cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Earthquake swarms as a long-range precursor to large earthquakes in Turkey

Summary. Turkey has been the location of a series of major earthquakes during this century. This study is an attempt to predict these in hindsight using swarms of weak earthquakes as a long-range precursor as proposed by Keilis-Borok. Some modifications of the swarm identification algorithm are made and statistical measures of success to judge the success of the prediction scheme were introduced. The main measures of success are the percentage of large earthquakes predicted and the percentage of swarms that predicted large earthquakes. The method was applied separately to earthquakes in the North Anatolian Fault Zone and in Western Turkey. The North Anatolian Fault was first considered in its entirety and then in segments. Prediction was attempted in each of these regions with a variety of parameters and the measures of success with confidence levels are computed. The results obtained for prediction in Turkey are promising. The success of predicting large earthquakes (M≥ 7) was generally greater than 60 per cent. The difficulties of this method arise from incomplete catalogues of seismicity and the use of many arbitrary parameters.
The continuum of care for maternal and newborn health in Cambodia: where are the gaps and why? A population-based study

Abstract Background Cambodia still suffers high levels of neonatal mortality and maternal mortality despite recent progress. Continuum of care refers to the continuity of care throughout pregnancy, birth, and after delivery—that is, use of antenatal care [ANC], skilled birth attendance [SBA], and postnatal care [PNC]). Assuring continuity of care has become a key programme strategy for improving the health of mothers and newborns. Successful service delivery that offers continuum of care relies on understanding where the gaps are in seeking care along the continuum and what factors contribute to these gaps. Methods To address these issues, we analysed the 2010 Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey data. Three random-effects logit regressions were fitted to identify factors facilitating continuation of care along the pathway from pregnancy to the postnatal period. Findings Three of every five Cambodian women received ANC, SBA, and PNC for their most recent birth, which is remarkable for a country where 30% of the population lives below the poverty line. Still, 40% did not receive all three maternal services. Over 90% (n=6472; 95% CI 88–91) of women who had a livebirth in the 5 years before the survey had at least one antenatal visit during the pregnancy and 59% (n=6472; 95% CI 57–62%) had the WHO-recommended four or more visits. After receiving ANC, however, 11% (n=5804, 95% CI 10–12) of women had SBA but no PNC, 8% (n=5804; 95% CI 7–10) had PNC but no SBA, and 13% (n=5804; 95% CI 12–15) received neither. Poor women, in particular, suffered from low access to care. Regional variation was substantial. The proportion of women who received all three maternal services ranged from 14% (n=170; 95% CI 9–21) to 96% (n=538; 95% CI 93–97) among Cambodia's 19 provinces. Differences between provinces accounted for more than a third of the total variation in the percentage of women who went on to receive PNC after receiving SBA. Also, the quality of ANC that women received affected their subsequent use of SBA and PNC. Differences between provinces account for more than a third of the total variation in the continuation from SBA to PNC. Interpretation Despite success in extending the reach of maternal health care, Cambodia needs continuing effort to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality. Increasing continuum of care through an integrated service-delivery system involving both public and private sectors could be a solution to improve maternal and neonatal health. Funding US Agency for International Development.
Adolescent bariatric surgery program characteristics: The Teen Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery (Teen-LABS) study experience

The number of adolescents undergoing weight loss surgery (WLS) has increased in response to the increasing prevalence of severe childhood obesity. Adolescents undergoing WLS require unique support, which may differ from adult programs. The aim of this study was to describe institutional and programmatic characteristics of centers participating in Teen Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery (Teen-LABS), a prospective study investigating safety and efficacy of adolescent WLS. Data were obtained from the Teen-LABS database, and site survey completed by Teen-LABS investigators. The survey queried (1) institutional characteristics, (2) multidisciplinary team composition, (3) clinical program characteristics, and (4) clinical research infrastructure. All centers had extensive multidisciplinary involvement in the assessment, pre-operative education, and post-operative management of adolescents undergoing WLS. Eligibility criteria and pre-operative clinical and diagnostic evaluations were similar between programs. All programs have well-developed clinical research infrastructure, use adolescent-specific educational resources, and maintain specialty equipment, including high weight capacity diagnostic imaging equipment. The composition of clinical team and institutional resources is consistent with current clinical practice guidelines. These characteristics, coupled with dedicated research staff, have facilitated enrollment of 242 participants into Teen-LABS.
The emergence of independent associations and the transformation of Russian political society

The emergence of independent associations during the 1980s illustrates the inadequacy of traditional approaches to the study of state‐society relations in Russia. Russian political society today resembles less a ‘civil society’ ‐ with political parties, unions, professional groups and other interest associations ‐than a ‘movement society’ ‐ a myriad of complex, interacting political campaigns. This movement society will be more than a transient phenomenon, not least because of major obstacles, both structural and attitudinal, to the development of civil society.
Model for a novel holographic spectral pattern detector

The existing technology for detecting chemical species is based on spectral decomposition of light from a multispecies sample. This approach is limited because of line overlapping from different species and is getting increasingly unreliable when the number of species is large. We propose a holographic species analyzer, which decomposes an input in terms of a prespecified set of species. The innovation is to replace a diffraction grating with a holographic memory element designed to recognize the whole light patterns of different species and generate in an output plane a position sensitive map of species present. The holographic element can be optically or computer generated. The proposed technology is shown using computer models to be both highly wavelength and position sensitive.
Modeling disease in human ESCs using an efficient BAC-based homologous recombination system

Although mouse models have been valuable for studying human disease, the cellular and physiological differences between mouse and human have made it increasingly important to develop more relevant human disease models for mechanistic studies and drug discovery. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), which can undergo unlimited self-renewal and retain the potential to differentiate into all cell types, present a possible solution. To improve the efficiency of genetic manipulation of hESCs, we have developed bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) based approach that enables high efficiency homologous recombination. By sequentially disrupting both alleles of ATM or p53 with BAC targeting vectors, we have established ATM(-/-) and p53(-/-) hESCs as models for two major human genetic instability syndromes and used the generated cells to reveal the importance of p53 in maintaining genome stability of hESCs. Our findings suggest that it will be feasible to develop genetically modified hESCs as relevant human disease models.
The Rop GTPase switch turns on polar growth in pollen

Pollen-tube growth not only represents an essential stage of plant reproduction but also provides an attractive model for studying cell polarity and morphogenesis. For many years, pollen-tube growth has been known to require a tip-focused Ca2+ gradient and dynamic F actin, but the way that these are controlled remained a mystery until recently. Rop appears to be activated at growth sites by a tip-localized growth cue, acting as a central switch that controls the polar growth of pollen tubes, probably having its effect through phosphoinositides and Ca2+. These findings have begun to shed light on the molecular basis of pollen-tube growth and cell morphogenesis in plants.
Computer Gap: The Soviet Union's Missed Revolution and Its Implications for Russian Technology Policy

Bureaucratic ineptitude, political controls, and economic contraints inhibited the development of Soviet computer technology. Russia today has the ability to close the computer gap with the West—it...
A method for evaluating the surface concentrations of two like-charged ions simultaneously adsorbed at an electrode-solution interface

Abstract : A recent preliminary report by Gonzales and co-workers highlights the experimental difficulties in determining the amounts of specific adsorption of two types of ions simultaneously present at a mercury-aqueous interface. The authors note that the elegant analysis of Lakshmanan and Rangarajan required such a large amount of data that the method has scarely ever been employed. There are additional difficulties with this analysis when employed at solid electrode surfaces. It is desirable to find a method that could readily be applied at polycrystalline solid, as well as liquid, electrodes. This reports outlines such an analysis for determining the simultaneous adsorption of like-charged ions, based on a simple extension of the well-known Hurwitz-Parsons approach. These authors demonstrated independently that the amount of specific adsorption of, for example, an anion X can be assessed from differential capacitance-potential data for a series of mixed electrolytes containing varying proportions of the salts BX and BY at a constant total ionic strength, where Y is an anion that is not specifically adsorbed. The electrocapillary equation can be written in terms of salt chemical potentials.
Defining soldier equipment trade space: load effects on combat marksmanship and perception–action coupling

Soldier equipment compromises task performance as temporal constraints during critical situations and load increase inertial and interactive forces during movement. Methods are necessary to optimise equipment that relate task performance to underlying coordination and perception–action coupling. Employing ecological task analysis and methods from dynamical systems theory, equipment load and coordination was examined during two sub-tasks embedded in combat performance, threat discrimination and dynamic marksmanship. Perception–action coupling was degraded with load during threat discrimination, leading to delays in functional reaction time. Reduced speed and accuracy during dynamic marksmanship under load was related to disrupted segmental coordination and adaptability during postural transitions between targets. These results show how reduced performance under load relates to coordination changes and perception–action coupling. These changes in functional capability are directly related to soldier surviva...
l/sup 1/-optimal control for multirate systems under full state feedback

This paper considers the minimization of the l/sup /spl infin//-induced norm of the closed loop in linear multirate systems when full state information is available for feedback. A state-space approach is taken and concepts of viability theory and controlled invariance are utilized. The essential idea is to construct a set such that the state may be confined to that set and that such a confinement guarantees that the output satisfies the desired output norm conditions. Once such a set is computed, it is shown that a memoryless nonlinear controller results, which achieves near-optimal performance. The construction involves the solution of several finite linear programs and generalizes to the multirate case of earlier work on linear time-invariant systems.
Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the efficacy of antineoplastic agents toward L5178Y lymphoma cells

Abstract Modification of cultured lymphoma cells (L5178Y) with individual unsaturated fatty acids [oleic acid (OA), linoleic acid (LA), α-linolenic acid (α-LNA), arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] influenced cell growth and the responses of the cells to the chemotherapeutic agents doxorubicin (DRN), dexamethasone (DEX) and mitomycin-C (MTC). Cell proliferation generally decreased following modification with highly unsaturated fatty acids (> 10 μM). The effects of drugs on growth varied with the type of fatty acid. Preincubation with α-LNA enhanced survival of L5178Y cells exposed to DRN. Modification with AA, EPA or DHA (> 10 μM) reduced cell proliferation, particularly when cells were subsequently exposed to 50 or 100 nM DRN. There was no consistent relationship between fatty acid chain length, degree of unsaturation, and survival of cells when exposed to DEX or MTC. The data showed that modification of cultured L5178Y cells with highly unsaturated fatty acids, particularly DHA, enhances the toxic action of chemotherapeutic agents.
Was wittgenstein a psychologist? (I)

Certain remarks in the Tractatus, taken together with a passage in a letter Wittgenstein wrote to Russell, suggest that at one time Wittgenstein inclined toward a psychologistic theory of language. But textual considerations with regard to the former and a special interpretation of the latter allow us to interpret these statements in a way that is consistent with Wittgenstein's later views.
Hemolytic uremic syndrome: toxins, vessels, and inflammation.

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is characterized by thrombotic microangiopathy of the glomerular microcirculation and other vascular beds. Its defining clinical phenotype is acute kidney injury, microangiopathic anemia, and thrombocytopenia. There are many etiologies of HUS including infection by Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing bacterial strains, medications, viral infections, malignancy, and mutations of genes coding for proteins involved in the alternative pathway of complement. In the aggregate, although HUS is a rare disease, it is one of the most common causes of acute kidney injury in previously healthy children and accounts for a sizable number of pediatric and adult patients who progress to end stage kidney disease. There has been great progress over the past 20 years in understanding the pathophysiology of HUS and its related disorders. There has been intense focus on vascular injury in HUS as the major mechanism of disease and target for effective therapies for this acute illness. In all forms of HUS, there is evidence of both systemic and intra-glomerular inflammation and perturbations in the immune system. Renewed investigation into these aspects of HUS may prove helpful in developing new interventions that can attenuate glomerular and tubular injury and improve clinical outcomes in patients with HUS
Intermediate valence behavior of Yb in Yb2Ni12(P,As)7

Abstract Temperature-dependent specific heat, magnetic susceptibility, and resistance measurements have been carried out to study the electronic state of Yb ion in Yb 2 Ni 12 (P,As) 7 . All the measurements identify a valence fluctuating state for the Yb in both compounds. The electronic contributions to the specific heat, γ , are enhanced compared to those of the corresponding Yttrium compounds. The γ is temperature dependent (increasing with lowering temperature) for Yb 2 Ni 12 P 7 and temperature independent for Yb 2 Ni 12 As 7 . The parameters of valence fluctuation for the Yb ion are calculated from magnetic susceptibility using the ICF model and were found to be T sf ≈68 K, E ex ≈278 K and T sf ≈204 K, E ex ≈1709 K, resulting in the Yb valence of 2.21 and 2.79, for Yb 2 Ni 12 (P,As) 7 , respectively.
Thermopower oscillation symmetries in a double-loop Andreev interferometer

Abstract Andreev interferometers, normal metal wires coupled to superconducting loops, display phase coherent changes as the magnetic flux through the superconducting loops is altered. Properties such as the electronic and thermal conductance of these devices have been shown to oscillate symmetrically about zero flux with a period equal to one superconducting flux quantum, Φ 0 = h / 2 e . However, the thermopower of these devices can oscillate symmetrically or antisymmetrically depending on the geometry of the sample, a phenomenon not well understood theoretically. Here we report on thermopower measurements of a double-loop Andreev interferometer where two Josephson currents in the normal metal wire may be controlled independently. The amplitude and symmetries of the observed thermopower oscillations may help to illuminate the unexplained dependence of oscillation symmetry on sample geometry.
Research in Mental Retardation: Toward an Etiologic Approach

Over the past two decades, mental retardation research converges on three general themes: co-occurring mental retardation and psychopathology; families of offspring with mental retardation; and the developmental approach regarding behavioral sequences and profiles. Intertwined with each theme is a mounting body of research on genetic mental retardation syndromes. We first review recent progress in each of the three domains—psychopathology, families, and development—based on studies of groups with heterogenous or nonspecific mental retardation. We then show how new findings from specific genetic syndromes take this knowledge even further, as well as aid in the search for genetic, physiological, and environmental mechanisms associated with certain behaviors. We end the review by briefly summarizing our reasons for promoting an etiological approach to future mental retardation research, as well as by discussing methodological and other challenges.
Tumor talk: understanding the conversation between the tumor and its microenvironment.

It was once believed that tumor growth, progression, and metastasis were intrinsically driven by the tumor. Instead, recent research has demonstrated that a solid tumor is surrounded by a complex matrix of cells, particularly fibroblasts, which support and even promote tumor progression. This matrix of stromal cells, also known as the tumor microenvironment (TME), plays a critical role in cancer and may represent a novel therapeutic target. As such, understanding the complex nature of how the tumor initiates and maintains communication, or a “conversation”, with the TME is the focus of current investigations. We have previously shown that the most prevalent mutation found in melanoma, BRAF V600E , results in increased expression and secretion of several growth factors, cytokines, and matrix metalloproteinases, including factors that are able to activate fibroblasts. Targeted inhibition of the BRAF V600E mutation resulted in a decrease of secreted proteins into the TME and suggests that targeting the tumor also modifies the TME. Overall, this work, in combination with several additional studies discussed herein, provides strong evidence for the potential therapeutic benefits of targeting the TME, particularly signaling pathways within the fibroblasts, in conjunction with the tumor. This approach may result in extended drug resistance free survival, reduction in metastasis, and improved cytotoxic drug delivery.
Genetic counseling for adoptees at risk for specific inherited disorders

We present 5 cases in which family history showed that a child given up for adoption some years earlier was at 50% risk for inheritance of Huntington disease, myotonic dystrophy, myotonic dystrophy, Fabry disease, von Willebrand disease, and Waardenburg syndrome, respectively. In all cases, the biological mothers (the probands) requested that the genetic counseling provided for them and their children be shared with the adoptive family. The decision whether or not to seek out the adoptee was based upon explicit assessment of the potential benefits and potential difficulties involved in contacting the adoptive family and attempting to provide genetic counseling. We have formulated some recommendations for dealing with other families with similar separation of relatives by adoption on the basis of these experiences.
Managing myeloma of the kidney

The management of renal failure in patients with newly-diagnosed multiple myeloma remains an ongoing challenge for practicing clinicians. In this issue of Leukemia and Lymphoma, the Greek Myeloma S...
Islamism, Revolution, and Civil Society

Over recent decades, Islamism—the belief that Islam should guide social and political as well as personal life—has become a powerful force throughout much of the Muslim world. Through a discussion of the Egyptian case, this essay shows how the rise of Islamism can be illuminated by findings of the literatures on revolution and civil society, and vice versa. As many leading theories on revolutions would predict, the necessary precondition for Islamism's rise has been the declining efficacy and legitimacy of the state. Yet what has occurred in Egypt (and other parts of the Arab world) is not a successful revolution but a peculiar stalemate in which the existing regime retains political power while ceding substantial control over the societal and cultural spheres to the revolutionary challenger—an outcome that the literature does not envision. This stalemate, in turn, is largely a consequence of Islamists' ability to expand their presence in civil society. This expansion in Egypt and other Arab countries over recent decades is thus best understood as a sign not of benign liberalization, but rather of profound political failure, and as an incubator for illiberal radicalism.
Option pricing bounds via semidefinite programming

This paper develops optimization based bounds on option prices by using a sub or super replicating portfolio of assets whose value at discrete time points can be expressed as piecewise polynomial functions. The optimization problems are polynomial programs which we modify and solve by the sum-of-squares methodology. A dual formulation is then developed, which formulates bounds in terms of an optimization problem involving moment matrices of measures consistent with the prices of tradable assets. The bounds are examined using the standard Black-Scholes option pricing model.
On Multiple Wh -Fronting

I show that multiple wh-fronting languages (MWFL) do not behave uniformly regarding wh-movement and eliminate MWFL from the crosslinguistic typology concerning wh-movement in multiple questions. Regarding when they have wh-movement, MWFL behave like non-MWFL: some behave like English (they always have wh-movement), some like Chinese (they never have it), and some like French (they have it optionally although, as in French, wh-movement is sometimes required). MWFL differ from English, Chinese, and French in that in MWFL even wh-phrases that do not undergo wh-movement still must front for an independent reason, argued to involve focus. The fronting has several exceptions (semantic, phonological, and syntactic in nature), explanation for which leads me to posit a new type of in-situ wh-phrase and argue for the possibility of pronunciation of lower copies of chains.
Insulin and IgG Complexes: An Immunologic Bypass for Complement Activation

Because of prior immunohistochemical findings of insulin, gamma globulin and complement components in diabetic microangiopathy, the in vitro interaction of insulin and IgG was studied. When native insulin and purified IgG were reacted under mild reducing conditions, a precipitate formed which was highly reactive with serum complement. Neither insulin nor IgG alone, reduced under the same conditions, demonstrated significant complement fixing activity. Maximal complement fixing activity was obtained from such a mixture at 30° C. in approximately one hour, the time of appearance of a visible precipitate. The presence of both insulin and IgG in the complement fixing precipitate was demonstrated by Ouchterlony analysis and by use of radio-labeled insulin and IgG. The tracer experiments indicated a precipitate composition of approximately 80 per cent insulin and 20 per cent IgG by weight. The utilization of complement components was similar to that obtained with IgG altered by heat aggregation or reaction with antigen. Complement fixation was not affected by alleviation of the precipitate, indicating that free sulfhydryl groups are not necessary. This interaction of denatured insulin and IgG to form a complement fixing complex offers a possible explanation for the presence of these components in micro-angiopathic lesions and may be a contributing factor to the pathogenesis of diabetic microangiopathy. Although complement is activated by an immunoglobulin insulin complex, this mechanism would be considered an immune bypass since specific antibody to insulin is not required.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy: Past, Present and Future

Columbia University College of Physicians andSurgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, NewYork, NY, USAThe authors brieﬂy describe the origins, theory, and development of interpersonal psychotherapy: itsroots in clinical outcome research, its spread from major depression to other psychiatric disorders andits increasing dissemination as an empirically validated clinical intervention included in treatmentguidelines.Theyattempttoforecastresearch,organizationalandtrainingissuesthegrowinginterpersonalpsychotherapy community may face in the future. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Message:† Multiple randomized controlled trials have shown that IPT effectively treats mood disorders, bulimia,and possibly other disorders in multiple randomized controlled trials.† Time-limited treatment.† Focuses on the relationship between mood and social circumstance.† Improves social functioning while relieving symptoms.† Builds social support, a crucial factor in many psychiatric disorders.Keywords: Interpersonal, Psychotherapy, Diagnosis, Social Support, Life Events, Social Functioning
Construction of Irregular LDPC Codes by Quasi-Cyclic Extension

In this correspondence, we propose an approach to construct irregular low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes based on quasi-cyclic extension. When decoded iteratively, the constructed irregular LDPC codes exhibit a relatively low error floor in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) region and are subject to relatively few undetected errors. The LDPC codes constructed based on the proposed scheme remain efficiently encodable
Forage Production and Nutritive Value of Oat in Autumn and Early Summer

Oat (Avena sativa L.) grown for forage in the northern USAusually is sown in spring and harvested in early summer, with rapid decline in quality after boot stage. This study was conducted to determine if there are differences in forage yield and forage quality between summer sown–autumn harvested and spring sown–early summer harvested oat, and to determine whether seasonal effect is similar among oat cultivars that vary in maturity classification. Oat was sown in summer 2001 and spring 2002 at two locations in Wisconsin and harvested in autumn and earlysummer,respectively.OatsowninAugustproduced6.7Mgha 21 of forage when harvested 77 d later, about 1.0 Mg ha 21 less than that obtained from spring sown oat harvested 77 d after sowing. Autumn forageyieldwas similar among oatcultivars due todecreasingdaylength and temperature. Maturation of summer-sown oat was delayed, resulting in 10 to 15% less neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 18% greater digestibility, and 250% greater water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentration than spring-sown oat. High WSC levels are of particular importance since oat forage harvested in autumn will likely be stored as silage due to poor drying conditions in autumn. Differences in forage quality among cultivars and between spring and autumn oat forage are associated with maturity differences. Oat sown in late summer, and especially the leafy, late maturing cultivar ForagePlus, can supplement high quality forage production in autumn.
Distributed and accumulated reinforcement arrangements: Evaluations of efficacy and preference

We assessed the efficacy of, and preference for, accumulated access to reinforcers, which allows uninterrupted engagement with the reinforcers but imposes an inherent delay required to first complete the task. Experiment 1 compared rates of task completion in 4 individuals who had been diagnosed with intellectual disabilities when reinforcement was distributed (i.e., 30-s access to the reinforcer delivered immediately after each response) and accumulated (i.e., 5-min access to the reinforcer after completion of multiple consecutive responses). Accumulated reinforcement produced response rates that equaled or exceeded rates during distributed reinforcement for 3 participants. Experiment 2 used a concurrent-chains schedule to examine preferences for each arrangement. All participants preferred delayed, accumulated access when the reinforcer was an activity. Three participants also preferred accumulated access to edible reinforcers. The collective results suggest that, despite the inherent delay, accumulated reinforcement is just as effective and is often preferred by learners over distributed reinforcement.
RIG-I activation inhibits HIV replication in macrophages

The RIG-I signaling pathway is critical in the activation of the type I IFN-dependent antiviral innate-immune response. We thus examined whether RIG-I activation can inhibit HIV replication in macrophages. We showed that the stimulation of monocyte-derived macrophages with 5′ppp-dsRNA, a synthetic ligand for RIG-I, induced the expression of RIG-I, IFN-α/β, and several IRFs, key regulators of the IFN signaling pathway. In addition, RIG-I activation induced the expression of multiple intracellular HIV-restriction factors, including ISGs, several members of the APOBEC3 family, tetherin and CC chemokines, the ligands for HIV entry coreceptor (CCR5). The inductions of these factors were associated with the inhibition of HIV replication in macrophages stimulated by 5′ppp-dsRNA. These observations highlight the importance of RIG-I signaling in macrophage innate immunity against HIV, which can be beneficial for the treatment of HIV disease, where intracellular immune defense is compromised by the virus.
Reflection amplification in thin layers of n-GaAs

Theoretical expressions are developed for the stability criterion and admittance of a thin coplanar GaAs reflection amplifier. The traveling-wave dispersion relation includes diffusion. The cathode boundary condition includes velocity modulation, injection, and distributed inhomogeneity effects. The admittance includes displacement currents running outside the semiconducting layer. The results show that the second to fifth harmonics may be more nearly unstable than the fundamental. Experiments on a coplanar epitaxial sample yield stable linear net gain at frequencies in the range 2 GHz-8 GHZ.
Seeking health information on the web: Positive hypothesis testing

Abstract Purpose The goal of this study is to investigate positive hypothesis testing among consumers of health information when they search the Web. After demonstrating the extent of positive hypothesis testing using Experiment 1, we conduct Experiment 2 to test the effectiveness of two debiasing techniques. Methods A total of 60 undergraduate students searched a tightly controlled online database developed by the authors to test the validity of a hypothesis. The database had four abstracts that confirmed the hypothesis and three abstracts that disconfirmed it. Results Findings of Experiment 1 showed that majority of participants (85%) exhibited positive hypothesis testing. In Experiment 2, we found that the recommendation technique was not effective in reducing positive hypothesis testing since none of the participants assigned to this server could retrieve disconfirming evidence. Experiment 2 also showed that the incorporation technique successfully reduced positive hypothesis testing since 75% of the participants could retrieve disconfirming evidence. Conclusion Positive hypothesis testing on the Web is an understudied topic. More studies are needed to validate the effectiveness of the debiasing techniques discussed in this study and develop new techniques. Search engine developers should consider developing new options for users so that both confirming and disconfirming evidence can be presented in search results as users test hypotheses using search engines.
Robespierre: Critic of Rousseau

On 5 Nivose of the Year II (Christmas Day, 1793), addressing the National Assembly on behalf of the Committee of Public Safety, Robespierre declared: “The theory of revolutionary government is as new as the revolution that has brought it about. It should not be sought in the books of political writers, who have not foreseen this revolution, nor in the laws of tyrants, who content to abuse their power, are little concerned to investigate its legitimacy.” It is tempting to suppose Robespierre is exaggerating. Whatever the relation of revolutionary government to “the laws of tyrants,” Robespierre's ties to the republican tradition in political philosophy, and especially to Rousseau, are striking and nearly everywhere acknowledged, not least by Robespierre himself. However, I am not concerned here with the question of Rousseau's influence upon Robespierre, but with the rather different question of conceptual affinity. Even if Robespierre's intent were just to put The Social Contract into practice (if need be, by despotic means), it is still appropriate to ask whether Robespierre is a Rousseauean.
Dynamics of small, ultraviolet-excited ICN- cluster anions.

The ultraviolet (UV) photodissociation of mass-selected ICN − Arn and ICN − (CO2)n clusters (n =0 −5) is studied using a secondary reflectron mass spectrometer. Relative photodissociation cross sections of bare ICN − show the dominance of the I − photoproduct from 270 to 355 nm, the entire wavelength range studied. UV excitation populates both the 2 Σ + state that produces I* +C N − and the 2 Π states that produce I − +C N*. While the excited 2 Π states directly produce I − , excitation to the 2 Σ + state also produces some I − product via nonadiabatic transitions to the 2 Π1/2 state, which produces I − + CN. Partial solvation of the anion by Ar atoms or CO2 molecules alters the UV-branching percentages between the various dissociation channels: I* +C N − and I − +C N or I − +C N*. In addition, solvation by two or more Ar atoms or three or more CO2 molecules results in recombination, reforming ICN − . Examination of the potential surfaces and transition moments in combination with the results of quantum dynamics calculations performed on the relevant excited states assist in the analysis of the experimental results.
Effect of Blade Thickness on High Frequency Gust Response

Turbomachinery rotor blades experience gust loading due to both inflow turbulence and circumferential variation in the mean velocity. The unsteady lift forces that result from these velocity disturbances can be a source of unwanted vibration and radiated noise. For incompressible flows, the blade gust response is often modeled using the well-known Sears function, which acts as a transfer function between a sinusoidal component of the gust and the fluctuating lift. However, the Sears function has a relatively slow high frequency roll-off and overpredicts the unsteady lift when the gust wavelength becomes much smaller than the blade chord. A more accurate model can be obtained by including the effect of blade thickness, which causes the gust to become distorted as it approaches the leading edge. This distortion results in attenuation of the higher-frequency components of the gust near the leading edge, which subsequently leads to reduced unsteady lift. In this paper, a model for the thickness effect is developed based on rapid distortion theory. Numerical calculations are made for a step-function gust encountering an elliptical leading edge with several thickness-to-chord ratios. The unsteady lift is calculated in the time domain, and a Fourier transform is used to obtain the frequency response. The results indicate that the gust response of a thick blade can be closely approximated by modifying the Sears function to include an exponential decay factor based on the thickness.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Determination of the Mechanism of Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation by a Dimanganese Tetrakis-Schiff Base Complex: Comparison of Density Functional Theory Calculations with Experiment

We have recently reported a new class of tetrakis-Schiff base macrocycles bearing a dimanganese-oxo cluster capable of catalyzing the oxidation of water to O2. Herein we report the applicability of unrestricted density functional theory (DFT) using the B3LYP hybrid functional and the broken symmetry (BS) formalism for the prediction of thermodynamic properties of the proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) steps involved in the electrocatalytic cycle. We characterize a series of three oxidations of the acetate-bound catalyst [MnII2LAc]+ in acetonitrile solution in terms of standard reduction potentials, and we show that the predicted thermodynamic results are in good agreement with experiment. We further apply this model to the prediction of reaction thermodynamics in the electrocatalytic cycle of the aqua-bound catalyst [MnII2L(OH2)2]2+, and we locate the most energetically favorable pathway for the oxidation of water by this catalyst. We show upon removal of four protons and four electrons that the rema...
Molt in the Adelie Penguin

RICHDALE (1957: 175-176) and Murphy (1936: 402-403) had to rely on the fragmentary accounts of early Antarctic explorers and biologists for information on the molt of Adelie Penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae). They had encountered molting birds on land and in the pack-ice during February and March at the close of the breeding season and noted that the birds did not enter the water or feed during the molt (Clarke, 1906; Wilson, 1907; Gain, 1914). On the basis of his own observations and a review of the literature, Sladen (1958: 65) concluded that the majority of Adelie Penguins molt while on ice floes in the pack and that the number which molt on land in different areas varies from year to year according to prevailing ice conditions. Taylor (1962: 196-198) found that about one-third of the birds which molted in the vicinity of his study rookery at Cape Royds (the most southerly Adelie Penguin rookery) were local breeders and the rest, non-breeders. Wilson (1907: 54-58) simply stated that the length of molt was two weeks and Gain (1914: 31) gave 20 days. Cendron (1953) studied the complete molt on three birds and these took 9, 15, and 17 days to replace their old plumage. Taylor (1962: 196-198) noted the duration of molt as being about two weeks, after which the birds departed to sea. Clarke (1906: 162) found that birds which had recently completed the molt (in April) weighed about 30 per cent less than those at the beginning of the breeding season (in October). Cendron (1953) weighed 25 Adelie Penguins at the beginning of molt and 12 at the end and obtained an average weight loss of 40 per cent. My observations on molting birds were made at Wilkes Station, Antarctica (660 15' S lat., 110? 32' E long.), at the end of the 1958-59 and 1959-60 breeding seasons and represent part of an intensive study of Adelie Penguin behavior during a two-year period at the same location (Penney, in press).
Discussion on the Question and Measures about the Bilingual Education in China

There are two bottlenecks in bilingual education in the institutes of higher education.The teaching level of bilingual education should be promoted through strengthening the teaching material construction and training the teachers,carrying on the standardization management and consummating the corresponding necessary measures,and so on.
A phase I trial of 3-hour infusions of paclitaxel (Taxol) with or without granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

Paclitaxel (Taxol; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ), a novel antitubulin agent derived from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, may be one of the most active single agents in our chemotherapy armamentarium. Concern over acute hypersensitivity reactions has resulted in an administration schedule consisting of a 24-hour infusion. We conducted a phase I trial of a 3-hour infusion of paclitaxel to determine whether a 3-hour infusion could be administered with relative safety, and to identify the maximal tolerated dose with and without granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) support. Thirty-five patients with advanced, untreatable malignancies received a 3-hour infusion of paclitaxel once every 3 weeks. Groups of three patients were entered at escalating dose levels in a traditional phase I design consisting of two parallel arms: arm A (without G-CSF) and arm B (with G-CSF). Dose levels of paclitaxel ranged from 210 mg/m2 to 300 mg/m2. Patients assigned to the G-CSF arm received 5 micrograms/kg/d subcutaneously starting on day 2. All patients were pretreated with dexamethasone, diphenhydramine, and ranitidine, and were monitored continuously for cardiac arrhythmias during the first treatment. The dose-limiting toxicity for paclitaxel without G-CSF was myelosuppression at the 250 mg/m2 dose level and with G-CSF was peripheral neuropathy at the 300 mg/m2 dose level. The mean absolute neutrophil count at the 250 mg/m2 dose level when administered with and without G-CSF support was 4,500/microL and 840/microL, respectively. Neuropathy appeared to be dose related and somewhat cumulative. One patient who previously received cisplatin developed a severe grade III peripheral neuropathy at the 300 mg/m2 dose level, which left her unable to use her hands and wheelchair bound; the peripheral neuropathy slowly resolved to a grade I level. Twenty-seven of III courses (24%) were associated with grade III arthralgias or myalgias, requiring narcotics for pain control. Prednisone was empirically started in 10 patients and found to be helpful in the control of these symptoms. One of 35 (2.9%) patients had a grade III anaphylactic reaction. No clinically significant cardiac arrhythmias were observed. Two previously treated patients (one with breast cancer and one with ovarian cancer) had a partial response. The maximum tolerated dose of paclitaxel administered as a 3-hour infusion was 210 mg/m2 without G-CSF and 250 mg/m2 with G-CSF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Common and Rare Ocular Side-effects of the Dexamethasone Implant

ABSTRACTPurpose: Expanding indications for use, and overall increased use of the slow–release dexamethasone (DEX) implant yields an opportunity to study the reported ocular side–effects and adverse events associated with this drug.Methods: A PubMed.gov (US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health) review of literature for the search terms, “Ozurdex and complication,” through December 2015.Results: Ocular hypertension and cataract are the main long-term sequelae identified in large, randomized clinical trials. Case reports have emerged regarding implant migration, complications with implantation, infection, and posterior segment sequelae, including vitreomacular traction.Conclusion: DEX implant overall is well–tolerated and, with careful monitoring, can be a useful adjunct to treating macular edema associated with diabetes, retinal vein occlusion, and chronic uveitis.
The Picard group of the graded module category of a generalized Weyl algebra

Abstract The first Weyl algebra, A 1 = k 〈 x , y 〉 / ( x y − y x − 1 ) is naturally Z -graded by letting deg ⁡ x = 1 and deg ⁡ y = − 1 . Sue Sierra studied gr - A 1 , category of graded right A 1 -modules, computing its Picard group and classifying all rings graded equivalent to A 1 . In this paper, we generalize these results by studying the graded module category of certain generalized Weyl algebras. We show that for a generalized Weyl algebra A ( f ) with base ring k [ z ] defined by a quadratic polynomial f, the Picard group of gr - A ( f ) is isomorphic to the Picard group of gr - A 1 .
Time-Space Diaries: Merging Traditions

Activities occur in time and space. Traditionally the study of these two dimensions has been bifurcated. Time-diary researchers have focused on activities and the context of activities occupying time. They have tended to treat space generically. Travel behaviour/demand researchers have focused mainly on travel, the overcoming of space, paying little attention to activities. This paper identifies basic instruments used by each approach, and given this authors experience with activity/time/space studies, examines data captured by time-dairy studies in light of the data needs for understanding travel, emphasizing the value added by time-space diaries. It also supports the view, based on existing work, that the activity approach increases the capture of daily trips. Time-use studies date from the second decade of the last century. From the mid 1960’s to mid 1970’s some time-use researchers explored time and space but the work did not make it into the travel literature. Researchers then continued looking only at time. About 1990 a call was made for the examination and integration to time-use and travel behaviour research, and at the same time travel researchers started to explore the integration of activities in diary collection. This paper argues that while the typical organizing principle of travel diaries was trips it is important that it be time. This would ensure that all activities are captured. Additionally it is important that activities be freely recorded without broad catchall categories like “at home”. Additionally, it is observed that an attempt must be made to capture all significant dimensions of an activity. These include, minimally, what is being done, what else is being done, wheregenerically and geographically--, with whom and for whom. This information can be best captured using time-space diaries, which will show all activities at each location and all locations for each activity. TIME-SPACE DIARIES: MERGING TRADITIONS
Expression of Markers of Hepatocellular Differentiation in Pancreatic Acinar Cell Neoplasms A Potential Diagnostic Pitfall

Objectives: Pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma (ACC) is a rare tumor that frequently metastasizes to the liver and may present a diagnostic challenge due to its morphologic similarity to hepatocellular carcinoma. We investigated α-fetoprotein (AFP), hepatocyte paraffin antigen 1 (HepPar 1), glypican 3, arginase 1, and albumin messenger RNA (mRNA) in situ hybridization (ISH) in pancreatic neoplasms with ACC differentiation to assess their diagnostic value. Methods: AFP, HepPar 1, glypican 3, and arginase 1 immunohistochemical staining was performed on 28 ACCs using a tissue microarray. Albumin mRNA ISH was performed on full-faced sections. Results: Fifteen tumors were positive for at least one marker. Glypican 3 was positive in seven of 28, AFP in five 28, and albumin mRNA ISH in five of 20. None expressed arginase 1. Conclusions: Hepatocellular differentiation markers, including albumin mRNA ISH, may be positive in ACC, but arginase 1 appears to be uniformly negative. Thus, its use may improve the accuracy in distinguishing these neoplasms from hepatocellular carcinoma. If ACC diagnosis is considered, acinar differentiation can be reliably demonstrated by trypsin/chymotrypsin.