cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of mill energy and temperature on the structure of the TiNi intermetallic after mechanical attrition

Mechanical attrition of intermetallic compound TiNi powder was carried out in two different ball mills and as a function of milling temperature. The microstructural changes with milling time were followed by x-ray diffraction, TEM, and DSC. The more energetic Spex shaker mill provided a higher degree of lattice strain and rapidly refined the grain size to the nanometer size regime. Amorphization was observed in the Spex mill with a linear increase in the milling time for amorphization with increasing milling temperature. No amorphization was observed in the less energetic vibratory mill, and the grain size saturated to a constant value of 15 nm after ≥60 h of milling. A critical grain size for the amorphization of 4-5 nm was estimated from the temperature dependent studies in the Spex mill. The grain boundary energy (706 mJ/m2), estimated from the vibratory mill experiments, and the above critical grain sizes (5 nm) for amorphization were used to calculate the enthalpy supplied by the nanocrystalline grain boundaries. The calculated value of 4.1 kJ/mol was comparable to the measured enthalpy of crystallization of 3.2 kJ/mol. It is concluded that the nanocrystalline grain boundary energy is responsible for driving the crystalline-to-amorphous phase transformation induced by mechanical attrition in TiNi.
Effect of various doses of estrogen to balb/ccrgl neonatal female mice on mammary growth and branching at 5 weeks of age.

High doses of 17beta-estradiol given newborn mice the first 5 days of life had no effect on mammary growth at 3 weeks of age whereas glands measured at 5 weeks of age displayed marked dose-dependent differences in area and branching. The number of duct branches increased significantly as the estrogen dose was raised from the 25 mug threshold to 35 or to 70 mug. Ratios between area and branching remained constant under all experimental conditions. Regional, dose-dependent, differences in gland-pair response were also observed at 5 weeks. Mammary gland pairs differed significantly in several growth parameters. The third gland pair was smaller in area and had fewer branches, but the opposite was true of the second and fourth gland pairs. Systemic injection of high doses of 17beta-estradiol into neonates reduced differences in growth parameters between gland pairs.
Constraints on Coronal Mass Ejection Evolution from in Situ Observations of Ionic Charge States

We present a novel procedure for deriving the physical properties of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) in the corona. Our methodology uses in situ measurements of ionic charge states of C, O, Si, and Fe in the heliosphere and interprets them in the context of a model for the early evolution of interplanetary CME (ICME) plasma, between 2 and 5 R� . We find that the data are best fit by an evolution that consists of an initial heating of the plasma, followed by an expansion that ultimately results in cooling. The heating profile is consistent with a compression of coronal plasma due to flare reconnection jets and an expansion cooling due to the ejection, as expected from the standard CME/flare model. The observed frozen-in ionic charge states reflect this time history and, therefore, provide important constraints for the heating and expansion timescales, as well as the maximum temperature the CME plasma is heated to during its eruption. Furthermore, our analysis places severe limits on the possible density of CME plasma in the corona. We discuss the implications of our results for CME models and for future analysis of ICME plasma composition.
Design of a prospective, dose-escalation study evaluating the Safety of Pioglitazone for Hematoma Resolution in Intracerebral Hemorrhage (SHRINC).

Rationale Preclinical work demonstrates that the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma plays an important role in augmenting phagocytosis while modulating oxidative stress and inflammation. We propose that targeted stimulation of phagocytosis to promote efficient removal of the hematoma without harming surrounding brain cells may be a therapeutic option for intracerebral hemorrhage. Aims The primary objective is to assess the safety of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist, pioglitazone, in increasing doses for three-days followed by a maintenance dose, when administered to patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage within 24 h of symptom onset compared with standard care. We will determine the maximum tolerated dose of pioglitazone. Study design This is a prospective, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation safety trial in which patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage are randomly allocated to placebo or treatment. The Continual Reassessment Method for dose finding is used to determine the maximum tolerated dose of pioglitazone. Hematoma and edema resolution is evaluated with serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at specified time points. Functional outcome will be evaluated at three- and six-months. Outcomes The primary safety outcome is mortality at discharge. Secondary safety outcomes include mortality at three-months and six-months, symptomatic cerebral edema, clinically significant congestive heart failure, edema, hypoglycemia, anemia, and hepatotoxicity. Radiographic outcomes will explore the time frame for resolution of 25%, 50%, and 75% of the hematoma. Clinical outcomes are measured by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), the Barthel Index, modified Rankin Scale, Stroke Impact Scale-16, and EuroQol at three- and six-months.
Lytic bone lesion in a 12-year-old

Dr. Perkins: The initial radiograph of the humerus demonstrates a cortical-based, diaphyseal lytic lesion with well-defined sclerotic margins (Fig. 1). The overlying cortex appears intact, and there is no suggestion of an adjacent soft-tissue mass. Subsequent radiographs taken 5 years later reveal that the process has progressed to involve the medullary cavity with endosteal scalloping and some expansion of the humeral shaft (Fig. 2). The lesion is well marginated and has a lobulated appearance. Neither pathologic fracture nor periosteal reaction is seen. Computed-tomography confirms both a cortical and medullary component (Fig. 3). The marrow cavity is expanded, but no matrix calcification is identified. There is mildly increased uptake of radionuclide on a technetium-99m methylene diphosphonate (99mTc-MDP) bone scan (Fig. 4). The magnetic resonance (MR) imaging appearance is slightly heterogeneous but predominantly low signal on Tl-weighted images. The margins of the lesion enhance following gadolinium administration (Fig. 5). The differential diagnosis of a lyric bone lesion in a 12year-old is long, but the radiographic findings and clinical course in this patient suggest a more specific diagnosis. The most common lytic lesion in this age group is nonossifting fibroma. Nonossifying fibromas have a characteristic shallow , well-marginated oval appearance and are
Ionizing Radiation Effects on Nonvolatile Memory Properties of Programmable Metallization Cells

The impact of ionizing radiation on the retention and endurance of programmable metallization cells (PMC) ReRAM cells is investigated and presented for the first time, with additional work on resistance switching. This study shows that 60 Co gamma-ray exposure has a minimal effect on the retention of PMC devices, up to a total ionizing dose (TID) of 2.8 Mrad (Ge 30 Se 70 ), the maximum TID level tested. The retention of both high resistance states (HRS) and low resistance states (LRS) during exposure was tested. Endurance appears to be slightly reduced with gamma-ray exposure. The endurance was tested to maximum TID of 4.62 Mrad (Ge 30 Se 70 ). DC response characterizations were also performed on PMC devices after cumulative dose exposures with 50 MeV protons and 100 keV electrons. The data show that PMCs are most sensitive to proton irradiation incident from the backside of the device. For the electron exposures, it is shown that the LRS is mostly unaffected, but the HRS drifts to lower resistance values with an increase in radiation exposure.
High-current vacuum arcs. Part 1: An experimental study

The vacuum or metal-vapour arc between butt electrodes of 6?75mm diameter, at separations up to 40mm, has been studied experimentally throughout a range of sinusoidal current loops up to 100kA peak. The appearance and properties of the copper-vapour discharge are shown to vary widely over this current range. The well known diffuse low-voltage vacuum arc which exists at a few hundred amperes develops into a constricted higher-voltage form as the current is increased, and, during 50Hz loops in excess of about 10KA peak, the arc produces grossly melted electrode spots at temperatures which are shown to be close to the boiling point of copper. High-pressure magnetically constricted arc columns develop from these large electrode spots, producing a discharge which bears many resemblances to a high-pressure high-current arc. Theoretical interpretations of these findings are presented in the companion paper.
Structure energies of the alkali feldspars

Structural energetics of the alkali feldspars have been studied using a “lattice” or structure energy model. Electrostatic energies, Ue,for 20 well-refined, non-intergrown alkali feldspars were calculated using Bertaut's (1952) summation procedure and average about −13,400 kcal/mol; the repulsive energies of the alkali site in each structure (∼15 kcal/mol) were calculated using repulsive parameters for K-O and Na-O interactions estimated from bulk modulus data for NaF and KF and the exponential form of the repulsive potential. Using a procedure in which the position of the alkali cation was varied while the oxygen cage was kept fixed, structure energy gradients for the alkali sites of high albite and a hypersolvus Ab42Or58 structure were computed. In both cases, a broad structure energy well, elongated approximately parallel to c and subparallel to the observed split Na positions, was found. In both structures there is a single energy minimum corresponding closely with the observed single alkali positions. Comparison of Ue values for the alkali feldspars with different K/Na ratios shows that intermediate compositions are predicted to be less “stable” than either endmember and that the potassic end-member is predicted to be less “stable” than the sodic one, assuming that all other factors contributiong to the free energies of each phase are approximately the same. Comparison of Ue values for the high albite and low sanidine structures with different Al/Si distributions and a fixed tetrahedral framework indicates that the ordered charge distributions are 63.0 and 54.8 kcal/mol, respectively, more “stable” than the disordered distributions. Smaller, more realistic energy differences were obtained by using Uevalues averaged from four separate calculations with a +3 charge on a different T site in each and with +4 charges on the other T sites. If, in addition, the charges on cations and oxygen are reduced to half their nominal formal charges, in agreement with Pauling's electroneutrality principle and the results of recent molecular orbital calculations on silicates, the predicted electrostatic energy differences are reduced to 3.6 and 1.6 kcal/mol, respectively. These calculations also indicate that the T1O site in the high albite structure energetically favors Al and that the Al/Si distribution determines the Na position within the alkali site.
Barisal Guns and Similar Sounds

IT may be worth while to put on record the following statements of the distances at which the firing of guns have been heard. They were related to me by the late Prof. C. J. Harris, of Washington, and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia, who, in speaking of the distances at which sounds could be heard, said that during “The War”—the Civil War of 1861–65—he had frequently heard the firing of the guns in battles taking place many miles from Lexington; and so distinct were the reports, that it was easy to distinguish between light and heavy artillery. In particular, I remember his saying that the sound of the cannonading at the Battle of Malvern Hill was distinctly heard at Lexington. Malvern Hill is about 123 miles “as the crow flies” from Lexington. At this battle gunboats were used by the Federals, and the reports of the heavy guns on the boats could be easily distinguished.
Methodology for performance optimization of ramp control strategies through microsimulation

Freeway ramp control has been successfully implemented since the mid-1960s as an efficient and viable freeway management strategy. However, the effectiveness of any ramp control strategy is largely dependent on site-specific customization and calibration, preferably before its deployment. A general methodology for such performance optimization of ramp control strategies is proposed in a microscopic simulation environment as an alternative to trial-and-error field experimentation. The applicability of the methodology is demonstrated by implementation on Minnesota's new stratified zone metering (SZM). Further, the effect of external factors, such as traffic demand variation and incidents, on SZM control and optimization results was also studied. Results show that the optimization methodology is highly effective depending on the optimization objective, test site characteristics, and demand levels.
Energetic neutral atom imaging of Jupiter's magnetosphere using the Cassini MIMI instrument

Abstract Energetic Neutral Atoms (ENA's) are generated within planetary magnetospheres by charge exchange between magnetically trapped energetic ions and cool neutral gasses. An ENA camera can sense the arrival directions, the energies, and the mass species of the ENA's, thereby obtaining global images of the spatial, energy, and mass species distributions of the parent ion populations. Such a camera, the Ion and Neutral Camera (INCA), will fly with the Cassini mission to Saturn as a component of the Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument (MIMI). We evaluate the prospects of obtaining global images of Jupiter's magnetosphere by Cassini INCA during the gravity assist flyby of Jupiter. INCA images could make ground-breaking contributions to our understanding of the global dynamics and configuration of the Jovian magnetosphere.
‘Evaluating evaluation’ in light of discipline-specific computational turns

THE GROWTH IN COMPUTER USE within each discipline is leading to the ‘evaluation’ of a transdiscipline field of evaluation. Paradigm sets of discipline-specific problems and solutions relating to ‘educational computing’ are being addressed within the disciplines themselves. The author suggests that the ultimate evaluation of computing within each discipline domain will arise from the particularusefulness of computing within those discipline-specific domains.
How Technology Encourages Political Selective Exposure

This article focuses on customizability technology and its implications for the Selective Exposure Theory. 2 important dimensions of customizability technology (i.e., user-driven vs. system-driven, and topic-based vs. ideology-based) are explicated. The potential relationship between these customizability dimensions and selective exposure is discussed. 2 models of customizability effects are developed incorporating various user-level and content-level variables, providing a detailed roadmap for future research on customizability technology. Theoretical implications of customizability technology beyond its effects on selective exposure are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF A FOCUS FOR THE GEOGRAPHY OF SETTLEMENT

*Supported by the Research Committee of the Graduate School from special funds supplied by the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation. 'The principal bibliographies on the geography of settlement are: American Geographical Society of New York: Research Catalog of the American Geographical Society (Boston, 1962), classification 5; L. 0. Bercaw, A. M. Hannay, and E. M. Colvin: Bibliography on Land Settlement (U.S. Dept. of Agric., Misc. Publ. No. 172, 1934); L. 0. Bercaw and A. M. Hannay: Bibliography on Land Utilization, 1918-1936 (U.S. Dept. of Agric., Misc. Publ. No. 284, 1938); B. J. L. Berry and A. Pred: Central Place Studies, A Bibliography of Theory and Applications, Biblio. Series, No. 1, Regional Science Research Inst. (Philadelphia, 1961); A. E. Brouwn: Land Settlement, Intern. Inst. for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen (Netherlands, 1960), mimeo; H. Dbrries: Siedlungs-und Bevolkerungs-geographie (1908-1938), Geographisches Jahrbuch, Vol. 55, Erster Halbband, 1940, pp. 1-380; E. Friedrich: Die Fortschritte der Anthropogeographie, Geographisches Jahrbuch, Vol. 31, 1908, sections 3 and 4, pp. 440-461; Geographical Branch, Dept. of Mines and Technical Surveys: Colonization and Settlement in the Americas, A Selected Bibliography (Ottawa, 1960); A. M. Hannay: Land Settlement, A List of References (U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Libr. List No. 9, Washington, June 1944), mimeo; University of Wisconsin Land Tenure Center Library: Annotated Bibliography: Colonization and Settlement (Madison, 1964) duplicated. In addition there are extensive bibliographies in the following references devoted to, or with major parts on, the geography of settlement: D. R. Denman et al.: Bibliography of Rural Land Economy and Landownership, 1900-1957 (Cambridge, England, 1958); C. H. Edelman and B. E. P. Eeuwens: Bibliography on Land and Water Utilization and Conservation in Europe, (F.A.O., Rome, 1955), mimeo; H. T. Eldridge: The Materials of Demography (New York, 1959); Bibliography on Land Tenure (F.A.O., Rome, 1955); W. D. Forsyth: The Myth of Open Spaces (Melbourne and London, 1942), pp. 210-220; 0. E. Goodsell: Land Classification, A Selected Bibliography (U.S. Dept. of Agric., March, 1940) mimeo; A. M. Hannay and D. W. Gooch: Land Ownership, A Bibliography of Selected References (U.S. Dept. of Agric., Biblio. Bull. No. 22, 1953). Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration: Agricultural Emigration from Europe, 1920-1961, A Bibliography (Geneva, 1962), mimeo; Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration: Migrants and Refu, gees, A Bibliography on Legal Matters (Geneva(Continued on next page)
Cap-Independent Translational Enhancement of Turnip Crinkle Virus Genomic and Subgenomic RNAs

The presence of translational control elements and cap structures has not been carefully investigated for members of the Carmovirus genus, a group of small icosahedral plant viruses with positive-sense RNA genomes. In this study, we examined both the 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of the turnip crinkle carmovirus (TCV) genomic RNA (4 kb) as well as the 5' UTR of the coat protein subgenomic RNA (1.45 kb) for their roles in translational regulation. All three UTRs enhanced translation of the firefly luciferase reporter gene to different extents. Optimal translational efficiency was achieved when mRNAs contained both 5' and 3' UTRs. The synergistic effect due to the 5'-3' cooperation was at least fourfold greater than the sum of the contributions of the individual UTRs. The observed translational enhancement of TCV mRNAs occurred in a cap-independent manner, a result consistent with the demonstration, using a cap-specific antibody, that the 5' end of the TCV genomic RNA was uncapped. Finally, the translational enhancement activity within the 5' UTR of 1.45-kb subgenomic RNA was shown to be important for the translation of coat protein in protoplasts and for virulent infection in Arabidopsis plants.
Access to Employment for Adults in Poverty in the Buffalo-Niagara Region:

This study extends the spatial mismatch literature by examining access to employment for the low-income population in Erie and Niagara Counties in western New York State. The analysis uses geographical information systems (GIS) to map residence and employment locations and calculate measures of employment and transport access. Throughout the two-county region, two-thirds of adults in poverty live within close proximity to a reasonable number of low-wage jobs. The ratio of the number of jobs accessible within a 30-minute commute by automobile versus public transit varies only slightly across neighbourhoods with high poverty rates. The close proximity of the suburbs to the central city and the network of grid and radial streets connecting the two places make suburban job access reasonable. Thus, despite higher numbers of low-wage jobs in the suburbs, job access in the city is superior to job access in the suburbs due to higher densities of employment opportunities and the existence of developed transport ne...
Anticipated Extravehicular Activity Time on the Lunar Surface Based on ISS Operations

Extravehicular activities (EVA) on the lunar surface will be frequent and of extended duration to provide the most efficient use of time for exploration activities. This goal of maximizing crew time for exploration activities is analogous to the International Space Station’s (ISS) goal of maximizing time for science activities. On ISS, however, science activities were less than expected due in part to additional time being taken up by habitat maintenance needs. To avoid a similar occurrence on the lunar missions, realistic estimates were determined for maintenance and other non-exploration activities, so that alternative design approaches could be examined. The two main categories of non-exploration activities are habitat maintenance and personal activi ties (e.g., sleep and exercise); these activities are estimated to use 17.2 hours per crew me mber per day (hr/CM/d). The third category is standard operations (e.g., communications, medical operations) that are anticipated to take approximately 2.6 hr/d/CM. Therefore , on an average day, only 4.3 hr/CM/d are left for EVA, which is further reduced by pre- and post-EVA operations. Therefore, assuming a crew size of four and two-person EVA sorties, the average daily total time for EVA surface excursions is less than 2.2 hours. Given the potential for this likely unacceptably low EVA time, different approaches were evaluated to reduce the daily need for vehicle maintenance and personal activities and to increase time available for lunar exploration. After modifying the mission design with respect to human performance, schedule and technology factors, it is shown that productive EVA time could be increased to up to 5.0 hr/d.
Electrical characterization of wafer-scale epitaxial graphene and its RF applications

Summary form only given, as follows. High-performance graphene field-effect transistors are fabricated on two-inch graphene-on-SiC wafers. Epitaxial graphene was synthesized on SiC wafers by thermal annealing to form one to two layers of graphene. The graphene transistors possess high current density of 1mA/µm, and a cut-off frequency of 170 GHz is achieved for graphene FETs with a gate length of 90 nm. These results unravel the great potential of graphene for future RF applications.
UN Peacekeeping in Civil Wars: Conclusion: two levels of organizational learning

In this book I have argued that there are three conditions that are necessary, and jointly they are sufficient, for the successful implementation of UN multidimensional peacekeeping mandates in civil wars. These conditions consist of the consent of the warring parties for the UN operation, consensual but only moderately intense Security Council interests, and first-level organizational learning in the UN Secretariat's peacekeeping operation. I have based this argument on case studies of the ten multidimensional operations, most of which began and ended in the 1990s – the four cases of failure in Somalia, Rwanda, Angola, and Bosnia, and the six successes in Namibia, El Salvador, Cambodia, Mozambique, Eastern Slavonia, and East Timor. The argument also holds for the ongoing missions addressed in Chapter 9: Kosovo, Sierra Leone, Congo, Liberia, Cote d'Ivoire, Burundi, Haiti and Sudan. Most of the book focuses on the devilish details that, taken together, paint a picture of the overall processes that determine the outcomes of peacekeeping operations. In this chapter, however, I address some of the larger implications of my research, and possible new directions in the future of UN multidimensional peacekeeping. I begin by exploring some of the preconditions that enable first-level learning. This is significant, since first-level learning is one of the most important causes, or “independent variables,” that affects peacekeeping outcomes: what lies behind this factor that I otherwise treat as a starting place for explanation? I then analyze the second-level organizational changes at UN headquarters.
A new look at the professional training of secondary school mathematics teachers

Typical patterns followed in American colleges and universities in the preparation of mathematics teachers are inadequate for at least four reasons: some mathematics courses are perceived by students as irrelevant, the preparation is often not in step with societal changes, little attention is given to developing a solid understanding of mathematics content which is particularly important for secondary teachers, and insufficient emphasis is placed on the big ideas and unifying themes which pervade all of mathematics. This article discusses the reasons for these shortcomings and suggests a possible remedy involving the design of a program based on the intersection of certain needs of a secondary teacher and certain mathematics courses studied by prospective teachers.
A reusable implosive seismic source for midwater or seafloor use

We have developed a new implosive seismic or acoustic source for seafloor or midwater use. The fact that this device does not use pyrotechnics simplifies logistic and permitting problems. It produces relatively little high-frequency output, so it is wildlife friendly. This device enables us to place the source nearer to the image target compared to surface sources, which thus increases resolution. The simple 20-l version we have constructed must be reset after each use by bringing it to the sea surface. We present measurements of seafloor shear velocity at a depth of about 1 km in the San Diego Trough. There the surficial shear velocity is 16 m/s, and the gradientisabout10 s 1
Dispersed chromosomal Stat5b-binding elements mediate growth hormone-activated insulin-like growth factor-I gene transcription

The growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) axis regulates somatic growth during childhood and orchestrates tissue repair throughout the life span. Recently described inactivating mutations in Stat5b in humans with impaired growth have focused attention on this transcription factor as a key agent linking GH-stimulated signals to IGF-I gene expression, and several putative Stat5b sites have been identified in the IGF-I gene. Here, we define and characterize potential GH- and Stat5b-activated chromosomal enhancers that can regulate IGF-I gene transcription. Of 89 recognizable Stat5 sequences in 200 kb centering on the rat IGF-I gene, 22 resided within conserved regions and/or were identical among different species. Only 15 of these sites, organized into 7 distinct domains, were found to bind Stat5b by quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation assays in liver chromatin of rats, but only after acute GH treatment. These sites could bind Stat5b in vitro, and individual domains could mediate GH- and Stat5b-stimulated IGF-I promoter activity in cultured cells. Further analyses revealed that four Stat5b domains possessed chromatin signatures of enhancers, including binding of co-activators p300 and Med1, and RNA polymerase II. These modifications preceded GH-stimulated recruitment of Stat5b, as did lysine 4 monomethylation of histone H3, which was enriched in 6/7 Stat5b-binding elements. In contrast, histone acetylation was induced by GH but was limited to Stat5b binding domains found within the IGF-I transcription unit. We conclude that GH stimulates recruitment of Stat5b to multiple dispersed regions within the igf1 locus, including several with properties consistent with long range transcriptional enhancers that collectively regulate GH-activated IGF-I gene transcription.
Serially-connected Aharonov-Bohm rings with embedded quantum dots

Multiple, serially-connected nanoscale rings are analyzed using a tight-binding computational algorithm which allows calculation of the transmission and current characteristics of the system as a function of energy and external magnetic flux. Results show the role of bilateral symmetry in the system response to imposed flux, which can shift the system from metallic to semiconducting.
Use of Behavior Therapy with the Mentally Retarded in Community Settings

As noted earlier in Chapter 2, the mentally retarded have an increased susceptibility to the development of various behavioral and emotional difficulties. Surveys of community clinics serving mentally retarded children suggest a high prevalence of mental health difficulties.1,2 Other studies of mentally retarded individuals living in the community have reported a 20%–35% and higher frequency of behavioral and emotional disturbances.3,4 Recent reports also suggest that a wide range of problems are present in the mentally retarded served by community developmental disability and mental health services.5,6
Issues in the classification of multimodal communication signals.

Abstract: Communication involves complex behavior in multiple sensory channels, or “modalities.” We provide an overview of multimodal communication and its costs and benefits, place examples of signals and displays from an array of taxa, sensory systems, and functions into our signal classification system, and consider issues surrounding the categorization of multimodal signals. The broadest level of classification is between signals with redundant and nonredundant components, with finer distinctions in each category. We recommend that researchers gather information on responses to each component of a multimodal signal as well as the response to the signal as a whole. We discuss the choice of categories, whether to categorize signals on the basis of the signal or the response, and how to classify signals if data are missing. The choice of behavioral assay may influence the outcome, as may the context of the communicative event. We also consider similarities and differences between multimodal and unimodal ...
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 coordinates multiple processes in a model of intestinal epithelial cell function

Mutations in hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 transcription factors (HNF1α/β) are associated with diabetes. These factors are well studied in the liver, pancreas and kidney, where they direct tissue-specific gene regulation. However, they also have an important role in the biology of many other tissues, including the intestine. We investigated the transcriptional network governed by HNF1 in an intestinal epithelial cell line (Caco2). We used chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by direct sequencing (ChIP-seq) to identify HNF1 binding sites genome-wide. Direct targets of HNF1 were validated using conventional ChIP assays and confirmed by siRNA-mediated depletion of HNF1, followed by RT-qPCR. Gene ontology process enrichment analysis of the HNF1 targets identified multiple processes with a role in intestinal epithelial cell function, including properties of the cell membrane, cellular response to hormones, and regulation of biosynthetic processes. Approximately 50% of HNF1 binding sites were also occupied by other members of the intestinal transcriptional network, including hepatocyte nuclear factor 4A (HNF4A), caudal type homeobox 2 (CDX2), and forkhead box A2 (FOXA2). Depletion of HNF1 in Caco2 cells increases FOXA2 abundance and decreases levels of CDX2, illustrating the coordinated activities of the network. These data suggest that HNF1 plays an important role in regulating intestinal epithelial cell function, both directly and through interactions with other intestinal transcription factors.
Cercospora Uromycestri, Hyperparasite of Rust on Cestrum Diurnum

(1971). Cercospora Uromycestri, Hyperparasite of Rust on Cestrum Diurnum. Mycologia: Vol. 63, No. 3, pp. 689-693.
Layered and Three-Dimensional Framework Cesium and Barium Uranyl Carboxyphenylphosphonates

The hydrothermal reactions of either uranyl nitrate or uranium trioxide with 4-carboxyphenylphosphonic acid and HF/CsOH in the presence of Cs+ or Ba2+ cations result in the formation of Cs2{(UO2)2(PO3HC6H4CO2H)3(PO3C6H4CO2H)F} (CsUcpp-1), Cs4{(UO2)6(PO3C6H4CO2H)8}(H2O)7 (CsUcpp-2), Ba{(UO2)2(PO3C6H4CO2H)2F2}(H2O)2 (BaUcpp-1), and Cs3{(UO2)(O3PC6H4CO2)}3(H2O)3·4H2O (CsUcpp-3). All these compounds contain the UO22+ moiety coordinated by five additional donor atoms resulting in a pentagonal bipyramidal coordination environment. CsUcpp-1, CsUcpp-2, and BaUcpp-1 were isolated at low pH, whereas CsUcpp-3 was synthesized at high pH giving rise to complete elimination of protonation of phosphonic and carboxylic acid moieties. The pH of the reaction is playing a vital role in the formation of the pillared structures in which the carboxylate and phosphonate moieties are coordinated to uranium center in CsUcpp-3, while in the other three compounds, the carboxylate moiety coordinate exclusively to the Cs+ or Ba2+ cat...
Backwards nitrogen double lasing in air for remote trace detection

We demonstrate remote lasing of atomic nitrogen in air, and investigate the backward coherent stimulated emission. We propose a scheme for remote trace detection using double air lasing and resonant pumping.
Achieving a safer health service. Part 2. Reporting requirements

Our three-part series on creating safer health-care organisations looks at the National Patient Safety Agency's seven steps required to create a safety culture. This second paper discusses national and local reporting requirements, including the terms used and definitions of severity levels, and the benefits of involving patient and the public in safety issues.
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and leukotriene receptor antagonists

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most commonly implicated agents for nonacetaminophen-related hepatotoxicity. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and leukotriene receptor antagonists are less likely to cause drug-induced liver injury (DILI). With the appearance of several large international DILI registries, the incidence of NSAID-related liver injury can be more precisely determined. This chapter presents an update on the clinical presentation and pathological spectrum of hepatotoxicity with these classes of agents, including reports of patients who progressed to acute liver failure. Diclofenac and sulindac remain the most commonly reported NSAIDs associated with acute DILI in the United States, while nimesulide, a COX-2 inhibitor still available in some countries, holds the distinction of having caused the most acute liver failure.
The effect of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on kidney allograft survival: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: The use of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors in patients with chronic kidney disease, and especially in diabetic kidney disease, has been shown to provide renoprotective effects and slow progression to end-stage renal disease. However, this protective effect in kidney transplant patient populations is unclear. Aim: The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of RAS inhibitors on kidney allograft survival. Materials and Methods: A literature search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed from inception through February 2016. Studies that reported relative risks or hazard ratios comparing the risks of renal graft loss in renal transplant recipients who received RAS inhibitors vs. controls were included. Pooled risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effect, generic inverse variance method. Results: Five studies (3 RCTs and 2 cohort studies) with 20024 kidney transplant patients were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled RR of allograft failure in recipients who received RAS inhibitors was 0.73 (95% CI: 0.45-1.21). When meta-analysis was limited only to RCTs, the pooled RR of allograft failure in patients using RAS inhibitors was 0.59 (95%: CI 0.20-1.69). The risk for mortality (RR: 1.13 [95% CI: 0.62-2.07]) in patients using RAS inhibitors compared to controls was not significantly reduced. Conclusion: This meta-analysis demonstrated insignificant reduced risks of renal graft loss among renal transplant recipients who received RAS inhibitors. Future studies assessing the potential benefits of RAS inhibitors on allograft survival in specific kidney transplant patient populations are needed.
Affective Speech Design: Emotional I/O

Emotional states are in many cases crucial to the usability, likability, and effectiveness of an interactive system. An ideal system must be able to both efficiently analyze emotional states of its users and believably convey emotions back to its users, as well as altering its behaviors to best fit the needs of its users. Noninvasive, natural means of ascertaining emotion are essential for users to accept emotion-detection in a system. Analyzing speech patterns is one such means. Speech signals can be collected using a microphone with little to no physical contact with the user and contain a plethora of information for determining emotional baselines and temporary states. A smart, adaptive system could use this emotional information to maximize positive sentiment and affect of the user during and after its use, with system manipulation and the use of emotionally expressive agents.
Further Investigation and Application of the Principle of Correspondence Between Elastic and Piezoelectric Problems

In thepresent work, the recently establishedprinciple of correspondence between the elastic and thepiezoelectricproblems for the transversely isotropic materials has been applied to obtain the solution of theproblem of interaction of two tangential forces and apenny-shaped crack. Theproblem under consideration is described as follows: apenny-shaped crack in the unboundedpiezoelectric medium is interacting with two tangential forces of the same magnitude acting in the same direction and applied arbitrarily but symmetrically with respect to the crackplane, which is aplane of isotropy. Some further investigation of theprinciple of correspondence is made and the important limiting conditions are stated.
Experimental study of quasi-optical mode converters for high order mode gyrotrons

A quasi-optical mode converter has been designed to transform the TE/sub 22, 6/ mode at 110 GHz to a Gaussian beam in free space. The converter consists of a rippled-wall waveguide launcher and two toroidal focussing reflectors. A full vector diffraction theory was developed to simulate the converter operation and predict the characteristics of the output beam. The simulation results were used to modify and improve the reflector design. The converter was built and tested on a 3 /spl mu/sec pulsed gyrotron operating in the TE/sub 22, 6/ mode at 110 GHz. Beam expansion and calorimetric efficiency measurements agreed well with diffraction theory predictions. Greater than 95% of the TE/sub 22, 6/ power generated by the gyrotron was converted to a fundamental Gaussian beam and successfully coupled into a corrugated waveguide. Four additional reflectors were built to transform the fundamental Gaussian beam into two similar Gaussian-like beams of approximately equal power level. The vector diffraction theory analysis suggested that simple sinusoidal and toroidal shaping mirrors can achieve high efficiency beam splitting. Experiments showed that the beam splitting mirror relay successfully converted the fundamental Gaussian beam, produced by the launcher and two mirror relay, to two Gaussian-like beams. Calorimetric measurements indicated that 94% of the power leaving the gyrotron was converted to the dual beam output with 52% of the power in the upper beam and 42% in the lower beam. The measured beam patterns and expansions were in good agreement with predictions of vector diffraction theory. >
Cyclosporine A Modulates the Multidrug Resistance Proteins P-Glycoprotein, Multidrug Resistance Protein, Breast Cancer Resistance Protein and Lung Resistance Protein.

Abstract Multidrug resistance (MDR) mediated by the ATP-binding cassette proteins P-glycoprotein (Pgp), multidrug resistance protein (MRP-1), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and the vault protein lung resistance protein (LRP) is implicated in treatment failure in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Pgp, MRP-1 and BCRP mediate energy-dependent cellular drug efflux, while LRP blocks cytoplasmic-nuclear drug transport. MDR modulators are non-cytotoxic drugs that block the activity of MDR proteins. In clinical trials, the Pgp modulator cyclosporine A (CsA) improved treatment outcome in AML, while its non-immunosuppressive, non-nephrotoxic analogue PSC-833 has not, despite being a potent Pgp modulator in preclinical models. CsA is known to also modulate MRP-1, and we hypothesized that a broad spectrum of MDR modulation might contribute to its clinical efficacy. We studied the effects of CsA and PSC-833 on in vitro drug uptake, retention and cytotoxicity in drug-selected and transfected resistant cell lines overexpressing Pgp, MRP-1 or BCRP, and on nuclear-cytoplasmic drug distribution and cytotoxicity in cell lines overexpressing LRP. Cellular drug content was measured by flow cytometry, and nuclear-cytoplasmic drug distribution was assessed by confocal microscopy. CsA enhanced uptake and retention of the substrate drug mitoxantrone in cells overexpressing Pgp (HL60/VCR), MRP-1 (HL60/ADR) and BCRP (8226/MR20) and increased cytotoxicity 7-, 4- and 4-fold, respectively. Moreover, CsA increased the nuclear content of doxorubicin in 8226/MR20 cells, which co-express LRP with BCRP, and increased doxorubicin cytotoxicity 12-fold. The effect of CsA on nuclear drug content and cytotoxicity in 8226/MR20 cells occurred without an effect on cellular doxorubicin content, consistent with the fact that 8226/MR20 cells co-express wild type BCRP (BCRPR482), which does not efflux doxorubicin. Moreover the BCRP modulator fumitremorgin C had no effect on 8226/MR20 content, nuclear uptake nor cytotoxicity of doxorubicin. CsA also enhanced nuclear doxorubicin content in a second cell line with LRP-mediated resistance, HT1080/DR4. PSC-833 enhanced mitoxantrone retention and cytotoxicity in cells overexpressing Pgp, but, in contrast to CsA, had no effect on mitoxantrone uptake, retention nor cytotoxicity in cells expressing MRP-1 nor BCRP, and had no effect on doxorubicin nuclear content nor cytotoxicity in cells expressing LRP. Thus CsA is a broad-spectrum MDR modulator, with activity against Pgp, MRP-1, BCRP and LRP, while PSC-833 only modulates Pgp. The broad-spectrum activity of CsA may contribute to its clinical efficacy. These findings support identification and testing of other broad-spectrum MDR modulators.
Evaluating the Effect of Spreader Grafting on Nasal Obstruction Using the NOSE Scale.

Objective:The Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scale has been used to demonstrate that surgery improves nasal obstruction, but no study has directly compared surgical techniques. We performed a retrospective study comparing NOSE scores to quantify the effects of spreader grafting on postoperative nasal patency.Methods:We compared NOSE scores of patients who underwent septoturbinoplasty to open septorhinoplasty with spreader graft placement. We used a paired samples t test to evaluate the difference between pre- and postoperative NOSE scores and the improvement in NOSE score between patients who underwent septoturbinoplasty and those who underwent open septorhinoplasty with spreader graft placement.Results:Surgery reduced NOSE scores by an average of 46 points (P < .001). The mean differences in NOSE score across all time points after septoturbinoplasty and septorhinoplasty with spreader graft placement was 40 and 49, respectively. The mean improvement in NOSE score at the second follow-up appoi...
Adaptive hidden mode tracking control with input constraints and bounded disturbances

In this paper, we develop an adaptive control approach for hidden mode tracking of uncertain hybrid systems in Brunovsky form that are subject to actuator input amplitude and rate constraints, as well as bounded disturbances. Our approach adapts to the parameters of the hidden mode, and relies on a systematic modification of the reference model to deal with input constraints and disturbances in a stable manner. Global tracking capability is shown for input-to-state stable systems, while for input-to-state unstable systems, the local regions of attraction are characterized. The effectiveness of our input-constrained hidden mode tracking approach is illustrated with a robot walking example.
Scarce for Me and Popular for Others: The Impact of Scarcity Versus Popularity Cues on Self Versus Other Decision-Making (An Abstract)

Scarcity and popularity cues are two pervasively used promotional strategies in today’s marketplace. While some ads include scarcity information such as “limited edition,” others denote products as popular with information cues such as “75 % of consumers viewed this page purchased our product.” Yet, little research has been devoted to compare the effectiveness of these two cue types (Deval et al. 2013; Steinhart and Kamins 2014). As marketers, we do not fully understand in what situation to use a scarcity cue vs. a popularity cue in promotional campaigns. The current research adds to this growing stream of knowledge by proposing recipient (i.e., buying for self vs. other) as an important contextual variable that determines the relative effectiveness of scarcity vs. popularity cues. Findings of our research will provide important insights for marketing researchers and practitioners in both online and offline marketing.
Analyse der Zusammenhänge zwischen Kosten, Umsatz und Gewinn

Die Unternehmensleitung mus wissen, welches Erzeugnis den hochsten und welches den niedrigsten Gewinn bringt; welche Auswirkungen eine Herabsetzung der Preise auf den Gewinn hat; welche Auswirkungen eine Anderung in der Umsatzmenge oder der Zusammensetzung der Verkaufsmenge auf die Herstellkosten und den Gewinn hat; bei welcher Umsatzmenge unter derartig sich andernden Bedingungen der Break-even-Punkt erreicht wird; wie sich zu erwartende Lohnerhohungen oder andere Erhohungen der Betriebskosten auf den Gewinn auswirken, und wie die Kosten, der Gewinn und die Umsatzmenge sich andern, wenn eine Betriebserweiterung durchgefuhrt wird. Es ist Aufgabe des Leiters des Rechnungswesens und der Betriebsbuchhaltung, die fur diese Fragen notwendigen Daten zu sammeln und sie in genauen, leichtverstandlichen Berichten zur Unterrichtung der Unternehmensleitung aufzubereiten. Vom Rechnungswesen wird erwartet, das es eine Antwort auf die Frage geben kann: „Was wird geschehen, wenn...?“
Australian exploration review 2017

Seventy acreage grants were awarded in Australia during 2017, with net acreage increasing in the Canning, Bonaparte and Perth basins. More broadly, the area under licence within Australia has been reducing since 2014 and this trend continued with a reduction of just over 100 000 km2. Both 2D and 3D seismic acquisition levels decreased within Australia during 2017, on an absolute and on a percentage of worldwide basis. An uptick in exploratory drilling occurred in 2017 with the highest levels since 2014 being reached. Exploratory drilling levels in Australia also increased, in percentage terms, compared with those globally. Discovered volumes exhibited a sharp decrease with a total of 22 MMboe recoverable reserves added across 14 fields. In 2018, exploration activity is expected to increase with key wells planned in the North Carnarvon and Roebuck basins.