cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Generalized K Statistic for Estimating Phylogenetic Signal from Shape and Other High-Dimensional Multivariate Data

Phylogenetic signal is the tendency for closely related species to display similar trait values due to their common ancestry. Several methods have been developed for quantifying phylogenetic signal in univariate traits and for sets of traits treated simultaneously, and the statistical properties of these approaches have been extensively studied. However, methods for assessing phylogenetic signal in high-dimensional multivariate traits like shape are less well developed, and their statistical performance is not well characterized. In this article, I describe a generalization of the K statistic of Blomberg et al. that is useful for quantifying and evaluating phylogenetic signal in highly dimensional multivariate data. The method (Kmult) is found from the equivalency between statistical methods based on covariance matrices and those based on distance matrices. Using computer simulations based on Brownian motion, I demonstrate that the expected value of Kmult remains at 1.0 as trait variation among species is increased or decreased, and as the number of trait dimensions is increased. By contrast, estimates of phylogenetic signal found with a squared-change parsimony procedure for multivariate data change with increasing trait variation among species and with increasing numbers of trait dimensions, confounding biological interpretations. I also evaluate the statistical performance of hypothesis testing procedures based on Kmult and find that the method displays appropriate Type I error and high statistical power for detecting phylogenetic signal in high- dimensional data. Statistical properties of Kmult were consistent for simulations using bifurcating and random phylogenies, for simulations using different numbers of species, for simulations that varied the number of trait dimensions, and for different underlying models of trait covariance structure. Overall these findings demonstrate that Kmult provides a useful means of evaluating phylogenetic signal in high-dimensional multivariate traits. Finally, I illustrate the utility of the new approach by evaluating the strength of phylogenetic signal for head shape in a lineage of Plethodon salamanders. (Geometric morphometrics; macroevolution; morphological evolution; phylogenetic comparative method.)
Microlevel Structuration in Computer-Supported Group Decision Making

The theory of Structuration focuses on how actions by members of social collectives create the structures that enable and constrain future action. Most previous research on Structuration in groups and organizations used qualitative case studies because Structuration is quite complex. This study introduces a method for the study of Structuration in larger samples of groups or organizations. A category system for the identification of structuring moves is described, along with several methods for characterizing short- and long-term trends in Structuration processes. The method is used to study how groups incorporate a computerized group decision support system (GDSS) into their decision processes. GDSSs are part of a class of new computer and communication technologies designed to help groups improve their meetings and make better decisions. Because GDSSs must be used by a group rather than an individual, social processes are critical in determining their effects on group outcomes. GDSSs influence groups by structuring their activities, and structurational processes are critical mediators of the impacts of GDSSs on group decision making. The study focused on the effects of restrictiveness of GDSS technology on Structuration processes and, in turn, on the relation of Structuration to a key group outcome, consensus change. The results suggest that two major types of structuring processes occur in computer-supported groups and that the nature of structuration is related to degree of consensus change.
Probability matching, accuracy maximization, and a test of the optimal classifier’s independence assumption in perceptual categorization

Observers completed perceptual categorization tasks that included 25 base-rate/payoff conditions constructed from the factorial combination of five base-rate ratios (1:3, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1) with five payoff ratios (1:3, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1). This large database allowed an initial comparison of the competition between reward and accuracy maximization (COBRA) hypothesis with a competition between reward maximization and probability matching (COBRM) hypothesis, and an extensive and critical comparison of the flat-maxima hypothesis with the independence assumption of the optimal classifier. Model-based instantiations of the COBRA and COBRM hypotheses provided good accounts of the data, but there was a consistent advantage for the COBRM instantiation early in learning and for the COBRA instantiation later in learning. This pattern held in the present study and in a reanalysis of Bohil and Maddox (2003). Strong support was obtained for the flat-maxima hypothesis over the independence assumption, especially as the observers gained experience with the task. Model parameters indicated that observers’ reward-maximizing decision criterion rapidly approaches the optimal value and that more weight is placed on accuracy maximization in separate base-rate/payoff conditions than in simultaneous base-rate/payoff conditions. The superiority of the flat-maxima hypothesis suggests that violations of the independence assumption are to be expected, and are well captured by the flat-maxima hypothesis, with no need for any additional assumptions.
Spectroscopic Constraints on Models of Ion Cyclotron Resonance Heating in the Polar Solar Corona and High-Speed Solar Wind

Using empirical ion velocity distributions derived from Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer (UVCS) and Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation (SUMER) ultraviolet spectroscopy, we construct theoretical models of the nonequilibrium plasma state of the polar solar corona. The primary energy deposition mechanism we investigate is the dissipation of high-frequency (10-10,000 Hz) ion cyclotron resonant Alfven waves which can heat and accelerate ions differently depending on their charge and mass. We solve the internal energy conservation equations for the ion temperature components parallel and perpendicular to the superradially expanding magnetic field lines and use empirical constraints for the remaining parameters. We find that it is possible to explain many of the kinetic properties of the plasma (such as high perpendicular ion temperatures and strong temperature anisotropies) with relatively small amplitudes for the resonant waves. There is suggestive evidence for steepening of the Alfven wave spectrum between the coronal base and the largest heights observed spectroscopically, and it is important to take Coulomb collisions into account to understand observations at the lowest heights. Because the ion cyclotron wave dissipation is rapid, the extended heating seems to demand a constantly replenished population of waves over several solar radii. This indicates that the waves are generated gradually throughout the wind rather than propagated up from the base of the corona.
The Central American species of Diplonevra Lioy (Diptera: Phoridae)

The species of Diplonevra Lioy of Central America are reviewed, with particular attention to the structure at the base of the posterior face of the hind femur. Six species are recognized, five of which are new to science: D. ereba, D. goliatha, D. hypermeka, D. truncatiseta, and D. gnoma. The sole described species, D. setigera (Malloch), is found to be a senior synonym of the North American D. gaudialis (Cockerell) and the Brazilian D. impressa (Borgmeier), both new synonyms.
Reports of Violence and Relationship Addiction: Triggers to Alcohol and Other Drug Relapse

Relapse is the most common outcome of programs treating addictive behaviors (James, 1993) with rates as high as 50%-90% (Brownell et al., 1986). Women who cycle back into treatment for alcohol and other drug dependence after short periods of abstinence create a dilemma for addictions nurses and counselors. Often the addict encounters opposition by friends and family when entering treatment and delayed or misdirected treatment by professionals who fail to recognize symptoms and promote action in clinical practice (Finkelstein, 1994; Beckman and Amaro, 1986).
The Value of Taxon-focused Science: 30 Years of Elasmobranchs in Biological Research and Outreach

Due to an intense level of interest from the media, the public, conservation NGOs, and policymakers, the scientific study of charismatic megafauna is perceived by some researchers as associated with glory-seeking or other less-than-noble behavior. However, the study of elasmobranchs has led to important discoveries in the fields of physiology, evolution, neurobiology, behavior, and ecology that would not have been possible with other study systems. These animals are ecologically and economically important, and many species are of great conservation concern. Additionally, public interest in these animals can be leveraged for science and conservation education and outreach efforts, and they can be used as “flagship species” for conservation and management policy. In this paper, we discuss the value of taxon-focused scientific research using examples from the work of American Elasmobranch Society scientists. We argue for the importance of taxon-based societies, such as the American Elasmobranch Society (AES)...
Medulloepithelioma: A triad of clinical features.

Background: Intraocular medulloepithelioma arises from the primitive medullary epithelium and is diagnosed at a median age of five years. This tumor most commonly appears as a white, gray, or yellow-colored ciliary body tumor. The growth of medulloepithelioma is slow and it is locally invasive. Poor vision and pain are the most common presenting symptoms. The most common clinical signs include cyst or mass in iris, anterior chamber or ciliary body, glaucoma, and cataract. Case: A 22-month-old Caucasian female twin presented with leukocoria and poor vision in OS. Examination revealed normal findings OD and a mass in OS. Based on the clinical features of leukocoria, lens changes and a white cystic ciliary body mass in a young child, ultrasonographic, and transillumination features, the lesion was diagnosed as a non-pigmented ciliary epithelial medulloepithelioma. After enucleation, the diagnosis of malignant teratoid medulloepithelioma of the non-pigmented ciliary epithelium was confirmed. There was no evidence of tumor recurrence or systemic metastasis at three years follow-up. Conclusion: Medulloepithelioma in a child can present as a clinical triad of leukocoria, lens changes, and a white cystic ciliary body mass.
The Rise of Culinary Tourism and Its Transformation of Food Cultures: The National Cuisine og Taiwan

The rise of culinary tourism reflects political and economic transformations in Taiwan. This paper examines the relationship between the anxiety of the identity crisis is bubbling up in Taiwan and the way in which dietary culture becomes an important part of identity practice. Traditional Taiwanese cuisine has recently been given new recognition through the practice of culinary tourism. Previously disappearing ethnic foods have regained visibility in the haute cuisine market. The trend of ethnic cuisine restoration is a worldwide phenomenon; yet, in the Taiwanese case, it is unique because the particular food consumption pattern reflects the reconstruction of national identity as a significant reaction to previous colonial experiences and the globalization of food cultures. By analyzing the political transformations at macroscale of nation-state and the social phenomenon at microscale of food cultures, I will illustrate the social milieu which accounts for the changing cultural images of Taiwanese foods, as well as the way in which cultural identity is fashioned by producing and consuming these cultural images.
Systemic Teriparatide Administration Promotes Osseous Regeneration of an Intrabony Defect: A Case Report

Introduction: Teriparatide comprises the first 34 amino acids of parathyroid hormone and is a systemic anabolic agent that is Food and Drug Administration approved for the treatment of osteoporosis but not for periodontitis. To our knowledge, this is the first clinical case report to document the treatment of a patient with severe periodontitis using an open-flap debridement procedure in conjunction with teriparatide.Case Presentation: A 45-year-old female patient was diagnosed with severe chronic periodontitis, including the presence of an intrabony defect on tooth #6. She received open-flap debridement surgery in conjunction with daily systemic administration of 20 μg teriparatide, oral vitamin D, and calcium supplements for 6 weeks. Radiographic, clinical, gingival crevicular fluid (pyridinoline cross-linked carboxy-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen, procollagen type 1 N-propeptide, and osteocalcin), and serum parameters (parathyroid hormone, bone alkaline phosphatase, calcium, and 25-hydroxyvi...
Point-of-use hybrid inventory policy for hospitals

Modern point-of-use technology at hospitals has enabled new replenishment policies for medical supplies. One of these new policies, which we call the hybrid policy, is currently in use at a large U.S. Midwest hospital. The hybrid policy combines a low-cost periodic replenishment epoch with a high-cost continuous replenishment option to avoid costly stockouts. We study this new hybrid policy under deterministic and stochastic demand. We develop a parameter search engine using simulation to optimize the long-run average cost per unit time and, via a computational study, we provide insights on the benefits (reduction in cost, inventory, and number of replenishments) that hospitals may obtain by using the hybrid policy instead of the commonly used periodic policies. We also use the optimal hybrid policy parameters from the deterministic analysis to propose approximate expressions for the stochastic hybrid policy parameters that can be easily used by hospital management.
Revolutionary Collective Action and the Agent-Structure Problem.

Unraveling the nexus between agents and structures is fundamental to an understanding of political and social change. The two most prominent methodological approaches to explain revolutionary collective action involve either individual reductionism or structural reductionism. Both approaches result in theoretical inconsistencies and/or explanatory anomalies. An alternative proposed here utilizes the concept of framing developed in behavioral decision theory primarily by Quatrone and Tversky. It directly addresses the agent-structure problem by developing the proposition that individuals evoke alternative decision rules in different structural contexts. The result is greater theoretical coherence and resolution of anomalous cases. Additionally, this model begins to define a new role for ideology in explanations of revolutionary collective action.
DroidMLN: A Markov Logic Network Approach to Detect Android Malware

Traditional data mining mechanisms with their robustly defined classification techniques have certain limitations to express to what extent the class labels of the test data hold. This problem leads to the fact that a false positive or false negative data point has no quantitative value to express to what degree it is false/true. This situation becomes much severe when it comes to the problem of Malware detection for a growing business market like Android applications. To address the need for a more fine grained model to measure the fitness of the classification we used Markov Logic Network for the first time to detect Android Malwares.
UML for Embedded Systems Specification and Design: Motivation and Overview

The specification, design and implementation of embedded systems demands new approaches which go beyond traditional hardware-based notations such as HDLs. The growing dominance of software in embedded systems design requires a careful look at the latest methods for software specification and analysis. The development of the Unified Modeling Language (UML), and a number of extension proposals in the realtime domain holds promise for the development of new design flows which move beyond static and traditional partitions of hardware and software. However, UML as currently defined lacks several key capabilities. In this paper, we will survey the requirements for system-level design of embedded systems, and give an overview of the extensions required to UML that will be dealt with in more detail in the related papers. In particular, we will discuss how the notions of platform-based design intersect with a UML based development approach.
Study of the non-covalent interactions in Langmuir–Blodgett films: An interplay between π−π and dipole–dipole interactions

Abstract This work describes Langmuir–Blodgett (L–B) monolayer and multilayer assemblies constructed from a series of NLO-active azo-benzene derivatives possessing terminal moieties of variable dipole moment. The terminal groups are electron acceptors (acetyl, nitro, and cyano) and are connected to a common amphiphilic azo-benzene segment. Our experimental and theoretical results show that the interplay between two dominant non-covalent interactions within the assemblies, namely dipolar and π−π stacking interactions, dictate the packing density, structural order, as well as the electronic properties of the final films. L–B films of the acetyl derivative, which has the weakest total dipole across the azo-benzene chromophore, exhibits the highest packing density and the largest blue shift in the UV–visible absorption spectrum. This is rationalized by relatively strong π−π interactions between the azo-benzene chromophores overwhelming weak intermolecular dipole–dipole interactions. More importantly, the small internal dipole in the acetyl functional groups encourages packing in a configuration that lowers the overall energy and increases the packing density. In the case of the cyano and nitro derivatives, both L–B films show decrease in packing density and a weaker electronic coupling due to unfavorable overall dipole interaction that offsets the π−π interaction. We show that such unfavorable interactions lead to the formation of a staggered and loosely packed configuration. Our work demonstrates that a subtle difference in molecular structure can have a dramatic impact on aggregation, and consequently on the electronic and optical properties of nano-assemblies. This work demonstrates a way of controlling the formation of nanoscale structures at the molecular level through the control of noncovalent interactions.
Decentralized trust-based access control for dynamic collaborative environments

The goal of this research was to create a decentralized trust-based access control (TBAC) system for a dynamic collaborative environment (DCE). By building a privilege management infrastructure (PMI) based on trust, user access was determined using behavior grading without the need for pre-configured, centrally managed role hierarchies or permission sets. The PMI provided TBAC suitable for deployment in a rapidly assembled, highly fluid, collaborative environment. DCEs were assembled and changed membership as required to achieve the goals of the group. A feature of these environments was that there was no way of knowing who would join the group, no way refusing anyone entry into the and no way of determining how long members would remain in the group. DCEs were formed quickly to enable participants to share information while, at the same time, allowing them to retain control over the resources that they brought with them to the coalition. This research progressed the state of the art in the fields of access control and trust management. The Trust Management System developed through this research effectively implemented a decentralized access control scheme. Each resource owner independently evaluated the reputation and risk of network members to make access decisions. Because the PMI system used past behavior as an indication of future performance, no a priori user or resource configuration was required.
Chapter 9 General Area of Autoradiography at the Electron Microscope Level

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses some theoretical considerations and technical steps for preparing specimens for electron microscope autoradiography. An optimum specimen for electron microscope autoradiography consists of a high-contrast thin section coated with a uniform monolayer of an emulsion that has silver halide crystals of the minimum size compatible with adequate sensitivity. Of primary importance for resolution, sensitivity, and quantitation is the formation of the emulsion layer. The factors involved in emulsion coating are considered and criteria established for evaluating thickness and uniformity of the emulsion layers over the autoradiographic specimen. Problems of contrast, sensitivity, resolution, and quantitation are also discussed and all applied to a recommended specimen preparation procedure. Most efficient utilization of autoradiography combines all the available techniques going from the light microscope level, with its relatively thick sections and thus high radioactivity but low resolution, through two stages of electron microscope autoradiography, gaining resolution through thinner sections at the expense of radioactivity and through finer grained emulsions at the expense of stability and convenience.
Controls on Changes in the West Antarctic Ice Sheet

The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is changing now. The cause for these changes lies with the mechanical controls on the flow of ice streams. These controls are associated with basal friction and with lateral drag. The ice sheet is changing largely independently of forcings by global sea level and climate, and is rather a forcing for sea level.
Finite Element Analysis of Various Projectiles Modeled as Bullets

The objective of this research work was to perform a flow simulation around a running bullet and then compare and analyze three types of widely used bullet models. These are 7.62mm × 39mm, 7.62mm × 51mm, and 5.56mm × 45mm caliber popular NATO rounds respectively. Due to limited processing and computational resources, these bullet are modeled as cylindrical projectiles of similar length and diameter. Finite element analysis (FEA) are performed on these models using ANSYS explicit dynamics analysis code to investigate the effect of high velocity impact of these projectiles on a concrete plate. Three different types of meshing (coarse, fine, and fine with curvature) for each of these three cases have been used. Each projectile was fired at a different velocity. These velocities are selected in consultation with Hornady Manufacturing, Inc which has done extensive research on these bullets. The selected firing velocities for 7.62mm × 39mm, 7.62mm × 51mm, and 5.56mm × 45mm caliber bullets are 2021ft/s, 2539.4ft/s 2706.7ft/s respectively.Overall, the simulation result of explicit dynamics clearly demonstrated cavitation and mushrooming of projectiles when impacting a 0.25 inch concrete plate. The 5.56mm × 45mm projectile seemed to have the largest overall total deformation values of 2.0303, 1.0487, and 0.26079 feet as obtained from simulation of the three types of mashing. This can be attributed due to the higher velocity (2706.7ft/sec) as compared to the other two cases. Similarly, the 7.63mm × 39mm has the highest average change of velocity of 144.7, 92.3, and 99.6ft/sec respectively from the three types of meshing among the three bullets which can be attributed due to its lowest impact velocity (2021ft/s).Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Ignition of composite solid propellants: Model development, experiments, and validation

In this work, ignition of the aluminized composite solid propellant used in the space shuttle by a radiant source is experimentally and numerically investigated. A critical ignition temperature model (Tign=600 K) for an inertly heated solid with in-depth absorption is demonstrated to provide reasonable estimates of ignition times over a range of fluxes from 20-200 W/cm. Experimental data for comparison includes selfsustained deflagration (go/no-go) and first-light times. It was found that for 10.6-μm radiation the firstlight and go/no-go boundary times were quite similar at low fluxes, with a time vs. flux slope near -1.8 on a log-log plot. A slight slope break near 80 W/cm was observed in the go/no-go boundary results, leading to a slope of -1.45 between 100 and 200 W/cm. The model matches the slope over the range of fluxes reasonably well, including the slope break. The first visible light emission was generally observed at or near the surface of the propellant, rather than in the gas phase. The effects of a slight room temperature convective crossflow (hc 140 W/m K) on ignition times were also investigated.
Improving Student Performance in a Management Science Course With Supplemental Tutorial Videos

The authors describe the implementation and assessment of supplementary online video tutorials in a management science course. The videos were a mix of existing videos curated from the web and new videos created by the instructors of the course. Students were encouraged to use the resources with grade incentives. Students who used more of these resources performed significantly better in the course. In addition, most of the students perceived the videos as helpful.
Euthanizing Small Charities: The Threat of Small Trust Termination Statutes

With the widespread adoption of the Uniform Trust Code, many American states are enacting statutes that grant a trustee full discretion to terminate a trust on the sole ground that it has too little money to justify administrative expenses. This Article argues that there are two key costs of terminating small charities: depleting democracy in philanthropy and shrinking diversity in charitable focus. To support these claims of harm to democracy and diversity in charity, the Article reviews empirical evidence mined from tax returns: first, on disparity between charitable goals of the well-funded trust and the less-so, and second, on diversity of focus in smaller versus larger charities. The analysis reveals that smaller charities do tend to have different substantive primary goals than larger charities and that smaller charities do demonstrate more variety in focus than larger charities. We therefore may threaten democratic and diverse charity when terminating small charitable trusts, and ought to be reluctant to put our smaller charities to sleep.
Abstract A77: PVT1 exon 9 overexpression as a potential biomarker of prostate cancer in black men

Prostate cancer (PC) is disproportionately aggressive in Black men and is associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms around regions 2 and 3 of the 8q24 human chromosomal region. Variants of this region interact with the non-protein coding gene locus, PVT1, in PC. And, PVT1 is overexpressed in PC. The PVT1 gene locus has at least 12 exons that make separate transcripts. It is possible that these transcripts may have different functions. However, the role of PVT1 transcripts in PC is unknown. Our aim is to determine if PVT1 transcripts play a role in aggressiveness and racial disparity in PC. We used a panel of five PC cell lines: PC-3 (from a White man with aggressive androgen-independent PC); MDA PCa 2b (from a Black man with aggressive androgen-dependent PC (ADPC)); RWPE-1 (epithelial prostate cells from normal prostate of a White man); WPE1-NA22 (tumorigenic cells derived from RWPE-1 cells from a White man, tumors are ADPC and indolent), and VCaP (from a White man with ADPC). Ribonucleic acid (RNA) extraction, complimentary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) synthesis, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were performed to evaluate expression of all twelve PVT1 exons. Each qPCR was performed in quadruplicates. Four separate qPCR experiments were performed. Expression of PVT1 exons was inconsistent except for exon 9. There was no significant difference in exon 9 expression between RWPE1, WPE1-NA22, PC-3, and VCaP cells derived from White men. However, exon 9 expression in the MDA PCa 2b cell line derived from a Black man was significantly higher than in the other four cell lines by at least 61%. Consequently, we observed differential expression of exon 9 of PVT1 in a manner that suggests that exon 9 may be associated with PC in Black men. These data provide a basis for further examining the function and mechanisms of action of PVT1 exon 9 in PC in Black men. Citation Format: Olorunseun O. Ogunwobi, Adeodat Ilboudo. PVT1 exon 9 overexpression as a potential biomarker of prostate cancer in black men. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Seventh AACR Conference on The Science of Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; Nov 9-12, 2014; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015;24(10 Suppl):Abstract nr A77.
Epidemiology of HIV-1 infection in rural Georgia: demographic trends and analysis at the Medical College of Georgia.

We have conducted a retrospective study of 100 HIV-infected patients enrolled in an AZT monotherapy clinical study at the Medical College of Georgia (MCG) in Augusta, Georgia. When compared to the national trends, our results confirm previous studies that describe an overall increase in the burden of HIV infections among blacks, and, in particular, black women in the rural Southeast. In our cohort, infections due to homosexual contact accounted for approximately 40% of all cases while heterosexual contact and intravenous drug use (IDU) comprised 33% and 13%, respectively. Infections attributable to all other risk factors accounted for the remaining 14%. Relative to national surveillance data, we observed an increase in the prevalence of HIV infections among blacks, and heterosexually acquired infections, particularly among black women. Our analysis illustrates the dynamic nature of the current U.S. epidemic which appears to be shifting both in terms of its demographic and epidemiological profile. These data may indicate that national surveillance data may not reflect the dynamic nature of current demographic trends in HIV incidence, particularly as evidenced in the rural Southeast. This suggests that hospital or laboratory based cross-sectional studies, like ours, that analyze demographic variables of HIV-infected clinic attendees may be necessary to more accurately assess the leading edge of the HIV epidemic in rural, non-metropolitan areas.
CATALOG DESIGN: SELECTION USING AVAILABLE ASSETS CATALOG DESIGN: SELECTION USING AVAILABLE ASSETS

Catalog design is a procedure in which a system is assembled by selecting standard components from catalogs of available components. Selection in design involves making a choice among a number of alternatives based on several attributes. The information available to a designer during the early stages of project initiation1 may be uncertain. A designer then has to balance limited resources against the quality of solution. This complex task becomes formidable when dealing with coupled selection problems, that is problems which must be solved simultaneously. Coupled selection problems share a number of coupling attributes. An earlier paper has shown how selection problems, both coupled and uncoupled can be reformulated as a single compromise Decision Support Problem (DSP) using a deterministic model. This paper shows how to extend this to a nondeterministic case. Fuzzy set theory is used to model imprecision and Bayesian statistics to model stochastic information. Formulations with solution schemes are prese...
Dreams from the Podium

This article tells a story about teaching as an act of love, about an instructor who discovered theater as a teaching tool and combined it with working class values and rituals in order to remake the culture of higher education in a classroom of adult learners. The story speaks to the intersection of the arts, Jesuit values of higher education and the person/background of the teacher at just the right time. The story is one of humility.
Identifying Factors for Human Desire Inference in Smart Home Environments

To date, there have been numerous studies focusing on how user’s activity can be identified and predicted without considering motivation driving an action. However, understanding the underlying motivation is a key to activity analysis. On the other hand, user’s desires often generate motivations to engage activities in order to fulfill such desires. Thus, we must study user’s desires in order to provide proper services to make the life of users more comfortable.
Rational library design by functional CDR resampling.

Abstract Successful antibody discovery relies on diversified libraries, where two aspects are implied, namely the absolute number of unique clones and the percentage of functional clones. Instead of pursuing the absolute quantity thresholded by current display technology, we have sought to maximize the effective diversity by improving functional clone percentage. With the combined effort of bioinformatics, structural biology, molecular immunology and phage display technology, we devised a bioinformatic pipeline to construct and validate libraries via combinatorial assembly of sequences from a database of experimentally validated antibodies. Furthermore, we showed that the libraries constructed as such yielded a significantly increased success rate against different antigen types and generated over 20-fold more unique hits per targets compared with libraries based on traditional degenerate nucleotide methods. Our study indicated that predefined CDR sequences with optimized CDR-framework compatibility could be a productive direction of functional library construction for in vitro antibody development.
On the characteristics of buggy code clones: A code quality perspective

Code clone is an immensely studied code smell. Not all the clones in a software system are equally harmful. Earlier work studied various traits of clones including their stability and relationships with program faults against non-cloned code. This paper presents a comparative study on the characteristics of buggy and non-buggy clones from a code quality perspective. In the light of 29 code quality metrics, we study buggy and non-buggy clones in 2,077 revisions of three software systems written in Java. The findings from this work add to the characterization of buggy clones. Such a characterization will be useful in cost-effective clone management and clone-aware software development.
Public Litigation, Private Arbitration?

How should legal disputes be allocated between litigation and arbitration? Given strong incentives for many actors to arbitrate everything, the question turns fundamentally on the scope of arbitration under the applicable law. In "Re-Inventing Arbitration: How Expanding the Scope of Arbitration Is Re-Shaping Its Form and Blurring the Line Between Private and Public Adjudication," Professor Deborah Hensler and Damira Khatam posit that the "public" or "private" nature of a dispute provides the key to whether it belongs in arbitration. While arbitration of private disputes is ok, disputes with "public policy dimensions" belong in the courts. Hensler and Khatam therefore suggest that Congress override Supreme Court decisions mandating arbitration of employment and consumer disputes, which, they contend, would restore domestic arbitration to its proper sphere. But can disputes really be divided into public and private categories that provide the key to whether they belong in arbitration? This Response suggests that on close examination it is exceedingly difficult to identify a reliable proxy for the public or private nature of a dispute. The absence of such a proxy suggests there is an inescapably political dimension to how disputes are allocated between litigation and arbitration. Whether a category of disputes should be heard in a public court because the disputes impact the public interest turns out to depend on contested judgments about where the public interest lies. This, in turn, suggests a more fundamental reason for Congress to revisit the scope of arbitration under the Federal Arbitration Act. If the allocation of disputes between litigation and arbitration is an inescapably political question, it should ideally be addressed by an institution accountable to democratic politics.
Population Genomics of Archaea: Signatures of Archaeal Biology from Natural Populations

Since the advance of high-throughput whole-genome sequencing, microbial population biology has been providing insight into the processes that generate and maintain genomic diversity and shedding light on the complex lives of microorganisms in the natural environment. The domain archaea harbors a wealth of diverse populations useful for studying microbial population biology in highly varied environments, and their deep divergence from Bacteria creates a distinct, independent field of study despite superficial similarities. Today, much of the knowledge derived from archaeal population genomics is the result of culturing individuals from the environment and sequencing isolates, which has enabled the study of population biology for several archaeal species, including mutation rates, recombination rates, and the influence of environmental selection. With a constantly increasing volume of metagenomic data and advancing technology for single-cell genomics, population genomics is making its way into the uncultured majority that has otherwise evaded previous population genomic techniques, and the unique biology of the archaea is poised to enhance our understanding of microbial population biology.
Dietary Patterns and Self-reported Incident Disability in Older Adults.

Background or objectives Disability in older adults is associated with low quality of life and higher mortality. Diet may be a potentially important public health strategy for disability prevention in aging. We examined the relations of the Mediterranean, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diets to functional disability in the Rush Memory and Aging Project. Methods A total of 809 participants (mean age = 80.7 ± 7.2 years, 74% female) without functional disability at baseline were followed for an average of 5.3 years. Standardized measures for self-reported disability including, activities of daily living ADL), instrumental ADL, and mobility disability were assessed annually. The diet scores were computed based on a validated food frequency questionnaire administered at baseline. Results In Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, sex, education, smoking, physical activity, and total calories, the second (hazard ratio = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.60-0.95) and third tertiles (hazard ratio = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.53-0.86) of MIND diet scores had lower rates of ADL disability compared to the lowest tertile (p for trend = .001), whereas only the third tertiles of the Mediterranean (hazard ratio = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.57-0.94) and DASH (hazard ratio = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.59-0.95) diets were significantly associated with ADL disability. Instrumental ADL disability was inversely and linearly associated with the MIND diet score only (p for trend = .04). Mobility disability was associated with the MIND (p for trend = .02), Mediterranean (p for trend = .05) and DASH (p for trend = .02) diet scores. Conclusion These findings are encouraging that diet may be an effective strategy for the prevention of functional disability in older adults.
The World We Have Lost: US Labor in the Obama Years

Organized labor was a strong supporter of Barack Obama’s 2008 presidential campaign. When he was elected, most observers believed his administration would be highly supportive of labor unions. However, that expectation was largely unfulfilled. Labor’s top legislative priority, the Employee Free Choice Act (EFCA), was defeated in 2009. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) was another disappointment, as was the fact that financial institutions got much more support than ordinary workers did from the administration’s efforts to lead the nation out of the financial crisis. Unionization rates continued their long-term decline during the Obama years as well. Obama did appoint several pro-labor officials to key administrative positions, and he also issued many Executive Orders that benefited workers and their unions, but much of what these actions achieved was reversed under Trump. In part because for six of his eight years in power, Republican control over Congress severely constrained Obama’s room for maneuver, organized labor’s gains were minimal under his administration.
Statewide Cross-Sectional Survey of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in California Cow-Calf Herds

Abstract Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis are common protozoal parasites in livestock including beef cattle on rangeland and irrigated pasture. A statewide cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence, species or genotype, and risk factors for fecal shedding of Cryptosporidium and Giardia by cattle from California cow-calf operations. Species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia were determined by molecular fingerprinting. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium (19.8%) and Giardia (41.7%) in fecal samples from calves were approximately twice as high as fecal samples from cows (9.2% and 23.1%, respectively). In addition to age, multivariable logistic regression showed that higher stocking density and a higher number of replacement heifers were positively associated with fecal shedding of Cryptosporidium while longer calving interval, a winter/spring calving season, and higher numbers of replacement heifers were positively associated with shedding of Giardia. The dominant species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in feces from these cow-calf herds were Cryptosporidium ryanae (75%) and assemblage E for Giardia duodenalis (90%), which have low impact on public health compared with other zoonotic species/genotypes of these two parasites. We identified host and potential management practices that can be used to protect cattle health and reduce the risk of surface water contamination with protozoal parasites from cow-calf operations. In addition, this work updated the scientific data regarding the predominance of low zoonotic genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia shed in the feces of commercial cow-calf herds on California rangeland and irrigated pasture.
Effect of CuCO3 Container Wall Treatment and Mycorrhizae Fungi Inoculation of Growing Medium on Pine Seedling Growth and Root Development

Coating the inside surfaces of containers with cupric carbonate (CuCO3) stopped lateral root growth of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) at the conta...
Proceedings of the ACM SIGMETRICS joint international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems

Welcome to San Jose, to ACM's Federated Computing Research Conference (FCRC), and to SIGMETRICS 2011! We are proud to carry on the SIGMETRICS tradition of presenting highquality, innovative research on the measurement and modeling of computer systems. The program includes papers on a wide variety of topics, including resource allocation, multicore processing, network protocols, failure analysis, power management and network characterization, using a wide variety of techniques, including mathematical analysis, simulation, emulation, prototype experimentation, observation of real systems, and combinations thereof. SIGMETRICS 2011 received 177 submissions, from which 26 papers were accepted, for an acceptance rate of 15%. Additionally, 20 submissions were selected to appear as posters, leading to a combined paper and poster acceptance rate of 26%. Each paper received at least three reviews from PC members. Over 90% of papers received four or more reviews. Overall, program committee and external reviewers provided a total of 756 reviews. The review process was conducted online using the HotCRP conference management software over a period of two months. The program committee meeting, held at Columbia University in New York, NY, in January 2011, was attended in person by 36 of the 57 PC members, and "virtually" by another four members. During the review, deliberation, and decision process, we emphasized novelty and excitement: papers that took risks and were controversial were viewed more favorably than solid papers that provided limited new insights and took limited risks. As a result, we expect the program to generate active discussion.
Data Donation as a Model for Citizen Science Health Research

New computational and sensing innovations, coupled with increasingly affordable access to consumer health technologies, allow individuals to generate personal health information that they are then able to submit to a shared archive or repository. This paper presents data donation as a model for health-focused citizen science, with special attention to the ethical challenges and opportunities that this model presents. We also highlight some existing data donation projects curated by citizen scientists. After describing data donation in more detail, including its relationship to movements like the Quantified Self and research in personalized medicine, we report findings from the Health Data Exploration (HDE) Project’s second annual Network Meeting, which was focused on data donation. These findings include identification of four challenges for the ethical conduct of health-focused data donation research: Participant protection, representativeness, incentives to participate, and governance. We use these insights as a springboard for further discussion of specific issues, pointing both to the current state of the field and our suggestions about potential pathways for addressing some of the challenges.
Measurement of external food cue responsiveness in preschool-age children: Preliminary evidence for the use of the external food cue responsiveness scale.

Abstract Background Conditioned eating in response to external food cues may contribute to obesity risk in young children. Objectives To develop a brief, parent-reported scale to measure external food cue responsiveness for preschool-age children. Methods Focus groups with parents of preschool-age children were conducted to create an initial pool of items reflecting children's behavioral responses to external food cues. Items were included in a nationally-distributed online survey of parents of preschool-age children (n = 456). Factor analysis was used to reduce the initial item pool, the scale's psychometric properties were assessed, and scores were correlated with reported snacking behaviors. Results Nine items met inclusion criteria in the final scale, which had high internal consistency (alpha = 0.86). Final scores were the mean across the nine items. External food cue responsiveness was greater among children with, versus without, usual TV advertisement exposure. Furthermore, greater external food cue responsiveness mediated the relationship between children's usual TV advertisement exposure and snacking during TV viewing. Findings remained statistically significant when adjusted for food responsiveness as measured with the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Conclusions Findings provide preliminary evidence that external food cue responsiveness is measurable by parental report in preschool-age children.
Crowdsourced Hedge Term Disambiguation.

We address the issue of acquiring quality annotations of hedging words and phrases, linguistic phenomenona in which words, sounds, or other constructions are used to express ambiguity or uncertainty. Due to the limited availability of existing corpora annotated for hedging, linguists and other language scientists have been constrained as to the extent they can study this phenomenon. In this paper, we introduce a new method of acquiring hedging annotations via crowdsourcing, based on reformulating the task of labeling hedges as a simple word sense disambiguation task. We also introduce a new hedging corpus we have constructed by applying this method, a collection of forum posts annotated using Amazon Mechanical Turk. We found that the crowdsourced judgments we obtained had an inter-annotator agreement of 92.89% (Fleiss’ Kappa=0.751) and, when comparing a subset of these annotations to an expert-annotated gold standard, an accuracy of 96.65%.