cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Promise and Peril of Emerging Adulthood: Introduction to the Special Issue☆

Abstract Emerging adulthood, typically defined as the period between ages 18 and mid-to-late 20s, is gaining increased recognition as a key developmental stage characterized by specific neurobiological changes and associated psychological and social characteristics. Of particular clinical importance, emerging adulthood is a period of elevated risk for psychiatric disorders and psychosocial dysfunction. At the same time, this developmental period may be an optimal time to intervene and facilitate the adoption of adaptive behaviors and coping strategies. This special section consists of 10 articles focusing on various topics of relevance to the study of and practice with emerging adults. These papers focus on the risks for a variety of psychological disorders in emerging adults and the adaptation of evidence-based interventions for use with this population. They also highlight common issues that clinicians face when working with emerging adults, and examine the impact of major psychosocial stressors, such as racial discrimination, on mental health in these youth. Together, these papers underscore both the tremendous challenges that some individuals face in transitioning to adulthood, as well as the possibility for great resilience and positive life trajectories.
Targeted Therapeutics in Patients With High-Grade Gliomas: Past, Present, and Future

High-grade gliomas remain incurable despite current therapies, which are plagued by high morbidity and mortality. Molecular categorization of glioma subtypes using mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2 (IDH1/2), TP53, and ATRX; codeletion of chromosomes 1p and 19q; DNA methylation; and amplification of genes such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor, alpha polypeptide provides a more accurate prognostication and biologic classification than classical histopathological diagnoses, and a number of molecular markers are being incorporated in the new World Health Organization classification of gliomas. However, despite the improved understanding of the molecular subtypes of gliomas and the underlying alterations in specific signaling pathways, these observations have so far failed to result in the successful application of targeted therapies, as has occurred in other solid tumors. To date, the only targeted therapy for gliomas approved by the US Food and Drug Administration is bevacizumab, which targets vascular endothelial growth factor. EGFR remains a dominant molecular alteration in specific glioma subtypes and represents a potentially promising target, with drugs of multiple types targeting EGFR in development including vaccines, antibody drug conjugates, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, despite the prior failures of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Immune therapies under investigation include checkpoint inhibitors, vaccines against tumor-associated antigens and tumor-specific antigens, pulsed dendritic cells, heat shock protein-tumor conjugates, and CAR T cells. Mutations in the IDH1/2 genes are central to gliomagenesis in a high proportion of grade II and III gliomas, and ongoing trials are examining vaccines against IDH1, small molecular inhibitors of IDH1 and IDH2, and metabolic components including NAD+ depletion to target IDH-mutated gliomas. The central role of DNA methylation in a subset of gliomas may be targetable, but better understanding of the relation between epigenetic alterations and resulting tumor biology appears necessary. Ultimately, given the prior failure of single-agent targeted therapy in high-grade gliomas, it appears that novel combinatorial therapy or targeted drugs with immunomodulatory or epigenetic approaches will likely be necessary to successfully combat these challenging tumors.
Quantitative Discovery and Reasoning about Failure Mechanisms in Pavement

This paper describes a hybrid system for quantitative discovery and its related qualitative reasoning. The system HOTEP, is currently under development at MIT. The application area is the Failure Mechanisms in Pavement. The separate areas of Quantitative Discovery, Qualitative Reasoning, and Explanation-based generalization have been investigated by other researchers, but no attempt has been made to hybridize all of them together into a robust discovery system. Faced by a real need for knowledge in the evolving domain of the Failure mechanisms in pavement, we found an incentive to pursue the research in this direction. The paper emphasizes the importance of integrating mathematical induction tools with symbolic techniques to develop better understanding of the new field. Beside the discovery activities, the system is capable of handling competing theories. The quantitative discovery system in HOTEP has been implemented already, and it was tested in several areas. We propose harvesting knowledge bases from the sites so we can combine experience, then broadcast said synthesis back to the sites.
Global Bifurcations in Parametrically Excited Systems with Zero-to-One Internal Resonance

In this work we study the existence of Silnikov homoclinicorbits in the averaged equations representing the modal interactionsbetween two modes with zero-to-one internal resonance. The fast mode isparametrically excited near its resonance frequency by a periodicforcing. The slow mode is coupled to the fast mode when the amplitude ofthe fast mode reaches a critical value so that the equilibrium of theslow mode loses stability. Using the analytical solutions of anunperturbed integrable Hamiltonian system, we evaluate a generalizedMelnikov function which measures the separation of the stable and theunstable manifolds of an annulus containing the resonance band of thefast mode. This Melnikov function is used together with the informationof the resonances of the fast mode to predict the region of physicalparameters for the existence of Silnikov homoclinic orbits.
A figure game

This piece inhabits the history of anthropology in a nonteleological way to index (and advocate for) the joyfulness in prefiguration.
A Case of Strychnine Poisoning from a Southeast Asian Herbal Remedy.

Abstract Background Strychnine is a highly toxic alkaloid found in both naturally occurring compounds and commercial products. Extracts of fruits from the strychnine plant have been used in Southeast Asia as remedies for various illnesses. We describe strychnine poisoning from ingestion of a Southeast Asian herbal supplement quantitatively confirmed by serum and urine analysis. Case Report A 40-year-old Cambodian woman presented to the emergency department with a complaint of jaw pain and spasms. The patient was staying with a relative and drank 2 oz from an unmarked bottle that she thought contained vodka. She then developed trismus and abdominal cramping, after which a family member said the bottle contained a compound called “slang nut.” Her vital signs were as follows: heart rate 102 beats/min, blood pressure 142/72 mm Hg, respiratory rate 20 breaths/min, and oxygen level 100%. The physical examination revealed no significant abnormalities. Serum toxicologic screens were negative except for strychnine levels that revealed a serum concentration of 350 ng/mL and a urine concentration >200 ng/mL. The patient was observed for 2.5 h and discharged with no long-term complications. Why Should An Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Strychnine is a well-known compound that has been used in poisons, rodenticides, and performance enhancing drugs for years. In the Western world, strychnine is a much less common poisoning given that its use has been restricted because of the potential for severe toxicity; however, given its potentially high mortality, it is important to be aware of other sources of exposure, including those from herbal and homeopathic remedies.
Phase I study of interleukin 2 (IL2) maintenance after induction with weekly docetaxel and estramustine in patients with metastatic hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC)

14526 Background: Patients with HRPC commonly respond to docetaxel, but many develop asthenia and other docetaxel related toxicities that impair quality of life and hence, many clinicians prescribe...
Ethanol Exposure Regulates Gabra1 Expression via Histone Deacetylation at the Promoter in Cultured Cortical Neurons

γ-Aminobutyric acid A receptors (GABAA-Rs) mediate the majority of inhibitory neurotransmission in the adult brain. The α1-containing GABAA-Rs are the most prominent subtype in the adult brain and are important in both homeostatic function and several disease pathologies including alcohol dependence, epilepsy, and stress. Ethanol exposure causes a decrease of α1 transcription and peptide expression both in vivo and in vitro, but the mechanism that controls the transcriptional regulation is unknown. Because ethanol is known to activate epigenetic regulation of gene expression, we tested the hypothesis that ethanol regulates α1 expression through histone modifications in cerebral cortical cultured neurons. We found that class I histone deacetylases (HDACs) regulate ethanol-induced changes in α1 gene and protein expression as pharmacologic inhibition or knockdown of HDAC1-3 prevents the effects of ethanol exposure. Targeted histone acetylation associated with the Gabra1 promoter using CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeat) dCas9-P300 (a nuclease-null Cas9 fused with a histone acetyltransferase) increases histone acetylation and prevents the decrease of Gabra1 expression. In contrast, there was no effect of a mutant histone acetyltransferase or generic transcriptional activator or targeting P300 to a distant exon. Conversely, using a dCas9-KRAB construct that increases repressive methylation (H3K9me3) does not interfere with ethanol-induced histone deacetylation. Overall our results indicate that ethanol deacetylates histones associated with the Gabra1 promoter through class I HDACs and that pharmacologic, genetic, or epigenetic intervention prevents decreases in α1 expression in cultured cortical neurons.
CpG oligonucleotides as immune adjuvants.

In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that effective vaccination strategies require activation of both the innate and the acquired arms of immune defenses. Vaccines comprising purified protein antigens have been found to induce little or no immune response unless the vaccine also contains components with the ability to activate antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Upon activation, the APCs upregulate their expression of costimulatory molecules such as B7–1 and B7–2, whose expression is essential for the optimal induction of acquired immune responses. Recent studies have demonstrated that many adjuvants have direct stimulatory effects on APCs.
The Effects of Methylphenidate Dosage on the Visual Event Related Potential of Hyperactive Children

Hyperkinetic children have a disorder of attention, and that disorder can be reduced by giving stimulant drugs (Barkley, 1977). Unfortunately, the process of attention itself remains something of a mystery. So, naturally both the disorder of attention in hyperkinesis and the beneficial effects of stimulants are also unclear. The sensory ERP reveals something of the sequence of brain operations that follow a stimulus and thus provides a temporal dissection of operations potentially involved in attention. We have been employing ERP to study the interaction of attention and stimulants in hyperkinetic children in the hope of clarifying the nature of attention, its disorder in hyperkinesis and the effect of the stimulant methylphenidate.
Ancient Rejection and Adoption of Ptolemy’s Frame of Reference for Longitudes

Easily the most often cited passage in Theon of Alexandria’s Little Commentary on Ptolemy’s Handy Tables is the twelfth chapter, which is brief enough to quote in its entirety:1
Thyroid Hormone Receptor Related mRNAs

Although thyroid hormone affects growth, differentiation and development in multicellular organisms, the molecular basis of its action remains unclear. A striking effect of thyroid hormone on differentiation and maturation of the developing brain has been documented, and will be further discussed during this symposium. The diverse effects of thyroid hormone can be mediated by multiple mechanisms at different cellular levels. Several biochemical parameters: O2consumption, high affinity-low capacity binding sites for 3,3’,5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) in the nucleus, altered enzymatic activities of mitochondrial a glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and cytosolic malic enzyme have been used to characterize tissue responsiveness to T3. Some of the published results are summarized in Table 1.
Cobalt complexes of the chelating dicarboxylate ligand “esp”: a paddlewheel-type dimer and a heptanuclear coordination cluster

The coordination chemistry of Co(ii) with the chelating dicarboxylate ligand esp (esp = α,α,α',α'-tetramethyl-1,3-benzenedipropionate) is explored. We report here the bimetallic paddlewheel-type dimer, Co2(esp)2(EtOH)2 (1), and a bowl-shaped, heptanuclear coordination cluster, Co7(OH)4(Hesp)2(esp)4(MeCN)2·4MeCN (2). Crystal structures of both complexes are reported as well as their magnetic properties, which indicate antiferromagnetic interactions among the Co(ii) ions.
Carbonized peat moss electrodes for efficient salinity gradient energy recovery in a capacitive concentration flow cell

Abstract The globally extractable salinity gradient (SG) energy from the mixing of seawater and river water is estimated to be 3% of worldwide electricity consumption. Here we applied carbonized peat moss (CPM) electrodes to a capacitive concentration flow cell that is capable of harvesting SG energy based on the capacitive double layer expansion (CDLE) together with the Donnan potential. The electrodes were made from the visually inexhaustible peat moss by a facile and environmental benign pyrolysis process. With two identical CPM electrodes and a cation-exchange membrane, the cell produced a peak power density of 5.33 W m−2 and an average power density of 950 mW m−2, the highest ever reported for CDLE-based techniques, using synthetic seawater (30 g L−1 NaCl) and river water (1 g L−1 NaCl). The excellent performance was a result of the macroporous structure of the CPM electrodes, the assistance of Donnan potential, and the double-channel structure of the cell. This system was durable as it could extract energy from highly saline water (300 g L−1 NaCl) and it still worked well after 100 cycles. This study provides a new method to efficiently and continuously harvest SG energy based on the CDLE without an external charge.
Implementation and Evaluation of a Geospatial Management Solution for the U.S. National Park Service's Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance Program

Many U.S. federal land management agencies experience difficulties modernizing the management of their geospatial data. These data are frequently administered using desktop-based geographic information systems (GIS) that require specialized skillsets to operate, potentially rendering insights derived from their usage inaccessible to large swaths of land managers. The increasing scale and complexity of geospatial data necessitates modern management tools. While many land managers regularly seek out novel strategies, there is limited discussion in the literature of applying contemporary web-based GIS techniques to land management problems. This research note presents a standardized geospatial approach in the form of a web GIS tool called a Geospatial Management Solution (GMS). Key components of a GMS are described, alongside its implementation within the U.S. National Park Service's Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance (RTCA) program based on their identified needs. Our results include recommendations for land managers considering implementing a GMS, and suggestions for future research.Subscribe to JPRA
OnabotulinumtoxinA for Refractory Headache

Refractory headaches, also known as treatment-resistant headaches, are a poorly defined and heterogeneous group of headache disorders. Chronic migraine is the most common clinical subtype of refractory headache. OnabotulinumtoxinA is widely used for the prophylactic treatment of chronic migraine. However, its effect on other refractory headaches, including chronic cluster headache and medication overuse headache, has not been fully clarified. This chapter reviews the pharmacological properties, efficacy, and tolerability of onabotulinumtoxinA, with special focus on its potential role in the treatment of refractory chronic migraine.
Drug screening in Drosophila; why, when, and when not?

The best global seller among oncology drugs in 2018 is lenalidomide, an analog of thalidomide. It took 53 years and a circuitous route from the discovery of thalidomide to approval of an analog for use in treatment of cancer. We understand now a lot more about the genetic and molecular basis of diseases than we did in 1953 when thalidomide was discovered. We have also no shortage of chemical libraries with hundreds of thousands of compounds, both synthetic and natural. What we need are better ways to search among these rich resources for compounds with the potential to do what we want them to do. This review summarizes examples from the literature that make Drosophila melanogaster a good model to screen for drugs, and discusses knowledge gaps and technical challenges that make Drosophila models not as widely used as they could or should be. This article is categorized under: Technologies > Analysis of Cell, Tissue, and Animal Phenotypes.
Tracking transcriptomic responses to endogenous and exogenous variation in cetaceans in the Southern California Bight

Marine wildlife populations are adapted to survive in highly dynamic environments. However, identifying the effects of endogenous versus exogenous variables on marine mammal physiology remains a substantial challenge in part because of the logistical constraints that limit the collection of physiological data in free-ranging animals. Measuring genome-wide gene expression is one minimally invasive method that can be used to elucidate how free-ranging cetaceans' physiological responses shift with changing environmental conditions or demographic states, i.e. reproductive status and maturity. We identified transcriptomic differences among bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the Southern California Bight using RNAseq data from the skin of 75 individuals to examine gene expression associated with sex, pregnancy status, sea surface temperature, geographic location and ecotype. We identified transcriptomic variation between two genetically distinct ecotypes as well as variation related to environmental conditions among groups that exhibit little evidence of genetic divergence. Specifically, we found differential expression of genes associated with structural development, cellular starvation and immune response. Sex and pregnancy status explained a small proportion of the observed variation, in contrast to sea surface temperature, which explained a substantial amount of transcriptomic variation. However, these measured variables did not account for all of the differential expression observed between ecotypes and among geographically distinct groups. Additional research is needed to identify other endogenous or exogenous factors that may be contributing to observed transcriptomic differences among ecotypes.
The mobility pathways of migrant domestic workers

This article identifies and examines the mobility pathways of migrant domestic workers, meaning the course of action they undertake to secure continuous employment. Mobility pathways refer not only...
Converged Approach in Regulation for Socialising Business Corporations

The prolonged attempt to create a global code for TNCs was ultimately unsuccessful, yet the simultaneous rise of global frameworks and guidelines by various private bodies highlight the need for monitoring of the performance of TNCs in addition to evaluation of their accountability practice. But none of the current frameworks and guidelines has been successful in laying down a clear way forward for the creation of an accepted global code of conduct for TNCs. The corporate social responsibility movement is a reaction to this need; it assists the shift of the market centered focus of global regulatory framework initiatives to ‘people centered’ (as opposed to country-centered) concerns. Accordingly, the core CSR principles urge that TNCs must not only be compliant but also responsible to their wider stakeholders and the environment. This chapter presents how the implementation of CSR principles in corporations can be an alternative to a global code of conduct for socialising TNCs.
Model emulators and complexity management at the environmental science-action interface

Abstract As our understanding of the interactions present in socio-ecological systems advance, emulation modeling can help reduce the complexity and required computational resources of the models used to represent these systems. While emulation is commonly used in model meta-analyses and parameterization, it has been less explored in the context of environmental management. In this research, I analyze the reflections of a group of watershed modelers on environmental model emulation. I find that decreased simulation run-times are an important motivation because emulators enable stakeholders to interact directly with the model. However, participants also reported that criteria for an emulator in an environmental management context should also assess its capability to act as a platform for learning and to manage stakeholder perceptions of the modeling process. Further, at the science-action interface, stakeholder perceptions play a significant role in the approach to model emulation through determining acceptable levels complexity in model processes and inputs.
High levels of copy number variation of ampliconic genes across major human Y haplogroups

Abstract Due to its highly repetitive nature, the human male-specific Y chromosome remains understudied. It is important to investigate variation on the Y chromosome to understand its evolution and contribution to phenotypic variation, including infertility. Approximately 20% of the human Y chromosome consists of ampliconic regions which include nine multi-copy gene families. These gene families are expressed exclusively in testes and usually implicated in spermatogenesis. Here, to gain a better understanding of the role of the Y chromosome in human evolution and in determining sexually dimorphic traits, we studied ampliconic gene copy number variation in 100 males representing ten major Y haplogroups world-wide. Copy number was estimated with droplet digital PCR. In contrast to low nucleotide diversity observed on the Y in previous studies, here we show that ampliconic gene copy number diversity is very high. A total of 98 copy-number-based haplotypes were observed among 100 individuals, and haplotypes were sometimes shared by males from very different haplogroups, suggesting homoplasies. The resulting haplotypes did not cluster according to major Y haplogroups. Overall, only three gene families (DATZ, RBMY, TSPY) showed significant differences in copy number among major Y haplogroups, and the haplogroup of an individual could not be predicted based on his ampliconic gene copy numbers. Finally, we found a significant correlation between copy number variation and individual’s height (for three gene families), but not between the former and facial masculinity/femininity. Our results suggest rapid evolution of ampliconic gene copy numbers on the human Y, and we discuss its causes.
Digital Health Technology to Measure Drug Efficacy in Clinical Trials for Parkinson's Disease: A Regulatory Perspective.

Digital health technology (DHT), including wearable and environmental sensors, video cameras and other electronic tools, has provided new opportunities for the measurement of movement and functionality in Parkinson’s disease. Compared to current standards for evaluation of the disease (MDS-UPDRS), DHT may offer new possibilities for more frequent objective measurements of the duration, severity and frequency of disease manifestations over time, that may provide more information than periodic clinic visits. However, DHT measurements are only scientifically and medically useful if they are accurate, reliable and clinically meaningful. Verification and validation, also known as analytical validation and clinical validation, of DHT performance is important to ensure the accuracy and precision of measurements, and the specificity of findings. Given the wide range of clinical manifestations associated with Parkinson’s disease and the many tools and metrics to assess them, the challenge is to identify those that may represent a standard for use in clinical trials, and to confirm when digital measurements succeed or fall short of capturing meaningful benefits during drug development.
Early origins of racial health disparities: human capital policy is health policy

Abstract Significant racial health disparities exist at all ages in the United States, but few studies have identified the causal sources that explain their large magnitude or earlier life origins. This chapter reviews the explosion of research over the past 15 years on the role of segregation, and resultant differences in childhood neighborhood quality, as fundamental causes of health disparities over the life course. We highlight the effectiveness of policies and targeted interventions designed to address unequal opportunities that accompany segregated environments in childhood. Programs that ensure more equitable opportunities and hold promise to reduce health disparities encompass education, public health, housing, and the safety net—and form the evidenced-based argument that human capital policy is health policy. A life course conceptual framework outlines how public investments in early childhood and human capital development help address the intergenerational transmission of disadvantage, and ameliorate the persistence and reproduction of health inequality across generations.
Early clinical and radiographic outcomes of an augmented baseplate in reverse shoulder arthroplasty for glenohumeral arthritis with glenoid deformity.

BACKGROUND Glenoid deformity is commonly encountered in patients undergoing reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA). Augmented baseplates can correct glenoid deformity while potentially avoiding certain complications encountered with structural bone graft. Limited evidence exists to support the use of metallic augmented baseplates in RSA. METHODS We performed a retrospective review to identify all patients treated with an augmented baseplate during primary RSA with a minimum of 1 year of clinical and radiographic follow-up. Preoperative radiographs and advanced imaging were used to determine glenoid morphology and deformity. Postoperative radiographs were used to evaluate for deformity correction, radiographic complications, and early baseplate loosening or failure. Prospectively collected clinical data and patient-reported outcome scores were determined. RESULTS Primary RSA was performed with an augmented baseplate in 44 patients (mean age, 72 ± 6 years; 15 half-wedge and 29 full-wedge augmentations). Glenoid retroversion was significantly improved for the entire cohort (P = .001). Among the 22 patients with either Walch type B2, B3, or C glenoid morphology, glenoid version improved from 28° ± 8° to 16° ± 8° (P = .001). Glenoid inclination, as determined by the β angle, was significantly improved for the entire cohort (P < .001). Among the 18 patients with Favard type E2 or E3 glenoid morphology, glenoid inclination improved from 67° ± 7° to 81° ± 8° (P < .001). Postoperative range of motion and functional outcome scores including the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, Simple Shoulder Test score, Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation score, and visual analog scale score for pain significantly improved within the entire cohort (P < .05). No patients had evidence of baseplate loosening or failure of the glenoid component. Acromial stress fractures developed in 5 patients (11.4%), and 2 patients (4.5%) underwent a reoperation unrelated to the glenoid component. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Primary RSA with an augmented baseplate results in excellent short-term clinical outcomes and significant deformity correction in patients with advanced glenoid deformity. There were no complications related to the augmented baseplate or glenoid component. The rate of acromial stress fractures appears higher than typically reported and warrants further investigation.
Estimation of the Correlation Between Oscillation Modes and Operating Conditions using Quantile Regression: A Measurement-Based Approach

In this paper, a measurement-based approach is introduced to estimate the impact of operating conditions on the inter-area oscillations in the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) power grid using field measurement data. The correlation between oscillation modes and operating conditions is essential to ensure the grid's small-signal stability under increasing variability and uncertainty introduced by the accelerating penetration of renewable generation. Past studies have been focused on model-based methods, whose applications are limited by the model availability and accuracy. To overcome this limitation, the quantile regression method is proposed in this paper to establish a correlation model between the oscillation modes and operating conditions such as generation mix and load and tie-line flows using measurement data. To quantify the uncertainty of the correlation model, the bootstrap method is used to estimate the confidence intervals of the coefficients of the correlation model. Study results show that the high penetration of solar generation has decreased the damping ratio of a major inter-area oscillation Mode. The proposed approach is generic and can be applied to estimate other correlations using measurement data under a statistical framework.
Brief Case ReportsBoth massive upper and lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage secondary to tuberculosis

We report a case of gastrointestinal tuberculosis, presenting with both massive upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding that required two emergency operations. Massive bleeding is rare in gastrointestinal tuberculosis because of associated obliterative endarteritis. Tuberculosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of massive gastrointestinal bleeding in the appropriate clinical setting even in an immunocompetent patient.
Database Framework for Supporting Retention Policies

Compliance with data retention laws and legislation is an important aspect of data management. As new laws governing personal data management are introduced (e.g., California Consumer Privacy Act enacted in 2020) and a greater emphasis is placed on enforcing data privacy law compliance, data retention support must be an inherent part of data management systems. However, relational databases do not currently offer functionality to enforce retention compliance.
Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Injury

Injuries to the triangular fibrocartilage complex are a common source of ulnar-sided wrist pain in amateur and professional baseball players. Early diagnosis and intervention are essential to minimizing time away from play. The choice of treatment is dependent upon the nature of the tear as acute or chronic, as well as its anatomic location and the presence or absence of various associated injuries. Shared decision-making between the surgeon and the athlete with careful consideration of their short and long-term goals is equally important when deciding upon a treatment strategy. Overall, most players can expect a full recovery and return to sport following conservative and surgical treatment of TFCC tears.
How Gut Bacteroides Eat Your Veggies

The human gut Bacteroidetes display a greatly expanded capacity for glycan degradation via the expression of multiple outermembrane protein complexes, termed Sus-like systems. These systems are com...
American trypanosomiasis: III. The incidence of serologically diagnosed Chagas' disease among persons bitten by the insect vector

In South Texas, Trypanosoma cruzi (the etiologic agent of Chagas' disease) is found naturally occurring in animals and in the reduviid bugs which can transmit the organism when they bite human beings. Sera from 117 persons who had been bitten by these insects were tested for complement fixation with T. cruzi antigen; 3 (2.5%) were positive. The positive reactors had no clinical evidence of the disease and their blood cultures were negative for T. cruzi. Typical inoculation lesions were observed on 2 additional patients who had no other evidence of the disease. Despite the frequency of human exposure through bites of the insect vector, systemic infection in humans is uncommon. The few cases which do occur are generally inapparent.
Genetic transduction with staphylophage.

Abstract Korman, Ruth Z. (Elmira College, Elmira, N.Y.) and David T. Berman. Genetic transduction with staphylophage. J. Bacteriol. 84:228–236. 1962.—Transduction by crude lysates obtained by ultraviolet-light induction of phage 53 lysogenic derivatives of Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 8511 has been confirmed. A defined medium and sugar-differential medium were developed, permitting demonstration of transmission of sugar-fermentation loci. The range of transmissible markers has been extended to include free-coagulase production as well as antibiotic-resistance markers. A rare class of heterogeneous streptomycin-resistant transformed clones was obtained. These were assumed to be heterogenotic.
Weakly supervised shape based object detection with particle filter

We describe an efficient approach to construct shape models composed of contour parts with partially-supervised learning. The proposed approach can easily transfer parts structure to different object classes as long as they have similar shape. The spatial layout between parts is described by a non-parametric density, which is more flexible and easier to learn than commonly used Gaussian or other parametric distributions. We express object detection as state estimation inference executed using a novel Particle Filters (PF) framework with static observations, which is quite different from previous PF methods. Although the underlying graph structure of our model is given by a fully connected graph, the proposed PF algorithm efficiently linearizes it by exploring the conditional dependencies of the nodes representing contour parts. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach can not only yield very good detection results but also accurately locates contours of target objects in cluttered images.
Physician perspectives on the causes of rural hospital closure, 1980-1988.

Background: Few studies seeking to determine the causes of rural hospital closure have examined the opinions of individuals intimately involved with the closed facilities. The purpose of this research was to examine the reasons for small sole community general hospital closures from the perspective of local physicians and to compare these reasons with the perceptions of local mayors. Methods: Hospitals in this study were selected from a list provided by the American Hospital Association. A two-page questionnaire was sent to every physician who had practiced in the towns in which a sole community general hospital had closed between 1980 and 1988. Results: Physicians reported government reimbursement policies as the most important reasons for hospital closure, agreeing with the mayors’ opinions. Other reasons cited were general financial difficulties, competition from other hospitals, and bad board leadership. More than three-quarters of the physicians surveyed considered the quality of care provided by their facilities to be average or better. Conclusions: The closure of rural hospitals that physicians consider of average or better quality suggests that many of the closed hospitals could have continued to provide valuable services to the residents of their communities. Efforts must be made to ensure that rural communities are not losing viable and useful facilities.
Temperature control using a microcontroller: an interdisciplinary undergraduate engineering design project

This paper describes an interdisciplinary design project which was done under the author's supervision by a group of four senior students in the Department of Engineering Science at Trinity University. The objective of the project was to develop a temperature control system for an air-filled chamber. The system was to allow entry of a desired chamber temperature in a prescribed range and to exhibit overshoot and steady-state temperature error of less than 1 degree Kelvin in the actual chamber temperature step response. The details of the design developed by this group of students, based on a Motorola MC68HC05 family microcontroller, are described. The pedagogical value of the problem is also discussed through a description of some of the key steps in the design process. It is shown that the solution requires broad knowledge drawn from several engineering disciplines including electrical, mechanical, and control systems engineering.
Amperometric Glucose Sensors: Sources of Error and Potential Benefit of Redundancy

Amperometric glucose sensors have advanced the care of patients with diabetes and are being studied to control insulin delivery in the research setting. However, at times, currently available sensors demonstrate suboptimal accuracy, which can result from calibration error, sensor drift, or lag. Inaccuracy can be particularly problematic in a closed-loop glycemic control system. In such a system, the use of two sensors allows selection of the more accurate sensor as the input to the controller. In our studies in subjects with type 1 diabetes, the accuracy of the better of two sensors significantly exceeded the accuracy of a single, randomly selected sensor. If an array with three or more sensors were available, it would likely allow even better accuracy with the use of voting.
Common variable immunodeficiency: a new look at an old disease

Summary Primary immunodeficiencies comprise many diseases caused by genetic defects primarily affecting the immune system. About 150 such diseases have been identified with more than 120 associated genetic defects. Although primary immunodeficiencies are quite rare in incidence, the prevalence can range from one in 500 to one in 500 000 in the general population, depending on the diagnostic skills and medical resources available in different countries. Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the primary immunodeficiency most commonly encountered in clinical practice, and appropriate diagnosis and management of patients will have a significant effect on morbidity and mortality as well as financial aspects of health care. Advances in diagnostic laboratory methods, including B-cell subset analysis and genetic testing, coupled with new insights into the molecular basis of immune dysfunction in some patients with CVID, have enabled advances in the clinical classification of this heterogeneous disease.
A method for the determination of tie‐lines in ternary liquid systems

A method is described for the determination of tie-lines in ternary liquid systems which may be used when a satisfactory method of chemical analysis is unavailable. The technique is graphical and is based upon the lever rule principle. The method is illustrated with the system acetic acid-furfural-water at 25 ± 0.05°. Results indicate the method is accurate and capable of good precision.
Another One in the Books [Perspectives on Graduate Life]

Discusses the rewards and opportunities associated with people who working on a combined MD/Phd program.
A process for solvent welded rapid prototype tooling

Abstract Rapid prototyping is widely seen as an effective tool for compressing time to market for new products. The typical process followed by industrial and mechanical design groups is to model a new product in a CAD system, rapidly prototype the component parts, use the parts as patterns for RTV silicone molds, and then cast polyurethane prototype parts from the molds. These prototype components are an integral part of the simultaneous engineering process. With prototype components, engineers are able to design, implement, test, and refine the assembly systems for a product while production tooling for the components is being made. In this paper, we describe an experimental rapid prototyping process, known as solvent welding freeform fabrication (SWIFT), that is very well suited to the production of short to medium run tooling. The advantage of the process is that it is very fast and inexpensive relative to the traditional RTV silicone mold making process. The process also produces ABS or polystyrene molds which last considerably longer than RTV silicone molds. Process development details are provided in the paper and its application to a power tool component is described.
Protection of Human Subjects: Turbulent Times

Readers may be aware of the death of a young man who was participating in a gene therapy study at the University of Pennsylvania last year. This incident has set off highly publicized investigations of that institution by a congressional committee as well as by multiple federal agencies. Even before that incident took place, the federal requirements for the protection of human subjects in federally funded studies and studies under the authority of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) were being scrutinized, and some recommendations for change had already been partially implemented. The purpose of this article is to help readers understand the basis for institutional review board (IRB) requirements to which they are held accountable when conducting research and some of the changes in progress.
Turbulent heat and mass transfer in an asymmetrically heated, vertical parallel-plate channel

Abstract An analysis has been developed to predict combined heat and mass transfer from an evaporating water film falling under gravity along a heated vertical plate with countercurrent air flow in the parallel-plate channel. The problem considered is related to numerous industrial processing operations and to containment cooling of advanced nuclear reactors. A low-Reynolds number k−ϵ turbulence model is used in conjunction with combined heat and mass transfer analysis in an asymmetrically heated, parallel-plate vertical channel. The heated wall is wetted with a film of water that flows down by the force of gravity, and countercurrently flowing air cools the water film. The model predictions are first compared with available experimental data for the purpose of validating the model. The local heat fluxes, Nusselt, and Sherwood numbers are reported to obtain understanding of the physical phenomena.
REDUCTIVE DESILANOLATION AS A ROUTE TO BENZONITRILES. AN APPLICATION TO A CONCISE SYNTHESIS OF THE AROMATIC SECTOR OF CALICHEAMICIN

Abstract The TMS-cyanohydrins of quinones undergo reductive desilanolation in the presence of samarium iodide to form hydroxybenzonitriles. Benzoquinone 1 was converted to the hexasubstituted aromatic fragment of calicheamicin 4 by this method.
Safari to masking land: A hunt for the elusive U

Due to the theoretical interest in whether U-shaped visual masking functions are obtained when discrimination responses are required of the Ss, an attempt was made to replicate the Weisstein and Haber (1965) experiment. The attempt was unsuccessful. The results indicated that masking was uniform over a temporal range of approximately 50 msec. The possibility of individual differences in the shape of masking functions was investigated in two subsequent experiments with negative results. Overall, the results of the three experiments supported a temporal integration account of masking when assessed by detection or discrimination criteria. Some possible reasons for discrepancies with the Weisstein and Haber (1965) experiment were considered.
Acute thyroid hormone promotes slow inactivation of sodium current in neonatal cardiac myocytes.

Abstract Sodium current ( I Na ) inactivation kinetics in neonatal cardiac myocytes were analyzed using whole cell voltage clamp before and after acute treatments with thyroid hormone (3,5,3′-triido- l -thyronine, T3). In untreated neonatal myocytes, I Na inactivation was predominantly mono-exponential, with 93 ± 3% (S.D.; n = 9) of the peak amplitude decaying with a time constant, τ h1 , of 1.8 ± 0.5 ms at −30 mV. The remaining 7% of control I Na decayed more slowly, with a time constant, τ h2 , of 9.3 ± 3.0 ms at −30 mV. The contribution of slowly-inactivating channels to peak current was increased from 7% to 43 ± 27% within 5 min of exposure to 5–20 nM T3 (nine cells; P h1 and τ h2 ) were not significantly changed by acute T3 treatment, nor was steady-state I Na inactivation ( h ∞ ) affected. Thyroid hormone action on sodium inactivation was partially reversible by lidocaine. These findings indicate that T3 acts at the neonatal cardiac cell membrane to promote slow inactivation kinetics in sodium channels.
A Headspace Gas Chromatographic Method for the Rapid Analysis of Ethanol in Canned Salmon

A rapid, simple method using a headspace sampling technique and gas chromatographic detection has been developed for the analysis of ethanol in canned salmon. This method was used to analyze canned salmon samples of four species of Pacific salmon (sockeye, pink, coho, and chum) for ethanol content. The highly significant correlation between ethanol content and sensory classification of decomposition in canned salmon found in previous work using different analytical methodology was confirmed in this study (r = 0.92, p < 0.001, Pearson's correlation; r = 0.95, p = 0.001, Spearman's correlation). This relationship has potential practical application for the confirmation of an initial sensory classification of the product.
Integration efficiency of a hybrid adenoretroviral vector.

Abstract The frequency with which the hybrid vector AdLTR-luc mediates genomic integration [Nat. Biotech. 18 (2000) 176–180] is unknown. To address this, we constructed AdLTR-red, using the AdLTR-luc backbone and the enhanced red fluorescence protein cDNA. Kinetic studies showed that AdLTR-red and a conventional adenoviral vector, AdCMV-red, entered and transduced epithelial cells comparably. AdLTR-red integration frequency in vitro, i.e., the percentage of red clones after 10–12 doubling times from limiting dilutions, was 8.0% (36/450; at 67 particles/cell). With AdCMV-red, 0/549 clones were integration-positive. Seven days after AdLTR-luc or AdCMV-luc (1011 particles) femoral vein administration to adult rats splenocytes were prepared, stimulated with concanavalin A, and examined by FISH. AdLTR-luc integration occurred in 5–11% of mitotic rat splenocytes, while no unequivocal integration was found with AdCMV-luc. These data provide the first quantitative evidence of the frequency for genomic integration with this hybrid vector.
K_{l4} decays

An effective theory of large N_{C} QCD of mesons has been used to study six K_{l4} decay modes. It has been found that the matrix elements of the axial-vector current dominate the K_{l4} decays. PCAC is satisfied. A relationship between three form factors of axial-vector current has been found. Non-zero phase shifts are originated in \rho-->\pi\pi. The decay rates are calculated in the chiral limit. In this study there is no adjustable parameter.