cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of acclimation temperature on the interactions of chlorine, ΔT and exposure duration to eggs, prolarvae and larvae of striped bass, Morone saxatilis☆

Abstract The effect of five acclimation temperatures on the interactions of total residual chlorine (TRC) (0.00, 0.15 and 0.30 mg l−1, ΔT (2, 6, 10°C above acclimation temperature) and exposure duration (0.08, 2.0, 4.0 h) conditions were evaluated for striped bass, Morone saxatilis, eggs, prolarvae and larvae. The range of acclimation temperatures (12.5, 15.0, 17.5, 20.0, 22.5°C for eggs and prolarvae; 15.0, 17.5, 20.0, 22.5 and 25.0°C for larvae) tested with each life stage included the lower, optimum and upper environmental temperatures that exist when these life stages may be subjected to power plant chlorination conditions. All organisms were tested using a fractional composite design in a 3 × 3 × 3 factorial matrix. Mortality of the eggs was highest at temperatures below 17.5°C; overall mortality decreased with increasing acclimation temperature. The factor causing the greatest effect with this developmental stage was ΔT, followed by TRC and exposure time. Mortality of striped bass prolarvae increased with acclimation temperature after exposure to interacting treatment factors. Interactions involving TRC were most important from 12.5 to 17.5°C; ΔT interactions were prominent at acclimation temperatures of 20.0 and 22.5°C. Larvae mortality was highest at 20°C with a gradual decrease at 25.0°C. Interactions involving ΔT, TRC and exposure time all contributed to the mortality of this life stage; TRC and ΔT caused the main effects. Striped bass eggs were the most resistant life stage; mean mortality averaged over all acclimation temperatures was approximately the same for prolarvae and larvae.
Graph indexing for spatial data traversal in road map databases

Abstract This paper proposes a graph indexing technique for processing constrained spatial queries and discusses the application of such a technique to road map databases where the graph topology is relatively stationary. The fundamental idea of our technique is to augment the original graph with selected augmented links so that query processing cost, especially I/O cost, is minimized. Based on the computational results derived from the probabilistic analysis, we found that the proposed graph indexing technique is a promising approach for significantly reducing costs of spatial queries. Scope and purpose Spatial data is found in geographic information systems where data attributes are associated with nodes and links in directed graphs. Queries on spatial data are generally expensive because of the recursive nature of spatial data traversal. We propose a graph indexing technique to expedite queries on spatial data. The graph index is an instrument for early identification of the relevant nodes and links to the query so that repeated accesses to the same data pages can be eliminated. This paper presents the graph indexing technique in the context of road map databases and shows that the graph indexing technique can improve significantly on the efficiency of constrained queries on spatial data.
DSMC Simulations of Ballute Aerothermodynamics Under Hypersonic Rarefied Conditions

This paper presents computational results obtained with the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method for towed ballute applications. A ballute is an inflatable drag device that can be used to create a large amount of drag at high altitudes. Consequently, ballutes provide a potential technology for achieving aerocapture when the primary spacecraft velocity reduction (Delta V) is achieved at much higher altitudes than with the conventional rigid aeroshell. Since the Delta V is achieved at relatively high altitudes, rarefaction can be significant and is the motivation for the current study with the DSMC method. Computed surface and flow-field results are presented for a toroidal ballute, isolated tethers when exposed to free-stream flow conditions, and the flow interactions resulting from a toroidal ballute when towed by a six meter diameter Mars Pathfinder shaped (without tethers) spacecraft. All results presented are for Earth entry at velocities of 14 to 7 km/s (primary focus is at 8.55 km/s, same as some previous Titan aerocapture studies) and altitudes of 200 to 100 km. Variations of drag and heating coefficients as a function of rarefaction are presented. A description of the flow structure is provided and also an explanation of how it is affected by shock interactions produced solely by the ballute and those resulting from the two body combination of towed ballute and spacecraft is also given.
Chapter 7; Depression and Anxiety

SUMMARY Depression and anxiety are the most common psychiatric conditions in late life. Despite their prevalence, we know relatively little about their unique manifestation in older adults. And, Although the most common intervention for late-life depression and anxiety continues to be medication, research on psychosocial interventions for late-life depression and anxiety has burgeoned in the past several years. Unfortunately, this growing body of intervention research has yet to be widely translated into improved systems of care for late-life depression. This article is one step toward synthesizing the knowledge in this growing area of research. The review of literature presents the conclusions of several meta-analyses that have reviewed psychosocial interventions for late-life depression and anxiety. In addition, intervention studies concerning the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, reminiscence therapy, and alternative therapies with depressed and/or anxious older adul...
Implications ofrbcL sequence data for higher order relationships of theLoasaceae and the anomalous aquatic plantHydrostachys (Hydrostachyaceae)

Subclass and ordinal relationships ofLoasaceae, a small predominately New World family, are examined usingrbcL sequence data. Sequences were examined for eight of the fifteen genera of theLoasaceae and the morphologically anomalous aquatic genusHydrostachys (Hydrostachyaceae). Parsimony analyses of these sequences, combined with previously publishedrcbL data, indicate thatLoasaceae belong in theCornales, and are the sister group ofHydrangeaceae. This agrees with phylogenies based on chloroplast DNA inverted repeat restriction site, morphological and chemical data. TherbcL trees support the monophyly of theLoasaceae and most generic relationships correspond to current subfamily divisions. TherbcL phylogeny also provides the first suggestion thatHydrostachys is allied with theHydrangeaceae in theCornales.
Neutron-excess dependence of fusion-Ni+Sn

Excitation functions (${E}_{\mathrm{lab}}=235\ensuremath{-}320$ MeV) for producing nuclei close to the compound system (evaporation residues) were measured for $^{58,64}\mathrm{Ni}$+ $^{112\ensuremath{-}124}\mathrm{Sn}$, corresponding to a 20% variation in the compound-nucleus neutron number. A dramatic, order-of-magnitude increase was observed in the maximum cross section as a function of the compound-nucleus neutron neutron excess. The subbarrier energy dependence of the cross sections is well described by an optical-model calculation, but not by the frequently used parabolic approximation.
Ethylphenidate: From biomarker to designer drug

The following is a brief background and account of the psychostimulant "designer drug" and curious methylphenidate-ethanol transesterification metabolite, ethylphenidate (EPH; Fig 1). That is ethylphenidate with an "E", not it's well known homolog, methylphenidate (MPH; Ritalin, Concerta, others) – the first-line agent for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Note that the only structural difference resides in the ester where EPH has an ethyl group rather than the methyl group in MPH.
Silicon optical modulators at 1.3- mu m based on free-carrier absorption

Silicon optical waveguide modulators, appropriate for operation in the 1.3-1.55 mu m wavelength region, have been fabricated and their performance characterized at the wavelength of 1.3 mu m. The modulator structures consist of p-i-n diodes integrated with silicon waveguides; device operation is based on free-carrier absorption. Modulation depths of -6.2 dB and response times less than 50 ns have been measured. Experimental results are compared with the p-i-n diode theory. It is argued that the device is suitable for integration with silicon electronics and silicon optoelectronic devices. The response times measured for the current devices may be improved by reducing the transverse dimensions of the p-i-n structure. >
An Empirical Study into the Use of Chernoff Information for Robust, Distributed Fusion of Gaussian Mixture Models

This paper considers the problem of developing algorithms for the distributed fusion of Gaussian Mixture Models through the use of Chernoff information. We derive a first order approximation and show that, in a distributed tracking problem in which sensor nodes are equipped with only range-only or bearing-only sensors, it yields consistent estimates.
Sprouting of dorsal root axons

Sprouting of axons may be an important component in whatever restoration of neural tissue occurs following injury. A classic paradigm used to demonstrate sprouting is the spared dorsal root preparation. The present study determines the number of axons in the spared root, the cranial root and the caudal root as compared to their normal mates on the unoperated side of the spinal cord. The data confirm that sprouting occurs and the unmyelinated axons are the sprouting population in the dorsal root. The quantification of sprouting provides an opportunity to get a precise estimate of the parameters of sprouting and the hope is that this increased precision will lead to insights into functional changes that result from axonal sprouting.
Taste receptors for umami: the case for multiple receptors

Umami taste is elicited by many small molecules, including amino acids (glutamate and aspartate) and nucleotides (monophosphates of inosinate or guanylate, inosine 5′-monophosphate and guanosine-5′-monophosphate). Mammalian taste buds respond to these diverse compounds via membrane receptors that bind the umami tastants. Over the past 15 y, several receptors have been proposed to underlie umami detection in taste buds. These receptors include 2 glutamate-selective G protein–coupled receptors, mGluR4 and mGluR1, and the taste bud–expressed heterodimer T1R1+T1R3. Each of these receptors is expressed in small numbers of cells in anterior and posterior taste buds. The mGluRs are activated by glutamate and certain analogs but are not reported to be sensitive to nucleotides. In contrast, T1R1+T1R3 is activated by a broad range of amino acids and displays a strongly potentiated response in the presence of nucleotides. Mice in which the Grm4 gene is knocked out show a greatly enhanced preference for umami tastants. Loss of the Tas1r1 or Tas1R3 genes is reported to depress but not eliminate neural and behavioral responses to umami. When intact mammalian taste buds are apically stimulated with umami tastants, their functional responses to umami tastants do not fully resemble the responses of a single proposed umami receptor. Furthermore, the responses to umami tastants persist in the taste cells of T1R3-knockout mice. Thus, umami taste detection may involve multiple receptors expressed in different subsets of taste cells. This receptor diversity may underlie the complex perception of umami, with different mixtures of amino acids, peptides, and nucleotides yielding subtly distinct taste qualities.
Duration and relational choices: Time based effects of customer performance and environmental uncertainty on relational choice

Abstract This paper investigates the influences of customer performance and environmental uncertainty on the customer's choice of relational exchange strategies over the duration of their relationship. Relational exchanges of short, intermediate, and long term duration are investigated with the results showing different performance outcomes and environmental factors impacting relational choice at different times in the relationship. The results help explain conflicts reported in prior relational exchange research and provide valuable insights for practitioners responsible for managing relational exchanges.
Mirror Writing: Learning, Transfer, and Implications for Internal Inverse Models

In a study of the effects of practicing mirror writing, the effects of transfer to the nonpracticed hand and to nonpracticed phrases were assessed in 185 students. Large transfer effects were observed. An interpretation of those effects is based on a suggestion that the learning led to the creation of a new internal inverse model (or a modification of a pre-existent model) mapping the space of task variables onto the space of internal variables.
Linear systems with fractional Brownian motion and Gaussian noise

Methods are presented for calculating the evolution in time of the second moment properties of the output of linear systems subjected to fractional Brownian motion and fractional Gaussian noise, defined as the formal derivative of fractional Brownian motion. The study also examines whether the output of linear systems to fractional Brownian motion and fractional Gaussian noise exhibits long range dependence. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the calculation of output statistics for some linear systems with fractional Brownian motion and fractional Gaussian noise input, and show that output of linear systems to these input processes may not have long memory.
Mechanoreceptors in the human anterior cruciate ligament

This study was undertaken to identify and quantitate mechanoreceptors in the human anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Ligaments from six human subjects were obtained at autopsy, cut into cross-sectional segments 1.0-1.5 cm thick, and kept oriented as to the femoral and tibial attachments. The segments were stained in bulk by using a modified gold chloride method, frozen, and sectioned on a sliding microtome at 100 microns. The sections were floated in alcoholic gelatin, mounted on slides, dehydrated, and coverslipped. Serial sections were studied with the light microscope and receptors were photographed. Cross-sectional maps of every tenth section were made outlining the periphery of the ACL and the receptors within that section. With these maps, a computerized, morphometric analysis of the ACL was done, thus obtaining the percentage of receptors in each section and in each ACL. In addition to free nerve endings, two morphologically distinct mechanoreceptors were identified: (1) Ruffini end organs and (2) Pacinian corpuscles. Preliminary morphometric analyses show that populations of mechanoreceptors are greater at the femoral and tibial ends of the ligament and constitute approximately 2.5% of the ligament. Based on these findings the human ACL has the anatomic basis for a discriminating afferent outflow to the central nervous system.
Annual Extreme Lake Elevations by Total Probability Theorem

Abstract Annual extreme water levels on the Great Lakes, whether maximums or minimums, have a high serial dependence. Therefore, traditional frequency analysis techniques are not applicable and more sophisticated statistical techniques are required to account for the dependence in the annual extremes. Decomposition of the annual extremes into two parts, one containing the highly dependent part and the other containing the random part, is one method of dealing with the dependence in the lake elevations. These parts are then combined by application of the total probability theorem. Seasonality of the occurrence of both parts was found to be very important. Therefore, the complete analysis was done for the 6-month fall-winter period and the 6-month spring-summer period. The two curves were then combined by the union of probabilities. Application of this method to the Buffalo Harbor and Cleveland gages resulted in computed “1 % of Years Exceeded” elevations of 176.76 meters (579.91 feet) and 175.17 meters (574.71 feet) (IGLD 1955), respectively.
Experimental study of a three-dimensional, shear-driven, turbulent boundary layer using a three-dimensional laser Doppler velocimeter

Experimental data have been obtained in a three-dimensional, shear-driven, turbulent boundary layer subjected to sudden transverse strain. Measurements made with a newly developed, three-dimensional laser Doppler velocimeter include all components of mean flow, turbulent Reynolds stresses, and triple-product correlations. Eddy viscosities, production, convection, turbulent diffusion, and dissipation (balance of kinetic energy equation) are extracted from the data. It was shown experimentally that eddy viscosity is strongly direction-dependent (not a scalar), indicating a need for full Reynolds stress modeling. Turbulence models for eddy viscosity, stress diffusion, pressure rate-of-strain, and anisotropy of Reynolds stresses are tested using the data. Calculations using a Reynolds stress equation model are compared with the data.
Effects of draw solutions and membrane conditions on electricity generation and water flux in osmotic microbial fuel cells.

This study provided an early effort to investigate the draw solutions as catholytes, FO membrane conditions, and backwash for membrane cleaning in an osmotic microbial fuel cell (OsMFC). The results demonstrated that sodium chloride was a suitable candidate as a catholyte solute with good performance in both electricity generation and water flux, although its pH required buffering via acid addition. Adding a small amount of hydrochloric acid decreased the catholyte pH from 9.0 to 2.5 and increased the current generation by 50%, but did not affect water flux. It was also found that the fouled FO membrane improved electricity generation but lost the function of water flux. The damaged FO membrane resulted in a water flux of 0.39 LMH, much lower than 2–3 LMH with a new FO membrane. Backwash with adding NaCl (0.2–0.5 M) into the anolyte was examined but did not obviously alleviate membrane fouling.
Effect of interplane coupling in quasi-two-dimensional systems

There are many divergent susceptibilities in two-dimensional systems that are not associated with phase transitions. The authors propose that when stacks of planes of these two-dimensional systems are coupled together, these divergences indicate genuine phase transitions. Applications to melting, commensurate-incommensurate transitions, and superconductivity are pointed out. 14 references, 1 figure, 1 table.
Targeting neuronal hyperexcitability for antimigraine drug development

Migraine is among the most prevalent neurological disorders worldwide, afflicting up to 16% of the population. Because it mostly affects patients between the most productive ages of 25 and 50 years, migraine costs employers more than US$13 billion per year in reduced productivity and missed days. It is therefore important to prevent and treat migraine attacks. Triptans were introduced in the early 1990s and effectively alleviate symptoms in most patients. Their success was based on the existence of the operational hypothesis implicating the trigemino-vascular system. Prophylactic medications have been available since beta-blockers, followed by agents belonging to other therapeutic classes. Most of them were found serendipitously to be effective. However, progress in the development of preventative agents has been hampered by the lack of animal models mimicking the early events of migraine pathophysiology. This review will examine how a recent theory on the origin of migraine attacks is likely to lead to t...
Pyrene-labeled lipids: versatile probes of membrane dynamics in vitro and in living cells

Pyrene-labeled analogs of fatty acids have been studied as probes of lipid metabolism in vitro and in cultured cells. Procedures for the synthesis of complex pyrenyl lipids and the analytical methods for their separation and quantification are described. Pyrenyl-lipids have been used to quantify the relationship between lipid structure and the rates of spontaneous lipid transfer. Modifications of these methods have also been used to monitor protein-mediated lipid transfer, lipolysis and lipid translocation across bilayer membranes. According to several criteria, pyrene dodecanoic acid has been identified as a good analog of some naturally occurring fatty acids. Digital imaging microscopy has been used to monitor the rate of accumulation of pyrenyl lipids in living cells.
Effect of Gaussian references on cross-talk noise reduction in volume holographic memory

We propose and analyze a novel recording and reading scheme for cross-talk noise reduction in volume holographic data storage. Each hologram is recorded with a slightly focused Gaussian reference beam and can be read out by use of the same Gaussian reference. The waist of the reference Gaussian profile can be adjusted based on the required signal-noise ratio and the storage density. Simulation results show the reduced cross-talk noise yielded by the proposed scheme.
Statistical design theory for sampled-data feedback control systems

The basic theory and a procedure for the design of strictly digital systems and of digitally controlled continuous systems are outlined. In the latter type system, a continuous plant is controlled by intermittently monitored and processed error signals. For optimum design, the mean square of the error signals averaged over long periods of time should be kept to a minimum.
PRIMARY PETROLEUM MIGRATION BY MOLECULAR SOLUTION: CONSIDERATION OF NEW DATA

Previous criticisms of primary petroleum migration by molecular solution have been: (1) the large compositional and molecular weight differences between hydrocarbons most readily dissolved in water and those found in crude oils, and (2) previously-measured aqueous petroleum solubilities were not high enough to account for petroleum deposits using reasonable geologic assumptions. New crude oil aqueous solubility data remove both of these criticisms. Above 275°C, with both increasing gas content and temperature, the solute hydrocarbons become compositionally more and more similar to, and eventually exactly match, the starting material. Mass balance calculations, using experimentally-measured crude oil solubilities, show that between 275° and 375°C, under realistic geologic assumptions, crude oil aqueous solubility is high enough to account for petroleum deposits. These new data also show that molecular solution is not a viable agent of primary petroleum migration below 275°C.
The rise and fall of the distress sale

This paper describes the rise and fall of the Federal Communications Commission's seldom‐used “distress sale” policy, posits reasons for its lack of impact in raising the level of minority ownership in broadcasting, and reassesses the “program diversity” rationale that undergirds the policy. The author argues that proponents of the distress sale and other minority preference policies need to adopt a new approach for increasing minority involvement in telecommunication.
Indian country: Sam Shepard and the cultural other

Using Sam Shepard's recent screenplay Silent Tongue as a starting and ending point, this essay looks back over thirty years of Shepard's writing, examining his evolving treatment of various American racial minorities, especially Native Americans, as cultural “Others”. In several plays, Shepard juxtaposes American racial minorities to his white male protagonists as mysterious and sometimes threatening Others in touch with their spiritual selves and in close spiritual harmony with their natural surroundings. They appear to somehow enjoy a more “authentic” and meaningful existence than Shepard's white, male protagonists. These protagonists, by comparison, are frequently portrayed as miserably out of touch with their spiritual selves, adrift in a postmodern American landscape of technology, materialism, and media‐generated simulacra. They are in search of “the authentic”, either through a discovery of their own spiritual origins or through the appropriation of the spiritual wholeness of the Other. In the case...
Does retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for testicular germ cell tumor require a different approach in the presence of horseshoe kidney

Purpose: We report our management of stage II testicular nonseminomatous germ cell tumor in 2 patients with horseshoe kidney and discuss the technical challenges posed by this renal fusion anomaly. The embryology and clinical anatomy of horseshoe kidney are discussed with particular reference to the anomalous vascular pattern and routes of testicular lymphatic drainage in this setting. Modifications and innovations of the standard technique of retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy in the presence of horseshoe kidney are discussed in light of our experience with these patients at 2 major tertiary care cancer centers. The significance of contemporary advanced noninvasive radiological techniques, such as helical computerized tomographic angiography with digital 3-dimensional reconstruction and magnetic resonance angiography, in the surgical planning and safe performance of surgery is emphasized.Materials and Methods: Two young male patients treated at 2 major American teaching hospitals who had coexistent stage II...
Valeurs écologistes et enjeux d’habitat chez Claudel

L’interet de Claudel pour la preservation du monde naturel, qui s’exprime dans un texte intitule « Le Sauvetage d’un continent » (1937), s’inscrit dans un cadre plus vaste des reflexions sur des relations transnationales qui, a partir du sejour de Claudel a Washington, touchent non seulement la mediation culturelle mais aussi font preuve d’une prise de conscience grandissante des rapports de la nature et de l’humanite. Le texte de 1937 met bien en evidence des valeurs tendant au respect de la nature et a la protection de l’environnement. De meme, au cours de la decennie precedente, de differentes modalites d’interaction des humains avec leur habitat se percoivent dans des textes en prose — notamment dans « La Legende de Prâkriti » (1933), ou tout lieu d’habitation renvoie a l’œuvre du Createur— mais aussi dans la « Preface » a Quelques planches du bestiaire spirituel (1948), dans « Le jardin aride » (1934), ainsi que dans quelques poemes. S’agit-il d’une vision ecologiste ? Quelle ethique de la terre se construit, et quelle image de la vie quotidienne se tisse? Quelle en est la part de l’engagement theologique ? Cet article propose de dresser des rapports du lieu et des activites humaines sans pour autant les reduire a une figure de relations culturelles. Puis, devant l’ouverture a de multiples composantes d’un ecologisme, il met en exergue l’ecriture claudelienne comme acte eco-critique.
The effects of K-metasomatism on the mineralogy and geochemistry of silicic ignimbrites near Socorro, New Mexico

K-metasomatism of the upper Lemitar and Hells Mesa silicic ignimbrites near Socorro, New Mexico is thought to be the result of downward percolation of alkaline, saline brines in a hydrologically closed basin [Chapin, C.E., Lindley, J.I., 1986. Potassium metasomatism of igneous and sedimentary rocks in detachment terranes and other sedimentary basins: economic implications. Arizona Geological Society Digest, XVI, 118–126.]. During the chemical changes associated with metasomatism, Na-rich phases, primarily plagioclase, are replaced by secondary mineral phases. Adularia, a low-temperature K-feldspar, is the dominant mineral formed during K-metasomatic alteration, but mixed-layer I/S, discrete smectite, and kaolinite can also be present in the assemblage. The formation of discrete smectite within the assemblage during K-metasomatism may have occurred during periods of low cation/H+ ratios in the alkaline, saline brine. Upon an increase in the cation/H+ ratio, such as could occur during evaporation of the alkaline lake, the solution may have become sufficiently concentrated to cause illitization of smectite resulting in the formation of mixed-layer I/S within the assemblage. Distribution of phases in the alteration assemblage strongly suggests a dissolution–precipitation reaction for K-metasomatism in the Socorro area as indicated by the presence of dissolution embayments in plagioclase crystals, the presence of euhedral adularia, and the common occurrence of authigenic clay minerals in the assemblage. K-metasomatism causes significant chemical modification of the silicic ignimbrite, particularly increases in K2O and Rb and depletion of Na2O and Sr with increasing adularia abundance. The correlation between Rb and K2O suggests that Rb is enriched during alteration due to substitution for K in adularia. The effect of hydrothermal activity, either prior to, or following metasomatism, is also observed in some samples, as shown by high concentrations of elements such as Ba, As, Sb, Pb and Cs. Enrichment of middle and HREE in the upper Lemitar Tuff samples and depletion of middle and HREE in Hells Mesa Tuff samples suggests attempted re-equilibration between the secondary alteration assemblage and the metasomatizing fluid. Preliminary data indicate clay minerals within the secondary assemblage may have played an important role in the incorporation of REE during redistribution.
Meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid and sodium N-benzyl-N-dithiocarboxy-D-glucamine as antagonists for cadmium intoxication.

Orally administered meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) is an effective antagonist for acute oral cadmium chloride (1 mmol/kg) intoxication in mice when administered up to 8 h after cadmium ingestion. Administration of sodium N-benzyl-N-dithiocarboxy-d-glucamine (NaB) i.p. along with DMSA p.o. resulted in kidney and liver cadmium levels only marginally smaller than those obtained with DMSA alone. Both chelation treatment regimens permitted survival of 80% or more of the animals, in comparison to a survival rate of 40–50% in untreated animals. Intraperitoneally administered NaB by itself is a very effective antagonist for cadmium chloride administered intraperitoneally in either acute or chronic cadmium intoxication. A dose-response study was made of the mobilization of cadmium from the liver and kidney of cadmium-loaded mice by NaB; this showed that NaB is one of the most effective cadmium mobilizing agents developed to date. We have also confirmed the earlier report of Kojima and his co-workers of the ability of NaB to remove cadmium from animals which have been treated with cadmium over an extended period of time. NaB causes a very large increase in the biliary excretion of cadmium. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of 113Cd in bile from treated animals and model solutions indicates that such cadmium is undergoing rapid ligand exchange.
A review of certain clinical aspects of nutrition

D URING the past decade, many valuable contributions have been made to the knowledge of nutrition. The medical journals have been unable to keep pace with the articles submitted for publication; during the last few years, new journals pertaining to the field of nutrition and chemistry have been established at the rate of one every two weeks. 1 This new knowledge affects every phase and specialty of medicine; in some instances it is to revolutionize standard habits of thought and practice. Many of the reported researches seem primarily theoretical in their nature, yet the theory of yesterday is finding its direct application today in the interpretation and treatment of disease. This new information has not found its way to any considerable extent into dur medical texts; the concepts in many respects are different from those formerly taught in medical courses. The principles of nutrition receive but slight emphasis in the curricula of most of our medical colleges. I t is necessary to go to the current literature to obtain information in this field. Fortunately, several excellent journals now are available, devoted to abstracting and discussing the reports of the world literature along these lines2, 2 This review is limited to some phases of current thought which should be of special interest to the practitioner of medicine. At the close of the nineteenth century, the progress which had been made in the fields of organic pathology and bacteriology gave promise that the conquest of disease lay along these lines. These avenues of thought have dominated medical education, often to the point of subordination of the study of applied physiology. I t is not surprising that the earlier discoveries in nutrition were interpreted according to these concepts. Thus, when Eijkmann s in 1897 demonstrated the value of certain foods in the relief of beriberi, he thought that the effect was one of detoxifying some product ingested or formed in the body. At that time, it was recognized that the food must include certain types of substances, such as had been identified as body components. These consisted of protein, carbohydrate, fat, water and certain mineral salts. Early studies in nutrition were based on observations of living beings whose diets were limited to these constituents. Such feeding experiments were more or less compatible with life and health as long as naturally occurring foods were used. When attempts were made to substitute for these the recognized essentials prepared synthetically, and in relatively pure forms, it was found that experimental animals did
Incompatibility groups among North American populations of Laetiporus sulphureus sensu lato.

Mycelial interactions and allozyme analysis for glucose-6-phosphate isomerase activity were used to evaluate compatibility of pairings of single spore isolates (SSIs) within and between Laetiporus restric- tion groups (LRGs). SSIs from six collections of LRG II were completely compatible. SSIs from four LRG III collections from western North America were completely compatible, but those from a fifth collec- tion of LRG III, from Michigan, were only partially compatible with those from the western LRG III col- lections. LRG II SSIs were incompatible with LRG III SSIs, and SSIs of these LRGs were incompatible with SSIs of L. sulphureus, L. cincinnatus, and LRG VI. SSIs from the lone collection of LRG VI were com- patible with those of L. sulphureus, which also con- tains LRGs I and VII. Thus, L. sulphureus s. 1. is com- posed of four Laetiporus incompatibility groups (LIGs): L. sulphureus s. s., L. cincinnatus, LIG II, and LIG III. The LIGs differ in host, pore layer color, geographical distribution, and LRG. Pairings of tester SSIs from each of the LIGs with SSIs from an addi- tional 42 collections of Laetiporus confirm the mutual exclusiveness of the LIGs and the association of the LIGs with the LRGs as well as other characteristics. Therefore, these four LIGs are worthy of recognition at the species level.
Dithyreanitrile: an unusual insect antifeedant from Dithyrea wislizenii.

Dithyreanitrile, a novel sulfur-containing indole alkaloid, was isolated from the seeds ofDithyrea wislizenii (Cruciferae). Dithyreanitrile inhibits feeding of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) larvae. Dithyreanitrile, the first natural product with two sulfur atoms and a nitrile attached to the same carbon, was characterized by X-ray diffraction, spectroscopy, and chemical synthesis.
Interactions of UV photons and low energy electrons with chemisorbed benzene on Ag(111)

Abstract The interactions of UV photons and low energy electrons with chemisorbed benzene (C6D6) on Ag(111) has been studied using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). The adsorption and desorption of C6D6 on Ag(111) is completely reversible. No photoeffects are observed when chemisorbed C6D6(a) is exposed to UV photons generated from a high pressure Hg are lamp. Exposure to electrons results in decomposition of C6D6(a) to surface D atoms and phenyl fragments. The cross section for electron induced decomposition of C6D6(a) at one monolayer coverage is (1.9 ± 0.1) × 10−17 cm2 at 50 eV. It decreases with decreasing incident electron energy and has a threshold between 11 and 16 eV. Surface D atoms desorb as D2 at ~ 200 K. Phenyl fragments recombine and desorb as biphenyl at 375–390 K; they do not decompose. It is demonstrated that low energy electron induced decomposition of C6D6 on Ag(111) is an effective way to prepare surface phenyl fragments.
Polyamine metabolism and tumorigenesis in the Apc(Min/+) mouse.

While polyamine homoeostasis is clearly important in maintenance of normal cell function, the roles of these cations, as well as the enzymes that regulate their metabolism, in the neoplastic process are not clear. In particular, the polyamine catabolic enzyme SSAT (spermidine/spermine N 1 -acetyltransferase) seems to have different roles in tumorigenesis, depending upon the particular system being analysed. In attempts to clarify the function of SSAT in tumour development, we have utilized the Apc Min /+ mouse, which carries a mutant allele of the Apc (adenomatous polyposis coli) gene, rendering it susceptible to the formation of multiple adenomas in the small intestine and colon. Using genetically engineered animals (i.e. transgenic and knockout mice), we have shown that SSAT acts as a tumour promoter in the Apc Min /+ model. Modulation of tumorigenesis is not associated with changes in tissue levels of either spermidine or spermine. These findings, along with those made in other animal models of cancer, have prompted us to propose that metabolic flux through the polyamine biosynthetic and catabolic pathways, and the consequent changes in levels of various metabolites within the cell (i.e. the metabolome), is critical to tumour development. The metabolic flux model represents a novel way of thinking about the role of polyamines in cell physiology and the neoplastic process.
Laser photocoagulation in preproliferative retinopathy of incontinentia pigmenti

Abstract Incontinentia Pigmenti is a rare, X-linked, dominant disorder in which affected female infants develop characteristic abnormalities of the skin, central nervous system, hair, teeth, and eyes. Ocular abnormalities occur in about 35% of patients and consist of proliferative vitreoretinopathy, retinal detachment, strabismus, cataract, microphthalmia, optic nerve atrophy, and iris hypoplasia. Retinal vascular abnormalities, ranging from peripheral retinal avascularity to neovascular and fibrous proliferation with traction retinal detachment, are the primary cause of severe visual dysfunction in patients. 1,2 Therapeutic intervention with laser photocoagulation and cryotherapy for the proliferative vitreoretinopathy of incontinentia pigmenti has met with variable success. We report a case in which laser photocoagulation was used at the onset of retinopathy with subsequent resolution of the vasculopathy. J AAPOS 2001;5:258-9.
Compositional verification of a medical device system

Complex systems are by necessity hierarchically organized. Decomposition into subsystems allows for intellectual control, as well as enabling different subsystems to be created by distinct teams. This decomposition affects both requirements and architecture. The architecture describes the structure and this affects how requirements ``flow down'' to each subsystem. Moreover, discoveries in the design process may affect the requirements. Demonstrating that a complex system satisfies its requirements when the subsystems are composed is a challenging problem.In this paper, we present a medical device case example where we apply an iterative approach to architecture and verification based on software architectural models. We represent the hierarchical composition of the system in the Architecture Analysis and Design Language (AADL), and use an extension to the AADL language to describe the requirements at different levels of abstraction for compositional verification. The component-level behavior for the model is described in Simulink/Stateflow. We assemble proofs of system level properties by using the Simulink Design Verifier to establish component-level properties and an open-source plug-in for the OSATE AADL environment to perform the compositional verification of the architecture. This combination of verification tools allows us to iteratively explore design and verification of detailed behavioral models, and to scale formal analysis to large software systems.
Treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms: Surgery, coiling, or nothing?

The decision of whether and how to treat an unruptured intracranial aneurysm (UIA) is complex. The goal in caring for patients with UIAs is to maximize their duration of high-quality life by optimally balancing the risks of aneurysm rupture—the “natural history” of the aneurysm—with those of treatment-related adverse outcomes. In this article, we review the literature concerning the natural history of UIAs and summarize the procedure-associated morbidity and mortality and efficacy of surgical clipping and endovascular coiling. Using this information, we make recommendations regarding the optimal management of patients with UIAs.
Cytoskeletal proteins and Golgi dynamics

Association of the Golgi complex with cytoskeletal elements, in particular microtubules, is required for maintenance of the Golgi's characteristic spatial location within cells and for efficient delivery of proteins and lipids to diverse cellular sites. Recent work has suggested the mechanisms underlying this association involve components, such as ankyrin and spectrin, that facilitate Golgi membrane association with motor proteins, including cytoplasmic dynein, kinesin and myosin. Understanding how these associations are regulated and what roles they play in Golgi trafficking and dynamics is fundamental for insight into the spatial and functional integration of secretory membrane traffic.
Spatial expression of two tadpole stage specific myosin heavy chains in Xenopus laevis

Vertebrate skeletal muscles contain a family of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) proteins whose expression varies with clonal origin, developmental age, hormonal state, and innervation patterns. The number o
Complete condensation in a vertical tube passive condenser

Abstract An experimental study is performed for the steam condensation in a vertical tube where steam is completely condensed. A condenser tube is submerged in a water pool where the heat from the condenser tube is removed through boiling heat transfer. The experiment data showed that the operating pressure is uniquely determined by inlet steam flow rate for the complete condensation. The condensation heat transfer rate increases and the condensation heat transfer coefficient decreases with the system pressure. For the condenser submerged in a saturated water pool, strong primary pressure dependency was observed on the condensation heat transfer.
Reexploration for symptomatic hematomas after cervical exploration

Abstract Background. Hematomas requiring reoperation affect 1% of patients undergoing cervical exploration. This complication has implications for the trend toward outpatient procedures. Methods. Retrospective review of 13,817 patients undergoing thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy at this institution (1976 to 2000) identified 42 patients with hematomas requiring reoperation. Case controls (n = 42) were matched for age, gender, and type and year of operation. Perioperative risk factors and outcome were compared. Results. Study and control groups were composed of 18 men and 24 women (mean age, 62 years) undergoing thyroidectomy (n = 21) or parathyroidectomy (n = 21). Comparison of perioperative risk factors yielded no significant difference between groups. Symptoms included respiratory distress in 21 patients, pain/pressure in 11, dysphagia in 8, and drainage in 6. Mean time to symptom onset was 17 hours (range, 10 minutes to 5 days). Eighteen hematomas presented within 6 hours postoperatively, 16 between 7 and 24 hours, and eight beyond 24 hours. The bleeding source was arterial in 11 patients, venous in 8, thyroid/soft tissue in 13, and indeterminate in 10. Mean hospital stay was longer in the study group (7.2 vs 3.6 days, P =.004). The number of patients with complications was higher in the study group (17 vs 7, P =.03). No single complication reached significance: hypocalcemia (8 vs 3, P =.12), wound infection (3 vs 0, P =.87), and others (10 vs 5, P =.21). Conclusions. (1) No factor foreshadowed this complication. (2) The definition of a high-risk population remains obscure. (3) Sixty percent presented beyond 6 hours postoperatively. (4) Reexploration increased morbidity and lengthened hospital stay. (Surgery 2001;130:914-20.)
49-year-old woman with back pain and loss of consciousness

49-year-old woman had a lO-month history of low­ back pain that had developed insidiously. Two months after the back pain was initially noted, it precipi­ tously worsened, and an evaluation by her local physician included a roentgenogram of the lumbar spine that showed a compression fracture of the L-2 vertebral body. Among the tests done in assessment, a serum IgG 1C level was increased at 3,910 mg/dL. A subsequent bone marrow biopsy specimen showed IgG 1C multiple myeloma. She was treated with melphalan hydrochloride and prednisone for 4 months (total melphalan dose, 172 mg). Her serum IgG decreased to 1,420 mg/dL. Three months later, the serum IgG level increased to 1,600 mg/dL. One month thereafter, she came to the Division of Hematology/ Oncology at Mayo Clinic Jacksonville for a second opinion on further treatment. On physical examination, the patient's weight was 70.9 kg and height was 157 cm. Her vital signs and findings on general physical and neurologic examinations were nor­ mal. Laboratory investigations showed abnormal serum IgG and total protein, and review of a slide of the previ­ ously obtained bone marrow biopsy specimen confirmed the diagnosis. Three 5-week cycles of chemotherapy were planned, with each cycle consisting of vincristine (0.5 mg/ day continuous intravenous infusion) and doxorubicin (10 mg/m- per day intravenously) on days 1 through 4 and dexamethasone (40 mg/day orally) on days 1 through 4, 9 through 12, and 17 through 20 of each 5-week treatment cycle. She returned home to begin treatment. One month after the aforementioned therapy was begun, while taking dexamethasone only, the patient suddenly felt sharp diffuse pain in her head and neck. The pain began while she was lying down and was associated with an ascending "whiteout" of her visual field bilaterally. The abnormal visual phenomenon lasted seconds and resolved
Perceived Outcomes of Web-Based Modules Designed to Enhance Athletic Trainers' Knowledge of Evidence-Based Practice

Context: The release of evidence-based practice (EBP) Web-based learning modules to the membership of the National Athletic Trainers' Association has provided athletic trainers (ATs) the opportunit...