cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Opioids and pain in the emergency department: a narrative crisis

The opioid crisis poses challenges to patients who come to the emergency department (ED) in pain and the clinicians who have a duty to offer relief. In search of help, patients often find suspicion. But clinicians have reasons to be concerned about feeding addiction and its lethal consequences. This article discusses the narrative challenges facing many clinicians in the ED tasked with caring for complex patients in pain. It will discuss the many ways our brains are influenced by story, and how this susceptibility is often beyond our grasp. And yet, narrative and story skills present great opportunities for improving pain management, not only when it comes to opioids, but by returning the focus back to the patient in pain.
THE PEDIATRICIAN AND THE SEXUALLY ACTIVE ADOLESCENT : Treatment of Common Menstrual Disorders

For the female adolescent, the first menses marks an important point in her life. From a physiologic standpoint, this is usually the final stage of the pubertal process. From a psychological standpoint, this signifies the end of "childhood" and the beginning of adulthood. After menarche, there are a number of common menstrual disorders that the female adolescent may encounter, including dysmenorrhea, irregularities in menstrual flow, and premenstrual symptoms. The majority of female adolescents have mild and manageable menstrual cycles. A minority of female adolescents have significant abnormalities of their menstrual cycles. Health professionals can assist adolescents by discussing the normal symptoms associated with menses and by recognizing the abnormal symptoms. This article reviews the common menstrual disorders that face female adolescents, contrasting the normal and abnormal manifestations.
“A Small Brick Pile for the Indians”: The 1655 Harvard Indian College as Setting

The 1655 construction of a brick building to educate “English and Indian youth in knowledge and godliness” radically transformed fledgling Harvard College in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with repercussions to this day. The structure was a calculated statement of institutional identity and a prospective vision of Harvard’s legacies. It was also an experimental space, prone to manipulation, redefinition, and appropriation by individuals operating within diverse cultural and intellectual contexts. Based on documentary and archaeological sources, Harvard’s 1655 Indian College is analyzed as a physical setting that fostered particular practices and social relationships. The structure dramatically altered possibilities at the seventeenth-century school. Because of what and where it was, the Indian College fostered new kinds of intercultural authority and intellectual exchange. More broadly, this study models the application of notions of practice and affordance to a multicultural colonial setting.
Clinical Electromyography (Nerve Conduction Studies and Needle Electromyography)

Nerve conduction studies and needle electromyography are often crucial during the evaluation of patients with disorders of the anterior horn cells, spinal roots, sensory nerves, motor nerves, neuromuscular junctions, or muscles. The studies are performed with a guidance of the neurological examination, and the findings should be interpreted within the clinical context. In this chapter, basic principles of NCSs and needle EMG will be discussed, followed by a review of methodology, indications for performing NCS-EMG, and electrophysiologic findings in common neuromuscular disorders.
Adult Lung Stem Cells

Over the past decade a wealth of information has been divulged on stem cells present in the lung both in the pulmonary vasculature and the respiratory tract. Cells have been identified with the capability of repopulating the lung and others that contribute to the pathogenesis or, conversely, have therapeutic benefit in pulmonary vascular disease. The isolation of a single-resident lung stem cell capable of repopulating any lung epithelium still remains elusive. What is currently known about stem and progenitor cells in the lung suggests that a non-classical stem cell hierarchy exists with a novel array of cellular mechanisms controlling proliferation and differentiation of such cells. This chapter serves to provide an up-to-date review of what is currently known about stem and progenitor cells within the lung.
Untemplated Resveratrol-Mediated Polydopamine Nanocapsule Formation.

Nanocapsules can be designed for applications including drug delivery, catalysis, and biological imaging. The mussel-inspired material polydopamine is a promising shell layer for nanocapsules because of its free radical scavenging capacity, ability to react with a broad range of functional molecules, lack of toxicity, and biodegradability. Previous reports of polydopamine nanocapsule formation have relied on a templating approach. Herein, we report a template-free approach to polydopamine nanocapsule formation in the presence of resveratrol, a naturally occurring anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compound found in red wine and grapes. Synthesis of nanocapsules occurs spontaneously in an ethanolic resveratrol/dopamine·HCl solution at pH 8.5. UV–vis absorbance spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicate that resveratrol is incorporated into the nanocapsules. We also observed the formation of a soluble fluorescent dopamine–resveratrol adduct during synthesis, which was identified by high-perfo...
Airway Transcriptome Analysis and Immune Proteome Profiling of the Lung Allograft Reveals Novel Immune Signatures in Chronic Lung Allograft Dysfunction

Purpose Chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) is the major limitation to long-term survival in lung transplant recipients (LTRs). The underlying biologic mechanisms that drive CLAD are poorly understood. To address the pathogenesis of CLAD at the molecular level, we performed RNA-seq analysis of airway brush samples and Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) multiplex cytokine and chemokine measurements in bronchial lavage (BAL) samples. Methods Total RNA was extracted from distal bronchial brush samples and sequenced using an Illumina instrument to obtain bulk RNA-seq data which were subsequently analyzed for differential gene expression (DGE) profiling with correction for a potential batch effect. Gene enrichment and gene and cell ontology analyses of DGE profile was done and used to predict canonical pathways and cellular upstream regular of activated signal pathways. False discovery rate (FDR) p Results 21 CLAD and 18 stable control LTRs were included for RNA-seq analysis. Corresponding MSD measurements were performed on 17 CLAD and 11 control BAL samples. 1031 DEGs were overrepresented in CLAD samples. Gene analyses revealed enrichment of the Type-1 adaptive immune response and the inflammasome. TNF- α (p Conclusion Transcriptome analyses and the lung allograft BAL immune proteome, provide novel insights into the immune activation pathways prevalent in CLAD versus controls. Further analyses may provide the rationale for testing select immune targets in CLAD and uncover distinct immune endotypes within CLAD.
Phenomenological description of the dynamics of bipartite antiferromagnets in the limit of strong exchange

The equation of motion of the staggered order parameter is derived in a step-by-step manner from the coupled Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert dynamics of bipartite spin moments in the limit of strong antiferromagnetic exchange coupling.
The Radical Integrity of Individual: An Existential Response to Oppression

Jason Powell argues in this chapter that libertarian individualism reinforces a faulty notion of the self, in which one is solely responsible not only for one’s own financial success but also for combatting, on one’s own, any destructive social relations that result from oppression. Libertarian individualism denies the reality of systemic oppression, which precludes the creation of a true participatory democracy that promotes individual, social, cultural, economic, and political flourishing. Instead, Powell calls for the radical integrity of the self, a form of individualism that not only recognizes the reality of double consciousness, a condition that undermines the self, but also understands that this divided consciousness is the consequence of epistemic oppression. This existential individualism understands that one can flourish, and participate in true democracy, only when one seeks epistemic equality with other selves.
Introduction to the special section on the development of motivational resilience in school

We introduce the umbrella construct of “motivational resilience and vulnerability in school” and explain how this special section contributes to initial field building efforts aimed at integrating ...
Outcomes of Children With Cystic Fibrosis Admitted to PICUs.

Objectives Data on outcomes of children with cystic fibrosis admitted to PICUs are limited and outdated. Prior studies cite PICU mortality rates ranging from 37.5% to 100%. Given the advances made in cystic fibrosis care, we expect outcomes for these patients to have changed significantly since last studied. We provide an updated report on PICU mortality and the factors associated with death among critically ill children with cystic fibrosis. Design Retrospective multicenter cohort analysis utilizing data from the Virtual Pediatric Systems database. Setting Data were collected from 135 PICUs from January 1, 2009, to June 20, 2018. Patients One-thousand six-hundred thirty-three children with cystic fibrosis accounting for 2,893 PICU admissions were studied. Interventions None. Measurements and main results The primary outcome was mortality during PICU admission. Predictors included demographics, anthropometrics, diagnoses, clinical characteristics, and critical care interventions. Odds ratios of mortality were calculated in univariate and multivariable analyses to assess differences in mortality associated with predictor variables. Generalized estimating equation models were used to account for multiple admissions per patient. The overall PICU mortality rate was 6.6%. Factors associated with increased odds of mortality included hemoptysis/pulmonary hemorrhage, pneumothorax, gastrointestinal bleeding, bacterial/fungal infections, lower body mass index/malnutrition, and need for noninvasive or invasive respiratory support. Intubation/mechanical ventilation occurred in 26.4% of the 2,893 admissions and was associated with a 19.1% mortality rate. Of the nonsurvivors, 20.7% died without receiving mechanical ventilation. Conclusions The mortality rate during PICU admissions for patients with cystic fibrosis is lower than has been reported in prior studies, both in the overall cohort and in the subset requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. These data provide updated insight into the prognosis for cystic fibrosis patients requiring critical care.
Insights into the Microscale Coalescence Behavior of Surfactant-Stabilized Droplets Using a Microfluidic Hydrodynamic Trap

Coalescence of micrometer-scale droplets is impacted by several parameters, including droplet size, viscosities of the two phases, droplet velocity, angle of approach, as well as interfacial tension and surfactant coverage. The thinning dynamics of films between coalescing droplets can be particularly complex in the presence of surfactants, due to the generation of Marangoni stresses and reduced film mobility. Here, a microfluidic hydrodynamic "Stokes" trap is used to gently steer and trap surfactant-laden micrometer-sized droplets at the center of a cross-slot. Water droplets are formed upstream of the cross-slot using a microfluidic T-junction, in heavy and light mineral oils and stabilized using SPAN 80, an oil-soluble surfactant. Incoming droplets are made to coalesce with the trapped droplet, yielding measurements of the film drainage time. Film drainage times are measured as a function of continuous phase viscosity, incoming droplet speed, trapped droplet size, and surfactant concentrations above and below the critical micelle concentration (CMC). As expected, systems with higher surfactant concentrations and slower incoming droplet speed exhibit longer film drainage times. At low surfactant concentrations, the drainage time is longer for the more viscous heavy mineral oil in the continuous phase, whereas at high surfactant concentrations, the dependence on continuous phase viscosity vanishes. Perhaps more surprisingly, larger droplets and high confinement also result in longer film drainage times, potentially due to deformation of the droplet interfaces. The results are used here to determine critical conditions for coalescence, including both an upper and a lower critical capillary number. Moreover, it is shown that induced surfactant concentration gradient effects enable coalescence events after the droplets had originally flocculated, at surfactant concentrations above the CMC. The microfluidic hydrodynamic trap provides new insights into the role of surfactants in film drainage and opens avenues for controlled coalescence studies at micrometer length scales and millisecond time scales.
Platoon Formation Algorithm for Minimizing Travel Time

One way to improve traffic conditions is to encourage drivers to join platoons, i.e. strings of connected vehicles (CVs) maintaining a short headway on the road. In this paper, we introduce an optimization algorithm that assigns CVs that wish to join a platoon to existing nearby platoons such that the total travel time of all traffic participants is optimized. We assume that platoons are travelling on a dedicated high-occupancy platoon (HOP) lane and are capable of vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication. Our algorithm consists of two layers, where the first optimizes for which platoon and its side (front/back) a CV could join, and the second decides which of the participating CVs should merge based on a score function (estimated merging time). Simulations show that our algorithm achieves up to a 20% travel time reduction compared to a random merging procedure and that 70% of time reduction comes from an optimized vehicle selection (second layer).
Nash Equilibria for Quadratic Voting

A group of N individuals must choose between two collective alternatives. Under Quadratic Voting (QV), agents buy votes in favor of their preferred alternative from a clearing house, paying the square of the number of votes purchased; the sum of all votes purchased determines the outcome. We provide the first rigorous results for this mechanism, in a canonical independent private values environment with bounded value distributions. In addition to characterizing the nature of equilibria, we demonstrate that for all bounded value distributions, the utilitarian welfare losses of the mechanism as a proportion of the maximum possible welfare tends to zero as the population size becomes large.
Registered Nurses’ Metamorphosed “Real Job” Experiences and Nursing Students’ Vocational Anticipatory Socialization

Although communication scholars have studied organizational socialization extensively, few studies have investigated the extent that future newcomers’ anticipatory socialization experiences realist...
PROMs: Opportunities, Challenges, and Unfinished Business

With effective collection and utilization, patient-reported outcome measures can be used to engage patients in their care, support physicians in clinical decision-making, and facilitate quality res...
Mapping physical parameters in Orion KL at high spatial resolution.

The Orion Kleinmann-Low nebula (Orion KL) is notoriously complex and exhibits a range of physical and chemical components. We conducted high angular resolution (sub-arcsecond) observations of $^13$CH$_{3}$OH $\nu=0$ ($\sim$0.3$^{\prime\prime}$ and $\sim$0.7$^{\prime\prime}$) and CH$_3$CN $\nu_8=1$ ($\sim$0.2$^{\prime\prime}$ and $\sim$0.9$^{\prime\prime}$) line emission with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) to investigate Orion KL's structure on small spatial scales (${\le}350$ au). Gas kinematics, excitation temperatures, and column densities were derived from the molecular emission via a pixel-by-pixel spectral line fitting of the image cubes, enabling us to examine the small-scale variation of these parameters. Sub-regions of the Hot Core have a higher excitation temperature in a 0.2$^{\prime\prime}$ beam than a 0.9$^{\prime\prime}$ beam, indicative of possible internal sources of heating. Furthermore, the velocity field includes a bipolar ${\sim}7{-}8$ km s$^{-1}$ feature with a southeast-northwest orientation against the surrounding ${\sim}4{-}5$ km s$^{-1}$ velocity field, which may be due to an outflow. We also find evidence of a possible source of internal heating toward the Northwest Clump, since the excitation temperature there is higher in a smaller beam versus a larger beam. Finally, the region southwest of the Hot Core (Hot Core-SW) presents itself as a particularly heterogeneous region bridging the Hot Core and Compact Ridge. Additional studies to identify the (hidden) sources of luminosity and heating within Orion KL are necessary to better understand the nebula and its chemistry.
CHAOS in the Home Environment and Child Weight-Related Outcomes.

INTRODUCTION Biopsychosocial approaches to health care are critical to addressing childhood obesity. This study aimed to examine how multiple indicators of the home environment related to child weight-related outcomes. We hypothesized that families with home environments of higher chaos and stress, and lower quality parent-child interactions, would have children with a higher body mass index (BMI), less healthy dietary intake, and less healthy eating behaviors. METHODS Data were drawn from the cross-sectional Phase I of the Family Matters study. Participants were 150 racially/ethnically diverse families with a child between 5 to 7 (mean, 6.4) years old. We used a latent profile analysis approach. A 4-class solution fit the data well, and we used predicted class posterior probabilities to assign families to classes. We then regressed the results onto the distal outcomes of child BMI, healthy dietary intake, and healthy eating behaviors. RESULTS Families were classified as Collaborative-Chill (n = 38), Busy Bees (n = 37), Engaged (n = 61), and Inconsistent-Distant (n = 14). Collaborative-Chill was used as the reference class. Inconsistent-Distant families had children with higher BMI (P < .001) that were more food responsive (P < .001). Busy Bees families had children who were more food responsive (P = .04) and more satiety responsive (P = .02). Engaged families had children who were marginally more food responsive (P = .06). CONCLUSION Household chaos, parent stress, and parent-child interactions are important components of the home environment implicated in children's weight-related outcomes. Health care providers should consider these indicators with child patients who struggle with obesity.
Genome-Wide Reprogramming of Transcript Architecture by Temperature Specifies the Developmental States of the Human Pathogen Histoplasma.

Eukaryotic cells integrate layers of gene regulation to coordinate complex cellular processes; however, mechanisms of post-transcriptional gene regulation remain poorly studied. The human fungal pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum (Hc) responds to environmental or host temperature by initiating unique transcriptional programs to specify multicellular (hyphae) or unicellular (yeast) developmental states that function in infectivity or pathogenesis, respectively. Here we used recent advances in next-generation sequencing to uncover a novel re-programming of transcript length between Hc developmental cell types. We found that ~2% percent of Hc transcripts exhibit 5’ leader sequences that differ markedly in length between morphogenetic states. Ribosome density and mRNA abundance measurements of differential leader transcripts revealed nuanced transcriptional and translational regulation. One such class of regulated longer leader transcripts exhibited tight transcriptional and translational repression. Further examination of these dually repressed genes revealed that some control Hc morphology and that their strict regulation is necessary for the pathogen to make appropriate developmental decisions in response to temperature.
Barriers and Strategies to Participation in Tissue Research Among African-American Men

Before the burgeoning field of biospecimen collection can advance prevention and treatment methods, researchers must access diverse molecular data samples. However, minorities, especially African-American men, remain reticent to join these studies. This study, using theory-based approaches, investigated African-American men’s barriers to participating in biorepository research. Fourteen focus groups were conducted among 70 African-American men (ages 40 to 80). The groups were stratified by prostate cancer history and educational attainment background. Participants identified perceived factors that promoted or hindered study participation when questioned about their knowledge and attitudes about biospecimen research. Ninety-four percent of participants indicated never participating in a study that collected biological samples. Barriers to their participation included lack of knowledge and understanding regarding biospecimen research practices and uses. In addition, they extensively cited a prevalent mistrust of the medical community and discomfort with study recruitment practices. African-American males were more willing to participate in biorepository studies with physician endorsement or if they understood that participation could benefit future generations. Men also wanted more recruitment and advertising done in familiar places.
A novel weighted probabilistic neural network for MR image segmentation

In this paper, we propose a modified probabilistic neural network, and applied it to brain magnetic resonance (MR) image segmentation. Comparing to conventional probabilistic neural network (PNN), the so-called weighted probabilistic neural network (WPNN): 1) uses covariance matrices instead of singular smoothing factor in kernel Junction; 2) adds weighting factors in pattern to summation layer. The WPNN is able to take partial volume effect, which exists commonly in MR imaging, into account not only in the final resulting stage, but also in the modeling process. We adopt self-organizing map (SOM) neural network as the previous step of WPNN classifier, to quantize the input data. SOM yields reference vectors necessary for probabilistic density function estimation. A supervised "soft" labeling mechanism based on Bayesian algorithm is developed, such that weighting factors can be generated for each SOM reference vector. Tissue segmentation results from various algorithms are compared, and the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed approach are demonstrated.
Video compression using fax techniques

We have implemented approaches to compressing and decompressing a sequence of head-and-shoulders images that trade off the data rate, picture quality, computational complexity and latency. All these approaches are transform-free and pixel-based; some of them also involve no motion compensation and hence are free of block-based artifacts. We compare the magnitude of the intensity of each pixel site in the difference frame to a threshold. If the intensity at a pixel site is above the threshold, that pixel is a survivor; otherwise, that pixel is a casualty. We zero the intensity at each casualty pixel and leave the intensity intact at each surviving pixel. A bi-level frame is formed to represent the location map of the survivors and casualties. We gather the intensities at the surviving pixels into an intensity vector. The zeroed difference frame is therefore decomposed into a bi-level frame and an intensity vector. We modified the Group 3, Group 4 or JBIG facsimile standards to compress the bi-level frame and can achieve further compression by applying scalar quantization to each element of the intensity vector. Forming the difference frames by direct subtraction of the previous decompressed frame from the current input frame permits software-only realization of the compressor and decompressor on today's home and office computers for large (CIF or Q-NTSC) full-color formats at 30 frames per second for head-and-shoulders video at under 1.0 Mbps with PSNR>38 dB, assuming provision has been made for A/D converted camera output to be pipelined into the computer CPU in real time.
Spatial Structure of Soil Microbial Communities and the Evaluation of the Spatial Structure Analysis based on Relative Dissimilarity

The spatial structure of soil microbial communities was analyzed across the border of two distinctive grass vegetation patches. Genetic fingerprinting technique was used to assess microbial community structure in binary format data, which is not suitable for conventional semivariogram analysis. An alternative method of geostatistical analysis based on relative dissimilarity provided well fitted models from the experimental "semivariograms". Overall patterns of the models were fairly similar between bacterial and fungal communities, especially fittings (Indicative Goodness of Fit, IGF), sill (C1) and ranges (a) at comparable scales. A small difference was also noticeable in response to distinctive vegetation settings. The evaluation of the alternative spatial structure analysis was done by comparing the semivariogram and the dissimogram (semivariogram based on dissimilarity) using continuous variables (total soil nitrogen content and C/N ratio from same sampling design). The extremely high fit of the models and prevalent high nugget value from all the dissimograms might be the results of artificiality from using relative dissimilarity instead of semivariance. Thus, one should be careful when using this approach, especially in estimation purposes such as kriging, since prediction is dependent upon the parameters determined in dissimogram models.
Comparison of Nuclear Grade and DNA Cytometry in Breast Carcinoma Aspirates to Histologic Grade in Excised Cancers

Histologic grading of breast carcinomas is an important prognostic indicator of survival. An increasing number of patients, however, receive definitive therapy based on a fine-needle aspiration cytologic (FNA) diagnosis. This may limit standard grading techniques. Nuclear grade and DNA image cytometry in 35 FNA specimens taken from 34 patients were compared to DNA flow cytometry and histologic grade of the excised carcinoma using the Bloom system, as modified by Elston. Seven histologic grade I, 14 grade II, and 14 grade III infiltrating ductal carcinomas were studied. All histologic grade I carcinomas were diploid on the FNA specimen, and six showed nuclear grade 1. Twenty-seven of 28 histologic grade II and III cancers had nuclear grades of 2 or 3. Twenty-five showed aneuploidy (19 cancers) or tetraploidy (6 cancers). The other three showed diploidy with increased S/G2M (17-20%). Most of the tetraploid tumors were histologic grade II. Interobserver variability was greatest for nuclear grade (31%). Concordance between DNA studies by image analysis on the FNA and flow cytometry on the excised specimen was 80%. Both nuclear grade and DNA cytometry on FNAs can be used to distinguish most histologic grade I carcinomas from grade II and III cancers. DNA cytometry is more time-intensive but is less influenced by interobserver variation, and usually correlates with DNA flow cytometry on the excised specimen.
Ataxia Telangiectasia-related Protein Is Involved in the Phosphorylation of BRCA1 following Deoxyribonucleic Acid Damage

The breast/ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1 exerts its tumor suppressor function, at least in part, by participating in DNA repair and/or DNA damage-responsive pathways. BRCA1 protein is hyperphosphorylated following various DNA-damaging events. Here, we report that the ataxia telangiectasia mutated protein-related protein kinase (ATR) is involved in the phosphorylation of BRCA1 following gamma radiation and hydroxyurea treatment. We have shown that ATR can phosphorylate several BRCA1 fragments in vitro and that a kinase-inactive mutant of ATR interacts with BRCA1 in vivo. Taken together, these results suggest that ATR directly phosphorylates BRCA1 following DNA damage.
Play in Child Development and Psychotherapy: Toward Empirically Supported Practice

Contents: Preface. Fundamental Play Processes. The Role of Play in the Development of Adaptive Abilities. The Role of Play in Therapy: The Theories. The Role of Play in Therapy: The Research. The Affect in Play Scale. Current Trends in the Therapeutic Uses of Play. Teaching Children to Play. Future Directions in Research and Practice. Appendix: Affect in Play Scale.
Calculation of Organ Doses for a Large Number of Patients Undergoing CT Examinations.

OBJECTIVE. The objective of our study was to develop an automated calculation method to provide organ dose assessment for a large cohort of pediatric and adult patients undergoing CT examinations. MATERIALS AND METHODS. We adopted two dose libraries that were previously published: the volume CT dose index–normalized organ dose library and the tube current–exposure time product (100 mAs)–normalized weighted CT dose index library. We developed an algorithm to calculate organ doses using the two dose libraries and the CT parameters available from DICOM data. We calculated organ doses for pediatric (n = 2499) and adult (n = 2043) CT examinations randomly selected from four health care systems in the United States and compared the adult organ doses with the values calculated from the ImPACT calculator. RESULTS. The median brain dose was 20 mGy (pediatric) and 24 mGy (adult), and the brain dose was greater than 40 mGy for 11% (pediatric) and 18% (adult) of the head CT studies. Both the National Cancer Institute...
Baseline Trajectories of Drinking Moderate Acamprosate and Naltrexone Effects in the COMBINE Study

Background: The COMBINE study evaluated the effects of acamprosate, naltrexone, and the Combined Behavioral Intervention (CBI). In secondary analyses, our goals were to identify trajectories of any drinking prior to randomization, to characterize subjects in these trajectories, and to assess whether prerandomization trajectories predict drinking outcomes and moderate treatment response. Methods: We analyzed daily indicators of any drinking in 90 days prior to randomization using a trajectory-based approach. General linear models and generalized logistic regression assessed main and interactive effects of prerandomization drinking trajectories and treatment on summary drinking measures during active treatment. Results: We identified five trajectories of any drinking prior to randomization: “T1: frequent drinkers”, “T2: very frequent drinkers”, “T3: nearly daily drinkers”, “T4: consistent daily drinkers”, and “T5: daily drinkers stopping early”. During treatment, “T3: nearly daily drinkers” and “T4: consistent daily drinkers” had significantly worse drinking outcomes than “T1: frequent drinkers”, while “T5: daily drinkers stopping early” had comparable drinking outcomes to “T1: frequent drinkers”. Acamprosate significantly increased the chance of abstinence from heavy drinking for the “T2: very frequent drinking” trajectory but decreased the chance of abstinence from heavy drinking for “T5: daily drinkers stopping early”. Naltrexone differentially improved rates of continuous abstinence for very frequent drinkers. Conclusions: Acamprosate benefited very frequent drinkers and contrary to expectations was associated with poorer response compared to placebo for consistent daily drinkers who had longer durations of pretreatment abstinence (e.g., ≥14 days). Baseline drinking trajectories also moderated naltrexone effects. These findings may help clinicians identify patients for whom acamprosate and naltrexone may be most beneficial.
Palm Olein in the Fat Blend of Infant Formulas: Effect on the Intestinal Absorption of Calcium and Fat, and Bone Mineralization

Objective: To evaluate the published clinical data on the physiologic effects of using palm oil and its low melting fraction, palm olein (PO) as a dominant lipid source in the fat blend in infant formulas.Design: A systematic search of Medline and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews was performed to retrieve studies comparing infants who received infant formulas containing PO with those who received infant formulas without PO or which contained synthetic triacylglyceride as a source of palmitic acid. Outcomes of interest include intestinal fractional absorption of fat, palmitic acid and calcium; and bone mass. The effect size for each dependent variable in each published study was obtained by standardizing based on the difference in means between non-PO and PO group with respect to the standard deviation of the PO group. Trend analysis of the outcome of interest was performed when 3 or more between group comparisons were available. The comparison of effect size across different studies was based o...
On the steady state and dynamic behaviour of permeable, isothermal catalysts

Abstract In this paper we suggest a lumping procedure for distributed reacting systems which has the property of uniform convergence to the exact solution. We apply this procedure to the analysis of permeable isothermal catalysts and treat in detail the case of Langmuir-Hinshelwood rate expressions. As a special example, we analyse the hydrogenation of ethylene over platinum/alumina and show that multiple steady states are predicted for isothermal catalyst pellets for certain values of the external partial pressures and Thiele Modulus.
Modeling and sensitivity analysis of multibody systems using new solid, shell and beam elements

Abstract A computational procedure is presented for predicting the dynamic response and evaluating the sensitivity coefficients of large, flexible multibody systems consisting of beams, shells and solids undergoing arbitrary spatial motions. The sensitivity coefficients measure the sensitivity of the dynamic response to variations in the material, geometric and external force parameters of the system. The four key components of the procedure are: a) new beam, shell and solid elements with the Cartesian coordinates selected as degrees of freedom and with continuous inter-element slopes; b) a corotational frame approach used in conjunction with a total Lagrangian formulation; c) semi-explicit temporal integration for generating the dynamic response; and d) direct differentiation approach for evaluating the sensitivity coefficients. The nonlinear interactions between the elastic and the large rigid body motions are naturally incorporated in the present formulation. The effectiveness of the procedure is demonstrated through numerical examples, including an articulated space structure consisting of beams, shells and revolute joints.
Time of year does not influence mortality for vascular operations at academic centers

Objective Studies in general surgery have suggested worse outcomes due to the presence of new trainees. We hypothesized that outcomes for vascular operations would be equal regardless of teaching hospital status or academic quarter within the United States. Methods From 2003 to 2007, 264,374 vascular operations were evaluated using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database. Patients were stratified according to Non-Teaching (non-Teaching Hospital [NTH], n=137,406), Teaching (Teaching Hospital [TH], n=126,968), and Teaching with Vascular Surgery Training Program (VSH, n=28,730) hospital status. Multivariate analyses were used to examine the effect of academic quarter (AQ) on mortality. Results Unadjusted mortality was higher at TH compared with NTH (2.5% vs 2.0%; P P P P P = .10) and VSH (1.16 [0.98-1.37]; P = .08) compared with NTH. Importantly, AQ was not associated with increased risk of mortality at either TH (AQ1 odds ratios [OR] = 0.95 [080-1.13], AQ2 OR=1.08 [0.91-1.28], AQ3 OR=1.13 [0.96-1.34], AQ4=Reference; P = .19) or VSH (AQ1 OR=1.02 [0.81-1.29], AQ2 OR=0.99 [0.79-1.25], AQ3 OR=1.02 [0.81-1.28], AQ4=Reference; P = .99). Conclusions Mortality is not significantly influenced by operative time of year following vascular operations at academic centers. TH perform more high-risk operations compared with NTH with similar risk adjusted mortality.
Serum agglutination and immunoglobulin levels of mice infected with Naegleria fowleri.

Agglutinins were not detected in sera from mice given one, two, or three intranasal (i.n.) inoculations or a single intravenous (i.v.) inoculation of trophozoites of Naegleria fowleri. However, agglutinins were produced following second and third i.v. inoculations. Serum immunoglobulin levels increased in both i.n.- and i.v.-inoculated mice. IgG and IgM increased substantially more for i.v.-inoculated mice. IgA levels increased more consistently for i.n.-inoculated mice.
Linking Research to the Practice of Youth Development

The articles in this special issue address some of the challenges of strengthening the links between research and the practice of youth development and identify some approaches that have worked well. Youth development emerged from practice rather than from theory or research. Research that is most useful in the practice of youth development honors that primacy both by exploring questions that are important in practice and by engaging practitioners as partners, not merely as consumers.
EEG changes during recovery from acute severe neonatal citrullinemia.

Abstract We report our observations of serial clinical and EEG examinations in 3 neonates during recovery from acute severe encephalopathy due to citrullinemia. Their electroclinical picture closely resembles the clinical stages of experimental models of hyperammonemia in monkeys. The lenght of the EEG interburst interval, a quantitative measure of EEG background abnormality, correlated with elevated serum levels of ammonia and suggests that hyperammonemia itself is a key figure in the genesis of encephalopathy in this condition. Finally, the manner in which the EEG normalizes during recovery from hyperammonemia in this setting suggests that burst-suppression resembles an exaggerated regression to the discontinuity of the very premature infant.
Energy Transfer by Means of Collision in Liquid Organic Solutions under High Energy and Ultraviolet Excitations

Experiments are described which show that energy transfer by means of "collisions" occurs when a liquid organic solution is excited by ultraviolet light as well by high-energy radiation. With light excitation the possibility of any transfer by ionization and/or by hidden radiation could be completely eliminated. It was found that energy transfer by way of collision between various molecules under excitation by light is of the same magnitude as with high-energy radiation excitation. Energy transfer by way of absorption and subsequent re-emission occurs only in complex solutions containing at least two kinds of efficient fluorescent molecules. Basically the technique of the experiments with light consisted of irradiating different solutions with various wavelengths, thereby selectively exciting various components of the solutions, and of observing the corresponding effects on the fluorescent light output. The solutions measured in this investigation used xylene and cyclohexane as solvents; anthracene, $p$-terphenyl, and 9,10-diphenylanthracene as fluorescent solutes; and additional naphthalene which in some respects behaves like a solvent when present in large concentrations. In complete agreement with results under gamma-ray excitation, energy transfer under light excitation takes place from naphthalene to anthracene and diphenylanthracene, and from xylene to terphenyl, while none occurs from naphthalene to terphenyl.
Organizational networks of collaboration for community-based living

This exploratory study of the Texas Community Awareness and Relocation Services (CARS) Project examines organizational networks of collaboration for community-based living. A high degree of collaboration in these networks is needed to help nursing facility residents negotiate the complex process of moving to community-based settings. Social network analysis reveals considerable variations in local organizational networks of collaboration among lead nonprofit providers before and after implementation of the CARS Project in five test sites. These variations probably affected their collaborative capacity of each site and, ultimately, the project's outcomes.
Revisiting the Glires concept--phylogenetic analysis of nuclear sequences.

The so-called Glires hypothesis postulates a sister-group relationship between Rodentia (e.g., rat and mouse) and Lagomorpha (e.g., rabbit). Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses have yielded incongruent results, and either supported or refuted the Glires grouping. In order to study this inconsistency we have reconstructed phylogenetic trees based on data sets of 20 orthologous nuclear protein coding genes (6441 aa, sites) and 12 mitochondrial protein coding genes (3559 aa sites). The size of the nuclear data set is considerably larger than any comparable data set hitherto used to study the Glires concept. Analysis of the nuclear data strongly supported the phylogenetic tree (frog, chicken, ((rat, mouse), (rabbit, (human, (cattle, dog))))), while the mt data could not conclusively resolve the position of rabbit relative to that of human. This result was supported by all methods. Thus, the Glires hypothesis was rejected by this study.
Predictive Model-Based Thermal Management for Network Applications

As processor power density has increased at an alarming rate, chip/core temperature control becomes critical in satisfying given thermal constraint and avoiding hotspots. Unlike "run-to-finish" applications whose temperature will simply rise to saturation point and then stabilize, network applications do periodic packet processing, which causes temperature to rise and fall over time. However, no existing studies have focused on characterizing the temperature variation for periodic tasks. We envision that volatile thermal behavior has to be well understood in order to optimize thermal management. In this paper, we first build a novel predictive thermal model for generic periodic tasks running on a single core. This model can dynamically derive the core temperature at any time quickly and accurately. To verify the model, we use both Hot Spot simulator and a real Linux machine to run six network applications chosen from Net Bench. Then, we propose an online model update strategy using on-chip thermal sensors, which can effectively correct incidental errors by adjusting model parameters "on-the-fly". Finally, by combining the thermal model and the online update, we design, implement and evaluate a predictive model-based thermal management scheme on an Intel Xeon E5335 core for network applications based on the Stop & Go technique. Compared with two other alternatives, our scheme achieves lower temperature, higher throughput, no thermal constraint violation, and negligible overhead cost.
Preventing molecular and particulate infiltration in a confined volume

Contaminants from an instrument's self-generated sources or from sources external to the instrument may degrade its critical surfaces and/or create an environment which limits the instrument's intended performance. Analyses have been carried out on a method to investigate the required purging flow of clean, dry gas to prevent the ingestion of external contaminants into the instrument container volume. The pressure to be maintained and the required flow are examined in terms of their effectiveness in preventing gaseous and particulate contaminant ingestion and abatement of self-generated contaminants in the volume. The required venting area or the existing volume venting area is correlated to the volume to be purged, the allowable pressure differential across the volume, the external contaminant partial pressure, and the sizes of the ambient particulates. The diffusion of external water vapor into the volume while it was being purged was experimentally obtained in terms of an infiltration time constant. That data and the acceptable fraction of the outside pressure into the volume indicate the required flow of purge gas expressed in terms of volume change per unit time. The exclusion of particulates is based on the incoming velocity of the particles and the exit flow speed and density of the purge gas. The purging flow pressures needed to maintain the required flows through the vent passages are indicated. The purge gas must prevent or limit the entrance of the external contaminants to the critical locations of the instrument. It should also prevent self- contamination from surfaces, reduce material outgassing, and sweep out the outgassed products. Systems and facilities that can benefit from purging may be optical equipment, clinical facilities, manufacturing facilities, clean rooms, and other systems requiring clean environments.
An iridescent virus infecting the mosquito Aedes stimulans

Abstract An iridescent virus with a particle size of 135–140 mμ was isolated from larvae of Aedes stimulans (Walker). Larvae usually died just before or during ecdysis into the fourth instar. Infected larvae were recognized by the opalescent turquoise color. Virus occurred in the cytoplasm of the pericardial cells, oenocytes, and cells of the epidermis, sarcolema, fat body, ovaries, testes, and imaginal discs. Infected cells were hypertrophied.
Polyamine metabolism in mouse liver after partial hepatectomy

Abstract The sythesis and accumulation of the polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) was studied in regenerating mouse liver. Also, the turnover of spermidine was studied in normal and regenerating mouse liver after labeling the endogenous pool of spermidine with its precursor, [ 14 C]putrescine. 1. 1. Ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17) activity increases over 4-fold within 36 h of hepatectomy and is still elevated at 96 h posthepatectomy. This correlates well with the increased putrescine content of regenerating mouse liver (increased pool within 24 h and doubled by 72 h). 2. 2. Spermidine synthesis (S-adenosyl-methionine decarboxylase activity) reaches its maximal value within 48 h after partial hepatectomy and then declines slowly. Spermidine content is increased 50% within 24 h and is 3-fold above controls within 96 h. 3. 3. Spermine content decreases to a low (70% of controls) within 72 h and then gradually returns to normal. 4. 4. Maximal RNA content is detected within 72 h, at the time of the maximal putrescine concentration. Thereafter, the RNA content rapidly returns to the control level (by 96 h). 5. 5.The normal mouse liver appears to have a fast- and a slow-turning-over pool of spermidine (half lives of 1.5 and 10 days, respectively), whereas regenerating mouse liver seems to have only a fast pool (half life of 2 days). The pools were labeled in both cases by injecting [ 14 C]putrescine. Putrescine is the known precursor of spermidine in those mammalian systems studied.