cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Sources of Resistance to Phytophthora sojae in the Soybean Plant Introductions.

ABSTRACT Single dominant Rps genes have been highly effective in managing Phytophthora sojae. However, numerous physiological races of P. sojae have developed in response to deploying single gene resistance. New sources of resistance with potentially novel Rps genes are needed. A selection of accessions (PI273483 to PI427107) from the United States Department of Agriculture Soybean Germplasm collection were evaluated for resistance to P. sojae using the hypocotyl inoculation technique for Rps genes and the layer test for partial resistance. Of the 1,015 accessions tested, 159 accessions were susceptible to races 7 (vir 1a, 2, 3a, 3c, 4, 5, 6, 7), 17 (1b, 1d, 2, 3a, 3b, 3c, 4, 5, 6, 7), and 25 (1a, 1b, 1c, 1k, 7). However, 162 accessions were resistant to these three races and 32 accessions were resistant to an additional five races chosen specifically to elicit a susceptible interaction with two and three Rps gene combinations. In addition, 55.5% of the 887 accessions tested had high levels of partial res...
Screening for Wilson disease in acute liver failure: A comparison of currently available diagnostic tests

Acute liver failure (ALF) due to Wilson disease (WD) is invariably fatal without emergency liver transplantation. Therefore, rapid diagnosis of WD should aid prompt transplant listing. To identify the best method for diagnosis of ALF due to WD (ALF-WD), data and serum were collected from 140 ALF patients (16 with WD), 29 with other chronic liver diseases and 17 with treated chronic WD. Ceruloplasmin (Cp) was measured by both oxidase activity and nephelometry and serum copper levels by atomic absorption spectroscopy. In patients with ALF, a serum Cp 2.2 yielded a sensitivity of 94%, a specificity of 86%, and a likelihood ratio of 7 for diagnosing fulminant WD. Combining the tests provided a diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 100%. Conclusion: Conventional WD testing utilizing serum ceruloplasmin and/or serum copper levels are less sensitive and specific in identifying patients with ALF-WD than other available tests. More readily available laboratory tests including alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin and serum aminotransferases by contrast provides the most rapid and accurate method for diagnosis of ALF due to WD. (HEPATOLOGY 2008;48:1167-1174.)
Surface Plasmons in Light Interaction With Metallic Nanostructures and Applications

In this invited paper, we present the surface plasmons effect as a result of light interaction with metallic nanostructures such as a gold nanosphere or an array of gold nano-slits. Numerical simulation using a finite difference time domain method coupled with Drude model revealed the light enhancement near the gold nanostructures due to the surface plasmon effect. Experimentally, we demonstrated such effect in laser deformation of a polymer shell coated with gold nanospheres. We also employed such enhanced light field for nanoscale lithography.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
The history of the Association of Academic Chairmen in Plastic Surgery: 1985 to 1990.

Background: Program directors in plastic surgery had met annually as a committee of the American Association of Plastic Surgeons since the early 1970s. In 1984, Dr. Ronald Berggren, then chairman of the committee, asked Dr. Elvin Zook to head a subcommittee charged with exploring the desirability and feasibility of a separate program director's organization. The subcommittee enthusiastically supported the concept, leading to the founding of the Association of Academic Chairmen in Plastic Surgery. Methods: All available documents related to the development and functioning of the organization since 1985 were reviewed. Results: The early years of the Association of Academic Chairmen in Plastic Surgery led to the definition of the organization as one that provided significant input on key issues facing the plastic surgery community, such as the Certificate of Added Qualification in Hand Surgery. A variety of significant contributions grew out of the early years of the organization, including the plastic surgery match and the use of the central application process. In addition, the meetings provide updates for program directors to aid them in dealing with the everchanging environment of graduate medical education. Conclusions: The Association of Academic Chairmen in Plastic Surgery grew out of a committee of the American Association of Plastic Surgeons into a vital organization that made significant contributions to plastic surgery resident education in its early years of existence.
Revolutionary development of Type-II GaSb/InAs superlatices for third generation of IR imaging

Recent efforts to improve the performance of Type II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes and focal plane arrays (FPA) have been reviewed. The theoretical bandstructure models have been discussed first. A review of recent developments in growth and characterization techniques is given. The efforts to improve the performance of LWIR photodiodes and the latest result have been reported. The results of both small and large format LWIR FPAs, the latest results to elevate the operating temperature of MWIR photodiodes and FPAs, the latest results of two color FPAs, the results of novel minority unipolar devices (pMp) and finally the results of photodiode and FPA fabrication on GaAs substrates are reviewed.
Transport and mixing of gametes in three free-spawning polychaete annelids, Phragmatopoma californica (Fewkes), Sabellaria cementarium (Moore), and Schizobranchia insignis (Bush)

Abstract Invertebrates that free-spawn (release their gametes into the water column) are dependent on the movement of water for transport and mixing of gametes in order to achieve successful fertilization. Therefore, rates of transport and mixing of gametes in the water column and the behavior of animals during spawning may have significant reproductive consequences. In this study, rates of advection (horizontal transport), convection (vertical transport) and mixing in the water column of gametes of the polychaete annelid Phragmatopoma californica (Fewkes) were quantified. Spawning behavior in this polychaete was also examined. Rates of P. californica gamete transport and mixing were compared with those of two other polychaete species, Sabelleria cementarium (Moore) and Schizobranchia insignis (Bush). Gametes of P. californica have mixing rates below those of water, are advected at a similar rate as the ambient water flow but convected at a higher rate. Comparisons of the transport and mixing rates of P. californica gametes with those of two other polychaetes, Sabelleria cementarium and Schizobranchia insignis indicate that the sperm of all three species mix in the water column at a similar rate whereas eggs do not. Phragmatopoma californica was observed releasing eggs in a single clump and sperm in clumps, strings, or as a plume. Eggs were released below structures on worm's tubes that protrude above surfaces of P. californica aggregations. Some sperm was released below these structures while some was ejected above them. Therefore, simple models or experiments that assume gametes of free-spawning invertebrates are released in plumes may be inadequate for predicting fertilization success in this species.
Predictors of academic productivity in emergency medicine.

Objectives: Emergency medicine (EM), as a young specialty, has few measures of academic productivity beyond the traditional National Institutes of Medicine ranking, which is not applicable to most academic EM programs. This study was undertaken to identify factors associated with number of publications per academic institution in an attempt to predict keys to success. Methods: Retrospective study for a seven-year period using a MEDLINE search with Emergency in the Institution field. All publications were included except Letters and Abstracts. The Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) website was queried for program descriptors that were analyzed as independent predictors of publication success. A multivariate predictive model was constructed to evaluate the independent variables found to be significant univariate modifiers. Results: Although total emergency department census, postgraduate years, fellowship opportunities, residency research requirement, hospital census, the year the program was established, and SAEM region were not associated with increased publications, faculty size and program location (region) were statistically associated with increased publications. The Western United States had the highest number of total publications per program (mean 39.6 [95% confidence interval = 25.8 to 53.5]). Faculty size was an independent predictor of publication, with each additional faculty member adding 0.58 publications for the entire seven-year period under review. No other demographic descriptors were significantly associated with publications. Conclusions: Only program location and faculty size were associated with the number of publications for a specific institution. Factors such as patient care load did not seem to influence such productivity.
Testing cut generators for mixed-integer linear programming

In this paper, a methodology for testing the accuracy and strength of cut generators for mixed-integer linear programming is presented. The procedure amounts to random diving towards a feasible solution, recording several kinds of failures. This allows for a ranking of the accuracy of the generators. Then, for generators deemed to have similar accuracy, statistical tests are performed to compare their relative strength. An application on eight Gomory cut generators and six Reduce-and-Split cut generators is given. The problem of constructing benchmark instances for which feasible solutions can be obtained is also addressed.
AIDS, Tuberculosis, and the Health Care Worker

The combination of tuberculosis and infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) poses an increased hazard to health care workers. In this AIDS Commentary, Dr. Kent Sepkowitz of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center reviews the current state of our knowledge with regard to the risk to health care workers of infection and active disease due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in the setting of HIV-1 infection and in the absence of infection with this virus. The goal of achieving complete protection from tuberculosis for persons working in hospitals and clinic will remain elusive until the rapid diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis is possible. Standard infection control measures have been documented to decrease the hazard to nurses, physicians, and other health care personnel. As physicians, it is our responsibility to insure that these measures are used effectively. Evaluation of unproven interventions is badly needed, as premature implementation of these often-expensive measures can result in poorer patient care, a false sense of security among health care personnel, and further strain on the resources to be devoted to inpatient care in the future. Dr. Sepkowitz has raised a number of provocative issues that deserve wide and rigorous discussion.
Stereology of backscatter electron images of etched surfaces for characterization of particle size distributions and volume fractions: Estimation of imaging bias via Monte Carlo simulations

Abstract On metallic specimens in which a secondary phase has been selectively removed by a chemical etchant, the use of backscatter electron (BSE) imaging yields images that are more readily segmented with image processing algorithms than other modes of imaging in the scanning electron microscope. The contrast mechanisms in this imaging mode, however, produce a bias in the observation of particle sizes and volume fractions due to the effects of the electron interaction volume in the specimen. This stereological bias is quantified using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation of backscatter images. It is observed that the overprojection of features with centroids residing beneath the plane of polish is largely canceled out by the reduced segmentation size of features with centroids residing above the plane of polish.
Effects of ultrasonic treatment on unfilled butadiene rubber

The ultrasonic treatment of unfilled butadiene rubber (BR) gum with a grooved-barrel ultrasonic reactor was carried out, leading to changes in the structure and physical properties. The ultrasonic treatment of BR gum led to gel formation, with the amount dependent on the amplitude. The rheological and mechanical properties of the ultrasonically treated samples and their vulcanizates were measured and compared with those of the virgin samples. Gel permeation chromatography measurements of the sol part of the virgin and the treated samples were carried out. Rheological property and molecular weight measurements indicated the creation of a branched structure and the occurrence of degradation in ultrasonically treated BR gum. Because of degradation, the tensile strength and Young's modulus of treated BR were lower than those of untreated BR, whereas the elongation at break was practically intact. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves at a high-temperature range showed exothermic peaks with enthalpy reduction in the treated BR, indicating a decrease in the number of double bonds due to gel formation. DSC curves at a low-temperature range indicated increased crystallinity in the treated samples. Competing reactions of gel formation, branching, and degradation occurred during the ultrasonic treatment. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 2959–2968, 2003
Analgesic efficacy and respiratory effects of butorphanol and morphine in turtles

Objective—To test the hypothesis that butorphanol or morphine induces antinociception with minimal respiratory depression in conscious red-eared slider turtles. Design—Prospective crossover study. Animals—37 adult male and female red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta). Procedures—Antinociception (n = 27 turtles) and respiratory (10 turtles) experiments were performed. Infrared heat stimuli were applied to the plantar surface of turtle limbs. Thermal withdrawal latencies were measured before and at intervals after SC administration of physiologic saline (0.9% NaCl) solution, butorphanol tartrate (2.8 or 28 mg/kg [1.27 or 12.7 mg/lb]), or morphine sulfate (1.5 or 6.5 mg/kg [0.68 or 2.95 mg/lb]). Ventilation was assessed in freely swimming turtles before and after SC administration of saline solution, butorphanol (28 mg/kg), or morphine (1.5 mg/kg). Results—For as long as 24 hours after injection of saline solution or either dose of butorphanol, thermal withdrawal latencies among turtles did not differ...
Muon rates at the SSC

Abstract This paper presents calculations of muon rates at the SSC. It will give muon distributions in angle and PT for a range of detector thicknesses and will separately give the rates from various sources. In particular, we will attempt to make a clear definition of the absorber thickness which is needed for good muon detection in SSC detector environments.
The Research Assessment Exercise, the state and the dominance of mainstream economics in British universities

In previous research on the impact of the Research Assessment Exercise on heterodox economics and heterodox economists in the UK, the author concluded that reliance on Diamond List journals to rank departments would drive economic departments to discriminate positively in terms of their hiring, promotion and research strategies in favour of mainstream economists and their research, in order to maintain or improve their ranking. As a consequence, the author predicted there would be no or only a token presence of heterodox economists in an increasing number of departments. Whether the conclusions still hold and the predictions materialise is the subject of the paper. Copyright 2007, Oxford University Press.
Recent progress in understanding environment assisted fatigue crack growth

Metal fatigue has been well recognized as an important cause for failure of engineering structures. In most applications, fatigue damage results from the conjoint actions of the cyclically applied stress and the external (chemical) environment, and is therefore time dependent. Understanding of this load-environment interaction is essential to the formulation of rational life prediction procedures and to the development of realistic materials evaluation and qualification tests. Research over the past 15 years has led to the suggestion that the rate of fatigue crack growth in an aggressive environment, (da/dN)e, is the sum of three components—the rate of fatigue crack growth in an inert environment, (da/dN)r, which represents the contribution of “pure” fatigue, a cycle-dependent component, (da/dN)cf, that requires the synergistic interaction of fatigue and environmental attack, and the contribution by sustained-load crack growth (i.e., stress corrosion cracking) at K levels above K Iscc, (da/dN)scc. Recent fracture mechanics and surface chemistry studies have provided a clearer understanding of the cycle-dependent term, and, hence, a more complete understanding of environment assisted fatigue crack growth. (da/dN)cf results from the reaction of the environment with fresh crack surfaces produced by fatigue, and is a function of the extent of reaction during one loading cycle. For highly reactive alloy-environment systems, this contribution depends also on the rate of transport of the aggressive environment to the crack tip. The experimental basis and the development of models for transport and surface reaction controlled fatigue crack growth are reviewed. Interpretation of the effects of partial pressure of the aggressive environment and cyclic load frequency in terms of surface reaction and transport processes is discussed. Implications in terms of service performance and life prediction procedures are considered.
Cellular mechanisms of ventricular bipolar electrograms showing double and fractionated potentials

Objectives. This study sought to determine the types of transmembrane action potentials associated with bipolar electrograms that show double and fractionated potentials. Background. The cellular correlates of ventricular bipolar electrograms showing double potentials and fractionated low amplitude potentials remain poorly defined. Methods. A bipolar electrogram (1-cm interelectrode distance [6F, USCI]) and two transmembrane action potentials (within 1 mm of each pole) were recorded simultaneously in 12 isolated canine right ventricular endocardial preparations (2 × 1 cm, 2 mm thick). The long axis of the bipolar electrode was parallel to the long axis of the superficial endocardial fibers, and the recordings were made at 40 to 500 Hz. Results. The following phenomena were associated with double potentials: 1) an increase in conduction time between the two poles of the bipole during a) the propagation of premature action potentials (7 of 12 tissues in 4 mmol/liter extracellular potassium ion concentration [K+]o); b) rapid pacing and premature stimuli (3 of 6 in 9 mmol/liter [K+]o); and c) the propagation of slow responses induced by barium chloride (4 mmol/liter). There was a positive correlation between conduction time (CT) and interspike interval (IPI) of the double potential (IPI [ms] = 0.5 × CT [ms]+ 35) during early afterdepolarizations induced by barium chloride (4 mmol/liter) superfusion (three of six tissues). The following events were associated with fractionated electrograms: 1) propagation of induced graded responses (six tissues) in 4 mmol/liter [K+]o; 2) induced reentry at cycle lengths of 140 to 170 ms in 9 mmol/liter [K+]o(four of six tissues); and 3) asynchronous afterdepolarizations induced by 4 mmol/liter barium chloride (four of six tissues). Conclusions. Endocardial double potentials and fractionated electrograms seen on clinically used bipolar electrodes occur under conditions of slowed or discontinuous conduction and induced reentry and during asynchronous automatic firing initiated by afterdepolarizations. Caution must be exercised in interpreting such bipolar electrograms because more than one type of cellular action potential may cause these abnormal electrographic results.
Probing the Component Structure of a Maize Gene with Transposable Elements

Three instances of R gene instability were found in maize stocks carrying the controlling elements Dissociation (Ds) and Modulator (Mp). In each, Ds or a Ds-like element had transposed to R, inhibiting kernel pigmentation irregularly. When Mp was removed from the genome, R expression stabilized at lowt to intermediate levels. Strong pigmenting action was restored through recombination in heterozygotes of the three new forms with an R allele that specifies only plant pigmentation. The sites of Ds insertion mapped distal to the region that specifies seed versus plant expression. The evidence suggests that an R functional unit consists of one component that both governs tissue-specific expression and another that is common to alleles of different tissue-specific activities.
Mapping the Geographical Diffusion of a Finnish Smallpox Epidemic from Historical Population Records

Smallpox mortality from an early 19th century epidemic in Finland is mapped at the parish village level. First, geographically referenced historical materials are used to construct a map showing the spread of smallpox mortality among villages. Next, the diffusion of smallpox morbidity is simulated by computer for the same set of villages. These two maps are then compared. Results indicate that at this scale maps of mortality diffusion can show general trends but have no direct spatial correspondence to the underlying pattern of morbidity diffusion. Mortality maps cannot be used as a surrogate measure of infectious contact behavior at micro scales of analysis.
ASIC chips and their integration to smart devices

Even though the frequency measurement technique is well established, converting frequency to a digital word for real time systems is not an easy task. The task is further complicated by the absence of any standard peripheral integrated chip for this application. In this paper, an Application Specific Integrated Circuit has been realized for a successful frequency to digital conversion. The chip adopts an innovative frequency measurement technique called the `hybrid technique'. The chip was designed with very stringent specifications to meet military and civilian applications. Extensive software simulations were done to ensure the proper functioning of the chip.
Relationship between fractional porosity and tensile strength for high-porosity sintered ferrous powder compacts

The current study examines the mechanical properties of pressed and sintered ferrous powder metallurgy compacts with low relative densities, between 0.6 and 0.8. Three different powder particle compositions were investigated: eutectoid steel, stainless steel, and stainless tool steel compacts. To obtain information concerning the tensile properties of these low-density compacts, simple tensile tests were performed. In addition, Vickers microhardness tests were performed on metallographic sections of the tensile bars. The results from these tests are used to compare the measured relative strength values with estimates generated by previously published models. Also, the fracture surfaces of selected compacts were examined in the scanning electron microscope to obtain information concerning the fracture process.
Concentration dependence of diffusion‐controlled reactions among static reactive sinks

We evaluate a rigorous lower bound on the rate constant k associated with diffusion‐controlled reactions in a porous medium composed of impenetrable spherical sinks, for a wide range of sink volume fractions. The results are compared to an effective‐medium approximation for k. It is found that the lower bound gives a useful estimate of the rate constant for virtually all sink concentrations.
Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: clinical considerations and pathogenetic concepts.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a disease affecting predominantly premature infants, is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal intensive care units. Although several predisposing factors have been identified, such as prematurity, enteral feeding, and infection, its pathogenesis remains elusive. In the past 20 years, we have established several animal models of NEC in rats and found several endogenous mediators, especially platelet-activating factor (PAF), which may play a pivotal role in NEC. Injection of PAF induces intestinal necrosis, and PAF antagonists prevent the bowel injury induced by bacterial endotoxin, hypoxia, or challenge with tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF) plus endotoxin in adult rats. The same is true for lesions induced by hypoxia and enteral feeding in neonatal animals. Human patients with NEC show high levels of PAF and decreased plasma PAF-acetylhydrolase, the enzyme degrading PAF. The initial event in our experimental models of NEC is probably polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) activation and adhesion to venules in the intestine, which initiates a local inflammatory reaction involving proinflammatory mediators including TNF, complement, prostaglandins, and leukotriene C4. Subsequent norepinephrine release and mesenteric vasoconstriction result in splanchnic ischemia and reperfusion. Bacterial products (e.g., endotoxin) enter the intestinal tissue during local mucosal barrier breakdown, and endotoxin synergizes with PAF to amplify the inflammation. Reactive oxygen species produced by the activated leukocytes and by intestinal epithelial xanthine oxidase may be the final pathway for tissue injury. Protective mechanisms include nitric oxide produced by the constitutive (mainly neuronal) nitric oxide synthase, and indigenous probiotics such as Bifidobacteria infantis. The former maintains intestinal perfusion and the integrity of the mucosal barrier, and the latter keep virulent bacteria in check. The development of tissue injury depends on the balance between injurious and protective mechanisms.
S-palmitoylation regulates biogenesis of core glycosylated wild-type and F508del CFTR in a post-ER compartment

Defects in CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) maturation are central to the pathogenesis of CF (cystic fibrosis). Palmitoylation serves as a key regulator of maturational processing in other integral membrane proteins, but has not been tested previously for functional effects on CFTR. In the present study, we used metabolic labelling to confirm that wild-type and F508del CFTR are palmitoylated, and show that blocking palmitoylation with the pharmacologic inhibitor 2-BP (2-bromopalmitate) decreases steady-state levels of both wild-type and low temperature-corrected F508del CFTR, disrupts post-ER (endoplasmic reticulum) maturation and reduces ion channel function at the cell surface. PATs (protein acyl transferases) comprise a family of 23 gene products that contain a DHHC motif and mediate palmitoylation. Recombinant expression of specific PATs led to increased levels of CFTR protein and enhanced palmitoylation as judged by Western blot and metabolic labelling. Specifically, we show that DHHC-7 (i) increases steady-state levels of wild-type and F508del CFTR band B, (ii) interacts preferentially with the band B glycoform, and (iii) augments radiolabelling by [3H]palmitic acid. Interestingly, immunofluorescence revealed that DHHC-7 also sequesters the F508del protein to a post-ER (Golgi) compartment. Our findings point to the importance of palmitoylation during wild-type and F508del CFTR trafficking.
Protective clothing systems: A technique for evaluating restriction of wearer mobility.

Abstract To allow designers to evaluate presently available protective clothing systems (as well as aiding the development of less restrictive systems), it is necessary to develop evaluation techniques to quantify the loss of mobility associated with wearing protective clothing. Using fire fighter turnout gear, this study illustrated the application of the Leighton Flexometer ® for the measurement of restriction to body movement caused by wearing protective clothing and equipment. Statistical analyses indicated significant differences in restriction to body movement between the designs of protective clothing and equipment configurations tested. Additionally, correlation coefficients between trials established values for tes-retest reliability.
The pore water chemistry of rare earth elements in Buzzards Bay sediments

Abstract A 72 cm deep pore water profile of rare earth elements (REE) is presented from Buzzards Bay sediments. This profile shows large enrichments of all REE in the upper half followed by the preferential removal of light and middle REE in the lower part of the core. As such, this study (1) confirms the observations of Elderfield and Sholkovitz (1987) from a 30 cm profile that REE undergo active diagenesis in Buzzards Bay sediments and (2) provides new data to show that removal and fractionation occur upon further burial and diagenesis. In the upper half of the core, the diagenetic input of REE into pore waters is accompanied by the preferential release of light REE (LREE) and middle REE (MREE) relative to heavy REE (HREE). At their maxima near 40 cm, pore water concentrations reach values 10–20 times (30 times for Ce) those of bottom water. Between 40 and 70 cm, the concentrations of La through Gd decrease by 50% while Er and Yb decrease by only 25% and Lu shows no decrease. Hence both the production and removal of REE results in significant fractionation. Positive Ce anomalies are restricted to the upper 9 cm; at greater depths the Ce profile tracks that of other trivalent neighbors (La, Nd). A mild leach of sediments with 0.3 M HCl showed that a large fraction of REE and P are released (30–40% and 60%, respectively) to solution while the percentage was only 4% for Al. While phosphatic phases are important carriers of REE in marine sediments, their link to diagenesis and pore water chemistry remains to be solved.
Protein-calorie malnutrition in patients with colorectal cancer.

Protein-calorie malnutrition, as determined by anthropometric measures and laboratory tests, was assssed in 17 preoperative patients with colorectal cancer and 47 control patients. The cancer patients had significant deficits in visceral protein and skeletal muscle and no deficit in fat stores. Greater attention should be given to preoperative nutritional assessment and to the correction of protein deficits.
Fetally-induced noradrenergic hyperinnervation of cerebral cortex results in persistent down-regulation of beta-receptors

Abstract Methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM)-induced cortical hypoplasia resulted in a 2-fold increase in the concentration of norepinephrine and its metabolite, 3-methoxyl-4-hydroxyphenylglycol sulfate, and a 26% decrease in the Bmax for the β-receptor ligand, [3H]dihydroalprenolol (DHA) in the rat cortex. Chronic treatment with desmethylimipramine did not further decrease DHA-labeled sites although prior lesion of the noradrenergic terminals with 6-hydroxydopamine markedly increased the number in the MAM-lesioned cortex.
The Relationship of Choline and Cystine to the Methionine Requirement of Young Chickens

Abstract THE essential nature of methionine in the diet of the chick was demonstrated by Klose and Almquist (1941). Homocystine and choline together effectively replaced methionine in the diet of the chick, but neither homocystine nor cystine completely replaced methionine. Direct proof of the homocystine-choline-methionine interrelationship in the rat was presented by Simmonds et al. (1943). Transmethylation was observed both in the absence of homocystine and in the presence of ordinary methionine when the diet contained deuterio-choline. Du Vigneaud et al. (1944) reported results which demonstrated the role of methionine in cystine formation. Grau and Almquist (1943) investigated the relationship between the sulfur amino acids and choline in chick nutrition. Choline-depleted chicks were able to utilize homocystine effectively in the place of cystine but not as a substitute for methionine. Almquist and Grau (1945), using a diet deficient in methionine and cystine, fed increasing levels of cystine up to 0.9 percent . . .
Angular momentum projection corrections to transition densities in rare-earth nuclei

Abstract To describe the rotational levels of even-even nuclei in the rare-earth region, states of definite angular momentum are projected from an axially symmetric intrinsic Hartree-Pock wave function calculated with a density-dependent effective interaction. An expansion is obtained in which the rotational model approximation to the transition density, ρ L (r) = ƒ Y Lo (Ω)ρ(r) d ω , is corrected to leading order in 1 〈J y 2 〉 . Evaluation of the projection corrections in 156Gd, 166Er and 176Yb yields negligible changes in low multipoles and a cross section increase of up to 15% in 6+ transitions. This effect is much too small to resolve the discrepancy between density-dependent Hartree-Fock predictions and experiment in high multipoles.
Gender, Presidential Elections and Public Policy: Making Women's Votes Matter

SUMMARY This article explores the impact of a quarter century of gender politics in presidential elections in the United States stressing the dual importance of differences between men and women, the gender gap, and women as a political force as they have come not only to exceed men in their voting numbers but also in their turnout rate. It reviews the way women's votes have affected presidential campaigns, drawing attention to the effect women's and men's votes have had on the Electoral College which is what counts in presidential elections. It raises the important question of what impact the attention to women voters has had on the public policies of administrations between elections.
Part-Time Faculty Satisfaction across Missions and Disciplines.

This chapter explores community college faculty satisfaction related to four specific variables.
Pulsed plasmas as a method to improve uniformity during materials processing

Continuous wave operation of inductively coupled plasma (ICP) reactors as used for materials processing and which have geometrical or flow asymmetries may produce asymmetric species densities, temperatures, and fluxes. Flow asymmetries that produce nonuniformities in plasma conductivity initiate a positive feedback loop. In this feedback loop, asymmetries in conductivity are reinforced by the resulting nonuniform power deposition, which causes electron impact ionization to also be nonuniform. In this article, we discuss results from a computational investigation of long-term transients during pulsed operation of ICPs and their consequences on side-to-side asymmetries in plasma properties. During pulsed operation, diffusion of charged species during the afterglow between pulses smoothens these asymmetries prior to the next power pulse. The power deposition during subsequent pulses is more symmetric and this reduces the positive feedback. The improvement in uniformity afforded by pulsing is determined by the intrapulse plasma dynamics, and so is a function of the pulse repetition frequency, duty cycle, and feedstock gas. Improvements in the azimuthal uniformity of reactant densities were obtained in Ar and Cl2 plasmas in an asymmetrically pumped reactor using pulsed power. As dissociative attachment dominates in the afterglow of Cl2 pulsed plasmas, it provides a more uniform sink for electrons compared to ambipolar diffusion and different systematic behavior is obtained compared to argon.
Identity and the development of religious thinking

The attempt to interpret the development of religious thinking as an element of identity formation has provided many important insights but has also raised the question that perhaps religious development represents a unique life experience.
Redox Control of Human Mitochondrial Outer Membrane Protein MitoNEET [2Fe-2S] Clusters by Biological Thiols and Hydrogen Peroxide *

The human mitochondrial outer membrane protein mitoNEET is a novel target of the type II diabetes drug pioglitazone. The C-terminal cytosolic domain of mitoNEET hosts a redox-active [2Fe-2S] cluster via an unusual ligand arrangement of three cysteine residues and one histidine residue. Here we report that human mitoNEET [2Fe-2S] clusters are fully reduced when expressed in Escherichia coli cells. In vitro studies show that purified mitoNEET [2Fe-2S] clusters can be partially reduced by monothiols such as reduced glutathione, l-cysteine or N-acetyl-l-cysteine and fully reduced by dithiothreitol or the E. coli thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase system under anaerobic conditions. Importantly, thiol-reduced mitoNEET [2Fe-2S] clusters can be reversibly oxidized by hydrogen peroxide without disruption of the clusters in vitro and in E. coli cells, indicating that mitoNEET may act as a sensor of oxidative signals to regulate mitochondrial functions via its [2Fe-2S] clusters. Furthermore, the binding of the type II diabetes drug pioglitazone in mitoNEET effectively inhibits the thiol-mediated reduction of [2Fe-2S] clusters, suggesting that pioglitazone may modulate the function of mitoNEET by blocking the thiol-mediated reduction of [2Fe-2S] clusters in the protein.
E-Racing difference in E-Space: Black female subjectivity and the Web-based portfolio

Abstract This article seeks to complicate current theories of gender, technology, and composition by examining the self-representation of Black women at Spelman College (an historically Black, all-female private college) in their end-of-the-semester Web-based portfolios. Although feminist advocates of “cyborg writing” celebrate alternative self-fashioning in e-spaces, women of color frequently perform racially situated acts of resistance that celebrate re-embodiment and a networked diasporic intimacy rather than the loss of gender and racial markers. I begin with a theoretical discussion of the metaphors of parody and transgression that ground the feminist celebration of multiple subjectivities to elucidate their “white, middle-class” standpoint. I then examine—through a close analysis of student Web-based portfolios—how African-American women, who often must mask their “Blackness” within white workplace or school settings, hold onto sets of experience, memories, and cultural signs when they present themselves online, appropriating e-space as a site of resistant memory.
A Jordan–Hölder Theorem for differential algebraic groups

Abstract We show that a differential algebraic group can be filtered by a finite subnormal series of differential algebraic groups such that successive quotients are almost simple, that is have no normal subgroups of the same type. We give a uniqueness result, prove several properties of almost simple groups and, in the ordinary differential case, classify almost simple linear differential algebraic groups.
Characteristic evaluation of a near-infrared Fabry-Pérot filter for the InfraRed Imaging Magnetograph (IRIM)

The InfraRed Imaging Magnetograph (TRIM) is a high temporal resolution, high spatial resolution, high spectral resolving power, and high magnetic sensitivity solar two-dimensional narrow-band spectro-polarimeter working in the near infrared from 1.0 μm to 1.7 μm at Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO). It consists of an interference filter, a polarization analyzer, a birefringent filter, and a Fabry-Pe´rot etalon. As the narrowest filter of IRIM. the infrared Fabry-Pe´rot plays a very important role in achieving the narrow band transmission of ∼ 10 pm and high throughput between 85% and 95% for the full wavelength range, maintaining wavelength tuning ability from 1.0 to 1.7 μm, and assuring stability and reliability. As the third of a series of publications describing IRIM, this paper outlines a set of methods to evaluate the near infrared Fabry-Pe´rot etalon. Two-dimensional characteristic maps of the near infrared Fabry-Pe´rot etalon, including the bandpass Δλ, effective finesse Feff, peak transmission τmax, along with free spectral range, flatness, roughness, and stability and repeatability were obtained with laboratory equipment. These measured results will benefit the optimization of IRIM design and observational mode of the future.
Variables in the technicon-N-24 method for the determination of serum cholesterol

A modification of the Technicon-N-24 method for serum cholesterol is described. It is possible to obtain precise results which agree on the average with those obtained with the reference Abell-Kendall method. The level of cholesterol found by the AutoAnalyzer method depends primarily on the ratio of the rates of flow of the lipid extract to that of the premixed color reagent and the time of heating of the color reaction at 95C. In this modification, the flow rate of isopropyl alcohol extract of sample or standard is kept at 0.9 ml/min and the ratio of flow of extract to that of premixed color reagent is maintained between 1∶10 and 1∶12 while the time of heating of the color reaction is maintained between 95 and 120 sec. Other conditions necessary for precise results are discussed. The precision obtained on the average in several experiments ranged from 2.2 to 2.7 mg% as standard deviation between duplicates.
The Effect of Data Resolution on the Area Threshold Method

Abstract The effect of data resolution on the area threshold method is studied using a stochastic model of radar snapshots of tropical rainfall taken during the Global Atmospheric Research Program Atlantic Tropical Experiment. The results indicate that significant biases and random error can arise when using radar or satellite data having spatial resolutions different from those used to calibrate the area threshold method. Although the use of a threshold decreases the bias and random error in the fractional coverage of rain rates, the larger calibration coefficients associated with larger thresholds tend to increase the bias and random error in the resulting areal mean rain-rate estimates.
Electron paramagnetic resonance study of a copper(II) trimithylphospine oxide complex in Y zeolite

Abstract Addition of trimethylphosphine to a rapidly dehydrated copper(II) Y zeolite resulted in the immediate reduction of the copper to the univalent oxidation state. After a brief evacuation, addition of oxygen caused the instantaneous oxidation of the Cu(I) ions and the complexing ligands. It is proposed that the resultant electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) parameters of g∥ = 2.44, A ∥ = −87 Gauss, and g⊥ = 2.05 are due to tetrakis(trimethylphosphine oxide)copper(II) complexes located in the supercages of the Y zeolite lattice. By comparison to the EPR and bonding parameters of the aquo, ammine, and pyridine copper(II) analogs, it is suggested that this complex possesses pseudotetrahedral symmetry.
How the Affordable Care Act and Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act Greatly Expand Coverage of Behavioral Health Care

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) will expand coverage of mental health and substance use disorder benefits and federal parity protections to over 60 million Americans. The key to this expansion is the essential health benefit provision in the ACA that requires coverage of mental health and substance use disorder services at parity with general medical benefits. Other ACA provisions that should improve access to treatment include requirements on network adequacy, dependent coverage up to age 26, preventive services, and prohibitions on annual and lifetime limits and preexisting exclusions. The ACA offers states flexibility in expanding Medicaid (primarily to childless adults, not generally eligible previously) to cover supportive services needed by those with significant behavioral health conditions in addition to basic benefits at parity. Through these various new requirements, the ACA in conjunction with Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA) will expand coverage of behavioral health care by historic proportions.
Sustainability marketing: US hotels vs. international hotel chains

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to determine whether US-only hotels and US-based international hotel chains similarly promote sustainability marketing. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative exploratory research study reviewing the web site marketing of the US-only hotels and US-based international hotel chains. Findings – The research indicates that there are differences in the sustainability marketing of US-only and US-based international hotel chains. Originality/value – This is a unique research study. The hotel industry has a diverse body of stateholders due to its large market and impact on sustainability.
Multiple proteolytic enzymes of Bacillus licheniformis

Abstract By the use of synthetic substrates, organofluoride inhibitors, and heat denaturation, three types of proteolytic enzymes were identified in culture filtrates of Bacillus licheniformis . The proteinases detected were (i) an enzyme with high activity toward N -acetyl- l -tyrosine ethyl ester (ATEE) and toward proteins, highly susceptible to organofluoride inhibition, and rapidly denatured at 65 °C; (ii) a proteinase with low activity toward ATEE, slowly inhibited by organofluorides, and inactivated relatively slowly at 65 °C; and (iii) an aminopeptidase, unaffected by organofluorides, and stable at 65 °C for 60 minutes. In the unfractionated enzyme system, esterolytic activity was greatest toward N -substituted esters of aromatic l -amino acids, but substituted esters of the d -enantiomorphs were not hydrolyzed. Unsubstituted esters of l -amino acids were not susceptible, and N -substituted esters of basic amino acids were hydrolyzed only slowly, as were the amides of N -blocked aromatic amino acids. Gel-infiltration on Sephadex G-200 separated two fractions which varied greatly in their relative activities toward ATEE and N -benzoyl- l -arginine ethyl ester (BAEE), thus furnishing further evidence for the presence of two endopeptidases. Gross proteolysis of the unfractionated system was enhanced by Ca ++ ions, and was inhibited by EDTA. The aminopeptidase was stimulated by Co ++ ions.
FTIR-ATR studies of water structure in reverse micelles during the synthesis of oxalate precursor nanoparticles

Abstract The structure of water in water-in-oil microemulsions used to synthesize oxalate precusor nanoparticles for the production of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− x (YBCO) superconductor powder has been studied by FTIR–ATR spectroscopy of the OH stretching band. Two initial microemulsions are mixed together and nanoparticles are formed by a precipitation reaction in the cores of the reverse micelles of the resulting microemulsion. The shapes of the water OH stretching bands for the microemulsions before and after the reaction exhibit noticeable differences when normalized at their peaks. These differences have been quantified by decomposing the water OH stretching band into three components corresponding to water molecules with different types of hydrogen bonding. In the microemulsion after the precipitation and formation of oxalate precusor nanoparticles, the structure of water is characterized with an increased fraction of bound water. These bound water molecules are also connected with stronger H-bonds. We propose that upon synthesis of the precursor nanoparticles, the observed water structure changes are due to a thin water layer formed around the newly synthesized nanoparticles.