cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mutual phenomena of Saturn's satellites in 1979–1980

Using two sets of orbital elements and the radii of the Saturnian satellites 1 (Mimas) through 7 (Hyperion), we find that from October 1979 until August 1980 nearly 300 mutual eclipses and occultations involving these bodies will occur. To allow for the expected errors in the satellite ephemerides, we repeat these calculations in order to obtain the additional events that occur when all satellite radii (save Titan's) are increased by 1000 km. A third listing predicts eclipses of satellites by (the shadow of) the ring. Photometric observations of a large number of these events will add much precise information to our knowledge of the Saturnian system at a critical time.
Using Coverage for Measuring the Effect of Haptic Feedback in Human Robotic Swarm Interaction

A robotic swarm is a decentralized group of robots which overcome failure of individual robots with robust emergent behaviors based on local interactions. These behaviors are not well built for accomplishing complex tasks, however, because of the changing assumptions required in various applications and environments. A new movement in the research field is to add human input to influence the swarm in order to help make the robots goal directed and overcome these problems. This research in Human Swarm Interaction (HSI) focuses on different control laws and ways to integrate the human intent with local control laws of the robots. Previous studies have all used visual feedback through a computer interface to give the user the swarm state information. This study adapted swarm control algorithms to give the operator hap tic feedback as well as visual feedback. The study shows the benefits of the additional feedback in a target searching class. Researchers in multi-robot systems have shown benefits of hap tic feedback in obstacle navigation before, but this study is a novel method because of the decentralized formation of the robotic swarm. In most environments, operators were able to cover significantly more area, increasing the chance of finding more targets. The other environment found no significant difference, showing that the hap tic feedback does not degrade performance in any of the tested environments. This supports our hypothesis that hap tic feedback is useful in HSI and requires further research to maximize its potential.
The important role of residue F268 in ligand binding by LXRβ

Liver X receptors (LXRs) are nuclear receptors that regulate the metabolism of cholesterol and bile acids. Despite information on the specificity of their natural ligands, oxysterols, relatively little is known about the ligand binding site in LXRs. The helix 3 region in the ligand binding domain (LBD) of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) has been implicated in ligand entry. Sequence alignment of LXRs, farnesoid X receptor (FXR), and PPARs identified the corresponding helix 3 region in the LXRbeta LBD. Residues F268 and T272, which are conserved in all the aligned sequences and only in LXRs and FXR, respectively, were replaced with alanine. The effects of these mutations on ligand binding and receptor activation were examined using an in vitro ligand binding assay and a cell based reporter assay, respectively. The LXRbeta mutant F268A did not bind ligand. In contrast, conversion of T272 to alanine has no effect on ligand binding. By transiently expressing a chimeric receptor containing Escherichia coli tetracycline repressor (TetR) and LXRbeta LBD and a reporter with a TetR binding site, we show that mutant F268A lost the ability to activate transcription of the reporter, whereas mutant T272A still has an activity similar to that of the wild-type LXRbeta. These data, consistent with the findings in the in vitro ligand binding assay and our 3D modeling, are the first study that identifies a residue critical for ligand binding in LXRbeta.
An antimicrobial guanidine-bearing sesterterpene from the cultured cyanobacterium Scytonema sp.

Scytoscalarol (1), a antimicrobial sesterterpene bearing a guanidino group, was isolated from the cultured cyanobacterium Scytonema sp. (UTEX 1163) by bioassay-guided fractionation. The chemical structure was determined by spectroscopic analysis including MS and 1D and 2D NMR. Scytoscalarol (1) showed antimicrobial activities against Bacillus anthracis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis with MIC values in the range from 2 to 110 μM.
Corporate Social Responsibility and the Priority of Shareholders

In a series of articles, Thomas Dunfee defended the view that managers are permitted and at times, required, to utilize corporate resources to alleviate human misery even if this is at the expense of shareholder interests. In this article, I summarize Dunfee’s defense of this view, raise some questions about his account and propose ways in which to answer these questions. The aim of this article is to highlight one of Dunfee’s contributions to the debate about corporate governance and corporate responsibility.
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)arylacetamide analogues as potent σ1 receptor ligands

A series of N-(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)arylacetamides were synthesized and evaluated for their binding properties for σ1 and σ2 receptors. In agreement with previously reported σ1/σ2 receptor binding data for N-(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)phenylacetamide, all of the N-(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)arylacetamide compounds reported below displayed higher affinity for σ1 vs σ2 receptors. Replacement of the phenyl ring of the phenylacetamide moiety with a thiophene, naphthyl, or indole aromatic ring had no significant effect on the σ1 receptor affinity. Replacement of the phenyl ring with an imidazole or pyridyl aromatic ring resulted in a >60-fold loss in affinity for σ1 receptors and no significant binding affinity for σ2 receptors. Substitution on the aromatic ring of the benzyl group showed a similar or slightly decreased affinity for σ1 receptors. Substitution on the aromatic rings of both the phenylacetamide moiety and the benzyl group with a halogen resulted in a similar affinity for σ1 receptors and a significan...
Model for electrostatic screening by a semiconductor with free surface carriers

For free carriers on a semiconductor surface, we model screening with a local but unspecified relationship between the chemical potential and the density. The carriers can reside either in surface states or in a thin conducting overlayer. The semiconductor is taken to have a dielectric constant due to polarizable bound charge, and cases both with and without bulk free carriers are considered. At small and intermediate distances from a source charge on the surface, the surface potential is similar to a screened Coulomb potential, with a characteristic surface screening length; however, the asymptotic vacuum potential is dipolar and vanishes on the surface, and the asymptotic surface potential is quadrupolar. This model may be relevant to the short screening length inferred from surface-vacancy interactions in recent scanning tunneling microscopy experiments on p-type InP with a (110) surface at a relatively high surface vacancy concentration. Assuming that such vacancies cause occupancy of surface free carrier states, a reasonable value for the surface free carrier density yields good agreement with the experimentally inferred surface screening length.
Bandwidth and size optimisation of a wide-band E-shaped patch antenna

Bandwidth and size optimisations of a single layer wide-band E-shaped patch antenna, fed through a coaxial probe are described. Maxwell equations are discretized and solved using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method Simulations and measurements using capacitive feeding and shorting pins are presented. Using these techniques, the bandwidth can be improved up to 32% and the antenna area can be reduced up to 60% without significant change in the frequency band.
Ni-to-Ni+ 3-ethylene-bridged partially modified retro-inverso tetrapeptide beta-turn mimetic: design, synthesis, and structural characterization

A 10-membered heterocyclic ring system 1,3,8-trisubstituted 2,5,7-trioxo-1,4,8-triazadecane that represents a Ni-to-Ni+ 3-ethylene-bridged partially modified retro-inverso tetrapeptide beta-turn mimetic (EBRIT-BTM) has been designed, synthesized, and structurally analyzed. These compounds utilize an ethylene bridge to replace the COi...HNi + 3 10-membered hydrogen bond of standard beta-turns. The N,N'-ethylene-bridged dimer was obtained in 90% yield by reductive alkylation of phenylalanylamide with a tert-butyl N-(9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl),N-(2-formylmethyl)-glycinate. An orthogonal protection strategy and HATU-mediated couplings allowed efficient stepwise additions of monomeric building blocks leading to a N(i)-to-N(i+3)-ethylene-bridged linear precursor: Further elaboration of the linear precursor generated the ethylene-bridged model compounds (16) and (18) (g, gem-diaminoalkyl; m, malonyl; and r, direction-reversed amino acid residue) in 44 and 39% yields, respectively. The structural features of the two EBRIT-BTM compounds were determined using 1H NMR and extensive computer simulations. The results indicate that the 10-membered rings are conformationally constrained with well-defined structural features and that the three amide bonds in the ring are in the trans orientation. The topological arrangement of the residues in the ring system closely resembles a type II' beta-turn. Transformation of CONH(2) in the N-terminal amino acid residue of 16 into NHCOCH3 in 18 resulted in the formation of a hydrogen bond between the NH of gPhe-COCH3 and the C-terminal carboxyl of Gly, initiating an antiparallel beta-sheet. The formulation of the concept applying a minimalistic structural elaboration approach and the synthetic exploration, together with the conformational analysis, offer a new molecular scaffolding system and a true tetrapeptide secondary structure mimetic that can be used to generate peptidomimetics of biological interest.
Tourniquet-induced limb ischemia: a neurophysiologic animal model.

A rat model of tourniquet-induced ischemia was created to observe the changes in sciatic afferent neuronal activity associated with prolonged tourniquet inflation on the hind leg. The sciatic nerve was divided in the proximal thigh and a two-electrode microfilament recording technique and signal ave
Design and simulations of indirect drive ignition targets for NIF

Studies on simulation and design of ignition targets for the National Ignition Facility (NIF) are described. Recent effort has emphasized the systematic exploration of the parameter space of possible ignition targets, providing comparisons as specific as possible between the various targets. This study aims at providing guidance for target fabrication R&D, and for other elements of the ignition program. Targets are being considered that span 250–350 eV drive temperatures, capsule energies from 150 to 600 kJ, cocktail and gold hohlraum spectra, and three ablator materials (Be[Cu], CH[Ge] and polyimide). Capsules with graded doped beryllium ablators are found to be very stable with respect to short-wavelength Rayleigh–Taylor growth. Sensitivity to ablator roughness, ice roughness and asymmetry is being explored, as it depends on ablator material, drive temperature and absorbed energy. Three-dimensional simulations are being used to ensure adequate radiation symmetry in three dimensions (3D), and to ensure that coupling of 3D asymmetry and 3D Rayleigh–Taylor does not adversely affect planned performance. Integrated 3D hohlraum simulations indicate that 3D features in the laser illumination pattern affect the hohlraums' performance, and the hohlraum has been redesigned to accommodate these effects.
Existentially complete lattice-ordered groups

We investigate existentially complete lattice-ordered groups in this paper. In particular, we list some of their algebraic properties and show that there are continuum many countable pairwise non-elementarily equivalent such latticeordered groups. In particular, existentially complete lattice-ordered groups give rise to a new class of simple groups.
Coexistence of magnetism and ferroelectricity in perovskites

We present a first-principles comparison of ${\mathrm{BaTiO}}_{3},{\mathrm{CaMnO}}_{3},$ and ${\mathrm{YMnO}}_{3}$ which reveals the fundamental role of the d electron occupation in preventing or favoring the simultaneous presence of magnetic and electric polarization. The ferroelectric compounds are distinguished from the nonferroelectrics by an ultrasensitivity of the $p\ensuremath{-}d$ charge hybridization to the atomic displacements. To be effective these hybridization changes require the d orbitals oriented in the direction of the ferroelectric distortion to be formally empty. This orbital directionality can explain the coexistence of antiferromagnetism and ferroelectricity in the hexagonal phase of ${\mathrm{YMnO}}_{3},$ which is ferroelectric along the c axis: in the ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{3+}$ ion, four filled d orbitals provide a magnetic moment, and one empty d orbital ${(d}_{z}^{2})$ can participate in hybridization changes and induce a ferroelectric distortion. The Born effective charges are found to be highly anomalous in ${\mathrm{CaMnO}}_{3},$ which is far from being ferroelectric.
ULTRAVIOLET/HIGH RESOLUTION ELECTRON ENERGY LOSS SPECTROSCOPY OF CO ON PT(110) AND BENZENE ON PT(110)

Recently there has been some controversy about how CO and benzene adsorb on platinum. With CO, there is disagreement over whether there is back donation of electrons from the metal to the CO 2π* orbital. With benzene, there is disagreement, over whether benzene adsorbs in a distorted state. In this article we use a standard high resolution electron energy loss (HREELS) spectrometer with modified electronics to measure the equivalent of a ultraviolet (UV) spectrum for two different systems: CO on Pt(110) and benzene on Pt(110) and benzene on Pt(110). In the case of CO, the UV spectrum shows peaks at 5.6 and 8.2 eV that may shift slightly with coverage. By comparison, gas-phase CO shows peaks at 6.2 and 8.3 eV. The difference between the gas-phase peak positions and those on the surface are indicative of the antibonding orbitals being stabilized, as one would expect from the Blyholder model. With benzene we observe two different spectra: a first monolayer spectrum with a broad peak centered at 4.9 eV, and a...
Cardiorenal actions of endothelin, Part II: Effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitors.

Abstract The effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitors (meclofenamate and indomethacin) on endothelin-induced changes in renal function were evaluated in pentobarbital anesthetized female rats. Two groups (n=5/group) of rats were evaluated: one group received a continuous intravenous infusion of meclofenamate (0.03 mg kg −1 min −1 ) and the second group received a bolus injection of indomethacin (5 mg/kg). Following surgery, rats were allowed 60 min to stabilize and 3 × 20 min control clearances collected. Endothelin-1 (100 ηg kg −1 min −1 ) was then added into the infusate for 30 min. Neither meclofenamate nor indomethacin caused significant changes on endothelin-induced systemic vasoconstriction; blood pressure increased from 107 ± 3 to 136 ± 2 mmHg (p
Polycystic ovary syndrome and risk for long-term diabetes and dyslipidemia.

Objective To estimate whether women aged 19–32 who fulfilled National Institutes of Health (NIH) criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) would be at a higher risk for subsequent development of incident diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, and to estimate whether normal-weight women with PCOS would have the same degree of cardiovascular risk as overweight women with PCOS.
Metadata as infrastructure: What, where, when and who

Metadata is ordinarily used to describe documents, but metadata can also constitute a form of infrastructure for access to networked resources. Design and standards issues for building an infrastructure using the four facets: What, Where, When and Who, are presented.
Effects of Interfacial Films on Thermal Stresses in Whisker Reinforced Ceramics

Toughening of whisker-reinforced (or fiber-reinforced) ceramics by whisker pullout requires debonding at the whisker/matrix interface. Compressive clamping stresses, which would inhibit interface debonding and/or pullout, are expected in composites where the matrix has a higher thermal expansion coefficient than the whisker. Because such mismatch in thermomechanical properties can result in brittle composites, it is important to explore approaches to modify the thermal stresses in composites. As a result, the effects of a film at the whisker/matrix interface on the stresses due to thermal contraction mismatch upon cooling are considered in this study. Analysis of various properties of the film are considered for the whisker/matrix systems, in particular for SiC/Al2O3, SiC/cordierite, and SiC/mullite composites. Reduction of thermomechanical stresses is shown to occur when the interfacial film has a low Young's modulus. Also, when the whisker has a lower thermal expansion coefficient than the matrix (e.g., SiC/Al2O3), the interfacial stresses generated during cooling decrease as the thermal expansion coefficient of the film increases.
RFID-based networks: exploiting diversity and redundancy

In this article, we outline a research agenda for developing protocols and algorithms for densely populated RFID based systems covering a wide geographic area. This will need multiple readers collaborating to read RFID tag data. We consider cases where the tag data is used for identification, or for sensing environmental parameters. We address performance issues related to 'accuracy' and 'efficiency' in such systems by exploiting 'diversity' and 'redundancy'. We discuss how tag multiplicity can be used to improve accuracy. In a similar fashion, we explore how reader diversity, achieved by using multiple readers with potentially partially overlapping coverage areas, can be exploited to improve accuracy and efficiency. Finally, we show how multiple antennas in a reader can be used to improve accuracy and access rates by utilizing antenna diversity. RFID tag/sensor data can be highly redundant for the purpose of answering a higher level query. For example, often the higher level query needs to compute a statistic or a function on the sensory data obtained by the RFID sensors, and does not need all the individual sensor readings. We outline the need for efficient tag-to-reader communication, and reader-to-reader coordination to effectively compute such functions with low overhead.
Calcific tendinitis: a review of the usual and unusual.

The purpose of this review is to illustrate examples of calcific tendinitis in common and unusual locations.
Direct counts of viruses in natural waters and laboratory cultures by epifluorescence microscopy

Epifluorescent microscopy was used to determine the abundance of viruses in samples from marine and freshwater environments and in laboratory cultures that were filtered onto 0.02-μm pore-size filters and stained with a cyanine-based dye (Yo-Pro-1). Estimates of viral abundance based on Yo-Pro-stained samples were 1.2-7.1 times greater than estimates obtained with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Moreover, the precision of the Yo-Pro-based method was much greater than that for TEM (C.V. 7% vs. 20%, respectively). DNase treatment of samples did not result in lower numbers of particles that could be stained by Yo-Pro, suggesting that the fluorescence was not the result of nucleic acids associated with the surface of particles. These results indicate that the concentration of viruses in natural waters may be higher than previously recognized and imply that the TEM-based method significantly underestimates virus abundance. Virus abundances ranged from 10 7 -> 10 8 ml -1 in surface waters along a transect in the western Gulf of Mexico to 10 9 ml -1 in water overlying a submerged cyanobacterial mat. High counting efficiency, ease of preparation, modest equipment requirements, and the possibility of preparing specimens for long-term storage, make the Yo-Pro-based method ideal for routine environmental analysis.
MO-E-BRC-02: Challenges for Next-Generation Accelerators

Particle accelerators, once the exclusive playthings of high‐energy physicists, have become an essential technology for modern medicine,materials science, and molecular biology. The world's 7000 operating medicallinacs have already enabled treatment of 30,000,000 patients, and new developments such as advanced proton therapies imply a growing demand for accelerators in the decades ahead. To serve the broadest possible patient population worldwide, medical accelerators need to become smaller, cheaper, and easier to operate. At first glance these needs appear orthogonal to those of particle physics, where the push has always been for larger more complex accelerators capable of reaching ever‐higher energies. However particle physicists have realized for some time that the 27 kilometer Large Hadron Collider, beginning operation this year, represents the last hurrah of conventional accelerator technology. The future lies with fundamentally new approaches that promise much stronger accelerating gradients. The same breakthroughs needed to make large high‐energy accelerators affordable will also make medicallinacs smaller and cheaper. Fermilab and other national laboratories have taken the lead in developing new accelerator technologies with revolutionary potential. These include superconducting accelerating cavities, plasma wakefields, and laser acceleration. This lecture will provide a non‐technical overview of the prospects for next‐generation accelerators. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the increasing importance of particle accelerators across many disciplines. 2. Understand the needs driving research into new accelerator technologies. 3. Gain a working idea of the most promising avenues for next‐generation accelerators.
Rapid prediction of long-term rates of contaminant desorption from soils and sediments.

A method using heated and superheated (subcritical) water is described for rapid prediction of long-term desorption rates from contaminated geosorbents. Rates of contaminant release are measured at...
What role do race, ethnicity, language and gender play in the teaching profession?

Critical race theory and standard language ideology are employed as theoretical and analytical frames for conceptualizing and understanding the entry perspectives and experiences of some Vietnamese American pre-service teachers in US schools. Study findings from a qualitative case study approach suggest that race, ethnicity, language, and gender influence these teachers’ construction of self vis-a-vis others and their social milieu. Specifically, manifestations of these social constructs inform the ways in which others perceive them and measure their potential for success as future teachers. The heritage backgrounds and practicum accounts of these Vietnamese American women help to illuminate their individual and collective struggles and the mechanisms they each adopted in coping with their particular cases in the local school context.
Gasification of waste tires in a fluid bed reactor

Abstract Shredded rubber tires were gasified with steam in a 0.23m I.D. fluidized bed reactor over a temperature range of 900–1060K. The results indicated that the gas produced is rich in olefins and the heating value and volumetric yield of the produced gas vary approximately linearly with the gasification temperature. The gas yield decreases and its heating value increases as the gasification temperature is decreased. In the temperature range investigated, the heating value of the produced gas ranged between 39.6 MJ/Nm3 (1060 Btu/SCF) and 22.2 MJ/Nm3 (595 Btu/SCF), and the gas yield ranged from 0.21 Nm3/kg DAF (3.5 SCF/lb DAF) to 0.76 Nm3/kg DAF (12.1 SCF/lb DAF). The results also indicated that the fluid bed gives a higher gas yield than other types of contactors.
Cardiovascular Effects of Nifedipine in the Dog

This study was designed to measure certain cardiovascular effects of 2 or 11 micrograms nifedipine/kg body weight given intravenously to dogs anesthetized with fentanyl-droperidol-pentobarbital. Parameters measured were: cardiac output, stroke volume, stroke work, systemic arterial pressure and vascular resistance, splenic weight (a measure of venous capacitance), and fractionation of cardiac output to many tissues. In response to doses of nifedipine, systemic vascular resistance decreased, cardiac output and flows to most organs increased, and heart rate, stroke work, and splenic capacitance were unchanged. The flow to the diaphragm increased more than that to other organs.
Synthesis and characterization of pentaphosphino zero-valent iron complexes and their corresponding iron(II)-chloride and -hydride complexes.

A pentaphosphino iron(II)-chloride species [tSiP3(dmpm)FeCl][Cl] (1-Cl) (tSiP3 = tBuSi(CH2PMe2)3, dmpm = Me2PCH2PMe2) was prepared from [(tSiP3Fe)2(μ-Cl)3][Cl] and dmpm. This species was reduced to give the corresponding iron(0) complex, tSiP3(dmpm)Fe (3), in near quantitative yield. Analogous complexes [SiP3(dmpe)FeCl][Cl] (2-Cl) and SiP3(dmpe)Fe (4) (SiP3 = MeSi(CH2PMe2)3, dmpe = Me2PCH2CH2PMe2) were prepared in the same manner as 1 and 3 but with lower yields because of competitive ligand rearrangement reactions that gave byproduct of trans-(dmpe)2FeCl2 and (dmpe)5Fe2 (5). [tSiP3(dmpm)FeH][A] (6) was prepared from the reaction of 3 with weak acids (HA), and the pKa of 6 was established to be approximately 25. Attempts to prepare pentaphosphino-iron(0) complexes of the form SiP3(PR3)2Fe using PPh3 and PMe3 resulted in cyclometalated products, SiP3FeH((o-C6H4)PPh2) (7) and SiP3FeH(CH2PMe2) (8). Synthesis and characterization of these complexes, including crystal structures of 1−5, are reported.
Effects of an erbium: YAG laser on ocular structures.

We evaluated the effects of the erbium:YAG laser (2.9 μm wavelength) on ocular structures. Energy was successfully transmitted through a fiberoptic bundle for intraocular and extraocular applications. The wavelength was strongly absorbed by ocular tissues, producing ablations with minimal thermal damage. Our results indicated that the erbium: YAG laser may have potential uses as a photoablative tool to reshape the corneal surface and as a surgical knife.
Public versus private control: A reassessment

Abstract Previous researchers have contended that private policing has increased substantially in recent years, particularly in the area of private security. This article reexamines that increase and compares it to growth in a variety of public policing agencies. In contrast to previous research, the present findings suggest that the growth of public policing agencies has been as great or greater than that of policing organizations in the private sector. The findings raise important questions regarding the definition and image of policing. These issues are discussed in light of debates concerning ideology and surveillance in late capitalist society.
Neurobehavioral effects of head-only gamma-radiation exposure in rats.

Abstract Hienz, R. D., Brady, J. V., Gooden, V. L., Vazquez, M. E. and Weed, M. R. Neurobehavioral Effects of Head-only Gamma-Radiation Exposure in Rats. Radiat. Res. 170, 292–298 (2008). The present report describes initial steps in the development of an animal model for assessing the effects of low levels of radiation encountered in the space environment on human cognitive function by examining the effects of radiation on a range of neurobehavioral functions in rodents that are similar to a number of basic human cognitive functions. The present report presents baseline data on the effects of γ radiation on neurobehavioral functions in rodents (psychomotor speed, discrimination accuracy and inhibitory control) that are similar to those in humans. Two groups of eight Long-Evans rats were trained to perform a reaction-time task that required them to depress a lever for 1–3 s and to release the lever within 1.5 s of a release stimulus (correct trial) to receive a reward. Releasing the lever prior to the rel...
Application of a refrigerator/phase-change cooler to a space-based sensor

This paper discusses the concept of a mechanical refrigerator integrated with a phase-change cryogen for cooling space borne sensors. Also described is the proposed integration of a small tactical mechanical refrigerator with a small amount of methanol to cool an orbiting sensor imaging atmospheric gravity waves. Included are the results of ground tests of the methanol melting/freezing process. Results indicate that a constant temperature during freezing and melting is possible if the heat loads into the system are low enough to maintain the phase-change substance near equilibrium. Plans for the next laboratory experiment are also outlined. The paper further presents a comparison of other substances that may be considered for use as a phase- change material.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Shock tube measurements of ignition delay times and OH time-histories in dimethyl ether oxidation

Abstract Ignition delay times and OH concentration time-histories were measured in DME/O2/Ar mixtures behind reflected shock waves. Initial reflected shock conditions covered temperatures (T5) from 1175 to 1900 K, pressures (P5) from 1.6 to 6.6 bar, and equivalence ratios (ϕ) from 0.5 to 3.0. Ignition delay times were measured by collecting OH∗ emission near 307 nm, while OH time-histories were measured using laser absorption of the R1(5) line of the A–X(0,0) transition at 306.7 nm. The ignition delay times extended the available experimental database of DME to a greater range of equivalence ratios and pressures. Measured ignition delay times were compared to simulations based on DME oxidation mechanisms by Fischer et al. [7] and Zhao et al. [9] . Both mechanisms predict the magnitude of ignition delay times well. OH time-histories were also compared to simulations based on both mechanisms. Despite predicting ignition delay times well, neither mechanism agrees with the measured OH time-histories. OH Sensitivity analysis was applied and the reactions DME ↔ CH3O + CH3 and H + O2 ↔ OH + O were found to be most important. Previous measurements of DME ↔ CH3O + CH3 are not available above 1220 K, so the rate was directly measured in this work using the OH diagnostic. The rate expression k[1/s] = 1.61 × 1079 T−18.4 exp(−58600/T), valid at pressures near 1.5 bar, was inferred based on previous pyrolysis measurements and the current study. This rate accurately describes a broad range of experimental work at temperatures from 680 to 1750 K, but is most accurate near the temperature range of the study, 1350–1750 K. When this rate is used in both the Fischer et al. and Zhao et al. mechanisms, agreement between measured OH and the model predictions is significantly improved at all temperatures.
WE‐C‐L100J‐06: Linear Systems Analysis for a New Solid State X‐Ray Image Intensifier (SSXII) Based On Electron‐Multiplying Charge‐Coupled Devices (EMCCDs)

Purpose: To objectively evaluate and optimize performance of a new SSXII using linear‐systems analysis with varying constituent elements. Method and Materials: An imaging module of the SSXII consists of a fluorescent phosphor, a minifying fiber‐optic taper (FOT), and a fiber‐optic plate (FOP) coupled directly to the sensor of an EMCCD camera. An array of such modules is used to achieve the desired field‐of‐view (FOV). Linear‐systems analysis was applied to a module to determine system performance for various combinations of components whose properties were estimated using known physical constants and manufacturer specifications. A 350μm thick CsI(Tl) structured phosphor deposited on an additional FOP was considered in this analysis; however the phosphor may be grown directly on the FOT for improved optical transfer efficiency. New back‐thinned sensors, offering high optical quantum efficiencies (>90%), are also considered. Various FOT minifications were studied to evaluate the tradeoffs between a larger field‐of‐view (FOV) per module and potential DQE degradation. Results: Initial calculations indicate elimination of a FOP in the imaging chain could improve the integral DQE by 30–80%, depending on the FOT minification. Use of a back‐thinned sensor could offer additional improvements of 10–25% over a front‐illuminated EMCCD. Increasing the FOT minification factor from 3:1 to 6:1 would tend to decrease the integral DQE by ∼50%, which could be more than compensated for by making the above two design improvements. Calculated MTFs and DQEs will be presented for various minifications, exposures, and gains. A prototype SSXII (16μm pixels) demonstrated 20 lp/mm bar‐pattern resolution radiographically and fluoroscopic image sequences with exposures of <3 μR/frame. Conclusion: The linear‐systems analysis indicates current designs for the SSXII will provide high‐resolution, low‐noise, real‐time imaging. With component optimization, an acceptable DQE can be maintained with taper minifications as large as 6:1. (Partial support: the UB Foundation and NIH grants R01‐EB002873, R01‐NS43924.)
Interpretation as Optimization: Constitutive material adjectives

Abstract Constitutive material adjectives, a subset of the privative adjectives, include adjectives like stone , wooden , plastic , foam , velveteen , etc. Constitutive material adjectives exhibit two important features: (1) they appear to violate the Head-Primacy Principle ( Kamp and Partee, 1995 ), (2) their behavior, and thus classification, depends on the constituent with which they combine. Partee (2010) has suggested that these adjectives are not, in fact, privative, but rather are subsective adjectives that have undergone coercion. This is a compelling analysis, but unfortunately the mechanisms that underlie the coercion operation have not been fully explored. Here, I argue that coercion, as formulated by Partee, can be understood as the result of optimization over conflicting constraints on interpretation. I propose an analysis that conceives of the meaning of adjectives and nouns as collections of constraints on interpretation. Conceived as such, we can derive the effects of coercion using Optimality Theory ( Prince and Smolensky, 2004 , Smolensky and Legendre, 2006 ).
Polarization aberration analysis of the advanced x-ray astrophysics facility telescope assembly: errata

Reference 1 contains a serious error that renders most of the results inapplicable to grazing-incidence telescopes and creates an incorrect impression as to the polarization properties of grazing-incidence telescopes. The errors arise from an incorrect application of the sign convention for the Fresnel equations. The Fresnel equations are correct as stated in Eqs. (2) and (3) but are incorrectly assembled into the Jones matrix in Eq. (8), where the minus sign of ap should be removed. This equation is at the heart of the technical development, causing errors in many of the remaining equations. The retardance is incorrectly calculated by Eq. (5) and is plotted incorrectly in Fig. 4. Near grazing incidence, the linear retardance associated with reflection from metals, approaches zero ( 0) as the angle approaches grazing incidence (i 900). The paper incorrectly states that -> r rad. Thus a grazing-incidence mirror acts as a nonpolarizing element, not as a half-wave linear retarder. The polarization aberration function for the primary mirror in Jones matrix form [Eq. (16)] should be 1 0 J(P, 0) 0 1), (1)
Scattering in field theory

A precise statement of the scattering problem, general enough to include composite particles in field theory, is proposed: the four Heisenberg operatorsPμ which represent the total energy-momentum vector, can be expressed asymptotically (t → ± ∞) as integrals of mutually commuting operatorsAr(±)+ (k)krμAr(±)(k) which represent the four-momenta of the incident and outgoing particles, both elementary and composite. For a theory given in terms of bare-particle creation operators ar†, the problem consists in finding the asymptotic operators A(±) as functions of thear andar†. A system of linear equations for this purpose is derived. Alternatively, theS-matrix can be obtained by solving a bi-linear equation, the inhomogeneous term of which consists essentially of products of one-particle state vectors.
Two rounds of whole genome duplication in the ancestral vertebrate.

The hypothesis that the relatively large and complex vertebrate genome was created by two ancient, whole genome duplications has been hotly debated, but remains unresolved. We reconstructed the evolutionary relationships of all gene families from the complete gene sets of a tunicate, fish, mouse, and human, and then determined when each gene duplicated relative to the evolutionary tree of the organisms. We confirmed the results of earlier studies that there remains little signal of these events in numbers of duplicated genes, gene tree topology, or the number of genes per multigene family. However, when we plotted the genomic map positions of only the subset of paralogous genes that were duplicated prior to the fish–tetrapod split, their global physical organization provides unmistakable evidence of two distinct genome duplication events early in vertebrate evolution indicated by clear patterns of four-way paralogous regions covering a large part of the human genome. Our results highlight the potential for these large-scale genomic events to have driven the evolutionary success of the vertebrate lineage.
Photoluminescence-excitation-spectroscopy studies in spontaneously ordered GaInP 2

We present results of an experimental study of the optical properties of spontaneously ordered ${\mathrm{GaInP}}_{2}$ using the techniques of low-temperature polarized photoluminescence and polarized photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy. Highly ordered samples are seen to have an absorption edge which is softer, more polarization dependent, and blueshifted farther from the PL peak than less-ordered samples. The data provide evidence for a statistical distribution of domains having different order parameters in epitaxial films of ${\mathrm{GaInP}}_{2}$.
Photoelectric cross sections of some atom-like valence levels for Mg Kα radiation and comparison with OPW estimates

Abstract We have measured relative photoelectric cross sections of a number of loosely-bound levels, especially valence levels, of several light elements ( Z Our data will, perhaps, be of interest primarily to photoelectron spectroscopists who study valence levels.
Observations on Spanish

Author's Summary— Some facts relating to the Spanish language and literature, set forth in order to combat widespread ignorance of these great subjects.
American Domestic Forces and the October War

A ccording to Henry Kissinger, "decision-making is an elitist exercise...", but the "acid test of a policy is its ability to obtain domestic support."' Domestic support for or opposition to foreign policy is conveyed through public opinion, mass media and interest groups. It expresses itself in various forms, ranging from letter-writing and editorializing to demonstrations and bomb-throwing. The domestic structures function as important inputs into the making of foreign policy, and define the broad internal limits within which decision-makers feel compelled to operate. A similar outer limit, comprising inputs from the international system, forms a constraint on the decision-makers.
Physiological computation of binocular disparity

Abstract We previously proposed a physiologically realistic model for stereo vision based on the quantitative binocular receptive field profiles mapped by Freeman and coworkers. Here we present several new results about the model that shed light on the physiological processes involved in disparity computation. First, we show that our model can be extended to a much more general class of receptive field profiles than the commonly used Gabor functions. Second, we demonstrate that there is, however, an advantage of using the Gabor filters: similar to our perception, the stereo algorithm with the Gabor filters has a small bias towards zero disparity. Third, we prove that the complex cells as described by Freeman et al. compute disparity by effectively summing up two related cross products between the band-pass filtered left and right retinal image patches. This operation is related to cross-correlation but it overcomes some major problems with the standard correlator. Fourth, we demonstrate that as few as two complex cells at each spatial location are sufficient for a reasonable estimation of binocular disparity. Fifth, we find that our model can be significantly improved by considering the fact that complex cell receptive fields are, on average, larger than those of simple cells. This fact is incorporated into the model by averaging over several quadrature pairs of simple cells with nearby and overlapping receptive fields to construct a model complex cell. The disparity tuning curve of the resulting complex cell is much more reliable than that constructed from a single quadrature pair of simple cells used previously, and the computed disparity maps for random dot stereograms with the new algorithm are very similar to human perception, with sharp transitions at disparity boundaries. Finally, we show that under most circumstances our algorithm works equally well with either of the two well-known receptive field models in the literature.
Wilson loops, winding modes, and domain walls in finite temperature QCD.

We discuss the effective action for Polyakov-Wilson loops winding around compact Euclidean time, which serve as order parameters for the finite temperature deconfinement transition in SU({ital N}) Yang-Mills gauge theory. We then apply our results to the study of the high temperature continuation of the confining phase, and to the analysis of certain {ital Z}{sub {ital N}} domain walls that have been argued to play a role in cosmology. We argue that the free energy of these walls is much larger than previously thought.
Terahertz CMOS circuit design and applications for ultra-high data rate (≫100Gbps) communication

Wedged between traditional microwave and optics, the term “Terahertz” was first named by Fleming to designate EM spectrum range from 300GHz to 3THz. It remains one of the least tapped spectra over time. Terahertz image and spectroscopic systems have drawn substantial attention recently due to their unique capabilities in detecting and/or analyzing concealed objects through fog and fabrics. The generation of practical Terahertz signals is nevertheless nontrivial and can only be accomplished by using Free-Electron Radiation, Optical Lasers, Gunn Diodes and sometimes oscillators made of III-V compound based HBT/HEMTs. However, these prior arts suffer major disadvantages of size, cost, complexity, efficiency and/or even cryogenic cooling to produce meaningful signals in the notorious “Terahertz Gap”.
Emerging trends and new developments in regenerative medicine: a scientometric update (2000 – 2014)

Introduction: Our previous scientometric review of regenerative medicine provides a snapshot of the fast-growing field up to the end of 2011. The new review identifies emerging trends and new devel...
Studies of the triad. III. Structure of the junction in fast twitch fibers

Abstract The structure of the triadic junction in very fast twitch fibers does not differ in any respect from that of frog twitch fibers. It is concluded that differences in e-c coupling delay between fast twitch and slow twitch fibers cannot be attributed to events occurring at the triad.
TBJ murine neuroblastoma resists dibutyryl cyclic AMP-induced differentiation and effects on metalloproteinase secretion

Abstract Background: Nonmetastatic C1300 murine neuroblastoma and TBJ, a metastatic variant, exhibit different mechanisms of metastasis and invasion. Methods: In this study, they were examined for response to 1 mmol/L dibutyryl cyclic AMP in vitro. Results: (1) dCAMP induced morphological differentiation in 20% to 40% of C1300 cells, whereas TBJ resisted differentiation. (2) Untreated TBJ expressed 92-kDa metalloproteinase, whereas C1300 expressed none. These results were not affected by dCAMP. (3) Growth curves of untreated C1300 and TBJ were exponential. Dibutyryl CAMP induced a plateau in C1300 growth that was confirmed by increased S-phase cells by cell cycle analysis. Conclusions: TBJ growth was unaffected by dCAMP. Apoptosis, as assayed by Hoechst-merocyanine staining test, was not involved in the growth plateau.
Impact of Out-of-Pocket Spending Caps on Financial Burden of those with Group Health Insurance

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) mandates that all private health insurance include out-of-pocket spending caps. Insurance purchased through the ACA’s Health Insurance Marketplace may qualify for income-based caps, whereas group insurance will not have income-based caps. Little is known about how out-of-pocket caps impact individuals’ health care financial burden. We aimed to estimate what proportion of non-elderly individuals with group insurance will benefit from out-of-pocket caps, and the effect that various cap levels would have on their financial burden. We applied the expected uniform spending caps, hypothetical reduced uniform spending caps (reduced by one-third), and hypothetical income-based spending caps (similar to the caps on Health Insurance Marketplace plans) to nationally representative data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). Participants were non-elderly individuals (aged < 65 years) with private group health insurance in the 2011 and 2012 MEPS surveys (n =26,666). (1) The percentage of individuals with reduced family out-of-pocket spending as a result of the various caps; and (2) the percentage of individuals experiencing health care services financial burden (family out-of-pocket spending on health care, not including premiums, greater than 10 % of total family income) under each scenario. With the uniform caps, 1.2 % of individuals had lower out-of-pocket spending, compared with 3.8 % with reduced uniform caps and 2.1 % with income-based caps. Uniform caps led to a small reduction in percentage of individuals experiencing financial burden (from 3.3 % to 3.1 %), with a modestly larger reduction as a result of reduced uniform caps (2.9 %) and income-based caps (2.8 %). Mandated uniform out-of-pocket caps for those with group insurance will benefit very few individuals, and will not result in substantial reductions in financial burden.
Power optimization of a finite-time Rankine heat engine

Abstract The power output of a single, finite-time Rankine heat engine is studied. The model adopted is a reversible Rankine cycle coupled to a heat source and a heat sink by heat transfer. Both the heat source and the heat sink have finite heat capacity rate. A mathematical expression is derived for the power output of the irreversible heat engine. The maximum power output is found. The maximum bound provides the basis for designing a real heat engine and for a performance comparison with existing power plants.
Periglaziale Forschung in Revue

Periglaziale Forschung begann mit fruhen Mitteilungen uber Permafrost in der Sowjet-Union, aber der Ausdruck periglazial und die Verwendung von periglazialen Formen in Paleostudien stammen von Łozinski in Polen. Einen starken Impuls zur Entwicklung dieser Wissenschaft gab die Exkursion des 11. International Geologischen Kongresses nach Spitsbergen im Jahre 1910, an der sehr prominente Geologen ihrer Zeit teilnahmen und deren Berichte uber die damals wenig bekannten periglazialen Formen grose Beachtung fanden. Es gibt heute eine enorme interdisziplinare Literatur, die geographische, geologische, paleoklimatische, technische und unweltliche Disziplinen umfast.