cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of vitamin D on bicarbonate reabsorption.

It seems well established that acute administration of vitamin D enhances renal reabsorption of sodium, phosphate and calcium in the dog and in the rat (1–5). These effects are thought to be the result of vitamin D action on the proximal tubule (1,2). Vitamin D deficiency secondary either to inadequate dietary intake or to intestinal malabsorption may be associated with the development of metabolic acidosis. This metabolic acidosis has been attributed to the secondary hyperparathyroidism of vitamin D deficiency (6,7). Pharmacological doses of parathyroid hormone depress renal bicarbonate reabsorption but not to a level low enough to result in metabolic acidosis (8,9). These studies have cast doubt on the role of parathyroid hormone per se in the generation of metabolic acidosis of hyperparathyroidism. The occurrance of metabolic acidosis in vitamin D deficiency (10) suggests that vitamin D may play a role in renal hydrogen ion secretion. Accordingly, we measured bicarbonate reabsorption before and after administration of 25 hydroxycholecalciferol (25 OHD) to dogs.
Transitioning Into Adulthood: Striking a Balance Between Support and Independence

The transition to adulthood is not easily marked by specific life events such as completing school, getting married, or having children. Variations in timing and the economic and social pressures a...
Field-cage evaluation of augmentative biological control of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Southern California cotton with the parasitoid Eretmocerus nr. californicus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)

A field cage evaluation of the parasitoid Eretmocerus nr. californicus as a biological control agent of Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring was conducted in Southern California cotton during June through August of 1992. Percentage of parasitism was highest in early August at 61% in the high parasitoid release treatment and was significantly higher than both the low parasitoid release and control treatments. The density of B. argentifolii pupae on leaves in the high parasitoid release treatment was approximately one-fifth of the other treatments. Seed cotton yield was significantly higher in the high parasitoid release cage in comparison with those of the low parasitoid release and control cages. We conclude that E. nr. californicus may be a useful control agent in an augmentative release strategy against whitefly on cotton and is deserving of large-scale, open field studies.
Effect of Media Transformation on the Spreading of Science

Modern media is now developing beyond any ancient spreading formation,and respond the more effective spreading of science than that of any epoch.The media transformation influences the spreading of sci- ence directly to the utmost,and the effective spreading of science has become the most important way to im- prove the public accomplishment of science.
Stalemate in the States: Negative Agenda Control, Veto Players, and Legislative Gridlock in the American States

This paper examines how negative agenda control influences policy change in the American state legislatures, by conceptualizing of negative agenda control as the introduction of an additional "veto player" into a state legislature. In doing so, I use the logic of “absorption” detailed by Tsebelis (2002) to synthesize predictions generated by Cox and McCubbins (2005) and Krehbiel (1998) to show that negative agenda control increases legislative gridlock. More specifically, I argue and find: 1) that the largest distance between any two veto players in a political system (i.e., the size of the “core” of a political system) positively correlates with gridlock, and 2) even conditional on a state’s preference dispersion/polarization, negative agenda control drives policy change downward. To date, few studies have examined legislative gridlock in the American states, and even fewer have made use of prominent theories of policy change in the Congress and comparative legislatures literatures. This paper seeks not only to do just that, but also to suggest a means of synthesizing two major theories of policy change in American government using a prominent comparative theory of policy change (Tsebelis 2002). Finally, along the way, it also develops a new, easily calculable measure of bill “significance” at the state level (using ACA implementation bill counts from the National Council of State Legislatures), enabling it to add to previous studies by incorporating important differences between bills when assessing the magnitude of policy change.
Dear Mrs. Baldwin, I’m Concerned

The word on the street, or at least in academic circles, is that by now it is well understood that gender is a social construct. Babies are born sexed with genitalia and often, before they open their eyes, they are swaddled in blue or pink. Bam! Gendered.
In situ Tumor Ablation with Radiation Therapy: Its Effect on the Tumor Microenvironment and Anti-tumor Immunity

The delivery of external beam radiation therapy (RT) for cancer with intent to cure has been optimized over the last 80 years and standardized to a protocol with doses fractionated into around 2 Gy amounts delivered daily five times per week to the tumor with a relatively homogeneous field and with the total dose being determined by what adjacent late responding normal tissues might tolerate. The radiobiological principles that underlie the success of such treatments have been elaborated with the most important being the relative sparing of tissues that turnover slowly (late responding tissues) compared with rapidly (acute responding tissues and many cancers) by small dose fractions. The aim of classical RT is therefore to preserve normal tissue function while curing cancer.
The effects of direct-to-consumer advertising on medication use among Medicaid children with asthma

Asthma medication adherence is low, particularly among Medicaid enrollees. There has been much debate on the impact of direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) on health care use, but the impact on medication use among children with asthma has been unexamined. The study sample included 180,584 children between the ages of 5 and 18 with an asthma diagnosis from a combined dataset of Medicaid Analytic eXtract and national advertising data. We found that DTCA expenditure during the study period was significantly associated with an increase in asthma medication use. However, the effectiveness declined after a certain level.
Women’s Employment and EITC Expansion

This chapter examines women’s employment and expansion of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) program. Section 4.2 highlights changes in women’s labor force participation since the 1970s in light of marital status, presence of children, and presence of very young children; namely, those 3 years of age or younger. The increasing proportions of such mothers in the labor force suggested that working mothers had become the norm and that government efforts should be directed at assisting nonworking mothers in such a way as to increase and sustain their labor force attachment. This sociodemographic and normative backdrop undergirded discussions of welfare reform in the 1990s, the subject of Chap. 3, and of expanding the EITC program, a subject of this chapter.
The effects of radiation-induced demagnetization on the performance of the brushless DC motor in robot servo systems

The implementation of humanoid robots will be very significant in nuclear accident treatment in substitution of humans; however the electronic and mechanical parts in robots could be damaged by large dose of radiation. In this paper we study the radiation-induced degradation of the brushless DC (BLDC) motor in robot servo systems and propose how its performance would change due to Nd-Fe-B demagnetization. An explanation of the mechanisms relevant to the radiation-induced demagnetization of the Nd-Fe-B magnets is given, and an approach using the motor back-EMF to analytically study the radiation induced performance changes of the BLDC motor is also included.
Localization in Oogenesis of Maternal Regulators of Embryonic Development

Cell polarity generates intracellular asymmetries and functional regionalization in tissues and morphogenetic processes. Cell polarity in development often relies on mechanisms of RNA localization to specific subcellular domains to define the identity of future developing tissues. The totipotent egg of most animals illustrates in a grand way the importance of cell polarity and RNA localization in regulating multiple crucial developmental events. The polarization of the egg arises during its development in oogenesis. RNAs localize asymmetrically in the early oocyte defining its animal-vegetal (AV) axis, which upon further elaboration in mid- and late-oogenesis stages produces a mature egg with specific localized factors along its AV axis. These localized factors will define the future anterior-posterior (AP) and dorsal-ventral (DV) axes of the embryo. Furthermore, AV polarity confines germ cell determinants to the vegetal pole, from where they redistribute to the cleavage furrows of the 2- and 4-cell stage embryo, ultimately specifying the primordial germ cells (PGCs). The sperm entry region during fertilization is also defined by the AV axis. In frogs and fish, sperm enters through the animal pole, similar to the mouse where it enters predominantly in the animal half. Thus, AV polarity establishment and RNA localization are involved in all the major events of early embryonic development. In this chapter, we will review the RNA localization mechanisms in vertebrate oocytes that are key to embryonic patterning, referring to some of the groundbreaking studies in frog oocytes and incorporating the current genetic evidence from the zebrafish.
NEAT: Network link emulation with adaptive time dilation

Abstract In evaluating the performance of highly complex networked systems, emulation is often used as it maintains much of the realism of testbeds, while offering increased flexibility and scalability. In large emulation systems, multiple and heterogeneous virtual machines can be deployed in relatively few general purpose physical hosts. Time dilation is a technique that allows virtual time to pass at a different (and potentially variable) rate with respect to real time, allowing for increased scalability of the emulated system. In this paper we present networking links in a large emulated system employing adaptive time dilation. The link emulation focuses on accurate delay and throughput emulation while allowing varying time dilation factors. To evaluate our system, we measure the delay and throughput of the virtual links under variable system loads.
Defensive burying as an ethological approach to studying anxiety: Influence of juvenile methamphetamine on adult defensive burying behavior in rats

Abstract The defensive burying test is an ethological approach that has both pharmacological and physiological validity in studying rodent anxiety-like behaviors. The defensive burying test measures the naturally occurring behavior of displacing bedding toward a noxious stimulus. Exposure to psychostimulants can alter anxiety behaviors in children and adults, however few studies have investigated the long-term effects of chronic juvenile stimulant exposure on anxiety behaviors in adulthood. Therefore, the current experiment tested the effects of juvenile methamphetamine exposure on defensive burying behavior in adulthood. Juvenile (PD20-34) male and female rats were either given intraperitoneal injections of 2.0 mg/kg methamphetamine or saline or were not handled, and then all groups were left undisturbed until adulthood. As adults, rats’ anxiety-like behavior was assessed after exposure to a single shock probe in a defensive burying paradigm. Adult male rats that were exposed to methamphetamine as juveniles showed a significant increase in the latency to begin burying following the shock, indicative of decreased behavioral reactivity towards the shock. However, there were no other differences between treatment groups. Interestingly, there were no sex differences in any measure. These findings suggest that early exposure to the stimulant drug methamphetamine has limited effects on defensive burying behaviors when measured in adulthood. Defensive burying is an important ethological approach to assess rodent anxiety and can increase our understanding of coping behaviors in rodents following stimulant drug exposure.
Circumferential Adipofascial Graft for Prevention of Recurrence of Posttraumatic Radioulnar Synostosis

Radioulnar synostosis can cause substantial loss of function, and surgical treatment can be challenging. Recurrence of the contracture related to scar or reformation of the synostosis is problematic. Several techniques have been described for prevention of recurrence. We present a technique utilizing a free wrap around adipofascial graft for interposition and circumferential coverage of the ulna after resection of the heterotopic bone. We believe this technique has the advantages of technical simplicity, secure interposition, and reliable outcomes.
Deformable Body Mechanics

All bodies undergo deformation when subjected to a force. In some cases, deformation may be ignored and these are problems of rigid body mechanics (Ch. 2). In other cases, deflections are of importance. Such problems are considered in this chapter, including: • Problems involving the strength of internal members
The Use of Information from and about Competitors in Small Business Management

Interviews of small business owner/managers were conducted to determine the extent to which they use information from competitors and about competitors. A combination of quantitative and qualitative information indicated that small business managers used competitors less frequently than customers and suppliers as sources of information. In addition, the managers did not analyze the competitors’ products or services closely, and they did not enter into formal arrangements with them.
Risk Communication and Miscommunication: Case Studies in Science, Technology, Engineering, Government, and Community Organizations. C. R. Boiarsky.

In Risk Communication and Miscommunication, Carolyn Boiarsky provides case studies of letters, memos, emails, and presentation slides dealing with high-risk (mostly environmental) contexts in the U...
Selecting Models for Latino Partisan Attachment: An Application of Bayesian Model Averaging

Evaluating the determinants of Latino partisan attachment based on p-values risks misleading results, especially if reported in the context of a model with numerous independent variables and in the absence of an accompanying evaluation of model uncertainty. We address model uncertainty by applying Bayesian Model Averaging to multiple national surveys of Latinos felded from 1989 to 2010, and evaluate the extent to which independent variables are candidates for foundational determinants of Latino partisan attachment. We find that some predictors that are viewed as foundational in explaining Latino partisanship are not at all robust, while some predictors that often play second-fiddle are better candidates for foundational determinants of Latino partisanship.
Outpatient Gynecologic Procedures

The majority of gynecologic surgical procedures can be performed on an outpatient basis. Utilization of outpatient surgical centers helps reduce the cost of health care, lessens the disruption of patients' personal lives, and promotes their recovery through early ambulation and a lower incidence of postoperative nosocomial complications. Patient education and improvements in anesthetic and surgical techniques will allow additional and more complicated gynecologic procedures to be performed in outpatient surgical centers. In doing so, the surgeon must not increase the overall risk of the procedure or compromise the surgical technique in a way that may produce a result that is not as good or as durable as the same procedure performed on an inpatient basis.
Strategist: a program that models strategy-driven and content-driven inference behavior

In the course of understanding a text, different readers use different inference strategies to guide their choice of interpretations of the events in the text. This is in contrast to previous computer models of understanding, which all use the same (single) strategy while concentrating on details of content-driven inference. The separate strategies are theorized to be composed of the same component inference processes, but of different rules for application of the processes. The use of different strategies occasionally results in different interpretations of a single text. This paper presents both the results of new experimental data and a working computer program, called STRATEGIST, that models both strategy-driven and content-driven inference behavior. The rules which make up two of these strategies are presented.
The Second Digital Disruption: Streaming & the Dawn of Data-Driven Creativity

This article explores the legal ramifications that flow from the explosive growth of online streaming. Two decades ago rising internet usage led to the first digital disruption: Napster, file-sharing, and the re-ordering of numerous content industries, from music to film to news. The advent of mass streaming has brought us to the threshold of a second digital disruption, which will be driven by the ability of streaming platforms to harvest massive amounts of data about consumer preferences and consumption patterns. Coupled to powerful computing, the data that firms like Netflix, Spotify, and Apple collect allows those firms to know in incredible detail what consumers like. This knowledge is already shaping the content that streaming firms produce. And this shift toward what we call “data-driven creativity” has important implications for intellectual property law and for competition in markets for creative works. This article explores these phenomena via a close look at the firm that is perhaps farthest along in its use of data-driven creativity. We show how MindGeek, the little-known parent company of Pornhub and a leading firm in the market for adult entertainment, has leveraged streaming data to not only organize and suggest content to consumers but even to shape creative decisions. MindGeek is itself the product of the same forces -- the shift to digital distribution and the accompanying explosion of free content -- that transformed mainstream creative industries and paved the way for the rise of streaming. We first show how the adult industry adapted to the first digital disruption, and how MindGeek prospered in this new environment. That story aligns with similar accounts of how creative industries adapt to a loss of control over intellectual property by shifting to piracy-resistant revenue streams. We then show how streaming firms such as MindGeek, Netflix, Spotify, and Amazon use data to make decisions about content aggregation, dissemination, and investment. Finally, we consider what these trends suggest for two key areas of the law: intellectual property and antitrust. By making creative production far less risky, data-driven creativity may drive down the need for strong IP rights. At the same time, the rise of data-driven creativity may reinforce the tendency of online markets toward dominance by a few major firms, with significant implications for competition and innovation.
Size Matters: A Comparative Analysis of Community Detection Algorithms

Understanding the community structure of social media is critical due to its broad applications such as friend recommendations, user modeling, and content personalization. Existing research uses structural metrics such as modularity and conductance and functional metrics such as ground truth to measure the quality of the communities discovered by various community detection algorithms, while overlooking a natural and important dimension, community size . Recently, the anthropologist Dunbar suggests that the size of a stable community in social media should be limited to 150, referred to as Dunbar’s number. In this paper, we propose a systematic way of algorithm comparison by orthogonally integrating community size as a new dimension into existing structural metrics for consistently and holistically evaluating the community quality in the social media context. We design a heuristic clique-based algorithm which controls the size and overlap of communities with adjustable parameters and evaluate it along with six state-of-the-art community detection algorithms on both Twitter and DBLP networks. Specifically, we divide the discovered communities based on their size into four classes called a close friend, a casual friend, acquaintance, and just-a-face, and then calculate the coverage, modularity, triangle participation ratio, conductance, transitivity, and the internal density of communities in each class. We discover that communities in different classes exhibit diverse structural qualities and many existing community detection algorithms tend to output extremely large communities.
The vaginal cylinder: Misunderstood, misused, or trivial? An in-depth dosimetric and multiinstitutional outcome investigation.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of the study was to investigate the impact on dose distribution and radiobiological metrics of common high-dose-rate vaginal brachytherapy treatment parameters and to analyze multiinstitutional data for clinically significant impact on outcomes in early-stage endometrial cancer. Methods and Materials Treatment plans were created for all combinations of prescription parameters and used to quantify the dosimetric impact of each parameter and to estimate the dose delivered using common voxel-integrated radiobiological metrics. A rating system, based on risk grouping from GOG and PORTEC trials, was used to consolidate staging information into a cancer “aggressiveness” measure. Correlations between the rating, toxicity, disease recurrence, and plan parameters were investigated. Results When prescribing to 5 mm depth, the variation caused by the diameter was very large across all dose metrics, ranging from 51% to 175% increase with the most divergence in BEDmax. For surface prescription, changing the cylinder diameter from 4 cm to 2 cm caused the dose metrics of BEDmin, Dmin, and gBEUD (a = −3) to increase by 117%, 67%, and 52%, respectively. Prescription to 5-mm depth caused changes across all dose metrics of 260% compared with surface prescription for a 2-cm cylinder. Deeper prescription point (p = 0.005) and longer treatment length (p = 0.01) were correlated with increased stenosis rates. No correlation between recurrence and any plan parameter was found. Conclusions Dramatic differences in dose distributions arise by small variations of plan parameters, with large impact on rates of vaginal stenosis, but no clear relation with local recurrence. To help radiation oncologists interpret the magnitude of these effects for their patients, we created a tool that allows comparison between dose and fractionation parameters.
Periventricular Leukomalacia in Patients With Pseudo-glaucomatous Cupping.

Purpose Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is a structural loss of white matter pathways that carry visual information from the lateral geniculate bodies to the visual cortex. It is observed radiologically in patients with a history of prematurity and is associated with visual field (VF) defects and optic disc cupping. Advances in perinatal care have improved survival for premature babies, so many now present as adolescents and adults to comprehensive eye doctors who are unaware of the relationship of cupping, field defects, and prematurity and who may diagnose manifest or suspected normal tension glaucoma. We describe 2 such patients to raise awareness of this entity. Design Case series. Methods Review of clinical information of 2 patients identified during clinical practice. Charts were reviewed for gestational age, optic nerve appearance, intraocular pressure (IOP), and sequelae of prematurity. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optical coherence tomography (OCT), VF, and optic disc photographs were reviewed. Results Two young patients with a history of prematurity presented with enlarged cup-to-disc ratio and normal IOP. OCT thinning was most prominent superiorly, with VF defects more notable inferior and homonymous. No progression on VF or OCT was noted in the index case over almost 4 years. Conclusions Periventricular leukomalacia should be added to the differential diagnosis of normal tension glaucoma (NTG) when there is a history of prematurity. Careful examination of the optic nerve will assist in differentiating from NTG. Specifically, horizontal cupping with minimal or no nasal displacement of vessels, and superior optic nerve thinning with inferior VF defects, suggest PVL.
Delusional infestation: a prototype of psychodermatological disease

Delusional infestation (DI) is a disorder in which patients express a firm, unwavering belief that they are infested with some type of organism but otherwise have a typical grasp on reality with relatively normal cognitive functioning. Although classified as a somatic delusional disorder, DI requires special consideration due to its complicated clinical presentation, requiring attention to several possible explanations for the symptoms the patients describe. The purpose of the current review is to first summarize the clinical background and features of the diagnosis then explore treatment options. DI is a rare disorder though has reported cases dating back to the 19th century and spanning across the globe. Patients often experience the disorder as secondary to a medical condition, including substance use/withdrawal. However, there have also been many reported cases of primary DI, occurring in the absence of any other psychiatric or medical disorder. Clinically, DI is a diagnosis of exclusion, where the physician must rule out other medical conditions, including genuine dermatological disorders or infestations, or contributions from medications or substances. Patients with the disorder more commonly present to nonpsychiatric healthcare providers, making it essential for all clinicians to be able to identify the disease. Treatment can include either first or second generation antipsychotics, but it is important to proceed tactfully in discourse with the patient, being careful to address patients in a straightforward manner without reinforcing or questioning the delusion and focusing conversation on what can be done for the symptoms. Future research can continue to evaluate pathophysiology underlying primary DI, which historically has been an under-studied topic.
Zinc promotes liquid–liquid phase separation of tau protein

Tau is a microtubule-associated protein that plays a major role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other tauopathies. Recent reports indicate that, in the presence of crowding agents, tau can undergo liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS), forming highly dynamic liquid droplets. Here, using recombinantly expressed proteins, turbidimetry, fluorescence microscopy imaging, and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) assays, we show that the divalent transition metal zinc strongly promotes this process, shifting the equilibrium phase boundary to lower protein or crowding agent concentrations. We observed no tau LLPS-promoting effect for any other divalent transition metal ions tested, including Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, and Cu2+. We also demonstrate that multiple zinc-binding sites on tau are involved in the LLPS-promoting effect and provide insights into the mechanism of this process. Zinc concentration is highly elevated in AD brains, and this metal ion is believed to be an important player in the pathogenesis of this disease. Thus, the present findings bring a new dimension to understanding the relationship between zinc homeostasis and the pathogenic process in AD and related neurodegenerative disorders.
Access granted: Facebook’s free basics in Africa:

This article explores one of the most notorious and controversial initiatives by tech corporations to increase connectivity across the Global South: Facebook’s Free Basics project. Public attention...
Use of Moiré fringes in digital holography for optical alignment

Moire fringes may be encountered in digital holography when the local fringe period is comparable to the pixel separation of the recording CCD array. In this work, we demonstrate the relation between the transverse misalignment of a lens used in an inline digital holographic system using CW illumination with the position of Moire pattern on the recording CCD plane. A test object such as a one-dimensional opaque block is used along with a single lens imaging system, and the CCD plane is assumed to be in the far-field of the image plane. Our preliminary results show that small transverse misalignments can be tracked by monitoring the location of the Moire pattern. It is proposed that Moire patterns can be used to detect and correct optical misalignments in more complex optical systems.
Solution of Maxwell’s Equations for Nonrectangular Electromagnetic Applications

The use of a fourth-order modified Runge–Kutta (MRK) scheme on a transformed coordinate system with Maxwell’s equations for nonrectangular domains and applications is presented. Maxwell’s equations...
Economic Analysis of Safe Harbor Provisions

Safe harbors allow User Upload Content (UUC) services such as YouTube to escape normal copyright liability and notice and takedown provisions, which were supposed to provide a less costly substitute for copyright, have been unable to keep UUC services from having an inefficient bargaining advantage when they negotiate rates for permission to use copyrighted works on their sites. Nor have algorithms such as YouTube’s Content ID been able to correct this defect. This means that UUCs either do not pay for copyright permissions or, if they pay something, they pay less than the market rate. Other online services (such as subscription services, e.g. Spotify and Apple Music) are at a competitive disadvantage when competing with UUC platforms. These traditional services generate lower revenues and a reduced user base because of the distorting impact of safe harbors. As a net result, copyright owners are seeing reduced copyright payments from both UUC and other services, which would appear to be very substantial.
Liposomal Clodronate-mediated Macrophage Depletion in the Zebrafish Model

The ability to conduct in vivo macrophage-specific depletion remains an effective means to uncover functions of macrophages in a wide range of physiological contexts. Compared to the murine model, zebrafish offer superior imaging capabilities due to their optical transparency starting from a single-cell stage to throughout larval development. These qualities become important for in vivo cell specific depletions so that the elimination of the targeted cells can be tracked and validated in real time through microscopy. Multiple methods to deplete macrophages in zebrafish are available, including genetic (such as an irf8 knockout), chemogenetic (such as the nitroreductase/metronidazole system), and toxin-based depletions (such as using clodronate liposomes). The use of clodronate-containing liposomes to induce macrophage apoptosis after phagocytosing the liposomes is effective in depleting macrophages as well as testing their ability to phagocytose. Here we describe a detailed protocol for the systemic depletion of macrophages in zebrafish larvae by intravenous injection of liposomal clodronate supplemented with fluorescent dextran conjugates. Co-injection with the fluorescent dextran allows tracking of macrophage depletion in real time starting with verifying the successful intravenous injection to macrophage uptake of molecules and their eventual death. To verify a high degree of macrophage depletion, the level of brain macrophage (microglia) elimination can be determined by a rapid neutral red vital dye staining when clodronate injection is performed at early larval stages. Graphical abstract: Experimental workflow for in vivo macrophage-specific depletion by liposomal clodronate in larval zebrafish.
Variation in Multidimensional Poverty Across Socio-Demographic Cohorts

We estimate the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), headcount ratio, and average deprivation intensity values for a variety of socio-demographic cohorts. More specifically, through an examination of data from the 2008–2018 American Community Surveys, we detail multidimensional poverty incidence and intensity for several categories that identify individuals by gender, age, race, ethnicity, nativity, level of educational attainment, marital status, and labor market status. We first discuss MPI values and variation in related measures both within categories and across cohorts. This is followed by a comparison of the distribution of individuals across four groups: those who are neither multidimensionally poor nor vulnerable to multidimensional poverty, those who are vulnerable to multidimensional poverty, those experiencing moderate multidimensional poverty, and those who are severely multidimensionally poor. We conclude with a review of deprivation frequency values at the dimension and indicator levels of detail.
Development and Validation of the Assessment of Bullying Experiences Questionnaire for Neurodivergent Youth

Bullying victimization is a prevalent concern for neurodivergent (e.g., autistic, ADHD) youth. Bullying assessment methods vary widely and there is currently no questionnaire specific to neurodivergent youth. The Assessment of Bullying Experiences (ABE) was created to fill this gap. The ABE questionnaire was completed by 335 parents of school-age youth characterized as autistic, having ADHD, or community comparison. Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis identified a four-factor solution, aligning with verbal, physical, relational, and cyber victimization. Construct validity analyses indicate the ABE converges with an existing bullying questionnaire and diverges from disruptive behavior or internalizing symptoms. The ABE questionnaire is a valid measure of bullying that furthers understanding of nuance in peer victimization for neurodivergent youth and informs group-specific intervention.
Comparison of TCP to XCP performance on channels with correlated errors employing error correction and interleaving

This paper compares the performance of the TCP and XCP transport protocols over a lossy, large bandwidth-delay link. The link employs block-based error correction codes ECC, along with interleaving which seems to affect both TCP and XCP bandwidth utilization performance. The results are obtained by numerical simulation of TCP and XCP connections over the channel. Single connection results show that the delay introduced by interleaving significantly affects TCP performance, while XCP performance is somewhat better. However, when large interleavers are employed, both protocols suffer. This is likely due to decorrelation of packet errors introduced by interleaving.
Knowledge Graph Inference for spoken dialog systems

We propose Inference Knowledge Graph, a novel approach of remapping existing, large scale, semantic knowledge graphs into Markov Random Fields in order to create user goal tracking models that could form part of a spoken dialog system. Since semantic knowledge graphs include both entities and their attributes, the proposed method merges the semantic dialog-state-tracking of attributes and the database lookup of entities that fulfill users' requests into one single unified step. Using a large semantic graph that contains all businesses in Bellevue, WA, extracted from Microsoft Satori, we demonstrate that the proposed approach can return significantly more relevant entities to the user than a baseline system using database lookup.
HyperCast: A Protocol for Maintaining Multicast Group Members in a Logical Hypercube Topology

To efficiently support large-scale multicast applications with many thousand simultaneous members, it is essential that protocol mechanisms be available which support efficient exchange of control information between the members of a multicast group. Recently, we proposed the use of a control topology, which organizes multicast group members in a logical n-dimensional hypercube, and transmits all control information along the edges of the hypercube. In this paper, we present the design, verification, and implementation of a protocol, called HyperCast, which maintains members of a multicast group in a logical hypercube. We use measurement experiments of an implementation of the protocol on a networked computer cluster to quantitatively assess the performance of the protocol for multicast group sizes up to 1024 members.
Improved lower bounds for the scheduling optimization problem

In this paper lower bounds for the performance constrained and resource constrained scheduling of tasks on multiprocessors are presented. The lower bounds derived here are sharper than previously known results and the time complexity of their computation is only slightly greater. >
Exploiting the synergy between peer-to-peer and mobile ad hoc networks

We argue that there exists a synergy between peer-to-peer (p2p) overlay networks for the Internet and mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) connecting mobile nodes communicating with each other via multi-hop wireless links-both share the key characteristics of self-organization and decentralization, and both need to solve the same fundamental problem, that is, how to provide connectivity in a decentralized, dynamic environment. We propose Dynamic P2P Source Routing (DPSR), a new routing protocol for MANETs that exploits the synergy between p2p and MANETs for increased scalability. By integrating Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and a proximity-aware structured p2p overlay routing protocol, DPSR limits the number of the source routes that each node has to discover and rediscover to O(logN), while retaining all the attributes of DSR for dealing with the specifics of ad hoc networks. This is in contrast to the maximum of N source routes each node has to maintain in DSR. Thus DPSR has the potential to be more scalable than previous routing protocols for MANETs, such as DSR and AODV. In addition to being a network layer multi-hop routing protocol, DPSR simultaneously implements a distributed hash table (DHT) in MANETs; it implements the same functionalities as CAN, Chord, Pastry, and Tapestry, which can be exposed to the applications built on top of it via a set of common p2p APIs.
A simple construction of low rate convolutional codes with application to low rate turbo-like code design

We introduce a simple method to construct very low rate systematic recursive convolutional codes from a standard rate 1/2 code. These codes in turn are used in parallel concatenation to obtain very low rate turbo codes. This construction always leads to a class or convolutional codes for which the signals on trellis transition are a subset or complete bi-orthogonal signal set for any given code rate. The resulting codes are rate compatible and require low complexity decoders. By applying this construction methodology to the rate 1/2 turbo code used in 3G standard, we show that an additional coding gain of approximately 1.2 dB is achievable at a bit error rate of 10/sup -5/.
Exploring health information technology education: An analysis of the research

This article is an analysis of the Health Information Technology Education published research. The purpose of this study was to examine selected literature using variables such as journal frequency, keyword analysis, universities associated with the research and geographic diversity. The analysis presented in this paper has identified intellectually significant studies that have contributed to the development and accumulation of intellectual wealth of Health Information Technology. The keyword analysis suggests that Health Information Technology research has evolved from establishing concepts and domains of health information systems, technology and management to contemporary issues such as education, outsourcing, web services and security. The research findings have implications for educators, researchers, journal.
Detecting electronic coherence by multidimensional broadband stimulated x-ray Raman signals

Nonstationary molecular states which contain electronic coherences can be impulsively created and manipulated by using recently developed ultrashort optical and x-ray pulses via photoexcitation, photoionization, and Auger processes. We propose several stimulated-Raman detection schemes that can monitor the subsequent phase-sensitive electronic and nuclear dynamics. Three detection protocols of an x-ray broadband probe are compared: frequency-dispersed transmission, integrated photon number change, and total pulse energy change. In addition, each can be either linear or quadratic in the x-ray probe intensity. These various signals offer different gating windows into the molecular response, which is described by correlation functions of electronic polarizabilities. Off-resonant and resonant signals are compared.
Probing three-dimensional sodiation–desodiation equilibrium in sodium-ion batteries by in situ hard X-ray nanotomography

In situ 3D visualization of sodium-ion battery processes is challenging due to the highly active sodium metal and the sluggish kinetics. Here, the authors present a X-ray tomography technique, which enables tracking the sodiation–desodiation process of a Sn anode in battery operation.
β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in visceral smooth muscle

Peripheral inhibitory nerves are physiological regulators of the contractile behavior of visceral smooth muscles. One of the transmitters responsible for inhibitory neurotransmission has been reputed to be a purine, possibly ATP. However, the exact identity of this substance has never been verified. Here we show that beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (beta-NAD), an inhibitory neurotransmitter candidate, is released by stimulation of enteric nerves in gastrointestinal muscles, and the pharmacological profile of beta-NAD mimics the endogenous neurotransmitter better than ATP. Levels of beta-NAD in superfusates of muscles after nerve stimulation exceed ATP by at least 30-fold; unlike ATP, the release of beta-NAD depends on the frequency of nerve stimulation. beta-NAD is released from enteric neurons, and release was blocked by tetrodotoxin or omega-conotoxin GVIA. beta-NAD is an agonist for P2Y1 receptors, as demonstrated by receptor-mediated responses in HEK293 cells expressing P2Y1 receptors. Exogenous beta-NAD mimics the effects of the enteric inhibitory neurotransmitter. Responses to beta-NAD and inhibitory junction potentials are blocked by the P2Y1-selective antagonist, MRS2179, and the nonselective P2 receptor antagonists, pyridoxal phosphate 6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid and suramin. Responses to ATP are not blocked by these P2Y receptor inhibitors. The expression of CD38 in gastrointestinal muscles, and specifically in interstitial cells of Cajal, provides a means of transmitter disposal after stimulation. beta-NAD meets the traditional criteria for a neurotransmitter that contributes to enteric inhibitory regulation of visceral smooth muscles.
A non-linear feedback in climate modeling associated with cumulus parameterizations

Abstract A numerical experiment with the Los Alamos general circulation model reveals a marked sensitivity of stimulated climate to the treatment of cumulus convection. The diabatic heating produced by the cumulus parameterization not only directly affects the temperature field but also introduces a change of cloudiness which, in turn, alters radiative forcing to the temperature field. The wind fields are also affected through their thermodynamic relationship with temperature.
Absence of Human Herpesvirus 8 Genomes in Coronary Atherosclerosis in Immunocompetent Patients

Human herpevirus 8 (HHV8) has been localized to the endothelial and spindle cells of KS, suggesting a role for HHV8 in atherosclerosis. None of the 38 coronary atherectomy specimens contained HHV8 with both sensitive nested PCR assays, making it unlikely that persistent viral infection with HHV8 plays a role in coronary atherogenesis in the general population of the United States.
Use of a fluorescent phosphoprotein dye to characterize oxidative stress‐induced signaling pathway components in macrophage and epithelial cultures exposed to diesel exhaust particle chemicals

A large body of evidence has shown that exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) leads to asthma exacerbation through an excitation of allergic inflammation. Utilizing diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) as a model air pollutant, we and others have demonstrated that PM contains redox-active chemicals that generate inflammation through an oxidative stress mechanism. Recently, the strengths of proteomics have enabled us to demonstrate that organic DEP extracts induce a hierarchical expression pattern of oxidative stress-induced proteins in macrophages and epithelial cells. As a further extension of this work, we now employ a new phosphosensor fluorescent dye, Pro-Q Diamond, to elucidate the induction of phosphoproteins and intracellular signaling cascades that may play a role in DEP-induced inflammation. We demonstrate that DEPs induced the phosphorylation of several phosphoproteins that belong to a number of signaling pathways as well as other oxidative stress pathways. In combination with cytokine array, phosphoproteome analysis using Pro-Q Diamond allowed us to characterize the aromatic and polar chemicals of DEPs that are involved in the activation of three different mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathways.
The cognitive moderation of daily stress in early adolescence

Utilized daily diary data to investigate age differences in the moderation of stressful daily events. Data from 243 fifth- to ninth-grade boys and girls, collected over a period of 1 week, were used to examine the moderation effect that expectation and past experience have upon affective response to daily stressors and uplifts. Responses indicate that across a variety of contexts expected daily events are less upsetting than unexpected events for both children and young adolescents. However, among the older students in the sample expectation of chronic negative events appears to exacerbate, rather than alleviate, their upsetting quality. These findings are discussed in terms of the increase in stress associated with early adolescence and the possibility that the chronic stress experienced during this period diminishes the utility of anticipatory coping.
Slope stabilization with recycled plastic pins

A scheme to stabilize minor slope instabilities is currently being developed. The scheme uses a distributed network of "pins" fabricated from recycled plastics and other waste materials to provide positive reinforcement of a soil mass. Although the application is similar to stabilization of slopes with soil nails or micropiles, significant modifications to conventional design and construction are necessary to account for the reduced strength and increased ductility and creep exhibited by plastic materials compared with concrete and steel. Using recycled plastics has the advantage of providing reinforcing members with low susceptibility to degradation and provides a market for materials that otherwise might be buried in a landfill. An extensive investigation is under way to evaluate the potential for using recycled plastic pins (RPPs) to stabilize minor slope failures. This evaluation includes quantification of appropriate material and engineering properties of RPPs, evaluation of RPP resistance to degrada...
A Content Analysis Guide for Media Economics Scholars

The study of demand for media products requires an understanding of audience members' preferences, which are shaped by their taste for content. Despite the central role of content in understanding some aspects of media economics, media economics scholars sometimes apply content analysis in ways that are inconsistent with the generally accepted practices of the method. This article deals with some basic concepts underlying the method of content analysis to familiarize media economics scholars with the method. The adoption of accepted content analysis practices will yield better data and, in the long-run, help advance the understanding of media economics.