cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-frequency response of classical strongly coupled plasmas.

The dynamic structure factor (DSF) of the Yukawa system is here obtained with highly converged molecular dynamics (MD) over the entire liquid phase. The data provide a rigorous test of theoretical models of ion-acoustic wave-dispersion relations, the intermediate scattering function, and the high-frequency response. We compare our MD results with seven diverse models, finding good agreement among those that enforce the three basic sum rules for dispersion properties, although one of the models has previously unreported spurious peaks. The MD simulations reveal that at intermediate frequencies $\ensuremath{\omega}$, the high-frequency response of the DSF follows a power law, going approximately as ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{\ensuremath{-}p}$, where $pg0$, and $p$ shows nontrivial dependencies on the wave vector $q$ and the plasma parameters $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ and $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}$. In contrast, among the seven comparison models, the predicted high-frequency response is found to be independent of ${q,\ensuremath{\kappa},\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}$. This high-frequency power suggests a useful fitting form. In addition, these results expose limitations of several models and, moreover, suggest that some approaches are difficult or impossible to extend because of the lack of finite moments. We also find the double-plasmon resonance peak in our MD simulations that none of the theoretical models predicts.
Contribution of different catalytic types of peptidases to soil proteolytic activity

Abstract Soil organic nitrogen is largely composed of proteinaceous material, hence, the extracellular peptidases that are widely produced by microorganisms play a critical role in the recycling of soil organic nitrogen. But why do microbes produce such a variety of functionally different peptidases? In theory, this could be an adaptation to substrate heterogeneity, but it may also be an adaptation to variable soil conditions. Here we characterized the contribution of different catalytic types, or classes, of peptidases present in soil with the intent to determine if their relative contributions would vary as a function of soil properties. We screened specific peptidase inhibitors and optimized their concentrations to work effectively in soil. Total potential proteolytic activity was partitioned among several peptidase classes by adding class-specific inhibitors to the peptidase assay. Using Pepstatin A, EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), PMSF (phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride), and E64 (epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido (4-guanidino) butane), we were able to discriminate among aspartic, metallo-, serine, and cysteine peptidases, respectively. We found that diverse peptidases were active and contributed to the proteolytic activity in soil. Extracellular peptidase profiles varied among different soils and were associated with soil chemical and microbial properties. Metallopeptidases contributed 30–50% of the soil proteolytic activity in all soils. A higher relative contribution of metallopeptidase activity was found in less acidic soils, reflecting its neutral pH optimum. Serine peptidases were only detected in soil from Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands (10–20% of total proteolytic activity) but not in soils under red alder (Alnus rubra). The relative activity of aspartic peptidase correlated positively with the fungal:bacterial ratios of the soils. Our results lend support to the view that microbial communities might modify their peptidase profile to optimize protein utilization in response to soil and other environmental factors.
Near-IR sintering of conductive silver nanoparticle ink with in situ resistance measurement

Metal nanoparticle inks are excellent options for printing low-resistance metal conductors and electrical interconnects. However, after deposition, these inks require high-temperature annealing to sinter and increase conductivity. Infrared (IR) heaters are an efficient, roll-to-roll compatible method to apply thermal energy. Here, we characterize the effect of near-infrared (N-IR) heating on the structure and properties of printed silver nanoparticle ink (UTD Ag40x, UT Dots Inc.). A method was developed to measure the resistance and temperature of printed conductive inks as a function of exposure to the IR heater. The N-IR heater was found to sinter the Ag40x silver samples (lower the resistance of 7 mm printed lines to 1000 Ω) in 11.6 ± 1.5 min at maximum intensity with a large drop from the highest measured resistance (60 MΩ) to 1000 Ω in 1.2 ± 0.2 min. Decreasing the heater power increased the time to reach 1000 Ω (to 28.3 ± 2.0 min at 80%), but reducing from 60 MΩ to 1000 Ω still only took 1.9 ± 0.3 min. This suggests sintering progresses rapidly once initiated. SEM images of the ink before and after IR heating show microstructural changes associated with sintering and indicate the role of agglomerates and organic binders in impeding sintering.
Performing virtual bodies

Following the technical advancement of cross-reality platforms – including virtual, mixed and augmented reality, the term ‘virtual bodies’ has become widespread. Despite its increased use, however,...
Introduction: Frankenstein, Race and Ethics

At the Frankenstein @ 200 colloquium, March 2019, Princeton University (sponsored by a David Gardner Grant), Professors John Bugg (Fordham University) and Adam Potkay (The College of William and Ma...
A Multiscalar Consideration of the Athabascan Migration

Genetic and linguistic evidence suggests that, after living in the Subarctic for thousands of years, Northern Athabascans began migrating to the American Southwest around 1,000 years ago. Anthropologists have proposed that this partial out-migration and several associated in situ behavioral changes were the result of a massive volcanic eruption that decimated regional caribou herds. However, regional populations appear to increase around the time of these changes, a demographic shift that may have led to increased territoriality, resource stress, and specialization. Building on existing syntheses of cultural dynamics in the region, analyses of excavated materials, and landscape data from Alaska and Yukon, this research shows that the Athabascan transition represented a gradual shift toward resource specialization in both salmon and caribou with an overall increase in diet breadth, indicating a behavioral transition that is more consistent with gradual demographic change. Further, this behavioral shift was already in motion at the time of the volcanic eruption circa 1150 cal BP and suggests that the ultimate migration from the area was the result of demographic pressures. In sum, this research elaborates on the complex dynamics of resilience and adaptation in hunter-gatherer groups and provides a testable model for explaining past migrations.
In vitro bioaccessibility of fish oil-loaded hollow solid lipid micro- and nanoparticles

Fish oil-loaded hollow solid lipid micro- and nanoparticles were prepared by atomization of the CO2-expanded lipid mixture. The obtained particles were spherical and free-flowing with an average particle size of 6.9 μm. Fish oil loading efficiency was achieved at 92.3% (w/w). The in vitro digestive stability, lipid digestibility and EPA and DHA bioaccessibility of the fish oil-loaded particles were examined using an in vitro sequential digestion model. The mean particle diameter increased markedly after oral (15.2 μm) and gastric (32.4 μm) digestion and then decreased after the small intestinal stage (24.0 μm). Fish oil-loaded particles remained spherical and intact but mainly agglomerated on the top phase throughout the oral and gastric digestion. However, a mixed digesta was formed after the small intestinal digestion, which contained digested broken particle pieces, undigested fish oil-loaded particles, free fatty acids, monoacylglycerols and micelles. The extent of lipolysis was significantly increased for the 30% fish oil-loaded particles as compared to physical mixtures of empty hollow solid lipid particles or bulk FHSO and fish oil (p < 0.05). Moreover, EPA and DHA bioaccessibility was significantly improved from 9.7 to 18.2% with the 30% fish oil-loaded particles (p < 0.05).
A Delayed-Position Feedback Controller for Cranes

We have designed and implemented a nonlinear controller, based on delayed-position feedback, that suppresses cargo pendulation on most common military and commercial cranes in the presence of noise, initial sway, and wind disturbances. The controller is designed to operate transparently to the crane operator, thereby eliminating any special training requirements for crane operators and furnishing smoother and faster transport operations. The system can be operated in both the automated and manual modes and is capable of handling an operator stop command at any random time. Neither the trajectory nor the end point of the transport maneuver needs to be predefined. The controller is insensitive to the system parameters and can handle base excitations, initial sways, and noise. Such a control can be achieved with the heavy equipment that is already part of existing cranes so that retrofitting them would require a small effort. Most large-scale mechanical drivers have inherent time delays. Instead of compensating for these time delays, the proposed feedback controller makes use of these time delays. The effectiveness of the controller has been demonstrated using fully nonlinear numerical simulations as well as on scaled models of ship-mounted, rotary, and container cranes. The numerical and experimental results demonstrate that pendulations can be significantly reduced, and therefore the rate of operation can be greatly increased and the range of sea conditions in which cargo-transfer operations can take place can be greatly expanded. Moreover, because the controller eliminates pendulations of the load, the power needed in the controlled case is guaranteed to be less than the power needed in the uncontrolled case.
The typologically rare approximant inventory of Kajkwakhrattxi: A series of natural sound changes

Kajkwakhrattxi, a Northern Je language spoken by fewer than 30 elders in Mato Grosso, Brazil, exhibits a typologically rare sound inventory, especially with respect to its series of approximants: /w, w, ʍ, ɽ, ɽ, j/, realized as a total of 17 different surface allophones: [w, ww, w, ʍ, ɥ, ɥɥ, ɥ, ɥ, ɾ, ɾ, ɽ, ɽ, ɻ, ɻ, ɻ, j, j]. We propose a novel reconstruction of Proto-Northern-Je that accounts for this unusually dense inventory of approximants, namely as the result of a series of natural sound changes involving processes of lenition and assimilation. Our analysis makes use of novel fieldwork data on three underdocumented and endangered languages of the family: Kajkwakhrattxi, Panara, and Kayapo. As a result, our reconstruction is based on a more phonetically detailed and internally coherent data set than was available to previous comparative work on Je languages. Our results provide evidence for the possible breadth of diversity in the phonological systems of natural languages, both synchronically and diachronically, and advances our knowledge of the sound changes that occurred from Proto-Northern-Je to its daughter languages.
Early-life epilepsy after acute symptomatic neonatal seizures: A prospective multicenter study.

OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate early-life epilepsy incidence, seizure types, severity, risk factors, and treatments among survivors of acute neonatal seizures. METHODS Neonates with acute symptomatic seizures born 7/2015-3/2018 were prospectively enrolled at nine Neonatal Seizure Registry sites. One-hour EEG was recorded at age three months. Post-neonatal epilepsy and functional development (Warner Initial Developmental Evaluation of Adaptive and Functional Skills - WIDEA-FS) were assessed. Cox regression was used to assess epilepsy-free survival. RESULTS Among 282 infants, 37 (13%) had post-neonatal epilepsy by 24-months [median age of onset 7-months (IQR 3-14)]. Among those with post-neonatal epilepsy, 13/37 (35%) had infantile spasms and 12/37 (32%) had drug-resistant epilepsy. Most children with post-neonatal epilepsy had abnormal neurodevelopment at 24-months (WIDEA-FS >2SD below normal population mean for 81% of children with epilepsy vs 27% without epilepsy, RR 7.9, 95% CI 3.6-17.3). Infants with severely abnormal neonatal EEG background patterns were more likely to develop epilepsy than those with mild/moderate abnormalities (HR 3.7, 95% CI 1.9-5.9). Neonatal EEG with ≥3 days of seizures also predicted hazard of epilepsy (HR 2.9, 95% CI 1.4-5.9). In an adjusted model, days of neonatal EEG-confirmed seizures (HR 1.4 per day, 95% CI 1.2-1.6) and abnormal discharge examination (HR 3.9, 95% CI 1.9-7.8) were independently associated with time to epilepsy onset. Abnormal (vs. normal) three-month EEG was not associated with epilepsy. SIGNIFICANCE In this multicenter study, only 13% of infants with acute symptomatic neonatal seizures developed post-neonatal epilepsy by age 24-months. However, there was a high risk of severe neurodevelopmental impairment and drug-resistant seizures among children with post-neonatal epilepsy. Days of EEG-confirmed neonatal seizures was a potentially modifiable epilepsy risk factor. An EEG at three months was not clinically useful for predicting epilepsy. These practice changing findings have implications for family counseling, clinical follow-up planning, and future research to prevent post-neonatal epilepsy.
How to automate timely large-scale mangrove mapping with remote sensing

Abstract Mangrove forests have witnessed significant changes resulted from both anthropogenic and natural disturbances in the last four decades. Although a few attempts have been reported, effective methods that can repeatedly generate large-scale mangrove maps on a timely basis are still lacking due to the difficulty in gathering sufficient training samples in large geographical areas. In this study, we have addressed three objectives in the following manner: (1) we aim to develop a method to automatically collect ample mangrove training samples; Correspondingly, we developed an automatic training sample collection method which extracted unchanged mangrove samples from a historical mangrove map; In addition, we employed a region growing method to include more diversified training samples; (2) we strive to foster compatible classifiers that can leverage the collected one-class training samples; To this end, we came up with two representative one-class classifiers: the Support Vector Data Description (SVDD), and the Positive and Unlabeled Learning algorithm (PUL); (3) we endeavor to compare the effectiveness of various combinations of training samples, classifiers, and input images; As a result, we developed 32 classification models by varying four different variables: training samples (unchanged vs. expanded), input data (Landsat 8, Sentinel-1, and Sentinel-2), classifiers (SVDD vs. PUL), and study sites (Florida, the United States and Guangxi, China). We found that our developed automatic training sample collection methods performed well (user's accuracy >97%). Inter-annual NDVI combined with geometric restrictions warranted the effective extraction of unchanged training samples while the region growing method further reduced the omission due to its addition of recently emerged mangroves. In addition, PUL performed better than SVDD. This is attributed to the fact that PUL draws upon not only mangrove samples, but also unlabeled ones unaccounted for in SVDD. Lastly, the combination of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 is recommended among all the compared models. In summary, we developed an effective method to automatically extract mangrove training samples, based on which a one-class classification method for large-scale mangrove mapping is made possible. We envision our methods will contribute to a wide spectrum of timely large-scale mangrove mapping tasks.
Maternal immune activation and repeated maternal separation alter offspring conditioned avoidance response learning and antipsychotic response in male rats

Previous work shows that repeated administration of several commonly used antipsychotic drugs, such as olanzapine (OLZ) over several days, induces an enhanced disruption of conditioned avoidance response (CAR) (termed antipsychotic sensitization) in normal adolescent and adult rats. However, it is unclear whether the same phenomenon can also be demonstrated in rat models of schizophrenia. The present study investigated OLZ sensitization in a combined maternal immune activation (MIA) and repeated maternal separation (RMS) model of schizophrenia. Sprague-Dawley male rats were first subjected to an early prenatal exposure to polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (PolyI:C) on gestation days 13 (4 mg/kg, iv) and 15 (6 mg/kg, iv). They were then repeatedly separated from their mothers for 3 h daily during the first two weeks of postpartum. After they became adolescent (on postnatal day, PND 43), acute and OLZ sensitization effects in the CAR model was assessed. Adolescent MIA rats showed an impaired acquisition of conditioned avoidance response, but displayed a normal acute OLZ-induced avoidance suppression and OLZ sensitization effect. In adulthood (PND 81), MIA rats again showed an impairment in the acquisition of CAR. However, they showed a reduced response to OLZ (1.0 mg/kg; sc) treatment during the repeated drug test days, indicating a disruption of the induction of OLZ sensitization. In the OLZ sensitization challenge test, both MIA and control rats exhibited a robust and similar sensitization effect. In both adolescence and adulthood, RMS alone had no effect on any of the behavioral outcomes, and combined MIA-RMS even abolished the MIA alone-induced disruption of avoidance acquisition and the induction of OLZ sensitization. These results indicate that MIA disrupts associative learning and may reduce antipsychotic efficacy in the early stage of OLZ treatment. RMS does not appear to affect associative learning and behavioral responses to OLZ, and may possibly attenuate MIA-induced deficits. Our findings demonstrate that OLZ sensitization is a robust phenomenon but its magnitude can be altered by early MIA.
Additive manufacturing of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites using fused deposition modeling

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies have been successfully applied in various applications. Fused deposition modeling (FDM), one of the most popular AM techniques, is the most widely used method for fabricating thermoplastic parts those are mainly used as rapid prototypes for functional testing with advantages of low cost, minimal wastage, and ease of material change. Due to the intrinsically limited mechanical properties of pure thermoplastic materials, there is a critical need to improve mechanical properties for FDM-fabricated pure thermoplastic parts. One of the possible methods is adding reinforced materials (such as carbon fibers) into plastic materials to form thermoplastic matrix carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites those could be directly used in the actual application areas, such as aerospace, automotive, and wind energy. This paper is going to present FDM of thermoplastic matrix CFRP composites and test if adding carbon fiber (different content and length) can improve the mechanical properties of FDM-fabricated parts. The CFRP feedstock filaments were fabricated from plastic pellets and carbon fiber powders for FDM process. After FDM fabrication, effects on the tensile properties (including tensile strength, Young's modulus, toughness, yield strength, and ductility) and flexural properties (including flexural stress, flexural modulus, flexural toughness, and flexural yield strength) of specimens were experimentally investigated. In order to explore the parts fracture reasons during tensile and flexural tests, fracture interface of CFRP composite specimens after tensile testing and flexural testing was observed and analyzed using SEM micrograph.
The Pathophysiological Consequences of Heavy Proteinuria

It should be evident that heavy and prolonged urinary protein loss consequent to defects in the permeability of the glomerular capillary wall leads to disturbances well beyond the obvious edema formation. These more covert disturbances may, in many respects, be more clinically important than the largely cosmetic problems of edema. The loss of plasma proteins through a damaged glomerular filter evokes a complex series of circumstances involving lipids, transport proteins, components of coagulation, and immunologic pathways. Each of these, in turn, is associated with clinical features that are as much a part of the nephrotic syndrome as edema and hypoalbuminemia. The purpose of this chapter is to highlight these features in order to emphasize the systemic metabolic, endocrine, and immunologic aspects of the heavy proteinuric state.
Effects of omitting vitamin and trace mineral premixes and(or) reducing inorganic phosphorus additions on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and muscle quality in finishing pigs.

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of omitting vitamin and trace mineral premixes and(or) reducing inorganic phosphorus additions to finishing diets on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and muscle quality in pigs. In Exp. 1, a corn-soybean meal-based diet (.70% lysine, .65% Ca, and .55% P) was used as the control. Pigs (n = 128; average initial BW of 85.7 kg) were fed the control diet or the control diet without 1) the vitamin premix, 2) the trace mineral premix, or 3) both premixes. Omitting the premixes had no effect on ADG (P>.39); gain/feed (P>.17); carcass backfat thickness (P>.42); and marbling, color, and firmness of the longissimus muscle (P>.11). In Exp. 2, pigs (n = 128; average initial BW of 86.2 kg) were fed the control diet (.65% Ca and .53% P) used in Exp. 1 and the control diet without 1/3 (.56% Ca and .46% P), 2/3 (.51% Ca and .40% P), or all (.47% Ca and .31% P) of the added monocalcium phosphate (MCP). Omitting up to 2/3 of the MCP increased ADG (quadratic effect, P .12), but backfat thickness increased slightly (quadratic effect, P .23), gain/feed (P>.94), stomach lesions (P>.37), or serum gamma globulins (P>.08). In conclusion, vitamin and trace mineral premixes and up to 2/3 of the supplemental MCP can be omitted during late finishing (i.e., approximately the final 30 d) to reduce nutrient excesses that increase cost of feeding and nutrients excreted in waste material.
Greedy algorithm for disassembly line scheduling

Remanufacturing, recycling, and disposal recovery operations require the performance of disassembly activities. The disassembly line is the best choice for automated disassembly of returned products, however, finding the optimal balance is computationally intensive with exhaustive search quickly becoming prohibitively large. In this paper, a greedy algorithm is presented for obtaining optimal or near-optimal solutions to the disassembly line balancing problem. The greedy algorithm is a first-fit decreasing algorithm further enhanced to preserve precedence relationships. The algorithm seeks to minimize the number of workstations while accounting for hazardous and high demand components. A hill-climbing heuristic is then developed to balance the part removal sequence. Examples are considered to illustrate the methodology. The conclusions drawn from the study include the consistent generation of optimal or near-optimal solutions, the ability to preserve precedence, the speed of the algorithm and its practicality due to the ease of implementation.
Comparison of Publication Rates for Basic Sciences versus Practice from Pharmacy‐Based Grant Programs

The future of a profession in an era of scarce resources depends on maintaining a focus on science. The times demand that pharmacy practice examine its commitment to science. To address this concern, pharmacy practice-based research awards from the American College of Clinical Pharmacy Research Institute Award Program, American Society of Health-System Pharmacists Research and Education Foundation Grant Program, and American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy New Investigator Program were compared with basic sciences awards from the American Association Colleges of Pharmacy New Investigator Program from their inception to 1991 to determine the percentage of awarded grants successfully published (publication rate). Pharmacy practice published awarded grants' at 46% (70/154) versus 62% (26/42) for basic sciences (p = 0.09). A significant decline of 37% in pharmacy practice publication rate was observed over the study period. Economically, an average of $11,393 was spent to publish one manuscript in pharmacy practice versus $8077 in basic sciences. The results suggest that pharmacy practice should redefine a paradigm of commitment to scholarship to provide firm evidence for supporting science and sustaining professional growth.
Anscombe, Zygotes, and Coming-to-be

In some quarters, it is held that Anscombe proved that a zygote is not a human being on the basis of an argument involving the possibility of identical twins, but there is surprisingly little agreement on what her argument is supposed to be. I criticize several extant interpretations, both as interpretations of Anscombe and as self-standing arguments, and offer a different understanding of her conclusion on which the non-specificity of creation processes and their goals is at issue.
Synthesis and characterization of branched polystyrene. Part I. Synthesis of four‐ and six‐branch star polystyrene

The synthesis of very well defined four- and six-branched polystyrene has been carried out. Anionic polymerization initiated by butyllithium in benzene–tetrahydrofuran medium gave single chains of narrow distribution. Coupling this living polystyryllithium with bis(trichlorosilyl)ethane gave a maximum of four branches. Coupling with the cyclic trimer of phosphonitrilic chloride gave a maximum of six branches. The reaction procedures have been discussed and mechanisms suggested for some of the reactions.
Optimizing e‐learning: Research‐based guidelines for learner‐controlled training

The widespread availability of the Internet has revolutionized the way organizations train their workforces. With e-learning methods, learning can take place on-demand, and trainees can be given greater control over their learning than ever before. This increased control has the potential to improve training effectiveness. However, the failure of many e-learning programs suggests that organizations would benefit from a set of research-based principles on providing learner control in e-learning. In this article, we offer guidelines for preparing trainees for learner-led instruction, the design of learner-controlled training, and the creation of workplace conditions that facilitate successful learner-led training. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Applications of interval matrices in power system stabilizer design

In this paper the robust stability analysis of a single machine infinite bus system is investigated using interval matrix theory. Specifically the parameters of the power system stabilizer are considered as uncertainties in the system A matrix. The range of these parameters for which the system is Hurwitz stable is then found using interval matrix theory.
Fluid-Dynamic Limit for the Centered Rarefaction Wave of the Broadwell Equation

Abstract We study the asymptotic equivalence of the 1-d Broadwell model of the nonlinear Boltzmann equation to its corresponding Euler equation of compressible gas dynamics in the limit of small mean free path. We consider the case where the initial data are allowed to have jump discontinuities such that the corresponding solutions to the Euler equation contain centered rarefaction waves. In particular, Riemann data connected by rarefaction curves are included. We show that, as long as the initial data are a small perturbation of a non-vacuum constant state, the solution for the Broadwell equation exists globally in time and converges, in the small mean free path limit, to the solution of the corresponding Euler equation uniformly except for an initial layer whose width is essentially the order of the mean free path.
Measuring Effects of Warm-Mix Additives: Use of Newly Developed Asphalt Binder Lubricity Test for the Dynamic Shear Rheometer

An emphasis on environmental stewardship has prompted the use of warm-mix technologies aimed at allowing for production of conventional asphalt mixtures at reduced temperatures. Successful use of warm-mix asphalt (WMA) in field demonstrations has created a need for development of mix design procedures. A major impediment in development of these procedures is the evaluation of the effect of WMA technologies on asphalt binder and mixture workability. The objective of this study was to introduce a new test methodology for estimating asphalt binder work-ability by measuring the lubricity effects of a surfactant-based additive as well as binder foaming processes through novel use of the dynamic shear rheometer with a new testing fixture. The new test allows measuring the coefficient of friction of binders at various temperatures, loading rates, and normal force. Asphalt binder lubricity measurements were correlated mixture to workability tests defined by the compactive effort required to densify a mixture to 8...
Educational success and adult health: findings from the Chicago longitudinal study.

Growing evidence indicates that education is associated with health, yet we lack knowledge about the specific educational experiences influencing health trajectories. This study examines the role school factors play in the emergence of poor young adult health outcomes for a low-income, minority sample. The following research questions are addressed. First, what are the education-based predictors of daily tobacco smoking, frequent substance use, depression, and no health insurance coverage? Second, do later-occurring school factors explain the association between earlier school measures and the outcomes and, if so, what pathways account for this mediation effect? Data were derived from the Chicago Longitudinal Study, an investigation of a cohort of 1,539 individuals, born around 1980, who attended kindergarten programs in the Chicago Public Schools. Participants were followed prospectively from early childhood through age 24, and study measures were created from various data sources and multiple assessment waves. Findings from probit hierarchical regressions with controls for early sociodemographic covariates indicated that elementary school socioemotional classroom adjustment and high school completion were significantly and negatively associated with all four study outcomes. Participation in the Chicago Child Parent Center preschool program predicted lower rates of both daily tobacco smoking and no health insurance coverage (p < .05). Middle school reading achievement was inversely related to depression (p < .01), while middle school frustration tolerance was inversely associated with daily tobacco smoking and frequent drug use (p < .05). Also, negatively linked to frequent drug use was a high school measure of students’ expectation to attend college (p < .01). In nearly all cases, later-occurring school factors fully mediated significant associations between earlier ones and the outcomes. Patterns of mediation were explored along with implications of results.
A Cross-Cultural Study of Female Initiation Rites

THIS study attempts to answer two important questions concerning initiation rites for girls. First, why are these ceremonies observed in some societies and omitted in others? Second, how can the variation in the rites from society to society be accounted for? Although much has been written about the initiation of girls, these two crucial questions have remained unanswered. A thorough review of the literature is impossible here; however, a few of the more outstanding works deserve mention. Early in this century, Van Gennep (1909) placed initiation rites in context with all other aspects of the life cycle. His ordered approach to the subject and his terminology have had a lasting influence. Frazer (1913) and Crawley (1927) dealt with initiation ceremonies only tangentially, using extensive crosscultural documentation to support their ideas. Unfortunately they did not evaluate their sources and remained silent on those societies that do not observe such ceremonies. The approach of Van Waters (1913-14) to female initiation rites was descriptive rather than theoretical. She nevertheless appreciated the complexity of her subject, noting that rites vary in elaborateness and that they are not universally practiced. Some more recent anthropological writers, such as Benedict (1946) and Read (1960), have made provocative speculations about female initiation rites; others, such as Ford and Beach (1951) and DuBois (1932), have limited themselves to descriptive studies. No doubt the most complete and outstanding work is that of Richards (1956). She devoted a large part of her book, Chisungu, to what is probably the most detailed description ever made of a girls' initiation ceremony. She analyzed the rite in terms of expressed purpose, but she did not stop at this level of interpretation. She studied the symbolic explanations of many of the details of the rite, and the emotional attitudes associated with various parts of the complex ceremony. She related the main elements of the rite to other institutions of the society and to the underlying tribal dogma which all of these express. Though offering many valuable insights, the relationships suggested by Richards are frequently too subtle to be tested cross-culturally. Other ethnographic accounts are not detailed enough to make such tests possible. Another group of writers has studied female initiation rites from a psychoanalytic point of view. It is curious that their works usually deal only with those rites involving some form of genital mutilation, as such ceremonies are extremely rare. Freud (1918) himself wrote a paper on ritual defloration. Winterstein (1928), Bryk (1931), Bonaparte (1950), and Bettelheim (1954) all used very inadequate ethnographic documentation for their elaborate * I would like to thank Professor and Mrs. John W. M. Whiting for their help with the research here presented.
Influence of Interfacial Roughness on Fiber Sliding in Oxide Composites with La‐Monazite Interphases

Room temperature debonding and sliding of La-Monazite coated fibers is assessed using a composite with a polycrystalline alumina matrix and fibers of several different single crystal (mullite, sapphire) and directionally solidified eutectic (Al2O3/Y3Al5O12 and Al2O3/Y-ZrO2) compositions. These fibers provide a range of residual stresses and interfacial roughnesses. Sliding occurred over a debond crack at the fiber-coating interface when the sliding displacement and surface roughness were relatively small. At large sliding displacements with relatively rough interfaces, the monazite coatings were deformed extensively by fracture, dislocations and occasional twinning, whereas the fibers were undamaged. Dense, fine-grained (10 nm) microstructures suggestive of dynamic recrystallization were also observed in the coatings. Frictional heating during sliding is assessed. The possibility of low temperature recrystallization is discussed in the light of the known resistance of monazite to radiation damage. The ability of La-Monazite to undergo plastic deformation relatively easily at low temperatures may be enabling for its use as a composite interface.
More evidence supporting a “brain code” protocol for reversal of transtentorial herniation

The syndrome of transtentorial herniation represents a usually fatal consequence of supratentorial mass lesions.1–3 Rapidly expanding supratentorial mass lesions cause displacement of the temporal lobe medially, leading to herniation of the uncus over the edge of the tentorium cerebri with subsequent compression of the posterior cerebral artery and third nerve.1 The earliest manifestation is a decrease in level of consciousness accompanied by unilateral pupillary dilation (because of third nerve dysfunction). The syndrome progresses to bilateral pupillary dilation, mechanical distortion, and secondary ischemia of the brainstem due to expansion of the primary lesion and impaction of the temporal lobe in the tentorial notch. Classically transtentorial herniation is considered to be a fatal consequence of a supratentorial mass lesion. Small experimental4 and clinical5,6 studies have demonstrated that transtentorial herniation can be reversed with aggressive medical and surgical management, but there is little information on eventual outcomes in such patients. In the current issue of Neurology ®, Koenig et al.7 report the results of using 23.4% sodium chloride in …
ELECTRON TRANSPORT IN POROUS NANOCRYSTALLINE TIO2 PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS

The photocurrent response of dye-sensitized, porous nanocrystalline TiO2 cells was studied as a function of light intensity, in both the time domain (photocurrent transient measurements) and the frequency domain (intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy). The photocurrent transients are characterized by a fast and a slow component. The rise time of the transients was in the range of milliseconds to seconds and exhibited a power law dependence on light intensity with an exponent of −0.6 to −0.8. The response to a modulated light intensity is characterized by a depressed semicircle in the complex plane. The time constant obtained from these spectra exhibits the same power law dependence on light intensity. The transient response of these cells is dominated by electron transport in the TiO2 film, and the results are shown to be consistent with a diffusion model where the diffusion coefficient for electrons in the particle network is a function of the light intensity.
IMIDAZOLIUM TETRACHLORODIOXOURANATE (VI), (C3N2H5+)2 (UO2Cl4)-2

Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of imidazolium tetrachlorodioxouranate(VI) has been determined by X-ray diffraction methods. The crystals, obtained by reacting imidazole and UO 2 Cl 2 ·3H 2 O in hydrochloric and maintained at pH = 2.5–;3.0, are monoclinic, P2 1 /n, with cell dimensions a = 9.385(5) A, b = 10.891(5) A, c = 6.966(4) A, β = 104.56(5)° and V = 722 A 3 . For Z = 2 the calculated density is 2.53 g/cm 3 . The structure was refined to a conventional R factor of 0.034 using 1494 data where F 2 > σ(F 2 ). The [UO 2 Cl 4 ] −2 anion is octahedral with UO distance of 1.770 A and UCl distances of 2.692 and 2.657 A. The imidazolium cation is planar.
Synthesis and redox properties of racemic electroactive polymers containing axially chiral adamantyl segments

A method of introducing chirality directly into a polymer backbone has been developed that employs the dissymmetry of an adamantane derivative with axial chirality. This new chiral adamantane building block was readily functionalized with electroactive thiophene rings using palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling methodology. The two resulting electroactive monomers were electropolymerized to create racemic electroactive polymers containing phenyl-capped oligothiophene segments alternating with chiral adamantyl segments. Synthesis, electrochemistry, and spectroelectrochemistry studies are reported.
Controlled Growth of Ordered III-Nitride Core-Shell Nanostructure Arrays for Visible Optoelectronic Devices

We demonstrate the growth of ordered arrays of nonpolar $$\{ 10\bar{1}0\} $$ core–shell nanowalls and semipolar $$ \{ 10\bar{1}1\}$$ core–shell pyramidal nanostripes on c-plane (0001) sapphire substrates using selective-area epitaxy and metal organic chemical vapor deposition. The nanostructure arrays are controllably patterned into LED mesa regions, demonstrating a technique to impart secondary lithography features into the arrays. We study the dependence of the nanostructure cores on the epitaxial growth conditions and show that the geometry and morphology are strongly influenced by growth temperature, V/III ratio, and pulse interruption time. We also demonstrate the growth of InGaN quantum well shells on the nanostructures and characterize the structures by using micro-photoluminescence and cross-section scanning tunneling electron microscopy.
Signal features of the atherosclerotic plaque at 3.0 Tesla versus 1.5 Tesla: impact on automatic classification.

Purpose To investigate the impact of different field strengths on determining plaque composition with an automatic classifier. Materials and Methods We applied a previously developed automatic classifier—the morphology enhanced probabilistic plaque segmentation (MEPPS) algorithm—to images from 20 subjects scanned at both 1.5 Tesla (T) and 3T. Average areas per slice of lipid-rich core, intraplaque hemorrhage, calcification, and fibrous tissue were recorded for each subject and field strength. Results All measurements showed close agreement at the two field strengths, with correlation coefficients of 0.91, 0.93, 0.95, and 0.93, respectively. None of these measurements showed a statistically significant difference between field strengths in the average area per slice by a paired t-test, although calcification tended to be measured larger at 3T (P = 0.09). Conclusion Automated classification results using an identical algorithm at 1.5T and 3T produced highly similar results, suggesting that with this acquisition protocol, 3T signal characteristics of the atherosclerotic plaque are sufficiently similar to 1.5T characteristics for MEPPS to provide equivalent performance. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008;28:987–995. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Norway's pivotal role in regulatory health economics and pharmaceutical cost containment--what can other countries learn?

Abstract With an increasing trend in health care consumption - together with the introduction of an increasing number of new medical technologies - governments, insurance companies and other third party payers seek new ways of limiting increases in consumption, as well as limiting the use of new medical technologies to the most efficient ones (clinically, economically). One particular area of focus in this context is the pharmaceutical sector, where the innovational rate of new technologies (drugs) has been high. One of the forerunners in the areas of health care cost containment and regulatory health economics is Norway. This country has succeeded in keeping drug prices and drug consumption at moderate levels, as well as keeping the number of now drugs to a relatively modest level. This study describes the Norwegian drug regulatory process, the Norwegian drug market, the Norwegian cost-containment policies and future regulatory perspectives. For many European countries and In North America, where stricter price and reimbursement regulations are considered, the Norwegian drug regulatory process presents an interesting example of how a strict regulatory environment may affect the availability of drugs, as well aa affect drug prices, drug reimbursement and drug consumption.
Unfolding of heptameric co-chaperonin protein follows "fly casting" mechanism: observation of transient nonnative heptamer.

Protein recognition and binding play a fundamental role in living systems but sometimes also result in pathological aggregates. To probe the coupling between folding and binding in a homoheptameric system, we have characterized the time-resolved unfolding/disassembly mechanism of human co-chaperonin protein 10 (cpn10) by a combination of experimental and computational methods. The results from both approaches are in excellent agreement and make obvious that the kinetic process is three-state: an initial polypeptide-unfolding step, resulting in a non-native heptamer, is followed by a slower heptamer-dissociation step. This demonstrates that the barriers on the kinetic free-energy landscape are defined by thermodynamic stability. cpn10 is one of few, and the only heptameric, experimentally characterized system that follows the “fly casting scenario” of molecular recognition.
Mass Communication and Journalism Faculty's Perceptions of the Effectiveness of Email Communication with College Students: A Nationwide Study

Nearly 700 US journalism and mass communication faculty (all teaching personnel) reported their perceptions of student email use via a web‐based survey. This nationwide study focused on the content of email sent by faculty to students, email’s effectiveness, and email’s effect on student learning. Comparisons were made based on faculty gender, rank, age, and ethnicity. Findings suggest that despite statistical differences, when gender, rank, age, or ethnicity are considered, faculty are not in the habit of sending course materials like syllabi, project instructions, and lecture notes to students personally via email. Moreover, faculty tend to find favor with email communication and its effectiveness as a tool of teaching. The results of this survey coupled with previous research by the authors and other scholars suggest faculty ought to embrace the technology and develop positive ways to incorporate email, as well as other technology, into the educational process.
Experimental microdosimetry: history, applications and recent technical advances

The invention of tissue-equivalent proportional counters simulating micrometre diameter volumes, intended to measure the linear energy transfer of a radiation field, resulted in a practical demonstration of the stochastic nature of energy deposition in small volumes. Besides contributing to a better understanding of the interactions between ionising radiation and biological systems, these detectors have had a significant impact on applied radiation dosimetry. The initial instruments were elegant but suitable only for laboratory experiments because of their sensitivity to environmental conditions and the complex support systems they required. However, their ability to separate the dose due to neutrons from that delivered by photons motivated detector design modifications that eventually resulted in robust detectors suitable for use as radiation survey instruments. Proportional counters simulating micrometre tissue volumes turned out to be the ideal detectors for monitoring the complex radiation environments, including on the space shuttle and International Space Station, and have served as the primary active dosimeters in space for nearly two decades. The need for more sophisticated measurements has led to further improvements in detector design, and the need for smaller and lighter dosimeters is motivating further developments in both detectors and data processing systems.
The Mesomorphic Behavior of Cholesteryl n-Alkyl Carbonates

Abstract A homologous series of cholesteryl n-alkyl carbonates has been prepared and their mesophases investigated. Different groups can be distinguished depending on the length of the alkyl chain. The first two members exhibit a monotropic high-temperature color band, the next two members an enantiotropic high-temperature color band, followed by a monotropic low-temperature color band without an interruption in the color sequence the following five members an enantiotropic high-temperature and a clearly separated low-temperature color band, and the last four members a monotropic high-temperature and a separated monotropic low-temperature color band. The mechanical sensitive enantiotropic high-temperature color band could only be observed in reflection under the microscope. The monotropic low-temperature color band, which is essentially induced by disturbance, was found in both reflection and transmission, with the colors of the same intensity.
Comparison of Large and Small Doses of Hormones in the Treatment of Acute Rheumatic Carditis

Disappearance of significant murmurs was twice as common in 47 rheumatic children treated with large doses of hormones as in a comparable group of 41 children treated with small doses of hormones. Results were also related to the duration of illness before therapy was started. The findings suggest that the divergencies of opinion regarding the efficacy of hormones in the treatment of acute rheumatic carditis may in part be explained on the basis of differences in doses of hormones, in duration of therapy, and in duration of illness before the beginning of therapy.