cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A User's Guide to Measure Theoretic Probability: A MODICUM OF MEASURE THEORY

SECTION 1 defines measures and sigma-fields . SECTION 2 defines measurable functions . SECTION 3 defines the integral with respect to a measure as a linear functional on a cone of measurable functions. The definition sidesteps the details of the construction of integrals from measures . SECTION *4 constructs integrals of nonnegative measurable functions with respect to a countably additive measure . SECTION 5 establishes the Dominated Convergence theorem, the Swiss Army knife of measure theoretic probability . SECTION 6 collects together a number of simple facts related to sets of measure zero . SECTION *7 presents a few facts about spaces of functions with integrable pth powers, with emphasis on the case p=2, which defines a Hilbert space . SECTION 8 defines uniform integrability, a condition slightly weaker than domination. Convergence in £ 1 is characterized as convergence in probability plus uniform integrability . SECTION 9 defines the image measure, which includes the concept of the distribution of a random variable as a special case . SECTION 10 explains how generating class arguments, for classes of sets, make measure theory easy . SECTION *11 extends generating class arguments to classes of functions . Measures and sigma-fields As promised in Chapter 1, we begin with measures as set functions, then work quickly towards the interpretation of integrals as linear functionals. Once we are past the purely set-theoretic preliminaries, I will start using the de Finetti notation (Section 1.4) in earnest, writing the same symbol for a set and its indicator function.
LATITUDINAL DEPENDENCE OF RADIATIVELY DRIVEN MASS LOSS FROM RAPIDLY ROTATING HOT-STARS

We investigate the latitudinal variation of radiatively driven mass loss from rapidly rotating hot-stars. Previous analyses have assumed a uniformly bright stellar surface and concluded that the wind mass flux and density should increase with the increased centrifugal force toward the wind equator. In contrast, we show here that a gravity darkening in which the surface radiation flux scales with the effective (centrifugally reduced) gravity leads to a dramatically different wind morphology, with the strongest mass loss now occurring toward the relatively bright poles. We also review recent work that indicates nonradial (poleward) components of the line-driving force in such rotating winds can effectively inhibit the equatorward wind deflection needed to form an equatorial wind-compressed disk. Finally, we examine the equatorial bistability model, and show that a sufficiently strong jump in wind driving parameters can, in principle, overcome the effect of reduced radiative driving flux, thus still allowing moderate enhancements in density in an equatorial, bistability zone wind.
Is the merger the best way to grow?: Studies cast doubt on this popular approach

Abstract A growing percentage of resources are being devoted to the corporate merger as a method of growth, but the clear-cut superiority of performance of merging firms has yet to be demonstrated. The highly publicized success of a few mergers tends to obscure the more important research findings; some of these are summarized here. The studies cast doubt on the widely held belief that merging is the best method of corporate growth. Indications are that the interests of the stockholders in merging firms have not necessarily been well-served when the performance of their firms is compared with that of nonmerging firms. The current frenzied pace of corporate merger activity appears to be built upon a questionable foundation, both economic and legal. Even if mergers were found to be a profitable method of growth, important public policy questions would remain.
A 180/spl deg/ out-of-phase power divider using asymmetrical coplanar stripline

This letter presents a new uniplanar 3-dB power divider using an asymmetrical coplanar stripline (ACPS) for microwave integrated circuit (MIC) and microwave and millimeter-wave integrated circuit (MMIC) applications. The circuit having 180/spl deg/ out-of-phase between two output ports provides good performance as compared to conventional microstrip power dividers. Experimental results for the power divider show an amplitude imbalance of 0.4 dB and a phase difference of 180/spl deg//spl plusmn/1/spl deg/ over a wide bandwidth from 2.5 to 3.5 GHz.
Barriers to effective mental health services for African Americans.

Many African Americans—especially the most marginal—suffer from mental health problems and would benefit from timely access to appropriate forms of care. However, few seek treatment from outpatient providers in the specialty mental health sector and those who do are at risk of dropping out. African Americans visit providers in the general medical sector, although they use another hypothesized alternative to specialty care, voluntary support networks, less than other groups. These help-seeking tendencies may reflect characteristic coping styles and stigma, as well as a lack of resources and opportunities for treatment. More should be learned about differences in need according to location, social standing, and cultural orientation so as to identify treatments and programs that are especially beneficial to African Americans.
Global Optimization on Funneling Landscapes

Molecular conformation problems arising in computational chemistry require the global minimization of a non-convex potential energy function representing the interactions of, for example, the component atoms in a molecular system. Typically the number of local minima on the potential energy surface grows exponentially with system size, and often becomes enormous even for relatively modestly sized systems. Thus the simple multistart strategy of randomly sampling local minima becomes impractical. However, for many molecular conformation potential energy surfaces the local minima can be organized by a simple adjacency relation into a single or at most a small number of funnels. A distinguished local minimum lies at the bottom of each funnel and a monotonically descending sequence of adjacent local minima connects every local minimum in the funnel with the funnel bottom. Thus the global minimum can be found among the comparatively small number of funnel bottoms, and a multistart strategy based on sampling funnel bottoms becomes viable. In this paper we present such an algorithm of the basin-hopping type and apply it to the Lennard–Jones cluster problem, an intensely studied molecular conformation problem which has become a benchmark for global optimization algorithms. Results of numerical experiments are presented which confirm both the multifunneling character of the Lennard–Jones potential surface as well as the efficiency of the algorithm. The algorithm has found all of the current putative global minima in the literature up to 110 atoms, as well as discovered a new global minimum for the 98-atom cluster of a novel geometrical class.
Sheaves on Triangulated Spaces and Koszul Duality

Let $X$ be a finite connected simplicial complex, and let $\delta$ be a perversity (i.e., some function from integers to integers). One can consider two categories: (1) the category of perverse sheaves cohomologically constructible with respect to the triangulation, and (2) the category of sheaves constant along the perverse simplices ($\delta$-sheaves). We interpret the categories (1) and (2) as categories of modules over certain quadratic (and even Koszul) algebras $A(X,\delta)$ and $B(X,\delta)$ respectively, and we prove that $A(X,\delta)$ and $B(X,\delta)$ are Koszul dual to each other. We define the $\delta$-perverse topology on $X$ and prove that the category of sheaves on perverse topology is equivalent to the category of $\delta$ sheaves. Finally, we study the relationship between the Koszul duality functor and the Verdier duality functor for simplicial sheaves and cosheaves.
B7RP-1-ICOS Interactions Are Required for Optimal Infection-Induced Expansion of CD4+ Th1 and Th2 Responses

Although initial reports linked the costimulatory molecule ICOS preferentially with the development of Th2 cells, there is evidence that it is not required for protective type 2 immunity to helminths and that it contributes to Th1 and Th2 responses to other parasites. To address the role of ICOS in the development of infection-induced polarized Th cells, ICOS(-/-) mice were infected with Trichuris muris or Toxoplasma gondii. Wild-type mice challenged with T. muris developed Th2 responses and expelled these helminths by day 18 postinfection, whereas ICOS(-/-) mice failed to clear worms and produced reduced levels of type 2 cytokines. However, by day 35 postinfection, ICOS(-/-) mice were able to mount an effective Th2 response and worms were expelled. This delay in protective immunity was associated with a defect in infection-induced increases in the number of activated and proliferating CD4+ T cells. Similarly, following challenge with T. gondii ICOS was required for optimal proliferation by CD4+ T cells. However, the reduced number of activated CD4+ T cells and associated defect in the production of IFN-gamma did not result in increased susceptibility to T. gondii, but rather resulted in decreased CNS pathology during the chronic phase of this infection. Taken together, these data are consistent with a model in which ICOS is not involved in dictating polarity of the Th response but rather regulates the expansion of these subsets.
The utility of general and school-specific personality traits and an examination of their relationship over time

Abstract A university student sample was used to compare school-specific (i.e., personality at school) and general personality (i.e., personality across all life domains) over eight weeks. School-specific and general personality incrementally predicted change in school-specific criteria (i.e., school satisfaction and school citizenship behaviors). Less consistent results were found for general criteria. Specifically, school-specific and general personality incrementally predicted change in general mental health, but failed to incrementally predict change in life satisfaction. In addition, we examined the school-specific–general personality relationship over time. Contrary to expectations, a unidirectional relationship was found in which school-specific personality predicted change in general personality, but general personality did not predict change in school-specific personality. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Osteosarcoma of the pelvis in children and young adults: The St. Jude Children's Research Hospital experience

BACKGROUND Pelvic osteosarcomas are difficult to resect. The authors reviewed their institution's experience with patients who had such tumors to characterize the patients' clinical findings and to assess the impact of surgical resection on outcome. METHODS A review was conducted of the records from patients with pelvic osteosarcoma who were treated at the authors' institution between January, 1970 and March, 2004. RESULTS Among 442 patients with osteosarcoma, 19 patients (4%) had high-grade tumors arising in the pelvic bones, including the ilium in 15 patients, the pubis in 2 patients, and the sacrum in 2 patients. The median patient age at diagnosis was 16.8 years. Four tumors were secondary to radiation therapy. Five patients had metastases in the lung (n = 4 patients) or bone (n = 1 patient) at diagnosis. Ten tumors were chondroblastic. The median greatest tumor dimension for the 13 tumors with known size was 10 cm. Ten patients had unresectable pelvic tumors, and 9 patients underwent hemipelvectomy (2 internal and 7 external); complete resection with negative margins was achieved in 5 patients. Four patients survived, including one patient who survived with disease. Of the three patients who survived disease-free, one patient underwent complete resection, one patient underwent incomplete resection (nonviable tumor at the soft tissue margin) with a good response to chemotherapy, and one patient with a sacral tumor underwent radiotherapy only for local control. Of the 9 patients who underwent resection, 7 experienced disease recurrence (n = 5 patients) or progression (n = 2 patients) at distant sites and died. All patients with metastatic disease at diagnosis died. CONCLUSIONS Pelvic osteosarcomas often were large and unresectable. A high propensity for metastasis contributed to the poor outcome of patients with pelvic osteosarcoma. New therapeutic approaches are needed. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
OPTICAL REGRESSION : A METHOD FOR IMPROVING QUANTITATIVE PRECISION OF MULTIVARIATE PREDICTION WITH SINGLE CHANNEL SPECTROMETERS

Abstract `Optical regression' (OR) is presented as a method for improving the quantitative precision of scanning and filter wheel process analyzers. OR combines analog variable selection and optimization of signal to noise measurements under constrained total measurement time to maximize the precision of prediction in multivariate analysis. With optical regression, the regression vector is employed as a template to optimize the data collection time at each wavelength of the unknown spectra. Implicitly, this performs the dot product of the spectrum and regression vector by electronically integrating the signal of the detector instead of performing the mathematical operations in the computer following digitization of the spectrum. The theory of optical regression is developed and the expected precision of optical regression is shown to be superior to the expected precision of digital regression. This conclusion is supported by Monte Carlo simulations with three types of random errors. Further support is supplied by quantitation of three fluorescent dyes with a fiber optic fluorescence spectrometer.
Relationship of light intensity and photoperiod to circannual rhythmicity in the hibernating ground squirrel, Citellus lateralis.

Abstract Free-running circannual rhythms of the hibernator, Citellus lateralis, have been studied for nearly 4 yr in relation to light intensity and photoperiod. Animals were kept under constant temperature of 3°C, but under a variety of lighting conditions ranging from constant light at 500 lx to total darkness. It was found that the circannual period is virtually always less than 365 days (mean about 300 days), but that light did not affect the free-running period and did not appear to act as a zeitgeber. The significance of this is discussed. Variations of the normal physiological behavior are also discussed.
173 ADENOSINE DEAMINASE ACTIVITY IN RECIPIENTS OF BONE MARROU FROM IMMUNODEFICIENT MICE HOMOZYGOUS FOR THE WASTED MUTATION

Mice homozygous for the mutation wasted (wst/wst) have been postulated to be a model for the form of human severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) that is secondary to a genetic deficiency of adenosine deaminase (ADA). To test this hypothesis more critically, we transplanted raarrrow from wst/wst and littermate control mice into lethally irradiated normal recipients. If there was an inherent ADA deficiency in the hematopoietic stem cells of the wst/wst mutant, the defect would be expected to be passed on to the irradiated marrow chimeras, resulting in decreased Vmax values for ADA, and/or changes in the Km for adenosine. However, the Vmax and Km values for ADA and adenosine, repsectively, in recipient's hematologic and non-hematologic tissues did not differ significantly from control values. In addition, we also found no significant differences in ADA activities between lymphoid and liver tissue from untreated 24-to-28-day-old wst/wst and littermate control mice. These results indicate that the wasted mouse is not a model for ADA deficiency and SCID.
The N-Terminal Extension of Cardiac Troponin I Regulates the Kinetics of Myosin ATPase Cycle

The contraction of cardiac muscles is powered by actin-activated myosin motor, a process regulated by calcium through the troponin complex. The troponin complex consists of three protein subunits, troponin C (TnC), troponin T (TnT) and troponin I (TnI). TnI is the inhibitory subunit of troponin and plays an essential role in regulating the actomyosin ATPase cycle.Cardiac TnI (cTnI) has a unique N-terminal extension that contains protein kinase A phosphorylation sites Ser23 and Ser24. Mimicking the effect of PKA phosphorylation, a restrictive proteolysis of the N-terminal extension of cTnI (cTnI-ND) occurs during cardiac adaptation to decrease myofilament calcium sensitivity and increase the rate of myocardial relaxation. To understand the mechanism of the cTnI N-terminal regulation, we applied stopped-flow fluorometry to measure each step of the ATPase cycle and the mant-dATP binding rates in cardiac myofibrils isolated from double transgenic mouse hearts expressing solely cTnI-ND with a knockout of the endogenous cTnI gene and wild type controls. The mant-dATP binding rate of the cTnI-ND myofibrils (3.88/s/μM) was three time faster than that of wild-type control (0.97/s/μM). Km (mant-dATP) of cTnI-ND myofibrils (10 μM) is significantly higher than that of wild type myofibrils (139 μM). These results indicate that ATP binds to myosin at a significantly higher rate in cTnI-ND cardiac muscle. Further experiments are underway to measure the ADP dissociation rate, phosphate dissociation rate, and binding/dissociation rate of the myosin motor domain to actin filaments. (Supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health and an Incubator Grant from the Office of Vice President Research of Wayne State University).
Resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization and zero kinetic energy photoelectron spectroscopy of benzo[e]pyrene

Abstract We report zero kinetic energy (ZEKE) photoelectron spectroscopy via resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) for benzo[ e ]pyrene. Extensive vibronic coupling between the first electronically excited state and a nearby state allows b 2 modes to be observed which would be Franck–Condon (FC) disallowed. These vibronic modes are comparable in intensity to the FC allowed a 1 modes. We are able to qualitatively simulate the vibronic spectra of both REMPI and ZEKE using density functional methods. The ZEKE spectra demonstrate propensity in preserving the vibrational excitation of the intermediate state. These results suggest a remarkable structural stability of B e P in accommodating the additional charge.
American Pediatric Society 2009 Presidential Address—The Complexity of Pediatric Education in the 21st Century: What Can We Do?

American Pediatric Society 2009 Presidential Address—The Complexity of Pediatric Education in the 21st Century: What Can We Do?
Platinum-195 magnetic resonance spectra of some platinum(II) and platinum(IV) complexes

Abstract The 195Pt magnetic resonance spectra of fourteen symmetrical, substitutionally inert octahedral Pt(IV) and square-planar Pt(II) complexes have been measured at 9.75 MHz using Fourier transform techniques. Chemical shifts observed in aqueous solutions of the PtL6m complexes cover a range of 6033 ppm and the shielding of the 195Pt nucleus is in the order Cl > 1 2 en > Br > SCN > CN > I. For aqueous solutions of the PtL4m complexes, the chemical shifts cover a range of 3876 ppm and the order of shielding is CI > NO2 > NH3 > Br > 1 2 en > SCN > CN > I. These results are interpreted in terms of covalency effects in the σp contribution to shielding. Relaxation times T1 and T2 have been measured in several cases where the signal to noise was favorable. In addition the temperature dependence of T1 has been investigated for H2PtCl6 and H2PtCl4 in aqueous HCl. The relaxation process for these two complexes appears consistent with a spin-rotation mechanism. The solvent dependence of the 195Pt resonance in PtCl62− and PtCl42− has also been measured for solutions tetra-n-butylammonium salts in a variety of nonaqueous solvents. Some proton and 13C NMR spectra have also been obtained for Pt(en)34+ and Pt(en)22+ in aqueous solution and some 13C spectra for Pt(CN)62− and Pt(CN)42− in D2O/H2O. Platinum-195 spin-coupling constants have been determined and some of the factors affecting coupling are discussed.
Altered γ-aminobutyric acid/benzodiazepine interaction after chronic diazepam exposure

Binding to components of the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor complex was examined in cortical membranes from rats treated for 3 weeks with continuously releasing diazepam pellet implants. Chronic diazepam treatment resulted in a decrease in the ability of GABA to inhibit benzodiazepine inverse agonist binding. The amount of binding of benzodiazepine agonist, antagonist, and inverse agonist to benzodiazepine recognition sites was unaltered by the chronic treatment, as were the potencies of these benzodiazepine ligands in inhibiting agonist (3H-flunitrazepam) binding. Chloride channel binding (35S-TBPS) was also unchanged by chronic diazepam treatment. A change in GABA/benzodiazepine coupling and/or a decreased effectiveness of GABA may be responsible for the desensitization of GABA/benzodiazepine interaction.
Troubles with Nonleptonic Charm Decays

Conclusions about weak interactions from nonleptonic ${D}^{0}$ decays are completely changed by strong final-state interactions. The suppression of ${D}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\overline{K}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ found in some models is completely reversed to $\ensuremath{\Gamma}({D}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\overline{K}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0})=8\ensuremath{\Gamma}({D}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+})$ by introduction of experimentally measured $K\ensuremath{\pi}$ scattering phase shifts in the exotic $I=\frac{3}{2}$ and nonexotic $I=\frac{1}{2}$ amplitudes. The $\frac{{K}^{+}{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}}{{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}}$ ratio is very sensitive to meson resonances expected at the $D$ mass. Predictions less sensitive to final-state interactions are discussed.
Pathogens in cheese

Abstract Foodborne illnesses result from the consumption of foods contaminated with pathogenic bacteria and / or their toxins, viruses, parasites, chemicals or other substances hazardous to human health. The recent literature has been reviewed with respect to the occurrence of pathogens in cheeses produced commercially, and in some instances in the home. The history of surveillance, establishment of standards, sources of pathogens contaminating milk used for cheesemaking, number of outbreaks, types of cheeses involved, and micro-organisms implicated are discussed. The United States has an excellent record of safety; six outbreaks over a period of 40 years in which more than 100 billion pounds of cheese were produced. The use of raw milk in the production of cheese, faulty pasteurization or equipment, post-processing or cross contamination were contributing factors for reported outbreaks. Effective sanitization procedures on the farm as well as in the processing plant, the adherence to good manufacturing practices in all phases of cheesemaking and distribution, skilled management, education of personnel and good personal hygiene will assure the cheese industry of a safe and marketable product.
Comparison of direct and indirect bronchoprovocation testing using ventilator-acquired pulmonary mechanics in healthy cats and cats with experimental allergic asthma

Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) is a key feature of asthma and can be measured using bronchoprovocation. Direct (methacholine, MCh) or indirect (adenosine-5-monophosphate, AMP; or mannitol) bronchoprovocants are used in human patients, the latter inducing AHR only with pre-existing airway inflammation. The present study compared the responses to direct (MCh) and indirect (mannitol, AMP) bronchoprovocation in healthy and asthmatic cats (n=6/group). The order of bronchoprovocant was randomized using a published table of random numbers and there was a 1-month washout before crossover to the next treatment. Pulmonary mechanics were measured in anesthetized and mechanically ventilated cats using a critical care ventilator. Saline at baseline and increasing doses of each bronchoprovocant were aerosolized for 30 s, followed by 4 min of data collection between doses. The endpoint for each bronchoprovocant was reached when airway resistance exceeded 200% of baseline values (EC200Raw). There was a significant difference (P<0.001) in the airway response of asthmatic vs. healthy cats over the range of MCh concentrations, despite there being no significant difference in the EC200Raw between the groups. Response to MCh was significantly greater (P<0.05) in asthmatic than in healthy cats at MCh concentrations as low as 0.0625 mg/mL. For AMP, a small subset of asthmatics (n=2/6) responded at low concentrations; four asthmatic cats and all healthy cats failed to respond even to the highest concentrations of AMP. One asthmatic cat but no healthy cats responded to mannitol. In conclusion, MCh discriminated asthmatic from healthy cats but neither AMP nor mannitol was an effective bronchoprovocant in this model.
Analytical models for amorphous‐silicon and polysilicon thin‐film transistors for high‐definition‐display technology

Abstract— In just the last decade, the flat-panel-display industry has expanded into a multi-billion-dollar market, led primarily by color active-matrix liquid-crystal displays (AMLCDs). These displays use hydrogenated amorphous-silicon (a-Si:H) and polysilicon (poly-Si) thin-film transistors (TFTs) as the switching elements. Consequently, for display design, more sophisticated and accurate TFT models for circuit simulators are becoming essential. In this paper, we review the requirements of a-Si:H and poly-Si TFT technologies for use in AMLCDs and discuss two-dimensional device-simulation results, which allow us to examine phenomena caused by the high density of localized states in a-Si:H and poly-Si. With this understanding of both the material physics and the requirements for TFTs in AMLCD technology, we can develop suitable device models for circuit simulation and device design and characterization. Our physics-based analytical TFT models for both a-Si:H and poly-Si TFTs will be described. These models have been implemented in SPICE and accurately describe both the subthreshold and above threshold regimes.
A Review of Energy Use and Energy Efficiency Technologies for the Textile Industry

E RNEST O RLANDO L AWRENCE B ERKELEY N ATIONAL L ABORATORY A Review of Energy Use and Energy Efficiency Technologies for the Textile Industry Ali Hasanbeigi and Lynn Price China Energy Group Environmental Energy Technologies Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Reprint version of journal article published in “Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews”, Volume 16 (2012), Pages 3648- June 2012 This work was supported by the China Sustainable Energy Program of the Energy Foundation through the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02- 05CH11231.
Editorial: Psychology and Experimental Philosophy

Recent years have seen an explosion of new work at the intersection of philosophy and experimental psychology. This work takes the concerns with moral and conceptual issues that have so long been associated with philosophy and connects them with the use of systematic and well-controlled empirical investigations that one more typically finds in psychology. Work in this new field often goes under the name “experimental philosophy”. The aim of the present volume is to bring together some important new papers that demonstrate the promise and potential of this emerging field. The work collected here spans a wide range of philosophical topics—from ethics to epistemology to the philosophy of mind—and examines the ways in which empirical data can inform research in all of these fields. In addition, we have included a number of papers that offer critiques of contemporary experimental philosophy, suggesting ways in which existing studies might fail to address the philosophical questions they are supposed to be helping us to resolve. Geoffrey Goodwin and John Darley present a series of experimental studies investigating people’s ordinary intuitions in metaethics. Their research provides some tantalizing initial evidence that moral relativism is associated with a kind of “open” attitude toward ethical issues while a belief in objective moral truths is associated with a more “closed” attitude. Strikingly, the Goodwin and Darley studies show that relativism is more common among subjects who are high in an ability to Rev.Phil.Psych. (2010) 1:157–160 DOI 10.1007/s13164-009-0012-5
Stable and high-rate overcharge protection for rechargeable lithium batteries

Rechargeable lithium or lithium-ion cells can be overcharge-protected by an electroactive polymer composite separator. The use of non-woven fibrous membranes instead of conventional microporous membranes as the composite substrates allowed better distribution of the electroactive polymer, which led to improved utilization and a 40-fold increase in sustainable current density. For the first time, stable overcharge protection for hundreds of cycles was demonstrated in several cell chemistries, including LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2, LiFePO4, and spinel Li1.05Mn1.95O4 half-cells. Protection at a charging rate as high as 5 C was achieved at a steady state cell potential below 4.85 V.
Fabrication and characterization of InGaAs/GaAs strained quantum wires grown by molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract Strained InGaAs/GaAs quantum wires have been fabricated by a combination of electron beam (EB) lithography, dry and wet etching, migration-enhanced epitaxial (MEE) and molecular beam epitaxial (MBE) regrowth. Three different fabrication processes have been investigated. It was found that wet etching after dry etching removed most of the damage induced by the dry etching process, which produced high quality quantum wires. From the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study, all samples showed good interfaces and regrown layers. However, photoluminescence (PL) measurement showed that only sample that was etched in citric acid after the patterning and dry etching and then regrown had high radiative efficiency, and showed strong PL for wire widths down to 190 nm. A high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) lattice image showed that relevant atoms were perfectly aligned across the lateral heterointerface of the InGaAs quantum wire and GaAs barrier layer.
The impact of sleep timing and bright light exposure on attentional impairment during night work.

The prevalence of hazardous incidents induced by attentional impairment during night work and ensuing commute times is attributable to circadian misalignment and increased sleep pressure. In a 10-day shift work simulation protocol (4 day shifts and 3 night shifts), the efficacies of 2 countermeasures against nighttime (2300 to 0700 h) attentional impairment were compared: (1) Morning Sleep (0800 to 1600 h; n = 18) in conjunction with a phase-delaying light exposure (2300 to 0300 h), and (2) Evening Sleep (1400 to 2200 h; n = 17) in conjunction with a phase-advancing light exposure (0300 to 0700 h). Analysis of the dim light salivary melatonin onset indicated a modest but significant circadian realignment in both sleep groups (evening sleep: 2.27 +/- 0.6 h phase advance, p 0.05). However, on the final night shift, the evening sleep subjects had 37% fewer episodes of attentional impairment (long response times: 22 +/- 4 vs. 35 +/- 4; p = 0.02) and quicker responses (p < 0.01) on the Psychomotor Vigilance Task than their morning sleep counterparts. Their response speed recovered to near daytime levels (p = 0.47), whereas those of the morning sleep subjects continued to be slower than their daytime levels (p = 0.008). It is concluded that partial circadian realignment to night work in combination with reduced homeostatic pressure contributed to the greater efficacy of a schedule of Evening Sleep with a phase-advancing light exposure as a countermeasure against attentional impairment, over a schedule of Morning Sleep with a phase-delaying light exposure. These results have important implications for managing patients with shift work disorder.
AS3MT, GSTO, and PNP polymorphisms: impact on arsenic methylation and implications for disease susceptibility.

Abstract Background Oral exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs) is associated with adverse health effects. Epidemiological studies suggest differences in susceptibility to these health effects, possibly due to genotypic variation. Genetic polymorphisms in iAs metabolism could lead to increased susceptibility by altering urinary iAs metabolite concentrations. Objective To examine the impact of genotypic polymorphisms on iAs metabolism. Methods We screened 360 publications from PubMed and Web of Science for data on urinary mono- and dimethylated arsenic (MMA and DMA) percentages and polymorphic genes encoding proteins that are hypothesized to play roles in arsenic metabolism. The genes we examined were arsenic (+3) methyltransferase (AS3MT), glutathione-s-transferase omega (GSTO), and purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP). Relevant data were pooled to determine which polymorphisms are associated across studies with changes in urinary metabolite concentration. Results In our review, AS3MT polymorphisms rs3740390, rs11191439, and rs11191453 were associated with statistically significant changes in percent urinary MMA. Studies of GSTO polymorphisms did not indicate statistically significant associations with methylation, and there are insufficient data on PNP polymorphisms to evaluate their impact on metabolism. Discussion Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that AS3MT polymorphisms alter in vivo metabolite concentrations. Preliminary evidence suggests that AS3MT genetic polymorphisms may impact disease susceptibility. GSTO polymorphisms were not associated with iAs-associated health outcomes. Additional data are needed to evaluate the association between PNP polymorphisms and iAs-associated health outcomes. Delineation of these relationships may inform iAs mode(s) of action and the approach for evaluating low-dose health effects for iAs. Conclusions Genotype impacts urinary iAs metabolite concentrations and may be a potential mechanism for iAs-related disease susceptibility.
Compilation of linear partial differential equations into finite-difference programs

Syntax-directed translation is utilized to generate the finite-difference patterns corresponding to linear partial differential equations (PDE's); these patterns can then be used to set up a system of simultaneous equations which, when solved numerically, provides an approximation to the solution of the given PDE. The proposed translation method is applicable to the case of PDE's which are defined over regions containing irregular boundaries and/or exhibiting symmetry. Examples of the translation are provided and remarks are made about extending the method to cover systems of non-linear simultaneous PDE's.
Minimally invasive repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Abstract Purpose Operative approach, including minimally invasive surgery (MIS) in the repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), is variable among institutions. The short-term recurrent hernia rate is not well described. We evaluated the in-hospital recurrence rate of MIS repairs of infants with CDH from the Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Registry. Methods Prospectively collected data from infants with CDH were analyzed from the Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Registry from January 1995 to January 2010. Recurrent hernia was defined as reoperations during initial hospitalization. Operative approaches included abdominal, thoracic, laparoscopic, and thoracoscopic techniques. Results Five thousand four hundred eighty infants with CDH were identified, of which 4516 (82.4%) were repaired. Operative data were available in 4390 infants. One hundred fifty-one infants (3.4%) underwent MIS repairs with 12 reported recurrences (7.9%) compared with 114 for open techniques (2.7%, P Conclusion Minimally invasive techniques appear to have a significant higher recurrent hernia rate, with thoracoscopy being the highest. Although adjusted for patch repair, other factors with regard to disease severity may contribute to differences in outcomes among centers. This study is limited to short-term recurrence during initial hospitalization.
Modeling the Adoption and Use of Citizen Journalism by Online Newspapers

This study examines the extent to which professional journalism adopts and uses citizen journalism, such as user-generated content (UGC) and user-submitted stories (USS), at the individual, organiz...
Structure Based Identification and Characterization of Flavonoids That Disrupt Human Papillomavirus-16 E6 Function

Expression and function of the human papillomavirus (HPV) early protein 6 (E6) is necessary for viral replication and oncogenesis in cervical cancers. HPV E6 targets the tumor suppressor protein p53 for degradation. To achieve this, “high-risk” HPV E6 proteins bind to and modify the target specificity of the ubiquitin ligase E6AP (E6 associated protein). This E6-dependent loss of p53 enables the virus to bypass host cell defenses and facilitates virally induced activation of the cell cycle progression during viral replication. Disruption of the interaction between E6 and E6AP and stabilization of p53 should decrease viability and proliferation of HPV positive cells. A new in vitro high-throughput binding assay was developed to assay binding between HPV-16 E6 and E6AP and to identify compounds that inhibit this interaction. The compound luteolin emerged from the screen and a library of novel flavones based on its structure was synthesized and characterized using this in vitro binding assay. The compounds identified in this study disrupt the E6/E6AP interaction, increase the levels of p53 and p21Cip1/Waf1, and decrease proliferation of HPV positive cell lines. The new class of flavonoid E6 inhibitors displays a high degree of specificity for HPV positive cells. Docking analyses suggest that these compounds bind in a hydrophobic pocket at the interface between E6 and E6AP and mimic the leucines in the conserved α-helical motif of E6AP. The activity and specificity of these compounds represent a promising new lead for development as an antiviral therapy in the treatment of HPV infection and cervical cancer.
The role of co-skewness in the pricing of real estate

The current study investigates whether systematic skewness offers an alternative perspective as to why the risk-adjusted returns on real estate should be similar to that for stocks. This is not a trivial issue since an affirmative finding implies that we might be incorrectly measuring real estate risk from both a pricing and a portfolio allocation perspective. A multivariate test of the Kraus-Litzenberger model is used to investigate this skewness proposition with the K-L CAPM tested against several alternative versions of the CAPM. The study finds that the Kraus-Litzenberger model offers additional insights into the measurement of real estate risk. Evidence is also found that both the zero beta and the consumption-oriented CAPM hold, which is consistent with the recent literature in real estate.
Pathogenic Mechanisms of a Polyglutamine-mediated Neurodegenerative Disease, Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is one of nine inherited neurodegenerative diseases caused by the expansion of a CAG trinucleotide repeat encoding a polyglutamine tract. SCA1 patients lose motor coordination and develop slurred speech, spasticity, and cognitive impairments. Difficulty with coordinating swallowing and breathing eventually causes death. Genetic evidence indicates that the disease mutation induces a toxic gain of function in the SCA1 encoded protein ATXN1. The discovery that residues in ATXN1 outside of the polyglutamine tract are crucial for pathogenesis hinted that alterations in the normal function of this protein are linked to its toxicity. Biochemical and genetic studies provide evidence that the polyglutamine expansion enhances interactions that are normally regulated by phosphorylation at Ser776 and a subsequent alteration in its interaction with other cellular proteins. Moreover, the finding that other ATXN1 interactions are decreased in disease suggests that the polyglutamine expansion contributes to disease by both a gain-of-function mechanism and partial loss of function.
Glucose 6-phosphatase deficiency: mechanisms of genetic control and biochemistry.

Mechanisms are discussed by which several radiation-induced lethal mutations in the mouse control enzyme activity and morphogenesis. These mutations behave as alleles at the albino locus in chromosome I; furthermore, all of them suppress glucose 6-phosphatase activity, resulting in perinatal death of albino homozygotes. Additional pleiotropic effects, and the absence of a dosage effect in heterozygotes, are not easily explained by a mutational change in the structural gene for glucose 6-phosphatase. The mutations might affect membrane proteins and thus render membrane structure abnormal; such membranes may lack the ability to bind tyrosinase as well as glucose 6-phosphatase and may also be responsible for morphogenetic abnormalities.
Toeplitz algebras and Rieffel deformations

We establish a representation theorem for Toeplitz operators on the Segal-Bargmann (Fock) space ofC n whose “symbols” have uniform radial limits. As an application of this result, we show that Toeplitz algebras on the open ball inC n are “strict deformation quantizations”, in the sense of M. Rieffel, of the continuous functions on the corresponding closed ball.
Tritium production and distribution in a zircaloy-clad Li7Pb2 assembly irradiated in the oak ridge research reactor☆

Abstract A specimen of Li 7 Pb 2 (lithium in natural abundance) contained in a Zircaloy capsule was irradiated in the Oak Ridge Research Reactor Poolside Facility for ~ 700 h. The design of the irradiation assembly (designated TBC-07) permitted operational control of the breeder material at a temperature of (390 ± 25)°C throughout the irradiation. The amount of tritium determined to be present in the capsule parts during post-irradiation chemical analysis was (52 ± 5)Ci, corresponding to the burnup of ~ 8% of the original 6 Li in the capsule. The estimated tritium production based on simple neutronics calculations, using an assumed total flux of 1.2 × 10 14 neutrons/cm 2 s, was ~56 Ci. The value derived from a limited dosimetry measurement on the TBC-07 thermocouple wire was ~ 80 Ci. The axial tritium distribution profile along the Zircaloy capsule wall and the Li 7 Pb 2 cylinder indicated a nonuniform temperature during irradiation, with the capsule ends probably being at lower temperature than the center region. There was no evidence of tritium loss from the experiment during or after irradiation. Metallurgical analysis of the Li 7 Pb 2 after irradiation revealed the presence of a unique network of hexagonal bubbles wherein facets are preferentially aligned along crystallographic planes and are also rich in lithium.
Direct highlight line modification on nurbs surfaces

Abstract Reflection characteristics of surfaces, as visualized by highlight lines, are important design objectives in automotive styling. A method is presented that allows the direct modification of a highlight line on a NURBS surface. The algorithm presented will automatically adjust the control points of the NURBS surface resulting in a modified surface shape that produces the desired highlight line. A system of nonlinear equations is developed that expresses the relationship between NURBS control points and reference points on the highlight line. The inverse problem is solved through linearization by a first-order Taylor expansion. In addition, a shape control mechanism is introduced that distributes control point changes over the surface in a coherent and predictable way. With this mechanism, the user is able to interactively control the locality, or extent, of the surface modification while maintaining the desirable highlight line modification.
Electron-Positron Annihilation in Stagnant Field Theories

We discuss the ratio $R(s)\ensuremath{\equiv}\frac{\ensuremath{\sigma}({e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{hadrons})}{\ensuremath{\sigma}({e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}})}$ in stagnant (asymptotically free) field theories. The leading correction to the scaling limit is determined.
A Phase I Trial of Repeated Intrapleural Adenoviral-mediated Interferon-β Gene Transfer for Mesothelioma and Metastatic Pleural Effusions

We previously showed that a single intrapleural dose of an adenoviral vector expressing interferon-β (Ad.IFN-β) in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) or malignant pleural effusions (MPE) resulted in gene transfer, humoral antitumor immune responses, and anecdotal clinical responses manifested by modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) disease stability in 3 of 10 patients at 2 months and an additional patient with significant metabolic response on positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. This phase I trial was conducted to determine whether using two doses of Ad.IFN-β vector would be superior. Ten patients with MPM and seven with MPE received two doses of Ad.IFN-β through an indwelling pleural catheter. Repeated doses were generally well tolerated. High levels of IFN-β were detected in pleural fluid after the first dose; however, only minimal levels were seen after the second dose of vector. Lack of expression correlated with the rapid induction of neutralizing Ad antibodies (Nabs). Antibody responses against tumor antigens were induced in most patients. At 2 months, modified RECIST responses were as follows: one partial response, two stable disease, nine progressive disease, and two nonmeasurable disease. One patient died after 1 month. By PET scanning, 2 patients had mixed responses and 11 had stable disease. There were seven patients with survival times longer than 18 months. This approach was safe, induced immune responses and disease stability. However, rapid development of Nabs prevented effective gene transfer after the second dose, even with a dose interval as short as 7 days.
Post-traumatic distress and the presence of post-traumatic growth and meaning in life: Experiential avoidance as a moderator

Existing models of trauma suggest that for recovery to occur, trauma related cues and emotions require awareness and openness while survivors continue committing action toward valued life aims (other than regulating emotions). Based on this theoretical framework, an unwillingness to be in contact with distressing thoughts and feelings (experiential avoidance) might operate together with posttraumatic distress to predict when people find benefits and meaning in the aftermath of trauma. We hypothesized that people reporting posttraumatic distress and less reliance on experiential avoidance would report greater posttraumatic growth and meaning in life compared with other trauma survivors. We administered questionnaires to 176 college students reporting at least one traumatic event. Results supported these moderation models. This is the fourth study (with different samples, measures, and methodologies) to provide evidence that a combination of excessive anxiety and a heavy reliance on experiential avoidance leads to attenuated well-being. We discuss the implications for understanding heterogeneous trauma reactions.
Non-transfer of RNA from parent to progeny of encephalomyocarditis virus.

About 5 to 20% of the 32 P of EMC virus adsorbed to mouse embryo cells can be recovered in the progeny virus. By use of a recently described density mutant of EMC virus, evidence has been obtained indicating that the small recovery of radioactivity in the progeny is not due to transfer but is due to “carried-over” parental virus that did not take part in infection.
Guidelines for the selection of elicitation techniques

Requirement Elicitation is a crucial part of Requirement Engineering. Using an appropriate method can help in producing a consistent and complete set of requirements with reduced cost and time. This paper introduces ways and guidelines for selecting requirement elicitation techniques. Different elicitation techniques are analyzed in the light of different project settings. Guidelines for selecting an appropriate mix of elicitation techniques are presented to overcome individual shortcomings of the techniques and maximize the aggregate advantage.