cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thatcher‐Reagan conservatism and Schumpeter's prognosis for capitalism

From his analysis of socio-economic change in capitalist societies, Jospeh A. Schumpeter concluded that "observable trends" were leading toward progressively "anti-capitalist" policies, and eventually a major social transformation to centralized socialism. [Schumpeter, 1950, pp. 59-164] The recent resurrection of conservatism as a dominant political presence in Britain and the U.S., manifested in the governments of Thatcher and Reagan, might appear to have nullified that prognosis. But such is not the case. In this paper, we demonstrate that Schumpe ter's projections emanated from a sociological analysis sufficiently robust to absorb even the shocks of "radical" conservative revivals, e.g., "Thatcherism" and "Reaganomics," without sustaining serious damage.1
Home improvements: Within-family associations between income and the quality of children's home environments

Within-family associations between changes in income and changes in the home environment during infancy and early childhood were examined using data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (n = 1364). Linear and nonlinear (i.e., semilog) specifications were estimated for family income. In addition, variations in income effects were estimated as a function of the level of developmentally stimulating resources in homes during early infancy. Increases in family income were positively associated with increases in the quality of children's home environments. The estimated effects of income were largest for families who had low incomes and low-quality early home environments. These results were evident for physical characteristics of the home that likely required monetary investments, as well as for psychosocial characteristics of the home.
A Phylogeny of Rinorea (Violaceae) Inferred from Plastid DNA Sequences with an Emphasis on the African and Malagasy Species

Abstract Rinorea is the second most species-rich genus in the Violaceae and has a pantropical distribution. In this study we investigated relationships among species of Rinorea and tested the monophyly of newly revised infrageneric groupings of African and Malagasy species. Phylogenetic inference was based on maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian analyses of plastid trnL/trnL—F and trnD—trnE regions. Results showed the divergent Neotropical Rinorea ‘Apiculata’ group to be a strongly supported clade which was consistently resolved outside of the Rinorea s.S. clade. The Rinorea s.S. clade was strongly supported and was comprised of Neotropical and Old World clades. The Old World clade was strongly supported and contained 11 clades that corresponded to newly revised infrageneric groupings of African and Malagasy species. An additional Old World clade was recovered which contained all Asian species sampled in the study and was resolved as sister to the Malagasy endemic Rinorea subsect. Verticill...
Exploring the concept of HIV-related stigma.

BACKGROUND. HIV infection is a chronic, manageable illness. Despite advances in the care and treatment of people living with HIV infection, HIV-related stigma remains a challenge to HIV testing, care, and prevention. Numerous studies have documented the impact of HIV-related stigma among various groups of people living with HIV infection, but the concept of HIV-related stigma remains unclear. PURPOSE. Concept exploration of HIV-related stigma via an integrative literature review was conducted in order to examine the existing knowledge base of this concept. METHODS. Search engines were employed to review the existing knowledge base of this concept. CONCLUSION. After the integrative literature review, an analysis of HIV-related stigma emerged. Implications for future concept analysis, research, and practice are included.
Symptoms related to sleep-disordered breathing in white and Hispanic children: the Tucson Children's Assessment of Sleep Apnea Study.

Study objectives The Tucson Children's Assessment of Sleep Apnea (TuCASA) study is designed to investigate the prevalence and correlates of objectively measured sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in preadolescent children. This article describes the parental report of sleep symptoms associated with SDB in Hispanic and white children. Design A 13-question sleep habits screening questionnaire designed to assess the severity of sleep-related symptoms associated with SDB in children 4 to 11 years of age. Setting Questionnaires were completed by the parents of children attending elementary school in the Tucson Unified School District, Tucson, AZ. Participants There were 1,494 questionnaires returned, which comprised a sample of whites (38%), Hispanics (45%), and other races (17%). Of these questionnaires, 1,214 were returned for the children of white (45.8%; 556 children) or Hispanic (54.2%; 658 children) ethnicity only. The primary analysis was completed on these 613 boys (50.5%) and 601 girls (49.5%). Results In the total sample of 1,494 children, parents were more likely to report excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in female children than in male children (p Conclusions Hispanic children in the population-based TuCASA study experienced more frequent symptoms associated with SDB, such as SN, EDS, WITAP, and LPs, than did white children. Children with LPs are 2.4 times more likely to have SN, 2.5 times more likely to have EDS, and were 2.1 times more likely to be between the ages of 8 and 11 years. Children with EDS were 3.2 times more likely to have SN, 5.7 times more likely to have WITAP, and were 1.6 times more likely to be a girl.
Bidirectional buck-boost converter with variable output voltage

An increasing number of manufacturing processes rely on ultra-high speed and accuracy of machines. Piezoceramic actuators are being utilized as parts of such machines. So far, only linear and switched-capacitor power supplies have been used for driving piezoceramic actuators in such applications. This paper proposes a switch-mode power supply to reduce cost and increase system efficiency. In the proposed design, the traditional PWM buck-boost topology is modified to accommodate bidirectional operation, and dynamic compensation is applied between the reference and the output to ensure good frequency response and low steady-state error of the variable output voltage. The converter operation is verified by Saber simulations.
Salicylic acid-derived poly(anhydride-ester) electrospun fibers designed for regenerating the peripheral nervous system

Continuous biomaterial advances and the regenerating potential of the adult human peripheral nervous system offer great promise for restoring full function to innervated tissue following traumatic injury via synthetic nerve guidance conduits (NGCs). To most effectively facilitate nerve regeneration, a tissue engineering scaffold within a conduit must be similar to the linear microenvironment of the healthy nerve. To mimic the native nerve structure, aligned poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/bioactive polyanhydride fibrous substrates were fabricated through optimized electrospinning parameters with diameters of 600 ± 200 nm. Scanning electron microscopy images show fibers with a high degree of alignment. Schwann cells and dissociated rat dorsal root ganglia demonstrated elongated and healthy proliferation in a direction parallel to orientated electrospun fibers with significantly longer Schwann cell process length and neurite outgrowth when compared to randomly orientated fibers. Results suggest that an aligned polyanhydride fiber mat holds tremendous promise as a supplement scaffold for the interior of a degradable polymer NGC. Bioactive salicylic acid-based polyanhydride fibers are not limited to nerve regeneration and offer exciting promise for a wide variety of biomedical applications.
The Attack on Juvenile Justice

As juvenile crime increased during the last two decades, the juvenile justice system came under unprecedented scrutiny and criticism for its perceived inability to respond to this increase and to provide interventions that might thwart juvenile crime. As this offending became more lethal, with juvenile homicide rates increasing by more than 200 percent in some jurisdictions, the abolishment of the juvenile court was called for. Get-tough reforms, mostly in the form of boot camps, were established in the hope that physical exercise and discipline would provide a welcome relief to the perceived softness of the juvenile system. These camps also embodied the popular notion that punishment had disappeared and that its reintroduction would somehow lead to a general deterrence causing crime rates to plummet. Violent crime rose, but general crime rates dropped. Research efforts could not connect these declines to the boot camp phenomenon, however. In addition, violent juvenile crime led to an increase in the waiv...
Cold induction of EARLI1 , a putative Arabidopsis lipid transfer protein, is light and calcium dependent

As sessile organisms, plants must adapt to their environment. One approach toward understanding this adaptation is to investigate environmental regulation of gene expression. Our focus is on the environmental regulation of EARLI1 , which is activated by cold and long-day photoperiods. Cold activation of EARLI1 in short-day photoperiods is slow, requiring several hours at 4 ∞ C to detect an increase in mRNA abundance. EARLI1 is not efficiently cold-activated in etiolated seedlings, suggesting that photomorphogenesis is necessary for its cold activation. Cold activation of EARLI1 is inhibited in the presence of the calcium channel blocker lanthanum chloride or the calcium chelator EGTA. Addition of the calcium ionophore Bay K8644 results in cold-independent activation of EARLI1 . These data suggest that EARLI1 is not an immediate target of the cold response, and that calcium flux affects its expression. EARLI1 is a putative secreted protein and has motifs found in lipid transfer proteins. Over-expression of EARLI1 in transgenic plants results in reduced electrolyte leakage during freezing damage, suggesting that EARLI1 may affect membrane or cell wall stability in response to low temperature stress.
Bounded orbit injections and suspension equivalence for minimal $\mathbb{Z}^2$ actions

In this paper we prove that there exist bounded orbit injections from minimal $\mathbb{Z}^{2}$ actions of a Cantor set $T$ and $S$ into a common action $R$ if and only if the suspension spaces associated to $T$ and $S$ are homeomorphic. In this way we prove a two-dimensional analog of a result of Parry and Sullivan on flow equivalence and discrete cross-sections for minimal systems. At the same time the result is a topological analog of a result of del Junco and Rudolph on Kakutani equivalence for ergodic $\mathbb{Z}^{d}$ actions. We also prove a structural result about such suspension spaces. Namely, that they are a finite union of products of Cantor sets with polygons, $C_{i}\times P_{i}$, after an identification on the boundary, $C_{i}\times \partial P_{i}$, with the action given by ${\mathbb{R}}^{2}$ on the polygon. The polygons $P_{i}$ can be chosen to have properties associated with Voronoi or Delaunay tilings corresponding to a set of points located uniformly throughout the plane.
Must a cause be really related to its effect? The analogy between divine and libertarian agent causality

According to a classical teaching, God is not really related to creatures even by virtue of creating them. Some have objected that this teaching makes unintelligible the claim that God causally accounts for the universe, since God would be the same whether the universe existed or not. I defend the classical teaching, showing how the doctrine is implied by a popular cosmological argument, showing that the objection to it would also rule out libertarian agent causality, and showing that the objection rests on an account of causality and sufficient reason that we have good reason to reject.
Anticipatory Anxiety Hinders Detection of a Second Target in Dual-Target Search

Professional visual searches (e.g., baggage screenings, military searches, radiological examinations) are often conducted in high-pressure environments and require focus on multiple visual targets. Yet laboratory studies of visual search tend to be conducted in emotionally neutral settings with only one possible target per display. In the experiment reported here, we looked to better emulate high-pressure search conditions by presenting searchers with arrays that contained between zero and two targets while inducing anticipatory anxiety via a threat-of-shock paradigm. Under conditions of anticipatory anxiety, dual-target performance was negatively affected, but single-target performance and time on task were unaffected. These results suggest that multiple-target searches may be a more sensitive instrument to measure the effect of environmental factors on visual cognition than single-target searches are. Further, the effect of anticipatory anxiety was modulated by individual differences in state anxiety levels of participants prior to the experiment. These results have implications for both the laboratory study of visual search and the management and assessment of professional searchers.
Exploring packaging architectures for the Earth Science Decadal Survey

In this paper, we present an integrated tool to support the high level design decisions concerning the assignment of instruments to satellites in an Earth Observation Program.12 This integrated tool features a rule-based expert system to model scientific synergies between measurements and engineering incompatibilities between instruments. We introduce two matrices: the science Design Structure Matrix (DSM) and the engineering DSM. Both matrices are calculated using the expert system, and provide insight into how to decompose the initial set of instruments into smaller tractable clusters. Then, each cluster of instruments is efficiently explored using metaheuristic algorithms (i.e. non-exact optimization algorithms that use heuristics to search the tradespace). We apply the methodology to the Earth Science Decadal Survey (DS) and identify a few architectures that are different from the baseline architecture and potentially better.
A single Cys706 to Phe substitution in the retinoblastoma protein causes the loss of binding to SV40 T antigen.

Most naturally occurring mutants of the retinoblastoma (RB) protein contain large deletions or truncations. The small cell lung carcinoma cell line H209 contains a normal-sized but unphosphorylated RB protein (Hensel et al., Cancer Res., 50: 3067-3072, 1990), which fails to form a complex with SV4O T antigen, suggesting that the RB gene of H209 may contain a subtle mutation. To define this mutation, the RB complementary DNA and genomic DNA were sequenced, revealing a point mutation in exon 21 that changed a G to a T. This results in an amino acid substitution of a Phe for Cys7#{176}’. The mutant RB complementary DNA was used as a template for in vitro transcription and translation to synthesize the mutated protein. The resulting protein failed to bind to SV4O T antigen, demonstrating that a single missense mutation of the RB gene led to the complete inactivation of the ability of the RB protein to bind T antigen.
Driveline Infections in Left Ventricular Assist Devices: Implications for Destination Therapy

Background Infection is one of the major limitations to successful long-term support after ventricular assist device implantation. There are limited data specifically examining the incidence and predictors of driveline infections (DLI), with a changing treatment paradigm toward destination therapy (DT) and longer duration of support. Methods Between January 2007 and 2011, 143 patients underwent HeartMate II (Thoratec, Pleasanton, CA) implantation, with 87 (61%) as DT. Driveline maintenance strategy included sterile dressing changes with chlorhexidine and saline application, without prophylactic oral antibiotics. Results DLI developed in 18 patients (12%) at a median of 182 days (range, 26 to 1,138 days) after implantation, among which 12 (66%) were from the DT cohort. Infections were superficial in 15 (82%) and deep in 3 (18%). Trauma was documented in 6 patients (33%). Seven patients (38%) needed readmission for DLI. Surgical debridement was needed in 3 (17%). All patients were managed successfully, without the need for device explantation or urgent cardiac transplantation. No patient required continuous antibiotic prophylaxis after the infection subsided. Risk factor analysis identified duration of support as the only independent predictor of infection (mean. 600 vs 390 days; p = 0.03). The odds of having a DLI rose by 4% for every month of support. Conclusions Longer duration of support significantly increased the risk of DLI and hence increased the risk of DLI in patients with DT. DLI may be successfully managed with antibiotics and local wound care. Most of the infections were superficial, and progression to deep pocket or pump infection is rare in our experience.
A browser for large knowledge bases based on a hybrid distributed/local connectionist architecture

A browser concept based on a connectionist architecture is presented. The concept utilizes both distributed and local representations. A proof-of-concept system is implemented for an integrally developed, Honeywell-proprietary knowledge acquisition tool. In the browser, concepts and relations in a knowledge base are represented using microfeatures. The microfeatures can encode semantic attributes, structural features, contextual information, etc. Desired portions of the knowledge base can then be associatively retrieved based on a structured cue. An ordered list of partial matches is presented to the user for selection. Microfeatures can also be used as bookmarks-they can be placed dynamically at appropriate points in the knowledge base and subsequently used as retrieval cues. The browser concept can be applied wherever there is a need for conveniently inspecting and manipulating structured information. >
The role of psychological interventions in the management of patients with chronic pain.

Chronic pain can be best understood from a biopsychosocial perspective through which pain is viewed as a complex, multifaceted experience emerging from the dynamic interplay of a patient’s physiological state, thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and sociocultural influences. A biopsychosocial perspective focuses on viewing chronic pain as an illness rather than disease, thus recognizing that it is a subjective experience and that treatment approaches are aimed at the management, rather than the cure, of chronic pain. Current psychological approaches to the management of chronic pain include interventions that aim to achieve increased self-management, behavioral change, and cognitive change rather than directly eliminate the locus of pain. Benefits of including psychological treatments in multidisciplinary approaches to the management of chronic pain include, but are not limited to, increased self-management of pain, improved pain-coping resources, reduced pain-related disability, and reduced emotional distress – improvements that are effected via a variety of effective self-regulatory, behavioral, and cognitive techniques. Through implementation of these changes, psychologists can effectively help patients feel more in command of their pain control and enable them to live as normal a life as possible despite pain. Moreover, the skills learned through psychological interventions empower and enable patients to become active participants in the management of their illness and instill valuable skills that patients can employ throughout their lives.
Instructional Supervision, Coherence, and Job-Embedded Learning

Given the importance of teachers to student and school success, teacher learning should be at the core of school leaders’ work. To foster teacher growth and development, principals have to coherently link supervision, professional development, teacher evaluation, and other practices (e.g., peer coaching, mentorship, portfolio development, and action research) to meet the needs of adult learners. To be effective, these practices should be combined into a comprehensive, job-embedded support program for teachers. Although they all target teacher growth and development, instructional supervision, teacher evaluation, and professional development serve different purposes. Formative in nature and concerned with ongoing, developmental, and differentiated approaches, instructional supervision aims to promote growth, development, interaction, and fault-free problem solving by allowing teachers to examine their own classroom practices with and through the assistance of others. At the other end of the spectrum is teacher evaluation, a summative process more concerned with teacher ranking and assessment. Due to these differences in intents and purposes, instructional supervision and teacher evaluation are often in conflict, but should be bridged to bring coherence to teacher learning and development efforts. Effective and purposeful professional development is ongoing and long term and weaves together the supervisory cycles and other developmental opportunities through job-embedded learning. Coupled with instructional supervision and teacher evaluation, professional development coherently connects these processes through the practices embedded in the everyday work of teachers.
School Desegregation or Affirmative Action

Conditions faced by minorities in education-resegregation by tracking, "special ed," and the fear of school violence-and the continuing debate over affirmative action require public deliberation, not rancorous and divisive debate.
NOAA hosts Boy Scouts of America oceanography merit badge events

The United States Boy Scouts of America (BSA) programs are designed to cover a range of different youth development activities. Central to the BSA program is the merit badge system. Merit badges provide an opportunity for scouts to learn about a specific topic, which may be focused on a hobby, physical activity, or prospective career field. There are more than 120 different merit badges that any Scout may earn, each with its own set of requirements. BSA introduced an oceanography merit badge in 1964. Very recently, a significant increase in demand for this particular merit badge throughout the Hampton Roads region of southeast Virginia was noticed by members of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Ocean Service (NOS) Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services (CO-OPS) Atlantic field office in Chesapeake, Virginia. CO-OPS also noted a limited number of opportunities to earn the badge, with some local events being booked beyond several years. In a pursuit to assist with the growing regional demand, a group of scientists, engineers, and marine technicians at the CO-OPS office in Chesapeake gathered to review merit badge requirements and then consulted with several contacts at Old Dominion University (ODU) that has recently been holding several different annual BSA merit badge events, including oceanography. The CO-OPS team designed a one day program that could be held at the Chesapeake field office and could meet all BSA badge requirements. The CO-OPS Chesapeake office is home to over 40 professionals in various fields of ocean science and marine technology and the facility houses a significant amount of oceanographic sensors, instrumentation, and a number of laboratory facilities. The first CO-OPS oceanography merit badge event was conducted during August 2011. Since, it has continued to be held on an annual basis, with five successful events completed to date. All five annual events reached the maximum registration limit of fifty scouts. An overview of the event program that CO-OPS has designed and continued to develop over the past 5 years will be presented along with examples of how interactive exhibits at the field office facility have been used to address BSA oceanography merit badge requirements.
The Influence of Pollen and Prey Density on the Number of Prey Consumed by Amblyseius hibisci (Acarina: Phytoseiidae)

The number of adult female Oligonychus punicae (Hirst) consumed by adult female Amblyseius hibisci (Chant) was determined in the laboratory on excised leaves in the presence and absence of pollen at 4 different prey densities. Less prey were consumed in the presence of pollen at all prey densities, with an average reduction of 60.4% and 25.7% in the presence of heavy and light quantities, respectively. However, lower prey consumption was offset by an increase in reproduction. Increased prey consumption occurred as the prey density was increased whether or not pollen was present. The implications of the results are discussed.
Methanogenic transformation of aromatic hydrocarbons and phenols in groundwater aquifers.

Abstract Fermentative and methanogenic bacteria have been found repeatedly as important members of microbial flora in anoxic zones of the subsurface—in pristine as well as in contaminated groundwater aquifers. These bacteria, which together with obligate proton reducers form complex methanogenic communities, are significant as decomposers of organic matter under conditions of exogenous electron acceptor depletion. Their metabolic activity has been demonstrated in laboratory microcosms derived from aquifer material, and also in the subsurface in situ. Methanogenic communities have been shown to transform numerous organic pollutants, or even to completely degrade these compounds with the production of carbon dioxide and methane. Depending on the chemical structure of the pollutant, such a compound can be used as an electron donor and a carbon/energy source for fermentative microorganisms (which is typically the case with highly reduced compounds); alternatively, a highly oxidized pollutant can be used as a ...
The Design and Implementation of a PLC Based Gas Turbine Controller for a Shipboard Application

A paper will be presented describing the design and development of the Gas Turbine Local Controller replacement used on the Magnetic Minesweeping Gas Turbine Generator (MMGTG) on the US Navy MCM-1 Class of ships. The advent of processor based controllers including PLCs has provided a low cost alternative for control system upgrades when faced with increasing maintenance costs and obsolescence issues of analog and hard relay logic control systems. The replacement controller is a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) based system linked to a flat panel display and a supervisory control system.A MMGTG during pulsing operations applies a severe load transient cycle to the gas turbine for the fuel control to meet in a stable and safe manner. The algorithms which employ an adaptive Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) loop control structure with internal limiting constraints based on engine state are used to manage these transients, power turbine entry temperature and a wide range of steady state operation. The controller includes logic for alarming, start/stop and automatic shutdown. The design of the hardwired automatic shutdown logic integrated to the PLC will be presented.The control system design will be described in terms of its integration to a supervisory network, local control functionality and shipboard considerations. The Human Machine Interface screens of the flat panel display and their design are also considered.© 2000 ASME
Research on Business Process Integration in Enterprise

Process integration plays an important role in implementation of contemporary enterprises' informationization.As the key point in business process automatization,business process integration has drawn increasing attention from enterprises.And it should be used urgently in practice.By analyzing the foundation and framework in implementation,a business process integration model was proposed.The idea of integration method with the interior and exterior of the enterprise was put forward,which is based on confirming the integration point.
HPLC Method for Simultaneous Determination of Snthetic Pigments,Sweeteners and Preservatives in Drink

Objective To develop a method for the simultaneous determination of synthetic pigments(tartrazine,amaranth,carmine,sunset yellow,and brilliant blue),sweeteners(sodiun saccharin)and preservatives(benzio acid,sorbic acid)in drink by HPLC.Methods The WondasilTM-C18(5 μm,4.6×250)was the analytic column.The mobile phase was 0.02 mol/L ammonium acetate-methanol(gradient elution)with column temperature 30 ℃,flow rate 1.0 ml/min,and detection wavelengths 254 nm.Results The components were separated from each other.The liner relationship of standard curve was good.The correlation coefficients were all more than 0.999.The RSDs were all less than 4%.The average recoveries were 93.3%～103.1%.Conclusions The method is fast and accurate,with good reproducibility.It is suitable for the determination of synthetic pigments,sweeteners and preservatives in drink without protein.
The Peripatetic Economist

After graduating from the University of Wisconsin in June 1902, Young visited his family in Plankinton, South Dakota. In the latter part of the summer he went to Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, to work with Professor Willcox on some census matters. He was also seeking a position in a college or a university for the 1902–03 academic year. Willcox recommended him for jobs at the University of California and Dartmouth College.1 California wanted a man to teach insurance, banking and accounting, while Dartmouth was looking for someone to teach statistics and commercial geography.2 In his letter of recommendation to the University of California department chairman, Willcox wrote: He has perhaps more genius for statistical work and more training and insight in mathematical statistics than any graduate student I got from other universities. He is a good all-round man also and I think has a very promising future. The doubt in my mind about him was regarding his success as a teacher. He has an excellent presence and manner, but a slight hesitancy in utterance, which I thought might prove a hindrance, but Ely whom I saw in Washington spoke very cordially of his success as a teacher and this resolved my main doubt.3 This is the first reference to Young’s hesitancy, or periods of silence, during his lectures while he thought through what he wanted to say next.
Simple and Accurate Determination of Reactivity Ratios Using a Nonterminal Model of Chain Copolymerization

We propose a new method for the determination of reactivity ratios based on a nonterminal model of copolymerization kinetics. Within the context of this model, we derive simple, reactivity-ratio-dependent expressions whose solution relies solely on monomer consumption information spanning the full range of conversion. Utilizing this method, reactivity ratios are obtained for the aluminum chelate-catalyzed copolymerization of phenyl glycidyl ether and allyl glycidyl ether (rPGE = 1.56 ± 0.01 and rAGE = 0.66 ± 0.03) with monomer consumption monitored by in situ 1H NMR spectroscopy. Additionally, this approach is applied to experimental data extracted from the literature for other copolymerization systems encompassing a range of monomer types (styrenics, isoprene, lactones, lactide, and other cyclic ethers) and polymerization type (anionic, coordination, and zwitterionic) to obtain reactivity ratios under the mechanistic assumption of nonterminal model copolymerization kinetics. We present the nonterminal mo...
Long-Term Mechanical Ventilation.

Although precise numbers are difficult to obtain, the population of patients receiving long-term ventilation has increased over the last 20 years, and includes patients with chronic lung diseases, neuromuscular diseases, spinal cord injury, and children with complex disorders. This article reviews the equipment and logistics involved with ventilation outside of the hospital. Discussed are common locations for long-term ventilation, airway and secretion management, and many of the potential challenges faced by individuals on long-term ventilation.
A GBS-SNP-based linkage map and quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum race 2 identified in Citrullus lanatus var. citroides.

A major QTL for resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum race 2 was mapped to a narrow 1.2 Mb interval using a high-density GBS-SNP linkage map, the first map of Citrullus lanatus var. citroides. Fusarium wilt, a fungal disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon), devastates watermelon crop production worldwide. Several races, which are differentiated by host range, of the pathogen exist. Resistance to Fon race 2, a particularly virulent strain prevalent in the United States, does not exist in edible cultivars of the sweet cultivated watermelon Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus (Cll) and has been well described in a few plant introductions of the wild subspecies of watermelon, C. lanatus var. citroides (Clc). Clc provides a vital source of genetic diversity, as well as resistance to numerous diseases. Unfortunately, both genetic diversity and disease resistance are lacking in Cll due to the narrow genetic base. Despite the importance of Clc to continued watermelon improvement, intra-variety genetic studies are lacking. Here, we present the first Clc genetic linkage map, generated with 2495 single nucleotide polymorphisms developed through genotyping-by-sequencing, and use it to identify quantitative trait loci associated with Fon race 2 resistance. Multiple QTL mapping in a Clc F2:3 population (N = 173) identified one major and four minor QTL. The major QTL explained 43% of the variation in Fon race 2 resistance and was delimited to a 1.2-Mb interval on chromosome 9, a region spanning 44 genes.
An evaluation of the Aerie Real campaign: Potential for promoting positive body image?:

This study evaluated the impact on young women’s body satisfaction of an advertising campaign: Aerie Real, which included images of models who were not digitally modified. In total, 200 female students were randomly allocated to view either Aerie Real images or digitally modified images from previous campaigns. In the total sample, no condition differences appeared. However, participants with high appearance comparison reported a smaller decrease in body satisfaction after viewing the Aerie Real images as compared to those viewing previous images (p = .003). Findings provide preliminary support for the Aerie Real campaign as less deleterious form of media for body image.
Storage Characteristics of Finfish Fillets ( Archosargus probatocephalus ) Packaged in Modified Gas Atmospheres Containing Carbon Dioxide.

Sheepshead ( Archosargus probatocephalus ) fillets were stored in air and in modified gas atmospheres consisting of: 100% CO2, 80% CO2:20% O2, 60% CO2:40% O2, 30% C02:60% O2, 20% CO2:80% O2, 40% CO2:60% N2 and 44% CO2:36% O2:20% N2 At regular intervals during refrigerated storage, numbers and types of microorganisms and total volatile nitrogen (TVN) were determined. Increases in aerobic plate counts of fish fillets held in air and in 20% C02:80% O2 were greater than those for fillets stored in the other gas atmospheres. The most effective combinations of gas for limiting bacterial growth were 100% CO2 and 40% CO2:60% N2. Total volatile nitrogen values of samples stored in air and in 20% CO2:80% O2 increased similarly to those of fish held on ice. At higher CO2 concentrations, however, increases in TVN were slow and the rate of TVN production appeared inversely proportional to CO2 tension.
Distributed scheduling based on due dates and buffer prioritization

The problem of scheduling a semiconductor manufacturing facility is addressed. Several buffer priority and due-date based scheduling policies for nonacyclic flow lines are studied. Not all buffer priority policies are stable, as is shown by a counterexample. However, the first buffer first serve and last buffer first serve policies are stable. Also, the earliest due data and least-slack policies are stable. For systems consisting of several nonacyclic flow lines, several stable buffer priority orderings are exhibited. Some simulation results on the performance of these policies are summarized. >
Motion management strategies and technical issues associated with stereotactic body radiotherapy of thoracic and upper abdominal tumors: A review from NRG oncology

The efficacy of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) has been well demonstrated. However, it presents unique challenges for accurate planning and delivery especially in the lungs and upper abdomen where respiratory motion can be significantly confounding accurate targeting and avoidance of normal tissues. In this paper, we review the current literature on SBRT for lung and upper abdominal tumors with particular emphasis on addressing respiratory motion and its affects. We provide recommendations on strategies to manage motion for different, patient-specific situations. Some of the recommendations will potentially be adopted to guide clinical trial protocols.
Reimagining Collaboration: Insight From Leaders of Affordable-Housing Cross-Sector Collaborations on Successful Collaboration Design, Performance, and Social Innovation

Cross-sector collaboration is a viable strategy for addressing complex social problems. However, the literature tells us that collaboration is difficult and complicated, and some scholars discourage it. Qualitative research involving 31 leaders participating in affordable-housing cross-sector collaborations provides insight into successful collaborations. The leaders of successful collaborations in this study demonstrated emotional intelligence, innovation, and creativity that rejuvenated communities. The researcher develops a conceptual framework with possible attractors for leaders desiring effective collaborations and derives a model of collaboration from this framework.
The importance of adoption of formal client feedback in therapy: a narrative review

Couple and family therapy has well-established benefits. Although the majority of clients benefit, some worsen, some show no positive change, and some drop out early. This suggests that existing treatment modalities require further advancement. One promising avenue to achieve advancement involves instituting, as the standard of care, formalized client feedback, which has been shown to improve outcomes. This paper is a non-systematic review that outlines several formalized feedback systems currently available and highlights each system's utility with application to couple and family therapy. While couple and family therapists have unique obstacles in therapy due to multiple therapeutic alliances, the use of formalized feedback has potential to strengthen alliances and improve outcomes for all clients who participate. We advocate for the use of formalized feedback in the training of new therapists and to augment the supervision process. Practitioner points Encourage the couple and family therapy field to implement the use of formalized client feedback systems both clinically and in research Demonstrate the importance of implementing formalized client feedback systems to decrease premature termination and improve client outcomes Provide information about existing client feedback systems to give practitioners the opportunity to choose a method that most benefits their clients
Crystal structure of an anti-idiotype variable lymphocyte receptor.

Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs), the leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-based antigen receptors of jawless fish, have great utility in a wide variety of biochemical and biological applications, similar to classical Ig-based antibodies. VLR-based reagents may be particularly useful when traditional antibodies are not available. An anti-idiotype lamprey VLR, VLR39, has previously been identified that recognizes the heavy-chain CDR3 of the B-cell receptor (BCR) of a leukemic clone from a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). VLR39 was used successfully to track the re-emergence of this clone in the patient following chemotherapy. Here, the crystal structure of VLR39 is presented at 1.5 A resolution and compared with those of other protein-specific VLRs. VLR39 adopts a curved solenoid fold and exhibits substantial structural similarity to other protein-binding VLRs. VLR39 has a short LRRCT loop that protrudes outwards away from the concave face and is similar to those of its protein-specific VLR counterparts. Analysis of the VLR39-BCR interaction by size-exclusion chromatography and biolayer interferometry using the scFv version of the BCR confirms that VLR39 recognizes the BCR Fv region. Such VLR-based reagents may be useful for identifying and monitoring leukemia in CLL patients and in other clinical diagnostic assays.
Defective STING signaling in ovarian cancer cells favor oncolytic virus action

Ovarian cancer is the sixth most prevalent cancer in women and the most lethal of the gynecologic malignancies. Our group has recently shown that STING signaling is often suppressed in a wide variety of cancers, including colorectal carcinoma and melanoma. In this work, we examined the expression and activation of STING pathway in 11 different human ovarian cancer cell lines (CA), generated from the diagnosis of ovarian cancer in varied stages and cultured in vitro. We evaluated STING expression by Western blot in these cell lines and showed that STING is present in 8 of the 11 cell lines. Signaling via STING requires the activation of cGAS synthase enzyme, which was absent in 7 cell lines. In the absence of both STING and cGAS all STING pathway was affected with no IRF-3 and NFκB-p65 translocation and activation. In order to correlate expression levels with STING function in the production of IFN-β, we transfected cells with dsDNA90 to activate STING or with Poly(I:C) for activation via RIG-I. ELISA and Real Time-PCR analyses showed that all 11 CA responded poorly to dsDNA90 stimulation. In contrast, majority of CA were able to produce IFN-β and CXCL10 in response to Poly(I:C), indicating that RIG-I pathway was preserved. Defective production of these cell death control cytokines after DNA stimulus may favor CA proliferation, but also facilitates viral replication and make this CA highly susceptible to HSV1γ34.5 (Herpes simplex virus). Analyzes in vivo by injection of human ovarian cancer cells subcutaneously in Nu/Nu mice followed by HSV1γ34.5 treatments correlates with in vitro findings. The results suggest that STING pathway can be suppressed during ovarian cancer development and these defects let CA more susceptible to oncolytic viral therapy.
Expert Systems: Looking Back and Looking Ahead

This paper will discuss the applied artificial intelligence work that is sometimes called “knowledge engineering”. The work is based on computer programs that do symbolic manipulations and symbolic inference, not calculation. The programs I will discuss do essentially no numerical calculation. They discover qualitative lines-of-reasoning leading to solutions to problems stated symbolically.
Experimental interbreeding between geographically separated populations of the marine wood-boring isopod Limnoria tripunctata with preliminary indications of hybrid vigor

Populations of the marine wood-boring isopod Limnoria tripunctata Menzies were cultivated and interbred in the laboratory in order to determine whether geographically separated populations would interbreed. Two series of interbreeding studies were conducted. In the first, field populations from 11 Atlantic and Caribbean sites and 3 Pacific sites were interbred with a North Western Atlantic population from Beaufort, North Carolina (USA). Viable crossings, to at least F 1, occurred in all but one case—that of a BeaufortxChatham (Massachusetts, USA) cross. In the second series of experiments, field populations from 9 Atlantic and Caribbean sites were crossed with populations from St. Teresa, Florida, Gulf of Mexico. In this case also, all crosses except one produced viable offspring, not only to the F 1, but to the F 2 generations as well. The St. Teresa x Chatham cross was not successful. Geographic distance was not a factor in the success of crossbreeding between disjunct populations. Chatham populations (mainly) are now believed to represent a valid but previously obscure species, Limnoria tuberculata Sowinski, and not a variant of L. tripunctata Menzies. Enhanced viality or vigor, as determined from rate of wood destruction, population growth rate and survival, was indicated in several crossings, but this was not necessarily correlated with distance between populations. Observations were made on the manner in which the species has achieved a worldwide distribution, and a hypothesis is put forward to explain the evolution of species related to L. tripunctata.
Probit in a Spatial Context: A Monte Carlo Analysis

Data are often observed in a binary form: vote for or vote against; buy or don’t buy; build or don’t build; move or don’t move, etc. In classical econometrics this situation has been extensively studied and appropriate procedures developed to handle the nature of the data. The standard model however does not allow for spatial processes to drive the choices made by decision makers. For example, whether one city increases its sales tax may depend the actions of neighboring cities. Whether one jurisdiction subsidizes the construction of a new sports arena depends on the options that are offered to the sports enterprise by other jurisdictions — which has been occurring with increasing frequency in the United States, at the threat of the team moving elsewhere. In both of these cases, the conventional probit model fails to account for interdependencies.
Traveling uncharted waters: The exchange of government information between the united states and china

Abstract Almost 20 years ago the United States and China established a program for exchange of government publications through their two national libraries, the Library of Congress (LC) and the National Library of China (NLC). Both sides have made tremendous efforts to honor the exchange agreement, although LC hopes to receive more comparable materials from its counterpart. The recent shift to electronic formats in the United States and the government Internet censorship in China pose serious challenges to the existence of this program. Suggestions are made for ameliorating these difficulties.
Exploring the Complexities of Men as Allies in Feminist Movements

As the numbers of men involved with feminist activism continues to grow, exploring the dynamics of power and privilege within the feminist movement warrants increased attention. Eight self-identified women feminists shared their experiences working with men as allies in the feminist movement, highlighting the need for a balance between challenge and support for men striving to be allies. Implications and recommendations for practice are also provided.