cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hormonal effects on sex differentiation and growth in sunshine bass Morone chrysops×Morone saxatilis

Abstract During the production of sunshine bass, the fish are graded several times to avoid loss due to cannibalism. Such grading of fish that may exhibit sexually dimorphic growth could result in changing the sex ratio of populations raised for food production. A preferred gender exists for most aquaculture species. We have found that, during the first year, male sunshine bass appear to grow faster than females; however, females grow faster during the second year and are usually heavier when the fish are harvested. Feeding 17-α-methyltestosterone did not increase the growth of fingerling fish; however, feeding estradiol decreased growth, apparently by decreasing feed consumption. Immersion treatment of 4-day-old fry for up to 8 h with 17α-methyltestosterone or estradiol did not change the sex ratio. Treatment of 60- or 103-day-old fish for 40 days with estradiol in the feed resulted in all female fish. 17α-methyltestosterone treatment during the earlier period resulted in intersex fish, and treatment of 103-day-old fish did not change the sex ratio. Direct feminization with estradiol can be achieved during a period of development in which direct masculinization with 17α-methyltestosterone is not effective.
Blood Supply and Safety in the Developing World: Considerations for Emerging Markets

Assuring a safe and adequate blood supply in developing nations such as emerging markets is a daunting challenge that directly affects fundamental health metrics of a country. Numerous mortalities can be reduced when an effective national blood transfusion system is in place including leading causes of death such as maternal hemorrhage, sickle cell anemia, and malaria. There exists a circular relationship between blood supply and safety: efforts to ensure donor and recipient safety reduce the population of eligible voluntary blood donors, which in turn restricts blood supply. In this article we describe the main issues for blood supply in developing nations and emerging markets, identify the major causes and impact of transfusion transmitted infections, present a safety model that describes the relationship between defensive barriers in depth to assure safe blood, its effectiveness, and the impact it has on safe blood supply. We use twenty two nations in sub-Sahara Africa to present the safety model. Finally, we discuss strategies for blood safety and supply in developing nations.
Effect of age and monosodium-L-glutamate (MSG) treatment on neurotransmitter content in brain regions from male fischer-344 rats

Peripheral administration of monosodium-L-glutamate (MSG) has been found to be neurotoxic in neonatal rats. When administered in an acute, subconvulsive dose (500 mg/kg i.p.), MSG altered neurotransmitter content in discrete brain regions of adult (6 month old) and aged (24 month old) male Fischer-344 rats. Norepinephrine (NE) content was reduced in both the hypothalamus (16%) and cerebellum (11%) of adult rats, but was increased in both the hypothalamus (7%) and cerebellum (14%) of aged rats after MSG treatment. MSG also altered the dopamine content in adult rats in both the posterior cortex and the striatum, causing a reduction (23%) and an increase (12%), respectively. Glycine content in the midbrain of aged rats increased (21%) after MSG injection. Of particular interest is the widespread monoamine and amino acid deficits found in the aged rats in many of the brain regions examined. NE content was decreased (11%) in the cerebellum of aged rats. Dopamine content was reduced in both the posterior cortex (35%) and striatum (10%) of aged rats compared to adult animals. Cortical serotonergic deficits were present in aged rats with reductions in both the frontal (13%) and posterior cortex (21%). Aged rats also displayed deficits in amino acids, particularly the excitatory amino acids. There were glutamate deficits (9-18% reductions) in the cortical regions (posterior and frontal) as well as midbrain and brain stem. Aspartate, the other excitatory amino acid transmitter, was reduced 10% in the brainstem of aged rats. These data indicate that an acute, subconvulsive, dose of MSG may elicit neurochemical changes in both adult and aged male Fisher-344 rats, and that there are inherent age-related deficits in particular neurotransmitters in aged male Fisher-344 rats as indicated by the reductions in both monoamines and amino acids.
Secured macro/micro-mobility protocol for multi-hop cellular IP

A Multi-hop Cellular IP (MCIP) network differentiates global and local domains in terms of macro/micro-mobility in heterogeneous multi-hop communication. However, a MCIP network is vulnerable to various attacks and compromises during macro/micro-mobility processes in an adversarial environment. Existing MCIP protocol does not provide macro/micro-mobility security protection for mobile stations. In this paper, we introduce and evaluate a secure macro/micro-mobility protocol (SM^3P). In the proposed SM^3P, mobile IP security has been extended for supporting macro-mobility across local domains through the process of multi-hop registration and authentication. In a MCIP local domain, a certificate-based authentication achieves the effective routing and micro-mobility protection from a range of potential security threats. Our evaluation and simulation demonstrates the effectiveness of the SM^3P.
A novel quenching circuit to reduce afterpulsing of single photon avalanche diodes

In this paper, we report a new quenching circuit for single photon avalanche diodes, passive-quenching-with-activereset. This circuit uses a large resistor to passively quench the avalanche current and a transistor to actively reset the diode to the operating voltage after a specified hold-off time. Afterpulsing is reduced by minimizing the total charge flow during avalanche, which can be achieved by minimizing the stray capacitance in the circuit. The simulation of the circuit using PSpice showed that the circuit is operating correctly. The operation of the circuit was demonstrated using discrete components. A quenching time of ~2ns and a dynamic range of ~100dB have been achieved. The performance can be further improved by integrating the transistor with the photodiode to reduce the stray capacitance.
THE GENOME CONSTITUTION AND PHYLOGENY OF ELYMUS AMBIGUUS

A B S T RA CT Two Elymus ambiguus Vasey & Scribn. collections from Utah and Idaho were 2n = 28, and the species behaved meiotically as an allotetraploid. The E. ambiguus plants were highly selfsterile, and they hybridized readily with Asian E. junceus Fisch. (2n = 14), E. karataviensis Roshev. (2n = 28), E. multicaulis Kar. & Kir. (2n = 28), and North American E. innovatus Beal (2n = 28). Chromosome pairing at metaphase-I in the E. ambiguus X E. junceus triploid hybrids indicated that one E. ambiguus genome was closely homologous with the E. junceus genome. Chromosome pairing in the tetraploid hybrids indicated that both E. ambiguus genomes were more or less homologous with the genomes of E. karataviensis, E. multicaulis, and E. innovatus. The basic genome formula of E. ambiguus may be written as JJXX, where J is the E. junceus genome and X is a genome of unknown origin. Chromosome pairing in the hybrids indicated that E. ambiguus is more closely related to North American E. innovatus than to the Asian species. The E. ambiguus X E. innovatus hybrids were the only hybrids that set seed. Gene flow between E. ambiguus and E. innovatus is biologically possible, but geographic separation of the species precludes natural introgression. SINGLE-SPIKELET Elymus (wildrye) species are one of the focal points of taxonomic confusion in the difficult Triticeae tribe. Multiple spikelets per node is a key character of Elymus, yet a small segment of the genus has single or mixed single-and
Pulmonary CT image classification with evolutionary programming.

Rationale and Objectives. It is often difficult to classify information in medical images from derived features. The purpose of this research was to investigate the use of evolutionary programming as a tool for selecting important features and generating algorithms to classify computed tomographic (CT) images of the lung. Materials and Methods. Training and test sets consisting of 11 features derived from multiple lung CT images were generated, along with an indicator of the target area from which features originated. The images included five parameters based on histogram analysis, 11 parameters based on run length and co-occurrence matrix measures, and the fractal dimension. Two classification experiments were performed. In the first, the classification task was to distinguish between the subtle but known differences between anterior and posterior portions of transverse lung CT sections. The second classification task was to distinguish normal lung CT images from emphysematous images. The performance of the evolutionary programming approach was compared with that of three statistical classifiers that used the same training and test sets. Results. Evolutionary programming produced solutions that compared favorably with those of the statistical classifiers. In separating the anterior from the posterior lung sections, the evolutionary programming results were better than two of the three statistical approaches. The evolutionary programming approach correctly identified all the normal and abnormal lung images and accomplished this by using less features than the best statistical method. Conclusion. The results of this study demonstrate the utility of evolutionary programming as a tool for developing classification algorithms.
Time-Spectral Rotorcraft Simulations on Overset Grids

The Time-Spectral method is derived as a Fourier collocation scheme and applied to NASA's overset Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) solver OVERFLOW. The paper outlines the Time-Spectral OVERFLOWimplementation. Successful low-speed laminar plunging NACA 0012 airfoil simulations demonstrate the capability of the Time-Spectral method to resolve the highly-vortical wakes typical of more expensive three-dimensional rotorcraft configurations. Dealiasing, in the form of spectral vanishing viscosity (SVV), facilitates the convergence of Time-Spectral calculations of high-frequency flows. Finally, simulations of the isolated V-22 Osprey tiltrotor for both hover and forward (edgewise) flight validate the three-dimensional Time-Spectral OVERFLOW implementation. The Time-Spectral hover simulation matches the time-accurate calculation using a single harmonic. Significantly more temporal modes and SVV are required to accurately compute the forward flight case because of its more active, high-frequency wake.
Antithrombin activity is inhibited by acrolein and homocysteine thiolactone: Protection by cysteine

Conditions in which serum or tissue acrolein levels are high (e.g.: renal failure, heavy smoking, oxidative stress) are also associated with increased thrombogenicity. Another emerging cardiovascular risk factor is homocysteine, and its derivative, homocysteine thiolactone. Antithrombin is one of the most important inhibitors of blood coagulation Since its activation by heparin binding requires critical interactions involving 3 Lys residues; we hypothesized that acrolein or homocysteine thiolactone impair antithrombin activity. When we incubated human antithrombin with increasing concentrations of acrolein (0-2 mmol/L) over a short period of time (0-4 h), a time and concentration dependent loss of activity was apparent (IC(50)=0.25 mmol/L). At 2 mmol/L, maximum inhibition (60%) is achieved at 1 h. This loss of activity was mirrored by changes in the electrophoretic pattern (homogeneity of the native antithrombin band as well as polymerization). In the same conditions, homocysteine thiolactone produces a significant, yet far less pronounced effect; acrolein being 3 times more potent than homocysteine thiolactone. When antithrombin was co-incubated with acrolein and cysteine, only less than 10% of antithrombin activity was lost. Aminoguanidine or carnosine displayed a significant yet, minor protective effect. The results suggest that in conditions where circulating or local acrolein concentrations are increased (atheroma plaque, thrombosis, sites of lipoperoxidation, smokers), acrolein-mediated loss of antithrombin activity could be a plausible phenomenon. This could contribute to explain increased thrombogenicity in smokers and in other conditions, as well as pointing at dietary intervention or the use of thiol-conserving reducing compounds as putative coadjuvant therapeutic measures.
Grain boundary interface roughening transition and its effect on grain boundary mobility for non-faceting boundaries

Like other interfaces, equilibrium grain boundaries are smooth at low temperature and rough at high temperature; however, little attention has been paid to roughening except for faceting boundaries. Using molecular dynamics simulations of face-centered cubic Ni, we studied two closely related grain boundaries with different boundary planes. In spite of their similarity, their boundary roughening temperatures differ by several hundred degrees, and boundary mobility is much larger above the roughening temperature. This has important implications for microstructural development during metallurgical processes.
Mini workshop — Aligning content, assessment, and pedagogy in the design of engineering courses

The purpose of this workshop is to introduce participants to the integration and alignment of content (or curriculum), assessment, and pedagogy (or instruction) for learning module, course, and program design and provide some essential methods for designing courses and curricula in this way. Rather than treat each of these areas separately, this workshop strives to help participants consider all three elements together in a systematic way. The workshop framing is an engineering design approach, that is to say, it begins with requirements or specifications, emphasizes metrics, and then evolves into preparation of prototypes that meet the requirements. Participants interested in developing rationale, and learning and practicing a model of how to align course content with assessment and pedagogy that they can use to inform the design or re-design of engineering courses are encouraged to attend.
GRW and the tails problem

The GRW theory is a recent attempt to solve the measurement problem in quantum mechanics, and the tails problem is a well-known and potentially fatal criticism of the GRW theory. The first half of the paper is an exposition of the measurement problem, the GRW theory, and the tails problem. In the remainder of the paper, two methods of dealing with the tails problem are considered: first, altering the GRW theory so as to avoid the tails problem; and second, denying that the tails problem is more than a novel aspect of a universal vagueness in the way scientific theories relate to everyday language.
Fire Resistance of Polystyrenes and a Post Fabrication Crosslinking Method

This paper describes the comparative fire resistance of amorphous, crystalline, and crosslinked polystyrenes. The lat ter was found to be the slowest in burning rate and does not drip flaming residue while burning. We suggest that the advantages of these characteristics of crosslinked polystyrenes should be studied further.One method used to crosslink polystyrene was through grafting with vinyltriethoxysilane. After the material had been fabricated as a thermoplastic into final form, it was crosslinked by treatment with hot water or steam. In addition to reducing the property to drip while burning, the post-crosslinking process also enhanced thermal form stability at elevated temperature. Other styrenic polymers such as ABS and high-impact polystyrene might be im proved in the same way.
The second law of thermodynamics as a criterion for heat exchanger design

Abstract A simple energy conservation model, based on the second law of thermodynamics, is developed for heat transfer processes, and this model is employed to optimize energy source to task temperatures. The model not only includes second law considerations of energy source to task but also includes second law effects of heat exchanger material mining, refining, and fabrication. Although not intended as a guide to heat exchanger design, the model provides a simple illustration of second law considerations in energy conservation.
Race and the Moral Foundation of the American Republic: Another Look at the Declaration and the Notes on Virginia

In the Declaration of Independence, as well as in his public writings and private correspondence, Thomas Jefferson articulated principles and expressed opinions which have the utmost relevance for racial justice. In this paper I propose to explore the implications of Jefferson's views as expressed in the Declaration and to compare them with what he says about slavery and the black race elsewhere, especially in the Notes on the State of Virginia. In what follows I will argue that the Declaration's assertion of self-evident practical truths points to a kind of moral reasoning which is incompatible with the so-called "scientific" method Jefferson employs in examining blacks as a race (as distinct from his views on slavery) in the Notes. And against the prevailing scholarly tendency to diminish the importance of the Declaration as a statement of our deepest political principles (Arendt 1963; Pocock 1975; Wood 1969) or to interpret it in novel and unconvincing ways (Wills 1978), I will argue that the self-evident truths of the Declaration are morally superior to Jefferson's so-called scientific attempt to derive values from "facts," which is his ill-conceived and contradictory project in Query #14 of the Notes. In the most important studies of this question to date, regardless of how they interpret Jefferson's treatment of race, scholars have tended to stress the basic consistency of Jefferson's positions in the Declaration and the Notes. Thus, for example, Daniel Boorstin, in his early influential study, The Lost World of Thomas Jefferson, argues that all of Jefferson's works are informed by the Enlightenment faith that science and reason will bring about
Gleason Parts and COP

Let H∞ denote the Banach algebra of bounded analytic functions on the open unit disc D, and let M(H∞) denote the maximal ideal space of H∞. One of the results in this paper shows that if two Gleason parts (in M(H∞)) have distinct closures, then there exists an H∞ function which is identically zero on one part and nonzero on the other. From this one obtains a Corona theorem for certain subalgebras of H∞. Let COP denote the algebra of bounded analytic functions that are in the little Bloch space. It is shown here that there exists a COP function h and an inner function I such that I divides h in H1, but the result is not in COP.
Triaxial testing of Lopez Fault gouge at 150 MPa mean effective stress

Triaxial compression experiments were performed on samples of natural granular fault gouge from the Lopez Fault in Southern California. This material consists primarily of quartz and has a self-similar grain size distribution thought to result from natural cataclasis. The experiments were performed at a constant mean effective stress of 150 MPa, to expose the volumetric strains associated with shear failure. The failure strength is parameterized by the coefficient of internal friction μ, based on the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion.
Negotiating Methodological Rich Points in the Ethnography of Language Policy

Building on Agar's (1996: 26) notion of rich points as those times in ethnographic research when something happens that the ethnographer doesn't understand, methodological rich points are by extension those points where our assumptions about the way research works and the conceptual tools we have for doing research are inadequate to understand the worlds we are researching. When we pay attention to those points and adjust our research practices accordingly, they become key opportunities to advance our research and our understandings. Drawing for illustrative purposes on ethnographic research on bilingual intercultural education policy and practice in the Andes carried out by Indigenous students for their Master's theses at the University of San Simon's Program for Professional Development in Bilingual Intercultural Education for the Andean Region (PROEIB Andes) in Bolivia, I highlight methodological rich points as they emerge across language policy texts, discourses and practices. Framing the methodological rich points in the context of basic questions of research methodology and ethics, I borrow as organizing rubric the paradigmatic heuristic for sociolinguistic analysis first offered by Fishman (1971: 219) and here adapted to the ethnography of language policy to ask: who researches whom and what, where, how and why?
Membrane activity of antimicrobial phenylene ethynylene based polymers and oligomers

Poly(phenylene ethynylene) (PPE)-based cationic conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) and cationic phenylene ethynylene oligomers (OPEs) exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and one of their main targets is believed to be the bacterial cell wall and membrane. This review focuses on recent progress made in elucidating the membrane perturbation mechanism of these antimicrobial molecules. We first review the membrane action models proposed for naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) because the membrane activities of CPEs and OPEs and AMPs are believed to be mediated by the same physical and chemical driving forces. An overview of the current research progress on the interactions between CPE and OPE compounds and model membranes is then presented, including main parameters controlling the membrane activity of these synthetic antimicrobial compounds. Combined with direct visualization of CPE and OPE induced changes in bacterial cell morphology, evidence to date points to a carpet or detergent-like pathway by which these compounds perturb the lipid membrane. Lastly, general trends between the membrane activity and dark antimicrobial activity of the CPEs and OPEs are reviewed to shed light on the structure–function relationship of this novel class of biocidal compounds.
THREE FLIES IN THE OINTMENT: A REPLY TO ARVEY AND MOSSHOLDER

Significant legal, practical, and statistical issues regarding the use of the Arvey and Mossholder (1977) procedure for determining similarities and differences among jobs are discussed. On the basis of these issues the authors recommend against using this procedure.
Coverage closure in SoC verification: Are we chasing a mirage?

With over 78% of designs being heterogeneous integrations of diverse components, SoCs are ubiquitous. This integration, though, brings with it the malaise of challenges in verification and validation. SoC verification has a number of unique challenges beyond traditional ASIC type of designs. The typical SoC flow consists of the following development phases: System Design, Software Design, HW/SW Integration, SoC HW Integration and HW IP design.
A fixed-wing aircraft for hovering in caves, tunnels, and buildings

Micro air vehicles (MAVs) are small bird-sized aircraft with applications in reconnaissance, search-and-rescue, airborne agent and pathogen detection, and target acquisition. Fixed-wing MAVs cannot hover and thus, are not able to fly in tight, enclosed spaces. Rotary-wing platforms can hover but are limited by endurance. This paper presents a fixed-wing MAV with a secondary flight mode (i.e. hovering) allowing it to fly in caves, tunnels, and buildings. The sensing and control system used to achieve autonomous hovering is also described. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first documented success of autonomously hovering a fixed-wing MAV in the open literature.
Diabetes Data Analysis and Prediction Model Discovery Using RapidMiner

Data mining techniques have been extensively applied in bioinformatics to analyze biomedical data. In this paper, we choose the Rapid-I?s RapidMiner as our tool to analyze a Pima Indians Diabetes Data Set, which collects the information of patients with and without developing diabetes. The discussion follows the data mining process. The focus will be on the data preprocessing, including attribute identification and selection, outlier removal, data normalization and numerical discretization, visual data analysis, hidden relationships discovery, and a diabetes prediction model construction.
New Orleans and Hurricane Katrina. IV: Orleans East Bank (Metro) Protected Basin

This paper addresses damage caused by Hurricane Katrina to the main Orleans East Bank protected basin. This basin represented the heart of New Orleans, and contained the main downtown area, the historic French Quarter, the Garden District, and the sprawling Lakefront and Canal Districts. Nearly half of the loss of life during this hurricane, and a similar fraction of the overall damages, occurred in this heavily populated basin. There are a number of important geotechnical lessons, as well as geo-forensic lessons, associated with the flooding of this basin. These include the difficulties associated with the creation and operation of regional-scale flood protection systems requiring federal and local cooperation and funding over prolonged periods of time. There are also a number of engineering and policy lessons regarding 1 the accuracy and reliability of current analytical methods; 2 the shortcomings and potential dangers involved in decisions that reduced short-term capital outlays in exchange for increased risk of potential system failures; 3 the difficulties associated with integrating local issues with a flood risk reduction project; and 4 the need to design and maintain levees as systems; with each of the many individual project elements being required to mesh seamlessly. These lessons are of interest and importance for similar flood protection systems throughout numerous other regions of the United States and the world.
Is medical informatics a mature science? A review of measurement practice in outcome studies of clinical systems.

Abstract Objective: To determine the extent of explicit attention to formal issues of ‘measurement' in studies examining outcomes of the deployment of clinical information systems. Methods: A structured literature review identified 27 published studies reporting quantitative outcomes including attitudes, clinician behavior, quality of care, and cost of care. These studies were analyzed for types of outcome reported, evidence of ‘reuse' of measurement methodology, and evidence of formal study of the reliability and validity of these measures. Results: The 27 studies meeting the inclusion criteria were published between 1976 and 2002. Several of the studies addressed multiple outcome types. Nine examined clinician attitudes; 22 examined health care behaviors; 15 examined patient health status/quality of care; and four examined economic indicators. There were eight examples of reuse of measurement methods, five of which represented reuse within a single research group. Reliability indices were reported in three studies. There were no reported validity indices. Conclusion: Based on this sample of studies, specific attention to issues of measurement is sparse in outcome studies of deployed clinical information systems. As such, medical informatics does not appear to be on a par with more mature sciences in its approaches to measurement of key outcome variables.
Patient records in the mental health disciplines

Compte rendu d'une analyse de documents medicaux et d'interviews ayant eu pour objectif de comprendre la communication ecrite et la rhetorique de cette communication dans le domaine de la sante mentale
A visual perception threshold matching algorithm for real-time video compression

A barrier to the use of digital imaging is the vast storage requirements involved. One solution is compression. Since imagery is ultimately subject to human visual perception, it is worthwhile to design and implement an algorithm which performs compression as a function of perception. The underlying premise of the paper is that if the algorithm closely matches visual perception thresholds, then its coded images contain only the components necessary to recreate the perception of the visual stimulus. Psychophysical test results are used to map the thresholds of visual perception, and develop an algorithm that codes only the image content exceeding those thresholds. The image coding algorithm is simulated in software to demonstrate compression of a single frame image. The simulation results are provided. The algorithm is also adapted to real-time video compression for implementation in hardware. >
Penetrative flow due to an isothermal vertical wall in a stable two-layer environment generated by a room fire

Abstract An experimental investigation has been carried out on the penetrative natural convection flow and thermal transport resulting from an isothermal vertical surface immersed in a stably stratified, twolayer, ambient medium, in which an essentially isothermal heated layer overlies a relatively cooler isothermal layer of the same fluid. Measurements of the thermal field are carried out for several surface temperatures and the corresponding isotherms obtained. The surface temperature is taken as lower than the upper layer temperature so that a downward natural convection flow is generated adjacent to the surface in the upper zone and the penetration of this flow into the lower region is investigated. Velocity and temperature profiles are measured to determine the mass flow rates across the interface between the two regions. The local heat transfer rates are also measured at various locations on the isothermal plate. For the surface temperature lying between the upper and lower layer temperatures, an upward flow is generated in the lower region and a downward flow in the upper region. The two flows collide near the interface, giving rise to transport across the interface.
The Recruitment and Retention of Minority Students in Hospitality Management Programs

The growth of the service sector has created many opportunities for students in a four-year university program in restaurant, hotel and institutional management. While admissions into these program...
Pitch angle distributions of geomagnetically trapped MeV helium ions during quiet times

It is noted that during geomagnetically quiet conditions, energetic radiation belt helium ion fluxes at MeV energies have been found to exhibit characteristic radial profiles and large pitch angle anisotropies. Compiling data from many experiments, a systematic dependence of this anisotropy with helium ion energy is deduced. Provided a certain approximation holds for the observed pitch angle distributions, an empirical relation is deduced involving the helium ion energy. The range of the total ion energy here is 0.59-9 MeV (148-2250 keV per nucleon). These values are obtained for L shells in the range where L is approximately 2 to 5. The results are compared with theoretical expectations, and a qualitative explanation for the observed trend is suggested.
Commentary: meeting the challenge to train the next generation of endocrinologists: filling, diversifying, and plugging leaks in the career pipeline.

Atalented and well-trained scientific workforce is essential to advancing our understanding of human biology and improving health. This has been a national priority since the formation of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the 1930s, ultimately resulting in an unprecedented advance in basic knowledge and improved health both within the United States and worldwide. The NIH has had laudable success in training an effective biomedical workforce, but there is an impending crisis that may compromise the long-term stability and competitiveness of the workforce in which we have invested so much
Communication and internal states: What is their relationship?

Common folks “have” emotions and talk to others; and sometimes they make “their” emotions the topic of such talk. The emotions seem to be “theirs,” since they can be conceived of as private states (or events); and they can be topicalized, because we seem to be able to attribute or lend a conventionalized public form (such as a linguistic label or name) to some inner (and therefore nonpublic) state or event. This is the way much of our folk-talk and folk-thinking about emotions, the expression thereof, the role of language in these expressions, and communication in general are organized. However, as we have shown (Bamberg & Lindenberger 1984), such talk serves the purpose of communicating effectively and reaching mutual understanding.
A scintillating fiber beam halo detector for heavy ion beam diagnostics

A prototype beam halo detector of scintillating fibers has been designed in order to detect beam halo problems at an early stage in the tuning process. The results of initial characterization of the fibers are presented and issues of electronics and readout discussed. >
Demography and Policy: A View from Outside the Discipline

cerns and the broad analyses of social structures associated with Malthus and Ibn Khaldoun. Instead today it focuses on measuring and modeling the dynamics of various populations, evaluating the reasons for changes in vital rates?especially the total fertility rate?and doing technical analyses of social issues associated with demographic variables: disease incidence, disability, divorce, race, age at first sexual activity, education, and so on. These analyses are valuable, but they only peripherally address the really big demographic issue: the role of population growth in damaging humanity's life-support systems, and developing policies that will help to prevent the damage.
2,4‐Dinitrobenzenesulfonylhydrazide

[53777-75-6] C6H6N4O6S (MW 262.23) InChI = 1S/C6H6N4O6S/c7-8-17(15,16)6-2-1-4(9(11)12)3-5(6)10(13)14/h1-3,8H,7H2 InChIKey = OEIFSMDIUWGNCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N (an effective reagent for preparing propargyl ketones and aldehydes via the Eschenmoser fragmentation2) Alternate Name: DNSH. Physical Data: mp 120 °C. Solubility: sol most organic solvents. Analysis of Reagent Purity: IR, NMR. Preparative Method: by treatment of 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride with 95% hydrazine in THF and crystallized from EtOH/THF.1 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: thermally labile; should be stored in a freezer. It is a toxic and potentially flammable solid that should be handled with gloves under inert atmosphere and freshly prepared as needed.
Special Considerations for Cataract Surgery in the Face of Pathologic Myopia

Cataract surgery in eyes with high myopia is a special situation. Careful preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative planning is mandatory. This chapter discusses epidemiology, risk evaluation, intraocular lens calculations, appropriateness for premium intraocular lenses, and the informed consent process. Considerations for eyes with previous refractive surgery are identified. Also discussed are aspects regarding timing of surgery, anesthesia, and specific surgical techniques, with a focus on methods of nuclear disassembly. Finally, postoperative care and expectations are explored.
The Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant for Noninfectious Uveitis: Practice Patterns Among Uveitis Specialists

ABSTRACTPurpose: To describe the practice patterns and perceptions of uveitis specialists regarding the use of the intravitreal dexamethasone (DEX) implant for the treatment of noninfectious uveitis.Methods: We invited uveitis specialists to participate in an anonymous online survey.Results: Among the 45 respondents, 76.5% identified uveitic macular edema as the most common clinical finding for which they use the DEX implant. The most common contraindications to DEX implantation were aphakia and glaucoma requiring >2 medications. Nearly two-thirds (64.3%) felt that the advent of the DEX implant did not change the frequency with which they used the fluocinolone acetonide (FA) implant, and about one-third (32.3%) preferred to use at least one DEX implant, before committing a patient to an FA implant.Conclusions: Uveitis physicians use the DEX implant for a wide range of clinical findings and uveitic diagnoses. There was no clear consensus on preferences regarding the use of DEX versus FA implants.
Laundry and Lab Time: Do Family-Friendly Policies Affect Academic Work Outcomes?

Some scholars and policy makers argue that the dearth of women in academic science positions is related to the demands of family life. While the Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA) aims to help women and men balance work and family life, universities throughout the United States have adopted family-friendly policies as a means of enabling faculty to balance family life and career. Because universities are somewhat flat organizations, academic departments play a critical role in enabling work-life balance through both formal and informal policies about leave. While family-leave policies are designed to provide job protection for parents and also ensure that faculty can remain successful and productive scholars, it is unclear whether or not formal family-leave policies and informal department cultures have played a positive role on outcomes such as, productivity (e.g. publications), teaching responsibilities, and advancement to leadership positions. This research uses survey responses from 1598 faculty at 150 Carnegie Research Intensive I universities and data from university Status of Women reports and Faculty Handbooks to investigate the relationships between university policies, university level support for work-life balance, and outcomes among men and women faculty in six fields of science.
Border Farmers, Water Contamination, and the NAAEC Environmental Side Accord to NAFTA

This article examines the social mobilization strategies of small farmers in the border region of Sonora, Mexico, in light of a new international environmental institution, the Commission on Environmental Cooperation (CEC), involving Mexico, Canada, and the United States. Border farmers have used both traditional and non-traditional strategies in an attempt to achieve a state-sponsored clean-up of contaminated river water. The existence of the CEC creates new ways for society to approach the state in Mexico, and gives a new spatial form to the discourse between small farmers and the government.
Variability in Metabolism of Imipramine and Desipramine Using Urinary Excretion Data

Variability in imipramine and desipramine metabolism was evaluated using urinary excretion data from patients with pain. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to quantitate concentrations in urine specimens. Interpatient population contained 600 unique imipramine specimens, whereas intrapatient population had 137 patients with two or more specimens. Normal concentration ranges of imipramine, desipramine and the desipramine/imipramine metabolic ratio (MR) were established, and various factors were tested for MR impact. Geometric mean of imipramine urine concentration was 0.46 mg/g of creatinine, and desipramine was 0.67 mg/g of creatinine. Gender, concomitant known CYP2C19 inhibitor use and urine pH did not affect MR. However, proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) users had a significantly lower mean MR than those without a listed PPI. Early age group (18-36 years) had a significantly higher mean MR than middle (37-66 years) and late (67-90 years) age groups. Approximately one-third were positive for one or more of hydrocodone, oxycodone, hydromorphone or oxymorphone. Patients with no opioids reported in the medication list had a significantly lower geometric mean MR than those with prescribed opioids (1.03 vs. 1.54, P = 0.004). Patients with only one prescribed opioid had a lower MR than those with two or more prescribed opioids. Patients with younger age, prescribed opioids and no listed PPI were more likely to have a higher geometric mean urinary desipramine/imipramine MR.
Multiscale Modeling of Platelet Dynamics in Blood Flow With Application to Thrombus Formation

From an averaged point of view, blood can often be treated computationally as a single-phase fluid of non-Newtonian character. Such a model may be appropriate if information regarding the bulk motion of the blood is all that is required. If, however, one seeks to describe the mechanisms leading to diseases such as thrombosis in the presence of foreign surfaces such as prosthesis, accurate predictions of platelet behavior in the dynamic environment of the blood are required. There are several effects that necessitate a careful treatment of platelet dynamics. For example, it is well known that the presence of red blood cells has a significant impact on radial distribution of platelets as well as the shear stress experienced by the platelets [1]. Therefore, the paths of and forces experienced by individual platelets are to be determined in order to predict the location and predilection for thrombus formation. However, since the length scales of the platelets are much smaller than the typical dimensions of the flow regions through which blood flows, it is not possible to capture platelet dynamics in a single-scale computation. Therefore, a multiscale technique for incorporating the dynamics of platelets and platelet-RBC interactions into large-scale flow simulations is required. We therefore examine a suspension of ellipsoidal and circular rigid particles that are representative of red blood cells and platelets carried in a Newtonian fluid to study the interaction or red blood cells and platelets.© 2008 ASME
Induction of ferritin and heme oxygenase-1 by endotoxin in the lung

Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 expression is increased by forms of oxidative stress that also induce ferritin. Even though this could result from release of iron by heme degradation, we hypothesized that ferritin expression in the lung after endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] would occur independently of HO-1 because iron sequestration is an important response to infection. We tested this hypothesis by instilling saline or LPS (1 mg) into lungs of rats and measuring ferritin expression, HO-1 expression and activity, and HO-1 and ferritin mRNAs at different times. Lungs were also inflation fixed for immunohistochemistry for HO-1 and ferritin. Studies were performed with and without the HO inhibitor tin protoporphyrin. Ferritin and HO-1 labeling were minimal (macrophages only) in control lungs. By 4 h after LPS instillation, ferritin staining was present in bronchial epithelium and macrophages, became diffuse at 16 h, and was nearly gone by 48-72 h. HO-1 was detectable in macrophages 4 and 16 h after LPS instillation, increased in macrophages and bronchial epithelium at 24 h, and diffusely increased in bronchial epithelium and the alveolar region at 48-72 h. Lung ferritin content increased significantly by 4 h and peaked at 16 h before declining. HO-1 protein was present by Western blot in control lung, stable at 4 h, and increased by 24 h after LPS instillation, whereas HO enzyme activity had increased by 4 h after LPS instillation. After complete inhibition of HO enzyme activity with tin protoporphyrin, ferritin increased threefold at 4 h and sixfold at 24 h after LPS instillation. HO-1 mRNA increased by 4 h and was sustained at 24 h, whereas ferritin mRNA did not change after LPS instillation. These results indicate that intratracheal LPS rapidly induces ferritin protein in the lung independently of its mRNA synthesis or HO enzyme activity. LPS induces HO-1 mRNA, which is followed by increased expression of protein.
Estimation of Hydrogen-Exchange Protection Factors from MD Simulation Based on Amide Hydrogen Bonding Analysis.

Hydrogen exchange (HX) studies have provided critical insight into our understanding of protein folding, structure, and dynamics. More recently, hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry (HX-MS) has become a widely applicable tool for HX studies. The interpretation of the wealth of data generated by HX-MS experiments as well as other HX methods would greatly benefit from the availability of exchange predictions derived from structures or models for comparison with experiment. Most reported computational HX modeling studies have employed solvent-accessible-surface-area based metrics in attempts to interpret HX data on the basis of structures or models. In this study, a computational HX-MS prediction method based on classification of the amide hydrogen bonding modes mimicking the local unfolding model is demonstrated. Analysis of the NH bonding configurations from molecular dynamics (MD) simulation snapshots is used to determine partitioning over bonded and nonbonded NH states and is directly mapped into a protec...
Theoretical Predictions for Sociogenomic Data: The Effects of Kin Selection and Sex-Limited Expression on the Evolution of Social Insect Genomes

Kin selection theory has always been explicitly genetic and has long been invoked to explain the evolution of the sterile worker caste in the social insects. However, sociogenomic studies of the evolution and genomic basis of social insect caste have been largely disconnected from kin selection theory and other related genetic theories of social evolution. Two previous population genetic models make testable predictions for patterns of sequence diversity for genes shaped indirectly by kin selection compared to genes shaped directly by natural selection, but there is some confusion in the literature regarding the predicted effects of kin selection and sex-limited expression on molecular evolution. We review the previous models and then use a simple parental effect model to clarify that the two factors, kin selection and sex-limited expression, are distinct and each has a separate effect on the expected patterns of molecular evolution. We further build on the previous models to show how categories of genes in social insect genomes with diverse combinations of fitness effects (direct, parental, sib, and offspring) and patterns of sex-limitation are predicted to evolve. We discuss how caste- and sex-specific transcriptomic profiling, coupled with population genomic data, can be used to identify different functional categories of genes and subsequently test whether observed patterns of molecular evolution fit theoretical predictions.
Evaluating a Training Intervention for Assessing Nonsuicidal Self‐Injury: The HIRE Model

The authors evaluated the effectiveness of a brief training intervention with graduate counseling students who used the HIRE (history, interest in change, reasons for engaging in the behavior, and exposure to risk; Buser & Buser, 2013b) model for the informal assessment of nonsuicidal self-injury. The intervention group demonstrated improvements in nonsuicidal assessment self-efficacy and assessment skill. Findings suggest that HIRE is an evidence-informed model for teaching nonsuicidal self-injury assessment.