cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterizing the Aerobic and Anaerobic Energy Costs of Polynesian Dances.

This study characterized both aerobic and anaerobic energy expenditure (EE) for several Polynesian dances in a group of experienced professional Polynesian dancers. Thirteen men and 17 women were tested using indirect calorimetry to assess aerobic EE (and converted to METs), and fingertip blood lactate to estimate anaerobic EE, during both resting and dancing activities. Total EE was then computed as the sum of both aerobic and anaerobic activity energy expenditure (AEE, or EE above resting). One sample t-tests compared mean MET values for each type of dance to the 3-MET and 6-MET thresholds for moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA), respectively. Mean MET values for all dances, except the Maori poi balls dance (Mean±SD: 3.7±1.1 METs; P=0.340), were significantly >3.0 METs (5.9±3.1 METS; P=0.005 for Maori haka; 6.5±2.4 METs for Hawaiian hula; 6.6±1.2 METs for Samoan sasa; 9.6±1.5 METs for Samoan slap; 8.3±1.8 METs for Tahitian; 6.0±2.3 METs for Tongan; 7.0±2.6 METs for Fijian; P 6.0 METs (P=0.002 and P<0.001, respectively). Aerobic and anaerobic AEE contributed an average of 83.4% and 16.6%, respectively, across all Polynesian dances, with Hawaiian hula being the most aerobic (88.7%) and Samoan slap being the least aerobic (74.2%). Thus, the Polynesian dances tested not only met the current MVPA intensity guidelines (i.e., ≥3.0 METs), each dance also had a large anaerobic EE. These data suggest that Polynesian dancing is an appropriate mode of aerobic exercise for health promotion and disease prevention.
Nonabelian free group actions: Markov processes, the Abramov-Rohlin formula and Yuzvinskii's formula

This paper introduces Markov chains and processes over nonabelian free groups and semigroups. We prove a formula for the $f$-invariant of a Markov chain over a free group in terms of transition matrices that parallels the classical formula for the entropy a Markov chain. Applications include free group analogues of the Abramov-Rohlin formula for skew-product actions and Yuzvinskii's addition formula for algebraic actions.
Methodological Challenges in Estimating Carbon Sequestration Potential of Agroforestry Systems

The methods used to estimate carbon sequestration in agroforestry systems (AFS) vary widely. Consequently, there is enormous inconsistency in the available datasets. Moreover, the estimations entail several assumptions, some of which are erroneous. A serious one is that C in the biomass and soil are equated to sequestered C. The amount of C stored in root biomass is also subject to widely variable estimations. Large-scale global models that are based on extrapolation of field measurements from sample plots, as used for C sequestration estimates in forestry, are thus likely to result in serious under- or overestimations of total C stock. These methodological problems that are common to most land use systems are of a higher order of magnitude in AFS compared with agricultural systems because of the integrated nature of AFS and the lack of rigorous data on the area under the practice. While there are no easy, fast, and pragmatic solution to these complex issues in the short term, agroforestry researchers could, at the very minimum, include accurate description of the methods and procedures they use while reporting results. That will help researchers at large to examine the datasets even at a later time and possibly incorporate the reported results in larger databases and help agroforestry earn its deserving place in mainstream efforts. Missing the opportunity to capitalize on the environmental services of agroforestry for the lack of rigorous research and consistent procedures for data reporting will be a serious setback to the development of agroforestry.
Measuring the efficacy of occupational therapy in end-of-life care: a scoping review

Importance: Underutilization of hospice occupational therapy may be attributable to a lack of evidence on efficacy. Objective: To conduct a scoping review of occupational therapy outcome studies to ascertain how efficacy is captured in the literature. Data Sources: PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Scopus, Directory of Open Access Journals, Web of Science, OT Search, and Google Scholar. Study Selection and Data Collection: Search terms: hospice, palliative care, occupational therapy, rehabilitation, outcome measure, and assessment. Inclusion criteria: research studies in English, centered on adult hospice care, published between January 1997 and September 2017, and investigated occupational therapy efficacy with an outcome measure. Exclusion criteria: systematic reviews, participants not at terminal disease end stages, or intervention program reviews lacking differentiated occupational therapy outcomes. Findings: Seven articles met the inclusion criteria. Findings include frequent use of noncontrolled, quasi-experimental, prospective research designs; a focus on occupational performance; and no generally accepted hospice occupational therapy outcome measure. Conclusion and Relevance: Outcome measures of participation in end-of-life occupations and environmental influences on occupational engagement are needed to effectively support occupational therapy practice and research with people who are terminally ill. What This Article Adds: Occupational therapy in end-of-life care is growing in complexity yet remains low in utilization. This review adds insights into current practice and future research foci for the profession.
Postmodernity in Latin America: The Argentine Paradigm

Postmodernity in Latin America contests the prevailing understanding of the relationship between postmodernity and Latin America by focusing on recent developments in Latin American, and particularly Argentine, political and literary culture. While European and North American theorists of postmodernity generally view Latin American fiction without regard for its political and cultural context, Latin Americanists often either uncritically apply the concept of postmodernity to Latin American literature and society or reject it in an equally uncritical fashion. The result has been both a limited understanding of the literature and an impoverished notion of postmodernity. Santiago Colas challenges both of these approaches and corrects their consequent distortions by locating Argentine postmodernity in the cultural dynamics of resistance as it operates within and against local expressions of late capitalism. Focusing on literature, Colas uses Julio Cortazar’s Hopscotch to characterize modernity for Latin America as a whole, Manuel Puig’s Kiss of the Spider Woman to identify the transition to a more localized postmodernity, and Ricardo Piglia’s Artificial Respiration to exemplify the cultural coordinates of postmodernity in Argentina. Informed by the cycle of political transformation beginning with the Cuban Revolution, including its effects on Peronism, to the period of dictatorship, and finally to redemocratization, Colas’s examination of this literary progression leads to the reconstruction of three significant moments in the history of Argentina. His analysis provokes both a revised understanding of that history and the recognition that multiple meanings of postmodernity must be understood in ways that incorporate the complexity of regional differences. Offering a new voice in the debate over postmodernity, one that challenges that debate’s leading thinkers, Postmodernity in Latin America will be of particular interest to students of Latin American literature and to scholars in all disciplines concerned with theories of the postmodern.
Women’s Coverage, Utilization, Affordability, And Health After The ACA: A Review Of The Literature

Women of working age (ages 19–64) faced specific challenges in obtaining health insurance coverage and health care before the Affordable Care Act. Multiple factors contributed to women’s experienci...
New pharmacologic agents for insomnia and hypersomnia.

Purpose of review Insomnia and hypersomnia are conditions with multifactorial causes that can be difficult to treat. There have been recent developments and changes in the treatment of both conditions, including the addition of some agents that have a novel mechanism of action. This review summarizes recent changes and highlights pertinent updates. Recent findings Benzodiazepine receptor agonists received a warning in 2019 regarding the possibility of complex sleep behaviors, such as sleepwalking. Zolpidem has been marketed in new dosage forms that include sublingual tablets and oral spray formulations. Orexin receptor antagonists appear to be well tolerated with a good safety profile. Suvorexant received an approval for the treatment of patients with comorbid insomnia and dementia. Lemborexant was demonstrated to be effective for maintenance insomnia. Trazodone was shown to affect the oligomerization of tau proteins thus suggesting potential implications in attenuating dementia pathology. Pitolisant, a novel histamine-3 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist, gained approval for the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in adults with narcolepsy as well as obstructive sleep apnea. Solriamfetol, a new norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor, was approved for hypersomnolence based on good efficacy, but with cardiovascular warnings. Summary Recent advancements in the treatment of insomnia includes agents with novel mechanisms, new indications, and new dosage forms. Risk of complex sleep behaviors, and possible next-day driving impairment, should be discussed for all agents used for insomnia, including orexin receptor antagonists. Novel agents also are available for hypersomnia and there are options beyond traditional stimulants that may have great utility.
Baseline impedance via manometry and ambulatory reflux testing are not equivalent when utilized in the evaluation of potential extra-esophageal gastroesophageal reflux disease

Background Esophageal baseline impedance (BI) shows promise for the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), but means of acquisition and relevance to extra-esophageal manifestations of GERD (EE-GERD) remain unclear. In this study we aim to (I) evaluate concordance between BI as measured by 24-hour pH-impedance (pH-MII) and high-resolution impedance manometry (HRIM), and (II) assess relationship to potential EE-GERD symptoms. Methods In this prospective open cohort study, patients presenting for outpatient HRIM and pH-MII studies were prospectively enrolled. All patients completed the GERD-HRQL, NOSE, and respiratory symptom index questionnaire (RSI), plus questions regarding wheezing and dental procedures. HRIM and pH-MII were evaluated with calculation of BI. Correlations were assessed using either Pearson's correlation or Spearman's rank coefficients. Results 70 HRIM patients were enrolled, 35 of whom underwent pH-MII. There was no correlation between BI measurements as assessed by HRIM and pH-MII proximally, but there was moderate-weak correlation distally (r=0.34 to 0.5). Distal acid exposure time correlated with distal BI only for measurements by pH-MII (rho= -0.5 to -0.65), and not by HRIM. There was no relationship between proximal acid exposure time and proximal BI. There were no correlations when comparing proximal or distal BI measurements, acid exposure times, and impedance events to symptoms. Conclusions Concordance between BI as measured by HRIM and pH-MII is poor, especially proximally, suggesting that these two methods are not interchangeable. There is no correlation between BI both distally/proximally and symptoms of either GERD/EE-GERD, suggesting that many symptoms are unrelated to acid or that BI is not an adequate marker to assess EE-GERD symptoms.
Origami Robots and Star Trek Replicators

Science fiction is a great inspiration for science. How can we build reconfigurable robots like Transformers or Terminator 2? How can we build replicators that mass-produce a given shape at the nano scale? Recently we’ve been exploring possible answers to these questions through computational geometry.
Transformation of the Employment Relationship

Employment relations are implicit or explicit contractual arrangements that specify the reciprocal expectations and obligations linking employers and employees. They encompass a wide range of phenomena, including work organization, governance, evaluation, and rewards. During the past quarter century, the standard employment relationship that was normative in much of the world during the twentieth century declined in favor of various nonstandard employment relations involving more tenuous employer–employee linkages. The transformation of employment relations has been associated with a wide range of phenomena including growth in economic and social inequality, shifting career patterns, and changes in the organization of work. Keywords: employment relations; temporary work; subcontracting; economic inequality; network organization
Wind-induced reorganization of the Bering shelf circulation

[1] We present a simple framework for considering the variability of the eastern Bering Sea shelf circulation as a response to changes in wind direction. Both observations and numerical integrations show that much of the shelf flow reverses between northwesterly and southeasterly winds. While southeasterly winds are less frequent, they are associated with large on-shelf transport across most of the shelfbreak, and in October–April they are also accompanied by a reversal of the normally eastward flow near Cape Navarin. In contrast, northwesterly winds promote off-shelf transport across most of the shelfbreak, along with increased eastward transport near Cape Navarin. The westward-intensified flow in the Gulf of Anadyr adjusts to changes both in the flux across the long (∼1000 km) shelfbreak and in the Bering Strait throughflow. These results also hold under the more stratified summer conditions (May–September), but weaker summer winds drive smaller flows across the shelf break, and the majority of the on-shelf transport is directly into the Gulf of Anadyr.
On the Matching Phenomenon in Courtship: A Probability Matching Theory of Mate Selection

Abstract Many field observations have confirmed the old matching hypothesis (Walster et al, 1966) among dating and married couples; however, experimental studies have shown people's preference toward highly attractive partners. This empirical controversy over the matching phenomenon must also be treated as a theoretical issue addressing both the preference for the most attractive mate and homophylic tendency under the same abstract principle. Given this, this author proposes a new theory of mate selection firmly grounded in the principles of operant learning and social exchangef/ie probability matching theory. The new theory is a mathematical model designed to explain the process of physical attraction and to predict both of these tendencies along with distinct patterns of mate choice behavior in terms of the probabilities that such patterns will occur. Possible expansion of the new theory to incorporate other desirability dimensions is also discussed.
What Should Be the Core Outcomes in Chronic Pain Clinical Trials

A consensus conference with representatives from academia, governmental agencies, and the pharmaceutical industry met and concluded that clinical trials designed to assess the efficacy and effectiveness of treatments for chronic pain should consider outcomes in six core domains: pain, physical functioning, emotional functioning, patient global ratings of satisfaction, negative health states and adverse events, and patient disposition. In addition, it was acknowledged that there are many secondary domains that might be of importance and should be included in trials depending on the nature of the treatment and population to whom the treatment is targeted.
Teatro Latino en los Estados Unidos: la estética teatral de Migdalia Cruz

La produccion teatral de los latinos en Estados Unidos ha conformado un corpus importante e innovador que requiere de mas estudio critico. Una de las voces mas prolificas e interesantes de las propuestas teatrales latinas es la de Migdalia Cruz, autora de mas de cuarenta obras teatrales y varias traducciones y adaptaciones. Este ensayo busca recorrer la estetica teatral de Cruz, descubriendo elementos caracteristicos de la estetica de su obra como lo es el monologo y la incorporacion de elementos religiosos. En la obra de Cruz, el uso del monologo es un elemento clave que se utiliza para desarrollar a los personajes en diferentes niveles. La autora incorpora esto a la estetica religiosa para desarrollar un concepto muy particular del ritual en su teatro.
Seismological Constraints on Structure and Flow Patterns within the Mantle Wedge

The mantle wedge of a subduction zone is characterized by low seismic velocities and high attenuation, indicative of temperatures approaching the solidus and the possible presence of melt and volatiles. Tomographic images show a low velocity region above the slab extending from 150 km depth up to the volcanic front. The low velocities result at least partially from volatiles fluxed off the slab, which lower the solidus and thus raise the homologous temperature of the wedge material. Subduction zones with active back-arc spreading centers also show large low velocity and high attenuation seismic anomalies beneath the backarc basin, indicating that a broad zone of magma production feeds the backarc spreading center. The magnitude of the velocity anomaly is consistent with the presence of approximately 1% partial melt at depths of 30-90 km. The best-imaged arc-backarc system, the Tonga-Lau region, suggests that the zone of backarc magma production is separated from the island arc source region within the depth range of primary magma production. However, the anomalies merge at depths greater than 100 km, suggesting that small slab components of backarc magmas may originate through interactions at these depths. Slow velocities extend to 400 km depth beneath backarc basins, and these deep anomalies may result from the release of volatiles transported to the top of the transition zone by hydrous minerals in the slab. Observations of seismic anisotropy can provide direct evidence for the flow pattern in the mantle wedge. Slab parallel fast directions suggesting along-arc flow within the mantle wedge are found in most, but not all, subduction zones. The Tonga-Lau region shows a complex pattern of fast directions, with along-strike fast directions beneath the Tonga island arc and convergence-parallel fast directions to the west of the Lau backarc spreading center. The pattern of flow in the Lau backarc is consistent with southward mantle flow inferred from geochemical data. Geodynamic modeling suggests several possible mechanisms of flow within the mantle wedge, which may help explain the diverse observations. Viscous coupling between the backarc flow and the downgoing plate should produce induced flow within the backarc, with flow directions parallel to the convergence direction. In contrast, subduction zone roll-back may produce along-arc flow. This latter model matches the observations in most subduction zones suggesting that viscous coupling does not exert a strong control on the flow pattern in the mantle wedge.
The appearance of discretionary income: Influence on the prevalence of under- and over-nutrition

Undernutrition – protein energy malnutrition or specific nutrient deficiencies – has been an inherent characteristic of impoverished populations throughout the world. Over-nutrition, obesity and nutrition imbalance is a current concern among those with rising though still insufficient incomes. We review data to suggest that the prevalence of these forms of malnutrition in populations is highly influenced by the rate of appearance of discretionary income.
A Review of “Disabled Church—Disabled Society: The Implications of Autism for Philosophy, Theology and Politics”

Reverend Gillibrand is an Anglican priest in Wales whose doctoral thesis focused on Michel Foucault. In this book, his first book, Gillibrand reflects on life with Adam, his eldest son, born in Jun...
Confianza epistémica y conflicto epistémico

In this paper I argue that the natural desire for truth makes epistemic self-trust a rational requirement, and there are grounds for trust in many of my emotional dispositions that parallel the grounds for trust in my epistemic faculties. I then argue that both epistemic self-trust and trust in my emotion of admiration commit me to trusting others. It appears that I am committed to a principle of trust according to which any reason I have for epistemic trust in myself is a reason that applies to many other people and I have no reason to think of myself as epistemically privileged. How then should I handle conflict between my own beliefs and the beliefs of persons I trust? I argue that since the conflict is generated from trust in the principle of trust, it is rational to resolve conflict in favor of what I trust the most upon reflection.
Prostaglandin E release from human monocytes treated with lipopolysaccharides isolated from Bacteroides intermedius and Salmonella typhimurium: potentiation by gamma interferon.

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to examine gamma interferon potentiation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) responses in human monocytes by using phenol-water-extracted (unfractionated) and highly purified LPS preparations isolated from Bacteroides intermedius and Salmonella typhimurium. Phenol-water-extracted LPS preparations from these bacteria were further purified by chromatography over Sepharose-CL-4B. LPS enrichment in pooled column fractions was assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and quantitation of hydroxy-fatty acid and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid content, protein contamination, and anthrone-reactive material. Monocyte stimulation by LPS, measured as prostaglandin E (PGE) release, was assessed with and without gamma interferon treatment. Cells were either treated simultaneously with gamma interferon and LPS or pretreated with gamma interferon prior to LPS stimulation. PGE release from counterflow-isolated monocytes was quantitated during the 0- to 24-h and 24- to 48-h culture intervals. Contrary to previous results from this laboratory, phenol-water-extracted LPS preparations from B. intermedius and S. typhimurium were similar in their capacities to stimulate PGE release from monocytes. Molecular sieve chromatography was found to remove substantial amounts of high-molecular-weight polysaccharide contaminants only from the B. intermedius LPS but did not significantly alter the potency of either B. intermedius or S. typhimurium LPS. Gamma interferon cotreatment did not potentiate the release of PGE with any of the LPS preparations tested. However, 24-h pretreatment of monocytes with gamma interferon followed by a 24-h exposure to LPS resulted in significant potentiation of PGE release over LPS alone. In addition, B. intermedium preparations were approximately threefold more potent than similarly prepared LPS isolates from S. typhimurium following gamma interferon pretreatment. These results indicate that gamma interferon can selectively potentiate the effects of B. intermedius LPS in human monocyte isolates.
Influence of the method of fluoride administration on toxicity and fluoride concentrations in japanese quail

Young Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) were administered NaF for 16 d either in their diet or by esophageal intubation. Based on the total fluoride ion (Σmg F−) intake over the 16-d experimental period, fluoride administered by intubation was at least six times more toxic than that fed in the diet. Dietary concentrations of 1,000 ppm F− (Σmg F− for 16 d = approx. 144) produced no mortality, whereas intubated doses produced 73% or greater mortality in all groups administered 54 mg F−/kg/d or more (Σmg F− for 16 d ≥ approx. 23 mg). Graphic comparison of the regression of log F− ppm in femurs/mg F− intake showed that fluoride levels in the femurs of quail administered fluoride by intubation were higher than in those administered fluoride in the diet.
Stress ethylene evolution: a measure of ozone effects on plants.

Abstract To determine if ethylene evolution by plants was correlated with ozone stress, a range of plant species and cultivars was exposed to varying ozone concentrations. Following exposure, the plants were encapsulated in plastic bags and incubated for up to 22 h. The stress-induced ethylene that accumulated in the bag was monitored and correlated with the effects of ozone on plants. The rate of stress-induced ethylene production (slope parameter B) as a function of ozone concentration was used as a measure of plant sensitivity. Applying this ranking scale, ponderosa pine, eucalyptus and soybean were the most sensitive species; holly, squash and marigold were least sensitive. There was a good correlation between ozone-induced stress ethylene production and foliar injury. However, the coefficient of variability associated with the ethylene determination was substantially less than with the visual injury estimate. The production of stress-induced ethylene generally lasted for less than 48 h following exposure. The measurement of stress ethylene appeared to be a fast, reliable, sensitive and reproducible technique to measure ozone stress on plants.
Analysis of adsorption entropies of high pressure gas adsorption data on activated carbon

Abstract High-pressure adsorption data for methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen on activated carbon were analyzed to determine adsorption entropies. Thermal entropies associated with two phase and localized adsorbed phase models were evaluated. It was found that for each gas at a given temperature, thermal entropy for a localized adsorbed phase remained constant with coverage. However, thermal entropy corresponding to a mobile adsorbed phase varies with coverage. These results indicate the adsorbed phase is localized in nature. It was also found that thermal entropy of the adsorbed phase increases with temperature, which implies the adsorbed phase molar volumes increase with temperature.
Fabrication and Transport Properties of Single-Molecule-Thick Electrochemical Junctions

A V-shaped compound incorporating two bipyridinium units, which emanate from a central hydrophilic core and bear hydrophobic tetraarylmethane-based stoppers at each end, was designed and synthesized. In a thermodynamically controlled self-assembly process in solution, either one or two 1,4-dioxybenzene-based macrocyclic polyethers can be slipped over the bulky stoppers of the V-shaped compound, affording either a [2]rotaxane or a [3]rotaxane, respectively. The parent V-shaped compound and the two rotaxanes incorporate two redox-active bipyridinium units that can be reduced reversibly and two redox-active phenoxy groups in the stoppers that can be oxidized irreversibly. Furthermore, these three compounds have amphiphilic character and, as a result, form stable monolayers at the air/water interface. Langmuir−Blodgett monolayers of these compounds were sandwiched between two electrodes to afford molecule-based solid-state switches. In forward bias mode, the I−V characteristics of the junction are reversible,...
Baby bust and baby boom: a study of family size in a group of University of Chicago faculty wives born 1900-1934.

After over a century of declining birth rates the fertility of American women rose during the baby boom of the 1940s and 1950s. A group of 60 University of Chicago faculty wives 30 born in the years 1900-1914 (cohort 1) 30 in 1920-34 (cohort 2) are studied to see if their pattern of fertility is similar to that of the US in general. 2 models are proposed to account for the rise in fertility: model 1 is based on the Easterlin hypothesis that postwar affluence contrasted with remembered poverty during the Depression made young couples feel able to afford large families and model 2 is based on Ryders finding of a high level of unintended fertility during the baby boom. For model 1 in cohort 1 socioeconomic status (SES) family of origin was related negatively to number of children but the relation was short of significance; in cohort 2 the relationship between number of children and SES family of origin was significant but positive opposite from the prediction. Thus the data do not support the hypothesis for this sample. For model 2 cohort 1 women had a mean of .3 accidental pregnancies and women in cohort 2 had a mean of 1.3 accidental pregnancies; the difference was significant. Women in cohort 2 desired larger families than those in cohort 1 but the difference was not significant. Positive correlation between number of children and number of accidental pregnancies confirms the importance of unintended fertility in explaining large families in the study sample thus confirming model 2. Dislike and/or difficulty in consistent use of birth control proved significance at the .05 level in explaining number of accidental pregnancies; this was more likely in cohort 2 than in cohort 1 and explains some of the variance in unintended fertility both within and between cohorts. Thus only model 2 is supported by this study.
Strategies of teat-seeking behavior in neonatal pigs

Abstract The nosing behavior used in teat-seeking by newborn pigs was investigated in a series of 3 experiments using a specially designed chamber equipped with a nosing surface. Twenty piglets, 10 of intermediate birth weights (1400–1600 g) and 5 each of low (1000–1300 g) and high (1700–1900 g) birth weights, were tested to describe this nosing behavior and determine the effects of birth weight. A nosing bout was defined using a frequency distribution of intervals between nosing contacts. The bout criterion interval was determined to be 5 s. Piglets of intermediate birth weights were observed to direct nosing equally among heights of 0–20 cm, while light and heavy pigs directed the majority of their nosing at 10–20-cm heights. Number of nosings occurring during a bout more directly affected bout length than interval between nosings, and the net distance searched by a pig during a bout was not affected by length of a bout, number of nosings per bout or weight of the pig. Oral gaping movements were observed in association with nosing behavior. These were directed at all heights in intermediate, but only at mid- to high levels (10–20 cm) in light and heavy pigs. High-birth-weight pigs were observed to gape twice as often as the other 2 groups, with a subsequent halving of the nosing to gaping ratio for this group. In a second experiment, effect of age on nosing behavior was studied when weight was held constant (1400–1600 g). Five pigs each were tested at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 h post-partum. For those criteria of nosing behavior which were observed to change with age at testing, the changes generally occurred at 2–4 h of age. Declines observed in gaping frequency and net distance per bout, as well as the increase in interval between consecutive nosing beyond this 2–4 h point, indicate a decline in teat-seeking behavior. In a final experiment, 15 piglets (1400–1600 g) were fed via stomach tube and tested at 0.5, 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 h, with the first test acting as a control for each group. Non-fed controls showed declining nosing heights and distances between nosings over the duration of testing. Piglets which received food showed a plateau effect at the test following the first feeding for nosing height and distance between nosings. In subsequent tests, piglets fed just prior to testing showed behavior similar to that of non-fed controls. However, piglets fed immediately following testing increased nosing heights and distances between nosings. This appears to indicate that (1) hunger may not be a dominant influence in nosing behavior, and (2) piglets can respond to reward at an extremely early age.
A biomechanical evaluation of bilateral sagittal ramus osteotomy fixation techniques.

Objectives The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate and compare the biomechanical behavior of various rigid internal fixation plates designed to aid in the condylar positioning of bilateral sagittal ramus osteotomies, to positional screws in an inverted-L pattern, and a control. Materials and Methods Fifty polyurethane synthetic mandible replicas (Synbone, Laudquart, Switzerland) were used in this investigation. Five controls and 5 each of 4 different fixation modalities (3 bicortical positional screws in an inverted-L pattern, monocortical 4-hole straight plates, monocortical 6-hole curved plates, and monocortical adjustable 4-hole slide plates) were subjected to vertical loading at the incisal edge and torsional loading at the molar region by an Instron 1331 (Instron, Canton, MA) servohydraulic mechanical testing unit. Mechanical deformation data within a 0 to 900 N range were recorded. Yield load, yield displacement, and stiffness were determined. Means and standard deviations were derived and compared for statistical significance using a Fisher’s Protected Least Significant Differences Test with a confidence level of 95% (P Results For incisal edge loading, statistically significant differences were noted between the control group and all other groups for yield load and stiffness, and between the control group and straight, curved, and slide plates for yield displacement. Differences were also noted between the inverted-L and straight, strut, and slide plates for yield load; and inverted-L and straight, curved, and slide, as well as straight and slide for yield displacement. For molar loading, statistically significant differences were noted between the control group and all other groups for yield load and stiffness. Differences were noted between the slide and straight, curved, and control; as well as between the inverted-L and straight and strut plates for yield displacement. Lastly, differences were noted between the straight and curved plates, and the slide and straight, curved, and inverted-L for stiffness. Conclusion In this in vitro study, differences were noted between the control and all experimental groups in their abilities to resist loads under all of the conditions tested. Differences were also noted among specific experimental groups. Yet when placed in the context of functional parameters, only the bicortical positional screws in an inverted-L pattern met the requirements for both molar loading and incisal edge loading.
Gypsum nucleation and crystal morphology in analog saline terrestrial environments

ABSTRACT Gypsum crystals were grown in experimental conditions analogous to saline terrestrial environments within bentonite clay gels by diffusion control at three different temperatures, four brine salinities, and four tannic acid (a model terrestrial humic substance) concentrations. The resulting crystals correspond to natural gypsum formed in terrestrial environments. Prismatic gypsum typically grew at both high and low temperatures in the absence of the organic additive. With increasing organic acid concentrations, the prismatic crystals progressively became flattened perpendicular to [001], and two temperature-dependent trends developed. At low temperatures, a hemi-bipyramidal habit dominated by 1111 faces developed, whereas the lenticular e103 dominated habit forme at higher temperatures. With progressively greater concentrations of organic material a(100) penetration twinning developed, secondary complex nucleation occurred near the twin interfaces, and finally, rosette and rosette-like aggregates formed. Higher temperatures generally favored better-formed and larger rosettes. The presence of 5% and 15% NaCl greatly decreased nucleation density and resulted in larger single crystals and crystal aggregates. The a(100) penetation twins appear to be diagnostic of gypsum growth in natural terrestrial sediments at a pH greater than 7.5.
Adsorption energies for a nanoporous carbon from gas-solid chromatography and molecular mechanics.

Abstract Gas–solid chromatography was used to obtain second gas–solid virial coefficients, B 2 s , in the temperature range 342–613 K for methane, ethane, propane, butane, 2-methylpropane, chloromethane, chlorodifluoromethane, dichloromethane, and dichlorodifluoromethane. The adsorbent used was Carbosieve S-III (Supelco), a carbon powder with fairly uniform, predominately 0.55 nm slit width pores and a N 2 BET surface area of 995 m 2 /g. The temperature dependence of B 2 s was used to determine experimental values of the gas–solid interaction energy, E ∗ , for each of these molecular adsorbates. MM2 and MM3 molecular mechanics calculations were used to determine the gas–solid interaction energy, E cal ∗ , for each of the molecules on various flat and nanoporous model surfaces. The flat model consisted of three parallel graphene layers with each graphene layer containing 127 interconnected benzene rings. The nanoporous model consisted of two sets of three parallel graphene layers adjacent to one another but separated to represent the pore diameter. A variety of calculated adsorption energies, E cal ∗ , were compared and correlated to the experimental E ∗ values. It was determined that simple molecular mechanics could be used to calculate an attraction energy parameter between an adsorbed molecule and the carbon surface. The best correlation between the E cal ∗ and E ∗ values was provided by a 0.50 nm nanoporous model using MM2 parameters.
Raman spectra of alkali galliosilicate glasses of the series 20R2O-xGa2O3-(80-x)SiO2

Abstract The Raman spectra of 20R 2 O  x Ga 2 O 3 (80− x )SiO 2 (R=Na or K) glasses have been measured. Spectral features are better resolved for these glasses than for comparable Na 2 OAl 2 O 3 SiO 2 glasses. The lower wavenumber region (below 650 cm −1 ), which is associated with the network of the glass, contains two distinct, strong bands (at ∼ 560 and ∼ 490 cm −1 ) for potassium galliosilicate glasses, while only one strong band and a weak shoulder are evident in the spectra of sodium aluminosilicate glasses.
Development of Nanocrystalline Copper-Refractory Metal Alloys

Precipitation-strengthened Cu-based alloys have limited use as structural materials at high temperatures due to precipitate coarsening and strength loss. We have recently shown that Curefractory metal alloys produced by various physical vapor deposition methods have stable, nanocrystalline microstructures and maintain their strength properties even when annealed at temperatures as high as 900 C for up to 100 hours. This paper presents discussions of how these alloys are processed and the resulting microstructures. X-ray and electron microscopy results will be presented to document the phase transformations that occur in these alloys and result in such exceptionally stable microstructures.
Soviet strategic deception, 1955–1981

(1982). Soviet strategic deception, 1955–1981. Journal of Strategic Studies: Vol. 5, Military Deception and Strategic Surprise, pp. 40-93.
Analyzing Independence in R-Way Contingency Tables

A subroutine is presented to calculate two test statistics for analyzing independence in r-way contingency tables. These test statistics are based on the exact first three cumulants of both the Pearson chi-squared statistic and a recent modification of the Pearson chi-squared statistic.
Child Care, Maternal Employment, and Public Policy

Increased work requirements in new welfare reform legislation may further increase the demand for child care in the United States. Consequently, this article focuses on (1) the relationship between child care and self-sufficiency, particularly among low-income mothers; (2) factors affecting the demand for and availability, cost, and quality of child care that parents use; and (3) the part played by public subsidies in the availability, cost, and quality of child care. Low-income mothers' ability to achieve self-sufficiency depends on the availability of reliable child care, for they want the same types of care that middle-class mothers want. The federal government has played an important part in making child care available and affordable and also contributes to its quality. Much of the funding, however, has gone to middle-income or poor nonemployed parents. Child care for working poor and working-class parents is the important missing piece.
Orbital sizes and dipole moments in diatomic hydrides

Abstract It is suggested that the dipole moment of A1H (recently calculated) may be anomalous, due to an unusual degree of penetration of the aluminum outer shell by the hydrogen. It is shown that the sizes of the outer shells of Mg, Al, Tl, and Pb deviate from general trends.
Quantile Hedging for Guaranteed Minimum Death Benefits with Regime Switching

The efficient hedging minimizes the average of the shortfall risk weighted by a loss function, where the hedging efficiency refers to the effectiveness of a hedge to accomplish the desired goal of risk management. Quantile hedging refers to the percentage of the hedge that can cover the contingent claim, which plays a key role for contingent claims in incomplete markets when perfect hedging is not possible. As observed in [8], the concept of quantile hedging can be considered as a dynamic version of the familiar value at risk concept (VaR). Treating regime switching diffusion models, this article focuses on guaranteed minimum death benefits (GMDBs), which are present in many variableannuity contracts, and act as a form of portfolio insurance. The GMDBs cannot be perfectly hedged due to the mortality component and incompleteness resulting from the regime switching, and as a result, quantile hedges are developed. Numerical examples are also presented to illustrate our results.
Integrated Microfluidic System for Rapid Forensic DNA Analysis: Sample Collection to DNA Profile

We demonstrate a conduit for the delivery of a step change in the DNA analysis process: A fully integrated instrument for the analysis of multiplex short tandem repeat DNA profiles from reference buccal samples is described and is suitable for the processing of such samples within a forensic environment such as a police custody suite or booking office. The instrument is loaded with a DNA processing cartridge which incorporates on-board pumps and valves which direct the delivery of sample and reagents to the various reaction chambers to allow DNA purification, amplification of the DNA by PCR, and collection of the amplified product for delivery to an integral CE chip. The fluorescently labeled product is separated using micro capillary electrophoresis with a resolution of 1.2 base pairs (bp) allowing laser induced fluorescence-based detection of the amplified short tandem repeat fragments and subsequent analysis of data to produce a DNA profile which is compatible with the data format of the UK DNA databas...
Generalized avian dispersal syndrome contributes to Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum, Euphorbiaceae) invasiveness

Abstract. Plants possessing generalized dispersal syndromes are likely to be more invasive than those relying on specialist dispersal agents. To address this issue on a local and regional scale, avian seed dispersal of the invasive alien Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb.) was assessed in forests and spoil areas of South Carolina and along forest edges in Louisiana during the 1997–99 fruiting seasons. Tallow trees in these floristically distinct habitats had a few common and many casual visitors, and considerable species overlap among habitats was found. However, bird species differed in the importance of dispersing and dropping seeds among habitats. Important dispersal agents common to forests and spoil areas of South Carolina included Northern Flicker, American Robin and Red-winged Blackbird, whereas Red-bellied Woodpecker and European Starling were important in the former and latter habitat, respectively. In Louisiana, Red-bellied Woodpecker, American Robin, Northern Cardinal and Eastern Bluebird dispersed many seeds. Nearly all species foraging on seeds were winter residents. Estimated numbers of seeds dispersed and dropped were higher in spoil areas of South Carolina than in Louisiana because of higher numbers of individuals per visit, higher seed consumption and seed dropping rates, and longer foraging durations. Within South Carolina, more seeds were dispersed and dropped in spoil areas than in forests because of higher numbers of birds per visit. These findings show that among habitats, tallow tree attracts diverse but variable coteries of dispersal agents that are qualitatively similar in seed usage patterns. We suggest that its generalized dispersal syndrome contributes to effective seed dispersal by many bird species throughout its range. Effects of differential avian use among locales may include changes in local bird communities, and differing tallow tree demographics and invasion patterns.
High temperature surface acoustic wave devices: fabrication and characterisation

Langasite (LGS) and quartz surface acoustic wave devices have been fabricated and tested up to 750°C, for frequency control applications and sensors. The measured magnitude of the transmission coefficient (|S21|) and temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF) are compared to numerical predictions and verify quantitatively that the fabricated LGS devices maintain good operation up to 750°C, whereas quartz devices rapidly degrade at around 580°C due to the alpha–beta (α to β) transition.
kBF: A Bloom Filter for key-value storage with an application on approximate state machines

Key-value (k-v) storage has been used as a cru- cial component for many network applications, such as social networks, online retailing, and cloud computing. Such storage usually provides support for operations on key-value pairs, and can be stored in memory to speed up responses to queries. So far, existing methods have been deterministic: they will faithfully return previously inserted key-value pairs. Providing such accuracy, however, comes at the cost of memory and CPU time. In contrast, in this paper, we present an approximate k-v storage that is more compact than existing methods. The tradeoff is that it may, theoretically, return a null value for a valid key with a low probability, or return a valid value for a key that was never inserted. Its design is based on the probabilistic data structure called the "Bloom Filter", which was originally developed to test element membership in sets. In this paper, we extend the bloom filter concept to support key-value operations, and demonstrate that it still retains the compact nature of the original bloom filter. We call the resulting design as the kBF (key-value bloom filter), and systematically analyze its performance advantages and design tradeoffs. Finally, we apply the kBF to a practical problem of implementing a state machine in network intrusion detection to demonstrate how the kBF can be used as a building block for more complicated software infrastructures.
Edge and passivation effects in armchair graphene nanoribbons

We report the electronic structure of armchair graphene nanoribbons (acGNRs) with periodic edge roughness. For the unpassivated edges, due to the dangling-bond states, we find, for both pristine and periodically rough acGNRs, the width dependence does not exhibit the hyperbolic trend in the band gap, which is otherwise a characteristic of the passivated acGNRs. The effective mass also does not follow the hyperbolic dependence for the passivated acGNRs with edge roughness. Furthermore, the distinct nonpristine edges, discussed in this paper, have a band-gap opening with and without passivation, since the probability of crossing the quantized wave vector and one of the two Dirac points becomes quite small due to the mixed boundary conditions. We finally report the electronic-structure modulation by applying an external electric field to decrease the band gap to a few meV.