cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lysine Deacetylase Substrate Selectivity: A Dynamic Ionic Interaction Specific to KDAC8

Lysine acetylation and deacetylation are critical for regulation of many cellular proteins. Despite the importance of this cycle, it is unclear how lysine deacetylase (KDAC) family members discriminate between acetylated proteins to react with a discrete set of substrates. Potential short-range interactions between KDAC8 and a known biologically relevant peptide substrate were identified using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Activity assays with a panel of peptides derived from this substrate supported a putative ionic interaction between arginine at the -1 substrate position and KDAC8 D101. Additional assays and MD simulations confirmed this novel interaction, which promotes deacetylation of substrates. Verification that a negatively charged residue at the 101 position is necessary for the ionic interaction and observed reactivity with the substrates was performed using KDAC8 derivatives. Notably, this interaction is specific to KDAC8, as KDAC1 and KDAC6 do not form this interaction and each KDAC has a different specificity profile with the peptide substrates, even though all KDACs could potentially form ionic interactions. When reacted with a panel of putative human KDAC substrates, KDAC8 preferentially deacetylated substrates containing an arginine at the -1 position. KDAC8 D101-R(-1) is a specific enzyme-substrate interaction that begins to explain how KDACs discriminate between potential substrates and how different KDAC family members can react with different subsets of acetylated proteins in cells. This multi-pronged approach will be extended to identify other critical interactions for KDAC8 substrate binding and determine critical interactions for other KDACs.
Interoperability of Contact and Contactless Fingerprints Across Multiple Fingerprint Sensors

Contactless fingerprinting devices have grown in popularity in recent years due to speed and convenience of capture. Also, due to the global COID-19 pandemic, the need for safe and hygienic options for fingerprint capture are more pressing than ever. However, contactless systems face challenges in the areas of interoperability and matching performance as shown in other works. In this paper, we present a contactless vs. contact interoperability assessment of several contactless devices, including cellphone fingerphoto capture. In addition to evaluating the match performance of each contactless sensor, this paper presents an analysis of the impact of finger size and skin melanin content on contactless match performance. AUC results indicate that contactless match performance of the newest contactless devices is reaching that of contact fingerprints. In addition, match scores indicate that, while not as sensitive to melanin content, contactless fingerprint matching may be impacted by finger size.
Dark energy, colored anti-de Sitter vacuum, and the CERN Large Hadron Collider phenomenology

We study the possibility that the current accelerated expansion of the universe is driven by the vacuum energy density of a colored scalar field which is responsible for a phase transition in which the gauge $SU(3{)}_{c}$ symmetry breaks. We show that if we are stuck in a $SU(3{)}_{c}$-preserving false vacuum, then $SU(3{)}_{c}$ symmetry breaking can be accommodated without violating any experimental QCD bounds or bounds from cosmological observations. Moreover, unless there is an unnatural fine-tuning beyond the usual cosmological constant fine-tuning, the true vacuum state of the universe is anti-de Sitter. The model can likely be tested at the LHC. A possible (though not necessary) consequence of the model is the existence of fractionally charged massive hadrons. The model can be embedded in supersymmetric theories where massive colored scalar fields appear naturally.
Coded reduced-bandwidth QAM with decision-feedback equalization

The authors study a coded reduced-bandwidth quadrature-amplitude-modulation (RB-QAM) system which combines some bandwidth-efficient coding techniques with the RB-QAM and provides further improvement in power efficiency without any bandwidth expansion. An interleaver/deinterleaver decision-feedback equalizer is used at the receiver to compensate for the intentionally introduced intersymbol interference. Theoretical analysis and simulation results indicate that a coding gain of several decibels over the uncoded RB-QAM can be achieved. >
ONCOGENIC ROLE OF MASTER TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IN HUMAN LEUKEMIAS AND SARCOMAS : A DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews recent findings in the research concerning the oncogenic role of master transcription factors in human leukemias and sarcomas and attempts to integrate them into a developmental model of progenitor cell oncogenesis on the basis of the disruption of transcriptional control. Oncogenesis mediated by transcription factors has particular significance in acute leukemias and sarcomas, where chromosomal translocation and inversions commonly activate genes encoding nuclear DNA-binding proteins. The modular organization of transcription factors into distinct domains provides an ideal system for their multiple functions, including binding to DNA, transactivation of target genes, and protein–protein interactions within complex regulatory networks. Transcription factor genes are often disrupted by chromosomal translocations in human acute leukemias and sarcomas; the resulting altered or dysregulated proteins that retain the ability to bind DNA and interact with other factors contribute to the differentiation arrest and aberrant growth of specific hematopoietic and mesenchymal progenitor cells. The chapter also discusses oncogenic transcription factors and the developmental regulatory proteins of Drosophila . The key to understanding the oncogenic effects of transcription factors lies in the nature of the genes they regulate. With increased knowledge of the regulatory networks affected by oncogenic transcription factors, developing new therapeutic strategies for human malignancies similar to those employing retinoic acids for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia is possible.
Making It Their Own: Severn Ojibwe Communicative Practices

Making It Their Own: Severn Ojibwe Communicative Practices. Lisa Philips Valentine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995. 252 pp.
Can computers do social work

her first check would be issued immediately. A moment later the check popped out of the slot, along with instructions on how to obtain a manual that listed her obligations and responsibilities. The message also asked if she would like some help with a personal problem she had noted on her ap plication. When she entered a written yes into the machine, she was instructed to go to Room 204 on the second floor. In Room 204 five minutes later, a recep tionist greeted Mrs. X and reviewed a com puter print-out that summarized her previ ous contacts with three other social agencies in the past four years. The recep tionist then typed a summary of Mrs. X's current problem into the computer. A moment later the computer suggested that she join a group of unmarried mothers which was starting the next day. It also ex plained some of the group's goals and pro jected activities. Mrs. X responded that she was interested and was given the time and place of the meeting. At the group meeting the women sat in a small circle. On each chair was a small
The hemodynamic determinants of the isovolumic index

Abstract The isovolumic index is a recently described echocardiographic parameter of left ventricular function that is calculated as the ratio between the sum of the time of isovolumic contraction and relaxation divided by the ejection time. Although the individual components of this index may be altered by heart rate and loading conditions, an analysis of the net effect of such alterations on the isovolumic index has not been undertaken. Thus, dogs were instrumented with high-fidelity micromanometers in the left ventricle, ascending aorta, and left atrium to allow determination of the individual comoonents of the isovolumic index and calculation of the index itself. Four sets of experiments were undertaken in random order. Left atrial pacing was used to increase heart rate by approximately 10 bpm in five steps. Preload was elevated in five stages by saline infusions which caused successive increases of 1 to 2 mm Hg in the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Systolic blood pressure was lowered or raised by approximately 10 mm Hg per stage by three progressive, steady-state infusions of nitroprusside and phenylephrine, respectively. These experiments demonstrated little change in the isovolumic index over a broad range of heart rate. Increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and decreased systemic pressure caused shortening of the index. Multiple regression analysis of all experiments yielded the following: isovolumic index = 0.41 − 0.015 (left ventricular end-diastolic pressure) + 0.004 (systolic blood pressure); r = 0.57, standard error = 0.13, p
Variation of Heat and Mass Transfer Coefficients During Drying of Granular Beds

During convective drying of initially fully saturated granular beds, the solid matrix is gradually exposed to the ambient air, resulting in heat transfer to both the liquid and solid. In an attempt to examine the heat and mass transfer processes occurring on the surface and to examine the influence of particle size and Bond number on the drying rate, experiments are performed in which granular beds constructed of spherical particles (which range from d = 0.2 mm to d = 25.4 mm) are convectively dried. For beds constructed of very small particles (d = 0.2 mm, Bo = 0.0035) the surface areas of the liquid and solid are difficult to estimate due to the random arrangement of the particles. The experimental results confirm existing knowledge that the evaporation rate is nearly constant during the funicular state of drying. For beds constructed of large particles (d = 25.4 mm, Bo = 21.7) an estimate of the surface areas of the liquid and solid reveals that the surface areas and the evaporation rate are highly dependent on surface saturation, contact angle, and surface tension. The results indicate that heat transfer from the solid to the liquid is significant and that the heatmore » and mass transfer processes are not analogous.« less
Conjunctival and corneal ulceration associated with nicorandil

AbstractContext/Objective: To report an association between conjunctival and corneal ulceration and nicorandil therapy for angina.Methods: Review of the literature and spontaneous reports collected at the National Registry of Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects (Portland, Oregon), the FDA Spontaneous Reporting System (Bethesda, Maryland) and the World Health Organization’s Uppsala Monitoring Center (Uppsala, Sweden).Results: Thirteen case reports of adverse ocular reactions were collected. Abnormal vision (5 reports), corneal ulcer (4 reports) and conjunctival ulcer (4 reports) were associated with nicorandil. Eight subjects were male and 5 female with an average age of 75.4 ± 8.3 years. The average duration of therapy to development of the ADR was 30.4 days ±3 days. Eleven case reports had positive dechallenge and the patients fully recovered. The average dose was 21.6 mg daily.Conclusion: Using WHO classification for adverse drug reactions, the association between nicorandil and conjunctival and corneal ul...
CLINICAL MEASUREMENT OF BRAIN OXYGENATION AND FUNCTION USING LIGHT-BASED OPTICAL TOMOGRAPHY. • 2273

The purpose of these studies was to test clinical devices generating noninvasive bedside measurements and images of brain function using low-power infrared light. A real-time bedside monitor for high-risk patients might allow care to be changed early in the course of injury, possibly preventing such injury from becoming irreversible, as well as permit monitoring of the efficacy of any intervention. Low-level visible and near-infrared light pass through human bone and tissue in small amounts, and the time of photon transit through the tissue can be used to measure tissue oxygenation, as well as to reconstruct images of the tissue (Benaron, Science, 1993). We modified an existing time-of-flight system and algorithms to allow conversion of real optical data into images at the bedside. We demonstrated the device to be 75% effective in detecting hemorrhages detected via ultrasound (Benaron, Peds. Res., 1996). In this study, mean predicted oxygen saturation error in model systems ranged from ± 0.4% at 1 cm estimated depth to ± 1.7% at 6 cm estimated depth. The device was then used in humans to measure 1) oxygenation in an ischemia model, 2) oxygenation in the neonatal brain, and 3) localized oxygenation changes in the brain during motor stimulation. We found that: 1) changes in oxygenation measured optically in the ischemia model corresponded in magnitude and direction to expected changes; 2) absolute optical measures of oxygenation in neonatal brain corresponded to measured jugular or SVC oxygenation as determined by standard invasive methods, and that an optical image of oxygenation in an infant with a stroke showed areas of low oxygenation that corresponded to the location of the stroke in a CT scan; and 3) monitoring of changes in oxygenation over the intact cerebral motor cortex in adults allowed imaging of regional motor stimulation during sequential finger movement. These findings are being correlated with functional MRI studies. In summary, a time-of-flight tomographic system for cerebral capillary estimation has been built which produces noninvasive, tomographic images of brain oxygenation using low-power nonionizing optical radiation. Bedside optical images of neonatal brain oxygenation can be produced continuously, and we have imaged stroke and functional brain activation. Supported by NIH N43-NS-4-2315 & RR-00081, ONR contract N-00014-94-1-1024, and by the Spectros Corporation (equity held except DKS, JVH).
MANY-DIMENSIONAL LORENTZ CELLULAR AUTOMATA AND TURING MACHINES

We study the class of cellular automata that generalizes the Lorentz lattice gases in statistical mechanics, the models of industrious ants in the theory of an artificial life and the so-called Tur-mites (many-dimensional Turing machines). We prove that on the square lattice ℤd, d = 2, the existence of a bounded orbit of a particle (ant, machine) determines all nondegenerate local scattering rules (states of a machine). For higher dimensional (d ≥ 3) cubic lattices we show that under some natural conditions all possible bounded orbits (vortices) can live only in some “vortex sheets” that have a dimension strictly less than d.
Location and length distribution of somatic hypermutation-associated DNA insertions and deletions reveals regions of antibody structural plasticity

Following the initial diversity generated by V(D)J recombination, somatic hypermutation is the principal mechanism for producing further antibody repertoire diversity in antigen-experienced B cells. While somatic hypermutation typically results in single-nucleotide substitutions, the infrequent incorporation of genetic insertions and deletions has also been associated with the somatic hypermutation process. We used high-throughput antibody sequencing to determine the sequence of thousands of antibody genes containing somatic hypermutation-associated insertions and deletions (SHA indels), which revealed significant differences between the location of SHA indels and somatic mutations. Further, we identified a cluster of insertions and deletions in the antibody framework 3 region, which corresponds to the hypervariable region 4 (HV4) in T-cell receptors. We propose that this HV4-like region, identified by SHA indel analysis, represents a region of under-appreciated affinity maturation potential. Finally, through the analysis of both location and length distribution of SHA indels, we have determined regions of structural plasticity within the antibody protein.
Parenting and the significance of children for women with a serious mental illness

Increased time in the community has made developmental life tasks of adulthood more relevant to individuals with severe mental illness (SMI). Parenting and motherhood are thus important areas of study, since it has been established that women with SMI are likely to have children. Previous research has concentrated primarily on the deleterious effects on the child of having a mentally ill parent. Mothers' capabilities or problems in parenting and the meaning of motherhood from the women's perspective have received limited attention. In the present interview study of 24 mothers with mental illness, satisfaction and self-reported competency in parenting were found to be high, although significant economic and some support problems were reported. Women described the meaning of children and the significance of the parenting role, yet realistically portrayed their concerns over discipline and the effects their problems have. Implications for mental health services are discussed.
Melting of vapour-absent tonalite at 10 kbar to simulate dehydration–melting in the deep crust

Granitoids may be formed by differentiation of mantle-derived basalts, by partial fusion of crustal rocks, or by interaction of melts from these two sources. Except in special circumstances, the amount of pore fluid in the deep continental crust is likely to be so small that partial melting of rocks will take place under vapour-absent conditions, with water becoming available through dehydration–melting reactions. Here we present the results of experiments in which garnet tonalite is melted at 10 kbar in the absence of vapour. Between 825 and 900 °C the biotite melting reaction produces 20% melt; by 1,000 °C hornblende has melted, yielding 35% melt. As a melt fraction of 30–50% is required before a granodioritic melt can be segregated from its source rock our results imply that, whereas migmatites may be generated at typical high-grade metamorphic temperatures of 825 °C, the segregation of large-volume granitoid magmas from orthogneisses requires temperatures greater than 950 °C. In the absence of large amounts of externally-derived aqueous fluid, underplating or emplacement of hot basalt into the crust is required to raise the temperature sufficiently for magma segregation.
Speculations in hard and soft science

Abstract Speculations in this article range from methods improving democratic concensus, society's attitude to crime, and a way of making cheap telescopes in space. It is hoped that these tentative ideas, many only half serious, may spark off thoughts along similar lines. Again, the author invites readers to send him their own speculations.
“Basic black” renascent: A new wardrobe

In the dozen years since publication of Uttal’s fundamental paper, “‘Basic Black’ in Com-puter Interfaces for Psychological Research,” many changes have taken place in on-line real-time computing. A look at the basic wardrobe today reveals some striking changes and certain fundamental constants. Most of the interface elements in the wardrobe specified by Uttal are still commonplace in the fashion catalogs of real-time computing. However, they are offered now as fully integrated circuits, chips, or subsystems that are added by inserting a chip into a socket or a printed circuit board into a chassis. Missing in Uttal’s specification are the essential software tools for using the hardware of that wardrobe. The current real-time computing laboratory psychologist will find that the most significant elements in a really adaptable wardrobe are software tools.
Etanercept for severe psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: observations on combination therapy

Background The antitumour necrosis factor (TNF) activity of etanercept has been utilized to generate an important and novel treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. TNF has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Objectives To determine whether blockade of TNF activity by etanercept may provide an additional treatment option for patients with psoriasis. Methods In an uncontrolled trial, etanercept was added to the treatment regimen in six patients with severe recalcitrant psoriasis (three also with psoriatic arthritis) partially resistant to other ongoing systemic agents. Results In each case, the disease activity showed marked improvement on addition of etanercept therapy. No added toxicity was found with etanercept. Conclusions Etanercept appears to be a promising immunomodulatory agent that can be used in combination therapy for the treatment of psoriasis, and a prospective controlled trial may be warranted.
Cortically induced changes of presynaptic excitability in higher-order auditory afferents

Abstract The influence of various cerebral cortical areas on the excitability level of higher-order auditory afferents was studied in cats under general anesthesia. A modification of Wall's technique was utilized to determine excitability changes of third-order or fourth-order auditory sensory neurons (or both) terminating in the medial geniculate body. Conditioning stimulation to certain areas of the ipsilateral cerebral cortex induced a substantial increase in presynaptic excitability of these auditory afferents. The time course of presynaptic excitability was characterized by a long duration (up to 240 msec) and showed its maximum at 45–60 msec. Two separate cortical areas were most effective in inducing these excitability changes: the auditory cortex and the orbital gyrus. The findings are discussed with special consideration of the concept of presynaptic inhibition and the well-known inhibitory capacity of the orbital cortex.
OBSERVATIONS ON INTROGRESSION OF TRIPSACUM INTO MAIZE

Derivatives of a cross between diploid Zea mays L. and Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L. (2n = 72) were compared cytologically and morphologically. The objective of this study was to detect introgression from Tripsacum to maize that might have occurred during seven backcross generations with maize. Thirty-three morphological characters were used to analyze variation among aneuploid (2OZm + 2Td), 20-chromosome recovered maize, and the recurrent maize parent plants. Aneuploid and maize checks were extreme types, with 20-chromosome hybrid derivatives being morphologically intermediate. Several recovered maizes clustered with aneuploid plants and these hybrid derivatives have the greatest chance of Tripsacum introgression. Many traits such as endosperm abnormalities, tassel seed, albinos, tunicate glumes, tassel-tipped ears, fasciated and branched ear, and male spikelets between rows of kernels were observed. Although the genetic basis of many traits is unknown, mutations, epistatic effects or expression of Tripsacum chromatin are possible causes. The number of abnormal and tripsacoid traits observed in 20-chromosome recovered maizes indicates genetic transfer from Tripsacum to the maize genome.
Phytophthora irrigata, a new species isolated from irrigation reservoirs and rivers in Eastern United States of America.

A new species of Phytophthora, previously referred to as the ‘Dre I’ taxon, is named Phytophthora irrigata. Isolates of P. irrigata morphologically and physiologically resemble Phytophthora drechsleri. They are heterothallic, produce nonpapillate sporangia, and grow well at 35 °C. The above two species differ significantly in uniformity of mycelium, presence of chlamydospores, DNA fingerprint, and sequences of multiple nuclear and mtDNA regions. Phytophthora irrigata produces smaller sporangia and a distinct DNA fingerprint. Sequence alignments in the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer regions place Phytophthora fallax and Phytophthora captisoa as its closest relatives. The optimal temperature for culture growth is above 30 °C and the maximum temperature is 40 °C. This new species is abundant in irrigation reservoirs and natural waterways in Virginia and was also isolated in Pennsylvania.
High coronary artery calcium scores pose an extremely elevated risk for hard events

Abstract Objectives We sought to assess the natural history of a cohort of asymptomatic individuals with very high (≥1,000) calcium scores (CSs) on a screening electron beam tomography (EBT) not submitted to further testing after the initial scan. We also compared the outcome of our prospective cohort with that of historical controls with severe abnormalities on myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). Background Coronary calcium detected on EBT imaging has been shown to correlate with the total plaque burden. However, there is still controversy as to the prognostic significance of calcium, as some investigators believe that the presence of coronary calcification may stabilize the atherosclerotic plaque. Methods Ninety-eight asymptomatic subjects (mean age: 62 ± 10) were followed for an average of 17 ± 11 months (range: 4 to 36 months) after undergoing EBT screening for the occurrence of hard coronary events (HCEs), defined as myocardial infarction or coronary death. All patients had an initial CS ≥1,000, and in none did the results of the EBT screening lead to further invasive or non-invasive testing. Results During the follow-up period, 35 patients (36%) suffered an HCE. All events were recorded in the first 28 months of follow-up. Subjects with HCEs had higher initial CSs than subjects not suffering HCEs (1,561 ± 270 vs. 1,199 ± 200, p Conclusions A high CS (≥1,000) on a screening EBT in an asymptomatic person portends a very high risk of an HCE in the short term. This risk appears to be greater than the risk associated with a severe perfusion abnormality on MPI.
Development and Implementation of a 24 Hour Interdisciplinary Nutrition Screening System for Pediatrics

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To describe an interdisciplinary pediatric nutrition screening system which identifies high risk patients within 24 hours of admission. The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) mandates nutrition screening within 24 hours of admission. Our nutrition screening system formerly focused on adult criteria. Pediatric screening was only performed based on physician generated consults and was not suitable to identify high risk pediatric patients. In response to the JCAHO standards an interdisciplinary pediatric specific screening system was developed to serve our 20 bed inpatient unit. Eleven screening questions were developed by the dietitian to identify high risk patients. Risk categories included: abnormal growth patterns, food and nutrient intake patterns, psychological factors and physical conditions and diseases. A simple check list format was used to enhance nursing compliance. Identification of a high risk patient generates a nutrition referral via the Medi-Tech computer system. Collaboration with the pediatric nursing staff occurred throughout the development process and inservices were provided upon implementation of the program. Physician approval within the pediatric service was obtained. To prepare the staff of clinical dietitians for the potential expansion of nutrition intervention in the area of pediatrics, training was provided by a staff dietitian with specialized training in pediatrics. Practice standards were developed for general pediatric age specific assessment, as well as for disorders requiring specific nutrition intervention. The outcome benefits of this screening system include: 1) early identification of high risk pediatric patients, in a collaborative fashion which sets the foundation for interdisciplinary nutritional intervention, 2) improved nutrition care in a cost effective manner, and 3) compliance with JCAHO 24 hour screening criteria.
Effect of opaque porcelain application on strength of bond to silver-palladium alloys

The opaque porcelain layer for porcelain-fused-to-metal restorations is critical for success. This investigation examined opaque porcelain application using one- and two-layer techniques with respect to their effect on the strength of bond to three silver-palladium alloys. There were no significant differences in the flexural bond strengths of the three alloys for the one- and two-layer opaque application techniques. With respect to bond strength, these results afford flexibility in the choice of the one- or two-layer techniques.
Encapsulated Malignant Follicular Cell-Derived Thyroid Tumors

Encapsulated malignant follicular cell-derived thyroid tumors are subject to considerable controversies. This group includes encapsulated follicular variant of papillary carcinoma (FVPTC) and encapsulated (so-called minimally invasive) follicular carcinoma (EFC). FVPTC usually presents as an encapsulated tumor and less commonly as a partially/nonencapsulated infiltrative neoplasm. The encapsulated form rarely metastasizes to lymph node, whereas infiltrative tumors often harbor nodal metastases. Encapsulated FVPTC have a molecular profile very close to follicular adenomas/carcinomas (high rate of RAS and absence of BRAF mutations). Infiltrative follicular variant has an opposite molecular profile closer to classical papillary thyroid carcinoma than to follicular adenoma/carcinoma (BRAF > RAS mutations). Noninvasive encapsulated FVPTC are extremely indolent even if treated with lobectomy without radioactive iodine therapy. Although most EFC are thought to have an excellent outcome, there are cases of EFC that recur and metastasize. EFC with angioinvasion, especially if extensive, have a significant rate of distant recurrence. Encapsulated FVPTC have a molecular profile and a clinical behavior very similar to the follicular adenoma/carcinoma class of tumor. If noninvasive, encapsulated FVPTC should be treated in a very conservative fashion. EFC with angioinvasion, especially if extensive, should not be termed minimally invasive in order to prevent undertreatment of the patient.
The plasma physics for an early stage of a MagLIF implosion

Summary form only given. The plasma conditions at an early stage of the implosion process in the future MagLIF experiment1 are of a peculiar nature: very high plasma beta, modest electron magnetization, weak ion magnetization, large axial and radial heat fluxes, and possible formation of dense, radiating plasma layer near the liner. A systematic ordering of these processes will be presented and the following effects will be evaluated analytically: development of a collisional drift instability and possible appearance of enhanced transport in a high-beta plasma (based on Ref. 2); plasma shear-flow and its interaction with drift instabilities; perturbations to the axial magnetic field and conditions for the onset of the stochastic cross-field electron heat transport; penetration of the impurity ions to the plasma core. The conditions where these processes do not lead to significant degradation of plasma confinement will be identified. Possible parameters of smaller-scale experiments satisfying similarity conditions3 needed for the extrapolation to the full-scale experiment will be presented.
The preparation of methyl 5-deoxy-5-(dihydroxyphosphinoyl)hydroxymethyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-d-ribofuranoside, a precurosor to a hydroxymethylene analog of d-ribose 5-phosphate

Abstract The synthesis of a precursor of 5-deoxy-5-(dihydroxyphosphino)hydroxymethyl- d -ribose, an isosteric analog of d -ribose 5-phosphate, is described. This compound differs from the natural phosphate by the incorporation of a phosphonic acid residue in place of the normal phosphate monoester group, and by the introduction of a hydroxyl group at the C atom linking the phosphorus atom to the carbohydrate portion of the molecule. The purpose of this hydroxyl group was to provide, to the phosphonic acid residue, a hydrophilic character that is normally lacking in simple phosphonic acid analogs of natural phosphates.
The prenatal diagnosis of the Walker-Warburg syndrome.

On the basis of physical features and autopsy findings, a child with congenital hydrocephalus, bilateral microphthalmia, myopathy, severe developmental retardation and multiple brain malformations was diagnosed to have the Walker-Warburg Syndrome (WWS). During a subsequent pregnancy in this family, a fetus at risk for this autosomal recessive condition was evaluated with serial ultrasound examinations. At 15 weeks of gestation an encephalo-cele was noted. Disproportionately slow growth of the head compared to the body was noted at 36 weeks. At birth, the diagnosis of WWS was confirmed in the child due to the presence of microcephaly, an encephalocele, a meningocele and bilateral microphthalmia. This is the first reported case of the early prenatal diagnosis of this recently categorized genetic condition, in which the major features are hydrocephalus, multiple central nervous system malformations, microphthalmia with ocular malformations, severe psychomotor retardation, congenital myopathy and a very limited life expectancy.
Conditionally reprogrammed normal and transformed mouse mammary epithelial cells display a progenitor-cell-like phenotype.

Mammary epithelial (ME) cells cultured under conventional conditions senesce after several passages. Here, we demonstrate that mouse ME cells isolated from normal mammary glands or from mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-Neu–induced mammary tumors, can be cultured indefinitely as conditionally reprogrammed cells (CRCs) on irradiated fibroblasts in the presence of the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632. Cell surface progenitor-associated markers are rapidly induced in normal mouse ME-CRCs relative to ME cells. However, the expression of certain mammary progenitor subpopulations, such as CD49f+ ESA+ CD44+, drops significantly in later passages. Nevertheless, mouse ME-CRCs grown in a three-dimensional extracellular matrix gave rise to mammary acinar structures. ME-CRCs isolated from MMTV-Neu transgenic mouse mammary tumors express high levels of HER2/neu, as well as tumor-initiating cell markers, such as CD44+, CD49f+, and ESA+ (EpCam). These patterns of expression are sustained in later CRC passages. Early and late passage ME-CRCs from MMTV-Neu tumors that were implanted in the mammary fat pads of syngeneic or nude mice developed vascular tumors that metastasized within 6 weeks of transplantation. Importantly, the histopathology of these tumors was indistinguishable from that of the parental tumors that develop in the MMTV-Neu mice. Application of the CRC system to mouse mammary epithelial cells provides an attractive model system to study the genetics and phenotype of normal and transformed mouse epithelium in a defined culture environment and in vivo transplant studies.
The 800-Pound Grouper in the Room: Asymptotic Body Size and Invasiveness of Marine Aquarium Fishes

Abstract The global trade in aquatic wildlife destined for home aquaria not only has the potential to be a positive force for conservation, but also has a number of potential risks. The greatest and most documented risk is the potential to translocate species that will become invasive in a new habitat. Although propagule pressure can influence species invasiveness, a high percentage of documented marine aquarium fish that are invasive in the US are uncommon in the trade. Here, the covariation of size with species invasiveness was assessed using a web scraper to collect size, price, life history characteristics, and behavior data from five internet retail stores for 775 species of fish. Fish that routinely exceed 100 cm in total length are traded, nevertheless are typically sold at sizes much smaller than their theoretical maximum. No economic benefit from the sale of species that will outgrow tanks and have a high risk of being released was found. Large fish, including groupers that can achieve weights of 800 pounds, will continue to enter the trade because the growth of aquaculture for commercial food markets is making it easier to acquire these species that also have appealing small life stages, making it easier and less expensive to bring these species into the aquarium trade. The entire trade should consider taking concerted action to limit the trade in fish that are likely to become invasive.
La fabrication de composants nucléaires et son impact sur l'environnement à Chalon-sur-Saône

Entree en service en octobre 1975, l'usine Framatome de Chalon-sur-Saone a une capacite de realisation de huit chaudieres nucleaires par an. Les auteurs decrivent la facon dont cette grande unite industrielle a ete integree a l'environnement de la Saone-et-Loire, sur le plan de son implantation et de son impact exterieur. Ils presentent egalement l'environnement interne de l'usine.
Wind set-up error in mean lake levels

Abstract Lake surfaces tilt under steady wind set-up; downwind water-level gage readings increase while upwind gage readings decrease. This gives an error in the mean (spatial average) gage readings with consequent error in lake volume estimates that are based on the mean lake level. This error may be minimized or even eliminated by judicious selection of gage locations and weights for averaging. The wind set-up errors in computed mean lake levels are estimated from linearized hydrodynamic shallow-water equations applied to Lake Erie for historical and current gage networks. Observations of maximum unit error (that results from a unit wind stress) with each of the historical networks and with the current network are consistent with lake orientation and network placement considerations. Optimum network gage selections are made from the sixteen available Lake Erie gages to minimize the mean square set-up error estimated over one season's wind data, the mean square total error estimated from daily data for twelve years, and the mean square total error with constraints on the network size. It is not possible to eliminate wind set-up errors in mean lake levels with the constraint that Thiessen weights be used (although errors can be kept quite small). Without this constraint, however, wind set-up errors can be eliminated from mean lake-level computations. This allows selection of weights that minimize other types of errors.
A monoclonal antibody that binds to photoreceptors in the turtle retina.

Abstract We have raised monoclonal antibodies to photoreceptor cells in the retina of the turtle (Pseudemys scripta elegans). One of these antibodies, 15–18 (an IgG1), was studied by immunoelectron microscopy using colloidal gold, and found to bind to the outer segments of all rods and some single cones, but did not stain turtle double cones. Immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation show that antibody 15–18 binds to an antigen of apparent Mr ~ 34,5000 which is probably turtle opsin. Antibody 15–18 binds visual pigments from several species, including bovine opsin. In order to determine the antigenic site bound by 15–18 in bovine opsin, synthetic peptides were used as competitors in an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). The antigenic site is located in the surface loop connecting rhodopsin helices IV-V, in the sequence 190–197. Antibody 15–18 binds to the external surface of rod cell outer segments, thus providing direct evidence for the predicted orientation of rhodopsin in the plasma membrane.
The effect of chemotherapy on the growth of leukemia L1210. II. Persistence of a nitrosourea-induced change in the growth characteristics of transplant generations.

A strain of murine leukemia L1210 was treated with subcurative doses of 1,3 bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. When the leukemia cells repopulated the abdominal cavity, aliquots were transplanted to other animals and the growth characteristics measured. A PLM curve obtained twenty-one generations later had a different configuration than the control line with a prolongation of Ts and Tc. The configuration suggested that treatment with BCNU may have led to the selective growth of a population of cells with a longer Tc and less variation about the mean Tc. Permanent actual alteration of Tc could not be excluded. Measurements of TD also appeared to be affected by the number of tumor cells present on the day of the study. Although Tc was prolonged in drug-exposed transplanted cell lines, cell loss, which may be influenced by many factors, appears to be the major factor that must be considered in alterations of doubling times in this model tumor system.
The Great Gatsby as a Business Ethics Inquiry

The author argues for the use of F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel,The Great Gatsby, as a “text” for studying business ethics. The author presents a documented analysis of the major ethics themes in the book including, for example, moral growth, Gatsby's life of illusion, the withering of the American Dream, and the parallels between the 1920s and the 1980s. Fitzgerald's fiction analysis is then tied to the '90s via current social science and philosophical evidence addressing Fitzgerald's 1920s concerns. Data examining the incidence of lying in contemporary American life, a review of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, and data-based studies of wealth distribution in America are among those strands of evidence. The article concludes with a brief look at students' responses toGatsby in a legal and social environment of business course. In effect, the author presents a lesson plan for teachingThe Great Gatsby as a general introduction to ethics and American values. As such, theGatsby discussion is designed to precede a more pragmatic and specific inquiry employing conventional business cases and the like.
The Regulations of Herbal Therapies Around the World. A Commentary

Herbal therapieshave been us ed by divers e culturesaround the world for centuries. The utilization of plants is greatly affected by geography, climate, endemic illnesses, discoveries of new drugs and other major influencing factors. At the present time, we are witnessing the increasing worldwide legitimization of herbs and botanical preparationsfor treatment of a number of health complaints . Such growth in herbal industries is paralleled by efforts to establish guidelines and standards for their regulation and control. As with their use, however, herbs are regulated differently from country to country. Today, we come together to voice our biggest concerns and to compare and contrast how each nation regulates its herbal industry. These five articlesdiscussthe lawsin Germany, Canada, Hungary, India, and the United States of America. We take a close look at five different medical and pharmacy systems, five diverse approaches toward regulating the pharmaceuticalsand traditional medicines(i.e., guidelines , laws, directives; education, reporting, publishing). In some countries, absence of effective control over marketed plant products is echoed in unsuspected adulteration and substitution, as well as in preparation of low potency products. The herbal industry has a much smaller economic and financial incentive in comparison to conventional pharmaceutical manufacturing due to
DETECTABLE ODOR THRESHOLDS OF SELECTED LIPID OXIDATION COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES IN A GELATIN MODEL SYSTEM

. This study was undertaken to determine detection thresholds of selected volatile organics known to be produced during the oxidation of food lipids. Gelatin was chosen to simulate a complex thermally-sensitive food system. Stock solutions of pentanal, hexanal, t-2-hexenal, heptanal, t-2-octenal, and t,t,-2,4-decadienal were prepared using distilled water. A gelatin (3%) dispersion was prepared with distilled water, cooled (22C) then organic stock solutions were added to it at parts per billion (ppb) concentrations. A 16-member panel was acquainted with the use of the sniffing apparatus with suprathreshold concentrations of the organics used in the study. Samples were presented in ascending order of concentration; judges indicated detectable point of specified stimulus. Odor characters are reported for these organics at each temperature. The detectable odor thresholds (DOT) were positively correlated with viscosity, and negatively correlated with temperature. DOT values ranged from 22 to 170 ppb. DOT values increased in the order of pentanal < hexanal < heptanal < t,t-2,4-decadienal < t-2-hexenal < t-2-octenal.
“Mantle” Rb/Sr and 87Sr/86Sr ratios for clinopyroxenes from Norwegian garnet peridotites and pyroxenites

Abstract Clinopyroxenes separated from garnetiferous ultramafic rocks in the core zone of the Norwegian Caledonides have rubidium concentrations of 0.008 to 0.064 ppm, strontium concentrations of 23.5 to 421 ppm, and 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.7011 to 0.7029. The very low Rb/Sr ratios of the clinopyroxenes (less than 0.0004) suggest that their 87Sr/86Sr values have not varied significantly over geologic time and may approximate the initial 87Sr/86Sr of the eclogite-facies ultramafic mineral assemblages at their time of formation. The ultramafic rocks occur in a basement complex that yields Rb-Sr whole-rock and U-Pb zircon ages of about 1800 m.y. Garnetiferous ultramafic rocks are apparently lacking in younger (Sveconorwegian or Caledonian) sialic sequences, raising the possibility that the eclogite-facies metamorphism may have occurred at least 1800 m.y. ago. The Rb/Sr and 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the clinopyroxenes are as predicted for the ancient upper mantle under most evolutionary models. However, the data do not preclude the possibility that the eclogite-facies metamorphism occurred in the crust. The garnetiferous ultramafic rocks are generally enclosed by large volumes of dunite which could have shielded the eclogite-facies assemblages from contamination by fluids from the country rock during metamorphism.
AGL(m, 2) Acting on R(r, m)/R(s, m)

Let AGL(m, F) be the general affine group of order m over an arbitrary field F. We determine the conjugacy classes of AGL(m, F). When F = GF(q), we also determine the sizes of the centralizers of the elements in AGL(m, F). The group AGL(m, 2) (= AGL(m, GF(2))) acts on each of the Reed-Muller codes of length 2m as an automorphism group. We denote the rth order Reed-Muller code of length 2m by R(r, m) and prove that under the action of AGL(m, 2) the number of orbits of R(t, m)/R(s, m) is equal to that of R(m − (s + 1), m)/R(m − (t + 1), m) for −1 ≤ s < t ≤ m. We also compute the numbers of AGL(m, 2)-orbits of R(t, m)/R(s, m) for m = 6, 7, and −1 ≤ s < t ≤ m.
Reduction of almost Poisson brackets for nonholonomic systems on Lie groups

We present a systematic geometric construction of reduced almost Poisson brackets for nonholonomic systems on Lie groups with invariant kinetic energy metric and constraints. Our construction is of geometric interest in itself and is useful in the hamiltonization of some classical examples of nonholonomic mechanical systems.
A new image thresholding and gradient optimization algorithm using object class uncertainty theory

The knowledge of thresholding and gradients at different object interfaces is of paramount interest for image segmentation and other imaging applications. Most thresholding and gradient optimization methods primarily focus on image histograms and therefore, fail to harness the information embedded in image intensity patterns. Here, we investigate the role of a recently conceived object class uncertainty theory in image thresholding and gradient optimization. The notion of object class uncertainty, a histogram-based feature, is formulated and a computational solution is presented. An energy function is designed that captures spatio-temporal correlation between class uncertainty and image gradient which forms objects and shapes. Optimum thresholds and gradients for different object interfaces are determined from the shape of this energy function. The underlying theory behind the method is that objects manifest themselves with fuzzy boundaries in an acquired image and, in a probabilistic sense, intensities with high class uncertainty are associated with high image gradients generally appearing at object interfaces. The method has been applied on several medical as well as natural images and both thresholds and gradients have successfully been determined for different object interfaces even when some of the thresholds are almost impossible to locate in respective histograms.