cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhanced ATP release from rat bladder urothelium during chronic bladder inflammation: Effect of botulinum toxin A

The effects of mechanoreceptor stimulation and subsequent ATP release in cyclophosphamide evoked chronic bladder inflammation was examined to demonstrate: (1) whether inflammation modulates ATP release from bladder urothelium and (2) whether intravesical botulinum toxin A administration inhibits urothelial ATP release, a measure of sensory nerve activation. ATP release was measured from rat bladders in a Ussing chamber, an apparatus that allows one to separately measure resting and mechanoreceptor evoked (e.g. hypoosmotic stimulation) ATP release from urothelial and serosal sides of the bladder. Cystometry was utilized to correlate changes in ATP release with alterations in the frequency of voiding and non-voiding bladder contractions, in vivo measures of bladder afferent activity. The resting urothelial release of ATP was not significantly affected by either cyclophosphamide or botulinum toxin A treatment. However, evoked ATP release following hypoosmotic stimulation was significantly increased (i.e. 94%) in chronic cyclophosphamide treated bladder urothelium compared to control bladders. In addition, botulinum toxin A treatment significantly reduced hypoosmotic shock induced ATP release in cyclophosphamide treated animals by 69%. Cystometry revealed that cyclophosphamide and botulinum toxin A treatments altered non-voiding (i.e. cyclophosphamide increased, botulinum toxin A decreased) but not voiding contraction frequency suggesting that alterations in urothelial ATP release selectively diminished underlying bladder C-fiber nerve activity. Finally, intravesical instillation of botulinum toxin A did not affect ATP release from the serosal side implying that its effects were confined to the urothelial side of the bladder preparation.
Amorphization of elemental and compound semiconductors upon ion implantation

Cross-sectional TEM studies of ion implantation induced amorphization in a large number of semiconductors have been performed. Samples of Si, AlAs, GaAs, GaP, GaSb, InP, InAs, and ZnSe were simultaneously implanted at 77 K with 20 keV Si+ at doses between 1 × 1014/cm2 and 1 × 1016/cm2. A dose of 1 × 1015/cm2 minimized the ion beam induced epitaxial crystallization and sputtering effects. The depth of the amorphous layer at this dose was compared with Monte Carlo damage density distribution calculations (TRIM’90). The threshold damage density (TDD) necessary for amorphization was determined for each compound. The values of the threshold damage density vary from as low as 2.4 × 1019 keV/cm3 for InAs up to 7.3 × 1020 keV/cm3 for AlAs. ZnSe never became amorphous and GaSb exhibited an unusual disordering after the highest dose. The values of the threshold damage density for the various compositions were compared with known thermochemical data and several bond energy estimates. No single calculation explained all of the trends observed.
An alternative 7-ethoxyresorufin o-deethylase activity assay: A continuous visible spectrophotometric method for measurement of cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase activity

Abstract A procedure to directly measure the cytochrome P-450-dependent 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity with a visible spectrophotometer is described and compared to the standard fluorometric method. The two assays yielded identical results with both β-naphthoflavone-treated mammalian (rat) and fish (scup, Stenotomus chrysops) liver microsomes. The assay takes advantage of a clean distinction in visible absorption spectra obtained for highly purified 7-ethoxyresorufin (substrate) and resorufin (enzymatic product). The purification and characterization of resorufin, the enzymatic product, are detailed, and its extinction coefficient (e572 = 73 m m −1 cm−1) provides for an accurate quantitation of enzyme activity. The large visible extinction coefficient of the product chromophore provides a high sensitivity for low-activity samples. The application of this enzyme assay in a visible spectrophotometer, along with the considerable evidence that a single aromatic hydrocarbon-inducible cytochrome P-450 isozyme is responsible for the catalysis, enhances the utility of this substrate in microsomal monooxygenase assays. The utility of the visible assay is further demonstrated by the simple determinations of the coupling ratio for 7-ethoxyresorufin oxidation in scup liver microsomes and the KI for 7,8-benzoflavone and phenylimidazole inhibition of the enzymatic reaction.
Pressing ahead with human genome sequencing

While waiting for revolutionary techniques to emerge, conventional approaches have been used to generate more than 40 million bases of DNA sequence from large scale projects involving different organisms. About eight megabases are from the human genome. Does this progress signal the time to move ahead for a massive human genomic sequencing effort, or should we bide our time, waiting for more technical developments? The answer is to move ahead now, choosing carefully those strategies that can be easily adapted to future methodologies.
Geochemical evidence for transient karstic water/rock interaction in evaporites of the northern Delaware Basin, New Mexico, USA

Permian evaporites in the northern Delaware Basin (southeastern New Mexico) have experienced varying degrees of water/ rock interaction, locally resulting in karstic landforms such as topographic depressions, sinkholes, and blind valleys. Meteoric groundwaters and the rocks with which they have interacted bear geochemical signatures that delineate such interactions even in the absence of surficial indicators. Based on fresh-water potentiometric heads alone, hydraulically confined groundwater appears to flow north to south, at steady state across the site of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), but freshens from an ionic strength of 0.3–1.6 to <0.1 molal south of the site. This abrupt change in hydrochemical facies is not caused by younger vertical recharge preferentially occurring in the south; residence times based on radiocarbon (∼14 ka) of less saline Ca-SO4 waters in the south are no shorter than those of more saline Na-Cl waters in the north.234U/238U activity ratios (A.R.’s) monotonically increase from west to east, correlative with a 104 decrease in fracture-permeability, but normal to the that of inferred modern flow. Preservation of high A.R.’s argues against rapid oxic recharge from shallower units. These geochemical constraints suggest that modern groundwater flow is transient, and that the original paleoflow direction at the time of recharge in the late Pleistocene had a significant west-to-east component. The geochemical record of paleoflow has not yet been obliterated by Darcian flow, whereas the potentiometric contours have responded to post-Pleistocene potentiometric changes. The records of interactions between these groundwaters and adjacent evaporite rocks are preserved in the characteristic87Sr/86Sr ratios of gypsum altered from anhydrite and the18O/16O ratios of calcite altered from dolomite. These zones of alteration occurring at less than 300 m depth are interbedded with less altered zones bearing geochemical signatures more characteristic of marine evaporites, suggesting stratabound rather than vertical flow. Combinations of these geochemical parameters provide the basis for distinguishing hydrologic regimes in which the water/rock ratios have been higher (karstic) from those where evaporite dissolution has been less active.
pH dependence of the kinetic parameters of maltodextrin phosphorylase.

Abstract The pH dependence of the kinetic parameters, Km and Vmax, for maltodextrin phosphorylase have been studied in the pH range 5.6 to 8.5. The data show that ionizable groups in the binary and ternary complexes with average pK values of 6.2 and 7.5 are important for enzyme-substrate binding; the Vmax is affected only by the more acidic group. A conformational transition is suggested to explain the pH dependence of the acidic limb. The involvement of the phosphoryl group of pyridoxal phosphate is discussed.
Determination of transition and rare earth elements in seawater by flow injection inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Abstract A method is presented for the quantitation of trace elements and rare earth elements (REE) in seawater by inductively coupled plasma orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometry. On-line separation and preconcentration was achieved using a timed flow-injection (FI) system incorporating a column containing iminodiacetate-based resin. The procedure was validated for selected transition elements by analysis of certified seawater reference materials NASS-5 and CASS-4. Recoveries of the rare earth elements (REE) from seawater were between 96 and 101%. Limits of detection (3s) were generally in the 20–50-pg l−1 range with nominal precision of 5–6% R.S.D. (n=5) when processing 50-ml sample aliquots of seawater. Sample throughput was 5 h−1 for the REE determinations and 15 h−1 for the transition elements of interest.
Use of granulosa-luteal cell culture to evaluate low and high clinical responses to menotropin stimulation.

The cause of a poor response to human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) remains unexplained. To determine whether aromatase activity of cultured granulosa cells obtained from relatively low estradiol (E2) responders (serum E2 <1000 pg/ml) to hMG therapy differed from that of good responders (E2≥1000 pg/ml), we prospectively compared serum E2 on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin administration to in vitro aromatase activity following a 72-h culture. Granulosa cells were obtained from seven women undergoing hMG therapy and oocyte aspiration. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) was added to one-half of the cultures. Serum E2 was determined by radioimmunoassay, and aromatase activity was determined indirectly by measuring tritiated water formed by aromatization of 1-s [3H] androstenedione to estrogen in 1 h. In this study, luteinized granulosa cells from patients with a relatively low serum E 2 produced less estrogen in cultures when compared to cells from higher responders (p<0.01). Aromatase activity was not significantly increased by FSH in the relatively high responders, whereas FSH stimulated a significant increase in aromatase activity in cells from lower responders (p<0.001). Our results indicate that the clinical response to hMG is at least partly due to the “quality” of granulosa cell aromatase activity. A clinically relevant “block” to FSH action may be present in vivo in low responders which can be reversed in culture by addition of FSH.
Attitudes Toward “Gays in the Military”: A Functional Perspective

The functions associated with attitudes toward gays in the military were investigated. In Study I, secondary analyses of data compiled by the Gallup Organization indicated that ego-defensive and value-expressive functions are associated with attitudes toward lifting the ban on homosexuals in the military. In Study 2, results from a questionnaire specifically designed to assess reasons to lift or keep the ban replicated the findings of Study 1. In addition, Study 2 indicated that the functions both uniquely contribute to the prediction of attitudinal stance. Results from both studies indicated that approval of lifting the ban was associated with the endorsement of value-expressive reasons to lift the ban and the rejection of ego-defensive and value-expressive reasons to keep the ban; by contrast, disapproval of lifting the ban was associated with the endorsement of ego-defensive and value-expressive reasons to keep the ban and the rejection of value-expressive reasons to lift the ban. Results are discussed in terms of the implications for the functional approach to attitudes and persuasion.
Theoretical and experimental studies on mesoscale flame propagation and extinction

Mesoscale flame propagation and extinction of premixed flames in channels are investigated theoretically and experimentally. Emphasis is placed on the effect of wall heat loss and the wall–flame interaction via heat recirculation. At first, an analytical solution of flame speed in mesoscale channels is obtained. The results showed that channel width, flow velocity, and wall thermal properties have dramatic effects on the flame propagation and lead to multiple flame regimes and extinction limits. With the decrease in channel width, there exist two distinct flame regimes, a fast burning regime and a slow burning regime. The existence of the new flame regime and its extended flammability limit render the classical quenching diameter inapplicable. Furthermore, the results showed that at optimum conditions of flow velocity and wall thermal properties, mesoscale flames can propagate faster than the adiabatic flame. Second, numerical simulation with detailed chemistry demonstrated the existence of multiple flame regimes. The results also showed that there is a non-linear dependence of the flame speed on equivalence ratio. Moreover, it is shown that the Nusselt number has a significant impact on this non-linear dependence. Finally, the non-linear dependence of flame speed on equivalence ratio for both flame regimes is measured using a C3H8–air mixture. The results are in good agreement with the theory and numerical simulation.
A parallel digital processor system for particle image velocimetry

A high-speed, high-resolution, digital computer-based interrogation system for particle image velocimetry (PIV) has been developed. It utilizes advanced parallel array processing technology to achieve computational speeds comparable to those of current supercomputers, and high-resolution image acquisition equipment to achieve the data input rates necessary for high-speed analysis of PIV images. Advanced cross correlation techniques are incorporated into the algorithm, which take advantage of the high-speed capabilities and improve the quality of the measurements. The architecture, algorithms, and performance characteristics of the system are described.
Low temperature specific heat of (TTF) (TCNQ)

Abstract Low temperature specific heat measurements on (TTF) (TCNQ) are reported. The Debye temperature is 89.5 K. No term linear in temperature is observed, and comparison with other data indicates the low temperature phase is that of a small band gap non-magnetic semiconductor.
A new family of putative insulin receptor-like proteins in C. elegans

I thank Anders Krogh and Gabor Tusnady for providing computer programs for topology prediction of transmembrane proteins. I am grateful to an anonymous referee for useful suggestions. This work was funded by a Special Fellowship from the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society.
Development of an Annotated Library of Neutral Human Milk Oligosaccharides

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) perform a number of functions including serving as prebiotics to stimulate the growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria, as receptor analogues to inhibit binding of pathogens, and as substances that promote postnatal brain development. There is further evidence that HMOs participate in modulating the human immune system. Because the absorption, catabolism, and biological function of oligosaccharides (OS) have strong correlations with their structures, structure elucidation is key to advancing this research. Oligosaccharides are produced by competing enzymes that provide the large structural diversity and heterogeneity that characterizes this class of compounds. Unlike the proteome, there is no template for oligosaccharides, making it difficult to rapidly identify oligosaccharide structures. In this research, annotation of the neutral free oligosaccharides in milk is performed to develop a database for the rapid identification of oligosaccharide structures. Our strategy incorporates high performance nanoflow liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry for characterizing HMO structures. HPLC-Chip/TOF MS provides a sensitive and quantitative method for sample profiling. The reproducible retention time and accurate mass can be used to rapidly identify the OS structures in HMO samples. A library with 45 neutral OS structures has been constructed. The structures include information regarding the epitopes such as Lewis type, as well as information regarding the secretor status.
Observations of the magnetic fluctuation enhancement in the Earth's foreshock region

Upstream waves have been postulated to be a major source of energy for the dayside magnetic pulsations within the magnetosphere. Thus, it is of interest to determine over what frequency range in the ion foreshock the power of fluctuations in the solar wind is enhanced. The magnetic field data from pairs of spacecraft, when they stay on either side of the ion foreshock boundary, were examined. It was found that the power of magnetic fluctuations is enhanced only at periods less than about two minutes, not at longer periods. Thus the upstream waves may contribute to Pc 3 and Pc 4 pulsations in the dayside magnetosphere, but they cannot be directly responsible for the longer-period waves.
Avatars of Indian Research

Like differing versions of Vishnu, the same difficult problems continuallyreappear in the scholarly literature on India. The nature of caste, itsresiliency or dissolution in the face of modernization; the quality oftraditional Indian civilization, its adaptation or collapse in response toeconomic development and industrialization, are two questions whichcontinue to haunt the specialist on South Asia. What hangs in the balance is not only our understanding of social change or non-change in industrializing societies, but the validity of anthropology and the other social sciences as adequate methods of description and analysis in the contemporary world. If the ‘ethnographic present’ always remains only the past, then is not the value of anthropology and social science immeasurably diminished?
Flooding and the Midwest economy: assessing the Midwest floods of 1993 and 2008

This paper examines local economic vulnerability over time by comparing how county-level unemployment rates were affected by two major flooding events in the Midwest region, one in 1993 and the other in 2008. One of the challenges for studies of this kind is to separate out the impact of the hazard events from the effects of more general macroeconomic dynamics. A case–control design is used in the analysis for that purpose, applying an optimal matching algorithm to select a non-flooded control county for each flooded case county and then model the flood effects using ARIMA intervention models. The main research finding of this study is that the 1993 flood affected a larger area and caused more severe economic disturbances than the 2008 flood. Counties that were hit hard in 1993 seemed to fare well in 2008. It was also found that higher damage was associated with an increase in the county-level unemployment rate.
DEFECTIVE GLIA INDUCE NEURONAL APOPTOSIS IN THE REPO VISUAL SYSTEM OF DROSOPHILA

The role of glia in suppressing neuronal cell death was investigated in the visual system of the Drosophila mutant, reversed polarity (repo). The repo locus encodes a glial-specific homeodomain protein expressed in the optic lobes. Here, we show that survival of the laminar neurons in the optic lobe depends on repo expression in the laminar glia, indicating that the laminar glia supply factors required for neuronal survival. The repo glia also underwent cell death, suggesting that the laminar neurons are required for survival of the glia or that repo expression is required to suppress an intrinsic cell suicide program. Subsequent to the laminar cell death, the retinal cells in the repo visual system also degenerated, indicating that the retinal cell death was due to retrograde degeneration.
Pseudo‐democratic politics and populist possibilities: the rise and demise of Turkey's Refah party

Abstract Within the span of only a few years, Turkish politics witnessed the dramatic rise and fall of the Refah Party. This transformation from relative obscurity to the head of a ruling coalition and eventual banning was caused by a combination of features inherent in the Turkish political system and the party itself. Turkish democracy features the continued interference of the military in domestic political affairs on the one hand and a preponderance of largely centrist and bland ‘mainstream’ parties on the other. Nevertheless, the existence of ostensibly democratic institutions such as elections or a parliament enable potential political aspirants who are outside the mainstream to make bids for power through officially sanctioned channels. The Refah's rise was a product of the perceived uniqueness of its ideological platform and its unparalleled focus on grass roots voter mobilization. Its fall, however, came when the military considered it to have overstepped the bounds of acceptable political behavi...
Bond strength of cements to crown bases

Amalgam crown bases provided more bond strength to cements than composite resin and cast gold. Modified zinc oxide-eugenol and polycarboxylate cements served better with composite resin bases. Modified zinc oxide-eugenol cement bonded to cast gold better than polycarboxylate and zinc phosphate cements. Polycarboxylate cement bonded to amalgam better than modified zinc oxide-eugenol and zinc phosphate cements. Amalgam was the material of choice for a crown base.
Endovascular management of a thoracic aortic disruption following failure of deployment of a parachute.

Traumatic thoracic aortic disruption is a life-threatening lesion associated with a high surgical mortality. Endovascular stent graft repair is a minimal invasive approach that does not require a thoracotomy, aortic cross clamping and cardiopulmonary bypass. We report the use of an endoluminal graft to treat a 58-year-old male, who sustained multiple injuries including thoracic aortic disruption in a sky-diving accident due to failure of deployment of his parachute. Language: en
Phase-Locked Loops for Electronically Scanned Antenna Arrays

This paper describes the ATHESA (Automatic THree-dimensional Electronic Scanned Array) technique for achieving very high antenna gain for deep-space communication systems. Phase coherence over a band of frequencies is established on reception automatically and continuously for either stationary or moving targets by phase-locking the signals from antenna elements separated by many wavelengths to a reference antenna element.
ON THE DYNAMICS OF A TWO-PHASE, NONEVAPORATING SWIRLING JET

Abstract In this paper, we present direct numerical simulation of a droplet-laden swirling jet, and examine the effects of swirl and two-phase momentum coupling on the jet dynamics and structural characteristics. A time-dependent, multi-dimensional, two-phase algorithm is developed for the simulation. Results for the single-phase swirling jet at a Reynolds number of 800 indicate that the dynamics of large-scale structures are strongly affected by the degree of swirl imparted to the incoming flow. For low and intermediate swirl intensities, the vortex rings roll up closer to the nozzle exit, their frequency increases, and pairing interactions become progressively stronger as the swirl number (S) is increased. Thus, the addition of swirl to a transitional jet appears to modify its vortex dynamics in a way that enhances the beneficial effects of both swirl and vortex structures on the shear layer growth and entrainment. For a strongly swirling jet, the presence of a central stagnant zone and recirculation bubble causes a dramatic increases in the jet spreading angle, and this has a very dramatic effect on vortex dynamics. Based on a detailed visualization of the dynamic structure, we speculate that vortex structures in turn play an important role in determining the location and size of recirculation bubble. Results for the two-phase swirling jet indicate that for a mass loading ratio of unity, the jet dynamic and time-averaged behavior are strongly affected by both the interphase momentum coupling and swirl intensity. For a nonswirling two-phase jet, the momentum coupling modifies the dynamics of large vortex structures, including their roll-up location and frequency, which leads to enhanced mixing and entrainment of colder fluid into the shear layer. In contrast, for weakly and moderately swirling two-phase jets (S 0.5), the effect of momentum coupling becomes even more dramatic. Results for S=0.75 indicate a drastic reduction in the size of the recirculation bubble for the two-phase jet.
Nuclear translocation of aflatoxin B1 - protein complex.

Abstract The in vitro binding of [ 3 H]-AFB 1 to various proteins was studied by equilibrium dialysis. At 23 ± 1°C, [ 3 H]-AFB 1 binding activity (mmol/mol) decreased as follows: pyruvate kinase > albumin-NLS > albumin > carbonic anhydrase > RNase > histones. The nuclear translocation and activation of AFB 1 and AFB-protein complexes was investigated using isolated rat liver nuclei in the presence of ATP and a NADPH regenerating system. Proteins containing NLS such as histones and albumin-NLS facilitated AFB 1 translocation into the nucleus where activation and adduct formation took place.
High Stability Developer For Medical X-Ray Processing

For many years medical x-ray processing has been dominated by roller transport machines with automatic developer replenishment. These processors, with high film volumes, are centrally located in radiology departments. The high film volume is an important aspect in the formulation of the traditional developers that have been used in these processors. Developer lifetime is long, 2-3 months, and most often the developer is recharged, not because of sensitometric performance but rather for processor cleaning and maintenance.
A SURVEY OF DEHYDROGENASES IN VARIOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS IN THE RAT

Several different epithelial elements that have intense active transport or protein secretory functions were histochemically assayed in several dehydrogenase media by a recently perfected method. The mitochondria represented the only site of activity, not only when tested in the succinate and D-β-hydroxybutyrate media, but also when tested in the lactate, malate, and isocitrate media. The reaction for D-β-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase in the mouse kidney was curiously limited to the mitochondria of the distal segment of the proximal convoluted tubule, a finding that most convincingly shows that dehydrogenase activity may be differentiated in certain instances from diaphorase activity by the ditetrazole methods and that D-β-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase is not present in all mitochondria. Tetranitro-BT is favored over nitro-BT in studies conducted on most organs prepared without fixation and on formalin-fixed tissues that consist of lipid-containing or active transport cells.
Metacognition: New Issues and Approaches Guest Editors' Introduction

(2005). Metacognition: New Issues and Approaches Guest Editors' Introduction. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 132, No. 4, pp. 329-334.
Identification of a Dihydrophaseic Acid Aldopyranoside from Soybean Tissue

A previously unidentified abscisic acid metabolite has been isolated and characterized. (±)-[2-14C]Abscisic acid was incubated in intact soybean leaves and pods; the radiolabeled metabolite was purified by high performance liquid chromatography with on-line scintillation spectrometry detection. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to obtain spectra of the acetylated and methyl esterified derivatives. The data were consistent with a proposed dihydrophaseic acid-aldopyranoside identity. Conjugation through the 4′-hydroxyl of dihydrophaseic acid is suggested.
LOOP CALCULATIONS IN QUANTUM MECHANICAL NON-LINEAR SIGMA MODELS WITH FERMIONS AND APPLICATIONS TO ANOMALIES

We construct the path integral for one-dimensional non-linear sigma models, starting from a given Hamiltonian operator and states in a Hilbert space. By explicit evaluation of the discretized propagators and vertices we find the correct Feynman rules which differ from those often assumed. These rules, which we previously derived in bosonic systems \cite{paper1}, are now extended to fermionic systems. We then generalize the work of Alvarez-Gaum\'e and Witten \cite{alwi} by developing a framework to compute anomalies of an $n$-dimensional quantum field theory by evaluating perturbatively a corresponding quantum mechanical path integral. Finally, we apply this formalism to various chiral and trace anomalies, and solve a series of technical problems: $(i)$ the correct treatment of Majorana fermions in path integrals with coherent states (the methods of fermion doubling and fermion halving yield equivalent results when used in applications to anomalies), $(ii)$ a complete path integral treatment of the ghost sector of chiral Yang-Mills anomalies, $(iii)$ a complete path integral treatment of trace anomalies, $(iv)$ the supersymmetric extension of the Van Vleck determinant, and $(v)$ a derivation of the spin-$3\over 2$ Jacobian of Alvarez-Gaum\'{e} and Witten for Lorentz anomalies.
WDM local area networks

Services and possible network topologies are discussed. The technological issues related to the implementation of such topologies are investigated, covering optical transmitters and receivers, tunable lasers and filters, and polarization control. Some experimental implementations reported in the literature are described. >
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection of Golden Syrian Hamsters

Small animal models are needed in order to evaluate the efficacy of candidate vaccines and antivirals directed against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS CoV). We investigated the ability of SARS CoV to infect 5-week-old Golden Syrian hamsters. When administered intranasally, SARS CoV replicates to high titers in the lungs and nasal turbinates. Peak replication in the lower respiratory tract was noted on day 2 postinfection (p.i.) and was cleared by day 7 p.i. Low levels of virus were present in the nasal turbinates of a few hamsters at 14 days p.i. Viral replication in epithelial cells of the respiratory tract was accompanied by cellular necrosis early in infection, followed by an inflammatory response coincident with viral clearance, focal consolidation in pulmonary tissue, and eventual pulmonary tissue repair. Despite high levels of virus replication and associated pathology in the respiratory tract, the hamsters showed no evidence of disease. Neutralizing antibodies were detected in sera at day 7 p.i., and mean titers at day 28 p.i. exceeded 1:400. Hamsters challenged with SARS CoV at day 28 p.i. were completely protected from virus replication and accompanying pathology in the respiratory tract. Comparing these data to the mouse model, SARS CoV replicates to a higher titer and for a longer duration in the respiratory tract of hamsters and is accompanied by significant pathology that is absent in mice. Viremia and extrapulmonary spread of SARS CoV to liver and spleen, which are seen in hamsters, were not detected in mice. The hamster, therefore, is superior to the mouse as a model for the evaluation of antiviral agents and candidate vaccines against SARS CoV replication.
Two characterizations of interchange graphs of complete m-partite graphs

A graph G is m-partite if its points can be partitioned into m subsets V"1,...,V"m such that every line joins a point in V"i with a point in V"j, i j. A complete m-partite graph contains every line joining V"i with V"j. A complete graph K"p has every pair of its p points adjacent. The nth interchange graph I"n(G) of G is a graph whose points can be identified with the K"n"+"1's of G such that two points are adjacent whenever the corresponding K"n"+"1's have a K"n in common. Interchange graphs of complete 2-partite and 3-partite graphs have been characterized, but interchange graphs of complete m-partite graphs for m > 3 do not seem to have been investigated. The main result of this paper is two characterizations of interchange graphs of complete m-partite graphs for m >= 2.
Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) by indigenous mixed and pure cultures isolated from coastal sediments

The goal of this paper was to quantify and characterize microorganisms (bacteria) in sediment samples contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs: fluorene and naphthalene). The isolated organisms were evaluated for their ability to degrade PAHs compounds. The results indicated that the total number of recovered heterotrophic colony forming units was higher than zone forming units produced by the PAHs compounds. There was a relationship between the biomass of the bacteria recovered from the sediment and the degradation of the compounds. This indicated the utilization of the compounds by the bacteria as a carbon source. Two bacterial species were isolated from the contaminated sediments and identified as Pseudomonas sp. and Ochrobactrum sp.
The Theistic Argument in Religious Education

(1954). The Theistic Argument in Religious Education. Religious Education: Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 19-23.
Can endurance exercise preconditioning prevention disuse muscle atrophy

Emerging evidence suggests that exercise training can provide a level of protection against disuse muscle atrophy. Endurance exercise training imposes oxidative, metabolic, and heat stress on skeletal muscle which activates a variety of cellular signaling pathways that ultimately leads to the increased expression of proteins that have been demonstrated to protect muscle from inactivity –induced atrophy. This review will highlight the effect of exercise-induced oxidative stress on endogenous enzymatic antioxidant capacity (i.e., superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase), the role of oxidative and metabolic stress on PGC1-α, and finally highlight the effect heat stress and HSP70 induction. Finally, this review will discuss the supporting scientific evidence that these proteins can attenuate muscle atrophy through exercise preconditioning.
Film Cooling From a Row of Holes Embedded in Transverse Slots

Film cooling performance for a row of cylindrical holes can be enhanced by embedding the row in transverse slots. The geometry of the transverse slot greatly affects the cooling performance downstream of injection. The effect of the slot exit area and edge shape is investigated. Detailed heat transfer coefficient and film effectiveness measurements are obtained simultaneously using a single test transient IR thermography technique. The study is performed at a single mainstream Reynolds number based on free-stream velocity and film hole diameter of 7150 at three different coolant-to-mainstream blowing ratios of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5. The results show that the film cooling holes provide higher film effectiveness when embedded in a slot. However, in some geometries when the slot begins at the upstream edge of the hole, the film effectiveness diminishes. The heat transfer coefficient enhancement due to the embedding is not significantly higher compared to the typical unembedded cylindrical hole. The overall heat flux ratio comparing film cooling with embedded holes to unembedded holes shows that the full slot and downstream slot spacing after the hole exit produce the highest heat flux reduction. The holes-in-slot geometry is certainly very promising.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
The POP-Q system: two decades of progress and debate

I appreciate the opportunity to provide my reflections on the POP-Q, now more than 20 years since it was first conceived and 17 years since its publication in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. The invitation led me to dig into old files and recall--through a series of insightful emails, faxes, meeting summaries and draft documents--a document made possible by the combined efforts of an extraordinary group of individuals.
Medication type modifies inflammatory response to traffic exposure in a population with type 2 diabetes.

Abstract The association between residential traffic exposure and change in C-reactive protein over 2-years was evaluated using multivariate linear regression including interaction models for traffic and diabetes medication use/type (insulin vs. oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs)). The study population was Puerto Rican adults (n = 356) residing in greater Boston with type 2 diabetes. Traffic was characterized as proximity to roads with >20,000 weekday traffic volumes, and multi-directional traffic density. Increases in CRP concentration were significantly associated with residence ≤100 m of a roadway (p = 0.009) or near multiple roadways (p Individuals on insulin experienced increased CRP concentrations with traffic exposure over a 2-year study period, while those using OHAs did not experience increases.
Effects of PGE1 or PGE2 on luteal function in pseudopregnant rats

Effects of PGE1 or PGE2 on luteal function were studied in 163 pseudopregnant rats. PGE1 (10, 100, or 300μg) given intrauterine every 6 hr did not shorten pseudopregnancy (P < 0.05), however, the same doses of PGE2 given intrauterine every 6 hr advanced luteolysis (P < 0.05). PGE1 (100 or 300μg) given every 4 hr intramuscular maintained levels of progesterone in peripheral blood above controls (P < 0.05) while 100 or 300μg of PGE2 hastened the decline in progesterone (P < 0.05). The antiluteolytic effect of PGE1 was not via an inhibition of PGF secretion (P < 0.05) by the uterus or by induction of ovulation in treated animals. Moreover, PGE1 (100, 200, or 500μg) given intramuscular every 4 hr from day 4 of pseudopregnancy until the next proestrus delayed luteal regression around 3 days (P < 0.05). PGE2 at doses of 100, 200, or 500μg every 4 hr given intramuscular consistently shortened pseudopregnancy (P < 0.05). Lower doses were without effect (P < 0.05). Based on the above data it is concluded that PGE2 is consistently luteolytic whereas PGE1 is not luteolytic in pseudopregnant rats and that PGE1 may be an antiluteolysin.
THE THEORY OF EXCITON DISTRIBUTION IN ORGANIC SOLIDS

. The present paper gives an account of the phenomenological theory underlying the three dimensional distribution of excitons in solids. General expressions for the steady state distribution are derived taking into account the bulk and surface and annihilation generation of excitons, the influence of sample geometry and fluorescent reabsorption effects. The wave form of the optical excitation has also been included for purposes of generality. Approximations to the general results are provided for certain special cases which may apply to organic solids.
New data on the heat capacity of liquid 3He

Recent heat capacity measurements on liquid /sup 3/He by Haavasoja have shown much smaller values than previous measurements by Wheatley. We have measured P/sub v/(T) from which we can derive values for par. deltaC/sub v/par. delta v. A comparison with values of par. deltaC/sub v//par. delta v obtained from the actual heat capacity measurements shows agreement between our data and those from the heat capacities of Wheatley but disagreement with those from the heat capacities of Haavasoja. This suggests that the large discrepancy between the two sets of heat capacities originates with a problem in the data of Haavasoja.
The kinetics and distribution of potassium in the toad bladder.

Short-circuited toad bladders were loaded with K42 from the serosal medium in a chamber stirred by rotating impellers. The chambers were washed with nonradioactive Ringer's, and all effluent was collected from the two chambers separately for 30-sec intervals for 30 min and counted. Count rate data were fitted to sums of exponentials and analyzed by the methods of compartmental analysis. There are at least two potassium compartments, with half times of 2.42 and 18.48 min. These compartments contain 2.01 and 7.93 μEquiv×100 mg dry weight−1, respectively, amounting to 45% of total tissue K. Determinations of the rate of buildup of tracer in the tissue after immersing the bladder in K42 Ringer's confirmed the fact that only a portion of tissue K exchanges even after one hr; thus the rest must have a considerably slower exchange rate. Fluxes at the inside border are far greater than at the outside, as predicted from electrophysiological data. Of the two tissue compartments, only the smaller and faster one appears to be related to Na transport, since only this compartment shows changes after Na removal (unidirectional serosal K fluxes decrease by some 50%) or after the addition of vasopressin (serosal fluxes and pool size increase by over two-fold). The results also are consistent with the operation of a 1∶1 Na−K exchange pump at the serosal border.
Donor Y chromosome in renal carcinoma cells of a female BMT recipient: visualization of putative BMT-tumor hybrids by FISH.

Bone marrow-derived cells contribute to a wide variety of normal tissues such as liver, brain, and heart. This is due, at least in part, to cell fusion, in some cases with macrophages.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 There are more than 25 reports of tumor hybridization in animals,7 and myeloid cell–tumor hybrids have been observed in melanoma,8 lymphoma,9 sarcoma,10, 11 and insulinoma models.12 In some cases, tumor hybridization was associated with metastasis.7 However, little is known of this in humans. Recently, the first genetic evidence for bone marrow–tumor cell hybridization in humans was reported.13 In that study, tumor DNA was analyzed from a child who developed metastatic renal cell carcinoma during a time when he had also received a BMT from his cancer-free, 6-year-old brother. Microdissected tumor cells of a nodal metastasis were shown through PCR to contain donor DNA, consistent with BMT–tumor hybridization.
Left ventricular a wave amplitude in patients after myocardial infarction

Abstract The relations between left ventricular (LV) A wave amplitude and left ventricular dimensions, compliance, systolic function, and the size of abnormally contracting segments (ACS) of the left ventricle were examined in 42 patients studied within 1 year after acute myocardial infarction. Left ventricular A wave amplitude was measured from left ventricular pressure tracings both from zero (A0) and from pre-A wave pressures (APAP). Left ventricular compliance was calculated from left ventricular volumes obtained from biplane angiograms and the left ventricular pressure recorded immediately before angiograms. Left ventricular compliance was evaluated by three formulas: ΔV ΔP (angiographic stroke volume/left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) minus lowest early diastolic pressure); ΔV LV end-systolic volume ΔP ; and dV dP ED × 1/EDV/m 2 . Percent ACS was measured as the akinetic or dyskinetic length along the end-diastolic perimeter on biplane left ventricular angiograms expressed as a percentage of the total left ventricular diastolic perimeter. AO had a direct quadratic relation with APAP (r2 = 0.72), and A0 had high inverse quadratic correlations with ΔV ΔP (r2 = 0.59), δV ESV /δP (r2 = 0.63), and dV/dPED × 1/EDV/m2 (r2 = 0.72). A0 correlated directly with LVEDP (r2 = 0.76), end-diastolic volume (r2 = 0.32), LV mass (r2 = 0.22) and percent ACS (r2 = 0.36), and inversely with ejection fraction (r2 = 0.43). Seven of the 42 patients were studied by dextran infusion. Diastolic volume change (ΔVInd.-Dil.) calculated from indicator-dilution cardiac output values, left ventricular diastolic pressure change (ΔP), and A0 were obtained before infusion and after each 200 ml infusion. Values for diastolic pressure-volume slope ( ΔP ΔV Ind.-Dil. ) and A0 increased with dextran infusion in all seven patients. The ΔP ΔV Ind.-Dil. slopes had a significant direct linear relation with corresponding left ventricular A wave amplitudes. Thus, the slope of the diastolic pressure-volume curve for any ventricle, as reflected by the compliance values, is a major determinant of the increase in left ventricular A wave amplitude for a particular volume of dextran infused. In summary, increased left ventricular A wave amplitudes in patients after myocardial infarction signify a decrease in both left ventricular diastolic compliance and systolic function.
Monocrotaline pyrrole induces apoptosis in pulmonary artery endothelial cells

In the monocrotaline (MCT) model of pulmonary hypertension, the pulmonary vascular endothelium is the likely early target of the reactive metabolite monocrotaline pyrrole (MCTP). Incubation of cultured bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (BPAEC) with MCTP results in covalent binding to DNA, cell cycle arrest, and delayed but progressive cell death. The mode of cell death in MCTP-induced endothelial damage has not been addressed previously. Since DNA damage is frequently associated with apoptosis, the presence or absence of apoptosis in adherent BPAEC was determined by several techniques, including morphologic and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling. Two concentrations of MCTP (5 and 34.5 microgram/ml) along with a vehicle control were examined with each assay. Both concentrations of MCTP induced increasing numbers of cells to undergo apoptosis over time beginning as early as 6 h after exposure to MCTP in the high concentration group. Control and vehicle control cells exhibited small amounts of apoptosis (1-2%), which did not change over the duration of the experiment. Additionally, cell membrane integrity was assessed over time by either exposure to membrane-impermeant dyes or measuring LDH release. By either method, BPAEC had increased membrane permeability after about 48 h of either low or high concentration MCTP exposure. We conclude that both a low or high concentration of MCTP causes cell death in BPAEC by inducing apoptosis.
Synthesis scheme for low power designs with multiple supply voltages by heuristic algorithms

We present three heuristics synthesis schemes to minimize power consumption with resources operating at multiple voltages under timing and resource constraints. Unlike the conventional methods where only scheduling is considered, all these schemes consider both scheduling and partitioning simultaneously to reduce power consumption due to the functional units as well as the interconnects among them. Experiments with a number of DSP benchmarks show that the proposed algorithms achieve different performance.
The redox state, FeO content, and origin of sulfur‐rich magmas on Mercury

[1] MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) orbital observations of Mercury have revealed elevated S abundances, Ca-S and Mg-S correlations, and a low upper limit for ferrous iron in surface silicates. These data indicate the presence of Ca and/or Mg sulfides in volcanic rocks and a low oxygen fugacity (fO2) in their parental magmas. We have evaluated coupled fO2 and fS2 values and FeO contents in Mercury's magmas from silicate-sulfide equilibria and empirical models for silicate melts and metallurgical slags. The evaluated fO2 at 1700–1800 K is 4.5 to 7.3 log10 units below the iron-wustite buffer. These values correspond to 0.028–0.79 wt % FeO, implying that Fe must be also present in sulfides and metal and are also consistent with the composition of the partial melt of an enstatite chondrite. This derived upper limit for FeO is substantially lower than the limits obtained from reflectance measurements of Mercury's surface materials. The low fO2 and FeO values provide new constraints for igneous processes on Mercury as well as the formation, evolution, and internal structure of the innermost planet.
Factors Affecting the Response to Fluid Egg Yolk

Abstract DENTON et al. (1954) observed a marked improvement in chick growth from supplemental egg yolk. Subsequent reports of several investigators have confirmed this observation, but reports on the nature of the growth-promoting principle have not been in agreement. The similarity of the growth promoting ability of fluid egg yolk to that of the commonly recognized “fish factor” was reported by Hopper et al. (1956). Arscott (1956) and Menge et al. (1957a) observed an improvement in chick growth when egg yolk was added to diets containing fish solubles and concluded that egg yolk contains some growth promoting property not identical to the “fish factor.” The existence of at least two unidentified growth factors in dried egg yolk was suggested by Arscott et al. (1957). One factor appeared to be present in the ethanol-extractable fraction of dried egg yolk while another remained in the residue. Menge et al. (1957b) reported that the…