cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Out-of-band exposure characterization with the SEMATECH Berkeley 0.3-NA microfield exposure tool

For the commercialization of extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL), discharge or laser produced, pulsed plasma light sources are being considered. These sources are known to emit into a broad range of wavelengths that are collectively referred to as the out-of-band (OOB) radiation by lithographers. Multilayer EUV optics reflect OOB radiation emitted by the EUV sources onto the wafer plane resulting in unwanted background exposure of the resist (flare) and reduced image contrast. The reflectivity of multilayer optics at the target wavelength of 13.5 nm is comparable to that of their reflectivity in the deep ultraviolet (DUV) and UV regions from 100-350 nm. The aromatic molecular backbones of many of the resists used for EUV are equally absorptive at specific DUV wavelengths as well. In order to study the effect of these wavelengths on imaging performance in a real system, we are in the process of integrating a DUV source into the SEMATECH Berkeley 0.3-NA Microfield Exposure Tool (MET). The MET plays an active role in advanced research in resist and mask development for EUVL and as such, we will utilize this system to systematically evaluate the imaging impact of DUV wavelengths in a EUV system. In this paper, we present the optical design for the new DUV component and the simulation-based imaging results predicting the potential impact of OOB based on known resist, mask, and multilayer conditions. It should be noted that because the projection optics work equally well as imaging optics at DUV wavelengths, the OOB radiation cannot be treated simply as uniform background or DC flare.
Advection-diffusion in spatially random flows: Formulation of concentration covariance

The concentration c(x,t) of a nonreactive solute undergoing advection and diffusion in a spatially random divergence-free flow field is analyzed. A leading order formulation for the spatial covariance of the concentration field,\(\overline {c'\left( {x,t} \right)c'\left( {x,t} \right)} \), is made. That formulation includes the velocity variability induced macrodispersive flux of the covariance field, and the smoothing effects of diffusion. Previous formulations of the concentration covariance had dropped at least one of these effects. It is shown that both these effects need to be included to obtain a qualitatively correct description of the concentration fluctuations.
The effect of pinealectomy on entrainment of the locomotor activity rhythm in sparrows maintained on various short days

Pinealectomy of house sparrows on 3L:21D (3 h light per 24 h) resulted in a significant increase in the time between the onset of perch-hopping activity and lights on (ψon) as well as the time between the offset of activity and lights of (ψoff). The daily variance in ψon and ψoff was also increased following the removal of the pineal gland. On longer light cycles (i.e., 5L:19D; 7L:17D), neither ψon or ψoff, nor the variance of ψon or ψoff was different between sham-pinealectomized and pinealectomized sparrows. Upon returning the birds to an ultrashort light cycle, 1L:23D, ψoff, as well as the variance in ψon and ψoff were again found to be significantly larger in the pinealectomized birds when compared to sham-operated controls. These results indicate that the effects of pinealectomy on the entrained rhythm of locomotor activity are most pronounced when birds are exposed to a weak entraining agent, such as an ultrashort light: dark cycle. In view of the observation that pinealectomy can alter the phase relationship between activity onset and offset, it is suggested that the pineal gland may be involved in the coupling of the oscillators that regulate activity onset and offset.
Differentiation and Identification of Cultured and Wild Crappie (Pomoxis spp.) Based on Fatty Acid Composition

Abstract Although harvesting of wild fish, for commercial purposes, is becoming more restricted, forensic methods to distinguish between wild and cultured fish are lacking. Crappie is an important sport and food fish, and is gaining in importance as a cultured fish species. Harvesting of wild crappie for commercial purposes is banned in many states. Therefore crappie was selected to evaluate the usefulness of fatty acid composition as a forensic method to determine the origin of the fish. The fatty acid composition differed between cultured and wild crappie. Wild crappie contained significantly higher amounts of C16:0, C16:1 and C22:6n-3+C24:1 and lower amounts of C18:2 and C20:4 than did cultured crappie. Seasonal differences in fatty acid composition were observed for wild crappie but not for cultured crappie. Wild crappie also had higher fatty acid concentrations in the fall than cultured crappie. The combination of the 10 fatty acids, C14:1, C16:0, C16:1, C18:1, C18:2, C20:1, C20:4, C20:5n-3, C22:4 and C22:6n-3+C24:1 was found most useful for discrimination between wild and cultured crappie with a classification accuracy of 94% for cultured crappie and 96% for wild crappie. Fatty acid composition could also be used to distinguish samples by harvest season with approximately the same accuracy as for fish origin.
Point/counterpoint: Academe and serials publishing

Clack is serial records librarian at Harvard College Library in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Comments in this column arise from the editors' observation that the emphasis in the discussion of serials publishing and pricing has shifted. Recently, trilateral discussions among librarians, publishers, and subscription agents--such as those at NASIG's first (1986) and second (1987) conferences and at the 1987 Charleston Conference--have included aspects of the academic tenure and rewards process and the editorial/refereeing process. In earlier discussions, publishers attributed rate increases to various causes, including: the twigging effect, which results in the expansion of fields of research or the creation of new ones, and, consequently, new journals to cover them; rising costs for paper, salaries, postage, and other essentials; and the increased number of manuscripts that are being submitted to editors. In addition, these discussions have examined the effects of currency fluctuations on pricing. Librarians have decried differential pricing and proffered strategies such as cancelations, resource sharing, and educating faculty and university administrators to cope with shrinking budgets. Subscription agents have addressed the effects of consolidation on the sales and distribution process. 1 During the last six months of 1988, however, the serials community began moving toward gaining a view of the larger picture-the scholarly communication process and the implications for serials publishing. During the summary session at NASIG's third conference (1988), participants called for a panel to address this topic at the upcoming fourth annual conference, in 1989. At ALA's annual conference in New Orleans in July 1988, the seminars cosponsored by Library Acquisitions." Practice and Theory and the Faxon Company featured an academic
Distribution of aflatoxin in almonds

The aflatoxin levels in whole and/or broken natural almonds and in manufacturing stock almonds have been surveyed for the 1993 crop. Data were based on results for samples submitted to a nonprofit ...
Two Diastereoisomers of 2-(Benzenesulfonyl)-5-benzoyl-1-oxo-3-phenyl-2,5-diazaspiro[3.4]octan-7-yl Acetate

The structures of two diastereoisomers of the title compound, C 27 H 24 N 2 O 6 S, were determined by single-crystal diffractometry. The two molecules are very similar as far as bond distances and angles are concerned, but more substantial differences are observed in some torsion angles.
Discussion of “Cross Correlations of Modal Responses of Tall Buildings in Wind-Induced Lateral-Torsional Motion” by M. F. Huang, C. M. Chan, K. C. S. Kwok, and P. A. Hitchcock

The paper presented a slightly enhanced closed-form expression for estimating the modal correlation coefficients of wind-excited structures needed for complete quadratic combination CQC of response in various modes by extending the expression proposed in Chen and Kareem 2005 . The modal correlation coefficient between two adjacent modes, needed for the implementation of the CQC scheme, is often estimated using the closed-form formulation given in Der Kiureghian 1980 for the analysis of wind load effects on buildings and other structures, e.g., Xie et al. 2003 . Chen and Kareem 2005 emphasized that this formulation is valid only when the generalized forces are fully correlated, for example, in the case of buildings with an earthquake input excitation. The modal correlation coefficient depends not only on the modal frequencies and damping ratios but also on the correlation/coherence of the generalized forces. A utilization of the formulation in Der Kiureghian 1980 , primarily intended for earthquake load effects, will overestimate the modal correlation associated with multiple excitations of partially correlated loads, e.g., wind loads. Following the derivation given in Chen and Kareem 2005 , in which the cospectrum, i.e., the real part of the cross power spectral density XPSD function, of the generalized wind forces has been included, the authors have proposed including the quad-spectrum, i.e., the imaginary part, in an effort to further improve the estimate of modal response correlation. When comparing the original work by Chen and Kareem to the study by Huang et al., one will find that the latter essentially echoes and reinforces the viewpoints expressed in the former concerning the need for a modified CQC scheme and its implications in the case of wind-excited structures. Unfortunately, it does so with only a marginal and obscurely placed attribution to this original work, which may leave a casual reader with the impression that Huang et al. were indeed the first to unveil this issue. Using a 60-story building as an example, the paper compared three different schemes for calculating the modal correlation coefficients and their influence on the predictions of building accelerations using the CQC rule. These schemes include: 1 TCQC, in which the generalized forces are assumed to be fully coherent conventional approach used in analysis prior to Chen and Ka-
Nitrate-nitrogen retention in wetlands in the Mississippi River Basin

Nitrate-nitrogen retention as a result of river water diversions is compared in experimental wetland basins in Ohio for 18 wetland-years (9 years × 2 wetland basins) and a large wetland complex in Louisiana (1 wetland basin × 4 years). The Ohio wetlands had an average nitrate-nitrogen retention of 39 g-N m −2 year −1 , while the Louisiana wetland had a slightly higher retention of 46 g-N m −2 year −1 for a similar loading rate area. When annual nitrate retention data from these sites are combined with 26 additional wetland-years of data from other wetland sites in the Basin Mississippi River (Ohio, Illinois, and Louisiana), a robust regression model of nitrate retention versus nitrate loading is developed. The model provides an estimate of 22,000 km 2 of wetland creation and restoration needed in the Mississippi River Basin to remove 40% of the nitrogen estimated to discharge into the Gulf of Mexico from the river basin. This estimated wetland restoration is 65 times the published net gain of wetlands in the entire USA over the past 10 years as enforced by the Clean Water Act and is four times the cumulative total of the USDA Wetland Reserve Program wetland protection and restoration activity for the entire USA. © 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Nanoparticle/polyion assembly on microtemplates (lipid tubules and latex spheres)

Abstract This new approach to the nanofabrication of three-dimensional sub-micron structures utilizes charged nanoscale materials and self-assembled lipid tubules as an approach to ordered assembly. Nanoparticle structures were assembled onto lipid tubules through the sequential adsorption of oppositely charged polymers and 45-nm silica spheres. For tubules of the zwitterionic 1,2 di-(10,12-pentacosadiynoyl)-sn-3-phosphatidylcholine)-DC8,11PC, this process leads to the formation of caps on the ends of the tubules, with 50–100 silica spheres in each cap. For tubules of DC8,11PC mixed with 2% of the charged lipid, the sequential adsorption leads to both end caps and helices of nanoparticles winding around the interior surface of the walls of the microtubules. In another approach, the shell assembly of 75-nm diameter silica spheres and 35-nm latex onto 200-nm diameter spherical templates are presented. Utilizing modified and unmodified nanoparticles, results in flocculation and formation of a super-crystal, the larger particles in it are separated by a layer of smaller particles.
Shock-induced collapse of a bubble inside a deformable vessel.

Shockwave lithotripsy repeatedly focuses shockwaves on kidney stones to induce their fracture, partially through cavitation erosion. A typical side effect of the procedure is hemorrhage, which is potentially the result of the growth and collapse of bubbles inside blood vessels. To identify the mechanisms by which shock-induced collapse could lead to the onset of injury, we study an idealized problem involving a preexisting bubble in a deformable vessel. We utilize a high-order accurate, shock- and interfacecapturing, finite-volume scheme and simulate the three-dimensional shock-induced collapse of an air bubble immersed in a cylindrical water column which is embedded in a gelatin/water mixture. The mixture is a soft tissue simulant, 10% gelatin by weight, and is modeled by the stiffened gas equation of state. The bubble dynamics of this model configuration are characterized by the collapse of the bubble and its subsequent jetting in the direction of the propagation of the shockwave. The vessel wall, which is defined by the material interface between the water and gelatin/water mixture, is invaginated by the collapse and distended by the impact of the jet. The present results show that the highest measured pressures and deformations occur when the volumetric confinement of the bubble is strongest, the bubble is nearest the vessel wall and/or the angle of incidence of the shockwave reduces the distance between the jet tip and the nearest vessel surface. For a particular case considered, the 40 MPa shockwave utilized in this study to collapse the bubble generated a vessel wall pressure of almost 450 MPa and produced both an invagination and distention of nearly 50% of the initial vessel radius on a O(10) ns timescale. These results are indicative of the significant potential of shock-induced collapse to contribute to the injury of blood vessels in shockwave lithotripsy.
Radioautographic studies of poliovirus binding by human immunoglobulins.

Summary(1) By techniques of radioimmunoelectrophoresis and radioimmunodiffusion using radioactive poliovirus, it was shown that the quantity of poliovirus antibodies in a serum and the immunoglobulin class of these antibodies can be determined. (2) By these techniques it was shown that adult human serum contains A Immunoglobulin (IgA) poliovirus antibodies as well as G Immunoglobulin (IgG) polio antibodies. (3) Some sera contain a higher concentration of A Immunoglobulin (IgA) polio antibodies than G Immunoglobulin (IgG) polio antibodies.
Dynamic force control with hydraulic actuators using added compliance and displacement compensation

A new approach to dynamic force control of mechanical systems, applicable in particular to frame structures, over frequency ranges spanning their resonant frequencies is presented. This approach is implemented using added compliance and displacement compensation. Hydraulic actuators are inherently velocity sources, that is, an electrical signal regulates their velocity response. Such systems are therefore by nature high-impedance (mechanically stiff) systems. In contrast, for force control, a force source is required. Such a system logically would have to be a low-impedance (mechanically compliant) system. This is achieved by intentionally introducing a flexible mechanism between the actuator and the structure to be excited. In addition, in order to obtain force control over frequencies spanning the structure's resonant frequency, a displacement compensation feedback loop is needed. The actuator itself operates in closed-loop displacement control. The theoretical motivation, as well as the laboratory implementation of the above approach is discussed along with experimental results. Having achieved a means of dynamic force control, it can be applied to various experimental seismic simulation techniques such as the effective force method and the real-time dynamic hybrid testing method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A motion tracking system for simultaneous recording of rapid locomotion and neural activity from an insect

We have adapted techniques for studying the locomotion of tethered insects to analysis of rapid directional movements such as escape behavior. We describe here a computer-based motion tracking system that allows an animal to turn and run as rapidly as it does under free-ranging conditions, and that samples fast enough to accurately reconstruct the movements. Furthermore, we have designed chronic electrodes that allow for simultaneous extracellular recording of the activity of interneurons related to behavior. We used this system to record the escape response of tethered cockroaches, Periplaneta americana, and compared the data with those obtained from high-speed videographic analysis of the same animals under free-ranging conditions. In the motion tracking system, animals were normally responsive to sensory input, and expressed directional escape turning responses. This system allows details of an entire escape response (initial turn and subsequent running) to be quantified. These behavioral details can now be correlated with the discharge of key interneurons on a trial-by-trial basis.
Kinetics of Shear Induced Micellar Association

Rheological measurements have been used to study the kinetics of shear induced association for rod-shape micelles formed by mixtures of ADHAB and salicylic-sodium salt. Pronounced hysteresis and large fluctuations were found in the stress-shear rate diagram. We investigate the association and dissociation mechanism through stress quench experiments where viscosity measurements study the system relaxation. The association process was found to be a single exponential with a relaxation time of about 1 minute, whereas the dissociation process was much slower and was non-exponential. In the semidilute regime, the critical shear rates increase with concentration, contradictory with existing theories.
Combining Anaerobic Digestion and Waste-to-Energy

A large fraction of the municipal solid wastes (MSW) stream in the U.S. comprises of natural organic compounds (i.e., food and plant wastes) with high moisture content and low heating value. While these properties are undesirable during the combustion of MSW in waste-to-energy (WTE) plants, they are required for anaerobic digestion (AD). During AD, methane gas is produced that can be captured and used for energy generation. The required long residence times limit the throughput of an AD plant but further development may result in increasing the rates of bioreactions. This paper introduces current AD practices and identifies possible synergies between AD and WTE. It is suggested that co-siting of WTE and AD facilities may result in mutual benefits.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Cloning, expression, and sequence homologies of cDNA for human carbonic anhydrase II.

Abstract A cDNA clone for human carbonic anhydrase (CA) II was isolated from a kidney λgt10 library. Expression of the cDNA insert in Cos-7 cells produced an immunoprecipitable product and enzymatically active carbonic anhydrase. The cDNA insert is 1551 bp in length and contains an open reading frame which encodes a 260-amino-acid polypeptide. The deduced amino acid sequence is identical to that reported for human CA II. The protein coding region of this cDNA for human CA II shows 81 and 70% nucleotide identity with cDNAs for CA II from mouse and chick, respectively. Even the long 3′-untranslated region of the cDNA for human CA II (703 bp) is 64 and 42% identical to those of CA II from mouse and chick, showing remarkable conservation of the CA II cDNAs in amniotes. The protein coding region of the human CA II cDNA is 64 and 65% identical with those of human CA I and CA III, which are thought to have arisen from a common precursor by gene duplication.
Nitric oxide release from resting human platelets

Abstract In this study, we have investigated the release of nitric oxide from resting human platelets. Nitric oxide was detected and quantitated by either measuring the conversion of oxy-hemoglobin to met-hemoglobin or generation of nitrite and nitrate by the cells. Nitric oxide was released from both intact resting platelets and platelets activated by collagen. Nitric oxide release was proportional to platelet concentration, and was equivalent to approximately 4.5 ± 0.6 pmol (or 2.8 ± 0.3 pmol in the presence of prostaglandin I2) and 11.2 ± 1.3 pmol nitric oxide released per minute per 108 cells at 37 °C for resting platelets and platelets activated by collagen, respectively. The generation of nitric oxide by resting platelets was linear with respect to time over a two hour period, while the release of nitric oxide from platelets following activation was transient and was linear for only the first 10 min, after which it slowed to completion at approximately 30 min. The release of nitric oxide was stimulated by L-arginine, but was inhibited by L-nitro-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). The inhibitory effect of L-NAME could be reversed by addition of L-arginine. The release of nitric oxide from platelets was also partially inhibited by prostaglandin I2, prostaglandin E1, aspirin and EDTA. The amount of nitric oxide released from resting platelets compared with that released from endothelial cells suggests that platelet-derived nitric oxide may play a significant role in the maintenance of vascular tone and blood flow.
Microbial role in the demethylation and oxidation of methylated arsenicals in seawater

Abstract Mixed bacterial cultures isolated from an estuarine system are able to demethylate and oxidize dime thy larsinic acid to arsenate. The measured oxidation rate averaged approximately 1 ng DMA·l −1 ·day −1 , which is similar to the rate of DMA production due to algal reduction and methylation in marine systems. Bacteria, therefore, may be a prime mediator in the cycling of arsenic in surface waters.
CORRESPONDENCE TRAINING, PRIOR VERBAL TRAINING, AND CONTROL OF NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR VIA CONTROL OF VERBAL BEHAVIOR

The role of prior verbal training in correspondence training and later verbal control of nonverbal behavior was examined in two groups of Head Start children. One group received correspondence training without prior verbal training, the other with. Essentially no differences were found between the two sequences; thus it seems appropriate to consider the content phases (reinforcement contingent on target verbalization alone) of previous research as control procedures and not a necessary precursor to correspondence training.
The Symbionese Liberation Army: Coming Together, 1973

During the early to mid-1970s, the Symbionese Liberation Army operated as a leftist revolutionary outfit based in the San Francisco East Bay Area. It became infamous for the murder of Oakland School Superintendent Marcus Foster on November 6, 1973; the kidnapping of heiress Patricia Campbell Hearst on February 4, 1974; the Hibernia Bank robbery in San Francisco on April 15, 1974; the Los Angeles, California, shoot-out of May 17, 1974, in which six of its soldiers were killed; and the Crocker National Bank robber and murder on April 21, 1975. The SLA came together during the spring and summer of 1973 out of diverse circumstances and events: the collapse of the New Left, prison reform movement, women’s liberation, and the impact of revolutionary writings by George Jackson, Ernesto ‘Che’ Guevara, and Carlos Marighella. On August 21, 1973, the SLA, composed of white soldiers, mostly female, and led by an African–American escaped convict, declared war on the United States of America.
Role of Water in the Smectite-to-Illite Reaction

A series of hydrothermal experiments was performed to determine the effect of fluid abundance on the reaction of smectite to illite. Experiments were conducted on K-saturated montmorillonite (<0.1-µm fraction) in a closed system at 250° to 400°C using run times of 1, 7, 14, 30, and 60 days at 100 MPa (1 kbar) pressure. In fluid-deficient systems (pore spaces not saturated), the rate and extent of illitization was significantly inhibited. A rock: water ratio of 20:1 (mass: mass) produced an R0 illite/smectite (I/S) having 82% smectite layers after 60 days at 250°C, whereas a rock: water ratio of 1:1 produced an I/S having 57% smectite layers under the same conditions. The effect became less pronounced at higher temperatures, with the 20:1 and the 1:1 experimental products differing by only 11% expandability at 400°C after 60 days. In addition, the low-fluid experiments produced fewer crystalline byproducts (quartz, cristobalite, chlorite) than did the fluid-rich runs, and the I/S was more difficult to disperse and orient in the fluid-deficient samples, suggesting enhanced cementation at grain contacts or the production of particle morphologies that did not lend themselves to orientation. The difference in reactivity of the smectite and I/S as a function of water content appears to be attributable to the reduced capacity for low volumes of water to mediate the dissolution, solute transport, and precipitation reactions that make up the series of reactions collectively termed illitization. Of these variables, solute transport is likely to be affected most by reduction of fluid.
Genetic variants in FGFR2 and FGFR4 genes and skin cancer risk in the Nurses' Health Study

The human fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and its receptor (FGFR) play an important role in tumorigenesis. Deregulation of the FGFR2 gene has been identified in a number of cancer sites. Overexpression of the FGFR4 protein has been linked to cutaneous melanoma progression. Previous studies reported associations between genetic variants in the FGFR2 and FGFR4 genes and development of various cancers. We evaluated the associations of four genetic variants in the FGFR2 gene highly related to breast cancer risk and the three common tag-SNPs in the FGFR4 gene with skin cancer risk in a nested case-control study of Caucasians within the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) among 218 melanoma cases, 285 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cases, 300 basal cell carcinoma (BCC) cases, and 870 controls. We found no evidence for associations between these seven genetic variants and the risks of melanoma and nonmelanocytic skin cancer. Given the power of this study, we did not detect any contribution of genetic variants in the FGFR2 or FGFR4 genes to inherited predisposition to skin cancer among Caucasian women.
Image Formation and Digitization

Image acquisition is the first step of digital image processing and is often not properly taken into account. However, quantitative analysis of any images requires a good understanding of the image formation process. Only with a profound knowledge of all the steps involved in image acquisition, is it possible to interpret the contents of an image correctly. The steps necessary for an object in the three-dimensional world to become a digital image in the memory of a computer are as follows: Becoming visible. An object becomes visible by the interaction with light or, more generally, electromagnetic radiation. The four basic types of interaction are reflection, refraction, absorption, and scattering. These effects depend on the optical properties of the material from which the object is made and on its surface structure. The light collected by a camera system is determined by these optical properties as well as by the illumination, i. e., position and nature of the light or, more generally, radiation sources. Projection. An optical system collects the light rays reflected from the objects and projects the three-dimensional world onto a two-dimensional image plane. Digitization. The continuous image on the image plane must be converted into image points on a discrete grid. Furthermore, the intensity at each point must be represented by a suitable finite number of gray values (Quantization).
Assessing the threat from hybridization to the rare endemic Physaria bellii Mulligan (Brassicaceae)

Hybridization of a rare endemic with a more common congener can endanger the rarer species through gene swamping. This study used a combination of genetic, morphological and cytological analyses to assess the threat to Bell’s twinpod (Physaria bellii), a rare endemic restricted to the Colorado Front Range, from hybridization with its more widespread congener Physaria vitulifera. Two populations of P. bellii at the southernmost end of its range were suspected of containing hybrid plants, based on field observations of intermediate leaf morphology. Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) marker analysis confirmed that suspect individuals contained alleles from both P. bellii and P. vitulifera, with most hybrids genetically closer to P. vitulifera. Morphological data from leaf measurements showed hybrids to be intermediate for several characters, with the exception of the leaf sinus trait that was statistically closer to P. vitulifera. The morphometric data supported the genetic data with Canonical Discriminant Analyses of both data sets showing similar patterns. The extent of the threat to P. bellii populations from hybridization with the more common P. vitulifera was assessed through cytological analysis of existing populations and through field and greenhouse crosses. While naturally occurring hybrids are tetraploid, diploid P. vitulifera populations do not occur close enough to the current range of diploid P. bellii to permit gene flow. Interspecific crosses yielded fewer normal seeds than intraspecific crosses, regardless of the ploidy levels of the parents. It does not appear that P. bellii is currently threatened by hybridization with P. vitulifera, and efforts to conserve this globally imperiled species should focus on the threat from potential habitat loss rather than from gene swamping.
Geometric manifold control of power electronics in Dc microgrids

The presence of switched power converters in modern day power systems and microgrids can make the control challenging and costly. The switch states of the converters need to be determined properly for the system to operate normally in both steady state and transient conditions. This work proposes the derivation of an optimal geometric manifold in the energy-power domain for various transient events. The proposed states are the energies stored in various energy storage devices like a dc-dc converter and the power flowing into these elements. The optimal trajectories are assembled to form a reference geometric manifold. These trajectories are saved into a digital memory based controller which is used as a hysteretic sliding mode surface control strategy. This strategy effectively controls the system under a normal operating condition as well as under transient conditions such as step changes a load. It is anticipated that calculating a large enough set of dissimilar transient scenarios to populate the switching surface will also span many scenarios not specifically implemented.
SIGN AND METAPHOR

ABSTRACT The capacity to feel deeply about the environment and the ability to innovate—these two primary concerns of the humanist geographer—are closely linked. Both presuppose a mind that is able to apprehend and create the affective sign, the metaphor, and the symbol. Environment is vivid because the stimulus a person receives from one source can generate multiple and unexpected sensations, images, and ideas. Synesthesia, metaphorical predication, and symbolic thought are different modes of this process; they differ in the degree of conscious awareness and in the content of articulable ideas. Humanist geographers, by studying this process, will better understand the “felt quality” of environment and the problems of design.
AN INTEGRATED GROUNDWATER STUDY: CHASNIGUA, HONDURAS

A group from the Humanitarian Engineering Program at the Colorado School of Mines has employed a suite of geophysical tools to characterize subsurface water for the village of Chasnigua, Honduras. The village is small, with approximately 50 families (200 people) that rely on trucking their water to their homes. They have asked for assistance in developing water well, storage and distribtution systems. Honduras is economically one of the poorest countries in the western hemisphere, with about half the population below the poverty line. Consequently, the people do what they can to subsist on the land. This location is one with economic hardships and complex geology and hydrology. Because of the complex nature of the site and because of a lack of previous geophysical information, a suite of measurements was used. These included Magnetic and Magnetic Gradient Measurements, DC Resistivity, and Frequency Domain Electromagnetic Studies. Soil and water sampling and testing, as well as topographic mapping, augmented the geophysical data. These geophysical surveys have aided in the determination of a location for a water well in the volcanic/limestone terrain. Along with the geophysical data, an interdisciplinary team of senior level engineering students, working through the Humanitarian Engineering Program at Colorado School of Mines, cooperated with the people of Chasnigua and developed a design for the water treatment, storage and distribution system.
The Wal-Martization of Health Care

I am delighted to discuss retail medical clinics here at the Southern Illinois University School of Medicine. Ted LeBlang is a legendary figure in law and medicine, and I am honored to be the inaug...
A Coverage Based Ensemble Algorithm (CBEA) for streaming data

Ensemble classifier methods have been developed to learn from streaming data, and adapt to concept drift. One strategy employed to adapt to concept drift is to rank the classifiers in the ensemble based on their performance on the most recent samples. However, this strategy is problematic when the samples are coming from different portions of the sample space during different times. Data streams with unevenly distributed samples can occur in a wide variety of applications including detection of seasonally occurring weather phenomena, processing of video streams and others. In applications such as these, the uneven distribution of the data in the sample space must be accounted for in order to derive classifiers with good performance. In order to address this requirement, the Coverage Based Ensemble Algorithm (CBEA) was developed. CBEA is an incremental anytime learning algorithm designed to work on streaming data where the samples are very unevenly distributed. The CBEA algorithm keeps information about the range of data used to train each classifier, and keeps classifiers based on two factors: their coverage of the range of possible values, and their age. The CBEA algorithm is described in detail and experimental results demonstrating its utility are presented.
BioNetGen: software for rule-based modeling of signal transduction based on the interactions of molecular domains

Summary: BioNetGen allows a user to create a computational model that characterizes the dynamics of a signal transduction system, and that accounts comprehensively and precisely for specified enzymatic activities, potential post-translational modifications and interactions of the domains of signaling molecules. The output defines and parameterizes the network of molecular species that can arise during signaling and provides functions that relate model variables to experimental readouts of interest. Models that can be generated are relevant for rational drug discovery, analysis of proteomic data and mechanistic studies of signal transduction. Availability: http://cellsignaling.lanl.gov/bionetgen
Real-Time Data Display, Spatial Visualization Ability, and Learning Force and Motion Concepts

In this study, we examined how students' levels of spatial visualization ability interact with learning physics in a microcomputer-based laboratory (MBL) environment. Undergraduate students who had taken an introductory physics course based on MBL tools were pre- and posttested at the beginning and at the end of the semester on spatial visualization ability and their conceptual understanding of mechanics. The results showed that while spatial visualization is a reliable predictor for students' performance on physics conceptual evaluation tests before MBL instruction, the relation is not significant after the instruction. Furthermore, as a result of MBL instruction, students' levels of spatial visualization increased significantly. In addition, a group of science teachers presented with different types of MBL activities also showed a significant increase in spatial visualization ability.
Isolation of 3-amino-4-nitro-benzyl acetate: evidence of an undisclosed impurity in 5-amino-2-nitro-benzoic acid.

Yellow crystals of the title compound 3-amino-4-nitro­benzyl acetate, C9H10N2O4, were isolated from the reaction of acetic anhydride with (5-amino-2-nitro­phen­yl)methanol, prepared from reduction of commerically available 5-amino-2-nitro­benzoic acid with borane–THF. The mol­ecule is essentially planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.028 A). The mol­ecules are linked by inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter­actions between the carbonyl and amine groups, forming a zigzag chain along the b-axis direction lying in a plane parallel to (-102). The chains are stacked along the c axis by π–π inter­actions [centroid–centroid distances = 3.6240 (3) and 3.5855 (4) A]. A strong intra­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter­action is observed between the nitro group and the amine group [2.660 (2) A].
Financial Literacy in the Developing World

Financial literacy programs are fast becoming a key ingredient in financial policy reform worldwide. Yet, what is financial literacy exactly, how best do we measure it, and what do we know of its effectiveness in developing countries? This paper collects insights from the literature thus far and summarizes evidence on financial literacy measurement and evaluations in the developing world. We conclude with a synthesis of policy advice and practical suggestions for the way forward in this fast growing area of research.
Nudix hydrolases degrade protein-conjugated ADP-ribose.

ADP-ribosylation refers to the transfer of the ADP-ribose group from NAD+ to target proteins post-translationally, either attached singly as mono(ADP-ribose) (MAR) or in polymeric chains as poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR). Though ADP-ribosylation is therapeutically important, investigation of this protein modification has been limited by a lack of proteomic tools for site identification. Recent work has demonstrated the potential of a tag-based pipeline in which MAR/PAR is hydrolyzed down to phosphoribose, leaving a 212 Dalton tag at the modification site. While the pipeline has been proven effective by multiple groups, a barrier to application has become evident: the enzyme used to transform MAR/PAR into phosphoribose must be purified from the rattlesnake Crotalus adamanteus venom, which is contaminated with proteases detrimental for proteomic applications. Here, we outline the steps necessary to purify snake venom phosphodiesterase I (SVP) and describe two alternatives to SVP—the bacterial Nudix hydrolase EcRppH and human HsNudT16. Importantly, expression and purification schemes for these Nudix enzymes have already been proven, with high-quality yields easily attainable. We demonstrate their utility in identifying ADP-ribosylation sites on Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase 1 (PARP1) with mass spectrometry and discuss a structure-based rationale for this Nudix subclass in degrading protein-conjugated ADP-ribose, including both MAR and PAR.
Ordovician polyplacophora (mollusca) from North America

Abstract Abundant silicified polyplacophorans from numerous localities in the Ordovician in Kentucky and other localities in Virginia, Wisconsin, and Minnesota are described systematically. New species are: Spicuchelodes cressmani, Calceochiton floweri, Preacanthochiton baueri, Orthriochiton recavus, Helminthochiton blacki, H. marginatus, and Alastega martini; new genera and species are: Listrochiton weiri, Litochiton crebatus, and Amblytochiton incomptus; and new families are Litochitonidae and Alastegiidae. Hemithecella expansa Ulrich and Bridge in Butts, 1941 and Chelodes cf. C. mirabilis (Butts, 1926), from the Chepultepec Formation in Virginia are also described. Comparisons are made with Chelodes whitehousei Runnegar, Pojeta, Taylor, and Collins, 1979 from Australia and Calceochiton hachitae Flower, 1968 from New Mexico. Listings of the fauna associated with the chitons are given for the Kentucky occurrences; taphonomic discussions of these are included.
Online Channel Assignment, Transmission Scheduling, and Transmission Mode Selection in Multi-channel Full-Duplex Wireless LANs

Although full-duplex transmission can be helpful for enhancing wireless link capacity, it may require extra energy to overcome the residual self-interference. In this paper, we investigate the trade-off between energy consumption and delay in a multi-channel full-duplex wireless LAN (WLAN). The goal is to minimize the energy consumption while keeping the packet queues stable. With Lyapunov optimization, we develop an online scheme to achieve the goals with optimized channel assignment, transmission scheduling, and transmission mode selection. We prove the optimality of the proposed algorithm and derive upper bounds for the average queue length and energy consumption, which demonstrate the energy-delay trade-off. The proposed algorithm is validated with simulations.
Direct electrode-electrode tunneling in break-junction measurements of molecular conductance

In break-junction experiments, the electrical contact between two metal electrodes is broken. When opening the junction, one or more molecules can be trapped between the electrodes and thereby contacted which allows their transport properties to be investigated. Statistical analysis of data plotted in histograms is generally used to determine the values of molecular conductance and the variations therefrom. In this paper, the effect of direct electron tunneling between the metal electrodes on the molecular conductance measurement is discussed. It is shown that this tunneling forms a parallel conductance channel that can influence both the position and the distribution of the apparent molecular conductance extracted from histogram peaks. Criteria to recognize the effect of this form of parallel tunneling path in comparison to the molecular transport path in the experimental data are established. With the help of analytic models and simulations, it will be shown how to disentangle the contributions of several physical variation sources on the resulting position, height, and width of the histogram peaks. Finally, the plotting of 2D histograms is described as a practical method to help distinguish the effects of molecular conductance from those of direct electrode-electrode tunneling.
Biodiversity Education & the Anthropocene: An Indicator of Extinction or Recovery

The importance of extant biodiversity, concerns regarding the rising Anthropocene extinction rates, and commitments made by signatories to biodiversity conventions each increase demands for timely data. However, as species and conservation indicators become more complex, the less accessible they are to educators. New pedagogies are needed so that students can generate their own data for studies of biodiversity and extinction. I present a simple indicator of species diversity that examines declines in species' populations and whether or not these species subsequently recovered or faced extinction. Using such data, 14 threatened species are used as examples of the time taken for each species to reach a point of either recovery or extinction. The learning and pedagogical context for this information is reviewed, student use of the data demonstrated, and the lesson evaluated according to its learning objectives.
Experimental typhoid-paratyphoid carriers

The part played by the human carrier in the spread of typhoid fever is well known. The experience of various health departments shows that today flies, food (exclusive of milk), privies and sewage are relatively small factors in the dissemination of this disease. In the state of Massachusetts, according to O'Donnell,1 few cases are due to water, especially in recent years, and in general no municipal supply is considered as a dangerous source of typhoid infection. Contact with true typhoid has been responsible for a few cases in homes and neighborhoods, while carriers have been proved to be responsible for 41.6% of cases of milkborne typhoid from 1915 to 1918, inclusive. It is therefore evident that carriers are a larger factor in the spread of typhoid than at present realized and are probably also the cause of an appreciable number of typhoid cases of unknown origin. This statement is supported by the fact that from 1915-1919, 14 carriers caused 249 cases of typhoid fever. Similar observations have been made by Chesley2 and his associates, who traced 213 cases of typhoid fever in Minnesota to 30 carriers, or an average of 7 cases each. In California also the persistence of typhoid fever is definitely linked with carriers. Certain data collected in the army camps (Camp Dix) and in the Expeditionary forces clearly suggest that, in some instances, this mode of infection was responsible for small epidemics. Moreover, Garbat3 has recently estimated that 55 % of all typhoid may be traced directly or indirectly to carriers. The general reduction of typhoid in the United States has enabled the health authorities to devote more attention to the prevention of contact and carrier cases. A statement by Meader 4 summarizes the present situation in an excellent manner. He says: "By far the most difficult source of infection to trace and the most baffling to control is the typhoid carrier, and methods for the cure of typhoid carriers are among the most needy research problems."
Examination of EAST Data Using Updated NEQAIR: Shock Tube Flow

In an attempt to close the gap between simulation and experiment for radiative intensity in the NASA Ames Electric Arc Shock Tube (EAST) Facility, a detailed calculation of the laminar ow in a shock tube is presented. The calculations allow for thermal and chemical nonequilibrium. The results clearly indicate that the ow in the shock tube is not uniform
The Infertile Couple: Diagnosis and Management

Infertility is most frequently caused by multiple factors within both the man and the woman.The approach to treating infertility must include exhibiting a definite interest in the case and conducting a meticulous systematic workup.In the husband, investigation includes history, examination and a sperm analysis; in the wife, it includes evaluation of the cervix, the endometrium, the uterus and tubes, and ovulation.Most cases of infertility can be handled by the general practitioner. In those requiring special technics, the help of a psychiatrist or other specialist may be required.