cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Practitioner Self-Care and Anxiety on Relationships within the Context of Organizational Change

This paper reviews the literature and suggests a causal model of the relationships between practitioner anxiety and effective caring practitioner-patient and practitioner-practitioner relationships within the context of organizational change through introduction of an electronic healthcare record. In the authors' model, self-care is introduced as a mediating variable using a conceptual framework of Relationship-centered Care. Engaging in frequent and regular self-care interventions has been shown to be related to practitioner-patient caring ability and caring efficacy. According to a published model of Relationship-centered Care, it is anticipated that self-care will mediate the effect of practitioner anxiety on the ability to engage in effective therapeutic relationships with patients and other practitioners. Through this lens and within the context of organizational changes such as implementation of the electronic health record, a conceptual model for research is proposed, research hypotheses are stated, and methodology for a future stream of research is discussed.
Relative Ineffectiveness of Arsenocholine as a Methylating Agent in the Chick

SummaryArsenocholine as compared to choline is relatively ineffective as a methylating agent for homocysteine in the chick.The authors are indebted to Dr. A. D. Welch for the arsenocholine, to Merck and Company, Inc., for some of the amino acids added to the diets, to Distillation Products, Inc., for the vitamin E concentrate, and to Riedel-deHnen, Inc., for the bile acids.
Drug Nephrotoxicity: An Overview

Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is common in clinical practice and should be sought out by clinicians seeking to understand the causes of renal disease and renal syndromes in particular patients. Insights into the pathophysiology of drug-induced disorders should provide clues to disease mechanisms which ultimately might lead to better treatments and more rational prevention of all renal diseases.
Ferrimagnetic Resonance in Gadolinium Iron Garnet

Ferrimagnetic resonance has been observed in gadolinium iron garnet from -192\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 72\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The apparent $g$ factor and line width have their maximum values at the compensation point (13\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C). The coincidence of the maximum $g$ with the vanishing of the magnetization implies that the $g$ factors of the ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{+3}$ and ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{+3}$ are equal. The temperature dependence of the integrated intensity of the absorption is very similar to that of the magnetization. Below -150\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, both $g$ and the line width increase with decreasing temperature.
Low-Shrinkage, High-Hardness, and Transparent Hybrid Coatings: Poly(methyl methacrylate) Cross-Linked with Silsesquioxane

Copolymers of trimethoxysilylpropyl methacrylate (TMSPM) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) with varied composition and molecular weight were prepared as building blocks for transparent organic−inorganic hybrid materials. Thermally and chemically induced condensation of these network precursors after solvent evaporation results in optically clear coatings as thick as 1.0 mm with extremely low lateral shrinkage. Many interacting variables such as acid catalyst concentration, polymer molecular weight, polymer composition, and thermal treatment combine to produce materials having controllable shrinkage, hardness, transparency, and thermal stability. By selectively defining these variables, the syntheses of these materials are optimized such that silsesquioxane-cross-linked acrylic polymers are produced that exhibit desirable properties such as low optical loss in the visible spectrum, low lateral shrinkage, high scratch hardness, and no glass transition temperature. The available combinations, interrelationships,...
On the Optimum Two-Dimensional Allocation Problem

A template layout problem of great interest is to determine the maximum number of two-dimensional shapes that can be cut from a sheet of stock material without having to search through all possible arrangements. An algorithm is proposed to computerize the layout of parts on a stock sheet in order to minimize waste. The method can be extended to three-dimensional shapes.
Descriptive epidemiology of pedometer-determined physical activity.

Purpose: The dual purposes of this study were: 1) to provide preliminary descriptive epidemiology data representing pedometer-determined physical activity (PA) and 2) to explore sources of intra-individual variability in steps per day. Methods: All participants (76 males, age = 48.4 +/- 16.3 yr, body mass index (BMI) = 27.1 +/- 5.1 kg[middle dot]m-2; 133 females, age = 47.4 +/- 17.5 yr, BMI = 26.9 +/- 5.7 kg[middle dot]m-2) resided in Sumter County, SC, and were recruited by telephone to receive a mailed kit to self-monitor PA for 1 wk. Statistical analyses compared mean steps per day between sexes, races, age groups, education and income levels, and BMI categories. Mean steps per day were also compared between: 1) weekdays versus weekend days, 2) workdays versus nonworkdays, and 3) days of sport/exercise versus no participation. Results: The entire sample took 5931 +/- 3664 steps[middle dot]d-1 (males = 7192 +/- 3596 vs females = 5210 +/- 3518 steps[middle dot]d-1, t = 7.88, P < 0.0001). Significant differences were also indicated by race, age, education, income, and BMI. In addition, weekdays were significantly higher than weekend days, workdays were higher than nonworkdays, and sport/exercise days were higher than nonsport/exercise days. Conclusions: The large standard deviations reflect a wide distribution of ambulatory behavior. Regardless, important differences are still evident by demographic characteristics, BMI categories, day of the week, and reported engagement in work or sport/exercise.
Ras family of small GTPases in immunity and inflammation

The Ras superfamily of small GTPases is a group of more than 150 small G proteins, all of which share some degree of homology to the founding member Ras. These small GTPases function as molecular switches within cells, impacting nearly all cellular processes. The Ras superfamily can be further divided into several smaller subfamilies, with those proteins that most closely resemble Ras belonging to the Ras subfamily. While heavily studied within the field of cancer biology, the Ras family of proteins also plays cardinal roles in immunity and inflammation. Here we review the roles of these molecular switches in regulating immune cell homeostasis and functions.
Aerosol-Printed Strain Sensor Using PEDOT:PSS

Recently, printed electronics have received growing attention as a method to produce low-cost large-area electronics on flexible substrates. This technology relies on printing techniques to deposit electrically functional materials onto flexible substrates to fabricate circuits with various electronic components such as resistors, capacitors, and transistors. In this paper, we apply the printed electronics technology to the development of strain sensors for measuring dynamic strain of a structure. To print sensors, we develop an aerosol printing system capable of atomizing a material solution into microscopic particles and depositing the particles on a target surface. Using this system, a water-based conductive polymer, PEDOT:PSS solution is deposited on a plastic beam. Then, piezoresistive sensing capabilities of the printed strain sensor are studied for low frequency cyclic loadings. Finally, the performance of the printed sensor is compared with a conventional thin-foil strain gauge for measuring dynamic strain of a beam under free vibration. The results show that this type of printed strain sensor can be used to accurately measure structural vibrations.
A review of recent advances in numerical simulations of microscale fuel processor for hydrogen production

Microscale (<5 W) reformers for hydrogen production have been investigated for over a decade. These devices are intended to provide hydrogen for small fuel cells. Due to the reformer's small size, numerical simulations are critical to understand heat and mass transfer phenomena occurring in the systems and help guide the further improvements. This paper reviews the development of the numerical codes and details the reaction equations used. The majority of the devices utilized methanol as the fuel due to methanol's low reforming temperature and high conversion, although, there are several methane fueled systems. The increased computational power and more complex codes have led to improved accuracy of numerical simulations. Initial models focused on the reformer, while more recently, the simulations began including other unit operations such as vaporizers, inlet manifolds, and combustors. These codes are critical for developing the next generation systems. The systems reviewed included plate reactors, microchannel reactors, and annulus reactors for both wash-coated and packed bed systems.
Time dependence of mechanisms in the renin response to renal nerve stimulation

Abstract The renin release responses to 1 and 5 min of renal nerve stimulation were determined. The left kidneys of α-chlorolose-anesthetized cats were pump perfused with blood while stimulating the decentralized renal nerves at different frequencies (0.5 ms, 10 V). With renal blood flow (RBF) held constant, 1 min of renal nerve stimulation increased renin secretion rate (RSR) at 1.0 (128%), 4.0 (168%) and 12.0 (160%) Hz. After 5 min of stimulation the responses were not different. Propranolol pretreatment prevented the increase in RSR at 1.0 Hz, and resulted in decreased RSR at 4.0 and 12.0 Hz. This response pattern occurred after 1 and 5 min of renal nerve stimulation. When renal perfusion pressure (RPP) was held constant, RSR at 1 min into the stimulation period was similar to that found in the constant RBF group. However, after 5 min the 4.0 Hz and 12.0 Hz responses were significantly greater than the 1 min responses (242% and 508%). Propranolol pretreatment resulted in renin responses after 1 min of stimulation which were similar to the beta-blocked constant RBF group. After 5 min of stimulation at 4.0 and 12.0 Hz RSR was greater than control levels. The results illustrate that renal nerve evoked renin release is time-dependent under constant RPP conditions. The data indicate the presence of 3 mechanisms in these responses. A beta-adrenergic receptor operates at all frequencies to increase renin release. When renal vasoconstriction occurs additional mechanisms are involved. One is inhibitory, independent of renal hemodynamic conditions and rapidly activated. The second is excitatory, occurs only under constant RPP conditions, and is activated slowly.
Negotiating Grammatical Choices: Academic Language Learning by Secondary ESL Students.

Abstract This paper reports on a part of a year-long investigation into high school ESL students’ academic language development. Eight participants were pulled out of their intermediate ESL class for weekly 50-minute sessions with the author for a year. While the main focus of the sessions was reading news magazine articles for meaning, the author purposely drew students’ attention to potentially difficult grammatical forms. Four sessions were on sentence-combining strategies in which the participants practiced rewriting sentences and discussed their justifications for their grammatical and rhetorical choices. Multiple solutions were encouraged and the participants negotiated meaning derived from the various ways of rewriting the sentences. These sessions were audio-recorded and transcribed, and each participant’s written responses were analyzed for grammatical accuracy, clarity, and completeness in meaning, and compared with his/her oral justification. The stronger students in the group exhibited greater willingness to experiment with different ways of rewriting sentences and had an “ear” for what academic English sounded like. In contrast, the weaker students stumbled on individual words and had considerable difficulty when presented with multiple sentences. This paper discusses the critical role of the teacher in drawing students’ attention to form within a meaning-driven, interactive discussion of academic English.
Incompressible flow past a circular cylinder: dependence of the computed flow field on the location of the lateral boundaries

The influence of the location of the lateral boundaries on 2D computation of unsteady incompressible flow past a circular cylinder is investigated. The case of Reynolds number 100 is used as a benchmark, and several quantities characterizing the unsteady flow are obtained for a range of lateral boundary locations. The computations are performed with two distinct finite element formulations - space-time velocity-pressure formulation and velocity-pressure-stress formulation. We conclude that the distance between the cylinder and the lateral boundaries can have a significant effect on the Strouhal number and other flow quantities. The minimum distance at which this influence vanishes has been found to be larger than what is commonly assumed.
A numerical model for resistive magnetohydrodynamic instabilities

Abstract A hydromagnetic model has been developed to study resistive instabilities in cylindrical geometry, and the model is applied to study specific diffuse pinch configurations. The MHD equations include the effects of compressibility, finite resistivity, viscosity, and thermal conductivity. The plasma equilibrium configuration is assumed known and is specified by Bθ0(r), Bz0(r), η0(r), ϱ0(r), T0(r) and these functions can be chosen to describe a particular experiment. Perturbations of the form f1(r, t)exp[i(mθ + k2z)] are used for all plasma and field variables, and the resulting linear partial differential equations are solved numerically as an initial value problem using an implicit difference scheme. A set of seven equations for Br1, Bθ1 , T1 , νr1 , νθ1, νz1, ϱ1, is obtained and the calculation is started by specifying an initial perturbation. For a particular problem, the parameters m, kz, and S = τR/τH, the ratio of resistive diffusion time to hydromagnetic transit time must be given, and for certain choices an exponential growth occurs and the growth rate p(m, kz, S) is calculated.
Wait-free algorithms for fast, long-lived renaming

Abstract In the classic “one-time” renaming problem, processes are required to choose new names in order to reduce the size of their name space. We introduce a new, more general version of the renaming problem called “long-lived” renaming, in which processes may repeatedly acquire and release names. We also present several wait-free algorithms for both one-time and long-lived renaming on shared-memory multiprocessing systems. Previous wait-free renaming algorithms have time complexity that is dependent on the size of the original name space. In contrast, most of our algorithms have time complexity that is independent of the size of the original name space.
Fluoroscopic evaluation of intra-articular screw placement during locked volar plating of the distal radius: a cadaveric study.

Purpose To evaluate specific fluoroscopic views for assessment of intra-articular screw placement during locked volar plating of the distal radius. Methods The distal radius of a cadaver forearm was plated with a fixed-angle volar plate according to the surgical technique guide of the manufacturer. A goniometer was used to place the specimen at various described angles in the fluoroscope including standard posteroanterior (PA), tilt PA (11°), standard lateral, and tilt lateral (15°, 23°, 30°) views. Radiographic images of each screw individually and in various combinations were digitally captured. Results Only the tilt PA view correctly showed all 4 screws to be extra-articular. On the standard PA view, the 2 ulnar screws appeared intra-articular. Lower angle tilt lateral views (15° and 23°) correctly visualized the ulnar screws but not the styloid screw. The highest angle lateral view (30°) correctly visualized the radial screws but not the sigmoid (most ulnar) screw. The styloid screw appeared to be intra-articular on every lateral view except at 30° and was correctly visualized on both the PA and tilt PA views. Conclusions Multiple oblique views are required for evaluation of intra-articular screw placement during locked volar plating of the distal radius. Lower angle tilt lateral views are more specific for the ulnar screws, and higher angle views are more specific for the radial screws. We suggest first placing the ulnar screws whenever possible, using lower angle tilt lateral views (15° to 23°) to evaluate for intra-articular placement. The styloid screw may be placed last and can then be evaluated on the PA and tilt PA views.
Far-off-resonance optical trapping of atoms

We confine $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms in an optical dipole force trap with a very large detuning from resonance of up to 65 nm. Confinement times of 200 ms, limited only by background-gas collisions, are obtained without additional cooling. A typical trap contains 1300 atoms at a temperature of 0.4 mK and a peak density of 8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{11}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$. We measure spontaneous photon scatter rates of the trapped atoms to be less than 1.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, corresponding to recoil heating rates below 0.6 mK/s. The far-detuned trap confines atoms with a strong, nearly conservative optical force and negligible atomic excitation.
Simulations of lipid crystals: Characterization of potential energy functions and parameters for lecithin molecules

We evaluate an empirical potential energy function and associated parameters for classical molecular dynamics simulations of lecithins, a common class of lipid. The physical accuracy of the force field was tested through its application to molecular dynamics simulations of the known crystal structures of lipid molecules. Average atomic positions and molecular conformation are well maintained during the simulations despite considerable thermal motion. Calculated isotropic temperature factors correlate highly with those from experiment.
Relative DNA content of individual chromosomes, karyotype and ploidy in crown gall tumor cells of Crepis capillaris

Levels of ploidy, karyotype, mitosis and relative DNA content of chromosomes in crown gall tumor cells in stem and leaf of Crepis capillaris were studied. Except for about 7% tetraploid mitoses, dividing cells were found to be mainly diploid in both stem and leaf tumors. The karyotype and mitosis in tumor cells were not detectably different from normal cells. The relative DNA content of homologous pairs of chromosomes in the genome of tumor cells was similar to that of root tip cells. These observations indicate that no dramatic change in DNA content or DNA distribution occurred when tissue was transformed to crown gall tumor.
Support versus corroboration

Numerous metrics have been developed that attempt to assess the reliability of phylogenetic trees. Several of these commonly used measures of tree and tree branch support are described and discussed in the context of their relationship to Popperian corroboration. Claims that measures of support indicate the accuracy of phylogenetic trees or provide information for tree choice are rebutted. Measures of support are viewed as being of heuristic value within a given phylogenetic framework for describing the precision of the data based on perturbations to the data. However, no direct link is observed between the calculation of measures of support and corroboration. Direct measures of support, but not re-sampling or randomization methods, may play a more specific role in phylogenetic inference by providing the tools to search for falsifiers that could be the subject of future rounds of hypothesis testing.
Quantification of beam complexity in intensity-modulated radiation therapy treatment plans

Purpose: Excessive complexity in intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plans increases the dose uncertainty, prolongs the treatment time, and increases the susceptibility to changes in patient or target geometry. To date, the tools for quantitative assessment of IMRT beam complexity are still lacking. In this study, The authors have sought to develop metrics to characterize different aspects of beam complexity and investigate the beam complexity for IMRT plans of different disease sites. Methods: The authors evaluated the beam complexity scores for 65 step-and-shoot IMRT plans from three sites (prostate, head and neck, and spine) and 26 volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans for the prostate. On the basis of the beam apertures and monitor unit weights of all segments, the authors calculated the mean aperture area, extent of aperture shape irregularity, and degree of beam modulation for each beam. Then the beam complexity values were averaged to obtain the complexity metrics of the IMRT plans. The authors studied the correlation between the beam complexity metrics and the quality assurance (QA) results. Finally, the effects of treatment planning parameters on beam complexity were studied. Results: The beam complexity scores were not uniform among the prostate IMRT beams from different gantry angles. The lateralmore » beams had larger monitor units and smaller shape irregularity, while the anterior-posterior beams had larger modulation values. On average, the prostate IMRT plans had the smallest aperture irregularity, beam modulation, and normalized monitor units; the head and neck IMRT plans had large beam irregularity and beam modulation; and the spine stereotactic radiation therapy plans often had small beam apertures, which may have been associated with the relatively large discrepancies between planned and QA measured doses. There were weak correlations between the beam complexity scores and the measured dose errors. The prostate VMAT beams showed greater complexity than the prostate step-and-shoot IMRT beams. In the treatment planning process, the beam complexity increased as the minimum segment area decreased and as the number of optimization iterations and the maximum number of segments increased. Conclusions: The proposed metrics were effective in characterizing the beam complexity of different disease sites and for different treatment modalities. Efforts should be made to reduce the unnecessary complexity of IMRT beams to minimize the radiation dose uncertainties.« less
The Relationship of Performance Appraisal System Characteristics to Verdicts in Selected Employment Discrimination Cases

This study examined empirically the effects of 13 appraisal system characteristics on the verdicts rendered in 66 employment discrimination cases. Of the 13 characteristics, 5 were found to differe...
The Clinical Relevance of Hemoglobin, Platelet, and Serotonin Changes in Sequestered and Circulating Blood During Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Objective: To determine how hemoglobin (Hb), platelet, and serotonin concentrations change during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in sequestered blood from the pulmonary artery compared with circulating systemic blood; and to determine the correlation between platelet and serotonin variability at the two sites and clinical outcome measurements related to hemodynamics and blood loss. Design: A prospective clinical study. Setting: A university hospital. Participants: Twenty patients undergoing elective aortocoronary bypass. Interventions: Measurements of Hb, platelet, and serotonin concentrations were performed before, during, and after CPB on paired blood samples from the pulmonary artery and the radial artery. Hemodynamic measurements were recorded before and after CPB and chest tube drainage was recorded postoperatively. Measurements and Main Results: The Hb, platelet, and serotonin concentrations were all significantly different between radial artery and pulmonary artery samples at the different measurement times (p < 0.001, analysis of variance [ANOVA] for repeated measures). Hb, platelet, and serotonin concentrations were all significantly increased in the pulmonary artery at the time of aortic cross-clamping compared with the corresponding radial artery blood samples (p < 0.0005, ANOVA). During the period of ischemic arrest, Hb was unchanged in the pulmonary artery and remained significantly increased compared with systemic blood (p < 0.0005, ANOVA). Serotonin concentrations in both systemic and sequestered pulmonary artery blood had significant correlation with cardiac index (Cl), right ventricular ejection fraction (REF), and systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI; p ≤ 0.006, least squares analysis). Postoperative chest tube drainage most closely correlated with the platelet counts measured in both the radial and pulmonary arteries at the start of CPB (p < 0.05, least squares analysis). Conclusion: During CPB, there were significant differences in Hb, platelet, and serotonin concentrations in sequestered pulmonary artery blood compared with circulating systemic blood. The initial differences and subsequent changes were most likely attributable to decreased hemodilution and a different pattern of platelet activation in the pulmonary artery blood compared with the systemic blood. Despite the hematologic differences, serotonin concentration and platelet counts in the pulmonary artery blood had significant correlation to indices of cardiac function and postoperative chest tube drainage, respectively. Platelet and serotonin changes in sequestered pulmonary artery blood were also associated with some of the adverse consequences of CPB.
Update in General Internal Medicine

In 2005, several important studies challenged the general internist's definition of routine care for many conditions. This Update discusses research on coronary artery disease, vitamin E, women's h...
Thyrotropin binding to porcine thyroid plasma membranes: kinetic and thermodynamic analyses

Evaluation of TSH binding to plasma membranes of porcine thyroid revealed unique sensitivity to pH and temperature. Analysis of apparent equilibrium binding yielded a linear Scatchard plot at the optimal pH of 6.0, indicating one class of binding sites. At physiological pH 7.4 a curvilinear Scatchard plot was obtained, resolved by computer analysis into two classes of binding sites of different affinities and capacities. Treatment of membranes with phospholipase C resulted in a 20% decrease in the number of high affinity sites, but no change occurred in binding affinity. In contrast, low affinity sites were not altered. To evaluate the significance of the curvilinear Scatchard plot, the kinetics of association were examined. The intrinsic Kd (kd/ka) was 0.20 nM, a value essentially equivalent to that of the high affinity binding component. The 'negative cooperativity' model of hormone binding was evaluated by examining the effect of excess unlabeled TSH on dissociation rate. Dissociation of bound 125I-labeled TSH was biphasic, and was enhanced by unlabeled hormone, regardless of whether the membranes were prelabeled at pH 6.0 or 7.4. This effect was not correlated with curvilinear Scatchard plots, and therefore not proof of negative cooperativity. Binding sites for TSH were further distinguished by their sensitivity to temperature. A van't Hoff plot of temperature dependence of the apparent Kd of the high affinity site was linear from 4 to 37 degrees C. In contrast, the apparent Kd of low affinity binding did not vary with respect to temperature. These results demonstrate that there are at least two independent binding sites for TSH on porcine thyroid plasma membranes, distinguishable by their equilibrium binding properties.
Shift of tonotopic organization in brain stem auditory nuclei of the chicken during late embryonic development.

Abstract The tonotopic organization of nucleus magnocellularis and nucleus laminaris, second and third order nuclei in the avian auditory system, was mapped in 19–20-day old chick embryos (E19-20). The characteristic frequency recorded at any given location in each nucleus was intermediate between the frequencies observed previously at E17 and one day after hatching. This indicates that tonotopic organization changes during the embryonic as well as the postnatal development of hearing in birds.
Talbot imaging with increased spatial frequency: a technique for replicating truncated self-imaging objects

The Talbot effect in the presence of a convergent beam of coherent light yields a demagnified image of a self-imaging object. In fact, the object does not even have to fulfill the self-imaging condition; the object with truncated self-imaging feature is sufficient to yield an image that is sufficiently accurate for many practical purposes. We have taken this approach to fabricating circular gratings with a reduced period compared to the period of the mask. Using a simple experimental setup and a concentric circular grating mask, we have created images whose periods are either one-half or one-third of the mask's period. Demagnified Talbot imaging of fully or truncated self-imaging objects provides an attractive approach to photolithographic fabrication of structures whose periods are somewhat greater than the wavelength of the light source.
Dealing with communication problems in the instructional interactions between international teaching assistants and American college students

This study proposes that communication problems may be procedurally managed in intercultural interaction. Drawing upon a number of office-hour interactions between international teaching assistants and American college students, this paper examines the linguistic and cultural sources of communication problems. The close analyses of these interactions revealed that problematic understanding could be managed in the communicative procedures of correction and prevention. The findings here suggest that procedural knowledge is particularly important for achieving mutual understanding in education contexts.
Distinguishing between reaction intermediates and spectators: A kinetic study of acetone oxidation using ozone on a silica-supported manganese oxide catalyst

Abstract A detailed mechanistic study of acetone oxidation using ozone was performed on a 10 wt% silica-supported manganese oxide catalyst using in situ Raman spectroscopy. Two adsorbed intermediates were identified at reaction conditions: an acetone species with a band at 2930 cm −1 and an adsorbed peroxide species on the manganese oxide with a band at 890 cm −1 . Quantitative temperature-programmed desorption measurements showed that the acetone species resided on the silica support, which thus acted as a noninnocent support. The rates of the acetone and ozone reactions at 318–373 K were equally well described by the power-rate law and Langmuir–Hinshelwood expressions. Transient experiments showed that the rates of formation and reaction of the peroxide surface species did not correspond to the overall reaction rate, and it was concluded that it was not directly involved in the main reaction pathway. A mechanism is proposed involving the migration of the adsorbed acetone intermediate from the silica support to manganese centers, where it reacts with atomically adsorbed oxygen species to form complete oxidation products.
Evaluation of Sheet Forming Simulation for an Integrated Reverse Engineering System

AbstractThis paper presents the method and results for the evaluation of sheet forming simulation software commercially available. The objective of the evaluation is to identify best suitable finite element-based simulation software for an integrated reverse engineering system that supports sheet metal forming at a defense logistics center. This system is composed of a set of software tools and hardware equipment that are seamlessly integrated to support in-house part manufacturing, from design to production. Excellent hardware equipment that supports reverse engineering and sheet forming manufacturing is currently employed at the center. The sheet forming simulation software is one of the major components being added to the system. This software evaluation is conducted entirely from the needs of the center. Simulation capabilities involved in the evaluation include relevant forming operations, such as draw, sheet hydro-forming and stretch forming; as well as die design, and blank nesting. Parts are physi...
TATA-flanking sequences influence the rate and stability of TATA-binding protein and TFIIB binding.

The kinetics of TATA-binding protein (TBP) and TFIIB binding were measured on a series of promoter constructs that had varying sequences within and flanking the TATA box. The flanking sequences were found to influence TBP stability even though they do not contact the protein. This occurs by altering the decay rate rather than the association rate. TFIIB association is accompanied by protein-protein cooperativity as indicated by the simultaneous release of both proteins in challenge experiments. The sequence of the TATA box and the sequences that flank it can influence the kinetics of the TFIIB.TBP.DNA complex. TFIIB can contribute to tighter TATA binding in two ways. It always slows the decay rate of TBP, but it can also increase the rate of association at promoters with certain combinations of TATA and flanking sequences. The results imply that the interplay between the TATA box and flanking elements leads to variations in the kinetics of preinitiation complex formation that may account for the observed effects of all of these diverse sequences on transcription.
A note on perfect systems of difference sets

Etude des systemes parfaits densembles de differences. Raccourcissement des formules donnees par P.J. Laufer et J.M. Turgeon. Extension a d'autres valeurs de e
Inactivation of bacteriophages via photosensitization of fullerol nanoparticles.

The production of two reactive oxygen species through UV photosensitization of polyhydroxylated fullerene (fullerol) is shown to enhance viral inactivation rates. The production of both singlet oxygen and superoxide by fullerol in the presence of UV light is confirmed via two unique methods: electron paramagnetic resonance and reduction of nitro blue tetrazolium. These findings build on previous results both in the area of fullerene photosensitization and in the area of fullerene impact on microfauna. Results showed that the first-order MS2 bacteriophage inactivation rate nearly doubled due to the presence of singlet oxygen and increased by 125% due to singlet oxygen and superoxide as compared to UVA illumination alone. When fullerol and NADH are present in solution, dark inactivation of viruses occurs at nearly the same rate as that produced by UVA illumination without nanoparticles. These results suggest a potential for fullerenes to impact virus populations in both natural and engineered systems rangi...
Information access in context

Our central claim is that user interactions with productivity applications (e.g. word processors, Web browsers, etc.) provide rich contextual information that can be leveraged to support just-in-time access to task-relevant information. As evidence for our claim, we present Watson, a system which gathers contextual information in the form of the text of the document the user is manipulating, in order to proactively retrieve documents from distributed information repositories related to task at hand, as well as process explicit requests in the context of this task. We close by describing the results of several experiments with Watson, which show it consistently provides useful information to its users. The experiments also suggest that, contrary to the assumptions of many system designers, similar documents are not necessarily useful documents in the context of a particular task.
Underground lab proposed

There is a new effort to spend more than $45 million for the construction of an underground national laboratory, this time for the purpose of observing natural phenomena, but of course with a high-energy physics overtone. To be observed are phenomena such as the gravitational constant and the earth's natural neutrino flux. This is to be a project in the realm of “non-accelerator physics” and as such will be breaking new ground in federal big-science funding. The idea is to locate an elaborate facility for testing a number of very basic physical theories. The laboratory is to be located underground at a depth of 1–2 km at the Nevada Test Site. The area selected will be free from surface background effects and will benefit from “plenty of land, where the geology is thoroughly understood” according to a recent report (Science, August 26, 1983).
Interactions of proteins with bonded-phase ion exchangers

Abstract The ion-exchange properties of several commercial bonded-phase supports were studied to determine their applicability for protein separations. Because of the complexity and multiple functionality of protein molecules, UV-absorbing ions with unit charges were used initially to proble ion-exchange properties. The anion exchangers studied showed ambiguous properties, but elution of an organic cation from a pellicular cation exchanger was consistent with ion-exchange theory. With proteins, however, constradictions were found. The elution of reference proteins from the cation exchanger showed that mixed mechanisms occurred. For example, bovine serum albumin and ovalbumin were retained at a pH above teir isoionic points, and their retention times increased rather than decreased with incresing eluent molarity. The mixed mechanisms and the lower diffusivities of protein led to higher heights equivalent to a theoretical plate. Nevertheless, mixtures of reference proteins and protein isolates were resolved.
Examining the Relationship of Children’s Behavior to Emotion Regulation Ability

This study investigated the relationship between children’s ability to regulate emotions and display of appropriate behavior in social settings. A sample of 33 children representing a wide range of social economic status was randomly selected from a Head Start Program and an Early Childhood Development Center in the Midwest. Data were collected using the Emotion Regulation Checklist (ERC) developed by Shields and Cicchetti (Dev Psychol 33:906–916, 1997, J Clin child Psychol, 27:231–395, 1998). A “Behavior Recording” checklist was developed and used to record appropriate and inappropriate behavior observed during children social interactions. Teacher ratings identified children as generally high emotion regulators. Girls had generally higher scores than boys in emotion regulation ability. A high relationship (r = .76) was also found between emotion regulation and display of appropriate behavior. Results indicate the importance of emotions in relation to a child’s well being and academic achievement. Additionally, these findings suggest a need for parents and early childhood educators to teach children appropriate emotional behavior when confronted with situations that are in conflict with societal norms.
Characterization of β-N-Acetylglucosaminidase Cleavage by Caspase-3 during Apoptosis

β-O-Linked N-acetylglucosamine is a dynamic post-translational modification involved in protein regulation in a manner similar to phosphorylation. Removal of N-acetylglucosamine is regulated by β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (O-GlcNAcase), which was previously shown to be a substrate of caspase-3 in vitro. Here we show that O-GlcNAcase is cleaved by caspase-3 into two fragments during apoptosis, an N-terminal fragment containing the O-GlcNAcase active site and a C-terminal fragment containing a region with homology to GCN5 histone acetyl-transferases. The caspase-3 cleavage site of O-GlcNAcase, mapped by Edman sequencing, is a noncanonical recognition site that occurs after Asp-413 of the SVVD sequence in human O-GlcNAcase. A point mutation, D413A, abrogates cleavage by caspase-3 both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we show that O-GlcNAcase activity is not affected by caspase-3 cleavage because the N- and C-terminal O-GlcNAcase fragments remain associated after the cleavage. Furthermore, when co-expressed simultaneously in the same cell, the N-terminal and C-terminal caspase fragments associate to reconstitute O-GlcNAcase enzymatic activity. These studies support the identification of O-GlcNAcase as a caspase-3 substrate with a novel caspase-3 cleavage site and provide insight about O-GlcNAcase regulation during apoptosis.
Melanogenesis: Ultrastructural Histochemical Observations on Ultraviolet Irradiated Human Melanocytes

Ultrastructural DOPA and tyrosine reactions have been used to provide information regarding subcellular sites of melanogenesis within the melanocyte following ultraviolet irradiation of normal human skin. Our observations indicate that the earliest premelanosomes arise from all parts of the Golgi apparatus as well as from a Golgi associated system of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (GERL). The time interval following irradiation influences the site of enzyme activity. The role of the Golgi apparatus in melanogenesis is discussed and special attention is drawn to the fact that some premelanosomes frequently show no tyrosinase activity, even though such enzyme activity may be present in neighboring vesicles.
Perspectives on evidence-based practice from consumers in the US public mental health system.

Rationale, aims and objectives Evidence-based practice (EBP) is a matter of mental health policy in USA. Supporters find it useful in two forms, as generating a list of approved practices and as providing information to practitioners and consumers engaged in shared decision making. Almost nothing has been written about consumer perspectives on EBP. Given that they play an important role in the second form of EBP, this study explores the range and logic of these perspectives and of related views about the role of information in decision making. Methods Four focus groups (n = 38) were held in two settings in a Midwestern state in 2005. Thirty-nine face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted at three settings in 2006. Focus group members and interviewees were seriously mentally ill consumers in the public mental health system. Focus group sessions and interviews were audiotaped and transcribed. Thematic categories and subcategories were analysed. Results Focus group members and interviewees varied among themselves and between groups in their responses, but three major thematic categories emerged in both groups – consumers have positive and negative attitudes towards evidence; consumers seek and receive information from multiple sources; and consumers have competing and complementary principles for decision making. Interviews revealed that although real shared decision making is rare, consumers want to and may be involved in decisions about their care. Conclusions EBP per se has mostly by-passed consumers in the public mental health system, but at least some want to be better informed about and more involved in their care. Their misgivings about evidence are reasonable and resonate with the principles of the recovery movement.
Stimulus-Based State Control in the Thalamocortical System

Neural systems operate in various dynamic states that determine how they process information (Livingstone and Hubel, 1981; Funke and Eysel, 1992; Morrow and Casey, 1992; Abeles et al., 1995; Guido et al., 1995;Mukherjee and Kaplan, 1995; Kenmochi and Eggermont, 1997;Worgotter et al., 1998; Kisley and Gerstein, 1999). To investigate the function of a brain area, it is therefore crucial to determine the state of that system. One grave difficulty is that even under well controlled conditions, the thalamocortical network may undergo random dynamic state fluctuations which alter the most basic spatial and temporal response properties of the neurons. These uncontrolled state changes hinder the evaluation of state-specific properties of neural processing and, consequently, the interpretation of thalamocortical function. Simultaneous extracellular recordings were made in the auditory thalamus and cortex of the ketamine-anesthetized cat under several stimulus conditions. By considering the cellular and network mechanisms that govern state changes, we develop a complex stimulus that controls the dynamic state of the thalamocortical network. Traditional auditory stimuli have ambivalent effects on thalamocortical state, sometimes eliciting an oscillatory state prevalent in sleeping animals and other times suppressing it. By contrast, our complex stimulus clamps the network in a dynamic state resembling that observed in the alert animal. It thus allows evaluation of neural information processing not confounded by uncontrolled variations. Stimulus-based state control illustrates a general and direct mechanism whereby the functional modes of the brain are influenced by structural features of the external world.
Wireless battlefield tactical networking supporting C2OTM and C4I for the army warrior

The Army's Enterprise Strategy focuses on identifying, supplying, and implementing sophisticated information and other C4I technologies needed to support the army warfighter. This new land combat doctrine emphasizes mobility, increased operational tempo, and C2OTM (command and control on the move); requiring networks to dynamically respond to continuously changing node topology to digitize the battlefield. Communication support must be provided for "seamless" computer-to-computer data exchange across multiple command layers. Based upon previously published work in the area of tactical networks, Unisys Communication Systems is developing a wireless battlefield tactical networking capability that will provide a high capacity, robust, LPE, and A/J tactical communications network specifically addressing the computer-to-computer data exchange problem in the "on-the-move" environment. This paper reports on this ongoing effort, building upon move than six years of previous work-both customer funded and IR&D. >
Mechanistic limitations to the release of latent heat during the natural and artificial glaciation of deep convective clouds

The latent heat thermodynamically available in the supercooled water of deep convective clouds is released at rates governed by the glaciation mechanism, presumed here to involve primary nucleation, capture nucleation of rain by small ice particles and secondary ice production (rime-splintering hypothesis). A simple microphysical model of the glaciation shows the importance of regenerative feed-back on the evolution of ice when the primary nucleation and regenerative processes proceed simultaneously, leading to insensitivity to the primary ice nucleus concentration. This allows rapid glaciation and heat release to occur naturally in clouds exhibiting a broad supercooled drop size spectrum. New observational data and model results of artificially induced glaciation are consistent with the idea that the primary microphysical role of seeding is the creation of many small ice particles which substitute for the secondary ice splinters of naturally induced glaciation. the aerodynamic capture of the splinters by the supercooled rain leads to the formation of new graupel particles and the rapid release of fusional heat, shown by calculation to dominate the heat release mechanisms. With a seeding agent acting in the contact mode the small (cloud drop) end of the spectrum is required, since Brownian scavenging of the nuclei by the few large rain drops is inefficient. the quantitative analysis of these glaciation concepts also demonstrates that realistic seeding under conditions conducive to ice multiplication could increase materially the rate of heat release and offer opportunities for artificially invigorating the dynamic structure of a cloud if glaciation is induced to occur within a relatively narrow ‘time window’ for seeding.