGUUM, GEN. ET SP. NOV., A NEW FOSSIL PLANT FROM THE REED SPRINGS FORMATION OF SOUTHWESTERN MISSOURI

THE PETRIFIED stem described in this paper was found in Greene County, Missouri, and was given to E. L. Clark, professor of geology at Drury College, who referred it to the writer for identification. It was picked up from an accumulation of chert in a small ravine, and, although not embedded when found, it is assumed to have been included in a chert matrix which fractured and broke up under the influence of weathering. Since this chert has been ascribed to the upper part of the Reed Springs Formation, the plant probably lived during the earlier half of MVlississippian time. STATE OF PRESERVATION.-The portion of stem found is about 15 cm. long, 7.5 cm. wide, and 5.5 cm. thick. It is straight and without branches or appendages other than leaves which are represented
Misdiagnosis of multiple sclerosis and β-interferon

SIR—The release by the US Food and Drug Administration of two forms of -interferon for the prophylactic treatment of multiple sclerosis has developed into a therapeutic frenzy. Although the indications for the use of -interferon have been clearly stated, I found that some patients referred to me with the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis had already been given these drugs, irrespective of the clinical characteristics of their disease. I have also noted that many patients who receive -interferon do not have multiple sclerosis, and some patients started to take the drugs even after they were told that I could not confirm the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis has been my main clinical and research interest for over 40 years. For diagnostic purposes, I use the clinically definite category. During the past few years, there has been an increasing emphasis on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as the basis for diagnosing this disease. Regrettably, taking the history of the patient’s disease has become more and more perfunctory, and is often replaced by interpretation of the MRI films by radiologists who usually receive only limited clinical information about the patient. Many neurologists do not have, or take, the opportunity of reviewing MRI films themselves and are unaware that many conditions cause MRI lesions that mimic those of multiple sclerosis. I have conducted a detailed review of all patients with the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (made by a boardcertified neurologist) referred to me for a second opinion. Of 366 referrals, 236 (65%) had a correct diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. The diagnoses of the 130 (35%) patients who did not have multiple sclerosis were: disseminated encephalomyelitis in 48 (37%), chronic fatigue syndrome in 28 (22%), myelopathy in 27 (21%), posttraumatic syndrome in five (4%), complicated migraine in five (4%), psychiatric disorders in three (2%), and unknown in 14 (11%). 14 of the patients who did not have multiple sclerosis were receiving one of the -interferons, and another ten mentioned that their neurologist had recommended this treatment. The extent of the misdiagnosis of multiple sclerosis is disturbing. Even more distressing is the thought that many of these patients are prescribed expensive drugs for which the long-term effects are not known and the therapeutic efficacy, though promising, remains a matter of debate. The availability of new therapies for multiple sclerosis reinforces the need for Quality control of cochlear implants
Was Moses a person who stuttered? Perhaps not

Abstract This essay develops the argument that Moses most likely did not stutter but, rather, had a communication disorder of a structural or organic nature that affected his articulation and the intelligibility of his speech. Attempts are made to reinterpret references to the speech disorder Moses is said to have had in light of midrash (from the Hebrew word for explanation) stories and a recent translation of Exodus.
Data Channel Monitoring by Correlation Techniques

The technique of analyzing a set of channel parameters is discussed. Pseudorandom probing (for low-level noncorrelative interference with a typical user) and cross-correlation analysis are employed in the system described. The transfer function of this communications channel is convolved with the autocorrelation function of the probe signal; hence, analysis of the cross-correlation function at the receiver yields channel phase and amplitude parameters on a discrete basis. Implementation of these concepts with a demonstrable engineering model has been accomplished, and laboratory test results are presented.
A Longitudinal Investigation of Task Characteristics Relationships

This study investigated the stability of individual perceptions of task characteristics and the stability of individual reactions to these perceptions at two points in time. Results indicated that ...
Effects of Hydrologic Connectivity on Pond Environmental Characteristics in a Coastal Marsh System

Abstract The patterns of hydrologic connectivity in coastal marsh systems may affect the variation of environmental variables. In this study, we examine the effects of hydrologic connectivity patterns on environmental variables among freshwater, brackish, and saline marsh ponds and between pond types (permanently connected pond [PCP], temporarily connected pond [TCP]) in coastal Louisiana. TCPs did not completely dry although they were only temporarily connected by surface water to permanent bodies of water. The patterns of daily water depth within a pond type across marshes and between pond types within a marsh did not clearly indicate differences. We found few environmental differences between our hydrological groups PCP and TCP. The salinity increased from inland (i.e., freshwater marsh) towards the ocean (i.e., saline marsh), but percent cover of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) decreased in the same direction.
Voys Lessons: Whirling Words in Chaucer’s “House of Rumour”

“Voys Lessons: Whirling Words in Chaucer’s ‘House of Rumour’” examines the lability of sound and its use in the dissemination, transposition, and authorship of stories within The House of Fame , a text exemplifying the mobility and flexibility of misused or unhinged words, as expressed through sound as opposed to text. By engaging the use and interpretation of sound in contrast to words, this new reading concentrates on the idea of narrative as material artifact with limited stasis. Geffrey’s pseudo-authorship, through his voyeuristic stance, engages the textuality of sounds and shows the related subtlety, elasticity, and democratic sociohistorical aspect of narrative construction. Chaucer’s dreamscape and use of authorial characters allows this argument to reposition the mobility and nature of sound, emphasizing its critical importance in the formation and corruption of stories, both written and oral.
Scalable High-CW-Power High-Speed 980-nm VCSEL Arrays

Scalable 980-nm oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays capable of both high output power and high modulation frequency have been fabricated and characterized. DC measurement of an array with 28 elements shows that the array operates at continuous wave (CW) powers over 200 mW at a bias current of 875 mA. AC frequency response and pulse measurements of the array give a maximum 3 dB bandwidth of 7.6 GHz and gain-switched output pulses as short as 60 ps full-width at half-maximum. Uniform current and temperature distributions verified by the radial dependence of bandwidth and wavelength show that copper plating of the array elements and flip-chip bonding provide effective thermal management for the arrays.
Did You See It Coming? Effects of the Specificity and Efficiency of Goal Pursuit on the Accuracy and Onset of Goal Detection in Social Interaction

To test aspects of a theoretical framework on goal detection in social interaction, an experiment examined dyadic initial interactions wherein one participant pursued a goal unbeknownst to another participant. The level of specificity and efficiency at which a pursuer sought a goal interacted to affect the accuracy of the detector's inference as well as the time of onset for that inference. Consistent with hypotheses, efficiency was unrelated to accuracy and negatively correlated with onset latency when pursuers had an abstract information-seeking goal, whereas efficiency was positively correlated with accuracy and onset latency when detecting a concrete (i.e., specific) information-seeking goal. Unexpectedly, efficiency was unrelated to accuracy and onset latency for a midlevel information-seeking goal. Other results focused on the role of individual differences (i.e., perspective-taking and suspicion in others' motives) and perceived communication competence in the goal detection process. A more control...
Thyroid hormone homeostasis and action in the type 2 deiodinase-deficient rodent brain during development.

Considerable indirect evidence suggests that the type 2 deiodinase (D2) generates T3 from T4 for local use in specific tissues such as pituitary, brown fat, and brain, and studies with a D2-deficent mouse, the D2 knockout (D2KO) mouse, have shown this to be the case in pituitary and brown fat. The present study employs the D2KO mouse to determine the role of D2 in the developing brain. As expected, the T3 content in the neonatal D2KO brain was markedly reduced to a level comparable with that seen in the hypothyroid neonatal wild-type mouse. However, the mRNA levels of several T3-responsive genes were either unaffected or much less affected in the brain of the D2KO mouse than in that of the hypothyroid mouse, and compared with the hypothyroid mouse, the D2KO mouse exhibited a very mild neurological phenotype. The current view of thyroid hormone homeostasis in the brain dictates that the T3 present in neurons is generated mostly, if not exclusively, from T4 by the D2 in glial cells. This view is inadequate ...
Wetting phenomena of binary liquid mixtures on chemically altered substrates.

We report measurements of the state of wetting of two liquid mixtures at coexistence near their respective critical consolute temperatures. Borosilicate glass capillary tubes were reacted with hexamethyldisilazane to produce substrates of uniform and controlled silylation. Surfaces of low coverage exhibit a series of first-order partial to complete wetting transitions and obey a short-range force scaling relation. Surfaces of high coverage yield surprising results which may be understood as a consequence of long-range forces.
Pulsed and continuous radiation from white dwarfs

We demonstrate that the detection of steady kV X-ray emission from the vicinity of a white dwarf star possessing a magnetic field of the order of 107 G will provide strong evidence that the white dwarf is rotating with a period of about one minute. We also show that detection of pulsed radiation at about 1 mm wavelength would confirm this. Also some of the interesting dynamical consequences for the interstellar medium due to such white dwarfs are outlined.
The spatial relationship of the viral and H-2 antigens recognized by anti-viral CTLs.

With the use of monospecific rabbit anti-G protein and mouse monoclonal anti-H-2Kk, we have analyzed the spatial relationship of the serologically defined H-2Kk antigens and the major surface glycoprotein (G protein) of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) to those antigens recognized by B10.A (k, d) anti-VSV cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). The ability of monoclonal anti-H-2Kk or rabbit anti-G protein to inhibit specifically the cytolytic activity of B10.A anti-VSV CTLs indicates that the G protein and the H-2Kk molecules are in close proximity to the viral and H-2Kk antigens recognized by the anti-VSV (CTLs. By the method of sequential immunoprecipitation, we also demonstrated that only 10–30 percent of the serologically defined G and H-2Kk molecules are in theG-H-2Kk complexes.
Impacts of biological parameterization, initial conditions, and environmental forcing on parameter sensitivity and uncertainty in a marine ecosystem model for the Bering Sea

Abstract We use a series of Monte Carlo experiments to explore simultaneously the sensitivity of the BEST marine ecosystem model to environmental forcing, initial conditions, and biological parameterizations. Twenty model output variables were examined for sensitivity. The true sensitivity of biological and environmental parameters becomes apparent only when each parameter is allowed to vary within its realistic range. Many biological parameters were important only to their corresponding variable, but several biological parameters, e.g., microzooplankton grazing and small phytoplankton doubling rate, were consistently very important to several output variables. Assuming realistic biological and environmental variability, the standard deviation about simulated mean mesozooplankton biomass ranged from 1 to 14 mg C m− 3 during the year. Annual primary productivity was not strongly correlated with temperature but was positively correlated with initial nitrate and light. Secondary productivity was positively correlated with primary productivity and negatively correlated with spring bloom timing. Mesozooplankton productivity was not correlated with water temperature, but a shift towards a system in which smaller zooplankton undertake a greater proportion of the secondary production as the water temperature increases appears likely. This approach to incorporating environmental variability within a sensitivity analysis could be extended to any ecosystem model to gain confidence in climate-driven ecosystem predictions.
Cycloprodigiosin from beneckea gazogenes

Abstract The cyclic prodigiosin from Beneckea gazogenes has been shown to be 1.
Suramin Decreases Injury and Improves Regeneration of Ethanol-Induced Steatotic Partial Liver Grafts

Steatotic grafts are excluded for use in partial liver transplantation (LT) because of the increased risk of primary nonfunction. This study investigated the effects of suramin, a polysulfonated naphthylurea, on the outcome of steatotic partial LT. Rat livers were harvested after acute ethanol treatment (6 g/kg, intragastric administration), reduced in size to ∼1/3, and transplanted. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and total bilirubin levels as well as hepatic necrosis and apoptosis were significantly higher after transplantation of fatty partial grafts (FPG) than lean partial grafts (LPG). Suramin (5 mg/kg, i.p.) decreased ALT by ∼60%, hyperbilirubinemia by 75%, necrosis by 83%, and apoptosis by 70% after FPG transplantation. Hepatic cellular 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation increased to 28% in LPG but was only 2% in FPG at 48 hours, and the mitotic index increased to 7% in LPG but was only 0.2% in FPG, indicating suppressed regeneration in FPG. Suramin increased BrdU incorporation and the mitotic index to 43% and 9%, respectively, in FPG. All FPG recipients died within 5 days. Suramin recovered survival of FPG to 62%. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA was 2.2-fold higher in FPG than in LPG and was associated with activation of caspase-8 and caspase-3 in FPG. Suramin decreased TNF-α and caspase activation in FPG. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), phospho-Smad2/3 and p21Cip1 were significantly higher in FPG than in LPG and suramin blocked TGF-β formation and its down-stream signaling pathway. Taken together, suramin improves the outcome of FPG transplantation, most likely by inhibition of TNF-α and TGF-β formation.
An Interview with the Editors of No Depression

With this installment of They Might Be Giants, the focus shifts away from the realm of 'zines to another category of little magazines typically known as niche publications. These are publications t...
Medial efferent mechanisms in children with auditory processing disorders.

Auditory processing disorder (APD) affects about 2–5% of children. However, the nature of this disorder is poorly understood. Children with APD typically have difficulties in complex listening situations. One mechanism thought to aid in listening-in-noise is the medial olivocochlear (MOC) inhibition. The purpose of this review was to critically analyze the published data on MOC inhibition in children with APD to determine whether the MOC efferents are involved in these individuals. The otoacoustic emission (OAE) methods used to assay MOC reflex were examined in the context of the current understanding of OAE generation mechanisms. Relevant literature suggests critical differences in the study population and OAE methods. Variables currently known to influence MOC reflex measurements, for example, middle-ear muscle reflexes or OAE signal-to-noise ratio, were not controlled in most studies. The use of potentially weaker OAE methods and the remarkable heterogeneity across studies does not allow for a definite conclusion whether or not the MOC reflex is altered in children with APD. Further carefully designed studies are needed to confirm the involvement of MOC efferents in APD. Knowledge of efferent functioning in children with APD would be mechanistically and clinically beneficial.
Surface reconstruction from point set using projection operator

Step 1: Lay a grid over the input point set. Step 3: Mark all grid edges with projection vectors at their two ends pointing in opposite directions. Approximate the intersection points between the surface and these edges based on the magnitudes of their projection vectors. Step 4: For each grid cell, calculate a grid center as the average of all intersection points. For each marked edge, connect the centers of its incident cells to make a piece of the surface.
Troubling ethics: A rejoinder to Dillabough

my rejoinder to do three things: (1) point out inaccuracies or misunderstandings in her account of disability studies; (2) debate her on several points; and (3) in the end, respond to her key question of me in which she asks, "To what end do we engage in this struggle and with what key issues in mind?" Implied throughout my rejoinder is a dual position on ethics. Ethics are trouble and ethical debates cause trouble. As I suggested in my article, well-meaning, caring scholars struggle and disagree about ethical dilemmas and values, the foundational knowledge underpinning them, and how we should enact them. We must have ethical positions, but when we stake out an ethical claim, its problems immediately become evident to one's readers and listeners. Dillabough's response to my article is an example of just such a process. Ethics also need to be troubled. Their waters need to be stirred up. Their problems, risks, and inconsistencies need to be revealed, explored, and revised to create more useful and more liberatory consequences for people in schools. In my article, I attempted to trouble the ethics of critical and inclusive pedagogies. Dillabough further troubles pedagogy as well as my account of pedagogy.
Status of exotic-quantum-number mesons

The search for mesons with non-quark-antiquark (exotic) quantum numbers has gone on for nearly 30 years. Currently there is experimental evidence of three isospin one states, the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}_{1}(1400)$, the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}_{1}(1600)$, and the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}_{1}(2015)$. For all of these states, there are questions about their identification and even if some of them exist. In this article, we will review both the theoretical work and the experimental evidence associated with these exotic quantum number states. We find that the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}_{1}(1600)$ could be the lightest exotic quantum number hybrid meson, but observations of other members of the nonet would be useful.
N-carboxymethylchitosan: Algistatic and algicidal properties

A water soluble agent made from waste crustacean shells that controls the growth of algal cells was identified. Growth of an Anabaena sp. was inhibited in the presence of varied concentrations of a chitosan-derivative, N-carboxymethylchitosan (NCMC). Application of a dilute water solutions of NCMC prevented algae from multiplication and enhanced aggregation of cells and assured clearing of algal suspension by filtration.
Phase separation in 3He4He mixture films

Abstract We report data which provides evidence for phase separation in 3He4He mixture films. The present work is consistent with the earlier observations of Ellis et al. that thin mixture films display substantial phase separation. The present results cover 3He4He ratios as high as 50% at T=0.55K and T=0.60K.
What is a city? Rethinking the urban after Hurricane Katrina

edited by Phil Steinberg and Rob Shields, Athens, GA, University of Georgia Press, 2008, 216 pp., US$20.95 (paperback), ISBN-13: 978-0820330945 When the winds and rains that accompanied Hurricane K...
The role of whole-body fluorine-18-FDG positron emission tomography in the detection of recurrence in symptomatic patients with stages II and III breast cancer.

Background The role of whole-body fluorine-18-FDG positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) as an adjunct localize recurrence in stages II and III breast cancer patients who present with clinical suspicion for recurrence is not well established. We report our experience in such a patient population.
In vivo detection of exogenous contrast agents using optical coherence tomography

Contrast enhancement for in vivo OCT is investigated using plasmon-resonant gold nanorods, protein microspheres, liposomes, and iron-oxide particles. The spectroscopic, magnetomechanical and scattering properties are explored using in vivo rat, mouse and tadpole models.
The unique evolution of the programmed cell death 4 protein in plants

The programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) protein is induced in animals during apoptosis and functions to inhibit translation and tumor promoter-induced neoplastic transformation. PDCD4 is composed of two MA3 domains that share similarity with the single MA3 domain present in the eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF) 4G, which serves as a scaffold protein to assemble several initiation factors needed for the recruitment of the 40S ribosomal subunit to an mRNA. Although eIF4A is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that binds the MA3 domain of eIF4G to promote translation initiation, binding of eIF4A to the MA3 domains of PDCD4 inhibits protein synthesis. Genes encoding PDCD4 are present in many lower eukaryotes and in plants, but PDCD4 in higher plants is unique in that it contains four MA3 domains and has been implicated in ethylene signaling and abiotic stress responses. Here, we examine the evolution of PDCD4 in plants. In older algal lineages, PDCD4 contains two MA3 domains similar to the homolog in animals. By the appearance of early land plants, however, PDCD4 is composed of four MA3 domains which likely is the result of a duplication of the two MA3 domain form of the protein. Evidence from fresh water algae, from which land plants evolved, suggests that the duplication event occurred prior to the colonization of land. PDCD4 in more recently evolved chlorophytes also contains four MA3 domains but this may have resulted from an independent duplication event. Expansion and divergence of the PDCD4 gene family occurred during land plant evolution with the appearance of a distinct gene member following the evolution of basal angiosperms. The appearance of a unique form of PDCD4 in plants correlates with the appearance of components of the ethylene signaling pathway, suggesting that it may represent the adaptation of an existing protein involved in programmed cell death to one that functions in abiotic stress responses through hormone signaling.
The Reliability of Speech Audiometry with Institutionalized Retarded Children

This study investigated the reliability of speech-reception-threshold (SRT) audiometry with 12 moderately and 12 severely retarded children randomly selected from an institutionalized population. A...
Hot pressing and physical properties of Na beta alumina

Dense transparent/translucent Na-gb-alumina was hot pressed using commercial powders having low SiO2 contents provided that agglomerates could be broken down by milling. Partial (up to 60 vol %) transformation to alpha alumina during hot pressing was caused by SiO2 either present in some powders, or introduced by excessive milling or present through the addition of Na2O-SiO2 glass. Such transformation also results from increased storage time or from direct water contamination. Two wt % MgO was used to aid densification, and 2 wt % Na2O to aid conductivity. Flexure strengths averaging 290 MN m−2, a measured Young's modulus of 21.3×104 MN m−2, and the observed pores or flaws at the fracture origins gave calculated values for the fracture energy in good agreement with the directly measured value of 13 J m−2, for larger pores and flaws. The ionic resistivity was low, e.g. ∼3 Ω cm at 350° C. Effects of surface finish, limited porosity and hot pressing texture varied resistivity by up to a factor of 10.
Continuing Bonds and Psychosocial Adjustment in Pet Loss

This study investigated continuing bonds (CB) expressions among bereaved pet owners and the relationship between CB expressions and psychosocial adjustment. The sample included 33 participants who had lost a dog or cat within the past year. Participants who responded to a differentiated set of 12 CB expressions reported a tendency to experience CB as more comforting than distressing, and the extent to which they endorsed each of the CB expressions was comparable to that found in a spousal loss sample, thus highlighting important similarities in pet loss to that shown in human loss in regard to CB. The CB comfort ratings also provided unique information beyond extent of CB endorsement in predicting psychosocial adjustment. The implications of the findings are discussed in the context of an attachment perspective on pet loss.
Simultaneous analysis of spatio-temporal gene expression for cephamycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces clavuligerus

Linkage between structural and regulatory genes implies that a direct correlation should exist between the spatio-temporal distribution of their expression. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) and cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) were used as reporters to analyze simultaneously expression of lysine-epsilon-aminotransferase (LAT) and its corresponding genetic regulator, CcaR. The isogenic strain containing lat::gfp and ccaR::cfp in the chromosome produced cephamycin C at levels similar to wild type Streptomyces clavuligerus. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that expression of both LAT and CcaR in liquid culture was temporally dynamic and spatially heterogeneous in S. clavuligerus mycelia. During the early culture stage only a part of the mycelia began to express LAT and CcaR at low levels. As the culture aged, expression levels and the population of mycelia expressing LAT and CcaR increased and were followed late in the growth cycle by a reduction of the mycelia population expressing LAT and CcaR. The approach provides a precise simultaneous temporal-spatial expression profile and corroborates the regulatory linkage between ccaR and lat in S. clavuligerus.
Osteoarticular infection complicating enterococcal endocarditis

Despite the common occurrence of musculoskeletal complaints in patients with infective endocarditis, infectious osteoarticular complications are diagnosed infrequently. Moreover, although enterococcal infection is the third most common cause of infective endocarditis, infectious osteoarticular complications are rare. We report a case of disk space infection in a patient with enterococcal endocarditis. Blood cultures and an L3-4 aspirate grew En-terococcus faecalis, and transthoracic echocardiography revealed a large vegetation on the posterior mitral valve leaflet. The osteoarticular infection resolved with antimicrobial treatment, but worsening heart failure necessitated valve replacement surgery. The patient had an uneventful recovery with no evidence of recurrence or complications. A review of the medical literature from 1966 through 1998 identified 13 additional cases, only 8 of which provided clinical and treatment data. We present the clinical and laboratory findings reported in these cases, along with data from our patient. This report highlights the rare occurrence of osteoarticular infection in the setting of enterococcal endocarditis and emphasizes early recognition and treatment.
Multispot projection, tracking, and calibration

A Phase-only spatial light modulator can provide active spot pattern projection with high signal-to-noise ratio and form near-arbitrary phase modulation surfaces. As a result they can diffract laser beams into a near-arbitrary pattern of laser spots. Depending on the sequence of phase images loaded onto the SLM, the spots can be scanned on independent and continuous two-dimensional trajectories. We refer to this flexible beamsteering system as the real-time adaptive multi-spot laser beamsteering system (RAMS-LBS). This paper presents work under progress, in developing 2D and 3D calibration algorithms for a spot pattern projection system. In the 2D calibration process, spot grids are projected with successively more spot locations. After each projection, a higher order model is determined for camera to projector coordinate transforms. The accuracies of different model orders are measured. In the 3D calibration process, grids of spots are projected onto non-coplanar target grid to construct the transformation matrix between different coordinates. Perspective distortions are included in the transformation vectors after the calibration. Therefore, 3D information of the target can be obtained in the calibrated system. Applications such as 3D target surface topology measurement and target detection using 2D and 3D information are described in this paper.
Viewing a programming environment as a single tool

Programming environments support the creation, modification, execution and debugging of programs. The goal of integrating a programming environment is more than simply building tools that share a common data base and provide a consistent user interface. Ideally, the programming environment appears to the programmer as a single tool; there are no firewalls separating the various functions provided by the environment. This paper describes the techniques used to integrate Magpie, an interactive programming environment for Pascal. Display windows, called browsers, provide a consistent approach for interacting with the Pascal source code or the execution state of the program. Incremental compilation allows the programmer to specify debugging actions in Pascal, eliminating the need for a separate debugging language.
Diophantine unsolvability for function fields over certain infinite fields of characteristic p

Abstract We prove that if F is a proper subfield of the algebraic closure of Z p , Diophantine equations over the function field F ( t ) are not algorithmically decidable where p is an odd prime.
The growth and performance of franchise systems: Company versus franchisee ownership

Abstract Theory has argued that there is a life cycle of development for franchise organizations that involves a growth in control and profitability of the company through a “managed” redistribution in the quality and quantity of company-owned establishments. This study tests these hypotheses using time series data (1969–1980) for 17 different business areas and a linear statistical model involving an interaction term. Although certain business areas exhibit behavior consistent with theory, there is no evidence that comprehensive ownership and/or performance differentials have emerged that favor company-owned establishments.
Effects of model misspecification in estimating covariate effects in survival analysis for small sample sizes

Abstract The results of a Monte Carlo study of the size and power of parametric and semi-parametric approaches to inference on covariate effects in survival (time-to-events) models in the presence of model misspecification and an independent censoring mechanism are reported. Basic models employed are a parametric model, where both a baseline distribution and the dependence structure of covariates on the failure times are fully specified (exponential, Weibull, log logistic, log normal, and normal regression models are studied), and a semi-parametric approach (due to Cox) in which the baseline distribution is unspecified. The Cox model performs very well compared to the parametric models for distributions with proportional hazard rates and appears to be with regard to the proportional hazards assumption. Appropriate parametric models have the potential of improving the size and power of the tests, although overall they are not appreciably better than the Cox model. In comparing the small sample performance of three statistical tests, the likelihood ratio and Wald tests closely agree with each other (likelihood ratio having a slight advantage), while the score test tends to perform much poorer since it inflates the size and power more than the other two.
Budget impact analysis of a new prostate cancer risk index for prostate cancer detection

The objective of this study was to evaluate the budget impact of a new prostate cancer risk index for detecting prostate cancer. The index is calculated as the combination of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), free PSA and a precursor form p2PSA. We constructed two budget impact models using PSA cutoff values of ⩾2 ng ml−1 (model #1) and ⩾4 ng ml−1 (model #2) for recommending a prostate biopsy in a hypothetical health plan with 100 000 male members aged 50–75 years old. The budgetary impact on the 1-year expected total costs for prostate cancer detection was calculated. Adding the index to the current PSA prostate cancer testing strategies including the total PSA and percent free PSA, the number of detected cancer cases decreased by 20 and 5, in models #1 and #2, respectively. The savings on expected 1-year cost for prostate cancer detection were $356 647 (or $0.30 per-member-per-month (PMPM)) in model #1 and $94 219 ($0.08 PMPM) in model #2. The index produced higher cost savings in the model #1 with PSA cutoff ⩾2 ng ml−1 than the model #2 with cutoff ⩾4 ng ml−1 with a small short-term reduction in the number of positive tests.
Eigenvectors of a rotation matrix

If a tensor is invariant under rotation about a fixed axis, the matrices representing the tensor and the rotation commute with each other. The two matrices have common eigenvectors, therefore a knowledge of eigenvectors of the rotation matrix provides us with some information about eigenvectors of the tensor. This result is applied to derive familiar representations of a transversely isotropic tensor of rank 2 and the elasticity tensor possessing tetragonal symmetry. Representation of the elasticity tensor belonging to a particular symmetry class can be achieved in an elegant manner.
Evolution of a solid state laser

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) has been developing compact solid state lasers since the 1990's. One of the first lasers to be developed utilized flashlamp pumped architecture and neodymium glass as the laser gain media. In the early 2000's, a diode pumped version of the original flashlamp pumped laser was designed and built, responding to the requirements that a laser system for the military be compact in both size and weight while creating significant power (~100 kW) for the missions envisioned. This paper will discuss the evolution of solid state lasers at LLNL and provide a glimpse into the types of capabilities that could be achieved in the near future.
Nodular Clear Cell Hidradenoma: A Case Report with Immunohistochemistry, Cytogenetics and Flow Cytometry

Background: Nodular Hidradenoma (NH) is an uncommon neoplasm with controversial cell origin (myoepithelial, eccrine and more recently apocrine), and few cytogenetic and DNA flow Cytometry data. Material and Methods: We report a case of NH on the left ankle of a 77 year-old man. The tumor was located subcutaneously and measured 2.5 × 2.0 cm, with no throbbing, tenderness, edema, or groin lymphadenopathy. A wide local excision was performed. Immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies to Smooth Muscle Actin (SMA), S-100 protein, p63 and Calponin were examined. A fresh central portion of the tumor was examined for karyotyping and DNA flow cytometry. Six months later the patient was healthy without local recurrence. Results: The tumor was positive for SMA, Calponin and p63 with focal staining for S-100. The karyotype showed four aberrant, unrelated clones, t(1;8)(p22;p23), del(11)(q14q23), t(1;10)(p13;q22) and del (6)(q23q26). DNA flow cytometry and cell cycle analysis showed that the tumor is 100% diploid with 6.55% S-phase. Conclusions: Expression of SMA, p63, Calponin, and S-100, which are myoepithelial markers, support a myoepithelial origin of this tumor. The multiclonal pattern observed in this neoplasm seems to reflect cytogenetic divergence during neoplastic progression. DNA diploidy with a low S-phase predicts a benign clinical course.
A practical in vitro sperm-egg binding assay that detects subfertile males.

A series of in vitro assays of sperm-egg binding were developed to identify potentially subfertile roosters. Initial assays used either segments of intact hen's egg perivitelline membrane (PVM) placed on a microscope slide or a heat-solubilized extract of PVM (HS-PVM) dried within a flat-bottomed microwell plate, with bound sperm detected with a DNA-specific stain and epifluorescence microscopy. An automated assay was developed using prestained sulfosuccinimidyl-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin-3acetate-HS-PVM and enumeration of bound sperm with a fluorometric microwell plate reader. Four populations of chickens differing in fertility were evaluated with the following results: 1) the correlation across lines between in vitro sperm binding and fertility was 0.83 (N = 40; p < 0.0001); 2) correlations with other seminal parameters were low; and 3) the relationship between sperm binding and fertility was not linear, but a threshold plot allowed identification of males with low binding and low fertility. Motile sperm from roosters, turkeys, bulls, humans, mice, rams, and stallions bound in a dose-responsive manner. Features of binding were revealed by both scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Use of this assay to cull males whose semen appears normal by traditional modes of analysis but differs in the obligatory trait of sperm-egg binding could be of value to avoid expensive progeny testing.
Where to Test

Situated between the land masses of North and South America, bordered to the West by Central America and to the East by the Atlantic ocean, rests the Caribbean Sea. (See Figure 5.1) The Caribbean washes many islands which have been arranged by the forces of history into 16 nation states and 13 dependencies, possessions, and territories. (Deere, et al, 1990).1 The Caribbean Economic Community (CARICOM), a common market made up of the English-speaking nations of the region, represents the region’s only operating trade arrangement. The membership of CARICOM consists of Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, St. Kitts-Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, and Trinidad-Tobago.(Worrell, 1987).2 Total population served by CARICOM countries is approximately 5.8 million (1990). Administered as colonies of Great Britain until the 1950s, the islands traded primarily with the U.K. Coinciding with the ending of colonial rule came the development of new economic activity, such as bauxite mining and tourism, which led to a shift in the orientation of economic relations towards the U.S. The CARICOM countries continue to export the traditional agricultural products to the U.K., such as bananas and sugar, but their principal market for the dominant foreign exchange earning sectors — mining, tourism and manufacturing — is the U.S. As a group, CARICOM countries tend to produce a narrow range of commodities for export and import a wide diversity of goods — both finished and intermediate.
Fortion and Reactions of Phosphonium Inner Salt, ≡ P+ C6H4O −p

Abstract Thermolysis and reactions of methyltris(p-methoxyphenyl)phosphonium iodide with triphenylphosphine are reported. NMR and mass spectr evidence for the formation of phosphonium inner salts, →P6,H6 O−-p, is presented.
Fast, smooth and adaptive regression in metric spaces

It was recently shown that certain nonparametric regressors can escape the curse of dimensionality when the intrinsic dimension of data is low ([1, 2]). We prove some stronger results in more general settings. In particular, we consider a regressor which, by combining aspects of both tree-based regression and kernel regression, adapts to intrinsic dimension, operates on general metrics, yields a smooth function, and evaluates in time O(log n). We derive a tight convergence rate of the form n-2/(2+d) where d is the Assouad dimension of the input space.
Detection of Mycobacterium Bovis in Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissues of Cattle and Elk by PCR Amplification of an IS6110 Sequence Specific for Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex Organisms:

A presumptive diagnosis of tuberculosis can be made if a tissue has characteristic histopathologic changes and acid-fast organisms. However, definitive diagnosis requires culture and species identification of the causative mycobacterium, a process that takes several weeks to complete. The purpose of work reported here was to determine if formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues could be tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to provide a more rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis. Nondecalcified tissues from cases of tuberculosis in cattle and elk (Cervus elaphus) were examined. The primers used for PCR amplified a 123-bp fragment of IS6110, an insertion sequence that is specific for organisms in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. microti, M. africanum). The PCR test detected this sequence in tissues from 92 of 99 (93%) tuberculosis cases, including 3 of 4 elk. In 80 tissues, the positive results were obtained using material prepared by immersion of paraffin sections in water containing a detergent, followed by alternating boil/freeze cycles. The remaining positive results were obtained with DNA isolated from the crude tissue extracts by proteinase K digestion and phenol/chloroform purification. Accuracy of the IS6110 PCR test was demonstrated by negative test results on 31 tissues that had either nonmycobacterial granulomas or granulomatous lesions caused by other mycobacteria (M. paratuberculosis or M. avium). The findings of this study show that a PCR test usually can provide a rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis when it is applied to paraffin sections that have characteristic lesions and acid-fast organisms.
An evolutionary concept analysis of mentoring in nursing

Despite widespread evidence of the concept of mentoring in nursing, it has been largely undefined, borrowed from other disciplines, viewed as static, and/or confused with related terms. Building on the work of Yoder and using a literature-based method developed by Rodgers, an evolutionary concept analysis is presented to provide an understanding of the meaning of mentoring in nursing, its current status, and the conceptual clarity necessary for additional systematic and rigorous inquiry. A random sample of 82 research abstracts and journal articles, representing 26 per cent of the total population of literature, was used to extract six essential attributes of the concept: a teaching-learning process, a reciprocal role, a career development relationship, a knowledge or competence differential between participants, a duration of several years, and a resonating phenomenon. These attributes form the theoretical definition of mentoring in nursing. Antecedents, consequences, related concepts, and empirical referents are presented. A model case, encompassing all of the critical attributes, depicts the Investigators' mentoring experience. Major changes in mentoring are viewed within the context of nursing as a learned profession, a legitimate academic enterprise, and a clinical science. Implications for further development are posed to further mentoring as a process for the socialization of nurse scholars and scientists and the proliferation of a body of professional knowledge.
Amici Curiae before the Supreme Court: Who Participates, When, and How Much?

Our purpose is to describe and compare the variety and types of organizations that participate as amici curiae before the United States Supreme Court for decisions on petitions for writs of certiorari and jurisdictional statements as well as on decisions on the merits. We have classified all amici in cases from the 1982 Term of the Court according to their bases of membership--for example, citizen-based membership of advocacy groups, corporations, staff organizations such as public interest law firms, trade or professional associations, and so forth. Through this simple classificatory scheme, we seek answers to the fundamental questions of who participates as amicus curiae, when, and how much. Our findings reveal that the Supreme Court is remarkably accessible to a diverse array of organized interests at both stages of decision.
Simulation of interferometric SAR response for characterizing the scattering phase center statistics of forest canopies

A coherent scattering model for tree canopies is employed in order to characterize the sensitivity of an interferometric SAR (INSAR) response to the physical parameters of forest stands. The concept of an equivalent scatterer for a collection of scatterers within a pixel, representing the vegetation particles of tree structures, is used for identifying the scattering phase center of the pixel whose height is measured by an INSAR. Combining the recently developed coherent scattering model for tree canopies and the INSAR /spl Delta/k-radar-equivalence algorithm, accurate statistics of the scattering phase-center location of forest stands are obtained numerically for the first time. The scattering model is based on a Monte Carlo simulation of scattering from fractal-generated tree structures, and therefore is capable of preserving the absolute phase of the backscatter. The model can also account for coherent effects due to the relative position of individual scatterers and the inhomogeneous extinction experienced by a coherent wave propagating through the random collection of vegetation particles. The location of the scattering phase center and the correlation coefficient are computed using the /spl Delta/k-radar equivalence simply by simulating the backscatter response at two slightly different frequencies. The model is successfully validated using the measured data acquired by JPL TOPSAR over a selected pine stand in Raco, MI. A sensitivity analysis is performed to characterize the response of coniferous and deciduous forest stands to a multifrequency and multipolarization INSAR in order to determine an optimum system configuration for remote sensing of forest parameters.
Coupled heterogeneous nanowire-nanoplate planar transistor sensors for giant (>10 V/pH) Nernst response.

We offer a comprehensive theory of pH response of a coupled ISFET sensor to show that the maximum achievable response is given by ΔV/ΔpH = 59 mV/pH × α, where 59 mV/pH is the intrinsic Nernst response and α an amplification factor that depends on the geometrical and electrical properties of the sensor and transducer nodes. While the intrinsic Nernst response of an electrolyte/site-binding interface is fundamental and immutable, we show that by using channels of different materials, areas, and bias conditions, the extrinsic sensor response can be increased dramatically beyond the Nernst limit. We validate the theory by measuring the pH response of a Si nanowire–nanoplate transistor pair that achieves >10 V/pH response and show the potential of the scheme to achieve (asymptotically) the theoretical lower limit of signal-to-noise ratio for a given configuration. We suggest the possibility of an even larger pH response based on recent trends in heterogeneous integration on the Si platform.