cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemistry and Art: Removal of Graffiti Ink from Paints Grounded in a Real-Life Scenario

An activity that brings together chemistry and art, incorporates a real-world incident, and asks students to consider concepts of solubility is described. The activity was inspired by the vandalism of a modern art painting with graffiti ink, and it has students (i) determine the solubility of the ink in solvents of various polarity; (ii) predict which solvents would remove the ink while preserving the underlying paints, made using various binders, via the concept of “like dissolves like”; and (iii) conduct an activity to prove or disprove their hypotheses. Students work in groups of two to four on this 3 h activity, which was originally designed as an undergraduate general chemistry laboratory but could be adapted to a high school chemistry classroom or outreach event.
A case of longitudinal care of a patient with cardiac sarcoidosis

Cardiac sarcoidosis has long been an evasive diagnosis with a spectrum of clinical presentations that extend from asymptomatic to ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. The diagnosis has traditionally relied on histology which suffers from the low sensitivity of endomyocardial biopsy due to the patchy nature of the disease in addition to its invasive nature. Due to significant advancements in imaging, it is now possible to accurately identify cardiac sarcoidosis using non-invasive imaging modalities even without histological confirmation. Emerging guidelines are highlighting the role of multimodality imaging in the diagnosis and management of this challenging entity. We present the case of a 36-year-old man known to have sarcoidosis in which a variety of imaging modalities not only assisted in the diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis, but also played a key role in the monitoring of disease activity and response to therapy.
Antifa, Street Gangs, and the Importance of Group Processes

This essay reviews David Pyrooz and James Densley’s “On Public Protest, Violence, and Street Gangs” and raises new questions about the ways in which Antifa is similar to and different from social movements; the processes by which “factions within Antifa” become gangs; and the dynamic nature of relationships and interactions between and among violent and non-violent segments. It concludes with a note about the everchanging nature of social life and importance of flexibility in the design and execution of research in capturing this reality.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Plant Growth-Promoting Sphingobium sp. Strain AEW4, Isolated from the Rhizosphere of the Beachgrass Ammophila breviligulata.

ABSTRACT Sphingobium sp. strain AEW4 is a novel isolate from rhizosphere soil attached to the root of the American beachgrass Ammophila breviligulata. The genomic sequence consisted of 4,678,518 bp and 4,428 protein-coding sequences. Here we report the draft genome sequence of this strain and some initial insights on its plant growth-promoting capabilities.
What Does God Require? Understanding Religious Context and Morality

Morality is not the sole domain of religion as virtually all institutions and associations have codes of ethics or moral boundaries that distinguish right from wrong. This chapter reviews research that identifies the distinctive contributions of religion with relation to moral beliefs and behaviors. We begin by briefly reviewing why religion is unique. Why does it hold a distinctive relationship with morality and what drives this relationship? Next we turn to the relationship between morality and religion. We will briefly explore how personal religiosity relates to attitudes about moral issues and related behaviors, referencing a growing body of research has found that religious networks and religious context strongly influence when individuals will act on personal religious beliefs. We continue this line of thought by pulling back our focus to the level of nations. Building on the theory and data reviewed in the first two sections, and moving beyond the cultural context of local networks, we outline a research agenda for understanding morality and religion using cross-national research. Finally, we will end with some general statements that summarize the current understanding of the relationship between religion and morality.
Rehabilitation of the Chronic Alcoholic

The treatment of the chronic alcoholic has been one of the most muddled and controversial areas of human service, beset by competing ideologies and conflicting methodologies. In this chapter we will focus on the scientific and clinical data that pertain to rehabilitation of the alcoholic qua alcoholic. Conditions secondary to the use of alcohol will not be of concern here because they are covered elsewhere in this series. I have in mind the treatment of the medical complications of alcohol use, which may not include any treatment for the alcoholism. Similarly, the treatment of acute alcoholism states, including acute intoxication and withdrawal states, do not address the problem of the existing state of alcoholism. In fact, many so-called treatment programs for alcoholics are misnomers, because they treat these side effects of being alcoholic without addressing the problem of the alcoholic being what he is. From a sociological point of view such treatment programs may not only fail to treat alcoholism, but by ignoring the alcoholism serve to reinforce the social role of being alcoholic (Roman and Trice, 1968). Thus although we shall not discuss the technical medical aspects of such treatment programs, we shall address the function of such medical treatment programs in terms of their relationship to rehabilitation.
Addition of H X Reagents to Alkenes and Alkynes

The direct electrophilic addition of the elements HX to alkenes, dienes and alkynes, where X = halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and selenium, is among the oldest known and most important synthetic methods used to prepare the corresponding addition compounds. Unfortunately, much of the early literature from the late 1800s and early 1900s tends to be more confusing than helpful. Rather surprisingly though, relatively little in the way of major new synthetic advances have occurred since that time. However, a number of alternative, indirect procedures, such as solvomercuration–demercuration, have more recently been developed that offer important advantages in chemo-, regio- or stereo-selectivity. These processes are the focus of this chapter
A boy and his AAC team: building instructional competence across team members.

Families and education professionals face unique challenges when working together to support augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) for a child who does not use speech and has only prelin...
Status of Adjuvant Therapy of Melanoma

The control of micrometastases in patients with melanoma has been attempted using chemotherapy; vitamins and hormones; nonspecific immunotherapy with agents such as Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), Corynebacterium parvum, levamisole, transfer factor, and interferon; and specific immunotherapy with tumor vaccines. Most trials that show benefit have been uncontrolled; however, randomized trials that use adjuvant levamisole or C. parvum each have resulted in a significant survival benefit. Completed studies with chemotherapy, chemoimmunotherapy, interferon, transfer factor, or BCG have not shown significant benefit. Preliminary results, however, of a trial with high-dose interferon-a have been encouraging, though toxic, and further trials have been initiated. Treatment with consistently immunogenic, polyvalent melanoma vaccines offers promise for the future.
Intermediate Syndrome Following Organophosphate Poisoning; Review Article

Background: Organophosphates (OPs) are regularly utilized as pesticides all over the world. Exposures to OPs cause countless cases of poisoning and death annually. Organophosphates inebriation generates a range of muscarinic, nicotinic, and cholinergic side effects including both central and peripheral nervous systems. OP compound’s simple accessibility is responsible for expanding rates of pesticide poisoning and the fact that it is a noteworthy reason for morbidity and mortality that presents general medical issues in a growing district. Methods: I performed a review of the published literature. The databases Medline, Embase, Scopus and Google Scholar were searched using the terms intermediate syndrome, organophosphate induces intermediate syndrome and organophosphate poisoning. Databases were merged and a duplicate was removed. Results: In intense organophosphate poisoning, serious and delayed acetylcholinesterase restraint comes with oxidative stress, identified in erythrocyte membranes, that takes place in the initial phases of poisoning and may add to the progress and seriousness of intermediate syndrome (IMS). Conclusion: It normally appears 2-4 days after presentation when the side effects and indications of the intense cholinergic disorder (e.g., muscle fasciculations, muscarinic signs) are not evident anymore. However, IMS has been considered as a noteworthy causative factor of organophosphate-related morbidity and mortality due to its incessant presence and potential occurrence of breathing malfunction. The aim of the article is to bring down the clear idea about the IMS.
Out of the Hood, but Not out of the Woods: The School Engagement and Cohesion of Black Students Based on Exposure to Violence and Victimization.

This study examines how violence exposure and victimization (VEV) influences the school engagement and racial cohesion of Black college students. Although VEV has been investigated for its impact on the academic outcomes of Black K-12 students, these issues have not been sufficiently explored in college students. Further, understanding racial cohesion and racial dissonance can elucidate culturally cognizant meaning-making processes that influence Black students’ response to VEV and school engagement. Based on the findings of 242 Black college students from throughout the United States, a 2-step cluster analysis revealed 4 distinct school engagement profiles based on GPA, extracurricular activities and NCAA sports involvement. The results indicated that VEV and racial cohesion was in fact related to Black college student’s engagement. It appears that Black students may respond to high VEV by becoming very engaged in extracurricular activities. Participants that focused solely on academics had the lowest racial cohesion, which may indicate that disengaging from the social and extracurricular activities on campus also includes disengagement from the Black community. Those with the most well-rounded engagement had the highest racial cohesion. University psychologists and administrators should be aware that students with high VEV might gravitate towards extracurricular activities (for support) at the expense of their grades, placing them at risk for academic failure. On the other hand, racial cohesion’s positive relationship with well-rounded student engagement indicates that sociopolitical development activities should be strongly supported.
Lurasidone-Induced Tardive Syndrome.

Introduction Tardive syndrome (TS) is an often irreversible movement disorder caused by dopamine receptor-blocking agents (DRBAs). Although TS are well recognized to occur with typical antipsychotics, less well appreciated is that atypical antipsychotics also carry a risk of TS. Methods Case series. Results We describe 4 patients who developed tardive dystonia, tardive akathisia, and drug-induced parkinsonism with the use of the atypical antipsychotic, lurasidone, which was U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved in 2013 for use in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Conclusion Movement disorders are reported as a rare side effect of lurasidone, and, as such, prescribers may perceive a false sense of security regarding this potential complication. Our cases indicate that this relatively new atypical antipsychotic may cause irreversible disabling TS as well as parkinsonism. Caution must be taken when prescribing lurasidone.
Motor-Induced Suppression of the N100 Event-Related Potential During Motor Imagery Control of a Speech Synthesizer Brain-Computer Interface.

Purpose Speech motor control relies on neural processes for generating sensory expectations using an efference copy mechanism to maintain accurate productions. The N100 auditory event-related poten...
Outcome of antibody-mediated rejection compared to acute cellular rejection after pediatric heart transplantation.

Outcomes of ACR after pediatric HTx have been well described, but less has been reported on outcomes of AMR. We compared the clinical characteristics and cardiovascular outcomes (composite end-point of death, retransplantation, or allograft vasculopathy) of pediatric HTx recipients with AMR, ACR, and no rejection in a retrospective single-center study of 104 recipients. Twenty were treated for AMR; 15 were treated for ACR. Recipients with AMR had an increased frequency of congenital heart disease (90% vs ACR 67% vs no rejection 59%, P = .03), homograft (68% vs 7% vs 18%, P < .001), HLA sensitization (45% vs 13% vs 13%, P = .008), and positive cross-match (30% vs 7% vs 9%, P = .046). AMR caused hemodynamic compromise more often than ACR (39% vs 4%, P = .02). AMR recipients had worse cardiovascular outcome than recipients with ACR or no rejection (40% vs 20% vs 8.6%, P = .003). In bivariate Cox analysis, AMR (HR 4.1, CI 1.4-12.0, P = .009) and ischemic time (HR 1.6, CI 1.1-2.3, P = .02) were associated with worse cardiovascular outcome; ACR was not. In summary, pediatric HTx recipients who develop AMR have worse cardiovascular outcome than recipients who develop only ACR or experience no rejection at all.
Practical Management: Prescribing Subsymptom Threshold Aerobic Exercise for Sport-Related Concussion in the Outpatient Setting.

ABSTRACT Exercise intolerance is an objective biomarker of the physiological dysfunction after sport-related concussion (SRC). Several trials have established the safety and clinical efficacy of subsymptom threshold aerobic exercise prescribed within 1 week of injury as treatment for SRC. Clinicians, however, may not be comfortable prescribing aerobic exercise after SRC. This article presents 3 methods of exercise prescription for patients with SRC. The first requires a graded exertion test plus a home-based exercise program requiring a heart rate (HR) monitor. The second requires a graded exertion test but no HR monitor for home-based exercise. The third requires solely an HR monitor to safely progress through the home-based exercise prescription. Patients are encouraged to keep a symptom and exercise diary and return for re-evaluation every 1 to 2 weeks. Delayed recovery should prompt the clinician to evaluate for other potential symptom generators (eg, cervical, vestibular, oculomotor, mood, or migraine disorders).
Cyber-Physical Security with RF Fingerprint Classification through Distance Measure Extensions of Generalized Relevance Learning Vector Quantization

Radio frequency (RF) fingerprinting extracts fingerprint features from RF signals to protect against masquerade attacks by enabling reliable authentication of communication devices at the “serial number” level. Facilitating the reliable authentication of communication devices are machine learning (ML) algorithms which find meaningful statistical differences between measured data. The Generalized Relevance Learning Vector Quantization-Improved (GRLVQI) classifier is one ML algorithm which has shown efficacy for RF fingerprinting device discrimination. GRLVQI extends the Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ) family of “winner take all” classifiers that develop prototype vectors (PVs) which represent data. In LVQ algorithms, distances are computed between exemplars and PVs, and PVs are iteratively moved to accurately represent the data. GRLVQI extends LVQ with a sigmoidal cost function, relevance learning, and PV update logic improvements. However, both LVQ and GRLVQI are limited due to a reliance on squared Euclidean distance measures and a seemingly complex algorithm structure if changes are made to the underlying distance measure. Herein, the authors (1) develop GRLVQI-D (distance), an extension of GRLVQI to consider alternative distance measures and (2) present the Cosine GRLVQI classifier using this framework. To evaluate this framework, the authors consider experimentally collected Z-wave RF signals and develop RF fingerprints to identify devices. Z-wave devices are low-cost, low-power communication technologies seen increasingly in critical infrastructure. Both classification and verification, claimed identity, and performance comparisons are made with the new Cosine GRLVQI algorithm. The results show more robust performance when using the Cosine GRLVQI algorithm when compared with four algorithms in the literature. Additionally, the methodology used to create Cosine GRLVQI is generalizable to alternative measures.
A fine balance: Immunosuppression and immunotherapy in a patient with multiple sclerosis and COVID-19.

Abstract Background Treatment decisions in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic are challenging. It is not known whether and how various disease modifying therapies, especially immunosuppressive drugs, affect COVID-19 risk and disease course. Methods Case report Results We report a fingolimod-treated MS patient who developed severe COVID-19 but recovered after treatment with tocilizumab. Conclusion This report suggests that a brief course of tocilizumab for the treatment of severe COVID-19 may be effective while not aggravating pre-existing MS.
Proton Pump Inhibitors: for What and for How Long

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have been used for over 25 years and are valuable agents in treatment of acid-related disorders. Recently, literature has demonstrated an association of PPI use with various risks. The purpose of this comprehensive review is to summarize current evidence-based indications and treatment durations of PPIs. A PubMed literature search was performed to identify clinical studies evaluating efficacy and/or safety of PPI use for specific indications and relevant guidelines on PPI indications. As of 2019, the Food and Drug Administration of the USA has approved PPIs for the following: (1) gastrointestinal acid reflux disease, (2) peptic ulcer disease, (3) eradication of H. pylori, (4) non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced ulcers, and (5) Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Non-FDA-approved indications with evidence of benefit include acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding, stress ulcer prophylaxis, short bowel syndrome, and allograft protection after lung transplant. PPIs are indicated for 4–8 weeks in the treatment of GERD, and peptic ulcer disease, 10–14 days in the treatment of H. pylori, up to 12 months in short bowel syndrome, and indefinitely in lung transplant.
Implementation of 11 system-wide, disease-specific, multidisciplinary tumor boards connecting 24 hospitals in an integrated health care system.

e19152Background: Cancer treatment is becoming more complex, necessitating subspecialty expertise and multidisciplinary approaches to treatment planning. Simultaneously, there is increasing demand ...
Evaluation of a Council Structure and Meeting Format for Pharmacy Student Government in the Co-Curriculum.

Objective. To evaluate student perceptions of a transformed pharmacy student government structure and meeting format. Methods. The structure and general assembly meeting format of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC) Eshelman School of Pharmacy Student Senate (ie, student government) underwent a transformation from that of a forum to that of a council in an effort to address concerns regarding limited information exchange, minimal discussion, and unengaged meeting participants. To evaluate student perceptions of the new senate council format, members who attended at least one council meeting during the academic year were asked to complete a 12-item survey evaluating interorganizational relations, communication, collaboration, and efficiencies. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize students’ agreement with 10 survey items. Thematic analysis was employed to identify common themes in students’ responses to the two open-ended survey items. Results. The majority of students agreed or strongly agreed that the senate council facilitated interorganizational relations (86%), communication (93%), and collaboration (86%). Ninety-three percent of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that the senate council improved efficiencies, while 96% preferred the new senate council meeting format over the previous senate meeting format. Common qualitative themes included improved engagement during council meetings because of the “no laptop” policy and facilitation of open conversation by having a roundtable format and smaller number of members in attendance. Overall, 93% of students indicated they were satisfied or highly satisfied with the new meeting format. Conclusion. Student perceptions suggest that the new senate council structure and meeting format was effective at improving interorganizational relations, communication, collaboration, and efficiencies within student body government.
Impact of a Trauma Center and Surgical Priority Classification System on Gynecologic Emergency Surgery (GynES) Quality Measures

Study Objective We evaluated the impact of opening a Level I Trauma Center on quality measures in GynES. The primary outcome was the time elapsed between case request and patient arrival to the operating room (R:R time). Design This retrospective cohort study compared cases in 2017 (pre-intervention) to 2019 (post-intervention) in a convenience sample. Setting Urban academic tertiary-care hospital, single institution. Patients or Participants Women were included (n=228) if they presented to the Emergency Department and underwent GynES for one of the three indications: ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, or adnexal torsion. Interventions The intervention period in 2018 included modernizing the Emergency Department, instituting a surgical priority classification system (R:R time targets: A Measurements and Main Results Two reviewers assigned priority class retrospectively for pre-intervention cases (Kappa=0.60). A third reviewer adjudicated discrepancies. R:R time was assessed by difference of means [95% CI] and percent compliant with targets using Welch's T-Test and Fisher's Exact Test (alpha=0.05), respectively. Interrupted time series logistic regression evaluated for secular trends. When compared to 2017 (n=111), R:R time in 2019 (n=117) was significantly reduced for class A cases (-42min [-67 to -17min], p=0.02) and class B cases (-59min [-99 to -20min], p=0.004). Overall compliance significantly improved from 50% to 71%, p=0.002. Logistic regression did not find confounding from pre-intervention trends. Patient and case characteristics were similar except for insurance mix, p=0.04. Conclusion Implementation of a Level I Trauma Center and surgical priority classification system significantly reduced delays for the most urgent gynecologic emergency surgeries.
Protein Fe–S Centers as a Molecular Target of Toxicity of a Complex Transition Metal Oxide Nanomaterial with Downstream Impacts on Metabolism and Growth

Oxidative stress is frequently identified as a mechanism of toxicity of nanomaterials. However, rarely have the specific underlying molecular targets responsible for these impacts been identified. We previously demonstrated significant negative impacts of transition metal oxide (TMO) lithium-ion battery cathode nanomaterial, lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), on the growth, development, hemoglobin, and heme synthesis gene expression in the larvae of a model sediment invertebrate Chironomus riparius. Here, we propose that alteration of the Fe-S protein function by LCO is a molecular initiating event leading to these changes. A 10 mg/L LCO exposure causes significant oxidation of the aconitase 4Fe-4S center after 7 d as determined from the electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements of intact larvae and a significant reduction in the aconitase activity of larval protein after 48 h (p < 0.05). Next-generation RNA sequencing identified significant changes in the expression of genes involved in 4Fe-4S center binding, Fe-S center synthesis, iron ion binding, and metabolism for 10 mg/L LCO at 48 h (FDR-adjusted, p < 0.1). We propose an adverse outcome pathway, where the oxidation of metabolic and regulatory Fe-S centers of proteins by LCO disrupts metabolic homeostasis, which negatively impacts the growth and development, a mechanism that may apply for these conserved proteins across species and for other TMO nanomaterials.
Regional Anesthesia use in Pediatric Burn Surgery: A Retrospective Observational Cohort Study

Abstract Approximately 77,000 children 16 years or less suffered burn injuries in the United States in 2018. Treatment, reconstruction, and rehabilitation are painful experiences. For some, the experience triggers post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and/or a chronic pain syndrome. Given the role pain plays as a major secondary disease, it must be addressed to achieve optimal healing. Regional anesthesia has been used extensively to manage postoperative pain and reduce the need for opioids following other surgical procedures in children. Nevertheless, regional anesthesia has not yet been widely used in pediatric burn care. We present a demonstration project utilizing regional anesthesia in 15 pediatric burn patients over an eight-month period. Our results indicate that the use of regional anesthesia reliably reduces perioperative pain and opioid requirements in the immediate peri-operative period. In this cohort, 93% of patients scored a 0/10 on a FLACC scale for pain by post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) discharge, with an average PACU stay of 70 minutes. Thirty-three percent of patients received no opioids, and the average opioid dose was only 0.06mg/kg morphine equivalents. We conclude that regional anesthesia can be used to improve patient comfort and decrease opioid requirement.
Midterm Outcomes of Posterior Medial Meniscus Root Tear Repair: A Systematic Review

Background:Whereas there has been growing interest in surgical repair of posterior medial meniscus root tears (PMMRTs), our understanding of the medium- and long-term results of this procedure is s...
Us Labor's Plight in the Global Economy

US employment in manufacturing has been steadily declining since the 1980s. In the wake of the surprise election in November 2016 of Donald J. Trump, who received strong blue-collar support in rust-belt states, there was growing urgency to understand the plight of manufacturing. The first half of this case explores recent research on labor-market polarization, the return to education, and the local impacts of globalization, in particular the increased trade between China and the United States. The second half summarizes Amy Goldstein's Janesville: An American Story, a narrative about the social impact of the closure of the Janesville, Wisconsin, GM assembly plant. The central question becomes whether the case for trade liberalization is eroding, and whether the wave of ever more globalization is coming to an end. This case is used at Darden in the second-year elective, "Managing International Trade and Investment." It would also be suitable in courses covering globalization, labor markets, or international trade. Excerpt UVA-GEM-0155 Rev. Apr. 2, 2018 US Labor's Plight in the Global Economy When Angus Deaton won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2015, some of his work with Anne Case on mortality received more attention. It was well known that mortality rates had been decreasing in France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and Sweden. The data for the United States, however, showed a unique turnaround between 1999 and 2013. Reversing decades of progress in mortality reduction, mortality among white non-Hispanics between 45 and 54 years old showed an increase for the first time since 1999. Mortality for all other ethnicities, and for older categories, continued to show declines (see Exhibits1 and 2). Case and Deaton traced the abnormal increase in white midlife mortality especially to suicides and drug overdoses, as well as worsening health conditions. As whites were disproportionately employed in manufacturing, economists began to examine possible links between this heightened mortality and the shrinking manufacturing sector. . . .
Structuring Ends

There is disagreement among contemporary theorists regarding human well-being. On one hand there are “substantive good” views, according to which the most important elements of a person’s well-being result from her nature as a human, rational, and/or sentient being. On the other hand there are “agent-constituted” views, which contend that a person’s well-being is constituted by her particular aims, desires, and/or preferences. Each approach captures important features of human well-being, but neither can provide a complete account: agent-constituted theories have difficulty accounting for the normativity of their claims, and substantive good theories have difficulty accounting for how a person’s actually adopted aims shape what is good for her and hence what she has reason to do. I articulate and defend a hybrid view that equals these approaches in systematicity and completeness of explanation yet seeks to surpass them in coherence with our ordinary judgments about what human well-being consists in. This hybrid view maintains, with agent-constituted theories, that a person’s well-being is (1) significantly constituted by her actually adopted aims; (2) deeply contingent; (3) agent-relative; (4) significantly dependent on spatially and temporally remote events; and (5) significantly independent of her experiences. The hybrid view also maintains, with substantive good theories, that a person’s well-being is (6) in part determined by facts independent of her aims, desires, and preferences; (7) such that all her aims are subject to critical evaluation and revision; and (8) constituted by her aims only if these aims are choiceworthy.
Radiation-Related Coronary and Conduction System Disease

Radiation therapy as primary or neoadjuvant/adjuvant therapy for cancer has cured disease, prolonged survival, and improved the quality of life of many cancer patients. It is well known that there can be substantial adverse cardiovascular consequences to radiation therapy and therefore great effort has been expended to optimize efficacy while reducing the cardiovascular risk. Despite those efforts, cardio-oncology clinicians frequently care for cancer survivors treated with radiation therapy, at risk for or presenting with clinically manifest coronary artery disease. There is much to be learned from our collective experience in treating these patients.
Competitive Interactions in California Annual Grasslands

One of the most striking features of California annual grasslands is their high species diversity. The maintenance of species diversity, in spite of the potential force of competitive exclusion acting to simplify community structure, has been a favorite topic for ecological speculation (Darwin 1859; Tansley and Adamson 1925; Hutchinson 1959; Miller 1969). Years before the development of modern niche theory, the importance of experimentally linking patterns of diversity within a plant community to underlying competitive interactions was well recognized (Tansley 1914; Clements et al. 1929; Salisbury 1929; Watt 1947). Temporal and spatial variation in resources (Grubb 1977; Wiens 1977; Tilman 1982), grazing (Ellison 1960; Harper 1969), disturbance (Connell 1978; Pickett 1980), and dispersal dynamics (Caswell 1978) all have been proposed as regulators of species diversity because of their effect on competitive coexistence.
Voting, vote capture & vote counting symposium

Elections, and enfranchisement of citizens, are a foundational element of democracy, yet the implementation of elections in terms of both technology and process varies widely. [1] New voting technologies offer promise yet create new risks; and the process and technology must be simultaneously adopted and crafted. In order to explore both the promise and the risk, a Symposium at the Kennedy School of Government was convened. The attendees for this event included technologists, election officials, political scientists, policy analysts, notable press experts, and activists. From that Symposium the authors developed a set of policy and technology best practices. [2] This highlights document reports those practices.
Comunidades de desarrolladores , educación e innovación

Andres L. Martinez Ortiz, tambien llamado Almo, es gerente del Programa para Desarrolladores en la Organizacion de Ingenieria de Google. El se centra en impulsar el exito de productos para desarrolladores de Google y la web abierta mediante la creacion de un prospero ecosistema de aplicaciones y de las empresas integradas. En estrecha colaboracion con Gestion de Producto, Marketing, Relaciones Publicas y Desarrollo Empresarial, trabaja y apoya a las comunidades de desarrolladores, iniciando actividades que satisfagan las necesidades del ecosistema de innovacion. Ademas, se reune con desarrolladores y socios en grandes companias y companias recientemente creadas, universidades y empresas, promocionando los estandares abiertos y tecnologias de Google.
Pathogenesis of Retardation in Errors of Amino Acid Metabolism

Since publication of my Letter to the Editor (Pediatrics, 39:313, 1967) I have had numerous inquiries about the technique of using the Water Pik. If I may be allowed the space I would like to add the following description of how to use the Water Pik for this purpose. The fine pulsating jet stream of the Water Pik is perfect for loosening impacted wax from the ear canal. I hold the nozzle about 1 cm from the external orifice of the canal and direct the stream into the canal. Immediately a great outflow of fine debris drains into a small emesis basin held under the ear, against the neck.
Controversial and changing aspects of auscultation: III. Diastolic sounds IV. Intervals V. Systolic sounds

Abstract A general review and classification of additional diastolic and systolic sounds is presented. The mechanism of these sounds is discussed on the basis of new, partly unpublished, studies. 1. 1. The components of the third sound and of the atrial sound and their time relationship to intracardiac pressure changes are described. Recent studies have revealed a definite connection between the third sound and the end of active relaxation of the ventricular wall when distending forces act on the wall. The time relationship of the components of the atrial sound to intracardiac pressure changes are described, and the findings of intracardiac phonocardiograms in normal hearts are presented. 2. 2. The factors causing an increase of diastolic sounds (triple or quadruple rhythms) are discussed, and a general interpretation of these sounds is presented, relating the loud third sound to absolute or relative diastolic overload, and the loud atrial sound to absolute or relative systolic overload. 3. 3. The fact that in certain conditions a functional diastolic rumble occurs instead of a diastolic sound is stressed. 4. 4. The factors causing an opening snap of the mitral or tricuspid valve are reviewed and a general interpretation, partly based on data of intracardiac phonocardiography, is presented. Functional opening snaps can occur; the conditions of their occurrence (mostly increase of blood flow through an A-V valve) are discussed. 5. 5. The intervals between the aortic component of the second sound and the mitral or tricuspid sound or snap are described. The importance of these intervals lies in the fact that they can be related to the level of atrial pressure, thus permitting evaluation of the latter by a nontraumatic method. New data on the duration of this interval (isometric relaxation period or isovolumetric relaxation period) in normal subjects are presented. The differential diagnosis between split second sound and normal second sound followed by an opening snap or a third sound is presented. 6. 6. Friction rubs and their graphic recognition are described. 7. 7. Systolic sounds are described including the so-called “ejection sound” and the latesystolic click. Their clinical meaning is indicated.
Primary Prevention Programs in Schools

The title of Klein and Goldston’s (1977) text, Primary Prevention: An Idea Whose Time Has Come,was prophetic. Whereas there had been relatively few reports of school-based prevention before the mid-1970s, over the past two decades there has been a surge of interest in such programs. In fact, each year millions of school-children throughout the United States are exposed to programs with a preventive thrust, with many receiving more than one program. For instance, over 90% of all school districts offer services to children who are at risk for academic problems (Slavin, Karweit, & Madden, 1989). Between 72% and 77% of all districts provide programming relevant to smoking, alcohol and other drug use, nutrition, physical fitness, and sex education; between 51% and 67% of districts instruct students on such matters as AIDS, suicide prevention, physical violence, and the use of seat belts and other safety behaviors (Holtzman et al., 1992). There are also many other programs devoted to students’ personal growth and adjustment, and specialized interventions to prevent teenage pregnancy, sexual abuse, and school dropouts. Unfortunately, the overwhelming majority of school-based prevention programs have never been systematically evaluated, with the result that students are being exposed to many programs of unknown impact. Because schools are willing to offer prevention programs, it is important to ascertain which programs are effective in achieving which goals.
B7-2 (CD86) Controls the Priming of Autoreactive CD4 T Cell Response against Pancreatic Islets

The B7-1/2-CD28 system provides the critical signal for the generation of an efficient T cell response. We investigated the role played by B7-2 in influencing pathogenic autoimmunity from islet-reactive CD4 T cells in B7-2 knockout (KO) NOD mice which are protected from type 1 diabetes. B7-2 deficiency caused a profound diminishment in the generation of spontaneously activated CD4 T cells and islet-specific CD4 T cell expansion. B7-2 does not impact the effector phase of the autoimmune response as adoptive transfer of islet Ag-specific BDC2.5 splenocytes stimulated in vitro could easily induce disease in B7-2KO mice. CD4 T cells showed some hallmarks of hyporesponsiveness because TCR/CD28-mediated stimulation led to defective activation and failure to induce disease in NODscid recipients. Furthermore, CD4 T cells exhibited enhanced death in the absence of B7-2. Interestingly, we found that B7-2 is required to achieve normal levels of CD4+CD25+CD62L+ T regulatory cells because a significant reduction of these T regulatory cells was observed in the thymus but not in the peripheral compartments of B7-2KO mice. In addition, our adoptive transfer experiments did not reveal either pathogenic or regulatory potential associated with the B7-2KO splenocytes. Finally, we found that the lack of B7-2 did not induce a compensatory increase in the B7-1 signal on APC in the PLN compartment. Taken together these results clearly indicate that B7-2 plays a critical role in priming islet-reactive CD4 T cells, suggesting a simplified, two-cell model for the impact of this costimulatory molecule in autoimmunity against islets.
Active reading and its discontents: the situations, problems and ideas of readers

The increasing popularity of personal reading devices raises the question of how best to support so-called active reading, which involves acts like annotation, note taking, etc. Prior research addressed this question by observing the active reading process, and identifying disparities between computers and paper as a reading medium. We extend this research by 1) investigating the problems that readers experience in their real world tasks, 2) inquiring about their requirements for an ideal reading technology, and 3) updating earlier studies of naturalistic reading behavior, which are several years old now. We present here the results of our investigation, which included a diary study, interviews, and participatory design workshops.
Contextual reference domains and verification : what is relevant and what is not in sentence verification

Abstract A contextual reference domain model is proposed to explain situations wherein referents that do not involve the topic of a sentence (or nontopical referents) are judged to be relevant to that sentence's verification. The model states that decisions about the relevance of referents depend on how the target sentence is understood. The meaning attributed to the sentence constrains the set of objects that can provide proof for the sentence's verification. This set of objects is referred to as reference domain for verification and is proposed to vary depending on the contextual factors that affect the meaning of the target sentence. Data supporting the model were found in three experiments with 80 subjects using a verification decision task. The type of relationship (i.e., binary or nonbinary) between the topic of the sentence and the referent was used to prompt more inclusive meanings for the sentence and the reference domains. Nontopical referents were found more likely to be considered relevant in conditions where it was more likely that the target sentence was understood as referring to the nontopical concept, too. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of contextual factors in the sentence verification process.
Efficacy of Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Small-Volume Recurrent Malignant Gliomas After Initial Radical Resection

Objective To review the authors' experience with Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKR) for small recurrent high-grade gliomas (HGGs) following prior radical resection, external-beam radiation therapy (EBRT), and chemotherapy with temozolomide (TMZ). Methods The authors retrospectively analyzed 26 consecutive adults (9 women and 17 men; median age 60.4 years; Karnofsky Performance Status [KPS] ≥70) who underwent GKR for recurrent HGGs from 2004–2009. Median lesion volume was 1.22 cc, and median treatment dose was 15 Gy. Pathology included glioblastoma multiforme (GBM; n = 16), anaplastic astrocytoma (AA; n = 5), and anaplastic mixed oligoastrocytoma (AMOA; n = 5). Two patients lost to follow-up were excluded from radiographic outcome analyses. Results Median overall survival (OS) for the entire cohort from the time of GKR was 13.5 months. Values for 12-month actuarial survival from time of GKR for GBM, AMOA, and AA were 37%, 20% and 80%. Local failure occurred in 9 patients (37.5%) at a median time of 5.8 months, and 18 patients (75%) experienced distant progression at a median of 4.8 months. Complications included radiation necrosis in two patients and transient worsening of hemiparesis in one patient. Multivariate hazard ratio (HR) analysis showed KPS 90 or greater, smaller tumor volumes, and increased time to recurrence after resection to be associated with longer OS following GKR. Conclusions GKR provided good local tumor control in this group of clinically stable and predominantly high-functioning patients with small recurrent HGGs after radical resection. Meaningful survival times after GKR were seen. GKR can be considered for selected patients with recurrent HGGs.
Homogeneous water oxidation by a di-μ-oxo dimanganese complex in the presence of Ce4+

Abstract O2 evolution was observed upon mixing aqueous [(terpy)(H2O)Mn(O)2Mn(H2O)(terpy)](NO3)3 (1, terpy = 2,2′:6′,6″-terpyridine) with aqueous solutions of Ce4+. However, when the solution of 1 was incubated at pH 1 (by dissolving in dilute HNO3) before mixing with Ce4+, very small amounts of O2 were observed. This observation of acid-induced deactivation suggests an explanation, both for the previously reported lack of O2 evolution from aqueous solutions of 1 with Ce4+ as oxidant, and the present observation of low amounts of O2 production with the very acidic Ce4+ reagent. Evidence is provided for water being the source of evolved O2, and for the requirement of a high valent multinuclear Mn species for O2 evolution. We test the possibility of complications in the use of ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) in oxidation chemistry due to the presence of the oxidizable NH 4 + ion.
The Evolution of Sex: a Perspective from the Fungal Kingdom

Summary: Sex is shrouded in mystery. Not only does it preferentially occur in the dark for both fungi and many animals, but evolutionary biologists continue to debate its benefits given costs in light of its pervasive nature. Experimental studies of the benefits and costs of sexual reproduction with fungi as model systems have begun to provide evidence that the balance between sexual and asexual reproduction shifts in response to selective pressures. Given their unique evolutionary history as opisthokonts, along with metazoans, fungi serve as exceptional models for the evolution of sex and sex-determining regions of the genome (the mating type locus) and for transitions that commonly occur between outcrossing/self-sterile and inbreeding/self-fertile modes of reproduction. We review here the state of the understanding of sex and its evolution in the fungal kingdom and also areas where the field has contributed and will continue to contribute to illuminating general principles and paradigms of sexual reproduction.
Large Sample Multivariate Procedures for Comparing and Combining Effect Sizes Within a Single Study

AbstractSubjects from experimental and control groups are usually compared in evaluation and research studies in education. The comparison is frequently summarized in a treatment effect statistic. The purpose of this paper is to present large sample univariate methods for comparing effect sizes within a single study between independent groups of different subjects on a single dependent measurement and between independent groups that are assessed on the same dependent variable but using a different test. Effect sizes that are not found to differ can be pooled to determine an overall study effect. Each of these methods is illustrated using data from educational research. Estimates are presented for large sample situations.
Weighted matching as a generic pruning technique applied to optimization constraints

We study the application of matching theory within a constraint programming framework. In this work we describe a filtering scheme based on weighted matchings. A first benefit of our pruning technique comes from the fact that it can be applied on various optimization constraints. In a number of important cases our method achieves domain consistency in polynomial time. A key feature in our implementation is the use of decomposition theory. The paper compares some of the optimization constraints reported in the literature and shows how they can be solved with the help of the weighted matching.
Ebselen, a selenium-containing redox drug, releases zinc from metallothionein.

Abstract Selenium compounds oxidize the thiolate ligands in the zinc clusters of metallothionein and release zinc. This chemistry defines new cellular targets for biological forms of selenium and suggests important interactions between zinc and selenium, two biologically essential elements. In the course of delineating the redox chemistry of biological zinc complexes with thiolate ligands, we have found that the non-toxic experimental drug ebselen (2-phenyl-1,2-benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-one) releases zinc from metallothionein. The reaction follows a 1:1 stoichiometry for thiols, is very rapid (t1/2