cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feeding the repartitioning agent, ractopamine, to channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) increases weight gain and reduces fat deposition

Abstract Channel catfish (average initial weight, 156 g) were fed to satiety with a high performance diet (36% crude protein, 3.2 kcal digestible energy/g) containing 0, 20, or 100 ppm of ractopamine in flowing-water raceways for 4 weeks. The fish fed 20 ppm of ractopamine gained 17% more weight (P
Risk in Agricultural Production: Discussion

Antle has given us the sort of catalytic paper one always hopes for but seldom sees. His paper outlines a direction for research that points toward improved decision making under risk. Therefore, my primary role will be to emphasize its truths as best I am able. Jolly's paper discusses the limited' applications that have been made of risk management concepts in extension work and will be discussed first because he broaches some ideas that are treated more completely by Antle. Jolly identified "economic research and extension problems that are important in developing the managerial skills of agricultural decision makers. . . ." He sees no necessary distinction between risk management and farm management, nor do I, but he indicates "the focus of farm management is on goal setting, communication, information processing and analysis, negotiation, and control." If so, small wonder there is the persistent gap between the rapidly growing knowledge base of economics (about risk management concepts) and the farm management techniques practiced by producers and agricultural advisors which is both alarming and discouraging. Little attention is given to decisions, decision making, or the need for strategies-even pricing strategies; and there is only casual mention of the need for analyzing the consequences of the unexpected which might have, or has, happened. His concentration appears to be on the development of an elegant plan. Our focus in farm management is on providing as much information to decision makers as we are able, including what information we have (and it is little) about price and yield distributions. We provide information and analyses on alternatives. Our observation is that successful managers in these uncertain times do not just identify alternatives, they actively seek them out, try to develop them; and as they evaluate alternatives, they welcome such help as we can provide. To be fair, however, Jolly is right that "traditional admonitions ... to keep better records and practice forward planning (usually budgeting) ... are probably the most important and effective risk management techniques currently available." Such admonitions are made in most of
Marine CSEM Data Processing Techniques

Summary Marine CSEM data processing techniques have evolved rapidly to accommodate the proliferation of marine controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) surveys. Processing methods developed for marine MT surveys are not directly applicable to marine CSEM data. Basic marine CSEM data processing eliminates the signature of the acquisition system and extracts the normalized spectral response of the earth from the receiver time series data. More sophisticated methods have been developed to simplify interpretation and to ensure that the highestquality data are available for inversion. These methods include determining the 3D receiver orientations by inversion, extending the range of useful offsets by noise suppression, and minimizing the effect of air waves by model-based subtraction.
Indirect Effects of Human Development Along the Coast on Coral Health

Accelerated human development in coastal areas is causing declines in coral reefs worldwide, but the mechanisms by which development leads to reef degradation are often difficult to identify. Here, we use Akaike information criterion model averaging in combination with path analysis to test for the direct and indirect effects of potential environmental stressors on two coral diseases on the west coast of Hawai’i. We quantified human-altered land cover and human population density at two spatial scales: inland area of 1-km radius and watershed. We then tested for the effects of these land cover variables, as well as seawater chlorophyll a concentrations, depth, host coral cover, and proximity to surface water discharge on the density of growth anomalies (GA) and prevalence of trematodiasis (TRE) affecting Porites lobata, the locally dominant reef-building coral species. Our analyses showed that human-altered land cover measured at 1-km scale was a strong indirect predictor of GA. Specifically, we found that human interference adjacent to the coast predicted higher chlorophyll a concentrations, which in turn predicted higher GA density. We also found that chlorophyll a and depth were strong negative predictors of TRE, and host coral cover a positive predictor. Our results indicated that GA are likely regulated by indirect landbased anthropogenic impacts, whereas TRE is mostly affected by host density-dependent forces. Path analysis can serve as a useful tool to rapidly identify the scale and indirect effects of anthropogenic stressors related to coral diseases, allowing for accurate conservation planning in the face of limited resources for tropical conservation.
Investigating processes of neotropical rain forest tree diversification by examining the evolution and historical biogeography of the Protieae (Burseraceae).

Andean uplift and the collision of North and South America are thought to have major implications for the diversification of the Neotropical biota. However, few studies have investigated how these geological events may have influenced diversification. We present a multilocus phylogeny of 102 Protieae taxa (73% of published species), sampled pantropically, to test hypotheses about the relative importance of dispersal, vicariance, habitat specialization, and biotic factors in the diversification of this ecologically dominant tribe of Neotropical trees. Bayesian fossil-calibrated analyses date the Protieae stem at 55 Mya. Biogeographic analyses reconstruct an initial late Oligocene/early Miocene radiation in Amazonia for Neotropical Protieae, with several subsequent late Miocene dispersal events to Central America, the Caribbean, Brazil's Atlantic Forest, and the Choco. Regional phylogenetic structure results indicate frequent dispersal among regions throughout the Miocene and many instances of more recent regional in situ speciation. Habitat specialization to white sand or flooded soils was common, especially in Amazonia. There was one significant increase in diversification rate coincident with colonization of the Neotropics, followed by a gradual decrease consistent with models of diversity-dependent cladogenesis. Dispersal, biotic interactions, and habitat specialization are thus hypothesized to be the most important processes underlying the diversification of the Protieae.
Evaluating and improving the appropriateness of treatment for schizophrenia.

For years clinical experts and advocacy organizations such as the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill have raised questions regarding the care being provided to individuals with schizophrenia by publicly funded organizations. Although systematic studies of quality are rare, evidence has suggested that outcomes in typical settings may be much worse than those in research projects that provide state-ofthe-art treatment. Relapse rates, for instance, can often be lowered to 0‐20% per year in efficacy studies but may be severalfold higher in typical settings.1 Recently, such apprehension has intensified due to the dissemination of “managed care” methods into the public sector. Although such new financing systems are designed to improve access and efficiency, concerns have been raised that they may place severely ill individuals at increased risk for poor outcomes. 2,3
The Academic Community and the Image of Limited Good

Anthropological analysis of the contemporary U.S.A. should move beyond describing observed behavior to probing underlying cultural assumptions. But it is particularly difficult for anthropologists enculturated within the U.S. to confront their own cultural premises and blindspots. One useful strategy is to analyze American behavioral data in terms of models developed by anthropologists for describing other cultures. This article takes an irreverent look at academe, using George M. Foster's model of peasant society. Participant-observation on campuses shows that the Image of Limited Good, which Foster found in peasant communities, seems also to underlie and explain everyday behavior in the academic
Drosophila Bld10 Is a Centriolar Protein That Regulates Centriole, Basal Body, and Motile Cilium Assembly

Cilia and flagella play multiple essential roles in animal development and cell physiology. Defective cilium assembly or motility represents the etiological basis for a growing number of human diseases. Therefore, how cilia and flagella assemble and the processes that drive motility are essential for understanding these diseases. Here we show that Drosophila Bld10, the ortholog of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Bld10p and human Cep135, is a ubiquitous centriolar protein that also localizes to the spermatid basal body. Mutants that lack Bld10 assemble centrioles and form functional centrosomes, but centrioles and spermatid basal bodies are short in length. bld10 mutant flies are viable but male sterile, producing immotile sperm whose axonemes are deficient in the central pair of microtubules. These results show that Drosophila Bld10 is required for centriole and axoneme assembly to confer cilium motility.
Potential population health outcomes and expenditures of HIV vaccination strategies in the United States

Estimating the potential health benefits and expenditures of a partially effective HIV vaccine is an important consideration in the debate about whether HIV vaccine research should continue. We developed an epidemic model to estimate HIV prevalence, new infections, and the cost-effectiveness of vaccination strategies in the U.S. Vaccines with modest efficacy could prevent 300,000-700,000 HIV infections and save $30 billion in healthcare expenditures over 20 years. Targeted vaccination of high-risk individuals is economically efficient, but difficulty in reaching these groups may mitigate these benefits. Universal vaccination is cost-effective for vaccines with 50% efficacy and price similar to other infectious disease vaccines.
Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension: role of superoxide and NADPH oxidase (gp91phox)

Chronic exposure to low-O2 tension induces pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), which is characterized by vascular remodeling and enhanced vasoreactivity. Recent evidence suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS) may be involved in both processes. In this study, we critically examine the role superoxide and NADPH oxidase plays in the development of chronic hypoxic PAH. Chronic hypoxia (CH; 10% O2 for 3 wk) caused a significant increase in superoxide production in intrapulmonary arteries (IPA) of wild-type (WT) mice as measured by lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence. The CH-induced increase in the generation of ROS was obliterated in NADPH oxidase (gp91phox) knockout (KO) mice, suggesting that NADPH oxidase was the major source of ROS. Importantly, pathological changes associated with CH-induced PAH (mean right ventricular pressure, medial wall thickening of small pulmonary arteries, and right heart hypertrophy) were completely abolished in NADPH oxidase (gp91phox) KO mice. CH potentiated vasoconstrictor responses of isolated IPAs to both 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and the thromboxane mimetic U-46619. Administration of CuZn superoxide dismutase to isolated IPA significantly reduced CH-enhanced superoxide levels and reduced the CH-enhanced vasoconstriction to 5-HT and U-46619. Additionally, CH-enhanced superoxide production and vasoconstrictor activity seen in WT IPAs were markedly reduced in IPAs isolated from NADPH oxidase (gp91phox) KO mice. These results demonstrate a pivotal role for gp91phox-dependent superoxide production in the pathogenesis of CH-induced PAH.
Auditing a Batch of SQL Queries

In this paper, we study the problem of auditing a batch of SQL queries: given a set of SQL queries that have been posed over a database, determine whether some subset of these queries have revealed private information about an individual or group of individuals. In (Agrawal et al., 2004), the authors studied the problem of determining whether any single SQL query in isolation revealed information forbidden by the database system's data disclosure policies. In this paper, we extend this work to the problem of auditing a batch of SQL queries. We define two different notions of auditing-semantic auditing and syntactic auditing -and show that while syntactic auditing seems more desirable, it is in fact NP-hard to achieve. The problem of semantic auditing of a batch of SQL queries is, however, tractable and we give a polynomial time algorithm for this purpose.
QoS-assured service composition in managed service overlay networks

Many value-added and content delivery services are being offered via service level agreements (SLAs). These services can be interconnected to form a service overlay network (SON) over the Internet. Service composition in SON has emerged as a cost-effective approach to quickly creating new services. Previous research has addressed the reliability, adaptability, and compatibility issues for composed services. However little has been done to manage generic quality-of-service (QoS) provisioning for composed services, based on the SLA contracts of individual services. In this paper we present QUEST a QoS assUred composEable Service infrasTructure, to address the problem. QUEST framework provides: (1) initial service composition, which can compose a qualified service path under multiple QoS constraints (e.g., response time, availability). If multiple qualified service paths exist, QUEST chooses the best one according to the load balancing metric; and (2) dynamic service composition, which can dynamically recompose the service path to quickly recover from service outages and QoS violations. Different from the previous work, QUEST can simultaneously achieve QoS assurances and good load balancing in SON.
A double-label study of efferent projections from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in goldfish and kelp bass

The Edinger-Westphal nucleus in goldfish was identified by retrograde labeling from the ciliary ganglion. In the same animals a few neurons near this nucleus (perinuclear Edinger-Westphal neurons) were labeled by a different retrograde tracer injected into the cerebellum. No double-labeled cells were found. Similar results were obtained in kelp bass, except that in this species no cerebellar-projecting perinuclear neurons were observed. Cerebellar-projecting Edinger-Westphal neurons have previously been described in some mammals, but not in other vertebrates. Therefore the homology of cerebellar-projecting cells of the Edinger-Westphal region in mammals and teleost fishes is doubtful.
Algorithms by Design: Part I—On the Hidden Point Collocation Within LMS Methods and Implications for Nonlinear Dynamics Applications

In computational mechanics to date, even after five decades of research dealing with integration of the linear and nonlinear dynamic equations of motion, there exists for the general cases of algorithm designs still a clear lack of a fundamental understanding regarding evaluation of these equations of motion, and how, why, and what precise time levels the integrations need to take place. This has placed major limitations on commercial code developers, and a lack of confidence in general, thereby restricting the implementation of LMS methods to only a select few that happen to be correct, but without any rigorous proofs or underlying reasons explaining the ramifications. This is extremely critical for the general cases of integration of the equations of motion, in particular for the class of Linear Multi-Step (LMS) that are implicit, involve a single solve, and are second-order accurate in time with unconditional stability (this pertains to linear dynamic situations only), since these serve as the backbone...
The role of context in the multinationality-performance relationship: A meta-analytic review

Using meta-analytic data from 47,849 firms across 152 independent samples reported in 141 studies, this study presents a systematic investigation of the moderating effects of firm-, industry-, and country-level factors on the multinationality-performance relationship. The findings indicate that the effects of multinationality on performance depend on type of multinationality, firm strategic motivations, industry characteristics, and home country factors. Importantly, our assessment also reveals that firm size and stage of internationalization are not significant moderators. Thus, the findings indicate that the search for more complex M-P relationships (i.e., U-shaped, inverse U-shaped, horizontal S-curve) has the potential to expand our understanding, only when the characteristics of different research contexts, measurement issues, and firm characteristics are taken into account in the theoretical development and research design stages of studies. Copyright © 2012 Strategic Management Society.
How to speak for aquifers and people at the same time: Environmental justice and counter-network formation at a hazardous waste site

A common source of conflict at hazardous waste sites in the US Environmental Protection Agency’s Superfund program is the accuracy of scientific investigations and representations produced to inform cleanup decisions. Liable firms often produce these technical representations themselves, and communities surrounding sites frequently argue that such “voluntary” investigations are compromised by conflicts of interest. In order to challenge the representations of powerful firms, locally situated actors often develop trans-local connections with expertise and equipment concentrated at distant centers of calculation. Although some interpret the spatial politics of such connecting in terms of “jumping scales,” another important spatial dimension of this network construction is differential positioning. In a conflict over groundwater models at the St. Regis Superfund Site in Minnesota, the counter-network that emerged to challenge the owner’s representations of the site positioned some actors as “outsiders” and others as “insiders.” This differential positioning enabled the counter-network to balance the need to demonstrate the reliability and impartiality of its claims with the requirement to maintain its accountability to local public interests. I argue that these requirements result from the prevalent view of the science–policy interface, which assumes a rigid separation between science and politics. Nonetheless, the conflict over groundwater at St. Regis reveals how at the science–policy interface, speaking for things and speaking for people are thoroughly entangled.
Regenerative Urinary Bladder Augmentation Using Small Intestinal Submucosa: Urodynamic and Histopathologic Assessment in Long-term Canine Bladder augmentations

AbstractPurpose: To evaluate small intestinal submucosa (SIS) as a possible bladder augmentation material.Materials and Methods: Nineteen male dogs underwent 35 to 45 percent partial cystectomy with immediate augmentation with SIS grafts. All dogs were evaluated pre- and postoperatively with blood chemistries, urine cultures, intravenous urograms, cystograms and cystometrograms. Postoperatively (1 to 15 months), bladders were examined with routine histology and image analysis.Results: All dogs survived their intended survival period without morbidity. All results were normal. Histologically, all 3 layers (mucosa, smooth muscle, serosa) of the normal bladder showed evidence of regeneration.Conclusions: Small intestinal submucosa acts as a scaffold for bladder augmentation through regeneration and could be a potential option for bladder reconstruction.
Presence based network topology tracing system for VoIP networks

Tracing topology of services in real-time is a challenging problem in VoIP networks. The primary reason is that the VoIP networks operate with diverse interconnecting protocols, technologies, and multitude of access technologies. In addition, alliances, changing rules and regulations, mergers, new technologies and services impact architecture of VoIP networks consistently. All of these together results in heterogeneous, complex and dynamic VoIP networks where the network topology changes very frequently. Secondly, in case of voice, each call can follow a different path over the core IP infrastructure in the network. Even the signaling and media path of the same voice call can follow different paths to destination (callee's device). Stitching and providing integrated end to end cross layer view of the path in real-time of an ongoing service flow e.g. voice call under such unpredictable network conditions is difficult.
An experimental test of the effect of signal size and performance capacity on dominance in the green anole lizard

Summary1. Many animals use signals to resolve disputes over resources. Some signals act as reliable indi-cators of other traits, such as whole-organism performance or body condition, which may alsobe important for resolving disputes. Because of the correlations inherent in reliable signals, it ischallenging to determine which variables are directly relevant for resolving aggressive interac-tions.2. Weexaminedthe relationshipsamong dewlapsize, bite force andcondition, all traits that maybe important to conﬂict resolution in male green anole lizards (Anolis carolinensis). Using a largesample of wild-caught animals, we showed signiﬁcant positive correlations between dewlap sizeandmaximumbiteforcecapacity,wheneachtraitiscorrectedforitscorrelationwithbodysize.3. We tested the relative importance of each trait to the outcome of interactions in a subset ofour sample. We staged dominance encounters between size-matched male green anoles after sur-gically reducing the dewlap size of one competitor.4. We show that reducing the size of the dewlap does not signiﬁcantly change the outcome ofstaged interactions. Rather, males with higher values of bite force capacity were more likely towin ﬁghts. We hypothesize that during close-proximity aggressive interactions, male green anolesuse more direct means of assessing one another and that dewlap size functions as a signal of biteforce primarily during long-distance territorial displays. Body condition was correlated with biteforce, but did not differ signiﬁcantly between winners and losers.5. Our results show how an experimental approach can decouple reliable signals from their cor-related traits to test which factors inﬂuence male contest resolution.Key-words: Anolis carolinensis, bite force, body condition, dewlap, staged encounters, whole-organism performanceIntroduction
Effects of deprivation on engagement in preferred activities by persons with developmental disabilities

This study examined the effects of deprivation on engagement in activities for 3 adult men with developmental disabilities. First, an assessment was conducted to identify a high- and a low-preference activity for each participant. Second, the high-preference activity was made available following three amounts of deprivation of the activity (15 min, 2 hr, and 1 to 4 days); the low-preference activity was made available following the schedule of deprivation that produced the highest level of engagement by each participant in the high-preference activity. The results were that 1 to 4 days of deprivation produced the highest average amounts of engagement in the high-preference activity for each participant; this amount of deprivation did not produce high engagement in the low-preference activities. Third, the deprivation procedures and results were replicated when high-preference activities were presented by teachers during the participants' daily activities when their engagement had been quite low.
Self‐Disclosure in Social Media: Extending the Functional Approach to Disclosure Motivations and Characteristics on Social Network Sites

This article introduces the functional model of self-disclosure on social network sites by integrating a functional theory of self-disclosure and research on audience representations as situational cues for activating interpersonal goals. According to this model, people pursue strategic goals and disclose differently depending on social media affordances, and self-disclosure goals mediate between media affordances and disclosure intimacy. The results of the empirical study examining self-disclosure motivations and characteristics in Facebook status updates, wall posts, and private messaging lend support to this model and provide insights into the motivational drivers of self-disclosure on SNSs, helping to reconcile traditional views on self-disclosure and self-disclosing behaviors in new media contexts.
Stable and Efficient Spectrum Access in Next Generation Dynamic Spectrum Networks

Future wireless infrastructure networks will dynamically access spectrum for maximum utilization. However, the fundamental challenge is how to provide stable spectrum access required for most applications. Using dynamic spectrum access, each node's spectrum usage is inherently unpredictable and unstable. We propose to address this challenge by integrating interference-aware statistical admission control with stability- driven spectrum allocation. Specifically, we propose to proactively regulate nodes' spectrum demand to allow efficient statistical multiplexing while minimizing outages. Admitted nodes coordinate to adapt instantaneous spectrum allocation to match time- varying demand. While the optimization problem is NP-hard, we develop computational-efficient algorithms with strong analytical guarantees. Experimental results show that the proposed approach can provide stable spectrum usage while improving its utilization by 80-100% compared to conventional solutions.
High-resolution EEG: on the cortical equivalent dipole layer imaging

Abstract Background : Brain electrical activity is a spatio-temporally distributed process. Cortical imaging techniques have been developed to reconstruct cortical activity from the scalp electroencephalographic or magnetoencephalographic measurements. Several cortical imaging approaches, such as the epicortical potentials and a dipole layer accounting for the cortical activity, have been used to represent brain electrical activity. Methods : A closed cortical dipole layer source model is used to equivalently represent brain electrical activity. The relationship between the primary brain electrical sources and the cortical equivalent dipole layer is derived from the theory of electromagnetics. Computer simulation studies were conducted using a 3-concentric-sphere head model to validate the proposed theory. The cortical equivalent dipole layer imaging approach was tested in both computer simulation and human visual evoked potential (VEP) experiments. Results : The strength of the cortical equivalent dipole layer is shown to be proportional to the electrical potential over the same surface generated by primary electrical sources, had the outer medium been replaced by air. The proposed theory was validated by computer simulation in a discrete system. Simulation and VEP experimental studies suggest the feasibility of applying the cortical equivalent dipole layer imaging approach for brain imaging. Conclusions : The cortical equivalent dipole layer model can equivalently represent the primary brain electrical sources throughout the entire brain surrounded by the dipole layer. The strength of the cortical equivalent dipole layer due to primary sources can be directly calculated according to the theory developed in the present study.
Saturday morning, August 14, 2010—Lafayette, IN

She lay curled under the covers and awoke with a gasp as if she had been under water. She blinked away her sleepiness and turned to see the clock—9:00 a.m. Rolling over on her back, Karyn put her hand over her forehead and began thinking through the pieces. At 5:30 a.m. she had found the patio door unlocked, her grocery list still on the table, her body marked by the deck slats and she had climbed into bed. All of this was returning to her in staccato-style fragments.
Reorganization of self-assembled supramolecular materials controlled by hydrogen bonding and hydrophilic–lipophilic balance

Supramolecular assembly to form a large variety of nanostructures has received increasing attention for diverse applications, in particular biomedical applications involving drug delivery, bioimaging, therapy and regenerative medicine. Meanwhile, the modulation of morphology and structure of nanoassemblies is a still big challenge. Herein, we report a series of supramolecular structures (BP-KLVFFG-PEG, BKP) and elucidate that their morphological transformation process is modulated by H-bonding, π–π interactions and hydrophilic/lipophilic balance (HLB). Our studies reveal that the hydrophobic and π–π interactions initially drive the self-assembly of BKP into nanoparticles in J-type aggregates in water, and the H-bonding interactions further induce an in situ spontaneous morphology transformation into nanofibers. The conversion rate is related to the length of the hydrophilic chains. The nanofibers are maintained by β-sheet H-bonds with parallel structure. Our results provide insight into the relationship between molecular structures and morphological transformations of self-assembled nanomaterials, which will guide the design of complex self-assembled materials in biological conditions.
Research on LS-SVM Short-term Wind Power Prediction Based on Particle Swarm Optimization

Volatility,intermittence and randomness of wind power cause longer time and bigger error in wind power prediction,therefore,in order to improve prediction accuracy and shorten prediction time,this paper uses particle swarm optimization to optimize the parameters for least square support vector machine( LS-SVM)algorithm,then sets up the optimization prediction model to conduct simulation,and the results show that the optimized model has higher prediction accuracy than RBF and LS-SVM.
Anal cancer and intraepithelial neoplasia screening: A review

This review focuses on the early diagnosis of anal cancer and its precursor lesions through routine screening. A number of risk-stratification strategies as well as screening techniques have been suggested, and currently little consensus exists among national societies. Much of the current clinical rationale for the prevention of anal cancer derives from the similar tumor biology of cervical cancer and the successful use of routine screening to identify cervical cancer and its precursors early in the disease process. It is thought that such a strategy of identifying early anal intraepithelial neoplasia will reduce the incidence of invasive anal cancer. The low prevalence of anal cancer in the general population prevents the use of routine screening. However, routine screening of selected populations has been shown to be a more promising strategy. Potential screening modalities include digital anorectal exam, anal Papanicolaou testing, human papilloma virus co-testing, and high-resolution anoscopy. Additional research associating high-grade dysplasia treatment with anal cancer prevention as well as direct comparisons of screening regimens is necessary to develop further anal cancer screening recommendations.
Rethinking responsibility in global health: a case from Ethiopia

The social determinants of negative health outcomes in the northern Tigray region of Ethiopia have aspects both unique and common to poor regions of the world. Using personal experience from my global medicine clerkship, I explore the historical, global, and local factors that lead to the continuation of poverty, ill health, and distrust in government and health systems among the poor of Tigray. In addressing a specific social determinant of health, in this case the decision of patients to abandon care to avoid death fees, I show that an accurate conception of the problem must be preceded by a broad and deep analysis of historical structures and actors. I argue that the direct responsibility and indirect complicity of the West engenders an obligation to the poor that goes beyond charity or compensation toward creative solutions and structural changes.
THE VISUAL PATHWAY—RESPONSE PATTERNS AND RECEPTIVE FIELDS

The notion of a receptive field is fundamental for the understanding of the physiological basis of perception as the nervous system is not designed simply for the transmission of so many bits of information from the sensory surfaces to the cortex. This chapter discusses the functional characteristics of receptive fields at peripheral and subsequent stages in the visual pathway. Some considerable information processing takes place in the retina. There are some differences of structure and function in different animals at the retinal level and elsewhere in the visual system, reflecting different modes of life and different environmental needs. In the simplest organisms, stimulus may be directly linked to response without intervening processes. The chapter describes the findings of Hubel and Wiesel and of Barlow on single cell responses in the cat visual cortex, illustrating the specificity of responses and the synthesis of response patterns.
Rill erosion in burned and salvage logged western montane forests: Effects of logging equipment type, traffic level, and slash treatment

Abstract Following wildfires, forest managers often consider salvage logging burned trees to recover monetary value of timber, reduce fuel loads, or to meet other objectives. Relatively little is known about the cumulative hydrologic effects of wildfire and subsequent timber harvest using logging equipment. We used controlled rill experiments in logged and unlogged (control) forests burned at high severity in northern Montana, eastern Washington, and southern British Columbia to quantify rill overland flow and sediment production rates (fluxes) after ground-based salvage logging. We tested different types of logging equipment—feller-bunchers, tracked and wheeled skidders, and wheeled forwarders—as well as traffic levels and the addition of slash to skid trails as a best management practice. Rill experiments were done at each location in the first year after the fire and repeated in subsequent years. Logging was completed in the first or second post-fire year. We found that ground-based logging using heavy equipment compacted soil, reduced soil water repellency, and reduced vegetation cover. Vegetation recovery rates were slower in most logged areas than the controls. Runoff rates were higher in the skidder and forwarder plots than their respective controls in the Montana and Washington sites in the year that logging occurred, and the difference in runoff between the skidder and control plots at the British Columbia site was nearly significant (p = 0.089). Most of the significant increases in runoff in the logged plots persisted for subsequent years. The type of skidder, the addition of slash, and the amount of forwarder traffic did not significantly affect the runoff rates. Across the three sites, rill sediment fluxes were 5–1900% greater in logged plots than the controls in the year of logging, and the increases were significant for all logging treatments except the low use forwarder trails. There was no difference in the first-year sediment fluxes between the feller-buncher and tracked skidder plots, but the feller-buncher fluxes were lower than the values from the wheeled skidder plots. Manually adding slash after logging did not affect sediment flux rates. There were no significant changes in the control sediment fluxes over time, and none of the logging equipment impacted plots produced greater sediment fluxes than the controls in the second or third year after logging. Our results indicate that salvage logging increases the risk of sedimentation regardless of equipment type and amount of traffic, and that specific best management practices are needed to mitigate the hydrologic impacts of post-fire salvage logging.
Psychosocial treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children

This article provides a brief overview of the major psychosocial treatments that have some efficacy for the management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. Parent training in effective child behavior management methods, classroom behavior modification methods and academic interventions, and special educational placement appear to have the greatest promise of efficacy. Augmenting these, additional family therapy in problem-solving and communication skills and the coordination of multiple school resources across the day may be necessary. To be effective in improving prognosis, treatments must be maintained over extended periods of time.
American Brachytherapy Task Group Report: A pooled analysis of clinical outcomes for high-dose-rate brachytherapy for cervical cancer.

Purpose Advanced imaging used in combination with brachytherapy (BT) has revolutionized the treatment of patients with cervical cancer. We present a comprehensive review of the literature for definitive radiation with high-dose-rate (HDR) BT. In addition, we investigate potential outcome improvement with image-based brachytherapy (IBBT) compared to studies using traditional Point A dosing. This review extensively investigates acute and late toxicities. Methods and Materials This study reviews the literature from 2000 to 2015 with an emphasis on modern approaches including concurrent chemotherapy (chemoRT), radiation, and HDR BT and IBBT. Descriptive statistics and pelvic control (PC), disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) outcomes were calculated using weighted means to report pooled analysis of outcomes. Results Literature search yielded 16 prospective, 51 retrospective studies that reported survival outcomes, and 13 retrospective studies that focused on acute and late toxicity outcomes regardless of applicator type. There are 57 studies that report Point A dose specification with 33 having chemoRT, and 10 studies that use IBBT, 8 with chemoRT. Patients receiving radiation and chemoRT with HDR BT in the prospective studies, with >24 months followup, rates of PC were: for RT: 73%, SD: 11; CRT: 82%, SD: 8; DFS—RT: 55%, SD: 10; CRT: 65%, SD: 7; OS—RT: 66%, SD: 7; CRT: 70%, SD: 11. In the retrospective studies, the PC rates (weighted means) for the radiation and chemoradiation outcomes are 75% vs. 80%, and for DFS, the values were 55% vs. 63%, respectively. Comparing patients receiving chemoRT and IBBT to traditional Point A dose specification, there is a significant improvement in PC (p < 0.01) and DFS (p < 0.01) with IBBT. The range of genitourinary late toxicity reported for radiation was Grade 3: 1–6% and for chemoRT 2–20%. The range of late gastrointestinal toxicity for radiation was Grade 3: 4–11% and for chemoRT, 1–11%. For the late gynecologic toxicity, only 1 of the 16 prospective trials report a Grade 1–2 of 17% for radiation and 9% for chemoRT effects. Conclusions We present concise outcomes of PC, DFS, OS, and toxicity for cervical cancer patients treated with chemoradiation and HDR BT. Our data suggest an improvement in outcomes with the use of IBBT compared with traditional Point A dose prescriptions. In conclusion, HDR BT is a safe, effective modality when combined with IBBT.
Dual Incarceration and Condom Use in Committed Relationships

Incarceration fractures relationship ties and has been associated with unprotected sex. Relationships where both individuals have a history of incarceration (dual incarceration) may face even greater disruption and involve more unprotected sex than relationships where only one individual has been incarcerated. We sought to determine whether dual incarceration is associated with condom use, and whether this association varies by relationship type. Data come from 499 sexual partnerships reported by 210 individuals with a history of incarceration. We used generalized estimating equations to examine whether dual incarceration was associated with condom use after controlling for individual and relationship characteristics. Interaction terms between dual incarceration and relationship commitment were also examined. Among currently committed relationships, dual incarceration was associated with inconsistent condom use (AOR: 4.33; 95% CI 1.02, 18.45). Dual incarceration did not affect condom use in never committed relationships. Reducing incarcerations may positively impact committed relationships and subsequently decrease HIV-related risk.
Audience Validation in Online Media Using Limited Behavioral Data and Demographic Mix

At the onset of any campaign in an online media, an advertiser usually provides a specific demographic “target” to a content publisher. But limited individual profile information leads to low accuracy in targeting. A third party (like Nielsen, Comscore) validates the percentage success of “in-target” impressions. Low accuracy in targeting is expensive as the publisher gets paid only for the impressions which were on target. However, publishers could get access to the demographic mix information for each show from the third party. In this work, we propose a new approach to incorporate user level latent features developed from the show-wise demographic mix provided by the third party, along with session level features of viewers to improve the demographic predictions. In congruence with current industry practice, we train our model on a small labeled data and establish the effectiveness of our approach over existing approaches through experiments.
Analysis of Somatic Cell Mutants That Express Defective Intracellular Cholesterol Transport

The distribution of cholesterol in mammalian cells is tightly controlled. However, the factors involved in shuttling cholesterol among cellular membranes have not been well defined. Our experimental approach employs somatic cell mutants and pharmacological agents to investigate the routes and mechanisms of intracellular cholesterol transport. Two complementation groups of Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants have been isolated, with gene defects that impair separate cholesterol transport pathways. Identification of genes that correct the cholesterol transport defects is in progress. Pharmacological inhibitor studies have revealed a pathway that lipoprotein-derived cholesterol takes to reach the endoplasmic reticulum. The mechanism of that transport pathway is under investigation. In coming years, our studies should turn from biochemical description of transport pathways to molecular analysis of candidate transport proteins.
Human Resources Issues: Recruiting and Retaining Rehabilitation Counselors and Human Service Professionals in Rural, Frontier, and Territory Communities

This chapter is a compliment to Chap. 34, with the focus here on how to recruit and retain rehabilitation counselors in rural, frontier, and territory (RFT) communities. This chapter presents findings of research on counselor satisfaction with various aspects of their jobs with regard to resources available to rural counselors and clients as a factor in counselor retention. Next, the chapter presents strategies of how counselors in rural setting can be retained. In addition to counselor variables, information is presented on administrators and human resources’ attributes.
Sources of Missionary Stress

The present investigation sought to determine some common sources of stress for missionaries working abroad. A 65-item rating scale was given to 547 missionaries on the field. The problem of confro...
Tocilizumab for the treatment of severe steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease of the lower gastrointestinal tract.

Steroid-refractory (SR) acute gastrointestinal (GI) graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is associated with significant mortality in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients. We retrospectively evaluated the efficacy of tocilizumab for the treatment of SR biopsy-proven acute lower GI GVHD in 16 consecutive adult transplant recipients between October 2015 and July 2016. Tocilizumab 8 mg/kg was administered every 2 weeks until achievement of complete response, defined as resolution of all manifestations of GI GVHD, or until patients had progression or initiation of other therapy. Ten of 16 patients (62.5%; 95% CI, 0.39–82) achieved a complete response after a median time of 11 days (range, 2–28 days) from tocilizumab initiation. The median time to response onset (improvement in stage by at least 1) was 1 day (range, 1–4 days). Tocilizumab was administered at a median of 9 days (range, 3–75 days) from GVHD diagnosis and 10 days (range, 3–75 days) from initiation of high-dose steroids. At a median follow-up of 7.6 months (range, 0.8–27.7 months) from initiation of tocilizumab, 6/16 (37.5%) patients are alive and free of their underlying hematologic malignancy. Tocilizumab appears to be a highly active agent for the treatment of severe SR lower GI acute GVHD.
Process and Outcome in Cognitive Therapy

In recent decades, the efficacy of psychotherapy and the process by which psychotherapy works have been increasingly scrutinized. Outcome studies have become more specific with regard to the disorder treated and the types of treatments used. With the manualization of cognitive therapy for depression (Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery, 1979), it has become one of the most widely researched of the psychotherapies. This chapter will describe the current status of process and outcome research in cognitive therapy. There will first be a brief review of the current state of outcome research for psychotherapy in general followed by a more detailed examination of outcome research in cognitive therapy. We will then examine the process research pertaining to cognitive therapy. Reviews of outcome studies will focus most heavily on clinically diagnosed disorders with less emphasis on analog studies.
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome With Intact Atrial Septum: Sequelae of Left Atrial Hypertension In Utero

![Figure][1] [![Graphic][3] ][3][![Graphic][4] ][4][![Graphic][5] ][5] A fetus diagnosed with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and intact atrial septum with severe left atrial (LA) and pulmonary venous hypertension ( A and B , [Online Video 1][5]) was delivered at 38 weeks
Reducing variation in tensile impact testing of plastics

Polymeric materials are characterised using various analytical techniques, the interest in this work emanates from tensile impact studies. Tensile impact properties have been a critical factor in evaluating polymeric material brittleness or ductility changes. High variation of this test leads to difficulty in formulation optimisation, targeted for applications demanding mechanical designs and integrity. The objective of this study is to understand the different factors affecting the variation in the test results. A systematic statistical analysis with multiple samples showed that specimen alignment in the test fixture was a major source of error. Modifications to the test fixture were carried out to address this issue. Statistical analysis of the data indicated that the data spread was significantly reduced and sample mean was not shifted post-machine modification. Product benchmark report estimated process capability increase in the Z value from 0.843 to 2.192, post-instrument modification (67% improvement in process capability).