cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolution of Bergmann glia in developing human fetal cerebellum: a Golgi, electron microscopic and immunofluorescent study.

Abstract Astrogliogenesis in the human fetal cerebellum was examined in 46 cerebella obtained from hysterotomy specimens ranging between 9 and 20 weeks of ovulation age. By correlating the results obtained by rapid Golgi and Golgi-Cox methods, the indirect immunofluorescence technique for glial fibrillary acidic protein, and electron microscopy, it was possible to ensure identification of cells and obtain a comprehensive view of the ontogenesis of cerebellar astroglia, in particular Bergmann fibers. Radial fibers were present at 9 weeks of ovulation age, with features of astroglial differentiation. In the cerebellar hemisphere radial fibers arising near the ventricular zone did not reach all the way to the pial surface but terminated in vascular walls of the intermediate zone. A second set of glial cells located in the intermediate zone gave rise to long, tapering processes oriented radially to the pia, some reaching to the pial surface and terminating there in conical swellings. Radial glia with these features were observed in cerebella at all fetal ages examined, indicating their availability for guidance of external granular cells as they migrate inward. With advancing fetal age, the segment of those radial glia traversing the molecular layer demonstrated an increasing resemblance to Bergmann fibers, though the cell bodies giving rise to these processes were still located below the Purkinje cells. Transitional forms between radial glial processes and fibers beginning to resemble Bergmann fibers were observed in numerous specimens impregnated with the Golgi methods. Astrogliogenesis in human fetal cerebellum occurs earlier than formerly believed, and Bergmann fibers are a final stage in the development of a defined group of radial glia in the cerebellum.
Scattering correlations in ion-atom collisions

Abstract Corrections to the independent electron model due to the effects of electron-electron correlation interactions during ion-atom collisions are determined. These corrections are evaluated to first order in both the electron-electron correlation interaction and the scattering interaction at high velocities.
Motivational orientations, views about the purpose of education, and intellectual styles

College students' motivational orientations toward learning and their views concerning the purpose of education were examined in relation to various intellectual styles. Task orientation (wherein one's goal is to increase understanding or mastery) was found to be positively associated with Tolerance for Ambiguity, Thoughtfulness, and Open-Mindedness. Ego orientation (wherein one's goal is to outperform others) was negatively associated with Tolerance for Ambiguity, Thoughtfulness, Complexity, and Individualism. Moreover, the views that school's purpose should be to promote understanding and achievement motivation tended to be positively associated with these traits, but the view that school should promote one's wealth and status was not associated with these traits.
Regulation of sialomucin complex/Muc4 in the female rat reproductive tract.

Sialomucin complex (SMC/rat Muc4) is a hetero-dimeric glycoprotein complex composed of an anti-adhesive mucin subunit ascites sialoglyco-protein (ASGP)-1 and a transmembrane subunit ASGP-2. SMC expression is tightly regulated in the uterus, and its expression appears to block blastocyst implantation. Expression is controlled by steroid hormone levels in the uterine luminal epithelium, but not the uterine glandular epithelium, oviduct, cervix or vagina. Increased progesterone levels lead to downregulation of SMC in the uterine luminal epithelium at the time of receptivity for implantation. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) has been implicated as a factor in uterine progesterone responses. Studies on primary rat uterine luminal epithelial cells showed that both SMC protein and transcript are downregulated by TGF-β1, although SMC expression is not altered by treatments with oestrogen or progesterone. SMC is also down-regulated when epithelial cells are co-cultured with isolated uterine stromal cells. Oestradiol and anti-TGF-β block the stromal cell effect. These data indicate that uterine epithelial cells respond to hormones to downregulate SMC via an indirect effect on stromal cells involving paracrine action of TGF-β.
In vivo mutation analysis using the ΦX174 transgenic mouse and comparisons with other transgenes and endogenous genes.

Abstract The ΦX174 transgenic mouse was first developed as an in vivo Ames test, detecting base pair substitution (bps) at a single bp in a reversion assay. A forward mutational assay was also developed, which is a gain of function assay that also detects bps exclusively. Later work with both assays focused on establishing that a mutation was fixed in vivo using single-burst analysis: determining the number of mutant progeny virus from an electroporated cell by dividing the culture into aliquots before scoring mutants. We review results obtained from single-burst analysis, including testing the hypothesis that high m utant f requencie s (MFs) of G:C to A:T mutation recovered by transgenic targets include significant numbers of unrepaired G:T mismatches. Comparison between the ΦX174 and lacI transgenes in mouse spleen indicates that the spontaneous bps m utation f requency per n ucleotide ( mf n ) is not significantly lower for ΦX174 than for lacI ; the response to ENU is also comparable. For the lacI transgene, the spontaneous bps mf n is highly age-dependent up to 12 weeks of age and the linear trend extrapolates at conception to a frequency close to the human bps mf n per generation of 1.7 × 10 −8 . Unexpectedly, we found that the lacI somatic (spleen) bps mf n per cell division at early ages was estimated to be the same as for the human germ-line. The bps mf n in bone marrow for the gpt transgene is comparable to spleen for the lacI and ΦX174 transgenes. We conclude that the G:C to A:T transition is characteristic of spontaneous in vivo mutation and that the MFs measured in these transgenes at early ages reflect the expected accumulation of in vivo mutation typical of endogenous mammalian mutation rates. However, spontaneous and induced mf n s per nucleotide for the cII gene in spleen are 5–10 times higher than for these other transgenes.
Analysis and critical comparison of the reversed-phase and ion-exchange contributions to retention on polybutadiene coated zirconia and octadecyl silane bonded silica phases

The two major modes of retention of basic compounds in reversed-phase liquid chromatography on both octadecyl silane bonded silica-based (ODS) and polybutadiene coated zirconia (PBD-ZrO2) materials are hydrophobic and ion-exchange (Coulombic) interactions. Although the influence of reversed-phase and Coulombic interactions on the chromatography of organic cations is qualitatively well recognized, the quantitative relationship between hydrophobic and ion-exchange interactions remains unclear. In this work, the retention mechanisms on both of the above types of phases were probed by studying the retention of a homologous series of p-alkylbenzylamines as a function of the ammonium concentration in the eluent. The various columns tested were studied in terms of plots of retention factor vs. the inverse of the displacingcation concentration. The analysis of such plots as well as plots of log k' vs. number of methylene groups in the solutes and plots of log k' vs. log[NH4+] clearly shows that at least two types of sites--a pure reversed-phase site and a "hydrophobically-assisted ion-exchange site" similar to the type of site described by Neue [J. Chromatogr. A 925 (2001) 49] are needed to explain the observations. In addition, we have found a quantitative measure of the relative amount of reversed-phase and ion-exchange interaction on a given solute has on a given stationary phase which allows unambiguous classification of columns. It is now clear that ion-exchange contributions to retention on PBD-ZrO2, sometimes exceeding 90%, are even more important than previously thought and relative to hydrophobic interaction much more significant on PBD-ZrO2 than on ODS type-B silicas.
Processing of soft matter and composites: integration of material sensors with process models and intelligent control algorithms

Abstract This paper describes the development of an intelligent process-control system for the production of fiber-reinforced organic polymeric composites. The composite material consists of a polymer matrix (polyamide resin F174) and high-modulus quartz-fiber reinforcement. This composite material has good mechanical properties at high temperatures, and possesses a low dielectric constant, making it suitable for applications in missile radomes. The problem is that the raw materials are chemically reactive, and the process-control system must enable adaptation to variations in the temperature-time exposure of the raw materials and/or variations which may occur in the materials received from different suppliers. The uniqueness of the control system lies in that it is self-directing, and relies on information derived from sensors (laser fiber-optic probes and dielectric sensors) placed within the material. In addition, a materials-transformation model based on the chemical kinetics of the polymerization process calculates a number of key polymer parameters, such as degree of imidization, degree of cure, molecular weight distribution, and polydispersity ratio in situ. The collective ability to collect high-quality sensor information, to run sophisticated but robust process models in real time, to make complex decisions using artificial intelligence (AI), and to implement these decisions for controlling the structure of the actual material being processed represents a significant breakthrough in materials and process capability in this field. The focus of this work, measuring and controlling the physical and chemical properties of the material, rather than the physical attributes of the processing machinery, is an important paradigm shift.
Solid phase extraction of proteins from buffer solutions employing capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fibers as the stationary phase

Polypropylene (PP) capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fibers are applied for solid phase extraction (SPE) of proteins from aqueous buffer solutions using a micropipette tip-based format. A process was developed in which centrifugation is used as the moving force for solution passage in the loading/washing steps instead of the previously employed manual aspiration. The complete procedure requires ∼15 minutes, with the number of samples run in parallel limited only by the capacity of the centrifuge. The method performance was evaluated based on adsorption and elution characteristics of several proteins (cytochrome c, lysozyme, myoglobin, and glucose oxidase) from 150 mM phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solutions. Protein concentration ranges of ∼2 to 100 μg mL−1 were employed and the recovery characteristics determined through UV-Vis absorbance spectrophotometry for protein quantification. The protein loading capacities across the range of proteins was ∼1.5 μg for the 5 mg fiber tips. Average recoveries from PBS were determined for each protein sample; cytochrome c ∼86%, lysozyme ∼80%, myoglobin ∼86%, and glucose oxidase ∼89%. Recoveries from more complex matrices, synthetic urine and synthetic saliva, were determined to be ∼90%. A 10× dilution study for a fixed 1 μg protein application yielded 94 ± 3.2% recoveries. The C-CP tips provided significantly higher recoveries for myoglobin in a 150 mM PBS matrix in comparison to a commercially available protein SPE product, with the added advantages of low cost, rapid processing, and reusability.
Pharmacokinetics of Alcide®, a germicidal compound in rat

Alcide is a germicidal compound which is currently being used as a liquid sterilizer. This agent has the ability to kill a wide range of bacteria, viruses and fungi in vitro within 1 min. The active ingredients in this sterilizer are sodium chlorite and lactic acid. The kinetics of 36Cl-labelled liquid Alcide were studied in rats. After oral administration, the peak plasma level was obtained in 8 h. The half life for 36Cl absorption from plasma was 8.03 h, corresponding to a rate constant of 0.086 h-1, while the half life for 36Cl elimination from plasma was 48.02 h, corresponding to a rate constant of 0.014 h-1. At 144 h, radioactivity was highest in plasma followed by lung, kidney, skin, bone marrow, stomach, ovary, duodenum, ileum, spleen, fat, brain, liver and carcass. The greatest amount of activity in whole blood was present in plasma. Subcellular distribution revealed that 85% of the activity in the liver homogenate resided in the cytosol. Seventy per cent of total activity in plasma was located in the trichloroacetic acid (TCA) supernant, with 30% bound to the precipitated protein fraction. Urinary excretion accounted for most of the 36Cl eliminated. Radioactivity was excreted as chloride and chlorite in urine.
An unusual oxidation of an NCH3 group to an NCHO group by osmium tetroxide

Abstract Treatment of pyrodelphinine (1) with osmium tetroxide afforded a mixture of the cis-hydroxylation product 2 and an unexpected product 3 in the ratio of 4:1, respectively. Similarly, oxidation of delphinine (5) afforded α-oxodelphinine (6; 75%) and oxidation of mesaconitine (8) furnished oxonitine (9; 92%). Thus a very selective oxidation of the N-methyl group of delphinine and mesaconitine is effected osmium tetroxide.
A system and language for building system-specific, static analyses

This paper presents a novel approach to bug-finding analysis and an implementation of that approach. Our goal is to find as many serious bugs as possible. To do so, we designed a flexible, easy-to-use extension language for specifying analyses and an efficent algorithm for executing these extensions. The language, metal, allows the users of our system to specify a broad class of analyses in terms that resemble the intuitive description of the rules that they check. The system, xgcc, executes these analyses efficiently using a context-sensitive, interprocedural analysis. Our prior work has shown that the approach described in this paper is effective: it has successfully found thousands of bugs in real systems code. This paper describes the underlying system used to achieve these results. We believe that our system is an effective framework for deploying new bug-finding analyses quickly and easily.
The value of corn versus fat and wheat bran in a practical broiler ration compared to their predicted energy values.

Abstract THE addition of fibrous materials, in moderate amounts, to chick diets results in increased feed consumption sufficient to maintain or increase rate of growth (Wilcke and Hammond, 1940; Davis and Briggs, 1947; Peterson et al., 1954; Hill and Dansky, 1954). Since the initiation of this present study, Fisher and Weiss (1956) reported fiber per se to stimulate consumption of cerelose diets formulated to be isocaloric, and as a result, feed efficiency was increased as well as growth rate. In experiments conducted by Mraz et al. (1956,1957), in which large amounts of inert materials such as sand, vermiculite and Solka Floc were used, the energy: volume ratio of the diets was a better criterion of the growth promoting quality of a diet than its density, productive energy: weight ratio or fiber content. More recently Richardson et al. (1958) found a high correlation between productive energy content of a diet and feed …
Description of Seasat radiometer status and results

Improved geophysical algorithms are shown to be able to determine sea surface temperature (SST) to an accuracy of 1 C (1 sigma) under favorable surface and atmospheric conditions over an SST range of 10-30 C. Under similar conditions, the radiometer wind retrievals track the scatterometer winds within a scatter of 2 m/s (1 sigma) over a wind speed range of 0-25 m/s. These conditions require that contamination from land, rain, sun glint, and radio frequency interference be avoided. What is more, water vapor determinations in the midlatitudes and in the tropical Pacific are found to agree with estimates of precipitable water from radiosondes to within 10%.
Competency to be executed and forced medication: Singleton v. Norris

Singleton v. Norris is a decision by the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals stating that forced psychotropic medication can be continued after the date of execution is set if the medication had been given previously to prevent the inmate from being dangerous in the prison setting under a Harper-type review. The defendant had argued that after the date of execution was set, it was no longer in his medical interests to continue the medication. In the decision, the majority held that the fact that an execution is in the offing does not alter the medical interests for which the medication had been prescribed, and physicians should just continue to treat the medical condition. This decision may raise ethics problems for physicians in such settings, because they may be in violation of the American Medical Association (AMA) Code of Ethics if the original override is dubious.
Cast polycrystalline silicon solar cell with grooved surface

Improving the efficiency of polycrystalline silicon solar cells by using an efficient surface groove structure and a thinner bulk active layer is described. The cell surface was mechanically grooved and chemically etched. A conversion efficiency of 15.5% for a 10*10 cm polycrystalline silicon cell was obtained with 1.0(%) surplus compared with the texture surface polycrystalline solar cell (reference cell: 14.5%). The grooved surface is effective for minimizing the reflectance of polycrystalline silicon solar cells. A thinner-groove polycrystalline cell of under 200 mu m substrate thickness improves the long-wavelength collection efficiency and the conversion efficiency. >
Restrictive blood transfusion protocol in liver resection patients reduces blood transfusions with no increase in patient morbidity.

Abstract Background Management of anemia in surgical oncology patients remains one of the key quality components in overall care and cost. Continued reports demonstrate the effects of hospital transfusion, which has been demonstrated to lead to a longer length of stay, more complications, and possibly worse overall oncologic outcomes. The hypothesis for this study was that a dedicated restrictive transfusion protocol in patients undergoing hepatectomy would lead to less overall blood transfusion with no increase in overall morbidity. Methods A cohort study was performed using our prospective database from January 2000 to June 2013. September 2011 served as the separation point for the date of operation criteria because this marked the implementation of more restrictive blood transfusion guidelines. Results A total of 186 patients undergoing liver resection were reviewed. The restrictive blood transfusion guidelines reduced the percentage of patients that received blood from 31.0% before January 9, 2011 to 23.3% after this date (P = .03). The liver procedure that was most consistently associated with higher levels of transfusion was a right lobectomy (16%). Prior surgery and endoscopic stent were the 2 preoperative interventions associated with receiving blood. Patients who received blood before and after the restrictive period had similar predictive factors: major hepatectomies, higher intraoperative blood loss, lower preoperative hemoglobin level, older age, prior systemic chemotherapy, and lower preoperative nutritional parameters (all P Conclusions A restrictive blood transfusion protocol reduces the incidence of blood transfusions and the number of packed red blood cells transfused. Patients who require blood have similar preoperative and intraoperative factors that cannot be mitigated in oncology patients. Restrictive use of blood transfusions can reduce cost and does adversely affect patients undergoing liver resection.
Influence of Micromaterial Heterogeneity on Strain Localization in Granular Materials

Lade’s constitutive model was modified to incorporate the couple stress and the particle’s rotation within the framework of the Cosserat continuum. The finite element equations were implemented in the finite-element program (ABAQUS) to predict the strain localization (shear bands) in granular materials. Material spatial heterogeneity such as local void ratio, particle size, surface roughness and shape indices was mapped into the finite element mesh to account for the local heterogeneity of the material properties. The model was found to respond well to such spatial heterogeneities and the results compare well with experiments. The material spatial distributions were generated using scanning electron microscope and optical microscope images. The surface roughness and the shape indices were found to affect the shear band thickness; a parametric study was performed and such effects were found to be significant. The shear band thickness was found to increase as the surface roughness of the particles, particle...
Outcomes of office-based, open food challenges in the management of food allergy

This letter reports the largest series of open oral food challenges in the literature to date. It describes the feasibility and utility of oral food challenge, further justifying its use in the everyday practice of allergy.
Computed Tomography Versus Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Of the Pediatric Central Nervous System Techniques, Indications, and Examples

The techniques for computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are described. Indications are given for the two procedures as well as the rationale for selection of one or the other in evaluation of the pediatric central nervous system. The benefits derived from each one are illustrated by a series of representative reproductions.
Perpetuating Split- household Families: The Case of Mexican Sojourners in Mid-Michigan and their Transnational Fatherhood Practices

New guest worker programs that promote temporary and documented immigration have been re-implemented by the United States. This is immigration policy that affects Mexican family organization within and across the border. Hence this paper examines fi rst how Mexican male sojourners undertake their reproductive and productive work, by helping to sustain family life even though they are prevented from family reunifi cation. Second, it explores how sojourners rearrange their parental responsibilities that have been disrupted by spatial-temporal family separation through transnational fatherhood. Palabras clave: 1. international migration, 2. labor migration, 3. social policy, 4. transnational fatherhood, 5. family relations. R ESUMEN
Bettor Misperceptions in the NBA: The Overbetting of Large Favorites and the “Hot Hand”

Systematic bettor misperceptions are found in the NBA point spread gambling market for the seasons of 1995-1996 to 2001-2002. Evidence of the overbetting of favorites is found, with a strategy of betting big underdogs rejecting the null of a fair bet. Betting big home underdogs not only rejects a fair bet but is also shown to reject the null of no profitability. In addition, betting against winning streaks, as first suggested in the “hot-hand” article of Camerer and later tested by Brown and Sauer, is also shown to be profitable.
Repeated intermittent stress exacerbates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Chronic stress in humans has been correlated with increased risk for ischemic heart disease. Thus experiments were conducted to determine if repeated intermittent restraint stress increased infarct...
A diminutive and specific RNA binding site for L-tryptophan

Selection for amino acid affinity by elution of RNAs from tryptophan-Sepharose using free L-tryptophan evokes one sequence predominantly (K(D) = 12 microM), a symmetrical internal loop of 3 nt per side. Though we have also isolated larger sequences with affinity for tryptophan, successively squeezed selection in randomized tracts of 70, 60, 40, 20 and 17 nt show that this internal loop is the simplest sequence that can meet the column affinity selection. From sequence variation in approximately 50 independent isolates, only 26 bits of information are required to describe this loop (equivalent to only 13 fully conserved nucleotides). Thus, it is among the simplest amino acid binding sites known, as well as selective among hydrophobic side chains. Among site sequences defined as essential to affinity by conservation, protection and modification-interference, there is a recurring CCA sequence (a tryptophan anticodon triplet) which apparently forms one side of the binding site. Such conserved juxtaposition of tryptophan with a cognate coding triplet supports a stereochemical origin for the genetic code.
Behavioral Discrimination between Quinine and KCl Is Dependent on Input from the Seventh Cranial Nerve: Implications for the Functional Roles of the Gustatory Nerves in Rats

The rat glossopharyngeal nerve (GL), which innervates posterior tongue taste buds, contains several physiologically defined taste fiber types; at least one type is primarily responsive to certain alkaloids (such as quinine), and another is primarily responsive to acids and salts. In contrast, the chorda tympani (CT), which innervates anterior tongue taste buds, does not appear to contain fibers that differentially respond to quinine relative to salts and acids. It was therefore predicted that GL transection should disrupt behavioral discriminations between quinine and either acids or salts. Water-restricted rats were trained to press one of two levers if a sampled taste stimulus was quinine (0.1–1.0 mm) and the second lever if the sampled stimulus was KCl (0.1–1.0 m). Sham surgery, GL transection, and sublingual and submaxillary salivary gland extirpation were found to have no effect relative to presurgical performance. Both CT transection and combined GL and CT transection caused a substantial and approximately equal decrement in discrimination performance. Removal of the gustatory branches of the seventh cranial nerve [CT and greater superficial petrosal (GSP)] nearly eliminated the discrimination of the taste stimuli, and combined transection of the CT, GL, and GSP unequivocally reduced performance to chance levels. Although these findings were not presaged by the known electrophysiology, they nonetheless compare favorably with other studies reporting little effect of GL transection on behavioral responses to quinine. These results, in the context of other discrimination studies reported in the literature, suggest that, in rats, the neural coding of taste quality depends primarily on the input of the facial nerve.
Building Leadership among Laboratory‐Based and Clinical and Translational Researchers: The University of California, San Francisco Experience

In 2005 the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) implemented the Scientific Leadership and Management (SLM) course, a 2-day leadership training program to assist laboratory-based postdoctoral scholars in their transition to independent researchers managing their own research programs. In 2011, the course was expanded to clinical and translational junior faculty and fellows. The course enrollment was increased from approximate 100 to 123 participants at the same time. Based on course evaluations, the number and percent of women participants appears to have increased over time from 40% (n = 33) in 2007 to 53% (n = 58) in 2011. Course evaluations also indicated that participants found the course to be relevant and valuable in their transition to academic leadership. This paper describes the background, structure, and content of the SLM and reports on participant evaluations of the course offerings from 2007 through 2011.
Dynamical Response of Quasi 1D Mott Insulators

At low energies certain one dimensional Mott insulators can be described in terms of an exactly solvable quantum field theory, the U(1) Thirring model. Using exact results derived from integrability we determine dynamical properties like the frequency dependent optical conductivity and the single-particle Green’s function. We discuss the effects of a small temperature and the effects on interchain tunneling in a model of infinitely many weakly coupled chains.
The effects of topically applied epinephrine and timolol on intraocular pressure and aqueous humor cyclic-AMP in the rabbit

Abstract Intraocular pressure and aqueous humor cyclic-AMP concentrations were measured in albino rabbits following topical treatment of one eye with a single dose of 2% epinephrine alone, 0·5% timolol alone, or epinephrine after timolol pretreatment. Most animals demonstrated a significant hypotensive response 6 hr after epinephrine treatment, which lasted at least an additional 6 hr. However, aqueous humor c-AMP was significantly elevated 30 min after epinephrine treatment, peaked between 60 and 240 min, and declined to baseline by 6 hr before a significant ocular hypotensive response was noted. Timolol treatment alone had no significant effect on either intraocular pressure or aqueous c-AMP. However, in epinephrine-treated animals which were pre-treated with timolol, the c-AMP response was blocked, with no significant alteration of the hypotensive response. Previous reports in the literature suggested a causal relationship between elevated aqueous humor c-AMP and fall in IOP. On the basis of the present work, this relationship is questionable.
Adding Value to Induced Decision Trees for Time-Sensitive Data

Rule induction serves as an alternative knowledge acquisition method in the development of expert systems. This research presents ways to increase the information in induced decision trees, which c...
Making Educational and Scholarly Videos with Screen Capture Software

This resource describes several options for making educational videos using “screencasting”, or “screen capture” software. The author (who has over 300 screencasted videos on YouTube and indexed on his website, www.burkeyacademy.com) describes the software and hardware tools needed, including some open source and free-to-use tools. Links to some “how to” videos are included, as well as some links to other example videos demonstrating novel professional uses for screencasting.
Template-Based Integrated Design: A Case Study

This chapter discusses the application of concurrent engineering principles in the product development phase to achieve maximum cost reduction by foreseeing the manufacturability constraints and solving perceived problems beforehand in the concept-generation phase itself. This would entail integrating the different phases, namely, design calculation, computer-aided design, and process planning. This design methodology is applied to the process of shaft design and bearing selection in the product development phase of a motor. The design calculations include a force analysis and also bearing life calculations. The output from these design calculations is used to develop drawings in integrated design and engineering analysis software (I-DEAS). These designs are then used to carry out a time and cost analysis.
In Search of Laboratory Excellence

In recent years the attention of many laboratory professionals has focussed on cost containment and improving analytical performance. In the United States the introduction of reimbursement to hospitals by the Diagnosis Related Groups (DRG) system has forced a drastic reappraisal of the cost of laboratory tests. Although less dramatic, the ever increasing constraints on laboratory budgets in other countries has had a similar effect. The laboratory obsession with analytical accuracy and precision has been another area of constant propaganda with the continued cry that analyses performed by non-laboratory personnel on equipment outside the laboratory are not so accurate or precise. This has often ignored the great advantages to the clinician and patient of having a rapid result, even though it may not be as reliable as that produced by the laboratory. It seems an appropriate time therefore to examine the role of the laboratory and of the Head of Department in the provision of health care, and to define those factors that contribute to laboratory excellence.
Two Systems of Justice, and What One Lawyer Can Do

The primary determinant for entrenched involvement in the juvenile justice system is the socioeconomic status of a child's family. This article explores avenues of legal advocacy within that system.
The Content of Land Economics and Research Methods Adapted to Its Needs

ERTAIN prerequisite considerations must be stated concerning the demarcation of fields of science, else the task is plainly futile. In the first place, since all parts of the universe are somehow associated with all other parts, no segment of knowledge can be exclusive unto itself. Secondly, if the question is argued for purely budgetary purposes, the tendency will be to describe another's field so narrowly as to define it out of existence and to state one's own so broadly as to construct a slogan instead of a definition. Thirdly, since change is a pervasive aspect of life, we should not only accept the fact, but indeed expect that our knowledge and therefore our outlines of it will vary from time to time. What purpose is to be served in defining and outlining a field of knowledge? The answer is founded on the proposition that knowledge must be relevant to action; that the essence of science is inquiry; and that the final objective of inquiry is better to equip ourselves to control the events of ordinary experience.1 Scientific inquiry must ultimately be related to the solution of experienced problems;2 its significance judged on the basis of its contribution to that solution; and its final test of validity set in the result obtained when the conclusions are put to test in purposive action. A recognizable field of scientific knowledge must then be concerned with a type or group of intimately related problems. The materials of a field consist of the summarized account of problems faced, analytical tools devised, and insights gained in the solution of those problems in the past; and it is efficiently organized to the extent that it expedites the bringing of this accumulated knowledge to bear upon the unsolved problems of the present. The content of a field of science consists of the problems to which the science turns its attention. A definition serves the purpose of
Efficient Approximation of Optimal High-Order Kinematic Trajectories

A method for efficiently planning one-dimensional pop-limited trajectories is presented, along with a direct method for synchronizing trajectories across multiple dimensions. This heuristic is designed for a double integrator utilizing acceleration commands passed through a 4th-order cascaded filter, the model for which is presented along with the system solution for an arbitrary time step and derivative limits. Examples for trajectories generated in both one and two dimensions are shown, with comparison to an iterative solver which searches for the exact optimal solution. The presented algorithm shows drastically lower computational requirements than the iterative solver, with very little cost in accuracy. Benefits and limitations of this approach are discussed.
A Comparison of Beamforming Processing Techniques for Low Frequency Noise Source Identification in Mining Equipment

In an effort to reduce Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) in the mining industry, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is conducting research to develop noise controls for mining equipment whose operators exceed the Permissible Exposure Level (PEL). The process involves three steps: 1) Noise source identification (NSI), 2) development of noise controls, and 3) evaluation of the developed noise controls. For the first and third steps, microphone phased array measurements are typically conducted and data are processed using the conventional beamforming (CB) algorithm. However, due to the size and complexity of the machines, this task is not straight forward. Furthermore, because of the low frequency range of interest, i.e., 200 Hz to 1000 Hz, results obtained using CB may show poor resolution issues which result in inaccuracy in the noise source location. To overcome this resolution issue, two alternative approaches are explored in this paper, namely the CLEAN-SC algorithm and a variarion of an adaptive beamforming algorithm known as Robust Capon Beamformer (RCB). These algorithms were used along with the CB algorithm to process data collected from a horizontal Vibrating Screen (VS) machine used in coal preparation plants. Results with the array in the overhead position showed that despite the use of a large array, i.e., 3.5-meter diameter, the acoustic maps obtained using CB showed “hot spots” that covered various components, i.e., the screen deck, the side walls, the I-beam, the eccentric mechanisms, and the electric motor. Thus, it was not possible to identify which component was the dominant contributor to the sound radiated by the machine. The acoustic maps obtained using the RCB algorithm showed smaller “hot” spots that in general covered only one or two components. Nevertheless, the most dramatic reduction in “hot” spot size was obtained using the CLEAN-SC algorithm. This algorithm yielded acoustic maps with small and well localized “hot” spots that pinpointed dominant noise sources. However, because the CLEAN-SC algorithm yields small and localized “hot” spots, extra care needs to be used when aligning the acoustic maps with the actual pictures of the machine. In conclusion, use of the RCB and the CLEAN-SC algorithms in the low frequency range of interest helped pinpoint dominant noise sources which otherwise would be very hard to identify.© 2009 ASME
Spatially-resolved ECM nanotopology via gold nanorod diffusion mapping using polarization-sensitive OCT

We demonstrate using PS-OCT to sense cross-sectional ECM nanotopology by mapping spatially resolved GNR diffusion. This novel approach will enable new applications in studying ECM remodeling such as tumorigenesis.
O06 Huntington's disease: difficulties of family caregivers

The family caregivers are the most important part of the informal and social support network of those who are sick or disabled (Sanchez 2002). Because of the characteristics of Huntington9s disease, such as the unknown possibility of cure, the progressive loss of autonomy and life expectancy resulting from an accelerated progression of the symptoms leading to death. The informal caregivers including family members, face different problems capable of causing serious changes in their quality of life. So the well-being of family caregivers is a concern for the health professionals especially nurses, since they support them in this caring process and must help them stay in the community, more specifically by those who have ties of affection. With this literature review intended to determine the difficulties faced by caregivers of people with Huntington. Conclusion You could say that the situation of family caregivers is a health problem of it9s own as it affects not only themselves but also the people target of care (Pinto et al , 2005). So the family caregivers of people with Huntington9s disease face many kinds of difficulties: psychological, physical, emotional, economic and social. Based on the characteristics of the disease and permanent availability necessary in caring for someone with HD, may experience the feeling of “disintegration of their lives” (Paulson 2011). As a result of all the activities they have to do, time spent with them and privations of a personal nature that are subject, may still develop diseases resulting from this activity and are therefore deserving of our full attention (England & Roberts 1996).
Synchrony in larval yellow perch abundance: the influence of the Moran Effect during early life history

Recruitment may vary substantially in fish populations, which can drive not only adult population characteristics but also the dynamics of fishes dependent on the species of interest and recreational fisheries for these species. However, spatiotemporal trends in population fluctuations and potential drivers of recruitment variability are poorly understood. Therefore, we used a long-term (2000–2014) data set to estimate the extent of spatial synchrony in larval abundance and factors influencing variability in recruitment of yellow perch (Perca flavescens). Contrary to the prevailing paradigm that spatial synchrony in population fluctuations (i.e., recruitment) is typically absent or occurs at small spatial scales (<50 km) for freshwater species, abundance of larval yellow perch was synchronous among spatially segregated systems across a geographic scale of at least 180 km. Additionally, variation in larval yellow perch density was influenced by spatially-correlated climatic and hydrological variables (indi...
The Effect of Medical Device Adverse Event Monitoring on Pre-market Medical Device Administrative Examination

To explain the effect of medical device event monitoring on pre-market medical device administrative examination.Strengthening the feedback of medical device event monitoring to medical device administrative examination is the important method of developing medical device administrative examination.
Can Decentralized Markets Be More Efficient

Decentralized markets are opaque and prone to trade delays, leading to the perception that they are less efficient than centralized limit order markets. Our model shows, however, that in presence of market power and asymmetric information problems decentralization can promote higher trade efficiency. First, screening behavior may be less aggressive and inefficient in decentralized markets as sellers reach fewer buyers. Second, in asset classes where information is needed to improve allocative efficiency, decentralized markets may dominate as predictable trading interactions and exclusive trading terms encourage information acquisition. Centralized markets, however, dominate when private information merely induces adverse selection.
Exercise in Cancer Survivorship: Building Your Base

Learn how to help cancer patients and survivors ease into an exercise routine to promote overall wellness and combat fatigue.
6 The Social Costs of Resilience: An Example from the Faroe Islands

When viewed at the level of social-ecological system, the Faroe Islands are a model of long-term resilience and sustainable resource management. But what have been the costs of this system-level success in terms of human well-being? In this chapter I focus on two key components of well-being—food and environmental security—during the transformative 12th and 13th centuries. Though faced with a series of significant environmental and political challenges, medieval-period Faroese society appears to have adequately maintained food and environmental security, due in large part to a number of legal restrictions on access to key natural resources. The social costs of doing so were not benign, however, as these policies, while effective as conservation measures, disproportionately excluded those with the least socio-economic power.
Characterization of the metabolic effect of β-alanine on markers of oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle.

[Purpose] β-alanine is a common component of numerous sports supplements purported to improve athletic performance through enhanced carnosine biosynthesis and related intracellular buffering. To date, the effects of β-alanine on oxidative metabolism remain largely unexplored. This work investigated the effects of β-alanine on the expression of proteins which regulate cellular energetics.
Delivery of drugs by the pulmonary route

Inhaled therapies have existed for at least 5000 years (1). Modern drug therapy can betraced to the propellant-driven (also known as “pressurized”) metered-dose inhaler(pMDI) of the 1950s (2). The surge in interest that has arisen in the last decade relates tothe chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) propellant ban and the development of biotechnologyproducts. The observation that CFC propellants play a significant role in ozone depletionin the upper atmosphere (3), which in turn results in greater surface ultraviolet (UV)radiation and impact on public health, particularly the incidence of skin cancer, led toregulation in the late 1980s (4). In addition, the burgeoning biotechnology industry of thelate 1980s and early 1990s actively sought alternative methods of delivering macro-molecular drugs, which were difficult to deliver in therapeutic doses by the oral orparenteral route (5). The urgent need for alternative methods explains the diversity ofdevices that have been described in the patent literature, many of which are currently onthe market, and the others are under development.
Androgen Deprivation Therapy: Appropriate Patients, Timing to Initiate ADT, and Complications

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) still remains the foundation of high-risk and metastatic prostate cancer treatment. Since the discovery of the androgen-dependent nature of prostate cancer, ADT has been used in various treatment settings. ADT is used as an adjuvant treatment with radical prostatectomy, in combination with radiation, or as a palliative option for metastatic disease. Based on the clinical context, the optimal timing of ADT varies. More recently the role of intermittent ADT has also been shown to improve quality of life while reducing cost of treatment. However, ADT is associated many significant complications that affects many organ systems. These range from cardiovascular and metabolic abnormalities to decreased bone density and cognitive and emotional disturbances. It is important to understand not only the role and appropriate timing of ADT use in the treatment of prostate cancer but also the need to counsel patients regarding potential complications and side effects of this treatment.
Adenovirus Vector E4 Gene Promotes Angiogenesis through Modulation of Junctional Connexin 40 and 43 Expression.

Gap junction channels formed of connexin (Cx) proteins provide a means for intercellular communication via direct linkage of the cytoplasm of adjacent cells and play important roles in the pathophysiology of vascular and cardiac homeostasis and disease. We have previously reported that introduction of E1/E3-deleted adenovirus (AdE4 + ) to endothelial cells (EC) selectively activates angiogenesis and increases cell survival via activation of the junctional adhesion molecule vascular endothelial-cadherin which targets the PI3K/Akt pathway. We now show that AdE4 + also potentiates Cx expression in EC in vitro and mouse heart tissue in vivo . Infection of EC with AdE4 + , but not AdE4 − , vectors resulted in time- and dose-dependent induction of Cx40 and suppression of Cx43 protein and mRNA as determined by immunoblot and Northern blot respectively. Maximal induction of Cx40 and suppression of Cx43 protein and mRNA were observed by 48 hours after infection, and between multiplicity-of-infection of 100 and 200. Immunohistochemical analysis of infected EC revealed that AdE4 + induced Cx40 expression localized to the plasma membrane at intercellular junctions, and attenuated total Cx43 expression. Cx40 expression was also markedly increased and Cx43 significantly decreased in the heart tissue of mice treated with AdE4 + via intra-tracheal administration compared to control mice. Pretreatment of EC with either PKA inhibitor (H89) or PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) abrogated the effects of AdE4 + in regulating Cx40 and Cx43, and was associated with diminished AdE4 + -enhanced EC survival. Furthermore, neither PKG inhibitor (KT5823) nor guanylyl cyclase inhibitor (NS2028) affected AdE4 + -modulation of Cx. It is of interest to note that cAMP has been shown to trigger Cx trafficking by way of PKA activation, as we have also observed. However, neither forskolin- nor cholera toxin-induced cAMP affected Cx expression in AdE4 + -infected EC, indicating that PKA activation by AdE4 + may be independent of cAMP. Taken together, alteration of the Cx expression profile, as mediated through PKA and PI3K signaling pathways, may play a role in AdE4 + -associated EC survival. These findings of Cx modulation by AdE4 + may not only explain why E4 + adenoviral vectors may induce increased survival of endothelial cells in vivo, but also may help us to understand the mechanisms of the pathophysiology of vascular and heart disorders by regulation of Cx.