cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early Extubation Following Pediatric Cardiothoracic Operation: A Viable Alternative

A protocol is presented that facilitates early extubation following pediatric cardiothoracic operations. A total of 197 consecutive patients were managed according to this protocol. Fifty percent of the patients were less than 3 years old. Cardiopulmonary bypass was required in 113 (57%) of the surgical procedures. Extubation immediately following the surgical procedure was accomplished in 142 (72%) of the patients. Pulmonary complications occurred in 8 of these 142 patients (6%) and in 10 (18%) of the 55 patients requiring postoperative mechanical ventilation. Of the patients having early extubation, 5 (4%) required reintubation. One death in this group was unrelated to pulmonary function. There were 16 deaths among the 55 patients managed with mechanical ventilation. Carefully conducted early extubation provided specific advantages over routine postoperative mechanical ventilation. Modern techniques of anesthesia and surgical repair of congenital heart disease can decrease the requirement for postoperative mechanical ventilation and the potential for related complications.
Uplifted ophiolitic rocks on Isla Gordon, southernmost Chile: implications for the closure history of the Rocas Verdes marginal basin and the tectonic evolution of the Beagle Channel region

Abstract A succession of mafic rocks that includes gabbro, sheeted dikes and deformed pillow basalts has been mapped in detail on Isla Gordon, southernmost Chile and is identified as an upper ophiolitic complex representing the uplifted floor of the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Rocas Verdes marginal basin. The complex was uplifted, deformed, and regionally metamorphosed prior to the intrusion of an undeformed 90 Ma granodiorite that cuts the complex. The complex appears para-autochthonous, is gently tilted to the northeast and is internally sheared by near-vertical foliation zones. No evidence for obduction was observed although the base of the complex is not exposed. The ophiolitic rocks have been regionally metamorphosed to mid-upper greenschist levels. Isla Gordon is bounded by the northwest and southwest arms of the Beagle Channel, two important structural boundaries in the southernmost Andes that are interpreted to have accommodated north-side-up and left-lateral displacements. Directly north of Isla Gordon is the Cordillera Darwin metamorphic complex that exposes the highest grade metamorphic rocks in the Andes south of Peru. On the north coast of Isla Gordon a volcaniclastic turbidite sequence that is interpreted to have been deposited above the mafic floor is metamorphosed to lower greenschist levels in strong metamorphic contrast to amphibolite-grade othogneisses exposed in Cordillera Darwin only 2 km away across the northwest arm of the Beagle Channel. The profound metamorphic break across the northwest arm of the Beagle Channel and the regional northeast tilt of the ophiolitic complex are consistent with the previously proposed hypothesis that Isla Gordon represents the upper plate to an extensional fault that accommodated tectonic unroofing of Cordillera Darwin. However, limited structural evidence for extension was identified in this study to support the model and further work is needed to determine the relative importance of contractional, extensional and strike-slip displacements during the closure of the Rocas Verdes marginal basin and uplift of Cordillera Darwin. The Isla Gordon ophiolitic complex is correlative with other regional occurrences of ophiolitic rocks including the previously studied Tortuga, Sarmiento and Larsen Harbour complexes. The existence of the Isla Gordon ophiolitic complex helps link the known occurrences of the marginal basin floor into a semi-continuous belt that sheds light on the original continuity of the basin.
CEO tenure and the performance-turnover relation

In a broad cross-section of US firms, we document that the likelihood of a CEO’s performance-related dismissal declines in his tenure. This finding is consistent with both firm performance revealing information about a CEO’s uncertain executive ability and CEO tenure reflecting weak firm governance choices that reduce the likelihood of performance-related dismissal. In a sample of CEOs who begin their appointment during our sample period, we find evidence more broadly in favor of the former explanation. Specifically, we find that (1) CEO survival is associated with superior firm performance, (2) this relation is unaffected by firm governance choices, (3) the intensity with which a firm monitors its CEO declines over his tenure, and (4) firms’ monitoring intensity increases following CEO turnover. Collectively, our results suggest that periodic performance reports increasingly resolve uncertainty regarding executive ability, thereby lowering firm owners’ demand for monitoring their CEO over his tenure.
Home Parenteral Nutrition Tutorial

The nutrition support practitioner may be called upon to help coordinate care at home for a patient who requires prolonged intravenous nutrition after he or she becomes stable enough to leave the hospital. This tutorial reviews the many concepts that must be considered to manage this type of care successfully.
On the stereochemistry of biogenetic-like olefin cyclizations

Abstract An analysis of the potential involvement of alicyclic cations in biogenetic-like olefin cyclizations is presented. Application of the concepts of conformational analysis and transition state structures to the intramolecular attack of an olefinic double bond on a conformationally rigid cyclohexyl cation leads to the conclusion that such reactions should proceed with high stereoselectivity. A number of examples of cationic olefin cyclizations, including some undertaken specifically to test the theoretical analysis, are reviewed and discussed in relation to the potential involvement of alicyclic cations as intermediates in these cyclizations. This review illustrates some of the problems encountered in attempting to study mechanisms of olefinic cyclizations related to those involved in in vivo terpenoid biogenesis. The intervention of cyclohexenyl intermediates is implicated as a major cause of formation of large amounts of cis products in cationic olefin cyclizations. The results serve to demonstrate that intrinsic steric factors as well as stereoelectronic factors will favor stereoselective cyclization of polyolefins in enzymatically controlled olefin cyclizations as well as in vitro olefinic cyclizations.
Non-canonical signaling of the PTH receptor

The classical model of arrestin-mediated desensitization of cell-surface G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is thought to be universal. However, this paradigm is incompatible with recent reports that the parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptor (PTHR), a crucial GPCR for bone and mineral ion metabolism, sustains G S activity and continues to generate cAMP for prolonged periods after ligand washout; during these periods the receptor is observed mainly in endosomes, associated with the bound ligand, G S and β-arrestins. In this review we discuss possible molecular mechanisms underlying sustained signaling by the PTHR, including modes of signal generation and attenuation within endosomes, as well as the biological relevance of such non-canonical signaling.
Backtracking without trailing in CLP (ℜLin)

Existing CLP languages support backtracking by generalizing traditional Prolog implementations: modifications to the constraint system are trailed and restored on backtracking. Although simple and efficient, trailing may be very demanding in memory space, since the constraint system may potentially be saved at each choice point.This article proposes a new implementation scheme for backtracking in CLP languages over linear (rational or real) arithmetic. The new scheme, called semantic backtracking, does not use trailing but rather exploits the semantics of the constraints to undo the effect of newly added constraints. Semantic backtracking reduces the space complexity compared to implementations based on trailing by making it essentially independent of the number of choice points. In addition, semantic backtracking introduces negligible space and time overhead on deterministic programs. The price for this improvement is an increase in backtracking time, although constraint-solving time may actually decrease. The scheme has been implemented as part of a complete CLP system CLP (ℜLin) and compared analytically and experimentally with optimized trailing implementations. Experimental results on small and real-life problems indicate that semantic backtracking produces significant reduction in memory space, while keeping the time overhead reasonably small.
The relationship between unbound and total cortisol: Its usefulness in detecting CBG abnormalities

The relationship between unbound and total cortisol has been studied in patients with a variety of clinical conditions. We report on a simple, rapid and reliable method for evaluating the percentage unbound cortisol in serum or plasma which can be used in conjunction with total plasma cortisol to obtain a more complete understanding of the patients' adrenal status. Comparison of a patient's percentage unbound and total cortisol with a nomogram showing the normal relationship between percentage unbound and total cortisol indicates the patient's concentration of cortisol binding globulin. The concentration of unbound cortisol, the biologically active moiety, is the product of the percentage unbound and total cortisol concentration. The following values for the unbound cortisol concentration (microgram/dl) were obtained (mean +/- S.D.). Twenty-four normal subjects, 8--10 a.m., 1.2 +/- 0.4; 14 women receiving an oral contraceptive, 1.4 +/- 0.5; 6 patients with adrenal insufficiency, 0.2 +/- 0.1; 9 hyperthyroid patients, 1.7 +/- 0.8; 5 acute ill patients, 3.8 +/- 2.4; and a patient with Cushing's syndrome, 6.1. In normal subjects the values decreased at 4 p.m. (0.4 +/- 0.1) and after dexamethasone administration (0.1 +/- 0.1), and increased following the intravenous injection of adrenocorticotropic hormone (3.6 +/- 0.7). In pregnant women the unbound cortisol increased as the pregnancy progressed, first trimester: 1.2 +/- 0.3, second trimester: 1.6 +/- 0.2, third trimester: 2.4 +/- 0.5.
Electron Capture Dissociation of Gaseous Multiply-Charged Proteins Is Favored at Disulfide Bonds and Other Sites of High Hydrogen Atom Affinity

Disulfide bonds in gaseous multiply-protonated proteins are preferentially cleaved in the mass spectrometer by low-energy electrons, in sharp contrast to excitation of the ions by photons or low-energy collisions. For S−S cyclized proteins, capture of one electron can break both an S−S bond and a backbone bond in the same ring, or even both disulfide bonds holding two peptide chains together (e.g., insulin), enhancing the sequence information obtainable by tandem mass spectrometry on proteins in trace amounts. Electron capture at uncharged S−S is unlikely; cleavage appears to be due to the high S−S affinity for H• atoms, consistent with a similar favorability found for tryptophan residues. RRKM calculations indicate that H• capture dissociation of backbone bonds in multiply-charged proteins represents nonergodic behavior, as proposed for the original direct mechanism of electron capture dissociation.
Backbone Topology Synthesis for Multiradio Mesh Networks

Wireless local area network (WLAN) systems are widely implemented today to provide hot-spot coverage. Operated typically in an infrastructure mode, each WLAN is managed by an access point (AP). Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are employed for the purpose of extending the wireless coverage scope by interconnecting the underlying AP nodes. The capability and performance behavior of the WMN can further be upgraded by using multiple communications channels and by having more capable nodes use multiple radio modules. In this paper, we present a fully distributed multiradio backbone synthesis algorithm, which serves to construct a mesh backbone network of APs. We assume more capable nodes, such as APs, to be equipped with two radio modules, while less capable nodes employ a single radio module. Multihop communications among distant client stations take place in accordance with a routing algorithm that uses the mesh backbone to establish inter-WLAN routes. The presented backbone construction algorithm and the associated on-demand backbone-based routing mechanism are shown to improve the system's delay-throughput performance, as well as its asynchronous and distributed behavior in a stable fashion
Numerical studies of the formation and destruction of vortices in a motored four-stroke piston-cylinder configuration

A finite-difference procedure which solves the conservation equations of mass, momentum, and energy is used to investigate the effects of the compression ratio, engine speed, bore-to-stroke ratio, and air intake flow angle on the turbulent flow field within an axisymmetric piston-cylinder configuration. It is shown that in a four-stroke piston-cylinder configuration, the intake stroke is characterized by the formation of a piston vortex. The piston vortex is stretched during the intake stroke, and the head vortex has an almost constant diameter. For a 0-deg air intake flow angle, both vortices disappear by the end of the compression stroke; for an air intake flow angle of 45 deg, the flow field within the cylinder shows three elongated vortices which persist into the compression stroke and then break up and merge. It is also shown that larger bore-to-stroke ratios give rise to lower turbulent levels than smaller bore-to-stroke ratios and that the turbulent intensity is almost independent of the rpm.
New paradigm for drug therapies of cardiac fibrillation

The experimental findings of Garfinkel et al. (2) in this issue of PNAS point to a promising new direction for antifibrillatory drug development that is based on recent advances in our understanding of cardiac fibrillation. Those authors demonstrate that VF can be suppressed by pharmacologically altering the electrophysiology of cardiac cells in a specific way that prevents wave-breaking instabilities, namely by flattening the action potential duration restitution curve discussed below. The stabilizing effect of flattening restitution has been predicted on the basis of computer simulations of cardiac activation (3, 4). Experimental findings in support of this prediction were recently reported by Riccio et al. (5) who showed that the calcium channel blocker verapamil, observed previously to have an antifibrillatory effect (6 …
Complexes of Nickel(II) with 2-Pyridinaldoxime

THE complexing properties of 2-pyridinaldoxime (I) would be expected to follow from those of 2,2′-bipyridine (II) and dimethylglyoxime (III) since this new ligand incorporates in its structure the functional groups of both the latter substances. In the course of synthesizing and characterizing the nickel(II) complexes of pyridinaldoxime (HPAO) it has become apparent that some very unusual deviations from the expected behaviour occur. By analogy with the nickel(II) complexes of 2,2′-bipyridine1, two complexes containing molecular pyridinaldoxime should form: bis(pyridinaldoxime)nickel(II) and tris-(pyridinaldoxime)nickel(II). In addition, a third complex, containing one molecule of pyridinaldoxime co-ordinated to each nickel(II) atom, might also be expected to exist. The first two complexes, [Ni(HPA0)2]++ and [Ni(HPA0)3]++, have been prepared as the chloride and iodide salts, respectively. The bis complex is prepared by mixing 1 mole of nickel chloride 6-hydrate with 2 moles of the ligand in hot absolute ethanol. The compound is precipitated as fine green crystals. The tris complex may be isolated as fine tan crystals by mixing 3 moles of ligand with 1 mole of nickel(II) chloride in aqueous solution, followed by the addition of solid potassium iodide. The colour changes occurring in aqueous solutions indicate that the bis-pyridinaldoxime complex is considerably less subject to disproportionate, and consequent formation of the tris complex, than is true of the corresponding 2,2′-bipyridine complex. Both the bis and tris complexes containing the neutral pyridinaldoxime molecule are paramagnetic, having corrected effective magnetic moments of 3.16 and 3.12 Bohr magnetons, respectively. It may be concluded that these compounds are normal representatives of the classes of nickel(II) complexes formed by the aromatic heterocyclic diamines and other related ligands.
Dancing through Cape Coast: ethical and practical considerations for health-related service-learning programs.

Short-term service-learning programs that focus on global health are expanding rapidly, spurred by students’ desire to be of service in a world that has been made to seem small by new technology and universities’ willingness to embrace the goal of educating global citizens. In this commentary, the a
Adsorption of alpha-helical antifreeze peptides on specific ice crystal surface planes

The noncolligative peptide and glycopeptide antifreezes found in some cold-water fish act by binding to the ice surface and preventing crystal growth, not by altering the equilibrium freezing point of the water. A simple crystal growth and etching technique allows determination of the crystallographic planes where the binding occurs. In the case of elongated molecules, such as the alpha-helical peptides in this report, it also allows a deduction of the molecular alignment on the ice surface. The structurally similar antifreeze peptides from winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) and Alaskan plaice (Pleuronectes quadritaberulatus) adsorb onto the (2021) pyramidal planes of ice, whereas the sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius) peptide adsorbs on (2110), the secondary prism planes. All three are probably aligned along (0112). These antifreeze peptides have 11-amino acid sequence repeats ending with a polar residue, and each repeat constitutes a distance of 16.5 A along the helix, which nearly matches the 16.7 A repeat spacing along (0112) in ice. This structural match is undoubtedly important, but the mechanism of binding is not yet clear. The suggested mechanism of growth inhibition operates through the influence of local surface curvature upon melting point and results in complete inhibition of the crystal growth even though individual antifreeze molecules bind at only one interface orientation.
General asymptotic estimates for the coupon collector problem

We develop techniques of computing the asymptotics of the expected number of coupons that a collector has to buy in order to find all N existing different coupons, as N → ∞. The probabilities (occurring frequencies) of the coupons can be quite arbitrary.
Genes Regulated by Nkx2-3 in Sporadic and Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Associated Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines

Background Nkx2-3 has been reported to be up-regulated in B cell lines and intestinal tissues from Crohn’s disease patients and down-regulated in colorectal cancer. Aims The purpose of the current study is to determine genes regulated by Nkx2-3 in sporadic (CRS61) and inflammatory bowel disease-associated (CRS4) colorectal cancer cell lines. Methods Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of Nkx2-3 in both cell lines was generated and high-density cDNA microarrays representing over 25,000 genes were performed. Microarray results were validated by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. Pathway analysis was used to identify gene networks associated with Nkx2-3 knockdown in these cell lines. Results A total of 1,677 genes were regulated by Nkx2-3 in CRS4 cells; 1,375 genes were regulated by Nkx2-3 in CRS61 cells. Among those genes regulated by Nkx2-3, 254 genes were similarly regulated by Nkx2-3 knockdown in both cell lines; 159 genes were differentially regulated by Nkx2-3 knockdown between the two lines. Genes regulated by Nkx2-3 were grouped primarily within the following two functional categories: (1) immune and inflammatory response; and (2) cell proliferation, growth, and oncogenesis. Among the genes with similarly changed expression in the two cell lines, the top affected pathways included antigen presentation and cell–cell signaling. Among the genes with differentially changed expression between the two cell lines, ingenuity pathway analysis indicated that the top affected pathway included genes directly involved in Wnt signaling. Conclusions Nkx2-3 may contribute to the pathogenesis of IBD-associated CRC and sporadic CRC by regulating the Wnt signaling pathway.
SURVIVAL TRENDS IN CHILDHOOD HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES

Survival of patients with childhood hematological malignancies has increased markedly in the past decades. To examine the fine-scale details of how this progress has occurred, we carried out Kaplan–Meier cause-specific survival analysis using the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) dataset for patients with childhood hematological malignancies — Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Myeloid Leukemia — diagnosed in five eras: 1983–1987; 1988–1992; 1993–1997; 1998–2002 and 2003–2007. We generated Kaplan–Meier estimates of survival for each of the first 24 years after diagnosis. These figures agree with previously reported five- and ten-year values and attest to the remarkable increase in survival that has occurred over the past three decades of medical progress. The trend towards progressively increasing survival shows no sign of slowing, suggesting that we may expect further increases in survival in the years ahead. Most of the increase in survival for childhood hematological malignancies has occurred by reducing the risk of death in the first two years after diagnosis. This may be largely explained by the fact that this is the time period when patients are at highest risk of death.
The losipescu shear test as applied to composite materials

A history of the losipescu shear test as applied to composite materials is presented along with a description of the test fixture and specimen design. Iosipescu's shear test is compared to similar test techniques, including the asymmetrical four-point bending (AFPB) test. Finally, in-plane and through-the-thickness shear properties measured using the losipescu shear tests are presented for a variety of materials, including a unidirectional graphite/epoxy, random and continuous-fiber sheet molding compounds, and two polymer materials.
Characterization of Influenza Hemagglutinin Interactions with Receptor by NMR

In influenza, the envelope protein hemagglutinin (HA) plays a critical role in viral entry by first binding to sialic acid receptors on the cell surface and subsequently mediating fusion of the viral and target membranes. In this work, the receptor binding properties of influenza A HA from different subtypes (H1 A/California/04/09, H5 A/Vietnam/1205/04, H5 A/bar-headed goose/Qinghai/1A/05, and H9 A/Hong Kong/1073/99) have been characterized by NMR spectroscopy. Using saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR, we find that all HAs bind to the receptor analogs 2,3-sialyllactose and 2,6-sialyllactose, with subtle differences in the binding mode. Using competition STD NMR, we determine the receptor preferences for the HA subtypes. We find that H5-Qinghai and H9-Hong Kong HA bind to both receptor analogs with similar affinity. On the other hand, H1 exhibits a clear preference for 2,6-sialyllactose while H5-Vietnam exhibits a clear preference for 2,3-sialyllactose. Together, these results are interpreted within the context of differences in both the amino acid sequence and structures of HA from the different subtypes in determining receptor preference.
Transferring R&D Knowledge : the Key Factors Affecting Knowledge Transfer Success

Based on a study of knowledge transfer within more than 15 industries, across three forms of governance, and between both domestic and international R&D partners, knowledge transfer success was found to be associated with several key variables, and to hinge upon (a) both R&D units’ understanding where the desired knowledge resides within the source, (b) the extent to which the parties share similar knowledge bases, and the extent of interactions between the source and the recipient to (c) transfer the knowledge and (d) participate in an articulation process through which the source’s knowledge is made accessible to the recipient. © 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Color plastic bistable nematic display fabricated by imprint and ink-jet technology

— Plastic displays require new manufacturing processes and techniques to achieve acceptable cost and performance. A novel additive, low-temperature atmospheric-pressure self-aligned means of fabricating integrated plastic substrates for full-color LCDs and a bistable LC mode based on microstructure alignment are presented. By using imprinting rather than photolithographic patterning, a scalable, low-cost manufacturing route is possible. A 2-in.-diagonal 128 × 128-pixel display was made to demonstrate the principles involved, which has retained an image for in excess of 2 years.
The Roles of Equilibrium, Optimality, Maximization and Discontent in Decision‐Making Processes

. The concept of equilibrium plays a pivotal role in the neoclassical maximization theory. Equilibrium, or balance of forces, is an ethically neutral term, while optimum is a position considered by the decision-maker as the most desirable, according to some predetermined criteria of optimality. Disequilibrium can be defined as a divergence between the actual and the desired performance. Within this context, the optimum position is attained when the ideal and actual values of the crucial variables measuring performance coincide. Disequilibrium analysis can be expressed in terms of the theory of discontent. Socio-economic change caused by human decisions and actions is always rooted in discontent, which leads to determination to act. This determination, or will, is one necessary condition for change. The other necessary condition is the use of power to close the discontent gap. The coincidence of power to act and will to use it is a sufficient condition for change. To what extent a new equilibrium balancing aspirations and attainments is established depends on the relationship between the rate of change in the level of aspiration and the rate of change in the level of attainment. The theory of discontent has a much broader application to economics which is elaborated.
Social values and cooperative response to a simulated resource conservation crisis

The present study examined the relationship between individuals social motives or values and their level of cooperation during a simulated resource conservation crisis Prior to the resource task, a decomposed game procedure was used to classify subjects as cooperatively or noncooperatively oriented Subjects, in groups of six, were led to believe that they shared access to a replenishing resource pool via a system of linked computer terminals Across a series of trials, subjects had to choose between maximizing their own short-term gain and exercising personal restraint to preserve the collective resource False feedback about the group's use of the resource and the rate at which it was replenished was varied to indicate either that the resource was being sustained or that collective overuse was rapidly depleting it As predicted, cooperatively oriented individuals responded to resource depletion with greater self-restraint than did those classified as noncooperators Analvsis of pretrial and posttrial data indicated that social values were also related to individuals expectations about the task and perceptions of others
On the Itô-Wentzell formula for distribution-valued processes and related topics

We prove the Ito–Wentzell formula for processes with values in the space of generalized functions by using the stochastic Fubini theorem and the Ito–Wentzell formula for real-valued processes, appropriate versions of which are also proved.
A parser-generating system for constructing compressed compilers

This paper describes a parser-generating system (PGS) currently in use on the CDC-6500 computer at Purdue University. The PGS is a Fortran-coded program that accepts a translation grammar as input and constructs from it a compact, machine-coded compiler. In the input translation grammar, each BNF syntactic rule corresponds to a (possibly empty) “code generator” realizable as an assembly language, Fortran or Algol, subroutine that is called whenever that syntactic rule is applied in the parse of a program.Typical one-pass compilers constructed by the PGS translate source programs at speeds approaching 14,000 cards per minute. For an XPL compiler, the parser program and its tables currently occupy 288 words of 60-bit core memory of which 140 words are parsing table entries and 82 words are links to code generators.
Data mining techniques to improve no-show forecasting

In order to maximum the profit of each flight, the airlines always have some over-booking in one flight. Accurate forecasts of the expected number of noshows for each flight can increase airline revenue by reducing the number of spoiled seats and the number of involuntary denied boarding at the departure gate. In this paper, we develop a combined model to predict no-show rates using historical data and specific information on the individual passengers booked on each flight. Meanwhile, we propose some data mining techniques to improve no-show forecasting. A case study and the relative performance of some methods are introduced, together with some discussion on further research.
Competing theories of religion and law in the supreme court of the United States : An hasidic case

The meaning and application of the religion clauses of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution are currently a matter of intense and increasingly intractable public debate. The academic study of religion can make a positive contribution to this debate by inviting its participants into a conversation about human religion that is already struggling with problems of definition and of language and that wishes to affirm the existence and importance of human religion without establishing a particular definition of religion, without unconsciously theologizing. A close examination of the legal debate can, in turn, serve the purposes of scholars of religion. The politically charged context of First Amendment jurisprudence provides an interesting laboratory in which to test theories of religion.
Realistic simulations of the coupling between the protomotive force and the mechanical rotation of the F0-ATPase

The molecular origin of the action of the F0 proton gradient-driven rotor presents a major puzzle despite significant structural advances. Although important conceptual models have provided guidelines of how such systems should work, it has been challenging to generate a structure-based molecular model using physical principles that will consistently lead to the unidirectional proton-driven rotational motion during ATP synthesis. This work uses a coarse-grained (CG) model to simulate the energetics of the F0-ATPase system in the combined space defined by the rotational coordinate and the proton transport (PTR) from the periplasmic side (P) to the cytoplasmic side (N). The model establishes the molecular origin of the rotation, showing that this effect is due to asymmetry in the energetics of the proton path rather than only the asymmetry of the interaction of the Asp on the c-ring helices and Arg on the subunit-a. The simulation provides a clear conceptual background for further exploration of the electrostatic basis of proton-driven mechanochemical systems.
Selection of Mutant Cell Lines Resistant to Infection by Chlamydia spp.

Volume 70, no. 11, p. 6444-6447, 2002. Page 6444: The title should appear as shown above. Pages 6444-6447: We had previously reported the characterization of 12 mutagenized CHO-K1 cell lines that were resistant to chlamydial infectivity by Chlamydia trachomatis and C. pneumoniae . We recently
Placement of UAVs as Communication Relays Aiding Mobile Ad Hoc Wireless Networks

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been used for surveillance and reconnaaissance operations. Such communications enabled platforms can also be effectively utilized to enhance the communications transport capabilitites of a mobile ad hoc wireless network. When properly embedded into the architecture of a communications network, the resultirng UAV aided terrestrial network architecture is expended into a multi-layered hierarchical network structure. The UAV aided network can provide for transport of flows that span longer distances, yield better reliability, higher mobility based robustness and upgraded throughput capacity. We have recently proposed the `robust throughput' and `robust throughput capacity' measures to characterize the capability of a mobile ad hoc wireless network to provide for robust and survivable transport of flows. Robust service is critically required for supporting applications that involve flow transactions that must not, with high probability, be transported along routes that are prematurely interrupted. To enhance the robust throughput performance of mobile ad hoc wireless networks, we present in this paper a method and algorithm that are used to place relay nodes, such as UAVs, in locations that efficiently serve to support the robustness and capacity requirements of the underlying mobile ad hoc wireless network system, and to compute the optitmal (flow admission oriented) regulation and distribution of traffic flow classes across terrestrial and UAV based routes. Our schemes are used to determine effective 3-D coordinates for placing a UAV relay node to provide for such joint performance upgrade.
Rapid synthesis of nanostructured metal-oxide films for solar energy applications by a flame aerosol reactor (FLAR)

Titanium dioxide films are a critical component of many next-generation low cost solar cells. Film morphology has been identified as an efficiency-limiting property. A gas phase, single-step, rapid, atmospheric-pressure process to synthesize TiO 2 films with controlled morphology is reported. The process is based on a flame aerosol reactor (FLAR). Two different morphologies were synthesized for this report, granular and columnar. The granular morphology consists of nanoparticles aggregated into fractal structures on the substrate, and is characterized by high surface area and poor electronic properties. The columnar morphology is highly crystalline; composed of 1D structures oriented normal to the substrate, characterized by lower surface area and superior electronic properties. Films with both morphologies are applied to a hydrogen-producing photo-watersplitting cell and a photovoltaic dye-sensitized solar cell. For watersplitting, the columnar morphology outperforms the granular by almost 2 orders of magnitude, achieving a uv -light to hydrogen conversion efficiency of about 11%. In contrast, for the dye-sensitized solar cell, the granular morphology outperforms the columnar, due to enhanced dye absorption arising from the larger TiO 2 surface area.
Reliability-Based Underseepage Analysis in Levees Using a Response Surface-Monte Carlo Simulation Method

Present methods for assessing the potential for unsatisfactory levee performance because of underseepage consist of deterministic seepage analyses and simplified reliability methods. Deterministic methods consist of calculating factors of safety based on the ratio of the critical gradients of the soil and hydraulic exit gradients without taking into account high levels of uncertainty in soil properties and subsur- face geometry that are inherent to many levee analyses. The most common simplified reliability approaches currently being used to analyze levees against underseepage apply the first-order second-moment Taylor series method, using the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers blanket theory equations as the performance functions. In many cases, these methods do not realistically reflect the geometry of the levee's foundation soils and the uncertainty associated with their performance. This study proposes a new application for the response surface method that allows modeling the initiation of erosion process with more accurate failure mechanisms and more complex subsurface geometry. The response surface-Monte Carlo (RSMC) simulation method uses finite-element analyses to develop a series of equations that define the relationship between the variables and the factor of safety (F). Using these equations, probability density functions (PDF) for variables, and the computer program @Risk, a Monte Carlo simulation is performed to calculate the conditional probability of unsatisfactory performance because of underseepage for a given river flood level. Two examples are presented to illustrate the proposed procedure. Multiple regression analyses are performed to assess the relative effect that changes in the input variables have on the F for the various analyses. The results suggest that uncertainty in the levee geometry has the greatest effect on the variation of the F for the cases studied. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606 .0000650. © 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers.
Alternate Interfaces May Mediate Homomeric and Heteromeric Assembly in the Transmembrane Domains of SNARE Proteins

The fusion of a vesicle to a target membrane is mediated by temporally and spatially regulated interactions within a set of evolutionarily conserved proteins. Integral to proper fusion is the interaction between proteins originating on both vesicle and target membranes to form a protein bridge between the two membranes, known as the SNARE complex. This protein complex includes the single-pass transmembrane helix proteins: syntaxin and synaptobrevin. Experimental data and amino acid sequence analysis suggest that an interface of interaction is conserved between the transmembrane regions of the two proteins. However, conflicting reports have been presented on the role of the synaptobrevin transmembrane domain in mediating important protein–protein interactions. To address this question, a thermodynamic study was carried out to determine quantitatively the self-association propensities of the transmembrane domains of synaptobrevin and syntaxin. Our results show that the transmembrane domain of synaptobrevin has only a modest ability to self-associate, whereas the transmembrane domain of syntaxin is able to form stable homodimers. Nevertheless, by a single amino acid substitution, synaptobrevin can be driven to dimerize with the same affinity as syntaxin. Furthermore, crosslinking studies show that dimerization of synaptobrevin is promoted by oxidizing agents. Despite the presence of a conserved cysteine residue in the same location as in synaptobrevin, syntaxin dimerization is not promoted by oxidization. This analysis suggests that subtle yet distinct differences are present between the two transmembrane dimer interfaces. A syntaxin/synaptobrevin heterodimer is able to form under oxidizing conditions, and we propose that the interface of interaction for the heterodimer may resemble the homodimer interface formed by the synaptobrevin transmembrane domain. Computational analysis of the transmembrane sequences of syntaxin and synaptobrevin reveal structural models that correlate with the experimental data. These data may provide insight into the role of transmembrane segments in the mechanism of vesicle fusion.
Algena Microprogrammable CAMAC Branch Driver/Controller

The computer and Branch Driver are the two most expensive devices associated with a typical CAMAC system. This paper describes a device which has been designed to replace both the computer and the Branch Driver of many systems - at less than half the cost. Algen (a contraction of algorithm generator) may also be used with a computer, serving as a unique Branch Driver which can relieve the computer program of many "housekeeping" duties.
Incorporating 3D virtual anatomy into the medical curriculum

The introduction of the Visible Human Project by Ackerman in 1995, described in the seminal paper in 1996 [9], brought a promise to anatomists that these two frozen, milled, and digitized cadavers---the Visible Male and Female---would revolutionize anatomy teaching by providing the most complete and detailed anatomical images ever. This vision could be compared to the proverbial "man on the moon" program for medical education and has proven to be much more challenging than expected. Although the ramifications of this project are not of the same scale as the shock created five centuries ago by the Padua physician Andreas Vesalius when he challenged the ancient Greek physician Galen's description of the human body, the original interest created by the availability of the Visible Human data was enormous.
Development of on-board space computer systems

This paper describes the functions, characteristics, requirements, and design approaches of the on-board computers for seven space vehicles-Saturn I, Orbiting Astronomical Observatory, Gemini, Saturn IB, Saturn V, Skylab, and Space Shuttle. The data contained in this paper represent an encapsulation of sixteen years of space-borne-computer development. In addition, the evolution of computer characteristics such as size, weight, power consumption, computing speed, memory capacity, technology, architectural features, software, and fault-tolerant capabilities, is summarized and analyzed to point out the design trends and the motivating causes. The evolution in utilization of the on-board computers; their interface with sensors, displays, and controls; and their interaction with operators are summarized and analyzed to show the increasing role played by computers in the overall space-vehicle system.
Resources—Anytime, Anywhere: Branding Library Services, A Case Study of Texas Tech's Document Delivery Department

To execute an effective marketing campaign, especially one featuring a complex process, the library must combine marketing ideas with technological improvements that lower barriers to entry. In conjunction with the University Libraries’ Communications and Marketing Department, Texas Tech's Document Delivery Department embarked on a project to raise user awareness of Document Delivery and the services it offers. This case study examines how Texas Tech's Document Delivery Department lowered its barriers to entry for services and branded the service in order to raise awareness.
The Nonlinear Vibration and Stability of Axially Traveling Thin Plates

Frequency and responses for the free vibration of traveling, nonlinear, elastic plates are obtained that are based on a nonlinear plate theory developed by Luo in 2000. The plate theory includes the in-plane inertial forces, the centrifugal forces, curvature effects and the in-plane Coriolis inertia. The critical speeds are obtained while the frequency of the prebuckled plate vanishes, and the critical speed for the mode (1,1) response is not always minimal.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Raman scattering in Fibonacci superlattices.

Raman scattering from acoustic phonons in Si-${\mathrm{Ge}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$ Fibonacci superlattices is reported. The main features of the experimental results are determined by the Fourier components of the dependence on position along the growth direction of the photoelastic coefficient. An analytic expression for the Fourier transform of any function of position in a Fibonacci lattice is used to interpret the experimental results.
A Fluorine and Germanium Co-doped Multimode Fibre for Wide Operation Window

A novel graded-index multimode fibre is proposed. Co-doping appropriately fluorine and germanium into silica makes the optimum index parameter alpha of the fibre much less dependent on wavelength and results in a wide operation window.
Experimental behavior of steel beam–columns subjected to fire-induced thermal gradients

Abstract Fire tests were performed to investigate the mechanics and capacity of steel beam–columns that develop a thermal gradient through their depth when exposed to fire. Wide-flanged specimens were loaded axially and tested vertically in a furnace recently commissioned at Michigan State University. The placement of insulation simulated a realistic three-sided heating scenario such as that experienced by a column on the perimeter of a building frame. Specimens were tested with several combinations of load level, fire scenario, and direction of the thermal gradient (which dictates the direction of bending). The different combinations of tested parameters had a significant influence on the fire response of these columns, which all failed by full section yielding due to a combination of axial load ( P ) and moment ( M ) . These columns developed bending moments in response to through-depth thermal gradients as well as a moment reversal due to a shift in the section’s center of stiffness. The plastic resistance to combinations of axial load and moment was also affected by the thermal gradients such that the critical section, located in the hottest region along the column length, was where moment was the smallest (not the largest, as would be intuitively expected). The experiments and computer models showed good agreement with the predicted demands (i.e. bending moment reversal) and capacity (i.e. changes in the plastic P – M capacity).
Reversible Myocardial Depression in Survivors of Cardiac Arrest

Three patients under 40-years old who survived cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation were originally diagnosed as having idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Shortly after cardiac arrest, assessment of myocardial function revealed a globally dilated left ventricle in each patient with an estimated ejection fraction between 20% and 30%. Serial assessment of myocardial function, however, showed either normal or near-normal function by 2 weeks postevent. These findings suggest that myocardial stunning due to hypoperfusion during ventricular fibrillation or the effects of transthoracic shocks may result in profound, reversible myocardial depression in survivors of cardiac arrest. Serial evaluation of left ventricular function may be of value in selected survivors of cardiac arrest in order to evaluate time-dependent resolution of myocardial dysfunction and may prevent misdiagnosis of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.
The sociocultural implications of modernizing childbirth among Greek women on the Island of Rhodes.

This article addresses the socio‐cultural implications of modernizing childbirth among a population of women on the Greek island of Rhodes who have had a tradition of home births assisted by midwives until recent years. Using Brigette Jordan's biosocial model as a frame of reference, it focuses on the socio‐cultural meaning of childbirth in a traditional society and the changes that have taken place in that meaning as women on the island increasingly began giving birth in medical facilities, particularly during the 1950s. Although the discussion is limited to Greek women on Rhodes, it provides a basis for understanding how the social meaning of childbirth has changed in a modernizing society and addresses important issues regarding the socio‐cultural context within which women give birth.
School-year employment and academic performance of young adolescents

Abstract Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, this study examines the relationship between school-year employment and academic performance of young adolescents under age 16. Ordinary least squares estimates show a significant positive relationship between modest hours of school-year employment and grade point average. However, the inclusion of individual fixed effects diminishes the relationship substantially, suggesting that much of the positive correlation can be explained by individual heterogeneity. This interpretation of results is supported by the absence of evidence that school-year work affects school engagement or future-orientedness, the usual mechanisms through which work is hypothesized to produce positive schooling spillovers.