cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Axons regulate the distribution of Schwann cell microtubules

It is well established that axons regulate Schwann cell phenotype. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether axons influence the arrangement of Schwann cell microtubules (MTs). Using double-labeling immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy, we show that MTs in undifferentiated Schwann cells are nucleated from and attached to a single MT organizing center (MTOC) that is associated with the centrosome. Physical contact with appropriate axons initiates a myelin-forming phenotype that disperses MT minus ends and induces multiple MT-nucleating sites in Schwann cell perinuclear cytoplasm. The axonal signal that initiates myelin breakdown during Wallerian degeneration induces multiple MTOCs and MT bundles in Schwann cell perinuclear cytoplasm and in cytoplasm between degenerating myelin ovoids. These results establish that axons influence Schwann cell MT distribution by regulating the location and number of MT-nucleation sites.
Biotechnology and Society: We Scientists Have Responsibilities Too

When a new technology is introduced, scientists can help improve public understanding and acceptance. In the case of biotechnology, scientists should communicate more effectively: to provide accurate scientific data to facilitate policy analysis; to clarify issues in active political debate; to explain science to the lay public to dispel general ignorance and enable rational choice; to assist the media in producing more thoughtful journalism; to share expertise to allow beneficial applications in developing countries; and to advance scientific discovery.
Financing the British War Effort

War is a drain on resources, both of manpower and of materials. The object of government financial policy in time of war is primarily to ease the real drain by making its monetary counterpart work as smoodily as possible. In a long and brilliantly written book R. S. Sayers has provided a meaty account of Britain's financial policy during World War II. Any serious study of the problems of war finance or the financial history of World War II would do well to begin with this volume.
General recognition theory with individual differences: a new method for examining perceptual and decisional interactions with an application to face perception

A common question in perceptual science is to what extent different stimulus dimensions are processed independently. General recognition theory (GRT) offers a formal framework via which different notions of independence can be defined and tested rigorously, while also dissociating perceptual from decisional factors. This article presents a new GRT model that overcomes several shortcomings with previous approaches, including a clearer separation between perceptual and decisional processes and a more complete description of such processes. The model assumes that different individuals share similar perceptual representations, but vary in their attention to dimensions and in the decisional strategies they use. We apply the model to the analysis of interactions between identity and emotional expression during face recognition. The results of previous research aimed at this problem have been disparate. Participants identified four faces, which resulted from the combination of two identities and two expressions. An analysis using the new GRT model showed a complex pattern of dimensional interactions. The perception of emotional expression was not affected by changes in identity, but the perception of identity was affected by changes in emotional expression. There were violations of decisional separability of expression from identity and of identity from expression, with the former being more consistent across participants than the latter. One explanation for the disparate results in the literature is that decisional strategies may have varied across studies and influenced the results of tests of perceptual interactions, as previous studies lacked the ability to dissociate between perceptual and decisional interactions.
Metastability and Stability of Patterns in a Convolution Model for Phase Transitions

where e is a small positive parameter, and f is bistable, having only three zeros 1; a; 1 and is ‘‘balanced’’, i.e., R 1 1 f ðuÞ du 1⁄4 0 (see Fig. 1). For a typical initial datum j which crosses a several times, at the beginning the solution evolves as if the diffusion term euxx were not there, and in the time scale Oðej‘n ejÞ; the solution gets close to 1 or 1 in intervals separated by thin layers of thickness at the order of Oðej‘n ejÞ [17, 28]. At this moment a spatial pattern is generated. It persists on a time scale OðeceÞ but is eventually destroyed: typically uðx; tÞ ! 1 uðx; tÞ ! 1 uniformly for x on 1⁄20; 1 as t ! 1: It is possible that uðx; tÞ converges to a or a nonconstant steady state as t ! 1: But this is an unlikely event because all these steady states are unstable [16, 27]. Research supported in part by The National Science Foundation and BOR/LEQSF.
Modeling and mental imagery use by multiply handicapped and learning disabled preschool children

Multiply handicapped mentally retarded and learning disabled preschool children participated in a series of learning tasks designed to clarify task-related effects of modeling-based mental imagery training experiences. A modified single-subject multiple-baseline design was employed with alternating baseline and treatment sessions occurring for tasks involving uncategorized recall, categorized recall, and paired associates learning. Facilitative effects of modeling were found to occur for all learning tasks. Facilitation of learning was most apparent for associative learning and with learning disabled subjects. The findings are discussed in terms of the viability of instructional modeling and mental imagery processes as factors in the education of children with problems in learning, language, and cognition.
A reevaluation of the Markham rotation technique using model systems

Enhancement of electron microscope images using the photographic technique of Markhamet al. (26) , when used to evaluate model systems, is shown to be less reliable than previously regarded by many investigators. Numerous biological systems have been subjected to rotational analyses, and many of these investigations have lacked the controls necessary to assure complete validity of the results reported. Analyses of model systems indicate that it is essential that rotation examinations not be limited to the suspected number of degrees of symmetry in the original. Reliable results are obtained only when a complete range of rotations begins with the smallest multiple common to the suspected symmetry and includes all subsequent common multiples. This is necessary to distinguish the true symmetry of the model from the pseudosymmetry observed on either side of n, the fundamental periodicity of the specimen. These data suggest that this technique should be used with extreme caution and be limited to structures having visible symmetry.
Selective Determination of Pentafluorobenzyl Ester Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids by GC Using Microwave Plasma and Mass Selective Detection

A highly selective, sensitive method for determination of carboxylic acids in water has been developed that is based on fluorine-selective gas chromatography (GC) detection of pentafluorobenzyl ester derivatives. The atmospheric-pressure helium microwave-induced plasma detector is well suited for fluorine-specific detection of these derivatives, which were well resolved by capillary GC and displayed a characteristic fragmentation behavior when examined by GC-mass selective detection. For demonstration purposes, a number of carboxylic acids, ranging from C1 to C20, were examined and found to be derivatized with yields greater than 90%, and a sample of creek water was examined for its carboxylic acid content.
An Ensemble Model for Mobile Device based Arrhythmia Detection

Recent advances in smart mobile device technology have resulted in global availability of portable computing devices capable of performing many complex functions. With the ultimate intent of promoting human's well-being, mobile device based arrhythmia detection (MAD) has attracted lots of attention recently. Without any guidance or supervision from experts, the performance of arrhythmia detection is usually unsatisfactory. Supervised learning can learn from labeled cardiac cycles to detect arrhythmias for each mobile device user if enough training data is provided. However, it is time-consuming, costly and sometimes impossible to let experts annotate enough training data for each user. To tackle this problem, we take advantage of publicly available and well annotated data to infer knowledge which can be treated as experts for MAD. To reduce the space usage of the framework, we extract from each source of labeled data an expert model, which consists of a task-independent individual characteristic vector and a task-related preference vector. Multiple experts are then integrated into an ensemble model for arrhythmia detection. Both space and time complexities of this proposed approach are theoretically analyzed and experimentally examined. To evaluate the performance of the method, we implement it on the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Dataset and compare it with seven state-of-the-art methods in the area. Extensive experimental results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms all the baseline methods, which validates the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in MAD.
Applications of schedule-induced polydipsia in rodents for the study of an excessive ethanol intake phenotype

Schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) is generated by subjecting a highly motivated animal to a sub-optimal rate of food reinforcement while also providing access to a fluid. SIP is one of several adjunctive (or displacement) behaviors that are expressed in an exaggerated form that is deemed 'excessive.' This feature makes SIP an attractive model for studying an excessive ethanol drinking phenotype in rodents. Multiple experimental variables are crucial for the full manifestation of adjunctive drinking, including the degree of food deprivation, the inter-pellet interval selected, and the size of the food reward offered. Although these variables were extensively studied and optimized for water polydipsia in rats, a similarly customized approach to ethanol SIP and application of the procedure in mice have largely been curtailed in favor of the default variable values historically used for water SIP in rats. Further, ethanol SIP also requires careful consideration of variables such as taste and ethanol concentration. Investigation of the stress axis and neurochemical systems such as dopamine and serotonin in mediating adjunctive drinking stemmed from two leading hypotheses regarding the underlying mechanisms of SIP generation: 1) SIP as a coping strategy to mitigate stress associated with the aversive environmental condition, and 2) SIP as a displacement of reward in a highly motivated animal. Ethanol SIP is a powerful model of excessive intake because it can generate an ethanol-dependent state and sustain frequent and intoxicating levels of blood ethanol with voluntary oral consumption. The required food deprivation and the loss of the excessive drinking phenotype following removal of the generator schedule are the two main limitations of the model. Future utility of ethanol SIP will be enhanced by more fully dissecting the underlying hormonal and neurochemical mechanisms and optimizing experimental variables for ethanol SIP on a per species and strain basis.
Pseudobalta, a New Australian Ovoviviparous Cockroach Genus (Dictyoptera: Blattaria: Blattellidae: Pseudophyllodromiinae)

Pseudobalta, a new blattellid genus, is described. It differs from oviparous Balta Tepper in being ovoviviparous and the male having a tergal gland on the first abdominal segment. Pseudobalta comprises two species previously placed in Balta (P. pusilla (Hebard) comb.n. and P. cinctella (Hebard) comb.n.) and P. queenslandica sp.n. This is the fourth known blattellid, and the second taxon in the Pseudophyllodromiinae, that reproduces by ovoviviparity.
Effect of lysine on toxicity and depressant effects of ethanol in rats

Abstract When l -lysine was administered prior to toxic doses of ethanol, the LD50 for ethanol was slightly increased after both po and ip administration. The onset of ethanol-induced sleeping time was prolonged while the duration was reduced by pretreatment with l -lysine.
Carbon-isotope effects in enzyme systems II. Studies with formic andd dehydrogenase

Abstract It has been shown that formic acid 12C is utilized more rapidly by the formic acid dehydrogenase enzyme system than is formic acid 14C. Regardless of the 14C/12C concentration ratios of the material, the observed reaction rate constants were recorded as k12C = 1.51 · 10−3 and k14C = 1.19 · 10−3 at 37°C at pH 7 in phosphate buffer.
Acute and Chronic Fluoxetine Treatment Decreases the Sensitivity of Rats to Rewarding Brain Stimulation

The effects of fluoxetine on rewarding brain stimulation were determined in eight Wistar rats using a rate-independent discrete-trial threshold measure. Rats were implanted with bipolar, stainless steel electrodes either into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) or medial forebrain bundle (MFB). Acute administration of fluoxetine significantly raised the reward threshold (decreased sensitivity) at doses of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 mg/kg, i.p., without altering latency of response. There were no significant differences between VTA and MFB groups. To determine the effects of chronic treatment, daily injections of 5.0 mg/kg fluoxetine were administered to rats for 21 days. Chronic treatment of fluoxetine continued to significantly elevate reward thresholds with no evidence of tolerance. The results of these experiments suggest that fluoxetine does not possess abuse potential and that serotonin produces an inhibitory effect on the mesolimbic dopaminergic reward system. Furthermore, these results suggest that the antidepressant effects of fluoxetine are not the direct result of excitation of brain reward systems, at least in the same manner as abused substances, for example, cocaine.
Comparison of alcohol impairment of behavioral and attentional inhibition

Background Despite the wealth of studies demonstrating the impairing effects of alcohol on behavioral inhibition, less is known regarding effects of the drug on attentional inhibition (i.e., the ability to ignore distracting stimuli in the environment in order to focus attention on relevant information). The current study examined alcohol impairment of both behavioral and attentional inhibition, as well as potential associations between the two mechanisms of inhibitory control.
Estimation of multi-component mixture proportions using regression machine analysis of ultra-wideband spectroscopic measurements

Ultra-wideband signals are used to examine multiple-constituent fluid mixtures in a semi-open system. A feedforward neural network operates on an array of easily computed signal properties, plus the weight and temperature of the fluid samples, to provide an estimate of the constituent proportions. The average performance of the neural network is tested by artificially increasing the test data sample size and repeatedly training neural networks of the same topology. Networks of differing topologies are compared. Statistical analysis is performed on these results and the 95% confidence interval of the data prediction is shown. The 95% accuracy averages around ± 6.9 percentage points for both oil and water.
Composition-tuned smeared phase transitions

Phase transitions in random systems are smeared if individual spatial regions can order independently of the bulk system. In this paper, we study such smeared phase transitions (both classical and quantum) in substitutional alloys ${\mathrm{A}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$B${}_{x}$ that can be tuned from an ordered phase at composition $x=0$ to a disordered phase at $x=1$. We show that the ordered phase develops a pronounced tail that extends over all compositions $xl1$. Using optimal fluctuation theory, we derive the composition dependence of the order parameter and other quantities in the tail of the smeared phase transition. We also compare our results to computer simulations of a toy model, and we discuss experiments.
Milk and Scent: Works About Women in the Shishuo Xlvyu Genre

"Milk and Scent" presents an interdisciplinary study of two Chinese works about women, both written after the genre of the famed Six Dynasties work, the Shishuo xinyu (A new account of tales of the world), and therefore entitled Nu Shishuo (Women's Shishuo). The two authors, one a man and the other a woman, both lived during the late imperial period and each endeavored to establish a female value system upon their disappointment with men and conventional patriarchal values. Caused by their different gender, social, and cultural positions, their viewpoints about the values of women's life conflicted, coincided, and interacted with each other. Occupying the center of this joint venture were two pivotal elements associated unmistakenably with the female body-milk and scent-the fluid and penetrating essence of which connected the female body to the rest of the world, and hence defined the value relationships in between.
Dry separation of respirable lunar dust: Providing samples for the lunar airborne dust toxicity advisory group

Abstract In order to study the toxicity of lunar dust, the respirable size fraction of lunar soil needed to be separated with an apparatus that possesses the following capabilities: no use of liquid; fully recoverable sample; and use of only small sample quantities (
Evidence for the use of gabapentin in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

Abstract Background: One of the most common peripheral nerve complications of diabetes is painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Although tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) have traditionally been used to relieve the pain of this condition, gabapentin's reported efficacy in various neuropathic pain states and its favorable side-effect profile compared with other available agents have led to interest in the use of this agent for the treatment of DPN. Objectives: This paper reviews the current clinical literature on the effectiveness and tolerability of gabapentin in the treatment of DPN. It also considers whether the evidence favors gabapentin's use as an alternative or first-line agent. Methods: A search of the English- and French-language literature for the years 1990 through 2000 was performed using MEDLINE ® , Current Contents/Clinical Medicine, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, plus the reference lists of the articles identified through this search. The search terms used were gabapentin, anticonvulsant, diabetic peripheral neuropathy , and neuropathy . Included studies were limited to trials in human subjects. Results: The literature search identified several case reports and case series, as well as 3 small placebo-controlled studies (2 complete, 1 brief report) and 1 comparative trial against the TCA amitriptyline. The designs and dosing regimens differed between studies. Conclusions: Many clinicians consider gabapentin an alternative treatment option in patients with DPN who are unable to tolerate traditional agents or in whom traditional agents are contraindicated. To date, gabapentin has been well tolerated, superior to placebo, and equivalent to amitriptyline in small clinical trials of short duration. Although overall efficacy and safety profiles appear to be favorable, larger long-term studies are needed to determine the place of gabapentin in relation to other treatment options. There is currently insufficient evidence from controlled trials to support the use of gabapentin as first-line therapy for DPN.
A Convenient Synthesis of Ethylidine Iodide

Abstract Ethylidine iodide has recently become of considerable importance for use as a synthetic reagent. This is due to the discovery by Furukawa and coworkers1 that ethylidine iodide can be used, via reaction with diethylzinc, for addition of ethylidine groups onto the double bonds of olefins to yield the corresponding methyl substituted cyclopropanes.2
Use of Nitrous Oxide in Hair Transplantation Surgery

A study of 400 hair transplants carried out in 200 patients using nitrous oxide as an inducing agent before instillation of lidocaine 1%/epinephrine 100,000 parts anesthesia is presented. Clinical efficacy, side effect profile, and toxicity profile are presented. Nitrous oxide is an excellent agent used for the preanesthetic induction phase of hair transplantation surgery.
Differential tissue distribution, developmental programming, estrogen regulation and promoter characteristics of cyp19 genes in teleost fish

Teleost fish are characterized by exceptionally high levels of brain estrogen biosynthesis when compared to the brains of other vertebrates or to the ovaries of the same fish. Goldfish (Carassius auratus) and zebrafish (Danio rerio) have utility as complementary models for understanding the molecular basis and functional significance of exaggerated neural estrogen biosynthesis. Multiple cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450arom) cDNAs that derive from separate gene loci (cyp19a and cyp19b) are differentially expressed in brain (P450aromB>>A) and ovary (P450aromA>>B) and have a different developmental program (B>>A) and response to estrogen upregulation (B only). As measured by increased P450aromB mRNA, a functional estrogen response system is first detected 24-48 h post-fertilization (hpf), consistent with the onset of estrogen receptor (ER) expression (alpha, beta, and gamma). The 5'-flanking region of the cyp19b gene has a TATA box, two estrogen response elements (EREs), an ERE half-site (ERE1/2), a nerve growth factor inducible-B protein (NGFI-B)/Nur77 responsive element (NBRE) binding site, and a sequence identical to the zebrafish GATA-2 gene neural specific enhancer. The cyp19a promoter region has TATA and CAAT boxes, a steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) binding site, and two aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)/AhR nuclear translocator factor (ARNT) binding motifs. Both genes have multiple potential SRY/SOX binding sites (16 and 8 in cyp19b and cyp19a, respectively). Luciferase reporters have basal promoter activity in GH3 cells, but differences (a>>b) are opposite to fish pituitary (b>>a). When microinjected into fertilized zebrafish eggs, a cyp19b promoter-driven green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter (but not cyp19a) is expressed in neurons of 30-48 hpf embryos, most prominently in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their projections to optic tectum. Further studies are required to identify functionally relevant cis-elements and cellular factors, and to determine the regulatory role of estrogen in neurodevelopment.
Endoplasmic reticulum retention and rescue by heteromeric assembly regulate human ERG 1a/1b surface channel composition.

Defects in the trafficking of subunits encoded by the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG1) can lead to catastrophic arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death due to a reduction in I(Kr)-mediated repolarization. Native I(Kr) channels are composed of two alpha subunits, hERG 1a and 1b. In heterologous expression systems, hERG 1b subunits efficiently produce current only in heteromeric combination with hERG 1a. We used Western blot analysis and electrophysiological recordings in HEK-293 cells and Xenopus oocytes to monitor hERG 1b maturation in the secretory pathway and to determine the factors regulating surface expression of hERG 1b subunits. We found that 1b subunits expressed alone were largely retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), thus accounting for the poor functional expression of homomeric 1b currents. Association with hERG 1a facilitated 1b ER export and surface expression. We show that hERG 1b subunits fail to mature because of an "RXR" ER retention signal specific to the 1b N terminus of the human sequence and not conserved in other species. Mutating the RXR facilitated maturation and functional expression of homomeric hERG 1b channels in a charge-dependent manner. Co-expression of the 1b RXR mutants with hERG 1a did not further enhance 1b maturation, suggesting that hERG 1a promotes 1b trafficking by overcoming the RXR-mediated retention. Thus, selective trafficking mechanisms regulate subunit composition of surface hERG channels.
A BOX-COUNTING METHOD TO CHARACTERIZE DEGREES OF FOLIAGE CLUMPING USING AIRBORNE AND SIMULATED LIDAR DATA

Abstract. Monitoring forest productivity and health is key to sustainable ecosystem management and informed decision making. A key parameter used in monitoring forest resources is the leaf area index (LAI), which is defined as the one-sided leaf area per unit ground area and is used to describe the canopy radiation regime, among other forest biophysical dynamics. Traditional optics-based methods to estimate LAI rely on the measurement of canopy transmission and foliage clumping. Extending optical methods to LiDAR data has been challenging and studies have reported effective LAI assessments, with no further quantification of foliage clumping. This study investigates the use of the box-counting method to assess the fractal dimension of point cloud data for contrasting forest types and along a gradient of foliage dispersal. We demonstrate the box-counting method on simulated ‘range-to-hit’, as well as acquired airborne discrete LiDAR data. Coherent results obtained from the different test cases hint at the potential of the box-counting fractal dimension to characterize foliage clumping and bode well for the use of clumping assessments in support of airborne, wall-to-wall estimates of LAI.
Heterogeneous Reaction of Gaseous Nitric Acid on γ-Phase Iron(III) Oxide

The uptake of HNO3 on γ-Fe2O3 particles that model atmospheric mineral dust has been investigated using FT-IR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry to probe the condensed and gas phases, respectively. To accurately calculate the HNO3 saturation coverage (θ) and initial uptake coefficient (γ), the specific surface area of γ-Fe2O3 was measured in situ using water as an adsorbate. The saturation coverage of HNO3 on γ-Fe2O3 was found to be θ = (1.1 ± 0.9) × 1014 molecules/cm2 and the initial uptake coefficient was found to be γ = (1.5 ± 1.0) × 10-5 at 297 K and PHNO3 = 1 × 10-5 Torr. These values were slightly larger at 220 K for the same partial pressure of nitric acid. Spectroscopically, HNO3 was observed to bind to the surface in the form of nitrate ions. The significance of this reaction to tropospheric chemistry is discussed.
Plasma Polymerization of Thin Films: Correlations between Plasma Chemistry and Thin Film Character

Organic thin films were deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, using isopropyl alcohol as a precursor. The pulsed, inductively coupled plasma was characterized with in situ Langmuir probe measurements and mass spectrometry. We identify the key ionized species diffusing to the substrate and offer explanations as to how they are generated. The films were analyzed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Correlations were observed between the plasma ion mass distributions and the oxidation state of the deposited carbon.
Campus commons: When pigs fly: A new perspective on learning

Colette M. Taylor shares the lessons she has learned from her son who has Asperger's syndrome.
Reduction of Beam Emittance by a Tapered-Foil Technique

The use of a tapered energy-loss foil plus dispersion and optical matching in the succeeding beam transport system can reduce the emittance of a particle beam in one transverse phase plane at the expense of increasing it in the longitudinal plane. Multiple Coulomb scattering in the foil increases the emittance in both transverse planes but can be acceptable provided that the incident beam is sufficiently mono-energetic and is tightly focussed at the foil. This technique can be applied to advantage in typical non-relativistic proton beams from RF linacs and to high-emittance, high-intensity, low-energyspread electron beams from induction linacs, but multiple scattering effects make unprofitable for typical electron beams from RF linacs, unless the energy spread can be appreciably reduced. Claud Bovet6 has previously emittance-reducing properties of arrangement. His report includes sults of this paper.
Susceptibility to Eating Disorders Among Collegiate Female Student–Athletes

Context: Research has suggested that the prevalence of young women with eating disorders (EDs) is increasing, but determining the exact prevalence of EDs within the female student–athlete (FS-A) population is difficult. Looking at certain traits may help us to identify their level of susceptibility to developing an ED. Objective: To determine the susceptibility of FS-As to EDs in relation to self-concept, including self-esteem and body image. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Athletic training and health centers at National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I, II, and III institutions via e-mail questionnaire correspondence. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 439 FS-As from 17 participating institutions completed the questionnaires. The sample was primarily white (83.1%) and underclass (61.8%). Main Outcome Measure(s): The questionnaire consisted of 4 parts: 3 subscales of the Eating Disorder Inventory-2, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Body Cathexis Scale, and demographic items....
Hyperplasie lymphoïde angiofolliculaire - Une cause inhabituelle de faux-anévrysme de l’artère axillaire

Rationnelle L’hyperplasie lymphoide angiofolliculaire (maladie de Castleman) est un etat inflammatoire rare. Sa cause est inconnue et elle peut etre localisee ou generale. Quatre-vingt-six pour cent des lesions sont trouvees dans le mediastin ou le hile, et 91% sont du type vasculaire hyalin. Bien que la maladie de Castleman implique principalement le thorax et le retroperitoine, elle peut egalement impliquer le cou et l’aisselle dans 2-4% de cas. Dans cet article, nous presentons un tres rare cas de maladie de Castleman causant un faux-anevrysme de l’artere axillaire. Une femme de 30 ans presentait une tumefaction pulsatile du bras gauche de 3,5 × 10 cm, et etait devenue evidente 15 jours avant l’admission. L’histoire indiquait un traumatisme du bras gauche dans l’enfance ; on a donc suspecte que la tumefaction pouvait etre due a un anevrysme post-traumatique. L’examen duplex et le scanner montraient un faux-anevrysme de l’artere axillaire. Comme en peroperatoire la tumefaction ressemblait a une formation tumorale mais pas a une paroi anevrysmale, des specimens ont ete envoyes pour analyse anatomo-pathologique. La reconstruction arterielle etait faite avec une greffe veineuse autologue. Les resultats anatomo-pathologiques montraient une hyperplasie lymphoide angiofolliculaire de type vasculaire. Conclusion Bien que l’hyperplasie lymphoide angiofolliculaire soit rarement localisee dans le secteur axillaire, cette maladie devrait etre envisagee quand un faux-anevrysme de l’artere axillaire est diagnostique.
The Interaction of Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches to Research: A View of the Second Language Classroom

Both qualitative and quantitative approaches to research on second language learning are considered, with the special case of second language classroom research being used for illustration. It is evident that both approaches are relevant to determining (a) the important variables to investigate and (b) the relationships those variables have to second language learning outcomes.
A test for identities satisfied in lattices of submodules

SupposeR is ring with 1, andHℒ(R) denotes the variety of modular lattices generated by the class of lattices of submodules of allR-modules. An algorithm using Mal'cev conditions is given for constructing integersm≧0 andn≧1 from any given lattice polynomial inclusion formulad∈e. The main result is thatd∈e is satisfied in every lattice inHℒ(R) if and only if there existsx inR such that (m·1)x=n·1 inR, where 0·1=0 andk·1=1+1...+1 (k times) fork≧1. For example, this “divisibility” condition holds form=2 andn=1 if and only if 1+1 is an invertible element ofR, and it holds form=0 andn=12 if and only if the characteristic ofR divides 12. This result leads to a complete classification of the lattice varietiesHℒ(R),R a ring with 1. A set of representative rings is constructed, such that for each ringR there is a unique representative ringS satisfyingHℒ(R)=Hℒ(R). There is exactly one representative ring with characteristick for eachk≧1, and there are continuously many representative rings with characteristic zero. IfR has nonzero characteristic, then all free lattices inHℒ(R) have recursively solvable word problems. A necessary and sufficient condition onR is given for all free lattices inHℒ(R) to have recursively solvable word problems, ifR is a ring with characteristic zero. All lattice varieties of the formHℒ(R) are self-dual. A varietyHℒ(R) is a congruence variety, that is, it is generated by the class of congruence lattices of all members of some variety of algebras. A family of continuously many congruence varieties related to the varietiesHℒ(R) is constructed.
THE VANADIUM(II) COMPLEX WITH ACRYLONITRILE

Abstract Solutions of V(II) and acrylonitrile give a deep orange complex which was studied spectrophotometrically and polarographically. The complex is weak, K f ∼ 1 to 5 for a 1 : 1 V(II)-ACN. An earlier report of a strong complex was in error due to the irreversible nature of the V(II)/V(III) reduction couple in the presence of acrylonitrile.
Enhancement of PCBs biodegradation by sodium ligninsulfonate

Various mixtures of commercial PCBs (Aroclors) were rapidly biodegraded by Pseudomonas sp. 7509. The rate of biodegradation could be greatly enhanced by growing the cells in a stable PCB-ligninsulfonate emulsion. Microscopic examinations and growth studies suggested that biodegradation mainly took place at the PCB-water interface; the use of ligninsulfonate in the growth medium apparently allowed the cells to overcome the substrate limiting factor of surface area which, otherwise, might govern the subsequent rate of PCB degradation. Sodium ligninsulfonate was not degraded significantly in the PCB biodegradation process. Analyses of the culture broth, by gas chromatography, revealed that P. sp. 7509 could degrade 300 ppm of Aroclor 1254 after 18 days incubation. This degradation rate could be further enhanced by the addition of a small amount of Aroclor 1221 to the growth medium. A kinetic study, using resting cells, indicated that Aroclor 1221 was degraded much faster (980 μg h−1 mg cell dry wt−1) than the higher chlorinated Aroclor 1254 (43 μg h−1 mg cell dry wt−1). This finding was supported by manometric data which showed that regardless of the type of PCBs mixture used to grow the cells, the lower chlorinated PCBs were always oxidized faster than the higher chlorinated PCBs. The level of chlorination in a PCBs mixture therefore appears to be one of the major factors in determining its relative persistence to biodegradation.
Fragile Performances: The Dialogics of Judgment in A Theory of the Trial

Robert Bums's A Theory of the Trial offers a fresh, subtle, and erudite analysis of the Anglo American trial, one that subjects the insights of current scholarship on trials (both legal and sociolegal) to the rigors of a philosophically trained mind long-steeped in trial practice. At once wide ranging and tightly focused, the richness of this book lies in the seriousness with which Bums offers a "careful, attentive description, ideally without presuppositions, of what we actually do" in order to identify the "spirit" of the trial as a human practice (Bums 1999, 4). Like Poe's hero Dupin in "The Purloined Letter," who recovers a stolen letter slyly "hidden" out in the open in a barely disguised envelope, Bums looks with a disceming eye beyond the "received view" of the trial as a forum for actualizing the rule of law in the context of specific factual disputes (Bums 1999, 11), and suggests that the essence of the trial lies in its linguistic practices-an essence that, as Poe puts it, "escape[s] observation by dint of being excessively obvious" (1984, 694).1 Bums's theory is in many ways too capacious and carefully stated to invite easy summary. His foundational premise is that the trial is at bottom a "consciously structured hybrid of languages and performances" (Bums 1999, 3). The value of the trial, he suggests, lies in jurors' intense encounter with the
Search engine switching detection based on user personal preferences and behavior patterns

Sometimes, during a search task users may switch from one search engine to another for several reasons, e.g., dissatisfaction with the current search results or desire for broader topic coverage. Detecting the fact of switching is difficult but important for understanding users' satisfaction with the search engine and the complexity of their search tasks, leading to economic significance for search providers. Previous research on switching detection mainly focused on studying different signals useful for the task and particular reasons for switching. Although it is known that switching is a personal choice of a user and different users have different search behavior, little has been done to understand how these differences could be used for switching detection. In this paper we study the effectiveness of learning personal behavior patterns for switching detection and present a personalized approach which uses user's session history containing sessions with and without switches. Experiments show that users' personal habits and behavior patterns are indeed among the most informative signals. Our findings can be used by a search log analyzer for engine switching detection and potentially other log mining problems, thus providing valuable signals for search providers to improve user experience.
A priori estimates and solvability of a non-resonant generalized multi-point boundary value problem of mixed Dirichlet-Neumann-Dirichlet type involving a $p$-Laplacian type operator

This paper is devoted to the problem of existence of a solution for a non-resonant, non-linear generalized multi-point boundary value problem on the interval [0, 1]. The existence of a solution is obtained using topological degree and some a priori estimates for functions satisfying the boundary conditions specified in the problem.
Gaps between zeros of GL(2) L-functions

Abstract Let L ( s , f ) be an L-function associated to a primitive (holomorphic or Maass) cusp form f on GL ( 2 ) over Q. Combining mean-value estimates of Montgomery and Vaughan with a method of Ramachandra, we prove a formula for the mixed second moments of derivatives of L ( 1 / 2 + i t , f ) and, via a method of Hall, use it to show that there are infinitely many gaps between consecutive zeros of L ( s , f ) along the critical line that are at least 3 = 1.732 … times the average spacing. Using general pair correlation results due to Murty and Perelli in conjunction with a technique of Montgomery, we also prove the existence of small gaps between zeros of any primitive L-function of the Selberg class. In particular, when f is a primitive holomorphic cusp form on GL ( 2 ) over Q, we prove that there are infinitely many gaps between consecutive zeros of L ( s , f ) along the critical line that are at most 0.823 times the average spacing.
Tissue factor‐positive monocytes in children with sickle cell disease: correlation with biomarkers of haemolysis

Tissue Factor (TF) initiates thrombin generation, and whole blood TF (WBTF) is elevated in sickle cell disease (SCD). We sought to identify the presence of TF-positive monocytes in SCD and their relationship with the other coagulation markers including WBTF, microparticle-associated TF, thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) complexes and D-dimer. Whether major SCD-related pathobiological processes, including haemolysis, inflammation and endothelial activation, contribute to the coagulation abnormalities was also studied. The cohort comprised children with SCD (18 HbSS, 12 HbSC, mean age 3·6 years). We demonstrated elevated levels of TF-positive monocytes in HbSS, which correlated with WBTF, TAT and D-dimer (P = 0·02 to P = 0·0003). While TF-positive monocytes, WBTF, TAT and D-dimer correlated with several biomarkers of haemolysis, inflammation and endothelial activation in univariate analyses, in multiple regression models the haemolytic markers (reticulocytes and lactate dehydrogenase) contributed exclusively to the association with all four coagulant markers evaluated. The demonstration that haemolysis is the predominant operative pathology in the associated perturbations of coagulation in HbSS at a young age provides additional evidence for the early use of therapeutic agents, such as hydroxycarbamide to reduce the haemolytic component of this disease.
Pairing broadband noise with cortical stimulation induces extensive suppression of ascending sensory activity.

Objective. The corticofugal system can alter coding along the ascending sensory pathway. Within the auditory system, electrical stimulation of the auditory cortex (AC) paired with a pure tone can cause egocentric shifts in the tuning of auditory neurons, making them more sensitive to the pure tone frequency. Since tinnitus has been linked with hyperactivity across auditory neurons, we sought to develop a new neuromodulation approach that could suppress a wide range of neurons rather than enhance specific frequency-tuned neurons. Approach. We performed experiments in the guinea pig to assess the effects of cortical stimulation paired with broadband noise (PN-Stim) on ascending auditory activity within the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (CNIC), a widely studied region for AC stimulation paradigms. Main results. All eight stimulated AC subregions induced extensive suppression of activity across the CNIC that was not possible with noise stimulation alone. This suppression built up over time and remained after the PN-Stim paradigm. Significance. We propose that the corticofugal system is designed to decrease the brain?s input gain to irrelevant stimuli and PN-Stim is able to artificially amplify this effect to suppress neural firing across the auditory system. The PN-Stim concept may have potential for treating tinnitus and other neurological disorders.
Numerical investigation of mesh size convergence rate of the finite element method in MESFET simulation

Abstract The mesh size convergence rate of the finite element method in two-dimensional GaAs MESFET simulation has been investigated numerically. The equations governing MESFET operation and the finite element formulation of these equations are summarized. The presence of corner singularities at the gate contact endpoints is noteworthy, for such singularities are known to determine the convergence rate in linear model problems. The local potential and electron concentration solutions are obtained in the neighborhood of these singularities and used to estimate a lower bound on the convergence rate for the nonlinear problem. The rate of convergence of the MESFET problem is tabulated for three mesh sequences and discussed. The common source output characteristic of a 0.25 μm gate length GaAs MESFET is calculated and compared to the characteristic of a MESFET fabricated in our laboratory. Considerable discrepancy between the two is obtained; reasons for this are hypothesized.
Aberrant methylation of the ATM promoter correlates with increased radiosensitivity in a human colorectal tumor cell line

Recent findings suggest that DNA alkylating agents trigger cellular responses that overlap those activated after ionizing radiation. Moreover, activation of these responses is dependent upon a functional mismatch repair (MMR) system. These developments led us to test if MMR-deficient cells may be compromised in their ability to activate appropriate cellular signaling pathways after ionizing radiation. An initial experiment to address this notion was to determine the level of radiosensitivity of several MMR-deficient cell lines derived from patients with Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC). While two of the three HNPCC lines investigated show levels of radiosensitivity consistent with that displayed by normal human fibroblasts, HCT-116 cells display moderate radiosensitivity compared to the other MMR-deficient lines. This increased sensitivity to ionizing radiation correlates with lowered levels of ATM expression in HCT-116. Analysis of genomic DNA from HCT-116 cells determined that these cells possess aberrant methylation of multiple CpG dinucleotides within the proximal promoter region of the ATM gene. The significance of this finding is underscored by our observations that co-culturing HCT-116 cells with the DNA demethylating agent 5-azacytidine reverses promoter methylation, promotes normal levels of ATM expression, and restores normal radiosensitivity. The proximal ATM promoter is a approximately 520 bp region shared with the NPAT gene, and current evidence suggests that this region functions as a bi-directional promoter. We found that, unlike ATM, the methylation status of this intergenic region does not effect the expression of the NPAT gene. In sum, these observations indicate that the ATM gene is a novel target for epigentic silencing through inappropriate methylation of its proximal promoter region.
An Alexandroff–Bakelman–Pucci estimate on Riemannian manifolds

Abstract In Cabre (1997) [2] , Cabre established an Alexandroff–Bakelman–Pucci (ABP) estimate on Riemannian manifolds with non-negative sectional curvatures and applied it to establish the Krylov–Safonov Harnack inequality on manifolds with non-negative sectional curvatures. In the present paper, we generalize the results of [2] . We obtain an ABP estimate on manifolds with Ricci curvatures bounded from below and apply this estimate to prove the Krylov–Safonov Harnack inequality on manifolds with sectional curvatures bounded from below. We also use this ABP estimate to study Minkowski-type inequalities.
MPSS: Mobile Proactive Secret Sharing

This article describes MPSS, a new way to do proactive secret sharing. MPSS provides mobility: The group of nodes holding the shares of the secret can change at each resharing, which is essential in a long-lived system. MPSS additionally allows the number of tolerated faulty shareholders to change when the secret is moved so that the system can tolerate more (or fewer) corruptions; this allows reconfiguration on-the-fly to accommodate changes in the environment.MPSS includes an efficient protocol that is intended to be used in practice. The protocol is optimized for the common case of no or few failures, but degradation when there are more failures is modest. MPSS contains a step in which nodes accuse proposals made by other nodes; we show a novel way to handle these accusations when their verity cannot be known. We also present a way to produce accusations that can be verified without releasing keys of other nodes; verifiable accusations improve the performance of MPSS, and are a useful primitive independent of MPSS.