cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gene expression analysis of bromine-induced burns in porcine skin

Bromine is an industrial chemical that is irritating to the skin and causes cutaneous burns. An important factor in selecting or developing an effective treatment is to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms of tissue damage and wound healing. This study used a weanling swine burn model and microarray analysis to evaluate the effect of exposure length and sampling times on the transcriptional changes in response to cutaneous bromine injury. Ventral abdominal sites (N=4/treatment group) were exposed to 600microL undiluted bromine for 45 s or 8 min. At 24 h and 7d post-exposure, total RNA from skin samples was isolated, processed, and hybridized to Affymetrix GeneChip Porcine Genome Arrays. Expression analysis revealed that bromine exposure duration appeared to have less effect on the transcript changes than the sampling time. The percent transcripts changed at 24h were similar (30%) whether having a 45 s or 8 min bromine exposure; percent transcripts changed at 7d were also similar (62%) regardless of exposure length. However, only 13-14% of the transcripts were similar when comparing samples analyzed at 24h and 7d. Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA) revealed six common biological functions among the top 10 functions of each experimental group, while canonical pathway analysis revealed 11 genes that were commonly shared among 24 significantly altered signaling pathways. Additionally, there were 11 signaling pathways in which there were no commonly shared transcripts. The present study is an initial assessment of the transcriptional responses to cutaneous bromine exposure identifying molecular networks and genes that could serve as targets for developing therapeutics for bromine-induced skin injury.
Infrared spectrum of dinitrogen tetroxide

Abstract The infrared spectrum of dinitrogen tetroxide has been obtained between 5500 and 320 cm −1 for the gaseous, liquid, and solid states of this substance. The spectra support the planar structure of the molecule in all three states. Details of the spectrum and its interpretation together with an estimation of the barrier to internal rotation are given.
A trial of povidone-iodine in the prevention of infection in sutured lacerations

A prospective, randomized study of 500 consecutive emergency department patients with traumatic lacerations requiring sutures was performed comparing use of topical 1% povidone-iodine (Betadine) and scrubbing with wound management by irrigation with normal saline without scrubbing. A 60-second wound irrigation and scrub with a 1% povidone-iodine solution was the only difference in treatment between the two groups. Data relating to risk factors such as age; degree of contamination; type of closure; ethanol intoxication; mechanism of injury; and bone, joint, or tendon involvement were analyzed. Wounds were classified as clean, infected, or purulent at follow-up examination. One hundred five patients were lost to follow-up. Of the 395 remaining patients, 122 were contacted by phone and were classified based on their description of the wound; 273 were classified at reexamination in the ED. Of 201 povidone-iodine group wounds, 11 became infected; two of them (5.4%) were purulent. Of 194 control wounds, 30 became infected, of which 12 (15.46%) were purulent (P less than .01). These data suggest that use of a topical 1% povidone-iodine solution in traumatic lacerations prior to suturing reduces the incidence of wound infections.
Validating a new method for quantifying traits: The computer-administered visual analog

Abstract This article introduces a new method for assessing personality traits that uses graphic rather than written items to facilitate the convergent validation of personality traits. A computer-administered visual analog procedure is presented that samples 40 equally spaced positions along a trait continuum five times. Examinees initiate each trial by pressing the space bar and end it by pressing either a “True” or “False” key indicating if that location describes them or not. Response time is measured in milliseconds. The majority answer determines the aggregate response and the median response time determines the latency for the aggregate response to each location on the trait continuum. This procedure enables an empirical measure of trait variability. Results indicated theoretically meaningful responses in 94 college students on each of two personality dimensions; extraversion and trait anxiety. The predicted inverted-U function was obtained for both personality dimensions such that the fastest response times were associated with 0 and 5 “True” responses, somewhat longer response times were associated with 1 and 4 “True” responses, and the longest times were associated with 2 or 3 “True” responses. Statistically significant and substantial validity coefficients were obtained with the Eysenck personality inventory extraversion scale, and the state-trait anxiety inventory, form Y-2.
Pressure dependent magnetoresistivity of the heavy fermion system, CePb3

Abstract CePb 3 has been shown to be an antiferromagnetic, heavy fermion system with an unusually large negative magnetoresistance at high magnetic fields and very low temperatures. The pressure and temperature dependence of the zero field resistivity for CePb 3 has been measured for P ⩽ 1.5 GPa and 0.4 K ⩽ T ⩽ 300 K along with the pressure dependence of the magnetoresistance for T ⩽ 4.0 K and H ⩽ 20 T.
Practicing and Resisting Constraint: Ethnography of “Counter Response” in American Adolescent Psychiatric Custody

Based on extensive ethnographic research in psychiatric custody for adolescents, this article uses the creation of, implementation of, and resistance to a treatment model to reveal issues of constraint in American psychiatric treatment. The treatment model is called Counter Response. As a model Counter Response shifts the treatment focus in a total institution for mentally ill youth from the youth themselves to the staff response to the youth. This article uses Counter Response as a case study to illustrate the close ties between constraint and autonomy in psychiatry. It also shows how models like Counter Response reflect the power of unregulated treatment paradigms in American adolescent institutional psychiatric intervention. Finally, the article demonstrates that resistance to Counter Response reveals a tension American practitioners have with psychiatry's constraining power.
Physician partnerships: The value of clinical effectiveness resource management

Once perceived as a hospital-only process, risk management is now recognized as an important part of clinical decision-making and hospital operations. The greatest opportunities exist where risk management programs can be integrated into the development and implementation of guidelines, protocols and order sets that encourage adherence to valid clinical evidence and reduce unwarranted clinical variation in patient care. The limiting factors in this approach are providing the data needed to demonstrate the need for change and engaging administrators and clinicians in the development and implementation of those changes. This article describes a process for the development of hospital-specific data that can be used to evaluate the cost impact of various decisions about patterns of care — the Clinical Effectiveness Initiative™ — in this case used to demonstrate the cost impact of a choice between two medications used to prevent and treat a common disorder, venous thrombosis. It also describes how this data can be used to engage clinicians and administrators in a partnership focused on improving outcomes and patient safety by considering the full complement of factors — clinical, operational and risk management-related — that contribute to those costs and outcomes. This process is clinical effectiveness resource management.
Rough-to-smooth transition of an equilibrium neutral constant stress layer

Purpose of research on rough-to-smooth transition of an equilibrium neutral constant stress layer is to develop a model for low-level atmospheric flow over terrains of abruptly changing roughness, such as those occurring near the windward end of a landing strip, and to use the model to derive functions which define the extent of the region affected by the roughness change and allow adequate prediction of wind and shear stress profiles at all points within the region. A model consisting of two bounding logarithmic layers and an intermediate velocity defect layer is assumed, and dimensionless velocity and stress distribution functions which meet all boundary and matching conditions are hypothesized. The functions are used in an asymptotic form of the equation of motion to derive a relation which governs the growth of the internal boundary layer. The growth relation is used to predict variation of surface shear stress.
Optimistic load balancing in a distributed virtual environment

Distributed virtual environments such as massive multi-player games require multiple servers to balance computational load. This paper investigates the architecture of a unified environment where the virtual online world is not partitioned according to rigid boundaries, but according to an adaptive paradigm. Since it is difficult to develop an optimal load balancing algorithm for a unified environment, we propose an optimistic scheme that quickly converges. The cost of frequent migrations is reduced by following a push/push data exchange model. We analyze the computational time costs of such a system and give simulation results to gauge its performance. The simulation results confirm that our load balancing scheme is efficient and can support large numbers of clients.
Early decision and financial aid competition among need-blind colleges and universities

Abstract This paper presents a stylized theoretical model of competition among need-blind colleges and universities that implement early decision admissions. Under need-blind admissions, an applicant's financial aid status cannot affect their likelihood of admission. In the model, a need-blind school can use early decision admissions as a screening mechanism to indirectly identify a student's ability-to-pay, while superficially maintaining a need-blind policy. As a result, in equilibrium, non-financial aid students are more likely to be admitted than financial aid students of comparable quality.
Kr ion irradiation study of the depleted-uranium alloys

Fuel development for the reduced enrichment research and test reactor (RERTR) program is tasked with the development of new low enrichment uranium nuclear fuels that can be employed to replace existing high enrichment uranium fuels currently used in some research reactors throughout the world. For dispersion type fuels, radiation stability of the fuel-cladding interaction product has a strong impact on fuel performance. Three depleted-uranium alloys are cast for the radiation stability studies of the fuel-cladding interaction product using Kr ion irradiation to investigate radiation damage from fission products. SEM analysis indicates the presence of the phases of interest: U(Al, Si){sub 3}, (U, Mo)(Al, Si){sub 3}, UMo{sub 2}Al{sub 20}, U{sub 6}Mo{sub 4}Al{sub 43} and UAl{sub 4}. Irradiations of TEM disc samples were conducted with 500 keV Kr ions at 200 C to ion doses up to 2.5 x 10{sup 19} ions/m{sup 2} ({approx}10 dpa) with an Kr ion flux of 10{sup 16} ions/m{sup 2}/s ({approx}4.0 x 10{sup -3} dpa/s). Microstructural evolution of the phases relevant to fuel-cladding interaction products was investigated using transmission electron microscopy.
Effects of propranolol, atenolol, and chlordesmethildiazepam on response to mental stress in patients with recent myocardial infarction

Stress testing was carried out by two stressors, mental arithmetic and Sacks-Levy's test in randomized sequence, in 64 male patients with a mean age of 51 +/- 7 years in NYHA Classes I or II within 3 months after acute myocardial infarction. The stress profile was obtained after drug withdrawal by continuous recording of electrocardiogram, frontal electromyogram, and peripheral skin temperature and conductance. Blood pressure was measured each minute by cuff. The patients were subdivided into 4 groups of 16 each and were studied in an identical fashion after a 48-h oral treatment with propranolol 120 mg daily, atenolol 100 mg daily, chlordesmethyldiazepam 2 mg daily, or placebo. During stress, signs of myocardial ischemia or pump failure were not observed; minor arrhythmias were recorded. Cardiovascular activation was observed with significant increments (p less than 0.001) in heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressures in all 4 groups for both stressors with a slightly greater effect of mental arithmetic; Sacks' test was more effective on the frontal electromyograph response. Following beta blockade the stress profile of heart rate was significantly lower and flattened. The stress profile of blood pressure was also lower, but the reduction in the increment during stress was not significant. No differences were observed in the effects of the two beta blockers; no significant changes were evident in the stress profile of the noncardiovascular psychophysiologic indexes. Stress profiles were not altered by the benzodiazepine. In conclusion beta-blocker agents seem to be more useful than anxiolytic drugs in preventing cardiovascular activation induced by mental stress in patients with recent myocardial infarction.
Deep Space 1 Measurements of Ion Propulsion Contamination

The  rst in situ measurements are reported of ion propulsion-induced contamination from an interplanetary spacecraft, NASA’s New Millennium Deep Space 1. Deep Space 1 carries two quartz crystal microbalance and calorimeter pairs to characterize contaminant deposition due to ion thruster operation. One pair of sensors has a direct line-of-sight view of the ion engine whereas the other pair is shadowed from direct view of the engine. After about 2750 h of ion thruster operation in the  rst year of the mission, the line-of-sight sensor has collected about 250 E Aofmolybdenum,and thenon-line-of-sightsensor hasonly collected theequivalentmassof a 25E A-thick deposit of molybdenum.The line-of-sight deposition rate appears proportional to the thrust level, whereas the non-line-ofsightdepositionrate increasesmuchmore rapidlywith the thrust level.Measurement results suggest that signi cant back ow of ionized molybdenumparticles would occur primarily at high thrusting levels when both the molybdenum ionization rate and the plumepotential relative to the spacecraft are higher than that at lower thrusting levels.
Universal features of coherent photonic thermal conductance in multilayer photonic band gap structures

We show that at the high-temperature limit, the coherent photonic thermal conductance of a multilayer photonic crystal can be significantly below the corresponding thermal conductance of vacuum. Moreover, the thermal conductance at this limit is independent of the thicknesses of the layers but dependent on the refractive indices of the layers only. Such universal features are directly related to the ergodic nature of the distribution of photonic bands in the frequency space.
Involvement of non-neuronal cells in entorhinal-hippocampal reorganization following lesions.

: Entorhinal lesion leads to anterograde degeneration of perforant path fibers in their main hippocampal termination zones. Subsequently, remaining fibers sprout and form new synapses on the denervated dendrites. This degeneration and reorganization is accompanied by sequential changes in glial morphology and function. Within a few hours following the lesion, amoeboid microglia migrate into the zone of denervation. Some hours later, signs of activation can be seen on astrocytes in the zone of denervation, where both cell types proliferate and remain in an activated state for more than two weeks. These activated glial cells might be involved in lesion-induced plasticity in at least two ways: (1) by releasing cytokines and growth factors which regulate layer-specific sprouting and (2) by phagocytosis of axonal debris, because myelin sheaths act as obstacles for sprouting fibers in the central nervous system. Whereas direct evidence for the former is still missing, the latter was investigated using phagocytosis-dependent labeling techniques. Both microglial cells and astrocytes incorporate axonal debris. Phagocytosing microglial cells develop the immune phenotype of antigen-presenting cells, whereas astrocytes strongly express FasL (CD95L), which induces apoptosis of activated lymphocytes. Thus, the interaction of glial cells with immune cells might be another, previously underestimated, aspect of reorganization following entorhinal lesion.
Managing human bites

Human bites are frequently overlooked in making a diagnosis in the emergency room. They are particularly notorious due to the polymicrobial nature of human saliva inoculated in the wound and the risk they pose for transmission of infectious diseases. Early treatment, appropriate prophylaxis and surgical evaluation are the key to achieving desired treatment outcomes. Through this article, we have tried to summarize the diagnostic features, complications as well as the recommended treatment alternatives for human bites based on the current available evidence.
A Transmissometer For Profiling And Moored Observations In Water

Numerous applications exist for a beam transmissometer that is low in cost, relatively stable, and consumes very little power. In this paper we present the design and calibration of a beam transmissometer that is constructed with P.V.C. to simplify the design and minimize costs, contains stable temperature compensated electronics, and consumes less than 150 milliwatts of power. Accuracy and stability with proper calibration and careful use will provide data with an error of less than 0.5% transmission.© (1978) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Identification of a soluble protein methylase in chicken embryo nuclei

Abstract A protein methylase, which methylates the e-amino group of lysine residues, was found in soluble of extracts of chicken embryo nuclei. The enzyme was partially purified by chromatography on CM-cellulose but the final preparations were still capable of endogenous methylation (methylation without added acceptor molecules). The methylase was optimally active at pH 8.4 and required Mg 2+ and dithiothreitol for maximum activity. The rate of protein methylation was dependent on the time of incubation and on the enzyme concentration. Methylation was stimulated by calf-thymus histones and was inhibited by S- adenosyl- l -ethionine and S- adenosyl- l -homocysteine . The K m value of the enzyme for S- adenosyl- l -methionine was 3.06·10 −6 M.
ANDS-V1 Computer Detection of Lung Nodules

A computer program Automated Nodule Detection System Version-1 (ANDS-V1) that locates candidate nodules (CNs) in a chest radiograph has been developed. The CN locations are displayed to a radiologist for further inspection. This program was tested on 37 chest radiographs that contain at least one nodule. At least one nodule in 92% (34/37) of the radiographs was detected by the circle detection program (untrained ANDS). Among the CNs detected in a chest radiograph are numerous false positives. The radiologist must inspect 45 sites on the film to be certain that all detected nodules had been inspected. The number of false positive sites presented for inspection is reduced by the Nodule Expert program. Only 10 CNs must be inspected for the radiologist to be confident of having inspected all nodules detected by the program. The true positive rate is 86% (32/37) when the Nodule Expert program is used. Features for discriminating among various classes of CNs are described.
A follow-up study of 33 subdiagnostic eating disordered women

Thirty-three female subjects with subdiagnostic DSM-III-R anorexia nervosa (SAN) and/or subdiagnostic bulimia nervosa (SBN) were reinterviewed 24 to 52 months (mean 41 months) after seeking treatment for an eating disorder. Subjects were administered a semi structured interview by telephone and assessed for level of functioning, eating disorder symptoms, course of illness, and treatment sought. During the course of the follow-up, 15 (46%) subjects went on to meet full DSM-III-R criteria for AN and/or BN. At follow-up, 4 (12%) met full DSM-III-R criteria for AN and/or BN, 22 (67%) were subdiagnostic, and 6 (18%) had recovered. The high percentage of subdiagnostic women that eventually develop full DSM-III-R criteria for AN and/or BN and the low rates of recovery at 2 to 4 years suggest that the current diagnostic criteria may be too restrictive. © 1993 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cavitation in an Elastic Liquid

An idealized theory of cavitation in the interior of a liquid is developed as an extension of the hydrodynamics of irrotational motion. It is assumed that cavitation occurs whenever the pressure sinks to a fixed breaking-pressure and that the pressure then rises at once to a fixed cavity pressure. The boundary of the cavitated region either advances as a breaking-front, moving with supersonic velocity, or remains stationary as a free surface, or recedes toward the cavitated region as a closing-front. The relevant formulas are obtained.
Integration, control, and applications of multifunctional linear actuators

The integration, analysis, control, and application of a linear actuator are investigated. The linear actuator has super-precision, large stroke, and simultaneous precision positioning and vibration suppression capabilities. It is an integration of advanced electro-mechanical technology, smart materials technology, sensing technology, and control technology. Based on the electromechanical technology, a DC-motor driven leading screw ensures the large stroke of motion and coarse positioning. The smart piezoelectric technology makes the fine positioning and vibration suppression over a wide frequency range possible. The advanced control strategy greatly compensates the hysteresis characteristics such as backlash and/or dead zone, and enables the excellent performance of the actuator. Several sensors such as load cells, displacement sensors, and encoders are also integrated for various applications. Controller design and testing of this linear actuator are also conducted. The applications of the linear actuator are also explored in precision positioning and vibration suppression of a flexible manipulator and smart composite platform for thrust vector control of satellites.
Optical Single-Pole, Triple-Throw Switch

An actuator was built that positions three fiber optic bundles in front of an optical sensor at different times. The design is such that while the sensor views one bundle, it does not see the light from the other two bundles. The device may be described as a linear-displacement, tandem-mounted, solenoid-actuated optical switch. It is the optical equivalent of a single-pole triple-throw electrical switch. Its operation is based upon a three-position linear displacement. The displacement is the result of allowing the termination block of the fiber optic bundles and one pull-type solenoid to be mounted on near-frictionless slider tables. Another solenoid mounted behind the first one displaces these two items so that three positions are possible. Springs return the system to its initial position, predetermined by stop blocks. The solenoids are energized by 120 V ac and controlled by a simple relay circuit that is prompted by a computer.
Apical ammonium inhibition of cAMP-stimulated secretion in T84 cells is bicarbonate dependent

Normal human colonic luminal (NH4+) concentration ([NH4+]) ranges from ∼10 to 100 mM. However, the nature of the effects of NH4+ on transport, as well as NH4+ transport itself, in colonic epitheliu...
Unsupervised classification of polarimetric synthetic aperture Radar images using fuzzy clustering and EM clustering

Five clustering techniques are compared by classifying a polarimetric synthetic aperture radar image. The pixels are complex covariance matrices, which are known to have the complex Wishart distribution. Two techniques are fuzzy clustering algorithms based on the standard /spl lscr//sub 1/ and /spl lscr//sub 2/ metrics. Two others are new, combining a robust fuzzy C-means clustering technique with a distance measure based on the Wishart distribution. The fifth clustering technique is an application of the expectation-maximization algorithm assuming the data are Wishart. The clustering algorithms that are based on the Wishart are demonstrably more effective than the clustering algorithms that appeal only to the /spl lscr//sub p/ norms. The results support the conclusion that the pixel model is more important than the clustering mechanism.
Absorptive near-Gaussian low pass filter design with applications in the time and frequency domain

The work presented here is for the design of an absorptive low pass filter for use in the time and frequency domain. The filter presented is absorptive in the stop band, flat in group delay to twice the half power frequency and near-Gaussian in shape. The design of the low pass filter is general with design examples in microstrip and coplanar waveguide at 40 GHz. Frequency domain measurements to 110 GHz and time domain measurements at 40 Gbits/s are presented. The absorptive filter presented has uses in pulse shaping, rise time alteration and harmonic matching.
Preferred Sensor Sites for Surface EMG Signal Decomposition

Technologies for decomposing the electromyographic (EMG) signal into its constituent motor unit action potential trains have become more practical by the advent of a non-invasive methodology using surface EMG (sEMG) sensors placed on the skin above the muscle of interest (De Luca et al 2006 J. Neurophysiol. 96 1646-57 and Nawab et al 2010 Clin. Neurophysiol. 121 1602-15). This advancement has widespread appeal among researchers and clinicians because of the ease of use, reduced risk of infection, and the greater number of motor unit action potential trains obtained compared to needle sensor techniques. In this study we investigated the influence of the sensor site on the number of identified motor unit action potential trains in six lower limb muscles and one upper limb muscle with the intent of locating preferred sensor sites that provided the greatest number of decomposed motor unit action potential trains, or motor unit yield. Sensor sites rendered varying motor unit yields throughout the surface of a muscle. The preferred sites were located between the center and the tendinous areas of the muscle. The motor unit yield was positively correlated with the signal-to-noise ratio of the detected sEMG. The signal-to-noise ratio was inversely related to the thickness of the tissue between the sensor and the muscle fibers. A signal-to-noise ratio of 3 was found to be the minimum required to obtain a reliable motor unit yield.
On the Optimality of Delegating Pricing Authority to the Sales Force

Abstract An important decision facing sales managers today is precisely how much pricing authority should be delegated to the sales force. Received theory suggests that the salesperson’s superior information about customers’ valuations will invariably make price delegation profitable for the firm. The empirical evidence, however, reveals that firms that grant full pricing authority generate lower profits than firms that limit pricing authority. Given this state of affairs, the author develops and analyzes a formal model that examines the optimality of delegating pricing authority to the sales force. The model preserves the notion of superior information assumed in the literature but considers as well a negative feature of much concern to practitioners, namely, the suboptimal substitution of selling effort by price discounting. The model reveals that providing the salesperson with full pricing authority is not always optimal. Specifically, in some environments, it is appropriate to limit pricing authority ...
Monocytes in cystic fibrosis : responsiveness to microbial stimuli

Peripheral blood monocytes were obtained from 19 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and age-matched paired normal individuals. The oxidative metabolic response of these cells was measured by superoxide anion production before and after stimulation with Salmonella typhimurium or Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide (LPS). CF monocytes showed slightly greater spontaneous superoxide anion production (14.1 ± 2.1 SEM nanomoles superoxide anion/ 106 monocytes/180 min; n = 12) than normal monocytes (9.5 ± 1.4; n = 12), P = 0.009. No differences between CF and normals were found in LPS-stimulated superoxide anion production (CF = 33.5 ± 4.6, n = 13; normal = 33.8 ± 4.2, n = 13). Furthermore, CF monocytes responded to both P. aeruginosa and S. typhimurium LPS stimulation as well as to recombinant interferon-gamma. Superoxide anion production of CF monocytes was comparable in autologous serum and in normal serum, and responses of patients colonized with P. aeruginosa and P. cepacia did not differ. We conclude that CF monocytes have a slightly increased metabolic level and, despite chronic infection, are capable of a further response to exogenous microbial stimuli. Pediatr Pulmonol 1990; 8:178-181.
Delay analysis of an asymmetric, buffered random access system

A random multiple access system with a finite population of buffered, asymmetric users is studied. An upper bound is found to the mean total delay experienced by a user, including the queuing delay. The analysis facilitates an understanding of the interrelationship among delay, burstiness, the degree of asymmetry, and the number of users. The role of asymmetry is also studied and it is shown that the delay in an asymmetric system is smaller than the delay in a symmetric system for the same total arrival rate. >
Predicting Thermal Conductivity Evolution of Polycrystalline Materials Under Irradiation Using Multiscale Approach

A multiscale methodology was developed to predict the evolution of thermal conductivity of polycrystalline fuel under irradiation. At the mesoscale level, a phase field model was used to predict the evolution of gas bubble microstructure. Generation of gas atoms and vacancies was taken into consideration. Gas bubbles were predicted to form, grow, and coalesce around grain boundary (GB) areas. On the macroscopic scale, a statistical continuum mechanics model was applied to predict the anisotropic thermal conductivity evolution during irradiation. Microstructures predicted by the phase field model were fed into the statistical continuum mechanics model to predict properties and behavior. A decrease of thermal conductivity during irradiation was demonstrated. The influence of irradiation flux, the exposure time, and the grain microstructure were investigated. If the initial GB microstructure was isotropic, the thermal conductivity under irradiation would be similarly isotropic. If the initial GB configuration was anisotropic, anisotropy of thermal conductivity would intensify under irradiation as gas bubbles coalesce around GB areas. The prediction of microstructure and property evolution of polycrystalline materials under irradiation by bridging two models in different scales were demonstrated successfully. This approach provides a deep understanding from a basic scientific viewpoint.
Designing Vaccines to Neutralize Effective Toxin Delivery by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are a leading cause of diarrheal illness in developing countries. Despite the discovery of these pathogens as a cause of cholera-like diarrhea over 40 years ago, and decades of vaccine development effort, there remains no broadly protective ETEC vaccine. The discovery of new virulence proteins and an improved appreciation of the complexity of the molecular events required for effective toxin delivery may provide additional avenues to pursue in development of an effective vaccine to prevent severe diarrhea caused by these important pathogens.
OA12.02. CAM utilization among underserved patients in a safety-net hospital

Methods This is a secondary database analysis of the Project RED dataset (N=623) identifying the sociodemographic characteristics as well as underserved patient factors associated with CAM use. We used descriptive statistics, bivariate, and multivariate logistic regression. We used multivariate logistic regression models for each outcome (any CAM use, CAM provider delivered therapies, and relaxation practices), testing the association with independent variables associated with underserved patients.
Toll-Like Receptor 4 Deficiency Increases Disease and Mortality after Mouse Hepatitis Virus Type 1 Infection of Susceptible C3H Mice

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is characterized by substantial acute pulmonary inflammation with a high mortality rate. Despite the identification of SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) as the etiologic agent of SARS, a thorough understanding of the underlying disease pathogenesis has been hampered by the lack of a suitable animal model that recapitulates the human disease. Intranasal (i.n.) infection of A/J mice with the CoV mouse hepatitis virus strain 1 (MHV-1) induces an acute respiratory disease with a high lethality rate that shares several pathological similarities with SARS-CoV infection in humans. In this study, we examined virus replication and the character of pulmonary inflammation induced by MHV-1 infection in susceptible (A/J, C3H/HeJ, and BALB/c) and resistant (C57BL/6) strains of mice. Virus replication and distribution did not correlate with the relative susceptibilities of A/J, BALB/c, C3H/HeJ, and C57BL/6 mice. In order to further define the role of the host genetic background in influencing susceptibility to MHV-1-induced disease, we examined 14 different inbred mouse strains. BALB.B and BALB/c mice exhibited MHV-1-induced weight loss, whereas all other strains of H-2(b) and H-2(d) mice did not show any signs of disease following MHV-1 infection. H-2(k) mice demonstrated moderate susceptibility, with C3H/HeJ mice exhibiting the most severe disease. C3H/HeJ mice harbor a natural mutation in the gene that encodes Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) that disrupts TLR4 signaling. C3H/HeJ mice exhibit enhanced morbidity and mortality following i.n. MHV-1 infection compared to wild-type C3H/HeN mice. Our results indicate that TLR4 plays an important role in respiratory CoV pathogenesis.
The Making of a Japanese Manager

Japanese companies encourage a one‐to‐one apprenticeship style training, in which social activities form an integral part, loyalty being slowly nurtured through the junior manager's relationship with his immediate supervisor. Examples of staff development within automobile, steel and food companies show that once the subordinate has outgrown the apprenticeship role, the one‐to‐one bond diffuses to a generalised, company‐directed loyalty. The training is so company‐specific that it does not produce malleable human capital, a problem which may need to be faced as Japanese companies continue to reduce the workforce in response to the post‐1970s oil crisis recession.
Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) induces cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in murine macrophages and is facilitated by ACT interaction with CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1)

Summary Bordetella pertussis causes a profound inflammatory response in lungs of infected individuals. The adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) of B. pertussis is a potent enzyme that converts cytosolic ATP into cAMP, and is required for virulence in vivo. During infection, secreted ACT binds to macrophages utilizing the β2 integrin, Mac-1 (CR3, CD11b/CD18), and subsequent intoxication by ACT inhibits essential antibacterial activities of macrophages. Additionally, Mac-1 has been reported to be a co-receptor for TLR4 required for the full induction of some LPS-responsive genes, including pro-inflammatory cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). We have examined the effect of ACT on COX-2 expression in HEK293T cells expressing Mac-1 and in murine macrophages. We report that ACT induces COX-2 in a manner that absolutely requires the catalytic activity of this enzyme and Mac-1 expression dramatically enhanced the sensitivity of cells to ACT-dependent COX-2 induction. The mechanism of COX-2 induction by ACT utilizes the cAMP-PKA-CREB-dependent pathway. Finally, ACT and TLR2 or TLR4 act synergistically to increase COX-2 expression. These data suggest that ACT contributes significantly to the inflammatory response induced by B. pertussis infection by augmenting COX-2 expression and provides evidence against the concept that ACT functions exclusively via its inhibitory effects on phagocytic leucocytes.
Reirradiation of recurrent and second primary head and neck malignancies: a comprehensive review

The management of locoregionally recurrent or second primary tumors in a previously irradiated head and neck volume presents a challenging clinical problem. Only a small subset of patients are candidates for potentially curative surgery. Chemotherapy alone provides only limited palliation with no long term survivors. Reirradiation, particularly with aggressive concomitant chemotherapy, results in prolonged median survival and long term survival for some patients. The toxicity of reirradiation, while greater than chemotherapy alone or primary irradiation, is lower than expected for the high cumulative radiation doses. The results of reirradiation in recurrent head and neck cancer and the prognostic factors predicting outcome in this patient population are reviewed.
PARTITIONING RISK AMONG DIFFERENT CAUSES OF NEST FAILURE

Abstract Nest predation and nest parasitism receive the most attention as causes of nest failure for North American songbirds. Yet for many populations, interspecific competition, adverse weather, abandonment, nestling starvation, and egg failure may also be significant causes of nest failure. Despite the long interest in differential failure, serious challenges remain in the estimation of separate probabilities of nest failure from different causes. Apparent rates of failure suffer from at least two sources of bias: heterogeneous ages at discovery and classification error. We developed maximum-likelihood estimators for cause-specific daily probabilities of nest failure. We further show how the estimators can be extended to include classification error, if known. Finally, we demonstrate a simple application to Loggerhead Shrikes (Lanius ludovicianus), Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor), Violet-green Swallows (T. thalassina), and Western Bluebirds (Sialia mexicana). Daily probabilities of survival were lo...
Baseline, Bright-Line, Best Interests: A Pragmatic Approach for California to Provide Certainty in Determining Parentage

Miller argues that the presumptions regarding parentage established by California law have not kept pace with science. The reliability of paternity tests; the growing use of artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization and surrogacy; and the likelihood of additional breakthroughs regarding reproduction have made the California system of presumptions outmoded. This system does not protect the intact family, does not protect the child's relationship with a psychological parent and does not protect the best interests of the family. In this article, Miller explores California statutes and cases regarding parentage. He offers a detailed discussion of the law regarding paternity; maternity; and assisted conception including artificial insemination, ovum donation, in vitro fertilization, surrogacy and new reproductive technologies. Miller then proposes a new legal model that takes advantage of modern genetic testing but is not a slave to it. The proposed model has three parts. The first part makes the genetic parent the parent for all purposes unless another person has been designated as the child's parent by operation of law. The second part requires that, except for cases of artificial insemination, in all instances of assisted conception in which someone other than the genetic parent is the intended parent of the child, there be a judicially pre-validated contract. The third part requires that, in all instances of assisted conception where there is either no contract or an unenforceable contract due to lack of judicial pre-validation, the best interest of the child standard be used to determine parentage.
Crossing bridges, developing hyperreality: bilingual epigraphs in the novel "the gilded Age, a tale of today" (1873) by S. Clemens and Ch. D. Warner

В статье вводится понятие "эпиграф-билингва", рассматриваются взаимосвязи «автор-эпиграф-нарратив-читатель» в поэтике романа, главы которого предваряют эпиграфы из более 80 языков народов мира. Уникальность эпиграфов-билингв связана с их способностью развивать новые нелинейные подтекстовые ассоциации . Читатель-интеллектуал, способный оценить эстетическую и смысловую значимость эпиграфа-билингвы, вовлекается не только в изображаемые события, но погружается в культурную среду, аллюзией на которую выступает эпиграф. Эпиграф вместе с читателем становится создателем новых уровней прочтения, формируя дополнительные локусы-реальности внутри художественного пространства произведения. Таким образом, эпиграфы билингвы, содержащие иноязычные включения, выполняют функцию гиперсылок, развивая гипертекстуальные отношения. В статье рассматривается роман "Позолоченный век" (1873) М. Твена (С.Клеменс) и Ч.Д.Уоррена как одно из первых произведений, в поэтике которого множественные эпиграфы- билингвы способствовали формированию гипертекстуальных оотношений, в современном понимании гипертекста, как нелинейного нарратива.
e0701 Comparison of free-breathing 3D and conventional 2D late gadolinium enhancement cardiac MR for the evaluation of left ventricular infarction

Purpose To compare a new free-breathing 3D late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) cardiovascular magnetic resonance with conventional 2D LGE in patients with prior myocardial infarction. Methods Patients with prior myocardial infarction were studied using a segmented 2D Phase-Sensitive Inversion-Recovery (PSIR) turbo FLASH sequence followed by a navigator-gated 3D PSIR turbo FLASH sequence on a 1.5T MR scanner for myocardial late enhancement after the administration of gadopentetate dimeglumine. All images were evaluated by two independent cardiovascular radiologists. Overall image quality was graded. The hyperenhanced myocardial scars were compared quantitatively in volume and scored qualitatively on the basis of size (area) and location. Results 24 patients were successfully scanned using both approaches. Image quality was considered diagnostic for analysis in 23 cases, and this group underwent qualitative and quantitative scar analyses. 2D and 3D results were found to be highly correlated for hyperenhanced scar area and scar location. There was a high correlation between the hyperenhanced lesions volumes determined by 2D PSIR and 3D PSIR (R 2 =0.86). The average hyperenhancement lesion score (maximum possible score, 68) between both readers based on scar area per patient was 31.85 (range, 8.5–48) for 3D PSIR and 26.91 (range, 8.5–44.5) for 2D PSIR (p Conclusion Free-breathing 3D PSIR turbo FLASH provides a promising approach for accurate scar quantification and detection of left ventricular myocardial scar particularly for patients who cannot perform repeated breath-holding.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Molecular Pathways in Osteoblasts: Potential Targets for Pharmacological Manipulation

The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are the most abundant growth factors stored in bone and produced by osteoblasts. IGF-I is an important regulator of osteoblast function and required for optimal bone development and maintenance. IGF-I can act in an endocrine, paracrine or autocrine manner and is regulated by a family of six IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs). The IGFBPs are often found bound to IGF-I in the circulation or complexed with IGF-I in osteoblasts. IGFBP-3 and -5 are known stimulators of IGF-I actions, whereas IGFBP-1, -2, -4 and -6 are known inhibitors of IGF-I action in bone. Once IGF-I binds to its receptor (type 1 IGF receptor) it initiates a complex signaling pathway including the phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)/3-PI-dependent kinase (PDK)-1/Akt pathway and the Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway which stimulate cell function and/or survival. Based on the critical role for IGF-I in osteoblasts, it is a logical candidate for anabolic therapy. However, systemic administration of IGF-I is not cell specific and a limited number of long term experiments have been completed to date. Several recent findings indicate that many of the IGFBPs and specific proteins in the IGF-I signaling pathways are also potent anabolic factors in regulating osteoblast function. This review will focus on the role of these factors in mediating IGF-I action in osteoblasts and how they may serve as potential targets to stimulate osteoblast function and bone formation.
Empirical Assessment on the Capacity of Comprehensive Innovation at Non-profit Research Institution

Using the principles of AHP method and expert consultation,the paper assesses the capacity of comprehensive innovation at the non-profit research institution in Fujian in order to establish an assessing index system.Meanwhile,on the basis of this index system,the paper carries out the empirical analysis on the comprehensive innovation capacity of 39 non-profit research institutions from the 2009 to 2010,discusses the effectiveness and existing problems,and proposes the corresponding suggestions.
Adsorption and Adhesion of Au on Reduced CeO2(111) Surfaces at 300 and 100 K

The adsorption of vapor-deposited Au onto CeO2-x(111) thin films (x = 0.05 and 0.2) at 300 and 100 K was studied using single crystal adsorption calorimetry (SCAC). The morphology of Au on these films was investigated using He+ low-energy ion scattering spectroscopy (LEIS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) by monitoring the changes in substrate and adsorbate signals with Au coverage. Both techniques indicate that Au grows on CeO1.95(111) as three-dimensional particles in the approximate shape of hemispherical caps with a density of 2.8 × 1012 particles/cm2 at 300 K and 7.8 × 1012 particles/cm2 at 100 K. At 300 K, Au initially grows on CeO1.80(111) with a shape similar to hemispherical caps with a density of 5.4 × 1012 particles/cm2 until ∼1.6 ML Au coverage, above which the Au particles become thicker than hemispherical caps. At 300 K, the initial heat of adsorption of Au onto CeO1.95(111) is 259 kJ/mol, which is 37 kJ/mol lower than that on CeO1.80(111). This indicates stronger binding of Au to ...
High temporal resolution observations of auroral electron density using superthermal electron enhancement of Langmuir waves

We report high temporal resolution auroral electron precipitation observations using the Sondrestrom incoherent scatter radar. The observations make use of the superthermal electron enhancement of Langmuir waves, which is shown to give accurate observations of the electron density during auroral ionization at a subsecond temporal resolution. This is important when matching to the time scales of auroral precipitation-related phenomena, such as energy input into the atmosphere and magnetospheric electron acceleration mechanisms. We describe the measurement technique and show an example observation of auroral precipitation. The results show transients in electron density in the order of a few seconds, which are fully resolved by the plasma line measurements. An electron precipitation model is used to estimate precipitation energy and flux density. The energetic electron flux during the example event has variations even at short time scales. The results show that electron density profiles derived from plasma lines can be a powerful new observational capability.