cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
General learning ability regulates exploration through its influence on rate of habituation

"General intelligence" is purported to influence diverse domain-specific learning abilities in humans, and previous research indicates that an analogous trait is expressed in CD-1 outbred mice. In humans and mice, exploratory tendencies are predictive of general cognitive abilities, such that higher cognitive abilities are associated with elevated levels of exploration. However, in mice, repeated exposure to novel environments outside the home cage has been found to up-regulate exploratory tendencies but has no commensurate effect on general learning abilities, suggesting that exploratory tendencies do not causally influence general cognitive performance. This leaves open the question of what is responsible for the robust relationship observed between exploration and general learning abilities? In the present experiments, we find that differential rates of habituation (e.g., to a novel open field) between animals of high and low general learning abilities accounts for the relationship between exploration and learning abilities. First, we up-regulated exploration by exposing mice to a series of novel environments. Similar to its lack of effect on learning tasks, this up-regulation of exploration had no commensurate effect on habituation to novel objects or stimuli. Next we examined the relationship between general learning abilities and exploration under conditions where habituation had a high or low impact on exploratory behaviors. A strong correlation between general learning abilities and exploration was observed under conditions where the levels of habituation (to a novel object or an open field) between animals of high and low general learning abilities were allowed to vary. However, this same correlation was attenuated when the level of habituation attained by animals of high and low general learning abilities was asymptotic or held constant across animals. In total, these results indicate that the relationship between exploration and general learning abilities is accounted for by the impact of habituation (itself a form of learning) on behaviors indicative of exploration.
Complexity in the eutrophication–harmful algal bloom relationship, with comment on the importance of grazing

Abstract This article seeks to guide the conceptual development and field application of the eutrophication–HAB hypothesis. After considering the evidence for this hypothesis, the importance of exogenous nutrients as a chemical habitat conditioner and the “family” of nutrient regulated effects that occur are discussed. The various definitions of eutrophication are applied; the conceptual ambiguity over how to perceive eutrophication, and the need to view eutrophication as a process and not as an ecological state are considered. The habitat irradiance-nutrient-flushing gradient regulates the bloom potential in response to exogenous nutrients. There is an apparent species-specific paradox within the eutrophication–HAB hypothesis related to the phycotoxin synthesis–nutrient relationship. Two nutrient–toxin relationships occur: toxin biosynthesis during nutrient sufficiency, and biosynthesis that requires a nutrient limitation. HAB events can be just as much nutrient depletion events as nutrient stimulated events, and whether the former develops depends upon the specific cellular toxicity–nutrient relationship of the bloom species. The importance of grazing in bloom regulation is highlighted. HABs and red tides generally should be viewed as blooms that are regulated by coupled nutrient-grazer processes – nutrient stimulation alone is inadequate, even when exogenous nutrients are not a factor. In assessing the eutrophication–HAB relationship, the collective grazing behavior of the micro-zooplankton, herbivorous copepods, filter feeding benthos, benthic larvae and, when present, omnivorous nekton must be considered. The importance of grazing in the bloom behavior of HAB species is illustrated using field and experimental data during a 5-month brown tide in Narragansett Bay. A cascade in grazing pressure regulated this bloom, with the initial collapse and then restoration of grazing pressure progressing through 7 stages of collective grazing pressure by micro-zooplankton, herbivorous copepods, benthic larvae, benthic filter feeders, and lytic virus infection.
THE MMPI'S OF LEFT- AND RIGHT-HANDED SUBJECTS

Previous research has suggested that left-handedness relates to delinquency and violence. In an effort to pinpoint the nature of this apparent relationship, we compared the MMPIs of 72 left- and 687 right-handed men 60 yr. old or less on an alcohol treatment ward. No significant differences appeared. The results are compared to earlier research and hypotheses for further research are suggested.
Introduction to the seminar

Interest in computing’s potential contribution to local governments has increasingly become international as well as national, and in the past decade a number of major international conferences and symposia have been convened to compare, and share, experiences with computing and information systems at the local government level [l]. This symposium presents selected papers from a recent international seminar entitled “Municipal Information Systems, Pacific Area Community” (MISPAC). The seminar took place at the East-West Center in Honolulu, Hawaii in July 1983. The seminar was organized by the Public Policy Research Organization (PPRO) of the University of California, Irvine and the Local Authorities Systems Development Center (LASDEC) of Japan (see Notes).
Low density lipoprotein receptor activity in the guinea pig adrenal cortex. I. Zonal characterization and response to adrenocorticotropin.

The binding of [125I]iodo-low density lipoprotein ([125I]iodo-LDL) to isolated membranes was determined for the outer (glomerulosa/fasciculata) and inner (reticularis) zones of the guinea pig adrenal cortex. Binding of [125I]iodo-LDL to membranes from both zones was found to be highly specific and dependent on the presence of divalent cations, such as calcium. Saturation analysis revealed that the maximum high affinity binding capacity was similar for both zones under control conditions (∼400 ng/mg protein). When ACTH was administered, however, the maximum high affinity binding capacity increased in the outer zone by at least 3-fold, while there was no significant change for the inner zone. It was also noted that dexamethasone administration decreased [125I]iodo-LDL high affinity binding activity to less than half the control level in the outer zone without altering the binding activity in the inner zone. The cholesterol content in the outer zone was 2–3 times greater than that in the inner zone. When ACT...
The Ontogenetic Organization of Prone Behavior in Human Infancy

(1940). The Ontogenetic Organization of Prone Behavior in Human Infancy. The Pedagogical Seminary and Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 247-263.
The use of Schottky barrier diodes for the detection of surface contamination and damage in the fabrication of GaAs MESFETS

Abstract The gates of GaAs MESFETS rely on the formation of a Schottky diode between the semiconductor surface and a deposited metal and so are extremely sensitive to the nature of this interface. For this reason an investigation of surface damage and contamination by the various processing stages involved in IC fabrication has been undertaken. This paper outlines the results obtained from processes involved in activation of ion implantation through annealing with a dielectric encapsulant, wet chemical etching, and metallization. Methods for removing or minimizing the effects of processing damage or contamination are also investigated.
Calmodulin-binding sites on adenylyl cyclase type VIII.

Ca2+ stimulation of adenylyl cyclase type VIII (ACVIII) occurs through loosely bound calmodulin. However, where calmodulin binds in ACVIII and how the binding activates this cyclase have not yet been investigated. We have located two putative calmodulin-binding sites in ACVIII. One site is located at the N terminus as revealed by overlay assays; the other is located at the C terminus, as indicated by mutagenesis studies. Both of these calmodulin-binding sites were confirmed by synthetic peptide studies. The N-terminal site has the typical motif of a Ca2+-dependent calmodulin-binding domain, which is defined by a characteristic pattern of hydrophobic amino acids, basic and aromatic amino acids, and a tendency to form amphipathic α-helix structures. Functional, mutagenesis studies suggest that this binding makes a minor contribution to the Ca2+ stimulation of ACVIII activity, although it might be involved in calmodulin trapping by ACVIII. The primary structure of the C-terminal site resembles another calmodulin-binding motif, the so-called IQ motif, which is commonly Ca2+-independent. Mutagenesis and functional assays indicate that this latter site is a calcium-dependent calmodulin-binding site, which is largely responsible for the Ca2+ stimulation of ACVIII. Removal of this latter calmodulin-binding region from ACVIII results in a hyperactivated enzyme state and a loss of Ca2+ sensitivity. Thus, Ca2+/calmodulin regulation of ACVIII may be through a disinhibitory mechanism, as is the case for a number of other targets of Ca2+/calmodulin.
On stochastic model reduction

In a recent paper by Zhou and Khargonekar [2], an example seemed to indicate that the stochastic model reduction procedure of Jonckheere and Helton [1] falls short of what could actually be achieved. In this note, we show that a variant of the algorithm of Jonckheere and Helton, already proposed in the original manuscript [1, Sect. IV.C], yields results competitive with those of Zhou and Khargonekar [2].
Dissociation of the Ethyl Radical: An Exercise in Computational Chemistry

A set of exercises for use in a typical physical chemistry laboratory course are described, modeling the unimolecular dissociation of the ethyl radical to form ethylene and atomic hydrogen. Students analyze the computational results both qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative structural changes are compared to approximate predicted values based on orbital-hybridization models. Quantitative results are generated using high-accuracy thermodynamic calculations to calculate the reaction enthalpy. A method to visualize the evolution of the highest-occupied molecular orbital is also described, showing the evolution of a π orbital that forms as the reaction progresses.
Dependence of Hyperpolarisation-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channel Activity on Basal Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Production in Spontaneously Firing GH3 Cells

The hyperpolarisation-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels play a distinct role in the control of membrane excitability in spontaneously active cardiac and neuronal cells. Here, we studied the expression and role of HCN channels in pacemaking activity, Ca(2+) signalling, and prolactin secretion in GH(3) immortalised pituitary cells. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed the presence of mRNA transcripts for HCN2, HCN3 and HCN4 subunits in these cells. A hyperpolarisation of the membrane potential below - 60 mV elicited a slowly activating voltage-dependent inward current (I(h)) in the majority of tested cells, with a half-maximal activation voltage of -89.9 +/- 4.2 mV and with a time constant of 1.4 +/- 0.2 s at -120 mV. The bath application of 1 mM Cs(+), a commonly used inorganic blocker of I(h), and 100 microM ZD7288, a specific organic blocker of I(h), inhibited I(h) by 90 +/- 4.1% and 84.3 +/- 1.8%, respectively. Receptor- and nonreceptor-mediated activation of adenylyl and soluble guanylyl cyclase and the addition of a membrane permeable cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) analogue, 8-Br-cAMP, did not affect I(h). Inhibition of basal adenylyl cyclase activity, but not basal soluble guanylyl cyclase activity, led to a reduction in the peak amplitude and a leftward shift in the activation curve of I(h) by 23.7 mV. The inhibition of the current was reversed by stimulation of adenylyl cyclase with forskolin and by the addition of 8-Br-cAMP, but not 8-Br-cGMP. Application of Cs(+) had no significant effect on the resting membrane potential or electrical activity, whereas ZD7288 exhibited complex and I(h)-independent effects on spontaneous electrical activity, Ca(2+) signalling, and prolactin release. These results indicate that HCN channels in GH(3) cells are under tonic activation by basal level of cAMP and are not critical for spontaneous firing of action potentials.
Mouse 3-Phosphoinositide-dependent Protein Kinase-1 Undergoes Dimerization and trans-Phosphorylation in the Activation Loop

Activation of mouse 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (mPDK1) requires phosphorylation at a conserved serine residue, Ser244, in the activation loop. However, the mechanism by which mPDK1 is phosphorylated at this site remains unclear. We have found that kinase-defective mPDK1 (mPDK1KD), but not a kinase-defective mPDK1 in which Ser244 was replaced with alanine (mPDK1KD/S244A), is significantly phosphorylated in intact cells and is a direct substrate of wild-type mPDK1 fused to the yellow fluorescence protein. Phosphoamino acid analysis and phosphopeptide mapping studies revealed that mPDK1 trans-autophosphorylation occurred mainly on Ser244. On the other hand, Ser399 and Thr516, two recently identified autophosphorylation sites of mPDK1, are phosphorylated primarily through a cis mechanism. In vivo labeling studies revealed that insulin stimulated both mPDK1KD and mPDK1KD/S244A phosphorylation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing the insulin receptor. However, Western blot analysis using a phosphospecific antibody revealed no increase in insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Ser244 in these cells overexpressing mPDK1. mPDK1 undergoes dimerization in cells and this self-association is enhanced by kinase inactivation. Deletion of the extreme C terminus disrupts mPDK1 dimerization and Ser244 trans-phosphorylation, suggesting that dimerization is important for mPDK1 trans-phosphorylation. Taken together, our results show that mPDK1 autophosphorylation occurs at multiple sites through both cis and trans mechanisms and suggest that dimerization and trans-phosphorylation may serve as mechanisms to regulate PDK1 activity in cells.
The Role of Religion on the Health Practices of Mexican Americans

Twenty million Mexican Americans live in the U.S. (U.S. Census 2000 Summary File, 2000). It is vital that health care clinicians become familiar with and acknowledge the role of religion or religiosity on the health practices of Mexican Americans so that these needs may be addressed through holistic care. This paper reviews the origin and role that religion plays in the health practices of Mexican Americans. The potential benefits of addressing these client’s religious needs are examined and suggestions are offered on how health care clinicians may address these needs in a culturally sensitive manner.
Southern Ocean wind‐driven entrainment enhances satellite chlorophyll‐a through the summer

Despite being the largest High Nitrate Low Chlorophyll (HNLC) region, the Southern Ocean sustains phytoplankton blooms through the summer, when presumably there is sufficient light, but nutrients in the euphotic zone have been depleted. Physical processes that can potentially supply nutrients from subsurface waters to the euphotic zone, and promote phytoplankton growth in the summer, have not been fully explored at the large scale. By means of a correlation analysis, this study combines high-resolution satellite observations of ocean color, winds and sea surface temperature, surface heat fluxes from reanalysis and Argo mixed-layer depth (MLD) estimates to explore the role of the atmospheric forcing (i.e., winds and surface heat fluxes) on upper ocean processes that may help sustain high satellite chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) through the summer. Two physical processes that can supply nutrients to the euphotic zone are: MLD deepening, caused by wind-mixing and/or surface cooling, and Ekman pumping driven by the wind stress curl. We find that high winds correlate with high Chl-a over broad open ocean areas, suggesting that transient MLD deepening through wind-mixing (i.e., wind-driven entrainment) helps sustain high Chl-a. Wind-driven entrainment plays a dominant role on time scales associated with atmospheric synoptic storms (i.e., <10 days) and has a larger influence on surface Chl-a than storm scale local Ekman pumping. Based on our analysis of statistically significant correlation patterns, we identify regions in the Southern Ocean where wind-induced entrainment may play a role in sustaining summer phytoplankton blooms.
Pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity of monogalactosyldiacylglycerols isolated from the freshwater microalga Chlorella sorokiniana

Chemical investigation of the freshwater microalga Chlorella sorokiniana led to the isolation of a monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG)-rich fraction possessing dose-dependent inhibitory activity against pancreatic lipase activity. The MGDG-rich fraction contains 12 MGDGs identified by LC/HRMS analysis. Among them, three MGDGs were new compounds, namely, (2S)-1-O-(7Z,10Z-hexadecadienoyl)-2-O-(7Z,10Z,13Z-hexadecatrienoyl)-3-O-β-D-galactopyranosylglycerol (1), (2S)-1-O-linoleoyl-2-O-(7Z,10Z-hexadecadienoyl)-3-O-β-D-galactopyranosylglycerol (6), and (2S)-1-O-oleoyl-2-O-(7Z,10Z-hexadecadienoyl)-3-O-β-D-galactopyranosylglycerol (8). The major galactolipids were isolated by semipreparative HPLC and tested for their effect toward pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity. All the tested MGDGs showed significant reduction of pancreatic lipase activity indicating possible beneficial use for management of lipase-related disorders such as obesity.
Character strengths in organizations

Character refers to qualities within individuals that lead them to desire and to pursue the good. We propose that strengths of character are a neglected but critically important resource for organizations. Character matters because it leads people to do the right thing, and the right thing can be productive and profitable. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of biomarkers of exposure in the assessment of health risks

Biomarkers of exposure can be used as part of an exposure assessment to assess potential health risks when exposure measurements and health effects occur during the same period of time. Exposure assessment is the determination of the concentration of a chemical in an environmental medium coupled with the presence of the human in that environment. A biomarker of exposure gives an assessment of absorbed dose in the worker. A biomarker of effect, often referred to as a biomarker, is used in the assessment of health risk. A biomarker of effect gives an assessment of the effect of a chemical on a physiological process and is an indicator of a possible adverse health effect. For example, biomarkers of exposure give an assessment of a worker's current exposure to solvents and some metals. Biomarkers of exposure for chronic health effects with long latent periods, such as carcinogens, are more problematical. These exposure indicators, however, can be used to help reconstruct past exposures. Selected biomarkers of exposure can also be predictors of adverse health effects. Examples include the use of 2,5-hexanedione and 2-ethoxyacetic acid in urine as indicators of exposure to n-hexane and 2-ethoxyethanol, respectively. These two urinary metabolites are 'active' metabolites responsible for observed neurotoxic and reproductive effects. Biomarkers of exposure are particularly useful for the objective assessment of current systemic exposure to chemicals that are readily absorbed through the skin. Exposure assessments, including the use of biomarkers of exposure, are necessary to postulate a cause of observed adverse health effects seen in epidemiological investigations and to determine the bioavailability of the chemicals present in the workplace.
Metabolism of arachidonic acid and prostanoids in human endometrial stromal cells in monolayer culture

In the present investigation, we compared the metabolism of arachidonic acid in human endometrial stromal cells maintained in monolayer culture with that in human decidual tissues. By gas-chromatographic analysis, the distribution of arachidonic acid in glycerophospholipids and in the neutral lipids of decidual tissues and stromal cells in culture was similar. After the addition of [14C]arachidonic acid to the culture medium, steady-state conditions with respect to radioactive labeling of the lipids of the cells were attained after 24 h, except for phosphatidylethanolamine and neutral lipids. The percentage distribution of [14C]arachidonic acid in the lipids of the cells in culture was as follows: phosphatidylcholine, 41%; phosphatidylserine, 5%; phosphatidylinositol, 19%; phosphatidylethanolamine, 22%; neutral lipids, 11%. This distribution of arachidonic acid among the lipids is similar to that in decidual tissue, except for that in phosphatidylethanolamine. The amount of radioactivity in phosphatidylethanolamine continued to increase up to 72 h whereas that in neutral lipids declined after a maximum amount was present at 4 h. In the cells in monolayer culture, [14C]prostaglandin E2 and [14C]prostaglandin F2 alpha were produced from [14C]arachidonic acid, as is true in superfused decidual tissue. The similarities in arachidonic acid metabolism in these cells to that in decidual tissue are supportive of the proposition that endometrial stromal cells in monolayer culture are an appropriate model for the study of the regulation of arachidonic acid release and prostaglandin formation by endometrium and decidua vera.
Preliminary pharmacological screening of styrylpyridine choline acetyltransferase inhibitors

Abstract Preliminary pharmacological screening of twelve styrylpyridine analogues with specific and/or selective in vitro choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) activity was undertaken. Observations were made on acute toxicity and the behavioral and neurological profile after sub-lethal doses in mice and rabbits. The neuromuscular effect of the compounds was investigated both in vivo and in vitro . The compounds caused a non-depolarization or a biphasic depolarization block. The block caused by bisquaternary or monoquaternary ChAc inhibitors in vitro could be readily reversed by repeated washing with fresh bathing solution; in contrast the block caused by the tertiary inhibitors, e.g. 4-(1-naphthylvinyl)-pyridine (compound III), was more difficult or impossible to reverse. All compounds investigated decreased the twitch tension of the directly stimulated muscle. Neuromuscular blocking doses of compoundsIII caused a transient but severe fall of blood pressure and slowing of the respiratory rates in cats. On the basis of these preliminary studies the pharmacological effects of the compounds investigated cannot be attributed to their ChAc inhibitory effect alone. It seems probable that other yet unclarified effects of these compounds may partly or wholly be responsible for their pharmacological effects.
Dynamics of spinodal decomposition in polymer solutions near a glass transition

A model based on the Cahn-Hilliard formalism is used to simulate structure formation in thermally quenched polymer solutions in the vicinity of a glass transition. Simulation results for the system poly(methyl methacrylate)/cyclohexanol are correlated with light scattering and microscopy measurements recently reported in the literature. Good qualitative and quantitative agreement with experimental observations indicates the applicability of current free-volume and thermodynamic theories to quantify the dynamics near a glass transition. The model accurately predicts late-stage scaling exponents, and results show that the early stage of phase separation occurs on time scales , 1 s. Pore growth rates based on zero-free-parameter calculations agree well with experimental observations. Simulations also show that quenching a phase-separated structure below a glass transition can result in the formation of a secondary droplet structure within the polymer-rich phase, prior to freezing-in of the preexisting morphology. Such secondary structures, which have also been observed experimentally, appear to have little or no effect on the calculated structure factor, which is also consistent with light-scattering measurements.
HYDRODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF SURFACE LAYERS ON COLLOIDAL PARTICLES

General solutions to the Stokes equations for a sphere held fixed in a general quadratic flow are used to develop the hydrodynamic effects of a thin layer of material at the surface which has different rheological properties than the solution. These surface-layer effects are developed as an expansion to O(λ2) where λ is the ratio of the length scale of the surface layer (δ) to the particle radius (R). The formalism is developed such that the force, couple and stresslet on the coated sphere are calculated directly by substituting a rheological model for the surface layer into an analysis based on unidirectional flow; thus, the hydrodynamic effects to O(λ2) can be determined without solving the Stokes equations outside the layer. The O(λ2) effect is independent of the type of flow (translation, rotation, extension) in the sense that a single parameter A, which depends only on the properties of the surface layer, applies to all flow types. However, the O(λ2) effects depend both on the properties of the surfa...
Low Emissions Combustion for the Regenerative Gas Turbine: Part 2—Experimental Techniques, Results, and Assessment

This second part, of a two part paper, describes an experimental program to demonstrate the low emissions turbine combustor concept developed in Part 1. The paper discusses the combustor test rigs and instrumentation used as well as the experimental combustor hardware. A summary of the lean homogeneous combustion concept is presented along with a brief discussion of the requirement for variable combustor geometry. Test data are presented comparing the emissions from the experimental combustor with those from a conventional can-type combustor. These results show that, over a wide range of engine conditions, the steady-state emissions of NOx , CO, and UHC are below the numerical levels specified in the Federal standards applicable to 1976 and subsequent model year light duty vehicles. The results are related to theoretical calculations and an assessment of progress and remaining problems is made.
Mechanisms of hormonal modulation of ion transport in the toad's urinary bladder. Subcellular localization of aldosterone-induced proteins.

Abstract A dual-label isotope technique was used to study the effects of aldosterone upon the incorporation of amino acids into proteins of the in vitro toad urinary bladder. Following labeling, the mucosal cells were disaggregated and the mitochondria-rich and granual cells were separated. Proteins with an elevated isotope ratio were found in a plasma membrane fraction (170 000, 110 000 and 85 000 daltons) and in the cytosol (36 000 and 6 000 daltons) of the preparations enriched in mitochondria-rich cells. These effects of aldosterone were blocked by cycloheximide. There was no evidence that aldosterone had induced the incorporation of labeled amino acids into carbonic anhydrase isolated from the soluble fraction by affinity chromatography. The results suggests that the physiologic response of the toad bladder to aldosterone is related to the synthesis of both soluble and plasma membrane proteins.
Calmodulin stimulates thromboxane synthesis in human platelets: studies with thromboxane synthetase inhibitors.

Abstract Calmodulin, a ubiquitous, multi-functional Ca ++ -binding protein, mediates the stimulation of phospholipase A 2 by Ca ++ in human platelets. In this study, we demonstrated that the synthesis of thromboxane A 2 (TxA 2 ) in human platelets was stimulated by calmodulin, as measured by the increase of thromboxane B 2 (TxB 2 )—a stable hydrolytic product of TxA 2 . The calmodulin-induced synthesis of PGH 2 from arachidonic acid in platelets was diverted to PGE 2 , PGF 2α and PGD 2 in the presence of various specific thromboxane synthetase inhibitors. Calmodulin-induced thromboxane synthesis was investigated further with the use of 8-(N,N-diethylamino)-octyl-3,4,5-trimethyloxy benzoate-HCl (TMB-8), an agent believed to inhibit the mobilization of intracellular Ca ++ . TMB-8 at a concentration of 400 μ m failed to reverse the increased formation of TxB 2 induced by 2.3 μ m of calmodulin.
LABORATORY METHODS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF TYPHUS FEVER.

N OT until 1912, when Anderson and Goldberger,* showed that socalled Brill's disease was identical with typhus fever, was it recognized that the disease was of possible significance in our morbidity reports. Since the publication of their first paper reports have appeared from widely separated sections of the United States showing that typhus fever is practically endemic in certain of our larger cities and frequently occurs in smaller cities and towns, and even in rural communities. This has not been because of the sudden development and spread of the disease, but because physicians have had their attention called to the disease and have therefore been on the watch for cases with the clinical features of typhus, cases which previously they were inclined to regard as "atypical" forms of typhoid fever or other diseases. With this increase in the number of reported cases has come a demand from the clinicians for aid from the laboratory worker, in diagnosis. This aid from the laboratory has been, up to the present, largely of a negative character and we are still dependent to a large extent in our diagnosis of typhus fever upon the clinical features of the disease. Nevertheless, certain laboratory procedures may be employed which are of material assistance in the diagnosis of typhus fever. These procedures may be divided into those which are of value (a) because of the negative findings and (b) because of the positive findings that may be obtained. We may now consider these in detail: (a) Of special value are a positive Widal reaction, positive blood or feces cultures showing the presence of organisms of the typhoid group, or positive cultural and microscopic findings from the fluid obtained by spinal puncture. Should any of the above findings be obtained, typhus fever may be excluded and for that reason such studies should be made when it is not possible to carry out the procedures to bediscussed under (b).
Effect of melatonin and extended light on reproductive performance of fall-born Polypay ewe lambs and ewes during spring breeding

Abstract The effects of melatonin and 12 wk of extended light (16L:8D) plus melatonin on reproductive performance of 184 fall-born Polypay ewe lambs and 104 nulliparous 18-mo-old Polypay ewes were evaluated during an April breeding period. Average date of lambing was delayed (P 0.05) for 18-mo-old ewes given 70-d melatonin (75.5%) or extended light plus 70-d melatonin (81.8%), but it was different (P 0.10) for ewe lambs. Treatment of 18-mo-old ewes with extended light plus 70-d melatonin did not improve reproductive performance at spring breeding over 18-mo-old ewes treated with just 70 d melatonin. However, exposure of fall-born ewe lambs to 12 wk of long days before melatonin improved reproductive efficiency at spring breeding over ambient controls or melatonin treatment alone.
Long term effects of an innovation in computer science instruction

Abstract This paper presents data on the number of subsequent computer science courses passed by 310 students who took a traditional Pascal course as compared with 273 students who took a Pascal course using a computer learning package called Paslab. Findings suggest that the use of Paslab allows more people to pass the beginning course who can go on to complete higher level courses than is the case under traditional conditions. It is important to introduce positive curricular innovations into beginning computer science courses if one wishes to encourage greater numbers of capable people to continue in the field.
Nonchelated d0 zirconium-alkoxide-alkene complexes.

The reaction of Cp‘2Zr(OtBu)Me (Cp‘ = C5H4Me) and [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] yields the base-free complex [Cp‘2Zr(OtBu)][B(C6F5)4] (6), which exists as Cp‘2Zr(OtBu)(ClR)+ halocarbon adducts in CD2Cl2 or C6D5Cl solution. Addition of alkenes to 6 in CD2Cl2 solution at low temperature gives equilibrium mixtures of Cp‘2Zr(OtBu)(alkene)+ (12a−l), 6, and free alkene. The NMR data for 12a−l are consistent with unsymmetrical alkene bonding and polarization of the alkene CC bond with positive charge buildup at Cint and negative charge buildup at Cterm. These features arise due to the lack of d−π* back-bonding. Equilibrium constants for alkene coordination to 6 in CD2Cl2 at −89 °C, Keq = [12][6]-1[alkene]-1, vary in the order: vinylferrocene (4800 M-1) ≫ ethylene (7.0) ≈ α-olefins > cis-2-butene (2.2) > trans-2-butene (<0.1). Alkene coordination is inhibited by sterically bulky substituents on the alkene but is greatly enhanced by electron-donating groups and the β-Si effect. Compounds 12a−l undergo two dynamic processes: ...
Aristotle and fair deals

When is an exchange a fair exchange? And when is a deal (an agreement to make an exchange) a fair deal? These questions are undeniably central to the philosophical understanding of value issues in business. In this paper I analyze Aristotle's account of fairness (“justice”) in such matters and attempt a critical extension.
Electric field modulated specklegram phase multiplexing technique for volume holographic

We report a speckle-based hologram multiplexing recording technique, in which a multimode LiNbO3 single crystal fiber is employed to generate speckle patterns of reference beams in hologram recording process. By applying an external E-field, the speckle pattern generation and reconstruction can be precisely controlled. A theoretical analysis and a numerical simulation of speckle pattern generation have been conducted. According to the simulation results, this technique can generate thousands of decorrelated reference beams at given practical constraints. The storage capacity can be scaled up as material properties are improved, making this technique well adapted to new material development.
Analysis of PK/PD risk factors for development of type 2 diabetes in high risk population using Bayesian analysis of glucose–insulin kinetics

This study was designed to investigate the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) risk factors preceding the onset of type 2 diabetes using a population-based Bayesian nonlinear hierarchical model to describe the glucose-insulin kinetics. One hundred fifty-two healthy subjects with a family history of type 2 diabetes were recruited. Each subject received an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) and the data of glucose and insulin was collected when entering the study. After the test, subjects were followed up to 25 years and further divided into the diabetic outcome group and non-diabetic outcome group according to the follow-up results. A glucose-insulin kinetic model was developed to account for the physiology and molecular biology of the insulin biphasic secretion and glucose-insulin interactions with a minimal structure. The population PK/PD parameters of the two groups were estimated from the proposed glucose-insulin kinetic model. The relationships between the population PK/PD parameters and the diabetic follow-up results were evaluated. A high insulin baseline concentration, a lower maximum insulin-dependent glucose removal and a lower insulin removal rate constant were found associated with the development of type 2 diabetes in the high risk population. The study shows that the very early pre-diabetic pharmacokinetic differences exist and can be helpful for prediction of development of type 2 diabetes.
Interpersonal comparisons of utility for 2 of 3 types of people

This article argues that there is a natural solution to carry out interpersonal comparisons of utility when the theory of gambles is supplemented with a group operation of joint receipts. If so, three types of people can exist, and the two types having multiplicative representations of joint receipt have, in contrast to most utility theories, absolute scales of utility. This makes possible, at least in principle, meaningful interpersonal comparisons of utility with desirable properties, thus resolving a long standing philosophical problem and having potentially important implications in economics. Two behavioral criteria are given for the three classes of people. At this point the relative class sizes are unknown.
Foundation's consumer advocacy health reform initiative strengthened groups' effectiveness.

Private foundations may hesitate to fund consumer advocacy for enacting and implementing health reform because the effects are hard to measure, and because they are concerned that funds will be used for lobbying activities that are prohibited by federal tax rules governing private philanthropy. Mathematica Policy Research evaluated a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation initiative supporting state consumer health advocacy networks. During the three-year grant period, most networks coalesced and improved their ability to advocate effectively. A majority of state policy makers reported that consumers became more involved and effective in shaping health policy, and many wanted consumer advocates to remain involved in public debates on implementing federal health reform. The evaluation shows that targeted investments by foundations to strengthen consumer groups’ ability to advocate effectively can help ensure that their voice is heard in critical policy debates.
Endothelium, inflammation, and diabetes

The endothelium has several diverse functions in maintaining vascular integrity in terms of structure and function. Two key vasodilators, nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin, maintain the vascular pathway, inhibit platelet aggregation, and are antithrombotic. More recently, they have been shown to be anti-inflammatory, and thus are potentially antiatherogenic. It has recently been noted that insulin stimulates NO release by the endothelium. Insulin is a vasodilator, has antiplatelet activity, and is anti-inflammatory. Similar anti-inflammatory effects of thiazolidinediones (TZDs), troglitazone and rosiglitazone, suggest that they too may have potential antiatherogenic effects. These effects of insulin and TZDs are important because the two major states of insulin resistance, obesity and type 2 diabetes, are associated with a marked increase in atherosclerosis coronary heart disease, and stroke. These recent observations have extremely momentous implications for the understanding of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in insulin-resistant states and for a rational approach to their comprehensive treatment, including the prevention of atherosclerosis and its complications.
Chronic hypoxia enhances the phrenic nerve response to arterial chemoreceptor stimulation in anesthetized rats.

Chronic exposure to hypoxia results in a time-dependent increase in ventilation called ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia. Increased O2 sensitivity of arterial chemoreceptors contributes to ven...
Picosecond pulses (2 ps) from hybrid mode-locked AlGaAs QW lasers with integrated active waveguide cavities

Single ultrashort optical pulses (2 ps with 17.6 GHz repetition rate) have been generated with hybrid mode-locked monolithic GaAs/AlGaAs lasers at lambda =856 nm. Instead of an external cavity, long active waveguides were used as resonators with a roundtrip frequency of 5.9 GHz. Increasing the pump current in the waveguide far above transparency led to 10 ps pulses with a high peak power of 110 mW. >
A dispositional theory of possibility

The paper defends a naturalistic version of modal actualism according to which what is meta- physically possible is determined by dispositions found in the actual world. We argue that there is just one world - this one - and that all genuine possibilities are grounded in the dispositions exemplified in it. This is the case whether or not those dispositions are manifested. As long as the possibility is one that would obtain were the relevant disposition manifested, it is a genuine possibility. Furthermore, by starting from actual dispositional properties and branching out, we are able to countenance possibilities quite far removed from any state of affairs that happens to obtain, while still providing a natural and actual grounding of possibility. Stressing the impor- tance of ontological considerations in any theory of possibility, it is argued that the account of possibility in terms of dispositional properties provides a more palatable ontology than those of its competitors. Coming at it from the other direction, the dispositional account of possibility also provides motivation for taking an ontology of dispositions more seriously.
Postwar Poultry Problems in Hawaii

(1948). Postwar Poultry Problems in Hawaii. World's Poultry Science Journal: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 18-21.
MODELING CO2 INJECTION AT CRANFIELD, MISSISSIPPI: INVESTIGATION OF METHANE AND TEMPERATURE EFFECTS

A large-scale carbon dioxide (CO2) injection pilot is ongoing at Cranfield, Mississippi, in a saline aquifer with high dissolved methane (CH4) content, employing one injection well and two observation wells. The breakthrough of CH4 and CO2 at the observation wells provides insights to phase partitioning and the multipath nature of flow through the formation. Injected CO2 is cooler than the formation temperature, making temperature another useful observation. Simulations of the first year of CO2 injection were conducted with the numerical simulator TOUGH2 and the equation of state module EOS7C, which includes CO2, CH4, and H2O, using an axisymmetric model with layering based on well logs from the injection well. Although the simplification of an axisymmetric model precludes study of formation dip or lateral heterogeneity, its simple structure enables a focus on physical processes involving the phase partitioning of CH4 and CO2, and temperature effects. Field observations that the model reproduces include the arrival of a bank of free-phase CH4 ahead of the main CO2 plume at each observation well, and non-monotonic changes in CH4 and CO2 mole fraction as a function of time, suggesting that multiple distinct flow paths exist between the injection well and the observation wells, each with its own bank of free-phase CH4 leading the CO2. Model results are compared with temperature observations made in the field with a Distributed Temperature Sensor (DTS) system, suggesting that a well-defined thermal response reached the near observation well within the seven-month monitoring period, but not the more distant observation well. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Duality of constrained elastic manipulation

For unconstrained manipulation, the linear compliance and stiffness models are equivalent. The equivalence does not hold for constrained manipulation, but leads to two dual models. These are analyzed using screw theory and a novel duality is explicitly demonstrated. The eigenstructure of the singular compliance and singular stiffness matrices is determined and several new dual propositions are developed. >
The Collagen Binding Protein Cnm Contributes to Oral Colonization and Cariogenicity of Streptococcus mutans OMZ175

Streptococcus mutans is the etiological agent of dental caries and one of the many bacterial species implicated in infective endocarditis. The expression of the collagen-binding protein Cnm by S. mutans has been associated with extraoral infections, but its relevance for dental caries has only been theorized to date. Due to the collagenous composition of dentinal and root tissues, we hypothesized that Cnm may facilitate the colonization of these surfaces, thereby enhancing the pathogenic potential of S. mutans in advancing carious lesions. As shown for extraoral endothelial cell lines, Cnm mediates the invasion of oral keratinocytes and fibroblasts by S. mutans. In this study, we show that in the Cnm+ native strain, OMZ175, Cnm mediates stringent adhesion to dentinal and root tissues as well as collagen-coated surfaces and promotes both cariogenicity and carriage in vivo. In vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo experiments revealed that while Cnm is not universally required for S. mutans cariogenicity, it contributes to (i) the invasion of the oral epithelium, (ii) enhanced binding on collagenous surfaces, (iii) implantation of oral biofilms, and (IV) the severity of caries due to a native Cnm+ isolate. Taken together, our findings reveal that Cnm is a colonization factor that contributes to the pathogenicity of certain S. mutans strains in their native habitat, the oral cavity.
Multiperspectival news revisited: Journalism and representative democracy

Thirty years ago, I published an ethnographic study of four mainstream national news organizations entitled Deciding What’s News (Gans, 2004 [1979]). In a final chapter devoted to news policy, I ur...
Methodological Quality of Animal Studies of Neuroprotective Agents Currently in Phase II/III Acute Ischemic Stroke Trials

Background and Purpose— Numerous neuroprotective agents have proven effective in animal stroke studies, but every drug has failed to achieve its primary outcome when brought forward to clinical tri...
Spirometry may underestimate airway obstruction in professional Greek athletes.

Purpose Lung development and consequently, lung volumes, are affected by the duration, type and intensity of sporting. Athletes may have higher spirometric values compared to predicted which may lead to misclassification of this population and misdiagnosis during clinical evaluation. The aim of the study was to compare measured spirometric values with those predicted from the European Community for Steel and Coal statement in Greek professional athletes. Methods Measured and predicted spirometric values were recorded from 276 normal professional athletes (168 males, 108 females), aged 15–60 years originated from the metropolitan area of Athens, Greece. Predicted and measured spirometric values were compared using a paired sample t-test and analysed using Bland–Altman method. Results Measured FEV1 was 109.6 (1.02%) and 109.4 (1.29%) and FVC was 110.8 (1.07%) and 109.6 (1.02%) compared to predicted in males and females respectively. The FEV1/FVC ratio was 102.2 (0.55%) and 103.2 (0.58%) compared to predicted for males and females, respectively. Bland–Altman analysis revealed a significant bias and magnitude of difference between predicted and measured spirometric values. Conclusions European Community for Steel and Coal predicted spirometric values significantly underestimated measured lung volumes and FEV1/FVC ratio in Greek athletes of both sexes. Predicted spirometric indices should be used with caution in the evaluation of athletes presenting with respiratory symptoms for the risk of underestimation of restrictive disease or airway obstruction.
Smokeless Tobacco Products as a Harm- Reduction Mechanism: A Research Agenda

Increased awareness of the dangers of cigarettes has failed to prevent millions of Americans fromcontinuing to smoke. Thus, policy makers should consider viable options to reduce the harmful effectsof smoking. Among the proposed options is increasing public awareness of the relative health risk ofsmokeless tobacco in comparison with cigarettes. Compelling scientific evidence indicates thatsmokeless tobacco is considerably less harmful than cigarettes. Therefore, innovative approaches tonicotine replacement, such as smokeless tobacco, may provide an effective means of reducing theoverall harm associated with smoking and ultimately may reduce smoking prevalence in the UnitedStates. The underlying principle of harm reduction is that a product that has adverse healthconsequences is promoted as a substitute for one that has more severe adverse health consequences.As a result, the authors review the relevant literature and put forth a research agenda to advance thisnotion of tobacco harm reduction. The policy debate would be enhanced by evidence of the constructsand relationships outlined in the proposed model. Specifically, the authors discuss five particularareas of needed research.Keywords: smokeless tobacco, harm reduction, cigarettes, tobacco