cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
II-03 Pathogenesis of diffuse alveolar haemorrhage (DAH) in lupus

Background Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage (DAH) in lupus patients carries a mortality rate of over 50%. C57BL/6 mice with pristane-induced lupus develop DAH closely resembling the human disease. The role of cell death, complement, immunoglobulin, Toll-like receptors, and myeloid cells was examined in pristane-treated mice with DAH. Materials and methods Clinical/pathological and immunological manifestations of pristane-induced lupus in gene-targeted vs. wild type mice were compared with the manifestations in SLE patients. Tissue distribution of pristane was examined histologically and by mass spectrometry. The cell types responsible for disease were examined by in vivo depletion using clodronate liposomes (CloLip) and anti-neutrophil monoclonal antibodies (GR1). The effect of treatment with the C3b-analogue cobra venom factor (CVF) was examined. Results After peritoneal injection, pristane was detected in the lung by mass spectrometry and oil red staining, and was found to induce cell death, phagocytosis of the dead cells and erythrocytes by alveolar macrophages, consolidation of the alveolar spaces by erythrocytes and inflammatory cells, thickening of the alveolar wall, and extensive cellular proliferation (Ki-67 staining) within the alveolar septa. Small vessel vasculitis characterised by perivascular neutrophils and F4/80 + macrophages was present. Lung tissue from SLE patients with DAH had a similar appearance. B-cell-deficient (μMT) mice were resistant to the induction of DAH, but susceptibility was restored by infusing IgM. C3-deficient and CD18-deficient mice also were resistant, and DAH could be prevented in wild-type mice by depleting complement with CVF. Induction of DAH was independent of MyD88, TRIF, TNFα, and type I interferon, but mortality was increased in IL-10-deficient mice. In vivo neutrophil depletion had no effect on susceptibility, whereas treatment with CloLip depleted both resident alveolar macrophages and presumptive bone marrow-derived F4/80 + macrophages while preventing DAH, suggesting that macrophages are central to DAH pathogenesis. Conclusion Induction of DAH in pristane-lupus is likely to involve opsonization of dead cells in the lung by natural IgM and complement followed by complement receptor 3 (CD11b/CD18) and/or CR4 (CD11c/CD18)-mediated phagocytosis, resulting in lung inflammation. Disease is macrophage-dependent and independent of type I interferon, TNFα, MyD88, and neutrophils. Complement inhibition and/or macrophage-targeted therapies may be attractive candidates for treating SLE-associated DAH.
Comparison of Resorbable Plating Systems: Complications During Degradation.

INTRODUCTION Several bioresorbable plating systems have become standard in pediatric craniosynostosis reconstruction. A comparison of these systems is needed to aid surgeons in the preoperative planning process. The authors aim to evaluate 1 institution's experience using Resorb-X by KLS Martin and Delta Resorbable Fixation System by Stryker (Stryker Craniomaxillofacial, Kalamazoo, MI). METHODS A sample of patients with single-suture nonsyndromic craniosynostosis treated at St Louis Children's Hospital between 2007 and 2014 using either Resorb-X or Delta bioresorbable plating systems were reviewed. Only patients with preoperative, immediate, and long-term 3-dimensional photographic images or computed tomography scans were included. A comparison of plating system outcomes was performed to determine the need for clinic and emergency room visits, imaging obtained, and incidence of subsequent surgical procedures due to complications. RESULTS Forty-six patients (24 Resorb-X and 22 Delta) underwent open repair with bioabsorbable plating for single suture craniosynostosis. The mean age at each imaging time point was similar between the 2 plating systems (P > 0.717). Deformity-specific measures for sagittal (cranial index), metopic (interfrontotemporale), and unicoronal (frontal asymmetry) synostosis were equivalent between the systems at all time points (0.05 < P < 0.904). A single Delta patient developed bilateral scalp cellulitis and abscesses and subsequently required operative intervention and antibiotics. CONCLUSION Bioabsorbable plating for craniosynostosis in children is effective and has low morbidity. In our experience, the authors did not find a difference between the outcomes and safety profiles between Resorb-X and Delta.
190. Strategies for Achieving High-Level, Stable, Endothelium-Specific Transgene Expression Using Helper-Dependent Adenovirus

Endothelial cells (EC) are attractive targets for gene therapy because they can deliver therapeutic proteins both locally and systemically. Helper-dependent adenoviral (HDAd) vectors are useful for EC-targeted gene therapy because they efficiently transduce EC and express transgenes persistently in vivo. However, obtaining high-level and stable in vivo expression from HDAd is a challenge. Our current goal of transducing EC with HDAd to treat atherosclerosis will likely require high-level, stable expression of atheroprotective genes such as apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and interleukin-10 (IL-10).
Properties of Adlehyde Dehydrogenase from Chemically-Induced Rat Hepatomas and Normal Rat Liver

The subcellular distribution and properties of four aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes (I–IV) identified in 2-acetylaminofluorene­induced rat hepatomas and three aldehyde dehydrogenases (I–III) identified in normal rat liver are compared. In normal liver, mitochondria (50%) and microsomes (27%) possess the majority of the aldehyde dehydrogenase (AlDH), with cytosol possessing little activity. Isozymes I–III can be identified in both fractions and can be differentiated on the basis of substrate and coenzyme specificity, substrate Km, inhibition by disulfiram and anti-hepatoma aldehyde dehydrogenase sera, and/or isoelectric point. Hepatomas possess considerable cytosolic AlDH (20%), in addition to mitochon drial (23%) and microsomal (35%) activity. Although isozymes I–III are present in tumor mitochondria and microsomes, little isozyme I or II is found in cytosol. Hepatoma cytosolic AlDH is composed (50%) of a hepatoma-specific isozyme (IV), differing in several properties from isozymes I–III; the remainder of the tumor cytosolic activity is due to isozyme III (48%). The data indicate that expression of the tumor-specific aldehyde dehydrogenase phenotype requires both qualitative and quantitative changes involving cytosolic and microsomal aldehyde dehydrogenase. The qualitative change requires the derepression of a gene for an aldehyde dehydrogenase expressed in normal liver only following exposure to potentially harmful xenobiotics. The quantitative change involves both an in­crease in activity and change in subcellular location of a basal, normal liver AlDH isozyme.
Clinical risk reclassification at 10 years.

Three papers in this issue focus on the role of calibration in model fit statistics, including the net reclassification improvement (NRI) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI). This commentary reviews the development of such reclassification statistics along with more recent advances in our understanding of these measures. We show how the two-category NRI and the IDI are affected by changes in the event rate in theory and in an applied example. We also describe the role of calibration and how it may be assessed. Finally, we discuss the relevance of the event rate NRI for clinical use. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An upscaled rate law for mineral dissolution in heterogeneous media: The role of time and length scales

Abstract An upscaled rate law is developed for mineral dissolution in heterogeneous media under variable residence time (flow velocity) and length scale conditions, expanding the previous rate law under one flow and length condition ( Wen and Li, 2017 ). A total of 640 Monte-Carlo numerical experiments were carried out with magnesite dissolution within quartz matrix in spatially heterogeneous media characterized by permeability variance (σ2lnκ = 6.0) and correlation length (λ = 2–50 cm) under a range of domain length (1.0–5.0 m) and flow velocity (2.7 × 10−4 to 27.0 m/day) conditions. The upscaled rate law R ht = kA T 1 - exp - τ eq τ a 1 - exp - L τ a τ ad , r α consists of two parts. The first is the rate law in equivalent homogeneous media R hm = kA T 1 - exp - τ eq τ a , where rates depend on rate constants (k), total mineral surface area (AT), and the relative timescales of reactions ( τ eq ) and advection ( τ a ) Da = τ a τ eq . The second term χ = 1 - exp - L τ a τ ad , r α is the heterogeneity factor that quantifies the deviation of heterogeneous systems from their homogeneous counterparts. The term includes the relative transport time ratio τ a τ ad , r , domain length (L), and geostatistical characteristics of spatial heterogeneity (permeability variance in α = 5 σ ln κ 2 . The ratio τ a τ ad , r quantifies the relative timescales of transport at the domain scale (τa approximates τad) versus transport in the reactive zones (τad,r). Under low flow velocity and/or long domain length conditions where τa > τad,r, homogenization occurs so that χ is close to 1 and heterogeneity effects are negligible. In contrast, χ deviates from 1 by up to 2 orders of magnitude under short length and fast flow conditions where τa L τ a τ ad , r is small. Under such conditions, transport rates in and out of the reactive zones limits the overall dissolution at the domain scale. The rate law predicts that 1) heterogeneity effects are governed by the relative magnitude of mineral-water contact in reactive zones versus in the whole domain; 2) dissolution rates in heterogeneous media ultimately approach asymptotic values in homogeneous media at “sufficiently” long lengths. It takes longer distance (and time) for more heterogeneous systems with longer τad,r values to reach the asymptotic values. This is supported by carbonate dissolution rates calculated from river water chemistry data. Although the rate law is derived based on magnesite dissolution, it is expected to be applicable for the dissolution of other minerals, as long as the dissolution characteristics of other minerals (e.g., k, AT, and Keq) are incorporated in the rate law.
A REVIEW OF THE SYNERGY BETWEEN LAW SOCIAL SECURITY AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Social insecurity negatives National Development as no given individual would like to fish in troubled water. We talk of social life, where one seeks enjoyment, sociable life or gregarious life, relating to, connected with, or suited to public or fashionable society, a social event, living or disposed to live in companionship with others, or in community, rather than in isolation and unfriendliness. Social problems are general factors that affect and damage society. A social problem is normally a term used to describe problems within a particular area or a group of people in the world. Social problem often involve problems that affect real life. It also affects how people react to certain situations [1] . Terrorism is psychological strategy of war for gaining political or religious ends by deliberately creating a climate of fear among the population of a State. Terrorism is also defined as the systematic use of terror and terror itself is defined as an alarm, dread, panic, fearfulness [2] . The benefits resulting from combing two or more different groups, people, objects or process or behavior of a system that cannot be predicted by behavior of its parts is called synergy. This work shall seek ways and manner, wherein Law and Social Security shall boost the enhancement of the National Development to the advantage of the citizens. That is where the Law enforcement Agency, through lawful means stop kidnappings and Terrorism. The Nation will be impacted negatively and National development will suffer a decline as nobody would want to remain in a country where life and/or social life, properties will not be secure. What are our values, especially the positive values; such as Right to life Rule of law, Human Rights, fair hearing and freedom of movement, all shall be observed and enforced.
A Two-Species Reaction-Diffusion Problem with One Static Reactant: The Case of Higher Order Kinetics

Reaction-diffusion equations are well-studied due to their common occurrence in many areas of chemistry, physics, biology and engineering (e.g. [1], [2]). Models for reaction-diffusion processes involving two chemical species have a long history and a large literature, and the interested reader is referred to the articles (and their reference lists) cited at the end. In this set of notes we consider the long-time dynamics of a one-dimensional reaction-diffusion front between two initially separated reactants (A,B), studied within the continuum, or mean-field, approximation for the case that reactant A is free to diffuse and reactant B is static (see figure 1). The reaction term studied is R(ρA,ρB) = kρM AρN B , where ρi denotes the concentration of species i, which allows for the possibility of higher-order kinetics.
POUR DÉFENDRE LE TRANSRACIALISME

La tentative de l’ancienne cheffe d’une section de la NAACP Rachel Dolezal de passer de la race blanche a la race noire a occasionne une intense controverse. Son histoire est devenue celebre au meme moment ou Caitlyn Jenner faisait la couverture de Vanity Fair, signe d’une acceptation grandissante de l’identite trans. Pourtant, les critiques adressees a Dolezal pour avoir cache sa race natale indiquent qu’il existe une perception sociale largement repandue selon laquelle il n’est ni possible ni acceptable de changer de race de la maniere dont on peut changer de sexe. Les considerations qui soutiennent le transgenrisme semblent s’appliquer egalement au transracialisme. Que Dolezal represente ou non un exemple authentique de personne transraciale, son histoire et la reaction publique qu’elle a suscitee peuvent fournir un cas instructif a etudier.
A Novel Multi-Dimensional Analysis of Rodent Gait Reveals the Compensation Strategies Used during Spontaneous Recovery from Spinal Cord and Traumatic Brain Injury.

As rodent locomotion becomes a more popular behavioral assay, proper rodent gait analysis becomes more and more important. Gait measures, such as stride length, cycle time, and duty factor, are not...
Fe 2 O 3 as an Electron Transport Material for Organo-Metal Halide Perovskite Solar Cells

Sputtered iron (III) oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) was used as an electron transporting material for methylammonium lead iodide perovskite. The fill factor and efficiency of the solar cell improved as the layer thickness increased from 17 to 43 nm. The performance dropped when increasing the thickness to 67 nm due to parasitic absorption of the iron oxide. Open circuit voltage of the devices was 0.2-0.4 V below record efficiency cells, which is attributed to large work function of the iron oxide layer. However, a thin layer of PCBM between the Fe 2 O 3 and the perovskite layers improved the open circuit voltage. Introduction of dopants in the iron oxide layer may further result in improved device performance.
The Afterlife of Gender: Sovereignty, Intimacy and Muslim Funerals of Transgender People in Turkey

Family and sexual/gender difference play significant roles in the organization of Sunni Muslim rituals of death, practices of mourning, and discourses of grief in Turkey. In these ritual practices, family members hold obligations and rights to the deceased, including washing, shrouding, burying, and praying for the body. These funeral practices represent the dead body in strictly gendered ways. However, when the deceased is a transgender person, his/her/their body can open a social field for negotiation and contestation of sexual and gender difference among religious, medico-legal, familial, and LGBTQ actors. Addressing the multiplicity of such struggles and claims over the deceased body of transgender persons, this article presents a mortuary ethnography that is formed through entanglements between Islamic notions of embodiment, familial order, gender and sexuality regimes, and legal regulations around death in Turkey. Rather than taking sex, gender, and sexual difference as given categories, I address them as a social field of constant and emergent contestation, which in turn marks the gendered and sexual limits of belonging in regimes of belief, family, kinship, and citizenship, and in practices of mourning and grief. I argue that death at the thresholds of sexual and gender regimes presents a space to discover novel connections between sovereignty and intimacy and to examine their coconstitution through the registers of violence endured by the gendered/sexed body. Ozet Aile ve (toplumsal) cinsiyet farkliligi Turkiye’deki Sunni Musluman cenaze gelenek ve adetlerinde, yas tutma pratiklerinde ve aci soylemlerinde onemli rol oynar. Cenazeyi yikamak, kefenlemek, topraga vermek ve cenaze icin dua etmek gibi pratikler ailenin olen mensubuna karsi sahip oldugu sorumluluk ve haklardan bazilaridir. Bu pratikler olen kisiyi kati bir cinsiyet ikiligi icerisinde temsil eder. Fakat olen kisi bir trans birey ise, olu bedenin cinsiyeti din, tip, hukuk, aile ve LGBTQ cevreleri arasinda catisma ve muzakere alanina donusebilmektedir. Bu makale olu trans bedenlerin actigi bu coklu hak ve mucadele alanina deginerek, Turkiye’deki Islami beden tasavvuru, aile duzeni, cinsellik ve toplumsal cinsiyet nizami ve olumle ilgili hukuki duzenlenmeler sarmalinda olusan bir olum etnografisi sunmaktadir. Toplumsal cinsiyet ve cinsellik kategorilerini sorgusuz sualsiz kabul etmek yerine, onlarin surekli muzakereye tabi olan ve yeni muzakerelere yol acan toplumsal bir alan oldugunu ve boylece kisilerin din, aile, akrabalik ve vatandaslik iliskileri, yas ve aci pratikleri icerisindeki aidiyetliklerinin sinirlarini devamli cizdiklerini tartisiyorum. Cinsellik ve (toplumsal) cinsiyet duzeninin ceperlerinde gerceklesen olumun egemenlik ve mahremiyet/yakinlik arasinda kurulan iliskiyi bizlere yeni sekillerde gorme imkani actigini ve siddetin cinsiyetlendirilmis beden uzerindeki kaydina bakarak ikisinin birbirini karsilikli olarak nasil kurdugunu anlayacagimizi iddia ediyorum.
Sustainable Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalination as Green Desalination in the 21st Century

Seawater reverse osmosis desalination (SWRO) requires less energy compared with the distillation method and thus is an important technology except Middle Eastern countries whereenergy costs are higher. Recently, even Middle Eastern countries where the distillation method is still a major technology, have begun adopting the RO method in new desalinationplants in line with government policy and the trend is for the development of larger (in excess of half mega-ton per day or mega-ton per day size) so-called “Mega-SWRO” plants.With these trends in the global market, the requirements of sustainable SWRO desalination as green desalination for the 21st century are summarized under three subjects: 1) Energyresources:Renewable energy, 2) Seawater RO system: Advanced membrane and membrane system, 3) Reduction of marine pollution: Green desalination. The “Mega-ton Water System” projecthas been conducted to solve issues related to subjects 2) and 3) as Japanese national project.a. By combining a low pressure SWRO membrane and a low pressure two-stage high recovery SWRO system, 20% energy reduction was possible. And 30% energy saving in totalwas also possible as the SWRO-PRO hybrid system.b. For low environmental impact as green desalination, less chemical and less chemical cleaning for reliable operation have been established.c. Low-cost renewable energy, particularly solar energy, is now available to solve issues related to subject 1. By combining these sophisticated technologies, the cost of seawaterdesalination will be $ 0.50/ m3/day or less.
A Short-Term Dietary Toxicity Test on Small Mammals

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires that the results of certain toxicity tests on wildlife and aquatic organisms be submitted to the agency for evaluation before a new pesticide can be federally registered. The results of these toxicity tests are used to address the potential acute hazards of a pesticide's use to wildlife and aquatic organisms. At the present time an acceptable short-term feeding method for small mammals is not available. The EPA has been using the results of data submitted to support human safety requirements [primarily the rat single-dose oral median lethal dosage (LD 5 0 ) data] to assess the hazards of pesticide residues in and on food to mammalian wildlife. We believe that these data may not properly represent the toxicity of a pesticide residue to mammalian wildlife. The objectives of the present study were threefold: (1) to develop an acceptable short-term dietary LC 5 0 test for small mammals, (2) to evaluate the test method by testing a number of chemical pesticides, and (3) to determine the relationship between the rat LD 5 0 and median lethal concentration (LC 5 0 ) values. The proposed 5-day LC 5 0 test uses laboratory rats (Wistar strain) and is similar to a published avian dietary LC 5 0 study. It consists of a 5-day acclimation period, a 5-day exposure to treated food, and a posttreatment observation period lasting for at least 9 days. The initial studies involved the exposure of five male and five female rat groups to each of five concentrations of treated food and one untreated group for control. The mortality, body weights, and food consumption were recorded. The mortality data were used to calculate LC 5 0 values, which are presented for 17 pesticides. The experimentally determined LC 5 0 values for rats were compared with derived ones calculated from published rat LD 5 0 values. The derived values were not toxicologically equivalent to the LC 5 0 values determined from our tests. Data are presented that indicate to us that rat LC 5 0 values are a better measure of the toxicity of pesticide residues to mammalian wildlife than are rat LD 5 0 values. Incorrect decisions on acute hazards of pesticide residues can result from the use of rat LC 5 0 values calculated from rat LD 5 0 values.
Tele-ICU in Precision Medicine: It’s Not What You Do, But How You Do It

The benefits of Tele-ICU are only achieved with proper implementation. In this article, we discuss Tele-ICU outcomes (including the effect on inter-hospital transfers and financial considerations) and detail how these are achieved. A key aspect of the Tele-ICU concept is acuity scoring and alert systems. These allow the Tele-ICU to efficiently identify patients who require closer attention. Sepsis is presented as an example of critical illness where acuity scoring and alert systems associated with Tele-ICU improve outcomes. Areas requiring further investigation are discussed.
Acidic pH Triggers Lipid Mixing Mediated by Lassa Virus GP

Lassa virus (LASV) is the causative agent of Lassa hemorrhagic fever, a lethal disease endemic to Western Africa. LASV entry is mediated by the viral envelope glycoprotein (GP), a class I membrane fusogen and the sole viral surface antigen. Previous studies have identified components of the LASV entry pathway, including several cellular receptors and the requirement of endosomal acidification for infection. Here, we first demonstrate that incubation at a physiological temperature and pH consistent with the late endosome is sufficient to render pseudovirions, bearing LASV GP, non-infectious. Antibody binding indicates that this loss of infectivity is due to a conformational change in GP. Finally, we developed a single-particle fluorescence assay to directly visualize individual pseudovirions undergoing LASV GP-mediated lipid mixing with a supported planar bilayer. We report that exposure to endosomal pH at a physiologic temperature is sufficient to trigger GP-mediated lipid mixing. Furthermore, while a cellular receptor is not necessary to trigger lipid mixing, the presence of lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) increases the kinetics of lipid mixing at an endosomal pH. Furthermore, we find that LAMP1 permits robust lipid mixing under less acidic conditions than in its absence. These findings clarify our understanding of LASV GP-mediated fusion and the role of LAMP1 binding.
Centering the Principal Principle

I show that centered propositions—also called de se propositions, and usually modeled as sets of centered worlds—pose a serious problem for various versions of Lewis’s Principal Principle. The problem, put roughly, is that in scenarios like Elga’s ‘Sleeping Beauty’ case, those principles imply that rational agents ought to have obviously irrational credences. To solve the problem, I propose a centered version of the Principal Principle. My version allows centered propositions to be objectively chancy.
First evidence for an Amazonian insect migration in the butterfly Panacea prola (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Insect migrations rival those of vertebrates in terms of numbers of migrating individuals and even biomass, although instances of the former are comparatively poorly documented. This is especially true in the world9s tropics, which harbor the vast majority of Earth9s insect species. Understanding these mass movements is of critical and increasing importance as global climate and land use change accelerate and interact to alter the environmental cues that underlie migration, particularly in the tropics. Here, we provide the first evidence for an insect migration for the nymphalid butterfly Panacea prola in the Amazon, the world9s largest and most biodiverse rainforest that is experiencing a shifting climate and rapid forest loss.
The efficiency of voluntary risk classification in insurance markets

It has been established that categorical discrimination based on observable characteristics such as gender, age, or ethnicity enhances efficiency. We consider a different form of risk classification when there exists a costless yet imperfectly informative test of risk type, with the test outcome unknown to the agents ex ante. We show that a voluntary risk classification in which agents are given the option to take the test always increases efficiency compared with no risk classification. Moreover, voluntary risk classification also Pareto dominates a regime of compulsory risk classification in which all agents are required to take the test.
Small Rare Earth Magnets Adhered to Pharyngeal Tissue in a Pediatric Emergency Department Patient

Abstract Background Small rare earth magnets pose a known health risk to children and many cases of ingestion and aspiration with associated complications have been described. More unusual, but also seen in children, are retained foreign bodies in the oropharynx that require extraction. Case Report We present the case of a 3-year-old boy with persistent left-sided sore throat 1 h after ingestion of several 3-mm spherical rare earth magnets. No foreign bodies were visible in the oropharynx on examination; however, a chest radiograph revealed two adjacent magnets within the lower pharyngeal space, as well as four magnets linearly clumped within the small intestine. The patient was taken to the operating room, where visual inspection under general anesthesia revealed two magnets adhered to the pharyngoepiglottic folds (one on the laryngeal surface and one on the glottic surface). They were removed in full without issue, preventing aspiration. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Given the recent increase in incidence of rare earth magnet ingestion, emergency providers ought to be aware of the risks and complications associated with magnetic foreign body ingestion in children and the workup and considerations involved in their removal. Providers should also advocate for improved safety controls of these products, which have been found to be effective in the past.
Contraceptive Use and Pregnancy Outcomes Among Women Enrolled in South Carolina Medicaid Programs.

State medicaid programs provide access to effective contraception for people with lower incomes. This study examined contraception use and pregnancy among reproductive-age women enrolled in the South Carolina Medicaid, by eligibility program and socio-demographic sub-groups. A retrospective cohort of women aged 15–45 who were newly eligible for South Carolina Medicaid from 2012 to 2016 was examined. Log-binomial regression and average marginal effects assessed relationships between contraception use and pregnancies ending in live and non-live births. Contraception was categorized as permanent, long acting reversible contraception (LARC), short-acting hormonal contraception (SAC), or no contraceptive claims. Women with family planning or full-benefit medicaid coverage were included. Approximately 11% of women used LARC methods, 41% used SAC methods, and 46% had no evidence of contraceptive claims. Method utilization varied by eligibility program, race/ethnicity and age. The likelihood of pregnancy was lower among SAC users and lowest among LARC users compared to women with no evidence of contraception across all three programs (family planning APR = 0.44; 95% CI 0.41–0.49 and APR = 0.13, 95% CI 0.10–0.17; Low income families APR = 0.82; 95% CI 0.77–0.88 and APR = 0.33, 95% CI 0.28–0.38; Partners for Healthy Children APR = 0.72; 95% CI 0.68–0.77 and APR = 0.35, 95% CI 0.30–0.43, respectively). Non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic teens were less likely to experience a pregnancy than non-Hispanic white teens. The likelihood of pregnancy was lower among women using SAC methods and markedly lower among women using LARC. Variation in contraceptive use among racial/ethnic groups was noted despite Medicaid coverage. As new policies and initiatives emerge, these findings provide important context for understanding the role of Medicaid programs in reducing financial barriers to contraceptive services and ensuring access to effective contraception, while fostering reproductive health autonomy among women.
Remodeling American Sentencing: A Blueprint for Moving Past Mass Incarceration

When and if the will to roll back mass incarceration and create just, fair, and effective sentencing systems becomes manifest, the way forward is clear: -First, three-strikes, mandatory minimum sentence, and comparable laws should be repealed. -Second, any three-strikes, mandatory minimum sentence, or similar laws that are not repealed should be radically narrowed in scope and severity. -Third, any three-strikes, mandatory minimum sentence, and similar laws that are not repealed should be changed to include provisions authorizing judges to impose some other sentence “in the interest of justice.” -Fourth, LWOP laws should be repealed, or radically narrowed. -Fifth, truth-in-sentencing laws should be repealed. -Sixth, criminal codes should be amended to set substantially lower maximum sentences scaled to the seriousness of crimes. -Seventh, every state should establish a sentencing commission and promulgate a presumptive sentencing guidelines system. -Eighth, any state that does not establish an effective set of presumptive sentencing guidelines should establish a system of parole guidelines. -Ninth, every state and the federal government should reduce its combined rate of jail and prison confinement to half its 2014 level by 2020. -Tenth, every state should enact legislation making all prisoners serving fixed terms longer than five years, or indeterminate terms, eligible for consideration for release at the expiration of five years, and all prisoners aged 35 or over eligible for consideration for release after serving three years. These proposals are evidence-based, and mostly technocratic. Those calling for prison population targets and reducing the lengths of sentences being served may appear bold to some. Relative to the problems they address they are modest and partial. Reducing rates of imprisonment by half in the United States, a country with comparatively low crime rates, to a level that will remain 3 to 3.5 times those of other developed Western countries, can hardly be seen as overly ambitious.
Implicit Solvent Simulations of Biomolecules in Cellular Environments

Abstract Implicit solvent models have become popular in molecular dynamics simulations and related applications. In particular, implicit solvent methods based on the Generalized Born formalism are increasingly employed in simulation of biological macromolecules in aqueous solvent. A survey of recent applications is presented and issues related to the choice of the thermostat with implicit solvent are discussed. A new direction is the extension of Generalized Born models to environments with lowered effective dielectric constants and possibly a high degree of heterogeneity. Recent developments in the implicit modeling of crowded cellular environments as low-dielectric media and the modeling of biological membranes as a set of heterogeneous dielectric layers are described.
Photoreactivation studies on yeasts. II. Photoreactivation of the ultraviolet damage producing respiratory deficiency in haploid and tetraploid yeasts.

Abstract The frequency of ultraviolet-induced “petite” variants of yeast is reduced by exposure of irradiated cells to photoreactivating light. The reduction in variants cannot be ascribed to a selective mechanism favoring the survival of the nonvariant type, and it is concluded that the damage producing respiratory deficiency is photoreactivable. With low doses of photoreactivating light, an increase in variant frequency occurs which can be tentatively accounted for by a more rapid increase in the survival ratio of the variant type at these doses. Several possibilities concerning the nature and site(s) of ultraviolet damage producing respiratory deficiency are discussed with reference to the present findings and previous radiation and genetic studies.
Viral receptors and vector purification: new approaches for generating clinical-grade reagents.

Viral receptors and vector purification: New approaches for generating clinical-grade reagents
Trainee Reactions to Learner Control: An Important Link in the E-Learning Equation

This paper examines the benefits and limitations of learner control functionality in the e-learning environment. A quasiexperiment with 237 learners was conducted to examine the role of high-level learner control (i.e. enabling trainee ‘choice’ to complete an e-learning program with or without interactive learner control features versus completion of the program without consideration of personal preference) in trainee reactions and learning in an e-learning environment. Results suggest that high-level learner control positively influences affective and utility-based reactions to these features, which in turn influence overall satisfaction with the e-learning program. Moreover, trainees’ overall satisfaction was found to influence actual learning of the instructional content. Practical and future research implications for providing trainees with highlevel learner control, as well as other state-of-the-art learner control features, are discussed.
Failure of Infant Observation Scales in Detecting Serious Illness in Febrile, 4-to 8-Week-Old Infants

All infants aged 29 to 56 days with rectal temperatures in excess of 38.2 degrees C who presented to the Emergency Department of The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia from July 1987 through July 1988 were studied. Each infant was scored (1 to 5) on each of the six items in the Yale Observation Scale by an Emergency Department attending physician before history and physical examination. Individual scores were then added to yield a total score for each patient. An observation score of 10 or less was indicative of a generally well-appearing child, and a score of 16 or more represented an ill-appearing child. Of 126 infants enrolled, 37 (29%) had serious illness; 12 (9.5%) had culture-proven bacterial disease. Of all infants with an observation score less than or equal to 10 (n = 91), 22% had serious illness, and of all infants with an observation score greater than or equal to 16 (n = 20), only 45% had serious illness. The findings suggest that even in experienced hands, the Yale Observation Scale alone does not provide sufficient data to identify serious illness in febrile, 1- to 2-month-old infants.
RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity of RNA tumor viruses. II. Directing influence of RNA in the reaction

The role of ribonucleic acid (RNA) in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis with the purified DNA polymerase from the avian myeloblastosis virus has been studied. The polymerase catalyzes the synthesis of DNA in the presence of four deoxynucleoside triphosphates, Mg(2+), and a variety of RNA templates including those isolated from avian myeloblastosis, Rous sarcoma, and Rauscher leukemia viruses; phages f2, MS2, and Qbeta; and synthetic homopolymers such as polyadenylate.polyuridylic acid. The enzyme does not initiate the synthesis of new chains but incorporates deoxynucleotides at 3' hydroxyl ends of primer strands. The product is an RNA.DNA hybrid in which the two polynucleotide components are covalently linked. Free DNA has not been detected among the products formed with the purified enzyme in vitro. The DNA synthesized with avian myeloblastosis virus RNA after alkaline hydrolysis has a sedimentation coefficient of 6 to 7S.
Microplate Technique for Determining Accumulation of Metals by Algae

A microplate technique was developed to determine the conditions under which pure cultures of algae removed heavy metals from aqueous solutions. Variables investigated included algal species and strain, culture age (11 and 44 days), metal (mercury, lead, cadmium, and zinc), pH, effects of different buffer solutions, and time of exposure. Plastic, U-bottomed microtiter plates were used in conjunction with heavy metal radionuclides to determine concentration factors for metal-alga combinations. The technique developed was rapid, statistically reliable, and economical of materials and cells. Results (expressed as concentration factors) were in reasonably good agreement with literature values. All species of algae studied removed mercury from solution. Green algae proved better at accumulating cadmium than did blue-green algae. No alga studied removed zinc, perhaps because cells were maintained in the dark during the labeling period. Chlamydomonas sp. proved superior in ability to remove lead from solution.
Probability, Confidence, and the 'Reasonable Jury' Standard

The modern summary judgment standard requires that a judge consider how a "reasonable jury" would resolve a particular dispute. By creating the impression that a judge's analysis at summary judgment replicates that of a jury at trial, the "reasonable jury" standard masks a component of the judge's summary judgment analysis. To appreciate this concept, it is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of probability and confidence. Whereas a jury primarily -- if not exclusively -- engages in a probability analysis, a judge performs both a probability and confidence analysis. This article discusses the dual nature of a judge's summary judgment inquiry through a reconsideration of Professor Tribe's "blue bus" hypothetical. In addition, this article demonstrates how the "reasonable jury" standard makes it difficult to identify the confidence concept as a component of federal procedure.
Mutations in XRS2 and RAD50 delay but do not prevent mating-type switching in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a large number of genes in the RAD52 epistasis group has been implicated in the repair of chromosomal double-strand breaks and in both mitotic and meiotic homologous recombination. While most of these genes are essential for yeast mating-type (MAT) gene switching, neither RAD50 nor XRS2 is required to complete this specialized mitotic gene conversion process. Using a galactose-inducible HO endonuclease gene to initiate MAT switching, we have examined the effect of null mutations of RAD50 and of XRS2 on intermediate steps of this recombination event. Both rad50 and xrs2 mutants exhibit a marked delay in the completion of switching. Both mutations reduce the extent of 5'-to-3' degradation from the end of the HO-created double-strand break. The steps of initial strand invasion and new DNA synthesis are delayed by approximately 30 min in mutant cells. However, later events are still further delayed, suggesting that XRS2 and RAD50 affect more than one step in the process. In the rad50 xrs2 double mutant, the completion of MAT switching is delayed more than in either single mutant, without reducing the overall efficiency of the process. The XRS2 gene encodes an 854-amino-acid protein with no obvious similarity to the Rad50 protein or to any other protein in the database. Overexpression of RAD50 does not complement the defects in xrs2 or vice versa.
The Draining of a Vertical Plate

When a vessel of liquid has been emptied and put aside, a thin film of liquid clings to the inside and gradually drains down to the bottom under the action of gravity. The layer being thin, the motion is very nearly laminar flow, and the curvature of the surface in a horizontal direction may be ignored. Thus the problem for a cylindrical vessel is reducible to that of a wet plate standing vertically.
How Stake Holder Groups Define Quality in Child Care.

This paper presents definitions of child care quality from focus groups conducted to develop a research design to assess the quality of Minnesota's regulated child care system. Eleven individual interviews and 38 focus groups involving 333 people were held in communities throughout Minnesota between 1-11-00 and 6-14-00. The focus groups represented the various stake holders interested in child care quality including parents, legislators, child care staff and administrators, licensed and unlicensed family child care providers, family and center based child care licensors, child care resource and referral staff, and teacher educators. Beginning first with the traditional definition of child care quality (what is good for the child) and related quality indicators, the author presents Katz's (Multiple perspectives on the quality of early childhood programs) four dimensional definition of child care quality and the associated research investigating these dimensions. The similarities and differences in various stake holder groups' definitions of child care quality are then presented and compared with Love, Schocket, & Meckstroth's review of child care research. The paper ends with a discussion how stake holders' definitions of child care quality may inform researchers and policymakers about child care quality.
Ranked Sparse Signal Support Detection

This paper considers the problem of detecting the support (sparsity pattern) of a sparse vector from random noisy measurements. Conditional power of a component of the sparse vector is defined as the energy conditioned on the component being nonzero. Analysis of a simplified version of orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) called sequential OMP (SequOMP) demonstrates the importance of knowledge of the rankings of conditional powers. When the simple SequOMP algorithm is applied to components in nonincreasing order of conditional power, the detrimental effect of dynamic range on thresholding performance is eliminated. Furthermore, under the most favorable conditional powers, the performance of SequOMP approaches maximum likelihood performance at high signal-to-noise ratio.
Radar rainfall estimation for flash flood forecasting in small urban watersheds

Abstract Radar rainfall estimation for flash flood forecasting in small, urban catchments is examined through analyses of radar, rain gage and discharge observations from the 14.3 km2 Dead Run drainage basin in Baltimore County, Maryland. The flash flood forecasting problem pushes the envelope of rainfall estimation to time and space scales that are commensurate with the scales at which the fundamental governing laws of land surface processes are derived. Analyses of radar rainfall estimates are based on volume scan WSR-88D reflectivity observations for 36 storms during the period 2003–2005. Gage-radar analyses show large spatial variability of storm total rainfall over the 14.3 km2 basin for flash flood producing storms. The ability to capture the detailed spatial variation of rainfall for flash flood producing storms by WSR-88D rainfall estimates varies markedly from event to event. As spatial scale decreases from the 14.3 km2 scale of the Dead Run watershed to 1 km2 (and the characteristic time scale of flash flood producing rainfall decreases from 1 h to 15 min) the predictability of flash flood response from WSR-88D rainfall estimates decreases sharply. Storm to storm variability of multiplicative bias in storm total rainfall estimates is a dominant element of the error structure of radar rainfall estimates, and it varies systematically over the warm season and with flood magnitude. Analyses of the 7 July 2004 and 28 June 2005 storms illustrate microphysical and dynamical controls on radar estimation error for extreme flash flood producing storms.
Theoretical studies of Li(H2O)19+, Li(H2O)20+ and Li(H2O)21+ clusters

Abstract Li ( H 2 O ) 19 - 21 + clusters with broken and distorted dodecahedral cages (metal in cavity) are studied by optimizing geometry at the B3LYP/6-311++G** level. The stabilization energy per monomer (SEP) for the Li ( H 2 O ) 19 + cluster (15.2 kcal/mol) is almost the same as that for the Li ( H 2 O ) 20 + cluster (15.1 kcal/mol) with a relatively large drop in the SEP value to 14.8 kcal/mol for the Li ( H 2 O ) 21 + cluster. While Li in Li ( H 2 O ) 20 + is negatively charged, it is neutral in Li ( H 2 O ) 19 + , and may favor the formation of Li ( H 2 O ) 20 + over Li ( H 2 O ) 19 + and hence, a magic peak in mass spectrum is expected at Li ( H 2 O ) 20 + .
Angiotensin converting enzyme activity in mice after subacute bleomycin administration.

Abstract Multiple ip or sc injections of bleomycin (BLM) in mice elevated the serum and pulmonary activities of the peptidyl dipeptidase, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). ACE activity in lungs of mice treated every 3 days with BLM (9 mg/kg) was elevated 33, 36, and 45 days after the initiation of ip drug administration. After 12 BLM injections the increases in enzyme activities were dose related, with mice receiving the largest cumulative dose (108 mg/kg) having the greatest increase (53%) in lung ACE activity above control values. Mice treated every 3 days sc also had elevated pulmonary ACE activities after 15 injections, although liver and spleen activities were unaltered and the activities in the kidneys were reduced over 70% from control values. In addition to elevated lung ACE activity, serum ACE activity was increased 22 and 26% in mice treated ip and sc, respectively. A marked elevation in lung collagen as measured by lung hydroxyproline content was detected at the time of increased lung and serum ACE activity. Mice injected ip more frequently but with a lower dose of BLM (1.5 mg/kg, 2×/day, 5 days/week × 5 weeks) displayed no change in pulmonary ACE activity and hydroxyproline content even though they had received, over the same time period, a cumulative dose of BLM equal to that achieved by injecting 9 mg/kg of BLM every 3 days × 12. These data indicate that, subacute treatment of mice with BLM leads to an elevation in pulmonary and serum ACE activity and a decrease in renal ACE activity at the time of the development of fibrosis. The increase in lung ACE activity and hydroxyproline content appears to depend not only upon the total cumulative dose but also the dosage schedule. The elevation in serum ACE activity may reflect the loss of kidney enzyme or the shedding of pulmonary enzyme.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ROOT SYSTEM OF ALLIUM CEPA L.

The present paper is concerned with some observations made by the writer on the development of the root system of A Ilium cepa L., in an experiment in which the behavior of onion plants was studied in water and soil cultures. It was observed that the roots formed at the time of germination died at about the time of the formation of the bulb, and that new ones then developed and carried the plants through their complete life cycle. These observations on the behavior of the onion plants initiated a niumber of thoughts in the mind of the writer in connection with certain root diseases, particularly those in which the pathogenicity of the causal organism is doubtful. The following studies were made for the purpose of throwing more light on this quite important subject.