cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deleterious network hypothesis of aging

It is becoming increasingly apparent that free-radical damage, mitochondrial defects, glycation/Maillard reaction and calcium dyshomeostasis play crucial roles in cellular and organism senescence. Based on the evidence indicating close relationships among these four aging-promoting factors, a unifying hypothesis of senescence-the deleterious network hypothesis of aging-is proposed: In living organisms, both endogenous and exogenous detrimental factors produce age-dependent accumulation of triggering of a deleterious network, which is constructed on the basis of the interactions among oxidative impairments, mitochondrial defects, calcium mismetabolism and glycation/Maillard reaction. The age-related triggering of the network leads to numerous senescent alterations. It appears that this novel theory has synthesized multiple hypotheses of aging, and is capable of providing consistent explanations to a larger number of senescent changes than any previous hypotheses. Based on the new theory of senescence, it is proposed that the approaches which can inhibit the initiation of the four key age-promoting factors should be applied combinatively to slow down the aging process and to prevent and treat age-associated illnesses.
The effect of inclusion waviness and waviness distribution on elastic properties of fiber-reinforced composites

In this study we investigated the effects of inclusion waviness and its distribution to the effective composite stiffness. Different waviness conditions were analyzed: uniform waviness with variable inclusion orientation or aspect ratio, and uniform aspect ratio with variable waviness. The inclusion waviness was found to have a greater effect on tensile moduli and shear modulus for unidirectional composites; however, if the inclusions are either randomly dispersed or partially aligned, the degree of waviness effect was smaller. The elastic moduli were also over-estimated if inclusion aspect ratio or waviness followed symmetric distributions. In addition, the waviness distribution effect was larger when larger inclusion waviness was introduced in a composite. The lack of fiber waviness distribution assumption was found to lead to inaccurate composite stiffness predictions, especially for composite with higher fiber volume fraction. We also demonstrated the inclusion waviness effects on the tensile modulus of carbon nanotube-reinforced composites. The results showed that the disparity between theoretical predictions and experimental data could be due to different inclusion waviness conditions.
Steady plane poiseuille flows of incompressible multipolar fluids

Abstract A detailed study of the problem of plane equilibrium Poiseuille flow of an isothermal, incompressible, dipolar fluid exhibiting non-linear viscosity is presented. Estimates are derived for the mean velocity, friction factor and net volume flow associated with such a steady motion; these may be useful in computing bounds for the constitutive constants associated with multipolar fluids.
Using Entertainment Media to Inform Student Affairs Teaching and Practice Related to Sexual Orientation.

This chapter presents theoretical foundations, resources, and entertainment media applications for working with lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) undergraduate and graduate students.
Prolific publishing: Professional and administrative concerns

Numerous reports of “prolific publishing” in the communication discipline rank actively publishing researchers, females, administrators, and institutions. We argue that these studies are methodologically weak and may communicate the false message to junior faculty that scholarship is a “numbers game” with academic winners and losers. This essay critiques the notion that quantity of publications, rather than quality, is an appropriate measure of individual or institutional productivity, that prolific publishing garners professional repect or rewards, and that teaching is secondary to publishing.
Site-specific electron-induced cross-linking of ortho-carborane to form semiconducting boron carbide

Abstract Semiconducting boron carbide (B10C2Hx) films have been formed by bombardment of condensed ortho-carborane (closo-1,2-dicarbadodecaborane) multilayers on polycrystalline copper substrates by 200 eV electrons under ultra-high vacuum conditions. The film formation process was characterized by X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopies. Electron bombardment results in the cross-linking of the icosahedral units. The cross-linking is accompanied by a shift in the B(1s) binding energy indicating site-specific cross-linking between two boron sites on adjacent carborane icosahedra. An additional shift in valence band binding energies attributed to the surface photovoltage effect is indicative of the formation of a p-type semiconductor. This is the first report of B10C2Hx formation by electron bombardment of condensed films, and the data indicate that this method is a viable route towards formation of ultra-thin films of tailored composition and cross-linkages for emerging nanoelectronics and sensor applications.
Ecosystem dynamics and the Sahel Drought

The Sahel region in West Africa has been experiencing a persistent drought throughout the last three decades. Here, we present a new perspective on the underlying physical mechanism behind this phenomenon. We use a coupled biosphere-atmosphere model including explicit representation of ecosystem dynamics to demonstrate that, regardless of the nature of the initial forcing, the natural response of the local grass ecosystem to the dry conditions of the late 1960s played a critical role in maintaining the drought through the following decades. The onset of the drought has been marked by a forced shift from a self-sustaining wet climate equilibrium to a similarly self-sustaining but dry climate equilibrium.
Semantic web services: current status and future directions

An increasing number of Web services are appearing, users as well as software agents and other web services need to be able to find, select, understand and invoke these services. Today, Web services (e.g. travel services, book selling services, stock reporting services etc) are discovered and invoked manually by human users, which hardcode the interaction between their own programs and the available Web services. Web services standards, such as UDDI, WSDL and SOAP, contribute to this vision by facilitating the interoperation between Web services and software agents or users. As a consequence of these standards is becoming by increasingly easier to connect Web services with their clients. The drawback of these standards is that there is no support for automatic interoperation, and therefore they implicitly assume that a programmer will hardcode the interaction between Web services and his own programs.
Application of critical path analysis to fractal porous media: comparison with examples from the Hanford site

Abstract Critical path analysis from percolation theory is used to calculate the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, K ( S ), of soils with pore space compatible with a (sometimes complex) fractal description. The fractal descriptions are chosen in accord with particle-size distributions of two soils at the US Department of Energy Hanford Site. One of the two soils exhibits a bimodal particle-size distribution, and is treated as a “dual” fractal. The results are then compared with measured hydraulic properties of these two soils. The analysis yields excellent agreement with experiment over 4–6 orders of magnitude in most investigated properties without use of fitting parameters. It is possible to show that such unusual phenomena as a sudden increase in the spread of K values with reduction of matric potential can be traced to effects of a bimodal distribution of pore sizes. The least certain parameter for calculation of K is the “critical volume fraction”, α c , which describes the minimum water content for which an interconnected network of capillary flow exists. The values deduced for α c , however, allow consistent interpretation in both soils investigated (in contrast to fitted values of a “residual moisture content” obtained by application of the van Genuchten function). Further, values of α c obtained correspond well with threshold moisture contents for solute diffusion reported elsewhere, evidence for the relevance of percolation to dispersion.
Increasing quantum yield of sodium salicylate above 80 eV photon energy: Implications for photoemission cross sections.

The quantum yield of the visible scintillator sodium salicylate is found to increase in the incident photon-energy range 80\char21{}270 eV. Because of its use as a photon-flux monitor in recent gas-phase photoelectron spectroscopy measurements, previously reported partial cross sections for Hg (4f, 5p, and 5d subshells) and ${\mathrm{CH}}_{3}$I (I 4d subshell) in this energy range are corrected, and new values are reported. For Hg, the correction brings the experimental data into better overall agreement with theory. However, considerable uncertainty remains in the absolute scale derived from previous Hg photoabsorption measurements, and no single rescaling of the subshell cross sections could simultaneously bring all three into agreement with available theoretical calculations.
Determination of binding constants by flow injection gradient technique

A new method is based on the flow injection gradient equipped with an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) detector has been developed for the determination of binding constants of substrates with cyclodextrins or micelles. The concentration gradient produced by this method eliminates the need to prepare series of mixtures in which the concentrations of one of the reactants are varied. The fast scanning ability of the AOTF enables the detector to record the whole absorption spectrum of the mixture as it flows through the flow cell. Binding constants can be rapidly determined. The effectiveness of the method was evaluated by determining binding constants of inclusion complex formation between β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and phenolphthalein and of the incorporation of organic molecules (e.g., p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTS) and benzophenone (BP)) into micelles (CTAB) under steady state condition (no flow) and compared with values determined under the flow injection gradient. The method is particularly effective for charged substrates, e.g., the binding constants obtained between PTS and CTAB and between phenolphthalein and β-CD. Neutral substrate, BP, gives relatively poor accuracy and reproducibility, and these may be due to the adsorption of the substrate onto the flow device.
Thermographic Patterns of Pulmonary Disease

Cholesteric liquid crystals, encapsulated onto black mylar sheets, were used to map out the thoracic thermographic patterns of pulmonary disease. In six of seven patients with active infection, and four patients with carcinoma of the lung, overlying skin was excessively warm. In nine of eleven patients with pulmonary thromboembolism, and three patients with regional fibrosis, overlying skin was excessively cool. The data suggest that thermography can be of help in the diagnosis of a pulmonary lesion.
Unliberated women in Joyce Carol Oates's Fiction

(1978). Unliberated women in Joyce Carol Oates's Fiction. World Literature Written in English: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 165-175.
Quantitation of radiolabeled biological molecules separated by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract Several techniques are compared for the quantitation of radiolabeled molecules separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The first technique is the direct fraction collection of the HPLC eluent at pre-set times in individual tubes. Aliquots are removed from each tube, placed in scintillation vials, scintillation fluid is added and the radioactivity is counted in a liquid scintillation counter. The second technique is the direct interface (immediate analysis and plotting of data) of the eluent from the HPLC to a flow-through radioactivity detector. The third technique is to split the eluent from the HPLC with a microbore electronic stream splitter (flow/no flow) with a certain percentage directed to the flow-through radioactivity detector and the remainder collected in a fraction collector for further chemical chracterization (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, recrystallization, further purification). A direct comparison of the chromatograms, radioactivity counting efficiencies and sensitivities for these three techniques is presented.
Acoustic Gap Waves in Piezoelectromagnetic Materials

It is shown that the propagation of a gap wave is possible between two ceramic piezoelectric half spaces as governed by the three-dimensional equations of piezoelectromagnetism with full electromagnetic coupling.
A global ocean flux study

A major goal for oceanography in the next decade is an understanding of ocean dynamics at basin and global spatial scales and at time scales from the interannual through the decadal. This understanding is not only of intrinsic interest and importance for the oceans themselves but is an essential component of the larger problems concerning the cycles of heat, water, and chemical constituents through the land, air, and sea. To the extent that the oceans act as the “flywheel” for the total system at these longer time scales, our level of understanding of this component is likely to be critical.
Integrating System and Software Engineering Through Modeling

System engineers who are responsible for capturing the formal requirements of a system typically have relied on text-based tools and free-form diagrams, otherwise known as "shall statements" and "PowerPoint engineering". In our work with the space interferometry mission (SIM) at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, we found the need to unambiguously represent behaviors and interfaces using common language and terminology across multiple project elements, for example, throughout different levels of system engineering and among system, software, and controls engineering. The system engineers adopted portions of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) [1] as a means to effectively communicate interfaces and desired system behaviors. UML sequence diagrams were used to capture scenarios and provide context for and understanding of the intent of the typical "shall statements". UML Statechart diagrams were used to capture dynamic behavior. In practice, the system and software engineers would iterate together on these models. Iterating on models proved to be a highly effective method of "fleshing-in" loosely worded and ambiguous requirements. Requirements have typically been difficult for the software engineer to implement without understanding the intent behind the requirements. Through the process of modeling, we found that system and software engineers effectively communicated interfaces and behavior. Modeling provided other benefits as well, notably, the ability to auto-generate portions of the flight code from these models and to apply formal methods to prove various correctness properties regarding the model. In this paper, we will describe in further detail how system engineers used modeling as an effective communication tool to capture requirements, their context, and the ensuing design throughout multiple levels of the system and within a subsystem. This increased software engineers' understanding of and insight into the system, making the software design process more efficient. In addition, we will describe how software engineers leveraged the models to improve the quality and reduce the cost of the final software product.
Pseudopotential calculations of nanoscale CdSe quantum dots.

A plane-wave semiempirical pseudopotential method with nonlocal potentials and spin-orbit coupling is used to calculate the electronic structure of surface-passivated wurtzite CdSe quantum dots with up to 1000 atoms. The calculated optical absorption spectrum reproduces the features of the experimental results and the exciton energies agree to within \ensuremath{\sim}0.1 eV over a range of dot sizes. The correct form of Coulomb interaction energy with size-dependent dielectric constant is found to be essential for such good agreement. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Characterization of high-hyperdiploidy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia with gain of a single chromosome 21.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood malignancy, representing nearly one third of all pediatric cancers [1]. At the cytogenetic level the disease is well characterized an...
Chapter 17 Intimal hyperplasia and graft failure

Abstract Over the last four decades, improvements in surgical technique and vascular grafts have permitted the reconstruction of both large and small vessels. Although such reconstructions may be technically satisfactory, they may fail for several reasons: spontaneous thrombosis, restenosis, or infection. This chapter focuses on the problem of restenosis as it applies to vascular grafts and other forms of arterial reconstruction. Over the last five years, substantial progress has been made in defining the various factors contributing to stenosis. Perhaps the most important is intimal smooth muscle hyperplasia. During the next decade, a detailed understanding of molecular mechanisms that regulate smooth muscle function should permit the development of pharmacological strategies to prevent restenosis (1).
A modified TRAM architecture

This paper modifies the tree RAM (TRAM) architecture (Jarwala and Pradhan, 1988) of multimegabit dynamic random access memories using a tree-star (TS) interconnection topology. The modified TS-RAM design offers a reduced access time and an improved yield for the proposed TS-RAM architecture. We also propose an improved built-in self test (BIST) approach for the architecture.
l-Phenylalanyl-l-Glutamate-Stimulated, Chloride-Dependent Glutamate Binding Represents Glutamate Sequestration Mediated by an Exchange System

Stimulation of glutamate binding by the dipeptide L-phenylalanyl-L-glutamate (Phe-Glu) was inhibited by the peptidase inhibitor bestatin, suggesting that the stimulation was caused by glutamate liberated from the dipeptide and not by the dipeptide itself. It further suggests that this form of glutamate binding should be reinterpreted as glutamate sequestration and that stimulation of binding both by dipeptides and after preincubation with high concentrations of glutamate is likely to be due to counterflow accumulation. Several other criteria indicate that most of glutamate binding stimulated by chloride represents glutamate sequestration: Binding is reduced when the osmolarity of the incubation medium is increased, when membranes incubated with [3H]glutamate are lysed before filtration, and when membranes are made permeable by transient exposure to saponin. Moreover, dissociation of bound glutamate after a 100-fold dilution of the incubation medium is accelerated about 50 times by the addition of glutamate to the dilution medium. This result would be anomalous if glutamate were bound to a receptor site; it suggests instead that glutamate is transported in and out of membrane vesicles by a transport system that preferentially mediates exchange between internal and external glutamate. Glutamate binding contains a component of glutamate sequestration even when measured in the absence of chloride. Sequestration is adequately abolished only after treating membranes with detergents; even extensive lysis, sonication, and freezing/thawing may be insufficient.
Models of complexation which predict iron (II) availability

Abstract In aerated soils Fe is present as Fe(III); however, in certain localized environments, Fe(II) will exist. While the complexation of Fe(III) by hydroxamic and other organic acids has been extensively reported, there is little information available concerning Fe(II) complexation. Modeling techniques revealed that chelating ligands determine the availability of Fe(II) with both Fe(OH)2(s) and FeCO3(s). Ethylenediaminotetracetic acid (EDTA) provides greatest association for Fe(II) when complexed as FeEDTA‐2 Iron (II) complexation by nitrilotriacetic acid is greater than with citrate or oxylate. Competition by other divalent cations is an important consideration in Fe(II) complexation.
Cytochrome photooxidations in Chromatium chromatophores: Each P870 oxidizes two cytochrome C422 hemes

Abstract A single, 20-nsec actinic flash oxidizes all of the P870 in Chromatium chromatophores, but only about one half of the cytochrome C422. A second flash, 1–10 msec later, oxidizes most of the remaining cytochrome. The cytochromes which undergo oxidation on the first and second flashes are indistinguishable with respect to their absorption spectra, their kinetics of oxidation and reduction, and their response to N -methylphenazonium methosulfate (PMS) or continuous actinic illumination. The effect of PMS is to increase the total amount of cytochrome C422 which is in the reduced form in the dark, and which is available for photooxidation. The conclusion is that each P870 reaction center is responsible for the oxidation of two C422 hemes.
Expression of α-gal epitopes on ovarian carcinoma membranes to be used as a novel autologous tumor vaccine

Abstract Objective Poor presentation of tumor-associated antigens (TAA) to the immune system remains a major obstacle to effective anti-tumor vaccine therapy. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of producing a novel autologous tumor vaccine from ovarian carcinoma that is expected to have increased immunogenicity. The strategy is based on the ability of the anti-Gal IgG antibody (a natural antibody comprising 1% of IgG in humans) to target tumor membranes expressing α-gal epitopes (Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R) to antigen-presenting cells (APC). Study design Freshly obtained ovarian carcinoma tumors are homogenized, washed, and incubated with a mixture of neuraminidase, recombinant α1,3galactosyltransferase (rα1,3GT) and uridine diphosphate galactose (UDP-Gal) to synthesize α-gal epitopes on carbohydrate chains of glycoproteins of these membranes. Subsequently, the processed membranes are analyzed for expression of α-gal epitopes and for the binding of anti-Gal. Results Incubation of 3 g of ovarian carcinoma membranes, from five different patients, at 100 mg/ml, mixed together with rα1,3GT (50 μg/ml), neuraminidase (1 mU/ml), and UDP-Gal (2 mM), resulted in the effective synthesis of α-gal epitopes to the extent of ∼2 × 1011 epitopes/mg of tumor membranes. As a result of this de novo expression of α-gal epitopes, the tumor membranes readily bound purified anti-Gal antibody, as well as anti-Gal in autologous serum. Conclusions The method described in this study is very effective in the synthesis of many α-gal epitopes on tumor membranes obtained from ovarian carcinoma. These novel epitopes readily bind the naturally occurring anti-Gal antibody. This technique of opsonization of α-gal-modified autologous tumor membranes carrying TAA is expected to increase effective uptake of the vaccine by APC, which is key to successful anti-tumor vaccination.
Mitochondrial DNA instability mutants of the bifunctional protein Ilv5p have altered organization in mitochondria and are targeted for degradation by Hsp78 and the Pim1p protease.

Ilv5p is a bifunctional mitochondrial protein inSaccharomyces cerevisiae required for branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis and for the stability of wild-type (ρ+) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Mutant forms of Ilv5p defective in mtDNA stability (a+D−) are present as 5–10 punctate structures in mitochondria, whereas mutants lacking enzymatic function (a−D+) show a reticular distribution, as does wild-type Ilv5p. a+D− ilv5mutations are recessive, and the mutant protein is redistributed to a reticular form when co-expressed with wild-type Ilv5p. Ilv5p proteins that are punctate in vivo are also less soluble in detergent extracts of isolated mitochondria, suggesting that the punctate foci in a+D− Ilv5p mutants are aggregates of the protein. a+D− Ilv5p proteins are selectively degraded in cells lacking a functional mitochondrial genome, but only in cells grown under derepressing conditions. The targeted degradation of a+D− Ilv5p, which occurs even when co-expressed with wild-type Ilv5p, is mediated by the glucose-repressible chaperone, Hsp78, and by the ATP-dependent Pim1p protease, whose activity may be modulated by ρ+ mtDNA.
Analysis of MILP Techniques for the Pooling Problem

The pq-relaxation for the pooling problem can be constructed by applying McCormick envelopes for each of the bilinear terms appearing in the so-called pq-formulation of the pooling problem. This relaxation can be strengthened by using piecewise-linear functions that over- and under-estimate each bilinear term. Although there is a significant amount of empirical evidence to show that such piecewise-linear relaxations, which can be written as mixed-integer linear programs (MILPs), yield good bounds for the pooling problem, to the best of our knowledge, no formal result regarding the quality of these relaxations is known. In this paper, we prove that the ratio of the upper bound obtained by solving piecewise-linear relaxations (objective function is maximization) to the optimal objective function value of the pooling problem is at most n, where n is the number of output nodes. Furthermore for any ϵ > 0 and for any piecewise-linear relaxation, there exists an instance where the ratio of the relaxation value t...
SPONTANEOUS GALLSTONE FORMATION IN DEER MICE: INTERACTION OF CHOLESTEROL, BILE ACIDS, AND DIETARY FIBER

A study of the physiologic and ecologic factors involved in a spontaneous seasonal gallstone cycle of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus gambelii) was conducted at the Tulelake National Wildlife Refuge (California, USA) from March 1991 to June 1992. The specific hypothesis examined was whether or not seasonal increases in dietary fiber intake provides the necessary conditions for a solubility defect, or supersaturation mechanism, resulting in precipitation of cholesterol gallstones. Results indicated that in addition to the seasonal gallstone prevalence cycle, these deer mice exhibit significant seasonal cycling in serum cholesterol, serum bile acids, fecal bile acids, and diet composition. These physiologic and dietary cycles were phase-advanced 3 mo over the gallstone prevalence cycle, indicating an approximate 3 mo time period for gallstone formation under field conditions. Further, seasonal dietary fiber (plant material and seeds) was positively correlated with both serum cholesterol and the fecal bile acids. This suggests that in wild deer mice, variations in dietary fiber may significantly affect the resorption of bile acids, thereby providing a potential physiologic and nutritional mechanism for spontaneous cholesterol gallstone formation.
Behavior of lattice defects in GaAs

Abstract Single crystalline samples of GaAs grown by either the horizontal Bridgman (HB) or floating zone (FZ) technique have been annealed in the range 450 to 800°C, usually for periods of 16 hr in either the presence or absence of copper. Measurements of thermally stimulated currents, dark conductivity, density, and thermal conductivity were carried out on samples at various stages of annealing. It was found that very large concentrations of traps (> 10 19 cm −3 ) can be introduced by annealing, and these are identified as lattice defects. It is proposed that there are two defects, a donor and an acceptor which occur both paired and isolated in the lattice. When paired, their ionization energies are roughly 0.2 eV, and when isolated are roughly 0.5 eV. There is a fundamental difference between FZ and HB crystals in annealing characteristics and of greatest significance, at 700°C in the absence of copper, the concentration of defects increases in FZ samples and decreases in HB samples. This indicates that the defects are not present in thermal equilibrium. Instead, the defects are probably introduced by an accident of growth during the growth process, in a neutral form such as a precipitate or antiphase domain. Copper acts as a catalyst in enhancing the rate of defect annealing.
Vapor bubble growth in heterogeneous boiling. I: Formulation

Abstract A numerical analysis is carried out to study bubble growth in saturated heterogeneous boiling. The bubble growth is determined by considering the simultaneous energy transfer among the vapor bubble, liquid microlayer, and heater. Finite difference solutions for the temperature fields in the microlayer and heater are obtained on expanding coordinates as the bubble grows. The parameters characterizing the bubble shape and microlayer wedge angle are determined by matching the existing experimental data. The predicted bubble growth rate compares very well with the reported experimental data over a wide range of conditions.
Acute stress reduces speech fluency.

Abstract People often report word-finding difficulties and other language disturbances when put in a stressful situation. There is, however, scant empirical evidence to support the claim that stress affects speech productivity. To address this issue, we measured speech and language variables during a stressful Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) as well as during a less stressful “placebo” TSST ( Het et al., 2009 ). Compared to the non-stressful speech, participants showed higher word productivity during the TSST. By contrast, participants paused more during the stressful TSST, an effect that was especially pronounced in participants who produced a larger cortisol and heart rate response to the stressor. Findings support anecdotal evidence of stress-impaired speech production abilities.
Analysis of Pressure Distribution Under Falling Weight Deflectometer Loading

An analysis of the pressure distribution beneath the loading plate of a falling weight deflectometer is presented. The analysis is conducted in two stages: (1) Rigid plate deformation shapes without the rubber pad are obtained for uniform and parabolic pressure distributions; and (2) a rubber pad is inserted between the loading plate and the pavement, and the resulting pressure distribution is evaluated for the extreme cases of rigid and soft pavements. It is shown that a uniform pressure distribution can be achieved only for the case when, under the same uniform pressure, the deformed shapes of the loading plate and the pavement surface are identical. Without the rubber pad, the pressure distribution can be highly nonuniform, with a pressure concentration near the center or the rim of the loading plate. When the rubber pad is inserted between the loading plate and the pavement, the pressure distribution is close to uniformity, within about 10% between the center and the rim of the plate. Therefore, with ...
Extension of the Johnson-King turbulence model to the 3-D flows

A critical evaluation of the eddy viscosity model of Johnson and King extended to the three-dimensional case has been performed for three-dimensional boundary layer flows. The turbulence model is evaluated by a detailed comparison with available experimental data for incompressible flows over an infinite swept wing and near an idealized wing-body junction. The isotropic model of Johnson and King is found to work much better than the Cebeci-Smith model, especially in regions of strong cross flow. The significant decrease in the shear stress magnitude is almost reproduced. This means that this effect is as important as the nonisotropic eddy viscosity. The introduction of Rotta's modification to account for nonisotropic eddy viscosity in the Johnson-King formulation is found to have little effect on the predictions. The cross-flow properties are the most strongly affected.
QUANTUM THEORY OF CORRELATED-ATOMIC-POSITION MEASUREMENTS BY RESONANCE IMAGING

Recently demonstrated methods for resonance imaging of moving atoms in the potential due to a spatially varying light shift have yielded spatial resolution of 200 nm, with linearity of a few percent over several micrometers. With single-atom detection and a potential uncertainty-principle limited resolution of a few nanometers, this method can be used to perform spatial correlation experiments in beams and traps, with ultrahigh spatial resolution. In this paper we present a theoretical treatment for methods to extend the resonance imaging technique to include position measurements of moving atoms at multiple points, and thereby to measure appropriately defined atomic correlation functions which depend generally on both position and momentum. Results are given for both fermions and bosons and simple examples show how correlated position measurement by resonance imaging reveals the atomic statistical properties at the long length scales which arise at low temperature.
Late spring arrival and dull nuptial plumage: aggression avoidance by yearling males?

Abstract The hypothesis that a late spring arrival and a dull nuptial plumage can aid yearling male passerines in avoiding aggression from territorial adult males was tested. Adult male black-headed grosbeaks, Pheucticus melanocephalus , were presented with three types of conspecific models: (1) adult male, (2) yearling male with bright plumage, and (3) yearling male with dull plumage. Models were associated with a song playback and were presented at (1) the time of adult male arrival and territory establishment, and (2) 2 weeks later at the time of yearling arrival and settlement. Test males were more aggressive toward all model types during early presentations than during late presentations. In addition, adult models elicited more aggression from territorial males than bright yearling models, which elicited more aggression than dull yearling models. The hypothesis that a late spring arrival may be due to energetic constraints imposed on the winter grounds was also addressed by comparing the arrival chronology of yearling males at two sites 25 km apart and separated by 550 m of elevation. Yearling male grosbeaks arrived at the high elevation site 8 days later than they arrived at the lowland site. It seems unlikely that the 8-day delay was caused by insufficient energy to travel only 25 km. These observations support the hypothesis that both a dull nuptial plumage and a late spring arrival aid yearling males in avoiding adult aggression. They are not in accord with the hypothesis that late spring arrival is due to constraints on the wintering grounds that prevent yearling males from migrating as early as adult males.
Computationally efficient methods for state of charge approximation and performance measure calculation in series-connected battery equalization systems

Abstract The battery system plays an important role in a number of modern power applications. In practice, cell charge imbalance is a very common issue in battery system operations, which may cause serious problems in power efficiency, equipment reliability and safety, etc. To analyze the performance of battery equalization systems, physical experiments with actual devices and computer simulations based on circuit models are typically used. These approaches, however, may be time-consuming and energy-inefficient for larger-scale systems. In this paper, based on the proposed mathematical model for series-connected battery equalization systems, we develop an analytical algorithm to approximate the state of charge (SOC) of battery cells at any time instant during the equalization process, and derive the formulas to calculate critical performance measures of the system. Extensive numerical experiments are carried out to justify the accuracy of the algorithm and formulas developed. In addition, the proposed methods use much less computational time as compared to computer simulations.
Trace element control in electrostatic precipitators and fabric filters

Abstract This paper is concerned with three trace metals that are sufficiently volatile to occur in the flue gas from coal in the vapor state. These elements are arsenic, selenium, and mercury. Securing their control as particulate matter in an electrostatic precipitator or baghouse may be aided by a process of chemical conversion from a vapor to a solid. This change may not always be necessary because some chemical process may prevent the appearance of each metal in the vapor state or some physical process such as adsorption may obviate the need for chemical conversion. Nevertheless, chemical conversion, if it can be easily achieved, may ensure that a physical deposition process such as electrostatic precipitation or fabric filtration will be an efficient removal process. For arsenic and selenium, the type of chemical process of interest is chemical reduction of the volatile oxides As 4 O 6 and SeO 2 to the relative involatile unoxidized elements. Ammonia at the low concentrations found useful for baghouse gas conditioning has been found to be capable of reducing SeO 2 to the element, and it also has the potential of reducing As 4 O 6 to the element. For mercury, the oxide is less volatile than the element. Thus, to remove elemental mercury from flue gas, chemical oxidation rather than chemical reduction is conceptually useful. Oxidants of potential value are the elements sulfur and selenium, which may produce the involatile sulfide and selenide.
An Optimal Orthogonal Decomposition Method for Kalman Filter-Based Turbofan Engine Thrust Estimation

A new linear point design technique is presented for the determination of tuning parameters that enable the optimal estimation of unmeasured engine outputs, such as thrust. The engine s performance is affected by its level of degradation, generally described in terms of unmeasurable health parameters related to each major engine component. Accurate thrust reconstruction depends on knowledge of these health parameters, but there are usually too few sensors to be able to estimate their values. In this new technique, a set of tuning parameters is determined that accounts for degradation by representing the overall effect of the larger set of health parameters as closely as possible in a least-squares sense. The technique takes advantage of the properties of the singular value decomposition of a matrix to generate a tuning parameter vector of low enough dimension that it can be estimated by a Kalman filter. A concise design procedure to generate a tuning vector that specifically takes into account the variables of interest is presented. An example demonstrates the tuning parameters ability to facilitate matching of both measured and unmeasured engine outputs, as well as state variables. Additional properties of the formulation are shown to lend themselves well to diagnostics.
A comparison of doped biopolymers using a coplanar waveguide based resonant bio-chemical sensor

This paper compares the effect of doped and un-doped biopolymers when the polymers are used as the sensing layer in a resonant chemical sensor. In addition to biopolymers, other polymers were doped as well for reference. The biopolymers used in this study were DNA-CTMA and Silk. The regular polymers used in this study were PMMA and Nafion. PMMA was doped with the metals nickel and iron. DNA-CTMA was doped with the metals manganese, nickel, and iron. Nafion and Silk were left un-doped for all of the tests. The above polymers were tested with DI water, humidity, ethanol, and isopropanol. All of the above polymers showed a resonant frequency change when subjected to the analyte of interest.
Periosteal stripping in achondroplastic children Little effect on limb length in 10 cases

We present a prospective study of the results of periosteal stripping and division in 10 achondroplastic children. A single limb (femur and tibia) was operated on and the change in actual length of each bone and the percentage change in growth compared to that of the non-operated limb was measured by scanogram. The mean absolute increase in growth was small, measuring 3 mm for the femur and 2 mm for the tibia There was no measurable growth difference after 18 months. This method of increasing limb length in achondroplastic children prior to definitive and extensive lengthening procedures is not recommended.
Nitrogen excretion by the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa: results of mesocosm experiments

Rates of excretion of NH/, urea and dissolved primary amines (DPA) by Acartia tonsa were measured over two 24-h periods in estuarine mesocosms. Animals (-20 non-gravid females) were collected from the mesocosms at intervals ranging from 3 to 6 h, isolated by micropipette, and incubated in vials. Concentration changes of each substrate were determined over incubation periods lasting 2-4 h. Rates of NH4* excretion ranged from non-detectable to 2 ng atom N copepod"1 rr1, and tended to be higher during the day than at night. Rates of urea and DPA release also ranged between non-detectable and -2 ng atom N copepod-1 h"1, but these rates tended to be higher during early morning and early evening. Our results suggest that the relative proportions of organic and inorganic nitrogen excreted by A.tonsa can be highly variable, both with time of day and with other treatment factors that may be related to the physiological and nutritional state of the copepods. These findings are consistent with other field studies suggesting that direct nitrogen excretion by copepods is a small flux relative to other pathways of microbial nitrogen regeneration.
ASN2 is a key enzyme in asparagine biosynthesis under ammonium sufficient conditions

The modification and enhancement of plant amino acid accumulation is potentially beneficial in terms of the production of suitable crop plants for food or feeds, and also with respect to possible environmental improvement via the effective use of nitrogen nutrition. It is also expected that modified plants will produce beneficial nitrogenous compounds, such as proteins, secondary metabolites, or nucleic acids. The size of amino acid pools in plants is strictly controlled by certain environmental factors such as light and nutrition. In order to gain an understanding of the mechanisms that control amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism, we investigated the diurnal changes in amino acid contents and also how the amino acid contents change with the progression of growth. We observed that almost all the amino acids in plant leaves undergo diurnal changes and that the pattern of these changes was different in young and old stages. We focused on correlation of the asparagine content and the expression of ASN2 asparagine synthetase, since under our experimental conditions their fluctuating patterns were found to be similar. The asparagine contents of ASN2-overexpressing and -underexpressing plants were increased and decreased, respectively, when they were grown under normal light and nutrient conditions. These changes in asparagine content were marked when the plants were grown under conditions where ammonium was the sole nitrogen source. It has been previously reported that ASN2 expression and ammonium metabolism are correlated. Our findings and these previous observations suggest that ASN2 functions as a regulator of asparagine biosynthesis and metabolism and that it mediates the effective use of nitrogen under ammonium-sufficient conditions.
Salivary secretion assay for drug efficacy for cystic fibrosis in mice

Computerized assays on cultured cells ex vivo have been used to screen thousands of compounds for their effectiveness in correcting the basic physiological defect in cystic fibrosis (CF). While a number of these compounds appear promising, their effectiveness will almost certainly need to be demonstrated in animals before therapeutic tests in humans will be possible. We show herein that the function of salivary secretion in the mouse model for CF could be used as a simple, easy and rapid in vivo assay for drug effects. We demonstrate that salivary secretory capacity stimulated with a beta-adrenergic agonist closely reflects the genotype of origin. Specifically, the mean maximal secretory rate of saliva in normal wild type (+/+) mice was about 1.5 times higher than that of the mean rate in heterozygote (+/-) mice and more than 50 times greater than in CF (-/-) mice. Total saliva secreted per stimulated period obeyed a similar phenotype-genotype segregation. The data indicate that salivary secretory rates in CF mice could be used to assay potential drugs for their effectiveness in correcting the secretory defect in cystic fibrosis.
Experimenting software radio with the Sora platform

Sora is a fully programmable, high performance software radio platform based on commodity general-purpose PC. In this demonstration, we illustrate the main features of the Sora platform that provide researchers flexible and powerful means to conduct wireless experiments at different levels with various goals. Specifically, the demonstrator will show four useful applications for wireless research that are built based on the Sora platform: 1) A capture tool that allows one to take a snapshot on a wireless channel; 2) a signal generation tool that allows one to transmit arbitrary baseband wave-form over the air, from a monophonic tone to a complex modulated frame; 3) an on-line real-time receiving application that uses the Sora User-Mode Extension; and 4) a fully featured Software radio WiFi driver (SoftWiFi) that can seamlessly inter-operate with commercial WiFi cards.
Reconfigurable Graphene Logic Device Based on Tilted P-N Junctions

In this paper, we introduce a novel reconfigurable graphene logic based on graphene p-n junctions. In this logic device, switching is accomplished by using co-planar split gates that modulate the properties that are unique to graphene, including ambipolar conduction, electrostatic doping, and angular dependent carrier reflection. In addition, the use of these control gates can dynamically change the operation of the device, leading to reconfigurable multi-functional logic. A device model is derived from carrier transmission probability across the p-n junction for allowing quantitative comparison to CMOS logic. Based on this model, we show that the proposed graphene logic has significant advantages over CMOS gate in terms of area, delay, power, and signal restoration. Furthermore, the device utilizes a large graphene sheet with minimal patterning, allowing feasible integration with CMOS circuits, for potential CMOS-graphene hybrid circuits.
CW operation of monolithic arrays of surface-emitting folded-cavity InGaAs/AlGaAs diode lasers

A monolithic 0.84-cm/sup 2/ two-dimensional array of surface-emitting folded-cavity InGaAs/AlGaAs diode lasers was mounted junction up on a W/Cu microchannel heatsink and evaluated under continuous-wave (CW) operating conditions. Each laser in the array contained two upward-deflecting internal-cavity 45 degrees mirrors which were etched using chlorine ion-beam-assisted etching, and two top-surface facets. The CW threshold current densities of different sections of the array were or=30%. A CW output power of over 40 W was obtained from the entire array, while a current-limited output power density of 84 W/cm/sup 2/ with an average temperature rise of approximately 30 degrees C was obtained from a quarter of the array. >
In-stroke word completion

We present the design and implementation of a word-level stroking system called Fisch, which is intended to improve the speed of character-level unistrokes. Importantly, Fisch does not alter the way in which character-level unistrokes are made, but allows users to gradually ramp up to word-level unistrokes by extending their letters in minimal ways. Fisch relies on in-stroke word completion, a flexible design for fluidly turning unistroke letters into whole words. Fisch can be memorized at the motor level since word completions always appear at the same positions relative to the strokes being made. Our design for Fisch is suitable for use with any unistroke alphabet. We have implemented Fisch for multiple versions of EdgeWrite, and results show that Fisch reduces the number of strokes during entry by 43.9% while increasing the rate of entry. An informal test of "record speed" with the stylus version resulted in 50-60 wpm with no uncorrected errors.