cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of a New Clinical Severity Staging System for Patients With Nonmetastatic Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.

Importance The inclusion of patient features in addition to tumor morphology provides a more holistic staging system. Objective To identify prognostically important variables in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) to incorporate into a comprehensive functional severity staging system (FSSS) and clinical severity staging system (CSSS) and to validate the model using a multi-institutional database. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective cohort study of adults 18 years or older newly diagnosed or treated for nonmetastatic PTC at the Siteman Cancer Center from 1995 through 2012. Binary logistic regression was used to explore the association between 5-year survival and age, comorbidities, and tumor morphologic features. Conjunctive consolidation was used to create staging systems that incorporated important patient and tumor information. The created FSSS and CSSS were compared with the current AJCC staging system and externally validated using the National Cancer Database (NCDB). Main Outcomes and Measures Five-year survival. Results The cohort consisted of 774 eligible patients with PTC. There were 119 (15%) deaths in the cohort and a 90% 5-year survival rate. The median age of the patients was 51 years (range, 18-91); 562 (73%) were women. Conjunctive consolidation combined age, comorbidity, and T stage to create a new CSSS with 3 categories where 5-year survival rates (95% CI) were as follows: stage A (n = 612), 95% (94%-97%); stage B (n = 131), 74% (67%-82%); and stage C (n = 31), 58% (41%-75%). The performance of the FSSS and CSSS was validated using the NCDB data. The new staging system indicates that patients with nonmetastatic disease, patients younger than 40 years, or patients without comorbidity regardless of age have a very high 5-year survival rate. Conclusions and Relevance The FSSS and CSSS had better predictive results than the current AJCC staging system. The addition of patient features to tumor morphology provides a more comprehensive staging system that improves prognostic accuracy. These comprehensive staging systems can improve scientific reporting of disease outcomes, support comparative effectiveness studies, and guide clinical care by defining prognosis for newly diagnosed patients.
Examining changes in negative mood regulation expectancies, posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and substance use following integrated cognitive-behavioral therapy.

ABSTRACTBackground: The comorbidity of depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and substance use disorder (SUD) is common among veterans. Some research indicates that poor expectancies for negative mood regulation (NMR) may be associated with depression, trauma symptoms, and substance abuse. However, little is known about whether NMR expectancies can be changed through psychotherapy and if so, whether changes in NMR expectancies are related to changes in depression, PTSD, and SUD. Methods: Therefore, this study examined (1) whether NMR expectancies correlate with depression, PTSD, and SUD symptoms; (2) whether NMR expectancies improve after group integrated cognitive-behavioral therapy (ICBT); and (3) whether these changes were associated with improvements in depression, PTSD, and SUD symptoms in a sample of 123 veterans (89% male, 64% non-Hispanic Caucasian) recruited from a Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) Healthcare System. Results: Findings indicated that (1) NMR expectancies were signific...
Atmospheric Mining in the Outer Solar System: Outer Planet In-Space Bases and Moon Bases for Resource Processing

Atmospheric mining in the outer solar system has been investigated as a means of fuel production for high energy propulsion and power. Fusion fuels such as Helium 3 (3He) and deuterium can be wrested from the atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune and either returned to Earth or used in-situ for energy production. Helium 3 and deuterium were the primary gases of interest with hydrogen being the primary propellant for nuclear thermal solid core and gas core rocket-based atmospheric flight. A series of analyses were undertaken to investigate resource capturing aspects of atmospheric mining in the outer solar system. This included the gas capturing rate, storage options, and different methods of direct use of the captured gases. While capturing 3He, large amounts of hydrogen and 4He are produced. The propulsion and transportation requirements for all of the major moons of Uranus and Neptune are presented. Analyses of orbital transfer vehicles (OTVs), landers, factories, and the issues with in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) low gravity processing factories are included. Preliminary observations are presented on near-optimal selections of moon base orbital locations, OTV power levels, and OTV and lander rendezvous points. Several artificial gravity in-space base designs and orbital sites at Uranus and Neptune and the OTV requirements to support them are also addressed.
Computational modeling of aerosol transport, dispersion, and deposition in rhythmically expanding and contracting terminal alveoli

Abstract Inhalation dosimetry in the alveolar region is critical in assessing health risks of inhaled toxicants and therapeutic outcomes of systemic pulmonary drug delivery. Most previous studies of acinar deposition focused on respiratory bronchioles or alveolated ducts with either steady unidirectional or tidal flow through the duct. The precise nature of particle dynamics in response to different wall motions of the blind-ended terminal alveoli is unclear. The objective of this study is to numerically investigate the flow and particle behaviors in terminal alveoli which rhythmically expand and contract at varying modes, frequencies, and amplitudes. Parametric study of physiological factors that affect alveolar deposition will be undertaken to gain a better understanding of relevant deposition mechanisms. Particle dispersion and rhythmic wall effect on alveolar deposition will be examined in the absence of gravity. An idealized terminal alveolus model was developed with rhythmically alveolar moving boundary conditions. The dynamic wall expansion mode and magnitude were based on experimentally measured chest wall motions and tidal volumes. Dimensional analysis was used to develop an alveolar deposition correlation. Results of this study show radical discrepancies in airflow kinetics in comparison to the alveolated duct. Recirculation zones that characterize the airflow in the alveolated duct are absent in the terminal alveolus. This study also demonstrates that the alveolar deposition is sensitive to the particle diameter, alveolar orientation, and breathing frequency, but is relatively insensitive to the breathing depth. The periodic alveolar wall motion leads to incremental particle dispersion, which was found to have a net effect in reducing particle deposition in the alveolus. A correlation was proposed for particle deposition in terminal alveoli that captured the separate contributions from the gravitational sedimentation and rhythmic wall motion.
Heterogeneous multi-vehicle modular control framework with payload integration

Small unmanned aircraft are being used in an increasing number of applications requiring cooperation between multiple heterogeneous vehicles. Multi-agent control algorithms can be implemented to control such systems but often require an underlying communications framework with integrated payloads. This paper presents a modular heterogeneous multi-agent control framework with payload integration. This framework, named Clark, provides a wireless network between agents without relying on pre-existing communications infrastructure and provides software interfaces for connecting to a variety of payloads. Underlying design requirements that highlight key features of the Clark framework are presented, and an overview of the framework and software architecture is given in the context of fulfilling key design requirements. The architecutre is demonstrated with a flight test of three heterogeneous agents that includes communication performance metrics.
Kelly Warm Springs Historical Data Summary: Progress Report

Kelly Warm Springs is a unique geological feature located within Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming. The Kelly Warm Springs area is used extensively by park wildlife, for recreation by park visitors, and is a place of educational interest. It has also been the site of historic non-native fish releases. The current work was initiated to gather historical information and to begin systematic documentation of temperatures in and around Kelly Warm Springs. Historic information that was not published but considered valid was included. Non-native fish presence was first documented in the 1960s. Concerns about non-native fish and habitat loss for native species were discussed by researchers in the 1980s. The temperature ranges recorded at several sites October â December 2014 approached 0oC at the lower section of the outflow channel, but remained above 20oC in the spring pond. While these range below the preferred temperature range for goldfish, research has documented survival in near zero temperatures. All sites located below Mormon Row where temperature loggers were initially deployed were either dewatered or frozen by mid-November.
The impact of autism spectrum disorder symptoms on gesture use in fragile X syndrome and Down syndrome

Background & aimsThis study compared gesture rate and purpose in participants with Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome, and the impact of autism spectrum disorder symptoms on each syndrome.Methods...
A Deep Learning Approach for Extracting Attributes of ABAC Policies

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has identified natural language policies as the preferred expression of policy and implicitly called for an automated translation of ABAC natural language access control policy (NLACP) to a machine-readable form. An essential step towards this automation is to automate the extraction of ABAC attributes from NLACPs, which is the focus of this paper. We, therefore, raise the question of: how can we automate the task of attributes extraction from natural language documents? Our proposed solution to this question is built upon the recent advancements in natural language processing and machine learning techniques. For such a solution, the lack of appropriate data often poses a bottleneck. Therefore, we decouple the primary contributions of this work into: (1) developing a practical framework to extract ABAC attributes from natural language artifacts, and (2) generating a set of realistic synthetic natural language access control policies (NLACPs) to evaluate the proposed framework. The experimental results are promising with regard to the potential automation of the task of interest. Using a convolutional neural network (CNN), we achieved - in average - an F1-score of 0.96 when extracting the attributes of subjects, and 0.91 when extracting the objects' attributes from natural language access control policies.
The Effect of Noise on Capacitive Measurements of MEMS Geometries

Small variations in the geometry of Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) can yield very large variations in performance. Variations in geometry are a consequence of the MEMS fabrication process, and are unavoidable with current fabrication technology. To achieve quick, accurate, and precise measurements of MEMS geometry, we have previously reported on our pioneering use of capacitance to measure MEMS geometry. The ability to capacitively probe MEMS geometries has the potential to more precisely obtain geometric uncertainties, and to realize autonomous on-chip measurements in-the-field. The precision of measurement method depends on the precision of the capacitance meter, which is subject to various sources of noise. In this paper, we examine the effect of this noise using our off-chip capacitive measurement method. In our present approach, we consider four sources of noise and analyze how they individually contribute to the uncertainty in the extraction of MEMS geometry. The four sources of noise are: noise from the voltage source, internal noise of the capacitance meter, noise from external electromagnetic fields, and thermal noise. We verify our analytical results with simulation and validate our results with experiment. With off-chip capacitive probing, we find that the uncertainty in geometric extraction is most strongly affected by external electromagnetic fields, moderately affected by noise from the measurement equipment and thermal noise, and least affect by the applied voltage. We measure the uncertainty in geometry due to shielded and unshielded conditions, and we predict the uncertainty in geometry due to the voltage source and thermal noises.
Some Primary and Secondary Metabolites of Hypersaline Microbial Mats and Associated Sediments

Microbial mats and associated sediments of hypersaline ponds are rich sources of halophilic microorganisms and their primary (major) and secondary (minor) metabolites. An assessment of these metabolites in solar salterns was made in order to 1) understand the chemical conditions under which these microorganisms thrive, 2) identify and isolate novel halophiles, 3) establish the nature and role of chemical interactions between microorganisms, and 4) identify potentially interesting natural products in these unique environments. Porewaters of mats and sediments contained up to millimolar concentrations of sulfide and other dissolved thiols, total alkalinity, total amino acids (as primary amines), and total carbohydrates.
Disease expression in X-linked retinitis pigmentosa caused by a putative null mutation in the RPGR gene.

PURPOSE: To determine the disease expression in X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (XLRP) caused by a putative null mutation in the RPGR (retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator) gene. METHODS: In a family with XLRP, haplotype analysis was performed with polymorphic microsatellite markers from the Xp chromosomal region, and genomic polymerase chain reaction sequencing was used to identify sequence variations in the RPGR gene. Hemizygotes and heterozygotes were evaluated clinically and with visual function tests. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was performed on heterozygotes. Postmortem donor retinas from a heterozygote were examined by microscopy and immunocytochemistry. RESULTS: X-linked inheritance was confirmed by haplotype analysis using Xp markers. Sequence analysis of the RPGR gene identified a single base pair change, a G-->T transversion, that converts codon 52 GGA (Gly) to TGA (stop codon); the mutation segregates with the disease. A hemizygote in the third decade of life had barely measurable rod function and severely impaired cone function that diminished further over a 7-year interval. Heterozygotes varied in degree of disease expression from mild to severe. Perimetry showed loci with normal rod and cone sensitivity interspersed with loci having either equal rod and cone dysfunction or rod > cone dysfunction. Electroretinographic photoreceptor responses had equal reductions in rod and cone maximal amplitude. OCT cross sectional reflectance images of retinal regions with severe dysfunction showed reduced thickness of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium-choriocapillaris (RPE-CC) complex and increased reflections posteriorly. Regions with mild dysfunction showed similar OCT findings but with preserved retinal thickness. Retinal histopathology in a heterozygote revealed loss of photoreceptors throughout, with retention of only a few islands of cones with tiny or absent outer segments and rods lacking outer segments. CONCLUSIONS: This RPGR gene mutation, in its mildest expression in heterozygotes, causes a relatively equal disturbance of rod and cone photoreceptor function. Detectable structural change by OCT at the level of the RPE-CC can be present in patches of retina with minimal functional disturbance. More advanced disease stages in heterozygotes show greater rod than cone dysfunction, and the end stage in hemizygotes and heterozygotes is that of typical RP, with only barely detectable cone function from residual cones in a thinned retina with abnormal RPE and choriocapillaris.
Inflammatory Response to Implanted Nanostructured Materials

Nanostructured materials are implanted for dynamic application in therapies such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, biosensing, and imaging. The interaction between nanostructured materials and the tissues of the body can be used to alter cellular attachment and motility, detect analytes in vivo, and simulate tissue organization. These interactions may also lead to a variety of adverse immune responses, such as acute inflammation and fibrous encapsulation. Nanostructured surfaces have been shown to attenuate the acute inflammatory response of immune cells to a material, as well as change the normal encapsulation response that generally results in implants being quarantined by a wall of cells. Additionally, many of these novel materials improve the time course of wound healing in vivo. In general, nanostructured materials are equally or less immunogenic than a planar surface of the same material. However, much like the basis of material biocompatibility, further studies need to be completed on a per material basis to properly evaluate the inflammation potential of novel nanomaterials.
Functional Interactions of LFA-1, T8 and Alloantigen Surface Structures in T-Cell Mediated Cytotoxicity

Monoclonal antibodies (MAb) have provided powerful tools for dissecting the complex cellular interactions involved in the lysis of target cells by immune cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Seven distinct surface-membrane structures have been implicated to function in the cytolytic process mediated by human effector cells by virtue of the ability of their MAb to inhibit cytolysis in the absence of complement (Table 1). All of these inhibitory MAb recognize cell surface structures present on nonimmune mature lymphoid cells. The Ti, T3, T8 and T4 structures are unique to T cells and in the case for T8 and T4 define T-cell subpopulations that recognize antigen associated with Class I or Class II MHC glycoproteins, respectively (1–3). The clonotypic (Ti) surface structure and T3 appear to form the antigen binding recognition complex on the CTL surface (4) whereas the Lymphocyte Function Associated Antigen-2 (LFA-2) has been identified as the sheep red blood cell rosette receptor (5). In contrast, the LFA-1 molecule is present on both T and B lymphocytes and is structurally related to the OKM1/MAC-1 macrophage surface glycoprotein which is associated with complement receptor activity (CR3) (6,7). In contrast, the tissue distribution of LFA-3 is very broad including nonlymphoid cells (5).
Salt tolerance of southern baldcypress

Cypress-tupelo swamps provide numerous benefits, ranging from wildlife habitat (in south Louisiana, bald eagle nests were found in cypress-tupelo forests 93 % of the time) to forest products (baldcypress lumber is valuable for its rot resistance). These forests also help protect many natural and developed areas by absorbing wind and water energy from hurricanes. After a hurricane, tree survival in cypress-tupelo swamps is much higher than for other hardwood forests in coastal areas.
Pharmacokinetics of Oxytetracycline in the Giant Danio (Devario aequipinnatus) following bath immersion.

Abstract Oxytetracycline is one of three antimicrobials approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in fish aquaculture, but there are few bath pharmacokinetic studies for its use in fish. The objective of this study is to provide data-driven recommendations for the use of oxytetracycline as a bath therapy in the giant danio (Devario aequipinnatus). The pilot study was conducted from 25 mg/L to 400 mg/L concentration of oxytetracycline in bath. Based on initial pilot study data, a oxytetracycline bath concentration of 400 mg/L was used for the final study. At this dose, a maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) for oxytetracycline of 1.31 μg/mL was achieved with a half-life of excretion of 13.21 h. Water quality parameters for the study included a hardness of
Stacked and Core–Shell Pt:Ni/WC Nanorod Array Electrocatalyst for Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells

In this study, we developed a stacked core–shell nanorod array electrocatalyst design to improve oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics and catalyst stability for polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEMFC) applications. For this purpose, we fabricated two-layer stacked nanorod arrays with each layer consisting of a tungsten carbide (WC) core and a platinum–nickel (Pt–Ni) alloy shell. WC nanorods were grown by a glancing angle deposition (GLAD) method. Then, WC nanorods were coated with a Pt–Ni shell conformally by a high-pressure sputtering (HIPS) method. This process was repeated twice to form the second layer of the stack. We investigated three different Pt:Ni ratios including 3:7, 1:1, and 3:1. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and rotating disk electrode (RDE) methods were used for electrochemical characterization of the Pt:Ni/WC electrodes in a 0.1 M HClO4 electrolyte solution. Morphological and crystallographic analyses were performed using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ra...
Visualization and Analysis of Whole Depot Adipose Tissue Innervation

Abstract Adipose tissue requires neural innervation in order to regulate important metabolic functions. Though seminal work on adipose denervation has underscored the importance of adipose-nerve interactions in both white (energy storing) and brown (energy expending) adipose tissues, much remains a mystery. This is due, in part, to the inability to effectively visualize the various nerve subtypes residing within these tissues and to gain a comprehensive quantitation of neurite density in an entire depot. With the recent surge of advanced imaging techniques such as light sheet microscopy and optical clearing procedures, adipose tissue imaging has been reinvigorated with a focus on three-dimensional analysis of tissue innervation. However, clearing techniques are time consuming, often require solvents caustic to objective lenses, alter tissue morphology, and greatly reduce fluorophore lifespan. Not only are current methods of imaging wholemount adipose tissues inconvenient, but often attempts to quantify neurite density across physiological or pathophysiological conditions have been limited to representative section sampling. We have developed a new method of adipose tissue neurite imaging and quantitation that is faster than current clearing-based methods, does not require caustic chemicals, and leaves the tissue fully intact. Maintenance of a fully intact depot allowed for tiling z-stacks and producing maximum intensity projections of the entire adipose depot, which were then used to quantify neurite density across the tissue. With this processing method we were able to characterize the nerves, nerve-subtypes, and neurovascular interactions within the inguinal subcutaneous white adipose tissue in mice using up to five fluorescent channels at high resolution. We also utilized second harmonic generation, which provides label-free imaging, to investigate collagen fiber abundance in adipose of obese mice.
Gyrotron thomson scattering diagnostics of ions in D-T burning tokamaks

Collective Thomson scattering can be used to diagnose localized ion temperature as well as alpha particle velocity distribution and density in a D-T burning tokamak. With one diagnostic beam a simultaneous, but independent, measure of the bulk ion temperature and alpha particle parameters can be made. Use of a long pulse, millimeter-wave gyrotron offers a significant margin in signal to noise ratio capability (√Δfτ > 1,000) not previously possible with lasers.
Healthcare Utilization and Cost Burden of Porphyria in Commercially Insured Adults in the United States.

The healthcare burden associated with porphyria remains unevaluated despite the associated increased risks of morbidity and mortality. We aimed to assess the healthcare utilization and cost burdens of porphyria in the United States (US) using real-world claims data. We performed a case–control analysis of adults in the Truven Health MarketScan® Commercial Claims database (2010–2015). Using propensity scores, 2788 porphyria cases were matched 1:1 to porphyria-free controls with chronic liver disease. Total and service-specific parameters were quantified for the 12 months before porphyria diagnosis versus the 12 months after diagnosis and over the 12 months following a randomly selected date for controls. Wilcoxon signed rank tests and McNemar tests were used to examine incremental differences in burden between cases and controls. Adjusted multivariable generalized linear regression models were used to compare healthcare burdens for cases versus controls. Relative to the 12 months before porphyria diagnosis, the following 12 months had more claims per patient (35.94 vs 39.67; p < 0.0001) and increased per-patient healthcare costs (US$21,308 vs US$27,270; p < 0.0001). Porphyria cases incurred US$7839 more in total unadjusted costs compared with controls in the 12 months after index date. Compared with controls, cases also had more claims (39.67 vs 34.81), primarily due to inpatient admissions (1.80 vs 0.78) and outpatient visits (21.41 vs 17.98). Cases also had higher healthcare costs for inpatient admissions (US$8882 vs US$4674) and outpatient visits (US$12,378 vs US$9801). Porphyria is associated with significant healthcare costs and utilization burdens driven by increased inpatient admissions, outpatient visits, and pharmaceutical claims.
Particle-induced miscible fingering: Continuum limit

Oil is injected into a mixture of the same oil and noncolloidal particles inside a Hele-Shaw cell to investigate the connection between miscible fingering and the interfacial structure that develops inside the thin gap. By tuning the channel confinement relative to the particle size, it is demonstrated that shear-induced diffusion of particles can be enhanced and the interfacial shape caused to become more rounded, which results in changes in fingering morphologies. The results of the study suggest a potential use of the wall confinement to control hydrodynamic instabilities uniquely in suspensions.
cGAS suppresses genomic instability as a decelerator of replication forks.

The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), a sensor of cytosolic DNA, is critical for the innate immune response. Here, we show that loss of cGAS in untransformed and cancer cells results in uncontrolled DNA replication, hyperproliferation, and genomic instability. While the majority of cGAS is cytoplasmic, a fraction of cGAS associates with chromatin. cGAS interacts with replication fork proteins in a DNA binding–dependent manner, suggesting that cGAS encounters replication forks in DNA. Independent of cGAMP and STING, cGAS slows replication forks by binding to DNA in the nucleus. In the absence of cGAS, replication forks are accelerated, but fork stability is compromised. Consequently, cGAS-deficient cells are exposed to replication stress and become increasingly sensitive to radiation and chemotherapy. Thus, by acting as a decelerator of DNA replication forks, cGAS controls replication dynamics and suppresses replication-associated DNA damage, suggesting that cGAS is an attractive target for exploiting the genomic instability of cancer cells.
Gelation inhibiting additives and freezing impact rheological, thermal, and microstructural properties of yolk

Abstract We investigated the effect of salt, sugar, and hydrolyzed egg yolk protein (HEY) on yolk's rheological properties, thermal behavior, and microstructure for a better understanding of their gelation inhibition mechanism. Salted yolk samples had the highest yield stress, followed by HEY and sugared yolk samples. With the addition of salt, the yolk's denaturation temperature and amount of free water significantly increased. Conversely, sugar and HEY had no significant impact on the thermal behavior of yolk components. Different additives caused pronounced differences in yolk's microstructure. The addition of salt resulted in dissociation of proteins and a concomitant increase in the number of small particles. Sugar and HEY presumably interacted with proteins and rearranged them into stable clusters. Freezing time also impacted the rheological, thermal, and microstructural properties of yolk in the presence of the additives. With prolonged freezing time, the tendency to undergo gelation increased. The salted yolk sample had significantly increased amount of non-freezable water, while no changes were observed in sugared and HEY yolk samples. The size and clustering of the particles varied during prolonged freezing. Interestingly, frozen-thawed yolks with additives regained their fluidity during refrigeration. Overall, salt, sugar and HEY effectively inhibited gelation, albeit, through different mechanistic processes.
Revisiting the Public Utility - Foreword

This foreword introduces "Revisiting the Public Utility," a series of essays published in a special issue of Yale Journal on Regulation. We cluster the contributions to this issue around public utility regulation’s core rationales and its scope, its implications for innovation and industry stability, and its evolving approach to price regulation. The scholarship represented in this issue challenges the notion that public utility ideas are obsolete or irrelevant to modern issues in economic regulation. It questions whether public utility regulation has fallen short of its goals, and shows that there are some good reasons to question many embedded regulatory practices. At the same time, the endeavor of revisiting the public utility demonstrates how public utility ideas remain foundational to many of modern regulatory law's tasks and aspirations.
Intraindividual association of PTSD symptoms with binge drinking among trauma-exposed students.

People, particularly undergraduate students, who report elevated symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are at elevated risk of binge drinking. The present study used ecological momentary assessment to (a) evaluate whether PTSD severity, specifically, or psychological distress, generally, are associated with binge drinking and (b) examine the self-medication and susceptibility models of the comorbidity of PTSD with binge drinking while accounting for shared liability (i.e., the between-person association of PTSD symptom severity with binge drinking). Within a larger study of undergraduate student mental health, for 14 days, students who reported a potentially traumatic experience (N = 276) reported nightly on use of alcohol and psychoactive substances and thrice daily on current affect, internalizing symptoms, and PTSD symptoms. Daily binge drinking, per the NIAAA definition, was analyzed using multivariate mixed effects, multilevel logistic regression. Results support the self-medication model; participants were more likely to binge drink on days marked by elevated PTSD symptoms, OR = 2.82, p .30). PTSD symptoms were not associated with use of cannabis or other substances (p > .06). Regarding the susceptibility model, following a binge drinking episode, participants reported elevated depressive symptoms, B = 0.34, p = .04, but no change in affect, PTSD symptoms, or general anxiety symptoms (p > .16). Results suggest that, beyond understanding who is at risk for binge drinking, fluctuations in PTSD severity clarify when students engage in binge drinking. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Introduction: Crazy Stone Phenomenon and Chinese Neo-noir Comedies

This chapter functions as an introduction to this mini book, which focuses on the postmodern Crazy Stone phenomenon emerged in recent Chinese cultural and cinematic scenes. It explores the implications of a black carnival to the contemporary Chinese; the resources of being crazy in Chinese culture; the meanings of modernism and postmodernism to the Chinese; the making of darkness in relation to black humor and film noir; the role of laughter, nihilism, and cynicism in producing the sense of darkness; and how a carnival kind of craziness characterizes contemporary Chinese culture and becomes the context of today’s film production, criticism, and reception. The study argues that the Crazy Stone phenomenon is part of the global neo-noir, which is an important topic in film and cultural studies scholarship that has for long missed the China component.
Tui Chub ( Siphateles bicolor ) are Native to the Columbia River Basin in Washington State

Although many modern authorities hold that Tui chub (Siphateles bicolor) are native to the Columbia River basin, they are uncommon in most of the basin today, and others have called their native status into question. Here we provide evidence that the species is indigenous to lakes and streams in the Columbia River basin of Washington State, based on multiple lines of testimony. Evidence includes: 1) no record of introductions by federal or state fish and wildlife management agencies; 2) over 100 museum specimens collected from 1881 to 1930; 3) records of abundance in the tens of thousands in area lakes prior to modern management efforts in the 1940s; and 4) 62 diagnostic bones recovered from four archaeological sites dating before 1850.
Mothers’ nonstandard work schedules and the use of multiple and center-based childcare

Abstract Mothers with a nonstandard work schedule may be more likely to use multiple childcare arrangements to accommodate their childcare needs and find it difficult to use center-based care that typically operates during daytime hours. Using the framework that working mothers’ workplace demands influence their childcare needs, while families’ relational and financial resources enable them to satisfy the needs, this study examined the association between mothers’ nonstandard work schedules and their use of multiple and center-based childcare. Using a sample of 2566 young children of working mothers from the Survey of Income and Program Participation of 2008, we found that the odds of multiple childcare arrangements were 36% higher when mothers worked an irregular schedule. The odds that one of the arrangements was a childcare center were 54% and 30% lower when mothers had a shift schedule and an irregular schedule. Families’ relational resource, the presence of non-mother adults in the family, was associated with the use of both multiple and center-based care arrangements, but financial resources were related only to the use of center-based care. Potential policy efforts are discussed to help low-wage working mothers better achieve a work-family balance.
SPECIAL ISSUE: MAKING A BETTER WORLD FOR CHILDREN OF INCARCERATED PARENTS

The punitive sentencing regime that has branded the United States as the Country incarcerating the largest number of its inhabitants has also imposed a terrible punishment on the children of incarcerated parents. These youth are at risk, not only for continuing an intergenerational cycle of crime, but also for entering the pipeline that extends from foster care, to school failure, homelessness, unemployability, poverty, and institutionalization. Even those who escape the more draconian collateral consequences of their parents' incarceration face stigma and shame that may affect their development. This special issue of the Family Court Review explores a myriad of issues that impact Children of Incarcerated Parents, and suggests a variety of approaches, practices and policies that will better the lives of children who should not suffer for the “sins” of their fathers and mothers. This Introduction highlights many issues that affect the children of incarcerated parents, summarizes the valuable contributions of the authors, and also identifies publications and research sources that delve more deeply into these topics.
Securing Economic Sovereignty Through Agreement

Economic development is one of the most important issues facing Indigenous nations in the United States. Politically, it speaks to a tribal nation's fundamental right to development, which is closely linked to its right of self-determination. Socio-economically, it is the means by which a nation seeks to confront the enduring consequences of poverty. Culturally, it offers a pathway to preserving and enhancing indigenous worldviews. Indigenous land-based economies sustained millions of Native Americans for thousands of years before the arrival of the Europeans. Contact with the Europeans altered the form of some of these economies, but also led to new avenues of trade and commerce. Over time disease, warfare, and the plundering of Indian lands and resources took their toll on indigenous economies. Next came two and a half centuries of U.S. Indian policies that sought to destroy the customs, laws, and institutions that supported these economies. The latter part of the twentieth century ushered in a new era of federal-tribal relations with the emergence of the policy of self-determination. With a new emphasis on tribal control of resources, land, and government, sustained economic development for Indian nations was once again possible. Today, American Indian nations are engaging in a range of domestic and international initiatives as a means of rebuilding their economic base. The scope and breadth of Indian economic development is as varied as the tribes themselves: recreation, manufacturing, retail, eco-tourism, timber, grazing, agriculture, banking, construction, energy, gaming, and telecommunications, to name a few. While the long-term effects of this development are yet to be fully realized, short-term indicators suggest socio-economic gains for tribes, as well as off-reservation local, state, and federal economies. Yet even with these advances, there exist variations in the rates and levels of economic recovery among tribes. A number of non-legal factors affect long-term economic growth, such as institution-building, strategic planning, and access to capital. Additionally, the unique legal status of tribes has resulted in a set of complex rules that impact development efforts. While these legal rules can result in development advantages for tribes, this is not always the case. This paper analyzes an important legal hurdle to sustained development: U.S. Supreme Court cases that create jurisdictional uncertainties regarding the scope of tribal sovereign powers. This paper also explores how American Indian nations might minimize the development impact of these decisions through negotiated agreements.
Spectroscopic evidence for ligand-induced conformational change in NADP+:isocitrate dehydrogenase.

Conformational changes induced by binding of ligands to cytosolic NADP(+)-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase from lactating bovine mammary gland were assessed using circular dichroism and fluorescence techniques. The secondary structure of isocitrate dehydrogenase, as monitored by CD spectra in the far-UV region, is unaltered by enzyme-ligand interactions; in contrast, dramatic changes occur in the near-UV region (270-290 nm) assigned to tyrosine and/or solvent-exposed tryptophan residues. Both the coenzyme analog, 2‘-phosphoadenosine 5‘-diphosphoribose, and NADPH have an effect on the CD spectrum which is opposite to that produced by metal complexes of either isocitrate or citrate. A CD band at 292 nm assigned to approximately 2 tryptophan residues in a hydrophobic environment is unchanged by binding of substrate or coenzyme. Approximately 30% of the intrinsic fluorescence of isocitrate dehydrogenase, corresponding to approximately 2 tryptophan residues, is not quenched by acrylamide in the absence of 6.3 M guanidine hydrochloride and remains unquenched in the enzyme-substrate complex. The constancy in the proportion of buried and exposed tryptophan residues implicates tyrosine in the observed near-UV CD spectral changes. Since binding of ligands does not influence quaternary structure (Seery, V.L., and Farrell, H. M., Jr. (1989) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 274, 453-462), activation of isocitrate dehydrogenase may be related to a substrate-induced conformational transition.
5,7-Dibromo-3-trifluoro-methyl-3,4-dihydro-acridin-1(2H)-one.

In the title compound, C14H8Br2F3NO, the mol­ecule is disordered across an approximate non-crystallographic mirror plane, which is in the plane of the fused ring system [The tetrahedral C atom bearing the trifluormethyl substituent is disordered with site occupancy factors of 0.80 (2) and 0.20 (2)]. In the crystal, a one-dimensional stacking of mol­ecules involves inter­actions between the pyridine ring and symmetry-related Br and O atoms of adjacent mol­ecules. The stacking distance between the mean planes of adjacent mol­ecules is 3.395 (4) A.
Engineering curricular change across the Foundation Coalition: potential lessons from qualitative research

The National Science Foundation (NSF) funded the engineering education coalitions program to profoundly change the culture of engineering education. The culture of engineering education encompasses not only the structure of an engineering curriculum and the methods between students and the curriculum, but also the processes through which engineering curricula grow and improve. Therefore, the Foundation Coalition, one of eight engineering education coalitions, has undertaken a qualitative research project that examines processes through which coalition partners have initiated and attempted to sustain curricular change. It is important to emphasize that the focus of the study is the process of curricular change, not content of new curricula. The project is organized as series of six qualitative case studies that examine curricular change at each of the partner institutions. Data for each case study is collected through interviews of approximately twenty key faculty and administrators as well as review of relevant documentation. Each case study identifies critical events and salient issues involved in that process, as well as valuable lessons each institution learned from their experience. Interviews have been conducted at six institutions and case study reports have been prepared for three of the six institutions. Our study demonstrates that effecting major change in engineering curricula is a complex process that requires careful planning and sustained effort for success; however, what qualifies as success also changes from site to site.. It is our hope that the experience of the partners of the Foundation Coalition will be helpful to other engineering programs as they plan for curricular change.
Fenestrated microneedles for ocular drug delivery

Abstract The development of a safe, simple, and efficacious means for ocular drug delivery remains a critical unmet need. Solid microneedles (MNs) show significant promise in this regard. However, the limited drug carrying capacity of devices demonstrated to date may limit potential for clinical translation, due to the prohibitively large array sizes that may be required for delivery of therapeutically relevant dosages. In this study, titanium deep reactive ion etching (Ti DRIE) is used to address this limitation via fabrication of MNs with complex through-thickness fenestrations (i.e., windows), which serve as reservoirs for passive delivery. Using finite element analyses, mechanical testing, and ex vivo rabbit cornea preparations, we show that these devices possess sufficient stiffness for reliable insertion. Furthermore, using spectrophotometry and fluorescence microscopy, we show that these devices can increase carrying capacity up to five-fold relative to solid MNs of comparable size, as well as enhance sub-surface deposition in ex vivo rabbit cornea. Collectively, these results begin to demonstrate the potential embodied in fenestrated Ti MNs for eventual realization of ocular drug delivery devices with more clinically relevant form factors.
Revised structures of pratorinine and pratorimine

Abstract Two phenanthridone alkaloids isolated from the bulbs of Crinum bulbispermum L. have been shown to be identical with pratorinine and pratorimine. The structure proposed earlier for pratorinine has been revised to 3 on the basis of an X-ray structure analysis and the structure of pratorimine has been shown to be 2.
A collocated, iterative fractional-step method for incompressible large eddy simulation

Fractional-step methods are commonly used for the time-accurate solution of incompressible Navier–Stokes (NS) equations. In this paper, a popular fractional-step method that uses pressure corrections in the projection step and its iterative variants are investigated using block-matrix analysis and an improved algorithm with reduced computational cost is developed. Since the governing equations for large eddy simulation (LES) using linear eddy-viscosity-based sub-grid models are similar in form to the incompressible NS equations, the improved algorithm is implemented in a parallel LES solver. A collocated grid layout is preferred for ease of extension to curvilinear grids. The analyzed fractional-step methods are viewed as an iterative approximation to a temporally second-order discretization. At each iteration, a linear system that has an easier block-LU decomposition compared with the original system is inverted. In order to improve the numerical efficiency and parallel performance, modified ADI sub-iterations are used in the velocity step of each iteration. Block-matrix analysis is first used to determine the number of iterations required to reduce the iterative error to the discretization error of. Next, the computational cost is reduced through the use of a reduced stencil for the pressure Poisson equation (PPE). Energy-conserving, spatially fourth-order discretizations result in a 7-point stencil in each direction for the PPE. A smaller 5-point stencil is achieved by using a second-order spatial discretization for the pressure gradient operator correcting the volume fluxes. This is shown not to reduce the spatial accuracy of the scheme, and a fourth-order continuity equation is still satisfied to machine precision. The above results are verified in three flow problems including LES of a temporal mixing layer. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hall-Post lower bound calculations for the three-nucleon system

Abstract We explore the usefulness of a method, due to Hall and Post, for obtaining a lower bound for the ground state energy of the trinucleon. The numerical values of bounds obtained for various two-body potentials are compared with the exact trinucleon energies. We find that the Hall-Post bound works moderately well for central potentials, which may include soft cores or weak tensor forces; but the bound is far from the true energy when hard cores or strong tensor forces are included.
It's not the race I signed up for, but it's the race I'm in: The role of community college presidents

A shift in the fundraising landscape has prompted community college presidents to take a more proactive approach to winning the hearts and dollars of potential donors. This chapter focuses on how college presidents and foundation CEOs can work together to gain support from funding sources.
Forecast accuracy measures for exception reporting using receiver operating characteristic curves

Abstract The exception principle of management reporting suggests that, under ordinary conditions, operational staff persons make decisions, but that the same staff refer decisions to upper-level managers under exceptional conditions. Forecasts of large changes or extreme values in product or service demand are potential triggers for such reporting. Seasonality estimates in univariate forecast models and leading independent variables in multivariate forecast models are among the approaches to forecasting exceptional demand, a forecast activity that this paper identifies as requiring new accuracy measures based on the tails of sampled forecast error distributions, rather than conventional measures which use the central tendency. For this purpose, the paper introduces the application of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) framework, which has been used for the assessment of exceptional behavior in many fields. In a case study on serious violent crime in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the simplest, non-naive univariate forecast method is best for forecasting ordinary conditions using conventional forecast accuracy measures, but the most complex multivariate model is best for forecasting exceptional conditions using ROC forecast accuracy measures.