cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting and responding to physical abuse in young children using NCANDS

Abstract Objectives Physical abuse (PA) causes injury or death in large numbers of U.S. children. Some maltreated infants suffer repeated physical abuse. This study uses a multi-state dataset of child protective services reports to examine factors first seen in an infant's first maltreatment investigation that may predict future physical abuse. Methods The Detailed Case Data Component of the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS-DCDC) for 1995–1999 was used to study repeat reports before age three in a cohort of children first maltreated during infancy. Results There were 24,900 first confirmed physical abuse reports among infants in 8 states during 1995–1999 in NCANDS-DCDC, an incidence rate of 2.4 confirmed reports per 1,000 infants. A second confirmed report of maltreatment occurred in 21.1% of these physically abused infants, but most repeat episodes represented neglect. Caretaker emotional disturbance, violence between caretakers and prior physical abuse were all associated with increased risk of later physical abuse. Conclusions Several factors appear to modify the risk of future physical abuse in young children. While large proportion of data are missing, current post-investigation services as recorded in NCANDS are not associated with deceased PA. Based on our models, potential prevention strategies should address caretaker emotional disturbances and violence within families with maltreated infants.
TIMING RESPONSE TO GRADED EXPIRATORY RESISTIVE LOADING IN PRETERM INFANTS

Maturational effects on inspiratory timing reflexes have been studied, however little is known about the control of expiratory duration in newborn infants. We studied 5 healthy preterm infants, 28-32 wks gestation, birthweight 1.3±0.2 kg (mean±SD), on day 2-4 of life. Using a one-way valve with resistive manifold (J.Appl.Physiol. 40:177,1976), we presented 3 graded resistive loads during 9-25 single expirations. Airflow and mask pressure were recorded while the infant breathed through a face mask and pneumotachograph and flow was integrated to give volume. Expiratory time (Te) was measured from the flow tracing. Control values were determined from the breath preceding the loaded breath. During resistive loads, expired volume was reduced from 10.7±0.6 ml (mean±SD) by an average of 10.4% (Rl, NS), 20.4% (R2, p<0.005), and 32.2% (R3, p<0.005) and Te was significantly prolonged from 0.47±0.05 sec by 10.0%, 21.9%, and 29.4% for R1, R2, and R3 (p<0.05 or less). For comparable reductions in expired volume, Te was less prolonged than in full term infants previously studied. Our study of expiratory timing modulation agrees with previous studies on inspiratory timing which show that lung inflation reflex activity is decreased in preterm infants. The inability of preterm infants to maintain end-expiratory volume consistently above relaxation volume may depend on the relative weakness of this expiratory timing modulation.
Ocular Toxicity of Antineoplastic Agents

The increased use of chemotherapeutic agents has resulted in longer patient survival; consequently, the ophthalmologist is seeing more patients with adverse ocular side effects secondary to these antineoplastic agents. Many of these drugs cause aggravating ocular irritation (fluorouracil, methotrexate), canalicular fibrosis with epiphora (fluorouracil), retinopathy (mitotane, tamoxifen), corneal opacities (tamoxifen), cataracts (busulfan, methotrexate), and optic or ocular motor abnormalities (carmustine, vinblastine, vincristine). Based on the data in the National Registry of Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects and the literature, adverse ocular reactions of the more commonly used chemotherapeutic agents are reviewed.
The relative importance of ethical and environmental screening: implications for the marketing of ethical investment funds

Ethical investment funds are among the fastest growing investment vehicles in the UK. Explores some of the environmental changes leading to the popularity of these funds and briefly reviews some of the screening criteria used to establish ethical portfolios. Based on a sample of 172 investment professionals, analyses the relative importance of ethical and environmental screening compared to the traditional yardsticks of liquidity, return and risk. Discusses implications for the marketing of ethical investment funds and identifies future research directions.
Independent lung ventilation with a single ventilator using a variable resistance valve

Independent lung ventilation using two ventilators has been attempted in the treatment of acute respiratory failure due to unilateral lung disease. However, this method has been found to be cumbersome and difficult to use. We reasoned that a bifurcated endotracheal tube with a variable resistance valve may enable us to change the inspiratory airway pressures and, hence, the inspired tidal volume to one lung using a single ventilator. We tested this hypothesis in eight anesthetized sheep and created a bronchopleural fistula in one lung as a model of unilateral lung disease. A bifurcated endotracheal tube was placed to separate the ventilation to each lung and, through a “Y” connector, both right and left lungs were ventilated simultaneously with a single ventilator. A variable resistance valve was placed between the “Y” connector and the tube ventilating the experimental lung with bronchopleural fistula. With a ventilator-generated peak inspiratory pressure of 31±2 cm H2O, the airway pressure distal to the valve was randomly changed from 31 cm H2O to 23±2, 15±1, 8±1, and 0 cm H2O. This resulted in progressive diversion of tidal volume from the experimental lung to the control lung and an increase in exhaled tidal volume due to a decrease in air leak from the bronchopleural fistula. These data suggest that a variable resistance valve may be used for independent lung ventilation using a single ventilator.
Swamping of circular Bragg phenomenon revealed by durations and average speeds of videopulses transmitted through chiral sculptured thin films

We studied trends in three measures of both duration and average speed of optical videopulses transmitted through chiral sculptured thin films (STFs). The films, a class of nanoengineered materials which consist of parallel helical nanowires grown on a substrate, were taken to be linear or nonlinear with an intensity-dependent refractive index. We used a finite-difference algorithm to compute the evolution of the pulse shapes in the time domain. The durations of videopulses transmitted through chiral STFs tended to decrease with increasing carrier wavelength, while the average speeds tended to increase or remain roughly constant with increasing carrier wavelength. The durations and average speeds were similar irrespective of whether the incident pulse possessed a left or right circularly polarized carrier plane wave. That is, the circular Bragg phenomenon−due to a circular polarization dependent photonic bandgap exhibited by chiral STFs over a bandwidth called the Bragg regime−did not affect the results to any meaningful extent, in contrast to previous work. We attribute this finding to the wide bandwidth of the incident pulses swamping the Bragg regime.
Maintenance fluid therapy: what it is and what it is not

Fifty years after the publication of a prescription for maintenance fluid therapy, concerns have been raised about the use of hypotonic fluids in hospitalized children. We discuss what maintenance fluid therapy is or what it is not; where maintenance fluid therapy has been misused. We also discuss concerns with the immediate adoption of isotonic fluid as maintenance fluid without careful consideration and testing.
Effects of familiarity of music on vigilant performance.

35 subjects, randomly assigned to five groups in a 2 × 2 + 1 between-subjects design, performed a vigilance task under familiar rock, familiar easy-listening, unfamiliar rock, unfamiliar easy-listening, and no music conditions. Familiar music significantly increased heart rate and percent detections and also mitigated the classical vigilance decrement. Type of music had no significant effect. It was concluded that the psychological characteristics of noise are at least as important as its physical characteristics in determining level of vigilance performance.
Low-order finite elements for parameter identification in groundwater flow

Abstract Improved evaluation and characterization of the geologic subsurface are necessary precursors to enhancing our ability to recover desirable resources and guard against undesirable contaminants. Mathematical models are increasingly used to assess the effects of these activities when the fidelity of material parameters describing the system control the reliability of the resulting prediction. Inverse models provide a formal means of space, or history, matching observed data to determine the unknown spatial distribution of the required parameters. The finite element method is one of the most popular numerical methods and is used in this study for transmissivity identification in steady groundwater flow. To optimize parameter identification, a comparison of different elements is carried out. It is well known that high-order elements usually result in improved accuracy in forward solution of engineering problems. However, this fact might not be true in the inverse solution. The study in this paper uses different element orders for Taylor's series analysis and in coding a finite element program. The analysis indicates that strong variation of transmissivity results in a larger residual error for high-order elements than for low-order elements. An example with an analytical solution is used for numerical comparison. The computed results show that low-order elements, rather than high-order elements, yield better results in parameter estimation. When the variation of unknown parameters is large, the error within the high-order elements is large. It is recommended that low-order finite elements or constant elements be used for an inverse solution. The comparison also illustrates that any minimization procedure may be used to minimize the residual error and to limit numerical difficulties in inverse solution. A two-dimensional example shows that the relative errors are very small when a constant element is used but that errors increase as the measured head distribution flattens.
Watching Social Science: The Debate About the Effects of Exposure to Televised Violence on Aggressive Behavior

The evidence that exposure to media violence causes later aggression derives largely from observational (nonexperimental) studies augmented by short-term experimental studies. The authors review some of the difficulties in causal inference from observational, longitudinal data; examine the extent to which these seem relevant to the empirical work on exposure to televised violence published to date; and present a reanalysis of data from an especially influential study to address one of the more serious limitations of existing analyses. They conclude that the data give evidence that there is likely, although not certainly, a causal connection between exposure to televised violence and adult aggression. The authors close with a brief discussion of policy interventions designed to reduce exposure to violent TV.
The latency of the cat vestibulo-ocular reflex before and after short- and long-term adaptation

Latencies of normal and adapted feline vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) were studied in five cats by applying ± 20°/s horizontal head velocity steps (4000°/s2 acceleration) and measuring the elicited horizontal or vertical reflex eye responses. Normal VOR latency was 13.0 ms ± 1.9 SD. Short-term adaptation was then accomplished by using 2 h of paired horizontal sinusoidal vestibular stimulation and phase-synchronized vertical optokinetic stimulation (cross-axis adaptation). For long-term adaptation, cats wore ×0.25 or ×2.2 magnifying lenses for 4 days. The cats were passively rotated for 2 h/day and allowed to walk freely in the laboratory or their cages for the remainder of the time. The latency of the early (primary) adaptive response was 15.2ms±5.2 SD for crossaxis adaptation and 12.5 ms±3.9 SD for lens adaptation. This short-latency response appeared within 30 min after beginning the adaptation procedure and diminished in magnitude overnight. A late (secondary) adaptive response with latency of 76.8 ms±7.0 SD for cross-axis adaptation and 68.1 ms±8.8 SD for lens adaptation appeared after approximately 2 h of adaptation. It had a more gradual increase in magnitude than the primary response and did not diminish in magnitude overnight. These data suggest that brainstem VOR pathways are a site of learning for adaptive VOR modification, since the primary latency is short and has a similar latency to that of the normal VOR.
Show/down time: “Race,”; gender, sexuality, and popular culture

This essay analyzes the construction “race,”; gender, and sexuality in contemporary U.S. popular culture through an analysis of the Hollywood film, Showdown in Little Tokyo, and contemporary mass market magazine images. Focusing on the construction of Asian and white masculinity, this essay suggests ways that white heterosexual masculinity is recentered in U.S. popular culture. This essay also argues for the importance of spatial relations in constructing identities.
Do Parasitic Trematode Cercariae Demonstrate a Preference for Susceptible Host Species

Many parasites are motile and exhibit behavioural preferences for certain host species. Because hosts can vary in their susceptibility to infections, parasites might benefit from preferentially detecting and infecting the most susceptible host, but this mechanistic hypothesis for host-choice has rarely been tested. We evaluated whether cercariae (larval trematode parasites) prefer the most susceptible host species by simultaneously presenting cercariae with four species of tadpole hosts. Cercariae consistently preferred hosts in the following order: Anaxyrus ( = Bufo) terrestris (southern toad), Hyla squirella (squirrel tree frog), Lithobates ( = Rana) sphenocephala (southern leopard frog), and Osteopilus septentrionalis (Cuban tree frog). These host species varied in susceptibility to cercariae in an order similar to their attractiveness with a correlation that approached significance. Host attractiveness to parasites also varied consistently and significantly among individuals within a host species. If heritable, this individual-level host variation would represent the raw material upon which selection could act, which could promote a Red Queen “arms race” between host cues and parasite detection of those cues. If, in general, motile parasites prefer to infect the most susceptible host species, this phenomenon could explain aggregated distributions of parasites among hosts and contribute to parasite transmission rates and the evolution of virulence. Parasite preferences for hosts belie the common assumption of disease models that parasites seek and infect hosts at random.
Multiple explanations for multiply quantified sentences: are multiple models necessary?

Johnson-Laird, Byrne, and Tabossi (1989) presented a theory of deductive reasoning for inference problems using multiply quantified premises (e.g., "All of the squares are connected to some of the circles"). Their theory classifies such problems into those that require subjects to construct only 1 mental model and those that require multiple models. They presented data that corroborate the theory. This article shows that Johnson-Laird et al.'s major results can be explained without invoking mental models or, in fact, deductive reasoning at all. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that, contrary to the assumption of these authors, reversing the order of the quantifiers in a multiply quantified sentence may produce a sentence that is both more difficult to comprehend and more ambiguous. Finally, some implications for theories of how people understand multiply quantified sentences are noted.
THE COST OF IGNORING LEAD TIME UNRELIABILITY IN INVENTORY THEORY

A computerized cost-minimization model was used to study the importance of lead time unreliability (variability of lead time from mean lead time) in inventory management. Using different combinations of stockout cost, demand variability, mean lead time, and variability of lead time around the means, changes in optimum safety stock and in inventory costs were observed. Lead time unreliability was found to be of greater importance than either the mean lead time or the variability of demand in explaining inventory cost behavior. Managers and researchers involved in the development of inventory theory are urged to note the great financial damage that may result from ignoring lead time unreliability; a dollar measure of this penalty is included in the presentation.
Stiffness and thermoelastic coefficients for composite laminates

Simple analytic expressions are presented for the stiffness and thermoelastic coefficients of composite laminates in terms of the material properties of the individual layers. Expressions for the derivatives of the various coefficients with respect to each of the material properties and fiber orientation angles are also included. For typical high-performance composites, numerical values are given showing the effects of the stacking sequence and the fiber orientation angle of quasi-isotropic and angle-ply laminates on the values of the various coefficients and their sensitivity derivatives. The expressions for the thermoelastic coefficients and the sensitivity derivatives are given herein for the first time.
Using branching time temporal logic to synthesize synchronization skeletons

Abstract We present a method of constructing concurrent programs in which the synchronization skeleton of the program is automatically synthesized from a (branching time) temporal logic specification. The synthesis method uses a decision procedure based on the finite model property of the logic to determine satisfiability of the specification formula f. If f is satisfiable, then a model for f with a finite number of states is constructed. The synchronization skeleton of a program meeting the specification can be read from this model. If f is unsatisfiable, the specification is inconsistent.
Activation of Pheromone-Sensitive Neurons Is Mediated by Conformational Activation of Pheromone-Binding Protein

Summary Detection of volatile odorants by olfactory neurons is thought to result from direct activation of seven-transmembrane odorant receptors by odor molecules. Here, we show that detection of the Drosophila pheromone, 11- cis vaccenyl acetate (cVA), is instead mediated by pheromone-induced conformational shifts in the extracellular pheromone-binding protein, LUSH. We show that LUSH undergoes a pheromone-specific conformational change that triggers the firing of pheromone-sensitive neurons. Amino acid substitutions in LUSH that are predicted to reduce or enhance the conformational shift alter sensitivity to cVA as predicted in vivo. One substitution, LUSH D118A , produces a dominant-active LUSH protein that stimulates T1 neurons through the neuronal receptor components Or67d and SNMP in the complete absence of pheromone. Structural analysis of LUSH D118A reveals that it closely resembles cVA-bound LUSH. Therefore, the pheromone-binding protein is an inactive, extracellular ligand converted by pheromone molecules into an activator of pheromone-sensitive neurons and reveals a distinct paradigm for detection of odorants.
Muscarinic Modulation of Sodium Current by Activation of Protein Kinase C in Rat Hippocampal Neurons

Abstract Phosphorylation of brain Na + channels by protein kinase C (PKC) decreases peak Na + current and slows macroscopic inactivation, but receptor-activated modulation of Na + currents via the PKC pathway has not been demonstrated. We have examined modulation of Na + channels by activation of muscarinic receptors in acutely-isolated hippocampal neurons using whole-cell voltage-clamp recording. Application of the muscarinic agonist carbachol reduced peak Na + current and slowed macroscopic inactivation at all potentials, without changing the voltage-dependent properties of the channel. These effects were mediated by PKC, since they were eliminated when the specific PKC inhibitor (PKCI 19–36 ) was included in the pipette solution and mimicked by the extracellular application of the PKC activator, OAG. Thus, activation of endogenous muscarinic receptors on hippocampal neurons strongly modulates Na + channel activity by activation of PKC. Cholinergic input from basal forebrain neurons may have this effect in the hippocampus in vivo.
The absence of tryptophan hydroxylase activity in blood platelets.

SummaryUnder conditions that support maximal tryptophan hydroxylating activity in extracts from pineal glands and brain no hydroxylase activity could be detected in platelets. Furthermore, with systems that are adequate to measure serotonin synthesis in cultured pineal glands or whole cells, no serotonin synthetic capacity could be detected in human or rat blood platelets.
Proton Uptake by Carboxylic Acid Groups upon Photoreduction of the Secondary Quinone (QB) in Bacterial Reaction Centers from Rhodobacter sphaeroides: FTIR Studies on the Effects of Replacing Glu H173†

In the photosynthetic reaction center (RC) from Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Glu H173, located approximately 7 A from the center of the secondary quinone acceptor QB, is expected to contribute to proton uptake upon QB- formation in response to the movement of an electron in its vicinity. Steady-state FTIR difference spectroscopy provides a method to monitor proton uptake by carboxylic acids upon photochemical changes. The FTIR spectra corresponding to the photoreduction of QB were obtained at pH 7 for RCs containing Glu (native), Gln (EQ H173), or Asp (ED H173) at the H173 site. No new bands were observed in the carboxylic acid region (1770-1700 cm-1) in any of the mutant RCs compared to native RCs. In addition, the positive band at 1728 cm-1, previously assigned to Glu L212 [Nabedryk, E., Breton, J., Hienerwadel, R., Fogel, C., Mantele, W., Paddock, M. L., and Okamura, M. Y. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 14722-14732], remained present in all of the mutant RCs. This result shows that Glu H173 is not a major contributor to proton uptake upon QB- formation and further strengthens the assignment of the 1728 cm-1 band to Glu L212. An increase in the 1728 cm-1 band was observed in the EQ H173 RCs compared to that of either the ED H173 or native RCs. These changes are consistent with Glu and Asp at H173 remaining ionized in the QB and QB- states. Changes in the absorption regions of the semiquinone and amide or side chain groups in the spectra of the mutant RCs suggest slight changes in the protein structure compared to those of native RCs, which could contribute to the altered kinetics observed in the mutant RCs.
A new method for forensic DNA analysis of the blood meal in chagas disease vectors demonstrated using Triatoma infestans from Chuquisaca, Bolivia

Background Feeding patterns of the vector are important in the epidemiology of Chagas disease, the leading cause of heart disease in Latin America. Chagas disease is caused by the parasite, Trypanasoma cruzi, which is transmitted by blood feeding insects. Historically, feeding behaviours of haematophagous insects have been investigated using serological reactions, which have detection limits in terms of both taxonomic resolution, and quantity and quality of the blood meal. They are labor intensive, require technical expertise, need fresh or frozen samples and antibodies often are either not available commercially or the resources for synthesis and purification are not available. We describe an assay to identify vertebrate blood meal sources, and the parasite T. cruzi using species-specific PCR assays from insect vectors and use the method to provide information regarding three questions: (1) Do domestic and peri-domestic (chicken coop and animal corral) habitats vary in the blood meals detected in the vectors? (2) What is the pattern of multiple blood meals? (3) Does the rate of T. cruzi infection vary among habitats and is it associated with specific blood meal types? Methodology/Principal Findings Assays based on the polymerase chain reaction were evaluated for identification of the blood meal source in the heamatophagous Chagas disease vector Triatoma infestans. We evaluate a technique to identify 11 potential vertebrate food sources from the complex mixture extracted from the vector's abdomen. We tested the assay on 81 T. infestans specimens collected from the Andean highlands in the department of Chuquisaca, located in central Bolivia, one of the regions in South America where sylvatic T. infestans have been reported. This area is suggested to be the geographic origin of T. infestans and has very high human infection rates that may be related to sylvatic vector populations. Conclusion/Significance The results of the assays revealed that a high percentage of insects collected in human dwellings had fed on peri-domestic animals. In contrast, one insect from a chicken coop but no bugs from corrals tested positive for human blood. Forty-eight percent of insects tested positive for more than one vertebrate species. T. cruzi infection was detected in 42% of the specimens. From the epidemiological point of view, the results reveal an overall pattern of movement from peri-domestic structures to human habitations for T. infestans in this region of Bolivia as well as the important role of pigs, dogs, chickens and guinea pigs in the dynamics of T. cruzi infection.
The Phenomenology of Spatial Integration: Data and Models

A briefly presented visual stimulus followed by darkness seems to persist beyond its physical offset. We are concerned here with the relation between two characteristics of this visible persistence: first, its phenomenological resemblance to the stimulus that spawned it and second, its usefulness as a basis for integrating visual stimuli that are separated in time. We describe two experiments using a task in which two halves of a visual stimulus were presented successively and observers reported how complete the stimulus appeared to be. Stimuli appeared less complete with increases in both the duration of the interval intervening between presentation of the two halves and the duration of the initially presented stimulus half. This data pattern is similar to that obtained in tasks in which spatial integration of two temporally disparate stimuli is necessary for correct responding. On the basis of this similarity, we argue that phenomenological appearance and ability to integrate stimuli over time are two facets of the same perceptual events. We describe a formal model to account for these and other data.
Temperature Effects in the Raman Spectrum of Solid Orthocarborane

Abstract Variable temperature studies of the laser Raman spectrum of solid orthocarborane indicate a change in the line widths of the peaks in the observed frequency region from 745 cm−1 to 815 cm−1. A marked change in the line width of the 807 cm−1 peak around 4°C confirms recently observed anomalies in the NMR spectrum at this temperature.
Creating receptivity in cross-cultural coordination: the role of civic virtue

This paper explores receptivity creation in cross-cultural coordination. Qualitative data from an inter-organizational relationship between culturally dissimilar and unequal groups are used to show that, while practices fostering defensiveness inhibit receptivity, those promoting civic virtue create partial receptivity. Partial receptivity falls short of cross-cultural synergy, but is a more achievable outcome.
R-parity violation and sneutrino resonances at muon colliders

In supersymmetric models with R-parity violation, sneutrinos may be produced as channel resonances at {mu}{sup +}{mu}{sup {minus}} colliders. The authors demonstrate that, for R-parity violating couplings as low as 10{sup {minus}4}, sneutrino resonances may be observed and may be exploited to yield high precision SUSY parameter measurements. The excellent beam energy resolution of muon colliders may also be used to resolve MeV level splitting between CP-even and CP-odd sneutrino mass eigenstates.
Uncovering the Role of Sgf73 in Maintaining SAGA Deubiquitinating Module Structure and Activity

Abstract The SAGA (Spt–Ada–Gcn5 acetyltransferase) complex performs multiple functions in transcription activation including deubiquitinating histone H2B, which is mediated by a subcomplex called the deubiquitinating module (DUBm). The yeast DUBm comprises a catalytic subunit, Ubp8, and three additional subunits, Sgf11, Sus1 and Sgf73, all of which are required for DUBm activity. A portion of the non-globular Sgf73 subunit lies between the Ubp8 catalytic domain and the ZnF-UBP domain and has been proposed to contribute to deubiquitinating activity by maintaining the catalytic domain in an active conformation. We report structural and solution studies of the DUBm containing two different Sgf73 point mutations that disrupt deubiquitinating activity. We find that the Sgf73 mutations abrogate deubiquitinating activity by impacting the Ubp8 ubiquitin-binding fingers region and they have an unexpected effect on the overall folding and stability of the DUBm complex. Taken together, our data suggest a role for Sgf73 in maintaining both the organization and the ubiquitin-binding conformation of Ubp8, thereby contributing to overall DUBm activity.
Vibration of plane curved beams

An exact solution is obtained for the small amplitude motion of a plane constant curvature prismatic bar with no initial twist. The effects of shear deformation, rotatory intertia, and extensionality are included. By using the solution for the constant curvature element, the state vector transfer matrix approach is shown to be a very effective tool for investigating the in-plane and out-of-plane frequencies of arbitrarily shaped plane bars.
Kidney exchange: where we've been and where we can go from here

I'll give an overview of the growth of kidney exchange and of the computational, economic, and behavioral issues that arise. Kidney exchange has grown into an enterprise involving many hospitals and overlapping exchange networks, and in the process the set of strategic players has changed, and so has the patient pool. I'll discuss how the market design has evolved to keep pace with these changes, and further challenges that remain, for the medical community, for economists, and for computer scientists.
A Relation between Raman Spectra and Ultra-Violet Absorption

IT is well known that the Raman frequencies are identified with vibration frequencies of the molecule, and this is corroborated by the agreement already found between Raman lines and absorption bands in the infra-red. It is to be anticipated, however, that a polyatomic organic molecule with its several frequencies of vibration would give a rather complicated absorption spectrum, so that the dispersion of the spectroscope in the infra-red is often insufficient for their resolution. The result is therefore a super-position of bands on a continuous background, the maxima of which may correspond to average values between two or more bands. In fact, the agreement between Raman spectra and infra-red absorption is in many cases not quite satisfying.
A Viscoplasticity Model for Solder Alloys

Demand for long-term reliability of electronic packaging has lead to a large number of studies on visco-plastic behavior of solder alloys. Various creep models for solder alloys have been proposed. They range from purely empirical to mechanism based models where dislocation motion and diffusion processes are taken into account. In this study, most commonly used creep models are compared with the test data and implemented in ABAQUS to compare their performance in cycling loading. Finally, a new creep model is proposed that combines best features of many models. It is also shown that, while two viscoplasticity models may describe the same material stress-strain rate curves equally well, however they may yield very different results when utilized for cycling loading. One interesting observation of this study is that the stress exponent, n, also depends on the grain size.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Decadal oscillations driven by the annual cycle in a zonally‐averaged coupled ocean‐ice model

The role of the annual cycle in driving long-term variations in high-latitude oceans is studied in a zonally-averaged ocean model coupled with a thermodynamic sea-ice model. When the model is forced by surface fluxes whose seasonalities are idealized sinusoidally, subharmonic oscillations on interdecadal time scales arise due to a delicate interplay between surface heat and freshwater fluxes, sea-ice extent, oceanic heat transport, and convective overturning. It is shown that the seemingly zero-net-gain annual cycle of winter freezing and summer melting may actually drain salts from the surface layer to the deeper ocean, leading to freshening of the upper ocean. This mechanism, when coupled with sea-ice feedback, produces a self-sustaining inter-decadal oscillation. Parallel numerical experiments that use steady surface forcings do not generate such oscillations. This study highlights an important aspect of the annual cycle in forcing inter annual to decadal time scale climate variations.
Predictive value of the Seattle Heart Failure Model in patients undergoing left ventricular assist device placement

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are increasingly used in advanced heart failure patients. Despite proven efficacy, optimal timing of LVAD implantation is not well defined. METHODS: Patients receiving an LVAD were prospectively recorded. Laboratory and clinical data were extracted and used to calculate the predicted survival with medical therapy using the Seattle Heart Failure Model (SHFM). This was compared with observed survival, hospital length of stay and timeliness of discharge. RESULTS: We identified 104 patients. Survival with an LVAD vs SHFM predicted survival was 69% vs 11% at 1 year, corresponding to a hazard ratio of 0.17 (p 0.0001). SHFM-estimated 1-year survival with medical therapy increased from 4% in 1997 to 2004 to 25% in 2007‐2008 (p 0.0001). Subgroup analysis of higher vs lower risk LVAD patients showed observed 1-year survival of 83% vs 57% (p 0.04). The lower risk group had a shorter length of stay (46 vs 75 days, p 0.03), along with higher rates of discharge prior to transplant (88% vs 61%, p 0.01) and discharge within 60 days of LVAD placement (77% vs 52%, p 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The SHFM allows prediction of important features of a patient’s hospital course post-operatively, including length of stay and 1-year survival. Given evidence of improved survival and shorter hospital stay in lower risk patients, earlier LVAD placement based on a prediction model like the SHFM should be considered in advanced heart failure patients. The SHFM may have utility as a virtual control arm for single-arm LVAD trials.
Stochastic modeling of ecosystem with two competing species

Abstract A nonlinear stochastic model describing two competing species of grass and woody vegetation is proposed. The nonlinear behaviors are caused by the interspecies and intraspecies competitions, and the stochastic variation describes the uncertainty in the cattle stocking rate. Two types of stochastic processes are proposed to model the variation part of the stocking rate. One is Gaussian white-noise process, and another is randomized sinusoidal process. The system nonlinear behaviors are investigated for the deterministic case and the cases with two different stochastic variations. Some key characteristics of the system dynamics are found to be different for cases with and without stochastic variations. With the stochastic variation, a single stable state in the deterministic system is diffused into a region of stable states, and a separatrix dividing the two attraction zones no longer exists. The system may follow different trajectories and lead to different outcomes, beginning from the same initial state. It is also found that the stationary probability of the system response depends on the initial conditions, a special phenomenon for the investigated nonlinear system. Although the white-noise process and the randomized sinusoidal process are quite different in nature, the qualitative behaviors of the system are similar. Furthermore, effects of the initial state and the intensity of the stochastic variations on the system behaviors are investigated.
A magnitude-robust control chart for monitoring and estimating step changes for normal process means

Statistical process control charts are intended to assist operators of a usually stable system in monitoring whether a change has occurred in the process. When a change does occur, the control chart should detect it quickly. If the operator can also be provided information that aids in the search for the special cause, then critical off-line time can be saved. We investigate a process-monitoring tool that not only provides speedy detection regardless of the magnitude of the process shift, but also supplies useful change point statistics. A likelihood ratio approach can be used to develop a control chart for permanent step change shifts of a normal process mean. The average run length performance for this chart is compared to that of several cumulative sum (CUSUM) charts. Our performance comparisons show that this chart performs better than any one CUSUM chart over an entire range of potential shift magnitudes. The likelihood ratio approach also provides point and interval estimates for the time and magnitude of the process shift. These crucial change-point diagnostics can greatly enhance special cause investigation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonexactness of the Soliton-Phonon Theory for the Classical Statistical Mechanics of the Sine-Gordon Model

The soliton-phonon theory of Johnson et al. and Timonen et al. for the classical statistical mechanics of the sine-Gordon model is examined analytically and numerically. It is demonstrated that the soliton-phonon theory is not more than a good approximation in the low reduced temperature regime
Design of Stable and Uniform Single Nanoparticle Photonics for In Vivo Dynamics Imaging of Nanoenvironments of Zebrafish Embryonic Fluids

We report here the use of a simple washing approach to reduce the ionic strength of the solution, which increased the thickness of the electric double layer on the surface of silver (Ag) nanoparticles and thereby enhanced their surface zeta-potential. This approach allowed us to prepare optically uniform (75-99%) and purified Ag nanoparticles (11.3 +/- 2.3 nm) that are stable (nonaggregation) in solution for months, permitting them to become robust and widely used single nanoprobes for in vivo optical imaging. These Ag nanoparticles show remarkable photostability and serve as single nanoparticle photonic probes for continuous imaging nanoenvironments of segmentation-stage zebrafish embryos for hours. Unlike other particle tracking experiments, we utilized size-dependent localized surface plasmon resonance spectra (LSPRS) (colors) of single Ag nanoparticles to determine given colored (sized) nanoparticles in situ and used the monodisperse color (size) of nanoparticles to simultaneously measure viscosities and flow patterns of multiple proximal nanoenvironments in segmentation-stage zebrafish embryos in real time. We found new interesting counterclockwise flow patterns with rates ranging from 0.06 to 1.8 microm/s and stunningly high viscosity gradients spanning two orders of magnitude in chorion space of the embryos, with the highest viscosity observed around the center of chorion space and the lower viscosity at the interfacial areas near the surface of both chorion layers and inner mass of the embryos. This study demonstrates the possibility of using individual monodisperse nanophotonics to probe the roles of embryonic fluid dynamics in embryonic development.
Towards a Formalised Representation for the Technical Enforcement of Privacy Level Agreements

Privacy Level Agreements (PLAs) are likely to be increasingly adopted as a standardized way for cloud providers to describe their data protection practices. In this paper we propose an ontology-based model to represent the information disclosed in the agreement to turn it into a means that allows software tools to use and further process that information for different purposes, including automated service offering discovery and comparison. A specific usage of the PLA ontology is presented, showing how to link high level policies to operational policies that are then enforced and monitored. Through this established link, cloud users gain greater assurance that what is expressed in such agreements is actually being met, and thereby can take this information into account when choosing cloud service providers. Furthermore, the created link can be used to enable policy enforcement tools to add semantics to the evidence they produce; this mainly takes the form of logs that are associated with the specific policy of which execution they provide evidence. Furthermore, the use of the ontology model allows a means of enabling interoperability among tools that are in charge of the enforcement and monitoring of possible violations to the terms of the agreement.
LIV.—Notice of some new reptilian remains from the cretaceous beds of Brazil

(1869). LIV.—Notice of some new reptilian remains from the cretaceous beds of Brazil. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 3, No. 18, pp. 442-444.
GigaTensor: scaling tensor analysis up by 100 times - algorithms and discoveries

Many data are modeled as tensors, or multi dimensional arrays. Examples include the predicates (subject, verb, object) in knowledge bases, hyperlinks and anchor texts in the Web graphs, sensor streams (time, location, and type), social networks over time, and DBLP conference-author-keyword relations. Tensor decomposition is an important data mining tool with various applications including clustering, trend detection, and anomaly detection. However, current tensor decomposition algorithms are not scalable for large tensors with billions of sizes and hundreds millions of nonzeros: the largest tensor in the literature remains thousands of sizes and hundreds thousands of nonzeros.Consider a knowledge base tensor consisting of about 26 million noun-phrases. The intermediate data explosion problem, associated with naive implementations of tensor decomposition algorithms, would require the materialization and the storage of a matrix whose largest dimension would be ≈7 x 1014; this amounts to ~10 Petabytes, or equivalently a few data centers worth of storage, thereby rendering the tensor analysis of this knowledge base, in the naive way, practically impossible. In this paper, we propose GIGATENSOR, a scalable distributed algorithm for large scale tensor decomposition. GIGATENSOR exploits the sparseness of the real world tensors, and avoids the intermediate data explosion problem by carefully redesigning the tensor decomposition algorithm.Extensive experiments show that our proposed GIGATENSOR solves 100 times bigger problems than existing methods. Furthermore, we employ GIGATENSOR in order to analyze a very large real world, knowledge base tensor and present our astounding findings which include discovery of potential synonyms among millions of noun-phrases (e.g. the noun 'pollutant' and the noun-phrase 'greenhouse gases').
Erbium(Er):YAG lasers in the surgical treatment of open angle glaucoma

Pulsed infrared lasers have generated considerable interest in the "minimally invasive" creation of sclerostomies for the surgical treatment of glaucoma. The two lasers currently receiving the most attention for filtration surgery are the THC:YAG (holmium) and the Er:YAG laser. Another surgery currently under investigation is Er:YAG laser trabecular ablation (LTA). >
Study of the 39K(p, α)36Ar reaction

Abstract The reaction 39 K(p,α) 36 Ar was investigated in the incident proton energy range 10.0–13.0 MeV in steps of 20 keV and 100 keV at eight angles from 25° to 160°. The excitation functions of the α-groups leading to different final states in 36 Ar exhibit strong fluctuations in forward and backward angles. These fluctuations usually are not correlated. The analysis was made in terms of the Ericson statistical model. The coherence with Λ is around 10–15 keV. There are some indications for non-fluctuating contributions (direct interaction). Tentative spin assignments of the first two excited states in 36 Ar are discussed on the basis of the 2 I +1 rule.
Tick-Borne Flaviviruses Antagonize Both IRF-1 and Type I IFN Signaling To Inhibit Dendritic Cell Function

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a leading cause of viral encephalitis in Europe and Asia. Dendritic cells (DCs), as early cellular targets of infection, provide an opportunity for flaviviruses to inhibit innate and adaptive immune responses. Flaviviruses modulate DC function, but the mechanisms underpinning this are not defined. We examined the maturation phenotype and function of murine bone marrow–derived DCs infected with Langat virus (LGTV), a naturally attenuated member of the TBEV serogroup. LGTV infection failed to induce DC maturation or a cytokine response. Treatment with LPS or LPS/IFN-γ, strong inducers of inflammatory cytokines, resulted in enhanced TNF-α and IL-6 production, but suppressed IL-12 production in infected DCs compared with uninfected “bystander” cells or mock-infected controls. LGTV-mediated antagonism of type I IFN (IFN-I) signaling contributed to inhibition of IL-12p40 mRNA expression at late time points after stimulation. However, early suppression was still observed in DCs lacking the IFN-I receptor ( Ifnar −/− ), suggesting that additional mechanisms of antagonism exist. The early IFN-independent inhibition of IL-12p40 was nearly abolished in DCs deficient in IFN regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1), a key transcription factor required for IL-12 production. LGTV infection did not affect Irf-1 mRNA expression, but rather diminished IRF-1 protein levels and nuclear localization. The effect on IRF-1 was also observed in DCs infected with the highly virulent Sofjin strain of TBEV. Thus, antagonism of IRF-1 is a novel mechanism that synergizes with the noted ability of flaviviruses to suppress IFN-α/β receptor–dependent signaling, resulting in the orchestrated evasion of host innate immunity.
Michaelshaffera gen. n. - a pyraloid taxon lacking an abdominal tympanal organ (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Michaelshaffera gen. n. is comprised of two species, M. maidoa (Schaus), new combination, the type species, described from French Guiana, and a new species, M. beckeri, here described from South America. The assignment of taxa to the Pyraloidea is based primarily on characters of the tympanal organs and immature stages. Michaelshaffera lacks a tympanal organ and the immatures are unknown. The rationale for the placement of this genus in the Pyraloidea and lower hierarchical ranks is discussed based on other morphological characters.
A study of surface diffusion by NMR: Sulfur hexafluoride adsorbed on synthetic faujasite

Abstract Spin-lattice relaxation times have been measured as a function of temperature for the fluorine nuclei in sulfur hexafluoride adsorbed on synthetic faujasite for various compositions ranging from 0.83 to 6.62 molecules SF 6 per cage. The data were interpreted according to the BPP theory to obtain the activation enthalpy ΔH for translational diffusion, which varied from 2.45 kcal/mole at 0.83 molecules per cage to 4.00 kcal/mole at 6.62 molecles per cage. There is a steep jump in ΔH when the number of molecules per cage reaches approximately four. Calculated values for room temperature diffusion coefficients ( ca. 10 −6 cm 2 /sec) are also given.
The relation between bisphosphonate use and non-union of fractures of the humerus in older adults.

Summary While nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates have been shown to reduce fracture risk in postmenopausal women and men, their safety in the period after a fracture is unclear. In fully adjusted multivariable regression models, bisphosphonate use in the post-fracture period was associated with an increased probability of non-union [odds ratio (OR) 2.37, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13–4.96]. Clinicians might consider waiting for several months before introduction of a bisphosphonate after a fracture.