cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract P1-03-05: Separase Over Expression Co-Operates with Loss of p53 in Promoting Aberrant Proliferation, Delayed Involution and Accumulation of DNA Damage in the Mouse Mammary Epithelium

Background: Aneuploidy is a common feature of human tumors, often correlating with poor prognosis. Several proteins involved in the mitotic spindle checkpoint are thought to play a major role in aneuploidy suppression. Specifically, the cohesin proteins that regulate sister chromatid separation and Separase, the endopeptidase that cleaves Rad21 to remove cohesion and allow timely cell cycle progression are thought to play key roles in maintaining normal cellular ploidy and preventing accumulation of abnormal cellular karyotypes. Studies using a transplant model showed that over expression of Separase in diploid mouse mammary epithelial cells resulted in the rapid accumulation of aneuploidy, and when transplanted in mice, there was rapid development of mammary tumors. It was also shown before that a sub set of human breast cancers show significant over expression of Separase, suggesting a possible role of Separase in the development and/or progression of breast cancer. Material and Methods: Using genetically engineered mouse models we studied the direct effect of Separase over expression in the mouse mammary epithelium. Two separate mammary gland specific promoters, WAP and MMTV, were used to drive Separase expression in the mouse mammary gland. The role of loss of p53 combined with over expression of Separase was studied by crossing the Tg-MMTV and WAP-Separase mice with p53 knockout mice in the same genetic background. Results: We found that over expression of Separase in the mouse mammary epithelium resulted in aberrant proliferation as early as day one lactation. The increase in proliferation was more acute in a p53 heterozygous background. Also, the Separase over expressing mice showed a significant delay in involution compared to wild type mammary epithelium and an accumulation of DNA damage. In a p53 heterozygous background, some of these mice developed spontaneous mammary tumors over a period of 7-12 months. Ongoing studies are evaluating the histopathological nature of these mammary tumors. Discussion: Previous studies suggested that Separase is over expressed in a sub set of human breast cancers. An understanding of the specific biological pathways involved in the initiation and progression of cancer in the mammary epithelium from aberrant expression of Separase can establish Separase as a novel diagnostic marker for breast cancer screening. Our studies suggest that Separase over expression in the mammary epithelium results in accumulation of aberrant proliferation and delayed involution post lactation, as well as results in the accumulation of DNA damage. These factors combined with loss of a key tumor suppressor like p53 can lead to genetic instability and breast cancer development. Further classification of the sub type of breast cancer in this animal model using array analysis can help establish Separase as a new prognostic marker in breast cancer research. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-03-05.
Calculation of the relativistic Bloch correction to stopping power

Bloch's technique of joining the nonrelativistic Bethe and Bohr stopping-power expressions by taking into account wave-packet effects for close collisions is extended to the relativistic case. It is found that Bloch's nonrelativistic correction term must be modified and that charge asymmetric terms appear. Excellent agreement is observed by comparing the results of these calculations to recent data on the stopping power of relativistic heavy ions.
Modified Wandzura-Wilczek relation with the Nachtmann variable

If one retains ${M}^{2}{/Q}^{2}$ terms in the kinematics, the Nachtmann variable $\ensuremath{\xi}$ seems to be more appropriate to describe deep inelastic lepton-nucleon scattering. Up to the first power of ${M}^{2}{/Q}^{2},$ a modified Wandzura-Wilczek relation with respect to $\ensuremath{\xi}$ was derived. Kinematical correction factors are given as functions of $\ensuremath{\xi}$ and ${Q}^{2}.$ A comparison of the modified ${g}_{2}^{\mathrm{WW}}(\ensuremath{\xi})$ and the original ${g}_{2}^{\mathrm{WW}}(x)$ with the most recent ${g}_{2}$ data is shown.
A W-band balun integrated probe with common mode matching network

There has been a growing interest in developing differential Millimeter-wave Monolithic Integrated Circuits (MMICs) in recent years. The characterization infrastructure for these differential devices however, is still limited at higher frequencies. In this paper, a balun integrated probe is designed to cover the entire W-band (75 - 110 GHz) with the potential to be scaled to even higher frequencies. Test structures of the balun are characterized and found to agree well with simulated results for the entire W-band, while the balun integrated probe is characterized from 90 to 115 GHz, also agreeing well with simulation. Over the frequency range measured, the balun integrated probe has lower than -22 dB coupling between the single-ended input and common mode output, as well as between the common and differential modes. Furthermore, the return loss for the differential output and single-ended input modes are better than 10 dB, while the common mode return loss is also better than 10 dB.
Estimation for an adaptive allocation design

Abstract The generalized Polya urn model has been proposed as a class of adaptive allocation rules. Under a simple population model, maximum likelihood estimators can be derived. Previous work has shown them to be jointly asymptotically normal. We prove some additional results, including strong consistency of the estimators and a law of the iterated logarithm. We then derive the exact Fisher's information matrix and construct fixed-size confidence regions for a fully sequential procedure.
The Affordable Care Act and Its Impact on Substance Use Disorder and Mental Health Treatment: An Interview With David Riemer, JD

For many previously uninsured Americans, enrollment in the health insurance marketplace began on October 1, 2013. Despite the anticipated health benefits and health savings that this unprecedented ...
GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON HUMAN BEHAVIORAL DIFFERENCES

Human behavioral genetic research aimed at characterizing the existence and nature of genetic and environmental influences on individual differences in cognitive ability, personality and interests, and psychopathology is reviewed. Twin and adoption studies indicate that most behavioral characteristics are heritable. Nonetheless, efforts to identify the genes influencing behavior have produced a limited number of confirmed linkages or associations. Behavioral genetic research also documents the importance of environmental factors, but contrary to the expectations of many behavioral scientists, the relevant environmental factors appear to be those that are not shared by reared together relatives. The observation of genotype-environment correlational processes and the hypothesized existence of genotype-environment interaction effects serve to distinguish behavioral traits from the medical and physiological phenotypes studied by human geneticists. Behavioral genetic research supports the heritability, not the genetic determination, of behavior.
The Glycine-Serine Interrelationship in Chick Nutrition

Abstract For maximal chick growth glycine is considered an indispensable amino acid (Almquist and Grau, 1944). However, since serine by loss of the β-carbon atom can be converted to glycine (Shemin, 1946), it is conceivable that serine might spare dietary glycine. Thus the nonessentiality of glycine reported recently by Sugahara and Ariyoshi (1967) can perhaps be explained by the presence of a plethora of l -serine in their basal diet. Wixom et al. (1955) demonstrated that serine could partially replace the need for glycine in chicks fed casein protein. The purpose of our work was to evaluate the replacement value of serine for glycine in fast-growing chicks fed a minimal nitrogen, well balanced, crystalline amino acid diet (Table 1). Information regarding selection and care of the chicks has been outlined previously (Dean and Scott, 1965). Previous assays had established that the dietary glycine requirement for maximal growth on the diet used herein . . .
High affinity GABA receptors — Autoradiographic localization

The distribution of the high affinity gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor labeled by [3H]muscimol, has been studied in the rat brain by light microscopic autoradiography. Receptors in slide-mounted tissue sections were labeled in vitro with [3H]muscimol. Most of the gray matter areas presented grain densities significantly higher than background or white matter areas. Wide variations in receptor densities were found between different brain areas and nuclei. Areas with very high grain densities are the granule cell layer of the cerebellum, external plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb and nuclei of the thalamus, such as the ventral nucleus, lateral nucleus and dorsal geniculate body. The molecular layer of the hippocampus and the external (I–IV) layers of the cortex are also rich in GABA receptors. The basal ganglia have moderate concentrations of receptors, while the pons, medulla and brainstem have only low concentrations of autoradiographic grains. These distributions are discussed in correlation with the known distributions of GABAergic terminals and the presence of inhibitory GABAergic mechanisms.
The pattern of cadmium in the environment of five Minnesota cities.

This paper reports on the cadmium results of a soil survey Conducted by the State of Minnesota during the summer of 1986. The survey collected soil-dust from the oldest census tracts of Minneapolis, St. Paul, Duluth, St. Cloud and Rochester. The results reveal fundamental differences in soil cadmium among cities. Soil cadmium exceeds 2 p.g g-1 in 8.4% of the samples in Minneapolis, and 7.0, 4.0, 3.3 and 1.5% respectively of the samples collected in St. Paul, Duluth, St. Cloud and Rochester. Minneapolis and St. Paul residential houseside soil samples had cadmium levels that exceeded 2 p.g g-1 in 24.5 and 21.2% respectively of the samples collected. By comparison, the Minneapolis and St. Paul residential streetside soil samples had cadmium levels that exceeded 2 #g g-1 in 1.2 and 0.6%, respectively, of the samples collected. Also the Minneapolis and St. Paul residential midyard soil samples had cadmium levels that exceeded 2 Lag g-1 in 1.9 and 5.5%, respectively, of the samples collected. Cadmium levels for the combined data for all cities and communities in Minneapolis appears to be directly related to traffic flow. However, cadmium levels around housesides and in midyards do not follow patterns of traffic flow in the same manner as cadmium content of soils along streetsides. St. Paul has an anomalously high cadmium content toward the east of the city compared with the west side of the city. The Pigs Eye sewage sludge incinerator located east of the city is the most likely source of cadmium to cause this pattern. This study provides essential urban background information about both the fundamental environmental patterns of cadmium as well as processes which appear to operate to cause those patterns.
Surface segregation in solid and liquid SnPb alloys

Abstract The equilibrium surface compositions of three SnPb alloys (0.21 at% Pb, 0.53 at% Pb, and 0.83 at% Pb) have been obtained as a function of temperature in both solid and liquid states using the scanning Auger microprobe. All data were obtained at temperature, from equilibrated samples, in a region of about fifty degrees on either side of the liquidus temperature. Lead has been found to be the segregating component in all cases. From these measurements, the heat of segregation has been calculated for alloys in both states. In each alloy the magnitude of the heat of segregation declines significantly on melting. In addition, the ratio of the surface Pb/Sn compositions has been found to decrease by roughly an order of magnitude across the two-phase solid-liquid field. These results are interpreted in the light of current segregation theory, with particular emphasis on the role of elastic effects on solute segregation to free surfaces.
Precipitation and Cloud Structures of Intense Rain during the 2013 Great Colorado Flood

AbstractRadar and disdrometer observations collected during the 2013 Great Colorado Flood are used to diagnose the spatial and vertical structure of clouds and precipitation during episodes of intense rainfall. The analysis focuses on 30 h of intense rainfall in the vicinity of Boulder, Colorado, during 2200–0400 UTC 11–13 September. The strongest rainfall occurred along lower parts of the Colorado Front Range at >1.6 km MSL and on the northern side of the Palmer Divide. The vertical structure of clouds and horizontal distribution of rainfall are strongly linked to upslope flow and low-level forcing, which resulted in surface convergence. During times of weak forcing, shallow convection produced rain at and below the melting layer through collision–coalescence and, to a lesser extent, riming. A mesoscale circulation interacting with the local terrain produced convective rainfall with high cloud tops that favored ice crystal production. During moderate forcing with cloud tops slightly exceeding the 0°C lev...
Understanding the social responsibility puzzle

Abstract In our pluralistic society, business is influenced by all other groups in the system, and business in turn, influences them. Therefore, the businessman must be socially responsible for his actions. Mr. Davis explains why such responsibility has had recent emphasis. Not only are the parts of modern society more interdependent, but the social sciences are giving us new knowledge about how business affects the other parts. Also, in modern business, with ownership and control separated, managerial responsibility must be identified and directed. The power-responsibility equation (social responsibilities of businessmen arise from the amount of social power they have) clarifies managerial obligations. Business, in the long run, to maintain its position of power, must accept its responsibility to the whole of society.
Canine parainfluenza type 2 and Bordetella bronchiseptica infection produces increased bronchoalveolar lavage thromboxane concentrations in beagle puppies

Acute infections in beagle puppies with canine parainfluenza virus type 2 (CPI2), and CPI2 in combination with Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb) produce bronchiolitis and increased airways responsiveness to aerosolized histamine during the acute infection. In order to determine whether these observations were associated with increased levels of eicosanoids, the stable metabolites of thromboxane A2 and prostacylin, thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α (6-keto-PGF1α) respectively, and leukotriene B4 were measured in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of 25 beagle puppies (age = 76 ± 1 days, mean ± SEM) 3–4 days after no infection (control, n = 6), inoculation with both CPI2 and Bb (CPI2-Bb, n = 11), inoculation with CPI2 alone (CPI2, n = 4), and inoculation with Bb alone (Bb, n = 4). In addition, plasma levels of TXB2 and 6-keto-PGF1α were measured before and after infection in the CPI2-Bb and control groups. The BAL concentration of thromboxane B2 was increased in the CPI2-Bb group (520 ± 120 pg/ml), but not in the CPI2 (88 ± 40 pg/ml), Bb (235 ± 100 pg/ml), or control groups (120 ± 60 pg/ml, p < 0.01). There also was a borderline increase in BAL concentration of LTB4 in the CP12-Bb group. No differences were observed in the BAL concentration of 6-keto PGF1α. Furthermore, neither TXB2 nor PGF1α was elevated in the plasma of control or CPI2-Bb puppies. These data suggest that increased thromboxane concentrations in BAL fluid are associated with histamine hyperresponsiveness during acute infection in the CPI2-Bb group.
Comparison of the outcomes of primary twin pregnancies and twin pregnancies following fetal reduction

High-order multifetal pregnancy is an inevitable consequence of assisted reproduction; and is associated with an increase in perinatal morbidity and mortality. Fetal reduction appears to be a safe and efficacious method for improving obstetric outcome. We made a retrospective study of study population 54 high multiple pregnancy following assisted reproduction that were reduced to twins at Shin Kong Memorial Hospital. Taipei, Taiwan from September 1992 to March 2000. Our study compares the outcome of multifetal pregnancy reduced to twins with the outcome of primary twin pregnancy. Maternal age, birth weight, gestational age at delivery and the incidence of preterm contractions were the only statistically significant differences between the two groups.
Effect of Caffeinated Soft Drinks on Salivary Flow.

Background: Soft drinks containing caffeine have been associated with more aggressive forms of dental decay. Cariogenicity of caffeinated soft drinks may be attributed to the effect of caffeine on salivary flow. This study assessed whether caffeinated soft drinks produced short-term oral dryness in healthy adults. Methods: The authors collected saliva on two separate days from 35 participants before and one hour after drinking a soft drink. On one of the days the soft drink was caffeinated and on the other day it was not. Saliva collection involved 15 minutes unstimulated whole saliva, 5 minutes paraffin-stimulated whole saliva, and 10 seconds labial minor salivary gland output. Results: Unstimulated and stimulated flow rates slightly increased and minor gland output slightly decreased one hour after the soft drink consumption regardless of caffeine content. These changes were not statistically significant (two-period two-treatment crossover trial using two-stage Grizzle model, p>0.05). A linear mixed mod...
Men guarding women: An analysis of the employment of male correction officers in prisons for women

Since 1980, the employment of female correction officers in all-male prisons has received considerable research attention. In contrast, the employment of male correction officers in prisons for women has been virtually ignored. The purpose of this study was two-fold: 1) to assess the extent to which male officers are employed in prisons for women and the manner in which they are deployed and 2) to evaluate the reactions of female inmates to the presence of male officers in the living units. The findings indicate that in most women's prisons in the United States males are employed as correction officers and are routinely assigned to supervise inmate living units. The findings also reveal that women inmates respond positively to the presence of male officers and actually favor male to female officers.
Strained SiGe Materials for High Quantum Efficiency Photodiodes at µ = 1.3 to 1.5µm

Silicon-gemanium is a promising materials system for delivering near-IR photodetection on the ubiquitous silicon substrate. The 4% lattice mismatch leads to biaxial strain for SiGe films grown coherently on (100) Si substrates, which both extends the long wavelength detection limit by reducing the band gap and defines the critical thickness for the SiGe film. We have studied the use of strained-layer superlattices grown on high quality relaxed SiGe buffers. Graded buffers are ideal virtual substrates for achieving a complete range of compositions and strains for GeSi alloys. A physical model has been created to map out the absorption coefficient as a function of Ge fraction and (100) biaxial strain. Based on calculated absorption spectra as a function of composition and strain, we have designed and grown a Ge/Ge0.5Si0.5 strain-balanced superlattice on a high quality Ge0.75Si0.25 relaxed buffer using UHV-CVD. The strain-balanced superlattice has an effective absorption coefficient of 5000 cm−1. The relaxed buffer serves as a virtual substrate with relatively low threading dislocation density (106 cm-−2). The effect of the threading dislocations on the leakage current of P-I-N junctions is also investigated. Electron beam induced current (EBIC) is used to determine the dislocation density of SiGe relaxed buffer junctions grown with different grading rates. Mesa isolated devices are used to determine bulk leakage current densities for the SiGe junctions. The bulk leakage current density scales directly with the dislocation density. Bulk leakage currents density per dislocation length (2×10−5 A cml) agrees with deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) determined literature values for SiGe capture cross-section and defect density per dislocation in Si.
Property Investment by Canterbury Cathedral Priory 1250–1400

Henry de Eastry, prior of Christ Church, Canterbury from 1285 to 1331, has long been regarded as primarily responsible for the priory's financial health. On his accession, the monastery was deeply in debt. Eastry, by his reorganization of the administration and his far-seeing policies of adding to the convent's property and exploiting these resources to the fullest, was able to raise the priory “from a state of insolvency to what was probably the highest level of productivity in its history.” One reason that Eastry enjoys such an excellent reputation is that he left behind him several extremely significant records, including a register of his writs and a memorandum book in which he set forth his achievements with elaborate detail. Yet some of his predecessors and successors followed policies that were very similar to those pursued by Eastry. It is time to re-examine Eastry's role in the priory's history and to determine whether his contribution was indeed as outstanding as has been hitherto assumed. The area that most lends itself to this investigation is that of property investment. R.A.L. Smith, in his pioneering study of the convent's administration only touched on this aspect. He stated that during Eastry's priorate the monks “made astute investments in land,” but gave few examples. Moreover he never tackled the problem of how the priory's activities were affected by the statute of mortmain of 1279, which, in theory at least, severely restricted property accumulation on the part of ecclesiastical institutions. Nor did he consider the question of whether the tremendous fall in population after 1348 hindered or facilitated the acquisition of lands and rents. A detailed analysis, over a fairly long period, of the policies pursued by the priory with regard to investment in land, rent, and building, can not only point out the contribution made by Eastry, but also shed light on the more general questions of the economic impact of the Black Death and the effectiveness of the statute of mortmain.
Non-invasive measurement of local pulse pressure by pulse wave-based ultrasound manometry (PWUM)

Central blood pressure (CBP) has been established as a relevant indicator of cardiovascular disease. Despite its significance, CBP remains particularly challenging to measure in standard clinical practice. The objective of this study is to introduce pulse wave-based ultrasound manometry (PWUM) as a simpleto-use, non-invasive ultrasound-based method for quantitative measurement of the central pulse pressure. Arterial wall displacements are estimated using radiofrequency ultrasound signals acquired at high frame rates and the pulse pressure waveform is estimated using both the distension waveform and the local pulse wave velocity. The method was tested on the abdominal aorta of 11 healthy subjects (age 35.7±16 y.o.). PWUM pulse pressure measurements were compared to those obtained by radial applanation tonometry using a commercial system. The average intra-subject variability of the pulse pressure amplitude was found to be equal to 4.2 mmHg, demonstrating good reproducibility of the method. Excellent correlation was found between the waveforms obtained by PWUM and those obtained by tonometry in all subjects (0.94 < r < 0.98). A significant bias of 4.7 mmHg was found between PWUM and tonometry. PWUM is a highly translational method that can be easily integrated in clinical ultrasound imaging systems. It provides an estimate of the pulse pressure waveform at the imaged location, and may offer therefore the possibility to estimate the pulse pressure at different arterial sites. Future developments include the validation of the method against invasive estimates on patients, as well as its application to other large arteries.
Sensor networking toward real time acoustical beamforming

Wireless sensor networks have been attracting increasing research interest given the recent advances in microelectronics, array processing, and wireless networking. Consisting of a large collection of small, wireless, low-cost, integrated sensing, computing, and communicating nodes capable of performing various demanding collaborative space-time processing tasks, wireless sensor network technology poses various unique design challenges. In this paper, we consider the use of Compaq iPAQ 3760s, which are handheld, battery-powered device normally meant to be used as personal organizers (PDAs), as sensor nodes. The iPAQ provide a reasonable balance of cost, availability, and functionality. It has a build-in StrongARM processor, microphone, codec for acoustic acquisition and processing, and a PCMCIA bus for external IEEE802.11b wireless cards for radio communication. The iPAQs form a distributed sensor network to perform a real-time acoustical beamforming. A beamforming algorithm, based on the maximum-likelihood parameter estimation method, can be used to perform real-time source detection, enhancement, localization, and direction-of-arrival estimation. Field-measured results show the effectiveness of the proposed testbed.
Wake-up Strokes Are Similar to Known-Onset Morning Strokes in Severity and Outcome

BACKGROUND Stroke symptoms noticed upon waking, wake-up stroke, account for up to a quarter of all acute ischemic strokes. Patients with wake-up stroke, however, are often excluded from thrombolytic therapy. METHODS Using our prospectively collected stroke registry, wake-up stroke and known-onset morning strokes were identified. Wakeup stroke was defined as a patient who was asleep >3 hours and first noted stroke symptoms upon awakening between 0100 and 1100. Known-onset morning stroke was defined as a patient who had symptom onset while awake during the same time interval. We compared wake-up stoke to known-onset morning stroke with respect to patient demographics, stroke severity, etiology and outcomes. RESULTS One-quarter of patients with acute ischemic strokes (391/1415) had documented time between 0100 and 1100 of symptom onset: 141 (36%) wake-up strokes and 250 (64%) known-onset morning strokes. No difference in baseline characteristics, stroke severity, stroke etiology, neurologic deterioration, discharge disposition or functional outcome was detected. Known-onset morning stroke patients were significantly more likely to get thrombolytic therapy and have higher risk of in-hospital mortality. Wake-up stroke patients tended to be older, have higher diastolic blood pressure and have longer length of hospital stay. DISCUSSION While patients with wake-up stroke were similar to patients with known-onset morning stroke in many respects, patients with known onset morning stroke were significantly more likely to get treated with thrombolytic therapy and have higher in-hospital mortality.
Clinical Comparison of an Enamel Matrix Derivative Used Alone or in Combination With a Bovine-Derived Xenograft for the Treatment of Periodontal Osseous Defects in Humans

Background: The combination of bone replacement graft materials has been suggested for the treatment of periodontal osseous defects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) combined with a bovine-derived xenograft (BDX) as compared to EMD alone in the treatment of intraosseous defects in patients with moderate to advanced periodontitis. Methods: Sixteen adult patients with at least 2 intrabony defects were entered in this split-mouth design study. Defects were treated with EMD alone or EMD + BDX. Reentries were performed 6 to 8 months after initial surgery. The following soft and hard tissue measurements were recorded prior to initial surgery and at reentry: probing depth (PD), gingival margin location, clinical attachment level (CAL), depth of defect, and crestal bone level. Statistical analyses were performed to determine changes in PD, CAL, fill of osseous defect, and crestal resorption. Percentages of bone fill (%BF) and defect resolution (%DR) were also calculated. Results: The most significant results were that gingival recession was greater for the group treated with EMD alone (0.8 ± 0.8 mm) compared to EMD + BDX (0.3 ± 0.6 mm) (P = 0.04) and bone fill was greater for EMD + BDX (4.0 ± 0.8 mm) compared to EMD alone (3.1 ± 1.0 mm) (P = 0.02). The measures for PD reduction, attachment level gain, crestal resorption, %BF, and %DR did not present a statistically significant difference (P >0.10). Conclusions: This study evaluated the performance of EMD + BDX and EMD alone. The results demonstrated that a significant improvement in clinical parameters was observed. When comparing both modalities, a statistically significant difference was only found for gingival recession and bone fill, yielding a more favorable outcome towards the combined approach. J Periodontol 2002;73:433-440.
Wernicke encephalopathy after obesity surgery A systematic review

Objective: To characterize the clinical features, risk factors, radiographic findings, and prognosis of Wernicke encephalopathy after bariatric surgery. Methods: We performed a systematic review of MEDLINE, Embase, Ovid, ISI (Science Citation Index), and Google Scholar for case reports, case series, or cohort studies of Wernicke encephalopathy after bariatric surgery. Results: We found 32 cases (27 of whom were women) reported, from 2 weeks to 18 months after the procedure. Most patients had vomiting as a risk factor (n = 25) and presented with the triad of Wernicke encephalopathy (confusion, ataxia, and nystagmus; n = 21). Optic neuropathy, papilledema, deafness, seizures, asterixis, weakness, and sensory and motor neuropathy were also reported. Characteristic radiographic findings were hyperintense signals in the periaqueductal gray area and dorsal medial nucleus of the thalamus; radiographs were normal in 15 patients. One series from Brazil reported 4 patients (among 50 patients) with Wernicke encephalopathy; all presented with vomiting and concomitant peripheral neuropathy at a median of 2.5 months (1.5 to 3 months) after bariatric surgery. Another series identified 2 of 23 patients (both women) with Wernicke encephalopathy after bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Wernicke encephalopathy after bariatric surgery usually occurs between 4 and 12 weeks postoperatively, especially in young women with vomiting. Atypical neurologic features are common. The diagnosis is mainly clinical, because radiographic findings are normal in some patients. Prospective studies to determine the prevalence of this problem and protocols for preventive thiamine supplementation need evaluation.
Molecular signatures of cell migration in C. elegans Q neuroblasts

Metazoan cell movement has been studied extensively in vitro, but cell migration in living animals is much less well understood. In this report, we have studied the Caenorhabditis elegans Q neuroblast lineage during larval development, developing live animal imaging methods for following neuroblast migration with single cell resolution. We find that each of the Q descendants migrates at different speeds and for distinct distances. By quantitative green fluorescent protein imaging, we find that Q descendants that migrate faster and longer than their sisters up-regulate protein levels of MIG-2, a Rho family guanosine triphosphatase, and/or down-regulate INA-1, an integrin alpha subunit, during migration. We also show that Q neuroblasts bearing mutations in either MIG-2 or INA-1 migrate at reduced speeds. The migration defect of the mig-2 mutants, but not ina-1, appears to result from a lack of persistent polarization in the direction of cell migration. Thus, MIG-2 and INA-1 function distinctly to control Q neuroblast migration in living C. elegans.
Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy Overview

Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy is an X-linked neuromuscular disease caused by an expanded repeat in the androgen receptor gene. The mutant protein is toxic to motor neurons and muscle. The toxicity is ligand-dependent and likely involves aberrant interaction of the mutant androgen receptor with other nuclear factors leading to transcriptional dysregulation. Various therapeutic strategies have been effective in transgenic animal models, and the challenge now is to translate these strategies into safe and effective treatment in patients.
Professional Medical Education and Genomics

Genomic medicine is a relatively new concept that involves using individual patients' genomic results in their clinical care. Genetic technology has advanced swiftly over the past decade, and most providers have been left behind without an understanding of this complex field. To realize its full potential, genomic medicine must be both understood and accepted by the greater medical community. The current state of professional medical education in genomics and genomic medicine is reviewed, including ongoing plans to expand educational efforts for medical students, clinical geneticists, and nongeneticist physicians.
Hypertension and the obstetrician-gynecologist

Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular-related morbidity and death. Antihypertensive therapy markedly reduces the risk caused by elevated blood pressure. Earlier treatment of hypertensive patients should reduce deaths and morbidity even further. The obstetrician-gynecologist has the opportunity and responsibility to identify hypertensive patients early in the course of their disease. He must also confront the problem of elevated blood pressure associated with the use of oral contraceptives. In addition to its impact on the general population, chronic hypertension presents special problems during pregnancy. Pregnant women with elevated blood pressure have an increased fetal mortality rate and develop pre-eclampsia more frequently and earlier than nonhypertensive women. Antihypertensive treatment possibly increases fetal survival; when used appropriately, it definitely does not decrease fetal salvage. The appropriate use of antihypertensive therapy during pregnancy requires an understanding of the mechanism of action of these agents and recognition of side effects, especially those important during pregnancy.
Catalysts for C6 alkane cyclization

Abstract Non-oxidizing dehydrogenation of n-hexane was investigated on high dispersed promoted Pt/Al 2 O 3 catalysts. The influence of chemical composition and catalyst structure on the direction of reaction and arenes yield was found.
Solitons transport water through narrow carbon nanotubes.

Transformative technologies for desalination and chemical separations call for understanding molecular transport through man-made and biological nanochannels. Using numerical simulation of single-file flow of water through carbon nanotubes, we find that flow is due to fast-moving density variations (solitons) that are additive so flow rate is proportional to number of solitons. Simulation results match predictions from a theoretical model for soliton propagation. From 1--300 K flow rates increase as temperature decreases. Our results build a fundamentally new understanding of nanochannel flows and suggest new principles for the design of nanoscale devices.
Distance education for the lift industry

This paper outlines current and future education and training provision in the lift making industry, tracing its development from the inception of the Technician Education Council in the 1970s and highlighting emerging initiatives such as Foundation Degrees due to commence delivery in 2001. (5 pages)
Dual-Comb Spectroscopy with Difference-Frequency-Generated Mid-Infrared Frequency Combs

Two mid-infrared frequency combs with average powers of up to 0.5 W were produced via difference frequence generation. Absorption in acetylene (C2H2) was measured using mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy.
WAVE CLIMATE CYCLES AND COASTAL ENGINEERING PRACTICE

El Nino-Southern Oscilllation (ENSO) events are major factors in changing wave climate at coastal sites. These events are triggered by extreme anomalies in the global seasonal climate; and in recent years they have become quasi-predictable from certain antecedent conditions. Judicious application of the global concepts leading to (ENSO) events will improve our understanding and prediction of wave climate.
Front-Mounted Motorcycle Net for Mass Collection of Clover Insects

A front-mounted insect collection net, powered by a motorcycle, was designed for mass collection of clover insects, particularly the clover head weevil, Hypera meles (F.). The new design eliminated contamination of collections with fire ants and improved collection efficiency by permitting passage of the net ahead of the motorcycle. Comparison of numbers of insects from timed collections made with trawl, sweep, and front-mounted nets indicated that significantly more insects were collected with the front-mounted net than with the other nets. Since beneficial insects and pests other than H. meles also were easily collected in large numbers, the front-mounted net should be valuable to researchers requiring greater quantities of these insects than could be efficiently collected with sweep nets.
GENETIC STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION OF A FIRE ANT HYBRID ZONE.

Two introduced fire ants, Solenopsis invicta and S. richteri, hybridize over an extensive area in the United States spanning central Mississippi, Alabama, and western Georgia. We studied a portion of this hybrid zone in northwestern Mississippi in detail by sampling ants at many sites along two transects extending across the zone and examining gene frequency and size distributions at a large number of genetic and morphological markers. The distributional patterns at these markers are most consistent with the mosaic hybrid zone model, whereby the distribution of various fire ant genotypes is determined initially by the historical patterns of colonization of newly available habitats. However, these distributional patterns probably do not reflect the equilibrium state of interactions because of the very recent secondary contact of the species (< 60 yr) and the dynamic nature of available nesting habitats in this area. Our data suggest that, with prolonged contact and interaction, differential fitness of various hybrid genotypes due to intrinsic and extrinsic selective factors is important in structuring the hybrid zone. For instance, consistent differential introgression of morphological and genetic markers, combined with previous evidence of differences in developmental stability among genotypes, suggest reduced fitness of hybrids relative to parentals due to intrinsic selection (as may be caused by breakup of parental gene complexes). Furthermore, marked reductions in the occurrence of parental-like hybrids in areas where the similar parental species is common suggest reduced fitness of these parental-like hybrids in competition with the parentals (i.e., extrinsic selection). Because the relative roles of such deterministic as well as stochastic forces apparently vary both spatially and temporally, the eventual distribution of the various fire ant genotypes and the fate of the hybrid zone in the United States is difficult to predict.
Investigation and analysis of cockroach density surveillance and infestation condition

Objective To realize the species,density,distribution,seasonal fluctuation and infestation condition of cockroach in Huaian city,and provide scientific basis for cockroach control.Methods The stick-catch method was used to survey once a month,which placed the stick-cockroach paper at night and recovered it in the next morning.Results 6 480 stick-cockroach papers had been putted on and 6 245 had been recovered.590 cockroaches had been caught on 163 stick-cockroach papers,and the population density was 0.10 cockroaches per paper and the infestation rate was 2.52%.Blattella germanica was the dominant species.Conclusion Blattella germanica is the primary cockroach species of Huaian city and there is a higher infestation rate in markets and hotels.It is necessary to strengthen the investigation of dominant species and insecticide resistance surveillance,so that could provide evidence for developing scientific and rational programs for vectors prevention and control.
THE BASIC WORKING PAPER DEVELOPMENT AND THE RULE OF LAW: PREVENTION VERSUS CURE AS A HUMAN RIGHTS STRATEGY

This chapter provides an overview of some of the main development issues with which the international human rights community has been attempting to grapple in recent years. While the treatment provided is by no means comprehensive, an effort has been made to describe as well as provide an objective assessment of progress to date in this field. The role of philosophers, social scientists, and exponents of other disciplines has been largely peripheral, although not entirely irrelevant, in the processes of drafting international instruments, shaping institutional policy approaches, and supervising compliance with international standards. However, even at the national level, this narrow conception of the lawyer's role is becoming less and less in accord with reality as is illustrated by the increasingly important contribution of both permanent and ad hoc law reform commissions. Internationally, lawyers frequently exercise quasi-legislative and executive functions as well as their more traditional functions of advisers and legislative draftsmen.
Examining acute bi-directional relationships between affect, physical feeling states, and physical activity in free-living situations using electronic ecological momentary assessment

Current knowledge about the relationship of physical activity with acute affective and physical feeling states is informed largely by lab-based studies, which have limited generalizability to the natural ecology. This study used ecological momentary assessment to assess subjective affective and physical feeling states in free-living settings across 4 days from 110 non-physically active adults (Age M = 40.4, SD = 9.7). Light physical activity (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were measured objectively by an accelerometer. Multilevel modeling was used to test the bi-directional associations between affective and physical feeling states and LPA/MVPA minutes. Higher positive affect, lower negative affect and fatigue were associated with more MVPA over the subsequent 15 min, while higher negative affect and energy were associated with more LPA over the subsequent 15 and 30 min. Additionally, more LPA and MVPA were associated with feeling more energetic over the subsequent 15 and 30 min, and more LPA was additionally associated with feeling more negative and less tired over the subsequent 15 and 30 min. Positive and negative affective states might serve as antecedents to but not consequences of MVPA in adults' daily lives. Changes in LPA may be predicted and followed by negative affective states. Physical feeling states appear to lead up to and follow changes in both LPA and MVPA.
The Metropolis and Female Citizenship in Mary Wollstonecraft’s Original Stories from Real Life

ABSTRACTMary Wollstonecraft’s Original Stories from Real Life (1788), a didactic novel for children, presents an educational journey through which two female children are educated initially in the countryside and come into maturity in London. In this article, I scrutinize how this process maps their epistemological geography of childhood and citizenship – continuously from the country to the city. The first section draws on the geography of childhood by focusing on the two female characters’ early education in the rural community. The second section analyzes the ways in which the female citizenship is achieved in the metropolitan setting and reads the girls’ shopping and philanthropy as their social engagement with the metropolitan space. I thus argue that Wollstonecraft in Stories depicts how modern female agency is communalized in the small rural town and fully enriched within the context of the metropolis.
Python Versus C++: An Analysis of Student Struggle on Small Coding Exercises in Introductory Programming Courses

Many teachers of CS 1 (introductory programming) have switched to Python rather than C, C++, or Java. One reason is the belief that Python's interpreted nature plus simpler syntax and semantics ease a student's learning, but data supporting that belief is scarce. This paper addresses the question: Do Python learners struggle less than C++ learners? We analyzed student submissions on small coding exercises in CS 1 courses at 20 different universities, 10 courses using Python, and 11 using C++. Each course used either the Python or C++ version of an online textbook from one publisher, each book having 100+ small coding exercises, expected to take 2-5 minutes each. We considered 11 exercises whose Python and C++ versions were nearly identical and that appeared in various chapters. We defined struggle rate for exercises, where struggle means a student spent excessive time or attempts on an exercise. Based on that rate, we found the learning for Python was not eased; in fact, Python students had significantly higher struggle rates than C++ students (26% vs. 13%). Higher rates were seen even when considering only classes with no prerequisites, classes for majors only, or classes for non-majors only. We encourage the community to do further analyses, to help guide teachers when choosing a CS 1 language.
Using the Clear Communication Index to Improve Materials for a Behavioral Intervention.

Ensuring that written materials used in behavioral interventions are clear is important to support behavior change. This study used the Clear Communication Index (CCI) to assess the original and re...
On the Relative Gain Array (RGA) with singular and rectangular matrices

Abstract This paper identifies a significant deficiency in the literature on the application of the Relative Gain Array (RGA) formalism in the case of singular matrices. Specifically, it is shown that the conventional use of the Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse is inappropriate because it fails to preserve critical properties that can be assumed in the nonsingular case. It is then shown that such properties can be rigorously preserved using an alternative generalized matrix inverse.
Relative feature importance: A classifier-independent approach to feature selection

ABSTRACT Feature selection for classification is the process of determining the discriminatory power of features. Discriminatory power is the relative usefulness of a feature for classification. Traditional feature selection techniques have defined discriminatory power in terms of a particular type of classifier. We present an alternative approach that uses a new metric for discriminatory power called relative feature importance (RFI). RFI ranks features by discriminatory power based on their distributional structure, without parametric assumptions. Because computing RFI is not, in general, practicable, we also present a technique that efficiently estimates RFI. This hybrid technique, the genetic neural RFI estimator (GENFIE), has accurately estimated RFI in preliminary studies.