cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The structure of collagen fibrils.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the available information, concerning collagen and featuring in particular X-ray diffraction, electron optics and certain phases of chemical evidence developed, covering the characterization of various members of the collagen class of fibrous protein and a derivation of the principal structural features of the unitary element of connective tissues, the collagen fibril. Typical mesenchymal or mesogleal collagens are found in many animal phyla and other members are derived from secretions of epithelial tissues. The differences between collagens resemble those of isomorphous simpler substances in various collagens and there are differences in the content and distribution of amino-acid residues within similar sized frameworks. More chemical evidence regarding the collagens of lower vertebrate and invertebrate animals is needed to make the meaning of these differences clearer. Judging from the evidence drawn largely from the vertebrate animal sources, collagen fibrils are composed of thinner fundamental units, protofibrils. Collagen molecules are isolated when certain weak links occurring periodically along protofibrils are broken. The collagen molecule, like the protofibril, can become extended or randomly contracted. Interbands contain the average sized, hydroxyl-containing side-chains, as hydroxyproline and serine.
Size of 22q deletions in four previously reported patients with conotruncal anomaly face syndrome

Conotruncal anomaly face syndrome (CTAFS) was distinguished from velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS) in a bind study, yet shared the finding of 22q11.2 deletions. This work has been extended to show that the 22q11.2 deletions in CTAFS greatly overlap those found in VCFS and many DiGeorge patients. The reason for dissimilar phenotypes with apparently similar 22q11.2 deletions is not yet known.
Systems of Kinship Care: Enduring Challenges and Emerging Opportunities

In any ongoing caregiving relationship, a relative may act as an agent of a care recipient in the role of family member, patron, steward, or contractual agent. Psychological stresses and sociological strains are created whenever different agency roles and principles are combined to resolve the social dilemma of whether a caregiver will continue to act responsibly on behalf of the interests of the care recipient or defect from this expectation at the recipient's expense. This introduction examines enduring challenges to resolving this dilemma and identifies emerging opportunities to support and sustain the three separate but complementary systems of informal, formal, and permanent kinship care.
Production of technetium in red giants by γ - ray-induced fission

The discovery of technetium in red giant stars1 was a landmark in stellar nucleosynthesis theory. Because of the short half-lives of its isotopes, the presence of technetium has been regarded as irrefutable evidence for a recent episode of slow-neutron capture ('s-process') in asymptotic giant branch stars2–6. But the 100 or so stars with technetium lines in their spectra7, 8 (Tc stars) show the opposite correlation between metallicity and technetium production to that expected to result3, 4 ,9 from an s-process. Here we argue that the production of technetium in red giant stars is not necessarily related to an interior s-process mechanism, and that some observations of technetium in metal-rich (population I) red giants may be more readily explained by γ-ray-induced fission of heavy isotopes (atomic mass A≈ 240) initially present in the stellar envelope.
A transmission electron microscope study of experimentally shocked pregraphitic carbon

A transmission electron microscope study of experimental shock metamorphism in natural pre-graphitic carbon simulates the response of the most common natural carbons to increased shock pressure. The d-spacings of this carbon are insensitive to the shock pressure and have no apparent diagnostic value, but progressive comminution occurs in response to increased shock pressure up to 59.6 GPa. The function, P = 869.1 x (size(sub minimum )(exp -0.83), describes the relationship between the minimum root-mean-square subgrain size (nm) and shock pressure (GPa). While a subgrain texture of natural pregraphitic carbons carries little information when pre-shock textures are unknown, this texture may go unnoticed as a shock metamorphic feature.
Crystallographically engineered, hydrothermally crystallized hydroxyapatite films: an in vitro study of bioactivity

The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioactivity of hydroxyapatite films composed of hexagonal single crystals that display $$ \left\{ {10\bar{1}0} \right\} $$ and {0001} crystallographic faces. The effect of engineered [0001] crystallographic orientation was investigated in parallel. Films were deposited by triethyl phosphate/ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid doubly regulated hydrothermal crystallization on Ti6Al4V substrates (10, 14, 24 h). Bioactivity was investigated by analysis of MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast spreading using scanning electron microscopy and quantitative analysis of cell metabolic activity (Alamar BlueTM) (0–28 days). Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to evaluate the ability of films to support the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts into matrix-secreting, mineralizing osteoblasts. Results demonstrated that all films enabled MC3T3-E1 cells to spread, grow, and differentiate into matrix-secreting osteoblasts, which deposited biomineral that could not be removed after extraction of organic material. Differences in [0001] HA crystallographic orientation were not, however, found to significantly affect bioactivity. Based on these results, it is concluded that these hydrothermal hydroxyapatite films are non-toxic, bioactive, osteoconductive, and biomineral bonding. The lack of a relationship between reported hydroxyapatite crystallographic face specific protein adsorption and bulk HA bioactivity are discussed in terms of crystallographic texture, surface roughness, assay robustness, and competitive protein adsorption.
EFFECTS OF NITROGEN PHOTOABSORPTION CROSS SECTION RESOLUTION ON MINOR SPECIES VERTICAL PROFILES IN TITAN'S UPPER ATMOSPHERE

The significant variations in both measured and modeled densities of minor species in Titan’s atmosphere call for the evaluation of possible influencing factors in photochemical modeling. The effect of nitrogen photoabsorption cross section selection on the modeled vertical profiles of minor species is analyzed here, with particular focus on C2H6 and HCN. Our results show a clear impact of cross sections used on all neutral and ion species studied. Affected species include neutrals and ions that are not primary photochemical products, including species that do not even contain nitrogen. The results indicate that photochemical models that employ low-resolution cross sections may significantly miscalculate the vertical profiles of minor species. Such differences are expected to have important implications for Titan’s overall atmospheric structure and chemistry.
Naturally Occurring Social Support in Interventions for Former Prisoners with Substance Use Disorders: Conceptual Framework and Program Model

Abstract Purpose Naturally-occurring social support is underutilized in interventions with former prisoners with substance use disorders. This paper proposes a conceptual framework followed by a program model to inform the development of naturally-occurring social support interventions with former prisoners with substance use disorders. Methods We reviewed all published social support interventions designed for former prisoners and people with substance use disorders over a ten year period. Building on the implications of this review, empirical literature, professional experience, and theory, we propose a conceptual framework for naturally-occurring social support programs. Results Few published programs exist that actively incorporate social support providers into the program model. Of these, even fewer use naturally-occurring support. Expanding on gaps in theory and program approaches, the conceptual model posits that it is the appropriate match of support needs and provision that reinforces emotions, cognitions, and behaviors, that in turn, promote adaptive outcomes. Conclusions With mounting pressure to identify interventions that will reduce high re-incarceration rates, this paper draws attention to a neglected, potentially effective, and low cost resource – naturally-occurring social support. The described program, Support Matters, illustrates how social support interventions can be used with former prisoners to promote reduced relapse to substance misuse and crime.
Thyrotoxicosis with absence of clinical features of acromegaly in a TSH- and GH-secreting, invasive pituitary macroadenoma.

A 54-year-old woman presented with bi-temporal hemianopia, palpitations, and diaphoresis. An invasive pituitary macroadenoma was discovered. The patient had biochemical evidence of secondary hyperthyroidism and GH excess; however, she did not appear to be acromegalic. Surgical removal of the pituitary mass revealed a plurihormonal TSH/GH co-secreting pituitary adenoma. TSH-secreting adenomas can co-secrete other hormones including GH, prolactin, and gonadotropins; conversely, co-secretion of TSH from a pituitary adenoma in acromegaly is infrequent. Learning points This case highlights an unusual patient with a rare TSH/GH co-secreting pituitary adenoma with absence of the clinical features of acromegaly. Plurihormonality does not always translate into the clinical features of hormonal excess. There appears to be a clinical and immunohistochemical spectrum present in plurihormonal tumors.
Control in Organizations and the Commitment of Members

Members' commitment is important in all organizations but more problematic in some than in others. Several studies have shown that the amount and distribution of control in an organization affect its success in securing members' commitment, but the effects of organization context on relationships between control and commitment are not thoroughly understood. Using the control graph to measure the amount and distribution of control in local churches, we examined the relationship between organization control and members' commitment (conceptualized as satisfaction, identification, and involvement) and the impact of the organization's context on that relationship. Our analysis shows that amount of control is an important predictor of members' commitment; distribution of control is less important. The effects of control tend to persist when contextual variables are statistically controlled. However, some of the organization context variables-conflict, minister's tenure, and local church size-produce important interaction effects.
A neural theory of retino-cortical dynamics

Abstract As a result of a variety of factors—the movements of the eyes, those of external objects, integration time, vergence, accommodation, and nonuniform retinal sampling—the retinal encoding is highly transient, blurred, and distorted. Yet this problem received very little attention, for most of the models proposed in the literature are built around the analysis of static (or steady-state) and uniformly focused images. Thus, a fundamental problem in visual perception consists of the understanding of the processes underlying the synthesis of phenomenally static, sharp percepts from transient, blurred activities. We present a continuous-time neural theory that proposes two major roles for the retinal transient activity: First, we propose that the nonmonotonic behavior of retinal neurons serves as a simple form of memory that adaptively filters visual signals to guide attentional mechanisms. Second, we propose that the transient activity is essential in achieving sharp dynamic percepts while preserving a good sensitivity to light. Theoretical analysis shows that an extraretinal on-center off-surround feedback anatomy is required to sharpen the “blurred output” from the retinal level. Mathematical properties of such feedback loops indicate that a transient reset mechanism is necessary to avoid smearing. It is proposed that transient retinal cells realize the reset by sending inhibitory signals to sustained activity distributions at higher levels (extraretinal areas: e.g., lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and/or visual cortical areas). In this theoretical framework, the continuous time behavior of the visual system can be analyzed in three major phases. In the first phase, sustained retinal signals are sharpened by feedback dominant extra-retinal loops. When the input moves, a second phase is engaged. In this phase, transient retinal cells reset rapidly and briefly extra-retinal activities. In the third phase, extra-retinal loops enter a feedforward mode thereby transferring a faithful copy of retinal activity into their own cells. The feedforward mode is maintained by the transient components of the retinal sustained units. When retinal units enter their steady-state mode, the overall system returns to the first phase where sharpening occurs through feedback dominant extra-retinal loops. The predictions of the theory are compared with various experimental data with emphasis on masking and motion deblurring phenomena.
Domain Structure, Intracellular Trafficking, and β2-Microglobulin Binding of a Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Homolog Encoded by Molluscum Contagiosum Virus

Abstract The MC80R gene of molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) type 1 encodes a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I homolog that lacks several amino-acid residues critical for peptide binding by MHC molecules, contains an unusually long N-terminal hydrophobic domain possibly derived by triplication of a signal peptide, and has a C-terminal transmembrane domain with two glutamate residues. All of these features were present in the orthologous gene of MCV type 2. The MC80R gene was expressed as two glycosylated polypeptides of Mr 47,000 and 42,000. Pulse-chase experiments indicated that the larger polypeptide was a precursor of the shorter one and that the entire N-terminal domain was slowly removed, consistent with its function as a long signal peptide. The protein was largely sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi membranes, remained endoglycosidase-H sensitive, and was not detected on the cell surface. In addition, a genetically modified form of the MC80R protein lacking the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains was not secreted. The roles of the MC80R protein domains were investigated by constructing chimera between the viral protein and the MHC class I protein HLA-A2. Expression studies confirmed that the N- and C-terminal hydrophobic regions of the MC80R protein served as signal and transmembrane domains, respectively. The central portion of the MC80R protein, corresponding to the α1–α3 extracellular domains of HLA-A2, was largely responsible for sequestering the protein in the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi compartments. The MC80R protein, as well as HLA-A2 chimera with the central region of MC80R, formed stable intracellular complexes with β2-microglobulin. Complex formation, however, was detected only by overexpression of the MC80R protein or β2-microglobulin.
Molecular modeling of conformational properties of oligodepsipeptides.

A depsipeptide is a chemical structure consisting of both ester and amide bonds. Quantum mechanics calculations have been performed to investigate the conformational properties of a depsidipeptide in the gas and solution phases. Similar to an alanine dipeptide, the depsidipeptide exhibits a strong preference for the polyproline II (PPII) helical conformation. Meanwhile, due to the changes in the intramolecular interaction, the propensity for β-sheets and α-helices diminishes while an unusual inclination for the (φ,ψ) = (−150°,0°) conformation was observed. A molecular mechanics model has been developed for polydepsipeptides based on the quantum mechanical study. Both simulated annealing and replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out on oligodepsipeptide sequences with alternating depsi and natural residues in solution. Novel helical structures have been indicated from the simulations. When glycine is used as the alternating natural amino acid residue, the PPII conformation of a ...
Economic Evaluation of Cardiac Rehabilitation

Is healthcare service “A”more cost-effective than the alternative service “B” which, most frequently, is usual care? What is the cost impact for the healthcare system if service “A” is substituted for service “B”?
HEPARIN AND VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS AFTER MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

Abstract It has been suggested that heparin may increase ventricular irritability in patients with acute myocardial infarction, because it results in elevation of plasma free-fatty-acid (F.F.A.). Twenty patients with myocardial infarction or ventricular arrhythmia due to other cause were given heparin in standard therapeutic doses, and monitored for evidence of increased ventricular irritability. A significant rise in plasma-F.F.A. was achieved in fifteen patients after the use of the drug, but there was no evidence of increase in ventricular ectopic beats, or other ventricular arrhythmias. It is concluded that levels of plasma-F.F.A. resulting from the therapeutic use of heparin after myocardial infarction do not increase ventricular irritability.
Characterization of scavengers of γ-ketoaldehydes that do not inhibit prostaglandin biosynthesis

Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is associated with the development of many pathologic conditions. The product of COX-2, prostaglandin H(2) (PGH(2)), can spontaneously rearrange to form reactive gamma-ketoaldehydes called levuglandins (LGs). This gamma-ketoaldehyde structure confers a high degree of reactivity on the LGs, which rapidly form covalent adducts with primary amines of protein residues. Formation of LG adducts of proteins has been demonstrated in pathologic conditions (e.g., increased levels in the hippocampus in Alzheimer's disease) and during physiologic function (platelet activation). On the basis of knowledge that lipid modification of proteins is known to cause their translocation and to alter their function, we hypothesize that modification of proteins by LG could have functional consequences. Testing this hypothesis requires an experimental approach that discriminates between the effects of protein modification by LG and the effects of cyclooxygenase-derived prostanoids acting through their G-protein coupled receptors. To achieve this goal, we have synthesized and evaluated a series of scavengers that react with LG with a potency more than 2 orders of magnitude greater than that with the epsilon-amine of lysine. A subset of these scavengers are shown to block the formation of LG adducts of proteins in cells without inhibiting the catalytic activity of the cyclooxygenases. Ten of these selective scavengers did not produce cytotoxicity. These results demonstrate that small molecules can scavenge LGs in cells without interfering with the formation of prostaglandins. They also provide a working hypothesis for the development of pharmacologic agents that could be used in experimental animals in vivo to assess the pathophysiological contribution of levuglandins in diseases associated with cyclooxygenase up-regulation.
Evidence of partial unfolding of proteins at the ice/freeze-concentrate interface by infrared microscopy.

The goal of this research was to use infrared spectroscopy in combination with a freeze drying stage to gain a better understanding of the mechanism of loss of protein integrity due to the stresses associated with freezing. Infrared spectra were collected in triplicate for the interstitial space between ice crystals and through ice crystals in a partially frozen system. Spectra were collected for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and human immune globulin (IgG) both in the presence and absence of an added surfactant (polysorbate 80). Spectra collected in the interstitial space, distant from the surface of ice crystals, were very similar to spectra collected from the initial solution regardless of the presence of a surfactant. Spectra collected through ice crystals, without added surfactant, were significantly different than spectra collected from the initial solution. An increase in bands characteristic of intermolecular β-sheet structures (main component of aggregates) were present in these spectra. The presence of surfactant in both protein formulations resulted in a decrease in intermolecular β-sheet signals in spectra of the proteins on the ice crystal surface. Additionally, much of the native state structure of LDH initially lost on the surface of ice crystals returned when surfactant was added to the formulation prior to freezing. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 98:3239–3246, 2009
Methods to measure the orientational order in cholesteric liquid crystals

The relationship between a second-rank tensor anisotropy and the orientational order in a cholesteric liquid crystal is derived. The results are confirmed by nuclear-magnetic-resonance (NMR) second-moment measurements on both the cholesteric and nematic phases of a mixture of cholesteryl chloride and $p$-azoxyanisole. The dipole NMR line shape of this sample in the cholesteric phase is explained entirely by the static cholesteric structure.
Factors influencing the use and interpretation of animal models in the development of parenteral drug delivery systems

Depending upon the drug and drug delivery platform, species-specific physiological differences can lead to errors in the interspecies extrapolation of drug performance. This manuscript provides an overview of the species-specific physiological variables that can influence the performance of parenteral dosage forms such as in situ forming delivery systems, nanoparticles, microspheres, liposomes, targeted delivery systems, lipophilic solutions, and aqueous suspensions. Also discussed are those factors that can influence the partitioning of therapeutic compounds into tumors, the central nervous system and the lymphatics. Understanding interspecies differences in the movement and absorption of molecules is important to the interpretation of data generated through the use of animal models when studying parenteral drug delivery.
The Development and Field Experience of a Transistor Electric Governor for Hydro Turbines

The general design requirement for an electric-hydraulic governing system for hydraulic turbines is that it must sense speed electrically, produce a signal suitable for control, and use this signal to position the gate servomotors. It must be capable of performing all auxiliary functions previously required plus some desirable new ones, such as joint control. The dead band must be less than 0.01 percent and the dead time less than 0.25 second. Its selling price should be equal to, or less than, mechanical governors. Its transient response characteristics must be excellent. The paper discusses how some of these goals have been met and presents results from field and shop tests.
The distribution of homozygosity for four alleles.

The stationary density of homozygosity is obtained for a locus with four possible alleles and symmetric mutation between them. As conjectured by F. M. Stewart (1976, Theoret. Pop. Biol. 9, 188–201) this density has spikes at 13 and 12. The density under heterozygote selection is also given.
Visual receptive fields from cells of a marsupial (Didelphis virginiana) superior colliculus

Einzelne Zellen in der Region des superior colliculus des BeuteltieresDidelphis virginiana konnen von der linken oder auch rechten Retina stimuliert werden. Diese Zellen verfugen uber eine gut entwickelte intermodale Reaktionsfahigkeit, Selektivitat gegenuber gerichteter Bewegung und rasche Gewohnheitsbildung. Zellpopulationen derselben Region reprasentieren eine grosse Anzahl von «receptive field»-Geometrien.
Sublimation of Ammonium Salts: A Mechanism Revealed by a First-Principles Study of the NH4Cl System

The mechanism for the sublimation of ammonium salts in general is not well-elucidated; the relationship between sublimation energies and activation energies of sublimation has not been understood. We have studied the kinetics and mechanism for the sublimation of NH4Cl, a prototype ammonium salt, by first-principles calculations using generalized gradient approximation in the plane-wave density functional theory. Supercells containing 8 to 64 NH4Cl units were used, and the predicted sublimation energy, 41.0 kcal/mol for NH4Cl(c) → NH3(g) + HCl(g), is in excellent agreement with the experimental value, 42.2 kcal/mol. The result of statistical-theory calculations indicates that the desorption of the H3N···HCl molecular complex with a 15.5 ± 1.0 kcal/mol variational barrier, instead of the individual NH3 and HCl molecules, from the relaxed crystal surface is the rate-controlling step. The desorption rate is predicted to be 25.0 exp(−13.2 kcal/mol/RT) cm/s, which is in close agreement with the experimental dat...
HEAVY-FERMION, KONDO, SPIN GLASS-LIKE, AND ANTIFERROMAGNETIC BEHAVIOR IN (Ce,Gd)Al3

Abstract We have found that Ce 1− x Gd x Al 3 with x = 0.23 is a heavy-fermion system which undergoes a spin glass transition. The amplitude of the peak in the susceptibility that characterizes the spin glass transition passes through a sharp maximum at x = 0.5. For x = 0.635 and 0.77 the system undergoes a spin glass-like transition at T ≃ 100 K and an antiferromagnetic transition at T ≃ 20 K.
Leveraging Complex Understandings of Urban Education for Transformative Science Pedagogy.

Despite the abundance of literature that attests to a myriad of complex and entrenched problems within urban education, the authors of this forum maintain that in addition to shedding light on oppressive structures and ideologies, critical pedagogues must remain steadfastly engaged in solution-oriented endeavors. Using Cheryl McLaughlin’s analysis as a worthy starting point, we consider both old paradigms and new ideas regarding the transformation of public science education. Topics for discussion include theoretical framing, urban teacher preparation, science education reform approaches, and the role of scholarship. While it is evident that securing rigorous and empowering science education for diverse learners will require arduous, collective effort on many fronts, this text upholds a sense of optimism in the potential of activist-teacher-researchers to overcome barriers to liberatory science teaching and learning.
The principle of equivalent areas

WHEN THE STATE of a linear system is changed by the application of a forcing function r(t), the change occurring during a time interval may be determined approximately by considering only the initial conditions and the total impulse
Synthesis, Structures, and Conformational Characteristics of Calixarene Monoanions and Dianions

The synthesis, complete characterization, and solid state structural and solution conformation determination of calix[n]arenes (n = 4, 6, 8) is reported. A complete series of X-ray structures of the alkali metal salts of calix[4]arene (HC4) illustrate the great influence of the alkali metal ion on the solid state structure of calixanions (e.g., the Li salt of monoanionic HC4 is a monomer; the Na salt of monoanionic HC4 forms a dimer; and the K, Rb, and Cs salts exist in polymeric forms). Solution NMR spectra of alkali metal salts of monoanionic calix[4]arenes indicate that they have the cone conformation in solution. Variable-temperature NMR spectra of salts HC4·M (M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) show that they possess similar coalescence temperatures, all higher than that of HC4. Due to steric hindrance from tert-butyl groups in the para position of p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene (ButC4), the alkali metal salts of monoanionic ButC4 exist in monomeric or dimeric form in the solid state. Calix[6]arene (HC6) and p-tert-b...
The general discrete-time linear-quadratic control problem

The General Discrete-Time Linear-Quadratic Control Problem, together with the classical time-domain and frequency-domain conditions, is reviewed and treated from a novel point of view. When the quadratic cost is allowed to be non positive semi-definite, an important problem is to determine whether or not the cost admits a lower bound. We show that this can be related to the positivity of a self-adjoint Hilbert space operator. This point of view clarifies many features that have remained obscure in the literature. A new frequency-domain technique and a fast algorithm to check the positivity of the operator in question are outlined.
Geometrical aspects of secondary motion in turbulent duct flow

Fully developed turbulent flow through straight ducts is considered. An analysis in a Reynolds stress principal-axis coordinate frame is performed with the aim of clarifying the main mechanisms responsible for turbulence-driven secondary (transverse) mean flow in noncircular ducts. Together with this, some basic properties of that flow are deduced.
Heat shock proteins Multiple neuroprotective functions and implications for neurologic disease

Heat shock proteins (Hsps) comprise a heterogeneous group of highly conserved molecules that are a critical component of proteostasis. Some Hsps are constitutively expressed in cells to promote proper folding and assembly of polypeptides. However, most Hsps are also rapidly induced in response to cellular stress, including oxidative stress and ischemic injury that results in the accumulation of denatured proteins (figure 1). Hsps provide a first line of defense against accumulation of misfolded, aggregation-prone proteins; their neuroprotective effects also include inhibition of apoptosis, cytoskeletal protection, and immune modulation. Hsps are present in the inclusions that characterize several neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer disease (AD), Parkinson disease (PD), and Huntington disease. Mutations of Hsps have been linked to some forms of distal hereditary motor neuronopathy, axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2 (CMT2) disease, myofibrillary myopathy, and progressive spastic paraparesis. Hsps are among the most potent suppressors of neurodegeneration in animal models. Thus, Hsps provide a potential target for protective pharmacotherapy in many neurologic disorders. The multiple functions and dynamics of Hsps and their involvement in neurologic diseases have been extensively reviewed.1,–,15 Figure 1 Heat shock response and chaperone functions of heat shock proteins (Hsps) Accumulation of misfolded proteins during cellular stress is the basic trigger for expression of Hsps, via a feedback loop involving heat shock factor (HSF)-1. HSF-1 is kept in an inactive, monomeric state in the cytoplasm by association with Hsp90. In response to accumulation of misfolded proteins, HSF-1 dissociates from Hsps 90, undergoes trimerization and translocation to the nucleus, and binds to heat shock elements (HSE) in Hsp genes, activating the production of Hsp70, Hsp40, and small Hsps such as Hsp27. The chaperone activity of Hsp90 and Hsp70 requires dynamic conformational changes and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis. Hsp40 interacts with Hsp70, coupling substrate binding with ATP hydrolysis. Once transcribed, small Hsps such as Hsp27 form large oligomeric structures; …
Interrelationship between natural pigments and the mechanism of conversion of carbohydrate into fat.

PARTICIPATION of Fusarium pigments in the conversion of carbohydrate into fat was indicated when it was found that the greatest rise in fat production by Fusarium solani D2 purple was paralleled by an increment in pigment formation; the fat content of Fusarium lycopersici obtained pigmented on Raulin–Thom medium increased with rising sugar concentration of the medium, while the reverse was true when the mould was grown unpigmented on Czapek-Dox medium; Fusarium lini Bolley grew unpigmented in both media and showed no change in fat content1. The function of these pigments was clearly indicated by experiments in which solanione was added to the media of growing Fusaria. The non-pigment formers produced a fat of greater desaturation under these conditions, whereas the fat formed in the pigmented moulds remained unaffected2. Evidence has been presented previously correlating the action of the fatty acid dehydrogenase system of Fusaria3 with that of the pigments so characteristic of this genus. Increased desaturation of the fats of the non-pigmented Fusarium lini Bolley was also caused by naphthoquinones chemically related to solanione4.
Factor Structure of Adolescents Scores on the Reasons for Living Inventory

Abstract The Reasons for Living Inventory (RFL) has been shown to be reliable and valid for adults. To ascertain its factor structure and internal consistency for adolescents, 128 southern high school students (mean age = 15 years) and 145 adolescent college students completed it. A six factor solution to a principal components factor analysis followed by varimax rotation accounted for 53.6% and 49.8% of the variance in the two groups. For both groups, Cronbach alphas were strong (range = .77 to .92) for all subscales except Moral Objections, which was unsatisfactory (.57 and .61). Means were higher than those of adults who reported never considering suicide. A Goodness of Fit Index was poor, suggesting that the factors in teens' reasons for living are different from adults. The overall RFL score appears to be a reasonable instrument for adolescents to use, and a low score should be taken as particularly troublesome.
Nodular structure in epoxy resins

Nodular morphology is observed on free surfaces, fracture surfaces, and etched surfaces of epoxy resins of widely different cure and chemistry. The influence of high- and low-energy substrates on nodule size is illustrated. Fine structure or “dimples” exist on several individual nodules, and various states of agglomeration of nodules are depicted. The possible relations between nodular morphology and adhesion phenomena are discussed.
“La visión del “otro”: racismo y ostracismo en “El matadero” y Facundo

Dos obras clasicas de la literatura argentina desarrollan ampliamente la muy trabajada dicotomia civilizacion/barbarie. Sin embargo, el cuento “El matadero” de Esteban Echeverria y Facundo: civilizacion y barbarie de Domingo Faustino Sarmiento presentan este tema de manera contradictoria. Usando como marco la separacion entre ‘civilizacion’ y ‘barbarie’ y analizando la manera en que estos autores unitarios describen al ‘otro’, este ensayo revela el profundo racismo presente en dicha dicotomia. Ambas obras maestras pintan a los afro-argentinos, a los gauchos y a los mestizos como animalizados, como puro instinto y ‘barbaros’, excluyendolos completamente de los proyectos de modernizacion del pais.
Mining histopathological images via hashing-based scalable image retrieval

Automatic analysis of histopathological images has been widely investigated using computational image processing and machine learning techniques. Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems and content-based image retrieval (CBIR) systems have been successfully developed for diagnosis, disease detection, and decision support in this area. In this paper, we focus on a scalable image retrieval method with high-dimensional features for the analysis of histopathology images. Specifically, we present a kernelized and supervised hashing method. With a small amount of supervised information, our method can compress a 10,000-dimensional image feature vector into only tens of binary bits with informative signatures preserved, and these binary codes are then indexed into a hash table that enables real-time retrieval. We validate the hashing-based image retrieval framework on several thousands of images of breast microscopic tissues for both image classification (i.e., benign vs. actionable categorization) and retrieval. Our framework achieves high search accuracy and promising computational efficiency, comparing favorably with other commonly used methods.
Late Pleistocene Egernia group skinks (Squamata: Scincidae) from Devils Lair, Western Australia

Research on squamate evolution of Australia has predominantly focused on the eastern portion of the continent, whereas little is known about the record from Western Australia. Deposits in Devils Lair provide a glimpse of late Pleistocene Egernia group skink representation from the Cape Leeuwin-Naturaliste region of southwestern Western Australia. Previous studies of fossils from the cave indicate a peak in the number of lizard remains during the last glacial maximum, a time when mammal and charcoal remains suggest an open, dry environment. Previous studies of Devils Lair have not attempted to identify lizard remains beyond ‘lizard’. Here, we identify Egernia group lizard remains as Liopholis spp., Egernia spp., Lissolepis spp. and Tiliqua rugosa, which range in age from ca 48 000 to 13 000 yr B.P.
Revisit of Supply Chain Risk Management and Disruption Under the Recent Financial Crisis

Supply chain risk management (SCRM) has increasingly become a more favored research area for academicians and practitioners in recent years. SCRM has been considered an important source of competitive advantage and as an effective method of reducing vulnerability in supply chain systems. Supply chain risk and uncertainty and their related potential losses are becoming much larger as the frequency of natural disasters, political and economic instabilities, and unexpected events is gradually rising up in the past decade. The latest earthquake and the subsequent tsunami in Japan along with the current global economic and financial crisis remind us once again the urgent needs for effective risk management in todayâ€™s global supply chains. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to an updated and complete understanding of current research on supply chain risk management (SCRM) in such highly uncertain and unstable natural and economic environments. In addition, we also aimed to provide ideas and identify potential research questions and directions for future research.
POVERTY, NUTRITION, AND A CULTURAL MODEL OF MANAGING HIV/AIDS AMONG WOMEN IN NAIROBI, KENYA

Cognitive anthropological methods are used to explore a shared cultural model of self-managing HIV/AIDS among poor HIV-positive women who are not receiving biomedical treatment in Nairobi, Kenya. This model includes basic needs and eating a balanced diet to maintain health. Women know the importance of a balanced diet and rate this as the most important for staying healthy. Their competence in the model is compared to length of time they have lived in Nairobi, level of NGO involvement, and how long they have known their HIV status. Kenya is an ideal place to investigate social and cultural factors that affect the health of HIV-positive women because of the ethnic diversity, high rates of unemployment and poverty, HIV/AIDS prevalence, gender inequalities, and rural-to-urban migration. HIV-positive women in Nairobi face many problems, especially in managing their illness in the absence of biomedical treatment. Many have migrated to the city from rural areas. As they adjust to changes, they may be unable to access resources, including those that help with basic needs. This article focuses on understanding how women in sub-Saharan Africa manage their illness in these extremely marginal conditions from a biocultural perspective and provides a description of this model.
On two cascade models

Abstract Two cascade models are presented which have quite analogous mathematical formulation. The first one is the statistical model of radiation damage in solids and the second is the random space filling or parking problem.
Identification of a Bacterial-Like HslVU Protease in the Mitochondria of Trypanosoma brucei and Its Role in Mitochondrial DNA Replication

ATP-dependent protease complexes are present in all living organisms, including the 26S proteasome in eukaryotes, Archaea, and Actinomycetales, and the HslVU protease in eubacteria. The structure of HslVU protease resembles that of the 26S proteasome, and the simultaneous presence of both proteases in one organism was deemed unlikely. However, HslVU homologs have been identified recently in some primordial eukaryotes, though their potential function remains elusive. We characterized the HslVU homolog from Trypanosoma brucei, a eukaryotic protozoan parasite and the causative agent of human sleeping sickness. TbHslVU has ATP-dependent peptidase activity and, like its bacterial counterpart, has essential lysine and N-terminal threonines in the catalytic subunit. By epitope tagging, TbHslVU localizes to mitochondria and is associated with the mitochondrial genome, kinetoplast DNA (kDNA). RNAi of TbHslVU dramatically affects the kDNA by causing over-replication of the minicircle DNA. This leads to defects in kDNA segregation and, subsequently, to continuous network growth to an enormous size. Multiple discrete foci of nicked/gapped minicircles are formed on the periphery of kDNA disc, suggesting a failure in repairing the gaps in the minicircles for kDNA segregation. TbHslVU is a eubacterial protease identified in the mitochondria of a eukaryote. It has a novel function in regulating mitochondrial DNA replication that has never been observed in other organisms.
Quantization on spacetime hyperboloids

Abstract A quantization scheme which specifies commutation relations on spacetime hyperboloids is examined and shown to lead to a Fock space different from the usual one. Nevertheless the theories are shown to be physically equivalent if properly interpreted.
1025-95 Biphasic Truncated Waveform Transthoracic Defibrillation Results in Less Post-shock ECG ST Segment Changes than Standard Damped Sine Wave Shocks

Background Electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities are common following transthoracic defibrillation. ECG ST segment changes are especially problematic following defibrillation and may indicate ischemia or shock induced cardiac dysfunction after resuscitation. Biphasic defibrillation waveforms, compared to monophasic waveforms. diminish shock-induced cardiac dysfunction in laboratory preparations. This effect has not been validated in man. Therefore. we evaluated in a prospective. blinded fashion, the effect of biphasic and monophasic transthoracic defibrillation on the ECG ST segment in 30 consecutive patients during implantable cardioverter-defibrillator surgery. Methods In each patient two low energy truncated biphasic transthoracic defibrillation shocks were compared to the standard 200 J monophasic damped sine wave shock traditionally employed in transthoracic defibrillators. Both biphasic shocks and the damped sine wave shock have previously demonstrated equal efficacies of 97%. Fifteen second bipolar ECG signals recorded across transthoracic defibrillation electrodes were digitized prior to ventricular fibrillation induction (baseline) and immediately after each defibrillation attempt. These signals were printed. and the STsegments analyzed in a blinded fashion by two reviewers. ST segment deflection (10 mm/mV) after therapy was compared to the baseline ST segment deflection for each of the dafibrillation waveforms used. Results Changes in the absolute value of the ST segment level were significantly greater with the 200 J damped sine waveform than with either biphasic waveform: Waveform ECG ST segment change (mm) 115 J Blphasic 0.73 ± 0.62 130 J Biphasic 081 ± 0.24 200 J Damped Sine 2.10 ± 1.94 * * p l 0.0001 Conclusion Transthoracic defibrillation with biphasic waveforms results in less post-shock ECG evidence of myocardial dysfunction (injury or ischemia) compared to the standard damped sine waveform without compromising defibrillation efficacy.
Beamforming Using Compressive Sensing

Compressive sensing (CS) is compared with conventional beamforming using horizontal beamforming of at-sea, towed-array data. They are compared qualitatively using bearing time records and quantitatively using signal-to-interference ratio. Qualitatively, CS exhibits lower levels of background interference than conventional beamforming. Furthermore, bearing time records show increasing, but tolerable, levels of background interference when the number of elements is decreased. For the full array, CS generates signal-to-interference ratio of 12 dB, but conventional beamforming only 8 dB. The superiority of CS over conventional beamforming is much more pronounced with undersampling.
Past and current trends of change in a dune prairie/oak savanna reconstructed through a multiple-scale history

. The history of a rapidly changing mosaic of prairie and oak savanna in northern Indiana was reconstructed using several methods emphasizing different time scales ranging from annual to millennial. Vegetation change was monitored for 8 yr using plots and for 30 yr using aerial photographs. A 20th century fire history was reconstructed from the stand structure of multiple-stemmed trees and fire scars. General Land Office Survey data were used to reconstruct the forest of A.D. 1834. Fossil pollen and charcoal records were used to reconstruct the last 4000 yr of vegetation and fire history. Since its deposition along the shore of Lake Michigan about 4000 yr ago, the area has followed a classical primary dune successional sequence, gradually changing from pine forest to prairie/oak savanna between A.D. 264 and 1007. This successional trend, predicted in the models of Henry Cowles, occurred even though the climate cooled and prairies elsewhere in the region retreated. Severe fires in the 19th century reduced most tree species but led to a temporary increase in Populus tremuloides. During the last few decades, the prairie has been invaded by oaks and other woody species, primarily because of fire suppression since A.D. 1972. The rapid and complex changes now occurring are a response to the compounded effects of plant succession, intense burning and logging in the 19th century, recent fire suppression, and possibly increased airborne deposition of nitrates. The compilation of several historical research techniques emphasizing different time scales allows this study of the interactions between multiple disturbance variables.
Relativistic corrections to the electric dipole one-photon transition rates of charmonium

We calculate the relativistic corrections of leading order to the electric dipole one-photon transition rates of charmonium using an approximately relativistic theory of the composite system and the simple harmonic-oscillator-type confining potential. We find that the corrections are large, of the order of -30% to -70%, for the decay rates.
Management of Bowel Obstruction in Patients with Stage IV Cancer: Predictors of Outcome After Surgery

Patients with stage IV cancer and bowel obstruction (BO) present a complicated management problem. We sought to determine if specific parameters could predict outcome after surgery. Records of patients with stage IV cancer and BO treated from 1991 to 2008 were reviewed. For surgical patients, 30-day morbidity and 90-day mortality were assessed using exact multivariable logistic regression methods. Of 198 patients, 132 (66.7 %) underwent surgery, 66 medical treatment alone, and demographics were similar. A total of 41 patients (20.7 %) were diagnosed with stage IV cancer and BO synchronously, all treated surgically; the remaining presented metachronously. Medically managed patients were more likely to have received chemotherapy in the 30 days prior to BO (45 of 66 [68.2 %] vs 40 of 132 [30.3 %], p 1 as predictors of death (p 1, and metachronous presentation predicted for 90-day surgical mortality. These data suggest factors that can be used to frame treatment discussion plans with patients.