cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scalar mixing in the field of a gaseous laminar line vortex

An experimental study of scalar mixing in a laminar vortex is presented for vortices generated between two gas streams flowing parallel to each other in a rectangular flow channel. An isolated line vortex is initiated on demand by momentarily increasing one stream velocity in relation to the other using an electromagnetically actuated piston. The temporal piston motion profile is tailored to generate vortices of different strengths corresponding to vortex Reynolds numbers, Re≡Γ/2πν=130–210. Evolution of mixing is monitored by laser-induced fluorescence of acetone vapor premixed into one of the gas streams as the vortex structure evolves with increasing downstream distance from its point of origin. Vortex is generated by pulsing either of the gas streams (seeded or unseeded stream). Vortex initiation process affects the abundance of the gas in the vortex core from the pulsed stream. Spatial mixing statistics are obtained by determining scalar concentration probability density functions (pdf) and the mean mixed fluid concentrations obtained from these pdfs. It is found that the interfacial area generation as a result of vortex kinematics and molecular diffusion along this interface are principally responsible for mixing. The mean mixed fluid concentration in the vortex interaction region scales with the product of vortex circulation and the elapsed time of interaction. These results are similar to those found in liquid mixing experiments, but the rate of mixing is significantly higher due to higher diffusivity of gases.
Classes of Thiols That Influence the Activity of the Skeletal Muscle Calcium Release Channel

The skeletal muscle Ca(2+) release channel/ryanodine receptor (RyR1) is a prototypic redox-responsive ion channel. Nearly half of the 101 cysteines per RyR1 subunit are kept in a reduced (free thiol) state under conditions comparable with resting muscle. Here we assessed the effects of physiological determinants of cellular redox state (oxygen tension, reduced (GSH) or oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, and NO/O(2) (released by 3-morpholinosydnonimine)) on RyR1 redox state and activity. Oxidation of approximately 10 RyR1 thiols (from approximately 48 to approximately 38 thiols/RyR1 subunit) had little effect on channel activity. Channel activity increased reversibly as the number of thiols was further reduced to approximately 23/subunit, whereas more extensive oxidation (to approximately 13 thiols/subunit) inactivated the channel irreversibly. Neither S-nitrosylation nor tyrosine nitration contributed to these effects. The results identify at least three functional classes of RyR1 thiols and suggest that 1) the channel may be protected from oxidation by a large reservoir of functionally inert thiols, 2) the channel may be designed to respond to moderate oxidative stress by a change in activation setpoint, and 3) the channel is susceptible to oxidative injury under more extensive conditions.
Gravity field of Jupiter from Pioneer 11 tracking data

Significantly improved values of the zonal gravity harmonic coefficients J(39) J(4), and J(6) of Jupiter have been obtained from a preliminary analysis of Pioneer 11 spacecraft Doppler data taken while the spacecraft was near Jupiter. The new results, which will have an important application as boundary conditions for theoretical models of Jupiter's interior. are consistent with a planet in hydrostatic equilibrium.
ENERGY CONSUMPTION FOR REFRIGERATED, CANNED, AND FROZEN SNAP BEANS AND CORN

The energy inputs at different stages in the food cycle of corn and snap beans were estimated for refrigerated, canned, and frozen market forms. In the case of corn, the energy inputs totalled 3,146, 2,986, and 3,902 Btu/2.9 oz serving for canned, frozen, and refrigerated market forms. The corresponding figures (Btu/2.3 oz serving) for snap beans were 2,913, 2,715, and 2,134, respectively. The difference between the magnitudes for the canned and frozen forms is not significant. Further, because of the variability in the energy data for the different stages in the food cycle, magnitudes of energy consumption different than those listed may be obtained. The present and earlier studies on vegetables show that edible yield (number of servings) plays a major role in the energy consumed in the total cycle. Based on the present and previously published studies on energy consumption for vegetables, it appears that raw or refrigerated vegetables with yields more than about 40%will require less energy than other market forms. In this context, while most raw vegetables have yields higher than 40% they have short storage lives. Therefore, a large number of vegetables must be frozen or canned for long term availability.
Two-body decays of K mesons in a microscopic framework

A model based on an effective field theory is described. The model allows a simple treatment of nonleptonic decays of mesons. The origin of the octet rule is placed in a framework of long-distance dynamics.
Pericyte actomyosin-mediated contraction at the cell–material interface can modulate the microvascular niche

Pericytes physically surround the capillary endothelium, contacting and communicating with associated vascular endothelial cells via cell-cell and cell-matrix contacts. Pericyte-endothelial cell interactions thus have the potential to modulate growth and function of the microvasculature. Here we employ the experimental finding that pericytes can buckle a freestanding, underlying membrane via actin-mediated contraction. Pericytes were cultured on deformable silicone substrata, and pericyte-generated wrinkles were imaged via both optical and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The local stiffness of subcellular domains both near and far from these wrinkles was investigated by using AFM-enabled nanoindentation to quantify effective elastic moduli. Substratum buckling contraction was quantified by the normalized change in length of initially flat regions of the substrata (corresponding to wrinkle contour lengths), and a model was used to relate local strain energies to pericyte contractile forces. The nature of pericyte-generated wrinkling and contractile protein-generated force transduction was further explored by the addition of pharmacological cytoskeletal inhibitors that affected contractile forces and the effective elastic moduli of pericyte domains. Actin-mediated forces are sufficient for pericytes to exert an average buckling contraction of 38% on the elastomeric substrata employed in these in vitro studies. Actomyosin-mediated contractile forces also act in vivo on the compliant environment of the microvasculature, including the basement membrane and other cells. Pericyte-generated substratum deformation can thus serve as a direct mechanical stimulus to adjacent vascular endothelial cells, and potentially alter the effective mechanical stiffness of nonlinear elastic extracellular matrices, to modulate pericyte-endothelial cell interactions that directly influence both physiologic and pathologic angiogenesis.
Crystal Potential and Energy Bands of Semiconductors. II. Self-Consistent Calculations for Cubic Boron Nitride

A self-consistent crystal potential is constructed for cubic BN. Exchange is included according to the Slater free-electron approximation. The effect of the heteropolar character of the potential is included explicitly in an approximately self-consistent treatment of the valence-electron charge density. The energy gap is found to be about twice that of diamond, consistent with the results of other zincblende crystals and their diamond-type analogs. The maximum of valence band and the minimum in the conduction band are at the center and (100) face of the Brillouin zone, respectively. It is suggested that the heteropolar potential splits the valence band into two sub-bands. The lower sub-band width is about 5 ev, while the higher (which contain three times as many states) has a band width of about 4 ev. The energy gap between the sub-bands is about 10 ev. The effect should be common to all zincblende crystals and may be observable by soft x-ray emission.
First-Principles Study of Chemisorption of Oxygen and Aziridine on Graphitic Nanostructures

Using ab initio plane wave pseudopotential calculations, we study the energetics and structure of adsorbed linear arrays of oxygen and aziridine on carbon nanotubes, graphitic ribbons, and graphene sheets. Chemisorption of arrays of O or NH causes splitting of the CC bond and local deformation of the graphitic structures. The (3,3) nanotube cross section assumes a teardrop-like shape, while graphene sheets warp into a new local geometry around the chemisorbed molecules. The interior of a (3,3) nanotube is less prone to oxidation than the exterior because of steric effects. A zigzag (6,0) nanotube is less reactive and thus chemically more stable than an armchair (3,3) nanotube. The results suggest a partial explanation for the experimentally observed selective etching of metallic carbon nanotubes.
The Iris Challenge Evaluation 2005

This paper describes the Iris Challenge Evaluation (ICE) 2005. The ICE 2005 contains a dataset of 2953 iris images from 132 subjects. The data is organized into two experiments: right and left eye. Iris recognition performance is presented for twelve algorithms from nine groups that participated in the ICE 2005. For the top performers, verification rate on the right iris is above 0.995 at a false accept rate of 0.001. For the left iris, the corresponding verification rates are between 0.990 and 0.995 at a false accept rate of 0.001. The results from the ICE 2005 challenge problem were the first to observe correlations between the right and left irises for match and non-match scores, and quality measures.
IP7 guards the CDK gate.

Analyses of mutants affecting the synthesis of inositol phosphates have uncovered a variety of new roles for these small molecules in cells, but identification of their physiological targets has lagged behind. New studies on the yeast phosphate starvation response have brought the inositol pyrophosphate IP7 and its mechanism of action into sharp focus.
Development of a photofragmentation laser-induced-fluorescence laser sensor for detection of 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene in soil and groundwater.

Laser photofragmentation (PF) and subsequent nitric oxide (NO) laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) have been developed to measure the concentration of energetic materials (EM’s), such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), in soil and other media. Gas-phase EM’s photodissociate, releasing NO2, when exposed to laser radiation near 226 nm. Laser-excited NO2 predissociates to form NO that gives an intense fluorescence when excited near 226 nm. The EM concentration is inferred from the intensity of the NO fluorescence. A PF-LIF laser-based sensor is being developed to be used with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ Waterways Experiment Station’s cone penetrometer to measure in situ the concentration of subsurface TNT. Several factors that affect the PF-LIF signal waveforms, such as sample temperature, laser power, and heating time, were investigated. Also, effects on the PF-LIF signal of adding water and fertilizer to the TNT mixtures were studied. Decay times were determined by least-squares fitting of the exponential PF-LIF signal waveforms. The use of PF-LIF waveforms promises to enable diagnostics of the sample’s characteristics that would otherwise not be possible in situ.
An approximation for the inverse first passage time problem

We propose an approximation for the inverse first passage time problem. It is similar in spirit and method to the tangent approximation for the original first passage time problem. We provide evidence that the technique is quite accurate in many cases. We also identify some cases where the approximation performs poorly.
Computer simulations in spectrometry

Abstract A commercially available simulation computer program has been augmented by the addition of libraries of Jones and Mueller calculus component blocks, enabling the program to handle mixed systems consisting of both electronic signal processing blocks and optical component blocks. The program and libraries constitute a “scientific block diagram program”. The scope and power of the synthesis are demonstrated by application to both graphite tube furnace electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry and laser-excited liquid chromatographic detection of optical activity.
An Axial-Azimuthal Hybrid Simulation of Coaxial Hall Thrusters

We report on progress towards the development of a Hall thruster simulation in the axial-azimuthal (z - θ) computational space. Unlike most computational studies of closeddrift Hall accelerators which have been in one dimension (1D) along the axial direction or in two dimensions (2D) in the axial and radial dimensions, and which require some specification of the axial transport mechanism, this z - θ numerical simulation developed here self-consistently evolves the azimuthal electron drift velocity. The simulation is, in principal, capable of capturing correlated azimuthal disturbances in plasma properties which may give rise to cross-field transport, and makes no use of ad-hoc transport models. Preliminary analysis of the results indicates that azimuthal plasma instabilities may contribute to the axial electron transport process.
Band Parameters Of N 2 0 and CO 2 Determined By Whole Band Analysis

Whole band analysis, a method of obtaining band parameters from spectra by nonlinear least squares fitting of calculated to observed spectra, has been applied to bands of N2O and CO2. The retrieved N2 broadened widths of the 02(0)00 - 00(0) and 12(0)0 - 00(0)0 bands of N2O suggest that the air broadened widths on the AFGL listing are about 10% high. The intensities and (C-12)(O-16)2 broadened widths of the 20002-00001 and 21102-01101 bands of (C-12)(O-16)(O-18) and the 20002-00001 band of (C-12)(O-16)(O-17) have also been determined.
Cerebrovascular reactivity is associated with maximal aerobic capacity in healthy older adults

Recently, several high-impact reviews suggest that regular aerobic exercise is beneficial for maintaining cognitive function in aging adults. Higher cerebral blood flow and/or cerebrovascular react...
Linear pinch driven by a high-current pulse- forming network.

Linear pinch driven by rectangular current pulse- forming networks studied by streak photographs and magnetic probe records for discharges in argon
Tricuspid regurgitation in newborn infants with respiratory distress: Echo-Doppler study

The purpose of this investigation was to use Doppler echocardiography to evaluate respiratory problems significant enough to warrant supplemental oxygenation in newborn infants. Of 17 infants (mean gestational age 37.5 weeks, mean birth weight 3070 g) 14 (82%) had defectable tricuspid regurgitation. By modified Bernoulli equation, all infants had right ventricular pressure >60% of systemic pressure, and nine of 14 had estimated right ventricular pressure at or near systemic pressures. In eight infants for whom sequential evaluations could be obtained, right ventricular pressure as a percentage of systemic pressure gradually decreased, and corresponded to decreasing needs for supplemental oxygenation. Tricuspid regurgitation could no longer be detected between 3 and 16 days after the first study, and was associated with decreased right ventricular pressures (
Solar background rejection by a pressure-broadened atomic resonance filter operating at a Fraunhofer wavelength.

We have calculated the solar background rejection of the Mg atomic resonance filter operating at the b1 Fraunhofer wavelength (518.4 nm) as a function of the pressure-broadened filter linewidth. For pressure broadening induced by the noble gases the solar background rejection decreases from 93% at a 0.002-nm bandwidth to 82–84% at a 0.02-nm bandwidth. Solar background rejection was insensitive to buffer gas and was optimum for the noble gas with the smallest shift-to-broadening ratio.
Nanoscale dynamics and aging of fibrous peptide-based gels

Solutions of the aromatic dipeptide derivative molecule fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-diphenylalanine (Fmoc-FF) in dimethyl sulfoxide produce fibrous gels when mixed with water. We study the evolution of density fluctuations of this three-component system using X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) and compare these results to the macroscopic rheology of the gels and optical observations of the microstructure evolution. At the investigated scattering angles, the intensity autocorrelation functions do not follow behavior expected for simple diffusion of individual Fmoc-FF molecules localized within cages of nearest neighbors. Instead, the dynamics are associated with density fluctuations on length scales of ~10-100 nm arising from disaggregation and reformation of fibers, leading to an increasingly uniform network. This process is correlated with the growth of the elastic modulus, which saturates at long times. Autocorrelation functions and relaxation times acquired from XPCS measurements are consistent with relaxation rates of structures at dynamic equilibrium. This study provides further support to the concept of exploring peptide-based gelators as valence-limited patchy particles capable of forming equilibrium gels.
DESCRIPTION OF COSTANDARD MODULES OF SCHUR SUPERALGEBRA S 3 1

Let S(m | n) be a Schur superalgebra over a base field K of any characteristic different from 2. The characters of simple S(m | n)-modules and composition factors of costandard modules ∇(λ) for restricted weights λ were determined for the Schur superalgebra S(2 | 1) in [6] and for Schur superalgebra S(2 | 2) in [4] and [5]. The goal of this article is to obtain corresponding results for Schur superalgebra S(3 | 1). Additionally, we determine the character of ∇(λ) for all Schur superalgebras S(m | 1), where m ≥ 1.
The PHQ-9 as a brief assessment of lifetime major depression

The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9; R. L. Spitzer, K. Kroenke, J. B. W. Williams, & The Patient Health Questionnaire Primary Care Study Group, 1999), modified to ask about the worst period of depression lifetime, was validated against lifetime mood disorder diagnoses established by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID; M. B. First, R. L. Spitzer, M. Gibbon, & J. B. W. Williams, 2001) in 526 participants. PHQ-9 dichotomous scores corresponded highly with major depressive episode (MDE) Criterion A, MDE, and major depressive disorder (MDD), odds ratios >or= 9.5, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) >or= 0.84. The continuous scale score was higher in participants who did (M=17.14, SD=7.36) than in those who did not (M=6.05, SD=6.29) meet MDE Criterion A, t(524)=18.09, p<.001; was correlated with number of MDE Criterion A symptoms, r(525)=.67, p<.001; and detected MDE Criterion A (AUC=0.88). The PHQ-9 as a lifetime measure may be used to complement or replace more costly interview assessments.
Effects of the finite electrical conductivity of the crystal on hydromagnetic Czochralski flow

Abstract There has recently been much interest in using hydromagnetic damping to reduce the turmoil of Czochralski silicon melts. Since molten silicon conducts electricity nearly as well as mercury, applied magnetic fields in the range of a few kilogauss have a pronounced effect on the melt motion. Digital simulations of magnetic Czochralski flow have taken the solid crystal to be a perfect electrical insulator. However, asymptotic considerations have shown this to be questionable: even though the electrical conductivity of solid silicon is only 3% that of the melt, current leakage into the crystal can significantly modify the melt flow. Numerical studies described here confirm quantitatively the predictions of the asymptotic theory. Accounting for crystal conductivity in the computational model leads to the expected major changes in the azimuthal motion. The meridional circulation and, concomitantly, the dopant transport are only slightly modified for the rotation rates considered.
Significant and systematic expression differentiation in long-lived yeast strains.

Background Recent studies suggest that the regulation of longevity may be partially conserved in many eukaryotes ranging from yeast to mammals. The three yeast mutants sch9Delta, ras2Delta, tor1Delta show extended chronological life span up to three folds. Our aim is to dissect the mechanisms that lead to the yeast life span extension. Methodology/principal findings We obtain gene expression profiles of sch9Delta, ras2Delta, tor1Delta as well as that for a wild type at day 2.5 in SDC medium using Affymetrix Yeast2.0 arrays. To accurately estimate the expression differentiation between the wild type and the long-lived mutants, we use sub-array normalization followed by a variant of the median-polishing summarization. The results are validated by the probe sets of S. pombe on the same chips. To translate the differentiation into changes of biological activities, we make statistical inference by integrating the expression profiles with biological gene subsets defined by Gene Ontology, KEGG pathways, and cellular localization of proteins. Other than subset-versus-other comparisons, we also make local comparisons between two directly-related gene subsets such as cytosolic and mitochondrial ribosomes. Our consensus is obtained by cross-examination of these inferences. The significant and systematic differentiation in the three long-lived strains includes: lower transcriptional activities; down-regulation of TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation versus up-regulation of the KEGG pathway Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis; the overall reduction of mitochondrial activities. We also report some different expression patterns such as reduction of the activities relating to mitosis in ras2Delta. Conclusions/significance The modification of energy pathways and modification of compartment activities such as down-regulation of mitochondrial ribosome proteins versus up-regulation of cytosolic ribosome proteins are directly associated with the life span extension in yeast. The results provide a new and systematic S. cerevisiae version of the free radical theory from the perspective of functional genomics.
Boron migration due to annealing in CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB interfaces: A combined hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and x-ray absorption studies

We report the hard x-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (HAXPES) and near edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) of CoFeB|MgO|CoFeB interfaces as a function of annealing time. Upon annealing, the oxidation state of B changes from predominantly elemental (0 valence) boron in the as deposited sample to higher oxidation in annealed samples as evident from HAXPES spectra. The NEXAFS spectroscopy results showed that upon heating, B species migrate towards the MgO and interact with it. A comparison of the tunnel junction NEXAFS signature with some standards suggests that the B forms a 3-fold coordinated boron compound in the MgO environment and 4-fold coordinated boron resembling Kotoite mineral in the CoFe/MgO interface.
Central arterial aging and the epidemic of systolic hypertension and atherosclerosis.

Abstract The structure and function of central arteries change throughout the lifetime of humans and animals. Since atherosclerosis and hypertension are prevalent in epidemic proportion among older persons, it is reasonable to hypothesize that specific mechanisms that underlie the arterial substrate that has been altered by an “aging process” are intimately linked to arterial diseases. Indeed, recent studies reveal a profile of arterial cell and matrix properties that emerges with advancing age within the grossly normal appearing aortic wall of both animals and humans. This profile is proinflammatory, and is manifested by intimal infiltration of fetal cells, increased production of angiotensin II (Ang II)-signaling pathway molecules, eg, matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1), transforming growth factor B1 (TGF-β1), enhanced activation of MMPs, TGF-β, and NADPH oxidase, and reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. This profile is similar to that induced at younger ages in experimental animal models of hypertension or atherosclerosis. In humans, this proinflammatory state, which occurs in the absence of lipid deposition, appears to be attributable to aging, per se. Other well known human risk factors, eg, altered lipid metabolism, smoking, and lack of exercise, interact with this arterial substrate that is altered by aging and render the aging human artery fertile soil for facilitation of the initiation and progression of arterial diseases. Therapies to reduce or retard this age-associated proinflammatory state within the grossly appearing arterial wall central arteries, in addition to slowing arterial aging, per se, may have a substantial impact on the quintessential age-associated arterial diseases of our society.
An Experiment in Integration: Calculus and Physics for Freshmen

This paper describes an experimental course integrating calculus and physics for freshmen, conducted with partial support of an NSF Curriculum Development Grant. A primary goal of the Project was to provide a better foundation for higher-level engineering/science courses by enabling students to transfer and apply fundamental knowledge; applications and mathematical modeling were emphasized. A weekly Laboratory/Workshop, which proved to be highly motivational for students, was featured. Having team- taught the course three years in succession, the authors have much to share regarding the actual implementation of the course and its special challenges, student preparation and receptivity, and choice of materials. Assessment data indicate that the performance and retention of participating students in the next Physics course were significantly improved, but long-term effects are difficult to track and measure.
Semen evaluation after partial intracapsular prostatectomy in normal dogs

Abstract The semen of normal male dogs was evaluated before and after a partial intracapsular prostatectomy was performed using an ultrasonic surgical aspirator. This recently developed surgical treatment currently is being used to remove diseased prostatic tissue in dogs with prostatic abscesses and cysts. Although castration is also performed on most dogs with prostatic disease, some affected dogs have value as breeding animals. Assuming that some clients would object to castration, the current study sought to determine whether semen was altered by removal of approximately 85% of prostatic tissue. Semen was examined with a computerized motility analyzer and by traditional microscopic methods in 4 male dogs. A subtotal prostatectomy was performed, and the dogs evaluated for 2 mon after surgery. Although 3 of the 4 dogs had reduced semen volume, the remainder of the postoperative semen measurements were normal. All dogs had increased concentrations of total and motile spermatozoa. The testes were normal, and the remainder of the prostate tissue in all dogs had a moderate and focal infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells.
The role of autoreactive T-cell lines in the restoration of the immune response to sheep red blood cells in C57B16-lprlpr mice

Although autoimmune-prone mice bearing the lymphoproliferation (lpr) gene have polyclonally activated B cells and high serum titers of autoantibodies, they mount poor immune responses to exogenous antigens. In addition, they exhibit very low or nonexistent autologous mixed lymphocyte responses. Previous studies have shown that autoreactive T-cell clones have immunoregulatory properties: they can help suppress, or contrasuppress an immune response. Here we show that two autoreactive T-cell lines, GB4 and B1H1, can restore the defective response of C57B16-lprlpr mice to the antigen sheep red blood cells. This restoration is antigen-dependent and requires the presence of other T cells.
Fitting Weighted Total Least-Squares Planes and Parallel Planes to Support Tolerancing Standards

We present elegant algorithms for fitting a plane, two parallel planes (corresponding to a slot or a slab) or many parallel planes in a total (orthogonal) least-squares sense to coordinate data that is weighted. Each of these problems is reduced to a simple 3×3 matrix eigenvalue/eigenvector problem or an equivalent singular value decomposition problem, which can be solved using reliable and readily available commercial software. These methods were numerically verified by comparing them with brute-force minimization searches. We demonstrate the need for such weighted total least-squares fitting in coordinate metrology to support new and emerging tolerancing standards, for instance, ISO 14405-1:2010. The widespread practice of unweighted fitting works well enough when point sampling is controlled and can be made uniform (e.g., using a discrete point contact Coordinate Measuring Machine). However, we demonstrate that nonuniformly sampled points (arising from many new measurement technologies) coupled with unweighted least-squares fitting can lead to erroneous results. When needed, the algorithms presented also solve the unweighted cases simply by assigning the value one to each weight. We additionally prove convergence from the discrete to continuous cases of least-squares fitting as the point sampling becomes dense.
Myocardial oxygen transport in dogs after hypothermic ischemic cardiac arrest

Abstract Left ventricular myocardial oxygen delivery was measured in three groups of dogs before and after cardiopulmonary bypass, and either 0, 20, or 40 min of ischemic cardiac arrest at 32°C. After bypass, regional left ventricular coronary blood flow and oxygen delivery to myocardial capillaries were normal or increased above pre-bypass values in all groups, and myocardial oxygen diffusion parameters (diffusion area to distance ratio) were increased after bypass in the 0- and 20-min arrest groups but significantly decreased after bypass in the 40-min arrest group. These data support the hypothesis that, in spite of normal or increased regional coronary flow and oxygen delivery to capillaries after moderate periods of hypothermic ischemic cardiac arrest in normal hearts, there is either a defect in myocardial oxygen diffusion from capillaries to mitochondria, or an impairment of oxygen utilization, or both.
Simulation of cyber physical models using SysML and numerical solvers

We demonstrate a modeling and simulation technique that allows integrating controller/plant behavior specified in numerical solvers, such as Simulink and Modelica, within the SysML model. This allows the mixing of discrete and continuous behaviors in a context of a system model that can be simulated as a complete system level specification. Our approach involves code generation, rather than semantic mappings or model transformation of behaviors, combined with the capability to transform the interface and type specification from one modeling language to the other. Using such complementary languages/tools allows the specification of a complete design model that can be simulated for various purposes such as verification and validation and trade studies.
Test-Factor Standardization and Marginal Standardization

Rosenberg's test-factor standardization can be interpreted as a special type of marginal standardization. A frequency table after test-factor standardization is the zero-order table for a three-way table that has been standardized to the two-way margials which would exist for the independent and control variables if these variables were independent of each other in the data. Further continuities are drawn between test-factor standardization and log-linear models of contingency tables in the special case of complete interpretation. In his recent article on marginal standardization, Smith (672) incorrectly stated that Rosenberg's test-factor standardiztion is "an entirely different procedure" from marginal standardization. It is, instead, a special type of marginal standardization, as I shall show here by first reviewing the steps in test-factor standardization and then very simply restating them in terms of marginal standardization. For an example, I shall use Smith's Table 5, reporting on the association between attitudes toward abortion and years of schooling with reported ideal number of children controlled. The data are from the 1972 General Social Survey of the National Data Program. This example seems to be in keeping with Rosenberg's arguments for test-factor standardization since the initial reason for using ideal number of children as a control presumably would be that it is a possibly intervening variable, even though the results suggest that it actually specifies the relationship. The data are reproduced as Table 1. The parenthesized top entry in each cell and in the column totals is observed cell frequency. Following Smith's notation, I shall algebraically represent the cell frequency of category i of abortion attitude, category j of years of schooling, and category k of ideal number of children by f ,k. The column total for column j of subtable k is denoted by f+jk; the total number of observations in subtable k, by f++k; and so forth. The total number of *I thank Robert H. Somers for suggesting to me the possibility of the continuities discussed here. The data used in the example were supplied by the National Data Program for the Social Sciences, conducted by the National Opinion Research Center with James A. Davis as the principal investigator, and were obtained through the Inter-University Consortium for Political Research.
The nature and treatment of childhood anxiety

Several issues pertinent to childhood anxiety and related disorders are reviewed. These include the reliability and validity of existing classification systems, the diversity and shortcomings of behavioral assessment techniques, and the nature and efficacy of intervention strategies with this population. Particular attention is paid to the need to interface taxonomic, assessment, and treatment methods. A functional model of assessing and treating children and adolescents with school refusal behavior is presented as a preliminary example. Recommendations for future research by educators and psychologists are also discussed.
Rapid quantitative pharmacodynamic imaging by a novel method: theory, simulation testing and proof of principle

Pharmacological challenge imaging has mapped, but rarely quantified, the sensitivity of a biological system to a given drug. We describe a novel method called rapid quantitative pharmacodynamic imaging. This method combines pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling, repeated small doses of a challenge drug over a short time scale, and functional imaging to rapidly provide quantitative estimates of drug sensitivity including EC 50 (the concentration of drug that produces half the maximum possible effect). We first test the method with simulated data, assuming a typical sigmoidal dose-response curve and assuming imperfect imaging that includes artifactual baseline signal drift and random error. With these few assumptions, rapid quantitative pharmacodynamic imaging reliably estimates EC 50 from the simulated data, except when noise overwhelms the drug effect or when the effect occurs only at high doses. In preliminary fMRI studies of primate brain using a dopamine agonist, the observed noise level is modest compared with observed drug effects, and a quantitative EC 50 can be obtained from some regional time-signal curves. Taken together, these results suggest that research and clinical applications for rapid quantitative pharmacodynamic imaging are realistic.
Studies on the antitumor activities of pyrimidinone-interferon inducers. Part 2. Potentiation of antitumor resistance mechanisms.

In continuation of studies on antitumor activities of pyrimidinone interferon inducers [11], we report here that 2-amino-5-bromo-6-mF-phenyl-4(3H)-pyrimidinone (ABmFPP) is similarly effective to 2-amino-5-bromo-6-phenyl-4-pyrimidinone (ABPP) in its ability to reduce the number of metastatic nodules of a spontaneous fibrosarcoma (NFSa) and a spontaneous mammary carcinoma (MCa-K) in the lungs of C3Hf/Kam mice. Both compounds were more effective when given to mice prior to, rather than after, intravenous transplantation of tumor cells. In studies on the mechanism of the antitumor activity of pyrimidinones, 2-amino-5-iodo-6-phenyl-4-pyrimidinone (AIPP) was used in addition to ABPP and ABmFPP. These agents were capable of activating peritoneal macrophages that thus became capable of lysingin vitro 3T12 transformed cells but not syngeneic BALB/c embryo fibroblasts. Also, these agents were capable of augmenting significantly the natural killer (NK) cell activity in the spleen of C3Hf/Kam mice. Spleen cells from treated mice admixed to NFSa cells inhibitedin vivo tumor take of these cells when the admixture was injected subcutaneously. Pyrimidinones were also effective against the development of NFSa nodules in the lungs of T-cell deficient mice implying that the presence of T-cells is not a prerequisite for the induction of antitumor activity by these agents. A further observation was that pyrimidinone compounds reduced the metastasis formation enhancing effect of cyclophosphamide. Therefore, pyrimidinone interferon inducers exhibit an appreciable antimetastatic activity mediated through antitumor resistance mechanisms involving activation of macrophages and stimulation of NK-cells.
Heterogeneous catalysis in supercritical water

Fluids at temperatures and pressures near their thermodynamic critical points are attracting attention as media for heterogeneous catalytic reactions. Several factors have motivated this interest in catalytic reactions in supercritical fluids (SCFs), but the paradigm of pollution prevention is one of the most important. The increased awareness of environmental sustainability and the trend toward pollution prevention has led to a consideration of environmentally benign solvents such as supercritical water for chemical processes. This article provides an overview of the types of heterogeneous catalytic reactions that have been accomplished in supercritical water. Additionally, we provide new experimental results for the heterogeneous catalytic oxidation of phenol in supercritical water over bulk TiO2 and compare the performance of different transition metal oxide catalysts for this reaction.
Slow-motion scattering and coalescence of maximally charged black holes.

Systems consisting of several maximally charged, nonrotating black holes ('Reissner-Nordstrom' black holes) interacting with one another are studied. An effective action for the system in the slow-motion, fully strong-field regime is presented. An exact calculation of black-hole-black-hole scattering and coalescence in the slow-motion (but strong-field) limit is given.
Medication use and risk of ovarian carcinoma: A prospective study†

Inflammation and gonadotropins are hypothesized to influence ovarian carcinogenesis. In a prospective study, we evaluated ovarian cancer risk associated with self-reported use of medications that influence inflammation or gonadotropin levels. The Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project Follow-Up Study enrolled 61,431 women in 1979 and used telephone interviews and 3 mailed questionnaires through 1998 to update risk factor information and identify incident ovarian cancers. The 1992-95 questionnaire ascertained medication use, including duration and frequency of use for aspirin, acetaminophen, other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), tranquilizers and histamine-receptor antagonists. A Poisson regression analysis generated rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the 31,364 women who were at risk of ovarian cancer and responded to the questionnaire that queried regular medication use. One hundred sixteen women developed ovarian cancer during follow-up. None of the anti-inflammatory medications was associated with ovarian cancer, but the RR for more than 1 aspirin per day for 1 year or longer was 0.56 (95% CI 0.20-1.5) and the RR for more than 5 years of regular "other NSAID" use was 2.0 (95% CI 0.95-4.2). Regular tranquilizer use was not associated with ovarian cancer, but histamine-receptor antagonists used regularly for more than 5 years (RR = 3.6, 95% CI 1.4-9.1) or more than once daily (RR = 3.1, 95% CI 1.5-6.5) appeared to increase risk. In our study, neither anti-inflammatory medications nor anti-psychotic medications were associated with ovarian cancer. Potential associations with histamine-receptor antagonists may warrant further study.
The presence in the fungus Cordyceps militaris of nuclear proteins resembling histones.

Abstract The typical mammalian histones are not present in the fungus Cordyceps militaris . However, two proteins are consistently found in acid extracts of the nuclear fraction. They are moderately lysine-rich, similar to the histones in molecular weight, but different from any known mammalian histone fraction in mobility on acidic polyacrylamide gels. These acid soluble nuclear proteins of C. militaris differ to some extent from the basic nuclear proteins found in yeasts and the filamentous fungus, Neurospora crassa . Unlike the arginine-rich histone fractions, the moderately lysine-rich histomes are found in both higher and unicellular eukaryotes. It is suggested that the moderately lysine-rich histones form the core which is essential for maintaining the unique subunit structure of chromatin.
Response rate as a factor in choice

Four pigeons were trained on a concurrent chain schedule, in the terminal links of which food was delivered according to variable interval schedules. For one key in Experiment 2 reinforcement was contingent on not responding. Three control experiments were also run: baseline, return to baseline, and unequal reinforcement frequencies. Although rate differences of over 50 to 1 were obtained in the terminal links of Experiment 2, the pigeons remained indifferent between these schedules. The only change in preference occurred in Experiment 4, where preference matched reinforcement frequency.
Structure of the phenazine biosynthesis enzyme PhzG.

PhzG is a flavin-dependent oxidase that is believed to play a role in phenazine antibiotic synthesis in various bacteria, including Pseudomonas. Phenazines are chorismic acid derivatives that provide the producing organisms, including the opportunistic pathogen P. aeruginosa, with a competitive growth advantage. Here, the crystal structures of PhzG from both P. aeruginosa and P. fluorescens solved in an unliganded state at 1.9 and 1.8 A resolution, respectively, are described. Although the specific reaction in phenazine biosynthesis catalyzed by PhzG is unknown, the structural data indicates that PhzG is closely related to pyridoxine-5′-phosphate oxidase, the Escherichia coli pdxH gene product, which catalyzes the final step in pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP) biosynthesis. A previous proposal suggested that the physiological substrate of PhzG to be 2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (DHHA), a phenazine precursor produced by the sequential actions of the PhzE and PhzD enzymes on chorismate, and that two DHHA molecules dimerized in another enzyme-catalyzed reaction to yield phenazine-1-carboxylate. However, it was not possible to demonstrate any in vitro activity upon incubation of PhzG and DHHA. Interestingly, analysis of the in vitro activities of PhzG in combination with PhzF suggests that PhzF acts on DHHA and that PhzG then reacts with a non-aromatic tricyclic phenazine precusor to catalyze an oxidation/aromatization reaction that yields phenazine-1-carboxylate. It is proposed that phzG arose by duplication of pdxH and that the subtle differences seen between the structures of PhzG and PdxH correlate with the loss of the ability of PhzG to catalyze PLP formation. Sequence alignments and superimpositions of the active sites of PhzG and PdxH reveal that the residues that form a positively charged pocket around the phosphate of PLP in the PdxH–PLP complex are not conserved in PhzG, consistent with the inability of phosphorylated compounds to serve as substrates for PhzG.
Modelling relaxation processes for fluids in porous materials using dynamic mean field theory: application to pore networks

We present an application of a recently developed dynamic mean field theory to the study of relaxation dynamics in adsorption and desorption from pore networks. The theory predicts the evolution of density distribution in the system, based on an underlying free energy functional from static mean field theory and the system evolves to equilibrium or metastable equilibrium states consistent with the static theory. The theory makes it possible to follow the evolution of the density distribution with time in response to a change in the bulk pressure or chemical potential. We compare uptake dynamics for a 2D slit pore network with that in a single slit pore. We see more rapid uptake dynamics in the pore network in some cases, due to the greater access of the pore space to the bulk. We also observe that the formation of liquid bridges can slow down the mass transfer in the pore network in certain situations.
Data rate maximization by adaptive thresholding RF power management under renewable energy

A new adaptive thresholding power management (ATPM) scheme is proposed to maximize the data rate of RF circuits in distributed embedded systems powered by renewable energy. Considering time-varying fading channels and statistical energy harvesting processes, we propose to turn on RF circuits only when the channel gain is higher than a threshold, and adjust the RF power according to the energy availability to improve the overall data rate. Exploiting the fact that the optimal threshold is a function of variable renewable energy subject to environmental changes, we adaptively adjust the threshold in accordance with renewable energy to improve energy efficiency. Simulation results based on solar energy indicate that the proposed ATPM scheme increases the average data rate by up to 60% compared with the scheme without channel gain thresholding, and achieves over 5X improvement in data rate over the constant power scheme with the same RF power consumption.
Racism and Human Genome Diversity Research: The Ethical Limits of "Population Thinking"

This paper questions the prevailing historical understanding that scientific racism "retreated" in the 1950s when anthropology adopted the concepts and methods of population genetics and race was recognized to be a social construct and replaced by the concept of population. More accurately, a "populational" concept of race was substituted for a "typological one"--this is demonstrated by looking at the work of Theodosius Dobzhansky circa 1950. The potential for contemporary research in human population genetics to contribute to racism needs to be considered with respect to the ability of the typological-population distinction to arbitrate boundaries between racist society and nonracist, even anti-racist, science. I point out some ethical limits of "population thinking" in doing so.
Visualizing wind velocities by advecting cloud textures

In order to visualize both clouds and wind in climate simulations, clouds were rendered using a 3D texture which was advected by the wind flow. The simulation is described. Rendering, the advection of texture coordinates, and haze effects are discussed. Results are presented. >
Blood levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in duchenne muscular dystrophy

Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activities and erythrocyte and plasma glutathione peroxidase activities have been determined in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients, genetic carriers, and normal controls. A 19% decrease in red cell superoxide dismutase activity was observed in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Genetic carriers showed a level between that of the dystrophy patients and the normal controls. No abnormality was seen in the red cell or plasma activities of glutathione peroxidase.