cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A machine learning algorithm to improve patient-centric pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Abstract Background Several studies suggest that the outcome of pediatric cardiopul-monary resuscitation depends strongly on timely recognition of the underlying cause for cardiac arrest, the prominent ones being primary ventricular fibril-lation and secondary asphyxia-associated ventricular fibrillation. If the cause could be determined within the first minute of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, the administration could be appropriately modified in order to achieve optimal outcome. However, distinguishing the two causes has been a difficult challenge. Objective To derive a robust algorithm with acceptable accuracy that distinguishes primary ventricular fibrillation and secondary asphyxia-associated ventricular fibrillation within the first minute of starting cardiopulmonary resus-citation. Methods We address this problem with MACWAVE, a new computa-tional technique integrating advanced signal processing and machine learning. MACWAVE is an algorithm that uses wavelet transforms with electrocardiog-raphy data to identify the most differentiating characteristics of the signal and uses them as features to develop a support vector machine classification model. Results The developed algorithm shows an average classification accuracy of 85%, this being the first result ever achieved for this critical pediatric problem. Conclusion Being the first research effort to ever analyze this critical pediatric problem, the MACWAVE method can improve patient-centric cardiopulmonary resuscitation treatment and significantly increase positive outcomes for pediatric cardiac arrest.
Costs, Complications, and Reoperations Associated With Primary Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair With or Without Acromioplasty and/or Biceps Tenodesis.

Purpose To evaluate the reoperations, complications, and costs up to 5 years following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (RCR) alone, with acromioplasty (acro), with biceps tenodesis (BT), or with both acro and BT. Methods We queried the MarketScan database to identify patients who underwent RCR from 2007 to 2016. Patients were stratified into groups based on concomitant procedures (acro and/or BT) performed on the same day as index RCR. Reoperations, complications, and costs were followed for 5 years post-index procedure. Patients without laterality codes were excluded. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to control for confounding factors. Results This study identified 147,838 patients (mean age, 53.1 years; standard deviation, 8.3 years) who underwent primary RCR. Patients were stratified into 4 groups: (1) RCR only, (2) RCR + acro, (3) RCR + BT, and (4) RCR + acro + BT. Patients in the RCR only group experienced the highest rate of unadjusted overall postoperative complications (17.2%) versus the other groups (RCR + acro 16.4%, RCR + BT 15.1%, RCR + acro + BT 16.2%, P < .0161). The RCR only group also experienced a significantly greater number of reoperations on the ipsilateral shoulder (P < .0001), whereas the RCR + acro + BT had the highest costs at all timepoints. In the regression analysis, there was no significant differences between complications and reoperations between any groups. After adjusting for covariates, the performance of a BT with an RCR and acromioplasty led to increased costs (odds ratio, 1.47, 1.37-1.59, P < .001). Conclusions Concomitant biceps tenodesis does lead to higher total healthcare costs, both in the shorter and longer terms. When adjusting for confounding factors, the performance of concomitant biceps tenodesis with rotator cuff repair does not lead to a difference in postoperative complication rate or risk for revision surgery. Level of Evidence Level IV, economic analysis.
Adaptive Label Smoothing.

This paper concerns the use of objectness measures to improve the calibration performance of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Objectness is a measure of likelihood of an object from any class being present in a given image. CNNs have proven to be very good classifiers and generally localize objects well; however, the loss functions typically used to train classification CNNs do not penalize inability to localize an object, nor do they take into account an object's relative size in the given image. We present a novel approach to object localization that combines the ideas of objectness and label smoothing during training. Unlike previous methods, we compute a smoothing factor that is adaptive based on relative object size within an image. We present extensive results using ImageNet and OpenImages to demonstrate that CNNs trained using adaptive label smoothing are much less likely to be overconfident in their predictions, as compared to CNNs trained using hard targets. We also show qualitative results using class activation maps to illustrate the improvements.
Dietary habits and the gut microbiota in military Veterans: results from the United States-Veteran Microbiome Project (US-VMP)

Dietary patterns influence gut microbiota composition. To date, there has not been an assessment of diet and gut microbiota in Veterans, who have a history of unique environmental exposures, including military deployment, that may influence associations between diet and gut microbiota. Our aim was to characterise Veteran habitual dietary intake and quality, and to evaluate correlations between diet and gut microbiota. We administered Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQs) and collected stool samples from 330 Veterans. FFQ data were used to generate Healthy Eating Indices (HEI) of dietary quality. Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify two dietary patterns we defined as “Western” and “Prudent.” Stool samples underwent 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and the resulting data were used to evaluate associations with dietary variables/indices. Analyses included linear regression of α-diversity, constrained analysis of principal coordinates of β-diversity, and multivariate association with linear models and Analysis of Composition of Microbiomes analyses of dietary factors and phylum- and genus-level taxa. There were no significant associations between dietary patterns or factors and α- or β-diversity. At the phylum level, increasing HEI scores were inversely associated with relative abundance of Actinobacteria, and added sugar was inversely associated with abundance of Verrucomicrobia. Veterans largely consumed a Western-style diet, characterised by poor adherence to nutritional guidelines.
For Those Who Need it Most: Helping 'At-Risk' Youth Manage Online Risks

There is still much to be done to protect all teens from online risks and increase their opportunities to engage safely with others online, but it is important to not forget the needs of particularly vulnerable and “at-risk” youth when we embark on such endeavors. We discuss some of the challenges related to ensuring inclusivity and equity when conducting adolescent online safety research and attempting to design solutions that meet the needs of teens, especially those who benefit most from technology access but cannot rely on parents to keep them safe online.
Oral Manifestations of Systemic Genetic Disorders: Second of Four Parts

In many genetic diseases and syndromes the involvement of the structures of the mouth is only a small part of the overall picture of multiple systemic involvement with a wide range of symptoms, congenital defects and deficiencies. The combinations of features in some of the syndromes give affected persons a distinctive, unforgettable appearance.
Recipient Vessels Dissection for Vascular Access

Free tissue transfer is a complex surgery that involves multiple steps, all of which are critical for a successful outcome. In the previous chapters, we discussed various concepts of flap design and selection as well as postoperative monitoring (see Chaps. 2 and 3). The dissection of the recipient vessels is an important step to ensure atraumatic vascular inflow and outflow to the flap. Exposure of recipient vessels in the extremity is dependent on safe dissection as injury to these vessels can compromise vascular supply to the distal extremity.
Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions and COVID-19 Burden in the United States

ABSTRACT Background Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) are mitigation strategies used to reduce the spread of transmissible diseases. The relative effectiveness of specific NPIs remains uncertain. Methods We used state-level Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) case and mortality data between January 19, 2020 and March 7, 2021 to model NPI policy effectiveness. Empirically derived breakpoints in case and mortality velocities were used to identify periods of stable, decreasing, or increasing COVID-19 burden. The associations between NPI adoption and subsequent decreases in case or death velocities were estimated using generalized linear models accounting for weekly variability shared across states. State-level NPI policies included: stay at home order, indoor public gathering ban (mild >10 or severe ≤10), indoor restaurant dining ban, and public mask mandate. Results 28,602,830 cases and 511,899 deaths were recorded. The odds of a decrease in COVID-19 case velocity were significantly elevated for stay at home (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.63-2.52), indoor dining ban (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.25-2.10), public mask mandate (OR 2.18, 95% CI 1.47-3.23), and severe gathering ban (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.31-2.16). In mutually adjusted models, odds remained elevated for stay at home (AOR 1.47, 95% CI 1.04-2.07) and public mask mandate (AOR = 2.27, 95% CI 1.51-3.41). Stay at home (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.53-2.62; AOR 1.89, 95% CI 1.25-2.87) was also associated with greater likelihood of decrease in death velocity in unadjusted and adjusted models. Conclusions NPIs employed in the U.S. during the COVID-19 pandemic, most significantly stay at home orders, were associated with decreased COVID-19 burden.
User Experience Evaluation Towards Cooperative Brain-Robot Interaction

Brain-Robot Interaction (BRI) research has mainly focused on analyzing system’s performance through objective data. Recently research on Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) has begun moving towards applications that go beyond the lab and medical settings. To create successful BRI applications in the future for healthy users User Experience (UX) should be evaluated throughout the development process. This paper discusses single and cooperative BRI systems and analyzes affective and objective task performance data collected while cognitively controlling a robot. Also this paper discusses how this approach can benefit future research on the usability of BRI applications.
John Rocker and Employee Discipline for Speech

I. The Commissioner of Baseball's Disciplinary Authority: Rocker and "Just Cause" John Rocker's statements in a Sports Illustrated interview, Commissioner of Baseball Bud Seligfs suspension and fine of the Atlanta Braves' pitcher for those comments, and the arbitral disposition of Rocker's grievance in the wake of that discipline raise vexing issues about the reach of the Commissioner's disciplinary authority. More generally, the case also points to the little-noticed but significant question of how Rocker would have fared under various state statutes designed to limit private employer interference with employee speech interests. In a December 27, 1999, Sports Illustrated article, Rocker offered opinions belittling New York City, welfare mothers, homosexuals, foreigners, and other minority groups. He also called an overweight black teammate a "fat monkey"1 After speaking with Rocker, Commissioner Selig, citing "the best interests of baseball," condemned the pitcher's behavior noting that Rocker had dishonored the Braves and Major League Baseball and imposed the sanction of a seventy-three day suspension, including all of spring training, and a $20,000 fine. Selig also ordered the player to undergo sensitivity training. Rocker, through his union representatives, objected to the imposition and severity of this punishment, and the Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA) immediately filed a grievance claiming that the discipline was "without just cause." The Commissioner's authority is significantly circumscribed by the just cause provision of the collective bargaining agreement with the players' union.2 Accordingly, an aggrieved player, such as Rocker, can
Internalization and processing of basic fibroblast growth factor by neurons and astrocytes.

The fate of iodinated basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) after its binding to cultured astrocytes and hippocampal neurons was studied. Autoradiography after light and electron microscopy establishes that, if cells are returned to 37 degrees C, the 125I-basic FGF bound internalizes into vesicles in the cytoplasm, localizes to the perinuclear cytoplasm, and is translocated to chromatin structures of the nucleus. The radiolabeled protein is long-lived, a finding confirmed by biochemical analyses. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography of both hippocampal neurons and astrocyte extracts reveal that these cells internalize 125I-basic FGF and then metabolize it to three major heparin-binding peptides with molecular weights of 15.5, 9, and 4 kDa. These peptides are initially detected 16 hr after binding to neurons and 4 hr after binding to astrocytes but are still detectable 48 and 16 hr, respectively, after initial binding (though present at lower levels). Immunoprecipitation with sequence-specific antisera to basic FGF reveals that the 15.5-kDa fragment is generated by cleavage at the carboxyl terminus, that the 9-kDa peptide contains the sequences between residues 30 and 87, and the 4-kDa peptide is a C- terminus fragment containing the sequence of basic FGF(106–120) but without basic FGF(139–146) immunoreactivity. The internalization of basic FGF is required for this processing; the treatment of cells with trypsin and 2 M NaCl at different times after binding can only prevent the metabolism of basic FGF if it is performed immediately after binding. Similarly, WGA, which inhibits basic FGF binding to its high- affinity receptor, prevents the metabolism of basic FGF. The possible significance of a metabolic pathway that is responsible for the processing of basic FGF after its internalization by cells in the CNS is discussed in light of its potential function as a neurotrophic factor.
A Bcl-xl Transgene Promotes Malignant Conversion of Chemically Initiated Skin Papillomas

The role of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of skin cancer was analyzed in mice bearing a Bcl-xL transgene expressed under the control of the keratin 14 promoter. No spontaneous tumors developed in the skin of these transgenic mice. Bcl-xL transgenics also failed to develop skin lesions following treatment with the chemical mutagen 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene, or the tumor promoter O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. However, Bcl-xL transgenics developed a two-fold greater number of benign papillomas than control littermates following treatment with the combination of 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene and O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. More significantly, Bcl-xL transgenic mice developed invasive squamous cell carcinoma earlier and more frequently than wild-type controls in response to the chemical agents. These data suggest that Bcl-xL cannot functionally substitute for a mutagenic initiator or mitogenic promoter in tumorigenesis. In contrast, Bcl-xL overexpression can dramatically increase the malignant conversion rate of benign tumors, suggesting that inhibition of apoptosis can contribute to tumor progression.
Surface Density of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Modulates Endothelial Proliferation and Differentiation

Therapeutic strategies aim to regulate vasculature either by encouraging vessel growth for tissue engineering or inhibiting vascularization around a tumor. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is essential to these processes, and there are several strategies that manipulate VEGF signaling. Here we develop a method to control the surface density of VEGF, which is covalently attached to tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS), and explore cellular responses to surfaces with varying VEGF densities. We show that the crosslinker reduces but does not eliminate the biological activity of soluble VEGF as measured by endothelial proliferation. However, endothelial cells cultured on surfaces of covalently bound VEGF did not proliferate in response to surface cues. Interestingly, compared to cells incubated with soluble VEGF (10 ng/ml) and cultured on TCPS, lower cell proliferation was observed when endothelial cells were cultured on high VEGF surface densities (5.9 ng/cm2), whereas higher cell proliferation occurred when cells were cultured on low surface densities (0.04 ng/cm2). High density surfaces (5.9 ng/cm2) also acted in synergy with an inhibitor of VEGF receptors to further suppress endothelial cell proliferation. We also examined the effect of VEGF surfaces on endothelial differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. No effect was observed when cells were cultured on VEGF surfaces; however, the VEGF surfaces acted in synergy with an inhibitor of VEGF receptors to decrease the ability of differentiated cells to form vascular networks. Together, these results suggest that surface density of bound VEGF can be used to modulate cell behavior and inhibit an angiogenic response. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 111–120, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thin film NiTi fluidic-thermostat array

An autonomous fluidic-thermostat array was successfully designed and fabricated using thin film nickel-titanium (NiTi) shape memory alloy (SMA). Unlike existing micro-devices that require external electric sources for opening/closing, the present device relies on changes in the environmental fluid temperature. This micro-scale device was tested as an array of thermostats and produced a maximum flow rate of 722.8 ml/min with 34.5 kPa of forward pressure. The flow rate reduced as much as 60% when the temperature of water increased to 80/spl deg/C. The large energy density property (i.e. 25 MJ/m/sup 3/) of NiTi enabled the thermostat flap to reduce flow rate with dynamic liquid pressures ranging from 6.9 kPa to 34.5 kPa.
Role of written advance directives in decision making : Insights from qualitative and quantitative data

OBJECTIVE: To understand the role of written advance directives (ADs) in medical decision making through examination of qualitative and quantitative data sources. We specifically wanted to address whether physicians unilaterally disregard advance directives.
Task allocation and scheduling in wireless distributed computing networks

Wireless distributed computing (WDC) is an enabling technology that allows radio nodes to cooperate in processing complex computational tasks of an application in a distributed manner. WDC research is being driven by the fact that mobile portable computing devices have limitations in executing complex mobile applications, mainly attributed to their limited resource and functionality. This article focuses on resource allocation in WDC networks, specifically on scheduling and task allocation. In WDC, it is important to schedule communications between the nodes in addition to the allocation of computational tasks to nodes. Communication scheduling and heterogeneity in the operating environment make the WDC resource allocation problem challenging to address. This article presents a task allocation and scheduling algorithm that optimizes both energy consumption and makespan in a heuristic manner. The proposed algorithm uses a comprehensive model of the energy consumption for the execution of tasks and communication between tasks assigned to different radio nodes. The algorithm is tested for three objectives, namely, minimization of makespan, minimization of energy consumption, and minimization of both makespan and energy consumption.
Dichloromethane attracts diabroticite larvae in a laboratory behavioral bioassay

A two-choice laboratory behavioral bioassay was used to demonstrate that dichloromethane elicits the dose-dependent attraction of secondinstar western and southern corn rootworms. Preliminary data suggest that second-instar banded cucumber beetles are also attracted to dichloromethane. An eluotropic series of 10 materials, including distilled water, ethanol, methanol, acetone, ethyl dichloroacetate, dichloromethane, diethyl ether, benzene, hexadecane, and hexane, was tested for attraction of western corn rootworm larvae. Dichloromethane was the only one attractive at all doses tested, and orthogonal comparisons revealed a quadratic trend (convex) for responses of larvae to increasing dose. Benzene and hexadecane also attracted larvae, but significantly fewer than dichloromethane, and only at three doses and one dose, respectively. Orthogonal comparisons revealed no linear or quadratic trend for responses of larvae to increasing doses of either compound. Dichloromethane is the first organic compound demonstrated to attract western corn rootworm larvae in the absence of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide has previously been reported to attract western corn rootworm larvae either independently or when combined with other organic compounds, and the sensitivity of our bioassay was tested by demonstrating the dose-dependent attraction of western corn rootworm larvae to carbonated water as a carbon dioxide source. We have also demonstrated the attraction of southern corn rootworm larvae to carbon dioxide and propose that carbon dioxide and dichloromethane behave analogously when they interact with chemoreceptor sites on larvae.
Separation of the III-α, IX-α, and XIII-α Isomers of Bilirubin and Bilirubin Dimethyl Ester by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract Conditions are described for the rapid separation of the III-α, IX-α, and XIII-α isaners of both free bilirubin (BR) and its dimethyl ester (BRDME) by normal-phase HPLC on silica. The HPLC method for BR is an alternative for the tedious TLC method for determination of the isaneric purity of cannercial and other BR samples.
SAP regulates T cell–mediated help for humoral immunity by a mechanism distinct from cytokine regulation

X-linked lymphoproliferative disease is caused by mutations affecting SH2D1A/SAP, an adaptor that recruits Fyn to signal lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM)-related receptors. After infection, SLAM-associated protein (SAP)−/− mice show increased T cell activation and impaired humoral responses. Although SAP−/− mice can respond to T-independent immunization, we find impaired primary and secondary T-dependent responses, with defective B cell proliferation, germinal center formation, and antibody production. Nonetheless, transfer of wild-type but not SAP-deficient CD4 cells rescued humoral responses in reconstituted recombination activating gene 2−/− and SAP−/− mice. To investigate these T cell defects, we examined CD4 cell function in vitro and in vivo. Although SAP-deficient CD4 cells have impaired T cell receptor–mediated T helper (Th)2 cytokine production in vitro, we demonstrate that the humoral defects can be uncoupled from cytokine expression defects in vivo. Instead, SAP-deficient T cells exhibit decreased and delayed inducible costimulator (ICOS) induction and heightened CD40L expression. Notably, in contrast to Th2 cytokine defects, humoral responses, ICOS expression, and CD40L down-regulation were rescued by retroviral reconstitution with SAP-R78A, a SAP mutant that impairs Fyn binding. We further demonstrate a role for SLAM/SAP signaling in the regulation of early surface CD40L expression. Thus, SAP affects expression of key molecules required for T–B cell collaboration by mechanisms that are distinct from its role in cytokine regulation.
Regulation of hepatic GLUT8 expression in normal and diabetic models.

GLUT8 is a novel glucose transporter protein that is widely distributed in tissues including liver, a central organ of regulation of glucose homeostasis. The purpose of the current study was to investigate expression and regulation of hepatic GLUT8 mRNA and protein. Therefore, Northern and immunoblot analysis, semiquantitative RT-PCR, and immunofluorescence microscopy were performed using mouse livers at different stages of embryonic and postnatal development and in type 1 (streprozotocin treated) and type 2 (GLUT4 heterozygous) diabetes. GLUT8 mRNA and protein expression in embryonic liver was differentially regulated depending on the prenatal and postnatal developmental stage of the mice. Immunofluorescence microscopy of liver from wild-type mice demonstrated the highest levels of GLUT8 protein in perivenous hepatocytes pointing to its role in regulation of glycolytic flux. In diabetic scenarios, GLUT8 mRNA levels were correlated with circulating insulin; specifically, GLUT8 mRNA decreased in a type 1 d...
Erosion caused by intense rainfall in a small catchment in New York State

This paper describes landslides and debris flows triggered by intense rainfall in a very small gully in New York State. The incised channel is 150 m long, and 500 m 3 of material were removed in one event, amounting to about 1% of the total volume of the gully. Large amounts of very coarse material were transported from this tributary to the floodplain of the larger stream. Although such events are relatively infrequent, they are an essential link in the total system of sediment movement, including both the enlargement of the gully and the addition of coarse debris to the larger stream. Long-term processes such as weathering and creep are important in making material available for transport in extreme events. Different parts of the sediment movement system function at different spatial and temporal frequencies, and the interaction of these parts may be masked in data on total basin output. It is suggested that more attention should be focused on subsystem interactions of this type in studies of drainage basin dynamics.
Impact of a mandatory behavioral consultation on seclusion/restraint utilization in a psychiatric hospital

Abstract Despite demonstrations of the utility and cost effectiveness of behavioral methods for improving care for people with psychiatric impairments, they are seldom employed effectively in inpatient settings. This study evaluated the impact of an administrative procedure to effect a behavioral consultation for cases of high seclusion\restraint utilization. Seclusion\restraint use for the 53 cases was reviewed for a time period of 6 months before and 6 months after development of a behavioral treatment plan resulting from this procedure. The data revealed a 62% reduction in seclusion\restraint use after development of an approved plan. There was also a reversal in serial trend from increasing use during the months prior to plan development to decreasing use during months after plan development. The procedure is described and implications of the results for clinicians and administrators of psychiatric inpatient programs are discussed.
SU‐E‐T‐275: Voxelized Second Cancer Risk Calculation — Comparison of Proton and Photon Radiotherapies for Hodgkin Lymphoma

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the risk of developing a second lung or breast cancer for a female Hodgkin Lymphoma patient treated with passively scattered proton therapy (PSPT) and photon intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). Particular objectives of this work were to fully account for stray dose, perform voxel by voxel risk calculations, and to visually display risk in a manner analogous to dose visualization used in commercial treatment planning systems (CTPS). Methods: Clinically approved PSPT and IMRT treatment plans were designed using a CTPS and prescribed 36 Gy to the target volume. Neutron and stray photon dose were calculated using an in house Monte Carlo code and a TLD measurement fitted analytical model for PSPT and IMRT, respectively. For lung and breast, therapeutic and stray doses were summed and input into an in‐house program that calculates Excess Absolute Risk (EAR) per voxel in the patient based on the RadRAT risk model. The radiation weighting factor (Wr) varied for neutron doses (Wr =10 and 30) to account for biological uncertainties. Results: Neutron equivalent doses added an additional 3% (Wr =10)/9% (Wr =30) of the prescribed dose to the CTV and near field organs. Scatter dose added an additional 5% (Wr =10 )/15% (Wr =30) of the prescribed dose to organ portions far out of field. PSPT registered a lower EAR compared to IMRT except for lung when Wr =30. Larger differences were seen in low dose regions of organs. Conclusion: EAR was lower for PSPT versus IMRT unless neutron Wr values were very high, e.g.> ∼20. More work incorporating uncertainties must be done before definitive answers are determined. In the future, similar types of risk visualization tools could be incorporated into treatment plan analysis to prospectively select plans with the lowest predicted risk of second cancers. This research was supported in part, by the National Cancer Institute award 1R01CA131463‐01A1 (W.D. Newhauser, P.I.) and a subcontract of that award (R.M. Howell, P.I). No conflicts of interest to disclose.
Research challenges for digital archives of 3D cultural heritage models

The increasing creation of 3D cultural heritage models has resulted in a need for the establishment of centralized digital archives. We advocate open repositories of scientifically authenticated 3D models based on the example of traditional scholarly journals, with standard mechanisms for preservation, peer review, publication, updating, and dissemination of the 3D models. However, fully realizing this vision will require addressing a number of related research challenges.In this article, we first give a brief background of the virtual heritage discipline, and characterize the need for centralized 3D archives, including a preliminary needs assessment survey of virtual heritage practitioners. Then we describe several existing 3D cultural heritage repositories, and enumerate a number of technical research challenges that should be addressed to realize an ideal archive. These challenges include digital rights management for the 3D models, clear depiction of uncertainty in 3D reconstructions, version control for 3D models, effective metadata structures, long-term preservation, interoperability, and 3D searching. Other concerns are provision for the application of computational analysis tools, and the organizational structure of a peer-reviewed 3D model archive.
Influence of cerium on the pulsed UV nanosecond laser processing of photostructurable glass ceramic materials

Abstract Photostructurable glass ceramic (PSGC) materials contain a sensitizer that is used to facilitate the optical exposure process. The primary role of the sensitizer is to absorb incident radiation and generate photoelectrons. With thermal treatment, these photoelectrons can then interact with nascent metal ions to induce the formation of metallic clusters and the precipitation of a soluble crystalline phase in the glass matrix. The photo-ionization efficiency of the sensitizer species is strongly dependent on its spectral absorption and oxidation state in the base glass. Stabilizing compounds are typically added to the glass matrix to maintain the photo-active oxidation state and promote efficient exposure. To investigate the effectiveness of the photo-initiator, we have conducted experiments in which sample coupons of a commercial PSGC material (Foturan™, Schott Corp., Germany) were carefully exposed to various photon doses by pulsed UV nanosecond lasers at λ = 266 nm and 355 nm. Foturan is a lithium aluminosilicate glass that contains trace amounts of cerium as the photosensitive agent (0.01–0.04 wt.% admixture Ce2O3). The photo-initiator efficiency was investigated by using samples with cerium and without cerium. The irradiation wavelengths were selected because they lie above and below the primary absorption band of the cerium photo-initiator. Optical transmission spectroscopy (OTS) was employed to identify and monitor the population density of the photo-induced trapped electron state as a function of incident laser irradiance. The irradiated samples were thermally processed and then analyzed again with OTS to measure the quenching of the trapped electron state and the concurrent growth of a spectral band associated with the formation of nanometer-scale metallic clusters. The growth of metallic clusters signifies the “fixing” of the exposure and permanent image formation in the glass. The OTS results reveal that for λ = 266 nm laser irradiation, at least two photoelectron donors (including cerium) contribute to the formation of the trapped electron (defect state) density and fixing of the exposure. For λ = 355 nm laser irradiation, however, the photo-initiator is critical to the exposure process and nearly all of the trapped electron density is formed via cerium photoelectron donors.
TDWR DISPLAY EXPERIENCES

Based on a successful Operational Demonstration during the 1988 summer season of a prototype of the Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR), the FAA has decided to proceed with the development of an operational TDWR system and its deployment at 47 of the nation's most wind shear vulnerable airports. As part of the design of the prototype system, the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) developed displays to transform the complex data and algorithm output information produced by the radar into simplified, meaningful displays which are useful to the controllers and pilots. This paper discusses the development of the display system used during the 1988 summer season. The displays are discussed in detail along with the numerous lessons learned during the Operational Demonstration. Planned modifications to the display system based on experience gained during the Demonstration are also discussed. Backeround The FAA, in response to evidence that low-altitude wind shears, particularly microbursts, have caused a number of aircraft accidents and fatalities (I), initiated efforts in the mid 198% to mitigate the hazard by sponsoring research and development of several types of wind shear detection and warning systems. One system that has been developed under this sponsorship combines a ground-based Doppler radar and computers to automatically detect, locate, quantify, and display wind shear events in the area surrounding an airport. Wind shear warnings are then displayed to Air Traffic Control (ATC) for verbal relay to pilots.
Negotiating IS: Observations on changes in structure from a negotiated order perspective

A variety of current forces have created pressures for the restructuring of organizational units responsible for supporting information services. Changes in the internal structure of information systems units, however, are not always made through formal, rational, and organizationally-planned procedures, but often emerge as a result of ongoing negotiations between members of IS departments. Members of various specialty groups, such as data processing, office automation, and information center staffs, may in fact engage in substantial political maneuvering and jockeying for position as subunit roles become redefined and resources are reallocated.This paper proposes that it may be fruitful to study the process through which internal structures of information systems or services units are modified from perspectives of organizational negotiation, encompassing notions of political strategies and alliances, segmentation and intersection of subunits, and the creation of negotiable issues. The negotiated order perspective, borrowed from sociology, provides useful ontological and methodological frameworks for this endeavor. Data from larger case analyses are presented to illustrate instances of renegotiation of role relationships among specialist groups, who attempt to create distinctive competencies to ensure their survival and guard their domains.
The elimination of a common error in the determination of total 17-ketosteroid by the m-dinitrobenzene reaction.

AT THE present time three colorimetric methods for the determination of l7-ketosteroids are in general use. The reaction suggested by Pincus (1943) employs antimony trichloride and acetic acid as color developing agents. The two remaining methods are based on the m-dinitrobenzene reaction suggested by Zimmermann (1935, 1936) and modified by Callow, et al. (1938), and Holtorff and Koch (1940). For the determination of total 17-ketosteroid, the Pincus reaction is disadvantageous because dehydroisoandrosterone gives only a faint color with SbCl3 and acetic acid (Pincus, 1943). The Callow modification is impractical for clinical use because of 1) a lesser degree of reproducibility of results (Nathanson, et al., 1943), 2) the necessity of making up fresh alcoholic 2.5 N KOH solution at least once a week (holding the normality in the range from 2.48 to 2.52) as well as keeping reagents and extracts perfectly anhydrous, and 3) the relatively deeply colored blank solution which makes the use of the full galvanome...
Influences of salinity on growth and survival of juvenile pinfish Lagodon rhomboides (Linnaeus)

We investigated the effect of salinity on growth, survival, and condition of pinfish Lagodon rhomboides juveniles (36–80 mm standard length) in two laboratory experiments in July 2003 and June/July 2004. Our results show that juvenile pinfish grown in laboratory conditions under a range of salinities experience rapid growth and high survival in typical estuarine-like salinities (15–30 ppt). We also found that relative weight as an index of condition corroborates the idea that pinfish are well adapted to survive and grow in a wide range of salinities. Such rapid growth and high survival in a dynamic environment may afford juvenile pinfish potential ecological advantages over other estuarine-dependent fish species that are relatively more constrained by changes in salinity regime. Because coastal development is wide-spread throughout Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic estuaries, insights concerning the impacts of human-induced changes to estuarine environments are essential for effective management practices.
Lessons learned from the design of ITER internal components

The traditional design sequence for a fusion device starts from desired plasma performance and a coil set that optimizes formation of the required plasma equilibrium. Designers then reserve space for internal components, vessel, and cryostat. The ITER process has taught us that this traditional sequence should be revised. The discovery of convective transport in the plasma scrape-off layer has greatly increased heat flux to the first wall (FW), implying that power is flowing along field lines. Shaping of the FW's plasma-facing-surface and divertor components is now a critical design consideration and constraint. Plasma duration has increased to the point that active cooling of internal components is required. Ever more complex plasma diagnostics require complex openings to view the plasma and complex routing of items like cables behind the blanket. As we move toward the next generation of fusion machines, there is a need for many engineering diagnostics to monitor the operating state of actively cooled components. Internal coils for ELM, resistive wall mode, and plasma rotation control further complicate the region between blanket modules and vessel. Adding new components between the vessel and blanket removes material that is either shielding external components or breeding tritium in a reactor. Traditionally, such additional internal components are added during later design phases when space has been fixed. Using design by analysis during the conceptual design phase allows the space required for internal components to be more accurately defined so balanced trade-offs among magnets, vessel, and internal components are made. The result is a concept that is easier to integrate and does not disproportionately constrain later design phases for any one system.
On Protocol-Independent Data Redundancy Elimination

Data redundancy elimination (DRE), also known as data de-duplication, reduces the amount of data to be transferred or stored by identifying and eliminating both intra-object and inter-object duplicated data elements with a reference or pointer to the unique data copy. Large scale trace-driven studies have showed that packet-level DRE techniques can achieve 15-60% bandwidth savings when deployed at access links of the service providers, up to almost 50% bandwidth savings in Wi-Fi networks and as much as 60% mobile data volume reduction in cellular networks. In this paper, we survey the state-of-the-art protocol-independent redundancy elimination techniques. We overview the system architecture and main processing of protocol-independent DRE techniques, followed by discussion on major mechanisms activated in protocol-independent DRE, including the fingerprinting mechanism, cache management mechanism, chunk matching mechanism, and decoding error recovery mechanism. We also present several redundancy elimination systems deployed in wireline, wireless and cellular networks, respectively. Several other techniques to enhance the DRE performance are further discussed, such as DRE bypass techniques, non-uniform sampling, and chunk overlap.
Existence of the minimal positive solution of some nonlinear elliptic systems when the nonlinearity is the sum of a sublinear and a superlinear term

It is shown that there exists Λ>0 such that, for every λe(0, Λ), the semilinear elliptic system: Δu = λu | u |q-1 + u | u |p-1 - υ, in ω, u=v=0 on ∂ ω, where ω eR N(N≥2) is a bounded domain with smooth boundary and 0<q<1<p, has a minimal positive solution (uλ, vλ). Moreover: uλ and vλ are strictly increasing with respect to λ.
Radiation dosimetry using thermoluminescence of semiconductor-doped Vycor glass

Abstract We report a semiconductor-doped, thermoluminescent Vycor glass with properties well suited for radiation dosimetry. The glow curve is dominated by a broad peak centered at 220°C having a very low fade rate at room temperature, and an exceptionally linear dose vs. thermoluminescent response that extends over the range 1 mGy to 500 Gy.
Failure detection and monitoring in polymer matrix composites subjected to static and dynamic loads using carbon nanotube networks

Abstract In this work, multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been used as a network of sensors to predict the failure region and to monitor the degradation of mechanical properties in laminated composites subjected to tensile and cyclic fatigue loadings. This is achieved by measuring the electrical resistance change in the semi-conductive MWCNT-fiber glass–epoxy polymer matrix composites. By partitioning the tensile and fatigue samples with electrically conductive probes, it is shown that with both increasing tensile load and number of cycles different resistance changes are detected in different regions and failure happens in the part in which higher resistance change was detected. In cyclic loading, when compared to strain gauge readings, resistance change measurements show more sensitivity in identifying the crack location, which gives this technique a good potential for monitoring damage during fatigue.
Targeting the Ubiquitin+Proteasome System in Solid Tumors

The ubiquitin+proteasome system (UPS) is a highly complex network that maintains protein homeostasis and cell viability through the selective turnover of targeted substrates. The proteasome serves as the catalytic core of the UPS to recognize and execute the coordinated and efficient removal of ubiquitinated proteins. Pharmacologic inhibitors that exploit the pivotal role of the proteasome in cellular metabolism promote tumor cytotoxicity and have yielded durable clinical responses that dramatically improve patient survival. Success of the proteasome inhibitor (PI) bortezomib in the treatment of the hematologic malignancy multiple myeloma (MM) has emerged as the standard-of-care and catapulted the UPS into a position of prominence as a model system in cancer biology and drug development. However, expansion of PIs in the treatment of the more complex solid tumors has been less successful. While clinical evaluation of second-generation PIs progresses, other potential sites of therapeutic intervention within the UPS continue to emerge, such as the non-proteolytic activities associated with the proteasome and the rapidly expanding number of Ub-binding proteins. Molecular-genetic approaches to further unravel the complexity of the UPS will advance its utilization as a platform for the development of novel, mechanism-based anticancer strategies.
Fragrance material review on isophytol

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of isophytol when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.
Delayed insect access alters carrion decomposition and necrophagous insect community assembly

Vertebrate carrion in terrestrial ecosystems is an unpredictable, ephemeral resource pulse that contributes to local biodiversity and nutrient transformation dynamics. Carrion ecology is infrequently studied compared to other decomposition systems, such as leaf litter detritus, despite its importance as a resource subsidy in most ecosystems. We hypothesized that delayed insect access to carrion (insects excluded for five days) would demonstrate marked shifts in necrophagous insect community structure, turnover rates and assembly with overall effects on carrion decomposition. Despite similarities between taxon arrival patterns, once insects were allowed to colonize carrion previously excluded from insects there was an increased necrophagous insect taxon richness and increased community turnover rates. Additionally, during the first five days of decomposition, insect exclusion carcasses remained in bloat stage while those naturally colonized were well advanced in active decomposition. This resulted in substantial differences in decomposition and highlighted the importance of insect community assembly in the decomposition process. Carrion decomposition has been a neglected field of study compared to other organic matter processes (e.g., leaf detritus), and these data suggest the ecology of carrion-arthropod interactions can contribute to a broader understanding of decomposition processes and ecosystem function.
The effect of inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis on dibutyryl cyclic AMP mediated morphological transformations of Chinese hamster ovary cells in vitro

Abstract Morphological transformation of cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-Kl) produced by the addition and removal of dibutyryl cyclic AMP plus testosterone are unaffected by inhibition of either RNA synthesis or protein synthesis.
The Windows 3.0 environment

In the DOS world, Windows 3.0 is an operating environment that utilizes a Graphical User Interface, or “GUI.” A GUI is an alternative to typing as a means of interacting with the computer and its operating system that is intended to be superior, in some ways, to the operating system itself. It is not a replacement for the operating system (e.g., DOS 3.31 or DOS 5.0). The principal features and strengths of Windows 3.0 are examined, as is a suite of programs—Word for Windows, Excel for Windows, and PowerPoint for Windows—which are collectively packaged as Microsoft Office for Windows. While not “perfect,” there is a significant advantage to the uniformity of the Windows environment.
Cassini Interplanetary Trajectory Design

Abstract The Cassini mission to Saturn will start a second phase in the exploration of the Saturnian system, after the historical Voyager flybys of Saturn in 1980 and 1981. The Cassini primary mission is scheduled to be launched in October 1997 by the Titan IV/Centaur. Cassini uses four planetary gravity-assist flybys to gain the energy necessary to reach Saturn in July 2004. This arrival date at Saturn provides a unique opportunity for a flyby of Saturn's outer satellite Phoebe on the final approach. This paper provides an overview of the processes involved in the interplanetary trajectory design and analysis of the Cassini mission to Saturn.