cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identifying gaps and using evidence-based practices to serve the behavioral health treatment needs of medicaid-insured children

Abstract The goal of this study was to examine gaps in Evidence-Based Practices (EBPs) implementation among behavioral health providers of Medicaid-insured youth. Providers (N = 222) representing 146 unique behavioral health programs were surveyed about EBPs implementation both directly and indirectly. Indirect measures included program characteristics common to EBPs. Frequency, heat mapping, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were performed. Statistical tests included T-tests, analysis of variance, and the Pearson correlation. Self-reported EBPs use was 66.2%, while indirect measures indicated lower actual EBP use (40%). Findings indicate EBPs are not effectively implemented by all behavioral health providers treating Medicaid-insured youth. Further research is needed to understand how these findings impact youths’ behavioral health outcomes. Policies should address the lack of EBP uptake and fidelity by increasing support for providers of Medicaid-insured populations.
Gene expression of the IGF hormones and IGF binding proteins across time and tissues in a model reptile

The insulin and insulin-like signaling (IIS) network regulates cellular processes including pre- and postnatal growth, cellular development, wound healing, reproduction, and longevity. Despite their importance in the physiology of vertebrates, the study of the specific functions of the top regulators of the IIS network, insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), has been mostly limited to a few model organisms. To expand our understanding of this network, we performed quantitative gene expression of IGF hormones in liver and qualitative expression of IGFBPs across tissues and developmental stages in a model reptile, the brown anole lizard (Anolis sagrei). We found that lizards express IGF2 across all life stages (preoviposition embryos to adulthood) and at a higher level than IGF1, which is opposite to patterns seen in laboratory rodents but similar to those seen in humans and other vertebrate models. IGFBP expression was ubiquitous across tissues (brain, gonad, heart, liver, skeletal muscle, tail, and regenerating tail) in adults, apart from IGFBP5, which was variable. These findings provide an essential foundation for further developing the anole lizard as a physiological and biomedical reptile model, as well as expanding our understanding of the function of the IIS network across species.
Low Rates of Preventive Healthcare Service Utilization Among Adolescents and Adults With Down Syndrome.

Introduction People with Down syndrome have health risks that require specific lifelong preventive health care. With increasing life expectancy, people with Down syndrome also face health conditions typical of their unaffected peers and thus need coordinated health care. The purpose of this study is to describe rates of age/sex- and Down syndrome–specific preventive healthcare activities among adolescents and adults with Down syndrome. Methods Using Medicaid claims (2006–2010) in California, Colorado, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, the cohort was defined as people with Down syndrome aged ≥12 years seen by primary care providers and enrolled in Medicaid for ≥45 of 60 months without dual Medicare enrollment (n=3,501). Age focus–consistent primary care providers were defined as having a focus concordant with a patient's age: 12–17 years, child or mixed-focus; ≥26 years, adult or mixed-focus; 18–25 years, any focus. Differences in healthcare activities were evaluated using Pearson's chi-square, Fisher's exact, and Kruskal–Wallis tests. Analyses were performed in 2015–2017. Results Of the cohort, 79% had an age focus–consistent primary care provider. However, 40% of adults aged ≥26 years received care from a child-focused primary care provider. Only 43% with an age focus–consistent provider had ≥1 well examination (age focus–inconsistent primary care provider: 35%, p Conclusions Rates of age/sex- and Down syndrome–specific preventive recommendations were low among adolescents and adults with Down syndrome, regardless of the age focus consistency of their primary care provider. This represents a significant opportunity to improve primary care in this vulnerable population.
Constant civility as corrosion of the soul: surviving through and beyond the politics of politeness

Survival for marginalized folks requires communication skills and understanding power dynamics in ways that often result in polite and/or civil discourse. This essay examines how we survive through...
Codesigning learning environments guided by the framework of Universal Design for Learning: a case study

Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is defined as a scientifically-valid instructional framework for guiding the design of learning environments that support all students. The implementation of UDL often requires proactive considerations of learner variability and iterative instructional designs that meet emergent student needs in a learning environment. This article focuses on a case study with a concurrent mixed-methods design that explored how a codesign process involving researchers, an educator, and students evolved to facilitate the implementation of UDL in an elementary classroom. An elementary educator and 25 students participated in the study. Quantitative and qualitative data collected from observations, interviews, and repeated measurements of student engagement were analyzed to track changes in the educator’s instructional designs, attitudes toward UDL implementation, and student engagement. We identified an improvement in the educator’s UDL-aligned instructional practices and positive attitudes toward using student perception data to inform instructional improvement through the codesign process. Opportunities and challenges with respect to the UDL implementation were discussed.
Stroke as Presenting Feature of COVID-19 in a Pediatric Patient

Neurologic manifestations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the virus responsible for novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) infection, have been frequently reported in the adult population but remain relatively rare in pediatric patients, specifically in regard to cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs). We present the case of a previously healthy 16-year-old adolescent boy with no preceding infectious symptoms who developed acute onset of left-sided weakness and slurred speech subsequently diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). After performing a thorough diagnostic work-up, no clear etiology for AIS was identified. He was found to be COVID-19 positive by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction upon admission. Accumulating evidence supports a link between COVID-19 and a systemic prothrombotic state suggesting pediatric patients who present with AIS and no other risk factors should be screened for this novel virus and potentially for extracranial sources of thrombi. As the rates of positive COVID-19 infection increase in the pediatric population, pediatricians and other pediatric subspecialists should be aware of the potential neurological and cerebrovascular complications of this novel virus to avoid delays in evaluation and intervention.
Observation of strong and anisotropic nonlinear optical effects through polarization-resolved optical spectroscopy in the type-II Weyl semimetal T d − W Te 2

The unique bulk crossing points in the band structure of topological Weyl semimetals have been shown to enhance nonlinear optical and optoelectronic properties, even for light at optical wavelengths. Such pronounced nonlinear optical effects have been studied in type-I Weyl semimetals, yet few studies have quantified these effects in type-II Weyl semimetals. We here present an optical experimental study with polarization resolution of two nonlinear optical effects in the type-II Weyl semimetal ${T}_{\mathrm{d}}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{W}{\mathrm{Te}}_{2}$. We begin by investigating the bulk optical second-harmonic response of this material using the rotational anisotropy of the second-harmonic generation. This technique allows us to simultaneously investigate the dependence of the second-harmonic response on the symmetry of the crystal and to quantify the size of that response, which we compare to other nonlinear crystals. We then use polarized time-resolved optical reflectivity spectroscopy to identify the nonlinear optical effect of impulsive stimulated Raman scattering as the origin of the coherent oscillations of the 0.25-THz shear mode. We find that the strength of this response in ${T}_{\mathrm{d}}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{W}{\mathrm{Te}}_{2}$ is enhanced compared with the observation of other modes excited through the displacive excitation of coherent phonons. Notably, both the second-harmonic response and the coherent excitations of the phonons demonstrate strong anisotropy, displaying a clear dependence on the polarization of the light used in the experiments. We use point-symmetry analyses of the material to guide our understanding of these observations and perform fluence-dependent measurements to investigate the electron-phonon coupling.
Effects of 12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid on Release of Cathepsin B and Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors from Malignant Melanoma Cells

The cysteine proteinase cathepsin B as well as the endogenous inhibitors of this enzyme have been implicated in the progression of tumors from a premalignant to a malignant state (for review see 1,2). Activity of cathepsin B has been shown to be elevated in parallel with malignancy or metastatic potential of both human and rodent tumors. These increases in cathepsin B activity correspond in part to increases in mRNA for cathepsin B and in part to reduced regulation by the endogenous low Mr cysteine proteinase inhibitors (CPIs). The inhibition constants for the interaction between stefin A purified from human tumors and cysteine proteinases are an order of magnitude greater than those for stefin A purified from human liver. Most properties of tumor cathepsin B appear to be similar to those of cathepsin B from normal tissues. However, the subcellular distribution of cathepsin B and CPIs is altered in tumors, resulting in association of cathepsin B and CPIs with plasma membrane fractions or in release of CPIs and of high Mr forms of cathepsin B (native and latent) into the extracellular mileau.
Key concepts of pinch analysis

A designer can blend key concepts with the intuition and experience of the individual process technology, giving better designs. The pinch design method starts the design where the problem is most constrained. This chapter presents the key concepts of pinch analysis, outlining the possibility to set energy targets and achieve them with a network of heat exchangers. Any flow which requires to be heated or cooled, but does not change in composition, is defined as a stream. The reaction process is not a stream as it involves a change in chemical composition, and the make-up flow is not a stream as it is not heated or cooled. The enthalpy or temperature-heat (T/H) content diagram is provided, which visualizes the amount of heat recovered and the size and temperature of the exchanger in the process of heat exchange. It also plots a given stream anywhere on the enthalpy axis. To handle multiple streams, composite curves are used, which are either hot or cold composite curves. The problem table method and an algorithm are used to algebraically set the energy targets obtained by composite curves. This enables a quick extraction of data from flowsheets, which can be analyzed to see whether the process is nearing optimal or whether significant scope for energy saving exists.
The Productivity Payoff of Computers

The Computer Revolution An Economic Perspective. by Daniel E. Sichel. Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC, 1997. 164 pp. $38.95. ISBN 0-8157-7896-1.
NEARLY INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID DYNAMICS

An evaluation is made of general theoretical models pertinent to investigations of both compressible and incompressible MHD turbulence in the solar wind. It is noted that the underlying incompressible description for turbulence investigations in the solar wind should be 2D incompressible MHD, rather than the usual 3D description. 'Nearly incompressible' MHD can account for the observed density, temperature, and magnetic fluctuation spectra; the density fluctuations are found to be partially slaved to the magnetic field fluctuations, as well as to be generated by the incompressible flow field.
Nucleosides : XXX. Synthesis of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-ribose

Abstract Crystalline 2-deoxy-2-fluoro- D -ribose (IVb) was prepared by debenzoylation of 1,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-β- D -ribose (VIb). Reduction of 2′-deoxy-2′-fluorouridine (Ib) gave amorphous 1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-β- D -ribofuranosyl)-5,6-dihydrouracil (IIb), which was converted into crystalline 1-(3,5-di-O-benzoyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-β- D -ribosyl)-5,6-dihydrouracil (III). Glycosylic cleavage of IIb with dilute alkali, followed by heating with dilute acid, gave a mixture containing IVb. Benzoylation of impure IVb produced crystalline VIb. A second product, in amorphous form, probably 1,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-α- D -ribose, was isolated; it also gave crystalline IVb upon debenzoylation. The pyranoid structure of VIb was proved as follows: replacement of the benzoyloxy group on C-1 by a methoxyl group gave methyl 3,4-di-O-benzoyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro- D -riboside (VIII). Debenzoylation gave the unsubstituted glycoside IX, which was shown to be a pyranoside, thus establishing the ring structure of VIb. Methanolysis of IIb, followed by benzoylation, gave crystalline methyl 3,5-di-O-benzoyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro- D -riboside (X) and amorphous VIII, as well as crystalline methyl 3-(N-benzoylureido)propionate (XII). Debenzoylation of X produced crystalline methyl 2-deoxy-2-fluoro- D -ribofuranoside (XI).
Economic Espionage and Industrial Spying: Tensions Between Security and Openness

the u.s. information and communications infrastructure sector generates more revenue than most nations produce. Far more than any other nation, the potential of new technologies has enabled the United States to reshape its governmental and commercial processes. All countries that make use of computer technology and especially those connected to the Internet are vulnerable, although the level to which the United States has incorporated new technologies and the highly networked nature of its infrastructure makes it the most vulnerable. Some experts have questioned whether such an open and flexible global information infrastructure is still in the best interests of the United States and the world in light of the growing threats from information warfare, information terrorism, and cybercrime. One must keep in mind this state of the world in assessing the efficacy of any proposed international agreement that portends to address the serious and far-reaching effects of information warfare, information terrorism, and cybercrime. Growing Vulnerability in the Information Age President Clinton chose his commencement address to the 1998 graduating class of the U.S. Naval Academy as a forum for highlighting the escalating threat posed by information warfare, information terrorism, and cybercrime: Our security is challenged increasingly by nontraditional threats from adversaries, both old and new, not only hostile regimes, but also international criminals and terrorists who cannot defeat us in traditional theaters of battle, but search instead for new ways to attack by exploiting new technologies and the world's increasing openness.
Sampling and Analysis for Nonoccupational Pesticide Exposure Assessments

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the direct measurement methods used in observational human exposure studies and includes approaches employed in the design of observational studies and considerations that should be addressed during study design and implementation. State-of-the-science sample collection methods and considerations for the selection of methods used for estimating exposures associated with different routes and pathways of exposure are discussed. This discussion also includes the general principles and state-of-the-science analytical methods used to measure pesticides and metabolites in environmental media, diet samples, and biological samples. The measurement of pesticides or pesticide metabolites in biological specimens, known as biomonitoring, is an important tool used to evaluate human exposure. Modeling is another important tool used to support exposure assessments. Despite the significant advances in biomonitoring and modeling tools, there is a continuing need to perform measurements of pesticides and pesticide metabolites in environmental media and to collect ancillary information to assess exposures. Measurement studies that incorporate the normal activities of people in their everyday environments fall under the category of studies described as observational exposure studies. Various approaches are available for assessing human exposure to pesticides. Direct methods involve measurements of pesticides and/or their metabolites in environmental media, diet samples, and/or biological media. These data and selected ancillary information are used in simple algorithms, statistical methods, and models to estimate exposures. However, the development of sampling and analysis methods for pesticides will continue to be a challenge with the nearly continuous introduction of new active ingredients and formulations.
Use of D-erythro-sphingosine as a pharmacological inhibitor of protein kinase C in human platelets

Sphingosine is a naturally occurring long-chain amino diol with potent inhibitory activity against protein kinase C in vitro and in cell systems. The use of sphingosine as a pharmacological tool to probe the activity of protein kinase C has been hampered by its amphiphilicity, possible contamination of its commercial preparations, and the existence of other targets for its action. To address these problems, high-purity D-erythro-sphingosine was prepared and employed to develop an approach for the use of sphingosine as a pharmacological agent. The addition of synthetic D-erythro-sphingosine to intact human platelets resulted in quick uptake and preferential partitioning into the particulate fraction. It was rapidly metabolized by intact platelets, 60% being degraded within 1 min after addition. Sphingosine was found to be a potent inhibitor of gamma-thrombin-induced aggregation and secretion of washed human platelets. Multiple criteria indicated that this effect is probably mediated through the inhibition of protein kinase C: (1) sphingosine inhibited protein kinase C activity in intact platelets with a similar dose/response to its inhibition of platelet aggregation and secretion; (2) sphingosine inhibited phorbol binding to intact platelets under identical conditions and with a similar dose-dependence; (3) exogenous dioctanoylglycerol overcame sphingosine9s inhibition of platelet activation. The effectiveness of sphingosine in inhibiting platelet activation was primarily determined by the ratio of sphingosine to total number of platelets. These data are discussed in relation to a general approach for the use of sphingosine and other parameters for determining biological activities of protein kinase C.
Effects of Frequency, Percolation, and Axisymmetric Microstructure on the Electrical Response of Hot‐Pressed Alumina–Silicon Carbide Whisker Composites

The electrical and dielectric properties of hot-pressed composites containing alumina and silicon carbide (SiC) whiskers were characterized over a wide frequency range (0.1 Hz–1.8 GHz). The results were correlated to the average distances between SiC inclusions which were measured by stereology as a function of orientation and composition. Percolation of the whiskers caused a drastic increase in the dc conductivity and the prominence of a dc-conductivity tail associated with a high-frequency Maxwell–Wagner interfacial polarization. In percolated samples, the tail obscured the dielectric loss peak and there was evidence for the fluctuation-induced tunneling mechanism of conduction. In nonpercolated samples, the loss peak was observed and the complex permittivity data were fit with a modified Maxwell–Wagner equation to account for a distribution of relaxation times. The frequency–dispersion magnitudes, fitting exponents, and central relaxation times were orientation-dependent. Also, a damped resonance was observed between 1.4 and 1.7 GHz. The influence of the results on the microwave-heating application is discussed.
Influence of electronic medical record implementation on provider retirement at a major academic medical centre

Rationale, aims and objectives The push for electronic medical record (EMR) implementation is grounded on increasing efficiency and cost savings. Our objective was to investigate the effect of EMR implementation on provider attrition. Methods We completed a retrospective study investigating whether medical provider attrition, clinical MD or equivalent, coincided with EMR implementation. We analysed monthly provider attrition rates and mean age at attrition 24 months preceding the EMR ‘go-live’ date at our institution and 12 months after. Results 208 provider departures occurred between July 2011 and June 2014. The attrition categories were classified as ‘departure’ (n = 137, 65.9%), ‘emeritus’ (n = 30; 14.4%), ‘no specified reason’ (n = 26; 12.5%) and ‘not reappointed’ (n = 15; 7.2). The most common degree held by departing providers was ‘MD’ (n = 170; 81.7%). Most departures occurred in June 2013 (n = 24). The mean provider age at departure was 46.4 years ± 2.9 years for June 2012, 48.1 years ± 2.5 years for June 2013 and 45.0 years ± 4.1 years for June 2014. Our data indicate a trend for both an increase in number of departing providers, as well as an increased mean age in the month immediately prior to EMR implementation. Conclusion To date, no other investigation of the effect of EMR implementation of provider retirements have been published. We demonstrate a peak in provider attrition in the month prior to EMR implementation that may not be explained by normal attrition patterns with an academic calendar. Level of evidence Level 5 – qualitative or descriptive study.
(+/-)-trans-2-[3-methoxy-4-(4-chlorophenylthioethoxy)-5-(N-methyl-N- hydroxyureidyl)methylphenyl]-5-(3,4, 5-trimethoxyphenyl)tetrahydrofuran (CMI-392), a potent dual 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor and platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist.

By incorporating an N-hydroxyurea functionality onto diaryltetrahydrofurans, a novel series of compounds was investigated as dual 5-lipoxygenese (5-LO) inhibitor and platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist. These dual functional compounds were evaluated in vitro for 5-LO inhibition in RBL cell extracts and human whole blood, and PAF receptor antagonism in a receptor binding assay. PAF-induced hemoconcentration and arachidonic acid- and TPA-induced ear edema in mice were used to determine in vivo activities. The structure−activity relationship analysis to define a preclinical lead is presented. (±)-trans-2-[3-methoxy-4-(4-chlorophenylthioethoxy)-5-(N-methyl-N-hydroxyureidyl)methylphenyl]-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)tetrahydrofuran (40, CMI-392) was selected for further study. In the arachidonic acid-induced mouse ear edema model, 40 was more potent than either zileuton (a 5-LO inhibitor) or BN 50739 (a PAF receptor antagonist), and it demonstrated the same inhibitory effect as a physical combina...
Iron(0) arene and iron(II) hydride complexes from the hydrogenation or thermolysis of high-spin iron(II) alkyls

The reactions of hydrogen with the 14-electron high-spin iron(II) dialkyls of stoichiometry [FeR2(dippe)][dippe = 1,2-bis(diisopropylphosphino)ethane] have been studied. The p-methylbenzyl complex in diethyl ether yielded the zerovalent p-xylene complex [Fe(η6-C6H4Me2-1,4)(dippe)], where the arene ligand has been formed by addition of a hydrogen atom to the α-carbon of the p-methylbenzyl group. Hydrogenation of [Fe(CH2C6H4Me-p)2(dippe)] in toluene gave a mixture of several products: the iron(0) arene complexes [Fe(η6-C6H4Me2-1,4)(dippe)] and [Fe(η6-C6H5Me)(dippe)], the iron (II) monohydride [Fe(η5-C6H5Me2-1,4)H(dippe)], where the 1,4-dimethylcyclohexadienyl ligand arises from addition of two hydrogen atoms to a p-methylbenzyl group, and the iron(II) dihydride [FeH2(dippe)2]. Further experiments suggest that these products do not interconvert under the reaction conditions, but instead are probably formed from a common intermediate. Several of the products formed in the hydrogenolysis reactions can be independently prepared. Reaction of [FeBr2(dippe)] with MgEt2 or MgBut2 in an arene solvent provides an alternative route to [Fe(η6-arene)(dippe)] species, the complexes [Fe(η6-C6H6)(dippe)] and [Fe(η6-C6H6)(dippe)] and [Fe(η6-C6H5Me)(dippe)] being prepared in this fashion. Presumably, the alkyl complexes ‘FeEt2(dippe)’ and ‘FeBut2(dippe)’ are generated, but they rapidly undergo β elimination to give unstable iron(II) hydrides; these intermediates then reductively eliminate H2 to yield an iron(0) centre which is trapped by the arene solvent. The iron(II) dihydride [FeH2(dippe)2] has been prepared independently by sodium-amalgam reduction of FeBr2 in the presence of an excess of dippe and 4 atm of H2. The NMR spectra of all the new complexes are described.
Muon-induced background study for underground laboratories

We provide a comprehensive study of the cosmic-ray muon flux and induced activity as a function of overburden along with a convenient parametrization of the salient fluxes and differential distributions for a suite of underground laboratories ranging in depth from $\ensuremath{\sim}1$ to 8 km.w.e.. Particular attention is given to the muon-induced fast neutron activity for the underground sites and we develop a depth-sensitivity relation to characterize the effect of such background in experiments searching for WIMP dark matter and neutrinoless double-beta decay.
Multimethod assessment of affective experience and expression during deep learning

Inquiries into the link between affect and learning require robust methodologies to measure the learner's affective states. We describe two studies that utilised either an online or offline methodology to detect the affective states of a learner during a tutorial session with AutoTutor. The online study relied on self-reports for affect judgements, while the offline study considered the judgements by the learner, a peer and two trained judges. The studies also investigated the relationships between facial features, conversational cues and emotional expressions in an attempt to scaffold the development of computer algorithms to automatically detect learners' emotions. Both methodologies showed that boredom, confusion and frustration are the prominent affective states during learning with AutoTutor. For both methodologies, there were also some relationships involving patterns of facial activity and conversational cues that were diagnostic of emotional expressions.
When is an island community in equilibrium

To determine whether the number of species in a biota is in equilibrium requires a colonization model. In a simple Markov model, each species9 extinction and immigration probabilities are estimated independently from available data. For one inland and two island avifaunas, a simulation with these probabilities shows that the trajectories of species richness through time do not manifest the regulatory tendencies expected if species interactions cause species richness to be continuously redressed toward an equilibrium.
Use of radiotelemetry to obtain expressive language samples

Abstract Expressive language samples were obtained from normal and language-disordered children through standard interview procedures and through wireless radiotelemetry. Comparisons of these samples using Developmental Sentence Scoring (DSS), mean length of utterance (MLU), and inflectional scoring indicated significant differences between the groups of children, and among the inerview-telemetry samples. Telemetry samples yielded different overall scores from those obtained with the interview samples, and there were significant differences in the types of language performance within the samples. Reliable telemetry scores across days were obtained. Difficulties in using the equipment are described and the procedures are compared.
A Universal Approach to Data Center Network Design

This paper proposes an approach to the design of large-scale general-purpose data center networks based on the notions of volume and area universality introduced by Leiserson in the 1980's in the context of VLSI design. In particular, we suggest that the principle goal of the network designer should be to build a single network that is provably competitive, for any application, with any network that can be built for the same amount of money. After describing our approach, we survey the technology choices available to network designers today, and examine several existing commercial data center networks. In the most recent of these networks resources are allocated roughly as we suggest in this paper.
Low-molecular-weight peptide stimulates cholinergic development in ventral spinal cord cultures.

Abstract Skeletal muscle extract contains a previously undocumented 1300- to 1500-Da neurotrophic factor. Incubation of ventral spinal cord neurons in the presence of this factor enhances the rate of de novo acetylcholine synthesis two- to threefold over control cells, after 6 days in culture. This effect on cholinergic activity appears to be selective, since incubation with the factor results in only slight elevations of lactate dehydrogenase activity and DNA content, and no increase in the acetycholinesterase activity. The 1300- to 1500-Da factor is acid-stable and partially sensitive to proteolysis by proteinase K, Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease, and subtilisin, but insensitive to trypsin. These results indicate that the active moiety is a peptide. The importance of peptides as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators is well accepted, but their role in the regulation of neuronal development is not widely appreciated. The present cholinergic neurotrophic peptide is distinct from previously characterized cholinergic trophic factors and represents the first example of a small, target-derived peptide which influences cholinergic development.
SCAN test-retest reliability for first- and third-grade children.

The SCAN is a popular screening test that was developed to provide a rapidly administered, standardized method for determining the potential of central auditory processing disorder (CAPD) in childr...
Central vein stenosis or occlusion associated with cardiac rhythm management device leads in hemodialysis patients with ipsilateral arteriovenous access: A retrospective study of treatment using stents or stent-grafts

Purpose Symptomatic central vein stenosis commonly occurs when cardiac rhythm management device (CRMD) leads are placed via the subclavian vein ipsilateral to arteriovenous (AV) hemodialysis (HD) access. The purposes of this study were to determine the outcomes, complications, and patency following stenting of CRMD lead-associated central vein stenosis or occlusion, and to determine the effect of stents on CRMD function. Methods Fourteen HD patients with AV access and an ipsilateral CRMD were treated with stents for symptomatic central vein stenosis or occlusion following inadequate response to angioplasty from January 2005 to December 2009. Subsequent access interventions, complications, and outcomes were reviewed retrospectively. Cardiology records were examined to assess CRMD function. Results Treatment of stenosis or occlusion with angioplasty and stenting resulted in 100% procedural success and no complications. At 6 and 12 months, respectively, primary patency rates were 45.5% and 9.0%; primary-assisted patency rates were 90.9% and 80.0%; secondary patency rates were 100% and 90.0%. There were 42 repeat interventions performed in 12 patients; five received additional stents. The mean number of subsequent interventions was 3.2 per patient (2.1 per patient-year). All CRMD testing demonstrated normal function with no device or lead failure. Seven of the 14 subjects died resulting in a 35.3% annual mortality rate. No deaths were attributable to dysrhythmia or CRMD failure and no patient required CRMD removal or exchange. Conclusions Placement of stents for CRMD lead-associated stenosis or occlusion yields high success and low complication rates with no effect on CRMD function. Patency rates are similar to those reported in other series of central venous stents.
Mechanical Injury Increases bFGF and CNTF mRNA Expression in the Mouse Retina

We characterized the survival-factor response of the normal mouse retina to mechanical injury by examining the expression of mRNAs for basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), and their receptors, FGF receptor-1 (FGFR-1) and CNTF receptor alpha (CNTFR-alpha). The retina was injured by making an incision through the choroid and retinal pigment epithelium that penetrated the subretinal space of each eye of an adult BALB/c mouse. Retinas were taken 6 hr, 12 hr, 1, 2, 4, 7, 10 and 16 days post-injury. Control animals were without injury. Northern blot analysis was performed to determine bFGF, CNTF and their receptor mRNA levels. A significant increase in bFGF and CNTF mRNAs was observed after injury, along with an increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression. More than 2-fold of upregulation of bFGF mRNA was seen as early as 6 hr after injury. This increase reached a maximum of more than 5-fold at day 2 post-injury and then declined slowly, and was still about 2.5-fold of the control level by day 16. Expression of CNTF showed a small increase of about 1.6-fold at 6 hr after injury. The upregulation reached a peak level of about 2.7-fold at day 4 after injury, then declined to control level by day 16. There was only a very small increase in FGFR-1 at 6, 12 and 24 hr after injury, and no significant increases in FGFR-1 at time points longer than 1 day post-injury. Expression of GFAP followed a time course similar to that of bFGF. We conclude that mechanical injury induces bFGF, CNTF, and GFAP expression in the mouse retina with time courses similar to the upregulation of these molecules in rat retina. Compared to the upregulation in rat retina, however, the injury-induced upregulation of bFGF and GFAP is much less in the mouse retina. In addition, there was only a very small induction of FGFR-1 expression in the mouse retina. These findings may explain, at least in part, the lack of injury-induced photoreceptor protection in the mouse retina.
Behavior of the O+/H+ transition height during the extreme solar minimum of 2008

[1] Typically the solar radio emission at 10.7 cm is used to scale the critical euv radiation that is absorbed by the Earth's neutral atmosphere. In the latter half of 2008 this radio emission from the Sun was at the lowest levels seen in the last 50 years and the persistence of these low levels has never been recorded before. Here we show that these uniquely low levels of solar radiation produce similarly unique behavior in the Earth's ionosphere and the upper atmosphere. Most remarkably, the altitude extent of the ionosphere is significantly smaller than our present reference models would predict for these levels of solar activity. The transition height resides near 450 km at night and rises to only 850 km during the daytime. At night, this unusually contracted ionospheric shell around the equator has a temperature of only 600 K and prior to sunrise the ion number densities at the transition height fall below 104 cm−3.
Transient vascular compromise of the lunate after fracture-dislocation or dislocation of the carpus.

Although classic avascular necrosis of the lunate is rare after fracture-dislocation or dislocation of the carpus, these severe carpal injuries can compromise the vascular supply of the lunate. The lunate thus develops a relative increase in radiodensity. Our finding of an incidence of 12.5% — three of 24 cases—suggests a relatively frequent occurrence. The clinical course was transient with resolution of abnormal radiodensity and subjective findings. Moreover, none of the three cases progressed to classic avascular necrosis of the lunate, Kienbock's disease. The clinician should not confuse this transient vascular compromise of the lunate with Kienbock's disease, but should be aware of the entity and its benign, self-limited course and should treat it expectantly.
Some Social Implications of Sex‐Choice Technology

A survey of 710 undergraduates was conducted to assess the probable patterns of utilization of sex-choice technology when it becomes widely available. Ideal family composition was determined along with demographic and attitudinal variables. Results confirmed the overwhelming preference for male children, in general, and male firstborn children, in particular: 85% wanted a firstborn boy, while 73% wanted a secondborn girl. Reasons for the choice reflected both considerable knowledge of advantages accruing to firstborn children and stereotypic expectations regarding sons and daughters. The possible consequences of widespread use of sex choice technology for women's civil rights are discussed.
Lithium-ion testing for spacecraft applications

The Air Force Research Laboratory is developing lithium-ion batteries for low earth orbit (LEO) and geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO) spacecraft applications. As a part of this lithium-ion battery development effort, a testing program is underway to determine the viability of lithium-ion batteries for LEO/GEO applications. For LEO, lithium-ion battery cycle lifetimes of >60,000 cycles at 25% depth-of-discharge (DOD) are projected. For GEO, lifetimes of >14 years at 80% depth-of-discharge are projected.
What comprises appropriate therapy for children/adolescents with rhabdomyosarcoma arising in the abdominal wall? A report from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study group

Abstract Purpose : The aim of this study was to define clinical features and determine the best therapy for patients with rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) of the abdominal wall. Methods : We examined the demographic, clinical features, therapy (especially surgical), and outcome of 34 patients. Patients received combination chemotherapy after complete surgical resection (group I, n=14; 41%); resection with microscopic residual followed by local irradiation (RT; group II, n=8; 24%); partial resection or biopsy only plus RT with gross locoregional residual tumor (group III, n=4; 12%); or biopsy only plus RT with metastatic disease (group IV, n=8; 24%). Patients with group I or group II tumors had undergone partial abdominal wall resection (ie, involved muscle only with preservation of peritoneum, n=11) or complete abdominal wall resection (n = 7). Four additional patients had groin lesions. Results : Thirty-four children or adolescents with abdominal wall RMS (about 1% of all patients) were treated on Inter-group Rhabdomyosarcoma Study I (IRS-I) through IRS-IV. Overall, adolescents comprised 14 of 34 eligible patients (41%), and 10 of 14 (71%) adolescents had alveolar or undifferentiated tumors versus 8 of 20 (40%) younger children ( P = .07). Failure-free survival (FFS) rate and survival rate at 5 years was 65%. Treatment outcome was poorer for patients with group III–IV tumors ( P = .01), adolescents ( P = .09) and patients with alveolar or undifferentiated sarcomas ( P = .12). Conclusion : Patients with localized tumors appear to fare better if they undergo complete abdominal wall resection (long-term survival rate, 100%) versus partial resection (long-term survival rate, 62% [ P = .12]).
Cellular Dehydration and Hypovolaemia are Additive in producing Thirst

CELLULAR dehydration1–4 and hypovolaemia5–7 are both conditions which cause thirst, and because both occur in thirst associated with water deprivation, it is essential for theoretical accounts of drinking behaviour8,9 to understand how the two dipsogenic stimuli interact.
Spreadsheet template approach for nonlinear regression estimation

Abstract Industrial Engineers may encounter variables which are nonlinearly related such that the relationship cannot be transformed to one which is linear in the unknown parameters. One instance where this can occur is a learning curve which approaches a non-zero asymptote. This paper presents a spreadsheet template for implementing the Gauss-Newton Method for solving such nonlinear regression estimation problems.
Algorithms for physical design of `sea-of-gates' chips

Abstract The paper describes an algorithmic base for the CAD system for physical layout of large sea-of-gates chips. A solution is obtained by successive augmentation of a partial layout. A new, dynamically defined slice is added to the partial solution in each step of the process. Two different techniques are proposed to find candidate cells for inclusion in the slice. Different methods are also proposed for positioning elements inside the slice. Global routing of the partial solution is used to guarantee routability and to direct future placement. The system achieved more than 75% use of the basic cells for two-layer metal CMOS technology with functional cells varying widely in size in both dimensions. It also almost always achieved a 100% completion rate for detailed routing.
Temporal Access Control with User Revocation for Cloud Data

We propose a temporal access control scheme to protect and selectively access data in clouds. In many applications like healthcare, online tests, social networks, data should be accessed within a certain period of time. Although access control has been widely studied, temporal access control has not received attention. Ours is the first scheme on temporal access control with user revocation. Our scheme encrypts and stores data in clouds in such a way that only authorized users are able to decrypt it within a specified time period. We use a new variant of attribute-based encryption in order to achieve our objective. To reduce computational load during decryption, we partially outsource the decryption to a proxy server, who can gain no information about the data. We analytically show that our scheme has comparable computation and communication costs, but also supports revocation, which was not present in previous schemes.
Timing characterization of clock buffers for clock tree synthesis

It is formidable to embed iterative simulations into the clock tree synthesis process to verify the skew and slew constraints. Instead, accurate and simple timing models for clock buffers are traditionally used so as to perform clock tree synthesis with sufficient accuracy. Two-pole RC and/or piecewise linear models accurately models the gate delay without a waveform dependency for a wide range of waveform properties. However, they unnecessarily complicate the problem for the time modeling of clock buffers where, unlike logic gates, the input and output waveform properties are similar. Look-up table-based approaches are traditionally used in order to obtain the clock buffer timing with inputs being the input slew and the output capacitance. However, the effective capacitance estimation of the highly resistive wires of sub-45nm technologies is a challenge, making it hard to identify the output capacitance. Also, the multiple or dynamically-scaled voltage levels of the current designs necessitate a costly LUT-based pre-characterization process. In this work, a timing estimation scheme for clock buffers is proposed which models both the delay and the slew as linear equations, bypassing the costly LUT characterization process. The experimental results performed with SAED 32nm buffer library show that the proposed timing model can achieve a maximum absolute value error of ≈5ps to ≈10ps for the buffer timing compared to SPICE simulations. Furthermore, the proposed timing model provides an error from 0.2% to 4.6% at different timing constraints and operating voltage levels, when used for insertion delay computation.
Do parental questions and topic continuations elicit replies from developmentally delayed children? A sequential analysis.

This sequential analysis tested the relative extent to which several adult utterance types elicited conversational replies from developmentally delayed children. Eight developmentally delayed child...
Immunoradiometric assay of lipid A: a test for detecting and quantitating endotoxins of various origins

The ability to measure circulating endotoxin in various disease states has been hampered by the lack of a specific and quantitative assay. The test most commonly used has been the Limulus gelation assay, which measures an enzymatic effect of endotoxin rather than the substance itself. Based on a solid-phase immunoradiometric assay previously developed to detect the specific lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli 026, a similar assay has been developed for the lipid A moiety of endotoxins. The assay uses rabbit antibodies to lipid A which do not react with ketodeoxyoctonate, myristic or beta-hydroxymyristic acids, and detects lipid A obtained from endotoxins of various origins after acid hydrolysis of lipopolysaccharide. Experiments in rats given exogenous endotoxin suggest that this assay can be useful for quantitation of bacterial endotoxins in serum and for studying the pathophysiology of experimental endotoxemia.
Flue gas desulfurization by-product weathering by acidic mine drainage

The authors examined the suitability using a flue gas desulfurization grout (FGDG) for the attenuation and abatement of acidic mine drainage (AMD). The FGDG used was a mixture of fly ash (FA) and filter cake (FC) with a FA/FC ratio of 1:1 to improve handling. Five percent of lime (CaO) was added to improve strength development and allow the use of this FGDG as a hydrologic seal for underground mines. Acidic mine drainage solutions collect from wells located within mine voids were reacted with samples of FGDG for up to 168 d, to evaluate the potential for grout dissolution subsequent to subterranean implacement. Shortly upon reaction with AMD, FGDG released a number of ions into solution (As, B, Ca, K, Na, Se, SO{sub 4}), a concomitant with a rapid increase in solution pH (8.5), causing decreases in the solubility of most cations (Al, Fe, Mn, Zn). Significant increases in dissolved As and B concentrations were noted. Both elements were present in solution at levels below respective regulatory limits for drinking water. Of the original quantities of As and B present in FGDG, 1.3 and 45.6%, respectively, were released to solution over a 168-d reaction period. Concomitant with changes in solutionmore » composition, reaction of FGDG with AMD resulted in a loss of ettringite and hannebachgite and a growth of gypsum. Additional changes in mineralogy were observed as FGDG equilibrated with AMD solutions. From these reactions, the long-term stability of FGDG in underground acidic mine environments is questionable and warrants study in situ.« less
The effect of propylthiouracil on radioiodide concentrating by the thyroid gland in normal and hypophysectomized mice.

THE ratio of the iodide concentration in the thyroid gland to that in serum (T/S ratio) has been measured in the rat (VanderLaan and VanderLaan, 1947; Taurog, Chaikoff and Feller, 1947; VanderLaan and Greer, 1950), mouse (Wollman and Scow, 1953), man (Stanley and Astwood, 1949) and chick embryo (Wollman and Zwilling, 1953). The three different methods of measuring this ratio which were used in the above studies can be described as follows: 1. The concentration of total stable iodide in the thyroid gland is compared with an estimate of the iodide concentration in the serum (Taurog, Tong and Chaikoff, 1951). 2. Using radioiodide, the concentration of thyroid iodide that is freely exchangeable with serum iodide is compared with the concentration of serum iodide under two sets of conditions: a. When organic binding of thyroid iodide is permitted (Wollman and Scow, 1953).