cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Inseparability of Morality and Well‐being: the duty/virtue debate revisited

Abstract One characterisation of the duty/virtue debate contrasts an ethics of duty that provides us with the moral knowledge to know what is right because it is right, to an ethics of virtue that enables us to choose what is right only because we want to, and not because we know that we must (Baron, 1985). This paper provides an account of the practical reasoning that moral agents employ in the pursuit of valuable goals based on Raz (1986) that undermines the basis for this contrast. The account shows how acquiring practical knowledge of our own valuable pursuits instructs us in the duties that we owe to others, just as being able to identify the duties we owe to others requires knowing what is necessary for living a meaningful and fulfilling life. It is argued that the interdependence of these two important aspects of moral development puts into question attempts by moral educators to distinguish sharply between them.
Autistic disorder and the endogenous opioid system

The elevated activity of brain opioids has been implicated in the pathogenesis of autistic disorder. Research on plasma and cerebrospinal fluid levels of endogenous opioids in subjects with autistic disorder has produced conflicting results. The author suggests that the level of brain opioid activity is a contributing but not the determining factor in the pathogenesis of autistic disorder. The author further suggests that the development of autistic disorder is related to the interaction between the endogenous opioid system and various neurotransmitter systems in the brain.
Chromsäureester als Zwischenprodukte bei der Oxydation von Alkoholen. Geschwindigkeits-limitierende Veresterung eines sterisch Gehinderten Alkohols

The formation of a chromic ester as an intermediate in the chromic acid oxidation of secondary (and by analogy of primary) alcohols is strongly suggested by a study of the kinetics and deuterium isotope effect in the oxidation of an alcohol with a strongly sterically hindered hydroxyl group. For this alcohol (3β,28-diacetoxy-6β-hydroxy-18β-12-oleanene), either the formation of the ester or (in part) its decomposition can be made rate-limiting. When the reaction is carried out in the presence of mineral acid in solvents of high acetic acid content, the esterification is presumably rate-limiting, since kH/kD is 1.0; when the reaction occurs in 60% aqueous acetic acid in the presence of sodium acetate, both esterification and the decomposition of the ester contribute to the kinetics, since the isotope effect reaches a value of about 2.
Hydrogen generation from low-temperature water-rock reactions

Hydrogen is commonly produced during the high-temperature hydration of mafic and ultramafic rocks. Laboratory experiments suggest that water–rock reactions also generate hydrogen at lower temperatures, potentially fuelling microbial life in ultramafic aquifers in oceanic and terrestrial crust.
Angular effects in Auger electron emission from Cu (110)

Abstract Angular variations in the emission intensities of M 2, 3 VV (62 eV) Auger electrons from a Cu (110) surface have been measured. Large changes are observed as a function of both polar and azimuthal angles. Effects of the incident beam energy and angle of incidence have been determined, and interpretations of the the data are proposed.
Drug Discovery: Follow your lead

Probe molecules with systemic activity remain rare, and, as was realized in the pre-molecular era, even their off-target activity can illuminate biology. A study reporting a screen of over 600 kinase inhibitors found nine with bromodomain inhibitory activity and has implications for mechanism and compound optimization.
Morphological evolution of coherent multi-variant Ti11Ni14 precipitates in Ti-Ni alloys under an applied stress—a computer simulation study

Coherent precipitation of multi-variant Ti11Ni14 precipitates in TiNi alloys was investigated by employing a continuum field kinetic model. The structural difference between the precipitate phase and the matrix as well as the orientational differences between precipitate variants are distinguished by nonconserved structural field variables, whereas the compositional difference between the precipitate and matrix is described by a conserved field variable. The temporal evolution of the spatially dependent field variables is determined by numerically solving the time-dependent Ginzburg–Landau (TDGL) equations for the structural variables and the Cahn–Hilliard diffusion equation for the composition. In particular, the interaction between precipitates, and the growth morphology of Ti11Ni14 precipitates under strain-constraints were studied, without a priori assumptions on the precipitate shape and distribution. The predicted morphology and distribution of Ti11Ni14 variants were compared with experimental observations. Excellent agreement between the simulation and experimental observations was found.
Genetic curing of blindness in Phycomyces blakesleeanus: a quantitative assessment of dominance.

Delbruck and Reichardt1 have pointed out the possible potential of Phycomyces as an organism for investigating mechanisms of sensory perception. This fungus produces single-celled sporangiophores which are sensitive to light, gravity and stretch. It also shows an avoidance response which is a proclivity to grow away from solid objects. Either tropic responses or changes in rates of growth are produced.
LSGM-Based Solid Oxide Fuel Cell with 1.4 W/cm2 Power Density and 30 Day Long-Term Stability

A single solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) with a La 0 . 8 Sr 0 . 2 Ga 0 . 8 3 Mg 0 . 1 7 O 2 . 8 1 5 (LSGM) electrolyte 200 μm thick with H 2 as fuel gave 1.4 W/cm 2 peak power density at 800°C. With a La 0 . 4 Ce 0 . 6 O 1 . 8 (LDC) buffer layer 20 μm thick between the electrolyte and the two electrodes, a 30-day test showed essentially no degradation of the output power. The tests demonstrated the feasibility of an SOFC operating at temperatures T < 800°C with LSGM as the electrolyte. Moreover, an LSGM electrolyte 200 μm thick with 20 μm LDC buffer layers on either side offers a convenient test bed for the exploration of new electrode materials.
Spectral studies of the sources of ionospheric electric fields

Spectral analyses (applying the Fourier analysis methods) were performed on three incoherent scatter radar data sets (obtained at Jicamarca, Peru; Chatanika, Alaska; and Arecibo, Puerto Rico) with the aim of investigating the origin of ionospheric electric fields in the frequency range of 0.01-2 cycles/h. In quiet times, atmospheric gravity waves appeared to be the most likely source of the ionospheric electric field. This hypothesis was tested by a direct simultaneous comparison of measurements of gravity waves in the mesosphere and of electric fields in the thermosphere during very quiet conditions. The results indicated that a gravity wave source is a plausible candidate for the electric field fluctuations.
Behaviour of advanced polymer composites in erosive/corrosive environments

Abstract The erosion/corrosion properties of the advanced polymer composites, PMR-15, BMI (Matrimid 5292) and PMR-II-20 have been studied. Specimens of these materials were exposed to jets of an erosion/corrosion medium consisting of salt, iron oxide, quartz and coarse desert dust dispersed in water. The jets impinged on the specimens perpendicular to the plane of the reinforcements for a period of approximately 2 months. The velocity of the jets was measured to be 10 m s−1. The damaged surfaces were examined both visually and under a scanning electron microscope. Damage mechanisms which are associated with this phenomenon are identified. Matrix microcracking, matrix removal and blister formation are the principal damage mechanisms observed. Deep cuts, cutting lines and rust deposition are the main features of the damaged surface. It is observed that BMI matrix composites display a large amount of matrix removal and consequently, fibre exposure. A large amount of scales of deposits are also observed. On the other hand, PMR-15 shows cutting lines, with less matrix removal than BMI. Large scale deposits are also observed on the surface of PMR-15 composite. The PMR-II composite displays the least amount of matrix removal, with brittle matrix microcracking. Blister formation is a dominant corrosive feature of the PMR-II composite.
3.508μ-HeXe-laser line absorption by formaldehyde monomer and dimer and by nitrogen dioxide monomer and dimer without and in the presence of argon

Abstract Transmission of a single-mode HeXe-laser line at ωL = 2850.633 cm−1 through formaldehyde at room-temperature reveals off-center single-line absorption in the 51,5(ν5 = 0) → 60,6(ν5 = 1) transition by formaldehyde monomer (Fm) and line-center absorption by a formaldehyde dimer (Fd) which is Lorentzian for formaldehyde partial pressures of p ≳ 0.1 atm. Coefficients for self- and foreign-broadening of the monomer by dimer, argon, nitrogen dioxide monomer, and nitrogen dioxide dimer were determined by taking into account the laser-absorption by formaldehyde dimer and, where applicable, by nitrogen dioxide monomer (1) and dimer (2). The results at T0 = 300°K are b Fm 0 ≡ b Fm Fm 0 (⋍b Fm Fd 0 ) = 6.13 × 10 −1 cm −1 - atm −1 (±3.0%) , bFm Ar0 = 3.92 × 10−2 cm−1-atm−1 (±5.5%), bFm 20 ⪡ bFm 10 = 3.22 × 10−1 cm−1-atm−1 (±8.8%) based upon a dimer absorption governed by SK/bEd0 = 36.7 cm−1-atm−2 (±0.7%) with the equilibrium constant KEd0 = (pFd/pFm2)eq at 300°K and a previously established9 high-precision value for the monomer line-strength of SFm0 = 6.81 × 10−1 cm−2-atm−1 (±0.5%). Best data correlations were obtained with b Fd 0 ≡ b Fd Fm 0 ⋍ b Fd Fd 0 ⋍ b Fd Ar 0 ⋍ b Fd 1 0 ⋍ b Fd 2 0 for (H2CO)xAr and (H2CO)xAr mixtures. A high-precision value of ωFm − ωL = 5.80 × 10−3 cm−1 (±0.55%) was obtained by low-pressure (p ≲ 1.6 × 10−3 atm) pure formaldehyde laser-absorption with the above values for bFm0 and SFm0. Room-temperature results of HeXe-laser absorption at 3.508μ by NO2 monomer (1) and dimer (2) at total pressures p ≳ 0.13 atm could best be interpreted by far-wing line-absorption for NO2 and Lorentzian line-center absorption for N2O4. The corresponding absorption coefficients at T0 = 300°K are Sb/Δω2π)10p = 4.90 × 10−2/(p/atm) cm−1-atm−1 (±5.2%) and S/bπ)20/p = 8.44 × 10−3/(p/atm) cm−1-atm−1 (±4.6%) with b 1 0 ≡ b 11 0 ⋍ b 12 0 and b 12 0 ≡ b 22 0 ⋍ b 21 0 . The present low-temperature results and previous high-temperature shock-tube laser-absorption data for formaldehyde-argon mixtures were combined and interpreted in terms of formaldehyde monomer and dimer absorption. The resulting temperature dependences for the line-strengths are SFm(T) = SFm0(T0/T)m with m = 1.79 (±7.3%) for the monomer and (SK/b) Fd (T) = (SK/b) Fd 0 (T/T 0 ) n + 1 2 exp[+(ΔH0/RT0) × (T0/T − 1)] with n = 1.36 (±20%) and ΔH0 = 940 cal/mole12 for the dimer for T ⪅ 1600°K.
A Fault Identification Algorithm for t i -Diagnosable Systems

In this paper, a new approach to identifying faulty units in t i -diagnosable systems is described. This approach exploits special properties of the highly structured t i -diagnosable systems to produce a faulty unit identification algorithm which is shown to be of time complexity O(|E|) where |E| corresponds to the number of tests in the system. The diagnosis quality of the algorithm is as follows: 1) if the algorithm identifies a unit as faulty, it is always correct; 2) if the collection of test outcomes takes on a form that is compatible with a permanent fault situation, the algorithm identifies all of the corresponding faulty units; and 3) the algorithm identifies at least one faulty unit over collections of test outcomes significantly larger than those that are compatible with permanent fault situations.
On Forced, Long Continental Shelf Waves On an f-Planc

Abstract Previous studies of forced, long continental shelf waves on an f-plane have considered motion on the shelf and slope which is driven by an alongshore component of the wind stress, essentially through the suction of fluid into the surface layer at the coast. These studies have utilized a boundary condition, which arises consistently in the long-wave nondispersive limit for free shelf waves, that at the slope-interior junction the alongshore velocity component v≈0..This is an extremely useful condition for problems concerning forced motion on the shelf and slope, because it completely uncouples the motion in this region from that in the interior and it allows the shelf-slope problem to he solved independently of the interior problem. It is shown here, however, that this condition is not correct in general for wind-stress-forced f-plane motion. A proper formulation of the f-plane, forced shelf wave problem in the long wave limit is presented. The motion on the shelf and slope, in general, is coupled...
Simulating cell biology.

As with the experimental sciences, the cell simulation field is largely driven by the development of new techniques, and of new tools that implement those techniques. Many techniques under development are working to increase simulation accuracy while reducing the computational burden. A central challenge concerns simulation of interacting processes that occur on different time scales; the fast scale imposes a short simulation time step, but that makes the simulation too slow to observe the slow scale. This is being met with new algorithms and hybrid simulations that treat space and stochasticity only as required. Also, given the size and the possible nonlinearity and non-determinism represented by biological models, tools for analysis of models, such as those that provide parametric sensitivity analysis, and for comparing models to data for parameterization and (in)validation are both profoundly needed and in a relatively primitive state.It is easy to describe the ideal simulation tool: it should be able to simulate reactions and diffusion as accurately as needed, account for all relevant mechanical processes, help with model parameterization, validate and discriminate between models using data, and be easy to use. Many modeling tools are aiming towards this goal but it remains elusive, in part because of the extraordinary speed with which improved analysis methods and cellular measurements are being developed.
CELL CYCLE-DEPENDENT COUPLING OF THE CALCITONIN RECEPTOR TO DIFFERENT G PROTEINS

Calcitonin is a calcium regulating peptide hormone with binding sites in kidney and bone as well as in the central nervous system. The mechanisms of signal transduction by calcitonin receptors were studied in a pig kidney cell line where the hormone was found to regulate sodium pumps. Calcitonin receptors activated the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) or the protein kinase C (PKC) pathways. The two transduction pathways required guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins (G proteins) (the choleratoxin sensitive Gs and the pertussis toxin sensitive Gi, respectively) and led to opposite biological responses. Moreover, selective activation of one or the other pathway was cell cycle-dependent. Therefore, calcitonin may induce different biological responses in target cells depending on their positions in the cell cycle. Such a modulation of ligand-induced responses could be of importance in rapidly growing cell populations such as during embryogenesis, growth, and tumor formation.
Absolute Single and Multiple Charge Exchange Cross Sections for Highly Charged C, N, and O Ions Colliding with CH4

Absolute charge exchange (CE) cross sections have been measured for single and multiple exchanges between the highly charged ions (HCIs) Cq+ ( -->q = 3–6), Nq+ ( -->q = 4–7) and Oq+ ( -->q = 5–7) colliding with the target methane (CH4) present in comet and planetary atmospheres. Measurements were made at collision energies of 7×q keV (1.8-3.5 keV amu−1), representative of the fast component of the solar wind. The HCIs are produced in a 14 GHz electron cyclotron resonance ion source. Absolute cross sections are measured using the retarding potential analyzer method, with knowledge of the target length, density, and projectile currents. Comparison is made with results of the classical trajectory Monte Carlo method, and the classical overbarrier model.
A Technique for Evaluating Dental Adhesives

A method is proposed for evaluating the strength of an adhesive joint. It is basically a fracture mechanics approach which recognizes that the strength of a joint depends on adhesive thickness, elastic properties of adhesive and teeth, joint geometry, sizes of flaws, and other factors. The "blister" technique is proposed as a useful means of quantitatively determining the quality of an adhesive joint.
Manufacturing Industrial Decline: The Politics of Economic Change in Chicago, 1955–1998

Contemporary urban political economy emphasizes the role of structural factors in explaining the deindustrialization of cities in the post-World War II era. Urban economic restructuring, by most ac...
Solar wind density model from km-wave type III bursts

The analysis of type III bursts observed from the OGO-5 satellite between 3.5 MHz and 50 kHz (λ6 km) gives an empirical expression for the frequency drift rate as a function of frequency that is valid from 75 kHz to 550 MHz. Using this expression and some simplifying assumptions we obtain indirectly an empirical formula for the electron density distribution of the solar wind to 1 AU which is consistent with published values of electron density and with observed type III burst drift rates.
Unified analysis of diversity average energy detectors over generalized fading channels

In this article, we present a novel moment generating function (MGF) based technique to unify the performance evaluation of an average energy detector for detecting unknown deterministic signals over generalized fading environments (including the η-μ, κ-μ and α-μ generalized fading distributions) with diversity reception. Specifically, we exploit a known exponential-type integral representation for the generalized Marcum g-function QM, b) with finite integration limits and that is valid for any ratio of a/b to greatly simplify the task of finding the statistical expectation over the fading signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) random variables in the computation of the average detection probability. This new approach leads to a very compact and an elegant solution for many practical cases of interest including the independent but non-identically distributed (i.n.d) fading statistics and/or arbitrarily correlated diversity branches in maximal-ratio combining (MRC) and square-law combining (SLC) diversity receivers. Our numerical results also show that the performance of the average energy detector is superior to the classical total energy detector with the increasing number of samples owing to the noise averaging effect. We have also demonstrated the versatility and utility of the proposed analytical framework to investigate the impact of dissimilar mean signal strengths, fading parameters, diversity order and signal combining techniques on the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) of diversity energy detectors in a myriad of fading environments that had heretofore resisted simple solutions.
Korsgaard's Private‐Reasons Argument*

In The Sources of Normativity, Christine Korsgaard presents and defends a neo-Kantian theory of normativity. Her initial account of reasons seems to make them dependent upon the practical identity of the agent, and upon the value the agent must place on her own humanity. This seems to make all reasons agent-relative. But Korsgaard claims that arguments similar to Wittgenstein's private-language argument can show that reasons are in fact essentially agent-neutral. This paper explains both of Korsgaard's Wittgen-steinian arguments, and shows why neither of them work. The paper also provides a brief sketch of a different Wingensteinian account of reasons that distinguishes the normative role of justification from that of requirement. On this account, the real agent-neutrality of reasons applies to their justificatory role, but not to their requiring role.
Agronomic evaluation of prospective new crop species

Preliminary field evaluations for 162 species are reported. This work represents a portion of a team-oriented effort to develop new crops for American agriculture. These species are potential new oilseed sources of epoxy, crepenynic, erucic, and other fatty acids, and sources of seed gum, steroids, and pulp. Euphorbia lagascae andCephalaria setosa show the most promise for crop development as epoxy acid sources, but both require substantial improvement through breeding.Crepis alpina, a small-seeded species with excellent seed retention, is the best prospect for providing an oil rich in crepenynic acid. A selection and breeding program is under way. None of the species tested as erucic acid sources equalled the crop potential of crambe and selected Brassicas.Briza spicata, a small, moderately productive grass, is the richest known source of glycolipids.B. spicata has been grown successfully as a winter annual at several locations. Earlier maturity and better seedling vigor is needed inSatureja hortensis, a source of oil similar to linseed oil.Xeranthemum annuum, an attractive, winter annual and everlasting, is very good agronomically, but the use of the oil with its mixture of several fatty acids is not economically favorable.Solanum khasianum shows agronomic promise as a source of the steroid, solasodine.Cassia occidentalis, C. bonariensis, Crotalaria leioloba, andC. stipularia are productive potential seed gum sources. These species, especiallyCassia occidentalis, seem to be sufficiently good agronomically to justify intensive breeding. Of the various sources of pulp, emphasis is on kenaf because highyielding, well-adapted varieties are available.Crotalaria juncea merits breeding effort, and other species show sufficient promise for further evaluation.
ExaCT: automatic extraction of clinical trial characteristics from journal publications

Clinical trials are one of the most important sources of evidence for guiding evidence-based practice and the design of new trials. However, most of this information is available only in free text - e.g., in journal publications - which is labour intensive to process for systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and other evidence synthesis studies. This paper presents an automatic information extraction system, called ExaCT, that assists users with locating and extracting key trial characteristics (e.g., eligibility criteria, sample size, drug dosage, primary outcomes) from full-text journal articles reporting on randomized controlled trials (RCTs). ExaCT consists of two parts: an information extraction (IE) engine that searches the article for text fragments that best describe the trial characteristics, and a web browser-based user interface that allows human reviewers to assess and modify the suggested selections. The IE engine uses a statistical text classifier to locate those sentences that have the highest probability of describing a trial characteristic. Then, the IE engine's second stage applies simple rules to these sentences to extract text fragments containing the target answer. The same approach is used for all 21 trial characteristics selected for this study. We evaluated ExaCT using 50 previously unseen articles describing RCTs. The text classifier (first stage) was able to recover 88% of relevant sentences among its top five candidates (top5 recall) with the topmost candidate being relevant in 80% of cases (top1 precision). Precision and recall of the extraction rules (second stage) were 93% and 91%, respectively. Together, the two stages of the extraction engine were able to provide (partially) correct solutions in 992 out of 1050 test tasks (94%), with a majority of these (696) representing fully correct and complete answers. Our experiments confirmed the applicability and efficacy of ExaCT. Furthermore, they demonstrated that combining a statistical method with 'weak' extraction rules can identify a variety of study characteristics. The system is flexible and can be extended to handle other characteristics and document types (e.g., study protocols).
Improved Survivable Routing Algorithm in WDM Mesh Networks

We address the protection of single-link failure in WDM mesh networks and propose an improved algorithm named near optimal routing (NOR). With respect to previous algorithm, the advantage of NOR is to obtain near optimal solutions by re-routing the primary or backup paths. Simulation results are shown to be promising.
The Role for Tunneled Indwelling Pleural Catheters in Patients With Persistent Benign Chylothorax

Abstract Background Utilization of tunneled indwelling pleural catheters (TIPCs) for persistent pleural effusions is increasingly more common; however, the presence of chylothorax is generally considered a contraindication for utilization of a TIPC due to concerns regarding potential nutritional, immunologic and hemodynamic complications. Therefore, in this study, a cohort of patients with persistent benign chylothorax managed with TIPCs is described. Methods A retrospective analysis of patients with persistent benign chylothorax managed with a TIPC at the study center between January 1, 2008, and March 1, 2012, was completed. Extracted data included patient characteristics, chylothorax etiologies, prior interventions, outcomes and complications. Results Eleven patients (14 hemithoraces) had persistent benign chylothorax treated with placement of a TIPC during the inclusion time frame. Etiology of the chylothorax was nontraumatic in 8 of the 11 patients, with the remaining 3 secondary to thoracic surgery. Pleurodesis was achieved in 9 of the 14 hemithoraces, with a median time to pleurodesis of 176 days. All procedures were well tolerated, and no immediate periprocedural complications were reported. One serious complication was encountered in the form of a postoperative pulmonary embolism after replacement of an occluded TIPC, resulting in the patient’s death. Two patients had transient occlusions of their TIPCs successfully treated with intracatheter thrombolytic therapy. No significant adverse nutritional, hemodynamic or immunologic outcomes were reported during follow-up for any included patient. Conclusions Utilization of a TIPC for the management of persistent benign chylothorax should be considered early because pleurodesis may be frequently and safely achieved in this patient population.
Architectural Glass Panels with Rounded Corners to Mitigate Earthquake Damage

Abstract The concept of employing architectural glass panels with modified corner geometries and edge finish conditions to improve their resistance to earthquake damage has been developed recently. To accomplish this, material is removed at glass panel corners (e.g., by rounding the glass corners) and glass edges are finished in the modified corner regions to minimize protrusions and edge surface roughness. The concept is applicable to a wide variety of architectural glass types and glazing frame types. Full-scale dynamic racking tests have shown that corner radius and glass edge finish conditions near the reshaped corner regions have significant influences on glass cracking and glass fallout drift resistances of monolithic architectural glass panels used in curtain walls.
Fundamental equation of information revisited

This paper presents a new, shorter and more direct proof of the following result of J. Aczel and C. T. Ng: IfM: J →R (J =]0, 1[k) is both multiplicative and additive, then the general solutionϕ: J →R ofϕ(x) + M(1 − x)ϕ(y/1 − x) = ϕ(y) + M(1 − y)ϕ(x/1 − y)
p-Xylylenedicyanide and related compounds, weakly cytotoxic nitriles.

Extrakte vonV. opulus von schwacher Zelltoxizitat enthaltenp-Xylylendinitril. Die Isomeren,m- undp-Cyanohydrozimtsaurenitrile, wurden synthetisiert und auf ihre zelltoxischen Eigenschaften hin untersucht:p-Xylylendinitril erweist sich als am starksten wirksam.
Investigation Into the Effect of Tip Clearance on Centrifugal Compressor Performance

The axial clearance between the tip of the blades of an unshrouded impeller and its stationary shroud has been varied to study its effect on overall compressor performance. The compressor under investigation consisted of an inlet nozzle, a 3D open impeller with full inducer, a parallel-wall vaneless diffuser and a collector. High-accuracy overall performance data were obtained for this compressor.The experiments were carried out in a closed-loop centrifugal compressor test rig with the impeller running at a rotational Mach number u2/a0 = 1.39. The impeller tip diameter was 0.516 m, its tip width 0.021 m and the impeller blade exit angle was 30 degrees from radial.Assuming a linear relationship, the experimental data indicates a pressure ratio decrease of 0.77 percent, an efficiency loss of 0.31 points, an input head reduction of about 0.25 percent and an output head reduction of about 0.65 percent for each percent increase in clearance ratio. However, the data seems to indicate a non-linear effect showing stronger performance sensitivity at smaller clearances.The test data are compared against a clearance loss model. Improved performance prediction is obtained by including the effect of clearance on impeller work input.Copyright © 1988 by ASME
Characteristics of Suicide from 1998–2001 in a Metropolitan Area

In order to establish effective suicide preventive programs, it is important to know the etiologic factors and causal relationships between suicide and behavior. Coroner data was analyzed for the 468 suicides that occurred in Indianapolis, Indiana during 1998–2001. The age-adjusted suicide rate was 14.08 per 100,000. Almost one-half of the victims had a mental illness and 26% had a history of alcohol/substance abuse. The leading risk factors for suicide were age, impaired health, psychosocial stressors, and access to firearms. This information can be used by health departments and mental health professionals to help reduce suicide.
A mechanistic overview of dendritic cell-mediated HIV-1 trans infection: the story so far

Despite progress in antiretroviral therapy, HIV-1 rebound after cessation of antiretroviral therapy suggests that establishment of long-term cellular reservoirs of virus is a significant barrier to functional cure. There is considerable evidence that dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in systemic virus dissemination. Although productive infection of DCs is inefficient, DCs capture HIV-1 and transfer-captured particles to CD4 + T cells, a mechanism of DC-mediated HIV-1 trans infection. Recent findings suggest that DC-mediated trans infection of HIV-1 is dependent on recognition of GM3, a virus-particle-associated host-derived ligand, by CD169 expressed on DCs. In this review, we describe mechanisms of DC-mediated HIV-1 trans infection and discuss specifically the role of CD169 in establishing infection in CD4 + T cells.
Evidence for a role of central serotonergic neurones in digitalis-induced cardiac arrhythmias.

EVIDENCE indicates that digitalis drugs administered intravenously increase central sympathetic outflow and that this in turn results in cardiac arrhythmias1–6. The central nervous system transmitter(s) that mediates this effect is not known. According to Saito et al., noradrenaline, the primary transmitter studied so far, is not involved in the case of guinea pigs7. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) however, may be an important chemical mediator regulating central sympathetic outflow8,9, and it is involved in the respiratory arrest induced in rats by intravenous administration of digitoxigenin10. We now report evidence that suggests that brain 5-HT is involved in digitalis-induced cardiac arrhythmias.
The application of non-isothermal methods of kinetic analysis to the decomposition of calcium hydroxide

Abstract In this paper, the kinetic analysis of the thermogravimetric curves for the decomposition process of calcium hydroxide (under dry nitrogen atmosphere) is performed. Various forms of non-isothermal methods of analysis for determining the kinetic parameters are used. The calcium hydroxide samples were a commercial sample and samples prepared by reacting calcium nitrate with sodium hydroxide solutions at concentrations of 1 and 0.1 M. All the methods show that in the heating rate ranges 5–40°Cmin −1 , the most probable reaction mechanism for commercial calcium hydroxide is the Avrami-Erofeev equation (A) with n = 1.5 (i.e. A1.5), for calcium hydroxide prepared from 1 M solutions is A2 and for calcium hydroxide prepared from 0.1 M solutions is A1.5. The data also show that the distribution of particles and the change of the particle size are factors which affect the reaction mechanism.
On quantization error of self-organizing map network

Abstract In this paper, we analyze how neighborhood size and number of weights in the self-organizing map (SOM) effect quantization error. A sequence of i.i.d. one-dimensional random variable with uniform distribution is considered as input of the SOM. First obtained is the linear equation that an equilibrium state of the SOM satisfies with any neighborhood size and number of weights. Then it is shown that the SOM converges to the unique minimum point of quantization error if and only if the neighborhood size is one, the smallest. If the neighborhood size increases with the increasing number of weights at the same ratio, the asymptotic quantization error does not converge to zero and the asymptotic distribution of weights differs from the distribution of input samples. This suggests that in order to achieve a small quantization error and good approximation of input distribution, a small neighborhood size must be used. Weight distributions in numerical evaluation confirm the result.
Circadian window of opportunity: what have we learned from insects?

![Figure][1] Diurnal rhythms in plants and animals have been observed for centuries, but their endogenous and circadian nature were not acknowledged until the 1960s ([Menaker, 1969][2]). Research during that decade provided ample evidence for an internal `clock' generating daily rhythms in
Pixel Unmixing via Information of Neighboring Pixels

Pixel unmixing is a highly undetermined procedure. Due to sensor measurement noise, environmental changes, and intra-class variance, it is very difficult to make a high-quality classification. It is even more unlikely to decompose the mixed pixel with a high degree of confidence. Conventional algorithms for linear pixel unmixing are only concerned with a single pixel or a small set of pixels with the same mixing proportions. In this paper, a novel method for pixel unmixing based on the classification information of neighboring pixels is presented. In addition to the widely used residual root mean square error, four performance metrics are proposed for comparing quantitatively the classification accuracy. While conventional methods aim to minimize residual errors, the proposed method tries to achieve the best possible correct end-member combination. A case study shows that, in terms of both RMSE and new performance metrics, the proposed method achieves significant improvement over conventional algorithms.
Transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of intraovarian insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins by interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta): evidence for IL-1beta as an antiatretic principal.

Intraovarian interleukin-1 (IL-1), a putative intermediary in the ovulatory cascade, has recently been implicated as an antiatretic agent. Given the reported antigonadotropic and thus atretogenic potential of granulosa cell-derived insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs), we evaluated the ability of IL-1β to regulate ovarian IGFBP-4 and -5, the IGFBP species elaborated by the rat granulosa cell. Treatment of whole ovarian dispersates of immature rat origin with increasing concentrations of IL-1β for 96 h resulted in substantial and significant time-dependent inhibition of IGFBP-4 and IGFBP-5 transcripts compared with that in untreated controls. The IL-1 effect proved relatively specific in that no significant alterations in IGFBP transcripts were observed in the presence of select ovarian agonists, including transforming growth factor-α, tumor necrosis factor-α, endothelin-1, hepatocyte growth factor, keratinocyte growth factor, or basic fibroblast growth factor. The inhibitory effect of IL-1...
Parents as Partners in Exceptional Education.

The early 1900s. The teeming tenements of the Lower East Side of New York City. Immigrant children entering American schools. Many of these children are the first in their families to participate in public education. . .The first day of classes dawned bright and sunny. IdaMolly was brought by her mother to Mrs. Jones's first grade class. Other children were entering the class, some eager, some shy and hesitant. When the class was brought to order, the teacher asked each of the children to stand and state his or her name. When it was her turn, the little girl stood proudly and announced in a clear voice, "My name is IdaMolly Berman."The teacher drew herself up and reacted strongly. "IdaMolly is a nickname. What is your real name?" "IdaMolly," repeated the child, a little less confidently. "That is a nickname; you must have a formal given name," insisted Mrs. Jones. The child was silent. Mrs.
Study of Salmonella Contamination in Broiler Flocks

The study was designed to follow the Salmonella infection rate in a poultry flock during the growth period until processing at 8-9 weeks. The infection rate was as high as 37.5% initially and dropped significantly by the 3rd to the 5th weeks. There was no difference between various types of litter and the species of Salmonella isolated. Little correlation was found between Salmonella species in feed ingredients and those identified from the flocks.
Planting and Removal Relationships for Perennial Crops: An Application to Cling Peaches

Supply response for a perennial crop is influenced by the age composition of existing plant stocks which, in turn, is determined by historical patterns of plantings and removals. This paper develops estimates of functions that relate the planting and removal of cling peach trees to measures of past profitability, potential future production from existing acreage, and structural changes associated with market intervention programs. The analysis also provides indications of useful forms for these functions, patterns of yield variation by age of tree, and the nonlinear relation of removal response to age of tree.
The effects of various chemical and physical factors on encystment and excystment of Zygocotyle lunata

The effects of various chemical and physical treatments on the cercariae and metacercariae of Zygocotyle lunata were studied. Cercariae that actively emerged from Helisoma trivolvis snails were examined in 4 ml of test solution in a 3-cm diameter Stender dish. Observations were usually made on encystment and excystment from 2 to 24 h after cercariae were placed in the Stender dishes. Preferences for certain substrates for encystment were noted, such as smooth glass rather than rough glass, the macrophyte Eleocharis acicularis, and plastic Petri dishes. Many of the solutions tested allowed for encystment, i.e., artificial spring water (ASW), 10% artificial ocean water (AOW), and saline (0.85% NaCl). Certain hypertonic solutions allowed for both in vitro encystment and subsequent excystment, i.e., Locke’s solution, 25% AOW, and Locke’s 1:1. Serial dilutions of ammonium hydroxide, neutral buffered formalin, potassium permanganate, hydrochloric acid, and acetic acid killed cercariae at all concentrations. Ethanol was effective in killing cercariae at all concentrations except at 3.1%, which allowed for encystment. Cercariae were able to encyst at a low temperature of 16°C and a high temperature of 41°C. Morphometric analysis was performed on both live and fixed cercariae of Z. lunata as well as metacercarial cysts formed in Locke’s, Locke's 1:1, and ASW. Live cercariae had larger body dimensions than cercariae fixed in hot 5% neutral buffered formalin and mounted in glycerin jelly. Cysts formed in ASW had very similar length and width measurements. Cyst dimensions became less similar to one another as the tonicity of the medium increased. The phenomenon of spontaneous excystation in Z. lunata after in vitro encystment in a hypertonic medium appears to be reported for the first time in digeneans.
Color-Tunable Mirrors Based on Electrically Regulated Bandwidth Broadening in Polymer-Stabilized Cholesteric Liquid Crystals

We report on the preparation of color-tunable mirrors based on electrically regulated bandwidth broadening of the circularly polarized reflection of polymer-stabilized cholesteric liquid crystals (PSCLCs). A number of improvements relating to the practical implementation of these materials are detailed including color and bandwidth stability, baseline optical properties, and response times. Experimentation reported herein focuses on the contribution of structural chirality, viscoelastic properties of the polymer network architecture, and electro-optic drive schemes. Through the examination of samples prepared in different conditions and compositions, we further elucidate the dominant role of structural chirality as well as the impact of cross-linking of the polymer stabilizing network on the threshold voltage and relative change in bandwidth per voltage (Δ(Δλ)/V). Furthermore, the appearance of nonideal optical properties (scatter and haze) in some samples is shown to be correlated with the polymer/LC com...
Assessment and development of snowmelt retrieval algorithms over Antarctica from K-band spaceborne brightness temperature (1979-2008)

Abstract Results from several previously published algorithms for wet snow detection in Antarctica from K-band spaceborne brightness temperature are compared and evaluated vs. estimates of wet snow conditions from ground measurements. In addition, a new physically-driven algorithm, in which the detectable liquid water content is assumed constant, is proposed and assessed. All algorithms are also evaluated by analyzing their results during collapses of ice shelves. Two algorithms are selected for deriving updated trends of melting index (MI, the number of melting days times the area subject to melting) between 1979 and 2008 over the whole Antarctica and at sub-continental scales. In the first algorithm wet snow is identified when brightness temperature exceeds the mean of winter brightness temperature plus 30 K and the second is the new model-based approach described here. Both negative and positive MI trends are obtained, depending on the algorithm used. A high number of melting days (up to 100 days) are detected over the Wilkins ice shelf, the Peninsula and the George VI ice shelf. Over East Antarctica, the West and Amery ice shelves are subject to melting for a maximum of approximately 50 days. Positive trends of number of melting days are detected over most of the West Antarctica, with peak values up to 1.2 days/year over the Larsen C ice shelf, 1.8 days/year over the George VI ice shelf and 0.55 days/year over the Wilkins ice shelf area. The correlation between MI values and December–January (DJ) averaged air/surface temperature over selected locations show values ranging between ∼ 0.8 and ∼ 0.4. Results suggest that a 1 °C increase in the monthly averaged DJ air/surface temperature corresponds to an average MI increase of approximately 2·106 × km2 × day.
Environmental Correlates of Growth and Stable Isotopes in Intertidal Species Along an Estuarine Fjord

Production and resource use by intertidal taxa were studied in the estuarine fjord of Puget Sound, Washington, USA. Along nearly 100 km, salinity is similar, and intertidal habitat and immersion time were kept consis- tent, thus allowing a focus on other environmental variables such as temperature and resource availability that could influence growth. Primary producers (ulvoid and fucoid macroalgae) and suspension feeders (oysters and barnacles) were transplanted on three beaches in each of three regions and assessed for individual-level growth, carbon and nitro- gen ratios, and stable isotopes. In most transplants, δ 13 C and C/N showed no regional variation but δ 15 N was enriched up-estuary. Among environmental variables, chlorophyll a, total suspended solids, and particulate organic matter had small and/or inconsistent regional variation, but temperature was higher up-estuary. For the most intensively studied species (Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas) transplanted four times over 2 years, seasonal and regional variation in growth were best predicted by temperature rather than resource availability. Growth rates continued to increase into Totten Inlet, a shallow finger inlet at the head of Puget Sound. As indicators of environmental conditions, the growth and tis- sue chemistry of intertidal study taxa affirm that sources and amounts of resources show no strong gradients along this estuarine fjord, and they also support temperature as a key factor for performance, with species-specific responses. Higher temperatures may also have community-level im- pacts, given prior evidence linking beach temperatures to reduced intertidal diversity and biomass into Puget Sound.
Modeling of ion-exchanged glass waveguide structures

Glass waveguide devices fabricated by ion exchange have evolved to the point where conventional assumptions of waveguide symmetry and mutual independence are no longer valid. We describe a modeling tool that allows for the presence of an arbitrary, nonhomogeneous electric field distribution during the ion exchange process. An asymmetric waveguide produced by selective field-assisted burial is modeled and discussed. A directional coupler fabricated by field-assisted thermal ion exchange and subsequent field-assisted burial is modeled, and it is shown that a proximity effect exists in which the waveguides exert a mutual influence upon each other during processing.
Gender differences in family formation behavior: the effects of adolescent substance use.

Objective:This study extended previous research on the association of substance use with family formation behavior by assessing the effects of the type and extent of adolescent substance use in a competing risks model. Substance use was expected to increase the likelihood of nonmarital family formation overall and differently by gender.Method:Longitudinal data from home interviews with the 14- to 16-year-old respondents to the first wave of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (N = 4,011) were used in multinomial logistic regressions estimating the odds that first cohabitation, parenthood, or remaining single occurred before first marriage among five types of substance users compared with nonusers. Full sample analysis preceded separate analyses of women (n = 1,946) and men (n = 2,065).Results:Illegal drug use and concurrent substance use increased the likelihood that cohabitation, as opposed to marriage, was the first family type. Concurrent use of three types of substances had the largest effe...
Magnetocapacitance: probe of spin-dependent potentials.

The magnetic field dependence of the capacitance of $\mathrm{P}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{O}}_{x}\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}$ thin-film structures has been measured. The observed quadratic dependence of capacitance on the magnetic field is consistent with a theoretical model that includes the effect of a spin-dependent electrochemical potential on electron screening in the paramagnetic Pd. This spin-dependent electrochemical potential is related to the Zeeman splitting of the narrow $d$ bands in Pd. The quantitative details depend on the electronic band structure at the surface of Pd.