cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
BLACK HOLES IN BULGELESS GALAXIES: AN XMM-NEWTON INVESTIGATION OF NGC 3367 AND NGC 4536

The vast majority of optically identified active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in the local Universe reside in host galaxies with prominent bulges, supporting the hypothesis that black hole formation and growth is fundamentally connected to the build-up of galaxy bulges. However, recent mid-infrared spectroscopic studies with Spitzer of a sample of optically "normal" late-type galaxies reveal remarkably the presence of high-ionization [NeV] lines in several sources, providing strong evidence for AGNs in these galaxies. We present follow-up X-ray observations recently obtained with XMM-Newton of two such sources, the late-type optically normal galaxies NGC 3367 and NGC 4536. Both sources are detected in our observations. Detailed spectral analysis reveals that for both galaxies, the 2-10 keV emission is dominated by a power law with an X-ray luminosity in the L(sub 2- 10 keV) approximates 10(exp 39) - 10(exp 40) ergs/s range, consistent with low luminosity AGNs. While there is a possibility that X-ray binaries account for some fraction of the observed X-ray luminosity, we argue that this fraction is negligible. These observations therefore add to the growing evidence that the fraction of late-type galaxies hosting AGNs is significantly underestimated using optical observations alone. A comparison of the midinfrared [NeV] luminosity and the X-ray luminosities suggests the presence of an additional highly absorbed X-ray source in both galaxies, and that the black hole masses are in the range of 10(exp 5) - 10(exp 7) solar M for NGC 3367 and 10(exp 4) - (exp 10) solar M for NGC 4536
The physics of manganites: Structure and transport

The fundamental physical properties of doped ${\mathrm{LaMnO}}_{3},$ generically termed ``manganites,'' and much of the underlying physics, were known more than 40 years ago. This article first reviews progress made at that time, the concept of double exchange in particular, and points out the missing elements that have led to a massive resurgence of interest in these and related materials. More recent research is then described, treating first the ground states that emerge as divalent atoms are substituted for trivalent La. A wide range of ground states appear, including ferromagnetic metals, orbital- and charge-ordered antiferromagnets, and more complex stripe and spin-glass states. Because of the interest in so-called colossal magnetoresistance that occurs in the ferromagnetic/metallic composition range, a section is devoted to reviewing the atypical properties of that phase. Next the high-temperature phase is examined, in particular, evidence for the formation of self-trapped small polarons and the importance of Jahn-Teller coupling in this process. The transitions between the high-temperature polaronic phase and the ferromagnetic and charge-ordered states are treated in a fourth section. In each section, the authors stress the competition among charge, spin, and lattice coupling and review the current state of theoretical understanding. They conclude with some comments on the impact that research on these materials has on our understanding of doped oxides and other strongly correlated electronic materials.
Capital controls and bank risk

Abstract We analyze the effects of deposit guarantees on banks' loan portfolio. In contrast to earlier work, we view bank loans net of evaluation and monitoring costs as non-zero NPV investments (e.g. market securities). Deposit guarantees lead to inefficient investment and under plausible circumstances capital requirement increases lead banks to increase asset risk. The risk increase reduces the beneficial effects of capital increases on the probability of default and on the economic efficiency of bank lending. In some cases, a tightening of the capital constraint even leads to an increase in the probability of default and financial instability, and to higher expected costs of transferring assets to regulatory agencies. Increases in bank capital are not a substitute for risk monitoring and control and may imply an increased need for such surveillance.
Scrambling adversarial errors using few random bits, optimal information reconciliation, and better private codes

Communicating over a noisy channel is typically much easier when errors are drawn from a fixed, known distribution than when they are chosen adversarially. This paper looks at how one can use schemes designed for random errors in an adversarial context, at the cost of few additional random bits and without relying on unproven computational assumptions.The basic approach is to permute the positions of a bit string using a permutation drawn from a t-wise independent family, where t = o(n). This leads to several new results:• We show that concatenated codes can correct errors up to the Shannon capacity even when the errors are only slightly random --- it is sufficient that they be t-wise independently distributed, for t roughly ω(log n).• We construct computationally efficient information reconciliation protocols correcting pn adversarial binary Hamming errors with optimal communication complexity and entropy loss n(h(p) + o(1)) bits, where n is the length of the strings and h() is the binary entropy function.Information reconciliation protocols allow cooperating parties to correct errors in a shared string. They are important tools in two applications: first, for dealing with noisy secrets in cryptography; second, for synchronizing remote copies of large files. Entropy loss measures how much information is leaked to an eavesdropper listening in on the protocol.• We improve the randomness complexity (key length) of efficiently decodable capacity-approaching private codes from Θ(n log n) to n + o(n).We also present a simplified proof of an existential result on private codes due to Langberg (FOCS '04).
A modular architecture for rapid development of CAPP systems for agile manufacturing

Current manufacturing planning software systems, such as computer aided process planning (CAPP) systems, are general and in a closed form. It is very difficult to modify these systems to respond to a user's dynamically changing needs. These systems are no longer suitable for agile manufacturing. This paper presents research aimed at developing a novel architecture for the rapid development of CAPP systems. The architecture supports the construction of CAPP systems from prepackaged, plug-compatible software components. Specifications of the architecture and its building blocks are defined. Several important issues in architecture implementation are discussed, and an experimental system is illustrated. Finally, an Internet-based distributed CAPP system architecture is presented as a preview of next generation CAPP system development.
CO hydrogenation catalysts prepared from molecular ruthenium carbonyl clusters: Effects of the support on catalyst structure and stability

Ruthenium catalysts supported on SiO/sub 2/, TiO/sub 2/, ..gamma..-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/, and MgO were prepared from organic solutions of metal carbonyl clusters ((Ru/sub 3/(CO)/sub 12/), (H/sub 4/Ru/sub 4/(CO)/sub 12/), and (H/sub 2/Ru/sub 6/(CO)/sub 18/)). The activities, selectivities, and stabilities of the catalysts were measured for CO hydrogenation at 275/sup 0/C and 10 and 70 atm. Fresh and used catalysts were characterized by infrared, ultraviolet, and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopies and electron microscopy. Catalyst performance depended strongly on the support. The molecular metal cluster precursors on SiO/sub 2/ were only weakly bound, and the ruthenium species formed at reaction temperature were converted into volatile ruthenium carbonyls and lost from the catalyst. The ruthenium clusters on TiO/sub 2/ and ..gamma..-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ were converted into highly dispersed particles of metal, and consequently these catalysts were comparable to conventionally prepared catalysts, being relatively active and stable. In contrast, the ruthenium carbonyls on the basic MgO surface were converted into molecular cluster anions, (Ru/sub 6/C(CO)/sub 16/)/sup 2 -/, which are stable but have little if any catalytic activity.
Gallium Pnictides of the Alkaline Earth Metals, Synthesized by Means of the Flux Method: Crystal Structures and Properties of CaGa2Pn2, SrGa2As2, Ba2Ga5As5, and Ba4Ga5Pn8 (Pn = P or As)†

The focus of this paper is on the structural characterization of the new Zintl phases CaGa{sub 2}P{sub 2}, CaGa{sub 2}As{sub 2}, SrGa{sub 2}As{sub 2}, and Ba{sub 2}Ga{sub 5}As{sub 5}, and the solid solution (Ba{sub 0.85(1)}Sr{sub 0.15}){sub 2}Ga{sub 5}As{sub 5}, all of which were synthesized from molten metal fluxes.CaGa{sub 2}P{sub 2}, CaGa{sub 2}As{sub 2}, and SrGa{sub 2}As{sub 2} have layered structures with polyanionic layers made of ethane-like Ga{sub 2}P6 and Ga{sub 2}As6 motifs fused through common edges; the polyanionic substructure in Ba{sub 2}Ga{sub 5}As{sub 5} consists of condensed Ga{sub 2}As6 units and GaAs{sub 4} tetrahedra. Ba{sub 4}Ga{sub 5}P{sub 8} and Ba{sub 4}Ga{sub 5}As{sub 8}, another pair of new compounds with channel-like 3D structures, were also synthesized from metal fluxes, and their structures were established from single-crystal X-ray and synchrotron powder diffraction. They are based on GaP{sub 4} and GaAs{sub 4} tetrahedra, with parts of their structures being heavily disordered. The electronic structures computed with the linear muffin-tin orbital (LMTO) method are discussed as well, alongside the thermopower and the electrical conductivity, measured on single crystals of Ba{sub 2}Ga{sub 5}As{sub 5} and the solid solution (Ba{sub 0.85(1)}Sr{sub 0.15}){sub 2} Ga{sub 5}As{sub 5}. They demonstrate that such an approach would be an effectivemore » way to fine-tune the transport properties.« less
Minimizing the probability of lifetime ruin under borrowing constraints

Abstract We determine the optimal investment strategy of an individual who targets a given rate of consumption and who seeks to minimize the probability of going bankrupt before she dies, also known as lifetime ruin. We impose two types of borrowing constraints: First, we do not allow the individual to borrow money to invest in the risky asset nor to sell the risky asset short. However, the latter is not a real restriction because in the unconstrained case, the individual does not sell the risky asset short. Second, we allow the individual to borrow money but only at a rate that is higher than the rate earned on the riskless asset. We consider two forms of the consumption function: (1) The individual consumes at a constant (real) dollar rate, and (2) the individual consumes a constant proportion of her wealth. The first is arguably more realistic, but the second is closely connected with Merton’s model of optimal consumption and investment under power utility. We demonstrate that connection in this paper, as well as include a numerical example to illustrate our results.
Collapsing exchange rate regimes: Another linear example

Abstract In the literature on speculative attacks on a fixed exchange rate it is usually assumed that the monetary authority responsible for fixing the rate reacts passively to the monetary disruption caused by the attack. This assumption is grossly at odds with actual experience where the monetary base implications of the attacks are usually sterilized. Such sterilization means that the attack is no longer exclusively a monetary event and requires that the standard attack model be broadened to include the effects of sterilization on other markets. These issues are motivated by reference to the December 1994 collapse of the Mexican peso.
The Rotational Spectrum and Molecular Structure of Chlorine Chlorate

Cl2O3 has been indentified as a product of the ClO+OClO+M reaction at 220K using submillimeter spectroscopy of the reaction products in a flowing gas mixture. The spectra of all four Ci isotopic species have been observed in the 415-436 GHz region.
Partial removal of correlated noise in thermal imagery

Correlated noise occurs in many imaging systems such as scanners and push-broom imagers. The sources of correlated noise can be from the detectors, pre-amplifiers and sampling circuits. Correlated noise appears as streaking along the scan direction of a scanner or in the along track direction of a push-broom imager. We have developed algorithms to simulate correlated noise and pre-filter to reduce the amount of streaking while not destroying the scene content. The pre- filter in the Fourier domain consists of the product of two filters. One filter models the correlated noise spectrum, the other is a windowing function e.g. Gaussian or Hanning window with variable width to block high frequency noise away from the origin of the Fourier Transform of the image data. We have optimized the filter parameters for various scenes and find improvements of the RMS error of the original minus the pre-filtered noisy image.
Online learning algorithms for stochastic water-filling

Water-filling is the term for the classic solution to the problem of allocating constrained power to a set of parallel channels to maximize the total data-rate. It is used widely in practice, for example, for power allocation to sub-carriers in multi-user OFDM systems such as WiMax. The classic water-filling algorithm is deterministic and requires perfect knowledge of the channel gain to noise ratios. In this paper we consider how to do power allocation over stochastically time-varying (i.i.d.) channels with unknown gain to noise ratio distributions. We adopt an online learning framework based on stochastic multi-armed bandits. We consider two variations of the problem, one in which the goal is to find a power allocation to maximize equation, and another in which the goal is to find a power allocation to maximize equation. For the first problem, we propose a cognitive water-filling algorithm that we call CWF1. We show that CWF1 obtains a regret (defined as the cumulative gap over time between the sum-rate obtained by a distribution-aware genie and this policy) that grows polynomially in the number of channels and logarithmically in time, implying that it asymptotically achieves the optimal time-averaged rate that can be obtained when the gain distributions are known. For the second problem, we present an algorithm called CWF2, which is, to our knowledge, the first algorithm in the literature on stochastic multi-armed bandits to exploit non-linear dependencies between the arms. We prove that the number of times CWF2 picks the incorrect power allocation is bounded by a function that is polynomial in the number of channels and logarithmic in time, implying that its frequency of incorrect allocation tends to zero.
The in vitro processing of the NGF precursors by the γ-subunit of the 7S NGF complex

The in vitro translation of the capped nerve growth factor (NGF) mRNA in wheat germ extracts produced a major 34 kDa NGF precursor with translation starting at the first methionine residue and a minor 29 kDa precursor with translation starting probably at the second methionine. Digestion with the gamma-subunit generated the 22 and 18 kDa intermediates as well as a very small amount of NGF indicating that the gamma-subunit is able to carry out all the processing steps in NGF biosynthesis. The digestion also produced a large amount of a peptide from the N-terminus of the NGF precursors. The discrepancy between the yield of this peptide and of mature NGF emphasizes that inappropriate formation or the lack of formation of disulfide bridges in the NGF precursors, resulting in rapid proteolysis, probably accounts for the low yield of the NGF peptide chains.
A look at future costs of large integrated arrays

Technology in integrated circuits has advanced to the point where we are considering integration on a substantially larger scale than is done today. In a companion paper to this one, R. L. Petritz has discussed the technological basis underlying large scale integration. It is the purpose of this paper to briefly review the motivation for the electronics industry to proceed to higher level integration, and to discuss in particular the cost implications of large scale integration.
Microsaccadic efficacy and contribution to foveal and peripheral vision

Our eyes move constantly, even when we try to fixate our gaze. Fixational eye movements prevent and restore visual loss during fixation, yet the relative impact of each type of fixational eye movement remains controversial. For over five decades, the debate has focused on microsaccades, the fastest and largest fixational eye movements. Some recent studies have concluded that microsaccades counteract visual fading during fixation. Other studies have disputed this idea, contending that microsaccades play no significant role in vision. The disagreement stems from the lack of methods to determine the precise effects of microsaccades on vision versus those of other eye movements, as well as a lack of evidence that microsaccades are relevant to foveal vision. Here we developed a novel generalized method to determine the precise quantified contribution and efficacy of human microsaccades to restoring visibility compared with other eye movements. Our results indicate that microsaccades are the greatest eye movement contributor to the restoration of both foveal and peripheral vision during fixation. Our method to calculate the efficacy and contribution of microsaccades to perception can determine the strength of connection between any two physiological and/or perceptual events, providing a novel and powerful estimate of causal influence; thus, we anticipate wide-ranging applications in neuroscience and beyond.
Bond formations by intermolecular and intramolecular trappings of acylketenes and their applications in natural product synthesis

The reactive intermediates known as acylketenes exhibit a rich chemistry and have been extensively utilized for many types of inter- and intramolecular bond-forming reactions within the field of organic synthesis. Characteristic reactions of acylketenes include cycloadditions, carbon–carbon bond-forming reactions, and nucleophilic capture with alcohols or amines to give β-keto acid derivatives. In particular, the intramolecular capture of acylketene intermediates with pendant nucleophiles represents a powerful method for forming both medium-sized rings and macrocycles, often in high yield. This tutorial review examines the history, generation, and reactivity of acylketenes with a special focus on their applications in the synthesis of natural products.
Enthalpies of combustion of triphenylphosphine and triphenylphosphine oxide

Abstract The energies of combustion of crystalline triphenylphosphine and triphenylphosphine oxide were determined in an aneroid adiabatic rotating bomb calorimeter. The standard molar enthalpies of combustion for the reactions at 298.15 K and p o = 1 × 10 5 Pa are: (C 6 H 5 ) 3 P(cr) + 23O 2 (g) = 18CO 2 (g) + (H 3 PO 4 + 6H 2 O)(aq), Δ c H m o = −(10295.35 ± 2.08) kJ · mol −1 ; (C 6 H 5 ) 3 PO(cr) + 22.5O 2 (g) = 18CO 2 (g) + (H 3 PO 4 + 6H 2 O)(aq), Δ c H m o = −(9971.92 ± 1.90) kJ · mol −1 . The derived enthalpies of formation for triphenylphosphine and triphenylphosphine oxide are: Δ f H m o = (207.02 ± 3.52) kJ · mol −1 and Δ f H m o = −(116.41 ± 3.42) kJ · mol −1 , respectively. The completeness of the combustion reactions was verified by determinations for carbon dioxide through absorption in Ascarite. Ion chromatography was used to analyze the bomb solution quantitatively for the nitrate, orthophosphate, pyrophosphate, and tripolyphosphate ions. The enthalpies and temperatures of melting were determined using d.s.c. The values obtained for the enthalpies of fusion at the melting temperatures for triphenylphosphine and triphenylphosphine oxide were (19.69 ± 0.18) kJ · mol −1 at 354.4 K and (24.22 ± 0.29) kJ · mol −1 at 431.9 K, respectively. Second-order group-contribution values were derived for calculating enthalpies of formation at 298.15 K from the experimental results on triphenylphosphine and triphenylphosphine oxide.
Phase III Trial of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients With Invasive Bladder Cancer Treated With Selective Bladder Preservation by Combined Radiation Therapy and Chemotherapy: Initial Results of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 89-03

PURPOSETo assess the efficacy of neoadjuvant methotrexate, cisplatin, and vinblastine (MCV) chemotherapy in patients with muscle-invading bladder cancer treated with selective bladder preservation.PATIENTS AND METHODSOne hundred twenty-three eligible patients with tumor, node, metastasis system clinical stage T2 to T4aNXMO bladder cancer were randomized to receive (arm 1, n=61 ) two cycles of MCV before 39.6-Gy pelvic irradiation with concurrent cisplatin 100 mg/m2 for two courses 3 weeks apart. Patients assigned to arm 2 (n=62) did not receive MCV before concurrent cisplatin and radiation therapy. Tumor response was scored as a clinical complete response (CR) when the cystoscopic tumor-site biopsy and urine cytology results were negative. The CR patients were treated with an additional 25.2 Gy to a total of 64.8 Gy and one additional dose of cisplatin. Those with less than a CR underwent cystectomy. The median follow-up of all patients who survived is 60 months.RESULTSSeventy-four percent of the patients...
Uptake of Methanol Vapor in Sulfuric Acid Solutions

The uptake of gas-phase methanol by liquid sulfuric acid has been investigated over the composition range of 40−85 wt % H2SO4 and the temperature range of 210−235 K. Laboratory studies were performed with a flow-tube reactor coupled to an electron-impact ionization mass spectrometer to detect trace gases. While reversible uptake was the primary mechanism at low acid concentrations, an irreversible reaction between methanol and sulfuric acid at low temperatures, forming methyl hydrogen sulfate and dimethyl sulfate, was observed at all concentrations. At compositions >65 wt % H2SO4, more than 90% of uptake was found to be reactive. On the basis of the uptake data and the calculated liquid-phase diffusion coefficients, the product of the effective Henry's law constant (H*) and the square root of the overall liquid-phase reaction rate (kl) was calculated as a function of acid concentration and temperature. The results suggest that the reaction with sulfuric acid forming methyl hydrogen sulfate and dimethyl su...
Potential for cost effective magnetocaloric air conditioning systems

Magnetic refrigeration is an emerging technology that exploits the magnetocaloric effect found in solid-state refrigerants. The combination of solid-state refrigerants, water-based heat transfer fluids, and high efficiency will lead to environmentally desirable products with minimal contributions to global warming. Among the numerous applications of refrigeration technology, air conditioning applications provide the largest aggregate cooling power and use the greatest quantity of electric energy. The primacy of the air conditioning application makes the establishment of cost targets for this application an essential feature of the R&D plan for magnetic refrigeration technology. A preliminary assessment of the permanent magnet costs and magnetocaloric material costs indicates that, for suitably chosen materials and operating conditions, these costs lay well below the total manufactured costs for vapor compression based air conditioners.
A Rapid Synthesis of 4‐Oxazolidinones: Total Synthesis of Synoxazolidinones A and B

A five-step total synthesis of the marine natural product synoxazolidinone A was achieved through a diastereoselective imine acylation/cyclization cascade. Synoxazolidinone B and a series of analogues were also prepared to explore the potential of these 4-oxazolidinone natural products as antimicrobial agents. These studies confirmed the importance of the chlorine substituent for antimicrobial activity and revealed simplified dichloro derivatives that are equally potent against several bacterial strains.
Ni(0)-Catalyzed 1,4-Selective Diboration of Conjugated Dienes

A catalytic stereoselective 1,4-diboration of conjugated dienes with B2(pin)2 was accomplished with Ni(cod)2 and PCy3 as the catalyst. This reaction broadens the substrate scope of current methods for catalytic diene diboration by including internal and sterically hindered dienes, and it proceeds efficiently at low catalyst loadings. The intermediate allylboronate was oxidized to the stereodefined allylic 1,4-diol.
Fosaprepitant-induced phlebitis: a focus on patients receiving doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide therapy

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of fosaprepitant-associated infusion site adverse events (ISAEs) among a cohort of breast cancer patients receiving doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide (AC) chemotherapy.
Tunneling, Dissipation, and Superfluid Transition in Quantum Hall Bilayers

We study bilayer quantum Hall systems at total Landau level filling factor nu=1 in the presence of interlayer tunneling and coupling to a dissipative normal fluid. Describing the dynamics of the interlayer phase by an effective quantum dissipative XY model, we show that there exists a critical dissipation sigma(c) set by the conductance of the normal fluid. For sigma>sigma(c), interlayer tunnel splitting drives the system to a nu=1 quantum Hall state. For sigma<sigma(c), interlayer tunneling is irrelevant at low temperatures; the system exhibits an excitonic superfluid transition to a collective quantum Hall state supported by spontaneous interlayer phase coherence. The resulting phase structure and the behavior of the in-plane and tunneling currents are studied in connection to experiments.
Do the solvolysis reactions of secondary substrates occur by the SN1 or SN2 mechanism: or something else?

Primary and methyl aliphatic halides and tosylates undergo substitution reactions with nucleophiles in one step by the classic SN2 mechanism, which is characterized by second-order kinetics and inversion of configuration at the reaction center. Tertiary aliphatic halides and tosylates undergo substitution reactions with nucleophiles in two (or more) steps by the classic SN1 mechanism, which is characterized by first-order kinetics and incomplete inversion of configuration at the reaction center due to the presence of ion pairs. When the nucleophile is also the solvent, the substitution reaction is called a solvolysis, and both the SN2 and SN1 reactions now obey first-order kinetics. Schleyer and Bentley have provided solid, but not conclusive, evidence that secondary substrates undergo solvolysis by a merged mechanism, one that blends characteristics of both the SN2 and SN1 mechanisms. The following paper presents the history of their sustained pursuit of a merged mechanism and subsequent rebuttals to this claim. Several issues related to the philosophy and sociology of science are also discussed.
Effect of Negative Energy Components in the Two-Nucleon System

A feature of the L\'evy-Klein solution of the Bethe-Salpeter equation for the deuteron is the elimination of ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{+\ensuremath{-}}$, ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{\ensuremath{-}+}$, and ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{-}}$ in terms of the ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{++}$ component of the wave function via a perturbation expansion. To investigate the validity of this procedure, the coupled equations for the various components in the first nonadiabatic approximation to the ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{+}$ interaction were examined. A set of first-order radial equations with multiplicative potentials (in the region $rg\frac{1}{m}$) was obtained, involving ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}(r)=\frac{1}{4}(1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{1})(1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{2})\ensuremath{\varphi}(r)$. A rigorous elimination of ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{+\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{\ensuremath{-}+}$ led to equations containing ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{++}$ and ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{-}}$. By neglecting velocity-dependent terms, potentials of the type $\frac{{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{2}}{2m}\frac{{g}^{2}}{4\ensuremath{\pi}}{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{1}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{2}\frac{Y(4)}{{P}_{0}+\frac{1}{2}(\frac{{g}^{2}}{4\ensuremath{\pi}}){\ensuremath{\tau}}_{1}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{2}Y(r)}$ appear. Expanding the denominator yields the usual Yukawa second-order potential plus a term proportional to ${g}^{4}{({\ensuremath{\tau}}_{1}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{2})}^{2}$. Such an expansion, however, is poor even for $r\ensuremath{\lesssim}\frac{1}{\ensuremath{\mu}}$, a pole actually existing near $r\ensuremath{\sim}\frac{0.7}{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ for the charge singlet state. (For $J=1$, the structure of the lowest-order tensor interaction is greatly altered.) Thus, the perturbation expansion appears to radically alter the structure of the equations.
Corporate Social Responsibility: An Assessment of the Enlightened Self-Interest Model

Much recent discussion of corporate social responsibility has concerned operationality. Many activities subsumed under corporate social responsibility can be shown to be public or partially public goods. The theory of public goods can clarify and explain some complex problems of operationalizing the social responsibility doctrine. An examination of philanthropy provides some behavioral applications.
An approach to operating system testing

To ensure the reliability and performance of a new system, it must be verified or validated in some manner. Currently, testing is the only reasonable technique available for doing this. Part of this testing process is the high-level system test. This paper considers system testing with respect to operating systems and, in particular, UNIX. This consideration results in the development and presentation of a good approach to the development and performance of the system test. The approach includes derivations from the system specifications and ideas for management of the system testing project. Results of applying the approach to the IBM System/9000 XENIX operating system test and the development of a UNIX test suite are presented.
Synthesis and antimalarial activity of 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes.

Methods for formation of 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes are summarized and antimalarial activities of 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes are discussed.
Problems from Kant

This rigorous examination of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason provides a comprehensive analysis of the major metaphysical and epistemological questions of Kant's most famous work. Author James Van Cleve presents clear and detailed discussions of Kant's positions and arguments on these themes, as well as critical assessments of Kant's reasoning and conclusions. Expansive in its scope, Van Cleves study covers the overall structure of Kant's idealism, the existence and nature of synthetic a priori knowledge, the epistemology of geometry, and the ontological status of space, time, and matter. Other topics explored are the role of synthesis and the categories in making experience and objects of experience possible, the concepts of substance and causation, issues surrounding Kant's notion of the thing in itself, the nature of the thinking self, and the arguments of rational theology. A concluding chapter discusses the affinities between Kant's idealism and contemporary antirealism, in particular the work of Putnam and Dummett. Unlike some interpreters, Van Cleve takes Kant's professed idealism seriously, finding it at work in his solutions to many problems. He offers a critique in Kant's own sense-a critical examination leading to both negative and positive verdicts. While finding little to endorse in some parts of Kant's system that have won contemporary favor (for example, the deduction of the categories) Van Cleve defends other aspects of Kant's thought that are commonly impugned (for instance, the existence of synthetic a priori truths and things in themselves). This vital study makes a significant contribution to the literature, while at the same time making Kant's work accessible to serious students.
Visible emission from rare earth ions in nanocrystal-containing glasses

Abstract Rare earth-doped glasses are of great interest for their optical and fluorescence properties. However, phonon-mediated non-radiative transitions are a major obstacle to their use and the quantum efficiencies are sensitive to the environment of the rare earth ion. Recently, complex glasses containing fluorides have been developed in which fluoride crystallites can be made to form with a high solubility for rare earth ions. We have performed a study of the visible emission of Pr3+ in these glasses and have identified three groups of fluorescence lines coming from transitions between the P and the H levels. The phonons play an important role, both in up-conversion as well as in non-radiative decay between levels in these two sets. This effect is illustrated by the temperature dependence of the fluorescence spectra measured from 295 K to 4 K and for three different wavelengths, 514 nm, 488 nm and 476 nm in the quenched glasses and in the heat-treated or crystallite-containing glasses. Comparison of fluorescence spectra from glasses containing either Pr3+/Y3+ or Pr3+/Gd3+ also reveal an energy transfer between praseodymium that is increased by the presence of yttrium.
A New approach to string cosmology

We discuss quotients of Anti-de Sitter (AdS) spacetime by a discrete group in light of the AdS-CFT correspondence. Some quotients describe closed universes which expand from zero volume to a maximum size and then contract. Maldacena's conjecture suggests that they should be represented in string theory by suitable quotients of the boundary conformal field theory. We discuss the required identifications, and construct the states associated with the linearized supergravity modes in the cosmological background.
QGP theory: Status and perspectives

The current status of quark gluon plasma theory is reviewed. Special emphasis is placed on QGP signatures, the interpretation of current data and what to expect from RHIC in the near future.
Mountain building processes in intracontinental oblique deformation belts: Lessons from the Gobi Corridor, Central Asia

Abstract This paper presents a review of the Quaternary–Recent deformation field and mountain building processes within the Gobi Corridor region of Central Asia, which includes the North Tibetan foreland, Beishan, Gobi Altai and easternmost Tien Shan. The region can be considered the ‘soft core’ of Central Asia which has been reactivated due to the continuing Indo-Eurasia collision to the south. Favourable preconditions for reactivation of Gobi Corridor basement include a mechanically weak Palaeozoic terrane collage sandwiched between rigid Precambrian basement blocks to the north and south, thermally weakened crust due to Jurassic–Miocene volcanism and widespread Palaeozoic–Mesozoic granitic magmatism with associated high radiogenic heat production, and crustal thinning due to widespread Cretaceous rift basin development. The network of Quaternary–Recent faults within the entire region defines a diffuse sinistral transpressional deformation field that has generated a transpressional basin and range physiographic province. Typically, thrust and oblique-slip thrust faults are WNW-striking and reactivate basement faults and fabrics, whereas left-lateral strike-slip faults are ENE-striking and cut across basement trends. The angular relationship between SHmax and pre-existing basement structural trends is the fundamental control on the kinematics of Late Cenozoic deformation. Along-strike and across-strike growth and coalescence of restraining bends, other transpressional ranges and thrust ridges is an important mountain building process. Thrust faults throughout the region are both NNE and SSW directed and thus there is no common structural vergence, nor orogenic foreland or hinterland. Root structures appear to be vertical faults, not low-angle decollements and flower structure fault geometries within individual ranges are common. Published earthquake and geodetic data are consistent with a diffusely deforming continental interior region with tectonic loading shared amongst a complex network of faults. Therefore, earthquake prediction is likely to be more complex than in plate boundary settings and extrapolation of derived Late Quaternary fault slip rates is not straightforward. Modern mountain building within the Gobi Corridor demonstrates that reactivation of ancient accretionary and collisional orogens within continental interiors can play an important role in continental evolution and the life cycle of orogenic belts.
Chromosome segregation: keeping kinetochores in the loop.

Summary The Ndc80 complex is a key component of the kinetochore–microtubule interface. Two studies now demonstrate that a conserved loop region within the extended coiled-coil of Ndc80 plays an unexpected role in recruiting proteins to the kinetochore.
Crystal structure of Au1−xNixSn4 intermetallic alloys

Abstract Ni coated with a thin layer of Au is commonly used as a metallization in electronics packaging. Such Ni/Au metallizations are alloyed with Sn at temperatures above the Pb–Sn solder liquidus. Thermal treatment of these joints in the solid state, for instance at 150°C, has been shown to result in the formation of Au 1− x Ni x Sn 4 compounds at the solder interface. These compounds are found to be deleterious to joint integrity. In this work, synthesis, microstructural analysis and crystal structure determination of Au 1− x Ni x Sn 4 alloys were performed. The alloys were examined by powder and single crystal X-ray diffraction, metallography, electron microprobe analysis, and thermal analysis. It was found that Ni atoms substitute for Au atoms in the AuSn 4 structure giving compounds with general composition Au 1− x Ni x Sn 4 (with x ≤0.5). The structure of the title compounds is considered isotypical with the AuSn 4 phase (the PdSn 4 structure type), with a symmetry increment from Aba2 to Ccca . Crystal structure refinement from powder data using the Rietveld method was performed for two alloys with x =0.25 and 0.50 yielding Au 0.73 Ni 0.27 Sn 4 (sp. group Ccca , a =6.448 A, b =11.606 A, c =6.441 A) and Au 0.51 Ni 0.49 Sn 4 (sp. group Ccca , a =6.424 A, b =11.522 A, c =6.384 A). A single crystal experiment was performed for compound Au 0.91 Ni 0.09 Sn 4 (sp. group Ccca , a =6.523 A, b =11.676 A, c =6.485 A).
A design method for parallel solar-heat pump systems

Abstract In this paper, a method is developed for predicting the performance of parallel solar-heat pump systems. This procedure requires as inputs the fraction of the space and water heating load met by solar energy, and the fraction of the load that would have been met by the same heat pump operating without a solar system (a stand-alone system). The procedure then combines these results in a way which accounts for the interaction of the solar system and the heat pump and yields the performance of the combined system. The purchased energy fractions determined from this procedure are compared to those from detailed simulations. The standard deviation of the prediction errors are within 1.3 per cent of the load, and within the accuracy with which system parameters are known.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance— Characterization of Self-Assembled Nanostructured Materials**

Self-assembly has been widely used for the preparation of novel nanostructured materials. To both accelerate the dynamics of this processing route and develop new nanostructures, it is critical to understand the attendant interfacial interactions that occur in solution between the different precursor components, and how such molecular level interactions affect nanostructured ordering. Extensive discussions of experimental techniques for characterizing nanoscale materials, such as small-angle X-ray or neutron scattering, high-resolution electron microscopy, and surface force microscopy can be found elsewhere. This review will focus on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods, which are sensitive to local chemical environments and provide complementary information on the molecular scale, in contrast to other analytical techniques. The first section provides a brief introduction to fundamental NMR principles and their applications. It is followed by examples to illustrate how NMR can be used to derive information related to long-range ordering on the nanometer scale, the molecular conformation on a sub-nanometer scale, and their correlation to interfacial binding.
Bezoutians and Tate resolutions

Abstract This paper gives an explicit construction of the Tate resolution of sheaves arising from the d-fold Veronese embedding of P n . Our description involves the Bezoutian of n + 1 homogeneous forms of degree d in n + 1 variables. We give applications to duality theorems, including Koszul duality.
The Dual of supersymmetric SU(2k) with an antisymmetric tensor and composite dualities

Abstract We suggest a dual to an SU (2 k ) SUSY gauge theory containing an antisymmetric tensor, n F fundamentals and n F anti-fundamentals. This is done by expanding the theory into an equivalent description with two gauge groups and then performing known duality transformations on each gauge group separately. Chiral operators, mass perturbations and flat directions are discussed.
Dirac Hamiltonian with Imaginary Mass and Induced Helicity—Dependence by Indefinite Metric

It is of general theoretical interest to investigate the properties of superluminal matter wave equations for spin one-half particles. One can either enforce superluminal propagation by an explicit substitution of the real mass term for an imaginary mass, or one can use a matrix representation of the imaginary unit that multiplies the mass term. The latter leads to the tachyonic Dirac equation, while the equation obtained by the substitution m im in the Dirac equation is naturally referred to as the imaginary-mass Dirac equation. Both the tachyonic as well as the imaginary-mass Dirac Hamiltonians commute with the helicity operator. Both Hamiltonians are pseudo-Hermitian and also possess additional modified pseudo-Hermitian properties, leading to constraints on the resonance eigenvalues. Here, by an explicit calculation, we show that specific sum rules over the The spectrum is found to consist of well-defined real energy eigenvalues and complex resonance and anti-resonance energies. In the quantized imaginary-mass Dirac field, one-particle states of right-handed helicity acquire a negative norm (“indefinite metric”) and can be excluded from the physical spectrum by a Gupta-Bleuler type condition.
A new angle on gravitational clustering.

: A new approach to gravitational instability in large-scale structure is described, where the equations of motion are written and solved as in field theory in terms of Feynman diagrams. The basic objects of interest are the propagator (which propagates solutions forward in time), the vertex (which describes nonlinear interactions between waves) and a source with prescribed statistics which describes the effect of initial conditions. We show that loop corrections renormalize these quantities, and discuss applications of this formalism to a better understanding of gravitational instability and to improving nonlinear perturbation theory in the transition to the nonlinear regime. We also consider the role of vorticity creation due to shell-crossing and show using N-body simulations for which at small (virialized) scales the velocity field reaches equipartition, that is, the vorticity power spectrum is about twice the divergence power spectrum.
A red-emitting naphthofluorescein-based fluorescent probe for selective detection of hydrogen peroxide in living cells.

We report the synthesis, properties, and cellular application of Naphtho-Peroxyfluor-1 (NPF1), a new fluorescent indicator for hydrogen peroxide based on a red-emitting naphthofluorescein platform. Owing to its boronate cages, NPF1 features high selectivity for hydrogen peroxide over a panel of biologically relevant reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide and nitric oxide, as well as excitation and emission profiles in the far-red region of the visible spectrum (>600 nm). Flow cytometry experiments in RAW264.7 macrophages establish that NPF1 can report changes in peroxide levels in living cells.
On the speed of propagation of waves in a deformed elastic material

The secular equation is obtained for small amplitude waves propagated in an arbitrary direction in a body of incompressible isotropic elastic material subjected to a pure homogeneous deformation. Conditions are obtained that the wave speeds be real.
Supersymmetric Gelfand-Dickey Algebra

We study the classical version of supersymmetric W-algebras. Using the second Gelfand–Dickey Hamiltonian structure we work out in detail W2 and W3-algebras.
Nanostructure-enhanced proliferative therapy for ligaments and tendons

Due to their lack of sufficient vascularization, ligament and tendon healing can be lengthy and cumbersome. Proliferative therapy, or prolotherapy, is a somewhat controversial alternative treatment for these injuries that involves the injection of a solution that causes initial small-scale cell damage to induce a robust injury response for tissue healing. The combination of proliferative therapy with carbon nanostructures to produce a living composite ligament may significantly improve healing and stability of damaged ligaments and tendons. While the prolotherapy would induce a healing response that causes the fibroblasts in the tissue to produce new collagen, the addition of the nanostructures could immediately improve strength; preventing further injury and further strengthening the tissue once it has been healed by serving as a constant irritant to fibroblasts to produce structural ECM. In several in vitro studies, the cellular viability of rat patellar tendon fibroblasts in response to the different treatments was measured. After treatment, cell populations experienced increases in cellular viability. The results of these basic studies show the potential of prolotherapy and carbon nanostructures in ligament and tendon healing at a fundamental, cellular level. They also point to another mechanism for tissue healing after prolotherapy that is separate from the body's wound healing cascade.
Correlation Between Latency and Amplitude of Peak V in the Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials: Intraoperative Recordings in Microvascular Decompression Operations

Intraoperative prolongation of the latency and decrement of the amplitude of peak V of brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) were studied in 38 microvascular decompression operations in which prolongation of the latency of peak V exceeded 1.0 msec. Postoperative hearing tests of all patients were compared with their preoperative hearing tests. Postoperative hearing loss was unrelated to the maximum prolongation of latency, but the amplitude decreased to lower values in patients with postoperative hearing loss compared to patients whose postoperative hearing was unchanged (P<0.05). Twelve (32%) of 38 patients whose latency of peak V was prolonged more than 1.0 msec and 11 (61%) of 18 patients whose amplitude of peak V decreased more than 40% during the operations had decreased hearing postoperatively. In all patients, a prolongation of the latency of peak V was always accompanied by a decrease in the amplitude of peak V. The decrement of the amplitude was greater in the patients with decreased postoperative hearing thresholds than in the patients with unchanged postoperative hearing thresholds. The results of this study indicate that it would be valuable to monitor changes in the amplitude of peak V of BAEP in addition to monitoring the latency of peak V during operations where the VIIlth cranial nerve is manipulated.
Regioselective 5-, 4-, and 2-Substitution of (S)-6-Chloronicotine and 4-Substitution of (S)-5-Chloronicotine

A variety of novel 2-, 4-, and 5-substituted 6-chloronicotine and 4-substituted 5-chloronicotine derivatives have been synthesized in a regioselective manner in moderate to high yield from (S)-6-chloronicotine and (S)-5-chloronicotine, respectively. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)