cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reduction of erythema in hairless guinea pigs after cutaneous sulfur mustard vapor exposure by pretreatment with niacinamide, promethazine and indomethacin.

Erythema is the initial symptom that occurs after sulfur mustard (HD) cutaneous exposure. The time course of HD-induced erythema is similar to that observed after UV irradiation, which can be reduced by indomethacin. Sulfur mustard lethality is decreased by using promethazine, which is an antihistamine. Niacinamide can reduce microvesication after HD vapor exposure in hairless guinea pig (HGP) skin. The present study examines the effect of the combined administration of niacinamide, indomethacin and promethazine used alone or in all possible combinations on the degree of erythema and histopathologic skin damage after HD exposure in HGP. Niacinamide (750 mg kg%`, i.p.), promethazine (12.5 mg kg%1, i.m.) or indomethacin (4 mg kg%1, p.o.) used singly or in combination was given as a 30-min pretreatment before an 8-min HD vapor cup skin exposure. Using a combination pretreatment of niacinamide, promethazine and indomethacin, erythema was reduced at 4 (91%) and 6 (55%) h, but not 24 h after HD. The incidence of histopathological skin changes (microvesicles, follicular involvement, epidermal necrosis, intracellular edema and pustular epidermatitis) 24 h after HD was not reduced. This study indicates that HD (induced erythema) may result from several different mechanisms, including inflammation, histamine release and DNA damage. It ismore » suggested that two phases of inflammation may occur: an early phase sensitive to antihistamines and non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs and a late phase of extensive cell damage that was not sensitive to these drug pretreatments.« less
Half-width calculations for CO lines broadened by CO2

Abstract Half-widths of CO lines, in the fundamental and first overtone bands, broadened by CO 2 have been computed using the Anderson-Tsao-Curnutte theory. Comparison with the high-resolution measurements of Varanasi at 295°K shows excellent prediction of line widths by the theory. Comparison is also made between calculations including dipole-quadrupole and quadrupole-quadrupole interactions with those taking only the dominant quadrupole-quadrupole forces into account. Line widthd at 295°K range from 0.126417 cm -1 atm -1 fom m = 1 to 0.04397 cm -1 atm -1 for m = 32, which corresponds to the asymptonic kinetic-theory value. Half-width computations are also presented at 200°K and 250°K appropriate for Martian and Venusian atmospheres, respectively.
Nanoindentation of high-aspect ratio pillar structures on optical multilayer dielectric diffraction gratings

The mechanical response of optical multilayer dielectric (MLD) diffraction gratings has been studied using nanoindentation. The results are interpreted using a stress-strain model, which reveals a uniaxial yield stress of 4.1 GPa. It is shown that the indentation response of the high-aspect ratio “pillar” geometry (constrained in one transverse direction but free in the other) can be expressed in terms of yield stress rather than material hardness.
A multivariate social-psychological approach to the prediction of psychoactive drug use in young adults.

This research develops and tests a comprehensive social-psychological model which is capable of predicting individual differences in psychoactive drug use. A questionnaire assessing drug use, opportunities for goal attainment, normative constraints against deviance, perceived opportunities for drug use, attitudinal tolerance of deviance, and expectations about the consequences of drug use was administered to two separate subject populations: a “College Sample” and a “Street Sample.” Consistent with predictions, the more extensive an individual's drug use: (1) the less the participation in prosocial groups, (2) the greater the perceived opportunities for drug use, (3) the more time spent using drugs with friends, (4) the greater the tolerance of deviance, and (5) the more positive the expectations about drug use. Results are discussed in terms of the utility of the model for the prediction of patterns of drug use and the need for expanding the schema in future research to include measures of socialization ...
DIURNAL PATTERNS IN YELLOW TRAP CATCH OF PEAR PSYLLA (HOMOPTERA: PSYLLIDAE): DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SEXES AND MORPHOTYPES

Diumal patterns in yellow sticky trap catch of pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola Foerster, are described for the spring (reproductive) winterform generation, summerforms, and the fall (diapausing/dispersing) winterform generation. For each life stage, trap catch of the two sexes is also compared, and sex ratios on sticky traps are contrasted with independent estimates of population sex ratio obtained by beat tray samples. Beat tray estimates of sex ratio showed a slight male bias for both winterform generations (although P = 0.09 for spring winterforms), and a female bias for the summerform samples. Sticky trap catches were significantly male biased for the reproductive generations (i.e. spring winterforms and summerforms). Trap catches of fall winterforms were not different from a 1:1 ratio. The male bias for the reproductive generations may be due to mate-seeking activities of males or to a decrease in activity by egg-laden females. Peak catch for summerforms occurred in the morning, and that of both winter-form generations occurred at midday. There was no evidence that trapping depleted local densities of psylla during a 24-h period.
Recurrent Lower Abdominal Pain in Older Children and Adolescents: Revised Clinical Approach

Pelvic and lower abdominal pain constitutes more than 30% of the referrals to our adolescent medicine and gastroenterology clinics. These cases are responsible for numerous school absences and significant cost to the healthcare system. This article will review the most common causes of lower abdominal and pelvic pain in adolescents, diagnostic and management issues, as well as prevention.
Why derivatives on derivatives? The case of spread futures

Abstract Recently, calendar spread futures, futures contracts whose underlying asset is the difference of two futures contracts with different delivery dates, have been successfully introduced for a number of financial futures contracts traded on the Chicago Board of Trade. A spread futures contract is not an obvious financial innovation, as it is a derivative on a derivative security: a spread futures position can be replicated by taking positions in the two underlying futures contracts, both of which may already be quite liquid. This paper provides a motivation for this innovation, demonstrating how the introduction of spread futures can, by changing the relative trading patterns of hedgers and informed traders, affect equilibrium bid–ask spreads, improve hedger welfare, and potentially improve market-maker expected profits. These results are robust both to allowing serial correlation of asset price changes, and investor preference for skewness.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging and optical imaging for dominant-hemisphere perisylvian arteriovenous malformations

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we developed an a priori system to stratify surgical intervention of perisylvian arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in 20 patients. We stratified the patients into three categories based on preoperative functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) language activation pattern and relative location of the AVM. METHODS: In Group I (minimal risk), the AVM was at least one gyrus removed from language activation, and patients subsequently underwent asleep resection. In Group II (high risk), the AVM and language activation were intimately associated. Because the risk of postoperative language deficit was high, these patients were then referred to radiosurgery. In Group III (indeterminate risk), the AVM and language were adjacent to each other. The risk of language deficit could not be predicted on the basis of the fMRI alone. These patients underwent awake craniotomy with electrocortical stimulation mapping and optical imaging of intrinsic signals for language mapping. RESULTS: All patients from Group I (minimal risk) underwent asleep resection without deficit. All Group II (high-risk) patients tolerated radiosurgery without complication. In Group III (indeterminate risk), three patients underwent successful resection, whereas two underwent aborted resection after intracranial mapping. CONCLUSION: We advocate the use of fMRI to assist in the preoperative determination of operability by asleep versus awake craniotomy versus radiosurgery referral. In addition, we advocate the use of all three functional mapping (fMRI, electrocortical stimulation mapping, and optical imaging of intrinsic signals) techniques to clarify the eloquence score of the Spetzler-Martin system before definitive treatment (anesthetized resection versus radiosurgery versus intraoperative resection versus intraoperative closure and radiosurgery referral).
Renal Inhibition of Pressor Responses to Drugs

Bilateral nephrectomy selectively augments reactivity to pressor drugs and affects that to angiotonin the most prominently. This change is not mediated through the central nervous system, does not depend upon mechanical exclusion of the renal vascular bed, and is not modified by change in sodium intake. The inhibitory action on pressor responsiveness is independent of renal excretory function.
Drivers of water quality variability in northern coastal Ecuador.

The microbiological safety of water is commonly measured using indicator organisms, but the spatiotemporal variability of these indicators can make interpretation of data difficult. Here we systematically explore variability in E.coli concentrations in surface source and household drinking water in a rural Ecuadorian village over one year. We observed more variability in water quality on an hourly basis (up to 2.4-log difference) than on a daily (2.2-log difference) or weekly basis (up to 1.8-log difference). E.coli counts were higher in the wet season than in the dry season for both source (0.42-log difference; p<0.0001) and household (0.11-log difference; p=0.077) samples. In the wet season, a one-cm increase in weekly rainfall was associated with a 3% decrease (p=0.006) in E.coli counts in source samples and a 6% decrease (p=0.012) in household samples. Each additional person in the river when source samples were collected was associated with a 4% increase (p=0.026) in E.coli counts in the wet season. Factors affecting household water quality included rainfall, water source, and covering the container. The variability can be understood as a combination of environmental (e.g., seasonal and soil processes) and other drivers (e.g., human river use, water practices and sanitation), each working at different timescales.
Mismatch negativity in children and adults, and effects of an attended task

Attention has been shown to modulate the amplitude of the mismatch negativity (MMN) elicited by a small deviation in auditory stimuli in adults. The present study examined the effects of attention and deviant size on MMN amplitude in children. Children and adults were presented with sequences of tones containing standards (1000 Hz) and three deviants varying in degree of deviance from the standard (1050, 1200, and 1500 Hz). Tones were presented in three conditions: (1) while participants ignored them; (2) while participants listened to them and responded to all three deviants; and (3) while participants again ignored them. We found that the MMNs elicited by the hard deviant (1050 Hz) were larger when the children were actively discriminating the stimuli than when they were ignoring them. However, the MMNs elicited by the easy and medium deviants (1500 and 1200 Hz, respectively) in the children and by all three deviants in the adults were not affected by attention.
Efficiency Enhancement of Electroluminescence Using Individual or Ordered Array of Metal Nanoparticles

We apply the “effective mode volume” theory to evaluate the enhancement of the efficiency of electroluminescence of the semiconductor placed in the vicinity of isolated metal nanoparticles and their arrays and show that using random assembly of isolated particles holds an advantage over the ordered arrays.
Improving the Care for HIV-Infected Prisoners: An Integrated Prison-Release Health Model

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has remarkably transformed HIV disease into a chronic condition such that when patients completely suppress viral replication, they can expect to live a normal life expectancy. Unfortunately, many of those who might benefit most from HAART (e.g., illicit drug users, the mentally ill, and the socially and medically marginalized) are less likely to receive it, and when they do, less likely to adhere to treatment. Many of these individuals do not interface consistently with health care institutions in the community setting, yet when incarcerated, have an important opportunity not only to be identified as being HIV-infected, but also to initiate HAART if medically indicated. The prevalence of HIV infection among prisoners is five to seven times greater among incarcerated persons compared to the general population (Crosland, Poshkus, & Rich, 2002; Spaulding et al., 2002). Prisons and jails house individuals with HIV who have not traditionally benefited from access to HIV care and antiretroviral therapy in community settings. Specifically, prisons are comprised of HIV-infected individuals with comorbid medical conditions such as substance use disorder and serious psychiatric illnesses and are socially marginalized through relapsing homelessness, poverty, and unstable living circumstances. HIV care has resulted in impressive reductions in mortality in the New York prison system (CDC, 1999) and HIV/AIDS is no longer the leading cause of prison-related mortality nationally (Linder, Enders, Craig, Richardson, & Meyers, 2002). In nearby Connecticut where 98% of prescribed HAART regimens were within the Department of Health and Human Services guidelines, impressive increases in CD4 count and reductions in HIV-1 RNA levels were observed. Indeed, 59% of these prisoners achieved a viral load below the level of detection prior to release. Despite these successes, the one-quarter of subjects who were reincarcerated lost the viral load and CD4 benefits within 3 months after release to the community (Springer et al., 2004). The revolving door of prison and jail results in one-quarter of all HIVinfected individuals in the United States becoming involved with the Chapter 30
Multiparameter optimization of RSFQ circuits using the method of inscribed hyperspheres

Rapid Single Flux Quantum (RSFQ) circuits must be designed with large operating margins because of variations in the fabrication process. We describe a routine to optimize the yield, rather than the critical margin, of RSFQ circuits, based on the method of inscribed hyperspheres. The operating region is mapped out with a minimum of circuit simulations taking into account the relative size of the process variations. The method is effective for as many as nine parameters. We show that the standard optimization of critical margin will often give a seriously wrong result for multidimensional parameter space. >
Note-Disutility as a Probability: An Interpretation of Weighted Informational Measures

It is shown that the proposal for a utility-weighted informational measure discussed by Belis, and Guiasu Belis, M., S. Guiasu. 1968. A quantitative-qualitative measure of information in cybernetic systems. IEEE Trans. Information Theory14 593-594. and others can be formulated in terms of classical unweighted information theory by interpreting utilities or disutilities as probabilities. Aggregation properties and extensions to prior and posterior probabilities are also discussed.
Assessing child exposure to adult domestic violence

The emerging interest in children's exposure to adult domestic violence has brought about calls for better methods to assess such exposure. Currently no assessment tools exist that adequately measure the diversity of children's experiences with domestic violence. In this article we identify several factors affecting children's experiences and consequent outcomes, including concurrent victimization and various risk and protective factors. We then review several measures that include at least one question regarding adult domestic violence andthatassesschildexposuretoand/orperceptionofdomesticviolence.Weconcludethatexistingmeasuresdo notcomprehensivelyidentifyfactorsrelatedtochildexposureandthuscallforthedevelopmentofnewtoolsthat
Aims and Objectives of the Latin Program

The function of all nonvocation-al subjects in the curriculum, from kindergarten through college, is to improve the ability of the student to read, write, spell, and calculate. To do these well, he must also understand what he reads and be able to express what he understands. This requires a constantly increasing vocabulary. Although every subject studied makes a contribution to enlarging the vocabulary, Latin is especially useful. To get the greatest benefit from Latin, the student must learn to read and understand without translating, and there must be constant emphasis on derived English words. Only that part of the culture which is embodied in the language is worth the study of the language. Benefits accessory to the study of the language provide no valid reason for such study, since they can all be acquired by reading in English.
A Simple Way for Determining the Normalized Potentials for Harmonic Maps

We give a simple way for determining the normalized potentials in the Weierstrass type representation of the harmonic maps for a Riemann surface to a compact symmetric space. As an application, the normalized potential for an arbitrary constant mean curvature surface in space is obtained.
Ultrasound in Right Upper Quadrant Pain

Evaluation of acute and subacute right urper quadrant pain is a frequent clinical problem particularly in Emergency Centers of hospitals. Routine radiographic methods such as plain film, oral cholecystogram, intravenous cholangiogram, intravenous pyelogram and barium studies have been helpful in arriving at a diagnosis. Although oral cholecystography is an extremely accurate radiologic procedure, there is a considerable time interval necessary to administer the contrast agent and obtain roentgenograms of the gallbladder which often fails to visualize in gallbladder disease. The patients may also be unable to tolerate the contrast material. Therefore a specific study which can be immediately performed was much needed.
Casos de Control Biológico en Mexico

Hugo C. Arredondo Bernal, Luis A. Rodriguezdel-Bosque Casos de Control Biologico en Mexico 2008 Mundi Prensa Mexico Mexico City, Mexico 423 978-968-7462-65-3 $36.00 (€28.00) It is easy too think of biological control as a practice whose activity is centered in the United States or Western Europe. To get a more complete picture of this form of pest management, we need to focus our sights slightly south. Mexico has a 70-yr history of biological control against numerous pests, complete with many successes. Ever since my first visit to Mexico, I have been amazed at the array of laboratories, both government and private, at which a number of species of parasitoids or entomopathogens are produced and distributed for use against a variety of pests. It often comes as a surprise to many of us (and to many in Mexico as well!) how well developed the Mexican infrastructure is for biological control; in many ways, they are well ahead of the United States. This volume illustrates very thoroughly much of the country's biological control effort over the past 70 yr and the successes …
Distributed detection and coding in information networks

This thesis investigates the distributed information and detection of a binary source through a parallel system of relays. Each relay observes the source output through a noisy channel, and the channel outputs are independent conditional on the source input. The relays forward limited information through a noiseless link to the final destination which makes an optimal decision. The essence of the problem lies in the loss of information at the relays. To solve this problem, the characteristics of the error curve are established and developed as a tool to build a fundamental framework for analysis. For understanding, the simplest non-trivial case of two relays, each forwarding only a single binary digit to the final destination is first studied. If the binary output constraint is removed and the output alphabet size for one relay is M, then no more than M + 1 alphabet symbols are required from the other relay for optimal operation. For arbitrary channels, a number of insights are developed about the structure of the optimal strategies for the relay and final destination. These lead to a characterization of the optimal solution. Furthermore, the complete solution to the Additive Gaussian Noise channel is also provided. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
"You better say your prayers and get ready": guns within the context of partner abuse

The present study used focus groups to collect qualitative data to better understand the complexity of how women with domestic violence experiences feel about gun violence and protections from gun violence within the context of partner violence. Participants consisted of 42 women who were recruited through domestic violence shelters and programs in a single U.S. state. Three main themes were examined in the focus group discussions: (a) guns used within the context of partner abuse, (b) victims using guns as protection from an abuser, and (c) mandated gun restrictions as protection in partner abuse. A total of nine subthemes were organized under the three general themes. Within the first main theme, participants discussed that although abuse occurs with and without guns, guns are uniquely dangerous. In the second main theme, participants expressed concern regarding the dangers of using a gun for self-defense as well as the individual right to own a gun for self-defense. In the third main theme, participants expressed their frustrations that victims are not taken seriously by the justice system and the difficulties of enforcing mandated gun restrictions. The findings have implications for developing protective strategies against gun violence for victims of partner violence.
Protection of Escherichia coli against bacteriophage with citrus pectin.

SummaryCitrus pectin was found to allow growth of E. coli in the presence of an excess of bacteriophage. The pectin was nontoxic to the bacteria, and was not virucidal. The action of the pectin was found not to be the prevention of attachment of the virus to the cell, and indeed, it did not inhibit the multiplication of the phage appreciably. It did, however, protect the cells from lysis, and hence in its presence a phenomenon similar to that seen with lysogenic strains was observed. Gum acacia and starch, representatives of other classes of polysaccharides, were ineffective. No substance could be demonstrated in the cells which was antagonistic to citrus pectin in the way that an influenza virus substrate in erythrocytes was antagonistic to apple pectin.
Catov et al. Respond to "Troubling Trends in Birth Weight".

There are now at least 5 reports in addition to ours (1) that indicate that infant birth weight might be decreasing in developed countries. This reverses a 50-year trend of increasing birth weight. We examined whether these trends are similar for both infants born to black and to white women and whether they persist after accounting for maternal conditions linked to abnormal fetal growth. The results were, indeed, troubling, as noted in the commentary by Dr. Weinberg (2). She agrees with the potential importance of our findings but suggests alternative explanations, which encourages a dialog about how future studies can resolve these questions.
An Aggregation Method for Induction Motor Group and Its Testing With Dynamic Simulation

Through the research on the aggregation of induction motor group,a new aggregation method for induction motor group is proposed.The equivalence of induction motor group is performed according to the two special operation states of induction motor,i.e.,s=0 and s=1,then an aggregation model of induction motor group is built.By means of dynamic simulation with higher accuracy,the effectiveness and reasonableness of the proposed equivalence are verified.
Observations of pharmacy practice in the Dmitrov Raion, Russia.

A pharmacist presents her impressions of a society striving to maintain standards for patient care in turbulent times.
The International Relations of the Persian Gulf: The Persian Gulf as a security region

This book will tell the story of the international politics of the Persian Gulf region, the site of three large-scale international wars since 1980: the Iran–Iraq War of 1980–88, the Gulf War of 1990–91 and the Iraq War, which began with the American invasion of 2003 and continues to today. The year 1971 is the starting point for the study because it marks an important turning point in the region's history. Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Oman become independent in that year, ending decades as British protectorates. Kuwait, the other small monarchical state in the area, gained its independence from London in 1961. With the end of formal British protection of these smaller states, the larger regional powers – Iran, Iraq and Saudi Arabia – could contest for regional influence in a much less constrained environment. With the oil revolution of the early 1970s underway, these three states had much greater resources to commit to their contest for influence. The narrative ends in 2008, but not because the story is over. A number of themes will tie together this narrative of Gulf international politics. The wars themselves are central to the story, to be sure. I will try to convince you that Saddam Hussein's war decisions in 1980 and 1990 (and even his behavior in the lead-up to the 2003 war) and the alliance decisions of regional powers are best explained by leaders' concerns about their own hold on power domestically, and how regional events and regional rivals could affect their own security at home.
Whites Aren’t Bad, Asian Americans Are Just Better: Asymmetrical Attributions for the White–Asian American Achievement Gap

ABSTRACTPrevious research has shown that people often engage in cultural-deficit thinking when reasoning about racial/ethnic achievement gaps. However, it is unclear whether culture-blaming explanations are best thought of as group-level internal attributions, expressions of prejudice against a lower status group, or self-serving bias. In this study, White and Latino participants (N = 328) responded to items that were written to express either a White-critical or pro–Asian American perspective on the White–Asian American achievement gap. Results indicated that Latinos were more likely to engage in pro-Asian than White-critical culture blaming, whereas expressions of culture blaming did not vary across frames among White participants.
Introduction: Setting the Stage for Success

This chapter introduces research on parental involvement in education and walks the reader through considerations necessary for starting their own research projects. It presents evidence supporting the contribution of families, schools, and communities to the success of students and communities. Problems in education are contextualized as issues that may be addressed by research, policy, and practice. Paradigm shifts in parental involvement are explored, as well as motivations for partnerships and collaboration with parents. Lastly, resources about and for parents are shared to support readers’ study and advocacy efforts.
Trying to lift science out of the doldrums

This book is a pithy defence of science against various undesirable tendencies: post-modernism, religious fundamentalism and relativism. It is highly readable. It is also rather silly.
An Animal Model That Predicts Unit Engraftment in Double Unit Cord Blood Transplant Recipients.

Patients receiving double unit cord blood transplant (DCBT) have demonstrated improved engraftment and survival compared to single unit historical controls despite the fact that only one unit is responsible for sustained donor engraftment. However, the mechanism of this advantage and unit predominance is not understood. Therefore, we investigated DCBT in NOD/SCID/IL2Rγc −/− (NOG) mice using mononuclear cells (MNC) from each unit of clinical double unit allografts with correlation of the murine engraftment with which unit engrafted in the patients. Our hypothesis was that the animal model would correlate with clinical unit engraftment. Nine patients with high-risk hematologic malignancies received myeloablative (n=5) or non-myeloablative (n=4) conditioning according to age and diagnosis, and 4–6/6 HLA-matched double unit allografts. Patients consented to ≤ 5% of each unit being used for research purposes. A minimum of 1 million MNC per mouse were transplanted by tail vein injection into sublethally irradiated NOG mice: each unit alone and then in combination in the same proportion as transplanted into the patients according to the relative TNC/kg of each unit. Experiments were established in duplicate or triplicate according to cell number available. Mice were sacrificed at 4–6 weeks and engraftment was determined by FACS analysis for human CD45+. In both human and murine DCBT recipients the contribution of each unit to engraftment was measured by quantitative PCR for informative short tandem repeat (qSTR) regions that distinguished each donor. Consistent with prior clinical studies all patients demonstrated donor engraftment by STR evaluation of day +21 bone marrow (BM) with one unit predominating (designated the “winner”). The average percent human engraftment in the murine experiments is shown in the Table (W = winning and L = losing unit as seen in the patients, DCBT is W+L). Notably, in 9/9 (100%) experiments, while each unit engrafted when transplanted alone, a single unit predominated when given as a double unit transplant which correlated with clinical unit predominance. Interestingly, there was no improvement in engraftment of the winner with the double unit co-transplant as compared to the winner transplanted alone. Therefore, for the first time we have established a reliable in vivo model of DCBT using clinical specimens that predicts clinical engraftment. To date, the data suggests that unit predominance is due to an inherent advantage of the winning unit (exact mechanism to be determined) and that the presence of the losing unit does not augment the engraftment of the winner. This experimental model should permit further investigation of double unit biology.
Single versus Double Cu(I) Catalyzed [3 + 2] Azide/Platinum Diacetylide Cycloaddition Reactions

This report focuses on Cu(I) catalyzed cycloaddition reactions between organic azides and the platinum diacetylide complexes trans-(PR3)2Pt(C≡CR′)2 (where PR3 = P(OEt)3, PEt3, PnBu3, PPhMe2, PPh3, and PBn3; and R′ = H, Ph, and p-PhNO2). Pt(II)-Diacetylides supported by P(OEt)3, PEt3, PnBu3, and PPhMe2 react with benzyl azide to provide syn/anti isomers of double cycloaddition products. In contrast, Pt(II)-diacetylide complexes supported by PPh3 and PBn3 afford single cycloaddition products, exclusively. Steric congestion enforced by the larger phosphines PPh3 and PBn3 prevent the second cycloaddition. Ground state DFT computations provide some insight into the divergent reactivity and indicate that the π-acidity of the phosphine ligands is a variable in the single vs double cycloaddition outcome.
Simulation Modeling in Factory Layout Optimization

Abstract This paper presents a new factory layout methodology and its integration in a simulation-based environment for FMS design. Once machines and material handling devices have been selected, a layoutsynthesis tool generates a workscene model used to plan robot trajectories and to investigate material handlingcontrol strategies by means of discrete event simulation. Layouts are represented as orthogonal strctures of loosely packed arrangements of rectangles. They must satisfy a set of qualitative constraints and minimize material handling costs-a function of distances among components. Simulation results are used to modify the input datato thelayout optimization tool, and the layout design process is iterated until a satisfactory solution is reached.
Sufferings Peculiarly Their Own: The Thirteenth Amendment, In Defense of Incarcerated Women's Reproductive Rights

The Thirteenth Amendment did not end slavery over night. Despite its constitutional command, relics of slavery lived on through social, political, and economic mechanisms. In fact, the most blatant attempt to re-implement slavery occurred under the guise of criminal justice. Even before the newly borne Thirteenth Amendment took its first breath, Southern states introduced oppressive labor practices within their prisons—such as penal plantations, chain gangs, and peonage laws—aimed at circumventing the Amendment’s protections. Legal advocates from Reconstruction onward saw through these practices and acted to eradicate all forms of slavery, even those masked as “punishment for crime.” The focus on eliminating slavery in prison, however, has largely eschewed from its purview the question of women—despite the fact that Black women have shared equally in the subordination. In fact, “superadded” to the burdens of physical labor, female slaves were subjected to the gender-specific abuses of sexual and reproductive exploitation. Among the worst conditions of female slavery was forced pregnancy, a violative experience characterized by
Progressively Tougher Sanctioning and Recidivism: Assessing the Effects of Different Types of Sanctions

Objectives:The study tests two related hypotheses about recidivist sentencing premiums and the progressive sanctioning logic on which they rest: (1) among first-time felons, punitive sanctions will...
Shortfalls of the American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery's Clinical practice guideline: Hoarseness (Dysphonia)

The Clinical Practice Guideline (CPG) on hoarseness (dysphonia) has several shortcomings that undermine its initial intent to improve the care of patients with dysphonia. The purpose of this document is to identify and comment on those shortcomings. The guideline authors made curious and unsupported policy recommendations in some areas, such as the recommendation for performance of laryngoscopy for hoarseness. For example, the guideline provides a three-month allowance for patients with voice change prior to examination of the larynx, which is a marked change from prior American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) documents suggesting laryngoscopy after two to four weeks of dysphonia and poses a health risk to patients with dysphonia without an established diagnosis. We believe the use of laryngoscopy for the evaluation is dysphonia is primal, plays a vital role in the care of our patients, and should be strongly advocated by the CPG. A significant challenge of the CPG is rooted in its basis on a symptom as opposed to a diagnosis. The decision to confuse the difference between a symptom (hoarseness) and a diagnosis leads to several misleading statements and recommendations. Finally, problems with insufficient peer review and ineffective processes in the guideline's development are discussed.
Preschool life skills: Recent advancements and future directions

Over the past decade, researchers have replicated and extended research on the preschool life skills (PLS) program developed by Hanley, Heal, Tiger, and Ingvarsson (2007). This review summarizes recent research with respect to maximizing skill acquisition, improving generality, evaluating feasibility and acceptability, and testing predictions of the initial PLS study. For each area, we suggest directions for future research.
Creative Expression in Professional Development

Educational theorists have long touted the developmental benefits of engaging in creative endeavors, such as photography, creative writing, and so forth, yet few professional development programs incorporate creative expression into their curricula. This article briefly reviews the work of Fromm, Marcuse, Jung, and Heron to explore possible justifications and explanations of the developmental and organizational benefits that are possible from creative expression. This article argues that a unifying premise of these theorists is that creative expression promotes autonomy. It concludes by providing an example of how a pedagogy utilizing creative expression can meet immediate learning objectives in addition to the longer term outcome of increased autonomy and discusses how such pedagogies can be incorporated into professional development programs.
Reconstruction: Flaps, Grafts, and Other Closures

Flaps and grafts have been used for facial reconstruction for centuries. For a dermatologic surgeon, there are many methods available for closing surgical defects. The methods range from simple side-to-side closure to more advanced closures that involve adjacent tissue transfer. In deciding the method for closure, the dermatologic surgeon must consider the patient, the type of tumor, the location of the wound, and the local tissue characteristics and availability.
Nano-bio interactions as characterized by SERS: The interaction of liposomes with gold nanostructures is highly dependent on lipid composition and charge

Understanding how gold nanoparticles interact with liposomes is important for biotechnology and drug delivery. The characterization of liposome structure and composition using gold nanoparticles by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has show that the composition of the lipid bilayers influences the interaction of the gold nanoparticles with the lipid structures. Here, vesicles composed of phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, and cholesterol in different proportions reveal that very small changes in the lipid composition can alter the contact between liposomes and gold nanostructures. The SERS spectra of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylcholine / cholesterol liposomes indicate that cholesterol has strong effects on the contacts of the vesicles with the nanoparticles. Moreover, the interaction of citrate-stabilized gold nanoparticles varies depending on the preparation protocol, and the presence of organic solvent during preparation of the gold nanoparticle-liposome composites. In a model system where the charge of the lipid bilayers is varied, the influence of negative charge of the lipids on liposome structure and their contact with the nanoparticles is discussed. The results have implications for the development of new gold nanoparticle and gold nanoparticle-liposome-based drug delivery systems.
A Cross-Disciplinary Entrepreneurship Commercialization Process Model: Learning In Action

This paper will discuss how a multi-disciplinary team of engineering professors, business professors, entrepreneurs and students designed, developed and commercialized a new product related to an underwater submersible vehicle …underwater Robot. A new technology has been designed, developed and prototyped to aid in underwater exploration. The technology developed is a portable, remotely controlled submersible vehicle device capable of capturing high-quality images in depths up to 50 feet. The uniqueness of the new technology is that the device is significantly less expensive, more portable, and easier to deploy than other submersible vehicles on the market. The paper will discuss product design, prototype development, competitive analysis, new market development, marketing strategies, cost analysis, and commercialization. Discussions will center on different cross disciplinary fields of study, such as electrical engineering, civil engineering, manufacturing, market analysis, entrepreneurship and commercialization. The paper will demonstrate the collaboration that occurred between these fields to form a truly interdisciplinary entrepreneurship venture. (Clouse, R. W. Aniello, J., Biernacki, J. 2003). The paper suggests a paradigm change in curricula developed from around subject oriented learning and offers a model of integrated learning beginning with looking at the end product and developing a process and product that can be applied to the open market place….authentic learning. (Creed, C. J., Suuberg, E. M. & Crawford, G. P. 2002; Clouse, R. W. (1994). This project is an extension of the “Learning in Action” process developed by R Wilburn Clouse and Terry Goodin at Vanderbilt University and adapted to include projects from other universities including this product from Western Kentucky University’s electrical engineering department and the Center for Innovation and Entrepreneurship. (At the time of development of this project….R. Wilburn Clouse was the Executive Director of the WKU Center for Innovation and Entrepreneurship and Stacey Wilson was professor of Electrical Engineering). These two Professor co-directed the grant that developed this project. (Clouse, R. W., Goodin, T., Aniello, J. 2016). A brief discussion of the Learning in Action concept is discussed below followed by the design, development and commercialization of the underwater robot. These discussions illustrate the unconventional thinking that permeated this project development.
Is treated HIV infection still toxic to the brain

Abstract Clinically apparent HIV infection, accompanied by CNS opportunistic infections and HIV encephalopathy, was often associated with profound structural and functional brain effects prior to the introduction of anti-retroviral therapy (ART). With treatment, HIV structural and functional brain effects are smaller and have not been as easily detected. With near complete elimination of CNS opportunistic infections, the HIV neuroimaging research community now grapples with the problem of detecting subtler structural and functional changes against a background of persisting confounds, such as comorbidities and clinical features common in the HIV infected population. This situation also raises the question of whether imaging measure changes that are reported as HIV brain effects are purely related to viral infection, rather than originating from confounding effects that might include age, substance use, hepatitis C coinfection, cerebrovascular risk factors, ART, premorbid cognitive skills and illness duration. In addition to cohort characteristics, variation in image acquisition and analysis techniques may also contribute to study outcome heterogeneity. We review the potential effects of these confounds on detection of HIV infection effects and discuss strategies to avoid or mitigate the effects of these confounds. We then present a systematic approach to measurement, design and analysis in HIV neuroimaging studies, combining both experimental and statistical control techniques to determine if HIV infection effects persist, fluctuate or worsen in groups achieving viral suppression from ART.
Changes in surface water distribution in America's boomburbs

Abstract Boomburbs, or booming suburbs, represent rapid economic growth and urban sprawl, but this process typically requires a substantial redistribution of blue space (surface waters). In this study, the addition, modification, and removal of stream channels and inland surface waters were analyzed for 17 boomburbs, most located within the Sunbelt region of the U.S. Pre-development and present-day stream flowlines and inland lake/pond boundaries were digitized and edited off the earliest available, historical USGS 1: 24,000 scale topographic maps and from the National Hydrography Dataset Plus, High Resolution (NHDPlus, HR), respectively. Additionally, the count and distribution of residential pools provided data on the reallocation of surface water for four boomburbs. A total of 1145 km of stream channels were buried from all boomburbs, including more than 50% loss in several boomburbs, primarily due to centralizing surface runoff through a few major channels and canals. In contrast, lakes and ponds generally increased in areal extent over time (nearly 14 km2 of surface water added to the boomburbs during urbanization), as well as a substantial amount of surface water added for residential pools, including the equivalent of 1 km2 of additional surface water area in just one boomburb. This study illustrates a common practice of simplifying the urban stream network in desert-like conditions, while adding new waterbodies into the urban landscape to support housing development and recreational purposes. These boomburbs are only a fraction of sprawling metropolitan areas in the United States, but the overall demand for water in arid cities is high and requires unsustainable water management practices. Booming suburbs should reduce water reliance, rather than rely on water recycling, to prepare for a changing climate and relentless urbanization.
Association of Optimal Implementation of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor Therapy with Outcome for Patients with Heart Failure

Importance Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2-i) therapy provided incremental survival benefit to patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) who received guideline-directed medical therapy regardless of type 2 diabetes status in a recent clinical trial. To date, estimation of the potential benefits that could be gained from optimal implementation of SGLT2-i therapy at the population level has not been quantified. Objective To quantify the projected gains for deaths prevented or postponed with comprehensive implementation of SGLT2-i therapy for patients with HFrEF in the United States. Design, Setting, and Participants This decision analytical model, performed from September 25 to October 20, 2019, used published sources to estimate the US population of patients with HFrEF eligible for SGLT2-i therapy and the numbers needed to treat to prevent or postpone overt death. Sensitivity analyses were performed to account for the range of potential benefits. Main Outcomes and Measures All-cause mortality. Results Of the 3.1 million patients with HFrEF in the United States, 2 132 800 (69%) were projected to be candidates for SGLT2-i therapy. Optimal implementation of SGLT2-i therapy was empirically estimated to prevent up to 34 125 deaths per year (range 21 840-49 140 deaths per year). A secondary analysis excluding patients on the basis of N-terminal–pro brain natriuretic peptide levels and other trial entry criteria would yield a potential benefit of 25 594 deaths per year prevented (range, 16 380-36 855 deaths per year prevented). Conclusions and Relevance This study suggests that a substantial number of deaths in the United States could be prevented by optimal implementation of SGLT2-i therapy. These data support implementation of the current evidence into practice in a timely manner to achieve important public health benefits and to reduce the mortality burden of HFrEF.