cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High resolution Cherenkov and range detectors for balloon-borne cosmic-ray experiment

A combination of an active Cerenkov detector and passive range detectors is proposed for the high resolution measurement of isotopic composition in the neighborhood of iron in the galactic cosmic rays. A large area (4,300 sq cm) Cerenkov counter and passive range detectors were tested. Tests with heavy ions (2.1 GeV/amu C-12, 289 MeV/amu Ar-40, and 594 MeV/amu Ne-20) revealed the spatial uniformity of response of the Cerenkov counter to be better than 1% peak-to-peak. Light collection efficiency is independent of projectile energy and incidence angle to within at least 0.5%. Passive Lexan track recorders to measure range in the presence of the nuclear interaction background which results from stopping particles through 0.9 interaction lengths of matter were also tested. It was found that nuclear interactions produce an effective range straggling distribution only approximately 75% wider than that expected from range straggling alone. The combination of these tested techniques makes possible high mass resolution in the neighborhood of iron.
Computation of observation sensitivity and observation impact in incremental variational data assimilation

We discuss the computation of observation sensitivities and observation impact for incremental variational data assimilation (VDA), accounting for the inner and outer loops. To fully account for the outer loops, a second-order adjoint of the data assimilation system is required, which makes it impractical for an operational data assimilation system. However, some approximations can be made that allow useful results to be obtained with multiple outer loop iterations, in particular, for observation impact studies. Two algorithms are presented to compute the adjoint of the inner loop minimization, and their merits are discussed. Validation results are given for both of these algorithms. We show that one algorithm, based on the adjoint of an approximation of the inverse of the Hessian of the cost function, can also be used to investigate some convergence aspects of the incremental VDA inner loop. Because it is computationally inexpensive, the proposed algorithm could be used to monitor an operational system routinely. We give some numerical results illustrating the impact of observations in successive outer loop iterations.
Cortical activation during menopausal hot flashes.

Objective To determine regions of brain activation associated with menopausal hot flashes and sweating. Design Controlled laboratory study. Setting University medical center. Patient(s) Symptomatic postmenopausal women and asymptomatic eumenorrheic women. Intervention(s) None Main Outcome Measure(s) Brain activation measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Result(s) Significant ( P P Conclusion(s) Activation of the insular cortex is associated with the "rush of heat" described during menopausal hot flashes. Thermoregulation in humans appears to be represented in a distributed cortico-subcortical network rather than in a single localized structure.
Variation of temperature and velocity fluctuations in turbulent thermal convection over horizontal surfaces

Abstract The variations of root-mean-square (r.m.s.) temperature and velocity in turbulent thermal convection above a heated, horizontal surface are analyzed by extending the arguments of Castaing et al. ([1]: J. Fluid Mech. 204, 1–30 (1989)) which lead to the two-sevenths power law for heat transfer. Asymptotic matching of properties scaled on Deardoff's convection scales with those scaled on Castaing et al.'s lambda-layer show that the r.m.s. temperature decays as z − 1 2 and the r.m.s. vertical velocity increases as log z. These results are supported by data from Rayleigh convection and unsteady convection, both penetrative and non-penetrative.
Serum CA-125 in the evaluation of benign adnexal cysts.

Because serum CA-125 concentrations are increased in women with endometriosis, our objective was to determine whether CA-125 levels could be used to differentiate endometriotic from nonendometriotic beign cysts. During a 2-year period, all women who had an endometrioma (n = 33) or a nonendometriotic cyst (n = 27) that was ≥4 cm were included. Serum CA-125 levels were measured by an immunoradiometric assay, and the mean concentrations in women with an endometriotic cyst increased as the diameter of the cyst increased. The mean CA-125 concentrations in women with cysts ≥4 cm were 53 ± 2 U/ml in 19 women with an endometriotic cyst, 11 ± 1 U/ml in 20 women with a nonendometriotic cyst, and 15 ± 1 U/ml in 7 women with a nonendometriotic cyst and endometriosis. In the fluid of 10 endometriomas, the mean CA-125 concentration was 290 ± 94 × 10 3 U/ml (range 10 to 900 × 10 3 U/ml). With cysts diameters ≥4 cm, 19 of 19 women with endometriotic cysts, zero of seven women with nonendometriotic cysts and endometriosis, and zero of 20 women with nonendometriotic cysts had CA-125 concentrations ≥20 U/ml (99% upper normal limit). We conclude that serum CA-125 determinations offer an excellent method to differentiate endometriotic from nonendometriotic benign cysts.
College tuition costs and early career socioeconomic achievement: do you get what you pay for?

The effects of college tuition costs on early career educational, occupational and economic achievements were estimated for a national sample of black and white college students. The findings suggest that attending a relatively high tuition college has a net positive influence on such outcomes as educational attainment, occupational status, income and women's entry into sex-atypical careers. These effects remained significant even when controls were made for student background characteristics (e.g., socioeconomic origins, secondary school achievement, educational and occupational aspirations); the academic selectivity, private/public control, size and graduate orientation of the college attended; and one's specific college experiences (e.g., academic major, academic achievement and social involvement). The findings are discussed in terms of several plausible causal mechanisms.
Patterned Polyfluorene Surfaces by Functionalization of Nanoimprinted Polymeric Features

A new procedure is described for surface grafting polymer brushes by step-growth polymerization from initiator-embedded polymeric thin films and micron- and nanometer-scale patterns. An imprint lithographic process, nanocontact molding, was used to prepare thin patterned cross-linked polyacrylate network films on silicon wafers that incorporated 4-bromostyrene in the networks. These networks present reactive 4-bromophenyl functionality at the surface that act as attachment sites for the subsequent Ni(0)- mediated step-growth condensation polymerization of 2,7-dibromo-9,9-dihexylfluorene The step-growth polymerization medium consisted of 2,7-dibromo-9,9-dihexylfluorene, Ni(0)-catalyst, and bipyridine in a toluene/dimethylformamide solvent mixture. The resulting growth of polydihexylfluorene brushes from the patterned surface was monitored by contact angle, optical spectrometry, surface profilometry and AFM. Brush growth was conducted from patterned features ranging from 100 μm to 100 nm in width and 50 nm ...
Production of firebrick from safonov clays

Laboratory and semiindustrial testing established the possibility of making high-grade firebrick from Safonov clays.
Fasciotomy After Envenomation: Measure Twice and Cut Once

patient was pronounced brain dead. The ammonia level was 80 mg/dL, and the valproic acid level was 60.7 mg/mL. No further valproic acid or ammonia levels were obtained. This case is unusual because of the modest quantity of valproic acid ingested and similarly modest peak serum level of 305.4 mg/mL. Case series have illustrated that severe complications are rare, especially with peak valproic acid levels less than 450 mg/mL 1 and with ingestions of less than 400 mg/kg. 2 This case demonstrates that extremely high ammonia levels can occur, even with unexceptional valproic acid ingestion amounts and peak levels. The coingestants in this case are of uncertain significance. Hyperammonemic encephalopathy has been observed in patients on combination therapy with valproic acid and other antiseizure drugs, 3 but this complication has not been associated with either risperidone or venlafaxine, the coingestants in this case. This case should reinforce the importance of ongoing gastric decontamination in patients with persistently high or increasing serum valproic acid levels after acute overdose. Some authors advocate carnitine supplementation for patients with acute valproic acid overdose 4 and in patients with coma after acute valproic acid overdose. 5 This seems prudent, especially for hyperammonemic patients. Unfortunately, our experience has been that some medical centers do not carry L-carnitine on their formulary or do not stock a sufficient quantity to supply the typically cited doses.
Soka Kyoikugaku Taikei Versus Education for Creative Living: How Makiguchi Tsunesaburo's Educational Ideas Are Presented in English

The only available English translation of Makiguchi Tsunesaburo's most characteristic work, Soka Kyoikugaku Taikei (The System of Value-Creating Pedagogy; 1930–1934), was published as Education for Creative Living in 1989 with Alfred Birnbaum as the translator and Dayle M. Bethel as the editor. Education for Creative Living, not Makiguchi's Japanese original, has been translated into 13 languages and has contributed to introducing Makiguchi's educational ideas to the non-Japanese-speaking world. In this article, the author reports findings of a comparative, cross-linguistic textual analysis of Education for Creative Living and Soka Kyoikugaku Taikei. Her findings indicate that Bethel has made many editorial choices without notifying the reader, such as putting more emphasis on philosophy than pedagogy, simplifying some of Makiguchi's arguments; omitting Makiguchi's references to various scholars; and omitting, inserting and revising portions of text. These editorial choices give the impression of a simple...
Isomerism of Disubstituted Manganese Pentacarbonyl Bromide

THE manganese pentacarbonyl halides react with a variety of ligands of the type PR3 and P(OR)3 to give mono- and di-substituted products, Mn(CO)4LX and Mn(CO)3L2X 1,2. The reaction of 0.2 g Mn(CO)5Br with 1.1 g P(OC6H5)3 in chloroform at 37° for 12 h yields what is believed to be 1,2-bis(triphenylphosphite)-4,5,6-tricarbonyl-3-bromo-manganese(I)3, in which the P(OC6H5)3 groups are cis to the Br as well as to each other (the ‘cis-isomer’). However, reaction at 55° produces 1,6-bis(triphenylphosphite)-2,4,5-tricarbonyl-3-bromomanganese(I), in which the P(OC6H5)3 groups are cis to the Br but trans to each other (the ‘trans-isomer’). Both isomers can be precipitated from chloroform with n-hexane and analyse correctly for the above compounds. The dipole moments obtained in benzene by an approximate method4 were 4.8D for the cis-isomer and 3.5Dfor the trans, while Mn(CO)5Br itself had a moment of 3.4D. These measurements confirm the assignment of the trans structure, but do not distinguish between the possible isomers in which the phosphine ligands are (a) both cis to the bromide, or (b) one cis and one trans to the bromide. An attempt has been made to distinguish these by means of the nuclear magnetic resonance of phosphorus which should show splittings in case (b) owing to the different environments of the two ligands. Although resonance was observed, the resolution was poor and no conclusion could be reached on these grounds. (We thank Dr. J. Verkade and Dr. R. King, Iowa State University, for making these measurements.) However, in view of the known inertness5 of the CO trans to the bromide in Mn(CO)5Br, we feel that alternative (b) is unlikely.
Activity Changes in Selected Enzymes from Soybean Leaves Following Ozone Exposure

Soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] were harvested at various time periods after a 2-h exposure to either 0 or 0.5 μ1/1 ozone to determine the effects of ozone on selected enzymes. Carbohydrate metabolism was modified by a depression of glyceraldehyde 3-phaosphate dehydrogenase and an activation of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Ozone did not alter the levels of RNase, protease, acid phosphatase or esterase as might be expected if ozone enhanced leaf senescence. The activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase, polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase were initially depressed and then stimulated following the ozone exposure. The reactions of soybeans to an acute ozone stress were more nearly akin to those elicited in response to other stresses than to the process of senescence.
Numerical investigation of mass transport through patient-specific deformed aortae

Blood flow in human arteries has been investigated using computational fluid dynamics tools. This paper considers flow modeling through three aorta models reconstructed from cross-sectional magnetic resonance scans of female patients. One has the normal control configuration, the second has elongation of the transverse aorta, and the third has tortuosity of the aorta with stenosis. The objective of this study is to determine the impact of aortic abnormal geometries on the wall shear stress (WSS), luminal surface low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) concentration, and oxygen flux along the arterial wall. The results show that the curvature of the aortic arch and the stenosis have significant effects on the blood flow, and in turn, the mass transport. The location of hypoxia areas can be predicted well by ignoring the effect of hemoglobin on the oxygen transport. However, this simplification indeed alters the absolute value of Sherwood number on the wall.
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation is no more effective than usual care for the treatment of primary dysphagia in children.

Objective Dysphagia can lead to chronic aspiration and pulmonary disease. The objective of this study was to compare change in swallowing function in pediatric patients with dysphagia who received neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) to a control group who received usual oral motor training and dietary manipulations without NMES. Study design Retrospective analysis of change in Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) level derived from videofluoscopic swallowing studies performed before and after NMES (treatment group: N = 46) compared to control group (control group: N = 47). Children were classified into two groups based on the etiology of their dysphagia (primary vs. acquired). NMES took place in a tertiary medical center for an average of 22 treatment sessions over 10 weeks. An independent t-test was used to test for differences in the change in FOIS level between groups. An analysis of covariance was run within groups to assess the relationship between diagnosis and change in FOIS level. Results Both groups improved in their FOIS level (P < 0.01) but the amount of change was not different (P = 0.11). Only the treatment group who had acquired dysphagia improved more than the similar subgroup of control children (P = 0.007). Conclusion NMES treatment of anterior neck muscles in a heterogeneous group of pediatric patients with dysphagia did not improve the swallow function more than that seen in patients who did not receive NMES treatment. However, there may be subgroups of children that will improve with NMES treatment. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2011; 46:559–565. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Characterization of Photorefractive Effect in Annealed Proton-Exchanged (APE) LiNbO3 Waveguides in the Visible Region

Annealed proton exchanged (APE) LiNbO3 waveguides with recovered electro-optic/nonlinear coefficients and low propagation loss are widely used in integrated optics. Although it is known that the PE LiNbO3 waveguides have higher resistance to photorefractive damage than Ti- diffused LiNbO3 waveguides1), a feature which is quite attractive for nonlinear guided wave applications such as efficient diode laser doubling2), a quantitative characterization of photorefractive effect in APE LiNbO3 waveguides in the visible region has not yet been reported.
Predictors of admission after emergency department discharge in older adults.

Objectives To identify predictors of hospital inpatient admission of older Medicare beneficiaries after discharge from the emergency department (ED). Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Nonfederal California hospitals (n = 284). Participants Visits of Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older discharged from California EDs in 2007 (n = 505,315). Measurements Using the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development files, predictors of hospital inpatient admission within 7 days of ED discharge in older adults (≥65) with Medicare were evaluated. Results Hospital inpatient admissions within 7 days of ED discharge occurred in 23,340 (4.6%) visits and were associated with older age (70–74: adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.07–1.17; 75–79: AOR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.13–1.23; ≥80: AOR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.35–1.46), skilled nursing facility use (AOR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.72–1.94), leaving the ED against medical advice (AOR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.67–1.98), and the following diagnoses with the highest odds of admission: end-stage renal disease (AOR = 3.83, 95% CI = 2.42–6.08), chronic renal disease (AOR = 3.19, 95% CI = 2.26–4.49), and congestive heart failure (AOR = 3.01, 95% CI = 2.59–3.50). Conclusion Five percent of older Medicare beneficiaries have a hospital inpatient admission after discharge from the ED. Chronic conditions such as renal disease and heart failure were associated with the greatest odds of admission.
Rate of recurrent stress urinary incontinence after retropubic urethrolysis

Purpose: We determined the rate of recurrent female stress urinary incontinence after retropubic urethrolysis without a concomitant anti-incontinence procedure.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the charts of all women who underwent urethrolysis at our institution for urethral obstruction due to an anti-incontinence procedure. The study was limited to patients who underwent retropubic urethrolysis without a synchronous anti-incontinence operation or interposition flap inlay for obstruction associated with a suburethral sling. Variables reviewed included the history of urethrolysis, success of retropubic urethrolysis and incidence of urinary incontinence after the operation.Results: A total of 12 patients met our study criteria, of whom 1 had stress urinary incontinence before retropubic urethrolysis. Of the 12 patients 10 achieved a successful result after urethrolysis and 2 achieved improvement but not success secondary to urinary urge incontinence. Protective padding was needed postoperatively for urina...
Design, Full-Scale Testing, and Analysis of an Innovative Natural-Convection-Driven Heat-Recovery Heat Exchanger for Space-Conditioning Applications

The temperature of water in large water reservoirs remains essentially constant at approximately 60° F throughout the year and therefore is attractive for space-conditioning applications. The energy exchange with the water reservoir is accomplished through a heat exchanger. In the present work, two heat-recovery heat exchangers were designed using a simplified computer model. Design-1, which used smooth tubes, was tested at a flooded abandoned mine vein at Scranton, Pennsyluania. The subsequent design, which used the spirally fluted tubes, was tested at the Ohio State University ( OSU) and at a lake in Lackawanna Stale Park in Pennsylvania. A more detailed thermal hydraulic model was developed for the analysis of these heat-recovery heat exchangers. The data obtained at OSU and Lackawanna were analyzed using the thermal hydraulic model to develop a correlation for natural convection. Finally, using this correlation, it was found that the design with spirally fluted tube clearly offers advantages in terms ...
Commentary The "Inverted-U" Shapedness of Mental Development

Because of his short, prolific life, Vygotsky has been likened to Mozart (Das & Gindis, 1995); but I think he must be our Shakespeare, for how else could Korsakova & Balashova have evoked the mise-en-scene of an entire lifetime of cognitive-affective work using nothing but Vygotsky's two-word stage direction "mediating activity"? And how, other than through raw force of language wedded to fundamental verities, could Vygotsky the writer have inspired and informed so many of the world's productions regarding mental development? In these comments I hope to facilitate understanding of one such production, if possible, for readers who are not adherents to Vygotsky. Aficionados will need no assistance.
On the Differential Covariants of Plane Curves, and the Operators Employed in their Development

The subject of the earlier parts of this paper is immediately allied with the late M. Halphen’s investigations in his Thesis, “ Sur les Invariants Differentiels,”(Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1878), and in his Memoir, “ Sur les Invariants Differen-tiels des courbes gauches” (‘ Journal de l'Ecole Polytechnique,’ vol. 28, cahier 47,1880), and in the latter paper the word covariant is applied to a function having the character of the functions which are generally treated of in this paper. The connection is perhaps greater with a previous, and, I think, less familiar paper of the same author, “ Sur la recherche des points d’une courbe algebrique plane, qui satisfont a une condition exprimee par une Equation differentielle algebrique, et sur les questions analogues dans l’espace ” (‘Journal de Math.,’ 3rd series, vol. 2, 1876). I am not able to point out any paper which touches upon the actual investigation attempted in this paper, and the mode of investigation can not claim any resemblance to any of Halphen’s work, and does not offer in itself any element of novelty.
The reward value of sucrose in leptin-deficient obese mice

Abstract Leptin-deficient patients report higher “liking” ratings for food, and leptin replacement therapy normalizes these ratings even before weight loss is achieved. Since animals cannot report their ratings, we studied the relationship between leptin and food reward in leptin-deficient ob / ob mice using a optogenetic assay that quantifies the reward value of sucrose. In this assay, mice chose between one sipper dispensing the artificial sweetener sucralose coupled to optogenetic activation of dopaminergic (DA) neurons, and another sipper dispensing sucrose. We found that the reward value of sucrose was high under a state of leptin deficiency, as well as at a dose of leptin that does not suppress food intake (12.5 ng/h). Treatment with higher doses of leptin decreased the reward value of sucrose before weight loss was achieved (100 ng/h), as seen in leptin-deficient patients. These results phenocopy in mice the behavior of leptin-deficient patients.
Development of a sensitive and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for thymosin β15, a urinary biomarker of human prostate cancer

OBJECTIVES In tissue-based assays, thymosin beta15 (Tbeta15) has been shown to correlate with prostate cancer (CaP) malignancy and with future recurrence. To be clinically effective, it must be shown that Tbeta15 is released by the tumor into body fluids in detectable concentrations. Toward this end, we have worked to develop a quantitative high-throughput assay that can accurately measure clinically relevant concentrations of Tbeta15 in human urine. DESIGN AND METHODS Sixteen antibodies were raised against recombinant Tbeta15 and/or peptide conjugates. One antibody, having stable characteristics over the wide range of pH and salt concentrations found in urine and minimal cross-reactivity with other beta thymosins, was used to develop a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Urinary Tbeta15 concentration was determined for control groups; normal (N = 52), prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN, N = 36), and CaP patients; untreated (N = 7) with subsequent biochemical failure, radiation therapy (N = 17) at risk of biochemical recurrence. RESULTS The operating range of the competition ELISA fell between 2.5 and 625 ng/mL. Recoveries exceeded 75%, and the intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variability were 3.3% and 12.9%, respectively. No cross-reactivity with other urine proteins was observed. A stable Tbeta15 signal was recovered from urine specimens stored at -20 degrees C for up to 1 year. At a threshold of 40 (ng/dL)/mug protein/mg creatinine), the assay had a sensitivity of 58% and a specificity of 94%. Relative to the control groups, Tbeta15 levels were greater than this threshold in a significant fraction of the CaP patients (P < 0.001), including 5 of the 7 patients who later experienced PSA recurrence. CONCLUSIONS We have established an ELISA that is able to detect Tbeta15 at clinically relevant concentrations in urine from patients with CaP. The assay will provide a tool for future clinical trials to validate urinary Tbeta15 as a predictive marker for recurrent CaP.
Extending the Capture Range of Phase Retrieval through Random Starting Parameters

Probability of convergence of a high noise wavefront sensing experiment is assessed statistically to understand the capture range, ensemble convergence properties and behavior with respect to the degrees of freedom allowed during the search.
A Survey of Advance Reservation Routing and Wavelength Assignment in Wavelength-Routed WDM Networks

Traditionally, research on routing and wavelength assignment over wavelength-routed WDM networks is concerned with immediate reservation (IR) demands. An IR demand typically does not specify a holding time for data transmission and the start time of the data transmission is assumed to be immediate (i.e. when the connection request arrives). The concept of advance reservation (AR) has recently been gaining attention for optical networks. An AR demand typically specifies information about the start of the data transmission or a deadline, as well as the holding time of the transmission. AR has several important applications for both wide-area networks and Grid networks. For example, AR can be used for adjusting virtual topologies to adapt to predictable peak hour traffic usage. It can be used to provide high-bandwidth services such as video conferencing and in Grid applications requiring the scheduled distribution of large files and for co-allocation of network and grid resources. AR can also be beneficial to the network by allowing the network operator to better plan resource usage and therefore increase utilization. Knowledge of the holding time can lead to more optimal decisions for resource allocation. This translates to better quality of service for users. In this paper we provide a comprehensive survey of the past and current work on advance reservation for optical networks. There have been many variations of the advance reservation concept proposed, so we will also provide a broad classification. In addition to the survey, we will discuss what we believe are important areas of future work and open challenges for advance reservation on optical networks.
Occupational Engagement and Health in Older South Asian Immigrants

The purpose of this study was to investigate the elements that shape how healthy active South Asian elder immigrants engage in daily activities to maintain their health. A descriptive grounded theory approach was employed using semi-structured interviews and a daily activity chart. Convenience sampling was used to recruit 12 South Asian elders, 7 males and 5 females, who immigrated after retirement to the South San Francisco Bay area. Open, axial, and selective coding of the transcribed data led to two broad themes, control and interdependence. These themes may be viewed as dynamic and interconnected forces that shape and determine the elder's choice and orchestration of daily occupations. They are mediated by the sub-themes of social dynamics, cultural values, and health. Results indicate that well South Asian elder immigrants have a holistic and pragmatic outlook towards health, accept the constraints of their new environment and find ways to engage in healthy occupations. Their choice and engagement of...
High-resolution three-dimensional sensing of fast deforming objects

In applications like motion capture, high speed collision testing and robotic manipulation of deformable objects there is a critical need for capturing the 3D geometry of fast moving and/or deforming objects. Although there exists many 3D sensing techniques, most cannot deal with dynamic scenes (e.g., laser scanning). Others, like stereovision, require that object surfaces be appropriately textured. Few, if any, build high-resolution 3D models of dynamic scenes. This paper presents a technique to compute high-resolution range maps from single images of moving and deforming objects. This method is based on observing the deformation of a projected light pattern that combines a set of parallel colored stripes and a perpendicular set of sinusoidal intensity stripes. While the colored stripes allow the sensor to compute absolute depths at coarse resolution, the sinusoidal intensity stripes give dense relative depths. This twofold pattern makes it possible to extract a high-resolution range map from each image in a video sequence. The sensor has been implemented and tested on several deforming objects.
Prediction of a Flash Flood in Complex Terrain. Part II: A Comparison of Flood Discharge Simulations Using Rainfall Input from Radar, a Dynamic Model, and an Automated Algorithmic System

Abstract Three techniques were employed for the estimation and prediction of precipitation from a thunderstorm that produced a flash flood in the Buffalo Creek watershed located in the mountainous Front Range near Denver, Colorado, on 12 July 1996. The techniques included 1) quantitative precipitation estimation using the National Weather Service’s Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler and the National Center for Atmospheric Research’s S-band, dual-polarization radars, 2) quantitative precipitation forecasting utilizing a dynamic model, and 3) quantitative precipitation forecasting using an automated algorithmic system for tracking thunderstorms. Rainfall data provided by these various techniques at short timescales (6 min) and at fine spatial resolutions (150 m to 2 km) served as input to a distributed-parameter hydrologic model for analysis of the flash flood. The quantitative precipitation estimates from the weather radar demonstrated their ability to aid in simulating a watershed’s response to preci...
Limited impact of sustained simple feedback based on soap and paper towel consumption on the frequency of hand washing in an adult intensive care unit.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether hand washing would increase with sustained feedback based on measurements of soap and paper towel consumption. DESIGN: Prospective trial with a nonequivalent control group. SETTING: Open multibed rooms in the Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center's Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU) and Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU). SUBJECTS: Unit staff. INTERVENTION: Every weekday from May 26 through December 8, 1998, we recorded daytime soap and paper towel consumption, nurse staffing, and occupied beds in the SICU (intervention unit) and the MICU (control unit) and used these data to calculate estimated hand washing episodes (EHWEs), EHWEs per occupied bed per hour, and patient-to-nurse ratios. In addition, from May 26 through June 26 (baseline period) and from November 2 through December 8 (follow-up period), live observers stationed daily for random 4-hour intervals in the MICU and the SICU counted actual hand washing episodes (CHWEs). The intervention consisted of posting in the SICU, but not in the MICU, a graph showing the weekly EHWEs per occupied bed per hour for the preceding 5 weeks. RESULTS: Directly counted hand washing fell in the SICU from a baseline of 2.68 ± 0.72 (mean ± standard deviation) episodes per occupied bed per hour to 1.92 ± 1.35 in the follow-up period. In the MICU, episodes fell from 2.58 ± 0.95 (baseline) to 1.74 ± 0.69. In the MICU, the withdrawal of live observers was associated with a decrease in estimated episodes from 1.36 ± 0.49 at baseline to 1.01 ± 0.36, with a return to 1.16 ± 0.50 when the observers returned. In the SICU, a similar decrease did not persist throughout a period of feedback. Estimated hand washing correlated negatively with the patient-to-nurse ratio (r = -0.35 for the MICU, r = -0.46 for the SICU). CONCLUSIONS: Sustained feedback on hand washing failed to produce a sustained improvement. Live observers were associated with increased hand washing, even when they did not offer feedback. Hand washing decreased when the patient-to-nurse ratio increased.
1474 THE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF BILIRUBIN SPECIES, INCLUDING DELTA BILIRUBIN, IN JAUNDICED INFANTS

1474 THE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF BILIRUBIN SPECIES, INCLUDING DELTA BILIRUBIN, IN JAUNDICED INFANTS
An experimental study of the in-situ gelation of chromium(+3)-polyacrylamide polymer in porous media

Gelled polymers are being used increasingly as reservoir flow control agents to improve the water-to-oil ratio in waterflooding. To date, little has been published in the open literature on the insitu gelation of polymers in porous media. This work was undertaken to study the process of in-situ gelation of a gel system consisting of a polyacrylamide polymer, sodium dichromate and thiourea. The experiments consisted of continously injecting gel solutions into one-foot unconsolidated sandpacks. Pressure distributions along the flow direction were used to interpret the nature of gelation in the porous media. It was found that gelation in porous media occured much earlier than anticipated from beaker tests where gel solutions were under conditions of no shear. For example, a gel solution with a nominal 10-day gel time in a beaker gelled in 85 hours in a porous medium run. Shear was thought to be one of the major factors affecting the in-situ gelation rate and it was determined that gelation times decreased with increasing insitu shear rates. Under the same in-situ shear rate, the in-situ gelation times were approximately equal in sandpacks prepared from different grain sizes. The order in which in-situ gelation occurred along the flow direction indicated thatmore » the shear history had an effect on gelation time. Effluents from displacements with gel solutions were analyzed to evaluate the change in the properties of a gel solution as it moved through the porous media. The chemical analysis indicated that the retention of polymer was marked after the in-situ gelation developed.« less
Simultaneous Sequencing of Multiple Polymerase Chain Reaction Products and Combined Polymerase Chain Reaction with Cycle Sequencing in Single Reactions

DNA sequencing is considered the gold standard for nucleic acid identification and mutation detection. However, sequencing is labor intensive because it requires previous amplification and only a single sequence is analyzed at a time. We developed two novel strategies that substantially improve DNA sequencing. The first allows multiple polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products to be sequenced in a single sequencing reaction and analyzed simultaneously in a single lane or capillary. Simultaneous sequencing by this method, designated "SimulSeq," can provide either simultaneous single-direction sequencing of multiple genes or simultaneous forward and reverse sequencing from a single gene. In the second approach, designated "AmpliSeq," we demonstrate a technique combining PCR amplification and sequencing in a single reaction that is analyzed in a single lane or capillary. We demonstrate combined PCR with short bidirectional sequencing, and combined PCR with unidirectional sequencing. We anticipate that these methods will have utility in research and clinical settings where panels of mutations or large numbers of samples are be analyzed and/or when turnaround time is critical.
ACOUSTO-OPTIC LIQUID-CRYSTAL ANALOG BEAM FORMER FOR PHASED-ARRAY ANTENNAS

A compact phased-array antenna acousto-optic beam former with element-level analog phase (0–2π) and amplitude control using nematic-liquid-crystal display-type technology is experimentally demonstrated. Measurements indicate >6-bit phase control and 52.6 dB of amplitude-attenuation control. High-quality error calibration and antenna sidelobe-levelcontrol is possible with this low-control-power analog beam former. Optical system options using rf Bragg cells or wideband Bragg cells are discussed, with the rf design being the current preferred approach. Transmit–receive beam forming based on frequency upconversion–downconversion by electronic mixing is introduced for the rf Bragg-cell beam former, and comparisons with digital beam forming are highlighted. A millimeter-wave signal generation and control optical architecture is described.
Modeling primaries of acoustic/elastic waves by one-return approximation

The ability to model only primaries is very desirable in seismic exploration and can find broad applications in modeling, imaging, data processing, and interpretation. In this article, “primaries” mean the primary transmitted or reflected waves that involve only single interactions (transmission or reflection) at interfaces (sharp discontinuities) inside a heterogeneous medium. Primary-only modeling usually is much faster and more memory-efficient than full-wave methods, and, in addition, can provide “clean” seismograms free from multiples—a feature useful in testing certain features of migration/imaging or velocity analysis algorithms. This ability of modeling primary-only events also means the method can eliminate pure multiples from full-wave seismograms. The potential applications of primary-only modeling go beyond seismic modeling. For example, it can be applied as an extended one-way propagator to migration/imaging using unconventional waves (such as turning waves), reflected waves, or duplex waves ...
Frequency-related, bidirectional limbic responses to cocaine: Comparisons with amphetamine and lidocaine

Dual effects of cocaine on the electrical excitability of limbic structures were investigated by determining current thresholds for afterdischarges (AD) evoked by low and high frequency electrical stimulation. Cocaine, lidocaine and D-amphetamine treatments were compared in order to assess the extent to which cocaine's local anesthetic and monoaminergic actions contribute to its effects on limbic afterdischarges. Afterdischarge threshold, duration and propagation for both 3 and 50 Hz stimulation of the amygdala, hippocampus and septal area were tested following saline, cocaine (5 mg/kg), lidocaine (5 mg/kg) and D-amphetamine (2.5-5 mg/kg). Results provide clear evidence that cocaine has a bidirectional effect on hippocampal and amygdalar AD thresholds--significantly increasing sensitivity to low frequency stimulation while significantly decreasing sensitivity to high frequency stimulation at identical brain sites. A frequency-dependent threshold effect also occurred at the septal area. In addition, cocaine reduced limbic AD duration and propagation; these effects proved unrelated to the direction of AD threshold changes. Cocaine effects on afterdischarges differed significantly from those of amphetamine and lidocaine. Comparisons with amphetamine and lidocaine suggest that cocaine's local anesthetic action, but not its monoaminergic properties, may contribute to reductions in limbic afterdischarge duration and propagation. However, it is unlikely that either monoaminergic or local anesthetic actions are responsible for cocaine's pronounced dual effect on the electrical excitability of major limbic structures. This bidirectional drug effect has interesting neurobiological implications and, in addition, offers a potentially valuable tool for new research on frequency-related functions of the limbic system.
A storable encapsulated bilayer chip containing a single protein nanopore.

A robust, portable chip containing a single protein nanopore would be a significant development in the practical application of stochastic sensing technology. Here, we describe a chip in which a single α-hemolysin (αHL) pore in a planar phospholipid bilayer is sandwiched between two layers of agarose gel. These encapsulated nanopore chips remain functional after storage for weeks. The detection of the second messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) was demonstrated with a chip containing a genetically engineered αHL pore as the sensor element.
The Social Setting of Malachi

Malachi perceived his social setting to reflect three distinct groups: an inner-group of the pious and the faithful whose blessedness was assured, an in-group of skeptics whose salvation was questionable but still possible if they repented, and an out-group of arrogant evildoers for whom only condemnation was possible. This three-group model was an essential element of Malachi's thought. An exegesis of Malachi 3:13-4:3 is offered as an example.
Acute myelogenous leukemia with t(6;9)(p23;q34) and marrow basophilia: an overview.

Abstract Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) with chromosomal translocation (6;9)(p23;q34) is a rare disease with poor prognosis and distinct clinical and morphologic features. t(6;9) results in a chimeric fusion gene between DEK (6p23) and CAN/NUP214 (9q34). FLT3-ITD mutation is one of the most frequent mutations in AML and correlates with poor clinical outcome. Prevalence of FLT3-ITD is as high as 70% among patients with t(6;9) AML, and patients with t(6;9) AML and FLT3-ITD mutations usually have higher white blood cell counts, higher bone marrow blasts, and significantly lower rates of complete remission. t(6;9) is most commonly associated with AML-FAB-M2 and is considered by some researchers to be a separate disease entity because of its distinct clinical and morphologic features and poor prognostic implication. Distinct morphologic features of this entity include marrow basophilia and myelodysplasia, and immunophenotypically, the blast cells are positive for CD9, CD13, CD33, and HLA-DR; are usually posi...
Ethics and Authority in International Law

Preface Acknowledgements List of abbreviations Table of cases Table of statutes Table of treaties 1. Introduction 2. The international legal order 3. Theory and practice come together 4. Putting it together 5. Implications for today Bibliography Index.
Reusing model transformations while preserving properties

Model transformations are indispensable to model-based development (MBD) where they act as translators between domain-specific languages (DSLs). As a result, transformations must be verified to ensure they behave as desired. Simultaneously, transformations may be reused as requirements evolve. In this paper we present novel algorithms to determine if a reused transformation preserves the same properties as the original, without expensive re-verification. We define a type of behavioral equivalence, called lifting equivalence, relating an original transformation to its reused version. A reused transformation that is equivalent to the original will preserve all compatible universally quantified properties. We describe efficient algorithms for verifying lifting equivalence, which we have implemented in our FORMULA [1, 2] framework.
Wideband sub-forcing harmonic phase inversion imaging

A new imaging technique is proposed which presents a significant new opportunity to differentiate bubble echoes from tissue echoes while maintaining maximum transmitted bandwidth. When insonified with a single-cycle pulse near twice the bubble's linear resonance frequency, the echo spectrum is dependent on the phase of transmission. When rarefaction precedes compression in the transmission, the echo is centered near the frequency of transmission. When compression precedes rarefaction, the echo has a major peak near the bubble's resonance frequency (one-half the driving frequency). We call this portion of the echo at one-half of the driving frequency the "sub-forcing harmonic." The mechanism responsible for generating the lower center frequency involves exciting a resonant frequency oscillation of the bubble. The bubble echo can then be recognized by the shift in mean frequency between the two phases of transmission. With this technique, tissue echoes are rejected by both the lack of sub-forcing harmonic frequency content and the response to the phase inversion sequence. Thus, the discrimination of bubble and tissue echoes is significantly improved. To study the effect of transmission and bubble parameters, the modified Herring equation with shell terms is solved for the time dependent bubble radius and wall velocity and these outputs are used to formulate the predicted echo from a single encapsulated bubble. Experimental echoes are also recorded from a single bubble in a phantom vessel. The transmission of a pair of wideband (1.5 cycle) pulses with opposite phases yields echoes with considerable differences in frequency content. For a 1.1 /spl mu/m radius bubble and a 6.5 MHz transmission with a peak negative pressure of 850 kPa, the mean frequency of the echo received from an 180/spl deg/ pulse is more than 1 MHz higher than that from the 0/spl deg/ pulse. The frequency shift due to sub-forcing harmonic generation is high for a range of transmitted center frequencies (5-9 MHz) and bubble diameters (1-3 /spl mu/m) and the experimental echoes from a 5 MHz transmission confirm a shift of 1 MHz for a bubble in this size range.
Cytomegalovirus Basic Phosphoprotein (pUL32) Binds to Capsids In Vitro through Its Amino One-Third

The cytomegalovirus (CMV) basic phosphoprotein (BPP) is a component of the tegument. It remains with the nucleocapsid fraction under conditions that remove most other tegument proteins from the virion, suggesting a direct and perhaps tight interaction with the capsid. As a step toward localizing this protein within the molecular structure of the virion and understanding its function during infection, we have investigated the BPP-capsid interaction. In this report we present evidence that the BPP interacts selectively, through its amino one-third, with CMV capsids. Radiolabeled simian CMV (SCMV) BPP, synthesized in vitro, bound to SCMV B-capsids, and C-capsids to a lesser extent, following incubation with either isolated capsids or lysates of infected cells. Human CMV (HCMV) BPP (pUL32) also bound to SCMV capsids, and SCMV BPP likewise bound to HCMV capsids, indicating that the sequence(s) involved is conserved between the two proteins. Analysis of SCMV BPP truncation mutants localized the capsid-binding region to the amino one-third of the molecule—the portion of BPP showing the greatest sequence conservation between the SCMV and HCMV homologs. This general approach may have utility in studying the interactions of other proteins with conformation-dependent binding sites.
A cell-based model of hemostasis

Based on our work and that of many other workers, we have developed a model of coagulation in vivo. Many workers have demonstrated mechanisms by which cells can influence the coagulation process. Nonetheless, the prevailing view of hemostasis remains that the protein coagulation factors direct and control the process with cells serving primarily to provide a phosphatidylserine containing surface on which the procoagulant complexes are assembled. By contrast, we propose a model in which coagulation is regulated by properties of cell surfaces. This model emphasizes the importance of specific cellular receptors for the coagulation proteins. Thus, cells with similar phosphatidylserine content can play very different roles in hemostasis depending on their complement of surface receptors. We propose that coagulation occurs not as a “cascade”, but in three overlapping stages: 1) initiation, which occurs on a tissue factor bearing cell; 2) amplification, in which platelets and cofactors are activated to set the stage for large scale thrombin generation; and 3) propagation, in which large amounts of thrombin are generated on the platelet surface. This cell based model explains some aspects of hemostasis that a protein-centric model does not.