cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
School Reform, Constructed Learning, and Educational Technology

School reform symbolizes an opportunity for significantly improving public education. Reform movements occur every few years. A cry goes out for public support to implement another new improvement plan and to secure more money for the children. A review of the school reform movement finds very little change in the learning environment although technology has changed the world at large during the past century. This research suggests that reform movements and technology must work together to bring about major changes in the learning environment if public schools are to remain a viable institution in the twenty-first century. Creative teaching using technology must reach the learning and interest levels of all students. “Just-in-time” teaching techniques must be connected with the interest and ability of the student.
Morphing into cancer: the role of developmental signaling pathways in brain tumor formation.

Morphogens play a critical role in most aspects of development, including expansion and patterning of the central nervous system. Activating germline mutations in components of the Hedgehog and Wnt pathways have provided evidence for the important roles morphogens play in the genesis of brain tumors such as cerebellar medulloblastoma. In addition, aberrant expression of transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b) superfamily members has been demonstrated to contribute to progression of malignant gliomas. This review summarizes our current knowledge about the roles of morphogens in central nervous system tumor- igenesis. ' 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 64: 458-475, 2005
Training Pediatric Residents and Pediatricians about Adolescent Mental Health Problems: A Proof-of-Concept Pilot for a Proposed National Curriculum

Objective This article presents a DVD-based educational program intended to help pediatric residents and practicing pediatricians recognize and respond to adolescent depression in busy primary care settings.
Anatomy and origin of carbonate structures in a Miocene cold-seep field

Miocene calcite concretions resembling modern carbonate structures that form at cold seeps are present in fractured opal- CT porcelanites that are interbedded with mudstones in coastal cliffs at Santa Cruz, California. The morphologies of the carbonate structures differ markedly from conventional concretions and are spatially aligned with orthogonal joints in the porcelanites. The structures contain tubular holes that are identical to fluid and gas conduits in modern carbonate seep structures; the orientations of these tubes suggest that fluid and gas flow was both vertical and horizontal, the latter along extensional joints that formed preferentially in the brittle, silica-rich layers that had enhanced bedding- parallel permeability. Petrographic and isotopic characteristics of the carbonate structures indicate that calcite precipitation occurred in a shallow, subseafloor environment in either the zone of microbial sulfate reduction or of methanogenesis, prior to or possibly simultaneously with the silica phase transformation of opal- A in diatom shells to opal-CT.
C-ICAMA, a centralized intelligent channel assigned multiple access for multi-layer ad-hoc wireless networks with UAVs

Multi-layer ad hoc wireless networks with UAVs is an ideal infrastructure to establish a rapidly deployable wireless communication system any time any where in the world for military applications. In this tactical environment, information traffic is quite asymmetric. Ground fighting units are information consumers and receive far more data than they transmit. The up-link is used for sending requests for information and some networking configuration overhead with a few kilobits, while the down-link is used to return the data requested with megabits size (e.g. multimedia file of images and charts). Centralized intelligent channel assigned multiple access (C-ICAMA) is a MAC layer protocol proposed for ground backbone nodes to access UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) to solve the highly asymmetric data traffic in this tactical environment. With it's intelligent scheduling algorithm, it can dynamically allocate bandwidth for up-link and downlink to fit the instantaneous status of asymmetric traffic. The results of C-ICAMA is very promising, due to the dynamic bandwidth allocation of asymmetric up-link and down-link, the access delay is tremendously reduced.
Determining Location and Design of Cost-Effective Wildlife Crossing Structures Along US-64 in North Carolina

U.S. Highway 64 is a primary transportation route from the Outer Banks of North Carolina. The road bisects a network of federal, state, and privately managed conservation areas that provide habitat for black bear, red wolf (a federally endangered species), migratory birds, a diverse assemblage of herpetofauna, and numerous other species. The North Carolina Department of Transportation has plans to widen the highway from two to four lanes. The effects of increased habitat fragmentation and projected sea-level rise were significant concerns. Wildlife surveys were conducted from April 2009 to July 2010 to assess existing highway impacts. Roadkill and track surveys provided data on successful and unsuccessful road crossings. Roadkill data included 27,877 individuals of 113 species. From 31 track stations, 18 different species or taxa from 7,477 tracks were recorded. Spatial analysis of roadkill and track data revealed significant hot spots of wildlife activity. Results of field surveys and landscape analysis were used to determine candidate locations for wildlife crossings and other measures to reduce adverse effects of the proposed widening of the road. Recommendations included type of structure and design specifications according to site specifics and target species requirements.
EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES OF STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE IN INFANTS THE EFFECTS OF SEASON AND AGE ON PNEUMOCOCCAL ACQUISITION AND CARRIAGE IN THE FIRST 24 MONTHS OF LIFE

In a study of the natural history of pneumococcal carriage and infection in infants enrolled at birth in Birmingham, Alabama from November 1974 to December 1975, the authors observed patterns of acquisition and carriage that appeared to be influenced by age and the season of the year. To describe more precisely these effects, the original data were used to construct multiple regression models for acquisition, carriage rates, and duration of carriage of pneumococci during the first 24 months of life. The acquisition rate was strongly seasonal, with a marked winter peak and summer low. Seasonal rate increased with age, while the duration of carriage decreased; these combined effects were reflected in the carriage rate, which increased sharply up to the age of nine months, then leveled off. While age and season accounted for a relatively small part of the variation in acquisition and carriage rates, the models were found to fit the data very well. The authors were able to analyze the data in a precise fashion, confirm earlier observations, and relate them to the work of other investigators over the past 50 years.
Characterization of High Early-Strength, Self-Consolidating Concrete for Design of Pretensioned Bridge Elements

Self-consolidating concrete (SCC) is an innovative construction material that can be placed into forms without mechanical vibration. Precast, prestressed concrete plants require that the concrete used to fabricate their structural members attain high early strength. High early-strength SCC could provide significant value for precast plants. However, the high early-strength SCC mixture constituents, proportions, and construction may affect the hardened properties, and SCC may not provide the same performance as conventional concrete. SCC and conventional concrete mixture proportions designed for precast, prestressed bridge elements were evaluated to characterize the associated mechanical properties, shear characteristics, bond characteristics, and creep. To assess the applicability of SCC in prestressed girder systems, four full-scale girder-deck systems containing conventional concrete and SCC precast girders were fabricated and tested. Results from this research indicate that the AASHTO Load and Resistan...
A Radius Adaptive K-Best Decoder With Early Termination: Algorithm and VLSI Architecture

This paper presents a novel algorithm and architecture for K-Best decoding that combines the benefits of radius shrinking commonly associated with sphere decoding and the architectural benefits associated with K-Best decoding approaches. The proposed algorithm requires much smaller K and possesses the advantages of branch pruning and adaptively updated pruning threshold while still achieving near-optimum performance. The algorithm examines a much smaller subset of points as compared to the K-Best decoder. The VLSI architecture of the decoder is based on a pipelined sorter-free scheme. The proposed K-Best decoder is designed to support a 4 × 4 64-QAM system and is synthesized with 65-nm technology at 158-MHz clock frequency and 1-V supply. The synthesized decoder can support a throughput of 285.8 Mb/s at 25-dB signal-to-noise ratio with an area of 210 kGE at 12.8-mW power consumption.
Consumption of Atmospheric Nitrogen

Almost a century ago, Hellriegel and Wilfarth demonstrated that legumes fixed N2 with the aid of microorganisms living in root nodules (Hellriegel, 1886a; Hellriegel and Wilfarth, 1888). They finally explained an observation, made by Boussingault a half-century earlier, that legumes gathered more nitrogen than other plants. Since then, microbiologists, ecologists, chemists, biochemists, agronomists, botanists, geneticists, and, more recently, molecular geneticists have investigated the problems of biological N2 fixation. Our perception of this important process has evolved from the empirical observations of ancient farmers on the beneficial effects that legumes have on the soil to the point today where many of the genes involved in N2 fixation have been isolated and their nucleotide sequences determined. The meaning of nitrogen fixation has changed from the early 19th century to the present. Originally the term implied the fixing of any nitrogen into organic matter, whether combined nitrogen or N2. Today, the term nitrogen fixation is most commonly used when referring to the conversion of N2 to the oxidation state of ammonia—a process carried out biologically only by prokaryotes.
Activation of the Nitric Oxide Synthase 2 Pathway in the Response of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells to High Doses of Ionizing Radiation

Abstract Gorbunov, N. V., Pogue-Geile, K. L., Epperly, M. W., Bigbee, W. L., Draviam, R., Day, B. W., Wald, N., Watkins, S. C. and Greenberger, J. S. Activation of the Nitric Oxide Synthase 2 Pathway in the Response of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells to High Doses of Ionizing Radiation. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence analysis of D2XRII murine bone marrow stromal cells showed that γ irradiation with doses of 2–50 Gy from 137Cs stimulated expression of nitric oxide synthase 2 (Nos2, also known as iNos). The activation of Nos2 was accompanied by an increase in the fluorescence of 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate, a nitric oxide trap, and accumulation of 3-nitrotyrosine within cellular proteins in a dose-dependent manner. These effects were inhibited by actinomycin D and by N-[3-(aminomethyl)benzyl]acetamidine dihydrochloride, a specific inhibitor of Nos2. The induction of Nos2 expression and Nos2-dependent release of nitric oxide in D2XRII cells was observed within 24 h afte...
Epidemiology of mycobacterial lymphadenitis in an idaho swine herd

A study of Mycobacterium avium infected swine in an Idaho herd was made to obtain information on morbidity and to evaluate some control measures. Of 867 pigs slaughtered during a 30-day period in May and June, 1974, 100 carcasses were condemned or passed for cooking and 406 carcasses had lesions in one lymph node and were passed without restriction. Mycobacteriologic examinations were made on 33 pigs which were tuberculin tested. Mycobacterium avium was isolated from 21 of 26 tuberculin positive pigs and from 4 to 7 tuberculin negative pigs. Lymphocyte stimulation tests were completed for 12 pigs. Positive results were observed in 11 and M. avium was isolated from 7. Mycobacterium avium serotypes 1,2,4,8, and 9 were identified.
Characteristics of methadone maintenance treatment patients prescribed opioid analgesics.

ABSTRACTBackground: Opioid analgesic use and disorders have dramatically increased among the general American population and those receiving methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). Most research among MMT patients focuses on opioid analgesics misuse or disorders; few studies focus on MMT patients prescribed opioid analgesics. We describe demographic, clinical, and substance use characteristics of MMT patients prescribed opioid analgesics and compare them with MMT patients not prescribed opioid analgesics. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional secondary data analysis using screening interviews from a parent study. From 2012 to 2015, we recruited adults from 3 MMT Bronx clinics. Questionnaire data included patterns of opioid analgesic use, substance use, comorbid illnesses, and demographic characteristics. Our main dependent variable was patients' report of currently taking prescribed opioid analgesics. To compare characteristics between MMT patients prescribed and not prescribed opioid analgesics, we cond...
Of Sinners and Saints: Theodore Schroeder, Brigham Roberts, and Reed Smoot

Although best known for his decades-long crusade in support of untrammeled freedom of speech, Theodore Schroeder (1864 1953) was also a leading anti-Mormon.1 After graduating from the University of Wisconsin Law School in 1889, Schroeder went to Utah where he practiced law in Salt Lake City.2 In addition, this self-proclaimed disciple of Robert Ingersoll was active in liberal causes. He helped organize the first Democratic Club of Utah, contributed to the reorganization of the Salt Lake Herald as the organ of the Democratic party, worked to obtain statehood for the Territory of Utah, pushed for the abolition of Utah's poll tax, and helped found the First Unitarian Society of Salt Lake City. Seeing the Mormons as unfairly persecuted by Gentiles, Schroeder at first sought to aid them. In the election of 1891, he worked with the People's Party, a group friendly to the Church, and wrote pro-Mormon letters in Mormon-controlled journals, under the pseudonym "A. T. Heist."3
Immediate Effects of Methylphenidate on Cognition

The immediate effects of methylphenidate on cognitive attention in 15 children (13 males, 2 females; mean age 9y 5m) with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were assessed at Guy's Hospital, Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital, and Institute of Child Health, University College, London.
Creative Direction of Dosage Form Changing in Drug Registration

OBJECTIVE To study the creative direction of dosage form changing in drug registration.METHODS By analyzing the situation of dosage form changing,the measures and methods for controlling blindly changing of dosage form were discussed.RESULTS CONCLUSION The countermeasures of regulating drug registration management system and relative rules,strengthening policy guidance,and encouraging drug innovation were suggested.
Liothyronine Improves Biochemical Control of Congenital Hypothyroidism in Patients with Central Resistance to Thyroid Hormone

Objective To assess whether adding liothyronine (LT3) to levothyroxine (LT4) monotherapy normalizes serum thyrotropin (TSH) and thyroxine (T4) concentrations in children with congenital hypothyroidism and central resistance to thyroid hormone. Study design We retrospectively studied 12 patients with congenital hypothyroidism and central resistance to thyroid hormone (6 treated with LT3+LT4 combined therapy and 6 treated with LT4 monotherapy). In patients receiving combined therapy, we compared serum concentrations of TSH, T4, and triiodothyronine before and after addition of LT3. We used repeated measures analysis to compare thyroid function in participants receiving combined therapy vs monotherapy, while accounting for age and intrasubject correlation. Results In patients receiving combined therapy, the addition of LT3 was associated with normalization of mean TSH (9.2 vs 4.5 mIU/L, P = .002), a lower proportion of TSH values greater than 10 mIU/L (35% vs 8%, P = .03), and a decrease in mean serum T4 by 23 ± 9% ( P P P P = .06). LT3 treatment did not increase serum T3 levels significantly. Conclusion The addition of LT3 to LT4 monotherapy facilitates normalization of both serum TSH and T4 in patients with congenital hypothyroidism and central resistance to thyroid hormone. Larger prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings and to determine the effect of combined therapy on neurodevelopmental outcomes.
Treating Children with Fractures at Distal Radial or RadialUlna by Kirschner Wire's Interior-Fixation Eschewing Epiphyses

Objective To investigate and assess the clinical effect of treatment of children′s fractures at distal radial or radial-ulna through incision and Kirschner wire′s interior fixation without coursing epiphysis.Methods The treatment of children′s fractures at distal radial or radial-ulna in our hospital between 1996 and 2005 were reviewed,91 cases via Kirsehner-wire′s internal fixation were dealt.According to the way of placing Kirschner wire,the patients were divided into 2 groups.Group A of 53 cases eschewing epiphysis and passed bone-cortex.Group B of 38 cases got intramedullary fixation and passed epiphysis for 38 cases.After 6-100 months′ follow-up investigation,the 2 groups were comporred by analyzing statistics and the number of cases which involved repeatedly setting of Kirschner wire during operation,anatomical restoration,replacement,Kirschner-wire moving,infection,wrist′s dysfunction and bridge between the epiphysis.Results The fractures in both groups were recovering well.Besides,both were at the low rate of repeated replacement,Kirschner wire moving and infection.However,there were significant differences on repeated setting of Kirschner wire during operation,wrist′s dysfunction and bridge between the epiphysis,of which group B were higher than those in group A.Conclusions While the children′s fractures at distal radial or radial-ulna will be reduced by incision and fixing with Kirschner wire,the way of eschewing epiphyses and passing bone-cortex is better because it accords with anatomic character of children.It can not only fix reliably and bring satisfying clinical treatment effect,but also cause little complication.Thus,it is superior to the way of intramedullary fixation and passed epihysis.
Manipulation of gene function in Xenopus laevis.

Xenopus laevis embryos are particularly well suited to address questions requiring either knockdown or overexpression of genes in a tissue-specific fashion during vertebrate embryonic development. These manipulations are achieved by targeted injection of either antisense morpholino oligonucleotides, or synthetic mRNAs, respectively, into the early embryo. Herein we offer detailed protocols describing how to design and perform these experiments successfully, as well as a brief discussion of considerations for performing a microarray analysis in this organism.
Differential modification of cyclo-oxygenase and peroxidase activities of prostaglandin endoperoxidase synthase by proteolytic digestion and hydroperoxides.

Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase (PES, EC 1.14.99.1) catalyse the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H2. The enzyme is a 140 kDa homodimer which contains both a cyclo-oxygenase activity (converting arachidonate into prostaglandin G2) and peroxidase activity (reducing prostaglandin G2 to H2). PES undergoes rapid self-inactivation during oxygenation of arachidonate to prostaglandin H2 in vitro. The previously reported cDNA-derived amino acid sequence indicates numerous sites for trypsin or thrombin cleavage. Most of these sites must be inaccessible, since these enzymes cleave only at Arg253. The enzyme appears to be a self-adherent and highly folded molecule, since after cleavage it retains its functional assembly and its homodimer size of 140 kDa, as well as its overall enzymic activity. Only under denaturing conditions (e.g. SDS/PAGE) can the proteolytic peptides be demonstrated: a 38 kDa C-terminal fragment containing the aspirin-derived-acetyl-binding ability, and a 33 kDa N-terminal fragment. In the present studies we investigated whether the two enzymic activities of PES can be differentially manipulated by proteolytic cleavage or by substrate (arachidonate) self-inactivation. The results indicated that, during arachidonate oxygenation by PES, the cyclooxygenase activity is selectively inactivated, whereas the peroxidase activity is essentially retained. By contrast, thrombin or trypsin cleavage of pure PES or microsomal PES (to yield the 38 and 33 kDa peptide fragments) inactivated the peroxidase, but not the cyclo-oxygenase. Taken together, these results suggest the presence of separate cyclo-oxygenase and peroxidase structural domains on the enzyme.
Policy processes in South Korea through the lens of the Advocacy Coalition Framework

ABSTRACTThe central challenge in advancing the study of public policy is developing portable approaches that capture the specificity of a particular context while also identifying generalities. This article explores the portability of the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) to South Korea. The arguments are drawn from a comprehensive review of 67 peer-reviewed applications of the ACF in South Korea from 2002 through 2014 that were written in English and Korean languages. These applications of the ACF show usefulness but not without some reservations about its applicability and its capacity to generate original insights about the South Korean policy processes.
Standards Underlying Cloud Networking

Clouds are intrinsically dependent on sophisticated approaches to networking. Automated methods to define, create, and control network functions are required to achieve the resilience, scalability, and flexibility expected of cloud services. This instance of the "Standards Now" column explores and differentiates between a variety of modern techniques related to networks in cloud settings
Hybrid edge and feature-based single-image superresolution

A neighborhood-dependent component feature learning method for regression analysis in single-image superresolution is presented. Given a low-resolution input, the method uses a directional Fourier phase feature component to adaptively learn the regression kernel based on local covariance to estimate the high-resolution image. The unique feature of the proposed method is that it uses image features to learn about the local covariance from geometric similarity between the low-resolution image and its high-resolution counterpart. For each patch in the neighborhood, we estimate four directional variances to adapt the interpolated pixels. This gives us edge information and Fourier phase gives features, which are combined to interpolate using kernel regression. In order to compare quantitatively with other state-of-the-art techniques, root-mean-square error and measure mean-square similarity are computed for the example images, and experimental results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms similar techniques available in the literature, especially at higher resolution scales.
Large-screen displays for consumer and theater use

Large screen television displays have been developed for use in stadiums, aircraft simulators, and large auditoriums. Electronic display of these images will become even more widespread with the introduction of high definition television. Consumer applications of HDTV require a large (about 3' x 5 1/3') bright display at a relatively low cost. This paper will discuss the properties of commercially available large screen television displays and evaluate the options for the new technologies that could satisfy the requirements of the future applications.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Elicitors of Host Plant Defenses Partially Suppress Cacopsylla pyricola (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) Populations Under Field Conditions.

Defense elicitors are products that activate acquired defense responses in plants, thus rendering the plants less susceptible to attack by a broad range of pests. We demonstrated previously under laboratory conditions that foliar applications of the defense elicitors Actigard (acibenzolar-S-methyl), Employ (harpin protein), or ODC (chitosan) to potted pear trees (Pyrus communis L.) each caused an increase in mortality of Cacopsylla pyricola (Forster) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) nymphs and altered the settling and oviposition behavior of the adults. In this study, we monitored C. pyricola populations over a 3-yr period on orchard-grown trees treated with water (untreated control), Actigard, Employ, or ODC. Fewer nymphs were observed on trees treated with elicitors compared with untreated trees in both 2014 and 2016. A similar but statistically nonsignificant pattern was observed in 2015 when nearly 30% fewer nymphs were observed on trees treated with elicitors versus untreated controls. Observed reductions in psyllid numbers by defense elicitors were modest and do not warrant the use of these products alone for managing C. pyricola. However, these products are often used for management of fire blight, and our observations that elicitors also reduce C. pyricola populations may be useful for system-wide integrated pest management approaches.
*Biomineralized Recombinant Collagen-Based Scaffold Mimicking Native Bone Enhances Mesenchymal Stem Cell Interaction and Differentiation

The need of synthetic bone grafts that recreate from macro- to nanoscale level the biochemical and biophysical cues of bone extracellular matrix has been a major driving force for the development of new generation of biomaterials. In this study, synthetic bone substitutes have been synthesized via biomimetic mineralization of a recombinant collagen type I-derived peptide (RCP), enriched in tri-amino acid sequence arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD). Three-dimensional (3D) isotropic porous scaffolds of three different compositions are developed by freeze-drying: non-mineralized (RCP, as a control), mineralized (Ap/RCP), and mineralized scaffolds in the presence of magnesium (MgAp/RCP) that closely imitate bone composition. The effect of mineral phase on scaffold pore size, porosity, and permeability, as well as on their in vitro kinetic degradation, is evaluated. The ultimate goal is to investigate how chemical (i.e., surface chemistry and ion release from scaffold) together with physical signals (i.e., surface nanotopography) conferred via biomimetic mineralization can persuade and guide mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) interaction and fate. The three scaffold compositions showed optimum pore size and porosity for osteoconduction, without significant differences between them. The degradation tests confirmed that MgAp/RCP scaffolds presented higher reactivity under physiological condition compared to Ap/RCP ones. The in vitro study revealed an enhanced cell growth and proliferation on MgAp/RCP scaffolds at day 7, 14, and 21. Furthermore, MgAp/RCP scaffolds potentially promoted cell migration through the inner areas reaching the bottom of the scaffold after 14 days. MSCs cultured on MgAp/RCP scaffolds displayed higher gene and protein expressions of osteogenic markers when comparing them with the results of those MSCs grown on RCP or Ap/RCP scaffolds. This work highlights that mineralization of recombinant collagen mimicking bone mineral composition and morphology is a versatile approach to design smart scaffold interface in a 3D model guiding MSC fate.
Evaluating the Ergonomics of Flexible Ureteroscopy

Abstract Introduction: To date, the ergonomics of flexible ureteroscopy (URS) have not been well described. We performed a study to assess the biomechanical stresses on urologists performing URS an...
Phenotypic selection as the biological mode of epigenetic conversion and reversion in cell transformation.

Exposure of certain cell lines to methylcholanthrene, X-rays, or physiological growth constraint leads to preneoplastic transformation in all or most of the treated cells. After attaining confluence, a fraction in those cells progress to full transformation, as evidenced by their ability to form discrete foci distinguishable from the surrounding cells by virtue of their higher density. Transformation induced by suspension in agar, an even stronger growth-selective condition than confluence, is reminiscent of all but the final differentiated stage of a normal developmental process, epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Changes associated with transformation are not restricted to focus-forming cells, as the permissiveness for focus formation provided by confluent cells surrounding transformed foci is greater than that of nonselected cells. The neoplastic process can also be reversed in culture. Transformed cells passaged at low density in high serum revert to normal morphology and growth behavior in vitro and lose the capacity for tumor formation in vivo. We propose that transformation and its reversal are driven by a process of phenotypic selection that involves entire heterogeneous populations of cells responding to microenvironmental changes. Because of the involvement of whole cell populations, we view this process as fundamentally adaptive and epigenetic in nature.
Problematizing Racism in Education

Critical race theory positions racism as endemic to American life (Matsuda, Lawrence, Delgado ’ Crenshaw, 1993). In comparison, postcolonial theories situate racism at the epicenter of colonialism and the lasting effects of colonial power in postcolonial countries (Fanon, 1961; Johnston, 2003; Spivak, 1988). Through this scholarly paper, I will comparatively analyze critical race theory and postcolonial theories using personal narratives, in hopes of making the personal political (Holman Jones, 2005).
THE TAPING PROJECT: A METHOD FOR SELF-EVALUATION AND "INFORMED CONSCIOUSNESS" IN RACISM COURSES

This article describes and evaluates the effectiveness of a “Taping Project,” a teaching method for student self-evaluation in racism courses. The project offers students the opportunity (a) to hear in private the assumptions about themselves and others that they have brought into the course, (b) to reexamine these assumptions in the context of what they learn in the course, and (c) to consider if and how these assumptions have changed. Formal evaluation of the project’s effectiveness in helping students observe and reflect critically on their own development is reported in two ways: content analysis of 53 student essays using grounded theory analysis, and student and faculty evaluations of the assignment.
Drag Reduction of Non-Ionic Surfactant Mixtures

An investigation of mixed nonionic surfactant systems was made to find conditions in which high molecular weight aggregates suitable for use as drag reducers would be formed. Viscosities of a series of mixtures of Brij 96 (C18H35-(OCH2-CH2)10-OH) and Brij 92 (C18H35-(OCH2-CH2)2OH) were measured at various temperatures to find conditions for maximum relative viscosity. It had been shown earlier that this is a convenient screening technique for finding solutions exhibiting high drag reduction. A 1% (90:10 by weight) mixture of Brij 96 and Brij 92 gave the highest relative viscosity, 6.9 at 46°C, just below the cloud point.
Pheromones in Mammals

Mammalian pheromones, including those of humans, occur in four varieties, primer, releaser, signaler, and modulator, which, respectively, affect endocrine responses, elicit behavior, provide information, and influence emotion. Pheromonal responses are based on measurable response criteria, which include measuring hormones or physiological outcomes (primers); observing behavioral responses (releasers); eliciting from the animal, in an experimental environment, behavior indicating that specific information is contained within chemical signals (signalers); and directly measuring, or from indirect assessment inferring, shifts in the emotional state of the animal or human (modulators). Pheromones may be detected and transduced by either the olfactory or the vomeronasal system.
Towards a global research infrastructure for multidisciplinary study of free/open source software development

The Free/Open Source Software (F/OSS) research community is growing across and within multiple disciplines. This community faces a new and unusual situation. The traditional difficulties of gathering enough empirical data have been replaced by issues of dealing with enormous amounts of freely available public data from many disparate sources (online discussion forums, source code directories, bug reports, OSS Web portals, etc.). Consequently, these data are being discovered, gathered, analyzed, and used to support multidisciplinary research. However at present, no means exist for assembling these data under common access points and frameworks for comparative, longitudinal, and collaborative research across disciplines. Gathering and maintaining large F/OSS data collections reliably and making them usable present several research challenges. For example, current projects usually rely on direct access to, and mining of raw data from groups that generate it, and both of these methods require unique effort for each new corpus, or even for updating existing corpora. In this paper, we identify several needs and critical factors in F/OSS empirical research across disciplines, and suggest recommendations for design of a global research infrastructure for multi-disciplinary research into F/OSS development.
The Free-Jet Expansion from a Capillary Source

A comparison is made of the free j et expansions originating from an orifice and a capillary by measuring the terminal gas prop-erties. Time-of-flight and intensity data are reported for pure gases (He, Ar, C02) and mixtures of C02/He, together with condensed dimer intensities for Ar and C02. Pitot tube data are reported for N2. The results suggest that the free-jet expansions are nearly the same, provided the capillary is modeled as a non-isentropic Fanno flow process. The Fanno flow is slightly non-adiabatic, which complicates the analysis. Only the condensation kinetics appear strongly sensitive to the differences in the initial conditions for the supersonic expansion, but, no doubt, any kinetic process relaxing near the capillary orifice exit would be affected.
Cambodia and Evolution of Core Areas

Cambodia, with near circular shape, is a perfect example of a compact country (Fig. 10–1). Generally a compact country has great political cohesiveness, but its limited road and railroad network accessibility and long-drawn civil wars are impediments to its unity. It contains several physical units; Elephant and Cardamom mountains to the southwest, parts of Annamite Cordillera to the northwest, upper part of the Mekong delta to the southeast, Tonle Sap lake and its basin to the center and the west, and the Mekong river basin between the Cordillera and Tonle Sap. The Elephant/Cardamom mountains and Annamite Cordillera regions have already been discussed in Chapter 9. In this chapter the evolution of three cultural-historical core areas: Funan (about first century A.D.- 7th century A.D.), Angkor (802–1432), and Phnom Penh (1432-) has been traced with a view to understand the geographical setting of the land, its institutions, and its inhabitants, the Khmers.
Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, which primarily results from vascular damage. Two major defects contribute to the pathogenesis of T2DM: (1) impaired insulin secretion in response to glucose and other stimuli, i.e., β cell failure; and (2) impaired insulin action in the liver and peripheral (muscle and adipose) tissues, i.e., insulin resistance. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms that contribute to insulin resistance, β cell failure, and vascular damage in T2DM, with emphasis on the contribution of oxidative stress to these mechanisms.
3D image acquisition in scoliosis correction surgery: Radiation exposure of a paediatric patient cohort

3D spine imaging has become a popular technique in orthopaedic surgery to assist with the placement of screws and rods for the treatment of scoliosis. It is most often used in combination with navigation software to reduce the risk of surgical-induced patient paralysis. One way to acquire this type of imaging is to use an X-ray c-arm that rotates around the patient, mimicking a cone beam CT acquisition. Although this technique has been successfully implemented in many centres, there is a deficit of information in the literature with regard to the consequent patient radiation exposure, in particular, where an eccentric or non-circular orbit is utilised. This information is particularly important for paediatric patients, as they are the most likely candidates for this type of surgery. Our study estimates the radiation dose to paediatric patients who have undergone scoliosis correction surgery, using the proprietary non-circular orbit employed by a Ziehm Vision RFD 3D C-arm. We estimate and compare patient organ doses using this eccentric orbit with one where a simple circular orbit is assumed. We further compare our calculated organ doses with those imparted by traditional 2D fluoroscopic techniques, and calculate the risk of future radiation induced cancer for this patient cohort. The doses presented here will be useful to other centres in establishing diagnostic reference levels for this increasingly common technique.
Upper gastrointestinal bleed: Do not forget a look at ampulla

Hemosuccus pancreaticus (HP) and hemobilia (HB) are uncommon causes of upper gastrointestinal bleed. In this report, 4 cases of HP and 1 case of HB with intermittent bleeding are described. The causes of HP are rupture of splenic artery pseudoaneurysm in 3 and gastroduodenal artery aneurysm in one. The cause of HB is due to cystic artery bleed. HP can be secondary to chronic or acute pancreatitis with bleeding from pseudoaneurysm arising from peripancreatic arteries. Iatrogenic transhepatic techniques, trauma, operative injuries, malignancy, and inflammation in hepatobiliary system are the common causes of HB. All the cases are missed on first endoscopy and diagnosed on second-look endoscopy. A strong clinical suspicion is required at first endoscopy for early diagnosis and management. This case report compares presentation of HP with HB, diagnosis, and their management.
Underwater Distributed Antenna Systems: Design Opportunities and Challenges

Underwater systems for ocean exploration and monitoring consist of a mix of geographically distributed stationary infrastructure and mobile units. The stationary infrastructure could be bottom-anchored nodes and surface buoys that are connected to a control center via cables and in-air radio links. Both the stationary and mobile units can be equipped with acoustic communication modules for underwater wireless data transmission. With the backbone (cable or radio) connection, those acoustic communication modules naturally form an underwater DAS. Similar to the DAS in terrestrial radio networks, the underwater DAS supports larger acoustic communication coverage and higher network throughput compared to the CAS. Furthermore, the characteristics of underwater acoustic channels, such as the frequency-dependent signal absorption loss and the low sound speed in water, lead to unique design challenges and unforeseen opportunities in the underwater DAS. This article examines both theoretical and system design issues pertaining to the underwater DAS, including operation strategies, communication algorithms and mobile node positioning, and pinpoints future research directions to fully realize its potentials.
Preparing today’s educational software developers: voices from the field

Educational software is a growing industry, creating demand for professionals with the skills and knowledge necessary to develop high-quality learning software. This paper explores the perceptions and experiences of professionals who have made a career of developing educational software and suggests educational paths useful for professionals in the field. In-depth interviews (n = 9) and surveys (n = 92) were incorporated in this mixed-methods study. Topics addressed include developers’ backgrounds, perceptions of working in this field, roles played, alignment between educational background and roles, and suggestions for an ideal undergraduate degree for a career in educational software development. Participants’ formal education paths included computing, instructional design, and other backgrounds. Roles played varied based on those backgrounds. When asked for recommendations for an ideal educational program, the most frequent response was a hybrid/dual major. However, those with degrees in computing or instructional design were most likely to recommend a similar degree, and use of on-the-job self-study for other topics. Those without a computing degree frequently indicated that formal education in programming and technology was important, but less so than the ability to think critically. Those with a computing background indicated that a background in education was not necessary, although ideally computing students should gain experience delving into at least one industry so that they would be prepared to interact with specialists and stakeholders in any specialty area in the future. Throughout, participants noted the importance of professional skills, critical thinking, and life-long learning. Implications for educators and researchers are discussed.
Model-Based Systems Engineering as the Catalyst for a Rapid Acquisition Process (RAP)

In the current Department of Defense (DoD) Acquisition environment, applications of rapid development and acquisition processes will need to be formulated because enemies are rapidly adapting to the United States’ military capabilities and are altering their technologies, tactics, techniques and procedures to overcome the United States’ military advantages. This paper focuses on how the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory can assist our Government sponsors to apply analytical techniques tied to state-of-the-art systems engineering analysis methods to successfully implement rapid development, acquisition and deployment methodologies to stay ahead of the threat.
Training Outreach Workers to Serve American Indian Elders with Visual Impairment and Diabetes.

American Indians experience diabetes and diabetic retinopathy at a rate considerably higher than the overall U.S. population, and the number and lifespan of American Indian elders is steadily incre...
An Engineering Approach to Storage and Access in High Priority Scenarios

Over the past few years, an extensive amount of research has been done in the field of Human Factors. Applications range from the design of day-to-day products like cell phones to the design and de...
Enhanced thermal hydraulic performance by V-shaped protrusion for gas turbine blade trailing edge cooling

Abstract Modern high-pressure stage gas turbine blades are equipped with several high-performance cooling concepts, which vary based on the external heat load and the blade-topology. Blade trailing edge cooling is challenging due to the space constraints, where channel aspect ratio (AR: channel width-to-height ratio) is ~ 4:1. With an aim to enhance the thermal hydraulic performance of such narrow channels, a novel V-shaped protrusion configuration is proposed in the present study. The V-shaped protrusion derives its profile from a known concept V-shaped concavity. Numerical investigation of inline configurations of V-shaped concavities and protrusions has been carried out for a 4:1 AR channel for Reynolds number ranging from 10,000 to 60,000. The configurational parameters of both concavity and protrusion were identical. Concavity/protrusion depth-height-to-diameter (δ/D) ratio was 0.3. The streamwise (Sx) and spanwise (Sy) pitch values were 3.2D in both the configurations. The fluid flow and heat transport in the two cooling configurations are discussed in detail. Globally averaged Nusselt number, friction factor and thermal-hydraulic performance have been reported for the investigated Re range. Results show that V-shaped protrusion had the highest thermal-hydraulic performance ~ 2.23, which was about 40.4% higher than the V-shaped concavity configuration for a representative Reynolds number of 10,000.
Which Emergency Medicine Milestone Sub-competencies are Identified Through Narrative Assessments?

Author(s): Diller, David; Cooper, Shannon; Jain, Aarti; Lam, Chun Nok; Riddell, Jeff | Abstract: Introduction: Evaluators use assessment data to make judgments on resident performance within the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) milestones framework. While workplace-based narrative assessments (WBNA) offer advantages to rating scales, validity evidence for their use in assessing the milestone sub-competencies is lacking. This study aimed to determine the frequency of sub-competencies assessed through WBNAs in an emergency medicine (EM) residency program.Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of WBNAs of postgraduate year (PGY) 2-4 residents. A shared mental model was established by reading and discussing the milestones framework, and we created a guide for coding WBNAs to the milestone sub-competencies in an iterative process. Once inter-rater reliability was satisfactory, raters coded each WBNA to the 23 EM milestone sub-competencies.Results: We analyzed 2517 WBNAs. An average of 2.04 sub-competencies were assessed per WBNA. The sub-competencies most frequently identified were multitasking, medical knowledge, practice-based performance improvement, patient-centered communication, and team management. The sub-competencies least frequently identified were pharmacotherapy, airway management, anesthesia and acute pain management, goal-directed focused ultrasound, wound management, and vascular access. Overall, the frequency with which WBNAs assessed individual sub-competencies was low, with 14 of the 23 sub-competencies being assessed in less than 5% of WBNAs.Conclusion: WBNAs identify few milestone sub-competencies. Faculty assessed similar sub-competencies related to interpersonal and communication skills, practice-based learning and improvement, and medical knowledge, while neglecting sub-competencies related to patient care and procedural skills. These findings can help shape faculty development programs designed to improve assessments of specific workplace behaviors and provide more robust data for the summative assessment of residents.
$0.0062\ {}^{\circ}/\sqrt{hr}$ Angle Random Walk and $0.027\ {}^{\circ}/hr$ Bias Instability from a Micro-Shell Resonator Gyroscope with Surface Electrodes

This paper reports measured results for a fused-silica precision shell integrating (PSI) micro gyroscope employing out-of-plane drive/sense transduction mechanism. The PSI gyroscope is made with a 5 mm radius shell resonator operating in $n=2$ wine-glass mode at a frequency ( $f_{n=2}$ ) of 5.803 kHz with as-fabricated frequency split ( $\Delta f$ ) of 2.1 Hz. Large and reasonably uniform capacitance (∼0.25 pF) is achieved with flat surface electrodes. The gyroscope is operated in the force-rebalance mode by interfacing with an ultra-low-noise transimpedance amplifier (TIA). Near-navigation grade angle random walk (ARW) of $0.0062\ \deg/\sqrt{\mathrm{h}}\mathrm{r}$ , in-run bias instability (BI) of 0.027 deg/hr and scale factor of 158 mV/deg/s without any temperature compensation are achieved.
Leadership Effectiveness and Marketing Successful Stories in Latin America: An Abstract

The association between leadership effectiveness and successful marketing efforts has been a somewhat popular area of research in business. Some studies have also investigated if those relationships hold in different regions across the world. This manuscript proposes an empirical study of the relationship between leadership effectiveness and marketing in Latin America, a region that lacks strong academic business research.