cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulsed gas introduction for increasing peptide CID efficiency in a MALDI/quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer

A pulsed valve was used for studying the effects of introducing heavy gases at different stages of operation of a quadrupole ion trap and for increasing the efficiency of collision-induced dissociation (CID) of peptide ions at low values of the Mathieu parameter q z . When amounts of heavy gases comparable to that of the helium buffer gas were introduced during the ion trapping, ion isolation, and mass spectral recording stages, the effects on performance were generally small or negative. However, injection of heavy gases during CID provided considerable improvement in fragmentation efficiency that depended upon the particular gas used, its mass and pressure, and the amplitude of the excitation voltage. Efficient peptide fragmentation could be demonstrated for values of q z as low as 0.05, which permitted trapping of low-mass product ions and (in many cases) full recovery of the amino acid sequence. In this report, examples are provided of monoisotopic tandem mass spectra of peptide ions with masses up to 1570 Da.
Classical conditioning of the flexion reflex in spinal cat: features of the reflex circuitry.

Abstract Classically conditioned facilitation of the flexor withdrawal reflex of spinal cat occurs in knee and ankle flexor muscles but not in a flexor muscle of the toes. Furthermore, the spinal circuity activated by a component of the conditioned stimulus (Aα cutaneous fibers) is not by itself involved in the reflex conditioning. The results suggest that increase in both cutaneous afferent output and motoneuron excitability may be eliminated as mechanisms contributing to conditioning and point to certain interneuronal pools as the locus of learning in this preparation.
Stepwise adsorption in a mesoporous metal–organic framework: experimental and computational analysis

Stepwise adsorption in a metal-organic framework with both micro- and meso-pores is caused by adsorbates first filling the micropores, then adsorbing along the mesopore walls, and finally filling the mesopores.
Effect of Instructions on Curriculum-Based Measurement of Reading

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of instructions of curriculum-based measurement (CBM) of reading on (a) the number of words read correctly and incorrectly per minute and (b) the relationship between CBM reading and reading achievement. Results indicated that the specific instructions used have a significant impact on CBM reading outcomes. Statistically significant mean differences were found among the fast, best, and baseline reading conditions in the number of words read correctly and in the number of errors. Correlations between words read correctly per minute and a test of reading achievement were statistically significant and substantial for all three conditions, but differences among their correlations were not. These results underscore the importance of using standardized instructions on CBM results both within and across settings. Implications of these results for the responsiveness-to-intervention method for identifying children with learning difficulties are discussed.
Improving student learning using an in-class material processing design project

At Marquette University, hybrid project-based learning has been implemented in an undergraduate mechanical engineering course on materials processing and forming using a team-based approach. The goals of the project are to 1) introduce more active and student-centered activities to improve student engagement and mastery of core concepts, 2) increase students' confidence in their ability to apply what they learned in the course to solving real-world problems, 3) enable students to gain experience using engineering software as part of the learning process and in applications contexts. While use of process modeling software in materials processing and manufacturing courses is not entirely new, the project has students actively developing a model around a realistic process, rather than passive users running “canned” models and reviewing the output. This paper presents details of the project and discusses preliminary results regarding its impact on student learning and confidence related to application of the course concepts. Recommendations for improving and expanding this in-class project are presented, along with a description of the assessment methods used to measure the impact on students.
Radiative heat transfer in a cylindrical mixture of non-gray particulates and molecular gases

Abstract The interaction between particulate clouds and molecular gases with respect to radiative heat transfer in a one-dimensional cylindrical medium with black walls is investigated. The particulates are assumed to have a non-gray absorption coefficient with a power-law dependence on wavenumber. The absorption coefficient of the molecular gases is described by the exponential wide-band model. Heat transfer rates are found through the evaluation of internal and external total hemispherical emissivities of the particulate cloud and through evaluation of total band absorptances for the molecular gases, modified to account for the interaction with the particles. Simple, closed-form expressions for the total hemispherical emissivities and total band absorptance are also presented, resulting in good accuracy.
An examination of ethical standards for tax issues

Abstract This study examines the extent to which educational background and demographic factors are associated with students' personal standards for ethical issues involving tax professionals. Two hundred and twenty-three students about to complete an introductory tax course were given ten brief scenarios focusing on the ethical and professional responsibilities of CPAs with tax practices. For each scenario, the students were asked whether they believed the opinion or the situation described was considered appropriate under existing professional standards, and whether they personally believed the opinion or situation described was appropriate. They were also asked whether they believed evading taxes was immoral. The results indicated that female students had higher personal ethical standards for issues involving tax professionals than did male students. Exposure to a course in auditing (the accounting course generally having the most extensive coverage of ethical issues) was associated with higher ethical standards, but exposure to a general course on ethics was not. Students aspiring to be tax professionals had higher ethical standards for issues involving tax professionals than those that did not, but their beliefs about the morality of tax evasion were not significantly different. The implications of these and other results are discussed.
Implementation of a TORS program in an academic medical center

Objectives: Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) is rapidly being adopted by many head and neck surgeons for treatment of upper aerodigestive tract tumors. Various obstacles exist to efficiently implement this novel surgical technique in a busy academic center. We present our experience to illustrate one approach to initiating a TORS program. Study Design: Prospective cohort study. Methods: A clear, stepwise approach to introduce TORS in our hospital was devised prior to scheduling the first case. Upon initiation of the program, various time points and surgical outcomes were measured for all patients undergoing TORS. Results: The first 20 cases of TORS at Johns Hopkins Hospital are reviewed. Room setup time averaged 24 minutes (±12). Presurgery time averaged 22 ± 10 minutes. Positioning time averaged 38 ± 13 minutes. Operative time (OT) averaged 71 ± 54 minutes. The total time in room (TTR) averaged 242 ± 84 minutes. There were no significant differences (P > .5) in any of the time measurements above between the first and second 10 cases or the first 15 and last 5 cases. Negative margins (both frozen and permanent) were obtained in all ablative cases. No patient required a tracheotomy and no procedure was aborted secondary to inability to expose the tumor. The average hospitalization time was 1.3 days. All patients were discharged on oral diets. There were no long-term surgical complications. Conclusions: The introduction of a TORS program in an academic medical center can be a complex and daunting undertaking. We demonstrate that with careful planning, excellent efficiency and safety can be attained immediately.
Feedback control of nonlinear differential-algebraic-equation systems

The output feedback control problem is addressed for a class of nonlinear multivariable high-index differential-algebraic-equation systems in semiexplicit form. Initially, an algorithmic procedure is developed and used to derive an equivalent state-space relization of the constrained system. An output feedback synthesis problem is then formulated on the basis of the derived state-space realization and solved through the combination of state feedback and appropriate state observers. The developed methodology is applied to a two-phase reactor, and its performance and robustness characteristics are evaluated through simulations.
Equatorial Sea Surface Temperature Sensitivity to Net Surface Heat Flux: Some Ocean Circulation Model Results

Abstract Several primitive-equation ocean general circulation model experiments have been carried out in order to explore the sensitivity of equatorial sea surface temperature (SST) results to uncertainty in the net surface heal flux (Q) imposed at the surface. Both climatological seasonal cycle experiments and hindcasts of the 1982/33 ENSO event are considered. It is found that regions of light winds, which typically reach values of SST in excess of 31°C using this ocean model and past Q parameterizations, attain more realistic SST values of 29°–30°C when Q is reduced by as little as 10 W m−2. Sensitivity in this regime is about 0.1–0.2°C (W m−2)−1 for low-frequency SST changes. In regions of easterly winds with their associated upwelling, horizontal advection, and stronger mixing, changes of Q in excess of 50 W m−2 produce SST changes typically of 0.7°C, for a sensitivity of about 0.02°C (W m−2)−1. These results apply equally well to the ENSO hindcasts and the seasonal cycle studies. The reasons for the...
Management of sugarcane borer populations in Louisiana, a decade of change.

The sugarcane borerDiatrea saccharalis (F.) is the most serious and destructive insect attacking sugarcane in Louisiana. Losses in sugar yields ascribed to damage by this pest were estimated to have averaged 13% anally from 1937 to 1957. Biological and cultural control measures have been of little benefit against economically damaging infestations ofD. saccharalis and insecticides have historically assumed a major role in control programs. The maximum number of insecticide applications recommended to growers for full-season control ofD. saccharalis on sugarcane has been reduced from 12 to 3 within the past decade. Management practices most responsible for reductions in applications are: 1) discontinuance of insecticidal control of the first generation, 2) improvement of field survey methods for detecting potentially damaging infestations, 3) utilization of an economic injury threshold to ascertain need for insecticide treatment, 4) replacement of ryania and cryolite in control programs with synthetic organic insecticides that provide more effective and longer periods of control, and and 5) more emphasis on host plant resistance to reduce insecticide use.
Wavefront-guided laser in situ keratomileusis using the WaveScan system for correction of low to moderate myopia with astigmatism: 6-month results in 277 eyes

Purpose To assess the safety and effectiveness of wavefront guided LASIK surgery using the Visx WaveScan system for correction of low to moderate myopia with astigmatism. Setting Multicenter study at 6 sites in the United States. Methods In this prospective nonrandomized clinical trial, treatments were performed at 6 sites in the United States using the WaveScan (CustomVue) guided excimer laser. A total of 351 eyes were enrolled, and 277 eyes were analyzed at 6 months. Results At 6 months, 94% of eyes achieved an uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) of 20/20 or better and 74% achieved a UCVA of 20/16 or better. Sixty-nine percent of eyes had the same or better postoperative UCVA than their preoperative best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA). Ninety percent of eyes were within ±0.5 diopter of intended correction. No eye lost more than 1 line of BSCVA. Total higher-order root-mean square (RMS), coma, and spherical aberration values were stable (P Conclusion The data support the safety and effectiveness of the WaveScan-guided customized laser ablation using the Visx Star S4 system for correction of low to moderate myopia with astigmatism.
A review of insect stem cell types

Insect stem cells have been described from both embryonic and adult tissues from a diversity of insect species, although much of the focus in insect stem cell research has been on Drosophila. Insects are a vast and diverse group and it is surprising that a critical aspect of their development like stem cells has not received more attention. In this review we discuss the current state of knowledge of insect stem cell types. We examine what stem cell types have been identified from insects, and briefly discuss what is known about their regulation.
Modest catalysis of the decarboxylation of orotate by hydrogen bonding: a theoretical model for orotidine- 5' -monophosphate decarboxylase.

Abstract As a model for interactions present in the active site of orotidine-5 ′ -monophosphate decarboxylase (ODCase), the effect of hydrogen bonds to the carbonyl groups (O-2 and O-4) of orotic acid and its decarboxylation product was probed with ab initio calculations. We have found that the transition state/carbanion intermediate is a better proton receptor and therefore, the hydrogen bonds can be a modest source of catalysis. Comparison of the calculated data with results from site-directed mutagenesis provides some insights into the polarity of the active site.
Implementing a Multi-Tiered System of Support (MTSS): Collaboration Between School Psychologists and Administrators to Promote Systems-Level Change

Current educational reform mandates the implementation of school-based models for early identification and intervention, progress monitoring, and data-based assessment of student progress. This article provides an overview of interdisciplinary collaboration for systems-level consultation within a Multi-Tiered System of Support (MTSS) framework. The roles of school psychologists and school-based administrators are presented in relation to the implementation of MTSS practices within an implementation science model. The training and expertise of each discipline are highlighted related to respective aspects of implementation drivers (i.e., competency, organization, leadership). Functions of principals and school psychologists during team-based, problem-solving MTSS practices are described based on a problem-solving framework consistent with school-based consultation. Future directions for graduate training of school psychologists and principals and directions for consultation research are provided.
MoSe2 and WSe2 Nanofilms with Vertically Aligned Molecular Layers on Curved and Rough Surfaces

Two-dimensional (2D) layered materials exhibit high anisotropy in materials properties due to the large difference of intra- and interlayer bonding. This presents opportunities to engineer materials whose properties strongly depend on the orientation of the layers relative to the substrate. Here, using a similar growth process reported in our previous study of MoS2 and MoSe2 films whose layers were oriented vertically on flat substrates, we demonstrate that the vertical layer orientation can be realized on curved and rough surfaces such as nanowires (NWs) and microfibers. Such structures can increase the surface area while maintaining the perpendicular orientation of the layers, which may be useful in enhancing various catalytic activities. We show vertically aligned MoSe2 and WSe2 nanofilms on Si NWs and carbon fiber paper. We find that MoSe2 and WSe2 nanofilms on carbon fiber paper are highly efficient electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) compared to flat substrates. Both materials exh...
Catalytic Hydrosilylation Routes to Divinylbenzene Bridged Silole and Silafluorene Polymers. Applications to Surface Imaging of Explosive Particulates

The syntheses, spectroscopic characterization, and fluorescence quenching efficiencies of 1,1-silole− and 1,1-silafluorene−phenylenedivinylene polymers are reported. Model dimeric metallole compounds containing a phenylenedivinylene bridge have been synthesized to provide detailed structural and spectroscopic insight into conformational effects and electron delocalization. Poly((tetraphenyl)silole−phenylenedivinylene) and poly(silafluorene−phenylenedivinylene) both maintain a regioregular trans-vinylene Si−C backbone with σ*−π/π* conjugation. Various hydrosilylation catalysts were screened to evaluate their ability to produce high molecular weight polymers and to direct a strictly trans product. Molecular weights (Mw) for these polymers are in the range of 8400−9600. Fluorescence spectroscopy shows a significant bathochromic shift for the silafluorene polymer from solution to the solid state. A surface detection method for the analysis of solid particulates of TNT, DNT, PA, RDX, HMX, Tetryl, TNG, and PETN...
Cognition as Semiosis: The Role of Inference

In this paper I sketch a model of cognition from the perspective of Peircean semiotics. In this view, cognition is the action of signs or semiosis, the construction of structures of experience via signs. This process involves an irreducibly triadic relationship between three elements of sign process: sign, object and interpretant. Moreover, sign action spreads throughout an infinity of networks forming a rhizomous structure of semiosic potential. Each living organism constructs its own local connections or Umwelt based upon its unique experience and species' characteristics. In this view, the base state of human cognition is a set of beliefs characterizing the Umwelt for that person. Via an interplay between genuine doubt and fixing belief through inference, the person literally constructs and reconstructs his or her Umwelt. The paper concludes by using this model to characterize learning on the World Wide Web.
Germ plasm formation and germ cell determination

Abstract Germ cells are essential for the maintenance of a species, and in most organisms a specific germ cell lineage is established early during embryogenesis. In flies, worms and frogs a morphologically distinct germ plasm assembles in the egg and signals present in this cytoplasm are necessary for the establishment of the germ cell fate. Although the molecular nature of the germ cell signal remains unknown, genes involved in the process of germ cell determination, proliferation and survival have recently been identified.
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Spore Populations Respond to Conversions between Low-Input and Conventional Management Practices in a Corn-Soybean Rotation

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), ubiquitous symbiotic fungi colonizing plant roots, can contribute to plant growth by improving nutrient uptake and stress tolerance. The influence of management practices and crop species on AMF spore populations and percent root colonization was examined during coversion from conventional to low-input and low-input to conventional management systems in 2-yr crop rotations planted to alternating corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] sequences established in two adjacent areas with different management histories. During the previous 25 yr, the low-input area had received no fertilizer or herbicide inputs, while the conventionally managed area had received recommended fertilizer and herbicide inputs. No input (NI), organic input (OI), minimum input (MI), and conventional input (CI) management system were established within each crop sequence [...]
Childhood developmental changes in the auditory P300.

In this study we investigated developmental changes in the auditory P3 latency from childhood to adolescence. Event-related potentials evoked by improbable auditory stimuli were recorded from 35 normal children between the ages of 5 and 13 years. Regression analyses showed significant age trends in the auditory P3 latency. Latencies decreased at a rapid rate (Cz: 20.34 msec/yr; Pz: 19.27 msec/yr) from childhood to adolescence, suggesting an increased efficiency in processing information as children mature. This rate was linear or constant in nature as evidenced by the failure of the quadratic and cubic components to significantly increase predictability of the regression equation. The slope of the P3 latency/age regression line was also shown to be influenced by the interactive effects of task difficulty and maturation. It was hypothesized that neurodevelopmental processes (increased myelination and dendritic arborization) may underlie the maturational changes observed in the P3 latency during childhood. ...
Changes in Melanocortin Expression and Inflammatory Pathways in Fetal Offspring of Nonhuman Primates Fed a High-Fat Diet

The hypothalamic melanocortin system, which controls appetite and energy expenditure, develops during the third trimester in primates. Thus, maternal nutrition and health may have a profound influence on the development of this system. To study the effects of chronic maternal high-fat diet (HFD) on the development of the melanocortin system in the fetal nonhuman primate, we placed adult female macaques on either a control (CTR) diet or a HFD for up to 4 yr. A subgroup of adult female HFD animals was also switched to CTR diet during the fifth year of the study (diet reversal). Third-trimester fetuses from mothers on HFD showed increases in proopiomelanocortin mRNA expression, whereas agouti-related protein mRNA and peptide levels were decreased in comparison with CTR fetuses. Proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β and IL-1 type 1 receptor, and markers of activated microglia were elevated in the hypothalamus, suggesting an activation of the local inflammatory response. Fetuses of diet-reversal mothers h...
Identification of 17α,20β,21-trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one as the major ovarian steroid produced by the teleost Micropogonias undulatus during final oocyte maturation

This study describes the identification of 17 alpha,20 beta, 21-trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20 beta-dihydro-11-deoxycortisol, 20 beta-S) as a major steroid product of the ovary of Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) incubated in vitro. This is the first report which describes 17 alpha,20 beta,21-trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one as a major product of teleost steroidogenic tissue. The steroid was identified by a variety of methods, including HPLC, TLC, GC-MS, UV absorbance, and reactions with specific enzymes. Full grown oocytes, prior to final oocyte maturation (FOM), accumulated only small amounts of 20 beta-S. However, a substantial increase in 20 beta-S production occurred at the time of FOM. These results suggest that 20 beta-S is a maturational steroid in this species.
Wavefront reconstruction of Shack-Hartmann data for a high-resolution pixelated wavefront corrector

The subapertures defined by a Shack-Hartmann wave front sensor are highly oversampled when a high-resolution pixelated liquid crystal device (LCD) is used for wave front correction. Wave front reconstruction requires that appropriate phase values be assigned to all LCD pixels within each oversampled subaperture. We have implemented a reconstructor that uses a least squares approximation to calculate the phase values for the subaperture corners based on the Shack-Hartmann data. It then uses a zonal fitting interpolation method to assign phase values to the rest of the LCD pixels without creating discontinuities between the subaperture regions. Experimental results are presented.
In vivo genetic ablation of the periotic mesoderm affects cell proliferation survival and differentiation in the cochlea

Tbx1 is required for ear development in humans and mice. Gene manipulation in the mouse has discovered multiple consequences of loss of function on early development of the inner ear, some of which are attributable to a cell autonomous role in maintaining cell proliferation of epithelial progenitors of the cochlear and vestibular apparata. However, ablation of the mesodermal domain of the gene also results in severe but more restricted abnormalities. Here we show that Tbx1 has a dynamic expression during late development of the ear, in particular, is expressed in the sensory epithelium of the vestibular organs but not of the cochlea. Vice versa, it is expressed in the condensed mesenchyme that surrounds the cochlea but not in the one that surrounds the vestibule. Loss of Tbx1 in the mesoderm disrupts this peri-cochlear capsule by strongly reducing the proliferation of mesenchymal cells. The organogenesis of the cochlea, which normally occurs inside the capsule, was dramatically affected in terms of growth of the organ, as well as proliferation, differentiation and survival of its epithelial cells. This model provides a striking demonstration of the essential role played by the periotic mesenchyme in the organogenesis of the cochlea.
Chemokine control of West Nile virus infection

West Nile virus (WNV) is a re-emerging pathogen responsible for fatal outbreaks of meningoencephalitis in humans. Recent research using a mouse model of infection has indicated that specific chemokines and chemokine receptors help mediate the host response to WNV acting by at least three mechanisms: control of early neutrophil recruitment to the infection site (Cxcr2), control of monocytosis in blood (Ccr2) and control of leukocyte movement from blood to brain (Cxcr4, Cxcr3, Cxcl10 and possibly Ccr5). CCR5 also appears to be important in human infection, since individuals genetically deficient in this receptor have increased risk of symptomatic disease once infected. These findings provide detailed insight into non-redundant chemokine roles in organ-specific leukocyte recruitment during infection, and emphasize the importance of the balance between pathogen control and immunopathology in determining overall clinical outcome.
Complex verb formation

This investigation of complex verb formation seeks to identify and clarify the way(s) in which a base verb becomes 'complex'. The author carefully considers both the syntactic and the morphological side of this question, and in doing so brings a wealth of data from very diverse languages to bear on claims made about the relationship between syntactic and morphological structure. The work takes the radical position that most data admit of either a syntactic (Phrase Structure) or lexical analysis because both are likely to be valid — under different circumstances. Both approaches are consistently defended in an attempt to illustrate the complementarity of the two and ascertain which is the better formulation for a given set of data. Placing his analysis firmly in the context of historical linguistics, the author shows that it is necessary to admit the possibility of lexicalization. The book pays attention to many alternative viewpoints, and its value is further enhanced by a 40-page bibliography. Miller's insightful treatment of questions of lexical decomposition, the relationship of morphology to syntax, and the encoding of argument structure on verbs make this a work of the utmost importance for syntacticians as well as morphologists.
Factors in heteromorphosis in planarians

1) The generalizations previously reached concerning the regeneration of normal individuals (p. 3), may likewise be applied to the phenomena of heteromorphosis. 2) If the chief coordinating centre of a given area of a planarian be exposed at a cut surface, a new head may be formed; a) posterior to a ring of tissue containing none of the central nervous system (Figs. 1 and 2); or b) posterior to a more anterior but partially disconnected area (Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 C). 3) Heteromorphosis may occur in lateral slips (Fig. 6). 4) In short cross-pieces, so isolated that the opening into the pharyngeal pocket occupies the centre of the ventral surface, heads are usually formed on both cut surfaces, but may be formed only on the anterior or only on the posterior surface. A new pharynx is usually formed in connection with the anterior head. Complete axial heteromorphosis may occur (Figs. 8 E and 18B). 5) Axial heteromorphosis may also occur at the posterior extremity of individuals intact anteriorly, provided that the posterior region is connected only on one side with the anterior (Figs. 11 and 12). 6) When the intestinal contents are focalized toward two or more areas on general body-contraction, two or more pharynges arise (Figs. 13 and 14). 7) A new pharynx may be formed in the area of fusion between the anterior and posterior regions of a half-worm (Fig. 15). 8) Irregularly formed embryos are not uncommon (Fig. 16). 9) There is a great tendency toward the fusion of even highly differentiated parts incompletely separated (Fig. 17). 10) Within a given enclosed area the intestinal and nervous tissues assume fairly definite relations (Figs. 17 and 18).
The adsorption of water-soluble polymers on mica, talc limestone, various clay minerals

Abstract A systematic investigation of the equilibrium adsorption rate of adsorption of hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC). hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) was undertaken with clay, mica, talc, limestone. For all four solids, the amount of polymer adsorbed was greatest for PVOH and least for HEC. For each polymeric species, the amount of polymer adsorbed at equilibrium decreased in the order clay, talc, mica, limestone. With the exception of mica-HEC and mica-HPMC, all of the adsorption kinetics data could be well correlated by means of a langmuir adsomtion isotherm expression. The adsorption kinetics associated with the systems involving mica and a cellulosic polymer were found to be well correlated using a Freundlich adsorption isotherm expression.
SU‐GG‐T‐521: Tissue Heterogeneity Corrections for Thoracic Malignancies: A Dosimetric Evaluation

Purpose: To evaluate and compare dose to tumor and normal tissues in patients with thoracic malignancies calculated using heterogeneity corrections. Method and Materials: Fifteen lung patients were evaluated. Multiple non‐opposing co planner beams of up to seven fields with step and shoot IMRT techniques were used. Treatment planning was performed with the Eclipse system and the prescribed dose was 70.2 Gy with 1.8 Gy per fraction. For clinical use, plans were generated with Modified Batho Power Law correction that uses only the descending part of the TMR/TPR curve for tissue heterogeneity. Additional plans were generated with same beam arrangements and monitor units using a) no correction, b) generalized Batho correction, and c) equivalent tissue air correction. Results: The uncorrected homogeneous plans resulted in lower average PTV mean, minimum and maximum doses by at least 6.4%, 9.4% and 5.0%, respectively (p<0.001). In addition, the percentage of PTV receiving doses below the prescribed dose was higher for the homogeneous plans (p<0.001). There were no significant differences in the average PTV mean, minimum and maximum doses among the three plans with heterogeneity corrections (1.6%, 2.8% and 1.2%, respectively). Moreover, heterogeneity corrections did not significantly impact on the percentage of uninvolved lung volume receiving doses of 30 Gy or higher (p=0.833). The maximum spinal cord doses were less than 25.2 Gy, and comparable for all plans (p=0.952). Conclusion: Heterogeneity corrections impact on tumor but not on normal tissue doses. With the emergence of clinical evidence in support of dose escalation in lungcancer, accounting for heterogeneity corrections is of particular importance to ensure adequate tumor dosing in this setting.
Algorithm for the p i -persistent protocol for high-speed fiber optic networks

The pi-persistent protocol has been proposed for packet-switched, multiple access communication over high-speed, fibre optic (unidirectional) bus networks. In this paper this protocol is further developed in order to make it easily implementable by allowing it to be sensitive to variations in the offered traffic; in so doing, the protocol's infinite buffer model is studied. The corresponding conditions for channel stability are first obtained. Two criteria for fairmess in selection of the pi are examined, based on equal average packet delay and equal average effective service time for all stations. It is found that, even with infinite buffers, this protocol can achieve a channel capacity of unity, it provides good delay against throughput behaviour, and it is insensitive to the bus length and data rate. Simulation results which verify the analytical model are also included. Finally, for implementing the pi-persistent protocol, a simple distributed algorithm is provided using stations which can properly adjust their pi when the network loading fluctuates.
Getting out of a Tight Squeeze—Enzymatic Regulation of Claw Muscle Atrophy in Molting

The claw closer muscle of the land crab, Gecarcinus lateralis , undergoes a cyclical atrophy and restoration during the interval between ecdyses. During proecdysis (stage D), 30–60% of the muscle protein is degraded, which reduces tissue mass and facilitates withdrawal of the propodus at ecdysis. Protein is resynthesized as the muscle grows back to its previous size during metecdysis. This atrophy is specific to the claws and can be accentuated by multiple limb autotomy. Crustacean muscles contain five cytosolic proteinases that degrade myofibrillar proteins. Four of these constitute a family of enzymes requiring Ca2+ for activity. These calcium-dependent proteinases (CDPs) hydrolyze myofibrillar proteins in vitro and in situ and show increased activity in atrophic claw muscles, which suggests that CDPs play an important role in myofibrillar protein metabolism. The fifth enzyme is a multicatalytic proteinase (MCP), a multisubunit proteolytic complex that degrades a wide range of peptide and protein substrates. The catalytic properties of the complex are altered with low concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate or by brief heating at 60°C. Only the heat-activated form degrades myofibrillar proteins. Since the CDPs hydrolyze contractile proteins about 30-fold more rapidly than the heat-activated MCP, the MCP probably has a more limited or specialized function in molt-induced claw muscle atrophy.
New approaches to establish genetic causality

Cardiovascular medicine has evolved rapidly in the era of genomics with many diseases having primary genetic origins becoming the subject of intense investigation. The resulting avalanche of information on the molecular causes of these disorders has prompted a revolution in our understanding of disease mechanisms and provided new avenues for diagnoses. At the heart of this revolution is the need to correctly classify genetic variants discovered during the course of research or reported from clinical genetic testing. This review will address current concepts related to establishing the cause and effect relationship between genomic variants and heart diseases. A survey of general approaches used for functional annotation of variants will also be presented.
Perspectives of an Editor Emeritus of the JID

I was editor of the Journal of Investigative Dermatology (JID) from mid-1987 to mid-1992, a period that coincided with the transformation of biomedical research by molecular biology and molecular genetics. During these years, the JID grew in size and scope and enjoyed the broad and committed support of the membership of both the Society for Investigative Dermatology (SID) and the European Society for Dermatological Research (ESDR), for which it was the official journal. More importantly, it became recognized by a new generation of molecular biologists and geneticists as an attractive venue for the publication of research findings in basic cutaneous biology. Our editorial board solidified support for the journal among our traditional constituency in the ESDR and SID, making it an effort of true collaboration between the two societies.
Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Adiposity as Mortality Predictors in Older Adults

ContextAlthough levels of physical activity and aerobic capacity decline with age and the prevalence of obesity tends to increase with age, the independent and joint associations among fitness, adiposity, and mortality in older adults have not been adequately examined.ObjectiveTo determine the association among cardiorespiratory fitness (“fitness”), adiposity, and mortality in older adults.Design, Setting, and PatientsCohort of 2603 adults aged 60 years or older (mean age, 64.4 [SD, 4.8] years; 19.8% women) enrolled in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study who completed a baseline health examination during 1979-2001. Fitness was assessed by a maximal exercise test, and adiposity was assessed by body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and percent body fat. Low fitness was defined as the lowest fifth of the sex-specific distribution of maximal treadmill exercise test duration. The distributions of BMI, waist circumference, and percent body fat were grouped for analysis according to clinical guidelines.Main Outcome MeasureAll-cause mortality through December 31, 2003.ResultsThere were 450 deaths during a mean follow-up of 12 years and 31 236 person-years of exposure. Death rates per 1000 person-years, adjusted for age, sex, and examination year were 13.9, 13.3, 18.3, and 31.8 across BMI groups of 18.5-24.9, 25.0-29.9, 30.0-34.9, and ≥35.0, respectively (P = .01 for trend); 13.3 and 18.2 for normal and high waist circumference (≥88 cm in women; ≥102 cm in men) (P = .004); 13.7 and 14.6 for normal and high percent body fat (≥30% in women; ≥25% in men) (P = .51); and 32.6, 16.6, 12.8, 12.3, and 8.1 across incremental fifths of fitness (P < .001 for trend). The association between waist circumference and mortality persisted after further adjustment for smoking, baseline health status, and BMI (P = .02) but not after additional adjustment for fitness (P = .86). Fitness predicted mortality risk after further adjustment for smoking, baseline health, and either BMI, waist circumference, or percent body fat (P < .001 for trend).ConclusionsIn this study population, fitness was a significant mortality predictor in older adults, independent of overall or abdominal adiposity. Clinicians should consider the importance of preserving functional capacity by recommending regular physical activity for older individuals, normal-weight and overweight alike.
A product construction for perfect codes over arbitrary alphabets (Corresp.)

A general product construction for perfect single-error-correcting codes over an arbitrary alphabet is presented. Given perfect single-error-correcting codes of lengths n, m , and q + 1 over an alphabet of order q , one can construct perfect single-error-correcting codes of length (q - 1)nm + n + m over the same alphabet. Moreover, if there exists a perfect single-error-correcting code of length q + 1 over an alphabet of order q , then there exist perfect single-error-correcting codes of length n , n = (q^{t} _ 1)/(q - 1) , and (t > 0 , an integer). Finally, connections between projective planes of order q and perfect codes of length q + 1 over an alphabet of order q are discussed.
Global momentum strategies

Here are some practical perspectives on momentum investing in stocks internationally. Momentum is generally more profitable on the long side than on the short side, making it accessible to a broad range of institutional capital, and both price and earnings momentum profits are significant globally. Earnings momentum internationally is distinct from price momentum; using price and earnings momentum in conjunction produces greater economic profits. Momentum profits co–move more weakly across markets than market indexes. Interestingly, while market correlations are much higher in down markets than in up markets, momentum correlations are low under both market conditions. There is no appreciable difference in momentum strategy profitability in up and down markets, which means timing is less important to momentum traders. Finally, momentum strategies are not riskless? there are often periods of several months when they have netted low or negative returns. The findings altogether suggest that momentum is useful in international portfolio management, but it should be implemented very thoughtfully.
Foxp3 processing by proprotein convertases and control of regulatory T cell function.

Foxp3 is a 47-kDa transcription factor central to regulatory T cell (Treg) function. The importance of Foxp3+ Tregs in controlling self-reactive T cells and preventing autoimmunity is well established. Our analysis of Foxp3 expression in natural Tregs led to identification of a shorter 41-kDa Foxp3 species in activated Tregs, indicating that Foxp3 may be processed by proteolytic cleavage upon cell activation. Searches of murine and human Foxp3 sequences for potential cleavage sites responsible for the generation of the short Foxp3 species revealed the presence of two RXXR proprotein convertase (PC) motifs, 48RDLR51 and 414RKKR417, located near the N- and C-terminal ends, respectively. We show, using retroviral expression of Foxp3 in CD4+ T cells, that Foxp3 is cleaved at both the N- and C-terminal RXXR sites and that mutagenesis of the RXXR motif prevents cleavage. The cleaved forms of Foxp3 are found in the chromatin fraction but not in nuclear or cytoplasmic extracts. CD4+ T cells expressing Foxp3 species engineered to mimic N-terminally, C-terminally, or N- and C-terminally cleaved Foxp3 forms are functionally distinct, as indicated by differences in expression of key Treg genes, such as interleukin-10 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4). In addition, CD4+ cells expressing C-cleaved Foxp3 are superior to those that express WT Foxp3 in preventing experimental colitis. Coexpression of Foxp3 with PC1 or PC7 results in cleavage of the Foxp3 C terminus. The mechanism by which Foxp3 is processed likely extends to other members of the FoxP subfamily, because Foxp1 and Foxp2 also have N-terminal RXXR proteolytic cleavage motifs at similar locations to Foxp3. Our results indicate that the generation of fully functionally competent Tregs is complex and dependent on the generation of multiple forms of Foxp3 that have differing effects on Treg cytokine production and suppressive function.
A fuzzy cost-benefit function to select economical products for processing in a closed-loop supply chain

ABSTRACT The cost-benefit analysis of data associated with re-processing of used products often involves the uncertainty feature of cash-flow modeling. The data is not objective because of uncertainties in supply, quality and disassembly times of used products. Hence, decision-makers must rely on fuzzy data for analysis. The same parties that are involved in the forward supply chain often carry out the collection and re-processing of used products. It is therefore important that the cost-benefit analysis takes the data of both new products and used products into account. In this paper, a fuzzy cost-benefit function is proposed that is used to perform a multi-criteria economic analysis to select the most economical products to process in a closed-loop supply chain. Application of the function is detailed through an illustrative example. Keywords: Closed-Loop Supply Chain, Fuzzy Sets, Cost-Benefit Function, Re-processing. 1. INTRODUCTION The series of activities required for retrieving a used product from a consumer and either recovering its left-over market value or disposing it of, is called a reverse supply chain. An important driver for companies engaged in a reverse supply chain is that many used products represent a resource for recoverable value [3], [4]. Though direct reuse is infeasible in most cases, remanufacturing and recycling are the major recovery options applied in the process. Potential profitability from re-processing (i.e., remanufacturing/recycling) of used products offers the possibility to satisfy customer demand with recovered used products, as well as with new products produced from raw materials in a forward supply chain (series of activities required to produce and distribute new products to customers). Furthermore, in practice, collection and re-processing of used products are often carried out by the same parties that are involved in a forward supply chain and hence, the reverse and forward supply chains are generally termed together as a closed-loop supply chain. A generic closed-loop supply chain is shown in Figure 1. Economic analysis can be classified into two main groups [5], [6]: single criterion analysis and multi-criteria analysis. They are then divided into two subgroups: deterministic and non-deterministic. Single criterion and deterministic analysis contains discounted cash flow techniques (present worth, annual worth, etc). Single criterion and non-deterministic analysis contains sensitivity analysis, decision tree, Monte Carlo simulation, etc. Multi-criteria deterministic analysis contains Analytic Hierarchy Process, goal programming, dynamic programming, etc. Multi-criteria non-deterministic analysis contains fuzzy set theory, expert systems, and game theoretical models. In this paper, we use fuzzy set theory to perform multi-criteria non-deterministic economic analysis. *Correspondence: e-mail: gupta@neu.edu ; URL: http://www.coe.neu.edu/~smgupta/
Effects of substrate orientation on aluminum grown on MgAl2O4 spinel using molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract Al thin films have been grown on single-crystal MgAl 2 O 4 spinel substrates using solid source molecular beam epitaxy. The structural properties of Al layers were systematically investigated as a function of substrate orientation. X-ray diffraction reveals that Al layers are coherently grown on both (0 0 1)- and (1 1 1)-oriented spinel substrates. However, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy show that Al layers on (0 0 1) spinel substrates display smoother surface morphology than those grown on (1 1 1) spinel substrates. Additionally, electron backscatter diffraction and transmission electron microscopy demonstrate the presence of a high density of twin domain structures in Al thin films grown on (1 1 1) spinel substrates.
Lithium ion conduction in Li5A104, Li5GaO4 and Li6ZnO4

Abstract Polycrystalline samples of Li5Al04, Li5Ga04, and Li6Zn04 have been synthesized, and their ionic conductivity measured over a range of temperature. These materials, which have the antifluorite structure with large concentrations of intrinsic cation vacancies, have Arrhenius-like conductivities at low temperatures, with a steep rise in the range 385–450°C, reaching very high values, with a very small temperature dependence, thereafter. Materials of this type, which exhibit the highest values of lithium ion conductivity yet found, may have important practical applications in devices such as elevated temperature batteries.
ORD OF RETINAL AND RETINYLIDENE PHOSPHORYL ETHANOLAMINE IN A MICELLE

— In the course of observing the formation of Schif bases of phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphoryl ethanolamine with all-trans retinal in a detergent micelle, we have studied their spectroscopic behavior and ORD properties. In so doing, we have demonstrated that all-rruns retinal itself, although having no intrinsic chirality at the aldehyde group, gives a marked Cotton effect, when dispersed in a CTAB micelle, at the absorption peak of the nπ* transition. This extrinsic chirality is attributed to the markedly asymmetric environment of the Stern layer of the micelle, and its significance is related to the ORD behavior of rod outer segments.