cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glycosyl‐linkage composition of tomato fruit cell wall hemicellulosic fractions during ripening

Hemicelluloses were extracted from isolated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Rutgers) pericarp cell wall material at 3 different stages of ripeness with 4 M and 8 M KOH. Little change in molecular weight or composition of 4 M KOH-extracted material was observed during ripening. However, the composition of 8 M KOH-extracted material changed, and a relative increase in polymers of 40 kDa. These data may indicate that de novo hemicellulose synthesis occurs throughout tomato fruit ripening, even at the red ripe stage.
Vertical layer distribution and atomic step height of ultrathin Co films on Cu(001) determined by lattice G-factor analysis

Abstract The molecular beam epitaxial growth of ultrathin Co films on the Cu(001) surface at room temperature has been monitored in situ through the angular profile measurement of integer order beams using the high resolution low energy electron diffraction (HRLEED) technique. A simple kinematic lattice G-factor analysis of energy dependent angular profiles at a fixed coverage gives the vertical layer distribution of Co films and atomic step height. The vertical layer distribution is consistent with the nearly layer-by-layer growth mode. The atomic step height ∼ 1.77 A is consistent with the structure determined from dynamical LEED calculations. A precaution in the application of the lattice G-factor analysis in heteroepitaxial systems is discussed.
MULTI- STAGE OPTIMIZATION OF WIND FARMS WITH LIMITING FACTORS

Larger onshore wind farms are often installed in phases, with discrete smaller sub-farms being installed and becoming operational in succession until the farm as a whole is completed. An extended pattern search (EPS) algorithm that selects both local turbine position and geometry is presented that enables the installation of a complete farm in discrete stages, exploring optimality of both incremental sub-farm solutions and the completed project as a whole. The objective evaluation is the maximization of profit over the life of the farm, and the EPS uses modeling of cost based on an extensive cost analysis by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). The EPS uses established wake modeling to calculate the power development of the farm, and allows for the consideration of multiple or overlapping wakes.A limiting factor is used to determine the size of wind farm stages: optimization stages based on the number of turbines currently available for development (representative of limitations in initial capital, which is commonly encountered in wind farm stage development). Two wind test cases are considered: a unidirectional test case with constant wind speed and a single wind direction, and a multidirectional test case, with three wind speeds and a defined probability of occurrence for each. The test case shown in the current work is employed on a 4000 km by 4000 km solution space. In addition, two different methods are performed: the first uses the optimal layout of a complete farm and then systematically “removes” turbines to create smaller sub-farms; the second uses a weighted multi-objective optimization over sequential, adjacent land that concurrently optimizes each sub-farm and the complete farm. The exploration of these resulting layouts indicates the value of full-farm optimization (in addition to optimization of the individual stages) and gives insight into how to approach optimality in sub-farm stages. The behavior exhibited in these tests cases suggests a heuristic that can be employed by wind farm developers to ensure that multi-stage wind farms perform at their peak throughout their completion.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
A velocity effect for representational momentum

Observers were shown a rectangle at three orientations along a possible path of rotation. They were instructed to remember the third orientation in the sequence and then were presented with a rectangle at a fourth orientation that was either the same as, or slightly different from, the third orientation. Each observer tested was more likely to accept as “same” those distractors that were rotated slightly past the third orientation than those test items presented in the physically same position, and the degree of memory shift increased with increasing rate of presentation of the inducing displays.
Role of ventilation, air filtration, and allergen production rate in determining concentrations of rat allergens in the air of animal quarters

Concentration of any substance in the air of a room is determined by the ratio between the rates of its production and removal. Thus, high concentrations can result from high production, low removal, or a combination of the two. Air filtration can supplement ventilation in removing allergens from the air. Control of aeroallergen exposure at any particular location would be more rational and effective if the contribution of production, ventilation, and filtration were known. Using immunochemical assays for rat urinary protein allergen, we measured the rate of production by individual rats and the concentration of allergens in the air of rat animal quarters where the ventilation rate was about 15 changes per hour. We introduced two different high-efficiency filtration systems that provided additional clean air changes up to a maximum of 127 changes per hour. Male rats shed about 20 ng/min of allergen. Because of this high rate of production, substantial reduction in rooms that housed large numbers of animal...
Television by the bit

The various types of advanced television (ATV) are defined, and the most advanced type, high-definition TV (HDTV), is discussed. The present status of HDTV development in the US, Japan, and Europe is examined. Signal processing requirements for HDTV are briefly considered, and the benefits of and prospects for all-digital HDTV are explored. Video compression techniques, implementation issues, and the future of HDTV are also discussed. >
KinectFusion rapid 3D reconstruction and interaction with Microsoft Kinect

Using a Microsoft Kinect camera, the KinectFusion system enables a low-cost way for a user to digitally reconstruct a whole room and its contents within seconds. As the space is explored, new views of the arbitrary scene and objects are revealed and these are fused into a single 3D model. The 6DoF pose of the camera is tracked in real-time using a method which directly uses the point-based depth data of Kinect, and requires no feature extraction or feature tracking. Once the 3D pose of the camera is known, each depth measurement from the sensor can be integrated into a volumetric representation. Kinect Fusion enables many Augmented Reality applications and 3D interaction such as multi-touch on arbitrary shaped surfaces.
The structure of real materials using x-ray and neutron scattering

Abstract Recent advances have been made in the characterization of materials using x-ray and neutron scattering, particularly in studies of defects and short-range order. High flux, broad-band energy turnable x-ray and neutron sources coupled with high-speed computing are now allowing crystalline imperfections to be studied in unprecdented detail.
SNSPH: A Parallel Three-dimensional Smoothed Particle Radiation Hydrodynamics Code

We provide a description of the SNSPH code—a parallel three-dimensional radiation hydrodynamics code implementing tree code gravity, smooth particle hydrodynamics, and flux-limited diffusion transport schemes. We provide descriptions of the physics and parallelization techniques for this code. We present performance results on a suite of code tests (both standard and new), showing the versatility of such a code, but focusing on what we believe are important aspects of modeling core-collapse supernovae.
Next generation therapeutics. Web alert.

A selection of World Wide Web sites relevant to papers published in this issue of Current Opinion in Chemical Biology .
The effect of hypoxia on evaporative cooling thresholds of lizards

Abstract 1. 1.|The effect of hypoxia on the thermal threshold for evaporative cooling was examined in the basilisk, Basiliscus vittatus, and the green iguana, Iguana iguana. 2. 2.|In both the basilisk and the iguana, skin and core temperatures at the onset of gaping were significantly lower at 7% O2 than at 21% O2. 3. 3.|The data suggest that hypoxia affects the thermoregulatory system of lizards by lowering the “set-point” for the initiation of evaporative cooling mechanisms such as gaping.
Childhood obesity: a new pandemic of the new millennium.

The major epidemiologic transition in the 20th century was the shift in mortality and morbidity from infectious diseases to chronic diseases, with cardiovascular diseases leading the list. This transition was primarily attributable to the social, economic, and public health changes that took place in the United States during the first half of the century. The availability of abundant food led not only to better overall nutriture and improved child health, but also to the current population’s state of excess positive energy balance, accelerated by an increasingly sedentary lifestyle in recent decades. At the beginning of this new millennium, a new challenge has emerged—a marked increase in obesity prevalence with a parallel increase in obesity-associated chronic diseases and their clinical onset at ever younger ages. Type 2 diabetes, a condition traditionally associated with middle-aged adults, is beginning to occur several decades earlier as obesity afflicts an ever greater number of children and adolescents in the United States.1–5 A recent publication in Pediatrics presented longitudinal findings from a large multicenter cohort study—the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study (NGHS)—of 1213 black and 1166 white girls followed for 9 years from ages 9 to 10.6 As can be seen in the accompanying study in this issue by Kimm et al,7 even at age 9, the prevalence of overweight (≥85th percentile of body mass index [BMI] based on the National Health Examination Survey reference population) was about one third higher in black girls than in white girls—31% versus 22%. The prevalence of obesity (≥95th percentile) in black girls was twice as high than in white girls—18% versus 8%. A most alarming finding in this study was the approximate doubling of the rate of overweight and obesity in both groups during the 10 years between ages …
Diagnostic factors identified in 1020 women with two versus three or more recurrent pregnancy losses.

Objective To determine whether the frequency of abnormal results for evidence-based diagnostic tests differed among women with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) based on the number of prior losses (n = 2, 3, or ≥4) and to determine whether abnormal results for additional investigative diagnostic tests differed in prevalence among women with different numbers of pregnancy losses. Design Single-center, retrospective study. Setting Patients with RPL at a private practice. Patient(s) One thousand twenty women who had two or more consecutive spontaneous pregnancy losses with the same partner. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Frequencies of abnormal results for evidence-based diagnostic tests considered definite or probable causes of RPL (karyotyping for parental chromosomal abnormalities; pelvic sonohysterography, hysterosalpingogram, or hysteroscopy for uterine anomalies; immunological tests for lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibodies; thrombophilic tests for the factor V Leiden mutation; and blood tests for thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH] and fasting blood glucose). We also measured the frequency of abnormal results for nine additional investigative tests in the same patients (antiphosphatidyl serine antibodies, microbial infection, midluteal P, PRL, functional protein C activity, functional protein S activity, antithrombin activity, fasting homocysteine and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms, and factor II mutation). Result(s) The prevalence of abnormal results for evidence-based and investigative diagnostic tests did not differ among women with different numbers of pregnancy losses. Conclusion(s) Evaluation of all couples with two, three, or more consecutive miscarriages is recommended.
Research On The Go: Mobile Tools for Conducting Research

As a result of the wider adoption of mobile devices, we are seeing people who traditionally would not carry powerful phones use them in their everyday lives. We are seeing students walking around with their mobile devices, texting, talking, and surfing the Web. Can these devices be used for something other than communication? Performing research on your mobile device, although not necessarily the best choice, is often something that can be accomplished when on the go. By understanding the application of various apps in the App Store, we can gain a better perspective on research on the go.
The 154-day and related periodicities of solar activity as subharmonics of a fundamental period

It is shown here that periodicities of 51, 78, 104, and 129 days in addition to the 154-day period found in 1984, can often be detected in flare and sunspot records. These periods are close to integral multiples of 25.8 days, suggesting that they are subharmonics of a fundamental period.
JOB SATISFACTION: ISSUES AND PROBLEMS

This chapter presents a survey of some of the issues and problems that have emerged from studies of job satisfaction. Concern for workers' attitudes, as exhibited in the literature on job satisfaction, is a recent development in industry. Although motivation was not ignored by earlier writers, it lacked the attention accorded it in today's literature. A deeper appreciation for the worker's psychological state, as well as the motivational properties of social relationships on the job, came into prominence as a result of the now famous Hawthorne studies. The proposed relationship between morale and production has not gone unchallenged. It has been proposed that high productivity and satisfaction can be expected to occur together only when productivity is perceived as a means to important goals and when these goals are achieved. The task of relating the findings of job satisfaction studies has become difficult because of the methods employed by different investigators.
Minimum-time orbital rendezvous between neighboring elliptic orbits

Time optimal rendezvous maneuver between neighboring elliptic orbits, discussing propulsive jet system with variable thrust
TH-C-17A-01: Imaging Sensor Comparison for Real-Time Cherenkov Signal Detection From Tissue for Treatment Verification

Purpose: To identify the optimum imaging sensor for a clinical system that would provide real-time imaging of the surface beam profile on patients as novel visual information to radiation therapy technologists, and more rapidly collect clinical data for large-scale studies of Cherenkov applications in radiotherapy. Methods: Four camera types, CMOS, CCD, ICCD and EMICCD, were tested to determine proficiency in the detection of Cherenkov signal in the clinical radiotherapy setting, and subsequent maximum supportable frame rate. Where possible, time-gating between the trigger signal from the LINAC and the intensifiers was implemented to detect signal with room lighting conditions comparable to patient treatment scenarios. A solid water phantom was imaged by the EM-ICCD and ICCD to evaluate the minimum number of accumulations-on-chip required for adequate Cherenkov detection, defined as >200% electron counts per pixel over background signal. Additionally, an ICCD and EM-ICCD were used clinically to image patients undergoing whole-breast radiation therapy, to understand the impact of the resolution limitation of the EM-ICCD. Results: The intensifier-coupled cameras performed best at imaging Cherenkov signal, even with room lights on, which is essential for patient comfort. The tested EM-ICCD was able to support single-shot imaging and frame rates of 30 fps, however, themore » current maximum resolution of 512 × 512 pixels was restricting. The ICCD used in current clinical trials was limited to 4.7 fps at a 1024 × 1024 resolution. An intensifier with higher quantum efficiency at the entrance photocathode in the red wavelengths (30% QE vs current 7%) promises 16 fps at the same resolution at lower cost than the EM-ICCD. Conclusion: The ICCD with the better red wavelength QE intensifier was determined to be the best suited commercial-off-the-shelf camera to detect real-time Cherenkov signal and provide the best potential for real-time display of radiation dose on the skin during treatment. Funding is from grants from the NIH numbers R01CA109558 and R21EB017559.« less
Globalization challenges for the Mexican textile industry

Abstract The Doha round and full integration of the textile industry into the GATT have the potential to dramatically affect the Mexican textile industry. This study investigates the nature of scale economies and input relationships for that industry using a cost function with capital, labor, domestic intermediate goods, and imported intermediate goods as inputs. The findings suggest that significant economies of scale exist, and that most inputs are substitutes, although for some years some inputs are complements. Increased domestic input sensitivity to the price of foreign inputs may present challenges for the industry as it struggles to be internationally competitive.
Slow Recirculation in a Cavity Due to Surface Shear

Fluid motion is caused by constant shear on one wall of a cavity. The Stokes equation is solved by eigenfunction expansions using real eigenvalues. The flow characteristics are quantified as a function of cavity depth.
Molecular Cobalt Pentapyridine Catalysts for Generating Hydrogen from Water

A set of robust molecular cobalt catalysts for the generation of hydrogen from water is reported. The cobalt complex supported by the parent pentadentate polypyridyl ligand PY5Me2 features high stability and activity and 100% Faradaic efficiency for the electrocatalytic production of hydrogen from neutral water, with a turnover number reaching 5.5 × 104 mol of H2 per mole of catalyst with no loss in activity over 60 h. Control experiments establish that simple Co(II) salts, the free PY5Me2 ligand, and an isostructural PY5Me2 complex containing redox-inactive Zn(II) are all ineffective for this reaction. Further experiments demonstrate that the overpotential for H2 evolution can be tuned by systematic substitutions on the ancillary PY5Me2 scaffold, presaging opportunities to further optimize this first-generation platform by molecular design.
Contamination Analysis — Flow Nets and the Mass Transport Equation

Hydrogeologists are being asked increasingly to analyze ground-water contamination problems in a quantitative, rather than a descriptive way. Similarly, in providing input for the site selection and design of proposed waste-disposal facilities, quantitative analyses help to optimize the interplay of environmental, practical, and economic factors that the hydrogeologist must contend with. This paper introduces a simple, analytical procedure for achieving this. Critical input data include the geohydrologic properties of the aquifer, the permeability and chemical characteristics of the waste materials, and the seepage velocity governing the rate of migration of the leachate plume within the aquifer. The geohydrologic setting assumed and inferred by way of example, typifies that of most disposal scenarios, an anisotropic unconsolidated aquifer. The analytical methodology outlined employs an extension of flow-net theory to determine seepage velocity and a derivation of the chemical mass transport equation to predict the attenuation of leachate constituents in the ground-water regime. The mathematical expressions derived take into account both transient and steady-state development of the plume, but are based on sufficiently simplifying assumptions to facilitate convenient manipulation on a scientific calculator. The solutions obtained, although approximate, compare favorably with more costly computer-generated results. A comparison of results is presented. User application relates to the solution of first-order problems and in cases where a more sophisticated analysis is required, provides input for selecting the appropriate technique.
Clinical features and management of anterior intraurethral prostatic cyst

We report on a symptomatic anterior intraurethral prostatic cyst in a 46-year-old man without clinical evidence of benign prostatic hyperplasia. The anterior location of this cyst makes it unique to all previously reported cases of prostatic cysts which are located posteriorly. Transurethral resection of the cyst with limited resection of the anterior prostatic tissue at the base of the cyst was performed with successful resolution of voiding symptoms. In the absence of lateral lobe hypertrophy, standard transurethral resection of the prostate should be avoided to ensure preservation of erectile and ejaculatory function.
TGFβ Receptor Mutations Impose a Strong Predisposition for Human Allergic Disease

Transforming growth factor–β (TGFβ) is a multifunctional cytokine that plays diverse roles in physiologic processes as well as human disease, including cancer, heart disease, and fibrotic disorders. In the immune system, TGFβ regulates regulatory T cell (Treg) maturation and immune homeostasis. Although genetic manipulation of the TGFβ pathway modulates immune tolerance in mouse models, the contribution of this pathway to human allergic phenotypes is not well understood. We demonstrate that patients with Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS), an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the genes encoding receptor subunits for TGFβ, TGFBR1 and TGFBR2, are strongly predisposed to develop allergic disease, including asthma, food allergy, eczema, allergic rhinitis, and eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease. LDS patients exhibited elevated immunoglobulin E levels, eosinophil counts, and T helper 2 (TH2) cytokines in their plasma. They had an increased frequency of CD4+ T cells that expressed both Foxp3 and interleukin-13, but retained the ability to suppress effector T cell proliferation. TH2 cytokine–producing cells accumulated in cultures of naive CD4+ T cells from LDS subjects, but not controls, after stimulation with TGFβ, suggesting that LDS mutations support TH2 skewing in naive lymphocytes in a cell-autonomous manner. The monogenic nature of LDS demonstrates that altered TGFβ signaling can predispose to allergic phenotypes in humans and underscores a prominent role for TGFβ in directing immune responses to antigens present in the environment and foods. This paradigm may be relevant to nonsyndromic presentations of allergic disease and highlights the potential therapeutic benefit of strategies that inhibit TGFβ signaling.
Impact cratering mechanics: relationship between the shock wave and excavation flow

Abstract This paper describes the relationship between the shock wave produced by an impact and the excavation flow that opens the crater. The excavation flow velocity is shown to be a nearly constant fraction of the peak particle velocity in the wave. The existence of an excavation flow is due to thermodynamically irreversible processes in the shock. The excavation flow velocity is thus very sensitive to nonideal constitutive effects such as porosity, plastic yielding, and unreversed phase transformations. Cratering computations that do not model these effects correctly may produce misleading results.
Design and fabrication of micro-textures for inducing a superhydrophobic behavior on hydrophilic materials.

Artificial superhydrophobic surfaces are typically fabricated by tuning the surface roughness of intrinsically hydrophobic surfaces. We report here the design and fabrication of micro-textures for inducing a superhydrophobic behavior on hydrogen-terminated Si surfaces with an intrinsic water contact angle of ∼74°. The micro-textures consist of overhang structures with well-defined geometries fabricated by microfabrication technologies, which provide positions to support the liquid and prevent the liquid from entering into the indents between the micro-textures. As a result, water is in contact with a composite surface of solid and air, which induces the observed macroscopic superhydrophobic behavior.
A plant-like vacuolar H(+)-pyrophosphatase in Plasmodium falciparum.

Abstract Inorganic pyrophosphate promoted the acidification of a subcellular compartment in cell homogenates of Plasmodium falciparum trophozoites. The proton gradient driven by pyrophosphate was collapsed by addition of NH 4 Cl or the K + /H + exchanger nigericin and eliminated by the pyrophosphate analog aminomethylenediphosphonate. Pyrophosphatase activity was dependent upon K + , and partially inhibited by Na + . The presence of a plant-like vacuolar H + -translocating pyrophosphatase (V-H + -PPase) was confirmed using antibodies raised against conserved peptide sequences of the enzyme, which cross reacted with a protein band of 76.5 kDa. Immunofluorescence microscopy using these antibodies showed a general fluorescence over the whole parasites and intracellular bright spots suggesting a vesicular and plasma membrane localization. Together, these results indicate the presence in P. falciparum of a V-H + -PPase of similar characteristics to those of the enzyme from plants.
Automated assessments and student learning

This study examines the effects of using a course website to give automated assessments. The purposes of the assessments were to provide students with sufficient incentive to complete homework assignments prior to class, encourage mastery of basic homework concepts prior to class, save class time reviewing their homework assignments, and facilitate assessment of student learning by automating grading. Effects on motivation and performance were found.
Steric influences on the formation of nickel(II) complexes containing Schiff base derivatives of 2-acetylpyrrole with primary amines

Abstract The crystal structures of five bis-Schiff base derivatives of 2-acetylpyrrole with nickel(II), as well as a mixed ligand complex containing one 2-acetylpyrrole Schiff base derivative and one 2-acetylpyrrole molecule per nickel(II) centre, have been determined. Nickel(II) mediates Schiff base formation leading to final products, with the stoichiometry and structure of each complex dependent on the primary amine used in the respective syntheses.
Understanding Ethical Dilemmas in the Emergency Department: Views from Medical Students' Essays

Abstract Background For medical students, the emergency department (ED) often presents ethical problems not encountered in other settings. In many medical schools there is little ethics training during the clinical years. The benefits of reflective essay writing in ethics and professionalism education are well established. Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine and categorize the types of ethical dilemmas and scenarios encountered by medical students in the ED through reflective essays. Methods During a 4 th -year emergency medicine rotation, all medical students wrote brief essays on an ethical situation encountered in the ED, and participated in an hour debriefing session about these essays. Qualitative analysis was performed to determine common themes from the essays. The frequency of themes was calculated. Results The research team coded 173 essays. The most common ethical themes were autonomy (41%), social justice (32.4%), nonmaleficence (31.8%), beneficence (26.6%), fidelity (12%), and respect (8.7%). Many of the essays contained multiple ethical principles that were often in conflict with each other. In one essay, a student grappled with the decision to intubate a patient despite a preexisting do-not-resuscitate order. This patient encounter was coded with autonomy, beneficence, and nonmaleficence. Common scenarios included ethical concerns when caring for critical patients, treatment of pain, homeless or alcoholic patients, access to care, resource utilization, and appropriateness of care. Conclusion Medical students encounter patients with numerous ethically based issues. Frequently, they note conflicts between ethical principles. Such essays constitute an important resource for faculty, resident, and student ethics training.
An analysis of the Chow-Kulandaiswamy GHS model

Abstract The Chow-Kulandaiswamy general hydrologic system (GHS) model is revisited. Based on a mathematical study by Singh and McCann the GHS model is simplified. Explicit solutions are obtained for special cases which can satisfactorily determine watershed surface runoff response due to given rainfall excess. A rational criterion is developed to determine the number of derivative terms to be retained in the model. In order to determine the coefficients in the GHS model the method of moments is proposed. Criteria are developed to determine complex roots and oscillations for these coefficients. By analysing Chow-Kulandaiswamy's results it is found that in a majority of cases which they studied roots are complex. Moreover, for the cases which have complex roots, a majority of the solutions oscillate. A brief sensitivity analysis of the GHS model is performed with regard to: (a) its leading coefficient, and (b) the order of the differential equation. Finally, the peak characteristics are specified for the second order case and their qualitative properties are shown for the third order case.
Do morning report format changes affect educational content

Objective The goal of this prospective observational study was to determine if format changes in a paediatric morning report conference affected the educational content presented. Design Case presentations during paediatric morning report at the University of Iowa during the academic years 1995–96 (Format 1 – informal presentations) and 1996–97 (Format 2 – formal presentations) were analysed for demographics, clinical venues where patients were encountered, case diagnoses and ensuing discussion. A 10-item questionnaire of participants’ attitudes was conducted during May 1997. Setting Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa. Subjects Paediatric residency trainees. Results The number of cases was significantly decreased from 4 to 3·2 per morning report session. A wide variety of patient ages and all clinical venues were represented in both formats. Case diagnoses covered 30 of 31 Pediatrics Review and Education Program (PREP, American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, IL, USA) Content Specification Headings during Format 1 vs. 29 of 31 during Format 2. The most common headings were the same. Patient evaluations were discussed less and patient clinical presentations and pathophysiology were discussed more during Format 2. Participants rated Format 2 higher; 54% of participants wanted to continue this format and 16% wanted a combination of both formats. Conclusions This research suggests that while format changes in paediatric morning report resulted in a 20% decrease in the number of cases presented, only relatively small changes in the overall educational content occurred. Changes in educational programmes should be accompanied by educational evaluation.
Methodological considerations in defining child maltreatment

Braillon, Bewley and Dubois [1] rightly stress the impor-tance of the deleterious effects of secondhand smoke onchildren’s physical health.Uniform definitions of child maltreatment and neglectare lacking. However, definitions describing physicalmaltreatment as the intentional use of physical force againsta child that results in or has the potential to result inphysical injury are broadly accepted by child protectionresearchers and practitioners [2, 3]. The behaviour groupedwithin this definition—like hitting, kicking, punching orbeating—possibly shares comparable causes and conse-quences. This assumption is endorsed by the substantialresearch on risk factors of physical maltreatment [4].Although we would restrain from defining secondhandsmoke as physical maltreatment, regularly exposing a childto secondhand smoke can be defined as a failure to providethe basic need of a healthy environment. This failure oftencoincides with other neglectful behaviour like takingchildren out till late at night, deficits in nutrition or con-sumption of alcohol during pregnancy. Such patterns areregularly referred to hospital child protection teams or otherchild protection agencies. Research on the epidemiology ofchild maltreatment identifies neglect as the most commonform of maltreatment with enormous costs for public health[3, 5, 6].
Effect of short schemes on body composition measurements using Air-Displacement Plethysmography

Air-displacement plethysmography (ADP) is becoming a popular method to assess body composition. Several studies have shown certain types of clothing can affect measurements of body density, however no study has specifically investigated the effect of cotton gym shorts and spandex bicycle shorts on body density. Thirty-seven males (23.0 ± 3.2 yr., 177.3 ± 5.4 cm., 74.8 ± 7.5 kg.) and thirty-eight females (23.7 ± 5.3 yr., 163.6 ± 8.4 cm., 57.1 ± 7.0 kg.) had their body density measured by ADP in three clothing schemes: 1) a tight fitting Speedo® swim suit (criterion measure), 2) cotton gym shorts, and 3) spandex bicycle shorts. The clothing was provided by the University of Oklahoma Body Composition Laboratory and the testing schemes were performed in random order. The regression of body density by the criterion measure against body density while wearing cotton gym shorts for the entire group (y = 0.001 + 0.991x, SEE = 0.003 g/cm3) and the females (y = 0.059 + 0.934x, SEE = 0.003 g/cm3) did not significantly deviate from the line of identity. However in males the regression significantly deviated from the line of identity (y = 0.052 + 0.944x, SEE = 0.002 g/cm3). Body density by the criterion measure and body density while wearing spandex bicycle shorts did not significantly differ from the line of identity for the entire group (y = -0.018 + 1.013x SEE = 0.003 g/cm3), in males (y = -0.002 + 1.001x, SEE = 0.003 g/cm3), or females (y = 0.073 + 0.925x, SEE = 0.003 g/cm3). Residual plot analysis revealed no group or gender bias in either the cotton gym shorts or in the spandex bicycle shorts. It would appear bicycle spandex shorts are an acceptable alternative to a Speedo® like swim suit, however we advise that subjects adhere to the strict clothing protocol that is recommended by the manufacturer.
Polymer-Infiltrated Aligned Carbon Nanotube Fibers by in situ Polymerization.

Carbon nanotube―polymer composite fibers are obtained by infiltration of a monomer liquid into aligned carbon nanotube aerogel fibers with subsequent in situ polymerization. The monomer, methyl methacrylate (MMA), was infiltrated into the aerogel fibers of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) at room temperature and subsequently polymerized at 50 °C into poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Cross-sections of the PMMA/ MWNT composite fibers showed that the PMMA filled the spaces of the nanotube fibers and bound the nanotubes together. PMMA in the composite fibers exhibited local order. The resultant composite fibers with 15 wt.-% nanotube loading exhibited a 16-fold and a 49-fold increase in tensile strength and Young's modulus, respectively, compared to the control PMMA.
Encouraging Active Learning Can Improve Students' Performance on Examinations

We tested the hypothesis that students in psychology of women classes would perform better on materials covered by multiple-choice exams when the first author presented these materials with active learning versus lecture, autonomous readings, and video presentations alone. Across 3 classes, we coded exam items according to how the instructor presented relevant materials and recorded classwide performance. Both between and within classes, students' performances were better on items testing materials covered with active learning techniques compared to other formats. These data provide empirical support for the efficacy of active learning techniques.
A novel C. elegans zinc finger transcription factor, lsy-2, required for the cell type-specific expression of the lsy-6 microRNA.

The two Caenorhabditis elegans gustatory neurons, ASE left (ASEL) and ASE right (ASER) are morphologically bilaterally symmetric, yet left/right asymmetric in function and in the expression of specific chemosensory signaling molecules. The ASEL versus ASER cell-fate decision is controlled by a complex gene regulatory network composed of microRNAs (miRNAs) and transcription factors. Alterations in the activities of each of these regulatory factors cause a complete lateral cell-fate switch. Here, we describe lsy-2 , a novel C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor that is required for the execution of the ASEL stable state. In lsy-2 null mutants, the ASEL neuron adopts the complete ASER gene expression profile, including both upstream regulatory and terminal effector genes. The normally left/right asymmetric ASE neurons are therefore `symmetrized9 in lsy-2 mutants. Cell-specific rescue experiments indicate that lsy-2 is required autonomously in ASEL for the activation of ASEL-specifying factors and the repression of ASER-specifying factors. Genetic epistasis experiments demonstrate that lsy-2 exerts its activity by regulating the transcription of the lsy-6 miRNA in the ASEL neuron, thereby making lsy-2 one of the few factors known to control the cell-type specificity of miRNA gene expression.
An economic evaluation of anticipated costs and savings of a behavior change intervention to enhance medication adherence

*Medication adherence across disease states is generally poor. Research has focused on various methods to improve medication adherence, but there is little conclusive evidence regarding specific methods efficacy. The Transtheoretical Model for Behavior Change has been used to modify existing addictive behaviors but not in medication adherence specifically. As a behavioral component is inherently related to medication adherence, it is thought that this model may be applicable. Objective: The purpose of this research is to evaluate the costs and savings of implementing a novel behavioral intervention against the cost of poor medication adherence to determine whether further development is realistic. Methods: The basic tools required to administer this
Variable rate self organizing neural networks for video compression

This paper describes a design of Kohonen's self-organizing neural networks as learning vector quantizers (LVQ) to compress video images. Both fixed rate and variable rate LVQs have been designed. For fixed rate LVQs, both full search and tree-structured codebooks are designed. Further, this paper describes the design of variable rate LVQs. Variable rate LVQs, structured as unbalanced trees, are found to provide improved performance of up to 3 dB peak SNR over comparable fixed rate LVQs. >
Probing the relationship between selfobject needs and adult attachment orientations.

Both Kohut’s self-psychology (Kohut, H. 1971. The analysis of the self. New York, NY: International Universities Press. 1984. How does psychoanalysis cure? Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press) and Bowlby’s (Bowlby, J. 1988. A secure base: Parent-child attachments and healthy human development. New York, NY: Basic Books) attachment theory propose that when basic human emotional needs for affirmation, belongingness, and security are inadequately satisfied by early caregivers, the person internalizes problematic schemas and experiences difficulties with self-esteem regulation that subsequently obstruct the achievement of mature interdependence in adulthood. In an effort to explore these relationships, in the present study we probed whether particular selfobject needs and self-esteem-related experiences differentially predicted college students’ scores on each of 2 dimensions of adult attachment insecurity (anxiety, avoidance). There were 142 college students who completed measures of selfobject needs and adult attachment orientations along with measures of self-esteem instability, psychological entitlement, and self-compassion. Findings from simultaneous and hierarchical regression analyses indicated that distinct combinations of selfobject needs and self-esteem regulation experiences made unique contributions to each dimension of adult attachment insecurity.
New approaches to hard bubble suppression

Since the discovery of hard bubbles [1,2], several techniques for their suppression have been reported [3,4]. This paper describes a new double-layer method which is more versatile than previously reported suppression techniques. It is also shown that it may be possible to prevent hard bubble generation without resorting to exchange coupling of multi-layer films. This study has also produced interesting evidence that it is only the generation of hard bubbles that is suppressed, not their existence. The latter result indicates that the existing model of hard bubble suppression [5] is incomplete.
LKB1-AMPK signaling in muscle from obese insulin-resistant Zucker rats and effects of training

AMPK is a key regulator of fat and carbohydrate metabolism. It has been postulated that defects in AMPK signaling could be responsible for some of the metabolic abnormalities of type 2 diabetes. In...
Extending UML for Aspect Oriented Software Modeling

During software engineering process, designing software is one of the most crucial and volatile phase.In order to construct software, much of the design must be done in accordance with the requirements.Requirements have an impact on the design and design in turn has a severe impact on the construction or development phase. UML has been the design tool of choice for years with the dominance of object oriented technologies and object oriented design Methodologies. Aspect Oriented Programming (AOP)is a new wave of thinking that builds on the Object-Oriented paradigm to resolve the cross-cutting concerns in software. Being an extension to the OOparadigm, UML needs to be extended to fit the new ideas that AO paradigm introduces. This paper presents extensions to UML for Aspect Oriented Modeling.
Microstimulation of spinal motoneurons: a model study

A computer model of a cat spinal motoneuron was developed and used to study neuronal excitation by extracellular electric fields. The model included a myelinated axon, initial segment, axon hillock, a three compartment model of the soma, and a tapering dendrite. The extracellular space was modeled as an infinite homogeneous medium, and the electrode by a point current source. Threshold profiles were generated for electrode to neuron distances between 50 /spl mu/m and 1 mm. The results demonstrate that the model reproduced excitation patterns documented in single cell mapping experiments. The threshold profile along the axon had a distinct sinusoidal shape with peaks at the center of the internodes and valleys at the nodes. The depth of modulation of this sinusoidal pattern was dependent on the distance from the electrode to the neural structure. The relationship between the threshold current and the electrode to fiber distance was non-linear. The slope of the relationship was steeper for the excitation of the cell body compared to excitation of the axon.
CCR 20th Anniversary Commentary: Chimeric Antigen Receptors—From Model T to the Tesla

The research article by Kershaw and colleagues, published in the October 15, 2006, issue of Clinical Cancer Research , presents one of the first clinical trials to utilize chimeric antigen receptors. Subsequent studies have shown promise for the treatment of patients with lymphoid malignancies, but further progress will require optimization, including the identification of more specific antigens for solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res; 21(14); 3099–101. ©2015 AACR . See related article by Kershaw et al., Clin Cancer Res 2006;12(20) Oct 15, 2006;6106–15
A Stochastic Control Approach to Optimally Designing Hierarchical Flash Sets in P300 Communication Prostheses

The P300-based speller is a well-established brain-computer interface for communication. It displays a matrix of objects on the computer screen, flashes each object in sequence, and looks for a P300 response induced by flashing the desired object. Most existing P300 spellers uses a fixed set of flash objects. We demonstrate that performance can be significantly improved by sequential selections from a hierarchy of flash sets containing variable number of objects. Theoretically, the optimal hierarchy of flash sets - with respect to a given statistical language model - can be found by solving a stochastic control problem of low computational complexity. Experimentally, statistical analysis demonstrates that the average time per output character at 85% accuracy is reduced by over 50% using our variable-flash-set approach as compared to traditional fixed-flash-set spellers.
Prosthetic mitral valve replacement : Late complications after native valve preservation

Preservation of the mitral valve leaflet and tensor apparatus during valve replacement is believed to maintain left ventricular performance. The routine use of this technique may lead to left ventricular outflow or inflow obstruction as illustrated in the present report. We recommend mobilization or excision of the anterior mitral valve leaflet and preservation of the posterior leaflet if replacement of the valve is contemplated for incompetence.
Vibrio Iron Transport: Evolutionary Adaptation to Life in Multiple Environments

Iron is an essential element for Vibrio spp., but the acquisition of iron is complicated by its tendency to form insoluble ferric complexes in nature and its association with high-affinity iron-binding proteins in the host. Vibrios occupy a variety of different niches, and each of these niches presents particular challenges for acquiring sufficient iron. Vibrio species have evolved a wide array of iron transport systems that allow the bacteria to compete for this essential element in each of its habitats. These systems include the secretion and uptake of high-affinity iron-binding compounds (siderophores) as well as transport systems for iron bound to host complexes. Transporters for ferric and ferrous iron not complexed to siderophores are also common to Vibrio species. Some of the genes encoding these systems show evidence of horizontal transmission, and the ability to acquire and incorporate additional iron transport systems may have allowed Vibrio species to more rapidly adapt to new environmental niches. While too little iron prevents growth of the bacteria, too much can be lethal. The appropriate balance is maintained in vibrios through complex regulatory networks involving transcriptional repressors and activators and small RNAs (sRNAs) that act posttranscriptionally. Examination of the number and variety of iron transport systems found in Vibrio spp. offers insights into how this group of bacteria has adapted to such a wide range of habitats.
Kentucky Practice Materials: A Selective, Annotated Bibliography

This bibliography provides both primary and secondary sources that are beneficial for the practice of law in the State of Kentucky. It is intended that these sources be helpful to both librarians and practitioners. The bibliography includes works that are current through March 1992. The beginning of this bibliography lists general publications often used in legal practice. In addtion, Kentucky practice books and treatises are grouped by practice topics. A brief description of each publication is provided in this bibliography.
Meta-Argument Units

Editorial comprehension in OpEd requires representing arguments between editorial writers and their implicit opponents. Chapter 4 established how argument units (AUs) are used to represent one-sided arguments involving attacks on beliefs about domain-specific plans. This chapter addresses the problem of representing meta-arguments (Alvarado et al., in press), i.e., one-sided arguments involving attacks on warrants that grant the existence of support relationships among beliefs.