cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Association of Suicide Rates with Individual‐Level Suicide Attitudes: A Cross‐National Analysis*

Objective. Research on the predictors of individual-level attitudes toward suicide has neglected the possible role of contextual-level predictors. The present study addresses this gap in the literature by assessing the association between suicide rates and the attitudes of individuals. Based on social learning theory, it is argued that persons socialized in nations with relatively high rates of suicide are more likely to be exposed to suicidal role models, which provide positive definitions of suicide. Methods. Data refer to 40,873 adults in 31 nations, and are taken from the World Health Organization and World Values Surveys. Given the bi-level nature of the data, hierarchical linear modeling techniques (HLM) are utilized. Additional predictor variables are incorporated from previous research and include religious participation and political orientation from social learning theory, marital status and life satisfaction from control theory, and basic demographics such as age and gender. Results. The results of the HLM indicate that controlling for individuallevel predictors, as well as other Level 2 variables, persons residing in nations with relatively high suicide rates are more approving of suicide than their counterparts. The model was replicated for the prediction of support for euthanasia. A social learning perspective was further supported by results linking 1970 suicide rates with suicide acceptability among older adults in 1990. Conclusion. National suicide rates are predictive of individual-level suicide acceptability. However, the main predictors of suicide acceptability included a measure from social learning theory, religiosity, and a neglected measure of control theory, life satisfaction. The degree to which people perceive suicidal behavior as acceptable is significant for several reasons. First, individuals with relatively high approval of suicide tend to be more at risk of suicidal thoughts and suicidal behavior (e.g., Agnew, 1998; Gutierrez, King, and Ghaziuddin, 1996; Kocmur and Dernovsek, 2003; Limbacher and Domino, 1985‐1986). Second, as a
A Parallel Textured Algorithm for Optimal Power Flow Analysis

A parallel textured algorithm is developed to solve the optimal real power flow problem which is reformulated in terms of line flows. In the textured method, the large-scale system is divided into small subsystems which are organized systematically on several levels. Each level consists of several mutually independent subsystems so that if the external flows in a level are fixed, the subsystem subproblems at the same level can be solved independently and concurrently. Consequently, the final optimal solution of the whole system can be obtained by combining these subsystem solutions. This paper relaxed the locality property required in our earlier work on reactive power control, but some extra requirements on the overlapping networks are needed to insure the convergence to the true solution. The extension enables us to deal with real power generation dispatch control, in which the locality property usually does not apply.
Judging Terror in the 'Zone of Twilight': Exigency, Accountability, and Procedure After September 11

Efforts by the political branches to deal with the threat of mass violence by transnational networks have created what Justice Jackson in the Steel Seizure case called a "zone of twilight" for courts. Executive assertions of power to fashion exigent procedures for the confinement and adjudication of alleged terrorists have posed a particularly nettlesome dilemma. Courts can either defer to the executive, trusting that the special circumstances of the case will seal off any lasting harm to the principles that guide the rest of the legal system, or can seek refugee in a stalwart absolutism that accepts even catastrophic harm to innocents as the price of democracy. Navigating through the zone of twilight requires a pragmatic focus on the implications of exigent procedures for both public safety and the relationships between the three branches. The history of both habeas corpus and remedies jurisprudence reveals just such a pragmatic turn, which I call institutional equity. While no road map is available, institutional equity offers a framework for analysis of issues such as the detention of alleged "unlawful combatants" that avoids the dangers of both deference and absolutism.
Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling-1 and -6 Associate with and Inhibit the Insulin Receptor A POTENTIAL MECHANISM FOR CYTOKINE-MEDIATED INSULIN RESISTANCE

Insulin resistance contributes to a number of metabolic disorders, including type II diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6, and hormones, such as growth hormone, are known to cause insulin resistance, but the mechanisms by which they inhibit the cellular response to insulin have not been elucidated. One mechanism by which these agents could cause insulin resistance is by inducing the expression of cellular proteins that inhibit insulin receptor (IR) signaling. Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins are negative regulators of cytokine signaling pathways, the expression of which is regulated by certain cytokines. SOCS proteins are therefore attractive candidates as mediators of cytokine-induced insulin resistance. We have found that SOCS-1 and SOCS-6 interact with the IR when expressed in human hepatoma cells (HepG2) or in rat hepatoma cells overexpressing the human IR. In SOCS-1-expressing cells, insulin treatment increases the extent of interaction with the IR, whereas in SOCS-6-expressing cells the association with the IR appears to require insulin treatment. SOCS-1 and SOCS-6 do not inhibit insulin-dependent IR autophosphorylation, but both proteins inhibit insulin-dependent activation of ERK1/2 and protein kinase Bin vivo and IR-directed phosphorylation of IRS-1 in vitro. These results suggest that SOCS proteins may be inhibitors of IR signaling and could mediate cytokine-induced insulin resistance and contribute to the pathogenesis of type II diabetes.
LABYRINTH SEAL ANALYSIS

A computer code is developed herein which is shown to be a useful tool in the design of labyrinth seals for gas turbine and other engineering applications. The algorithm is based upon theoretical considerations and is general enough to provide seal design parameters for a variety of input and flow conditions. Two examples are solved. The first, a theoretical consideration, demonstrates the ability of the program to effectively treat various geometrical and dynamic conditions. The second, an actual test, demonstrates the accuracy with which the analysis will predict the actual seal leakage behavior.
Mobile query reformulations

Users frequently interact with web search systems on their mobile devices via multiple modalities, including touch and speech. These interaction modes are substantially different from the user experience on desktop search. As a result, system designers have new challenges and questions around understanding the intent on these platforms. In this paper, we study the query reformulation patterns in mobile logs. We group query reformulations based on their input method into four categories; text-text, text-voice, voice-text and voice-voice. We discuss the unique characteristics of each of these groups by comparing them against each other and desktop logs. We also compare the distribution of reformulation types (e.g. adding/dropping words) against desktop logs and show that there are new classes of reformulations that are caused by errors in speech recognition. Our results suggest that users do not tend to switch between different input types (e.g. voice and text). Voice to text switches are largely caused by speech recognition errors, and text to voice switches are unlikely to be about the same intent.
Paper: Reconfigurable VLSI/WSI multipipelines

In supercomputers, pipelines are often used to perform vector operations. These pipelines typically consist of several functionally different stages. One of the problems in implementing such a system on a VLSI chip or wafer is that the probability of having a fault is not negligible. Consequently, it is desirable to have some means of achieving fault tolerance. In this paper, we present a reconfiguration algorithm for multipipelines in the presence of faults. Multipipelines are assumed to be organized in rows and columns. Faulty stages are bypassed using switching elements placed between adjacent stages. Unlike other approaches, the algorithm can cover faults in switching elements as well as faults in stages (or PEs) of multipipelines.
The mediating effect of depressive symptoms on the relationship between traumatic childhood experiences and drug use initiation

Stressful experiences such as childhood trauma and depressive symptoms have both been implicated in the initiation of drug use; however, longitudinal designs have not yet been used to elucidate their respective roles to better understand the causal sequence. In the present study, a sensitivity analysis was conducted using two mediation strategies to examine how this sequence may differ by various levels of statistical control, including (1) the standard mediational model in which the effect of lifetime traumatic stressors (Year 1) on the onset of drug use (Years 3 and 4) is mediated by levels of depressive symptoms (Year 2); and (2) a stronger test of causality such that the effect of lifetime traumatic stressors (Year 1) on the onset of drug use (Years 3 and 4) was mediated by changes in depressive symptoms (Year 1 to 2), measured by a residualized change score that controlled for levels in Year 1. Two types of trauma were studied in a community-based study of 489 Hispanic preadolescents (aged 10–12): (a) the number of lifetime traumatic stressors and (b) seven specific lifetime stressors. We also controlled for new onset traumatic stressors occurring between Years 1 and 2. Primary findings indicate that drug use initiation during early adolescence (e.g., ages 14–16) may not be tied to immediate proximal perturbations in risk factors, such as traumatic experiences and depressive symptoms. Rather, the effects of trauma on depression in this sample appear to be established earlier in childhood (ages 10–14 or younger) and persist in a relatively stable manner into middle adolescence when the risk for drug use may be heightened.
Blind Tracking using Sparsity Penalized Multidimensional Scaling

In this paper, we consider the problem of target tracking using sensor network measurements. We assume no prior knowledge of the sensor locations and so we refer to this tracking as `blind'. Since any sensor localization algorithm can only find the sensor location estimates up to a rotation and translation, we propose a novel sparsity penalized multidimensional scaling (MDS) algorithm to align the current time sensor location estimates to those of the previous time-frames. In the presence of a target, only location estimates of those sensors in the vicinity of a target vary from their initially estimated values. Based on the differences in the sensor location estimates between two time-frames, we design a perturbation based algorithm naturally rising from the sparsity penalized MDS for tracking multiple targets relative to the initial sensor location estimates. Through a detailed numerical analysis, we show that the tracking algorithm based on sparsity penalized MDS outperforms the conventional likelihood ratio test (LRT) based tracking.
FORCAST: the facility mid-IR camera for SOFIA

We report on new development and testing of FORCAST, the Faint Object infraRed Camera for the SOFIA Telescope. FORCAST will offer dual channel imaging in discrete filters at 5 - 25 microns and 30 - 40 microns, with diffraction-limited imaging at wavelengths > 15 microns. FORCAST will have a plate scale of 0.75 arcsec per pixel, giving it a 3.2 arcmin x 3.2 arcmin FOV on SOFIA. In addition, a set of grisms will enable FORCAST to perform long slit and cross-dispersed spectroscopic observations at low to moderate resolution (R ~ 140 - 1200) in the bandpasses 4.9 - 8.1 microns, 8.0 - 13.3 microns, 17.1 - 28.1 microns, and 28.6 - 37.4 microns. FORCAST has seen first light at the Palomar 200 inch telescope. It will be available for astronomical observations and facility testing at SOFIA first flight.
How Do We Find the Best Biomarkers for Cardiovascular Disease

Conventional cardiovascular risk assessment is based on traditional risk factors such as serum cholesterol concentrations (cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol) and blood pressure levels. It is becoming increasingly clear that the newer laboratory measures may help to refine risk estimates in the general population. In a recent publication of the MONICA5 (Monitoring of Trends and Determinants of Cardiovascular Disease) investigators 1, Blankenberg and colleagues evaluated the potential contribution of 30 novel biomarkers to the 10-year cardiovascular disease risk in 2 population cohorts. These biomarkers were part of the MORGAM (MONICA, Risk, Genetics, Archiving, and Monograph) Biomarker Project and were representative of 9 distinct metabolic processes linked to atherosclerosis 2. They include ( a ) lipid-related biomarkers, ( b ) renal function markers, ( c ) metabolic markers representing glucose and obesity pathways, ( d ) markers of vascular function and neurohumoral activity, ( e ) inflammation markers, ( f ) markers of oxidative stress and antioxidants, ( g ) coagulation markers, ( h ) angiogenesis markers, and ( i ) necrosis markers. In addition to the inclusion of a large number of biomarkers for assessment, this study was based on a highly standardized and comprehensive quality control and assurance program implemented on clinical laboratory instruments. All analyses were …
Growth of a yeast of normal alkanes

A soil isolate, HD-5, identified as closely resembling Candida intermedia, was grown on normal alkanes ranging from dodecane (C12) to octadecane (C18). The growth rate of the organism increased with increasing length of the alkane chain. The shortest generation time was 4.5 hr. with octadecane as the carbon source. Cell yields of 82% were common with even numbered alkanes from C14 through C18. The cell yields appeared to decrease with shorter chain (C12 or below) and odd-numbered chain alkanes. The cellular nitrogen ranged from 6.9 to 7.5% and the highest lipid content found was 10.3% (with C17).
ImpRes: supporting services in IPv6 using the flow label and hop-by-hop option fields

In recent years the Internet has become increasingly popular. This increased popularity, combined with a broader range of applications, has revealed several shortcomings in the current version of the Internet Protocol, IPv4. In response the Internet community is developing an updated version of IP, IPv6. One of the new features of IPv6 is the ability to identify a stream of data within the Internet, making it possible to offer different qualities of service to different applications. A new protocol, the ImpRes protocol, is proposed in this paper to take advantage of this ability by reserving network resources for a data stream "on-the-fly". Using the IPv6 flow label field and a proposed IPv6 Hop-by-Hop option header field, a data stream can establish state information in network nodes, and adapt to changing network conditions or user requests by dynamically modifying the state information during the lifetime of the stream. Simulation results suggest that the proposed ImpRes protocol is a viable method for supporting better-than-best-effort services in an IPv6 environment.
Loss of alleles at polymorphic loci on chromosome 2 in uveal melanoma

The loss of alleles at loci on specific chromosomes in some malignant tumors, such as retinoblastoma and Wilms' tumor, suggests that recessive mutations are important in their oncogenesis. We postulate that similar mechanisms may be involved in the formation of uveal melanomas. We studied alleles at autosomal loci in uveal melanoma cells and in the constitutional cells from 19 patients who developed the tumors. We observed loss of alleles only at loci on chromosome #2. This suggests that recessive alleles at some chromosome #2 locus may be important in the oncogenesis of uveal melanomas.
Absence of donor MHC antigen expression ameliorates chronic kidney allograft rejection

Absence of donor MHC antigen expression ameliorates chronic kidney allograft rejection. Background In previous studies, we have demonstrated that a subset of mouse kidney allografts has prolonged survival without any immunosuppressive treatment. Chronic rejection (CR) develops in these long surviving grafts. The pathologic features of CR in this model are similar to CR in human kidney grafts. Methods To explore the role of donor major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens in the development of CR, we performed vascularized kidney transplants using kidneys from donor mice that lack expression of both MHC class I and II antigens (MHC-/-). Results Survival was significantly improved in recipients of MHC-/- allografts. This enhanced survival was associated with higher glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in MHC-/- allografts (4.92 ± 0.54 cc/min/kg) compared to controls (2.19 ± 0.63 cc/min/kg; P = 0.004). The typical histologic features of CR were markedly reduced in MHC-/- allografts. Semiquantitative histopathological scores for MHC-/- grafts (13.3 ± 2.1) were significantly lower than in control allografts (19.0 ± 1.0; P = 0.04). Along with this improvement in structural abnormalities, significantly fewer CD4 + T (38.3 cells/mm 2 vs. 75.0 cells/mm 2 ; P = 0.008), CD8 + T cells (38.7 vs. 96 cells/mm 2 , respectively; P = 0.008) and macrophages (60 vs. 134 cells/mm 2 , respectively; P = 0.04) infiltrated MHC-/- allografts compared to controls. The levels of intragraft cytokine mRNA expression also were reduced in MHC-/- allografts compared to control allografts. Finally, serum alloantibodies were virtually undetectable in recipients of MHC-/- kidney allografts. Conclusions Cell surface expression of donor MHC antigens promotes the development of CR. Donor antigen expression promotes the accumulation of infiltrating cells in the graft and the development of donor specific alloantibodies. Abrogation of these responses is associated with improved graft survival and reduced CR in MHC-/- grafts.
Efficient room-temperature operation of a flash-lamp-pumped, Cr,Tm:YAG laser at 2.01 μm

We report what is to our knowledge the first room-temperature operation of an efficient flash-lamp-pumped Cr,Tm:YAG laser at 2.014 μm. Thresholds as low as 43 J, output energies exceeding 2 J, and slope efficiencies as high as 4.5% have been achieved using a compact diffuse-reflecting pump cavity. These efficiencies are an order of magnitude higher than those previously reported for a 2.01-μm Cr,Tm:YAG laser operated at cryogenic temperatures.
Hypertensive diabetic cardiomyopathy in the rat: ultrastructural features.

We previously described a cohort of diabetic patients with typical congestive cardiomyopathy, in whom myocardial lesions were related to concommitant high blood pressure. To evaluate the association of diabetes mellitus and hypertension in more detail, we studied 4 groups of rats with either no disease, streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, renovascular hypertension, or a combination of hypertension and diabetes. Analysis revealed significant myocardial fibrosis and degeneration in the hypertensive-diabetic group when compared to controls, without an obvious relationship to small vessel lesions. The myocardial alterations appeared similar to those observed in patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Of note, although hypertensive animals had focal moderate lesions, diabetic animals had no pathological changes. To further characterize these histological changes, we performed electron microscopy on the 4 animal groups, which we are reporting in this study. Our analysis of the ultrastructural alterations confirms the previous histological observations. Diabetic animals only had increased cellular lipid, and mild, focal areas of myofibrillolysis, with no significant increases in perivascular and perisarcolemmal basal lamina. Consistent with our light microscopic finding that PAS positive material was associated with interstitial or replacement fibrosis, we noted basal lamina proliferation in the hypertensive and hypertensive-diabetic groups, particularly in areas of scarring. Pericapillary basal lamina was increased to the greatest extent in the hypertensive-diabetics. Qualitative alterations of myocardial cells and muscular blood vessels were similar in both the hypertensive and hypertensive-diabetic animals; however, there were more extensive changes in the latter group.
Evidence from IRAS for a very young, partially formed dust band

Abstract The relative proportions of asteroidal and cometary materials in the zodiacal cloud is an ongoing debate. The determination of the asteroidal component is constrained through the study of the Solar System dust bands (the fine-structure component superimposed on the broad background cloud), since they have been confidently linked to specific, young, asteroid families in the main belt. The disruptions that produce these families also result in the injection of dust into the cloud and thus hold the key to determining at least a minimum value for the asteroidal contribution to the zodiacal cloud. There are currently known to be at least three dust band pairs, one at approximately 9.35° associated with the Veritas family and two central band pairs near the ecliptic, one of which is associated with the Karin subcluster of the Koronis family. Through careful co-adding of almost all the pole-to-pole intensity scans in the mid-infrared wavebands of the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) data set, we find strong evidence for a partial Solar System dust band, that is, a very young dust band in the process of formation, at approximately 17° latitude. We think this is a confirmation of the M/N partial band pair first suggested by Sykes [1988. IRAS observations of extended zodiacal structures. Astrophys. J. 334, L55–L58]. The new dust band appears at some but not all ecliptic longitudes, as expected for a young, partially formed dust band. We present preliminary modeling of the new, partial dust band which allows us to put constraints on the age of the disruption event, the inclination and node of the parent body at the time of disruption, and the quantity of dust injected into the zodiacal cloud.
GFAP mRNA fluctuates in synchrony with chronic relapsing EAE symptoms in SJL/J mice

Activation of astrocytes and hypertrophy of their processes is a result of a number of pathological conditions in the central nervous system. Astrocytic gliosis is especially prominent in multiple sclerosis (MS), where astrocytic fibers form a dense matrix around demyelinated axons. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a laboratory model for MS, is also accompanied by astrocytic hyperactivity. We have previously shown the formation of plaque-like structures which stain heavily for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the brains and spinal cords of SJL/J mice after several episodes of chronic relapsing EAE (Smith and Eng: J Neurosci Res 18:203, 1987). To further investigate the mechanisms of this phenomenon, we have measured the levels of mRNA for GFAP throughout the course of three episodes and recoveries of EAE in the SJL/J mouse. Mice were immunized with spinal cord homogenate and subsequently developed EAE. After recovery they were again immunized at appropriate intervals, resulting in successive episodes of EAE, with partial or complete recovery between the paralytic stages. At appropriate times in the course of the different stages of EAE, spinal cords were dissected and RNA was prepared from each spinal cord. RNA was analyzed by Northern blots to determine the levels of mRNA for GFAP and, as a control, for the 70 kDa neurofilament (NF-L). With the onset of the first EAE episode GFAP mRNA in spinal cords from animals with mild symptoms increased to sixfold the control level (P < 0.02) and to 20-fold in those with paralysis (P < 0.01). With recovery, the GFAP mRNA level decreased to twice the control. With each subsequent episode GFAP mRNA levels again rose, then subsided with recovery. After several episodes, a chronic but stable neurological deficit was established, with GFAP mRNA at about eightfold the control levels (P < 0.01). Over the course of several episodes, the GFAP rose to about 2.8 times the control, while vimentin increased by a factor of 3.6. Thus multiple episodes of EAE resulted in upregulation of GFAP mRNA and accumulation of GFAP, which are associated with astrocyte activation and hypertrophy. Similar events may occur in the human demyelinative disease MS, where multiple episodes of inflammatory cell invasion occur, resulting in a neurological deficit.
Current and Potential Drugs for Treatment of Obesity

I. Introduction II. Criteria for Evaluating the Efficacy of Antiobesity Treatment III. Physiological and Pharmacological Mechanisms to Reduce Food Intake A. Peripherally acting agents B. Centrally acting agents IV. Drugs That Alter Metabolism A. Preabsorptive agents B. Postabsorptive modifiers of nutrient metabolism V. Drugs That Increase Energy Expenditure A. Thyroid hormone B. Adrenergic thermogenic drugs VI. Conclusion
Dynamics of liquid state chemical reactions: Photolysis of molecular iodine in liquid xenon

The photodissociation and geminate recombination dynamics of molecular iodine present at infinite dilution in liquid xenon are studied via MTGLE classical stochastic trajectory simulations. The experimentally measured transient picosecond electronic absorption spectrum and geminate quantum yields are computed from the trajectories. The excitation pulse wavelength dependence of the photodynamics is studied. From the wavelength dependence of the dissociation pathway, it is inferred that there are observable consequences of curve‐crossing phenomena which manifest themselves in the short‐time behavior of the I2 transient electronic absorption spectrum. Also because of the presence of slow vibrational relaxation of the recombining iodine atoms, the apparent asymptote of the transient spectra may not accurately reflect the geminate quantum yield. The probe pulse wavelength dependence of the transient absorption spectrum is also studied. Here it is observed that: (i) Longer wavelength interrogation light yields ...
Mo/Si multilayers deposited by low-pressure rotary magnet cathode sputtering for extreme-ultraviolet lithography

We fabricated molybdenum (Mo)/silicon (Si) multilayers with a low-pressure rotary magnet cathode (RMC) sputtering system under several deposition conditions and investigated their properties. We obtained a high extreme UV (EUV) reflectivity of approximately 71% as measured in Mo/Si multilayers sputtered with low-pressure xenon (Xe) gas. We confirmed that the multilayers sputtered with Xe gas exhibited higher reflectivity than those sputtered with argon (Ar) gas, and that the multilayers sputtered at a lower pressure exhibited higher reflecitivty than those sputtered at a higher pressure. From trans mission electron microscope (TEM) cross-sectional images of the high-reflectivity Mo/Si multilayers, we observed thinner interdiffusion layers between the Mo and Si layers than those in Mo/Si multilayer where a 50-pair multilayer with a Γ ratio (the fractional thickness ratio of a Mo layer to the total thickness of a Mo layer and a Si layer) of 0.35 with compressive stress was stacked upon a 30-pair multilaeyr with a Γ ratio of 0.7 with tensile stress.
A typology of leadership style: Examining gender and race effects

A fourfold typology of leadership style was assessed using the Leadership Opinion Questionnaire. Two hundred and fifty male and 280 female business administration and management students participated in this research. A significant relationship emerged between race and leader ship typology. Gender was not significantly related to leadership typology. The significance of these findings and implications for leadership potential are discussed.
Initial steps in the large-scale purification of Escherichia coli deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase.

Abstract A procedure for the partial removal of nucleic acids from extracts of E. coli is described. It consists of adding DEAE-cellulose directly to an E. coli extract. Separation of the DEAE-cellulose removes 25% of the nucleic acid in the extract with no loss in RNA polymerase activity and facilitates subsequent fractionation of the enzyme. RNA polymerase purified to homogeneity by the procedure of Berg, Barrett, and Chamberlin (Berg, D., Barrett, K., and Chamberlin, M. (1971) Methods Enzymol. 21, 506), but utilizing DEAE-cellulose treatment instead of DNase to remove nucleic acids, contains much less contaminating DNase activity. This procedure can be used as a general step in the purification of other E. coli proteins.
Cone-beam computerized tomography evaluation of the maxillary dentoskeletal complex after rapid palatal expansion

Introduction Rapid palatal expansion (RPE) is routinely used to correct transverse deficiencies in the maxilla, but its effects on the dentoalveolus are uncertain. The purpose of this study was to compare measurements made on cone-beam computerized tomography scans between patients with RPE treatment and controls to determine transverse dimension increases and the amounts of alveolar and dental tipping. Methods Twenty-five patients with posterior crossbite who required RPE treatment and 25 sex- and age-matched controls (no crossbite) were orthodontically treated and received cone-beam computerized tomography scans at the beginning and middle of treatment. Transverse widths and several angulations were measured, and matched paired t tests used. Results RPE treatment produced a significant increase in all measured transverse dimensions. Analysis of posttreatment angulation changes in the RPE group showed that the alveolus substantially tipped buccally by nearly 5.6° (measured from a horizontal reference, the base of the hard palate). The angulations of the dentition, however, remained constant before and after treatment ( Conclusions These data showed no statistically significant amount of relative dental tipping after RPE treatment but significant alveolar tipping compared with the controls.
A fast approach to identification using deconvolution

In this paper, we propose a fast approach to impulse response and noise-variance identification for a finite-order, linear, time-invariant, single-input/single-output system, whose input driving noise is white (stationary or nonstationary) and measurement noise is stationary, white and Gaussian. Our algorithm is an iterative block component method that includes two stages, deconvolution and prediction-error identification. Experiences with our method indicates that it works well and saves about an order of magnitude in computation. Analyses and examples are given in this paper to support this claim.
Social Networks of Children Attending Head Start from the Perspective of the Child.

The purpose of this study was to provide self-descriptions of the social support networks for 185 African American children attending Head Start in Alabama. Data analyses tested the significance of gender and residential location as factors influencing these children's reports concerning their social networks and the support they received from network members. Although the networks children reported averaged nearly 20 members, the bulk of support from network members was provided by household residents and close kin. Girls tended to report having larger social networks than did boys. Subsequent analyses of subsets within the social networks indicated that girls named more adults, peers, and relatives in their networks than boys did. However, further analyses for these categories indicated that girls were more likely than boys to mention that their peer relations were negatively toned. Examination of site differences revealed significant multivariate and univariate effects of site location on structural and supportive network variables. Site differnces with respect to social network and social support variables were not found to be functions of easily recorded demographic features of the sample such as residential location, family-living pattern, maternal education, or maternal employment. However, informal assessments of parent participation in the activities of the center suggests that such participation was associated with increases in the size of children's social networks. Our findings suggest that broad social factors that are not simple functions of demographic status variables may determine the particular opportunities and constraints that exist within a child's social environment.
Robustness of the incentive compatible combinatorial auction

Goods are said to be combinatorial when the value of a bundle of goods is not equal to the sum of the values of the same goods unbundled. Investigations of combinatorial allocation problems should recognize that there are two separate aspects of such problems: an environmental distinction between multiple-unit allocation problems which involve combinatorial goods and those which do not do so, and an institutional distinction between auctions in which combinatorial values can be expressed as part of the bidding rules and those in which they cannot. Forsythe and Isaac (Research in Experimental Economics, Vol. 2 (1982). Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, Inc.) reports the extension of the Vickrey auction into a demand-revealing, multiple unit, private goods auction that can incorporate combinatorial values. This current paper places that theoretically demand-revealing institution in a series of experimental environments in order to generate results (e.g. efficiencies) which may serve as a benchmark for other auctions (combinatorial or otherwise) whose implementation characteristics may be more favorable. To aid in interpretation of our Vickrey experimental results, we also provide results of alternatives to Vickrey allocations from both institutional and heuristic sources, as well as a discussion of the source of the Vickrey auctions high efficiencies even in the presence of misrevelation.
On multiple solutions of a nonlinear Neumann problem

Abstract Lower bounds on the number of solutions to a certain class of nonlinear Neumann boundary value problems are obtained as a function of boundary data and of the parameters involved with the nonlinear term.
Analysis of the kinetics of electron transfer reactions of hemoglobin and myoglobin with inorganic complexes.

Abstract The kinetics of methemoglobin reduction by Fe(EDTA) 2− have been studied and found to follow a second order rate law with k = 29.0 M −1 s −1 [25°C, μ = 0.2 M , pH 7.0 (phosphate)], ΔH ‡ = 5.5 ± 0.7 kcal/mol , and ΔS † = −33 ± 2 e.u. . The electrostatics-corrected self-exchange rate constant (k 11 corr ) for hemoglobin based on the Fe(EDTA) 2− cross-reaction is 2.79×10 −3 M −1 s −1 . This rate constant is compared with others reported for a water-soluble iron porphyrin and calculated from published data for the reactions of myoglobin and hemoglobin with Fe(EDTA) 2− and Fe(CDTA) 2−/− . The k 11 corr values for these systems range over ten orders of magnitude with heme ⪢ myoglobin > hemoglobin.
Eye-Movement Behavior Reveals Relational Memory Impairment in Schizophrenia

Background Previous studies have demonstrated impaired relational memory in schizophrenia. We studied eye-movement behavior as an indirect measure of relational memory, together with forced-choice recognition as an explicit measure. Methods Thirty-five patients with schizophrenia and 35 healthy participants were trained to associate a face with a background scene. During testing, scenes were presented as a cue and then overlaid with three previously studied faces. Participants were asked to recall the matching face, and both eye movements and forced-choice recognition were recorded. During Non - Match trials, no faces matched the scene. During Match trials, one of the faces had previously been paired with the scene. Results On Non - Match trials, when no relational memory trace was present, both groups viewed the three faces equally. In contrast, on Match trials, control participants quickly (within 500 msec) and consistently (70%–75% of test trial viewing) showed preferential viewing of the matching face. Viewing of the matching face was significantly delayed and reduced in schizophrenia participants. Forced-choice recognition of the matching face was also impaired in the patient group. An analysis of all correct Match trials revealed that preferential viewing was significantly reduced and delayed in participants with schizophrenia. Conclusions This study provides novel evidence for a specific relational memory impairment in schizophrenia. Patients showed deficits in their forced-choice recognition responses, as well as abnormal eye-movement patterns during memory recall, even on trials when behavioral responses were accurate. We propose that eye movements provide a promising new avenue for studying relational memory in schizophrenia.
Physiological and Ecological Effects of Spilled Motor oil on Inland Salt Marsh Communities: A Mesocosm Study

Numerous studies have investigated impacts of oil spills on coastal ecosystems, but no previous studies have tested effects of spilled oil on inland salt marshes. This study used experimental mesocosms to test effects of spilled motor oil on inland salt marsh communities in a greenhouse experiment. It was hypothesized that oil exposure would lead to decreases in photosynthesis, chlorophyll, canopy coverage, and biomass. Communities of plants were collected from a salt marsh in Kansas, USA, and used motor oil was applied at 10 L m−2 to mesocosm soil with a treatment of 10 weeks. In the dominant species, inland salt grass (Distichlis spicata), oil exposure resulted in a 91 % decrease in photosynthetic rates and an 83 % reduction in chlorophyll concentration. Community-level biomass was primarily driven by D. spicata, where above-ground biomass was reduced by 34 % for D. spicata and by 31 % for total community biomass in oil treatments. Canopy coverage measures were similar to biomass measures, with significant reductions in D. spicata with oil exposure and no difference between treatments for less abundant species. Inland marsh plants are sensitive to spilled motor oil. These results could help future studies to determine how salt marsh vegetation is impacted by spilled oil.
THE STATUS OF RESEARCH ON WOMEN AND COMMUNICATION

The purpose of this essay is to survey and summarize the research on women, gender, and sex differences that has been published in speech communication journals. Five categories of research emerged from this survey: historical treatments of women, sex differences, images of women in the media, education and pedagogy, and surveys and integrative works. While future research is needed to fill in the gaps made evident by this survey of literature, perhaps more important is to begin to question and investigate the assumptions underlying current research about women.
The incipient oxidation of pyrite

Abstract Oxidation of fresh surfaces of goal pyrite and mineral pyrite has been studied using electrochemical and photoelectrochemical techniques. This work was undertaken to understand better the oxidation processes that induce collectorless flotation of pyrite. Fresh surfaces were created by fracturing pyrite in situ, i.e. in solution. Chronoamperometry was used to determine the potential at which a newly created surface does not show oxidation or reduction currents. The “stable” potentials for pyrite are −0.28 V (SHE) at pH 9.2 and 0 V and pH 4.6. Subsequent cyclic voltammograms show the incipient oxidation mechanism that involves the formation of sulfur products, which are believed to be hydrophobic. It is shown that the lower flotation edge of pyrite coincides with its initial oxidation. The photocurrent generated at fractured pyrite surfaces by chopped illumination was used to determine the semiconducting characteristics of the electrodes. The results indicate that a spontaneous depletion layer is formed on the fresh surfaces of n-type pyrite. The depletion layer is attributed to an intrinsic acceptor-like surface state. Charge storage in this surface state pins the band edges over a wide potential range, accounting for the metallic-like electrochemical behavior that has been reported for pyrite. The existence of an intrinsic surface state is consistent with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies on pyrite surfaces prepared in vacuum which reveal an FeS-like species in the surface region.
Particulate protein in the Peru upwelling system

Abstract Particulate protein was measured in depth profiles along sections normal to the coast of Peru at 15, 10, and 5°S latitude. A subsurface maximu that coincided with the depth of the secondary nitrite maximum was found between 130 and 230m at 15°S. Protein concentration decreased offshore in the upper 370m, but below 370m horizontal variations were undectable. Vertical profiles show an exponential decrease with depth to 1000m. This rate of decrease was used with oxygen consumption rates to determine mean sinking rates of 1 to 5 m day −1 from 75 to 1000m. Protein was highly correlated with chlorophyll in the euphotic zone and with ETS activity at all depths. Concentrations of protein in the surface waters ranged from 28 to 1157 μg1 −1 ; below 250m concentrations were less than 50 μg1 −1 .
Piroxicam inhibits Masitinib-induced cyclooxygenase 2 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells in vitro.

Development and characterization of animal models for human cancers is important for the improvement of diagnosis and therapy. The oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) of domestic animals resembles human OSCC in many aspects; thus, cell lines derived from OSCC of cats and dogs are a valuable model for human OSCC. We characterized 1 feline OSCC (FeOSCC-Sidney) and 1 canine OSCC (K9OSCC-Abby) cell line and compared their characteristics with human OSCC cell line hSCC-25. We calculated the doubling time of the new OSCC cell lines and evaluated the expression profiles of cancer-related markers and cell-cycle proteins such as c-kit, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor, cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, COX-2, and p27 by immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis. We evaluated the effects of novel receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (Masitinib, AB1010) and the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug piroxicam on the previously mentioned OSCC cells. Interestingly, AB1010 increased expression levels of COX-2 in all tested OSCCs. Cotreatment of piroxicam with Masitinib significantly inhibited cell proliferation of OSCC as compared to either drug alone through the c-kit and AKT signaling pathways. Piroxicam inhibited Masitinib-induced COX-2 expression in all tested OSCCs. Therefore, targeting these two signaling pathways simultaneously was more efficient for inhibition of OSCCs across these species.
Geochemical and C, O, Sr, and U-series isotopic evidence for the meteoric origin of calcrete at Solitario Wash, Crater Flat, Nevada, USA

Calcite-rich soils (calcrete) in alluvium and colluvium at Solitario Wash, Crater Flat, Nevada, USA, contain pedogenic calcite and opaline silica similar to soils present elsewhere in the semi-arid southwestern United States. Nevertheless, a ground-water discharge origin for the Solitario Wash soil deposits was proposed in a series of publications proposing elevation-dependent variations of carbon and oxygen isotopes in calcrete samples. Discharge of ground water in the past would raise the possibility of future flooding in the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, site of a proposed high-level nuclear waste repository. New geochemical and carbon, oxygen, strontium, and uranium-series isotopic data disprove the presence of systematic elevation-isotopic composition relations, which are the main justification given for a proposed ground-water discharge origin of the calcrete deposits at Solitario Wash. Values of δ13C (−4.1 to −7.8 per mil [‰]), δ18O (23.8–17.2‰), 87Sr/86Sr (0.71270–0.71146), and initial 234U/238U activity ratios of about 1.6 in the new calcrete samples are within ranges previously observed in pedogenic carbonate deposits at Yucca Mountain and are incompatible with a ground-water origin for the calcrete. Variations in carbon and oxygen isotopes in Solitario Wash calcrete likely are caused by pedogenic deposition from meteoric water under varying Quaternary climatic conditions over hundreds of thousands of years.
Chelation of chitosan derivatives with zinc ions. II. Association complexes of Zn2+ onto O,N‐carboxymethyl chitosan

The chelation of zinc ions onto O,N-carboxymethyl chitosan (ONCMCh) was characterized using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). From the FTIR spectra, little change in the absorption intensities and frequencies at 3300–3600 cm−1 of Zn2+ONCMCh chelated specimens suggested that OH and NH2 groups were not participating in the chelation reaction. The absence of absorption bands at 1755–1700 cm−1 suggested that the carboxyl group CO was not ionized, and the ionized CO bands were observed at 1400–1600 cm−1 for chelated specimens. Thus, the chelation sites took place at the carboxyl group rather than at the OH and NH2 groups. It also confirmed that water-insoluble chelates, which were formed through the ZnO and ZnN bonds, presented a tetrahedral structure. The water-soluble complexes where zinc ions connected with oxygen of CO and water molecules were only due to electron attraction. Formation of different microstructures on the surfaces, as revealed by SEM, provided evidence to distinguish different chelating mechanisms between water-soluble and water-insoluble complexes. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 79: 1476–1485, 2001
Panendoscopy as a screening examination for simultaneous primary tumors in head and neck cancer: a prospective sequential study and review of the literature.

A prospective panendoscopic evaluation comprising direct laryngoscopy, bronchoscopy, and esophagoscopy was conducted in 100 consecutively seen patients with untreated head and neck primary tumors. Of the patients, 16% (18% counting two third primary lesions found in the 16 patients) had synchronous primary malignant tumors of the aerodigestive tract. Eleven of the 16 patients had silent lesions found only by endoscopy, and 6 (6% of the total group) had lesions found only because the full panendoscopic protocol was followed. Those 6 tumors would not have been discovered as early by clinical examination or by symptom-only directed studies. The initial treatment plan in 7 patients was changed by the panenodscopic findings, This study verifies the high incidence of synchronous primary tumors in the head and neck areas that have been reported in retrospective studies, and suggests that an intensive, full panendoscopic work-up as a screening test in all patients with primary head and neck tumors can be conducted without increased morbidity and yields enough information to justify its cost.
Prolonged survival as a component of hereditary breast and nonpolyposis colon cancer

Abstract Identification of prolonged survival in hereditary breast and colon cancer (exclusive of familial multiple adenomatous polyposis coli) have been shown to be statistically significant (P
Post hoc versus predictive accounts of children's theory of mind: A reply to Ruffman

Abstract Ruffman (2014) argues for a minimalist account of infants’ performance on theory of mind tasks. This commentary argues that because Ruffman’s minimalist account is post hoc, it neither generates testable predictions about how infants will respond in new situations, nor does it offer a coherent explanation for existing false-belief findings. An alternative, mentalist account is presented. This account integrates infancy findings with prior theory of mind literature and generates novel predictions about children’s false belief performance.