cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optically determined minority-carrier transport in GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs heterostructures.

We have studied minority-carrier electron and hole transport versus temperature (30--300 K) in a series of undoped, ``interface-free,'' GaAs/${\mathrm{Al}}_{0.3}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.7}$As double heterostructures prepared by organometallic vapor-phase epitaxy, with GaAs thicknesses from 0.1 to 10 \ensuremath{\mu}m. This was achieved using an all-optical, time-resolved photoluminescence-imaging technique with a spatial resolution of \ensuremath{\lesssim}3 \ensuremath{\mu}m, temporal resolution of \ensuremath{\sim}50 ps, and spectral resolution of 1 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. This technique allows direct determination of minority-carrier transport properties, and is superior to electrical transport measurement techniques in that it is contactless, may distinguish between diffusive and nondiffusive carrier motion, and has high temporal and spectral resolution. We find all transport (electron and hole) in these structures to be diffusive. Specifically, transport in thick structures (\ensuremath{\gtrsim}0.5 \ensuremath{\mu}m) is hole-dominated ambipolar diffusion, whereas in thinner structures (\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.5 \ensuremath{\mu}m) we observe a time-dependent transition from ambipolar to electron-dominated diffusion. Minority-carrier mobilities derived from these diffusion measurements, from 300 to \ensuremath{\sim}30 K, are in excellent agreement with both electron and hole majority-carrier mobilities. Furthermore, fits to the temperature-dependent mobilities yield deformation potentials in agreement with published electrically derived values.
Autodissemination of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) granulosis virus by healthy adults

Abstract Healthy adult males of Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) were contaminated with a freeze-dried powder formulation of a homologous granulosis virus (IMMGV) when attracted to a source by a pheromone lure. Surface contamination of males was transferred to adult females during copulation and larval food was subsequently contaminated by females during oviposition as well as by other adult activities. Both the F1 and F2 generations of larvae acquired patent infections of IMMGV, resulting in 60% and 50% mortality, respectively. Concurrent introduction of both sexes into the exposure room compared unfavorably with trials in which males were exposed for 24 hr before females were added. Only 16% mortality resulted in the F1 progeny when males and females were exposed simultaneously. Cadaver feeding was found not to be significant. Although incidence of infection was not high when both sexes were introduced simulatenously, the results confirm previous indications that autodissemination may have potential for limited control of P. interpunctella.
Pacific region climate change

Abstract Due to the pervasive effect of El Nino-related climate anomalies on societies over broad regions of the Indian and Pacific Ocean regions, climate model simulations can provide valuable information concerning possible future climate change that could have a similar signature in those regions. Average climate change in the Pacific region from increased carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in a global coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model is characterized by greater warming of the ocean surface in the eastern tropical Pacific than in the western tropical Pacific. This pattern resembles El Nino conditions as well as the decadal timescale climate anomalies observed during the 1980s. As a consequence, average increases in precipitation in the central equatorial Pacific in the model with increased CO 2 are accompanied by precipitation decreases in the northern and southern tropical Pacific, Australasia and eastern Indian Ocean regions. A deepened Aleutian low pressure center in the North Pacific is also associated with mean climate changes due to increased CO 2 in the model and is similar to El Nino conditions and the decadal timescale observed anomaly pattern. The model results suggest that future droughts in the Australasian region, already associated with naturally-occurring El Nino events, would increase in intensity due to the juxtaposition of climate anomalies of the same sign from increasing CO 2 in the atmosphere. This result has implications for the management of fresh water resources in these regions.
Immediate effects of a tibiofibular joint manipulation on lower extremity H-reflex measurements in individuals with chronic ankle instability

Persistent muscle inhibition of the fibularis longus and soleus muscles and altered joint arthrokinematics may play a role in chronic ankle instability (CAI). Joint mobilization has been shown to improve ankle joint motion, but effects on surrounding musculature is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the change in fibularis longus and soleus activation following tibiofibular joint manipulation in individuals with CAI. Forty-three subjects were randomized to one of three groups (proximal tibiofibular manipulation, distal tibiofibular manipulation, or control). A two-way mixed model ANOVA was used to compare changes in the ratio of the maximum H-reflex and maximum M-wave measurements (H/M ratio) of the fibularis longus and soleus between groups over time (pre, post 0, 10, 20, 30 min). The distal tibiofibular joint manipulation group demonstrated a significant increase (P < .05) in soleus H/M ratio at all post-intervention time periods except 20 min post-intervention (P = .48). The proximal tibiofibular joint manipulation and control groups did not demonstrate a change in soleus H/M ratios. All groups demonstrated a decrease (P < .05) from baseline values in fibularis longus (10–30 min post-intervention) and soleus (30 min post-intervention) H/M ratios. Interventions directed at the distal tibiofibular joint acutely increase soleus muscle activation.
Far Offset P-to-S "elastic Impedance" For Lithology And Partial Gas Saturation (fizz Water) Identification: Applications With Well Logs.

5th Conference & Exposition on Petroleum Geophysics, Hyderabad-2004, India PP 490-494 ABSTRACT : In this paper, we present a formulation of P-to-S "elastic impedance" (PSEI), assuming the validity of convolutional model for PS converted waves and weak contrast between layers. We show how, for a particular analytically defined angle, PSEI can theoretically give a direct density estimator. Two applications with real well logs are shown: PSEI as best lithology differentiator in an Orinoco Belt example (also applicable to reservoirs with small acoustic impedance contrast between sands and shales), and PSEI to discriminate between commercial gas saturations and fizz water.
THE RISE AND DEMISE OF A COMPANY TOWN

(1977). THE RISE AND DEMISE OF A COMPANY TOWN. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 32-39.
Linking Management Reform with Employee Job Satisfaction: Evidence from Federal Agencies

Recent public management literature has emphasized the influence of public sector characteristics on employee attitudes, behaviors, and performance. This article assesses how recent management reforms, such as contracting out, civil service overhaul (also known as Title 5 exemptions or removal of civil service protections), and managing for results are associated with employee job satisfaction in the federal government. Using the Federal Human Capital Survey 2006 dataset, this article finds that contracting out and Title 5 exemption are negatively related to job satisfaction. Managing for results, operationalized as perceived performance orientation and innovative culture, is positively related to job satisfaction, but the relationship is moderated by employees’ trust in leadership and their perceptions of the effectiveness and fairness of performance appraisal.
Anisotropy in surface migration of Si and Ge on Si(001)

Abstract The anisotropy in surface migration of Si ad Ge atoms on Si(001) has been investigated by STM analysis of the width of denuded ones at substrate steps that are formed in the spatial distributions of 2D islands after molecular-beam deposition. In both cases, surface migration is at least 1000 times faster along the substrate dimer rows than perpendicular to them.
"To see things as God sees them": theological reflections on pastoral care to persons with dementia.

SUMMARY Although theology is often seen as impractical speculation on unimportant matters, it serves as a necessary foundation–and provides valuable guidance–for chaplains who must provide pastoral care to persons with dementia and their families. Theology can help us “to see things as God sees them.” Among the theological doctrines found in the Hebrew-Christian scriptures and traditions that are particularly helpful are the following: human creation “in the image of God”; human nature as a psychophysical unity; the dependence of all persons upon God's mercy; the centrality of community; and God's judgment of personal worth by standards very different from those of “the world.” A model for applying these concepts and some thoughts of the importance of chaplains are offered.
The Flow and Acoustic Field Due to an Inclined Plate With a Downstream Splitter

In the present work, the high Reynolds number flow past an inclined plate with a splitter plate placed in its wake is considered numerically. A numerical conformal mapping technique is employed to transform the two-plate system into the same number of cylinders: the flow field is assumed to be two-dimensional. The vortex shedding from the inclined plate is modelled using the discrete vortex method. It is shown that the splitter plate has a profound effect on the development of the flow over a range of values of a suitably defined offset parameter and for a range of positions of the leading edge of the splitter plate. The acoustic field is also calculated and the spectrum reflects the flow results.
Relationship Mutuality Why Is It Important in Batterers' Rehabilitation?

Batterers' rehabilitation takes more than just stopping all forms of abuse and violence. To stop domestic violence batterers are expected to halt all forms of violence and abusive behaviors and work on building relationship equality. In this study, relationship mutuality, as measured by the Mutuality Psychological Development Questionnaire (MPDQ), was one of six variables significantly related to batterers' completion of domestic violence rehabilitation. Completers were more likely to be young, employed, have lower levels of stress and post traumatic stress, be receiving monthly monitoring from the courts, and have higher levels of relationship mutuality. In addition, the greater the frequency and severity of the abuse the lower the level of relationship mutuality as reported by the batterer. When compared with the reports of their victims, batterers continued to minimize both the psychological abuse and physical violence.
Racechanges: White Skin, Black Face in American Culture

This book examines racial impersonations - i.e., blackface - in modern American film, fiction, poetry, painting, photography, and journalism. Gubar shows how the white popular imagination has evolved through a series of oppositional identities that are dependent on the idea of black others. She draws from an extensive range of illustrative work, with examples from high and low culture, from turn-of-the century to present day.
A resistance strain gage with repeatable apparent strain to 800 C

Experimental PdCr temperature-compensated resistance static-strain gages are described. The gages are developed in both fine-wire and thin-film forms. It is found that a PdCr wire strain gage coated with a flame-sprayed mixture of alumina and 4 wt pct zirconia demonstrates the smallest variation in and the best repeatability of apparent strain among the existing gages used at temperatures up to 800 C. Results of preliminary tests indicate uncompensated uncoated thin-film gages have potential usefulness at temperatures up to 1000 C.
The mass spectra of 1,2,4-triazine and some of its derivatives

The mass spectra of some esters of 1,2,4-triazine-3-carboxylic acid and of 1,2,4-triazine itself are reported, and their fragmentation patterns are analyzed. The syntheses of the methyl and of the t-butyl esters of 1,2,4-triazine-3-carboxylate are described.
Capital Investment in Neighborhoods" Theories which Inform National Urban Policy in the United States

This article addresses two fundamental issues in the design and implementation of federal urban policies: (i) the shifting priorities of urban policy characterizing urban renewal, the Community Development Act, and recent neighborhood-oriented redevelopment efforts and (ii) the sociological theories which underlie such priorities. The first part of the article traces the shift in priority of national urban policy from an earlier focus on economic redevelopment and housing assistance for the economically disadvantaged to the more recent thrust toward neighborhood rehabilitation, revitalization, and stabilization. The central role of private sector economic involvement in the new urban strategies is discussed and the triage model of urban development is proposed to explain recent urban policy efforts. In the latter part of the article the sociological theories underlying many of the new urban policies are shown to contain inherent contradictions and inadequacies which were largely ignored by policy-makers. The authors conclude that the articulation between these theories of neighborhood dynamics and the present urban policy focus dooms recent programs, once again, to failure. This article addresses two primary issues: the priorities of urban policy which have characterized urban renewal, the Community Development Act, and Urban Homesteading, and the sociological theories which underlie these priorities. Most of the analysis will focus upon the latter two programs. Previous studies of these programs have focussed upon administrative, legal, or funding arrangements, or have attempted
Understanding SRAM Stability via Bifurcation Analysis: Analytical Models and Scaling Trends

In the past decades, aggressive scaling of transistor feature size has been a primary force driving higher Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) integration density. Due to technology scaling, nanometer SRAM designs become increasingly vulnerable to stability challenges. The traditional way of analyzing stability is through the use of Static Noise Margins (SNMs). SNMs are not capable of capturing the key nonlinear dynamics associated with memory operations, leading to imprecise characterization of stability. This work rigorously develops dynamic stability concepts and, more importantly, captures them in physically based analytical models. By leveraging nonlinear stability theory, we develop analytical models that characterize the minimum required amplitude and duration of injected current noises that can flip the SRAM state. These models, which are parameterized in key design, technology, and operating condition parameters, provide important design insights and offer a basis for predicting scaling trends of SRAM dynamic stability.
Quenching and hydroclastic disruption of andesitic to rhyolitic intrusions in a submarine island-arc sequence, northern Sierra Nevada, California

Devonian submarine island-arc deposits of the Sierra Buttes Formation in the northern Sierra Nevada are penetrated by numerous penecontemporaneous hypabyssal intrusions, but related extrusive lavas are absent. Significant parts of the arc succession are occupied by andesitic to rhyolitic intrusive complexes that record the quenching and disruption of large volumes of magma injected into wet sediments at shallow levels beneath the sea floor. Extensive masses of intrusive hydroclastic breccia are characterized by in situ fragmentation textures and developed by progressive brittle disintegration of quenched magma. Pillows dispersed within the breccia formed as a series of interconnected tubes that supplied magma to the growing intrusive masses. Beds of redeposited hydroclastic breccia indicate that the intrusions locally reached the sea floor to undergo slumping and debris flow. Large-scale steam explosions did not occur during magma/wet-sediment interaction, probably due at least in part to the lithostatic and hydrostatic pressure acting on the intrusions. Low-viscosity rhyolitic magma developed intrusive pillows and in situ hydroclastic breccia in the same fashion as quenched andesitic magma. This fluid behavior was favored by retention of volatiles in the rhyolitic magma under relatively deep marine conditions. Quenched and disrupted hypabyssal complexes of the type described herein may be common elements of the submarine parts of island arcs and other volcanic environments where uprise of magma through thick sequences of wet sediment is impeded due to buoyancy constraints and rapid chilling.
Effect of application frequency and reduced rates of Acibenzolar-S-methyl on the field efficacy of induced resistance against bacterial spot on tomato

Acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), a plant activator known to induce systemic acquired resistance, has demonstrated an ability to manage a number of plant diseases, including bacterial spot on tomato caused by four distinct Xanthomonas spp. The aim of this study was to evaluate application rate and frequency of ASM in order to optimize field efficacy against bacterial spot in Florida, while minimizing its impact on marketable yields. ASM was applied biweekly (once every 2 weeks) as a foliar spray at a constant concentration of 12.9, 64.5, and 129 μM throughout four field experiments during 2007-08. A standard copper program and an untreated control were also included. Overall, biweekly applications of ASM did not significantly reduce disease development or the final disease severity of bacterial spot compared with the copper-mancozeb standard or the untreated control. Only one experiment showed a significant reduction in the final disease severity on plants treated with ASM at 129 μM compared with the untreated control. Three additional field trials conducted during 2009-10 to evaluate the effects of weekly and biweekly applications of ASM at concentrations of 30.3 to 200 μM found that weekly applications provided significantly better disease control than biweekly applications. The tomato yields were not statistically improved with the use of ASM relative to the untreated control and standard copper program. Weekly ASM applications at rates as low as 75 μM (equivalent to 1.58 g a.i./ha in 100 liters of water or 0.21 oz. a.i./acre in 100 gallons of water) to 200 μM (equivalent to 4.20 g a.i./ha in 100 liters of water or 0.56 oz. a.i./acre in 100 gallons of water) were statistically equivalent in managing bacterial spot of tomato without significantly reducing yield compared with the untreated control.
Generic parallel adaptive-grid Navier-Stokes algorithm

A parallel adaptive-grid Navier-Stokes algorithm based on generic primitives has been developed. The parallel primitives are general for the class of explicit finite-volume Navier-Stokes numerical schemes. Furthermore, they allowed relatively simple implementation of the algorithm on two different parallel systems; an eight-processor Cray Y-MP and the Connection Machine CM-2. A novel data structure for the adaptive grid allowed efficient parallel refinement/coarsening of the mesh. Substantial speeds compared to the corresponding sequential algorithm were realized on both systems. I. Introduction C OMPUTATIONAL fluid dynamics (CFD) has advanced rapidly over the last two decades, and it is recognized as a valuable tool for engineering design. However, numerical simulation of viscous flowfields remains very expensive even with use of current vector computers. Advances in numerical algorithms are not expected to reduce the cost of those computations to the extent that they can routinely be applied for design. Vector computers accelerated computations by one or two orders of magnitude compared to scalar machines, which is not sufficient for efficient large-scale flow simulations. Another approach to computer architectures has been employment of a number of processors that work in parallel executing the same job. Parallel computing appears to be a promising approach for future design applications of CFD. Development of CFD applications on state-of-the-art parallel machines currently requires considerable effort on the part of the user to understand the intricacies of the underlying architecture and fine tune the application to match them. Most of the effort has to be duplicated when the same application has to be ported to another machine. All of this inefficiency can be eliminated to a large extent by allowing the user to design the application in a machine-independent fashion using general primitives. Several parallel algorithms have been developed in the past. The architectures that have been employed include the Cray Y-MP/8,1'2 as well as the Connection Machine CM-2.3"5 Many of the applications to date have dealt with structured meshes, in which data is stored in a regular manner. Unstructured grid solvers have also been developed.4'6'7 A large number of the parallel CFD codes have been developed for a specific architecture, and portability of the algorithms has not been considered. Adaptive algorithms have become quite popular in CFD. They provide flexibility to adjust the grid during the solution procedure without intervention by the user.8"10 Those adaptive grid algorithms have been developed for sequential execution and have reached a level of maturity. However, the area of parallel adaptive algorithms is relatively unexplored.1 The present work develops a parallel adaptive algorithm that employs generic primitives. Those parallel primitives are
Personality predicts working-memory-related activation in the caudal anterior cingulate cortex.

Behavioral studies suggest that two affective dimensions of personality are associated with working memory (WM) function. WM load is known to modulate neural activity in the caudal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a brain region critical for the cognitive control of behavior. On this basis, we hypothesized that neural activity in the caudal ACC during a WM task should be associated with personality: correlated negatively with behavioral approach sensitivity (BAS) and positively with behavioral inhibition sensitivity (BIS). Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we measured brain activity in 14 participants performing a three-back WM task. Higher self-reported BAS predicted better WM performance (r = .27) and lower WM-related activation in the caudal ACC (r = -.84), suggesting personality differences in cognitive control. The data bolster approach-withdrawal (action control) theories of personality and suggest refinements to the dominant views of ACC and personality.
Adapting the newsvendor model for infinite-horizon inventory systems

Abstract We address inventory decisions in the context of the “reorder-point, order-quantity” policy in infinite-horizon, stochastic lead-time demand inventory systems in which the parameters may be non-stationary. We develop a heuristic policy based on the simple economic order quantity (EOQ) model and the one-period newsvendor model. Using illustrative numerical examples, we demonstrate that our simple and easy-to-understand heuristic policy performs nearly as well as the optimal policy derived from complicated mathematical procedures. Our heuristic policy is simple, easy-to-implement, and flexible in that it can be easily adapted to situations when the parameters of the inventory system may change. Analytical modeling under non-stationary parameters would be extremely complex and the derivation of closed form optimal policies is mathematically intractable in most cases. In such cases, practitioners will find our heuristic policy an attractive option.
Optimized digital Maximum Power Point Tracker implementation for satellites

Maximum Power Point Tracking MPPT for solar panels is critical for space applications where power saving gets the first priority with the availability of limited resources. Of the available methods for MPPT, the Perturb and Observe (P&O) method is accurate and simple to implement. In the MPPT design choosing the sampling time and duty cycle step size is important which determines its predictable operation during rapidly varying irradiance conditions. The paper talks about the state of the art design of MPPT converters with a digital closed loop control. A modular software programming algorithm was used which supports a ldquoPlug and Playrdquo feature. The detailed implementation of a MPPT converter for 10W solar panel using Texas Instruments TMS320F2808 Digital Signal Controller is shown in this paper.
Winter cereal, seeding rate, and intercrop seeding rate effect on red clover yield and quality

Diversification of corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cropping systems can be achieved by incorporating winter cereal grains. Winter cereal grain production systems in the northern USA are inefficient in respect to annual radiation capture because the majority of these fields lay fallow until the following cropping season. The addition of a red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) intercrop to winter cereal grains can supply forage and provide N to subsequent crops. The objective of this study was to determine the red clover dry matter (DM) and forage quality response to winter cereal species, cereal seeding rate, and red clover seeding rate. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and triticale (3Triticosecale spp.) were seeded at 100, 200, 300, and 400 seed m 22 in October 2002 and 2003. In March, red clover was frost-seeded at 300, 600, 900, 1200, and 1500 seed m 22 . Red clover harvests in late summer, early fall, and the following spring yielded 6.2 to 8.5 Mg ha 21 DM. Winter cereal species only affected red clover DM in the following spring of 1 yr. Cereal seeding rates impacted DM within specific harvest periods, but had no effect on seasonal totals or spring DM. Increasing red clover seeding rates increased final DM yield in four of six harvests. Increasing red clover seeding rate had no consistent effect on forage quality. Producers that intercrop red clover in winter wheat or triticale should frost-seed at 900 to 1200 seed m 22 to maximize DM yield.
Proteomic investigation of the time course responses of RAW 264.7 macrophages to infection with Salmonella enterica.

To investigate the extent to which macrophages respond to Salmonella infection, we infected RAW 264.7 macrophages with Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium and analyzed macrophage proteins at various time points following infection by using a global proteomic approach. A total of 1,006 macrophage and 115 Salmonella proteins were identified with high confidence. Most of the Salmonella proteins were observed in the late stage of the infection time course, which is consistent with the fact that the bacterial cells proliferate inside RAW 264.7 macrophages. The peptide abundances of most of the identified macrophage proteins remained relatively constant over the time course of infection. Compared to those of the control, the peptide abundances of 244 macrophage proteins (i.e., 24% of the total identified macrophage proteins) changed significantly after infection. The functions of these Salmonella-affected macrophage proteins were diverse, including production of antibacterial nitric oxide (i.e., inducible nitric oxide synthase), production of prostaglandin H2 (i.e., cyclooxygenase 2), and regulation of intracellular traffic (e.g., sorting nexin 5 [SNX5], SNX6, and SNX9). Diverse functions of the Salmonella-affected macrophage proteins demonstrate a global macrophage response to Salmonella infection. Western blot analysis not only confirmed the proteomic results for a selected set of proteins but also revealed that (i) the protein abundance of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase increased following macrophage infection, indicating an infection-induced oxidative stress in mitochondria, and (ii) in contrast to infection of macrophages by wild-type Salmonella, infection by the sopB deletion mutant had no negative impact on the abundance of SNX6, suggesting a role for SopB in regulating the abundance of SNX6.
Digital cryogenic control system for superconducting RF cavities in CESR

Effective cryomodule control and monitoring are essential components to successful operation of CESR (Cornell Electron Storage Ring). The ability to quickly diagnose system problems can have a dramatic effect on machine down time. The CESR SRF Digital Cryomodule control system, employing a PC and a commercial PLC and user interface, is presented. With these tools, system status is available at a glance or, if needed, detailed system information can be displayed. Straightforward configuration of PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) control loops, safety interlocks, signal display, and data acquisition is the main feature of the system. The SRF cryomodules have several modes of operation. For example, under normal machine running conditions, liquid helium level is regulated using a liquid-level signal as the process variable (PV). For cryostat cool-down, the flow rate of cold helium gas returning to the refrigerator directly reflects cryomodule cooling rate and is a more useful process variable. Both these operational modes use the same control variable (CV): the liquid helium supply valve control signal. Other operational modes include warm-up and RF processing. This control system can be reconfigured quickly to meet the conditions of different operational modes.
A unified optimization model of a machining process for specified conditions of machined surface and process performance

SUMMARY This paper presents a unified optimization approach for the selection of the machining parameters that provide the maximum metal removal rate for any specified surface quality and tool life. The approach is based on models presented by Jang and Seireg (1989, 1990) for predicting surface roughness, maximum cutting temperature and residual stress distribution on the machined surface and utilizing machine tool parameters and cutting conditions. Numerical results show that the procedure can be used to considerable advantage in specifying the machining variables for developing the decision-making database of the machining process. The present unified model is proposed to represent a strategy for a robust adaptive control system in a machining process.
ErbB4 isoforms selectively regulate growth factor induced Madin-Darby canine kidney cell tubulogenesis.

ErbB4, a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor family that can be activated by heregulin β1 and heparin binding (HB)-EGF, is expressed as alternatively spliced isoforms characterized by variant extracellular juxtamembrane (JM) and intracellular cytoplasmic (CYT) domains. ErbB4 plays a critical role in cardiac and neural development. We demonstrated that ErbB4 is expressed in the ureteric buds and developing tubules of embryonic rat kidney and in collecting ducts in adult. The predominant isoforms expressed in kidney are JM-a and CYT-2. In ErbB4-transfected MDCK II cells, basal cell proliferation and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-induced tubule formation were decreased by all four isoforms. Only JM-a/CYT-2 cells formed tubules upon HB-EGF stimulation. ErbB4 was activated by both HRG-β1 and HB-EGF stimulation; however, compared with HRG-β1, HB-EGF induced phosphorylation of the 80-kDa cytoplasmic cleavage fragment of the JM-a/CYT-2 isoform. HB-EGF also induced early activation of ERK1/2 in JM-a/CYT-2 cells and promoted nuclear translocation of the JM-a/CYT-2 cytoplasmic tail. In summary, our data indicate that JM-a/CYT-2, the ErbB4 isoform that is proteinase cleavable but does not contain a PI3K-binding domain in its cytoplasmic tail, mediates important functions in renal epithelial cells in response to HB-EGF.
Building consensus within the drug court

Measures were pilot tested in private health plans, the Veterans Health Administration, and Medicaid. Testing revealed that use of standardized measures using administrative data for overall use and initiation of addiction pharmacotherapy is feasible and practical; that prevalence of diagnoses and use of pharmacotherapy vary widely across health systems; that pharmacotherapy is generally used in a limited portion of those for whom it might be indicated; and that results are sensitive to specifications, so that standardization is critical to measuring performance across systems.
On‐Call Overtime for Service Workforce Scheduling when Demand Is Uncertain

This article builds on prior research to develop shift scheduling models that include on-call overtime for service environments where demand is uncertain. The research is motivated by recent developments in nurse scheduling, such as laws prohibiting mandatory overtime and the popularity of self-scheduling systems. For single-period scenarios, models are developed, solution methods are described, and results are explored for a variety of environments. Results show that the use of on-call overtime can reduce costs slightly, with the amount of savings dependent on characteristics of the scheduling environment. The factor that most significantly affects cost savings is the cost of outside agency workers relative to overtime workers. In addition to lowering costs, on-call overtime greatly reduces reliance on outside agency workers, which can have important practical implications in terms of quality of service and workforce morale. Results based on single-period models motivate multiperiod formulations for single- and multidepartment scenarios, and solution methods are outlined for those cases. The possibility of using multiperiod models within a rolling horizon framework with forecast updating is discussed. This goes along with an extension of the traditional workforce management hierarchy that separates overtime and regular-time scheduling, as seen in practice with self-scheduling and shift-bidding systems.
Document layout structure extraction using bounding boxes of different entitles

The paper presents an efficient technique for document page layout structure extraction and classification by analyzing the spatial configuration of the bounding boxes of different entities on the given image. The algorithm segments an image into a list of homogeneous zones. The classification algorithm labels each zone as test, table, line-drawing, halftone, ruling, or noise. The text lines and words are extracted within text zones and neighboring text lines are merged to form text blocks. The tabular structure is further decomposed into row and column items. Finally, the document layout hierarchy is produced from these extracted entities.
The Gilbert-Holland FDTD thin slot model revisited: an alternative expression for the in-cell capacitance

This paper proposes an alternative expression for the in-cell capacitance of a photoelectrical cell (PEC)-mounted slot, which is the conceptual cornerstone of the Gilbert-Holland subcell finite difference time domain (FDTD) model. By treating a slightly modified electrostatic problem, the extraneous charge singularity on the PEC edges touching the cell, which is characteristic of the originally proposed model, is removed. The latter offers better physical grounds for a new expression of the capacitance and the effective permittivity used in the update equations. High resolution standard FDTD simulation results are presented in support of the new expression.
Broadband Dielectric Measurement Techniques and Systematic Dielectric Studies of Ceramic Composites for Vacuum Electronics Applications

Summary form only given. Ceramic materials, including ceramic composites, are used extensively in vacuum electronic (VE) devices for windows, electrode and structure supports, and for controlling electromagnetic dispersion and losses. While many of the more common low-loss materials are well characterized, detailed dielectric studies of specialized lossy ceramics of particular importance to VE devices are much less common. Furthermore, the measurement techniques and systems commonly used with low-loss dielectrics need to be modified to provide accurate data, particularly in W-band. This paper will first present broadband (0.1-18 GHz) room temperature measurements of the microwave properties of a variety of vacuum compatible lossy ceramics, including those based on SiC or carbon imbedded in BeO and AlN ceramic matrices. The microwave properties of a family of lossy ceramics composed of pyrolytic carbon in an aluminum silicate matrix ceramic that exhibits tailored frequency response and exceptional dielectric relaxation strength will be highlighted. The impact of changes in the synthesis conditions on dielectric properties, and the correlation between microstructure and frequency response, will be explored. The observed dielectric behavior will be compared to the results of first-principles, microstructure-level simulations of composite dielectric properties. A second portion of the paper will deal with measurement techniques for accurately obtaining the W-band (75-110 GHz) dielectric properties of lossy ceramics. This will include improved WR-10 waveguide-based, room temperature measurements of ceramic composites and preliminary results of variable-temperature measurements based on a resonant cavity system
Clinical and mycological status of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes (interdigitale) syndrome of chronic dermatophytosis of the skin and nails.

The syndrome of tinea pedis caused by human-adapted Trichophyton mentagrophytes (interdigitale) can be recognized by two signs not characteristically seen in tinea pedis caused by T. rubrum and Epidermophyton flocccsum: 1 bullous > 2 mm vesicles in the thin skin of the plantar arch and along the sides of the feet and heel adjacent to the thick plantar stratum corneum, 2 and white superficial onychomycosis. The relationship of the syndrome to zoophilic T mentagrophytes remains in question.
Antenna design using Transformation Electromagnetics (TEM)

We present two different points of approaches to a class of antenna designs, based on two variations of the Transformation Electromagnetics (T-EM) approach, both of which have been introduced recently in the literature. The first of these addresses the antenna and absorber design problems from the Transformation Optics viewpoint, while the second looks at the same problem from a Field Transformation approach. Illustrative examples based on the application of both of these approaches will be included in the presentation.
DECAY OF $sup 152$Nd AND THE ISOMERS OF $sup 152$Pm.

The radiations associated with the decay of 11.4-min $^{152}\mathrm{Nd}$ and its 4.1-min $^{152}\mathrm{Pm}$ daughter have been studied with Ge(Li), NaI(Tl), and anthracene detectors in both singles and coincidence configurations. A tentative decay scheme for $^{152}\mathrm{Nd}$ involving allowed $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay to the 4.1-min isomer of $^{152}\mathrm{Pm}$ (${1}^{+}$) ($logft=4.8$) and to an excited ${1}^{+}$ level 294.6-keV higher ($logft=4.2$) is presented. The 4.1-min level undergoes $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay to 10 levels in $^{152}\mathrm{Sm}$ which have been previously established in decay studies of $^{152}\mathrm{Eu}$, and from Coulomb excitation and reaction studies. A new level in $^{152}\mathrm{Sm}$ has been placed at \ensuremath{\cong}1081 keV. The total $\ensuremath{\beta}$-decay energy is nearly the same as the measured $\ensuremath{\beta}$ end-point energy, 3.6 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.2 MeV.Evidence is presented for the existence of two previously unreported high-spin isomers of $^{152}\mathrm{Pm}$ having half-lives of 7.5 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 1.0 min and \ensuremath{\cong}18 min. A decay scheme is proposed for the 7.5-min isomer (${4}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$) of $^{152}\mathrm{Pm}$ including 16 known $^{152}\mathrm{Sm}$ levels and new levels at 1081, 1804, and possibly 1941 keV. At least 40% of the $\ensuremath{\beta}$ transitions decay to the 1804-keV level with a $log\mathrm{ft}$ of \ensuremath{\cong}5.7 which suggests hindered allowed or first-forbidden decay. The observation of a 1.8-MeV $\ensuremath{\beta}$ group in coincidence with an intense 1437-keV $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ transition which deexcites the 1804-keV level establishes the total $\ensuremath{\beta}$-decay energy for 7.5-min $^{152}\mathrm{Pm}$ as 3.6 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.1 MeV. The \ensuremath{\cong}18-min isomer (\ensuremath{\ge}${6}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$) of $^{152}\mathrm{Pm}$ appears to populate a new level at 2172 keV and possibly the 1941-keV level in $^{152}\mathrm{Sm}$.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE MATING SYSTEM ON THE MAINTENANCE OF GENETIC VARIABILITY IN POLYGENIC CHARACTERS

The traditional models of the effect of assortative mating and inbreeding on the genetic variance of polygenic characters (Fisher 1918; Wright 1921) presume that there is no natural selection or mutation. In a large population, the genetic variance determined by additive genes may then increase by up to a factor of two with local inbreeding, and even more with assortative mating. The classical models are still used to interpret data from natural populations. But contrary to their assumptions, most metrical characters in natural populations are usually thought to be under a type of selection which depletes polygenic variation. Mutation is then necessary to maintain genetic variation. The present models show that with the additional features of mutation and selection, in a large population, the mating system has no influence on the amount of genetic variability maintained by additive genes.
The chemistry and technology of the pretreatment and preservation of fruit and vegetable products with sulfur dioxide and sulfites.

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes present status of knowledge in the chemistry and technology of the pretreatment and preservation with sulfur dioxide and sulfites, which is restricted to foods of plant origin. The theoretically available sulfur dioxide content and the usual range of SO 2 content for various preparations have been shown. The chapter summarizes that sulfur dioxide added to fruit and vegetable products as liquid sulfur dioxide, as gaseous sulfur dioxide, as solution of sulfurous acid in water, or as dry or dissolved sulfites will exist as the undissociated sulfurous acid, as the free bisulfate ion, as the free sulfite ion, and as combined sulfur dioxide in the form of the hydroxysulfonates. The chapter discusses the preservative value of sulfur dioxide in fruit and vegetable products and other foods and beverages. The possibility of removing the sulfite added as a preservative by heating to decompose the combined sulfur dioxide and remove the free sulfur dioxide by volatilization has been investigated. In addition to desulfiting by physical methods, chemical methods ranging from treatment with oxidizing agents like hydrogen peroxide to addition of substances to combine with free sulfur dioxide such as acetaldehyde have been proposed for the treatment of juices and dried fruits. The chapter discusses sulfur dioxide as an inhibitor of enzymic and nonenzymic browning and the source and application off sulfur dioxide are mentioned. It discusses the uses of sulfur dioxide in fruit juices, syrups, concentrates and purees, wine and vinegar making, dehydrated and dried fruits and vegetables product, and in transportation and storage of grapes and other products.
Inverse prediction for heteroscedastic response using mixed models software

ABSTRACTDistributions of a response y (height, for example) differ with values of a factor t (such as age). Given a response y* for a subject of unknown t*, the objective of inverse prediction is to infer the value of t* and to provide a defensible confidence set for it. Training data provide values of y observed on subjects at known values of t. Models relating the mean and variance of y to t can be formulated as mixed (fixed and random) models in terms of sets of functions of t, such as polynomial spline functions. A confidence set on t* can then be had as those hypothetical values of t for which y* is not detected as an outlier when compared to the model fit to the training data. With nonconstant variance, the p-values for these tests are approximate. This article describes how versatile models for this problem can be formulated in such a way that the computations can be accomplished with widely available software for mixed models, such as SAS PROC MIXED. Coverage probabilities of confidence sets on t*...
Instruction and Service Time Decisions: Itinerant Services to Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Students

The purpose of this study was to (a) describe the specific kinds of services provided by itinerant teachers to deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) students in general education settings, (b) examine the relationship between student academic performance and instructional support provided by the itinerant teacher, and (c) examine how service provision decisions are made by itinerant teachers. We used quantitative and qualitative data collected during a 5-year longitudinal study. Data were obtained from teacher questionnaires, standardized achievement tests, and interviews. Results indicated that itinerant teachers of DHH students provided direct academic instruction to 60% of students with the majority of students receiving instruction in reading and writing. They provided instruction in nonacademic areas to 80% of students with a majority of students receiving instruction in self-advocacy. Low-achieving students were the most likely to receive academic instruction from the itinerant teacher. Decisions regarding service time were influenced by student needs and performance, age, parental request, and transitions.
Specific PCR Detection of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum California Race 4 Based on a Unique Tfo1 Insertion Event in the PHO Gene

A highly virulent race 4 (Cal race 4) of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum was identified in California cotton fields in 2001, and has since been found in increasing numbers of fields. Cal race 4 isolates contain a unique Tfo1 transposon insertion in the PHO gene that was not found in other F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum genotypes. Based on this insertion, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction method was developed to detect the Cal race 4 pathogen. A panel of F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum isolates representing different vegetative compatibility groups (VCG) and DNA sequence types was assembled to test the specificity of the detection method. In all, 16 of 17 Cal race 4 isolates produced a 583-bp amplicon; the other isolate produced a 396-bp amplicon reflecting the absence of the Tfo1 insertion. This isolate was a moderately virulent pathogen among Cal race 4 isolates. In total, 80 other F. oxysporum isolates associated with cotton and 11 other formae speciales of F. oxysporum produced only the 396-bp amplicon. The method also distinguished Cal race 4 isolates from India race 4 isolates and China race 7 isolates, which did not possess the unique Tfo1 insertion but otherwise had identical DNA sequences, and all belong to VCG0114. The method is capable of detecting the pathogen directly from infected stem tissues even before external symptom appears and, thus, provides an effective tool for timely identification of infested fields and seed lots, and should help reduce dissemination of Cal race 4 in the U.S. Cotton Belt.
Animal Welfare Laws

Animal welfare laws regulate humans’ use of animals. Humans use animals in a number of different ways, including for research, entertainment or exhibition, hobby, and food. Animal welfare is defined as an animal’s state of well-being, or “maintenance of animals under conditions of space, environment, nutrition, and so forth, consistent with the physiological and social needs of the species” consistent with the Five Freedoms: freedom from (1) thirst, hunger and malnutrition, (2) discomfort, (3) pain, injury, and disease, (4) fear and distress, and (5) freedom to express normal behavior.1 Arguably these laws should set standards beyond the mere prohibition of cruel practices already outlawed by the anti-cruelty laws. However, this may not necessarily be the case, depending upon the requirements of the particular human use being regulated. As we noted, the anti-cruelty laws often exempt certain communities of animals, such as animals used for food or research and/or practices; for example, “accepted agricultural practices.” For these animals, the animal welfare laws provide the only legal protection available.