cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early ultrastructural alterations in proximal tubular cells after unilateral nephrectomy and X-irradiation

In mice exposed to whole body X-irradiation, the proximal tubular cells show marked cytoplasmic alterations after 48 hours. The cytoplasm contains hypertrophied smooth endoplasmic reticulum that appears as tubular profiles which forms an interconnecting lattice that courses throughout large areas of the cytoplasm. In unilaterally nephrectomized animals and animals exposed to X-irradiation 4 hours following unilateral nephrectomy, numerous whorl-like membranous structures occur in the basal and medial cytoplasm of proximal tubular cells after 48 hours. It is suggested that these membranous structures represent a substantial absolute increase in new membranes for these cells. Many dense lamellated granules composed of parallel alternating dense and light bands that are arranged in concentric arrays are observed in the apical and medial zones of the proximal tubular cells. The internal lamellar pattern of the dense granule is similar to the myelin figures obtained from phospholipid water systems reported by several investigators. After 3 months, the prominent cytoplasmic alterations are not apparent; however, numerous vacuoles containing large accumulations of lipid, along with many dense granules and filaments, appear throughout the apical and basal cytoplasm of the proximal tubular cells.
Nonhighway injury fatalities—II. Interaction of product and human factors

Abstract The contributions of toys, tools, appliances, chemicals, fabrics and other products, both to the initiation of fatal nonhighway injury events and to the severity of such events once initiated, were compared for persons of different ages, blood alcohol concentrations and states of health. Among persons who did not have medical impairment or alcohol in their blood, products were involved in half of the fatalities, whereas they were a factor in a quarter of the fatalities of persons with such impairment. For persons without impairment or alcohol, products involved usually contributed to the initiation of events. Where impairment or alcohol was present, however, the products usually did not play a part in initiation but contributed to the severity of injury, in most instances because of excessive flammability of fabrics. The contribution of flammable fabrics to injury and death far exceeded that of toys despite greater public concern with potential hazards of the latter.
First trimester maternal characteristics, Doppler parameters and serum analytes after preeclampsia.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of prior preeclampsia on first trimester assessment in subsequent pregnancy. Methods: A total of 1283 parous patients were prospectively enrolled at 9–14 weeks of gestation. Maternal biophysical characteristics, ultrasound parameters and placental analytes were compared between women with and without prior preeclampsia. Results: There is no association between prior preeclampsia and the first trimester ultrasound parameters or placental analytes studied. The effects of prior preeclampsia in subsequent pregnancy are exaggerated by increasing parity and are predominantly blood pressure-related, independent of other cardiovascular risk factors. Conclusion: There is a potential role for lifestyle modification and stricter pregnancy blood pressure control in patients with prior preeclampsia.
Simultaneous Up-regulation of Viral Receptor Expression and DNA Synthesis Is Required for Increasing Efficiency of Retroviral Hepatic Gene Transfer *

To understand the relative contribution of viral receptor expression and cell proliferation in retroviral gene transfer, we created human hepatocyte-derived HuH-7.MCAT-1 cell lines. These cells constitutively express the murine ecotropic retroviral receptor MCAT-1 without changes in morphology or proliferation states. The MCAT-1 receptor is also a cationic amino acid transporter, and the HuH-7.MCAT-1.7 cells showed increased Vmax of uptake and steady-state accumulation of the cationic amino acids L-arginine and L-lysine. In HuH-7.MCAT-1 cells, L-arginine uptake was significantly up-regulated by norepinephrine and dexamethasone, and hepatocyte growth factor also increased L-arginine uptake along with cellular DNA synthesis. Gene transfer was also markedly increased in HuH-7. MCAT-1.7 cells incubated with an ecotropic LacZ retrovirus, and this further increased with hormones and hepatocyte growth factor. To define whether viral receptor up-regulation by itself increased gene transfer, cell cycling was inhibited by a recombinant adenovirus expressing the Mad transcription factor (AdMad), which is a dominant-negative c-Myc regulator. This restricted cells in G0/G1, without attenuating MCAT-1 activity, as shown by flow cytometry and L-arginine uptake analysis, respectively. When asynchronously cycling HuH-7.MCAT-1.7 cells were first infected with the AdMad virus and then exposed to the ecotropic LacZ virus, gene transfer was virtually abolished. The data indicate that while up-regulation of viral receptors can greatly enhance retrovirally mediated gene transfer, DNA synthesis remains an absolute requirement for hepatic gene therapy with this approach.
Long-Chain Branching under Conditions of Nonuniform Branching Probability

Abstract Long-chain branching can occur during free radical polymerization and is especially important for polyethylene. An improved method of calculating the effect of long-chain branching on molecular weight distribution was presented in an earlier paper in which the assumption was made that the probability of branching at each monomer unit was constant throughout the polymerization. A method of including a nonuniform probability of branching in the calculations is presented. Calculation results show that the predictions of the two mathematical models are similar and both models fit published data on polyethylene equally well.
Boeing to study space disposal of nuclear waste

The Boeing Aerospace Corporation of Seattle, Washington, has been awarded a $296,000 contract by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama, to study and analyze systems concepts for the possible disposal of nuclear wastes in space. This supports the Department of Energy's program to develop technology for managing radioactive wastes in a ‘safe and environmentally acceptable’ fashion. The space disposal option could supplement Earth disposal by removing from Earth the long-lived radionuclides that remain radioactive over tens of thousands of years.
Self-organized critical behavior in a deforming metal

It has been shown that the transport of mobile dislocations through blocking dislocation walls in a deforming metal can be treated by a simple percolation theory. Two different mechanisms for strain propagation are proposed in the strain percolation model. In the first case, the strain propagates between adjacent dislocation cells by activation of sources within the walls. In the second case, as an additional mechanism, unstable locks can be unzipped by a nearby dislocation pileup which can lead to a large localized strain. Previous simulations have shown that both cases belong to the same universality class as standard percolation. Further extensive simulations of the model have been performed to understand how the geometrical aspects of a strained percolating cluster are related to the strain itself. In our case, the strain is an additional variable not present in standard percolation theory. We find that the total strain and the mean strain per strained cell show power-law behavior in the critical regime, and obtain a scaling function which explains its critical behavior. Other percolation and critical aspects of the model are also discussed in terms of the initial strain, correlation length (which is a characteristic length scale), and model parameters.
Trace operators, Feynman distributions, and multiparameter white noise

Within the framework of white noise analysis on the probability spaceΩ = ℒ*RdRM, the recent work by Johnson and Kallianpur on the Hu-Meyer formula, traces, and natural extensions is generalized to the multiparameter case:d>1. Besides providing a more general setting for these topics, the paper gives an alternative definition for the traces, a distributional version of the natural extension, and a generalized Kallianpur-Feynman distribution. The development illustrates how traces and natural extensions are intimately related to Wick products and the change of covariance formula from quantum field theory, as well as to the projective tensor product of Hilbert spaces from functional analysis.
Linear Model Estimation With Extraneous Estimates of a Parameter Subset, With an Application to Aircraft Tracking

The problem of estimating parameters of a linear model in the presence of extraneous estimates of a parameter subset is considered. Two approaches are considered; one augments the linear model with the extra information and the second reduces the dimension and estimates only the remaining parameters. It is shown that the two approaches yield identical estimates of the unspecified parameter subset. In situations where one is interested only in the estimation of the unspecified parameter subset, computational advantages of the reduced model over the augmented model are pointed out. Application of such estimation to aircraft tracking in meteorological experiments is given.
Detection of multiple trap sites in α-deuterated 2-indanone using optically detected magnetic resonance

Abstract 2-indanone was deuterated by refluxing with D 2 O and by acid catalyzed enolization, yielding seven distinct molecular species. Samples containing differing total percent deuteration, as determined from mass spectral data, were extracted during the reaction. Using a simulation program, the hydrogen–deuterium exchange was deemed to be a statistically random process. The optically detected magnetic resonance spectrum showed multiple traps in these partially deuterated samples. Seven well-resolved peaks were observed in one of the transitions, while in the other, deconvolution of the spectra assuming Gaussian line shapes yielded all seven lines. In 2-indanone, the third transition is not observed. Correlations were made between the seven peaks in the two transitions by electron–electron spin double resonance, and the zero-field splittings of each of the multiple traps were determined. The seven molecular species generated in the deuteration were correlated to specific zero-field transitions by analyzing the ODMR of samples which had a higher concentration of specific partially deuterated molecules. An analysis of these energies indicated that the shift was the result of a change in the D value which was about 8.1 MHz per additional deuterium. The E value changed little, −2.6 MHz per added deuterium. In addition, the analysis of the integrated intensities indicated that one of the two out-of-plane geometries of the carbonyl group in 2-indanone was favored over the other. Difference in the zero-point energies of the double minimum potential surface was postulated to be the cause.
Bearing pressure distribution in bone joints

Abstract Research efforts in the field of bone joint lubrication are hampered by a lack of an experimental method of determining bearing pressure distribution between joint surfaces. A method has been formulated whereby post-mortem dissection of joints can give an approximate time-history of bearing pressure distribution. The distribution thus obtained can be qualitatively related to existing theories of lubrication as well as to clinical observations of diseased states in bone joints.
Instructional systems design and public schools

This article is a reply to the commentary of Shrock and Higgins, which appears elsewhere in this issue. The original article by Martin and Clemente that sparked the discussion appeared inEducational Technology Research and Development, Volume 38, Number 2 (pp. 61–75).
Stanfieldite: A New Phosphate Mineral from Stony-Iron Meteorites

A new mineral, stanfieldite, Ca4(Mg,Fe)5(PO4)6, has been found in the Estherville mesosiderite and several pallasites: Santa Rosalia, Albin, Finmarken, Imilac, Mount Vernon, and Newport. The atom ratio Mg:Fe of this mineral varies from 1.5 in Estherville to a constant ratio of about 15 in the pallasites. X-ray, optical, and chemical data for the mineral resemble those for the only intermediate compound in the system Mg3(PO4)2-Ca3(PO4)2.
Estimation of Heat Tolerance Improvement in Recent American Pima Cotton Cultivars

Improving cotton (Gossypium spp.) heat tolerance (ability to set bolls in high temperature environments) has been an important aspect of the American Pima (Pima) cotton (G. barbadense L.) breeding program for over 25 years. However, heat tolerance is difficult to quantify. This report estimates change in heat tolerance of Pima cotton through yield response over 30 years in six Arizona counties that differ in elevation and mean summer temperatures. Pima cotton/upland cotton (G. hirsutum L.) lint yield percentages were compared for each county by regression with year of production. County mean yield percentages were also compared with elevations. Pima cotton yields as percentages of upland cotton yields increased in five of the six counties over the 30-year period. Pima lint yield increased from 57 % of upland yield in 1956 to 75 % in 1985 when averaged over the six counties. This increase represents an estimated 206 kg lint ha-1 in addition to any upland yield increase. Comparison of regression coefficients suggest that nearly 50 % of the 30-year lint yield increase of Pima cotton at lower elevations was the result of increased tolerance to high temperature in improved cultivars. County 30-year mean Pima cotton lint yields as percentage of upland cotton yield increased significantly (P < 0.001) from 52.2% to 82.1 % as county elevations increased from 37 m to 1273 m (cooler summer temperatures). These results support reports of greater heat tolerance for upland cotton than Pima cotton, but also show that the difference between species has been reduced substantially by breeding in the last 30 years.
Discount-isotone policies for Markov decision processes

This paper considers infinite horizon discounted Markov decision processes and conditions under which discount-isotone optimal policies exist. Given partial orders over the state and action spaces, a set of discount-isotone optimal policies is a set of optimal policies, one for each discount factor in a given set, such that, for each state, the optimal actions are partially ordered in such a manner as to match the ordering of the discount factors. It is easier to solve problems with small discount factors and the induced partial ordering facilitates the solutions for higher discount factor levels.
From Sediment Transport to Seismic Stratigraphy: A Synthetic Model

The influence of geologic features and physical properties of sediments on wave propagation is studied using a 3D synthetic model of sedimentary basin. Sedsim, a sediment deposition modeling package, is first used to generate a three dimensional volume of deltaic sediments, where each sediment is characterized by its sand-clay bulk composition. This modeling provides realistic, and scale independent results for a sedimentary volume deposited at shallow depths. The sediment bulk composition volume generated by Sedsim is then used to compute the sediments bulk and shear mod&, as well as porosity and density after compaction. Using the spectrum of the seismic reflectivity versus two way travel as an indicator of the cyclicity of reflectors, we find from comparison with well-log data that our model cyclicity is comparable to field data and adequate for investigating wave propagation phenomena. This geophysical model is finally used to simulate wave propagation using a two dimensional Fourier algorithm for optimum accuracy. The results of the simulation demonstrate that ocean bottom scattering is not only related to surface or interface roughness but is also due to discontinuity of the reflection coefficient along the boundary between two sedimentation episodes. This observation allows us to relate the major reflectors of the sedimentary section to isochrones where the flow regime of the Sedsim model has been altered.
Combating Terrorism in Central Asia: Explaining Differences in States' Responses to Terror

This work examines differences in the level of violence of counterterrorism measures adopted by Central Asian states. Why do some Central Asian governments opt for wanton repression in the name of the struggle with terrorism, while others adopt less severe methods of control and prevention? To answer this question, this study draws on a synthesis of rationalist and constructivist explanations. Like rationalists, it posits that the magnitude of terrorism and states' material capabilities affect governments' responses to terrorism. Following constructivists, the study stresses the impact of ideas about the nature of terrorist threats and views on the appropriateness of the use of force on the counterterrorism policies of Central Asian states.
Selective inhibitors of protein methyltransferases

Mounting evidence suggests that protein methyltransferases (PMTs), which catalyze methylation of histone and nonhistone proteins, play a crucial role in diverse biological processes and human diseases. In particular, PMTs have been recognized as major players in regulating gene expression and chromatin state. PMTs are divided into two categories: protein lysine methyltransferases (PKMTs) and protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs). There has been a steadily growing interest in these enzymes as potential therapeutic targets and therefore discovery of PMT inhibitors has also been pursued increasingly over the past decade. Here, we present a perspective on selective, small-molecule inhibitors of PMTs with an emphasis on their discovery, characterization, and applicability as chemical tools for deciphering the target PMTs’ physiological functions and involvement in human diseases. We highlight the current state of PMT inhibitors and discuss future directions and opportunities for PMT inhibitor discovery.
The science and art of managing retinal disease

The Asia–Pacific Vitreo–Retina Society (APVRS) held its 5th Congress at the brand new Marina Bay Sands Casino and Convention Center in Singapore from 19 to 21 November 2010. The meeting was entitled ‘The Science and Art of Managing Retinal Diseases’, and was truly a sharing of information with the goal of combining evidence-based medicine and the art of healing to optimally treat retinal disease during this rapidly advancing era. There were over 700 participants from 30 countries, with knowledge shared between international and Asia–Pacific speakers. In addition, as Congress President Adrian Koh (Eye and Retina Surgeons, Singapore; Retina Centre International, Singapore) wished, the conference helped to build a spirit of unity and friendship among investigators in the Asia–Pacific region and internationally. The APVRS was founded in 2006 with the visionary leadership of the late Professor Yasuo Tano and APVRS Secretary General Dennis Lam (Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China), and has a promi...
The use of adenosine for repair of penetrating cardiac injuries: a novel method

The use of intravenous administration of adenosine to expedite cardiorrhaphy in penetrating cardiac trauma by inducing temporary asystole is described. It is quicker, more effective, and safer than the traditional methods.
University computer support for state government: the SUNY-Albany experiment

The State University of New York at Albany and the State of New York have joined in what may be an historic experiment to improve the quality and reduce the cost of computing activities in New York State governmental agencies. The project has been actively underway since June, 1975. This paper attempts to ascertain the progress made during that initial year of operation.
Histochemical localization of primary and secondary alcohol dehydrogenases in whole-body, freeze-dried sections of mice.

Whole-body sagittal sections of frozen, C57BL/6J, adult, male mice were used for the localization of primary and secondary alcohol dehydrogenases in most tissues of the body. The reduction of Nitro BT with NAD+ as coenzyme, as described originally by Hardonk (1965), was utilized for the generation of coloured final reaction deposits. Ethanol was used as a substrate for primary alcohol dehydrogenase; 2-propanol, α-methylbenzyl alcohol and 2-butanol were used as substrates for secondary alcohol dehydrogenase. Liver and bronchial epithelium showed the highest activities for both enzymes; oesophageal and upper gastric epithelium showed a high activity of primary alcohol dehydrogenase. Pyrazole, indazole and imidazole inhibited primary, but not secondary, alcohol dehydrogenase. Dimethylsulphoxide and menthol slightly inhibited both enzymes. Oleic acid, sulphydryl agents,p-chloromercuribenzoate, and copper sulphate also inhibited both enzymes. Slight inhibition of secondary dehydrogenase was observed on co-administration of several alcohols. As expected,N-nitrosonornicotine did not function as a substrate for alcohol dehydrogenases. When this compound was present in the histochemical incubation media, no activity was seen at any of the usual sites of these enzymes. The distribution of the alcohol dehydrogenase activities found in this study correlates with the distribution of radioactivity in oesophagus, bronchi and liver after administration of [14C]nitrosonornicotine. This suggests that the alcohol dehydrogenases may be involved in the metabolism of hydroxylated nitrosonornicotine, a metabolite of the most abundant known carcinogen in cigarette smoke.
Research on teacher thinking: Implications for mainstreaming students with multiple handicaps

Taking into account the ways in which regular eduction teachers think about instruction may be useful in developing effective regular classroom integration plans for students with multiple handicaps, yet relatively little attention has been paid to the teacher thinking research literature in this context. This article addresses issues related to the mainstreaming of students with multiple handicaps from the perspective of what is known about how regular education teachers think about teaching. Understanding that teachers tend to plan around content and activities rather than objectives, that teachers frequently modify instruction based on “in-flight” decisions, and that cognitive organizers such as scripts, routines, scenes, and propositional knowledge are important in helping teachers manage the abundance of information available to them, can help regular and special educators in developing integration plans.
Guiding children's behavior: The issue of compliance

Parents and teachers need to be aware of the principles of development in order to guide children appropriately. The process of guidance begins with attempts to baby-proof the environment, such as arranging the nursery in anticipation of the arrival of the infant. During the infant-toddler stage, adults may view their acts of altering the child's physical environment as their responsibility, not connecting such actions to the development of a discipline plan. In fact, the adults are beginning to develop a positive atmosphere so that the child has a healthy environment in which to grow.
Coronary arteriography performed by a physician assistant

Abstract Funding constraints and an oversupply of cardiologists mitigate against continued training of increasing numbers of cardiology fellows. In some institutions, the workload of the catheterization laboratory is an overriding factor. The ability of a physician assistant to perform some of this work was tested to determine if the, number of fellows and the content of the fellowship training program could be uncoupled from the catheterization laboratory workload. Among the first 150 patients in whom coronary arteriography was performed by a physician assistant, no patient died or had a myocardial infarction or stroke. Two patients (1.3%) had minor complications: a retinal embolus and an infected puncture site. The complication rate in 150 consecutive cases performed by fellows was also 1.3%, a small myocardial infarction and a transient ischemic attack. Procedure times for the physician assistant and for the fellows were 41 ± 13 and 44 ± 18 minutes for preoperative patients and 62 ± 24 and 70 ± 20 minutes for postoperative patients. Corresponding fluoroscopy times were 11 ± 5 and 12 ± 7 minutes for the preoperative and 22 ± 12 and 20 ± 6 for postoperative patients. Only preoperative fluoroscopy times were statistically different (p = 0.02). Thus, substituting a physician assistant for a fellow to perform coronary arteriography is an option in institutions at which the number of studies exceeds the training needs of fellows.
Brachial plexus neuropathy in childhood.

B R A C H I A L PLEXUS N E U R O P A T H Y is a n a c u t e neurologic disorder characterized by pain, weakness, and muscle wasting of the upper extremity. It is generally thought of as affecting young adults; although several large series note its occurrence in children, the disorder has not been reported in the pediatric literature so far as we can ascertain. The following case history illustrates the typical clinical picture of BPN in a 9-yearold child and emphasizes both the prolonged convalescence and relatively good prognosis of this type of neuropathy.
Phospholipid hydroperoxides are precursors of lipid alkoxyl radicals produced from anoxia/reoxygenated endothelial cells.

Endothelial cells have been shown to generate primary oxygen-centered free radicals (hydroxyl, superoxide anion) during post-anoxic reoxygenation, but little evidence is available concerning subsequent initiation of lipid peroxidative injury in this model, Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy with α-phenyt-N- tert -butylnitrone (PBN) spin trapping was used to monitor lipid peroxidation (LPO)-derived free radicals tbrmed by cultured bovine aortic endothelial cell suspensions exposed (37°C) to anoxia (A, 45 rain, N 2 gas) and reoxygenation (R, 15 min, 95% O 2 /5% CO 2 ). In some studies, superoxide dismutase (SOD, 10 μ;g/ml) was introduced just prior to R to assess the effects of this primary free radical scavenger on LPO-derived free radical production. At various times, aliquots were removed and PBN was introduced to either the cell suspension aliquot (8 m M PBN final, 1 min), or to the corresponding cell-free filtrate (60 m M PBN final), prior to extraction with toluene and ESR spectroscopy. A LPO-derived alkoxyl radical adduct of PBN (PBN/RO, hyperfine splitting α N =13.63 G and α H -1.94-1,98 G) was observed during R using both trapping procedures, with maximal production at 4-5 rain and a second minor peak at 10 rain. SOl) effectively reduced PBN/RO production and improved viability of A/R cells. In parallel studies, lipid hydroperoxide production was assessed in lipid extracts of A/R cells by high-performance liquid chromatography. Their separation profiles revealed a peak of oxidized lipid occurring between phosphatidytethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) in samples taken at 4-5 rain and 10 rain of R. Resolubilizing cell lipid extracts in oxygen-free benzene containing cobalt(II) acetylacetonate and PBN led to alkoxyl radical production, but only in the oxidized lipid samples, confirming the presence of hydroperoxides. These results suggest that A/R leads to primary free radical induced-lipid peroxidative injury to endothelial cells, as indicated by alkoxyl radical production originating from oxidized membrane phospholipids.
Several types of adherent cells elaborate a dialyzable lymphopoietic cofactor (Abelson Growth Promoter).

We have cloned a stromal cell from mouse bone marrow selected on the basis of its ability to promote the growth of an Abelson virus-transformed pre-B cell line. These stromal cells have smooth muscle features, and the ultrafiltrate of stromal cell-conditioned medium has proliferative effects on all feeder layer-responsive mouse pre-B cell lines tested, as well as on normal pre-B cells. One of these low MW substances is a protease-resistant factor with an MW of approximately 450 Da which we designate Abelson Growth Promoter (AGP). AGP was initially characterized as an activity which promotes the growth of Abelson virus-transformed mouse pre-B cells, but it also promotes the growth of a fas-transformed pre-B cell line as a single agent and in synergistic fashion with recombinant interleukin (IL) 7. AGP as a single agent has no effect on normal pre-B cells, which have a brisk response to IL-7. In contrast, transformed pre-B cells display a blunted response to IL-7. We propose that AGP plays a role in normal lymphopoiesis by expanding clones of pre-B cells which have been activated by other stromal cell-derived signals, such as IL-7, and directly promotes the growth of nascently transformed pre-B cells.
Overview of recent clinical and methodological advances from clinical trials of cardiovascular disease

Concurrently controlled, randomized clinical trials play an important role in the validation of treatment and control measures of cardiovascular disease. As such trials have been carried to conclusion, a great deal has been learned not only about the treatment of the disease but also about the methodology of clinical trials. Seven recently completed clinical trials, the Coronary Drug Project, the Aspirin Myocardial Infarction Study, the Anturane Reinfarction Trial, the Hypertension Detection and Follow-Up Program and three drug trials of betablockers, are reviewed from the perspective of both their clinical and methodological significance.
From Consultation to Student Outcomes: The Role of Teacher Knowledge, Skills, and Beliefs in Increasing Integrity in Classroom Management Strategies

Classroom behavior management strategies are effective in reducing impairment and improving functioning in children with or at risk of ADHD. Although these interventions are well established, there is significant concern about the integrity with which teachers implement these strategies. Possible barriers to integrity include limitations in teachers’ knowledge of ADHD and classroom management strategies, limitations in classroom management skills, and beliefs that may interfere with intervention implementation. We hypothesize that these barriers are malleable and can be targeted in school-based consultation programs. In this paper, we describe the development of a multi-component consultation package designed to address teacher knowledge, skills, and beliefs as a mechanism for enhancing intervention implementation integrity and student outcomes. Using a case study design, we examined the hypothesized relationships between the consultation strategies, intervention integrity, and student outcomes. Results provide initial support for the multi-component package and our theory of change. Limitations that will inform continued development of the package are discussed.
Sulfonation of Maternal Steroids is a Conserved Metabolic Pathway in Vertebrates

Synopsis All vertebrate embryos develop in the presence of maternally derived steroids, and maternal steroids have been hypothesized to link phenotype of the offspring to maternal physiology. In placental vertebrates, it is known that maternally derived steroids are metabolized during development via the sulfonation pathway. We used eggs from the red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta) to determine whether the same metabolic pathway is used to metabolize maternally derived steroids in an oviparous vertebrate. To examine the relationship between estradiol and estrogen sulfates during development, levels of maternally derived estradiol were compared with levels of estradiol sulfate, estrone sulfate, and estriol sulfate at oviposition and after 20 days of embryonic development. Estrone sulfate was the only detectable estrogen sulfate. At oviposition, levels of both estradiol and estrone sulfate varied seasonally with clutches from later in the nesting season having significantly higher concentrations of both steroids. Levels of estrone sulfate increased during development, demonstrating that the sulfonation of maternally derived steroids occurs in oviparous vertebrates as well as in placental vertebrates. We also found that exogenous estrone sulfate increases the production of female hatchlings, thereby demonstrating the ability of this metabolite to influence embryonic development. To examine the role of sulfonation in the metabolism of maternal progesterone and testosterone, we characterized the metabolic fate of both steroids by applying tritiated forms of each steroid at oviposition and characterizing metabolites after 20 days of incubation. Similar to what was demonstrated for estradiol, both progesterone and testosterone are converted to sulfonated metabolites during embryonic development. These data suggest that steroid sulfates, both those that are maternally derived and those resulting from the metabolism of maternal steroids, are a key component of the mechanism underlying steroid-mediated maternal effects.
Evolution and the complexity of bacteriophages

Background The genomes of both long-genome (> 200 Kb) bacteriophages and long-genome eukaryotic viruses have cellular gene homologs whose selective advantage is not explained. These homologs add genomic and possibly biochemical complexity. Understanding their significance requires a definition of complexity that is more biochemically oriented than past empirically based definitions.
A case study for cloud based high throughput analysis of NGS data using the globus genomics system

Next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies produce massive amounts of data requiring a powerful computational infrastructure, high quality bioinformatics software, and skilled personnel to operate the tools. We present a case study of a practical solution to this data management and analysis challenge that simplifies terabyte scale data handling and provides advanced tools for NGS data analysis. These capabilities are implemented using the “Globus Genomics” system, which is an enhanced Galaxy workflow system made available as a service that offers users the capability to process and transfer data easily, reliably and quickly to address end-to-endNGS analysis requirements. The Globus Genomics system is built on Amazon 's cloud computing infrastructure. The system takes advantage of elastic scaling of compute resources to run multiple workflows in parallel and it also helps meet the scale-out analysis needs of modern translational genomics research.
Insulin Induces Heterologous Desensitization of G Protein-Coupled Receptor and Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Signaling by Downregulating β-Arrestin-1

beta-Arrestin-1 mediates agonist-dependent desensitization and internalization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and is also essential for GPCR mitogenic signaling. In addition, insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) endocytosis is facilitated by beta-arrestin-1, and internalization is necessary for IGF-I-stimulated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation. Here, we report that treatment of cells for 12 h with insulin (100 ng/ml) induces an approximately 50% decrease in cellular beta-arrestin-1 content due to ubiquitination of beta-arrestin-1 and proteosome-mediated degradation. This insulin-induced decrease in beta-arrestin-1 content was blocked by inhibition of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI-3 kinase) and MEK with wortmannin and PD98059, respectively. We also found a marked decrease in the association of beta-arrestin-1 with the IGF-IR and a 55% inhibition of IGF-I-stimulated MAP kinase phosphorylation. In insulin-treated, beta-arrestin-1-downregulated cells, there was complete inhibition of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) or isoproterenol (ISO)-stimulated MAP kinase phosphorylation. This was associated with a decrease in beta-arrestin-1 association with the beta2-AR as well as a decrease in beta-arrestin-1-Src and Src-beta2-AR association. Ectopic expression of wild-type beta-arrestin-1 in insulin-treated cells in which endogenous beta-arrestin-1 had been downregulated rescued IGF-I- and LPA-stimulated MAP kinase phosphorylation. In conclusion, we found the following. (i) Chronic insulin treatment leads to enhanced beta-arrestin-1 degradation. (ii) This downregulation of endogenous beta-arrestin-1 is associated with decreased IGF-I-, LPA-, and ISO-mediated MAP kinase signaling, which can be rescued by ectopic expression of wild-type beta-arrestin-1. (iii) Finally, these results describe a novel mechanism for heterologous desensitization, whereby insulin treatment can impair GPCR signaling, and highlight the importance of beta-arrestin-1 as a target molecule for this desensitization mechanism.
Numerical Algorithms for Optimal Controls for Nonlinear Stochastic Systems With Delays

The Markov chain approximation numerical methods were extended to general controlled nonlinear (and reflected) diffusions with delays in a recent monograph, where many types of ideal algorithms were developed and convergence proved. Any combination of the path, control, and reflection terms can be delayed. If the control and/or reflection terms are delayed, then the memory requirements with naive algorithms can be huge. Recasting the problem in terms of a “wave equation” yields algorithms with considerably reduced memory needs. The reference concentrated on theoretical issues. Here, we are concerned with adapting the ideal to applications, and present data showing that the method can work well.
Interfacial Slip Calculation of FRP Plate Strengthened RC Beams under Uniformly Distributed Loads

The interfacial slip between fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) and concrete beam is one of the key factors to affect the behaviors of FRP plate strengthened RC beams. Under external loading, the relative slip occurring on the interface between FRP plate and concrete beam causes the redistribution of stress and then the bearing capacity of the member is reduced. According to elasticity theory, this study analyzes theoretical analysis of interfacial slip. The analytical model is established, and the differential equations of interfacial slip of FRP plate strengthened RC beams are established. Using the boundary conditions, the calculated formulas of interfacial slip are deduced under uniformly distributed loads.
Superiority of multi-orifice over single-orifice epidural catheters for labor analgesia and cesarean delivery.

Study Objective To investigate whether a change frow a single-orifice to multi-orifice catheter could reduce the incidence of inadequate epidural blocks requiring replacement of the epidural catheter in obstetric patients. Study Design Prospective before-after cohort study. Setting Obstetric unit at a university hospital. Patients 872 patients requesting epidural analgesia for vaginal delivery or cesarean section. Interventions Patients received epidural analgesia via single-orifice (n = 433) or multiorifice (n = 439) epidural catheters, depending on the month of the trial. Measurements and Main Results Patient characteristics, obstetric procedure, anesthesiologist characteristics, and details of epidural placement did not differ significantly between the groups. The overall replacement rate was 14.3% in the single-orifice group versus 9.3% in the multi-orifice group ( p = 0.032). There were no differences in the frequency of replacement for subarachnoid placement or migration, immediate intravascular placement, vascular migration, or absence of any block. Significantly fewer catheters were replaced in the multi-orifice group for inadequate analgesia, defined as unblocked segments or unilateral block (6.4% vs. 2.8%, p = 0.018). Paresthesias were less common in the multi-orifice group (22.4% vs. 37.5%, p = 0.003). There were no unrecognized subarachnoid or vascular catheter placements in either group. Conclusions The multi-orifice design offers significant advantages over the single-orifice type for obstetricepidural analgesia.
Reduction of the Natural Insensitive Time in G-M Counters

The limitation on the Geiger-M\"uller counter insensitive time which is imposed by the presence of the positive ion space charge has been reduced by collecting the positive ions on the counter center wire instead of at the outer cylinder. The electronic circuit which carries out this process is described in detail. A reduction by another order of magnitude in the insensitive time or an insensitive time of about 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ sec. is obtained with no indication that the limit of the new method has been reached. The general properties of an inverse counter are discussed. The mechanism of this mode of counter operation is explained with considerable evidence indicating the presence of three distinct ion collection regions for the negative center wire. A stable circuit useful as a research tool has been devised for use with a large variety of counters.
Robust streamline tracing for the simulation of porous media flow on general triangular and quadrilateral grids

Streamline methods for subsurface-flow simulation have received renewed attention as fast alternatives to traditional finite volume or finite element methods. Key aspects of streamline simulation are the accurate tracing of streamlines and the computation of travel time along individual streamlines. In this paper, we propose a new streamline tracing framework that enables the extension of streamline methods to unstructured grids composed of triangular or quadrilateral elements and populated with heterogeneous full-tensor coefficients. The proposed method is based on the mathematical framework of mixed finite element methods, which provides approximations of the velocity field that are especially suitable for streamline tracing. We identify and implement two classes of velocity spaces: the lowest-order Raviart-Thomas space (low-order tracing) and the Brezzi-Douglas-Marini space of order one (high-order tracing), both on triangles and quadrilaterals. We discuss the implementation of the streamline tracing method in detail, and we investigate the performance of the proposed tracing strategy by means of carefully designed test cases. We conclude that, for the same computational cost, high-order tracing is more accurate (smaller error in the time-of-flight) and robust (less sensitive to grid distortion) than low-order tracing.
Adapting to the future: the role of science academies in capacity building

The 21st century will confront many challenges arising from resource scarcity, climate change, emerging diseases, and other yet to be recognised causes. These challenges are global and do not respect political boundaries. Wealthy nations cannot avoid the impacts of climate change or disease epidemics or other resource stresses that may have sources elsewhere in the world. International cooperation aimed at mitigating these challenges is thus in the self-interest of all nations. Moreover, implementing effective solutions to these global challenges requires local science capabilities in every country so that local decision makers can access and utilise knowledge resources.
Perceived Control in the Lives of Older Adults: The Influence of Langer and Rodin’s Work on Gerontological Theory, Policy, and Practice

A key concept driving the field of both clinical and applied gerontology is that of personal control. Seminal work conducted in the late 1970s to early 1980s by Ellen Langer and Judith Rodin, who examined the effect of choice and enhanced responsibility on older adults, not only contributed to the discussion of the relevance of control in contemporary theories and practices of aging but also aided in the development of today's philosophy of how to serve and care for older adults in ways that are passionate, humanistic, and empowering. In their early research, residents at a nursing home were randomly assigned to 2 groups: 1 group was told they could arrange their furniture as they wanted, go where they wanted, spend time with whom they wanted, and so forth and were given a plant to care for; the other group was told that the staff was there to take care of and help them, including watering a plant given to each of them. During this study, and 18 months later, residents who were given control and personal responsibility had improved health; among those for whom control had not changed, a greater proportion had died. Since these original studies, research has continued to support the need for personal control as we age. This paper presents a brief overview of literature informed by Langer and Rodin's seminal findings, as well as the role of control to theory, policy, and practice.
Single-chip multiple-frequency filters based on contour-mode aluminum nitride piezoelectric micromechanical resonators

This paper reports experimental results on a new class of single-chip multiple-frequency (up to 236 MHz) filters that are based on low motional resistance contour-mode aluminum nitride piezoelectric micromechanical resonators. For the first time, aluminum nitride rectangular plates and rings have been electrically cascaded to yield high performance, low insertion loss (as low as 4dB at 93 MHz) micromechanical band pass filters. This novel technology could revolutionize wireless communication systems by allowing the co-fabrication of multiple frequency filters (IF and RF) on the same chip, therefore reducing form factors and manufacturing costs. In addition, these filters require terminations on the order of k/spl Omega/, thereby making possible their direct interface with standard 50 /spl Omega/ systems.
SOME BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPE 37 AND THE CHEMISTRY OF ITS CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE

Pneumococcus Type 37, like pneumococcus Type 3, is characterized by the production of large mucoid colonies on the surface of solid media and by its very large capsule. It differs from the highly virulent pneumococcus Type 3 in that it is only slightly virulent for mice and rats and is isolated infrequently from man. A study of the behavior of pneumococcus Type 37 in systems comparable to those used in the study of pneumococcus Type 3 and an examination of the chemical structure of the capsule of pneumococcus Type 37 are described. The capsular polysaccharide of pneumococcus Type 37 is a viscous, optically inactive polymer composed of 95% hexose. Glucose is obtained in 88% yield upon acid hydrolysis. Periodate oxidation studies and the behavior of the polysaccharide on acid hydrolysis suggest that the molecule consists of a core of repeating units of 1,3 glucosyl-glucose to which short chains of glucose are attached at frequent intervals. Isolation of a disaccharide, the properties of which are identical with those of sophorose (beta1 --> 2 glucosyl-glucose), and of a trisaccharide are described. A tentative structure for the capsular polysaccharide of pneumococcus Type 37 is proposed.
Thinking About Actions: The Neural Substrates of Person Knowledge

Despite an extensive literature on the neural substrates of semantic knowledge, how person-related information is represented in the brain has yet to be elucidated. Accordingly, in the present study we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural correlates of person knowledge. Focusing on the neural substrates of action knowledge, participants reported whether or not a common set of behaviors could be performed by people or dogs. While dogs and people are capable of performing many of the same actions (e.g. run, sit, bite), we surmised that the representation of this knowledge would be associated with distinct patterns of neural activity. Specifically, person judgments were expected to activate cortical areas associated with theory of mind (ToM) reasoning. The results supported this prediction. Whereas action-related judgments about dogs were associated with activity in various regions, including the occipital and parahippocampal gyri; identical judgments about people yielded activity in areas of prefrontal cortex, notably the right middle and medial frontal gyri. These findings suggest that person knowledge may be functionally dissociable from comparable information about other animals, with action-related judgments about people recruiting neural activity that is indicative of ToM reasoning.