cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Insights Into Small Heat Shock Protein and Substrate Structure During Chaperone Action Derived from Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange and Mass Spectrometry.

Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) and the related α-crystallins are ubiquitous chaperones linked to neurodegenerative diseases, myopathies, and cataract. To better define their mechanism of chaperone action, we used hydrogen/deuterium exchange and mass spectrometry (HXMS) to monitor conformational changes during complex formation between the structurally defined sHSPs, pea PsHsp18.1, and wheat TaHsp16.9, and the heat-denatured model substrates malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and firefly luciferase. Remarkably, we found that even when complexed with substrate, the highly dynamic local structure of the sHSPs, especially in the N-terminal arm (>70% exchange in 5 s), remains unchanged. These results, coupled with sHSP-substrate complex stability, indicate that sHSPs do not adopt new secondary structure when binding substrate and suggest sHSPs are tethered to substrate at multiple sites that are locally dynamic, a feature that likely facilitates recognition and refolding of sHSP-bound substrate by the Hsp70/DnaK chaperone system. Both substrates were found to be stabilized in a partially unfolded state that is observed only in the presence of sHSP. Furthermore, peptide-level HXMS showed MDH was substantially protected in two core regions (residues 95–156 and 228–252), which overlap with the MDH structure protected in the GroEL-bound MDH refolding intermediate. Significantly, despite differences in the size and structure of TaHsp16.9-MDH and PsHsp18.1-MDH complexes, peptide-level HXMS patterns for MDH in both complexes are virtually identical, indicating that stabilized MDH thermal unfolding intermediates are not determined by the identity of the sHSP.
The vacuolar (H+)-ATPase: subunit arrangement and in vivo regulation

The V-ATPases are responsible for acidification of intracellular compartments and proton transport across the plasma membrane. They play an important role in both normal processes, such as membrane traffic, protein degradation, urinary acidification, and bone resorption, as well as various disease processes, such as viral infection, toxin killing, osteoporosis, and tumor metastasis. V-ATPases contain a peripheral domain (V1) that carries out ATP hydrolysis and an integral domain (V0) responsible for proton transport. V-ATPases operate by a rotary mechanism involving both a central rotary stalk and a peripheral stalk that serves as a stator. Cysteine-mediated cross-linking has been used to localize subunits within the V-ATPase complex and to investigate the helical interactions between subunits within the integral V0 domain. An essential property of the V-ATPases is the ability to regulate their activity in vivo. An important mechanism of regulating V-ATPase activity is reversible dissociation of the complex into its component V1 and V0 domains. The dependence of reversible dissociation on subunit isoforms and cellular environment has been investigated.
Hydrolysis of enkephalin by cultured human endothelial cells and by purified peptidyl dipeptidase

Abstract : The experiments indicate that rapid inactivation of enkephalins may be due to at least two different enzymes present in tissues. A peptidyl dipeptidase which is a component of plasma membrane of various cells may degrade enkephalins by liberating a C-terminal dipeptide and an aminopeptidase in endothelial cells may cleave peptides, that they are taken up as blood flows past the endothelial surface, at the N-terminal end.
Psychometric Evaluation of the Social Performance Survey Schedule: Reliability and Validity of the Positive Behavior Subscale

The reliability, discriminant validity, and convergent validity of the positive behavior subscale (Part A) of the Social Performance Schedule (SPSS) were examined. College students completed the SPSS once and a subsample completed it again one month later. High skill (HS) and low skill (LS) subjects on Part A completed the Hopkins Symptom Check List (to assess discriminant validity), self-monitored their naturally occurring social interactions, listed the number of friends they had, and participated in an in vivo interaction. Also, two friends of each subject were asked to complete a peer rating form to assess subjects' social competence. The reliability (temporal and internal consistency) of Part A was adequate. HS and LS subjects did not differ on the Symptom Check List, supporting Part A's discriminant validity. MANOVAs and subsequent univariate ANOVAs indicated that the two skill groups differed significantly on most of the convergent validity criteria. Findings from a previous SPSS study (Miller & Fu...
Binding of the Ras activator son of sevenless to insulin receptor substrate-1 signaling complexes

Signal transmission by insulin involves tyrosine phosphorylation of a major insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1) and exchange of Ras-bound guanosine diphosphate for guanosine triphosphate. Proteins containing Src homology 2 and 3 (SH2 and SH3) domains, such as the p85 regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2), bind tyrosine phosphate sites on IRS-1 through their SH2 regions. Such complexes in COS cells were found to contain the heterologously expressed putative guanine nucleotide exchange factor encoded by the Drosophila son of sevenless gene (dSos). Thus, GRB2, p85, or other proteins with SH2-SH3 adapter sequences may link Sos proteins to IRS-1 signaling complexes as part of the mechanism by which insulin activates Ras.
Simulation experiments comparing alternative process formulations using a factorial design

Abstract This paper reviews methods for exploring the differences between alternative equations in complex ecosystem models. A factorial design is proposed as a method for exposing possible interactions between equation forms in their effect on model output as well as to clarify differences between the main candidate equations. A number of display methods arising from statistical analysis are used including normal Q-Q plots, linear rank plots and interaction diagrams. The methods were illustrated using a complex ecosystem model of Lake Ontario. We found the methods effective at illustrating major differences between equations although several difficulties arose due to the complexity of the models and the diffuse nature of the data supporting model validation. Questions of the method for standardization of equation forms so that the compared equations are in some way analogous, are important. These methods are probably most useful in cases where the data are of sufficient quality to indicate not only how different equation forms affect model output but also which are to be preferred.
Compensation objectives and currents' physical components-based generation of reference signals for shunt switching compensator control

Compensation objectives in three-phase asymmetrical systems with non-sinusoidal voltages and currents, from the perspective of the loading and/or supply quality improvement, are discussed and classified. Fundamentals of generation of the reference signal for shunt switching compensator (SSC) control with the Currents' Physical Components (CPC) power theory are also presented. The CPC enables to fit the control algorithms to various objectives of Compensation and to the load properties. This is because the CPC power theory, being founded on power phenomena in electrical systems, provides clear insight into power properties of electrical loads. In spite of the fact that the CPC power theory represents a frequency-domain approach to the identification of the power properties, the CPC-based algorithms are not very computationally demanding and make a quasi-instantaneous control of switching compensators possible.
Beyond proportional analogy: A structural model of analogical mapping

A model of analogical mapping is proposed that uses five principles to generate consistent and conflicting hypotheses regarding assignments of elements of a source domain to analogous elements of a target domain. The principles follow the fine conceptual structure of the domains. The principles are: (1) the principle of proportional analogy; (2) the principle of mereological analogy, (3) the principle of chain reinforcement; (4) the principle of transitive reinforcement; and (5) the principle of mutual inconsistency. A constraint-satisfaction network is used to find the set of assignments that preserves the greatest relational structure of the source. In contrast to the model proposed here, most models of analogical mapping use only the principle of proportional analogy. The use of many principles is shown to be superior in that it permits smoother integration of pragmatic factors and results in a more efficient mapping process.
QUANTITATIVELY COMPARING MORPHOLOGICAL TRENDS TO ENVIRONMENT IN THE FOSSIL RECORD (CINCINNATIAN SERIES; UPPER ORDOVICIAN)

Determining whether morphological trends in fossil species represent evolution within a lineage or lateral shifts in morphologically variable populations through time requires a thorough examination of the details of both morphology and paleoenvironment in time and space. The purpose of this study is to explore at high resolution the relationship between morphology of the trilobite Flexicalymene granulosa and paleoenvironmental conditions in Upper Ordovician deposits of southwestern Ohio and northern Kentucky. This is achieved by using geometric morphometrics to measure high-resolution morphological changes and by using gradient analysis to capture environmental gradients underlying faunal distribution patterns. Quantitatively comparing the outcomes of these two techniques provides an assessment of whether shape changes relates to environment. Results indicate that a significant amount of shape change, seen as an anteromedial movement of the eye region over time, corresponds to ordination scores. This suggests a relationship between certain aspects of morphology and environment. The combination of these quantitative techniques has provided the foundation for determining whether morphological trends within F. granulosa represent evolution or temporal shifts in geographic variation. Future work will involve examining this relationship in greater detail both geographically and stratigraphically.
Urban rapid rail transit and gentrification in Canadian urban centres: A survival analysis approach:

Despite the existing knowledge that urban rapid rail transit has many effects on surrounding areas, and despite some attempts to understand the links between transit and gentrification, there remain methodological gaps in the research. This study addresses the relationship between the implementation of urban rapid rail transit and gentrification, which is conceived of as an event. As such, an event analysis approach using ‘survival analysis’ is adopted as the statistical analytical tool. It tests whether proximity to rail transit is related to the onset of gentrification in census tracts in Canada’s largest cities. It is found that proximity to rail transit, and to other gentrifying census tracts, have a statistically significant effect on gentrification in two of the three cities analysed. By providing a methodological framework for the empirical analysis of the impact of urban rail transit on gentrification, this paper is a reference for both researchers and transportation planners.
Steady-state multiplicity and bifurcation analysis via the newton polyhedron approach

Abstract A method based on the Newton polyhedron determines bifurcation of solution branches for simultaneous algebraic equations. This method has broad applicability in multiple steady-state analysis in chemical engineering. Reduction of the steady-state equations to a single nonlinear equation is not required. The method provides in nondegenerate cases the normal form of the algebraic equations—the leading nonlinear terms which alone determine steady-state multiplicity. Bifurcation conditions are developed for isothermal reaction between two adsorbed species in a catalytic CSTR and for two and three parallel reactions of arbitrary order in a nonisothermal CSTR.
Exocytotic fusion is activated by Rab3a peptides

Studies of intracellular traffic in yeast and mammalian systems have implicated members of the Rab family of small GTP-binding proteins as regulators of membrane fusion. We have used the patch clamp technique to measure exocytotic fusion events directly and investigate the role of GTP-binding proteins in regulating exocytosis in mast cells. Intracellular perfusion of mast cells with GTP-gamma S is sufficient to trigger complete exocytotic degranulation in the absence of other intracellular messengers. Here we show that GTP is a potent inhibitor of GTP-gamma S-induced degranulation, indicating that sustained activation of a GTP-binding protein is sufficient for membrane fusion. We have found that synthetic oligopeptides, corresponding to part of the effector domain of Rab3a, stimulate complete exocytotic degranulation, similar to that induced by GTP-gamma S. The response is selective for Rab3a sequence and is strictly dependent on Mg2+ and ATP. This suggests that sustained activation of a Rab3 protein causes exocytotic fusion. The peptide response can be accelerated by GDP-beta S, suggesting that Rab3a peptides compete with endogenous Rab3 proteins for a binding site on a target effector protein, which causes fusion on activation.
Structural characterization of the [(CN)5CoO2Co(CN)5]6− Ion: The crystal structure of potassium decacyano-μ-peroxodicabaltate dinitrate tetrahydrate

Abstract The peroxo-bridged binuclear anion [(CN)5CoO2 Co(CN)5]6− has been crystallized as a double salt with potassium nitrate in the compound K8[Co2O2 (CN)100(NO3)2·4H2O. The crystal structure of this salt has been determined using three-dimensional X-ray diffraction data measured with a computer- controlled diffractometer. Cell constant are a = 11.605(4), b = 8.383(3), c = 16.639(4) A, β = 109.43(2)°; the space group is P21/c, with z = 2. Least-squares refinement using 2114 unique data led to an unweighted R index of 0.043. The structure consists of a quite dense packing of binuclear cobalt anions, nitarte ions, potassium ions, and water molecules, in which all water molecules are hydrogen bonded to the bridging peroxo group. The binuclear anion has point symmetry 1 , and thus contains a planar peroxo linkage, in which the CoOOCo atoms are σ-bonded in a stagged arrengement. The OO distance has a rather short value of 1.447(4) A. CoC distances range from 1.874 to 1.912 A with the shortest trans to the bridging group. The CN distance of the cyanide ligands range from 1.136 to 1.163 A, averaging 1.149 A. The CoO distance has extremely long value of 1.985(3) A.
Cyclic somatostatin octapeptide analogues with high affinity and selectivity toward mu opioid receptors.

A series of cyclic conformationally restricted penicillamine containing somatostatin octapeptide analogues have been prepared by standard solid phase synthetic techniques and tested for their ability to inhibit specific [125I]CGP 23,996 (des-Ala1-,Gly2-[desamino-Cys3Tyr11]-dicarba3,14- somatostatin), [3H]naloxone or [3H]DPDPE ([D-Pen2-D-Pen5]enkephalin) binding in rat brain membrane preparations. We now report structure-activity relationship studies with the syntheis of our most potent and selective mu opioid receptor compound DPheCysTyrDTrpOrnThrPenThrNH2, which we refer to as Cys2Tyr3Orn5Pen7-amide. While this octapeptide exhibited high affinity (IC50 = 2.80 nM) for an apparently single population of binding sites (nH = 0.89 ± 0.1) and exceptional selectivity for mu opioid receptos with an IC51(DPDPE)/IC50 (naloxone) ratio of 4,829, it also displayed very low affinity for somatostatin receptors (IC50 = 22,700 nM). Thus, Cys2Tyr3Orn5 Pen7-amide may be the ligand of choice for further characterization of mu opioid receptors and for examining the physiological role of this class of receptors.
Efficacy of monensin and tylosin in finishing diets based on steam-flaked corn with and without corn wet distillers grains with solubles.

Three hundred seventy-one crossbred-yearling heifers (299 +/- 9 kg initial BW) were obtained from a common source and used in a randomized complete-block designed finishing study. A 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments was used with one factor being diet: based on steam-flaked corn finishing diet (SFC) or SFC plus 25% (dry basis) corn wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS). The second factor was feed additives: no added antibiotics (NONE), 300 mg of monensin daily (MONENSIN), or 300 mg of monensin + 90 mg of tylosin daily (MON+TYL). Main effect of diet resulted in no difference in DMI (P = 0.34). Heifers fed SFC gained 9% faster (P = 0.01) and were 7% more efficient (P = 0.01) than heifers fed WDGS. In addition, heifers fed SFC had 3% heavier (P = 0.01) HCW; 1% greater (P = 0.01) dress yield; and had 3% larger (P = 0.05) LM area. Marbling score and carcasses that graded USDA Choice or better were both greater (P /= 0.12) among feed additive treatments. Kidney, pelvic, and heart fat and s.c. fat thickness at the 12th rib were also not different (P >/= 0.55) for main effects of diet and feed additive. There was a tendency (P = 0.09) for a diet x feed additive interaction for the most severe (A+) liver abscesses. Heifers fed NONE yielded the greatest percentage (16%) of A+ livers in the SFC treatment, whereas heifers fed MON+TYL yielded the greatest percentage (10%) in the WDGS treatment. Including wet distillers grains with solubles in diets based on steam-flaked corn decreased finishing heifer performance, HCW, and marbling. Tylosin addition tended to decrease severity of liver abscesses in diets containing SFC, but not in diets containing WDGS. These data indicate that monensin and tylosin may not be as effective when used in steam-flaked corn diets with 25% WDGS.
Demographic variables in medical care demand analysis

Abstract This paper develops a conceptual framework for including demographic variables in economic analysis of the demand for medical care, given the demand for health. The individual's need for medical care is defined and the process of satisfying the need is recognized. Thus, demographic factors are used to restrict the consumption space to a relevant subset in the commodity space. The restriction of the consumption space enables demographic variables to be included in a theoretical analysis of utility maximization. The inclusion of demographic variables in turn implies the dependency of income and price elasticities on nonbudgetary factors.
Integrative Medicine in Family Medicine Residency

As specialists who care for families and communities, family physicians have a responsibility to respond to evolving views of healthcare among their patients. Americans are using complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) with increasing frequency and family physicians are well suited to becoming the guides for ensuring the safe and effective integration of conventional and complementary approaches to healthcare. US National Institutes of Health National Centers for Complementary and Alternative Medicine funding was used to design, implement and evaluate an educational intervention for residents and faculty members in our family medicine residency programme at the Maine Medical Center (Portland, ME, USA). Key components of the project were a series of half-day workshops, faculty development and a resident curriculum. The resident curriculum includes experiences designed to address physician Wellness, communication with patients and coordination of care with community CAM providers. The project engaged community CAM practitioners as teachers and in patient care. Faculty members and residents reported an increase in knowledge and confidence in discussing and utilising CAM modalities. They reported improvement in their ability to find reliable information on CAM and a dramatic increase in level of comfort discussing CAM with patients. Our experience suggests that family physicians are well suited to becoming patient guides for the safe and effective integration of conventional and complementary approaches to healthcare.
A Bayesian approach to blind source separation

Abstract This paper presents a Bayesian statistical approach to the blind source separation problem. The blind source separation model is described; the source distribution is discussed; other approaches such as Principal Components, Independent Components, and Factor Analysis are detailed; prior distributions are introduced to incorporate available prior knowledge; the posterior distribution for the model parameters (including the number of sources) is derived; and the parameter estimation procedure is outlined. Finally Bayesian blind source separation is applied in a simulated example and its advantages over the other methods are stated.
Measurements of imaging parameters of a phase contrast x-ray imaging prototype

A high spatial resolution computed radiography (CR) detector was used to develop a phase contrast x-ray imaging prototype with a microfocus x-ray source. The phase contrast imaging was realized with appropriate magnifications. Meanwhile, the basic system parameters, such as the modulation transfer function (MTF) and detective quantum efficiency (DQE) were measured with and without phase contrast effect. The experimental results indicated that the phase contrast can enhance the detectability of the imaging system.
Personnel performance evaluation techniques

Personnel evaluations and the related problem of obtaining good performance are difficult areas of management to which a computer center manager should allot as much time as appears warranted, but no more. Disagreements over a particular method of performance evaluation can usually be translated to a belief that the effort involved in implementing the method is not balanced by a sufficient performance improvement. This article provides a description of alternative techniques which may be useful and which require different amounts of the manager's time.
Correlation, Causality, and All that Jazz: The Inherent Shortcomings of Price Tests for Antitrust Market Delineation

A substantial economics literature has developed in which price data have been relied upon to delineate antitrust markets by empirically implementing definitions offered by classical economists. The forces driving these price tests are not the same as those that give rise to market power, and therefore these price tests are likely to reach erroneous conclusions if used to delineate antitrust relevant markets. The price tests should be used with great caution, if at all.
A Non-oscillatory Eulerian Approach to Interfaces in Multimaterial Flows (the Ghost Fluid Method)

While Eulerian schemes work well for most gas flows, they have been shown to admit nonphysical oscillations near some material interfaces. In contrast, Lagrangian schemes work well at multimaterial interfaces, but suffer from their own difficulties in problems with large deformations and vorticity characteristic of most gas flows. We believe that the most robust schemes will combine the best properties of Eulerian and Lagrangian schemes. In this paper, we propose a new numerical method for treating interfaces in Eulerian schemes that maintains a Heaviside profile of the density with no numerical smearing along the lines of earlier work and most Lagrangian schemes. We use a level set function to track the motion of a multimaterial interface in an Eulerian framework. In addition, the use of ghost cells (actually ghost nodes in our finite difference framework) and a new isobaric fix technique allows us to keep the density profile from smearing out, while still keeping the scheme robust and easy to program with simple extensions to multidimensions and multilevel time integration, e.g., Runge?Kutta methods. In contrast, previous methods used ill-advised dimensional splitting for multidimensional problems and suffered from great complexity when used in conjunction with multilevel time integrators.
Polymicrobial Sepsis but Not Low-Dose Endotoxin Infusion Causes Decreased Splenocyte IL-2/IFN-γ Release While Increasing IL-4/IL-10 Production

Abstract Although studies indicate that polymicrobial sepsis produces marked depression in lymphocyte functions, it remains unclear whether this dysfunction is due to the chronic exposure of immune cells to endotoxin (ETX; a product of the gram-negative bacterial cell wall) at levels typically encountered in the septic state. The aim of this study, therefore, was to determine whether the changes in lymphokine release seen during polymicrobial sepsis are comparable to those observed with chronic ETX infusion. To assess this, splenocytes were harvested from C3H/HeN mice (ETX-sensitive) at 1 or 24 hr following cecal ligation and puncture (CLP; to induce polymicrobial sepsis), Sham CLP (Sham), or laparotomy followed by peritoneal implantation of a mini-osmotic pump which delivered either saline vehicle (Sal-pump) or ETX (ETX-pump; 0.025 μg lipopolysaccharide/25 g body wt/24 hr). Splenocytes were then stimulated with concanavalin A (2.5 μg/ml/48 hr) and their capacity to release interleukin (IL)-2, interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-4, and IL-10 was determined by bioassay or ELISA. The results indicated that there were no changes in lymphokine release capacity at 1 hr after CLP or ETX-pump implantation. However, prolonged sepsis (i.e., at 24 hr) caused a marked suppression of IL-2 and IFN-γ release (immune-enhancing lymphokines characteristic of T h 1-cells), while enhancing the release of immunosuppressive T h 2-cell products IL-4 and IL-10. Chronic exposure to ETX at a level comparable to that seen in CLP caused no depression in lymphokine (IL-2/IFN-γ) release. This implies that a bacterial component other than ETX mediates the differential alterations observed in lymphokine release during prolonged polymicrobial sepsis.
A Representation of Nα+as a Union of Weighted Hardy Spaces

A characterization of the F-algebra (introduced by Stoll in [16]) is obtained, which allows for a representation of as a union of certain weighted H2 spaces, analogous to the representation for the Smirnov class . The invertible elements of play a key role. This can be used to derive results for the classes which parallel those of N +. AMS No. 3OH05
Creep rupture at depth in a cold ice sheet

THE mechanism by which stress is released in intermediate and deep focus earthquakes and the physics of tectonic processes are of particular interest to Earth scientists. As a way of understanding such phenomena it would be valuable to have a relatively small scale tectonic system duplicating the processes taking place within the Earth. Several authors1–3 have speculated that processes operating within glaciers and ice sheets are analogous to those in the Earth. Experimental evidence has not supported the hypothesis of an Earth glacier equivalence, especially in terms of identifying faulting at depth within glaciers. A seismic survey made of a valley glacier in Canada4 found no deep ice events. However, evidence of the existence of discrete shear planes within the Antarctic Ice Sheet5 and evidence described here relating to the Greenland Ice Sheet, indicate that faulting takes place at depth in cold ice sheets.
Supermales (YY sex chromosomes) and androgen-treated XY males: Competition for mating with female killifish Oryzias latipes

Abstract In daily competitions for mating, between matched pairs of males (one YY and one XY), the YY genotype was usually the victor and had higher mean values for individual components of male reproductive behaviour. After 183 tests of competition between pairs of untreated YY and XY males, with spawnings in 114 of these trials, tests were continued while the losing XY males were given testosterone propionate. During androgenic treatment the XY males induced more spawnings than YY males, i.e. became victors instead of losers. Also, while XY (but not YY) males received exogenous androgen, the XY males tended to score higher mean values for all but one of the components of male reproductive behaviour under study, whereas YY males tended to have reduced values. Data for individual pairs of fish were consistent with mean data for all pairs.
A phase 1 clinical-laboratory study of clofarabine followed by cyclophosphamide for adults with refractory acute leukemias

Clofarabine has shown impressive response rates in patients with acute leukemias. In vitro investigations with clofarabine in combination with cyclophosphamide in primary cells have demonstrated synergistic cytotoxicity and inhibition of DNA repair. Based on these clinical and laboratory observations, we designed a mechanism-based combination protocol with clofarabine and cyclophosphamide for patients with relapsed acute leukemias. Eighteen patients were treated with cyclophosphamide (200 mg/m(2)) alone on day 0 and with clofarabine plus cyclophosphamide on day 1. Clinical responses, toxicity, DNA damage measured as H2AX phosphorylation, and accumulation of clofarabine triphosphate (TP) were analyzed. At dose level 1 (20 mg/m(2) clofarabine + cyclophosphamide, 6 patients) and dose level 0 (10 mg/m(2) clofarabine + cyclophosphamide, 12 patients) overall response rates were 50% and 30%, respectively, with responses in 4 (67%) of 6 patients with refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Dose-limiting toxicity occurred at dose level 1 with prolonged marrow aplasia. Four (22%) patients died from prolonged aplasia (1), fungal pneumonia (1), or multiorgan failure (2). In 12 of 13 patient samples, increased DNA damage (gammaH2AX) was observed with clofarabine and cyclophosphamide compared with cyclophosphamide alone. In conclusion, pharmacodynamic end points along with clinical results suggest usefulness of this combination strategy, whereas toxicity data suggest reduction in chemotherapeutic intensity. This clinical trial is registered with the National Cancer Institute's PDQ at www.clinicaltrials.gov as no. JHOC-J0561.
Asymptotic behavior of the scattering amplitude for particles with arbitrary spins

The trace, with respect to the spin variables, of the elastic scattering amplitude for particles having arbitrary spin is considered. The boundedness properties of these amplitudes, and of the cross sections associated with them, are determined as functions of the scattering angle. (T.F.H.)
The Political Economy of Mexican Oil

Preface Introduction The Efficiency of Pemex Pricing and Subsidies Promotion of Mexican Manufacturing and Engineering The Union Planning Oil and the Economy Conclusion Bibliography Index
Generation and Characterization of New Fluoro-Substituted Carbenes

Singlet fluorocarbenes substituted with diphenylphosphanyl, phenylsulfanyl, and trimethylsilyl groups were generated upon photolysis of the corresponding tricyclo[4.3.1.0]decadiene precursors 1a−c....
Serosa ontogeny in two embryonic morphs of Copidosoma floridanum: The influence of host hormones

The embryos of 2 larval morphs of the insect parasitoid Copidosoma floridanum (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) were readily distinguished on the basis of temporal and morphological characters. Although larvae of the 2 morphs diftered in morphology and timing of hatch, both morphs derived a serosal membrane just prior to embryonic morphogenesis. Nuclei of the serosa increased in diameter and ploidy during development. Serosa polyploidy was similar in both morphs at identical stages of morphogenesis. Host endocrine perturbations that blocked C. floridanum morphogenesis also affected serosa development. Serosa ontogeny was blocked when the host was ligated at 7 h of the 4th stadium. Daily application of the juvenile hormone analogue methoprene starting at 20 h of the host's 3rd stadium resulted in serosal nuclei with greater diameters and ploidy values than those of untreated embryos. Treatment of the host with methoprene beginning at 20 h of the 3rd stadium followed by ligation at 7 h of the 4th stadium arrested serosa ontogeny and embryonic growth of the parasitoid. These data indicate that embryos of both morphs of C. floridanum formed a serosa just prior to morphogenesis and that serosa ontogeny required host head factors. Furthermore, host juvenile hormone did not influence serosa ontogeny but stimulated polyploidy of membrane nuclei. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Copyright © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc., A Wiley Company
Toughness and Embrittlement of RPV Steels Using Ultrasonic Measurements

Neutron bombardment of reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steels causes reductions in fracture toughness in these steels, termed neutron irradiation embrittlement. Currently there are no accepted methods for nondestructive determination of the extent of the irradiation embrittlement nor the actual fracture toughness of the reactor pressure vessel. This paper summarizes the findings from an effort addressing the use of ultrasonic attenuation as a suitable parameter for nondestructive determination of irradiation embrittlement in RPV steels. The materials examined in this study include one heat of RPV steel that was heat treated to induce changes in its fracture toughness, several heats of RPV steel irradiated to assess neutron embrittlement changes in fracture toughness, and a matrix of RPV steels (in the unirradiated condition) with a range of as-fabricated fracture toughness levels.© 2004 ASME
A Role for Programmable Controllers in Factory Distributed Control

The programmable controller (PC) has many sophisticated capabilities, such as minicomputer type instructions, user friendly network communications, high reliability with built-in maintenance diagnostics, and a wide range of reliable input/output (I/O) modules. The PC's easy-to-use computerlike operating functions allow it to compete against minicomputers in the industrial environment. User friendly programming allows factory implementation where multiple PC's may talk to each other, to a computer, or to other peripheral devices without a software specialist. Cost and features of the PC permit the industrial user to automate his factory with high reliability and redundancy as capital funds become available. The potential of distributed PC's In the automatic factory is discussed.
The Privilege of Ease: Social Class and Campus Life at Highly Selective, Private Universities

Active involvement in college activities is linked to a host of student development outcomes, including personal growth, achievement and satisfaction. Yet, to date there has been too little attention to how social class shapes campus involvement. Through an analysis of survey data of students attending a single elite university and a national sample of students at highly selective, private universities, I consider how class background is associated with participation in college activities and satisfaction with campus social life. Reflecting a history of class-based exclusion, the typical elite university student enters college from an affluent household, although distinct class fractions help conceal significant gaps and differences across the college years. Dominant class students devote considerable time to social and recreational activities, while middle and subordinate class students are more likely to have a part-time job to pay for college expenses. This pattern of campus involvement explains middle and subordinate class students’ lower levels of satisfaction upon graduation.
A comparative investigation of Rydberg-state survival in several molecules using mass-analyzed threshold ionization

Abstract Mass-analyzed threshold ionization experiments have enabled mapping of the n -dependent Rydberg state survival probability for a series of molecules. Utilizing vacuum ultraviolet photons, one-photon Rydberg manifold spectra of Ar, HCl, N 2 , C 6 H 6 and O 2 were produced, and the prospects of photoinduced Rydberg ionization experiments examined. It was found that the widths of Rydberg manifolds for the molecules studied are quite different. Hydrogen chloride and nitrogen have the narrowest manifold width, followed by benzene, and then oxygen. These varying widths are most strongly correlated with the angular momentum (i.e., quantum defect) of the initially prepared Rydberg orbital.
A Novel Salicylate-Based Macrobicycle with a "Split Personality"

Two new ligands (the tripodal TRENIAM and macrobicyclic TRENSAM) which use 2-hydroxyisophthalic acid as a salicylato-type of binding group have been prepared, and their coordination chemistry has been investigated. The structures of several metal complexes have been determined in both solution and the solid state. The ferric and gallium complexes of TRENIAM are isostructural and crystallize in the triclinic space group Po, with Z = 4. For Fe[TRENIAM]: a = 12.0203(4) A, b = 12.6996(4) A, c = 24.6435(8) A, alpha = 83.146(1) degrees, beta = 88.531(1) degrees, gamma = 85.282(1) degrees. For Ga[TRENIAM]: a = 11.9780(2) A, b = 12.6417(3) A, c = 24.5404(6) A, alpha = 83.324(1) degrees, beta = 88.488(1) degrees, gamma = 85.038(1) degrees. The metal cations are bound by three phenolic oxygens and three carbonyl oxygens in a ligand structure analogous to that of salicylamide. The ferric and gallium complexes of macrobicyclic TRENSAM are essentially isosteric and crystallize in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/n, with Z = 4. For Fe[macrobicyclic TRENSAM](+): a = 10.7156(2) A, b = 23.10490(10) A, c = 19.8373(3) A, beta = 98.829(1) degrees. For Ga[macrobicyclic TRENSAM](+): a = 11.1144(2) A, b = 22.8382(4) A, c = 19.4525(4) A, beta = 99.247(1) degrees. The metal complexes of macrobicyclic TRENSAM impose an unusual conformational distortion on the macrobicycle, breaking the C(2) symmetry axis of the parent ligand. This results in a macrocyclic complex with two acyclic analogues, TRENSAM and TRENIAM, giving the cryptate a "split personality" with structural features of both acyclic ligands. (1)H NMR shows that the metal complexes of macrobicyclic TRENSAM are kinetically inert and retain an asymmetric structure in solution. Cyclic voltammetry experiments show that the ferrous complexes are strongly stabilized by the macrocyclic structure.
Wavelength dependence of bilirubin photoreactivity.

Abstract The rates and products of the self-sensitized photoreactions of bilirubin IXα vary with excitation wavelength, solvent and the presence or absence of oxygen. Radical or Type I photooxidation reactions of bilirubin are implicated in degassed chloroform or methanol. Quantum yields for the disappearance of bilirubin vary from 10 −2 to 10 −4 with excitation wavelengths of 440, 340 and 280 nm and with the higher quantum yield generally appearing in chloroform solvent and/or excitation at 280 nm. Bilirubin is stable in degassed chloroform to irradiation at 440 nm.
Effect of Osmolytes on Proteins

Cells exhibit cellular coping mechanisms when faced with osmotic stresses by importing or producing compounds called osmolytes, which aid in osmotic regulation. Proline is an example of such a compound. The primary function of these compounds is to combat the effects of dehydration in the cell. Stabilization of proteins, which are susceptible to osmotic stresses, is of key importance to the cell's health. Osmolytes have been shown to impact the stability and solubility of proteins, and certain osmolytes also exhibit the function of aiding in protein folding and refolding and in preventing protein aggregation. The mode by which osmolytes aid in protein stabilization is believed to be a solvent-oriented process by which folding is facilitated by the preferential ordering of solvent molecules, but the exact mechanism remains elusive. We characterized the supramolecular structure of proline in solution using multi-dimensional NMR spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering. The molecular mechanism underlying the stabilizing effect of proline on a protein is studied using thermal denaturation monitored by steady-state fluorescence. Results from the denaturation studies indicate that the Tm of the protein increases in the presence of increasing concentrations of proline by about 20 °C, suggesting that thermodynamic stability of the protein is enhanced upon binding to proline. Stability studies using several other osmolytes like TMAO, glycerol, 4-hydroxy proline, and betaine show that proline is the osmolyte which stabilizes the protein to the largest extent. Two-dimensional HSQC NMR experiments were used to reveal the proline binding sites on FGF-1. The results provide useful insights on the molecular mechanism of proline. The mechanism by which proline stabilizes protein is further investigated in hydrogen-deuterium exchange experiments monitored by NMR with the protein in the presence and absence of proline in viscous medium. These results provide valuable thermodynamic and binding specificity data.
Calcium nutrition of the sugarbeet

Abstract When sugarbeet seedlings are transferred from a complete nutrient solution to one from which Ca has been withheld, the rootlets and tops fail to develop. The same transfer at the eight‐leaf stage causes the rootlets to become stubby and swollen at the tips and blade expansion becomes modified; particularly the upper portions of the blades attaining nearly full development, which pucker and often develop a cupping or hooding effect; a unique symptom characteristic of Ca deficiency. As each new leaf develops, the blade area becomes smaller until only a black tip remains at the apex of the petiole, which is the symptom referred to as tip‐burn for this petiole and the successively . shorter petioles formed as Ca deficiency increases in severity. Strangely, these symptoms also appear during periods of rapid growth when the nutrient solution contains as much as 10 to 28 milliequivalents per liter of Ca or when soils are high in Ca. This implies that Ca absorption and possibly translocation limits the C...
Precision physics with a wide band super neutrino beam

We carry out a state-of-the-art assessment of long baseline neutrino oscillation experiments with wide band beams. We describe the feasibility of an experimental program using existing high-energy accelerator facilities, a new intense wide band neutrino beam (0--6 GeV) and a proposed large detector in a deep underground laboratory. We find that a decade-long program with 1 MW operation in the neutrino mode and 2 MW operation in the antineutrino mode, a baseline as long as the distance between Fermilab and the Homestake mine (1300 km) or the Henderson mine (1500 km), and a water Cherenkov detector with fiducial mass $\ensuremath{\sim}300\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{kT}$ has optimum sensitivity to a nonzero ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{13}$, the mass hierarchy and to neutrino $CP$ violation at the $3\ensuremath{\sigma}$ C. L. for ${sin﻿}^{2}2{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{13}g0.008$. This program is capable of breaking the eight-fold degeneracy down to the octant degeneracy without additional external input.
Spirans XXI. Synthesis of silaazaspiro[4.5]decanes and silaazaspiro[5.5]undecanes

N-(2-Dimethylaminopropyl)-8,8-dimethyl-8-sila-2-azaspiro[4.5]decane (1) and N-(3-dimethyl-aminopropyl)-9,9-dimethyl-9-sila-3-azaspiro[5.5]undecane (2) have been synthesized from 4,4-dimethyl-4-silacyclohexanone (5). Biological evaluation of 1 and 2 indicated cytotoxic action against human cancer cells grown in tissue culture.
INCORPORATION OF [14C]N‐ACETYL NEURAMINIC ACID INTO BRAIN GLYCOPROTEINS AND GANGLIOSIDES IN VIVO1

—Intracerebrally administered [14C]N-acetyl neuraminic acid was incorporated into brain glycoproteins and gangliosides. Incorporation into both classes of compounds was markedly inhibited by acetoxycycloheximide but incorporation into the soluble glycoproteins of the nerve-ending fraction was inhibited least of all. In contrast to glucosamine and fucose, a relatively small proportion of the injected [14C]NANA was incorporated.
Each Conserved Active Site Tyr in the Three Subunits of Human Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Has a Different Function

The human NAD-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is a heterotetrameric mitochondrial enzyme with 2α:1β:1γ subunit ratio. The three subunits share 40–52% identity in amino acid sequence and each includes a tyrosine in a comparable position: αY126, βY137, and γY135. To study the role of the corresponding tyrosines of each of the subunits of human NAD-IDH, the tyrosines were mutated (one subunit at a time) to Ser, Phe, or Glu. Enzymes were expressed with one mutant and two wild-type subunits. The results of characterization of the mutant enzymes suggest that βY137 is involved in NAD binding and allosteric activation by ADP. The αY126 is required for catalytic activity and likely acts as a general acid in the reaction. The γY135 is also required for catalytic activity and may be involved in proper folding of the enzyme. The corresponding tyrosines in the three dissimilar subunits of NAD-IDH thus have distinctive functions.
Failure of neuropeptide y to modulate the release of LH and prolactin by cultured bovine pituitary cells

Possible direct effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) on dispersed and cultured cells of the anterior lobe (AL) of the bovine pituitary were investigated. AL tissue from steers was enzymatically dissociated into individual cells, preincubated for 18 hr and then incubated in suspension cultures for 2 hr or 24 hr with either NPY, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) or both. Release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (PRL) into medium was quantified by radioimmunoassay and expressed as hormone released per 100,000 cells. Basal release of LH averaged 38 and 86 ng for 2 hr and 24 hr respectively while that of PRL averaged 118 and 438 ng for the same incubation periods. Addition of NPY did not alter (P>.05) basal release of LH or PRL for either duration of incubation. Also, NPY did not affect (P>.05) release of LH in response to GnRH. In summary, this study indicated that NPY, at in vitro dosages of .01 to 100nM, does not modulate the release of LH or PRL at the pituitary level in castrate cattle.
Binding of Polymyxin Antibiotics to Tissues: The Major Determinant of Distribution and Persistence in the Body

The polymyxin antibiotics are inactivated in vitro by tissues because they are bound to phospholipids of cell membranes. A method that liberates bound drug in an active form from tissues permitted study of distribution and persistence in vivo. Studies using single injections in the rabbit showed that bound drug persists in liver, kidney, brain, heart, muscle, and lung for as long as 72 hr. Accumulation in tissue but not in serum was noted on repeated injection, with persistence for at least five days after seven daily injections. Free polymyxin B was detectable in liver, kidney, muscle, and brain and persisted for many days in muscle and brain. Free colistimethate was detectable in all tissues other than brain and persisted for many days in liver, kidney, and muscle. Colistimethate appears to be incompletely converted in vivo to the parent compound, colistin. These observations may account for differences in toxicity and chemotherapeutic efficacy of polymyxin B and colistimethate.