cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interference modulation of photoemission from biased metal cathodes driven by two lasers of the same frequency

We propose to use two lasers of the same frequency to achieve interference modulation of photoelectron emission. Using a quantum mechanical model, we study the time-resolved photoelectron energy spectra and emission current modulation under different laser and dc fields. We find that strong interference modulation of photoemission can be easily achieved with two lasers of the same frequency, due to, on one hand, the straightforward access to the single-frequency laser pairs in experiments and, on the other hand, the low threshold value of the ratio of the laser fields for large modulation depth even with a strong dc field. Our study demonstrates the capability of using interference modulation by single-frequency laser pairs for practical measurements of time-resolved photoelectron energy spectra.
Padding of LFSR Seeds for Reduced Input Test Data Volume

In a commonly used test data compression method, the on-chip decompression logic is based on a linear-feedback shift-register ( $LFSR$ ), and compressed tests consist of seeds for the $LFSR$ . A seed can be modified and used for applying several different tests. This reduces the input test data volume further than the basic test data compression method. In this context, this article introduces a new approach for applying several different tests based on every seed. The new approach pads a seed in different ways to obtain new seeds for LFSR s with more bits, all of which can be implemented by a single programmable LFSR . The advantage of using LFSR s with more bits is that they are effective in detecting more target faults, thus supporting test compaction together with a reduction in the input test data volume. The experimental results for benchmark circuits demonstrate these points.
Evaluation of a Commercially Available Autonomous Visual Inertial Odometry Solution for Indoor Navigation

In this paper, an Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) navigation solution using the Intel RealSense T265, a commercially available Visual Inertial Odometry device, is developed and presented in conjunction with an Extended Kalman Filter framework. Comparisons of raw and estimated position and yaw angle data from the device are made against ground truth measurements obtained via a motion capture system. Preliminary results from hand-carry tests show promising localization capability as the device continues to gather information about its environment. Further localization improvements may be achievable with varied software configurations. The performance of the Extended Kalman Filter during closed-loop flight is also evaluated, and shows smoothing of noisy measurements from the T265 and generally precise trajectory following capabilities. Future work to extend this characterization shall involve testing the performance of the device across varying flight envelopes, and especially for longer durations.
Exploring the cost burden of rural rental housing

Abstract As rural landscapes change in both geography and population, it is increasingly important to understand the unique challenges faced by these communities. Of notable significance is the rising cost of housing relative to household income – a measure often referred to as the housing cost-burden. Its subsequent effect on affordable and accessible housing is experienced on a national level, yet perceptions often place rural communities among the most vulnerable. The proceeding research seeks to challenge this notion and further analyze what rural residents, specifically rural renters, face in managing their housing costs. For instance, utilities are an often-overlooked contribution to the severity of the overall burden. Their presence as fixed, unadjusted, housing costs lie in aggregate of more direct expenditures. While utilities may lack immediacy, they are pervasive in their prolonged impact. Therefore, it is a combination of factors that make sub-populations of rural areas more susceptible to housing cost externalities. The importance lies in the subtle differences, where considerable policy opportunities exist.
Competition between Superconductivity and Charge Stripe Order in High Tc Cuprates

Members of the high Tc cuprate family (with defect free $CuO_2$ planes) are suggested to have an `{\em Intrinsic single layer superconducting} Tc', larger than the experimentally observed Tc, at a given hole concentration. This difference occurs to varying degrees among the different members, due to an anomalous response of the d-wave superconducting state to self generated charge perturbations. In particular, any quasi elastic charge stripe order, arising from electron-electron and electron- lattice coupling, can suppress the large intrinsic superconducting Tc. Existing experimental results on the wide Tc variation in the single layer cuprate families, such as the low Tc ($\approx 38 K, 33 K$) of LSCO and Bi-2201 compared to high Tc ($\approx 95 K, 98 K$) of Tl-2201 and Hg-1201, the strain induced increase in Tc (25 to 50 K) observed in LSCO are qualitatively explained by our mechanism. We predict that under proper epitaxial strain the Tc of LSCO and Bi-2201 should increase from 30's all the way upto the intrinsic Tc $\sim $ 90 K, at optimal doping.
Arbitrage-free valuation of interest rate securities under forward curves with stochastic speed and acceleration

Abstract Arbitrage-free models for valuing interest rate securities posit that stochastic changes in spot or forward interest rates (forward rate “speed”) follow a diffusion process. This paper extends the Heath, Jarrow and Morton [Bond pricing and the term structure of interest rates: a new methodology for contingent claims valuations, Econometrica 60 (1992) 77–105], HJM framework by allowing diffusive shocks to both the “speed” and “acceleration” of forward rates. The arbitrage-free restriction on forward rates is identified and involves volatilities of the speed and acceleration dynamics and their correlation. Although the extended forward rates remain in the diffusive framework and evolve continuously, they may exhibit large changes over short intervals (as with jumps) due to stochastic acceleration. Comparisons of bond prices show that the proposed model generates more complex and intricate shapes for the restricted forward curve with the same number of stochastic factors and volatility.
Quality-Adjusted Life Years and Disability-Adjusted Life Years Are Better With Concurrent Chemoradiation Therapy Than Induction Chemotherapy Followed by Chemoradiation Therapy in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.

Introduction As traditional measures such as overall survival (OS) or disease-free survival (DFS) alone do not give a holistic view of the outcomes of a treatment paradigm, we determine to add the evidence of quality-adjusted life year (QALY) and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) to the outcomes of the nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients (NCP) treated with definitive chemoradiation therapy (chemoRT) with or without induction chemotherapy (induction chemo). Methods This is a retrospective analysis of 85 NCPs treated at an academic state institution. The OS estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and the multivariate Cox regression model determined the co-variables associated with the OS. The relationship between QALYs gained and DALYs saved were calculated from age of the disease onset, duration of the disease, quality of life (QoL) and disability weights. Results Of the 85 eligible NCPs of this cohort, the disease frequency distribution per the World Health Organization (WHO) classification was 41.2% for Type-I, 42.4% for Type-II, and 16.5% for Type-III. The median follow-up (24 months). The five-year OS of patients treated with concurrent chemoRT vs. induction chemo followed by concurrent chemoRT was 54.7 vs. 14.8% for WHO Type I, 60.1 vs. 58.3% for WHO Type II, and 83.3 vs. 50.0% for WHO Type III (p=0.029). The average DALYs saved with concurrent chemoRT were 12.2 years vs. 5 years for induction chemo followed by concurrent chemoRT. The average QALYs gained with concurrent chemoRT were 6.9 years vs. 3.1 years for induction chemo followed by concurrent chemoRT. Conclusion Patients treated with concurrent chemoRT had an increased QoL when compared to induction chemo followed by concurrent chemoRT. The average DALYs saved were higher in the patients treated with concurrent chemoRT than treated with induction chemo followed by concurrent chemoRT.
All Talk and No Action? A Comparative Analysis of Nonprofit Twitter Chats

Many nonprofits utilize social media, but questions regarding the format’s practical value persist. Twitter chats hold the potential to produce substantive outcomes for organizations but have recei...
From Structure to Solutions: The Role of Basic Research in Developing Anthrax Countermeasures: Microbiology Graduate Program Seminar: Anthrax Toxin

Dr. John Collier traced the discoveries that elucidated the structure and function of the anthrax toxin in his talk “Anthrax Toxin,” which was part of the Microbiology Graduate Program Seminar Series at Yale School of Medicine on February 23, 2012. Dr. Collier, Professor of Microbiology and Immunobiology at Harvard University, began by noting the advantages to studying anthrax pathogenesis in a biosafety level-1 lab. This designation does not merely facilitate his research, but also reflects a larger trend of basic research being leveraged to develop translational applications. Basic research on toxin structure has led to the development of a vaccine by Dr. Collier’s group. Next-generation prophylactics also may stem from recent discoveries uncovering a role for cellular cofactors that mediate toxin function. Finally, basic research into the toxin substructure has facilitated efforts to change the receptor tropism to target dysregulated cells for therapeutic purposes. The urgency around biodefense agents makes the choice of research priorities a salient issue. As such, this author submits that basic research occupies a unique and lucrative niche driving clinical applications.
Interferons as gene activators. Indications for repeated gene duplication during the evolution of a cluster of interferon-activatable genes on murine chromosome 1.

We have described earlier a gene cluster, including at least six interferon-activatable genes closely linked to the erythroid α spectrin locus and the serum amyloid P-component locus on murine chromosome 1. Here, we report that sequences of three genes from the cluster (the 201, 202, and 204 genes) are very similar in a segment extending from at least 550 nucleotides upstream of the 3′ end of the transcription initiation region to beyond the first exon intron border (96% similarity between the 202 and 204 genes and 89% similarity between the 201 and 204 genes). This region contains the following two types of interferon-responsive enhancers: a GA box and a Friedman Stark sequence. The proteins coded for by the 202 gene (51 kDa) and the 204 gene (72 kDa) are hydrophilic. The amino acids have been conserved in the two proteins in 47% of the sequence. Each protein includes two apparently contiguous, approximately 200-amino acid long segments with much sequence similarity (27% in the 202 protein and 34% in the 204 protein). These segments are preceded in the 204 protein only by a segment including four perfect and three imperfect repeats of a 7 amino acid sequence. These and other data suggest that the evolution of the gene cluster involved the duplication of a DNA segment generating a double length transcription unit and subsequent divergence and duplication of this unit giving rise to at least two interferon-activatable genes (the 202 and 204 genes).
Corporate Governance in Pakistan: Analysis of Current Challenges and Recommendations for Future Reforms

INTRODUCTION 323 OVERVIEW OF PAKISTAN’S CORPORATE GOVERNANCE REGIME 325 Business Ethics—Islamic Considerations 326 The Accountability Ordinance 327 CURRENT CHALLENGES AND SUGGESTED MEASURES 328 Ownership Structure, Common Law, and Civil Law 328 Minority Shareholders 329 Expansion of Audit Committee—Legal Expertise 330 Additional Measures 331 FUTURE CHALLENGES 332
Testing of knee extension muscle strength: A comparison of two portable alternatives for the NIH toolbox study

Given the functional and epidemiological significance of lower extremity strength, portable, low-cost measures of lower extremity strength with robust psychometric properties are needed for clinical practice and research. The purpose of this study was to compare measures of isometric knee extension strength obtained with portable devices with criterion measures obtained with a Biodex dynamometer. Sixty-eight healthy adults from Illinois and Connecticut participated in this study. Each participant's isometric knee extension strength was tested in random order using: 1) an integrated tension load cell device (ITLCD), 2) a belt stabilized hand held dynamometer (BSHHD) and 3) a Biodex System 3 isokinetic dynamometer. Equivalence of the 3 measures was evaluated using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson correlations (r), and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Results supported good agreement between measures obtained with the ITLCD, BSHHD and Biodex ( r> 0.90, ICCs > 0.79). The ANOVA results demonstrated that measures obtained with the ITLCD and the BSHHD did not differ significantly. On average, the maximum isometric knee extension torque was underestimated by 27 N-m and 32 N-m by the ITLCD and BSHHD, respectively. Because The ITLCD was slightly better at approximating Biodex torque scores and does not depend on skills of the examiner, the ITLCD was recommended for inclusion in the motor battery of the NIH Toolbox.
Characterization of porcine malate dehydrogenase. II. Amino acid sequence of a peptide containing the active center histidine residue.

Abstract Selective chemical modification of 2 residues of histidine in mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase ( l -malate:NAD + oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.37) from porcine heart with the reagent iodoacetamide occurs concomitant with total inactivation of the enzyme. The presence of the reduced cofactor NADH fully protects the enzyme from inactivation, thus suggesting that alkylation is occuring at or near the coenzyme binding site. A tryptic peptide containing the modified residue has been isolated and analyzed for composition. The amino acid sequence of this peptide has been determined to be NH 2 -Val-Ser-Val-Pro-Ile-carboxymethylHis-Gly-Gly-(Val,Ala,Gly)-Lys-OH. The hydrophobic nature of the peptide, in relation to its function in the area of the coenzyme binding site, is discussed.
Connection based strategies for deciding propositional temporal logic

Connection methods have proven their value for efficient automated theorem proving in classical logics. However, these methods have not been extended to temporal logics due to the lack of a subformula property in existing proof procedures. We show that a slightly looser generalized subformula property exists for temporal logics. We then exploit this generalized subformula property to develop a temporal notion of polarities and connections, upon which we base an efficient proof procedure for propositional temporal logic. The proof procedure is structured around semantic tableau augmented with connections, and we propose a number of connection-based strategies. The procedure achieves many of the benefits of connection methods. The method is also sufficiently general to be extensible to other temporal logics. Experimental results indicate substantial speedup resulting from this approach.
Constitutive phosphorylation of eps8 in tumor cell lines: relevance to malignant transformation.

eps8, a recently identified tyrosine kinase substrate, has been shown to augment epidermal growth factor (EGF) responsiveness, implicating it in EGF receptor (EGFR)-mediated mitogenic signaling. We investigated the status of eps8 phosphorylation in normal and transformed cells and the role of eps8 in transformation. In NIH 3T3 cells overexpressing EGFR (NIH-EGFR), eps8 becomes rapidly phosphorylated upon EGF stimulation. At receptor-saturating doses of EGF, approximately 30% of the eps8 pool is tyrosine phosphorylated. Under physiological conditions of activation (i.e., at low receptor occupancy), corresponding to the 50% effective dose of EGF for mitogenesis, approximately 3 to 4% of the eps8 contains phosphotyrosine. In human tumor cell lines, we detected constitutive tyrosine phosphorylation of eps8, with a stoichiometry (approximately 5%) similar to that associated with potent mitogenic response in NIH-EGFR cells. Overexpression of eps8 was able to transform NIH 3T3 cells under limiting conditions of activation of the EGFR pathway. Concomitant tyrosine phosphorylation of eps8 and shc, but not of rasGAP, phospholipase C-gamma, and eps15, was frequently detected in tumor cells. This suggested that eps8 and shc might be part of a pathway which is preferentially selected in some tumors. Cooperation between these two transducers was further indicated by the finding of their in vivo association. This association was, at least in part, dependent on recognition of shc by the SH3 domain of eps8. Our results indicate that eps8 is physiologically part of the EGFR-activated signaling and that its alterations can contribute to the malignant phenotype.
Elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in preterm infants with pulmonary colonization with Ureaplasma.

Background: A link between pulmonary Ureaplasma spp. colonization in premature infants and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) exists and could possibly contribute to systemic inflammation. Methods: A prospective cohort study was performed from July 2006 to July 2007 where very low birth weight (VLBW) premature infants were screened at birth. Serum and tracheal aspirate samples were collected during the first 28 days of life that represented the early high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) group, and follow-up samples obtained between 28-42 days of life were the late hs-CRP group. An Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for hs-CRP was performed on serum samples while tracheal aspirates underwent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis for Ureaplasma spp. Results: A total of 65 patients were screened. 30 patients completed full analysis, 15 died before early and late hs-CRP samples could be obtained, and 20 had incomplete data due to early discharge or transfer. There was no significant difference between all early and late hs-CRP group levels (mg/L), median [interquartile range] 1.019 [0.242, 5.844] vs. 0.773 [0.143, 8.954] (P=0.3958); however, there was a significant difference when comparing Ureaplasma spp. positivity vs. negativity between both groups, median 2.223 [0.398, 7.099] vs. 0.675 [0.219, 4.038] (P=0.0131) for the early group and median 2.335 [0.359, 14.91] vs. 0.2155 [0.122, 2.296] (P=0.03) for the late group, respectively. Conclusions: VLBW premature infants colonized with Ureaplasma spp. have an elevated hs-CRP, suggestive of a chronic low-grade systemic inflammatory response.
10. THE IMPACT OF ILLNESS IN ADOLESCENCE AND COPING BEHAVIOR

The emotional impact of serious illness or injury bears just as much potential for being disabling to an adolescent as does the condition itself. It is also these concerns and the possibilities for difficult behavior on the part of teenagers on the ward which frequently cause staff members to feel at a loss when caring for this reputedly difficult age group. But if one carefully examines the specific developmental stresses of illness and the various coping mechanisms by which the youth may counter them, a logical management approach emerges. To a large degree this approach depends on compensation, intellectualization, displacement and constructive denial but also recognizes that destructive denial, regression and projection do normally and naturally occur at various points in the course of illness and hospitalization and that panic and acting out may also readily occur, but less frequently. The deterence of the more deleterious responses and promotion of the more felicitous depends on a ward setting which provides for the adolescent's growing need for independence and self-determination; for continued reassurance about body image integrity, for resumption of mastery and control; and for the maintenance or restoration of his sense of self-worth. These goals are achieved by encouraging the youth to be an active partner in his own care; to share in decisions made about his condition; to pursue just as much independent self-management as he can; to actively engage in establishing a peer group with other adolescents in the ward; to continue with his education, socialization, personal interests and outside peer contacts as much as possible; and to feel that the staff respects his dignity and privacy, likes him as a person and appreciates the courage and effort with which he is facing a difficult time.
Multivariate Logistic Regression for Predicting Total Culturable Virus Presence at the Intake of a Potable-Water Treatment Plant: Novel Application of the Atypical Coliform/Total Coliform Ratio

Predicting the presence of enteric viruses in surface waters is a complex modeling problem. Multiple water quality parameters that indicate the presence of human fecal material, the load of fecal material, and the amount of time fecal material has been in the environment are needed. This paper presents the results of a multiyear study of raw-water quality at the inlet of a potable-water plant that related 17 physical, chemical, and biological indices to the presence of enteric viruses as indicated by cytopathic changes in cell cultures. It was found that several simple, multivariate logistic regression models that could reliably identify observations of the presence or absence of total culturable virus could be fitted. The best models developed combined a fecal age indicator (the atypical coliform [AC]/total coliform [TC] ratio), the detectable presence of a human-associated sterol (epicoprostanol) to indicate the fecal source, and one of several fecal load indicators (the levels of Giardia species cysts, coliform bacteria, and coprostanol). The best fit to the data was found when the AC/TC ratio, the presence of epicoprostanol, and the density of fecal coliform bacteria were input into a simple, multivariate logistic regression equation, resulting in 84.5% and 78.6% accuracies for the identification of the presence and absence of total culturable virus, respectively. The AC/TC ratio was the most influential input variable in all of the models generated, but producing the best prediction required additional input related to the fecal source and the fecal load. The potential for replacing microbial indicators of fecal load with levels of coprostanol was proposed and evaluated by multivariate logistic regression modeling for the presence and absence of virus.
Preliminary insights into the in-group/out-group effect in partially distributed teams: an analysis of participant reflections

This paper explores issues related to the effectiveness of partially-distributed teams. In each of 12 student teams within a major university, the majority of team members were collocated at the main campus, while the remaining members were located at either one or two branch campuses. Teams worked on a semester long project for a leading Internet Entertainment subsidiary of a Fortune 100 company. One of the unique challenges of partially distributed teams is the in-group/out-group effect that is associated with geographical distance. A preliminary qualitative analysis of team member weekly reflections reveals that two other faultlines, namely the power faultline and information flow faultline, existed in parallel with the geographic faultline, and served to widen the "us vs. them" split. However, the degree of in-group/out-group varied across teams. Three factors -- work ethic, work quality, and media mix -- moderated the team interaction process to alter the level of conflict and trust and the resulting degree of in-group/out-group effect experienced by partially distributed teams. We discuss these findings and our plans for continued research in this area.
Construction of guilds for habitat assessment

This article outlines a procedure for developing guilds for use in habitat assessment studies. It is based on a matrix constructed around layers of vegetation and other physical features of the environment used by vertebrate species for feeding and breeding. Modifications to permit inclusion of other life requirements such as cover are discussed. Examples are used to illustrate how species are assigned to guild cells based on their use of habitat, and how the association between a species and its environment does not have to be direct to influence the species' placement within the matrix.
Low temperature crystallization of amorphous silicon using an excimer laser

Low temperature processing is a prerequisite for compatible technologies involving combined a-Si and poly-silicon devices or for fabricating these devices on glass substrates. This paper describes excimer-laser-induced crystallization of thin amorphous silicon films deposited by plasma CVD (a-Si:H) and LPCVD (a-Si). The intense, pulsed UV produced by the laser is highly absorbed by the thin amorphous material, but the average temperature is compatible with low temperature processing. The process produces crystallites whose structure and electrical characteristics vary according to starting material and laser scan parameters. The crystallized films have been principally characterized using x-ray diffraction, TEM, and transport measurements. The results indicate that crystallites nucleate in the surface region and are randomly oriented. The degree of crystallization near the surface increases as the doping level and/or deposited laser energy density is increased. The crystallite size increases with a power law dependence on deposited energy, while the conductivity increases exponentially above threshold for unintentionally doped PECVD films. The magnitude of the Hall mobility of the highly crystallized samples is increased by two orders of magnitude over that of the amorphous starting material.
Preimmunization Anti-Pneumococcal Antibody Levels Are Protective in a Majority of Patients With Cystic Fibrosis

Objective. Although invasive pneumococcal disease is infrequent in cystic fibrosis (CF), it is recommended that all patients with CF receive pneumococcal immunization. As part of a comprehensive program to immunize our clinic population, we obtained preimmunization anti-pneumococcal antibody levels. We hypothesized that the percentage of CF patients without protective levels of anti-pneumococcal antibody levels would be high, as they are exposed to frequent antibiotic therapy that may eradicate organisms before generation of an antibody response. Methods. An observational study of 100 patients with CF, aged 1 to 39 years, was conducted in a regional CF center. Preimmunization anti-pneumococcal antibody levels against 6 serotypes were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Protective antibody levels were defined as >200 ng/mL. Results. A majority of CF patients—61% to 100%, depending on age and serotype—had protective levels of pneumococcal antibody. There was a significant positive correlation between antibody level and age for 5 of the 6 serotypes tested. Conclusions. In contradistinction to our hypothesis, the majority of CF patients have protective preimmunization anti-pneumococcal antibody levels. However, a significant proportion—between 17% and 39%, depending on the serotype—did not exhibit adequate levels. Therefore, we concur with current recommendations for pneumococcal immunization in CF.
The role of cortical sympathetic ingrowth in the behavioral effects of nucleus basalis magnocellularis lesions.

Following cholinergic denervation of the neocortex by nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) lesions, peripheral sympathetic fibers grow into the neocortex. Two experiments were performed to determine the behavioral effects of this neuronal rearrangement. Group I animals underwent training on a standard radial-8-arm maze task, while Group II animals learned a modified version (i.e. 4 arms baited). Following acquisition, NBM lesions were performed. Animals with lesions but without sympathetic ingrowth performed consistently better in both behavioral paradigms, than animals with NBM lesions and sympathetic ingrowth. These studies suggest that cortical sympathetic ingrowth can alter behavior and is detrimental to the learning of a spatial memory paradigm.
Practical Handbook of Soil, Vadose Zone, and Ground-Water Contamination: Assessment, Prevention, and Remediation

J.R. BOULDING and J.S. GINN. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. 2004. Hardcover, 691 pp. $169.95. ISBN 1-56-670610-6. At one time, a contaminant hydrologist could operate effectively with general knowledge of geology, physics, and chemistry and some specific knowledge of the application of these
Regulation of microtubule dynamic instability

Characterization of microtubule assembly in vivo and in vitro has raised questions of how cells regulate dynamic instability. While dynamic instability is an intrinsic property of the tubulin molecule, factors are required to increase the plus-end elongation rate and increase the frequencies of both catastrophe and rescue to achieve cellular tubulin turnover rates. It is likely that the activities of the transition frequency regulators are themselves regulated during the cell cycle, but the mechanisms of regulation are not known. As we identify the proteins which alter microtubule assembly, new classes of MAPs will emerge. An understanding of how these proteins function may provide further insight into how cells organize the different arrays of microtubules used for such processes as vesicle transport, polarized organization of organelles, and chromosome movement.
Inhibition of RSV, Coronavirus (CV), and Rhinovirus (RV)-Induced Interleukin-8 (IL-8) Elaboration and Virus Replication by Diphenylene Iodonium Chloride (DPI)

Inhibition of RSV, Coronavirus (CV), and Rhinovirus (RV)-Induced Interleukin-8 (IL-8) Elaboration and Virus Replication by Diphenylene Iodonium Chloride (DPI)
Factors Associated with Motivation to Change HIV Risk and Substance Use Behaviors among Homeless Youth.

This study sought to identify and compare variables associated with motivation to change alcohol, drug use, and HIV risk behaviors among a sample of homeless youths. More frequent alcohol use, older age, and childhood sexual abuse were associated with greater motivation to change alcohol use; higher reported negative consequences of substance use were associated with higher motivation to reduce illicit drug use. Shorter periods of current homelessness predicted higher motivation to change HIV risk behaviors. Findings suggest these areas might be fruitful targets for intervention efforts to enhance motivation to reduce alcohol and illicit drug use and HIV risk behaviors.
Limited Convergence of Rhinal Cortical and Dopaminergic Inputs in the Rat Basolateral Amygdala: An Ultrastructural Analysis

The basolateral nuclear complex of the amygdala (BLC) receives robust sensory inputs from the rhinal cortices (RCx) that are important for the generation of emotional behavior. The BLC is also one of the main targets of the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system. DA potentiates cortical sensory inputs to the BLC, which leads to an increase in the excitability of BLC pyramidal cells. These findings suggest that there may be convergence of RCx and DA inputs onto the dendrites of pyramidal cells in the BLC. In the present study we used dual-labeling immunohistochemistry and anterograde tract-tracing at the ultrastructural level to test this hypothesis in the rat brain. RCx axons were labeled by Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) injections, whereas tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was used as a marker for DA axons. The extent of convergence of these axons was analyzed in the posterior subdivision of the basolateral nucleus (BLp), which is densely innervated by both inputs. RCx synapses were asymmetrical and mainly contacted dendritic spines (86.4%) and dendritic shafts (12.1%). TH-positive (TH+) terminals also mainly formed synapses (symmetrical) and appositions with spines and shafts of dendrites. However, ultrastructural analysis found a very low percentage of RCx terminals converging with DA terminals onto unlabeled dendrites (9.4%) and axons (7.5 %), or exhibiting direct contacts with TH+ terminals (3.8%). These findings suggest that the association of specific behaviorally salient sensory stimuli with dopamine release in the BLC is not dependent on a point-to-point spatial relationship of cortical and DA inputs.
Computer Estimation and Monitoring of Nutrition Programs for Burned Patients

A computer is used to estimate and monitor nutritional requirements of significantly burned patients. Established nutritional support formulas are programmed in the computer, as are the components of each of the nutritional solutions used for fluid resuscitation, enteral feedings, and parenteral nut
Adjunctive therapy for neonatal abstinence syndrome: why not personalize it for each infant based on their in-utero exposure?

Adjunctive therapy for neonatal abstinence syndrome: Why not personalize it for each infant based on their in-utero exposure?
The role of Facebook use in mediating the relation between rumination and adjustment after a relationship breakup

Rumination on Facebook was related to decreased well-being following a breakup.Facebook rumination was related to greater Facebook activity and importance.Facebook rumination was a mediator of trait rumination and perceived adjustment.Facebook importance was a mediator of trait rumination and perceived adjustment. Given the popularity of social networking sites, it is important to examine the impact of rumination while examining the rich content available, particularly after a stressful interpersonal event. This pilot study examined how individual differences in rumination are related to Facebook use following a breakup. Findings indicate that trait rumination was associated with the tendency to experience maladaptive thoughts while examining an ex's profile, as well as difficulties in adjustment following the breakup. Rumination on Facebook and the importance of Facebook in one's social world mediated the relation between trait rumination and subsequent perceived adjustment. Thus, for high ruminators, placing a high reliance on Facebook and ruminating while on the site may hold particularly negative emotional consequences following a stressor.
Energy and the Environment

Of all human activity, the production and use of energy has some of the most profound and far-reaching implications for the environment. With the ever-mounting evidence for global warming and the implications this aspect of global change holds for the future, the need for a clean energy future looms increasingly prescient. Thoughtful contributors to the debate concerning our energy future must consider the basic thermodynamic and engineering realities of both the current and proposed technologies in addition to the environmental problems they create. Too often, treatments of the nexus between energy production, use, and environmental impact rigorously discuss energy technology but pay scant attention to the details of the environmental impacts and vice-versa. Energy and the Environment aims to provide rigor in both arenas.
Superplasticity and cooperative grain boundary sliding in nanocrystalline Ni3Al

Abstract Cooperative grain boundary sliding (CGBS) has been shown to account for the majority of macroscopic strain seen in microcrystalline metallic systems undergoing superplastic deformation. While CGBS has been observed on the surface of microcrystalline samples deforming superplastically through the shifting of diamond scribe lines, there have been few transmission electron microscopy results showing such occurrences in the bulk of the material, or the details behind the micromechanism of CGBS. In this work, nanocrystalline Ni3Al produced via high-pressure torsion is deformed superplastically in the electron microscope. High-temperature (∼700 °C) in situ tensile testing shows the nature of CGBS at the nanoscale through direct observation of this phenomenon.
Infrared and Raman spectra of C60 and C70 solid films at room temperature

Infrared and high‐resolution Raman spectroscopic probes of thin films of C60 and C70 are presented and discussed in terms of previous measurements, semi‐empirical calculations, and plausible molecular geometries.
A modal reduction method for use with nonlinear simulations of flexible multibody spacecraft

This paper presents a modal truncation method that can be used to prepare the structural flexibility data required as input to flexible, multibody spacecraft simulation programs. The method allows one to truncate the structural models of each flexible body in the system such that the assembled system is free of undesired high frequency system modes. This truncation method enables reasonable simulation costs to be incurred while maintaining dynamic simulation fidelity in the frequency range of interest. A simple one-dimensional example is presented which provides a physical interpretation of the method's workings. In addition, results are presented from the application of the method to a complex spacecraft.
Mapping the mental space of game genres

The gaming community currently uses an informal classification of games into genres such as first-person shooters, real-time strategy games, etc. While this classification is generally accepted, producing a more formal taxonomy of game types directly from data has several scholarly and commercial advantages. These include providing a basis for analysis of age- and gender-related data, statistically meaningful grouping in critical literature, improved game recommendations on retail websites, and better evaluation of a game's market potential before production.Mapping the mental space of game genres is challenging, both because it involves subjective evaluations and because there are many axes on which games can vary. We collected pairwise similarity metrics of games from game players through an online survey to build a large similarity matrix that is the projection of a highdimensional space representing the unknown and hypothetical true mental space of game genres. We then applied previous techniques in manifold learning and psychology to the problem of reconstructing the most significant dimensions into maps that can be meaningfully interpreted. We believe this is the first application of these techniques to games and one of the first to work with conceptual (instead of physical) data.The resulting maps arrange related games into spontaneously arising clusters that sometimes contradict current marketing genres. We analyze several of these clusters and propose both interpretations for these "true genres" as well as axes that game players appear to use in discriminating between them. Our initial results indicate that game players tend to primarily distinguish games not by traditional genres but instead by aesthetic and mechanics, which is closely related to how developers construct games.
Central auditory processing. IV. Ear dominance--spatial and temporal complexity.

Ear dominance for dichotically presented tones was measured in 63 righthanded subjects when the frequency difference (delta f) was small compared to the center frequency (fc) and again when it was large. Although two-thirds of the population exhibited a left-ear dominance in both conditions, a shift toward right-ear dominance occurred when the delta f was increased. An additional study, employing the alternating tone illusion described by Deutsch, revealed the same general effect, i.e., a shift toward right-ear dominance with increasing values of delta f/fc. The results of these experiments, coupled with a review of previously published data of other dichotic experiments, indicate that as the ratio of delta f/fc increases, the subjective complexity of the sound image increases, and there is a progressive emergence of a "right-ear advantage" (or ear dominance). A tentative explanation relates these results to the effects of anatomical asymmetries of primary and auditory association cortex and the efferent temporal lobe enhancement mechanism described by R. Efron, P.H. Crandall, B. Koss, P.L. Divenyi, and E.W. Yund (Brain and Language, 1983, 19, 254-263.
The prediction of muscular load sharing and joint forces in the lower extremities during walking

Abstract Previous work by the authors on the mathematical modelling of the lower extremities is extended in this paper to the prediction of muscle load sharing and the corresponding hip, knee and ankle joint reactions during walking when the motion pattern is known beforehand. Using the same criterion for muscle load sharing as in the previous work on leaning and squatting, the results show excellent agreement with typical electromyographic patterns for all the major muscles. The extent of alleviating the load on certain joints without changing the motion pattern is also investigated.
Optomechanical design of a high-precision detector robot arm system for x-ray nano-diffraction with x-ray nanoprobe

Collaboration between Argonne National Laboratory and Brookhaven National Laboratory has created a design for the high-precision detector robot arm system that will be used in the x-ray nano-diffraction experimental station at the Hard X-ray Nanoprobe (HXN) beamline for the NSLS-II project. The robot arm system is designed for positioning and manipulating an x-ray detector in three-dimensional space for nano-diffraction data acquisition with the HXN x-ray microscope. It consists of the following major component groups: a granite base with air-bearing support, a 2-D horizontal base stage, a vertical axis goniometer, a 2-D vertical plane robot arm, a 3-D fast scanning stages group, and a 2-D x-ray pixel detector. The design specifications and unique optomechanical structure of this novel high-precision detector robot arm system will be presented in this paper.
Local Regularity of L ∞ ∞-Refinable FunctionVectors

This article discusses the local regularity of refinable function vectors associated with a dilation matrix M. Suppose that D is a complete set of representatives of Zs/MZs. Under the assumptions that the self-affine tile T (M,D), associated with dilation matrix M and digit set D, has measure 1 and that the corresponding refinable function vector φ ∈ L∞, we prove that there is a set H ⫅ Rs of full measure such that the restriction φ|H of φ on H has a positive Holder exponent α(x) at every x ∈ H. Similar result holds for the derivatives of refinable function vectors provided that the dilation matrix is diagonalizable.
Optical enhancement of aircraft detection using polarization

Focal plane wideband infrared digital polarization imagery will be compared with visual wideband focal plane digital imagery of a camouflaged C-130 aircraft to show the extreme enhancement possible using digital imagery. The experimental observations will be compared with theoretical calculations and modeling results of both specular and shadowed areas. The relationship of both the specular and the shadowed areas to surface structure, orientation, specularity, roughness, shadowing, orientation and complex index of refraction will be illustrated. The imagery was obtained in four plane polarized directions with axes oriented vertically, horizontally and at plus and minus 45 degrees to the vertical. Nine locations on the aircraft were chosen (tail, fuselage, wing and propeller as well as five sky locations to establish sky background. Both sunlit and shadowed locations were examined. The direction of the dominant plane of polarization was obtained, but not the existence of circular polarization, which requires a quarter wave plate to resolve temporal coherence. Unpolarized radiation exists in the imagery,but its coherence is not evident without a phase resolving element.
The nonlinear dynamics of a spacecraft coupled to the vibration of a contained fluid

The dynamics of a linear spacecraft mode coupled to a nonlinear low gravity slosh of a fluid in a cylindrical tank is investigated. Coupled, nonlinear equations of motion for the fluid-spacecraft dynamics are derived through an assumed mode Lagrangian method. Unlike linear fluid slosh models, this nonlinear slosh model retains two fundamental slosh modes and three secondary modes. An approximate perturbation solution of the equations of motion indicates that the nonlinear coupled system response involves fluid-spacecraft modal resonances not predicted by either a linear, or a nonlinear, uncoupled slosh analysis. Experimental results substantiate the analytical predictions.
Starch fragmentation during extrusion processing

Abstract This study focuses on the molecular fragmentation of starch as a result of extrusion-based thermomechanical processing. Gel permeation chromatography-light scattering and bulk intrinsic viscosity measurements were used for the macromolecular characterization. The data indicate that the extrusion processing of starch results in a reduction in its molecular weight. Such a fragmentation of the starch polymer could be attributed, at least partly, to debranching of the molecules.
A survey of 4,793 oral lesions with emphasis on neoplasia and premalignancy.

Selected specimens at Case Western Reserve University were classified by microscopic diagnosis, age, race, and sex of the patient, and duration of the lesion. It is important to instruct patients on the detection and prevention of oral cancer. In this survey of specimens submitted to the Oral Pathology Biopsy Service of Case Western Reserve University, about two thirds were classified by microscopic diagnosis as inflammatory, infectious, or reactive hyperplasia. Of the 12.6% of the sample classified as neoplasms, one of every five was malignant. Three of every four of the malignant neoplasms were squamous cell carcinomas. There was a striking increase in the number of malignancies found in women during the second ten-year period of the study. And there were surprisingly few malignant neoplasms found in blacks.
Effects of high levels of dietary fats on the growth of azaserine-induced foci in the rat pancreas

Azaserine induced two phenotypically different populations of foci, namely, acidophilic and basophilic foci. The effects of dietary modification during the post-initiation phase of carcinogesis were examined. A diet of 20% (w/w) unsaturated fat (unsat) compared to a 20% saturated fat (sat) diet or a control diet (5% unsaturated fat) increased the number of acidophilic foci, as well as the thymidine labeling index (LI) of their nuclei. While the basophilic foci are carcinogen-induced and at 2.5 mo post-initiation have a similarly high growth rate to the acidophilic foci, this rate is not sustained as indicated by examination of both the LI and mean size of foci at 4 mo post-initiation.
A weakest link marked stopping problem

We consider a model in which we have k items to be sold. Potential buyers make offers in a sequential fashion. Once made, the offer is either rejected or marked for acceptance. Once k items have been marked, the items are then sold to the buyers whose offers were marked, but at a price equal to the minimum of the k marked offers. Assuming that the successive offers are independent and identically distributed according to a specified distribution and that there is a fixed cost incurred whenever an offer is rejected, we determine structural results about the optimal policy, present computational approaches for finding the optimal policy, and give some heuristic policies.