cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recollections of My Time as a Doctoral Student of R.E. Kalman [Historical Perspectives]

Since high school, I wanted to do a Ph.D. in physics. After graduating from the ETH Zurich with degrees in electrical engineering and mathematics, I was appointed as an assistant and doctoral student in solid-state physics at the ETH. A few months later, I heard that someone named Kalman was coming to the ETH from the United States. The name rang a bell, as I had encountered the Kalman filter in my undergraduate years. Shortly thereafter I decided to take on the challenge and do my Ph.D. under Rudy's supervision. Rudy consulted with Eduard Stiefel, one of my former teachers and a respected professor of applied mathematics at the ETH, and he offered me a position provided that I already had a publication. That happened to be the case (my Diplomarbeit-diploma thesis-in mathematics was published in 1976). Thus started my journey in systems and control, a field about which I knew very little at the time. In the years that followed there were ups and downs; about eight months before graduating I considered abandoning the effort. Then things started falling into place. Important for this development were my encounters with Jan Willems and Paul Fuhrmann.
Turbulent heat transfer in corrugated-wall channels with and without fins

A numerical study is performed examining flow and heat transfer characteristics in a channel with periodically corrugated walls. The complexity of the flow in this type of channel is demonstrated by such phenomena as flow impingement on the walls, separation at the bend corners, flow reattachment, and flow recirculation. Because of the strong nonisotropic nature of the turbulent flow in the channel, the full Reynolds-stress model was employed for the evaluation of turbulence quantities. Computations are made for several different corrugation periods and for different Reynolds numbers. The results computed by using the present model show excellent agreement with experimental data for mean velocities, the Reynolds stresses, and average Nusselt numbers. The study was further extended to a channel flow where fins are inserted at bends in the channel. It was observed that the insertion of fins in the flow passage has a visible effect on flow patterns and skin friction along the channel wall.
Sphingosine derivatives from red algae of the ceramiales

Abstract (+)-2( S )- N -Acetamido-3( R )-acetoxyoctadecan-1-ol, a diacetate of dihydrosphingosine, and fatty acid amides of (−)-2( S )-amino-3( R )-hydroxyoctadec-4( E )-en-1-ol (sphingosine) have been isolated from extracts of Hawaiian Laurencia nidifica and Amansia glomerata , respectively. Although well known as constituents of nerve tissue hydrolyzates throughout the animal kingdom, these compounds have not been previously found in plants.
Efficient morphological processing of 3D data based on directional interval coding

In this paper we extend previous techniques we developed for efficient morphological processing of 2D document images to the analysis of 3D voxel data obtained by Computed Tomography (CT) scans. The proposed approach is based on a directional interval coding scheme of the voxel data and a basic set of operations that can be employed directly to the encoded data. The scan lines can be chosen to be in an arbitrary direction so as to fit directionality inherent to the data. Morphological operations are obtained by manipulating pairs of intervals belonging to the data and the kernel, where such manipulation can result in the addition, removal, or change of existing intervals. In addition to the implementation of ordinary morphological operations we develop a convolution operation that can be applied directly to the encoded data thus enabling the implementation of regulated morphological operations which incorporate a variable level of strictness. The computational complexity of the proposed operations is evaluated and compared to that of the standard implementation. The paper concludes with simulation results in which the execution time of iterative application of different morphological operations based on a standard implementation and the proposed encoded implementation are compared.
Early stages of yielding and strain aging of a vanadium-containing dual-phase steel

A study has been made of the early stages of yielding, 10−5 to 10−2 plastic strain range, of a vanadium containing dual-phase steel as a function of pct martensite, pct prestrain and aging time and temperature. It is found that the 10−5 yield stress is independent of the pct martensite, while the 10−3 flow stress is proportional to, and increases rapidly with the martensite content. For dual-phase steels of commercial interest (15 to 25 pct martensite content), it is concluded that the yield behavior is controlled by the free dislocations introduced into the ferrite matrix when the austenite regions transform to martensite and their subsequent interaction with the martensite regions. While straining increases the microyield stresses and aging increases both the micro and macroyield stresses, these processes are not additive in a strained plus aged specimen. The activation energy for the production of a yield point plateau was determined to be about 33 kcal/mol. It is proposed that this high value is a result of carbon atoms interacting with vanadium rich clusters which remain in the structure after vanadium carbide precipitates are dissolved during intercritical annealing.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE HOMELESS FAMILIES PROGRAM: 1. Service Models and Preliminary Outcomes

The implementation and early outcomes of a large-scale, services-enriched housing program for homeless families are evaluated and examined across nine metropolitan sites. Differing models of case management and service access are described. Early reports on families' residential stability are high across all service models.
The Fluoride Content of Some Foods and Beverages–a Brief Survey Using a Modified Zr-SPADNS Method

SUMMARY An analytical method is described that estimates up to 2.0 ppm of fluoride in a 10-g sample of food, with a standard deviation of 0.093 ppm F per test. A brief survey of beverages and canned vegetables indicates that the use of fluoridated water (i.e., 1.0 ppm F-) by food or beverage processors will increase the fluoride content of the products by 0.34– 0.75 ppm (av. increase: 0.50 ppm). On the basis of food analyses and a concomitant study of the fluid intake of laboratory personnel, it is estimated that the total ingestion of fluoride per day by healthy “indoor” workers will range from 2 to 5 mg per day. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Remediation of a Mercury-Contaminated Industrial Soil Using Bioavailable Contaminant Stripping

Abstract The method to remove bioavailable amounts of heavy metals from a contaminated soil by using plants is defined as bioavailable contaminant stripping (BCS) and could safely be applied if the soil's long-term ability to replenish the bioavailable pool is known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of three common plant species selected, Brassica juncea, Poa annua, and Helianthus annus, to remove bioavailable amounts of mercury (Hg) from a contaminated industrial soil containing 15.1 mg kg−1 Hg. Trials were carried out under greenhouse conditions using pots (mesocosms). According to the precautionary principle, we modified the BCS remediation approach by adding a new step, in which mercury bioavailability was increased by the addition of a strong mobilizing agent, ammonium thiosulphate, (NH4)2S2O3, to obtain an estimate of the likely long-term bioavailable Hg pool. The modified BCS remediation approach was called enhanced bioavailable contaminant stripping (EBCS). After one growth cycle, nearly all the bioavailable mercury (95.7%) was removed and the metal remaining in the soil was considered inert since it was neither extractable by (NH4)2S2O3 nor taken up by plants during a second growth cycle. The results demonstrated that EBCS appeared promising since it removed the most dangerous metal forms while substantially shortening the cleanup time.
Right ventricular T1 mapping is technically feasible and correlates with right ventricular dysfunction in non-ischemic cardiomyopathy

Background T1 mapping is increasingly employed for evaluation of diffuse fibrosis within the left ventricular (LV) myocardium. Physiological confounders require correction of raw data prior to analysis. T1 values have been inversely correlated with LV systolic and diastolic function. We sought to evaluate the feasibility of right ventricular (RV) T1 mapping and to assess its relationship with RV function.
Effect of xanthan gum on physicochemical properties of whey protein isolate stabilized oil-in-water emulsions

Abstract The effect of xanthan gum (XG) addition on physicochemical properties of 2 wt% whey protein isolate (WPI) stabilized oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions containing 20% v/v menhaden oil was investigated by measuring droplet size, viscosity, microstructure, creaming profile and oxidative stability. In fresh emulsions, addition of XG at different concentrations did not show any significant effect on the surface-area-average droplet size ( d 32 ). However, emulsion microstructure and creaming profile indicated that the degree of flocculation is a function of XG concentration: when XG=0%, there was no flocculation; when XG=0.02–0.15 wt%, there was limited flocculation; when XG=0.2 wt%, there was extensive flocculation leading to the formation of an emulsion gel; and when XG=0.5 wt%, there was little or no flocculation. Lipid oxidation of the emulsions was inhibited by the addition of 0.15 or 0.2 wt% XG. In the presence of 0.5 wt% XG, the emulsion exhibited a high yield stress, which appreciably inhibited creaming. Nevertheless, addition of 0.5 wt% XG was believed to have interacted with unadsorbed WPI in the aqueous phase, which inhibited the antioxidant property of WPI. Thus, addition of 0.5 wt% XG had a net prooxidant effect in the 2 wt% WPI stabilized emulsions containing 20% v/v menhaden oil.
The geochemistry of carbonate diagenesis: The past, present and future

Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes (δ18O and δ13C values) and trace elements have been applied to the study of diagenesis of carbonate rocks for over 50 years. As valuable as these insights have been, many problems regarding the interpretation of geochemical signals within mature rocks remain. For example, while the δ18O values of carbonate rocks are dependent both upon the temperature and the δ18O value of the fluid, and additional information including trace element composition aids in interpreting such signals, direct evidence of either the temperature or the composition of the fluids is required. Such information can be obtained by analysing the δ18O value of any fluid inclusions or by measuring the temperature using a method such as the ‘clumped’ isotope technique. Such data speak directly to a large number of problems in interpreting the oxygen isotope record including the well-known tendency for δ18O values of carbonate rocks to decrease with increasing age. Unlike the δ18O, δ13C values of carbonates are considered to be less influenced by diagenesis and more a reflection of primary changes in the global carbon cycle through time. However, many studies have not sufficiently emphasized the effects of diagenesis and other post-depositional influences on the eventual carbon isotopic composition of the rock with the classic paradigm that the present is the key to the past being frequently ignored. Finally, many additional proxies are poised to contribute to the interpretation of carbonate diagenesis. Although the study of carbonate diagenesis is at an exciting point with an explosion of new proxies and methods, care should be taken to understand both old and new proxies before applying them to the ancient record.
Shape correlation analysis for signals from periodically excited systems

Abstract A new procedure for evaluating the shapes of a collection of signals with that of a response signal is presented. The setting in which it is developed involves signals from rotating mechanical systems in which distinct events occur within a cycle of operation. The procedure consists of preprocessing of temporal power signals, event identification, and finally correlation analysis. This analysis includes a combined test for identifying small singular values, as opposed to a test based only on condition numbers. An application to signals from a compressor is included to demonstrate the method.
Radiation From Cardiac Imaging Tests Questions You Should Ask

Many patients are referred by their physicians for noninvasive cardiac tests. Among these tests are cardiac imaging tests, which take pictures of the heart’s structure or function. There are different types of cardiac imaging tests, which were explained in a recent Cardiology Patient Page,1 and these tests are performed more than 20 million times per year in the United States. One concern shared by many patients referred for cardiac imaging tests is their exposure to radiation. If an imaging test is performed for a good reason and using good technique, the expected benefits provided by the test will far outweigh the risks related to radiation. Radiation is referred to as a weak carcinogen, which means that it is very rare for radiation to cause cancer. Moreover, it generally takes at least a decade for someone to develop cancer related to radiation exposure. However, an imaging test can provide very valuable information about your heart that can immediately affect treatment, prevention, and ultimately health outcomes. The right imaging test undoubtedly has the potential to save a life. Nevertheless, it is very understandable that patients referred for cardiac imaging are concerned about risks from radiation, because any unnecessary risk is too much of a risk. Unfortunately, there is no “Good Housekeeping Seal of Approval” for imaging tests, so it is hard for patients to know whether their imaging test will be performed for a good reason and with good technique. First, know what type of test is being ordered. An echocardiogram, which uses sound waves, or a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) test, which uses magnetic fields, does not involve the type of radiation (ionizing radiation) that leads to DNA mutations that may cause cancer. This is not to say that these tests are always harmless, but radiation-related cancer should not be …
Cationized ferritin binding to anionic surfaces in normal and aminonucleoside nephrotic kidneys.

The distribution and effects of polycationized ferritin (PCF) bound ot anionic sites on living plasmalemmas and basal laminae of normal and puromycin aminonucleoside nephrotic (PAN) kidneys were studied using an in vitro model system. Immersion of normal glomeruli in physiological saline solutions containing low concentrations of PCF (0.01 to 0.1 mg/ml) for 10 seconds results in preferential binding of PCF to microvillous projections on the glomerular epithelium (i.e., podocytes). Exposure to higher concentrations of PCF (1.0 mg/ml) for 10 seconds results in several layers of PCF distributed evenly over the urinary aspect of epithelial podocytes. In these short treatment times, the thin slit diaphragms which span the filtration slits appear to be impermeable to PCF. Within several minutes after PCF treatment, ferritin is found within caveolae on the surface of epithelial podocytes and within numerous pinosomes and larger endocytic vesicles within these cells. Longer treatment with PCF results in the narrowing of filtration slit spaces and the formation of junctions between adjacent podocyte foot processes. Occurringg coincident with these structural changes is a gradual accumulation of PCF in regular patches along the lamina rara externa (LRE) of the glomerular basement membrane. Loss of foot processes and accumulation of PCF in the LRE are prevented by treatment with either cytochalasin B (25 micro g/ml), D (2 micro g/ml) or incubation at low temperatures (0-4 degrees C). When PCF-coated glomeruli are incubated in PCF-free media, the ferritin coat is shed form the free surfaces within 1/2 to 1 hour except at the tips and sides of microvillous projections. Pretreatment of normal glomeruli with neuraminidase or protamine sulfate results in a dramatic reduction in the binding of PCF to the glomerular epithelial free surface. Treatment of PAN glomeruli with PCF often results in patchlike distributions of PCF over the glomerular epithelial free surface. High concentrations of PCF (1.0 mg/ml) bind preferentially to microvillous projections on the parietal epithelial luminal surface and in distinct patchlike patterns along the basal laminae of parietal and tubular epithelial cells.
Bad blood, bad endothelium: ill fate?

In this issue of Blood , Farha and colleagues have identified a myeloproliferative process that is intrinsic to human pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), but appears coupled to pathologic vascular remodeling in the lung.[1][1] Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a disorder of sustained elevation
The heat resistance of various types of setting in tunnel-kiln cars

The paper presents a method for heat-technical comparison of various types of setting of products for tunnel kilns offering the possibility of selecting the optimum variant of setting of the relative number of columns on the kiln car, and the thickness of each column.
Gas transport in coextruded multilayered membranes with alternating dense and porous polymeric layers

Abstract Multilayered gas separation membranes with alternating layers of β crystalline polypropylene and PEBAX copolymers were produced via coextrusion and biaxial stretching for potential applications in modified atmosphere packaging. The number of layers and PEBAX compositions were varied to study the effect of various membrane configurations on pore formation in the polypropylene layers, which ideally serve as a mechanical support for the selective PEBAX layers. Gas permeabilities of multilayered films were compared to control PEBAX films using a simple model, which allowed inferences about the completeness of pore formation to be drawn. Preliminary results show that increasing the layer count degrades membrane throughput and separation capability, while varying PEBAX composition results in a tradeoff between these properties.
Carbon dioxide production and sodium transport by the toad bladder.

IN order to investigate further the relationship of cellular metabolism to active ion transport, we have correlated carbon dioxide production with sodium transport by the urinary bladder of the toad, Bufo marinus, in vitro. The toad bladder was mounted so as to separate the two halves of a glass chamber, and each side was bathed with a phosphate Ringer's solution (Na 115.3, K 1.88, Ca 1.78, Cl 114.9, HPO4 4.0, and H2PO4 0.1 m.equiv./l., brought to pH. 6.5 with iso-osmotic HCl). Carbon dioxide-free air was bubbled through the solutions at a rate of 40 ml./min. The effluent carbon dioxide was trapped in alkali and measured by a method described previously1. The half-time for efflux of carbon dioxide from the chamber was 4 min. Each period of collection began after equilibration for at least 20 min and lasted 1 h. Sodium transport was monitored by the short-circuit method2, using an automatic instrument designed and manufactured for this purpose by Mechrolab, Inc., Mountain View, California.
Paramagnetic and Antiferromagnetic Phases in the Half-Filled Narrow Energy Band

The effect of correlation on the antiferromagnetic and paramagnetic phases of Hubbard's model of a half-filled narrow band are investigated using second-order perturbation theory. Employing the gap of the antiferromagnetic state as a variational parameter, it is shown that the increase of the bandwidth/potential-energy ratio leads to a phase transition into the paramagnetic state nearly where Mott has estimated it to occur. The convergence of the perturbation expansion is shown to be excellent at the transition.
Strides made in understanding space weather at Earth

Disturbances on the Sun can produce dramatic effects in the space environment surrounding the Earth. Energetic particle effects become more intense and pose a hazard to astronauts and damage spacecraft electronics; satellite lifetimes are shortened by increased atmospheric drag, and communications and navigation are disrupted by the changing plasma environment. “Space weather” has become the modern idiom for these effects, and periods of high activity are called geomagnetic storms. During a storm the ionosphere can be severely altered. A typical episode may reveal either a large decrease (negative phase) or increase (positive phase) in the normal daily peak ion density (NmF2) or total electron content (TEC). These changes in ion density are sometimes called ionospheric storms, and often persist for more than a day after a period of high geomagnetic activity.
Finitely generated commutative semigroups

Since all the semigroups considered in this paper are commutative, we shall use the terms “semigroup” and “group” where we actually mean “commutative semigroup” and “commutative group”. Some basic results from the theory of semigroups are required and will be used without explicit mention; these results may be found in [1, § 4.3]. We shall denote the additive semigroups of integers, positive integers, negative integers, positive rationals by Z, Z+, Z-, Q+ respectively.
A New Optical Sample of Supernova Remnants in M33

We present a new and larger sample of supernova remnants in the nearby spiral galaxy M33. The sample is based upon CCD interference filter observations obtained with the Kitt Peak 4 m telescope and spectroscopic observations obtained with the Multiple Mirror Telescope. Using optical emission-line ratios, supplemented by a radio continuum map of M33 (Duric et al.; Gordon et al.), we have identified 98 supernova remnant (SNR) candidates, of which 53 were previously unknown. We have obtained spectra of 27 SNR candidates, bringing the total number of M33 SNRs for which spectra are available to 72. All the spectra show the characteristic signature of shock-heated gas, which leads us to believe that the rest of the candidates are also supernova remnants. The large sample provides a useful database to investigate the global properties of SNRs. In this paper, we present a new cumulative number-diameter [N(<D)] relation for SNRs. We find that the free expansion model is inconsistent with the observed N(<D) relation and that the Sedov-Taylor (ST) expansion model is a much better fit. The ST expansion model is used to derive a SN rate in M33 of one SN every 360 yr. The spectroscopic sample of SNRs is the largest of its kind in any galaxy. Our investigations show no relation between [N II]:Hα and [S II] λ6717:λ6731. We do, however, find weak trends between the SNR diameter and [N II]:Hα and [S II]:Hα. Further, we find a strong correlation between [N II]:Hα and the galactocentric distance (GCD) indicative of an abundance gradient. There is a large dispersion in the [N II]:Hα ratio at a given GCD that cannot be explained by evolutionary effects and that may be due to a larger abundance dispersion in the inner part of the galaxy.
Is frequent religious attendance really conducive to better health? Toward an epidemiology of religion

Although hundreds of published studies have addressed the effects of religion on morbidity and mortality, many investigators may be unaware of this literature. This paper begins with an analysis of an important subset of these studies--those 27 which operationalize 'religiosity' as religious attendance--and which, taken as a whole, point to a consistent salutary effect for frequent attendance. Upon identifying several pervasive epistemological, methodological, and analytical problems with these studies, however, this paper shows that there is insufficient evidence to conclude that religious attendance is positively and significantly related to health. Nevertheless, the authors present a theoretical basis for expecting such associations. This framework is included in a brief primer on religion for epidemiologists and other sociomedical scientists interested in exploring the health-related effects of religious factors. Finally, a possible scenario for the development of an epidemiology of religion is discussed.
Manufacturer-provided services vs. Retailer-provided services: Effect on product quality, channel profits and consumer welfare

Demand-enhancing services like automated help desks, toll-free technical support hotlines or delivery and installation services are routinely offered to consumers by manufacturers or retailers or both. This paper examines how the identity of the channel member (manufacturer or retailer) providing the demand-enhancing services can have a different impact on the manufacturer's product quality decisions and resultant channel and consumer welfare. We show that when a manufacturer wishing to sell its entire product line through a retailer provides demand-enhancing services to consumers, then it chooses higher product quality levels and channel member profits and consumer welfare are higher. However, when the retailer selling the manufacturer's product line is the one who provides the demand-enhancing services, then the manufacturer may choose a lower product quality level and retailer profit and consumer welfare may be lower. Our results therefore indicate that a manufacturer should not simply look at cost savings arising from shifting service responsibilities from itself to the retailer. Similarly, a retailer should not expect to always benefit from situations where it has secured the ability to choose its own desired levels of services to be provided to consumers.
James Madison's Psychology of Public Opinion

This article argues that in his “Party Press Essays,” James Madison expounds a psychology of public opinion that is identifiable, but less developed, in his earlier writings. In these essays, Madis...
Significance of the Initial R Wave in Lead aVR of the Electrocardiogram in the Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction

Distribution, means, and standard deviations of the initial R wave in lead aVR of the electrocardiogram are investigated in 1,563 healthy U.S.A., Canadian, and Japanese men, ages 18 to 60 years, and on 448 healthy U.S.A., Canadian, and Japanese women, ages 17 to 51 years, and in samples of cardiac pathology. Findings in the normal group included an initial R wave in about 50% of the group, no significant effect of age, sex, or race on the mean initial R-wave amplitude in lead aVR or its distribution, or on the upper 98% normal limit of the initial R wave, a decrease of the mean R amplitude in aVR with clockwise rotation of the transitional zone, and a highly significant correlation of R amplitude in aVR to that of R in V1, Q3, and Q in aVF, but too low for reliable prediction. Right ventricular hypertrophy, anterior wall myocardial infarction, and hypertensive heart disease have no effect on the amplitude or prevalence of the initial R in aVR. Posterior and anterior plus posterior wall infarction signific...
Determination of electronic and ionic conductivity in mixed ionic conductors: HiTEC and in-situ impedance spectroscopy analysis of isovalent and aliovalent doped BaTiO3

Abstract The ionic and electronic conductivities of nonstoichiometric BaTiO 3 (undoped, Ca-doped, and Zr-doped BaTiO 3–δ ) ceramics were investigated through high temperature equilibrium conductivity (HiTEC) and in-situ impedance measurements at various equilibrium conditions with different oxygen partial pressures over a temperature range of 950–1050 °C. Contribution of mobile oxygen vacancies on the electrical conductivity has been determined by HiTEC measurement as a function of oxygen partial pressure; the electrical conductivity with mobile oxygen vacancies shows a broad transition from p -type to n -type, and thereby there is an increase of the minimum conductivity at the n – p transition point. Through combining in-situ impedance spectroscopy measurements with the HiTEC measurements, it was confirmed clearly that the mobile oxygen vacancy contributes to the total conductivity, and the oxides become mixed conductors around the n – p transition regime (minimum electronic conductivity regime). It was found that Warburg impedance can be observed at the condition of t ion /t electronic ≳ 0.05 in the temperature range of 950–1050 °C and p O 2 range of 0.95–10 − 16 atm. The ionic conductivity varied with the concentration of extrinsic oxygen vacancies and dopants, and the activation energy for mobility of oxygen vacancy in Ca-doped BaTiO 3–δ was found to be 1.04 ± 0.05 eV using the two techniques in a very good agreement.
Female sexuality and common sexual dysfunctions: evaluation and management in a primary care setting.

Abstract Sexual dysfunctions are highly prevalent in today’s society. Male sexual disorders have received considerable attention, leading to a multitude of treatment options. Female sexual dysfunctions, on the other hand, have gone vastly underreported and untreated. A large part of this could be attributed to social mores, resulting in an overall lack of communication. The complex interplay between psychological and physiological factors involved in sexual response requires a comprehensive understanding of the norm and deviations from it. This review of the literature attempts to bring this topic into focus by concentrating on normal female sexual response, the many levels at which these dysfunctions may occur, identification in a clinical setting, and current therapeutic modalities.
Toward Next-Generation, Intelligent Tutors: Adding Natural Handwriting Input

This article explores handwriting recognition-based interfaces in intelligent tutoring systems for students learning algebra equations.
The effect of a magnetic field on fourth sound in 3He

The influence of a magnetic field on the propagation of fourth sound in superfluid 3He is studied. The field and temperature dependences of the average superfluid density \-ϱ s /ϱ and fourth sound Q are measured. The field dependence of \-ϱ s / ϱ is very different in a porous medium than predicted by Ginzburg-Landau theory applied to bulk liquid. In particular, a magnetic suppression of \-ϱ s /ϱ is observed in the temperature and pressure ranges corresponding to the A phase in bulk liquid. There is strong evidence of a magnetic suppression of T c itself. The measured \-ϱ s /ϱ has a slight history dependence in a magnetic field, but none in zero field. The fourth-sound Q values are compared to the theoretical work of Smith, Jensen, and Wolfle. Quantitative confirmation of their work is problematic.
Ether- and amine-substituted cyclopentadienes as ligands in organometallic compounds: examples for iron and barium

Abstract Cyclopentadienes with Lewis donor atoms in side chains of the type C 5 H 5 CH 2 CH 2 R (R  OCH 3 , OC 2 H 5 , CH 2 OC 2 H 5 , N(CH 3 ) 2 , OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 ) are described. After deprotonation, these compounds can be used as ligands in main group and transition element chemistry, as shown by the examples of bariocenes and ferrocenes. 13 C-NMR evidence for the Lewis base stabilization of Ba(C 5 H 4 CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 ) 2 is presented. The compounds [parent cyclopentadiene for R  OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 ; Ba(C 5 H 4 CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 ) 2 ; Fe(C 5 H 4 CH 2 CH 2 R) 2 for all R] are characterized by 1 H- and 13 C{ 1 H}-NMR, IR, MS and elemental analysis.
Sécurité de l'endartériectomie carotidienne chez les patients traités par clopidogrel

Introduction Le clopidogrel (Plavix ® ) est de plus en plus utilise en pratique quotidienne, que ce soit au cours de la prise en charge des patients ayant des symptomes neuro-vasculaires, ou que ce soit chez ceux ayant des stents coronaires impregnes. Un pourcentage non negligeable de ces patients aura besoin d'une endarteriectomie carotidienne (EAC) alors qu'ils seront sous traitement par clopidogrel. Des donnees recentes faisaient apparaitre une augmentation de l'incidence des thromboses de stent coronaire lorsque a l'arret du clopidogrel. L'objectif de cette etude etait de determiner si l'EAC pouvait etre realisee en securite lorsque les patients etaient sous traitement par clopidogrel. Methodes Une analyse retrospective de cohorte etait realisee. Les patients ayant eu une EAC au cours d'une periode de 24 mois se terminant en Mars 2007 etaient analyses. Les patients etaient divises en deux groupes selon l'administration ou non de clopidogrel au cours de la periode per-operatoire. Les donnees pre-operatoires ainsi que les resultats postoperatoires etaient compares entre les deux groupes par le biais d'une analyse statistique. Resultats Des 100 patients operes d'une EAC, 19 etaient sous clopidogrel au cours des 5 jours precedant la chirurgie. Ces patients constituaient le groupe etudie. Le groupe controle etait constitue des 81 patients qui n'etaient pas sous clopidogrel. Les patients des deux groupes etaient anticoagules par heparine avant realisation du clampage. Les donnees pre-operatoires etaient similaires dans les deux groupes. Il n'existait pas de difference significative en termes de morbidite et de mortalite entre le groupe controle et le groupe de patients sous clopidogrel. Les taux combines de morbidite neurologique/mortalite etaient equivalents dans les deux groupes (1,2% dans le groupe controle vs. 0% dans le groupe clopidogrel). Un hematome etait note dans le groupe controle, ne necessitant pas de reintervention. Conclusion Les resultats de cette serie suggerent que les patients sous clopidogrel peuvent etre operes d'une EAC en toute securite, sans augmentation du risque d'hematome ou du risque de complication neurologique. Considerant les donnees recentes demontrant une augmentation du risque d'evenements indesirables chez les patients interrompant le clopidogrel, cette etude a une implication sur les moyens d'optimiser la prise en charge de ce groupe de patients.
Teaching the Leviathan: Thomas Hobbes on education

This paper considers Thomas Hobbes’s educational thought both in its historical context and in the context of his political philosophy as a whole. It begins with Hobbes’s diagnosis of the English Civil War as the product of the miseducation of the commonwealth and shows that education was a central and consistent concern of his political theory from an early stage. For Hobbes, the consensus on civil matters required for peace could be secured only through rigorous and universal civic education overseen by the sovereign in the universities, the pulpit, and the family alike. While some scholars have condemned Hobbesian education as unacceptably authoritarian, others have cited it approvingly as evidence for a more liberal Hobbes. This essay argues that neither reading adequately grasps the subtle relationship between persuasion and authority that characterises Hobbes’s conception of education and, indeed, his political philosophy more generally.
Summary of the 56th BAPS and 10th EUPSA Congress: Graz, Austria 17th-20th June 2009

This is a summary of the annual summer meeting that was a combination of two of the largest European paediatric surgical associations.
The Commission Game: An Ethics Activity for Professional Selling Courses

The Commission Game is an experiment-based experiential learning activity designed to elicit students' sincere ethical decision making in an ambiguous sales context. The activity includes multiple relevant stakeholders as well as tangible, shared risk/reward elements. The activity's design encourages students to contemplate their own personal code of ethics and to evaluate the influence of their ethical beliefs on their decision making. This paper describes the activity's process and provides implementation and assessment materials.
Publishing landscape ecology research in the 21st century

With the proliferation of journals and scientific papers, it has become impossible to sustain a familiarity with the corpus of ecological literature, which totals tens of thousands of pages per year. Given the number of papers that a well-read ecologist should read, it takes an inordinate amount of time to extract the critical details necessary to superficially understand and evaluate the significance of a study from the typical journal article. Determining if a paper is worth taking the time to read closely is becoming more important as the number of published papers increases. Now that the transition to the digital age is nearly complete, perhaps the time is ripe for this situation to be changed.
ADHD and Working Memory: The Impact of Central Executive Deficits and Exceeding Storage/Rehearsal Capacity on Observed Inattentive Behavior

Inattentive behavior is considered a core and pervasive feature of ADHD; however, an alternative model challenges this premise and hypothesizes a functional relationship between working memory deficits and inattentive behavior. The current study investigated whether inattentive behavior in children with ADHD is functionally related to the domain-general central executive and/or subsidiary storage/rehearsal components of working memory. Objective observations of children’s attentive behavior by independent observers were conducted while children with ADHD (n = 15) and typically developing children (n = 14) completed counterbalanced tasks that differentially manipulated central executive, phonological storage/rehearsal, and visuospatial storage/rehearsal demands. Results of latent variable and effect size confidence interval analyses revealed two conditions that completely accounted for the attentive behavior deficits in children with ADHD: (a) placing demands on central executive processing, the effect of which is evident under even low cognitive loads, and (b) exceeding storage/rehearsal capacity, which has similar effects on children with ADHD and typically developing children but occurs at lower cognitive loads for children with ADHD.
Differential diagnosis of cerebral vascular disease and intracranial neoplasm.

Advances in the treatment of both cerebral vascular disease and intracranial neoplasm make early differentiation of these conditions increasingly important. In the past many have assumed that there was little reason to confuse the diagnosis of cerebral vascular disease with its traditionally sudden onset (strokes), and that of brain tumor with its equally traditional gradual progression of symptoms, findings and signs of increased intracranial pressure. However, experience, especially with patients over 50, soon teaches that often this differentiation is very difficult. It is my purpose to review the reasons for this difficulty, to point out the diagnostic pitfalls, and to emphasize the special procedures which may be of aid. First it may be pointed out that cerebral vascular disease is not always sudden in its onset. Even hemorrhage may be slowly progressive in onset. In such cases a slowly developing subcortical hematoma gives the mechanical effects of a space-occupying lesion and in air studies or angiograms is mistaken for a neoplasm.
Electroexcitation of non-normal parity states in 11B☆

Abstract The calculation of positive parity states of 11 B is extended to the region of the giant E1 resonance with a complete non-spurious 1ℏ.ω basis. Strengths for longitudinal E1 and transverse M2 transitions to these states from the ground state are compared to the existing (e,e′) data. The calculation results in a strong M2 giant resonance overlapping the E1 resonance. In addition E1 form factors for excitation of low-lying states are given to show that the presence of 0s hole excitation has a drastic effect on the shapes of some of these form factors.
The photometric method of detecting other planetary systems

Rosenblatt (1971) has conducted an investigation regarding the use of photometric techniques to detect other planetary systems by searching for changes in starlight caused by the transit of a planet. The obtained results suggest that neither the intrinsic variation of the starlight nor the transmission fluctuations in the terrestrial atmosphere would prevent detection of planets as small as Mars with telescope apertures of 40 to 60 cm. The present investigation shows that Rosenblatt's results are too optimistic even for present-day differential photometric techniques. However, it appears that the detection of planets at least one-third the size of Jupiter is feasible, if a photometer with the required precision can be developed, taking into account the availability of a wide-angle telescope with a 1- to 2-m aperture.
Measurement of Helium Generation in AISI 304 Reflector and Blanket Assemblies after Long-term Irradiation in EBR-II

Five hexagonal ducts constructed from AISI 304 stainless steel in the annealed state were removed from rows 8–14 of the EBR-II fast reactor after many years of irradiation to study the effect of atomic displacement rate on void swelling. For this objective it was important to assure that the observed differences in void swelling were not strongly influenced by variations in helium/dpa ratio. The two major contributions to helium production arise from the nickel and boron content of the steel. However, the boron content was unspecified and therefore unknown, but it was determined from an unirradiated archive duct by converting a well-defined fraction to helium and then measuring the helium content using isotopic dilution mass spectrometry. The same technique was used to measure the total helium in the irradiated duct specimens. After separating the boron contribution from the total measured helium it was possible to determine the contribution from various fast and thermal neutron interactions with the other major elements in the steel and compare the helium generation with predicted values. One important conclusion of the study is that the range of He/dpa ratios over the five subassemblies was not very large, allowing the observed changes in swelling to be attributed primarily to variations in displacement rate and temperature.
Antineoplastic agents. 556. Isolation and structure of Coprinastatin 1 from Coprinus cinereus.

Cancer cell line bioassay-guided separation of an ethyl acetate extract prepared from a plant-associated fungus, Coprinus cinereus, led to the isolation of three new sesquiterpenes, coprinastatin 1 (1), coprinol (2), and the epimer (4a), of the known sesquiterpene triol 4b. The previously described sesquiterpene 3 and oxazolinone 5 were also isolated. The structure and relative configuration of coprinastatin 1 (1) were determined by HRMS and by 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopic analyses. The structure of terpene 2 was elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments. The remaining structures were similarly determined, structure 3 by spectroscopic analyses and both 4a and 5 by X-ray crystal structure determination. Coprinastatin 1 (1) was found to inhibit growth of the murine P388 lymphocytic leukemia cell line and the pathogenic bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Catching the wind: New views of aeolian processes

A joint meeting of the Fifth International Conference on Aeolian Research (ICAR-5) and the Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems- Soil Erosion Network (GCTE-SEN) brought together physical and environmental scientists interested in the latest challenges and discoveries in aeolian (wind as a geological process) research. The conference provided an opportunity for researchers focusing on both theoretical modeling and field experimentation aspects of aeolian processes to interact and learn the research needs and findings of their counterparts. Perhaps due to the meeting's location in the heartland of the North American Great Plains, many presentations at ICAR-5 dealt with wind erosion of agricultural lands in the United States, Canada, and elsewhere. One hundred thirty scientists from 18 nations attended.
Fast-moving suspended particles: measurements of their size and velocity.

A simple optical instrument is developed to measure remotely the size as well as the velocity of individual particles suspended in a fast-moving stream. The instrument consists of dual laser beams, each directed toward one phototransistor. The size and velocity are determined from the signals produced by particles passing through the laser beams. The measuring range of the particle size of the present unit is between 30 μm and 800 μm; both the upper and the lower ranges, however, are adjustable.
Effects of mutations in the starch-binding domain of Bacillus macerans cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase

Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) is an industrially important enzyme that produces cyclodextrins (CD) from starch by intramolecular transglycosylation. CGTase consists of five globular domains labeled A through E. To better understand the role of domain E in CGTase catalysis, we have constructed several mutants of Bacillus macerans CGTase. Removing the entire E domain resulted in an inactive enzyme. Adding six amino acids between domains D and E caused a decrease in activity and thermostability. Replacing domain E with the similar starch-binding domain from Aspergillus awamori glucoamylase I caused a drastic decrease in activity, indicating the necessity of correct alignment of bound substrate. Substituting tyrosine residue 634 (Tyr634) with phenylalanine had very little effect on activity or thermostability. Substituting Tyr634 with glycine resulted in a 25% increase of specific cyclization and starch-hydrolyzing activities compared with that of the wild-type enzyme. The latter mutant was less thermostable. The results of this study indicate that domain E is important for the stability and integrity of B. macerans CGTase.
Cross-Reactive Immune Responses as Primary Drivers of Malaria Chronicity

The within-host dynamics of an infection with the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum are the result of a complex interplay between the host immune system and parasite. Continual variation of the P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein (PfEMP1) antigens displayed on the surface of infected red blood cells enables the parasite to evade the immune system and prolong infection. Despite the importance of antigenic variation in generating the dynamics of infection, our understanding of the mechanisms by which antigenic variation generates long-term chronic infections is still limited. We developed a model to examine the role of cross-reactivity in generating infection dynamics that are comparable to those of experimental infections. The hybrid computational model we developed is attuned to the biology of malaria by mixing discrete replication events, which mimics the synchrony of parasite replication and invasion, with continuous interaction with the immune system. Using simulations, we evaluated the dynamics of a single malaria infection over time. We then examined three major mechanisms by which the dynamics of a malaria infection can be structured: cross-reactivity of the immune response to PfEMP1, differences in parasite clearance rates, and heterogeneity in the rate at which antigens switch. The results of our simulations demonstrate that cross-reactive immune responses play a primary role in generating the dynamics observed in experimentally untreated infections and in lengthening the period of infection. Importantly, we also find that it is the primary response to the initially expressed PfEMP1, or small subset thereof, that structures the cascading cross-immune dynamics and allows for elongation of the infection.
Balanced Model Reduction via the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition

A new method for performing a balanced reduction of a high-order linear system is presented. The technique combines the proper orthogonal decomposition and concepts from balanced realization theory. The method of snapshotsisused to obtainlow-rank,reduced-rangeapproximationsto thesystemcontrollability and observability grammiansineitherthetimeorfrequencydomain.Theapproximationsarethenusedtoobtainabalancedreducedorder model. The method is particularly effective when a small number of outputs is of interest. It is demonstrated for a linearized high-order system that models unsteady motion of a two-dimensional airfoil. Computation of the exact grammians would be impractical for such a large system. For this problem, very accurate reducedorder models are obtained that capture the required dynamics with just three states. The new models exhibit far superiorperformancethanthosederived using a conventionalproperorthogonal decomposition. Although further development is necessary, the concept also extends to nonlinear systems.