cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of an intelligent wireless sensor network with mobile nodes

Wireless sensor networks have become viable solutions to many commercial and military applications. This research focuses on utilizing the I-TRM to develop an architecture which supports adaptive, self-healing, and self-aware intelligent wireless sensor networks capable of supporting mobile nodes. Sensor subsystems are crucial in the development of projects to test complex systems such as the Future Combat System, a multi-layered system consisting of soldiers and 18 subsystems connected by a network. The proposed architecture utilizes the Sensor Web Enablement (SWE), a standard for sensor networks being developed by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), and the Integrated Technical Reference Model (I-TRM), a multi-layered technical reference model consisting of a behavior-centric technical reference model, information-centric technical reference model, and control technical reference model. The designed architecture has been implemented on MPR2400CA motes using the nesC programming language. Preliminary results show the architecture meets needs of systems such as the Future Combat System. The architecture supports standard and tailored sensors, mobile and immobile sensors nodes, and is scalable. Also, functionality was implemented which produces adaptive, self-healing, and self-aware behavior in the wireless sensor network.
A hydrophobic domain within the small capsid protein of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is required for assembly.

Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) capsids can be produced in insect cells using recombinant baculoviruses for protein expression. All six capsid proteins are required for this process to occur and, unlike for alphaherpesviruses, the small capsid protein (SCP) ORF65 is essential for this process. This protein decorates the capsid shell by virtue of its interaction with the capsomeres. In this study, we have explored the SCP interaction with the major capsid protein (MCP) using GFP fusions. The assembly site within the nucleus of infected cells was visualized by light microscopy using fluorescence produced by the SCP–GFP polypeptide, and the relocalization of the SCP to these sites was evident only when the MCP and the scaffold protein were also present – indicative of an interaction between these proteins that ensures delivery of the SCP to assembly sites. Biochemical assays demonstrated a physical interaction between the SCP and MCP, and also between this complex and the scaffold protein. Self-assembly of capsids with the SCP–GFP polypeptide was evident. Potentially, this result can be used to engineer fluorescent KSHV particles. A similar SCP–His6 polypeptide was used to purify capsids from infected cell lysates using immobilized affinity chromatography and to directly label this protein in capsids using chemically derivatized gold particles. Additional studies with SCP–GFP polypeptide truncation mutants identified a domain residing between aa 50 and 60 of ORF65 that was required for the relocalization of SCP–GFP to nuclear assembly sites. Substitution of residues in this region and specifically at residue 54 with a polar amino acid (lysine) disrupted or abolished this localization as well as capsid assembly, whereas substitution with non-polar residues did not affect the interaction. Thus, this study identified a small conserved hydrophobic domain that is important for the SCP–MCP interaction.
Partial identification and testable restrictions in multi-unit auctions

Abstract Bidders’ values in discriminatory and uniform-price auctions are not necessarily point-identified under the assumptions of equilibrium bidding and independent private values, but meaningful policy analysis can proceed from bounds on bidder values. This paper provides upper and lower bounds on the set of values that can rationalize a given distribution of bids, under the additional (and standard) assumption of non-increasing marginal values. Novel testable implications of the best response hypothesis are also provided, again under the assumption of non-increasing marginal values.
The H+ region contribution to [C ii] 158-μm emission

The [C II] 158-μm line is an important emission-line diagnostic in photodissociation regions (PDRs), but this emission line can also emerge from ionized gas. This work calculates the contribution of [C II] emission from ionized gas over a wide range of parameter space by considering the simplified case of an H + region and PDR in pressure equilibrium. Additionally, these calculations also predict the strong correlation observed between [N n] 205-μm emission and [C n] discussed by previous authors. Overall, the results of these calculations have wide-ranging applications to the interpretation of [C II] emission in astrophysical environments.
High-power deuterium Raman laser at 632 nm

We demonstrate a continuous-wave deuterium Raman laser that generates more than 160 mW of Stokes output power despite severe thermal effects. This output power represents nearly an order-of-magnitude increase over any previously reported continuous-wave Raman laser and is the first such system to our knowledge that uses deuterium gas as the Raman medium. The high output power is achieved through careful consideration of the electronic feedback design, frequency actuators, and pump-laser intensity noise.
Conditions for the equivalence of ARMAX and ARX systems

It is shown that an autoregressive moving average with exogenous input (ARMAX) system can be represented as an autoregressive with exogenous input (ARX) model if and only if the polynomial matrix corresponding to the moving average (MA) part of the system does not drop rank. A construction using the matrix fractional description of the system is used to prove this result. This construction shows that accurate ARX parameter estimates of systems driven by unmeasured disturbances can often be obtained by proper addition of sensor measurements and extending the order of the ARX model. >
Temporal lobe ganglioglioma in refractory epilepsy: CT and MR in three cases.

MR was abnormal in both patients in which it was performed (including the patient with a normal CT examination). Lesions were hyperintense on T2W inmages and iso-to-hypointense on T1W images when compared to normal parenchyma. Regions of calcification were missed on standard spin-echo sequences. Continuous video EEG monitoring captured habitual partial seizures in all patients; focal onset correlated with tumor location in each instance. Intraoperative electrocorticography corroborated the EEG results. Two of three patients underwent gross total resection. Pathologic features were characteristic of ganglioglioma in all instances. All patients have been seizure-free postoperatively [mean follow-up: 16 months (range 13–18 months)] and without evidence of tumor recurrence. Although ganglioglioma is an unusual cause of refractory temporal lobe epilepsy, our short term follow-up suggests excellent outcome with both partial and gross total resection.
Atypical antipsychotic medications in the management of disruptive behaviors in children: safety guidelines and recommendations.

Abstract Use of atypical antipsychotic medications (AAMs) in the treatment of Disruptive Behavior (DB) in children and adolescents has increased dramatically worldwide. However, with exception of using risperidone (i.e., for the management of irritability associated with Autism, manic and mixed episodes associated with Bipolar I Disorder, and Schizophrenia) and aripiprazole (i.e., for manic and mixed episodes associated with Bipolar I Disorder and Schizophrenia), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved the use of AAMs in children and adolescents. Although research on use of these medications in children and adolescents has increased, mechanisms of action and long-term outcomes remain poorly understood or unknown. Particularly concerning is that use of these medications in children and adolescents may impact cognitive, social, and physical development, as side effects may interfere with activities in their educational setting, peer networks, and recreational settings. Overall, AAMs frequently are prescribed off label, control DB through sedation rather than targeting actual causes of DB, and lead to many negative side effects with unknown long-term effects. Reconsidering the use of AAMs in managing DB is encouraged strongly.
Radio Acoustic Sounding System Observations of an Arctic Front

Abstract A radio acoustic sounding system (RASS), coupled with the NOAA/Wave Propagation Laboratory 915-MHz wind profiler, observed an arctic front and arctic air mass that passed over Denver, Colorado, between 1 and 5 February 1989. The RASS temperature measurements extended to approximately 1.5 km above ground level and were taken at 15-min intervals during the frontal passage and at 1-h intervals thereafter. During the frontal passage on 1 February, the RASS documented a temperature decrease of >15°C. The succeeding cold air (∼−20° to −40°C) over Denver never exceeded 1.3 km in depth. The frontal inversion at the top of the cold air mass was 300 m in depth and possessed large static stability [−∂θ/∂p ∼ 80 K (100 mb)−1] and vertical wind shear [∂V/∂p ∼ 30 m s−1 (100 mb)−1]. Temporal fluctuations (∼3 h) in the depth of the cold air were observed by the RASS between the operational 12-h rawinsonde observing periods. Simultaneous RASS and rawinsonde measurements showed good agreement with regard to key the...
Nucleophilic reactions of phorate and terbufos with reduced sulfur species under anoxic conditions.

The reactions of phorate and terbufos with bisulfide (HS-), polysulfide (Sn2-), thiosulfate (S2O32-), and thiophenolate (PhS-) were examined in well-defined aqueous solution under anoxic conditions to investigate their role in the degradations of phorate and terbufos. Reactions were monitored at various concentrations of reduced sulfur species to obtain the second-order rate constants. The reactivity of the reduced sulfur species decreased in the order Sn2- > PhS- > HS- > S2O32-. Hydrolysis products, formaldehyde and diethyl disulfide/di-tert-butyl disulfide, indicated that OH-/H2O attacked the carbon atom between the two sulfur atoms, the so-called thioacetal carbon, which is very reactive due to the presence of the two neighboring sulfur atoms. The reaction of phorate and terbufos with PhS- was investigated to study the transformation products in the reactions with reduced sulfur species. The transformation products demonstrated that the observed increase in rate constants in the reaction with reduced s...
Kinetic differences in cardiac myosins with identical loop 1 sequences.

The kinetics of nucleotide turnover vary considerably among isoforms of vertebrate type II myosin, possibly due to differences in the rate of ADP release from the nucleotide binding pocket. Current ideas about likely mechanisms by which ADP release is regulated have focused on the hyperflexible surface loops of myosin, i.e. loop 1 (ATPase loop) and loop 2 (actin binding loop). In the present study, we investigated the kinetic properties of rat and pig beta-myosin heavy chains (beta-MHC) in which we have found the sequences of loop 1 (residues 204-216) to be virtually identical, i.e. DQSKKDSQTPKG, with a single conservative substitution (rat E210D pig). Pig myocardium normally expresses 100% beta-MHC, whereas rat myocardium was induced to express 100% beta-MHC by surgical thyroidectomy and subsequent treatment with propylthiouracil. Slack test measurements at 15 degrees C yielded unloaded shortening velocities of 1.1 +/- 0.8 muscle lengths/s in rat skinned ventricular myocytes and 0.35 +/- 0.05 muscle lengths/s in pig skinned myocytes. Similarly, solution measurements at the same temperature showed that actin-activated ATPase activity was 2.9-fold greater for rat beta-myosin than for pig beta-myosin. Stopped-flow methods were then used to assess the rates of acto-myosin dissociation by MgATP both in the presence and absence of MgADP. Although the rates of MgATP-induced dissociation of acto-heavy meromyosin (acto-HMM) were virtually identical for the two myosins, the rate of ADP dissociation was approximately 3.8-fold faster for rat beta-myosin (135 s(-)(1)) than for pig beta-myosin (35 s(-)(1)). ATP cleavage rates were nearly 30% faster for rat beta-myosin. Thus, whereas loop 1 appears from other studies to be involved in nucleotide turnover in the pocket, our results show that loop 1 does not account for large differences in turnover kinetics in these two myosin isoforms. Instead, the differences appear to be due to sequence differences in other parts of the MHC backbone.
The Effect of Varying Proportions of Egg Yolk and Sodium Citrate Buffer in Bull Semen Diluters upon Sperm Motility

Summary An investigation has been made of the egg yolk-sodium citrate buffer diluter for bull semen with the view of establishing optimum concentrations. It was found that 3 per cent sodium citrate dihydrate was superior to other concentrations tried, and this solution was nearly isotonic with fresh bull semen. Reducing egg yolk concentration to 20 per cent gave as good motility and livability as the commonly used 50 per cent. When egg yolk was reduced to 10 per cent the cold shock protective factor was still fully effective but motility was impaired slightly.
WE-A-I-617-01: PET/CT Attenuation Correction and Image Fusion

PET/CT scanners provide intrinsically co-registered CT and PET images in a single scan session, which can then be viewed together as a fused image showing both anatomy and function. This in particular allows for excellent localization of features in the PET image. Furthermore, with the CT scan performed prior to the PET scan, routine attenuation correction of the acquired PET data is possible. The use of CT images for this purpose in PET/CT scanners has the advantages of shorter scan times and effectively noiseless transmission images as compared to the transmission scans that are used in standalone PET cameras. This does however require the non-trivial step of transforming the CT images to 511 keV attenuation images that are reprojected to obtain the desired attenuation correction factors. This lecture will describe the use of CT images for attenuation correction in PET/CT scanners and address the advantages and challenges of this procedure and the use of fused images in the clinical environment. Improved attenuation correction procedures to take account of different kVp settings in the CT protocol, as well as the particular challenges in emerging applications such as cardiac PET/CT will be addressed. Educational Objectives: 1. Review the principles of attenuation correction in PET and the implementation of this procedure using CT images in PET/CT imaging. 2. Understand the particular challenges of CT-based attenuation correction, including the choice of respiration protocols and other problems of patient motion, the use of CT contrast agent, and the presence of foreign objects in the body. 3. Review the advantages of image fusion in PET/CT, and the clinical challenges of registering the CT and PET imaging modalities that remain, such as respiration.
Extracting the relative grain boundary free energy and mobility functions from the geometry of microstructures

This paper describes a method for extracting, from measurements of a polycrystal, the relative excess free energy and the relative mobility of the grain boundaries as functions of the crystallographic type (five degrees of freedom) and relevant thermodynamic variables. The method requires the simultaneous measurement of both the geometry and the crystallography of a large number of grain boundary intersections; the crystallographic information may be obtained from orientation imaging microscopy (OIM). For simplicity, the intersections will be assumed to be triple junctions (three intersecting boundaries). The energies and mobilities are obtained as ratios to respective standards that must be determined independently. In section 2, the authors review Herring`s equation relating the grain boundary energies at a triple junction to the intersection angles. In section 3 they present the equation connecting the mobilities. In section 4, the mathematical method will be illustrated for the energy case, using the simplifying assumption that the energy is independent of the grain boundary inclination and that the misorientation can be specified by one angle as in a fiber texture. The illustration comprises 1.3 {times} 10{sup 5} randomly generated triple junctions with an assumed hypothetical free energy function.
Information‐based mitigation of intimate partner violence

Compelled Nonuse of Information (CNI) is a model of information behavior developed by Houston (2009, 2011a). CNI posits the existence of nonvolitional mechanisms that force information behaviors beyond the control of the individual. The CNI model consists of six primary CNI types: intrinsic somatic barriers, socio-environmental barriers, authoritarian barriers, threshold knowledge shortfall barriers, attention shortfall barriers, and filtering barriers. This typology of information interaction limitations functions across a full range of socio-economic contexts and thus lends itself to analysis of intractable power-based inequities such as intimate partner violence (IPV). IPV includes physical, mental, financial, and social attacks that, if known, generate socially sanctioned responses of both formal (e.g., law enforcement) and informal (e.g., pastoral) approaches. Using the CNI framework to analyze information factors in distinct facets of the IPV experience, as identified in the cross disciplinary research on this phenomenon, this article provides a practical application of CNI to a complicated, high-risk phenomenon.
Effects of juvenile hormones I, II, and III on reproductive tract growth in male and female monarch butterflies

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of d,l-juvenile hormone I (JH I), JH II, JH III, and the Ayerst mixture of JH I isomers (AJH) on the JH-sensitive organs of the male and female reproductive tracts were tested in neck-ligatured Monarch butterflies. 2. 2. JH I, JH II, and AJH caused dose-dependent wet weight increases in ovaries and female colleterial glands, in three male reproductive glands, and increasing doses of these three substances were directly correlated with elevated production of mature oocytes. 3. 3. By contrast, JH III had little effect on organ wet weight in either sex, and high doses (1 mg/insect) of JH III did not induce production of mature oocytes. 4. 4. These results show that Monarch reproductive tract tissues respond differentially to very closely related, stereochemically similar, JH molecules (i.e. differing by number of methyl groups or geometrical configuration). 5. 5. This finding demonstrates that reproductive tract target cells show specificity for certain JH molecular configurations. 6. 6. Such specificity suggests that target cell receptors, similar to those demonstrated for vertebrate steroids, exist in the Monarch.
Television Broadcast From Satellites-Sharing Considerations

This paper covers the feasibility of direct television broadcasts from satellites, the problems of sharing with terrestrial stations, questions of co-channel and adjacent channel interference, and the effect of directivity of receiving antennas and detection.
Mammary gland macrophages: Pleiotropic functions in mammary development

Mammary gland development is a complex process involving epithelial cells and supporting stromal cells. Macrophages (MOs) are an important component of the mammary gland stroma and are critical for normal mammary gland development; however, the mechanisms by which macrophages regulate these processes are not well understood. MOs are known to interact with numerous cell types, including epithelial cells, fibroblasts, adipocytes, and endothelial cells, all of which are significant components of mammary gland development. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to describe the interactions between MOs and these various cell types and use this knowledge to identify potential functions of MOs in the mammary gland.
Physiological effects of high pressures of nitrogen and oxygen.

A brief survey is given of the effects of different pressures on living organisms. High-oxygen partial pressures inhibit oxidative metabolism and, according to Gerschman, have effects which summate at some point with the effects of radiation. In a study of the mechanism of the narcotic effect of inert gases, it was found that high pressures of nitrogen and argon, but not helium, act like other anestheties in favoring water-in-oil rather than oil-in-water emulsion of dilute NaOH solutions and olive oil. The effect is small but appears to be real. This suggests that inert gases may make the lipoidal surface layer of cells relatively more continuous and therefore less permeable.
Surface science: switching made simpler.

It is possible to make a molecule act as a switch by using a scanning tunnelling microscope to change the position of just two hydrogen atoms.
Influence of consonant voicing characteristics on sentence production in abductor versus adductor spasmodic dysphonia.

Summary Objectives/Hypothesis This study evaluated the hypotheses that sentence production by speakers with adductor (AD) and abductor (AB) spasmodic dysphonia (SD) may be differentially influenced by consonant voicing and manner features, in comparison with healthy, matched, nondysphonic controls. Study Design This was a prospective, single blind study, using a between-groups, repeated measures design for the independent variables of perceived voice quality and sentence duration. Methods Sixteen subjects with ADSD and 10 subjects with ABSD, as well as 26 matched healthy controls produced four short, simple sentences that were systematically loaded with voiced or voiceless consonants of either obstruant or continuant manner categories. Experienced voice clinicians, who were “blind” as to speakers' group affixations, used visual analog scaling to judge the overall voice quality of each sentence. Acoustic sentence durations were also measured. Results Speakers with ABSD or ADSD demonstrated significantly poorer than normal voice quality on all sentences. Speakers with ABSD exhibited longer than normal duration for voiceless consonant sentences. Speakers with ADSD had poorer voice quality for voiced than for voiceless consonant sentences. Speakers with ABSD had longer durations for voiceless than for voiced consonant sentences. Conclusions The two subtypes of SD exhibit differential performance on the basis of consonant voicing in short, simple sentences; however, each subgroup manifested voicing-related differences on a different variable (voice quality vs sentence duration). Findings suggest different underlying pathophysiological mechanisms for ABSD and ADSD. Findings also support inclusion of short, simple sentences containing voiced or voiceless consonants as part of the diagnostic protocol for SD, with measurement of sentence duration in addition to judments of voice quality severity.
Factors Important in Local Governments' Privatization Decisions

In this article, the author builds a model of local governments' decisions to contract out residential solid waste disposal services and empirically tests this model by using a new dependent variable—proportion of expenditures on a service that goes to expenses other than payroll. The important factors affecting the contracting-out decision are scale economies, nonproperty taxes, difference in private- and public-sector unionization rates, and income and bond rating, in that order. Political and ideological factors appear to be less determinative than economic considerations.
John B. Watson's Behaviorism: A Retrospective Review

Originally published in Contemporary Psychology: APA Review of Books, 1997, Vol 42(1), 23-28. Review of book: Behaviorism, by John B. Watson (1925). In this retrospective review, the reviewer argues that the negative evaluation of behaviorism in psychology appears to originate in faulty understandin
Fabrication of functional micro-clusters by heteroaggregation of oppositely charged protein-coated lipid droplets

Abstract This manuscript describes the formation and characterization of colloidal dispersions formed by heteroaggregation of oppositely charged protein-coated lipid droplets. Micro-clusters were formed by mixing a dilute dispersion of β-lactoglobulin-coated lipid droplets ( d 32 ∼ 0.18 μm, 0.1 wt%) with a dilute dispersion of lactoferrin-coated lipid droplets ( d 32 ∼ 0.14 μm, 0.1 wt%) under conditions where the two proteins had opposite charges (pH 7). The mean particle diameter, electrical charge, and microstructure of the mixed dispersions were measured as a function of particle ratio (0–100%) and ionic strength (0–400 mM NaCl). The characteristics of the micro-clusters formed depended on the ratio of positive-to-negative droplets and ionic strength. In the absence of salt, the largest clusters were formed at intermediate particle ratios (40–60%). In a mixed system (40% LF; 60% BLG), large clusters were formed at low ionic strength due to strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged droplets. These clusters partly dissociated at intermediate ionic strengths due to reduction in electrostatic attraction. However, further aggregation occurred at high ionic strengths due to reduction in electrostatic repulsion. Micro-clusters may be useful functional ingredients to modulate the physicochemical properties of products in the food, agrochemical, personal care, and pharmaceutical industries, such as release characteristics, rheology, and stability.
A First-Order Correction to Sliding Short Behavior With Application to the Problem of Measuring Small Losses

This paper describes a theoretical and practical investigation of the effect of the losses in a sliding short and associated line, using the G-reflectometer measuring technique for the determination of small losses. The evaluation of the modified measuring method is based on Engen's method for the description of microwave systems. Practical examples are included.
Response of a cell-surface NADH oxidase to the antitumor sulfonylurea N-(4-methylphenylsulfonyl)-N′-(4-chlorophenylurea) (LY181984) modulated by redox

Abstract In previous reports, our laboratory has described a drug-responsive NADH oxidase activity of the external surface of the plasma membrane of HeLa and other cancer cells, but not from normal cells, that was shed into media conditioned by the growth of cancer cells such as HeLa and also into sera of cancer patients. The sulfonylurea-altered activity was found in sera of a wide variety of cancer patients but the activity was either inhibited or stimulated by 1 μM LY181984. In this report, we demonstrate that one basis for whether or not the activity was stimulated or inhibited may be the redox environment of the protein. If plasma membrane vesicles from HeLa cells were first treated with dithiothreitol (DTT) or with reduced glutathione (GSH) and then assayed for NADH oxidase activity, the sulfonylurea inhibited the activity in a concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, if the plasma membrane vesicles were first treated with diluted hydrogen peroxide or oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and then assayed for NADH oxidase activity, the antitumor sulfonylurea stimulated the activity. Growth experiments were conducted in parallel. LY181984 administered to HeLa cells in the presence of GSH was approximately 2 log orders more effective than LY181984 administered to HeLa cells in the presence of GSSG. Similar results were found in the sera of cancer patients. With sera from normal individuals or with plasma membranes of rat liver, the oxidizing or reducing conditions were without effect. The findings suggest that the response of the cell surface NADH oxidase of HeLa cells to the antitumor sulfonylurea LY181984 is influenced by the redox environment which may determine whether the drug will stimulate or inhibit the activity and that the degree of response may be reflected in the ability of LY181984 to inhibit HeLa cell growth.
Recent progress on 3-D integrated intra-chip free-space optical interconnect

Recently, we proposed an intra-chip interconnect system for future multi-core processors based on free-space optics and 3-D integrated photonic devices [1], [2], [4]. The main objective is to construct an all-to-all communication fabric with high bandwidth density, low latency, and good energy efficiency without routing or switching. As shown in Fig. 1, this free-space optical interconnect (FSOI) system consists of a photonics layer and a free-space optical guiding medium constructed using micro-mirrors and micro-lenses, which are stacked on top of the CMOS electronics layer by 3-D chip integration. Note that this interconnect system can also be used for inter-chip communications.
Generalized finite element solution to one-dimensional flux problems.

A finite element numerical solution to the general one-dimensional flow equation is derived in a form that provides a convenient and general means to simulate a wide variety of one-dimensional flow techniques of interest to biological scientists, e.g., ultracentrifugation, electrophoresis, chromatography, etc. Diverse physical models defined in terms of column geometry, solute interactions, and the dependence of transport parameters on column position, time, or concentrations of one or more solutes, can be accommodated. A particularly useful aspect of the formulation is that a wide variety of boundary conditions can be simply applied to the end result, without rederivation of the solution for each new case. The numerical solution is expressed as matrix equations that are sufficiently general so that incorporation of particular models can be effected by substitution of appropriate quantities into the final result.
Molecular mapping of sorghum genes expressing tolerance to damage by greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae).

Genetic linkage maps are fundamental for the localization of genes conferring tolerance to greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), feeding damage in sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Thirteen linkage groups (LGs) containing 60 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci were mapped by using a set of sorghum recombinant inbred lines (RILs) obtained from the cross ‘96-4121’ (greenbug-tolerant parent) × Redlan (greenbug-susceptible parent). The LG spanned a distance of 603.5 cM, with the number of loci per LG varying from 2 to 14. Seventeen additional SSR loci were unlinked at a log of odds value of 3.0. Based on chlorophyll loss occurring after greenbug feeding, visual damage ratings, and soil plant analysis development (SPAD), chlorophyll–loss indices were recorded for each RIL and for the parents used in the cross. Composite-interval mapping identified three quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with biotype I and five QTLs associated with biotype K. The amount of phenotypic variation explained by these QTLs ranged from 9 to 19.6%. The identification of QTLs that influence greenbug tolerance will not only facilitate the use of marker-assisted selection in sorghum breeding programs but also will provide a solid foundation for detailed characterization of individual loci implicated in greenbug tolerance in sorghum.
The future of sequencing: convergence of intelligent design and market Darwinism

A report on the Advances in Genome Biology and Technology meeting held in Marco Island, Florida, USA, on February 12–15, 2014.
Managing students with ADHD in out-of-class settings

Many students with Attention‐Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) present with behavioral problems that are particularly evident in out‐of‐class settings (in the lunch room, on the playground, during field trips and special assemblies, etc). Barkley's (1997) technique has been known to help parents handle ADHD children's behaviors in out‐of‐home situations, and so its effectiveness to reduce problems in out‐of‐class settings was investigated with 65 teachers of male students previously diagnosed with ADHD. ANOVA revealed that Barkley's technique was effective in reducing the students' behavioral problems in out‐of‐class settings. This technique is easy to administer and school psychologists will likely find it useful in assisting teachers to handle ADHD students' behavioral problems.
Racial Disparities in Incarceration Increase Acceptance of Punitive Policies

During the past few decades, punitive crime policies have led to explosive growth in the United States prison population. Such policies have contributed to unprecedented incarceration rates for Blacks in particular. In this article, we consider an unexamined relationship between racial disparities and policy reform. Rather than treating racial disparities as an outcome to be measured, we exposed people to real and extreme racial disparities and observed how this drove their support for harsh criminal-justice policies. In two experiments, we manipulated the racial composition of prisons: When the penal institution was represented as "more Black," people were more concerned about crime and expressed greater acceptance of punitive policies than when the penal institution was represented as "less Black." Exposure to extreme racial disparities, then, can lead people to support the very policies that produce those disparities, thus perpetuating a vicious cycle.
Analysis of a partial decorrelator in a multi-cell DS/CDMA system

For a multi-cell CDMA system, we propose a partial decorrelator that decodes a user by suppressing the in-cell interferers only. As a result, each user suffers only from inter-cell interference and enhanced receiver noise. By analysis, we show that in random CDMA systems the partial decorrelator outperforms the conventional receiver, within the operating regime of the conventional receiver. By simulation, we show that under perfect power control, the partial decorrelator yields roughly 1.5 times the capacity of the conventional system.
A novel trench-injector power device with low ON resistance and high switching speed

A power MOSFET device structure that has been developed to optimize the tradeoff between ON resistance and switching speed is discussed. The device structure features a trench injector that injects a controlled quantity of minority carriers into the drift path of the MOSFET current to modulate the conductivity of the device during the ON state. The conductivity-modulated MOSFET device (CMDMOS) has been fabricated and characterized. The device structure has demonstrated low ON resistance and high switching speed. It can be implemented along with logic circuitry to allow programmable electrical control of the switching-speed/ON-resistance tradeoff. >
Dynamic Rupture Models for the Southern San Andreas Fault

Abstract Dynamic rupture, and resultant ground motions up to 0.25 Hz, are simulated for an M w 7.6 earthquake on the southern San Andreas fault. Spontaneous rupture is modeled with slip-weakening friction, and 3D viscoelastic wave solutions are computed with a support-operator numerical method. The initial traction model is derived from inversions of the M w 7.3 1992 Landers strong ground-motion records, and borrows heavily from that used for the TeraShake2 simulations by Olsen et al. (2008). Heterogeneity in the traction model leads to focusing of the rupture front, and the focusing produces cases of supershear rupture velocity in asperities (areas of high initial traction), as well as cases of high peak slip rate and cohesive zone contraction in antiasperities. Separate solutions are computed for version 3.0 and 4.0, respectively, of the Southern California Earthquake Center Community Velocity Model (SCEC-CVM). We also compare the case of a flat ground surface (a common simplification made for finite-difference simulations) to the case of the ground surface conformed to regional topography. The overall distribution of simulated ground motion intensity is consistent with that derived from the empirical model of Campbell and Bozorgnia (2008), in the sense that the bulk of simulated pseudospectral velocity (PSV) values are within the 68% confidence intervals of the empirical model. Simulated PSVs corresponding to low probability in the empirical model are principally associated with basin wave-guide and directivity effects. An important example, first identified by the TeraShake1 simulations (Olsen et al. , 2006), is the stronger than expected ground motions at the site of Montebello due to a basin wave-guide effect. We find that this effect is lessened for version 4.0 of the SCEC-CVM, relative to version 3.0, due to a shallower model for the Chino basin.
The Place of the “Polity” in Aristotle's Theory of the Ideal State

T HE TRADITION OF Aristotelian scholarship has always distinguished in the Politics two different, independent, and even discordant theoretical concerns-a theory of the ideal, or best state, and a theory of actual states. (In the new terminology, a "value theory" and a "causal theory.") These two subjects, it is held, are set physically as well as logically and methodologically apart, the ideal state being treated in Books VII and VIII, with Books II and III as a prefatory discourse, and actual constitutions in Books IV, V, and VI. Book I is understood as a general introduction to the whole work. Some writers have even argued that this dichotomy represents a chronological division of the books as well. According to this view, the sections on the best state were written by the young Aristotle still under the influence of Plato, while the descriptive and empirical parts are the work of the mature scholar who had evolved an almost Machiavellian approach to the study of politics.1 According to the tradition, the two sections of the Politics were put together either by Aristotle himself or by an editor. And, in either case, only a very incomplete job of reconciling the two was done. Possibly there was some reworking of Books VII and VIII. Werner Jaeger writes, "It has been truly said that in the Laws Plato moderates his state in order to bring it closer to reality, and that Aristotle relaxes it still further." And he believes that the descriptive books were inserted before VII and VIII "in order to give to the ideal state a positive foundation." But he goes on to add that "this arrangement never got beyond the mere intention, and in point of fact they do not in any way prepare for and establish the ideal state, or at least not directly." In fact they "positively interrupt and disturb the construction of the best state."2 Thus the two
TNF-α Modulates Arteriolar Reactivity Secondary to a Change in Intimal Permeability

Objective:Inflammatory stimuli are often associated with marked changes in vascular reactivity. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is an important inflammatory cytokine with diverse effects including the ability to increase vascular endothelial cell permeability and to alter the structure of the endothelial cell glycocalyx. We have previously shown that arteriolar sensitivity to vasoactive materials is influenced by a barrier property of the arteriolar endothelium, and here we test the hypothesis that TNF-α might increase intimal permeability and thereby increase the access of circulating arginine-vasopressin (AVP) to vascular smooth muscle. Our objective in the current work was to show that TNF-α–mediated modulation of intimal cell permeability may produce both quantitative and qualitative alterations in vascular reactivity to arginine-vasopressin. Methods:Hamster cheek pouch arterioles (approximately 65 µm, i.d.) were double-cannulated and perfused. [Arg8]-vasopressin was applied selectively to either the ...
Flocking: Don't need no stinkin' robot recognition

Flocking is a common and widely studied spatial behavior exhibited by groups. This work highlights inconsistencies in the presentation of motion rules used for flocking, by implementing the well known rule by Hamilton on a robot system. We address a common assumption regarding the form of input to the motion rule: detection of whole agents and suggest that such detection is not necessarily justified. Our multi-robot system successfully exhibits flocking behaviors using an alternative detection method based entirely on low level sensor data. Furthermore, we show (under certain parameter settings), the behaviors exhibited by the agent-based and sensor-based detection are equivalent. We also discuss the various dynamics and implications the chosen detection process has on the behaviors of a motion rule.
A political perspective in problem solving

problem solving has developed as a major method in social work prac tice. The problem-solving process has been elaborated in numerous publica tions, and guidelines have been devel oped for its use in daily work with clients.1 However, these efforts have suffered from two limitations: (1) they do not sufficiently address the issue of how the practitioner manages conflict in the helping relationship, and (2) they tend to ignore the influence of the orga nizational context on problem solving. This article proposes to avoid such difficulties by adopting a political ap proach to problem solving—an ap proach that takes into consideration the processes by which participants in problem solving (the helper as well as the helped) try to order and manage their relationships in dealing with client-oriented problems. The article emphasizes such processes as negotia tion, conflict resolution, and the build ing of support. The article consists of four parts. First, it reviews some deficiencies in current problem-solving theory. Sec ond, it discusses a conceptual frame work for a political approach. Third, it develops some general problem-solving strategies based on this framework and illustrates them with case vignettes drawn from the author's personal ob servations as a psychiatric social worker in a large public hospital. Fourth, the article discusses advan tages of this approach for social work practitioners.
A low-power digital filter IC via soft DSP

In this paper we present an integrated circuit implementation of a soft DSP based low-power digital filter in 0.35 /spl mu/m, 3.3 V CMOS process. Soft DSP is a low-power technique that employs voltage overscaling (VOS) and algorithmic noise-tolerance (ANT) to push the limits of energy-efficiency beyond that achievable by voltage scaling alone. VOS refers to scaling the supply voltage beyond the limit imposed by the throughput constraints. ANT is an algorithmic level error-control technique that is employed to restore the algorithmic performance degradation in terms of output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) caused by VOS. Measured results indicate 40%-67% reduction in energy dissipation over optimally voltage-scaled systems with less than 1 db loss in SNR for a wide range of filter bandwidths (0.05 f/sub s/-0.25 f/sub s/, where f/sub s/ is the sampling frequency).
Interactional patterns in multiple-offender homicides

The interactions present in multiple-offender homicide events are examined using case studies of homicides occurring in Baltimore, Maryland during 1987, 1988, and 1989. Models developed for the analysis of single-offender non-felony homicides and for lethal shootings by police are employed. These models are generally found to be applicable to multiple-offender and felony-related homicides as well. The results indicate that multiple-offender homicides are less likely than single-offender homicides to involve “character disputes” which develop solely during the course of the homicidal interaction. They more often involve a character or business dispute spread over time, during which the situation evolves toward a lethal outcome. The final decision to use lethal force is commonly made before the offenders enter the final, lethal interaction. Consequently we conclude that it is important to integrate an anticipatory phrase into a model of these interactions in order to emphasize the importance of prior “rehea...
The vitamin K cycle

Post-translational modification of glutamate to gamma carboxyl glutamate is required for the activity of vitamin K-dependent proteins. Carboxylation is accomplished by the enzyme gamma glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX) which requires the propeptide-containing substrate and three co-substrates: reduced vitamin K, CO2, and O2. Most propeptides bind tightly to GGCX and all of the Glu residues that will be modified are modified during one binding event. Complete carboxylation is thus dependent upon the rate of carboxylation and the dissociation rate constant of the substrate from the GGCX enzyme. If the propeptide is released before carboxylation is complete, partially carboxylated vitamin K-dependent proteins are produced. The rate of carboxylation is mainly controlled by the level of reduced vitamin K available for the reactions while the dissociation rate constant is dependent upon both the propeptide and the Gla domain of the substrate. In addition, there are allosteric effects that increase the rate of dissociation of the fully carboxylated substrates. Carboxylation requires the abstraction of a proton from the 4-carbon of glutamate by reduced vitamin K and results in the conversion of vitamin K to vitamin K epoxide. The vitamin K epoxide must be recycled to vitamin K before it can be reused, a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR). The gene for VKOR has recently been identified but the enzyme itself has not been purified to homogeneity. It appears, however, that most of the variability observed in patients response to warfarin may be attributed to variability in the VKOR gene.
Evaluation of synthetic aperture radar image segmentation algorithms in the context of automatic target recognition

Image segmentation is a process to extract and organize information energy in the image pixel space according to a prescribed feature set. It is often a key preprocess in automatic target recognition (ATR) algorithms. In many cases, the performance of image segmentation algorithms will have significant impact on the performance of ATR algorithms. Due to the variations in feature set definitions and the innovations in the segmentation processes, there is large number of image segmentation algorithms existing in ATR world. Recently, the authors have investigated a number of measures to evaluate the performance of segmentation algorithms, such as Percentage Pixels Same (pps), Partial Directed Hausdorff (pdh) and Complex Inner Product (cip). In the research, we found that the combination of the three measures shows effectiveness in the evaluation of segmentation algorithms against truth data (human master segmentation). However, we still don't know what are the impact of those measures in the performance of ATR algorithms that are commonly measured by Probability of detection (P Det ), Probability of false alarm (P FA ), Probability of identification (P ID ), etc. In all practical situations, ATR boxes are implemented without human observer in the loop. The performance of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image segmentation should be evaluated in the context of ATR rather than human observers. This research establishes a segmentation algorithm evaluation suite involving segmentation algorithm performance measures as well as the ATR algorithm performance measures. It provides a practical quantitative evaluation method to judge which SAR image segmentation algorithm is the best for a particular ATR application. The results are tabulated based on some baseline ATR algorithms and a typical image segmentation algorithm used in ATR applications.
Stabilization of uncertain systems with norm bounded uncertainty-a control

A robust stabilization problem in a state-space setting is treated. It is assumed that the states are available for feedback. Using a fixed Lyapunov function approach (quadratic stability) it is shown that an open loop stabilizability condition is equivalent to the existence of a stabilizing memoryless linear state-feedback controller. As a consequence, it is shown that the existence of a quadratically stabilizing nonlinear time-varying dynamic state-feedback controller implies the existence of a quadratically stabilizing memoryless linear time-invariant state-feedback compensator.