cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CASE HISTORIES OF WILD BIRDS KILLED INTENTIONALLY WITH FAMPHUR IN GEORGIA AND WEST VIRGINIA

Five incidences of bird mortality in Georgia and West Virginia (USA) involving migratory waterfowl, cranes, raptors, corvids and songbirds were investigated during the first 6 mo of 1988. Gross and histopathologic examinations revealed no evidence of infectious or other diseases. However, severe depression of cholinesterase activity was evident in brains of birds found dead, suggesting gross exposure to an organophosphorus (OP) or carbamate pesticide. All of the gastrointestinal tract contents chemically analyzed contained famphur, an OP insecticide used as a pour-on treatment against lice and grubs on livestock, ranging from 5 to 1,480 ppm (wet weight). Grain scattered at two of the mortality sites contained 4,240 and 8,500 ppm famphur. Gastrointestinal tracts of most of the dead birds contained mainly corn and some wheat. This is the first report to document the use of famphur as an intentional means of killing wildlife thought to be depredating crops.
Thinking Differently about Secondary Physical Education

Abstract At a time in American culture when sport, fitness, and physically active leisure experiences are increasingly valued, school physical education is so often devalued, generally lacking in credibility within the secondary school culture, and often ridiculed by those outside the school.
Effects of a novel bacterial phytase expressed in Aspergillus Oryzae on digestibility of calcium and phosphorus in diets fed to weanling or growing pigs

In 2 experiments, 48 weanling (initial BW: 13.5 ± 2.4 kg, Exp. 1) and 24 growing pigs (initial BW: 36.2 ± 4.0 kg, Exp. 2) were used to determine effects of a novel bacterial 6-phytase expressed in Aspergillus oryzae on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of phosphorus and calcium in corn-soybean meal diets fed to weanling and growing pigs. In Exp. 1 and 2, pigs were randomly allotted to 6 dietary treatments using a randomized complete block design and a balanced 2 period changeover design, respectively. In both experiments, 6 diets were formulated. The positive control diet was a corn-soybean meal diet with added inorganic phosphorus (Exp. 1: 0.42 and 0.86% standardized total tract digestible phosphorus and total calcium, respectively; Exp. 2: 0.32 and 0.79% standardized total tract digestible phosphorus and total calcium, respectively). A negative control diet and 4 diets with the novel phytase (Ronozyme HiPhos, DSM Nutritional Products Inc., Parsippany, NJ) added to the negative control diet at levels of 500, 1,000, 2,000, and 4,000 phytase units (FYT)/kg were also formulated. In Exp. 1, the ATTD of phosphorus was greater (P < 0.01) for the positive control diet (60.5%) than for the negative control diet (40.5%), but increased (linear and quadratic, P < 0.01) as phytase was added to the negative control diet (40.5% vs. 61.6%, 65.1%, 68.7%, and 68.0%). The breakpoint for the ATTD of phosphorus (68.4%) was reached at a phytase inclusion level of 1,016 FYT/kg. In Exp. 2, the ATTD of phosphorus was greater (P < 0.01) for the positive control diet (59.4%) than for the negative control diet (39.8%) and increased (linear and quadratic, P < 0.01) as phytase was added to the negative control diet (39.8% vs. 58.1%, 65.4%, 69.1%, and 72.8%). The breakpoint for the ATTD of phosphorus (69.1%) was reached at a phytase inclusion level of 801 FYT/kg. In conclusion, the novel bacterial 6-phytase improved the ATTD of phosphorus and calcium in both weanling and growing pigs. The optimum level of inclusion for this phytase is 800 to 1,000 FYT/kg of complete feed to maximize ATTD of phosphorus and calcium in weanling and growing pigs.
Inhibition of Premixed Carbon Monoxide-Hydrogen-Oxygen-Nitrogen Flames by Iron Pentacarbonyl

This paper presents measurements of the burning velocity of premixed CO-HrOrNz flames with and without the inhibitor Fe(CO)s over a range of initial Hz and Oz mole fractions. A numerical model is used to simulate the flame inhibition using a gas-phase chemical mechanism. For the uninhibited flames, predictions of burning velocity are excellent and for the inhibited flames, the qualitative agreement is good. The agreement depends strongly on the rate of the CO + OH COz + H reaction and the rates of several key iron reactions in catalytic H - and O-atom scavenging cycles. Most of the chemical inhibition occurs through a catalytic cycle that converts o atoms into Oz molecules. This O-atom cycle is not important in methane flames. The H-atom cycle that causes most of the radical scavenging in the methane flames is also active in CO-Hz flames, but is of secondary importance. To vary the role of the H- and O-atom radical pools, the experiments and calculations are performed over a range of oxygen and hydrogen mole fraction. The degree of inhibition is shown to be related to the fraction of the net H- and O-atom destruction through the iron species catalytic cycles. The O-atom cycle saturates at a relatively low inhibitor mole fraction (-100 ppm), whereas the H-atom cycle saturates at a much higher inhibitor mole fraction (-400 ppm). The calculations reinforce the previously suggested idea that catalytic cycle saturation effects may limit the achievable degree of chemical inhibition. Published by Elsevier Science Inc.
Correlation of ultrasound phase with physical skull properties.

Abstract Noninvasive treatment of brain disorders using focused ultrasound (US) requires a reliable model for predicting the distortion of the field due to the skull using physical parameters obtained in vivo . Previous studies indicate that control of US phase alone is sufficient for producing a focus through the skull using a phased US array. The present study concentrates on identifying methods to estimate phase distortion. This will be critical for the future clinical use of noninvasive brain therapy. Ten ex vivo human calvaria were examined. Each sample was imaged in water using computerized tomography (CT). The information was used to determine the inner and outer skull surfaces, thickness as a function of position, and internal structure. Phase measurement over a series of points was obtained by placing a skull fragment between a transducer and a receiver with the skull normal to the transducer. Correlation was found between the skull thickness and the US phase shift. A linear fit of the data follows that predicted by a homogeneous skull when average speed of sound 2650 m/s was used. Large variance (SD = 60°, mean = 50°) indicates the additional role of internal bone speed and density fluctuations. In an attempt to reduce the variance, the skull was first studied as a three-layer structure. Next, density-dependent bone speed fluctuation was introduced to both the single-layer and three-layer models. It was determined that adjustment of the mean propagation speeds using density improves the overall phase prediction. Results demonstrate that it is possible to use thickness and density information from CT images to predict the US phase distortion induced by the skull accurately enough for therapeutic aberration correction. In addition, the measurements provide coefficients for phase dependence on skull thickness and density that can be used in clinical treatments. (E-mail: clement@bwh.harvard.edu)
Gas-Phase Synthesis of the Benzyl Radical (C6H5CH2)†

Dicarbon (C2), the simplest bare carbon molecule, is ubiquitous in the interstellar medium and in combustion flames. A gas-phase synthesis is presented of the benzyl radical (C6H5CH2) by the crossed molecular beam reaction of dicarbon, C2(X1Σg+, a3Πu), with 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene (isoprene; C5H8; X1A′) accessing the triplet and singlet C7H8 potential energy surfaces (PESs) under single collision conditions. The experimental data combined with ab initio and statistical calculations reveal the underlying reaction mechanism and chemical dynamics. On the singlet and triplet surfaces, the reactions involve indirect scattering dynamics and are initiated by the barrierless addition of dicarbon to the carbon–carbon double bond of the 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene molecule. These initial addition complexes rearrange via multiple isomerization steps, leading eventually to the formation of C7H7 radical species through atomic hydrogen elimination. The benzyl radical (C6H5CH2), the thermodynamically most stable C7H7 isomer, is determined as the major product.
Applications of Neurocognitive Assessment in Behavioral Medicine

Neurocognition is a critically important dimension of our daily functioning that is impacted negatively by a host of non-neurological, systemic diseases. In the field of behavioral medicine, neurocognitive testing is used to examine the impact of such diseases and their risk factors on multiple domains of function including attention; learning and memory; executive functions; visuospatial; psychomotor; and perceptual abilities; and language. In that regard, a host of behavioral, biomedical, psychosocial, and psychophysiological risk factors and a broad spectrum of systemic medical diseases confer vulnerability to (or in some instances resilience against) cognitive difficulties, subclinical cerebrovascular disease, and ultimately dementia or stroke. Neurocognitive assessment can also be used to help facilitate an understanding of medical decision making, treatment outcomes, quality of life, and functional status. For example, the executive functions may have a particularly important role in health behaviors and their change, management of chronic disease and chronic pain, treatment adherence, and other medical decision making. Neuropsychological assessment is highly relevant to the study and practice of behavioral medicine.
A High-Performance 8-Tap FIR Filter Using Logarithmic Number System

This paper presents an approach for implementing a 8-tap high-performance digital FIR (Finite Impulse Response) filter using Logarithmic Number System(LNS). In the past, FIR filters were implemented by conventional number system; therefore, the speed was limited due to the multiply accumulate operations. We realize a fast FIR filter by utilizing the Logarithmic Number System, which allows simple implementation of multiplication using a fixed-point adder. And the serious demerit of Logarithmic Number System's algorithm, conversions to and from the conventional number representations is effectively overcome by utilizing our pipeline architecture, so the delay and complexity of the filter is reduced. The critical path was reduced from a multiply-accumulate operation to an adder operation, and our FIR filter can operate at 1.3G Hz under the condition of 1.2 V power supply using SMIC 0.13um CMOS technology, and requires approximate 27 percent lesser area than the original FIR filter.
Feedback rate-capacity loss tradeoff for limited feedback MIMO systems

Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems can provide large capacity gains over traditional single-input-single-output (SISO) systems and are expected to be a core technology of next generation wireless systems. Often, these capacity gains are achievable only with some form of adaptive transmission. In this paper, we study the capacity loss (defined as the rate loss in bits/s/Hz) of the MIMO wireless system when the covariance matrix of the transmitted signal vector is designed using a low rate feedback channel. For the MIMO channel, we find a bound on the ergodic capacity loss when random codebooks, generated from the uniform distribution on the complex unit sphere, are used to convey the second order statistics of the transmitted signal from the receiver to the transmitter. In this case, we find a closed-form expression for the ergodic capacity loss as a function of the number of bits fed back at each channel realization. These results show that the capacity loss decreases at least as O(2/sup -B/(2MMt-2)/) where B is the number of feedback bits, M/sub t/ is the number of transmit antennas, and M=min{M/sub r/,M/sub t/} where M/sub r/ is the number of receive antennas. In the high SNR regime, we present a new bound on the capacity loss that is tighter than the previously derived bound and show that the capacity loss decreases exponentially as a function of the number of feedback bits.
Bringing Light to the Halls of Shadow

Appellate judges operate in the shadows. Though they don’t see it that way. “We are judged by what we write,” said U.S. Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy. True too, court proceedings and records are presumptively open to the public. The West Wing of the White House is certainly not so vulnerable to public scrutiny, and the backrooms of legislative chambers are famously smoke-filled. Yet the parts of court activity that we see and hear seem only to whet our appetite for the rest of the process. In this Preface, the author introduces the subject of the journalist and the court, whetting the reader's appetite for articles by Lyle Denniston, Tony Mauro, Judge Diarmuid F. O’Scannlain, and Robert Craig Waters.
A High-Speed Logic System Using Magnetic Elements and Connecting Wire Only

By introducing geometric variation in the basic magnetic core toroidal structure, new logic design freedom is achieved and effective decoupling is obtained between different windings linking the same element. By proper interconnection such elements may be used to provide unilateral information-flow properties without the use of explicit unilateral devices such as diodes. A practical system to accomplish this is outlined in this paper. The resulting circuits are relatively fast and inexpensive. Magnetic elements and connecting wires only are required. In particular, single-turn windings may be used in the coupling loops. Furthermore, inherent nondestructive read properties allow a great deal of logic facility. Simple shift register structures and logic elements and circuits are described.
The overlecturing and underteaching of clinical medicine.

In ancient Greece, a group of traveling wise men, known as sophists, lectured on a large variety of subjects. Their presentations were spectacular and highly influential because they spoke beautifully. 1 Socrates, on the other hand, tried to develop the minds of young people by asking a series of carefully conceived questions; he taught his students to think.' 1 Socrates considered the sophists to be poor teachers, and they believed that he was a dangerous eccentric. Socrates continued his efforts, which eventually led to his death. The debate continues. Which method of teaching is the best? This article, which is admittedly biased, addresses this serious question.
Covering spheres and balls with smaller balls

Given a sphere or a ball of radius r > 1 in an Euclidean space of dimension n, we study their thinnest coverings with unit balls. Our goal is to design a covering with the lowest covering density, which is defined by an average number of unit balls needed to cover any point within a sphere. For growing n, we obtain a new upper bound on the covering density that has the order of (n ln n)/2, which is half the order established in the classic Rogers bound.
Patient, family, and staff perceptions of coercion in mental hospital admission: an exploratory study.

Little is known about the coercive pressures brought to bear on psychiatric patients in the hospitalization process. Significant methodological hurdles stand in the way of this research. Most notably, reliable and valid methods of ascertaining and quantifying perceptions of coercion have not been developed. This report summarizes the findings of an exploratory study designed to gather data needed to refine the conceptualization and measurement of coercion. Multiple perspectives on admission incidents for forty-three patients (26% of whom were involuntarily hospitalized) were obtained. Patients were administered research interviews and completed a self-administered inventory shortly after the admission decision. The admitting clinician and a family member involved in the admission were administered parallel interviews. In addition, focus groups comprised of outpatients, former patients, family members, and clinical staff were conducted to uncover the terminology and description of coercion commonly used. The implications of these preliminary quantitative and qualitative findings for future research are discussed
Treatment of adult moyamoya disease by encephalo-duro-arterio-synangiosis: Five case reports.

Encephalo-duro-arterio-synangiosis (EDAS) is considered the surgical treatment of choice for most pediatric cases of moyamoya disease, but the success of this treatment in adults is less clear. We have compared pre- and postoperative angiograms of four adults and one adolescent with symptomatic moyamoya disease who underwent bilateral EDAS at Hermann Hospital in Houston. The postoperative follow-up period ranged from 6 to 18 months. The correlation of postoperative collateral flow and clinical course was good: of the three patients with documented collateralization, two experienced excellent clinical outcomes, and one experienced a good outcome. One patient had minimal collateralization and experienced progression of her neurologic symptoms. One patient experienced a good outcome and refused a postoperative angiogram.
Interaction between trait anxiety and trait anger predict amygdala reactivity to angry facial expressions in men but not women

The amygdala is critically involved in mediating physiological and behavioral responses to threat. In particular, neuroimaging research indicates that the amygdala is highly responsive to facial signals of threat such as fearful and angry expressions. However, individuals differ substantially in both their relative sensitivity to threat and the magnitude of amygdala reactivity to facial signals of threat. Here, we report the novel finding that individual differences in trait anger are positively correlated with bilateral dorsal amygdala reactivity to angry facial expressions, but only among men with elevated trait anxiety scores. These findings add to the growing body of evidence indicating that variability in personality traits contribute to individual differences in threat-related amygdala reactivity and further suggest that heightened amygdala reactivity to angry faces may be uniquely involved in the expression of reactive aggression in men.
Contextual classification with functional Max-Margin Markov Networks

We address the problem of label assignment in computer vision: given a novel 3D or 2D scene, we wish to assign a unique label to every site (voxel, pixel, superpixel, etc.). To this end, the Markov Random Field framework has proven to be a model of choice as it uses contextual information to yield improved classification results over locally independent classifiers. In this work we adapt a functional gradient approach for learning high-dimensional parameters of random fields in order to perform discrete, multi-label classification. With this approach we can learn robust models involving high-order interactions better than the previously used learning method. We validate the approach in the context of point cloud classification and improve the state of the art. In addition, we successfully demonstrate the generality of the approach on the challenging vision problem of recovering 3-D geometric surfaces from images.
Resource allocation and consolidation in a multi-core server cluster using a Markov decision process model

Distributed computing systems have attracted a lot of attention due to increasing demand for high performance computing and storage. Resource allocation is one of the most important challenges in the distributed systems especially when the clients have some Service Level Agreements (SLAs) and the total profit depends on how the system can meet these SLAs. In this paper, an SLA-based resource allocation problem in a server cluster is considered. The objective is to maximize the total profit, which is the total price gained from serving the clients subtracted by the operation cost of the server cluster. The total price depends on the average request response time for each client as defined in their utility functions, while the operating cost is related to the total energy consumption. A joint optimization framework is proposed, comprised of request dispatching, dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) for individual cores, as well as server-level and core-level consolidations. Each core in the cluster is modeled using a continuous-time Markov decision process (CTMDP). A near-optimal hierarchical solution is proposed, consisting of a central manager and distributed local agents. Each local agent employs linear programming-based CTMDP solving method to solve the DVFS problem for the corresponding core. The central manager solves the request dispatching problem and finds the optimal number of turned on cores and servers for request processing, thereby achieving a desirable tradeoff between service request response time and power consumption. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed near-optimal resource allocation and consolidation algorithm consistently outperforms baseline algorithms.
Effect of reserpine administered during infancy on brain catecholamines and adult behaviour in the rat.

SUMMARY Reserpine (0.1 mg/kg/day) was administered to rats from 11 through 30 days of age. During and after administration of reserpine, concentrations of catecholamines, epinephrine and norepinephrine, in the brain were estimated. Levels of catecholamines were about 30 per cent of normal during the period of reserpine administration. Approximately 3 weeks were required for these levels to return to normal. When animals were 95-100 days of age, they were deprived of food and were trained to press a bar for food. When the rate of responding became stable, the animals were subjected to three successive extinctions at daily intervals and the increase in response rate after the onset of each extinction was determined. This extinction-induced increase in response rate was greater for previously reserpinized animals than controls during the second and third extinctions, but not the first. These findings are interpreted as a decreased ability of the animals, reserpinized during infancy, to learn to respond discriminatively during non-reinforcement (extinction). Thus, an effect of reserpine administration during infancy on a type of behaviour in the adult has been demonstrated. This occurs after the catecholamine-depleting effect of the reserpine has been fully dissipated.
Limited sharing with traffic prediction for dynamic bandwidth allocation and QoS provisioning over Ethernet passive optical networks

Feature Issue on Optical Access Networks (OAN) As an inexpensive, simple, and scalable solution for broadband access, Ethernet passive optical networks (EPONs) have the capability of delivering integrated broadband services to the end users. A critical issue of EPONs is the utility of a shared upstream channel among the local users, and thus an efficient bandwidth allocation mechanism is required to facilitate statistical multiplexing among the local network traffic. In this paper we propose a dynamic bandwidth allocation scheme, i.e., limited sharing with traffic prediction (LSTP), for upstream channel sharing over EPONs. LSTP enables dynamic bandwidth negotiation between the optical line terminal (OLT) and its associated optical network units (ONUs), alleviates data delay by predicting the traffic arrived during the waiting time and prereserving a portion of bandwidth for delivery, and avoids the aggressive bandwidth competition by upper bounding the allocated bandwidth to each ONU. Theoretical analysis and simulation results verify the feasibility of LSTP by showing that LSTP outperforms other existing schemes with respect to QoS metrics of data delay and data loss.
Optimizing strided remote memory access operations on the Quadrics QsNetII network interconnect

This paper describes and evaluates protocols for optimizing strided noncontiguous communication on the Quadrics QsNetII high-performance network interconnect. Most of previous related studies focused primarily on NIC-based or host-based protocols. This paper discusses merits for using both approaches and tries to determine types and data sizes in the communication operations for which these protocols should be used. We focus on the Quadrics QsNetll network, which offers powerful communication processors on the network interface card (NIC) and practical and flexible opportunities for exploiting them in context of the user. Furthermore, the paper focuses on noncontiguous data remote memory access (RMA) transfers and performs the evaluation in context of standalone communication and application microbenchmarks. In comparison to the vendor provided noncontiguous interfaces, proposed approach achieved significant performance improvement in context of microbenchmarks as well as application kernels; dense matrix multiplication, and the Co-Array Fortran version of the NAS BT parallel benchmark. For example, for NAS BT Class B, 54 % improvement in overall communication time and a 42% improvement in matrix multiplication was achieved for 64 processes
Significance of Virulence Factors and Immuno-Evasion for the Design of Gene-Deleted Herpesvirus Marker Vaccines

The family, HERPESVIRIDAE, consists of over 100 virus species that cause disease in animals from fish to man (Herpesvirus Study Group, 1992). This morning I will describe vaccines for two of these herpesviruses, namely, swine pseudorabies virus (PRV; Aujeszky’s disease virus) and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV; bovine herpesvirus-1). PRV and IBRV cause economically important diseases affecting the respiratory, reproductive and central nervous systems of the 500 million pigs and 1.28 billion cattle worldwide. PRV and IBRV also induce abortions in pregnant animals and lethal infections of newborn.
The History of the Draft Code of Crimes Against the Peace and Security of Mankind

Since 1946, the United Nations efforts to codify international crimes and to establish an international criminal court have overlapped, with scant results from either endeavor.The Assembly began its efforts to codify international crimes in its first session when the United States sponsored resolution 95 (I), adopted on December 11, 1946, which affirmed “the principles of international law recognized by the Charter of the Nuremberg Tribunal and the judgment of the Tribunal”. Furthermore, the Assembly directed the Committee on the Codification of International Law, the International Law Commission's predecessor, to formulate a general codification of offenses against the peace and security of mankind.In 1947, the United Nations established the International Law Commission (ILC). In a resolution again sponsored by the United States the United Nations directed the ILC to:(a) formulate the principles of international law recognized in the Charter of the Nuremberg Tribunal and in the Judgment of the Tribunal, and(b) prepare a draft code of offenses against the peace and security of mankind, indicating clearly the place to be accorded to the principles mentioned in sub-paragraph (a) above.
Going Green and Buying Indian

This article discusses the importance of implementing a Buy Indian mandate alongside any energy project that a tribe takes on.
Nanoscale patterning of membrane-bound proteins formed through curvature-induced partitioning of phase-specific receptor lipids.

This work describes a technique for forming high-density arrays and patterns of membrane-bound proteins through binding to a curvature-organized compositional pattern of metal-chelating lipids (Cu2+-DOIDA or Cu2+-DSIDA). In this bottom-up approach, the underlying support is an e-beam formed, square lattice pattern of hemispheres. This curvature pattern sorts Cu2+-DOIDA to the 200 nm hemispherical lattice sites of a 600 nm × 600 nm unit cell in Ld - Lo phase separated lipid multibilayers. Binding of histidine-tagged green fluorescent protein (His-GFP) creates a high density array of His-GFP-bound pixels localized to the square lattice sites. In comparison, the negative pixel pattern is created by sorting Cu2+-DSIDA in Ld - Lβ′ phase separated lipid multibilayers to the flat grid between the lattice sites followed by binding to His-GFP. Lattice defects in the His-GFP pattern lead to interesting features such as pattern circularity. We also observe defect-free arrays of His-GFP that demonstrate perfect array...
A note on divestiture

F you hold stock in a company that embarks on a policy you consider immoral, are you required as a matter of principle to sell that stock? In 'A Puzzle Concerning Divestiture' (ANALYSIS 47.3, June 1987, pp. 175-6), I presented an argument in support of the surprising conclusion that principled divestiture is not even possible. For selling "tainted" stock passes the guilt of ownership from seller to buyer. And you should not attempt to release yourself from a moral predicament by entangling someone else. Note that this puzzle does not purport to prove that divestiture is invariably a mistake but only that it cannot ever be justified as a moral imperative. Yet three recent attempts to solve the problem, those by Daniel H. Cohen (ANALYSIS 48.2, March 1988, pp. 175-6), Kerry S. Walters (ANALYSIS 48.4, October 1988, pp. 216-18), and David Gordon and James Sadowsky (ANALYSIS, this issue, pp. 153-55), all seek to demonstrate how divestiture might be defended on grounds other than that of moral principle, a point not in dispute. Walters agrees that by divesting one becomes 'a reluctant accessory in... an immoral situation'. Yet he defends divestiture as a second-best but still acceptable alternative for those more concerned with their own peace of mind than that of others. Principled divestiture, however, is divestiture based on principle. The action is supposed to flow from moral duty. So the issue is not, as Walters would have it, whether divestiture is permitted but whether it is required. And he admits that far from being morally requisite divestiture is not even 'fully virtuous', since it results in 'slightly soiled hands'. So he has highlighted the problem but not solved it. As Gordon and Sadowsky put it, Walters' reply is 'an irrelevant enterprise'. Cohen takes a different tack from Walters, responding that I have misunderstood the purpose of divestiture. It is not intended 'to cleanse individuals' portfolios and souls', a 'self-righteous' goal, but to force the stock's price down and thereby bring external pressure on the company to change its policy. Gordon and Sadowsky rightly deem this rejoinder 'without significance', since the question is not whether divestiture can be defended on strategic grounds. Surely it can be. Likewise, it can be opposed on strategic grounds, for by not divesting a stockholder maintains the leverage to bring internal pressure on the company to change its policy. Either strategy may succeed or fail, depending in any particular case on a variety of factors, including the percentage of total outstanding shares held, the attitudes of the board of directors, social and economic conditions, and so on.
Using a single map display both for navigational planning and for turn-by-turn vehicle guidance: configural spatial knowledge acquisition.

Navigational driving systems have used traditional track-up map displays for guiding immediate turn-by-turn decisions and traditional north-up map displays for facilitating navigational planning and learning about environmental layout (configural spatial knowledge), because no single map display has been usable for both purposes. Rizzardo and Colle (2013) showed that north-up map displays could successfully guide turn decisions when a new spatial plus verbal advisory turn indicator was used, raising the possibility of designing single map displays that also are usable for spatial learning. Multimedia instructional design models, modified for spatial learning from navigation and driving, identified the sources of extraneous cognitive load that limit spatial learning from moving maps. Predictions include that participants can learn more from north-up map displays with the new advisory indicator than the traditional indicator. Experiment 1 showed that after college students (N 96) drove through a virtual city guided by 1 of 3 map types or voice commands, most configural spatial knowledge was acquired using the new north-up display, then the traditional north-up map display, and the least with the traditional track-up map display. In Experiment 2, college students (N 192) watched the same map sequences from either the new north-up or the track-up map display, but with a limited duration of their glances to the map display (no driving). Viewing spatial plus verbal north-up map displays produced significant spatial learning even with short glance durations, but not when viewing track-up displays even with long glance durations. Theoretical and design implications are discussed.
Do multilevel Ponte osteotomies in thoracic idiopathic scoliosis surgery improve curve correction and restore thoracic kyphosis

BACKGROUND To compare the routine use of posterior-based (Ponte) osteotomies to complete inferior facetectomies in thoracic idiopathic scoliosis. Hypokyphosis is common in thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. The use of pedicle screw fixation in deformity correction can exacerbate this hypokyphosis. We hypothesized that by utilizing posterior-based Ponte osteotomies rather than facetectomies, we could improve coronal plane correction and decrease the loss of kyphosis during curve correction. METHODS The radiographs and clinical charts of patients with idiopathic scoliosis (Lenke types I, II) who underwent isolated thoracic posterior spinal fusion utilizing primarily pedicle screw constructs from January 2008 to August 2010 were reviewed. Maximum preoperative Cobb angle, thoracic kyphosis (T5-T12), levels instrumented, number of posterior-based osteotomies, operative time, estimated blood loss, and postoperative residual coronal Cobb angle and kyphosis were recorded. Operative time per level, blood loss per level, percent main curve correction, and change in thoracic kyphosis was calculated. Patients having undergone complete inferior facetectomies and those with multilevel Ponte osteotomies were then compared. RESULTS Eighteen patients underwent posterior spinal fusion with osteotomies and 19 patients had complete inferior facetectomies during this time period. The osteotomy cohort had a larger preoperative Cobb angle [59±10 vs. 52±8 (mean±SD); P=0.03]. No difference was observed in the preoperative kyphosis (22±15 vs. 25±12) or in levels fused (9±1 vs. 8±1). Patients with routine osteotomies had them performed at 76% of the levels instrumented. No significant difference was found in terms of percentage of coronal plane correction (84% in both groups), average postoperative kyphosis 28±8 versus 25±7, or the change in kyphosis 6±14 versus 0±2 degrees, in the osteotomy and the facetectomy groups, respectively. Estimated blood loss per level was significantly higher in the osteotomy group (97±42 mL vs. 66±25 mL; P=0.01) as was time per level 31±5 versus 23±3 minutes/level (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study shows a significantly higher blood loss and operative time associated with the use of routine posterior osteotomies in the thoracic spine without a significant improvement in coronal or sagittal correction.
Relationship between Anemia,Iron Deficiency and Helicobacter Pylori Infection in Children

Objective To investigate the prevalence features of helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection,anemia and iron deficiency in a po-pulation of Wuhan children with 2 to 6 years old,and the relationship between Hp infection and anemia,iron deficiency in the children.Methods Randomly taking 95 children who had taken tests in our hospital's check-up centre in 2008 as the study objects,2 kinds of exa-mination were employed to detect Hp infection.Serum levels of Hp-IgG were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods to evaluate past infection.The 14C urea breath test (14C-UBT) was conducted to obtain information of the presence of current/active Hp infection.In the morning 3 mL fasting venous blood was collected to determine the serum levels of Hp-IgG antibodies and ferritin.Hemoglobin values were determined with a hemoglobinometer.Serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) were tested in order to determine whether the children had evidence of current inflammation or infection.In addition,demographic information such as age and gender of the children and information about their use of antibiotics within the prior month were recorded.All cases were divided into 2 groups including the Hp infection group and non-Hp infection group according to laboratory examinations,then the Logistic regression was applied to analyze the relationship between Hp infection and anemia,iron deficiency.The Kappa identity test was taked to compare the 2 measures.Results Of the 95 children,18.9% were anemic and 36.8% were iron deficient.Forty percent of the cohort had Hp-IgG antibodies,74.4% tested positive by the UBT.Presence of Hp-IgG emerged as a significant risk factor for anemia,iron deficiency in adjusted analysis controlling for demographic factors,current inflammation,and antibiotic use.Conclusions Findings from different measure of Hp may reflect different stages of infection,with UBT results reflecting an earlier stage of infection,and presence of Hp-IgG reflecting established Hp infection associated with anemia,iron deficiency.
Acoustic Source Spectral Estimation for a Shallow Water Channel

We aim to find an unbiased estimate of the spectral content of an acoustic source in a shallow water channel, from measurements on an array of acoustic sensors. The acoustic source spectrum is assumed to be a mixture of discrete and continuous spectral components. Due to multipath arrival at the sensors the spectral distribution at any individual sensor is no longer simply a scaled version of the source spectrum. Consequently, spectra associated with individual sensor signals produce biased estimates of the source spectrum.
RESUSCITATION AFTER ACUTE MASSIVE PULMONARY EMBOLISM.

SUMMARY Recent experience has demonstrated feasibility of pulmonary embolectomy using total cardiopulmonary bypass for acute massive pulmonary embolism. However, many patients with this condition die during preparations for embolectomy or are unable to tolerate stresses of inducing anesthesia and standard cannulation for total cardiopulmonary bypass. In order to evaluate usefulness of partial cardiopulmonary bypass for resuscitation of patients with acute massive pulmonary embolism while preparations for definitive embolectomy are completed, mongrel dogs were anesthetized and acute obstruction of the pulmonary artery was produced by almost complete occlusion with a tourniquet. In alternate animals partial cardiopulmonary bypass was instituted from the femoral vein to the femoral artery using disposable plastic oxygenators primed with 5 per cent dextrose in distilled water. This technique of partial bypass adequately supported these animals for periods of 1 hour, after which pulmonary artery tourniquets were removed with long-term survival in all instances. Control animals all survived less than 20 minutes. These findings strongly suggest that similar techniques of partial bypass may be helpful in resuscitation of patients with acute massive pulmonary embolism.
The Evolution of Housing Policies

Modern housing policy is a product of the past two generations. Before World War I even the most advanced nations did not accept public intervention beyond regulatory measures to assure minimum standards of safety and health, such as building and occupancy codes. Improvement of housing conditions was left to the market or the employers or to the beneficence of philanthropists, whose efforts were too spasmodic to have any real impact. Social pressures for action by local or central governments had gathered considerable momentum but met with halfhearted or no response. National legislation adopted in a few countries remained dormant in the absence of large-scale funding.
Microfluidic partition with in situ biofabricated semipermeable biopolymer membranes for static gradient generation.

We report an in situ biofabrication strategy that conveniently partitions microfluidic networks into physically separated while chemically communicating microchannels with semipermeable biopolymer membranes, which enable the facile generation of static gradients for biomedical applications. The biofabrication of parallel biopolymer membranes was initiated with the dissipation of trapped air bubbles in parallel apertures in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic devices, followed by tunable membrane growth with precise temporal and spatial control to the desired thickness. Static gradients were generated within minutes and well maintained over time by pure diffusion of molecules through the biofabricated semipermeable membranes. As an example application, the static gradient of alpha factor was generated to study the development of the “shmoo” morphology of yeast over time. The in situ biofabrication provides a simple approach to generate static gradients and an ideal platform for biological applications where flow-free static gradients are indispensable.
Drugs in space: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in astronauts

Space agencies are working intensely to push the current boundaries of human spaceflight by sending astronauts deeper into space than ever before, including missions to Mars and asteroids. Spaceflight alters human physiology due to fluid shifts, muscle and bone loss, immune system dysregulation, and changes in the gastrointestinal tract and metabolic enzymes. These alterations may change the pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics of medications used by astronauts and subsequently might impact drug efficacy and safety. Most commonly, medications are administered during space missions to treat sleep disturbances, allergies, space motion sickness, pain, and sinus congestion. These medications are administered under the assumption that they act in a similar way as on Earth, an assumption that has not been investigated systematically yet. Few inflight pharmacokinetic data have been published, and pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies during spaceflight are also lacking. Therefore, bed-rest models are often used to simulate physiological changes observed during microgravity. In addition to pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic changes, decreased drug and formulation stability in space could also influence efficacy and safety of medications. These alterations along with physiological changes and their resulting pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects must to be considered to determine their ultimate impact on medication efficacy and safety during spaceflight.
Attention Deficit–Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Attention deficit–hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) comprises a common and highly heritable group of syndromes with childhood onset that are characterized by impairments in attention span, impulse control and/or activity level. Neurobehavioral, imaging, treatment and candidate gene studies are most consistent with the clinical symptoms of ADHD being caused by abnormalities of the ventral projections of catecholamine pathways in the brain. Keywords: dopamine DRD4 receptor; dopamine transporter; catecholamines; attention; hyperactivity
Spray Combustion Chamber: History and Future of a Unique Test Facility

Large marine two-stroke diesel engines still represent the major propulsion system for merchant shipping. Withsteadily increasing transport demands, rising operational costs and stricter environmental legislations, the global marine shipping industry finds itself facing the challenge to future-proof its fleet. In order to comply with international maritime organizations emission standards (TIER II and TIER III), highly sophisticated and flexible combustion systems are demanded. With the help of spray and combustion research such systems can be developed and continuously improved. A highly valuable tool to investigate sprays of large marine diesel injectors under engine relevant conditions is the Spray Combustion Chamber (SCC). This paper reviews the history of the SCC, shows todays possibilities and looks into the near future of research involving large marine two-stroke engines. The SCC was built during the first Hercules project (I.P.-HERCULES, WP5, [1]). The initial setup focused on fundamental investigations comprising the application of highly flexible thermodynamic conditions. During follow-up projects (Hercules beta [2] and Hercules C [3]) the SCC was continuously developed, and a variety of influences on spray and combustion were experimentally assessed. The initial SCC design focused on maximum optical access as well as the applicability of a wide span of optical techniques. Single-hole nozzles were utilized to generate reference data to optimize existing spray and combustion simulation models. Different fuel types and fuel qualities were investigated and effects of the in-nozzle flow on spray morphology was identified. A sound set of results was achieved and published in several (internal and public) reports. Over the years, spray research at Winterthur Gas& Diesel has turned its focus from basic spray investigations to more detailed cavitation and in-nozzle flow examinations [4], [5]. Future research on the SCC will focus on investigations of more engine related topics, as, for example, the application of a fuel flexible injection system as is currently developed in the HERCULES-2 project [6]. Significant design modifications of the initial setup were necessary, as the injector positions and therefore exposure of the spray relative to the swirl were not fully congruent with real engine conditions. As a consequence, the new setup includes some minor drawbacks, e.g. the optical access of the nozzle tip is only visible from one side of the chamber. This means that line-of-sight methods are currently only possible at selected positions in the centre of the chamber. Therefore, a new setup was installed to illuminate the spray, consisting of a high speed, high energy laser (100 kHz, 100 W) and special optics. In order to obtain enhanced optical access, tangential windows were re- arranged, now pointing directly at the nozzle. With this setup, a first set of images was realized, showing a realspray as it occurs in large marine two-stroke diesel engines. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ILASS2017.2017.4734
Thermal Conductivity Values for Laminated Strand Lumber and Spruce for Use in Hybrid Cross-laminated Timber Panels

This study examined the thermal conductivity as a function of specific gravity and moisture content for laminated strand lumber (LSL) and red spruce. As part of a larger study of heat and mass transfer in cross-laminated timber panels using laminate comprised of both LSL and spruce, the authors measured the thermal conductivity at four moisture content levels. The results showed that the LSL had a higher thermal conductivity value across the entire moisture content range tested. The average difference was just over 8% and the range for both LSL and spruce was from 0.081 W /m-K to 0.126 W / m-K. Comparisons with published solid wood thermal conductivity values across the range were good. There were no reported values of LSL thermal conductivity at various moisture content levels.
Collaboration by Design: Stakeholder Engagement in GRI Sustainability Reporting Guidelines:

From the perspective of communication as constitutive, organization–stakeholder dialogue about corporate social responsibility constitutes the main intersection of organization and environment. Sus...
Nanoscale graphene/Ge wigglers as building blocks for THz sources

We demonstrate that wrinkled graphene on Ge with nanoscale period and amplitude holds the potential to generate cyclotron-like radiation in the THz range of the electromagnetic spectrum. We show nanoscale graphene wigglers fabricated by release and transfer of atomically thin sheets to one-dimensional Ge gratings. We present a simple time of flight and interference model to calculate the radiated frequency and output power for the fabricated devices. We establish, theoretically, that an output power of ∼ 0.1-7 mW can be obtained from graphene/Ge wigglers with period not exceeding 85 nm, and amplitude-to-period ratio in the range of 1.4 to 10.