cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
La crítica de Valdés a las equivalencias latinas de cecear , ceceoso que da Nebrija

Es bien conocido que a principios del Dialogo de La len gua Juan de Valdes rechaza la autoridad del Vocabulario del romance en latin de Nebrija, dando como fundamento las equivocadas (segun el) traducciones latinas de terminos espanoles. Me propongo en estas paginas examinar una de estas traducciones consideradas erroneas, la de cecear, ceceoso por 'balbutire, balbus'. Bien me doy cuenta de que este trabajo requiere la colaboracion de tres especialistas: un filologo hispanista, un latinista y un logopeda. Mi competencia unicamente alcanza el primer termino y ha de entenderse que todo lo que diga en los otros terrenos queda sometido al mejor juicio de los especialistas de ellos. Adelanto mis observaciones solo con el deseo de que puedan desbrozar el camino para un mejor tratamiento del problema en el futuro.
SLEEP AND CYTOKINES.

IL1 and TNF are well-characterized SRSs, forming part of the sleep homeostat. Their release is enhanced by neuronal activity via ATP. IL1 and TNF activate nuclear factor kappa B, adenosine, and NO downstream mechanisms. The sleep homeostat is thus closely linked to cerebral metabolism and blood flow. Our knowledge of cytokine sleep mechanisms led to a view that sleep is a local property of neural networks being initiated, eg, within cortical columns. Cortical columns oscillate between functional states; the sleep-like state of cortical columns is promoted by TNF. Because TNF is involved in glutamanergic AMPA receptor expression and in synaptic scaling mechanisms, cytokine sleep mechanisms provide additional support for the hypothesis that sleep serves a synaptic-connectivity function.
Effect of heat stress on rabbit esophageal epithelium.

Hot beverages expose the esophageal epithelium to temperatures as high as 58°C. To study the impact of such temperatures, rabbit esophageal epithelium was exposed to luminal heat or both luminal an...
Synthesis and Conclusions

This final chapter synthesizes the developments of this study and pulls together the general implications of the empirical results of the individual estimation stages. The first section presents a general discussion of the policy implications of empirical results. Particular attention is devoted to the policy issues of racial residential segregation and the effects of rent subsidies on mobility. The second section reviews several of the modeling problems faced in this study and suggests directions for future research. The final section offers closing remarks.
Video Games and the Customization of Learning: Interactive Narratives as a Promising Design Framework for Crafting Inclusive Educational Environments

Interactive narratives can be used to create more inclusive game-based learning environments. Combining socio-cultural perspectives with an interactive narrative format provides a means for considering learners' identities alongside course learning objectives. This paper discusses game-based learning theories, the potential value of interactive narratives in education, and current contentions about what makes a successful serious game. Because interactive narratives can be employed through instructionist or constructionist approaches, they can achieve inclusive teaching through combining the immersive use of storytelling, customization, and the ability to enable learners to practice newly-acquired skills and knowledge. The interactive narrative format intersects with socio-cultural perspectives and can benefit game-based learning in three ways: through utilizing the zone of proximal development to present customized information to all learners, allowing learners to safely practice the two components of the law of cultural development, and encouraging them to develop their media literacy skills.
Developments in pensions

In both developed and developing countries, many elderly depend on government and employment-based pensions. Yet the pension institution faces difficult challenges, even as a rapidly growing aging population turns to it for retirement support. One development is that defined contribution plans have become very popular, sometimes at the expense of defined benefit pensions. This changes the risks and rewards for plan sponsors and participants, as well as government regulators charged with pension oversight. Expenses associated with pension management have also come under scrutiny, imposing new performance pressures on trustees and other pension stakeholders. Finally, it is now becoming clear that far-reaching reforms will be required to restore government social security programs to solvency. As a result, pension plans will require the attention of insurance experts for the foreseeable future.
The Draft and the Intergenerational Transmission of Human Capital

Understanding the transmission of success from generation to the next remains a salient issue for public policy. The peacetime draft in the United States provides a large scale natural experiment to explore the impacts of an intensive policy intervention. Draftees incurred large wage penalties during and beyond their initial period of military service. Economists have consequently characterized the draft as a tax. Using an instrumental variables research design with data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, the present study investigates the intergenerational human capital spillovers of the draft. I find the intergenerational costs of the draft for children of men that were drafted during peacetime to be two-thirds of a year less of schooling than children of men that were not drafted. Further analysis of the effects by the gender of children reveals considerably stronger impacts on boys than girls. In contrast, children of men from the whole military sample show a negligible impact of paternal military service on their educational attainment.
Bloggers, Blawgs & Finding Current Law

The legal publishing industry faces a challenge from legally oriented blogs, which offer opinions on new legal developments in case law and statutes, discuss the practice of law, and engage in theoretical debate. This article briefly advises researchers on how to best use blogs as an information sources, while giving proper attention to the inherent flaws in these free services.
Image Quality Detection of Video Monitoring

Video monitoring plays an important role in the safety of property,personal safety as a security system important constituent.Along with the information-based construction of fire department continued to advance,video monitor,transmission and other information technology in fire fighting and rescue and troop management plays an important role,but the image quality is also largely determines the accuracy of the information obtained.Through studying fuzzy,partial color,stripe,snowflake and wrong screen that may caused during imaging procedure,and artificial or non-artificial block,we proposed a set of effective detection solutions,which performed effective in the experiment.
Impact of transgenic Bt rice "Ganlv 1" on an arthropod community

[Objectives]The objective of this study is to assess the effects of the transgenic Bt rice "Ganlv l" on the arthropod communities in paddy fields.[Method]The rice expressing a fusion gene derived from cry1 Ab and cry 1 Ac and a conventional control rice were investigated in Nanchang County,Jiangxi Province in 2012 and 2013.[Result]No significant differences in community indices such as species richness,dominance index,Shannon-Wiener diversity index and evenness index in the transgenic Bt rice plots compared with the control rice plots.Moreover,there were no significant differences in the five guilds dominance in the transgenic Bt rice plots and the control rice plots.Mosts of the dissimilarities between the arthropod communities in the transgenic Bt rice plots and the control were apparently low.[Conclusion]It was apparent that the transgenic Bt rice "Ganlv 1" had no significant adverse impact on the arthropod community structure under the field conditions.
Analysis of accidental death among working population at the disease surveillance sites in Fujian Province from 1990 to 1994

Objective This study was designed to get an insight into the situation of accidental death among working population in Fujian Province.Methods Standardized morality rate and PYLL rate were used to analyze the data on accidental death among working population at the dis- ease surveillance sites from 1990 to 1994 in Fujian Province.Results It was found that the standardized morality rate and standardized PYLL rate among working population at the disease surveillance sites from 1990 to 1994 in Fujian Province were 39.9/lakh～68.8/lakh and 11.5‰～ 29.6‰,respectively.“Premature death” was predominant in terms of accidental death with suicide ranked the first(27.8%),drown the second (19.9%) and traffic accidents(14.5%) the third as far as the average standardized PYLL rate was concerned.The PYLL rate of working population on various jobs was significantly higher in the rural areas than in the cities.Currently,drown of po- tential labors,suicide of young females in countryside and traffic accidents of males became the major causes of accidental death.Conclusion It is seen that accidental death is a major cause of death of working population in Fujian Province,with suicide,drown and traffic accidents being the chief culprits.Study on the risk factors of the causes of death and implementation of effective in- terventions should be taken as important subjects in the field of public health.
Eating and Ruminating Behavior of Steers Fed Coastal Bermudagrass Hay at Four Levels

Effects of feeding level on chewing behavior and physical reduction of particles during ingestive mastication and rumination were examined in four ruminally cannulated steers fed Coastal bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers.) hay in the long form. The experimental design was a 4 x 4 latin square with 18-d periods. Treatments based on previous intakes were set at 50, 70, 90 and 110% of feed consumed per animal. Steers were fed at 12-h intervals. Chewing behavior was monitored over 4 d with a computerized system. Boli of ingested, masticated hay (MH), collected at the cardia, and serial samples of digesta taken from the ruminal upper strata (RUS) were wet-sieved. Dimensions of MH particles retained on 4.0- and 2.0-mm sieves were determined by image analysis. Increasing feeding level resulted in a linear increase in the number of boli ruminated (P less than .01) and in linear increases in eating (P less than .01), ruminating (P less than .05) and total chewing time (P less than .01). Linear increases in number of eating (P less than .01), ruminating (P less than .01) and total chews (P less than .01) also were observed. Feeding level had no effect on bolus duration, number of chews/bolus, number of boli/min rumination time and number of chews/min rumination time. The extent of particle breakdown during ingestive mastication was a determinant of the number of boli ruminated daily and their associated number of chews. Number of boli ruminated daily also was related to the RUS mean particle size. Eating time did not provide a reliable indication of how well feed was chewed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The SpatialARMED Framework: Handling Complex Spatial Components in Spatial Association Rule Mining

Recent research has identified spatial association rule (SAR) mining as a promising technique for geographic pattern mining and knowledge discovery. Nevertheless, important spatial components embedded in the studied phenomenon, in particular complex spatial functional relations such as neighborhood effects and spatial spillover effects have largely been neglected. This article unravels this specific problem to enhance the effective application of SAR mining practices in spatial data analytics. The main discussion focuses on the specification of complex spatial components by means of spatial dependence properties of the data and on how to integrate them in the process of SAR mining. A comprehensive framework dubbed SpatialARMED is proposed for the effective extraction of spatial patterns. The framework is then showcased through its application to crime analysis.
1H NMR Spectral Simplification with Achiral and Chiral Lanthanide Shift Reagents. Ketazolam. Method for Direct Optical Purity Determination

Abstract The 60 MHz 1H NMR spectra of racemic ketazolam, 1, have been studied at 28° in CDCl3 solution with the achiral reagent tris(6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptafluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3,5-octanedionato)europium(III), 2 and the chiral reagent tris[3-(heptafluoropropylhydroxymethyl- ene)-d-camphoratoleuropium(III), 3. Dramatic differences in lanthanide-induced shifts,Δδ, were observed for the diastereotopic CH2 protons with either added 2 or 1. Differences in these Δδ valuest as well as differences in lanthanide-induced line broadening and in enantiomeric shift differences (observed with 3) are interpreted in terms of a relatively rigid preferred conformation of 1. Assignments for the CH2 protons are made. Direct optical purity determinations for samples of l should be possible by use of 3, based on resonances for either of the CH2 protons or the allylic CH3.
A critical strong program: Cultural power and racialized civil exclusion

Cultural sociology’s strong program along with civil sphere theory has the potential to reveal new and insightful ways of understanding and explaining various social inequalities. We use this paper to offer one model of how such a project might look. Drawing on the intersections of media, crime, race, and the U.S. Criminal Justice System, we identify the mechanisms and processes of racialized civil exclusion in the post-Civil Rights era of mass incarceration. In so doing we seek to make two contributions to existing literature. First, we complement popular political process and multi-institutional approaches to social inequalities by providing a model of civil exclusion that is both parsimonious and expansive. Second, we illustrate how cultural sociology’s strong program and civil sphere theory may be used to engage the critical scholarship on race by identifying racialized civil exclusion as a distinct aspect of contemporary racism. We conclude with suggestions on how scholars and activists alike might use cultural sociology’s strong program to inform processes of racialized civil inclusion and investigate other entrenched inequalities.
Abstract A137: PD-L1 antibodies induce macrophage phenotypic and functional activation

Background: The ability of PD-L1 signaling to alter tumor metabolism and stem cell properties has been previously established. However, the effects of PD-L1 signaling on other cells that express PD-L1, including tumor-associated macrophages, has not been previously investigated. It is also unknown how treatment with PD-L1 targeted antibodies may affect macrophage function. Purpose: These studies were designed to investigate the effects of PD-L1 antibodies on macrophage phenotype and function. Studies were done using in vitro assays of murine bone marrow-derived macrophages, as well as human monocyte-derived macrophages. Experimental Methods: Murine bone marrow-derived macrophages were generated by non-adherent culture in M-CSF. The cells were then plated in tissue culture plates and incubated with anti-murine PD-L1 antibodies (or with isotype-matched antibodies), and the effects on macrophage phenotype, proliferation, activation, antigen presentation, and tumor killing were assessed. Study Results: Following incubation with PD-l1 antibodies, we observed remarkable phenotypic changes in bone marrow-derived macrophages. These included physical changes including increased cell size and spreading, and increased proliferation and survival as measured by EdU incorporation and MTT assay. Macrophages incubated with PD-L1 antibodies spontaneously upregulated production of inflammatory cytokines and upregulated co-stimulatory molecule expression, as assessed by flow cytometry. Increased functional activation was revealed by upregulated expression of iNOS and decreased antigen uptake. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that PD-L1 antibodies induce strong activation of macrophages in vitro. These findings suggest that some of the observed immunological activities of PD-L1 therapeutic antibodies may be mediated by macrophage activation. Citation Format: Genevieve Hartley, William Wheat, Jonathan Coy, Steven Dow. PD-L1 antibodies induce macrophage phenotypic and functional activation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; 2016 Sept 25-28; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2016;4(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A137.
Weak lensing bispectrum

Weak gravitational lensing of background galaxies offers an excellent opportunity to study the intervening distribution of matter. While much attention to date has focused on the two-point-function of the cosmic shear, the three-point-function, the bispectrum, also contains very useful cosmological information. Here, we compute three corrections to the bispectrum which are nominally of the same order as the leading term. We show that the corrections are small, so they can be ignored when analyzing present surveys. However, they will eventually have to be included for accurate parameter estimates from future surveys.
Sources of Conflict in a Divided America

The Sixties and early Seventies were a time of great conflict in America, including the assassinations of JFK, MLK, and RFK; the civil rights movement; the Vietnam War and our invasion of Cambodia; and Watergate and Nixon’s forced resignation. Today we seem to be in another period of great conflict, including nationally about the 2016 presidential campaigns and election, and locally about our state’s efforts to control federal public lands. This blog post discusses sources of current conflict in a divided America.
Auditory processing in the human cortex: An intracranial electrophysiology perspective.

Objective Direct electrophysiological recordings in epilepsy patients offer an opportunity to study human auditory cortical processing with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution. This review highlights recent intracranial studies of human auditory cortex and focuses on its basic response properties as well as modulation of cortical activity during the performance of active behavioral tasks. Data Sources: Literature review. Review Methods: A review of the literature was conducted to summarize the functional organization of human auditory and auditory-related cortex as revealed using intracranial recordings. Results The tonotopically organized core auditory cortex within the posteromedial portion of Heschl's gyrus represents spectrotemporal features of sounds with high temporal precision and short response latencies. At this level of processing, high gamma (70-150 Hz) activity is minimally modulated by task demands. Non-core cortex on the lateral surface of the superior temporal gyrus also maintains representation of stimulus acoustic features and, for speech, subserves transformation of acoustic inputs into phonemic representations. High gamma responses in this region are modulated by task requirements. Prefrontal cortex exhibits complex response patterns, related to stimulus intelligibility and task relevance. At this level of auditory processing, activity is strongly modulated by task requirements and reflects behavioral performance. Conclusions Direct recordings from the human brain reveal hierarchical organization of sound processing within auditory and auditory-related cortex. Level of evidence Level V.
Things Have to Get Worse before They Get Better: NYC Transit – 1970 to the Present

The 1970s were the transit system’s worst years. The impacts of underfunding and deferred maintenance made for a difficult time, as the city dealt with its own financial disasters. Yet, the system survived the many crises encountered, and began to improve over the last decade of the 20th century.
Digital Studies and Perspectives for N -Body Modelling in Physics

In 1977, Richard Feynman, in an invited lecture at the national APS meeting, stated unequivocally that quantum mechanical principles placed few important restrictions on how a stable atom can be held in place, and, indeed, a stable atom on the whole has a comparatively definite position fixed by its comparatively massive nucleus. In this spirit, N-body problems are studied using molecules and classical molecular potentials and also using collections of molecules, called particles, with related potentials derived through conservation of mass and energy. Detailed applications include primary vortex flow and turbulent flow for both water vapor and air, soliton collision, and the motion of a top on a smooth surface. Other applications, like microdrop collision, stress of a slotted copper plate, contact angle of adhesion, cellular self-reorganiztion, the bounce of an elastic ball, and elastic snap-through are mentioned and referenced appropriately. Lastly, numerical methodology is developed which preserves the physics of special relativity and is applied to simulate a relativistic oscillator.
Border Crossing Between Iraq and Iran, Summer 1953

Historians have begun to abandon the nation-state frame of reference and to recognize the significance of borderlands and border crossing for electoral politics; master narratives such as self and other, domestic and foreign, nationalist and internationalist, have been redirected to new forms of transnational identity. The present article follows this lead by asserting that border crossings between Iran and Iraq were never simply the sum total of transits by heads of state; indeed, such journeys framed political possibilities within Iraq. During the summer of 1953, the Zahedi coup in Tehran initiated a series of strikes over the border that challenged the newly crowned Hashemite King Faisal II in Iraq, as well as his administration's vision of a petroleum-based modernity for the country's working classes. To advance this position, the author identifies and explicates three different forms of border-crossing: the cross-border transits of heads of state are contrasted with those of conscripted soldiers, eld...
WHOSE ISSUE IS IT ANYWAY . . . AND DOES IT REALLY MATTER? Issue Ownership and Negative Campaigning:

Although academic research has yielded mixed results, candidates and consultants are rational people whose experience persuades them that “going negative” can be an effective campaign strategy unde...
PCPE2 and SR-BI Partner to Impact Accumulation of Fat in Mice

LDL receptor knockout mice (LDLr-/-) were crossed with PCPE2 knockout mice to obtain Ldlr-/-,Pcpe2-/- mice. The rationale of these studies was to examine the effects of an extracellular matrix protein, PCPE2, on fat storage in a dyslipidemic mouse model. Male Ldlr-/-, Pcpe2-/- mice were fed a Western diet for 25 weeks and their plasma triglyceride metabolism and triglyceride storage was examined. Interestingly, visceral but not subcutaneous fat pad were smaller in diet-fed Ldlr-/-,Pcpe2-/- mice compared to controls. There was no difference in the fatty acid distribution in triglyceride and cholesteryl esters (CE) among the genotypes. Ldlr-/-, Pcpe2-/- mice have higher plasma triglyceride levels and reduced lipoprotein lipase activity. Immunoprecipitation of SR-BI from cell extracts co-precipitated PCPE2 suggesting that PCPE2 and SR-BI are tightly associated. This work also showed that in the absence of PCPE2 SR-BI does not transfer CE from HDL into the cell. These results suggest that HDL, PCPE2, SR-BI, and possibly LPL are associated in an interactome that is required for CE transport into the cell. In the absence of these interactions lipid transport is significantly disrupted.
Perfil soro Epidemiológico dos Casos de Dengue notificados no Municipio de Belém, Pará

A dengue e uma das doencas infecciosas mais frequentes no Brasil e, um dos principais problemas de saude publica no mundo. Confira o Artigo Cientifico
Global meta-analysis of the relationship between soil organic matter and crop yields

Abstract. Resilient, productive soils are necessary to sustainably intensify agriculture to increase yields while minimizing environmental harm. To conserve and regenerate productive soils, the need to maintain and build soil organic matter (SOM) has received considerable attention. Although SOM is considered key to soil health, its relationship with yield is contested because of local-scale differences in soils, climate, and farming systems. There is a need to quantify this relationship to set a general framework for how soil management could potentially contribute to the goals of sustainable intensification. We developed a quantitative model exploring how SOM relates to crop yield potential of maize and wheat in light of co-varying factors of management, soil type, and climate. We found that yields of these two crops are on average greater with higher concentrations of SOC (soil organic carbon). However, yield increases level off at ∼2 % SOC. Nevertheless, approximately two-thirds of the world's cultivated maize and wheat lands currently have SOC contents of less than 2 %. Using this regression relationship developed from published empirical data, we then estimated how an increase in SOC concentrations up to regionally specific targets could potentially help reduce reliance on nitrogen (N) fertilizer and help close global yield gaps. Potential N fertilizer reductions associated with increasing SOC amount to 7 % and 5 % of global N fertilizer inputs across maize and wheat fields, respectively. Potential yield increases of 10±11 % (mean ± SD) for maize and 23±37 % for wheat amount to 32 % of the projected yield gap for maize and 60 % of that for wheat. Our analysis provides a global-level prediction for relating SOC to crop yields. Further work employing similar approaches to regional and local data, coupled with experimental work to disentangle causative effects of SOC on yield and vice versa, is needed to provide practical prescriptions to incentivize soil management for sustainable intensification.
From Pulmonary Artery Repair to Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Replacement.

Abstract Primary pulmonary artery sarcomas are extremely rare tumors with approximately 400 cases reported so far in the literature. These patients present with a wide myriad of symptoms ranging from dyspnea to florid right heart failure, and the presentation is usually misdiagnosed and treated as chronic thromboembolic disease. Diagnostic imaging requires the use of multiple modalities including computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and echocardiography. In this E-challenge, we describe the case of a patient diagnosed preoperatively with pulmonic artery stenosis. Intraoperative imaging demonstrated a pulmonary artery lesion with subsequent biopsy and a pathological diagnosis.
A phase 1/2 study of osimertinib and bevacizumab as initial treatment for patients with metastatic EGFR-mutant lung cancers.

9086Background: Osimertinib (osi) demonstrated improved progression-free survival (PFS) over erlotinib as initial treatment (trmt) for EGFR-mutant (EGFR+) lung cancers. The addition of bevacizumab ...
A multi-scale approach to study biochemical and biophysical aspects of resveratrol on diesel exhaust particle-human primary lung cell interaction

Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) are major air pollutants that lead to numerous human disorders, especially pulmonary diseases, partly through the induction of oxidative stress. Resveratrol is a polyphenol that ameliorates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and delays aging-related processes. Herein we studied the cytoprotective effect of resveratrol on DEP-exposed human lung cells in a factorial experimental design. This work investigates biophysical features including cellular compositions and biomechanical properties, which were measured at the single-cell level using confocal Raman microspectroscopy (RM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and partial least square regression (PLS) analysis were applied to analyze Raman spectra with and without resveratrol protection. The health status of individual cells could be effectively predicted using an index derived from characteristic Raman spectral peak (e.g., 1006 cm−1) based on PLS model. AFM measurements indicated that cellular adhesion force was greatly reduced, while Young’s modulus was highly elevated in resveratrol treated DEP-exposed cells. Anti-oxidant resveratrol reduced DEP-induced ROS production and suppressed releases of several cytokines and chemokines. These findings suggest resveratrol may enhance resistance of human lung cells (e.g., SAEC) to air pollutants (e.g. DEPs).
Jitter Suppression Techniques for High-Speed Sample-and-Hold Circuits

In this paper, we discuss the limitations of the existing clock jitter reduction techniques, and introduce $\Delta \Sigma $ sampling, which can reduce the jitter-induced sampling error significantly. We investigate various feedback configurations, and show that NRZ and RZ feedback techniques both improve the jitter shaping properties of the $\Delta \Sigma $ sampler. However, in order to benefit from the superior jitter shaping, a constant feedback pulsewidth is required. We propose a new clocking scheme, called correlated clocking to address the feedback pulsewidth variations. This technique utilizes the correlation between the rising and falling edges of the on-chip clocks to eliminate the feedback pulsewidth jitter. We show that a $1^{st}$ -order $\Delta \Sigma $ sampler with correlated RZ feedback can achieve the same SJNR as a $\Delta \Sigma $ sampler with switched-capacitor feedback. We then expand our analysis to $2^{nd}$ - and higher-order modulators, and show that contrary to common belief, even with constant-pulsewidth feedback, higher-order modulators are limited by the feedback pulse jitter. We conclude that the maximum benefit of a $\Delta \Sigma $ sampler with a conventional single-loop architecture is independent of the loop order, feedback mechanism, and the oversampling ratio, and it reaches 4.77 dB for OSR≥5.
Analysis of One-Dimensional Ivshin-Pence Shape Memory Alloy Constitutive Model for Sensitivity and Uncertainty.

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are classified as smart materials due to their capacity to display shape memory effect and pseudoelasticity with changing temperature and loading conditions. The thermomechanical behavior of SMAs has been simulated by several constitutive models that adopted microscopic thermodynamic or macroscopic phenomenological approaches. The Ivshin–Pence model is one of the most popular SMA macroscopic phenomenological constitutive models. The construction of the model requires involvement of parameters that possess inherent uncertainty. Under varying operating temperatures and loading conditions, the uncertainty in these parameters propagates and, therefore, affects the predictive power of the model. The propagation of uncertainty while using this model in real-life applications can result in performance discrepancies or failure at extreme conditions. In this study, we employed a probabilistic approach to perform the sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of the Ivshin–Pence model. Sobol and extended Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Testing (eFAST) methods were used to perform the sensitivity analysis for simulated isothermal loading/unloading at various operating temperatures. It is evident that the model’s prediction of the SMA stress–strain curves varies due to the change in operating temperature and loading condition. The average and stress-dependent sensitivity indices present the most influential parameters at several temperatures.
Enterprise risk management and accruals estimation error

Abstract We examine the association between an enterprise risk management (ERM) program and accruals estimation error. ERM helps firms identify, assess, and manage risks at the enterprise level. We argue that through ERM managers gain a better understanding of firm processes and can more accurately estimate accruals. Using a sample of 11,538 firm-year observations from 2007 to 2011, we measured accruals estimation error and the choice to disclose an ERM program simultaneously using full information maximum likelihood. We find that having an ERM program is negatively related to accruals estimation error and that having an ERM program is positively associated with signed abnormal accruals, suggesting that our findings are not due to reduced earnings management. Our results are consistent with the theory that ERM improves managers’ understanding of the firm and its potential risks. Our study is relevant to academics how study ERM and practitioners and managers who are considering implementing ERM.
Blindsight is qualitatively degraded conscious vision.

Blindsight is a neuropsychological condition defined by residual visual function following destruction of primary visual cortex. This residual visual function is almost universally held to include capacities for voluntary discrimination in the total absence of awareness. So conceived, blindsight has had an enormous impact on the scientific study of consciousness. It is held to reveal a dramatic disconnect between performance and awareness and used to motivate diverse claims concerning the neural and cognitive basis of consciousness. Here I argue that this orthodox understanding of blindsight is fundamentally mistaken. Drawing on models from signal detection theory in conjunction with a wide range of behavioral and first-person evidence, I contend that blindsight is severely and qualitatively degraded but nonetheless conscious vision, unacknowledged due to conservative response biases. Psychophysical and functional arguments to the contrary are answered. A powerful positive case for the qualitatively degraded conscious vision hypothesis is then presented, detailing a set of distinctive predictions borne out by the data. Such data are further used to address the question of what it is like to have blindsight, as well as to explain the conservative and selectively unstable response criteria exhibited by blindsight subjects. On the view defended, blindsight does not reveal any dissociation between performance and awareness, nor does it speak to the neural or cognitive requirements for consciousness. A foundation stone of consciousness science requires radical reconsideration. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Tumor Antigens and Transformation-Related Proteins Associated with Feline Retroviruses

The oncogenic feline retroviruses that cause leukemia, lymphoma, and fibrosarcoma have been defined in detail. The feline leukemia virus (FeLV) a replication-competent agent, causes leukemia, lymphoma, and aplastic anemia, as well as a syndrome of immunosuppression which predisposes cats to the development of numerous other infectious diseases (Essex, 1975). FeLV will not transform fibroblasts. The tumors induced by FeLV occur after a prolonged induction period (Francis, et al., 1979b), and they are monoclonal (Mullins, personal communication). The feline sarcoma virus (FeSV), which is defective for replication, can only be transmitted from cell to cell in the presence of FeLV. FeSV will transform cultured fibroblasts with a very high degree of efficiency. When FeSV is inoculated into kittens, it usually causes multicentric fibrosarcomas. These tumors are polyclonal in origin and they occur after a very brief latent period (Snyder and Theilen, 1969).
Fast and Wide Field-of-View Microscopy using a Coded Aperture

Microscopes suffer from limited space-bandwidth product at high frame rates due to data collection bottlenecks. We demonstrate a coded aperture compressive microscope that enhances the space-bandwidth product of high-speed imagers.
The Best Defense: Money Laundering Prosecutions of Corrupt Foreign Officials

In a series of recent, high-profile cases, the DOJ has successfully pursued criminal charges against foreign officials in American courts. But instead of charging these officials with accepting corrupt payments, the DOJ has prosecuted them for exploiting the U.S. financial system to launder their bribes. Judges and scholars alike have questioned the legitimacy of this enforcement strategy, characterizing the money laundering charges as pretextual end runs around the FCPA’s asymmetric punishment regime. Yet from this common diagnosis, jurists and academics have raised distinct concerns. While judges have suggested that such prosecutions run afoul of substantive criminal law doctrines such as the Gebardi principle, commentators have lamented the expressive deficiency of condemning corruption indirectly. This Note argues that judges and scholars have fundamentally misunderstood the DOJ’s money laundering prosecutions of foreign officials. By treating these cases as mere attempts to combat foreign corruption, the critics have overlooked the additional harms that laundered bribes inflict on the United States. The infiltration of bribes into American institutions sullies the reputation of the U.S. financial system in the eyes of the international community. To ensure the American financial sector can effectively compete in the global market, the United States has a powerful interest in maintaining its real and perceived integrity. Recognizing the specific threats posed by laundered bribes not only dispels critics’ doctrinal and expressive concerns, but also clarifies that, far from subverting the FCPA, these money laundering prosecutions promote its reputational aim.
Role of V-defect density on the performance of III-nitride green LEDs on sapphire substrates

Abstract In this study, we experimentally investigated the role of V-defect density on the performance of green III-nitride LEDs grown on sapphire substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. We systematically varied the threading dislocation (TD) density from 4 × 108 to 1 × 109 cm−2 by changing the V/III ratio during initial high temperature GaN growth. A 30-period InGaN/GaN superlattice promoted V-defect formation and growth at TDs, where the density of V-defects was correlated to the TD density. By interrupting the LED growth and examining the surface of the active region, we quantified the average size and density of V-defects. In a series of LEDs, we measured a systematic decrease in forward voltage (VF) with V-defect density. At a V-defect density of 5.0 × 108 cm−2 and TD density of 1 × 109 cm−2, green LED devices were demonstrated with λ = 523 nm and VF = 2.94 V at 20 A cm−2. These results highlight the potential of using V-defect engineering to achieve low VF long wavelength LEDs on sapphire substrates, where opening of remaining threading dislocations into V-defects presents an opportunity for further VF reduction.
Correlates of Sexual and Reproductive Health Discussions During Preventive Visits: Findings From a National Sample of U.S. Adolescents.

Abstract Purpose This study examines characteristics of healthcare delivery, providers, and adolescents associated with provider-adolescent discussions about sexual and reproductive health (SRH) during preventive visits. Methods Data were from a 2019 national internet survey of U.S. adolescents ages 11–17 years and their parents. Adolescents who had a preventive visit in the past 2 years (n = 853) were asked whether their provider discussed each of eight SRH topics at that visit: puberty, safe dating, gender identity, sexual orientation, whether or not to have sex, sexually transmitted infections including human immunodeficiency virus, birth control methods, and where to get SRH services. Eight multivariable logistic regression models were examined (one for each SRH topic as the outcome), with each model including modifiable healthcare delivery and provider characteristics, adolescent beliefs, behaviors, and demographic characteristics as potential correlates. Results Provider-adolescent discussions about SRH topics at the last preventive visit were positively associated with face-to-face screening about sexual activity for all eight topics (range of adjusted odds ratios [AORs] = 3.40–9.61), having time alone with the adolescent during that visit (seven topics; AORs = 1.87–3.87), and ever having communicated about confidentiality with adolescents (two topics; AORs = 1.88–2.19) and with parents (one topic; AOR = 2.73). Adolescents’ perception that a topic was important to discuss with their provider was associated with provider-adolescent discussions about seven topics (AORs = 2.34–5.46). Conclusions Findings that provider-adolescent discussions about SRH during preventive visits were associated with modifiable practices including time alone between providers and adolescents and screening about sexual activity can inform efforts to improve the delivery of adolescent SRH services within primary care.
Introduction to Injury and Repair of Microbial Cells

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an introduction to injury and repair of microbial cells. Recognition of sublethal injury and the understanding of repair of damaged cells are extremely important to the microbiological community, especially to those interested in the applied aspects of microbiology. Knowledge of sublethal injury and resuscitation may enhance or reduce the lethal effect of a specific treatment. This knowledge may be used to minimize damage during preservation of microbial cultures. Presumably an understanding of injury and repair will eliminate, or at least minimize inadequacies in current microbiological methodology. Furthermore, an understanding of this entire process should help in gaining knowledge in many areas of physiology and molecular biology that till date have resisted adequate study and interpretation. The chapter discusses the stresses, definitions, microorganisms, and the influential factors in the injury and repair of microbial cells.
Design of Time-Varying Output Feedback Controllers to Meet Time and Gain Constraints

A linear observer-controller is developed to implement regulation of a linear system where a priori constraints are specified on the controller and observer gain matrices. The compensator's gain matrices are generated through the solution of matrix differential equations. Three parameters are used to compromise among constraints on process input norm, maximum excursion of state components and speed of response. Conditions are developed to examine whether or not a regulation accuracy specification can be met with a class of time-varying gain-constrained observer-controllers. Using this class of compensators, the time required to drive the system's state from any initial state to a prescribed region is estimated. Numerical simulation studies demonstrate the procedure.
Effect of Concentration of Organic Chemicals on Their Biodegradation by Natural Microbial Communities

The effect of concentration on the biodegradation of synthetic organic chemicals by natural microbial communities was investigated by adding individual 14C-labeled organic compounds to stream water at various initial concentrations and measuring the formation of 14CO2. The rate of degradation of p-chlorobenzoate and chloroacetate at initial concentrations of 47 pg/ml to 47 μg/ml fell markedly with lower initial concentrations, although half or more of the compound was converted to CO2 in 8 days or less. On the other hand, little mineralization of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate and 1-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate, or the naphthol formed from the latter, occurred when these compounds were present at initial concentrations of 2 to 3 ng/ml or less, although 60% or more of the chemical initially present at higher concentrations was converted to CO2 in 6 days. It is concluded that laboratory tests of biodegradation involving chemical concentrations greater than those in nature may not correctly assess the rate of biodegradation in natural ecosystems and that low substrate concentration may be important in limiting biodegradation in natural waters.
Long-term Relationships Between Ocean Variability and Water Resources in Northeastern Utah

Tingstad, Abbie H. and Glen M. MacDonald, 2010. Long-Term Relationships Between Ocean Variability and Water Resources in Northeastern Utah. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(5):987-1002. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00471.x Abstract: The Uinta Mountains in the northwestern Colorado River Basin are an important source of water for Utah and the western United States. This article examines 20th Century hydrology in the Uinta Mountains region in the context of the previous four to eight centuries as well as possible relationships with Pacific and Atlantic Ocean variability using new tree-ring based reconstructions for streamflow and snowpack. The 20th Century appears to have been unusually wet compared with previous centuries. Relationships between hydrology in the region and the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) are largely insignificant in instrumental datasets but may have been stronger, although inconsistent, over the longer time spans represented by the paleoclimate records. Impacts of individual modes of sea surface temperature variability may sometimes be enhanced by periods when climate forcing by ENSO, PDO, and/or AMO coincide. Such episodes are associated with deviations from mean hydrology as high as +14% and as low as −18%. The 20th Century could be a misleading benchmark to base water resource estimates upon and flexible water management strategies are necessary to take into account the large range of natural variability observed in the longer-term hydroclimatology as well as the challenges to predictability due to the apparently complex and inconsistent influence of ocean-driven variability.
Numerical continuation of invariant solutions of the complex Ginzburg–Landau equation

Abstract We consider the problem of computation and deformation of group orbits of solutions of the complex Ginzburg–Landau equation (CGLE) with cubic nonlinearity in 1 + 1 space–time dimension invariant under the action of the three-dimensional Lie group of symmetries A ( x , t ) → e i θ A ( x + σ , t + τ ) . From an initial set of group orbits of invariant solutions, for a particular point in the parameter space of the CGLE, we obtain new sets of group orbits of invariant solutions via numerical continuation along paths in the moduli space. The computed solutions along the continuation paths are unstable, and have multiple modes and frequencies active in their spatial and temporal spectra, respectively. Structural changes in the moduli space resulting in symmetry gaining / breaking associated often with the spatial reflection symmetry A ( x , t ) → A ( − x , t ) of the CGLE were frequently uncovered in the parameter regions traversed.
Early Development of the Conceptus

During implantation, a small space appears within the inner cell mass to produce the amniotic cavity. After the appearance of the amniotic cavity, the deeper portion of the inner cell mass appears to be arranged in the form of two epithelial cell layers which are referred to as ectoderm (epiblast) and endoderm (hypoblast); this circular, double layered portion of the inner cell mass is the bilaminar embryonic disk.