cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autonomous detection of volcanic plumes on outer planetary bodies

We experimentally evaluated the efficacy of various autonomous supervised classification techniques for detecting transient geophysical phenomena. We demonstrated methods of detecting volcanic plumes on the planetary satellites Io and Enceladus using spacecraft images from the Voyager, Galileo, New Horizons, and Cassini missions. We successfully detected 73–95% of known plumes in images from all four mission datasets.Additionally, we showed that the same techniques are applicable to differentiating geologic features, such as plumes and mountains, which exhibit similar appearances in images.
A versatile mercury film pulser

Abstract A convenient pulser is described having a rise time of less than 1 ns and capable of single shot and variable operation up to 60 Hz. The switch element is a mercury film magnetic latching relay capable of operation in any position.
Lifetime-Based Sensing of Glucose Using Energy Transfer with a Long Lifetime Donor

Abstract We describe an optical assay for glucose based on the luminescence decay time of a long lifetime metal–ligand complex. Concanavalin A was covalently labeled with Ruthenium metal–ligand complex (RuCon A) which served as the donor. The acceptor was malachite green which was covalently linked to insulin. The malachite green insulin was also covalently labeled with maltose (MIMG) to provide binding affinity to RuCon A. Binding of RuCon A to MIMG resulted in a decreased intensity and decay time of RuCon A. Glucose was detected by competitive displacement of MIMG from RuCon A, resulting in increased intensity and decay time. This glucose assay has several favorable features. The long lifetime of RuCon A allows phase-modulation decay time measurements using an amplitude-modulated blue-light-emitting diode as the light source. Reversibility of the assay can be controlled by the extent of sugar labeling of the insulin. Finally, the glucose-sensitive range can be adjusted by selection of the sugar structure and extent of labeling of the insulin.
Sites of Hydroxyl Radical Reaction with Amino Acids Identified by 2H NMR Detection of Induced 1H/2H Exchange

Hydroxyl radical reacts with the aliphatic C−H bonds of amino acids by H atom abstraction. Under anaerobic conditions inclusion of a 2H atom donor results in 1H/2H exchange into these C−H bonds [Goshe et al. Biochemistry 2000, 39, 1761−1770]. The site of 1H/2H exchange can be detected and quantified by 2H NMR. Integration of the 2H NMR resonances within a single spectrum permits the relative rate of H atom abstraction from each position to be determined. Analysis of the aliphatic amino acid spectra indicates that the methine and methylene positions were more reactive than the methyl positions. The 2H NMR spectra of isoleucine and leucine show that H-atom abstraction distal to the α-carbon occurs preferentially. Significant 1H/2H exchange was observed into the δ positions of proline and arginine and into the e-methylene of lysine, indicating that a positive charge on a geminal N does not inhibit the 1H/2H exchange. Comparisons of 2H NMR integrations between amino acid spectra indicated that 1H/2H exchange ...
Physical Factors, Personal Characteristics, and Substance Use: Associations With Obesity

ABSTRACT. Background: Because obesity has become a major public health problem, attention to a range of its predictors is needed. This study examined the association of physical factors, personal characteristics, and substance use with obesity in a sample (N = 815) of African American and Puerto Rican young adults with a mean age of 32. Methods: Body mass index (BMI) was calculated to assess obesity. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted. Results: Bivariate analyses showed that protective factors such as physical activity (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = .82, 95% confidence interval [CI] = .74–.91), healthy diet (AOR = .96, 95% CI = .93–.99), self-control (AOR = .93, 95% CI = .87–.98), and life satisfaction (AOR = .97, 95% CI = .95–.99) were associated with a reduced probability of being obese. Marijuana use was also associated with a decreased probability of obesity (AOR = .89, 95% CI = .80–.99), but was not considered a protective factor. Risk factors such as short sleep dur...
Profiles of depressive symptoms in older adults diagnosed with major depression: latent cluster analysis.

Objective: To explore the underlying structure of symptom presentation in older adults with major depression by identifying homogeneous clusters of individuals based on symptom profiles. Design: Secondary data analysis using latent class cluster analysis. Setting: Clinical Research Center for the Study of Depression in Later Life conducted at Duke University. Participants: Three hundred sixty-six patients age 60+ who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition ( DSM–IV ) criteria for major depression and were enrolled in a longitudinal naturalistic treatment study. Measurements: Responses to the 10 items of the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale at the time of study enrollment. Results: The authors identified four latent clusters of older adults with major depression. Patients in Cluster 1 (47.2%) had mean scores of average severity for reported and apparent sadness and lassitude and low mean scores for reduced appetite. Patients in Cluster 2 (27.1%) had higher mean scores compared with Cluster 1 for all items, and particularly for apparent sadness. Patients in Cluster 3 (18.9%) had the lowest mean scores for both apparent and reported sadness, but a similar profile compared with Cluster 1 for inner tension, reduced sleep, reduced appetite, and concentration difficulties. Cluster 4 (6.8%) had the highest mean scores for each item. Both apparent and reported sadness accounted for a large amount of variance among the four clusters. Patients in Cluster 4 were more likely to have 12 or less years of education and/or one or more functional limitations. Conclusion: The heterogeneity in symptom presentation among older adults diagnosed with major depression can potentially inform the development of DSM–V .
Left-Handed Helical Ribbon Intermediates in the Self-Assembly of a β-Sheet Peptide

We report the observation of intermediate structures in the self-assembly of the peptide KFE8 (FKFEFKFE), designed with alternating polar and nonpolar amino acids. Self-assembly was followed over t...
Developmentally Restricted Synaptic Plasticity in a Songbird Nucleus Required for Song Learning

We provide evidence here of long-term synaptic plasticity in a songbird forebrain area required for song learning, the lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum (LMAN). Pairing postsynaptic bursts in LMAN principal neurons with stimulation of recurrent collateral synapses had two effects: spike timing- and NMDA receptor-dependent LTP of the recurrent synapses, and LTD of thalamic afferent synapses that were stimulated out of phase with the postsynaptic bursting. Both types of plasticity were restricted to the sensory critical period for song learning, consistent with a role for each in sensory learning. The properties of the observed plasticity are appropriate to establish recurrent circuitry within LMAN that reflects the spatiotemporal pattern of thalamic afferent activity evoked by tutor song. Such circuit organization could represent a tutor song memory suitable for reinforcing particular vocal sequences during sensorimotor learning.
Promoter escape by RNA polymerase II.

Abstract Transcription of protein-coding genes is one of the most fundamental processes that underlies all life and is a primary mechanism of biological regulation. In eukaryotic cells, transcription depends on the formation of a complex at the promoter region of the gene that minimally includes RNA polymerase II and several auxiliary proteins known as the general transcription factors. Transcription initiation follows at the promoter site given the availability of nucleoside triphosphates and ATP. Soon after the polymerase begins the synthesis of the nascent mRNA chain, it enters a critical stage, referred to as promoter escape, that is characterized by physical and functional instability of the transcription complex. These include formation of abortive transcripts, strong dependence on ATP cofactor, the general transcription factor TFIIH and downstream template. These criteria are no longer in effect when the nascent RNA reaches a length of 14–15 nucleotides. Towards the end of promoter escape, disruption or adjustment of protein–protein and protein–DNA interactions, including the release of some of the general transcription factors from the early transcription complex is to be expected, allowing the transition to the elongation stage of transcription. In this review, we examine the experimental evidence that defines promoter escape as a distinct stage in transcription, and point out areas where critical information is missing.
Skeletal muscle oxidative capacity in young and older women and men

It has been suggested that a decline in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity is a general consequence of aging in humans. However, previous studies have not always controlled for the effects of varying levels of physical activity on muscle oxidative capacity. To test the hypothesis that, when matched for comparable habitual physical activity levels, there would be no age-related decline in the oxidative capacity of a locomotor muscle, the postexercise recovery time of phosphocreatine was compared in the tibialis anterior muscle of young [n = 19; 33.8 +/- 4.8 (SD) yr] and older [n = 18; 75.5 +/- 4.5 yr] healthy women and men of similar, relatively low, activity levels. The intramuscular metabolic measurements were accomplished by using phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The results indicate that there was no age effect on the postexercise recovery time of phosphocreatine recovery, thus supporting the stated hypothesis. These data suggest that there is no requisite decline in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity with aging in humans, at least through the seventh decade.
Automated adaptive multilevel solver

Abstract This paper presents an automated adaptive multilevel solver for linear (or linearized) system of equations. The multilevel aspect of the solver is aimed at securing an optimal rate of convergence, while keeping the size of the coarsest problem sufficiently small to ensure that the direct portion of the solution does not dominate the total computational cost. Adaptivity in terms of a priori selection of the number of levels (one or more) and construction of the optimal multilevel preconditioner is the key to the robustness of the method. The number of levels is selected on the basis of estimated conditioning, sparsity of the factor and available memory. The auxiliary coarse models (if required) are automatically constructed on the basis of spectral characteristics of individual aggregates (groups of neighboring elements). An obstacle test consisting of twenty industry and model problems was designed to (i) determine the optimal values of computational parameters and to (ii) compare the adaptive multilevel scheme with existing state-of-the-art equation solvers including the Multifrontal solver [17] with the MMD reordering scheme, and the PCG solver with the nearly optimal Modified Incomplete Cholesky factorization preconditioner.
Jefferson's moral agrarianism: poetic fiction or normative vision?

Scholars today are divided on the motivation behind what is often called Jefferson’s “moral agrarianism”. On the one hand, some scholars take Jefferson at his word when he mentions that agrarianism is a moral vision. For these individuals, Jefferson’s agrarianism is a moral vision and an indispensible part of the good life. On the other hand, other scholars maintain that Jefferson’s moral agrarianism is merely a bit of propaganda that insidiously sheaths a political or economic ideal. For them, Jefferson is through and throughout a politician, and expressions of agrarianism as a moral ideal amount to mere cant. In this paper, I examine arguments for and against Jefferson’s moral agrarianism. I defend the position that Jefferson was an aboveboard moral agrarianist and that the ideal of agrarianism was not just one that was suited for Americans, given their surfeit of land and want of laborers, but an ideal that also applied universally. I end with thoughts on Jefferson’s recognition of the rise of manufacturing in American cities throughout his life.
Arctic sea ice decline: Faster than forecast

[1] From 1953 to 2006, Arctic sea ice extent at the end of the melt season in September has declined sharply. All models participating in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC AR4) show declining Arctic ice cover over this period. However, depending on the time window for analysis, none or very few individual model simulations show trends comparable to observations. If the multi-model ensemble mean time series provides a true representation of forced change by greenhouse gas (GHG) loading, 33–38% of the observed September trend from 1953–2006 is externally forced, growing to 47–57% from 1979–2006. Given evidence that as a group, the models underestimate the GHG response, the externally forced component may be larger. While both observed and modeled Antarctic winter trends are small, comparisons for summer are confounded by generally poor model performance.
S-R Associations, Their Extinction, and Recovery in an Animal Model of Anxiety: A New Associative Account of Phobias Without Recall of Original Trauma

Associative accounts of the etiology of phobias have been criticized because of numerous cases of phobias in which the client does not remember a relevant traumatic event (i.e., Pavlovian conditioning trial), instructions, or vicarious experience with the phobic object. In three lick suppression experiments with rats as subjects, we modeled an associative account of such fears. Experiment 1 assessed stimulus-response (S-R) associations in first-order fear conditioning. After behaviorally complete devaluation of the unconditioned stimulus, the target stimulus still produced strong conditioned responses, suggesting that an S-R association had been formed and that this association was not significantly affected when the outcome was devalued through unsignaled presentations of the unconditioned stimulus. Experiments 2 and 3 examined extinction and recovery of S-R associations. Experiment 2 showed that extinguished S-R associations returned when testing occurred outside of the extinction context (i.e., renewal) and Experiment 3 found that a long delay between extinction and testing also produced a return of the extinguished S-R associations (i.e., spontaneous recovery). These experiments suggest that fears for which people cannot recall a cause are explicable in an associative framework, and indicate that those fears are susceptible to relapse after extinction treatment just like stimulus-outcome (S-O) associations.
Finite gain stabilization with logarithmic quantization

In this paper, we consider the finite-gain stabilization problem in the case where there is logarithmic quantization in the feedback loop; more specifically, we consider a scalar- input discrete-time linear time invariant (LTI) system in the presence of additive deterministic or stochastic external disturbances, with logarithmically quantized state measurements available. Assuming that finite lp gain from the input to the states is achievable when the feedback is not quantized (or in the stochastic case that the p th-moment is finite), we show that there exist feasible logarithmic quantizers such that these boundedness properties are preserved when the state feedback is quantized. The main contribution of this paper is to show that static memoryless logarithmic quantizer is sufficient for finite gain stabilization. The quantizer density only depends on the open-loop system parameters. In addition to the controller construction, we also give explicit bounds on the l p gain, and in the stochastic case, the p th -moment of the state.
Laser Anemometer Measurements in a Compressor Rotor Flowfield at Off-Design Conditions

The measurement of the flowfield at the peak pressure rise condition in an axial flow compressor rotor is reported in this paper. The inviscid flow measurement was carried out using a laser Doppler velocimeter and the blade boundary layers were measured using a two-sensor hot-wire pobe. The blade-to-blade distribution of velocities at several axial and radial locations are plotted, interpreted, and compared with the conditions existing at a lower (design) flow coefficient. The leading-edge effects on inviscid flow are found to be appreciable. The flowfield is dominated by inviscid flow at most radial locations and the blade boundary-layer thickness is found to be appreciable in the tip region. The flow near the tip is dominated by leakage and its influence is more severe at the peak pressure rise condition. Nomenclature local lift coefficient based on local inlet dynamic head of the relative flow static and stagnation pressure of absolute flow pressure and suction surfaces, respectively radius ratio, r/rt blade spacing streamwise, normal, and radial coordinate directions blade tip speed absolute and relative flow velocity normalized by the blade tip speed resultant velocity on the cylindrical surface, pfpQ
Perfusion-CT assessment of the cerebrovascular reserve: a revisit to the acetazolamide challenges.

Summary Background and purpose Imaging techniques utilizing acetazolamide challenges classically measure cerebral blood flow (CBF). In addition to measuring CBF, Perfusion-CT (PCT) can also assess cerebral blood volume (CBV) and mean transit time (MTT), expanding but also complicating the results of acetazolamide challenges performed using PCT. The goal of this study is to clarify the interpretation of PCT studies obtained during acetazolamide challenges. Methods Four consecutive patients were referred for evaluation of their cerebrovascular reserve because of suspected or known large vessel stenosis or occlusion. In one patient, the potential stenosis was found to be artifactual, and this subject was considered as a normal control. The remaining three patients had clinical histories clearly suggestive of a worsening in cerebrovascular reserve (no.1 with a single transient ischemic attack (TIA), no.2 with several TIAs, no.3 with multiple, prolonged TIAs). All patients underwent a baseline PCT scan, followed by intravenous injection of 1 g acetazolamide and, 20 min postinjection, by a second PCT scan at exactly the same locations as the first. PCT cerebral blood flow, volume, and mean transit time values were measured in regions of interest (ROIs) encompassing the brain tissue at-risk and the normal brain tissue, defined based on the site of occlusion and the anatomy of the Circle of Willis. Changes in PCT parameters were calculated in corresponding ROIs on pre- and postacetazolamide PCT maps. Results As compared to the normal control patient, baseline CBF values in the at-risk regions were similar in patients nos.1 and 2, and lower in patient no.3. After acetazolamide administration, CBF increased by 32% in the normal patient and decreased by 11, 11, and 9% in the at-risk regions in patients nos.1, 2, and 3, respectively; CBV was stable for all patients except no.3, who showed a 36% increase; MTT was the PCT parameter whose change best differentiated the four patients (−17% in the normal patient, +9% in patient no.1, +24% in patient no.2, +48% in patient no.3). Interestingly, the baseline MTT values, measured before acetazolamide injection, showed a similar, gradual increase in the four patients, ranging from 4.5 to 8.1 s. Conclusion The degree of impairment in cerebrovascular reserve, as assessed by clinical history, correlated most closely with the change in MTT in response to acetazolamide. Increased baseline MTT values may be a static, quantitative indicator of compromised cerebrovascular reserve in at-risk territories.
Bedside Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Complex Hand Infections: A Case Series

Abstract Background The red, swollen, infected hand can be a diagnostically challenging presentation in the emergency department (ED). Hand infections are a relatively uncommon ED complaint, and diagnoses may range from simple cellulitis to deep space abscess, and even to suppurative flexor tenosynovitis. The accurate differentiation of these clinical entities is of paramount importance to healing and recovery of function. Case Series In this case series, we review 4 patients with similar presenting complaints of a red, swollen hand, but with much different diagnoses and eventual treatment strategies. We describe how ultrasound was used to assist in making the diagnosis and initiating the most appropriate therapy. Finally, we review techniques for sonographic evaluation of the hand and provide imaging tips to improve visualization and accurate diagnosis. Why should an emergency physician be aware of this? Bedside ultrasound may allow for a more rapid and accurate diagnosis of various hand infections when diagnosis by physical examination is unclear.
Efficient fluorescence collection and ion imaging with the “tack” ion trap

Trapped, laser-cooled atoms and ions produce intense fluorescence of the order 107~108 photons per second. Detection of this fluorescence enables efficient measurement of the quantum state of qubits based on trapped atoms. It is desirable to collect a large fraction of the photons to make the detection faster and more reliable. Additionally, efficient fluorescence collection can improve the speed and fidelity of remote ion entanglement and quantum gates. Refractive and reflective optics, and optical cavities have all been used to collect the trapped ion fluorescence with up to about 10% efficiency. Here we show a novel ion trap design that incorporates a metallic spherical mirror as the integral part of the trap itself, being its RF electrode. The mirror geometry enables up to 35% solid angle collection of trapped ion fluorescence. The movable central pin electrode of this trap allows precise placement of the ion at the focus of the reflector. We characterize the performance of the mirror, and measure 25% collection efficiency, likely limited by the imperfections of the mirror surface. We also study the properties of the images of single ions formed by the spherical mirror and apply aberration correction with an aspherical element placed outside the vacuum system. Owing to the simplicity of its design, this trap structure can be adapted for microfabrication and integration into more complex trap architectures.
Fighting the good fight? Legitimating violence in a world of contested and contingent moral frameworks

Starting from violence's widely acknowledged status as a wrong, this article critically explores attempts to legitimate violence through appeals to moral frameworks that determine the ends for which violence may be employed. Recognizing that such frameworks exist on all sides of violent conflict, it argues that since there will never be complete agreement on their content or application, nor complete certainty about which moral framework is the ‘correct’ one, it becomes impossible to distinguish legitimate from illegitimate violence either non-controversially or with certainity. Two problems result: our own ‘legitimate’ violence may reproduce rather than limit violence by sparking ‘legitimate’ violence in return, and our own use of violence may actually be unjust, despite our intentions. If we wish to avoid these problems yet maintain our moral commitments – however contested or contingent – we must employ nonviolent means to wage our conflicts, as such means remain legitimate despite disagreement or uncertainty regarding ends.
Pupil dilation and visual field in the piked dogfish, Squalus acanthias

The relatively large eye and pupil of the Piked Dogfish, Squalus acanthias, is visually arresting. However, knowledge of its basic visual characteristics lags far behind other areas in this generally well studied species. This study quantifies pupil dilation in a species that is naturally exposed to a broad range of light intensities and finds that the pupil area in the dark adapted state is 35.3% of the total eye area, an increase of 12.4% from the light adapted state. The anterior and posterior extents of the horizontal visual field are assessed and compared with both morphological and electrophysiological techniques and the results are integrated with the measured head yaw to derive the anterior convergence distance and blind area. The position of the eyes and the triangular, pointed snout of S. acanthias provides excellent anterior vision, which likely facilitates foraging upon its mobile prey.
The Baumwollfrage: Cotton Colonialism in German East Africa

In March 1907, as newly-appointed Colonial Minister Bernhard Dernburg prepared to visit German East Africa to assess the colony's potential for economic development following the recent Maji Maji rebellion, requests poured in from businessmen seeking to accompany the minister. Prominent among the select few allowed on the trip were representatives of the German textile industry interested in founding cotton plantations in the colony. Among those participants was Gustav Hertle, director of the Leipzig Cotton Spinnery, the largest cotton spinner in Germany, who had long expressed interest in colonial cotton production. Following the trip the Leipzig Spinnery went on to acquire land in German East Africa, where it founded one of the biggest cotton plantations in the colony. Other textile industrialists who accompanied Dernburg also established cotton plantations in East Africa.
Key questions to guide a better understanding of host-commensal microbiota interactions in intestinal inflammation.

Key questions to guide a better understanding of host–commensal microbiota interactions in intestinal inflammation
Incidence of Venturia shoot blight in aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) varies with tree chemistry and genotype

Quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) is a foundation tree species in North American forests, as well as a valuable source of wood and paper products. Quaking aspen exhibits substantial genetic variation within and among natural populations in phytochemical compounds that influence both interactions with herbivores and ecosystem dynamics. The potential association of these phytochemicals with disease resistance, however, is unknown. Here we present the results of a “natural experiment” in a common garden of quaking aspen genotypes infected with shoot blight (Venturia moreletii). We found that the incidence of shoot blight varied by 10-fold among aspen genotypes, and was strongly and negatively correlated with constitutive foliar concentrations of condensed tannins. Selection factors that shape the genetic and phytochemical architecture of aspen populations may thus simultaneously influence aspen resistance to pathogen attack, with consequences for individual tree fitness as well as community organization, via “extended phenotype” effects.
Estimation for a life model of transformer insulation under combined electrical and thermal stress

A life model for power transformer insulation is proposed. It is the Arrhenius model with a weighting factor for the enhanced reaction under combined thermal/electrical stress. Laboratory tests are used to evaluate the model's parameters. The thermal and thermal/electrical stress aging data on Fish paper are presented and analyzed. The estimates from the life model are close to the experimental results. It is hoped that the life model is extendable to other engineering materials. The model's parameters can be evaluated from two laboratory tests, thermal aging and combined thermal/electrical aging. For the Fish paper, when thermal stress is increased by 30 degrees C, the life is reduced by a factor of 2; at 70 degrees C life was 238 hours and at 100 degrees C life was 120 hours. The material life was further reduced by a factor of nearly 2 when subjected to thermal/electrical stress: at 80 degrees C life was 200 hours, whereas at 80 degrees C and 600 Vac life was 118 hours. Electrical stress is important in accelerating the material degeneration. >
The Influence of the Resident's Identification with a Tourism Destination Brand on Their Behavior

This study empirically tests the role of residents in branding tourism destinations, which has rarely been explored. Results from a survey of 371 residents in Hawaii show positive relationships between residents’ identification with their destination brand and their behavior in three ways: 1) activities to help increase visitors’ satisfaction with their experience; 2) intentions for positive word-of-mouth; and 3) participation in tourism and leisure activities. Results imply that destination marketing organizations and tourism service providers should understand the importance of the internal branding processes among residents, and should incorporate them into their destination branding strategy.
Identification of beta-amyloid-binding sites on transthyretin

Transthyretin (TTR) binds to the Alzheimer-related peptide beta-amyloid (Aβ), and may protect against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. In this work, the specific domains on TTR involved with binding to Aβ were probed. An array was constructed of peptides derived from overlapping sequences from TTR. Strong binding of Aβ to TIAALLSPYSYS (residues 106-117) was detected, corresponding to strand G on the inner β-sheet of TTR. Aβ bound weakly to four contiguous peptides spanning residues 59-83, which includes strand E through the E/F helix and loop. To further pinpoint specific residues on TTR involved with Aβ binding, nine alanine mutants were generated: I68A, I73A, K76A, L82A, I84A, S85A, L17A, T106A and L110A. Aβ binding was significantly inhibited only in L82A and L110A, indicating that Aβ binding to TTR is mediated through these bulky hydrophobic leucines. Aβ binding to L17A and S85A was significantly higher than to wild-type TTR. Enhancement of binding in L17A is postulated to arise from reduced steric restriction to the interior L110 site, since these two residues are adjacent in the native protein. The S85A mutation caused a reduction in TTR tetramer stability; increased Aβ binding is postulated to be a direct consequence of the reduced quaternary stability.
Continuum Models for Beam- and Platelike Lattice Structures

A simple, rational approach is presented for developing continuum models for large repetitive beam- and platelike lattices with arbitrary configurations subjected to static, thermal, and dynamic loadings. The continuum models for these structures are shear flexible beams and plates. They account for local effects in the repeating element of the actual structure and are characterized by their thermoelastic strain and kinetic energies, from which the equations of motion and constitutive relations can be derived. The procedure for developing the expressions for thermoelastic strain and kinetic energies of the continuum involves introducing basic assumptions regarding the variation of the temperature, displacement, and strain components in one or two directions (for plate- and beamlike lattices) and obtaining effective thermoelastic and dynamic coefficients of the continuum in terms of material properties and geometry of the original lattice structure. The high accuracy of the continuum models developed is demonstrated by means of numerical examples. AltA2,Ab,Ad
On Gaussian noise envelopes

The first-passage time problem for a continuous one-dimensional Markov process is reviewed, and upper bounds are obtained for both the probability of failure (or passage and the moments of the time to failure, in terms of the mean time to failure. In addition, stationary Gaussian variables arising from systems with N degrees of freedom that have autocorrelation functions of the form \begin{equation} R(r) = e^{-b \mid \tau \mid} \sum_{k=1}^{N} d_k^2 \cos \omega_k \tau \end{equation} are shown to be derivable from a 2N -dimensional (or 2N - 1, if one of the \omega_k is zero) Markov process that possesses a "pseudoenvelope," which is itself the result of a one-dimensional Markov process. This pseudo-envelope can be used as a bound on the magnitude of the Gaussian variable, and its first-passage time problem can be solved explicitly or utilized to obtain convenient bounds for the probability of failure of the Gaussian process.
STATISTICAL COMPARISON OF THE INDEX OF DISSIMILARITY OF SCHOOL DESEGREGATION AND PERCENTAGES OF PUPILS

Summary.-This study examined the statistical validity of the school desegregation Index of Dissimilarity when applied to data from the Cincinnati, Ohio school district. Testing use of this Index against inferential statistics indicates the Index does not measure school desegregation. A computer search conducted in May 1989 indicated that the Cincinnati, Oho school district has been legally required to use the Index of Dissimilarity as a measure of school desegregation, although no other schools have been required to do so. Recently, however, four research analyses have reported the lack of validity of this index, for example, Sapp (1987), Dziuban and Marowitz (1987), Berlowitz and Sapp (1987), and Rossell (1988). To check previous reports, the present analysis was based on enrollment data from the Cincinnati, Ohio school district. The comparisons of values of the Index of Dissimilarity were done simply using inferential and descriptive statistics. Enrollments from the 1971-1972 school year were analyzed in detail. The actual enrollment from 1982-1985 shows no change in the racial composition of the high schools in the Cincinnati school district. To examine statistically the validity of the values of the Dissimilarity Index, calculations were employed using the formula discussed by Dziuban and Marowitz (1987), which is as follows:
Evaluations of CALPUFF, HPAC, and VLSTRACK with Two Mesoscale Field Datasets

Abstract Results of evaluations of transport and dispersion models with field data are summarized. The California Puff (CALPUFF), Hazard Prediction and Assessment Capability (HPAC), and Chemical/Biological Agent Vapor, Liquid, and Solid Tracking (VLSTRACK) models were compared using two recent mesoscale field datasets—the Dipole Pride 26 (DP26) and the Overland Along-wind Dispersion (OLAD). Both field experiments involved instantaneous releases of sulfur hexafluoride tracer gas in a mesoscale region with desert basins and mountains. DP26 involved point sources, and OLAD involved line sources. Networks of surface wind observations and special radiosonde and pilot balloon soundings were available, and tracer concentrations were observed along lines of whole-air samplers and some fast-response instruments at distances up to 20 km. The models were evaluated using the maximum 3-h dosage (concentration integrated over time) along a sampling line. It was found that the solutions were highly dependent upon the di...
Relative Suitability of Crested Wheatgrass and Other Perennial Grass Hosts for the Russian Wheat Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae)

The Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Homoptera: Aphididae), reproduces parthenogenetically in North America and must survive year-round on host plants, including in late summer when small grains are not in cultivation. During this time, cool-season perennial wheatgrasses (Poaceae: Triticeae) contribute substantially to aphid survival, crested wheatgrass (Agropyron spp.) particularly. In greenhouse studies, the number of aphids per plant was measured after four infestation periods on unvernalized and vernalized wheatgrasses. Before placement on these test plant species, aphids were reared either on winter wheat or on the grass host species on which aphid progeny were counted. On vernalized plants, aphids reared on wheat resulted in more aphids per test plant than when the aphids were reared on wheatgrasses, but on unvernalized plants the number of aphids per test plant did not differ significantly regardless of rearing host. Aphids on crested wheatgrass were similar in number to the other grasses when plants were unvernalized. However, when plants were vernalized, crested wheatgrass supported significantly more aphids than some of the other hosts. Aphid numbers increased on all test species as infestation period lengthened, and plant growth was largely unaffected by aphid feeding. These results suggest if sufficient moisture is available during summer when small grains are not in cultivation, all host species observed are capable of sustaining aphids. Crested wheatgrass is an abundant and important host of the Russian wheat aphid in its northern range of the western United States, but other less prevalent wheatgrasses also may contribute to aphid survival during late summer when small grains are not in cultivation.
Transformative ties: gendered violence, forms of recovery, and shifting subjectivities in Chile.

Although a significant body of scholarship on trauma has emerged in medical anthropology there has been little examination of how gendered expectations shape the aftermath of extreme human experience forms of recovery and subjectivity. Here I show how domestic and other forms of violence have shaped Luzs suffering in the dictatorial (1973-90) and officially democratic (1990-present) eras in Chile. I then elucidate how Luzs engagement with Safe Space an NGO connected to UN violence against women frameworks and other globally connected womens groups have allowed her to generate transformative ties with other women. These relationships provide support for Luzs self-defined project of transforming herself and society largely in relationship to gendered expectations so that her recovered sense of self will have more of a home in the world outside the boundaries of narrowly defined gender roles. This analysis is based on ethnographic research in Santiago Chile over 19 months in 2000-04 and 2009 including participantobservation at two domestic violence centers and life history interviews with 18 women who sought help there.
A Comparative Study of the Reproductive System of Three Species of Graphognathus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The reproductive system in 3 species of whitefringed beetles, Graphognathus striatus (Buchanan), G. fecundus (Buchanan), and G. peregrinus (Buchanan), is described and compared and found to be similar in gross morphology to other weevils. Parts of the reproductive system of G. striatus and G. peregrinus were sectioned and compared histologically. The gross morphology and histology of an aberrant reproductive system also found in G. striatus and G. peregrinus is described. It is suggested that the spermathecal capsule, ovipositor styli, and 8th sternite may provide good taxonomic characters for the genus.
Variable Guide Vanes Radial Turbine Blade Surface Pressure Fluctuation Excitation Mechanism

A three dimension numerical simulation of the flow field in variable geometry turbine,suffered high cycle fatigue,was performed to research the aerodynamic interaction between the nozzle and rotor,which includes the clearance leakage from the nozzle,wake and the shock wave stood on the surface of the nozzle vane.And then the attention was focused on understanding the special locations affected respectively by three kinds of factors on the surface of the rotor.The results show that the shock wave and clearance leakage are the main reasons for rotor blade surface pressure fluctuation.The shock wave only affects the leading edge of the rotor blades because of the special blade shape.For close condition,the shock wave and the amplitude of the pressure fluctuations on the surface of the rotor is increased compared to that for open condition.In the regions near the tip and hub side on the suction surface of the rotor blade,the size of the pressure fluctuation is increased significantly by the influence of the clearance leakage.This may be one of the main reasons for the high cycle fatigue.
Voices from Our Collective Past: An Introduction

This is my introduction to a symposium which I described as follows in the introduction: "What follows is a collection of speeches and reports by lawyers about lawyers given at Georgia Bar Association meetings around the turn of the century. A comment by a judge, a practicing attorney, or a law professor follows each speech. [Ed.: Most of these are very well known.] The collection starts with the first annual presiden­tial address to the Georgia Bar Association, a speech that set the theme for later addresses. The criterion used to select these particular speeches and reports for republication was that each speech must tell us something interesting about the way the profession viewed itself at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries. Those selected are not necessarily the best speeches or reports from this time period, either rhetori­cally or otherwise, but they are the ones that the editors judged to be the most interesting in this way. They selected John Thomas' 1919 tribute to James Louis Petigru, for example, because it reveals the 1919 bar's image of the lawyer-hero. The editors sent these speeches to judges, lawyers, and law professors for comments without directions. Each commentator was entirely free to react as he pleased. The editors believed that the reactions to these speeches would tell us something interesting about how we now think about our profession. And they were right." I describe the speeches and the responses, and offer some suggestions about ways of reading these and reading them together, and what might be learned from each way of reading the symposium. Thank you for reading.
Physiological aspects of thyroglobulin immunity. 3. Studies of localization of antibodies in vascular tissue and abnormal plasma thyroxine binding in the guinea pig.

Abstract Immunofluorescent and thyroxine I 131 kinetic studies were carried out in untreated, adjuvant-treated, and actively thyroglobulin-immunized animals. Twelve weeks after the first injection of thyroglobulin, the thyroxine distribution space (TDS), fractional turnover of thyroxine (t12), extrathyroidal organic iodine pool (EOI), and thyroxine degradation rate (TDR) were determined. Relatively greater TDS and EOI were noted in immunized animals but with a very much reduced peripheral turnover of thyroxine than in untreated and adjuvant-treated animals. Thyroxine degradation rate was also greater in immunized animals. It is suggested that this was related to an increase in extrathyroidal organic iodine pool. We believe the increase in protein-bound iodine (PBI) in the immunized animals was caused by the association of thyroid hormone with antithyroglobulin antibody. Fluorescent microscopy demonstrated localization of fluorescent-labeled thyroglobulin in the blood vessel and follicular epithelial cells of the thyroid and in the vessels of muscle and adipose tissue. Furthermore, fluorescence studies revealed thyroglobulin-binding coagula in the blood vessels of muscular tissue in the immunized animals. No fluorescence was observed in the adjuvant-treated animals. The present investigations in actively immunized animals, along with our previous observations of thyroxine binding by antithyroglobulin, suggest the possible existence of a peripheral immune block which prevents antibody-bound thyroxine from exerting its full effects due to its inability to diffuse freely out of the vascular compartment, thereby affecting other thyroid parameters. It is further suggested that binding of thyroxine by antithyroglobulin may affect hormonal kinetics in other types of thyroiditis, as well as in other circumstances where antibody to thyroglobulin can be detected.
Tests and analyses of footings on a sand base.

The contact pressure distributions obtained in tests with "rigid" footings on a cohesionless sand base, are reviewed first. Whereas in the tests, conducted with relatively small stamps and large loads the recorded pressures were parabolic with a maximum value at the center, tests for larger footings, subjected to loads that are smaller than the bearing capacity, revealed that the distribution is saddle-shaped. This distribution leads to higher bending moments in the footings, than predicted by the common assumption that the pressure is uniform. A method is then proposed to take these findings into consideration, by introducing the observed edge-layer effect into analyses that utilize foundation models. The method is demonstrated on two examples. Paper concludes by comparing the obtained solutions with corresponding test results. It is shown that the proposed method leads to a solution that contains the essential features recorded in tests with footings on a sand base.
Assessing Prognosis in Uveal Melanoma.

Background Because uveal melanoma is the most common primary malignant intraocular tumor in adults and carries a significant risk of metastases, which are mostly unresponsive to available systemic therapy, researchers have been searching for prognostic indicators to identify patients at increased risk for developing such metastasis. Methods The purpose of this study is to describe recent advances in prognostic testing of patients with uveal melanoma and the impact of these advances on the management of uveal melanoma. The relevant, peerreviewed literature as extracted and then further reviewed for scientific content. Results Demographic characteristics, clinical, and histopathological features alone are inadequate for predicting metastatic risk in individual patients with uveal melanoma. Some research has shown that cytogenetic abnormalities and principally transcriptomic features of tumor cells can independently predict high risk for uveal melanoma metastatic spread. Gene expression profiling of uveal melanoma cells may be accurate and biologically informative for molecular prognostication. Methods for detecting chromosomal gains and losses have predictive value but require additional clinical and cytological information. The latest step in the evolution of molecular testing has been the discovery of major driver mutations for possible use in targeted therapy. Conclusions Assay validation, quality control, and interpretation of results are essential for the reliability and reproducibility of these tests. Although these prognostic tests have improved the ability to identify patients at increased risk for developing metastasis, their use has not changed the management of uveal melanoma. However, genomic, analytical, and sequencing technologies will provide a critical step toward useful targeted therapies for patients with high-risk uveal melanoma.
Time-Dependent Eddy-Mean Energy Diagrams and Their Application to the Ocean

Insight into the global ocean energy cycle and its relationship to climate variability can be gained by examining the temporal variability of eddy–mean flow interactions. A time-dependent version of the Lorenz energy diagram is formulated and applied to energetic ocean regions from a global, eddying state estimate. The total energy in each snapshot is partitioned into three components: energy in the mean flow, energy in eddies, and energy temporal anomaly residual, whose time mean is zero. These three terms represent, respectively, correlations between mean quantities, correlations between eddy quantities, and eddy-mean correlations. Eddy–mean flow interactions involve energy exchange among these three components. The temporal coherence about energy exchange during eddy–mean flow interactions is assessed. In the Kuroshio and Gulf Stream Extension regions, a suppression relation is manifested by a reduction in the baroclinic energy pathway to the eddy kinetic energy (EKE) reservoir following a strengthening of the barotropic energy pathway to EKE; the baroclinic pathway strengthens when the barotropic pathway weakens. In the subtropical gyre and Southern Ocean, a delay in energy transfer between different reservoirs occurs during baroclinic instability. The delay mechanism is identified using a quasigeostrophic, two-layer model; part of the potential energy in large-scale eddies, gained from the mean flow, cascades to smaller scales through eddy stirring before converting to EKE. The delay time is related to this forward cascade and scales linearly with the eddy turnover time. The relation between temporal variations in wind power input and eddy–mean flow interactions is also assessed.