cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A model for propagation of action potentials in smooth muscle

Abstract A modified Hodgkin & Huxley (1952) model for axons was used to simulate smooth muscle action potentials. The modifications were such as to match our own experimental results and published data on the passive and active behavior of smooth muscle. A brief account of the modifications introduced to the HH model is as follows. The resting ionic conductances were obtained from the data of Casteels (1969). Chloride conductance was replaced by an ad hoc leakage conductance ( g L ) in order to obtain a resting membrane resistance of about 11 kΩcm2. The ionic equilibrium potentials were according to Kao & Nishiyama (1969). The rate constants m, n and h have similar form to those in axons, but their different numerical values produce action potentials that match the duration of the smooth muscle action potential (about 16 ms) at half its maximum amplitude. The effective membrane capacitance was taken as 2.5 μF/cm2. The results obtained by implementing those smooth muscle parameters in the HH formulation include: (a) a membrane potential that matches the main characteristics of experimentally recorded action potentials in uterine smooth muscle and guinea-pig taenia-coli, and (b) a propagated action potential which, on a cable diameter of 5 μm (similar to the diameter of a single smooth muscle cell), has a speed of propagation within the range of the values experimentally recorded in smooth muscle. This observed velocity of propagation is not compatible with a large cable and it is concluded that “functional units” are not required to sustain propagation of action potentials in smooth muscle.
Reconstructing Russia: U.S. Policy in Revolutionary Russia, 1917-1922

This volume focuses on the Wilson administration's efforts to find some way to provide economic support to Russian Siberia as a counterpoint to German economic influence. Leo C. Bacino examines Wilson's Russian policy from a government-wide perspective, analyzing several significant issues.
In vitro and in vivo translation of the ribonucleic acids of a cowpea strain of tobacco mosaic virus

Abstract Experiments reported here support the notion that intact TMV RNA has genes which are not translated directly and that specific fragments of the RNA are the functional messengers for those genes. A discrete class of short nucleoprotein rods, in addition to the expected 300-nm rods, was observed by Morris in a cowpea strain of TMV isolated from infected cowpea tissue. We have found a third class of rods of intermediate length. RNAs from the three kinds of rods were separately translated in a wheat germ cell-free protein synthesis system. RNA from the short rods directed the synthesis of a polypeptide with some properties of capsid protein: the same electrophoretic mobility in detergent-impregnated polyacrylamide gels and the ability to participate in a reconstitution reaction with virus RNA. RNA from long rods directed the synthesis of a spectrum of polypeptides. Among these one of ∼130,000 molecular weight predominated. It had the same electrophoretic mobility as a polypeptide which was recovered from virus-infected tissue, but not from mock-inoculated tissue. RNA from rods of an intermediate length class directed the synthesis of one or two polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of about 30,000. Capsid polypeptide could not be demonstrated among the products formed under the direction of the long or immediate rods RNAs. However, RNA-RNA hybridization experiments indicate that short and intermediate rod RNAs share nucleotide sequences with each other and with the long rod RNA. The possible relationships of these results to the replication of the common strain of TMV and brome mosaic virus are discussed.
Theoretical study of NiAr

Abstract Theoretical calculations are performed for the 2 Σ + ground state and low-lying 2 Π and 2 Δ states of NiAr + . The calculated spect constants for the 2 Σ + state, D 0 =0.45 eV and ω e =210 cm −1 , agree well with the recently measured values of D 0 =0.55 eV and ω e =235 cm −1 . However, the theoretical r e value of 2.375 A is significantly larger than the values deduced from the measured D 0 and ω e values using an electrostatic model. This difference is discussed in terms of shortcomings of the electrostatic model employed in the analysis.
A peripheral cannabinoid mechanism suppresses spinal fos protein expression and pain behavior in a rat model of inflammation

The present studies were conducted to test the hypothesis that systemically inactive doses of cannabinoids suppress inflammation-evoked neuronal activity in vivo via a peripheral mechanism. We examined peripheral cannabinoid modulation of spinal Fos protein expression, a marker of neuronal activity, in a rat model of inflammation. Rats received unilateral intraplantar injections of carrageenan (3%). In behavioral studies, carrageenan induced allodynia and mechanical hyperalgesia in response to stimulation with von Frey monofilaments. The cannabinoid agonist WIN55,212-2 (30 microg intraplantarly), administered concurrently with carrageenan, attenuated carrageenan-evoked allodynia and hyperalgesia relative to control conditions. In immunocytochemical studies, WIN55,212-2 suppressed the development of carrageenan-evoked Fos protein expression in the lumbar dorsal horn of the spinal cord relative to vehicle treatment. The same dose administered systemically or to the noninflamed contralateral paw failed to alter either carrageenan-evoked allodynia and hyperalgesia or carrageenan-evoked Fos protein expression, consistent with a peripheral site of action. The suppressive effects of WIN55,212-2 (30 microg intraplantarly) on carrageenan-evoked Fos protein expression and pain behavior were blocked by local administration of either the CB(2) antagonist SR144528 (30 microg intraplantarly) or the CB(1) antagonist SR141716A (100 microg intraplantarly). WIN55,212-3, the enantiomer of the active compound, also failed to suppress carrageenan-evoked Fos protein expression. These data provide direct evidence that a peripheral cannabinoid mechanism suppresses the development of inflammation-evoked neuronal activity at the level of the spinal dorsal horn and implicate a role for CB(2) and CB(1) in peripheral cannabinoid modulation of inflammatory nociception.
6. The Challenge of Multigenerational Poverty

It is extraordinary how little we know about what the author calls multigenerational poverty. Is poverty passed on from generation to generation in significant numbers? If so, does this imply that different public policies are needed than we now have? This expert in the field raises new and necessary questions.
Morphological Effects of Natural Products on Schizosaccharomyces pombe Measured by Imaging Flow Cytometry

Gaining a full understanding of the mechanisms of action of natural products as therapeutic agents includes observing the effects of natural products on cellular morphology, because abnormal cellular morphology is an important aspect of cellular transformations that occur as part of disease states. In this study a set of natural products was examined in search of small molecules that influence the cylindrical morphology of fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Imaging flow cytometry of large populations of S. pombe exposed to natural products captured cell images and revealed changes in mean length and aspect ratio of cells. Several natural products were found to alter S. pombe’s morphology relative to control, in terms of elongating cells, shrinking them, or making them more round. These results may facilitate future investigations into methods by which cells establish and maintain specific shapes. Gaining a full understanding of the mechanisms of action of natural products as therapeutic agents includes observing the effects of natural products on cellular morphology, because abnormal cellular morphology is an important aspect of cellular transformations that occur as part of disease states. In this study a set of natural products was examined in search of small molecules that influence the cylindrical morphology of fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Imaging flow cytometry of large populations of S. pombe exposed to natural products captured cell images and revealed changes in mean length and aspect ratio of cells. Several natural products were found to alter S. pombe’s morphology relative to control, in terms of elongating cells, shrinking them, or making them more round. These results may facilitate future investigations into methods by which cells establish and maintain specific shapes.
Influence of Vagi and Splanchnics upon Blood Sugar Response to Glucose Administration.

Summary1. Section of the vagus nerves below the diaphragm was found to have no effect on the tolerance of normal dogs to intravenously injected glucose. No evidence was obtained which pointed to secretory or tonbc inhibitory fibers in either of the vagus nerves. 2. Removal of one adrenal and denervation of the other resulted in a slightly more rapid fall in blood sugar after intravenous injection of glucose. This difference in rate, though persistent in the animal studied, was nevertheless small and of doubtful significance. 3. Celiac ganglionectomy after bilateral vagus section and after removal of one adrenal and denervation of the other was without effect on glucose tolerance. 4. No evidence was obtained in normal dogs to substantiate a theoretical basis for op erative procedures designed to increase tolerance to glucose.We are indebted to Dr. David Rapport for valuable suggestions in carrying out this work. We wish to express our gratitude to Drs. David D. Berlin and Joseph Tartakoff for performing al...
Advanced data services over optical transport networks

Work on optical network control plane protocols has enabled faster and more efficient provisioning and management of carrier core optical networks, thereby reducing operational costs and capital expenditure. Many potential data applications for such capabilities, however, require Ethernet as the physical interface into the network, rather than SONET/SDH or OTN (Optical Transport Network) interfaces. Support of such services over an optical network becomes a multi-layer networking problem, wherein the client layer is packet based (e.g., Ethernet) and the server layer is optical (SONET/SDH or OTN). This paper discusses the enhancements that have been created in SONET/SDH and OTN networks (e.g., GFP, VCAT, LCAS) for the efficient transport of Ethernet and other data networking protocols, and the related extensions to control plane protocols that are necessary to allow for the support of multi-layer networking. Different control-plane models are being pursued in standards bodies such as ITU-T and IETF, and prototyping is being carried out and tested in the OIF. These various approaches are discussed in detail here, with focus placed on the prototyping work that has been done in the OIF, especially for the OIF 2005 Interoperability Demonstration.
Holmium laser lithotripsy of bladder calculi

Although the overall incidence of bladder calculi has been decreasing, it is still a significant disease affecting adults and children. Prior treatment options have included open cystolitholapaxy, blind lithotripsy, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, and visual lithotripsy with ultrasonic or electrohydraulic probes. The holmium laser has been found to be extremely effective in the treatment of upper tract calculi. This technology has also been applied to the treatment of bladder calculi. We report our experience with the holmium laser in the treatment of bladder calculi. Twenty- five patients over a year and a half had their bladder calculi treated with the Holmium laser. This study was retrospective in nature. Patient demographics, stone burden, and intraoperative and post-operative complications were noted. The mean stone burden was 31 mm with a range of 10 to 60 mm. Preoperative diagnosis was made with either an ultrasound, plain film of the abdomen or intravenous pyelogram. Cystoscopy was then performed to confirm the presence and determine the size of the stone. The patients were then taken to the operating room and given a regional or general anesthetic. A rigid cystoscope was placed into the bladder and the bladder stone was then vaporized using the holmium laser. Remaining fragments were washed out. Adjunctive procedures were performed on 10 patients. These included transurethral resection of the prostate, transurethral incision of the prostate, optic internal urethrotomy, and incision of ureteroceles. No major complications occurred and all patients were rendered stone free. We conclude that the Holmium laser is an effective and safe modality for the treatment of bladder calculi. It was able to vaporize all bladder calculi and provides a single modality of treating other associated genitourinary pathology.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ondes de choc et hypothèses de compressibilité en magnétohydrodynamique relativiste

The principal purpose of this paper is to show that the normals to the hypersurfaces in space-time which represent the shock waves of relativistic magnetohydrodynamics are spacelike when the caloric equation of state of the medium satisfies the conditions of compressibility previously given in references [5] and [6]. Thus, the velocities of these waves are less than the local velocity of light and the theory is consistent with the postulates of a relativistic theory. A theorem previously given in reference [5] concerning the stability of Alfven shock waves, is corrected in this paper.
Willie Mays: Meet John Nash

An alleged strategy by Willie Mays is presented to introduce some basic ideas of game theory to students.
A note on the evaluation of similarity (homology) of short sequences with long sequences

Monte Carlo data on the comparison of a short sequence with a long one are developed in a manner to quantify the occurrence of gaps.
ONLINE RATINGS: CONVERGENCE TOWARDS A POSITIVE PERSPECTIVE?

Do online reviews reflect the true quality of products? Several articles, in both the popular press and the research community, have publicized that the average rating for top review sites is above 4 out of 5 stars. In this paper, we study the phenomena of review rating trends and convergence. We analyze data obtained from a popular restaurant review website, and present several models of increasing sophistication for the dynamics of the review ratings we observe.
Loss of adrenergic control of the force-frequency relation in heart failure secondary to idiopathic or ischemic cardiomyopathy.

Abstract This study was designed to determine whether the force-frequency effect on myocardial contractility, known to be importantly regulated by the adrenergic nervous system in experimental animals, can be enhanced by β-adrenergic receptor stimulation in patients with heart failure. Animal experiments have demonstrated that the positive force-frequency relation in most mammals is subject to enhancement by β-adrenergic receptor stimulation during exercise or infusion of a β-receptor agonist. In animal models of heart failure, this regulatory mechanism generally is lost. The response to progressive increases in heart rate to 150 to 160 beats/min by right atrial pacing before and during dobutamine infusion was studied in 3 relatively normal subjects and in 5 patients with severe dilated cardiomyopathy. Left ventricular (LV) pressure and its first derivative (LV dP/dt max ) were measured with a micromanometer, and the time constant of LV relaxation was assessed. The slopes of the relations between heart rate and LV dP/dt max in control subjects were positive at baseline and the mean slope increased substantially and significantly during dobutamine infusion. In patients with heart failure, the heart rate versus LV dP/dt max relations were depressed and flattened without a descending limb. Dobutamine infusion shifted this relation upward slightly, without increase in mean slope, indicating lack of amplification. The rate of isovolumic relaxation significantly decreased as heart rate increased at baseline and was further shortened by dobutamine. In patients with heart failure, a depressed and flattened relation between heart rate and LV dP/dt max (force-frequency effect) did not show the amplification of myocardial contractility by β-adrenergic stimulation observed in the normal heart. This abnormality in control of the force-frequency relation undoubtedly plays an important role in the impairment of cardiac function during exercise in heart failure.
Effect of Polymorphism in the Drosophila Regulatory Gene Ultrabithorax on Homeotic Stability

Development is buffered against unpredictable environmental and genetic effects. Here, a molecular genetic analysis of one type of developmental homeostasis, the establishment of thoracic segmental identity under the control of the Ultrabithorax (Ubx) gene in Drosophila melanogaster, is presented. Flies were artificially selected for differential sensitivity to the induction of bithorax phenocopies by ether vapor. The experiments demonstrated that increased sensitivity to ether correlated with a loss of expression of UBX in the third thoracic imaginal discs and that a significant proportion of the genetic variation for transcriptional stability can be attributed to polymorphism in the Ubx gene.
Effects of Phase Separating Systems on Lyophilized Hemoglobin

Polymer liquid-liquid two-phase systems offer a unique opportunity to study the mechanisms of protein stabilization during freezing and freeze-drying. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to monitor the structural integrity of recombinant hemoglobin frozen and lyophilized in the separated phases of a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-dextran system. Protein in each phase of an equilibrated biphasic PEG-dextran system experiences similar levels of structural protection against freezing stresses despite large differences in polymer concentration. This result further demonstrates previous suggestions that proteins are protected during freezing by the preferential exclusion mechanism. There are, however, distinct differences in the level of structural protection that polymers in equilibrium phases provide to proteins during lyophilization, emphasizing that the mechanisms of protein protection during freezing and drying are fundamentally different. In addition, we provide evidence that phase separation per se occurring during the course of the lyophilization cycle can be detrimental to the structural stability of a protein.
Image compression with Iris-C

Iris-C is an image codec designed for streaming video applications that demand low bit rate, low latency, lossless image compression. To achieve compression and low latency the codec features the discrete wavelet transform, Exp-Golomb coding, and online processes that construct dynamic models of the input video. Like H.264 and Dirac, the Iris-C codec accepts input video from both the YUV and YCOCG colour spaces, but the system can also operate on Bayer RAW data read directly from an image sensor. Testing shows that the Iris-C codec is competitive with the Dirac low delay syntax codec which is typically regarded as the state-of-the-art low latency, lossless video compressor.
The heterarchy of values determined by the topology of nervous nets.

Because of the dromic character of purposive activities, the closed circuits sustaining them and their interaction can be treated topologically. It is found that to the value anomaly, whenA is preferred toB,B toC, butC toA, there corresponds a diadrome, or circularity in the net which is not the path of any drome and which cannot be mapped without a diallel on a surface sufficient to map the dromes. Thus the apparent inconsistency of preference is shown to indicate consistency of an order too high to permit construction of a scale of values, but submitting to finite topological analysis based on the finite number of nervous cells and their possible connections.
Compartmentalization and Quantitation of Protein in Human Milk

Humanmilkproteinwas determinedbythree colorimetrie methods and by Kjeldahl analysis. The distri bution of nitrogen (N) and protein was determined within various milk compartments. Total N, whey, casein, non- protein nitrogen (NPN), cell N and N in the fat fraction were analyzed by micro-Kjeldahl analysis after a series of cen- trifugation and ultracentrifugation separations. Fresh milk samples (colostrum, transitional milk and mature milk) were centrifuged at 500 x g to separate milk cells and at 5000 x g to skim the milk. Decelled milk and skimmed milk were ultracentrifuged at 189,000 x g to separate fat and casein micelles from whey. NPN was analyzed after trichloroacetic acid precipitation. Wholemilk, decelled milk, skimmed milk and whey were analyzed for protein with the Lowry method, modified for fat-containing samples, the Bradford dye-binding assay (Bio-Rad) and the Pierce bi- cinchoninic acid (BCA) assay. Cell nitrogen had a tendency to be lower in mature milk than in colostrum. Colostrum contained only 6% casein protein, whereas mature milk contained 13%. Fat from skimming was lower in N than fat from ultracentrifugation. Average NPN levels were sim ilar for milk from all three lactation periods, and constituted 10% of colostrum N and 25% of mature milk N. Protein determined by the Bio-Rad method on whole milk samples had the lowest variability ( \ MSE) when correlated to Kjel dahl values. Allthree assays had lower variabilitywhen ana lyzing whey and skimmed milk than when analyzing whole milk. The Lowrymethod and the Bio-Rad method had low variability for whey and skimmed mUk samples, but the Lowrymethod yielded analytical values closest to Kjeldahl protein values. The BCA method consistently overesti mated Kjeldahl protein by 30%. J. Nutr. 117: 1385- 1395, 1987.
Amiloride inhibition of the proton-translocating NADH-quinone oxidoreductase of mammals and bacteria.

The proton-translocating NADH-quinone oxidoreductase in mitochondria (complex I) and bacteria (NDH-1) was shown to be inhibited by amiloride derivatives that are known as specific inhibitors for Na+/H+ exchangers. In bovine submitochondrial particles, the effective concentrations were about the same as those for the Na+/H+ exchangers, whereas in bacterial membranes the inhibitory potencies were lower. These results together with our earlier observation that the amiloride analogues prevent labeling of the ND5 subunit of complex I with a fenpyroximate analogue suggest the involvement of ND5 in H+ (Na+) translocation and no direct involvement of electron carriers in H+ (Na+) translocation.
A Mitochondriocentric Pathway to Cardiomyocyte Necrosis: An Upstream Molecular Mechanism in Myocardial Fibrosis

The pathophysiologic origins of heart failure can be attributed to a pathologic remodeling of myocardium, including necrotic loss of cardiomyocytes and consequent reparative fibrosis. Hypertensive heart disease with concentric left ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis represents a major etiologic factor accounting for diastolic heart failure. Herein, we focus on molecular mechanisms to the precursor of fibrosis, namely, cardiomyocyte necrosis, whose pathogenic origin resides in a mitochondriocentric signal-transducer–effector pathway. Its major components include intracellular Ca2+ overloading of cytosolic and mitochondrial domains, the induction of oxidative stress by these organelles which overwhelms endogenous antioxidant defenses, and the increased opening potential of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Novel cardioprotective strategies aimed at preventing the progressive remodeling of the failing heart should target upstream molecular mechanisms that prevent cardiomyocyte necrosis rather than downstream events involving collagen turnover related to fibrosis.
Sundual characterizations of the translation group of R

We characterize the first three sundual spaces of C-0(R), with respect to the translation group of R.
Strength of discontinuous reinforced composites: I. Fiber reinforced composites

The strength of randomly oriented short fiber composites has been modeled by a quasi-isotropic laminate. Lamination theory and a failure criterion will be used to approximate the stress-strain response of a composite as it is loaded to failure. Experimental data are presented and compared with the maximum-strain failure criterion.
World War II and Its Effect on the Sex Differential in Arrests: An Empirical Test of the Sex-Role Equality and Crime Proposition*

A common explanation for the decrease in the sex differential in arrests during World War II attributes it to a change in female sex-role behavior. Because of the wartime equalization of sex roles, particularly of expanding occupational roles of women, female arrest rates began to approach male rates. Two alternative explanations appear equally plausible: (1) changes in the sex-age structure of the population at risk and (2) changes in official reactions to female “sex offenders” over the prewar to wartime period, as reflected in the differentiation in types of crimes for which males and females were arrested during World War II. The analysis examines these two alternative explanations, and finds that: (a) by simply correcting for the sex-age structure of the population, the narrowing of the sex differential is reduced considerably; and (b) by taking into account type of crime, and specifically by omitting offense categories that reflect the paternalism and double standard of sexual morality in society, the narrowing of the sex differential disappears. Finally, the predicted special effects of World War II on female arrests for property crimes did not materialize.
Simultaneous optimal segmentation and model estimation of nonstationary noisy images

The authors present the class of semi-Markov random fields and deal, in particular, with the subclass of discrete-valued, nonsymmetric half-plane, unilateral Markov random fields. A hierarchical nonstationary-mean nonstationary-variance (NMNV) image model is proposed for the modeling of nonstationary and noisy images. This model seems to be advantageous as compared to a regular NMNV model because it statistically incorporates the correlation between pixels around the boundary of two adjacent regions. The hierarchical NMNV model leads to the development of an optimal algorithm that allows the simultaneous segmentation and model estimation of measured images. Although no theoretical result is available for the consistency of the estimated model parameters, the method seems to work sufficiently well for the examples considered. >
Opinion conformity as an impression management tactic following performance of an unpleasant task

Ninety-six subjects were induced to taste unpleasant liquids under conditions of either high or low external justification. In the context of a subsequent interview, subjects rated the task, themselves, and the experimenter for an interviewer who purportedly made positive, negative, or no comments about the task. Subjects rated the liquids as tastier under low- rather than high-justification conditions, thus rationalizing their decision. Also, female subjects under low-justification conditions conformed to the positive comment made by the interviewer by rating the task and the experimenter more favorably. The results support the contention that the social context of dissonance-type experiments is important in understanding attitude chancge.
Impact of chromatic and polarization-mode dispersions on DPSK systems using interferometric demodulation and direct detection

We study the impact of chromatic dispersion (CD) and first-order polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) on systems using binary differential phase-shift keying (2-DPSK) or quaternary DPSK (4-DPSK) with nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) or return-to-zero (RZ) formats. These signals are received using optical preamplification, interferometric demodulation, and direct detection. We consider the linear propagation regime and compute optical power penalties at fixed bit-error ratio (BER). In order to evaluate the BER precisely taking account amplifier noise, arbitrary pulse shapes, arbitrary optical and electrical filtering, CD, and PMD, we introduce a novel model for DPSK systems and compute the BER using a method recently proposed by Forestieri for on-off keying (OOK) systems. We show that when properly applied, the method yields highly accurate results for DPSK systems. We have found that when either the NRZ or RZ format is used, 2-DPSK exhibits lower power penalties than OOK in the presence of CD and first-order PMD. RZ-2-DPSK, as compared with NRZ-2-DPSK, incurs smaller penalties due to PMD, but offers no advantage in terms of CD. 4-DPSK, as it has twice the symbol duration of OOK or 2-DPSK for a given bit rate, incurs much lower CD and PMD power penalties than either of these techniques. RZ-4-DPSK is especially promising, as it offers CD and PMD penalties significantly smaller than all other techniques, including NRZ-4-DPSK.
Response to Letter Regarding Article, “Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 as a Predictor of Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiopulmonary Bypass”

We are thankful to Drs Roldan, Marin, and Lip for their interest in our study.1 We agree that the pathophysiology of postoperative atrial fibrillation (AF) is complex and likely involves interactions among surgical trauma, activation of the inflammatory response, preexisting atrial pathology, and specific triggers. Elevated plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 …
A Computer-Based Simulation of Ice-Breaking by Impact

A computer simulation is developed for investigating ice-breaking by impulsive loading based on a specially developed finite element code. The computer program is capable of dealing with the multitude of complex conditions encountered in simulating ice-breaking. It is able to simulate stress, strain and axisymmetric states under different dynamic loadings such as stress waves generated by explosives, time-dependent forces and displacements, or stresses produced by impact. Moreover, the code is capable of handling different types of materials, in order to idealize the interaction between layers of ice with different properties and between ice and water. Different theories of fracture are included to facilitate the adoption of the program to the simulation of various types of ice. The simulation is utilized to develop dimensionless relationships for predicting the necessary conditions for ice-breaking by impact.
Behaviorism and mentalism: Is there a third alternative?

Behaviorism and mentalism are commonly considered to be mutually exclusive and conjunctively exhaustive options for the psychological explanation of behavior. Behaviorism and mentalism do differ in their characterization of inner causes of behavior. However, I argue that they are not mutually exclusive on the grounds that they share important foundational assumptions, two of which are the notion of an innerouter split and the notion of control. I go on to argue that mentalism and behaviorism are not conjunctively exhaustive either, on the grounds that dropping these common foundational assumptions results in a distinctively different framework for the explanation of behavior. This third alternative, which is briefly described, is a version of non-individualism.
IL-12 Enhances CD8 T Cell Homeostatic Expansion

The size of the T lymphocyte pool is maintained by regulation of T cell production, proliferation, and survival. Under the pressure of a T lymphopenic environment, mature naive T cells begin to proliferate in the absence of Ag, a process called homeostatic expansion. Homeostatic expansion involves TCR recognition of self peptide/MHC ligands, but less is known about the soluble factors that regulate this process. Here we show that IL-12 dramatically enhanced the homeostatic proliferation of CD8 T cells. In contrast, IL-2 had no beneficial effect on homeostatic expansion and, in fact, inhibited T cell expansion induced by IL-12. Using gene-targeted mice, we showed that IL-12 acted directly on the T cells to enhance homeostatic expansion, but that IL-12 cannot override the requirement for TCR interaction with self peptide/MHC ligands in homeostatic expansion. These data indicate that inflammatory cytokines may modulate T cell homeostasis after lymphopenia and have implications for regulation of the T cell repertoire and autoimmunity.
Speech Rhythm: Its Relation to Performance Universals and Articulatory Timing.

Abstract: The observed rhythms produced and perceived in spoken language are closely related to rhythms of other human behavior. This relationship is examined in terms of (1) the types of rhythmic structures observed, (2) the rate of succession of rhythmic units, (3) a perceptual tendency toward equalization of physically unequal intervals, and (4) the variability of rhythmic motor action. Universal rhythmic principles underlying this relationship are incorporated into languages in different ways, however, depending upon deeper phonological, syntactic, and lexical constraints, thus giving both competence and performance aspects to rhythm rules.
Systematic elucidation and in vivo validation of sequences enriched in hindbrain transcriptional control

Illuminating the primary sequence encryption of enhancers is central to understanding the regulatory architecture of genomes. We have developed a machine learning approach to decipher motif patterns of hindbrain enhancers and identify 40,000 sequences in the human genome that we predict display regulatory control that includes the hindbrain. Consistent with their roles in hindbrain patterning, MEIS1, NKX6-1, as well as HOX and POU family binding motifs contributed strongly to this enhancer model. Predicted hindbrain enhancers are overrepresented at genes expressed in hindbrain and associated with nervous system development, and primarily reside in the areas of open chromatin. In addition, 77 (0.2%) of these predictions are identified as hindbrain enhancers on the VISTA Enhancer Browser, and 26,000 (60%) overlap enhancer marks (H3K4me1 or H3K27ac). To validate these putative hindbrain enhancers, we selected 55 elements distributed throughout our predictions and six low scoring controls for evaluation in a zebrafish transgenic assay. When assayed in mosaic transgenic embryos, 51/55 elements directed expression in the central nervous system. Furthermore, 30/34 (88%) predicted enhancers analyzed in stable zebrafish transgenic lines directed expression in the larval zebrafish hindbrain. Subsequent analysis of sequence fragments selected based upon motif clustering further confirmed the critical role of the motifs contributing to the classifier. Our results demonstrate the existence of a primary sequence code characteristic to hindbrain enhancers. This code can be accurately extracted using machine-learning approaches and applied successfully for de novo identification of hindbrain enhancers. This study represents a critical step toward the dissection of regulatory control in specific neuronal subtypes.
Axl Receptor Blockade Ameliorates Pulmonary Pathology Resulting from Primary Viral Infection and Viral Exacerbation of Asthma

Viruses use Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk (TAM) receptor tyrosine kinases to infect and modulate the immune properties of various cell types, which led us to investigate whether TAM receptor activation affected primary viral infection and viral exacerbation of asthma in experimental models. In these lung-specific models, we observed that Axl was the most abundantly induced TAM receptor protein. During primary respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, anti-Axl mAb treatment significantly increased the number of IFN-γ-producing T cells and NK cells and significantly suppressed RSV replication and whole lung levels of IL-4 and IL-13. Intrapulmonary H1N1 infection induced lethal pulmonary inflammation, but anti-Axl mAb treatment of infected mice significantly increased the number of IFN-β-producing macrophages and dendritic cells and significantly suppressed neutrophil infiltration. Consequently, the lethal effect of H1N1 infection in this model was significantly reduced in the mAb-treated group compared with the IgG control-treated group. Targeting Axl also inhibited airway hyperresponsiveness, IL-4 and IL-13 production, and goblet cell metaplasia in an Aspergillus fumigatus-induced asthma model. Finally, infection of mice with RSV during fungal asthma significantly exacerbated airway inflammation, goblet cell metaplasia, and airway remodeling, but all of these features in this viral exacerbation model were ameliorated by anti-Axl mAb treatment. Taken together, these results demonstrate that Axl modulates the pulmonary immune response during viral and/or allergic pathology, and they also suggest that targeting this TAM receptor might provide a novel therapeutic approach in these infectious diseases.
Milking- and suckling-induced secretion of oxytocin and prolactin in parturient dairy cows.

Abstract Serum concentrations of prolactin were unaffected by either suckling or milking on Day 2 or 3 postpartum in cows housed with their calves following parturition. In contrast, among cows housed without their calves milking elicited a four- to sixfold increase in serum prolactin concentrations. Serum oxytocin levels increased in response to both suckling and milking among cows housed with their calves with suckling being a more potent stimulus (257 ± 32 vs 189 ± 23 pg/ml at peak). However, the greatest increase in oxytocin levels accompanied milking in cows housed without their calves (375 ± 36 pg/ml at peak). These results suggest that stimuli associated with the presence or the absence of the calf can alter maternal secretion of oxytocin and prolactin. Greater understanding of factors which regulate secretion of these hormones may result in techniques to modify milk synthesis and milk ejection in dairy cows.
Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of chlorpheniramine and the effect of ranitidine

Abstract This single-dose, randomized, crossover study was carried out to investigate the potential effect of ranitidine on the pharmacokinetics of chlorpheniramine. The study also afforded an, opportunity to add to the limited data currently available on the stereoselective pharmacokinetics of chlorpheniramine. Healthy subjects received a single oral 4 mg dose of racemic chlorpheniramine on two separate occasions: alone, and on day 6 of dosing with ranitidine 75 mg b.i.d. for 8 days. Serum concentrations and urinary recovery of ( S )-(+)- and ( R )-( −)-chlorpheniramine were unaffected by administration of ranitidine, indicating no pharmacokinetic drug–drug interaction. The observed chlorpheniramine pharmacokinetic data were consistent with previous data and indicated approximately 2.5-fold higher serum concentrations of the ( S )-(+) enantiomer. Previously reported high variability in chlorpheniramine pharmacokinetics was greatly reduced by well-controlled food and fluid intake.
Electron transfer in P450 mechanisms. Microsomal metabolism of cyclopropylbenzene and p-cyclopropylanisole

1. The metabolism of cyclopropylbenzene (1a) and 4-cyclopropylanisole (1b) was studied using liver microsomal preparations from control, phenobarbital- and β-naphthoflavone treated rats.2. With all three types of microsomes 1a was metabolized by benzylic hydroxylation to give 1-phenylcyclopropanol and by aromatic hydroxylation at C-4; the former predominated by a factor of 2–4. BNF-induced microsomes also formed 2-cyclopropylphenol. No cyclopropyl ring-opened metabolites of 1a, including benzoic acid, were detected in any of the incubations.3. With PB-induced microsomes 1b underwent O-demethylation (90%) and benzylic hydroxylation; no other metabolites were detected.4. Progress curves for metabolism of 1a are markedly nonlinear after only limited conversion of substrate, suggesting the possibility that 1a, like other cyclopropyl compounds, could be a suicide substrate for one or more isozymes of P450.5. For both 1a and b, metabolite formation and enzyme inactivation can be explained by conventional P450 r...
THE CLADID CRINOID BARYCRINUS FROM THE BURLINGTON LIMESTONE (EARLY OSAGEAN) AND THE PHYLOGENETICS OF MISSISSIPPIAN BOTRYOCRINIDS

All species of Barycrinus from the early Osagean Burlington Limestone of the United States midcontinent are reviewed. Burlington Barycrinus species include: B. rhombiferus (Owen and Shumard, 1852); B. magister (Hall, 1858); B. spurius (Hall, 1858); B. crassibrachiatus (Hall, 1860); B. scitulus (Meek and Worthen, 1860) n. combination; and B. sampsoni Miller and Gurley, 1896. Cyathocrinus latus Hall, 1861a, is here considered a junior synonym of B. rhombiferus. The stratigraphic practice of dividing the Burlington into upper and lower parts, for purposes of reporting species ranges, is evaluated. Morphologic data from these Burlington species are combined with data from late Osagean and Meramecian botryocrinid species of Barycrinus and Meniscocrinus, plus four species of Devonian and Mississippian Costalocrinus in a parsimony-based phylogenetic analysis of Mississippian botryocrinids. Results of this analysis indicate that 1) species of Barycrinus form a monophyletic clade that radiated rapidly during the Osagean; 2) B. rhombiferus may have been ancestral to all other Barycrinus species; and 3) M. magnitubus forms a clade with the Mississippian C. cornutus (Owen and Shumard, 1850) and the Devonian C. rex McIntosh, 1984.
Educating information professionals for 2050

Students who graduate from I-Schools in 2013 will very likely be working in 2050. We cannot predict what the world will be like in 2050 but we should imagine what kind of world we would like to see in 2050. To this end, in June 2012 we held a 2-day symposium and conference in Chapel Hill called Information Professionals 2050 that brought together 16 thought leaders to discuss what kind of information future we would like to see and consider how we best prepare information students today for careers that will still be active at mid-21st century. The proceedings from the symposium and conference are available at http://sils.unc.edu/sites/default/files/publications/Information-Professionals-2050.pdf. This panel brings together three of those thought leaders and the organizer of the meetings. Mike Eisenberg will discuss education trends such as demassification and the evolution of personal education records and how technologies are bringing fundamental changes in how, when, and where learning takes place. Liz Liddy will discuss how entrepreneurship is permeating I-Schools and adding rich experiences to learning, agile approaches to instruction, and new partnerships with industry. Cathy Marshall will discuss the potentials and perils of big data based on ethnographic investigations of how personal and corporate data are collected and used. Gary Marchionini will discuss the core values that information professionals share and how these values drive I-School approaches to socio-technical challenges and education.
Alphadale Community Bank, Inc

Alphadale Community Bank, Inc., began operating as a one-branch bank on January 1, 2006. It was dedicated to serving those in the small community of Alphadale who just wanted basic banking services without all the bells and whistles in a place where they felt comfortable and at home every time they walked through the door. The transactions that took place during its first year of operation are listed, and students are asked to record all transactions related to the first year of operations, prepare a December 31, 2006 balance sheet, and prepare an income statement for the year ended. The worksheet to record these transactions is provided.
Concurrent BMP7 and FGF9 signalling governs AP-1 function to promote self-renewal of nephron progenitor cells

Self-renewal of nephron progenitor cells (NPCs) is governed by BMP, FGF and WNT signalling. Mechanisms underlying cross-talk between these pathways at the molecular level are largely unknown. Here we delineate the pathway through which the proliferative BMP7 signal is transduced in NPCs in the mouse. BMP7 activates the MAPKs TAK1 and JNK to phosphorylate the transcription factor JUN, which in turn governs transcription of AP-1-element containing G1-phase cell cycle regulators such as Myc and Ccnd1 to promote NPC proliferation. Conditional inactivation of Tak1 or Jun in cap mesenchyme causes identical phenotypes characterized by premature depletion of NPCs. While JUN is regulated by BMP7, we find that its partner FOS is regulated by FGF9. We demonstrate that BMP7 and FGF9 coordinately regulate AP-1 transcription to promote G1-S cell cycle progression and NPC proliferation. Our findings identify a molecular mechanism explaining the important cooperation between two major NPC self-renewal pathways.
Molecular Weight Effects upon the Adhesive Bonding of a Mussel Mimetic Polymer

Characterization of marine biological adhesives are teaching us how nature makes materials and providing new ideas for synthetic systems. One of the most widely studied adhering animals is the marine mussel. This mollusk bonds to wet rocks by producing an adhesive from cross-linked proteins. Several laboratories are now making synthetic mimics of mussel adhesive proteins, with 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) or similar molecules pendant from polymer chains. In select cases, appreciable bulk bonding results, with strengths as high as commercial glues. Polymer molecular weight is amongst several parameters that need to be examined in order to both understand biomimetic adhesion as well as to maximize performance. Experiments presented here explore how the bulk adhesion of a mussel mimetic polymer varies as a function of molecular weight. Systematic structure-function studies were carried out both with and without the presence of an oxidative cross-linker. Without cross-linking, higher molecular weights generally afforded higher adhesion. When a [N(C4H9)4](IO4) cross-linker was added, adhesion peaked at molecular weights of ~50,000-65,000 g/mol. These data help to illustrate how changes to the balance of cohesion versus adhesion influence bulk bonding. Mussel adhesive plaques achieve this balance by incorporating several proteins with molecular weights ranging from 6000 to 110,000 g/mol. To mimic these varied proteins we made a blend of polymers containing a range of molecular weights. Interestingly, this blend adhered more strongly than any of the individual polymers when cross-linked with [N(C4H9)4](IO4). These results are helping us to both understand the origins of biological materials as well as design high performance polymers.
Formation of Trivalent U–C, U–N, and U–S Bonds and Their Reactivity toward Carbon Dioxide and Acetone

A family of uranium(III) complexes of the form Tp*2UX (Tp* = hydrotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate, X = CCPh (2-CCPh), CCSiMe3 (3-CCSiMe3), NHPh (4-NHPh), NHCH2Ph (5-NHCH2Ph), SPh (6-SPh)) have be...
An Examination of Some of A. G. Sündbärg's Hypotheses of Age Distribution of Population with Special Reference to the United States

has revealed the distinctive quality of a subregion as a cultural area. In the nature of the investigations of Lloyd Warner there will be evidence of the cultural profile of the Cane Hills. All about us are facts and observations which argue, indeed, that we ought not to restrict our definition of distinctive cultures to the level of small, isolated variants, but may well after all take for consideration segments of the interior and relatively homogeneous areas of the subregions which altogether make up the various "Souths" of tradition and economics, and may reveal something essential about their workings.