cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A pilot modeling technique for handling-qualities research

A brief survey of the more dominant analysis techniques used in closed-loop handling-qualities research is presented. These techniques are shown to rely on so-called classical and modern analytical models of the human pilot which have their foundation in the analysis and design principles of feedback control. The optimal control model of the human pilot is discussed in some detail and a novel approach to the a priori selection of pertinent model parameters is discussed. Frequency domain and tracking performance data from 10 pilot-in-the-loop simulation experiments involving 3 different tasks are used to demonstrate the parameter selection technique. Finally, the utility of this modeling approach in handling-qualities research is discussed.
Chinese Grammar Made Easy: A Practical and Effective Guide for Teachers.对外汉语语言点教学150 例° by BAI, JIANHUA

The article reviews the book "Chinese Grammar Made Easy: A Practical and Effective Guide for Teachers," by Jianhua Bai.
Proximal Atrioventricular Bundle, Atrioventricular Node, and Distal Atrioventricular Bundle Are Distinct Anatomic Structures With Unique Histological Characteristics and Innervation

Background—Direct 3D analysis (ie, stereotaxic analysis of 3 planes) has shown that the atrioventricular (AV) node (AVN) is continuous with only specialized myocardium of the proximal AV bundle (PAVB) and distal AV bundle (DAVB) or His bundle. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the PAVB, AVN, and DAVB possess histological features distinct from each other and from the ordinary myocardium. Methods and Results—A protocol that preserves the cytoplasmic and interstitial integrity of the tissue and permits serial sections of the AV junction region to be made in 3 orthogonal planes showed that the PAVB, AVN, and DAVB are characterized by myocardium aggregated into fascicles containing ≈8 myofibers. Myofibers within the fascicles are coiled or spiraled about each other; and spiraling is most compact in the PAVB. Collagen encases individual fascicles and segregates primary fascicles into secondary fascicles. Fascicles, and not myofibers, are in parallel array in the PAVB, interwoven in the ...
Gene inactivation as a mechanism for the generation of variability in somatic cells cultivated in vitro

Abstract It is proposed that a substantial proportion of cell culture variants result from repression or derepression of genetic information which specifies the synthesis of enzymes. The mechanism responsible for this process may be similar to the inactivation of euchromatic segments in Drosophila resulting from their transposition next to heterochromatin. This model could explain a number of confusing observations made in somatic cell culture systems. (1) The generally high mutation rate for markers in somatic cells. (2) The instability and high reversion rates of a number of genetic markers. (3) Failure of certain drug resistance markers to show the expected decreases in mutation rate with increase in ploidy levels. (4) Anomalous mutation induction kinetics, and lack of specificity of mutagenic agents. Means by which this model can be experimentally examined are proposed. They include: (a) correlation of late labeling patterns and transposition of genetic material with phenotypic changes suspected of having their basis in chromosomal inactivation. (b) Mutagenesis studies using markers which would be expected to show phenotypic variation due to chromosomal inactivation. (c) Studies of gene expression in somatic cell hybrids. (d) Examination of gene products from resistant cell lines suspected of arising from chromosomal inactivation.
Effect of time resolution on unit commitment decisions in systems with high wind penetration

The increasing share of wind power in power systems requires changes in the operating procedures. Day-ahead scheduling no longer has to fit only with slow and easily predictable changes in load, but also with more abrupt changes in wind power. Procedures for dealing with wind uncertainty, such as stochastic, robust, and interval unit commitment algorithms, typically assume a one-hour resolution. Since wind generation can change significantly within an hour, shorter optimization intervals might be required to adequately reflect this uncertainty. This paper compares the stochastic, interval and robust unit commitment formulations with resolutions of 1 hour and 15 minutes. The schedules produced by these various algorithms are compared using a Monte Carlo simulation procedure on a modified version of the 24-bus IEEE-RTS.
Dual Localization of β-Glucuronidase in Endoplasmic Reticulum and in Lysosomes

Acid hydrolases are not exclusively lysosomal enzymes as indicated by the specific case of β-glucuronidase. This enzyme is a membrane protein found in the endoplasmic reticulum and in the lysosomes of the cell.
Mdm35p imports Ups proteins into the mitochondrial intermembrane space by functional complex formation

Ups1p, Ups2p, and Ups3p are three homologous proteins that control phospholipid metabolism in the mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS). The Ups proteins are atypical IMS proteins in that they lack the two major IMS-targeting signals, bipartite presequences and cysteine motifs. Here, we show that Ups protein import is mediated by another IMS protein, Mdm35p. In vitro import assays show that import of Ups proteins requires Mdm35p. Loss of Mdm35p led to a decrease in steady state levels of Ups proteins in mitochondria. In addition, mdm35Δ cells displayed a similar phenotype to ups1Δups2Δups3Δ cells. Interestingly, unlike typical import machineries, Mdm35p associated stably with Ups proteins at a steady state after import. Demonstrating that Mdm35p is a functional component of Ups–Mdm35p complexes, restoration of Ups protein levels in mdm35Δ mitochondria failed to restore phospholipid metabolism. These findings provide a novel mechanism in which the formation of functional protein complexes drives mitochondrial protein import.
Fibronectin Matrix Assembly Suppresses Dispersal of Glioblastoma Cells

Glioblastoma (GBM), the most aggressive and most common form of primary brain tumor, has a median survival of 12–15 months. Surgical excision, radiation and chemotherapy are rarely curative since tumor cells broadly disperse within the brain. Preventing dispersal could be of therapeutic benefit. Previous studies have reported that increased cell-cell cohesion can markedly reduce invasion by discouraging cell detachment from the tumor mass. We have previously reported that α5β1 integrin-fibronectin interaction is a powerful mediator of indirect cell-cell cohesion and that the process of fibronectin matrix assembly (FNMA) is crucial to establishing strong bonds between cells in 3D tumor-like spheroids. Here, we explore a potential role for FNMA in preventing dispersal of GBM cells from a tumor-like mass. Using a series of GBM-derived cell lines we developed an in vitro assay to measure the dispersal velocity of aggregates on a solid substrate. Despite their similar pathologic grade, aggregates from these lines spread at markedly different rates. Spreading velocity is inversely proportional to capacity for FNMA and restoring FNMA in GBM cells markedly reduces spreading velocity by keeping cells more connected. Blocking FNMA using the 70 KDa fibronectin fragment in FNMA-restored cells rescues spreading velocity, establishing a functional role for FNMA in mediating dispersal. Collectively, the data support a functional causation between restoration of FNMA and decreased dispersal velocity. This is a first demonstration that FNMA can play a suppressive role in GBM dispersal.
Diseases of the Mouth

Oral pathologic abnormality is common and can be potentially serious. There are many diseases of the mouth that medical personnel must be able to diagnose and initiate management. The most prevalent lesions can be categorized as infectious, inflammatory, and common benign and malignant lesions. This article discusses prevalence, cause, diagnosis, and management of lesions such as stomatitis, candidiasis, caries, oral cancers, and bony tori.
Vacuum UV CD spectra of homopolymer duplexes and triplexes containing A.T or A.U base pairs

Vacuum UV circular dichroism (CD) spectra were measured down to 174 nm for five homopolymers, five duplexes, and four triplexes containing adenine, uracil, and thymine. Near 190 nm, the CD bands of poly[d(A)] and poly[r(A)] were larger than the CD bands of the polypyrimidines, poly[d(T)], poly[d(U)], and poly[r(U)]. Little change was observed in the 190 nm region upon formation of the duplexes (poly[d(A).d(T)], poly[d(A).d(U)], poly[r(A).d(T)], poly[r(A).d(U)], and poly[r(A).r(U)]) or upon formation of two of the triplexes (poly[d(T).d(A).d(T)] and poly[d(U).d(A).d(U)]). This showed that the purine strand had the same or a similar structure in these duplexes and triplexes as when free in solution. Both A.U and A.T base pairing induced positive bands at 177 and 202 nm. For three triplexes containing poly[d(A)], the formation of a triplex from a duplex and a free pyrimidine strand induced a negative band centered between 210 and 215 nm. The induction of a band between 210 and 215 nm indicated that these triplexes had aspects of the A conformation.
Three-dimensional map construction.

Three-dimensional maps are useful tools which have been neglected for some time. They shouldbe more commonly used, and familiarity with the techniques discussed in this article should dispel any qualms anyone might ve about needing artistic talent to nstruct them. The saving in time esulting from the use of an anamorphoser provides a further incentive. The anamorphoser transformations discussed above were all prepared by using straight slits, oriented at right angles to each other and placed so that all planes of the elements were parallel to each other. It is possible to vary these conditions in an infinite number of ways and thereby produce nonparallel tranceformations. Some of these variations are illustrated in Fig. 10. All the illustrations in Fig. 10 are transformations of the planimetric weather map shown in Fig. 8A. The variations used for the maps of Fig. 10 are as follows. (A) All planes parallel, with a curved rear slit; (B) all planes parallel, with curved slits front and rear; ( C) all planes parallel, with S-shaped rear slit; (D) all planes parallel, with an undulating rear slit; (E) all planes parallel, with curved front and undulating rear slit; (F) plane of the original rotated on the horizontal axis—both slits curved; (G) plane of the original rotated on thevertical axis— both slits curved; (H) plane of the original rotated on the horizontal axis —both slits straight. These are only a few of the many transformations which can be made with an anamorphoser, butthey do point toward some interesting possibilities. For example, it appears that maps based onone projection might be altered to satisfy the coordinates of a completely different projection. Note, for example, the change of parallels from concave to convex curves (Figs. 8A and 10A) and the change from converging meridians to diverging meridians (Figs. 8A and l0G). Similarly, the grids of maps B, F, and H of Fig. 10 approximate projections which are quite different from the original. Other possible, and noncartographic, uses also come to mind. For example, transformations offront and side views of architectural and engineering drawings could be made to show views fromdifferent elevations and orientations. Or a geologist might be able to illustrate folding of sedimentary strata by preparing a drawing of a series of horizontal beds and then using an anamo-rephoser with an undulating slit to alter the beds to any degree of folding desired. With a movie camera and a moving lens mount this "folding" process could be photographed with different settings, so that the parallel beds would gradually and continuously change to irregularly folded beds. The transformations shown in Fig. 10 resulted from uncontrolled experimentation with the anamorphoser, and as yet no geometric solutions for setting up the transformation elements are available. Similarly, the suggested uses are mere flights of fancy, and no claim is made for theirpracticality. It is hoped, however, that they will stimulate the reader9s imagination and lead him to look for uses of the anamorphoser in fields other than cartography (9).
The Duchenne de Boulogne-Meryon controversy and pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy.

Bien que de nombreux neurologues aient reconnu que Duchenne decrivit le premier la dystrophie musculaire, la decouverte de la maladie fut attribuee a E. Meryon
Perceptual similarity of mirror images in infancy.

Abstract Perception of mirror images by three-to four-month infants was studied in five experiments using habituation paradigms. In the first experiment, babies discriminated right profiles of two different faces but not the left and right profile of the same face. In the second, babies discriminated a 45° oblique from a vertical line, but not the oblique from its mirror image. In the third, babies discriminated oblique lines that differed by 50° and were not mirror images. In the final experiments. 90° rotations of a ⊏-shape were discriminated but not 180° rotations that formed lateral or vertical mirror images. These results demonstrated that although babies were able to discriminate differences in orientation (even among obliques) they tended to view mirror images, especially lateral mirror images, as equivalent stimuli. We propose that the perceptual equivalence of mirror images reflects an adaptive mode of visual processing; mirror images in nature are almost always aspects of the same object, and they usually need not be discriminated. The relations of the perceptual similarity of mirror images to the ontogeny of the object concept and to the development of reading are discussed.
Leaf area index estimation from visible and near-infrared reflectance data

A two-stream description of the interaction of radiation with vegetation and soil is tested with experimental data for a corn canopy. The results indicate that the two parameters of the theory (reflectance of a dense canopy and the attenuation coefficient for radiation in the canopy) can be estimated for the Thematic Mapper spectral bands. A collection of soil reflectance data is used to develop relationships between near-infrared reflectance and visible reflectances. Jointly the canopy and soil formulations verify the potential for estimating leaf area index from radiation measurements in the visible and near-infrared.
Fast discovery of connection subgraphs

We define a connection subgraph as a small subgraph of a large graph that best captures the relationship between two nodes. The primary motivation for this work is to provide a paradigm for exploration and knowledge discovery in large social networks graphs. We present a formal definition of this problem, and an ideal solution based on electricity analogues. We then show how to accelerate the computations, to produce approximate, but high-quality connection subgraphs in real time on very large (disk resident) graphs.We describe our operational prototype, and we demonstrate results on a social network graph derived from the World Wide Web. Our graph contains 15 million nodes and 96 million edges, and our system still produces quality responses within seconds.
Micropolitan areas and urbanization processes in the US

Abstract Micropolitan areas, sometimes called mini-metros, occupy a unique position in the US urban hierarchy between low-density rural areas and high-density metropolitan areas. These county-based units—only recently recognized by the Office of Management and Budget—have urban centers whose populations range between 10,000 and 50,000. Evidence indicates that micropolitan areas are remarkably diverse in terms of their histories, attributes and economies. Today many of these places sit at the nexus of two opposing processes unfolding across the national urban landscape. Various forces promote continued urbanization and drive migration up through the hierarchy while other forces promote counterurbanization and drive migration down through the hierarchy. Micropolitan residents, who enjoy a compromise between rural living and urban living, will continue to be impacted by these twin processes. Much more research is needed to understand the nature of these situated forces and to trace the uneven geographic patterns of micropolitan growth and change during the upcoming years.
Generalizations of planar graphs

Two new generalizations of planar graphs, called quasiplanar and pseudoplanar graphs, are introduced and discussed. It is shown that planar graphs are quasiplanar and these in turn are pseudoplanar. Conversely, a pseudoplanar graph that contains with each arc its reverse arc is quasiplanar. A Kuratowski-type characterization of quasiplanar graphs is given; in it the excluded subgraphs differ from Kuratowski's only by the addition of an edge in the bipartite graph.
Measurement of the water cycle in mixed ammonium acid sulfate particles

Abstract A single ammonium-hydrogen-sulfate particle is levitated in an evacuated quadrupole trap at room temperature and the temperature of an attached tube containing bulk water is slowly cycled introducing then removing water vapor. With increasing pressure the particle dissolves in stages, then grows as a solution droplet by water absorption. With decreasing pressure the droplet supersaturates, crystallizes, then dehydrates completely to return to its initial state. Particle mass, and thus composition, is measured continuously with an electrostatic balance. Twenty-six cycles were studied as solute composition ranged from ammonium bisulfate through letovicite to ammonium sulfate in roughly equal steps. Composition was changed in situ by reaction with ammonia at low partial pressure. With solute composition characterized by x = [NH4]/[SO4], deliquescence was found to occur at water activity aw = 0.394−0.029 (x− 1) for 1 ⩽ x
Endocrine disorders in men infected with human immunodeficiency virus

Gonadal, adrenal, and thyroid functions were evaluated in 70 men seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, clinically categorized as asymptomatic (n = 19), AIDS-related complex (ARC) (n = 9), or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (n = 42). Twenty of 40 men (50 percent) with AIDS were hypogonadal. Mean serum testosterone concentrations in both ARC (292 +/- 70 ng/dl) and AIDS (401 +/- 30 ng/dl) men were significantly less than in asymptomatic (567 +/- 49 ng/dl) or normal men (608 +/- 121 ng/dl). Of these hypogonadal men, 18 of 24 (75 percent) had hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Seven of eight hypogonadal men (88 percent) had a normal gonadotropin response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone administration. Hypogonadism correlated with lymphocyte depletion and weight loss. Adrenal cortisol reserve, evaluated by adrenocorticotropin stimulation, was normal in 36 of 39 patients (92 percent) with AIDS. Indices of thyroid function were normal with the exception of one ARC man with a low free thyroxine index. In conclusion, hypogonadism is common in men with HIV infection and may be the first or most sensitive endocrine abnormality.
Effect of probiotics on enterocyte bacterial translocation in vitro

Enteral probiotics such as Lactobacillus casei GG (LGG) have been used in the treatment of a variety of intestinal disorders in infants and children, including diarrhea, malabsorption, and Clostridium difficile colitis. We have previously demonstrated that the probiotic bacterium LGG has an inhibitory effect on bacterial translocation (BT) in a neonatal rabbit model. However, this in-vivo model is limited for investigating the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for probiotic inhibition of BT. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of LGG in reducing the rate of Escherichia coliC25 (E. coli C25) translocation using an in-vitro enterocyte cell-culture model. Human colonic carcinoma (Caco-2) enterocytes were seeded in porous filters in the apical chamber of a two-chamber cell- culture system and grown for 14 days to confluence. The monolayers were incubated at 37 °C with LGG for 180 min. Non-adherent LGG was washed away prior to a 120-min incubation period with 105 CFU E. coli C25. E. coli that had translocated across the enterocyte monolayer were quantified by growing basal-chamber media samples on gram-negative bacteria-specific MacConkey's agar. In order to determine monolayer integrity, transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was measured across Caco-2 cells treated with LGG and E. coli. Statistical analysis was by ANOVA with P < 0.05 considered significant. LGG inhibited E. coli translocation at all LGG concentrations tested. The TEER ratio was not significantly altered by addition of LGG or E. coli (0.9 ± 0.03 vs 0.8 ± 0.05). These results demonstrate that the probiotic bacterium LGG inhibits BT of E. coli C25 in a dose-dependent manner in an in-vitro cell-culture model. This model should be valuable in investigating the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the inhibition of pathological enteral bacteria by probiotic agents.
The chain configurational properties of novolak p‐cresol–formaldehyde resins

Rotational isomeric state chain configurational analysis has been applied to the p-cresol–form-aldehyde chain structure. Steric interference allows the chain to be considered by using a twofold potential energy barrier. The bond rotational angles and conformational energies were set empirically to fit existing experimental dipole moment data, and the conformational angles were ±45° with a 132 cal/mole energy barrrier separating the g±g± from the g±g± rotational states. The data predict the existence of a cyclic tetramer in support of other researchers' experimental work. The limiting dipole moment ratio and characteristic ratio were computed to be 5.87 and 21.23, respectively. Support for this structure will have to wait for experimental data from higher-molecular-weight materials.
Legume ipmPIPE: A New Option for Generating, Summarizing, and Disseminating Real-Time Pest Data to Stakeholders

The Legume Integrated Pest Management Pest Information Platform for Extension and Education ( ipm PIPE) leverages a variety of programs and resources based on data collected from legume sentinel or mobile plots in as many as 25 states and in Canada and Mexico through collaborations with in-country scientists. It identified priority fungal, bacterial, and viral pathogens or diseases and insect pests (including pathogen vectors) for monitoring based upon sampling and diagnostic protocols, and kit-based high output viral immunoassays for use by National Plant Diagnostic Network (NPDN) labs. Another key feature of the Legume ipm PIPE is its enhanced communication between scientists specializing in legumes and collated data reporting from across the United States. It capitalizes upon a Web-based platform for information access and display to extension educators, research scientists, industry, and other stakeholders with a portfolio of management and education tools. Project specialists have distributed a set of 24 pocket sized cards (print and online versions) to legume stakeholders and integrated pest management personnel that improves the accuracy of plant growth stage descriptions, plant pathogen or disease and insect pest diagnostics for legume crops such as common bean, chickpea, lentil, field pea, lima bean, and cowpea. The goal of the Legume ipm PIPE is to identify causes of losses (yield, quality, economic) in legumes and assist producers in minimizing those losses by implementing integrated pest management of pathogens and insect pests.
Optical and lasing properties of fluorophosphate glass

Abstract Neodymium-doped fluorophosphate glass is a laser material newly-developed for use in high power laser fusion systems. The low refractive index (nd ∼ 1.45) and low dispersion (Abbe number ∼90) of fluorophosphate glasses give them the properties of low nonlinear refractive indices and long Nd3+ fluorescence lifetimes, which are desirable for the high power laser applications. We have measured the intensity gain of 1.052 and 1.064 nm laser light produced by flashlamp-pumped fluorophosphate glass amplifiers, varying in size from 4–34 clear aperture. The measured gains are compared with those measured in other laser glass types and with those predicted from the spectroscopic properties of Nd3+. We estimate that the peak cross section for the 4 F 3 2 → 4 I 11 12 transition in commercial fluorophosphate laser glasses is ∼2.2 × 10−20 cm2.
Theory of thermal transitions in low molecular weight RNA chains

Abstract A statistical mechanical theory of thermal transitions in short polynucleotide chains which achieve their secondary structure primarily by intramolecular complementary base-pair interactions is described. Thermal transition profiles for a large class of possible arrangements of base-pairs in short RNA chains can be calculated from the theory, using parameters derived from the thermal denaturation of high molecular weight RNA double-helices. Effects of length, base composition and configuration are discussed quantitatively. The theory is applied to calculating melting curves of three yeast tRNA species, for which experimental data are available. In the case of yeast serine tRNA, close agreement between the profile predicted from the “clover-leaf” structural model is found. The alanine and tyrosine models lead to profiles sharper than those observed, although the data are not so extensive for these later species. Certain quantities of interest apart from those usually measured in thermal denaturation studies can be calculated from the theory.
Real-time three-dimensional electrical impedance imaging

Electrical impedance tomography is a technology for producing images of internal body structures based upon electrical measurements made from electrodes on the body surface. Typically a single plane of electrodes is used, seeking to reconstruct a cross-section of the body. Yet the majority of image reconstruction algorithms ignore the three-dimensional (3D) characteristics of the current flow in the body. Actually, a substantial amount of current flows out of the electrode plane, creating distortions in the resulting images. This paper describes a reconstruction algorithm, ToDLeR, for solving a linearized 3D inverse problem in impedance imaging. The algorithm models the body as a homogeneous cylinder and accounts for the 3D current flow in the body by analytically solving for the current flow from one or more layers of electrodes on the surface of the cylinder. The algorithm was implemented on the ACT3 real-time imaging system and data were collected from a 3D test phantom using one, two and four layers of electrodes. By using multiple planes of electrodes, improved accuracy in any particular electrode plane was obtained, with decreased sensitivity to out-of-plane objects. A cylindrical target located vertically more than 8 cm below a single layer of 16 electrodes, and positioned radially midway between the centre and the boundary, produced an image that had 35% of the value obtained when the target was in the electrode plane. By adding an additional layer of 16 electrodes below the first electrode plane, and using 3D current patterns, this artefact was reduced to less than 10% of the peak value. We conclude that the 3D algorithm, used with multiple planes of electrodes, reduces the distortions from out-of-plane structures in the body.
Differences Between Adolescent Participants and Non-Participants in Cholesterol Level Screening

Abstract Leading risk factors for the development of coronary heart disease (CHD) in young adulthood are: family history of CHD, elevated blood pressure, elevated serum total cholesterol (TC), stroke, or myocardial infarction; smoking, limited exercise, and use of oral contraceptives. Adolescent TC screening can help identify those with the highest risk for development of CHD. In this study, 1321 adolescents completed questionnaires and were given the opportunity to have serum TC tested. Participation in the TC screening was 41% of all the students. Participation rates for each school varied widely from 16-81%. Non-participants were characterized using 34 variables. One way and two way frequency tables were run. Relationships between participation and other variables were tested using chi-square or t-tests for continuous variables. Odds ratios were determined if chi-square significance was 50%, the schools were dichotomized to better characterize non-participants. In general, non-participants were characterized as being male; having a family history of stroke, high blood pressure, high TC and diabetes; food consumption patterns of frequently eating at fast food restaurants, consuming whole milk, eggs, fried foods, and pizza; personal lifestyle habits of drinking alcohol frequently and in excess, smoking and if female using oral contraceptives. These results indicate those most likely to develop CHD are least likely to participate in TC screening. There is a real need to target individuals with a family history of diseases that increase an adolescent's risk of CHD as well as those individuals who consume a high fatty diet, smoke, drink alcohol and use oral contraceptives.
From Elections to Democracy: Building Accountable Government in Hungary and Poland

The countries of Central Europe in the first round for admission to the European Union have all established constitutional, electoral democracies and market economies. However, much remains to be done to achieve fully consolidated democratic states. This study documents the weaknesses of public oversight and participation in policymaking in Hungary and Poland, two of the most advanced countries in the region. It discusses five alternative routes to accountability including European Union oversight, constitutional institutions such as presidents and courts, devolution to lower-level governments, the use of neo-corporatist bodies, and open-ended participation rights. It urges more emphasis on the fifth option, public participation. Case studies of the environmental movement in Hungary and of student groups in Poland illustrate these general points. The book reviews the United States' experience of open-ended public participation and draws some lessons for the transition countries from the strengths and weaknesses of the American system.
International Collaboration in the Study of European Migration to the United States

This is a report on five weeks of travel in 1977 in Finland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia, and Italy, which was under taken in order to initiate and develop exchanges, joint research, and new forms of academic collaboration between the Immigration History Research Center and its counterparts in those countries. The travel was funded by grants from the U.S. Department of State and the University of Minnesota's Office of International Programs. The Immigration History Research Center (IHRC) has for more than a decade encouraged and facilitated scholarly research on those American ethnic groups whose origins are to be found in eastern and southern European countries. Research collections have been developed which document the pro cesses of migration and adjustment of the twenty-four immigrant groups en compassed by the Center. The study of the trans-Atlantic migration must, of course, be concerned with backgrounds and causes as well as destinations and consequences. The subject, therefore, is one of inherent interest to scholars in the countries of emigration. This common interest creates natural links be tween American scholars and their European colleagues, an interest which spans the disciplines of the humanities and social sciences. In recent years there has been a remarkable upsurge of interest in the study of the "American" migrations in eastern and southern Europe. Research institutes and projects have been established in Turku, Cracow, Prague, Bratislava, Budapest, Zagreb, Ljublijana, Rome, and Florence. The IHRC has engaged in a variety of cooperative projects with these institutions, includ ing the exchange of research materials and scholars and the joint sponsorship of conferences and publications. Encouraged by these fruitful ventures, I undertook this trip to expand further such cooperative relationships. Specifically in my discussions with directors, scholars, librarians, and archivists, I addressed myself to the follow ing topics:
Current-Carrying Capacity of ACSR

THE CONTINUOUS current-carrying capacity of transmission lines is dependent upon the allowable temperature of operation of the conductors. A great deal of test work has been performed in the investigation of this problem on ACSR (aluminum cable, steel reinforced). However, two factors—the effect of the sun and of the altitude of the line—have not received consideration heretofore.
Ocean carbon sink duration under stabilization of atmospheric CO2: A 1,000‐year timescale

[1] Ocean CO2 uptake, moderated by the slow mixing of dissolved inorganic carbon to the ocean depths, is estimated to have a duration of ∼1,000 years when the atmosphere is held at a constant “stabilized” CO2 concentration. This timescale is found to be several times longer than the relaxation time for the atmosphere-ocean system to come to equilibrium when forced by a CO2 emission impulse. Furthermore, the 1,000 year timescale is found to be insensitive to atmospheric CO2 concentration level. Beyond 2,000 years, sediment CaCO3 neutralization becomes the dominant mechanism for CO2 uptake further extending the timescale of the ocean carbon sink. The equilibration time of the atmosphere-ocean system, on the other hand, is shown to lengthen with increasing magnitude of CO2 emissions. Estimates are based on the response of a 3D-ocean carbon cycle model, and this behavior explained using the analytic solution of a simple box model.
Lack of cross-tolerance between nitroglycerin and endothelium-derived relaxing factor-mediated vasoactive agents in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether cross-tolerance develops between nitroglycerin and endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF)-mediated vasoactive agents in vivo. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were made tolerant by pretreatment with high doses of nitroglycerin (100 mg/kg s.c., 3 times/day, for 3 consecutive days). The hypotensive effect of challenge doses of nitroglycerin (1, 10, 300, 100 μg/kg i.v.) was completely abolished in nitroglycerin-pretreated SHR. To evaluate cross-tolerance, the effects of the following EDRF-dependent vasoactive agents on blood pressure were determined in groups of nitroglycerin-pretreated and vehicle-pretreated SHR: acetylcholine, bradykinin and L-arginine. In addition, the hypotensive effects of zaprinast (M&B 22,928), a cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) phosphodiesterase inhibitor, and the hypertensive effects of the nitric oxide-synthase inhibitor N ω -nitro-L-arginine were also evaluated. In all cases, there was no difference in the effects of these agents on blood pressure when compared in nitroglycerin-pretreated (tolerant) and vehicle-pretreated (non-tolerant) SHR. The use of a variety of agents which modulate EDRF release or its effects by several different mechanisms suggests that cross-tolerance does not occur between nitroglycerin and EDRF in vivo.
Asymptotic stability of xenon- and temperature-controlled point reactors

Abstract The question of asymptotic stability in the large (A.S.L.) for point reactors with non-linear feedback is formulated in general terms. The results are applied to the stddy of xenon oscillations in the presence of temperature effects, and conditions for their A.S.L. are obtained. The region of A.S.L. in the plane of equilibrium flux vs. temperature coefficient is determined and compared to the region of linear stability previously obtained. A criterion for boundedness of the xenon oscillations in the absence of temperature effects is also given.
Uncertainty and robustness in composite indices rankings

The choice of specific weights for the variables included in composite indices is a most difficult topic that might involve deep ethical considerations. In face of such a daunting task, a group of decision-makers might be uncertain and prefer to allow for a certain degree of weights underspecification. However, allowing for larger sets of admissible weights might lead to increasingly different admissible rankings. In this paper we introduce an axiomatically characterized ranking distance function that is used to explore the pace at which the dissimilarity between different admissible rankings increases as the set of admissible weights that the decision-makers are willing to accept becomes gradually large. This can be very useful in many areas of the social sciences to assess the reliability and robustness of any ranking derived from the values of composite indices when the choice of a specific weighting scheme is controversial. Copyright 2012 Oxford University Press 2011 All rights reserved, Oxford University Press.
EFFICIENT MULTI-SHIFTED ARNOLDI PROJECTION USING WAVELET TRANSFORM

As process technology continues to scale into the nanoscale regime and the overall system complexity increases, the reduced order modeling of on-chip interconnect plays a crucial role in determining VLSI system performance. In this paper, we develop an adaptive wavelet interpolation method based on Krylov subspace techniques to generate reduced order interconnect models that are accurate across a wide-range of frequencies. We dynamically select interpolation points by applying an inexpensive Haar wavelet and performing irregular sampling in the frequency domain. The results indicate that our method provides greater accuracy than multi-shift Krylov subspace methods with uniform interpolation points.
Ordering samples along environmental gradients using particle swarm optimization

Due to the enormity of the solution space for sequential ordering problems, non-exhaustive heuristic techniques have been the focus of many research efforts, particularly in the field of operations research. In this paper, we outline an ecologically motivated problem in which environmental samples have been obtained along a gradient (e.g. pH), with which we desire to recover the sample order. Not only do we model the problem for the benefit of an optimization approach, we also incorporate hybrid particle swarm techniques to address the problem. The described method is implemented on a real dataset from which 22 biological samples were obtained along a pH gradient. We show that we are able to approach the optimal permutation of samples by evaluating only approximately 5000 solutions — infinitesimally smaller than the 22! possible solutions.
Initial data truncation for univariate output of discrete-event simulations using the Kalman filter

Data truncation is a commonly accepted method of dealing with initialization bias in discrete-event simulation. An algorithm for determining the appropriate initial-data truncation point for univariate output is proposed. The technique entails averaging across independent replications and estimating a steady-state output model in a state-space framework. A Bayesian technique called Multiple Model Adaptive Estimation MMAE is applied to compute a time varying estimate of the output's steady-state mean. This MMAE implementation features the use, in parallel, of a bank of three Kalman filters. Each filter is constructed under a different assumption about the output's steady-state mean. One of the filters assumes that the steady-state mean is accurately reflected by an estimate, called the "assumed steady-state mean," taken from the last half of the simulation data. This filter is called the reference filter. The remaining filters are calibrated with steady-state means corresponding to simple functions of the minimum and maximum data values, respectively. As the filters process the output through the effective transient, the reference filter becomes more likely in a Bayesian sense to be the best filter to represent the data, and the MMAE mean estimator is influenced increasingly towards the assumed steady-state mean. The estimated truncation point is selected when the MMAE mean estimate is within a small tolerance of the assumed steady-state mean. A Monte Carlo analysis using data generated from twelve simulation models is used to evaluate the technique. The evaluation criteria include the ability to estimate accurately and to construct reliable confidence intervals for the mean of the response based on the truncated sequences.
CHANGES IN VARIOUS PROTEIN PROPERTIES OF PORK MUSCLE DURING THE SMOKING PROCESS

SUMMARY Changes in the PH, free sulfhydryl groups, amino nitrogen content and total free amino acids of untreated, heated and heated and smoked pork longissimus dorsi muscle samples were investigated. This study demonstrated that heating and heating and smoking caused changes in the pH, free sulfhydryl and amino nitrogen content of pork samples. An interesting observation was the increase in the myofibrillar protein nitrogen fraction, pH and free sulfhydryl groups of the heated samples, and the decrease of these values in the heated and smoked samples. Results of this study indicated that smoke constituents react with the functional groups of meat proteins.
The Design and Fabrication of Three‐Chamber Microscale Cell Culture Analog Devices with Integrated Dissolved Oxygen Sensors

Whole animal testing is an essential part in evaluating the toxicological and pharmacological profiles of chemicals and pharmaceuticals, but these experiments are expensive and cumbersome. A cell culture analog (CCA) system, when used in conjunction with a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model, provides an in vitro supplement to animal studies and the possibility of a human surrogate for predicting human response in clinical trials. A PBPK model mathematically simulates animal metabolism by modeling the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination kinetics of a chemical in interconnected tissue compartments. A CCA uses mammalian cells cultured in interconnected chambers to physically represent the corresponding PBPK. These compartments are connected by recirculating tissue culture medium that acts as a blood surrogate. The purpose of this article is to describe the design and basic operation of the microscale manifestation of such a system. Microscale CCAs offer the potential for inexpensive, relatively high throughput evaluation of chemicals while minimizing demand for reagents and cells. Using microfabrication technology, a three-chamber ("lung"-"liver"-"other") microscale cell culture analog (microCCA) device was fabricated on a 1 in. (2.54 cm) square silicon chip. With a design flow rate of 1.76 microL/min, this microCCA device achieves approximate physiological liquid-to-cell ratio and hydrodynamic shear stress while replicating the liquid residence time parameters in the PBPK model. A dissolved oxygen sensor based on collision quenching of a fluorescent ruthenium complex by oxygen molecules was integrated into the system, demonstrating the potential to integrate real-time sensors into such devices.
Draft Genome Sequences of Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Septic Patients

We present the draft genome sequences of six strains of Escherichia coli isolated from blood cultures collected from patients with sepsis. The strains were collected from two patient sets, those with a high severity of illness, and those with a low severity of illness. Each genome was sequenced by both Illumina and PacBio for comparison.
Subtherapeutic Use of Antibiotics in Food-Producing Animals

The extensive use of antibiotics in food-producing animals has become controversial due to recent increases in resistant bacterial strains in humans. Antibiotics are used for disease prevention (prophylactic), growth enhancement, and treatment of disease (therapeutic). Both prophylactic and growth enhancement therapy are administered at doses which achieve plasma concentrations below therapeutic values. Unintentional subtherapeutic plasma levels of antibiotics are also achieved during therapeutic administration in feeds, due to factors which decrease absorption. This widespread subtherapeutic use of antibiotics has led to concern that such practices may contribute to the emergence of resistant strains of bacteria that propose risk to human health (11). A reevaluation of the extensive use of antibiotics in food-producing animals is needed. Do the benefits of subtherapeutic antibiotic use outweigh the potential risk to human health?
Phenomenology and the Problems of Oral History

In this article, the author argues that many of the best practices of oral history refl ect phenomenological thinking even though practitioners may not describe themselves as using phenomenological methods. The author suggests that knowledge and application of phenomenology can clarify or minimize such potential problems as interviewer bias and informant unreliability and can refute accusations that oral history is less reliable than history taken from documents.
La bioética en el diván: ¿Puede Freud ayudarnos en los dilemas de la ética médica?

Only recently, bioethics has crystallized into a full-fledged discipline. The aim of this article is to analyze whether Freud is competent to deal with bioethics. Freudian psychoanalysis is reviewed as a global theory that touches culture as a totality. And it is by way of a global theory of culture that Freud takes up the phenomenon of morality. Freud gives not an alternative answer to unchanged questions in bioethics, but delivers a new manner of asking moral questions. The ground rule establishes the conditions for treatment. And secondly, it is a radical elimination of any position of moral existence. Ethics is simply bracketed (put in parenthesis) in the sense that in its regard no position is taken either for or against. What is at stake is self-recognition and Freudian itinerary runs from misunderstanding to recognition. If Freud offers a technique, it is not included in the cycle of techniques of domination; it is a technique of veracity (Rev Med Chile 2004: 132: 1550-6). (Key Words: Bioethics; Ethics, professional; Freudian theory)
Enhancing Classroom Attentiveness by Preselection of Back-Up Reinforcers in a Token Economy:

The effects of different methods of selecting and exchanging back-up reinforcers are examined, with two mentally retarded children participating in a token economy in a special education class. In separate experiments each child received tokens contingent upon attentive behavior. The different methods of selecting and exchanging back-up reinforcers consisted of preselecting back-up events that were to be purchased in advance of earning the tokens versus selecting back-up events only after the requisite number of tokens had been earned. The two methods of selecting and exchanging back-up events were compared in separate simultaneous treatment designs for each child. The interventions were administered in the same phase, but balanced across the different time periods during which they were implemented. In each experiment preselecting back-up reinforcers prior to earning tokens led to higher levels of attentive behavior than did selecting back-up events after the tokens had been earned. Interpretations of th...
A Highly Active Titanium Dioxide Based Visible‐Light Photocatalyst with Nonmetal Doping and Plasmonic Metal Decoration

A sandwich-structured photocatalyst shows an excellent performance in degradation reactions of a number of organic compounds under UV, visible light, and direct sunlight (see picture). The catalyst was synthesized by a combination of nonmetal doping and plasmonic metal decoration of TiO2 nanocrystals, which improves visible-light activity and enhances light harvesting and charge separation, respectively.