cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From Man, the State, and War to Vertices, Networks, and Change: Relational Ontologies to Understand Complexity in Politics

The crisis of finance capitalism, accelerating climate change, near civil war in Pakistan - all of these recent events illustrate how poorly political science conceptualizes and models change and complexity in politics. Each also illustrates the increasingly problematic dichotomy between "domestic" and "international" politics, and questions the tenability of the traditional levels of analysis that form the foundation of international relations theory. This paper argues that the levels of analysis popularized by Waltz's "Man, the State, and War" are responsible for IR theory’s inability to conceptualize change and complexity in international relations. By reifying distinctions between the individual, society, the state, and the international system, traditional levels of analysis are particularly prone to the ecological fallacy on the one hand, and fallacies of composition on the other. The paper advocates a different paradigm to understand change - that of computational social science. In contrast to theories of international relations that emphasize structures and equilibria, this interdisciplinary approach to understanding dynamic systems emphasizes relational ontologies and processes within systems. Complex systems theory's concept of emergence illuminates how small, substate-level actors can initiate change at the systemic level, while structural perturbations may initiate radical changes in state-level politics. Together with ideas from network theory and evolutionary game theory, complex systems theory can inform our understanding of the intricacies of and change in politics as diverse as interstate negotiations, global trade, political campaigns, and climate change. This illustrates the potential of computational social science to inform future political science scholarship and policy-making.
Of Hungry Wolves and Horizontal Conflicts: Rethinking the Justifications for Bank Holding Company Liability

This Article examines the extent to which bank holding companies should bear the costs of bank failure. Current banking law provides a number of ways to impose liability on bank holding companies for bank failure. Those devices, however, have developed haphazardly and sometimes rest on inconsistent theoretical foundations. This Article critiques the regulatory justifications that have been offered for holding company liability and offers an alternative justification for imposing liability on holding companies based on the idea that directors of bank subsidiaries suffer from an especially difficult form of horizontal conflict -- the situation where the board of directors owe several different duties and choose to serve shareholder interests to the exclusion of all others, including their duty to the bank as an entity. The Article resolves the horizontal conflict through application of agency-like principles. The quasi-agency approach would treat subsidiary directors as quasi-agents of the parent company and impose responsibility directly on the holding company for any duties that bank managers owe to parties other than the bank holding company (including the duty to act in the best interest of the bank as an entity). Under the quasi-agency approach, the holding company should be liable only to the extent that the directors of its properly capitalized bank failed to discharge duties to non-parent constituents (including any duty to the bank itself as a separate legal entity). The extent of the liability so incurred should be limited to the harm caused by the failure to discharge the duty.
Predictions of breast cancer local and distant metastasis

A79 Breast tumor metastases pose the greatest threat to a patient9s survival. Tumorigenesis is typically caused by genetic mutations and/or genomic instability while metastases are thought to be caused by gradual evolutionary events that occur after tumor formation and which impart new properties on the metastasis that are not present in the primary tumor. Based on this hypothesis, the target genes that drive metastasis might be different genes from those that cause carcinogenesis. We have created a dataset of breast tumors that includes primary tumors, local lymph node metastases and many distant metastases samples with clear molecular subtypes identified using a breast tumor "intrinsic" classification list. As expected, basal-like and HER2+/ER- subtypes exhibited a worse clinic outcome than most luminal tumors and were over-represented in the distant metastasis group.To better understand the molecular signatures of metastases, we used supervised analyses to compare three groups of tumors to each other: primary tumors without lymph node (LN) or distant metastases, tumors with lymph node metastases only and/or their LN metastasis samples, and distant metastasis samples and their primary tumors. When primary tumors without metastases were compared to primary tumors with lymph node metastases, very few if any, consistent differences were found and the cross validation rates were low; however, when no metastasis primary tumorsor local metastasis samples were compared to distant metastasis samples many significant differences were identified and cross validation rates were high (80%). In addition, we identified a 13-gene predictor that correlated with distant metastasis status that could be used to divide primary tumor only patients into low, intermediate, and high risk groups relative to overall survival. Further analysis of brain metastases alone also identified a distinct signature, which suggests that distant metastases are a distinct tumor group with unique biological properties.
An Observatory for Mapping the Far Uv Diffuse Galactic Emission Line Background

A new instrumental concept for interference spectroscopy called Spatial Heterodyne Spectroscopy (SHS) is described. This instrument as currently demonstrated could provide important information on the structure, excitation, and dynamics of the ≃ 105 K component of the interstellar medium by providing velocity-resolved (20 km s-1) maps of the faint FUV emission line background over a hemisphere of the sky within a 5–6 year observation period. We are currently studying concepts expected to reduce this time by at least an order of magnitude.
The Enteral Contrast Infusion

Even more important than for a conventional follow-through study is the thorough cleansing of the patient. It is desirable that the stomach be entirely empty and thus contain no fasting gastric residuum. Should there be gastric fluid in the stomach, the pyloric ring will not close properly since it is a natural reaction of the stomach to dispel its contents through the pylorus. When an infusion is running, the pressure in the duodenum is probably greater than the pressure in the stomach so that an open pyloric ring will have a reverse effect on gastric emptying and reflux of contrast fluid into the stomach from the duodenum will occur. Since the presence of feces in the cecum will tend to retard the rate of passage through the ileum, the patient must follow a low-residue diet and the colon should be thoroughly cleansed. It is also preferable that the last meal on the day before the examination be free of fats.
Kuhn-Tucker Demand System Approaches to Non-Market Valuation

In this chapter we summarize recent advances with Kuhn-Tucker demand system approaches to non-market valuation. Over the past five years, simulation-based estimation and welfare calculation strategies have been developed that enable the Kuhn-Tucker framework to address policy-relevant valuation questions in applications with many quality-differentiated goods. We review these modeling innovations in the context of three generic Kuhn-Tucker specifications that differ in terms of their ability to account for unobserved preference heterogeneity. For illustration, we apply the alternative specifications to Canadian moose hunting data and present parameter and welfare estimates. We conclude the chapter by suggesting important areas for future research within the Kuhn-Tucker framework.
When Gay People Get Married: What Happens When Societies Legalize Same-Sex Marriage by M. V. L. Badgett

In the last few decades, the topic of legalizing same-sex marriage has captivated U.S. audiences. Although this discussion is a relatively recent one (not really beginning until the 1990s), more th...
Characterization of the pore area distribution in porous membranes using transport measurements

An approach originally proposed by Mason and coworkers has been applied to model porous membranes to show that transport measurements with small and large solutes can be used to distinguish between porous membranes with the same average pore size but different pore size distributions. In addtion, it is shown that such measurements can be used to account for membrane heteroporosity when predicting the sieving characteristics of a membrane. This is done by applying moment theory to results from flux measurements for a small solute at Pe ≈ 1 or to results from measurements of the reflection coefficient for a large solute at infinite Pe. No a priori assumptions about the nature of the distribution of pore areas are necessary. In this paper, the results from calculations performed with three different model membranes with log-normal pore size distribution are reported. These results show that one can begin to distinguish between membranes by measuring the hydraulic and diffusive permeability and performing at least one additional flux measurement — with either a small, non-hindered solute at Pe ≈ 1 or a large solute at infinite Pe. Results also show that a fairly narrow window can be placed on the sieving curve for a heteroporous membrane without performing any sieving measurements. This is an interesting and encouraging result because it means that many of the problems that arise from measuring and interpreting pore size distributions using more traditional techniques can be avoided by using small solute flux measurements to predict the separation characteristics of many porous membranes.
Detection of high frequency acoustic transients using coherent EUV light

Ultrafast Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) radiation is used to probe transient surface phenomenon in three experimental geometries. Optical irradiation of the sample surface generates thermal and acoustic transients that are subsequently probed with a time-delayed EUV pulse. In all experimental geometries we show excellent signal-to-noise ratios (>10:1) and increased sensitivity to surface deformations (<.02nm) directly attributable to the reduced wavelength of the probing light.
The transport of trace substances in the atmosphere and their implications for the general circulation of the stratosphere

Considerations concerning the distribution of artificial radioactive substances in the troposphere point to the occurrence of stratospheric-tropospheric exchange in the region of the discontinuity between the tropical and middle latitude tropopause. Computations of the horizontal flux of ozone in the lower stratosphere and examination of the distribution of the tracer tungsten 185 in the stratosphere suggest that the trace substances are transported northwards from the tropical stratosphere by the action of transient eddy processes in which northward moving parcels of air are sinking and southward moving parcels are rising. The amount of ozone transported varies seasonally and is a maximum in the late winter and spring. The total transport appears sufficient to account for the observed spring build-up of ozone in middle and high latitudes. The eddies invoked are shown to be consistent with the observed countergradient transport of heat in the lower stratosphere, the pattern of stratospheric isentropes and the covariance values found from meridional and vertical velocities. The combined results indicate a new view concerning the mechanics of stratospheric motions as contrasted with the classical ideas of mean meridional motions.
Transport proteins promoting Escherichia coli pathogenesis

Escherichia coli is a genetically diverse species infecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide annually. We examined seven well-characterized E. coli pathogens causing urinary tract infections, gastroenteritis, pyelonephritis and haemorrhagic colitis. Their transport proteins were identified and compared with each other and a non-pathogenic E. coli K12 strain to identify transport proteins related to pathogenesis. Each pathogen possesses a unique set of protein secretion systems for export to the cell surface or for injecting effector proteins into host cells. Pathogens have increased numbers of iron siderophore receptors and ABC iron uptake transporters, but the numbers and types of low-affinity secondary iron carriers were uniform in all strains. The presence of outer membrane iron complex receptors and high-affinity ABC iron uptake systems correlated, suggesting co-evolution. Each pathovar encodes a different set of pore-forming toxins and virulence-related outer membrane proteins lacking in K12. Intracellular pathogens proved to have a characteristically distinctive set of nutrient uptake porters, different from those of extracellular pathogens. The results presented in this report provide information about transport systems relevant to various types of E. coli pathogenesis that can be exploited in future basic and applied studies.
SU‐E‐T‐143: Effect of X‐Ray and Cone Beam CT Reconstruction Parameters On Estimation of Bone Volume of Mice Used in Aging Research

Purpose: To investigate the variations in bone volume calculations in mice involved in aging research when changing cone beam micro-CT x-ray and reconstruction parameters. Methods: Mouse spines were placed on an indexed turn table that rotated 0.5° per projection and imaged by a self-built micro CT machine containing a CCD-based high-resolution x-ray detector. After the full 360° rotation data set of object images was obtained, a standard filtered back-projection cone beam reconstruction was performed. Four different kVp's between 40–70 kVp in 10kVp increments were selected. For each kVp two mAs settings were used. Each acquisition was reconstructed using two voxel sizes (12 and 25μm) and two step angles, 0.5° and 1°, respectively. A LabView program was written to determine the total bone volume contained in the mouse's total spine volume (bone plus gaps) as a measure of spine health. First, the user selected the desired 512×512 reconstruction to view the whole spine volume which was then used to select a gray-level threshold that allowed for viewing of the bone structure, then another threshold to include gaps. The program returned bone volume, bone × gap volume, and their ratio, BVF. Results: The calculated bone volume fractions were compared as a functionmore » of tube potential. Cases with 25μm slice thickness showed trials with lower kVp's had greater image contrast, which resulted in higher calculated bone volume fractions. Cases with 12μm reconstructed slice thickness were significantly noisier, and showed no clear maximum BVF. Conclusion: Using the projection images and reconstructions acquired from the micro CT, it can be shown that the micro-CT x-ray and reconstruction parameters significantly affect the total bone volume calculations. When comparing mice cohorts treated with different therapies researchers need to be aware of such details and use volumes which were acquired and processed in identical conditions.« less
CP tagged decays at SuperBaBar

We explore the possibility of measuring the CKM parameter gamma using CP tagged decays at a very high luminosity e+e- B Factory. A new collider capable of integrating as much as 10 inverse attobarns per year is being discussed as a possible future for SLAC beyond the current PEP-II program, and could also be in the future of KEK. In two years of operation, it could be possible for a successor to BaBar or Belle to accumulate a sample of one million CP tagged B decays. We find that a theoretically clean extraction of gamma with uncertainty less than 5 degrees may be achievable in the analysis of such a data set.
Elephant herbivory, frost damage and topkill in Kalahari sand woodland savanna trees

Abstract Questions: Which factors best predict the probability of elephant and frost damage in Kalahari sand woodland savanna? What is the association between tree mortality and the disturbance regime? Location: Western Zimbabwe. Methods: Elephant and frost damage, topkill, and whole-plant mortality were quantified in ten common tree species in a Kalahari sand savanna in Zimbabwe. Individual trees were tagged in 20 plots and monitored over a two-year period. A model selection approach was used to test the association between the probability of damage and size, prior damage, and neighbourhood effects, and to investigate the effect of damage on mortality. Results: Elephant damage differed strongly among species, and was not influenced by neighbourhood effects or prior disturbance. Frost damage also varied across species, and declined as a function of stem size and neighbourhood tree cover, and – against expectations – prior disturbance. Topkill increased as a function of elephant and frost damage, but was l...
Retail facilities in Colorado boomtowns

Abstract The energy boom in northwestern Colorado impacted local towns, which in turn affected the retail stores. This article investigates geographic characteristics of range, threshold, and exceptional functions in these towns during boom and bust periods, and compares this with retail characteristics of local recreation-retirement and agricultural towns.
Structure, Dynamics, and Spectroscopy of Aniline−(Argon)n Clusters. 1. Experimental Spectra and Interpretation for n = 1−6

An experimental spectroscopic study of the van der Waals aniline−Arn clusters (n = 1−6) has been achieved via resonant two-photon two-color ionization, whose results improve the accuracy of the previously reported spectra and complete them by the observation of further structure in the spectra of well-defined structural isomers. These experimental results have been analyzed in detail in relation with molecular dynamics simulations including minimum energy structures calculations, direct spectral simulations, and isomerization dynamics. Two potential energy surfaces, in both the ground S0 and the electronically excited S1 states, have been built in order to recover the main experimental observables. They permit the site specific electronic shift additivity rule to be confirmed by the semiclassical spectral simulations and a global picture of the solvation phenomena in this aromatic−rare gas atom system to be provided. In particular, careful examination of the isomerization dynamics helps the general unders...
A book, the king and the 2006 coup

Abstract This article involves an assessment of Paul Handley's important book, The King Never Smiles. A Biography of Thailand's Bhumibol Adulyadej. The article begins with a discussion of the supposed threat the book posed to the monarchy and outlines the attempts to prevent publication. It then outlines Handley's evaluation of the involvement of King Bhumibol Adulyadej's palace in Thailand's modern politics. It uses this approach as a way to examine the clash of elites within Thailand's ruling class that led to a royalist campaign against the Thaksin Shinawatra government and the 2006 military coup.
IGFBP-5201-218 stimulates Cdc42GAP aggregation and filopodia formation in migrating mesangial cells

IGFBP-5 201-218 stimulates Cdc42GAP aggregation and filopodia formation in migrating mesangial cells. Background We have previously shown that insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5) induce mesangial cell migration using separate stimulatory and effector pathways. The IGFBP-5 stimulatory pathway is mediated by the serine/threonine kinase IGFBP-5 receptor, which is activated by the carboxy-terminal peptide IGFBP-5 201-218 . In this study, we examined the direct effects of IGFBP-5 201-218 on stimulatory and effector pathways that lead to a change in mesangial cell (MC) phenotype. Methods Rapid actin reorganization, formation of filopodia, and characterization of novel substratum attachment structures that develop during IGFBP-5–mediating migration were examined by light, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy. Using a wounding assay, migration was measured after the addition of stimulants and inhibitors. Results Stimulation of MCs with IGFBP-5 201-218 induces rapid actin reorganization and loss of peripheral focal adhesions. The MCs develop long cellular extensions where f-actin and β-actin terminate in unique substratum attachments. Fluorescence microscopy of stimulated cells shows that Cdc42GAP aggregates within minutes following treatment with IGFBP-5 201-218 . In contrast, IGF-I increases staining for Rac-1, but not Cdc42GAP, in association with the formation of prominent leading lamellae without filopodia. Staurosporin inhibits cell migration and Cdc42GAP aggregation only when added within the first hour, suggesting that it inhibits the stimulatory effect of IGFBP-5 201-218 by blocking the IGFBP-5 receptor serine/threonine kinase activity. Conclusions These data demonstrate that IGFBP-5 201-218 preferentially activates Cdc42 and induces the formation of long filopodia with unique substratum attachments that produce a novel mode of locomotion.
Patient Engagement: If you Provide it, What Will They Find?:

Patient engagement is a fundamental component of a transformed health care system. Patients can be engaged in many ways. Entry level engagement allows patients to view their records as they exist in the health system. This column addresses 2 methods of patient engagement and the challenges and opportunities that they provide.
Gas exchange by a bird's embryo

Abstract Current knowledge about the mechanism of chick embryo gas exchange is outlined. The overall gas exchange pathway between ambient air and chorioallantoic capillary blood is divided into two components and each are discussed separately. The first component, comprised of the shell and outer shell membrane, separates ambient air and air cell gas. Equations are given for transport of O 2 , CO 2 and water vapor across this barrier. Evidence is presented which shows that transport of these gases is by diffusion. This means that the relationship between the embryo's metabolic rate and the permeability of the shell is important in determining the P O 2 and P CO 2 the air cell. The second component, comprised of the inner shell membrane and a thin tissue layer, separates air cell gas and allantoic capillary blood. Little is known about transport across this barrier. Separate measurements of air cell and allantoic venous blood P O O2 and P CO 2 , for the same age embryo, are compared. These data indicate that O 2 transport by this barrier is inefficient but CO 2 is transported readily. Possible explanations for these observations are briefly discussed.
PRESSOR SUBSTANCES FROM THE BODY FLUIDS OF MAN IN HEALTH AND DISEASE

1. Extracts of human blood plasma, ascitic and cerebrospinal fluids have been shown to contain a substance or substances which have a prolonged and powerful pressor action when injected into test animals. 2. The chemical properties of the substance suggest those of an organic base. It is extracted with alcohol, soluble in water and acetone, extracted from water by chloroform, and probably is but slightly heat-stable. The plasma colloids seem to hold the substance in a bound state since it does not appear in the ultrafiltrate and is liberated on coagulation of the colloids by alcohol. Coagulation alone of the blood does not cause the substance to be formed. 3. Its action suggests that its pressor effect is brought about by mediation of the central nervous system. This inference was drawn from the following observations. (a) The functional intactness of the central nervous system is essential in order that pressor responses be obtained. Unanesthetized animals exhibit greater vascular responses than do anesthetized. (b) Pithing animals completely abolishes the response. Progressive ablation of the brain to the level of the hind brain does not alter the response, but below this level, injury abolishes the activity of the extract. (c) Some substance in the extract sensitizes the mechanism responsible for the carotid sinus reflex. (d) There is no parallelism between the response to peripherally acting drugs and pressor extracts. (e) Removal of the adrenal glands does not affect its character. 4. The rise in blood pressure appears to be due especially to constriction of the arteries in the splanchnic region. 5. Assay of the pressor extracts is made difficult because of the dependence of the vascular response on the functional state of the central nervous system. The carotid sinus reflex and stimulation with carbon dioxide-air mixtures have proved most useful means for the estimation of this functional state. It has been pointed out that the vascular responses to extract, stimulation of the carotid sinus, and inhalation of carbon dioxide-air vary greatly during the course of an experiment on anesthetized animals. This natural history of the vascular responses has been described. 6. No evidence has been produced by the method employed that the amount of this pressor substance is increased in the blood or spinal fluid of patients with hypertension of varied pathogenesis (nephritic hypertension, essential hypertension, malignant hypertension, eclampsia, and pituitary basophilism).
Back to the Future: A Review of Twentieth-Century Commedia-Shakespeare Studies

Future work on the comparative question of Shakespeare’s relationship to the commedia dell’arte must depart from several well-documented studies from the early twentieth century, whose archival and bibliographical riches have not yet been fully plumbed. The documents uncovered by Smith, Lea, Chambers, Wright and others yield the following assertions. 1) The visits of Italian actors to England, mostly confined to the 1570s, were probably initiated at the courtly, ‘supranational level’ via English ambassadors visiting in Paris. 2) The English seemed to have been rather scandalized by the perceived sexual frankness of the Italian actresses and female acrobats whom they witnessed. 3) English travelers and observers of the commedia dell’arte perceived arte improvisation to be distinctly different from the rhyme-based extemporizing performed by Will Kemp and others. 4) As the examples of The Taming of the Shrew and The Two Gentlemen of Verona demonstrate, Shakespeare and other English dramatists did not make a sharp distinction between scripted and improvised Italian comedy. Following the important studies of Clubb and Andrews, comparatists should consider not only whether English actors occasionally practiced the arte method of improvisation but, more broadly, should investigate the more extensive arena of methodological homology: the modular ‘composition', by English dramatist and Italian actor alike, of speeches, dialogues, scenes, and plays.
Urinary polyuronide excretion in man after enzymic dissolution of the chondromucoprotein of the intervertebral disc or surgical stress.

Abstract Enzymic dissolution of intra-discal chondromucoprotein in man resulted in a moderate, temporary increase in urinary acid mucopolysaccharide which differed from the normal apparently only in the content of a high proportion of chondroitin 6-sulfate. In contrast, surgical stress resulted in a large temporary increase in non-dialyzable urinary polyuronide excretion. The major portion of the postsurgical polyuronide, when purified by DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography, stained with alcian blue and showed the same electrophoretic mobility on cellulose acetate as hyaluronic acid. It contained, however, more than twice as much uronic acid as hexosamine, was digested only slightly by testicular hyaluronidase, and thus was not hyaluronic acid or chondroitin. The results are discussed with regard to the possible clinical significance of various types of polyuronide excretion.
“SafeGround Sacramento” and Rhetorics of Substantive Citizenship

Critical perspectives on oppositional struggles and community-building often privilege questions about how such communities might more effectively intervene in public deliberation. That is, how a particular case for enfranchisement or new legal protections might be advocated more successfully. However, less attention has been paid to how marginalized communities (re)assert their right to be recognized and participate in such forums. In other words, how such communities gain recognition as legitimate political actors and find spaces in which to exert political influence. Evans (2008) described this as the act of asserting “substantive” citizenship. This analysis examined the rhetorical strategies employed by the movement organization “SafeGround Sacramento,” a group of homeless activists and allies in Sacramento, CA, for what they can teach cultural studies scholars and rhetorical theorists about the strategies through which “substantive citizenship” is lobbied for and (re)secured by marginalized communiti...
Stress solution determination for high order plate theory

Abstract The high order theory of plate deformation developed in Ref.[1] and [2] is further examined herein. Specifically, stress solutions are given and evaluated against exact elasticity solutions under stringent short wave length load conditions. By the first method the stresses are evaluated directly from the resulting displacement solutions. In a more refined procedure, the transverse shear stresses and the transverse normal stress are evaluated by an alternate equilibrium method. The latter procedure is shown to be more accurate than the former.
Modeling and fabricating micro-cavity integrated vacuum tubes

The authors discuss the modeling and fabricating miniature, vacuum, field-emission diodes and triodes for use in electronics in hazardous environments. They are micrometer-sized devices that are fabricated on a semiconductor wafer using integrated-circuit fabrication techniques and that use field emission rather than thermionic emission to generate charge carriers. Compared to existing semiconductor devices, they should be faster and much more tolerant of high temperatures and radiation. The device design uses the sacrificial layer technique to produce the device on a silicon wafer. All of the processing is completely compatible with existing integrated-circuit technology, making possible eventual integration of these devices and existing integrated-circuit components. To model these devices, the authors have used a static field modeling code to analyze the effect of device design variations on the field at the field-emission tip. Using these field results, they have calculated the tube's plate resistance, transconductance, gain, and current versus voltage characteristics. They have completed construction of a diode and are currently testing and interpreting the results. In addition, they have nearly completed a triode design. >
Validation of Self‐Reported Colorectal Cancer Screening Behaviors Among Appalachian Residents

Objectives We determined the validity of self-reported colorectal cancer (CRC) screening data provided by Appalachian Ohio residents and identified correlates of providing accurate data. Design and Sample We conducted cross-sectional telephone interviews between September 2009 and April 2010. Our study included Appalachian Ohio residents (n = 721) ages 51–75 years. Measures We compared self-reported CRC screening data to medical records to determine validity. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify correlates of providing accurate self-reported screening data. Results About 68% of participants self-reported having any CRC screening test within recommended guidelines, whereas medical records indicated that only 49% were within guidelines (concordance = 0.76). Concordance was higher for flexible sigmoidoscopy and fecal occult blood test compared with colonoscopy, although sensitivity and positive predictive value were much higher for colonoscopy. Participants overreported CRC screening behaviors for all tests. Participants who had a regular checkup in the last 2 years (OR = 2.78, 95% CI: 1.15–6.73), or who self-rated their health as good or better (OR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.12–3.16) were more likely to provide accurate screening data. Conclusions Many participants failed to provide accurate CRC screening data, and validity varied greatly across individual CRC screening tests. Future CRC screening studies among Appalachian residents should use medical records, if possible, to determine screening histories.
Diazepam inhibition of phorbol ester tumor promotion

Diazepam (Valium) had previously been shown to enhance the growth rate of some transplantable tumors although studies in other systems have suggested an inhibitory effect. Skin tumor promotion studies were therefore carried out to determine the effect of diazepam on 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) promotion in SENCAR mice. A sex-independent dose response inhibition occurred over a dose range of 100 g to 5 mg, both in number of papillomas and percent of mice bearing tumors. Furthermore, a dose-response reduction in tumor size was observed. By itself, diazepam had no tumor promoting activity.
Chemoresistance in ovarian cancer linked to expression of microRNAs.

AbstractWe evaluated the differential expression of several microRNAs (miRNAs) among malignant cells in ascites and matched omental metastasis in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Ascites and omental tumors were collected prospectively from five patients who were undergoing primary surgical cytoreduction. Patient samples were processed and treated with carboplatin, paclitaxel and combination chemotherapy. Cell viability was evaluated and miRNA profiling was performed on both tumor cells from ascites fluid and omental cake. Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-q-PCR) and western blots were used to evaluate expressions of miRNA-21 and miRNA -214 and associated proteins. Malignant cells in ascites showed greater cell viability when treated with carboplatin compared to omental metastasis. A significant up-regulation of miRNA-21 and miRNA-214 was observed in malignant cells of ascites compared to omental metastasis; this was confirmed by both cell viability assay and RT-q-PCR. Ours is the first report t...
Genetic interactions underlying otic placode induction and formation.

The formation of the otic placode is a complex process requiring multiple inductive signals. In zebrafish, fgf3 and fgf8, dlx3b and dlx4b, and foxi1 have been identified as the earliest-acting genes in this process. fgf3 and fgf8 are required as inductive signals, whereas dlx3b, dlx4b, and foxi1 appear to act directly within otic primordia. We have investigated potential interactions among these genes. Depletion of either dlx3b and dlx4b or foxi1 leads to a delay of pax2a expression in the otic primordia and reduction of the otic vesicle. Depletion of both foxi1 and dlx3b results in a complete ablation of otic placode formation. A strong synergistic interaction is also observed among foxi1, fgf3, and fgf8, and a weaker interaction among dlx3b, fgf3, and fgf8. Misexpression of foxi1 can induce expression of pax8, an early marker for the otic primordia, in embryos treated with an inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling. Conversely, morpholino knockdown of foxi1 blocks ectopic pax8 expression and otic vesicle formation induced by misexpression of fgf3 and/or fgf8. The observed genetic interactions suggest a model in which foxi1 and dlx3b/dlx4b act in independent pathways together with distinct phases of FGF signaling to promote otic placode induction and development. Developmental Dynamics 230:419–433, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On the estimation of cerebral blood flow obtained from electroplethysmographic observations

On the basis of a simple model and by introducing rather natural assumptions, it is shown that it may be possible to estimate relative blood flow rates if blood pressure values are obtained simultaneously with electroplethysmographic readings and if several sets of measurements can be made under suitable experimental conditions.
Effects of Dietary Sodium Fluoride on Dairy Cows. VI. In Young Heifers

Summary The effects of increasing levels of sodium fluoride to ascertain the tolerance of the dairy cow and the influence of initial age, restricted feed intake, time interval, and prior exposure of the dam on subsequent fluorine ingestion of the offspring, have been studied. On the basis of fluorine retention in bones, urine excretion, weight gain and adult weight, systemic physiological reactions, tooth scores, molar wear, and general health and condition, the tolerance of young dairy cattle to fluoride was less than 1.6 mg. F/kg of body weight daily. Cows receiving 1.4 mg. F/kg were in a marginal zone of toxicity. The toxicity was unaffected by a variation of initial age from 6 wk. to 6 mo. or by prior exposure of the dam to fluorine ingestion. The restriction of grain intake resulted in a slight depression of adult body weight independent of fluoride level. The data indicated that one of the most reliable measures of fluorine toxicity was the presence of skeletal fluoride levels in excess of 5,500 p.p.m.
Ground state shaoe and crossing of near spherical and deformed bands in 182Hg

Abstract The energy levels of 182 Hg have been identified for the first time through comparison of in-beam studies of the reactions 156,154 Gd( 32 S, 4n) 184,182 Hg and γ-X-ray coincidences. Levels up to 12 + in 182 Hg were established from γ-γ coincidences and singles measurements. The data establish that the ground state shape is near spherical, and that the ground band is crossed by a well-deformed band at 4 + . In contrast to IBA model predictions that the deformed band will rise in energy in 182 Hg compared to 184 Hg, the energies of the deformed levels in 182 Hg continue to drop.
A rapid and reliable method for the quantitation of hydroxychloroquine in serum using turbulent flow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Abstract Background Hydroxychloroquine is routinely used in managing systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Whole blood levels are currently measured in the laboratory but at least one study suggests that serum levels may be equally useful. Moreover, serum samples are the preferred matrix type in the clinical laboratory as a result of their reduced complexity compared to whole blood. These observations suggest that the clinical utility of serum hydroxychloroquine levels needs to be reevaluated using larger studies and more robust assays. We report a turbulent flow LC-MS/MS method we developed for this purpose. Methods After protein precipitation from serum with 0.33 mol/l perchloric acid, hydroxychloroquine and its deuterated analog were injected onto a Cyclone turbulent flow column for sample cleanup. Analytical separation was accomplished on a HypersilGold C8 column with a gradient of water and methanol, each containing 0.1% formic acid and 10 mmol/l ammonium formate. Analytes were ionized and detected by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry with multiple reaction monitoring. Results Our method was linear from 15.7 to 2000 ng/ml. Total imprecision at multiple levels was Conclusions We present a novel turbulent flow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for quantification of hydroxychloroquine in serum. Our method has comparable sensitivity, selectivity, precision, accuracy, and linearity to previously reported methods. However, it offers simpler sample processing, shorter overall analysis time, and minimal carryover. These characteristics make our method well-suited for efficient analysis of the large number of samples necessary for studies on the clinical utility of serum HQ levels.
Biodegradation of norflurazon in a bog soil

Abstract Microbial degradation of the pre-emergent herbicide norflurazon (4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-( α , α , α -trifluoro - m -tolyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone) was evaluated in three horizons (Oi, A, B) within the profile of an acidic bog soil in laboratory experiments. Organic matter, nutrient content and microbial biomass all decreased with depth. Mineralization of norflurazon was biologically-mediated, with negligible abiotic degradation. The rate (0.17% 14 CO 2 d −1 ) and extent (4.03% of initial 14 C) of norflurazon mineralization were comparable in the Oi and A horizons, and significantly lower in the B horizon. Sorption of norflurazon decreased with soil organic matter content and depth in the profile, with more of the herbicide sorbed in the Oi than in the A or B horizons. Incorporation of norflurazon carbon into microbial biomass increased with depth within the soil profile, with up to 9.09% of added norflurazon 14 C found in microbial biomass in the B horizon. The relative contribution of bacteria and fungi to norflurazon mineralization varied within the soil profile, with bacteria contributing most in the B horizon (89%) and least in the A horizon (42%). These results were similar to glucose-carbon mineralization in the A horizon only. Analysis of extracts of 14 C-norflurazon-amended soil by HPLC with UV-vis and 14 C detection showed a small decrease in norflurazon concentration over 9 weeks and appearance of a second chromatographic peak—presumably a metabolite—in the A and Oi horizons, but not in the B horizon. The biodegradation of norflurazon in bog soil appears to be a slow process that is significantly affected by position within the soil profile.
Towards the design of secure systems

Within a programmed system, we may distinguish between different kinds of information in order to control the use of each kind by separate security policies, where each policy is tailored to the sensitivity and desired dissemination of that one kind of information. This paper analyses the implications of implementing security policies and describes mechanisms which can be used as the basis for constructing operating systems with the desired security attributes.
Clinical trial of pantomography for the evaluation of mandibular trauma

A trial study was conducted comparing the standard "four view" mandibular series and pantomography for the evaluation of mandibular trauma. During the six-month trial period a series of 17 patients with a total of 24 mandibular fractures was compiled. The pantomographs were more easily interpreted than the standard views because overlapping structures were blurred and spatial orientation was clear. In eight of the 17 patients the fractures were more clearly visualized by pantomography. Because the entire mandible was seen so well on the pantomographs, no special views were required. Eleven patients had single fractures, which are in fact quite common.
Andrew Johnson: A Biography

On April 14, 1865, just as the American Civil War came to an end, Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by a Confederate actor. The next morning Andrew Johnson was suddenly elevated to the position of president of the United States at a time when the nation was still suffering from the effects of war. This biography explores the enigma of the homeless and uneducated tailor whose spectacular rise to power ended in disgrace. It relates how his term in office undermined the process of reconstruction and left a legacy of racism. Over a century later, Johnson remains the only president of the United States to have been impeached. The author explores Johnson's undeniable skills as a political leader and his stubborn attachment to a mythical view of the America of his youth, which proved to be his undoing.
Antitumor Activity of Juglans nigra (Black Walnut) Extractives

Antitumor activity of compounds present in Juglans nigra were studied on spontaneous and/or transplanted tumors in mice. Ellagic acid, juglone, and isolated fractions (strong acids, weak acids, and alkaloids) were injected intraperitoneally for 9–12 days. The results showed that ellagic acid, juglone, and the “strong acids” fraction depressed the tumor growth rate significantly.
Resolution of crossing fibers with constrained compressed sensing using diffusion tensor MRI

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is widely used to characterize tissue micro-architecture and brain connectivity. In regions of crossing fibers, however, the tensor model fails because it cannot represent multiple, independent intra-voxel orientations. Most of the methods that have been proposed to resolve this problem require diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data that comprise large numbers of angles and high b-values, making them problematic for routine clinical imaging and many scientific studies. We present a technique based on compressed sensing that can resolve crossing fibers using diffusion MRI data that can be rapidly and routinely acquired in the clinic (30 directions, b-value equal to 700 s/mm2). The method assumes that the observed data can be well fit using a sparse linear combination of tensors taken from a fixed collection of possible tensors each having a different orientation. A fast algorithm for computing the best orientations based on a hierarchical compressed sensing algorithm and a novel metric for comparing estimated orientations are also proposed. The performance of this approach is demonstrated using both simulations and in vivo images. The method is observed to resolve crossing fibers using conventional data as well as a standard q-ball approach using much richer data that requires considerably more image acquisition time.
Frequency evaluation of the doubly forbidden 1S0→3P0 transition in bosonic 174Yb

We report an uncertainty evaluation of an optical lattice clock based on the $^{1}{S}_{0}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}^{3}{P}_{0}$ transition in the bosonic isotope $^{174}\mathrm{Yb}$ by use of magnetically induced spectroscopy. The absolute frequency of the $^{1}{S}_{0}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}^{3}{P}_{0}$ transition has been determined through comparisons with optical and microwave standards at NIST. The weighted mean of the evaluations is $\ensuremath{\nu}(^{174}\mathrm{Yb})=518\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}294\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}025\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}309\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}217.8(0.9)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{Hz}$. The uncertainty due to systematic effects has been reduced to less than $0.8\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{Hz}$, which represents $1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$ in fractional frequency.
Epiderivatives of the marginal function in nonsmooth parametric optimization

In this paper, upper and lower bounds are calculated for the epiderivatives and parabolic second-order epiderivatives of the marginal function of an abstract parametric mathematical program. The main tools in the proofs of these bounds are "intersection theorems" for tangent cones and second-order tangent sets. The special case of a nonlinear program with right-hand-side perturbations of inequality and equality constraints is examined in detail.
Concurrent task in free recall: Differential effects of LTS and STS

Ss carried out tasks at one of three levels of difficulty while being presented with free-recall lists. Immediate and delayed recall of the lists were then tested. The results show that difficulty of the concurrent task lowers the output from long-term store (LTS) but does not affect short-term store (STS) at all. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that information load blocks transfer of items from STS to LTS.
Iliofemoral venous thrombectomy in a child with a coagulation abnormality

A case is reported of acute iliofemoral venous thrombosis in a 5-year-old girl, whohad a coagulation abnormality in association with an increase of Factor V. The family history revealed that other family members had had juvenile phlebitis and that 3 of them, who were also studied, had an elevation of Factor V. An iliofemoral venous thrombectomy was successfully performed.