cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linewidth Control In X-Ray Lithography: The Influence Of The Penumbral Shadow

The penumbral shadow has been recognized as the resolution- limiting parameter in x-ray lithography. In the present study, the exposure of resist with monochromatic (2.84 keV) x-rays and an experimental palladium spectrum is simulated for various values of the penumbral shadow. Two mask structures with an absorber wall angle of 0 and 17 degrees and an absorber thickness of 1 um are compared. The effects of the penumbra and the finite absorber thickness on line acuity, linewidth control and uniformity are demonstrated. The simulation is compared to electrical linewidth measurements of resistors fabricated in 300 nm poly-silicon films. Negative acting resist was patterned with palladium radiation at a penumbra of 0.3 um through a boron nitride supported gold absorber mask with a thickness of about 0.8 um. The data indicate that the experimental linewidth control is considerably smaller than calculated, especially for small x-ray doses.
Latest Pleistocene glacial chronology of the Uinta Mountains: support for moisture-driven asynchrony of the last deglaciation

Abstract Recent estimates of the timing of the last glaciation in the southern and western Uinta Mountains of northeastern Utah suggest that the start of ice retreat and the climate-driven regression of pluvial Lake Bonneville both occurred at approximately 16 cal. ka. To further explore the possible climatic relationship of Uinta Mountain glaciers and the lake, and to add to the glacial chronology of the Rocky Mountains, we assembled a range-wide chronology of latest Pleistocene terminal moraines based on seventy-four cosmogenic 10Be surface-exposure ages from seven glacial valleys. New cosmogenic-exposure ages from moraines in three northern and eastern valleys of the Uinta Mountains indicate that glaciers in these parts of the range began retreating at 22–20 ka, whereas previously reported cosmogenic-exposure ages from four southern and western valleys indicate that ice retreat began there between 18 and 16.5 ka. This spatial asynchrony in the start of the last deglaciation was accompanied by a 400-m east-to-west decline in glacier equilibrium-line altitudes across the Uinta Mountains. When considered together, these two lines of evidence support the hypothesis that Lake Bonneville influenced the mass balance of glaciers in southern and western valleys of the range, but had a lesser impact on glaciers located farther east. Regional-scale variability in the timing of latest Pleistocene deglaciation in the Rocky Mountains may also reflect changing precipitation patterns, thereby highlighting the importance of precipitation controls on the mass balance of Pleistocene mountain glaciers.
Indentation behavior of metal–ceramic multilayers at the nanoscale: Numerical analysis and experimental verification

The behavior of aluminum/silicon carbide nanolayered composite in response to nanoindentation loading is studied. The effects of heterogeneity on the deformation fields, as well as the hardness and elastic modulus obtained from indentation, are investigated using finite element analysis. Attention is also devoted to correlating the numerical results with experimental deformation and damage features. The model uses an explicit layered structure within the axisymmetric framework. It is found that the nanolayered composite results in unique deformation patterns. Significant tensile stresses can be generated locally along certain directions, which offers a mechanistic rationale for the internal cracking observed experimentally. The unloading process also leads to an expansion of the tension-stressed area, as well as continued plastic flow in parts of the aluminum layers. Comparisons of hardness and indentation-derived modulus between modeling and experiments also point to the importance of incorporating the detailed geometric features when performing indentation analyses.
The dry-deposition of speciated mercury to the Florida Everglades: Measurements and modeling

Abstract The Florida Everglades Dry-Deposition Study (FEDDS) was designed to test the viability of using new and existing measurement techniques in the estimation of the dry-depositional loading of speciated mercury (elemental gaseous, reactive gaseous and particulate) to a mixed sawgrass (Cladium jamaicense) and cattail (Typha domingensis) stand within the Florida Everglades. Measurement intensives were performed during 24 February–04 March 1999 and 05–21 June 2000, which corresponded to the climatological dry and wet seasons in South Florida, respectively. During these intensives, direct measurements of mercury dry-deposition were made using a newly developed surrogate water surface technique. These direct measurements were compared with modeled estimates of mercury dry-deposition to the site that were obtained through the use of an inferential or “bigleaf” model that was modified for use with speciated mercury. On-site measurements of ambient speciated mercury concentrations and numerous micrometeorological variables were used as input to the model. The average mercury dry-deposition measured during the 1999 FEDDS measurement intensive was 13.3±4.0 ng m−2 day−1, while the modeled deposition for this period was 3.4±2.3 ng m−2 day−1. The average mercury dry-deposition measured during the 2000 FEDDS measurement intensive was lower, 5.9±2.8 ng m−2 day−1, while the average modeled deposition for this period was 1.8±0.6 ng m−2 day−1. A least-squares linear regression suggests that the model was able to explain 74% and 73% of the variability in the datasets for the 1999 and 2000 FEDDS intensives, respectively. While reported reductions in total mercury emissions across South Florida between study periods could explain the reductions in both the measured and predicted mercury dry-deposition estimates, the increased presence of cumulus convection during the summer-intensive could have also resulted in a removal of reactive and particulate mercury species within the atmosphere of South Florida.
"At Least I get my dinners free": Transgressive Dining in Marghanita Laski's To Bed with Grand Music

In her 1946 novel, To Bed with Grand Music , Marghanita Laski utilizes popular understandings of food consumption in order to illuminate topics of female sexuality and sexual agency. Laski addresses the issues of wartime sexuality and infidelity with an ambivalence that parallels British anxieties about the changing roles of wartime women, and her project is successful because it runs counter to the wartime expectations for women that were much publicized in mass media and by government ministries that shaped both feminine standards of behavior and the limits of public tolerance for women who would flaunt those standards.
Theory and experiment — The false dichotomy

Electrical engineering should be taught in a problem-solving environment in the light of broad objectives guided by the scientific method. Instead, courses are often designed for limited objectives with course content tailored to the interest of the teacher who has abandoned a careful exposition of the scientific method in favor of idealized generalizations. Consequently, students graduate who cannot deal adequately with complex problems arising from real-world situations
Competency Testing Using a Novel Eye Tracking Device

Assessment and evaluation metrics currently rely upon interpretation of observed performance or end points by an ‘expert’ observer. Such metrics are subject to bias since they rely upon the traditional medical education model of ‘see one, do one, teach one’. The Institute of Medicine's Report and the Flexner Report have demanded improvements in education metrics as a means to improve patient safety. Additionally, advancements in adult learning methods are challenging traditional medical education measures. Educators are faced with the daunting task of developing rubrics for competency testing that are currently limited by judgment and interpretation bias. Medical education is demanding learner-centered metrics to reflect quantitative and qualitative measures to document competency. Using a novel eye tracking system, educators now have the ability to know how their learners think. The system can track the focus of the learner during task performance. The eye tracking system demonstrates a learner-centered measuring tool capable of identifying deficiencies in task performance. The device achieves the goal of timely and direct feedback of performance metrics based on the learner's perspective. Employment of the eye tracking system in simulation education may identify mastery and retention deficits before compliance and quality improvement issues develop into patient safety concerns.
Lipid‐protein interactions in membranes: Effect of lipid composition on mobility of spin‐labeled cysteine residues in yeast plasma membrane

In order to gain direct evidence for lipid-dependent protein conformation in membrane, effects of modification of lipid composition on mobility of spin-labeled cysteine residues were investigated in the plasma membrane of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Conversion of the bulk of phospholipids to diglycerides by treatment of the membrane with phospholipase C substantially enhanced spectral anisotropy. However, alterations of the viscosity of the lipid-bilayer by enriching the membrane with palmitelaidic or oleic acid had no effect on mobility of spin-labeled cysteine residues. These observations indicate that while the spin-labeled residues are not in direct contact with the lipid core of the membrane, there are lipid-protein interactions to the extent that removal of the polar portion of the bulk of phospholipids induces conformational changes in proteins, which in turn restrict mobility of these residues. It is concluded that conformation of membrane proteins on lipid structure and that phospholipids have a role in preserving the native conformation of proteins.
Nonlinear Optical Data Processing and Filtering: A Feasibility Study

The feasibility of nonlinear optical data processing with photochromic materials is analyzed. It is shown that a host of useful computations may be achieved by incorporating nonlinear optical elements (transparencies) into conventional optical data processing channels.
Partitioning-based standard-cell global placement with an exact objective

We present a new top-down quadrisection-based global placer for standard-cell layout. The key contribution is a new general gain update scheme for partitioning that can exactly capture detailed placement objectives on a per-net basis. We use this gain update scheme, along with an e cient multilevel partitioner, as the basis for a new quadrisection-based placer called QUAD. Even though QUAD is a global placer, it can achieve signi cant improvements in wirelength and congestion distribution over GORDIAN-L/DOMINO [SDJ91] [DJS94] (a leading quadratic placer with linear wirelength objective and detailed placement improvement). QUAD can be easily extended to capture various practical considerations; our timing-driven placement can obtain wirelength savings (as well as small cycle time improvements) versus the SPEED [RE95].
A controlled trial of naproxen sodium for relief of pain associated with Vabra suction curettage.

Summary. In a double-blind study naproxen sodium (550 mg), or placebo was administered 1 h before Vabra curettage and pain associated with the procedure was assessed immediately after operation and 30, 60 and 120 min later by visual analogue and verbal rating scales, and the McGill pain questionnaire. The pre-curettage anxiety of the patients was assessed by the Spielberger state anxiety inventory. Of the 58 patients, 51 (87.9%) reported pain during the procedure; there was no relation between the level of pain experienced and the pre-curettage anxiety score. Compared with the placebo group, the pain experienced by the naproxen group was significantly less as measured by the McGill pain questionnaire immediately after curettage, and by visual analogue scales 30 and 60 min after the procedure. The verbal rating scales showed that naproxen significantly reduced backache 30 min after curettage, and cramp immediately after the procedure and 30 and 60 min later but did not reduce the severity of the pain associated with the procedure.
Interactive pattern analysis for relevance feedback in multimedia information retrieval

Relevance feedback is a mechanism to interactively learn a user's query concept online. It has been extensively used to improve the performance of multimedia information retrieval. In this paper, we present a novel interactive pattern analysis method that reduces relevance feedback to a two-class classification problem and classifies multimedia objects as relevant or irrelevant. To perform interactive pattern analysis, we propose two online pattern classification methods, called interactive random forests (IRF) and adaptive random forests (ARF), that adapt a composite classifier known as random forests for relevance feedback. IRF improves the efficiency of regular random forests (RRF) with a novel two-level resampling technique called biased random sample reduction, while ARF boosts the performance of RRF with two adaptive learning techniques called dynamic feature extraction and adaptive sample selection. During interactive multimedia retrieval, both ARF and IRF run two to three times faster than RRF while achieving comparable precision and recall against the latter. Extensive experiments on a COREL image set (with 31,438 images) demonstrate that our methods (i.e., IRF and RRF) achieve at least a $20\%$ improvement on average precision and recall over the state-of-the-art approaches.
Genomic Changes in Resynthesized Brassica napus and Their Effect on Gene Expression and Phenotype

Many previous studies have provided evidence for genome changes in polyploids, but there are little data on the overall population dynamics of genome change and whether it causes phenotypic variability. We analyzed genetic, epigenetic, gene expression, and phenotypic changes in ∼50 resynthesized Brassica napus lines independently derived by hybridizing double haploids of Brassica oleracea and Brassica rapa. A previous analysis of the first generation (S0) found that genetic changes were rare, and cytosine methylation changes were frequent. Our analysis of a later generation found that most S0 methylation changes remained fixed in their S5 progeny, although there were some reversions and new methylation changes. Genetic changes were much more frequent in the S5 generation, occurring in every line with lines normally distributed for number of changes. Genetic changes were detected on 36 of the 38 chromosomes of the S5 allopolyploids and were not random across the genome. DNA fragment losses within lines often occurred at linked marker loci, and most fragment losses co-occurred with intensification of signal from homoeologous markers, indicating that the changes were due to homoeologous nonreciprocal transpositions (HNRTs). HNRTs between chromosomes A1 and C1 initiated in early generations, occurred in successive generations, and segregated, consistent with a recombination mechanism. HNRTs and deletions were correlated with qualitative changes in the expression of specific homoeologous genes and anonymous cDNA amplified fragment length polymorphisms and with phenotypic variation among S5 polyploids. Our data indicate that exchanges among homoeologous chromosomes are a major mechanism creating novel allele combinations and phenotypic variation in newly formed B. napus polyploids.
Worry and emotionality components of test anxiety in different sex and age groups of elementary school children.

Alpha factor analyses and standard independent cluster rotations were applied to scores on 12 modes of anxiety response obtained on four samples selected from 264 boys and girls in Grades 6, 7, and 8 in the Norwegian elementary public school system. The worry-emotionality distinction of test anxiety was clearly supported in all samples with the exception of Grade 6. No sex differences in the factor structure across grade levels were obtained. The findings also supported the notion that the worry-emotionality distinction represents a pattern of anxiety responses that is characteristic of an individual.
“Go, I beg you, take your beloved son and slay him!” The Binding of Isaac in Rabbinic Literature and Thought

The fascinating biblical story of the binding of Isaac by his father Abraham (traditionally, Aqedah; Gen. 22:1–19) is undoubtedly one of the masterpieces of the ancient Israelites’ literary heritage. It is a breathtaking example of a short story (fourteen to nineteen verses altogether),1 rich in content, from which arises numerous demanding questions.2 Moreover, though the story seems simple, it is very complicated. It is subject to several possible interpretations and perspectives spanning all times and cultures.3 It engenders genuine
Fast relaxations in mixed-alkali silicates

Abstract The mechanical loss moduli for binary and ternary alkali disilicates, (Li x K 1 − x ) 2 O · y SiO 2 , where x =0,0.5, or 1, and 2⩽ y ⩽3, have been determined by Brillouin light scattering experiments and are interpreted in the context of alkali cation migration in these systems. Complementary molecular dynamic simulations serve to provide a detailed description of the atomic-scale processes involved in the alkali diffusion. A mixed alkali effect can be observed in the molten state, because both techniques of investigation resolve the migration process on the nanosecond time scale. The diffusive jump of an alkali cation is associated with relaxation of the embedding network structure. The extent of this relaxation is greater in case the cation attempts to jump onto a site previously occupied by an alkali ion of different size and field strength. Hence, the mixed-alkali effect in cation mobility can be attributed to a site selectivity of these particles.
USING ELECTROPORATION AND A SLOT CUVETTE TO DELIVER PLASMID DNA TO INSECT EMBRYOS

Microinjection is the method used almost exclusively to deliver DNA constructs to insect embryos while electroporation is commonly used for DNA delivery to bacteria, cell cultures and certain plant tissues. This communication describes a method using an easily constructed slot cuvette and the electroporation technique for transfer of DNA to insect embryos for possible use in developing methods for germline transformation. This method eliminates time-consuming individual embryo manipulation and thus far has been found to be adaptable for use on several types of insect embryos. Using this method, we show successful transfer of plasmid DNA to embryos of the corn earworm moth, Helicoverpa zea, and the house fly, Musca domestica.
INFLATION AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF PRICE CHANGES ACROSS MARKETS: A CAUSAL ANALYSIS

Recent advances in time series methodology are applied to the investigation of causal relationships between monthly changes in the consumer price index and changes in its dispersion across different consumption categories. This dispersion is associated with the degree to which relative prices are changing. Past inflation rates seem useful in forecasting changes in relative prices, but not vice-versa; there is also a significant contemporaneous correlation between these series. Hence, it is concluded that fluctuations in the inflation rate help cause fluctuations in relative prices, but not vice-versa unless the entire effect occurs within a month. The analysis also serves to illustrate a new way to implement the Granger causality concept.
Bayesian inference of ancient human demography from individual genome sequences

Adam Siepel and colleagues estimate key parameters for ancient human demography using a Bayesian analysis of the whole-genome sequences of six individuals from diverse populations. They present new methods for coalescent-based inference of demographic parameters as well as a custom pipeline for genotype inference.
Traffic grooming in WDM/SONET BLSR rings with multiple line speeds

WDM/SONET provides a natural migration path to support traffic growth. In WDM/SONET, each wavelength is a separate SONET ring and each ring can be set to one of several line speeds. The line speed should be high if there is enough traffic to realize the economy of scale, otherwise, it should be low to reduce the cost. Despite of the advantages, there are no general tools and methodologies available to help network designers enjoy the benefits of multiple line speeds. For the first time, we propose a comprehensive approach to solve the traffic grooming problem, which includes both novel, complete ILP formulations that can be used to solve small size problems exactly and an efficient heuristic algorithm that can be used to solve large problems quickly. Using the tools we developed, we study the trade-offs of shortest path routing, study the cost benefits of traffic switching, compare UPSR and BLSR, and show that multiple line speeds can significantly reduce cost
SU-FF-J-113: A Simplified 4DRT Strategy Using a 3.5D Approach and 3D Planning Tools: A Dual Motion Phantom Study

Purpose: A major obstacle to achieve motion‐tracking 4DRT for optimal therapeutic ratio is 4D planning, which requires planning in multi‐phase CTs and maps dose distributions to a reference CT via deformable image registration. A simplified 3.5D approach was studied, in which a 3.5DCT is acquired using a motion‐tracking platform on CT couch, providing a motion‐free target for 3D planning. Methods: A customized phantom (C‐phantom) was mounted on a Quasar mobile phantom (Q‐phantom)♯, which served as a motion‐tracking platform. A Teflon ball (diameter=2.54cm) was used to mimic a moving target with a sinusoidal waveform (period=6.70s) and multiple motion ranges. Mobile and stable control balls were used. The dual phantom system was placed on CT and RT couches for 3.5D/4D simulation and delivery. Eclipse planning system was used for 3D planning with 8‐mm margin based on the 3.5DCT. The EPID was used for IGRT setup, and two radiochromic films (in the ball and on the couch) were utilized for measuring 2D dose distribution from a lateral beam orthogonal to the motion. Results: Both 3.5DCT and 4DCT were acquired. For fully‐compensated ball, the 3.5DCT appeared similar to that of stable ball, while for under‐compensated ball, the 3.5DCT contained a residual motion as the net motion. Phase‐shifts (18°&36°) produced residual motion artifacts. 4D delivery of the 3.5DCT‐based plan showed excellent dose conformality, comparing to that of stable ball. A proper margin is needed in case of residual motions. This approach simplified 4DRT as 3.5D simulation, 3D planning and 4D delivery. Conclusion: This 3.5D approach to 4DRT is demonstrated to be feasible, provided that the 3.5DCT simulation could produce a stable target. The motion‐free target allows 3D planning, reducing the 4D planning workload substantially. ♯ The authors thank Drs. Nesrin Dogan and Mihaela Ruso at VCU Massey Cancer Center for landing the Quasar phantom.
Deformation and thermal histories of chondrules in the Chainpur (LL3.4) chondrite

The results of optical and TEM studies of chondrules in the Chainpur (LL3.4) chondrite are presented. Results were obtained, using a microprobe, from quantitative microchemical analyses for Mg, Fe, Si, and Ca for the chondrule olivine and pyroxene, showing that chondrules in the Chainpur chondrite experienced varied degrees of annealing and deformation. It is suggested that Chainpur may be an agglomerate of a breccia that experienced little overall deformation or heating during and after the final accumulation and compaction of its constituents.
Observation of molecular vibrations in the time domain with incoherent laser pulses.

With the method of self-diffraction of incoherent light, molecular vibrations were observed in real time in various dye molecules pumped near the absorption edge. In Rhodamine 560, 35-fsec oscillations in the signal were measured, which corresponds to a vibrational frequency of 1000 cm−1. Simultaneously, this technique can be used to deduce the ultrafast dephasing times in the molecular vibrational quasi-continuum. Dephasing times of 20 and 150 fsec were observed in Rhodamine 590 and Rhodamine 560, respectively.
Adaptive wavefront correction with self-organized control system architecture

We discuss an adaptive optical system having a self- organized control channel hierarchy (`adaptive' adaptive imaging system). In this system changes in the quality metric are reflected by corresponding changes to the control algorithm structure. Numerical simulations of an adaptive imaging system with a self-organized control structure demonstrate a property unusual for model-free optimization methods: the algorithm convergence speed did not change, or at times even increased, when the number of control channels N increased.
Center-periphery interaction patterns: the case of Arab visits, 1946–1975

Eight generalizations are extracted from two partially competing perspectives (Johan Galtung's “feudal interaction” and Jorge Dominguez's “international fragmentation”) on center-periphery interaction patterns. Seven of these generalizations are tested by examining head of state, governmental and ministerial visits to and from the Arab world between 1946 and 1975. Neither perspective is fully supported or disconfirmed by the data. Dominguez's emphases on limited resources and local problems, however, which lead in turn to relatively high intra-subsystemic interaction between peripheral actors and changing center-periphery patterns, appear to provide a more accurate analytical base than does the static model, with its emphasis on high levels of asymmetry and concentration, advanced by Galtung. Further tests of the two perspectives will be necessary in order to assess fully the geographical scope and the type of interaction patterns covered by these diachronic findings.
Experimental and theoretical investigation of thermal lensing effects in mode-locked femtosecond Z-scan experiments

We show that the closed aperture refractive Z-scan signatures using high-repetition rate ultrafast laser systems are strongly influenced by thermal lensing. We demonstrate that a stationary thermal lens develops even in the case of very low linear absorption. In addition, we have developed a stationary thermal lens model using the Gaussian decomposition method and applied it for the first time to Z-scan experiments and find good agreement between theory and experiment.
Non-linear flexural-flexural-torsional-extensional dynamics of beams—I. Formulation

Abstract The non-linear differential equations of motion, and boundary conditions, for Euler-Bernoulli beams able to experience flexure along two principal directions (and, thus, flexure in any direction in space), torsion and extension are formulated. The beam's material is assumed to be Hookean but its properties may vary along its span. The nonlinearities present in the differential equations include contributions from the curvature expression and from inertia terms. A set of differential equations with polynomial nonlinearities to cubic order, suitable for a perturbation analysis of the motion, is also developed and the validity of the inextensional approximation is assessed. The equations developed here reduce to those for an inextensional beam. In Part II of this paper, a specific example of application is analyzed and the results obtained are compared with those available in the literature where several non-linear terms have been neglected a priori.
An observational study of the frequency and pattern of use of epidural steroid injection in 25,479 patients with spinal and radicular pain.

Background and Objectives Frequency of epidural steroid injections (ESI) and characteristics of patients receiving them are unknown or poorly described. Patients believed to respond better to ESI include young or middle-aged individuals, those with recent onset or a radicular pattern of pain, and patients without previous spinal surgery. The aim of this study is to estimate the frequency of ESI, to examine the characteristics of patients who have them recommended, and to determine if clinical practice reflects published data pertaining to indications for ESI. Methods Descriptive data from 25,479 selected patients with spinal and radicular pain were reviewed. Patients were grouped according to whether or not ESI was recommended, scheduled, prescribed, or continued. Prevalence of ESI use and patient characteristics were compared using standard statistical tests. Results Overall, ESI were recommended to 2,022 (7.9%) patients. Patients with lumbar pain had ESI proposed 12.6% of the time. Those with cervical and thoracic symptoms had ESI recommended 3.7% and 1.8% of the time, respectively. Patients in whom ESI was recommended were more likely to have pain radiation (P Conclusions ESI are commonly used to treat patients with spinal and radicular pain. There is some consistency between clinical practice and published recommendations for ESI use.
Membrane protein simulations under asymmetric ionic concentrations

Important cellular processes, such as cell-cell recognition, signal transduction, and transport of electrical signals are controlled by membrane proteins. Membrane proteins act as gatekeepers of the cellular environment by allowing passage of ions, small molecules, or nascent proteins under specific environmental signals such as transmembrane voltage, changes in ionic concentration, or binding of a ligand. Molecular dynamics simulations of membrane proteins, performed in a lipid bilayer environment, mimic the cellular environment by representing the solvent, lipids, and the protein in full atomistic detail. These simulations employ periodic boundary conditions in three dimensions to avoid artifacts associated with the finite size of the system. Under these conditions, the membrane protein system is surrounded by ionic solutions on either side of the membrane whose properties cannot be changed independently. We have developed a computational method that allows simulations of membrane proteins under periodic boundary condition while controlling the two ionic solutions properties independently. In this method, an energy barrier is introduced between the two adjacent unit cells and separates the two ionic solutions. The height of the barrier affects the chemical potential of the ions on each side of the barrier, and thus allows for individual control over ionic properties. During the course of the simulation, the height of the barrier is adjusted dynamically to reach the proper ionic concentration on each side. This method has been implemented in the Tcl interface of the molecular dynamics program NAMD.We have applied this method to simulate the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.2 under physiological conditions, in which the extracellular solution is made of 10mM KCl and 100mM of NaCl solution, while the intracellular solution has an ionic concentration of 100mM KCl and 10mM NaCl. The simulations maintain a 1:10 and 10:1 ratio between ionic concentrations on each side. The simulations are performed under a voltage bias of 100mV and provide the first simulation of potassium channels under the exact physiological condition.The method has also been applied to simulate ionic currents passing through OmpF, an outer membrane porin, under membrane potentials. Here we were able to accurately calculate the reversal potential of the OmpF channel in a tenfold salt gradient of 0.1 intracellular to 1M extracellular KCl. Our results agree with experimental ion conductance measurements and reproduce key features of ion permeation and selectivity of the OmpF channel. Specifically, the I-V plots obtained under asymmetric ionic solutions revealed the natural asymmetry in the channel caused by increased conductance rates observed at positive potentials, as well as the inherent cation-selectivity of the OmpF pore. Therefore, we have developed a method that directly relates molecular dynamics simulations of ionic currents to electrophysiological measurements in ion channels.
Cytological localization of insulin and insulin concentration in the fetal ovine pancreas.

Experiments were conducted to determine when insulin was first detectable in the pancreas of the ovine fetus, how these insulin concentrations change throughout gestation, and the cytological localization of those areas of the fetal pancreas which contain insulin. Fetal ovine pancreas at various stages of gestation was examined histologically using aldehyde fuchsin stain for beta granules and fluorescent antibody methods for insulin. Acidethanol extracts of fetal pancreas were assayed for insulin using a radioimmunological assay. Data obtained from aldehyde fuchsin staining indicated that beta granules were evident in pancreatic beta cells by 65–70 days of gestation. Fluorescent antibody methods indicated insulin was present in cells of Laguesse and islets of Laguesse at 40 days of gestation. Assays of pancreatic extracts for insulin demonstrated appreciable concentrations at 69 days of gestation and pancreatic insulin concentrations increased rapidly from 100 days of gestation until term. (Endocrinology ...
On the spectrum of correlation autoregressive sequences

Abstract In this paper some properties of the correlation autoregressive (CAR) sequences are studied. A representation for the correlation function of an arbitrary CAR sequence is obtained and the relationship between a CAR equation and the growth of the variance and location of spectral lines is revealed. It is also observed that bounded correlation autoregressive sequences coincide with almost periodically correlated sequences with the spectral measure supported on finitely many lines. As a consequence a characterization of the spectrum of a bounded CAR sequence is provided.
Putting industries into the Eaton–Kortum model

The article introduces the industry dimension into the Eaton-Kortum model of trade. Industries are linked with each other by domestic and international trade in intermediate goods. The model is parametrized using data for eight industries in 1989. It is used to perform several counterfactual simulations that are relevant to today's policy debates. First, the model is used to study the effects of the US–EU trade wars. It is found that trade wars have a greater negative effect on countries with large initial net export positions. It is also found that some trade war scenarios are more beneficial to the US while others to the EU. Second, the model is used to study the effects of trade barrier reductions between the high-income and middle-income countries. The results show that this trade liberalization tends to reinforce the pattern of trade according to technological comparative advantages. The results also show which industries should be targeted for barrier reductions depending on policy goals. The third ...
A simple coordinate determination scheme for two-dimensional mesh generation

Abstract A simple and accurate procedure for determining the coordinates of node points located within the interior of planar regions discretized with quadrilateral elements is presented. This procedure overcomes many of the shortcomings associated with variants of the superelement generation method. The similarity of the procedure to the ‘direct stiffness’ approach to finite element analyses makes its incorporation into new or existing analysis and/or mesh generation programs a straightforward and efficient undertaking. FORTRAN-77 subroutines for implementing the procedure are provided.
Methane-driven oceanic eruptions and mass extinctions: Comment and Reply COMMENT

Brief intervals of profound global environmental change have punctuated Earth's history. During some of these times, including the Permian-Triassic boundary, the 13C/12C ratio of carbonate and organic matter at numerous widespread locations decreased significantly (>2‰). These negative δ13C
Gravel Placement Through Perforations and Perforation Cleaning for Gravel Packing

In large-scale model testing, the effectiveness of gravel prepacking under four different conditions was studied: when there had been no previous sand production, after sand production had occurred, after perforation washing, and after perforation surging. In the case of no previous sand production, pressure parting occurred in the unconsolidated formation when a critical injection pressure level was exceeded. The orientation was normal to the least principal stress. In those cases where earlier fluid production caused the removal of formation sand, prepacking produced multiple pressure parts in the low-stress-state sand in the vicinity of the perforation because stable cavities had not formed. The orientation of these pressure parts was also normal to the least principal stress. Gravel prepacking after perforation washing and surging resulted in grave-placement geometries that were controlled by the stress state and geometry of the formation sand around the perforation after these operations. Prepacking after perforation washing generally resulted in placement that resembled the geometry of the washed region, which was usually a void. Prepacking after surging resulted in pressure parting and considerable mixing of the prepack gravel with the formation sand because stable cavities had not formed. Perforation washing results demonstrated that washing should be conducted atmore » the maximum practical pump rate with water used as the wash fluid. Perforation surging tests indicated that the amount of formation sand removed was proportional to the surge pressure.« less
An Assessment of 4th-, 8th-, and 11th-Grade Students' Knowledge Related to Marine Science and Natural Resource Issues

This study generated base line data on Maine's 4th, 8th and 11th grade students' knowledge of marine science and natural resource principles in relation to the Gulf of Maine. A representative sample of public school students (n=226) was interviewed on marine science, natural resource and decisionmaking concepts and principles. Student knowledge was classified according to correct concepts, missing concepts and misconceptions. Similarities and differences between grade levels were analyzed and compared to results of the Maine Assessment of Educational Progress in Science (1984). The results of this research have implications for the development of more comprehensive and effective curricula for educating students and teachers about marine science and resources. Background Science and environmental education are an important part of the school curriculum. Decreasing resources, increased utilization, pollution and advanced technology demand a society that is knowledgeable about basic science concepts related to resource use and management. The Gulf of Maine is a uniquely productive and valuable resource which is shared by the U.S. . and Canada, and which has significant impLct on Maine's social and economic fabric. The recent World Court proceedings concerning the United S:;ates and Canada maritime boundary in the Gulf of Maine brought together fundamental information on numerous marine science and natural resource issues from such fields as geology, physical and chemical oceanography, ecology, resource utilization and management, and decisionmaking. In the interests of creating a Maine public educated in basic marine science concepts and aware
Debating Radical Cinema: A History of the Film Society Movement in India

This paper offers a history of the creation and development of film societies in India from 1947 to 1980. Members of the film society movement consisted of important Indian film directors such as Satyajit Ray, Ritwik Ghatak, Shyam Benegal, Basu Chatterji, Mani Kaul, G. Aravindan, Kumar Shahani, Adoor Gopalkrishnan, and Mrinal Sen, as well as film enthusiasts, numbering about 100,000 by 1980. The movement, confined though it was to members who considered themselves film aficionados, was propelled by debates similar to those that animated left-oriented cultural movements which originated in late colonial India, namely, the Progressive Writers Association in 1936, and the Indian People's Theatre Association in 1942. By looking at the film society movement as an early and sustained attempt at civil-social organization in postcolonial India, this paper highlights the two distinct definitions of ‘good cinema’—from an aesthetically sophisticated product to a radical political text—that were debated during the time of the movement.
Spatial regulation of PI3K signaling during chemotaxis.

Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are a family of lipid kinases that phosphorylate the 3′ OH position of the inositol ring of phosphoinositides on the inner leaf of the plasma membrane. Receptor-mediated activation of the PI3K pathway plays a crucial role in numerous signaling pathways and regulates a number of critical cellular processes, including growth, differentiation, survival and directed migration. In this focus article, we review the temporal and spatial regulation of PI3K in chemotaxing cells with particular emphasis on the amoeba Dictyostelium as well as neutrophils. We also briefly discuss one model used to elucidate the PI3K pathway. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Decomposing damped incident and reflected waves using correlation and quasi-linearization methods

Abstract Water waves propagating over a layer of soft mud or submerged aquatic vegetation can drastically attenuate over distances comparable to several wave lengths. The attenuation in the case of mud has been found previously to be reasonably described by an exponential decay. Waves reflect from beaches and any structures that they impact. The reflected waves affect wave heights measured in the field or laboratory wave basins. Decomposition of small amplitude waves into incident and reflected waves is a linear problem. However, the presence of the exponential damping introduces nonlinearity to the decomposition problem and requires an iterative process for solving the problem. Despite considerable experimental research on attenuation of waves over mud, none of the existing methods for decomposition of incident and reflected waves have accounted for this case. Here, the Newton Algorithm was used to account for the effect of wave decay over mud by quasi-linearizing the nonlinear equations. Also, a second method using a new error function and a commercial nonlinear solver was proposed in both time and frequency domain. The performance of both methods has been verified using artificial as well as laboratory data.
Temperature-aware dynamic resource provisioning in a power-optimized datacenter

The current energy and environmental cost trends of datacenters are unsustainable. It is critically important to develop datacenter-wide power and thermal management (PTM) solutions that improve the energy efficiency of the datacenters. This paper describes one such approach where a PTM engine decides on the number and placement of ON servers while simultaneously adjusting the supplied cold air temperature. The goal is to minimize the total power consumption (for both servers and air conditioning units) while meeting an upper bound on the maximum temperature seen in any server chassis in the data center. To achieve this goal, it is important to be able to predict the incoming workload in terms of requests per second (which is done by using a short-term workload forecasting technique) and to have efficient runtime policies for bringing new servers online when the workload is high or shutting them off when the workload is low. Datacenter-wide power saving is thus achieved by a combination of chassis consolidation and efficient cooling. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed dynamic resource provisioning method. 1
India's pulp and paper industry: Productivity and energy efficiency

Historical estimates of productivity growth in India's pulp and paper sector vary from indicating an improvement to a decline in the sector's productivity. The variance may be traced to the time period of study, source of data for analysis, and type of indices and econometric specifications used for reporting productivity growth. The authors derive both statistical and econometric estimates of productivity growth for this sector. Their results show that productivity declined over the observed period from 1973-74 to 1993-94 by 1.1% p.a. Using a translog specification the econometric analysis reveals that technical progress in India's pulp and paper sector has been biased towards the use of energy and material, while it has been capital and labor saving. The decline in productivity was caused largely by the protection afforded by high tariffs on imported paper products and other policies, which allowed inefficient, small plants to enter the market and flourish. Will these trends continue into the future, particularly where energy use is concerned? The authors examine the current changes in structure and energy efficiency undergoing in the sector. Their analysis shows that with liberalization of the sector, and tighter environmental controls, the industry is moving towards higher efficiency and productivity. However, the analysis also shows that because these improvements are being hampered by significant financial and other barriers the industry might have a long way to go.
Groups of simple graphs

The group structure of simple graphs can be found by factoring the adjacency matrix into cyclic blocks. The blocks correspond to permutational subgroups of the graph. The overall group structure is a product of the independent subgroups.
A DSP-based system for electrical stimulation

A personal computer has been integrated with custom-designed hardware and digital signal processor (DSP) technology for use in research in electrical stimulation of the auditory system. Built around a dual-bus architecture, the programmable system can generate stimuli on multiple channels and implement speech processing strategies in real time. Built-in safety features help guard against undesirable stimulation. A description is given of the system components and the safety features. >
Deconstructing the Conveyor Belt

For the past several decades, oceanographers have embraced the dominant paradigm that the ocean's meridional overturning circulation operates like a conveyor belt, transporting cold waters equatorward at depth and warm waters poleward at the surface. Within this paradigm, the conveyor, driven by changes in deepwater production at high latitudes, moves deep waters and their attendant properties continuously along western boundary currents and returns surface waters unimpeded to deepwater formation sites. A number of studies conducted over the past few years have challenged this paradigm by revealing the vital role of the ocean's eddy and wind fields in establishing the structure and variability of the ocean's overturning. Here, we review those studies and discuss how they have collectively changed our view of the simple conveyor-belt model.
EFFECT OF FIBER WAVINESS ON STIFFNESS AND STRENGTH REDUCTION OF UNIDIRECTIONAL COMPOSITES UNDER COMPRESSIVE LOADING

An investigation has been conducted of the effect of fiber waviness on stiffness and strength reduction of unidirectional composites under compressive loading. Analytical models have been developed for determining the elastic properties and compressive strength as a function of fiber waviness for three types of wavy patterns: uniform, graded and localized waviness. Compression tests were conducted to verify the predictions. Experimental results were in good agreement with predictions based on the analytical models. It is shown that in unidirectional composites both major Young's modulus and compressive strength are degraded seriously with increasing fiber waviness. Material anisotropy is also shown to influence the degree of stiffness and strength reduction. Interlaminar shear failure was found to be the dominant failure mechanism for unidirectional wavy composites under compressive loading.