cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
US states and energy efficiency: North Carolina's ‘quango’

Abstract This paper argues that energy efficiency remains an abstraction until actions produce significant results in the ways in which energy is produced and used. In the USA, such actions have depended historically on the private sector, with government taking an increasingly prominent role since the first energy crisis of the 1970s. Experience has shown that neither acting alone has been fully successful at realizing the economically and societally rational rate of implementation made possible by either the needs or the opportunities in energy. Recent developments in various states have begun to explore hybrid organizations - quasi-public and quasi-private - as ways to focus resources in productive applications. Four examples merit attention, with particular emphasis on the North Carolina Alternative Energy Corporation.
Combinatorial control of Drosophila circular RNA expression by intronic repeats, hnRNPs, and SR proteins

Thousands of eukaryotic protein-coding genes are noncanonically spliced to produce circular RNAs. Bioinformatics has indicated that long introns generally flank exons that circularize in Drosophila, but the underlying mechanisms by which these circular RNAs are generated are largely unknown. Here, using extensive mutagenesis of expression plasmids and RNAi screening, we reveal that circularization of the Drosophila laccase2 gene is regulated by both intronic repeats and trans-acting splicing factors. Analogous to what has been observed in humans and mice, base-pairing between highly complementary transposable elements facilitates backsplicing. Long flanking repeats (∼ 400 nucleotides [nt]) promote circularization cotranscriptionally, whereas pre-mRNAs containing minimal repeats (<40 nt) generate circular RNAs predominately after 3' end processing. Unlike the previously characterized Muscleblind (Mbl) circular RNA, which requires the Mbl protein for its biogenesis, we found that Laccase2 circular RNA levels are not controlled by Mbl or the Laccase2 gene product but rather by multiple hnRNP (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein) and SR (serine-arginine) proteins acting in a combinatorial manner. hnRNP and SR proteins also regulate the expression of other Drosophila circular RNAs, including Plexin A (PlexA), suggesting a common strategy for regulating backsplicing. Furthermore, the laccase2 flanking introns support efficient circularization of diverse exons in Drosophila and human cells, providing a new tool for exploring the functional consequences of circular RNA expression across eukaryotes.
The End of an Academic Career: The Desperate Attempt to Hang On and Let Go

In keeping with H. L. Goodall’s articulation of the “new ethnography,” I write into the tension I feel as I approach the end of my academic career. I consider the question of whether or not to retire by offering conflicting narratives organized under the headings of hanging on and letting go. Framed as a familiar life script, I search for a satisfying narrative that will hold still.
Development of a SEM-E format computer-a mechanical perspective

The mechanical hardware design challenges of implementing SEM-E format modules for a mission processor computer are examined. The computer consists of an air-cooled chassis, a high-density backplane, 18 digital SEM-E modules, five SEM-E format power supply modules, a power conditioner, and the internal wire harnesses. The complete computer weighs less than 78 pounds, and is approximately the size of a 3/4 ATR long chassis. The computer requires less than 400 watts of three-phase, 400-Hz AC power. A common thermal environment is provided for all modules. All modules are of surface mount construction and have aluminium covers that provide vibration, ESD (handling), and EMI (electromagnetic interference) survivability. This mission processor is designed for flightworthy applications. Formalized analysis and testing of the system verified the integrity of the processor. >
On territorial behavior and other factors influencing habitat distribution in birds

This example is provided so that non-theorists may see actual applications of the theory previously described. The Dickcissel sex ratio is employed as an indirect index of suitability. A sex ratio index was found to be correlated positively with density. This is consistent with the hypothesis that territorial behavior in the males of this species limits their density. This study provides a valid example of how the problem can be approached and offers a first step in the eventual identification of the role of territorial behavior in the habitat distribution of a common species.
Does the historical Jesus matter

Perceptions of the relationship between the historical study of Jesus and Christian theology have swung like a pendulum between two extremes. In the nineteenth century, there was a widespread assumption that the historical Jesus mattered significantly; for much of the twentieth century, the dominant claim has been that the historical Jesus has little or no theological significance. In recent scholarship, there are tentative steps toward affirming a 'both-and' position: though Christian faith is to some extent independent of historical research, it is also true that images of Jesus do very much affect images of the Christian life.
Nonlinear ion acceleration for improved space focusing in time-of-flight mass spectrometry

The initial spatial distribution of gas-phase ions is one of the primary factors limiting the achievable mass resolving power in time-of-flight mass spectrometry. While the effect of the spatial distribution is minimized along the flight path at a location known as the space-focus plane, the use of a single, linear acceleration field to generate this focus represents only a first-order approximation of ideal space focusing. Alternatively, ideal space focusing is possible through the use of a nonlinear ion acceleration field. A computational model delineates the requirements of the nonlinear potential profile, and suggests that substantial improvements to resolving power can be achieved when using an ion source configuration where a first field approximates the optimal nonlinear field gradient and a second, linear accelerating field imparts additional kinetic energy. Experimental results using a novel, static-field ion source geometry designed to allow selective position-specific ionization through photoinduced dissociation indicate that a 10× improvement in focusing can be achieved using this configuration.
Production of H-Y Antibody by Female Mice that Fail to Reject Male Skin

WHEN inbred mice are grafted with skin from inbred donors that differ from the recipients only by a single minor histocompatibility antigen, it is commonly observed that some recipients will retain their skin grafts while others will reject them. This is true of incompatibility for H-Y antigen, which is responsible for the rejection of male grafts by otherwise histocompatible inbred females of the same inbred strain1. Thus in the DBA/2 (DBA) strain, male-to-female skin grafts are rejected by only some recipients; in the C57BL (B6) strain, females always reject male skin; and C3H/An (C3H) females usually accept male skin grafts indefinitely.
The Fluctuating Longshore Pressure Gradient on the Pacific Northwest Shelf: A Dynamical Analysis

Abstract The majority of papers on Pacific Northwest shelf dynamics have emphasized the relationship between longshore wind stress τ3, and longshore velocity v. However, attempts to illustrate a balance of momentum in the longshore direction have not been encouraging: τ3*sol;H (where H is water depth) has insufficient magnitude to balance the vertically averaged longshore acceleration Vt,, at least during summer. In this paper it is demonstrated that the missing momentum is provided by the longshore pressure gradient force −py,. The pressure gradient was estimated using tide gauge and atmospheric pressure data at stations separated by roughly 400 km. Seasonal and long-term means from Hickey and Pola and, in some cases, nonseasonal monthly anomalies from Enfield and Allen were added to the sum of the tide gauge and atmospheric pressure data to form time series of total subsurface pressure. The pressure data were multiplied by an offshore deny factor to simulate coastal trapping. The analysis was performed ...
Imputation in families using a heuristic phasing approach

Whole genome sequencing (WGS) remains prohibitively expensive, which has encouraged the development of methods to impute WGS data into nonsequenced individuals using a framework of single nucleotide polymorphisms genotyped for genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Although successful methods have been developed for cohorts of unrelated individuals, current imputation methods in related individuals are limited by pedigree size, by the distance of relationships, or by computation time. In this article, we describe a method for imputation in arbitrarily shaped multigenerational pedigrees that can impute genotypes across distantly related individuals based on identity by descent. We evaluate this approach using GWAS data and apply this approach to WGS data distributed for Genetic Analysis Workshop 18.
Infrapopliteal Bifurcated Dual Run-off Bypass in Critical Limb Ischemia: A Report of 2 Cases

Recently, angiosome-oriented direct revascularization was advocated for infrapopliteal bypass in patients with critical limb ischemia. However, angiosome-matched target vessels, which supply direct blood flow into the ischemic tissue, are frequently small in diameter, severely calcified, have a very poor vascular bed, and might not be suitable technically for distal anastomosis. In such cases, creating a bifurcation in the graft could enable perfusion of a "direct" target vessel with poor quality and an "indirect" run-off vessel with better features. In this report, we present 2 cases of bifurcated dual run-off bypass (BDRB) in which we added a secondary outflow to the original single tibial bypass. Careful investigation and evaluation of the status of the collateral vessels and additional information regarding successful and unsuccessful cases are required to further understand the advantages and disadvantages of BDRB.
The Color of Supremacy: Beyond the discourse of ‘white privilege’

(2004). The Color of Supremacy: Beyond the discourse of ‘white privilege’. Educational Philosophy and Theory: Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 137-152.
Wetland Plant Uptake of Desorption-Resistant Organic Compounds from Sediments

Wetland plant uptake of 14C-labeled phenanthrene and chlorobenzene was investigated in greenhouse studies using sediment prepared to contain only the desorption-resistant fraction of the contaminant. Measurements of contaminant distribution in the plants and root-contaminant partition coefficients were conducted as well as estimates of the transpiration stream concentration of chlorobenzene and phenanthrene. Plant uptake of desorption-resistant phenanthrene and chlorobenzene occurred primarily in the root zone with total uptake ranging from 3.8 to 5.7% of the initial concentration in the sediment. Observed uptake of the compounds was remarkably similar despite wide differences in contaminant properties. A biphasic sorption isotherm was combined with a simple translocation model to predict plant uptake from two processes: root sorption and translocation. The model predicted the observed uptake well and may serve as an important tool for estimating plant uptake in sediments containing a desorption-resistant fraction. The potential implications of the existence of a finite, desorption-resistant pool of contaminants on phytoremediation of sediments are discussed.
Multiphysics Simulation of RF-MEMS With Quantified Uncertainties

RF-MEMS devices area complex systems governed by the interaction of a variety of forces, including electrostatics, solid deformation, fluid damping and contact. The performance and reliability of these devices is strongly dependent on device geometry and composition, and also on material microstructure and related properties. In this paper, we consider multiscale simulation of RF MEMS switched. At the device level, we introduce a comprehensive integrated numerical framework to simulate the major governing physics and their interactions. At the micron scale, we develop a mesoscale contact model to describe the history-dependent force-displacement relationships in terms of the surface roughness, the long-range attractive interaction between the two surfaces, and the repulsive interaction between contacting asperities (including elastic and plastic deformation). The inputs to this model are obtained from atomic level simulations and nanoscale surface topography characterization. The mesoscale contact model is integrated in the device-level simulation to predict the pull-in and pull-out behavior of these switches. The uncertainties associated with the simulation are quantified and propagated using a non-intrusive collocation method based on generalized Polynomial Chaos (gPC) expansions. With such a framework, we are able to predict the PDFs of pull-in and pull-out voltage, identify the critical factors that have the most influence on the quantities of interest, and therefore guide resource allocation and risk-informed decision-making.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Study on the friction of κ-carrageenan hydrogels in air and aqueous environments

Abstract Understanding the friction mechanism of polysaccharide hydrogels, which is the key component of human cartilage that has very low friction coefficient, is critical to develop next generation artificial joint replacement materials. In this study, the friction of the polysaccharide κ-carrageenan hydrogel was investigated to elucidate the effect of external load, cross-linking density, velocity, and environment on friction. Our experimental results show that (1) coefficient of friction (COF) decreases with normal load in air and remains constant in water, (2) increasing cross-linking density concurrently increases friction and is proportional to Young's modulus, (3) COF increases with testing velocity in both air and water, and (4) friction is reduced in aqueous environment due to the lubricating effect of water. The underlying frictional mechanism is discussed on the basis of water transport from bulk to surface and a previously proposed “repulsion–adsorption” model.
Urinary fistulae after radical ischiectomies in surgery of ischial pressure sores.

In the early fifties, total ischiectomy was in vogue as a procedure in the surgical treatment of ischial pressure sores. The immediate results by various authors were impressive. One of us, however (A.E.C.), reported the later development of urethral fistulae and the high incidence of perineal urethral diverticulae. The procedure has been abandoned and few surgeons recommend less radical ischiectomy supplemented by muscle transplantation.
Stereoscopic data visualization: pattern recognition in three dimensions

Abstract A method of data visualization that uses stereoscopic displays for viewing data in three dimensions is described. It is based on an inexpensive stereoscopic system that uses a personal computer and commercially available, modulated liquid-crystal eyeglasses. Details about the hardware are given, and software written to take advantage of the stereoscopic effect is described. This method of scientific data visualization can assist in the interpretation of data in three dimensions for the purposes of data preprocessing, data analysis, and pattern recognition.
Alcohol and Suicide: Neurobiological and Clinical Aspects

Alcohol, primarily in the form of ethyl alcohol (ethanol), has occupied an important place in the history of humankind for at least 8,000 years. In most Western societies, at least 90% of people consume alcohol at some time during their lives, and 30% or more of drinkers develop alcohol-related problems. Severe alcohol-related life impairment, alcohol dependence (alcoholism), is observed at some time during their lives in about 10% of men and 3-5% of women. An additional 5-10% of each sex develops persistent, but less intense, problems that are diagnosed as alcohol abuse. It this review, neurobiological aspects of suicidal behavior in alcoholism is discussed. In individuals with comorbid depression and alcoholism, greater serotonergic impairment may be associated with higher risk of completed suicide. Dopaminergic dysfunction may play an important role in the pathophysiology of suicidal behavior in alcoholism. Brain damage and neurobehavioral deficits are associated with alcohol use disorders and may contribute to suicidal behavior in persons with alcohol dependence or abuse. Aggression/impulsivity and alcoholism severity affect risk for suicide among individuals with alcoholism. Major depressive episodes and stressful life events particularly, partner-relationship disruptions, may precipitate suicidal behavior in individuals with alcohol use disorders. Alcohol misuse and psychosocial adversity can combine to increase stress on the person, and, thereby, potentially, increase the risk for suicidal behavior. The management of suicidal patients with alcohol use disorders is also discussed. It is to be hoped that the efforts of clinicians will reduce morbidity and mortality associated with alcohol misuse.
Crayfish hepatopancreas peroxidase: Absence of a microbicidal function

This investigation was supported in part by Grant 501 CA 15864-01, awarded by the National Cancer Institute, DHEW.
Mandatory School Uniforms and Freedom of Expression.

On 10 December 2007 the Akron City School Board – following the precedent set by many school systems across the United States and the world – instituted a policy of mandatory school uniforms for all students in grades K–8. The measure was met with mixed reviews. While many parents supported the measure, a small group of parents from a selective, arts-focussed, middle school (grades 4–8) objected to the policy. It was their contention that children attending this particular school should be exempt from the policy since their children were particularly creative, and the new policy constituted an unjust infringement of their child's freedom of expression. In this article I argue that the actions of the school board, while antithetical to freedom of expression in general, do not violate the children's freedom of expression since such a right cannot properly be said to apply to the majority of children within this age group. In arguing this position, I draw on two primary ideas. The first is based on the idea ...
Towards using multiple cues for robust object recognition

A robot's ability to assist humans in a variety of tasks, e.g. in search and rescue or in a household, heavily depends on the robot's reliable recognition of the objects in the environment. Numerous approaches attempt to recognize objects based only on the robot's vision. However, the same type of object can have very different visual appearances, such as shape, size, pose, and color. Although such approaches are widely studied with relative success, the general object recognition task still remains very challenging. We build our work upon the fact that robots can observe humans interacting with the objects in their environment, and thus providing numerous non-visual cues to those objects' identities. We research on a flexible object recognition approach which can use any multiple cues, whether they are visual cues intrinsic to the object or provided by observation of a human. We realize the challenging issue that multiple cues can have different weight in their association with an object definition and need to be taken into account during recognition. In this paper, we contribute a probabilistic relational representation of the cue weights and an object recognition algorithm that can flexibly combine multiple cues of any type to robustly recognize objects. We show illustrative results of our implemented approach using visual, activity, gesture, and speech cues, provided by machine or human, to recognize objects more robustly than when using only a single cue.
Synthesis and Dipole Moments of Some Novel Metal Monothio-β-diketonate Complexes Containing a Trifluoromethyl Group

Abstract This manuscript reports the synthesis of eighteen novel compounds which include four β-diketones of the type RC(OH)=CHCOCF3, three monothio-β-diketones and eleven metal complexes containing these monothio-β-diketonate ligands. The β-diketones were used to prepare the monothio-β-diketones of the type RC(SH)=CHCOCF3 where R is 4′-CF3C6H4, 3′-CF3C6H4 and 1′-naphthyl. The metal complexes synthesized include four-coordinate nickel (II), palladium (II) and platinum(II) and six-coordinate cobalt(III) compounds. The complexes have been characterized by their elemental analyses. The CF3 and R groups' influence on the effect of the dipole moment of the dipole moment of the complexes are discussed.
Hemispheres-in-cell geometry to predict colloid deposition in porous media.

A “hemispheres-in-cell” geometry is provided for prediction of colloid retention during transport in porous media. This new geometry preserves the utilities provided in the Happel sphere-in-cell geometry; namely, the ability to predict deposition for a range of porosities, and representation of the influence of neighboring collectors on the fluid flow field. The new geometry, which includes grain to grain contact, is justified by the eventual goal of predicting colloid deposition in the presence of energy barriers, which has been shown in previous literature to involve deposition within grain to grain contacts for colloid:collector ratios greater than approximately 0.005. In order to serve as a platform for predicting deposition in the presence of energy barriers, the model must be shown capable of quantitatively predicting deposition in the absence of energy barriers, which is a requirement that was not met by previous grain to grain contact geometries. This paper describes development of the fluid flow ...
Do mutator mutations fuel tumorigenesis

The mutator phenotype hypothesis proposes that the mutation rate of normal cells is insufficient to account for the large number of mutations found in human cancers. Consequently, human tumors exhibit an elevated mutation rate that increases the likelihood of a tumor acquiring advantageous mutations. The hypothesis predicts that tumors are composed of cells harboring hundreds of thousands of mutations, as opposed to a small number of specific driver mutations, and that malignant cells within a tumor therefore constitute a highly heterogeneous population. As a result, drugs targeting specific mutated driver genes or even pathways of mutated driver genes will have only limited anticancer potential. In addition, because the tumor is composed of such a diverse cell population, tumor cells harboring drug-resistant mutations will exist prior to the administration of any chemotherapeutic agent. We present recent evidence in support of the mutator phenotype hypothesis, major arguments against this concept, and discuss the clinical consequences of tumor evolution fueled by an elevated mutation rate. We also consider the therapeutic possibility of altering the rate of mutation accumulation. Most significantly, we contend that there is a need to fundamentally reconsider current approaches to personalized cancer therapy. We propose that targeting cellular pathways that alter the rate of mutation accumulation in tumors will ultimately prove more effective than attempting to identify and target mutant driver genes or driver pathways.
Dietary Practices and Knowledge of and Attitudes Toward Nutrition in Normal Weight and Overweight Women

Abstract Relationships among attitudes, knowledge and practices related to nutrition were compared for normal weight (BMI 25) in two groups: women employed full time (62 overweight; 71 normal weight) and full time college students (48 overweight; 69 normal weight). A questionnaire assessed knowledge of and attitudes toward nutrition. Dietary intakes were determined using the National Cancer Institute's Health Habits and History Questionnaire (1994) and DIETSYS 3.3 for nutrient analysis. There were no statistically significant differences in nutrition attitude or knowledge scores between overweight women employees or students and their normal weight counterparts. A statistically significant relationship between nutrition knowledge and nutrition attitude scores (p
Experimental Testing of Pile-to-Cap Connections for Embedded Pipe Piles

For bridges supported by piles, acceptable system performance under seismic loading depends on effective pile-to-cap connections. A fixed pile-to-cap connection is often desirable to help control deflections during lateral loading when soft soils are present. While reinforcement bar cages that extend from the pile into the cap are effective in providing a fixed pile-to-cap connection, it is more economical to rely on pile embedment to provide fixity and moment resistance. This study investigated embedded pile-to-cap connections for concrete-filled pipe piles. Four full-scale specimens, each consisting of a cap with two piles, were investigated in the field under cyclic loading. The specimens had minimal reinforcement and varying amounts of pile embedment. Results show that the moment resistance of pile-to-cap connections can be significantly greater than what is typically calculated based on the flexural reinforcement and embedment bearing. Excess moment capacity may be explained by friction between the p...
The relationship between income level and medical tourism service quality expectations

The research investigates if consumers’ expectations of the service quality of foreign healthcare facilities vary depending on their income level. The results show that there are significant differences in medical tourism service quality expectations between different income groups for all five service quality dimensions. The expectations of experienced medical tourists, i.e., consumers who have travelled abroad for medical care, differ between income groups for the reliability and assurance service quality dimensions. No differences in expectations, however, are found between the different income groups of consumers without medical tourism experience. The results suggest using income and medical tourism experience as segmentation variables when identifying potential medical tourist target markets. The study also has implications for managing medical tourists’ service quality expectations at the point of service delivery, particularly for the reliability and assurance dimensions.
Analysis of propulsion system dynamics in the validation of a high-order state space model of the UH-60

Frequency responses generated from a high-order linear model of the UH-60 Black Hawk have shown that the propulsion system influences significantly the vertical and yaw dynamics of the aircraft at frequencies important to high-bandwidth control law designs. The inclusion of the propulsion system comprises the latest step in the development of a high-order linear model of the UH-60 that models additionally the dynamics of the fuselage, rotor, and inflow. A complete validation study of the linear model is presented in the frequency domain for both on-axis and off-axis coupled responses in the hoverflight condition, and on-axis responses for forward speeds of 80 and 120 knots.
The affective meaning of Tokyo: Verbal and non-verbal approaches

Abstract This study examined the residents' affective meaning of Tokyo in Japan. Two approaches were adopted, a non-verbal approach (multidimensional scaling) and a verbal approach (factor analysis) to reveal the structure of the meaning. The present study shows three findings. First, wards in Tokyo have a distinct affective meaning, and the structure underlying the meaning is similar to what Russell has proposed in his series of affective meaning studies in North American countries and other areas. Second, wards of Tokyo tend to be clustered into five discernible groups on the basis of demographic/sociological characteristics, such as land-use and quality of residence, and there is a relation between the meaning of each ward and its land value and crime rate. Third, the affective meaning attributed to the wards has some commonality over respondents having different lengths of residence.
Acute effects of alcohol on inhibitory control and simulated driving in DUI offenders

Introduction The public health costs associated with alcohol-related traffic accidents have prompted considerable research aimed at identifying characteristics of individuals who drive under the influence (DUI) in order to improve treatment and prevention strategies. Survey studies consistently show that DUI offenders self-report higher levels of impulsivity compared to their nonoffending counterparts. However, little is known about how individuals with a DUI history respond under alcohol. Inhibitory control is a behavioral component of impulsivity thought to underlie risky drinking and driving behaviors.
Obesity and Respiratory Diseases in Childhood

The prevalence of childhood obesity has more than tripled over the past five decades. Obesity results in low lung volumes, likely through increased loading of the chest wall and abdomen. The prevalence of asthma in children has paralleled the rise in obesity; obesity may increase the severity of asthma, but a direct link has been difficult to establish. Obesity is a risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children as well as adults. Obese children may be at increased risk for persistent OSA following adenotonsillectomy treatment for OSA. Severe obesity and OSA may lead to the obesity-hypoventilation syndrome, with hypoxia, hypercapnia, and reduced ventilatory drive. Obesity can increase a child's risk for complications of anesthesia and recovery from surgery.
Fairness in selecting multiple objects under diversity requirements

Our concern is with the quantification of the concept of fairness when we are selecting a subset of n elements from a set of elements T. We are particularly interested in the situation in which the set of T elements is viewed as consisting of q distinct categories, and a prescribed number of the n chosen objects must be selected from each of the q categories. We suggest a measure of fairness and investigate its performance under a number of different diversity requirements on the selection from the different categories.
Metallurgical and acoustical characterization of a hydroformed, 304 stainless steel, Caribbean-style musical pan

We report herein the metallurgical and acoustical characterization of hydroformed 304 stainless steel, Caribbean pans. These pans were fully tuned to chromatic tones and compared to a manufactured, low-carbon, Caribbean steel pan standard. Hydroformed platforms had a Vickers microindentation hardness of HV 345, which was reduced by annealing during pan fabrication to HV 270. Skirts welded to the hydroformed head had a microindentation hardness of HV 440. Microstructural characterization by light optical metallography and transmission electron microscopy illustrated microstructures (including grain structures) characteristic of these pan microindentation hardnesses.
Origin, nature and world climate effect of Arctic Ocean ice-cover

During the Cenozoic, an open water Arctic Ocean changed to the modern permanently ice-covered condition. Significant world climate modification accompanied this change but the precise role of the Arctic Ocean in major Pleistocene climate events is controversial. The present ice-cover averages 3 m thickness but there are theories that during the Pleistocene it was Antarctic-like, several thousand metres thick. The time of origin of the ice-cover is placed as young as 0.7 Myr ago and as old as the middle Miocene. Any theory concerned with origin, nature and climatic response of the Arctic ice-cover must consider the ocean's sediment record.
SOX2-specific adaptive immunity and response to immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer.

Immunotherapeutic strategies including the blockade of programmed death 1 (PD-1) receptors hold promise for the treatment of various cancers including non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Preclinical data suggest that pre-existing tumor immunity is important for disease regression upon checkpoint blockade-based therapies. However, the nature of antigen-specific T-cell responses that correlate with the clinical response to immunotherapy in NSCLC patients is not known. The embryonic stem cell gene SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2 (SOX2) has recently emerged as a major oncogenic driver in NSCLC. Here, we show that nearly 50% of a cohort of NSCLC patients mounted both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses against SOX2, which could be readily detected among peripheral blood mononuclear cells. T-cell responses against SOX2 were associated with NSCLC regression upon immunotherapy with anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies, whereas none of the patients lacking SOX2-specific T cells experienced disease regression followi...
STUDIES ON THE MODE OF SPREAD OF B. ENTERITIDIS MOUSE TYPHOID INFECTION : II. EFFECTS OF EXTERNAL CONDITIONS ON THE OCCURRENCE OF SMOOTH, MUCOID, AND ROUGH COLONY TYPES.

The experiments described in this paper are part of a larger number which we have been carrying out for the past 2 years. Although they have not entirely fulfilled their purpose, which was to explain the so called "mutation," "dissociation," "Umwandlung," "transformation" process, they have served to formulate a helpful working hypothesis. Certain difficulties inherent in this kind of study must be recognized. One is that colony formation is a property associated with growth on solid media and any procedure involving the use of fluid media introduces a change which is relatively uncontrolled. Another is that mucoid and rough colony forms are not the only variant types encountered; at best, they may be considered as being the most frequent. Finally, it is apparent to us that the findings reported in this paper with respect to enteritidis organisms do not correspond with those of other species of organisms, especially of the respiratory group which we have studied (1, b). Possibly, however, they apply generally to the typhoid, paratyphoid-enteritidis species. To summarize, it may be stated that the transformation process in the mouse typhoid enteritidis group is an easily reversible one, controlled in part, at least, by three factors, any of which may conceivably operate under natural conditions: (1) temperature, which, influences the appearance of mucoid forms; (2) fluidity of culture media, which tends to favor rough variants; and (3) bacteriophage, which stimulates the appearance of both variants. Since by manipulating these factors the transformation process may be incited at will in either direction, it is probably not genetic in nature.
Two Dimensional Gas Liquid Chromatography Electron Capture Detection of Guanethidine in Plasma

The treatment of hypertension with guanethidine is now in widespread use (1). Investigations of its biochemical and clinical pharmacology in hypertensive patients have been severely limited due to a lack of adequate analytical methodology for its measurement in plasma. The reported techniques for its estimation in biological fluids include spectrofluorimetric detection (2,3), radioisotopic dilution (4-6), and gas chromatography with electron capture (7) or multiple ion detection (8). The in vi?ro metabolic transformation of guanethidine in rabbit and pig liver homogenates as well as its excretion in rat and human urine have been studied (9,lO). A recent review discusses its metabolism (11). There are large variations in the dose (50-300 pg/kg) necessary for the sufficient control of blood pressure in different individuals as well as many side effects during administration of guanethidine. The cause of this variability has not been extensively investigated since the existing methods for its measurement are too insensitive (7) or are based upon expensive gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric instrumentation (8). We have developed a procedure based on a two-dimensional gas-liquid chromatograph (12,15) utilizing electroncapture detection for the analysis of guanethidine. The method consists of a twostep extraction of plasma followed by hydrolysis, derivatization, and dual gas chromatography. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Symmetriegesteuertes rationales Design eines tetraedrischen supramolekularen Ti4L4‐Clusters

Allgemeingultige Prinzipien fur das Design von tetraedrischen M4L4-Clustern (L=Ligand) werden am Beispiel der Bildung und Struktur der rechts abgebildeten [Ti4L4]8−-Spezies naher erlautert.
Nonlinear excitations in anisotropic X-Y models

Abstract We consider a 1-D ferrodisortive X-Y model and illustrate the importance of phase-amplitude coupling in the dominant low T elementary excitations.
Effects of various enteral feeding products on postprandial blood glucose response in patients with type I diabetes.

These studies were performed to evaluate the postprandial blood glucose responses to a variety of differently formulated enteral feeding products in patients with type I diabetes. Eleven subjects with type I diabetes were evaluated in three studies, all using a Biostator (artificial endocrine pancreas) that delivered a small, basal amount of insulin and measured blood glucose levels. Subjects consumed 20 mL of the assigned formula every 15 minutes for the 240 minutes of the study. Study 1 evaluated the response to each of five products: Glucerna, Enrich, Ensure HN, Pulmocare, and Compleat Modified. When the postprandial blood glucose response to Glucerna was greater than when its research formulation (EN-8715) had been tested in 1988, studies 2 and 3 were undertaken to assess why this discrepancy occurred. Study 2 compared stored EN-8715 to Glucerna and study 3 compared frozen and thawed vs nonfrozen EN-8715, because of a concern that the original product had been frozen during shipping. In study 1 the glucose response (assessed as area under the glucose curve) correlated with the grams of carbohydrate present in the enteral feeding formula (r = .58, p = .002). The presence or absence of fiber, in the form of soy polysaccharide, did not affect the glucose response. Glucerna produced a significantly lower blood glucose response than did Enrich, Ensure HN, or Compleat Modified, although this response was greater than the response to EN-8715 in 1988. However, in study 2 no differences were found between stored EN-8715 and Glucerna and in study 3, freezing and thawing was not found to significantly alter the glucose response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Review of The Psychology of Goals

(2009). Review of The Psychology of Goals. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 149, No. 4, pp. 541-544.
Composition analyzer for microparticles using a spark ion source

Iron microparticles were fired onto a capacitor‐type microparticle detector which responded to an impact with a spark discharge. Ion currents were extracted from the spark and analyzed in a time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer. The mass spectra showed the elements of both detector and particle materials. The total extracted ion current was typically 10 A within a period of 100 nsec, indicating very efficient vaporization of the particle and ionization of the vapor. Potential applications include research on cosmic dust, atmospheric aerosols and cloud droplets, particles ejected by rocket or jet engines, by machining processes, or by nuclear bomb explosions.
NASA Computational Case Study Characterizing Moving Particles

Studying small particles is of interest to NASA scientists for many applications, such as characterizing the lunar and Martian dust environments. In this homework, we characterize the motion of small particles using image analysis.
PSA and body composition by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in NHANES.

BACKGROUND Obese men are at higher risk for advanced prostate cancer and have a poorer prognosis following treatment. Several studies also report that obese men have lower blood PSA levels, suggesting that obesity may be interfering with the ability to detect early-stage prostate cancer. METHODS Dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is considered a gold-standard measurement of body composition. We investigated the association between PSA levels and body composition measured by DXA among 1,360 men participating in NHANES (2001–2004), a representative sample of the U.S. male population. RESULTS After controlling for age, race, and other factors, PSA concentration was ∼15% lower for men with the highest level of total mass, lean mass, fat mass, trunk lean mass, and trunk fat mass (all P for trend <0.05). We then multiplied PSA concentration by estimated plasma volume to calculate the amount of PSA in circulation (i.e., PSA mass). Total body fat mass and fat mass located in the body trunk were not significantly associated with PSA mass, however, PSA mass was ∼10–15% higher across low versus high categories of total body lean mass and bone mineral content (all P-trend <0.05). CONCLUSION Our results using DXA to measure body composition confirm that a greater body mass, not just fat mass, is associated with a lower PSA concentration. This is consistent with PSA hemodilution within men with a higher body mass index. The separate associations between measured lean and fat mass on calculated PSA mass require further investigation. Prostate 70: 120–125, 2010. ©2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
“We Are All Rwandans” 1 : Repatriation, National Identity, and the Plight of Rwanda's Transferred Children

While much has been written about children caught up in the all too numerous conflicts of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, what is not as apparent is the impact these conflicts have on “transferred” children: Those removed from the conflict areas by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), international organizations, and private individuals. The practice of removing children from conflict zones has been a byproduct of many of the most violent events in recent memory: the rescue missions during the Armenian genocide, the Refugee Children Movement, kindertransport and hidden children of the Holocaust, and the lesser-known transfer of children during the Rwandan genocide in 1994. This article addresses the underreported events surrounding the transfer of children during the Rwandan genocide as a way to interrogate the consequences of this practice. It argues that as the most vulnerable of those caught up in unimaginable violence, these children become yet another face of human suffering during the con...
2D-IR correlation analysis of thin film water adsorbed on α-Al2O3(0001)

Abstract The spectral characteristics of adsorbed thin film water on α-Al 2 O 3 (0 0 0 1) were investigated using infrared spectroscopy. Extinction spectra were collected as the amount of water vapor in the sample chamber was changed as a function of relative humidity (20–100%). A moving window correlation analysis elucidated areas of large spectral changes and further 2D-IR correlation analysis provided insight into the changing hydrogen bonding environments of adsorbed thin film water between 25% and 40% RH. At 30% RH or 2–3 layers of adsorbed water, a supermolecular connected water layer exists above which additional water molecules cannot penetrate and are forced to form higher energy hydrogen bonding environments. A BET analysis also supports an adsorbed thin film of 2–3 water layers to have similar properties different than submonolayer or multilayer water coverages.
A systems method for the identification of variable service needs of the elderly

Abstract Current trends in the aging sector make critical the development of more precision in the policy and decision-making processes. This study explores a strategy for improving service allocation decisions in the aging services area. Two research tools were combined—Delphi and magnitude estimation—to identify the perceptions of key decision makers about the variable service needs of different aging risk groups. The results indicate that such distinctions can be made and can provide the basis of improving several aspects of the allocation process.
A multivariate-utility approach for selection of energy sources

Abstract A deterministic approach is devised to compare the safety features of various energy sources. The approach is based on multiattribute utility theory (MAUT). The method is used in evaluating the safety aspects of alternative energy sources used for the production of electrical energy. Four alternative energy sources are chosen which could be considered for the production of electricity to meet the national energy demand. These are nuclear, coal, solar, and geothermal energy. For simplicity, a total electrical system is considered in each case. A computer code is developed to evaluate the overall utility function for each alternative from the utility patterns corresponding to 23 energy attributes, mostly related to safety. The model can accommodate other attributes assuming that these are independent. The technique is kept flexible so that virtually any decision problem with various attributes can be attacked and optimal decisions can be reached. The selected data resulted in preference of geothermal and nuclear energy over other sources, and the method is found viable in making decisions on energy uses based on quantified and subjective attributes.
Bounded Rationality, Retaliation, and the Spread of Urban Violence

Drawing from in-depth interviews with 52 active street criminals, this article examines the grounded theoretic implications of bounded rationality for retaliatory street violence. The bounds on rationality that this article explores are anger, uncertainty, and time pressure. These bounds create imperfections in the retaliatory decision-making process that, in turn, cause asymmetries in the way that reprisal is enacted. Two asymmetries are operative in this regard: strike intensity and target choice. Anger produces asymmetries of both types. Uncertainty and time pressure produce only target-choice asymmetry. All three modalities cause retaliation to be redirected. Redirection promotes the spread of urban violence through conflict spirals.
Stable isotope ecology of land snails from a high-latitude site near Fairbanks, interior Alaska, USA

Abstract Land snails have been investigated isotopically in tropical islands and mid-latitude continental settings, while high-latitude locales, where snails grow only during the summer, have been overlooked. This study presents the first isotopic baseline of live snails from Fairbanks, Alaska (64°51′N), a proxy calibration necessary prior to paleoenvironmental inferences using fossils. δ13C values of the shell (− 10.4 ± 0.4‰) and the body (− 25.5 ± 1.0‰) indicate that snails consumed fresh and decayed C3-plants and fungi. A flux-balance mixing model suggests that specimens differed in metabolic rates, which may complicate paleovegetation inferences. Shell δ18O values (− 10.8 ± 0.4‰) were ~ 4‰ higher than local summer rain δ18O. If calcification occurred during summer, a flux-balance mixing model suggests that snails grew at temperatures of ~ 13°C, rainwater δ18O values of ~− 15‰ and relative humidity of ~ 93%. Results from Fairbanks were compared to shells from San Salvador (Bahamas), at 24°51′N. Average (annual) δ18O values of shells and rainwater samples from The Bahamas were both ~ 10‰ 18O-enriched with respect to seasonal (summer) Alaskan samples. At a coarse latitudinal scale, shell δ18O values overwhelmingly record the signature of the rainfall during snail active periods. While tropical snails record annual average environmental information, high-latitude specimens only trace summer season climatic data.