cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Note on Use of Drugs in Psychological Research

Influence on behavior of the "powerful placebo" has been amply demonstrated (Beecher, 1955). T he placebo effect refers to the fact that a pharmacologically inert subscance often produces a significant behavioral change which apparently is artributable to S's cognitions and expecrations, i.e., the belief that he has received an active drug having a known effect. It should be recognized, however, that a strong "negative placebo" effecc may often occur. For example, an active drug may have little or no effect on behavior if S is convinced that he did not really receive a drug. The negative placebo effecc was found in an unpublished experiment conducted by the authors.' Capsules, conraining 100 mg. of phenobarbital with a laccose base, and identical-appearing capsules of lactose placebo were orally administered individually to 64 male Ss from introductory psychology courses.Vs were told only that the capsule was a common drug. Results showed that neither the drug nor [he placebo affected emotional states as meas~~red by self-report mood scales adminiscered over a period of 3 hr. Post-experimental questionnaires revealed that Ss were skeptical that they had been given a drug, believing instead thac E had adminiscered a placebo in both conditions. In the drug condition 75% of Ss believed that they had received sugar, aspirin, or nothing at all; the corresponding value from Ss in the placebo condirion was 72%. Conrributing very strongly to such skepticism was the fact thac Ss often chewed the capsule or let it dissolve in the mouth. The resulting sweet taste convinced them that [hey had not taken a drug. The capstile chewing problem was solved in a later study by omitting the lactose base, and using hard tablets containing ascorbic acid for the placebo. In this experiment, none of the Ss reported chewing the tablet. ~brthermore, the chalky, sour-tasting ascorbic acid has a medicinal stereotype which helped alleviate college Ss' skepticism.
Briquetting caustic magnesite on industrial type smooth rollers

Based on the law of constant mass, experiments were carried out for the purpose of determining the parameters of the process of briquetting caustic magnesite on smooth molding rollers. The properties of the briquette were determined together with their interrelation. An investigation was made of the influence of the molding pressure, moisture content and grain size distribution of the caustic magnesite, and the level of the powder in the hopper on the thickness, density, grain size distribution and rate of heating of the briquette and on the angle of rolling, compaction factor, productivity of the molding rollers and power consumption. Measurements were made of the specific pressure at the edge and in the middle of the rollers and of the pressure distribution along the arc of contact between the magnesite and rollers. Experimental data was obtained showing the variation of the density of the material from the start of compacting to the delivery of the finished briquette. The principal parameters for briquetting fine-ground caustic magnesite were determined to give a strong high-density briquette with an apparent density not below 2.1 g/cm3, a thickness of 9–10 mm and only a small amount of screes. In this case the productivity of the molding rollers (D=1000 and B=400 mm) will be 13.9 ton/h and specific power consumption 2–3 kWh/ton. These indices were obtained with the following parameters: roller speed 8.8 rpm, roller setting 6 mm, molding pressure 800–900 kg/cm2, proportion of grains finer than 0.06 mm in the caustic magnesite not less than 95%, moisture content of the magnesite immediately prior to briquetting 8–9%, temperature of the magnesite prior to wetting and mixing 50–90°C, rolling angle 5°50′-6°10′, compaction factor 1.63, height of the powder in the hopper 500–800 mm above the roller axis. Firing caustic magnesite briquetted on smooth rollers at certain parameters gives a high-density magnesite powder of an apparent density of 2.1 g/cm3 suitable for super-duty refractory products.
Neurochemical and behavioral effects of clonidine and related imidazolines: Interaction with α-adrenoceptors

Clonidine and other imidazolines, including phentolamine, inhibited the norepinephrine-elicited accumulation of cyclic AMP in brain slices via blockade or postsynpatic alpha-adrenoceptors. Clonidine (0.0125--0.050 mg/kg, i.p.) antagonized the increase in locomotor activity induced by amphetamine in a dose-dependent manner. It is suggested that the common ability of clonidine and phentolamine to antagonize norepinephrine-stimulated accumulation of cyclic AMP provides a possible explanation for the similar behavioral effects of these compounds, including their antagonism of the locomotor effects of amphetamine.
A coatings application for fusion research

Abstract A large stainless steel toroidal inner vacuum liner, with a major radius of 79.5 cm and minor radius of 23.5 cm, has been coated with gold to minimize gas adsorption and to provide an inert surface for the plasma in ORMAK, a fusion experiment. A thin platimum film, deposited prior to the gold coating, acts as a diffusion barrier and prevents many of the constituents of the steel from diffusing through the gold to the surface. In a fusion reactor the walls exposed to the plasma will be bombarded by highly energetic neutrals and a gold surface may not be suitable because of its relatively high sputtering yield. Several other materials, some of which may be more suitable for use as a “first wall” surface than gold, have been identified but many of these candidates are expected to be impractical to use in their bulk form. A solution is a composite wall consisting of a suitable coating on a substrate chosen for its strength and ease of fabrication. The techniques employed to deposit several of these candidate materials onto stainless steel substrates as thick coatings are described.
Automatic semantic indexing of medical images using a web ontology language for case-based image retrieval

This paper presents a system implemented to evaluate the retrieval efficiency of images when they are semantically indexed using a combination of a web ontology language and the low-level features of the image. Finding a similarity measure algorithm to retrieve images based on the semantic metadata can be very challenging due to diverse image content and inadequate domain-specific ontologies describing the content. The existing methods for indexing images are primarily based on text. While these methods are widely used due to their simplicity, they are not very efficient as they require a domain expert and the textual interpretations of image content vary from person to person. In our approach, we leverage sophisticated image-processing techniques to automatically extract image content information into MPEG-7 format and associate them to the existing domain ontologies developed by experts, thereby, bridging the gap between low-level features and high-level semantics. This implementation and validation experiments show that a high retrieval accuracy rate is obtained when all the image descriptors are combined with an ontology while building the semantic metadata for indexing images.
Sustainable High Capacitance at High Frequencies: Metallic Aluminum–Polypropylene Nanocomposites

The high-frequency dielectric response of 0–3 polypropylene nanocomposites prepared with the activated metallocene polymerization catalyst [rac-ethylenebisindenyl]zirconium dichlororide absorbed on the native Al2O3 surfaces of metallic aluminum nanoparticles is characterized. The nanocomposites produced are randomly dispersed in the polyolefin matrix with no visible defects that might degrade film dielectric properties. Electrical measurements show that as the volume fraction of Al nanoparticles is increased, the effective permittivity of the nanocomposites increases, with er values reaching ∼10 at relatively low frequency (1 MHz). Because of the high permittivity and conductivity contrast between the metal nanoparticles and the polypropylene matrix, Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars theory can be applied to model the loss at high frequencies and provide insight into how the nanocomposite high frequency response scales with Al volume fraction. At higher Al nanoparticle volume fractions, mixing theories predict great...
Ideal FeFeS, FeFeO phase relations and Earth's core

Liquid-state and solid-state model fits to melting data for Fe, FeS and FeO provide constraints for calculating ideal phase relations in Fe-FeS and Fe-FeO systems in the pressure range corresponding to the Earth's outer core. The liquid-state model fit to the Fe melting data of Williams and Jeanloz places constraints on the temperature and other properties of Fe along the liquidus beyond the range of their data. The temperature along the best-fit Fe liquidus reaches 5000 K at 136 GPa and 7250 K at 330 GPa, which is somewhat lower than that implied by the Hugoniot results (∼7800 K at 330 GPa). This discrepancy may be due to reshock in experimental targets, or some inaccuracy in the extrapolation, presuming the Hugoniot results represent the equilibrium melting behavior of Fe. Constraints on the solidi of FeS and FeO from the comparison of data and solid-state model calculations imply that FeS and FeO melt at ∼4610 and 5900 K, respectively, at 136 GPa, and ∼6150 and 8950 K, respectively, at 330 GPa. Calculations for the equilibrium thermodynamic properties of solid and liquid Fe along the coincident solidus and liquidus imply that the entropy of melting for Fe is approximately independent of pressure at a value of approximately R (where R is the gas constant), while the change in the molar heat capacity across the transition increases with pressure from ∼0.5R to 4R between standard pressure and 330 GPa. We use these constraints to construct ideal-mixing phase diagrams for Fe-FeS and Fe-FeO systems at outer core pressures, assuming that Fe and FeS, or Fe and FeO, respectively, are the solid phases in equilibrium with the liquid Fe-FeS or Fe-FeO mixtures, respectively. Calculated Fe-FeO eutectic compositions at 330 GPa (15–20 mol% O) are 25 mol% S. Combined with density considerations, these calculations imply that an O-rich outer core is more likely to lie on the FeO-rich side of the Fe-FeX eutectic, while an S-rich outer core is more likely to lie on the Fe-rich side of the Fe-FeX eutectic. In addition, eutectic temperatures in both systems are ≳5000 K at 330 GPa. Widely accepted temperature profiles for the outer core, ranging from ≲3000 K at the 136 GPa, the core-mantle boundary, to ≲4200 K at 330 GPa, the outer-inner core boundary, are ⩾800 K below this value. In the context of the outer-inner core boundary-phase boundary hypothesis, this discrepancy implies that at least one boundary layer of ⩾1000 K exists in the mantle, possibly at its base in the D″ region.
Novel Epitaxial Growth and Surface Order-Disorder Transitions of CU3AU(110) and CU3AU(111)

We report the results of a reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) study on the order-disorder transitions at the (111) and (110) surface of Cu3Au. Our Cu3Au films were epitaxially grown on sapphire substrates with bcc (Nb or Mo-Cr) buffer layers. The (111) and (110) surfaces of Cu3Au are atomically flat as indicated by the RHEED patterns. We use the normalized integrated intensity of the superstructure streaks to measure the long range order parameter. We observed that the surface layers of both (110) and (111) Cu3Au exhibit an apparently continuous order-disorder transition, close to that predicted by mean field theory [5]. The kinetics of surface ordering also were monitored by RHEED after initial deposition of disordered layers, 2 MLs thick, on the ordered Cu3Au templates. In studies of the surface reordering process we find that the RHEED pattern is almost entirely sensitive to the surface layer alone.
Mycobacterium terrae: Case Reports, Literature Review, and In Vitro Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing

Mycobacterium terrae infection can cause debilitating disease that is relatively resistant to antibiotic therapy. Two cases are presented, and data from an additional 52 reports from the literature are reviewed. Tenosynovitis of the upper extremity, often following trauma, was the most commonly reported presentation (59% of cases), with pulmonary disease occurring in an additional 26% of cases. Underlying medical problems were absent (44%) or not reported (28%) in 72% of the cases. One-half of the patients with upper extremity tenosynovitis were treated with local or systemic corticosteroids, before microbiological identification. Only one-half of the patients with tenosynovitis who were followed up for 6 months had clinical improvement or were cured. The other one-half of the patients required repeated debridement, tendon extirpation, or amputation. The best antimicrobial therapy for M. terrae infection is unknown but might include a macrolide antibiotic plus ethambutol and one other effective drug for at least 12 months after clinical response. Parenteral treatment with an aminoglycoside and surgery may be useful in selected cases.
CH4 AND N2O photochemical lifetimes in the upper stratosphere: In situ estimates using SAMS data

Upper stratospheric photochemical lifetimes are estimated in situ for CH4 and N2O for the first time, based on an analysis technique using 3 years of satellite measurements from the Stratospheric And Mesospheric Sounder (SAMS) instrument. The technique involves investigation of the time dependence of tracers injected into high northern latitudes in late winter and their subsequent photochemical decay during the dynamically quiescent summer stratosphere. Dynamical corrections are made for mean meridional circulation contributions. The lifetimes for N2O at 2 and 7 hPa (about 43 and about 35 km altitude) are found to be 1.7 and 8.3 months, respectively. For CH4, 0.6 (about 52 km altitude) and 2 hPa lifetimes are 3.3 and 3.4 months, respectively. These observed values are in good agreement with model calculations by Solomon et al. (1986).
Paleoecological Patterns in Molluscan Extinctions and Recoveries: Comparison of the Cretaceous–Paleogene and Eocene–Oligocene Extinctions in North America

Abstract Exposures across the Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) and Eocene–Oligocene (E–O) boundaries, in Texas and Mississippi, respectively, probably represent the most complete and best-preserved fossil molluscan sequences across these boundary intervals in the world. Outcrops from both boundaries contain pristine aragonitic and calcitic molluscan shells, which were deposited in fine-grained sediments from open marine environments. The K–T and the E–O extinctions exhibit very different recovery patterns, probably reflecting very different causes as well as magnitudes of extinction. The K–T sequence contains a molluscan fossil record that is consistent with an abrupt extinction event at the K–T boundary and a prolonged initial recovery in hostile oceanographic conditions. The uppermost 10 m of Upper Cretaceous sediments contain a diverse (approximately 40 species) molluscan fauna dominated by suspension feeders. The earliest Paleocene sediments immediately above the tsunami bed contain an impoverished fauna dominated by deposit feeders. The Paleocene fauna slowly climbs in diversity but remains relatively impoverished and dominated by deposit feeders for several hundred thousand years after the extinction in conjunction with anomalous δ13C values that suggest prolonged suppression of marine primary productivity. Diverse suspension-feeder dominated molluscan assemblages reappear with the resumption of normal conditions of primary production. In the long term, early to middle Paleocene gamma diversity includes evolutionary “bloom taxa,” families that exhibit unusual speciation bursts that subside in the Eocene. Total diversity for the Gulf Coast does not approach Cretaceous levels until the Late Eocene representing a total recovery interval of nearly 25 million years. While the E–O event also reflects a molluscan extinction rate of over 90% in the Gulf of Mexico, there are no signs of hostile environmental conditions in the recovery fauna. Early Oligocene molluscan assemblages are diverse and dominated by suspension feeders characteristic of normal marine conditions. The hiatus at the E–O boundary, however, could have obscured a short-term recovery fauna. There is also no sign of long-term perturbation by the E–O extinction. There are no bloom taxa and gamma diversity approaches pre-extinction levels within a few million years. The overall pattern of the E–O extinction is consistent with extinction (and/or migration) associated with long-term cooling.
Developing race categories in infancy via Bayesian face recognition

The other-race effect emerges during infancy following the perceptual narrowing of face recognition. Other-race faces that were previously discriminable in early infancy cannot be distinguished by older infants. Presently, I discuss a Bayesian model of this process that posits that the other-race effect may be a consequence of learning to distinguish between intra-personal variation (changes to face appearance that preserve identity) and extra-personal variation (changes that do not preserve identity) in a visual environment in which a subset of race categories dominate. I demonstrate that race categories, which I have previously argued are a critical pre-cursor to the emergence of the other-race effect in infancy, are a natural by-product of this model. Perceptual narrowing for race may thus be a natural consequence of visual experience and the estimation of face variability based on a growing number of exemplars. I describe the basic architecture of the model, its applicability to a range of visual learning scenarios, and identify critical choices one faces in applying the model to a specific perceptual task. Despite the success of the model in accounting for these behavioral results, I conclude by identifying important shortcomings of the model and describe important challenges for future efforts to characterize the development of the other-race effect computationally.
Characterization of Thermomechanical Properties of Polypyrrole Nanowires

The polypyrrole (Ppy) is widely known as a conducting polymer, and many types of microactuators have been demonstrated based on volume change induced by oxidation-reduction reaction of polymer in liquid or dry environments. However, the thermomechanical property of Ppy is not well known. Here we report the measurement of Young’s modulus of polypyrrole nanowires and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) by Lateral Force Microscopy. Young’s modulus was measured via tip-deflection of a cantilevered Ppy nanowire. By measuring the applied force and deflection, the Young’s modulus was determined to be 2.3 ± 0.7 GPa. A thin metallic (Cu) film was deposited on only one side of the Ppy nanowire to form bimorph nanoactuators. The CTE was determined to be 12 × 10−6 /K.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Application of multidimensional scaling techniques to facilities layout

Abstract Guidelines in the form of scatter diagrams can be valuable and helpful in facilities layout decisions. This paper demonstrates that a direct application of non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) techniques to layout problems can conveniently provide such guidelines. Although two layout-specific algorithms develop scatter diagrams as well, our proposal is significant for two reasons. First, MDS packages for microcomputers and mainframes that generate low cost solutions are readily available. Second, because non-metric MDS programs accept various forms of input data without restrictions, allow different distance measures, and can offer solutions in three dimensions, they provide users with flexibility in the type of layout problems that can be solved.
Novel and convenient syntheses of N-alkyl-substituted triaza- and tetraaza-crown compounds

Abstract A new short method to prepare N-alkyl-substituted triaza- and tetraaza-crown compounds in good overall yields by reacting the appropriate oligoazaoxadiamine with allyloxymethyl-substituted triethylene glycol diiodide or diglycolyl dichloride (followed by reduction) is presented.
Digging Deeper in the Coronal Graveyard

Soft X-ray detections of stellar coronae (T ~ 106 K) are rare in the giant branch redward of ~K1 III. We have conducted a less direct—but more sensitive—search using the Hubble Space Telescope Goddard High-Resolution Spectrograph to probe for far-ultraviolet proxies of the hot coronal gas in representative "noncoronal" red giants. In every target so far examined, we find weak but statistically significant Si IV emission, as well as, commonly, C IV and, in some cases, N V. Si IV is not affected by the CNO anomalies produced by the first dredge-up, which can deplete the carbon abundance and weaken C IV. In the low-activity giants, the λ1393 component of the Si IV doublet must be corrected for sharp absorptions, which we believe are caused by carbon monoxide in overlying cool material. The normalized flux ratios ( ≡ f/fbol) of Si IV and X-rays among the "coronal" yellow giants (lying just blueward of the "noncoronal" zone) fall on a uniform track, X ~2Si IV. In the noncoronal zone, however, the Si IV index is nearly constant (Si IV ~10−8), independent of X (which ranges from ~10-8 to 10-10). The mechanism that diminishes X-ray activity in the red giants is highly sensitive to an as yet unidentified stellar property. Photoelectric absorption by cool gas might play a more important role than previously suspected, particularly if hot magnetic loops are partly or completely buried in the chromosphere.
Integrating the healthcare enterprise: a primer. Part 6: the fellowship of IHE: year 4 additions and extensions.

Recently, one of my friends, a computer wizard, paid me a visit. As we were talking, I mentioned that I had recently installed a picture archiving and communication system and a radiology information system. I told him how happy I was with the system and showed him a compact disk (CD) from it. To my surprise, he threw it into my microwave oven and turned it on. Instantly I got very upset, because the System had become precious to me, but he said, "Do not worry, it is unharmed." After a few minutes, he took the CD out, gave it to me and said, "Take a close look at it." To my surprise, the CD was quite cold to hold and it seemed to be heavier than before. At first, I could not see anything, but on the inner edge of the central hole, I saw an inscription, an inscription finer than anything I had ever seen before. The inscription shone piercingly bright, and yet remote, as if out of a great depth: 12413AEB2ED4FA5E6F7D78E78BEDE8209450920F923A40Eel0E50CC98D444AA08E324. "I cannot understand the fiery letters," I said in a timid voice. "No, but I can," he said. "The letters are Hex, of an ancient mode, but the language is that of DICOM, which I shall not utter here. But in common English, this is what it says: Two integration profiles to schedule work flow. Five for radiology with room to grow. One for the bacon to bring it home. One for HIPAA all alone. And one for results for those who would know. One technical framework in which to find them. One technical framework to guide them. One technical framework to bring them all. And in the Connect-a-thon bind them. In the Land of Lincoln where no shadows are. We continue the saga of the fellowship of the IHE: clinicians, radiologists, informaticians, administrators, technologists, imaging system vendors, and non-imaging system vendors, as they begin their year 4 transactions.
Scientific results from the Hubble Space Telescope fine-guidance sensors

The Fine Guidance Sensors of the Hubble Space Telescope have two roles to play. They are the ultimate pointing and control instruments onboard the spacecraft and they are the primary astrometric instruments of the observatory. Because they are used for every scientific observation with the Hubble Space Telescope, independently of the ultimate scientific instrument being utilized, there is much more experience with them than with any of the other scientific devices. The Fine Guidance Sensors have already serendipitously discovered their first binary star from the Hubble Space Telescope Guide Star Catalog, have been exercised in most of their observing modes, and are able to fulfill their pointing and control functions up to their original specifications (in the absence of external influences). In addition, the imperfections in the primary mirror have minimally affected the performance of the Fine Guidance Sensors. An up-to-date summary of FGS engineering and science will be presented.
A comparison of isometric strength and dynamic lifting capability.

A laboruiory study was conducted to determine if job specific static strength can be used to predict dynamic lifting capability (maximum acceptable weight of lift) based on psychophysical methodology. Nine male college students were required to lift three different tote boxes (containers) from a 38 cm height to a 81 cm high table using a semi-squat body posture. For each tote boxsialic strength was measured in three different ways. These were (i) maximum voluntary isometric strength (MVIS) measured at the origin in a vertical direction, (ii) MVIS measured close to the body in a vertical direction, and (iii) maximum acceptable weight that a subject could hold for 3 s at the origin of the dynamic lift, MVIS al the origin of lift, MVIS close to the body and holding the tote box explained 24.32 and 62% variation, respectively, in dynamic lifting capability. On the average, MVIS al the origin of lift, MVIS close to the body and holding the tote box were 46. 120. 72%, respectively, of dynamic lifting strength. ...
Headaches and multiple sclerosis: a clinical study and review of the literature

Whether multiple sclerosis (MS) can cause headaches is controversial. To clarify the association between headaches and MS we prospectively analyzed 104 consecutive MS patients using detailed headache evaluations. Fifty-four patients (52%) reported headaches, compared with 5 of 35 (14%) patients initially suspected to have MS but subsequently proven to have other disorders, and 18 of 100 (18%) matched general neurology patients. The MS patients had tension headaches or vascular headaches of the migraine type; there was no distinctive "MS headache." Seven of these patients had headaches with their first MS symptoms, but in only one did headaches recur with disease activity. Headaches did not correlate with any clinical features of MS. We conclude that an association between headaches and MS may exist.
Interplay of Cell-Autonomous and Nonautonomous Mechanisms Tailors Synaptic Connectivity of Converging Axons In Vivo

Neurons receive input from diverse afferents but form stereotypic connections with each axon type to execute their precise functions. Developmental mechanisms that specify the connectivity of individual axons across populations of converging afferents are not well-understood. Here, we untangled the contributions of activity-dependent and independent interactions that regulate the connectivity of afferents providing major and minor input onto a neuron. Individual transmission-deficient retinal bipolar cells (BCs) reduced synapses with retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), but active BCs of the same type sharing the dendrite surprisingly did not compensate for this loss. Genetic ablation of some BC neighbors resulted in increased synaptogenesis by the remaining axons in a transmission-independent manner. Presence, but not transmission, of the major BC input also dissuades wiring with the minor input and with synaptically compatible but functionally mismatched afferents. Cell-autonomous, activity-dependent and nonautonomous, activity-independent mechanisms thus together tailor connectivity of individual axons among converging inner retinal afferents.
The development of a pH-sensitive contrast agent for NMR 1H imaging.

Fe(III)meso-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphine (Fe-TPPS,) has been investigated as a potential pH-sensitive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) proton image contrast agent. Relaxation rates (1/T1, and 1/T2) of water protons were measured as a function of pH and concentration of Fe-TPPS, in phosphate-buffered isotonic saline. Transverse relaxation rates (1/T2) did not change appreciably with pH above 6.0. Longitudinal relaxation rates (1/T1) increased significantly between pH 7.75 and 5.75. This effect was more pronounced with the increasing concentration of Fe-TPPS, from 0.1 to 1. 5 mM and is attributed to a pH-dependent equilibrium between the high-spin (S = 5/2) Fe–TPPS4 monomer at low pH and the antiferromagnetically coupled μ-oxodimer O–(FeTPPS4)2 at high pH. The efficacy of this pH-dependent contrast agent is demonstrated in vitro. © 1987 Academic Press, Inc.
Visible and infrared extinction in falling snow.

When visible or IR energy is propagated through falling snow, a dominant feature of the scattering pattern is a diffraction lobe which is sharply peaked in the forward direction. A correction based on diffraction made to the single-scattering coefficient is used to develop a simplified model which describes radiative transfer in the forward direction and which may be used to explain the observed variation of extinction with wavelength.
Reply to ``Comment on `Systematics of transfer/breakup yields for weakly-bound light nuclei' ''

The transfer/breakup designation was meant to be inclusive of several processes leading to breakup of the projectile. While it would be interesting to separate these various reaction channels, the information required to do so is often not available. This should not be allowed to obscure the observation that the sum of these direct processes appears to follow a systematic trend.
Fostering Motivation, Hope, and Resilience in Children with Learning Disorders.

I have had the opportunity to work with many children and adolescents with learning disorders during the past 30 years. In conducting therapy with these youths, I became increasingly aware that most were burdened by feelings of low self-worth and incompetence and that many believed that their situation would not improve. Not surprisingly, this sense of hopelessness served as a major obstacle to future success. Once children believe that things will not improve, they are likely to engage in self-defeating ways of coping such as quitting or avoiding tasks, blaming others for their difficulties, or becoming class clowns or bullies. Thus, a negative cycle is often set in motion, intensifying feelings of defeat and despair.
Demonstration of a 12 nm-half-pitch copper ultralow-k interconnect process

A process to achieve 12 nm half-pitch interconnect structures in ultralow-k interlayer dielectric (ILD) is realized using standard 193 nm lithography. An optimized pattern transfer that minimizes unwanted distortion of ILD features is followed by copper fill. Electrical measurements that validate functionality of the drawn structures are presented.
Constant folding within an expression by semantic attributes

A new type of constant folding is presented, which is to replace an expression containing constants with an equivalent expression with fewer constants. The process of constant folding within an expression is described using attribute grammars. Since the attributes defined in the semantic rules are all synthesized, the evaluation of attributes of an expression for constant folding can be completed either in a single left-to-right pass of the parse tree of the expression or in conjunction with one-pass syntax analysis of the expression.
Information flow from Japan to U.S. researchers in applied and basic energy research fields

A recent study conducted by Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) evaluated technical information transfer from Japan to the United States. This evaluation was part of a larger assessment of international monitoring of energy technology development conducted for the U.S. Department of Energy. For this study, U.S. researchers in each of ten selected technical fields were identified and interviewed to obtain their perceptions of information transfer from Japan.
Harper–Dorn creep – The dislocation network theory revisited

The dislocation network theory of Harper–Dorn creep is revisited in light of several criticisms and new results published over the last decade. It is argued that the criticisms are unjustified, and that at least for Al the predictions of the theory are in very good agreement with the new and older experimental observations.
Physical activity effects on bone metabolism

The incidence of osteoporotic fractures rises exponentially with age and is increasing faster than the demographic increase in the aging population. Physical activity has great potential to reduce the risk for osteoporotic fractures. Three independent but interactive factors contribute to the risk of fractures: bone strength, the risk of falling, and the effectiveness of neuromuscular response that protects the skeleton from injury. Exercise can reduce fracture risk not only by preventing bone loss, but by decreasing the risk of falling and the force of impact by improving strength, flexibility, balance, and reaction time. Extreme inactivity causes rapid bone loss of up to 40%, while athletic activity results in bone hypertrophy of up to 40%. Exercise intervention programs have reduced bone loss or increased bone mass in both men and women of various ages and initial bone status. These benefits have been shown for arm bone mineral content, total body calcium, spine, calcium bone index, tibia, and calcaneus. In both middle-aged and elderly women, physical activity intervention reduced bone loss or increased bone mass. The mechanisms for maintenance of skeletal integrity rely on a cellular response to hormonal and mechanical load stimuli. Studies in animal models show that training affects cellular activity. In osteoporotics, cellular erosion is increased and mineral apposition rate (MAR) decreased compared with normal age-matched controls. In contrast to this, sows trained on a treadmill 20 min per day for 20 weeks had greater active periosteal surface, periosteal MAR, and osteonal MAR than untrained sows.
Explicit formulas for the Dumont-Foata polynomial

Dumont and Foata have defined a polynomial F"n(x, y, z) recursively. They proved that F"n(x, y, z) is symmetric in x, y, z and that F"n(1, 1, 1) = G"2"n"+"2 the Genocchi number. Moreover, they gave an elegant combinatorial interpretation for the coefficients of F"n(x, y, z). In the present paper explicit formulas and generating functions for F"n(x, y, z) are obtained.
(3/2, 1) Superfield of O(2) Supergravity

We show that there are only two minimal (32, 1) multiplets, only one of which can form an O(2) multiplet with (non-minimal) O(1) supergravity. Both are described by a spinor superfield, with or without compensating superfields.
Temperature-Dependent Phase Matching for Far-Infrared Difference-Frequency Generation in InSb

The efficiency of difference-frequency generation in InSb at 100 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, using a C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ laser as input, was found to be strongly temperature dependent. This dependence is shown to be due to phase matching resulting from an increase with temperature of the short-wavelength refractive indices. A value of 4.03 is derived for the refractive index at 100 \ensuremath{\mu}. The effect of astigmatism in the input optics is pointed out.
A problem for Koehler's theory of figural aftereffects.

Consideration of Koehler's theory of figural aftereffects in the light of research on the alternation of Rubin's reversible figure indicates a serious problem for the theory which seems to have bee...
Gendered Taskscapes: Food, Farming, and Craft Production in Banda, Ghana in the Eighteenth to Twenty-first Centuries

This article blends insights from gender, technology, and development studies with Ingold’s concept of taskscape to examine the interrelated nature of farming, food, and craft manufacture practices in Banda, Ghana during the last three centuries. We begin by comparing two ethnoarchaeological studies that were conducted separately by the authors, one that focused on food, and the other on ceramic production, preparation, and consumption. We use these data to analyze gendered taskscapes and how they have changed in recent decades with the introduction of new technologies and major economic and environmental shifts. Building on such insights, we analyze how taskscapes shifted in earlier centuries in Banda through archaeological remains of food and craft practice at the eighteenth- to twentieth-century site of Makala Kataa. Craft production cannot be fully understood without reference to food production, preparation, and consumption; thus, viewing these practices as interrelated tasks in a gendered taskscape yields insight into the rhythms of everyday life and highlights women’s often undervalued skills.
Direct imaging of smectic B phase of poly(p‐xylylene)

Single crystals of poly(p-xylylene) were grown in dilute α-methylnaphthalene solution and studied by bright-field and high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM). The crystallization process was discussed in terms of the dependence of crystal form on crystallization conditions. A 0.15 nm resolution was achieved from high-resolution images of a frozen liquid crystalline phase. High-temperature electron diffraction patterns confirmed the existence of the liquid-crystalline phase in agreement with previous work of Lieser. The HREM images show the molecular packing in the smectic B phase. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Abstract 1066: ERK/RSK and JNK signaling cooperatively mediate oncogenic Ras-induced death receptor 5 expression through enhancing CHOP, Elk1 and c-Jun-dependent transcription

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Oncogenic mutation of Ras frequently occurs in many types of cancers and plays a critical role in cell transformation and oncogenesis. Interestingly, the oncogenic Ras has been documented to induce the expression of death receptor 5 (DR5), a pro-apoptotic death domain-containing cell surface receptor for TRAIL, through currently undefined mechanisms. The current study attempted to address the mechanisms by which the oncogenic Ras induces DR5 expression. Enforced expression of the oncogenic H-Ras or K-Ras (e.g., RasV12) increased DR5 promoter activity and DR5 expression. This was also accompanied by activation of both ERK/RSK and JNK signaling pathways as evidenced by increased levels of p-ERK, p-RSK, p-JNK and p-c-Jun as well as their downstream proteins, CHOP, Elk1 and c-Jun. Gene silencing-mediated inhibition of either ERK, RSK or JNK activation blocked RasV12-induced DR5 expression. Moreover, knockdown of CHOP, Elk1 or c-Jun abrogated RasV12-induced DR5 expression as well. These data collectively indicate that both ERK/RSK and JNK signaling pathways are required for RasV12-induced DR5 expression. Triple gene (CHOP, Elk1 and c-Jun) co-expressed resulted in the highest DR5 promoter transactivation and protein expression in comparison to single or double gene expression. Consistently, oligonucleotide pull-down assay could detect Elk1, CHOP and c-Jun proteins bound to the DR5 promoter in cells co-transfected with CHOP, Elk1 and c-Jun genes or transfected with Ras-V12 gene, indicating that these proteins together bind to the DR5 promoter region. Thus we suggest that these three proteins cooperatively participate in RasV12-induced DR5 expression by enhancing its transcription. Importantly, we found that RasV12-transformed human ovarian cells were more sensitive than their non-transformed counterparts to undergo TRAIL-induced apoptosis. In summary, this study demonstrated that oncogenic Ras induces DR5 expression through activation of both ERK/RSK and JNK signaling pathways and subsequent CHOP, Elk1 and c-Jun-mediated gene transactivation. Cancers with Ras mutation may be suitable for TRAIL-based cancer therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1066. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1066
Schedule burst proactively for optical burst switched networks

Optical Burst Switching (OBS) is a promising paradigm for the next-generation Internet infrastructure. In OBS, a key problem is to schedule bursts on channels with both fast and bandwidth efficient algorithms so as to reduce burst loss. To date, most scheduling algorithms avoid burst contention locally (or reactively). In this paper, we propose several novel algorithms for scheduling bursts in OBS networks with and without wavelength conversion capability. The basic idea of our algorithms is to serialize the bursts on an outgoing link to reduce the number of bursts that may arrive at downstream nodes simultaneously (and thus pro-actively reduce the burst contention and burst loss probability at downstream nodes). This can be accomplished by judiciously delaying locally assembled bursts beyond a pre-determined offset time at an ingress node using the electronic memory. Compared with the existing algorithms, our proposed algorithms can significantly reduce the loss rate while ensuring that maximum delay of a burst does not exceed its prescribed limit.
Damage Localization in Complex Composite Panels Using Guided Wave Based Structural Health Monitoring System

Knowledge of the damage location in composite structures is a necessary output for both Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) and Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). Although several damage localization approaches using a triangulation method and Time-of-Flight (ToF) of guided waves have been reported in literature, the damage localization technique is still not mature for composite structures with complex material properties, varying thickness and complex geometries. This paper investigates the development of a new approach for SHM and damage localization using a guided wave based active sensing system. In contrast to the traditional ellipse method, the proposed method does not require the information of structural thickness, ToF, or the estimation of group velocities of each guided wave mode at different propagation angles, which is one of the main limitations of most current ToF methodologies involving composites. This approach uses time-frequency analysis to calculate the difference of the ToF of the converted modes for each sensor signal. The damage location and the group velocity are obtained by solving a set of nonlinear equations. The proposed method can be used for composite structures with unknown lay-up and thickness. To validate the proposed method, experiments were conducted on both composite plates and stiffened composite panels. Eight piezoelectric (PZT) transducers were surface-bonded on each composite specimen and used in four pairs. The PZT transducers in each pair were bonded close to each other. In the PZT array, one PZT transducer from one PZT pair was used as the actuator and the other three pairs were used as sensors. A windowed cosine signal was used as the excitation signal. The locations of the delaminations in the composite specimens were validated using a flash thermography system. The accuracy of the proposed method in localizing delaminations was examined through comparison with the experimental measurements.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Tumour necrosis factor-α induces cyclo-oxygenase-2 gene expression in first trimester trophoblasts: suppression by glucocorticoids and NSAIDs

Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a pleiotropic cytokine which stimulates the synthesis and release of prostaglandins (PGs) in several in vitro and in vivo models of preterm labour. While TNF-α-stimulated PG production has been described in decidual, amnion and myometrial cells, to date no studies have focused on the role of TNF-α in the stimulation of arachidonic acid metabolism in placental trophoblast cells. Cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) is the rate-limiting enzyme in PG biosynthesis and is expressed de novo during cellular activation by cytokines. To test whether TNF-α alters expression of COX-2, trophoblasts from first trimester chorionic villi were cultured as a continuous cell line and treated with TNF-α alone or with TNF-α and dexamethasone (Dex). Total RNA and protein were extracted from the trophoblasts and subjected to Northern and immunoblot analysis, respectively. Northern blots were hybridized with a 32P-labelled probe encoding the COX-2 cDNA and immunoblots were incubated with anti-COX-2 antibodies. There was a time- and dose-dependent increase in COX-2 mRNA and protein expression in cells stimulated with TNF-α. The effect of TNF-α on COX-2 rnRNA and protein expression was inhibited by dexamethasone (Dex). To examine the production of PGE2 and PGF2α, specific RIAs were performed on culture media from similarly stimulated cells. PG accumulation after TNF-α-stimulation occurred in a time- and dose-dependent fashion with a similar inhibition of PG accumulation after Dex exposure. To be certain that TNF-α-stimulated PGE2 production was, indeed, a result of COX-2 induction, RIAs were carried out with the COX-2-selective inhibitor NS-398. Cells stimulated with the NS-398 after TNF-α exposure demonstrated suppression of TNF-α-stimulated PGE2 formation. The results suggest that TNF-α elicits part of its pathophysiologic effects in preterm labour via alterations in COX-2 gene expression within the placental microenvironment.
Donating used CARs.

In this issue of Blood , Kochenderfer et al show that engineered CD19–chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) and donor-derived allogeneic T cells can safely treat CD19-positive B-cell malignancies, which have relapsed after allogeneic stem cell transplantation.[1][1] ![Figure][2] DLI with
Far-ultraviolet and visible light scatter measurements for CVD SiC mirrors for SOHO

Chemically-vapor-deposited (CVD) silicon carbide (SiC) has become a popular mirror material for spaceborne solar instrumentation for the vacuum ultraviolet wavelength range due to its appreciable broadband reflectance and favorable thermal and opto-mechanical properties. Scatter from surfaces of mirrors operating in this wavelength range can destroy otherwise good image contrast especially for extended targets such as the sun. While valid far ultraviolet (FUV) scatter measurements are entirely non-trivial to conduct and so are rarely performed, visible light scatter measurements are comparatively easy. Unfortunately, it is not straightforward to predict FUV scatter performance based on visible light scatter measurements for mirrors made of CVD SiC. It is hoped that by carrying out scatter measurements in both wavelength regimes for the same CVD SiC mirror, that the ability to make such predictions may be enhanced. Visible light (633 nm) scatter measurements were performed at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) by two different means on CVD SiC telescope mirrors (from the same process and same vendor) for two instruments on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) - - the Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer (UVCS) and Solar Ultraviolet Measurement of Emitted Radiation (SUMER). Additionally, extensive FUV scatter measurements were made for SUMER telescope mirrors. In this paper, we correlate the results for those FUV and visible light scatter measurements for this important material.
Diurnal Cycle of Surface Flows during 2004 NAME and Comparison to Model Reanalysis

Abstract During the North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME), an unprecedented surface dataset was collected over the core monsoon region. Observations from 157 surface sites in this region along with twice-daily Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) oceanic winds were quality controlled and processed into a gridded dataset covering the domain (15°–40°N, 90°–120°W) at 1-h, 0.25° resolution for the period from 1 July to 15 August. Using this dataset, the mean, temporal variability, and diurnal characteristics of the monsoon surface flow are documented with detail not previously possible. Being independent of model data over land, these objectively analyzed surface products are compared to similar analyses from a special North American Regional Reanlysis for NAME (NARR_NAME) that was produced for the same period. Observed surface fields indicate that a robust land–sea breeze circulation is present over most of the Gulf of California (GoC) region in response to the strong diurnal heating of landmasses on both sides...