cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectroscopic Imaging and Power Dependence of Near-Infrared to Visible Upconversion Luminescence from NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+ Nanoparticles on Nanocavity Arrays

The spatial variations in upconversion luminescence from NaYF4:Er3+,Yb3+ nanoparticles embedded in PMMA on Au nanocavity arrays are investigated over a wide range of excitation powers, spanning the nonlinear and saturation power-dependence regimes. Spatially resolved upconversion spectra on these arrays show a minimum of ≈3× luminescence enhancement compared to the adjacent smooth Au surface under high-intensity excitation, with progressively higher enhancement ratios, up to 30×, at excitation intensities below 100 W/cm2. It is found that the average upconversion luminescence enhancement, obtained by spectroscopic imaging and far-field measurements, can be almost entirely accounted for by an effective multiplicative shift in the excitation intensity, Peff = F·P, which is robust over 5 orders of magnitude variation in excitation intensity. We reconcile this constant excitation enhancement factor, F = 4.46, with the wide range of observed luminescence enhancement factors, ranging from 3× to 30×, using an an...
Stratigraphic Classification and Correlation in Es3 of Jiuzhou-Gu'an Tectonic Belt

It is found from the study of Es3 in Jiuzhou-Gu'an tectonic belt of Langgu Depression that the result of starti-graphic correlation obtained with high resolution sequence stratigraphic principle is distinguished with that of traditional coarse to coarse grain rocks and fine to fine grain rocks. Through reconstruction of the sequence stratigraphic frame and the stratigraphic correction of Jiuzhou-Gu'an tectonic belt, the traditional methods of coarse to coarse and fine to fine grain stratigraphic correlation are changed and original geologic structural features are corrected.
Welfare Reform and Immigrants: Implications for Policy

The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 profoundly impacted immigrants and suggested a fundamental shift in our national stance toward immigration. This paper examines the impact of welfare reform on legal, non-citizen immigrants in the United States. It describes how welfare reform restructured the laws that determined the eligibility for benefits among immigrants, discusses changes made to these laws, and summarizes the debate over whether these changes were sufficient. It concludes with implications for policy and policy options that exist within the context of the present laws. Ultimately, through welfare reform, the government devalued the role of the immigrant and inverted the ideals of opportunity, equality, and full participation in society that, in theory if not in practice, characterize our national identity.
Probability of fallopian tube and ovarian detection with transvaginal ultrasonography in normal women.

Objective: Some ovarian malignancies may originate in the fallopian tube. The feasibility of ultrasonographically visualizing the fallopian tube is presented. Methods: In total, 549 normal women participated in the fallopian tube visualization trial, while ovarian visualization was studied in 43,521. Chi-square analysis, t-tests and multivariate analysis determined significance and interactions. Results: Ovaries were observed in 82.7% while fallopian tubes were detected in 77.2% of women and 85.2% of the time when an ovary was detected. Age, BMI or parity was not significantly different when one or both fallopian tubes were visualized. Elevated BMI had slightly greater influence than age in limiting visualization of the fallopian tubes in multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Fallopian tubes can often be identified sonographically. Ovarian visualization provides the strongest indicator favoring fallopian tube detection. Thus, ultrasonographic examinations for adnexal cancer could include evaluation of fallop...
Nutritional influence on the recovery of 14CO2 in critically ill trauma patients

Several factors, including age, nutritional and metabolic status, and underlying pathological conditions, should be considered in estimating the correction factor for labeled CO2 retention. We have evaluated the nutritional influence of this correction factor in a group of severely injured (injury severity score = 33 +/- 5), hypermetabolic, and highly catabolic adult trauma patients. Primed-constant infusion of NaH14CO3 was used, and the breath 14CO2 radioactivity was measured. The experiment was conducted once in the fasting condition during the early catabolic "flow" phase of injury and again during and after a week of intravenous feeding. The mean value of the 14CO2 recovery (85.2 +/- 2.7%) in the basal fasting condition was higher than the value of 81% commonly used in normal subjects. During intravenous nutritional support the recovery was 100.8 +/- 1.7%. Recovery of tracer increased linearly with O2 uptake and CO2 production. The linear expression obtained between recovery and CO2 production could estimate the recovery within 3% in trauma patients, and that obtained by multiple regression with CO2 production and O2 uptake would predict the recovery within 1.5%.
Democracy’s Travails in Africa

While African politics remains volatile and complex, the thaw of the cold war ushered in a new era marked by the collapse of authoritarian regimes and democratization. There was a hope that the new political systems would institute legal and political accountability. However, the early euphoria gave way to bitter disappointment after incumbent regimes refused to relinquish power. It then became obvious that democracy’s fate on the continent was in doubt at best. Concern over their own fate led some dictators to hold onto their power. Clearly, the international community seems to be pleased, genuinely in some instances, with Africa’s nascent democracies, under the assumption that a new democratic dawn will take the continent out of despair and poverty. However, if Africa’s past is any guide, democracy’s road will be long and painful. Although there is room for cautious optimism, the realities of Africa’s political conundrum and economic plight, coupled with foreign powers’ interests on the continent, might undermine democratic efforts in Africa.
Glutathione as a Biomarker in Parkinson's Disease: Associations with Aging and Disease Severity

Objectives. Oxidative stress contributes to Parkinson's disease (PD) pathophysiology and progression. The objective was to describe central and peripheral metabolites of redox metabolism and to describe correlations between glutathione (Glu) status, age, and disease severity. Methods. 58 otherwise healthy individuals with PD were examined during a single study visit. Descriptive statistics and scatterplots were used to evaluate normality and distribution of this cross-sectional sample. Blood tests and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) were used to collect biologic data. Spearman's rank-order correlation coefficients were used to evaluate the strength and direction of the association. The Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS) and the Patient-Reported Outcomes in PD (PRO-PD) were used to rate disease severity using regression analysis. Results. Blood measures of Glu decreased with age, although there was no age-related decline in MRS Glu. The lower the blood Glu concentration, the more severe the UPDRS (P = 0.02, 95% CI: -13.96, -1.14) and the PRO-PD (P = 0.01, 95% CI: -0.83, -0.11) scores. Discussion. These data suggest whole blood Glu may have utility as a biomarker in PD. Future studies should evaluate whether it is a modifiable risk factor for PD progression and whether Glu fortification improves PD outcomes.
A Feminist Reading of Mass Media

Chapter 3 introduces feminist theory and explores traditional media frames and stereotypes of women. After addressing media coverage of women in general, the chapter turns to portrayals of Black women in particular through the lens of Black Feminist theory. Stereotypes of this segment of women offer a rich source of content to analyze. Demonstrating how stereotypes have an impact on media coverage of various issues, many journalists used the angry Black woman archetype in their narratives of Michelle Obama during the 2007–2008 presidential primaries, which is the focus of this chapter’s case study.
Delayed tooth emergence in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus

Objective There is limited evidence that early deficits in growth might be reflected in tooth emergence in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate tooth emergence timing between children positive and negative for HIV in the exposed and unexposed groups, respectively. Study Design A longitudinal study of children positive for HIV and HIV-negative household peers, aged 2 to 15 years was conducted between 1993 and 1996. Emergence status was determined for the maxillary and the mandibular permanent first molars and the central and lateral incisors. A multivariable, discrete time, proportional hazards model was fitted to the data. Median age of emergence for each of the six pairs of teeth was calculated using the parameter estimates from the regression model. Results A total of 116 participants (62 HIV positive, 54 HIV negative) completed six examinations over the 36-month study period. Statistical differences in tooth emergence timing were observed for five of the six tooth pairs, with children positive for HIV being less likely to have emergence of the corresponding tooth compared with the children negative for HIV. Age differences for each tooth pair ranged from 0.7 to 1.5 years, with a median emergence age difference of 1.03 years. Conclusions Delayed tooth emergence of the permanent dentition was observed in children with HIV.
Building a Framework for the Influence of Digital Content on Student Course Engagement

Grounded in the Motivated Learning Strategies Model, this paper proposes a testable framework to explore how access to digital information impacts learning through examining the mediating factor of engagement. While the implications of patterns of behavior on learning and learning outcomes are significant, we first must understand what drives students to engage with their course content in the first place. In this paper, we propose to explore whether students perceive electronic content delivery (engaging e-textbooks, YouTube videos, Ted Talks, professor-presented video lectures, etc.) will improve their likelihood of engagement with the material. The purpose of this paper is to present the framework for a testable model examining the impact of digital, open educational resources (OER) on student engagement and involvement in learning.
Phase-Change Thermoplastic Elastomer Blends for Tunable Shape Memory by Physical Design

Intelligent polymeric materials are of increasing interest in contemporary technologies due to their low cost, light weight, facile processability, and inherent ability to change properties, shape, and/or size upon exposure to an external stimulus. In this study, we consider thermally programmable shape-memory polymers (SMPs), which typically rely on chemistry-specific macromolecules composed of two functional species. An elastic, network-forming component permits stretched polymer chains to return to their relaxed state, and a switching component affords at least one thermal transition to regulate fixation of a desired strain state and return to a previous strain state. Here, we produce designer shape-memory materials by combining thermoplastic elastomeric triblock copolymers with a midblock-selective phase-change additive, thereby yielding shape-memory polymer blends (SMPBs). These materials not only exhibit tunable switch points but also controllable recovery kinetics. We further highlight the versatil...
Structure-Function Analysis of Tomato ACC Synthase

ACC synthase catalyzes the conversion of S-adenosylmethionine to 1-amino-cyclypropane-carboxylate (ACC), one of the rate-limiting steps in ethylene biosynthesis. This enzyme has proven to be quite recalcitrant to biochemical characterization because it is labile and in low abundance in plant tissues. The cloning and expression of ACC synthase genes has facilitated more biochemical and structural studies of this enzyme. ACC synthase was first cloned from zucchini [15], and since then a number of ACC synthase genes have been cloned from a number of plants. The emerging picture from the study of these genes is that ACC synthase is encoded by a multi-gene family and that these genes are differentially expressed in response to various internal and external inducers [17]. A comparison of the amino acid sequences encoded by these genes indicates that they are 50–95% identical with the highest variability at the carboxyl end of the protein [17]. ACC synthase also shows homology to another group of pyridoxal-phosphate (PLP) requiring enzymes, the aminotransferases [5,13]. A recent alignment of 14 different kinds of aminotransferases indicates that ACC synthases have the highest homology to subgroup 1 aminotransferases, which includes alanine-, tyrosine-, histidinol-phosphate-, phenylalanine-, and aspartate aminotransferases (AATase), and that they share all of the eleven invariant residues of this subgroup, including four invariant residues present in all aminotransferases [10]. X-ray crystallographic studies of aspartate aminotransferase have indicated that these invariant residues play important roles in binding the PLP co-factor and the substrate a-carboxylate group [9]. This indicates that ACC synthase could be evolutionarily related to the aminotransferases. The homology between these two groups of enzymes also suggests that the structure and cofactor binding sites of these two groups of enzymes may be similar. We have tested this hypothesis by site-directed mutagenesis of some of these conserved residues of tomato LE-ACS2, such as Tyr-92, Lys-278, and Arg-412. We report here that mutagenesis on these residues results in decreased activity or complete inactivation of ACC synthase.
Open Source Digital Camera on Field Programmable Gate Arrays

We present an open source digital camera implemented on a field programmable gate array FPGA. The camera functionality is completely described in VHDL and tested on the DE2-115 educational FPGA board. Some of the current features of the camera include video mode at 30 fps, storage of taken snapshots into SDRAM memories, and grayscale and edge detection filters. The main contributions of this project include 1 the actual system level design of the camera, tested and verified on an actual FPGA chip, and 2 the public release of the entire implementation including source code and documentation. While the proposed camera is far from being able to compete with commercial offerings, it can serve as a framework to test new research ideas related to digital camera systems, image processing, computer vision, etc., as well as an educational platform for advanced digital design with VHDL and FPGAs. As examples of that, we report two spin-off projects developed on top of or starting from the presented digital camera system.
Prostate tumors preferentially express Th2 cytokines and chemokines: Implications in prostate cancer immunotherapy.

A50 Cytokines and chemokines and their cognate receptors are essential immune effector molecules that are known to be involved in tumor progression. Th2 specific cytokines are generally immunosuppressive and have been reported to be elevated in a large number of advanced tumors and correlated with poor prognosis. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that Th2 specific cytokines IL-4, IL-10 and Th2 specific chemokine CCL17(TARC) and cognate receptor CCR4 are upregulated in prostate adenocarcinoma cell lines relative to immortalized normal prostate epithelial cells. Standard PCR showed that IL-4 and IL-10 are expressed in DU145, PC3 and LNCaP prostate tumor cells. Real time PCR(qRT-PCR) and proteomic analysis indicated that CCL17 and receptor CCR4 are significantly upregulated in DU145 and PC3 prostate tumor cell lines relative to immortalized normal prostate epithelial cell line. The production of Th2 specific cytokines and chemokines by tumor cell lines explains a possible mechanism for them to negatively modulate the immune response and support their metastatic potential. Th2 specific cytokines may be used as potential diagnostic biomarkers for disease progression. In addition, an efficacious vaccine will depend on its ability to inhibit the recruitment of known distinct functional Th2 subsets, implicated in prostate cancer progression. Supported by NIH grants GM08247 and AI41231.
Was Milton Friedman's Hope for Monetarism Reasonable?Optimal Wage Indexation Re-Examined.

Gray and Benassy analysed the optimal wage indexation choice for representative agents and labor unions when monetary or/and real shocks are generated by a symmetric distribution. Here their analysis is extended to the more relevant choice for firm owners. In general, the probability of contractionary monetary and real shocks, either alone or simultaneously, can make any degree of indexation optimal. If restricted to plausible values, a firm’s optimal choice is usually the opposite of that for representative/self-employed agents or labor unions, because it can increase the owner’s profit at the expense of worker’s income. Indexation is arguably non-optimal for firms.
Testing a Multilevel Model of Whistleblowing in the US and Japan

This study examined how cultural, organizational and individual level variables shape whistleblowing. Multiple cultural theories (i.e., Tightness and Looseness, Individualism and Collectivism, and ...
Exploitation and Mitigation of Authentication Schemes Based on Device-Public Information

Today's mobile applications increasingly rely on communication with a remote backend service to perform many critical functions, including handling user-specific information. This implies that some form of authentication should be used to associate a user with their actions and data. Since schemes involving tedious account creation procedures can represent "friction" for users, many applications are moving toward alternative solutions, some of which, while increasing usability, sacrifice security. This paper focuses on a new trend of authentication schemes based on what we call "device-public" information, which consists of properties and data that any application running on a device can obtain. While these schemes are convenient to users, since they require little to no interaction, they are vulnerable by design, since all the needed information to authenticate a user is available to any app installed on the device. An attacker with a malicious app on a user's device could easily hijack the user's account, steal private information, send (and receive) messages on behalf of the user, or steal valuable virtual goods. To demonstrate how easily these vulnerabilities can be weaponized, we developed a generic exploitation technique that first mines all relevant data from a victim's phone, and then transfers and injects them into an attacker's phone to fool apps into granting access to the victim's account. Moreover, we developed a dynamic analysis detection system to automatically highlight problematic apps. Using our tool, we analyzed 1,000 popular applications and found that 41 of them, including the popular messaging apps WhatsApp and Viber, were vulnerable. Finally, our work proposes solutions to this issue, based on modifications to the Android API.
Pearls, Perils, and Learning Curve of Salivary Endoscopy

The use of sialendoscopy for non-neoplastic disorders of the salivary glands is increasing. This relatively new option for the treatment of obstructive and inflammatory salivary conditions, such as sialolithiasis and chronic sialadenitis, has allowed an increasing number of patients to enjoy symptom resolution without gland excision. The adoption of any technological advance, however, carries with it a learning curve. This chapter highlights strategies for both novice and experienced salivary endoscopists to maximize success. Tips for surgeon training, patient selection, and equipment management are included in addition to intraoperative steps and techniques. Common pitfalls are discussed with advice on how to avoid them. With attention to these strategies, sialendoscopy can be successfully incorporated into the treatment algorithm of salivary disorders with minimal risks and limitations.
The Role of External Entities in the Quality Management Process

During the 1980s, the first managed behavioral health care organizations emerged as a mechanism for providing cost predictability and cost stabilization for purchasers of mental health and chemical dependency services. Today, more than 120 million Americans receive mental health services through more than 300 managed behavioral health care organizations (MBHOs). Thus far, these organizations have focused primarily on serving the commercial market, but there is increasing momentum for public purchasers to move beneficiaries into managed care systems. At least 17 states have received waivers from the Health Care Financing Administration for Medicaid managed care that includes mental health and chemical dependency services.
The vocalizations of pygmy marmosets (Cebuella pygmaea).

Abstract The vocalizations from a colony of pygmy marmosets are described along with the context in which each was likely to occur. Three contact-location calls were observed to be similar in physical structure, but each appeared in a different context. The ontogeny of these contact-location calls is presented and demonstrates a greater correlation with stages of parental dependence than with chronological age. Alerting and agonistic vocalizations also are described. Many of the vocalizations show close similarity to those of other species of marmosets.
Piezoelectric modulation of nonlinear optical response in BaTiO3 thin film

We study the nonlinear optical response in a strained thin film ferroelectric oxide BaTiO3 using piezoelectric Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (001) as a variable strain substrate and La-doped SrTiO3 as a conductive buffer layer. The rotation-anisotropic second harmonic intensity profile shows hysteretic modulation corresponding to the strain variation from the inverse piezoelectric response of the substrate. An enhancement of 15% is observed at 1.2 kV/cm, while a control sample shows negligible change as a function of piezovoltage. Reflection high-energy electron diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy reveal the epitaxial interface. X-ray diffraction and piezoresponse force microscopy confirm tetragonal distortion and ferroelectricity of the BaTiO3 overlayer. Our results suggest a promising route to enhance the performance of nonlinear optical oxides for the development of future nano-opto-mechanical devices.
Improving Women's Health and Combatting Sexually Transmitted Infections Through Expedited Partner Therapy.

Sexually transmitted infections (STI), including Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, have reached record high rates in the United States. Sexually transmitted infections disproportionately affect reproductive-aged females aged 15–44 years, who account for 65% and 42% of the total report
Changes in exercise identity among three groups of exercisers over twelve weeks

iii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 Purpose 3 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4 Athletic Identity 9 Exercise Identity 11 CHAPTER 3: METHODS 19 Participants 19 Personal Coaching 19 Group Fitness 19 Self-Controlled Exercisers 20 Instruments 20 Procedures 24 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS 26 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION 31 APPENDIX: SURVEY INSTRUMENT 36 REFERENCES 42
Future therapies for eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders.

Abstract Objective To review novel therapeutics in development for treatment of eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGIDs). Data Sources Clinical trial data ( clinicaltrials.gov ) and literature search on PubMed. Study Selections Studies on treatment and clinical trials in EGIDs were included in this review. Results During the past decade, significant progress has been made in understanding disease mechanisms in EGIDs. As a result, a variety of novel therapeutics have been developed for treatment of these disorders. Several monoclonal antibodies against targets, including interleukin (IL) 4, IL-5, IL-13, integrins, and siglec-8, have shown promise in early trials. Novel formulations of corticosteroids are also in development. Conclusion The field of EGID research has advanced rapidly, and disease-modifying therapeutics are closer to clinical application.
Legal Aspects of Ground Water Utilization

This paper discusses the historical basis of water rights doctrines; their application to rights to the use of ground water; general considerations affecting the regulation of rights; various aspects of ground water utilization, including problems of recharge and water demand; and concludes with a presentation of some of the possible legal problem areas which may arise in planning and administering future ground water operations.
RoboMem: Giving Long Term Memory to Robots.

Robots have the potential to improve health monitoring outcomes for the elderly by providing doctors, and caregivers with information about the person's behavior, health activities and their surrounding environment. Over the years, less work has been done to enable robots to preserve information for longer periods of time, on the order of months and years of data, and use this contextual information to answer queries. Time complexity to process this massive sensor data in a timely fashion, inability to anticipate the future queries in advance and imprecision involved in the results have been the main impediments in making progress in this area. We make a contribution by introducing RoboMem, a query answering system for health-care assistance of elderly over long term; continuous data feeds that intends to overcome the challenges of giving long term memory to robots. The design for our framework preprocesses the sensor data and stores this preprocessed data into the database. This data is updated in the database by going through successive refinements, improving its accuracy for responding to queries. If data in the database is not enough to answer a query, a small set of relevant frames (also obtained from the database) will be reprocessed to obtain the answer. [Our initial prototype of RoboMem stores 3.5MB of data in the database as compared to 535.8MB of actual video frames and with minimal data in the database it is able to fetch information fundamental to respond to queries in 0.0002 seconds on average].
Transnational Motherhood: A Brief Introduction

This chapter will provide a brief overview of some of the unique parenting challenges and tradeoffs that arise as a result of transnational motherhood, that is, when a mother relocates internationally in order to provide for her dependent children, while the children remain in the home country. While there is a growing body of scholarship focused primarily on mothers and their children, it is sometimes necessary to broaden the focus from transnational motherhood to transnational families, as this approach can provide a clearer picture not just of the experiences of internationally working mothers and their children, but also of the many family and caregiving considerations inherent in this evolving type of family dynamic. I begin with defining transnational motherhood, highlight important material considerations, constraints, and consequences, and offer suggestions for future research.
Coupling Noise Mitigation using a Pass Transistor

Due to scaling effects, integrated circuits are becoming increasingly more sensitive to noise and delay effects caused by interconnect coupling. Coupling noise has now become a critical design and verification issue in DSM designs. Although driver sizing is a practical and a feasible technique for controlling the crosstalk noise in the post route design stage, it may create additional crosstalk issues with neighboring wires. Furthermore, a sized up gate may result may affect the timing of paths through the gate. This work proposes a new coupling noise mitigation methodology based on a new pass transistor design. This approach results in smaller area overhead compared to driver sizing taken alone and requires minimum change in circuit layout. Results show a 41% area savings compared to victim driver sizing method taken alone for all cases considered.
Building Play Skills Using Video Modeling and Matrix Training

Children with autism spectrum disorder often lack fundamental play skills, which can aid development with social, language, and imitation skills (Boutot et al. 2005). The purpose of this study was to extend the previous literature that successfully combined video modeling and matrix training. Matrix training is an efficient way of teaching that encourages generalization without direct teaching of some skills. In this study, play actions were selected from a 2D, 6 × 6 matrix to teach pretend play skills to 3–5-year-old children with a diagnosis of ASD. Play actions were made up of different toy kitchen foods and play actions within a play kitchen setting (e.g., rinse the carrot and cut the pear). Using a multiple probe design across behaviors, the play actions were taught using video modeling and other play actions from the matrix were later assessed for recombinative generalization. Overall, matrix training was effective for producing recombinative generalization, although additional training was required for 1 out of the 3 participants.
Does Integration of Palliative Care and Infection Management Reduce Hospital Transfers among Nursing Home Residents

Background: An estimated 50% of nursing home (NH) residents experience hospital transfers in their last year of life, often due to infections. Hospital transfers due to infection are often of littl...
Design and development of a functional diffuse optical tomography probe for real-time 3D imaging of tissue

Diffuse optical tomography is a non-invasive medical imaging method that quantitatively reconstructs threedimensional optical absorption and scattering coefficient distribution of imaging tissue domain. Functional diffuse optical tomography (fDOT) system uses multiple-wavelength near-infrared (NIR) light sources, and by reconstructing the variation of the absorption coefficient inside the tissue for these wavelengths, it maps the concentration of various constituents such as oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, water and lipids inside the tissue. This manuscript discusses the development of a 3D tissue scanning system based on fDOT principle. A configurable optical fiber probe was designed that can be placed on a tissue surface to inject modulated NIR light into the tissue from one of the three wavelengths (660, 735, and 850 nm) by light-emitting diodes (LED). The intensity of the back-reflected diffused light is measured using detector fibers coupled with a set of photodetectors. A microcontroller-based electronic circuit system and a dedicated DAQ unit perform system control, data acquisition, noise-free lock-in detection, and wireless data transmission to a host computer, equipped with a graphics processing unit (GPU). The GPU system executes a 3D fDOT spectroscopic image reconstruction software in real-time. Extensive simulation studies have been carried out for the 3D fDOT image reconstruction to study the concentration of chromophores such as oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, and water, and to characterize tumor located deep inside the tissue. The results from two different experimental setups validated the system. The promising results pave the way for the development of a low-cost 3D fDOT handheld system for the real-time onsite functional imaging of biological tissue.
Relative Performance of Bid-Ask Spread Estimators: Futures Markets Evidence

The issue of transaction costs is the mainstay of the equity market microstructure. Research in the microstructure of futures markets has lagged behind. A primary reason is that futures exchanges in the U.S. do not record bid–ask quotes, requiring these costs to be imputed from transaction price data. A reliable estimator of bid–ask spreads would significantly enhance microstructure research in futures markets. Unique intraday data from the Sydney Futures Exchange (SFE) that include both transaction prices and bid–ask spreads allow us to compare bid–ask spread estimation techniques proposed in the literature against the benchmark of actual spreads in a futures market, and thus identify the best-performing estimator. To maximize relevance, we impose all the constraints that apply in U.S. futures data to perform our estimations. We find that the four bid–ask spread estimators considered significantly underestimate the actual spreads. However, simple moments-based estimators perform better in predicting spreads.
The Evolving Network of Legal Scholars

The law professoriate is a network connected by scholarly interactions of various types, including co-authorship. I study the evolution of the co-authorship network from 1980-2020 and document a sharp increase in the number of scholars, the amount of scholarship, and explosive growth in the network of legal scholars during this period. Despite this growth, the distance between legal scholars has shrunk such that legal scholars inhabit a “small world.” I describe the increase in the number and scholarly contributions of women, minorities, and LGB scholars and the rise of co-authorship, including “mixed” co-authorship. I find that members of the same gender or minority groups tend to coauthor with each other, but this correlation has declined over time. Finally, examining the ordering of author names on coauthored articles, I find that women and minority scholars make up a greater share of first authors than their share of authors in general, while LGB scholars make up a small share of first authors.
Treatment patterns for patients with metastatic or recurrent head and neck cancer in a large integrated health-care system.

e18015Background: Since publication of the landmark KEYNOTE-048 Trial, pembrolizumab alone or with platinum-based chemotherapy and 5-fluorouracil (5FU) was established as a standard of care for the...
Regulation of lipoprotein metabolism by ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, and ANGPTL8

Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins deliver fatty acids to tissues for oxidation and for storage. Release of fatty acids from circulating lipoprotein triglycerides is carried out by lipoprotein lipase (...
Incidence of hypoglycemia in newborn infants classified by birth weight and gestational age.

The incidence of hypoglycemia was determined in newborn infants in a general obstetric service. A random sample of patients was studied from nine birth weight-gestational age groups before the first feeding at 3 to 6 hours after birth. The highest incidence of hypoglycemia, 67% (serum glucose level Except for IDM9s, evidence of intra-uterine growth retardation from the physical examination and confirmed by the weight/length ratio was demonstrated in infants who became hypoglycemic. An added stress in the form of birth hypoxia was present in the majority of the infants who became hypoglycemic. The combination of reduced energy reserves in newborn infants with intra-uterine growth retardation, plus the increased utilization of carbohydrates during birth hypoxia, resulted in a high incidence of neonatal hypoglycemia in the first few hours after birth.
An Analysis of Water Resistance and Propulsion in Swimming the Crawl Stroke

(1952). An Analysis of Water Resistance and Propulsion in Swimming the Crawl Stroke. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 253-270.
Differential effects of chronic antipsychotic drug treatment on extracellular glutamate and dopamine concentrations.

Typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs have been reported to affect basal dopaminergic activity differentially in nigrostriatal and limbic structures after acute and chronic administration in animals. In addition, glutamate has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The purpose of this study was to examine basal and locally stimulated glutamate and dopamine efflux in the caudate, nucleus accumbens, and medial prefrontal cortex using in vivo microdialysis after chronic clozapine and haloperidol treatment. Basal extracellular concentrations of dopamine in the caudate and nucleus accumbens were not different between the drug treatment groups; however, dopamine concentrations were higher in the medial prefrontal cortex after chronic clozapine treatment. Depolarization-induced dopamine release with 80 mM K+ in all three brain regions was attenuated by haloperidol treatment. In contrast, basal concentrations of extracellular glutamate were markedly higher in the caudate and modestly increased in the nucleus accumbens but not in the prefrontal cortex after chronic haloperidol. Chronic clozapine treatment did not have an effect in any of the brain regions examined. K(+)-stimulated glutamate efflux was unaffected by haloperidol or clozapine in the caudate or prefrontal cortex; however, stimulated glutamate release in the nucleus accumbens was enhanced by clozapine. These data are suggestive of a depolarization inactivation of dopamine nerve terminals in striatum and cortex as revealed by an attenuation of local K(+)- induced stimulation of dopamine efflux. These results also provide new evidence for a role of glutamate in discriminating the neurochemical effects of chronic treatment with antipsychotic drugs.
Cognitive training and plasticity: theoretical perspective and methodological consequences.

Purpose. To provide an overview of cognitive plasticity concepts and findings from a lifespan developmental per- spective. Methods. After an evaluation of the general concept of cognitive plasticity, the most important approaches to study behavioral and brain plasticity are reviewed. This includes intervention studies, experimental approaches, cognitive trainings, the study of facilitating factors for strategy learning and strategy use, practice, and person-environment interactions. Transfer and durability of training-induced plasticity is discussed. Results. The review indicates that methodological and conceptual advances are needed to improve the match between levels of behavioral and brain plasticity targeted in current developmental research and study designs. Conclusions. The results suggest that the emphasis of plasticity studies on treatment effectiveness needs to be complemented by a strong commitment to the grounding of the intervention in a conceptual framework.
Neuronal expression of nuclear and mitochondrial genes for cytochrome oxidase (CO) subunits analyzed by in situ hybridization: comparison with CO activity and protein.

Cytochrome oxidase (CO) is a mitochondrial energy-generating enzyme of the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. In neurons, CO activity varies among different cells and compartments (perikarya, dendrites, axons, and terminals) according to their physiological activity and metabolic requirements. Regulation of enzyme protein levels, rather than enzyme turnover number, largely accounts for local variations in CO activity (Hevner and Wong-Riley, 1989, 1990). In the present study, we examined how CO activity and protein levels are related to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and CO subunit mRNA levels in neurons and neuronal compartments. Mammalian CO comprises 13 subunits (Kadenbach et al., 1983), of which three are encoded in mtDNA and 10 in nuclear genes. We studied one mitochondrial-encoded mRNA [subunit I (COI)], two nuclear- encoded mRNAs (COIV, COVIII), and mtDNA, using in situ hybridization to determine their distributions in monkey hippocampus, cerebellum, and primary visual cortex. We compared their distributions with those of CO activity and protein, determined by histochemistry and immunohistochemistry, respectively. In all regions, the local content of mtDNA was similar, but not identical, to the activity and amount of CO. Expression of COI mRNA was not proportional to mtDNA abundance or CO activity and protein, but instead was highest in cell bodies, lower in dendrites, and undetectable in axon terminals. COIV and COVIII mRNAs were detected exclusively in perikarya and proximal dendrites. Thus, the nuclear-encoded subunits of CO are probably translated mainly in neuronal cell bodies and allocated to other compartments posttranslationally. Regulation of CO was studied in two monkeys treated by monocular tetrodotoxin (TTX) injection, a procedure that blocks impulses from one eye. In those animals, cortical changes in CO activity were correlated with changes in mtDNA and in COI, COIV, and COVIII mRNA. Our results suggest that neuronal CO is synthesized and assembled mainly in cell bodies and indicate that both nuclear and mitochondrial CO subunit genes are regulated by neuronal activity.
Cytologic features of the nested variant of urothelial carcinoma: a study of seven cases.

BACKGROUND The nested variant of urothelial carcinoma (NVUC) is a recently described rare variant of urothelial carcinoma with deceptively bland morphologic findings, although it does display aggressive behavior. To the authors' knowledge there is no previous report of cytologic findings in urine specimens from patients with NVUC. METHODS Urine specimens from patients with histologically confirmed NVUC were reviewed. The specimens evaluated included urine specimens obtained concurrently with or up to 1 month preceding the patients' surgical procedure. All the specimens were analyzed for the presence of cells morphologically similar to the NVUC cells observed in the tissue sections. These cells were evaluated for the following parameters: number of neoplastic cells; cellular arrangement; cell size and shape; cell borders; and cytoplasmic, nuclear, and nucleolar features. RESULTS Thirteen urine specimens from 7 patients were included in the current study. The authors were able to identify cells that were similar morphologically to the cells present in the nests of NVUC in all cytologic specimens. The neoplastic cells for the most part were medium-sized, round or polygonal, with abundant, dense, slightly granular basophilic cytoplasm and well defined cell borders. The nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio was increased, the nuclear membranes had irregular contours, and the nuclei contained coarse chromatin with occasional prominent nucleoli. CONCLUSIONS The cytologic features of NVUC are subtle but distinct. A primary diagnosis of NVUC in urine specimens is not recommended in view of the subtleness of the findings. Nonetheless, the presence of cells with the features described earlier should warrant a cystoscopic examination with histologic confirmation in a patient with a previous history of NVUC. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2003;99:23–27. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
Seasonal temperature patterns in an arctic and two subarctic Alaskan (USA) headwater streams

We investigated the thermal ecology of three Alaskan streams. Monument Creek (MC) and Little Poker Creek (LPC) are subarctic streams in interior Alaska; LPC is in a permafrost-dominated valley. Imnavait Creek (IC) is an arctic tundra beaded stream in the northern foothills of the Brooks Range. Water temperatures were recorded with automated dataloggers hourly (LPC) or bi-hourly (MC and IC). Records for MC extend through almost three entire years, while data from IC (three years) and LPC (one year) represent the majority of the ice-free season. We also collected winter water/ice temperatures from IC (1989–1990). Mean annual water temperatures were 1.1 °C (LPC), 2.3 °C (MC), and 2.9 °C (IC), while maxima were 5.8 °C (LPC), 13.0 °C (MC), and 21.4 °C (IC). Water temperature rose in the spring about twice as fast (both mean and maximum daily increase) in MC as in LPC, and again about twice as fast in IC as in MC. A similar pattern was observed during the autumnal decline in water temperature. Maximum daily amplitude followed a similar pattern, with MC (6.6 °C) intermediate between LPC (4.1°) and IC (11.6°). LPC accumulated approximately 400 degree-days above 0 °C, MC approximately 950 degree-days, and IC approximately 1000 degree-days. Although it is about 450 km north of the other streams, the tundra stream (IC) accumulated more degree-days, had higher maximum and mean temperatures, greater daily temperature amplitude, and steeper slopes of vernal temperature rise and autumnal temperature decline than the subarctic streams (LPC and MC). The absence of a canopy of riparian plants, channel morphology, and continuous sunlight during the arctic mid-summer accounted for these higher temperatures. Beaded tundra streams provide a highly seasonal (< 120 d ice-free) and spatially and temporally complex thermal environment.
Nonlinear vibrations of a beam-spring-mass system

The nonlinear response of a simply supported beam with an attached spring-mass system to a primary resonance is investigated, taking into account the effects of beam midplane stretching and damping. The spring-mass system has also a cubic nonlinearity. The response is found by using two different perturbation approaches. In the first approach, the method of multiple scales is applied directly to the nonlinear partial differential equations and boundary conditions. In the second approach, the Lagrangian is averaged over the fast time scale, and then the equations governing the modulation of the amplitude and phase are obtained as the Euler-Lagrange equations of the averaged Lagrangian. It is shown that the frequency-response and force-response curves depend on the midplane stretching and the parameters of the spring-mass system. The relative importance of these effects depends on the parameters and location of the spring-mass system.
Pkd1 and Pkd2 are required for normal placental development.

Background Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a common cause of inherited renal failure that results from mutations in PKD1 and PKD2. The disorder is characterized by focal cyst formation that involves somatic mutation of the wild type allele in a large fraction of cysts. Consistent with a two-hit mechanism, mice that are homozygous for inactivating mutations of either Pkd1 or Pkd2 develop cystic kidneys, edema and hemorrhage and typically die in midgestation. Cystic kidney disease is unlikely to be the cause of fetal loss since renal function is not required to complete gestation. One hypothesis is that embryonic demise is due to leaky vessels or cardiac pathology. Methodology/Principal Findings In these studies we used a series of genetically modified Pkd1 and Pkd2 murine models to investigate the cause of embryonic lethality in mutant embryos. Since placental defects are a frequent cause of fetal loss, we conducted histopathologic analyses of placentas from Pkd1 null mice and detected abnormalities of the labyrinth layer beginning at E12.5. We performed placental rescue experiments using tetraploid aggregation and conditional inactivation of Pkd1 with the Meox2 Cre recombinase. We found that both strategies improved the viability of Pkd1 null embryos. Selective inactivation of Pkd1 and Pkd2 in endothelial cells resulted in polyhydramnios and abnormalities similar to those observed in Pkd1−/− placentas. However, endothelial cell specific deletion of Pkd1 or Pkd2 did not yield the dramatic vascular phenotypes observed in null animals. Conclusions/Significance Placental abnormalities contribute to the fetal demise of Pkd−/− embryos. Endothelial cell specific deletion of Pkd1 or Pkd2 recapitulates a subset of findings seen in Pkd null animals. Our studies reveal a complex role for polycystins in maintaining vascular integrity.
Inside the Web: A Look at Digital Libraries and the Invisible/Deep Web

The evolution of the Internet and the World Wide Web continually exceeds expectations with the swift pace of technological innovations. Information is added, and just as quickly becomes outdated at a rapid pace. Researchers have found that Digital materials can provide access to primary source materials and connect the researcher to institutions virtually. This article provides some basic definitions and presents an overview of digital library projects, archival resources, and access challenges to the Deep Web. A variety of strategies are included that can be used in searching the Deep Web for information. A Webography of resources is included for further exploration.