cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HYPERTENSION IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN: Anesthetic Implications

Hypertension is recognized as a major public health problem in adults, affecting about 20% of the population of the United States. In the past, most anesthesiologists believed that the incidence of hypertension in children was rare, and most of the cases were the result of secondary renal, cardiovascular, or endocrine pathology. After the publication of the Task Force on Blood Pressure in Children in 1977, 1987, and 1996, it has become apparent that childhood hypertension is a more common problem than perceived. 91,102,131 The incidence of hypertension is 1% to 3% among children and adolescents. The stress associated with the emotional and physical insults inflicted during the perioperative period results in major swings in vital signs. They may be magnified by effects of the many drugs administered by the anesthesiologist. These changes are even more profound in the physiologically challenged hypertensive child. Therefore, the anesthesiologist should document a baseline blood pressure in any child or infant scheduled for surgery, so that he or she can make prudent decisions that do not put the patient at increased risk. This article reviews the definitions and technical aspects of blood pressure measurement in infants and children, focuses on specific causes and pathophysiology of hypertension, discusses therapeutic modalities for hypertensive emergencies, and presents practical aspects to anesthetizing hypertensive children and infants.
Dynamics and control of integrated networks with purge streams

This work concerns the dynamics and control of process networks in which impurities are present and are removed by a small purge stream. Using a singular perturbation analysis, it is shown that the presence of the small purge stream leads to a time scale separation in the dynamics of the network. A method is proposed for the derivation of nonstiff, reduced-order models in each time scale that are suitable for analysis and model-based control. Finally, two case studies are introduced and illustrative numerical simulation results are provided. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Passive capture and structuring of lectures

Despite recent advances in authoring systems and tools, creating multimedia presentations remains a labor-intensive process. This paper describes a system for automatically constructing structured multimedia documents from live presentations. The automatically produced documents contain synchronized and edited audio, video, images, and text. Two essential problems, synchronization of captured data and automatic editing, are identified and solved.
Cellular responses to hyperthermia (40-46°C) : Cell killing and molecular events

The goal of this review is to provide a brief introduction to the effects of hyperthermia on cellular structures and physiology. The review focuses on the effects of hyperthermia thought to contribute to the enhancement of cancer therapy namely the mechanisms of cell killing and the sensitization of cells to ionizing radiation or chemotherapeutic agents. Specifically the review addresses four topics: hyperthermia induced cell killing, mathematical models of cell killing, mechanisms of thermal effects in the hyperthermia temperature range and effects on proteins that contribute to resistance to other stresses, i.e., DNA damage. Hyperthermia has significant effects on proteins including unfolding, exposing hydrophobic groups, and aggregation with proteins not directly altered by hyperthermia. Protein aggregation has effects throughout the cell but has a significant impact within the nucleus. Changes in the associations of nuclear proteins particularly those involved in DNA replication cause the stalling of DNA replication forks and lead to the induction of DNA damage such as double strand breaks. It has long been recognized that heat has effects on plasma membrane protein distribution alters the permeability of plasma membranes resulting in a calcium spike and disrupts the mitochondrial membrane potential resulting in the change in the redox status of cells. These effects contribute to the protein unfolding effects of hyperthermia and contribute to effects observed in the nucleus. Thus heat effects on multiple cellular targets can be integrated through global effects on protein folding to affect specific end points such as cell killing and sensitization to additional stresses.
Anesthesiology training using 3D imaging and virtual reality

Current training for regional nerve block procedures by anesthesiology residents requires expert supervision and the use of cadavers; both of which are relatively expensive commodities in today's cost-conscious medical environment. We are developing methods to augment and eventually replace these training procedures with real-time and realistic computer visualizations and manipulations of the anatomical structures involved in anesthesiology procedures, such as nerve plexus injections (e.g., celiac blocks). The initial work is focused on visualizations: both static images and rotational renderings. From the initial results, a coherent paradigm for virtual patient and scene representation will be developed.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A retroprospective study comparing three different assisted hatching techniques

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of four different assisted hatching techniques on pregnancy rates in women with prior IVF failure in fresh IVF cycles. The results suggested that assisted hatching utilizing laser, chemical, or microsurgical techniques increases both implantation and pregnancy rates.
Absence of fast block to polyspermy in eggs of sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

SEA urchin eggs remain monospermic during fertilisation by excluding the entry of all but one sperm. Two mechanisms have been proposed to account for this exclusion. The first is a rapid alteration of the egg surface, lowering its receptivity to sperm, which occurs within a few seconds of successful contact of the fertilising sperm; this is the so-called fast block1. This block prevents or reduces further sperm entry for the next 30 s, until the time of the cortical reaction, which establishes the second and permanent block to polyspermy. This permanent or cortical block results from the release of cortical granule proteases, elevation of the fertilisation membrane, and subsequent detachment of sperm. The existence of a cortical block has been well established by a number of investigators2–4. Although the concept is intuitively compelling, the existence of a fast block has been questioned5,6, and it is supported by only one series of experiments1.
Quantification of coronary microvascular resistance using angiographic images for volumetric blood flow measurement: in vivo validation.

Structural coronary microcirculation abnormalities are important prognostic determinants in clinical settings. However, an assessment of microvascular resistance (MR) requires a velocity wire. A fi...
Parameter choices and a better bound on the list size in the Guruswami---Sudan algorithm for algebraic geometry codes

Given an algebraic geometry code $${C_{\mathcal L}(D, \alpha P)}$$ , the Guruswami---Sudan algorithm produces a list of all codewords in $${C_{\mathcal L}(D, \alpha P)}$$ within a specified distance of a received word. The initialization step in the algorithm involves parameter choices that bound the degree of the interpolating polynomial and hence the length of the list of codewords generated. In this paper, we use simple properties of discriminants of polynomials over finite fields to provide improved parameter choices for the Guruswami---Sudan list decoding algorithm for algebraic geometry codes. As a consequence, we obtain a better bound on the list size as well as a lower degree interpolating polynomial.
Fornix- vs. limbus-based flaps in combined phacoemulsification and trabeculectomy

We studied prospectively the results of limbus-versus fornix-based flaps in patients undergoing combined trabeculectomy and phacoemulsification. We found no significant difference at six months postoperatively in the level of intraocular pressure between the limbus-(16.1 +/- 4.1 mm Hg) and fornix- (14.0 +/- 3.4 mm Hg, p = 0.161) based groups, or in the number of glaucoma medications (p = 0.0750). The highest intraocular pressure recorded within the first postoperative month was similar between groups (18.4 +/- 6.9 mm Hg for limbus and 18.5 +/- 5.5 mm Hg for fornix, p > 0.900). Postoperative bleb height, extent, and vascularity, as well as chamber depth were statistically similar between groups (p > 0.05). Postoperative complications were similar between groups. This study indicates that both fornix- and limbus-based flaps may be used safely and effectively when performing a trabeculectomy combined with phacoemulsification.
Biogeographic relationships between the macrofungi of temperate eastern Asia and eastern North America

Eastern North America and temperate eastern Asia reportedly share a relatively high number of taxa of macrofungi (mushrooms and relatives), including a number of taxa that have putative eastern North America – temperate eastern Asia disjunct distributions. These reports have been used to imply an affinity between the mycota (fungal equivalent of flora and fauna) of the two regions. To date, however, this affinity has not been examined in detail. A comparison of north temperate macrofungal mycotas was undertaken to examine the similarity between these regions. We used two methods in this study: (i) direct comparison of taxon lists and (ii) calculation of the Simpson Coefficient of similarity from lists of selected taxa. These analyses were based on field work, herbarium records, and published taxonomic treatments for Amanita, Lactarius, Ramaria, and Boletaceae. Results of these analyses document that taxonomic similarity between eastern North America and temperate eastern Asia mycotas can be quite high. In...
Reactivity of the Coordinated η2-Ketone in the Tropocoronand Complex [Hf(TC-3,5)(η2-OC(CH2Ph)2)]: N−C Coupling, C−C Coupling, and Insertion into the C−O Bond

The reactions of [Hf(TC-3,5)(η2-OC(CH2Ph)2)] (1) with a variety of substrates are described. Molecules containing conjugated terminal nitrogen atoms, specifically arylazides and diazoalkanes, insert into the metalloxirane unit in a 1,1-fashion to form four-membered chelate rings via N−C coupling. Enones and phenyl-substituted ketones react by C−C, pinacolic-type coupling to give the 1,2-addition product of the ketone moiety across the metal−carbon bond, Reaction of 1 with simple ketones is notably more complex. With acetone, the product contains a chelate ring, possibly derived by a β-hydrogen transfer from the η2-ketone to form the metal hydride, which reacts with substrate to achieve C−C coupling accompanied by loss of H2. Substrates containing nitro groups insert a single oxygen atom into the metalloxirane unit, forming an equivalent of nitrosoalkane or nitrosoarene. In the presence of nitrosoarenes, the resulting four-membered oxametallacycle can react further, undergoing a retro [2 + 2] cycloaddition...
Equivalence and efficiency of image alignment algorithms

There are two major formulations of image alignment using gradient descent. The first estimates an additive increment to the parameters (the additive approach), the second an incremental warp (the compositional approach). We first prove that these two formulations are equivalent. A very efficient algorithm was proposed by Hager and Belhumeur (1998) using the additive approach that unfortunately can only be applied to a very restricted class of warps. We show that using the compositional approach an equally efficient algorithm (the inverse compositional algorithm) can be derived that can be applied to any set of warps which form a group. While most warps used in computer vision form groups, there are a certain warps that do not. Perhaps most notable is the set of piecewise affine warps used in flexible appearance models (FAMs). We end this paper by extending the inverse compositional algorithm to apply to FAMs.
AMUN - autonomic middleware for ubiquitous environments applied to the smart doorplate project

We envision future office buildings that partly or fully implement a flexible office organization. These organizational principles save office space, but require a sophisticated software system that is highly dynamic, scalable, context-aware, self-configuring, self-optimizing and self-healing. We therefore propose an autonomic middleware approach for ubiquitous in-door environments.
Androgen metabolism in the brain of the green anole lizard (Anolis carolinensis): effects of sex and season.

Abstract Courtship behavior in male green anoles is partly mediated by the 5α-reductase enzyme, which converts testosterone (T) to 5α-dihydrotestosterone. This study aimed to determine whether the activity of 5α-reductase is enhanced in breeding males compared to females and nonbreeding males who do not normally display masculine behaviors. In some cases, aromatase, which converts T to 17β-estradiol, also was assessed to determine whether the pattern of its activity in anoles is similar to that in other vertebrates. 5α-Reductase is greatest in the brainstem, so its activity was determined separately in homogenates of whole brain and brainstems. The following comparisons were done in different assays: (1) breeding males with breeding females, (2) nonbreeding males with nonbreeding females, and (3) breeding males with nonbreeding males. Aromatase activity was greater in breeding males (mean ± SE, 0.61 ± 0.06 fmol/min/mg protein) than in breeding females (0.41 ± 0.08 fmol/min/mg protein). It was also greater in breeding males (0.84 ± 0.16 fmol/min/mg protein) than in nonbreeding males (0.33 ± 0.07 fmol/min/mg protein). In contrast, sex or seasonal differences did not exist in 5α-reductase activity. The results are consistent with those of other vertebrate species in which male-biased sex dimorphisms and seasonal differences occur in aromatase, but not in 5α-reductase activity. The greater levels of aromatase activity in breeding male anoles suggest that this enzyme might mediate male-specific functions. The equivalently high levels of 5α-reductase activity in both sexes suggests that, in addition to facilitating male courtship behavior, the enzyme has a basic function common to both sexes.
Payments for Ecosystem Services: Will a New Hook Net More Active Family Forest Owners?

Payments for ecosystem services offer the potential to financially benefit landowners in exchange for active forest management. Given their nontimber focus, such payments might be particularly attractive to those owners who do not participate in typical forestry programs. To investigate, we surveyed “nonparticipating” Wisconsin landowners to assess their interest in possible payments for ecosystem services. Our design experimentally compared the effects of ecosystem service type (carbon storage, water, and wildlife) and program sponsorship (government and market) on landowner interest. We also tested the effects of increasing program requirements (no requirements, written plan, required practices, and required inspections). Findings indicate that 42% had some interest under no requirements. This portion dropped to 18% with requirements that resemble how payments might work in practice. Under “real-world” requirements, reliance on a forester in future decisions and the importance of a forest-based income were significant explanatory factors. Findings suggest that program requirements are key in shaping landowner willingness.
Glass beads load macromolecules into living cells

We describe and characterize an exceptionally rapid and simple new technique for loading large numbers of cultured cells with large macromolecules. The culture medium of the cell monolayer is replaced by a small volume of the macromolecule to be loaded. Glass beads (75-500 micron diameter) are then sprinkled onto the cells, the cells are washed free of beads and exogenous macromolecules, and 'bead-loading' is completed. The conditions for bead-loading can readily be modified to accommodate cell type and loading objectives: for example, the amount of loading per cell increases if bead size is increased or if beads are agitated after sprinkling onto the monolayer, but at the expense of increased cell loss. As many as 97% of a population of bovine aortic endothelial (BAE) cells were loaded with a 10,000 Mr dextran; and 79% with a 150,000 Mr dextran using bead-loading. Various cell lines have been loaded using glass beads. Moreover, bead-loading has the advantage of producing loaded cells that remain adherent and well-spread, thus minimizing recovery time and permitting immediate microscopic examination.
Efficient learning and planning within the Dyna framework

The Dyna class of reinforcement learning architectures enables the creation of integrated learning, planning and reacting systems. A class of strategies designed to enhance the learning and planning power of Dyna systems by increasing their computational efficiency is examined. The benefit of using these strategies is demonstrated on some simple abstract learning tasks. It is proposed that the backups to be performed in Dyna be prioritized in order to improve its efficiency. It is demonstrated with simple tasks that use some specific prioritizing schemes can lead to significant reductions in computational effort and corresponding improvements in learning performance. >
On partial least squares dimension reduction for microarray-based classification: A simulation study

In microarray tumor tissue classi'cation studies, the expressions of thousands of genes (variables) are simultaneously measured across a few tissue samples. Standard statistical methodologies in classi'cation do not work well when the dimension, p, is greater than the sample size, N . One approach to classi'cation problems, when pN , is to 'rst apply a dimension reduction method and then perform the classi'cation in the reduced space. In this paper, we study dimension reduction for classi'cation in high dimension based on partial least squares (PLS) and principal components analysis (PCA). In addition, we propose and explore two hybrid-PLS methods for dimension reduction. PLS components are linear combinations of the original predictors, but the weights are nonlinear functions of both the predictors and response variable. This makes it di:cult to study the PLS classi'cation methodologies analytically, so, in this paper, we turn to a numerical study using simulation. c 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Determining the potency of neuromuscular blockers: are traditional methods flawed?

Abstract Background Traditionally, the clinical potency of neuromuscular blocking drugs has been measured using linear regression analysis (LRA) after log dose and probit or logit data transformation. However, probit and logit analyses are meant to handle only quantal responses with binomial error distributions, not continuous data such as per cent of maximal response. Some statisticians now consider this approach outmoded and assert that non-linear regression (NLR) is the preferred way to analyse sigmoidal dose–response relationships. We were interested in the degree to which the method of regression analysis alters calculated ED50 and ED95 values. Methods We analysed raw data for succinylcholine, rocuronium, rapacuronium, and cisatracurium from previously published studies using both LRA and NLR to determine the ED50 and ED95 values and the respective slopes of the dose–response relationships. We also estimated drug potency using the Hill equation (HE) using the slopes obtained from LRA and NLR. Results ED50 values calculated by NLR, LRA, or the HE were interchangeable. LRA resulted in ED95 values that were 13–18% lower than those determined by NLR. The 95% confidence limits (CL) for the ED50 did not exceed ±8% of the estimated value no matter how it was calculated vs ±20–30% for the ED95. Conclusions The ED50 is a very robust parameter. When comparing the potency of neuromuscular blockers, it is this value rather than the ED95 that should be used. The CL for the ED95, regardless of how it is calculated, are so wide that this parameter must be viewed, at best, as an approximation.
A student-centered feedback control model of the educational process

ABET 2000 requires new approaches to quality control and continuous improvement in engineering programs. It is instructive to analyze this control in terms familiar to the engineering community and to consider the implications for classroom and program level practices. A common approach to program assessment is to monitor success statistically. This is analogous to using statistical process control with the educational program as the process and students as the inputs and outputs. It can identify problems but not suggest solutions. The paper explores an alternative view in which the student is the process and performance on program outcomes is the output. It models ABET 2000 and other outcome based education methods in these terms and points out consequences for assessment and instruction. Feedback control of learning as a student-centered process explains why certain instructional and assessment techniques are "best practices" and requires a significant departure from traditional methods.
Functional Properties of Soy Protein Isolates Prepared from Gas-Supported Screw-Pressed Soybean Meal

White flakes (WFs) are obtained from dehulled flaked soybeans by extracting oil with hexane and flash- or downdraft-desolventizing the (defatted) flakes, and WFs are the normal feedstock used to produce soy protein ingredients. Gas-supported screw pressing (GSSP) is a new oilseed crushing technology in which traditional screw pressing is combined with injecting high-pressure CO2, thereby producing hexane-free, low-fat, high-PDI soybean meal. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate yields, compositions, and functional properties of soy protein isolates (SPIs) produced from GSSP soybean meal and to compare these properties to those of SPIs produced from WFs. GSSP meals produced SPIs in significantly higher yields (59.7–63.1% vs. 51.6–61.1%), with greater free (0.05–0.40%) and bound fat (3.70–4.92%) contents than did WFs. There were no significant differences in protein contents of the SPI; all exceeded 90% protein content (db). SPIs prepared from GSSP meals had similar or slightly lower water-solubilities compared to SPIs prepared from WFs. SPIs prepared from GSSP meals had higher water-holding capacities and viscosities, and significantly better emulsifying and fat-binding properties compared to SPIs prepared from WFs. SPIs prepared from WFs had significantly better foaming properties compared to SPIs prepared from GSSP meals, which were attributed to the lower fat contents of SPIs prepared from WFs.
Ethylene Glycol Ethers and Risks of Spontaneous Abortion and Subfertility

Potential reproductive effects from occupational exposures to ethylene glycol ethers (EGE) are of concern since these organic solvents have been used widely in industry, and their reproductive toxicity has been well documented in animal studies. For determination of whether occupational exposure to EGE was associated with increased risks of spontaneous abortion and subfertility (i.e., taking more than 1 year of unprotected intercourse to conceive), a retrospective cohort study was conducted among workers at two semiconductor manufacturing plants in the eastern United States in 1980-1989 as part of a larger evaluation of reproductive health. Reproductive and occupational histories were obtained from interviews of semiconductor manufacturing workers and spouses. Assessment of potential exposure to mixtures containing EGE (none, low, medium, and high) was based on reported processes and company records. There were 1,150 pregnancies to semiconductor manufacturers, 561 to female employees and 589 to wives of male employees. Among female manufacturers, potential exposure to mixtures containing EGE was associated with increased risks of spontaneous abortion (relative risk in the high exposure group = 2.8; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4-5.6) and subfertility (odds ratio in the high exposure group = 4.6; 95% CI 1.6-13.3). Both of these risks exhibited a dose-response relation with potential EGE exposure (p for trend = 0.02). Among spouses of male manufacturers potentially exposed to mixtures containing EGE, there was no increased risk of spontaneous abortion, but there was a nonsignificant increased risk of subfertility (odds ratio in the high exposure group = 1.7; 95% CI 0.7-4.3).
DNA replication stress differentially regulates G1/S genes via Rad53-dependent inactivation of Nrm1

MBF and SBF transcription factors regulate a large family of coordinately expressed G1/S genes required for early cell-cycle functions including DNA replication and repair. SBF is inactivated upon S-phase entry by Clb/CDK whereas MBF targets are repressed by the co-repressor, Nrm1. Using genome-wide expression analysis of cells treated with methyl methane sulfonate (MMS), hydroxyurea (HU) or camptothecin (CPT), we show that genotoxic stress during S phase specifically induces MBF-regulated genes. This occurs via direct phosphorylation of Nrm1 by Rad53, the effector checkpoint kinase, which prevents its binding to MBF target promoters. We conclude that MBF-regulated genes are distinguished from SBF-regulated genes by their sensitivity to activation by the S-phase checkpoint, thereby, providing an effective mechanism for enhancing DNA replication and repair and promoting genome stability.
Neurocognitive Outcomes in the Treatment of Early-Onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders Study

Objective To assess neurocognitive outcomes following antipsychotic intervention in youth enrolled in the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)–funded Treatment of Early-Onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (TEOSS). Method Neurocognitive functioning of youth (ages 8 to 19 years) with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder was evaluated in a four-site, randomized, double-blind clinical trial comparing molindone, olanzapine, and risperidone. The primary outcomes were overall group change from baseline in neurocognitive composite and six domain scores after 8 weeks and continued treatment up to 52 weeks. Age and sex were included as covariates in all analyses. Results Of 116 TEOSS participants, 77 (66%) had post-baseline neurocognitive data. No significant differences emerged in the neurocognitive outcomes of the three medication groups. Therefore, the three treatment groups were combined into one group to assess overall neurocognitive outcomes. Significant modest improvements were observed in the composite score and in three of six domain scores in the acute phase, and in four of six domain scores in the combined acute and maintenance phases. Partial correlation analyses revealed very few relationships among Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) baseline or change scores and neurocognition change scores. Conclusions Antipsychotic intervention in youth with early-onset schizophrenia spectrum disorders (EOSS) led to modest improvement in measures of neurocognitive function. The changes in cognition were largely unrelated to baseline symptoms or symptom change. Small treatment effect sizes, easily accounted for by practice effects, highlight the critical need for the development of more efficacious interventions for the enduring neurocognitive deficits seen in EOSS. Clinical trial registry information—Treatment of Early-Onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (TEOSS); http://www.clinicaltrials.gov; NCT00053703.
New Dimensions of Leadership Toward a Dynamic Model: A Synthesis of Transformational and Servant Leadership

This paper addresses the various leadership styles, attributes, skills, and behaviors that are representative of an effective leader. Within the construct of this paper, transformational and servant leadership models are first analyzed and evaluated. The transformational and servant leadership models were chosen because of their interrelated styles, attributes, skills and behaviors which are thoroughly addressed in this paper. Then an optimal mix of leadership styles, attributes, skills, and behaviors are established. This optimal mix of leadership styles, attributes, skills, and behaviors are then synthesized within a five-dimensional construct which was developed by the author to create a Dynamic Leadership Model (DLM). A thorough understanding of the DLM enhances a leader's capability to establish, implement, and control organizational change strategies in a cultural-cognitive institutional environment.
Study and Experimental Investigation on Sampling Rate and Aliasing in Time-Division Telemetry Systems

A study to determine the effect of 1) data power spectrum, and 2) system design parameters on aliasing and data interpolation error has been conducted. Results are applicable to time-division multiplexed telemetry systems. In particular, the results apply to the commonly used PAM-FM, PDM-FM and PCM-FM telemetry systems and PACM-FM. Data was obtained on the basis of combined analysis and experiment with emphasis on the derivation of experimentally proven design parameters. The program consisted of three phases: 1) A study was conducted to determine typical telemetry data spectra; 2) analysis was performed to predict accuracy performance of practical data and interpolation filters using selected examples; 3) experimental tests using data spectral models were performed to derive proven interpolation accuracy performance on the basis of practical filters and design parameters. The experimental tests utilized a PAM-FM system to derive an accurate measurement of attainable performance and to indicate when other equipment factors begin to impose a limit on data recovery accuracy. Spectral models representing typical spectral data characteristics are presented. In addition, some of the more important conclusions relating to operating parameters are presented.
Her Work From Within

This article describes the journey of a young Vietnamese immigrant girl, Sandy Dang, who arrived in the United States with no knowledge of the English language or the U.S. educational system. While her parents worked hard to begin their new life in the United States, Sandy was left on her own to navigate the unknown waters. What she needed was a mentor who could help her with schoolwork and with adjusting to life in this country. Now a grown woman and having witnessed many Vietnamese youths traveling the same and confusing journey, Sandy Dang set up an agency, Asian American Leadership, Empowerment, and Development of Youth and Families (AALEAD), to help such youths and their parents transition to American life. Sandy’s vision and agency have helped many of youths who have gone on to have successful careers and who have come back as volunteers to help continue Sandy’s legacy.
The Interface of Genetics with Pathology in Alport Nephritis

Alport syndrome (AS) is a rare disorder characterized by deafness, ocular abnormalities, and progressive renal failure. One of the challenges in diagnosing, managing, and treating patients with AS is the considerable variability in disease presentation, pathology, and multisystem involvement.[1][1]
Patterns of Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use Across Three Cohorts of Older Medicaid Recipients

BACKGROUNDPotentially inappropriate medication use is a serious quality concern, especially when it occurs in more vulnerable older adults or for extended durations.OBJECTIVETo characterize patterns of inappropriate medication use and duration among 3 cohorts with differing health status.METHODSWe identified unconditionally inappropriate drug use, using Beers 1997 criteria, among 3185 older Kansas Medicaid beneficiaries. Claims from May 2000 to April 2001 provided data for 3 cohorts: nursing facility (NF) residents, recipients of home- and community-based services through the Frail Elderly (FE) program, and persons with neither NF/FE care (Ambulatory). Duration, categorized as short-term (≤1 month's supply), extended (>1–9 mo), or chronic (>9–12 mo), was determined for each drug and cohort. Drug–disease associations were explored.RESULTSAny inappropriate medication use occurred in 21%, 48%, and 38% of Ambulatory, FE, and NF cohorts, respectively. Inappropriate analgesics, antihistamines, antidepressants, ...
Inclusion complexes of α‐cyclodextrin and (AB)n block copolymers

Cyclodextrins thread onto polymer chains to form inclusion complexes, especially when the polymer is hydrophobic relative to the solvent. Selective threading might occur when the polymer architecture contains both hydrophobic and hydrophilic segments. α-Cyclodextrin formed crystalline inclusion complexes with (AB)n microblock copolymers, where the A block was a linear alkyl segment containing a single double bond and the B block was an exact length segment of poly(ethylene oxide). The complexes were isolated and characterized by solution and solid-state NMR, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. Each method confirmed complex formation and showed that the physical properties of the complexes were distinct from those of its individual components. The X-ray data were consistent with known inclusion complexes having a channel or column crystal structure. The stoichiometry of the complex formation, 2.3 α-cyclodextrin rings per polymer repeat unit, was determined by NMR analysis of the complexes and from an analysis of the inclusion complex yields. The data suggest that the inclusion complex stoichiometry is defined by the increasing insolubility of the polymer–cyclodextrin complex. Solid-state NMR data were consistent with a preference for threading onto hydrophobic segments of the (AB)n polymer. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 2731–2739, 2001
A First-Order Mechanical Device to Model Traumatized Craniovascular Biodynamics

Mathematical models currently exist that explore the physiology of normal and traumatized intracranial function. Mechanical models are used to assess harsh environments that may potentially cause head injuries. However, few mechanical models are designed to study the adaptive physiologic response to traumatic brain injury. We describe a first-order physical model designed and fabricated to elucidate the complex biomechanical factors associated with dynamic intracranial physiology. The unidirectional flow device can be used to study interactions between the cranium, brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid, vasculature, blood, and the heart. Solid and fluid materials were selected to simulate key properties of the cranial system. Total constituent volumes (solid and fluid) and volumetric flow 650 ml/min represent adult human physiology, and the lengths of the individual segments along the flow-path are in accord with Poiseuille’s equation. The physical model includes a mechanism to simulate autoregulatory vessel dynamics. Intracranial pressures were measured at multiple locations throughout the model during simulations with and without post-injury brain tissue swelling. Two scenarios were modeled for both cases: Applications of vasodilation/ constriction and changes in the head of bed position. Statistical results indicate that all independent variables had significant influence over fluid pressures measured throughout the model p 0.0001 including the vasoconstriction mechanism p=0.0255.
Fatty Liver Hemorrhagic Syndrome in Hens Overfed a Purified Diet. Selected Enzyme Activities and Liver Histology in Relation to Liver Hemorrhage and Reproductive Performance

A nutritionally adequate, purified diet was developed and used in studies to characterize selected aspects of laying hens in which fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) was induced by overfeeding. Hens consuming the diet ad libitum or intubated with the diet in quantities equivalent to usual daily energy intake maintained normal rates of lay, did not become obese, and did not develop liver hemorrhage. Overfed hens had a 33% incidence of FLHS, as indicated by the presence of severe liver hemorrhage score, and displayed the full range of symptoms associated with spontaneous outbreaks of FLHS, including definitive lesions of hepatic reticulin. Among four groups of hens clinically classified according to rates of liver hemorrhage and egg production, there were no differences noted in total liver fat, liver fat concentration, or final body weight. Liver hemorrhage was associated with the degree of induction of liver lipogenic accessory enzymes. Serum enzyme activities indicate that overfed hens, unlike the overfed goose, retain hepatocellular membrane integrity. Overfeeding caused altered reproductive performance in 72% of hens. Alterations included erratic laying, increased incidence of double ovulations, shell defects, follicular collapse, and oviduct involution. Pattern of lay preceding necropsy seemed to influence follicle weight at necropsy. The data presented re-emphasize the interdependence among liver, ovary, and oviduct function in the etiology of FLHS.
The effect of speaking rate on serial-order sound-level errors in normal healthy controls and persons with aphasia

Background: Although many speech errors can be generated at either a linguistic or motoric level of production, phonetically well-formed sound-level serial-order errors are generally assumed to result from disruption of phonologic encoding (PE) processes. An influential model of PE predicts that speaking rate should affect the relative proportion of these serial-order sound errors (anticipations, perseverations, exchanges). These predictions have been extended to, and have special relevance for persons with aphasia (PWA) because of the increased frequency with which speech errors occur and because their localisation within the functional linguistic architecture may help in diagnosis and treatment. Supporting evidence regarding the effect of speaking rate on phonological encoding has been provided by studies using young normal language (NL) speakers and computer simulations. Limited data exist for older NL users and no group data exist for PWA.Aims: This study tested the phonologic encoding properties of D...
Targeting priority populations to reduce disparities in cardiovascular care: health equity for all.

The evolving care paradigm and ensuing implementation of high-quality evidence that defines optimal benefits and risks into daily clinical practice has resulted in dramatic declines in case fatality rates for cardiovascular disease over the past several decades. Since the late 1970s, age-adjusted
Freedom of Speech, Shielding Children, and Cost-Benefit Comparisons

The Court has long accepted that the government has a strong interest in shielding children from speech that's supposedly unsuitable for them, for instance speech that's sexually explicit or profane. But the Court has also long accepted that such speech does have substantial First Amendment value. The question thus becomes: How is the Court to reconcile the strong claim of government interest with the strong claim of First Amendment rights? The conventional answer, which the Court followed in the recent cyberspace indecency case (Reno v. ACLU), is that the court must apply "strict scrutiny" -- must uphold the law if and only if it's the least restrictive means of serving the government interest. In this article, I make four claims: 1. Though the Court's result in Reno was right, its application of strict scrutiny was less than candid. 2. Under a more accurate application of strict scrutiny, the Court might well have had to uphold the Communications Decency Act. In my view, this suggests that strict scrutiny is itself an unsound test for such cases. 3. There are several different alternatives for dealing with speech restrictions aimed at shielding children; the best one is probably something analogous to the Court's "undue burden" (or, more precisely, "substantial burden") test. 4. This criticism of the Court's "strict scrutiny" approach also applies to other kinds of speech restrictions. Strict scrutiny is generally an unsound approach to free speech cases; I offer some suggestions for a possible framework to replace it.
Hunger and malnutrition: outlook for changes in the Third World.

The outlook for changes in the hunger and malnutrition issue in the 3rd World appears to be limited. There is a greater sense of urgency today than there was 10 years ago in terms of the gravity of the problem. The question arises concerning what can and needs to be done to launch an alternative solution. Whatever course of action is chosen specific actions will have to be integrated into a larger frame of reference based on understanding the real underlying determinants of the forces causing and perpetuating malnutrition. All those involved should use their own field of expertise to understand the determinants of porverty. Liberating issues about food rather than thinking about food per se should be a focal point. Any proposed action to tackler hunger and malnutrition requires a correct analysis of the correlation of forces at the various levels their roles and their underlying interests as they shape the present situation. A critical analysis of existing methods should be made. National food security or self-sufficiency is meaningless without equal access to food and to resources to produce it. The special needs of women who produce a sizeable portion of the food consumed in the world and are to an even greater extent deprived of food need to be addressed explicitly in any alternative food strategy to break the cycle of maternal and child malnutrition. Needs of the people in the context of their access to food should be identified. Change will result only if each person takes an active role in trying to promote nutrition.
Structural versus Ethnic Dimensions of Housing Segregation

Racial residential segregation is still very high in many American cities. Some portion of segregation is attributable to socioeconomic differences across racial lines; some portion is caused by purely racial factors, such as preferences about the racial composition of one’s neighborhood or discrimination in the housing market. Social scientists have had great difficulty disaggregating segregation into a portion that can be explained by interracial differences in socioeconomic characteristics (what we call structural factors) versus a portion attributable to racial and ethnic factors. What would such a measure look like? In this paper, we draw on a new source of data to develop an innovative structural segregation measure that shows the amount of segregation that would remain if we could assign households to housing units based only on non-racial socioeconomic characteristics. This inquiry provides vital building blocks for the broader enterprise of understanding and remedying housing segregation.
Simple Reagents for Direct Halonium-Induced Polyene Cyclizations

Although there are many reagent combinations that can initiate polyene cyclizations, simple electrophilic halogen sources have not yet proven broadly effective as promoters of such processes. Herein is described a readily prepared and stable class of reagents capable of effecting such transformations for a wide range of electron-rich and -deficient terpenes derived from geraniol, farnesol, and nerol, thereby enabling the effective synthesis of a diverse array of complex chlorine-, bromine-, and iodine-containing polycyclic frameworks. Efforts to date have led to the first racemic laboratory total synthesis and structural revision of the anti-HIV natural product peyssonol A as well as an efficient and concise inaugural total synthesis of peyssonoic acid A. They have also permitted formal racemic total syntheses of aplysin-20, loliolide, K-76, and stemodin to be achieved through routes that are typically shorter, higher-yielding, and more environmentally conscious than previous efforts. Preliminary attempts to use chiral forms of the reagent class for enantioselective alkene halogenation are also described.
Analysis on Grain Quality of Indica Hybrid Rice Combinations Bred During Recent Twenty-Five Years in China

To understand the grain quality of indica hybrid rice combinations in China and to clarify its key points for genetic improvement for the future,ten grain quality traits and their superior quality rates(SQRs) of 4495 indica hybrid rice combinations bred since 1984 were analyzed.The SQRs of the ten grain quality traits were from 34.2% to 97.9%,with an average of 78.5%.The excellent indica hybrid rice combinations with all the five key grain quality traits(head rice rate,chalkiness degree,transparency degree,amylose content and quality index) in or above the standards of the third class superior quality of rice occupied 29.9% of the total.The average SQRs for the ten grain quality traits of the tested combinations bred in the three periods,1980s,1990s and 2001-2008,were 64.2%,71.1% and 81.4%,and the SQRs for quality indices were 84.5%,86.4% and 88.5%,respectively.The excellent indica hybrid rice combinations bred in 2001-2008 with all of the five key quality traits in or above the standards of the third class superior quality occupied 32.9%,18.0 and 11.9 percent points higher than that in 1980s and 1990s.The above results indicated that in general,the grain quality of the indica hybrid rice combinations bred in 2001-2008 was better than that in 1980s and 1990s.The tested combinations of Boyou-,Zhongyou-and Peiyou-series showed better grain quality.On the other hand,it was noticed that the SQRs of chalky grain rate and chalkiness degree were rather lower(only 34.2% and 55.1%,respectively) than that of other eight quality traits,which would be the emphasis of grain quality improvement of indica hybrid rice in recent future.
Suboptimal Treatment Results with the Therasonics Lithotriptor

AbstractFrom July 1988 to August 1991, 174 stone treatments were attempted on 112 stones in 86 patients using a Therasonics††Diasonics Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah. lithotriptor. Mean stone diameter was 13mm. (range 4 to 60). The success rate (defined as no debris or fragments less than 4mm. in an asymptomatic patient) was 49% and the retreatment rate was 63%. Subjects reported moderate to severe pain during 70 treatment sessions (42%) despite sedation with parenteral narcotics (50 to 100mg. meperidine and 50mg. hydroxyzine intramuscularly). One patient had perirenal bleeding requiring a 7-unit blood transfusion. Of the treatments 24 (13%) were aborted, 10 due to pain and 13 because of inability of the operator to position the patient or localize the stone. These results appear to be inferior to those reported with alternative lithotriptors. Modifications that have been made in the Therasonics system may improve stone localization and treatment results.
Circulating clonal lymphocytes in myeloma constitute a minor subpopulation of B cells [see comments]

The mononuclear cells in the blood of myeloma patients have been reported to contain a high proportion of phenotypically abnormal myeloma B lymphocytes. These cells have been proposed to constitute the drug-resistant proliferative myeloma cell compartment. To determine the extent of B lymphocyte involvement, the proportion of clonotypic cells among the CD19-expressing cells from myeloma patients was estimated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). The results indicate that the B lymphocytes constitute, on average, 6% of blood mononuclear cells, and that only a minor fraction of these are clonally related to the myeloma cells. While the small number of circulating clonal cells is not incompatible with their proposed role as a reservoir of proliferating myeloma progenitors, the majority of the B cells appear not to be clonally related to the myeloma cells.