cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discussion: Comprehensive Agricultural Data Systems

HE two papers presented by Professors Eisgruber and Plaunt range over the broad areas of information economics and information systems. Professor Eisgruber's paper tends to describe a normative situation in qualitative terms while Professor Plaunt's paper tends to describe a positive situation in quantitative terms. They discuss many common topics, even though in most cases the topics are not approached from the same frame of reference. On might suspect that the two authors, at least to some extent, hold different philosophies on information systems development. I wish to make one specific remark before beginning a general discussion of the two papers. Professor Eisgruber devotes considerable attention to the identification of information and information systems, yet I am not completely convinced as to the validity of his use of the term "information system." Apparently he believes that data must pass an evaluation test before it becomes a part of the system. The criterion for passing the test is whether or not the data are associated with a problem. However, does not the final decision-maker also re-evaluate the data when applying them to a particular problem? If so, then does the system contain stored data or stored information? The system described by Professor Plaunt obviously contains stored data rather than stored information; however, he does use the two terms interchangeably. I suspect that Professor Eisgruber has not described in total his concept of an information system. If he views decision-making as being a part of the system, then his use of the term would be applicable whether one insists that data or information is stored in the system. Also, under these conditions, the system would contain a feedback of data resulting from spent decisions. For the most part I agree with the content of the two authors' papers, or at least I can live with most of their statements. I now want to emphasize some general topics pertaining to the two papers that I believe important in an information system. There is no guarantee that this discussion will not contain, in part, another philosophy of information systems development. The topics that I will briefly focus upon are information, information research, information systems, data relevance, and statistical procedures. Professor Eisgruber states that "it is . . . necessary to drop the notion
Discussion of Craige's “Terminating Without Fatality”

Craige's concept of termination and the related concept of post-termination contact are based on Freud's early, one-person model of analytic therapy as a medical treatment for the cure of a disease. Post-termination contact was considered appropriate only if the patient needed additional therapy. Subsequent development to a two-person model of treatment, which recognizes the critical importance of the patient–analyst relationship, requires modification both of concepts of termination and of post-termination contact. I propose that whether there should be such contact, and what it's nature should be, should be mutually decided by patient and analyst in the termination phase, based on their risk/benefit evaluation of such meetings. The intimate, loving patient–analyst relationship, which has enhanced the patient's development, should be able to continue in some form after the end of treatment unless substantial, unresolved problems of either patient or analyst proscribe such meetings.
HydroMorph: Shape Changing Water Membrane for Display and Interaction

HydroMorph is an interactive display based on shapes formed by a stream of water. Inspired by the membrane formed when a water stream hits a smooth surface (e.g. a spoon), we developed a system that dynamically controls the shape of a water membrane. This paper describes the design and implementation of our system, explores a design space of interactions around water shapes, and proposes a set of user scenarios in applications across scales, from the faucet to the fountain. Through this work, we look to to enrich our interaction with water, an everyday material, with the added dimension of transformation.
Erythropoiesis. II. Assay of erythropoietin in hypophysectomized rats.

Summary and ConclusionsUsing incorporation of Fe59 into newly-formed red cells as index of red cell production, it has been shown that erythropoiesis is gradually reduced, reaching a minimum in rats at 8 to 13 days after hypophysectomy. A factor of 10 exists between incorporation of Fe59 into red cells of normal control (37 ± 4) and the hypophysectomized rat (4 ± 2) at this interval. We have also found that the hypophysectomized rat is an extremely sensitive preparation for assay of factor(s) in anemic plasma that stimulates or mediates erythropoiesis. Our observations may be summarized as follows: 1. Administration of anemic plasma to hypophysectomized assay animal increases incorporation of Fe59 3- to 7-fold. 2. Plasma from hypophysectomized animals and un-operated controls made anemic by repeated phlebotomy increases Fe59 red cell incorporation to the same extent when administered to the hypophysectomized assay animal. 3. A single injection of 2 ml of anemic plasma to the hypophysectomized assay animal...
New Finite Difference Formulations for Interfaces in Layered Media

Abstract New finite difference formulations are developed that model the interface between two bonded elastic solids in two dimensions. The new methods achieve the same order of accuracy as that obtained for the solid body nodes. The stability of the formulations is demonstrated. Their greater accuracy compared with earlier formulations is shown in a test using known exact solutions.
Smart grid meter analytics for revenue protection

 Abstract — With more and more installed smart meters, there is strong need from utilities to use the fast increasing data for different analytics applications. One of the important applications is revenue protection due to electricity theft, meter installation errors or meter malfunction. A data set with real data of more than 6,000 installed meters is applied in the study for revenue protection. The data is preprocessed to report unusual meter readings by examining unusual long missing/zero data and outliers. The temperature effect is normalized, followed by the algorithm of change detection. Two major change detection methods are implemented and integrated to report out meters with the most suspicious electricity usage patterns with scores.
Large Eddy Simulation of Strongly Heated Internal Gas Flows

This work is concerned with the modeling of a strongly heated, low Mach number, gas flowing upward within a vertical tube with constant heat flux boundary conditions. Four llarge eddy subgrid models are compared to two different RANS turbulence models in their ability to predict the temperature distribution in the heated pipe. All LES models predict the mean velocity profile reasonably well. The RMS values of the Smagorinsky-Lilly model and the WALE model show the same shape but different magnitude while the standard Smagorinsky model shows the maximum at a different location. The mean temperature profiles along the wall in the section with the prescribed heat flux are underpredicted by all LES models. This work is concerned with the modeling of a strongly heated, low Mach number, gas flowing upward within a vertical tube with (nearly) constant heat flux boundary conditions, in which forced convection is dominant. The heating rate is sufficiently high such that the fluid properties vary significantly in both the radial and axial directions. Since the flow is continually adjusting to the changing properties, fully developed velocity and temperature profiles never occur. Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) provide means for determining detailed information about these heated flows that may be difficult to obtain experimentally. The motivation for this problem stems from considerations that gas may be effectively employed as a coolant for advanced power reactors. In this case, it is desirable to achieve high thermal efficiencies which require high gas exit temperatures. To achieve high temperatures the mean velocity of the gas may be low enough that the relevant Reynolds number of the flow is less than 10,000. Experimental data for this class of flows is sparse. Perkins 1 obtained mean temperature distributions for dominant forced convection flow through a circular cylinder with significant gas property variations. Using essentially the same experimental apparatus, Shehata 2 obtained mean velocity distributions under some of the same flow conditions. They employed three different constant wall heat flux boundary conditions: “low” and “intermediate” heating rates at inlet Reynolds numbers of approximately 6000, and a “high” heating rate case at an inlet Reynolds number of approximately 4200. Perkins 1 characterized these three cases as turbulent, “subturbulent,” and laminarizing, respectively. The results of Perkins 1 and Shehata 2 have since been reported in detail by Shehata and McEligot. 3,4 Consequently, subsequent references to the Shehata/McEligot data refer to the data as presented in the PhD. thesis of Shehata 3 and the report of Shehata and McEligot, 4 derived from the results of Perkins 1 and Shehata. 2 These experimental data provide an opportunity to verify turbulence and subgrid scale models under the influence of strong heating and, consequently, large variations in fluid properties.
Special Considerations for the Surgeon

Significant advances in minimally invasive surgery and endoscopic techniques have redefined the management of common bile duct stones. Disease processes, which would keep patients hospitalized for protracted periods of time, have migrated to outpatient or overnight stays. Despite this, it is important in the management of these issues that special consideration be lent to resource management, physiologic considerations, previous and current anatomic issues, and ultimately specific surgical planning should operative intervention be required. While the move to minimally invasive and endoscopic techniques has lessened the need for operative intervention, it has not diminished its importance and the vital role it serves in the care of these patients. It is in this vein that we must consider the experience young surgeons emerging from training have and their comfort operating in this anatomic area.
A Postdischarge Adverse Drug Reaction Capture Mechanism Using Medical Record Technicians

This article describes a system of adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting implemented at WJB Dorn Veterans Affairs (VA) Hospital, Columbia, South Carolina, which involves reviewing all inpatient charts by medical record technicians for possible ADRs and notifying the chief pharmacist for investigation. Cases are assigned to a clinical or staff pharmacist who completes an ADR data collection form. All ADR forms are presented to and reviewed by the pharmacy and therapeutic committee where a decision is made on whether to forward the ADR to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration via the VA Central Office for compilation. In the program's second quarter of 1990, ADR reporting increased approximately fivefold.
The Johns Hopkins Swallowing Center — Initial Experience

Swallowing, from bolus gathering and processing in the mouth to transport through the pharynx and esophagus, involves a complex interaction between various anatomical structures and several physiological systems. In light of such complexity, it is therefore not surprising that a wide spectrum of motility or structural abnormalities may involve the swallowing tract. Accordingly, several medical and surgical subspecialties may need to be involved in the evaluation and management of the impaired patient. Often the presenting symptoms may be misleading or nonspecific when the physician attempts to pinpoint the site of the abnormality.
Prospective Validation of a High Dimensional Shape Model for Organ Motion in Intact Cervical Cancer

Purpose Validated models are needed to justify strategies to define planning target volumes (PTVs) for intact cervical cancer used in clinical practice. Our objective was to independently validate a previously published shape model, using data collected prospectively from clinical trials. Methods and Materials We analyzed 42 patients with intact cervical cancer treated with daily fractionated pelvic intensity modulated radiation therapy and concurrent chemotherapy in one of 2 prospective clinical trials. We collected online cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans before each fraction. Clinical target volume (CTV) structures from the planning computed tomography scan were cast onto each CBCT scan after rigid registration and manually redrawn to account for organ motion and deformation. We applied the 95% isodose cloud from the planning computed tomography scan to each CBCT scan and computed any CTV outside the 95% isodose cloud. The primary aim was to determine the proportion of CTVs that were encompassed within the 95% isodose volume. A 1-sample t test was used to test the hypothesis that the probability of complete coverage was different from 95%. We used mixed-effects logistic regression to assess effects of time and patient variability. Results The 95% isodose line completely encompassed 92.3% of all CTVs (95% confidence interval, 88.3%-96.4%), not significantly different from the 95% probability anticipated a priori ( P =.19). The overall proportion of missed CTVs was small: the grand mean of covered CTVs was 99.9%, and 95.2% of misses were located in the anterior body of the uterus. Time did not affect coverage probability ( P =.71). Conclusions With the clinical implementation of a previously proposed PTV definition strategy based on a shape model for intact cervical cancer, the probability of CTV coverage was high and the volume of CTV missed was low. This PTV expansion strategy is acceptable for clinical trials and practice; however, we recommend daily image guidance to avoid systematic large misses in select patients.
Analog optical signal processing of baseband codes in Tm:YAG up to 10 Gb/s

Aspects of analog signal processing are explored using baseband codes from 1 to 10 Gb/s modulated onto a 378 THz optical carrier and processed by spectral holographic techniques in Tm:YAG. Results include processing of signals buried in additive noise, variation of time delays over 5 /spl mu/s, and material signal losses as low as /spl sim/1 dB//spl mu/s.
On the probability distribution of distributed optimization strategies

We study the steady-state probability distribution of diffusion and consensus strategies that employ constant step-sizes to enable continuous adaptation and learning. We show that, in the small step-size regime, the estimation error at each agent approaches a Gaussian distribution. More importantly, the covariance matrix of this distribution is shown to coincide with the error covariance matrix that would result from a centralized stochastic-gradient strategy. The results hold regardless of the connected topology and help clarify the convergence and learning behavior of distributed strategies in an interesting way.
Substrate-Dependent Inhibition of Human Renal Organic Cation Transporter 2 (OCT2) by Cimetidine

Inhibition of transporter-mediated renal drug secretion is a significant concern for clinical drug-drug interactions (DDIs). In the recent draft FDA guidance for drug interaction studies, metformin and cimetidine were respectively suggested as the model substrate and inhibitor for in vivo DDI assessment for OCT2, a major renal transporter responsible for tubular secretion of cationic drugs. Emerging evidence suggests that the inhibition potency of a specific compound towards OCT2 is substrate-dependent, but the available data was mostly obtained with experimental compounds that are not used clinically. The aim of this study was to determine whether cimetidine inhibition of OCT2 differs towards metformin and atenolol, two clinically used drugs predominantly eliminated by the kidney. The IC50 values and mechanism of inhibition were determined by transport assays in Flp-In 293 cells stably expressing human OCT2. The IC50 values of cimetidine towards OCT2-mediated metformin and atenolol transport were 93.5 ± ...
Sex Differences in the Cerebral Collateral Circulation

Premenopausal women and intact female rodents sustain smaller cerebral infarctions than males. Several sex-dependent differences have been identified as potential contributors, but many questions remain unanswered. Mice exhibit wide variation in native collateral number and diameter (collateral extent) that is dependent on differences in genetic background, aging, and other comorbidities and that contributes to their also-wide differences in infarct volume. Likewise, variation in infarct volume correlates with differences in collateral-dependent blood flow in patients with acute ischemic stroke. We examined whether extent of pial collateral arterioles and posterior communicating collateral arteries (PComAs) differ depending on sex in young, aged, obese, hypertensive, and genetically different mice. We combined new data with meta-analysis of our previously published data. Females of C57BL/6J (B6) and BALB/cByJ (BC) strains sustained smaller infarctions than males after permanent MCA occlusion. This protection was unchanged in BC mice after introgression of the B6 allele of Dce1, the major genetic determinant of variation in pial collaterals among mouse strains. Consistent with this, collateral extent in these and other strains did not differ with sex. Extent of PComAs and primary cerebral arteries also did not vary with sex. No dimorphism was evident for loss of pial collateral number and/or diameter (collateral rarefaction) caused by aging, obesity, and hypertension, nor for collateral remodeling after pMCAO. However, rarefaction was greater in females with long-standing hypertension. We conclude that smaller infarct volume in female mice is not due to greater collateral extent, greater remodeling, or less rarefaction caused by aging, obesity, or hypertension.
Phase II Clinical Trial of Atorvastatin in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.

Abstract Statins constitute a class of medications commonly used in the treatment of elevated cholesterol. However, in experimental studies, statins also have other non-cholesterol-mediated mechanisms of action, which may have neuroprotective effects. The aim of this study was to determine whether administration of atorvastatin for 7 days post-injury would improve neurological recovery in patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). The hypothesis was that atorvastatin administration would reduce post-concussion symptoms and also that atorvastatin administration for 1 week post-injury would be safe. One hundred forty patients with mTBI were planned to be enrolled and randomly assigned to receive atorvastatin 1 mg/kg (up to 80 mg/kg) per day or placebo for 7 days starting within 24 h of injury. Assessments of post-concussion syndrome, post-traumatic stress and depressive symptoms, cognition, memory, verbal fluency, functional, and work status were performed at baseline, 1 week, and 1 and 3 months. The...
An Analysis of the Top-cited Articles in Emergency Medicine Education Literature.

Introduction Dissemination of educational research is critical to improving medical education, promotion of faculty and, ultimately, patient care. The objective of this study was to identify the top 25 cited education articles in the emergency medicine (EM) literature and the top 25 cited EM education articles in all journals, as well as report on the characteristics of the articles. Methods Two searches were conducted in the Web of Science in June 2016 using a list of education related search terms. Nineteen EM journals were searched for education articles as well as all other literature for emergency medicine education-related articles. Articles identified were reviewed for citation count, article type, journal, authors, and publication year. Results With regards to EM journals, the greatest number of articles were classified as articles/reviews followed by research articles on topics such as deliberate practice (cited 266 times) and cognitive errors (cited 201 times). In contrast, in the non-EM journals, research articles were predominant. Both searches found several simulation and ultrasound articles to be included. The most common EM journal was Academic Emergency Medicine (n = 18) and Academic Medicine was the most common non-EM journal (n=5). A reasonable number of articles included external funding sources (6 EM articles and 13 non-EM articles). Conclusion This study identified the most frequently cited medical education journals in the field of EM education, published in EM journals as well as all other journals indexed in Web of Science. The results identify impactful articles to medical education, providing a resource to educators while identifying trends that may be used to guide emergency medicine educational research and publishing efforts.
Locating dayside magnetopause reconnection with exhaust ion distributions

Magnetic reconnection at Earth's dayside magnetopause is essential to magnetospheric dynamics. Determining where reconnection takes place is important to understanding the processes involved, and many questions about reconnection location remain unanswered. We present a method for locating the magnetic reconnection X-line at Earth's dayside magnetopause under southward IMF conditions using only ion velocity distribution measurements. Particle-in-cell simulations based on Cluster magnetopause crossings produce ion velocity distributions that we propagate through a model magnetosphere, allowing us to calculate the field-aligned distance between an exhaust observation and its associated reconnection line. We demonstrate this procedure for two events and compare our results with those of the Maximum Magnetic Shear Model; we find good agreement with its results, and show that when our method is applicable it produces more precise locations than the Maximum Shear Model.
Death or the Powers: The Future of the Human Experience

The Pulitzer Prizes for fiction and music are incentives for excellence in creative writing, and these texts are also valuable for their visions of humanity's future. According to anthropologist Morris Opler, theme identification is essential to cultural analysis. In view of technological acceleration and radical enhancement proponents who forecast emergence of greater-than-human superintelligence, the imaginative vision of Pulitzer-winning fiction and music between 2001 and 2012, may possess themes supporting, tempering, or refuting radical enhancement in American culture. Discovering emergent themes from empirical texts is a primary activity in qualitative research, and research-based scrutiny techniques for complex narratives include 1) discovering thematic repetitions, 2) coding themes and subthemes in categories, 3) analyzing metaphors, and 4) searching for similarities and differences. With this inductive approach to themes in Pulitzer fiction and music, a thematic cybermeter can be created to test the strength of the radical enhancement conceptual frameworks proposed by Ray Kurzweil, Aubrey de Grey, Nick Bostrom, and James Hughes. Other scientific publications on machinic life and technological paradigms are also reviewed to estimate the strength of radical enhancement theories in American culture versus alternative visions that preserve the human experience.
Draft genome of tule elk Cervus elaphus nannodes

This paper presents the first draft genome of the tule elk ( Cervus elaphus nannodes ), a subspecies native to California that underwent an extreme genetic bottleneck in the late 1800s. The genome was generated from Illumina HiSeq 3000 whole genome sequencing of four individuals, resulting in the assembly of 2.395 billion base pairs (Gbp) over 602,862 contigs over 500 bp and N50 = 6,885 bp. This genome provides a resource to facilitate future genomic research on elk and other cervids.
Segregation-induced ordered superstructures at general grain boundaries in a nickel-bismuth alloy

The properties of materials change, sometimes catastrophically, as alloying elements and impurities accumulate preferentially at grain boundaries. Studies of bicrystals show that regular atomic patterns often arise as a result of this solute segregation at high-symmetry boundaries, but it is not known whether superstructures exist at general grain boundaries in polycrystals. In bismuth-doped polycrystalline nickel, we found that ordered, segregation-induced grain boundary superstructures occur at randomly selected general grain boundaries, and that these reconstructions are driven by the orientation of the terminating grain surfaces rather than by lattice matching between grains. This discovery shows that adsorbate-induced superstructures are not limited to special grain boundaries but may exist at a variety of general grain boundaries, and hence they can affect the performance of polycrystalline engineering alloys.
The potential of predictive analytics to provide clinical decision support in depression treatment planning.

Purpose of reviewTo review progress developing clinical decision support tools for personalized treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD).Recent findingsOver the years, a variety of individual indicators ranging from biomarkers to clinical observations and self-report scales have been used to pre
Comparison of Three Retaining Wall Condition Assessment Rating Systems

AbstractIn general, the nature of permanent earth retaining structures (ERSs) in highway engineering is well suited to the concept of asset management as a valuable tool for operational efficiency ...
Effect of crystal habit on filtration characteristics of gypsum

ABSTRACT During phosphoric acid manufacture, phosphate rock is reacted with sulfuric acid and the by-product, gypsum, is separated using vacuum, belt or pan filters. Filtration efficiency is known to depend on the size distribution and shape of the gypsum crystals. These properties are influenced by several process variables such as solids loading, phosphoric and sulfuric acid concentration, impurities present in the rock and temperature. Successful control of these parameters to yield optimum filtration efficiency in industrial scale has often been difficult. Alternately, the use of chemical additives to attain a consistent filter cake has been examined in the past. In this study, the addition of poly-1-glutamic acid and polyvinyl sulfonate on the crystal habit modification of dihydrate and hemihydrate were investigated. Enhanced filtration rates were obtained with both the additives and the filtration efficiency exhibited a direct correlation with the aspect ratio of the crystals formed. High sulfate concentration was also found to result in increased filtration rates.
Molecular dynamics simulation of biased agonists at the dopamine D2 receptor suggests the mechanism of receptor functional selectivity

The dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) is the primary target for antipsychotic drugs. Besides schizophrenia, this receptor is linked to dementia, Parkinson’s disease, and depression. Recent studies have sh...
Using aerial imagery and digital photography to monitor growth and yield in winter wheat

Monitoring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) performance throughout the growing season provides information on productivity and yield potential. Remote sensing tools have provided easy and quick measure...
Experiment Specification, Capture and Laboratory Automation Technology (ESCALATE): a software pipeline for automated chemical experimentation and data management

Applying artificial intelligence to materials research requires abundant curated experimental data and the ability for algorithms to request new experiments. ESCALATE (Experiment Specification, Capture and Laboratory Automation Technology)—an ontological framework and opensource software package—solves this problem by providing an abstraction layer for human- and machine-readable experiment specification, comprehensive and extensible (meta-) data capture, and structured data reporting. ESCALATE simplifies the initial data collection process, and its reporting and experiment generation mechanisms simplify machine learning integration. An initial ESCALATE implementation for metal halide perovskite crystallization was used to perform 55 rounds of algorithmically-controlled experiment plans, capturing 4336 individual experiments.
Statistical Learning of Unfamiliar Sounds as Trajectories Through a Perceptual Similarity Space

In typical statistical learning studies, researchers define sequences in terms of the probability of the next item in the sequence given the current item (or items), and they show that high probability sequences are treated as more familiar than low probability sequences. Existing accounts of these phenomena all assume that participants represent statistical regularities more or less as they are defined by the experimenters-as sequential probabilities of symbols in a string. Here we offer an alternative, or possibly supplementary, hypothesis. Specifically, rather than identifying or labeling individual stimuli discretely in order to predict the next item in a sequence, we need only assume that the participant is able to represent the stimuli as evincing particular similarity relations to one another, with sequences represented as trajectories through this similarity space. We present experiments in which this hypothesis makes sharply different predictions from hypotheses based on the assumption that sequences are learned over discrete, labeled stimuli. We also present a series of simulation models that encode stimuli as positions in a continuous two-dimensional space, and predict the next location from the current location. Although no model captures all of the data presented here, the results of three critical experiments are more consistent with the view that participants represent trajectories through similarity space rather than sequences of discrete labels under particular conditions.
Systematic alteration of ATAC-seq for profiling open chromatin in cryopreserved nuclei preparations from livestock tissues

The use of Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin (ATAC-seq) to profile chromatin accessibility has surged over the past years, but its applicability to tissues has been very limited. With the intent of preserving nuclear architecture during long-term storage, cryopreserved nuclei preparations from chicken lung were used to optimize ATAC-seq. Sequencing data were compared with existing DNase-seq, ChIP-seq, and RNA-seq data to evaluate library quality, ultimately resulting in a modified ATAC-seq method capable of generating high quality chromatin accessibility data from cryopreserved nuclei preparations. Using this method, nucleosome-free regions (NFR) identified in chicken lung overlapped half of DNase-I hypersensitive sites, coincided with active histone modifications, and specifically marked actively expressed genes. Notably, sequencing only the subnucleosomal fraction dramatically improved signal, while separation of subnucleosomal reads post-sequencing did not improve signal or peak calling. The broader applicability of this modified ATAC-seq technique was tested using cryopreserved nuclei preparations from pig tissues, resulting in NFR that were highly consistent among biological replicates. Furthermore, tissue-specific NFR were enriched for binding motifs of transcription factors related to tissue-specific functions, and marked genes functionally enriched for tissue-specific processes. Overall, these results provide insights into the optimization of ATAC-seq and a platform for profiling open chromatin in animal tissues.
Cytogenetic changes in follicular lymphoma with a diffuse large cell component

4874 Follicular lymphoma (FL), one of the most common types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), is typically an indolent NHL with a propensity to progress and transform into diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Transformed NHL has an aggressive clinical course and is frequently refractory to therapy. Some cases of the FL contain a DLBCL component at presentation. In order to categorize specific cytogenetic changes that presumably play a role in progression/transformation and to identify cytogenetic differences, if any, from ‘pure’ FL cases, we examined the karyotypes of 30 consecutive, histologically-confirmed FL cases that had a high-grade follicular large cell component as well as DLBCL component; these represent cases undergoing transformation/progression at the time of diagnosis. Nearly all of the 30 cases were characterized by an extremely complex karyotype. We performed multicolor FISH (M-FISH) studies in available cryopreserved specimens to more completely define the karyotypes. Fifty percent of the cases (15/30) had a modal number of greater than 55 chromosomes and more than 35% of cases (11/30) did not have the t(14;18) which is characteristic of FL. Of these 11 cases without the t(14;18), three had either the t(3;14) or the variant t(3;22). The most common numerical abnormalities included gains of chromosomes X, 5, 7, 12 and 18, as well as losses of chromosomes 4, 9, and 13. Recurrent breakpoints observed in more than 20% of the cases included 1p36, 3q27, 4q35, 6q21-q23, 13q14, 14q32, and 18q21. Rearrangements in ≥3 cases included 4q31, 5q31, 6q15, 7q22, 9p13, 10q22, 10q24, 12p13, and 22q11.2. As determined by cytogenetic and M-FISH studies, some of these recurrent breakpoints represent early secondary karyotypic alterations among FL undergoing progression/transformation. Morphologic and cytogenetic correlation at diagnosis is important in delineating the genetic and molecular basis of progression/transformation in FL.
Modal Parameter Estimation of a Compliant Panel Using Phase-based Motion Magnification and Stereoscopic Digital Image Correlation

This paper demonstrates the use of broad-band phase based motion magnification (PMM) to improve the modal parameter estimation from high-speed stereoscopic digital image correlation (DIC). PMM is used as a diagnostic technique to investigate the free vibration response of a panel. The compliant panel, consisting of a thin polycarbonate sheet, forms a test section wall in a supersonic blow-down wind tunnel, where it is used to investigate supersonic fluid-structure interaction in the presence of shock wave boundary layer interaction. The panel is excited by an impact hammer and the transient deformation is captured using high-speed cameras. The original and motion-magnified images are input to a digital image correlation algorithm to calculate the out-of-plane deformation of the panel. The measured deformation is used to extract the modal parameters of the compliant panel. By using PMM as a preprocessing tool in a broad frequency band containing multiple structural modes, the signal to noise ratio of the measured deformation is improved. The use of PMM improves the estimated mode shapes, increasing the MAC value of the first mode compared to FEM predictions from 0.29 to 0.99. Motion magnification also improves the coherence between measured input force and panel deformation by up to 13% if suitable parameters are chosen.
Teacher Support for Zero Tolerance Is Associated With Higher Suspension Rates and Lower Feelings of Safety

Zero tolerance as an approach to school safety has been around for almost 3 decades. Despite widespread criticisms of zero tolerance policies, few empirical studies have investigated the relationsh...
The Crowdfunding Down Payment Option

A variety of crowdfunding sites, such as HomeFundIt, provide competitive options for perspective homebuyers to obtain the necessary funds required for their down payment. Although other options exi...
The State and Local Tax Deduction and Fiscal Federalism

This Article examines the state and local tax deduction as a mechanism of fiscal federalism, by analyzing the effect of the deduction, calculated as tax expenditures by state, on the imbalance of federal expenditures. It argues that, on the whole, SALT deduction was an effective, albeit imperfect, means of mitigating the imbalance of federal expenditures before the 2017 tax legislation. TCJA’s limit on the SALT deduction vastly undermined this effectiveness, while underscoring the inherent defects and obstacles in advancing federalism with a tax measure.
The genetic architecture of Alzheimer disease risk in the Ohio and Indiana Amish

Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia and is currently estimated to affect 6.2 million Americans. It ranks as the sixth leading cause of death in the United States and the proportion of deaths due to AD has been increasing since the year 2000 while the proportion of many other leading causes of deaths have decreased or remained constant. The risk for AD is multifactorial, including genetic and environmental risk factors. Though APOE remains the largest genetic risk factor for AD, more than 26 other loci have been associated with AD risk. Here, we recruited from a population of Amish adults from Ohio and Indiana to investigate AD risk and protective genetic effects. With slightly lower incidence and later age of onset, it is thought that the Amish may hold protective genetic variants for AD. As a founder population that typically practices endogamy, variants that are rare in the general population may be at higher frequency in the Amish population. We characterized the genetic architecture of AD risk in the Amish and compared this to a non-Amish population, elucidating the lower relative importance of APOE and differing genetic architecture of the Amish compared to a general European ancestry population.
Family routines and child problem behaviors in fragile families: The role of social demographic and contextual factors

Abstract Family routines are important for both the family functioning and a child’s physical and behavioral health. This study aims to untangle whether regularity ofregu family routine at age nine are associated with child internalizing and externalizing behaviors at age 15, and whether social demographic and contextual factors (i.e., child gender, maternal race, and poverty status) moderate these associations. This study utilizes data from waves five and six of the Fragile Families and Child Well-being Study (N = 2,578, 52% male, ages 9–15). Results indicated that mother-child participation in indoor activities was related to fewer child internalizing behaviors. Talking about current events and checking homework were associated with fewer externalizing behaviors, while playing computer games was related to more externalizing behaviors. Child gender, maternal race, and poverty status emerged as salient moderators, such that playing computer games had a stronger influence on increased externalizing behaviors of boys compared to girls. Conversations about current events and completing household chores were especially important for non-Hispanic Black children in the reduction of problem behaviors; yet reading books and talking with children about their day resulted in increased child problem behaviors among those living in poverty. The findings of this study highlight a need for culturally sensitive research and interventions that consider the relationships among socio-demographic factors, family routines and child behavioral issues.
Recent technical advances in the study of nucleic acid modifications.

Summary Enzyme-mediated chemical modifications of nucleic acids are indispensable regulators of gene expression. Our understanding of the biochemistry and biological significance of these modifications has largely been driven by an ever-evolving landscape of technologies that enable accurate detection, mapping, and manipulation of these marks. Here we provide a summary of recent technical advances in the study of nucleic acid modifications with a focus on techniques that allow accurate detection and mapping of these modifications. For each modification discussed (N6-methyladenosine, 5-methylcytidine, inosine, pseudouridine, and N4-acetylcytidine), we begin by introducing the “gold standard” technique for its mapping and detection, followed by a discussion of techniques developed to address any shortcomings of the gold standard. By highlighting the commonalities and differences of these techniques, we hope to provide a perspective on the current state of the field and to lay out a guideline for development of future technologies.
A genetic algorithm with self-distancing bits but no overt linkage

We present a novel representation and crossover operator for genetic algorithms. Bits are not linked to one another. Instead, the current population suggests a pseudo-distance between each pair of bits; this pseudo-distance really measures the degree to which bits appear to participate in a building block. Then crossover respects the pseudo-distance: it is clumps of nearby bits that have their values copied from parent to child. Thus our new approach does directly (preservation of building blocks under crossover) what other approaches only hope to do indirectly. Our approach is tested on several problems, ranging from simple to very challenging, and the results compared to standard approaches. In these problems, the new approach is successful and usually outperforms the standard approaches.
S100β as a novel and accessible indicator for the presence of monocyte-driven encephalitis in AIDS

N. A. Renner, R. K. Redmann, T. Moroney-Rasmussen, H. A. Sansing, P. P. Aye, P. J. Didier, A. A. Lackner and A. G. MacLean (2012) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology38, 162–174 S100β as a novel and accessible indicator for the presence of monocyte-driven encephalitis in AIDS Aims: The pathogenesis of human/simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis (HIVE/SIVE) remains incompletely understood, but is associated with alterations in the blood–brain barrier. At present, it is not possible to easily determine if an individual has HIVE/SIVE before post mortem examination. Methods: We have examined serum levels of the astroglial protein S100β in SIV-infected macaques and show that it can be used to determine which animals have SIVE. We also checked for correlations with inflammatory markers such as CCL2/MCP-1, IL-6 and C-reactive protein. Results: We found that increased S100β protein in serum correlated with decreased expression of the tight junction protein zonula occludens-1 on brain microvessels. Furthermore, the decrease in zonula occludens-1 expression was spatially related to SIVE lesions and perivascular deposition of plasma fibrinogen. There was no correlation between encephalitis and plasma levels of IL-6, MCP-1/CCL2 or C-reactive protein. Conclusions: Together, these data indicate that SIVE lesions are associated with vascular leakage that can be determined by S100β protein in the periphery. The ability to simply monitor the presence of SIVE will greatly facilitate studies of the neuropathogenesis of AIDS.
Going to the Oracle: Goldman Sachs, September 2008 (TN)

On September 23, 2008, in the midst of a historic crisis in the U.S. financial markets, Warren Buffet's Berkshire Hathaway invested $5 billion in Goldman Sachs. Goldman CEO Lloyd Blankfein said: 'We are pleased that given our longstanding relationship, Warren Buffett, arguably the world's most admired and successful investor, has decided to make such a significant investment in Goldman Sachs.' He added that the deal 'will further bolster our strong capitalization and liquidity position,' calling Buffett's decision 'a strong validation of our client franchise and future prospects.' For his part, Buffett called Goldman 'an exceptional institution' with '...an unrivaled global franchise, a proven and deep management team, and the intellectual and financial capital to continue its track record of outperformance.' This case provides an opportunity to evaluate Goldman's decision to raise capital, the cost of the firm of Buffett's investment and the decision by Warren Buffett to make the investment, all in the context of a profound market crisis that may have altered the usual metrics for such decisions.
Convexity theories 0. Foundations

For an arbitrary prenormed semiring, the closed unit ball functor from the category R pnSmod 1 ofR-prenormedR-semimodules with contractions to the category of sets has a left adjoint. For such a semiringR the notion of finitary convexity theory Γ overR is introduced and the category ΓC of Γ-modules is defined. It is shown that the canonical functor R pnSmod 1 → ΓC has a left adjoint. In caseR is a banach semiring one has infinitary convexity theories, in addition to the finitary ones, and again the canonical functor R bnSmod 1 → ΓC has a left adjoint.
NBTI in Si 0.5 Ge 0.5 RMG gate stacks — Effect of high-k nitridation

Negative Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI) is assessed in (100)Si planar cSi 0.5 Ge 0.5 Replacement Metal Gate (RMG) gate stacks, with and without high-k nitridation for various post nitridation anneal (PNA) conditions. Observed initial N it was 8∼9×1011 cm−2. Nitrided devices show higher NBTI than non-nitrided devices. Observed time slopes become shallower from ∼0.25 to ∼0.20. Overall, observed NBTI in cSi 0.5 Ge 0.5 stacks are promising making it viable for use in 7nm and below nodes.
3D and 2D Marginal Fit of Pressed and CAD/CAM Lithium Disilicate Crowns Made from Digital and Conventional Impressions

Purpose This in vitro study evaluated the 3D and 2D marginal fit of pressed and computer-aided-designed/computer-aided-manufactured (CAD/CAM) all-ceramic crowns made from digital and conventional impressions. Materials and Methods A dentoform tooth (#30) was prepared for an all-ceramic crown (master die). Thirty type IV definitive casts were made from 30 polyvinyl siloxane (PVS) impressions. Thirty resin models were produced from thirty Lava Chairside Oral Scanner impressions. Thirty crowns were pressed in lithium disilicate (IPS e.max Press; 15/impression technique). Thirty crowns were milled from lithium disilicate blocks (IPS e.max CAD; 15/impression technique) using the E4D scanner and milling engine. The master die and the intaglio of the crowns were digitized using a 3D laser coordinate measurement machine with accuracy of ±0.00898 mm. For each specimen a separate data set was created for the Qualify 2012 software. The digital master die and the digital intaglio of each crown were merged using best-fitting alignment. An area above the margin with 0.75 mm occlusal-gingival width circumferentially was defined. The 3D marginal fit of each specimen was an average of all 3D gap values on that area. For the 2D measurements, the marginal gap was measured at two standardized points (on the margin and at 0.75 mm above the margin), from standardized facial-lingual and mesial-distal digitized sections. One-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey's honestly significant difference and two-way ANOVA tests were used, separately, for statistical analysis of the 3D and 2D marginal data (alpha = 0.05). Results One-way ANOVA revealed that both 3D and 2D mean marginal gap for group A: PVS impression/IPS e.max Press (0.048 mm ± 0.009 and 0.040 mm ± 0.009) were significantly smaller than those obtained from the other three groups (p < 0.0001), while no significant differences were found among groups B: PVS impression/IPS e.max CAD (0.088 mm ± 0.024 and 0.076 mm ± 0.023), C: digital impression/IPS e.max Press (0.089 mm ± 0.020 and 0.075 mm ± 0.015) and D: digital impression/IPS e.max CAD (0.084 mm ± 0.021 and 0.074 mm ± 0.026). The results of two-way ANOVA revealed a significant interaction between impression techniques and crown fabrication methods for both 3D and 2D measurements. Conclusions The combination of PVS impression method and press fabrication technique produced the most accurate 3D and 2D marginal fits.