cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subcellular calcium and magnesium mobilization in rat liver stimulated in vivo with vasopressin and glucagon.

The total Ca2+ content of the endoplasmic reticulum and the total Ca2+ and Mg2+ content of mitochondria were determined by electron probe microanalysis of rat liver rapidly frozen in vivo following brief (5-15 s) stimulation with vasopressin or prolonged (10-12 min) stimulation with vasopressin + glucagon. Brief vasopressin injection into the anterior mesenteric vein released 1.8 +/- 0.3 (S.D.) mmol of Ca2+/kg dry weight, from the rough endoplasmic reticulum (p less than 0.01), reducing Ca2+ content of the endoplasmic reticulum from 4.4 +/- 0.2 (S.E.) (controls) to 2.6 +/- 0.2 mmol of Ca2+/kg dry weight. Following vasopressin injection, endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ was also significantly (p less than 0.025) lower than that in brief sham injected animals (3.5 +/- 0.2 mmol/kg dry weight). Mitochondrial Ca2+ was between 1.0 and 2.3 (+/-0.2) mmol/kg dry weight of mitochondrion, under all conditions studied, and no significant differences were observed. Both hormonal and brief sham injection into the anterior mesenteric vein increased mitochondrial Mg2+ from 42 (+/-0.8) to 49 (+/-1.8) mmol/kg dry weight (p less than 0.05). Hormonal stimulation of Mg2+ uptake was further confirmed by injection of vasopressin + glucagon into the jugular vein (to avoid any stimulation of the liver by the anterior mesenteric vein injection itself); mitochondrial Mg2+ increased from 43 (+/-0.9) (10-min sham) to 57 (+/-1.3) mmol/kg dry weight, with 10-min vasopressin + glucagon injection (p less than 0.01). These results demonstrate that hormones can release Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum and modulate mitochondrial Mg2+ content in vivo without causing detectable changes in mitochondrial Ca2+.
Linking Experiential and Classroom Education: Lessons Learned from The American University–Amnesty International USA Summer Institute on Human Rights

How can internships and other forms of experiential or service learning be designed to best accomplish academic goals? This article explores the benefits and pitfalls of experiential education by looking at the relevant scholarly literature and at students’ and faculty members’ experience with the American University–Amnesty International USA Summer Institute on Human Rights. Overall, faculty and students report that internships, when integrated with traditional classroom learning, greatly enhance learning overall. The article suggests strategies for structuring internships to enrich students’ learning.
On the grade and cograde of a Noetherian filtration

All rings in this paper are assumed to be commutative with identity and the terminology is standard.
Theory of longitudinal beam halo in RF linacs. II. Envelope-particle resonances

For pt.I see ibid., p.1929 (1998). Using the core/test-particle model described in a companion paper, we analyze longitudinal beam halo produced by resonant self-field interactions in intense, ion-beam RF linacs. It is shown that particles moving in the presence of the space-charge forces of an oscillating, mismatched ellipsoidal beam bunch can be resonantly driven to large longitudinal amplitude. This resonantly produced halo is first analyzed in a limit where it is most simply understood, with particles moving purely longitudinally and with linear RF focusing. Then modifications of the resonance induced by nonlinear RF and transverse-longitudinal coupling are explored.
Replacement of ethanolamine phosphate by 3-aminopropylphosphonate in the phospholipids of Tetrahymena

Abstract When Tetrahymena thermophila is grown on a medium containing up to 5 m m 3-aminopropylphosphonate, up to 90% of the ethanolamine phosphate in phosphatidylethanolamine is replaced by the 3-aminopropylphosphonate. No accompanying alteration of the phospholipid composition of Tetrahymena is observed. This contrasts with the results obtained when 2-aminoethylphosphonate, the naturally occurring compound, is added to the growth medium ( Biochim. Biophys. Acta 528 , 394–398, 1978); the 2-aminoethylphosphonate causes a substantial increase in the 2-aminoethylphosphonolipid and a reciprocal decrease in phosphatidylethanolamine. Thus, there is apparently a one-way control system in Tetrahymena whereby 2-aminoethylphosphonate and its phosphonolipid may influence the level of phosphatidylethanolamine in the cell, but ethanolamine phosphate, as represented by its isosteric analog, does not influence the phospholipid levels. There is no effect of the 3-aminopropylphosphonate on de novo 2-aminoethylphosphonate biosynthesis indicating a strict specificity for 2-aminoethylphosphonate as its own feedback inhibitor.
Transient Response by Component Modal Synthesis Method

A method for determining the transient responses of a system is introduced. This method is an extension of the component modal synthesis technique. The transient responses of the system are computed based on the substructure modal parameters, the geometric compatibility, and the force equilibrium equations between substructures. The eigensolutions of the final system are not required. In the process of calculation, the interconnecting force vectors between substructures are determined at each time step. The system responses are then computed from the force response equations. The external force vectors are approximated as the step function vectors in each time step. The transient responses of several systems are investigated. The solutions are compared to the close form solutions. The results indicate that the proposed method accurately determines the system responses and is numerically efficient.
Rank score and permutation testing alternatives for regression quantile estimates

Performance of quantile rank score tests used for hypothesis testing and constructing confidence intervals for linear quantile regression estimates (0 ≤ τ ≤ 1) were evaluated by simulation for models with p = 2 and 6 predictors, moderate collinearity among predictors, homogeneous and hetero-geneous errors, small to moderate samples (n = 20–300), and central to upper quantiles (0.50–0.99). Test statistics evaluated were the conventional quantile rank score T statistic distributed as χ2 random variable with q degrees of freedom (where q parameters are constrained by H 0:) and an F statistic with its sampling distribution approximated by permutation. The permutation F-test maintained better Type I errors than the T-test for homogeneous error models with smaller n and more extreme quantiles τ. An F distributional approximation of the F statistic provided some improvements in Type I errors over the T-test for models with > 2 parameters, smaller n, and more extreme quantiles but not as much improvement as the p...
Racial Disparity in the Wake of the Booker/Fanfan Decision: An Alternative Analysis to the USSC’s 2010 Report

The U.S. Sentencing Commission (USSC) released a report in March 2010 concluding that racial disparity in federal sentencing has increased in the wake of the U.S. Supreme Court decisions in U.S. v. Booker (2005) and U.S. v. Gall (2007). In light of this USSC report, we provide an alternative set of analyses which we believe provides a more complete and informative picture of racial, ethnic, and gender disparity in federal sentencing outcomes. We first attempt to replicate the USSC’s models. Then we present alternative models of sentencing outcomes across three time periods spanning FY 2000 to 2009. We find that post-Booker/Gall race/ethnic/gender disparity in sentence length is generally comparable to pre-2003 levels. Our findings mainly diverge from the USSC’s because of: 1) the USSC’s decision to include non-incarceration cases in the sentence length analysis (as sentence lengths of 0), since more racial disparity appears to be manifest in the incarceration decision than in sentence lengths, and 2) the inclusion of immigration offenses in the USSC’s analyses, since comparatively greater disparity affecting black males is observed among immigration offenses. We also extend the USSC report by: 1) presenting analyses that compare post-Booker sentence length disparity with disparity before the 1996 US. V. Koon decision, and 2) presenting an analysis of disparity in departures/deviations from the Guidelines.
The Effects of Trainer-Implemented Enhanced Milieu Teaching on the Social Communication of Children with Autism

This study examined the effects of Enhanced Milieu Teaching on the social communication skills of preschool children with autism when delivered by trained interventionists. A modified single-subjec...
Marsupial from the earliest Late Cretaceous of Western US

The divergence and earliest radiations of the two great groups of living mammals, marsupials and placentals, is presumed to have occurred sometime early in the Cretaceous1. Knowledge of forms from this time period is therefore essential to understanding the evolutionary and biogeographic history of mammals. Marsupials and placentals are comparatively well known in the latest Cretaceous (Campanian, Maastrichtian), where they are represented in a relatively well documented succession of faunas in North America and (for placentals only) Asia2,3. Before that time, various archaic presumed relatives4 are known from scattered North American, European and Asian localities of early Cretaceous age5. Recent discoveries in Asia6,7 seem to support an earlier suggestion1 that placentals were already well established on that continent by the middle of the Cretaceous. Because of a persisting gap in the New World fossil record before the first appearance of unequivocal marsupials in the early Campanian8, the early history of marsupials has remained obscure. We describe here the oldest known marsupial mammal, from the earliest Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of western North America and discuss its implications for the origin and biogeography of marsupials.
Immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies in metastatic melanoma

Therapy for metastatic melanoma has been disappointing to date. Treatment with chemotherapy only uncommonly results in complete responses and rarely results in long-term survivors. The identification of human melanoma cell surface antigens has led to the development of an array of mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAb) for use in the diagnosis and therapy of patients with metastatic melanoma. Strategies utilizing MAbs based on immunologic approaches have been developed. Naked MAbs directed against glycoprotein surface antigens or conjugated to toxins or radionuclides have shown little biologic or clinical activity. However, phase I studies of MAb directed against glycolipid antigens have yielded objective tumor shrinkage with occasional complete responses. Severe toxicity has been seen infrequently. Possible anti-tumor mechanisms include complement activation and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity utilizing natural killer cells or monocytes as effector cells. Strategies to enhance the anti-tumor effects of MAb, including combinations with cytotoxic agents and cytokines, have been introduced with limited success thus far. The development of a human IgG anti-mouse antibody has been seen in nearly all treated patients. A new generation of MAb engineered to overcome the immunogenicity of mouse MAb and to enhance immune effector function will soon enter clinical trials.
Echocardiographic prediction of survival after surgical correction of organic mitral regurgitation.

BACKGROUNDLeft ventricular dysfunction is a frequent cause of death after successful surgical repair of mitral regurgitation. The role of preoperative echocardiographic left ventricular variables in the prediction of postoperative survival and thus their clinical implications remain uncertain.METHODS AND RESULTSThe survival of 409 patients operated on between 1980 and 1989 for pure, isolated, organic mitral regurgitation and with a preoperative echocardiogram (within 6 months of operation) was analyzed. The overall survival was 75% at 5 years (90% of expected), 58% at 10 years (88% of expected), and 44% at 12 years (73% of expected). Operative mortality was 6.6% and markedly improved from 1980 to 1984 (10.7%) to 1985 to 1989 (3.7%). Multivariate analysis showed that age (P = .0003), date of operation (P = .003), and functional class (P = .016) but not left ventricular function were predictors of operative mortality. In the most recent period (1985 to 1989), operative mortality was 12.3% in patients age 75...
Effect of atmospheric scattering and surface reflection on upwelling solar radiation

A study is presented of the solar radiation transfer in the complete earth-atmosphere system, and numerical results are compared with satellite data obtained during the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment on Nimbus 6, in August, 1975. Emphasis is placed on the upwelling radiance distribution at the top of the atmosphere, assumed to be at 50 km. The numerical technique is based on the finite difference method, which includes azimuth and spectral variations for the entire solar wavelength range. Detailed solar properties, atmospheric physical properties, and optical properties are used. However, since the property descriptions are based on a trade-off between accuracy and computational realities, aerosol and cloud optical properties are treated with simple approximations. The radiative transfer model is in good agreement with the satellite radiance observations. The method provides a valuable tool in analyzing satellite- and ground-based radiation budget measurements and in designing instrumentation.
Workflow automation: applications, technology and research

With increasing global exposure, today's enterprises must react quickly to changes, rapidly develop new services and products, and at the same time improve productivity and quality and reduce cost. Business process re-engineering and workflow automation to coordinate activities throughout the enterprise are recognized as important emerging technologies to support these requirements. Rosy estimates of a multi-billion dollar marketplace for workflow software has resulted in significant commercial activities in the area, with nearly hundred products now claiming to support workflow automation. While many help to automate document- and image-driven office applications, therefore helping to improve the productivity of small groups, most current products fail to support:• mission critical and enterprise-wide applications with requirements such as failure handling and recovery, and• interoperability with existing heterogeneous information systems.In this tutorial, we will discuss requirements for applications involving workflow automation, present an overview of the current state-of-the-art in products, and present some of the research efforts that are attempting to respond to unmet challenges.
Subcellular distribution of glutamyltransferase activities in embryonic cerebral hemispheres.

Summary Glutamyltransferase (GT) activities were examined in cell groups from embryonic cerebral hemispheres. During normal development, GT activities were highest in a mixed population of small neurons and non-neuronal cells (small cell group). In culture, in response to hydrocortisone, activities exceeded normal levels only in this small cell group. In view of these findings, the small cell population was used to study the subcellular distribution of the enzyme. At the subcellular level, GT activities in the small cell group were distributed differentially but increased generally during normal development. In vitro, hydrocortisone promoted a precocious increase in GT activity, under experimental conditions regarded as optimum, only in the subcellular fraction characterized by synaptic endings.
Emotional distress in nonmetropolitan persons living with HIV disease enrolled in a telephone-delivered, coping improvement group intervention.

The study delineated depressive symptoms and modeled emotional distress in persons living with HIV disease in nonmetropolitan areas of 13 U.S. states. Participants (N = 329) were enrolled in a randomized clinical trial of a telephone-delivered, coping improvement group intervention, and 60% reported moderate or severe levels of depressive symptomatology on the Beck Depression Inventory. Structural equation modeling indicated that participants who experienced more severe HIV symptomatology, received less social support, and engaged in more avoidant coping also experienced more emotional distress (a latent construct comprising depressive symptoms and emotional well-being). Greater HIV-related stigma and rejection by family led to more emotional distress, with social support and avoidant coping mediating almost entirely the effects of the former 2 variables. The model accounted for 72% of the variance in emotional distress in nonmetropolitan persons living with HIV disease.
Invariant imbedding and Riccati transformations

From its inception, the theory of invariant imbedding has been concerned with the study of various relations between the inputs and outputs of various physical processes. Where the processes could be modelled by differential or integro-differential equations, these ideas have led to the heuristic development of various functional relationships for the solutions of these equations. In this work, we show that for a general class of two point boundary value problems these relations can be obtained from mathematical arguments rather than physical ones. The principal result is the establishment of the equivalence of solving a family of two point boundary value problems and that of determining the existence of two transformations on the set of solutions of the given differential equations. We refer to these transformations as Riccati transformations. They are shown to be determined by a set of initial value problems which generalize the invariant imbedding equations obtained by previous authors. We work in the coordinate free setting of a Banach space. The usefulness of this approach is shown as we are able to readily extend our results to nonlocal and multipoint boundary conditions. An indication is made of how a similar theory applies to a class of problems for difference equations.
Increased PAI-1 in females compared with males is protective for abdominal aortic aneurysm formation in a rodent model

The serine proteases, along with their inhibitor plasmin activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), have been shown to play a role in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) formation. The aim of this study is to dete...
In the Arctic with Malaurie

In October 1997, the author accompanied French anthropogeographer Jean Malaurie on a two-week trip in and around Nome, Alaska, in preparation for a circumpolar conference to be held in St. Petersburg in 1999. This essay describes encounters and conversations with area residents that took place during that trip, as well as observations of and on the courts, shamans, language, the tundra, and the aurora borealis.
Fusion with language models improves spelling accuracy for ERP-based brain computer interface spellers

Event related potentials (ERP) corresponding to a stimulus in electroencephalography (EEG) can be used to detect the intent of a person for brain computer interfaces (BCI). This paradigm is widely utilized to build letter-by-letter text input systems using BCI. Nevertheless using a BCI-typewriter depending only on EEG responses will not be sufficiently accurate for single-trial operation in general, and existing systems utilize many-trial schemes to achieve accuracy at the cost of speed. Hence incorporation of a language model based prior or additional evidence is vital to improve accuracy and speed. In this paper, we study the effects of Bayesian fusion of an n-gram language model with a regularized discriminant analysis ERP detector for EEG-based BCIs. The letter classification accuracies are rigorously evaluated for varying language model orders as well as number of ERP-inducing trials. The results demonstrate that the language models contribute significantly to letter classification accuracy. Specifically, we find that a BCI-speller supported by a 4-gram language model may achieve the same performance using 3-trial ERP classification for the initial letters of the words and using single trial ERP classification for the subsequent ones. Overall, fusion of evidence from EEG and language models yields a significant opportunity to increase the word rate of a BCI based typing system.
Oral anticoagulants for preventing stroke in patients with non‐valvular atrial fibrillation and no previous history of stroke or transient ischemic attacks

Background Non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with an increased risk of stroke mediated by embolism of stasis-precipitated thrombi from the left atrial appendage. Objectives To characterize the efficacy and safety of oral anticoagulants (OACs) for the primary prevention of stroke in patients with chronic AF. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Stroke Group Trials Register (last searched in June 2004). In addition, we searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library Issue 4, 2004), MEDLINE (1966 to June 2004), and the reference lists of recent review articles. We also contacted the Atrial Fibrillation Collaboration and experts working in the field to identify unpublished and ongoing trials. Selection criteria All randomized controlled trials comparing OACs with control in patients with chronic non-valvular atrial fibrillation and no history of transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke. Data collection and analysis Trials for inclusion were independently selected by two authors who also extracted each outcome and double-checked the data. The Peto method was used for combining odds ratios. All analysis were, as far as possible, intention-to-treat. Since the published results of four trials included 3% to 8% of participants with prior stroke or TIA, unpublished results excluding these participants were obtained from the Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Main results Of 2313 participants without prior cerebral ischemia from five randomized trials, the mean age was 69 years. Participant features and study quality were similar between trials: the OAC in all five trials was warfarin. About half of participants (N = 1154) were randomized to adjusted-dose warfarin with mean achieved INRs ranging between 2.0 to 2.6. During 1.5 years mean follow up, warfarin was associated with large, highly statistically significant reductions in all strokes (odds ratio (OR) 0.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.26 to 0.59), ischemic stroke (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.52), all disabling or fatal stroke (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.80), death (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.94) and the combined endpoint of all stroke, myocardial infarction or vascular death (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.76). The observed rates of intracranial and extracranial hemorrhage were not significantly increased by OAC therapy, but the confidence intervals were wide. Authors' conclusions Treatment with adjusted-dose warfarin to achieved INRs of 2 to 3 reduces stroke, disabling or fatal stroke, and death for patients with non-valvular AF. The benefits were not substantially offset by increased bleeding among these participants in randomized clinical trials. Limitations include relatively short follow up and imprecise estimates of bleeding risks from the selected participants enrolled in the trials. For primary prevention of stroke in AF patients, about 25 strokes and about 12 disabling or fatal strokes would be prevented yearly for every 1000 atrial fibrillation patients given OACs.
Experimental analysis of the adhesion reaction between isolated Chlamydomonas flagella.

Abstract Protocols are presented for producing reproducible in vitro agglutination between Chlamydomonas flagella, based on previous studies by Kohle et al. [12]. The results indicate that the adhesive interactions occur between glutaraldehyde cross-linked flagella and can be cross-linked by glutaraldehyde. They are sensitive to divalent cations and, to a lesser extent, to monovalent ions, an inhibition that is fully reversed when the ions are removed. The ambiguities inherent in in vivo studies, particularly in a system where the adhesion molecules have been shown to be in a dynamic state of turnover and inactivation, are eliminated, and numerous studies involving enzyme digestion, antibodies, lectins and the like should now be possible with this adhesion system.
MODIS snow albedo bias at high solar zenith angles relative to theory and to in situ observations in Greenland

In situ measurements of snow albedo at five stations along a north–south transect in the dry-snow facies of the interior of Greenland follow the theoretically expected dependence of snow albedo with solar zenith angle (SZA). Greenland Climate Network (GC-Net) measurements from 1997 through 2007 exhibit the trend of modest surface brightening with increasing SZA on both diurnal and seasonal timescales. SZA explains up to 50% of seasonal albedo variability. The two other environmental factors considered, temperature and cloudiness, play much less significant roles in seasonal albedo variability at the five stations studied. Compared to the 10-year record of these GC-Net measurements, the five-year record of MODIS satellite-retrieved snow albedo shows a systematic negative bias for SZA larger than about 55°. Larger bias of MODIS snow albedo exists at more northerly stations. MODIS albedos successfully capture the snow albedo dependence on SZA and have a relatively good agreement with GC-Net measurements for SZA 55° and often becomes physically unrealistic for SZA > 65°. This unphysical behavior biases parameterizations of surface albedo and restricts the range of usefulness of the MODIS albedo products. Seasonal-to-interannual trends in surface brightness in Greenland, and in polar (i.e., large SZA) regions in general, and model simulations of these trends, should be evaluated in light of these limitations.
Management of Suspected Mycotic Suprarenal Aortic Aneurysm

Mycotic aortic aneurysm is an uncommonly encountered entity. The diagnosis and management are challenging problems. Involvement of the visceral aorta creates additional problems in management. Experience with a patient having this diagnosis and the dilemma in treatment forms the basis of this report.
Risk of serious illness in heterozygotes for ornithine transcarbamylase deficency

Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency is an X-linked disorder associated with hyperammonemia. Heterozygous females have variable clinical expression, ranging from asymptomatic illness to recurrent episodes of hyperammonemic coma. We studied 17 OTC-deficient kindreds containing 114 women at risk for heterozygosity. Sixty-one of these women were designated heterozygotes by pedigree analysis, history of protein intolerance, protein tolerance tests, or DNA probe studies. Eleven (18%) of the 61 heterozygotes had experienced encephalopathic episodes; nine (82%) girls died during these episodes. Our findings indicate that there is a significant risk of symptomatic hyperammonemia in females heterozygous for OTC deficiency. We suggest that, within OTC-deficient kindreds, females at risk should be identified early, by means of protein tolerance tests and DNA probe studies. Those who develop significant hyperammonemia after a protein load should be considered for long-term alternate pathway therapy and should receive aggressive therapy during hyperammonemic episodes.
Alkali–metal adsorption on metal surfaces

Abstract Results of low energy electron diffraction and work function studies of alkali– metal adsorption on metal surfaces are presented. The adsorption of Na on W(112) surfaces resulted in the formation of one-dimensionally periodic arrays which underwent a continuous compression with increasing Na coverage. Coadsorption of Na with O resulted in a W–O–Na double layer, regardless of the sequence of deposition of the adsorbates. A similar behavior was found for (Cs+O)/W(100), (Cs+H)/W(100) and (Cs+O)/W(112) systems. It was also found that the underlying electronegative layer increased the interaction among alkali atoms and improved their long-range order. Experimental work function data of alkali-covered surfaces have been compared with results of recent theoretical calculations. The data indicate that coadsorption of O or H on the surface has the effect of displacing the alkali atoms away from the substrate and reducing their energy level width. A strong interaction of adsorbates with substrate atoms was observed in the case of Cs and O coadsorption on Ni(100) surfaces. The presence of a fractional monolayer of Cs increased the oxidation rate of a Ni(100) surface by about thirteenfold. The NiO formed in two crystallographic orientations depending on the initial Cs coverage.
Distribution of smokers by stage in three representative samples.

Objectives. A key variable for the design of individual and public health interventions for smoking cessation is Stage of Change, a variable which employs past behavior and behavioral intention to characterize an individual′s readiness to change. Reactively recruited samples distort estimates of the stage distribution in the population because such samples attract a disproportionate number of late-stage participants. Three representative samples are described which provide accurate estimates of the stage distribution in the population. These samples are of adequate size to permit within-sample comparisons with respect to sex, age, Hispanic or non-Hispanic origin, race, and education level. The implications of using stage distribution as a tool for planning intervention is discussed. Method. The first sample of 4,144 smokers was from the state of Rhode Island and involved a random-digit-dial survey. The second sample of 9,534 smokers was from the state of California and involved a stratified random-digit-dial survey. The third sample of 4,785 smokers was from a total of 114 worksites located in four different geographic locations. Results. The stage distributions were approximately identical across the three samples, with approximately 40% of the sample in Precontemplation, 40% in Contemplation, and 20% in Preparation. The stage distribution was generally stable across age groups with the exception of the 65 years and older group. Education level did affect the stage distribution with the proportion of the sample in Precontemplation decreasing as education level increased. In all three samples, minor differences in stage distribution were related to Hispanic origin and race, but the pattern was not consistent across the samples. Conclusions. The pattern of stage distribution has important implications for the design of interventions. Existing interventions are most appropriate for the Preparation stage, but the majority of the three samples were in the first two stages, resulting in a likely mismatch between the smoker and the intervention. The stability of distribution across age suggests that interventions that are appropriately matched to stage can be applied across all age groups. The differences found with respect to education, Hispanic origin, and race can serve as a guide to the tailoring of intervention materials.
Use of killer fungi and antifungal chemicals in characterization of yeast species and biotypes

Yeast isolates were seeded in agar plates and overlaid with ‘killer’ fungi. After incubation, zones of growth inhibition were scored. These results were combined with those of the isolate's sensitivity to 5-fluorocytosine, cupric sulphate and sodium arsenate, to generate a biotype score. Eighty isolates of Candida albicans were placed in 33 biotypes. Other yeast species including C. glabrata and Cryptococcus neoformans had somewhat different biotypes from those associated with C. albicans . Cluster analysis was applied to the data and showed that species tended to cluster together, though C. tropicalis clustered with C. albicans . Several clusters of C. albicans were found.
AZD5363 inhibits inflammatory synergy between interleukin-17 and insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1

In the United States, one third of population is affected by obesity and almost 29 million people are suffering from type 2 diabetes. Obese people have elevated serum levels of insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and interleukin-17 (IL-17). Insulin and IGF1 are known to enhance IL-17-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which may contribute to the chronic inflammatory status observed in obese people. We have previously demonstrated that insulin/IGF1 signaling pathway crosstalks with IL-17-activated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway through inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) activity. However, it is unclear whether GSK3α also plays a role and whether this crosstalk can be manipulated by AZD5363, a novel pan-Akt inhibitor that has been shown to increase GSK3 activity through reducing phosphorylation of GSK3α and GSK3β. In this study, we investigated IL-17-induced expression of C-X-C motif ligand 1 (Cxcl1), C-C motif ligand 20 (Ccl20) and interleukin-6 (Il-6) in wild-type, GSK3α-/-, and GSK3β-/- mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells as well as in mouse prostate tissues by real-time quantitative PCR. We examined the proteins involved in the signaling pathways by Western blot analysis. We found that insulin and IGF1 enhanced IL-17- induced expression of Cxcl1, Ccl20 and Il-6, which was associated with increased phosphorylation of GSK3α and GSK3β in the presence of insulin and IGF1. AZD5363 inhibited the synergy between IL-17 and insulin/IGF1 through reducing phosphorylation of GSK3α and GSK3β by inhibiting Akt function. These findings imply that the cooperative crosstalk of IL-17 and insulin/IGF1 in initiating inflammatory responses may be alleviated by AZD5363.
Integration of a Dual-Mode SI-HCCI Engine Into Various Vehicle Architectures

A simulation study was performed to evaluate the potential fuel economy benefits of integrating a dual-mode SI-HCCI engine into various vehicle architectures. The vehicle configurations that were considered include a conventional vehicle, a mild parallel hybrid, and a power-split hybrid. The three configurations were modeled and compared in detail for a given engine size (2.0 L for the conventional vehicle, 2.0 L for the mild parallel, and 1.5 L for the power-split) over the EPA UDDS (city) and Highway cycles. The results show that the dual-mode engine in the conventional vehicle offers a modest gain in vehicle fuel economy of approximately 5–7%. The gains were modest due to an advanced 6-speed transmission and a practically-based shift schedule, with which only 30% of the operating points were in the HCCI range for the city cycle and 56% for the highway cycle. The mild parallel hybrid achieved 32% better fuel economy than the conventional vehicle, both with SI engines. For the dual-mode engine in the mild parallel hybrid, a specific control strategy was used to manipulate engine operation in an attempt to minimize the number of engine mode transitions and maximize the time spent in HCCI. The parallel hybrid with the dual-mode engine and modified control strategy provides dramatic improvements of up to 48% in city driving, demonstrating that the addition of HCCI has a more significant effect with parallel hybrids than conventional vehicles. The power-split hybrid simulation showed that adding a dual-mode engine had an insignificant effect on vehicle fuel economy, mostly due to the ability of the planetary gear set to act as an e-CVT and keep the engine at relatively high loads. Finally, a systematic study of engine sizing provides guidelines for selecting the best option for a given vehicle application by characterizing the vehicle level interactions, and their effect on fuel economy, over an engine displacement sweep.© 2011 ASME
To Simplify or Not to Simplify: A Look at Intake.

This study investigates the effects of simplification, type of linguistic item, and second language experience on learners' intake of linguistic items contained in written input. Learners at two levels of language experience were exposed to one of the following four conditions: a simplified or unsimplified reading passage with the present perfect tense form or a simplified or unsimplified reading passage with the present subjunctive form. To measure learners' intake, a repeated-measures analysis of variance was performed on the raw scores obtained on a task consisting of a pre- and posttest. The tests were a multiple-choice recognition assessment task. Significant main effects were found for type of passage and language experience, and there was a significant interaction between type of passage and task. Results suggest that simplification does not have a facilitating effect on learners' intake and that learners at different levels demonstrate a different pattern of performance while internalizing written input. Implications for pedagogical written materials and future research are also discussed.
A feasibility study of niobium-containing materials for oxygen storage in three way catalytic converters

Abstract Materials containing Ce–Zr–Y and doped with between 0 and 15% niobium were analyzed for their oxygen storage capacity as potential materials for use in the three-way catalyst (TWC). An optimum amount of niobium was identified (7.5 cat mol%) that led to significantly higher oxygen storage capacity than the baseline niobium-free sample (Zr0.70Ce0.22Y0.08Ox) at temperatures within the typical operating range of the TWC. The niobium-containing material also had higher rates and extents of reduction and oxidation than the baseline material during redox cycling tests performed at 500 °C. In addition to niobium as a potential dopant, Ce–Zr–Y formulations containing either Nd or Pr were also analyzed and the order of performance was found to be: Nb > Nd > Pr. Characterization of all niobium-containing materials indicated that niobium integrated into the Ce–Zr–Y oxide phase. In the future, the niobium-containing materials will be compared to state-of-the-art OSC materials in redox cycling environments more typical of the TWC.
LIMB LENGTHENING PROMOTES MUSCLE GROWTH

Studies of limb lengthening have demonstrated successful bone formation in the distraction gap. Failure of the muscle units to lengthen leads to many complications that significantly limit the success of this approach; it is, therefore, of paramount importance to characterize the behavior of the muscle during limb lengthening. In this study, tibiae of adult rabbits were lengthened for 10 days at a rate of 1 mm/day. The proliferative ability of the lengthened muscle was characterized using bromodeoxyuridine, a thymidine analogue that is incorporated during cell division, and desmin, a muscle-specific marker. We observed a large number of proliferating cells, specifically in the lengthened muscle, that were co-localized with many desmin-positive cells. The presence of bromodeoxyuridine nuclei inside desmin-positive muscle fibers suggests that limb lengthening promotes muscle growth by triggering myoblast proliferation and fusion into the lengthened muscle. Our findings are consistent with those of other studies in the reviewed literature that also suggest that limb lengthening promotes muscle growth.
The dynamics and stability of radiatively driven gas clouds. I - Plane-parallel slabs

A combination of numerical and analytical techniques has been used to investigate the dynamics and stability of optically thin plane-parallel radiatively driven slabs of gas confined by the thermal gas pressure of a high-temperature low-density medium. Scaling laws allow the individual model 'clouds' to be characterized by a single free parameter, chi, a normalized column density which measures the strength of the acceleration due to radiation pressure relative to that due to thermal gas pressure. It is found that these clouds are stable and coherently accelerated only when chi is small. In this regime a simple slab model is constructed which accurately reproduces the more complex gasdynamic results. The low-chi clouds are marginally able to reach the high velocities seen in the atmospheres of quasi-stellar objects, but only if their motion is subsonic with respect to the external confining medium. This implies either that the medium is extremely hot and tenuous or that it is moving outward with the clouds.
A 40-million-year lake record of early mesozoic orbital climatic forcing

Sediments of the early Mesozoic Newark Supergroup of eastern North America consist largely of sedimentary cycles produced by the rise and fall of very large lakes that responded to periodic climate changes controlled by variations in the earth's orbit. Fourier analysis of long sections of the Late Triassic Lockatong and Passaic formations of the Newark Basin show periods in thickness of 5.9, 10.5, 25.2, 32.0, and 96.0 meters corresponding to periodicities in time of roughly 25,000, 44,000, 100,0003,, 13000 and 400,000 years, as judged by radiometric time scales and varve-calibrated sedimentation rates. The ratios of the shortest cycle with longer cycles correspond closely to the ratios of the present periods of the main orbital terms that appear to influence climate. Similar long sequences of sedimentary cycles occur through most of the rest of the Newark Supergroup spanning a period of more than 40 million years. This is strong evidence of orbital forcing of climate in the ice-free early Mesozoic and indicates that the main periods of the orbital cycles were not very different 200 million years ago from those today.
Diagnostic methods for invasive fungal diseases in patients with hematologic malignancies

Invasive fungal disease is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in hematologic malignancy patients and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Timely recognition and treatment of invasive fungal diseases in these patients are essential and decrease mortality. However, conventional definitive diagnostic methods are difficult and time consuming. While conventional microbiological and histopathological methods are still needed for a definitive diagnosis of invasive fungal disease, new noninvasive diagnostic methods including serologic and molecular biomarkers are now available. These new diagnostic methods facilitate an early diagnosis of invasive fungal disease and allow for utilization of a pre-emptive treatment approach, which may ultimately lead to improved treatment outcomes and reduced toxicity.
Primate chemical communication, part III Synthesis of the major volatile constituents of the marmoset (Saguinus fuscicollis) scent mark

This paper presents the stereospecific synthesis of the long-chain butyrate esters (15 in number) which in addition to squalene comprise the major volatile constituents of the scent mark of the marmoset monkey,Saguinus fuscicollis.
Processing Emissions and Occupational Health in the Ferrous Foundry Industry

A summary of the available information about ferrous foundry effluent produced during melting, pouring and casting shakeout is presented. Some decomposition products of four types of organic foundry mold resins have been identified using gas chromatographic and infrared methods. The survey may provide some insight into the types of materials that should be considered when making an industrial hygiene survey of foundry operations.
Crystal form and surface morphology of modulated structures

Abstract The morphological consequences of a displacive modulation of the crystal structure have been investigated. The morphology can be divided in a main part, relatively unperturbed by the properties of the modulation wave, and a so-called satellite morphology. In-situ optical microscopy shows that these satellite faces behave as normal F faces, though the bonding nature of these new type of faces is still ill understood.
ZO1 in Corneal Epithelium: Association to the Zonula Occludens and Adherens Junctions

The corneal epithelium, like other stratifying epithelium, does not present a well formed junctional complex as compared to that of simple epithelia. However, the resistance barrier of the corneal epithelium is to a great extent generated by zonula occludens (ZO, tight junction), which are formed between the cells of the apical-most strata. The tight junction provides a continuous seal around the apical aspect of adjoining epithelial cells, thereby preventing the free passage of molecules between adjacent epithelial cells (paracellular pathway). We have examined rabbit corneal epithelia with monoclonal antibody against the tight junction associated protein ZO1. With this antibody, we resolved two distinct patterns of ZO1 expression, one being the lateral boundary of the apical cell, which appeared as a true zonula around these cells. The second pattern of expression for ZO1 was at a set of punctate spots that correspond to the connection of the most apical portion of the basal corneal epithelial cells, with the above wing cells. En face, confocal analyses revealed that these areas consisted of 5-6 distinct spots per basal cell at or near the contact points with the immediate wing cells above. ImmunoEM revealed that the mid-epithelial accumulations of ZO1 were not tight junctions, but rather a form of adherens junction. The expression of ZO1 in the mid-epithelial level of the cornea is neither correlated with the presence of tight junction, nor with the established barrier functions. Interestingly, these junctions in the corneal epithelium also contain paxillin, a focal adhesion associated phosphoprotein which is a target of pp125 focal adhesion kinase, erbB-2 kinase and p21Obcr/abl oncogene. We postulated that the ZO1/paxillin adherens junction within stratified epithelium, such as the corneal epithelium, may function to reinforce attachments at the level of the basal cell to wing cell junction and be regulated by reversible phosphorylation. We speculate that the regulated phosphorylation of tyrosine residues on paxillin may perform a critical role in controlling epithelial cell-cell interactions as it does in cell-matrix adhesion.
Judging Physical Attractiveness What Body Aspects Do We Use

The present study attempted to determine what body parts and functions young adults use in judging physical attractiveness and how these body items are related to different dimensions of body esteem. College students completed the Body Esteem Scale and then rated the importance of body items in determining same-sex and opposite-sex attractiveness. Results indicated a good deal of congruence in men's and women's judgments of physical attractiveness. Aspects of male body esteem dealing with upper body strength and aspects of female body esteem dealing with weight concern figured prominently in these judgments. Findings further indicated that men generally have more positive attitudes toward their bodies than do women.
CA2+ binding kinetics of fura-2 and azo-1 from temperature-jump relaxation measurements

The Ca2+-binding kinetics of fura-2 and azo-1 were studied using temperature-jump relaxation methods. In 140 mM KCl at 20 degrees C, the association and dissociation rate constants for fura-2 were 6.02 x 10(8) M-1s-1 and 96.7 s-1, respectively. The fura-2 kinetics were insensitive to pH over the range 7.4 to 8.4. Azo-1 was studied in 140 mM KCl, at pH 7.4, at 10 degrees and 20 degrees C. At 10 degrees C, azo-1 exhibited association and dissociation rate constants of 1.43 x 10(8) M-1s-1 and 777.9 s-1, respectively; while at 20 degrees C, the corresponding values were 3.99 x 10(8) M-1s-1 and 1,177 s-1. The kinetic results demonstrate that fura-2 and azo-1 are well suited to monitoring rapid changes in intracellular [Ca2+].
Electrophoretic co-deposition of biomimetic nanoplatelet–polyelectrolyte composites

Bio-inspired assembly of platelet particles and polyelectrolytes into ordered layered composites is of great technological importance in developing light-weight reinforced materials, separation membranes, and gas-barrier coatings. Unfortunately, the broadly applied layer-by-layer self-assembly technology is tedious in generating thick multilayered coatings. Here, we report a rapid and scalable cathodic electrophoretic co-deposition technology that enables simultaneous assembly of positively charged gibbsite nanoplatelets and cationic polyelectrolytes into ordered multilayers in a single step. The resulting nanocomposites have similar organic/inorganic weight ratio and ordered brick-and-mortar nanostructure as natural nacres. Nanoindentation tests show that the electrodeposited nanocomposites exhibit similar hardness and reduced modulus as those of pure gibbsite coatings.