cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Science and Prospects of Using Nanoporous Materials for Energy Absorption

With its ultra-large specific surface area, a nanoporous material is an ideal, yet relatively unexplored, platform for accepting or actuating liquids, with potential performance gains for energy dissipation and output typical of disruptive technologies. Our experimental and theoretical results indicate either dramatically improved performance or unique combinations of properties and capabilities not attainable in conventional materials, which make the novel nanoporous structures studied herein very attractive as advanced protective intelligent systems.
Communication strategies for managing sexual harassment in organizations: Understanding message options and their effects

Abstract This paper employs theoretical message frameworks from literature on assertiveness, intra‐organizational influence, and message design logic to present an interpersonal communication approach for managing sexual harassment in organizations. A multiple‐goals interpretation of the literature on sexual harassment is used to understand the situational features that make sexual harassment difficult to deflect through face‐to‐face communication. The discussion of situational features provides a general context for evaluating the potential effectiveness of message strategies that may be used to manage sexual harassment. The paper concludes with guidelines for developing education programs in organizations and with suggestions for research in the area.
Lasers in Periodontics: A Review of the Literature

Background: Despite the large number of publications, there is still controversy among clinicians regarding the application of dental lasers to the treatment of chronic periodontitis. The purpose of this review is to analyze the peer-reviewed research literature to determine the state of the science concerning the application of lasers to common oral soft tissue problems, root surface detoxification, and the treatment of chronic periodontitis.Methods: A comprehensive computer-based search combined the following databases into one search: Medline, Current Contents, and the Cumulated Index of Nursing and Allied Health. This search also used key words. In addition, hand searches were done for several journals not cataloged in the databases, and the reference lists from published articles were checked. All articles were considered individually to eliminate non-peer-reviewed articles, those dealing with commercial laser technology, and those considered by the author to be purely opinion articles, leaving 278 p...
Characterization of the interactions of human ZIC3 mutants with GLI3.

ZIC3, a GLI superfamily transcription factor, is involved in establishing normal embryonic left–right patterning. Multiple abnormalities in the central nervous system (CNS) and axial skeleton have also been observed in mice bearing a Zic3 null allele, mice with a Zic3 overexpression allele, and the majority of patients carrying ZIC3 mutations. Previous studies indicate that ZIC3 protein can bind to the GLI consensus binding site (GLIBS) and physically interact with GLI3, a transcription factor involved in multiple aspects of neural and skeletal development. We investigated in vitro interactions of ZIC3 with GLI3 and the effect of ZIC3 mutations identified in patients with either heterotaxy or isolated cardiovascular malformations. Electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA) revealed that all five intact zinc finger (ZF) domains were necessary for binding of ZIC3 to GLIBS. Inclusion of GLIBS upstream of a basal TK promoter had no effect on the activation of the promoter by ZIC3 alone, but it enhanced the synergistic activation of ZIC3 and GLI3. Wild-type (WT) ZIC3 showed specific binding to GLI3 in GST-pull-down assays. Nonsense and frameshift ZIC3 mutants lacking one or more of the zinc finger domains did not physically interact with GST-GLI3; however, two missense mutants c.1213A>G (p.K405E, fifth ZF domain), and c.649C>G (p.P217A, conserved N-terminal domain) retained binding. Luciferase reporter assays indicated that both p.P217A and p.K405E mutants also retained coactivation with GLI3 of reporter gene expression activity, while all the GLI3-nonbinding ZIC3 mutants lacked this activity. Interestingly, no CNS or skeletal abnormalities were observed in patients bearing the p.P217A or p.K405E mutations. Hum Mutat 29(1), 99–105, 2008. Published 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cognitive View of Reuse and Redesign

Reusable components are not enough. Program designers need tools that help them understand the components and how to use them. Fortunately, some support tools do exist.
Fire and grazing in a mesic tallgrass prairie: impacts on plant species and functional traits.

Fire is a globally distributed disturbance that impacts terrestrial ecosystems and has been proposed to be a global ''herbivore.'' Fire, like herbivory, is a top-down driver that converts organic materials into inorganic products, alters community structure, and acts as an evolutionary agent. Though grazing and fire may have some comparable effects in grasslands, they do not have similar impacts on species composition and community structure. However, the concept of fire as a global herbivore implies that fire and herbivory may have similar effects on plant functional traits. Using 22 years of data from a mesic, native tallgrass prairie with a long evolutionary history of fire and grazing, we tested if trait composition between grazed and burned grassland communities would converge, and if the degree of convergence depended on fire frequency. Additionally, we tested if eliminating fire from frequently burned grasslands would result in a state similar to unburned grasslands, and if adding fire into a previously unburned grassland would cause composition to become more similar to that of frequently burned grasslands. We found that grazing and burning once every four years showed the most convergence in traits, suggesting that these communities operate under similar deterministic assembly rules and that fire and herbivory are similar disturbances to grasslands at the trait-group level of organization. Three years after reversal of the fire treatment we found that fire reversal had different effects depending on treatment. The formerly unburned community that was then burned annually became more similar to the annually burned community in trait composition suggesting that function may be rapidly restored if fire is reintroduced. Conversely, after fire was removed from the annually burned community trait composition developed along a unique trajectory indicating hysteresis, or a time lag for structure and function to return following a change in this disturbance regime. We conclude that functional traits and species-based metrics should be considered when determining and evaluating goals for fire management in mesic grassland ecosystems.
Implementation of integratable PDMS-based conformable microelectrode arrays using a multilayer wiring interconnect technology

To meet the emerging demand of high-throughput intimate interfaces in neuroscience research and neural prosthetics, a multilayer wiring interconnect technology for implementing high-density, integratable polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based conformable microelectrode arrays (MEAs) is developed. This technology has two parts: first, multilayer interconnects are fabricated within PDMS, which provides the potential for implementing high-density, large-capacity PDMS-based MEAs; second, interconnects are fabricated between PDMS and a substrate material, e.g., glass or silicon, which provides the potential for directly integrating PDMS-based MEAs with silicon-based ICs to achieve an integrated system solution for neural interfacing. Preliminary muscle surface recording experiments using a connector-integrated MEA have successfully demonstrated multichannel recording capability with good device conformability to the muscle surface during contraction. Important and promising applications will be found in neural prostheses, functional electrical stimulation (FES), and basic electrophysiology research.
STUDY OF NOISE-INDUCED TRANSITIONS IN THE LORENZ SYSTEM USING THE MINIMUM ACTION METHOD

We investigate noise-induced transitions in non-gradient systems when complex invariant sets emerge. Our example is the Lorenz system in three representative Rayleigh number regimes. It is found that before the homoclinic explosion bifurcation, the only transition state is the saddle point, and the transition is similar to that in gradient systems. However, when the chaotic invariant set emerges, an unstable limit cycle continues from the homoclinic trajectory. This orbit, which is embedded in a local tube-like manifold around the initial stable stationary point as a relative attractor, plays the role of the most probable exit set in the transition process. This example demonstrates how limit cycles, the next simplest invariant set beyond fixed points, can be involved in the transition process in smooth dynamical systems.
Flow patterns at the Chesapeake Bay entrance

Abstract The spatial and temporal variability of water entering and leaving the Chesapeake Bay estuary was determined with a spatial resolution of 75 m. The four cruises during which the observations were made took place under different conditions of freshwater discharge, tidal phase, and wind forcing. The tidal variability of the flows was dominated by the semidiurnal constituents that displayed greatest amplitudes and phase lags near the surface and in the channels that lie at the north and south sides of the entrance. The subtidal variability of the flows was classified into two general scenarios. The first scenario occurred during variable or persistently non-southwesterly winds. Under these conditions there was surface outflow and bottom inflow in the two channels, inflow over the shoal between the two channels, and possible anticyclonic gyre formation over the shoal. The flow pattern in the channels was produced by gravitational circulation and wind forcing. Over the shoal it was caused by tidal rectification and wind forcing. The second scenario occurred during persistently southwesterly winds. The anticyclonic gyre over the shoal vanished suggesting that wind forcing dominated the tidal rectification mechanism over the shoal, while gravitational circulation and wind forcing continued to cause the flows in the channels. In both scenarios, most of the volume exchange took place in the channels.
Philosophy in the Big Typescript

One of the most distinctive features of Wittgenstein’s later philosophy is philosophy’s concern with itself. What philosophy is, and what it should be, are two questions that occupied much of Wittgenstein’s thought. It is very easy to read passages from his later works as suggesting a profound cynicism about the answers that should be given to both questions. Philosophy as traditionally conceived and practiced seems to come in for much criticism, not to say abuse. And philosophy as it ought to be can very easily be seen as both self-deprecating and self-destructive. What is left for philosophy to do, once its limitations are understood, is repair work — that of a handyman, not of an architect or even a builder. And once those repairs are done, if they are done well, the repairman can be dismissed. Philosophy, in short, can be viewed as putting an end to itself.
Light-induced changes in hydrogen-diluted a-Si : H materials and solar cells: A new perspective on self-consistent analysis

Abstract We report a study on a-Si: H materials and p(a-SiC : H)/i(a-Si : H)/n(μc-Si) solar cells prepared without and with hydrogen dilution (10 : 1) at substrate temperatures between 240°C and 130°C. In contrast to previously reported studies, the cell characteristics in the annealed state of these ∼4000 A thick cells could be directly correlated with the properties of their corresponding i-layer materials. Also, despite the importance of the p/i interface regions, very similar kinetics of light-induced changes are observed in the cells and the corresponding films. In particular, both cells and films fabricated with hydrogen dilution reach a degraded steady state in less than 100 h of AM 1 illumination, which offers a well-defined “marker” for the direct correlation of their respective light-induced changes. Advantage is also taken of the differences in degradation kinetics between diluted and undiluted materials in fabricating custom-designed cells in which these well-characterized intrinsic materials are incorporated into either the bulk or the p/i interface regions.
Targeting antibiotic resistance mechanisms in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: recharging the old magic bullets.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an ancient disease. This ‘White Plague’ came and went throughout the history of mankind as unavoidable visits from Death until the recent era of antibiotics, starting some 80 years ago. The discovery of these ‘magic bullets’ brought a sudden great vic -tory to our battle against the TB etiologi -cal agent,
Obedience to Orders: Issues of Morality and Legality in Combat among U.S. Army Paratroopers

This study attempts to answer two questions: (1) What are the attitudes of those American soldiers most likely to engage in combat toward selected issues of compliance with immoral and illegal orders in battle? and (2) What factors account for the differences in these attitudes among U.S. soldiers? Three hypotheses were tested from a questionnaire administered to a sample of 672 U.S. Army paratroopers: (1) those soldiers who like and identify most with the military will be most likely to follow orders regardless of the situation; (2) those soldiers who have been successfuly trained to accept orders in the military will be most likely to follow orders regardless of the situation; and (3) those soldiers whose personal backgrounds would lead them to accept military training (i.e., those most likely to join the military) will accept military ideology most completely, and hence, will be most likely to follow orders regardless of the situation. While some support was found for each of these hypotheses, a multiple regression analysis indicates, in general, that those most committed to the military system-highest ranking, getting most satisfaction from it, etc., are most likely to be in agreement with compliance to legal orders in combat even if immoral, but not to be in agreement with compliance to a definite illegal order, such as one to perpetrate a war crime. The data further suggest that there is enough ambiguity and disagreement among American soldiers on the matter of compliance to immoral and illegal orders in combat, that it remains quite possible for an incident such as My Lai to occur again. Questions such as attitude differences between soldiers and civilians and implications for the all-volunteer army are also discussed.
Computer Highlights Society Magazines

The IEEE Computer Society offers a lineup of 13 peer-reviewed technical magazines that cover cutting-edge topics in computing including scientific applications, design and test, security, Internet computing, machine intelligence, digital graphics, and computer history. Select articles from recent issues of Computer Society magazines are highlighted.
Expect the unexpected: a role for behavioral economics in understanding the impact of cost-sharing on emergency department utilization.

BACKGROUND AS EMPLOYERS AND PAYERS ADDRESS INCREASING HEALTHCARE COSTS, THEY RESORT TO THE TENETS OF CLASSICAL ECONOMICS: if one increases the price for a service (defined as an individual's cost-sharing), then that individual's demand for services should decrease. This, however, may not necessarily be true, and raises the question of whether increased cost-sharing for emergency department services will lead to decreased utilization of those services as would be expected in classical economics. OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of emergency department cost-sharing on patient utilization of emergency department services. METHOD In 2002, we retrospectively reviewed 2001 claims and identified 797 members who have had at least 2 nonemergent visits to the emergency department. This cohort was comprised of members with high emergency department utilization patterns who also had potentially differing emergency department copayment changes from one health insurance plan year to the next. Participants had to be covered by Humana for a minimum of 12 consecutive months. Of the original cohort, 415 remained covered by Humana after the end of the first year, 322 remained covered after the second year, and 194 after the end of the third year. After completions of three 12-month blocks of time with appropriate claims run out, we assessed changes in the cohort's emergency department encounters from the previous year to the current year relative to emergency department copayment changes, using matched pairs t-test. RESULTS Surprisingly, in the first 12 months, reductions in emergency department copayments resulted in decreases in patient utilization (-58.3% change, P <.007), and increases in emergency department copayment resulted in an increased utilization (1096.0% change, P <.001). This unexpected trend continued in the second and third periods. Overall, in our cohort, increases in emergency department copayments were significantly associated with increased emergency department encounters by different individuals in each of the 3 study periods. In contrast, in the 2 groups with no increases in emergency department copayments, utilization of these services decreased or remained flat. CONCLUSION When assessing the need for emergency department services, many factors besides cost play a role in choosing to obtain emergency department care, including individual assessments of the probability of a given illness and the financial or temporal implications for the care sought in terms of "gains" or "losses" relative to a reference point. Behavioral economics can therefore play a role in understanding why healthcare consumers behave as they do. The implications of behavioral economics need to be factored in when considering a healthcare benefit design.
Developmental Therapy in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

The skill and knowledge requirements for physical therapists and occupational therapists practicing in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) setting are discussed as a highly specialized, advance...
Loss of the Tumor Suppressor PML in Human Cancers of Multiple Histologic Origins

BACKGROUND The PML gene is fused to the RARalpha gene in the vast majority of acute promyelocytic leukemias (APL) and has been implicated in the control of key tumor-suppressive pathways. However, its role in the pathogenesis of human cancers other than APL is still unclear. We therefore assessed the status and expression of the PML gene in solid tumors of multiple histologic origins. METHODS We created tumor tissue microarrays (TTMs) with samples from patients with colon adenocarcinoma (n = 109), lung carcinoma (n = 19), prostate adenocarcinoma (n = 36), breast carcinoma (n = 38), central nervous system (CNS) tumors (n = 51), germ cell tumors (n = 60), thyroid carcinoma (n = 32), adrenal cortical carcinoma (n = 12), and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (n = 251) and from normal tissue corresponding to each histotype and analyzed PML protein and mRNA expression by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, respectively. Tumor cell lines (n = 64) of various histologic origins were analyzed for PML protein and mRNA expression by immunofluorescence and northern blotting, respectively. DNA from microdissected tumor samples and cell lines was analyzed for PML mutations and loss of heterozygosity (LOH). For some tumor types, the association between PML expression and tumor stage and grade was analyzed. Statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS All normal tissues expressed PML protein. PML protein expression was reduced or abolished in prostate adenocarcinomas (63% [95% confidence interval [CI] = 48% to 78%] and 28% [95% CI = 13% to 43%], respectively), colon adenocarcinomas (31% [95% CI = 22% to 40%] and 17% [95% CI = 10% to 24%]), breast carcinomas (21% [95% CI = 8% to 34%] and 31% [95% CI = 16% to 46%]), lung carcinomas (36% [95% CI = 15% to 57%] and 21% [95% = 3% to 39%]), lymphomas (14% [95% CI = 10% to 18%] and 69% [95% CI = 63% to 75%]), CNS tumors (24% [95% CI = 13% to 35%] and 49% [95% CI = 36% to 62%]), and germ cell tumors (36% [95% CI = 24% to 48%] and 48% [95% CI = 36% to 60%]) but not in thyroid or adrenal carcinomas. Loss of PML protein expression was associated with tumor progression in prostate cancer (the progression from prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia to invasive carcinoma was associated with complete PML loss; P<.001), breast cancer (complete PML loss was associated with lymph node metastasis; P =.01), and CNS tumors (complete PML loss was associated with high-grade tumors; P =.003). PML mRNA was expressed in all tumor and cell line samples. The PML gene was rarely mutated and was not subject to LOH. CONCLUSIONS PML protein expression is frequently lost in human cancers of various histologic origins, and its loss associates with tumor grade and progression in some tumor histotypes.
Metabolic Primers for Detection of (Per)chlorate-Reducing Bacteria in the Environment and Phylogenetic Analysis of cld Gene Sequences

Natural attenuation of the environmental contaminant perchlorate is a cost-effective alternative to current removal methods. The success of natural perchlorate remediation is dependent on the presence and activity of dissimilatory (per)chlorate-reducing bacteria (DPRB) within a target site. To detect DPRB in the environment, two degenerate primer sets targeting the chlorite dismutase (cld) gene were developed and optimized. A nested PCR approach was used in conjunction with these primer sets to increase the sensitivity of the molecular detection method. Screening of environmental samples indicated that all products amplified by this method were cld gene sequences. These sequences were obtained from pristine sites as well as contaminated sites from which DPRB were isolated. More than one cld phylotype was also identified from some samples, indicating the presence of more than one DPRB strain at those sites. The use of these primer sets represents a direct and sensitive molecular method for the qualitative detection of (per)chlorate-reducing bacteria in the environment, thus offering another tool for monitoring natural attenuation. Sequences of cld genes isolated in the course of this project were also generated from various DPRB and provided the first opportunity for a phylogenetic treatment of this metabolic gene. Comparisons of the cld and 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene trees indicated that the cld gene does not track 16S rDNA phylogeny, further implicating the possible role of horizontal transfer in the evolution of (per)chlorate respiration.
Use of the red blood cell as a simple drug target and diagnostic by manipulating and monitoring its ability to release adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Without question, one of the main tasks of the red blood cell (RBC) is to deliver oxygen to various tissues and organs in vivo. However, due to the lack of a nucleus and mito - chondria, the RBC is typically not thought to be a determinant in many diseases or abnormal physiological conditions. Recent efforts by many labs world-wide are resulting in a body of evidence, suggesting that the RBC may serve many other roles in vivo besides that of an oxy- gen carrier. If so, the RBC may eventually emerge as one of the simplest drug targets and di- agnostic tools available. Here, molecular evidence is provided, suggesting that the RBC, via its ability (or inability) to maintain proper levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release in the circulation, may be a major factor in vascular regulation. Moreover, due to the RBC's re- sponse to slight modifications in its normal environment, the use of the RBC as an important diagnostic for early prediction of disease onset is discussed.
A Multi-Physics Finite Element Model of the Traction Forces in a Three-Dimensional Smooth Muscle Cell

Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSM) modulate cardiac output, maintain vascular pressure, and regulate blood flow via contraction. This contraction is generated by a mechanochemical interaction of actin-myosin cross-bridges within each cell and is governed by the biochemical and mechanical state of the cell [1]. When this state is disturbed, VSM cells can respond with excessive constriction (which can lead to hypertension) or weakened residual stresses (which can result in aortic aneurysms); both of which are considered to be symptoms of cardiovascular diseases [2]. Furthermore, disruption in the state of VSM cells can cause their migration into the intimal layer of the artery, which is a precursor to atherosclerosis.© 2011 ASME
Monitoring neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer using quantitative photoacoustic tomography

Quantitative photoacoustic tomography effectively monitor tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer is presented. Recovered absolute total hemoglobin concentration and oxygen saturation maps are strongly correlated with MRI and ultrasound images.
Cephem Antibiotics: Wise Use Today Preserves Cure for Tomorrow

1. Sarah Parker, MD*,† 2. Michelle Mitchell, MD* 3. Jason Child, PharmD†‡ 1. *Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine/Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO. 2. †Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO. 3. ‡Department of Pharmacy, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO. * Abbreviations: CAP: : community-acquired pneumonia CLSI: : Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute CSF: : cerebrospinal fluid FDA: : Food and Drug Administration GAS: : group A streptococcus IM: : intramuscular IV: : intravenous MIC: : mean inhibitory concentration MRSA: : methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MSSA: : methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus PBP: : penicillin-binding protein PD: : pharmacodynamic PK: : pharmacokinetic PRSP: : penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae UTI: : urinary tract infection In the spirit of last month’s issue emphasizing “Doing Less” and using evidenced-based guidelines for treating pneumonia and sinusitis, we present the following feature on the judicious use of cephalosporins. Joseph A. Zenel, MD Editor-in-Chief Although cephem antibiotics are important in a pediatrician’s armamentarium, they are overused to the detriment of patients, hospitals, and communities, despite the availability of sound alternatives. Going back to the basics on mechanisms of action, resistance, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles facilitates smarter use and preserves cures for tomorrow. After reading this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe in a general manner the mechanism of action, resistance, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles of cephem antibiotics. 2. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of oral cephem antibiotics compared with amoxicillin and amoxicillin–clavulanic acid. 3. Describe appropriate clinical situations in which to use cephem antibiotics. 4. Describe appropriate clinical situations where cephems are commonly used but could reasonably be replaced with an alternative, non-cephem antimicrobial. The cephem antibiotics were first deployed in the 1960s but did not expand into broad use until the 1970s with the development of useful semisynthetic derivatives. The cephem class includes the cephalosporins and the cephamycins, of which more than 22 antibiotics are now in clinical use (Table 1). There is no doubt that the cephem antibiotics are important weapons in a practitioner’s armamentarium; they are the most widely prescribed and largest selling class of antibiotics, with $8.5 billion spent yearly worldwide. (1) View this table: Table 1. Compiled Cephem and Comparative Penicillin Agent Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Data That said, cephems are also arguably the most inappropriately used antibiotics in pediatrics. Approximately 40% of pediatric antibiotic use is inappropriate. This …
Determining Reduced Order Models for Optimal Stochastic Reduced Order Models

The use of parameterized reduced order models(PROMs) within the stochastic reduced order model (SROM) framework is a logical progression for both methods. In this report, five different parameterized reduced order models are selected and critiqued against the other models along with truth model for the example of the Brake-Reuss beam. The models are: a Taylor series using finite difference, a proper orthogonal decomposition of the the output, a Craig-Bampton representation of the model, a method that uses Hyper-Dual numbers to determine the sensitivities, and a Meta-Model method that uses the Hyper-Dual results and constructs a polynomial curve to better represent the output data. The methods are compared against a parameter sweep and a distribution propagation where the first four statistical moments are used as a comparison. Each method produces very accurate results with the Craig-Bampton reduction having the least accurate results. The models are also compared based on time requirements for the evaluation of each model where the Meta- Model requires the least amount of time for computation by a significant amount. Each of the five models provided accurate results in a reasonable time frame. The determination of which model to use is dependent on the availability of the high-fidelitymore » model and how many evaluations can be performed. Analysis of the output distribution is examined by using a large Monte-Carlo simulation along with a reduced simulation using Latin Hypercube and the stochastic reduced order model sampling technique. Both techniques produced accurate results. The stochastic reduced order modeling technique produced less error when compared to an exhaustive sampling for the majority of methods.« less
Stress, Coping Methods, and Physical Activity among Community College Student Nurses.

Nursing is a profession which emphasizes health teaching and counseling. Although nurses have a special responsibility to promote health behavior in clients, they have been somewhat slew in involving themselves in personal fitness practices (Macnamara, 1980). Commitment to the concept of personal health is crucial since those professionals with better personal health habits tend to discuss with clients more health related topics and counsel them more aggressively in regard to personal health habits (Wells, 1984). This paper describes new graduate nurses’ perceived stress level, personal health status, and their methods of coping with stress. The value of physical activity in coping with students’ stress is of particular interest as part of the development of their future client counseling role.
Basic Measures of Performance

Not only is it desirable to include as much objectivity as possible in HCI design; it also should be very evident in HCI evaluation. Both are advocated as part of “interface engineering,” in analogy to what is done in other engineering fields and as extensions of software engineering. A variety of structural underpinnings were developed for design (Treu, 1994), including schematics for design decisions. Such decisions are ultimately based on designer judgments, which are inherently subjective in nature. Nevertheless, the more systematic the decision-making and the more objective the factors feeding into a decision, the more reliable and credible the decision is likely to be.
Site fidelity and homing behaviour of intertidal sculpins revisited

To assess the repeatability of an ecological study, this study both partially replicates and extends a previous study on the site fidelity and homing ability of two abundant and ecologically important species of rocky intertidal sculpin fishes, Oligocottus maculosus and Oligocottus snyderi. A traditional mark and recapture approach was utilized and found that both of these species display high site fidelity to a home range of tidepools and homing ability to these pools, confirming the findings of previous work. Unlike the previous study, however, there was no effect of body size on homing ability and a modelling approach that incorporates encounter probability provided evidence for a sex effect on homing ability. In addition, this study extends the maximum homing ability of O. snyderi to 179 m and O. maculosus to 218 m, which were the maximum displacement distances for each species in this study, suggesting they may be capable of even greater homing distances. This work, however, finds that homing success was negatively related to displacement distance. These findings suggest adult sculpin populations are likely to be highly sub-structured geographically, possibly contributing to the exceptionally high species richness of the group.
Chronic Traumatic Giant Macular Hole Repair with Autologous Platelets

We report on the closure of a chronic posttraumatic giant macular hole. The patient presented with decreased vision in the left eye following blunt trauma 20 years prior. His dilated fundus examination revealed a 3000 um base-diameter full thickness macular hole. Surgical repair was performed with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), internal limiting membrane peeling and autologous platelet concentrate (APC) injected over the macular hole. At one month follow-up, the macular hole had closed on exam and optical coherence tomography (OCT), and the patient reported subjective visual improvement. To our knowledge, this report presents the first case of a chronic giant macular hole successfully closed after undergoing surgery with adjuvant platelets therapy.
Computational strategies for reducing annotation effort in language documentation

With the urgent need to document the world's dying languages, it is important to explore ways to speed up language documentation efforts. One promising avenue is to use techniques from computational linguistics to automate some of the process. Here we consider unsupervised morphological segmentation and active learning for creating interlinear glossed text (IGT) for the Mayan language Uspanteko. The practical goal is to produce a totally annotated corpus that is as accurate as possible given limited time for manual annotation. We discuss results from several experiments that suggest there is indeed much promise in these methods but also show that further development is necessary to make them robustly useful for a wide range of conditions and tasks. We also provide a detailed discussion of how two documentary linguists perceived machine support in IGT production and how their annotation performance varied with different levels of machine support.
Will Games and Emerging Technologies Influence the Learning Landscape

Read newspapers and professional educational journals, attend a national or state conference, or review the offerings of a university catalog, and you soon encounter statistics like 92 percent of children ages 2–17 play video and computer games (Beck & Wade, 2004); 60 percent of Americans play interactive games on a regular basis (Kirriemuir, 2002); 78 percent of American families have video game equipment in their homes (Simpson, 2005). You will also read that 78 percent of 18–29 year olds use the Internet in their daily lives (Ramaley & Zia, 2005), yet only 38 percent of college students report using the Internet in their classes (Ramaley & Zia, 2005). Outside the classroom, students are creating a new shared culture, showing us new ways to learn and communicate and make sense of physical and virtual identities and worlds. They are showing us that what happens in virtual worlds is often just as meaningful as what happens offline (Taylor, 2006). They work autonomously or with others—playing with others online who may protect and advise them or playing next to others who play the same game. They know where to obtain helpful resources. However, these mainly young gamers do not just play games and consult resources; they create game guides, answers to FAQs, maps, overviews, strategies, fanfic (fanfiction—stories about the gaming characters or settings written by game fans rather than by game creators), and character-planning guides. All of this adds up to a different kind of play and developmental environment, which influences a different developmental process and way of seeing the world and thinking than experienced by generations before.
Claiming Spaces for Science: Scientific Exploration and the Canadian Arctic Expedition of 1913–1918

Exploration has always centered on claims: for country, for commerce, for character. Claims for useful scientific knowledge also grew out of exploration’s varied activities across space and time. The history of the Canadian Arctic Expedition of 1913–18 exposes the complicated process of claim-making. The expedition operated in and made claims on many spaces, both material and rhetorical, or, put differently, in several natural and discursive spaces. In making claims for science, the explorer-scientists navigated competing demands on their commitments and activities from their own predilections and from external forces. Incorporating Arctic spaces into the Canadian polity had become a high priority during the era when the CAE traversed the Arctic. Science through exploration—practices on the ground and especially through scientific and popular discourse—facilitated this integration. So, claiming space was something done on the ground, through professional literature, and within popular narratives—and not always for the same ends. The resulting narrative tensions reveal the messy material, political, and rhetorical spaces where humans do science. This article demonstrates how explorer-scientists claimed material and discursive spaces to establish and solidify their scientific authority. When the CAE claimed its spaces in nature, nation, and narrative, it refracted a reciprocal process whereby the demands of environment, state, and discourse also claimed the CAE.
DIFFUSE CHORIORETINOPATHY WITHOUT SEROUS DETACHMENT ASSOCIATED WITH CARDIAC TRANSPLANTATION

Purpose To analyze an unusual case of widespread chorioretinopathy after cardiac transplantation for its potential etiology and clinical significance. Methods Clinical examinations included widefield and macular color and fundus autofluorescence photography, spectral domain optical coherence tomography, fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography, full-field electroretinography, and Goldmann visual fields. Patient A 44-year-old Hispanic woman was referred to rule out retinitis pigmentosa. Medical history revealed cardiac transplantation 6 months previously for idiopathic cardiomyopathy. Results Visual acuity was 20/20 in both eyes. The fundi showed widespread gray mottling and little pigmentation, but fundus autofluorescence revealed black speckling broadly across the fundus, and geographic retinal pigment epithelium loss in the nasal midperiphery of the left eye. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography showed normal inner retina, and surprising preservation of outer nuclear layer, but the ellipsoid zone line was fragmented, and the interdigitation zone line was replaced with irregular debris. Retinal pigment epithelium was very thin with occasional excrescences. Electroretinography showed mild loss of both rods and cones, with mild flicker peak delay only in the left eye. Fluorescein angiography showed no leakage, but a reticular pigment pattern in the macula. Indocyanine green angiography showed irregular arteriolar remodeling, and few large arteries. Discussion and conclusion Serous retinopathy is well known after organ transplantations, but this patient had retinal pigment epithelium and retinal damage well into the periphery and no leakage. Retinal dystrophy was deemed unlikely given the relatively good electroretinography. The indocyanine green vascular changes raise the possibility of a transient choroidal ischemic event during or shortly after cardiac surgery. The event altered retinal pigment epithelium diffusely, but allowed for enough regeneration to sustain retinal function. Diffuse transplant chorioretinopathy may be discovered if postcardiac transplant patients get peripheral retinal examinations.
Role of mu, but not delta or kappa, opioid receptors in context-induced reinstatement of oxycodone seeking.

Relapse to non-medical use of prescription opioids often occurs after exposure to places previously associated with drug use. Here, we describe a rat model of context-induced reinstatement of oxycodone seeking after repeated cycles of drug self-administration and extinction-induced abstinence. We also determined the role of mu, delta and kappa opioid receptors (MOR, DOR, KOR) in this reinstatement. We trained rats to self-administer oxycodone for 6 h/day in context A; lever pressing was paired with a discrete cue. Next, we extinguished the lever pressing in the presence of the discrete cue in context B and then tested the rats for reinstatement of oxycodone seeking in both contexts. We retrained rats to self-administer oxycodone in context A, re-extinguished their lever pressing in context B and retested them for reinstatement in both contexts. Prior to testing, we injected the rats with vehicle or antagonists of MOR (naltrexone; 0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg), DOR (naltrindole; 7.5 or 15 mg/kg) or KOR (LY2456302; 5 or 10 mg/kg). We also tested the effect of naltrexone, naltrindole and LY2456302 on oxycodone self-administration under fixed-ratio-1 (FR1) and progressive ratio (PR) reinforcement schedules. We observed context-induced reinstatement of oxycodone seeking after repeated cycles of drug self-administration and extinction. Naltrexone, but not naltrindole or LY2456302, injections decreased this reinstatement. Additionally, naltrexone increased oxycodone self-administration under the FR1 schedule and decreased oxycodone self-administration under the PR schedule; naltrindole and LY2456302 were ineffective. Results demonstrate a critical role of MOR, but not DOR or KOR, in context-induced reinstatement of oxycodone seeking and oxycodone self-administration.
Chronic Abdominal Pain of Gynecologic Causes: Diagnosis and Treatment

Chronic abdomino-pelvic pain or chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is estimated to affect 4 % of women, decreasing quality of life and work productivity, with healthcare costs of more than two billion dollars per year in the United States. Diagnosis of the etiology is difficult as symptoms can be vague and often the patient has several sources for her pain. Non-gynecologic disorders are associated with higher prevalence rates than gynecologic disorders and include: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS), abdominal/pelvic myofascial pain, and neuralgias (discussed in other chapters of this book). Gynecologic disorders include: endometriosis, prior pelvic inflammatory disease, leiomyomata, adenomyosis, tuberculous salpingitis, ovarian remnant syndrome, ovarian retention syndrome, and pelvic congestion syndrome. Dysmenorrhea (pain with the menstrual cycle) and dyspareunia (pain with sexual intercourse) are also common symptoms. Other non-gynecologic disorders, such as depression, fibromyalgia, migraines, low back pain, or a history of physical/sexual abuse, should be evaluated and addressed. Patients with CPP often have been to multiple doctors and had numerous interventions without any improvement of pain or even a diagnosis. A patient–physician relationship based on empathy and trust, along with patient education and setting realistic goals (including pain decrease with improvement of daily functioning), is extremely important.
Traditional Advocacy for Nontraditional Youth: Rethinking Best Interest for the Queer Child

This Article argues that attorneys representing queer children-those children who either self identify or are perceived by others as being a sexual minority or who do not conform to normative gender roles-must provide traditional zealous advocacy to their queer child clients. The heterosexism that pervades our culture infects our families, schools, courts, and child welfare systems, often with disastrous results for queer kids. Unfortunately, these biases also afflict attorneys who represent this population, tainting their ability to represent their clients in a conscientious, ethical, and effective manner. Given the extreme danger queer children face when they are entangled in the legal system, it is important to ensure that the attorneys representing them do not exacerbate the risks they face. The necessity for traditional advocacy is not dependent on the age of the child, the type of proceeding, or the sensibilities of the individual lawyer. Any advocacy model allowing an attorney to substitute his or her own judgment as to what is in a queer child's best interest is potentially devastating for queer child clients and must not continue. This Article concludes with a model rule, which would prohibit all but traditional representation for queer children.
MicroRNAs in Skin and Wound Healing

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA molecules ∼22 nucleotides in length that can post-transcriptionally repress gene expression. MiRNAs bind to their target messenger RNAs (mRNAs), leading to mRNA degradation or suppression of translation. miRNAs have recently been shown to play pivotal roles in skin development and are linked to various skin pathologies, cancer, and wound healing. Chronic wounds represent a major health burden and drain on resources and developing more effective treatments is therefore a necessity. Increase in the understanding of the regulation of chronic wound biology is therefore required to develop newer therapies. This review focuses on the role of miRNAs in cutaneous biology, the various methods of miRNA modulation, and the therapeutic opportunities in treatment of skin diseases and wound healing.
An Association Between Maternal Intimate Partner Physical Violence and a Loaded Firearm in the Home

A loaded firearm in the home increases the risk of firearm-related mortality. Furthermore, firearms are often used in fatal cases of intimate partner physical violence (IPPV) during pregnancy and in the postpartum period. Young children are often caught in the crossfire. Although firearms are more prevalent in homes with IPPV compared with homes without IPPV, little is known about the relationship between a loaded firearm and maternal IPPV. The objective was to determine whether maternal IPPV in the context of additional psychosocial factors is associated with a loaded firearm in the home. We analyzed population-based survey data (2004-2011) from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) in eight states for which questions on firearms were included. Chi-square analysis of independence was used to determine differences between mothers reporting both IPPV and a loaded firearm to mothers reporting IPPV only or a loaded firearm only. Multivariable weighted logistic regression examined the association between IPPV and presence of a loaded firearm in the home (adjusting for sociodemographic and psychosocial factors). Of the 43,845 mothers in our sample, 5.3% mothers reported storing a loaded firearm in the home and 6.7% reported maternal IPPV. Among mothers reporting IPPV, 5% also reported a loaded firearm. When adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics only, maternal IPPV was significantly associated with storing a loaded firearm in the home (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.39; 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.01, 1.91]). However, after additionally considering psychosocial factors, there was no longer a statistically significant association between maternal IPPV and storing a loaded firearm in the home (aOR = 1.31; 95% CI = [0.93, 1.84]). Contextual factors play an important role in understanding the complex relationship between maternal IPPV and the presence of a loaded firearm in the home, and maternal IPPV should be considered in efforts to promote firearm safety.