cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-monitoring practices, attitudes, and needs of individuals with bipolar disorder: implications for the design of technologies to manage mental health

Objective To understand self-monitoring strategies used independently of clinical treatment by individuals with bipolar disorder (BD), in order to recommend technology design principles to support mental health management. Materials and Methods Participants with BD ( N = 552) were recruited through the Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance, the International Bipolar Foundation, and WeSearchTogether.org to complete a survey of closed- and open-ended questions. In this study, we focus on descriptive results and qualitative analyses. Results Individuals reported primarily self-monitoring items related to their bipolar disorder (mood, sleep, finances, exercise, and social interactions), with an increasing trend towards the use of digital tracking methods observed. Most participants reported having positive experiences with technology-based tracking because it enables self-reflection and agency regarding health management and also enhances lines of communication with treatment teams. Reported challenges stem from poor usability or difficulty interpreting self-tracked data. Discussion Two major implications for technology-based self-monitoring emerged from our results. First, technologies can be designed to be more condition-oriented, intuitive, and proactive. Second, more automated forms of digital symptom tracking and intervention are desired, and our results suggest the feasibility of detecting and predicting emotional states from patterns of technology usage. However, we also uncovered tension points, namely that technology designed to support mental health can also be a disruptor. Conclusion This study provides increased understanding of self-monitoring practices, attitudes, and needs of individuals with bipolar disorder. This knowledge bears implications for clinical researchers and practitioners seeking insight into how individuals independently self-manage their condition as well as for researchers designing monitoring technologies to support mental health management.
The European Corn Borer, Pyrausta Nubilalis (Hubn.), and Its Principal Host Plant III Toxic Factors Influencing Larval Establishment1

That plant tissues may contain substances which are toxic to insects is well known. The insecticidal effectiveness of plant-derived materials such as rotenone, pyrethrums, nicotine, and many others, testifies to both the existence and the potency of such biological compounds. The role that toxic plant products might play in the resistance of a given plant toward infestation by insects has not been investigated to any great extent. In a few instances, however, some degree of correlation has been shown between host plant resistance and the presence of deleterious substances in the plant tissues (reviewed by Painter (1951) Kuhn and Low (1955)).
Sensitivity of fracture strength in porous glass

We investigated the effect of porosity and crack size distributions on the fracture behavior of porous glass through a combined finite element and fracture mechanics method. Simulations showed that the effect of crack size distributions on the change in fracture strength with porosity decreases as the pore size to crack size ratio increases. For a pore size to crack size ratio of >∼4, the average failure initiating crack size decreases with increasing porosity. Two regions were defined to describe the relationship between porosity and fracture strength: Region I for porosity less than 20 vol.% and Region II for porosity greater than 20 vol.%. Simulation results were directly compared to the porous glass experiments from the literature.
Analysis of Student Health Situation in Primary and Middle Schools in Hefei

Objective In order to understand student health situation in primary and middle schools in Hefei so as to provide basis for assessing healthcare measures.Methods Physical fitness data of students in Hefei in 2005 was used for analyzing appearance, function, movement, sex development, sight, dental caries, haematoglobin of male and female students in urban and rural areas. The data was compared with that in 2000.Results Body height, weight, chest circumference, and breathing capacity of male and female students at age of 7-18 in Hefei increased with age and were higher than that in 2000 to some degree. 2 crossings could be observed in body height curve of male and female students. No crossing occurred in weight and chest circumference. Sight was poorer than that in 2000. Low haematoglobin and dental caries was lower than that in 2000. The indexes of male and female students were decreasing compared with that in 2000.Conclusion There was still difference on appearance, function, health index between urban and rural students. The situation of student sight health and movement ability should be wrgenthy improved.
The Contracts for Difference between Coal Producers and Electricity Generators and Its Optimal Cooperation Benefit Distributing Model based on Game Theory

With the emergence of centralized coal market in large scale,the phenomenon that the coal producers raise up coal market price by exerting their market power will appear naturally,which will raise up the electricity price on grid and electricity sale price.So controling the market power of coal producers can manage the energy price from headstream.The contract for difference between the coal producer and electricity generator is designed,and then the Cournot model is used to analyze the coal producer's producing behaviors and the electricity generator's decision behaviors,where the Stackelberg model is used to analyze the generators' cooperation behavior.Finally the Shapley principle is applied to present the profits' distributing model.The simulation results demonstrate that the contract for difference between the coal producers and electricity generators can promote the coal producers' output,reduce the coal market price and steady the sale capacity.This effects will be enhanced by the generators' cooperation.
Surgical treatment for asymptomatic cholelithiasis.

Surgery should not be offered to patients with asymptomatic cholelithiasis. Cholecystectomy may be beneficial for patients who are at high risk of biliary cancer, infection, or other complications, including younger patients and those with choledocholithiasis, sickle cell disease, gallstones larger than 3 cm, or significant immunosuppression.
Dependence of Na-K pump current on internal Na+ in mammalian cardiac myocytes

Na-K pump current (Ipump) is a function of the intracellular Na+ concentration [( Na+]i). We examined the quantitative relationship between Ipump and [Na+]i in isolated guinea pig ventricular myocytes under steady-state conditions. [Na+]i was controlled and "clamped" at several selected concentrations using wide-tipped pipette microelectrodes, and membrane current was measured using the whole cell patch voltage-clamp technique. Ipump generated at a holding potential of -40 mV was determined by measuring the change in steady-state holding current before and during exposure to dihydroouabain (1 mM); Ipump was measured at 11 levels of [Na+]i ranging from 0 to 80 mM (n = 63) with only one measurement per cell and normalized to cell capacitance to account for differences between myocytes in sarcolemmal surface area. Ipump exhibited a nonlinear dependence on [Na+]i; a Hill analysis of the relationship yielded a half-maximal [Na+]i for pump stimulation of 43.2 mM and a Hill coefficient of 1.53. An alternative analysis of the experimental data was performed assuming that occupation of three internal binding sites by Na+ is required for enzyme turnover. Regression analysis gave the best fit when only two different binding affinities (KD) are postulated. The values are KD1 = 1 mM, KD2 = KD3 = 29 mM. From the analysis using the latter model, the level of [Na+]i at which Ipump saturated closely approximated the theoretical saturation level calculated from published estimates of pump turnover rate and density. The maximal sensitivity of the Na-K pump to changes in [Na+]i occurs when internal [Na+] is within the range for the normal resting physiological level.
Fuel Burn Reduction Through Wing Morphing

Changing the shape of aircraft is beneficial because they operate in a wide range of flight conditions with conflicting requirements and variations in performance. This chapter focuses on morphing systems that contribute to reducing fuel burn for commercial transport aircraft. We start with a summary of how morphing can reduce fuel burn from the system-level viewpoint, following which we analyze the three wing-morphing modes: planform, out-of-plane, and airfoil. For each of these, we review morphing mechanisms that are already in place, such as high-lift systems, and provide an outlook on how more advanced morphing technologies can further reduce fuel burn. The impact of any morphing system must be quantified by considering all the disciplines involved, and a clean-sheet design should be done to realize the full potential. The most promising type of morphing for the near future is variable trailing edge camber, which can tailor the aerodynamic performance and more effectively alleviate maneuver loads. Research on new materials and morphing mechanisms will make morphing systems lighter, more energy efficient, and more economical. It is just a question of time before we see aircraft wings that exhibit morphing capabilities that seem impossible today. Keywords: Wing morphing; Fuel burn reduction; Transport aircraft; Variable camber trailing edge
Outside director compensation and earnings quality

We examine the impact of outside director compensation on firm's financial reporting quality. Prior studies on outside board directors show mixed results on the impact of outside director compensation on earnings quality (Perry, 1999; Bryan and Klein, 2004; Cullinan et al., 2008; Archambeault et al., 2008; Magilke et al., 2009). We find that total compensation and the portion of equity-based compensation to total compensation are positively related to earnings quality. In addition, independent board leadership enhances the relation between outside director's equity-based compensation and earnings quality. These results suggest that increasing outside director compensation provides stronger incentive to board monitoring and ensures the quality of earnings, which is consistent with optimal contracting hypothesis. Lastly, we find that a greater portion of outsider directors on both the board overall and the audit committee actually hinders the incentive effect of the high compensation to quality of earnings.
The Effects of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy in the Management of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: A Case Report

Purpose:Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a cause of disability in childhood. Little research exists concerning physical therapy management, and no evidence exists for orthopedic manual physical therapy (OMPT) for JIA. The purpose of this case report is to describe the use of OMPT in combinatio
Optimal design of nanoengineered implantable optical sensors using a genetic algorithm

A genetic algorithm as a design tool for optimized optical glucose sensors is presented. These proposed sensors are fabricated by assembling ultrathin polyelectrolyte films on the surface of calcium alginate microspheres containing glucose oxidase and an oxygen-quenched ruthenium fluorophore. The sensors are rendered ratiometric by inclusion of a complementary reference fluorophore via polyelectrolyte-dye conjugates. The genetic algorithm, in conjunction with a computational model of the chemical sensor, selects the optimal values for diffusivities of glucose and oxygen in the polyelectrolyte films, the enzyme concentration, microsphere radius, and film thickness that give the optimum sensor response. The values given by the genetic algorithm will be used to design future sensor prototypes.
Topical Agents in Melasma

Melasma, while difficult to treat, is a condition with many treatment options. Topical regimens are the standard of therapy for melasma. Hydroquinone remains the gold standard topical agent; however, triple combination creams containing this have been proven to be more effective. Novel therapeutic options are now available in the market as alternatives to hydroquinone. Therapy must be personalized to suit each patient. Success in the treatment of melasma is dependent on rigorous photoprotection.
PositionRank: An Unsupervised Approach to Keyphrase Extraction from Scholarly Documents

This paper proposes PositionRank, an unsupervised model for keyphrase extraction from scholarly documents that incorporates information from all positions of a word's occurrences into a biased PageRank.
Modeling and optimization of self-folding origami structures undergoing large deformation (Conference Presentation)

Emerging manufacturing techniques provide unprecedented design freedom that traditional design methods do not entirely utilize. Therefore, sophisticated design tools are needed that take advantage of the increased flexibility of these manufacturing techniques to realize parts with complex geometry at acceptable cost. Topology optimization being one of these tools is used in this work to automate the design process of self-folding 3D origami structures undergoing large deformation. A gradient-based level-set topology optimization approach is adopted to describe the geometry evolving throughout the optimization process. The eXtended Finite Element Method (XFEM), an immersed boundary technique, is employed to predict the structural response using a well-resolved geometry representation and spatial discretization. A large-strain mechanical model together with higher-order finite elements is utilized to capture the physical behavior of self-folding structures where self-actuation is caused by internal swelling-strains. The complex geometries and non-intuitive material layouts resulting from the optimization process are then fabricated and tested via direct 4D printing. During this additive manufacturing approach, a pre-programmed swelling strain is directly printed into certain parts of the structure eliminating the need for mechanical or thermal training to generate self-folding. After an in-depth discussion of the modeling and optimization approach, examples of optimized origami structures are presented and comparisons against direct 3D printed samples are made.
The Variational and WKB Methods

More often than not, it is impossible to find exact solutions to the eigenvalue problem of the Hamiltonian. One then turns to approximation methods, some of which will be described in this and the following chapters. In this section we consider a few examples that illustrate the variational method.
Veracity Analysis and Object Distinction

The World Wide Web has become the most important information source for most of us. Unfortunately, there is no guarantee for the correctness of information on the web, and different web sites often provide conflicting information on a subject. In this section we study two problems about correctness of information on the web. The first one is Veracity, i.e., conformity to truth, which studies how to find true facts from a large amount of conflicting information on many subjects that is provided by various web sites. We design a general framework for the Veracity problem, and invent an algorithm called TruthFinder, which utilizes the relationships between web sites and their information, i.e., a web site is trustworthy if it provides many pieces of true information, and a piece of information is likely to be true if it is provided by many trustworthy web sites. The second problem is object distinction, i.e., how to distinguish different people or objects sharing identical names. This is a nontrivial task, especially when only very limited information is associated with each person or object. We develop a general object distinction methodology called DISTINCT, which combines two complementary measures for relational similarity: set resemblance of neighbor tuples and random walk probability, and analyze subtle linkages effectively. The method takes a set of distinguishable objects in the database as training set without seeking for manually labeled data and applies SVM to weigh different types of linkages.
A novel, simplified, externally validated staging system for truncal/extremity soft tissue sarcomas: An analysis of the US Sarcoma Collaborative database.

BACKGROUND The 8th edition AJCC staging system for truncal/extremity soft tissue sarcoma (STS) offers significant changes from the 7th. However the complexity of both limits their clinical utility. METHODS Patients with truncal/extremity STS undergoing resection from 2000 to 2016 at seven institutions of the US Sarcoma Collaborative were analyzed. The proposed staging system was externally validated using the National Cancer Database (NCDB). RESULTS Of 1318 patients, mean age was 59 years, and 54% were male. Median tumor size was 9 cm; 72% were high grade. Applying 8th edition staging, there was no differentiation between stages IA/IB ( P = 0.92), and clinically similar outcomes between stages II/IIIA. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis identified 7.5 cm as the ideal tumor size discriminating 5-year OS for high-grade tumors. Therefore, a simplified staging system defining all low-grade tumors as stage I, high-grade 7.5 cm as stage III, and metastatic disease as stage IV improved stratification (all P < 0.05). The C-statistic was noninferior to the 8th edition. External validation in the NCDB confirmed optimal stratification (all P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our proposed staging system maintains prognostic significance between stages within a simplified system. For high-grade tumors, a cutoff of 7.5 cm, instead of 5 cm, maintains discrimination for survival and could be a more clinically applicable cutoff for future clinical trials.
Subsidence Rates After Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Systematic Review.

Objective The evidence regarding the consequences of subsidence with lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) has been sparse. The objective of this study is to calculate the incidence of subsidence and reoperation for subsidence after LLIF. A secondary outcome examined the quantitative degree of subsidence by calculating the percent change in the height of the intervertebral space secondary to interbody subsidence at various postoperative follow-up times. Methods Following the MOOSE (Meta-analysis [and Systematic Review] Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) guidelines, a systematic review searched for all cohort studies that focused on subsidence rates after LLIF, including extreme lateral interbody fusions (XLIFs) and direct lateral interbody fusion. Neoplastic, infectious, and/or metabolic indications for LLIF were similarly excluded because these diseases may compromise bone quality and, thus, confound the rate of cage subsidence. Corpectomies were removed from the systematic review because 1) indications for removal of vertebral body typically reflect those excluded diseases and 2) subsidence refers to a different biomechanical process. Results This systematic review identified a subsidence incidence with LLIF of 10.3% (N = 141/1362 patients in 14 articles) and reoperation rate for subsidence of 2.7% (N = 41/1470 patients in 16 articles). In the secondary outcome measure, the disc height decreased from 5.6% after 3 months, 6.0% after 6 months, and 10.2% after 12 months, to 8.9% after 24 months (P Conclusions Subsidence after LLIF carries a nonnegligible risk that may be incorporated in surgical consent discussions in selected patients.
Association of Hospital Volume With Laryngectomy Outcomes in Patients With Larynx Cancer.

Importance A volume-outcome association exists for larynx cancer surgery, but to date it has not been investigated for specific surgical procedures. Objectives To characterize the volume-outcome association specifically for laryngectomy surgery and to identify a minimum hospital volume threshold associated with improved outcomes. Design, Setting, and Participants In this cross-sectional study, the Nationwide Inpatient Sample was used to identify 45 156 patients who underwent laryngectomy procedures for a malignant laryngeal or hypopharyngeal neoplasm between January 2001 and December 2011. The analysis was performed in 2018. Hospital laryngectomy volume was modeled as a categorical variable. Main Outcomes and Measures Associations between hospital volume and in-hospital mortality, complications, length of hospitalization, and costs were examined using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results Among 45 156 patients (mean age, 62.6 years; age range, 20-96 years; 80.2% male) at 5516 hospitals, higher-volume hospitals were more likely to be teaching hospitals in urban locations; were more likely to treat patients who had hypopharyngeal cancer, were of white race/ethnicity, were admitted electively, had no comorbidity, and had private insurance; and were more likely to perform flap reconstruction or concurrent neck dissection. After controlling for all other variables, hospitals treating more than 6 cases per year were associated with lower odds of surgical and medical complications, with a greater reduction in the odds of complications with increasing hospital volume. High-volume hospitals in the top-volume quintile (>28 cases per year) were associated with decreased odds of in-hospital mortality (odds ratio, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.23-0.88), postoperative surgical complications (odds ratio, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.50-0.79), and acute medical complications (odds ratio, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.48-0.81). A statistically meaningful negative association was observed between very high-volume hospital care and the mean incremental length of hospitalization (−3.7 days; 95% CI, −4.9 to −2.4 days) and hospital-related costs (−$4777; 95% CI, −$9463 to −$900). Conclusions and Relevance Laryngectomy outcomes appear to be associated with hospital volume, with reduced morbidity associated with a minimum hospital volume threshold and with reduced mortality, morbidity, length of hospitalization, and costs associated with higher hospital volume. These data support the concept of centralization of complex care at centers able to meet minimum volume thresholds to improve patient outcomes.
Compassion is partially selfless: Public self-concept accessibility following compassion and threat

Drawing from the largely separate literatures on compassion and the self-concept, we hypothesized that compassion would lead to literal selflessness in the form of reduced cognitive accessibility o...
What Social Cognitive Factors Influence Faculty Members’ Use of Computers for Teaching? A Literature Review

AbstractAlthough technology is moving into the classroom, faculty have been reluctant to adopt computers and revise their pedagogy. This literature review explores a range of research papers describing the social cognitive factors that affect a teacher’s choice to use or avoid instructional technology. Based on social cognitive theory and human performance models, there are a number of personal, behavioral, and environmental factors that influence a faculty member’s use of technology. This article concentrates on the personal and behavioral factors of attitude and anxiety, self-efficacy, willingness to make a time commitment and take personal risk, computer competency, beliefs, knowledge, and perceived relevance. Using the theory of self-regulated learning (Zimmerman, 1989), teachers as students can successfully learn to use computers for instruction.
Pre-Analytical Issues and Interferences in Transfusion Medicine Tests

Transfusion of blood products requires pre-transfusion testing for selection of the correct type of blood for a particular recipient. However, safe transfusion practices designed to prevent errors are not restricted to blood testing. In order to provide safe blood and avoid preventable risks associated with blood transfusions, all routine transfusion medicine services—beginning with blood donation, testing, processing, providing blood and blood products, and ending with administration and reporting adverse events—are highly regulated by the Code of Federal Regulations and the American Association of Blood Banks’ Standards for Blood Banks and Transfusion Services. Routine pre-transfusion testing includes determination of the ABO/Rh blood type, detection of antibodies in recipient plasma, and crossmatch or in vitro compatibility testing. If the blood type determination shows no discrepancies and the antibody screen is negative, crossmatch-compatible blood products are selected for transfusion according to ABO/Rh compatibility charts. For these cases, clinical pathology review is not necessary. Discrepant results in ABO/Rh typing, positive antibody screens, and incompatible crossmatch tests are reviewed and interpreted by a clinical pathologist. A positive antibody screen signals that recipient plasma might react with antigens present on the red cell membrane and requires additional testing. The reactivity detected in vitro may be due to multiple factors, including sample contamination and clerical or technical errors, or it may result from a true antibody–antigen reaction. True immune reactions may be due to antibodies directed against specific red cell antigens or unrelated to them. The additional tests performed when an antibody screen is positive aim to discriminate whether any specificity against red cell antigens is present in order to provide red blood cell units negative for that antigen, in case the antibody detected is clinically significant, thus preventing acute hemolytic reactions to blood transfusions. Sources of potential interference in immunohematology assays are discussed within the overall process of blood administration.
Childhood Adversity, Socioeconomic Instability, Oxytocin-Receptor-Gene Methylation, and Romantic-Relationship Support Among Young African American Men:

Men's emerging adult romantic relationships forecast downstream relationship behavior, including commitment and quality. Accumulating evidence implicates methylation of the oxytocin-receptor-gene (OXTR) system in regulating relationship behavior. We tested hypotheses regarding the links between (a) childhood adversity and (b) socioeconomic instability in emerging adulthood on supportive romantic relationships via their associations with OXTR methylation. Hypotheses were tested using path analysis with data from 309 participants in the African American Men's Project. Consistent with our hypotheses, results showed that OXTR methylation proximally predicted changes in relationship support during a 1.5-year period. Childhood adversity was not directly associated with OXTR methylation but, rather, with contemporaneous socioeconomic instability, which in turn predicted elevated OXTR methylation. Findings suggest that early adversity is indirectly associated with OXTR methylation by links with downstream socioeconomic instability. Findings must be considered provisional, however, because preregistered replications are needed to establish more firmly the relations among these variables.
The Art of Rhetoric as Self-Discipline: Interdisciplinarity, Inner Necessity, and the Construction of a Research Agenda

I explore in this essay an ethically grounded method for structuring a program of study. Rather than attempt to delimit a discipline or to reinforce disciplinarity, I suggest a means of creatively narrowing the scope of research, namely by focusing on inner necessity and conscience. The art of rhetoric as self-discipline is an extension of inner necessity and a framework in which scholars may come to integrate the more rational and more artistic, more public and more private elements of their personalities by exploring the influence of symbols on their lives. By conceptualizing the art of rhetoric as a "self-discipline," I affirm the significance of all these elements and suggest that their harmonious blending will enhance the pleasures and utilities of discourse.
FeFET-Based Neuromorphic Architecture with On-Device Feedback Alignment Training

With the onset of on-device learning in neuromorphic systems, there are a requisition for compute-lite learning rules and novel emerging devices that address the memory bottleneck. In this research, we propose a neuromorphic architecture with FeFET synapse arrays and study the efficacy of write schemes for feedback alignment backpropagation algorithm. The proposed architecture is benchmarked for two write programming schemes, sawtooth pulse and incremental pulse. The sawtooth write programming scheme is further simplified for resource efficient training, by sharing the pulse generator with local control circuitry across multiple neurons. When the overall architecture is benchmarked for on-device learning, we observed that both writing schemes result in comparable performance, but the sawtooth is more efficient in terms of power consumption and area.
“So my grandfather’s two tours meant nothing?”: Students struggle with the weight and responsibility of war

This manuscript describes the implementation of a co-created (teacher and researcher) unit of instruction focused on the teaching of war. This unit examines war through a critical lens and emphasiz...
Prepectoral versus Subpectoral Tissue Expander Breast Reconstruction: A Historically Controlled, Propensity Score-Matched Comparison of Perioperative Outcomes.

Background The rising popularity of prepectoral tissue expander placement with acellular dermal matrices in immediate breast reconstruction has prompted many studies on the safety of this technique. However, a comprehensive propensity-matched, historically controlled trial comparing perioperative outcomes following prepectoral versus partial subpectoral (dual-plane) placement of tissue expanders is lacking. Methods Retrospective propensity-matched cohort analysis was performed on all patients of two senior reconstructive surgeons who underwent bilateral tissue expander placement following a mastectomy with one of three breast surgeons at a single academic institution from 2012 onward (n = 260). The two groups (prepectoral and partial subpectoral) each consisted of 102 patients. Univariate and multivariable analyses were also performed to contextualize the risks associated with prepectoral reconstruction relative to demographic characteristics and other clinical factors. Results Compared to dual-plane subpectoral placement, prepectoral placement resulted in similar rates of overall perioperative complications (32 percent versus 31 percent; p = 1.00) and perioperative complications that required operative treatment (21 percent versus 21 percent; p = 1.00). There were no significant differences between the groups in complication rates for hematomas, seromas, impaired wound healing, and infection. Although prepectoral placement was associated with prolonged time to drain removal, those patients completed the expansion process twice as fast, were expanded further in the operating room, and were more than twice as likely to forgo clinic-based expansion. Prepectoral reconstruction was not associated with increased risk for any complications in univariate or multivariable analysis. Conclusions Prepectoral tissue expander placement permitted greater intraoperative filling of expanders and a reduced likelihood of clinic-based expansion, with no increase in adverse outcomes compared to partial subpectoral placement. Adoption of this technique may reduce unnecessary clinic visits; shorten the delay before adjuvant therapy; and minimize patient apprehension, pain, and discomfort related to clinic-based expansion. Clinical question/level of evidence Therapeutic, III.
Attention bias to negative versus non-negative faces is related to negative affectivity in a transdiagnostic youth sample

Abstract This study identified a shared pathophysiological mechanism of pediatric anxiety and irritability. Clinically, anxiety and irritability are common, co-occurring problems, both characterized by high-arousal negative affective states. Behaviorally, anxiety and irritability are associated with aberrant threat processing. To build on these findings, we examined eye-tracking measures of attention bias in relation to the unique and shared features of anxiety and irritability in a transdiagnostic sample of youth (n = 97, 58% female, Mage = 13.03, SDage = 2.82). We measured attention bias to negative versus non-negative emotional faces during a passive viewing task. We employed bifactor analysis to parse the unique and shared variance of anxiety and irritability symptoms from self- and parent-report questionnaires. Negative affectivity is the derived latent factor reflecting shared variance of anxiety and irritability. We found that higher negative affectivity was associated with looking longer at negative versus non-negative faces, reflecting a shared mechanism of anxiety and irritability. This finding suggests that modification of elevated attention to negative emotional faces may represent a common potential treatment target of anxiety and irritability.
Myopia in African Americans Is Significantly Linked to Chromosome 7p15.2-14.2.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to perform genetic linkage analysis and association analysis on exome genotyping from highly aggregated African American families with nonpathogenic myopia. African Americans are a particularly understudied population with respect to myopia. Methods One hundred six African American families from the Philadelphia area with a family history of myopia were genotyped using an Illumina ExomePlus array and merged with previous microsatellite data. Myopia was initially measured in mean spherical equivalent (MSE) and converted to a binary phenotype where individuals were identified as affected, unaffected, or unknown. Parametric linkage analysis was performed on both individual variants (single-nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs] and microsatellites) as well as gene-based markers. Family-based association analysis and transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) analysis modified for rare variants was also performed. Results Genetic linkage analysis identified 2 genomewide significant variants at 7p15.2 and 7p14.2 (in the intergenic region between MIR148A and NFE2L3 and in the noncoding RNA LOC401324) and 2 genomewide significant genes (CRHR2 and AVL9) both at 7p14.3. No genomewide results were found in the association analyses. Conclusions This study identified a significant linkage peak in African American families for myopia at 7p15.2 to 7p14.2, the first potential risk locus for myopia in African Americans. Interesting candidate genes are located in the region, including PDE1C, which is highly expressed in the eyes, and known to be involved in retinal development. Further identification of the causal variants at this linkage peak will help elucidate the genetics of myopia in this understudied population.
Fusogenic liposome-enhanced cytosolic delivery of magnetic nanoparticles

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are widely used in cell sorting, organelle selection, drug delivery, cell delivery, and cell tracking applications. However, organelle manipulation in living cells has been limited due to the endocytic uptake and sequestration of MNPs. Here, we introduce a method for modifying MNPs with fusogenic liposomes that facilitate MNP passage directly into the cytosol. MNPs were enclosed in fusogenic liposomes that exhibit a core–shell structure under a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The lipid-to-MNP ratio was optimized for one layer of liposome coating around each MNP, so that MNPs were delivered to the cytosol without endosomal or liposomal coatings. After incubation with the retinal pigment epithelial cell line ARPE-19, single-layer liposome-coated MNPs exhibited the highest MNP delivery efficiency. Although uncoated MNPs are taken up through endocytosis, less than 15% of the fusogenic liposome-coated MNPs co-localized with early endosomes. MNPs delivered by fusogenic liposomes showed cytosolic localization early on and increased lysosomal localization at later time points. The movement of intracellular MNPs could be manipulated with an external magnet to estimate cytosolic viscosity. Bypassing endocytosis in this way allowed efficient delivery of MNPs to the cytosol, potentially allowing for the targeting of specific organelles and controlling their motion in living cells.
Naemorhedus goral (Goral)

Skin biopsies of both animals came from the San Diego Zoo. The male specimen belongs to the subspecies N. g. cranbrooki (red goral), and the female, N. g. griseus (Burmese or West Chinese goral). Both possess one unpaired submetacentric (element 5) and an acrocentric (last autosome), which are presumed to be involved in a Robertsonian system. The sex chromosomes were identified by autoradiography of the female which was also studied by Wurster (1). It is not known whether animals with a diploid number 56 or 54 chromosomes exist.
Experimental determination of heat flow in semiconductor lasers

Summary from only given. The investigation of heat flow in a semiconductor laser diode performed here leads to the conclusion that a thermal probe is useful for parameter extraction; the model used, however, must be quite detailed in devices with low wallplug efficiency.
Local oscillator requirements for timekeeping in the 10/sup -14/ tau /sup -1/2/ era

A method of using current local oscillators for timekeeping standards based on Ramsey interrogation of large ensembles of ions or atoms, such as a linear ion trap or a pulsed atomic fountain, is proposed and analyzed. The time domain is used to analyze these systems. The atomic ensemble is regarded as the reference oscillator to measure the local oscillator's accumulation of the phase error during the time interval between the two Ramsey interactions. Thus, the local oscillator's degradation of timekeeping can be largely limited to the accumulation of local oscillator phase error during the dead time between Ramsey interrogation cycles. The degradation is studied and presented for different local oscillators in the context of a pulsed atomic fountain. For timekeeping, current quartz local oscillators could be used in a pulsed cesium fountain frequency standard to approach the sigma /sub y/( tau ) regime of 10/sup -14/ tau /sup -1/2/, and with improved local oscillators could be spectacularly better. >
Psychosocial work environment and depression: epidemiologic assessment of the demand-control model.

Objectives. This study examined the relation between occupational variables and 3 forms of depression (major depressive episode, depressive syndrome, and dysphoria). It was hypothesized that individuals working in occupations with high psychologic strain (bigh psychologic demands and low decision authority) would have a higher prevalence of depression relative to those working in occupations with the other 3 possible conditions. Methods. The analysis was based on dara for 905 respondents who were employed full-time in the year before the follow-up interview for the Epidemiologic Catehmeat Area Program in Baltimore, Md, between 1993 and 1996, Psychosocial work environment, sociodemographic variables, and psychopathology were assessed in a houschold interview that included the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule, Subscales for the demand-contral model for psychosecial work environment were modified slightly after factor analysis Results High job strain was associated with greater prevalence of all 3 forms of depression, especially major depressive episode. The results were stronger for women; for men, being unmarried was the strongest prevalence correlate Conclusions, Major depressive episcale, depressive syndrome, and dysphoria are strongly associated with the psychosocial dimensions of the demand-control model.
Using Reflection To Evaluate Course Outcomes

Student feedback is essential to improving the quality of instruction in higher education. This article chronicles the process by which an end-of-course reflection exercise was used to gather additional feedback from students and to determine learning outcomes in online course for adult learners. Students were given guiding questions for the reflection activity and student responses were analyzed using categorizing strategies. Four themes emerged from the student responses (qualitative data) including academic planning, earlier exposure to the Kolb model, application of Kolb model to career and professional lives, ability to organize and present information, and student satisfaction.
Clinical and pathologic features of families with LRRK2-associated Parkinson's disease

The etiology for Parkinson’s disease (PD) remains unknown. Genetic causes have been identified with several distinct mutations. Recently, 9 mutations involving a novel gene, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), have been identified as the cause of autosomal dominant PD in kindreds, with some of them previously linked to the PARK8 locus on chromosome 12. LRRK2 mutations are relatively common genetic causes of familial and sporadic PD. In addition, these mutations have been identified in diverse populations. The clinical and pathologic features of LRRK2-associated PD are indistinguishable from idiopathic PD; however, considerable clinical and pathologic variability exists even among kindreds. This short review highlights the clinical and pathologic features in LRRK2-associated parkinsonism.
Electronic Resource Availability Studies: An Effective Way to Discover Access Errors

Abstract Objective – The availability study is a systems research method that has recently been used to test whether library users can access electronic resources. This study evaluates the availability study’s effectiveness as a troubleshooting tool by comparing the results of two availability studies conducted at the same library before and after fixing access problems identified by the initial study. Methods – The researcher developed a six-category conceptual model of the causes of electronic resource errors, modified Nisonger’s e-resource availability method to more closely approximate student information-seeking behaviour, and conducted an availability study at the University of Redlands Armacost Library to estimate how many resources suffered from errors. After conducting troubleshooting over a period of several months, he replicated the study and found increased overall availability and fewer incidences of most error categories. He used Z tests for the difference of two proportions to determine whether the changes were statistically significant. Results – The 62.5% availability rate in the first study increased after troubleshooting to 86.5% in the second study. Z tests showed that troubleshooting had produced statistically significant improvements in overall availability, in the number of items that could be downloaded from the library’s online collection or requested through interlibrary loan (ILL), and in three of six error categories (proxy, target database and ILL). Conclusion – Availability studies can contribute to successful troubleshooting initiatives by making librarians aware of technical problems that might otherwise go unreported. Problems uncovered by an availability study can be resolved through collaboration between librarians and systems vendors, though the present study did not demonstrate equally significant improvements across all types of errors. This study offers guidance to librarians seeking to focus troubleshooting efforts where they will have the greatest impact in improving access to full-text. It also advances the availability research method and is the first attempt to quantify its effectiveness as a troubleshooting tool.
Optical Radiation Measurements: Instrumentation and Sources of Error

Accurate measurement of optical radiation is required when sources of this radiation are used in biological research. The most difficult measurements of broadband noncoherent optical radiations usually must be performed by a highly trained specialist using sophisticated, complex, and expensive instruments. Presentation of the results of such measurement requires correct use of quantities and units with which many biological researchers are unfamiliar. The measurement process, physical quantities and units, measurement systems with instruments, and sources of error and uncertainties associated with optical radiation measurements are reviewed.
Cutaneous protothecosis and AIDS

Cutaneous protothecosis is an uncommon algal infection with a varied clinical presentation that occurs mainly in immunocompromised patients. We describe a 33-year-old Hispanic woman with AIDS who had a verrucous plaque on the dorsum of her hand. A biopsy specimen revealed organisms suggestive of Prototheca. Culture confirmed the organism to be Prototheca wickerhamii. To our knowledge, this is the first case of cutaneous protothecosis reported in a patient with AIDS.
Divergent evolution in fluviokarst landscapes of central Kentucky

Central Kentucky is characterized by a mixture of karst and ﬂuvial features, typically manifested as mosaic of karst-rich/channel-poor (KRCP) and channel-rich/karst-poor (CRKP) environments. At the regional scale the location and distribution of KRCP and CRKP areas are not always systematically related to structural, lithological, topographic, or other controls. This study examines the relationship of KRCP and CRKP zones along the Kentucky River gorge area, where rapid incision in the last 1·5 million years has lowered local base levels and modiﬁed slopes on the edge of the inner bluegrass plateau. At the scale of detailed ﬁeld mapping on foot within a 4 km2 area, the development of karst and ﬂuvial features is controlled by highly localized structural and topographic constraints, and can be related to slope changes associated with retreat of the Kentucky River gorge escarpment. A conceptual model of karst/ﬂuvial transitions is presented, which suggests that minor, localized variations are sufﬁcient to trigger a karst–ﬂuvial or ﬂuvial–karst switch when critical slope thresholds are crossed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ignition and combustion in a laminar mixing zone

The analytic investigation of laminar combustion processes which are essentially two- or three-dimensional present some mathematical difficulties. There are, however, several examples of two-dimensional flame propagation which involve transverse velocities that are small in comparison with that in the principal direction of flow. Such examples occur in thc problem of flame quenching by a cool surface, flame stabilization on a heated flat plate, combustion in laminar mixing zones, etc. In these cases the problem may be simplified by employing what is known in fluid mechanics as the boundary-layer approximation, since it was applied first by Prandtl in his treatment of the viscous flow over a flat plate. Physically it consists in recognizing that if the transverse velocity is small, the variations of flow properties along the direction of main flow are small in comparison with those in a direction normal to the main flow. The analytic description of the problem simplifies accordingly. The present analysis considers the ignition and combustion in the laminar mixing zone between two parallel moving gas streams. One stream consists of a cool combustible mixture, the second is hot combustion products. The two streams come into contact at a given point and a laminar mixing process follows in which the velocity distribution is modified by viscosity, and the temperature and composition distributions by conduction, diffusion, and chemical reaction. The decomposition of the combustible stream is assumed to follow first-order reaction kinetics with temperature dependence according to the Arrhenius law. For a given initial velocity, composition, and temperature distribution, the questions to be answered are: (1) Does the combustible material ignite; and (2) how far downstream of the initial contact point does the flame appear and what is the detailed process of development. Since the hot stream is of infinite extent, it is found that ignition always takes place at some point of the stream. However, when the temperature of the hot stream drops below a certain value, the distance required for ignition increases so enormously that it essentially does not occur in a physical apparatus of finite dimension. The complete development of the laminar flame front is computed using an approximation similar to the integral technique introduced by von Karman into boundary layer theory.