cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why Internalists about Reasons Should be Humeans about Motivation

In ‘Internal and External Reasons’ Bernard Williams suggests that internalism about reasons is compatible with the idea that beliefs can motivate; that is, that internalism is compatible with cognitivism about motivation. However, contrary to Williams’ suggestion, I will argue that internalists about reasons are in fact committed to Humeanism about motivation; that is, that internalists about reasons cannot allow that beliefs can motivate in their own right. Since I believe that Humeanism about motivation is false, I think internalism about reasons implies something false, and that therefore internalism about reasons should be rejected. In this essay I shall say nothing about why I think Humeanism is false; rather, my aim will be to establish that internalism about reasons is compatible only with (or makes sense only on) a Humean theory of motivation. To do this, I will try to show that cognitive motivational internalism (CMI) is, at best, an unstable position.
TRANSPORTATION OF LNG FROM THE ARCTIC BY COMMERCIAL SUBMARINE

With the development of technology for marine transportation of liquefied natural gas , and its worldwide implementation, General Dynamics has thoroughly investigated the feasibility of an Arctic submarine LNG tanker. Conceptual designs have been developed, ranging from a 27,000 cum shuttle tanker to a 140,000 cum tanker for large-scale operations. The technical, economic and operational feasibility of the 140,000 cum submarine LNG tanker concept has been confirmed by a number of theoretical studies, the latest of which was presented at the Gastech '81 LNG/LPG International Conference and Exhibitions . Design development work has been continued beyond the conceptual stage: cooperation with the American Bureau of Shipping and the US Coast Guard has established the technical groundwork for development of regulatory requirements specifically applicable to LNG cargo submarines. The aim of this paper is to present the submarine as a safe, reliable vehicle ideally suited for transportation of LNG from the Arctic. The paper focusses on the operational benefits of a submarine LNG tanker system; submarine design features which enhance the safety of the ship, the cargo system, and the crew; and the technological basis for commercial development. Both nuclear and non-nuclear propulsion systems are considered.
Executive Insights: International Marketing Managers: A Comparison of Japanese, German, and U.S. Perceptions

A competent international marketing manager is critical to any firm's international success. In this study, U.S., Japanese, and German executives were asked whether firms should depend on existing ...
Non-conservative stability assessment of LTI dynamics with distributed delay using CTCR paradigm

A general class of LTI feedback control systems with a distributed delay in the feedback line is taken into account. We start with a theorem which states the equivalence of a general class of distributed delay system to a discrete delay system with multiple independent delays. While this connection has been recognized earlier, what is interesting and novel to this study is the deployment of a paradigm called The Cluster Treatment of Characteristic Roots (CTCR) for this class of systems. CTCR exhaustively declares the stability outlook of the system in the space of the delays. This capability forms a very important basis over which we can build further research connected to systems with distributed delays.
Marketing U.S. government depository libraries: preliminary report on a public awareness campaign in New England

Abstract The article describes an ongoing public awareness campaign for federal depository libraries in New England designed by the Government Publications Librarians of New England (GPLNE) in collaboration with the Marketing Department of the United States Government Printing Office. This marketing effort is aimed at professional people in non-profit organizations and small businesses concerned with energy, the environment, health, housing, consumer, and other public interests. Results of a telephone survey and in-depth interviews of persons in the target audience are discussed. These suggest that people in this population are regular users of government publications but are unaware of depository libraries and do not rely on libraries as their main sources for government-generated information. However, they appear willing to try different information-gathering strategies and might use depositories if they were informed about collections and services, especially services which can be used without travelling to a library. Components of the marketing campaign are described. The plan emphasizes the free information services that depositories offer and the problem-solving skills of librarians.
Abstract P436: Correlates of Physical Activity at 3- and 12-Months Postpartum

Background: Participation in at least 150 minutes/week of moderate-intensity aerobic activity is suggested for postpartum women. However, few women engage in these recommended levels of physical activity after pregnancy. To inform the development of interventions aimed at maintaining or increasing physical activity in the postpartum period, it is important to understand which factors are associated with postpartum physical activity. Methods: We examined the correlates of self-reported moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) at 3- and 12-months postpartum among a cohort of women in the Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition Postpartum study. Women self-reported the frequency, duration, and mode of MVPA. Potential correlates were identified according to the socioecological framework and included sociodemographics, behavioral characteristics, non-recreational modes of MVPA (assessed only for recreational MVPA), reproductive history, infant care, psychosocial factors, and barriers to MVPA. Logistic regression models with GEE were used to identify correlates of any MVPA (≥10 minutes/week across all modes of activity) and any recreational MVPA (≥10 minutes/week) among women at 3-months (n=667) and 12-months (n=530) postpartum. Results: At both time points, lower odds of participation in any MVPA were associated with lower education, breastfeeding, depression, and minimal emotional support. Low confidence in exercise ability, receipt of advice about physical activity, and warmer seasons were associated with higher odds of participation in any MVPA. Associations varied by time point for two correlates. Low poverty and odds of any MVPA were negatively associated at 3-months and positively associated at 12-months postpartum. History of preeclampsia and odds of any MVPA were positively associated at 3-months and negatively associated at 12-months postpartum. For recreational MVPA at both time points, lower odds of participation were associated with unmarried status, lower education, employment, low poverty, history of preeclampsia, and minimal emotional support. Involvement in child/adult care activities and warmer seasons were associated with higher odds of participation in any recreational MVPA. Associations varied by time point for two correlates. Transportation MVPA and odds of any recreational MVPA were positively associated at 3-months and negatively associated at 12-months postpartum. Moderate stress and odds of any recreational MVPA were negatively associated at 3-months and positively associated at 12-months postpartum. Conclusion: These findings suggest that there are several modifiable factors associated with participation in MVPA in the postpartum period. Selected associations varied by time point. This information should be considered when developing interventions to help women maintain or increase physical activity following pregnancy.
CCR5: Window of Biocapitalism

The author of the Genealogy of a Gene, Myles W. Jackson, uses the gene CCR5 as a window framing a vista of biocapitalism. With many compartmentalized panes, this window looks at different edges of its scene as the author retells the scientific and pharmaceutical history of CCR5, discusses the world of intellectual property, and ends with thought-provoking final chapters that show where the author’s heart lies as he invites his audience to reconsider some assumptions and unite with historians and anthropologists before diving into the world of “racial” and “ethnic” descriptions to distinguish populations.
Ultrastructural Evidence That Intracellular Ice Formation and Possibly Cavitation Are the Sources of Freezing Injury in Supercooling Wood Tissue of Cornus florida L

Although cellular injury in some woody plants has been correlated with freezing of supercooled water, there is no direct evidence that intracellular ice formation is responsible for the injury. In this study we tested the hypothesis that injury to xylem ray parenchyma cells in supercooling tissues is caused by intracellular ice formation. The ultrastructure of freezing-stress response in xylem ray parenchyma cells of flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.) was determined in tissue prepared by freeze substitution. Wood tissue was collected in the winter, spring, and summer of 1992. Specimens were cooled from 0 to -60[deg]C at a rate of 5[deg]C h-1. Freezing stress did not affect the structural organization of wood tissue, but xylem ray parenchyma cells suffered severe injury in the form of intracellular ice crystals. The temperatures at which the ice crystals were first observed depended on the season in which the tissue was collected. Intracellular ice formation was observed at -20, -10, and -5[deg]C in winter, spring, and summer, respectively. Another type of freezing injury was manifested by fragmented protoplasm with indistinguishable plasma membranes and damaged cell ultrastructure but no evidence of intracellular ice. Intracellular cavitation may be a source of freezing injury in xylem ray parenchyma cells of flowering dogwood.
Function of Specific K+ Channels in Sustained High-Frequency Firing of Fast-Spiking Neocortical Interneurons

Fast-spiking GABAergic interneurons of the neocortex and hippocampus fire high-frequency trains of brief action potentials with little spike-frequency adaptation. How these striking properties aris...
Detecting linkage disequilibrium in the presence of locus heterogeneity.

Summary Locus heterogeneity is a common phenomenon in complex diseases and is one of the most important factors that affect the power of either linkage or linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis. In linkage analysis, the heterogeneity LOD score (HLOD) rather than LOD itself is often used. However, the existing methods for detecting linkage disequilibrium, such as the TDT and many of its variants, do not take into account locus heterogeneity. We propose two novel likelihood-based methods, an LD-Het likelihood and an LD-multinomial likelihood, to test linkage disequilibrium (LD) that explicitly incorporate locus heterogeneity in the analysis. The LD-Het is applicable to general nuclear family data but requires a working penetrance model. The LD-multinomial is only applicable to affected sib-pair data but does not require specification of a trait model. For affected sib-pair data, both methods have similar power to detect LD under the recessive model, but the LD-multinomial model has greater power when the underlying model is dominant or additive.
The role of design values in information system development for human benefit

– This paper appropriates the value sensitive design (VSD) framework to examine the role of design values in the development of an information system designed to increase transparency and reduce corruption within the context of a large‐scale e‐governance project in India., – A qualitative case study was conducted and data were collected through interviews with system designers, observations of system design and implementation, and walk‐through of designed systems. Data analysis followed an interpretive approach intended to understand informants' meaning‐making. Analysis occurred iteratively both during and after the field study., – The study reveals the complexity of the role of values in the design of information technology wherein the designers in their pursuit of transparency and reduced corruption have to continuously balance their idealistic and pragmatic values., – This study tests the VSD framework in the context of developing an e‐government system thereby highlighting its usefulness but also outlining ways in which the framework can be expanded to make it more relevant to diverse contexts., – This study extends the VSD framework, particularly in contexts where designers' values are primary drivers of design decisions. A greater understanding of the role of design values across the design process can prove crucial in inculcating and reinforcing design values that lead to a more contextually relevant product., – This research provides valuable lessons on how to approach design of systems that can benefit humans with implications for designers and for public policy., – This is one of the first studies that utilizes the VSD framework to study information system design in a human development context with novel implications for both research and practice.
Short-Term Scheduling under Uncertainty Using MILP Sensitivity Analysis

The aim of this paper is to develop an integrated framework within which to address the issue of uncertainty in short-term scheduling. The idea of inference-based sensitivity analysis for MILP problems is utilized within a branch-and-bound solution framework to determine the importance of different parameters and constraints and to provide a set of alternative schedules for the range of uncertain parameters under consideration. Two case studies are presented to illustrate the application of the proposed approach and to provide a comparison with parametric programming and robust optimizaton studies.
Understanding CMEs and their source regions

Abstract CMEs are an important aspect of coronal and interplanetary dynamics. They can eject large amounts of mass and magnetic fields into the heliosphere which can drive large geomagnetic storms and interplanetary shocks, a key source of solar energetic particles. However, our knowledge of the origins and early development of CMEs at the Sun is limited. CMEs are most frequently associated with erupting prominences and long-enduring X-ray arcades, but sometimes with weak or no observed surface activity. I review some of the well-determined coronal properties of CMEs and what we know about their source regions, including recent studies using Yohkoh, SOHO and radio data. One exciting, new type of observation is of halo-like CMEs which suggest the launch of a geoeffective disturbance toward Earth. Besides their utility for forecasting the arrival at Earth of magnetic clouds and geomagnetic storms, halo CMEs are important for understanding the development and internal structure of CMEs since we can view their source regions near Sun center and can measure their in-situ characteristics along their central axes.
Calculation of Reflectance of a Light Diffuser with Nonuniform Absorption

The total reflection of a light diffuser with nonuniform absorption is considered in the two-beam model. A series solution is obtained for the Kubelka–Munk equations that describe an opaque layer characterized by a constant scattering coefficient and an absorption coefficient with an exponential distribution. Numerical results are graphically shown and applications to photochemical studies are discussed. An analytic solution is given for a special composite diffuser that has a uniform layer of finite thickness on its surface.
Synthesis of Imine-Bridged Phenylenepyridine Ladder Polymers. Optical Band Gap Widening through Intramolecular Charge Transfer in Planar Polymers

The syntheses of planar (ladder) poly(phenylenepyridine)s [(PPhPy)s] are described using Pd-catalyzed cross couplings of aryldistannanes and aryl dihalides. Imine bridges are utilized to effect the planarization of the rigid-rod polymer. In one set of (PPhPy)s, the phenyl rings bear the nitrogen portion of the bridging imines while the pyridine bears the carbon portion of the bridging imine. A second type of (PPhPy)s has the reverse imine-bridging mode. Surprisingly, the study here indicates that construction of alternating donor/acceptor repeat units for inducement of intramolecular charge-transfer resulted in an optical band widening; a result opposite to that obtained in nonplanar polymers possessing alternating donor/acceptor repeat units.
Endoscopic complications: The Texas experience

A survey of 55 members of the Texas Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy disclosed major complications incident to 0.24% of 9875 gastroscopies, 0.65% of 2625 colonoscopies, and 2.14% of 560 polypectomies. The survey also encompassed lesser numbers of patients undergoing ERCP, laparoscopy, and esophageai dilation. Among established practitioners, in the Texas experience, the overall frequency of complications was unrelated to the total number of procedures performed by a given endoscopist.
Responses of Cell Cultures to Insecticides. III. Altered Susceptibility to Poliovirus and Diphtheria Toxin.

SummaryHe-La cell cultures were maintained in the presence of insecticides for periods up to 108 days. At certain intervals the treated cells were subcultured without insecticides and then infected with poliovirus or submitted to reaction with diphtheria toxin. The Cygon-, Dipterex-, DI-Syston-, chlordane-, and Karathane-treated cultures were more susceptible to poliovirus infection and the infected cells degenerated more rapidly. The malathion-treated cells did not show any change in susceptibility. The Karathane-treated cells were 10 times more resistant to the lethal action of diphtheria toxin than the control. Other treated cultures showed no changes with respect to diphtheria toxin reactivity. The results indicate some alterations in physiology of the insecticide-treated cells which affect the cell response to 2 other biologically active agents—poliovirus and diphtheria toxin.
Oral Focal Acantholytic Dyskeratosis

. Focal acantholytic dyskeratosis (FAD) is an uncommon lesion of the oral mucosa with only 22 cases reported in the medical/dental literature. Fifteen additional cases of solitary oral FAD are presented. Of these cases, 4 occurred clinically as leukoplakia. Leukoplakia-associated lesions may be an addition to the current classification of solitary FAD.
EFFECT OF FERMENTATION SUBSTRATES ON ENZYME PRODUCTION AND DEGRADATION OF OLIGOSACCHARIDES IN PINTO BEAN FLOUR AS AFFECTED BY PARTICLE SIZE

Different substrate combinations and different fungal species were screened for the production of α-galactosidases. Particle sizes of pinto bean flour, activities of enzyme solution and incubation times of enzyme treatment were tested to get the optimum processing conditions to eliminate raffinose oligosaccharides in pinto bean flour. Okara and tofu whey at 2:1 (w/v) and wheat bran and tofu whey at 1:1 (w/v) were used as the substrates for enzyme production. Aspergillus awamori NRRL 4869 was used to produce enzyme. Pinto bean flour (passed through 60 mesh screen) incubated with enzyme solution (60 Gal U/mL) most effectively eliminated the raffinose oligosaccharides. A. awamori NRRL 4869, wheat bran and tofu whey substrates at 1:1 (w/v), particle size 60 mesh and enzyme activity 60 Gal U/mL were the best conditions for enzymatic degradation of oligosaccharides in pinto bean flours. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Dry edible beans are highly nutritious and healthy foods. One of the obstacles for the utilization of dry beans is the presence of flatulence factors, especially the raffinose oligosaccharides, which are well known to produce flatulence in man and animals. The flatulence causes some social problems in adults and may cause discomfort in infants and young children. The elimination or reduction of the flatulence factors present in beans suggests an increased acceptability by consumers. This subsequently contributes to human health. Treatment of beans with preparations rich in α-galactosidase produced by microorganisms on agricultural by-products can reduce the raffinose oligosaccharide content. The present investigation provided the optimum processing conditions for fungal enzymatic treatment for eliminating oligosaccharides in pinto bean flour. Enzymatic treatment was effective for eliminating the raffinose oligosaccharides, and hence, crude α-galactosidases from fungi have potential use in the food industry.
Comparison of internal and external pressure on the symmetry of tetrachloro anions of transition metals

Abstract It has been established that the geometry of CuCl 2− 4 is dependent on crystal field stabilization, extent of Cu 4s and 4p participation in bonding, ligand-ligand repulsion forces, extent of the hydrogen bonding of the counter ion to the chlorine atoms, and crystal packing forces. The geometry of the CuCl 2− 4 can be followed by examining several experimental parameters, such as the trans ClCuCl angle, position of the “d” transitions and the nature of the CuCl stretching vibration in the far infrared (FIR). It is not known to what extent similar considerations hold for the first-row transition metals in the (II) oxidation state (e.g. Mn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ . A systematic study of the complexes involving counterions unable to provide hydrogen bonding to the chlorines of the MCl 2− 4 entity, and to those complexes demonstrating a high degree of hydrogen bonding was started. The changes in the FIR and in the “d” transition spectrum were followed under ambient conditions and under high external pressures. Whenever it was possible comparisons of the effects of the internal pressure (hydrogen bonding) and high external pressure in changing the geometry of the MCl 2− 4 ion were made.
Is IEEE Std 1149.1 running out of gas? no way!

Boundary-scan was always intended to be used for loaded board testing, to help find manufacturing defects at the board level such as shorted nets, opens solder joints, missing devices, etc. And yet, it has been firmly grasped by IC designers as a gateway to solving IC testing problems as well.
APPLICATION OF FUZZY SET THEORY TO ECONOMICS

Fuzzy set theory is applied to three areas of economic modeling, economic forecasting and economic policy. In modeling it gives expression to the fact that after structural equations are obtained from theoretical considerations, the parameters cannot be estimated accurately. In forecasting a solution is given to the multiple model problem. In economic policy, it offers a range of optimum policies depending on a risk parameter and leaves the final policy choice to the decision maker.
Forensic Psychology, Psychological Injuries and the Law

In a relatively brief period of time, forensic psychology has gone from being a relatively uncommon area of psychological practice to being a prominent professional activity. Given its increasing capacity to establish both cause and effect, psychological evaluations in personal injury cases have become more common, and the degree of refinement of those evaluations has increased. Forensic psychologists need specialized training that addresses the state of the art of forensic practice. With the requisite education, knowledge, and experience, forensic psychologists have a great deal to contribute to the understanding of psychological injuries and the resolution of litigation that may result when those injuries occur.
Binding of perforin to membranes is sensitive to lipid spacing and not headgroup

Abstract When triggered, cytolytic effector cells (cytolytic T-lymphocytes (CTL) and large granular lymphocytes (LGL)) release effector molecules from cytoplasmic granules [1, 2], including the lytic protein perforin. This protein binds and incorporates into the plasma membrane of target cells, where it aggregates to form pores which cause target cell lysis and death. Phosphorylcholine, the headgroup of the ubiquitous phospholipids phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin, has been proposed as the specific receptor for perforin [3]. We report here that any headgroup specificity is outweighed by phospholipid spacing in determining binding of perforin to liposomes. We also find that the spacing of outer leaflet lipids in a natural bilayer, the plasma membrane of the erythrocyte, influences susceptibility of the cell to perforin-mediated lysis. Finally, we demonstrate that the plasma membrane lipids in CTL are more closely spaced than in target cells, suggesting that lipid spacing contributes to the relative resistance of CTL to perforin-mediated lysis.
Specific heat of C 60 and K 3 C 60 thin films for T=6-400 K

Using a microcalorimeter, we have measured the specific heat of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ and ${\mathrm{K}}_{3}{\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ thin films from 6--400 K. The results can be understood by analyzing the phonon modes; the electronic specific heat of ${\mathrm{K}}_{3}{\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ is a small fraction of the total. While ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ displays a clear separation of energy levels between interball and intraball modes, the added (alkali) optical modes in ${\mathrm{K}}_{3}{\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ blur this separation because they appear in the gap. Additionally, the acoustic modes of ${\mathrm{K}}_{3}{\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ soften compared to pure ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}.$
Inhibitory regulation of electrically coupled neurons in the inferior olive is mediated by asynchronous release of GABA.

Summary Inhibitory projection neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) provide GABAergic input to neurons of the inferior olive (IO) that in turn produce climbing fiber synapses onto Purkinje cells. Anatomical evidence suggests that DCN to IO synapses control electrical coupling between IO neurons. In vivo studies suggest that they also control the synchrony of IO neurons and play an important role in cerebellar learning. Here we describe the DCN to IO synapse. Remarkably, GABA release was almost exclusively asynchronous, with little conventional synchronous release. Synaptic transmission was extremely frequency dependent, with low-frequency stimulation being largely ineffective. However, due to the prominence of asynchronous release, stimulation at frequencies above 10 Hz evoked steady-state inhibitory currents. These properties seem ideally suited to transform the firing rate of DCN neurons into sustained inhibition that both suppresses the firing of IO cells and regulates the effective coupling between IO neurons.
Prostate brachytherapy seed localization by analysis of multiple projections: identifying and addressing the seed overlap problem.

Intraoperative three-dimensional reconstruction of seed locations during prostate brachytherapy for purposes of immediate computation of radiation dosimetry is an active area of current investigation, including methods which use multiple fluoroscopic projections. A simulation study using seed locations extracted from clinical CT data was performed; the result showed that on average one quarter of the seeds had a projection image overlapping with other seeds. The average percentage of non-overlapping seeds for the prostate implants and seed types investigated was 74.5% with a range of 56.9%–92.9%. The distribution of seeds in different cluster sizes was analyzed as well as the distribution of pixel counts of connected components. A statistical classifier was developed to determine the number of seed images in a self-connected component in the segmented images. The classifier was tested with simulation data, and the error rate was below 2%. A method to determine seed image position is also provided. A modified three-film technique was used to reconstruct 3-D seed locations. The algorithm allows unequal number of seed images for each projection as input while current methods require the same number of seed images detected in all projections. An accuracy analysis based on angular and positional uncertainty was performed. The reconstruction and seed localization algorithms were tested with simulation data, and the mean distance error of the reconstructed results was 0.61 mm. A phantom study was performed to validate the seed localization method. Three false positive seeds, 4.7% of the total, in the reconstruction result were observed in this study.
HNO Binding in a Heme Protein: Structures, Spectroscopic Properties, and Stabilities

HNO can interact with numerous heme proteins, but atomic level structures are largely unknown. In this work, various structural models for the first stable HNO heme protein complex, MbHNO (Mb, myog...
A knowledge-based patient data acquisition system for primary care medicine

In primary care medcine, clinical information is collected during patient interviews by skilled medical personnel. A Patient Data Acquisition System (PDAS) has been developed to embody interview expertise for primary care medicine. The PDAS, which produces a printed report conveying the patient’s perception of the symptoms and problem, has three basic components: (a) an opening interview with the patient, (b) an inferencing system that analyzes natural language statements of the problem and symptoms to determine which physicaI systems (e.g., carthac) should be reviewed, and (c) detailed reviews of the physicaf systems. These physical systems are investigated in detail to provide the physician with information to confirm or rule out possible diagnoses. The PDAS is an expert informationgathering tool the physician retains responsibility for irtterpreting and using this information. Field experiences have shown medicaf information gathered with the PDAS to be both relevant and sufficient to support a diagnosis.
Structures of Metal-Substituted Human Histone Deacetylase 8 Provide Mechanistic Inferences on Biological Function

The metal-dependent histone deacetylases (HDACs) adopt an alpha/beta protein fold first identified in rat liver arginase. Despite insignificant overall amino acid sequence identity, these enzymes share a strictly conserved metal binding site with divergent metal specificity and stoichiometry. HDAC8, originally thought to be a Zn(2+)-metallohydrolase, exhibits increased activity with Co(2+) and Fe(2+) cofactors based on k(cat)/K(M) (Gantt, S. L., Gattis, S. G., and Fierke, C. A. (2006) Biochemistry 45, 6170-6178). Here, we report the first X-ray crystal structures of metallo-substituted HDAC8, Co(2+)-HDAC8, D101L Co(2+)-HDAC8, D101L Mn(2+)-HDAC8, and D101L Fe(2+)-HDAC8, each complexed with the inhibitor M344. Metal content of protein samples in solution is confirmed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. For the crystalline enzymes, peaks in Bijvoet difference Fourier maps calculated from X-ray diffraction data collected near the respective elemental absorption edges confirm metal substitution. Additional solution studies confirm incorporation of Cu(2+); Fe(3+) and Ni(2+) do not bind under conditions tested. The metal dependence of the substrate K(M) values and the K(i) values of hydroxamate inhibitors that chelate the active site metal are consistent with substrate-metal coordination in the precatalytic Michaelis complex that enhances catalysis. Additionally, although HDAC8 binds Zn(2+) nearly 10(6)-fold more tightly than Fe(2+), the affinities for both metal ions are comparable to the readily exchangeable metal concentrations estimated in living cells, suggesting that HDAC8 could bind either or both Fe(2+) or Zn(2+) in vivo.
Static and dynamic stability of an elastically restrained Beck column with an attached end mass

The static and dynamic stability of an elastically restrained Beck column with an attached end mass subjected simultaneously to gravity and follower axial forces is presented. The analytical solution takes into account the simultaneous effects of: (1) translational and rotational elastic restraints at the base support; (2) the uniform mass per unit length of the column (including any additional uniformly distributed mass) and rotary inertia of the column; (3) the rotary and translational inertias of the attached end mass; (4) the distance from the centroid of the attached end mass to the column free end; and (5) the shear deformation. The analytical eigenvalue solution can be used to study these effects on the static and dynamic stability of the Beck column. The analytical method and eigenvalue equation capture the static buckling (or divergence) as well as the dynamic (flutter) instability of cantilever columns elastically restrained at the base and subjected to any combinations of gravity and follower compressive axial forces applied at the free end. A parametric study is carried out on the effects of the translational and rotational inertias of the end mass, the distance from the centroid of the attached end mass to the column free end, and the rotational restraint on the static and dynamic stability of a perfectly clamped Beck column. Four comprehensive examples are presented to show the simplicity and effectiveness of the analytical method, and the obtained results compared with those obtained analytically and experimentally by others researchers.
Prognostic Value of the Shock Index Along With Transthoracic Echocardiography in Risk Stratification of Patients With Acute Pulmonary Embolism

The initial clinical presentation and echocardiography have key roles in risk stratification of patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE). To assess the value of shock index and echocardiographic abnormalities as predictors of in-hospital complications and mortality, echocardiographic features of 159 patients diagnosed with acute PE were reviewed. A shock index ≥1, independent of echocardiographic findings, was associated with increased in-hospital mortality. Regardless of shock index, moderate to severe right ventricular (RV) hypokinesis and a ratio of RV to left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic diameter >1 was significantly associated with in-hospital mortality and demonstrated the best predictive values for short-term outcomes. The sensitivity and negative predictive value of diastolic LV impairment (E/A wave 1, and end-diastolic RV diameter >3 cm for in-hospital mortality were 100%. Systolic pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) was higher in patients who died before discharge. A cut-off point >50 mm Hg for systolic PAP was significantly associated with increased in-hospital death. In conclusion, among conventional echocardiographic abnormalities attributed to RV dysfunction (E/A wave 1, RV end-diastolic diameter >3 cm, and interventricular septal flattening), moderate to severe RV hypokinesis and RV/LV >1 have better predictive values for short-term outcomes of patients with acute PE. In addition, a shock index ≥1 and systolic PAP >50 mm Hg could also be helpful in the triage of these patients.
Textural and chemical factors affecting adsorption capacity of activated carbon in highly efficient desulfurization of diesel fuel

Two synthetic, polymer-derived carbons, and two commercial carbons were investigated as adsorbents of dibenzothiophene and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene from simulated diesel fuel in dynamic conditions. The total concentration of sulfur was 20 ppm. The surface features of the carbons were evaluated using adsorption of nitrogen, potentiometric titration, Boehm titration, thermal analysis and FTIR. The polymer-derived carbons outperformed the commercial micro- and micro/mesoporous carbons from the point of view of adsorption capacity and selectivity. The latter was evaluated based on the adsorption of naphthalene, which was also present in the fuel used. It was found that the presence of arenes did not affect significantly the capacity measured. The results suggest that the amount adsorbed is mainly governed by the volume of micropores, where dispersive interactions are predominant. Acidic groups located in larger pores are also important to attract additional molecules DBT and 4,6-DMDBT via specific interactions with the progress of adsorption. These groups may also contribute to the reactive adsorption leading to oxidation of DBT and 4,6-DMDBT.
Frequency-Dependent Signal Transmission and Modulation by Neuromodulators

The brain uses a strategy of labor division, which may allow it to accomplish more elaborate and complicated tasks, but in turn, imposes a requirement for central control to integrate information among different brain areas. Anatomically, the divergence of long-range neuromodulator projections appears well-suited to coordinate communication between brain areas. Oscillatory brain activity is a prominent feature of neural transmission. Thus, the ability of neuromodulators to modulate signal transmission in a frequency-dependent manner adds an additional level of regulation. Here, we review the significance of frequency-dependent signal modulation in brain function and how a neuronal network can possess such properties. We also describe how a neuromodulator, dopamine, changes frequency-dependent signal transmission, controlling information flow from the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampus.
The Effects of Welfare-to-Work Programs on Welfare Recipients’ Employment Outcomes

This study examined the effects of U.S. Welfare-to-Work programs on the employment outcomes of Temporary Assistance to Needy Family (TANF) recipients. Using the Survey of Program Dynamics and the Welfare Rules Database, the present study followed unemployed TANF recipients who participated in Human Capital Development (HCD) and Labor Force Attachment (LFA) programs from 1997 through 2001. The analyses examined how program participation affected recipients’ employment while holding the effects of the state economy and various TANF rules constant. The results showed that, unlike the assumption of the work-first strategy in the welfare reform, participation in HCD programs was associated with a higher probability of obtaining and maintaining employment than participation in LFA programs.
Resilience in siblings of children with sickle cell disease

This pilot study was conducted to identify factors responsible for promoting resilience in siblings of children with sickle cell disease. Twenty siblings (10–17 years of age) of children (5–13 years) with sickle cell disease were selected from the Pediatric Clinic of Howard University Center for Sickle Cell Disease. The siblings responded to questionnaires, and the data obtained was analyzed by chi-square for association. The results indicated that age, birth order, and gender had no effect on resilience in the siblings. However, family size, number of parents in the home, sibling's knowledge of the illness, degree of morbidity of the illness, socioeconomic status of the family, and parents' attitudes and childrearing practices were all found to affect resilience. These findings provide additional insight into the psychosocial aspects of, and genetic counseling for sickle cell disease, as well as for other chronic genetic disorders.
CD4 Binding Induces an Asymmetric Transition of HIV-1 Env from its Native Conformation into the Prehairpin Intermediate State

HIV-1 membrane fusion is mediated by sequential binding of the viral homotrimeric Env (gp120/gp41) to cellular CD4 and chemokine receptor (CXCR4 or CCR5). These binding events coordinate conformational transitions of the gp41 trimer from its native conformation into a prehairpin intermediate state (PHI) and, subsequently, into its fusogenic trimer-of-hairpins structure (TOH). In the PHI, the gp41 trimer assumes an extended conformation that bridges the viral and cellular membranes, and exposes the N-HR and C-HR domains which are targeted by HIV-1 fusion inhibitors T20 and 5-Helix, respectively. Our previous work suggests that the PHI-to-TOH transition occurs in a concerted (symmetric) fashion. Here, we investigate the transition from the native state to the PHI using a functional complementation strategy that employed heterotrimeric Envs containing only one or two functional CD4- and chemokine receptor-binding sites. Additionally, by incorporating T20- and 5-Helix- resistance mutations into individual Env protomers, we were able to interrogate exposure of discrete gp41 N-HR and C-HR domains. Our data indicate that a single CD4 binding to an Env trimer is sufficient to promote fusion. Moreover, the first CD4 binding event appeared to expose only one of three possible binding sites for each fusion inhibitor, suggesting an asymmetric transition into the PHI. This asymmetry was significantly more pronounced in the gp41 N-HR region compared to the gp41 C-HR region. These results can be used to explain the multiphasic titration of mutant Env homotrimers that naturally form asymmetric N-HR domain structures. Taken together, these data suggest that the native state-to-PHI transition of Env occurs in a multistep (asymmetric) fashion.
Creative morality: Intentional and unconventional

Abstract: Creativity and morality are often defined with reference to conventionality, the former involving nonconformity, rebelliousness, and unconventional tendencies, and the latter involving traditional, dogmatic, and conventional tendencies. These definitions imply that creativity and morality are contradictory or mutually exclusive. The primary argument in the present article is that it is misleading to emphasize conventionality when defining creativity or morality. It is misleading in part because creativity is not entirely unconventional; rules and traditions are important in many expressions of creativity. Similarly, morality is not always conventional. The emphasis on conventionality also detracts from other important aspects of creativity and morality, such as intentionality. Creativity and morality can be understood as a combination of conventional and unconventional behaviors, but intentionality is necessary. Two areas of creativity research are especially helpful for the understanding of cre...
A viral disease of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus: Histopathology and differential diagnosis

Abstract A disease of the blue crab caused by a cytoplasmic virus morphologically resembling reovirus is described. Crabs infected with the virus were collected both from a low-salinity tributary of Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, and from Chicoteague Bay, Virginia, a high-salinity area. Virus occurs with greatest frequency in cells of the hemopoietic tissue and in hyaline hemocytes. It is also found in epidermis and gill epithelia and within the neurilemma where it occurs in granulocytes and other cells of uncertain identity. The following diseases are considered in the differential diagnosis of the viral infection: paramoebiasis, bacterial infection, microsporidan infection, Hematodinium infection, and disease caused by a herpes-like virus.
Weak products of Dirichlet functions

Abstract For a Hilbert space H of functions let H ⊙ H be the space of weak products of functions in H , i.e. all functions h that can be written as h = ∑ i = 1 ∞ f i g i for some f i , g i ∈ H with ∑ i = 1 ∞ ‖ f i ‖ ‖ g i ‖ ∞ . Let D denote the Dirichlet space of the unit circle ∂ D , i.e. the nontangential limits of functions f ∈ Hol ( D ) with ∫ D | f ′ | 2 d A ∞ and let D h be the harmonic Dirichlet space, which consists of functions of the form f + g ¯ for f , g ∈ D . In this paper we show that every real-valued function in D h ⊙ D h is a single product of two functions in D h and that the Cauchy projection is a bounded operator from D h ⊙ D h onto D ⊙ D . It follows that D ⊙ D consists exactly of the H 1 -functions whose real and imaginary parts are single products of D h -functions. The dual space of D ⊙ D was characterized by Arcozzi, Rochberg, Sawyer and Wick in [3] and the result implies the characterization of the dual of D h ⊙ D h . We will show that the characterization of the dual of D h ⊙ D h also follows from results of Maz'ya and Verbitsky [17] . Thus, we will establish a precise connection between the results of [3] and [17] .
The Cloze Procedure: A Modification

The purpose of this study was to assess reading comprehension at differing levels of second language learning. Adaptations of Carver's (1973) reading-input tests were administered to W6 college students enrolled in the first four semesters of Spanish. The input tests, a modified version of the cloze procedure, required the readers to select systematically between correct answers and distractors. As such, the input tests isolated the reading process from the writing process. Reliabilities for the tests were found to be good to moderate, and it was recommended that the tests be employed for diagnostic purposes at the beginning and intermediate levels.
Magnetic Resonance Microscopy of Heterogeneity in Polymer Electrolyte Membranes

Magnetic resonance microscopy of Nafion 117 is used to measure the spatial variation of solvent dynamics in protonated (acid form) membranes immersed in solvent. Spatial resolution allows determination of membrane material property heterogeneity via T2 and diffusion variations to be easily studied in the presence of strong free solvent signal. Variation of T2 and diffusion as a function of solvent methanol–water mole fraction is measured. Spatially averaged T2 and diffusion data are in general agreement with previous bulk nuclear magnetic resonance studies; however, significant disparities from sample to sample at fixed solvent concentration are present in the spatially averaged data. The variation is determined to be due to changes in solvent mobility within the membrane over scales of the order of 10 mm, indicating macroscale heterogeneity of the solvent saturated membrane morphology.
Magneto-optical Sum Rules Close to the Mott Transition

We derive new sum rules for the real and imaginary parts of the frequency-dependent Hall constant and Hall conductivity. As an example, we discuss their relevance to the doped Mott insulator that we describe within the dynamical mean-field theory of strongly correlated electron systems.
PHOTOTAXIS IN EUGLENA—II. PHYSICAL FACTORS DETERMINING THE RATE OF PHOTOTACTIC RESPONSE*

Abstract— A novel approach to the measurement of phototaxis is described. It is based on recording the change in optical density which results when phototactic microorganisms collect in a beam of actinic light. The instrument allows the reproducible measurement of rate and degree of phototaxis. Using this device, we have carried out a systematic study of the influence of physical parameters on the phototactic response in Euglena gracilis, z-strain. When Euglena is grown under conditions of artificial day/night cycles, circadian rhythms of phototactic ability are observed which parallel similar rhythms previously observed in the photosynthetic capacity of other algae. Maintenance of a light-grown culture in complete darkness results in a loss of the phototactic response after about 72 hr. A dark-grown culture develops chlorophyll and phototactic capacity simultaneously. These results suggest a relation between phototaxis and photosynthesis. From the results of light intensity dependence studies of phototaxis, it is concluded that the actinic light triggers rather than powers the response. The upper limit for the quantum threshold of phototaxis is estimated to be 100 quanta per photoreceptor at 460 mμ. Measurements of the dependence of phototaxis on the wavelength of the actinic light yield an action spectrum which agrees very well with the absorption spectrum of the eyespot pigments. The rate of phototaxis vs. temperature closely resembles the temperature dependence of enzymatic activity.
Discussion of Information System Assurance for Enterprise Resource Planning Systems: Unique Risk Considerations

Asking experts their opinion is an important methodology in those settings where the major issues have not been previously addressed, often early in the topic's research life cycle. Heterogeneous expert opinion (HEO) refers to gathering the opinion of experts that derive from a number of categories, e.g., partner, manager, and senior, or whether they are accountants or computer scientists. They are heterogeneous in that they are recognized as having different levels and/or types of expertise. Research of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems must carefully examine expert opinion and determine when using HEO is appropriate and when it should be stratified. In addition, where possible, previous research needs to supplement or be compared to the HEO to determine similarities and differences with other groups.