cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
WE-FG-206-02: Brief Variations of BOLD Signal in Resting State FMRI Leading to Functional Connectivity Pattern Identification

Purpose: To assess the role of spontaneous brain activity in identifying functional connectivity patterns in the brain during resting-state using both high and low blood-oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signals from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Methods: fMRI BOLD signals within seed regions from known functional connectivity networks were extracted to find an average seed-region time profile. A threshold was applied to the BOLD signal and and time points were selected where the BOLD signal satisfied the threshold requirements. The same threshold was also applied to the time profile of each voxel in the brain, i.e., including voxels outside of the seed region. The signal profile of seed region time points above the threshold was compared to the signal profile of whole brain voxel time points over the threshold. Any time point that occurred on both signal profiles was considered a match. We then evaluated whether or not a voxel was part of the functional connectivity network based on the percentage of matching time points. Results: These findings suggest that functional connectivity patterns can be identified only using a small number of time points. Using only 10% of the time points during a functional MRI functional connectivity patterns can be reproduced with varying degrees of accuracy. Using this same method, with a 33% threshold a histogram of numbers of matches per matches possible within the region where we expect to see the functional connectivity pattern, shows no significant separation between using the top third, the middle third, or the bottom third of data. Conclusion: This work indicates that functional connectivity patterns can be reproduced not only with spontaneous activity of high signals, but also from brief instances of low BOLD signal. As the potential role of resting-state fMRI for clinical diagnosis evolves, understanding the fundamentals of functional connectivity patterns is critical. NIH R01-NS074045
How Has Terrorism Impacted the American Family

Americans typically enjoy a number of luxuries that people in other parts of the world do not. Many of us experience relative safety in our communities, confidence in a strong governmental infrastructure, and a high probability that tomorrow will be similar to today and yesterday. Things changed following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. American families, in all of their forms and functions, were impacted. The impact of the terrorist attacks on families involved acute/immediate effects, transpiring in the hours and days following the attacks, and lingering long-term effects, some of which still persist today. Exposure to violence appears to initiate a cascade of effects prompting negative changes in physiological, emotional, behavioral, and cognitive states.1 As the most proximal unit of socialization, family plays a central role in moderating the experience of trauma and fear in both parents and children.
Stochastic Local Search over Minterms on Structured SAT Instances

We observed that Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF) encodings of structured SAT instances often have a set of consecutive clauses defined over a small number of Boolean variables. To exploit the pattern, we propose a transformation of CNF to an alternative representation, Conjunctive Minterm Canonical Form (CMCF). The transformation is a two-step process: CNF clauses are first partitioned into disjoint subsets such that each subset contains CNF clauses with shared Boolean variables. CNF clauses in each subset are then replaced by Minterm Canonical Form (i.e., partial solutions), which is found by enumeration. We show empirically that a simple Stochastic Local Search (SLS) solver based on CMCF can consistently achieve a higher success rate using fewer evaluations than the SLS solver WalkSAT on two representative classes of structured SAT problems.
Chronic kidney disease in the neonate: etiologies, management, and outcomes.

Neonatal chronic kidney disease (CKD) occurs with an estimated incidence of 1 in 10,000 live births, whereas the incidence of neonatal end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is about 7.1 per million age-related population. The most frequent etiologies are renal hypoplasia/dysplasia, posterior urethral valves, and other congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract. Other etiologies include polycystic kidney disease, cortical necrosis, and renal vascular thrombosis. Management of CKD focuses primarily on replacing renal functions such as erythropoietin, 1,25-hydroxylation of vitamin D, electrolyte homeostasis/excretion, and, in ESRD, waste product removal. Nutrition and growth monitoring are of utmost importance, with the majority of ESRD infants requiring gastrostomy tube for nutrition. Outcomes of neonates (<31 days) started on dialysis continue to improve, with large cohort studies showing 2-3-year survival rates of 79-81%. As in other neonatal disciplines, the gestational age and size limits for safe provision of dialysis continue to decrease.
Impact of Campus Physical Environment on Older Adult Learners.

The demographics of the community college student population in Southern California reflect the trend occurring nationally with an increase in older adult learners who typically attend college on a...
Irritability in Children and Adolescents.

Irritability is a common and impairing clinical presentation in children and adolescents. Despite its significant public health impact, irritability remains an elusive construct. Chronic and severe irritability is the primary symptom of the new DSM-5 diagnosis, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD). However, empirical and clinical approaches to irritability are in their relative infancy, and questions regarding the validity of the DMDD diagnosis have been raised. Moreover, irritability is a trait distributed continuously in youth, thereby fitting within the National Institute of Mental Health Research Domain Criteria initiative. Thus, there are opportunities for scientific review and integration. Accordingly, the goals of this review include (a) clarifying the definitions of irritability, incorporating clinical and translational animal work; (b) reviewing the historical context surrounding the study of irritability; (c) reviewing the prevalence, clinical correlates, and longitudinal course of irri...
Disorders of calcium metabolism

Abstract Calcium is vital to many aspects of human biology. For example, calcium is involved in intracellular and intercellular signal transmissions, muscular contraction, coagulation, and bone biology. The body has developed intricate regulatory pathways to ensure a narrow range of concentrations of ionized calcium in the plasma, free calcium in the cytoplasm, calcium incorporation into bone, and calcium absorption by the gastrointestinal tract. Tightly linked to calcium homeostasis are the regulation of plasma phosphate and the incorporation of phosphate into bone together with calcium. From a biodynamic viewpoint, phosphate-containing compounds and their breakdown are critical in facilitating nearly all energy-dependent cellular processes. Likewise, magnesium (e.g., hypomagnesemia) can impact calcium biology. Magnesium is necessary for normal parathyroid hormone (PTH) release and response to PTH. After providing an introductory discussion of calcium biology, this chapter deals with three major topics: [i] hypocalcemia, [ii] hypercalcemia, and [iii] monitoring of bone turnover.
System Reliability Prediction Using Global Optimization

Abstract The prediction of system reliability is an important consideration in manufacturing system design. In realistic scenarios, this problem involves the maximization of a likelihood function over a large multidimensional space. If there is access to system failure data where the the exact cause of failure is known, then the maximization can be performed analytically. In many situations however, system failure data is masked, meaning that the cause of failure can only be narrowed to some subset of possible components. In this case, a global optimization algorithm must be used to maximize the likelihood function. This paper presents the mathematical framework for the formation of the likelihood function for weibull distributed component failures in the presence of masked data. A case study is presented involving the reliability of a system based upon ten components. Simulated annealing is used to find the maximum likelihood estimates of the component parameters. Results are compared with other methods of estimation.
The bone-marrow niche in MDS and MGUS: implications for AML and MM

Several haematological malignancies, including multiple myeloma (MM) and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), have well-defined precursor states that precede the development of overt cancer. MM is almost always preceded by monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), and at least a quarter of all patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) have disease that evolves into AML. In turn, MDS are frequently anteceded by clonal haematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP). The acquisition of additional genetic and epigenetic alterations over time clearly influences the increasingly unstable and aggressive behaviour of neoplastic haematopoietic clones; however, perturbations in the bone-marrow microenvironment are increasingly recognized to have key roles in initiating and supporting oncogenesis. In this Review, we focus on the concept that the haematopoietic neoplasia-microenvironment relationship is an intimate rapport between two partners, provide an overview of the evidence supporting a role for the bone-marrow niche in promoting neoplasia, and discuss the potential for niche-specific therapeutic targets.
Modeling Human Behavior on Social Media in Response to Significant Events

Social media provides abundant, naturally occurring data on communications among people that can reveal their behavior. Recent technological advancements have made possible the rapid processing of social media data with the potential to learn more about human behavior. In order to do so, however, there is a need for a comprehensive and integrative theoretical model of human behavior as expressed in social media. In addition, such a model should provide specific avenues for staging behavioral interventions. The objective of this paper is to address this deficiency in the context of behaviors that occur in response to significant events. Relevant theories of human behavior are presented as well as a methodology, utilizing natural language processing and social network analysis, for measuring elements of human behavior. The methodology provides numerical measures for each element, which serve as input data for the multivariate statistical model used to answer research questions in a case study of human behavior in response to a natural disaster. For this case study, three behaviors associated with the warning response process were modeled: 1) obtain and propagate the warning; 2) seek additional information/confirmation; and 3) take the prescribed action. Emergency managers can use the findings of the research to help ensure that people obtain critical information and take prescribed actions, such as evacuating a flood zone. Once the dynamics of human behavior as expressed in social media are understood, models can be built to predict human behaviors well in advance of their recommended or anticipated occurrence.
Effects of UV Damage on DNA Amplification by the Polymerase Chain Reaction

Exposure of DNA to ultraviolet radiation can result in DNA damage? prominent forms of damage are pyrimidine dimers, DNA strand cross-links, and DNA-protein cross-links (Friedberg, 1985). Many studies have demonstrated that the extent of DNA damage increases as the level of UV exposure increases. DNA in evidence samples may suffer some degree of UV damage and thus it is important to know what effect UV damage might have on DNA analysis. We have investigated the effects of UV damage, specifically pyrimidine dimer formation, on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Ethnic Conflicts And Cooperation

Ethnic, or interethnic, conflict refers to disputes between contending groups who identify themselves primarily on the basis of ethnic criteria and who make group claims to resources on the basis of their collective rights. Ethnic criteria may include perceptions of shared culture, nationality, language, religion, and race. An ethnic group is a collective sharing of a belief of common ancestry, a link with a specific territory, a perception of a shared culture, and a belief in a common destiny. This belief in a common ancestry owes as much if not more to myths than to genetics. To be sure, some ethnic communities may result from consanguineous or kinship ties, but to the greatest extent heritage is a function of belief and not genetic descent. It is inconceivable that somewhere in antiquity there are primordial parents of each ethnic group in the world. Nonetheless, myths of common descent are powerful inducements to ethnic identification. Such myths provide symbols around which elites can focus political, economic, and social activity. They provide emblems and totems representing in-group and out-group membership. Two factors are among the most significant bases of group identity: belief in a historic homeland and the perception or practice of a shared culture. The latter is often expressed as shared language, religion, race, or customs.
The Role of Imaging for Catheter Ablation in the Pediatric Population

Over the past two decades, catheter ablation has been increasingly widely applied to ­pediatric patients and patients with major congenital heart defects, often of adult age. As is the case in adult electrophysiology, pediatric ablation is a highly specialized procedure based largely on precise, real-time analysis of anatomical imaging. In general, the imaging ­problem to be addressed is how best to visualize a catheter or group of catheters within the beating heart. This scope problem is expanded by considering that the specific position of a catheter must be known, not only in terms of absolute coordinates, but more importantly in terms of its anatomical frame of reference, which is constantly in motion. Finally, that ­position must be known and updated continuously so that the course and trajectory of the visualized catheter can be used to guide the operator as the catheter is precisely navigated from place to place.
Directional Antenna Based Performance Evaluation of 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks

In this paper, the use of directional antennae on access points in wireless local area networks to sectorize the coverage area is proposed. This is shown to be a simple way to significantly increase throughput while greatly reducing the occurrence of the hidden terminal problem. First, we discuss the current use of sectorization in various wireless networks, including cellular and ad hoc networks. Then, we present the details of the proposed architecture, describing the necessary enhancements to the current Access Point functionality and examining the tradeoffs of costs and infrastructure. Finally, we carry out a performance analysis to demonstrate the marked increase in throughput and efficiency achieved by the new technique.
Phosphate Reaction Dynamics in Soils and Soil Components: A Multiscale Approach

Macroscopic- to more recent molecular scale investigations have enhanced our knowledge of soil phosphorus (P) chemistry, including the retention/release mechanisms in soils and soil components. Phosphate uptake on metal (oxy)hydroxide and phyllosilicate mineral surfaces and in soils generally increases with decreasing pH. Rapid adsorption kinetics is generally observed on many soil adsorbents at acidic pH. P fixation mechanisms such as inner-sphere complexation and intra- and interparticle diffusion often result in slow P release (i.e., hysteresis and irreversible reactions), creating challenges in remediating agricultural soils with high accumulations of P. This chapter covers some of the historical soil P chemical research findings via macroscopic approaches but focuses on more recent molecular scale approaches for elucidating P retention/release mechanisms.
Current Status of Research on the Spatial Organization of the Human Visual System at Detection Threshold

This is the third in a series of reviews of the status of research on visual detection. The first was presented by BLACKWELL (1) in 1963; the second was presented by BLACKWELL (2) in 1972. These earlier reviews included different areas of research on human visual detection. The present review is restricted to aspects of visual detection which reveal the spatial organization of the human visual system. The basic experiment concerns determining the effect of the spatial size and configuration of a stimulus object or target upon the threshold contrast or luminance increment required for bare detection of its presence. The properties of spatial organization of the human visual system are deduced from the results of such experiments.
Willard Bohn. Reading Apollinaire's Alcools.: U of Delaware P, 2017. 234 pp.

Willard Bohn’s project in this book is to “read” Guillaume Apollinaire's 1913 volume Alcools by accounting for a great number of other readers who have published their interpretations in scholarly ...
Identification of genes involved in the differentiation of R7y and R7p photoreceptor cells in Drosophila

Abstract The R7 and R8 photoreceptor cells of the Drosophila compound eye mediate color vision. Throughout the majority of the eye, these cells occur in two principal types of ommatidia. Approximately 35% of ommatidia are of the pale type and express Rh3 in R7 cells and Rh5 in R8 cells. The remaining 65% are of the yellow type and express Rh4 in R7 cells and Rh6 in R8 cells. The specification of an R8 cell in a pale or yellow ommatidium depends on the fate of the adjacent R7 cell. However, pale and yellow R7 cells are specified by a stochastic process that requires the genes spineless, tango and klumpfuss. To identify additional genes involved in this process we performed a genetic screen using a collection of 480 P{EP} transposon insertion strains. We identified genes that when inactivated and/or ectopically expressed in R7 cells resulted in a significantly altered percentage of Rh3 expressing R7 cells (Rh3%) from wild-type. 53 strains resulted in altered Rh3% in the heterozygous inactivation arm of the screen. 36 strains resulted in altered Rh3% in the ectopic expression arm of the screen, where the P{EP} insertion strains were crossed to a sevEP-GAL4 driver line. 4 strains showed differential effects between the two screens. Analyses of these results suggest that R7 cell fate specification is sensitive to perturbations in transcription, growth inhibition, glycoprotein ligand binding, WNT signaling, ubiquitin protease activity and Ser/Thr kinase activity, among other diverse signaling and cell biological processes.
Do Good Principals Do Bad Things? Examining Bounds Of Ethical Behavior In The Context Of High-Stakes Accountability

Cheating and unethical behavior in the context of high-stakes accountability has been well documented. Recently, the US Department of Education found Texas schools failing to comply with the nation...
Joint Attention during Infancy and Early Childhood Across Cultures

This article provides an overview of joint attention development. Typical development of joint attention is discussed, followed by joint attention in special populations. Finally, the influence of diverse cultures on joint attention is explored.
Eighth Amendment Presumptive Penumbras

Bright line constitutional rules tend to create unfair outcomes in close proximity to the bright line. In the context of the death penalty, such distinctions possess an entirely different level of seriousness that requires deeper reflection. This Article develops the concept of presumptive penumbras around capital constitutional bright lines, and argues for its application to juvenile offenders under the Eighth Amendment. Specifically, the Article advocates, within the current constitutional rules, for a presumption against the imposition of the death penalty or JLWOP in cases where the age of the offender is in proximity to—within the penumbra of— the bright line of age eighteen. Part I of the Article explains the inherent problems that stem from bright line rules, and how both the Constitution and the death penalty exacerbate such problems. In Part II, the Article advances a typology of “presumptive penumbras”—a tool for minimizing the problems identified in Part I. Then, in Part III, the Article applies the concept of presumptive penumbras to bright line rules related to juvenile offenders under the Eighth Amendment. Finally, in Part IV, the Article concludes by sketching out some additional potential applications of presumptive penumbras to other criminal law bright lines under the Eighth Amendment.
Chapter 10 – Work shifts

This chapter introduces the concepts and terminology associated with work shifts. The advantages and disadvantages of different work schedules are discussed with an emphasis on health, safety, and worker satisfaction.
Clinical Effect of Transanal One-Stage Endorectal Pull-through for Hirschsprung' Disease in Infants

Objective To explore clinical effects of transanal one-stage endorectal pull-through for infantile with hirschsprung's disease (HD). Methods From February 2004 to May 2009, 58 cases from aged 6 months to 6 years who were confirmed as hirschsprung's disease and operated by transanal one-stage endorectal pull-through were retrospectively analyzed. There were 45 boys and 13 girls with the median age was 1 year and 5 months. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. Results All cases were confirmed by history and 24 h barium enema(each observed 24 h barium retention) or pathological examination. All cases underwent smoothly operation with no transfusions. Catheter drainage in the posterior neorectum space were routinely used. The mean operation duration were 90 minutes and mean blood loss was 30 mL. There were no infection in abdomen and enterocolitis incidence. There were different degrees of defecation frequency in the early postoperation. The defecation pattern recovered to normal in 1 or 2 months after operation. Only 1 case had manure, and then recovered after treatment. All cases after operation were required anal dilatation for 6 months. Follow-up 1 to 4 years, all patients grew and developed well with satisfied stool continence. Conclusions Infants with hirschprung's disease could be well treated by transanal one-stage endorectal pull-through with minor injury and shorter recovery time. The surgical result is good. Key words: infant; hirschsprung's disease(HD); transanal; surgical operation
Physician Burnout: Achieving Wellness for Providers and Patients.

This review summarizes the history and scope of physician burnout, and explores recent advances in its understanding. With a particular focus on physicians who have completed their training, it also explores the present and future of interventions designed to alleviate the symptoms and sequelae of burnout. Nearly 50 years since first described, burnout continues to remain a pervasive issue within anesthesia and medicine as a whole. Recent work has continued to outline risk factors and specialty-specific prevalence, and explore individual and institutional interventions to prevent and treat symptoms. Burnout continues to impact all who work in healthcare, at all levels of training. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the scope, causes, and management of burnout. In light of the current COVID-19 pandemic, we hope that the national and international focus on preventing and remediating burnout will continue to expand and strengthen.
Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps in the Tennis Player

Better define the proposed etiologies, risk factors, and treatment plans for exercise-associated muscle cramps in the tennis player. While no one theory has been able to fully explain the etiology behind exercise-associated muscle cramping, further classification of acute localized cramping and systemic or recurrent cramping may help guide future treatment and prevention strategies. Neuromuscular fatigue more than electrolyte deficit or dehydration is believed to play a large role in development of exercise-associated muscle cramps. Despite inconclusive evidence at this time, electrolyte deficit may play more of a role in the development of recurrent or systemic muscle cramping in the tennis athlete. More research is needed to better define its conclusive etiology.
Reliability of cotton fiber length distributions measured by dual-beard fibrography and advanced fiber information system

Fiber length distribution (FLD) is one of the fundamental properties of cotton fibers, which determines cotton length attributes, such as upper half mean length and short fiber content, and thus fiber processability and yarn properties. For decades, the Advanced Fiber Information System (AFIS) has been the only instrument that can provide explicit FLD measurements. However, the reliability of AFIS’s FLD has not been carefully inspected although important issues (e.g., excessive short fiber contents and super long fibers) were raised before. Recently, the dual-beard fibrography (DBF) emerged as a novel approach for direct FLD measurements. It provides non-destructive testing that enables repeatability analysis on FLDs. In this paper, we intend to conduct a thorough repeatability study on DBF with different testing scenarios to verify if DBF is a reliable method for FLD measurements or not, and then use DBF’s FLDs to examine AFIS’s FLDs to develop a better understanding of the existing problems associated with AFIS. The testing scenarios with DBF included multiple tests with one dual-beard sample at the same scanning position, the same sample at different positions, different sample reps by one scanner, and one sample rep by different scanners. The comparison tests between DBF and AFIS were performed on 29 selected cotton samples with a wide range of length uniformity. It was found that DBF’s FLDs are highly repeatable on one scanner (r > 0.99, P = 0, and SSE 0.99, P = 0, and SSE < 0.51). It was demonstrated that the FLDs produced by AFIS and DBF with the same samples are highly correlated (r ≥ 0.87 and P < 5.48e−9), even if AFIS’s FLDs have consistently higher frequencies in the short fiber range (0–12.7 mm) and in a super-long fiber range (40–60 mm) unrealistic to U.S. upland cotton.
COVID-19 amplifies local meat supply chain issues in South Carolina

First paragraph: Before COVID-19, livestock producers across the U.S. had been complaining to Congress about a lack of meat processing options closer to their farms (Swanson, 2015). Publications used examples of farmers shipping their animals hundreds of miles to be processed (Miles, 2012) and placed the blame on the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and industry regulations (Linnekin, 2016). Others have warned that decades of consolidation of meat-processing facilities have left fewer reliable options for livestock farmers, threatening the farm-to-table economy (Shanker, 2017). . . .
Subtle Islamization of teacher education: A critical discourse analysis of Turkey's “inclusive” education initiative for refugee integration

Abstract Since Erdogan's Justice and Development Party came to power in 2002, various educational changes have been mandated in Turkey to raise a conservative, pious generation in line with its conservative-democratic identity. Yet, these changes have not come all at once, but implemented gradually, through a process of subtle Islamization . In this paper, drawing upon the Discourse Historical Approach in Critical Discourse Analysis , I analyze in-service teacher education policy documents produced by Ministry of National Education (MoNE) as part of the Inclusive Education Initiative for integration of Syrian refugee children into Turkish education. Through the analysis, I demonstrate how Islamic ideology is interdiscursively and intertextually woven in the construction of inclusion, refugees, and teachers and discursive strategies employed by MoNE to convince teachers to be inclusive. I argue that this initiative should be considered as a sign of Islamic ideology also infiltrating teacher education in Turkey. I conclude with implications for policymakers, educators, and researchers.
Paternal alcohol exposure reduces acquisition of operant alcohol self-administration and affects Bdnf DNA methylation in male and female offspring

Familial transmission of alcohol use disorder reflects genetic and environmental factors. Paternal alcohol exposure may affect rodent offspring via epigenetic modifications transmitted through the male germ line. While such exposure alters alcohol sensitivity in mouse offspring, no studies examined if it impacts the development of operant alcohol self-administration in rats. We exposed male (sires) Wistar rats to chronic intermittent ethanol in vapour chambers (16 h/day; 5 days/week) or to air for 6 weeks. Eight weeks later, rats were mated with alcohol-naive females. Adult alcohol- and control-sired F1 offspring were assessed in acquisition of alcohol self-administration in which increasing alcohol concentrations (2.5%, 5% and 10%, v/v) were delivered after one lever press (fixed ratio 1 or FR1). Prior to alcohol sessions, rats were trained to lever press for food delivery under an FR1 schedule of reinforcement. DNA methylation levels of the brain derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) gene were measured in sperm, nucleus accumbens (NAc) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in sires and in offspring. Alcohol-exposed sires had lower Bdnf DNA methylation levels in NAc and greater methylation levels in mPFC. Although this pattern was not recapitulated in offspring, alcohol-sired offspring of both sexes did show aberrant Bdnf DNA methylation patterns compared to control-sired offspring. Alcohol-sired offspring self-administered less alcohol (5% and 10%) with no group differences in food responding. Results indicate that paternal alcohol exposure prior to conception protects against alcohol's initial reinforcing effects but the pattern of dysregulated Bdnf methylation in reward-related circuitry did not mimic changes seen in sires.
Year without End: Primatology in 2020

The year 2020 was arelentless one that drained many of us of any hope. This review focuses on work in primatology over the long span of that year that may serve as a small remedy to the shadow cast. In 2020, primatology became a focal point of the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic and holds promise for understanding and preventing similar pandemics in the future. The past few years have also seen an increased concern in US primatology for understanding and working through the legacy of our colonial history, which has intersected with the urgency of the Black Lives Matter movement in 2020 to foment change that is only just beginning to be felt in our discipline. This review, which is by no means comprehensive, discusses these threads of research and their potential for change that might sustain primatology beyond the seemingly endless pandemic year. [COVID-19, pandemic, primatology, decolonizing primatology, decolonizing biological anthropology, biological anthropology, fieldwork, primates]. © 2021 by the American Anthropological Association
The use of models to predict potential contamination aboard orbital vehicles

A model of fungal growth on air-exposed, nonnutritive solid surfaces, developed for utilization aboard orbital vehicles is presented. A unique feature of this testable model is that the development of a fungal mycelium can facilitate its own growth by condensation of water vapor from its environment directly onto fungal hyphae. The fungal growth rate is limited by the rate of supply of volatile nutrients and fungal biomass is limited by either the supply of nonvolatile nutrients or by metabolic loss processes. The model discussed is structurally simple, but its dynamics can be quite complex. Biofilm accumulation can vary from a simple linear increase to sustained exponential growth, depending on the values of the environmental variable and model parameters. The results of the model are consistent with data from aquatic biofilm studies, insofar as the two types of systems are comparable. It is shown that the model presented is experimentally testable and provides a platform for the interpretation of observational data that may be directly relevant to the question of growth of organisms aboard the proposed Space Station.
Mammary glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase: Molecular weight studies☆

Abstract Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase was isolated from lactating rat mammary glands by a procedure extended and modified from one previously described. The sedimentation coefficient, S 20, W , was 10.3 in 0.01 m potassium phosphate, pH 6.9, containing 0.1 m NaCl at three protein concentrations between 0.51 and 1.45 mg/ml. The partial specific volume, v , was 0.735 ml/g as determined by equilibrium sedimentation centrifugation in H 2 O and D 2 O containing buffers at pH(D) 6.5 containing 0.01 m potassium phosphate and 0.1 m NaCl. In the same buffer, but with 2.0 m NaCl, the apparent partial specific volume, φ′, was 0.756 ml/g. Equilibrium sedimentation of the enzyme at an initial concentration of 0.8 mg/ml was performed in 0.01 m potassium phosphate, pH 6.5, containing 1.0 m m EDTA, 7.0 m m mercaptoethanol, and various concentrations of NaCl between 0 and 2.0 m and with or without 0.1 m m NADP + . Weight-average and Z -average molecular weights were calculated and, from these values, the molecular weights of the monomer and dimer were derived. Under these conditions, the enzyme existed principally as a dimer, of molecular weight approximately 235,000, at low salt concentration, and as a monomer, of molecular weight approximately 120,000 in 1.0 m and 2.0 m NaCl. The subunit molecular weight was found to be 64,000 by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Equilibrium sedimentation in 6 m guanidine hydrochloride gave a subunit molecular weight of 62,000 (assuming v was unaltered) or 58,000 or 54,000 (assuming v is decreased by 0.01 or 0.02, respectively, in 6 m guanidine). We conclude that rat mammary glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase has a molecular weight similar to that of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenases isolated from various other mammalian sources with the notable exception of human erythrocyte glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase which, like the microbial glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenases thus far examined, has a significantly lower molecular weight.
The Executive's Right of Privacy: An Unresolved Constitutional Question

A constitutional question of the first importance, raised in more or less acute form in practically every administration from Washington's to Eisenhower's, is, singularly enough, still wide open. That question is the constitu? tional power of the executive to withhold information from the legislature. It seems to be no nearer settlement today than it was in 1792, when President Washington announced the right of the executive to exercise its discretion in communicating executive documents requested by a committee appointed by the House of Representatives 4tto inquire into the causes of the failure of the late expedition under Major General St. Clair."1 A regular reader of the newspapers need reflect but briefly to realize the tremendous political importance of the problem. The files of the executive bulge with documents which Congressmen, from the best and worst motives, are eager to examine and which bureaucrats, also from the best and worst motives, are determined to keep to themselves. Many of these documents, if published, would certainly cause headlines and headaches all across the nation, and some might create a stir in foreign chancelleries?a prospect from which the average legislator, especially if he be up for re-election, shrinks about as much as Brer Rabbit shrank from the briar patch, but which may cause exquisite pain to the executive branch. An example: among the large number of dossiers maintained by the FBI and the various intelligence and security services in the Pentagon there are inevitably some whose subjects are persons of local or national prominence. Many such dossiers contain "derogatory" in? formation 2 which, if portentously attributed by an unfriendly politician to "the
Freeze Drying: Preservations of Microorganisms by Freeze‐Drying

Lessons from Nature The Role of Sugar Glasses in Stabilization Trehalose has Unusual Solution Properties Trehalose and Survival following Dehydration in Yeasts: A Case Study Introducing Trehalose into Cells Artificially There is More than One Way to Achieve Stability Keywords: anydrobiosis; desiccation of microorganisms; extreme environments; freeze-drying
Northeastern Gulf of Alaska Shelf

The slightly arcuate northeastern Gulf of Alaska continental shelf extends from Cross Sound in the southeast to Kayak Island in the northwest (58°–60°N and 137°–144°W) (Fig. 4-1). For the most part the width of the shelf varies between 60 and 100 km. It is widest (100 km) in the southeast and narrows to 30 km northwestward.
Disruptive Behaviors in Veterans Affairs Nursing Home Residents: How Different Are Residents with Serious Mental Illness?

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and correlates of behavior problems of residents of Veterans Affairs (VA) nursing homes and to compare residents with serious mental illness (SMI) with other resident groups. DESIGN: This study combined cross-sectional resident assessments with administrative data for all residents in VA nursing homes. Multivariate ordinal logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between resident characteristics and problem behaviors. SETTING: Nursing home care units in the VA healthcare system. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 9,618 nursing home residents assessed as part of the VA’s April 2001 national resident census. MEASUREMENTS: The Patient Assessment Instrument assessed each resident’s verbally disruptive, physically aggressive, and socially inappropriate behaviors in the prior 4 weeks. Functional limitations in eating, mobility, toileting, and transfer were assessed. Diagnoses were evaluated for the stay and up to 6 months before assessment. RESULTS: Almost one-fifth (17.9%) of residents received a diagnosis of SMI. Residents with SMI or dementia had greater behavior problems than residents with neither condition. Residents with SMI (and without dementia) exhibited more verbal disruption than residents with dementia (and without SMI), but the two subgroups did not differ in physically aggressive or socially inappropriate behavior. CONCLUSION: Many VA nursing home residents have SMI. Their level of behavior problems is comparable with that of residents with dementia. Clinical practice and nursing home staff training must encompass geriatric mental health and behavior management to meet the needs of residents with SMI. J Am Geriatr Soc 52:2031–2038, 2004.
Computing the Center of Area of a Polygon

The center of area of a polygon P is the unique point p* that maximizes the minimum area overlap between P and any halfplane that includes p*. We present several “numerical” algorithms for finding the coordinates of p* for a polygon of n vertices. These algorithms are numerical in the sense that we have been careful to express the algorithm complexities as a function of G, the number of bits used to represent the coordinates of the polygon vertices, and K, the number of desired bits of precision in the output coordinates of p*. For a convex polygon the algorithm runs in O(nGK); non-convex polygons offer considerably more challenge. For orthogonal non-convex polygons, we have an algorithm that runs in O(n2GK), but for general non-convex polygons, our algorithm's time complexity is O(n4 log nG K+n3G2K+nGK2).
Does being in sheltered workshops improve the employment outcomes of supported employees with intellectual disabilities

This study examined the vocational outcomes of two cohorts of supported employees - 4,904 supported employees who participated in sheltered workshops and 4,904 supported employees that didn't participate in sheltered workshops. Individuals in these groups were matched based up their diagnosis, the presence of secondary conditions, and their gender. It was found that supported employees from the non-sheltered workshop group were just as likely to be employed as supported employees from sheltered workshops (60.4% versus 59.6%). Further, non-sheltered workshop supported employees earned significantly more ($137.20 versus $118.55 per week), worked more hours (24.78 versus 22.44), and cost less to serve ($4,542.65 versus $7,894.63).
Honing in on the Target: Who Among the Educationally Disadvantaged Benefits Most From What CBI?

AbstractThe research reported in this paper investigated the efficacy of the use of comprehensive computer based instruction for providing basic skills remediation to educationally disadvantaged student populations. Thirteen CBI programs placed in 26 elementary and secondary schools throughout the New York City school system were evaluated during the 1987/88 school year. Results reveal that CBI programs can indeed be an effective means for delivering such instruction, that they are equally effective in providing instruction in reading and mathematics to educationally disadvantaged students, and that within such population an inverse relationship exists between instructional level and achievement gains resulting from CBI use. The differential effectiveness of differing programs was also suggested in the findings. Interviews with students and teachers indicate that four features of CBI make it particularly useful to educationally disadvantaged students—CBI is perceived by students as less threatening than t...
Aquaporin Deletion in Mice Reduces Intraocular Pressure and Aqueous Fluid Production

Aquaporin (AQP) water channels are expressed in the eye at sites of aqueous fluid production and outflow: AQP1 and AQP4 in nonpigmented ciliary epithelium, and AQP1 in trabecular meshwork endothelium. Novel methods were developed to compare aqueous fluid dynamics in wild-type mice versus mice lacking AQP1 and/or AQP4. Aqueous fluid production was measured by in vivo confocal microscopy after transcorneal iontophoretic introduction of fluorescein. Intraocular pressure (IOP), outflow, and anterior chamber compliance were determined from pressure measurements in response to fluid infusions using micropipettes. Aqueous fluid volume and [Cl(-)] were assayed in samples withdrawn by micropipettes. In wild-type mice (CD1 genetic background, age 4-6 wk), IOP was 16.0 +/- 0.4 mmHg (SE), aqueous fluid volume 7.2 +/- 0.3 microl, fluid production 3.6 +/- 0.2 microl/h, fluid outflow 0.36 +/- 0.06 microl/h/mmHg, and compliance 0.036 +/- 0.006 microl/mmHg. IOP was significantly decreased by up to 1.8 mmHg (P < 0.002) and fluid production by up to 0.9 microl/h in age/litter-matched mice lacking AQP1 and/or AQP4 (outbred CD1 and inbred C57/bl6 genetic backgrounds). However, AQP deletion did not significantly affect outflow, [Cl(-)], volume, or compliance. These results provide evidence for the involvement of AQPs in intraocular pressure regulation by facilitating aqueous fluid secretion across the ciliary epithelium. AQP inhibition may thus provide a novel approach for the treatment of elevated IOP.
Aerosol retrievals using rotating shadowband spectroradiometer data

[1] The rotating shadowband spectroradiometer (RSS) is a high-resolution device that measures the total, direct, and diffuse intensity of sunlight at 1016 different wavelengths. RSS data can be used to retrieve gas amounts and aerosol properties as well as to assess the accuracy of retrievals using data from lower-spectral resolution instruments, such as the multifilter rotating shadowband radiometer (MFRSR). An algorithm to retrieve aerosol and gas amounts and the aerosol size distribution from RSS data, using the full resolution and using selected wavelengths, has been developed (Gianelli, 2004). The results of the retrievals, applied to RSS data from the southern Great Plains (SGP) site, indicate a number of things about the aerosol size distribution and our ability to retrieve aerosol information accurately. First, we show that the aerosol size distribution at SGP is at least bimodal. The notion that a more complex size distribution can be modeled with an appropriately selected monomodal distribution produces an unacceptable fit to the data once the separation of aerosol extinction from nitrogen dioxide absorption at short wavelengths is taken into consideration. Second, we find that the amount of retrievable aerosol information is limited by the wavelength range of the data. This is exemplified by the indeterminacy of the coarse-mode effective radius and the interdependence in the retrievals of the fine-mode effective radius and effective variance. Third, when the fine-mode effective variance is constrained, an annual cycle in fine-mode effective radius values emerges from the retrieval results, with a maximum in March and a minimum in September. Conceivably, changes in the effective variance could influence the observed pattern as well. The large margin of error in the coarse-mode effective radius leads to relatively small error bars for the coarse- and fine-mode optical depths, the fine-mode effective radius, and ozone, except on those days when the coarse-mode optical depth is high. Examining the retrieval results for different wavelength combinations of five RSS channels allows us to investigate whether or not the MFRSR channels are optimized to retrieve aerosol information or if a different filter set would increase the robustness of the retrievals. We show that replacing the 670 nm channel with one at either 375 or 1034 nm improves the retrieval accuracy. In particular, retrievals with the 1034 nm channel very closely reproduce the full RSS retrieval results, provided that the NO2 column amount can be determined by other means. The precision of the retrieved values of the fine-mode effective radius is shown to be strongly sensitive to the precision of measured NO2 amounts; a margin of error in column NO2 of 0.3 Dobson units results in a corresponding margin of error of 0.04 μm in the fine-mode effective radius. This confirms that aerosol sizes cannot be inferred accurately from optical depth spectra alone if either the amount of NO2 above a site is unknown or an inaccurate value is assumed.
Temperature and water relations of a parasitic wasp in its free-living adult stage and its phytophagous host☆

Abstract 1. 1. Temperature and water relations in the parasitic wasp Anaphes ovijentatus (Crosby and Leonard) (Mymaridae: Hymenoptera), one of the smallest of insects, and its host Lygus hesperus Knight (Miridae: Heteroptera) were studied. 2. 2. LT50s for the free living adult female wasps were higher (20.63 hr) than those of male wasps (14.68 hr) and 1st instar Lygus nymphs (7.07 hr) at 30°C with an RH of 3. 3. Critical thermal maxima were significantly higher in the parasitic wasp (47.6°C) than in its host (45.7°C). 4. 4. Rates of water loss were dependent upon temperature and saturation deficit with evidence of an ability of both species to exercise some control over loss rates under increasingly stressful conditions. 5. 5. Rates of water loss of both species were comparable to those of other xeric-adapted insects on a loss per unit of surface area-specific basis. On a weight-specific basis, rates of water loss for these insects which weigh less than 100 μg were higher than those of larger, xeric-adapted species.