cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From Brown to Meredith: the long struggle for school desegregation in Louisville, Kentucky, 1954–2007 and Race, remembering, and Jim Crow’s teachers

From the 1970s to the 1990s, at least, and in some quarters still today, the historiography of school desegregation in the United States has been dominated by a liberal, triumphalist narrative that...
The importance of detecting cytomegalovirus infections in studies evaluating new therapies for severe sepsis.

Cytomegalovirus infection is present in the majority of the population and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. Recently, this viral infection has also been reported in nonimmunocompromised critically ill patients. We hypothesize that active cytomegalovirus infection may confound survival outcomes in severe sepsis trials. Scenarios based on three published studies on activated protein C were used as real examples for statistical simulations looking for how much bias in favor of or against activated protein C would be observed in single-arm studies (scenario 1), phase II trials (scenario 2A/2B), and phase III trials (scenario 3A/3B). Scenario 1 simulations evaluated a single-arm study and demonstrated that confounding biases could cause an absolute decrease of 5.7% to an increase of 6.1% on mortality rates of similar studies. Scenarios 2A and 3A evaluated phase II and III trials assuming that activated protein C is truly effective; they showed that trials with an imbalance on the proportion of active cytomegalovirus infection between study arms could lead to false-negative rates (β errors) in up to 25% of phase II trials and up to 42% of phase III trials. Scenarios 2B and 3B assumed that activated protein C was truly ineffective; they showed that imbalanced cytomegalovirus infection between arms would cause false-positive rates (a errors) in up to 5% of phase II and up to 7% of all phase III trials. The inclusion of an imbalanced proportion of patients with active cytomegalovirus infection may severely compromise the reliability of outcome results of severe sepsis trials independent of their design. Even randomized trials could have a much higher probability of false-negative rates for a new therapy than designed. Future severe sepsis trials should consider including active cytomegalovirus infection as a prospective covariate.
Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics of Column IV Microclusters

We report the results of ab-initio molecular dynamics simulations for small clusters of Si and C atoms. Ground-state geometries and vibrational spectra are presented. We also describe a Bayesian spectral estimation technique which we have found to be useful in analyzing molecular dynamics trajectories.
Advanced study on corneal epithelial reconstruction

The proliferation and refreshment of corneal epithelium depends on corneal limbal stem cells.Corneal limbal stem cell deficiency can lead to visual disorder.The study of engineering corneal epithelium is a focus in ophthalmology.This article reviews the application of stem cells which are not from ocular surface in engineering corneal epithelium.
Fodor’s Field Diary and the Writing of the Hungarian Imperial Self during World War I

In his article "Fodor's Field Diary and the Writing of the Hungarian Imperial Self during World War I" Steven A.E. Jobbitt analyses a field diary written by the Hungarian geographer and botanist, Ferenc Fodor, who took part in a two-week geobotanical expedition to Bosnia-Hercegovina in the summer of 1917. Sponsored by the Hungarian Academy of Science, the expedition was part of a much broader Austro-Hungarian imperialist project in the Balkans during World War I. Close scrutiny of Fodor's field diary as a particular form of life writing provides important insight into the masculineimperialist fantasies that informed Hungary's mapping of the Balkans as both a geopolitical and civilizational space, and in so doing points to the conceptual tensions and existential anxieties that lay at the center of Fodor's own conception and negotiation of self. Jobbitt's analysis suggests that although not obvious, Fodor's field diary written during World War I represents "trauma" in its both personal and extended perspectives. Steven A.E. Jobbitt, "Fodor's Field Diary and the Writing of the Hungarian Imperial Self during World War I " page 2 of 8 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 17.3 (2015): Thematic Issue Life Writing and the Trauma of War. Ed. Louise O. Vasvari and I-Chun Wang
Microwave and RF Hazard Standard Considerations

AbstractThis article presents considerations which pertain to the limits of safe exposure of man to radio frequency and microwave frequency electromagnetic irradiation. Early considerations for the rationale of a 10 mW/cm2 standard and more recent results are summarized. The total frequency range can be conveniently subdivided into four parts: the below resonance range, the resonance range, the ‘hot spot’ range, and the surface heating range. They are discussed in subsequent sections. Finally, the topics of tolerable heat load, partial body irradiation and short time exposure are dealt with. The conclusions are in essential agreement with a proposed revision of the ANSI C95 standard.
Developing Country Business Strategies for Partnership in Transnational Strategic Alliance Networks

The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, it aims to examine the organizational and managerial implications of transnational strategic alliances (TSAs); and, second, it attempts to identify distinct business strategies for the firms of developing countries for partnership in transnational alliances. The authors argue that the effectiveness of transnational strategic alliances involving the partners of the developing countries will depend on the ability of the partners in making appropriate strategic choices and in meeting the organizational and managerial requirements of such alliances.
The Administrative Difference of Powers

This Essay, written as a reply to Jon Michaels's article, argues that our constitutional system will not produce as much difference as any theory might argue because major parts of the major branches are all located in the same metropolitan area. This generates selection effects that select for similar officials across the branches, and treatment effects that transforms officials in similar ways across the branches.
Endovascular treatment for AIS with underlying ICAD

Background Acute large vessel occlusion (LVO) can result from thromboemboli or underlying intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD). Although the technique for revascularization differs significantly for these two lesions (simple thrombectomy for thromboemboli and balloon angioplasty and stenting for ICAD), the underlying etiology is often unknown in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Objective To evaluate whether procedural complications, revascularization rates, and functional outcomes differ among patients with LVO from ICAD or thromboembolism. Methods A retrospective review of thrombectomy cases from 2008 to 2015 was carried out for cases of AIS due to underlying ICAD. Thirty-six patients were identified. A chart and imaging review was performed to determine revascularization rates, periprocedural complications, and functional outcomes. Patients with ICAD and acute LVO were compared with those with underlying thromboemboli. Results Among patients with ICAD and LVO, mean National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score on admission was 12.9±8.5, revascularization (Thrombolysis In Cerebral Infarction, TICI ≥2b) was achieved in 22/34 (64.7%) patients, 11% had postprocedural intracerebral hemorrhage (PH2), and 14/33 (42.4%) had achieved a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 0–2 at the 3-month follow-up. Compared with patients without underlying ICAD, there was no difference in NIHSS on presentation, or in the postprocedural complication rate. However, procedure times for ICAD were longer (98.5±59.8 vs 37.1±34.2 min), there was significant difference in successful revascularization rate between the groups (p=0.001), and a trend towards difference in functional outcome at 3 months (p=0.07). Conclusions Despite AIS with underlying ICAD requiring a more complex, technically demanding recanalization strategy than traditional thromboembolic AIS, it appears safe, and good outcomes are obtainable.
Application of fMRI to Monitor Motor Rehabilitation

Motor deficits contribute to disability in a number of neurological conditions. A wide range of emerging restorative therapies has the potential to reduce this by favorably modifying function. In many medical contexts, a study of target organ function improves efficacy of a therapeutic intervention. However, the optimal methods to prescribe a restorative therapy in the setting of central nervous system (CNS) disease are not clear. Brain mapping studies have the potential to provide useful insights in this regard. Examples of restorative therapies are provided, and human trials are summarized whereby brain mapping data have proven useful in promoting motor improvements in subjects with a neurological condition. In some cases, brain mapping findings that correlate with better outcome with spontaneous behavioral recovery correspond to findings that predict better treatment response in the context of a clinical trial. Similarities across CNS conditions, such as stroke and multiple sclerosis, are discussed. Further studies are needed to understand which methods have the greatest value to monitor, predict, triage, and dose restorative therapies in trials that aim to reduce motor, and other neurological, deficits.
Voltage dependent gating and single channel analysis of heterotypic gap junction channels formed of Cx45 and Cx43

Human Cx45 and Cx43 gap junction proteins expressed in single mammalian cells form functional gap junction channels when paired with themselves and with one another. In heterotypic pairs, voltage dependence was strongly rectifying, unitary conductances were intermediate between those of homotypic Cx43 and Cx45 channels, and Lucifer Yellow permeability was absent. These properties of heterotypic channels are consistent with those predicted for pairing hemichannels with the properties observed in homotypic junctions, where both types of hemichannels close in response to negative voltages.
Identification of the Novel Chromosomal Translocation t(17;19)(q23;q13) in a Pediatric Patient with Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Chromosomal rearrangements have been associated with many hematologic malignancies. Identification of the genes involved in several of these rearrangements has provided information about the development of malignancy and has led to therapeutic interventions. Historically, a considerable number of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cases have been reported as cytogenetically normal. However, with improved cytogenetic techniques and the use of fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), new translocations are now being identified. We present the case of a 10-year-old male with AML (FAB subtype M1) and a subtle chromosomal translocation. G-band karyotype analysis revealed a balanced, reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 17 and 19 involving bands 17q23 and 19q13. This translocation was present in 20 out of 20 bone marrow cells examined. Peripheral blood chromosome analysis ruled out a constitutional chromosomal abnormality. Metaphase FISH with telomere-region specific probes for chromosomes 17 and 19 confirmed the reciprocal translocation between 17q and 19q. This patient was treated according to the SJCRH AML 2002 protocol and was randomized to receive high-dose cytarabine. Because he had minimal residual disease following induction therapy, he also received Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin. The patient was in cytogenetic remission for one year after completion of therapy, and then he relapsed with the original leukemic clone and additional cytogenetic abnormalities. The t(17;19)(q23;q13) has not been reported previously in malignancies or other disorders, and therefore identification of the genes at the chromosomal breakpoints may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of AML. As an initial step to map the breakpoint regions, we performed FISH with a commercially available probe encompassing the CRX, GLTSCR2, and GLTSCR1 loci on 19q13 (Vysis, Downers Grove, IL). This revealed that the 19q breakpoint is centromeric to these loci. We are further mapping the translocation breakpoint region on chromosome 19q using FISH-mapped bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs).
Critical Role for Stat5 in the Initiation and Maintenance of Polycythemia Vera in a Jak2V617F Knock-In Mouse Model

Abstract 121 Version:1.0 StartHTML:0000000207 EndHTML:0000006199 StartFragment:0000002599 EndFragment:0000006163 SourceURL:file://localhost/Users/mohim/Desktop/ASH%202011/Dongqing%20Yan%202011%20ASH%20Abstract.doc The JAK2V617F mutation has been identified in most cases of Ph-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) including polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). Expression of JAK2V617F results in constitutive activation of multiple signaling molecules/pathways. However, the key signaling downstream of JAK2V617F required for transformation, induction and maintenance of MPNs remains elusive. Using a mouse genetic strategy, we found that Stat5 is absolutely required for the pathogenesis of PV induced by Jak2V617F. Whereas inducible expression of Jak2V617F in mice resulted in all the features of human PV, including increase in red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, white blood cells, platelets, and splenomegaly, deletion of Stat5 in the Jak2V617F knock-in mice normalized all the blood parameters and the spleen size. Histopathologic analyses revealed that Stat5 deficiency blocked the development of PV in mice expressing Jak2V617F. In addition, deletion of Stat5 completely abrogated erythropoietin (Epo)-independent erythroid colony formation evoked by Jak2V617F, a hallmark feature of PV. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that concomitant deletion of Stat5 reduced the Jak2V617F-induced expansion of LSK (lin − Sca-1 + c-kit + ) and MEP (megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitors) as well as CD71 + Ter119 + and Gr-1 + Mac-1 + populations to normal levels. Unlike Jak2V617F knock-in mice, which developed myelofibrosis at old age, Stat5-deficient Jak2V617F-expressing mice failed to develop myelofibrosis. Re-expression of Stat5 in Stat5-deficient Jak2V617F knock-in mice bone marrow by retroviral transduction completely rescued the defects in transformation of hematopoietic progenitors and the PV phenotype. Furthermore, deletion of Stat5 after establishment of PV disease in the transplanted animals expressing Jak2V617F by injection with polyinosine:polycytosine (pI:pC) normalized the blood parameters and inhibited the progression of the disease. Together, these results indicate a critical function for Stat5 in the induction and maintenance of PV. Biochemical analyses revealed that Stat5 deficiency significantly inhibited constitutive phosphorylation of p70S6 kinase and markedly reduced expression of Bcl-x L , Cyclin-D2 and Pim-1 mediated by Jak2V617F. These suggest that p70S6 kinase, Bcl-x L , Cyclin-D2 and Pim-1 are downstream targets of Jak2V617F-Stat5 signaling, and they may play a role in hematopoietic transformation induced by Jak2V617F. These findings provide strong support for the development of Stat5 inhibitors as targeted therapies for the treatment of PV and other JAK2V617F-positive MPNs. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Three-dimensional monolithic integration of III–V and Si(Ge) FETs for hybrid CMOS and beyond

Three-dimensional (3D) monolithic integration can enable higher density and has the potential to stack independently optimized layers at transistor level. Owing to high mobility and lower processing temperatures, InGaAs is well-suited to be used as the top layer channel material in 3D monolithic integration along with Si/Si(Ge) FETs. A review of recent progress to develop InGaAs-on-Si(Ge) 3D Monolithic technology is presented here.
“We will never be normal”: The Experience of Discovering a Partner Has Autism Spectrum Disorder

Online forums and lay literature suggest that partners of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) experience depression, distress, and trauma in their everyday lives, exacerbated during the time surrounding diagnosis. In this content analysis, 29 participants were provided with an online open-ended statement asking them to describe in writing their experiences of discovering that their partners had ASD during their relationships. Six themes emerged, including: facing unique challenges within relationships; insisting partners seek diagnosis; initial shock and relief; losing hope for normalcy; making accommodations within relationships; and wishing for professional support. Marriage and family therapists should help couples minimize blaming and promote self-awareness, appropriate relationship expectations, and mutual understanding. Future research should explore the overall experience of neuro-mixed relationships for both partners.
Stationary rarefaction waves in discrete materials with strain-softening behavior

This article details some of the techniques used to derive exact solutions from the discrete equations of motion of strongly and weakly nonlinear discrete systems. The distinction between strongly and weakly nonlinear systems is related to the amplitude of a traveling pulse and the external confining load. Materials with an anomalous strain-softening behavior will be emphasized (i.e., f ∼ δn, n < 1), though this choice does not preclude applications for strain-hardening systems like those with Hertzian potentials. Discrete materials with tunable acoustic transmission properties and novel impact mitigation capacity have gained interest in recent years due to their practical application across many scientific fields. Wave-guides comprised of discrete materials with a nonlinear interaction potential have been used to investigate the interplay between nonlinearity, dispersion and dissipation.
Compressive Stochastic Characterization of Scattering Media

We introduce an optical sensing technique that uses random sparse sampling of integrated scattered intensity to recover length scales of scattering potentials. We demonstrate reduced exposure time in characterizing sparse targets and dense cell cultures.
Production of High Quality Fish Oil by Enzymatic Protein Hydrolysis from Cultured Atlantic Salmon By-Products: Investigation on Effect of Various Extraction Parameters Using Central Composite Rotatable Design

Salmon oil was extracted from cultured Atlantic salmon by-product mix (head, frame and viscera) through enzymatic extraction, with experimental combinations of different enzyme (Sea-B-Zyme L200 enzyme) concentrations (0.09–2.91%) and temperature levels (38–52 °C), generated and analyzed through Central Composite Rotatable design and response surface methodology respectively. The oil content obtained was between 13.09–19.18% of the total weight of the sample, where temperature level was observed as a more significant factor than enzyme concentration and highest oil yield was obtained at enzyme concentration of 2.5% and temperature level 50 °C. Salmon by-product oil predominantly contained mono-unsaturated fatty acids (52.49–54.27%), subsequently poly-unsaturated fatty acids (28.97–30.53%) and saturated fatty acids (14.95–17.91%). The extracted oil was also observed as a potential source of oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, vaccenic acid, gondoic acid, α-linoleic acid, DHA, DPA and EPA.
Maximizing power production in path and tree riverine networks

Abstract A majority of electricity generation in the US is produced by thermoelectric power plants which require a constant supply of water for cooling. Many of these plants consequently eject large quantities of hot water into an adjacent river, causing thermal pollution, which harms the local ecosystems and aquatic life. Plants commonly lie within interconnected river networks, whence thermal pollution from plants upstream flows to downstream plants, causing less-effective cooling, and decreases in efficiency. Plants are managed individually, and government regulations combating thermal pollution take the form of local river temperature constraints. We propose analyzing this situation regionally, as an optimization problem, where we seek to balance the trade-off between satisfying power demand and obeying temperature limits. Our primary focus is fractional variants of this problem where we can specify the amount of power a plant will generate, up to its maximum capacity. After providing optimal schedules or algorithms for several special cases of this problem, we provide an optimal polynomial-time algorithm for this problem on river topologies taking the form of (a) a path graph and (b) a “merge-only” tree. We also investigate a 0/1 version of the problem (plants are either fully on or off), which is NP-hard already for path graphs. We provide a dynamic programming FPTAS for this case. Finally, we carry out an extensive performance evaluation comparing our fractional optimal algorithms to baseline heuristics in simulation. These experiments are performed both on synthetically generated problem instances and on problem instances constructed using real-world river network data, in particular the power plant network along the Hudson River in New York State. These experiments provide insight as to when naive greedy algorithms diverge from the optimal and on which problem instance parameters optimal performance is more sensitive too.
Connections between anisotropic tensors of thermal conductivity and thermal expansion coefficients

Abstract In this paper we derive connections between anisotropic tensors of thermal conductivity and thermal expansion coefficients of a two-phase composite and illustrate it by example of copper containing preferentially oriented graphite flakes. We model the said anisotropic tensors accounting for orientation distribution of the inhomogeneities and derive the cross-property connection by eliminating the microstructural parameters. The model is verified by comparison with the experimental data of Boden (2015) and Firkowska et al. (2015).
Randomized controlled trial of belladonna and opiate suppository during intravesical onabotulinum toxin A injection.

Background Intravesical injection with onabotulinum toxin A injection can be performed in-office under local anesthesia. Rectally administered pain medication presents a potentially feasible and previously uninvestigated adjunct to office-based anesthesia protocols. Objective The primary aim of this study was to determine whether adding a belladonna and opiate suppository to standard lidocaine instillation resulted in reduction of bladder injection pain during onabotulinum toxin A injection procedure. Study Design This was a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of patients undergoing onabotulinum toxin A bladder injection at a single clinic. Patients age ≥18 years, who met clinical criteria for invasive treatment of refractory urinary symptoms, had previously documented postvoid residual volumes Results In all, 26 participants were enrolled and randomized with 13 in each study arm. Participants in the treatment group were slightly older than in the placebo group (P = .05); there were no statistically significant differences in medical comorbidities. Median score after first 10 bladder injections to score 40 minutes after administration of anesthesia and suppository for the placebo group and treatment group was 4 (range 1–10) and 5 (range 0,9), respectively (P = .94). Median scores immediately after completion of 20 injections for the placebo group and treatment group were 3 (range 0–10) and 2 (range 0,8), respectively (P = .29). There were no significant differences in preinjection pain scores reported before anesthesia and suppository and at 40 minutes after administration of anesthesia and suppository. Postprocedure postvoid residual >200 mL was noted in 5 (38%) of the placebo group and 3 (23%) of the treatment group (P = .67). Two-week postprocedure postvoid residual >200 mL was noted in 3 (25%) of the placebo group and 2 (15%) of the treatment group (P = .64) for an overall rate of 20%. Eleven (84%) participants in each group reported being “mostly satisfied” or “very much satisfied” with pain control. Conclusion Belladonna and opiate suppository use did not significantly reduce bladder injection pain, or increase risk of urinary retention immediately postprocedure or 2 weeks later. Satisfaction with pain control among onabotulinum toxin A injection patients is high.
Does antisymmetry matter in b.c.c. 3He crystals

By comparing the results of both variational and exact Diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC) results for states of different symmetries we conclude that antisymmetry plays a fundamental role in stabilizing the b.c.c.3He crystal. We performed calculations for a system of 54 particles of mass 3 at density ρ = 0.02557 A, just above the experimental freezing point. Symmetric (Jastrow and Shadow wave functions) and unsymmetrized wave functions (of the Nosanow-Jastrow type), fail to describe the system. In particular, a shadow wave function predicts a fluid as lowest energy state at the density considered, and this is confirmed by the computation of the exact symmetric ground state with DMC, which predicts an energy well below the experimental energy of the crystal. On the other hand, DMC calculations projecting the ground state in the space of the Nosanow–Jastrow functions, give an energy which is much above the experimental energy. The use of antisymmetric functions, and in particular of the recently introduced Fermionic Shadow Wave Function (FSWF), leads to the prediction that the b.c.c. crystal is the stable ground state. Antisymmetry plays therefore a fundamental role in this system. FSWF calculations also demonstrate the peculiar characteristics of this crystal (very low order parameter, a non Gaussian density profile around the lattice sites, and very wide vibrations of the atoms around the lattice sites, small dependence of the energy with respect to the magnetic order), which cannot be seen in the Nosanow framework.
Afterword and Next Steps

The afterword provides a broad overview of the volume and a forward-looking approach to the implications of the research presented for the field of language teaching. First, this chapter reflects on the papers in the volume and the individual and aggregate contributions. Next, the chapter contextualizes the book and the issues raised in current-day language teaching and learning and the challenges and opportunities facing the community. Finally, the chapter provides recommendations for ways that ongoing research and assessment can continue to support the field.
The effects of neutrophil depletion on a completely noninvasive model of acute pancreatitis-associated lung injury

Conclusion A completely noninvasive animal model of acute pancreatitis-associated lung injury was used to show that neutrophils, activated by pancreatitis, play a key role in mediating pancreatitis-associated lung injury.
Candida albicans biofilm development is governed by cooperative attachment and adhesion maintenance proteins.

The opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans is capable of adhering to the oral mucosa despite forces created by salivary flow. Although many fungal adhesion proteins have been identified, less is known about the temporal development of cell adhesion and biofilm growth in a flow environment. In this study, we use a flow system with real-time imaging of C. albicans cells as they adhere and grow. Rates of cell attachment and dispersion of C. albicans knockout strains of putative adhesins, transcription factors, and deletions with a hyperfilamentous phenotype were quantified during 18 h of biofilm development. Cell adhesion under flow is a multi-phase process initiated with cell rolling, then an initial firm attachment to the substrate occurs. After attachment, cells enter a growth phase where cells either commit to adherence or disperse. C. albicans Δeap1, Δhwp2, Δhyr1, and Δihd1 cells had significantly reduced initial attachment and subsequent adhesion, while Δals1/Δals3 had no change in initial attachment but reduced adhesion maintenance. WT cells had increased adhesion during the late growth phase when hyphae were more highly expressed. Hyperfilamentous strains had 10-fold higher total biofilm growth, a result of significantly reduced detachment rates, showing that hyphal morphogenesis is important for adhesion maintenance in the developing biofilm. The rate of C. albicans biomass dispersion was most important for determining the density of the mature biomass. Adhesion maintenance was mediated in part by Ywp1, a protein previously thought to regulate dispersion, thus it functions as an adhesion maintenance protein in C. albicans.
Abnormal tryptophan metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease (ALZ): label-free spectroscopy suggests an alternative theory of ALZ causation

The leading hypothesis regarding ALZ causation is that it is related to abnormal aggregation of β-amyloid and tau in the brain. It is known that, under stress conditions, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase shifts tryptophan metabolism away from the serotonin pathway towards the kynurenine pathway. Using label-free spectroscopy of tryptophan, N-formylL-kynurenine, kynurenine and kynurenic acid in ALZ and age-matched controls, we showed that a reversal of normal tryptophan/kynurenine ratio occurs in heavily affected ALZ areas (hippocampus, Brodmann’s Area 9), but not in minimally-affected areas such as Brodmann’s Area 17. Since ALZ develops only in areas of the brain where excess kynurenines are produced, it is possible ALZ is caused by abnormal tryptophan metabolism rather than protein aggregation.
Watching DNA nanotechnology at the speed of light

Download : Download high-res image (250KB) Download : Download full-size image Stephanie M. Hart is currently a National Science Foundation graduate research fellow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Chemistry, where she is conducting her doctoral research in the lab of Prof. Gabriela Schlau-Cohen. She obtained her bachelor’s degree in chemical engineering from the University of Minnesota in 2017. Her research interests pertain to the ultrafast spatiotemporal dynamics of energy transfer, delocalization, and charge transfer in condensed-phase systems.
Atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation will present the most significant arrhythmia management challenge for clinicians in the new millennium, particularly as the percentage of elderly patients and longevity increase worldwide. The clinical manifestations of the arrhythmia are wide ranging: paroxysmal to permanent modes of occurrence and asymptomatic to severely symptomatic presentations. Perhaps most important, the major risks of atrial fibrillation are stroke and death. Current therapies remain heavily focused on pharma-cologic efforts to reduce the severity of primary symptoms and to prevent stroke and other thromboembolic complications by means of anticoagulation. It has not yet been proven that prevention of atrial fibrillation will prolong survival, however. Nonphar-macologic therapies remain under intense basic and clinical investigation as promising means to improve outcome further for patients suffering from atrial fibrillation.
Heterogeneity of Disabilities and the Consequences of Victimization: Findings from a Nationally Representative Sample

Much remains unknown about how disability intersects with victimization. Relying on data from the 2016- 2019 nationally representative self-reported National Crime Victimization Survey, we examine ...
Educational Attainment, Income Levels and Africans in the United States: The Paradox of Nigerian Immigrants

In the United States, high levels of educational attainment tend to result in higher annual incomes. Nigerian immigrants in the United States in particular, but African immigrants in general are among the most educated groups in the country. There is a paradox, however, whereby the high level of educational attainment of Nigerian immigrants in the United States does not result in higher incomes. This paper examines the factors responsible for Nigerian immigrants in the United States being among the most educated groups in 1990, but earned substantially less in both median household and family incomes than the national average.
The Universal Principles of Evolution

Here we identify the core properties of genetic evolution with the intention of providing a unified definition of evolving systems that applies unequivocally in the natural and social sciences. Our definition is: evolution sustains organized systems through high fidelity replication of information. This definition can be broken down into five essential components: (1) high fidelity replication of information with 0% < survival rate < 100%; (2) expendable replication technology distinct from the replication information; (3) inert information that provides no kinetic energy to the replication process; (4) demonstrates a quantifiable resistance to entropy; (5) demonstrates intentionality.
A Learning Generalization Bound with an Application to Sparse-Representation Classifiers

A classifier is said to have good generalization ability if it performs on test data almost as well as it does on the training data. The main result of this paper provides a sufficient condition for a learning algorithm to have good finite sample generalization ability. This criterion applies in some cases where the set of all possible classifiers has infinite VC dimension. The result is applied to prove the good generalization ability of support vector machines by a exploiting a sparse-representation property.
Phase control in solid state silicide nanowire formation

Phase manipulation is important for the production of metallic silicide as contacts in Si nanowire based devices. In this proceeding, we present a kinetic competition model that explains the phase formation sequence in 1-D structures, and the phase control through template modifications. Multiple silicides coexist initially and then the fastest one forms as the first phase in a following growth competition. With kinetic parameters extracted from in-situ TEM observations, we quantitatively explain the phase formation sequence, which depends on the diameter of Si nanowire. The amount metal supply has been shown to be insignificant in controlling phase formation. Through template structure modifications, we can also selectively enhance or suppress the growth rate of silicides. A thick Al2O3 shell around the nanowire is applied to impede the growth of large volume diffusion limited phases including Ni31Si12, δ-Ni2Si and θ-Ni2Si. Moreover, a thin Pt interlayer between Si and Ni is used to suppress the nucleation of NiSi2. Together, all competing silicides were suppressed and the slow growing NiSi emerged as the first phase. Controlled formation of Ni31Si12, δ-Ni2Si, θ-Ni2Si, NiSi or NiSi2as the first phase have also been achieved. (© 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Initial CHIP He I observations of solar limb activity

A new instrument capable of 3-min time resolution full-disk and limb observations in the Hei 1083 nm spectral line has been in operation at the High Altitude Observatory's Mauna Loa Solar Observatory (MLSO) since April 1996. We discuss instrument capabilities and performance and present some initial observations of limb activity from the first year of instrument operation. We compare limb Hei and Hα observations of quiescent and active prominences, comment on the role of Doppler shifts in interpreting the Hei observations, and illustrate the use of disk/limb Hei observations of a CME-associated eruptive filament in mass-ejection studies.
AGING, SOCIETY, AND THE LIFE COURSE (3rd Edition) By Leslie A. Morgan and Suzanne R. Kunkel

The proportion of older Americans is increasing at a more rapid rate than ever before. Significant social changes are becoming progressively more evident in families, the economy, education, health...
Contamination of malic dehydrogenase with apotransaminase.

Studies of 4 commercially available malic dehydrogenase preparations have shown very small amounts of transaminase activity. Incubation of these preparations with pyridoxal 5-phosphate has revealed an enhanced transaminase activity. The data reported here suggest that the enhanced transaminase activity represents apotransaminase contaminating the malic dehydrogenase preparation.
Neurocognitive complaints and functional status among patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia

The purpose of this study was to conduct a longitudinal examination of cognitive complaints and functional status in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) alone and those who also had fibromyalgia (CFS/FM). A total of 93 patients from a tertiary care fatigue clinic were evaluated on four occasions, each 6 months apart. Each evaluation included a tender point assessment, and self-reported functional status and cognitive complaints. Patients with CFS/FM reported significantly worse physical functioning, more bodily pain, and more cognitive difficulties (visuo-perceptual ability and verbal memory) than patients with CFS alone. Over time, bodily pain decreased only for participants with CFS alone. Verbal memory problems were associated with more bodily pain for both patient groups, whereas visuo-perceptual problems were associated with worse functional status for patients with CFS alone. This study adds to the literature on functional status, longitudinal course, and cognitive difficulties among patients with CFS and those with CFS and FM. The results suggest that patients with CFS/FM are more disabled, have more cognitive complaints, and improve more slowly over time than patients with CFS alone. Specific cognitive difficulties are related to worse functional status, which supports the addition of cognitive difficulties to the FM case criteria.
Reduction of carbon dioxide emissions by mineral carbonation

The study investigates the technologies that have the potential to provide feasible reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) from a reference power plant. Particular focus has been given to mineral carbonation (at 1 bar) in which magnesium (Mg) and/or calcium (Ca) bearing materials fixate themselves to CO2 molecules to produce Mg and/or Ca carbonates in a solid stable form. The study also involved energy and mass balances of various mineral carbonation systems for simulation in Simulink. Furthermore, the various carbonation systems were incorporated into a model of a reference plant's operating efficiency. This allowed for analysis of the impact that the carbonation systems would have on the existing plant's performance.
Chip-level anti-reverse engineering using transformable interconnects

Cloning of integrated circuit (IC) chips have emerged as a significant threat to the semiconductor industry. Unauthorized extraction of design information from IC chips can be carried out in numerous ways. Invasive methods physically disassemble chip package and gain access to the different layers of a die through the low-cost delaying processing. This paper presents a new countermeasure exploiting transformable IC technologies. Transformable ICs are fabricated using materials that not only are electronically active but also change their electrical properties and physical compositions when experiencing invasive attacks. Simulation results demonstrate the proposed approach in improving the complexity of chip reverse engineering without introducing large performance overhead.
Quantitative analysis of human milk oligosaccharides by capillary electrophoresis.

Human milk oligosaccharides may have important biological activities. 1 We developed a sensitive, convenient, quantitative method for the routine study of sialylated (acidic, negatively charged) oligosaccharides in large numbers of milk samples. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) with detection at 205 nm was sensitive to the femtomole level and could resolve and quantify nine acidic oligosaccharides in milk, ranging from tri- to nonasaccharides. Milk samples from Massachusetts, South Carolina, and Mexico were analysed with a Hewlett Packard 3D capillary electrophoresis apparatus (buffer: 376 mM Trizma H [pH 7.91 and 150 mM SDS, plus 6% [v/v] methanol as an organic modifier; approximately one nanoliter loaded onto the column for each analysis). Peaks were identified by coelution with reference oligosaccharides: 3'-sialyllactose (3'-SL), 6'-sialyllactose (6'-SL), disialyltetraose (DST), 3'-sialyl-3-fucosyllactose (3'-S-3-FL), sialyl1acto-Ntetraose-a (SLNT-a), sialyllacto-N-tetraose-b (SLNT-b), sialyllacto-Nneotetraose-c (SLNT-c), disialyllacto-N-tetraose (DSLNT), and disialomonofucosyllacto-N-neohexaose (DSFLNH). The lower limit of detection was approximately 20 to 70 femtomoles. Typical electropherograms of oligosaccharides from pooled samples contained 16 well-defined peaks eluting between 15 and 30 min. Seven major peaks coeluted with reference SLNT-b, SLNT-c, SLNT-a, 3'-S-3-FL, 6'-SL, 3'-SL,
Cross-coherent vector sensor processing for spatially distributed glider networks

Autonomous underwater gliders fitted with vector sensors can be used as a spatially distributed sensor array to passively locate underwater sources. However, to date, the positional accuracy required for robust array processing (especially coherent processing) is not achievable using dead-reckoning while the gliders remain submerged. To obtain such accuracy, the gliders can be temporarily surfaced to allow for global positioning system contact, but the acoustically active sea surface introduces locally additional sensor noise. This letter demonstrates that cross-coherent array processing, which inherently mitigates the effects of local noise, outperforms traditional incoherent processing source localization methods for this spatially distributed vector sensor network.
The Durbar Incident

Here I apply a theory of ‘political displacement’ to the study of an incident that took place at King George V's investiture as ‘King-Emperor’ of India at the ‘Delhi Durbar’ on December 12, 1911. By ‘political displacement’ I mean the shifting of political attention from one domain to another, or from one idiom to another, where problems emergent but unresolvable in the first are dealt with by conversion into the second. My purposes are these: First, to describe the problem created by the incident when the Maharaja Gaekwar of Baroda, second in rank among the Indian Princes, ‘insulted’ the King-Emperor; second, to trace reactions, both British and Indian, to the series of events that followed; and third, to examine how the incident's conversion from one political idiom to another rendered it interpretable, thereby reducing confusion and permitting action.
Excited Z 0 bosons and the anomalous CERN events

The observation of high-energy photons in association with the leptonic decay of the ${Z}^{0}$ by both the UA1 and UA2 Collaborations has led to discussions of composite gauge bosons. If the ${Z}^{0}$ is composite then excited ${Z}^{0}$ bosons could play a role in the virtual imtermediate state: ${Z}^{0}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${Z}_{\mathrm{virt}{}^{\mathrm{*}}+\ensuremath{\gamma}}$, ${Z}_{\mathrm{virt}{}^{\mathrm{*}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{l}^{+}{l}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}}$. We examine the predictions of a generic model of this kind for the decay rate, photon energy spectrum, and \ensuremath{\gamma}${l}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ opening-angle distribution. We find the prediction for the latter to be in disagreement with the CERN data while the photon energy spectrum is peaked at \ensuremath{\simeq}30 GeV in agreement with the data.
Extended-image spatial tracking technique for deep-space optical downlinks

This paper describes an extended-image tracking technique based on the maximum likelihood estimation. The target image is assumed to have a known profile covering more than one element of a focal plane detector array. It is assumed that the relative position between the imager and the target is changing with time and the received target image has each of its pixels disturbed by an independent additive white Gaussian nose. When a rotation-invariant movement between imager and target is considered, the maximum likelihood based image tracking technique described in this paper is a closed-loop structure capable of providing iterative update of the movement estimate by calculating the loop feedback signals from a weighted correlation between the currently received target image and the previously estimated reference image in the transform domain. The movement estimate is then used to direct the imager to closely follow the moving target. This image tracking technique has many potential applications, including free-space optical communications and astronomy where accurate and stabilized optical pointing is essential.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Localization of tissue plasminogen activator mRNA in the developing rat cerebellum and effects of inhibiting tissue plasminogen activator on granule cell migration.

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) mRNA was localized in the developing cerebellum and the potentials role of tPA in migration of cerebellar granule cells was investigated. Proteolytic assays and Northern blots showed little variation in levels of tPA proteolytic activity or tPA mRNA expression in the developing cerebellum. The distribution of cerebellar tPA mRNA at different ages was visualized by in situ hybridization histochemistry. At postnatal day 7 (P7), most labeled cells were in the internal granule layer or developing white matter, and very few if any premigratory granule cells contained tPA mRNA. Although the molecular layer contained labeled cells at all ages, cell counts indicated that a greater percentage of cells in the molecular layer contained tPA mRNA during adulthood than during the period of granule cell migration. The most striking change in tPA mRNA expression was in Purkinje neurons, most of which began to express tPA mRNA between P7 and P14. The potential role of tPA in granule cell migration was investigated by performing migration assays in cerebellar slice explants in the presence or absence of protease inhibitors. The presence of inhibitors did not affect the distance that granule cells migrated. Data in the present study do not support a role for tPA in granule neuron migration; however, they do indicate that tPA is both spatially and temporally regulated during cerebellar development. Possible functions of tPA in the cerebellum are discussed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Functional brain imaging study of mathematical reasoning abilities in velocardiofacial syndrome (del22q11.2).

Purpose: Children with velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS) often have deficits in mathematical reasoning. Previous research has suggested that structural abnormalities in the parietal lobe region might underlie these deficits. The present study utilized functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to explore the relationship between brain function and mathematical performance in VCFS. Methods: Eight children with VCFS and eight comparison subjects underwent fMRI scanning and completed an arithmetic computation task. Results: In the VCFS group, increased activation was observed in the left supramarginal gyrus (LSMG) as the task difficulty increased. Conclusion: Aberrant LSMG activation, possibly due to structural deficits of the left parietal lobe, may explain decrements in arithmetic performance observed in VCFS.