cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy harvesting of an oscillating foil at low reduced frequencies with rigid and passively deforming leading edge

Abstract The aerodynamic performance of an oscillating heaving and pitching foil operating in the energy harvesting mode was experimentally investigated at reduced frequencies ( k = f c ∕ U ∞ ) of 0.04 to 0.08, corresponding to Reynolds numbers ( R e = U ∞ c ∕ ν ) of 24,000 to 48,000. The goal is to better understand the operational conditions that lead to improved power output when operating at off-peak efficiency conditions, in particular, those corresponding to high approach velocities for a given oscillation frequency. The operational parameters include a range of pitching amplitudes of θ 0 = 4 5 ∘ to 75 ∘ , a phase shift between sinusoidal pitching and heaving motions of Φ = 3 0 ∘ to 120 ∘ and a heaving amplitude of 0.3 c . Aerodynamic force measurements are used to determine the energy extraction performance and flow field measurements using phase-locked particle image velocimetry are used to identify flow features that contribute to energy extraction. In addition, inertia-induced chord-wise deformation at the leading edge (LE) of the foil is investigated to assess its feasibility to enhance power output. Results indicate that for the range of k values studied the optimal efficiency occurs near θ 0 = 4 5 ∘ and Φ = 9 0 ∘ , whereas the optimal power extraction occurs near θ 0 = 6 0 ∘ and Φ = 6 0 ∘ , both for k = 0.08. As k is decreased (through increased freestream velocity) to 0.04, overall performance becomes relatively insensitive to θ 0 and Φ . This is supported by the PIV measurements, which show at lower k a premature leading edge vortex (LEV) formation and detachment from the foil surface. Efficiency and power coefficient results are shown versus the feathering parameter, χ , indicating a rapid decline in performance as χ increases due to increasing pitching amplitude or with decreasing k . The relative strength of the LEV is found to increase with decreasing k , however the timing of the LEV formation and detachment is such that there is reduced power production. Study of the inertia-induced leading edge deformation shows that only during a small portion of the cycle is the lift force enhanced. This is a consequence of the inertial response of the leading edge and an enhancement of the LEV growth rate. These results indicate that use of a deforming surface to improve overall performance requires proper tuning relative to the heaving motion.
Daedal Facets of Splice Modulator Optimization

The spliceosome has been shown to be a promising target for the development of new anticancer therapeutics. Synthetic and chemical biological efforts directed toward the development of natural product-based splice modulators (SPLMs) have shown that the potency of these compounds derives from their ability to selectively affect the alternate splicing of apoptotic genes in tumor cells. However, questions remain regarding the mechanistic understanding of splice modulation as well as the selectivity with which SPLMs impact certain genes.
A History of Cancer Research: Tyrosine Kinases

Proteins containing tyrosine kinase activity play critical roles in cancer signaling. Intracellular SRC-family kinases relay growth signals from numerous cell surface receptors and can be constitutively activated by oncogenic mutations, as can transmembrane growth factor receptors such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) that signal via their tyrosine kinase activity. In this excerpt from his forthcoming book on the history of cancer research, Joe Lipsick looks back at the discovery of tyrosine kinases and the demonstration that the V-SRC protein encoded by Rous sarcoma virus was a tyrosine kinase.
An examination of school counselors’ leadership self-efficacy, programmatic services, and social issue advocacy

ABSTRACTWe surveyed 267 school counselors regarding their leadership self-efficacy, implementation of the American School Counselor Association’s (ASCA) National Model, and social justice advocacy....
Comparison Study of the Effect of Oxide Film Properties on Cathodic Kinetics of Stainless Steel 304L and 316L During ORR Potential Window in Sulfate Solution

This study investigated the effects of oxide films formed at different oxidizing potentials on the cathodic kinetics of both Type 304L and 316L stainless steel. The study focused on the oxygen redu...
Executive Dysfunction During Normal and Abnormal Aging

This chapter describes executive function (EF) and the dysexecutive syndrome (DES) during normal and abnormal aging. The relationship between EFs and the frontal lobes in the context of aging is explained, particularly in relation to the frontal lobe hypothesis of aging. We discuss the main EF components and present neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies that compare these abilities across healthy young and normally aging older adults. In healthy older adults, deficits are traditionally observed in planning, inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and emotional regulation. We subsequently explore EF changes and DES resulting from neurological conditions that are prevalent in the elderly (e.g., Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, amnestic and vascular Mild Cognitive Impairment, the behavioral variant of Frontotemporal dementia, and vascular disorders). Common neuropsychological tasks used to assess these impairments are discussed, as well as the neural correlates that underlie some of these functions.
Fast MRI breast cancer screening - Ready for prime time.

Abstract Objective The manuscript discusses landmark studies using abbreviated MRI for breast cancer screening. This includes abbreviated dynamic contrast enhanced MRI and diffusion weighted imaging. Our institutional experience with abbreviated MR protocol for breast cancer screening is also described. Conclusion Abbreviated MRI protocols were found to demonstrate value for screening of breast cancer. It has been shown that abbreviated protocol MRI provides similar diagnostic sensitivities to full protocol MRI for breast cancer in women with increased lifetime risk. Our institutional abbreviated MRI protocol for breast cancer offers improved time and workflow efficiencies and has the potential to increase the number of breast cancers detected and the detection of pathologically relevant invasive breast cancer at earlier stages.
Molecular-derived estimation of risk of malignancy for indeterminate thyroid cytology diagnoses

Introduction One of the key features of the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology is the risk of malignancy (ROM), which guides management for each diagnostic category. However, calculation of the ROM can be challenging for indeterminate diagnoses because only a portion of cases will be resected for cytologic–histologic correlation (CHC) analyses. In the present study, we used the probability of cancer information from ThyroSeq, version 3, reports to calculate the molecular-derived (MD) ROM for indeterminate categories. Materials and methods Cytology cases with indeterminate BSRTC diagnoses and adequate molecular test results were retrieved from our cytopathology laboratory for a 12-month period. The probability of cancer information from the ThyroSeq, version 3, molecular reports were tabulated, and the mean ROM was calculated for each diagnostic category. The MDROM included noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) as a “malignant” outcome because it is considered a surgical disease. Results A total of 361 cases had adequate material for molecular testing. The diagnostic distribution was as follows: atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance, 271 cases (75.1%), follicular neoplasm/suspicious for a follicular neoplasm, 59 cases (16.3%), and Hurthle cell type/suspicious for a follicular neoplasm, Hurthle cell type, 31 cases (8.6%). The corresponding estimated MDROMs were 14.9%, 32.6%, and 34.4%. A comparison with the CHC data was performed, and the 95% confidence intervals of the MDROMs overlapped well with the 2 endpoint CHC values. Conclusions Calculation of the MDROMs provides a new method to approximate the ROMs of indeterminate diagnoses and has the advantage of potentially evaluating all cases, not just those resected. Furthermore, for those using the same platform, interinstitutional comparisons will be possible.
Recruiting breast cancer patients for mHealth research: Obstacles to clinic-based recruitment for a mobile phone app intervention study.

BackgroundNearly half of newly diagnosed breast cancer patients will report clinically significant symptoms of depression and/or anxiety within the first year of diagnosis. Research on the trajecto...
Of Kings to Come: The Future of Health Care Reform Still Remains in Federal Court

King v. Burwell was the Supreme Court’s third decision concerning the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in just four years, and yet ACA litigation is only just beginning. The statute itself, the way it was enacted, and the way it is being implemented, create a perfect storm for continued litigation. Such litigation will create uncertainty in ACA implementation, which will be compounded by the “ad hoc” implementation the ACA has received to date. As a consequence, the ACA, as implemented and experienced, is somewhat different from what Congress enacted.
Low-Intensity Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common and disabling impairment in ability to attain and maintain erections for sexual activity. Currently approved medical treatments for ED mitigate the organic elements of the disease on a short-term basis but do not address the underlying physiological issues; ergo, they do not “cure” so much as “manage” ED. Shockwave therapy (SWT) has recently attracted a great deal of interest as a potential means to resolve the physiological circumstances that lead to organic ED. In this review, we investigate the mechanisms by which SWT may help resolve ED and explore the existing evidence on this modality for management of ED. Recent studies have revealed membrane receptors capable of converting mechanical deformation into molecular signaling in cells. Subsequent signal transduction via these pathways may explain the beneficial effects of SWT including (but not limited to) vasodilation, enhanced nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity, angiogenesis, neuro-regeneration, activation of progenitor cells, tissue remodeling, and anti-inflammatory effects. A limited body of evidence supports a role for SWT in restoration of erectile function in men with ED. These data are hampered by short-term follow-up and ambiguity about optimal administration protocols. Pulse wave and SWT may be conflated by patients and some providers; however, these modalities are not equivalent in terms of energy transfer nor evidence basis for efficacy in ED. Shockwave therapy is an intriguing and counterintuitive approach to the problem of ED. Evidence from other organ systems and a limited body of direct evidence from animal models and human men with ED suggest that this modality may improve erectile function without the need for supplemental or adjuvant treatments. Additional mechanistic data will be informative. Optimal treatment protocols remain unclear. The long-term durability of erection improvement and potential need for repeat treatment with SWT remains unknown.
EDM-DRL: Toward Stable Reinforcement Learning Through Ensembled Directed Mutation

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has experienced tremendous growth in the past few years. However, training stability of agents continues to be an open research question. Here, the authors present Ensembled Directed Mutation of Deep Reinforcement Learning (EDM-DRL) - a hybridization of evolutionary computing (EC), ensemble learning, and DRL methods as a means of mitigating training instability in DRL agents. We show that our method trains more consistently than synchronous Advantage Actor Critic (A2C). We also show that by employing our novel mutation and ensemble methods, performance of DRL agents can be improved during test time without sacrificing training stability. Further, though a similar number of time steps are used, we show that the EDM-DRL algorithm uses a mere 1% or less of the network parameter updates used in A2C. Finally, we conduct an ablation study to identify components within the EDM-DRL algorithm responsible for highest contribution. Code and experimental logs are available at: https://github.com/Linked-Liszt/EDM-DRL.
What About the Parental Response?: The Effect of Delinquency and Anger on Parental Monitoring

Parental monitoring is a set of correlated parenting behaviors involving attention to and tracking of the child’s whereabouts, activities, and adaptations. The impact of parental monitoring is ubiq...
Mouse entorhinal cortex encodes a diverse repertoire of self-motion signals.

Neural circuits generate representations of the external world from multiple information streams. The navigation system provides an exceptional lens through which we may gain insights about how such computations are implemented. Neural circuits in the medial temporal lobe construct a map-like representation of space that supports navigation. This computation integrates multiple sensory cues, and, in addition, is thought to require cues related to the individual’s movement through the environment. Here, we identify multiple self-motion signals, related to the position and velocity of the head and eyes, encoded by neurons in a key node of the navigation circuitry of mice, the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC). The representation of these signals is highly integrated with other cues in individual neurons. Such information could be used to compute the allocentric location of landmarks from visual cues and to generate internal representations of space. Here, the authors show that mouse medial entorhinal cortex encodes three-dimensional head movement as well as eye position and velocity. These self-motion signals are represented conjunctively in individual neurons alongside body position, running speed, and azimuthal head direction.
Functional Parotid Sparing: Does Sparing the Parotid Ducts Yield Improvements in Patient Reported Xerostomia?

Purpose/objective(s) Literature suggests that salivary gland stem cells, capable of regenerating salivary tissue, may preferentially reside in the large ducts of salivary glands. We conducted a prospective trial in patients receiving definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for oropharyngeal cancer where we preferentially spared the major parotid ducts (localized via MRI sialography) during treatment planning. We hypothesized that (1) this technique would yield improvements in patient reported xerostomia (PRX) at 6- and 12-months post-CRT compared to a prospectively accrued cohort of similar patients, and (2) that parotid duct doses would be predictive for PRX. Materials/methods A total of 38 Patients were prospectively enrolled and underwent MRI sialography guided ductal sparing. 28/38 patients received de-escalated CRT (60Gy). PRX was classified as none/mild versus moderate to very severe. (1) PRX in the 28 de-escalated patients were compared using a fisher exact test to a cohort of 232 patients on the same clinical trials but who did not undergo ductal sparing. (2) Competing nested multivariate logistic models (+/- parotid duct doses) were assessed using dosimetric data from all 38 patients for their ability to predict PRX. Models included contralateral submandibular mean dose, mean parotid gland dose (both) +/- parotid duct mean dose (both). The two nested models were compared using a likelihood ratio test to determine if incorporating mean parotid duct doses significantly improved model fit. Results (1) Patients reporting moderate to very severe xerostomia was lower in patients with vs without parotid-ductal sparing at 6 months post-CRT (46% vs 67%, P = 0.03), and trended lower at 12 months post-CRT (32% vs 49%, P = 0.11). At 6 months post CRT, the mean parotid duct dose was the only covariate significantly associated with PRX (P = 0.047). At 12 months post CRT, no covariate was significantly associated with PRX but both mean contralateral submandibular dose and mean parotid duct dose approached significance (P = 0.06 and 0.07, respectively). (2) The models +/- parotid duct doses were compared and the addition of parotid ductal mean dose significantly improved model fit at 6- and 12-months post CRT (P = 0.030 and 0.047, respectively). Conclusion The absolute rates of moderate to very severe patient reported xerostomia were approximately 20% lower for those undergoing MRI sialography guided parotid ductal sparing versus those without ductal sparing at 6- and 12-months post CRT. The significant improvement of model fit upon adding mean parotid ductal dose to the mean major salivary gland doses at 6 and 12 months suggests that the dose received by the parotid ducts relates to patient reported xerostomia severity even when considering traditional metrics such as mean parotid and contralateral submandibular dose.
Do ACE inhibitors decrease mortality in patients with hypertension

When used to treat patients with hypertension, ACE inhibitors reduce cardiovascular and all-cause mortality as effectively as diuretics, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers.
Metallic Phase Change Material Thermal Storage for Dish Stirling.

Abstract Dish-Stirling systems provide high-efficiency solar-only electrical generation and currently hold the world record at 31.25%. This high efficiency results in a system with a high possibility of meeting the DOE SunShot goal of $0.06/kWh. However, current dish-Stirling systems do not incorporate thermal storage. For the next generation of non-intermittent and cost-competitive solar power plants, we propose adding a thermal energy storage system that combines latent (phase-change) energy transport and latent energy storage in order to match the isothermal input requirements of Stirling engines while also maximizing the exergetic efficiency of the entire system. This paper reports current findings in the area of selection, synthesis and evaluation of a suitable high performance metallic phase change material (PCM) as well as potential interactions with containment alloy materials. The metallic PCM's, while more expensive than salts, have been identified as having substantial performance advantages primarily due to high thermal conductivity, leading to high exergetic efficiency. Systems modeling has indicated, based on high dish Stirling system performance, an allowable cost of the PCM storage system that is substantially higher than SunShot goals for storage cost on tower systems. Several PCM's are identified with suitable melting temperature, cost, and performance.
Hele-Shaw Model of Long Island Aquifer System

An experimental study, using a vertical Hele-Shaw model, is undertaken to determine fresh and salt ground-water flow for various ground-water development schemes on Long Island, N.Y. To satisfy dynamic similitude, some portions of the model are anisotropic. To simulate stream base flow, a significant hydrologic feature along the south shore of the island, an internal weir is incorporated in the model. Liquid silicones simulate fresh and salt water. Verification of the model is achieved by reproduction of long-term water table profiles, the stream base flow, and the double salt-water wedge structure, i.e., two salt-water wedges separated vertically by fresh water, south of the island. Response of the salt water to hydrologic transients on the island is slow. Recharge is effective in arresting or reversing salt-water movement.
Superhydrophobic materials and coatings: a review

Over the past few years, the scientific community, as well as the world's coatings industry has seen the introduction of oxide/polymer-based superhydrophobic surfaces and coatings with exceptional water repellency. Online videos have caught the public's imagination by showing people walking through mud puddles without getting their tennis shoes wet or muddy, and water literally flying off coated surfaces. This article attempts to explain the basics of this behavior and to discuss and explain the latest superhydrophobic technological breakthroughs. Since superhydrophobic surfaces and coatings can fundamentally change how water interacts with surfaces, and the fact that earth is a water world, it can legitimately be said that this technology has the potential to literally change the world.
RF/Wireless Packaging

The electronics packaging industry has proliferated to a point where its technology is at least equally—the semiconductor technology it is designed to serve. The increase in silicon complexity and integration has imposed demanding requirements on packaging technology for higher I/O counts, finer lead pitch, enhanced heat dissipation, and high-speed, reliable interconnects. At the same time, the industry is also driving toward reduced printed-circuit-board area and complexity. From the traditional role of a protective mechanical enclosure, the modern package has been transformed into a sophisticated thermal and electrical management platform. Recent advances in high-frequency packaging indicate a migration from wirebond (where the chip or die is interconnected to the package only on the periphery of the die) to flip-chip (where the die is interconnected to the package using the entire die area); and from ceramic to organic packages, with cartridge and multichip technologies emerging as key form factors. The RF front-end module is the core of the complex systems, and its integration poses a great challenge. Considering the characteristics of the RF modules, such as high performance up to 100 GHz; a large number of high-performance discrete passive components, design flexibility, reconfigurable architecture, low power consumption, compactness, customized product, short time to market, and low cost, the system-on package (SoP ) approach has emerged as the most effective means to provide a realistic integration solution as opposed to the system-on-chip (SoC ) solution. The strength of SoP is based on multilayer technololgy using low-cost and high-performance materials. Keywords: RF; microwave; packaging; module
Give Justice Ginsburg What She Wants: Using Sex Equality Arguments to Demand Examination of the Legitimacy of State Interests in Abortion Regulation

Sex equality jurisprudence, both in theory and now in constitutional doctrine, has developed in two important ways that have the potential to provide new tools to advocates challenging abortion regulations. First, Supreme Court jurisprudence now recognizes sex inequality in laws that reinforce a hierarchy of the sexes under what has been referred to as a, “dominance and subordination,” model of sex equality. Second, the relationship between sex equality doctrine and laws restricting women’s control over reproduction has also evolved. Doctrine has put the infamous case Geduldig v. Aiello in its place, and now allows us to argue that restrictions on abortion violate constitutional sex equality guarantees, at least where their purpose is to reinforce outmoded forms of stereotyping. Despite the positive evolution of sex equality analyses in both equal protection and liberty jurisprudence, and despite urging from the academy to press sex equality arguments, litigators have not wholeheartedly pursued these arguments in federal court challenges to restrictions on abortion. In Part I of this essay, I briefly outline sex equality arguments and argue that, even if they do not earn heightened scrutiny in litigation, these arguments offer specific advantages that can assist embattled litigators and supplement the use of liberty claims. In Part II, I review the greatest weakness of the liberty claim, describing how a well-developed anti-abortion strategy has resulted in tepid inquiry into legitimate state interests or legislative purpose. In Part III, I then examine some of the stated reasons for litigators’ reluctance to press sex equality arguments in their cases, including some of the practical impediments to bringing and preserving these claims, as well as ongoing skepticism about the benefits of equality arguments. I argue that there are important reasons to overcome the reluctance to press sex equality arguments and, though I recognize and sympathize with the difficulty of the task, that the practical impediments can be overcome. I conclude in Part IV that using sex equality arguments to bolster the battered liberty argument, “sistering the joist,” may not necessarily provide heightened scrutiny of abortion restrictions in the form of traditional, “intermediate,” or, “strict,” scrutiny and may not result in greater overall success in the courts. However, sex equality arguments, which have not been as widely criticized by commentators as the liberty right has been, not only provide additional support for a woman’s right to abortion, but will also force courts to grapple with the regressive views of women that propel many abortion restrictions.
A Midwestern Mosaic: Immigration and Political Socialization in Rural America

Review of: "A Midwestern Mosaic: Immigration and Political Socialization in Rural America," by J. Celeste Lay.
Bottom‐up effects mediated by an organic soil amendment on the cabbage aphid pests Myzus persicae and Brevicoryne brassicae

Earthworm-produced compost or vermicompost has been shown to increase resistance of plants to a variety of insect pests, but it is still unclear whether this resistance is dose dependent and whether the mechanisms responsible are the same for insect species with differing feeding habits and preferences. Therefore, we tested the effects of plants grown in various vermicompost concentrations (0, 20, 40, and 60%) on the preference and performance of generalist, Myzus persicae L., and specialist, Brevicoryne brassicae L. (both Hemiptera: Aphididae), aphid pests. Preference was evaluated with leaf disk (apterous) and whole plant (alate) choice assays. After 24 h of feeding, there was no significant negative effect on the feeding preference noted for apterae of either species of any of the treatments tested. To the contrary, apterae B. brassicae showed a significant preference for vermicompost treatments over control leaf disks. Alate M. persicae preferred alighting on control plants over vermicompost-grown plants, but B. brassicae showed no preference toward any of the treatments tested. Both aphid species deposited significantly more nymphs on control plants than on those grown in 20% vermicompost. Furthermore, plants grown in soil amended with 20% vermicompost significantly suppressed mass accumulation, as well as numbers of adults and nymphs of both aphid species compared to controls. These data clearly show that vermicompost soil amendments can significantly influence pest aphid preference and performance on plants and that these effects are not dose dependent, but rather species and morph dependent.
Unconventional superconducting phases for the two-dimensional extended Hubbard model on a square lattice

We study the phase diagram of the extended Hubbard model on a two-dimensional square lattice, including on-site ($U$) and nearest-neighbor ($V$) interactions, at weak couplings. We show that the charge-density wave phase that is known to occur at half filling when $4VgU$ gives way to a ${d}_{xy}$-wave superconducting instability away from half filling, when the Fermi surface is not perfectly nested, and for sufficiently large repulsive $V$ and a range of on-site repulsive interaction $U$. In addition, when nesting is further suppressed and in the presence of a nearest-neighbor attraction, a triplet time-reversal breaking $({p}_{x}+i{p}_{y})$-wave pairing instability emerges, competing with the ${d}_{{x}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{y}^{2}}$ pairing state that is known to dominate at fillings just slightly away from half. At even smaller fillings, where the Fermi surface no longer presents any nesting, the $({p}_{x}+i{p}_{y})$-wave superconducting phase dominates in the whole regime of on-site repulsions and nearest-neighbor attractions, while ${d}_{xy}$ pairing occurs in the presence of on-site attraction. Our results suggest that zero-energy Majorana fermions can be realized on a square lattice in the presence of a magnetic field. For a system of cold fermionic atoms on a two-dimensional square optical lattice, both an on-site repulsion and a nearest-neighbor attraction would be required, in addition to rotation of the system to create vortices. We discuss possible ways of experimentally engineering the required interaction terms in a cold atom system.
Subcritical Reactivity as Determined from Reactor Noise

In an earlier paper we proposed a method for the measurement of subcritical reactivity utilizing reactor noise. The theory has now been applied to the analysis of data obtained with the Berkeley TR...
Photofragment Fluorescence As A Sensitive Probe For Gas-Phase Alkali Compounds And Their Photochemistry

Sensitive techniques are needed for the detection of highly corrosive gas-phase alkali compounds in coal gasifier gas turbine streams. We report on the use of photofragment fluorescence as a very sensitive, selective probe for alkali compounds. Photodissociation of a gas-phase alkali compound using a laser at suitably short ultraviolet (uv) wavelengths produces an electronically excited alkali atom. Detection of fluorescence from these excited atoms allows sensitive and quantitative density measurements of a compound while signal strength as a function of dissociation laser wavelength allows differentiation of compounds. We present here an evaluation of this approach based on the results of experiments to study the photodissociation of the alkali compound KC1. The KC1 vapor was contained in a heated quartz cell and irradiated at 193 nm with an ArF laser and at other Raman-generated wavelengths. Emission at 766 nm was observed from atomic potassium (42P°) produced in the photodissociation process. The spectral dependence for the production of excited potassium atoms is distinct enough that discrimination from other compounds, such as KOH, appears likely. The atomic emission intensity quantitatively tracks the KC1 density over at least 5 orders-of-magnitude. As little as 4 x 107 KC1 molecules/cc, or a 0.5 ppb KC1 concentration, can be measured on a single laser shot, making this a very sensitive diagnostic technique. Experiments on other alkali compounds are now in progress.© (1985) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The reception of family therapy: a view from the psychiatric journals.

An analysis of the reviews of books on family studies and therapy in psychiatric journals was done to determine how mental health professionals perceived the family therapy movement and how they responded to its basic theoretical and clinical tenets. The reviews published in leading psychiatric journals from 1955 to 1970 illustrate the rich debate that accompanied the family therapy movement in the first fifteen years of its history in the U.S. Concern over efficacy, theory, limits and affiliation dominated the reviews. The reviewers' responses evolved in a fluctuating pattern from an early acceptance of family therapy to a middle phase of resistance and contestation when family treatment seemed to challenge the domination of the individual approach in the field of psychiatry and, finally, a renewed support of the family approach as an addition to the expanding psychotherapeutic armamentarium. This paper challenges the prevailing view among family therapists and others that family therapy developed in a hostile psychiatric environment.
Theoretical investigation of advanced design active matrix flat-panel imagers for mammography

A theoretical investigation of the system performance of active matrix, flat-panel imagers (AMFPIs) under mammographic imaging conditions is reported. These imagers employ either indirect or direct detection of the incident radiation. The x- ray converter materials assumed in these studies were Gd 2 O 2 S:Tb and CsI:Tl scintillators for indirect detection and a-Se and PbI 2 photoconductors for direct detection. A model based on cascaded systems formalism was used to predict the detective quantum efficiency (DQE) of various AMFPI designs incorporating these converters. The functional dependence of DQE performance on pixel-to-pixel pitch, collection fill factor and additive electronics noise was investigated under mammographic conditions. Incorporation of a continuous photodiode structure in indirect detection AMFPI arrays is necessary in order to achieve reasonable DQE performance for devices with pixel pitches significantly below 100 micrometer. In the case of CsI:Tl, a-Se, and PbI 2 , through optimization of the converter thickness, the DQE performance of these advanced AMFPI designs is predicted to exceed that of an AMFPI system incorporating a conventional Gd 2 O 2 S:Tb mammographic screen. Finally, the model predicts that the incorporation of a high gain converter such as PbI 2 leads to a high value of DQE which is independent of exposure over the mammographic exposure range at all spatial frequencies, even at 50 micrometer pitch.
Exploration of long and short repetitive sequence relationships in the sea urchin genome.

Long and short repetitive sequences of sea urchin DNA were prepared by reassoci-ation of 2000 nucleotide long fragments to Cot 4 and digestion with the single strand specific nuclease S1. The S1 resistant duplexes were separated into long repetitive and short repetitive fractions on Agarose A50. The extent of shared sequences was studied by reassociating a labeled preparation of short repetitive DNA with an excess of unlabeled long repetitive DNA. Less than 10% of the long repetitive DNA preparation was able to reassociate with the short repetitive DNA. Thus the long and short repetitive elements appear to be principally independent sequence classes in sea urchin DNA. Precisely reassociating repetitive DNA was prepared by four successive steps of reassociation and thermal chromatography on hydroxyapatite. This fraction (3% of the genome) was reassociated by itself or with a great excess of total sea urchin DNA. The thermal stability of the products was identical in both cases (Tm=81°C), indicating that precisely repeated sequences do not have many imprecise copies in sea urchin DNA.
The effects of clonidine on symptoms and anorectal sensorimotor function in women with faecal incontinence

Fecal incontinence (FI) is a relatively common problem, particularly among women and the elderly, which can significantly impair daily functioning and also contribute to institutionalization.(1) Current management relies upon conservative measures to modify diet and bowel habits and biofeedback therapy for patients who do not respond to other conservative measures. (2) Although amitryptiline and loperamide improved diarrhea and rectal urgency in uncontrolled studies, (3-5) the use of these agents is often limited by constipation. The role of anal sphincteroplasty is unclear since continence is preserved in ≤ 40% of patients at 3-5 years after surgery. (6) Sacral nerve stimulation can also improve FI. While most attention has focused on anal sphincter injury and weakness, there is increasing evidence for rectal sensorimotor dysfunctions in FI. For example, we observed reduced rectal capacity in 27% and reduced rectal compliance in 23% of women with FI. (7, 8) Reduced rectal capacity was more common in women with (i.e, 36%) than without (i.e, 8%) urgency. These observations have been confirmed by other groups. (9, 10) Clonidine is an α2-adrenergic agonist that inhibits gastrointestinal motor activity by presynaptically inhibiting acetylcholine release from nerves in the myenteric plexus and at the neuromuscular junction. (11) Adrenergic α2 receptors are also widely distributed on nociceptive pathways in the spinal cord, brain stem, and forebrain. (12) In humans, clonidine (i) reduced colonic tone but not the colonic response to a meal, increased colonic compliance, and reduced colonic perception in healthy subjects, (13) (ii) reduced rectal compliance and rectal sensation in healthy subjects, (14) and (iii) improved symptoms in diarrhea-predominant IBS. (15) Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of clonidine on symptoms and anorectal sensorimotor functions in FI. Our hypotheses were that clonidine will improve symptoms and anorectal sensorimotor dysfunctions in women with urge-predominant FI.
The two year curriculum in Computer Programming at Purdue University Calumet campus

It is the intent of this paper to describe an implementation of a curriculum compatable with the ACM “Curriculum Recommendations and Guide-lines for the Community and Junior College Career Program in Computer Programming” (also known as the “Little Report”). In order to facilitate comparisons among curricula, this paper follows the “format” developed by members of the ACM C3S-CAJC working group.
Three-dimensional morphological variability of Recent rhynchonellide brachiopod crura

Crura, the calcareous support structures of the lophophore in rhynchonellide brachiopods, have historically been used to justify higher-level rhynchonellide classification and reveal major evolutionary lineages within rhynchonellides. Seventeen crural types have been described and categorized into four groups based on variation in overall structure and cross-sectional shape, but not evaluated in a quantitative or comprehensive manner. Heterochrony has been hypothesized to play a role in the evolutionary transitions among some types, but the structural, developmental, and phylogenetic context for testing these hypotheses has not yet been established. In this study, we use three-dimensional geometric morphometric techniques to quantify morphological disparity among all six crural morphs in Recent adult rhynchonellides, with the goal of delineating more objective criteria for identifying and comparing crural morphs, ultimately to test hypotheses explaining morphological transformations in ontogeny and phylogeny. We imaged the crura of seven Recent rhynchonellide species, using X-ray computed microtomography. We used landmarks and semi-landmarks to define the dimensions and curvature of the crura and the surrounding hinge area. Procrustes-standardized landmark coordinates were analyzed using a principal component analysis to test the discreteness of the individual crural morphs and named groups of morphs, and to identify features that vary most among the crural configurations. Our results demonstrate that microCT imaging techniques provide novel ways to investigate the morphology of small features that may be otherwise impossible to quantify using more conventional imaging techniques. Although we predicted overlap among crural morphs in the 3-D shape space, the principal component analyses suggest that five of the six crural morphs differ distinctly from one another. Some but not all previously designated crural groups appear to exhibit morphological cohesion. This study establishes a quantitative morphological foundation necessary to begin an investigation of the phylogenetic significance of ontogenetic changes in crura, which will allow hypotheses of heterochrony to be tested.
Tuberculosis in Children and Young Adults

On summarizing the situation it is apparent that as a general rule tuberculosis in adults as well as in children is characterized by two dissimilar phases of development whose chronologic sequence is usually interrupted by appreciable but variable periods during which the foci of disease remain latent or dormant. In each age group the primary disease usually proves to be mild and commonly fails to proceed to its second phase of development. Nevertheless, the second or reinfection phase of tuberculosis makes its appearance in each age group with appreciable frequency regardless of whether the antecedent initial infection preceded or followed the age of maturity. When this sequence of events occurs the course of reinfection tuberculosis in adults closely resembles this phase of the disease in children. Preceding and following the age of maturity occasional instances are seen in which the interval separating the primary from the reinfection phase of the evolution of tuberculosis is so short that the complete course of the disease seems to be a single continuous series of progressive changes. In these exceptional cases, and also in the relatively common instances in which appreciable intervals of latency facilitate the differentiation of the primary from the post-primary phase of the disease, the changes which characterize the evolution of tuberculosis in adults are essentially identical to those which occur in children. If fundamental differences characterize the evolution of tuberculosis at different age periods in life, more extensive data than are now available probably will be required to identify these differences with accuracy. For the present I am inclined to conclude that the evolution of tuberculosis in adults is essentially identical to the evolution of the disease in children. This similarity applies to the general as well as to many of the special features of the disease.
Supporting data exploration in databases

We propose a solution to the problem of exploring large, complex data sets in a (relational) database by a human user. In a nutshell, our proposed solution is to develop the tools to support data exploration and browsing in an organized manner. We introduce: (a) an organization of data around the idea of defining distances on data sets, to reflect the intuitive notion of data that is (closely) related to other data; and (b) a new set of operators to mediate user-data interaction that exploits the defined distances to let the user “move around” the data. Our operators are simple and intuitive, yet they can be combined in a flexible manner to support complex browsing interactions. The operators are combined in a novel interface that enables intelligent data exploration and analysis.
Recovery and characterization of sardine oil extracted by pH adjustment.

A new oil extraction method involving pH adjustment was developed and compared with the traditional heat extraction method. Sardine oil was obtained by adjusting the pH to the isoelectric point (pI) of sardine muscle (pH 5.5) using HCl or food-grade organic acids [with/without calcium (Ca)] followed by centrifugation. Oil extracted with citric acid plus Ca showed the best quality, along with good recovery, the lowest haze value, and the highest n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content. All oils extracted by pH adjustment exhibited high stability against oxidation supported by low conjugated dienes and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance level with fewer impurities compared to the heat process. There was a significant beneficial effect of Ca addition prior to pH adjustment in terms of lipid oxidation stability and color of the final products. The pH adjustment method is a novel process for oil extraction and a promising method that can be utilized for high-oil pelagic species such as Pacific sardines. Key...
Family, School, Peers, and Recidivism Among South Korean Juvenile Offenders: an Event History Analysis

This study examined the influence of family, school, and delinquent peers as well as demographic and criminal behavior variables on recidivism and the timing of recidivism with a sample of 9,988 South Korean juvenile offenders. Event history analysis was employed to determine not only if juvenile offenders recidivated but, if so, how long after release they committed another crime. The findings indicate that school affects not only the recidivism rates but also the timing of recidivism. Juvenile offenders with low levels of education, low GPA scores, and school absence records were found to be both more likely and more promptly to reoffend than others. This finding is consistent with those of some of the prior studies emphasizing the importance of education in both recidivism and the timing of recidivism. Unlike the previous findings in Western society, however, family and peer-related variables were not found significant in a South Korean sample.
The Cis and Trans Δ 9,10-Octalin-1,5-Diols

Abstract An efficient preparation of the title diols has been achieved by hydride reduction of diketone 2, for which a new, convenient synthesis is described. The diols were separated by chromatography, and their configurations were assigned by NMR analysis of derivatives and confirmed by X-ray analysis of the trans diol.
Control of Membrane K+ Permeability in a Hyperpolarizing Photoreceptor: Similar Effects of Light and Metabolic Inhibitors

In the hyperpolarizing photoreceptors of the scallop Pecten irradians the metabolic inhibitors cyani 9e and 2,4-dinitrophenol cause a rapid hyperpolarization and increase in membrane permeability to potassium ions, similar to the effect of light. Cellular metabolism appears important in maintaining the low permeability to potassium ions necessary to keep the membrane depolarized in darkness, possibly by regulating the intracellular calcium ion concentration.
Bayesian analysis of a two-way categorical table incorporating intraclass correlation

It is straightforward to analyze data from a single multinomial table. Specifically, for the analysis of a two-way categorical table, the common chi-squared test of independence between the two variables and maximum likelihood estimators of the cell probabilities are readily available. When the counts in the two-way categorical table are formed from familial data (clusters of correlated data), the common chi-squared test no longer applies. We note that there are several approximate adjustments to the common chi-squared test. For example, Choi and McHugh (Choi, J.W. and McHugh, R.B., 1989, A reduction factor in goodness-of-fit and independence tests for clustered and weighted observations. Biometrics, 45, 979–996.) showed how to adjust the chi-squared statistic for clustered and weighted data. However, our main contribution is the construction and analysis of a Bayesian model which removes all analytical approximations. This is an extension of a standard multinomial-Dirichlet model to include the intraclas...
Distinctions between subgroups of asthmatic children: Parental reactions to experimental separation

Parental reactions to experimental separation were analyzed for two groups of asthmatic children, those for whom behavioral factors were judged highly relevant to asthma and those for whom such factors appeared unimportant. The former group of 13 (predicted “positives”) had shown a highly significant improvement in asthma during separation from their families; the latter group of 12 (predicted “negatives”) had not. Coding of standardized interviews conducted around the time of separation disclosed that parents (mothers, especially) of predicted positives scored significantly higher than parents of predicted negatives on such scales as “fussing over the child at the time of leave taking,” “missing child,” “experiencing pain and discomfort during the separation,” “being anxious over child's welfare,” etc. Psychological test data did not discriminate between the parents' or childrens' groups as clearly as the more focused separation interviews but the test results were consistent with interview differences. The separation elicited very strong emotional reactions from several mothers.
Prompt Photons in Photoproduction and Deep Inelastic Scattering at HERA

The production of isolated prompt photons is measured in photoproduction and deep-inelastic scattering (DIS) with the ZEUS and H1 detectors at HERA. The photoproduction differential cross sections measured by H1 and ZEUS are presented as a function of E T γ , E T j e t , x γ and the pseudorapidities η γ and η j e t . The DIS differential cross sections measured by H1 are presented as a function of E T γ , η γ and Q 2 . Isolated photon cross sections in DIS are also measured for events with no jet or at least one hadronic jet in the final state. The measurements are compared with predictions from several MC generator models and with several next-to-leading order (NLO) Calculation.