cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organic substances responsible for salt tolerance inEruca sativa

Responses of a salt tolerant and a normal population of an oilseed crop,Eruca sativa Mill. were assessed after four weeks growth in sand culture salinized with 0 (control), 100, 200, or 300 mol m−3 NaCl. The salt tolerant plants produced significantly greater dry biomass than the normal population. The populations did not differ significantly in leaf osmotic potential, relative water content and leaf soluble proteins. However, the tolerant population accumulated significantly greater amounts of soluble sugars, proline and free amino acids in the leaves compared with the non-tolerant population. It is established that leaf soluble sugars, proline, and free amino acids are important components of salt tolerance inEruca sativa.
Synthesis and properties of adenosine-5′-triphosphoro-γ-1-(5-sulfonic acid)naphthyl ethylamidate: A fluorescent nucleotide substrate for DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli☆

A new fluorescent ATP analog, adenosine-5′-triphosphoro-γ-1-(5-sulfonic acid)-naphthyl ethylamidate (γ-1,5-EDANS)ATP, containing the fluorophore N-(aminoethyl)-5-naphthylamine-1-sulfonic acid attached via a γ-phosphoamidate bond was synthesized in good yield. It has absorption maxima at 255 and 344 nm and a fluorescence emission maximum at 490 nm. These spectral characteristics permit its uses as an energy acceptor for energy transfer from the intrinsic protein fluorophores and as an energy donor for the energy transfer to the intrinsic Co of Co-substituted RNA polymerases. This analog is a good substrate for Escherichia coli RNA polymerase and can be used to initiate the RNA chain. Incorporation of this analog into the total RNA synthesized was about 60% of that observed for ATP, independent of the templates used. Its Km values (22 and 118 μM) are twofold higher and its Vmax values (45 and 59 nmol/min/mg of enzyme) are 40% lower than those for ATP using calf thymus DNA and poly[d(A-T)], respectively, as template. For abortive initiation reaction using pAR1435 plasmid DNA as template, the Km and Vmax values of this analog are 2.7 times higher and 7 times lower, respectively, than those of ATP. With its desirable spectroscopic properties, (γ-1,5-EDANS)ATP is a good probe for the studies of nucleotide-protein interactions, active site mapping of RNA polymerase, and other ATP-utilizing biological systems.
The Growing Role of Local Food Markets

Interest in locally produced foods is increasing in the United States. Articles on local foods appear frequently in the popular press. Michael Pollan generated broad interest to the topic with his 2006 book The Omnivore’s Dilemma (Pollan, 2006). A 2007 nationwide survey of consumers by the Hartman Group (2008) indicated that consumer interest in locally produced foods was driven primarily by the belief that they are healthier. Darby et al. (2008) analyzed stated preference data for locally produced foods among consumers in Ohio; they concluded that demand for local produce exists, and the value consumers place on local production is distinct from other factors such as farm size and product freshness. Consumers often shop for their locally grown produce (LGP) at farmers markets. USDA’s Agricultural Market Service (2007) reports that the number of farmers markets operating nationally rose from 1,775 in 1994 to 4,385 in 2006. A survey of consumers in southeastern Missouri indicated that most consumers perceived local produce at farmers markets as being of higher quality and less costly (Brown 2003). Similarly, in the analysis by Wolf, Spittler, and Ahern (2005), consumers perceived that produce at farmers markets was fresher looking, fresher tasting, of higher quality, and a better value for the money; however, many consumers found shopping at farmers markets too inconvenient. Thilmany and Watson (2004) concluded that
A modified, angioscopically assisted technique for in situ saphenous vein bypass: Impact on patency, complications, and length of stay

Abstract Purpose: The impact of preoperative saphenous vein mapping and intraoperative angioscopy on the results of in situ saphenous vein bypass is analyzed in this study. Methods: A new technique developed for in situ saphenous vein bypass (ISVB) was used in 26 patients (group I) and consisted of (1) preoperative duplex scanning and mapping of the saphenous vein and its tributaries, (2) small incisions for dissecting the proximal and distal arteries and veins, (3) ligation of marked tributaries through small incisions, (4) angioscopically directed incision of venous valves with a flexible-tipped valvulotome, and (5) femoral and distal anastomoses. The results were compared with those of 14 patients (group II) in whom the technique was similar except that venous tributaries were identified angioscopically and then ligated and 24 patients (group III) who underwent standard "open" ISVB through one long incision without angioscopy or vein mapping and in whom valvulotomy was carried out with a rigid valvulotome passed through tributaries. Results: In comparing the results of groups I and III, significant reductions in operative intravenous fluid requirements (1930 ml vs 2675 ml; p = 0.04), postoperative length of stay (4.4 days vs 9.1 days; p p = 0.01) were observed. Angioscopic irrigation fluid volume in group I was less than that in group II (360 ml vs 1014 ml; p Conclusions: This report demonstrates the effectiveness of our modified technique for ISVB, which helped reduce wound complications and length of stay while satisfactory early graft patency was also maintained. (J VASC SURG 1993;17:1041-9.)
Pulmonary Infections Following Lung Transplantation

Infectious complications are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in solid organ transplant recipients. Infections with viruses, bacteria, and fungi have all been associated with the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (chronic allograft rejection) in lung transplant recipients. Lung transplant recipients have a higher risk of infectious complications than recipients of other solid organs because of the intensity of immunosuppression, blunted cough mechanism, and constant exposure to the environment. This review provides a broad overview of the infectious complications encountered in caring for patients who have undergone lung transplantation.
Aqueous Oxygen Attenuation of Reperfusion Microvascular Ischemia in a Canine Model of Myocardial Infarction

Uncorrected microvascular ischemia may contribute to left ventricular impairment during reperfusion after prolonged coronary artery occlusion. Attenuation of such ischemia in microvessels with impaired erythrocyte flow may require delivery of oxygen at high levels in plasma. Intraarterial infusion of aqueous oxygen (AO) can be used in a site specific manner to achieve hyperoxemic levels of oxygenation in the perfusate. With this new approach, the hypothesis was tested that reperfusion microvascular ischemia can be attenuated. After a 90 min coronary balloon occlusion in a canine model, AO hyperoxemic intracoronary perfusion was performed for 90 min after a 30 min period of autoreperfusion. Control groups consisted of normoxemic reperfusion, both passive (autoreperfusion) and active (roller pump). A significant improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction (p < 0.05) at 2 hr of reperfusion was noted only in the AO hyperoxemia group (17 +/- 6% by two dimensional echo), without a significant reduction in the improvement 1 hr after termination of treatment. During AO hyperoxemic perfusion, ECG ST segment isoelectric deviation normalized, and frequency of ventricular premature contractions was significantly reduced, in contrast to the autoreperfusion control group (p < 0.05). Microvascular blood flow, measured as the ischemic/normal left ventricular segment ratio by radiolabeled microspheres immediately after AO hyperoxemic perfusion, was double the value of the autoreperfusion control group at 2 hr of reperfusion (p < 0.05). We conclude that reperfusion microvascular ischemia is attenuated by intracoronary AO hyperoxemic perfusion and acutely improves left ventricular function in this model.
Cold Summer Temperature Limits Recruitment of Age-0 Cutthroat Trout in High-Elevation Colorado Streams

Abstract Translocation is a key strategy for conserving native subspecies of cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii that have declined markedly throughout their native range. Previous research showed that successful translocations of cutthroat trout in high-elevation southern Rocky Mountain streams were more likely in streams with warm summer water temperature and led to the hypothesis that cold summer temperatures govern translocation success by limiting recruitment. We tested this by measuring the density and size of age-0 cutthroat trout (greenback cutthroat trout O. c. stomias and Colorado River cutthroat trout O. c. pleuriticus) in six headwater streams in north-central Colorado that varied in thermal characteristics. Surveys were conducted at peak emergence during 3 years in two widely spaced study reaches in each stream. Fry density increased with Celsius degree-days accumulated during the growing season but did not vary significantly among years. We used laboratory data on the growth and survivorshi...
Hegel’s Moral Concept of Evil

The central aim of this article is to set out the essential elements of Hegel’s conception of evil. I demonstrate that Hegel understands evil primarily as a moral phenomenon. In particular, he identifies evil as a pernicious subjectivism and hypocrisy that undermines the social and institutional conditions for ethical action. An appropriate understanding of his conception of evil points to the centrality of trust to ethicality (die Sittlichkeit).
Discontinuing the indwelling catheter for a critically ill patient with spinal cord injury.

Are there standards for when to start bladder training for patients with spinal cord injury in the critical care unit versus not clamping a urinary catheter because of the possibility of catheter-associated urinary tract infection? When the catheter is unclamped, what is the threshold for urine returned that would be of concern?
What Pathogens Have Taught Us About Posttranslational Modifications

Pathogens use various mechanisms to manipulate host processes to promote infection. Decades of research on pathogens have revealed not only the molecular mechanisms that these microbes use to replicate and survive within host cells, but also seminal information on how host signaling machinery regulates cellular processes. Among these discoveries are mechanisms involving posttranslational modifications that alter the activity, localization, or interactions of the modified protein. Herein, we examine how pathogens have contributed to our basic understanding of three posttranslational modifications: phosphorylation, NMPylation, and ubiquitylation. Over the years, technologies, techniques and research tools have developed side by side with the study of pathogens, facilitating the discovery of protein modifications and furthering our understanding of how they contribute to both infection and cellular functions.
“We Thought They Had Forgotten Us”: Research, Policy, and Practice in the Education of Latino Immigrant Adults

This article discusses English-only policies as they relate to second language teaching for children and adults; explores popular perceptions and misconceptions about learning English; and discusses types of programs best suited for different students, depending on educational background. Examples from research and practice highlight the value of native language instruction in low-literate adults' acquisition of English, using a survey of the literature on English language acquisition and native language literacy. Links are made to current federal education policies with examples from practice. Programmatic use of English-only instruction is contrasted with bilingual and native language instruction.
Unravelling the linkages between the millennium development goals for poverty, education, access to water and household water use in developing countries: Evidence from Madagascar

Abstract All members of the United Nations have pledged to meet eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by the year 2015. This study looks at the MDG objectives and linkages between poverty, education, access to water, and household water use based on primary data collected in Madagascar. We find strong links between these MDGs. Better educated and higher income households rely significantly more on private water supplies and use significantly more water. Econometric results show that, for poorer households who rely on public sources, improving access to public water taps (by reducing the distance to such a water source) would not alter dramatically water use patterns. Improved access does free up a significant amount of time that could contribute to poverty reduction. The willingness of households to pay for improved access is very price sensitive, probably because of the liquidity constraints of these households.
Perturbation approximation of solutions of a nonlinear inverse problem arising in olfaction experimentation

In this paper, a mathematical model of the diffusion of cAMP into olfactory cilia and the resulting electrical activity is presented. The model, which consists of two nonlinear differential equations, is studied using perturbation techniques. The unknowns in the problem are the concentration of cAMP, the membrane potential, and the quantity of most interest in this work: the distribution of CNG channels along the length of a cilium. Experimental measurements of the total current during this diffusion process provide an extra boundary condition which helps determine the unknown distribution function. A simple perturbation approximation is derived and used to solve this inverse problem and thus obtain estimates of the spatial distribution of CNG ion channels along the length of a cilium. A one-dimensional computer minimization and a special delay iteration are used with the perturbation formulas to obtain approximate channel distributions in the cases of simulated and experimental data.
Hyporesponsiveness of Donor Cells to Lipopolysaccharide Stimulation Reduces the Severity of Experimental Idiopathic Pneumonia Syndrome: Potential Role for a Gut-Lung Axis of Inflammation

Idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IPS) is a major complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). We have shown that experimental IPS is associated with increased levels of LPS and TNF-α in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. We hypothesized that the deleterious effects of these inflammatory mediators in the lung may be linked to gut injury that develops after BMT. To test this hypothesis, we used mouse strains that differ in their sensitivity to LPS as donors in an experimental BMT model. Lethally irradiated C3FeB6F 1 hosts received BMT from either LPS-sensitive or LPS-resistant donors. Five weeks after BMT, LPS-resistant BMT recipients had significantly less lung injury compared with recipients of LPS-sensitive BMT. This effect was associated with reductions in TNF-α secretion (both in vitro and in vivo), BAL fluid LPS levels, and intestinal injury. The relationship between TNF-α, gut toxicity, and lung injury was examined further by direct cytokine blockade in vivo; systemic neutralization of TNF-α resulted in a significant reduction in gut histopathology, BAL fluid LPS levels, and pulmonary dysfunction compared with control-treated animals. We conclude that donor resistance to endotoxin reduces IPS in this model by decreasing the translocation of LPS across the intestinal border and systemic and pulmonary TNF-α production. These data demonstrate a potential etiologic link between gut and lung damage after BMT and suggest that methods that reduce inflammatory responses to LPS, and specifically, those that protect the integrity of the gut mucosa, may be effective in reducing IPS after BMT.
Mixed Method Research: Fundamental Issues of Design, Validity, and Reliability in Construction Research

The fact that people play key roles in nearly all aspects of construction suggests that effective construction research requires proper application of social science research methods. This is particularly true for researchers studying topics that involve human actions or behavior in construction processes, such as leadership, innovation, and planning. In social science research, no single method of data collection survey, experiment, participant observation, or unobtrusive research is ideal. Each method has inherent strengths and weak- nesses. Careful attention to the methodological ABCs of the design process, as discussed here, can enhance the validity and reliability of a given study. Combining quantitative and qualitative approaches in research design and data collection, however, should be considered whenever possible. Such mixed-methods research is more expensive than a single method approach, in terms of time, money, and energy, but improves the validity and reliability of the resulting data and strengthens causal inferences by providing the opportunity to observe data convergence or divergence in hypothesis testing. DOI: 10.1061/ASCECO.1943-7862.0000026 CE Database subject headings: Research; Methodology; Measurement; Data analysis; Construction management. Author keywords: Research methods; Mixed methods; Social science; Concept measurement; Data analysis.
Rise and Demise of the Territorial State

Students and practitioners of international politics are at present in a strange predicament. Complex though their problems have been in the past, there was then at least some certainty about the “givens,” the basic structure and the basic phenomena of international relations. Today one is neither here nor there. On the one hand, for instance, one is assured—or at least tempted to accept assurance—that for all practical purposes a nuclear stalemate rules out major war as a major means of policy today and in the foreseeable future. On the other hand, one has an uncanny sense of the practicability of the unabated arms race, and a doubt whether reliance can be placed solely on the deterrent purpose of all this preparation. We are no longer sure about the functions of war and peace, nor do we know how to define the national interest and what its defense requires under present conditions. As a matter of fact, the meaning and function of the basic protective unit, the “sovereign” nation-state itself, have become doubtful.
The introduction of simulation modeling to wildlife management in Arkansas

In its continuing effort to manage the wildlife resources or Arkansas effectively, the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission must frequently rely on field data that are less than adequate, and upon analysis techniques that are increasingly perceived as outmoded and inefficient. The authors proposed to the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission a research program which would produce verified simulation models of the key species (deer, turkey, and quail) managed by the agency. A description is given of the simulation modeling philosophy adopted to produce workable animal models based on life-history and age-structured data. >
Programming with logical queries, bulk updates, and hypothetical reasoning

The paper presents a language of update programs that integrates logical queries, bulk updates and hypothetical reasoning in a seamless manner. There is no syntactic or semantic distinction between queries and updates. Update programs extend logic programs with negation in both syntax and semantics. They allow bulk updates in which an arbitrary update is applied simultaneously for all answers of an arbitrary query. Hypothetical reasoning is naturally supported by testing the success or failure of an update. We describe an alternating fixpoint semantics of update programs and show that it can express all nondeterministic database transformations.
A study of the NiFe/NiMn exchange couple

The effects of deposition order on the magnetic properties of the NiFe/NiMn exchange couple were studied. The use of a thin underlayer, to enhance these properties, was also investigated for the deposition order NiMn/NiFe. We found that the use of such an underlayer was essential for the exchange field to be greater than the coercivity. We observed that the underlayer film thickness did not have a dramatic effect on the final exchange field obtained. X-ray diffraction studies did not reveal a strong correlation between film texture and exchange fields. The blocking temperature was also measured for the deposition order NiFe/NiMn.
On the impact of dishing in metal CMP processes on circuit performance

In this paper, we explore the impact of dishing in metal CMP processes on circuit performance. The impact on power distribution networks and clock distribution networks, critical components in modern VLSI designs, is of specific interest. For the two examples given in this paper, we find the impact to be very small.
Sandwiched sodium and half-sandwiched copper carbonyl complexes featuring polyfluorinated tris(triazolyl)borate [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Tz)3]−

Fluorinated tris(triazolyl)borate [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Tz)3]− (Tz = triazolyl) affords the isolation of [Na(THF)6]{[HB(3,5-(CF3)2Tz)3]2Na} with a ligand sandwiched sodium ion and a copper carbonyl complex [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Tz)3]CuCO with a high C–O stretching frequency.
Working towards a detection of bullying related morbidity

Background: Physicians are being confronted with the responsibility of detecting bullying related health and safety risks in different clinical settings. Methods: Recommendations are being made on the basis of research evidence of a significant link of bullying with a wide array of health and safety problems; the author's clinical routine practice of ascertaining patients' participation in bullying and a recommended role for clinical detection of bullying within a whole-community base strategy for its prevention. Recommendations: There is a need to develop a standardized strategy for detection of bullying related morbidity which could be utilized in all clinical settings with sensitivity to developmental and cultural differences in the understanding of what is meant by bullying. Such an approach should ascertain the exposure of different types of bullying across social settings and its symptomatic repercussions. Its results should be used for clinical decisions to procure intervention and treatment, within a three-tier bullying prevention strategy. Conclusions: The present paper is the result of a work-in-progress which will contribute to efforts to develop a clinical practice guideline providing a standardized strategy for the detection and intervention of bullying related health and safety problems, within a primary or specialty pediatric setting. Bullying is at the intersection of many health and safety risks and health practitioners are challenged with the critical public health responsibility of their detection, prevention, and intervention. It would be expected that the recommendations contained in this article should facilitate the development of strategies to fulfill such a responsibility. Language: en
The role of cost-effectiveness analysis in the era of pharmacogenomics

The broad availability of genetic information and technologies heralds an era when practitioners will utilise genomic testing to individualise patients' care. Pharmacogenomics uses a spectrum of approaches to explore the association of genetic variation with drug efficacy or toxicity. Investigators have described a broad array of genetic polymorphisms that confer inter-individual differences in drug response. Pharmacogenomics offers the potential to improve drug effectiveness, reduce adverse drug reactions and provide cost-effective care. However, it has had little impact on current clinical practice and the economic implications of pharmacogenomics remain unclear. Assessing the incremental cost effectiveness of a pharmacogenomic strategy involves examination of factors associated with the genotype of interest, the genomic test, the disease state and the treatment. A pharmacogenomic strategy is likely to be cost effective when: (i) the polymorphism under consideration is prevalent in the population and has a high degree of penetrance; (ii) genetic testing is highly sensitive and specific, and less costly alternative tests that could be used to individualise therapy are not readily available; (iii) the disease state involves outcomes with significant morbidity or mortality if left untreated; and (iv) the treatment involves significant outcomes and/or costs that can be impacted by genotype-individualised therapy. We foresee pharmacogenomic applications being particularly relevant for drugs: with a narrow therapeutic index or a high degree of variability in inter-individual response; where there are limitations in current methods for monitoring their adverse effects and treatment responses; and where there are few alternative treatment options. Because of the characteristics of chemotherapeutic agents and the severity of clinical outcomes in cancer, oncology appears to be one of the most appropriate disease areas for the application of pharmacogenomics. We have developed a framework which can assist researchers, pharmacists, physicians, and policy makers in evaluating the implications of specific strategies, and identifying when formal cost-effectiveness analyses should be conducted to quantitatively evaluate the benefits of pharmacogenomics.
Instabilities caused by floating-point arithmetic quantization

It is shown that an otherwise stable digital control system may become unstable due to signal quantization if the controller operates on floating-point arithmetic. Sufficient conditions for instability are developed.
Cultural Values and the Therapeutic Definition of Sexual Function and Dysfunction.

This paper reviews the role of cultural attitudes toward sexuality in shaping sex researchers' and sex therapists' views of “normal” sexual behavior. The theoretical systems and therapeutic procedures of the pioneer sex researchers Havelock Ellis and R. von Krafft-Ebing are reviewed, as is the work of Freud. Kinsey's work, and the more recent work of Masters and Johnson, are discussed in the context of how their views both reflected and also challenged cultural assumptions about sexuality. The role of mass media in shaping both popular and therapeutic views of male/female roles and sexual function is discussed, and the cultural biases of the current generation of sex therapists are examined.
Performance of hygienic honey bee colonies in a commercial apiary

Colonies with naturally mated queens from a hygienic line of Italian honey bees (Apis mellifera ligustica) were compared to colonies from a commercial line of Italian bees not selected for hygienic behavior. The following characteristics were compared: rate of removal of freeze-killed brood; amount of chalkbrood; incidence of American foulbrood; honey produc- tion; and the number of mites, Varroa jacobsoni, on adult bees. The hygienic colonies removed significantly more freeze-killed brood than the commercial colonies, had significantly less chalk- brood, had no American foulbrood, and produced significantly more honey than the commercial colonies. Estimates of the number of Varroa mites on adult bees indicated that the hygienic colonies had fewer mites than the commercial colonies in three of four apiaries. In previous stu- dies on the relation between hygienic behavior and resistance to diseases and mites, the test colonies contained instrumentally inseminated queens. This is the first study to evaluate hygienic stock in large field colonies with naturally mated queens. © Inra/DIB/AGIB/Elsevier, Paris
Trawling the Web for emerging cyber-communities

The Web harbors a large number of communities — groups of content-creators sharing a common interest — each of which manifests itself as a set of interlinked Web pages. Newgroups and commercial Web directories together contain of the order of 20,000 such communities; our particular interest here is on emerging communities — those that have little or no representation in such fora. The subject of this paper is the systematic enumeration of over 100,000 such emerging communities from a Web crawl: we call our process trawling. We motivate a graph-theoretic approach to locating such communities, and describe the algorithms, and the algorithmic engineering necessary to find structures that subscribe to this notion, the challenges in handling such a huge data set, and the results of our experiment. © 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Similarities and differences among 105 members of the Int family of site-specific recombinases

Alignments of 105 site-specific recombinases belonging to the Int family of proteins identified extended areas of similarity and three types of structural differences. In addition to the previously recognized conservation of the tetrad R-H-R-Y, located in boxes I and II, several newly identified sequence patches include charged amino acids that are highly conserved and a specific pattern of buried residues contributing to the overall protein fold. With some notable exceptions, unconserved regions correspond to loops in the crystal structures of the catalytic domains of lambda Int (Int c170) and HP1 Int (HPC) and of the recombinases XerD and Cre. Two structured regions also harbor some pronounced differences. The first comprises beta-sheets 4 and 5, alpha-helix D and the adjacent loop connecting it to alpha-helix E: two Ints of phages infecting thermophilic bacteria are missing this region altogether; the crystal structures of HPC, XerD and Cre reveal a lack of beta-sheets 4 and 5; Cre displays two additional beta-sheets following alpha-helix D; five recombinases carry large insertions. The second involves the catalytic tyrosine and is seen in a comparison of the four crystal structures. The yeast recombinases can theoretically be fitted to the Int fold, but the overall differences, involving changes in spacing as well as in motif structure, are more substantial than seen in most other proteins. The phenotypes of mutations compiled from several proteins are correlated with the available structural information and structure-function relationships are discussed. In addition, a few prokaryotic and eukaryotic enzymes with partial homology with the Int family of recombinases may be distantly related, either through divergent or convergent evolution. These include a restriction enzyme and a subgroup of eukaryotic RNA helicases (D-E-A-D proteins).
REBECCA ROGERS (ed.), An introduction to critical discourse analysis in education

Rebecca Rogers (ed.), An introduction to critical discourse analysis in education. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2004. Pp. 266, Hb 27.50.An introduction to critical discourse analysis in education has eleven chapters, three by the editor, Rebecca Rogers. The volume attempts to apply Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to various formal and informal educational settings, and to situate CDA within a theory of learning. Most chapters begin with definitions of “central concepts,” and Rogers has sprinkled discussion prompts throughout.
Readability of state-sponsored advance directive forms in the United States: a cross sectional study

Background State governments provide preprinted advance directive forms to the general public. However, many adults in the United States (US) lack the skills necessary to read and comprehend health care-related materials. In this study, we sought to determine the readability of state government-sponsored advance directive forms.
Besicovitch triangles cover unit arcs

A long standing conjecture is that the Besicovitch triangle, i.e., an equilateral triangle with side \({\sqrt{28/ 27},}\) is a worm-cover. We will show that indeed there exists a class of isosceles triangles, that includes the above equilateral triangle, where each triangle from the class is a worm-cover. These triangles are defined so that the shortest symmetric z-arc stretched from side to side and touching the base would have length one.
Evasive adaptive navigation and control against multiple pursuers

Adaptive evasive navigation for many-or-one games with countermeasures escapes exact solutions. A semantic control approach is utilized as a part of our ongoing work to develop a tactical decision aid (TDA) which the pilot/driver of a military vehicle can employ, so as to avoid one or more weapon-equipped mobile enemy platforms in a pursuit-evasion setting. In this paper, we focus on control and navigation algorithms developed for the evader.
Parallel active dictionary attack on WPA2-PSK Wi-Fi networks

Wi-Fi network offers an inexpensive and convenient way to access the Internet. It becomes even more important nowadays as we are moving from the traditional computer age to the current mobile devices and Internet-of-Things age. Wi-Fi Protected Access II (WPA2) - Pre-shared key (PSK) is the current security standard used to protect small 802.11 wireless networks. Most of the available dictionary password-guessing attacks on WPA2-PSK are based on capturing the four-way handshaking frames between an authorized wireless client and the Access Point (AP). These attacks will fail if an attacker is unable to capture the four-way handshaking frames of a legitimate client. An attacker also can apply an active dictionary attack by sending a pass-phrase to the AP and waiting for the response. However, this attack approach could only achieve a low attack intensity of testing a few pass-phrases per minute. In this paper, we develop a new scheme to speed up the active pass-phrase guessing trials intensity based on two novel ideas: First, the scheme mimics multiple Wi-Fi clients connecting to the AP at the same time—each emulated Wi-Fi client has its own spoofed MAC address; Second, each emulated Wi-Fi client could try many pass-phrases using a single wireless session without the need to pass the 802.11 authentication and association stages for every pass-phrase guess. We have developed a working prototype and our experiments show that the proposed scheme can improve active dictionary pass-phrase guessing speed by 100-fold compared to the traditional single client attack.
Democracy's Boundary Problem and the Paradox of Modern Sovereignty

In recent political theory, much attention has been paid to a basic problem of democratic politics: democracies cannot determine their own boundaries democratically. Although theorists such as Robert Dahl, Seyla Benhabib, and David Miller understand this problem to be exclusive to democratic theory and practice, I argue that it is not. Drawing upon the work of Machiavelli, Hobbes, Rousseau, and Sieyes, I argue that democracy’s boundary problem is a particular expression of a paradoxical tension within modern ideals of sovereignty. Once this is understood, we can look to the history of sovereign statehood as a model for, or warning against, different ways to dissolve transnational versions of democracy’s boundary problem. Inspired by Carol Gould, Etienne Balibar, and Bonnie Honig, I suggest that in order for democracy to outlive modern forms of sovereignty, the boundaries of democracies must become and remain sites of active democratic contestation.
History of management in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

I appreciate the opportunity to speak here today. I’m encouraged by the inclusion of a management paper at a conference focused on research. The distinction between research and management in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) is necessarily blurred. I’ll start by letting you know what I will not be doing today. I will not speak as an official representative of The Nature Conservancy or the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. I will not provide a detailed, chronological review of NWHI management. Also, I will not talk much about fishery management, as there are those who are far more knowledgeable on that subject. I will, however, address what I believe to be the most significant management challenges faced by those responsible for stewardship of NWHI resources. One of the perks that come with the Refuge Chief job is the opportunity to consult with people in high places. When I asked President Teddy Roosevelt for guidance, he told me “The Nation behaves well if it treats the natural resources as assets which it must turn over to the next generation increased, and not impaired in value.” I think it is worthwhile to look back now and then and consider how we have done when measured against this standard. Only then can we make the right decisions about our future course.
Effect of Regular Surface Perturbations on Flow Over an Airfoil

This paper presents an investigation on the effect of introducing large-scale roughness through static curvature modifications on the low speed flow over an airfoil. The surfaces of a standard Eppler 398 airfoil have been modified with regular perturbations or “bumps” of the order of 2%c for this purpose. While the actual E398 airfoil is not a suitable candidate for low Re cases due to extensive prevalence of boundary layer separation, it is expected that the bumps would exercise passive flow control by promoting early transition to turbulence, thereby reducing the extent of separation and improving the performance. The fluid dynamic mechanism behind this separation control methodology is not clearly understood, however. Smoke-wire flow visualization is performed for qualitative observation of the separation region in both the perturbed and unmodified airfoil geometry cases. At higher Re values, pressure probe measurements are made to quantify the wake momentum deficits. Unsteady 2D PIV measurements are employed to understand the near-wall flowfield behavior . The size and strength of vortical structures formed in the separating shear layer are examined, along with measurements on the laminar separation bubble. All the experiments are conducted for chord based Re values ranging from 25,000 to 500,000.
Uniformity of Policy Interpretation Among Managers in the Utility Industry

Seven levels of management from five electric utility companies rated eight cases involving infraction of rules by hourly workers on a disciplinary action scale. Higher level managers rated the cas...
Abstract B06: Dissemination and implementation research in health: What it is and opportunities for funding

Epidemiologists and public health researchers are increasingly interested in the translational value of their research. However, only a small fraction (estimated at 14 percent) of scientific discoveries are ever translated into public health practice, and the process from discovery to translation is exceedingly slow – approximately 17 years. There is a clear need for greater speed, relevance and application of scientific discoveries into programs and policies. In the past decade, the National Cancer Institute and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) expanded their mission to include practice-based research to best understand how scientific discoveries and evidence-based interventions can best be translated not only into clinical or community applications but to have a broader impact on population health through changes in policy and practice. Through trans-NIH funding announcements, 15 institutes and centers at the NIH currently are soliciting proposals for research in the field of dissemination and implementation research in health. For the purposes of these announcements, dissemination is defined as the targeted distribution of information and intervention materials to a specific public health or clinical practice audience. The intent is to spread (or scale-up) and sustain knowledge and the associated evidence-based interventions. Implementation is the use of strategies to adopt and integrate evidence-based health interventions and change practice patterns within specific settings. In this presentation we will describe in more detail the emerging field of dissemination and implementation research in health, identify priority research areas that are highlighted in the program announcements, and provide advice on how to prepare an application. We also will provide additional information on training opportunities in dissemination and implementation science, and we will describe resources that are available for cancer researchers. Finally, we will discuss emerging areas including issues such as sustainability, reach and representativeness, cost-effectiveness, and de-implementation (particularly in regard to overtreatment and overdiagnosis in cancer.) Citation Format: Gila Neta, David Chambers, Cynthia Vinson, Russ Glasgow. Dissemination and implementation research in health: What it is and opportunities for funding. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2013 Oct 27-30; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2013;6(11 Suppl): Abstract nr B06.
Maternal occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and small for gestational age offspring

Objectives While some of the highest maternal exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) occur in the workplace, there is only one previous study of occupational PAH exposure and adverse pregnancy outcomes. We sought to extend this literature using interview data combined with detailed exposure assessment. Methods Data for 1997–2002 were analysed from mothers of infants without major birth defects in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a large population-based case-control study in the USA. Maternal telephone interviews yielded information on jobs held in the month before conception through delivery. From 6252 eligible control mothers, 2803 completed the interview, had a job, met other selection criteria, and were included in the analysis. Two industrial hygienists independently assessed occupational exposure to PAHs from the interview and reviewed results with a third to reach consensus. Small for gestational age (SGA) was the only adverse pregnancy outcome with enough exposed cases to yield meaningful results. Logistic regression estimated crude and adjusted ORs. Results Of the 2803 mothers, 221 (7.9%) had infants who were SGA. Occupational PAH exposure was found for 17 (7.7%) of the mothers with SGA offspring and 102 (4.0%) of the remaining mothers. Almost half the jobs with exposure were related to food preparation and serving. After adjustment for maternal age, there was a significant association of occupational exposure with SGA (OR=2.2, 95% CI 1.3 to 3.8). Conclusions Maternal occupational exposure to PAHs was found to be associated with increased risk of SGA offspring.
MNGO-19RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW OF OVERALL SURVIVAL IN MENINGIOMA PATIENTS TREATED WITH RADIOTHERAPY OR COMBINED RADIOTHERAPY AND SURGERY

INTRODUCTION: Meningiomas account for 15-20% of adult primary brain neoplasms with an incidence of approximately 2.6 per 100,000 persons. This is a retrospective review of all meningioma cases at our institution treated with radiotherapy alone versus combined radiotherapy and surgery to assess prognostic factors affecting overall survival. METHODS: Patient electronic medical records were used to obtain demographic data and details pertinent to the case including age at diagnosis, location of tumor, World Health Organization (WHO) grade and treatment rendered. Follow up data was obtained for all patients in whom this was available in our records; for the rest, the U.S. social security death index was accessed to determine if and when an individual had expired. The project was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at our institution. RESULTS: One hundred and forty-two (142) patients (92 women and 50 men) were treated at our institution between 1997 and 2014. The average age at diagnosis was 53.8 years. One hundred and three (103) patients were treated with surgery followed by radiotherapy. Thirty-three (33) patients received only radiation treatment. With overall survival (OS) defined as the survival time starting at the end of the first course of radiation treatment, the 10-year OS was 68.0% for all patients. Ten-year OS in patients treated with combination surgery and radiation was 75.0%; ten-year OS in patients treated with radiation alone was 40.0%. In fifty-five (55) patients with known grade I meningiomas, the 10-year OS was 84.0%. Twenty nine (29) patients had known grade II or III meningiomas and had a 10-year OS of 69.2%. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that a combined treatment approach with surgery and radiotherapy improves overall survival compared to treatment with radiotherapy alone. Independent of treatment type, patients with grade I meningiomas have improved overall survival compared to patients with higher grade meningiomas.
Advances in Mechanisms Underlying the Responses of δ~(13)C in Alpine Plants to the Altitudinal Gradients

Spatial variability in leaf carbon isotope composition(δ13C)provides an opportunity to evaluate plant-environment interactions and mechanisms of plant responses to different environmental factors,and can be helpful to obtain the paleoclimate information.The variation of leaf δ13C is not only determined by the genetic adaptation,but highly influenced by a series of factors in surrounding environments.Many studies have concluded that leaf δ13C would have a definite varying model,while an increase in leaf δ13C with the altitude has been observed in many plant species.Alpine environmental conditions are characterized as low temperature,low air pressure,low humidity,high irradiation and high wind speed,which result in the corresponding variation in physiological and morphological traits of plants,such as increase in leaf thickness and leaf nitrogen content,and,decrease in leaf height and biomass.This paper reviewed the recent research advances in the response of leaf δ13C to altitudinal gradient,and discussed the inherent mechanisms of this trend from both abiotic and biotic aspects.For the abiotic factors,we emphasized on the effects of air pressure,temperature,precipitation(humidity)and irradiation.For the biotic factors,we discussed mainly the effects of leaf thickness,leaf mass per area,nitrogen content,stomatal density and stomatal conductance.However,variation in δ13C along altitudinal gradient can not be explained by any single factor,it rather may be a result of the interacting effects of many factors.Finally,we summarized the issues need to be solved in this field,and presented several directions for further research.
Creep Grazing and Early Weaning Effects on Cow and Calf Productivity

One hundred fifty Simmental-Hereford cows and calves were used in a 3-yr study to evaluate three creep grazing treatments and an early weaning treatment on cow and calf performance during midsummer (July to September). Calves were approximately 150 d of age and averaged 178.6 kg when treatments were initiated. Tifleaf pearl millet (Pennisetum Americanum L. Leeke) was used as the forage for two of the creep treatments, representing two cow stocking intensities of .466 (TLM1) and .239 (TLM2) ha of base hill land pasture/cow, and as pasture for early weaned calves. A red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)-Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) mixture was used as the other creep forage. Hill land pastures were similar for the mature cow units in all creep treatments. Calf average daily gains ranged from .93 to 1.10 kg and were not influenced (P > .05) by treatment. Calf gains per hectare were similar for the control, red clover and TLM1 treamaents. The TLM2 and early weaning treatments resulted in increases of 105.4 and 39.1 kg of calf gain/ha (P < .05) compared with the control. When calves were allowed to creep graze millet, decreasing the forage area from .466 to .239 ha per cow-calf unit resulted in an increase of 97.7 kg of calf gain/ha with no reduction in calf gain. Cows on the more intensively grazed millet creep treatment (TLM2) lost more weight (P < .05) during midsummer than those on the TLM1 treatment, but they gained 18.5 kg more (P < .10) weight than TLM1 cows between weaning and the start of winter feeding.