cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alginate Addition Influences Smooth Cordgrass ( Spartina alterniflora ) Growth and Macroinvertebrate Densities

In nitrogen-limited temperate marshes, increasing nitrogen availability via biological mechanisms such as N2 fixation and organic matter mineralization may lead to elevated marsh plant growth and macroinvertebrate densities. A polysaccharide, alginate, known to enhance microbial activity was added to sediment in a salt marsh (GA, USA) and the responses of the smooth cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora, and densities of common macroinvertebrates with important roles in nutrient cycling and energy flow through detrital systems were examined. Plant characteristics and macroinvertebrate densities were measured over portions of two growing seasons between July 2007 and July 2008. Spartina alterniflora stem densities increased in the alginate treatment compared to controls after six weeks of exposure, and this difference was evident throughout the second growing season. Differences in plant heights emerged during the second growing season. Positive effects on Geukensia demissa densities occurred during both growing seasons, Littoraria irrorata densities were elevated relative to controls only in the second growing season, and no differences were observed for Uca pugnax. This potential for increased marsh productivity following carbon amendments may be useful in developing plans for salt marsh recovery.
Exploring the motivations behind self-injury

This study explored self-described motivations for self-injuring behavior. One hundred and fifty four individuals were asked to express, in their own words, why they harmed themselves. The most frequently endorsed reason for self-injury was to obtain emotional release. The second most common intent was to resolve dissociation, and feel alive or real. Individuals also revealed that they self-injured in order to gain a sense of control, to punish themselves, to distract themselves, and to avoid suicidal or homicidal actions. Theoretical implications of these attributions for self-injury are discussed.
DNA homology between the 3'-untranslated regions of a developmentally regulated Drosophila gene and a mouse alpha-interferon gene.

Abstract The Drosophila genome was screened for DNA sequences that have homology with the mouse α-interferon gene MuIFNα2, by hybridizing a library of cloned Drosophila genomic DNA with an MuIFNα2 cDNA probe under reduced stringency conditions. Several dispersed regions of homology were identified, one of which was mapped at position 67D8-10 on chromosome 3. The homology in this region occurs within a gene, called ect, which encodes a 2.9-kb poly(A)+ RNA transcript. The principal homology between ect and MuIFNα2 involves A + T-rich sequences with short repeats, which are located within the untranslated 3' end of the transcribed region of each gene. Since no homology between the translated regions of ect and MuIFNα2 was detected by hybridization, there appears to be no significant structural or functional homology between the encoded proteins. The ect gene is temporally regulated during Drosophila development, with a major peak of expression during the second half of Drosophila embryogenesis. Expression of ect occurs selectively in ectodermal tissues of the embryo, suggesting a specialized role for the gene in the early development of ectodermal structures.
MAXIMIZING THREE-PHASE DIRECT-CONTACT HEAT EXCHANGER OUTPUT

Abstract Findings that maximize output performance of three-phase spray columns show that dramatic increases in total heat transfer can be achieved. Results from simulations are presented that show when the dispersed fluid is introduced into the exchanger at or near its saturation temperature, increases of approximately a half order of magnitude are possible. In some cases, reversals in previously reported trends are found when direct-contact heat exchanger operating limits are expanded, shedding new tight on possible optimization of direct-contact heat exchanger design and output.
Thermal-equilibrium processes in amorphous silicon

Data are presented which show that a major part of the localized electronic state distribution in hydrogenated amorphous silicon is in thermal equilibrium at elevated temperatures. Measurements of electronic transport are reported, with particular emphasis on the effects of annealing and cooling the samples. Two regimes of behavior are observed. When samples are cooled below a temperature ${T}_{E}$, the electronic and atomic structures slowly relax with a temperature-dependent time constant. In n-type samples the relaxation time is several weeks at room temperature, and ${T}_{E}$ is \ensuremath{\sim}130 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. In p-type samples the time constant is a few hours and ${T}_{E}$ is \ensuremath{\sim}80 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The second regime above ${T}_{E}$ corresponds to a relaxation time short compared to experimental times, and the structure attains a metastable thermal equilibrium. We show that the defect-compensation model of doping provides an accurate phenomenological description of the results. Furthermore, a quantitative fit to the data is obtained using the known density-of-states distribution. The bonding rearrangements that enable changes in the localized-state structure are discussed. We propose that the motion of bonded hydrogen is important, and that it can be considered to form a separate substructure that has properties similar to a glass. In this model the equilibration temperature ${T}_{E}$ is identified with the glass transition temperature. New measurements of hydrogen diffusion are presented to support the model.
Comparison between Theoretical and Experimental Electric Dipole Moments of Selected N,N-Dimethylaniline Derivatives

Abstract Electric dipole moments of nine N, N-dimethylaniline derivatives were determined experimentally in benzene solution according to literature methods. The theoretical dipole moments of these compounds were calculated from molecular orbital approximations according to the Del Re σ-electron treatment, the Huckel π-electron method, the Pariser-Parr-Pople treatment, the complete neglect of differential overlap method, and selected combinations of these methods. Parameters not previously reported were determined for the nitro group by reproduction of experimental dipole moments for use in the Del Re calculations. Comparisons between the experimental and theoretical moments indicate that the combination of the Del Re σ-electron and Huckel π-electron methods gave the best reproduction of the experimental dipole moment values while being considerably less expensive in terms of computer size and time, as well as requiring less time in preparing the data than more sophisticated methods examined.
Polyamino acid derivatives of mammalian cytochrome c undecapeptide

Abstract Polymethionyl cytochrome c heme undecapeptide ((Met)11.4-HllP) has an absorption spectrum in the visible region more nearly like that of cytochrome c than does polyglycyl ((Gly)21.6-HllP) or polyvalyl ((Val)11.3-HllP) cytochrome c undecapeptide.
Fluctuations of ground‐water levels in Utah

Long-time continuous records of the fluctuations of ground-water levels have been obtained at relatively few locations in the United States. Among the few available records for Utah that extend continuously over a period of a year or more are those made in the Jordan River and Ogden valleys by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with Salt Lake City and Ogden. A few of the records of water-levels, with records of stream-flow and precipitation, are shown in Figure 1. Most of these records were begun during 1931 or 1932. A State-wide program of well-observations was begun during the summer of 1935 and is now in progress, the work being done by the Geological Survey in cooperation with the Utah State Engineer.
Amateurs and Peofessionals: A Study of Delegates to the 1968 Democratic National Convention

Several years ago James Q. Wilson studied the members of the three amateur Democratic clubs in New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles. He intended his study, by his own admission, to be interesting rather than theoretical, but we have found its theoretical portions to be intriguing. The amateur politicians studies by Wilson primarily concentrated their energies in local politics, although their ambitions extended far beyond local campaigns and issues. Indeed, they expressed a clear desire to alter fundamentally the character of the American party system and, accordingly, all governing institutions. Wilson's task of identifying and characterizing the political motives and tactics of amateur Democrats was facilitated by the existence of political clubs. He had only to identify the clubs he wished to study and survey their members. Future researchers were left the responsibility of identifying similar political motives and tactics in less well-defined groups. We attempted to do this for a sample of delegates to the Democratic National Convention in 1968, and, following Wilson's criteria, we were successful in identifying a substantial proportion of amateur Democrats. The amateur Democrat described by Wilson was not set apart from the more conventional party activitsts by his liberalism, his age, education or class. He was not a dilettante or an inept practitioner of politics, nor did he regard politics as an avocation or hobby. Rather the amateur found politics intrinsically interesting because it expressed a conception of the public interest. The political world was perceived in terms of policies and principles which were consistent with the amateur's theory of deomocracy.
Distribution of Soil Organic and Inorganic Carbon Pools by Biome and Soil Taxa in Arizona

Arid systems represent an important component of the global soil C budget in that they cover 12% of the global land area and contain nearly 20% of global soil C stocks, both organic (SOC) and inorganic (SIC). The objectives of this study were to quantify SOC and SIC stocks in Arizona biomes, using Arizona as a model system for arid lands. Biome distribution was extracted from the Arizona Gap Analysis Project spatial vegetation dataset (GAP), while soil C data were extracted from the Arizona State Soil Geographic Dataset (STATSGO) at a scale of 1:250000, and the western Yavapai County Soil Survey Geographic Dataset (SSURGO) at a scale of 1:24000. Soil data were converted from a polygonal vector format to a raster format, and a raster-based method used to estimate SOC and SIC stocks by biome. Statewide,STATSGOsoilCstocksindicateArizonacontains0.5and1.5 PgofSOCandSIC,respectively,with27%oftheSOCinpinyon-juniper biomes (PJ), and 34% of SIC in creosotebush-bursage biomes (CB). A comparison of soil C estimates between datasets indicates significantly greaterestimatesofbiomeSOCandSICusingSSURGOdatarelativeto the STATSGO data. SSURGO soil C estimates varied considerably between the raster-based and soil taxa based method of data aggregation. Soil taxa data exhibited large intra-unit variation in each biome. In addition, soil C differed substantially between biomes by soil taxa (e.g., Haplargid SOC of 4.0 and 13.5 kg m 22 in the paloverde-cacti (PC) and montane pine (MP) forest biomes, respectively). Raster based soil C estimations incorporate the spatial distribution and areal land cover of each soil type within a biome, providing a more accurate representation of soil C stocks.
Molecular evidence for dual origin of mangabeys among Old World monkeys.

THE morphological similarities among the various mangabey species have been uniformly judged by primate systematists to warrant their association in a single genus (Cercocebus) of Old World monkeys. These similarities are not, however, reflected in their macromolecules. We find that the two groups of mangabeys are, by Old World monkey standards, so different at the protein level as to force the conclusion that the genus is not a natural that is, monophyletic, group.
Metallographic observations of dynamic recrystallization in Ni3Al

The purpose of this paper is to show that certain features characterize the high temperature fracture of another strongly ordered Ll/sub 2/ alloy, Ni/sub 3/Al, and to provide direct evidence for dynamic recrystallization in this material. The inference is that this phenomenon may be characteristic of the high-temperature flow and fracture of polycrystalline Ll/sub 2/ alloys. Transmission electron microscopy and optical microscopy reveal evidence for dynamic recrystallization in an Ll/sub 2/ alloy deformed under tension at elevated temperatures. This supports earlier suggestions of dynamic recrystallization in other Ll/sub 2/ alloys. Dynamic recrystallization followed by grain boundary sliding accounts for nodules on the fracture surface.
Grid Adaptation Using Adjoint-Based Error Minimization

We have recently introduced 1 a new adjoint-based grid adaptation methodology that directly solves an error minimization problem. The methodology has been previously applied to the problems for which the true error is available. In this paper, the methodology is extended to general formulations in which the true error is not employed. Two sets of adjoint variables are introduced. The rst set is used to estimate the error in a functional output of interest (e.g., lift, drag, thrust, etc.). The output error is estimated as an inner product of the residual and the adjoint variables associated with the functional output. The second set is used to compute sensitivity of the error estimate with respect to the mesh coordinates. For the practical error functional considered in this paper, only one set of adjoint equations needs to be solved to nd the both sets of adjoint variables. The methodology of grid adaptation combines grid renemen t with grid redistribution. One advantage of this automated grid adaptation methodology is that the number of adjoint solutions used at each optimization iteration is independent of the number of grid nodes. Another advantage is that grid redistribution provides a rigorous metric-free mechanism to relate the estimated error in the functional output to the size, shape, and orientation of grid elements. Thus this approach is very well suited for anisotropic grid adaptation. In this paper, the adjoint-based grid adaptation strategy is tested on several problems governed by the 2-D steady Poisson and Euler equations.
Reaction of carbonyl compounds with dimethyl 3‐ketoglutarate. Synthesis of bicyclic furan derivatives

Acid catalyzed reaction of cyelododecane-1,2-dione VI with dimethyl,3-ketoglutarate II led to the formation of methyl (E)-6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13-octahydro-3-(methoxycarbonyl)cyclododeca-[b]furan-2-aeetate IX, presumably formed through the dihydrodihydroxy furan VIII. This dihydrofuran intermediate VIII was shown to be characteristic of the reaction of 2-substituted carbonyl-compounds with 11 for both α-chlorocyclohexanone and α-chlorocyclopentanone furnished furans XVIa and XX, respectively, when treated with 11. The effect of dihydrodihydroxy-furan intermediates on the course of such reactions is discussed.
Ungrounding knowledges offshore Caribbean Studies, disciplinarity and critique

AbstractThis article considers how the field of Caribbean Studies constructed and defined its objects of study. It critically reflects on the history of the field, drawing mainly from the discipline of anthropology but also attending to the institutional sites of scholarly production and their impact on the worlding of the Caribbean as an 'area' fit for 'area studies'. As it does so, the paper considers the limits of the modes of fact-making implicit in Caribbean Studies, the scalar imaginaries bound up in it, and their implications for the problems of generalizability and distinctiveness subtending social inquiry and 'area' formations more broadly.
Production of urease by microbial activity in soils under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

Several workers have reported that O2 has little, if any, effect on hydrolysis of urea by soil urease, but others have reported that it has a marked effect, hydrolysis being significantly faster in soils under aerobic conditions than in O2-depleted soils. In studies to account for these divergent results, we found that whereas plant residues and other readily decomposable organic materials markedly stimulated microbial production of urease in soils under aerobic conditions, they did not greatly stimulate production of urease in soils under anaerobic conditions. We also found that although anaerobic conditions retarded production of urease by soil microorganisms, they did not inhibit hydrolysis of urea by soil urease. These observations suggest that the divergent findings concerning the effect of O2 on hydrolysis of urea by soil urease may have resulted from differences in the amounts of readily decomposable organic materials in the soils studied.
A Brief Review of the near Infrared Measurement Technique

Note that the term frequency refers to the number of vibrations per unit of time, designated by the Greek letter v (nu) and generally specified in units of S-1) or Hertz (Hz). Amplitude is defined by the interatomic distance covered at the extremes of the vibrating dipole, and is dependent upon the amount of energy absorbed by the infrared active bond. When incoming photons from a spectrophotometer source lamp strike different molecules in a sample, two direct results may occur: (1) the frequency of the disturbing energy does not match the natural vibrational frequency of the molecule, or (2) the disturbing frequency does match the vibrational frequency of the molecule. When there is a match between the disturbing frequency of the illumination energy and the natural vibrational frequency of a molecule in the sample, the molecule absorbs this energy, which in turn increases the vibrational amplitude of the absorbing dipoles. However, regardless of the increase in amplitude, the frequency of the absorbing vibration remains constant. Another name for the dipole model from Figure 1 is an ideal harmonic oscillator. The frequency at which the dipole (or ideal harmonic oscillator) vibrates (stretches or bends) is dependent upon the bond strength and the masses of the atoms bonded together. When the harmonic oscillator (HO) vibrates, the vibrational energy is continuously changing from kinetic to potential and back again. The total energy in the bond is proportional to the frequency of the vibration. The use of Hooke's law (in our case referring to the elasticity properties of the HO), is applied to illustrate the properties of the two atoms with a spring-like bond between them. The natural frequency of vibration for a bond (or any two So we have light from a spectrophotometer striking a matrix of various molecules. If the molecules do not interact with the light then the light passes through the matrix with no interaction whatsoever (never mind about such matters as scattering, refractions, reflectance and absorption losses; we will get to those next year). However, if molecules interact with the light in very specific ways we refer to them as active or infrared active. (In the case of NIR we are most interested in X-H bonds, i.e. N-H, C-H and O-H hydroxyl stretching and bending.) Infrared active molecules can be seen as consisting of mechanical models with vibrating dipoles. Each dipole model vibrates with a specific frequency and amplitude as shown in the simple model below in Figure 1. where 1i = Planck's constant (or 6.6256 x 10-27 erg-sec; and v is the frequency of light (or the number of vibrations per second or in units of S-1). Thus the energy for any specific photon can be quantified (don't act so surprised!), and it is this energy which interacts with the vibrating bonds within infrared active molecules.
hCD2-iCre and Vav-iCre Mediated Gene Recombination Patterns in Murine Hematopoietic Cells

Cre-recombinase mediated conditional deletion of Lox-P site flanked ("floxed") genes is widely used for functional gene annotation in mice. Many different Cre-transgenic mouse lines have been developed for cell-type specific gene disruption. But often, the precise tissue-patterns of Cre activity remain incompletely characterized. Two widely used transgenes for conditional gene recombination in hematopoietic cells are Vav-iCre driven from the murine Vav1 promotor, and hCD2-iCre driven from the human CD2 promotor. Vav-iCre expresses active Cre in fetal and adult hematopoietic stem cells and all descendants, hCD2-iCre in immature and mature B and T lymphocytes. To better characterize which hematopoietic cells contain hCD2-iCre activity, we compared EYFP fluorescence in hCD2-iCre+/- R26-stop-EYFP+/- and Vav-iCre+/- R26-stop-EYFP+/-mice. R26-stop-EYFP ubiquitously encodes EYFP preceded by a floxed stop cassette. By removing it, Cre activity induces measurable EYFP expression. Our results confirm the known activity patterns for both Cre transgenes and unveil additional hCD2-iCre mediated reporter gene recombination in common lymphoid progenitors, in natural killer cells and their progenitors, and in plasmacytoid and conventional dendritic cells. This supports previously proposed common lymphoid origins for natural killer cells and subsets of dendritic cells, and indicates the need to consider pleiotropic effects when studying hCD2-iCre mediated conditional knockout mice. Vav-iCre+/- R26-stop-EYFP+/-mice did not show the non-hematopoietic recombination in vascular endothelial cells seen in other Vav-Cre mouse lines, but displayed an unexpected Vav-iCre mediated recombination in a bone cell subset lacking hematopoietic markers. This pinpoints the need to consider stromal cell contributions to phenotypes of Vav-iCre mediated conditional knockout mice. Altogether, our data provide the first detailed assessment of hCD2-iCre and Vav-iCre mediated deletion of floxed genes during lymphocyte development from hematopoietic stem cells and open up novel applications for either Cre-transgenic mouse line.
Measurement of rates of phagocytosis: the use of cellular monolayers.

A method has been developed for measuring the rate of phagocytosis rather than the quantity of particles ingested per cell when the process is virtually complete. The method, which is simpler and more rapid than those described previously, utilizes cellular monolayers, radioactive particles, and short incubation times. Under the conditions described, the rate of uptake of particles by either guinea-pig peritoneal or human blood leukocytes was proportional to both cell concentration and the time of incubation, and was independent of changes in the concentration of particles during the measurement. The particles were retained by the cells for at least 90 min. The most suitable particles so far used have been 32P-labeled Salmonella typhimurium, and acetyl-14C- or methyl-14C-labeled starch particles. The oxidation of 14C-labeled glucose has been studied under the same conditions that were used for the assays of phagocytosis: the greatest increase in formation of 14CO2 from glucose-1-14C occurred a few minutes after the most rapid period of phagocytosis.
A Distributed Receding Horizon Control Algorithm for Dynamically Coupled Nonlinear Systems

This paper presents a distributed receding horizon control law for dynamically coupled nonlinear systems that are subject to decoupled input constraints. The subsystem dynamics are modelled by continuous time nonlinear ordinary differential equations, and the coupling comes in the form of state dependence between subsystems. Examples of such systems include tight formations of aircraft and certain large scale process control systems. Given separable quadratic cost structure, a distributed controller is defined for each subsystem, and feasibility and asymptotic stabilization are established. Coupled subsystems communicate the previously computed trajectory at each receding horizon update. Key requirements for stability are that each distributed optimal control not deviate too far from the remainder of the previous optimal control, and that the amount of dynamic coupling is sufficiently small.
Three-dimensional atom probes

A three-dimensional atom probe permits the elemental reconstruction of a small volume of a specimen by determining the x, y and z positions and mass-to-charge ratio of the atoms in that volume. The historical development of this new type of atom probe is described. Several variants of these instruments including the position-sensitive atom probe, the optical atom probe and the tomographic atom probe are reviewed. The various methods of data visualization and analysis are summarized. The performance of the three-dimensional atom probe is compared with the energy-compensated atom probe.
THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL DISTRIBUTIONS FOR ION IMPLANTATION PROFILES IN InP.

Abstract For light mass projectile implantations of InP that are highly dominated by electronic stopping, the standard Gaussian approximation provides a poor fit to the observed experimental profile. Using four moments based on theoretical considerations we have constructed profiles using a terminated Edgeworth and Pearson I distribution. It is found that Edgeworth and Pearson I distributions constructed with four moments derived from theoretical values are not significant improvements over the standard LSS Gaussian. The moments of the experimental profiles have therefore been empirically determined. These moments together with the Person IV distribution are shown to fit experimental profiles over at least two orders of magnitude.
Magnetic fabrics and strain in pencil structures of the knobs Formation, Valley and Ridge Province, US Appalachians

Pencil structures, which are found in weakly deformed mudrocks, reflect the bedding– cleavage intersection in weak- to moderatelycleaved rocks. Their presence indicates conditions where bedding and cleavage fabrics are approximately equal in intensity. We have determined the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) in pencil structures from a sequence of mudstones of the Ordovician Knobs Formation in the Valley and Ridge Province of the US Appalachians. Magnetic mineralogy was determined by X-ray analysis and lowtemperature susceptibility measurements. Distribution of the magnetic ellipsoid axes is consistent with the incipient tectonic fabric of the pencil mudstones. The maximum susceptibility axes parallel the pencils’ long axes, while the minimum axes of susceptibility are normal to the primary sedimentary fabric. Independent strain quantification permits a correlation between magnetic fabric and tectonic strain. An exponential relationship between the AMS shape parameter T and tectonic shortening has been found for the interval of 10 –25% shortening: shortening(%) ¼ 17 p exp(T). This relationship appears to be supported by tectonic strains up to 40%. The T parameter (T ¼ [lnF 2 lnL ]/[lnL þ lnF ]; where L, lineation is Kmax/Kint and F, foliation is Kint/Kmin) describes the shape of the magnetic susceptibility ellipsoid, which appears more sensitive to strain than past correlation attempts with the magnetic intensity parameter P (or P 0 ). Whereas this correlation between strain and AMS is only valid within a restricted window of strain (10– 40% shortening), it establishes the magnitude and directions of tectonic strain in weakly deformed clay-rich rocks, where strain indicators are otherwise lacking or are poorly developed. q 2003 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Practical, real-time, full duplex wireless

This paper presents a full duplex radio design using signal inversion and adaptive cancellation. Signal inversion uses a simple design based on a balanced/unbalanced (Balun) transformer. This new design, unlike prior work, supports wideband and high power systems. In theory, this new design has no limitation on bandwidth or power. In practice, we find that the signal inversion technique alone can cancel at least 45dB across a 40MHz bandwidth. Further, combining signal inversion cancellation with cancellation in the digital domain can reduce self-interference by up to 73dB for a 10MHz OFDM signal. This paper also presents a full duplex medium access control (MAC) design and evaluates it using a testbed of 5 prototype full duplex nodes. Full duplex reduces packet losses due to hidden terminals by up to 88%. Full duplex also mitigates unfair channel allocation in AP-based networks, increasing fairness from 0.85 to 0.98 while improving downlink throughput by 110% and uplink throughput by 15%. These experimental results show that a re- design of the wireless network stack to exploit full duplex capability can result in significant improvements in network performance.
A Constructivist Approach to Teaching Software Processes

Recreating the context in which software processes are developed is difficult in the undergraduate classroom environment. As a result, traditional lecture-based teaching approaches do not necessarily translate into long-term understanding of software processes. To give students a deeper appreciation for the strengths and weaknesses of software process models, we designed the software process simulation game using constructivism as the underlying foundation. In this paper, we discuss the challenges associated with teaching software processes models, provide an overview of the game, detail its mechanics, and discuss the lessons learned from playing the game. Since the game does not involve actual programming or design activities, it can be used effectively for teaching both novice and experienced software engineers.
Late-Onset Group B Streptococcal Infection in Identical Twins: Insight to Disease Pathogenesis

Late-onset group B streptococcal (GBS) infection affecting identical twins is described. Although exhibiting similar signs and symptoms at presentation, twin A suffered fulminant fatal meningitis while twin B recovered completely. The GBS isolates proved to be genetically identical and possessed equivalent abilities to invade and injure cells of the human blood-brain barrier in vitro. Clinical variables associated with the adverse outcome in twin A were longer duration of fever prior to antibiotics and the development of neutropenia. The case histories and experimental data are reviewed to underscore key features of GBS disease pathogenesis.
PCS System I: Point counting stereology programs for cell biology

PCS System I (PCS) is a set of four software modules designed to simplify the application of stereology to problems in cell biology. It is written in BASIC for the Tektronix 4052A microcomputer (Beaverton, OR). A Counting Module collects raw data counts in either a Density Mode (points, intersections, transections, profiles) or a Boundary Mode (intersections with complete nuclear profiles). This information is stored on tape or disk data files and can also be printed. Three analysis modules use data files created with the Counting Module. The Density Module uses Density Mode data files to calculate volume, surface, length, and numerical densities. The B Numerical Density Module uses both Boundary Mode and Density Mode data to calculate the means for the boundary, diameter, and surface area of a nuclear compartment. The mean nuclear surface area is then used with the nuclear surface density to estimate the nuclear numerical density, which, in turn, is used to calculate surface areas of membrane compartments in average cells and in 106 cells. The Format Module reformats raw data files for analysis with Tektronix statistical software.
Use of monoclonal antibodies in the analysis of myoblast development.

Abstract Purified rabbit immunoglobulin reactive with the myogenic E63 subclone of L8 rat myoblasts, was used to distinguish determinants on these cells and on the developmentally defective nonfusing fu-1 subclone. Indirect immunofluorescence indicated that the distribution of antigens on E63 and fu-1 cells was quite different. Repeated adsorption of this antibody with fu-1 cells removed all immunoglobulins reactive with common determinants, leaving only antibody reactive with the differentiating E63 myoblasts. Antibody adsorbed onto fu-1 cells was eluted, repurified, and reacted with the E63 cells. As a refinement of this immunologic approach to studying myoblast interaction and development, monoclonal antibodies were prepared by the method of hybridoma formation. Spleen cells of Balb C mice immunized with E63 myoblasts were fused with SP 2/0-Ag 14 myeloma cells. Of the 209 clones obtained, 49 produced antibody reactive with E63 cells as determined by radioimmunoassay and immunofluorescence. These monoclonal antibodies produced at least seven distinct patterns of immunofluorescence on E63 cells. The presence, localization, and distribution of six antigenic determinants were investigated on E63 myoblasts and myotubes, developmentally defective fu-1 myoblasts, primary newborn rat thigh myoblasts, myotubes, liver, spleen, brain, and lung cells and chick embryo myoblasts and myotubes. Our results show: (1) Five of the six determinants were localized fully or in part on the myoblast cell surface. (2) E63 myoblasts contain at least four determinants which are absent or greatly reduced on differentiated myotubes. Three of these determinants are also almost totally absent on the developmentally defective fu-1 cells. (3) The presence and/or distribution of several E63 determinants are altered in the nonfusing fu-1 cells. Several determinants are greatly reduced on fu-1 cells whereas others are maintained; some have different topographic distributions. (4) Some determinants do not undergo quantitative or topographic alterations as the myoblast differentiates. (5) The distribution and developmental changes detected with E63 cells were also found with primary rat myoblasts. All six determinants were also present on rat tissues of nonmuscle origins. (6) Chick embryo myoblasts contain three of these six determinants and these undergo analogous changes in distribution to that seen with the differentiating rat cells.
A Non-Coherent DPSK Data Receiver With Interference Cancellation for Dual-Band Transcutaneous Telemetries

A dual-band telemetry, which has different carrier frequencies for power and data signals, is used to maximize both power transfer efficiency and data rate for transcutaneous implants. However, in such a system, the power signal interferes with the data transmission due to the multiple magnetic couplings paths within the inductive coils. Since the power level of the transmitted power signal is significantly larger than that of the data signal, it usually requires a high-order filter to suppress the interference. This paper presents a non-coherent DPSK receiver without a high-order filter that is robust to the interference caused by the power carrier signal. The proposed scheme uses differential demodulation in the analog domain to cancel the interference signal for a dual-band configuration. The data demodulation also uses subsampling to avoid carrier synchronization circuits such as PLLs. The experimental results show that the demodulator can recover 1 and 2 Mb/s data rates at a 20 MHz carrier frequency, and it is able to cancel an interference signal that is 12 dB larger than the data signal without using complex filters. The demodulator is fabricated in a 0.35 mum CMOS process, with a power consumption of 6.2 mW and an active die area of 2.6times1.7mm2.
Relative levels and fractionation properties of Bacillus subtilis sigma(B) and its regulators during balanced growth and stress.

sigma B is a secondary sigma factor that controls the general stress response in Bacillus subtilis. sigma B-dependent genes are activated when sigma B is released from an inhibitory complex with an anti-sigma B protein (RsbW) and becomes free to associate with RNA polymerase. Two separate pathways, responding either to a drop in intracellular ATP levels or to environmental stress (e.g., heat, ethanol, or salt), cause the release of sigma B from RsbW. rsbR, rsbS, rsbT, and rsbU are four genes now recognized as the upstream half of an operon that includes sigB (sigma B) and its principal regulators. Using reporter gene assays, we find that none of these four genes are essential for stationary-phase (i.e., ATP-dependent) activation of sigma B, but rsbU and one or more of the genes contained within an rsbR,S,T deletion are needed for stress induction of sigma B. In other experiments, Western blot (immunoblot) analyses showed that the levels of RsbR, RsbS, Rsb, and RsbU, unlike those of the sigB operon's four downstream gene products (RsbV, RsbW, RsbX and sigma B), are not elevated during sigma B activation. Gel filtration and immunoprecipitation studies did not reveal the formation of complexes between any of the four upstream sigB operon products and the products of the downstream half of the operon. Much of the detectable RsbR, RsbS, RsbT, and RsbU did, however, fractionate as a large-molecular-mass (approximately 600-kDa) aggregate which was excluded from our gel filtration matrix. The downstream sigB operon products were not present in this excluded material. The unaggregated RsbR, RsbS, and RsbU, which were retarded by the gel matrix, elated from the column earlier than expected from their molecular weights. The RsbR and RsbS fractionation profile was consistent with homodimers (60 and 30 kDa, respectively), while the RsbU appeared larger, suggesting a protein complex of approximately 90 to 100 kDa.
Representation of Geophysical Maps with Uncertainty

This paper proposes a method for the reconstruction of surfaces from spatially distributed geophysical data with uncertainties. For efficient interrogation and storage and the ability to represent uncertainty, bi-quadratic uniform integral enveloping or interval B-spline surfaces are fit to uniformly distributed cellular data using linear programming methods. The cellular data function is characterized by an upper and lower bound of the measured values for a range (box) of the independent variables. Interior patch boundaries are formed using a quadtree segmentation of the data set and interior knots are placed according to an algorithm for edge detection. C 1 continuity across patch boundaries is maintained by initially fitting auxiliary patches which then define the boundary conditions for the interior patches. A map from measured geophysical data illustrates the method.
Random Forest with Random Projection to Impute Missing Gene Expression Data

Measurement error or lack of proper experimental setup often results in invalid or missing data in gene expression studies. Small sample size and cost of re-running the experiment presents a need for an efficient missing data imputation technique. In this paper, we propose a method based on Random forest using Random projection as a data pre-processing filter. Initial results using varying missing data proportions on variety of real datasets show that the imputation process based on Random forest performs equally well or better than K-Nearest Neighbor & Support Vector Regression based methods. Using Random projection we show that dimensionality of a dataset can be reduced by 50 percent without affecting the imputation process.
Studies on the flame curvature effect on burning velocity

The curvature effect on the burning velocity of highly curved flames has been investigated numerically and theoretically. The cylindrical flame was used and compared with the counterflow flame to extract the curvature effect. The numerical simulation with detailed chemistry for hydrogen/air, methane/air, and propane/air flames showed that the burning velocity was significantly affected by the flame curvature in addition to the flame stretch. This curvature effect increased the burning velocity for mixtures with Le 1, and only had little effect for mixtures with Le ~ 1. In the conventional burning velocity relation derived from the assumptions of small flame curvature and thin flame thickness, this curvature effect has not included. Therefore, the asymptotic analysis without such assumptions was performed to further investigate this additional curvature effect. The analytical results also showed the flame curvature effect and qualitatively agreed with the numerical simulations. This agreement implies that the conventional burning velocity relation missed this additional curvature effect and that this curvature effect was caused by the thermal-diffusive transport dependence on the sub-coordinate location in the flame zone.
Properties of Mo 93 via Nb 93 ( p , n ) Mo * 93 ( γ ) reaction spectrometry

The level structure and the decay properties of levels in $^{93}\mathrm{Mo}$ have been investigated via $^{93}\mathrm{Nb}(p,n)^{93}\mathrm{Mo}^{*}(\ensuremath{\gamma})$ reaction spectrometry at 3.7 and 4.4 MeV. A detailed decay scheme that includes many new levels in $^{93}\mathrm{Mo}$ up to 3.07 MeV of excitation has been constructed from measurements of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray energies and relative intensities from anti-compton spectra and from $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ coincidence measurements. Values or limits for the lifetimes of 40 levels in $^{93}\mathrm{Mo}$ were obtained from Doppler-shift attenuation measurements using the centroid shift technique. ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}$ assignments and multipole mixing ratios were deduced from angular distribution measurements of singles $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray spectra recorded with the anti-Compton spectrometer. Values or limits for $B(\ensuremath{\Lambda})$ were extracted for many transitions in $^{93}\mathrm{Mo}$. The experimental results are compared with calculations based on the intermediate coupling model and the shell model. The transition rates are found to be in reasonable agreement with the intermediate coupling model. This model, however, unlike the shell model, does not predict the existence of observed low-lying high-spin states with $J\ensuremath{\ge}\frac{13}{2}$.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{93}\mathrm{Nb}(p,n)^{93}\mathrm{Mo}^{*}(\ensuremath{\gamma})$, $E=3.7, 4.4$ MeV, monoisotopic target. Measured ${E}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$, ${I}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$, ${E}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}(\ensuremath{\theta})$, $\ensuremath{\Delta}{E}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}} (\ensuremath{\tau})$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ coinc., deduced $^{93}\mathrm{Mo}$ levels, $J$, $\ensuremath{\pi}$, branching fractions, $\ensuremath{\tau}$, $\ensuremath{\delta}(\frac{E2}{M1})$, $B(E2)$, $B(M1)$, and $B(E1)$ values; Ge(Li) detectors, Ge(Li)-NaI(T1) anti-Compton spectrometer, 1.9 keV.
How Product Trial Alters The Effects of Model Attractiveness

Our research in the developing market economy of Romania employs in-depth interviews and an advertising-trial experiment to examine the effects of attractiveness in advertisements on product evaluations and self-judgments. Our qualitative data indicate that attractive (versus average-looking) models yield favorable ad and product evaluations, but generate both negative and positive self-judgments. Our post-ad exposure experimental data corroborate immediate positive product evaluations and negative self-judgments. The subsequent two-week trial equalizes product evaluations across model conditions (attractive versus average-looking versus no model) and mitigates the negative effect of attractiveness on women's satisfaction with their own attractiveness. Moreover, women who use products advertised by attractive models report more favorable self-attractiveness and self-confidence.
Microstylistic Changes in Mimbres Black-on-White Pottery: Examples from the Nan Ruin, Grant County, New Mexico

ABSTRACTMicrostylistic changes in Mimbres Black-on-white Styles II and III bowls are evident in the seriation of ceramic vessels from the NAN Ruin in the middle Mimbres River Valley, Grant County, New Mexico. This paper describes these microstylistic variations and presents their temporal range. Some microstyle motifs are recognizable in sherds; these are a powerful cross-dating tool for sites with Mimbres painted ceramics. We further suggest that the microstylistic changes in Styles II and III are explainable in terms of human generations, and that three generations may be comparable to Redman's “analytical individual.”
Effects of humor on persuasion.

An information-processing analysis is used in examining humor's effects on the attitude change process. Generally: humor integral to or adjacent to a persuasive message does not influence persuasion significantly; humor's effects on comprehension and source evaluations are inconsistent; and retention does not appear to be altered by humor usage. Severe methodological problems with prior research include inadequate control messages, questionable humor manipulations, inappropriate settings for receipt of humor, limited subject populations, and blatant demand characteristics. Many of these problems plague persuasion research in
Developmental patterns of eyewitness memory and suggestibility: An ecologically based short-term longitudinal study.

Adults, 8-, and 6-year-olds viewed a video of 2 children arguing over a bicycle and were asked free-and cured-recall as well as positive- and negative-leading questions in multiple interviews. Correct free recall varied with the type of the item. Age differences were found for correct free recall, but not for unbiased cued recall. Unbiased cues evoked more correct and incorrect responses from all subjects. Incorrect free recall was at near floor levels. Forgetting for all ages was comparable when based on levels of initial free recall but was greater for the children when based on what was remembered to unbiased cued-recall questions. Age differences were found for suggestibility, with the 6-year-olds being more suggestible to the negative-leading questions than participants in the other two age groups. Adults demonstrated a rejection bias. Adults compared to children correctly recalled more peripheral items. Changed answers were most common for 6-year olds. Results and implications are discussed in terms of experiences an eyewitness could expect when involved in the pretrial testimony-taking events in a characteristic misdemeanor matter.
Characterization of critical peak current and model of Cu/low-k interconnects under short pulse-width conditions

We characterize the critical peak current which causes melting of Cu/low-k interconnects under short-pulse conditions. High-current with 100ps pulse width is achieved using an on-die pulse generator A model incorporating the heating of the metal layer and heat diffusion through the insulator layer is supported by the experimental results. The model accurately describes the relationship between peak current and pulse width (20 μs–100ps), and can be used to generate reliable guidelines for high-current applications.
Optimization-based computation with spiking neurons

Considerable effort is currently being spent designing neuromorphic hardware for addressing challenging problems in a variety of pattern-matching applications. These neuromorphic systems offer low power architectures with intrinsically parallel and simple spiking neuron processing elements. Unfortunately, these new hardware architectures have been largely developed without a clear justification for using spiking neurons to compute quantities for problems of interest. Specifically, the use of spiking for encoding information in time has not been explored theoretically with complexity analysis to examine the operating conditions under which neuromorphic computing provides a computational advantage (time, space, power, etc.) In this paper, we present and formally analyze the use of temporal coding in a neural-inspired algorithm for optimization-based computation in neural spiking architectures.