cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship of DFG16 to the Rim101p pH response pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans.

Many fungal pH responses depend upon conserved Rim101p/PacC transcription factors, which are activated by C-terminal proteolytic processing. The means by which environmental pH is sensed by this pathway are not known. Here, we report a screen of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae viable deletion mutant library that has yielded a new gene required for processed Rim101p accumulation, DFG16. An S. cerevisiae dfg16Δ mutant expresses Rim101p-repressed genes at elevated levels. In addition, Candida albicans dfg16Δ/dfg16Δ mutants are defective in alkaline pH-induced filamentation, and their defect is suppressed by expression of truncated Rim101-405p. Thus, Dfg16p is a functionally conserved Rim101p pathway member. Many proteins required for processed Rim101p accumulation are members of the ESCRT complex, which functions in the formation of multivesicular bodies (MVBs). Staining with the dye FM4-64 indicates that the S. cerevisiae dfg16Δ mutant does not have an MVB defect. We find that two transcripts, PRY1 and ASN1, respond to mutations that affect both the Rim101p and MVB pathways but not to mutations that affect only one pathway. The S. cerevisiae dfg16Δ mutation does not affect PRY1 and ASN1 expression, thus confirming that Dfg16p function is restricted to the Rim101p pathway. Dfg16p is homologous to Aspergillus nidulans PalH, a component of the well-characterized PacC processing pathway. We verify that the previously recognized PalH homolog, Rim21p, also functions in the S. cerevisiae Rim101p pathway. Dfg16p is predicted to have seven membrane-spanning segments and a long hydrophilic C-terminal region, as expected if Dfg16p were a G-protein-coupled receptor.
Comment on ``Significance of the highest occupied Kohn-Sham eigenvalue''

With more explanation than usual and without appeal to Janak's theorem, we review the statement and proof of the ionization potential theorems for the exact Kohn-Sham density-functional theory of a many-electron system: (1) For any average electron number $N$ between the integers $Z\ensuremath{-}1$ and $Z,$ and thus for $N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}Z$ from below, the highest occupied or partly occupied Kohn-Sham orbital energy is minus the ionization energy of the $Z$-electron system. (2) For $Z\ensuremath{-}1lNlZ,$ the exact Kohn-Sham effective potential ${v}_{s}(\mathbf{r})$ tends to zero as $|\mathbf{r}|\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}.$ We then argue that an objection to these theorems. [L. Kleinman, Phys. Rev. B 56, 12 042 (1997)] overlooks a crucial step in the proof of theorem (2): The asymptotic exponential decay of the exact electron density of the $Z$-electron system is controlled by the exact ionization energy, but the decay of an approximate density is not controlled by the approximate ionization energy. We review relevant evidence from the numerical construction of the exact Kohn-Sham potential. In particular, we point out a model two-electron problem for which the ionization potential theorems are exactly confirmed. Finally, we comment on related issues: the self-interaction correction, the discontinuity of the exact Kohn-Sham potential as $N$ passes through the integer $Z,$ and the generalized sum rule on the exchange-correlation hole.
Universal dielectric response of variously doped CeO 2 ionically conducting ceramics

The Jonscher power law, or {open_quotes}universal dielectric response{close_quotes} (UDR) behavior was studied for a range of CeO{sub 2} solid solutions with Y{sup 3+} and Gd{sup 3+} dopants, with particular emphasis on dilute systems which possess relatively simple defect structures. The results show power-law frequency dependence of the ac conductivity, with exponent s=0.61{plus_minus}0.03, independent of temperature and concentration. The conductivity data also show scaling behavior in terms of a time constant {tau}, whose activation energy is very close to that of the dc conductivity. For 1{percent} Y and 1{percent} Gd samples, an additional Debye-type relaxation is observed due to dopant{endash}oxygen-vacancy pairs. Such samples are clearly in the association range (stage III). These results contradict the assumption by Almond and West that {tau}{sup {minus}1} is the hopping frequency of the carrier defects. At very low concentrations ({approximately}0.01{percent}), UDR behavior virtually disappears. The present results are then compared to the principal theories that describe UDR behavior. It is found that, while each theory suffers from some drawbacks, the more phenomenological theories fare better. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Evaluation of the nerve-injured patient.

Nerve injury and nerve compression compromise sensory or motor function. Evaluation of the patient with nerve compression or nerve injury provides information to identify the level of the lesion (injury or compression) and to document alterations in motor or sensory function. Chronic nerve compression Patients with chronic nerve compression present with a wide variety of subjective symptoms and physical signs. In the motor system, these changes may progress from muscle ache and weakness to muscle atrophy. Sensory complaints vary from intermittent paraesthesia to constant numbness. This spectrum of patient presentation likely relates to the range of histopathologic changes in the nerve that occur with chronic compression (Fig. 1). Documentation of chronic neural histopathology in the human is uncommon; therefore, the animal model has assisted in the understanding of the changes that occur with chronic nerve compression [1–4]. The histopathology of chronic nerve compression is a continuum of neural changes that occur depending upon the amount and duration of compression. The initial neural changes involve a breakdown of the perineurial blood nerve barrier with subperineurial edema, followed by connective tissue thickening, segmental demyelination, diffuse demyelination, and axonal degeneration [5]. Initially, these neural changes do not occur equally across the nerve but may vary depending upon the distribution of compression across the nerve. In gen
Prevention of Hip Dysplasia in Children and Adults

Klisic and Pajic summarized the history of early diagnosis and treatment of hip dysplasia when they wrote, Devising the preventive approach to developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) required much time.... Despite the 2400-year-old suggestion made by Hippocrates that children's hip dislocations are curable if treatment is started very early, the preventive approach was proposed by Roser only in 1879 [who] described early diagnosis in newborns and performed reduction by abduction... He also advocated early treatment by fixing babies' hips in abduction. However, surgeons did not readily accept these proposals, despite the good results shown by Froelich in 1906 and Le Damany in 1911. In 1927, Putti succeeded in interesting some orthopedic surgeons in the procedure by showing the results of early treatment. But the practical problem remained: ie, how to detect the DDH in patients at an early age. The turning point came in 1935 when pediatrician Ortolani introduced early detection of DDH by “early clinical search” shortly after a child's birth, instructing obstetricians, pediatricians, and midwives to perform the search. Rediscovering the diagnostic “segno della scatto,” ie, reducible displacement, he popularized the prophylactic approach to DDH by early detection and treatment. Fifteen years later, another pediatrician, Palmen, organized systematic screening in nurseries by pediatricians. Since Klisic and Pajic wrote this in 1993, the use of ultrasound, albeit still controversial in some ways, has influenced the treatment and prevention of DDH. Klisic's attempts to universally prevent the disease may still be able to be incorporated into further efforts at disease prevention through education and the systematic trials of hip abduction pillows or braces similar to his wide-diaper diapering technique. The goal of prevention is to eradicate a disease so that it does not present to the physician. For DDH, this goal may be tenable.
Using Java to design and test hardware circuits over a classroom network

A crucial part of the Computer Organization course is the design and analysis of hardware circuits. To teach this part of the course efficiently and to involve the entire class in the design of circuits, we have designed the SCAN system. Starting with a textual specification of a circuit, SCAN generates Java classes that can be used to simulate the way the circuit works. These circuits can be simulated locally or can join with other circuits to simulate larger machine function over a network. This paper describes the SCAN system, the Java classes it generates, and the way we use this in the Computer Organization class.
Evidence from mtDNA sequences that common laboratory strains of inbred mice are descended from a single female

The rapid evolution1 and maternal mode of inheritance2 of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) make it a valuable marker for individuals related by descent from the same female3. We report here a study of wild and inbred mice which illustrates this point. We have examined mouse mtDNA from various locales in the Northern Hemisphere using restriction enzymes that cut the molecule at an average of 150 sites and find a high level of restriction-site polymorphism in wild mice but no variation among the ‘old’ inbred strains. This result is surprising because the nuclear genomes of these strains are known to differ greatly from one another4. The old inbred type of mtDNA occurs rarely in wild mice and differs from other types in the wild by an average of 100 nucleotide substitutions. In possible contradiction of published breeding records, these findings indicate that only one female lineage contributed to the formation of all the old inbred lines. In addition, our study of new inbred strains provides genetic markers that will be useful in mouse developmental and cell biology.
Detection/discrimination in the long-wavelength pathways.

Abstract We apply the simultaneous detection/discrimination method to the mechanisms mediating detection of long- and middle-wavelength test lights. The results suggest the following: (1) a test light detected by a signal initiated primarily in the long-wavelength receptors will be ultimately detected by different sets of nerve cells, depending upon the background illumination. (2) The discriminability of two test lights depends upon their duration, even when the lights are equated (at threshold) for visibility.
The effect of Ca2+ on the adenyl cyclase of calf brain.

Abstract A study was made of the effect of various substances on the formation of 3′,5′-AMP in the presence of a particulate fraction from homogenates of calf cerebral cortex. The activity of adenyl cyclase in these preparations was inhibited by the chelating agent 1,2-bis-(2-dicarboxymethylaminoethoxy)ethane. This inhibition was reversed by equimolar concentrations of Ca2+. Sr2+ was almost as effective as Ca2+ in reversing the inhibition by the chelating agent, while Mg2+ and Ba2+ were ineffective. Higher concentrations of Ca2+ inhibited the formation of the nucleotide.
Punctal occlusion in keratoconjunctivitis sicca.

Occlusion of the lacrimal puncta is a useful and underutilized procedure in the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. When artificial tears no longer ameliorate symptoms and the Schirmer tests are 2 mm/5 min or less (repeatedly), combined with positive rose Bengal staining, punctal occlusion is indicated. Diathermy is the most practical technique for permanent closure, whereas various punctum plugs can be applied for a temporary effect.
Application of differential thermal analysis to the study of hydrothermal shrinkage in epimysial and corium collagen.

Abstract 1. 1.|A study of the hydrothermal shrinkage of native collagen was conducted utilizing differential thermal analysis (DTA). 2. 2.|The thermal shrinkage temperature (Ts) determined by conventional methods was similar to the extrapolated onset temperature observed by DTA. 3. 3.|Although the total melting range in epimysium from 7-week-old pigs was similar to that for 5-month-old (market-weight) animals, a greater percentage of the total melting range occurred at lower temperatures in the tissues from the younger animals. 4. 4.|Bovine epimysium had a much narrover melting range than that from porcine epimysium, with onset and recovery occurring at much higher temperatures. 5. 5.|Corium had a broader melting range and a higher recovery temperature than epimysium. 6. 6.|Collagen from animals on a zinc deficient diet had a much narrower melting range, a higher onset temperature and a greater percentage of the melting range occurred at high temperatures than for those on a normal ration. 7. 7.|The DTA method had the advantages of excellent sensitivity and reproducibility, and yielded valuable additional information concerning the thermal shrinkage transition by depicting the total melting range and the relative proportions of the melting point range occurring at high or low temperatures.
929-66 Validation of a New Method for Calculating Continuous Transmural Distributions of Strain in the Ventricles Using Magnetic Resonance Tagging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tagging provides information about deformation at many intramural points in the ventricular wall and thus offers the potential to characterize the transmural pattern of deformation. We have developed a method to calculate continuous transmural distributions of finite strains across the ventricular wall from the deformation of the MR “tag lines”. The purpose of this study was to quantify the error in this technique by comparing strains computed with our method to a “gold standard” solution, Seven dogs underwent cine MRI with tagging, generating dark grid patterns of presaturations on the images. Deforming tag lines were tracked using an automated algorithm. A parametric representation of tag line deformation was developed. Strains were calculated in a local region bounded by five to six tag lines by constructing a local mapping from the region on the undeformed image to the same region on the deformed image. The mapping was defined by fitting a polynomial “surface” to the measured deformations of the tag lines and by employing a smoothing term to control the trade-off between fidelity of the data and surface and the smoothness of the mapping. Strains were computed from the gradients of the mapping. The accuracy of strain calculations was determined by simulating deformations of undeformed tag lines with a finite element (FE) model constructed from the undeformed image and comparing strains calculated with our method and the FE strains. The root mean square (RMS) error between FE strains and surface polynomial strains varied between 8.3 and 17.7% of the average FE strain for regions with six to nine tag intersection points. We have described a new method for calculating a transmural distribution of finite strains across the ventricular wall from MRI tissue-tagging and have quantified the accuracy of this technique. This algorithm may be applied to estimate the transmural distribution of regional strain in both ventricles non-invasively.
A new genus of alonine chydorid cladocerans from athalassic saline waters of New South Wales, Australia

A new genus (Celsinotum) and three new species are described from intermittent athalassic saline waters in the Paroo region of northwest New South Wales, which have TDS varying from 2.8 to 14.0 g l-1. The species are large, thin, high-bodied, and have a pronounced keel on the shell but not on the head. The marginal armature of the postabdomen consists entirely of clusters of fine spinules. Most strikingly, the males have 12 terminal aesthetascs on the antennule, and in addition have 5 or 6 equally long accessory aesthetascs arising laterally. Alona taraporevalae from India presumably also has this character, but a comparison of the two species indicates they are not closely related. The taxa bear a general similarity to Alona diaphana from Australia, but a close comparison shows that they, too, are unrelated. A. diaphana has a prominent spine arising from the basal segment of the antennal exopod, the two IDL (= inner distal lobe) setae on trunklimb I have a much coarser setulation distally than in Celsinotum, and on the postabdomen the postanal portion is always considerably longer than the anal, and the marginal armament consists of single setae distally and clusters of only a few setae proximally. Besides, the species is smaller, the body is wider and less high, and the shell although weakly ridged is not keeled. The male has 9 terminal aesthetascs and no accessory lateral ones. In athalassic saline waters around the world the number of anomopod species declines negative exponentially in relation to salinity. Many of the freshwater species persist into the 3 to 10‰ range without any difficulty, some occur in abundance up to 30‰, and a few even extend into the hypersaline range. Chydorids, though, except for a very few species, do not tolerate salinities higher than about 15‰, and none of them seem adapted to these salinities and confined to them. Celsinotum, though, possibly is so adapted, as it did not occur in other basins of the region with lower salinities, and it is not presently known from other regions. Having different but closely related congeneric taxa in nearby lakes of the same region seems surprising. The three species of Celsinotum are very similar in most details of morphology, but they vary significantly in body proportions, the number of denticle clusters on the postanal portion of the postabdomen, and in such seemingly minor details as the amount of expansion of the labral plate. Such taxonomic differentiation, which has been observed in other groups of organisms as well, is believed to have arisen from the extreme temporal isolation of these waterbodies, those in the Paroo region normally containing water only once every 5 to 20 years.
Advanced Coal-Fired Turbine Ship Propulsion Systems

A direct coal-fired turbine is a very light engine for powering ships. Weight savings over a diesel engine nearly make up for the added weight associated with fuel bunkering when converting from oil to coal-firing. A method of hot-gas-particulate cleanup based on fragmentation using pulsed CO 2 lasers is discussed as a means of providing adequate turbine blade lifetime. Two cases, a cargo ship and large merchant tanker are considered. Present value of fuel savings equates to the value of a coal-fired turbine For a ten-year lifetime, the value of the turbine due to fuel-lost savings is projected to be roughly 48 M$ for the cargo ship and 194 M$ for the tanker.
Monte Carlo simulation method for Laughlin-like states in a disk geometry

We discuss an alternative accurate Monte Carlo method to calculate the ground-state energy and related quantities for Laughlin states of the fractional quantum Hall effect in a disk geometry. This alternative approach allows us to obtain accurate bulk regime (thermodynamic limit) values for various quantities from Monte Carlo simulations with a small number of particles (much smaller than that needed with standard Monte Carlo approaches).
Deep splenic lymphatic vessels in the mouse: A route of splenic exit for recirculating lymphocytes

A study of pathways of lymphocyte migration through mouse spleen revealed lymphatic channels closely following arteries in trabeculae and white pulp. Because there is no detailed record of the layout of deep splenic lymphatics in the mouse, or other species, we present our observations in this paper, relating our findings to normal migratory pathways of lymphocytes through the spleen. Lymphatics draining the spleen are so inconspicuous that they often are not mentioned in anatomical discussions. The data presented clearly demonstrate 1) the existence and layout of deep lymphatic vessels in the mouse spleen, and 2) that migrating lymphocytes exit white pulp via these lymphatic vessels. CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets migrated proximally along the central artery from distal (dPALS) to proximal periarterial lymphatic sheaths (pPALS) and exited via deep lymphatic vessels that originate there. B cells migrated from dPALS to enter lymphatic nodules (NOD), thus segregated from T cells. B cells then migrated toward and exited via deep lymphatics. The appearance of labelled lymphocytes in lymph coincided with their disappearance from white pulp compartments. Labelled T cells were observed in splenic lymphatics as early as 1 hr after intravenous infusion but took, on average, about 6 hr. B cells took somewhat longer. Thus T and B cells entered and left white pulp through shared pathways, but took divergent intermediate routes through dedicated zones, pPALS for T cells, NOD for B cells.
Solid state coordination chemistry of organodiphosphonates with copper(II) and auxilliary aromatic nitrogen heterocyclic ligands

Abstract The hydrothermal reactions of CuSO4 · 5H2O, a phosphonate ligand and an appropriate aromatic nitrogen heterocycle yield a series of materials of the Cu(II)/phosphonate/nitrogen ligand donor family. Two of the materials [Cu(2,2′-bpy)(HO3PCH2CH2CH2PO3H)] (1) and [Cu(4,4′-bpy)(H2O)2(HO3PCH2CH2CH2CH2PO3H)] (2) are two-dimensional, while [{Cu(2,2′-bpy)}2(O3PC6H4PO3)] · 8H2O (3 · 8H2O) is three-dimensional. When 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid is introduced as a reactant, the one-dimensional material [Cu(2,2′-bpy){OC6H2(CO2H)3}(HOPC6H5)] (4) is isolated. This is an example of an in situ hydrothermal ligand transformation in which the 1,3,5-benzene tricarboxylic acid is hydroxylated to give 1,3,5-benzene tricarboxylic acid-2-hydroxide. Compound 5 [Cu(terpy)(HO3PC6H4PO3H] is molecular.
Effects of Channel Restoration on Water Velocity, Transient Storage, and Nutrient Uptake in a Channelized Stream†

Channel design is an important component of stream restoration, but little is known of the interplay between hydrogeomorphic features and ecosystem processes within designed channels. Water velocity, transient storage, and nutrient uptake were measured in channelized (prerestoration) and naturalized (postrestoration) reaches of a 1-km segment of Wilson Creek (KY) to assess the effects of restoration on mechanisms of nutrient retention. Stream restoration decreased flow velocity and reduced the downstream transport of nutrients. Median travel time was 50% greater in the restored channel due to lower reach-scale water velocity and the longer length of the meandering channel. Transient storage and the influence of transient storage on travel time were largely unaffected except in segments where backwater areas were created. First-order uptake rate coefficients for N and P were 30- and 3-fold higher (respectively) within the restored channel relative to its channelized state. Changes in uptake velocities were comparatively small, suggesting that restoration had little effect on biochemical demand. Results from this study suggest that channel naturalization enhances nutrient uptake by slowing water velocity. Solute injection experiments revealed differences in the functional properties of channelized, restored, and reference streams and provided a means for quantifying benefits associated with restoration of ecosystem services.
Chromogranin A in uremia: progressive retention of immunoreactive fragments.

Chromogranin A in uremia: Progressive retention of immunoreactive fragments. Chromogranin A is a soluble protein that is stored and released with catecholamines from their secretory vesicles. Its measurement is a probe of exocytotic sympathoadrenal activity, and in plasma it may also be a useful tool in the diagnosis of peptide producing endocrine neoplasms. Because we have found that chromogranin A is elevated in secondary (uremic) hyperparathyroidism, we systematically investigated the influence of renal dysfunction and its attendant hyperparathyroidism on chromogranin A in several subject groups: normal controls (serum creatinine≤1.2 mg/dl), nonazotemic renal transplant recipients, nonazotemic subjects with glomerular disease (serum creatinine between 1.2 and 2 mg/dl), mid-range renal disease subjects (serum creatinine between 2 and 7.5 mg/dl), and end-stage renal disease subjects (serum creatinine
Fatty Acid Composition of Human Brain Phospholipids During Normal Development

The fatty acid composition of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), ethanolamine plasmalogens (EPs), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and sphingomyelin was studied in 22 human forebrains, ranging in age from 26 prenatal weeks to 8 postnatal years. Phospholipids were separated by two-dimensional TLC, and the fatty acid methyl esters studied by capillary column GLC. Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) increased with age in PE and PC, whereas arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) remained quite constant. In EP, 22:6n-3 increased less markedly than 20:4n-6, adrenic (22:4n-6) and oleic (18:1n-9) acids being the predominant fatty acids during postnatal age. In PS, 18:1n-9 increased dramatically throughout development, and 20:4n-6 and 22:4n-6 increased only until approximately 6 months of age. Although 22:6n-3 kept quite constant during development in PS, its percentage decreased due to the accretion of other polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). As a characteristic myelin lipid, sphingomyelin was mainly constituted by very long chain saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. Among them, nervonic acid (24:1n-9) was the major very long chain fatty acid in Sp, followed by 24:0, 26:1n-9, and 26:0, and its accretion after birth was dramatic. As myelination advanced, 18:1n-9 increased markedly in all four glycerophospholipids, predominating in EP, PS, and PC. In contrast, 22:6n-3 was the most important PUFA in PE in the mature forebrain.
Exercise-Induced Dyspnea in Children and Adolescents: If Not Asthma Then What?

Purpose of the Study. Exercise-induced asthma (EIA) is the most commonly recognized cause of exercise-induced dyspnea (EID) in children and adolescents. However, EID in otherwise healthy children and adolescents may have other causes besides asthma. The purpose of this study is to report the outcome of evaluations for EID when other signs and symptoms of asthma were absent or there was no response to previous use of an inhaled β 2 agonist. Study Population. One hundred forty-two patients, 6 to 21 years old (mean: 14 years), with EID were studied. Methods. In this retrospective study, investigators reviewed the results of all exercise tests performed in otherwise healthy patients with EID between 1996 and 2003. Physiologic measures assessed included preexercise and postexercise spirometry with the addition of oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, continuous oximetry, and electrocardiogram monitoring during most tests. EIA was diagnosed if treadmill exercise resulted in reproduction of symptoms in association with a decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 second of at least 15%. Endoscopy was performed if stridor and/or decreased maximal inspiratory flow were present. Criteria were established for restrictive abnormalities, physical conditioning, exercise-induced hyperventilation, and normal physiologic limitation. Results. EID was present in the subjects for an average of 30.2 months (range: Conclusions. The diagnoses of EIA should be questioned as the etiology of EID in children and adolescents who do not have other symptoms of asthma and who do not respond to pretreatment with a β 2 agonist. Reviewer Comments. Although asthma is the most common cause of EID, this article demonstrates the important point that not all EID is caused by asthma. Patients who experience EID but not other signs or symptoms of asthma or who do not benefit from pretreatment with an inhaled β 2 agonist clearly can benefit from a treadmill test with cardiac and respiratory physiologic monitoring. A large portion of these patients demonstrated normal physiologic limitation associated with reproduction of symptoms. Routine treatment of EID as asthma can lead to both unnecessary medication and frustration on the part of the patients and their families.
Invariant points and phase transitions in deuterium at megabar pressures.

An extensive and detailed study of deuterium to 200 GPa and 20--300 K reveals a number of new features of its phase diagram. A well-defined Raman vibron discontinuity is observed across the I-III phase line above the I-II-III triple point at 167 GPa and 130 K. Evidence for additional invariant points is found, including one at 182( $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}$3) GPa and 235( $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}$15) K where the discontinuity disappears. Measurements of the phase III vibron reveal a new functional dependence of the order parameter with temperature and a previously undisclosed parallel to classical orientational phase transitions.
REINSEMINATION OF FERTILIZED SEA URCHIN (ARBACIA PUNCTULATA) EGGS

Embryos of Arbacia punctulata, treated to remove the fertilization membrane and hyaline layer, were mixed with sperm (reinseminated) at 20–30 min (streak stage) and at 70 min (2-cell stage) postinsemination. Sperm, incorporated into embryos reinseminated at the streak stage, metamorphosed into male pronuclei which subsequently migrated to and fused with the zygote nucleus. Although blastomeres were capable of incorporating sperm and forming fertilization cones, less than 10% of the 2-cell stage embryos reinseminated. Sperm, were found entrapped within an amorphous material along the surface of 2-cell stage embryos; many had failed to undergo an acrosome reaction. These results indicate that conditions necessary for incorporation and metamorphosis of sperm nuclei into male pronuclei are present in the embryo after the normal period of fertilization.
High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis: Applications to nutraceutical content and urinary disposition of oxyresveratrol in rats

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for the analysis of the stilbene, oxyresveratrol. This method involves the use of a Luna C(18) column with ultraviolet detection at 320 nm. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile, water and formic acid (30 : 70 : 0.04 v/v) with a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min. The calibration curves were linear over the range of 0.5-100.0 microg/mL. The mean extraction efficiency was between 98.9 and 109%. The precision of the assay was 0.069-18.4% (RSD%), and within 20% at the limit of quantitation (0.5 microg/mL). The bias of the assay was <15% and within 15% at the limit of quantitation. This assay was successfully applied to pre-clinical pharmacokinetic samples from rat urine and to nutraceutical product analysis.
Removing the emphasis on coding in a course on software engineering

There has been considerable interest in a one-semester course in software engineering [Bullard88, Carver87, Gibbs87]. Faculty members of departments of computer science are introducing courses that involve team projects, in an effort to provide students some experience with large programs. However, software professionals are still concerned that most computer science graduates have little understanding of what is involved in the development of large, complex systems. Too often, code alone is regarded as the primary product without proper consideration of the necessary standards and procedures of the controlling disciplines. This paper describes a course that shifted the emphasis from coding by having students perform supporting activities and maintenance on a large Ada project.
Microwave excitation and applications of an elliptical excimer lamp

The concept and experimental results of a microwave-excited elliptical excimer lamp are presented in this paper. The plasma excimer photons are excited at one focus, and the absorber is placed at the second focus. Two elliptical microwave cavities with different eccentricities were tested to study the excitation and characteristics of such an elliptical excimer lamp. The results show that it can be a high-efficiency, narrow-band incoherent vacuum–ultraviolet (VUV)-to-near-infrared photon source. The potential applications of such an excimer lamp, especially with tunable vibronic solid-state and diamond thin film growth, are discussed.
Of spirit: Heidegger and Derrida on metaphysics, ethics, and national socialism

Derrida's reading of Heidegger in Of Spirit provides an excellent opportunity to assess the ethical and political value of each of their works. Derrida uncovers a slippage in Heidegger during the 1930s in which Heidegger ‘forgot to forget’ the dangers of the ‘spirit’ he had disavowed in Being and Time. This reveals a substantial early investment in the National Socialist project from which Heidegger never adequately recovered. Even in his attempts to distance himself from his Nazi past, Heidegger was still caught up in a metaphysical, though not a racial‐biological, gesture and while Heidegger may have written at the end of philosophy, it was an end never come. One cannot stop reading Heidegger on this account. Rather, one is all the more compelled to read him, and after him Derrida. In Derrida's reading of Heidegger, we see the ways in which Heidegger opened up for Derrida an alternative space for the ethical ‐ in ‘The call of Being’ before any decision ‐ in the obligation to the other. However, this eth...
Association Between Ball-Handling Versus Defending Actions and Acute Noncontact Lower Extremity Injuries in High School Basketball and Soccer

Background:High school–sponsored athletic programs currently provide more than 7.7 million students in the United States with health and societal benefits, but they also inherently increase the risk of students sustaining a sports injury. Understanding risk factors that predict injuries in sports is an essential first step to addressing the problem in this population.Purpose:To determine the role of offensive versus defensive actions in noncontact lower extremity injury rates in high school basketball and soccer in both boys’ and girls’ sports.Study Design:Descriptive epidemiological study.Methods:Noncontact lower extremity injury data were collected from academic years 2005-2006 through 2011-2012 for boys’ and girls’ basketball and soccer through the surveillance tool High School RIO (reporting information online). The injuries in this subset of the database occurred over a total of 6.4 million athlete-exposures.Results:Significant differences in overall lower extremity injury rates were found when compa...
Summary of radiation dosimetry results on U.S. and Soviet manned spacecraft

Measurements of the radiation environment aboard U.S. and Soviet manned spacecraft are reviewed and summarized. Data obtained mostly from passive and some active radiation detectors now exist for the case of low-earth-orbit missions. Major uncertainties still exist for space exposure in high-altitude, high-inclination geostationary orbits, in connection with solar effects and that of shielding. Data from active detectors flown in Spacelabs 1 and 2 suggest that a variety of phenomena must be understood before the effects of long-term exposure at the Space Station type of orbit and shielding can be properly assessed.
Differences in Drinking Symptoms and Behavior of Men and Women Alcoholics

Resumen— Une etude de 68 variables relatives aux symptomes et au comportement ayant trait a la maniere de boire portant sur 1657 hommes et 365 femmes admis dans un Centre de Traitement des Alcooliques d'un Centre d'Hygiene Mentale de l'Etat. Treize variables differaient d'une maniere significative entre les deux groupes dans les domaines de la facon de boire, de la consommarion d'alcool, de la facon dont le travail procedait, et dans le passe de buveur. Des differences paraissent exister au niveau du comportement, et les resultats d'une consommation de boisson excessive sont semblables pour les hommes et les femmes a la fois. Zusammenfassung— Eine Studie uber 68 Trunksuchtsymptome und Verhaltensunter-schiedlichkeiten wurde an 1657 Mannern und 365 Frauen, die in ein Behandlungszentrum fur Alkoholismus im staatlichen Zentrum fur Geisteskranke eingeliefert wurden, ausgefuhrt. Es zeigten sich zwischen den beiden Gruppen dreizehn wesentliche Unterschiede in Bezug auf Trinkmethode, Alkoholkonsumierung, Berufsfunktion und Trunksuchtge-schichte, Es scheinen Unterschiede im Verhaltensbild zu bestehen, die Resultate von auschweifendem Trinken stnd jedoch sowohl fur Manner als auch fur Frauen die gleichen.
Localization and Propagation of Instabilities in Long Shallow Panels Under External Pressure

This paper discusses the response of long, shallow, elastic panels to uniform pressure loading. Under quasi-static conditions, the deformation of such panels is initially uniform along their length, and their response has the nonlinearity and instabilities characteristic of shallow arches. Shallower panels deform symmetrically about the midspan and exhibit a limit load instability. For less shallow panels, the response bifurcates into an unsymmetric mode before the limit load is achieved. A formulation and a solution procedure are developed and used to analyze the response of such panels beyond first instability. It is demonstrated in both cases that following the first instability the deformation ceases to be axially uniform and locqlizes to a region a few arch spans in length. A drop in pressure accompanies this localized collapse and causes unloading in the remainder of the panel. Subsequent deformation is confined to this region until membrane tension arrests the local collapse. Further deformation can occur at a constant pressure and takes the form of spreading of the collapsed region along the length of the panel. The lowest pressure at which this can take place (propagation pressure) can be significantly lower than the pressure associated with first instability.
Personality disorders and depression.

Background Personality disorders (PDs) were assessed among depressed out-patients by clinical interview before and after antidepressant treatment with fluoxetine to assess the degree of stability of PD diagnoses and determine whether changes in PD diagnoses across treatment are related to the degree of improvement in depressive symptoms. Method Three hundred and eighty-four out-patients (55% women; mean age = 39.9 +/- 10.5) with major depressive disorder (MDD) diagnosed with the SCID-P were enrolled into an 8 week trial of open treatment with fluoxetine 20 mg/day. The SCID-II was administered to diagnose PDs at baseline and endpoint. Results A significant proportion (64%) of our depressed out-patients met criteria for at least one co-morbid personality disorder. Following 8 weeks of fluoxetine treatment, there was a significant reduction in the proportion of patients meeting criteria for avoidant, dependent, passive-aggressive, paranoid and narcissistic PDs. From baseline to endpoint, there was also a significant reduction in the mean number of criteria met for paranoid, schizotypal, narcissistic, borderline, avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive, passive aggressive and self-defeating personality disorders. While changes in cluster diagnoses were not significantly related to improvement in depressive symptoms, there were significant relationships between degree of reduction in depressive symptoms (percentage change in HAM-D-17 scores) and degree of change in the number of criteria met for paranoid, narcissistic, borderline and dependent personality disorders. Conclusions Personality disorder diagnoses were found to be common among untreated out-patients with major depressive disorder. A significant proportion of these patients no longer met criteria for personality disorders following antidepressant treatment, and changes in personality disorder traits were significantly related to degree of improvement in depressive symptoms in some but not all personality disorders. These findings suggest that the lack of stability of PD diagnoses among patients with current MDD may be attributable in part to a direct effect of antidepressant treatment on behaviours and attitudes that comprise PDs.
Solution of viscous transonic flow over wings

Since the calculations of plane steady transonic flows conducted by Murman and Cole (1971), steady progress has been made with respect to the computation of inviscid transonic flows. It has been found that it is inadequate to consider practical wing design at transonic speeds without considering the effects of viscosity and turbulence. The present study has the objective to develop a zonal method for viscous transonic flow over three-dimensional (3-D) wings. The employed approach follows closely the viscous/inviscid interaction techniques discussed by Melnik et al. (1983) for viscous flow about airfoils. Attention is given to inviscid flow equations and boundary conditions, the solution of 3-D boundary layer and wake, an iterative solution to viscid-inviscid interaction analysis, and results obtained for a transonic cruise wing of transport type.
Catecholamine secretion by hamster adrenal cells.

— Suspensions of isolated adrenal cells were prepared by digesting hamster adrenal glands with collagenase, and the secretion of catecholamine from these cells was studied. Acetylcholine (ACh) produces a dose-dependent increase in catecholamine secretion; half-maximal secretion is produced by 3 μm-ACh, and maximal secretion by 100 μm-ACh. The cholinergic receptor in these cells appears to be nicotinic, since catecholamine secretion is stimulated by the nicotinic agonists nicotine and dimeth-ylphenylpiperaziniurn, but not by the muscarinic agonists pilocarpine or oxotremorine. ACh-induced catecholamine secretion is inhibited by hexamethonium, tubocurarine, and atropine, but is not inhibited by α-bungarotoxin. ACh-induced catecholamine secretion is dependent upon the presence of extracellular Ca2+, and appears to occur by exocytosis, since the release of catecholamine is accompanied by the release of dopamine β-monooxygenase, but not of lactate dehydrogenase. These biochemical studies complement the morphological evidence for exocytosis in hamster adrenal glands, and indicate that catecholamine secretion from hamster chromaffin cells is similar to that from chromaffin cells of other species.
A new method for obtaining human transferrin C-lobe in the native conformation: Preparation and properties

Eukaryotic transferrins comprise a class of bilobal iron-binding proteins in which each lobe carries a single binding site. Although expression of full-length transferrins and their N-terminal lobe...
Gastro-oesophageal reflux associated with nocturnal gastric acid breakthrough on proton pump inhibitors.

Background Nocturnal gastric acid breakthrough, defined as intragastric pH < 4 for more than 1 h in the overnight period, is observed in up to 70% of normal subjects on proton pump inhibitors taken twice daily. The frequency of this breakthrough in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux and accompanying oesophageal reflux during this period has not been studied. Aim To examine the frequency of nocturnal breakthrough and accompanying oesophageal acid exposure in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux treated with proton pump inhibitors twice daily. Methods Prolonged ambulatory pH records from 76 patients on twice daily proton pump inhibitors between January 1991 and July 1997 were analysed for the presence of nocturnal gastric acid breakthrough and accompanying oesophageal pH < 4. Studies from 31 normal subjects on twice daily proton pump inhibitors constituted the control group. Results Nocturnal gastric acid breakthrough was seen in 70% of 61 patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux, 80% of 15 patients with Barrett’s oesophagus and 67% of normal controls (P = N.S.). Oesophageal acid exposure was seen in 33% of gastro-oesophageal reflux patients, 50% of Barrett’s oesophagus patients and 8% of normal controls (P < 0.03). No difference was found between patients taking omeprazole or lansoprazole. Conclusion Nocturnal acid breakthrough is frequently seen on proton pump inhibitors twice daily and is often accompanied by oesophageal reflux. This has important implications for medical therapy in patients with severe gastro-oesophageal reflux and Barrett’s oesophagus.
Immune and genetic gardening of the intestinal microbiome.

The mucosal immune system – consisting of adaptive and innate immune cells as well as the epithelium – is profoundly influenced by its microbial environment. There is now growing evidence that the converse is also true, that the immune system shapes the composition of the intestinal microbiome. During conditions of health, this bidirectional interaction achieves a homeostasis in which inappropriate immune responses to non-pathogenic microbes are averted and immune activity suppresses blooms of potentially pathogenic microbes (pathobionts). Genetic alteration in immune/epithelial function can affect host gardening of the intestinal microbiome, contributing to the diversity of intestinal microbiota within a population and in some cases allowing for unfavorable microbial ecologies (dysbiosis) that confer disease susceptibility.
Judgments of communicative intent in conversation

Abstract In conversation people make specific statements that are intended to accomplish some particular social action (e.g., to praise, criticize or sympathize). To communicate effectively, people must consensually perceive the intentions of each other’s messages. In this research we examined the degree of consensus in judgments of communicative intent. Participants engaged in separate, brief conversations with three friends, watched videotapes of their interactions, and judged the communicative intent of 6 randomly selected statements. Observers also judged these statements under one of three conditions: audio-visual, audio, or text. Analyses showed that participants agreed strongly in their judgments of intent and that observers also agreed in their judgments, but not as much as participants.
Type studies in Lejeuneaceae III: Lopholejeunea erugata, a new name for Ptychocoleus inermis

Lopholejeunea erugata is provided as a new name forPtychocoleus inermis Steph., based on examination of the type and one additional collection. Transfer of the name ofP. inermis toLopholejeunea is impossible due to the existence ofL. inermis Steph., a very different species from New Guinea.Lopholejeunea erugata is characterized by the presence of a clavate perianth lacking keels or other ornamentation, acute to apiculate leaf apices, and the occasional presence ofLejeunea-type gynoecial innovations.
Meta-analysis for combining relative risks of alcohol consumption and prostate cancer

BACKGROUND Prostate cancer has become the most common cancer among men in the United States, but little is known about factors associated with prostate cancer incidence. METHODS A meta-analysis of studies published prior to July 1998 was conducted to pool relative risk (RR) estimates from the existing literature on the association between prostate cancer and alcohol consumption, in an attempt to determine whether there is an association, and if so, what its magnitude is. RESULTS The overall pooled RR estimate was 1.05 for both fixed and random effects models, based on six cohort studies and 27 case-control studies. The RR estimate varied little by study design. Among types of consumption, the highest risk was found for beer (RR = 1.27), but this was based on only eight studies that reported type of alcohol consumed. A linear dose-response was fit to the 15 studies reporting amount of alcohol consumed, finding a RR of 1.05 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.91–1.20) for each additional drink of alcohol per day or a RR of 1.21 for 4 drinks per day. When the average drinks per day consumed in the 15 studies were used to estimate the overall risk for all 33 studies, a RR of 1.02 was found for each additional drink of alcohol per day. CONCLUSIONS Overall, no association between prostate cancer and alcohol consumption was seen. While some categories of consumption showed an increased risk, the studies reporting such categories appeared to be biased towards reporting a positive association among the categories. Prostate 42:56–66, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.