cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Proposed Framework for the Implementation of Early Infant Diagnosis Point-of-Care.

Abstract Early diagnosis of HIV infection in infants and children remains a challenge in resource-limited settings, with approximately half of all HIV-exposed infants receiving virological testing for HIV by the recommended age of 2 months in 2015. To reduce morbidity and mortality among HIV-infected children and close the treatment gap for HIV-infected children, there is an urgent need to evaluate existing programmatic and laboratory practices for early infant diagnosis and introduce strategies to improve identification of HIV-exposed infants and ensure access to systematic, early HIV testing, with early linkage to treatment for HIV-infected infants. This article describes progress made in follow-up of HIV-exposed infants since 2006, including remaining unmet laboratory and programmatic needs, and recommends strategies for improvement, especially those related to the implementation of point-of-care technology for early infant diagnosis.
Liberation Through Education: Teaching #BlackLivesMatter in Africana Studies

This paper is based on teaching about #BlackLivesMatter in Africana Studies in two seminar courses during the Spring of 2015 and 2016, respectively. Guided by a pedagogy grounded in the belief that education can be a tool of social justice, arguments are made for how to frame discussions of #BlackLivesMatter in regard to the socio-historical circumstances that inform and shape the modern day movement. In addition, suggestions are made for including a discussion of the tradition of activism within the Black community as a way to understand the present movement.
Neurogenetic analysis of childhood disintegrative disorder

Childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD) is a rare form of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) of unknown etiology. It is characterized by late-onset regression leading to significant intellectual disability (ID) and severe autism. Although there are phenotypic differences between CDD and other forms of ASD, it is unclear if there are neurobiological differences. We pursued a multidisciplinary study of CDD (n = 17) and three comparison groups: low-functioning ASD (n = 12), high-functioning ASD (n = 50), and typically developing (n = 26) individuals. We performed whole-exome sequencing (WES), copy number variant (CNV), and gene expression analyses of CDD and, on subsets of each cohort, non-sedated functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while viewing socioemotional (faces) and non-socioemotional (houses) stimuli and eye tracking while viewing emotional faces. We observed potential differences between CDD and other forms of ASD. WES and CNV analyses identified one or more rare de novo, homozygous, and/or hemizygous (mother-to-son transmission on chrX) variants for most probands that were not shared by unaffected sibling controls. There were no clearly deleterious variants or highly recurrent candidate genes. Candidate genes that were found to be most conserved at variant position and most intolerant of variation, such as TRRAP, ZNF236, and KIAA2018, play a role or may be involved in transcription. Using the human BrainSpan transcriptome dataset, CDD candidate genes were found to be more highly expressed in non-neocortical regions than neocortical regions. This expression profile was similar to that of an independent cohort of ASD probands with regression. The non-neocortical regions overlapped with those identified by fMRI as abnormally hyperactive in response to viewing faces, such as the thalamus, cerebellum, caudate, and hippocampus. Eye-tracking analysis showed that, among individuals with ASD, subjects with CDD focused on eyes the most when shown pictures of faces. Given that cohort sizes were limited by the rarity of CDD, and the challenges of conducting non-sedated fMRI and eye tracking in subjects with ASD and significant ID, this is an exploratory study designed to investigate the neurobiological features of CDD. In addition to reporting the first multimodal analysis of CDD, a combination of fMRI and eye-tracking analyses are being presented for the first time for low-functioning individuals with ASD. Our results suggest differences between CDD and other forms of ASD on the neurobiological as well as clinical level.
Engineering Design and Society

As a discipline, engineering is rooted in mathematics and natural sciences; as a practice, it is social at its core. Social science is a more recent development than the society that it seeks to document and understand. Bringing social science into engineering design has its pros and cons. The consequences of design, especially at an aggregate or social level, are difficult to anticipate. Attempts to improve the design by engaging with the social science must, however, be moderated by the modest record of the latter in making out-of-sample predictions.
Ets-1 and tissue factor expression and regulation in PC3 cells in vitro and in prostate cancer in vivo

4630 The transcription factor Ets-1 promotes tumorigenesis by transactivating numerous genes required for angiogenesis and matrix degradation. In our previous study, we found Ets-1 to be present in the PC3 prostate cancer cell line expressing tissue factor (TF) but not in the TF-negative prostate cancer cell line, LNCaP. We have further studied the expression of Ets-1 mRNA in metastatic prostate cancer cell line PC3. Its expression was induced two-fold when PC3 cells were treated in vitro with active recombinant factor VII (rFVIIa). Treatment of PC3 cells with active site-inactivated FVIIa reduced the level of Ets-1 below basal level. To elucidate the mechanism of Ets-1 regulation, TF expression was knocked down in PC3 cells using shRNAs. Levels of TF RNA and protein were then measured using qRTPCR and flow cytometry. TF levels were reduced to less than 10% of parental PC3 cells and levels of Ets-1 mRNA also reduced proportionately in TF-deficient cells. These experiments suggest that Ets-1 expression is regulated by TF in prostate cancer cells. To determine if this pattern also occurs in vivo, we assessed Ets-1 expression in clinical specimens of prostate cancer. We measured mRNA and protein levels in prostate tissues from patients with localized (n=9) and metastatic (n=7) disease using real-time RTPCR and Western analysis. The average expression of Ets-1 in prostate cancer specimens from patients with localized disease was 1.96-fold greater than that of β-actin, an internal standard, while the expression of Ets-1 in prostate cancer specimens from patients with metastatic disease was 9.18-fold greater than that of β-actin (P= 0.0004). Similarly, only one of nine prostate specimens from patients with localized disease had any detectable Ets-1 protein band on the Western blot, while five of seven prostate specimens from patients with metastatic disease expressed high levels of Ets-1. Thus, the expression of Ets-1 correlates with metastatic disease in patients with prostate cancer. Further studies are needed to determine if Ets-1 is directly regulated by TF or is indirectly regulated via protease-activated receptors in PC3 cells. Further studies are also needed to evaluate Ets-1 and TF expression in patients with different stages of the disease to determine their prognostic value and role in dissemination of the disease.
Effect of Lorazepam With Haloperidol vs Haloperidol Alone on Agitated Delirium in Patients With Advanced Cancer Receiving Palliative Care: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance The use of benzodiazepines to control agitation in delirium in the last days of life is controversial. Objective To compare the effect of lorazepam vs placebo as an adjuvant to haloperidol for persistent agitation in patients with delirium in the setting of advanced cancer. Design, Setting, and Participants Single-center, double-blind, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial conducted at an acute palliative care unit at MD Anderson Cancer Center, Texas, enrolling 93 patients with advanced cancer and agitated delirium despite scheduled haloperidol from February 11, 2014, to June 30, 2016, with data collection completed in October 2016. Interventions Lorazepam (3 mg) intravenously (n = 47) or placebo (n = 43) in addition to haloperidol (2 mg) intravenously upon the onset of an agitation episode. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was change in Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS) score (range, −5 [unarousable] to 4 [very agitated or combative]) from baseline to 8 hours after treatment administration. Secondary end points were rescue neuroleptic use, delirium recall, comfort (perceived by caregivers and nurses), communication capacity, delirium severity, adverse effects, discharge outcomes, and overall survival. Results Among 90 randomized patients (mean age, 62 years; women, 42 [47%]), 58 (64%) received the study medication and 52 (90%) completed the trial. Lorazepam + haloperidol resulted in a significantly greater reduction of RASS score at 8 hours (−4.1 points) than placebo + haloperidol (−2.3 points) (mean difference, −1.9 points [95% CI, −2.8 to −0.9];P Conclusions and Relevance In this preliminary trial of hospitalized patients with agitated delirium in the setting of advanced cancer, the addition of lorazepam to haloperidol compared with haloperidol alone resulted in a significantly greater reduction in agitation at 8 hours. Further research is needed to assess generalizability and adverse effects. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT01949662
“Corruption and “Culture” in Anthropology and in Nigeria”

This article examines the publication and reception of my book about corruption in Nigeria as a form of ethnographic evidence that is useful to interrogate the fraught relationship between the concepts of culture and corruption. The evidence points to multiple misunderstandings—but also to the powerful political purposes for which accusations of corruption (and, more specifically, notions of corruption as a cultural problem) can be wielded. This essay builds on work in anthropology that takes seriously the reality that the people we study may read what we write, and it uses local reactions to a monograph about corruption as analytical leverage to illuminate the anthropology of corruption. But this article takes the examination of local responses to a book about corruption one step further, comparing them with the reception and critiques generated within anthropology. I argue that, in juxtaposing these reactions, we can see the many ways that concepts of corruption and culture—and the understanding of the ...
Fusion Reactor Economic, Safety, and Environmental Prospects

Controlled fusion energy is one of only a few energy sources available to mankind in the future. Progress in fusion reactor technology and design is described for both magnetic and inertial confinement fusion energy. The projected economic prospects show fusion will be capital intensive and the historical trend is towards greater mass utilization efficiency and more competitive costs. Recent studies emphasizing safety and environmental advantages show that fusion’s competitive potential can be further enhanced by specific material and design choices. Fusion’s safety and environmental prospects appear to substantially exceed those of advanced fission and coal but will not be achieved automatically. A significant and directed technology effort is necessary. Typical parameters have been established for fusion reactors, and a tokamak at moderately high magnetic field (about 7 T on axis) in the first regime of MHD stability (s ≤ 3.5 I/aB) is closest to present experimental achievement. Directions to further improve economic and technological performance include the development of higher magnetic fields to lower the required plasma current and reactor size, improvement in the beta value in the second stable MHD regime to lower requirements of field and plasma current, and improvement in techniques for plasma current drive to efficiently achieve steady-state plasma operation. For inertial confinement, reactor studies are at an earlier stage but two essential requirements are a high-efficiency (> 10%) repetitively pulsed pellet driver capable of delivering up to 10 MJ of energy on target, and targets capable of yielding an energy gain (ratio of energy produced to energy on target) of 100.
Patterns and impacts of inorganic tripton in Cayuga Lake

Inorganic tripton in the upper waters of Cayuga Lake, NY, is characterized, quantified and contrasted for shallow ( 100 m) water regions based on analyses with scanning electron microscopy equipped with automated image analysis and X-ray energy spectroscopy (SAX) of samples collected in 1999 and 2000. The impacts of this material on water clarity and the phosphorus (P) pool are evaluated based on paired measurements of turbidity (Tn), Secchi disc transparency (SD), chlorophyll, and four fractions of particulate P (PP) determined according to selective extraction protocols. The major components of inorganic tripton in the lake are reported to be clay minerals and quartz, received from the watershed, and calcium carbonate (CaCO3), that is produced internally. Clay minerals are the dominant component in a shallow region that receives tributary inflows. CaCO3, precipitated during a mid-summer whiting event, is reported to be the dominant component of inorganic tripton for the deep water region for a low runoff year, while clays can become dominant in these areas after prolonged intervals of high runoff. It is demonstrated that inorganic tripton, rather than phytoplankton, is the primary regulator of Tn and SD, it represents most of the PP, and is primarily responsible for the higher Tn, lower SD, and higher TP in the shallow area compared to the deep water region. Efforts to improve clarity in this shallow region of the lake should consider the feasibility of controlling the input of terrigenous suspensoids rather than reductions in P loading.
Thermoelastic Effects on Shells

In the entire text to this point, attention has been focused on the isothermal elastic behavior of classical shells. The effect that temperature distributions within the shell may have on stresses, strains and displacements has not been discussed.
The Development of Two-Way Cable Television: Applications for the Community

Public uses of cable television have been one of the most widely-heralded applications of new communications technologies. Yet the promise of cable television, as a service delivery mechanism, has far exceeded its performance. In part, this is due to the regulatory environment which, until recently, has inhibited the growth of cable systems in the United States. In addition, the allocation of responsibility for developing public uses of cable television has not been considered as an explicit function of either public officials, citizens groups, or cable operators.
Floating-gate MOS synapse transistors

Our goal is to develop silicon learning systems. One impediment to achieving this goal has been the lack of a simple circuit element combining nonvolatile analog memory storage with locally computed memory updates. Existing circuits [63, 132] typically are large and complex; the nonvolatile floating-gate devices, such as EEPROM transistors, typically are optimized for binary-valued storage [17], and do not compute their own memory updates. Although floating-gate transistors can provide nonvolatile analog storage [1, 15], because writing the memory entails the difficult process of moving electrons through SiO2, these devices have not seen wide use as memory elements in silicon learning systems.
Comparison of Peak Aerobic Capacity Between the Treadmill and a Skiing Ergometer

Introduction: The Concept2 SkiErg is increasing in popularity and is widely used to provide a low impact total body workout. Because of these benefits, the SkiErg could be an ideal tool for fitness testing. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare VO2peak values elicited from a treadmill (TM) and SkiErg (SE) graded exercise test (GXT). Methods: Twenty-two averagely fit females completed 2 GXT protocols to volitional exhaustion on a TM and SE. Peak VO2, HR, VE, TTE, and RER were compared using paired-samples t-tests with significant differences at p≤0.05. Max RPE was compared using a Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Results: TM was significantly greater than SE for VO2peak (43.82±1.07 vs 33.97±5.01 ml/kg/min, p<0.01), HR (189±8 vs 182±11 bpm, p<0.01), RPE (18.91+1.11vs 17.26+2.03, p=0.02), VE (95.44±11.26 vs 86.21±2.90 L/min, p=0.015), and TTE (550.16+137.56 vs 391.86±81.20 sec, p<0.01). RER was significantly greater on the SE (1.16±0.08 vs 1.12±0.06, p=0.024). Conclusion: Results suggest that TM elicits higher max values for VO2, HR, TTE, VE, and RPE compared to SE, while SE elicits a higher RER in the current population. SE could be used as an alternative mode of testing in averagely-fit females but does not directly compare to TM values.
TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND EX ANTE DISCLOSURE: RESULTS AND ANALYSIS OF AN EMPIRICAL STUDY

Ex ante disclosure of patent licensing terms has been proposed as one solution to the problem of holdup in standard setting. Critics of ex ante disclosure argue that requiring early disclosure of licensing terms will impede standards-development processes and create additional legal risks for participants. Yet, in a NIST-funded study that we conducted of three standards development organizations (SDOs), we found no evidence that ex ante disclosure policies resulted in measurable negative effects on the number of standards produced, staff time commitments or quality of standards, nor was there compelling evidence that ex ante policies caused the lengthening of time required for standardization or the depression of royalty rates. There was also evidence to suggest that the adoption of ex ante policies may have contributed to positive effects observed on some of these variables. In addition, a significant majority of participants at one SDO felt that the information elicited by the organization’s ex ante policy was important and improved the overall openness and transparency of the standards development process. We concluded, on the basis of the data reviewed, that the process-based criticisms of ex ante policies and the predicted negative effects flowing from the adoption of such polices, were not supported by the evidence reviewed.Nevertheless, ex ante policies have not achieved significant support among standards-development organizations. The causes for this lack of support may include self-interested advocacy by market participants pursuing a patent monetization strategy, as well as fear by other participants that complying with such policies could be costly, inconvenient, and likely to provoke otherwise passive patent holders to seek royalties on their standards-essential patents. Moreover, because of patent-stacking effects, the benefits of ex ante disclosures may not be clear in SDOs characterized by large quantities of standards-essential patents held by multiple participants. However, I argue that ex ante disclosure of licensing terms, while perhaps insufficient, standing alone, to address the effects of patent stacking in the standards context, is a necessary element of most proposed solutions to the stacking problem. Ex ante disclosure is also likely to lessen disputes regarding compliance with fair, reasonable, and nondiscriminatory (FRAND) licensing commitments. Accordingly, the standards-development community should reconsider the adoption of policies requiring ex ante disclosure of licensing terms for standards-essential patents.
Reading Instruction for the Gifted: A Survey of Programs.

This article presents the results of a nationwide survey undertaken to determine how school systems are providing for the reading instruction of gifted students. Most districts make special provision for the reading instruction of the gifted within regular classroom settings, but a large number make no special provision at all. A smaller number of systems have special extraclassroom programs and some combine these with programs in the regular classroom. Additional data obtained from the survey and presented in this article include information on grade levels in which the special reading needs of the gifted are being served, how teachers are selected for the special programs, the curricula of reading programs for the gifted, the use of required reading lists, programs for gifted students who are poor readers, and teacher viewpoints on desirable features of reading programs for the gifted.
Using Interactive Nutrition Modules to Increase Critical Thinking Skills in College Courses.

Abstract Objective To understand how the addition of an evidence-based framework to an online nutrition module influences college students’ critical thinking decision making (CT-DM). Design Students were individually randomized into an intervention group or a control group. The nutrition modules focused on 2 topics related to different types of eating behavior. Students completed a CT-DM activity to generate a score. Participants College students, between 18 and 24 years old, recruited from introductory nutrition and agriculture science courses at 2 universities. Intervention Intervention and control received 2 nutrition modules. The intervention added a CT-DM framework that framed the topic as a problem, incorporated activities, and provided scaffolding. Main Outcome Measures CT-DM was scored using a validated rubric to assess the use of critical thinking skills when making a food-related decision. Green eating and critical thinking disposition were measured. Analysis Hierarchical linear regression and t tests were used to assess outcomes. Results A total of 431 students participated (intervention = 203; control = 228). After controlling for university, the intervention group scored significantly higher on CT-DM (18.1 ± 7.6) compared with the control (15.4 ± 8.4); F (3,428) = 14.58, P Conclusions and Implications The results show that an evidence-based framework using nutrition topics encourages CT-DM skills. Future higher-education nutrition interventions should use frameworks to enhance student learning.
CFD-based response surface methodology for rapid thermal simulation and optimal design of data centers

In the design of large-scale data centres, CFD is used widely but very time-consuming with intensive computational resource requirement. When it comes to near real-time thermal control or optimizin...
Reading identities across language contexts: The role of language of text and talk for multilingual learners:

Reading identities are the ways that a child constructs the self as a reader across contexts and time. This study examines the impact of language contexts on the reading identities of multilingual ...
Establishment of an arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy derived iPSC cell line (USFi004-A) carrying a heterozygous mutation in PKP2 (c.1799delA)

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is an autosomal dominant inherited disease, with variable penetrance and expressivity. Currently, more than 14 different genetic loci have been reported for ARVC, the majority being desmosomal genes like Plakophilin-2 (PKP2). Here, we generated an iPSC cell line bearing a pathogenic heterozygous mutation in PKP2 (c.1799delA) from a patient affected by ARVC. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were reprogrammed by Sendai virus vectors encoding KOS, KLF4, and c-MYC. Derived iPSCs expressed pluripotent markers, showed intact karyotype and demonstrated the ability to differentiate into three germ layers.
Can Managers Plan Assortments? An Experimental Study

Problem definition: We investigate the performance of human decision makers doing assortment planning, that is, selecting a subset of products to offer in a retail environment. This task requires understanding of product interaction effects, such as cannibalization and inventory pooling benefits, and involves solving a complex mathematical problem with stochastic and combinatorial components. Academic and Practical Relevance: Despite its practical importance, assortment planning is often performed by managers without any decision support system. In the academic literature, there have been no systematic studies of assortment planners’ behavior. Methodology: We develop a computer simulation of a market environment and conduct a behavioral experiment, where subjects act as assortment planners. We analyze subjects’ decision and clicks in different treatments where we vary the decision support systems provided to the subjects, which we imitate by providing intermediate calculations to simplify their task. Results: We find that subjects make intelligent decisions, and a substantial number of them figure out the optimal solution even when it is not intuitive. At the same time, we observe certain systematic patterns in the subjects’ choices such as that the assortment planners’ choices may be affected by the total number of possible products to offer. We also find that subjects who receive additional information do not always exhibit better performance, and in some treatments their performance is actually worse compared to the subjects who receive no decision support. Managerial Implications: Assortment planners should be made aware that they have a bias towards offering more products when more products are presented for their consideration. Also, managers should exhibit caution when implementing assortment planning decision support systems and verify that they indeed add value to the decision process.
Smelling lessons

Much of the philosophical work on perception has focused on vision. Recently, however, philosophers have begun to correct this ‘tunnel vision’ by considering other modalities. Nevertheless, relatively little has been written about the chemical senses—olfaction and gustation. The focus of this paper is olfaction. In this paper, I consider the question: does human olfactory experience represents objects as thus and so? If we take visual experience as the paradigm of how experience can achieve object representation, we might think that the answer to this question is no. I argue that olfactory experience does indeed represent objects—just not in a way that is easily read from the dominant visual case.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TRADEMARK FUNCTIONALITY IN THE UNITED STATES

The United States Trademark Act makes unenforceable marks that are “functional.” However, it does not define functionality. Because the Supreme Court decisions on functionality are few in number and ambiguous in meaning, the courts have differed sharply in their approaches to functionality, and their approach is constantly changing.
HIV Prevention and Outreach

During the past decade, some advances have been made toward understanding key determinants of HIV prevention and characteristics of sexual behavior, drug use, and other high-risk behavior. Even though some demonstration prevention programs have been found to be effective, progress has been slow toward implementing systematic HIV education and risk-reduction programs. Programs specifically tailored for older persons have been even slower to emerge. Prevention activities can be grouped under three classic levels of prevention: primary, secondary, and tertiary. The chapter reviews these three levels of HIV prevention. Because older adults are less likely to be found in locations in which HIV prevention activities are typically presented, getting prevention messages to this population can be a particular challenge. This chapter provides practical knowledge on the development and implementation of effective prevention and outreach programs. The importance of collaboration and coalition building is discussed, and examples are offered of prevention initiatives currently under way in Florida and nationally.
Confocal epipolarization microscopy of gold probes in plant cells and protoplasts.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the cellular distribution of colloidal gold imaging in three dimensions at the light level using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) in the epipolarization mode—confocal laser scanning epipolarization microscopy (CLSEM). The conventional use of CLSM in biological samples has been for fluorescence analysis. Confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy (CLSFM) gives much sharper images because out-of focus fluoresced light, scatter, and flare are reduced. By providing sharp optical sections in the z dimension, a better understanding of the three-dimensional (3D) organization of the structure is possible. Although suggestions have been published concerning the possibility of using epipolarization optics in confocal laser scanning microscopes, it has only recently been reported. The chapter discusses three applications of CLSEM: (1) fluid phase uptake of gold colloids by plant protoplasts, (2) analysis of ligand-gold binding to plant cells and protoplasts, and (3) determination of cytoplasmic and wall delivery of biolistic gold beads. The major advantage of CLSEM is the use of reflection instead of fluorescence. Reflectance analysis of planar objects provides intrinsically higher signal and axial resolution over fluorescence analysis.
Immunization against Brucella infections. Priming of Cynomolgus philipinensis with purified antigen of Brucella melitensis prior to injection of Rev. I vaccine.

Abstract Antibodies induced by fraction I, a soluble antigen obtained from Brucella melitensis Rev. I, incorporated with adjuvant 65 in attempts to prevent post-vaccination bacteraemia from the live vaccine Rev. I were studied in 21 Cynomolgus monkeys. Two inoculations of 1 mg. of fraction I in adjuvant, 28 days apart, or one inoculation of 4 mg. of the same preparation, stimulated antibody levels capable of preventing 20 out of 21 animals from developing post-vaccination bacteraemia. The combined method of vaccination protected four out of five animals against a challenge dose of 925 virulent organisms. The one non-protected animal failed to become infected by Rev. I vaccination as judged by serological criteria. In a second group of monkeys, seven out of eight and five out of eight resisted challenge doses of 6625 and 20 600 virulent organisms, respectively. The primary immune response was most effective after a single large dose of fraction I in adjuvant. In another group of monkeys that received small doses of Rev. I alone, only one out of five animals resisted the challenge infection in the absence of a significant antibody response. The use of a combined vaccination method comprising one large dose of fraction I in adjuvant 65 for pre-immunization to prevent or modify Rev. I bacteraemia against Brucella infection is suggested.
Quantum Mechanical Approximations in Quantum Field Theory

Covariant perturbation methods, developed over a quarter century ago, have since then dominated dynamical calculations in quantum field theory. Marvelously successful results can be achieved with some problems (especially in electrodynamics); but in many other contexts the technique yields no information. When the coupling constant is large, perturbation theory is useless. Even for weak coupling there remain phenomena, apparently of physical interest, which cannot easily be seen in the perturbative expansion; for example spontaneous symmetry violation, bound states, entrapment of various excitations. These cooperative, coherent effects can only be exposed by approximation procedures which do not rely on analyticity or regularity in the coupling constant. Such approximations are widely used in quantum mechanics (one does not find the properties of a complex atom or nucleus in the Born series!) and it is profitable to extend them to relativistic quantum field theory.
Interactions of p59fyn and ZAP-70 with T-cell receptor activation motifs: defining the nature of a signalling motif.

Abstract The tyrosine-based activation motif is a 20- to 25-amino-acid sequence contained in the cytoplasmic domains of many hematopoietic receptors which is sufficient by itself to reconstitute signalling. This motif is characterized by two YXXL/I sequences separated by approximately 10 residues. The molecular basis of signalling by this motif is unknown. Here we demonstrate that the tyrosine-based activation motif is required and sufficient for association with the tyrosine kinases p59fyn and ZAP-70, suggesting that association with these kinases is a general feature of this motif. Focusing on the single activation motif present in epsilon, we analyzed which residues of the motif were critical for binding of p59fyn and ZAP-70. Surprisingly, we found that no single mutation of any residue of epsilon resulted in the loss of p59fyn association. In contrast, single mutations at five residues of the epsilon activating motif abrogated ZAP-70 binding. Both of the tyrosines and the leucine or isoleucine residues that follow them were critical. The spacing between the tyrosines was also important, as deletion of two residues disrupted binding of ZAP-70, although p59fyn binding was not disrupted. Most of the defined features of the tyrosine activation motif are therefore requirements for ZAP-70 binding. Interestingly, the interaction of ZAP-70 with the motif was dependent on the presence of both ZAP-70 SH2 domains and both of the tyrosine residues in the motif, suggesting that ZAP-70 interacts with two phosphotyrosine residues and that the binding of the two SH2 domains is cooperative. In addition, we demonstrate that the interaction between the tyrosine activation motif is direct and requires prior tyrosine phosphorylation of the motif. We propose that the activation of cells by the tyrosine activating motif occurs in four discrete steps: binding of p59fyn, phosphorylation of the motif, binding of ZAP-70, and activation of ZAP-70 kinase activity.
Confidence intervals and sample size determination for Cpm

The capability index, Cpm, sometimes called the Taguchi index, has the desirable characteristic of being sensitive to both dispersion and deviation of the process average from the engineering target. As a result, the proposed estimators of Cpm have a sampling distribution that is dependent on the non-central chi-square distribution. Hence, constructing confidence intervals, performing hypothesis testing or estimating sample size requirements necessitates manipulation of a rather complex functional expression, typically beyond the capabilities of practitioners who need readily available tools. Here, a simple graphical procedure is proposed and illustrated for obtaining exact confidence intervals for Cpm. The graphical procedure allows the user to simply enter the graph with an estimate of the index and a value of the non-centrality parameter for a given sample size to arrive at end-points of 90%, 95% or 99% one-sided or two-sided confidence intervals. Detailed tables are also provided to assist the user for a wider range of sample values and sample sizes. In addition, a procedure is also presented for determining the minimum sample size required for attaining a pre-specified level of accuracy of the Cpm. Extensive tables are provided for the user with a simple example illustrating the facility of the technique. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxygen consumption in adult patients during cardiac catheterization

The determination of cardiac output by the Fick principle requires the quantitation of the arteriovenous oxygen (O2) content difference across the pulmonary bed and the O2 consumption. Since a correct measurement of O2 consumption may be difficult, an assumed value is sometimes substituted into this equation. Despite this practice, there is no appropriate reference standard for O2 consumption applicable to the adult catheterization laboratory. Therefore, we determined O2 consumption in 108 patients (69 men and 39 women, mean age, 49 years) at the time of catheterization by multiplying the arteriovenous content difference by the indicator dilution cardiac output, thereby eliminating errors related to the collection and analysis of the timed collection of expired air. O2 consumption index (O2 consumption/m2 of body surface area) averaged 126 +/- 26 ml/min/m2 (mean +/- SD), but there was wide variability(65-250 ml/Min/m2). O2 consumption was not affected by patient age or sex but was lower in those who were mildly sedated before catheterization (sedated, 121 +/- 22 ml/Min/m2; nonsedated, 132 +/- 28 ml/min/m2; p = 0.023). Thus, O2 consumption varies greatly among adults at the time of cardiac catheterization, so that any attempt at estimating this variable is fraught with major potential error.
Opiate antagonists and self-stimulation: extinction-like response patterns suggest selective reward deficit

Abstract The present study investigated the response decrement patterns produced by opiate antagonists on intracranial self-stimulation behavior, in order to determine if these drugs affect the reinforcement value of the stimulation or interface with the ability of the animal to respond. Male rats lever-pressed in 60-min sessions on a continuous reinforcement schedule for self-stimulation of the nucleus accumbens. Naloxone (2.0 and 20 mg/kg) and naltrexone (2.0 and 20 mg/kg) suppressed self-stimulation only after a significant delay, in an extinction-like response decrement pattern, mimicking the effects of reductions in current intensity (75% and 50% of baseline). The increasing behavioral effects characteristics of the extinction pattern were observed despite the fact that testing began after the time point at which maximal suppression of self-stimulation occurs with these drugs, and when brain concentrations of these drugs were declining. Since normal responding was observed for several minutes after the beginning of the session, the results may explain why long sessions are necessary to observe suppression of self-stimulation by opiate antagonists. The extinction-like pattern produced by these drugs suggests that opiate antagonists suppress self-stimulation by reducing the reinforcement value of the stimulation, rather than by interfering with the ability of the animal to respond. These findings are consistent with a role for endogenous opioid peptides in brain stimulation reward.
The financing decisions of REITs: The case of warrant extensions

In this paper, we examine the warrant price and stock price reactions to the announcement of warrant life extensions by REITs. As predicted by option pricing theory, warrant prices increase in response to these extensions. The stocks of REITs making the extension announcements experience average abnormal returns that are not significantly different from zero. Thus, total firm value appears to increase, with the gains accruing primarily to the warrantholders.
Online education: a student’s perspective

Provides insight into the benefits and effectiveness of online education from the perspective of one graduate student attending an almost completely “virtual” university. Includes the author’s observations and comments, but also contains quotes from researchers who have been investigating this alternative education option for several years. Issues explored focus on the differences between traditional and online education, emphasizing the ability of the computer‐based online environment to expand the experiences and deepen the learning opportunities for students choosing this mode of delivery.
Scene Classification by Fuzzy Local Moments

The identification of images irrespective of their location, size and orientation is one of the important tasks in pattern analysis. The use of global moment features has been one of the most popular techniques for this purpose. We present a simple and effective method for gray-level image representation and identification which utilizes fuzzy radial moments of image segments (local moments) as features as opposed to global features. A multilayer perceptron neural network is employed for classification. Fuzzy entropy measure is applied to optimize the parameters of the membership function. The technique does not require translation, scaling or rotation of the image. Furthermore, it is suitable for parallel implementation which is an advantage for real-time applications. The classification capability and robustness of the technique are demonstrated by experiments on scaled, rotated and noisy gray-level images of uppercase and lowercase characters and digits of English alphabet, as well as the images of a set of tools. The proposed approach can handle rotation, scale and translation invariance, noise and fuzziness simultaneously.
Gorsky relaxation and hydrogen diffusion in the metallic glass Pd 80 Si 20

A Gorsky relaxation associated with the long-range diffusion of hydrogen has been observed for the first time in a metallic glass. The diffusion parameters for amorphous ${\mathrm{Pd}}_{80}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{20}$ are ${Q}_{D}=0.25$ eV and ${D}_{0}=0.003$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec. From the characteristics of a complementary reorientation relaxation, it is concluded that the interstitial sites occupied by hydrogen possess a distinctly asymmetric character.
Quantum dot assisted tracking of the intracellular protein Cyclin E in Xenopus laevis embryos

Luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals, also known as quantum dots (QD), possess highly desirable optical properties that account for development of a variety of exciting biomedical techniques. These properties include long-term stability, brightness, narrow emission spectra, size tunable properties and resistance to photobleaching. QD have many promising applications in biology and the list is constantly growing. These applications include DNA or protein tagging for in vitro assays, deep-tissue imaging, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), and studying dynamics of cell surface receptors, among others. Here we explored the potential of QD-mediated labeling for the purpose of tracking an intracellular protein inside live cells. We manufactured dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA)-capped CdSe-ZnS core-shell QD, not available commercially, and coupled them to the cell cycle regulatory protein Cyclin E. We then utilized the QD fluorescence capabilities for visualization of Cyclin E trafficking within cells of Xenopus laevis embryos in real time. These studies provide “proof-of-concept” for this approach by tracking QD-tagged Cyclin E within cells of developing embryos, before and during an important developmental period, the midblastula transition. Importantly, we show that the attachment of QD to Cyclin E did not disrupt its proper intracellular distribution prior to and during the midblastula transition. The fate of the QD after cyclin E degradation following the midblastula transition remains unknown.
Rethinking industrial research, development and innovation in the 21st century

Abstract Solving problems related to energy, water, food supplies, health and the environment requires breakthrough innovation and the fundamental research that underlies it. Enhanced governmental funding in research is critical, but industry also needs to step up. This article focuses on the ways Google, Edwards Lifesciences, Tesla Motors, and Space X are making investment in far sighted research a priority, and have developed processes that ensure that scientists and engineers remain central to the organization even as it grows. Their leaders demonstrate a passion for using science and technology to solve major problems, and view companies as vehicles for inventing the future.
An examination of the factorial stability and reliability of the communication‐specific locus of control scale

This research provides two independent examinations of the Communication‐Specific Locus of Control Scale (CLCS) originally developed by Hamilton (1991). A 15‐item revised version of the instrument was found in Study 1 to be an unidimensional scale with good internal reliability. It was also found to be independent of the Levenson Three Factor Locus of Control Scale (1973), a generalized measure of the locus of control construct. In Study 2 the revised scale was found to be multidimensional and less reliable. The CLCS is judged to be unstable and it is recommended that it should not be employed in future communication research until it is substantially revised and a more stable version is generated.
Correlations between proton-efflux patterns and growth patterns during geotropism and phototropism in maize and sunflower.

By placing seedlings of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) or maize (Zea mays L.) on agar plates containing a pH indicator dye it is possible to observe surface pH patterns along the growing seedling by observing color changes of the indicator dye. Using this method we find that in geotropically stimulated sunflower hypocotyls or maize coleoptiles there is enhanced proton efflux on the lower surface of the organ prior to the initiation of curvature. As curvature develops the pattern of differential acid efflux becomes more intense. A similar phenomenon is observed when these organs are exposed to unilateral illumination, i.e. enhanced acid efflux occurs on the dark side of the organ prior to the initiation of phototropic curvature and the pattern of differential acid efflux intensifies as phototropic curvature develops. These observations indicate that differential acid efflux occurs in response to tropistic stimuli and that the acid efflux pattern may mediate the development of tropistic curvatures.
On defining equivalent systems for certain ordinary non-linear differential equations

Abstract This paper deals with a method for generating approximate periodic solutions for systems of ordinary non-linear differential equations. The method is based on the idea of finding a system which is equivalent to the original system in the sense of minimum mean square difference. The equivalent system may be either linear of nonlinear. The relation of the presented method to some of the more well known techniques of analysis is discussed and examples of application are given.
Studies on the epithalamus. I. Morphology of post-mortem degeneration: the habenular nucleus in dog.

This study was undertaken to observe the structural changes occurring in myelin, axis cylinders, Nissl substance, nucleus, and general cell architecture at specific post-mortem time intervals. The habenulopedunclar tract and the habenular nucleus of 36 adult dogs were sectioned (6 μ to 14 μ) and stained with luxol fast blue-cresyl echt violet, 2% osmium tetroxide, and a two hour Protargol method. At O hour post-mortem the cell membrane is relatively distinct, nuclear membrane delicate but distinct, nucleolus clear, Nissl bodies are observed in larger cells of the habenular nuclei. From 6–24 hours three main areas of change are noted: an agglutination, fragmentation, and obliteration of the Nissl substance; a progressive increase in the irregularity of the nuclear and cell membrane; a progressive increase in vaculation and in the perinuclear halo. From 24–36 hours the cytoplasm appears extremely granular with the granulation extending into the nucleus. Some cells appear swollen with indistinct nuclei or appear anucleated. From 36–48 hours the cytoplasm shows increased granulation and at 48 hours few cells show nuclei. Most cells show uniform color in the cytoplasm and nuclear area. Any remaining nuclei in the 36–48 hour interval appear pyknotic and finely granular. The myelin sheaths and axis cylinders show only limited structural change over the time span of this study.