cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Female mating relationships in rhesus monkeys

Descriptions of the sexual behavior of social-living rhesus monkeys have indicated that mating patterns are characterized by the formation of consort pairs (mutually exclusive male-female associations) and also that females typically mate with multiple males. These reports raise the question of whether these are two different mating strategies or merely sequential phases in a unitary mating pattern. In order to examine this issue, the copulatory behavior of 27 adult females living in a heterosexual group housed in an outdoor compound was monitored both by group scan and focal sampling technique. Females displayed discrete periods of mating, characterized by one or more copulations per 4 hr observation period. During their sexually active periods, females copulated with multiple males (X = 5.22, SE = 0.37). Among the 103 cases where females had multiple copulatory series on the same day, the successive series involved new males significantly more often than the previous partner. When a female did copulate repeatedly with a male on a given day, both she and her partner were significantly more often of high social rank. Furthermore, the interval between successive copulations was significantly longer when the second copulation was with her previous partner as compared to a different male. Analysis of female behavior for a one-hour period following a copulation indicated that females continued to be sexually active and that those new sexual interactions more often involved a new male. Thus, females not only copulated with multiple males throughout their inclusive period of sexual activity, but also interacted with multiple males on any give day they were sexually active. Since repeated copulations with the same male were rare and occurred when both members of the pair were high ranking, the consort relationship probably does not describe a characteristic mating strategy. The more pervasive pattern is for a female to sexually interact and have copulations with multiple males.
Widespread and lateralized effects of acute traumatic brain injury on norepinephrine turnover in the rat brain

Abstract Norepinephrine (NE) has been implicated in recovery of function following traumatic brain injury (TBI). While bilateral decreases in brain NE turnover occur at 6–24 h after TBI, it is unknown what effects unilateral TBI might have on brain NE turnover over the first few minutes after injury. Here male Sprague-Dawley rats had unilateral contusions of either the right or left somatosensory cortex produced by an air driven piston. At 30min after TBI, brain NE turnover was assessed by measuring the ratio of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) to NE levels in various brain regions. Both right and left TBI produced 32–103% increases in NE turnover at the injury site and in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex surrounding, rostral and caudal to the injury as compared to the contralateral, uninjured site or to the homologous sites in uninjured controls. NE turnover was also altered selectively in some brain areas not affected by right TBI. Left TBI decreased NE turnover by 29% in the frontal cortex contralateral to the injury and by 24% bilaterally in the hypothalamus while increasing locus coeruleus NE turnover by 72% compared to uninjured controls. Thus, unilateral cortical TBI produced predominantly ipsilateral increases in cortical NE turnover but variable, bilateral changes in NE turnover in subcortical areas which were dependent upon the side of injury. These subcortical differences may explain some of the lateralized effects of cortical injury on post-injury behavior.
Galerkin methods for a singularly perturbed hyperbolic problem with nonlocal nonlinearity

Abstract We consider the numerical approximation of hyperbolic and parabolic problems with nonlocal nonlinearity by Galerkin methods, and provide optimal order L 2 error estimates in the continuous-time case. Three-level discrete schemes are then introduced and used to investigate the relationship between a singularly perturbed hyperbolic problem with small parameter ϵ 2 multiplying the highest time derivative and the reduced problem of parabolic type. For small ϵ 2 , the problem of stiffness in the hyperbolic problem can be avoided by utilizing the solution of the reduced problem in accordance with a recent asymptotic result of Esham and Weinacht. The advantage of using a two-term asymptotic expansion is also briefly considered.
In situ WAXD study of structure changes during uniaxial deformation of ethylene-based semicrystalline ethylene-propylene copolymer

Abstract In situ strain-induced structure changes during uniaxial deformation of an ethylene–propylene copolymer, containing 78 wt% (or 85 mol%) of ethylene moiety, were studied by synchrotron wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). The chosen sample could crystallize into orthorhombic, pseudo hexagonal or a mixed form, depending on the annealing conditions. Crystallization at high temperatures (e.g. 50 °C) favored the formation of orthorhombic form, while crystallization at low temperatures (e.g. 20 °C) favored the formation of pseudo hexagonal form. Under deformation, the transition from orthorhombic to pseudo hexagonal form was observed at relatively low strains (e.g. 0.12). At higher strains, WAXD data indicated the occurrence of direction-dependent crystal destruction at strains 1.0) all of the pseudo hexagonal form. The drastic changes in the crystalline structures (orthorhombic to pseudo hexagonal) and phase transitions (crystal destruction and re-crystallization) at modest strains can be attributed to the high mobility of the amorphous ethylene–propylene segments at room temperature.
Avidin. II. Composition and mode of action of avidin A.

Abstract Avidin A is a glycoprotein containing mannose and hexosamine. Data concerning its amino acid composition and its amino, acidic, and basic groups are given. Avidin XA, while similar in most analytical respects, contains galactose also. A variety of chemical modification reactions did not appreciably affect the biotin-binding activity of avidin, which suggests that chemically reactive amino, phenolic, imidazole, carboxyl, or disulfide groups do not occur in the active site. The susceptibility of avidin activity to prolonged exposure to dilute acid or alkali was investigated, as well as the protection afforded by biotin and imidazolidone. A hypothetical structural component of the biotin-binding site is proposed, which would explain its mode of function as well as its resistance to all but hydrolytic agents.
Application of static signal-to-noise theory to the detection and integration of dynamic signals

Abstract Static, time-independent noise terms are combined to estimate the noise and signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of dynamic, time-dependent methods. Simplified S/N equations for shot-noise-limited and flicker-noise-limited analyte signals with and without background signal noises are given. The intuitive aspects of peak integration are justified by these equations. For an ideal Gaussian peak, the equations are used to derive the chromatographic limit of detection (LOD). A comparison of the chromatographic detection limit with the detection limit for a static system using the same amount of sample predicts poorer chromatographic detection limits because of peak broadening. A possible determinate error in area measurement is shown to result when integration limits are chosen on the basis of the static detection limit.
Be careful what you wish for: War aims and the construction of postwar political orders

Most theories that seek to explain the relationship between major war and the creation of new political orders posit a direct link between the interests of the winning states and the type of order that emerges. We tend to assume that since most wars are fought for specific purposes and a defined goal, the aftermath of the conflict will reflect the interests and preferences of the winning parties. This article challenges this approach, arguing that the necessity of securing public support and winning allies forces states to make public commitments for a postwar reconstruction that they might otherwise avoid. During the course of the war, states unintentionally limit their options for the postwar reconstruction by publicly articulating a set of ‘war aims’ that are designed to rally public support and win over potential allies. Since war aims are as much statements of propaganda as of policy they often do not reflect the state interest per se. However, once articulated, they become the official policy of the coalition, and political leaders are forced to implement their principles as the foundation for the new order.
METHOD FOR ORDERING INTEGRATED CIRCUIT EQUATIONS IN SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF THEIR TRANSIENT BEHAVIOR

The transient simulation of integrated circuit has become very expensive in terms of computer time due to increase in the number of transistors in typical simulation. Spectral technique and Chebyshev polynomials offers an efficient alternative algorithm for simulation of integrated circuits. In this paper an automatic formulation of circuit elements and transistor models, built in MOS technology, for analysis using spectral technique is presented. The algorithm is implemented and the simulation is proven to require less computer time than in the case of SPICE or ASTAP
Decision-Analytic Concept Selection and Value of Information in a Public Project

In product development, firms choose product concepts in the conceptual design phase and develop final products from the chosen concepts. Concept selection is one of the most difficult decisions in product development since it involves large degrees of uncertainties. This paper presents a framework for decision-analytic concept selection and information gathering in a public project, in which the government has an option to cancel the project if the cost of the project exceeds the budget. In this framework, a customer (e.g., the government) has an option to cancel the project instead of a decision-maker (e.g., a national laboratory). In information gathering, this paper presents, first, sensitivity analysis that enables engineers to investigate whether it is beneficial to collect additional information about uncertainties, and second, the value of perfect information in determining the maximum monetary resource they should spend for such activity. Finally, an illustrative example demonstrates decision-analytic concept selection, sensitivity analysis, and the value of perfect information for a next generation linear collider.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Coronary bypass surgery early after thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction.

Abstract The safety of coronary bypass operations after coronary reperfusion with streptokinase for acute myocardial infarction is not well documented. Therefore we studied 23 consecutive patients (mean age, 59.5 years; 22 men) undergoing bypass operations a median of 5 days (range, 1 to 23 days) after thrombolysis (streptokinase). The control group consisted of 169 concurrent patients of similar mean age (58.8 years) having bypass operations for standard indications. The preoperative angiographic ejection fraction was 68 ± 14% in the control patients and 61 ± 14% in the streptokinase group ( p p p = not significant). Measured blood loss during the first 48 hours postoperatively was similar, averaging 809 ml in controls and 776 ml in the streptokinase group. Blood product replacement was also comparable: mean, 713 ml in the control group versus 759 ml in the streptokinase group. The incidence of ventricular and atrial arrhythmias did not differ. The number of days in intensive care (means, 2.3 for the controls and 2.4 for the streptokinase group) and the number of days to discharge (means, 9.4 for the controls versus 9.8 for the streptokinase group) did not differ. A postoperative myocardial infarction occurred in 2.4% of the controls and none of the streptokinase patients. There was 1 hospital death (0.6%) among the controls and none among the streptokinase patients. Although more experience is needed, bypass operations a median of 5 days after the administration of streptokinase for myocardial infarction may be associated with a similar excellent prognosis as routine bypass procedures.
An effective algorithm for string correction using generalized edit distance—II. Computational complexity of the algorithm and some applications

This paper deals with the problem of estimating an unknown transmitted string Xs belonging to a finite dictionary H from its observable noisy version Y. In the first part of this paper [18] we have developed an algorithm, referred to as Algorithm I, to find the string X+H which minimizes the generalized Levenshtein distance D(XY). In this part of the paper we study the computational complexity of Algorithm I, and illustrate quantitatively the advantage Algorithm I has over the standard technique and other algorithms. Its superiority has been shown for various dictionaries, including the one consisting of the 1021 most common English words of length greater than unity [23]. A comparison between Algorithm I and other algorithms used to correct misspelled words of a regular language is also made here. Some applications of Algorithm I are also discussed.
Development of a chromosomal DNA probe for the laboratory diagnosis of aspergillosis.

Chromosomal DNA was extracted from clinical isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus of human and animal origin using the protoplast lysate method. The probe was developed by the nick translation of the chromosomal DNA genome fraction with p32 as the radiolabel. Hybridization of the probe with endonuclease-cleaved DNA of the same species resulted in a pattern of recognition sites specific for the species. The latter was not seen in other species encountered in clinical specimens. Trials were carried out on sputum experimentally inoculated with the fungus where crude DNA was directly extracted, treated with the endonuclease and hybridized with the probe. The efficacy of the probe was as good with the crude as the purified DNA. The specificity of the probe was determined by testing it against single and mixed DNA populations extracted from different species of several fungal and bacterial genera isolated from and/or known to occur in clinical specimens of respiratory infection origin. The sensitivity of the probe was assessed by detecting a DNA concentration in the specimen equivalent to 3 C.F.U.
Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 potentiates retrograde endocannabinoid effects in hippocampus

In hippocampal pyramidal cells, a rise in Ca(2+) releases endocannabinoids that activate the presynaptic cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) and transiently reduce GABAergic transmission-a process called depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI). The mechanism that limits the duration of endocannabinoid action in intact cells is unknown. Here we show that inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), not fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), prolongs DSI, suggesting that COX-2 limits endocannabinoid action.
Further development and clinical evaluation of the expanding aperture annular array system.

This paper describes a more sensitive version of the expanding aperture annular array system reported recently. A preliminary clinical evaluation is presented.
Variations in the temperatures of coal-char particles during combustion: A consequence of particle-to-particle variations in ASH-content

Experimental evidence is provided that supports our hypothesis that the wide variations in the temperatures and burning rates of pulverized-coal char particles of nominally the same size are primarily a consequence of particle-to-particle variations in ash-content. In situ size, temperature, and velocity measurements on the char particles of two uncleaned, run-of-mine coals and on the char particles of their physically-cleaned products are presented. The cleaning process reduced the total mineral matter content of the coals. It is shown that the variations in particle temperatures are reduced with cleaning. The higher the mineral matter content of the coal, the wider the variations in the ash-content of individual particles and hence, the wider the variations in the temperatures of particles of nominally the same size. Wide variations in particle temperatures lead to wide variations in particle burning rates. It is also shown that the temperature-dependence of the chemical reactivity of the particle material remains unchanged throughout the early to late stages of burning. Further, the data indicate that catalysis by mineral matter is negligible at particle temperatures exceeding 1500 K.
Quantitative analysis of the effect of disorder-induced mode coupling on infrared absorption in silica.

The infrared-absorption spectrum of a-${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ is analyzed in terms of its transverse-optic (TO) and longitudinal-optic (LO) vibrational modes. It is shown that the independent-oscillator model for the a-${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ dielectric function fails to yield a consistent value of mode strength for the optically active oxygen asymmetric stretch (${\mathrm{AS}}_{1}$) TO mode at 1076 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ (in-phase motion of adjacent oxygen atoms) when different but equivalent methods of measurement and analysis are used. This inconsistency is resolved by introducing disorder-induced mechanical coupling between the ${\mathrm{AS}}_{1}$ mode and the relatively optically inactive oxygen asymmetric stretch (${\mathrm{AS}}_{2}$) mode (out-of-phase motion of adjacent oxygen atoms) into the oscillator model. Coupled ${\mathrm{AS}}_{1}$- and ${\mathrm{AS}}_{2}$-mode LO-TO frequency pairs are experimentally observed as peaks at approximately 1256--1076 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ and 1160--1200 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, respectively, in oblique-incidence p-polarized absorption spectra of thin a-${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ films grown thermally on c-Si wafers.Additionally, two other LO-TO-mode pairs are observed in these spectra as absorption peaks at approximately 820--810 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ and 507--457 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. The simplest form of the coupled-mode model consistent with experiment is found to be one in which the ${\mathrm{AS}}_{1}$-mode LO-TO frequency splitting is due to the ${\mathrm{AS}}_{1}$ transverse effective charge and the ${\mathrm{AS}}_{2}$-mode LO-TO splitting is due to the mechanical coupling between these two modes and not to the ${\mathrm{AS}}_{2}$ transverse effective charge, which is negligibly small. The ${\mathrm{AS}}_{2}$ TO and the ${\mathrm{AS}}_{1}$ LO modes found at approximately 1200 and 1256 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, respectively, are shown to be consistent with experimental mode strengths and with the analytic requirements that all LO and TO modes be interspersed and that, as a result of lying between the ${\mathrm{AS}}_{1}$-mode LO-TO pair frequencies, the ${\mathrm{AS}}_{2}$-mode LO-TO frequency splitting be inverted. Comparison of these experimental LO-TO-mode pair frequencies with the vibrational density of states (VDOS) spectrum of a-${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ shows that the TO absorption peaks correspond quite well with the VDOS spectral peaks, whereas the LO absorption peaks do not appear to exhibit any such correspondence.
A Perspective on Revising OSEP Indicator 14

Indicator 14 obligates states to track, for a period of 1 year after leaving high school, the educational and employment outcomes of students with disabilities. The purpose of the indicator is to improve transition services that prepare this population for postschool adult living. For most students, the indicator’s tracking period only permits the collection of data through the end of adolescence. As such, transition programs are using data from adolescents to prepare students for adulthood. Given the significant differences between adults and adolescents (e.g., neurological, behavioral, functional), this dilemma should be addressed to create more relevant and effective transition programming. Several changes are recommended, including the extension of the tracking period as well as the inclusion of additional outcome categories to monitor, bringing the indicator into alignment with the definition of transition services provided in the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act.
Watt-Hour-Meter Performance With Power Rectifiers

This paper gives the results of tests made principally to determine the effect of 6- and 12-phase mercury-arc power-rectifier loads on the performance of typical polyphase watt-hour meters. Schematic diagrams of the connections used and oscillograms of the rectifier voltage and current waves are included. The results indicate that the effect to be expected will be well within one per cent.
Global convergence in ethnotheories of water and disease.

Abstract Using interviews conducted with 468 adults in nine different global locations, we tested for commonalities in how people culturally understand water–disease connections. On the basis of consensus analysis, we find evidence of shared cultural ideas about the causes and solutions to waterborne disease both within and across all locations. Causes of water-related illness with the highest salience in the different countries were comparable across sites, and mapped reasonably onto public health understandings. Comparison of specific items (statements) between public health and lay knowledge about the causes and solutions to waterborne disease showed a high level of agreement. We suggest that a straightforward, cohesive approach to water–health messaging in public health campaigns could often be the most effective point of departure, and that sophisticated cultural tailoring may be less important in regard to global waterborne disease prevention efforts than might be expected.
Multi-channel opportunistic spectrum access in unslotted primary systems with unknown models

Multi-channel opportunistic spectrum access in unslotted primary systems is considered. The primary occupancy of each channel is modeled as a general on-off renewal process. The distributions of the busy and idle times and the utilization factors of all channels are unknown to the secondary user. The objective of the secondary user is to identify and exploit the best channel (i.e., the channel with the least primary traffic) through efficient online learning. A dynamic channel access policy is constructed that achieves the throughput offered by the best channel under certain mild conditions on the busy/idle time distributions. More specifically, the cost associated with learning the unknown channel occupancy models over a horizon of length T diminishes at the rate of log T/T. The policy is obtained by constructing a hypothetical multi-armed bandit with virtual reward which, while not directly reflecting throughput, preserves the ranking of the channels in terms of throughput.
Obesity impairs lymphatic fluid transport and dendritic cell migration to lymph nodes.

Introduction Obesity is a major cause of morbidity and mortality resulting in pathologic changes in virtually every organ system. Although the cardiovascular system has been a focus of intense study, the effects of obesity on the lymphatic system remain essentially unknown. The purpose of this study was to identify the pathologic consequences of diet induced obesity (DIO) on the lymphatic system.
Using isotope-labeled proteins and sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy to study protein adsorption

The application of sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy to investigate protein behavior through the study of deuterated proteins has been demonstrated for the first time, showing the overall importance and promise of this combination of techniques. Using deuterated proteins and SFG, we report the feasibility of molecular level studies on the responses of polymer surfaces to protein adsorption, the dynamic process of protein adsorption, and protein mixture adsorption. We also demonstrate that the combination of selective protein isotope labeling and the SFG technique can be expanded in the future to elucidate more detailed structures of adsorbed proteins.
The Average Estimated Variance Criterion for the Selection-of-Variables Problem in General Linear Models

The linear models selection-of-variables problem is formulated and the integrated mean square error (IMSE) is discussed as a parametric measure of the “distance” between a true, unknown function, f, and a linear estimating function or “substitute” function, , determined from data. Here where R is a region of interest—a set of x values for which is to be used as a substitute for f, and W(x) is a function which assigns weights to the values of x in R; the weight at x quantifies the importance that (x) be close to f(x). The IMSE, a parameter, cannot be calculated from the data. A statistic which more or less successfully mimics the IMSE in model selection problems is the AEV, defined as: The AEV is introduced, its first two moments are displayed, and for linear functions a simple form of the AEV is derived which uses the second order moment matrix, of R and W: where s 2 is a biased estimate of σ2. The use of the AEV in the linear models selection-ofvariables problem is discussed and illustrated with a proble...
Impact of historic land-use change on sediment delivery to a Chesapeake Bay subestuarine delta

Historic land use in the Chesapeake Bay drainage basin induced large fluxes of fluvial sediment to subestuarine tributaries. Stratigraphic and palaeoecologic analyses of deltaic deposits may be used to infer changes on the landscape, but are not sufficient to quantify past sediment supply. When viewed as an inverse boundary-value problem, reconstruction of the sediment supply function may be achieved by combining deltaic sedimentation chronologies with an equation governing delta progradation. We propose that the diffusion equation is appropriate for simulating delta progradation and obtaining the sediment supply function provided a suitable diffusion constant (D) can be determined. Three new methods for estimating D are presented for the case of estuarine deltas. When the inverse boundary-value technique was applied to Otter Point Creek, a tidal freshwater delta at the head of Bush River in upper Chesapeake Bay, D values ranged from 3763 to 6199 m2 a−1. Delta growth simulations showed a 1740–1760 initial pulse, a 1760–1780 erosive/redistributive interval, a 1780–1920 growth period, and a 1920-present erosive/redistributive era. Coupling of simulated delta elevations with an empirical plant habitat predictive equation allowed for comparison of predicted versus actual relative habitat areas. Also, the model yielded reconstructed watershed erosion rates and stream suspended sediment concentrations that could be useful for development of water quality regulations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Equation of state and evidence of enhanced phase transformation for shock compression of distended compounds

Abstract Shear stress and deformation is inherent to shock-wave compression. Shear deformation is enhanced when the material subject to shock compression is in an initial distended state. Shock Hugoniot data for full-density and porous compounds of boron carbide, silicon dioxide, tantalum pentoxide, uranium dioxide and playa alluvium are investigated for purposes of equation-of-state representation of intense shock compression. Hugoniot data of distended materials reveal evidence of accelerated solid–solid phase transition as a consequence of shock compaction and accompanying enhanced shear deformation. A phenomenological thermo-elastic equation-of-state model is constructed that accounts for both deformation-induced phase transformation and the extreme shock compaction of distended solids, and applied to the compounds studied.
1854 COMPARISON OF SINGLE POSITION CALIBRATION TECHNIQUES OF THE RESPIRATORY INDUCTIVE PLETHYSMOGRAPH

1854 COMPARISON OF SINGLE POSITION CALIBRATION TECHNIQUES OF THE RESPIRATORY INDUCTIVE PLETHYSMOGRAPH
Tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate receptors in normal human transitional epithelial cells

As a prelude to study the promotion with TPA of in vitro transformation of human urothelial cells (HUC) in culture, we characterized tumor promoter TPA receptors in primary cultures of HUC. [3H]TPA bound specifically to intact living HUC; maximum specific binding was attained in approximately 30 min at 37 degrees C. [3H]TPA bound to HUC in a saturable and competitive manner. Scatchard analysis of specific binding to intact cells displayed a single slope corresponding to an equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) of 0.56 nM; at saturation TPA-binding capacity was 2.37 pmol/10(6) HUC (1.43 X 10(6) sites per cell). [3H]TPA bound specifically and with high affinity to the particulate fractions of HUC; binding was both saturable and reversible. Saturation of the specific binding of [3H]TPA occurred at approximately 1 nM at 4 degrees C. Scatchard analysis of specific binding to the particulate fraction displayed a single slope corresponding to a Kd of 1.08 nM; at saturation TPA-binding capacity was 2.05 pmol/mg protein (750 000 molecules per HUC). [3H]TPA binding was inhibited by the biologically active phorbol ester, phorbol didecanoate, whereas inactive phorbol did not compete for TPA binding. Binding was not affected by sodium saccharin, epidermal growth factor, retinoic acid or dexamethasone. [3H]TPA bound specifically to the HUC cytosolic fraction but only in the presence of calcium and phosphatidylserine. Calcium-activated and phospholipid-sensitive protein kinase activity was detected in HUC fractions. These results indicate the presence of high-affinity specific receptors for TPA in HUC.
Groups of components of Néron models of Jacobians and Brauer groups

Let X be a proper, smooth, and geometrically connected curve over a non-archimedean local field K. In this paper, we relate the component group of the Neron model of the Jacobian of X to the Brauer group of X.
FINE STRUCTURE OF MYCOTA: 4. The Occurrence of the Golgi Dictyosome in the Fungus Neobulgaria pura (Fr.) Petrak

Though the dictyosome of the Golgi apparatus appears to be generally distributed in plant and animal cells, it is here described for the first time in the fungi. The present report illustrates, in electron micrographs of thin sections, the characteristic structure of the Golgi dictyosome in a special cell type of a supporting pseudo-tissue (the inner ectal excipulum) of a highly evolved Ascomycete, Neobulgaria pura (Fr.) Petrak, a monotypic discomycete. This organelle may secrete the gelatinous matrix filling the cup formed by the inner ectal excipulum. All the other cells in this species appear more typical of fungal cells; i.e., they have no dictyosome and, unlike the cup-forming cells, they show characteristic continuities of the plasma membrane with the perinuclear cisternae. The dictyosome, in those cells in which it appears in this fungus, is formed by a series of vesiculations of the outer component of the nuclear envelope that align to form a stack of sacs. The sacs near the nucleus are flattened (by what appears to be an intermembrane cement) while those near the plasma membrane are more distended. These observations suggest three possibilities: first, fungi may be more closely related to other eukaryotic cells than previously suspected from electron microscopic studies; second, the outer nuclear membrane may have been the primitive precursor of the dictyosome; and third, the inverse relationship of the occurrence of the nuclear membrane plasma membrane continuities and the dictyosome suggests that the latter may have evolved as a means of removing from the cell the products of reactions occurring on a discontinuous membrane system.
Does JAK2 1849G>T initiate polycythemia vera?

Comment on Bellanne-Chantelot et al, page [346][1] In this issue of Blood, Bellanne-Chantelot and colleagues report on a remarkable and likely unparalleled collection of 72 families with 174 relatives who have myeloproliferative disorders. The familial clustering of sporadic disorders of
Addressing biosignal data sharing security issues with robust watermarking

One of the most important infrastructure require- ments in the domain of remote health monitoring BASNs is the secure collection and dissemination of the user's medical data. Data security desiderata in this application domain are not limited to ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of medical data that has been logged to a data sink. Requirements also arise from the need to provide the data owner (BAN user / patient) and the data consumers (healthcare providers, insurance companies, medical research facilities) secure control over the data as it is shared between these various stakeholders. Here, we study a robust watermarking technique to embed security information into biosignal data such that the semantic fidelity of the data is unaffected, while simultaneously ensuring that the watermark is not easily erased or corrupted by malicious data consumers. In doing so, we address three use-cases: proof of ownership, wherein the data owner can prove that she/he is the originator of the data; data tracking, wherein the data owner can trace unauthorized sharing of her/his biosignal data; and content authentication, wherein the data owner can prove whether the biosignal data has been maliciously altered. Based on experimentally collected datasets from a gait-stability monitoring BASN, we show that the embedding of 800 bit watermarks can be achieved robustly and effectively, with near-imperceptible changes to the signal waveform and no loss in the the signal's diagnostic quality.
Characterization of force fields for lipid molecules: applications to crystal structures

The nonbonded portion of a force field for lecithins was characterized by application to the study of the crystal packing geometry and energetics of eight different molecules. The molecules were either lecithin fragments or chosen to isolate particular intermolecular features to test the accuracy of the force field specifically for those interactions. In particular, the hydrocarbon interactions, hydrogen bonding, electrostatics, and phosphate interactions were critiqued. The results support previous findings that indicated that this force field is reasonably accurate for lecithins. For all molecules, a minimum was found near the experimentally determined crystal structure
Effect of pyrithiamine treatment of potassium ion fluxes in rat cortical slices

The effect of thiamine deficiency on energy-requiring processes in brain tissue was studied by comparing cortical slices prepared from control and pyrithiamine-treated rats. Veratridine was used to stimulate energy metabolism by opening voltage-sensitive sodium channels resulting in enchanced Na+/K+ pumping; subsequent tetrodotoxin addition closed the sodium channels. Pyrithiamine-treated slices showed both lower basal and veratridine-stimulated respiration rates compared to control slices. K+ was released from the tissue upon addition of veratridine and was taken up again upon addition of tetrodotoxin. The movement of K+ was monitored directly with a K+-sensitive electrode as well as by measuring the rubidium diffusion potential. There was no difference between control and pyrithiamine-treated slices in K+ fluxes in response to veratridine and tetrodotoxin. The extent of reuptake of K+ upon tetrodotoxin addition was inversely related to the extracellular Ca2+ concentration and to the incubation temperature. Veratridine resulted in a marked decrease in tissue levels of ATP and creatine phosphate; these levels remained quite low upon tetrodotoxin addition. Despite the different respiration rates, control and pyrithiamine-treated slices showed the same ATP and creatine phosphate levels in response to veratridine and tetrodotoxin.
Natural classes of universal algebras

A natural class of universal algebras is a class which is closed under isomorphism, subalgebras, disjoint suprema, and essential extensions. In suitable varieties, natural classes form a boolean lattice, and lead to a decomposition of any universal algebra into continuous molecular, discrete, and bottomless subalgebras.
Modified nonmonotone Armijo line search for descent method

Nonmonotone line search approach is a new technique for solving optimization problems. It relaxes the line search range and finds a larger step-size at each iteration, so as to possibly avoid local minimizer and run away from narrow curved valley. It is helpful to find the global minimizer of optimization problems. In this paper we develop a new modification of matrix-free nonmonotone Armijo line search and analyze the global convergence and convergence rate of the resulting method. We also address several approaches to estimate the Lipschitz constant of the gradient of objective functions that would be used in line search algorithms. Numerical results show that this new modification of Armijo line search is efficient for solving large scale unconstrained optimization problems.
Plasmon satellites in X-ray photoemission spectra

Abstract Controversy exists whether plasmon-satellite structure observed in core-level photoemission spectra arises from so-called intrinsic or extrinsic plasmo
An empirical study of the learning effect of an ontology-driven information system

This paper investigates the effect of an ontology-driven information system on users' learning the content of the domain covered by the system. While there have been quite a number of research studies on ontology systems' design, development and evaluation, its impact on users has not been a popular research topic. An experimental system has been developed and constructed with pluralistic, non-linear representations of metadata and relationships. While the expected learning effect did not occur among differently trained participant groups, previous online search experience showed a positive correlation with the performance of the participants.
Pharyngeal Perforation and Tracheopharyngeal Fistula Caused by Foreign Body Impaction

Development of a tracheopharyngeal fistula after pharyngeal perforation is an uncommon occurrence. As a result, published guidance for management of this rare type of aerodigestive tract fistula is limited. We describe the workup and management of a traumatic tracheopharyngeal fistula caused by foreign body impaction. A conservative, endoscopic treatment strategy with broad-spectrum antibiotics, transnasal drainage, and covered tracheal stent placement was used. The stent was removed after 4 weeks, and complete closure of the fistula tract was confirmed by endoscopy and contrast esophagram. Although tracheopharyngeal fistulae are rare and operative treatment can be complex, this case demonstrates that conservative management with antibiotics, drainage, and endoscopic stenting can be successful in select patients.
How long does it take copepods to make eggs

Abstract During investigations of relationships between food concentrations and rates of egg production by the marine copepod Anomalocera ornata Sutcliffe, we discovered an artifact that may be common in such experiments. Although rates of egg production by individual copepods were highly variable and rates exhibited no relation to food concentration offered during experimental incubations, egg production rates of up to 338 eggs·female −1 ·day −1 were obtained with natural phytoplankton and up to 83–128 eggs female −1 ·day −1 with unialgal phytoplankton cultures. However, concurrent measurements of ingestion rates in experiments with cultures revealed that the copepods were not eating. This suggested that food used to produce eggs during experiments had been ingested in the sea prior to capture. To test this, we offered 14 C-labelled mixtures of diatoms and rotifers to five copepod species, and measured the lag period for labelled eggs to appear. Times for maximum measured values of counts per minute per egg were 9.5 h for Acartia tonsa Dana, 16.5 h for Centropages veliflcatus De Oliviera, 65.5 h for Labidocera aestiva Wheeler, 89 h for Centropages typicus Kroyer, and 91 h for A. ornata. C. typicus and A. ornata continued to produce eggs in filtered seawater for periods of 66.8 and 44.5 h, respectively. We concluded there is considerable interspecific variability in the lag period for conversion of ingested food to egg production in marine copepods, and this lag time must be known in order to interpret relationships between food and copepod egg production.
Author reply: Understanding Empathy by Modeling Rather Than Organizing Its Contents

Perception–action approaches are sometimes criticized because empathy takes cognitive forms and people do not overtly imitate or feel all observed states. These complaints reflect a misunderstanding of the framework, which we tried to clarify through a review that bridged social and neuroscientific views. Far from “simple fixes,” these misunderstandings appear to reflect deeply rooted differences in the way that each discipline conceptualizes science and the mind. We address the important points made by the commentators and reiterate the need to incorporate rich, phenomenological descriptions into academic works so that we may prevent such conceptual cross-talk in the future. The open exchange of ideas across fields is often difficult, but essential to an integrated, scientific view of empathy.
The pathologies of big data

Scale up your datasets enough and your apps come undone. What are the typical problems and where do the bottlenecks surface?
Partial (set) 2-structures. Part II: state spaces of concurrent systems

The problem of characterizing state spaces of basic classes of Petri nets, and the problem of synthesizing state spaces of basic classes of Petri nets from their «abstract» descriptions in the form of directed edge-labeled graphs are investigated
Thermal expansion of phase transformations in (1-x)Pb(Mg1/3,Nb2/3)O3-xPbTiO3 : Evidence for preferred domain alignment in one of the (001) directions for melt-grown crystals

Thermal expansion measurements on unpoled, multidomain, single crystals of PMN-PT in the MPB region reveal that one of the ⟨001⟩ directions is different than the other two, contrary to the crystallographic equivalency that is expected for threefold rotations about ⟨111⟩ derived from the prototypic-cubic phase. This unexpected behavior may be related to the method of seeded crystal growth. On heating into the tetragonal phase, the unique axis persists, consistent with the preferential alignment of $c$-axis domains. Poling along the unique direction further enhances the anisotropy in thermal expansion coefficients, leading to an increase in the magnitude of the strain induced on heating through the subsequent rhombohedral-to-tetragonal and tetragonal-to-cubic phase transformations. Room-temperature poling in the rhombohedral phase in a direction normal to the unique direction reorients the preferred domain alignment in the higher temperature tetragonal phase. This realignment disappears upon further heating into the high-temperature cubic phase, i.e., thermal depoling reestablishes the original unique direction. When the room-temperature poled crystals are heated under open-circuit conditions, the temperature at which the tetragonal-to-cubic phase transformation is completed is shifted to higher temperatures relative to unpoled crystals, indicating an increase in the temperature range of stability for the tetragonal phase as a result of incomplete randomization of domain orientations at the rhombohedral-to-tetragonal phase transformation. Under short-circuit conditions, the tetragonal-to-cubic phase transformation temperature is not shifted, indicating a complete randomization of polarization directions on heating above the rhombohedral-to-tetragonal phase transformation temperature. The thermal expansion characteristics for the phase transformation behavior are related to poling conditions and dielectric properties.
29.3 A 14b 1GS/s RF sampling pipelined ADC with background calibration

We describe a 14-bit 1GS/s pipelined ADC that relies on correlation-based background calibration to correct the inter-stage gain, settling (dynamic) and memory errors. An effective dithering technique is embedded in the calibration signal to break the dependence of the calibration on the input signal amplitude. In addition, to improve the sampling linearity, the ADC employs input distortion cancellation and another digital calibration to compensate for the non-linear charge injection (kickback) from the sampling capacitors on the input driver. The ADC is fabricated in a 65nm CMOS process and has an integrated input buffer. With a 140MHz and 2Vpp input signal, the SNR is 69dB, the SFDR is 86dB, and the power is 1.2W.
A Measurement of Torque Values Obtained With Hand‐Held Drivers in a Simulated Clinical Setting

Purpose This study measures the amount of torque that can be applied to the heads of implant screws via hand-held drivers and wrenches in a simulated clinical setting. Materials and Methods Sixty second-year dental students applied their maximum controlled torque to the head of a hex instrument attached to a Tonichi torque gauge mounted in a mannequin. The torque values obtained were recorded, and a mean torque value was calculated. Results The mean torque value obtained in this study was 11.55 N · cm. Conclusions Small-diameter, 10 N · cm gold screws can be adequately tightened with manufacturer-supplied instrumentation. Larger screws requiring more than 10 N · cm of torque cannot be tightened manually using currently available hand-held screwdrivers and hand wrenches.
Caroline Bartlett Crane and the history of sociology: Salvation, sanitation, and the social gospel

This article investigates the relationship between Progressive era (1890–1920) social reform and the origins of American sociology with a view of the vital contributions of women in these endeavors. I observe the efforts of the first generation of sociologists to legitimate and delineate the field in the “social construction” of the discipline of sociology, as they attempted to combine Christianity, the social gospel, and socialism into a new and unique ideology. In this article I examine the archival material of Progressive era reformer, Caroline Bartlett Crane (1858–1935), a Unitarian minister and student in the sociology department of the University of Chicago in 1896, to address the relationship between theology, sociology, and social reform from a woman’s perspective.
Antiviral Activity and Pharmacokinetics of Liposome-Encapsulated Phosphonoformate in Rauscher Murine Leukemia Virus-Infected Mice

AbstractLiposomal delivery of phosphonoformate (PF), an antiviral agent with poor membrane permeability, was evaluated using a passive targeting strategy to treat Rauscher murine leukemia virus (RMLV) infection. Pharmacokinetic studies in RMLV infected mice using the nonmetabolized [14C]PF reveal that nonencapsulated PF is rapidly excreted with an approximate clearance of 18.8 g blood/hour, while liposome (egg phos-phatidylcholine/egg phosphatidylglycerol/cholesterol: 9:1:8)-encapsulated PF has an approximate clearance of 0.61–0.96 g blood/hr. When administered in the liposome encapsulated form, 50–80% of the dose is found in the liver, spleen, and blood at 3 hr postinjection. The area under the drug level-time curve (AUC) in the liver and spleen following a single dose of encapsulated PF is 1.3–1.7 times higher than the AUC of a 25-fold larger dose of nonencapsulated PF. Biodistribution studies of 125I-labeled liposomes or encapsulated [14C]PF in vivo show that the specific uptake of liposomes and entrap...
Teaching New Tricks to an Old Foe: Murinizing Hepatitis C Virus†

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) naturally infects only humans and chimpanzees. The determinants responsible for this narrow species tropism are not well defined. Virus cell entry involves human scavenger r ...