cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Transaortic and Subclavian Approaches for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement in Patients with No Transfemoral Access Options

Background: To compare outcomes among transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) performed via transaortic (TAo) and subclavian (SCL) approaches. Many patients are not amenable for TAVR via the ...
How to Use Taxonomic Principles in a Non-Scientific Setting to Teach Hierarchical Thinking

Abstract Science education as it is taught in the twenty-first century primarily focuses on scientific literacy, specifically on the process of science and how it can be applied. Most process-driven pedagogical tools are based on hypothesisdriven science, in which the hypothesis is the focal point. In descriptive science, the focal point is the organization of data, leading ultimately to the formation of questions and hypotheses. This technique helps students through the process of data collection, organization, and application without the use of scientific terminology. The students are led through the process using common objects, and then required, as a homework assignment, to collect, organize, and apply their own data. By using this simple, repetitive technique, students will see how a classical scientific field (taxonomy) can be applied to modern life situations.
Dangerously Fit: Extracellular ATP Aids Memory T Cell Metabolism

In a recent issue of Nature, Borges da Silva et al. (2018) reveal that P2RX7, a receptor for extracellular ATP, promotes CD8 T cell memory by enhancing metabolic fitness. This work links an ancient "danger" signal with long-term immunity.
Massive Technological Unemployment Without Redistribution: A Case for Cautious Optimism.

This paper argues that even though massive technological unemployment will likely be one of the results of automation, we will not need to institute mass-scale redistribution of wealth (such as would be involved in, e.g., instituting universal basic income) to deal with its consequences. Instead, reasons are given for cautious optimism about the standards of living the newly unemployed workers may expect in the (almost) fully-automated future. It is not claimed that these predictions will certainly bear out. Rather, they are no less likely to come to fruition than the predictions of those authors who predict that massive technological unemployment will lead to the suffering of the masses on such a scale that significant redistributive policies will have to be instituted to alleviate it. Additionally, the paper challenges the idea that the existence of a moral obligation to help the victims of massive unemployment justifies the coercive taking of anyone else’s property.
Racial Differences in Parental Involvement and Physical and Psychological Maltreatment: Processes Related to Regard for Parents:

Research indicates that perceptions of and regard for parents are important in the parent–child relationship of emerging adults and associated with both emotional and social adjustment and developm...
Synaptic mechanism of A118G OPRM1 Gene Variants In Human Neurons

Abstract Drug use disorders (DUDs) related to prescription opioids (narcotic pain medications) have a huge socioeconomical impact; however, the molecular and cellular mechanism of how opioids function in human is largely unknown. The Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) rs1799971 (OPRM1 A118G), produces a non-synonymous amino acid substitution, replacing Asparagine (N40) with Aspartate (D40), in the μ-opioid receptor (MOR), and is strongly associated with Drug use disorders (DUDs) and alcoholism. The impact of these genetic variants on neural function, including synaptic transmission and its molecular/cellular underpinnings, has not been established in humans. To lay the foundation for addressing these important and outstanding questions, we are using the induced neuronal (iN) cell technology that we have pioneered to generate human neurons carrying homozygous N40 or D40 MORs. Specifically, we have generated multiple induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell lines carrying either homozygous MOR N40 or MOR D40 alleles from human subjects. Additionally, in order to mitigate the possible confounding issues related to the genetic background variations among these subjects, we also used CRISPR/Cas9 mediated gene targeting to create two isogenic pairs of human pluripotent stem cell lines: one introducing homozygous D40 alleles into a human embryonic stem (ES) cell line and the other converting one of the D40 homozygous iPS cell lines to homozygous N40. Using human neurons as a model system, our compelling preliminary data suggest that: 1) activation of both N40 and D40 MORs by agonist DAMGO in human neurons suppresses inhibitory synaptic release and the D40 MORs show stronger inhibitory effects; 2) exposure of human neurons to DAMGO for 1 day leads to loss of the DAMGO-induced suppression of synaptic release, possibly due to internalization of MORs or altered intracellular signaling; and 3) D40 human neurons show defective recovery from the loss of MOR regulation on synaptic transmission induced by prolonged agonist exposure. The objective of this proposal is to determine the functional impact and the underlying cellular/molecular mechanisms of OPRM1 allelic variants. The central hypothesis is that the N40 to D40 substitution leads to aberrant MOR expression and/or downstream signaling, resulting in altered cellular responses. The proposed research is innovative, because we will combine recent developments in stem cell biology with synaptic physiology to directly probe the impact of OPRM1 gene variants on synaptic function in human neurons. Our expectations are that cellular and synaptic function is altered in neurons carrying the MOR D40 variant. This study will provide fundamental biological insight into the regulatory functions of the MOR in human neurons.
Chemical defense responses of upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. to physical wounding.

Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) produces terpenoid aldehydes (TAs) that protect the plant from microbial and insect infestations. Foliar TAs include plus (+)- and minus (-)-gossypol, hemigossypolone, and heliocides. To examine foliar TAs' response to physical wounding, the four TA derivatives of a fully glanded G. hirsutum variety JACO GL were quantified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. The results show that foliar heliocides increased by 1.7-fold in younger leaves after wounding. While the hemigossypolone level was not affected by the physical wounding, the level of heliocides was significantly increased up to 1.8-fold in the younger leaves. Upland cotton accumulates concentrated carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids in foliar extrafloral nectar (EFN) to serve as a nutrient resource, which attracts both beneficial insects and damaging pests. To better understand the nectar physiology, particularly to determine the temporal dynamics of EFN metabolites in response to the wounding, a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was used to perform metabolic profiling analyses of a G. hirsutum variety Deltapine 383 that has fully developed extrafloral nectaries. A total of 301 compounds were monitored, specifically 75 primary metabolites, two secondary metabolites and 224 unidentified compounds. The physical wounding treatment changed the EFN composition and lowered overall production. The accumulation of 30 metabolites was altered in response to the wounding treatment and threonic acid levels increased consistently. GC-MS combined with Kovat's analysis enabled identification of EFN secondary metabolites including furfuryl alcohol and 5-hyrdomethoxyfurfural, which both have antioxidant and antimicrobial properties that may protect the nectar against microbial pathogens. This study provides new insights into the wounding response of cotton plants in terms of cotton metabolites found in leaf glands and extrafloral nectar as well as highlighting some protective functions of secondary metabolites produced in foliar glands and extrafloral nectaries.
Fractionating the all-or-nothing definition of goal-directed and habitual decision-making

Goal-directed and habitual decision-making are fundamental processes that support the ongoing adaptive behavior. There is a growing interest in examining their disruption in psychiatric disease, often with a focus on a disease shifting control from one process to the other, usually a shift from goal-directed to habitual control. However, several different experimental procedures can be used to probe whether decision-making is under goal-directed or habitual control, including outcome devaluation and contingency degradation. These different experimental procedures may recruit diverse behavioral and neural processes. Thus, there are potentially many opportunities for these disease phenotypes to manifest as alterations to both goal-directed and habitual controls. In this review, we highlight the examples of behavioral and neural circuit divergence and similarity, and suggest that interpretation based on behavioral processes recruited during testing may leave more room for goal-directed and habitual decision-making to coexist. Furthermore, this may improve our understanding of precisely what the involved neural mechanisms underlying aspects of goal-directed and habitual behavior are, as well as how disease affects behavior and these circuits.
Evaluating the Outcomes of a Web-Based Stress Management Program for Nurses and Nursing Assistants.

Objective The purpose of this quality improvement project was to determine the utilization, satisfaction, and effect of a web-based stress management program for nurses and nursing assistants (NAs). Methods This quality improvement project provided BREATHE, a web-based stress management program that consisted of six modules that describe, identify, and help nurses manage stress for 31 nurses and NAs working on a subacute rehabilitation unit at a mid-Atlantic community hospital. Measurements The number of login attempts and time spent on the program were included, as were the nurse stress scale (NSS), a 34-item validated instrument that captures seven dimensions of stress, and a seven-item satisfaction survey given at the end of the modules. Results Nurses utilized and were satisfied with the evidence-based program BREATHE and reported significant improvement in NSS scores. Linking evidence to action Findings suggest that BREATHE was effective at reducing the NSS score among nurses and NAs. The web-based nature of the program allowed nurses to engage in it at times most convenient for them, which added to the program's acceptability and overall satisfaction.
Prevalence and Success of Article Purchasing

Librarians from three Kentucky public universities conducted a survey on the prevalence and success of article purchasing programs. They found that a majority of academic libraries offer article pu...
Impact of clinical photographs on the accuracy and confidence in the histopathological diagnosis of mycosis fungoides

Background The histopathological diagnosis of MF is challenging, and there is significant overlap with benign inflammatory processes. Clinical features may be relevant in the assessment of skin biopsies. Methods We provided photomicrographs to board-certified dermatopathologists and one hematopathologist with and without accompanying clinical photographs and assessed accuracy and confidence in diagnosing MF. Results We found that access to clinical photographs improved diagnostic accuracy in both MF and non-MF (distractors); the degree of improvement was significantly higher in the non-MF/distractor category. Across all categories, diagnostic confidence level was higher when clinical images were available. Conclusion These findings suggest that clinical images are useful in making an accurate diagnosis of MF, and may be particularly helpful in ruling it out when an inflammatory disorder is clinically suspected.
Improving prediction of amyloid deposition in Mild Cognitive Impairment with a timed motor task

Cortical amyloid deposition is one of the hallmark biomarkers of Alzheimers disease. However, given how cost- and time-intensive amyloid imaging can be, there is a continued need for a low-cost, non-invasive, and accessible enrichment strategy to pre-screen individuals for their likelihood of amyloid prior to imaging. Previous work supports the use of coordinated limb movement as a potential screening tool, even after controlling for cognitive and daily function. Thirty-six patients diagnosed with amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment over the age of 65 underwent 18F-Flutemetamol amyloid-positron emission tomography imaging, then completed a timed motor task involving upper limb coordination. This task takes [~]5 minutes to administer and score. Multivariate linear regression and Receiver Operator Characteristic analyses showed that including motor task performance improved model prediction of amyloid burden. Results support the rationale for including functional upper extremity motor assessment as a cost- and time-effective means to screen participants for amyloid deposition.
Stimulated Slowing of Yb Atoms on the Narrow 1 S0 → 3 P1 Transition

We propose a method for slowing, cooling and trapping Yb atoms using stimulated forces and only the 1S 0 → 3P 1 transition. With laser frequency chirp, our computer simulation predicts a MOT loading rate over 108 atoms/s.
Additives for Functional Electrolytes of Li-Ion Batteries

The electrolyte is an indispensable element of Li-ion batteries. In normal operation, the electrolyte does not participate in electrochemical reactions but rather conducts ions to enable the electrode reactions on the cathode and anode. The electrolyte is typically composed of a lithium salt as the solute for lithium ions and a solvent or mixed solvent as the medium for ionic conduction.
The pharmacology of aminoglycosides: II. Distinctions among the agents.

The first paper in this series dealt with the similarities among the aminocyclitol agents. In the following discussion, we will emphasize the differences among the commercially available aminoglycosides, highlighting the pharmacokinetic and toxicologic data affecting their rational use.
Fine-grained nanocrystalline silicon p-layer for high open circuit voltage a-Si:H solar cells

Hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) single-junction solar cells with high open circuit voltage (V/sub oc/) are fabricated using a wide bandgap boron doped Si:H p-layer deposited at high hydrogen dilution, low substrate temperature and with H/sub 2/-plasma treatment that promotes nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si:H) formation. This paper presents the structure of this p-type material characterized by Raman scattering spectroscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). It is found that the p-layer that leads to high V/sub oc/ a-Si:H solar cells is a mixed-phase material that contains fine-grained nc-Si:H embedded in a-Si:H matrix.
Consequences of large θ 13 for the turbulence signatures in supernova neutrinos

The transition probabilities for a single neutrino emitted from a point proto-neutron source after passage through a turbulent supernova density profile have been found to be random variates drawn from parent distributions whose properties depend upon the stage of the explosion, the neutrino energy and mixing parameters, the observed channel, and the properties of the turbulence such as the amplitude ${C}_{\ensuremath{\star}}$. In this paper we examine the consequences of the recently measured mixing angle ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{13}$ upon the neutrino flavor transformation in supernova when passing through turbulence, in order to provide some clarity as to what one should expect in the way of turbulence effects in the next supernova neutrino burst signal. We find that the measurements of a relatively large value of ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{13}$ means the neutrinos are relatively immune to small, ${C}_{\ensuremath{\star}}\ensuremath{\lesssim}1%$, amplitude turbulence but as ${C}_{\ensuremath{\star}}$ increases the turbulence effects grow rapidly and spread to all mixing channels. For ${C}_{\ensuremath{\star}}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}10%$ the turbulence effects in the high density resonance mixing channels are independent of ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{13}$ but nonresonant mixing channels are more sensitive to turbulence when ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{13}$ is large.
Yeast Fps1 glycerol facilitator functions as a homotetramer

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fps1 glycerol channel is a member of the major intrinsic protein (MIP) family of plasma membrane channel proteins that functions in osmoregulatory pathways to transport glycerol passively out of the cell. The MIP family is subdivided into members that are selectively permeable to water (aquaporins) and those permeated by glycerol (aquaglyceroporins or glycerol facilitators). Although aquaporins function as homo-tetramers with each monomer possessing its own channel, previous studies have suggested that aquaglyceroporins may function as monomers. Here we provide both genetic and biochemical evidence that Fps1 functions as a homotetramer to regulate glycerol transport in yeast. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
W.V. Quine

The most influential philosopher in the analytic tradition of his time, Willard Van Orman Quine (19082000) changed the way we think about language and its relation to the world. His rejection of the analytic/synthetic distinction, his scepticism about modal logic and essentialism, his celebrated theme of the indeterminacy of translation, and his advocacy of naturalism have challenged key assumptions of the prevailing orthodoxy and helped shape the development of much of recent philosophy. This introduction to Quine's philosophical ideas provides philosophers, students and generalists with an authoritative analysis of his lasting contributions to philosophy. Quine's ideas throughout are contrasted with more traditional views, as well as with contemporaries such as Frege, Russell, Carnap, Davidson, Field, Kripke and Chomsky, enabling the reader to grasp a clear sense of the place of Quine's views in twentieth-century philosophy and the important criticisms of them.
Fiscal Indicators for Economic Growth: An Illusory Search?

The search for ways to ensure growth while accommodating necessary expenditure cuts to correct fiscal imbalances, has often led to the advocacy of the government own savings (GOS) measure as an indicator of growth potential in fiscal adjustment. This paper critically examines the rationale of this approach and its implicit assumption of the primacy of capital expenditure for the growth process. In light of the problems revealed in the GOS approach, the paper explores the possibility of alternative weighted expenditure indicators and illustrates the proposed technique, employing data from Thailand.
The instability of philosophical intuitions: Running hot and cold on truetemp

A growing body of empirical literature challenges philosophers’ reliance on intuitions as evidence based on the fact that intuitions vary according to factors such as cultural and educational background, and socio-economic status. Our research extends this challenge, investigating Lehrer’s appeal to the Truetemp Case as evidence against reliabilism. We found that intuitions in response to this case vary according to whether, and which, other thought-experiments are considered first. Our results show that compared to subjects who receive the Truetemp Case first, subjects first presented with a clear case of knowledge are less willing to attribute knowledge in the Truetemp Case, and subjects first presented with a clear case of non-knowledge are more willing to attribute knowledge in the Truetemp Case. We contend that this instability undermines the supposed evidential status of these intuitions, such that philosophers who deal in intuitions can no longer rest comfortably in their armchairs.
Physiologic and histologic measurements of the rabbit digastric muscle

Abstract Isometric length-tension curves were established for digastric muscles of 14 male New Zealand White rabbits under pentobarbital anaesthesia. Maximum tetanic tension was about 10 N and occurred at muscle lengths slightly less than the probable maximum physiologic length. Tetanic tension rose on the ascending limb and fell on the descending limb of the length-tension curve in equal amounts, making the length-tension curve appear symmetrical. Twitch contractions were fast; time to peak tension about 20 ms. Resting sarcomere lengths at optimum length averaged 3.0 μm, which is longer than the 2.4 μm expected on the basis of maximum thick and thin filament overlap.
2-Aminothiazoles with improved pharmacotherapeutic properties for treatment of prion disease.

Recently, we described the aminothiazole lead (4-biphenyl-4-ylthiazol-2-yl)-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-amine (1), which exhibits many desirable properties, including excellent stability in liver microsomes, oral bioavailability of ∼40 %, and high exposure in the brains of mice. Despite its good pharmacokinetic properties, compound 1 exhibited only modest potency in mouse neuroblastoma cells overexpressing the disease-causing prion protein PrP(Sc) . Accordingly, we sought to identify analogues of 1 with improved antiprion potency in ScN2a-cl3 cells while retaining similar or superior properties. Herein we report the discovery of improved lead compounds such as (6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-[4-(4-pyridin-3-yl-phenyl)thiazol-2-yl]amine and cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (4-biphenylthiazol-2-yl)amide, which exhibit brain exposure/EC50 ratios at least tenfold greater than that of compound 1.
Rapid analysis of cyanuric acid in swimming pool waters by high performance liquid chromatography using porous graphitic carbon

An approach is presented for reducing analysis times of cyanuric acid in swimming pool waters by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC method exploits the unique selectivity of porous graphitic carbon (PGC) to fully resolve cyanuric acid from other pool interferences within 10 min. By carefully timing the injections, multiple injections can be made before the end of the initial chromatographic run, more than doubling sample throughout. The method utilizes 95% of a 50 mM phosphate buffer solution (pH 9.1) and 5% methanol (v/v) with UV detection at 213 nm. This approach yielded run times rivaling those of the fastest methods using silica columns, and with the benefits of increased sensitivity.
A SEARCH FOR SYMMETRY IN THE CONDITIONAL DISCRIMINATIONS OF RHESUS MONKEYS, BABOONS, AND CHILDREN

Abstract Procedures for generating arbitrary matching-to-sample performances may generate only conditional discriminations. Rational grounds for this distinction are proposed, based on the properties that any equivalence relation must possess. Empirical tests are described for determining whether subjects trained on conditional discriminations are also engaged in true matching to sample. A series of studies than leads to the conclusion that proof of true matching to sample by monkeys, pigeons, or baboons is yet to be provided. Whether the absence of such proof reflects experiential factors or species-defined limitations is not presently clear.
The topological structure of connexin 26 and its distribution compared to connexin 32 in hepatic gap junctions.

Of the gap junction proteins characterized to date, Cx26 is unique in that it is usually expressed in conjunction with other members of the family, typically Cx32 (liver [Nicholson et al., Nature 329:732-734, 1987], pancreas, kidney, and stomach [J.-T. Zhang, B.J. Nicholson, J. Cell Biol. 109:3391-3410, 1989]), or Cx43 (leptomeninges [D.C. Spray et al., Brain Res. 568:1-14, 1991] and pineal gland [J.C. Saez et al., Brain Res. 568:265-275, 1991]). We have used specific antisera both to investigate the distribution of Cx32 and Cx26 in isolated liver gap junctions, and empirically establish the topological model of Cx26 suggested by its sequence and analogy to other connexins. Antipeptide antisera were prepared to four of the five hydrophilic domains which flank the four putative transmembrane spanning regions of Cx26. Antibodies to N-terminal residues 1-17 (alpha Cx26-N), to residues 101-119 in the putative cytoplasmic loop (alpha Cx26-CL), and to C-terminal residues 210-226 (alpha Cx26-C) were all specific for Cx26. An antibody to residues 166-185 between hydrophobic domains 3 and 4 of Cx32 had affinity for both Cx26 and Cx32 (alpha Cx32/26-E2). The antigenic sites Cx26-N, -CL and -C were each demonstrated to be cytoplasmically disposed, although the latter was conformationally hidden prior to partial proteolysis. The antigenic site for alpha Cx32/26-E2 was only accessible after exposure of the extracellular face by separation of the junctional membranes in 8 M urea, pH 12.3. This treatment also served to reveal the region between residues 45 and 66 to Asp-N protease. The topology thus demonstrated for Cx26 is consistent with that deduced for other connexins (i.e., Cx32 and Cx43). Comparison of immunogold decorated gap junctions reacted with antibodies specific to Cx26 (alpha Cx26-N and -CL), or to Cx32 [alpha Cx32-CL], indicates that these connexins do not aggregate in subdomains within a junction, at least within the resolution provided by the labeling density (one antibody per 15-22 connexons). Although the presence of both connexins within a single channel could not be distinguished, possible interactions between channels is discussed.
Grammars of Transgression: Golems, Cyborgs, and Mutants

Yod, we're all unnatural now. I have retinal implants. I have a plug set into my skull to interface with a computer. I read time by a corneal implant. Malkah has a subcutaneous unit that monitors and corrects blood pressure, and half her teeth are regrown. Her eyes have been rebuilt twice. Avram has an artificial heart and Gadi a kidney.... I couldn't begin to survive without my personal [computer] base: I wouldn't know who I was.... We're all cyborgs, Yod. You're just a purer form of what we're all tending toward. -Marge Piercy, He, She and It (150)
Outside, Inside: Jewish Justices in the Homeless Society

MARC GALANTER is Evjue-Bascom Professor of Law and South Asian Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison. M.A. 1954, J.D. 1956, University of Chicago. The author is indebted to Jerold Auerbach, Eve Galanter, Stewart Macaulay, Deborah Dash Moore, Dan Pekarsky, and Robert Post for the benefit of their reactions to an earlier draft. 1. No one knows just how many Jewish lawyers there are, but a sense of the Jewish presence in American law can be gathered from the following. Jews made up about 12% of all law students and 22% of law professors in 1975; in the "top twenty law schools" they were about 30% of both students and faculty. These figures are derived from surveys conducted by the Carnegie Commission on Higher Education, reported in Carl A. Auerbach, "Legal Education and Some of Its Discontents," 34 J. Legal Educ., 43, 50 (1984). Explanations of this abundant participation in legal life, ranging from Jewish legalism and textualism to more diffuse and general traits of Jewish life, have foundered on the difficulty of establishing such connections. For some recent attempts, see M. Price, "Text and Intellect," 33 Buffalo L. Rev. 562 (1984); J. Morris, "The American Jewish Judge: An Appraisal on the Occasion of the Bicentennial," 35 Jewish Soc. Stud. 195 (1976); D. Artz, "The People's Lawyers: The Predominance of Jews in Public Interest Law," 35(1) Judaism 47 (Winter 1986). 2. On participation in the legal side of the New Deal, see Jerold S. Auerbach, Unequal Justice: Lawyers and Social Change in Modern America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976) ("Auerbach, Unequal Justice"); on community defense agencies, see Alexander Pekelis, "Full Equality in a Free Society: A Program for Jewish Action," in Law and Social Action (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1950); Marshall Breger, "The Legal Tradition of Jewish Defense Agencies" (unpublished paper); on public interest law, see Artz, 35 Judaism (cited in note 1).
Scaling laws for precision in quantum interferometry and the bifurcation landscape of the optimal state

Phase precision in optimal two-channel quantum interferometry is studied in the limit of large photon number $N\ensuremath{\gg}1$, for losses occurring in either one or both channels. For losses in one channel an optimal state undergoes an intriguing sequence of local bifurcations as the number of photons (or losses) increase. The optimal state has a continuous form in the Fock state basis for large $N$. The loss parameter limits any precision improvement over classical light to at most a constant factor independent of $N$. We determine a crossover value of photon number ${N}_{c}$ beyond which supraclassical precision is progressively lost.
TGF-β Signaling Specifies Axons during Brain Development

Summary In the mammalian brain, the specification of a single axon and multiple dendrites occurs early in the differentiation of most neuron types. Numerous intracellular signaling events for axon specification have been described in detail. However, the identity of the extracellular factor(s) that initiate neuronal polarity in vivo is unknown. Here, we report that transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) initiates signaling pathways both in vivo and in vitro to fate naive neurites into axons. Neocortical neurons lacking the type II TGF-β receptor (TβR2) fail to initiate axons during development. Exogenous TGF-β is sufficient to direct the rapid growth and differentiation of an axon, and genetic enhancement of receptor activity promotes the formation of multiple axons. Finally, we show that the bulk of these TGF-β-dependent events are mediated by site-specific phosphorylation of Par6. These results define an extrinsic cue for neuronal polarity in vivo that patterns neural circuits in the developing brain.
MSH/ACTH 4-10 Influences Behavioral and Physiological Measures of Attention

Eleven healthy male volunteers were infused with MSH/ACTH 4–10 and a control solution in a completely crossed and balanced procedure. Perception, attention and memory were tested as were heart rate and cephalic pulse amplitude in response to changes in the environment. Treatment of subjects with MSH/ACTH 4–10 raised their perceptual threshold for detection of simple stimuli and facilitated perceptual integration of patterned information. Administration of the heptapeptide improved the subjects' ability to discriminate tests of relevant from irrelevant information and augmented the heart–rate deceleratory response during presentation of novel stimuli. It was speculated that MSH/ACTH 4–10 has a predominant influence on attentional processes and that it may be uniquely coded for attentional/perceptual functioning.
New Roles for β-Arrestins in Cell Signaling: Not Just for Seven-Transmembrane Receptors

Summary β-arrestins, originally discovered as molecules that bind to and desensitize the activated and phosphorylated form of the G protein-coupled β 2 -adrenergic receptor (β 2 -AR), have recently emerged as multifunctional adaptor/scaffold proteins that dynamically assemble a wide range of multiprotein complexes in response to stimulation of most seven-transmembrane receptors (7TMRs). These complexes mediate receptor signaling, trafficking, and degradation. Moreover, β-arrestins are increasingly found to perform analogous functions for receptors from structurally diverse classes, including atypical 7TMRs such as frizzled and smoothened, the nicotinic cholinergic receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, and cytokine receptors, thereby regulating a growing list of cellular processes such as chemotaxis, apoptosis, and metastasis.
MICROBIAL QUALITY OF FRESH‐CUT ICEBERG LETTUCE WASHED IN WARM OR COLD WATER AND IRRADIATED IN A MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGE*

ABSTRACT The microbial keeping quality of fresh-cut iceberg lettuce was determined after being washed in either cold water (5C) for 3 min or warm water (47C) for 2 min followed by a cold water rinse (5C) and packaged in a modified atmosphere film bag. The lettuce samples were treated with gamma radiation to 0, 1 or 2 kGy while maintaining a refrigerated temperature (4C). The samples were analyzed for total aerobic, total coliform and Enterobacteriaceae counts after refrigerated storage up to 12 days. No difference in aerobic counts was observed between the hot- and cold-washed samples immediately after washing. The coliform and Enterobacteriaceae counts were reduced by 2 log after the warm water wash and no difference for the cold water-washed sample. The irradiation treatment at 1 kGy reduced the aerobic, coliform and Enterobacteriaceae counts by 2 log for the warm-washed samples. At the 2-kGy treatment level, the aerobic and coliform counts were reduced by 3 log for the cold-washed lettuce, whereas the Enterobacteriaceae counts were reduced by only 2 log. The observed log reductions in bacterial counts after irradiation were maintained for 12 days when stored at 4C. The combination of a cold water wash and irradiation to 2 kGy had the best microbial keeping quality. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Fresh-cut lettuce, when washed in either cold or warm water, shows neither an appreciable removal of the microbial load nor a significant increase in the keeping quality when compared with unwashed fresh-cut controls. Placing the washed lettuce into modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) did not lessen the overall bacteriologic load, and after 12 days of storage at 4C, the microbial counts increased. However, gamma irradiation of the washed, MAP-stored lettuce to a dose of 2 kGy significantly reduces the overall microbe count, thereby increasing both the shelf life and the safety of the produce. A 2-kGy dose of gamma irradiation provides a pathogen-free, long shelf life, fresh-cut lettuce that is bacteriologically safer and sensorially indistinguishable from bagged, nonirradiated, fresh-cut lettuce.
Democratic Practices in Arts Organizations

This article uses democratic political theory to compare three types of arts management practices. When art is treated as an elite status good, it is likely to have antidemocratic effects that largely reproduce status hierarchies. When art is treated as an exclusive group identity good, as in the case of identity politics, it is likely to contribute to democracy by giving voice to marginalized groups. Finally, when art is treated as an inclusive social good, it is likely to contribute to democracy by producing solidarity and encouraging commonality. The article concludes by encouraging an ecological approach that fosters multiple voices and multiple goals.
Disappearance curves of intravenously administered I131-triolein in the human subject

Abstract 1. 1. Synthetic emulsions containing I 131 -triolein were administered intravenously to nine control subjects with no evidence of lipid disease, five patients with myocardial infarction, three with hypothyroidism and one with primary amyloidosis of the heart. 2. 2. No severe toxic reactions were noted. 3. 3. Disappearance curves of radioactivity from the whole blood, the circulating lipoprotein and the ratio of the circulating lipoprotein to whole blood were obtained. These showed a rapid disappearance phase, followed by a slower disappearance phase and evidence of recycling. 4. 4. There was no difference between the control group and the patients with myocardial infarction. 5. 5. The patients with hypothyroidism and the patient with primary amyloidosis showed delayed excretion of the radioactivity from the blood and circulating lipoprotein fraction.
Statistical Considerations in the Design and Analysis of Studies of Veterinary Drug Products

(1992). Statistical Considerations in the Design and Analysis of Studies of Veterinary Drug Products. Clinical Research and Regulatory Affairs: Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 211-224.
Major depression in Chinese Americans: the roles of stress, vulnerability, and acculturation.

This study examined the relationship between recent negative life events, level of acculturation and other psychosocial risk factors in predicting major depression in Chinese Americans. Data were collected on 1,747 Chinese immigrants and native-born residents of the United States (ages 18–65) who resided in Los Angeles County between 1993 and 1994. Findings indicated that a positive psychiatric history increased risk for major depression at Time 2, while social conflicts and traumatic life events moderated the effects of negative life events in increasing risk for major depression. In addition, level of acculturation moderated the effects of recent negative events in increasing risk, but only for those who were more highly acculturated. The importance of testing the cross-cultural applicability of the stress-vulnerability hypothesis among ethnic minorities and extending them to include immigrant vulnerabilities is discussed
Mortality of the honey bee, Apis mellifera, in colonies treated with certain biological insecticides.

Abstract Candidate insect pathogens were fed at various levels to honey bees ( Apis mellifera ) either in small cages or in observation hives. The pathogens tested included two polyhedrosis viruses, a granulosis virus, a commercial preparation of Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis , spores, crystals, and the exotoxin of this variety, plus the crystals of varieties alesti and sotto . No mortality was recorded as a result of treatment with any of these pathogens except with the highest level of the exotoxin of B. thuringiensis .
Step Instabilities: A New Kinetic Route to 3D Growth.

Atomic force microscopy studies of Ge/Si(001) molecular beam epitaxy growth reveal a crucial new role of surface steps in the 2D to 3D transition. At or near step flow we show that {ital S}{sub {ital A}} steps undergo a stress-driven triangular step instability. The resulting spatial variation of surface strain, although small, can dramatically influence the activation barrier for 3D island nucleation. This provides a surprising kinetic route for the onset of 3D growth associated with the apex regions of triangular steps.
Sand Transport over an Immobile Gravel Substrate

AbstractExperiments were conducted in a laboratory flume channel to evaluate the effects of increasing amounts of sand on its transport over and through an immobile coarse gravel bed. Detailed measurements of sand transport rate, bed texture, and bed topography were collected for four different discharges at approximately the same flow depth of 0.2 m for 11 different elevations of sand in the gravel bed. Sand transport was measured using both physical samples and a density cell. For a given flow rate, increases in the elevation of sand relative to gravel resulted in decreases of bed shear stress from 32–44% and increases in sand transport by three orders of magnitude. For the highest two discharges, the sand merged into a small number of long and low bed forms that translated through and over the gravel bed. A collapse of the transport data was accomplished by relating the sand transport rate to the bed shear stress scaled by the cumulative probability distribution function of the gravel surface evaluated...
A possible role for endogenous opioids in the control of prolactin and luteinizing-hormone secretion in the human

We investigated the participation by endogenous opioid peptides in the control of prolactin and gonadotropin secretion in 5 normal men and 6 normal women, and in 4 men and 5 women with persisting hyperprolactinemia following transsphenoidal pituitary microsurgery for prolactinomas. Iv administration of the specific opiate-receptor antagonist, naloxone hydrochloride (0.2 mg/kg bolus), failed to affect serially sampled serum prolactin levels in normal male or female subjects. With prolactinoma patients, naloxone suppressed hyperprolactinemia to 37% and 32% of mean control values in 2 of 4 males, but in none of 6 females. When luteinizing hormone was serially sampled under the same conditions, 5 of 5 normal males (but no female, normal or abnormal) demonstrated a monophasic increase in serum LH concentrations after injection of the antagonist. The LH peak was 55 ± 4% above basal levels (p < 0.01). In contrast to normal men, only one of 4 hyperprolactinemic male patients manifested a stimulatory response of LH to naloxone. Among all 20 subjects, none exhibited a change in FSH levels acutely after naloxone. These data suggest that: i) naloxone will not fulfill its postulated role as an ideal therapy for hyperprolactinemia and hypogonadotropism, at least in women; ii) endogenous opioids may participate in the neuroendocrine regulation of LH secretion in the normal human; iii) male-female differences may modify the role of endogenous opioids; and iv) some male patients with hyperprolactinemia exhibit defective opioid-related neuroregulation of LH secretion.
Stability of fluoride complex with silica and its distribution in natural water systems

Abstract Fluoride reacts with silicic acid to form SiF2−6. A fluoride electrode was used to obtain an equilibrium constant of 1030.18 for the reaction: Si(OH) 0 6 + 6 F − +4 H + = SiF 2− 6 + 4 H 2 O at 25°C Although there may be some experimental evidence for existence of traces of species containing less than six F− ions per silicon (n = 6), the species SiF2−6 predominates for n values from about 0.1 to 6. Silicic-acid complexing with fluoride is important only in solutions which have rather low pH and low concentrations of other cations which compete with silicon for fluoride. Computations for cold volcanic condensates from Hawaii indicate that for some samples much of the silicon is complexed by fluoride as SiF2−6. However, in most cooled acidic natural water samples Al and Fe are more important than Si in complexing fluoride.
Range-Selective Imaging

Images of our three dimensional world are two dimensional in form. They are conveniently handled and observed in this form. However, in this form, the third dimension is lost. The angular relationship of objects in a scene relative to the imaging device are recorded but not their distance. We can obtain object distance by analysis of two sets of angular relationships imaged as a stereo pair. Distance information can also be obtained directly by propagation time measurement as in radar or laser ranging. Using a single detector these ranging devices are non-image producing. However, by sequential scanning in angle they can, in time, gather data to produce an image. Thus the stereo pair and the scanning radar provide us with two means to observe and record the three dimensions of our environment.
Performance modeling for large database systems

One of the unique approaches Science Applications International Corporation took to meet performance requirements was to start the modeling effort during the proposal phase of the Interstate Identification Index/Federal Bureau of Investigations (III/FBI) project. The III/FBI Performance Model uses analytical modeling techniques to represent the III/FBI system. Inputs to the model include workloads for each transaction type, record size for each record type, number of records for each file, hardware envelope characteristics, engineering margins and estimates for software instructions, memory, and I/O for each transaction type. The model uses queuing theory to calculate the average transaction queue length. The model calculates a response time and the resources needed for each transaction type. Outputs of the model include the total resources needed for the system, a hardware configuration, and projected inherent and operational availability. The III/FBI Performance Model is used to evaluate what-if scenarios and allows a rapid response to engineering change proposals and technical enhancements.
Mismatch negativity and low frequency oscillations in schizophrenia families

Objective Theta-alpha range oscillations have been associated with MMN in healthy controls. Our previous studies showed that theta-alpha activities are highly heritable in schizophrenia patients’ families. We aimed to test the hypothesis that theta-alpha activities may contribute to MMN in schizophrenia patients and their family members.
Effects of protein synthesis inhibitors on sleep and seizure susceptibility in kindled and nonkindled cats.

This study examined the effects of protein synthesis inhibitors on sleep and seizure susceptibility in kindled and nonkindled cats. Animals were treated with chloramphenicol or its congener, thiamphenicol (150 mg/kg, oral), at 12-hr intervals over a 30-hr period. State pattern variables were monitored continuously during the first 24 hr. At 30 hr, animals were administered convulsive doses of monomethylhydrazine (10 mg/kg, ip), and seizure latencies, measured from the time of drug injection to the onset of tonic—clonic convulsions, were determined. Circadian state pattern percentages for untreated kindled and nonkindled animals agreed with values reported in previous studies. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was significantly reduced in animals treated with chloramphenicol, but was unaffected by thiamphenicol administration. Seizure latencies were unaltered in nonkindled cats pretreated with protein synthesis inhibitors; however, seizure susceptibility in kindled animals was significantly enhanced following chloramphenicol administration. Thus, protein synthesis inhibition reduced seizure thresholds only when it was associated with the suppression of REM sleep in animals predisposed to seizures. This finding suggested that the functional stability of neural systems is, to some extent, dependent upon REM related anabolic activity.
The Influence of Labeling the Vegetable Content of Snack Food on Children's Taste Preferences: A Pilot Study

Abstract Objective This pilot study examined whether informing children of the presence of vegetables in select snack food items alters taste preference. Methods A random sample of 68 elementary and middle school children tasted identical pairs of 3 snack food items containing vegetables. In each pair, 1 sample's label included the food's vegetable (eg, broccoli gingerbread spice cake), and 1 sample's label did not (eg, gingerbread spice cake). Participants reported whether the samples tasted the same, or whether they preferred one sample. Frequency of vegetable consumption was also assessed. Results Taste preferences did not differ for the labeled versus the unlabeled sample of zucchini chocolate chip bread, χ2 (2, n = 68) = 3.21, P = .20 or broccoli gingerbread spice cake χ2 (2, n = 68) = 2.15, P = .34. However, students preferred the unlabeled cookies (ie, chocolate chip cookies) over the vegetable-labeled version (ie, chickpea chocolate chip cookies), χ2 = (2, n = 68) 9.21, P = .01. Chickpeas were consumed less frequently (81% had not tried in past year) as compared to zucchini and broccoli. Conclusions and Implications Informing children of the presence of vegetables hidden within snack food may or may not alter taste preference and may depend on the frequency of prior exposure to the vegetable.