cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stochastic seismic response analysis of hysteretic multi‐degree‐of‐freedom structures

Analytical study of random vibration of non-linear mutli-degree-of-freedom (MDF) systems is generally difficult. This is particularly true for MDF inelastic systems due to the highly non-linear and hereditary behaviour of the restoring force. On the other hand, to obtain the response statistics using a step-by-step Monte Carlo simulation requires a large sample, and it could be very costly. The purpose of this paper is to present a practical analytical-empirical method for an MDF yielding system. The method is based on a substitute structure (SS) concept in which the SS parameters are determined from empirical results of single-degree-of-freedom systems, i.e. each element in the system is replaced by a linear counterpart with ductility-dependent stiffness and damping. Based on a linear random vibration response analysis, the statistics of the maximum response (ductility) of each element are obtained by iteration. Numerical examples are given for multi-storey buildings with deteriorating (reinforced concrete frame) or non-deteriorating (steel frame) restoring forces. Comparisons with empirical results are satisfactory qualitatively. The main advantage of this method is that it requires relatively insignificant computation time, e.g. 1 s of execution time on the IBM 360–75 system for an eight-storey steel frame.
Soil nematode fauna of afforested mine sites: genera distribution, trophic structure and functional guilds

Abstract In an afforested coal mining site at Berzdorf, Germany, the soil nematode community was investigated on the basis of genera distribution, trophic structure, and functional guilds. To assess food web complexity and nutritional status of afforested mine soils, the “weighted faunal analysis” was applied and found to be a useful diagnostic tool to describe the poorly developed, basal or matured food web characters of the Berzdorf mine soils. The tree species used in afforestation was a crucial factor. A comparison between nine mine soils of different age (4–46 years) and afforestation (poplar, alder, pine, mixed deciduous, mixed coniferous) showed particularly poorly structured food webs in poplar afforestations, whilst alder and mixed deciduous sites presented more favourable conditions in terms of soil succession and food web maturity. The results revealed no continuous increase in the complexity of food web interactions from younger successional stages to older stages. However, it was demonstrated that food web development at Berzdorf followed distinct shifts in soil primary succession. Correspondences of nematode community data and environmental parameters are discussed.
Investigation of acoustic radiation from supersonic turbulent jets by double-pulse holographic interferometry

A new experimental method was used to investigate optically the acoustical radiation field and the related fluctuating turbulent field from supersonic air jets. The method utilizes double exposure of a supersonic jet using a pulse ruby laser. The jet remains on during both exposures eliminating the no‐flow exposure. The time separtion between the pulses can be varied, depending on the spectral component of the radiation and flow field to be observed. Optical records were obtained for supersonic jets with exit Mach number ranging from 1.0–3.0. It was found that high‐frequency acoustic radiation mainly originates from the regions near the nozzle exit, 1–3 nozzle diameters, whereas the low‐frequency noise is generated from regions of 8–10 diameters downstream. (The resulting three‐dimensional optical data also reveal information on the relative intensity of the observed spectral component.) These findings are consistent with the acoustic data obtained by other investigators. The other experimental details on the acoustic radiation from supersonic jets and potential applications of this technique to other aeroacoustics problems are also discussed.
ALTERATION OF HUMAN DRUG METABOLISM BY GROWTH HORMONE

Six children with documented idiopathic or secondary deficiency of growth hormone (GH) received amobarbital (3-5 mg/kg p.o.) before and six weeks after replacement therapy with human growth hormone (hGH). In order to determine whether hepatic microsomal oxidizing ability was affected by hGH, the volume of distribution (V), half-life (T½), and plasma clearance (Cl) of amobarbital were determined.
A comparison of the distribution of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and 5-hydroxytryptamine in four specific brain areas of the rat and pigeon☆

Abstract a 1. 1. A i · o N formic acid-acetone (5 : 95 or 15 : 85) extract of brain part samples can be evaporated to dryness and re-extracted into a small volume of organic and aqueous layers which selectively separate 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) from 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). A new method for 5-HIAA and 5-HT is given. 2. 2. 5-HIAA and 5-HT can be assayed with a 78–86 per cent recovery and sensitivity of 0·04 μg. 3. 3. 5-HT assayed by this method is in agreement with the values obtained by the method of Bogdanski, Pletscher, Brodie, and Udenfriend (1956). 4. 4. Values obtained for 5-HIAA in the rat brain are as follows: telecephalon, 1·99 mμmoles per g.; diencephalon plus mesencephalon, 4·65 mμmoles per g.; pons-medulla oblongata, 3·62 mμmoles per g.; and cerebellum, 1·03 mμmoles per g. 5. 5. Values obtained for 5-HIAA in the pigeon brain are as follows: telencephalon, 1·49 mμmoles per g.; diencephalon plus mesencephalon, 1·76 mμmoles per g.; pons-medulla oblongata, 2·71 mμmoles per g.; and cerebellum, 0·90 mμmoles per g. 6. 6. The mμmole ration of 5-HIAA to 5-HT in the cerebellum of both the rat and pigeon is greater than 1. In the case of the rat telencephalon, diencephalon plus mesencephalon, and pons-medulla oblongata the ratio is approximately 1. In the pigeon, the ratio for these three brain areas is less than 0·5 .
Factors affecting toxicity of ferulate towards the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria cf chalybea

The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of ferulate and its analogs, and factors which may affect the toxicity of ferulate to Oscillatoria cf chalybea, the cyanobacterium presumed to cause musty flavor in farm-raised catfish. Rapid bioassays utilizing 96-well and six-well cell culture plates were used to monitor the toxicity of ferulate analogs and potential ferulate stability factors toward O cf chalybea. The additions of low concentrations of the oxidizing compound sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate with ferulate did not help control O cf. chalybea. Of three forms of ferulate tested, trans-ferulate was most toxic towards O cf chalybea. Light enhanced the toxicity of ferulate, indicating that weather conditions and the time of day could influence the success of ferulate applications to fish ponds to control O cf chalybea. Ferulate was less toxic to O cf chalybea in six-well culture plates than in 96-well plates, indicating that higher concentrations of ferulate should be used in field trials, due to possible reduction of ferulate toxicity towards O cf chalybea in large, aquatic environments (ie fish ponds). These studies provided fundamental information on potential ferulate toxicity towards O cf chalybea to be considered before conducting field trials (ferulate applications to fish ponds). © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos in Boiling Water Reactors

There are currently 72 commercial boiling water reactors (BWRs) in operation or under construction in the Western world, 37 of them in the United States. Consequently, a great effort has been devoted to the study of BWR systems under a wide range of plant operating conditions. This paper represents a contribution to this ongoing effort; its objective is to study the basic dynamic processes in BWR systems, with special emphasis on the physical interpretation of BWR dynamics. The main thrust in this work is the development of phenomenological BWR models suited for analytical studies performed irr conjunction with numerical calculations. This approach leads to a deeper understanding of BWR dynamics and facilitates the interpretation of numerical results given by currently available sophisticated BWR codes.
Nuclear sizes in 40, 44, 48Ca

Abstract Differential cross section and analyzing-power angular distributions have been measured for protons elastically scattered from 40, 44, 48Ca at energies in the range of 10.8–16.3 MeV. Optical-model fits have been used to obtain the rms radius of the real-central potential for each nucleus and energy. Mean square radii of the neutron distributions have been obtained from an expression which relates the mean square radii of the neutron and proton distributions, the real-central potential, and the triplet and singlet nucleon-nucleon interactions. The differences in the rms radii for the neutron and proton distributions, 〈r n 2 〉 1 2 −〈r p 2 〉 1 2 = Δ , as determined in this analysis are +0.01±0.14, −0.02±0.12, and +0.39±0.10 fm for 40, 44, 48Ca, respectively.
Adjuvant Trastuzumab Reduces Locoregional Recurrence in Women who Undergo Breast Conservation Therapy for Node-Negative HER2-Positive Breast Cancer

Purpose/Objective(s): Patients with HER2-positive breast cancer have a higher risk of locoregional recurrence (LRR), even in the setting of lymph node-negative disease that is treated with breast conservation therapy (BCT). Whether adjuvant trastuzumab reduces the risk of LRR in these women is unknown, as these patients were often excluded or underrepresented in earlier randomized studies. In this retrospective, single institution study, we evaluated LRR in women with #5 cm, node-negative, HER2+ breast cancer who underwent BCT with or without adjuvant trastuzumab.
Want Changes in Content?: Change the Decision Makers

In this commentary reflecting on trends in covering women’s sports on television news reported in Cooky, Messner, and Hextrum’s article “Women Play Sport, But Not on TV: A Longitudinal Study of Televised News Media,” Marie Hardin looks for change by exploring the gender composition of sports newsrooms and how changes in coverage of women’s sports may be integrally linked to an increase of women as sports news decision makers. She argues that for the coverage of women’s sports to increase and be framed in a more positive light, the sports newsroom must move beyond being a last bastion of hegemonic masculinity and that women, as decision makers, must reach a critical mass to meaningfully impact the culture and values of the sports journalism work environment. Hardin closes by considering the opportunity and obligation for university journalism programs to facilitate change in the reporting of women’s sports by advocating for better opportunities for women sports reporters and by educating journalism student...
The radiative consistency of Atmospheric Infrared Sounder and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer cloud retrievals

The consistency of cloud top temperature (Tc) and effective cloud fraction (f) retrieved by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS)/Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) observation suite and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the EOS-Aqua platform are investigated. Collocated AIRS and MODIS TC and f are compared via an 'effective scene brightness temperature' (Tb,e). Tb,e is calculated with partial field of view (FOV) contributions from TC and surface temperature (TS), weighted by f and 1-f, respectively. AIRS reports up to two cloud layers while MODIS reports up to one. However, MODIS reports TC, TS, and f at a higher spatial resolution than AIRS. As a result, pixel-scale comparisons of TC and f are difficult to interpret, demonstrating the need for alternatives such as Tb,e. AIRS-MODIS Tb,e differences ((Delta)Tb,e) for identical observing scenes are useful as a diagnostic for cloud quantity comparisons. The smallest values of DTb,e are for high and opaque clouds, with increasing scatter in (Delta)Tb,e for clouds of smaller opacity and lower altitude. A persistent positive bias in DTb,e is observed in warmer and low-latitude scenes, characterized by a mixture of MODIS CO2 slicing and 11-mm window retrievals. These scenes contain heterogeneous cloud cover, including mixtures of multilayered cloudiness and misplaced MODIS cloud top pressure. The spatial patterns of (Delta)Tb,e are systematic and do not correlate well with collocated AIRS-MODIS radiance differences, which are more random in nature and smaller in magnitude than (Delta)Tb,e. This suggests that the observed inconsistencies in AIRS and MODIS cloud fields are dominated by retrieval algorithm differences, instead of differences in the observed radiances. The results presented here have implications for the validation of cloudy satellite retrieval algorithms, and use of cloud products in quantitative analyses.
The SOS4 pyridoxal kinase is required for maintenance of vitamin B6-mediated processes in chloroplasts

Abstract Vitamin B 6 (pyridoxal 5′-phosphate and its vitamers) is an important cofactor in numerous enzymatic reactions. In spite of its importance, the consequences of altering vitamin B 6 content on plant growth and development are not well understood. This study compares two mutants for vitamin B 6 -metabolizing enzymes in Arabidopsis thaliana : a pdx1.3 mutant in the de novo synthesis pathway and a salvage pathway sos4 mutant that accumulates more vitamin B 6 . We show that despite a difference in total B 6 content in leaf tissue, both mutants share similar phenotypes, including chlorosis, decreased size, altered chloroplast ultrastructure, and root sensitivity to sucrose. Assay of B 6 vitamer content from isolated chloroplasts showed that, despite differing B 6 vitamer content in whole leaf tissue, both mutants share a common deficiency in total and phosphorylated vitamers in chloroplasts. One of the splice variants of the SOS4 proteins was shown to be located in the chloroplast. Our data indicate that some of the phenotypic consequences shared between the pdx1.3 and sos4 mutants are due to B 6 deficiency in chloroplasts, and show that SOS4 is required for maintenance of phosphorylated B 6 vitamer concentrations in chloroplasts. Further, our data are consistent with a diffusion model for transport of vitamin B 6 into chloroplasts.
Solubility of supercritical gases in polymers—a review

Processing of polymers is greatly affected by the presence of dissolved gases. Analysis of the effect of dissolved gases requires two types of information: equilibrium thermodynamic data and predictive correlations as well as diffusion rate data and analyses. We review here the state-of-the-art knowledge of the equilibrium thermodynamics of gases dissolved in polymers. The published data are presented and analyzed. Also, we review the latcst theories and predictive correlations for gas solubility in polymers.
Factors influencing attitude change through refutative communications

(1956). Factors influencing attitude change through refutative communications. Speech Monographs: Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 14-25.
Reflecting on Power Relationships in the 'Doing' of Rural Cultural Research

Foucaultian understandings of power have come to be highly influential in the how we analyse and write up rural cultural research. However, despite the extensive application of his work, Foucault’s retheorisation of power has been less consistently applied to how we ‘do’ rural cultural research. While researchers have sought to recognise and develop appropriate strategies around the role of power in how research is conducted, we have been less specific regarding how we theorise and apply our concepts of power when reflecting on the research process. It is the implications of this lack of theoretical rigour, combined with institutional constructions of research relationships, that this paper seeks to interrogate. Drawing on research conducted as part of doctorate, this article analyses the diverse ways in which participants from four New South Wales rural public housing communities negotiated the research relationship with myself and influenced the way this research was conducted and what became the final research project. Ultimately, this article argues that issues of theoretical consistency are fundamental to the overall integrity of reflexive processes when doing rural cultural research.
Effect of Switching Atmospheric Conditions during Crystallization on the Phase Evolution of Solution-Derived Lead Zirconate Titanate Thin Films

The crystallization behavior of solution-derived lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films in different atmospheric environments was studied using in situ X-ray diffraction. The stability of the transient intermetallic Pt3Pb phase and perovskite PZT is dependent on oxygen partial pressure during crystallization. Based on the relationship between oxygen partial pressure and the resultant phase stability of intermediate phases, a new route to produce PZT thin films was developed. The new route involves switching atmospheres during crystallization and is shown to mitigate the formation of the transient intermetallic Pt3Pb phase and to promote the perovskite PZT phase. The route evidences a new and significant variable controlling film synthesis and film microstructure.
Primary testicular sarcoma: A report of two cases

The clinical and pathologic features of two primary pure testicular sarcomas are reported. One tumor was an osteosarcoma and was found in a 30-year-old man; the other was a fibrosarcoma from an 86-year-old man. The patients were treated with orchiectomy and high ligation of the spermatic cord and received no postoperative therapy. Both of them were alive and well with no evidence of disease 6 months and 5 1/2 years, respectively, after orchiectomy. Most testicular sarcomas arise from a teratoma or, less commonly, originate from a spermatocytic seminoma, but our two cases and rare previously reported cases illustrate that pure sarcomas occur occasionally and may be associated with a favorable prognosis.
Extinction responding following amphetamine self-administration: Determination of reinforcement magnitude

Several measures of extinction responding were observed following responding for one of several doses of either dextro or levo amphetamine or dextro or levo methylamphetamine to compare reinforcement magnitudes. After daily 6-h sessions of intravenous self-administration of drug, the drug was replaced by saline and extinction behavior observed. The number of responses to extinction did not differ significantly between drugs and doses used, but extinction times were greater for the larger doses and the dextro isomers. Response rate during extinction appeared to be a function of response rate during drug access, suggesting that the rate of responding was conditioned during drug self-administration. Response rate during extinction and time to complete extinction do not appear to be reliable indicators of reinforcement magnitude due to this conditioning effect.
From the Guest Editor': Special Issue on Graph-Based Representations

Graphical representations have played a central role in decision analysis. Although decision trees remain popular, more general graphical languages can be used to encode relationships among variables of a decision basis. Influence diagrams, introduced in the late 1970s, provide a general graphical representation for decision analysis. We publish, in this first of two volumes of a special issue of Decision Analysis, the original manuscript on influence diagrams, along with a retrospective by the authors. We also include two new articles focusing respectively on the use of graphical models for group coordination challenges and on handling the unintended side effects of interventions.
Salamanders and fish can regenerate lost structures--why can't we?

The recent introduction of in vivo lineage-tracing techniques using fluorescently labeled cells challenged the long-standing view that complete dedifferentiation is a major force driving vertebrate tissue regeneration. The report in BMC Developmental Biology by Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte and colleagues adds a new twist to a rapidly evolving view of the origin of blastemal cells. As classic and recent experimental findings are considered together, a new perspective on vertebrate muscle regeneration is emerging.
Theoretical studies of massive stars. II - Evolution of a 15 solar-mass star from carbon shell burning to iron core collapse

The evolution of a Population I star of 15 solar masses is described from the carbon shell burning stage to the formation and collapse of an iron core. An unusual aspect of the evolution is that neon ignition occurs off-center and neon burning propagates inward by a series of shell flashes. The extent of the core burning is generally smaller than the Chandrasekhar mass, so that most of the nuclear energy generation occurs in shell sources. Because of degeneracy and the influence of rapid convective mixing, these shell sources are unstable and the core goes through large excursions in temperature and density. The small core also causes the shell sources to converge into a narrow mass region slightly above the Chandrasekhar mass. Thus, the final nucleosynthesis yields are generally small, with silicon being most strongly enhanced with respect to solar system abundances.
Production of minimally entangled typical thermal states with the Krylov-space approach

The minimally entangled typical thermal states algorithm is applied to fermionic systems using the Krylov-space approach to evolve the system in imaginary time. The convergence of local observables is studied in a tight-binding system with a site-dependent potential. The temperature dependence of the superconducting correlations of the attractive Hubbard model is analyzed on chains, showing an exponential decay with distance and exponents proportional to the temperature at low temperatures, as expected. In addition, the nonlocal parity correlator is calculated at finite temperature. Other possible applications of the minimally entangled typical thermal states algorithm to fermionic systems are also discussed.
On-the-fly rounding (computing arithmetic)

In implementations of operations based on digit-recurrence algorithms such as division, left-to-right multiplication and square root, the result is obtained in digit-serial form, from most significant digit to least significant. To reduce the complexity of the result-digit selection and allow the use of redundant addition, the result-digit has values from a signed-digit set. As a consequence, the result has to be converted to conventional representation, which can be done on-the-fly as the digits are produced, without the use of a carry-propagate adder. The authors describe three ways to modify this conversion process so that the result is rounded. The resulting operation is fast because no carry-propagate addition is needed. The schemes described apply also to online arithmetic operations. >
Multi-modal OFDM waveform design

Due to limitations in the bandwidth resources, sharing the spectrum across several modalities has become increasingly important. In this paper, we will consider OFDM spectral sharing between radar and wireless communication systems. We will define and compute the importance of each sub-carrier to both the modalities by considering the radar detection performance and channel capacity. We will design the OFDM waveforms for communications and radar by appropriately allocating the sub-carriers using these importance functions. Using numerical simulations, we will demonstrate the performance of our proposed design mechanism.
Stigma-Threat Motivated Nondisclosure of Sexual Assault and Sexual Revictimization: A Prospective Analysis.

The purpose of the study was to assess sexual assault survivors' nondisclosure motivations, including stigma threat, and their impact on revictimization risk. The authors describe data from a prospective study of 144 female, undergraduate sexual assault survivors, most of whom had been assaulted by acquaintances and only one of whom had officially reported her experience to police. As part of a large-scale investigation, participants described during individual interviews why they had not reported their experiences to law enforcement authorities. Open-ended responses were coded into five reliable content themes, one of which was stigma-motivated nondisclosure, or stigma threat. Results indicated that stigma threat prospectively predicted sexual revictimization during a 4.2-month follow-up period. Moreover, results of mediation analyses suggested that decreased posttraumatic growth during the course of the study accounted for the relationship between stigma threat and survivors' revictimizations. Discussio...
Risk of postoperative venous thromboembolism after minimally invasive surgery for endometrial and cervical cancer is low: A multi-institutional study

Abstract Objective To determine the 30-day prevalence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) after minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for endometrial (EC) and cervical cancers (CC). Methods A retrospective cohort study at two large tertiary care centers between 2006 and 2011. Patients having MIS for EC or CC were included. Cases converted to laparotomy were excluded. The primary outcome measure was clinically diagnosed VTE within 30days of operation. Results Of the 558 patients, 90% had EC and 10% had CC. Modalities of hysterectomy included robotic (88%), vaginal (9%), and laparoscopic (3%). A total of 66% had pelvic and 35% had paraaortic lymphadenectomy. The VTE prophylaxes were sequential compression devices (100%) and heparin (39%). There were no VTE events during hospital stay (95% CI, 0.0%–0.7%). The 30-day prevalence of VTE was (0.5%; 95% CI, 0.1%–1.6%). The hitherto recommended risk criteria for giving extended 30-day thromboprophylaxis by the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists (ACOG) or by the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) did not predict risk of VTE in our population. Conclusions The prevalence of VTE in EC and CC undergoing MIS is very low. The existing 30-day risk prediction models proposed by the ACOG and ASCO stem from open surgery patients and do not appear to apply to MIS patients. Certainly, we found no evidence supporting the use of extended prophylactic heparin in this setting. Further research is urgently needed to define the role of any duration of thromboprophylaxis in MIS patients with endometrial or cervix cancer.
Pediatric cochlear implant surgery

Thirty years of cochlear implantation (CI) have produced abundant information about the evaluation of CI candidates, the surgical technique, and the management of complications. Continuous improvement in the management strategy and the surgical technique has optimized the rehabilitation of patients with severe and profound sensorineural hearing loss while limiting complications. This article will review the recent changes in indications for optimizing speech development in children with severe and profound sensorineural hearing loss, including the restoration of binaural hearing. The most appropriate tests for preoperative evaluation of candidates are discussed and technique adaptations are described. Optimal management would be CI before the first birthday. Bilateral implantation is considered in every surgical candidate. The surgical technique has been modified to consider residual hearing conservation and avoidance of known potential complications.
Matrix GLA Protein Stimulates VEGF Expression through Increased Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Activity in Endothelial Cells

Matrix GLA protein (MGP) is expressed in endothelial cells (EC), and MGP deficiency results in developmental defects suggesting involvement in EC function. To determine the role of MGP in EC, we cultured bovine aortic EC with increasing concentrations of human MGP (hMGP) for 24 h. The results showed increased proliferation, migration, tube formation, and increased release of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). HMGP, added endogenously or transiently expressed, increased VEGF gene expression dose-dependently as determined by real-time PCR. To determine the mechanism by which hMGP increased VEGF expression, we studied the effect of MGP on the activity of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 compared with that of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 using transfection assays with TGF-β- and BMP-response element reporter genes. Our results showed a strong enhancement of TGF-β1 activity by hMGP, which was paralleled by increased VEGF expression. BMP-2 activity, on the other hand, was inhibited by hMGP. Neutralizing antibodies to TGF-β blocked the effect of MGP on VEGF expression. The enhanced TGF-β1 activity specifically activated the Smad1/5 pathway indicating that the TGF-β receptor activin-like kinase 1 (ALK1) had been stimulated. It occurred without changes in expression of TGF-β1 or ALK1 and was mimicked by transfection of constitutively active ALK1, which increased VEGF expression. Expression of VEGF and MGP was induced by TGF-β1, but the induction of MGP preceded that of VEGF, consistent with a promoting effect on VEGF expression. Together, the results suggest that MGP plays a role in EC function, altering the response to TGF-β superfamily growth factors.
A procedure for the investigation of mechanical and physical properties of ceramics under the conditions of biaxial bending of a disk specimen according to the ring–ring scheme

A procedure and instruments are developed for the strength analyses of disk ceramic specimens under the conditions of biaxial bending according to the ring–ring scheme at high temperatures (up to 800°C) in a working hydrogen-containing medium of a solid-oxide fuel cell with continuous measuring of the physical characteristics of materials (electric resistivity and conductivity) as functions of time.
Minor protein components in cowpea chlorotic mottle virus and satellite of tobacco necrosis virus.

Abstract Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus was found to contain a minor protein component in addition to the major coat protein. This minor component, which resisted disaggregation under reducing conditions by detergents, urea, and guanidine hydrochloride, appeared to be a dimer of the coat protein as judged by molecular weight and amino acid composition. Satellite of tobacco necrosis virus was also found to contain a minor protein component, probably a dimer of coat subunits.
Effects of Flow Patterns on the Localization and Expression of VE-Cadherin at Vascular Endothelial Cell Junctions: In vivo and in vitro Investigations

Atherosclerosis occurs preferentially at vascular curvature and branch sites where the vessel walls are exposed to fluctuating shear stress and have high endothelial permeability. Endothelial permeability is modulated by intercellular adhesion molecules such as VE-cadherin. This study was designed to elucidate the effects of different flow patterns on the localization and expression of VE-cadherin in endothelial cells (ECs) both in vivo and in vitro. VE-cadherin staining at EC borders was much stronger in the descending thoracic aorta and abdominal aorta, where the pulsatile flow has a strong net forward component than in the aortic arch and the poststenotic dilatation site beyond an experimental constriction, where the flow near the wall is complex and reciprocating with little net flow. With the use of flow chambers the effects of pulsatile flow (12 +/- 4 dyn/cm2 at 1 Hz) and reciprocating flow (0.5 +/- 4 dyn/cm2 at 1 Hz) on VE-cadherin organization in endothelial monolayers were studied in vitro. VE-cadherin staining was continuous along cell borders in static controls. Following 6 h of either pulsatile or reciprocating flow, the VE-cadherin staining at cell borders became intermittent. When the pulsatile flow was extended to 24, 48 or 72 h the staining around the cell borders became continuous again, but the staining was still intermittent when the reciprocating flow was similarly extended. Exposure to pulsatile or reciprocating flow for 6 and 24 h neither change the expression level of VE-cadherin nor its distribution between membrane and cytosol fractions as determined by Western blot and compared with static controls. These findings suggest that the cell junction remodeling induced by different flow patterns may result from a redistribution of VE-cadherin within the cell membrane. Both the in vivo and in vitro data indicate that pulsatile and reciprocating flow patterns have different effects on cell junction remodeling. The lack of junction reorganization in regions of reciprocating flow in vivo and in vitro may provide a mechanistic basis for the high permeability and the preferential localization of atherosclerosis in regions of the arterial stress with complex flow patterns and fluctuating shear stress.
Negotiating illness: doctors, patients, and families in the nineteenth century.

This article is based on medical literature published in American and British monographs and medical journals in which physician-authors utilized case histories of women's nervous and mental disease and related gynecological complaints. I argue that the interaction of physicians, patients, and families was a relationship in which women patients contributed to the formation of medical knowledge and forged a modern sense of body and self. After an introductory section on reading case studies, I call attention to the ways in which physicians, patients, and patients' families educated each other about wellness and illness, which formed the basis of physicians' interpretation of disease. Next, I point out how the case histories structured an ideal script for doctor, patient, and family, based on physicians' sympathetic authority and patients' willingness to tell and show all. And finally, I suggest that the doctor-patient dialogue encouraged women patients to see themselves as medically manageable bodies and as individuals separate from families.
Reuse-based online models for caches

We develop a reuse distance/stack distance based analytical modeling framework for efficient, online prediction of cache performance for a range of cache configurations and replacement policies LRU, PLRU, RANDOM, NMRU. Our framework unifies existing cache miss rate prediction techniques such as Smith's associativity model, Poisson variants, and hardware way-counter based schemes. We also show how to adapt LRU way-counters to work when the number of sets in the cache changes. As an example application, we demonstrate how results from our models can be used to select, based on workload access characteristics, last-level cache configurations that aim to minimize energy-delay product.
Cyclic Diguanylate Is a Ubiquitous Signaling Molecule in Bacteria: Insights into Biochemistry of the GGDEF Protein Domain

Proteins containing GGDEF domains are encoded in the majority of sequenced bacterial genomes. In several species, these proteins have been implicated in biosynthesis of exopolysaccharides, formation of biofilms, establishment of a sessile lifestyle, surface motility, and regulation of gene expression. However, biochemical activities of only a few GGDEF domain proteins have been tested. These proteins were shown to be involved in either synthesis or hydrolysis of cyclic-bis(3′→5′) dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) or in hydrolysis of cyclic AMP. To investigate specificity of the GGDEF domains in Bacteria, six GGDEF domain-encoding genes from randomly chosen representatives of diverse branches of the bacterial phylogenetic tree, i.e., Thermotoga, Deinococcus-Thermus, Cyanobacteria, spirochetes, and α and γ divisions of the Proteobacteria, were cloned and overexpressed. All recombinant proteins were purified and found to possess diguanylate cyclase (DGC) activity involved in c-di-GMP synthesis. The individual GGDEF domains from two proteins were overexpressed, purified, and shown to possess a low level of DGC activity. The oligomeric states of full-length proteins and individual GGDEF domains were similar. This suggests that GGDEF domains are sufficient to encode DGC activity; however, enzymatic activity is highly regulated by the adjacent sensory protein domains. It is shown that DGC activity of the GGDEF domain protein Rrp1 from Borrelia burgdorferi is strictly dependent on phosphorylation status of its input receiver domain. This study establishes that majority of GGDEF domain proteins are c-di-GMP specific, that c-di-GMP synthesis is a wide-spread phenomenon in Bacteria, and that it is highly regulated.
Relationship of melilite-bearing rocks to kimberlite: A preliminary report on the system akermanite-CO2

Abstract The maximum stability limit of akermanite in the presence of excess CO 2 was found to be about 6 kbar. Below that pressure, at relatively lower temperatures, akermanite reacts with CO 2 to form diopside + calcite. Akermanite is unstable below 1010°C, 2 kbar; 1180°, 5 kbar; and 1240°, 6.1 kbar. The melting temperature of akermanite is depressed by CO 2 owing to the solubility of CO 2 in the liquid: 1454°C, 1 kbar; 1405°, 2 kbar; 1365°, 5 kbar; and 1355°, 5.8 kbar. The complete melting of diopside + calcite (1:1 mole) above 6 kbar and the melting of akermanite in the presence of excess CO 2 below 6 kbar produce homogeneous liquids; therefore, carbonates are not necessarily immiscible in silicate melts of all ultrabasic compositions. The restriction of akermanite to relatively low pressures in the presence of CO 2 and H 2 O, respectively, indicates that melilite-bearing rocks are not likely sources of kimberlite in the mantle. Melilite-bearing rocks recrystallize at high pressures to pyroxenites in the absence of CO 2 and H 2 O. On the other hand, simplified reactions representing the conversion of ugandite or mafurite in the presence of CO 2 and H 2 O to forsterite + phlogopite + calcite, the groundmass assemblage of kimberlite, indicates that a magma having melilite affinities could be transformed into kimberlite with the aid of suitable volatiles. The experimental results are also pertinent to Bowen 's step 8 in the metamorphism of a siliceous dolomite. Because of the exceptionally high temperatures involved where CO pressure equals the total pressure, the reaction in nature appears to run at very low partial pressures of CO 2 . Preliminary results on the melting of calcite cleavage rhombs indicate congruent melting at 1355°C, 2 kbar; 1395°, 5 kbar; 1430°, 7.5 kbar; and 1460°, 10 kbar.
Swimming compared to cold for eliciting maximal oxygen uptake in mice

SummaryExposure of mice to water of either 28 or 20° stimulated in about 2 min a maximal oxygen consumption value (12–130 ml/kg/min) similar to swimming in thermoneutral (36°) water. 20° water was considered an excessive stress because of a relatively rapid decline in rectal temperature of 1.2°/min which resulted in metabolic depression. Respiratory exchange ratios during stress in 21% O2 averaged 0.94 suggesting submaximal loads on the aerobic system. During the additional stress of hypoxia (12% O2) R rose above 1.00 possibly indicating a true maximal aerobic stress. The ability of these tests to detect aerobic defects was demonstrated by the 26% lower VRO2max in mice breathing 12% O2 during stress as compared to those in 21% O2. It seems both the swimming and cold stress tests may be used interchangeably. Each is of short duration and neither require training.The authors thank Mr. Joseph F. Pitt for his assistance.
On the instability of wave-catalysed longitudinal vortices in strong shear

The inviscid instability of O(ϵ) two-dimensional periodic flows to spanwise-periodic longitudinal vortex modes in parallel O(1) shear flows is considered. In such cases, not only is the effect of fluctuations upon the mean state important but also the influence of the developing mean flow on the fluctuating part of the motion. The former is described by a generalized Lagrangian-mean formulation; the latter by a modified Rayleigh equation. Of specific interest is whether the spanwise distortion of the wave field feeds back to enhance or inhibit instability to longitudinal vortex form. Two cases are considered in detail: uniform shear between wavy walls and non-uniform shear beneath free-surface waves. In both cases wave distortion acts to inhibit, and in some circumstances curtail, instability for all but the shortest waves.
Vehicle mounted wide FOV stereo for traffic and pedestrian detection

This paper describes an approach for detecting objects in front of an automobile using wide field of view stereo with a pair of omni cameras. Several configurations are suggested for effective detection of vehicles and pedestrians. The omni cameras are calibrated using sets of parallel lines on a parking lot. The calibration is used to rectify the omni images. Stereo matching is performed on the rectified images to detect other vehicles and pedestrians. Experimental results show promise of detecting these objects on the road.
Characteristics of White-Tailed Deer Visits to Cattle Farms:Implications for Disease Transmission at the Wildlife-Livestock Interface

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is endemic in free- ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus )i n MI, USA. Currently, the rates of farm visitation by deer and co- use of forage resources by cattle and deer are poorly under- stood. To evaluate the extent deer and livestock may share forage resources, we investigated farm, yard, and cattle-use area visitation by white-tailed deer and compared visitation with common livestock management practices. We fitted 25 female white-tailed deer near the bTB-infected zone in Michigan's Lower Peninsula with global positioning system collars. Livestock management practices associated with farm visitation included presence of confined feeding pastures, num- ber of cattle water sources, and the number of cattle pastures. Fewer farm visits occurred at night than during the day. A higher proportion of nighttime visits occurred between mid- night and sunrise. Visitation to yards and cattle-use areas were similar: a higher proportion of visits occurred at night, and a higher proportion of nighttime visits occurred between mid- night and sunrise. Multiple visits during the same day were common. Visitation increased through spring and peaked dur- ing the fawning season. Results suggest that mitigation and control efforts to guard against potential transmission of bTB should include the season and time of day during which deer visitation occurs. Furthermore, specific livestock management practices may contribute to farm visitation by deer. Deer visit- ing multiple farms may contribute to local area spread of bTB. Focusing risk mitigation efforts on individual deer that are most likely to visit farms may reduce potential bTB transmission.
Transvaginal Prolapse Repair

Transvaginal pelvic floor reconstruction can be divided by compartment: anterior repair, posterior repair, and apical repair. Approaches can be restorative, utilizing native tissue to fix defects, compensatory, utilizing biologic or synthetic graft material to fix defects, and obliterative. The presence of prolapse alone is not an indication for treatment. Only symptomatic patients should be treated. The transvaginal approach to pelvic floor reconstruction offers the potential benefits of decreased morbidity, convalescence, and cost compared to the transabdominal approach. However, long-term outcomes can vary and an informed discussion with the patient and consideration of surgeon expertise should guide the approach used for pelvic floor reconstruction.
Los peligros de la ingeniería electoral (y de predecir sus efectos)

Resumen es: Cuando Chile adopto el sistema binominal, florecieron las advertencias academicos acerca de sus posibles efectos negativos. Luego de quince anos y cuatr...
A Virtual Atom Cluster Approach to the Mechanics of Nanostructures

A virtual atom cluster (VAC) model that represents the effect of interatomic bonding is developed as the constitutive model for crystal systems. In contrast with the crystal elasticity model, the proposed VAC model is distinguished by the following features: i) It does not build any constitutive relations that involve any stress concept, and ii) it does not use the homogeneous deformation assumption, or equivalently, the Born hypothesis. As a consequence of these attributes, the energy density of the system is embedded in the VAC model and directly related to the deformation mapping. The deformation mapping is constructed through the use of meshfree or finite element shape functions. The highorder continuity property of the meshfree shape functions guarantees the accuracy in describing the geometry and thus the energy of the atomic bond. The resulting formulation computationally more efficient than the continuum-based approach. Finally, the robustness of the method is illustrated through example problems involving various nanostructures.
Angiotensin II administration improves cerebral blood flow in cardiopulmonary arrest in swine.

Cerebral blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation is inadequate to meet cerebral metabolic demand. Adrenergic agonists improve cerebral blood flow, but clinical trials of increased doses in adults have not shown improved outcome from cardiac arrest. This may be due to adverse beta-agonist-mediated effects. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of angiotensin II, a potent nonadrenergic vasopressor, on cerebral blood flow in cardiac arrest. Eleven immature swine were anesthetized and instrumented for regional blood flow measurements with radiolabeled microspheres. A sagittal sinus catheter was placed for blood gas determination. A blood flow measurement was performed in normal sinus rhythm and ventricular fibrillation induced. After 10 minutes of ventricular fibrillation, cardiopulmonary resuscitation was begun and a blood flow measurement performed. Angiotensin II at a dose of 50 micrograms/kg was administered intravenously at 13 minutes of ventricular fibrillation. A blood flow measurement was performed and defibrillation attempted. A fourth blood flow measurement was obtained if return of spontaneous circulation occurred. Total cerebral blood flow was 46.4 mL/min per 100 g in normal sinus rhythm. This fell to 6.9 mL/min per 100 g with cardiopulmonary resuscitation alone and rose to 30.8 mL/min per 100 g after the administration of angiotensin II. The improvement following angiotensin II was statistically different (P = .002). Cerebral blood flow further rose in the animals that had return of spontaneous circulation to 73.9 mL/min per 100 g. Angiotensin II in a dose of 50 micrograms/kg significantly improves cerebral blood flow in this model of cardiac arrest.
A hybrid push/pull system in assemble-to-order manufacturing environment

A hybrid push/pull system of an assemble-to-order manufacturing environment is investigated in this paper. In this environment, raw material can be transformed into common semi-finished products at a point where next downstream operations are triggered by customer orders. The production of the earlier upstream stations is controlled by push-type production, while the production of the later downstream stations is controlled by pull-type production. The hybrid system often compromises the conflicting performance characteristics of the push and the pull environments. In the push type, high inventory cost is anticipated in the return of low delivery leadtime. On the contrary, in the pull type, high delivery leadtime is expected in the return of low inventory cost. The objective function for the presented hybrid model is to minimize the sum of inventory holding cost and delivery leadtime cost, which is the cost of the time period since customers have placed an order until it is fulfilled. The model is applied to solve the inventory and late delivery problems in an assemble-to-order manufacturer. A genetic algorithm (GA) is used. A discrete event simulation model is used to evaluate the objective function for each chromosome in the GA. The pure push and pull systems are also simulated in order to compare their performance with the hybrid system. Sensitivity analysis on the coefficient of variation (CV) of time between actual customer order arrivals and on various cost ratios of delivery leadtime and inventory are carried out. In most cases, the hybrid performs the best. Results show that the hybrid production system would save the company significantly compared to the pure push or pure pull production systems.