cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Substance Use and Substance Use Disorders

Substance use and substance use disorders are of great public health significance because of their high prevalence and associated mortality, morbidity, and economic cost. Moreover, substance use and substance use disorders must be studied within a developmental context, given the etiological importance of age-related neurobiological maturation of reward and control systems; age-related sensitivities to substance use effects; age-related developmental tasks, social roles, and changes in social context; and age (and stage of substance use) differences in heritability. This chapter applies a developmental psychopathology perspective to the literature on substance use and substance use disorders. We describe multiple biopsychosocial pathways of risk, including those that are broad and not specific to substance use (i.e., externalizing and internalizing pathways) and those that are specific to substance use effects. Because these risk pathways are themselves embedded in broader societal contexts, we also consider macrolevel societal influences. Finally, we consider implications of these models for prevention and treatment interventions. Keywords: substance use; substance use disorders; developmental psychopathology; substance use trajectory; externalizing; internalizing; substance use effects pathway
Gyrokinetic particle simulation of a field reversed configuration

Gyrokinetic particle simulation of the field-reversed configuration (FRC) has been developed using the gyrokinetic toroidal code (GTC). The magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium is mapped from cylindrical coordinates to Boozer coordinates for the FRC core and scrape-off layer (SOL), respectively. A field-aligned mesh is constructed for solving self-consistent electric fields using a semi-spectral solver in a partial torus FRC geometry. This new simulation capability has been successfully verified and driftwave instability in the FRC has been studied using the gyrokinetic simulation for the first time. Initial GTC simulations find that in the FRC core, the ion-scale driftwave is stabilized by the large ion gyroradius. In the SOL, the driftwave is unstable on both ion and electron scales.
EFFECTS OF INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC FACTORS ON POPULATION FRAGMENTATION IN THREE SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN MINNOWS (TELEOSTEI: CYPRINIDAE)

Geographic patterns of genetic variation (mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and allozymes) were used to examine effects of intrinsic characteristics (e.g., vagility, habitat specificity, and reproductive behaviors) and extrinsic factors (e.g., climatic and geological history) on population fragmentation. The three species of cyprinid fishes examined (Tiaroga cobitis, Medafulgida, and Agosia chrysogaster) occupied similar historical ranges within the lower Colorado River drainage, but differ in intrinsic characteristics conducive to population fragmentation. Relationships among populations were similar across species, reflecting common historical influences, but results indicate the distribution of variation among species is strongly affected by intrinsic characteristics. Variation within two species (T. cobitis and M. fulgida) is subdivided among populations, suggesting little gene flow among rivers. In contrast, similarity of A. chrysogaster populations throughout the Gila River drainage supports the hypothesis that levels of gene flow are high for this species. Levels of mtDNA divergence were much higher than expected for both T. cobitis and A. chrysogaster suggesting long-term isolation of geographic regions. These results indicate that both long-term and short-term extrinsic factors have shaped basic patterns of variation within these fishes; however, the intrinsic char- acteristics of each species have strongly affected the population genetic structure of these fishes.
A transient cytotoxic host response to the Rous sarcoma virus-induced transplantation antigen.

SummaryThis report is concerned with the time-relationship of cell-mediated immune reactions by hosts with expanding transplanted solid tumors. Inoculation of 106 serially passaged tumor cells elicited peak lymphocyte cytotoxic responses between 16 and 21 days followed by a state of immunological “paralysis.” Rats which were inoculated with 106 tumor cells which had been passaged four additional times in tissue culture gave lymphocytes with peak cytotoxic effects at 9 days after implantation and “paralysis” by 16 days. A stimulatory effect over and above the normal “feeder” effect by unsensitized lymphoid cells was noted when “paralyzed” cells were overlayed on the target cells. This “paralysis” could not be attributed to a general state of debilitation in the tumor-bearing hosts.
Working-time flexibility and autonomy: A European perspective on time adequacy:

This study examines the effect of working-time flexibility and autonomy on time adequacy, using the 2010 European Working Conditions Survey. It addresses gender differences and institutional contexts in the UK, Sweden, Germany and the Netherlands, and reveals that time arrangements have gendered meanings. While working-time flexibility and autonomy are positively related to time adequacy for women, for men they tend to imply overtime and work intensification. Furthermore, working-time regimes also shape time arrangements. In the UK, employees have time adequacy primarily when they work fixed hours, while in the Netherlands, employees profit most from working-time autonomy. Moreover, unlike in Germany and the UK, men and women in the Netherlands and Sweden benefit more equally from working-time flexibility and autonomy.
Effect of ischemic preconditioning on myocardial enzymes

Objective To evaluate the protective effect of ischemic preconditioning in rats.Method Acute myocardial ischemia model was built by ligating the anterior and descent left coronary in rats.Animals in each group were disposed according to the experimental protocol,and then some pengding values were determined,including myocardial ischemic space(MIS),myocardial enzyme released in serum(AST,CPK and ALT) and SOD and MDA in myocardial slurry.Results As showed above,in the ischemic group,MIS decreased greatly(P0.01);in myocardial slurry,activity of SOD decreased slightly(P0.05),and content of MDA increased lightly(P0.05);activity of myocardial enzymes in serum also increased mildly(P0.05) compared with the model group.Conclusion Ischemic preconditioning could decrease MIS and restrain the release of myocardial enzymes.
Utilizing and Operating Condition of Long Rod Composite Insulator

The problems of antipollution on transmission line are stuck out increasingly, the use of composite insulator is increasing step by step. To make clear condition of utilization and operation of long rod composite insulator and to offer the basis for making policy in the future, the investigation of utilizing and operating condition of long rod composite insulator was carried out, which was ordered by SGCC. After passing through the collection of forms reported by power network companies and provincial companies, the classified statistics and analysis were implemented. The conclusion is that condition of utilization and operation of domestic long rod composite insulator for 220~500kV AC/DC is good, which can be popularized to use; and the problems that research, design, production and operation departments should pay attention to in the future are put forward.
Fast Computation of Combustion Phasing and Its Influence on Classifying Random or Deterministic Patterns

The classification between a sequence of highly variable combustion events that have an underlying deterministic pattern and a sequence of combustion events with similar level of variability but random characteristics is important for control of combustion phasing. In the case of high cyclic variation (CV) with underlying deterministic patterns, it is possible to apply closed loop combustion control on a cyclic-basis with a fixed mean value, such as injection timing in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) or spark timing in spark ignition (SI) applications, to contract the CV. In the case of a random distribution, the high CV can be avoided by shifting operating conditions away from the unstable region via advancing or retarding the injection timing or the spark timing in the mean-sense.Therefore, the focus of this paper is on the various methods of computing CA50 for analysing and classifying cycle-to-cycle variability. The assumptions made to establish fast and possibly on-line methods can alter the distribution of the calculated parameters from cycle-to-cycle, possibly leading to incorrect pattern interpretation and improper control action.Finally, we apply a statistical technique named “permutation entropy” for the first time on classifying combustion patterns in HCCI and SI engine for varying operating condition. Then the various fast methods for computing CA50 feed the two statistical methods, permutation and the Shannon entropy, and their differences and similarities are highlighted.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Mutagenesis by Transitive RNAi

Transitive RNAi is a posttranscriptional mechanism of gene silencing that is based on the phenomenon of “transitivity.” This term refers to the spreading of silencing outside of the initial target sequence and is associated with transgene-induced posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Transitive RNAi is triggered by placing an inverted repeat sequence immediately 3′ of the sense transgene that is to be targeted. Placement of the inverted repeat in this region is thought to increase the efficiency by which RDR6 initiates copying of the transgene to generate double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). In a proof-of-concept approach, we showed that select subsets of genes can be manipulated with transitive RNAi in a high-throughput forward mutagenesis approach (Plant J 61:873–882, 2010). Laser microdissection of Arabidopsis mesophyll cells and en masse cloning of the resulting cDNA libraries into transitive RNAi vectors demonstrated that approximately 15% of genes in the pilot study could generate visible phenotypes, resulting in photosynthetic defects. The capacity for transitive RNAi to silence multiple members of gene family members demonstrated the utility of this approach for forward mutagenesis of redundant gene functions. Targeted silencing of a focused population of gene transcripts by transitive RNAi provides an efficient and complementary approach to procedures that target the entire genome. The ability of RNAi to target closely related genes holds promise for its use in forward mutagenesis of polyploid plants, which exhibit high levels of genetic redundancy. Advantages of transitive RNAi as a forward genetic approach, as well as potential drawbacks to this method, are discussed.
Mental Stress-Induced Myocardial Ischemia

Acute psychological stress induced in the laboratory can provoke myocardial ischemia in a substantial proportion of cardiac patients. This phenomenon, known as mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia (MSIMI), represents a “proof-of-concept” of the adverse effects of acute psychological stress on the heart in susceptible individuals. MSIMI clearly demonstrates that ischemic responses can be induced by relatively mild behavioral challenges similar to those that might be encountered in everyday life and not merely by extreme emotional stress. MSIMI has considerable prognostic significance, since it is linked to about twofold increased risk of cardiac events and mortality. Despite this, MSIMI remains relatively understudied and underappreciated. Some subgroups of patients, such as women and individuals with depression, appear to be especially vulnerable to MSIMI for reasons that are not yet clear; whether MSIMI plays a role in the adverse outcomes associated with depression needs further study. MSIMI is clearly distinct from ischemia induced by conventional stress testing, such as exercise or pharmacological stress testing. It is typically without pain, generally not related to severity of coronary artery disease, and occurs at lower levels of oxygen demand. Stress-induced vascular changes, particularly increases in systemic vascular resistance, coronary artery vasomotion, and microvascular function, may all contribute to this pattern of ischemia. While evidence of effective interventions for MSIMI is still limited, emerging data suggest that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and perhaps angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors might be beneficial in patients with MSIMI, as well as behavioral interventions for stress reduction.
Energy Balance, Inflammation, and Aging

Diet restriction, which can slow aging and increase life span, also alters insulin-like signaling. Moreover, diet restriction attenuates vascular disease and Alzheimer disease in animal models, again suggesting common pathways. Diet restriction in some conditions has anti-inflammatory effects and may attenuate infections. Conversely, hyperglycemia is pro-inflammatory in obesity and diabetes. Exercise and energy balance influence molecular and cellular repair, in accord with evolutionary principles. This chapter discusses diet restriction and aging, and energy sensing in diet restriction (DR). DR remains the most robust intervention to aging in lab rodents by increasing lifespan and attenuating changes at all levels, including atherosclerosis, Alzheimer disease, tumors, and other chronic degenerative diseases. Human volunteers show positive effects of comparable DR, but effects on mortality remain defined. If immune responses to infections are attenuated by DR in humans, as in rodent models, then chronic DR may add hazards from infection that could counterbalance the benefits to cardiovascular functions.
OR45 RNA sequencing of two lymphoblastoid cell lines reveals novel microrna transcripts of the MHC

Aim MicroRNA (miRNA) are short (∼22 bp) single stranded RNA transcripts that bind to and regulate the posttranscriptional expression of targeted mRNA transcripts. There are 12 known miRNA transcribed from within the MHC, which have been previously identified by RNA sequencing of various primary cell types. This approach to identify novel miRNA is however inherently flawed since it relies upon significant sequence concordance between the reference genome and the generated reads, which is particularly problematic for transcripts originating from within the highly polymorphic MHC. To address this gap, we sequenced short RNA transcripts (less than 50 bp) from two homozygous cell lines with fully characterized MHC haplotypes, PGF and COX, in order to identify and characterize novel microRNA (miRNA) transcripts from within the MHC. Methods Total RNA was extracted from two lymphoblastoid cell lines, PGF and COX. Size selected transcripts (less thank 50 bp) were isolated for library construction and sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq 2500. Single-end reads from PGF and COX were mapped to their respective MHC haplotype reference sequence using NovoAlign. Novel miRNA were identified using a custom computational analysis pipeline and validated by qPCR. Results In total, our analysis has identified 67 and 47 high confidence, significantly expressed, novel miRNAs from RNA-Seq data generated from PGF and COX lymphoblastoid cell lines, respectively. Of these, 25 identified novel miRNA were found to be expressed in both PGF and COX cells, while 42 and 22 novel miRNA were found to exhibit haplotype specific expression patterns in PGF and COX, respectively. Conclusions The ability to de novo assemble the MHC is critical to ensure accurate RNA-Seq read mapping within the highly variable MHC. Our results demonstrate the utility of an accurate MHC reference assembly in combination with a custom developed computational analysis pipeline to identify and characterize novel miRNA transcripts from within the MHC of two homozygous cell lines with fully characterized MHC reference sequences. Our analysis revealed haplotype specific as well as commonly expressed novel miRNA transcripts, identifying novel regulatory elements encoded within the MHC.
Intensive Care Unit Nurses’ Beliefs About Delirium Assessment and Management

Delirium, the most frequent complication of hospitalized older adults, particularly in intensive care units (ICUs), can result in increased mortality rates and length of stay. Nurses are neither consistently identifying nor managing delirium in these patients. The purpose of this study was to explore ICU nurses' identification of delirium, actions they would take for patients with signs or symptoms of delirium, and beliefs about delirium assessment and management. In this cross-sectional study using qualitative descriptive methods guided by the theory of planned behavior, 30 ICU nurses' responses to patient vignettes depicting different delirium subtypes were explored. Descriptive and content analyses revealed that nurses did not consistently identify delirium; their actions varied in different vignettes. Nurses believed that they needed adequate staffing, balanced workload, interprofessional collaboration, and established policy and protocols to identify and manage delirium successfully. Research is needed to determine if implementing these changes increases recognition and decreases consequences of delirium.
Networked lake science: how the Global Lake Ecological Observatory Network (GLEON) works to understand, predict, and communicate lake ecosystem response to global change

The Global Lake Ecological Observatory Network (GLEON) has built an international, grassroots network of scientists and citizens, data, and lake observatories to advance understanding of lake ecosystems. Through careful attention to the professional needs and aspirations of a community, GLEON has formed as its foundation the trust and respect essential to product-based network science. As a consequence, GLEON is making significant advancements in lake ecosystem understanding through all “five legs of the table that support scientific understanding”—natural history, multiscale data, experiments, theory, and comparative studies—with particular emphasis on multiscale data and comparative studies. Technical products, such as cyberinfrastructure in support of network data and operations, software tools for calculating lake physical metrics (e.g., thermocline depth, buoyancy frequency, Schmidt stability), and lake metabolism, as well as ecosystem-scale numerical simulation software, have derived from GLEON collaborations and have become community resources catalyzing interdisciplinary science. Education and outreach initiatives have served to engage citizens from outside the traditional boundaries of academia directly in research. Moreover, these cross-boundary collaborations have provided essential links to lake and reservoir stakeholders who have informed how science is prioritized and communicated within GLEON. As a grassroots network, GLEON derives its momentum, flexibility, and impact from its talented members, who are committed to the future sustainability of lakes and reservoirs and the services they provide.
Novel breast cancer risk alleles are not associated with endometrial cancer risk

B108 Estrogen is an important etiologic agent in both endometrial and breast cancers. Recently, three genome-wide association studies have identified several novel risk alleles for breast cancer. We reasoned that genetic variants that are associated with breast cancer, a hormone-related disease would also be associated with endometrial cancer, another hormone-related disease. We conducted a nested case-control study within the Nurses’ Health Study and the Women’s Health Study to investigate the associations between these seven newly identified risk alleles for breast cancer and endometrial cancer risk using 693 invasive endometrial cancer cases and 1745 matched controls. Conditional logistic regression was employed to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to assess the risk of endometrial cancer. Preliminary data suggests no significant associations between the SNP located in intron 2 of FGFR2 (rs1219648), or with the additional six SNPs and endometrial cancer risk.
Contemporary natural history of bicuspid aortic valve disease: a systematic review

We performed a systematic review of the current state of the literature regarding the natural history and outcomes of bicuspid aortic valve (BAV). PubMed and the reference lists of the included articles were searched for relevant studies reporting on longitudinal follow-up of BAV cohorts (mean follow-up ≥2 years). Studies limited to patients undergoing surgical interventions were excluded. 13 studies (11 502 patients with 2-16 years of follow-up) met the inclusion criteria. There was a bimodal age distribution (30-40 vs ≥50 years), with a 3:1 male to female ratio. Complications included moderate to severe aortic regurgitation (prevalence 13%-30%), moderate to severe aortic stenosis (12%-37%), infective endocarditis (2%-5%) and aortic dilatation (20%-40%). Aortic dissection or rupture was rare, occurring in 38 patients (0.4%, 27/6446 in native BAV and 11/2232 in post). With current aggressive surveillance and prophylactic surgical interventions, survival in three out of four studies was similar to that of a matched general population. In this systematic review, valvular dysfunction warranting surgical intervention in patients with BAV were common, aortic dissection was rare and, with the current management approach, survival was similar to that of the general population.
Modeling the Scaling Up of Early Crime Prevention

Research Summary Although the amount of research evidence on the effectiveness of developmental crime prevention has grown considerably in recent decades, the translation of this scientific knowledge into policy and practice has lagged behind. In this article, we consider the challenges as well as the opportunities associated with scaling up evidence-based programs and we offer an approach for considering the potential effects of deviations in implementation protocols during replications. We use results from the series of studies on the Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP) to develop a computer simulation model. Based on a large number of simulations, we systematically adjusted key inputs (e.g., target population and fidelity) to mimic a range of possible implementation conditions and to observe the impacts on the estimated intervention effects. As the process progresses from the baseline condition, which reflects the initial implementation conditions specified in the NFP model, to alternative experimental scenarios reflecting problematic deviations in implementation, the number of arrests accumulated by treatment participants begins to increase. This indicates that these implementation challenges have a negative impact on program effects and that we can go some way toward predicting what might occur in implementation as they emerge and interact. Policy Implications The challenges facing program dissemination and their impact on program results have not been enumerated all that precisely in the literature, which has resulted in the assignment of arbitrary penalties when evaluating the prospects for taking programs to scale. Establishing efficacious interventions is only one part of the process of moving research to practice, and further consideration of the scaling-up process is integral to translational criminology. Informed computer simulation may be one tool to help guide this program implementation process.
Evacuations as a Result of Hurricane Sandy: Analysis of the 2014 New Jersey Behavioral Risk Factor Survey.

Objective We characterized evacuations related to Hurricane Sandy, which made landfall in New Jersey on October 29, 2012. Methods We analyzed data from the 2014 New Jersey Behavioral Risk Factor Survey. The proportion of respondents reporting evacuation was used to estimate the number of New Jersey adults who evacuated. We determined evacuation rates in heavily impacted and less-impacted municipalities, as well as evacuation rates for municipalities under and not under mandatory evacuation orders. We tested associations between demographic and health factors, such as certain chronic health conditions, and evacuation. Results Among respondents, 12.7% (95% CI: 11.8%-13.6%) reported evacuating, corresponding to approximately 880,000 adults. In heavily impacted municipalities, 17.0% (95% CI: 15.2%-18.7%) evacuated, compared with 10.1% (95% CI: 9.0%-11.2%) in less-impacted municipalities. In municipalities under mandatory evacuation orders, 42.5% (95% CI: 35.1%-49.8%) evacuated, compared with 11.8% (95% CI: 10.9%-12.9%) in municipalities not under mandatory orders. Female gender (odds ratio [OR]: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.14-1.64), unmarried status (OR: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.02-1.46), shorter length of residence (OR: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.03-1.60), and living in a heavily impacted municipality (OR: 1.84; 95% CI: 1.54-2.20) were significantly associated with evacuation. History of stroke (OR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.02-2.53) was the only chronic condition associated with evacuation. Conclusions Approximately 880,000 New Jersey adults evacuated because of Hurricane Sandy. Those in heavily impacted municipalities and municipalities under mandatory evacuation orders had higher evacuation rates; however, still fewer than half evacuated. These findings can be used for future disaster planning. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:720–728).
Antineoplastic Agents. 604. The Path of Quinstatin Derivatives to Antibody Drug Conjugates

To further evaluate the exceptional cancer cell growth inhibition by the quinstatins, of which one of the series, quinstatin 8, approaches the exceptional cytotoxic activity of the parent dolastatin 10 (1), four of the quinstatins have been converted to desmethyl derivatives. Three of the four (4, 5, and 8 [7b–d]) were next bonded to the linker (8) employed in the synthesis of the very successful and structurally related anticancer drug Adcetris (3). Owing to these structural modifications, a next step could be taken by bonding to a monoclonal antibody, thereby producing an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) related to Adcetris structurally but with the possibility of a wider spectrum of activity and utility.
Wear of Metals

Wear of metals costs billions of dollars annually; an amount exceeded not even by the loss through corrosion of metals. The importance of metal wear is emphasized in this special JOURNAL OF METALS feature. It deals not only with factors influencing wear of metals, but also is a study of methods to reduce or eliminate this costly waste.
Propofol Is an Allosteric Agonist with Multiple Binding Sites on Concatemeric Ternary GABAA Receptors

GABAA receptors can be directly activated and potentiated by the intravenous anesthetic propofol. Previous photolabeling, modeling, and functional data have identified two binding domains through which propofol acts on the GABAA receptor. These domains are defined by the β(M286) residue at the β“+”–α“−” interface in the transmembrane region and the β(Y143) residue near the β“−” surface in the junction between the extracellular and transmembrane domains. In the ternary receptor, there are predicted to be two copies of each class of sites, for a total of four sites per receptor. We used β2α1γ2L and β2α1 concatemeric constructs to determine the functional effects of the β(Y143W) and β(M286W) mutations to gain insight into the number of functional binding sites for propofol and the energetic contributions stemming from propofol binding to the individual sites. A mutation of each of the four sites affected the response to propofol, indicating that each of the four sites is functional in the wild-type receptor. The mutations mainly impaired stabilization of the open state by propofol, i.e., reduced gating efficacy. The effects were similar for mutations at either site and were largely additive and independent of the presence of other Y143W or M286W mutations in the receptor. The two classes of sites appeared to differ in affinity for propofol, with the site affected by M286W having about a 2-fold higher affinity. Our analysis indicates there may be one or two additional functionally equivalent binding sites for propofol, other than those modified by substitutions at β(Y143) and β(M286).
Two Weeks of Variable Stress Increases Gamma-H2AX Levels in the Mouse Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis.

Abstract Recent reports demonstrate that DNA damage is induced, and rapidly repaired, in circuits activated by experience. Moreover, stress hormones are known to slow DNA repair, suggesting that prolonged stress may result in persistent DNA damage. Prolonged stress is known to negatively impact physical and mental health; however, DNA damage as a factor in stress pathology has only begun to be explored. Histone H2A-X phosphorylated at serine 139 (γH2AX) is a marker of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), a type of damage that may lead to cell death if unrepaired. We hypothesized that a 14-day period of variable stress exposure sufficient to alter anxiety-like behavior in male C57BL/6J mice would produce an increase in γH2AX levels in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a region implicated in anxiety and stress regulation. We observed that 14 days of variable stress, but not a single stress exposure, was associated with increased levels of γH2AX 24 h after termination of the stress paradigm. Further investigation found that phosphorylation levels of a pair of kinases associated with the DNA damage response, glycogen synthase kinase 3 β (GSK3β) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were also elevated following variable stress. Our results suggest that unrepaired DNA DSBs and/or repetitive attempted repair may represent an important component of the allostatic load that stress places on the brain.
Inefficient volatile loss from the Moon-forming disk: Reconciling the giant impact hypothesis and a wet Moon

The Earth's Moon is thought to have formed from a circumterrestrial disk generated by a giant impact between the proto-Earth and an impactor approximately 4.5 billion years ago. Since this impact was energetic, the disk would have been hot (4000–6000 K) and partially vaporized (20–100% by mass). This formation process is thought to be responsible for the geochemical observation that the Moon is depleted in volatiles (e.g., K and Na). To explain this volatile depletion, some studies suggest the Moon-forming disk was rich in hydrogen, which was dissociated from water, and it escaped from the disk as a hydrodynamic wind accompanying heavier volatiles (hydrodynamic escape). This model predicts that the Moon should be significantly depleted in water, but this appears to contradict some of the recently measured lunar water abundances and D/H ratios that suggest that the Moon is more water-rich than previously thought. Alternatively, the Moon could have retained its water if the upper parts (low pressure regions) of the disk were dominated by heavier species because hydrogen would have had to diffuse out from the heavy-element rich disk, and therefore the escape rate would have been limited by this slow diffusion process (diffusion-limited escape). To identify which escape the disk would have experienced and to quantify volatiles loss from the disk, we compute the thermal structure of the Moon-forming disk considering various bulk water abundances (100–1000 ppm) and mid-plane disk temperatures (2500–4000 K). Assuming that the disk consists of silicate (SiO_2 or Mg_2SiO_4) and water and that the disk is in the chemical equilibrium, our calculations show that the upper parts of the Moon-forming disk are dominated by heavy atoms or molecules (SiO and O at _(mid) >2500–2800 K and H_2O at _(mid) <2500–2800 K) and hydrogen is a minor species. This indicates that hydrogen escape would have been diffusion-limited, and therefore the amount of lost water and hydrogen would have been small compared to the initial abundance assumed. This result indicates that the giant impact hypothesis can be consistent with the water-rich Moon. Furthermore, since the hydrogen wind would have been weak, the other volatiles would not have escaped either. Thus, the observed volatile depletion of the Moon requires another mechanism.
Pupillometry as a measure of auditory cognitive processes and listening effort

Although many people with hearing impairments can accurately recognize words and sounds with proper treatments (hearing aids or cochlear implants), they often report fatigue and stress from doing so. These individuals need to exert more auditory cognitive processing effort to hear well, especially in adverse listening environments or when engaging in competing tasks. We hypothesize that the allocation of these auditory cognitive resources, or auditory cognitive “X-Factors,” can explain variability in outcome across cochlear implant users. To find the “X-Factors,” we use pupillometry as a physiological measure of cognitive load across auditory cognitive domains including short term memory (forward digit span) working memory (backward digit span), cognitive load (Paced Serial Addition Task), listening effort (speech in noise tests) and personality traits (motivation, self-efficacy, and adaptability). A custom-built eye tracking system using Pupil Labs software provides a cost-effective, dynamic, and fully m...
Lyme arthritis of the pediatric elbow: A case series

Most patients with untreated Lyme disease will experience joint symptoms. Owing to their resemblance in clinical presentation, Lyme arthritis and septic arthritis are often difficult to differentiate. However, their treatment is different. The elbow is rarely the first joint to present with symptoms. Therefore, Lyme disease is not commonly included in the differential diagnosis for children presenting with isolated elbow pain. The authors report 4 cases of monoarticular Lyme arthritis presenting in the elbow. There was an average delay of diagnosis of 4.75 days. Three cases were treated with oral antibiotics alone; 1 case was treated with unnecessary surgery due to uncertainty of the diagnosis and the delay in the laboratory performing the Lyme serology tests. The authors strongly recommend that Lyme serology be performed on an emergent basis to prevent unneeded surgery. [Orthopedics. 2018; 41(4):e511-e515.].
Knowledge and Science in the Theory of the Knowledge Square

Science is a sub-category of knowledge and hence it must satisfy the general conditions of the primary elements of the knowledge square and its derivatives of belief and analytical squares. As a sub-category of knowledge, what distinguishes it from other sub-categories of knowledge? This question demands us to produce a definition of science that will allow us to create its linguistic dynamic category which will offer us the conditions of a sorting algorithm for locating scientific items and non-scientific items at any point of time in duality. We have already offered a definition of knowledge. We shall now offer a definition of science as a sub-category of knowledge.
Finite Period Financial Models

We now expand our discussion to a multi-period economy with finite status. This setting models trading in the real world quite well, where we always only deal with finite number of transactions and finite number of possible scenarios. On the technical side, both payoffs and trading strategies are still belonging to finite dimensional vector spaces. The first three sections show that the key results in one period economy also hold in the more general setting of a multi-period economy. Section 3.4 discusses super and sub-hedging from the perspective of duality. Section 3.5 discusses how to model the more practical financial markets with bid and ask spreads.
A High-precision Vectorial Integration System for Anemometers1

An electronic instrumentation scheme for AC-type anemometers is described which permits the ten-minute-average wind vector to be determined with higher precision and reliability than by other means known to the authors. The average vector is conveniently given as two components in digital form.
Evolution and Future Directions of Metal-Free Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

The increasing impact of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in fields beyond traditional polymer science has necessitated the development of alternative strategies for controlling polymer growth. Driven by applications that are sensitive to metal ion contamination, “greener” methodologies are emerging as a powerful alternative to conventional ATRP. Organic catalysis represents a major evolution of ATRP with metal-free systems holding significant potential as user-friendly methods for utility in biological and microelectronic applications. In addition, shifting from a combination of thermal activation/metal ions/ligands to simpler organic catalysis/light activation increases compatibility with functional monomers and allows the development of novel surface patterning strategies. Herein, we highlight key discoveries and recent developments in metal-free ATRP, while providing a perspective for future opportunities in this emerging area.
Basal cell carcinoma of the vulva: a case report and systematic review of the literature.

The vulva is an unusual site for basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Vulvar BCC accounts for <1% of all BCCs and <5% of all vulvar malignancies. We report the case of an 83 year-old woman who presented with a 2-month history of a tender labial growth, with histopathology confirming nodular BCC. We conducted a systematic literature review of the characteristics of reported cases of vulvar BCCs. A comprehensive systematic review of articles indexed for MEDLINE and Embase yielded 96 reports describing 437 patients with 446 BCCs of the vulva. The mean age at presentation was 70 (range 20-100). Most women had no underlying vulvar disease. Approximately 60% of cases were of the nodular subtype. Treatment approach varied widely with over half of cases treated with wide local or local excision. Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) for vulvar BCC was first reported in 1988 with seven total MMS cases reported. Twenty-three cases of recurrence have been reported; 21 of these cases after local excision but none following MMS. Vulvar BCC is a rarely reported cancer that affects older women predominantly. MMS represents a promising treatment for BCC in this anatomic location.
User-to-Brand Social Media Behavior Directed at Brands and its Impact on Electronic Word-of-Mouth and Purchase Intentions: An Abstract

A group of social media users commonly referenced in the Internet usage literature is made up of passive users. Their activity is generally defined by their following the activities of others. In addition, many users of social media platforms, such as Facebook, interact with brands by making some type of public commentary on their own or the brand’s social media page, without offering creative content. This declarative behavior may include offering feedback, suggestions, and opinions or even complaining about specific aspects of the brand. While this group also arguably makes up a considerable number of social media users, little research exists regarding how its behavior might be measured and how it might affect behaviors toward the brands with which this group interacts. This research explores these two specific user-to-brand (u2b) social media behaviors and how they impact user electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) and purchase intentions (PI). Two constructs are developed, u2b content consumption intentions (CConI) and u2b content commentary intentions (CComI). Empirical results using structural equation modeling (SEM) provide evidence that CConI impacts CComI and both have a direct and positive impact on eWOM but not on PI, while eWOM has a direct and positive impact on PI. These results suggest that brands can benefit from both the passive behavior of social media users who consistently consume content on brand pages and from more active behavior involving feedback and suggestions directed at brands. A main benefit of these behaviors is increased positive eWOM, which subsequently impacts purchase intentions.
SWORD '97: Surveillance of work-related and occupational respiratory disease in the UK

SWORD is one of seven clinically based reporting schemes which together now provide almost comprehensive coverage of occupational diseases across the UK. Although SWORD is now in its tenth year, participation rates remain high. Of an estimated 3,903 new cases seen this year, 1,031 (26%) were of occupational asthma, 978 (25%) of mesothelioma, 794 (20%) of non-malignant pleural disease, 336 (9%) of pneumoconiosis and 233 (6%) of inhalation accidents. Incidence rates of occupational asthma were generally highest among workers in the manufacture of wood products, textiles and food (particularly grain products and crustaceans) and additionally, in the production of precious and non-ferrous metals, rubber goods, detergents and perfumes, and in mining. Health care workers were noted to have a surprisingly high incidence of inhalation accidents. Occupational asthma attributed to latex has increased dramatically; the highest rates are among laboratory technicians, shoe workers and health care workers.
Adult sex-ratio in ostracods and its implications for sexual selection

ABSTRACTThe Ostracoda – ubiquitous aquatic micro-crustaceans – show an exceptionally high incidence of female-biased adult sex ratio. Intraspecific sex ratio is known to vary in extant species and ...
Rural-Urban Differences in the Decline of Adolescent Cigarette Smoking.

Objectives. To examine change over time in cigarette smoking among rural and urban adolescents and to test whether rates of change differ by rural versus urban residence.Methods. We used the 2008 t...
The Effects of Effects on Constructivism

Abstract It is commonly understood that Countable Choice holds constructively due to the underlying computational nature of constructivism. However, in this paper we demonstrate that invoking different notions of computation result in radically different behaviors regarding Countable Choice. In particular, we illustrate that, although deterministic computation guarantees Countable Choice, non-deterministic computation can negate Countable Choice. We then further show that using stateful computation can restore Countable Choice even in the presence of non-determinism. This finding suggests that much of the modern discourse of constructivism assumes a deterministic underlying computational system, despite non-determinism being a fundamental aspect of modern-day computation.
Predicting pediatric tracheal airway size from anthropomorphic measurements.

Abstract Objectives To determine the relationship between body mass index and tracheal airway size in children. Methods Retrospective case series. CT or MRI images of the neck of 171 pediatric patients obtained from 2000 to 2010 at a tertiary pediatric hospital were analyzed. Age, gender, height, weight, BMI and CDC weight classification for each patient were compared with axial CT measurements (AP diameter and width) and calculated cross-sectional airway area. Linear regression models were performed to identify factors predictive of airway size. Results Age ranged from 2 to 20 years. Weight was the most significant predictor of tracheal AP diameter (P = 0.029), with height also approaching statistical significance (P = 0.051). Tracheal width was best predicted by height (P = 0.09). Weight was the only statistically significant predictor of cross-sectional tracheal area (P = 0.002). Body mass index was not a statistically significant predictor of airway size in any dimension; however, there was an obvious trend towards decreasing tracheal width and cross-sectional area in patients with BMI of 25 or greater. Conclusion In pediatric patients, estimation of endotracheal or tracheostomy tube size should take into account height, weight and BMI in addition to the patient's age. Patients with elevated BMI may have smaller tracheal sizes in various dimensions than normal or low-weight patients.
No water, no problem: stage-specific metabolic responses to dehydration stress in annual killifish embryos.

Annual killifish survive in temporary ponds by producing drought-tolerant embryos that can enter metabolic dormancy (diapause). Survival of dehydration stress is achieved through severe reduction of evaporative water loss. We assessed dehydration stress tolerance in diapausing and developing Austrofundulus limnaeus embryos. We measured oxygen consumption rates under aquatic and aerial conditions to test the hypothesis that there is a trade-off between water retention and oxygen permeability. Diapausing embryos survive dehydrating conditions for over 1.5 years, and post-diapause stages can survive over 100 days. Diapausing embryos respond to dehydration stress by increasing oxygen consumption rates while post-diapause embryos exhibit the same or reduced rates compared to aquatic embryos. Thus, water retention does not always limit oxygen diffusion. Aerial incubation coupled with hypoxia causes some embryos to arrest development. The observed stage-specific responses are consistent with an intrinsic bet-hedging strategy in embryos that would increase developmental variation in a potentially adaptive manner.
Migration of a Lumbar Spinal Fusion Rod into the Posterolateral Knee: A Case Report.

Study design Case report (level V evidence). Objective We report a case of a 33-year-old man with Marfan syndrome that visited our clinic for left knee pain and stiffness. Radiographs of the left knee and lumbar spine demonstrated a spinal rod in the posterolateral left knee and its origin being a broken rod from his previous unilateral spinal fusion 17 years prior. Summary of background data Spinal arthrodesis is a common treatment modality for a wide range of spinal pathologies including infection, trauma, congenital and developmental deformities, and degenerative conditions. A rare complication that may arise from said procedure is implant migration, most often a result of pseudoarthrosis. Methods Description of the case report. Results Patient was taken to the operating room 2 weeks later for an uneventful removal of the implant and immediate improvement with pain and range of motion. Conclusion Spinal implant migration is a rare complication most often due to implant failure from pseudoarthrosis. In the case presented, this phenomenon was likely attributed to the use of unilateral instrumentation coupled with Marfan syndrome, shown to lead to insufficient implant stability and poorer fusion rates, respectively.Level of Evidence: 5.
Into the body wall and back out again

Two analyses of developmental patterning functions of leg and wing genes in a crustacean provide complementary support for the incorporation of proximal leg components into the body wall during the crustacean–insect transition, but lead to duelling models for which portion(s) re-emerged from the body as wings.
Acoustic Reflexes in Aural Atresia Patients: Evidence of an Intact Efferent System?

Objective:To record crossed acoustic reflex thresholds (xART’s) postoperatively from patients after surgical repair of unilateral congenital aural atresia (CAA). To seek explanations for when xARTs...