cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incidental intraductal papillomas (<2 mm) of the breast diagnosed on needle core biopsy do not need to be excised.

Most authors recommend excision of intraductal papillomas diagnosed on core needle biopsy. This leads to the question of whether or not excision is necessary for incidental intraductal papillomas on core needle biopsy as opposed to those corresponding to imaging findings. Using the pathology computerized data base we retrospectively identified 46 incidental intraductal papillomas diagnosed on core needle biopsy from 1/2000 to 12/2008. Clinical, radiologic, and pathologic information was gathered and correlated. All core needle biopsies were reviewed to confirm the diagnosis of incidental intraductal papillomas, and excision specimens reviewed when available. Of the 46 patients, follow-up information was available in only 38. The age of the patients ranged from 39 to 82 years (mean = 48 years). Most incidental intraductal papillomas were diagnosed by mammotome core needle biopsy (36 cases). A total of 33 cases were performed for calcifications with the following indications: clustered = 21, new = 4, pleomorphic = 3, increasing = 3, indeterminant = 2. The correlating diagnoses included the following: fibrocystic changes with calcium phosphate = 18 or calcium oxalate = 10, fibroadenoma with calcifications = 5. The three masses were: two cases of cystic papillary apocrine metaplasia (I Ultrasound and 1 MRI) and 1 fibroadenoma (Ultrasound). In all cases, the intraductal papillomas were ≤0.2 cm, were not associated with calcifications, and were incidental to them or the underlying mass. A total of 14 patients underwent excision, whereas the remaining 24 have remained radiologically stable for over 12 months. The excision specimen findings were: fibrocystic changes = 8 and intraductal papilloma = 6. With the exception of one case, all the intraductal papilloma remained incidental to imaging findings. In this solitary case, the calcifications were described as pleomorphic and corresponded to fibrocystic changes calcifications on core needle biopsy. However, on excision, residual pleomorphic calcifications on mammogram correlated with both fibrocystic changes and intraductal papilloma. No cases were upstaged on excision to atypical duct hyperplasia or intraductal or invasive carcinoma. With the exception of one case, all incidental intraductal papillomas diagnosed on core needle biopsy were either completely excised or remained incidental. The exception occurred due to sampling error and accounted for the change from an incidental intraductal papillomas on core needle biopsy to one that was associated with calcifications on excision. Given the complete lack of upstaging, it is difficult to recommend excision of incidental intraductal papillomas diagnosed on core needle biopsy provided the index lesion has been adequately sampled and radiologic follow-up is maintained.
Optimal electrode position for transvenous defibrillation: A prospective randomized study

Objectives. This study was performed to determine the optimal position for the proximal electrode in a two-electrode transvenous defibrillation system. Background. Minimizing the energy required to defibrillate the heart has several potential advantages. Despite the increased use of two-electrode transvenous defibrillation systems, the optimal position for the proximal electrode has not been systematically evaluated. Methods. Defibrillation thresholds were determined twice in random sequence in 16 patients undergoing implantation of a two-lead transvenous defibrillation system; once with the proximal electrode at the right atrial-superior vena cava junction (superior vena cava position) and once with the proximal electrode in the left subclavian-innominate vein (innominate vein position). Results. The mean (±SD) defibrillation threshold with the proximal electrode in the innominate vein position was significantly lower than with the electrode in the superior vena cava position (13.4 ± 5.7 J vs. 16.3 ± 6.6 J, p = 0.04). Defibrillation threshold with the proximal electrode in the innominate vein position was lower or equal to that achieved in the superior vena cava position in 75% of patients. In patients with normal heart size (cardiothoracic ratio ≤0.55), the improvement in defibrillation threshold with the proximal electrode in the innominate vein position was more significant than in patients with an enlarged heart (innominate vein 13.0 ± 6.5 J vs. superior vena cava 17.9 ± 5.1 J, p Conclusions. During implantation of a two-lead transvenous defibrillation system, positioning the proximal defibrillation electrode in the subclavian-innominate vein will lower defibrillation energy requirements in the majority of patients.
Distribution of Calcium Absorbed by All or Part of the Root System of Beans

When either the whole root system or a single root of the bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), at different stages of maturity, was fed (45)Ca for a period of 6 hr, the leaves exhibited a definite pattern of (45)Ca acquisition with maximum acquisition for the primary, first, second, and third trifoliolate leaves at 12, 16, 18, and 22 days of growth, respectively. This maximum acquisition occurred when a leaf approached full expansion. A liquid scintillation spectrometer was employed for (45)Ca analysis.Autoradiograms indicated that when (45)Ca was applied to the terminal 5 cm portion of specific lateral roots for a period of 6 hr, specific areas of the shoot were preferentially supplied with (45)Ca. The amount of (45)Ca transported upward, when the terminal 5 cm portion of a single lateral root was treated, greatly decreased in plants older than 20 days, and the growth rate of these roots was also reduced at about the same time. When the whole lateral root was involved in (45)Ca uptake, the amount of (45)Ca transported to the shoot increased with increasing plant age until after day 22. A continuous increase in (45)Ca transport to the shoot occurred when the whole root system was subjected to (45)Ca treatment. One factor involved in the decreased movement of (45)Ca into a particular leaf may be a decreased absorptive capacity of that part of the root which preferentially supplies Ca to this leaf. Other possible factors are discussed.
Laser ablation processes investigated using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES)

Abstract The symbiotic relationship between laser ablation mechanisms and analytical performance using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectroscopy are addressed in this work. For both cases, it is important to ensure that the ICP conditions (temperature and electron number density) are not effected by the ablated mass. By ensuring that the ICP conditions are constant, changes in spectral emission intensity will be directly related to changes in laser ablation behavior. Mg ionic line to atomic line ratios and excitation temperature were measured to monitor the ICP conditions during laser-ablation sample introduction. The quantity of ablated mass depends on the laser pulse duration and wavelength. The quantity of mass removed per unit energy is larger when ablating with shorter laser wavelengths and pulses. Preferential ablation of constituents from a multicomponent sample was found to depend on the laser beam properties (wavelength and pulse duration). For nanosecond-pulsed lasers, thermal vaporization dominates the ablation process. For picosecond-pulsed lasers, a non-thermal mechanism appears to dominate the ablation process. This work will describe the mass ablation behavior during nanosecond and picosecond laser sampling into the ICP. The behavior of the ICP under mass loading conditions is first established, followed by studies of the ablation behavior at various power densities. A thermal vaporization model is used to explain nanosecond ablation, and a possible non-thermal mechanism is proposed to explain preferential ablation of Zn and Cu from brass samples during picosecond ablation.
Charge transfer complexing of NAD with phenol and influence of phenol substituents on complex stability.

Abstract Mixture of NAD with phenols in aqueous solution results in the appearance of a broad absorption band in the 300–500 nm range. Increased absorbancy of NAD-phenol mixtures with a decrease in temperature indicates that a stable charge transfer complex between NAD and phenol is primarily responsible for the absorption band rather than contact charge transfer reactions. This complex absorbancy was used to determine the association constants of the charge transfer complexes of an array of substituted phenols with NAD. Analysis of the absorption data revealed a 1:1 stoichiometry for the complexes. Changes in absorbancy of NAD-phenol solutions with pH are due predominantly to a shift in the λmax or a change in the extinction coefficient of the complex with pH rather than to substantial changes in the concentration of complex present. Complex formation between nicotinamide mononucleotide and phenol was observed, but no evidence of complexing was found with mixtures of adenine or AMP with phenol. This supports previous observations (7, 13) indicating that the pyridinium rather than the adenine moiety of NAD is the electron acceptor in charge transfer interactions between NAD and phenols. Pyridinium ion-phenol and NAD-anisole complex formation indicate that hydrogen ion bonding involving the hydroxyl groups of phenol or the carboxamide moiety of the pyridinium ring of NAD is not essential to complex formation. Fitting of the experimentally determined association constants for a group of phenols to their electronic and physical parameters indicates that NAD-phenol complex formation is significantly correlated with the hydrophobic binding constant π, the Hammet σ function, and the size of the phenol substituent. The importance of the hydrophobicity of a phenol to its complex forming ability is suggested to arise from a solvent cage effect on complex formation.
Experimental epithermal alteration of synthetic Los Angeles meteorite: Implications for the origin of Martian soils and identification of hydrothermal sites on Mars

[1] The dissolution behavior and secondary minerals generated by experimental alteration of a synthetic Los Angeles basaltic shergottite (LA) were evaluated at epithermal (75°C) conditions. Starting pH values of 1.1 and 3.6 and water-rock ratios ranging from 100 to 2000 were studied using flow-through and batch reactor experimental apparatus. Dissolution of plagioclase dominates effluent solution chemistry under all experimental conditions. Little Mg is released to solution because nearly 100% of the Mg in unaltered LA is contained in pyroxene M1 sites, which are relatively resistant to dissolution. Secondary minerals generated include siliceous residue, amorphous SiO2, lepidocrocite and ferrihydrite, anhydrite, alunogen, rhomboclase, ferrinatrite, halite, and unidentified Ca and Na sulfates. The dominance of alteration products of plagioclase suggests that LA-type basalts have not contributed significantly to the Martian soils. The search for hydrothermal sites by remote sensing may be hampered by the general similarity of the alteration products found in the near-surface epithermal environment to those thought to exist in Martian soils (sulfates, iron oxyhydroxides, amorphous silica). However, the unique chemical composition of secondary products formed by LA alteration may make detection of recent hydrothermal alteration of evolved basaltic rocks more straightforward. In addition, alteration in terrestrial epithermal environments associated with mafic to intermediate volcanic rocks generally produces abundant sulfides and kaolinite, two potentially unique mineral phases which might also indicate the presence of active or extinct hydrothermal systems.
Civil society and propoor initiatives in rural Bangladesh: finding a workable strategy

Summary This paper focuses on crafting a workable strategy for civil society advocacy in rural Bangladesh that can adequately represent the interests of the poorest groups. It shows how the poor and the poorest rely on patron–client ties, to avoid destitution and to survive, respectively, while arguing that the poor need to move beyond these inherently disempowering relationships. Recent agricultural progress will help such efforts, but elite domination must be expected to continue. Representatives of propoor groups should therefore ally initially with nonpoor groups to press for broader agendas that can gain widespread support, before pursuing more targeted agendas on behalf of their constituents.
Further observations of stage-specific effects seen after short-term hypophysectomy in the rat.

Abstract Although hypophysectomy has been a popular tool to study the effects of hormone deprivation as well as concomitant or subsequent hormone supplementation, there is relatively little morphological information available on the structural manifestation of pituitary removal on the testis. In this report, changes, in addition to those previously reported after short-term (6 days) hypophysectomy in the rat (Russell and Clermont, 1977), are described. Membrane-bound vacuoles (primarily) appeared within the basal region of the Sertoli cell at approximately the level of Sertoli-Sertoli junctions. In stages VIII through XI elongating spermatids were abnormal and manifested manchette indentation of the nucleus, a variety of other abnormal head shapes, acrosomal breaks and enlargement of the subacrosomal space. These defects were interpreted as the effect of declining hormonal levels in stage VII on spermatids that had survived the stage VII hormone sensitivity known to occur with severe hormone depletion. Abnormalities in the flagellum involving the mitochondrial sheath and fibrous sheath were detected. Preleptotene spermatocytes degenerated and could be identified in the process of doing so near the base of the seminiferous epithelium. The contact of preleptotene spermatocytes with the basal lamina was also significantly reduced. The results show that both Sertoli cell and germ cell abnormalities were present although germ cell abnormalities could be a secondary consequence of lack of appropriate stimulation of the Sertoli cell. Degeneration of basal compartment germ cells shows that germ cells other than those located in the adluminal compartment are vulnerable to hormonal withdrawal. The question of how hormone effects are mediated in the testis at midcycle to produce these effects is discussed.
Formation and hydration enthalpies of the hydrosodalite family of materials

Abstract The four end-member structures of the hydrosodalite family of materials (Na 6+ x (OH) x [Al 6 Si 6 O 24 ](H 2 O) N ) are synthesized via hydrothermal techniques and characterized using X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. High-temperature drop-solution calorimetry in molten 2PbO · B 2 O 3 at 975 K is used to measure the formation and hydration enthalpies. We report the formation enthalpies, from both the oxides and the elements, for a total of eight samples, two for each end-member. The average formation enthalpy (from oxides) is −88.1 ± 1.0 kJ/mol-TO 2 for basic sodalite {ideally Na 8 (OH) 2 [Al 6 Si 6 O 24 ](H 2 O) 4 }, −79.6 ± 1.2 kJ/mol-TO 2 for hydroxysodalite {ideally Na 8 (OH) 2 [Al 6 Si 6 O 24 ]}, −68.0 ± 1.1 kJ/mol-TO 2 , for hydrosodalite {ideally Na 6 [Al 6 Si 6 O 24 ](H 2 O) 8 }, and −54.9 ± 1.1 kJ/mol-TO 2 , for sodalite {ideally Na 6 [Al 6 Si 6 O 24 ]}. The corresponding average hydration enthalpies are −76.7 ± 5.3 kJ/mol-H 2 O and −37.0 ± 2.4 kJ/mol-H 2 O for the Na8 and Na6 series, respectively.
Cytokinins, donor plants and time in culture affect shoot regenerative capacity of American elm leaves

Cytokinins, donor plants and their time in vitro as well as basal media were investigated for their influence on shoot regenerative capacity of American elm (Ulmus americana L.) leaves. Leaves excised from six 2-year-old seedlings formed adventitious shoots when placed on Driver and Kuniyuki Walnut (DKW) medium supplemented with 7.5, 15 or 22.5 μM of benzyladenine (BA) or thidiazuron (TDZ). Thidiazuron induced significantly higher regeneration percentages on elm leaves than BA, regardless of concentration used. Donor plant also affected the efficiency of shoot regeneration, with certain seedlings having 1.5 to 7 times more explants forming shoots as compared to other seedlings tested. By subculture 15, the average number of shoots per regenerating explant increased at least 3-fold for leaves on media with BA or TDZ for the one donor plant that survived continued subculturing. Leaf explants from donor plants with the highest regenerative capacity had a higher percentage of shoot formation on DKW than MS medium. Explants from productive donor plants should be placed on DKW medium supplemented with TDZ to improve shoot regeneration efficiency from American elm leaves.
Resident education and training in urogynecology and pelvic reconstructive surgery: a survey.

The aim of the study is to assess satisfaction with urogynecology education among obstetrics and gynecology residents. An Internet-based survey was designed to obtain a cross-sectional sample of third- and fourth-year residents. Didactic and surgical training as well as perceived surgical competency were assessed. Responses were received from 205 residents for this convenience sample. Nearly half (46%) of the respondents were unsatisfied with urogynecology resident education. There was no significant difference between respondents from academic programs and community programs with regard to overall satisfaction, the opportunity to work with the presence of a fellowship-trained urogynecologist or having a dedicated urogynecology rotation. Respondents were more satisfied with their education if they did a urogynecology rotation or worked with a fellowship-trained urogynecologist. Female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery fellows were involved in the education of 23.9% of the respondents. Most respondents indicated comfort performing cystoscopy, anterior and posterior repairs, and McCall’s culdoplasty following graduation. Overall, respondents indicated that residency training in urogynecology is less and later than desired, although they did feel competent at some urogynecologic surgeries.
Forecasting for Largest Earthquakes

The primary concern of this paper is the establishment of a forecasting procedure for largest earthquake magnitudes of the next n years. It is shown that the use of the third-type asymptotic distribution of the largest values as an approximation to the exact distribution provides for an expression for the expected value and the mode of the largest earthquake magnitude in the next n years. An example of the application of this procedure is given and the results are compared with actual observations.
Growth and near-ultraviolet optical absorption characteristics of sputter deposited nominal germania

Abstract Films were grown on unheated 〈111〉-cut silicon and fused silica substrates by reactive sputter deposition using a germanium target and Ar/O2 discharges operated at 100–400 W rf forward power. Ge(O) and nominal germania phases were identified on the basis of infrared absorption spectra. The regions of discharge power-sputtering gas O2 content space in which Ge(O) and nominal germania phases were formed were determined. The Ge(O)-nominal germania phase boundary shifted to higher gas O2 content with increasing discharge power. Nominal germania growth was concurrent with an abrupt decrease in growth rate, explained in terms of germanium target surface oxidation. Within the range of power density used in this study, 0.8–3.2 W/cm2, near-ultraviolet (E = 4.63–6.37 eV) absorption characteristics of nominal germania grown on fused silica were independent of gas O2 content and dependent upon discharge power. The results are compared with recent studies of (1) films grown at the same power but higher power density, and (2) bulk fused germania glass.
Completion pneumonectomy and thoracoplasty for bronchopleural fistula and fungal empyema

Achieving sterilization of the postpneumonectomy space and bronchial healing may be difficult when active granulomatous infection of the pleural space and lung parenchyma is present at the time of operation. Three patients with chronic bronchopleural fistula, fungal empyema, and fungal cavities of the remaining ipsilateral lobe were managed with one-stage completion pneumonectomy and modified eight-rib thoracoplasty. Two patients had infection with Aspergillus fumigatis and 1 patient had Coccidioides immitis. Two patients had received mediastinal radiation after prior upper lobectomy for carcinoma of the lung. Two patients were having massive hemoptysis at the time of pneumonectomy. Eight-rib thoracoplasty with suturing of the intercostal muscles to the bronchial stump was performed on all patients. In 2 patients a mass closure of hilar vessels and bronchus was used because of inability to individually close the vessels and bronchus due to ligneous scarring of the hilum. Antibiotic and antifungal irrigations into the operative area were used postoperatively. Chest tubes were left in place 6 to 8 weeks. All wounds healed primarily. Patients were alive without recurrent local infection or tumor at follow-up 3 to 13 years postoperatively.
Evaluation of superficial femoral artery remote endarterectomy for treatment of critical limb ischemia in patients with limited autogenous conduit.

Background Many patients with critical limb ischemia require infrageniculate bypass with a prosthetic graft due to the limited availability of autogenous vein. Prosthetic grafts have been shown to have inferior patency and subject the patient to increased infection rates when compared to bypass with autogenous conduit for lower extremity revascularization. In an effort to avoid the use of prosthetic material, we evaluated the use of remote superficial femoral artery endarterectomy (RSFAE) with distal autogenous revascularization in patients with critical limb ischemia and limited conduit. Methods This study is a retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database from January 2009 to September 2011. All patients undergoing RSFAE for critical limb ischemia were identified. Patients undergoing RSFAE with simultaneous distal revascularization constituted the study group. Outcome variables, including patency, time to healing, limb salvage, ambulatory status, and survival, were analyzed. Results Twenty-one patients underwent RSFAE at our institution. The study group was comprised of 5 patients undergoing RSFAE and adjunct distal revascularization for critical limb ischemia during the study period. Four patients (80%) presented with tissue loss, and 1 (20%) presented with ischemic rest pain. Three (60%) required simultaneous outflow sequential vein bypass and 2 (40%) required distal endovascular revascularization. The distal target vessels for bypass included the infrageniculate popliteal artery, posterior tibial artery, and peroneal artery. The mean operative time was 5.3 hours. The mean length of hospital stay was 8 days. Technical success was 100%, and there were no early reconstruction failures. There was 1 popliteal wound complication, and no groin wound complications during the study follow-up. At 6 months postoperatively, 4 of 5 reconstructions were patent. Two of 5 patients (40%) required percutaneous reintervention for restenosis at 10 and 11 months, respectively. Primary assisted patency was 80% with a mean follow-up of 12.6 months (range 8–22 months). The 4 patients with tissue loss achieved initial wound healing at a mean time of 4.8 months. The limb salvage rate was 80% and there have been no deaths. Conclusions Remote superficial femoral artery endarterectomy with distal revascularization allows for autogenous reconstruction in patients with critical limb ischemia and compromised conduit by shortening bypass length. This procedure constitutes an appealing alternative to the use of synthetic material for lower extremity revascularization. Further study is needed to determine whether the long-term results are superior to distal composite bypass or polytetrafluoroethylene bypass alone.
Radiation-Hardened CMOS Devices for Linear Circuit Applications

In the past, the use of MOS devices in a radiation environment has normally been restricted to applications requiring a 15 volt power supply or less. This paper discusses a new process for manufacturing high-voltage (30 volt) radiation-hardened CMOS devices for linear circuit applications. Devices have been fabricated which demonstrate hardness above 2 Mrads(Si). This paper also discusses necessary controls and design rules for this process.
A nonlinear oscillator with a strange attractor

We study the nonlinear oscillator ẍ + δẋ — βx + αx 3 = f cos (ω t ) (A) from a qualitative viewpoint, concentrating on the bifurcational behaviour occurring as f > 0 increases for α, β, δ, ω to fixed > 0. In particular, we study the global nature of attracting motions arising as a result of bifurcations. We find that, for small and for large f , the behaviour is much as expected and that the conventional Krylov-Bogoliubov averaging theorem yields acceptable results. However, for a wide range of moderate f extremely complicated non-periodic motions arise. Such motions are called strange attractors or chaotic oscillations and have been detected in previous studies of autonomous o.d.es of dimension > 3. In the present case they are intimately connected with homoclinic orbits arising as a result of global bifurcations. We use recent results of Mel’nikov and others to prove that such motions occur in (A) and we study their structure by means of the Poincare map associated with (A). Using analogue and digital computer simulations, we provide a fairly complete characterization of the strange attractor arising for moderate f . This ergodic motion arises naturally from the deterministic differential equation (A).
Resident cats in small animal veterinary hospitals carry multi-drug resistant enterococci and are likely involved in cross-contamination of the hospital environment

In the U.S., small animal veterinary hospitals (SAVHs) commonly keep resident cats living permanently as pets within their facilities. Previously, multi-drug resistant (MDR) enterococci were found as a contaminant of multiple surfaces within such veterinary hospitals, and nosocomial infections are a concern. The objectives of this study were to determine whether resident cats carry MDR enterococci and if they potentially play a role in the contamination of the hospital environment. Enterococcal strains (n=180) were isolated from the feces of six healthy resident cats from different SAVHs. The concentration of enterococci ranged from 1.1 x 105 to 6.0 x 108 CFU g-1 of feces, and the population comprised E. hirae (38.3±18.6%), E. faecium (35.0±14.3%), E. faecalis (23.9±11.0%), and E. avium (2.8±2.2%). Testing of phenotypic resistance to 14 antimicrobial agents revealed multi-drug resistance (≥3 antimicrobials) in 48.9% of all enterococcal isolates with most frequent resistance to tetracycline (72.8%), erythromycin (47.8%), and rifampicin (35.6%). Vancomycin resistant E. faecalis (3.9%) with vanB not horizontally transferable in in vitro conjugation assays were detected from one cat. Genotyping (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis) demonstrated a host-specific clonal population of MDR E. faecalis and E. faecium. Importantly, several feline isolates were genotypically identical or closely related to isolates from surfaces of cage door, thermometer, and stethoscope of the corresponding SAVHs. These data demonstrate that healthy resident cats at SAVHs carry MDR enterococci and likely contribute to contamination of the SAVH environment. Proper disposal and handling of fecal material and restricted movement of resident cats within the ward is recommended.
Placebo-controlled trials do not find association of olanzapine with exacerbation of bipolar mania.

Abstract Background: Published case reports describe apparent induction or exacerbation of manic-like symptoms during treatment with the atypical antipsychotics olanzapine and risperidone. To date, such reports are from uncontrolled clinical experience and therefore cannot clarify whether the atypical antipsychotics caused such manic-like states or simply failed to prevent them. Presumably, bipolar patients would be at increased risk for this putative adverse event. Therefore, we evaluated the potential of olanzapine to exacerbate symptoms of mania compared to placebo during treatment of bipolar mania. Methods: Two inpatient, double-blind, randomized trials investigating the efficacy of olanzapine 5–20 mg daily versus placebo for the treatment of acute mania were combined. Two hundred and fifty-four subjects participated (placebo n=129; olanzapine n=125) in the two studies. Severity of mania was quantified with the 11-item Young-Mania Rating Scale (Y-MRS). In a post-hoc analysis, after double-blind therapy up to 3 weeks, categorical comparison of olanzapine and placebo groups was made for any worsening and worsening by 10 or 20% from baseline Y-MRS scores (LOCF). Results: The percentage of subjects with exacerbation at endpoint were: any worsening, placebo 37.7%, olanzapine 21.8% (P=0.005); ≥10% worsening, placebo 24.6%, olanzapine 14.5% (P=0.039); ≥20% worsening, placebo 15.6%, olanzapine 8.1% (P=0.064). Conclusion: Mania rating scores worsened for some patients during olanzapine therapy. However, this was significantly less common with olanzapine than with placebo. These controlled data suggest that clinical case reports of occurrence of ‘mania’ during treatment with olanzapine, and possibly those with other atypical antipsychotics, reflect exacerbation in the natural history of bipolar illness, rather than an adverse pharmacological effect. Limitations: Post-hoc analysis of pooled data from two different studies.
Genetic Events Other than BCR-ABL1

The BCR-ABL1 oncoprotein is the cause of chronic myeloid leukemia and occurs as a consequence of the translocation t(9;22), a well-defined genetic event that results in the formation of the Philadelphia chromosome. While this genomic aberration is recognized to be the main culprit of the chronic phase of chronic myeloid leukemia, the natural clonal evolution of this myeloproliferative neoplasm involves the accumulation of secondary alterations through genomic instability. Thus, efforts to dissect the frequency and nature of the genomic events at diagnosis and at later stages are producing valuable insights into understanding the mechanisms of blastic transformation and development of resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia. The identification of alternative BCR-ABL1-dependent and BCR-ABL1-independent targets that sustain the survival of leukemic blasts and/or leukemia-initiating cells will facilitate the development of novel viable therapeutic options for patients who become resistant or intolerant to the currently available therapeutic options based on tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Occupational Anomie and Irresponsibility

Public outcry about the recent television quiz-show scandals has been directed primarily at their socially visible participants-star performers, sponsors, and studio bureaucrats. But lack of public awareness of the social structure of the production unit should not blind the social scientist to its significance. Intimately involved in the creation of the final product, this group shares responsibility for what is finally seen on the television screen. Radio and entertainment films have also had their share of public distress in the past. Because these are mass media of entertainment, the symbols purveyed by them assume general social and moral importance. All three industries share certain fea-
Effect of Transition Metal Ions Dopants on Photocatalytic Properties of Titanium-Baring Blast Furance Slag

Transition metal ions have wider optical absorption than TiO2. They can extend the range of absorption light to visible light, taking titanium-baring blast furance slag(TBBFS) as photocatalytic material with a certain amount of transition metal ions to broaden the scope of its spectral absorption and to improve its photocatalytic properties. The impact of transition metal ions Fe3 +, Zr4 + on photocatalytic properties of TBBFS was studied and their optimal doping was searched. TBBFS was grinded and re-doped with transition metal ions and then roasted to prepare photocatalytic materials, using methylene blue’s degradation rate under condition of UV irradiation to evaluate material properties and then using XRD, SEM and other analytical tools for its material characterization. Results show that: doping of transition metals Fe (NO3)3 and ZrO2 can improve the photocatalytic nature of TBBFS and the best doping amount is 0.5% and 3.0% relatively, and its degradation rate is 69.2% and 73.0% respectively.
Digoxin in heart failure

Digoxin is an agent with a long history of use in the management of heart failure; its benefits have just been quantified in recent years. It has long been known that digoxin provides a small amount of inotropic augmentation; however, it is now realized that digoxin also modulates the neurohormonal activation that occurs in heart failure. Although long-term therapy with digoxin does not decrease mortality, it does provide clinical benefit in terms of improved exercise tolerance and decreased hospitalizations across all severities of heart failure. Serum concentrations of digoxin associated with clinical benefits are lower than previously recognized (0.8-1.0 ng/mL). Digoxin toxicity can be easily avoided by maintaining these relatively low serum concentrations, avoiding and aggressively treating hypokalemia, and being mindful of poor renal function and drug interactions that may result in digoxin accumulation.
When language switching has no apparent cost: Lexical access in sentence context

We report two experiments that investigate the effects of sentence context on bilingual lexical access in Spanish and English. Highly proficient Spanish-English bilinguals read sentences in Spanish and English that included a marked word to be named. The word was either a cognate with similar orthography and/or phonology in the two languages, or a matched non-cognate control. Sentences appeared in one language alone (i.e., Spanish or English) and target words were not predictable on the basis of the preceding semantic context. In Experiment 1, we mixed the language of the sentence within a block such that sentences appeared in an alternating run in Spanish or in English. These conditions partly resemble normally occurring inter-sentential code-switching. In these mixed language sequences, cognates were named faster than non-cognates in both languages. There were no effects of switching the language of the sentence. In Experiment 2, with Spanish-English bilinguals matched closely to those who participated in the first experiment, we blocked the language of the sentences to encourage language-specific processes. The results were virtually identical to those of the mixed language experiment. In both cases, target cognates were named faster than non-cognates, and the magnitude of the effect did not change according to the broader context. Taken together, the results support the predictions of the Bilingual Interactive Activation + Model (Dijkstra & Van Heuven, 2002) in demonstrating that bilingual lexical access is language nonselective even under conditions in which language-specific cues should enable selective processing. They also demonstrate that, in contrast to lexical switching from one language to the other, inter-sentential code-switching of the sort in which bilinguals frequently engage, imposes no significant costs to lexical processing.
A conceptual framework for developing teaching cases: a review and synthesis of the literature across disciplines

Context Case-based teaching is regarded as a superior instructional method compared with lectures in promoting a learner's critical thinking skills. While much is known about the role a discussion facilitator plays in case-based teaching, the debate on the influence of the format and structure of cases on learning is controversial. Objectives We sought to identify strategies for constructing cases based on studies from multiple disciplines, which report the development and use of cases in teaching and learning. The purpose was to offer the medical and other educational communities a conceptual framework that can be examined in future research. Results Based on a review of 100 studies, we synthesised 17 strategies around 5 core attributes of cases: relevant (level of learner, goals and objectives, setting of case narrative); realistic (authenticity, distractors, gradual disclosure of content); engaging (rich content, multiple perspectives, branching of content); challenging (difficulty, unusual cases, case structure, multiple cases), and instructional (build upon prior knowledge, assessment, feedback, and teaching aids). Discussion Despite the wide use of cases in disparate disciplines, there has been no overarching study that synthesises strategies of case development or tests these strategies in research settings. The framework we developed can serve as a menu of case development options that educators and researchers can pilot and evaluate in their local settings.
Low-Reynolds-Number One-Equation Turbulence Model Based on k-ω Closure

Accurate turbulence modeling remains a critical problem in the prediction capability of computational fluid dynamics. In this paper, a new one-equation eddy-viscosity model is derived from k-ω closure. The ω equation used in this derivation includes a cross-diffusion term that allows the new model to switch between the model properties exhibited by the two-equation k-ω or k-e turbulence models. In addition, the damping function used in conjunction with the proposed one-equation model has not been studied before in the literature. The new model is used to simulate several benchmark canonical flows involving both the free shear layer and wall-bounded turbulent flows with small separation regions. The open-source software OpenFOAM is used for the flowfield calculations. It is shown that the new model improves the accuracy of flow simulations compared to the widely used one-equation Spalart–Allmaras model and is competitive with the shear-stress-transport k-ω model.
Currents induced on multiconductor transmission lines by radiation and injection

Multiconductor transmission line theory is used to compare current induced on individual wires within a bundle by injection and radiated excitation. Calculations show that the two types of excitation generally induce significantly different current distributions, but the differences are much smaller for electrically short lines. The results are relevant to the validity of using current injection testing to replace radiated immunity testing. >
The Structure, Function, and Evolution of a Regional Industrial Ecosystem

Summary A framework has been developed to assess the structure, function, and evolution of a regional industrial ecosystem that integrates insights from industrial ecology and economic geography dimensions with complex systems theory. The framework highlights the multilayered landscape of natural ecosystem functions, economic transactions, policy contexts, and social interactions in which interfirm collaboration evolves. Its application to a single case study on the island of Puerto Rico revealed changes in the system's institutional context, its resource flows, and the composition of its industrial community. It illustrated that external forces and interactions among actors at multiple levels can cause permanent changes—but not necessarily system collapse—as policy choices and interfirm cooperation can be used to organize resources in ways that retain system functionality.
Mouse IgM Fc Receptor, FCMR, Promotes B Cell Development and Modulates Antigen-Driven Immune Responses

FcR specific for pentameric IgM (FCMR) is expressed at high levels by B cells. Although circulating IgM has profound effects on responses to pathogens, autoimmunity, and B cell homeostasis, the biologic consequences of its binding to FCMR are poorly understood. We interrogated FCMR contributions to B cell function by studying mice that lack FCMR. FCMR transcripts are expressed at different levels by various B cell subsets. FCMR-deficient mice have reduced numbers of developing B cells, splenic follicular and peritoneal B-2 cells, but increased levels of peritoneal B-1a cells and autoantibodies. After immunization, germinal center B cell and plasma cell numbers are increased. FCMR-deficient B cells are sensitive to apoptosis induced by BCR ligation. Our studies demonstrate that FCMR is required for B cell differentiation and homeostasis, the prevention of autoreactive B cells, and responsiveness to antigenic challenge.
The Gail model predicts breast cancer in women with suspicious radiographic lesions

Abstract Background We sought to evaluate whether a woman’s 5-year Gail risk adds to the predictive value of the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) classification for the detection of breast cancer. Methods We performed a retrospective review of the BI-RADS classifications and pathology results for all image-guided needle breast biopsy examinations over a 3-year period at our institution. The 5-year Gail risk was calculated for eligible patients. Chi-square analysis was used to compare rates of malignancy based on Gail and BI-RADS scores. Results A total of 632 image-guided needle biopsy examinations were performed in 609 women. A total of 414 women had suspicious (BI-RADS 4) lesions and underwent 424 biopsy examinations. For this subset, women with a Gail risk of less than 1.7% had 21% malignant results, whereas those with a Gail risk of 1.7% or greater had 42% malignant results (relative risk, 1.94; 95% confidence interval, 1.45–2.66). Conclusions The Gail model can stratify further the risk for breast cancer in women with suspicious breast imaging reports.
The Lipids of Pneumocystis carinii

Information about a number of Pneumocystis carinii lipids obtained by the analyses of organisms isolated and purified from infected lungs of corticosteroid-immunosuppressed rats has been reported in recent years. Of the common opportunistic protists associated with AIDS (Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, and the microsporidia), more is currently known about the lipids of P. carinii than the others. Lipids that are synthesized by the organism but not by humans are attractive targets for drug development. Thus, the elucidation of Δ7C-24-alykylated sterol and cis-9,10-epoxystearic acid biosyntheses in P. carinii is currently being examined in detail, since these have been identified as P. carinii-specific lipids. The development of low-toxicity drugs that prevent sterol C-24 alkylation and the specific inhibition of the lipoxygenase that forms cis-9,10-epoxystearic acid might prove fruitful. Although humans can synthesize coenzyme Q10, the anti-P. carinii activity and low toxicity of ubiquinone analogs such as atovaquone suggest that the electron transport chain in the pathogen may differ importantly from that in the host. Although resistance to atovaquone has been observed, development of other naphthoquinone drugs would provide a broader armamentarium of drugs to treat patients with P. carinii pneumonia. Studies of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and of infected lungs have demonstrated that the infection causes a number of chemical abnormalities. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained after the removal of lung cellular material and the organisms has been shown to contain larger amounts of surfactant proteins and smaller amounts of phospholipids than do comparable samples from P. carinii-free lungs. Increased phospholipase activity, inhibition of surfactant secretion by type II cells, and uptake and catabolism of lipids by the pathogen may explain this phenomenon related to P. carinii pneumonia. Although not yet thoroughly examined, initial studies on the uptake and metabolism of lipids by P. carinii suggest that the organism relies heavily on exogenous lipid nutrients.
A Bayesian approach to sensor characterization

The physical model of a generic electro-optic sensor is derived and incorporated into a Bayesian framework for the estimation of key instrument parameters from calibration data. The sensor characterization thus achieved enables optimal subsequent removal of instrument effects from field data, leading to the highest possible accuracy in the retrieved physical quantities.
Prospective Trial of Chemotherapy and Donor Leukocyte Infusions for Relapse of Advanced Myeloid Malignancies After Allogeneic Stem-Cell Transplantation

PURPOSE: Patients with advanced myeloid malignancies who experience relapse after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) have a poor prognosis. Long-term survival after chemotherapy alone, second myeloablative transplant, or donor leukocyte infusions (DLIs) alone is unusual. DLIs may have minimal effectiveness in advanced disease because adequate cellular responses are not able to develop in the presence of bulky, fast-growing disease. A chemotherapy strategy was used to debulk disease before administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)–primed DLIs. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty-five patients experiencing hematologic relapse of myeloid malignancy after HLA-matched sibling BMT were prospectively treated with cytarabine-based chemotherapy, then G-CSF–primed DLIs. No prophylactic immunosuppression was provided. RESULTS: Twenty-seven of 57 assessable patients experienced a complete response. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) was observed in 56% of the patients. Treatment-related mortalit...
Mining Subspace Correlations

In recent applications of clustering such as gene expression microarray analysis, collaborative filtering, and Web mining, object similarity is no longer measured by physical distance, but rather by the behavior patterns objects manifest or the magnitude of correlations they induce. Current state of the art algorithms aiming at this type of clustering typically postulate specific cluster models that are able to capture only specific behavior patterns or correlations, and omit the possibility that other information carrying patterns or correlations may coexist in the data. We cast the problem of searching for pattern clusters or clusters that induce large correlations in some subset of features into the problem of searching for groups of points embedded in lines. The advantage of this approach is that is allows the clustering of different patterns or correlations simultaneously. It also allows the clustering of patterns and correlations that are overlooked by existing methods. A formal stochastic line cluster model is presented and its connection to correlation is established. Based on this model an algorithm, which uses feature selection to search for line clusters embedded in subspaces of the data is presented
Immune responses stimulated by percutaneous and intradermal bacille Calmette-Guérin.

Healthy volunteers were randomized to receive percutaneous or intradermal bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to tuberculin, as well as proliferative and interferon-gamma responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated by whole cell lysates and culture filtrates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, were compared before and after vaccination. Positive DTH reactions were detected in 83% of intradermal and 40% of percutaneous BCG recipients 3 months after vaccination (P < .004). M. tuberculosis-specific proliferation was increased after intradermal BCG (P < .01) but not after percutaneous BCG compared with prevaccination responses. In addition, M. tuberculosis-specific interferon-gamma production was increased after intradermal BCG compared with both prevaccination responses (P < .04) and those measured after percutaneous BCG (P < .05). Predominant immune responses stimulated by BCG were directed against antigens present in mycobacterial whole cell lysate. These results indicate that the BCG vaccination route can affect both in vivo and in vitro immune responses.