cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Mysterious Case of the Loaded Leprechaun

ABSTRACT: The Loaded Leprechaun is a brewery/restaurant with locations around the U.S. At the end of their meal, patrons have the option to participate in the popular “Dollar Holler” tradition, wherein they personalize a dollar bill and staple it to a surface in the restaurant. The case requires students to address the legal, financial accounting, tax, and auditing issues arising from this tradition. The modular nature of the case allows the instructor to assign individual topics or the entire case, depending on the nature of the class. As students complete the case, they are exposed to an unusual, but realistic, scenario requiring them to think critically about the underlying accounting issues and conduct professional research. In addition, implementation of the case does not require a significant investment of effort on the part of the instructor.
Measurements of Fluctuating Air Loads on a Circular Cylinder

Measurements were made of the unsteady air loads, both lift and drag, developed on a circular cylinder when exposed to flow in the supercritical Reynolds number range from 0.38 x 106 to 0.75 x 106. The three dimensional nature of the flow, which is a consequence of the flow separation effects, is recognized. The statistical character of spatially varying random type fluctuating air loads is presented in the form of cross-spectral densities and cross-correlation coefficients. Information of this type has application to the problem of determining the response of a cylindrical structure when exposed to air loads. The extreme sensitivity of the flow to surface irregularities in the supercritical Reynolds number region is reported including the effects upon the local and spatial character of the fluctuating loads. Local values of steady state lift could be induced by suitably orienting surface disturbances on the forward portion of the cylinder.
Symmetry, Optical Properties and Thermodynamics of Neptunium(V) Complexes

Recent results on the optical absorption and symmetry of the Np(V) complexes with dicarboxylate and diamide ligands are reviewed. The importance of recognizing the "silent" feature of centrosymmetric Np(V) species in analyzing the absorption spectra and calculating the thermodynamic constants of Np(V) complexes is emphasized.
Infrared constraints on the dark mass concentration observed in the cluster Abell 1942

We present a deep H-band image of the region in the vicinity of the cluster Abell 1942 containing the puzzling dark matter concentration detected in an optical weak lensing study by Erben et al. (2000). We demonstrate that our limiting magnitude, H = 22, would be sufficient to detect clusters of appropriate mass out to redshifts comparable with the mean redshift of the background sources. Despite this, our infrared image reveals no obvious overdensity of sources at the location of the lensing mass peak, nor an excess of sources in the I H vs. H colour-magnitude diagram. We use this to further constrain the luminosity and mass-to-light ratio of the putative dark clump as a function of its redshift. We find that for spatially-flat cosmologies, background lensing clusters with reasonable mass-to-light ratios lying in the redshift range 0<z<1 are strongly excluded, leaving open the possibility that the mass concentration is a new type of truly dark object.
End-to-end differentiation of congestion and wireless losses

In this paper, we explore end-to-end loss differentiation algorithms (LDAs) for use with congestion-sensitive video transport protocols for networks with either backbone or last-hop wireless links. As our basic video transport protocol, we use UDP in conjunction with a congestion control mechanism extended with an LDA. For congestion control, we use the TCP-Friendly Rate Control (TFRC) algorithm. We extend TFRC to use an LDA when a connection uses at least one wireless link in the path between the sender and receiver. We then evaluate various LDAs under different wireless network topologies, competing traffic, and fairness scenarios to determine their effectiveness. In addition to evaluating LDAs derived from previous work, we also propose and evaluate a new LDA, ZigZag, and a hybrid LDA, ZBS, that selects among base LDAs depending upon observed network conditions. We evaluate these LDAs via simulation, and find that no single base algorithm performs well across all topologies and competition. However, the hybrid algorithm performs well across topologies and competition, and in some cases exceeds the performance of the best base LDA for a given scenario. All of the LDAs are reasonably fair when competing with TCP, and their fairness among flows using the same LDA depends on the network topology. In general, ZigZag and the hybrid algorithm are the fairest among all LDAs.
Mechanisms of semiconductor nanostructure formation

We have examined the formation mechanisms of a variety of semiconductor nanostructures, including phase separation-induced alloy nanostructures and strain-induced self-assembled quantum dots. Using data from cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy, in conjunction with X-ray reciprocal space maps, we have developed new models for self-ordering of InAs/GaAs quantum dot superlattices and spontaneous lateral phase separation in InAlAs alloys. These models are likely to be applicable to a wide range of heteroepitaxial semiconductor nanostructures.
BORROWING RELATIONSHIPS, MONITORING, AND THE INFLUENCE ON LOAN RATES

While monitoring borrowers, a bank obtains private information about its customers, giving the bank an informational advantage in the production of subsequent services. Competing theories exist on the way banks use this advantage in the pricing of subsequent services to the customer. If moral hazard limits the transfer of private information, the borrowing relationship transforms into an informational monopoly and can be characterized as a “wasting asset.” Alternately, if the banks' competitive environment necessitates that cost economies are shared, the relationship has “value.” Ordering pairs of successive loans made to a particular borrower as prior loans and subsequent loans, and controlling for environmental, borrower, and loan characteristics, we show that the subsequent loan is priced significantly lower than the prior loan.
An Efficient and Robust Singular Value Method for Star Pattern Recognition and Attitude Determination

A new star pattern recognition method is developed using singular value decomposition of a measured unit column vector matrix in a measurement frame and the corresponding cataloged vector matrix in a reference frame. It is shown that singular values and right singular vectors are invariant with respect to coordinate transformation and robust under uncertainty. One advantage of singular value comparison is that a pairing process for individual measured and cataloged stars is not necessary, and the attitude estimation and pattern recognition process are not separated. An associated method for mission catalog design is introduced and simulation results are presented.
An Economic Analysis of a Dairy Anaerobic Digestion (A.D.) System: Will dairy producers invest in A.D. technology to reduce potential litigation suits?

In many areas of the United States, dairy and livestock farmers are facing lawsuits due to a variety of externalities, such as odor and other forms of non-point source pollution, caused by Confined animal feeding operations (CAFO's). Complaints include: general illness, unpleasant odor, headaches, and property devaluation. However, state and national law requires all CAFO's to have some form of waste storage facility. These facilities, mainly lagoons, increase the potential of pollution and run-off into streams and other water sources. As a result, large producers are beginning to install anaerobic digestive (A.D.) systems, which are a new form of waste management practices that reduces negative environmental effects. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the future value of an ordinary annuity of an anaerobic digestive system by analyzing the joint probability of being sued and losing a litigation case. The analysis will also factor in potential policy incentives such as 100% grants with guaranteed electric buy-back premiums to determine a producer's joint probability of losing a litigation case.
Execution quality in open‐outcry futures markets

This study examines the composition of customer order flow and the execution quality for different types of customer orders in six futures pits of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME). It is shown that off-exchange customers frequently provide liquidity to other traders by submitting limit orders. The determinants of customers’ choice between limit and market orders are examined, and it is found that higher bid–ask spreads increase the limit-order submission frequency, and increased price volatility makes limit-order submission less likely. Effective spreads, trading revenues, and turnaround times for customer liquidity-demanding and limit orders are also documented. Consistent with evidence from equity markets, the results show that limit-order traders receive better executions than traders using liquidity-demanding orders, but incur adverse selection costs. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 25:1067–1092, 2005
A connection whose curvature is the Lie bracket

Let G be a Lie group with Lie algebra g. On the trivial principal G-bundle over g there is a natural connection whose curvature is the Lie bracket of g. The exponential map of G is given by parallel transport of this connection. If G is the di eomorphism group of a manifold M, the curvature of the natural connection is the Lie bracket of vector elds on M. In the case that G = SO(3) the motion of a sphere rolling on a plane is given by parallel transport of a pullback of the natural connection by a map from the plane to so(3). The motion of a sphere rolling on an oriented surface in R3 can be described by a similar connection.
Randomized trial comparing intraoral ultrasound to landmark‐based needle aspiration in patients with suspected peritonsillar abscess

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012; 19:626–631 © 2012 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Abstract Objectives: Traditionally, emergency physicians (EPs) have used anatomic landmark-based needle aspiration to drain peritonsillar abscesses (PTAs). If this failed, an imaging study and/or consultation with another service to perform the drainage is obtained. Recently, some EPs have used ultrasound (US) to guide PTA drainage. This study seeks to determine which initial approach leads to greater successful drainage. The primary objective of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of EPs for detecting PTA or peritonsillar cellulitis (PTC) using either intraoral US or initial needle aspiration after visual inspection (the landmark technique [LM]). Secondary objectives included the successful aspiration of purulent material in those patients with a PTA in each arm, the use of computed tomography (CT) scanning in each arm, and the otolaryngology (ENT) consultation rate in each arm. Methods: This was a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial of a convenience sample of adult patients who presented to a single, large, urban university hospital. Patients were enrolled if they presented with a constellation of signs and symptoms that were judged to be a PTA. These patients were randomized to receive intraoral US or to undergo LM drainage. The US was performed using an 8–5 MHz intracavitary transducer immediately prior to the procedure. The probe was then withdrawn and the provider who did the US also performed the needle aspiration. The LM was performed using visual landmarks in a superior to inferior approach until pus was obtained or at least two sticks were performed. Anesthesia was standardized. Patients returned for follow-up in 2 days where a final diagnosis was rendered. Results: There were 28 patients enrolled, with 14 in each arm. US established the correct diagnosis more often than LM [(100%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 75% to 100% vs. 64%, 95% CI = 39% to 84%; p = 0.04)]. US also led to more successful aspiration of purulent material by the EP than LM in patients with PTA [(100%, 95% CI = 63% to 100% vs. 50%, 95% CI = 24% to 76%; p = 0.04)]. The ENT consult rate was 7% (95% CI = 0% to 34%) for US versus 50% (95% CI = 27% to 73%) for LM (p = 0.03). The CT usage rate was 0% for US versus 35% for LM (p = 0.04). Conclusions: An initial intraoral US performed by EPs can reliably diagnose PTC and PTA. Additionally, using intraoral US to assist in the drainage of PTAs with needle aspiration leads to greater success compared to the traditional method of LM relying on physical exam alone.
Resource allocation for quality of service provision in buffered crossbar switches with traffic aggregation

A wide spectrum of emerging networking applications demand much stricter requirements on computer network quality of service (QoS). Packet switches play one of the most crucial roles in network QoS provision. The buffered crossbar switching architecture is promising to achieve high performance without a complex implementation and is expected to be one of the dominant switch structures for highspeed networks. In this paper we study the problem of resource allocation to aggregated traffic classes in buffered crossbar switches for QoS provision. We develop the model and techniques for determining the required amount of bandwidth and buffer space for aggregated traffic classes to provide delay performance guarantees and analyze the impact of traffic aggregation on resource utilization in buffered crossbar switches. We consider two traffic aggregation cases: aggregation of a set of flows with identical traffic profiles and aggregation of a set of flows with different traffic parameters. For both cases, we compare the amount of resources required by the aggregated traffic class and by the set of individual flows for achieving identical delay objectives. We find that traffic aggregation improves the utilization of both bandwidth and buffer space in buffered crossbar switches. Our analysis shows that the amount of resources saved by traffic aggregation is associated with multiple factors, including the delay objective, the arrival traffic parameters, and the number of flows aggregated into one class. The model and techniques we develop in this paper are general enough to be applied to buffered crossbar switches with a variety of scheduling algorithms.
Multidimensional indexing for recognizing visual shapes

This paper introduces an analytical framework for studying some properties of model acquisition and recognition techniques based on indexing. The goal is to demonstrate that several problems previously associated with the approach can be attributed to the low dimensionality of invariants used. These include limited index selectivity. Excessive accumulation of votes in the look-up table buckets, and excessive sensitivity to quantization parameters. Theoretical results demonstrate that using high-dimensional, highly descriptive global invariants produces better results in terms of accuracy, false positive suppression, and computation time. A practical example of high-dimensional global invariants is introduced and used to implement a 2-D shape acquisition/recognition system. The acquisition/recognition system is based on a two-step table look-up mechanism. First, local curve descriptors are obtained by correlating image contour information at short range. Then, seven-dimensional global invariants are computed by correlating triplets of local curve descriptors at longer range. This experimental system is meant to illustrate the behavior of a high-dimensional indexing scheme. Indeed, its performance shows good agreement with the analytical model with respect to database size, fault tolerance, and recognition speed. Model acquisition time is linear to cubic in the number of object features. Object recognition time is constant to linear in the number of models in the database and linear to cubic in the number of features in the image. The system has been tested extensively. With more than 250 arbitrary shapes in the database. Unsupervised shape and subpart acquisition is demonstrated. >
A MID-LIFE CRISIS? SUDDEN CHANGES IN RADIO AND X-RAY EMISSION FROM SUPERNOVA 1970G

Supernovae (SNe) provide a backdrop from which we can probe the end state of stellar evolution in the final years before the progenitor star explodes. As the shock from the SN expands, the timespan of mass-loss history we are able to probe also extends, providing insight to rapid timescale processes that govern the end state of massive stars. While SNe transition into remnants on timescales of decades to centuries, observations of this phase are currently limited. Here, we present observations of SN 1970G, serendipitously observed during the monitoring campaign of SN 2011fe, which shares the same host galaxy. Utilizing the new Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) upgrade and a deep X-ray exposure taken by Chandra, we are able to recover this middle-aged SN and distinctly resolve it from the H II cloud with which it is associated. We find that the flux density of SN 1970G has changed significantly since it was last observed—the X-ray luminosity has increased by a factor of ~3, while we observe a significantly lower radio flux of only 27.5 μJy at 6.75 GHz, a level only detectable through the upgrades now in operation at the Jansky VLA. These changes suggest that SN 1970G has entered a new stage of evolution toward an SN remnant, and we may be detecting the turn-on of the pulsar wind nebula. Deep radio observations of additional middle-aged SNe with the improved radio facilities will provide a statistical census of the delicate transition period between SN and remnant.
Job-to-Job Quits and Corporate Culture

This paper presents an analysis of moral hazard in On-the-Job Search (OJS) in an equilibrium setting. In a frictional labor market, when an employee receives an outside oer, her employer is naturally tempted to compete against it to save the cost of hiring a replacement. Casual observation in the labor market, however, suggests that this type of ex post competition is rare, presumably because it would raise the worker's ex ante returns to OJS, if only for pure rent-seeking purposes, i.e. just to get a raise. Firms may credibly commit to ignore outside oers to their employees, let them go without a counteroer, and suer the loss, in order to keep in line the other employees'incentives to not search on the job. This commitment perpetuates a coordination failure among co-workers: if they all started searching on the job at a level that would be optimal should the …rm indeed compete ex post against poachers, the …rm would indeed be helpless and would have to compete. Therefore, a transition to a "competitive corporate culture", where …rms do compete ex post and worker search intensively on the job, appears irreversible. I study a version of Burdett and Mortensen (1998)'s OJS model where workers choose the intensity of OJS covertly, thus creating a moral hazard problem, and …rms cannot commit in any way not to compete against outside oers. I investigate the conditions for wage posting and no matching of outside oers to be a sequential equilibrium strategy, supported by the coordination failure among co-workers. I …nd that the incentives to deviate from this equilibrium are strongest for low-productivity, low-wage …rms which are small, thus have few employees to discipline and for their employees who have the most to gain from active OJS.
Applied Intermediate Macroeconomics

Part I. Introduction: 1. Macroeconomics and the real world Part II. The National Accounts: 2. The national accounts and the structure of the economy 3. Understanding gross domestic product 4. Measuring prices and inflation Part III. Trends and Cycles: 5. Trends and cycles Part IV. Financial Markets: 6. The financial system 7. The behavior of interest rates 8. The international financial system and the balance of payments Part V. Aggregate Supply: 9. Aggregate production 10. Economic growth 11. The ideal labor market 12. Unemployment and the labor market process Part VI. Aggregate Demand: 13. An introduction to aggregate demand 14. Consumption and investment: a deeper look Part VII. Macroeconomic Dynamics: 15. The dynamics of output, unemployment, and inflation Part VIII. Macroeconomic Policy: 16. Monetary policy 17. Fiscal policy Part IX. Macroeconomic Data: A Guide to Working with Economic Data.
Effect of microwave heating on Ullmann-type heterocycle-aryl ether synthesis using chloro-heterocycles

Ullmann ether synthesis was conducted on a variety of chloro-heterocycles with different phenols using optimized conditions involving copper powder and cesium carbonate. On many substrates, microwave heating afforded higher yields in significantly shorter reaction times compared to conventional heating conditions. These findings provide a facile method for aryl ether synthesis from chloropyridines, chloroquinolines, and chlorobenzothiazoles.
Effects of human-induced alteration of groundwater flow on concentrations of naturally-occurring trace elements at water-supply wells

The effects of human-induced alteration of groundwater flow patterns on concentrations of naturallyoccurring trace elements were examined in five hydrologically distinct aquifer systems in the USA. Although naturally occurring, these trace elements can exceed concentrations that are considered harmful to human health. The results show that pumping-induced hydraulic gradient changes and artificial connection of aquifers by well screens can mix chemically distinct groundwater. Chemical reactions between these mixed groundwaters and solid aquifer materials can result in the mobilization of trace elements such as U, As and Ra, with subsequent transport to water-supply wells. For example, in the High Plains aquifer near York, Nebraska, mixing of shallow, oxygenated, lower-pH water from an unconfined aquifer with deeper, confined, anoxic, higher-pH water is facilitated by wells screened across both aquifers. The resulting higher-O2, lower-pH mixed groundwater facilitated the mobilization of U from solid aquifer materials, and dissolved U concentrations were observed to increase significantly in nearby supply wells. Similar instances of trace element mobilization due to human-induced mixing of groundwaters were documented in: (1) the Floridan aquifer system near Tampa, Florida (As and U), (2) Paleozoic sedimentary aquifers in eastern Wisconsin (As), (3) the basin-fill aquifer underlying the California Central Valley near Modesto (U), and (4) Coastal Plain aquifers of New Jersey (Ra). Adverse water-quality impacts attributed to human activities are commonly assumed to be related solely to the release of the various anthropogenic contaminants to the environment. The results show that human activities including various land uses, well drilling, and pumping rates and volumes can adversely impact the quality of water in supply wells, when associated with naturally-occurring trace elements in aquifer materials. This occurs by causing subtle but significant changes in geochemistry and associated trace element mobilization as well as enhancing advective transport processes. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
When should I make preservation copies of myself

We investigate how different replication policies ranging from least aggressive to most aggressive affect the level of preservation achieved by autonomic processes used by web objects (WOs). Based on simulations of small-world graphs of WOs created by the Unsupervised Small-World algorithm, we report quantitative and qualitative results for graphs ranging in order from 10 to 5000 WOs. Our results show that a moderately aggressive replication policy makes the best use of distributed host resources by not causing spikes in CPU resources nor spikes in network activity while meeting preservation goals. We examine different approaches that WOs can communicate with each other and determine the how long it would take for a message from one WO to reach a specific WO, or all WOs.
Methoxy as a removable activating group in the triazolinedione rearrangement route to azo compounds

Abstract A methoxy group dramatically increases the yield of stepwise homo-Diels-Alder additions of N-methyltriazolinedione to aromatic meta-photoadducts, and can conveniently be subsequently replaced by other substituents.
Social Trust: Fairness Matters More Than Homogeneity

This article explores whether homogeneity or fairness better explains generalized interpersonal trust across countries. Although some research suggests that ethnic diversity and income heterogeneity have a negative impact on social trust, I argue that cross-national variations in social trust are better explained by fairness: fair procedural rules (democracy), fair administration of rules (freedom from corruption), and fair income distribution (relatively equal but also unskewed). This expectation is confirmed by a multilevel analysis of data from the World Values Surveys and European Values Study covering 170,000 individuals in 80 countries.
Targeted Fluorination with the Fluoride Ion by Manganese‐Catalyzed Decarboxylation

We describe the first catalytic decarboxylative fluorination reaction based on the nucleophilic fluoride ion. The reported method allows the facile replacement of various aliphatic carboxylic acid groups with fluorine. Moreover, the potential of this method for PET imaging has been demonstrated by the successful 18F labeling of a variety of carboxylic acids with radiochemical conversions up to 50 %, representing a targeted decarboxylative 18F labeling method with no-carrier-added [18F]fluoride. Mechanistic probes suggest that the reaction proceeds through the interaction of the manganese catalyst with iodine(III) carboxylates formed in situ from iodosylbenzene and the carboxylic acid substrates.
Preventing the Tragedy of the Commons Through Punishment of Over-Consumers and Encouragement of Under-Consumers

The conditions that can lead to the exploitative depletion of a shared resource, i.e., the tragedy of the commons, can be reformulated as a game of prisoner's dilemma: while preserving the common resource is in the best interest of the group, over-consumption is in the interest of each particular individual at any given point in time. One way to try and prevent the tragedy of the commons is through infliction of punishment for over-consumption and/or encouraging under-consumption, thus selecting against over-consumers. Here, the effectiveness of various punishment functions in an evolving consumer-resource system is evaluated within a framework of a parametrically heterogeneous system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Conditions leading to the possibility of sustainable coexistence with the common resource for a subset of cases are identified analytically using adaptive dynamics; the effects of punishment on heterogeneous populations with different initial composition are evaluated using the reduction theorem for replicator equations. Obtained results suggest that one cannot prevent the tragedy of the commons through rewarding of under-consumers alone--there must also be an implementation of some degree of punishment that increases in a nonlinear fashion with respect to over-consumption and which may vary depending on the initial distribution of clones in the population.
Analysis of in vitro insulin-resistance models and their physiological relevance to in vivo diet-induced adipose insulin resistance.

Diet-induced obesity (DIO) predisposes individuals to insulin resistance, and adipose tissue has a major role in the disease. Insulin resistance can be induced in cultured adipocytes by a variety of treatments, but what aspects of the in vivo responses are captured by these models remains unknown. We use global RNA sequencing to investigate changes induced by TNF-α, hypoxia, dexamethasone, high insulin, and a combination of TNF-α and hypoxia, comparing the results to the changes in white adipose tissue from DIO mice. We found that different in vitro models capture distinct features of DIO adipose insulin resistance, and a combined treatment of TNF-α and hypoxia is most able to mimic the in vivo changes. Using genome-wide DNase I hypersensitivity followed by sequencing, we further examined the transcriptional regulation of TNF-α-induced insulin resistance, and we found that C/EPBβ is a potential key regulator of adipose insulin resistance.
GORENSTEIN ALGEBRAS, SYMMETRIC MATRICES, SELF-LINKED IDEALS, AND SYMBOLIC POWERS

Inspired by recent work in the theory of central projections onto hypersurfaces, we characterize self-linked perfect ideals of grade 2 as those with a Hilbert--Burch matrix that has a maximal symmetric subblock. We also prove that every Gorenstein perfect algebra of grade 1 can be presented, as a module, by a symmetric matrix. Both results are derived from the same elementary lemma about symmetrizing a matrix that has, modulo a nonzerodivisor, a symmetric syzygy matrix. In addition, we establish a correspondence, roughly speaking, between Gorenstein perfect algebras of grade 1 that are birational onto their image, on the one hand, and self-linked perfect ideals of grade 2 that have one of the self-linking elements contained in the second symbolic power, on the other hand. Finally, we provide another characterization of these ideals in terms of their symbolic Rees algebras, and we prove a criterion for these algebras to be normal.
Dynamics of disturbances on the Intertropical Convergence Zone

The dynamics of disturbances on a theoretically derived Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) are studied. Radiative cooling over a hemisphere is parameterized by a Newtonian cooling law, relative to a radiative equilibrium temperature which decreases from Equator to Pole. Release of latent heat of condensation in the Tropics is treated as a function of convergence in the planetary boundary layer. The zonally symmetric field of motion which evolves in response to these sources of energy shows a concentrated region of rising motion near, but not at, the Equator. The associated low-level wind field possesses a strong cyclonic shear. Asymmetric perturbations periodic in longitude are introduced by means of truncated Fourier series. The wavelengths are chosen to correspond to maximum instability in the ITCZ, and as such are too small to permit baroclinic instability in middle latitudes. In this way, the stability of the low latitude flow is examined while excluding middle latitude perturbations. The low-level wind field in the vicinity of the ITCZ is found to be barotropically unstable, the wavelength of maximum growth rate being about 2,000 km. The corresponding e-folding time is found to be of the order of two days, depending on the frictional and heating coefficients. The perturbations are allowed to grow to finite amplitude. In the initial stages of growth, the Reynolds stresses supply most of the perturbation energy. At the mature stage, the energy is provided mainly by direct conversion of condensationally produced eddy available potential energy. Further growth is then limited by frictional dissipation of kinetic energy. The mean flow is in turn influenced by the disturbance through the mechanisms of Reynolds stresses, eddy conduction and the modification of the mean flow condensational heating through boundary-layer pumping. The influence is seen on the mean temperature and zonal wind fields, and may extent to latitudes poleward of where the perturbation amplitude in situ has decreased to zero. A framework is thus provided for viewing tropical disturbances as an integral component of the general circulation of the atmosphere.
Late 20th century warming and freshening in the central tropical Pacific

[1] Global climate models and analyses of instrumental datasets provide a wide range of scenarios for future tropical Pacific climate change, limiting the accuracy of regional climate projections. Coral records provide continuous reconstructions of tropical Pacific climate trends that are difficult to quantify using the short, sparse instrumental datasets available from the tropical Pacific. Here, we present coral-based reconstructions of late 20th century sea-surface temperature and salinity trends from several islands in the central tropical Pacific. The coral data reveal warming trends that increase towards the equator, implying a decrease in equatorial upwelling in the last decades. Seawater freshening trends on the southern edge of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone suggest a strengthening and/or an equatorward shift of the convergence zone. Together, the new coral records support a late 20th century trend towards “El Nino-like” conditions in the tropical Pacific, in line with the majority of coupled global climate model projections.
RuCl3 Catalyzed Facile Conversion of Arylalkyl Ketoximes to Amides

Abstract A variety of aromatic ketoximes undergo Beckmann rearrangement upon treatment with a catalytic amount of RuCl3 in refluxing acetonitrile to furnish the corresponding amides in excellent yield and high selectivity.
Multi-Site, Neurotransmitter-Based Retinal Interface

Nearly all retinal prosthetics have focused on electrical stimulation of the nervous system. We are developing a novel prosthetic interface for the retina based on neurotransmitter delivery. In the past, we have demonstrated the ability to stimulate individual rat pheochromacytoma cells (PC12 cell line) using microfluidic delivery through micron-sized apertures. This delivery was highly reproducible, very controllable, and quantifiable. But this early stage device was limited to a single stimulation site and crude microfluidics. Here, we present the next stage in microfluidic retinal prosthetics with a multi-stimulation site device that incorporates more advanced control over the microfluidic delivery. We created an array of apertures in a thin silicon nitride membrane, to which we can deliver neurotransmitters in an addressable manner. Excitable cells (PC12) are seeded on the device and imaged using Ca2+-sensitive dyes with a confocal microscope. We can then excite the cells at an array of multiple precise locations near the apertures, demonstrating the next step in neurotransmitter-based retinal prosthetics.
Bayes and Blickets: Effects of Knowledge on Causal Induction in Children and Adults

People are adept at inferring novel causal relations, even from only a few observations. Prior knowledge about the probability of encountering causal relations of various types and the nature of the mechanisms relating causes and effects plays a crucial role in these inferences. We test a formal account of how this knowledge can be used and acquired, based on analyzing causal induction as Bayesian inference. Five studies explored the predictions of this account with adults and 4-year-olds, using tasks in which participants learned about the causal properties of a set of objects. The studies varied the two factors that our Bayesian approach predicted should be relevant to causal induction: the prior probability with which causal relations exist, and the assumption of a deterministic or a probabilistic relation between cause and effect. Adults’ judgments (Experiments 1, 2, and 4) were in close correspondence with the quantitative predictions of the model, and children’s judgments (Experiments 3 and 5) agreed qualitatively with this account.
Our Daily Bread: What is the Evidence on Comparing Cash versus Food Transfers?

This paper reviews key issues in the 'cash versus food' debate, including as they relate to political economy, theory, evidence, and practice. In doing so, it benefited from a new generation of 12 impact evaluations deliberately comparing alternative transfer modalities. Findings show that differences in effectiveness vary by indicator, although they tend to be moderate on average. In some cases differences are more marked (i.e., food consumption and calorie availability), but in most instances they are not statistically significant. In general, transfers' performance and their difference seem a function of the organic and fluid interactions among factors like the profile and 'initial conditions' of beneficiaries, the capacity of local markets, and program objectives and design. Costs associated with cash transfers and vouchers tend to be substantially lower relative to food. Yet methods for cost-effectiveness analysis vary and need to be more standardized and nuanced. The reviewed evaluations are helping to shift the debate from one shaped by ideology, political economy and 'inference' of evidence to one centering on robust and context-specific results.
Nudging by shaming, shaming by nudging.

In both developing and developed countries, health ministries closely examine use of so-called nudges to promote population health and welfare. Cass Sunstein and Richard Thaler, who developed the concept, define a nudge as “any aspect of the choice architecture that alters people’s behavior in a predictable way without forbidding any options or significantly changing their economic incentives. To count as a nudge, the intervention must be easy and cheap to avoid. Nudges are not mandates” (1).
Viability of active EMI filters for utility applications

The application of active circuitry to increase the performance per size and cost of utility-side EMI filters is considered. The major problems are power line frequency (60 Hz) rejection and the compensation of the feedback loop, which is influenced by the wide-ranging utility impedance. While analysis and simulations show that these problems prevent the practical application of active filtering to power supplies switching at around 75 kHz, results at 450 kHz demonstrate potential for substantial improvement of EMI filters for switching frequencies of a few hundred kHz, although with the cost of a complex compensation. >
A broadcast algorithm for all-port wormhole-routed torus networks

A new approach to broadcast in wormhole-routed two- and three-dimensional torus networks is proposed. The underlying network is assumed to support only deterministic, dimension-ordered unicast routing. The approach extends the graph theoretical concept of dominating nodes by accounting for the relative distance-insensitivity of the wormhole routing switching strategy. The proposed algorithm also takes advantage of an all-port communication architecture, which allows each node to simultaneously transmit messages on different outgoing channels. The resulting broadcast operation is based on a tree structure that uses multiple levels of extended dominating nodes(EDNs). Performance results are presented that confirm the advantage of this method over other approaches.
Evaluation of Polymers as Lubricants in the Extrusion of Aluminum

The lubricating behavior of polytetrafluroethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, low density polyethylene, and high density polyethylene powders in the extrusion of 1100-0 aluminum has been investigated in terms of the extrusion force requirement and the quality of extrudate surface finish. Extrusion experiments which provided a measure of the extrusion force and friction force with varying ram travel were performed under both ambient and high temperature conditions. From these data the variation of coefficient of friction with ram travel and normal pressure had been calculated using the analysis based on von Mises' yield criterion and spherical velocity fields. The effect of polymer powder particle size on the extrusion force was investigated. 13 refs.
MODELING IMPACTS OF SOIL CONSERVATION ON PRODUCTIVITY AND YIELD VARIABILITY: EVIDENCE FROM A HETEROSKEDASTIC SWITCHING REGRESSION

This paper measures the impacts of soil conservation on agricultural productivity and yield variability. A two-stage regression model is used that incorporates both endogenous switching and conditional heteroskedasticity. The analysis corrects for bias introduced when conservation-induced changes in productivity are accompanied by self-selection in the technology adoption process. The paper outlines a strategy for jointly measuring the impacts of soil conservation on yields and yield variability, and demonstrates methods for obtaining consistent and efficient estimates of these impacts using data from low-income farms in the Philippines.
On the Accuracy of Finite-Volume Schemes for Fluctuating Hydrodynamics

Aleksandar Donev,1, 2, ∗ Eric Vanden-Eijnden,3 Alejandro L. Garcia,4 and John B. Bell2 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O.Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551-9900 Center for Computational Science and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720 Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY 10012 Department of Physics, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, 95192
β-Lactams from 5,5-difluoroisoxazolidines

Abstract 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition of nitrones with 1,1-difluoroolefins gives rise to fluorinated isoxazolidines in 85% yield; subsequent Raney nickel reduction of the cycloadducts produces β-lactams.
A fuzzy ARTMAP-based quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) for the Henry's law constant of organic compounds.

Quantitative structure−property relationships (QSPRs) for estimating a dimensionless Henry's Law constant of organic compounds at 25 °C were developed based on a fuzzy ARTMAP and back-propagation neural networks using a heterogeneous set of 495 organic compounds. A set of molecular descriptors developed from PM3 semiempirical MO-theory and topological descriptors (second-order molecular connectivity index) were used as input parameters to the neural networks. Quantum chemical input descriptors included average molecular polarizability, dipole moments (total point charge, total hybridization, and total sum), ionization potential, and heat of formation. The fuzzy ARTMAP/QSPR correlated Henry's Law constant for −6.72 ≤ logH ≤ 2.87 with average absolute errors of 0.03 and 0.13 logH units for the overall data and the test set, respectively. The optimal 7−17−1 back-propagation/QSPR model was less accurate and exhibited larger average absolute errors of 0.28 and 0.27 logH units for the validation (recall) and te...
The Effect of Experience on the Use of Irrelevant Evidence in Auditor Judgment

Auditors encounter both relevant and irrelevant information during the performance of audit tasks. Prior studies have shown that the presence of irrelevant information weakens the impact of relevant information on auditors' judgments. Such studies, however, have not considered whether experience moderates the diluting effect of irrelevant information on auditors' judgments. This study reports the results of an experiment in which the effect of irrelevant information on the going‐concern judgments of less‐experienced auditors—audit seniors—is compared to the effect of irrelevant information on the going‐concern judgments of more‐experienced auditors—audit managers and partners. The experiment reaffirms that irrelevant information does have a diluting effect on the judgments of audit seniors but provides new evidence that irrelevant information does not have a diluting effect on the judgments of audit managers and partners.
The Heisenberg Matrix Formulation of Quantum Field Theory

Heisenberg's matrix formulation of quantum mechanics can be generalized to relativistic systems by evolving in light-front time {tau} = t + z/c. The spectrum and wavefunctions of bound states, such as hadrons in quantum chromodynamics, can be obtained from matrix diagonalization of the light-front Hamiltonian on a finite dimensional light-front Fock basis defined using periodic boundary conditions in x{sup -} and x{perpendicular}. This method, discretized light-cone quantization (DLCQ), preserves the frame-independence of the front form even at finite resolution and particle number. Light-front quantization can also be used in the Hamiltonian form to construct an event generator for high energy physics reactions at the amplitude level. The light-front partition function, summed over exponentially-weighted light-front energies, has simple boost properties which may be useful for studies in heavy ion collisions. I also review recent work which shows that the structure functions measured in deep inelastic lepton scattering are affected by final-state rescattering, thus modifying their connection to light-front probability distributions. In particular, the shadowing of nuclear structure functions is due to destructive interference effects from leading-twist diffraction of the virtual photon, physics not included in the nuclear light-front wavefunctions.
Fitting ideals and the Gorenstein property

Let p be a prime number and G be a finite commutative group such that p2 does not divide the order of G. In this note we prove that for every finite module M over the group ring Zp[G], the inequality \({\#M\,\leq\,\#{\bf Z}_{p}[G]/{{\rm Fit}}_{{\bf Z}_{p}[G]}(M)}\) holds. Here, \({\rm Fit}_{{\bf Z}_{p}[G]}(M)\) is the Zp[G]-Fitting ideal of M.
Rotordynamic Force Prediction of Whirling Centrifugal Impeller Shroud Passages Using Computational Fluid Dynamic Techniques

The demand for higher efficiencies and performance of modern centrifugal turbomachinery requires improved knowledge of critical design factors in strength of materials, aerodynamics, and rotordynamics. While tremendous strides in finite element stress analysis and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) have addressed the first two areas, the lack of accurate prediction tools for centrifugal impellers typically leaves rotordynamics out of the design loop. While several authors have analyzed the rotordynamic forces arising from shrouded centrifugal impellers, there has been no study to couple the secondary shroud passage with the three-dimensional primary flow model. The strong interaction between these domains makes this approach advantageous. The current study utilizes CFD techniques to analyze the full three-dimensional viscous, primary/secondary flow field in a centrifugal pump impeller to determine rotordynamic forces. Multiple quasisteady solutions of an eccentric three-dimensional model at different precessional frequency ratios yield the rotordynamic impedance forces. Performing a second order least-squares analysis generates the skew-symmetric stiffness, damping, and mass matrices. The results show good correlation with experiment for both performance and rotordynamic forces.
Dual-microcavity narrow-linewidth Brillouin laser

Ultralow-noise yet tunable lasers are a revolutionary tool in precision spectroscopy, displacement measurements at the standard quantum limit, and the development of advanced optical atomic clocks. Further applications include lidar, coherent communications, frequency synthesis, and precision sensors of strain, motion, and temperature. While all applications benefit from lower frequency noise, many also require a laser that is robust and compact. Here, we introduce a dual-microcavity laser that leverages one chip-integrable silica microresonator to generate tunable 1550 nm laser light via stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and a second microresonator for frequency stabilization of the SBS light. This configuration reduces the fractional frequency noise to 7.8×10^(−14) 1/√Hz at 10 Hz offset, which is a new regime of noise performance for a microresonator-based laser. Our system also features terahertz tunability and the potential for chip-level integration. We demonstrate the utility of our dual-microcavity laser by performing spectral linewidth measurements with hertz-level resolution.
Improving the resolution of bearing in passive sonar arrays by eigenvalue analysis

A method of improving the bearing-resolving capabilities of a passive array is discussed. This method is an adaptive beamforming method, having many similarities to the minimum energy approach. The evaluation of energy in each steered beam is preceded by an eigenvalue-eigenvector analysis of the empirical correlation matrix. Modification of the computations according to the eigenvalue structure results in improved resolution of the bearing of acoustic sources. The increase in resolution is related to the time-bandwidth product of the computation of the correlation matrix. However, this increased resolution is obtained at the expense of array gain.