cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Race-Based Suspect Selection and Colorblind Equal Protection Doctrine and Discourse

Racial profiling by law enforcement officers has been the subject of sustained criticism by scholars, activists, politicians and other commentators. The emerging consensus is that racial profiling is illegitimate because it constitutes the intentional use of race by state actors in a manner that disparately impacts innocent members of certain racial minority groups. A related and pervasive use of race by law enforcement officers has been the subject of virtually no scholarly criticism or political debate: reliance on race as a component of a physical description of a suspect. While racial profiling is widely condemned, law enforcement reliance on race-based suspect descriptions is accepted as so obviously legitimate as to scarcely require justification. This Article challenges the orthodox view of race-based suspect descriptions by demonstrating that law enforcement use of race-based suspect descriptions is as much of a racial classification as is racial profiling. Both practices are intentional uses of race by state actors in a manner that disparately impacts innocent members of certain racial minority groups. The broader purposes of this Article are to critique the colorblindness principle of equal protection doctrine and to highlight the depth of racial inequality and the inability of equal protection doctrine, however formulated, to overcome that inequality. Treating race-based suspect description reliance as a racial classification would undermine the primacy and force of the colorblindness principle, whatever the outcome of the strict scrutiny analysis. Conversely, the maintenance of colorblindness, as a constitutional and moral mandate, requires suppression of the race-based nature of the state practices that courts permit. Recognition that equal protection doctrine, as it actually operates, does not implement a norm of strict colorblindness would render race more defensible. Further, analysis of suspect description reliance suggests the limits of equal protection doctrine in eradicating state reinforced racial inequality in a society structured along lines of race.
X-ray spectroscopic instrumentation for the 21st century

Several technologies being developed for high resolution X-ray spectroscopy are compared to determine the most suitable applications for each. Nondispersive cryogenic technology is considered by means of devices such as microcalorimeters and superconducting tunnel-junction detectors, and dispersive technologies are represented by crystal diffractors, transmission gratings and reflection gratings. Calorimeters and superconducting tunnel-junction conductors are found to be suitable for high energies while reflection gratings are more effective at lower energies. In general, however, the selected technology depends primarily on the particular implementation. Parameters such as launch capability, constraints, and scientific drivers are the guiding forces for selecting a particular device.
Toward a Model of Intelligence as an Economy of Agents

A market-based algorithm is presented which autonomously apportions complex tasks to multiple cooperating agents giving each agent the motivation of improving performance of the whole system. A specific model, called “The Hayek Machine” is proposed and tested on a simulated Blocks World (BW) planning problem. Hayek learns to solve more complex BW problems than any previous learning algorithm. Given intermediate reward and simple features, it has learned to efficiently solve arbitrary BW problems. The Hayek Machine can also be seen as a model of evolutionary economics.
Identification of the immunophilins capable of mediating inhibition of signal transduction by cyclosporin A and FK506: roles of calcineurin binding and cellular location.

Abstract The immunosuppressants cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK506 appear to block T-cell function by inhibiting the calcium-regulated phosphatase calcineurin. While multiple distinct intracellular receptors for these drugs (cyclophilins and FKBPs, collectively immunophilins) have been characterized, the functionally active ones have not been discerned. We found that overexpression of cyclophilin A or B or FKBP12 increased T-cell sensitivity to CsA or FK506, respectively, demonstrating that they are able to mediate the inhibitory effects of their respective immunosuppressants in vivo. In contrast, cyclophilin C, FKBP13, and FKBP25 had no effect. Direct comparison of the Ki of each drug-immunophilin complex for calcineurin in vitro revealed that although calcineurin binding was clearly necessary, it was not sufficient to explain the in vivo activity of the immunophilin. Subcellular localization was shown also to play a role, since gene deletions of cyclophilins B and C which changed their intracellular locations altered their activities significantly. Cyclophilin B has been shown previously to be located within calcium-containing intracellular vesicles; its ability to mediate CsA inhibition implies that certain components of the signal transduction machinery are also spatially restricted within the cell.
The Role of Character in the Hiring Process: A Pilot Study Survey of College Seniors' Potential Employers.

We surveyed 31 prospective employers (65% response rate) regarding their views on character as part of the employment selection process. The results showed character qualities superordinate, relative to skills that prospective employees bring to potential jobs. We discuss survey results in light of business educators responsibility for helping students to internalize ethical decision-making. Although the results show employers making few company changes due to the medias attention on corporate scandals, respondents express that the pool of applicants with strong character is shrinking. They expect that character training will occur prior to employment in a variety of milieuincluding higher education.
The development of pharmacological tolerance to the effect of nicotine on schedule-controlled responding in mice.

The effects of nicotine in mice responding on a fixed-ratio schedule for a sweetened milk reinforcer were determined before, during, and after daily administration of the drug. Druing chronic treatment, responding was initially depressed in a group of mice given presession injections of nicotine and gradually returned to prechronic baseline levels. Responding to single doses of nicotine shifted to the right following chronic treatment for animals receiving either presession or postsession chronic injections of 1.2 mg/kg nicotine. Following termination of chronic treatment, both groups lost tolerance to the chronic dose at similar rates. These data indicate that animals given chronic pre- and postsession injections of nicotine develop tolerance to the pharmacological effects of the drug and that behavioral variables do not influence the development of tolerance to nicotine.
Tilting-mirror fiber-optic accelerometer.

Experimental and theoretical results are presented on a simple compact fiber-optic sensor that uses a mirror placed on the end of a mass-loaded cantilevered elastic beam. Deflections of the beam due to acceleration are read out with multimode optical fibers and with a quarter-pitch GRIN rod lens. Two output fibers are used in a balanced-detection scheme. In the audio-frequency range, the minimum detectable acceleration is 2.4 × 10−6 Grms, and the maximum measurable acceleration is 39 Grms. The device is also sensitive to dc accelerations. However, during dc sensing, a fiber bending noise is found. This noise decreases the dynamic range of the accelerometer.
Properties of the proposed τ charged lepton

Abstract The anomalous eμ and 2-prong μx events produced in e + e − annihilation are used to determine the properties of the proposed τ charged lepton. We find the τ mass is 1.90 ± 0.10 GeV/ c 2 ; the mass of the associated neutrino, ν τ , is less than 0.6 GeV/ c 2 with 95% confidence; V - A coupling is favored over V + A coupling for the τ − ν τ current; and the leptonic branching ratios are 0.186 ± 0.010 ± 0.028 from the eμ events and 0.175 ± 0.027 ± 0.030 from the μx events where the first error is statistical and the second is systematic.
Nonlinear pricing for social optimality of PEV charging under uncertain user preferences

In this paper, we analyze a framework of charging Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) where the electric utility (or aggregator) sets time-dependent prices for charging, and the PEVs choose their charging profiles so as to minimize their individual charging costs (maximize individual profits). We show that there exists pricing policies that results in social optimality (i.e., minimize the network-wide charging cost, or maximize the total economic surplus) under individually rational (selfish) decision-making by the PEVs. The pricing policy is non-linear and can differ across PEVs, and takes into account the uncertainty in the user (PEV-owner) charging preferences which are in general not known to the utility, but can possibly be stochastically estimated (predicted) through observations over time. We evaluate the proposed pricing policy through simulations, in terms of the mean and variance of the total electric load on a sample distribution network.
Effects of aging and cholinergic deafferentation on putative muscarinic cholinergic receptor subtypes in rat cerebral cortex

Despite a 34% decrease in the activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in the rat cerebral cortex following lesions of the nucleus basalis, there were no changes in the Bmax of the antagonist ligands [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate ((-)-[3H]QNB) or (-)-[3H]N-methylscopolamine ((-)-[3H]NMS). Furthermore, this treatment produced no significant change in the proportions or affinities of muscarinic receptors having high and low affinity for pirenzepine or (-)-NMS. These data indicate that putative M2 muscarinic receptors are not restricted to ChAT-containing neurons in rat cerebral cortex. In senescent compared to mature rats there was no significant loss of ChAT activity although a significant reduction in the Bmax of both (-)-[3H]QNB and (-)-[3H]NMS binding was observed. However, no changes in the competition of pirenzepine or (-)-NMS for the remaining (-)-[3H]QNB binding sites were observed. Therefore, there is no evidence for any differential regulation of either putative muscarinic receptor subtype in response to cholinergic deafferentation or as a function of the natural aging process.
Esterases in Barley and Malt

ABSTRACT Several esterases from barley and malt have been separated on polyacrylamide gels. The slowest moving bands appear to represent a single enzyme displaying a spread of migration owing to differences in surface charge. During malting, this enzyme, which is located in the starchy endosperm, shifts to a more migratory form. Two other main esterase groups are identified through gel electrophoresis, notably a highly anionic, highly labile enzyme, MW 62,000, located in the aleurone. The slowest and fastest moving bands have been partially purified using salt fractionation and ion-exchange chromatography. The former, MW 47,000, has strong capability for hydrolyzing acetylxylan and it is speculated that its role in the starchy endosperm is as part of the enzyme system that hydrolyzes the cell walls.
People or profiles: Individual differences in online social networking use

Abstract Scholars have debated whether social networking websites provide valuable social connections or distract individuals from more rewarding real-life relationships. We propose that examining individual differences in one’s tendency to approach versus avoid the perspectives of other people can help resolve this issue: perspective curiosity and perspective defensiveness may predict different patterns of online behaviors. The present study uses a trait measure of Mind-Reading Motivation to assess the relationship of these tendencies with different categories of behaviors on Facebook. Results revealed that certain aspects of Facebook behavior (direct interactions with others over Facebook; Facebook as Real-life Supplement) were associated with approach motivation, a willingness to seek out others’ perspectives, while other aspects of Facebook behavior (Facebook-only Relationships; romantic relationship-seeking) were associated with a tendency to effortfully avoid others’ perspectives. Furthermore, openness to experience, but not extraversion, predicts Facebook behaviors above and beyond the effect of MRM.
Agonist--antagonist properties of phenoxybenzamine in antinociception and opiate dependence tests.

Abstract The doe—response curve for phenoxybenzamine inhibition of stereospecific 3H-naloxone binding in brain homogenates was found to shift to the right in the presence of 100 mM NaCl. From the ratios of the IC50 in the presence of Na+ to the IC50 in the presence of Na+ calculated in this study for phenoxybenzine and some opiates it was predicted that phenoxybenzamine would have mixed agonist—antagonist properties in antinociceoption and that its antagonist activity would be in the rank order: butorphanol (1.8) ⪢ phenoxybenzamine (4.3) > M2230 (5.7) > pentazocine (6.9) ⪢ levorphanol (13.6). Phenoxybenzamine antagonized the oxymorphone-induced Straub tail reaction in mice and induced the abstinence syndrome in non-withdrawn morpine-dependent mice as predicted by the Na+ response ratio. In the mouse tail flick assay phenoxybenzamine acted like the mized agonist—antagonist benzomorphinas as predicted. In “physical dependence capabilty” phenoxybenzamine was intermediate between butorphanol and pentazocine as predicted by the Na+ response ratios. The success of the Na+ response ratio derived from phenoxybenzamine's properties in the vitro opiate binding assay in predicting the behavior and rank order of phenoxybenzamine in in vivo tests, plus the ability of naloxone to antagonize phenoxybenzamine's antinociceptive action suggest that phenoxybenzamine's antinociceptive action may be mediated by the brain opiate receptor rather than by central α-adrenergic receptor blockade.
The mediating and moderating effects of parent and peer influences upon drug use among african american adolescents

This study recruited 567 African American youth (mean age = 15.27 years; 65.1% girls) to examine the role of parent and peer contexts on drug use among African American adolescents. Data were collected on demographics, drug refusal efficacy, drug use, and various psychosocial factors including family and peer factors. When controlling for age and gender, parental monitoring and peer risky behavior completely mediated the relationship between parental attitudes toward drug use and drug refusal efficacy and partially mediated the relationship between parental attitudes toward drug use and current alcohol use. Only peer risky behavior mediated the relationships between parental attitudes toward drug use and current tobacco and marijuana use. Results also revealed several salient moderating relationships. Implications for prevention programs are provided and include strengthening current parenting skills and focusing efforts on fostering the mother-adolescent relationship.
Extremal problems, partition theorems, symmetric hypergraphs

We compare extremal theorems such as Turan’s theorem with their corresponding partition theorems such as Ramsey’s theorem. We derive a general inequality involving chromatic number and independence number of symmetric hypergraphs. We give applications to Ramsey numbers and to van der Waerden numbers.
A General Solution to the Step-Drawdown Test

A more general solution to the step-drawdown test, called the General Well Function, GWF, is proposed to replace the classic Jacob's step-drawdown equation for situations when the time that wells are continuously pumped varies greatly. Jacob's equation requires a preselected discharge duration and does not incorporate time as an independent variable. Jacob's equation has been criticized for that shortcoming since drawdown is obviously dependent on time as well as discharge. The General Well Function, GWF, not only corrects for this weakness but appears to better predict drawdowns that extend beyond the test data than, for example, the FASTEP code based on Jacob's equation. The GWF assumes that both formation and well losses increase over time.
World view of Gmelina arborea: opportunities and challenges

Gmelina arborea Roxb. (gmelina) occurs naturally in 11 countries in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia. Approximately 700,000 ha of gmelina have now been established in plantations, small woodlots and agroforestry settings in west-central and eastern Africa, southeast Asia, the South Pacific, and northern Latin America. It is expected that planting areas will expand to 800,000 ha by 2020. The species has generated interest because of its fast growth and quick return on investment. Its wood can be used for a multitude of products that range from pulp to furniture parts. Gmelina also has great utility in agroforestry systems. Intensive breeding and improved clones will bring better growth, more uniform wood, better disease resistance, and products of higher quality to both local and international markets. Several factors might limit the degree of improvement and use of gmelina: (a) the species is susceptible to insect attacks and disease which might limit plantation expansion, (b) artificial pollinations are labor intensive and sometimes difficult to complete successfully, thus delaying breeding cycles and deployment of elite populations and clones and (c) the wood density of gmelina is approximately 410 kg/m3 at 8 years of age, which is lower than most commercial species of eucalypts and acacias. Low density affects pulp yields and product strength. These challenges can be met by: (a) development of clones resistant to insect and disease attacks as a cost effective means to maintain plantation stocking and productivity, (b) development of one-stop pollination techniques to increase pollination success rates and reduce the work loads in breeding programs, and (c) utilization of the great tree to tree variation in wood properties in gmelina to develop new races of trees that have both desirable growth rates and dense wood. Access to a broad genetic base of gmelina is central to meeting these challenges.
Hermeneutic listening: An approach to understanding in multicultural conversations

Listening is crucial to reaching multicultural understanding. Borrowing from the work of Hans-Georg Gadamer we develop a hermeneutics of listening. To listen we must risk our prejudices, but these prejudices constitute our very identity. In this paper we attempt to answer the question, “Why Listen?” if listening is such a potentially dangerous activity.
Motivational signage increases physical activity on a college campus.

Objective: The authors evaluated whether motivational signage influenced rates of stair use relative to elevator use on a college campus. Participants: In March and April 2004, the authors observed students, faculty, staff, and any visitors accessing a college campus building. Methods: During Phase I, the authors monitored ascending stair and elevator use at the same time each weekday (Monday-Friday). During Phase II, the authors placed motivational signs encouraging stair use at the bottom of the stairs and outside and inside the elevators. During the third week (Phase III), the authors removed the signs. Results: The authors observed 18,389 ascending trips during the 3 weeks of the study. Motivational signs significantly contributed to an 18.6% increase in stair use in the second week, which was maintained in the following week. Conclusions: The signage intervention successfully enhanced physical activity on a college campus by providing educational health tips that may have served as motivation to choo...
Polymerization of vinylcyclopropanes. III. Cationic polymerization of stereoisomers of 1‐halo‐2‐vinylcyclopropanes

Vinylcyclopropane derivatives, 1-chloro- and 1-bromo-2-vinylcyclopropane, have respectively two stereoisomers, and radical polymerizations of both isomers gave 1,5-type polymers. On the other hand, only the cis isomers gave a polymer which had mainly 1,2-type structural units in cationic polymerizations with Lewis acids. The difference between the cationic polymerizabilities of the cis and trans isomers is interpreted in terms of steric conformation of monomers.
Noble gas transport in poly(methyl vinyl ketone) and poly(methyl vinyl ether)

Abstract A systematic study and interpretation of the transport parameters characterizing the permeation of the noble gases, He, Ne, Ar and Kr through poly(methyl vinyl ketone) and poly(methyl vinyl ether) are presented. The results and correlations are compared with related measurements on poly(methyl acrylate) and poly(vinyl acetate). In general the measurements were conducted above the glass transition temperatures of the respective polymers. The results are interpreted in terms of the systematic variations in the physicochemical parameters of these closely related polymers. Free volume and dipoledipole interactions appear to dominate the observed behaviour and the composite results may be explained in these terms. The size distribution of the fluctuating free volume elements and chain stiffness are also to be considered.
The path between the seas : the creation of the Panama Canal, 1870-1914

"The Path Between the Seas" tells the story of the men and women who fought against all odds to fulfill the 400-year-old dream of constructing an aquatic passageway between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. It is a story of astonishing engineering feats, tremendous medical accomplishments, political power plays, heroic successes, and tragic failures. Applying his remarkable gift for writing lucid, lively exposition, McCullough weaves the many strands of the momentous event into a comprehensive and captivating tale.
Maternal age, sociodemographics, prenatal health and behavior: influences on neonatal risk status.

Abstract The effects on neonatal outcome of maternal age, sociodemographic status, and prenatal health and behavior were assessed in a representative national sample of youth (National Longitudinal Survey of Work Experience of Youth). Primiparous women were categorized into four age-at-birth groups: 13 to 15 year old, 16 to 18 year old, 19 to 21 year old, and 22 to 30 year old. Younger mothers were lighter, gained less weight during pregnancy, and sought prenatal care later in their pregnancy. Neonates of the youngest mothers on average had lower birth weights, and shelter gestation periods. There were significant effects of maternal age, race, education, and pregnancy weight gain on the probability of giving birth to a premature or low-birth-weight infant. Our results also implicated the time of first prenatal care in the occurrence of premature delivery. We believe that interventions should emphasize the prevention of pregnancy in young adolescents and amelioration of the adverse prenatal conditions associated with living in lower socioeconomic conditions.
The influence of family environment on dissociation in pediatric injury patients

Emerging support for the roles of both early trauma and family environment in the development of dissociative symptomatology is complicated by the frequent co-occurrence of dysfunctional family environments and childhood maltreatment. The present investigation prospectively examined the influence of family environment on dissociative symptom course in 82 youths (8-18 years) who experienced accidental injury. The primary caretaker reported on six-week family environment (including family cohesion and adaptability) and on youth symptoms of dissociation prior to injury at six weeks and at six months; dissociation prior to injury was assessed via retrospective parent account at the six-week timepoint. Adolescents (aged 11-18) also reported on their own dissociative symptoms at six weeks. Latent growth modeling indicated that youth in more cohesive family environments evidenced decreased symptoms of dissociation at the six-week intercept (z = -2.80). Furthermore, parent income was negatively related to symptoms of dissociation at intercept (z = -1.96) and parent education was associated with a decrease in youth dissociation symptoms over time (z = -2.57). The present findings provide support for the importance of acute family environment in pediatric post-injury adjustment and further highlight the importance of parent resources, including income and education, in post-injury adjustment.
Effect of pulmonary stenosis on pregnancy outcomes--a case-control study.

Background Pulmonary stenosis (PS) accounts for 10% to 12% of congenital heart disease in adults, and the probability of survival to child bearing age is high. The impact of PS on pregnancy has not been extensively studied in the recent era. Methods We evaluate the effect of isolated PS on maternal and fetal outcomes in a case-control study of 17 cases with PS in pregnancy from 1995 to 2006. The control group was matched by age, ethnicity, obstetrical history, and year of delivery. Patients with PS were assessed for maternal New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class and other maternal complications at baseline and during pregnancy; and the 2 groups were compared for fetal and neonatal outcomes including birth weight, gestational age at delivery, Apgar scores, and placental weight. Results A total of 11 patients were in NYHA functional class I and 6 in class II at the time of presentation. All patients remained stable during pregnancy except for two. One of them deteriorated from NYHA functional class I to II, and the other from class II transiently to class III. There were no other maternal complications. In addition, there were no statistically significant differences in fetal/neonatal outcomes between patients and their controls and between patients with mild and severe PS. Conclusions In contrast to mitral and aortic stenosis, PS does not adversely impact maternal or fetal outcomes of pregnancy.
Discerning and modeling the fate and transport of testosterone in undisturbed soil.

Testosterone is an endocrine disruptor that is released into the environment from natural and anthropogenic sources. The objective of this study was to achieve a better understanding of the complex fate and transport of this labile compound in an undisturbed agricultural soil (a Hamar Sandy, mixed, frigid typic Endoaquolls). This was done by using batch and miscible-displacement experiments, and by using a chemical nonequilibrium transport model. Sorption and transformations of testosterone were discerned using various batch experiments. The batch experiments indicated that the aqueous phase concentrations of testosterone rapidly decreased from 12 to 15% of the initial aqueous concentration within 5 h, but then gradually increased through time and reached 28 to 29% of the initial aqueous concentration at 168 h. The increase in the aqueous concentration was explained by mineralization and biodegradation. Multiple first-order models were used to describe batch experiments where simultaneous degradation and sorption processes occurred. An evolutionary global optimization strategy was used to estimate the process parameters from these batch experiments and there was high confidence in these parameter estimates. The result of column experiments also showed that 23.4% of testosterone was mineralized to CO 2 as it transported through the column. Combustion analyses of extracted soil from inside the columns showed that most of the 14 C retained in the column (69-74%) was sorbed in the top 5 cm. The independently determined batch parameters were incorporated into a chemical nonequilibrium transport model, which provided an excellent description of the hormone in the eftluent, and vertical redistribution in the soil column.
Broadband heteronuclear spin decoupling in solids

Abstract Experimental results demonstrate that recently introduced COMARO decoupling sequences can be used for broadband heteronuclear decoupling in solids, providing decoupling performance that is considerably less sensitive to off-resonance effects than cw decoupling and allowing good decoupling with relatively low rf power.
Influence of austempering temperature on the mechanical properties of a low carbon low alloy steel

Abstract In this investigation, a new low alloy and low carbon steel with exceptionally high strength and high fracture toughness has been developed. The effect of austempering temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of this new steel was examined. The influence of the microstructure on the mechanical properties and the fracture toughness of this steel was also studied. Test results show that the austempering produces a unique microstructure consisting of bainitic ferrite and austenite in this steel. There were significant improvement in mechanical properties and fracture toughness as a result of austempering heat treatments. The mechanical properties as well as the fracture toughness were found to decrease as the austempering temperature increases. On the other hand, the strain hardening rate of steel increases at higher austempering temperature. A linear relationship was observed between strain hardening exponent and the austenitic carbon content.
Tight linear programming relaxations of uncapacitated p-hub median problems

Abstract The problem of locating hub facilities and allocating non-hub nodes to those hubs arises frequently in the design of communication networks, airline passenger flow and parcel delivery networks. In this paper we consider uncapacitated multiple and single allocation p -hub median problems. We develop new mixed 0 1 linear formulations with tight linear programming relaxations. The approach is tested on a well known and heavily used benchmark data set of real-world problems with resulting LP relaxations ranging from 10010 to 391 250 variables and from 2 101 to 31 901 constraints, which proved to be difficult linear programs. Yet, this approach proved to be very effective: in almost all instances the linear programming solution was integer. In cases with fractional solutions, the integrality was achieved by adding a small partial set of integrality constraints. Therefore, we extended the range of optimally solvable instances of these NP-hard hub location problems, which have defied researchers for the last ten years. As an additional result for the single allocation case we were able to establish optimality of all heuristic solutions obtained via tabu search algorithm from a previous study. For the more difficult single allocation p -hub median problem we also used the best known heuristic solution as a guidance in adding integrality constraints. This novel linkage between optimal and heuristic solutions has a potential impact in a number of other problem settings, where efficient heuristic solutions exist and are probably, but not provably optimal.
A TEST CELL FOR MEAT COHESIVENESS USING THE IN STRON UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE12

A test cell consisting of movable, smooth edged clamping jaws mounted in an Instron Universal Testing Machine was designed to objectively measure the force required to separate a tissue slice manufactured from reformed muscle tissue. Initial testing determined appropriate sample dimensions for use in the cell to be: 0.4 cm thick × 2.5 cm wide × 3.0 cm long. Pork samples were prepared using varying tumbling times (0 to 8 h) with the salt content constant (2% finished). Other samples were prepared with varying salt concentrations (0 to 4%) using a constant tumbling time (18 h, cycle). Both sample groups were cooked, sliced and evaluated for cohesiveness (force to separate slice) by visual appraisals and the mechanical tests. The two methods of evaluation resulted in a correlation value of 0.52 for the different tumbling times and 0.78 for the different salt concentration groups. The results suggested that the new cell measured cohesiveness, particularly at the higher cohesiveness levels which is the area of practical usefulness in the meat processing industry.
The influence of the rate of an intermittent administration upon the lethal dose of digitalis tincture in pigeons.

Abstract A study of the rate of administration of digitalis tincture in pigeons by a five‐minute‐interval injection over a wide range indicated that there is a relation between the lethal dose and rate of administration at the levels of from 0.0126 to 0.1661 ml./ Kg./5 min. during the experimental time of from thirty to three hundred and sixty minutes. The lethal dose increases with the increase of the rate of administration but within the experimental time employed this linear increase was not considered to be significant.
Location, location, location: small shifts in collection site result in large intraspecific differences in macroalgal palatability

The role of herbivorous fishes in coral reef resilience has increased interest in the process of herbivory and has focused attention on herbivore feeding behavior, making it important to evaluate experimental methods used to assess herbivore decisions. We tested whether small-scale differences in collection site play a role in within-species palatability of macroalgae. Baseline grazing assays using algae collected on a fringing reef in Moorea, French Polynesia, revealed that herbivore preferences among three common species ranked Padina boryana > Sargassum mangarevense ≫ Amansia rhodantha. Comparing grazing preferences between individual thalli of the same species collected <15 m apart revealed that consumption of intertidal S. mangarevense was nearly six times greater than for conspecifics collected from the adjacent subtidal reef flat. The same trend occurred for P. boryana but was not significant. This demonstrated that algal palatability can vary on a very small spatial scale, presenting a potential trap for the unwary when setting up experiments; we encourage researchers to consider this potential complication in experimental studies of herbivory.
A More Sophisticated Merton

An alternative account of Merton to that provided by Turner is sketched. It shows strong similarities to some quite plausible contemporary understandings of science in general. Given this reading, it would seem that Merton did not drastically change his position nor does it suffer from the ambiguities that Turner describes.
Digitalis-like factor response to hyperinsulinemia in human pregnancy, a model of insulin resistance

Insulin resistance is strongly associated with hypertension and is postulated to participate in the elevation of blood pressure, although the mechanisms involved are not understood. Recently, we reported that acute increases in plasma insulin levels in normal subjects resulted in increased serum levels of a sodium pump inhibitor, termed the digitalis-like factor (DLF), which has been implicated in both experimental and essential human hypertension. This study looked at the DLF response to hyperinsulinemia, achieved by an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), in the setting of a naturally occurring and self-resolving state of human insulin resistance, during third-trimester pregnancy. This model allowed us the further opportunity to compare the DLF response to insulin in the same subjects postpartum, after resolution of their insulin resistance. Administration of an OGTT during pregnancy and postpartum in the same subjects elicited a comparable serum glucose response but a significantly greater insulin response during third-trimester pregnancy, consistent with diminished insulin sensitivity (integrated insulin response during pregnancy: 1611±236 vs postpartum: 685±101 pmol/l, P=0.004). The time courses of the glucose and insulin responses were identical whether women were pregnant or not. Plasma free fatty acids fell significantly and to a comparable degree during pregnancy and postpartum, but the response was slower during pregnancy. DLF levels increased in response to oral glucose in both pregnant and nonpregnant states. The response was more rapid during pregnancy than after. These findings showed that the increment of insulin induced by oral glucose during pregnancy caused a more rapid rise in circulating DLF levels than it did during the nonpregnant state. At the same time, the response of circulating fatty acids to glucose is retarded during pregnancy. This suggests that the insulin resistance of pregnancy impairs insulin's influence on intermediary metabolism but not its influence on DLF. As a vasoactive substance, DLF might contribute to the hypertension characteristic of insulin-resistant states.
Experimental Measurement of Elastic Shear Modulus of Graphite/Epoxy Tubes

The elastic shear moduli of graphite/epoxy composite materials have been measured using thin walled tubes of different lay-ups. First a dynamic test was used in which shear moduli were derived from the measurement of the natural frequency of torsional vibrations. Next a static torsional test was performed. In both cases the results correlated very well with classical lamination theory. Dynamic moduli were found to be an average 10% higher than static moduli.
An Index of Self-Allocation on a Cold-Warm Personality Dimension

Sum.mary.-The suthor has described a pair-comparisons scale for determining the position of a person upon a cold-warm continuum. The scale contains 153 pairs of items, but only 80 of these pairs are used in scoring. These 80 pairs offer choice between each of 10 adjectives reported by Asch (1946) and others (e.g., Stevenson & Ferguson, 1968) to be affected by the cold-warm concept in person-perception studies and each of eight adjectives not affected by the cold-warm concept. Validity is demonstrated by showing that parties to twoperson interviews most frequently assign warm-related adjectives to warm Ss; nexr-most frequently, to intermediate Ss; least frequently, to cold Ss. Reliability of the scale as a self-descriptive device is reported to be .74. As is well-known, Asch in 1946 demonstrated the pervasive power of a cold-warm construct in interperson perception, i.e., Asch showed that one's concept of the "traits" possessed by a ratee is influenced by a rater's understanding of the position of the ratee on a cold-warm personality dimension. In Asch's terms, the cold-warm variable acts as a central trait about which one organizes his perceptions of another person. Since Asch's original demonstration, there have been several confirming studies (Mensh & Wishner, 1947; Kelley, 1950; Stevenson, & Ferguson, 1968) and widespread acceptance of Asch's idea, but no one has reported the development of a scale to determine one's "temperature" on a cold-warm personality continuum. The purpose of this article is to describe such a scale.
Computation and incentives in combinatorial public projects

The Combinatorial Public Projects Problem (CPPP) is an abstraction of resource allocation problems in which agents have preferences over alternatives, and an outcome that is to be collectively shared by the agents is chosen so as to maximize the social welfare. We explore CPPP from both computational perspective and a mechanism design perspective. We examine CPPP in the hierarchy of complement free (subadditive) valuation classes and present positive and negative results for both unrestricted and truthful algorithms.
Urologic Aspects of HIV Infection

Although lifespan has dramatically improved in the human immunodeficiency virus-positive (HIV+) population, HIV and its treatment continue to be a source of substantial morbidity in many organ systems, including the genitourinary tract. As the number of long-term survivors increases with advances in antiretroviral therapy, age-associated urologic symptoms are also becoming increasingly relevant considerations for people living with HIV. Primary care physicians have a major role to play in maintaining the genitourinary health of their HIV+ patients. This role is of great importance not just for the well-being of the individual patient but for the public health, as the genitourinary tract is a common vector for HIV transmission. In this article the authors review the management of the genitourinary system in patients with HIV infection. Particular consideration is given to urinary tract infections, lower urinary tract symptoms, renal insufficiency, sexual and fertility problems, and cancers of the genitourinary tract. Management algorithms are outlined and indications for referral to a urologist are emphasized.
Planting pattern effects on yield, water use and root growth of cotton

Abstract Several skip-row planting systems, designed to make soil water from fallowed rows available to plants in adjacent planted rows, are used in many of the cotton growing regions of the United States and the world. Three planting designs were established in 1980 and 1981 by planting every row (solid), two of three rows (2×1), or two of four rows (2×2) to determine the effectiveness of skip-row planting systems for cotton development and yield. Soil water extraction from planted and fallow rows was determined by neutron scattering, while soil cores were used to determine root length density (RLD) in planted and fallowed beds. Cotton in the 2×2 and 2×1 patterns yielded 71 and 47% more lint than the solid design when determined on a planted area basis. No differences in yield, however, were detected on a total area basis. Cotton in the solid pattern had significantly higher micronaire, while the skip-row designs resulted in greater staple length. Seasonal water extraction was similar for the planted rows of all designs and for the fallowed row of the 2×1 pattern. Fallowed rows of the 2×2 pattern exhibited the least water removal. Water use efficiency (WUE) was not influenced by pattern in 1980, with all designs having values of about 3.0 kg lint ha−1 mm−1 water. Water use efficiency decreased to 2.1 for the solid and 2×1 patterns and to 1.6 kg ha−1 mm−1 for the 2×2 design in 1981. Cotton in the solid design generally exhibited the greatest RLD at 0–150 mm. No significant differences between treatments were observed at lower soil depths. Root length density tended to decrease between sampling dates in this study. Rooting activity was significantly correlated with water use. Based on yields, fiber characteristics, and WUE, skip-row systems were not more efficient than planting every row.
Axon termination conditions for electrical stimulation

The cable model for electrical stimulation near the terminal of a passive fiber is derived for excitation by an arbitrary, time-varying, applied extracellular field. Unless the termination impedance is comparable to that of the mammalian node of Ranvier, the end-conditions require the longitudinal intracellular current at the fiber terminal to be negligibly small. This requirement substantially alters the membrane potential profile from that obtained with a fiber of infinite length. Stimulation near the end of a fiber may result in lower thresholds and may reverse the anodal/cathodal threshold ratio obtained with stimulation in the mid-portion of the fiber. Chronaxie for stimulation near the terminal may be much smaller than at a distance from the terminal and the strength-duration curve may be nonmonotonic. These differences may have significant implications for any application of electrical stimulation where fiber terminations may play a role in the excitatory process. >
Supporting real-time speech on wireless ad hoc networks: inter-packet redundancy, path diversity, and multiple description coding

We consider the problem of supporting real-time traffic over packetized wireless ad hoc networks. Our specific emphasis is on speech, since this is a critical application in many scenarios such as emergency deployment of ad hoc networks. Standard retransmission-based Medium Access Control (MAC) strategies are poorly matched to speech applications, because the payload size for speech as well as for MAC-layer acknowledgements (ACKs) is small compared to the packet header, which contains a large synchronization preamble. In this paper, we show that inter-packet redundancy is significantly more efficient than traditional MAC layer retransmissions, in terms of both network capacity and end-to-end delay. The key observations regarding our design and results are as follows. Because of the small payloads, introducing redundancy across packets only increases the packet transmission time slightly, and hence has negligible impact on the packet collision rate. Thus, we obtain large gains from redundant transmission essentially "for free." Because of the large packet header, elimination of ACKs leads to substantial bandwidth savings. Overall, a combination of inter-packet redundancy (at the MAC layer), path diversity (at the network layer), and multiple description source coding (at the application layer), is shown to provide significant improvements in bandwidth efficiency and delay.
CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS: PROBLEMS AND PROCEDURES

A contrastive analysis must proceed through four steps: description, selection, contrast, and prediction. Most analyses are weakened by insufficient care at one or more of these steps, each of which is beset with problems. A basis for making selections, a format for contrasts, and a means of relating contrast and prediction is suggested.
Late referral and modality choice in end-stage renal disease

Late referral and modality choice in end-stage renal disease. Background We sought to determine whether late versus early referral to a nephrologist in patients with chronic kidney disease influences the initial choice of hemodialysis (HD) versus peritoneal dialysis (PD) or the likelihood of switching treatment modalities in the first six months of therapy. Methods Using New Jersey Medicare/Medicaid claims, all patients who started RRT between January 1991 and June 1996 and were diagnosed with renal disease more than one year prior to RRT were identified. In the resulting cohort of 3014 patients, 35% had their first nephrologist consultation ≤90 days prior to initiation of dialysis. Results After controlling for demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status and underlying renal disease, age, black race [Odds ratio (OR) = 0.56], race other than black or white (OR = 0.56), and socioeconomic status (OR = 0.68) influenced the choice of initial treatment modality, but timing of the referral did not. However, patients starting on PD who were referred late were 50% more likely to switch to HD than were patients who saw a nephrologist earlier [Hazard's ratio (HR) = 1.47]. In patients originally on HD, diabetic nephropathy (HR = 1.49) and black race (HR = 0.69) influenced the likelihood of switching to PD, but the timing of referral did not. Conclusions These results refute earlier findings that late referral may limit access to PD. We found that modality choice depends on factors such as age, race, or socioeconomic status, rather than on than timing of nephrologist referral. Late referral does not influence the likelihood to switch modality in patients starting on HD, but does so in patients starting on PD.
Deuteron polarization of solid DT

Various possible means of attaining a large nuclear polarization of deuterons in solid deuterium tritide (DT) for use as a hydrogen-fusion fuel are considered. It is noted that dynamically polarized nuclear targets have reached only 40% polarization for deuterons despite there being no theoretical limit. In contrast, protons have been polarized to almost 100%. We consider dynamic nuclear polarization using both electrons as the pumping source (EDNP) and nuclei (NDNP). Most polarized targets have worked by EDNP thermal mixing. If protons are present, they bleed off part of the polarization intended for the deuterons. In a pure deuterated material, the smaller deuteron magnetic moment has so far prevented adequate nuclear cooling. The method most likely to work is the EDNP solid-state effect, which requires a narrow ESR spectrum for the atoms in solid DT. Should the tritons be polarized, their polarization can be transferred to the deuterons. Using NDNP thermal mixing, again, only 40% deuteron polarization is obtained. Using the NDNP solid-state effect and many polarization cycles, over 90% is achieved. The calculations offer optimism regarding deuteron polarization as far as the state of present knowledge of the properties of solid DT is concerned.