cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TaN EUVL mask fabrication and characterization

The EUV mask patterning process development depends on the choice of EUV mask absorber material, which has direct impact on the mask quality or performance such as CD control, defect control, and registration. In the past, several EUV mask absorber material candidates that include Al-Cu, Ti, TiN, Ta, TaN, and Cr have been evaluated. Our research indicated that TaN and Cr are the better candidates among the others evaluated. Cr absorber has been used for many optical lithography generations. Further extending Cr mask absorber to EUV lithography presents minimum impact to the currently mask technology infrastructure. TaN is a new film that has not been used in the currently mask technology. However, Ta based metal compound has been studied previously in x-ray mask technology. Its performance in EUV mask fabrication and printing was found compatible and comparable in many process steps and performance aspects to that of Cr absorber. In this paper, we will present our research and development work on TaN absorber EUV mask fabrication and characterization. The studies include material deposition study, etch development, cleaning compatibility evaluation, and mask printing test. The TaN absorber etch was able to achieve good etch profile and high etch selectivity to the buffer oxide layer. The cleaning benchmarking results showed that TaN absorber is compatible to the currently acid based Cr cleaning procedures and solution. No material damage or loss was found in the case of extreme harsh cleaning conditions used. The TaN thin absorber mask was successfully fabricated and printed in 10x microstepper at Sandia National Lab. Minimum feature of 70nm L/S were obtained.
On the normal detonation shock velocity-curvature relationship for materials with large activation energy☆

The authors derive the normal detonation shock velocity-curvature relation for a near-Chapman-Jouguet detonation, for an explosive material with Arrhenius kinetics and a large activation energy. Large activation energy asymptotics are used to develop an explicit exponential formula relating the shock curvature {kappa} to the normal detonation shock speed, D{sub n}. In this case, the D{sub n} {minus} {kappa} relation is multivalued and has a turning point with a critical curvature {kappa}{sub cr} such that for {kappa} > {kappa}{sub cr}, the possibility of detonation extinction arises. The asymptotic formula is in excellent agreement with the exact solution found by a numerical shooting procedure.
Current practices in alternate assessment and access to the general curriculum for students with severe disabilities in the United States of America

(2004). Current practices in alternate assessment and access to the general curriculum for students with severe disabilities in the United States of America. Australasian Journal of Special Education: Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 17-29.
Exact Area Registration Of Different Views Of A Common Object Scene

The transformation relating two different views of a two- or three-dimensional object scene is derived as a function of the displacement of the camera, relative to the scene, between the taking of the two views. It is shown how this transformation can be used to place the two views into exact area registration, as required for interframe processing operations such as frame addition, frame subtraction, frame comparison, etc. It is also shown, for the case of a two-dimensional object scene, how the transformation relating the two views can be derived from the images themselves, without knowledge of the camera displacement. A practical example of this action is given, illustrating automatic exact area registration of the different views. The algorithm used is based upon a generalization of classical cross correlation in which the dimensionality of the correlation surface is extended from two to eight, corresponding to the eight degrees of freedom existing between any two views of a common object scene.
Flow in coronary artery bypass grafts to totally and partially occluded left anterior descending coronary arteries.

Abstract Flow was determined by electromagnetic flowmeter in vein bypass grafts on 20 patients with a totally occluded left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery and on 61 patients with a partially occluded LAD. The median flow in LAD grafts was 14.5 ml/min with total LAD occlusion, and 40 ml/min with partial LAD occlusion ( p In cases of total LAD occlusion, the presence of mild or moderate anteroseptal wall dysfunction was associated with more satisfactory flow than was the case with severe anteroseptal wall dysfunction ( p Unsatisfactory flows were consistently found with total LAD occlusion, poor ventricular function, and a distal LAD less than 1.5 mm. Repeat catheterizations to determine an unsatisfactory patency rate under these conditions would be necessary to alter our policy of grafting all suitable vessels beyond a total occlusion.
RICK promotes inflammation and lethality after gram-negative bacterial infection in mice stimulated with lipopolysaccharide

RICK (receptor-interacting protein-like interacting caspase-like apoptosis regulatory protein kinase), a serine-threonine kinase, functions downstream of the pattern recognition receptors Nod1 and Nod2 to mediate NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation in response to specific microbial stimuli. However, the function of RICK in the recognition and host defense of gram-negative bacteria remains poorly understood. We report here that infection of wild-type and RICK-deficient macrophages with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli elicited comparable activation of NF-κB and MAPKs as well as secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. However, production of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-1β induced by these gram-negative bacteria was impaired in RICK-deficient macrophages when the cells had previously been stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or E. coli. The diminished proinflammatory response of RICK-deficient macrophages to bacteria was associated with reduced activation of NF-κB and MAPKs. Importantly, mutant mice deficient in RICK were less susceptible than wild-type mice to P. aeruginosa infection when the animals had previously been stimulated with LPS. The reduced lethality of RICK-deficient mice infected with P. aeruginosa was independent of pathogen clearance but was associated with diminished production of proinflammatory molecules in vivo. These results demonstrate that RICK contributes to the induction of proinflammatory responses and susceptibility to gram-negative bacteria after exposure to LPS, a condition that is associated with reduced Toll-like receptor signaling.
Fitting-in: The redefinition of success in the 1930s

Le besoin d'affiliation et de reconnaissance en termes de categories sociales fut un theme majeur de la communication de masse aux Etats-Unis pendant la crise de 1929. Les americains trouvaient dans la litterature populaire les recettes pour se faire des amis et pour savoir quel mode de vie adopter. Le succes signifiait alors le bonheur, qui pouvait se resumer ainsi : appartenance a une communaute, amis, respect, securite et tranquillite d'esprit. Les publications des annees 1930 combinaient les themes du succes, du bonheur et des loisirs ; la nouvelle definition du succes n'avait rien a voir avec l'argent
Soviet Images of the U.S. as Nuclear Adversary 1969–1979

Images of the United States as nuclear adversary presented in official Soviet commentary provide useful clues in the analyses of Soviet strategic policy. Hard, high-threat images stressing the continuing danger of nuclear war are functionally associated with conservative policies emphasizing the need for efforts to improve war-fighting capabilities. Less militant adversary images appear associated with more moderate defense policies. In the 1970s, sharp divergences in adversary images appeared in official Soviet commentaries, indicative of disagreement within the Soviet Union on the defense policy implications of SALT. The policy implications of shifts in adversary images and the location of the political leadership in terms of conflicting moderate and conservative images are examined for the period 1969–1979.
Articulated Turbulence: The Effect of Regulatory Agencies on Corporate Responses to Social Change

Does the presence of a regulatory agency affect patterns of corporate response to external change? We argue that a regulatory agency may function as either a buffer against change or an agent of change. Patterns of corporate response likely to occur in each situation are discussed.
Roll Wraps in Ring Spinning

Top and bottom roll wraps can be a significant cost factor in ring spinning. A method of quickly characterizing the wrapping propensity of a given fiber/spinning frame system has been developed. Traditional percent roll wrap information can be calculated, and cost optimized, from the roll wrap frequency obtained in this manner.
Slow memory: the rising cost of optimism

Rapid progress in the design of fast CPU chips has outstripped progress in memory and cache performance. Optimistic algorithms would seem to be more vulnerable to poor memory performance because they require extra memory for state saving and anti-messages. We examine the performance of both optimistic and conservative protocols in controlled experiments to evaluate the effects of memory speed and cache size, using a variety of applications.
“Species” Radiations of Symbiotic Dinoflagellates in the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific Since the Miocene-Pliocene Transition

Endosymbiotic dinoflagellates, or "zooxanthellae," are required for the survival of a diverse community of invertebrates that construct and dominate shallow, tropical coral reef ecosystems. Molecular systematics applied to this once understudied symbiont partner, Symbiodinium spp., divide the group into divergent lineages or subgeneric "clades." Within each clade, numerous closely related "types," or species, exhibit distinctive host taxon, geographic, and/or environmental distributions. This diversity is greatest in clade C, which dominates the Indo-Pacific host fauna and shares dominance in the Atlantic-Caribbean with clade B. Two "living" ancestors in this group, C1 and C3, are common to both the Indo-Pacific and Atlantic-Caribbean. With these exceptions, each ocean possesses a diverse clade C assemblage that appears to have independently evolved (adaptively radiated) through host specialization and allopatric differentiation. This phylogeographic evidence suggests that a worldwide selective sweep of C1/C3, or their progenitor, must have occurred before both oceans separated. The probable timing of this event corresponds with the major climactic changes and low CO 2 levels of the late Miocene and/or early Pliocene. Subsequent bursts of diversification have proceeded in each ocean since this transition. An ecoevolutionary expansion to numerous and taxonomically diverse hosts by a select host-generalist symbiont followed by the onset of rapid diversification suggests a radical process through which coral-algal symbioses respond and persist through the vicissitudes of planetary climate change.
Calibration And Use Of Optical Straightedges In The Metrology Of Precision Machines

We describe techniques used to measure straightness errors of precision machines. These measurements employ a dimensionally stable mechanical reference surface that is sampled with a laser interferometer-hence the term optical straightedge. The figure error of the reference surface and the straightness error motion of a coordinate measuring machine carriage in a horizontal plane are each measured with an estimated accuracy of 0.5 un. (13 nm) over 40 in. (1 m) of travel. When measuring straightness error in a vertical plane, the results are complicated by deformation of the reference surface by gravitational forces. We use a computational algorithm, based upon simple beam theory, to correct straightness data for this distortion. While inadequate for accuracies better than about 2 un. (50 nm), we believe that the algorithm, which may be tested using an uncalibrated straightedge, may be improved using finite-element calculations of gravitational sag.
Online building thermal parameter estimation via Unscented Kalman Filtering

This study demonstrates how an Unscented Kalman Filter augmented for parameter estimation can accurately learn and predict a building's thermal response. Recent studies of buildings' heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems have shown 25% to 30% energy conservation is possible with advanced occupant and weather responsive control systems. Hindering the widespread deployment of such prediction-based control systems is an inability to readily acquire accurate, robust models of individual buildings' unique thermal envelope. Low-cost generation of these thermal models requires deployment of online data-driven system identification and parameter estimation routines. We propose a novel gray-box approach using an Unscented Kalman Filter based on a multi-zone thermal network and validate it with EnergyPlus simulation data. The filter quickly learns parameters of a thermal network during periods of known or constrained loads and then characterizes unknown loads in order to provide accurate 48+ hour energy predictions. Besides enabling advanced controllers, the model and predictions could provide useful analysis, monitoring, and fault detection capabilities.
The integration of ventilation and locomotion in archosaurs

Movements of the pelvis have recently been found to contribute to ventilation in both crocodilians and birds. Alligators have a kinetic pelvis in which the ischiopubic and ischiotruncus muscles rotate the pubic bones ventrally to increase abdominal volume and thereby facilitate inspiration. In birds, the entire pelvis rocks on the axial skeleton to produce ventilation. Although the mechanisms of pelvic aspiration are very different in crocodilians and birds, it is unusual among vertebrates for the pelvic musculoskeletal system to play an active role in inspiration. This observation raises the possibility that the pelvic musculoskeletal system may have played an important role in the ventilation of basal archosaurs. Based on the mechanism of pelvic aspiration in crocodilians and the structure of gastralia in basal archosaurs, we suggest that an ischiotruncus muscle pulled the medial aspect of the gastralia caudally, and thereby helped to produce inspiration by increasing the volume of the cuirassal basket. The proposed mechanism of cuirassal breathing in non-avian theropods leads us to suggest that the phase relationship of the ventilatory and locomotor cycles in running theropods was the opposite of that observed in running birds. Furthermore, we suggest that the ventilatory cycle of flying pterosaurs was entrained to the locomotor cycle with a phase relationship that was the opposite of that observed during flight in modern birds.
Thyroid function in mixed and pure manic episodes.

Objectives: Associations of both overt thyroid disease as well as subclinical thyroid abnormalities with affective disorders have been well established. Similar associations have been reported with mixed mania and rapid cycling bipolar disorder. We tested for differences in overt and subclinical thyroid disease and subclinical differences in a large series of bipolar patients examined during mixed or pure manic episodes. Methods: Rates of previously diagnosed thyroid disease were compared by sex, race and manic subtype (mixed versus pure) in 443 patients. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) concentrations obtained from patients with no clinical thyroid disease collected during manic and mixed bipolar episodes were compared using ANOVA statistics. Race was also included in the model and age was covaried. Results: Rates of thyroid disease, in particular hypothyroidism, were higher in females and white people, and increased with advancing age. No differences were noted between subjects sampled during mixed or pure manic episodes. In patients with no history of thyroid disease, serum TSH and FT4 concentrations did not differ between manic subtypes or between sexes. TSH levels however, were significantly lower in African Americans. Conclusions: We did not confirm past reports of associations of overt or subclinical thyroid disease with mixed manic episodes. African Americans had significantly lower serum TSH concentrations than white people, while FT4 levels did not differ.
Targeting B-cell receptor signaling: changing the paradigm

It is well known that signals emanating from the B-cell receptor (BCR) activate downstream pathways to regulate the development and survival of normal B cells. In B-cell malignancies, it is increasingly understood that similar pathways are activated through both tonic and chronic active BCR signaling to promote tumor viability and resistance to therapy. Recently, several active and oral agents have emerged that target key proximal kinases in the BCR pathway, including Bruton tyrosine kinase, PI3K, and spleen tyrosine kinase. In early clinical studies, these agents have shown significant activity across a broad range of B-cell lymphomas and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Especially impressive responses have been reported in mantle cell lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and many patients remain on treatment with continued disease control. Toxicity profiles have been mild in the majority of early studies, without significant myelosuppression over prolonged dosing. Due to these attractive attributes, several agents targeting the BCR pathway are now entering early combination studies with traditional chemotherapeutics and/or other novel agents. It is clear that agents targeting the BCR pathway will significantly affect the design of future therapeutic regimens for B-cell malignancies. Future research will focus on understanding potential mechanisms of resistance, identifying biomarkers of response, and defining optimal combination regimens.
Mimics of Ebstein’s anomaly

The purpose of this study was to determine the most discriminating clinical and echocardiographic features that are most helpful in correctly identifying Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve from other causes of tricuspid regurgitation. Ebstein's anomaly is an uncommon malformation of the tricuspid valve with diagnostic echocardiographic features. Other cardiac disorders associated with tricuspid valve regurgitation and predominate right-sided heart chamber enlargement can be misdiagnosed as Ebstein's anomaly. All patients who were referred to our institution between 1982 and 1995 with the diagnosis of Ebstein's anomaly but were found to have other abnormalities of the tricuspid value or right ventricle were identified. Their clinical, echocardiographic, and surgical records were reviewed retrospectively. Twenty-two patients (12 males and 10 females), aged 7 to 68 years (mean 33 years), were referred to our institution with the diagnosis of Ebstein's anomaly but were found to have another abnormality that mimicked clinical and diagnostic features of Ebstein's anomaly. The most common initial symptom was exercise intolerance (13 [59%] patients) followed by atrial arrhythmia (seven [32%] patients). Two patients had cyanosis. Three patients had paroxysmal and six had chronic atrial fibrillation/flutter. Cardiomegaly on chest x-ray film was noted in 18 (82%) patients. Referral diagnosis of Ebstein's anomaly had been made by echocardiography (12 patients), cardiac catheterization (four patients), both techniques (five patients), and echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging (one patient). All 22 patients had predominate right atrial and right ventricular enlargement, and 18 (82%) of 22 patients also had right ventricular dysfunction. However, Ebstein's anomaly was confidently ruled out with repeat comprehensive echocardiography at our institution by establishing (1) absence of significant apical displacement of the septal tricuspid valve leaflet (> or = 8 mm/m2) and (2) lack of a redundant, elongated, anterior tricuspid valve leaflet in all 22 patients (100%). All had significant tricuspid regurgitation caused by tricuspid valve dysplasia (nine patients), tricuspid valve prolapse (four patients), trauma (four patients), right ventricular dysplasia (three patients), endocarditis (one patient), and annular dilation caused by free pulmonary regurgitation (one patient). In all 15 patients who subsequently underwent surgery (tricuspid valve repair [seven patients] or replacement [eight patients]), the absence of Ebstein's anomaly was confirmed. Echocardiographic absence of the characteristic degree of displacement of the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve (> or = 8 mm/m2) and the presence of a nonelongated, nonredundant anterior tricuspid valve leaflet consistently excluded the diagnosis of Ebstein's anomaly. Under such circumstances, other anomalies of the tricuspid valve or right ventricle were consistently identified. Recognition of the mimics of Ebstein's anomaly had important surgical implications.
Shear-wave splitting variation over short spatial scales on continents

SUMMARY We have analysed broad-band SKS, SKKS, PKS and S data from 12 stations of the IRIS/IDA network for shear-wave splitting parameters, fast polarization direction o and delay time δt. These include several stations in the Former Soviet Union (FSU) (GAR, ARU, KIV, TLY, AAK, OBN), as well as SUR (Sutherland, South Africa), ESK (Eskdalemuir, UK), ALE (Alert, NWT, Canada), NNA (Nana, Peru), PFO (Pinon Flat, CA, USA), and ERM (Erimo, Japan). We compare observations from these stations with those from other nearby stations to gain insight into the mechanisms by which the anisotropy registered by split shear waves may arise. Intraplate comparisons exclude absolute plate motion as an orienting mechanism. Alternatively, the anisotropy may be linked to either fossil deformation within the continental lithosphere or to small-scale convection. The close correspondence with geologic fabric supports the former interpretation. Commonly, the fast polarization direction is oriented parallel to the deformational axes of compressional tectonic regions. In regions of presently active tectonics, we also see fast polarization directions orthogonal to the maximum horizontal stress in the crust. Deformation localized in the margins of tectonic blocks may account for the spatial splitting variability, and can be facilitated by volatile fluxing of the continental lithosphere during the preceding subduction event.
Epistemic Privilege and the Success of Science

Realists and anti-realists disagree about whether contemporary scientists are epistemically privileged. Because the issue of epistemic privilege figures in arguments in support of and against theoretical knowledge in science, it is worth examining whether or not there is any basis for assuming such privilege. I show that arguments that try to explain the success of science by appeal to some sort of epistemic privilege have, so far, failed. They have failed to give us reason to believe (i) that scientists are prone to develop theories that are true, (ii) that our current theories are not apt to be replaced in the future, and (iii) that science is nearing its completion.
Fine-grain priority scheduling on multi-channel memory systems

Configurations of contemporary DRAM memory systems become increasingly complex. A recent study shows that the application performance is highly sensitive to choices of configurations. In this study we show that, by utilizing fine-grain priority access scheduling, we are able to find a workload independent configuration that achieves optimal performance on a multichannel memory system. Our approach can well utilize the available high concurrency and high bandwidth on such memory systems, and effectively reduce the memory stall time of memory-intensive applications. Conducting execution-driven simulation of a 4-way issue, a 2 GHz processor, we show that the average performance improvement for fifteen memory-intensive SPEC2000 programs by using an optimized fine-grain priority scheduling is about 13% and 8% for a 2-channel and a 4-channel Direct Rambus DRAM memory system, respectively, compared with gang scheduling. Compared with burst scheduling, the average performance improvement is 16% and 14% for the 2-channel and 4-channel memory systems, respectively.
Deviance, Charisma, and Rule-Defined Behavior

Problems in present perspectives on deviance are discussed, a remedy is offered, and some of its implications are elaborated. The major problem is the failure to distinguish between action and state of being, between recognition of rule-breaking act, and imputation of deviant ontological status. A complementary distinction, between extraordinarily superior performance in terms of rule-standards and charismatic ontological status, is required for the sociology of charisma. Action oriented to behavior as defined by rules is distinguished from action oriented to deviant and charismatic ontological statuses: the meaning of negative and positive essence is elaborated, and negative and positive sanctioning of behavior is separated from the structural placements of the deviant in isolation and the charismatic individual in transcendent position. These analytic distinctions separate different kinds of experience: being deviant and being charismatic are identities distinguished from role-identities; and the tensions unique to those seen as ontologically deviant and charismatic are described.
Limitations of angiography in the assessment of plaque distribution in coronary artery disease: a systematic study of target lesion eccentricity in 1446 lesions.

Background Plaque distribution (eccentricity) may be a determinant of the success of transcatheter therapy, and certain devices may be better suited to treating severely eccentric lesions than others. However, no study has compared methods for assessing plaque distribution or systematically studied the validity of the angiographic assessment of plaque distribution. Methods and Results We studied 1446 native vessel target lesions in 1349 patients by intravascular ultrasound and coronary angiography. Angiographic and intravascular ultrasound criteria for lesion eccentricity were compared. Angiography showed that 795 of 1446 (55.0%) of target lesions were eccentric. When intravascular ultrasound was used, only 219 lesions (15.1%) had an arc of normal arterial wall within the lesion (equivalent to the pathological definition of lesion eccentricity). When an eccentricity index of ≥3.0 was used, intravascular ultrasound classified 659 lesions (45.6%) as eccentric. The concordance rates of classification were on...
When and Why Do African Americans Not Identify as Democrats

Since 1970 the proportion of African Americans identifying with the Democratic Party has declined to the point where over 40 percent of blacks now identify as Independent or Republican. We find that traditional accounts pointing to class gains or increased conservatism among blacks fare poorly in explaining declining Democratic identification. Rather we show that a racial group calculus better explains the change. Growing skepticism about the Democratic Party's efforts to help the black community and strong support for black autonomy explain much of the change. We conclude by examining the behavioral implications of not identifying as Democratic.
The importance of replicating results from randomised trials – Authors' reply

www.thelancet.com/hiv Vol 3 January 2016 e11 about adherence. We do not doubt that the investigators worked hard to achieve adherence in their trials but the blinded design works against them. Designs that directly harness the motivation and intentions of women by informing them what product we wish them to use have a much greater likelihood of yielding results that are relevant to ultimate use. In the meantime, the field has moved on. We now know a great deal about biological and social processes involved in using antiretroviral drugs for HIV prevention. Policy makers are now better informed about the potential uses and abuses of the placebo-controlled randomised trial design. We trust that regulatory agencies will now not misinterpret the results of these trials to derail the burgeoning global movement to make antiretroviral prophylaxis accessible to women.
Evaluating the Potential for Flashing Discharge From Small Engine Fuel Tanks

This paper explores an infrequently encountered hazard associated with liquid fuel tanks on gasoline-powered equipment using non-vented fuel caps. Depending on the location of fuel reserve tanks, waste heat from the engine or other vehicle systems can warm the fuel during operation. In the event that the fuel cap is not vented and if the fuel is sufficiently heated, the liquid fuel may become superheated and pose a splash hazard if the fuel cap is suddenly removed. Accident reports often describe the ejection of liquid from the fuel tank opening as a geyser. This geyser is a transient, two-phase flow, vertical jet of flashing liquid. This could create a fire hazard as the geyser could result in splashing flammable liquid onto any bystanders.Many fuel tank systems are vented to ambient through the fuel tank cap and, in addition, may incorporate other features that contribute to pressure relief. Venting of the pressurized vapor inhibits the vapor-liquid mixture in the fuel tank from achieving thermodynamic equilibrium, thus preventing the formation of a superheated liquid. It has been empirically determined that flashing two-phase flow can be prevented by keeping the fuel tank pressure below 1.5 psig. However, if the cap is not vented or vents at a lesser rate than the rate of liquid vaporization, pressure in the tank can rise and the flammable liquid can become superheated.This phenomenon is explored here to facilitate a better understanding of how the hazard is created. The nature of the hazard is explained using thermodynamic concepts. The differences in behavior between a closed system and an open system are discussed and then illustrated through experimental results obtained from two sources: experiments with externally heated fuel containers and operation of a gasoline-powered riding lawn mower. The role of the vented fuel cap in preventing the geyser phenomenon is demonstrated.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Neuropathology of Kernicterus

In one early paper (Zuelzer, W., and Mudgett, R. 1950) two groups of a total of 55 kernicteric newborn infants were compared as regards etiology, laboratory data, and neuropathology. One group of patients consisted of 23 cases, all kernicteric and associated with erythroblastosis fetalis, and a second group of 32 cases, not associated with erythroblastosis, but associated with a variety of other suspected causes.
Advanced Quantum Communication via Hyperentanglement

Photons created via spontaneous downconversion may be simultaneously entangled in multiple degrees of freedom. This ‘hyperentanglement’ enables advanced capabilities in quantum communication, including multi-bit per photon quantum cryptography and superdense quantum teleportation.
Adjusting Farm Tractor Prices for Quality Changes, 1950–1962

SEPARATION of time series on expenditures into price and quantity components is the basic index number problem. The aspiration to "hold quality constant" in constructing price indexes arises from the objective of accurate measurement of "real" input, output, and prices at some aggregate level through time. This paper reports an attempt to generate price indexes for new farm tractors that take explicit account of available information on changes in these tractors over the postwar period. The ideal of "constant quality" is of course not achieved, but rather serves as a conceptual target for the analysis. Causes of price changes are not sought; nor is normative evaluation of price changes attempted.
Syntheses, Structural Characterizations, and Reactivity Studies of Half-Sandwich Cobalt, Rhodium, and Iridium Metallatricarbadecaboranyl Complexes

The syntheses and structural characterizations of the first extensive series of Group 9 (Co, Rh, and Ir) tricarbadecaboranyl half-sandwich complexes are reported. The carbonyl complexes 1,1-(CO)2-2-Ph-closo-1,2,3,4-MC3B7H9, M = Co (1), Rh (2), and 8,8,8-(CO)3-9-Ph-nido-8,7,9,10-IrC3B7H9 (3) were obtained by the reactions of Li+(6-Ph-nido-5,6,9-C3B7H9)− with Co(CO)4I, [Rh(CO)2Cl]2, and Ir(CO)3Cl, respectively. Further reactions of 1, 2, and 3 with 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe) yielded the 1,1-dppe-2-Ph-closo-1,2,3,4-MC3B7H9, M = Co (4), Rh (5), and 8-CO-8,8-dppe-9-Ph-nido-8,7,9,10-IrC3B7H9 (6) derivatives with their crystallographic determinations showing that 1 and 2 contain the η6-2-Ph-2,3,4-C3B7H91– ligand with the metallatricarbadecaboranyl cluster fragments having closo-octadecahedral geometries, while 3 has a slipped-cage η4-9-Ph-7,9,10-C3B7H91– coordination and a nido-cluster framework. The reaction of Li+(6-Ph-nido-5,6,9-C3B7H9)− with [Rh(COD)Cl]2 and [Ir(COD)Cl]2 produced the COD coordin...
Cylindrical Vertical Tank with Flexible Pontoon for Light Oil Products

A new design of storage tank with a hollow pontoon is proposed. A toroid-shaped component and a hermetically secured flexible sealing strip are located about the perimeter of the pontoon. The pontoon and its toroid-shaped component are filled with an inert gas. The pontoon design fully prevents loss of oil products during various technological operations such as filling of the tank or the draining of oil products, as well as during the prolonged storage of oil products in the tank under various climatic conditions, etc.
Unsolved mystery: the role of BRCA1 in DNA end-joining

Heritable mutations in the tumor suppressor gene BRCA1 increase a woman's lifetime risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer. BRCA1's tumor suppressor function is directly linked to its myriad of functions in the cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). BRCA1 interacts with an extensive array of DNA damage responsive proteins and plays important roles in DSB repair, mediated by the homologous recombination pathway, and in the activation of cell cycle checkpoints. However, the role of BRCA1 in the other two DSB repair pathways, classical non-homologous end-joining (C-NHEJ) and alternative NHEJ (A-NHEJ), remains unclear. In this review, we will discuss the current literature on BRCA1's potential role(s) in modulating both C-NHEJ and A-NHEJ. We also present a model showing that BRCA1 contributes to genomic maintenance by promoting precise DNA repair across all cell cycle phases via the direct modulation of DNA end-joining.
The Research on Optimization Project of Under-frequency Load Shedding in Practical Power Grid

As the last defense line of the power system safety and stability,the under-frequency load shedding can prevent the frequency from going instability effectively.So dynamic math model is established for frequency stable analysis,and the project of underfrequency load shendding is optimized in practical power system,research is made on how to make the shedding load minimum when the frequency is steady.The result of simulation shows that the optimized algorithm can find the curve of minimum load shedding,and make the frequency recover steady rapidly,it's very meaningful to improve the level of power system safety and ensure power-supply.
Coupled cation and oxygen-isotope exchange between alkali feldspar and aqueous chloride solution

Nanoscale isotope and chemical images of grains of Amelia albite that were reacted with 2 m 1 8 O-enriched solution of KCl show a correspondence between O-isotope exchange and K-Na exchange. Experiments were conducted for 4-6 d at 600 °C and 200 MPa. After 6 d, the 150 μm diameter albite grains had 5-20 μm rims in which Na was nearly completely replaced by K and in which the O was strongly enriched in 1 8 O. The boundary between the core albite and the K-feldspar replacement is sharp and decorated with numerous pores. The distribution of Na and K, determined by electron probe microanalysis, is uniform within the core and rim and has an abrupt discontinuity at the interface. No evidence exists for K-Na interdiffusion at the resolution of electron probe. The NanoSIMS shows that the interface is also sharp in the distribution of 1 8 O and 1 6 O. The NanoSIMS image data and the electron probe data were coregistered; principal components analysis of the merged data set shows that 86% of the total variance in the data result from a single principal component loaded by the replacement of Na by K and 1 8 O. The combined electron probe and NanoSIMS analyses indicate that both cation and isotope exchange occurred during solution and reprecipitation of the feldspar.
Efficient Experimental Design Strategies in Toxicology and Bioassay

Modelling in bioassay often uses linear or nonlinear logistic regression models, and relative potency is often the focus when two or more compounds are to be compared. Estimation in these settings is typically based on likelihood methods. Here, we focus on the 3-parameter model representation given in Finney (1978) in which the relative potency is a model parameter. Using key matrix results and the general equivalence theorem of Kiefer & Wolfowitz (1960), this paper establishes key design properties of the optimal design for relative potency using this model. We also highlight aspects of subset designs for the relative potency parameter and extend geometric designs to efficient design settings of bioassay. These latter designs are thus useful for both parameter estimation and checking for goodness-of-fit. A typical yet insightful example is provided from the field of toxicology to illustrate our findings.
Fate of Selected Pathogens in Vacuum-Packaged Dry-Cured (Country-Style) Ham Slices Stored at 2 and 25°C†

Whole dry-cured (country-style) hams from six manufacturers were sliced and the slices randomly allotted into five treatment groups per manufacturer. One treatment group served as a control and slices in the four other treatment groups were inoculated with approximately 105 CFU/g of ham of either Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes , a mixture of three Salmonella spp. ( Salmonella typhimurium , Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella choleraesuis ), or Staphylococcus aureus . All ham slices were vacuum-packaged with half of the packages in each treatment group stored at 25°C and half stored at 2°C. Two packages from each manufacturer for each treatment and storage temperature were examined after storage for 0,7, 14,21, and 28 days. S. aureus was detected in 2 of 60 control slices, Salmonella in 2 of 120, L. monocytogenes in 4 of 120, and E. coli O157:H7 was not detected in any of the 120 control ham slices analyzed before or after storage. Aerobic (26 and 35°C) populations of the control vacuum-packaged hams slices increased (P < 0.05) with storage time and the increase in populations was greater (P < 0.05) in vacuum-packaged hams slices at 25 than at 2°C. The extent of the decreases in populations of the inoculated pathogens during storage of vacuum-packaged dry-cured ham slices varied with manufacturer (P < 0.05) and storage temperature (P < 0.05). Decreases in Salmonella spp. and E. coli O157:H7 populations were greater (P < 0.05) in slices stored at 25 than at 2°C, while decreases in L. monocytogenes were similar at both storage temperatures. Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin was not detected in either S. aureus -inoculated or control ham slices after storage for 28 days. Survival of these pathogens in vacuum-packaged dry-cured ham slices suggests that contaminated hams may pose a safety risk to consumers if consumed without adequate cooking.
The role of the human Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines in malaria susceptibility: current opinions and future treatment prospects

The Duffy antigen receptor for chemokine (DARC) is a nonspecific receptor for several proinflammatory cytokines. It is homologous to the G-protein chemokine receptor superfamily, which is suggested to function as a scavenger in many inflammatory-and proinflammatory-related diseases. G-protein chemokine receptors are also known to play a critical role in infectious diseases; they are commonly used as entry vehicles by infectious agents. A typical example is the chemokine receptor CCR5 or CXCR4 used by HIV for infecting target cells. In malaria, DARC is considered an essential receptor that mediates the entry of the human and zoonotic malaria parasites Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium knowlesi into human reticulocytes and erythrocytes, respectively. This process is mediated through interaction with the parasite ligand known as the Duffy binding protein (DBP). Most therapeutic strategies have been focused on blocking the interaction between DBP and DARC by targeting the parasite ligand, while strategies targeting the receptor, DARC, have not been intensively investigated. The rapid increase in drug resistance and the lack of new effective drugs or a vaccine for malaria constitute a major threat and a need for novel therapeutics to combat disease. This review explores strategies that can be used to target the receptor. Inhibitors of DARC, which block DBP-DARC interaction, can potentially provide an effective strategy for preventing malaria caused by P. vivax.
Ethnic identity and perceived stress among ethnically diverse immigrants.

Recent empirical research suggests that having a strong ethnic identity may be associated with reduced perceived stress. However, the relationship between perceived stress and ethnic identity has not been tested in a large and ethnically diverse sample of immigrants. This study utilized a multi-group latent class analysis of ethnic identity on a sample of first and second generation immigrants (N = 1603), to determine ethnic identity classifications, and their relation to perceived stress. A 4-class ethnic identity structure best fit the data for this immigrant sample, and the proportion within each class varied by ethnicity, but not immigrant generation. High ethnic identity was found to be protective against perceived stress, and this finding was invariant across ethnicity. This study extends the findings of previous research on the protective effect of ethnic identity against perceived stress to immigrant populations of diverse ethnic origins.
Mediation analysis for a survival outcome with time-varying exposures, mediators, and confounders

We propose an approach to conduct mediation analysis for survival data with time-varying exposures, mediators, and confounders. We identify certain interventional direct and indirect effects through a survival mediational g-formula and describe the required assumptions. We also provide a feasible parametric approach along with an algorithm and software to estimate these effects. We apply this method to analyze the Framingham Heart Study data to investigate the causal mechanism of smoking on mortality through coronary artery disease. The estimated overall 10-year all-cause mortality risk difference comparing “always smoke 30 cigarettes per day” versus “never smoke” was 4.3 (95 % CI = (1.37, 6.30)). Of the overall effect, we estimated 7.91% (95% CI: = 1.36%, 19.32%) was mediated by the incidence and timing of coronary artery disease. The survival mediational g-formula constitutes a powerful tool for conducting mediation analysis with longitudinal data.
Aircraft carrier or ballistic missile defense: Signaling commitment in situations of uncertainty

ABSTRACTStrategically, the United States is in a period characterized by uncertainty and diverse threats. Attempting to end two wars becomes background noise in the larger context of U.S. recalibration of its role in the world. U.S. power is perceived as either declining or being reoriented. Balancing off previous commitments with new ones becomes a critical and difficult task. The core problem becomes signaling commitment without deploying major forces to a particular location. Aircraft carriers are important symbolic instruments signaling U.S. interest regarding a particular issue. Those vessels are the linear descendants of battleships formerly the symbol of British power. Such deployments, however, are limited by being a ship, especially in disputes distant from the sea. Ballistic missile defense has come to occupy that role in signaling American commitment to allies or a state threatened by another. This can come as part of an alliance such as NATO's commitment of Patriot PAC-3 units to Turkey, with ...
Hands-On Assembly of DNA Sequencing Reads as a Gateway to Bioinformatics.

The scale of genomic sequencing data and the complexity of bioinformatic algorithms make it difficult for students to develop a concrete understanding of assembling complete genomes from millions of short DNA sequences. We present a hands-on activity where students explore the genome assembly process using short DNA sequences printed on paper. Topics highlighted during the lesson include overlap identification, reference sequences, and the challenges arising from sequencing errors, low-frequency mutations, and repetitive regions. Sample materials provide reads and solutions for assembling clinically relevant regions of the S. gordonii penicillin binding protein and the human HTT gene. An online tool allows instructors to generate custom read sets from other DNA sequences.
Significance of defining a pathogenic variant in hereditary cancer syndrome

With the advances in cancer genetics, over 200 hereditary cancer susceptibility syndromes have been described. About 5%–10% of all cancers are caused by hereditary mutations. The most common syndromes are those associated with breast, ovarian and gastrointestinal cancers. The hereditary pattern of stomach and endometrial cancer was first reported by Warthin in 1931. In 1966, Lynch and colleagues reported studies of two extended pedigrees with a similar hereditary pattern of multiple carcinomas and this was designated a cancer family syndrome. This condition was subsequently called hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). However, the term “Lynch syndrome” has been commonly used to describe this condition since 1984.
FINANCIAL REPORTING AND STEWARDSHIP ACCOUNTING IN SIXTEENTH-CENTURY SPAIN

This paper examines an early modern contribution to the literature on stewardship accounting, the Tratado de Cuentas or Treatise on Accounts, by Diego del Castillo, a sixteenth-century Spanish jurist.
Rhipicephalus microplus and Dermacentor nitens (Acari: Ixodidae) Coparasitize White-Tailed Deer on St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands.

Ticks parasitizing introduced white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann), on St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands, were recorded during and after drought conditions. Tick infestation prevalences were 22% at the start of the drought (July 2015), 66% at the height of the drought (March 2016), and 35% after the drought had ended (July 2016; n = 67 deer). Samples of ticks from 22 tranquilized deer in July 2016 revealed the presence of two species, the southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini), and the tropical horse tick, Dermacentor (Anocentor) nitens Neumann. Both tick species have considerable veterinary importance, especially for cattle and horses, respectively, as nuisance biters and also as vectors of parasitic piroplasms or of Anaplasma marginale Theiler. All 22 deer examined were infested by R. microplus, whereas 14 (64%) of the samples also included specimens of D. nitens. Because of the large numbers of ticks recorded, wild deer on St. John could develop associated health problems (pruritis, alopecia, anemia, low weight gain, tick-borne pathogens and parasites) and could also serve as a source of these ticks for cattle and horses.