cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of the small nuclear RNAs associated with the mitotic chromosomes of Amoeba proteus.

Amebas contain 7 electrophoretically distinct species of small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), some of which are known to associate in a striking manner with mitotic chromosomes. These RNAs can be divided into 2 classes, one consisting of 4 snRNA species that shuttle in a non-random way between nucleus and cytoplasm during interphase and one consisting of 3 snRNA species that do not leave the nucleus at all during interphase. In the work reported here we sought to determine which class is associated with mitotic chromosomes. Through a series of micromanipulative procedures we arranged for the shuttling snRNAs to be the only radioactive molecules in the cell. Such cells were allowed to enter mitosis, whereupon they were fixed and subjected to autoradiography. In those cells no radioactive snRNAs were found associated with mitotic chromosomes. It is concluded, therefore, that those snRNAs that do associate with mitotic chromosomes must be one or more of the non-shuttling species. — In the Discussion, how the non-shuttling snRNAs may function in cell activities is considered.
Volume illumination for two-dimensional particle image velocimetry

In particle image velocimetry experiments where optical access is limited or in microscale geometries, it may be desirable to illuminate the entire test section with a volume of light, as opposed to a two-dimensional sheet of light. With volume illumination, the depth of the measurement plane must be defined by the focusing characteristics of the recording optics. A theoretical expression for the depth of the two-dimensional measurement plane is derived and it is shown to agree well with experimental observations. Unfocused particle images, which lie outside the measurement plane, create background noise that decreases the signal-to-noise ratio of the particle-image fields. Results show that the particle concentration must be chosen judiciously in order to balance the desired spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio of the particle-image field.
Molecular conformation on the CM-5 by parallel two-level simulated annealing

In this paper, we propose a new kind of simulated annealing algorithm calledtwo-level simulated annealing for solving certain class of hard combinatorial optimization problems. This two-level simulated annealing algorithm is less likely to get stuck at a non-global minimizer than conventional simulated annealing algorithms. We also propose a parallel version of our two-level simulated annealing algorithm and discuss its efficiency. This new technique is then applied to the Molecular Conformation problem in 3 dimensional Euclidean space. Extensive computational results on Thinking Machines CM-5 are presented. With the full Lennard-Jones potential function, we were able to get satisfactory results for problems for cluster sizes as large as 100,000. A peak rate of over 0.8 giga flop per second in 64-bit operations was sustained on a partition with 512 processing elements. To the best of our knowledge, ground states of Lennard-Jones clusters of size as large as these have never been reported before.
Fractionation of Factor VIII and IX ‐ An Overview

The recent development of concentrated plasma fractions for the treatment of Hemophilia A (factor VIII:C) and Hemophilia B (factor IX) has greatly facilitated replacement therapy in patients with congenital deficiencies of these components and has proven essential for home therapy with normalization of the patients' life style. Preparation of the concentrates requires adequate amounts of high quality plasma frozen promptly to preserve the activity of the coagulation factors. In a large, regional blood center in the U.S. the average potency of the fresh-frozen, single-donor plasma averaged about 1.0 U/ml over a period of four years. The effectiveness, cost, incidence of reactions and potential for transmission of hepatitis vary with the purity and yield of the concentrates, and possibly the size of the initial plasma pool from which the concentrate is derived. The higher the purity, the greater the solubility, concentration and convenience, and the lower the potential toxic effects, including possible contaminating viruses. The higher the yield, the lower the cost to the producer and consumer. The larger the starting pool of plasma, the greater the likelihood of contamination with hepatitis virus or (possibly) acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The comparative advantages and disadvantages of the various fractionation methods are explored together with the areas of optimal usefulness, including hemophilia A and hemophilia B with and without endogenous inhibitors. Some attention is also given to the comparative freedom of most concentrates from contamination by hepatitis B, non-A, non-B, and possibly AIDS.
Stimulation of amphiregulin expression in osteoblastic cells by parathyroid hormone requires the protein kinase A and cAMP response element-binding protein signaling pathway

Parathyroid hormone (PTH), an anabolic agent for bone metabolism, has profound effects on gene expression in the osteoblast. Recently, we identified that amphiregulin (AR), an EGF-like ligand, is an immediate early gene for PTH treatment and has an important role in bone metabolism. In the present report, by using different PTH peptide fragments, protein kinase activators, and inhibitors, we have demonstrated that PTH regulates amphiregulin in a cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent manner both in vitro and in vivo. We found that the phosphorylation of cAMP-response element (CRE)-binding protein (CREB) preceded AR transcription after PTH treatment. Moreover, luciferase reporter assays revealed that the binding of phosphorylated CREB to a conserved CRE site in the AR promoter plays an important role in basal, PTH-induced, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-induced AR expression in osteoblastic cells. In summary, our data suggest that PTH-induced AR mRNA expression is mediated primarily through cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Simulation and Verification of Lake Ontario's Mean State

Abstract A numerical dynamic model based on primitive equations has been developed for Lake Ontario. Many experimental tests for parameter selections and alternative formulations of physical processes in the model were carried out. Two simulations, both repeated in July and December 1972, one under constant atmospheric forcing and the other under hourly time-dependent, spatially varying atmospheric forcing, are presented here. With constant southwesterly wind parallel to the major axis of the lake, as was the case in both July and December 1972, the steady-state lake circulation forms a typical two-gyre wind-driven pattern with currents flowing with the wind in both coastal regions and return flow in the middle of the lake. The monthly mean currents of the hourly time-dependent variable-forcing simulation of December have a pattern similar to that of the constant-forcing case, while the men currents of the July time-dependent variable-forcing simulation yield a single cyclonic circulation pattern with cur...
Adaptive independent component analysis to analyze electrocardiograms

In this work, we apply adaptive version independent component analysis (ADAPTIVE ICA) to the nonlinear measurement of electro-cardio-graphic (ECG) signals for potential detection of abnormal conditions in the heart. In principle, unsupervised ADAPTIVE ICA neural networks can demix the components of measured ECG signals. However, the nonlinear pre-amplification and post measurement processing make the linear ADAPTIVE ICA model no longer valid. This is possible because of a proposed adaptive rectification pre-processing is used to linearize the preamplifier of ECG, and then linear ADAPTIVE ICA is used in iterative manner until the outputs having their own stable Kurtosis. We call such a new approach adaptive ADAPTIVE ICA. Each component may correspond to individual heart function, either normal or abnormal. Adaptive ADAPTIVE ICA neural networks have the potential to make abnormal components more apparent, even when they are masked by normal components in the original measured signals. This is particularly important for diagnosis well in advance of the actual onset of heart attack, in which abnormalities in the original measured ECG signals may be difficult to detect. This is the first known work that applies Adaptive ADAPTIVE ICA to ECG signals beyond noise extraction, to the detection of abnormal heart function.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Web of Conformity: A Network Approach to the Explanation of Delinquent Behavior

I use concepts and assumptions from the literature on social networks to construct a theory of delinquent behavior. The major premise of the theory is that the structural characteristics of a social (personal) network affect the degree to which participation in the network constrains behavior. I base hypotheses at both the social psychological and social structural levels of analysis on the structural characteristics of networks of multiplexity and density. Then I examine how this approach can account for some perplexing findings from past work on the relationships between social class and delinquent behavior. My essential argument is that social status and status area are related to delinquent behavior because they affect the structure of social networks.
‘It’s Quite Stylish’: Representations of American English and American Culture in English-Training Milieus in Delhi, India

English-training institutes seem to be ubiquitous in India, and they often index the United States through reference to ‘American accent’ training, American teachers, or simply American flags on their storefront signs. Against the broader backdrop of globalization, and through an examination of institute signs and advertisements and interviews with institute students and teachers, I show how ‘America’ is represented, produced, and consumed as a symbolic and cultural category within the cultural domain of English-training institutes.
Adolescent drivers: a developmental perspective on risk, proficiency, and safety.

Despite considerable improvement in the rates of crashes, injuries, and fatalities among adolescent drivers, attributable in part to effective interventions such as graduated driver licensing, these rates and their associated health risks remain unacceptably high. To understand the sources of risky driving among teens, as well as to identify potential avenues for further advances in prevention, this article presents a review of the relevant features of contemporary research on adolescent development. Current research offers significant advances in the understanding of the sources of safe driving, proficient driving, and risky driving among adolescents. This multifaceted perspective--as opposed to simple categorization of good versus bad driving--provides new opportunities for using insights on adolescent development to enhance prevention. Drawing on recent work on adolescent physical, neural, and cognitive development, we argue for approaches to prevention that recognize both the strengths and the limitations of adolescent drivers, with particular attention to the acquisition of expertise, regulatory competence, and self-regulation in the context of perceived risk. This understanding of adolescent development spotlights the provision of appropriate and effective scaffolding, utilizing the contexts of importance to adolescents--parents, peers, and the broader culture of driving--to support safe driving and to manage the inherent risks in learning to do so. Language: en
Factors Affecting Acid Coagulation of the Egg White

Abstract INTRODUCTION IN A previous publication (Cunningham and Cotterill, 1962) the results of treating egg white with alkali were reported and factors affecting the alkaline gelation of egg white were discussed. This investigation is an extension of the study of the effect of pH on the egg white system. Consideration will be given the acidic pH range and the factors affecting the formation of acid egg white gels and the insolubilization or coagulation of the egg white proteins. Nearly all of the commercial treatments of egg white, as well as the functions performed by eggs in baked products, are carried out in an acid pH range. The characteristics of egg white in acid media are of special interest to egg breakers, processors, bakers, etc. Egg albumen is currently a surplus commodity and attempts are being made to establish new uses for egg white which would help alleviate this surplus. Sutermeister and…
Safety valve dynamic instability: An analysis of chatter

Safety valve chatter, which is characterized by violent oscillation of the disk or closure member, is a dynamical phenomenon representable by differential rather than algebraic equations. It is shown that the conditions necessary for avoiding chatter may be determined from the behavior of the differential equations in the region of certain critical points. The paper demonstrates how to determine these points and establish conditions necessary for avoiding chatter. The method is illustrated using a simple, but representative, gas-filled system. The results and their implications for safety valve design and selection are discussed, and a numerical example is given.
Gender Stereotypes and Attitudes Toward Women and Men

Attitude theory is used to provide a conceptual analysis of how attitudes toward men and women relate to gender stereotypes. Consistent with this analysis, attitudes toward the sexes related positively to the evaluative meaning of the corresponding gender stereo-types. In addition, attitudes and stereotypes about women were extremely favorable - in fact, more favorable than those about men. The findings also demonstrated that the Attitudes Toward Women Scale assesses attitudes toward equal rights for women not attitudes toward women, and therefore did not relate to the evaluative meaning of subjects' stereotypes about women.
CSF cytology of atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor of the brain in a two-year-old girl: a case report.

Atypical teratoma/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) of the central nervous system is a highly malignant neoplasm in infants and early childhood. Approximately one third of patients develop intracranial dissemination with involvement of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). The clinical, radiological, and pathological features have been described, but cytology of the tumor cells in CSF has not. Multiple CSF samples were examined in a case of AT/RT in a 2-yr-old girl. The most consistent cytologic features of AT/RT are the large size of the tumor cells, eccentricity of the nuclei, and prominent nucleoli. The differential diagnosis includes medulloblastoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) of the brain. Because AT/RT often contains PNET-like regions, the differential diagnosis mainly relies on the presence or absence of large rhabdoid tumor cells. Cytological examination of CSF from a patient with AT/RT is important in the early diagnosis, disease progression analysis, and therapy modulation. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2000;23:329–332. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Assessing knowledge management success/effectiveness models

This paper proposes a framework for assessing knowledge management system, KMS, success models. The framework uses three criteria: how well the model fits actual KMS success factors, the degree to which the model has a theoretical foundation, and if the model can be used for two types of approaches to building a KMS. The framework is then applied to four KMS success models found in the literature and is determined to be a useful framework for assessing KMS success models.
Variability and power management in sub-100nm SOI technology for reliable high performance systems

The ability to fully leverage future CMOS technologies will require a proactive approach to aggressively manage power while characterizing and mitigating the various sources of technology uncertainty. Adaptive techniques that span the full design stack across technology, circuits, and systems/software are required for building future reliable systems. Moreover, the emerging trend of low-power, multi-core-based systems requires very high transistor density and will help drive the transition to unconventional non-planar silicon devices with reduced short channel effects. An integrated design approach between technology development, VLSI design, design automation tools, and micro-architecture is required for optimum system design.
The Association Between Weight Loss in Caregivers and Adolescents in a Treatment Trial of Adolescents With Obesity

Objective The relationship between weight change in caregivers and their adolescents was evaluated follow- ing a randomized trial of lifestyle modification for adolescents, which included either a conventional diet or meal replacements. Methods Adolescents (N ¼ 113) had an MSD age of 15.0 � 1.3 years (62% African American; 26% Caucasian, 12% other; 81% female) and body mass index of 37.1 � 5.1 kg/m 2 . Results Mixed effects models yielded a significant association between percentage change in body mass index of caregivers and adolescents from baseline to months 4 and 12 (p ¼ .01). When caregivers lost above the median (� 1.67%) at month 4, their adolescents achieved a significantly greater loss at month 12 (� 9.1 � 1.3%) compared with adolescents whose caregivers lost less than the median (� 4.3 � 1.3%) (p ¼ .003). Conclusion Engaging caregivers in their own weight loss efforts during adolescent weight loss treatment may improve adolescent weight loss.
International Arbitration Law in the United States

The importance of American international arbitration law has grown in recent decades. Arbitration is widely used as a means of resolving transnational disputes involving American parties, albeit more widely for some types of contracts than others. The United States is frequently chosen as a situs for international arbitration proceedings, and American lawyers regularly appear as counsel and serve as arbitrators. This paper provides an overview of the law governing international arbitration in the United States. It first describes the treaties and statutes that govern international arbitration in the U.S. It then provides an overview of U.S. law as it applies to enforcing the arbitration agreement, to the conduct of the arbitration proceeding, and to enforcing the arbitration award.
The method of characteristics for the three-dimensional unsteady magnetofluid dynamics of a multi-component medium

A general numerical method of characteristics applicable to problems in magneto-fluid dynamics as well as ordinary fluid dynamics is described. The method can be applied to unsteady three-dimensional flows of chemically reacting, non-equilibrium, multi-component media. Dissipative phenomena must be neglected in order to make the governing equations of change hyperbolic, because the method can be applied only to quasi-linear, hyperbolic, partial differential equations. Practical restrictions on computation time usually require unsteady problems to be limited to cases with short transient times although theoretically the method applies to all unsteady flows. In steady flow the local velocity must be greater than the largest local wave speed. The characteristic and compatibility equations are derived for the most general case of magnetofluid dynamics. A new finite-difference network and its corresponding equations are developed similarly. Specialization of the general method to consider simpler problems is outlined. Preliminary numerical results of calculations using the method are presented. The practicality and feasibility of utilizing the general numerical method of characteristics on presently available, electronic digital computers is evaluated in the light of recent experience in calculating multi-dimensional flows with the method.
An Analysis of Plants Traditionally Used by Plains Indians as Topical Antiseptics for Antimicrobial Effectiveness

This study examines the effectiveness in the laboratory of Plains Indian plant remedies traditionally used as topical antiseptics to prevent or treat infections of the skin. Thirty different medicinal plants found growing in southeast Wyoming used by Plains Indians as antiseptics were tested Extracts of each plant’s fluids were filter sterilized and tested against nine different bacteria and one yeast. Fifty percent of the native plants isolated from southeast Wyoming and historically used by Plains Indians as topical antiseptics did exhibit some antimicrobial properties in vitro.
Infant-feeding methods and childhood sleep-disordered breathing.

OBJECTIVE. Childhood sleep-disordered breathing has an adverse impact on cognitive development, behavior, quality of life, and use of health care resources. Early viral infections and other immune-mediated responses may contribute to development of the chronic inflammation of the upper airway and hypertrophic upper airway lymphadenoid tissues underlying childhood sleep-disordered breathing. Breastfeeding provides immunologic protection against such early exposures. Therefore, we sought to explore whether sleep-disordered breathing severity would differ for children who were breastfed as infants. METHODS. The parents or guardians of 196 habitually snoring children (mean ± SD: 6.7 ± 2.9 years old) who were undergoing overnight polysomnography at Kosair Children9s Hospital Sleep Medicine and Apnea Center completed a retrospective survey on the method(s) used to feed the child as an infant. RESULTS. Among habitually snoring children, those who were fed breast milk for at least 2 months had significantly reduced sleep-disordered breathing severity on every measure assessed, including apnea-hypopnea index, oxyhemoglobin desaturation nadir, and respiratory arousal index. Breastfeeding for longer than 5 months did not contribute additional benefits. CONCLUSIONS. Our findings support the notion that breastfeeding may provide long-term protection against the severity of childhood sleep-disordered breathing. Future research should explore mechanism(s) whereby infant-feeding methods may affect the pathophysiology of development of childhood sleep-disordered breathing.
Formulation and In-Vitro and In-Vivo Evaluation of a Mucoadhesive Gel Containing Freeze Dried Black Raspberries: Implications for Oral Cancer Chemoprevention

The purpose of these studies was to formulate mucoadhesive gels containing freeze dried black raspberries (FBR) and to determine optimum parameters for a subset of FBR bioactive compounds including anthocyanin stability, absorption and penetration in-vitro and in-vivo. Berry gels were prepared having FBR at 5% and 10% w/w and final pHs ranging from 3.5 to 7.5. A HPLC assay was developed to quantify and determine the stability of the anthocyanins in the gels. A single time-point study was performed to determine anthocyanin uptake when the gels were applied to oral mucosa. Penetration of anthocyanins into human oral tissue explants was determined as a function of gel pH and FBR content. A HPLC-mass spectroscopy assay was utilized to quantify the anthocyanin levels in human oral tissue explants, saliva, and blood. The stability of anthocyanins in the gel was directly related to gel pH and storage temperature. Maximum stability of anthocyanins was found at lower pH (pH 3.5) and storage temperature (4°C). Anthocyanins contained in mucoadhesive berry gel formulations were readily absorbed into human oral mucosa tissue as evidenced by detectable blood levels within 5 min after gel application. There was a trend for greater penetration of anthocyanins into tissue explants for berry gels with a final pH of 6.5 versus pH 3.5. Formulation and characterization of a novel gel formulation for local delivery of chemopreventive compounds to human oral mucosal tissues has been described. The results show anthocyanin stability was dependent upon gel pH and storage temperature and also demonstrate that the gel composition is well-suited for absorption and penetration into the target oral mucosal tissue site.
Role of kinship in the formation of southern flying squirrel winter aggregations

In winter southern flying squirrels (Glaucomys volans) aggregate in large groups. They live on food items individually stored during the fall in their overlapping home ranges. The squirrels gain thermoregulatory benefits from living in aggregations but also face costs of group living, especially nest mates pilfering individually stored food. Other costs include increased predator attraction and a greater vulnerability to parasite infection. The presence of relatives in the group has the potential to increase inclusive fitness by increasing the availability of food, stored in the home area, to related individuals. Using 3 generations of known-relationship squirrels we conducted laboratory experiments to determine whether kin or familiar animals were preferred nest mates during aggregation formation. During 3 time periods, over 2 winters, squirrels were presented with kin and nonkin and familiar and unfamiliar animals and allowed to aggregate over the course of multiple 3-day trials. Kinship was persistently a major factor in the formation of aggregations. Squirrels aggregated with highly related animals (parents, offspring, and siblings) significantly more often than with unrelated animals. Familiarity became significant by the end of the study. Understanding how relatedness and familiarity interact in the formation of aggregations in seasonally gregarious animals sheds light on the processes and factors that lead to sociality.
Designing a New Architecture for the U.S. National Accounts

The key elements of a new architecture for the U.S. national accounts have been developed in a prototype system constructed by Dale W. Jorgenson and J. Steven Landefeld, director of the Bureau of Economic Analysis at the U.S. Department of Commerce. As the U.S. economy emerges from the most severe contraction since the Second World War, the focus of policy will shift toward enhancing the economy’s potential for growth. A second motivation for the new architecture is to integrate the different components of the decentralized U.S. statistical system and make them consistent.
Transformer-Coupled Power Amplifier Stability and Power Back-Off Analysis

We present a mathematical analysis of the common-mode instability and power back-off feature of a transformer-coupled Class-AB differential power amplifier (PA). The efficient impedance matching of the transformer combiner and efficiency improvement at power back-off, a major benefit of this structure, are illustrated. In addition, an analytical model is derived to predict the common-mode oscillations in PA. The analytical results, based on a simple hand-calculation model for the transistor, show good agreement with simulation results using complete 90-nm models. Two methods to suppress the common-mode oscillations are investigated and analyzed in detail.
Tracking rotating components for complete construction of simulated images

Visual and IR imaging of rotating objects, such as tires under load test conditions is desirable but presents several obstacles, such as blurring and component obstruction. If an imaging system capable of high enough frame rates to capture the data without aliasing effects is used, the entire object is often not in view and therefore could not be analyzed. The authors present a system that uses a standard Inframetrics 760 to synthetically reconstruct an image by using high speed imaging techniques in conjunction with a shaft encoder, rotational tracking, and specialized data sampling software to capture three sides of a tire that is being tested at 50 mph. This process has proven valuable in providing non-intrusive thermal analysis in recent quality tests of tires. Current accepted testing techniques for tires include endurance test and x-ray. Both provide limited information, but neither provides the thermal information that is a dominant factor in tire failure. By setting the IR camera in a position to face the edge of the tire, using mirrors to bring the sidewall into the field of view, and using our methodology we have collected data on the entire tire under two minutes. This data can be viewed as flat data array images or rendered onto a 3D wireframe representation.
Alendronate increases spine and hip bone mineral density in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis who failed to respond to intermittent cyclical etidronate

In a U.S. multicenter study of intermittent cyclical etidronate treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis, approximately 20% of patients were nonresponders, defined as failure to increase spine bone mineral density. In contrast, essentially all patients who received 10 mg of alendronate daily in U.S. phase III trials showed some increase in spine bone mineral density. The current study was undertaken to determine the response to alendronate therapy in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis who were nonresponders to intermittent cyclical etidronate therapy. Twenty-five women with postmenopausal osteoporosis (mean ± SD: 65.1 ± 1.9 years of age), previously treated with intermittent cyclical etidronate with no increase of spine bone mineral density, and who agreed to be changed to alendronate, were recruited from a university out-patient clinic specializing in the treatment of osteoporosis for a prospective observational study. Measurements included bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and proximal femur (by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) and biochemical markers of bone remodeling (serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase by immunoassay and urine deoxypyridinoline by high-pressure liquid chromatography). Patients had received intermittent cyclical etidronate for 3.3 ± 0.4 years, during which time their bone density declined at spine and hip sites. They were then changed to alendronate 10 mg/day, which they received for 1.3 ± 0.1 years; after treatment with alendronate, bone mineral density increased significantly at the lumbar spine (4.4 ± 0.7% annualized, p < 0.0001) and at all hip sites. Bone markers also changed significantly after alendronate treatment: urine deoxypyridinoline fell from 6.8 ± 0.8 to 5.5 ± 0.6 μmol/mol creatinine (p < 0.0001) and serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase rose from 4.6 ± 0.5 to 11.9 ± 1.0 ng/mL (p < 0.0001). Upper gastrointestinal side effects forced 4 of 25 patients (16%) to discontinue alendronate. Alendronate increases bone density at the spine and hip in patients who have not responded to intermittent cyclical etidronate therapy. Changes in bone markers suggest that alendronate causes more complete suppression of bone resorption and less inhibition (or stimulation) of bone formation.
Hemodynamic and electrophysiological study of the role of the anterior cingulate in target-related processing and selection for action.

A number of experiments requiring attention or other complex cognitive functions have found substantial activation in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Some of these studies have suggested that this area may be involved in ''selection for action,'' such as for selecting to respond to a target stimulus. Here, positron emission tomography (PET) and event-related potentials (ERPs) were used to study the effects of target probability during a demanding visual spatial attention task, in which the target percentage was either low (2%, 1 per ,26 sec) or high (16%, 1 per ,3.5 sec). As expected, ERPs to detected targets evoked large, bilaterally distributed P300 waves. The PET showed strong activation of the ACC, particularly dorsally, during all the attend conditions relative to passive. However, these PET activations did not significantly differ between the few-target and many-target conditions, showing only a small trend to be larger in the many-target case. Such results indicate that the bulk of the ACC activation does not reflect selection for action per se, while also suggesting that the ACC is not a likely source of the P300 effect. The current data, however, do not argue against the ACC serving a role in maintaining a vigilant or anticipatory state in which one may need to select for action, or in continually or repeatedly (i.e., for each stimulus) needing to resolve whether to select to act or to not act. Hum Brain Mapping 8:121-127, 1999. r 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
New Strategies in Pleural Mesothelioma: BAP1 and NF2 as Novel Targets for Therapeutic Development and Risk Assessment

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a highly lethal cancer with limited therapeutic options. Recent work has identified frequent inactivation of two tumor suppressor genes in MPM-- NF2 (Neurofibromatosis type 2) and BAP1 (BRCA associated protein 1). Additionally, germline mutations in BAP1 have been identified and an associated cancer syndrome which includes MPM, ocular melanoma and other cancers has been described. These recent advances may allow screening of high risk individuals and the development of new therapies that target key pathways in MPM.
Feathers as substrate for Histoplasma capsulatum in its filamentous phase of growth.

Although Histoplasma capsulatum is not regarded as keratinophilic, feathers from chickens or germ-free quail suspended in water supported good growth of 70 strains of the organism in the filamentous phase for an extended period. Restoration of typical microconidia and macroconidia was noted in many, suggesting that the feather merits further investigation as substrate for preservation of stock collections.
Developing the capacity of teacher‐librarians to meet the diverse needs of all schoolchildren: Project ENABLE

US school libraries are required to ensure that schoolchildren and school staff with disabilities have equal opportunity to use and benefit from library facilities and information services under federal law. However, evidence indicates teacher-librarians (TLs) often lack the training, knowledge and skills to provide programmes and services that meet the needs of students with disabilities. Project ENABLE (Expanding Nondiscriminatory Access by Librarians Everywhere) was created to respond to this shortfall by designing, implementing and evaluating a professional development programme in New York State. The project applies a social model of disability to help 100 TLs, special educators and general educators further develop their skills and resources by teaming together to create an inclusive environment for all students. This is achieved through the use of universal design principles, appropriate assistive and other technologies, an emphasis on person-first language and sensitivity simulations, a focus on inclusive lesson planning, and by developing collaboration capacity among participant teams. Curriculum development, data collection and analyses are presented. The effect of the Project ENABLE trainings was significant in terms of higher levels of skill and knowledge reported by participants for creating accessible library programmes, advancing inclusive education and building effective collaborations. Drawing from their workshop learning and resources, participant teams developed action plans to implement during the 2011–2012 school year. This project underscores the importance of TLs in the education of all students, including those with disabilities. Higher education and local professional development programmes must place greater emphasis on preparing TLs to perform this role effectively and confidently.
Comparative genomic analysis reveals a novel mitochondrial isoform of human rTS protein and unusual phylogenetic distribution of the rTS gene

The rTS gene (ENOSF1), first identified in Homo sapiens as a gene complementary to the thymidylate synthase (TYMS) mRNA, is known to encode two protein isoforms, rTSα and rTSβ. The rTSβ isoform appears to be an enzyme responsible for the synthesis of signaling molecules involved in the down-regulation of thymidylate synthase, but the exact cellular functions of rTS genes are largely unknown. Through comparative genomic sequence analysis, we predicted the existence of a novel protein isoform, rTS, which has a 27 residue longer N-terminus by virtue of utilizing an alternative start codon located upstream of the start codon in rTSβ. We observed that a similar extended N-terminus could be predicted in all rTS genes for which genomic sequences are available and the extended regions are conserved from bacteria to human. Therefore, we reasoned that the protein with the extended N-terminus might represent an ancestral form of the rTS protein. Sequence analysis strongly predicts a mitochondrial signal sequence in the extended N-terminal of human rTSγ, which is absent in rTSβ. We confirmed the existence of rTS in human mitochondria experimentally by demonstrating the presence of both rTSγ and rTSβ proteins in mitochondria isolated by subcellular fractionation. In addition, our comprehensive analysis of rTS orthologous sequences reveals an unusual phylogenetic distribution of this gene, which suggests the occurrence of one or more horizontal gene transfer events. The presence of two rTS isoforms in mitochondria suggests that the rTS signaling pathway may be active within mitochondria. Our report also presents an example of identifying novel protein isoforms and for improving gene annotation through comparative genomic analysis.
The Role of Alcohol Expectancies and Alcohol Consumption Among Sexually Victimized and Nonvictimized College Women

The present study investigated alcohol expectancies, alcohol consumption, sexual assertiveness, and the number of consensual sexual partners as potential risk factors for sexual assault among three groups of college women: nonvictimized, moderately victimized, and severely victimized. Women with severe victimization histories (attempted or completed rape), compared with nonvictims, reported more consensual sexual partners, less perceived assertiveness in their ability to refuse unwanted sexual advances, greater weekly alcohol consumption, and more positive outcome expectancies for alcohol including tension reduction, sexual enhancement, and global positive change. In addition, for both victimized and nonvictimized women, consumption of alcohol and expectancies of social enhancement following alcohol use independently accounted for a significant portion of the variance of sexual activity following alcohol consumption. Findings are discussed with respect to research aimed at reducing sexual assault among wo...
Código de Proceso Civil Colectivo. Un Modelo Para Países de Derecho Civil (The Class Action Code: A Model for Civil Law Countries)

This is the Spanish translation of a paper originally published in 2002, in which the author proposes the enactment of a Class Action Code in civil law countries. The proposed Model Code extensively regulates all aspects of modern class actions, including standing, adequacy, prerequisites, certification, notice, proof, settlement, judgment, res judicata, lis pendens, attorney fees, injunctive class actions, class action for damages, calculation of damages, distribution of the award, fund for group rights, defendant class actions, etc.The objective is to inspire the creation of the best possible code for class action suits, in light of the needs and peculiarities of civil law countries and the international experience with class actions. Although the proposal is focused primarily on civil-law countries, it may also prove useful to common law countries considering the adoption or improvement of class action rules.The English version of this document can be found at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=930439La versione italiana di questo articolo puo essere trovata in: http://ssrn.com/abstract=951889A versao em portugues deste artigo pode ser encontrada em: http://ssrn.com/abstract=947207La version francaise de ce document se trouvent a: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1406310
Essentials of 3D Biofabrication and Translation

Essentials of 3D Biofabrication and Translation discusses the techniques that are making bioprinting a viable alternative in regenerative medicine. The book runs the gamut of topics related to the subject, including hydrogels and polymers, nanotechnology, toxicity testing, and drug screening platforms, also introducing current applications in the cardiac, skeletal, and nervous systems, and organ construction. Leaders in clinical medicine and translational science provide a global perspective of the transformative nature of this field, including the use of cells, biomaterials, and macromolecules to create basic building blocks of tissues and organs, all of which are driving the field of biofabrication to transform regenerative medicine. * Provides a new and versatile method to fabricating living tissue* Discusses future applications for 3D bioprinting technologies, including use in the cardiac, skeletal, and nervous systems, and organ construction* Describes current approaches and future challenges for translational science* Runs the gamut of topics related to the subject, from hydrogels and polymers to nanotechnology, toxicity testing, and drug screening platforms
Studies on Dry Matter Accumulation and Transportation the Plants of Heavy-Panicled Rice Cultivar IIyou6078

The relationship between grain yield and redundancy degree(RD),sink potential and dry matter accumulation intensity of the heavy-panicled hybrid rice IIyou6078 was studied.Compared with the control variety Shanyou63,the RD of IIyou6078 decreased by 10.39%,and its sink potential and glumaceous flower number increased by 11.51% and 15.55%,respectively.In the later period of growth,IIyou6078 showed higher ability of transporting photosynthates to the spikes and its biomass production per unit area and dry matter accumulation per plant were 9.1% and 60% higher than those of Shanyou63.
Effects of TMB-8, a putative calcium antagonist, on neuromuscular transmission and muscle contractility in the mouse phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparation.

The effects of TMB-8 [8-(N.N.-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate], a putative calcium antagonist, on directly and indirectly evoked isometric twitches, tetanic contractions and potassium- and caffeine-induced contractures, were investigated in the mouse isolated phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparation. In the lowest concentration tested (10(-6) M), TMB-8 produced an augmentation of both directly and indirectly induced twitches. In higher concentrations (10(-5)-3 x 10(-5) M), this augmentation was followed by twitch reduction. In the highest concentrations (10(-4) M-3 x 10(-4) M), only twitch reduction in a concentration-dependent manner was observed. TMB-8 also depressed both directly and indirectly induced tetanic contractions. However, the drug was more effective in depressing neurotransmission than in reducing muscle contractility. Elevated Ca2+ (4-8 mM) or 3,4-diaminopyridine (10(-4) M) produced a good reversal of neuromuscular blockade but this effect was transient. Pretreatment with 4 mM Ca2+ had no significant effect on the time required to produce a 50% or a 90% inhibition of directly or indirectly induced twitches. However, 8 mM Ca2+ significantly prolonged the inhibitory effects of TMB-8 on indirectly, but not directly induced twitches. On the other hand, neostigmine (3 microM) appeared to hasten the blockade of transmission. Submaximal potassium-induced contractures were markedly depressed while caffeine-induced contractures were only slightly depressed by TMB-8 in the concentration range tested (10(-5)-3 x 10(-4) M). The results are consistent with the hypothesis that TMB-8 inhibits skeletal muscle contractility by a reduction in transmembrane Ca2+ movement, a depression of postsynaptic acetylcholine receptor sensitivity, and a decreased mobilization of sequestered calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Classification and grading of bone sarcomas.

Bone tumors generally are classified according to the cytologic features or products of the lesionai cells. In most instances, the classification corresponds to a normal cell or tissue type indigenous to bone. This article focuses on sarcomas of bone and features a classification scheme similar to what has been described at the Mayo Clinic.
Determination of DNA Quality and Quantity Using UV-Vis Spectroscopy

This lab will cover ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy to simultaneously assay the quality and quantity of extracted DNA. This experiment will use a DNA sample of at least two micrograms made visible in a traditional one milliliter sample using a conventional instrument or two nanograms per microliter using a small volume NanoDrop instrument. The concentration of the DNA-containing sample can be computed by dividing the measured absorbance by the path length and absorptivity coefficient of 50 μg/mL for double-stranded DNA and 33 μg/mL for single-stranded DNA. The quality of the recovered DNA is determined by the ratio of the absorbances at 260 nm to 280 nm for each sample. A high quality DNA sample has a 260 nm / 280 nm ratio of 1.7 to 2.0. The method is non-destructive and the DNA may be recovered from the cuvette by pipetting. The quality and quantity of the recovered DNA will be reported.
Diet selection in Amazonian antwrens: consequences of substrate specialization

I used an observational and experimental approach to investigate the dietary consequences of substrate specialization in six species of Amazonian antwrens (Myrmotherula). Three species (leucophthalma, haematonota, and ornata) foraged exclusively at curled dead leaves suspended above ground, axillaris and longipennis foraged on live foliage, and hauxwelli was a substrate generalist, feeding at both live and dead foliage. Diet composition of all species was qualitatively similar, with soft-bodied orthopterans consistently the most important prey type. Dead-leaf specialists took other prey roughly in proportion to their availability in dead leaves, whereas diets of live-leaf foragers differed greatly from prey available on live foliage. Dead-leaf specialists also ate larger prey and especially larger orthopterans than did other antwrens. Substrate generalization in hauxwelli was associated with higher diet breadth and greater heterogeneity among individuals, compared with substrate-restricted foragers. Diet breadth was negatively correlated with prey size across all six species. When tested in outdoor cages, live-leaf foraging and generalist species showed little interest in dead- or live-leaf substrates, whereas all dead-leafers repeatedly inspected and manipulated dead and curled leaves in the absence of food. All foraging groups showed a similar degree of selectivity of prey types in feeding trials. Dead-leaf specialists did not differ from other species in their preference for orthopterans of different colors, although specialists were better able to catch and handle the largest katydids (>30 mm). Individual hauxwelli (the generalist) showed elevated levels of exploration at dead leaves with food reinforcement, suggesting short-term plasticity in search behavior. I conclude that substrate specialization in these birds involves fundamental differences in search behavior, but is not accompanied by equivalent changes in prey selectivity or preference. Dead-leaf specialists search for suitable substrates and then inspect them for hidden prey, taking prey roughly in proportion to their availability. In contrast live-leaf foragers search directly for prey and select suitable items from the wider array of arthropods available on live foliage. Substrate-restricted foraging may reduce diet breadth and promote diet stereotypy in both groups, whereas the single most important factor promoting specialization on dead leaves may be the predictable abundance of relatively large orthopterans. Received 25 November 1991, accepted 27 May 1992.