cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Invited Review: Nutrition Support in Patients With Cancer: What Do the Data Really Show?

Although more than 70 prospective randomized controlled trials have evaluated the use of nutrition support in patients with cancer, the indications for nutrition therapy in this patient population remain controversial. We reviewed the published prospective randomized controlled trials that evaluated clinically important endpoints (morbidity, mortality, and duration of hospitalization). Many trials had serious shortcomings in study design that limit the ability to draw definitive conclusions from the data. In general, the data failed to demonstrate the clinical efficacy of providing nutrition support to most patients with cancer. Therefore, the indications for using nutrition therapy should be the same as those for patients with benign disease.
Maxillofacial prosthetics and the head and neck cancer patient

The rehabilitation of cancer patients has been an important aspect of patient care in recent decades. Disabilities resulting from acquired surgical defects in the head and neck area frequently are corrected by using nonliving substitutes or prostheses. A number of specialists in the prosthetic reconstruction of head and neck patients, namely maxillofacial prosthodontists, have been trained over the past 20 years. Now more large metropolitan areas have these services available for cancer patients. In addition, pertinent research in materials and design has resulted in a whole array of possible prostheses that can be constructed to meet specific patient needs. Both the current state of the art in maxillofacial prosthetics and recent advances are highlighted in this paper. The areas covered are: extraoral (facial) prostheses, intraoral prostheses, implant prostheses, and treatment prostheses. The multidisciplinary nature of head and neck cancer patient rehabilitation is also reviewed.
Selective access of homograph meanings in sentence context

Abstract Two experiments assessed the timecourse of meaning activation for ambiguous words. Subjects read sentences ending in homographs, and named a subsequent target. When the sentence was not biased toward either meaning of the homograph, the results showed the effects of the frequency of the meanings: The dominant meaning was activated more quickly and maintained longer than the subordinate. When the sentence was strongly biased toward one meaning, only the target related to that meaning was facilitated, regardless of the interval between the sentence and the target. In the second experiment, the homographs were replaced by words to which the targets were not associated. No priming of targets was found, indicating that the results of Experiment 1 were not due to direct activation of target information by the context. The results are discussed in light of criticisms of earlier research that did not consider the timecourse of activation and in light of recent hypotheses about the nature of context effects.
Using Authentic Reading Texts to Discover Underlying Sociocultural Information.

Reading in a foreign language involves decoding the linguistic code but just as importantly, understanding the underlying sociocultural context which the linguistic code reflects. This article describes how to use authentic Spanish language materials to design a variety of activities aimed at helping students discover and understand a text's underlying sociocultural context. The texts themselves are taken from a unit in a second year Spanish course at Miami University entitled “Rituals of Hispanic Culture” and are comprised of different types of announcements published in Hispanic newspapers: births, engagements, weddings, and obituaries. The paper presents pre-reading, reading and post-reading tasks aimed at facilitating comprehension.
The microbial ecology of the Great Salt Lake

The Great Salt Lake is actually two lakes. A highly saline (330-gml−1) northern arm and a moderately saline (120-gml−1) southern arm separated by a semipermeable rock causeway. The lake, particularly the northern arm, has a massive accumulation of organic matter resulting from more than 100,000 years of productivity, cycling from a freshwater to a saline lake, plus the influence of human industry and agriculture in more recent times. The north arm planktonic and attached community consists principally of, in order of biomass: bacteria of at least two genera,Halobacterium andHalococcus; two algae,Dunaliella salina andD. viridis; the brine shrimp,Anemia salina; and, two species of brine fly,Ephydra gracilis andE. hians and possibly one more species. The algae and the bacteria appear to depend on each other for nutrients. The bacteria use organic matter produced by the algae and the algae use ammonia produced by the bacteria and possibly the brine shrimp. The production of ammonia appears to be the rate-limiting step although there is no shortage of other forms of nitrogen in the north arm. Based on aquarium studies, the potential for biomass production of algae and bacteria is much higher than actually observed in the north arm, leading to the postulation of two additional factors controlling population; the grazing of the algae by invertebrates with the excretion of compounds rich in nitrogen, and the effect of a low habitat temperature and winter cold on the bacteria, reducing their metabolic activities to nearly zero. Some aspects of the various organisms and their metabolism are discussed. A comparison is made with recent work on the Dead Sea.
The Kuroshio Meander/Southern Oscillation connection and drought/flood cycles in the Changjiang River

In response to a suggestion that the large meander of the Kuroshio is a good predictor of droughts in the Changjiang River Valley, it is argued that more recent inceptions of the meander lend statistical weight to the belief that the large meander is itself a consequence of E1 Nino, and hence of the Southern Oscillation. The meander usually lags. Thus, if the meander reliably predicts droughts, the Tahiti component of the Southern Oscillation will usually give six months' extra warning.
Optimized Tersoff and Brenner empirical potential parameters for lattice dynamics and phonon thermal transport in carbon nanotubes and graphene

We have examined the commonly used Tersoff and Brenner empirical interatomic potentials in the context of the phonon dispersions in graphene. We have found a parameter set for each empirical potential that provides improved fits to some structural data and to the in-plane phonon-dispersion data for graphite. These optimized parameter sets yield values of the acoustic-phonon velocities that are in better agreement with measured data. They also provide lattice thermal conductivity values in single-walled carbon nanotubes and graphene that are considerably improved compared to those obtained from the original parameter sets.
How Master’s Students Document Stability and Change Within and Across Progress Notes

To address a gap regarding how clinicians record progress in therapy, the researchers conducted a qualitative study of de-identified progress notes from a university-based brief therapy training clinic. The researchers described trainees’ stability and change documentation with respect to problem-oriented and solution-oriented talk in their progress notes. The patterns were (a) problem-oriented stability and problem to solution change within first sessions; (b) problem-oriented and solution-oriented stability within last sessions; and (c) stability (e.g., problem to problem) and change (e.g., problem to solution) across first and last sessions. Findings suggest that first session problem and solution outcomes do not necessarily predict last session outcomes (i.e., problem continuation or change to solutions).
APPLYING BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS TO CLINICAL PROBLEMS: REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF HABIT REVERSAL

This article provides a review and analysis of habit reversal, a multicomponent procedure developed by Azrin and Nunn (1973, 1974) for the treatment of nervous habits, tics, and stuttering. The article starts with a discussion of the behaviors treated with habit reversal, behavioral covariation among habits, and functional analysis and assessment of habits. Research on habit reversal and simplified versions of the procedure is then described. Next the article discusses the limitations of habit reversal and the evidence for its generality. The article concludes with an analysis of the behavioral processes involved in habit reversal and suggestions for future research.
3000 Years of sea level change

Sea level change is generally taken to indicate climate change, and may be more nearly global than what we perceive to be climate change. Close to the beach, even a small sea level change (such as 1-3 m) produces important changes in local depositional conditions. This effect can be deduced from a study of properly selected beach deposits. Various measures of beach-sand grain size indicate conditions of deposition. The best of these parameters is the kurtosis; it is a reliable indicator of surf-zone wave energy density. An abrupt energy-level shift, after centuries with little change, indicates sea level rise or drop. Kurtosis, within stated limits, shows this. Beach ridge systems (successive, distinct old beach deposits) span the last several thousands years. A sequence of sand samples across such a deposit provides grain-size evidence for alternating high and low sea level. Changes were 1 to 3 m vertically, and took place at rates of about 1 cm yr[sup [minus]1]. There were at least seven such events in the last 3000 years. The two most recent changes were the drop and subsequent rise that marked the Little Ice Age (starting about 1200 A.D.). One cannot say, from these data, that the planetmore » has come fully out of the Little Ice Age. Predictions about what sea level will do in the near future should be based on the many small changes (1 to 3 m) in the last few thousand years, rather than on the arbitrary, fictitious, and unrealistic absolute sea level that appears to underlie various popular forecasts. 15 refs., 5 figs.« less
Leadership effectiveness and personality: a cross cultural evaluation

The renewed interest in personality factors as a prerequisite rather than a predictor of leadership is explored in a cross cultural context. This study compared samples of effective and not effective leaders in the US, the Republic of China (Taiwan) and Thailand. Based on the results of this study, there is evidence that the five-factor model of personality relationship to leadership has support in the US sample. Further, support was found for four of the five factors in the Republic of China sample but only for two of the factors in the Thailand sample. In general, the results raise questions about the consistency of the five factor model of personality when related to leadership and its usefulness in non-western cultures. However, effective managers differ from less effective ones in describing themselves as more extraverted, more agreeable, more conscientious, and less neurotic in all three cultures studied, and that US managers (but not Chinese and Thai) also describe themselves as more open to experience.
Distribution of diamine oxidase and imidazole-N-methyltransferase along the gastrointestinal tract.

Abstract 1. 1. Gastrointestinal distribution of diamine oxidase (DAO), imidazole-N-methyl transferase (IMIT) and histamine was studied in six mammalian species. 2. 2. DAO was high in the small intestine, low in the large intestine with the exception of the dog and practically absent in the stomach. In general, herbivores have lower DAO than either omnivores or carnivores. 3. 3. IMT activity was present all along the gastrointestinal tract with the exception of the rat stomach. In dogs, IMT activity was higher in the pyloric gland area than in the oxyntic gland area but the reverse was found in rabbits and guinea pigs. 4. 4. Germ-free rats showed similar DAO and IMT activity distribution in the small intestine as normal rats.
EVALUATION OF CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY IN EXPERIMENTAL DIPHTHERIA

Corticosteroids have been used in the treatment of diphtheria but their effectiveness is questionable. A study was performed to evaluate the effects of corticosteroid therapy of diphtheria toxicity in an experimental animal model. 126 pure bred Walter Reed strain guinea pigs were divided into six groups, randomized according to weight and sex. Each group was then inoculated (I.D.) with 0.1 ml of two-fold dilutions of purified diphtheria toxin, ranging from 1/40 to 1/1280. Half of the animals in each group were then inoculated (I.M.) in the opposite extremity with 5 mg of cortisone acetate and daily thereafter for 7 days. All were observed daily for 14 days for signs of illness, weight loss, reaction at the site of injection, and survival. The LD50 and untreated animals was a 1/227 (±205-251) dilution of toxin; it was 1/170 (±154-189) in treated animals. Treated animals appeared less ill, lost less weight, and there was less tissue injury at the site of toxin injection compared to controls. Corticosteroid therapy favorably modified the course of illness to some degree in this experimental animal model. A similar study evaluating the effects of cortico-steroids in modifying diphtheria cytotoxicity in tissue culture showed no difference between treated and untreated controls indicating no benefit at the cellular level.
Anti‐SLAPP Legislation and Environmental Protection in the USA: An Overview of Direct and Indirect Effects

Anti-SLAPP (Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation) protections lead to changes in the dynamic and complex interactions between private citizens, environmental regulators and polluting entities. Direct impacts are legally significant, but if our interest is in environmental and enforcement outcomes, indirect effects are likely to be more important. Changes in perceived legal and regulatory threats impact the choices of many parties who are never involved in an actual SLAPP suit. This paper describes the expected direction and type of interactions when anti-SLAPP protections are enacted and discuss the conclusions that follow from research to date.
The effect of random phase variation of turbulence on image resolution

The turbulence produced by the shearing process between the cooling gas and atmosphere of a hypersonically moving vehicle, which contributes to the image degradation, is addressed. Based on the random phase variation of the optical wavefront, the modulation transfer function (MTF) can be specified to characterize the effect of turbulence on the image resolution. The use of computer simulation to generate the random phase variation and variance and the corresponding MTF is reported. Different types of phase variation are investigated. The MTF for each case is used to find the effect on image degradation and resolution. The effect of the nonuniform turbulence intensity across the optical window is also investigated and compared with results for the uniform case.
An initial investigation of baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia as a moderator of treatment outcome for young children born premature with externalizing behavior problems.

The aim of the current study was to examine the moderating effect of baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) on Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), a behavioral parent-training intervention, for young children born premature. In this pilot randomized controlled trial, 28 young children (mean age of 37.79 months), who were born < 37 weeks gestation and presented with elevated externalizing behavior problems, were randomly assigned to an immediate treatment or waitlist control group. RSA, which provides an approximate marker of individual differences in cardiac vagal tone, was measured during a baseline period. Past research has generally shown that higher levels of baseline RSA correlate with various positive psychological states (e.g., empathy, sustained attention), whereas lower levels of baseline RSA correlate with less optimal psychological states (e.g., higher externalizing behavior problems). Results indicated that baseline RSA significantly interacted with treatment condition in predicting changes in child disruptive behavior. Specifically, low levels of baseline RSA were associated with greater improvements in child disruptive behavior following PCIT. While acknowledging the caveats of measuring and interpreting RSA and the need to include a sympathetic-linked cardiac measure in future research, these findings provide preliminary evidence that children with lower capacity for emotion regulation receive even greater treatment gains. Future research should also examine the moderating effect of RSA in larger samples and explore the potential mediating role of RSA on behavioral parenting interventions.
Universal SNP genotyping assay with fluorescence polarization detection.

The degree of fluorescence polarizatio n (FP) of a fluorescent molecule is a refle c tion of its molecular weight ( M r ). FP i s therefore a useful detection method for h o mogeneous assays in which the startin g reagents and products differ significantly i n M r . We have previously shown that FP is a good detection method for the single-bas e extension and the 5 ′-nuclease assays. In thi s report, we describe a universal, optimize d single-base extension assay for genotypin g single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) . This assay, which we named the template directed dye-terminator incorporation a s say with fluorescence polarization detectio n (FP-TDI), uses four spectrally distinct dy e terminators to achieve universal assay co n ditions. Even without optimization, approx i mately 70% of all SNP markers tested yiel d ed robust assays. The addition of an E. col i ssDNA-binding protein just before the FP reading significantly increased FP values o f the products and brought the success rate o f FP-TDI assays up to 90%. Increasing th e amount of dye terminators and reducing th e number of thermal cycles in the single-bas e extension step of the assay increased th e separation of the FP values between th e products corresponding to different gen o types and improved the success rate of th e assay to 100%. In this study, the genomi c DNA samples of 90 individuals were type d for a total of 38 FP-TDI assays (using bot h the sense and antisense TDI primers for 1 9 SNP markers). With the previously d e scribed modifications, the FP-TDI assa y gave unambiguous genotyping data for al l the samples tested in the 38 FP-TDI assays . When the genotypes determined by the FP TDI and 5 ′-nuclease assays were compared , they were in 100% concordance for all e x periments (a total of 3420 genotypes). Th e four-dye-terminator master mixture d e scribed here can be used for assaying an y SNP marker and greatly simplifies the SNP genotyping assay design .
A novel strategy towards partnering with suppliers for faster, better and more affordable conversion of factory equipment

In order to make a business more profitable, one must maximize production capability while minimizing spending. The goal is to achieve a ‘faster, better and cheaper’ ramp from pilot line to high volume manufacturing. This translates to speedy conversion of factories from one technology to the next while reducing cost. For Intel's 32nm technology node, we, in collaboration with many suppliers, have developed an innovative methodology called the Mixed Labor Model (MLM). This model has enabled us to successfully meet the necessary conversion schedule durations while reducing the cost of labor. The novel technique has resulted in a higher level of cost reduction and established better partnership between Intel and its suppliers.
Planar doped barrier devices for subharmonic mixers

An overview is given of planar doped barrier (PDB) devices for subharmonic mixer applications. A simplified description is given of PDB characteristics along with a more complete numerical analysis of the current versus voltage characteristics of typical structures. The analysis points out the tradeoffs between the device structure and the resulting characteristics that are important for mixer performance. Preliminary low-frequency characterization results are given for the device structures, and a computer analysis of subharmonic mixer parameters and performance is presented.
Computerized Controlled-Substance Inventory Management in a Forensic Toxicology Laboratory: Practical Application of a State-Change Model

Efficient, accurate, secure, comprehensively audited, and legally defensible maintenance of an electronic chain-of-custody applied to a controlled-substance inventory system in a busy forensic toxicology lab (FTL) has been achieved with custom-written software which is based on a general state-change model. Prior to the use of this program we were unfortunately accustomed to being surprised by incomplete drug use documentation leading to pseudo-shortages, expired or uncertified lots, the lack of an adequate chain of custody, and the risk of legal challenges. This resulted in confusion, delays, and emergency orders, with the inevitable waste of time and money. The control strategy implemented in the INVEN subsystem of our main system, TOXLAB, is based on four principles. First, access to the drug inventory is strictly limited. Second, controlled drugs are dispersed to technical staff only when a computer-authorized request form is presented. Third, every request for addition/subtraction must be pre-authorized by the supervisor. Fourth, the program enforces a strict progression of requests and actions from one state to another and produces request, authorization and certification, and/or approval logs ready for signature at every step. This approach has given us a comprehensive, chronological record of all events involving drug inventory transactions and promises to improve resource utilization. Our system appears to fulfill the basic requirements for the legal adequacy of computer-resident data.
Management of Submassive Pulmonary Embolism

Case presentation : A 58-year-old woman with a history of cigarette smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and recent intensive care unit admission for pneumonia presented with sudden onset of right-sided chest discomfort and dyspnea. On physical examination, she was tachycardic (heart rate 110 beats per minute), normotensive (blood pressure of 128/72 mm Hg), tachypneic (24 breaths per minute), and hypoxemic (oxygen saturation 88% on room air). She had jugular venous distension to the angle of her mandible, a grade 2/6 holosystolic murmur that increased to grade 3/6 with inspiration at the left lower sternal border, lung fields clear to auscultation bilaterally, and mild symmetrical lower-extremity edema. The ECG was notable for sinus tachycardia and T-wave inversions across the anterior precordium. Laboratory evaluation was remarkable for a D-dimer level of 1104 ng/mL (normal <500 ng/mL) and a cardiac troponin I level of 1.4 ng/mL (normal <0.1 ng/mL). Contrast-enhanced chest computed tomography demonstrated thrombus that filled the right main pulmonary artery and moderate right ventricular (RV) enlargement (RV-to-left ventricular [LV] dimension ratio=1.2). Bedside transthoracic echocardiography documented moderately severe RV hypokinesis, moderate tricuspid regurgitation, and an estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure of 55 mm Hg. These clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings established the diagnosis of submassive pulmonary embolism (PE). The principal management question was whether to treat with anticoagulation alone (a “watch and wait” strategy) or to administer fibrinolysis immediately. Venous thromboembolism is the third most common cardiovascular disorder after myocardial infarction and stroke.1 The mortality rate for acute PE exceeds 15% in the first 3 months after diagnosis and surpasses that of myocardial infarction.2 Death most commonly results from progressive RV failure that culminates in cardiovascular collapse.3 Survivors of acute PE remain at risk for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.4 Acute PE represents a spectrum of clinical syndromes with …
CURB-65 and SMRT-CO in the prediction of early transfers to the intensive care unit among patients with community-acquired pneumonia initially admitted to a general ward.

BACKGROUND: No study has assessed the ability of pneumonia severity scores to identify the risk for early intensive care unit (ICU) transfer in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) admitted to general wards (GW). We aimed to compare the ability of CURB-65 (confusion, urea level, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and age ≥65 years) and SMRT-CO (systolic blood pressure, multilobar chest radiography involvement, respiratory rate, tachycardia, confusion, and oxygenation) scores to predict early ICU transfers in these patients. DESIGN: Retrospective, case-control study. Cases were defined as patients admitted to GW with CAP that required ICU transfer within 48 hours. Controls were defined as patients admitted to GW with CAP that did not require ICU transfer. CURB-65 and SMRT-CO scores were calculated on presentation to emergency department (ED), and upon admission to GW. Composite scores were calculated combining data from ED and GW. Sensitivities, specificities, likelihood ratios, and areas-under-the-curve (AUC) were calculated for each score. RESULTS: From 2003 to 2009, 115 cases and 345 controls were identified. Both groups had similar baseline characteristics. Composite scores combining data from ED and GW had better sensitivity and AUC than scores calculated only with ED or GW data (P < 0.001). A composite SMRT-CO score ≥2 had 76.5% (95% CI, 67.7 to 83.9) sensitivity, 67.5% (95% CI, 62.3 to 72.4) specificity, and 0.81 (95% CI, 0.77 to 0.85) AUC. A composite CURB-65 score ≥3 had 36.5% (95% CI, 27.7 to 46.0) sensitivity, 86.3% (95% CI, 82.3 to 89.8) specificity, and 0.66 (95% CI, 0.60 to 0.72) AUC to predict early ICU transfers. Composite SMRT-CO had higher sensitivity and AUC (P < 0.001) than composite CURB-65. CONCLUSIONS: Composite SMRT-CO had a better combination of sensitivity and specificity than CURB-65 for predicting early ICU transfers. Prospective studies to confirm our findings are needed. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2011;. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Husband-Wife Interaction in Second Careers

A typology of husband-wife interaction is developed from interviews with 68 currently married artists age 50 or older who were engaged in art and craft fairs as a second career. The study provides an example of the linkages between work and family by indicating the extent to which the nature of work can influence the interactions of husbands and wives and the way in which husband-wife interactions can support work activities.
Investigating single-word syntactic primes in naming tasks: a recurrent network approach.

Three experiments compared the qualitative pattern of participants' word-naming performance in a syntactic priming task with the qualitative pattern of performance generated by a recurrent network model. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that when participants had a 600-ms response deadline, the appropriateness of a syntactic prime affected their naming times for high-frequency words but not low-frequency words. However, Experiment 2 also demonstrated that participants made the most pronunciation errors when naming inconsistent low-frequency words (e.g., pint) that were preceded by an inappropriate prime. The results of Experiment 3 suggest that participants' naming times to both high- and low-frequency words are affected by syntactic primes when there is no response deadline. The implication of these findings for the study of syntactic priming in English and other languages is discussed.
Uptake coefficients for biosolids-amended dryland winter wheat

Biosolids regulations developed in the United States employed risk assessment impacts of trace element additions on plant uptake. The US Environmental Protection Agency adapted the uptake coefficient (ratio of plant concentration to quantity of element added) when developing limitations on selected elemental additions. The nature of the risk assessment requires uptake coefficients to be constants. Our hypothesis was the uptake coefficient for copper, iron, molybdenum, nickel, phosphorus, and zinc for biosolids-amended dryland winter wheat decreases with multiple biosolids applications at the same location. We applied up to 10 applications to two sites (designated North Bennett A and B) in eastern Colorado at rates from 2.24 to 11.2 megagrams per hectare per application from 1993 to 2013. Results indicated that grain concentrations for all six elements followed no discernible trend as the number of biosolids applications increased. The uptake coefficient for these elements compared to the number of biosolids applications followed exponential decay models (R-squared ranged from 0.329 to 0.879). Consequently, uptake coefficient values will likely not provide constants for risk assessment where multiple biosolids applications are made on the same site. We found that the slope between cumulative elemental removal by grain (kilograms per hectare) to the cumulative amount of element added with biosolids (kilograms per hectare) provides a constant over the number of biosolids additions (R-squared ranged from 0.471 to 0.990). As compared to the US Environmental Protection Agency approach, our strategy may provide parameters that allow for improved risk assessment of biosolids-borne elements on plant uptake.
Contact‐dependent regulation of a Tannerella forsythia virulence factor, BspA, in biofilms

Tannerella forsythia is one of the periodontal organisms implicated in the development of periodontal diseases. The surface associated and secreted protein, BspA (encoded by the bspA gene), of this bacterium is an important virulence factor. The present study was carried out to examine the regulation of the bspA gene during biofilm growth and contact stimuli encountered in interbacterial interactions. The expression levels of the bspA transcript were determined by real-time RT-PCR approach. The levels of bspA transcript were found to be significantly reduced as a result of contact stimulus and in biofilm cells relative to planktonic cells. The results of our study suggest that the likely downregulation of the BspA protein in biofilms and following contact may have implications in pathogenesis as a plausible mechanism of evasion of host immune responses.
Promoter Occupancy Is a Major Determinant of Chromatin Remodeling Enzyme Requirements.

Chromatin creates transcriptional barriers that are overcome by coactivator activities such as histone acetylation by Gcn5 and ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling by SWI/SNF. Factors defining the differential coactivator requirements in the transactivation of various promoters remain elusive. Induction of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae PHO5 promoter does not require Gcn5 or SWI/SNF under fully inducing conditions of no phosphate. We show that PHO5 activation is highly dependent on both coactivators at intermediate phosphate concentrations, conditions that reduce the nuclear concentration of the Pho4 transactivator and severely diminish its association with PHO5 in the absence of Gcn5 or SWI/SNF. Conversely, physiological increases in Pho4 nuclear concentration and binding at PHO5 suppress the need for both Gcn5 and SWI/SNF, suggesting that coactivator redundancy is established at high Pho4 binding site occupancy. Consistent with this, we demonstrate, using chromatin immunoprecipitation, that Gcn5 and SWI/SNF are directly recruited to PHO5 and other strongly transcribed promoters, including GAL1-10, RPL19B, RPS22B, PYK1, and EFT2, which do not require either coactivator for expression. These results show that activator concentration and binding site occupancy play crucial roles in defining the extent to which transcription requires individual chromatin remodeling enzymes. In addition, Gcn5 and SWI/SNF associate with many more genomic targets than previously appreciated.
Franklin Roosevelt and the fireside chats

The theory of media events developed by Dayan and Katz is extended in an analysis of Franklin Roosevelt's first eight fireside chats. Roosevelt's fireside chats were structured in both form and content by the new mode of publicness initiated by the culture industries in the 20th century. Roosevelt employed the idioms of mass culture to close the perceptual gap between him and his mass audience. As media events, the chats were useful in dramatizing a new symbolic geography of the American imagined community for the mass public, and thus in introducing to this public a set of new identities and practices appropriate to 20th-century mass politics.
1528 |[beta]|2 MICROGLOBULIN (|[beta]|2|[mu]|) IN RENAL TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS

The handling of β2μ was studied in 19 renal transplant recipients, aged 2 to 18 yr, to find an improved method to identify rejection and separate it from other causes of renal failure. Serum β2μ concentrations, measured daily, usually increased 24 to 48 h before serum creatinine (Scr) increased in patients undergoing transplant rejection. In addition, being poorly dialyzable, serum β2μ was superior to Scr in demonstrating changes in GFR in transplant recipients requiring dialysis post transplant. β2μ is reabsorbed almost completely from tubular fluid in the normal proximal tubule making urinary excretion of β2μ a good indicator of proximal tubule function. Fractional excretion (FE) of β2μ was followed daily in transplant recipients. Most values were elevated, especially in the first 4 days after transplantation, a time when acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is expected. Values also rose in several patients 3 to 7 days after rejection had been established. This is consistent with the thesis that acute rejection may be complicated by ATN which may persist after rejection is reversed by steroid pulses. The study demonstrates that daily measurement of serum β2μ is a valuable adjunct in the management of renal transplant recipients, also that measurement of FE of β2μ has the potential of distinguishing rejection from ATN in transplant recipients, helping to determine the need for treatment with steroid pulses. Measurement of FE is superior to measurement of urinary concentration of β2μ for this purpose.
π − p Interactions at 224 Mev

Interactions of 224-Mev negative pions with protons were investigated using a 15-cm hydrogen bubble chamber in a 13-kgauss field. Seventeen hundred elastic scatterings were analyzed yielding a cross section of 16.0 plus or minus 0.8 mb for this process. No evidence for powers of cos theta higher than two was observed in the angular distribution. The chargeexchange cross section, based on 1200 events was 34.4 plus or minus 1.9 mb. The results of a random- search phase-shift analysis, using these data in conjunction with earlier pi -p elastic scattering results and recoil proton polarization measurements ( pi --p), are reported. A search for pion production yielded three events of the type pi + p yields pi - + pi + n corresponding to a cross section of approximates 30 mu b. No events of the type pi - + p yields pi /sup -/ + pi /sup 0/ + p were observed. (auth)
Insulin Action: Implications for the Clinical Laboratory

The determination of the amino acidsequence for insulin and the insulin receptor combined with recent findings related to rapid events that follow the binding of insulin to its membrane receptor have led to an explosion of pathophysiologic mechanisms to explain the etiology of diabetes mellitus (IDDM and NIDDM). These developments have direct implications for the clinical laboratory to assess the risk of acquiring diabetes or its complications, as well as establishing etiology. Defects in the three major sites of insulin action are reviewed: prereceptor defects, insulin receptor defects, and postreceptor defects.
Adaptive interference cancelation using a pair of magnetometers

We propose a method for adaptively canceling magnetic interference using a pair of magnetometers that is especially effective for a time-varying interference with an unknown signature. By canceling the interference, the proposed method enables the recovery of the ambient geomagnetic field. Computer simulations and experiments with manipulated real-world data support the theoretical analysis and in combination with other techniques (e.g., calibration), pave the way for magnetic measurements in orbit using boomless CubeSats.
The prospective studies on laparoscopic pyloromyotomy in infants

Objective To investigate and compare the effects of post-operative immunological responses between laparoscopic pyloromyotomy (LP) and open pyloromyotomy (OP) in the treatment of congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.Methods During April of 2003 to July of 2006,72 chil- dren with congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis were randomly divided into two groups:36 cases in LP group and the other 36 cases in OP group.Clinical data including operation time,postoperative feeding time,and complications were recorded and analyzed.Blood samples were taken for analysis of differential peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL),T cell subgroups,levels of C-reactive protein (CRP),interlukin-6(IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) on the day before operation and on the first and third day after operation.Results No significant differences were noted in the operation time,post-operative feeding time.PBL subgroups,CRP,IL-6,and TNF levels between two groups before and after operation.Post-operative complications occurred more frequently in the OP group than those in the LP group.Conclusions Laparoscopic pyloromyotomy is a safe and effective technique for infants with congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.
Study on Antibiotic Resistance and PFGE Molecular Typing of Salmonella Typhi Isolated in Longgang District of Shenzhen City during 2004-2007

[Objective]To analyze the antibiotic susceptibility and the homology of Salmonella Typhi isolated in Longgang District of Shenzhen City during recent years.[Methods]S.Typhi isolates were collected from samples of intestinal infectious diseases and food poisoning in Longgang District during 2004-2007 and identified by biochemical and serotype methods.Antibiotic susceptibility was tested by the modified K-B method.After the genome of S.Typhi was digested by restricted enzyme XbaI,the electrophoresis fingerprint was obtained by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis(PFGE),and the homology analysis was performed by BioNumerics software.[Results]A total of 17 S.Typhi isolates were obtained.All strains were resistant to penicillin and oxacillin and sensitive to the third generation cephalosporins,aminoglycosides,fluoroquinolones,chloramphenicol,trimethoprim and sulphame-thoxazole.64.7% of strains were moderately resistant or resistant to 3 or more antibiotics.The results analyzed by BioNumerics showed that a total of 14 PFGE types were present.Except 2,other 15 isolates belonged to 3 clusters with similarity at least 85%.[Conclusion]Antibiotic resistance in S.Typhi is normal in Longgang District of Shenzhen City.Surveillance of antibiotic resistant Salmonella should be strengthened.Currently,fluoroquinolones and the third generation cephalosporins are particularly effective in treating clinical S.Typhi infection.Three S.Typhi clones were probably present in Longgang District which probably mainly contributed to the epidemic of S.Typhi in this area.
Type I Interferon Counters or Promotes Coxiella burnetii Replication Dependent on Tissue

Coxiella burnetii is an intracellular pathogen and the cause of Q fever. Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) is critical for host protection from infection, but a role for type I IFN in C. burnetii infection has not been determined. Type I IFN supports host protection from a related pathogen, Legionella pneumophila, and we hypothesized that it would be similarly protective in C. burnetii infection. In contrast to our prediction, IFN-α receptor-deficient (IFNAR(-/-)) mice were protected from C. burnetii-induced infection. Therefore, the role of type I IFN in C. burnetii infection was distinct from that in L. pneumophila Mice treated with a double-stranded-RNA mimetic were protected from C. burnetii-induced weight loss through an IFNAR-independent pathway. We next treated mice with recombinant IFN-α (rIFN-α). When rIFN-α was injected by the intraperitoneal route during infection, disease-induced weight loss was exacerbated. Mice that received rIFN-α by this route had dampened interleukin 1β (IL-1β) expression in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. However, when rIFN-α was delivered to the lung, bacterial replication was decreased in all tissues. Thus, the presence of type I IFN in the lung protected from infection, but when delivered to the periphery, type I IFN enhanced disease, potentially by dampening inflammatory cytokines. To better characterize the capacity for type I IFN induction by C. burnetii, we assessed expression of IFN-β transcripts by human macrophages following stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from C. burnetii Understanding innate responses in C. burnetii infection will support the discovery of novel therapies that may be alternative or complementary to the current antibiotic treatment.
Spatially resolved X-ray emission measurements of the residual velocity during the stagnation phase of inertial confinement fusion implosion experiments

A technique for measuring residual motion during the stagnation phase of an indirectly driven inertial confinement experiment has been implemented. This method infers a velocity from spatially and temporally resolved images of the X-ray emission from two orthogonal lines of sight. This work investigates the accuracy of recovering spatially resolved velocities from the X-ray emission data. A detailed analytical and numerical modeling of the X-ray emission measurement shows that the accuracy of this method increases as the displacement that results from a residual velocity increase. For the typical experimental configuration, signal-to-noise ratios, and duration of X-ray emission, it is estimated that the fractional error in the inferred velocity rises above 50% as the velocity of emission falls below 24 μm/ns. By inputting measured parameters into this model, error estimates of the residual velocity as inferred from the X-ray emission measurements are now able to be generated for experimental data. Details...
ANTHROPOGENIC GEOMORPHOLOGY IN NORTHERN ALASKA

Two classes of anthropogenic landforms can be recognized in the permafrost environment of northern Alaska. Primary anthropogenic landforms result from the operation of natural geomorphic processes on man-made features such as roads or gravel berms. Secondary anthropogenic forms are identical to natural geomorphic features, but evolve as indirect consequences of human actions. The first group is illustrated by a badly thermokarsted road, which has caused serious drainage disruptions likely to persist over a long time period. Secondary forms are exemplified by fields of palsa-like features, which are common where pipeline-related construction activities or structures cause shallow ponding. Because they evolve rapidly, anthropogenic permafrost landforms can provide great insight into the development of natural periglacial features.
A History of Exile in the Roman Republic: Restoration of Legendary Figures of the Early Republic

A ncient sources report that three men were exiled but later restored in the Early Republic. These accounts are not authentic, but are later inventions. Numerous authors mention the recall of Camillus in 390 following the Gallic sack of Rome. The tradition of his return and subsequent heroics probably originated in the late third century. R M Ogilvie's dating of the origin of this story to no earlier than 217 is persuasive. In addition to Camillus, Cicero cites the restorations of Caeso Quinctius and C. Servilius Ahala. He is alone in this assertion, however. Livy depicts Caeso as having died in banishment by 458 and has the prosecution of Servilius only threatened by his enemies, but never accomplished. Although Valerius Maximus states that Servilius went into exile, he does not mention that he was ever restored. Cicero's source (if he did not invent the variants himself) was evidently outside the mainstream annalistic tradition later used by Livy. Perhaps his information derived from optimate propaganda of the late second century. As conservative Romans who opposed demagogues with force, Caeso and Servilius would have been powerful symbols during the political struggles in the age of the Gracchi. Indeed, these stories are remarkably anachronistic and seem to reflect the internal situation of the late Republic rather than early Rome. The tales of their restoration may have been invented to validate optimate violence or even to provide a precedent for the recall of Popillius Laenas.
Binge-type eating disrupts dopaminergic and GABAergic signaling in the prefrontal cortex and ventral tegmental area

Objective Binge eating is characterized by repeated intermittent bouts of compulsive overconsumption of food. Treatment is challenging given limited understanding of the mechanisms underlying this type of disordered eating. The hypothesis that dysregulation of mesocortical dopaminergic and GABAergic systems underlie binge eating was tested. Methods Analysis of gene expression within the ventral tegmental area and its terminal mesocortical regions was examined in bingeing rats before and after bingeing occurred. In addition, alterations in binge-type behavior induced by pharmacological inactivation of subnuclei of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and by pharmacological activation and inhibition of cortical D1 and D2 receptors were examined. Results Correlative and functional evidence demonstrates dysregulated neurotransmitter processing by the PFC and ventral tegmental area, but not the amygdala or nucleus accumbens, in bingeing rats. Either GABAergic inactivation or D2-like receptor activation within the PFC increased consumption in bingeing rats, but not controls, suggesting that the PFC, and D2 receptors in particular, functions as a behavioral brake to limit bingeing. Conclusions The act of bingeing resolved some gene expression differences that preceded binge onset, further suggesting that bingeing may partially serve to self-medicate a system driving this maladaptive behavior. However, the failure of bingeing to resolve other dopaminergic/GABAergic differences may render individuals vulnerable to future binge episodes.
The Stone-Weierstrass Problem for C*-Algebras

Suppose A is a C*-algebra and B is a C*-subalgebra of A. Theorems of the Stone-Weierstrass type assert that, if some additional conditions are met, then B=A. If M is the set of maximal modular left ideals of A together with A itself, then the original Stone-Weierstrass theorem can be stated as follows. If A is abelian and B separates M (i.e. for I, JeM, I=J if and only if I⋂B=J⋂B), then B=A. The general Stone-Weierstrass problem, which remains unsolved, is whether the assumption that A is abelian can be dropped. In this paper we shall review the historical development of the Stone-Weierstrass problem, the partial results, solutions for special cases, solutions with stronger hypotheses and variants. Then we shall discuss how some very recent work of Sorin Popa can be used to reduce the problem further. Full details will be given only in the last section since earlier proofs have already been published.
Review: Jeremy Waldron, Political Political Theory (Harvard University Press)

This collection seeks to ground political theory in the study of institutions, particularly the constitutional relationship between different branches of government. It makes the case that ‘constitutionalism’ has become a thin doctrine of political restraint. Waldron wants to identify a fuller conceptual understanding of how the functions of government can be empowered and articulated. In doing so, he sets out a position that is distinct from both moralism and realism in contemporary political theory. I explore how well the later distinction holds up: how successfully does Waldron’s approach marry realist concerns with the rigour of analytical political theory? I also discuss the role it leaves for the history of political thought and whether it can deal with the populist strain in contemporary politics.