cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Just pricing: the distributional effects of congestion pricing and sales taxes

Those who oppose tolls and other forms of road pricing argue that low-income, urban residents will suffer if they must pay to use congested freeways. This contention, however, fails to consider (1) how much low-income residents already pay for transportation in taxes and fees, or (2) how much residents would pay for highway infrastructure under an alternative revenue-generating scheme, such as a sales tax. This paper compares the cost burden of a value-priced road, State Route 91 (SR91) in Orange County, California with the cost burden under Orange County’s local option transportation sales tax, Measure M. We find that although the sales tax spreads the costs of transportation facilities across a large number of people inside and outside Orange County, it redistributes about $3 million (USD) in revenues from less affluent residents to those with higher incomes. The entire Measure M program redistributes an estimated $26 million from low-income residents to the more affluent. Low-income drivers as individuals save substantially if they do not have to pay tolls, but as a group low-income residents, on average, pay more out-of-pocket with sales taxes.
Dual-Wavelength Polarimetric Radar Analyses of Tornadic Debris Signatures

AbstractStatistical properties of tornado debris signatures (TDSs) are investigated using S- and C-band polarimetric radar data with comparisons to damage surveys and satellite imagery. Close proximity of the radars to the 10 May 2010 Moore–Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, tornado that was rated as a 4 on the enhanced Fujita scale (EF4) provides a large number of resolution volumes, and good temporal and spatial matching for dual-wavelength comparisons. These comparisons reveal that S-band TDSs exhibit a higher radar reflectivity factor (ZHH) and copolar cross-correlation coefficient (ρhv) than do C-band TDSs. Higher S-band ρhv may result from a smaller ratio of non-Rayleigh scatterers to total scatterers due to the smaller electrical sizes of debris and, consequently, reduced resonance effects. A negative ZDR signature is observed at 350 m AGL at both the S and C bands as the tornado passes over a vegetated area near a large body of water. Another interesting signature is a positive (negative) shift in propagati...
Two-Dimensional 13C−13C Correlation Spectroscopy with Magic Angle Spinning and Dynamic Nuclear Polarization

The sensitivity of solid-state NMR experiments can be enhanced with dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP), a technique that transfers the high Boltzmann polarization of unpaired electrons to nuclei. Signal enhancements of up to 23 have been obtained for magic angle spinning (MAS) experiments at 5 T and 85−90 K using a custom-designed high-power gyrotron. The extended stability of MAS/DNP experiments at low temperature is demonstrated with 1H-driven 13C spin-difusion experiments on the amino acid proline. These 13C−13C chemical shift correlation spectra are the first two-dimensional MAS/DNP experiments performed at high field (>1.4 T).
The Inside Contract System1

The system of inside contracting has received little attention from economic historians despite its importance in the development of American industry. Although several authors have mentioned the system, none has described its operation in detail. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to remedy this omission and analyze the reasons for the elimination of the system, with particular reference to one manufacturing plant (Winchester Repeating Arms Company).
Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria on Growth of Staphylococcus aureus

Cultures of lactic acid bacteria, mostly from foods, were tested for their effect on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus in Trypticase Soy Broth (BBL). Some of the effectors, e.g., Streptococcus faecalis, S. faecium, Lactobacillus lactis, L. brevis, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides, stimulated growth of S. aureus during early hours of growth, especially at higher temperatures of incubation, but most cultures were inhibitory, and some (S. faecium and L. mesenteroides) were even killing by the time of attainment of the maximal phase of growth of the Staphylococcus. Low-temperature meat lactobacilli and Leuconostoc dextranicum inhibited S. aureus at 10, 15, 20, and 25 C throughout its growth. Streptococcus faecalis var. liquefaciens inhibited at these temperatures and at 30 and 37 C, as well. When the ratio of effectors to staphylococci in the inoculum was 100:1, the three enterococci, the meat Lactobacillus, and L. dextranicum prevented the attainment of 5 × 106 staphylococci per milliliter at 15 C, and all but the meat Lactobacillus did so at 22 C. A ratio of 1:1 accomplished similar results at 15 C, except that S. aureus was only delayed for 12 hr by S. faecalis. A ratio of 1:100 usually was ineffective. In general, the more effector bacteria there were in the inoculum, the greater was the overall inhibition (or stimulation) of S. aureus. Inhibition was most effective at 10 or 15 C, less so at 20 or 25 C, and least at 30 or 37 C, whereas stimulation during early growth was greater at the higher temperatures. Results with different strains of the effectors and with two strains of S. aureus were similar, for the most part.
Metathesereaktionen in der Totalsynthese

Mit Ausnahme der palladiumkatalysierten Kreuzkupplungsreaktionen hatte im vergangenen Vierteljahrhundert keine Reaktionsklasse einen derart weitreichenden Einfluss auf die Kohlenstoff-Kohlenstoff-Verknupfung und die Totalsynthese wie die Metathesereaktionen von Olefinen, Eninen, und Alkinen. In diesem Aufsatz prasentieren wir Glanzlichter aus einer Reihe ausgewahlter Totalsynthesen, in denen diese eleganten und effizienten Reaktionen entscheidend zum Erfolg beigetragen haben. Schon an ihrer kurzen, aber beeindruckenden Geschichte kann man ablesen, dass die Bedeutung dieser Reaktionen fur die chemische Synthese weiter zunehmen wird.
Periaxin expression in myelinating Schwann cells : Modulation by axon-glial interactions and polarized localization during development

Periaxin is a newly described protein that is expressed exclusively by myelinating Schwann cells. In developing nerves, periaxin is first detected as Schwann cells ensheathe axons, prior to the appearance of the proteins that characterize the myelin sheath. Periaxin is initially concentrated in the adaxonal membrane (apposing the axon) but, during development, as myelin sheaths mature, periaxin becomes predominately localized at the abaxonal Schwann cell membrane (apposing the basal lamina). In permanently axotomized adult nerves, periaxin is lost from the abaxonal and adaxonal membranes, becomes associated with degenerating myelin sheaths and is phagocytosed by macrophages. In crushed nerves, in which axons regenerate and are remyelinated, periaxin is first detected in the adoxonal membrane as Schwann cells ensheathe regenerating axons, but again prior to the appearance of other myelin proteins. Periaxin mRNA and protein levels change in parallel with those of other myelin-related genes after permanent axotomy and crush. These data demonstrate that periaxin is expressed by myelinating Schwann cells in a dynamic, developmentally regulated manner. The shift in localization of periaxin in the Schwann cell after completion of the spiralization phase of myelination suggests that periaxin participates in membrane-protein interactions that are required to stabilize the mature myelin sheath.
Pulmonary Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infection. A Multisystem, Multigenic Disease.

Rationale: The clinical features of patients infected with pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria (PNTM) are well described, but the genetic components of infection susceptibility are not.Objectives: To examine genetic variants in patients with PNTM, their unaffected family members, and a control group.Methods: Whole-exome sequencing was done on 69 white patients with PNTM and 18 of their white unaffected family members. We performed a candidate gene analysis using immune, cystic fibrosis transmembrance conductance regulator (CFTR), cilia, and connective tissue gene sets. The numbers of patients, family members, and control subjects with variants in each category were compared, as was the average number of variants per person.Measurements and Main Results: A significantly higher number of patients with PNTM than the other subjects had low-frequency, protein-affecting variants in immune, CFTR, cilia, and connective tissue categories (35, 26, 90, and 90%, respectively). Patients with PNTM also had significan...
Supporting Graph-Based Real-Time Applications in Distributed Systems

The processing graph method (PGM) is a widely used framework for modeling applications with producer/consumer precedence constraints. PGM was originally developed by the U.S. Navy to model signal-processing applications where data communications exist among connected tasks. Prior work has shown how to schedule PGM-specified systems on uniprocessors and globally-scheduled multiprocessors. In this paper, this work is extended to enable such systems to be supported in a distributed collection of multicore machines. In such a context, pure global and partitioned scheduling approaches are problematic. Moreover, data communication costs must be considered. In this paper, a clustered scheduling algorithm is proposed for soft real-time PGM-specified distributed task systems for which bounded deadline tardiness is acceptable. This algorithm is effective in reducing data communication costs with little utilization loss. This is shown both analytically and via experiments conducted to compare it with an optimal integer linear programming solution.
New millimetre-wave isolator containing a semiconductor rod in a circular waveguide

Attenuation characteristics of an InSb waveguide isolator at 94 GHz and 75 K are given experimentally and theoretically. The structure is a rod of InSb placed coaxially in a circular waveguide. Over 20 dB isolation is measured, with 3 dB forward loss.
Survival and Risk Factor Analysis for the Norwood Procedure for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

The optimal approach to hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is controversial. The palliative Norwood operation, cardiac transplantation, and no surgical intervention have all been advocated. Centers that perform the Norwood operation have met with varied results, and conflicting reports exist regarding factors predictive of stage I outcome. From January 1990 to January 1996, 67 patients with HLHS were admitted with intent to perform the staged Norwood procedure. Fourteen patients did not undergo surgery. In the 53 patients treated surgically, outcome was reviewed, and 10 potential risk factors for first stage mortality were analyzed. Forty-one infants survived the Norwood I operation to hospital discharge (77% of the surgically treated patients and 61% of the entire group, including those who did not undergo operation) with 6 additional deaths 3 to 5 months after operation. Univariate analysis showed cardiopulmonary bypass time and circulatory arrest time to be significant risk factors for hospital mortality. Multivariate analysis revealed only cardiopulmonary bypass time as significant (p <0.01). Of the 15 prenatally diagnosed newborns who underwent surgery, 11 survived (p = 0.72). Ten of 11 patients with preoperative organ damage survived (p = 0.42). Among the 35 bidirectional Glenn (Norwood II) and Fontan (Norwood III) procedures performed, there were 2 deaths. The 5-year actuarial survival for patients who underwent operations was 61%. The Norwood procedure is a favorable option for the infant with HLHS. Surgical survival may be affected by a prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass time, but is not affected by other factors analyzed, including prenatal diagnosis and preoperative organ damage.
Empirical formulas for economic fluctuations: Towards a new justification

To avoid crisis developments, it is important to make financial decisions based on the models which correct predict the probabilities of large-scale economic fluctuations. At present, however, most financial decisions are based on Gaussian random-walk models, models which are known to underestimate the probability of such fluctuations. There exist better empirical models for describing these probabilities, but economists are reluctant to use them since these empirical models lack convincing theoretical explanations. To enhance financial stability and avoid crisis situations, it is therefore important to provide theoretical justification for these (more) accurate empirical models. Such a justification is provided in this paper.
Multiple hypothesis tracking using clustered measurements

This paper introduces an algorithm for tracking targets whose locations are inferred from clusters of observations. This method, which we call MHTC, expands the traditional multiple hypothesis tracking (MHT) hypothesis tree to include model hypotheses—possible ways the data can be clustered in each time step—as well as ways the measurements can be associated with existing targets across time steps. We present this new hypothesis framework and its probability expressions and demonstrate MHTC's operation in a robotic solution to tracking neural signal sources.
Local heating associated with crack tip plasticity in Zr-Ti-Ni-Cu-Be bulk amorphous metals

Deformation in metallic glasses is generally considered to arise from flow in localized shear bands, where adiabatic heating is thought to reduce glass viscosity. Evidence has been inferred from the veined fracture surfaces and molten droplets reported for metallic glasses. In this work, the detailed spatially resolved surface temperature increase and subsequent dissipation associated with crack tip plasticity in a Zr–Ti–Ni–Cu–Be bulk metallic glass is characterized for the first time. Maximum temperatures of up to 54.2 K were estimated from a heat conduction model and shown to be in excellent agreement with a nonhardening plasticity model for the heat generated by a propagating crack. Local cooling was also observed and shown to be consistent with thermoelastic effects.
A schizophrenic patient's attempt to resume dialysis following renal transplantation

Received January 29, 1997; revised May 21, 1997; accepted June 5, 1997. From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. Address reprint requests to Dr. Krahn, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55905. Copyright 1998 The Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine. Though limited to case reports, information on patients with schizophrenia undergoing solid-organ and bone-marrow transplantation has generally been positive. Patients with psychotic disorders have been considered appropriate candidates for transplantation but are expected to have special needs. Nonetheless, the special needs of these patients are unclear and will most likely depend upon the individual circumstances of each patient and their previous psychiatric history. In a 1993 survey of transplant programs, only 33% of heart, 15% of liver, and 6% of renal transplant programs indicated that controlled schizophrenia was an absolute contraindication to transplant. We report a patient with chronic paranoid schizophrenia, who was selected for and underwent cadaver renal transplant, and required special intervention in the posttransplant period.
mRNA Splicing Regulates Human Papillomavirus Type 11 E1 Protein Production and DNA Replication

The papillomavirus replicative helicase E1 and the origin recognition protein E2 are required for efficient viral DNA replication. We fused the green fluorescent protein (GFP) to the human papillomavirus type 11 E1 protein either in a plasmid with the E1 coding region alone (nucleotides [nt] 832 to 2781) (pGFP-11E1) or in a plasmid containing both the E1 and E2 regions (nt 2723 to 3826) and the viral origin of replication (ori) (p11Rc). The former supported transient replication of an ori plasmid, whereas the latter was a self-contained replicon. Unexpectedly, these plasmids produced predominantly a cytoplasmic variant GFP or a GFP-E1^E4 protein, respectively. The majority of the mRNAs had an intragenic or intergenic splice from nt 847 to nt 2622 or from nt 847 to nt 3325, corresponding to the E2 or E1^E4 messages. pGFP-11E1dm and p11Rc-E1dm, mutated at the splice donor site, abolished these splices and increased GFP-E1 protein expression. Three novel, alternatively spliced, putative E2 mRNAs were generated in higher abundance from the mutated replicon than from the wild type. Relative to pGFP-11E1, low levels of pGFP-11E1dm supported more efficient replication, but high levels had a negative effect. In contrast, elevated E2 levels always increased replication. Despite abundant GFP-E1 protein, p11Rc-E1dm replicated less efficiently than the wild type. Collectively, these observations show that the E1/E2 ratio is as important as the E1 and E2 concentrations in determining the replication efficiency. These findings suggest that alternative mRNA splicing could provide a mechanism to regulate E1 and E2 protein expression and DNA replication during different stages of the virus life cycle.
Trapping and Manipulation of Biological Particles Through a Plasmonic Platform

Enhanced optical radiation force can be induced through the resonant scattering field from a single plasmonic nanoparticle or a randomly distributed plasmonic nanoparticle array. In this paper, we utilized the dipole approximation for the Mie scattering field to analyze such radiation force in both far-field and near-field regime. This force can be utilized to develop noninvasive probes for trapping and manipulation of single biological particles. The trapping of single yeast cells is also demonstrated as an application of this approach.
Benefits of high speed interconnects to cluster file systems: a case study with Lustre

Cluster file systems and storage area networks (SAN) make use of network IO to achieve higher IO bandwidth. Effective integration of networking mechanisms is important to their performance. In this paper, we perform an evaluation of a popular cluster file system, Lustre, over two of the leading high speed cluster interconnects: InfiniBand and Quadrics. Our evaluation is performed with both sequential IO and parallel IO benchmarks in order to explore the capacity of Lustre under different communication characteristics. Experimental results show that direct implementations of Lustre over both interconnects can improve its performance, compared to an IP emulation over InfiniBand (IPoIB). The performance of Lustre over Quadrics is comparable to that of Lustre over InfiniBand with the platforms we have. Latest InfiniBand products can embrace latest technologies, such as PCI-Express and DDR, and provide higher capacity. Our results show that over a Lustre file system with two object storage fervers (OSSs), InfiniBand with PCI-Express technology can improve Lustre write performance by 24%. Furthermore, our experimental results indicate that Lustre meta-data operations do not scale with an increasing number of OSSs, in spite of using high performance interconnects.
A plant growth model for integrated weed management in direct-seeded rice. III. Interspecific competition for light

The model DSRICE1 was developed for analyzing integrated weed management strategies for direct-seeded rice. We have shown that DSRICE1 predicts monoculture rice growth well and accounts for water-depth effects on growth. Here, the model is used to simulate competition for light between rice and two weeds, Echinochloa oryzoides (early watergrass) and Ammannia spp. (redstem). Except for minor differences in phenology, weed growth was simulated as described for rice. Direct competition for light depended on the species’ vertical distributions of leaf and stem areas (live and dead) and their extinction coefficients. Water also attenuates light, so species’ early height growth rates were important because they determined when plants emerged into full light. Structural sensitivity analyses of rice in competition with the two weeds revealed that waterdepth effects and leaf area distributions strongly affected competition, and shading by dead leaf and stem dry mass reduced total production. Validation was based on independent data sets for redstem and watergrass competition using several statistical tests and indices. For rice‐redstem competition, DSRICE1 simulated rice growth well because redstem competitive effects were small, but predictions of redstem growth were good only when observed heights were matched in simulations. Redstem competitiveness depended on height growth rate, perhaps due to its small seed size. For rice‐watergrass competition, the growth of both species was predicted well, except that watergrass growth in plots with early-season drainage was underpredicted. Watergrass parameters were similar to those for rice except for faster height growth and higher photosynthesis rates. In a model application, simulations in which rice seeding was delayed for a time after flooding led to greater yield losses from redstem than from watergrass because delays reduced the advantage of rice over redstem. The usefulness of DSRICE1 for drained fields will be improved by better simulation of plant growth responses to drainage, but rice competition with redstem and watergrass in continuously-flooded fields was simulated well. # 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Carbon-13 and proton NMR data for two series of mesogenic compounds

13C and 1H NMR spectra of two series of mesogenic compounds dissolved in CDCl3 were studied. The compounds are 4-n-alkyl-4′-cyanobiphenyls and 4-n-alkyloxy-4′-cyanobiphenyls, with the alkyl group ranging from pentyl to octyl. 13C and 1H chemical shifts and 13C–1H scalar coupling constants are tabulated.
Titin-Based Nanoparticle Tension Sensors Map High-Magnitude Integrin Forces within Focal Adhesions

Mechanical forces transmitted through integrin transmembrane receptors play important roles in a variety of cellular processes ranging from cell development to tumorigenesis. Despite the importance of mechanics in integrin function, the magnitude of integrin forces within adhesions remains unclear. Literature suggests a range from 1 to 50 pN, but the upper limit of integrin forces remains unknown. Herein we challenge integrins with the most mechanically stable molecular tension probe, which is comprised of the immunoglobulin 27th (I27) domain of cardiac titin flanked with a fluorophore and gold nanoparticle. Cell experiments show that integrin forces unfold the I27 domain, suggesting that integrin forces exceed ∼30-40 pN. The addition of a disulfide bridge within I27 "clamps" the probe and resists mechanical unfolding. Importantly, incubation with a reducing agent initiates SH exchange, thus unclamping I27 at a rate that is dependent on the applied force. By recording the rate of S-S reduction in clamped I27, we infer that integrins apply 110 ± 9 pN within focal adhesions of rat embryonic fibroblasts. The rates of S-S exchange are heterogeneous and integrin subtype-dependent. Nanoparticle titin tension sensors along with kinetic analysis of unfolding demonstrate that a subset of integrins apply tension many fold greater than previously reported.
Auto- and Induced Stereoregulation of Polyisocyanides

Polyisocyanides, \(\matrix{ {({\rm{ - C - }})} \cr {||{\rm{n,}}} \cr {{\rm{N - R}}} \cr } \) represent a class of polymers with unique primary structure that sets them apart from conventional polymers. Their polymeric properties in several ways are unique in kind or degree, and their exploration has already, and further promises, to broaden our experiences and understanding of macromolecular chemistry and physics. These are the subjects of some recent reviews (1–5). Poly(α-phenylethyl isocyanide), α-PPEI, is the progenitor member of the polymer class, being the first and most characterized of the few currently known soluble polyisocyanides of high molecular weight. It assumes a rigid-rod conformation, and it yields liquid crystals in solution. Most polyisocyanides are strongly aggregated solids and are insoluble in solvents other than strong acids, wherein they are protonated and show time-dependent viscosity changes. This phenomenon has led to a new viscosity concept of isoviscosity and isohydrodynamic volume (6), which has recently received some independent support (7,8). Polyisocyanides form racemic mixtures of complete stereoregular helices, and give evidence of dipole coupling of the vicinal imine groups. Hence, polyisocyanides are proposed as models of fixed dimensional coordinates for future investigation of optical, electrical and solution thermodynamic properties.
An anomalous effect of hydroxyurea and visible light on nucleic acids of a photoreactivating mammalian cell Potorous tridactylis.

Potorous tridactylis,we have observed an unusual synergistic effect of hydroxyurea (HU) and visible light on nucleic acid synthesis . This effect occurs after removal of HU from the medium and does not seem to be directly related to its well-known direct effect on DNA synthesis. Because the effect does not occur in mouse L cells, which do not perform PR, the observation suggests an interaction of HU with the chromophore of the system responsible for PR . Cook and Regan (1969) reported that cultured cells of P .tridactyliscontain PR enzymes, as assayed by several tests . The line we have used is also capable of PR, as measured by reversal of dimers induced in the DNA by a 12 hour incubation in the presence of white light . Samples of DNA labelled with 3HTdR were sent to Dr . James Trosko, Michigan State University, who kindly performed the assays by standard techniques (Trosko, Chu and Carrier 1965). Although they are incomplete, owing to losses during shipment, the data (table 1) with 150 ergs/mm 2 show that the exposure to light reduced the incidence of
Review of Fine, Kit, Semantic Relationism, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2007, pp. vii + 160, US$74.95 (hardback)

Fine, Kit, Semantic Relationism, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2007, pp. vii + 160, US$74.95 (hardback). Semantic Relationism presents a unified treatment of three related puzzles: Russell's an...
Immune hemolytic anemia after renal transplantation secondary to ABO-minor-mismatch between the donor and recipient

A 52-yr-old man developed immune hemolytic anemia approximately 2 wk after receiving an ABO-minor-mismatch renal transplant. When a Group O organ is transplanted into a non-O recipient or a non-AB organ is transplanted into a Group AB recipient, hemolysis can occur and has been attributed to a form of graft-versus-host disease in which donor plasma cells carried along with the graft produce red blood cell antibodies. In this case, the diagnosis was confirmed when an antibody screen indicated that the organ recipient's serum agglutinated panel red blood cells of the recipient's ABO group. This type of hemolysis usually occurs 1 to 2 wk after transplantation, is limited in duration, and can be severe. If transfusion is required, blood of donor type should be used.
The Melancholy Ballad of Rose of Aberlone

A rumination in verse on the doctrine of mutual mistake, written during a late night of study in the author's first semester of law school, and rediscovered a dozen years later among some old papers.
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Score: Results from the Filipino–American Women Cardiovascular Study

Although cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality of Filipino–Americans, conventional CVD risk calculators may not be accurate for this population. CVD risk scores of a group of Filipino–American women (FAW) were measured using the major risk calculators. Secondly, the sensitivity of the various calculators to obesity was determined. This is a cross-sectional descriptive study that enrolled 40–65-year-old FAW (n = 236), during a community-based health screening study. Ten-year CVD risk was calculated using the Framingham Risk Score (FRS), Reynolds Risk Score (RRS), and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) calculators. The 30-year risk FRS and the lifetime ASCVD calculators were also determined. Levels of predicted CVD risk varied as a function of the calculator. The 10-year ASCVD calculator classified 12 % of participants with ≥10 % risk, but the 10-year FRS and RRS calculators classified all participants with ≤10 % risk. The 30-year “Hard” Lipid and BMI FRS calculators classified 32 and 43 % of participants with high (≥20 %) risk, respectively, while 95 % of participants were classified with ≥20 % risk by the lifetime ASCVD calculator. The percent of participants with elevated CVD risk increased as a function of waist circumference for most risk score calculators. Differences in risk score as a function of the risk score calculator indicate the need for outcome studies in this population. Increased waist circumference was associated with increased CVD risk scores underscoring the need for obesity control as a primary prevention of CVD in FAW.
The impact of Ag particle size and rapid thermal processing belt speed on contact resistance of a silicon solar cell

For silicon solar cell, the contact resistance and other series resistance component must be low so that the fill factor (FF) will be high for maximum power extraction. This work measures the contact resistance of mono crystalline silicon cell with respect to micro and nano particle Ag in the metal paste. Nano paste Ag possess lower contact resistance than the micro counterpart. Also in the metal co-firing, the belt speed can impact the contact resistance so that as the belt speed increases, the contact resistance decreases. This stems from shorter dwell time at high temperature as the belt speed increases, and limit the time for oxide to grow at the silicon/metal interface to raise the potential and thereby increase the contact resistance.
Linking vegetable preferences, health and local food systems through community-supported agriculture.

Objective The objective of the present study was to explore the influence of participation in community-supported agriculture (CSA) on vegetable exposure, vegetable intake during and after the CSA season, and preference related to locally produced vegetables acquired directly from CSA growers. Design Quantitative surveys were administered at three time points in two harvest seasons to four groups of CSA participants: new full-paying, returning full-paying, new subsidized and returning subsidized members. Questionnaires included a vegetable frequency measure and measures of new and changed vegetable preference. Comparisons were made between new and returning CSA members and between those receiving subsidies and full-paying members. Setting The research was conducted in a rural county in New York, USA. Subjects CSA members who agreed to participate in the study. Results Analysis was based on 151 usable questionnaires. CSA participants reported higher intake of eleven different vegetables during the CSA season, with a sustained increase in some winter vegetables. Over half of the respondents reported trying at least one, and up to eleven, new vegetables. Sustained preferences for CSA items were reported. Conclusions While those who choose to join a CSA may be more likely to acquire new and expanded vegetable preferences than those who do not, the CSA experience has the potential to enhance vegetable exposure, augment vegetable preference and increase overall vegetable consumption. Dietary patterns encouraged through CSA participation can promote preferences and consumer demand that support local production and seasonal availability. Emphasis on fresh and fresh stored locally produced vegetables is consistent with sustainable community-based food systems.
Study of Microstructure and Gas Sensing Properties of Tin Oxide Thin Films Prepared by Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition

Tin oxide (SnO 2 ) thin films were deposited on polycrystalline alumina (A1 2 O 3 ) substrates using metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) technique at the growth temperature of 600 ° C. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Auger electron spectroscopy were applied for the microstructure characterization of the films. The films were subjected to sensing tests under 1% H 2 environment by monitoring changes in the electrical resistance of the films at elevated temperatures. There is a trend to exhibit sensor temperature characteristic in the deposited thin films which show a local maximum in the electrical resistance curve as a function of ambient temperature. The local maximum occurred at a relatively higher temperature than found in bulk sintered ceramics.
Asymmetric photoinduced electrocyclic ring closure of chiral aromatic enehydrazides. Application to the asymmetric synthesis of 3-aryl dihydroisoquinolones and tetrahydroisoquinolines.

A flexible route for the stereoselective synthesis of a variety of 3-aryl dihydroisoquinolones and tetrahydroisoquinolines has been developed. The key step is a diastereoselective photoinduced 6π-electrocyclic ring closure of enantiopure aromatic enehydrazides via a 1,4-remote asymmetric induction. N-N bond cleavage to release the chiral appendage from the preliminary annulated compounds and/or concomitant reduction of the lactam carbonyl group completed the synthesis of the title compounds.
Effect of low calcium concentration on the oxidation of NAD-linked substrates in rat liver and tumor mitochondria.

E stato osservato che basse concentrazioni di Ca2+ possono esercitare un ruolo importante sull'ossidazione dei substrati NAD-dipendenti in mitocondri di fegato di ratto in rapporto allo stato energetico di questi, mentre non mostrano alcun effetto su mitocondri di tumore nelle stesse condizioni sperimentali.
Prostatic Adenocarcinoma With Atrophic Features: A Study of 202 Consecutive Completely Embedded Radical Prostatectomy Specimens

Prostatic adenocarcinoma may manifest with morphologic features that may be mistaken for benign glandular atrophy. The incidence, morphometric extent, and diagnostic attributes of atrophic prostatic adenocarcinoma have not been defined in radical prostatectomy cases. The size, grade, and stage at which prostatic carcinomas manifest atrophic change and whether these atrophic appearing adenocarcinomatous glands are proliferative, quiescent, or dying (apoptotic) also have not been established. To characterize prostatic adenocarcinoma with atrophic features, we studied 202 consecutive completely embedded radical prostatectomy specimens from previously untreated patients. The histomorphologic attributes of atrophic carcinoma were compiled and compared with benign atrophy and usual prostatic adenocarcinoma without atrophic features. The atrophic carcinoma volume was quantitated by image analysis, the proliferation index was determined by Ki-67 immunolabeling, and the apoptosis index was assessed by TdT [terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase]-mediated dUTP [deoxyuridine triphosphate]-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL). Of 202 prostatic adenocarcinoma cases, 32 (15.8%) demonstrated atrophic features. The malignant glands resembled benign atrophic glands by showing profound cytoplasmic volume loss, yet these glands almost always (96.4%) exhibited an infiltrative growth pattern, always lacked basal cells (confirmed by 34betaE12 immunostaining), and exhibited nuclear atypia with nucleomegaly and nucleolomegaly. The atrophic carcinoma foci had a mean volume of 0.3 cc (range, 0.01-2 cc), representing a mean of 16% of total carcinoma volume. The mean proliferation index for atrophic prostatic carcinoma was 4% compared with 1.2% for benign atrophy and 5.3% for usual nonatrophic carcinoma. Apoptosis was identified in only 1 of 32 atrophic prostatic carcinomas. Carcinomas with and without atrophic features did not differ in histologic grade, tumor volume, or pathologic stage. Most atrophic carcinomas were moderately differentiated, of Gleason grade 3. We conclude that the atrophic pattern of prostatic carcinoma is a distinctive morphologic presentation of proliferating, intermediate-grade, prostatic adenocarcinoma that has significant diagnostic rather than prognostic implications.
Dealing with diversity: The inclusion of students with disabilities in music

One of the most common complaints made by teachers of many inclusive classrooms is the wide range of abilities among their students. A significant factor leading to classroom heterogeneity is the diversity and severity of disabilities represented in the classroom. As a result of varied abilities in the classroom, teachers face two important challenges. The first challenge is providing instruction that is sufficiently broad enough to address the needs of all students. Teachers not prepared to meet this challenge, wittingly or unwittingly, often exclude some students from instruction. The excluded students are frequently those who do not learn vicariously, and consequently, are dependent upon direct instruction. The second challenge teachers face in the inclusive classroom is the task of evaluating students of varying abilities fairly. Music educators, like all educators, must be prepared to use alternate grading methods in order to evaluate students with disabilities in the most appropriate manner possible...
Body Temperature, Oxygen Consumption, Evaporative Water Loss, and Heart Rate in the Poor-Will

The physiology of the Poor-will (Phalaenoptilus nuttallii) is of unusual interest. Not only is it one of the very few birds which can undergo long periods of dormancy comparable in most respects to mammalian hibernation, but over much of its summer range it is exposed to severe conditions of heat because of its habit of spending the daylight hours, even in the desert, sitting quietly in the open. During the past year we have had the opportunity to make a series of observations on two captive, adult PIoor-wills, one (P. n. hueyi) captured by Mr. Donald Schroeder in the Coachella Valley, Riverside County, California, and the other (P. n. californicus) found in a torpid condition in Eagle Rock, Los Angeles County, California, by Mrs. Gerald Massey. Both birds were maintained for many months in captivity and were fed on a diet of meal worms (Tenebrio larvae) and canned cat food. The limited information on the physiology of Poor-wills has previously been summarized (Bartholomew, Howell, and Cade, 1957; Howell and Bartholomew. 1959) and need not be reviewed here.
A Specialist Herbivore Pest Adaptation to Xenobiotics Through Up-Regulation of Multiple Cytochrome P450s

The adaptation of herbivorous insects to their host plants is hypothesized to be intimately associated with their ubiquitous development of resistance to synthetic pesticides. However, not much is known about the mechanisms underlying the relationship between detoxification of plant toxins and synthetic pesticides. To address this knowledge gap, we used specialist pest Colorado potato beetle (CPB) and its host plant, potato, as a model system. Next-generation sequencing (454 pyrosequencing) was performed to reveal the CPB transcriptome. Differential expression patterns of cytochrome P450 complement (CYPome) were analyzed between the susceptible (S) and imidacloprid resistant (R) beetles. We also evaluated the global transcriptome repertoire of CPB CYPome in response to the challenge by potato leaf allelochemicals and imidacloprid. The results showed that more than half (51.2%) of the CBP cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) that are up-regulated in the R strain are also induced by both host plant toxins and pesticide in a tissue-specific manner. These data suggest that xenobiotic adaptation in this specialist herbivore is through up-regulation of multiple P450s that are potentially involved in detoxifying both pesticide and plant allelochemicals.
Feedback through graph motifs relates structure and function in complex networks

In physics, biology, and engineering, network systems abound. How does the connectivity of a network system combine with the behavior of its individual components to determine its collective function? We approach this question for networks with linear time-invariant dynamics by relating internal network feedbacks to the statistical prevalence of connectivity motifs, a set of surprisingly simple and local statistics of connectivity. This results in a reduced order model of the network input-output dynamics in terms of motif structures. As an example, the formulation dramatically simplifies the classic Erd\ifmmode \mbox{\H{o}}\else \H{o}\fi{}s-R\'enyi graph, reducing the overall network behavior to one proportional feedback wrapped around the dynamics of a single node. For general networks, higher-order motifs systematically provide further layers and types of feedback to regulate the network response. Thus, the local connectivity shapes temporal and spectral processing by the network as a whole, and we show how this enables robust, yet tunable, functionality such as extending the time constant with which networks remember past signals. The theory also extends to networks composed from heterogeneous nodes with distinct dynamics and connectivity, and patterned input to (and readout from) subsets of nodes. These statistical descriptions provide a powerful theoretical framework to understand the functionality of real-world network systems, as we illustrate with examples including the mouse brain connectome.
Correlaton of solvatochromic effects with retention in supercritical fluid chromatography

Abstract A study of mobile-phase intermolecular interactions is reported in which the solvatochromic technique is used for comparison with retention processes in super-critical fluid chromatography (SFC). The change in the solvation character of the cybotactic region of the selected test solutes was observed using solvatochromic probes and found to be dependent on the density of the solvent. The major solute—solvent interactions. The change in solvation with density was compared with solute retention under similar pressure and temperature conditions for capillary SFC.
Multimedia Learning: The Science of Instruction: Determining What Works in Multimedia Learning

The science of instruction is concerned with evidence-based principles for how to help people learn. Evidence-based practice occurs when instructional practice is based on research evidence. A multimedia instructional message is a communication using words and pictures that are intended to promote learning. In our research, examples of multimedia instructional messages include paper-based printed text and illustrations or computer-based narration and animation that explain how lightning storms develop, how car braking systems work, and how bicycle tire pumps work; and interactive computer simulation games that teach topics such as environmental science. In our research, learning outcomes are assessed with transfer tests that provide a quantitative measure of the learner's ability to use what was learned in new situations. An instructional method is a way of presenting a lesson. Overall, we examine the effectiveness of twelve instructional methods for promoting multimedia learning – coherence, signaling, redundancy, spatial contiguity, temporal contiguity, segmenting, pre-training, modality, multimedia, personalization, voice, and image. Our methodology involves conducting scores of experimental comparisons in which we compare the mean transfer test score of students who learned with an instructional feature to the performance of students who learned without the feature. To standardize the comparisons, we compute the effect size. Obtaining large effect sizes across a series of experimental comparisons helps determine what works in multimedia instruction.
Robots and humans – complements or substitutes? ☆

Abstract The effect of the spread of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on wages depends on both the form of aggregate production relationships and the elasticity of substitution between human and robotic labor. With a conventional production function involving labor, robots, and ordinary capital, an increase in robotic labor can have either a positive or a negative effect on wages. Alternatively, it is possible to estimate the aggregate production relationship without measuring capital or other fixed factors explicitly, using the procedure developed by Houthakker in the 1950s. Houthakker's method is based on the probability distribution of the productivity of the variable factor. Fitting different distributions to cross-sectional data on U.S. productivity, it is shown that if the elasticity of substitution between human and robotic labor is greater than about 1.9, the burgeoning of AI technologies will cause a decline in aggregate wages, other things equal. For the manufacturing sector, an even smaller human-robot elasticity of substitution is likely to result in declining wages of industrial workers as robots proliferate.
Systemic Immune Responses after Experimental Stroke

Stroke-induced pathology involves biphasic induction of an early massive peripheral immune cell activation followed by delayed, progressive splenic apoptosis and consequent immunosuppression. In this chapter, we review key immunological aspects of stroke induction and immunosuppression in the context of an emerging concept called “brain–spleen injury cycling.” Moreover, we discuss the contribution to stroke severity of immune cells, including T and B cells, regulatory IL-10 secreting B cells and the programmed death receptor/ligand inhibitory pathway. Finally, we propose two novel therapeutic approaches that may limit stroke pathology and ameliorate downstream immunosuppression.
Genomes Galore: Big Data Challenges in the Life Sciences

While the big data revolution in the consumer, business, and social networks domains is widely known, a similar revolution is taking place in the sciences and engineering driven by high-throughput instrumentation. This talk will feature big data challenges in the life sciences, primarily due to advances in sequencing that resulted in several orders of magnitude throughput increases per unit cost during the last decade. These advances are democratizing big data generation capabilities and spawning new scientific inquiries that would not be feasible otherwise. The time, cost, and complexity of data analysis have overtaken the cost and speed of data generation as the primary bottlenecks, posing significant challenges for computer scientists. I will present an overview of my group’s research in addressing some of these issues through the development of parallel algorithms and high performance computing approaches. Apart from opening new avenues of investigation in parallel processing, research in this domain is also leading to broadly applicable techniques in areas such as graph analytics and parallel machine learning. I will also brief the audience on the ongoing federal initiatives in the United States aimed at nurturing multi-stakeholder partnerships to advance such big data challenges.
Study of β precipitation and layer structure formation in Al 5083: The role of dispersoids and grain boundaries

Abstract Beta (β) phase precipitation and subsequent intergranular corrosion and cracking present some of the main concerns for the usage of Al 5xxx series alloys. In this manuscript, β phase precipitation and changes in grain boundary interfacial structures are presented for Al 5083 samples sensitized at 100 °C for 6 months. It was observed that β phase precipitates are formed on/near different type of dispersoids and at high angle grain boundaries. Some precipitates formed directly on the surface of Al 6 Mn dispersoids, while some precipitates were detected near Al 6 (Mn,Fe) dispersoids and were connected to the β phase precipitate by dislocation bands. This may suggest that dislocation bands existing between the dispersoid and β phase precipitates can act as fast paths for atom diffusion and assist the growth of the β phase. The precipitation of β phase on/near preexisting dispersoids or at boundaries is ascribed to the decrease in nucleation energy needed for heterogeneous nucleation. After sensitization, layer structures containing a high density of dislocations and distortion regions were found at the grain boundaries. The thickness of the grain boundary layer increases at grain boundaries with higher misorientation angles.